diff --git a/django/__init__.py b/django/__init__.py
index 2d5ebe0074..7c6a889907 100644
--- a/django/__init__.py
+++ b/django/__init__.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from django.utils.version import get_version
 
-VERSION = (4, 1, 0, 'alpha', 0)
+VERSION = (4, 1, 0, "alpha", 0)
 
 __version__ = get_version(VERSION)
 
@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@ def setup(set_prefix=True):
     configure_logging(settings.LOGGING_CONFIG, settings.LOGGING)
     if set_prefix:
         set_script_prefix(
-            '/' if settings.FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME is None else settings.FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME
+            "/" if settings.FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME is None else settings.FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME
         )
     apps.populate(settings.INSTALLED_APPS)
diff --git a/django/apps/__init__.py b/django/apps/__init__.py
index 79091dc535..96674be73c 100644
--- a/django/apps/__init__.py
+++ b/django/apps/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 from .config import AppConfig
 from .registry import apps
 
-__all__ = ['AppConfig', 'apps']
+__all__ = ["AppConfig", "apps"]
diff --git a/django/apps/config.py b/django/apps/config.py
index 671db98200..28e50e5225 100644
--- a/django/apps/config.py
+++ b/django/apps/config.py
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 from django.utils.module_loading import import_string, module_has_submodule
 
-APPS_MODULE_NAME = 'apps'
-MODELS_MODULE_NAME = 'models'
+APPS_MODULE_NAME = "apps"
+MODELS_MODULE_NAME = "models"
 
 
 class AppConfig:
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class AppConfig:
 
         # Last component of the Python path to the application e.g. 'admin'.
         # This value must be unique across a Django project.
-        if not hasattr(self, 'label'):
+        if not hasattr(self, "label"):
             self.label = app_name.rpartition(".")[2]
         if not self.label.isidentifier():
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
@@ -38,12 +38,12 @@ class AppConfig:
             )
 
         # Human-readable name for the application e.g. "Admin".
-        if not hasattr(self, 'verbose_name'):
+        if not hasattr(self, "verbose_name"):
             self.verbose_name = self.label.title()
 
         # Filesystem path to the application directory e.g.
         # '/path/to/django/contrib/admin'.
-        if not hasattr(self, 'path'):
+        if not hasattr(self, "path"):
             self.path = self._path_from_module(app_module)
 
         # Module containing models e.g. <module 'django.contrib.admin.models'
@@ -56,11 +56,12 @@ class AppConfig:
         self.models = None
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s: %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.label)
+        return "<%s: %s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.label)
 
     @cached_property
     def default_auto_field(self):
         from django.conf import settings
+
         return settings.DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD
 
     @property
@@ -72,9 +73,9 @@ class AppConfig:
         # See #21874 for extended discussion of the behavior of this method in
         # various cases.
         # Convert to list because __path__ may not support indexing.
-        paths = list(getattr(module, '__path__', []))
+        paths = list(getattr(module, "__path__", []))
         if len(paths) != 1:
-            filename = getattr(module, '__file__', None)
+            filename = getattr(module, "__file__", None)
             if filename is not None:
                 paths = [os.path.dirname(filename)]
             else:
@@ -85,12 +86,14 @@ class AppConfig:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                 "The app module %r has multiple filesystem locations (%r); "
                 "you must configure this app with an AppConfig subclass "
-                "with a 'path' class attribute." % (module, paths))
+                "with a 'path' class attribute." % (module, paths)
+            )
         elif not paths:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                 "The app module %r has no filesystem location, "
                 "you must configure this app with an AppConfig subclass "
-                "with a 'path' class attribute." % module)
+                "with a 'path' class attribute." % module
+            )
         return paths[0]
 
     @classmethod
@@ -116,7 +119,7 @@ class AppConfig:
             # If the apps module defines more than one AppConfig subclass,
             # the default one can declare default = True.
             if module_has_submodule(app_module, APPS_MODULE_NAME):
-                mod_path = '%s.%s' % (entry, APPS_MODULE_NAME)
+                mod_path = "%s.%s" % (entry, APPS_MODULE_NAME)
                 mod = import_module(mod_path)
                 # Check if there's exactly one AppConfig candidate,
                 # excluding those that explicitly define default = False.
@@ -124,9 +127,9 @@ class AppConfig:
                     (name, candidate)
                     for name, candidate in inspect.getmembers(mod, inspect.isclass)
                     if (
-                        issubclass(candidate, cls) and
-                        candidate is not cls and
-                        getattr(candidate, 'default', True)
+                        issubclass(candidate, cls)
+                        and candidate is not cls
+                        and getattr(candidate, "default", True)
                     )
                 ]
                 if len(app_configs) == 1:
@@ -137,13 +140,13 @@ class AppConfig:
                     app_configs = [
                         (name, candidate)
                         for name, candidate in app_configs
-                        if getattr(candidate, 'default', False)
+                        if getattr(candidate, "default", False)
                     ]
                     if len(app_configs) > 1:
                         candidates = [repr(name) for name, _ in app_configs]
                         raise RuntimeError(
-                            '%r declares more than one default AppConfig: '
-                            '%s.' % (mod_path, ', '.join(candidates))
+                            "%r declares more than one default AppConfig: "
+                            "%s." % (mod_path, ", ".join(candidates))
                         )
                     elif len(app_configs) == 1:
                         app_config_class = app_configs[0][1]
@@ -165,7 +168,7 @@ class AppConfig:
             # If the last component of entry starts with an uppercase letter,
             # then it was likely intended to be an app config class; if not,
             # an app module. Provide a nice error message in both cases.
-            mod_path, _, cls_name = entry.rpartition('.')
+            mod_path, _, cls_name = entry.rpartition(".")
             if mod_path and cls_name[0].isupper():
                 # We could simply re-trigger the string import exception, but
                 # we're going the extra mile and providing a better error
@@ -178,9 +181,12 @@ class AppConfig:
                     for name, candidate in inspect.getmembers(mod, inspect.isclass)
                     if issubclass(candidate, cls) and candidate is not cls
                 ]
-                msg = "Module '%s' does not contain a '%s' class." % (mod_path, cls_name)
+                msg = "Module '%s' does not contain a '%s' class." % (
+                    mod_path,
+                    cls_name,
+                )
                 if candidates:
-                    msg += ' Choices are: %s.' % ', '.join(candidates)
+                    msg += " Choices are: %s." % ", ".join(candidates)
                 raise ImportError(msg)
             else:
                 # Re-trigger the module import exception.
@@ -189,8 +195,7 @@ class AppConfig:
         # Check for obvious errors. (This check prevents duck typing, but
         # it could be removed if it became a problem in practice.)
         if not issubclass(app_config_class, AppConfig):
-            raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                "'%s' isn't a subclass of AppConfig." % entry)
+            raise ImproperlyConfigured("'%s' isn't a subclass of AppConfig." % entry)
 
         # Obtain app name here rather than in AppClass.__init__ to keep
         # all error checking for entries in INSTALLED_APPS in one place.
@@ -198,16 +203,15 @@ class AppConfig:
             try:
                 app_name = app_config_class.name
             except AttributeError:
-                raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                    "'%s' must supply a name attribute." % entry
-                )
+                raise ImproperlyConfigured("'%s' must supply a name attribute." % entry)
 
         # Ensure app_name points to a valid module.
         try:
             app_module = import_module(app_name)
         except ImportError:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                "Cannot import '%s'. Check that '%s.%s.name' is correct." % (
+                "Cannot import '%s'. Check that '%s.%s.name' is correct."
+                % (
                     app_name,
                     app_config_class.__module__,
                     app_config_class.__qualname__,
@@ -231,7 +235,8 @@ class AppConfig:
             return self.models[model_name.lower()]
         except KeyError:
             raise LookupError(
-                "App '%s' doesn't have a '%s' model." % (self.label, model_name))
+                "App '%s' doesn't have a '%s' model." % (self.label, model_name)
+            )
 
     def get_models(self, include_auto_created=False, include_swapped=False):
         """
@@ -260,7 +265,7 @@ class AppConfig:
         self.models = self.apps.all_models[self.label]
 
         if module_has_submodule(self.module, MODELS_MODULE_NAME):
-            models_module_name = '%s.%s' % (self.name, MODELS_MODULE_NAME)
+            models_module_name = "%s.%s" % (self.name, MODELS_MODULE_NAME)
             self.models_module = import_module(models_module_name)
 
     def ready(self):
diff --git a/django/apps/registry.py b/django/apps/registry.py
index 268e1a6af7..06d5bca060 100644
--- a/django/apps/registry.py
+++ b/django/apps/registry.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class Apps:
         # installed_apps is set to None when creating the master registry
         # because it cannot be populated at that point. Other registries must
         # provide a list of installed apps and are populated immediately.
-        if installed_apps is None and hasattr(sys.modules[__name__], 'apps'):
+        if installed_apps is None and hasattr(sys.modules[__name__], "apps"):
             raise RuntimeError("You must supply an installed_apps argument.")
 
         # Mapping of app labels => model names => model classes. Every time a
@@ -92,20 +92,22 @@ class Apps:
                 if app_config.label in self.app_configs:
                     raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                         "Application labels aren't unique, "
-                        "duplicates: %s" % app_config.label)
+                        "duplicates: %s" % app_config.label
+                    )
 
                 self.app_configs[app_config.label] = app_config
                 app_config.apps = self
 
             # Check for duplicate app names.
             counts = Counter(
-                app_config.name for app_config in self.app_configs.values())
-            duplicates = [
-                name for name, count in counts.most_common() if count > 1]
+                app_config.name for app_config in self.app_configs.values()
+            )
+            duplicates = [name for name, count in counts.most_common() if count > 1]
             if duplicates:
                 raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                     "Application names aren't unique, "
-                    "duplicates: %s" % ", ".join(duplicates))
+                    "duplicates: %s" % ", ".join(duplicates)
+                )
 
             self.apps_ready = True
 
@@ -201,7 +203,7 @@ class Apps:
             self.check_apps_ready()
 
         if model_name is None:
-            app_label, model_name = app_label.split('.')
+            app_label, model_name = app_label.split(".")
 
         app_config = self.get_app_config(app_label)
 
@@ -217,17 +219,22 @@ class Apps:
         model_name = model._meta.model_name
         app_models = self.all_models[app_label]
         if model_name in app_models:
-            if (model.__name__ == app_models[model_name].__name__ and
-                    model.__module__ == app_models[model_name].__module__):
+            if (
+                model.__name__ == app_models[model_name].__name__
+                and model.__module__ == app_models[model_name].__module__
+            ):
                 warnings.warn(
                     "Model '%s.%s' was already registered. "
                     "Reloading models is not advised as it can lead to inconsistencies, "
                     "most notably with related models." % (app_label, model_name),
-                    RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=2)
+                    RuntimeWarning,
+                    stacklevel=2,
+                )
             else:
                 raise RuntimeError(
-                    "Conflicting '%s' models in application '%s': %s and %s." %
-                    (model_name, app_label, app_models[model_name], model))
+                    "Conflicting '%s' models in application '%s': %s and %s."
+                    % (model_name, app_label, app_models[model_name], model)
+                )
         app_models[model_name] = model
         self.do_pending_operations(model)
         self.clear_cache()
@@ -254,8 +261,8 @@ class Apps:
         candidates = []
         for app_config in self.app_configs.values():
             if object_name.startswith(app_config.name):
-                subpath = object_name[len(app_config.name):]
-                if subpath == '' or subpath[0] == '.':
+                subpath = object_name[len(app_config.name) :]
+                if subpath == "" or subpath[0] == ".":
                     candidates.append(app_config)
         if candidates:
             return sorted(candidates, key=lambda ac: -len(ac.name))[0]
@@ -270,8 +277,7 @@ class Apps:
         """
         model = self.all_models[app_label].get(model_name.lower())
         if model is None:
-            raise LookupError(
-                "Model '%s.%s' not registered." % (app_label, model_name))
+            raise LookupError("Model '%s.%s' not registered." % (app_label, model_name))
         return model
 
     @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
@@ -403,6 +409,7 @@ class Apps:
             def apply_next_model(model):
                 next_function = partial(apply_next_model.func, model)
                 self.lazy_model_operation(next_function, *more_models)
+
             apply_next_model.func = function
 
             # If the model has already been imported and registered, partially
diff --git a/django/conf/__init__.py b/django/conf/__init__.py
index 05345cb6e9..e1fb7f973f 100644
--- a/django/conf/__init__.py
+++ b/django/conf/__init__.py
@@ -23,20 +23,20 @@ ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE = "DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE"
 
 # RemovedInDjango50Warning
 USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ_DEPRECATED_MSG = (
-    'The USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ setting, and support for pytz timezones is '
-    'deprecated in favor of the stdlib zoneinfo module. Please update your '
-    'code to use zoneinfo and remove the USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ setting.'
+    "The USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ setting, and support for pytz timezones is "
+    "deprecated in favor of the stdlib zoneinfo module. Please update your "
+    "code to use zoneinfo and remove the USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ setting."
 )
 
 USE_L10N_DEPRECATED_MSG = (
-    'The USE_L10N setting is deprecated. Starting with Django 5.0, localized '
-    'formatting of data will always be enabled. For example Django will '
-    'display numbers and dates using the format of the current locale.'
+    "The USE_L10N setting is deprecated. Starting with Django 5.0, localized "
+    "formatting of data will always be enabled. For example Django will "
+    "display numbers and dates using the format of the current locale."
 )
 
 CSRF_COOKIE_MASKED_DEPRECATED_MSG = (
-    'The CSRF_COOKIE_MASKED transitional setting is deprecated. Support for '
-    'it will be removed in Django 5.0.'
+    "The CSRF_COOKIE_MASKED transitional setting is deprecated. Support for "
+    "it will be removed in Django 5.0."
 )
 
 
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ class SettingsReference(str):
     String subclass which references a current settings value. It's treated as
     the value in memory but serializes to a settings.NAME attribute reference.
     """
+
     def __new__(self, value, setting_name):
         return str.__new__(self, value)
 
@@ -58,6 +59,7 @@ class LazySettings(LazyObject):
     The user can manually configure settings prior to using them. Otherwise,
     Django uses the settings module pointed to by DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE.
     """
+
     def _setup(self, name=None):
         """
         Load the settings module pointed to by the environment variable. This
@@ -71,16 +73,17 @@ class LazySettings(LazyObject):
                 "Requested %s, but settings are not configured. "
                 "You must either define the environment variable %s "
                 "or call settings.configure() before accessing settings."
-                % (desc, ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE))
+                % (desc, ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE)
+            )
 
         self._wrapped = Settings(settings_module)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         # Hardcode the class name as otherwise it yields 'Settings'.
         if self._wrapped is empty:
-            return '<LazySettings [Unevaluated]>'
+            return "<LazySettings [Unevaluated]>"
         return '<LazySettings "%(settings_module)s">' % {
-            'settings_module': self._wrapped.SETTINGS_MODULE,
+            "settings_module": self._wrapped.SETTINGS_MODULE,
         }
 
     def __getattr__(self, name):
@@ -91,9 +94,9 @@ class LazySettings(LazyObject):
 
         # Special case some settings which require further modification.
         # This is done here for performance reasons so the modified value is cached.
-        if name in {'MEDIA_URL', 'STATIC_URL'} and val is not None:
+        if name in {"MEDIA_URL", "STATIC_URL"} and val is not None:
             val = self._add_script_prefix(val)
-        elif name == 'SECRET_KEY' and not val:
+        elif name == "SECRET_KEY" and not val:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured("The SECRET_KEY setting must not be empty.")
 
         self.__dict__[name] = val
@@ -104,7 +107,7 @@ class LazySettings(LazyObject):
         Set the value of setting. Clear all cached values if _wrapped changes
         (@override_settings does this) or clear single values when set.
         """
-        if name == '_wrapped':
+        if name == "_wrapped":
             self.__dict__.clear()
         else:
             self.__dict__.pop(name, None)
@@ -122,11 +125,11 @@ class LazySettings(LazyObject):
         argument must support attribute access (__getattr__)).
         """
         if self._wrapped is not empty:
-            raise RuntimeError('Settings already configured.')
+            raise RuntimeError("Settings already configured.")
         holder = UserSettingsHolder(default_settings)
         for name, value in options.items():
             if not name.isupper():
-                raise TypeError('Setting %r must be uppercase.' % name)
+                raise TypeError("Setting %r must be uppercase." % name)
             setattr(holder, name, value)
         self._wrapped = holder
 
@@ -139,10 +142,11 @@ class LazySettings(LazyObject):
         subpath to STATIC_URL and MEDIA_URL in settings is inconvenient.
         """
         # Don't apply prefix to absolute paths and URLs.
-        if value.startswith(('http://', 'https://', '/')):
+        if value.startswith(("http://", "https://", "/")):
             return value
         from django.urls import get_script_prefix
-        return '%s%s' % (get_script_prefix(), value)
+
+        return "%s%s" % (get_script_prefix(), value)
 
     @property
     def configured(self):
@@ -161,14 +165,14 @@ class LazySettings(LazyObject):
                 RemovedInDjango50Warning,
                 stacklevel=2,
             )
-        return self.__getattr__('USE_L10N')
+        return self.__getattr__("USE_L10N")
 
     # RemovedInDjango50Warning.
     @property
     def _USE_L10N_INTERNAL(self):
         # Special hook to avoid checking a traceback in internal use on hot
         # paths.
-        return self.__getattr__('USE_L10N')
+        return self.__getattr__("USE_L10N")
 
 
 class Settings:
@@ -184,7 +188,7 @@ class Settings:
         mod = importlib.import_module(self.SETTINGS_MODULE)
 
         tuple_settings = (
-            'ALLOWED_HOSTS',
+            "ALLOWED_HOSTS",
             "INSTALLED_APPS",
             "TEMPLATE_DIRS",
             "LOCALE_PATHS",
@@ -195,39 +199,42 @@ class Settings:
             if setting.isupper():
                 setting_value = getattr(mod, setting)
 
-                if (setting in tuple_settings and
-                        not isinstance(setting_value, (list, tuple))):
-                    raise ImproperlyConfigured("The %s setting must be a list or a tuple." % setting)
+                if setting in tuple_settings and not isinstance(
+                    setting_value, (list, tuple)
+                ):
+                    raise ImproperlyConfigured(
+                        "The %s setting must be a list or a tuple." % setting
+                    )
                 setattr(self, setting, setting_value)
                 self._explicit_settings.add(setting)
 
-        if self.USE_TZ is False and not self.is_overridden('USE_TZ'):
+        if self.USE_TZ is False and not self.is_overridden("USE_TZ"):
             warnings.warn(
-                'The default value of USE_TZ will change from False to True '
-                'in Django 5.0. Set USE_TZ to False in your project settings '
-                'if you want to keep the current default behavior.',
+                "The default value of USE_TZ will change from False to True "
+                "in Django 5.0. Set USE_TZ to False in your project settings "
+                "if you want to keep the current default behavior.",
                 category=RemovedInDjango50Warning,
             )
 
-        if self.is_overridden('USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ'):
+        if self.is_overridden("USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ"):
             warnings.warn(USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ_DEPRECATED_MSG, RemovedInDjango50Warning)
 
-        if self.is_overridden('CSRF_COOKIE_MASKED'):
+        if self.is_overridden("CSRF_COOKIE_MASKED"):
             warnings.warn(CSRF_COOKIE_MASKED_DEPRECATED_MSG, RemovedInDjango50Warning)
 
-        if hasattr(time, 'tzset') and self.TIME_ZONE:
+        if hasattr(time, "tzset") and self.TIME_ZONE:
             # When we can, attempt to validate the timezone. If we can't find
             # this file, no check happens and it's harmless.
-            zoneinfo_root = Path('/usr/share/zoneinfo')
-            zone_info_file = zoneinfo_root.joinpath(*self.TIME_ZONE.split('/'))
+            zoneinfo_root = Path("/usr/share/zoneinfo")
+            zone_info_file = zoneinfo_root.joinpath(*self.TIME_ZONE.split("/"))
             if zoneinfo_root.exists() and not zone_info_file.exists():
                 raise ValueError("Incorrect timezone setting: %s" % self.TIME_ZONE)
             # Move the time zone info into os.environ. See ticket #2315 for why
             # we don't do this unconditionally (breaks Windows).
-            os.environ['TZ'] = self.TIME_ZONE
+            os.environ["TZ"] = self.TIME_ZONE
             time.tzset()
 
-        if self.is_overridden('USE_L10N'):
+        if self.is_overridden("USE_L10N"):
             warnings.warn(USE_L10N_DEPRECATED_MSG, RemovedInDjango50Warning)
 
     def is_overridden(self, setting):
@@ -235,13 +242,14 @@ class Settings:
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return '<%(cls)s "%(settings_module)s">' % {
-            'cls': self.__class__.__name__,
-            'settings_module': self.SETTINGS_MODULE,
+            "cls": self.__class__.__name__,
+            "settings_module": self.SETTINGS_MODULE,
         }
 
 
 class UserSettingsHolder:
     """Holder for user configured settings."""
+
     # SETTINGS_MODULE doesn't make much sense in the manually configured
     # (standalone) case.
     SETTINGS_MODULE = None
@@ -251,7 +259,7 @@ class UserSettingsHolder:
         Requests for configuration variables not in this class are satisfied
         from the module specified in default_settings (if possible).
         """
-        self.__dict__['_deleted'] = set()
+        self.__dict__["_deleted"] = set()
         self.default_settings = default_settings
 
     def __getattr__(self, name):
@@ -261,12 +269,12 @@ class UserSettingsHolder:
 
     def __setattr__(self, name, value):
         self._deleted.discard(name)
-        if name == 'USE_L10N':
+        if name == "USE_L10N":
             warnings.warn(USE_L10N_DEPRECATED_MSG, RemovedInDjango50Warning)
-        if name == 'CSRF_COOKIE_MASKED':
+        if name == "CSRF_COOKIE_MASKED":
             warnings.warn(CSRF_COOKIE_MASKED_DEPRECATED_MSG, RemovedInDjango50Warning)
         super().__setattr__(name, value)
-        if name == 'USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ':
+        if name == "USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ":
             warnings.warn(USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ_DEPRECATED_MSG, RemovedInDjango50Warning)
 
     def __delattr__(self, name):
@@ -276,19 +284,22 @@ class UserSettingsHolder:
 
     def __dir__(self):
         return sorted(
-            s for s in [*self.__dict__, *dir(self.default_settings)]
+            s
+            for s in [*self.__dict__, *dir(self.default_settings)]
             if s not in self._deleted
         )
 
     def is_overridden(self, setting):
-        deleted = (setting in self._deleted)
-        set_locally = (setting in self.__dict__)
-        set_on_default = getattr(self.default_settings, 'is_overridden', lambda s: False)(setting)
+        deleted = setting in self._deleted
+        set_locally = setting in self.__dict__
+        set_on_default = getattr(
+            self.default_settings, "is_overridden", lambda s: False
+        )(setting)
         return deleted or set_locally or set_on_default
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%(cls)s>' % {
-            'cls': self.__class__.__name__,
+        return "<%(cls)s>" % {
+            "cls": self.__class__.__name__,
         }
 
 
diff --git a/django/conf/global_settings.py b/django/conf/global_settings.py
index 82acca010a..2a5f95d6fb 100644
--- a/django/conf/global_settings.py
+++ b/django/conf/global_settings.py
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ ALLOWED_HOSTS = []
 # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tz_zones_by_name (although not all
 # systems may support all possibilities). When USE_TZ is True, this is
 # interpreted as the default user time zone.
-TIME_ZONE = 'America/Chicago'
+TIME_ZONE = "America/Chicago"
 
 # If you set this to True, Django will use timezone-aware datetimes.
 USE_TZ = False
@@ -50,107 +50,107 @@ USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ = False
 
 # Language code for this installation. All choices can be found here:
 # http://www.i18nguy.com/unicode/language-identifiers.html
-LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'
+LANGUAGE_CODE = "en-us"
 
 # Languages we provide translations for, out of the box.
 LANGUAGES = [
-    ('af', gettext_noop('Afrikaans')),
-    ('ar', gettext_noop('Arabic')),
-    ('ar-dz', gettext_noop('Algerian Arabic')),
-    ('ast', gettext_noop('Asturian')),
-    ('az', gettext_noop('Azerbaijani')),
-    ('bg', gettext_noop('Bulgarian')),
-    ('be', gettext_noop('Belarusian')),
-    ('bn', gettext_noop('Bengali')),
-    ('br', gettext_noop('Breton')),
-    ('bs', gettext_noop('Bosnian')),
-    ('ca', gettext_noop('Catalan')),
-    ('cs', gettext_noop('Czech')),
-    ('cy', gettext_noop('Welsh')),
-    ('da', gettext_noop('Danish')),
-    ('de', gettext_noop('German')),
-    ('dsb', gettext_noop('Lower Sorbian')),
-    ('el', gettext_noop('Greek')),
-    ('en', gettext_noop('English')),
-    ('en-au', gettext_noop('Australian English')),
-    ('en-gb', gettext_noop('British English')),
-    ('eo', gettext_noop('Esperanto')),
-    ('es', gettext_noop('Spanish')),
-    ('es-ar', gettext_noop('Argentinian Spanish')),
-    ('es-co', gettext_noop('Colombian Spanish')),
-    ('es-mx', gettext_noop('Mexican Spanish')),
-    ('es-ni', gettext_noop('Nicaraguan Spanish')),
-    ('es-ve', gettext_noop('Venezuelan Spanish')),
-    ('et', gettext_noop('Estonian')),
-    ('eu', gettext_noop('Basque')),
-    ('fa', gettext_noop('Persian')),
-    ('fi', gettext_noop('Finnish')),
-    ('fr', gettext_noop('French')),
-    ('fy', gettext_noop('Frisian')),
-    ('ga', gettext_noop('Irish')),
-    ('gd', gettext_noop('Scottish Gaelic')),
-    ('gl', gettext_noop('Galician')),
-    ('he', gettext_noop('Hebrew')),
-    ('hi', gettext_noop('Hindi')),
-    ('hr', gettext_noop('Croatian')),
-    ('hsb', gettext_noop('Upper Sorbian')),
-    ('hu', gettext_noop('Hungarian')),
-    ('hy', gettext_noop('Armenian')),
-    ('ia', gettext_noop('Interlingua')),
-    ('id', gettext_noop('Indonesian')),
-    ('ig', gettext_noop('Igbo')),
-    ('io', gettext_noop('Ido')),
-    ('is', gettext_noop('Icelandic')),
-    ('it', gettext_noop('Italian')),
-    ('ja', gettext_noop('Japanese')),
-    ('ka', gettext_noop('Georgian')),
-    ('kab', gettext_noop('Kabyle')),
-    ('kk', gettext_noop('Kazakh')),
-    ('km', gettext_noop('Khmer')),
-    ('kn', gettext_noop('Kannada')),
-    ('ko', gettext_noop('Korean')),
-    ('ky', gettext_noop('Kyrgyz')),
-    ('lb', gettext_noop('Luxembourgish')),
-    ('lt', gettext_noop('Lithuanian')),
-    ('lv', gettext_noop('Latvian')),
-    ('mk', gettext_noop('Macedonian')),
-    ('ml', gettext_noop('Malayalam')),
-    ('mn', gettext_noop('Mongolian')),
-    ('mr', gettext_noop('Marathi')),
-    ('ms', gettext_noop('Malay')),
-    ('my', gettext_noop('Burmese')),
-    ('nb', gettext_noop('Norwegian Bokmål')),
-    ('ne', gettext_noop('Nepali')),
-    ('nl', gettext_noop('Dutch')),
-    ('nn', gettext_noop('Norwegian Nynorsk')),
-    ('os', gettext_noop('Ossetic')),
-    ('pa', gettext_noop('Punjabi')),
-    ('pl', gettext_noop('Polish')),
-    ('pt', gettext_noop('Portuguese')),
-    ('pt-br', gettext_noop('Brazilian Portuguese')),
-    ('ro', gettext_noop('Romanian')),
-    ('ru', gettext_noop('Russian')),
-    ('sk', gettext_noop('Slovak')),
-    ('sl', gettext_noop('Slovenian')),
-    ('sq', gettext_noop('Albanian')),
-    ('sr', gettext_noop('Serbian')),
-    ('sr-latn', gettext_noop('Serbian Latin')),
-    ('sv', gettext_noop('Swedish')),
-    ('sw', gettext_noop('Swahili')),
-    ('ta', gettext_noop('Tamil')),
-    ('te', gettext_noop('Telugu')),
-    ('tg', gettext_noop('Tajik')),
-    ('th', gettext_noop('Thai')),
-    ('tk', gettext_noop('Turkmen')),
-    ('tr', gettext_noop('Turkish')),
-    ('tt', gettext_noop('Tatar')),
-    ('udm', gettext_noop('Udmurt')),
-    ('uk', gettext_noop('Ukrainian')),
-    ('ur', gettext_noop('Urdu')),
-    ('uz', gettext_noop('Uzbek')),
-    ('vi', gettext_noop('Vietnamese')),
-    ('zh-hans', gettext_noop('Simplified Chinese')),
-    ('zh-hant', gettext_noop('Traditional Chinese')),
+    ("af", gettext_noop("Afrikaans")),
+    ("ar", gettext_noop("Arabic")),
+    ("ar-dz", gettext_noop("Algerian Arabic")),
+    ("ast", gettext_noop("Asturian")),
+    ("az", gettext_noop("Azerbaijani")),
+    ("bg", gettext_noop("Bulgarian")),
+    ("be", gettext_noop("Belarusian")),
+    ("bn", gettext_noop("Bengali")),
+    ("br", gettext_noop("Breton")),
+    ("bs", gettext_noop("Bosnian")),
+    ("ca", gettext_noop("Catalan")),
+    ("cs", gettext_noop("Czech")),
+    ("cy", gettext_noop("Welsh")),
+    ("da", gettext_noop("Danish")),
+    ("de", gettext_noop("German")),
+    ("dsb", gettext_noop("Lower Sorbian")),
+    ("el", gettext_noop("Greek")),
+    ("en", gettext_noop("English")),
+    ("en-au", gettext_noop("Australian English")),
+    ("en-gb", gettext_noop("British English")),
+    ("eo", gettext_noop("Esperanto")),
+    ("es", gettext_noop("Spanish")),
+    ("es-ar", gettext_noop("Argentinian Spanish")),
+    ("es-co", gettext_noop("Colombian Spanish")),
+    ("es-mx", gettext_noop("Mexican Spanish")),
+    ("es-ni", gettext_noop("Nicaraguan Spanish")),
+    ("es-ve", gettext_noop("Venezuelan Spanish")),
+    ("et", gettext_noop("Estonian")),
+    ("eu", gettext_noop("Basque")),
+    ("fa", gettext_noop("Persian")),
+    ("fi", gettext_noop("Finnish")),
+    ("fr", gettext_noop("French")),
+    ("fy", gettext_noop("Frisian")),
+    ("ga", gettext_noop("Irish")),
+    ("gd", gettext_noop("Scottish Gaelic")),
+    ("gl", gettext_noop("Galician")),
+    ("he", gettext_noop("Hebrew")),
+    ("hi", gettext_noop("Hindi")),
+    ("hr", gettext_noop("Croatian")),
+    ("hsb", gettext_noop("Upper Sorbian")),
+    ("hu", gettext_noop("Hungarian")),
+    ("hy", gettext_noop("Armenian")),
+    ("ia", gettext_noop("Interlingua")),
+    ("id", gettext_noop("Indonesian")),
+    ("ig", gettext_noop("Igbo")),
+    ("io", gettext_noop("Ido")),
+    ("is", gettext_noop("Icelandic")),
+    ("it", gettext_noop("Italian")),
+    ("ja", gettext_noop("Japanese")),
+    ("ka", gettext_noop("Georgian")),
+    ("kab", gettext_noop("Kabyle")),
+    ("kk", gettext_noop("Kazakh")),
+    ("km", gettext_noop("Khmer")),
+    ("kn", gettext_noop("Kannada")),
+    ("ko", gettext_noop("Korean")),
+    ("ky", gettext_noop("Kyrgyz")),
+    ("lb", gettext_noop("Luxembourgish")),
+    ("lt", gettext_noop("Lithuanian")),
+    ("lv", gettext_noop("Latvian")),
+    ("mk", gettext_noop("Macedonian")),
+    ("ml", gettext_noop("Malayalam")),
+    ("mn", gettext_noop("Mongolian")),
+    ("mr", gettext_noop("Marathi")),
+    ("ms", gettext_noop("Malay")),
+    ("my", gettext_noop("Burmese")),
+    ("nb", gettext_noop("Norwegian Bokmål")),
+    ("ne", gettext_noop("Nepali")),
+    ("nl", gettext_noop("Dutch")),
+    ("nn", gettext_noop("Norwegian Nynorsk")),
+    ("os", gettext_noop("Ossetic")),
+    ("pa", gettext_noop("Punjabi")),
+    ("pl", gettext_noop("Polish")),
+    ("pt", gettext_noop("Portuguese")),
+    ("pt-br", gettext_noop("Brazilian Portuguese")),
+    ("ro", gettext_noop("Romanian")),
+    ("ru", gettext_noop("Russian")),
+    ("sk", gettext_noop("Slovak")),
+    ("sl", gettext_noop("Slovenian")),
+    ("sq", gettext_noop("Albanian")),
+    ("sr", gettext_noop("Serbian")),
+    ("sr-latn", gettext_noop("Serbian Latin")),
+    ("sv", gettext_noop("Swedish")),
+    ("sw", gettext_noop("Swahili")),
+    ("ta", gettext_noop("Tamil")),
+    ("te", gettext_noop("Telugu")),
+    ("tg", gettext_noop("Tajik")),
+    ("th", gettext_noop("Thai")),
+    ("tk", gettext_noop("Turkmen")),
+    ("tr", gettext_noop("Turkish")),
+    ("tt", gettext_noop("Tatar")),
+    ("udm", gettext_noop("Udmurt")),
+    ("uk", gettext_noop("Ukrainian")),
+    ("ur", gettext_noop("Urdu")),
+    ("uz", gettext_noop("Uzbek")),
+    ("vi", gettext_noop("Vietnamese")),
+    ("zh-hans", gettext_noop("Simplified Chinese")),
+    ("zh-hant", gettext_noop("Traditional Chinese")),
 ]
 
 # Languages using BiDi (right-to-left) layout
@@ -162,10 +162,10 @@ USE_I18N = True
 LOCALE_PATHS = []
 
 # Settings for language cookie
-LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME = 'django_language'
+LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME = "django_language"
 LANGUAGE_COOKIE_AGE = None
 LANGUAGE_COOKIE_DOMAIN = None
-LANGUAGE_COOKIE_PATH = '/'
+LANGUAGE_COOKIE_PATH = "/"
 LANGUAGE_COOKIE_SECURE = False
 LANGUAGE_COOKIE_HTTPONLY = False
 LANGUAGE_COOKIE_SAMESITE = None
@@ -181,10 +181,10 @@ MANAGERS = ADMINS
 
 # Default charset to use for all HttpResponse objects, if a MIME type isn't
 # manually specified. It's used to construct the Content-Type header.
-DEFAULT_CHARSET = 'utf-8'
+DEFAULT_CHARSET = "utf-8"
 
 # Email address that error messages come from.
-SERVER_EMAIL = 'root@localhost'
+SERVER_EMAIL = "root@localhost"
 
 # Database connection info. If left empty, will default to the dummy backend.
 DATABASES = {}
@@ -196,10 +196,10 @@ DATABASE_ROUTERS = []
 # The default is to use the SMTP backend.
 # Third-party backends can be specified by providing a Python path
 # to a module that defines an EmailBackend class.
-EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend'
+EMAIL_BACKEND = "django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend"
 
 # Host for sending email.
-EMAIL_HOST = 'localhost'
+EMAIL_HOST = "localhost"
 
 # Port for sending email.
 EMAIL_PORT = 25
@@ -208,8 +208,8 @@ EMAIL_PORT = 25
 EMAIL_USE_LOCALTIME = False
 
 # Optional SMTP authentication information for EMAIL_HOST.
-EMAIL_HOST_USER = ''
-EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD = ''
+EMAIL_HOST_USER = ""
+EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD = ""
 EMAIL_USE_TLS = False
 EMAIL_USE_SSL = False
 EMAIL_SSL_CERTFILE = None
@@ -222,15 +222,15 @@ INSTALLED_APPS = []
 TEMPLATES = []
 
 # Default form rendering class.
-FORM_RENDERER = 'django.forms.renderers.DjangoTemplates'
+FORM_RENDERER = "django.forms.renderers.DjangoTemplates"
 
 # Default email address to use for various automated correspondence from
 # the site managers.
-DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL = 'webmaster@localhost'
+DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL = "webmaster@localhost"
 
 # Subject-line prefix for email messages send with django.core.mail.mail_admins
 # or ...mail_managers.  Make sure to include the trailing space.
-EMAIL_SUBJECT_PREFIX = '[Django] '
+EMAIL_SUBJECT_PREFIX = "[Django] "
 
 # Whether to append trailing slashes to URLs.
 APPEND_SLASH = True
@@ -270,22 +270,22 @@ IGNORABLE_404_URLS = []
 # A secret key for this particular Django installation. Used in secret-key
 # hashing algorithms. Set this in your settings, or Django will complain
 # loudly.
-SECRET_KEY = ''
+SECRET_KEY = ""
 
 # List of secret keys used to verify the validity of signatures. This allows
 # secret key rotation.
 SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS = []
 
 # Default file storage mechanism that holds media.
-DEFAULT_FILE_STORAGE = 'django.core.files.storage.FileSystemStorage'
+DEFAULT_FILE_STORAGE = "django.core.files.storage.FileSystemStorage"
 
 # Absolute filesystem path to the directory that will hold user-uploaded files.
 # Example: "/var/www/example.com/media/"
-MEDIA_ROOT = ''
+MEDIA_ROOT = ""
 
 # URL that handles the media served from MEDIA_ROOT.
 # Examples: "http://example.com/media/", "http://media.example.com/"
-MEDIA_URL = ''
+MEDIA_URL = ""
 
 # Absolute path to the directory static files should be collected to.
 # Example: "/var/www/example.com/static/"
@@ -297,8 +297,8 @@ STATIC_URL = None
 
 # List of upload handler classes to be applied in order.
 FILE_UPLOAD_HANDLERS = [
-    'django.core.files.uploadhandler.MemoryFileUploadHandler',
-    'django.core.files.uploadhandler.TemporaryFileUploadHandler',
+    "django.core.files.uploadhandler.MemoryFileUploadHandler",
+    "django.core.files.uploadhandler.TemporaryFileUploadHandler",
 ]
 
 # Maximum size, in bytes, of a request before it will be streamed to the
@@ -335,51 +335,51 @@ FORMAT_MODULE_PATH = None
 
 # Default formatting for date objects. See all available format strings here:
 # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'N j, Y'
+DATE_FORMAT = "N j, Y"
 
 # Default formatting for datetime objects. See all available format strings here:
 # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'N j, Y, P'
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "N j, Y, P"
 
 # Default formatting for time objects. See all available format strings here:
 # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-TIME_FORMAT = 'P'
+TIME_FORMAT = "P"
 
 # Default formatting for date objects when only the year and month are relevant.
 # See all available format strings here:
 # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
 
 # Default formatting for date objects when only the month and day are relevant.
 # See all available format strings here:
 # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'F j'
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "F j"
 
 # Default short formatting for date objects. See all available format strings here:
 # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'm/d/Y'
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "m/d/Y"
 
 # Default short formatting for datetime objects.
 # See all available format strings here:
 # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'm/d/Y P'
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "m/d/Y P"
 
 # Default formats to be used when parsing dates from input boxes, in order
 # See all available format string here:
 # https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-behavior
 # * Note that these format strings are different from the ones to display dates
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d',  # '2006-10-25'
-    '%m/%d/%Y',  # '10/25/2006'
-    '%m/%d/%y',  # '10/25/06'
-    '%b %d %Y',  # 'Oct 25 2006'
-    '%b %d, %Y',  # 'Oct 25, 2006'
-    '%d %b %Y',  # '25 Oct 2006'
-    '%d %b, %Y',  # '25 Oct, 2006'
-    '%B %d %Y',  # 'October 25 2006'
-    '%B %d, %Y',  # 'October 25, 2006'
-    '%d %B %Y',  # '25 October 2006'
-    '%d %B, %Y',  # '25 October, 2006'
+    "%Y-%m-%d",  # '2006-10-25'
+    "%m/%d/%Y",  # '10/25/2006'
+    "%m/%d/%y",  # '10/25/06'
+    "%b %d %Y",  # 'Oct 25 2006'
+    "%b %d, %Y",  # 'Oct 25, 2006'
+    "%d %b %Y",  # '25 Oct 2006'
+    "%d %b, %Y",  # '25 Oct, 2006'
+    "%B %d %Y",  # 'October 25 2006'
+    "%B %d, %Y",  # 'October 25, 2006'
+    "%d %B %Y",  # '25 October 2006'
+    "%d %B, %Y",  # '25 October, 2006'
 ]
 
 # Default formats to be used when parsing times from input boxes, in order
@@ -387,9 +387,9 @@ DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
 # https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-behavior
 # * Note that these format strings are different from the ones to display dates
 TIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%H:%M:%S',     # '14:30:59'
-    '%H:%M:%S.%f',  # '14:30:59.000200'
-    '%H:%M',        # '14:30'
+    "%H:%M:%S",  # '14:30:59'
+    "%H:%M:%S.%f",  # '14:30:59.000200'
+    "%H:%M",  # '14:30'
 ]
 
 # Default formats to be used when parsing dates and times from input boxes,
@@ -398,15 +398,15 @@ TIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
 # https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-behavior
 # * Note that these format strings are different from the ones to display dates
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',     # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',        # '2006-10-25 14:30'
-    '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '10/25/2006 14:30:59'
-    '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '10/25/2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M',        # '10/25/2006 14:30'
-    '%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S',     # '10/25/06 14:30:59'
-    '%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '10/25/06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%m/%d/%y %H:%M',        # '10/25/06 14:30'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",  # '2006-10-25 14:30'
+    "%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '10/25/2006 14:30:59'
+    "%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '10/25/2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%m/%d/%Y %H:%M",  # '10/25/2006 14:30'
+    "%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S",  # '10/25/06 14:30:59'
+    "%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '10/25/06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%m/%d/%y %H:%M",  # '10/25/06 14:30'
 ]
 
 # First day of week, to be used on calendars
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 0
 
 # Decimal separator symbol
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = "."
 
 # Boolean that sets whether to add thousand separator when formatting numbers
 USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = False
@@ -424,17 +424,17 @@ USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = False
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 0
 
 # Thousand separator symbol
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ','
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ","
 
 # The tablespaces to use for each model when not specified otherwise.
-DEFAULT_TABLESPACE = ''
-DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE = ''
+DEFAULT_TABLESPACE = ""
+DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE = ""
 
 # Default primary key field type.
-DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD = 'django.db.models.AutoField'
+DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD = "django.db.models.AutoField"
 
 # Default X-Frame-Options header value
-X_FRAME_OPTIONS = 'DENY'
+X_FRAME_OPTIONS = "DENY"
 
 USE_X_FORWARDED_HOST = False
 USE_X_FORWARDED_PORT = False
@@ -469,9 +469,9 @@ MIDDLEWARE = []
 ############
 
 # Cache to store session data if using the cache session backend.
-SESSION_CACHE_ALIAS = 'default'
+SESSION_CACHE_ALIAS = "default"
 # Cookie name. This can be whatever you want.
-SESSION_COOKIE_NAME = 'sessionid'
+SESSION_COOKIE_NAME = "sessionid"
 # Age of cookie, in seconds (default: 2 weeks).
 SESSION_COOKIE_AGE = 60 * 60 * 24 * 7 * 2
 # A string like "example.com", or None for standard domain cookie.
@@ -479,23 +479,23 @@ SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN = None
 # Whether the session cookie should be secure (https:// only).
 SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE = False
 # The path of the session cookie.
-SESSION_COOKIE_PATH = '/'
+SESSION_COOKIE_PATH = "/"
 # Whether to use the HttpOnly flag.
 SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY = True
 # Whether to set the flag restricting cookie leaks on cross-site requests.
 # This can be 'Lax', 'Strict', 'None', or False to disable the flag.
-SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE = 'Lax'
+SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE = "Lax"
 # Whether to save the session data on every request.
 SESSION_SAVE_EVERY_REQUEST = False
 # Whether a user's session cookie expires when the web browser is closed.
 SESSION_EXPIRE_AT_BROWSER_CLOSE = False
 # The module to store session data
-SESSION_ENGINE = 'django.contrib.sessions.backends.db'
+SESSION_ENGINE = "django.contrib.sessions.backends.db"
 # Directory to store session files if using the file session module. If None,
 # the backend will use a sensible default.
 SESSION_FILE_PATH = None
 # class to serialize session data
-SESSION_SERIALIZER = 'django.contrib.sessions.serializers.JSONSerializer'
+SESSION_SERIALIZER = "django.contrib.sessions.serializers.JSONSerializer"
 
 #########
 # CACHE #
@@ -503,25 +503,25 @@ SESSION_SERIALIZER = 'django.contrib.sessions.serializers.JSONSerializer'
 
 # The cache backends to use.
 CACHES = {
-    'default': {
-        'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache',
+    "default": {
+        "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache",
     }
 }
-CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_KEY_PREFIX = ''
+CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_KEY_PREFIX = ""
 CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_SECONDS = 600
-CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_ALIAS = 'default'
+CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_ALIAS = "default"
 
 ##################
 # AUTHENTICATION #
 ##################
 
-AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'auth.User'
+AUTH_USER_MODEL = "auth.User"
 
-AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS = ['django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend']
+AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS = ["django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend"]
 
-LOGIN_URL = '/accounts/login/'
+LOGIN_URL = "/accounts/login/"
 
-LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL = '/accounts/profile/'
+LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL = "/accounts/profile/"
 
 LOGOUT_REDIRECT_URL = None
 
@@ -532,11 +532,11 @@ PASSWORD_RESET_TIMEOUT = 60 * 60 * 24 * 3
 # password using different algorithms will be converted automatically
 # upon login
 PASSWORD_HASHERS = [
-    'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2PasswordHasher',
-    'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2SHA1PasswordHasher',
-    'django.contrib.auth.hashers.Argon2PasswordHasher',
-    'django.contrib.auth.hashers.BCryptSHA256PasswordHasher',
-    'django.contrib.auth.hashers.ScryptPasswordHasher',
+    "django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2PasswordHasher",
+    "django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2SHA1PasswordHasher",
+    "django.contrib.auth.hashers.Argon2PasswordHasher",
+    "django.contrib.auth.hashers.BCryptSHA256PasswordHasher",
+    "django.contrib.auth.hashers.ScryptPasswordHasher",
 ]
 
 AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = []
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = []
 # SIGNING #
 ###########
 
-SIGNING_BACKEND = 'django.core.signing.TimestampSigner'
+SIGNING_BACKEND = "django.core.signing.TimestampSigner"
 
 ########
 # CSRF #
@@ -553,17 +553,17 @@ SIGNING_BACKEND = 'django.core.signing.TimestampSigner'
 
 # Dotted path to callable to be used as view when a request is
 # rejected by the CSRF middleware.
-CSRF_FAILURE_VIEW = 'django.views.csrf.csrf_failure'
+CSRF_FAILURE_VIEW = "django.views.csrf.csrf_failure"
 
 # Settings for CSRF cookie.
-CSRF_COOKIE_NAME = 'csrftoken'
+CSRF_COOKIE_NAME = "csrftoken"
 CSRF_COOKIE_AGE = 60 * 60 * 24 * 7 * 52
 CSRF_COOKIE_DOMAIN = None
-CSRF_COOKIE_PATH = '/'
+CSRF_COOKIE_PATH = "/"
 CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE = False
 CSRF_COOKIE_HTTPONLY = False
-CSRF_COOKIE_SAMESITE = 'Lax'
-CSRF_HEADER_NAME = 'HTTP_X_CSRFTOKEN'
+CSRF_COOKIE_SAMESITE = "Lax"
+CSRF_HEADER_NAME = "HTTP_X_CSRFTOKEN"
 CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS = []
 CSRF_USE_SESSIONS = False
 
@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ CSRF_COOKIE_MASKED = False
 ############
 
 # Class to use as messages backend
-MESSAGE_STORAGE = 'django.contrib.messages.storage.fallback.FallbackStorage'
+MESSAGE_STORAGE = "django.contrib.messages.storage.fallback.FallbackStorage"
 
 # Default values of MESSAGE_LEVEL and MESSAGE_TAGS are defined within
 # django.contrib.messages to avoid imports in this settings file.
@@ -586,25 +586,25 @@ MESSAGE_STORAGE = 'django.contrib.messages.storage.fallback.FallbackStorage'
 ###########
 
 # The callable to use to configure logging
-LOGGING_CONFIG = 'logging.config.dictConfig'
+LOGGING_CONFIG = "logging.config.dictConfig"
 
 # Custom logging configuration.
 LOGGING = {}
 
 # Default exception reporter class used in case none has been
 # specifically assigned to the HttpRequest instance.
-DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER = 'django.views.debug.ExceptionReporter'
+DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER = "django.views.debug.ExceptionReporter"
 
 # Default exception reporter filter class used in case none has been
 # specifically assigned to the HttpRequest instance.
-DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER_FILTER = 'django.views.debug.SafeExceptionReporterFilter'
+DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER_FILTER = "django.views.debug.SafeExceptionReporterFilter"
 
 ###########
 # TESTING #
 ###########
 
 # The name of the class to use to run the test suite
-TEST_RUNNER = 'django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner'
+TEST_RUNNER = "django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner"
 
 # Apps that don't need to be serialized at test database creation time
 # (only apps with migrations are to start with)
@@ -625,13 +625,13 @@ FIXTURE_DIRS = []
 STATICFILES_DIRS = []
 
 # The default file storage backend used during the build process
-STATICFILES_STORAGE = 'django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.StaticFilesStorage'
+STATICFILES_STORAGE = "django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.StaticFilesStorage"
 
 # List of finder classes that know how to find static files in
 # various locations.
 STATICFILES_FINDERS = [
-    'django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder',
-    'django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.AppDirectoriesFinder',
+    "django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder",
+    "django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.AppDirectoriesFinder",
     # 'django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.DefaultStorageFinder',
 ]
 
@@ -656,11 +656,11 @@ SILENCED_SYSTEM_CHECKS = []
 # SECURITY MIDDLEWARE #
 #######################
 SECURE_CONTENT_TYPE_NOSNIFF = True
-SECURE_CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY = 'same-origin'
+SECURE_CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY = "same-origin"
 SECURE_HSTS_INCLUDE_SUBDOMAINS = False
 SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD = False
 SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS = 0
 SECURE_REDIRECT_EXEMPT = []
-SECURE_REFERRER_POLICY = 'same-origin'
+SECURE_REFERRER_POLICY = "same-origin"
 SECURE_SSL_HOST = None
 SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT = False
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/__init__.py b/django/conf/locale/__init__.py
index c57ad00440..a18d5775d5 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/__init__.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/__init__.py
@@ -8,610 +8,610 @@ follow the traditional 'fr-ca' -> 'fr' fallback logic.
 """
 
 LANG_INFO = {
-    'af': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'af',
-        'name': 'Afrikaans',
-        'name_local': 'Afrikaans',
-    },
-    'ar': {
-        'bidi': True,
-        'code': 'ar',
-        'name': 'Arabic',
-        'name_local': 'العربيّة',
-    },
-    'ar-dz': {
-        'bidi': True,
-        'code': 'ar-dz',
-        'name': 'Algerian Arabic',
-        'name_local': 'العربية الجزائرية',
-    },
-    'ast': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'ast',
-        'name': 'Asturian',
-        'name_local': 'asturianu',
-    },
-    'az': {
-        'bidi': True,
-        'code': 'az',
-        'name': 'Azerbaijani',
-        'name_local': 'Azərbaycanca',
-    },
-    'be': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'be',
-        'name': 'Belarusian',
-        'name_local': 'беларуская',
-    },
-    'bg': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'bg',
-        'name': 'Bulgarian',
-        'name_local': 'български',
-    },
-    'bn': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'bn',
-        'name': 'Bengali',
-        'name_local': 'বাংলা',
-    },
-    'br': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'br',
-        'name': 'Breton',
-        'name_local': 'brezhoneg',
-    },
-    'bs': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'bs',
-        'name': 'Bosnian',
-        'name_local': 'bosanski',
-    },
-    'ca': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'ca',
-        'name': 'Catalan',
-        'name_local': 'català',
-    },
-    'cs': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'cs',
-        'name': 'Czech',
-        'name_local': 'česky',
-    },
-    'cy': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'cy',
-        'name': 'Welsh',
-        'name_local': 'Cymraeg',
-    },
-    'da': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'da',
-        'name': 'Danish',
-        'name_local': 'dansk',
-    },
-    'de': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'de',
-        'name': 'German',
-        'name_local': 'Deutsch',
-    },
-    'dsb': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'dsb',
-        'name': 'Lower Sorbian',
-        'name_local': 'dolnoserbski',
-    },
-    'el': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'el',
-        'name': 'Greek',
-        'name_local': 'Ελληνικά',
-    },
-    'en': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'en',
-        'name': 'English',
-        'name_local': 'English',
-    },
-    'en-au': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'en-au',
-        'name': 'Australian English',
-        'name_local': 'Australian English',
-    },
-    'en-gb': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'en-gb',
-        'name': 'British English',
-        'name_local': 'British English',
-    },
-    'eo': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'eo',
-        'name': 'Esperanto',
-        'name_local': 'Esperanto',
-    },
-    'es': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'es',
-        'name': 'Spanish',
-        'name_local': 'español',
-    },
-    'es-ar': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'es-ar',
-        'name': 'Argentinian Spanish',
-        'name_local': 'español de Argentina',
-    },
-    'es-co': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'es-co',
-        'name': 'Colombian Spanish',
-        'name_local': 'español de Colombia',
-    },
-    'es-mx': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'es-mx',
-        'name': 'Mexican Spanish',
-        'name_local': 'español de Mexico',
-    },
-    'es-ni': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'es-ni',
-        'name': 'Nicaraguan Spanish',
-        'name_local': 'español de Nicaragua',
-    },
-    'es-ve': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'es-ve',
-        'name': 'Venezuelan Spanish',
-        'name_local': 'español de Venezuela',
-    },
-    'et': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'et',
-        'name': 'Estonian',
-        'name_local': 'eesti',
-    },
-    'eu': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'eu',
-        'name': 'Basque',
-        'name_local': 'Basque',
-    },
-    'fa': {
-        'bidi': True,
-        'code': 'fa',
-        'name': 'Persian',
-        'name_local': 'فارسی',
-    },
-    'fi': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'fi',
-        'name': 'Finnish',
-        'name_local': 'suomi',
-    },
-    'fr': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'fr',
-        'name': 'French',
-        'name_local': 'français',
-    },
-    'fy': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'fy',
-        'name': 'Frisian',
-        'name_local': 'frysk',
-    },
-    'ga': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'ga',
-        'name': 'Irish',
-        'name_local': 'Gaeilge',
-    },
-    'gd': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'gd',
-        'name': 'Scottish Gaelic',
-        'name_local': 'Gàidhlig',
-    },
-    'gl': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'gl',
-        'name': 'Galician',
-        'name_local': 'galego',
-    },
-    'he': {
-        'bidi': True,
-        'code': 'he',
-        'name': 'Hebrew',
-        'name_local': 'עברית',
-    },
-    'hi': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'hi',
-        'name': 'Hindi',
-        'name_local': 'हिंदी',
-    },
-    'hr': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'hr',
-        'name': 'Croatian',
-        'name_local': 'Hrvatski',
-    },
-    'hsb': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'hsb',
-        'name': 'Upper Sorbian',
-        'name_local': 'hornjoserbsce',
-    },
-    'hu': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'hu',
-        'name': 'Hungarian',
-        'name_local': 'Magyar',
-    },
-    'hy': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'hy',
-        'name': 'Armenian',
-        'name_local': 'հայերեն',
-    },
-    'ia': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'ia',
-        'name': 'Interlingua',
-        'name_local': 'Interlingua',
-    },
-    'io': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'io',
-        'name': 'Ido',
-        'name_local': 'ido',
-    },
-    'id': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'id',
-        'name': 'Indonesian',
-        'name_local': 'Bahasa Indonesia',
-    },
-    'ig': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'ig',
-        'name': 'Igbo',
-        'name_local': 'Asụsụ Ìgbò',
-    },
-    'is': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'is',
-        'name': 'Icelandic',
-        'name_local': 'Íslenska',
-    },
-    'it': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'it',
-        'name': 'Italian',
-        'name_local': 'italiano',
-    },
-    'ja': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'ja',
-        'name': 'Japanese',
-        'name_local': '日本語',
-    },
-    'ka': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'ka',
-        'name': 'Georgian',
-        'name_local': 'ქართული',
-    },
-    'kab': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'kab',
-        'name': 'Kabyle',
-        'name_local': 'taqbaylit',
-    },
-    'kk': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'kk',
-        'name': 'Kazakh',
-        'name_local': 'Қазақ',
-    },
-    'km': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'km',
-        'name': 'Khmer',
-        'name_local': 'Khmer',
-    },
-    'kn': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'kn',
-        'name': 'Kannada',
-        'name_local': 'Kannada',
-    },
-    'ko': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'ko',
-        'name': 'Korean',
-        'name_local': '한국어',
-    },
-    'ky': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'ky',
-        'name': 'Kyrgyz',
-        'name_local': 'Кыргызча',
-    },
-    'lb': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'lb',
-        'name': 'Luxembourgish',
-        'name_local': 'Lëtzebuergesch',
-    },
-    'lt': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'lt',
-        'name': 'Lithuanian',
-        'name_local': 'Lietuviškai',
-    },
-    'lv': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'lv',
-        'name': 'Latvian',
-        'name_local': 'latviešu',
-    },
-    'mk': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'mk',
-        'name': 'Macedonian',
-        'name_local': 'Македонски',
-    },
-    'ml': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'ml',
-        'name': 'Malayalam',
-        'name_local': 'മലയാളം',
-    },
-    'mn': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'mn',
-        'name': 'Mongolian',
-        'name_local': 'Mongolian',
-    },
-    'mr': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'mr',
-        'name': 'Marathi',
-        'name_local': 'मराठी',
-    },
-    'ms': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'ms',
-        'name': 'Malay',
-        'name_local': 'Bahasa Melayu',
-    },
-    'my': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'my',
-        'name': 'Burmese',
-        'name_local': 'မြန်မာဘာသာ',
-    },
-    'nb': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'nb',
-        'name': 'Norwegian Bokmal',
-        'name_local': 'norsk (bokmål)',
-    },
-    'ne': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'ne',
-        'name': 'Nepali',
-        'name_local': 'नेपाली',
-    },
-    'nl': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'nl',
-        'name': 'Dutch',
-        'name_local': 'Nederlands',
-    },
-    'nn': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'nn',
-        'name': 'Norwegian Nynorsk',
-        'name_local': 'norsk (nynorsk)',
-    },
-    'no': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'no',
-        'name': 'Norwegian',
-        'name_local': 'norsk',
-    },
-    'os': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'os',
-        'name': 'Ossetic',
-        'name_local': 'Ирон',
-    },
-    'pa': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'pa',
-        'name': 'Punjabi',
-        'name_local': 'Punjabi',
-    },
-    'pl': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'pl',
-        'name': 'Polish',
-        'name_local': 'polski',
-    },
-    'pt': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'pt',
-        'name': 'Portuguese',
-        'name_local': 'Português',
-    },
-    'pt-br': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'pt-br',
-        'name': 'Brazilian Portuguese',
-        'name_local': 'Português Brasileiro',
-    },
-    'ro': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'ro',
-        'name': 'Romanian',
-        'name_local': 'Română',
-    },
-    'ru': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'ru',
-        'name': 'Russian',
-        'name_local': 'Русский',
-    },
-    'sk': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'sk',
-        'name': 'Slovak',
-        'name_local': 'Slovensky',
-    },
-    'sl': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'sl',
-        'name': 'Slovenian',
-        'name_local': 'Slovenščina',
-    },
-    'sq': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'sq',
-        'name': 'Albanian',
-        'name_local': 'shqip',
-    },
-    'sr': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'sr',
-        'name': 'Serbian',
-        'name_local': 'српски',
-    },
-    'sr-latn': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'sr-latn',
-        'name': 'Serbian Latin',
-        'name_local': 'srpski (latinica)',
-    },
-    'sv': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'sv',
-        'name': 'Swedish',
-        'name_local': 'svenska',
-    },
-    'sw': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'sw',
-        'name': 'Swahili',
-        'name_local': 'Kiswahili',
-    },
-    'ta': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'ta',
-        'name': 'Tamil',
-        'name_local': 'தமிழ்',
-    },
-    'te': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'te',
-        'name': 'Telugu',
-        'name_local': 'తెలుగు',
-    },
-    'tg': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'tg',
-        'name': 'Tajik',
-        'name_local': 'тоҷикӣ',
-    },
-    'th': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'th',
-        'name': 'Thai',
-        'name_local': 'ภาษาไทย',
-    },
-    'tk': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'tk',
-        'name': 'Turkmen',
-        'name_local': 'Türkmençe',
-    },
-    'tr': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'tr',
-        'name': 'Turkish',
-        'name_local': 'Türkçe',
-    },
-    'tt': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'tt',
-        'name': 'Tatar',
-        'name_local': 'Татарча',
-    },
-    'udm': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'udm',
-        'name': 'Udmurt',
-        'name_local': 'Удмурт',
-    },
-    'uk': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'uk',
-        'name': 'Ukrainian',
-        'name_local': 'Українська',
-    },
-    'ur': {
-        'bidi': True,
-        'code': 'ur',
-        'name': 'Urdu',
-        'name_local': 'اردو',
-    },
-    'uz': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'uz',
-        'name': 'Uzbek',
-        'name_local': 'oʻzbek tili',
-    },
-    'vi': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'vi',
-        'name': 'Vietnamese',
-        'name_local': 'Tiếng Việt',
-    },
-    'zh-cn': {
-        'fallback': ['zh-hans'],
-    },
-    'zh-hans': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'zh-hans',
-        'name': 'Simplified Chinese',
-        'name_local': '简体中文',
-    },
-    'zh-hant': {
-        'bidi': False,
-        'code': 'zh-hant',
-        'name': 'Traditional Chinese',
-        'name_local': '繁體中文',
-    },
-    'zh-hk': {
-        'fallback': ['zh-hant'],
-    },
-    'zh-mo': {
-        'fallback': ['zh-hant'],
-    },
-    'zh-my': {
-        'fallback': ['zh-hans'],
-    },
-    'zh-sg': {
-        'fallback': ['zh-hans'],
-    },
-    'zh-tw': {
-        'fallback': ['zh-hant'],
+    "af": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "af",
+        "name": "Afrikaans",
+        "name_local": "Afrikaans",
+    },
+    "ar": {
+        "bidi": True,
+        "code": "ar",
+        "name": "Arabic",
+        "name_local": "العربيّة",
+    },
+    "ar-dz": {
+        "bidi": True,
+        "code": "ar-dz",
+        "name": "Algerian Arabic",
+        "name_local": "العربية الجزائرية",
+    },
+    "ast": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "ast",
+        "name": "Asturian",
+        "name_local": "asturianu",
+    },
+    "az": {
+        "bidi": True,
+        "code": "az",
+        "name": "Azerbaijani",
+        "name_local": "Azərbaycanca",
+    },
+    "be": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "be",
+        "name": "Belarusian",
+        "name_local": "беларуская",
+    },
+    "bg": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "bg",
+        "name": "Bulgarian",
+        "name_local": "български",
+    },
+    "bn": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "bn",
+        "name": "Bengali",
+        "name_local": "বাংলা",
+    },
+    "br": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "br",
+        "name": "Breton",
+        "name_local": "brezhoneg",
+    },
+    "bs": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "bs",
+        "name": "Bosnian",
+        "name_local": "bosanski",
+    },
+    "ca": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "ca",
+        "name": "Catalan",
+        "name_local": "català",
+    },
+    "cs": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "cs",
+        "name": "Czech",
+        "name_local": "česky",
+    },
+    "cy": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "cy",
+        "name": "Welsh",
+        "name_local": "Cymraeg",
+    },
+    "da": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "da",
+        "name": "Danish",
+        "name_local": "dansk",
+    },
+    "de": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "de",
+        "name": "German",
+        "name_local": "Deutsch",
+    },
+    "dsb": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "dsb",
+        "name": "Lower Sorbian",
+        "name_local": "dolnoserbski",
+    },
+    "el": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "el",
+        "name": "Greek",
+        "name_local": "Ελληνικά",
+    },
+    "en": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "en",
+        "name": "English",
+        "name_local": "English",
+    },
+    "en-au": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "en-au",
+        "name": "Australian English",
+        "name_local": "Australian English",
+    },
+    "en-gb": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "en-gb",
+        "name": "British English",
+        "name_local": "British English",
+    },
+    "eo": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "eo",
+        "name": "Esperanto",
+        "name_local": "Esperanto",
+    },
+    "es": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "es",
+        "name": "Spanish",
+        "name_local": "español",
+    },
+    "es-ar": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "es-ar",
+        "name": "Argentinian Spanish",
+        "name_local": "español de Argentina",
+    },
+    "es-co": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "es-co",
+        "name": "Colombian Spanish",
+        "name_local": "español de Colombia",
+    },
+    "es-mx": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "es-mx",
+        "name": "Mexican Spanish",
+        "name_local": "español de Mexico",
+    },
+    "es-ni": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "es-ni",
+        "name": "Nicaraguan Spanish",
+        "name_local": "español de Nicaragua",
+    },
+    "es-ve": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "es-ve",
+        "name": "Venezuelan Spanish",
+        "name_local": "español de Venezuela",
+    },
+    "et": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "et",
+        "name": "Estonian",
+        "name_local": "eesti",
+    },
+    "eu": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "eu",
+        "name": "Basque",
+        "name_local": "Basque",
+    },
+    "fa": {
+        "bidi": True,
+        "code": "fa",
+        "name": "Persian",
+        "name_local": "فارسی",
+    },
+    "fi": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "fi",
+        "name": "Finnish",
+        "name_local": "suomi",
+    },
+    "fr": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "fr",
+        "name": "French",
+        "name_local": "français",
+    },
+    "fy": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "fy",
+        "name": "Frisian",
+        "name_local": "frysk",
+    },
+    "ga": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "ga",
+        "name": "Irish",
+        "name_local": "Gaeilge",
+    },
+    "gd": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "gd",
+        "name": "Scottish Gaelic",
+        "name_local": "Gàidhlig",
+    },
+    "gl": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "gl",
+        "name": "Galician",
+        "name_local": "galego",
+    },
+    "he": {
+        "bidi": True,
+        "code": "he",
+        "name": "Hebrew",
+        "name_local": "עברית",
+    },
+    "hi": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "hi",
+        "name": "Hindi",
+        "name_local": "हिंदी",
+    },
+    "hr": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "hr",
+        "name": "Croatian",
+        "name_local": "Hrvatski",
+    },
+    "hsb": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "hsb",
+        "name": "Upper Sorbian",
+        "name_local": "hornjoserbsce",
+    },
+    "hu": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "hu",
+        "name": "Hungarian",
+        "name_local": "Magyar",
+    },
+    "hy": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "hy",
+        "name": "Armenian",
+        "name_local": "հայերեն",
+    },
+    "ia": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "ia",
+        "name": "Interlingua",
+        "name_local": "Interlingua",
+    },
+    "io": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "io",
+        "name": "Ido",
+        "name_local": "ido",
+    },
+    "id": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "id",
+        "name": "Indonesian",
+        "name_local": "Bahasa Indonesia",
+    },
+    "ig": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "ig",
+        "name": "Igbo",
+        "name_local": "Asụsụ Ìgbò",
+    },
+    "is": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "is",
+        "name": "Icelandic",
+        "name_local": "Íslenska",
+    },
+    "it": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "it",
+        "name": "Italian",
+        "name_local": "italiano",
+    },
+    "ja": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "ja",
+        "name": "Japanese",
+        "name_local": "日本語",
+    },
+    "ka": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "ka",
+        "name": "Georgian",
+        "name_local": "ქართული",
+    },
+    "kab": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "kab",
+        "name": "Kabyle",
+        "name_local": "taqbaylit",
+    },
+    "kk": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "kk",
+        "name": "Kazakh",
+        "name_local": "Қазақ",
+    },
+    "km": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "km",
+        "name": "Khmer",
+        "name_local": "Khmer",
+    },
+    "kn": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "kn",
+        "name": "Kannada",
+        "name_local": "Kannada",
+    },
+    "ko": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "ko",
+        "name": "Korean",
+        "name_local": "한국어",
+    },
+    "ky": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "ky",
+        "name": "Kyrgyz",
+        "name_local": "Кыргызча",
+    },
+    "lb": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "lb",
+        "name": "Luxembourgish",
+        "name_local": "Lëtzebuergesch",
+    },
+    "lt": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "lt",
+        "name": "Lithuanian",
+        "name_local": "Lietuviškai",
+    },
+    "lv": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "lv",
+        "name": "Latvian",
+        "name_local": "latviešu",
+    },
+    "mk": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "mk",
+        "name": "Macedonian",
+        "name_local": "Македонски",
+    },
+    "ml": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "ml",
+        "name": "Malayalam",
+        "name_local": "മലയാളം",
+    },
+    "mn": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "mn",
+        "name": "Mongolian",
+        "name_local": "Mongolian",
+    },
+    "mr": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "mr",
+        "name": "Marathi",
+        "name_local": "मराठी",
+    },
+    "ms": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "ms",
+        "name": "Malay",
+        "name_local": "Bahasa Melayu",
+    },
+    "my": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "my",
+        "name": "Burmese",
+        "name_local": "မြန်မာဘာသာ",
+    },
+    "nb": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "nb",
+        "name": "Norwegian Bokmal",
+        "name_local": "norsk (bokmål)",
+    },
+    "ne": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "ne",
+        "name": "Nepali",
+        "name_local": "नेपाली",
+    },
+    "nl": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "nl",
+        "name": "Dutch",
+        "name_local": "Nederlands",
+    },
+    "nn": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "nn",
+        "name": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
+        "name_local": "norsk (nynorsk)",
+    },
+    "no": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "no",
+        "name": "Norwegian",
+        "name_local": "norsk",
+    },
+    "os": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "os",
+        "name": "Ossetic",
+        "name_local": "Ирон",
+    },
+    "pa": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "pa",
+        "name": "Punjabi",
+        "name_local": "Punjabi",
+    },
+    "pl": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "pl",
+        "name": "Polish",
+        "name_local": "polski",
+    },
+    "pt": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "pt",
+        "name": "Portuguese",
+        "name_local": "Português",
+    },
+    "pt-br": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "pt-br",
+        "name": "Brazilian Portuguese",
+        "name_local": "Português Brasileiro",
+    },
+    "ro": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "ro",
+        "name": "Romanian",
+        "name_local": "Română",
+    },
+    "ru": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "ru",
+        "name": "Russian",
+        "name_local": "Русский",
+    },
+    "sk": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "sk",
+        "name": "Slovak",
+        "name_local": "Slovensky",
+    },
+    "sl": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "sl",
+        "name": "Slovenian",
+        "name_local": "Slovenščina",
+    },
+    "sq": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "sq",
+        "name": "Albanian",
+        "name_local": "shqip",
+    },
+    "sr": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "sr",
+        "name": "Serbian",
+        "name_local": "српски",
+    },
+    "sr-latn": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "sr-latn",
+        "name": "Serbian Latin",
+        "name_local": "srpski (latinica)",
+    },
+    "sv": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "sv",
+        "name": "Swedish",
+        "name_local": "svenska",
+    },
+    "sw": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "sw",
+        "name": "Swahili",
+        "name_local": "Kiswahili",
+    },
+    "ta": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "ta",
+        "name": "Tamil",
+        "name_local": "தமிழ்",
+    },
+    "te": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "te",
+        "name": "Telugu",
+        "name_local": "తెలుగు",
+    },
+    "tg": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "tg",
+        "name": "Tajik",
+        "name_local": "тоҷикӣ",
+    },
+    "th": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "th",
+        "name": "Thai",
+        "name_local": "ภาษาไทย",
+    },
+    "tk": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "tk",
+        "name": "Turkmen",
+        "name_local": "Türkmençe",
+    },
+    "tr": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "tr",
+        "name": "Turkish",
+        "name_local": "Türkçe",
+    },
+    "tt": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "tt",
+        "name": "Tatar",
+        "name_local": "Татарча",
+    },
+    "udm": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "udm",
+        "name": "Udmurt",
+        "name_local": "Удмурт",
+    },
+    "uk": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "uk",
+        "name": "Ukrainian",
+        "name_local": "Українська",
+    },
+    "ur": {
+        "bidi": True,
+        "code": "ur",
+        "name": "Urdu",
+        "name_local": "اردو",
+    },
+    "uz": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "uz",
+        "name": "Uzbek",
+        "name_local": "oʻzbek tili",
+    },
+    "vi": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "vi",
+        "name": "Vietnamese",
+        "name_local": "Tiếng Việt",
+    },
+    "zh-cn": {
+        "fallback": ["zh-hans"],
+    },
+    "zh-hans": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "zh-hans",
+        "name": "Simplified Chinese",
+        "name_local": "简体中文",
+    },
+    "zh-hant": {
+        "bidi": False,
+        "code": "zh-hant",
+        "name": "Traditional Chinese",
+        "name_local": "繁體中文",
+    },
+    "zh-hk": {
+        "fallback": ["zh-hant"],
+    },
+    "zh-mo": {
+        "fallback": ["zh-hant"],
+    },
+    "zh-my": {
+        "fallback": ["zh-hans"],
+    },
+    "zh-sg": {
+        "fallback": ["zh-hans"],
+    },
+    "zh-tw": {
+        "fallback": ["zh-hant"],
     },
 }
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/ar/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/ar/formats.py
index 19cc8601b7..8008ce6ec4 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/ar/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/ar/formats.py
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j F، Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'g:i A'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j F، Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "g:i A"
 # DATETIME_FORMAT =
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd‏/m‏/Y'
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d‏/m‏/Y"
 # SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT =
 # FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK =
 
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd‏/m‏/Y'
 # DATE_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # TIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 # NUMBER_GROUPING =
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/ar_DZ/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/ar_DZ/formats.py
index e091e1788d..cbd361d62e 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/ar_DZ/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/ar_DZ/formats.py
@@ -2,28 +2,28 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j F Y H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'j F Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j F Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j F Y H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "j F Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "j F Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 0  # Sunday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y/%m/%d',  # '2006/10/25'
+    "%Y/%m/%d",  # '2006/10/25'
 ]
 TIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%H:%M',     # '14:30
-    '%H:%M:%S',  # '14:30:59'
+    "%H:%M",  # '14:30
+    "%H:%M:%S",  # '14:30:59'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y/%m/%d %H:%M',     # '2006/10/25 14:30'
-    '%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S',  # '2006/10/25 14:30:59'
+    "%Y/%m/%d %H:%M",  # '2006/10/25 14:30'
+    "%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2006/10/25 14:30:59'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/az/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/az/formats.py
index 6f655d18ef..253b6dddf5 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/az/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/az/formats.py
@@ -2,29 +2,29 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j E Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'G:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j E Y, G:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j E Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "G:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j E Y, G:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d.m.Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d.m.Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y',  # '25.10.2006'
-    '%d.%m.%y',  # '25.10.06'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '25.10.2006'
+    "%d.%m.%y",  # '25.10.06'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',        # '25.10.2006 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M',        # '25.10.06 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M",  # '25.10.2006 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M",  # '25.10.06 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '\xa0'  # non-breaking space
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "\xa0"  # non-breaking space
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/bg/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/bg/formats.py
index b7d0c3b53d..ee90c5b08f 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/bg/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/bg/formats.py
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'd F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "d F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
 # DATETIME_FORMAT =
 # YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT =
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y'
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d.m.Y"
 # SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT =
 # FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK =
 
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y'
 # DATE_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # TIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ' '  # Non-breaking space
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = " "  # Non-breaking space
 # NUMBER_GROUPING =
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/bn/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/bn/formats.py
index 6205fb95cb..9d1bb09d13 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/bn/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/bn/formats.py
@@ -2,31 +2,31 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j F, Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'g:i A'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j F, Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "g:i A"
 # DATETIME_FORMAT =
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'j M, Y'
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "j M, Y"
 # SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT =
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 6  # Saturday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y',  # 25/10/2016
-    '%d/%m/%y',  # 25/10/16
-    '%d-%m-%Y',  # 25-10-2016
-    '%d-%m-%y',  # 25-10-16
+    "%d/%m/%Y",  # 25/10/2016
+    "%d/%m/%y",  # 25/10/16
+    "%d-%m-%Y",  # 25-10-2016
+    "%d-%m-%y",  # 25-10-16
 ]
 TIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%H:%M:%S',  # 14:30:59
-    '%H:%M',  # 14:30
+    "%H:%M:%S",  # 14:30:59
+    "%H:%M",  # 14:30
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',  # 25/10/2006 14:30:59
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M',  # 25/10/2006 14:30
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S",  # 25/10/2006 14:30:59
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M",  # 25/10/2006 14:30
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ','
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = "."
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ","
 # NUMBER_GROUPING =
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/bs/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/bs/formats.py
index 25d9b40e45..a15e7099e4 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/bs/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/bs/formats.py
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j. N Y.'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'G:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j. N. Y. G:i T'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y.'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j. F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'Y M j'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j. N Y."
+TIME_FORMAT = "G:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j. N. Y. G:i T"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y."
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j. F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "Y M j"
 # SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT =
 # FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK =
 
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'Y M j'
 # DATE_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # TIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 # NUMBER_GROUPING =
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/ca/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/ca/formats.py
index f6b2957d11..2f91009119 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/ca/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/ca/formats.py
@@ -2,29 +2,29 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F \d\e Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'G:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F \d\e Y \a \l\e\s G:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r'F \d\e\l Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y G:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F \d\e Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "G:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F \d\e Y \a \l\e\s G:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r"F \d\e\l Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d/m/Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d/m/Y G:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y',  # '31/12/2009'
-    '%d/%m/%y',  # '31/12/09'
+    "%d/%m/%Y",  # '31/12/2009'
+    "%d/%m/%y",  # '31/12/09'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M',
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S',
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f',
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M',
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S",
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M",
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S",
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f",
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M",
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/cs/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/cs/formats.py
index 5c6d8f9c0f..e4a7ab9946 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/cs/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/cs/formats.py
@@ -2,42 +2,42 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j. E Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'G:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j. E Y G:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j. F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y G:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j. E Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "G:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j. E Y G:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j. F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d.m.Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d.m.Y G:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y',  # '05.01.2006'
-    '%d.%m.%y',  # '05.01.06'
-    '%d. %m. %Y',  # '5. 1. 2006'
-    '%d. %m. %y',  # '5. 1. 06'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '05.01.2006'
+    "%d.%m.%y",  # '05.01.06'
+    "%d. %m. %Y",  # '5. 1. 2006'
+    "%d. %m. %y",  # '5. 1. 06'
     # "%d. %B %Y",  # '25. October 2006'
     # "%d. %b. %Y",  # '25. Oct. 2006'
 ]
 # Kept ISO formats as one is in first position
 TIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%H:%M:%S',  # '04:30:59'
-    '%H.%M',    # '04.30'
-    '%H:%M',    # '04:30'
+    "%H:%M:%S",  # '04:30:59'
+    "%H.%M",  # '04.30'
+    "%H:%M",  # '04:30'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S',    # '05.01.2006 04:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '05.01.2006 04:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H.%M',       # '05.01.2006 04.30'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',       # '05.01.2006 04:30'
-    '%d. %m. %Y %H:%M:%S',  # '05. 01. 2006 04:30:59'
-    '%d. %m. %Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '05. 01. 2006 04:30:59.000200'
-    '%d. %m. %Y %H.%M',     # '05. 01. 2006 04.30'
-    '%d. %m. %Y %H:%M',     # '05. 01. 2006 04:30'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H.%M',       # '2006-01-05 04.30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '05.01.2006 04:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '05.01.2006 04:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H.%M",  # '05.01.2006 04.30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M",  # '05.01.2006 04:30'
+    "%d. %m. %Y %H:%M:%S",  # '05. 01. 2006 04:30:59'
+    "%d. %m. %Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '05. 01. 2006 04:30:59.000200'
+    "%d. %m. %Y %H.%M",  # '05. 01. 2006 04.30'
+    "%d. %m. %Y %H:%M",  # '05. 01. 2006 04:30'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H.%M",  # '2006-01-05 04.30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '\xa0'  # non-breaking space
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "\xa0"  # non-breaking space
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/cy/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/cy/formats.py
index bcdcb111df..eaef6a618f 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/cy/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/cy/formats.py
@@ -2,32 +2,32 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j F Y'                   # '25 Hydref 2006'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'P'                       # '2:30 y.b.'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j F Y, P'            # '25 Hydref 2006, 2:30 y.b.'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'               # 'Hydref 2006'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'                # '25 Hydref'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y'             # '25/10/2006'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y P'       # '25/10/2006 2:30 y.b.'
-FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1                   # 'Dydd Llun'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j F Y"  # '25 Hydref 2006'
+TIME_FORMAT = "P"  # '2:30 y.b.'
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j F Y, P"  # '25 Hydref 2006, 2:30 y.b.'
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"  # 'Hydref 2006'
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"  # '25 Hydref'
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d/m/Y"  # '25/10/2006'
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d/m/Y P"  # '25/10/2006 2:30 y.b.'
+FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # 'Dydd Llun'
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y',  # '25/10/2006'
-    '%d/%m/%y',  # '25/10/06'
+    "%d/%m/%Y",  # '25/10/2006'
+    "%d/%m/%y",  # '25/10/06'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',                # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',             # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',                   # '2006-10-25 14:30'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',                # '25/10/2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',             # '25/10/2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M',                   # '25/10/2006 14:30'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S',                # '25/10/06 14:30:59'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f',             # '25/10/06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M',                   # '25/10/06 14:30'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",  # '2006-10-25 14:30'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M",  # '25/10/2006 14:30'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S",  # '25/10/06 14:30:59'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25/10/06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M",  # '25/10/06 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ','
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = "."
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ","
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/da/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/da/formats.py
index 6237a7209d..58292084fb 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/da/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/da/formats.py
@@ -2,25 +2,25 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j. F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j. F Y H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j. F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j. F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j. F Y H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j. F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d.m.Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d.m.Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y',                         # '25.10.2006'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '25.10.2006'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S',                # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',             # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',                   # '25.10.2006 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M",  # '25.10.2006 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/de/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/de/formats.py
index 65d58b5f2b..45953ce238 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/de/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/de/formats.py
@@ -2,28 +2,28 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j. F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j. F Y H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j. F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j. F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j. F Y H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j. F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d.m.Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d.m.Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y',  # '25.10.2006'
-    '%d.%m.%y',  # '25.10.06'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '25.10.2006'
+    "%d.%m.%y",  # '25.10.06'
     # "%d. %B %Y",  # '25. October 2006'
     # "%d. %b. %Y",  # '25. Oct. 2006'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S',    # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',       # '25.10.2006 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M",  # '25.10.2006 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/de_CH/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/de_CH/formats.py
index 9ee69120c8..f42dd48739 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/de_CH/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/de_CH/formats.py
@@ -2,27 +2,27 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j. F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j. F Y H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j. F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j. F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j. F Y H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j. F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d.m.Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d.m.Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y',  # '25.10.2006'
-    '%d.%m.%y',  # '25.10.06'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '25.10.2006'
+    "%d.%m.%y",  # '25.10.06'
     # "%d. %B %Y",  # '25. October 2006'
     # "%d. %b. %Y",  # '25. Oct. 2006'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S',    # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',       # '25.10.2006 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M",  # '25.10.2006 14:30'
 ]
 
 # these are the separators for non-monetary numbers. For monetary numbers,
@@ -30,6 +30,6 @@ DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
 # ' (single quote).
 # For details, please refer to the documentation and the following link:
 # https://www.bk.admin.ch/bk/de/home/dokumentation/sprachen/hilfsmittel-textredaktion/schreibweisungen.html
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '\xa0'  # non-breaking space
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "\xa0"  # non-breaking space
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/el/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/el/formats.py
index 7aa53a0f1a..25c8ef7d37 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/el/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/el/formats.py
@@ -2,33 +2,33 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'P'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y P'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y P'
+DATE_FORMAT = "d/m/Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "P"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "d/m/Y P"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d/m/Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d/m/Y P"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 0  # Sunday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y',  # '25/10/2006'
-    '%d/%m/%y',  # '25/10/06'
-    '%Y-%m-%d',  # '2006-10-25'
+    "%d/%m/%Y",  # '25/10/2006'
+    "%d/%m/%y",  # '25/10/06'
+    "%Y-%m-%d",  # '2006-10-25'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '25/10/2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M',        # '25/10/2006 14:30'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S',     # '25/10/06 14:30:59'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25/10/06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M',        # '25/10/06 14:30'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',     # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',        # '2006-10-25 14:30'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M",  # '25/10/2006 14:30'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S",  # '25/10/06 14:30:59'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25/10/06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M",  # '25/10/06 14:30'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",  # '2006-10-25 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/en/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/en/formats.py
index 884deff17e..f9d143b717 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/en/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/en/formats.py
@@ -4,19 +4,19 @@
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
 
 # Formatting for date objects.
-DATE_FORMAT = 'N j, Y'
+DATE_FORMAT = "N j, Y"
 # Formatting for time objects.
-TIME_FORMAT = 'P'
+TIME_FORMAT = "P"
 # Formatting for datetime objects.
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'N j, Y, P'
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "N j, Y, P"
 # Formatting for date objects when only the year and month are relevant.
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
 # Formatting for date objects when only the month and day are relevant.
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'F j'
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "F j"
 # Short formatting for date objects.
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'm/d/Y'
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "m/d/Y"
 # Short formatting for datetime objects.
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'm/d/Y P'
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "m/d/Y P"
 # First day of week, to be used on calendars.
 # 0 means Sunday, 1 means Monday...
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 0
@@ -27,39 +27,39 @@ FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 0
 # Note that these format strings are different from the ones to display dates.
 # Kept ISO formats as they are in first position
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d',  # '2006-10-25'
-    '%m/%d/%Y',  # '10/25/2006'
-    '%m/%d/%y',  # '10/25/06'
-    '%b %d %Y',  # 'Oct 25 2006'
-    '%b %d, %Y',  # 'Oct 25, 2006'
-    '%d %b %Y',  # '25 Oct 2006'
-    '%d %b, %Y',  # '25 Oct, 2006'
-    '%B %d %Y',  # 'October 25 2006'
-    '%B %d, %Y',  # 'October 25, 2006'
-    '%d %B %Y',  # '25 October 2006'
-    '%d %B, %Y',  # '25 October, 2006'
+    "%Y-%m-%d",  # '2006-10-25'
+    "%m/%d/%Y",  # '10/25/2006'
+    "%m/%d/%y",  # '10/25/06'
+    "%b %d %Y",  # 'Oct 25 2006'
+    "%b %d, %Y",  # 'Oct 25, 2006'
+    "%d %b %Y",  # '25 Oct 2006'
+    "%d %b, %Y",  # '25 Oct, 2006'
+    "%B %d %Y",  # 'October 25 2006'
+    "%B %d, %Y",  # 'October 25, 2006'
+    "%d %B %Y",  # '25 October 2006'
+    "%d %B, %Y",  # '25 October, 2006'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',     # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',        # '2006-10-25 14:30'
-    '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '10/25/2006 14:30:59'
-    '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '10/25/2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M',        # '10/25/2006 14:30'
-    '%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S',     # '10/25/06 14:30:59'
-    '%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '10/25/06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%m/%d/%y %H:%M',        # '10/25/06 14:30'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",  # '2006-10-25 14:30'
+    "%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '10/25/2006 14:30:59'
+    "%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '10/25/2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%m/%d/%Y %H:%M",  # '10/25/2006 14:30'
+    "%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S",  # '10/25/06 14:30:59'
+    "%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '10/25/06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%m/%d/%y %H:%M",  # '10/25/06 14:30'
 ]
 TIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%H:%M:%S',     # '14:30:59'
-    '%H:%M:%S.%f',  # '14:30:59.000200'
-    '%H:%M',        # '14:30'
+    "%H:%M:%S",  # '14:30:59'
+    "%H:%M:%S.%f",  # '14:30:59.000200'
+    "%H:%M",  # '14:30'
 ]
 
 # Decimal separator symbol.
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = "."
 # Thousand separator symbol.
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ','
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ","
 # Number of digits that will be together, when splitting them by
 # THOUSAND_SEPARATOR. 0 means no grouping, 3 means splitting by thousands.
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/en_AU/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/en_AU/formats.py
index d6a3b7235d..caa6f7201c 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/en_AU/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/en_AU/formats.py
@@ -2,20 +2,20 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j M Y'                   # '25 Oct 2006'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'P'                       # '2:30 p.m.'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j M Y, P'            # '25 Oct 2006, 2:30 p.m.'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'               # 'October 2006'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'                # '25 October'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y'             # '25/10/2006'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y P'       # '25/10/2006 2:30 p.m.'
-FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 0                   # Sunday
+DATE_FORMAT = "j M Y"  # '25 Oct 2006'
+TIME_FORMAT = "P"  # '2:30 p.m.'
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j M Y, P"  # '25 Oct 2006, 2:30 p.m.'
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"  # 'October 2006'
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"  # '25 October'
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d/m/Y"  # '25/10/2006'
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d/m/Y P"  # '25/10/2006 2:30 p.m.'
+FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 0  # Sunday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y',  # '25/10/2006'
-    '%d/%m/%y',  # '25/10/06'
+    "%d/%m/%Y",  # '25/10/2006'
+    "%d/%m/%y",  # '25/10/06'
     # "%b %d %Y",  # 'Oct 25 2006'
     # "%b %d, %Y",  # 'Oct 25, 2006'
     # "%d %b %Y",  # '25 Oct 2006'
@@ -26,16 +26,16 @@ DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
     # "%d %B, %Y",  # '25 October, 2006'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',                # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',             # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',                   # '2006-10-25 14:30'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',                # '25/10/2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',             # '25/10/2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M',                   # '25/10/2006 14:30'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S',                # '25/10/06 14:30:59'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f',             # '25/10/06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M',                   # '25/10/06 14:30'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",  # '2006-10-25 14:30'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M",  # '25/10/2006 14:30'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S",  # '25/10/06 14:30:59'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25/10/06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M",  # '25/10/06 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ','
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = "."
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ","
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/en_GB/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/en_GB/formats.py
index 84ab5a8a93..bc90da59bc 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/en_GB/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/en_GB/formats.py
@@ -2,20 +2,20 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j M Y'                   # '25 Oct 2006'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'P'                       # '2:30 p.m.'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j M Y, P'            # '25 Oct 2006, 2:30 p.m.'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'               # 'October 2006'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'                # '25 October'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y'             # '25/10/2006'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y P'       # '25/10/2006 2:30 p.m.'
-FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1                   # Monday
+DATE_FORMAT = "j M Y"  # '25 Oct 2006'
+TIME_FORMAT = "P"  # '2:30 p.m.'
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j M Y, P"  # '25 Oct 2006, 2:30 p.m.'
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"  # 'October 2006'
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"  # '25 October'
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d/m/Y"  # '25/10/2006'
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d/m/Y P"  # '25/10/2006 2:30 p.m.'
+FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y',  # '25/10/2006'
-    '%d/%m/%y',  # '25/10/06'
+    "%d/%m/%Y",  # '25/10/2006'
+    "%d/%m/%y",  # '25/10/06'
     # "%b %d %Y",  # 'Oct 25 2006'
     # "%b %d, %Y",  # 'Oct 25, 2006'
     # "%d %b %Y",  # '25 Oct 2006'
@@ -26,16 +26,16 @@ DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
     # "%d %B, %Y",  # '25 October, 2006'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',                # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',             # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',                   # '2006-10-25 14:30'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',                # '25/10/2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',             # '25/10/2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M',                   # '25/10/2006 14:30'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S',                # '25/10/06 14:30:59'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f',             # '25/10/06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M',                   # '25/10/06 14:30'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",  # '2006-10-25 14:30'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M",  # '25/10/2006 14:30'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S",  # '25/10/06 14:30:59'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25/10/06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M",  # '25/10/06 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ','
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = "."
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ","
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/eo/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/eo/formats.py
index 604e5f5bfa..d1346d1c36 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/eo/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/eo/formats.py
@@ -2,46 +2,43 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = r'j\-\a \d\e F Y'         # '26-a de julio 1887'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'                     # '18:59'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = r'j\-\a \d\e F Y\, \j\e H:i'  # '26-a de julio 1887, je 18:59'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r'F \d\e Y'         # 'julio de 1887'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r'j\-\a \d\e F'      # '26-a de julio'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'Y-m-d'             # '1887-07-26'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'Y-m-d H:i'     # '1887-07-26 18:59'
+DATE_FORMAT = r"j\-\a \d\e F Y"  # '26-a de julio 1887'
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"  # '18:59'
+DATETIME_FORMAT = r"j\-\a \d\e F Y\, \j\e H:i"  # '26-a de julio 1887, je 18:59'
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r"F \d\e Y"  # 'julio de 1887'
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r"j\-\a \d\e F"  # '26-a de julio'
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "Y-m-d"  # '1887-07-26'
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "Y-m-d H:i"  # '1887-07-26 18:59'
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday (lundo)
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d',                         # '1887-07-26'
-    '%y-%m-%d',                         # '87-07-26'
-    '%Y %m %d',                         # '1887 07 26'
-    '%Y.%m.%d',                         # '1887.07.26'
-    '%d-a de %b %Y',                    # '26-a de jul 1887'
-    '%d %b %Y',                         # '26 jul 1887'
-    '%d-a de %B %Y',                    # '26-a de julio 1887'
-    '%d %B %Y',                         # '26 julio 1887'
-    '%d %m %Y',                         # '26 07 1887'
-    '%d/%m/%Y',                         # '26/07/1887'
+    "%Y-%m-%d",  # '1887-07-26'
+    "%y-%m-%d",  # '87-07-26'
+    "%Y %m %d",  # '1887 07 26'
+    "%Y.%m.%d",  # '1887.07.26'
+    "%d-a de %b %Y",  # '26-a de jul 1887'
+    "%d %b %Y",  # '26 jul 1887'
+    "%d-a de %B %Y",  # '26-a de julio 1887'
+    "%d %B %Y",  # '26 julio 1887'
+    "%d %m %Y",  # '26 07 1887'
+    "%d/%m/%Y",  # '26/07/1887'
 ]
 TIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%H:%M:%S',                         # '18:59:00'
-    '%H:%M',                            # '18:59'
+    "%H:%M:%S",  # '18:59:00'
+    "%H:%M",  # '18:59'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',                # '1887-07-26 18:59:00'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',                   # '1887-07-26 18:59'
-
-    '%Y.%m.%d %H:%M:%S',                # '1887.07.26 18:59:00'
-    '%Y.%m.%d %H:%M',                   # '1887.07.26 18:59'
-
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',                # '26/07/1887 18:59:00'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M',                   # '26/07/1887 18:59'
-
-    '%y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',                # '87-07-26 18:59:00'
-    '%y-%m-%d %H:%M',                   # '87-07-26 18:59'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # '1887-07-26 18:59:00'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",  # '1887-07-26 18:59'
+    "%Y.%m.%d %H:%M:%S",  # '1887.07.26 18:59:00'
+    "%Y.%m.%d %H:%M",  # '1887.07.26 18:59'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '26/07/1887 18:59:00'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M",  # '26/07/1887 18:59'
+    "%y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # '87-07-26 18:59:00'
+    "%y-%m-%d %H:%M",  # '87-07-26 18:59'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '\xa0'  # non-breaking space
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "\xa0"  # non-breaking space
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/es/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/es/formats.py
index 6b017df49a..ff9690bb5e 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/es/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/es/formats.py
@@ -2,29 +2,29 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F \d\e Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F \d\e Y \a \l\a\s H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r'F \d\e Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F \d\e Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F \d\e Y \a \l\a\s H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r"F \d\e Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d/m/Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d/m/Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y',  # '31/12/2009'
-    '%d/%m/%y',  # '31/12/09'
+    "%d/%m/%Y",  # '31/12/2009'
+    "%d/%m/%y",  # '31/12/09'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M',
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S',
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f',
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M',
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S",
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M",
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S",
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f",
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M",
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/es_AR/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/es_AR/formats.py
index e856c4a265..601b45843f 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/es_AR/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/es_AR/formats.py
@@ -2,29 +2,29 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = r'j N Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = r'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = r'j N Y H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = r'd/m/Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = r'd/m/Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = r"j N Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = r"H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = r"j N Y H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r"F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = r"d/m/Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = r"d/m/Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 0  # 0: Sunday, 1: Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y',  # '31/12/2009'
-    '%d/%m/%y',  # '31/12/09'
+    "%d/%m/%Y",  # '31/12/2009'
+    "%d/%m/%y",  # '31/12/09'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M',
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S',
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f',
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M',
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S",
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M",
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S",
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f",
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M",
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/es_CO/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/es_CO/formats.py
index d3a7a35d5c..056d0adaf7 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/es_CO/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/es_CO/formats.py
@@ -1,27 +1,26 @@
 # This file is distributed under the same license as the Django package.
 #
-DATE_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F \d\e Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F \d\e Y \a \l\a\s H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r'F \d\e Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F \d\e Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F \d\e Y \a \l\a\s H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r"F \d\e Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d/m/Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d/m/Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y',  # '25/10/2006'
-    '%d/%m/%y',  # '25/10/06'
-    '%Y%m%d',                # '20061025'
-
+    "%d/%m/%Y",  # '25/10/2006'
+    "%d/%m/%y",  # '25/10/06'
+    "%Y%m%d",  # '20061025'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M',
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S',
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f',
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M',
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S",
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M",
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S",
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f",
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M",
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/es_MX/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/es_MX/formats.py
index d5b94e6e89..d675d79bdf 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/es_MX/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/es_MX/formats.py
@@ -1,26 +1,26 @@
 # This file is distributed under the same license as the Django package.
 #
-DATE_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F \d\e Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F \d\e Y \a \l\a\s H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r'F \d\e Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F \d\e Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F \d\e Y \a \l\a\s H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r"F \d\e Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d/m/Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d/m/Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday: ISO 8601
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y',  # '25/10/2006'
-    '%d/%m/%y',  # '25/10/06'
-    '%Y%m%d',                           # '20061025'
+    "%d/%m/%Y",  # '25/10/2006'
+    "%d/%m/%y",  # '25/10/06'
+    "%Y%m%d",  # '20061025'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M',
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S',
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f',
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M',
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S",
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M",
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S",
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f",
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M",
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'   # ',' is also official (less common): NOM-008-SCFI-2002
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ','
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = "."  # ',' is also official (less common): NOM-008-SCFI-2002
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ","
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/es_NI/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/es_NI/formats.py
index ca17c9a998..0c8112a62c 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/es_NI/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/es_NI/formats.py
@@ -1,27 +1,26 @@
 # This file is distributed under the same license as the Django package.
 #
-DATE_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F \d\e Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F \d\e Y \a \l\a\s H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r'F \d\e Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F \d\e Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F \d\e Y \a \l\a\s H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r"F \d\e Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d/m/Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d/m/Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday: ISO 8601
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y',  # '25/10/2006'
-    '%d/%m/%y',  # '25/10/06'
-    '%Y%m%d',                          # '20061025'
-
+    "%d/%m/%Y",  # '25/10/2006'
+    "%d/%m/%y",  # '25/10/06'
+    "%Y%m%d",  # '20061025'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M',
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S',
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f',
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M',
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S",
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M",
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S",
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f",
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M",
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ','
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = "."
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ","
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/es_PR/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/es_PR/formats.py
index 8f95484f63..d50fe5d657 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/es_PR/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/es_PR/formats.py
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
 # This file is distributed under the same license as the Django package.
 #
-DATE_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F \d\e Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F \d\e Y \a \l\a\s H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r'F \d\e Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F \d\e Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F \d\e Y \a \l\a\s H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r"F \d\e Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d/m/Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d/m/Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 0  # Sunday
 
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y',  # '31/12/2009'
-    '%d/%m/%y',  # '31/12/09'
+    "%d/%m/%Y",  # '31/12/2009'
+    "%d/%m/%y",  # '31/12/09'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M',
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S',
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f',
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M',
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S",
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M",
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S",
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f",
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M",
 ]
 
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ','
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = "."
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ","
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/et/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/et/formats.py
index 1e1e458e75..3b2d9ba443 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/et/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/et/formats.py
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j. F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'G:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j. F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "G:i"
 # DATETIME_FORMAT =
 # YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT =
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j. F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y'
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j. F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d.m.Y"
 # SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT =
 # FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK =
 
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y'
 # DATE_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # TIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ' '  # Non-breaking space
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = " "  # Non-breaking space
 # NUMBER_GROUPING =
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/eu/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/eu/formats.py
index 33e6305352..61b16fbc6f 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/eu/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/eu/formats.py
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = r'Y\k\o N j\a'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = r'Y\k\o N j\a, H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r'Y\k\o F'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r'F\r\e\n j\a'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'Y-m-d'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'Y-m-d H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = r"Y\k\o N j\a"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = r"Y\k\o N j\a, H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r"Y\k\o F"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r"F\r\e\n j\a"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "Y-m-d"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "Y-m-d H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Astelehena
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Astelehena
 # DATE_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # TIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/fa/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/fa/formats.py
index c8666f7a03..e7019bc7a6 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/fa/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/fa/formats.py
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'G:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j F Y، ساعت G:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'Y/n/j'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'Y/n/j،‏ G:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "G:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j F Y، ساعت G:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "Y/n/j"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "Y/n/j،‏ G:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 6
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 6
 # DATE_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # TIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ','
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = "."
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ","
 # NUMBER_GROUPING =
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/fi/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/fi/formats.py
index 0a56b37185..d9fb6d2f48 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/fi/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/fi/formats.py
@@ -2,36 +2,35 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j. E Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'G.i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = r'j. E Y \k\e\l\l\o G.i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j. F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'j.n.Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j.n.Y G.i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j. E Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "G.i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = r"j. E Y \k\e\l\l\o G.i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j. F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "j.n.Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "j.n.Y G.i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y',  # '20.3.2014'
-    '%d.%m.%y',  # '20.3.14'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '20.3.2014'
+    "%d.%m.%y",  # '20.3.14'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H.%M.%S',     # '20.3.2014 14.30.59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H.%M.%S.%f',  # '20.3.2014 14.30.59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H.%M',        # '20.3.2014 14.30'
-
-    '%d.%m.%y %H.%M.%S',     # '20.3.14 14.30.59'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H.%M.%S.%f',  # '20.3.14 14.30.59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H.%M',        # '20.3.14 14.30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H.%M.%S",  # '20.3.2014 14.30.59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H.%M.%S.%f",  # '20.3.2014 14.30.59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H.%M",  # '20.3.2014 14.30'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H.%M.%S",  # '20.3.14 14.30.59'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H.%M.%S.%f",  # '20.3.14 14.30.59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H.%M",  # '20.3.14 14.30'
 ]
 TIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%H.%M.%S',     # '14.30.59'
-    '%H.%M.%S.%f',  # '14.30.59.000200'
-    '%H.%M',        # '14.30'
+    "%H.%M.%S",  # '14.30.59'
+    "%H.%M.%S.%f",  # '14.30.59.000200'
+    "%H.%M",  # '14.30'
 ]
 
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '\xa0'  # Non-breaking space
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "\xa0"  # Non-breaking space
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/fr/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/fr/formats.py
index a7c45598c8..5845e6aa73 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/fr/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/fr/formats.py
@@ -2,32 +2,32 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j F Y H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'j N Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j N Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j F Y H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "j N Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "j N Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y',  # '25/10/2006'
-    '%d/%m/%y',  # '25/10/06'
-    '%d.%m.%Y',  # Swiss [fr_CH] '25.10.2006'
-    '%d.%m.%y',  # Swiss [fr_CH] '25.10.06'
+    "%d/%m/%Y",  # '25/10/2006'
+    "%d/%m/%y",  # '25/10/06'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # Swiss [fr_CH] '25.10.2006'
+    "%d.%m.%y",  # Swiss [fr_CH] '25.10.06'
     # '%d %B %Y', '%d %b %Y', # '25 octobre 2006', '25 oct. 2006'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '25/10/2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M',        # '25/10/2006 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S',     # Swiss [fr_CH), '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # Swiss (fr_CH), '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',        # Swiss (fr_CH), '25.10.2006 14:30'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M",  # '25/10/2006 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S",  # Swiss [fr_CH), '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # Swiss (fr_CH), '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M",  # Swiss (fr_CH), '25.10.2006 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '\xa0'  # non-breaking space
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "\xa0"  # non-breaking space
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/ga/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/ga/formats.py
index eb3614abd9..7cde1a5689 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/ga/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/ga/formats.py
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
 # DATETIME_FORMAT =
 # YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT =
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'j M Y'
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "j M Y"
 # SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT =
 # FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK =
 
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'j M Y'
 # DATE_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # TIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ','
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = "."
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ","
 # NUMBER_GROUPING =
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/gd/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/gd/formats.py
index 19b42ee015..5ef6774462 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/gd/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/gd/formats.py
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'h:ia'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j F Y h:ia'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "h:ia"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j F Y h:ia"
 # YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT =
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'j M Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j M Y h:ia'
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "j M Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "j M Y h:ia"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 # DATE_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # TIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ','
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = "."
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ","
 # NUMBER_GROUPING =
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/gl/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/gl/formats.py
index 9f29c239df..73729355ff 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/gl/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/gl/formats.py
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F \d\e Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F \d\e Y \á\s H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r'F \d\e Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd-m-Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd-m-Y, H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F \d\e Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F \d\e Y \á\s H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r"F \d\e Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d-m-Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d-m-Y, H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 # DATE_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # TIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 # NUMBER_GROUPING =
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/he/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/he/formats.py
index 2314565442..2cf9286555 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/he/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/he/formats.py
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j בF Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j בF Y H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j בF'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j בF Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j בF Y H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j בF"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d/m/Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d/m/Y H:i"
 # FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK =
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y H:i'
 # DATE_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # TIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ','
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = "."
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ","
 # NUMBER_GROUPING =
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/hi/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/hi/formats.py
index 923967ac51..ac078ec6c3 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/hi/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/hi/formats.py
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'g:i A'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "g:i A"
 # DATETIME_FORMAT =
 # YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT =
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd-m-Y'
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d-m-Y"
 # SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT =
 # FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK =
 
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd-m-Y'
 # DATE_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # TIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ','
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = "."
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ","
 # NUMBER_GROUPING =
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/hr/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/hr/formats.py
index 627c39764f..a2dc45730d 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/hr/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/hr/formats.py
@@ -2,43 +2,43 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j. E Y.'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j. E Y. H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y.'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j. F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'j.m.Y.'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j.m.Y. H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j. E Y."
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j. E Y. H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y."
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j. F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "j.m.Y."
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "j.m.Y. H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 # Kept ISO formats as they are in first position
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d',                     # '2006-10-25'
-    '%d.%m.%Y.',  # '25.10.2006.'
-    '%d.%m.%y.',  # '25.10.06.'
-    '%d. %m. %Y.',  # '25. 10. 2006.'
-    '%d. %m. %y.',  # '25. 10. 06.'
+    "%Y-%m-%d",  # '2006-10-25'
+    "%d.%m.%Y.",  # '25.10.2006.'
+    "%d.%m.%y.",  # '25.10.06.'
+    "%d. %m. %Y.",  # '25. 10. 2006.'
+    "%d. %m. %y.",  # '25. 10. 06.'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',        # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',     # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',           # '2006-10-25 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%Y. %H:%M:%S',       # '25.10.2006. 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y. %H:%M:%S.%f',    # '25.10.2006. 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y. %H:%M',          # '25.10.2006. 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%y. %H:%M:%S',       # '25.10.06. 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%y. %H:%M:%S.%f',    # '25.10.06. 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%y. %H:%M',          # '25.10.06. 14:30'
-    '%d. %m. %Y. %H:%M:%S',     # '25. 10. 2006. 14:30:59'
-    '%d. %m. %Y. %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25. 10. 2006. 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d. %m. %Y. %H:%M',        # '25. 10. 2006. 14:30'
-    '%d. %m. %y. %H:%M:%S',     # '25. 10. 06. 14:30:59'
-    '%d. %m. %y. %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25. 10. 06. 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d. %m. %y. %H:%M',        # '25. 10. 06. 14:30'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",  # '2006-10-25 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y. %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.2006. 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y. %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.2006. 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y. %H:%M",  # '25.10.2006. 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%y. %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.06. 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%y. %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.06. 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%y. %H:%M",  # '25.10.06. 14:30'
+    "%d. %m. %Y. %H:%M:%S",  # '25. 10. 2006. 14:30:59'
+    "%d. %m. %Y. %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25. 10. 2006. 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d. %m. %Y. %H:%M",  # '25. 10. 2006. 14:30'
+    "%d. %m. %y. %H:%M:%S",  # '25. 10. 06. 14:30:59'
+    "%d. %m. %y. %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25. 10. 06. 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d. %m. %y. %H:%M",  # '25. 10. 06. 14:30'
 ]
 
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/hu/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/hu/formats.py
index f0bfa21810..c17f2c75f8 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/hu/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/hu/formats.py
@@ -2,29 +2,29 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'Y. F j.'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'Y. F j. H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'Y. F'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'F j.'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'Y.m.d.'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'Y.m.d. H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "Y. F j."
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "Y. F j. H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "Y. F"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "F j."
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "Y.m.d."
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "Y.m.d. H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y.%m.%d.',  # '2006.10.25.'
+    "%Y.%m.%d.",  # '2006.10.25.'
 ]
 TIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%H:%M:%S',  # '14:30:59'
-    '%H:%M',    # '14:30'
+    "%H:%M:%S",  # '14:30:59'
+    "%H:%M",  # '14:30'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y.%m.%d. %H:%M:%S',   # '2006.10.25. 14:30:59'
-    '%Y.%m.%d. %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '2006.10.25. 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%Y.%m.%d. %H:%M',      # '2006.10.25. 14:30'
+    "%Y.%m.%d. %H:%M:%S",  # '2006.10.25. 14:30:59'
+    "%Y.%m.%d. %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2006.10.25. 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%Y.%m.%d. %H:%M",  # '2006.10.25. 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ' '  # Non-breaking space
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = " "  # Non-breaking space
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/id/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/id/formats.py
index a8cdc9589c..91a25590fa 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/id/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/id/formats.py
@@ -2,48 +2,48 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j N Y'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j N Y"
 DATETIME_FORMAT = "j N Y, G.i"
-TIME_FORMAT = 'G.i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd-m-Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd-m-Y G.i'
+TIME_FORMAT = "G.i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d-m-Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d-m-Y G.i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d-%m-%Y',  # '25-10-2009'
-    '%d/%m/%Y',  # '25/10/2009'
-    '%d-%m-%y',  # '25-10-09'
-    '%d/%m/%y',  # '25/10/09'
-    '%d %b %Y',                         # '25 Oct 2006',
-    '%d %B %Y',                         # '25 October 2006'
-    '%m/%d/%y',  # '10/25/06'
-    '%m/%d/%Y',  # '10/25/2009'
+    "%d-%m-%Y",  # '25-10-2009'
+    "%d/%m/%Y",  # '25/10/2009'
+    "%d-%m-%y",  # '25-10-09'
+    "%d/%m/%y",  # '25/10/09'
+    "%d %b %Y",  # '25 Oct 2006',
+    "%d %B %Y",  # '25 October 2006'
+    "%m/%d/%y",  # '10/25/06'
+    "%m/%d/%Y",  # '10/25/2009'
 ]
 
 TIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%H.%M.%S',                         # '14.30.59'
-    '%H.%M',                            # '14.30'
+    "%H.%M.%S",  # '14.30.59'
+    "%H.%M",  # '14.30'
 ]
 
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d-%m-%Y %H.%M.%S',                # '25-10-2009 14.30.59'
-    '%d-%m-%Y %H.%M.%S.%f',             # '25-10-2009 14.30.59.000200'
-    '%d-%m-%Y %H.%M',                   # '25-10-2009 14.30'
-    '%d-%m-%y %H.%M.%S',                # '25-10-09' 14.30.59'
-    '%d-%m-%y %H.%M.%S.%f',             # '25-10-09' 14.30.59.000200'
-    '%d-%m-%y %H.%M',                   # '25-10-09' 14.30'
-    '%m/%d/%y %H.%M.%S',                # '10/25/06 14.30.59'
-    '%m/%d/%y %H.%M.%S.%f',             # '10/25/06 14.30.59.000200'
-    '%m/%d/%y %H.%M',                   # '10/25/06 14.30'
-    '%m/%d/%Y %H.%M.%S',                # '25/10/2009 14.30.59'
-    '%m/%d/%Y %H.%M.%S.%f',             # '25/10/2009 14.30.59.000200'
-    '%m/%d/%Y %H.%M',                   # '25/10/2009 14.30'
+    "%d-%m-%Y %H.%M.%S",  # '25-10-2009 14.30.59'
+    "%d-%m-%Y %H.%M.%S.%f",  # '25-10-2009 14.30.59.000200'
+    "%d-%m-%Y %H.%M",  # '25-10-2009 14.30'
+    "%d-%m-%y %H.%M.%S",  # '25-10-09' 14.30.59'
+    "%d-%m-%y %H.%M.%S.%f",  # '25-10-09' 14.30.59.000200'
+    "%d-%m-%y %H.%M",  # '25-10-09' 14.30'
+    "%m/%d/%y %H.%M.%S",  # '10/25/06 14.30.59'
+    "%m/%d/%y %H.%M.%S.%f",  # '10/25/06 14.30.59.000200'
+    "%m/%d/%y %H.%M",  # '10/25/06 14.30'
+    "%m/%d/%Y %H.%M.%S",  # '25/10/2009 14.30.59'
+    "%m/%d/%Y %H.%M.%S.%f",  # '25/10/2009 14.30.59.000200'
+    "%m/%d/%Y %H.%M",  # '25/10/2009 14.30'
 ]
 
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/ig/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/ig/formats.py
index 61fc2c0c77..cb0b4de5ee 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/ig/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/ig/formats.py
@@ -2,31 +2,31 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'P'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j F Y P'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "P"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j F Y P"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d.m.Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d.m.Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y',  # '25.10.2006'
-    '%d.%m.%y',  # '25.10.06'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '25.10.2006'
+    "%d.%m.%y",  # '25.10.06'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',        # '25.10.2006 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%Y',              # '25.10.2006'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M',        # '25.10.06 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%y',              # '25.10.06'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M",  # '25.10.2006 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '25.10.2006'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M",  # '25.10.06 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%y",  # '25.10.06'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ','
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = "."
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ","
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/is/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/is/formats.py
index e6cc7d51ed..d0f71cff70 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/is/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/is/formats.py
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j. F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j. F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
 # DATETIME_FORMAT =
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j. F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'j.n.Y'
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j. F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "j.n.Y"
 # SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT =
 # FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK =
 
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'j.n.Y'
 # DATE_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # TIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/it/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/it/formats.py
index 703297af03..bb9e0270bc 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/it/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/it/formats.py
@@ -2,42 +2,42 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'd F Y'  # 25 Ottobre 2006
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'  # 14:30
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'l d F Y H:i'  # Mercoledì 25 Ottobre 2006 14:30
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'  # Ottobre 2006
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'  # 25 Ottobre
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y'  # 25/12/2009
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y H:i'  # 25/10/2009 14:30
+DATE_FORMAT = "d F Y"  # 25 Ottobre 2006
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"  # 14:30
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "l d F Y H:i"  # Mercoledì 25 Ottobre 2006 14:30
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"  # Ottobre 2006
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"  # 25 Ottobre
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d/m/Y"  # 25/12/2009
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d/m/Y H:i"  # 25/10/2009 14:30
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Lunedì
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y',  # '25/10/2006'
-    '%Y/%m/%d',  # '2006/10/25'
-    '%d-%m-%Y',  # '25-10-2006'
-    '%Y-%m-%d',  # '2006-10-25'
-    '%d-%m-%y',  # '25-10-06'
-    '%d/%m/%y',  # '25/10/06'
+    "%d/%m/%Y",  # '25/10/2006'
+    "%Y/%m/%d",  # '2006/10/25'
+    "%d-%m-%Y",  # '25-10-2006'
+    "%Y-%m-%d",  # '2006-10-25'
+    "%d-%m-%y",  # '25-10-06'
+    "%d/%m/%y",  # '25/10/06'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '25/10/2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M',        # '25/10/2006 14:30'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S',     # '25/10/06 14:30:59'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25/10/06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M',        # '25/10/06 14:30'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',     # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',        # '2006-10-25 14:30'
-    '%d-%m-%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '25-10-2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d-%m-%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25-10-2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d-%m-%Y %H:%M',        # '25-10-2006 14:30'
-    '%d-%m-%y %H:%M:%S',     # '25-10-06 14:30:59'
-    '%d-%m-%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25-10-06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d-%m-%y %H:%M',        # '25-10-06 14:30'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M",  # '25/10/2006 14:30'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S",  # '25/10/06 14:30:59'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25/10/06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M",  # '25/10/06 14:30'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",  # '2006-10-25 14:30'
+    "%d-%m-%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25-10-2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d-%m-%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25-10-2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d-%m-%Y %H:%M",  # '25-10-2006 14:30'
+    "%d-%m-%y %H:%M:%S",  # '25-10-06 14:30:59'
+    "%d-%m-%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25-10-06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d-%m-%y %H:%M",  # '25-10-06 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/ja/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/ja/formats.py
index 2f1faa69ad..aaf5f9838f 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/ja/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/ja/formats.py
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'Y年n月j日'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'G:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'Y年n月j日G:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'Y年n月'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'n月j日'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'Y/m/d'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'Y/m/d G:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "Y年n月j日"
+TIME_FORMAT = "G:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "Y年n月j日G:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "Y年n月"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "n月j日"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "Y/m/d"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "Y/m/d G:i"
 # FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK =
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'Y/m/d G:i'
 # DATE_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # TIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ','
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = "."
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ","
 # NUMBER_GROUPING =
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/ka/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/ka/formats.py
index bc75ac7407..661b71e2c5 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/ka/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/ka/formats.py
@@ -2,24 +2,24 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'l, j F, Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'h:i a'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j F, Y h:i a'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F, Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'j.M.Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j.M.Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "l, j F, Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "h:i a"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j F, Y h:i a"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F, Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "j.M.Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "j.M.Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # (Monday)
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 # Kept ISO formats as they are in first position
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d',  # '2006-10-25'
-    '%m/%d/%Y',  # '10/25/2006'
-    '%m/%d/%y',  # '10/25/06'
-    '%d.%m.%Y',  # '25.10.2006'
-    '%d.%m.%y',  # '25.10.06'
+    "%Y-%m-%d",  # '2006-10-25'
+    "%m/%d/%Y",  # '10/25/2006'
+    "%m/%d/%y",  # '10/25/06'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '25.10.2006'
+    "%d.%m.%y",  # '25.10.06'
     # "%d %b %Y",  # '25 Oct 2006'
     # "%d %b, %Y",  # '25 Oct, 2006'
     # "%d %b. %Y",  # '25 Oct. 2006'
@@ -27,22 +27,22 @@ DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
     # "%d %B, %Y",  # '25 October, 2006'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',     # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',        # '2006-10-25 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',        # '25.10.2006 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M',        # '25.10.06 14:30'
-    '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '10/25/2006 14:30:59'
-    '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '10/25/2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M',        # '10/25/2006 14:30'
-    '%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S',     # '10/25/06 14:30:59'
-    '%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '10/25/06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%m/%d/%y %H:%M',        # '10/25/06 14:30'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",  # '2006-10-25 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M",  # '25.10.2006 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M",  # '25.10.06 14:30'
+    "%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '10/25/2006 14:30:59'
+    "%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '10/25/2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%m/%d/%Y %H:%M",  # '10/25/2006 14:30'
+    "%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S",  # '10/25/06 14:30:59'
+    "%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '10/25/06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%m/%d/%y %H:%M",  # '10/25/06 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = "."
 THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = " "
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/km/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/km/formats.py
index b704e9c62d..5923437476 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/km/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/km/formats.py
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j ខែ F ឆ្នាំ Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'G:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j ខែ F ឆ្នាំ Y, G:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j ខែ F ឆ្នាំ Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "G:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j ខែ F ឆ្នាំ Y, G:i"
 # YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT =
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'j M Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j M Y, G:i'
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "j M Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "j M Y, G:i"
 # FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK =
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j M Y, G:i'
 # DATE_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # TIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 # NUMBER_GROUPING =
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/kn/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/kn/formats.py
index 5003c6441b..d212fd52d1 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/kn/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/kn/formats.py
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'h:i A'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "h:i A"
 # DATETIME_FORMAT =
 # YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT =
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'j M Y'
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "j M Y"
 # SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT =
 # FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK =
 
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/ko/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/ko/formats.py
index 78f9f10f17..1f3487c6f9 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/ko/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/ko/formats.py
@@ -2,22 +2,22 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'Y년 n월 j일'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'A g:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'Y년 n월 j일 g:i A'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'Y년 n월'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'n월 j일'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'Y-n-j.'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'Y-n-j H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "Y년 n월 j일"
+TIME_FORMAT = "A g:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "Y년 n월 j일 g:i A"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "Y년 n월"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "n월 j일"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "Y-n-j."
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "Y-n-j H:i"
 # FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK =
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 # Kept ISO formats as they are in first position
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d',  # '2006-10-25'
-    '%m/%d/%Y',  # '10/25/2006'
-    '%m/%d/%y',  # '10/25/06'
+    "%Y-%m-%d",  # '2006-10-25'
+    "%m/%d/%Y",  # '10/25/2006'
+    "%m/%d/%y",  # '10/25/06'
     # "%b %d %Y",  # 'Oct 25 2006'
     # "%b %d, %Y",  # 'Oct 25, 2006'
     # "%d %b %Y",  # '25 Oct 2006'
@@ -26,30 +26,29 @@ DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
     # "%B %d, %Y",  #'October 25, 2006'
     # "%d %B %Y",  # '25 October 2006'
     # "%d %B, %Y",  # '25 October, 2006'
-    '%Y년 %m월 %d일',                   # '2006년 10월 25일', with localized suffix.
+    "%Y년 %m월 %d일",  # '2006년 10월 25일', with localized suffix.
 ]
 TIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%H:%M:%S',     # '14:30:59'
-    '%H:%M:%S.%f',  # '14:30:59.000200'
-    '%H:%M',        # '14:30'
-    '%H시 %M분 %S초',   # '14시 30분 59초'
-    '%H시 %M분',        # '14시 30분'
+    "%H:%M:%S",  # '14:30:59'
+    "%H:%M:%S.%f",  # '14:30:59.000200'
+    "%H:%M",  # '14:30'
+    "%H시 %M분 %S초",  # '14시 30분 59초'
+    "%H시 %M분",  # '14시 30분'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',     # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',        # '2006-10-25 14:30'
-    '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '10/25/2006 14:30:59'
-    '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '10/25/2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M',        # '10/25/2006 14:30'
-    '%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S',     # '10/25/06 14:30:59'
-    '%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '10/25/06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%m/%d/%y %H:%M',        # '10/25/06 14:30'
-
-    '%Y년 %m월 %d일 %H시 %M분 %S초',  # '2006년 10월 25일 14시 30분 59초'
-    '%Y년 %m월 %d일 %H시 %M분',       # '2006년 10월 25일 14시 30분'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",  # '2006-10-25 14:30'
+    "%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '10/25/2006 14:30:59'
+    "%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '10/25/2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%m/%d/%Y %H:%M",  # '10/25/2006 14:30'
+    "%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S",  # '10/25/06 14:30:59'
+    "%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '10/25/06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%m/%d/%y %H:%M",  # '10/25/06 14:30'
+    "%Y년 %m월 %d일 %H시 %M분 %S초",  # '2006년 10월 25일 14시 30분 59초'
+    "%Y년 %m월 %d일 %H시 %M분",  # '2006년 10월 25일 14시 30분'
 ]
 
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ','
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = "."
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ","
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/ky/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/ky/formats.py
index 1dc42c41e4..25a092872a 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/ky/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/ky/formats.py
@@ -2,31 +2,31 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j E Y ж.'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'G:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j E Y ж. G:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y ж.'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j E Y ж."
+TIME_FORMAT = "G:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j E Y ж. G:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y ж."
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d.m.Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d.m.Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Дүйшөмбү, Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y',  # '25.10.2006'
-    '%d.%m.%y',  # '25.10.06'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '25.10.2006'
+    "%d.%m.%y",  # '25.10.06'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',        # '25.10.2006 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%Y',              # '25.10.2006'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M',        # '25.10.06 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%y',              # '25.10.06'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M",  # '25.10.2006 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '25.10.2006'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M",  # '25.10.06 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%y",  # '25.10.06'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '\xa0'  # non-breaking space
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = "."
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "\xa0"  # non-breaking space
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/lt/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/lt/formats.py
index 94e4469057..a351b3c240 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/lt/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/lt/formats.py
@@ -2,44 +2,44 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = r'Y \m. E j \d.'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = r'Y \m. E j \d., H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r'Y \m. F'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r'E j \d.'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'Y-m-d'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'Y-m-d H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = r"Y \m. E j \d."
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = r"Y \m. E j \d., H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r"Y \m. F"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r"E j \d."
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "Y-m-d"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "Y-m-d H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d',  # '2006-10-25'
-    '%d.%m.%Y',  # '25.10.2006'
-    '%d.%m.%y',  # '25.10.06'
+    "%Y-%m-%d",  # '2006-10-25'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '25.10.2006'
+    "%d.%m.%y",  # '25.10.06'
 ]
 TIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%H:%M:%S',     # '14:30:59'
-    '%H:%M:%S.%f',  # '14:30:59.000200'
-    '%H:%M',        # '14:30'
-    '%H.%M.%S',     # '14.30.59'
-    '%H.%M.%S.%f',  # '14.30.59.000200'
-    '%H.%M',        # '14.30'
+    "%H:%M:%S",  # '14:30:59'
+    "%H:%M:%S.%f",  # '14:30:59.000200'
+    "%H:%M",  # '14:30'
+    "%H.%M.%S",  # '14.30.59'
+    "%H.%M.%S.%f",  # '14.30.59.000200'
+    "%H.%M",  # '14.30'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',     # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',        # '2006-10-25 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',        # '25.10.2006 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M',        # '25.10.06 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H.%M.%S',     # '25.10.06 14.30.59'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H.%M.%S.%f',  # '25.10.06 14.30.59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H.%M',        # '25.10.06 14.30'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",  # '2006-10-25 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M",  # '25.10.2006 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M",  # '25.10.06 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H.%M.%S",  # '25.10.06 14.30.59'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H.%M.%S.%f",  # '25.10.06 14.30.59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H.%M",  # '25.10.06 14.30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/lv/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/lv/formats.py
index 9fac516cc5..bb34444338 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/lv/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/lv/formats.py
@@ -2,45 +2,45 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = r'Y. \g\a\d\a j. F'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = r'Y. \g\a\d\a j. F, H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r'Y. \g. F'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j. F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = r'j.m.Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j.m.Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = r"Y. \g\a\d\a j. F"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = r"Y. \g\a\d\a j. F, H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r"Y. \g. F"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j. F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = r"j.m.Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "j.m.Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 # Kept ISO formats as they are in first position
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d',  # '2006-10-25'
-    '%d.%m.%Y',  # '25.10.2006'
-    '%d.%m.%y',  # '25.10.06'
+    "%Y-%m-%d",  # '2006-10-25'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '25.10.2006'
+    "%d.%m.%y",  # '25.10.06'
 ]
 TIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%H:%M:%S',     # '14:30:59'
-    '%H:%M:%S.%f',  # '14:30:59.000200'
-    '%H:%M',        # '14:30'
-    '%H.%M.%S',     # '14.30.59'
-    '%H.%M.%S.%f',  # '14.30.59.000200'
-    '%H.%M',        # '14.30'
+    "%H:%M:%S",  # '14:30:59'
+    "%H:%M:%S.%f",  # '14:30:59.000200'
+    "%H:%M",  # '14:30'
+    "%H.%M.%S",  # '14.30.59'
+    "%H.%M.%S.%f",  # '14.30.59.000200'
+    "%H.%M",  # '14.30'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',     # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',        # '2006-10-25 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',        # '25.10.2006 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M',        # '25.10.06 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H.%M.%S',     # '25.10.06 14.30.59'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H.%M.%S.%f',  # '25.10.06 14.30.59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H.%M',        # '25.10.06 14.30'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",  # '2006-10-25 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M",  # '25.10.2006 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M",  # '25.10.06 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H.%M.%S",  # '25.10.06 14.30.59'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H.%M.%S.%f",  # '25.10.06 14.30.59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H.%M",  # '25.10.06 14.30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ' '  # Non-breaking space
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = " "  # Non-breaking space
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/mk/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/mk/formats.py
index 12e506163d..fbb577f772 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/mk/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/mk/formats.py
@@ -2,39 +2,39 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'd F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j. F Y H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j. F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'j.m.Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j.m.Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "d F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j. F Y H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j. F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "j.m.Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "j.m.Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y',  # '25.10.2006'
-    '%d.%m.%y',  # '25.10.06'
-    '%d. %m. %Y',  # '25. 10. 2006'
-    '%d. %m. %y',  # '25. 10. 06'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '25.10.2006'
+    "%d.%m.%y",  # '25.10.06'
+    "%d. %m. %Y",  # '25. 10. 2006'
+    "%d. %m. %y",  # '25. 10. 06'
 ]
 
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S',       # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',    # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',          # '25.10.2006 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S',       # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f',    # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M',          # '25.10.06 14:30'
-    '%d. %m. %Y %H:%M:%S',     # '25. 10. 2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d. %m. %Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25. 10. 2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d. %m. %Y %H:%M',        # '25. 10. 2006 14:30'
-    '%d. %m. %y %H:%M:%S',     # '25. 10. 06 14:30:59'
-    '%d. %m. %y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25. 10. 06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d. %m. %y %H:%M',        # '25. 10. 06 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M",  # '25.10.2006 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M",  # '25.10.06 14:30'
+    "%d. %m. %Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25. 10. 2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d. %m. %Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25. 10. 2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d. %m. %Y %H:%M",  # '25. 10. 2006 14:30'
+    "%d. %m. %y %H:%M:%S",  # '25. 10. 06 14:30:59'
+    "%d. %m. %y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25. 10. 06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d. %m. %y %H:%M",  # '25. 10. 06 14:30'
 ]
 
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/ml/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/ml/formats.py
index 5f8b51d51d..b1ca2ee846 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/ml/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/ml/formats.py
@@ -2,22 +2,22 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'N j, Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'P'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'N j, Y, P'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'F j'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'm/d/Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'm/d/Y P'
+DATE_FORMAT = "N j, Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "P"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "N j, Y, P"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "F j"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "m/d/Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "m/d/Y P"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 0  # Sunday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 # Kept ISO formats as they are in first position
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d',  # '2006-10-25'
-    '%m/%d/%Y',  # '10/25/2006'
-    '%m/%d/%y',  # '10/25/06'
+    "%Y-%m-%d",  # '2006-10-25'
+    "%m/%d/%Y",  # '10/25/2006'
+    "%m/%d/%y",  # '10/25/06'
     # "%b %d %Y",  # 'Oct 25 2006'
     # "%b %d, %Y",  # 'Oct 25, 2006'
     # "%d %b %Y",  # '25 Oct 2006'
@@ -28,16 +28,16 @@ DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
     # "%d %B, %Y",  # '25 October, 2006'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',     # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',        # '2006-10-25 14:30'
-    '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '10/25/2006 14:30:59'
-    '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '10/25/2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M',        # '10/25/2006 14:30'
-    '%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S',     # '10/25/06 14:30:59'
-    '%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '10/25/06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%m/%d/%y %H:%M',        # '10/25/06 14:30'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",  # '2006-10-25 14:30'
+    "%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '10/25/2006 14:30:59'
+    "%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '10/25/2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%m/%d/%Y %H:%M",  # '10/25/2006 14:30'
+    "%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S",  # '10/25/06 14:30:59'
+    "%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '10/25/06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%m/%d/%y %H:%M",  # '10/25/06 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ','
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = "."
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ","
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/mn/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/mn/formats.py
index 24c7dec8a7..589c24cf66 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/mn/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/mn/formats.py
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'd F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'g:i A'
+DATE_FORMAT = "d F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "g:i A"
 # DATETIME_FORMAT =
 # YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT =
 # MONTH_DAY_FORMAT =
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'j M Y'
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "j M Y"
 # SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT =
 # FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK =
 
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/ms/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/ms/formats.py
index 8f46fdc144..d06719fee3 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/ms/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/ms/formats.py
@@ -2,37 +2,37 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j M Y'                   # '25 Oct 2006'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'P'                       # '2:30 p.m.'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j M Y, P'            # '25 Oct 2006, 2:30 p.m.'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'               # 'October 2006'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'                # '25 October'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y'             # '25/10/2006'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y P'       # '25/10/2006 2:30 p.m.'
-FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 0                   # Sunday
+DATE_FORMAT = "j M Y"  # '25 Oct 2006'
+TIME_FORMAT = "P"  # '2:30 p.m.'
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j M Y, P"  # '25 Oct 2006, 2:30 p.m.'
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"  # 'October 2006'
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"  # '25 October'
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d/m/Y"  # '25/10/2006'
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d/m/Y P"  # '25/10/2006 2:30 p.m.'
+FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 0  # Sunday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d',                         # '2006-10-25'
-    '%d/%m/%Y',  # '25/10/2006'
-    '%d/%m/%y',  # '25/10/06'
-    '%d %b %Y',  # '25 Oct 2006'
-    '%d %b, %Y',  # '25 Oct, 2006'
-    '%d %B %Y',  # '25 October 2006'
-    '%d %B, %Y',  # '25 October, 2006'
+    "%Y-%m-%d",  # '2006-10-25'
+    "%d/%m/%Y",  # '25/10/2006'
+    "%d/%m/%y",  # '25/10/06'
+    "%d %b %Y",  # '25 Oct 2006'
+    "%d %b, %Y",  # '25 Oct, 2006'
+    "%d %B %Y",  # '25 October 2006'
+    "%d %B, %Y",  # '25 October, 2006'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',                # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',             # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',                   # '2006-10-25 14:30'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',                # '25/10/2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',             # '25/10/2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M',                   # '25/10/2006 14:30'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S',                # '25/10/06 14:30:59'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f',             # '25/10/06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M',                   # '25/10/06 14:30'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",  # '2006-10-25 14:30'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M",  # '25/10/2006 14:30'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S",  # '25/10/06 14:30:59'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25/10/06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M",  # '25/10/06 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ','
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = "."
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ","
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/nb/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/nb/formats.py
index c34cb778ea..0ddb8fef60 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/nb/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/nb/formats.py
@@ -2,22 +2,22 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j. F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j. F Y H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j. F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j. F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j. F Y H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j. F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d.m.Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d.m.Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 # Kept ISO formats as they are in first position
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d',  # '2006-10-25'
-    '%d.%m.%Y',  # '25.10.2006'
-    '%d.%m.%y',  # '25.10.06'
+    "%Y-%m-%d",  # '2006-10-25'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '25.10.2006'
+    "%d.%m.%y",  # '25.10.06'
     # "%d. %b %Y",  # '25. okt 2006'
     # "%d %b %Y",  # '25 okt 2006'
     # "%d. %b. %Y",  # '25. okt. 2006'
@@ -26,16 +26,16 @@ DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
     # "%d %B %Y",  # '25 oktober 2006'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',     # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',        # '2006-10-25 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',        # '25.10.2006 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M',        # '25.10.06 14:30'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",  # '2006-10-25 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M",  # '25.10.2006 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M",  # '25.10.06 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '\xa0'  # non-breaking space
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "\xa0"  # non-breaking space
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/nl/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/nl/formats.py
index fbe937c3f4..e9f52b9bd3 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/nl/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/nl/formats.py
@@ -2,23 +2,23 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j F Y'                   # '20 januari 2009'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'                     # '15:23'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j F Y H:i'           # '20 januari 2009 15:23'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'               # 'januari 2009'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'                # '20 januari'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'j-n-Y'             # '20-1-2009'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j-n-Y H:i'     # '20-1-2009 15:23'
-FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1                   # Monday (in Dutch 'maandag')
+DATE_FORMAT = "j F Y"  # '20 januari 2009'
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"  # '15:23'
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j F Y H:i"  # '20 januari 2009 15:23'
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"  # 'januari 2009'
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"  # '20 januari'
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "j-n-Y"  # '20-1-2009'
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "j-n-Y H:i"  # '20-1-2009 15:23'
+FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday (in Dutch 'maandag')
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d-%m-%Y',  # '20-01-2009'
-    '%d-%m-%y',  # '20-01-09'
-    '%d/%m/%Y',  # '20/01/2009'
-    '%d/%m/%y',  # '20/01/09'
-    '%Y/%m/%d',                         # '2009/01/20'
+    "%d-%m-%Y",  # '20-01-2009'
+    "%d-%m-%y",  # '20-01-09'
+    "%d/%m/%Y",  # '20/01/2009'
+    "%d/%m/%y",  # '20/01/09'
+    "%Y/%m/%d",  # '2009/01/20'
     # "%d %b %Y",  # '20 jan 2009'
     # "%d %b %y",  # '20 jan 09'
     # "%d %B %Y",  # '20 januari 2009'
@@ -26,67 +26,67 @@ DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
 ]
 # Kept ISO formats as one is in first position
 TIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%H:%M:%S',                         # '15:23:35'
-    '%H:%M:%S.%f',                      # '15:23:35.000200'
-    '%H.%M:%S',                         # '15.23:35'
-    '%H.%M:%S.%f',                      # '15.23:35.000200'
-    '%H.%M',                            # '15.23'
-    '%H:%M',                            # '15:23'
+    "%H:%M:%S",  # '15:23:35'
+    "%H:%M:%S.%f",  # '15:23:35.000200'
+    "%H.%M:%S",  # '15.23:35'
+    "%H.%M:%S.%f",  # '15.23:35.000200'
+    "%H.%M",  # '15.23'
+    "%H:%M",  # '15:23'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
     # With time in %H:%M:%S :
-    '%d-%m-%Y %H:%M:%S',  # '20-01-2009 15:23:35'
-    '%d-%m-%y %H:%M:%S',  # '20-01-09 15:23:35'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',  # '2009-01-20 15:23:35'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',  # '20/01/2009 15:23:35'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S',  # '20/01/09 15:23:35'
-    '%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S',  # '2009/01/20 15:23:35'
+    "%d-%m-%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '20-01-2009 15:23:35'
+    "%d-%m-%y %H:%M:%S",  # '20-01-09 15:23:35'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2009-01-20 15:23:35'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '20/01/2009 15:23:35'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S",  # '20/01/09 15:23:35'
+    "%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2009/01/20 15:23:35'
     # "%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S",  # '20 jan 2009 15:23:35'
     # "%d %b %y %H:%M:%S",  # '20 jan 09 15:23:35'
     # "%d %B %Y %H:%M:%S",  # '20 januari 2009 15:23:35'
     # "%d %B %y %H:%M:%S",  # '20 januari 2009 15:23:35'
     # With time in %H:%M:%S.%f :
-    '%d-%m-%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '20-01-2009 15:23:35.000200'
-    '%d-%m-%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '20-01-09 15:23:35.000200'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '2009-01-20 15:23:35.000200'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '20/01/2009 15:23:35.000200'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '20/01/09 15:23:35.000200'
-    '%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '2009/01/20 15:23:35.000200'
+    "%d-%m-%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '20-01-2009 15:23:35.000200'
+    "%d-%m-%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '20-01-09 15:23:35.000200'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2009-01-20 15:23:35.000200'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '20/01/2009 15:23:35.000200'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '20/01/09 15:23:35.000200'
+    "%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2009/01/20 15:23:35.000200'
     # With time in %H.%M:%S :
-    '%d-%m-%Y %H.%M:%S',  # '20-01-2009 15.23:35'
-    '%d-%m-%y %H.%M:%S',  # '20-01-09 15.23:35'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H.%M:%S',  # '20/01/2009 15.23:35'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H.%M:%S',  # '20/01/09 15.23:35'
+    "%d-%m-%Y %H.%M:%S",  # '20-01-2009 15.23:35'
+    "%d-%m-%y %H.%M:%S",  # '20-01-09 15.23:35'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H.%M:%S",  # '20/01/2009 15.23:35'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H.%M:%S",  # '20/01/09 15.23:35'
     # "%d %b %Y %H.%M:%S",  # '20 jan 2009 15.23:35'
     # "%d %b %y %H.%M:%S",  # '20 jan 09 15.23:35'
     # "%d %B %Y %H.%M:%S",  # '20 januari 2009 15.23:35'
     # "%d %B %y %H.%M:%S",  # '20 januari 2009 15.23:35'
     # With time in %H.%M:%S.%f :
-    '%d-%m-%Y %H.%M:%S.%f',  # '20-01-2009 15.23:35.000200'
-    '%d-%m-%y %H.%M:%S.%f',  # '20-01-09 15.23:35.000200'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H.%M:%S.%f',  # '20/01/2009 15.23:35.000200'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H.%M:%S.%f',  # '20/01/09 15.23:35.000200'
+    "%d-%m-%Y %H.%M:%S.%f",  # '20-01-2009 15.23:35.000200'
+    "%d-%m-%y %H.%M:%S.%f",  # '20-01-09 15.23:35.000200'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H.%M:%S.%f",  # '20/01/2009 15.23:35.000200'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H.%M:%S.%f",  # '20/01/09 15.23:35.000200'
     # With time in %H:%M :
-    '%d-%m-%Y %H:%M',  # '20-01-2009 15:23'
-    '%d-%m-%y %H:%M',  # '20-01-09 15:23'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',  # '2009-01-20 15:23'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M',  # '20/01/2009 15:23'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M',  # '20/01/09 15:23'
-    '%Y/%m/%d %H:%M',  # '2009/01/20 15:23'
+    "%d-%m-%Y %H:%M",  # '20-01-2009 15:23'
+    "%d-%m-%y %H:%M",  # '20-01-09 15:23'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",  # '2009-01-20 15:23'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M",  # '20/01/2009 15:23'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M",  # '20/01/09 15:23'
+    "%Y/%m/%d %H:%M",  # '2009/01/20 15:23'
     # "%d %b %Y %H:%M",  # '20 jan 2009 15:23'
     # "%d %b %y %H:%M",  # '20 jan 09 15:23'
     # "%d %B %Y %H:%M",  # '20 januari 2009 15:23'
     # "%d %B %y %H:%M",  # '20 januari 2009 15:23'
     # With time in %H.%M :
-    '%d-%m-%Y %H.%M',  # '20-01-2009 15.23'
-    '%d-%m-%y %H.%M',  # '20-01-09 15.23'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H.%M',  # '20/01/2009 15.23'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H.%M',  # '20/01/09 15.23'
+    "%d-%m-%Y %H.%M",  # '20-01-2009 15.23'
+    "%d-%m-%y %H.%M",  # '20-01-09 15.23'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H.%M",  # '20/01/2009 15.23'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H.%M",  # '20/01/09 15.23'
     # "%d %b %Y %H.%M",  # '20 jan 2009 15.23'
     # "%d %b %y %H.%M",  # '20 jan 09 15.23'
     # "%d %B %Y %H.%M",  # '20 januari 2009 15.23'
     # "%d %B %y %H.%M",  # '20 januari 2009 15.23'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/nn/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/nn/formats.py
index c34cb778ea..0ddb8fef60 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/nn/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/nn/formats.py
@@ -2,22 +2,22 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j. F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j. F Y H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j. F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j. F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j. F Y H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j. F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d.m.Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d.m.Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 # Kept ISO formats as they are in first position
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d',  # '2006-10-25'
-    '%d.%m.%Y',  # '25.10.2006'
-    '%d.%m.%y',  # '25.10.06'
+    "%Y-%m-%d",  # '2006-10-25'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '25.10.2006'
+    "%d.%m.%y",  # '25.10.06'
     # "%d. %b %Y",  # '25. okt 2006'
     # "%d %b %Y",  # '25 okt 2006'
     # "%d. %b. %Y",  # '25. okt. 2006'
@@ -26,16 +26,16 @@ DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
     # "%d %B %Y",  # '25 oktober 2006'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',     # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',        # '2006-10-25 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',        # '25.10.2006 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M',        # '25.10.06 14:30'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",  # '2006-10-25 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M",  # '25.10.2006 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M",  # '25.10.06 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '\xa0'  # non-breaking space
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "\xa0"  # non-breaking space
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/pl/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/pl/formats.py
index 7c9e30ad1f..2ad1bfee42 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/pl/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/pl/formats.py
@@ -2,29 +2,29 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j E Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j E Y H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j E'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd-m-Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd-m-Y  H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j E Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j E Y H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j E"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d-m-Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d-m-Y  H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y',  # '25.10.2006'
-    '%d.%m.%y',  # '25.10.06'
-    '%y-%m-%d',                 # '06-10-25'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '25.10.2006'
+    "%d.%m.%y",  # '25.10.06'
+    "%y-%m-%d",  # '06-10-25'
     # "%d. %B %Y",  # '25. października 2006'
     # "%d. %b. %Y",  # '25. paź. 2006'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',        # '25.10.2006 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M",  # '25.10.2006 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ' '
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = " "
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/pt/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/pt/formats.py
index 39e06c7002..bb4b3f50fb 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/pt/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/pt/formats.py
@@ -2,38 +2,38 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F \d\e Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F \d\e Y à\s H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r'F \d\e Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F \d\e Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F \d\e Y à\s H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r"F \d\e Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d/m/Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d/m/Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 0  # Sunday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 # Kept ISO formats as they are in first position
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d',  # '2006-10-25'
-    '%d/%m/%Y',  # '25/10/2006'
-    '%d/%m/%y',  # '25/10/06'
+    "%Y-%m-%d",  # '2006-10-25'
+    "%d/%m/%Y",  # '25/10/2006'
+    "%d/%m/%y",  # '25/10/06'
     # "%d de %b de %Y",  # '25 de Out de 2006'
     # "%d de %b, %Y",  # '25 Out, 2006'
     # "%d de %B de %Y",  # '25 de Outubro de 2006'
     # "%d de %B, %Y",  # '25 de Outubro, 2006'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',     # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',        # '2006-10-25 14:30'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '25/10/2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M',        # '25/10/2006 14:30'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S',     # '25/10/06 14:30:59'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25/10/06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M',        # '25/10/06 14:30'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",  # '2006-10-25 14:30'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M",  # '25/10/2006 14:30'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S",  # '25/10/06 14:30:59'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25/10/06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M",  # '25/10/06 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/pt_BR/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/pt_BR/formats.py
index 9f3244955d..96a49b48c7 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/pt_BR/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/pt_BR/formats.py
@@ -2,33 +2,33 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F \d\e Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F \d\e Y à\s H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r'F \d\e Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r'j \d\e F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F \d\e Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F \d\e Y à\s H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r"F \d\e Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d/m/Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d/m/Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 0  # Sunday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y',  # '25/10/2006'
-    '%d/%m/%y',  # '25/10/06'
+    "%d/%m/%Y",  # '25/10/2006'
+    "%d/%m/%y",  # '25/10/06'
     # "%d de %b de %Y",  # '24 de Out de 2006'
     # "%d de %b, %Y",  # '25 Out, 2006'
     # "%d de %B de %Y",  # '25 de Outubro de 2006'
     # "%d de %B, %Y",  # '25 de Outubro, 2006'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '25/10/2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M',        # '25/10/2006 14:30'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S',     # '25/10/06 14:30:59'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25/10/06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d/%m/%y %H:%M',        # '25/10/06 14:30'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M",  # '25/10/2006 14:30'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S",  # '25/10/06 14:30:59'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25/10/06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d/%m/%y %H:%M",  # '25/10/06 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/ro/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/ro/formats.py
index 8cefeb8395..5a0c173f0b 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/ro/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/ro/formats.py
@@ -2,34 +2,34 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j F Y, H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y, H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j F Y, H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d.m.Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d.m.Y, H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y',
-    '%d.%b.%Y',
-    '%d %B %Y',
-    '%A, %d %B %Y',
+    "%d.%m.%Y",
+    "%d.%b.%Y",
+    "%d %B %Y",
+    "%A, %d %B %Y",
 ]
 TIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%H:%M',
-    '%H:%M:%S',
-    '%H:%M:%S.%f',
+    "%H:%M",
+    "%H:%M:%S",
+    "%H:%M:%S.%f",
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y, %H:%M',
-    '%d.%m.%Y, %H:%M:%S',
-    '%d.%B.%Y, %H:%M',
-    '%d.%B.%Y, %H:%M:%S',
+    "%d.%m.%Y, %H:%M",
+    "%d.%m.%Y, %H:%M:%S",
+    "%d.%B.%Y, %H:%M",
+    "%d.%B.%Y, %H:%M:%S",
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/ru/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/ru/formats.py
index c601c3e51a..212e5267d0 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/ru/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/ru/formats.py
@@ -2,29 +2,29 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j E Y г.'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'G:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j E Y г. G:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y г.'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j E Y г."
+TIME_FORMAT = "G:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j E Y г. G:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y г."
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d.m.Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d.m.Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y',  # '25.10.2006'
-    '%d.%m.%y',  # '25.10.06'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '25.10.2006'
+    "%d.%m.%y",  # '25.10.06'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',        # '25.10.2006 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M',        # '25.10.06 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M",  # '25.10.2006 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M",  # '25.10.06 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '\xa0'  # non-breaking space
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "\xa0"  # non-breaking space
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/sk/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/sk/formats.py
index 56e710dd44..31d4912256 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/sk/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/sk/formats.py
@@ -2,29 +2,29 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j. F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'G:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j. F Y G:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j. F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y G:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j. F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "G:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j. F Y G:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j. F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d.m.Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d.m.Y G:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y',  # '25.10.2006'
-    '%d.%m.%y',  # '25.10.06'
-    '%y-%m-%d',                 # '06-10-25'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '25.10.2006'
+    "%d.%m.%y",  # '25.10.06'
+    "%y-%m-%d",  # '06-10-25'
     # "%d. %B %Y",  # '25. October 2006'
     # "%d. %b. %Y",  # '25. Oct. 2006'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',        # '25.10.2006 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M",  # '25.10.2006 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '\xa0'  # non-breaking space
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "\xa0"  # non-breaking space
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/sl/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/sl/formats.py
index ab6d46d9f1..c3e96bb2fb 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/sl/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/sl/formats.py
@@ -2,43 +2,43 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'd. F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j. F Y. H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j. F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'j. M. Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j.n.Y. H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "d. F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j. F Y. H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j. F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "j. M. Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "j.n.Y. H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 0
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y',  # '25.10.2006'
-    '%d.%m.%y',  # '25.10.06'
-    '%d-%m-%Y',                     # '25-10-2006'
-    '%d. %m. %Y',  # '25. 10. 2006'
-    '%d. %m. %y',  # '25. 10. 06'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '25.10.2006'
+    "%d.%m.%y",  # '25.10.06'
+    "%d-%m-%Y",  # '25-10-2006'
+    "%d. %m. %Y",  # '25. 10. 2006'
+    "%d. %m. %y",  # '25. 10. 06'
 ]
 
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S',            # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',         # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',               # '25.10.2006 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S',            # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f',         # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M',                # '25.10.06 14:30'
-    '%d-%m-%Y %H:%M:%S',            # '25-10-2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d-%m-%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',         # '25-10-2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d-%m-%Y %H:%M',               # '25-10-2006 14:30'
-    '%d. %m. %Y %H:%M:%S',          # '25. 10. 2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d. %m. %Y %H:%M:%S.%f',       # '25. 10. 2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d. %m. %Y %H:%M',             # '25. 10. 2006 14:30'
-    '%d. %m. %y %H:%M:%S',          # '25. 10. 06 14:30:59'
-    '%d. %m. %y %H:%M:%S.%f',       # '25. 10. 06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d. %m. %y %H:%M',             # '25. 10. 06 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M",  # '25.10.2006 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M",  # '25.10.06 14:30'
+    "%d-%m-%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25-10-2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d-%m-%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25-10-2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d-%m-%Y %H:%M",  # '25-10-2006 14:30'
+    "%d. %m. %Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25. 10. 2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d. %m. %Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25. 10. 2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d. %m. %Y %H:%M",  # '25. 10. 2006 14:30'
+    "%d. %m. %y %H:%M:%S",  # '25. 10. 06 14:30:59'
+    "%d. %m. %y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25. 10. 06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d. %m. %y %H:%M",  # '25. 10. 06 14:30'
 ]
 
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/sq/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/sq/formats.py
index 2f0da0d400..c7ed92e12f 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/sq/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/sq/formats.py
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'd F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'g.i.A'
+DATE_FORMAT = "d F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "g.i.A"
 # DATETIME_FORMAT =
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'Y-m-d'
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "Y-m-d"
 # SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT =
 # FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK =
 
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'Y-m-d'
 # DATE_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # TIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 # NUMBER_GROUPING =
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/sr/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/sr/formats.py
index 624571cd95..423f86d75c 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/sr/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/sr/formats.py
@@ -2,22 +2,22 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j. F Y.'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j. F Y. H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y.'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j. F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'j.m.Y.'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j.m.Y. H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j. F Y."
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j. F Y. H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y."
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j. F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "j.m.Y."
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "j.m.Y. H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y.',  # '25.10.2006.'
-    '%d.%m.%y.',  # '25.10.06.'
-    '%d. %m. %Y.',  # '25. 10. 2006.'
-    '%d. %m. %y.',  # '25. 10. 06.'
+    "%d.%m.%Y.",  # '25.10.2006.'
+    "%d.%m.%y.",  # '25.10.06.'
+    "%d. %m. %Y.",  # '25. 10. 2006.'
+    "%d. %m. %y.",  # '25. 10. 06.'
     # "%d. %b %y.",  # '25. Oct 06.'
     # "%d. %B %y.",  # '25. October 06.'
     # "%d. %b '%y.",  # '25. Oct '06.'
@@ -26,19 +26,19 @@ DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
     # "%d. %B %Y.",  # '25. October 2006.'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y. %H:%M:%S',       # '25.10.2006. 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y. %H:%M:%S.%f',    # '25.10.2006. 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y. %H:%M',          # '25.10.2006. 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%y. %H:%M:%S',       # '25.10.06. 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%y. %H:%M:%S.%f',    # '25.10.06. 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%y. %H:%M',          # '25.10.06. 14:30'
-    '%d. %m. %Y. %H:%M:%S',     # '25. 10. 2006. 14:30:59'
-    '%d. %m. %Y. %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25. 10. 2006. 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d. %m. %Y. %H:%M',        # '25. 10. 2006. 14:30'
-    '%d. %m. %y. %H:%M:%S',     # '25. 10. 06. 14:30:59'
-    '%d. %m. %y. %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25. 10. 06. 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d. %m. %y. %H:%M',        # '25. 10. 06. 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y. %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.2006. 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y. %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.2006. 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y. %H:%M",  # '25.10.2006. 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%y. %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.06. 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%y. %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.06. 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%y. %H:%M",  # '25.10.06. 14:30'
+    "%d. %m. %Y. %H:%M:%S",  # '25. 10. 2006. 14:30:59'
+    "%d. %m. %Y. %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25. 10. 2006. 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d. %m. %Y. %H:%M",  # '25. 10. 2006. 14:30'
+    "%d. %m. %y. %H:%M:%S",  # '25. 10. 06. 14:30:59'
+    "%d. %m. %y. %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25. 10. 06. 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d. %m. %y. %H:%M",  # '25. 10. 06. 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/sr_Latn/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/sr_Latn/formats.py
index 5c28783825..0078895923 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/sr_Latn/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/sr_Latn/formats.py
@@ -2,22 +2,22 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j. F Y.'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j. F Y. H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y.'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j. F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'j.m.Y.'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j.m.Y. H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j. F Y."
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j. F Y. H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y."
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j. F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "j.m.Y."
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "j.m.Y. H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y.',  # '25.10.2006.'
-    '%d.%m.%y.',  # '25.10.06.'
-    '%d. %m. %Y.',  # '25. 10. 2006.'
-    '%d. %m. %y.',  # '25. 10. 06.'
+    "%d.%m.%Y.",  # '25.10.2006.'
+    "%d.%m.%y.",  # '25.10.06.'
+    "%d. %m. %Y.",  # '25. 10. 2006.'
+    "%d. %m. %y.",  # '25. 10. 06.'
     # "%d. %b %y.",  # '25. Oct 06.'
     # "%d. %B %y.",  # '25. October 06.'
     # "%d. %b '%y.",  # '25. Oct '06.'
@@ -26,19 +26,19 @@ DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
     # "%d. %B %Y.",  # '25. October 2006.'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y. %H:%M:%S',       # '25.10.2006. 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y. %H:%M:%S.%f',    # '25.10.2006. 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y. %H:%M',          # '25.10.2006. 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%y. %H:%M:%S',       # '25.10.06. 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%y. %H:%M:%S.%f',    # '25.10.06. 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%y. %H:%M',          # '25.10.06. 14:30'
-    '%d. %m. %Y. %H:%M:%S',     # '25. 10. 2006. 14:30:59'
-    '%d. %m. %Y. %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25. 10. 2006. 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d. %m. %Y. %H:%M',        # '25. 10. 2006. 14:30'
-    '%d. %m. %y. %H:%M:%S',     # '25. 10. 06. 14:30:59'
-    '%d. %m. %y. %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25. 10. 06. 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d. %m. %y. %H:%M',        # '25. 10. 06. 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y. %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.2006. 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y. %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.2006. 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y. %H:%M",  # '25.10.2006. 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%y. %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.06. 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%y. %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.06. 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%y. %H:%M",  # '25.10.06. 14:30'
+    "%d. %m. %Y. %H:%M:%S",  # '25. 10. 2006. 14:30:59'
+    "%d. %m. %Y. %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25. 10. 2006. 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d. %m. %Y. %H:%M",  # '25. 10. 2006. 14:30'
+    "%d. %m. %y. %H:%M:%S",  # '25. 10. 06. 14:30:59'
+    "%d. %m. %y. %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25. 10. 06. 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d. %m. %y. %H:%M",  # '25. 10. 06. 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/sv/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/sv/formats.py
index 9467526893..29e6317392 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/sv/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/sv/formats.py
@@ -2,34 +2,34 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j F Y H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'Y-m-d'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'Y-m-d H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j F Y H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "Y-m-d"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "Y-m-d H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 # Kept ISO formats as they are in first position
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d',              # '2006-10-25'
-    '%m/%d/%Y',              # '10/25/2006'
-    '%m/%d/%y',              # '10/25/06'
+    "%Y-%m-%d",  # '2006-10-25'
+    "%m/%d/%Y",  # '10/25/2006'
+    "%m/%d/%y",  # '10/25/06'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',     # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',        # '2006-10-25 14:30'
-    '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '10/25/2006 14:30:59'
-    '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '10/25/2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M',        # '10/25/2006 14:30'
-    '%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S',     # '10/25/06 14:30:59'
-    '%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '10/25/06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%m/%d/%y %H:%M',        # '10/25/06 14:30'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2006-10-25 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",  # '2006-10-25 14:30'
+    "%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '10/25/2006 14:30:59'
+    "%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '10/25/2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%m/%d/%Y %H:%M",  # '10/25/2006 14:30'
+    "%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S",  # '10/25/06 14:30:59'
+    "%m/%d/%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '10/25/06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%m/%d/%y %H:%M",  # '10/25/06 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '\xa0'  # non-breaking space
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "\xa0"  # non-breaking space
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/ta/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/ta/formats.py
index 61810e3fa7..d023608ca2 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/ta/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/ta/formats.py
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j F, Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'g:i A'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j F, Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "g:i A"
 # DATETIME_FORMAT =
 # YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT =
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'j M, Y'
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "j M, Y"
 # SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT =
 # FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK =
 
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/te/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/te/formats.py
index 8fb98cf720..bb7f2d13d2 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/te/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/te/formats.py
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'g:i A'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "g:i A"
 # DATETIME_FORMAT =
 # YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT =
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'j M Y'
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "j M Y"
 # SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT =
 # FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK =
 
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/tg/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/tg/formats.py
index 3e7651d755..0ab7d49ae5 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/tg/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/tg/formats.py
@@ -2,31 +2,31 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j E Y г.'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'G:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j E Y г. G:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y г.'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j E Y г."
+TIME_FORMAT = "G:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j E Y г. G:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y г."
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d.m.Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d.m.Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y',  # '25.10.2006'
-    '%d.%m.%y',  # '25.10.06'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '25.10.2006'
+    "%d.%m.%y",  # '25.10.06'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',        # '25.10.2006 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%Y',              # '25.10.2006'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M',        # '25.10.06 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%y',              # '25.10.06'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M",  # '25.10.2006 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '25.10.2006'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M",  # '25.10.06 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%y",  # '25.10.06'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '\xa0'  # non-breaking space
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "\xa0"  # non-breaking space
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/th/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/th/formats.py
index d7394eb69c..190e6d196c 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/th/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/th/formats.py
@@ -2,32 +2,32 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'G:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j F Y, G:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'j M Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j M Y, G:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "G:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j F Y, G:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "j M Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "j M Y, G:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 0  # Sunday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y',  # 25/10/2006
-    '%d %b %Y',  # 25 ต.ค. 2006
-    '%d %B %Y',  # 25 ตุลาคม 2006
+    "%d/%m/%Y",  # 25/10/2006
+    "%d %b %Y",  # 25 ต.ค. 2006
+    "%d %B %Y",  # 25 ตุลาคม 2006
 ]
 TIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%H:%M:%S',  # 14:30:59
-    '%H:%M:%S.%f',  # 14:30:59.000200
-    '%H:%M',  # 14:30
+    "%H:%M:%S",  # 14:30:59
+    "%H:%M:%S.%f",  # 14:30:59.000200
+    "%H:%M",  # 14:30
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',  # 25/10/2006 14:30:59
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # 25/10/2006 14:30:59.000200
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M',  # 25/10/2006 14:30
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S",  # 25/10/2006 14:30:59
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # 25/10/2006 14:30:59.000200
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M",  # 25/10/2006 14:30
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ','
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = "."
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ","
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/tk/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/tk/formats.py
index 3e7651d755..0ab7d49ae5 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/tk/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/tk/formats.py
@@ -2,31 +2,31 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'j E Y г.'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'G:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'j E Y г. G:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y г.'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "j E Y г."
+TIME_FORMAT = "G:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "j E Y г. G:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y г."
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d.m.Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d.m.Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y',  # '25.10.2006'
-    '%d.%m.%y',  # '25.10.06'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '25.10.2006'
+    "%d.%m.%y",  # '25.10.06'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',        # '25.10.2006 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%Y',              # '25.10.2006'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%y %H:%M',        # '25.10.06 14:30'
-    '%d.%m.%y',              # '25.10.06'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M",  # '25.10.2006 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '25.10.2006'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.06 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%y %H:%M",  # '25.10.06 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%y",  # '25.10.06'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '\xa0'  # non-breaking space
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "\xa0"  # non-breaking space
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/tr/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/tr/formats.py
index 74bdab729b..806f4428d1 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/tr/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/tr/formats.py
@@ -2,29 +2,29 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'd F Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd F Y H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'd F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd M Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd M Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "d F Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "d F Y H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "d F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d M Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d M Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Pazartesi
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y',  # '25/10/2006'
-    '%d/%m/%y',  # '25/10/06'
-    '%y-%m-%d',                 # '06-10-25'
+    "%d/%m/%Y",  # '25/10/2006'
+    "%d/%m/%y",  # '25/10/06'
+    "%y-%m-%d",  # '06-10-25'
     # "%d %B %Y",  # '25 Ekim 2006'
     # "%d %b. %Y",  # '25 Eki. 2006'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '25/10/2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M',        # '25/10/2006 14:30'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25/10/2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M",  # '25/10/2006 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/uk/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/uk/formats.py
index ca2593beba..0f28831af5 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/uk/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/uk/formats.py
@@ -2,34 +2,34 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'd E Y р.'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd E Y р. H:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'd F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = "d E Y р."
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "d E Y р. H:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "d F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d.m.Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d.m.Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y',  # '25.10.2006'
-    '%d %B %Y',  # '25 October 2006'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '25.10.2006'
+    "%d %B %Y",  # '25 October 2006'
 ]
 TIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%H:%M:%S',     # '14:30:59'
-    '%H:%M:%S.%f',  # '14:30:59.000200'
-    '%H:%M',        # '14:30'
+    "%H:%M:%S",  # '14:30:59'
+    "%H:%M:%S.%f",  # '14:30:59.000200'
+    "%H:%M",  # '14:30'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',        # '25.10.2006 14:30'
-    '%d %B %Y %H:%M:%S',     # '25 October 2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d %B %Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25 October 2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d %B %Y %H:%M',        # '25 October 2006 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M",  # '25.10.2006 14:30'
+    "%d %B %Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25 October 2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d %B %Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25 October 2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d %B %Y %H:%M",  # '25 October 2006 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '\xa0'  # non-breaking space
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "\xa0"  # non-breaking space
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/uz/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/uz/formats.py
index 14af096f96..2c7ee73a17 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/uz/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/uz/formats.py
@@ -2,29 +2,29 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = r'j-E, Y-\y\i\l'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'G:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = r'j-E, Y-\y\i\l G:i'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r'F Y-\y\i\l'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j-E'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'd.m.Y H:i'
+DATE_FORMAT = r"j-E, Y-\y\i\l"
+TIME_FORMAT = "G:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = r"j-E, Y-\y\i\l G:i"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = r"F Y-\y\i\l"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j-E"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d.m.Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "d.m.Y H:i"
 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # Monday
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y',       # '25.10.2006'
-    '%d-%B, %Y-yil',  # '25-Oktabr, 2006-yil'
+    "%d.%m.%Y",  # '25.10.2006'
+    "%d-%B, %Y-yil",  # '25-Oktabr, 2006-yil'
 ]
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S',     # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',        # '25.10.2006 14:30'
-    '%d-%B, %Y-yil %H:%M:%S',     # '25-Oktabr, 2006-yil 14:30:59'
-    '%d-%B, %Y-yil %H:%M:%S.%f',  # '25-Oktabr, 2006-yil 14:30:59.000200'
-    '%d-%B, %Y-yil %H:%M',        # '25-Oktabr, 2006-yil 14:30'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25.10.2006 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M",  # '25.10.2006 14:30'
+    "%d-%B, %Y-yil %H:%M:%S",  # '25-Oktabr, 2006-yil 14:30:59'
+    "%d-%B, %Y-yil %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '25-Oktabr, 2006-yil 14:30:59.000200'
+    "%d-%B, %Y-yil %H:%M",  # '25-Oktabr, 2006-yil 14:30'
 ]
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '\xa0'  # non-breaking space
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "\xa0"  # non-breaking space
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 3
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/vi/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/vi/formats.py
index 495b6f7993..7b7602044a 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/vi/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/vi/formats.py
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = r'\N\gà\y d \t\há\n\g n \nă\m Y'
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'
-DATETIME_FORMAT = r'H:i \N\gà\y d \t\há\n\g n \nă\m Y'
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'F Y'
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'j F'
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'd-m-Y'
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'H:i d-m-Y'
+DATE_FORMAT = r"\N\gà\y d \t\há\n\g n \nă\m Y"
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"
+DATETIME_FORMAT = r"H:i \N\gà\y d \t\há\n\g n \nă\m Y"
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "F Y"
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "j F"
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "d-m-Y"
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "H:i d-m-Y"
 # FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK =
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'H:i d-m-Y'
 # DATE_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # TIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
 # DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS =
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ','
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = '.'
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = ","
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = "."
 # NUMBER_GROUPING =
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/zh_Hans/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/zh_Hans/formats.py
index 018b9b17f4..79936f8a34 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/zh_Hans/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/zh_Hans/formats.py
@@ -2,41 +2,41 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'Y年n月j日'                # 2016年9月5日
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'                     # 20:45
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'Y年n月j日 H:i'        # 2016年9月5日 20:45
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'Y年n月'             # 2016年9月
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'm月j日'              # 9月5日
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'Y年n月j日'          # 2016年9月5日
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'Y年n月j日 H:i'  # 2016年9月5日 20:45
-FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1                   # 星期一 (Monday)
+DATE_FORMAT = "Y年n月j日"  # 2016年9月5日
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"  # 20:45
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "Y年n月j日 H:i"  # 2016年9月5日 20:45
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "Y年n月"  # 2016年9月
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "m月j日"  # 9月5日
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "Y年n月j日"  # 2016年9月5日
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "Y年n月j日 H:i"  # 2016年9月5日 20:45
+FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # 星期一 (Monday)
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y/%m/%d',     # '2016/09/05'
-    '%Y-%m-%d',     # '2016-09-05'
-    '%Y年%n月%j日',  # '2016年9月5日'
+    "%Y/%m/%d",  # '2016/09/05'
+    "%Y-%m-%d",  # '2016-09-05'
+    "%Y年%n月%j日",  # '2016年9月5日'
 ]
 
 TIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%H:%M',        # '20:45'
-    '%H:%M:%S',     # '20:45:29'
-    '%H:%M:%S.%f',  # '20:45:29.000200'
+    "%H:%M",  # '20:45'
+    "%H:%M:%S",  # '20:45:29'
+    "%H:%M:%S.%f",  # '20:45:29.000200'
 ]
 
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y/%m/%d %H:%M',           # '2016/09/05 20:45'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',           # '2016-09-05 20:45'
-    '%Y年%n月%j日 %H:%M',        # '2016年9月5日 14:45'
-    '%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S',        # '2016/09/05 20:45:29'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',        # '2016-09-05 20:45:29'
-    '%Y年%n月%j日 %H:%M:%S',     # '2016年9月5日 20:45:29'
-    '%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S.%f',     # '2016/09/05 20:45:29.000200'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',     # '2016-09-05 20:45:29.000200'
-    '%Y年%n月%j日 %H:%n:%S.%f',  # '2016年9月5日 20:45:29.000200'
+    "%Y/%m/%d %H:%M",  # '2016/09/05 20:45'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",  # '2016-09-05 20:45'
+    "%Y年%n月%j日 %H:%M",  # '2016年9月5日 14:45'
+    "%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2016/09/05 20:45:29'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2016-09-05 20:45:29'
+    "%Y年%n月%j日 %H:%M:%S",  # '2016年9月5日 20:45:29'
+    "%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2016/09/05 20:45:29.000200'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2016-09-05 20:45:29.000200'
+    "%Y年%n月%j日 %H:%n:%S.%f",  # '2016年9月5日 20:45:29.000200'
 ]
 
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ''
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = "."
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ""
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 4
diff --git a/django/conf/locale/zh_Hant/formats.py b/django/conf/locale/zh_Hant/formats.py
index 018b9b17f4..79936f8a34 100644
--- a/django/conf/locale/zh_Hant/formats.py
+++ b/django/conf/locale/zh_Hant/formats.py
@@ -2,41 +2,41 @@
 #
 # The *_FORMAT strings use the Django date format syntax,
 # see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/templates/builtins/#date
-DATE_FORMAT = 'Y年n月j日'                # 2016年9月5日
-TIME_FORMAT = 'H:i'                     # 20:45
-DATETIME_FORMAT = 'Y年n月j日 H:i'        # 2016年9月5日 20:45
-YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = 'Y年n月'             # 2016年9月
-MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = 'm月j日'              # 9月5日
-SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = 'Y年n月j日'          # 2016年9月5日
-SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = 'Y年n月j日 H:i'  # 2016年9月5日 20:45
-FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1                   # 星期一 (Monday)
+DATE_FORMAT = "Y年n月j日"  # 2016年9月5日
+TIME_FORMAT = "H:i"  # 20:45
+DATETIME_FORMAT = "Y年n月j日 H:i"  # 2016年9月5日 20:45
+YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT = "Y年n月"  # 2016年9月
+MONTH_DAY_FORMAT = "m月j日"  # 9月5日
+SHORT_DATE_FORMAT = "Y年n月j日"  # 2016年9月5日
+SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT = "Y年n月j日 H:i"  # 2016年9月5日 20:45
+FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK = 1  # 星期一 (Monday)
 
 # The *_INPUT_FORMATS strings use the Python strftime format syntax,
 # see https://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior
 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y/%m/%d',     # '2016/09/05'
-    '%Y-%m-%d',     # '2016-09-05'
-    '%Y年%n月%j日',  # '2016年9月5日'
+    "%Y/%m/%d",  # '2016/09/05'
+    "%Y-%m-%d",  # '2016-09-05'
+    "%Y年%n月%j日",  # '2016年9月5日'
 ]
 
 TIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%H:%M',        # '20:45'
-    '%H:%M:%S',     # '20:45:29'
-    '%H:%M:%S.%f',  # '20:45:29.000200'
+    "%H:%M",  # '20:45'
+    "%H:%M:%S",  # '20:45:29'
+    "%H:%M:%S.%f",  # '20:45:29.000200'
 ]
 
 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS = [
-    '%Y/%m/%d %H:%M',           # '2016/09/05 20:45'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',           # '2016-09-05 20:45'
-    '%Y年%n月%j日 %H:%M',        # '2016年9月5日 14:45'
-    '%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S',        # '2016/09/05 20:45:29'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',        # '2016-09-05 20:45:29'
-    '%Y年%n月%j日 %H:%M:%S',     # '2016年9月5日 20:45:29'
-    '%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S.%f',     # '2016/09/05 20:45:29.000200'
-    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',     # '2016-09-05 20:45:29.000200'
-    '%Y年%n月%j日 %H:%n:%S.%f',  # '2016年9月5日 20:45:29.000200'
+    "%Y/%m/%d %H:%M",  # '2016/09/05 20:45'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",  # '2016-09-05 20:45'
+    "%Y年%n月%j日 %H:%M",  # '2016年9月5日 14:45'
+    "%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2016/09/05 20:45:29'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",  # '2016-09-05 20:45:29'
+    "%Y年%n月%j日 %H:%M:%S",  # '2016年9月5日 20:45:29'
+    "%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2016/09/05 20:45:29.000200'
+    "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",  # '2016-09-05 20:45:29.000200'
+    "%Y年%n月%j日 %H:%n:%S.%f",  # '2016年9月5日 20:45:29.000200'
 ]
 
-DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = '.'
-THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ''
+DECIMAL_SEPARATOR = "."
+THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ""
 NUMBER_GROUPING = 4
diff --git a/django/conf/urls/__init__.py b/django/conf/urls/__init__.py
index 1ec5da82ad..302f68dd07 100644
--- a/django/conf/urls/__init__.py
+++ b/django/conf/urls/__init__.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from django.urls import include
 from django.views import defaults
 
-__all__ = ['handler400', 'handler403', 'handler404', 'handler500', 'include']
+__all__ = ["handler400", "handler403", "handler404", "handler500", "include"]
 
 handler400 = defaults.bad_request
 handler403 = defaults.permission_denied
diff --git a/django/conf/urls/i18n.py b/django/conf/urls/i18n.py
index 256c247491..ebe5d51b14 100644
--- a/django/conf/urls/i18n.py
+++ b/django/conf/urls/i18n.py
@@ -35,5 +35,5 @@ def is_language_prefix_patterns_used(urlconf):
 
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('setlang/', set_language, name='set_language'),
+    path("setlang/", set_language, name="set_language"),
 ]
diff --git a/django/conf/urls/static.py b/django/conf/urls/static.py
index fa83645b9d..8e7816e772 100644
--- a/django/conf/urls/static.py
+++ b/django/conf/urls/static.py
@@ -24,5 +24,7 @@ def static(prefix, view=serve, **kwargs):
         # No-op if not in debug mode or a non-local prefix.
         return []
     return [
-        re_path(r'^%s(?P<path>.*)$' % re.escape(prefix.lstrip('/')), view, kwargs=kwargs),
+        re_path(
+            r"^%s(?P<path>.*)$" % re.escape(prefix.lstrip("/")), view, kwargs=kwargs
+        ),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/__init__.py b/django/contrib/admin/__init__.py
index 975cf053aa..ef5c64ffef 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/__init__.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/__init__.py
@@ -1,24 +1,50 @@
 from django.contrib.admin.decorators import action, display, register
 from django.contrib.admin.filters import (
-    AllValuesFieldListFilter, BooleanFieldListFilter, ChoicesFieldListFilter,
-    DateFieldListFilter, EmptyFieldListFilter, FieldListFilter, ListFilter,
-    RelatedFieldListFilter, RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter, SimpleListFilter,
+    AllValuesFieldListFilter,
+    BooleanFieldListFilter,
+    ChoicesFieldListFilter,
+    DateFieldListFilter,
+    EmptyFieldListFilter,
+    FieldListFilter,
+    ListFilter,
+    RelatedFieldListFilter,
+    RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter,
+    SimpleListFilter,
 )
 from django.contrib.admin.options import (
-    HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL, ModelAdmin, StackedInline, TabularInline,
+    HORIZONTAL,
+    VERTICAL,
+    ModelAdmin,
+    StackedInline,
+    TabularInline,
 )
 from django.contrib.admin.sites import AdminSite, site
 from django.utils.module_loading import autodiscover_modules
 
 __all__ = [
-    "action", "display", "register", "ModelAdmin", "HORIZONTAL", "VERTICAL",
-    "StackedInline", "TabularInline", "AdminSite", "site", "ListFilter",
-    "SimpleListFilter", "FieldListFilter", "BooleanFieldListFilter",
-    "RelatedFieldListFilter", "ChoicesFieldListFilter", "DateFieldListFilter",
-    "AllValuesFieldListFilter", "EmptyFieldListFilter",
-    "RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter", "autodiscover",
+    "action",
+    "display",
+    "register",
+    "ModelAdmin",
+    "HORIZONTAL",
+    "VERTICAL",
+    "StackedInline",
+    "TabularInline",
+    "AdminSite",
+    "site",
+    "ListFilter",
+    "SimpleListFilter",
+    "FieldListFilter",
+    "BooleanFieldListFilter",
+    "RelatedFieldListFilter",
+    "ChoicesFieldListFilter",
+    "DateFieldListFilter",
+    "AllValuesFieldListFilter",
+    "EmptyFieldListFilter",
+    "RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter",
+    "autodiscover",
 ]
 
 
 def autodiscover():
-    autodiscover_modules('admin', register_to=site)
+    autodiscover_modules("admin", register_to=site)
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/actions.py b/django/contrib/admin/actions.py
index 8eab4ae5f7..e1e76cc31a 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/actions.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/actions.py
@@ -8,12 +8,13 @@ from django.contrib.admin.decorators import action
 from django.contrib.admin.utils import model_ngettext
 from django.core.exceptions import PermissionDenied
 from django.template.response import TemplateResponse
-from django.utils.translation import gettext as _, gettext_lazy
+from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
+from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy
 
 
 @action(
-    permissions=['delete'],
-    description=gettext_lazy('Delete selected %(verbose_name_plural)s'),
+    permissions=["delete"],
+    description=gettext_lazy("Delete selected %(verbose_name_plural)s"),
 )
 def delete_selected(modeladmin, request, queryset):
     """
@@ -30,11 +31,16 @@ def delete_selected(modeladmin, request, queryset):
 
     # Populate deletable_objects, a data structure of all related objects that
     # will also be deleted.
-    deletable_objects, model_count, perms_needed, protected = modeladmin.get_deleted_objects(queryset, request)
+    (
+        deletable_objects,
+        model_count,
+        perms_needed,
+        protected,
+    ) = modeladmin.get_deleted_objects(queryset, request)
 
     # The user has already confirmed the deletion.
     # Do the deletion and return None to display the change list view again.
-    if request.POST.get('post') and not protected:
+    if request.POST.get("post") and not protected:
         if perms_needed:
             raise PermissionDenied
         n = queryset.count()
@@ -43,9 +49,12 @@ def delete_selected(modeladmin, request, queryset):
                 obj_display = str(obj)
                 modeladmin.log_deletion(request, obj, obj_display)
             modeladmin.delete_queryset(request, queryset)
-            modeladmin.message_user(request, _("Successfully deleted %(count)d %(items)s.") % {
-                "count": n, "items": model_ngettext(modeladmin.opts, n)
-            }, messages.SUCCESS)
+            modeladmin.message_user(
+                request,
+                _("Successfully deleted %(count)d %(items)s.")
+                % {"count": n, "items": model_ngettext(modeladmin.opts, n)},
+                messages.SUCCESS,
+            )
         # Return None to display the change list page again.
         return None
 
@@ -58,24 +67,30 @@ def delete_selected(modeladmin, request, queryset):
 
     context = {
         **modeladmin.admin_site.each_context(request),
-        'title': title,
-        'subtitle': None,
-        'objects_name': str(objects_name),
-        'deletable_objects': [deletable_objects],
-        'model_count': dict(model_count).items(),
-        'queryset': queryset,
-        'perms_lacking': perms_needed,
-        'protected': protected,
-        'opts': opts,
-        'action_checkbox_name': helpers.ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME,
-        'media': modeladmin.media,
+        "title": title,
+        "subtitle": None,
+        "objects_name": str(objects_name),
+        "deletable_objects": [deletable_objects],
+        "model_count": dict(model_count).items(),
+        "queryset": queryset,
+        "perms_lacking": perms_needed,
+        "protected": protected,
+        "opts": opts,
+        "action_checkbox_name": helpers.ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME,
+        "media": modeladmin.media,
     }
 
     request.current_app = modeladmin.admin_site.name
 
     # Display the confirmation page
-    return TemplateResponse(request, modeladmin.delete_selected_confirmation_template or [
-        "admin/%s/%s/delete_selected_confirmation.html" % (app_label, opts.model_name),
-        "admin/%s/delete_selected_confirmation.html" % app_label,
-        "admin/delete_selected_confirmation.html"
-    ], context)
+    return TemplateResponse(
+        request,
+        modeladmin.delete_selected_confirmation_template
+        or [
+            "admin/%s/%s/delete_selected_confirmation.html"
+            % (app_label, opts.model_name),
+            "admin/%s/delete_selected_confirmation.html" % app_label,
+            "admin/delete_selected_confirmation.html",
+        ],
+        context,
+    )
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/apps.py b/django/contrib/admin/apps.py
index c4fba8837c..08a9e0d832 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/apps.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/apps.py
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 class SimpleAdminConfig(AppConfig):
     """Simple AppConfig which does not do automatic discovery."""
 
-    default_auto_field = 'django.db.models.AutoField'
-    default_site = 'django.contrib.admin.sites.AdminSite'
-    name = 'django.contrib.admin'
+    default_auto_field = "django.db.models.AutoField"
+    default_site = "django.contrib.admin.sites.AdminSite"
+    name = "django.contrib.admin"
     verbose_name = _("Administration")
 
     def ready(self):
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/checks.py b/django/contrib/admin/checks.py
index 045aaca346..7449503f5c 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/checks.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/checks.py
@@ -3,17 +3,13 @@ from itertools import chain
 
 from django.apps import apps
 from django.conf import settings
-from django.contrib.admin.utils import (
-    NotRelationField, flatten, get_fields_from_path,
-)
+from django.contrib.admin.utils import NotRelationField, flatten, get_fields_from_path
 from django.core import checks
 from django.core.exceptions import FieldDoesNotExist
 from django.db import models
 from django.db.models.constants import LOOKUP_SEP
 from django.db.models.expressions import Combinable
-from django.forms.models import (
-    BaseModelForm, BaseModelFormSet, _get_foreign_key,
-)
+from django.forms.models import BaseModelForm, BaseModelFormSet, _get_foreign_key
 from django.template import engines
 from django.template.backends.django import DjangoTemplates
 from django.utils.module_loading import import_string
@@ -49,6 +45,7 @@ def _contains_subclass(class_path, candidate_paths):
 
 def check_admin_app(app_configs, **kwargs):
     from django.contrib.admin.sites import all_sites
+
     errors = []
     for site in all_sites:
         errors.extend(site.check(app_configs))
@@ -60,21 +57,24 @@ def check_dependencies(**kwargs):
     Check that the admin's dependencies are correctly installed.
     """
     from django.contrib.admin.sites import all_sites
-    if not apps.is_installed('django.contrib.admin'):
+
+    if not apps.is_installed("django.contrib.admin"):
         return []
     errors = []
     app_dependencies = (
-        ('django.contrib.contenttypes', 401),
-        ('django.contrib.auth', 405),
-        ('django.contrib.messages', 406),
+        ("django.contrib.contenttypes", 401),
+        ("django.contrib.auth", 405),
+        ("django.contrib.messages", 406),
     )
     for app_name, error_code in app_dependencies:
         if not apps.is_installed(app_name):
-            errors.append(checks.Error(
-                "'%s' must be in INSTALLED_APPS in order to use the admin "
-                "application." % app_name,
-                id='admin.E%d' % error_code,
-            ))
+            errors.append(
+                checks.Error(
+                    "'%s' must be in INSTALLED_APPS in order to use the admin "
+                    "application." % app_name,
+                    id="admin.E%d" % error_code,
+                )
+            )
     for engine in engines.all():
         if isinstance(engine, DjangoTemplates):
             django_templates_instance = engine.engine
@@ -82,69 +82,98 @@ def check_dependencies(**kwargs):
     else:
         django_templates_instance = None
     if not django_templates_instance:
-        errors.append(checks.Error(
-            "A 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates' instance "
-            "must be configured in TEMPLATES in order to use the admin "
-            "application.",
-            id='admin.E403',
-        ))
+        errors.append(
+            checks.Error(
+                "A 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates' instance "
+                "must be configured in TEMPLATES in order to use the admin "
+                "application.",
+                id="admin.E403",
+            )
+        )
     else:
-        if ('django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth'
-                not in django_templates_instance.context_processors and
-                _contains_subclass('django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend', settings.AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS)):
-            errors.append(checks.Error(
-                "'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth' must be "
-                "enabled in DjangoTemplates (TEMPLATES) if using the default "
-                "auth backend in order to use the admin application.",
-                id='admin.E402',
-            ))
-        if ('django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages'
-                not in django_templates_instance.context_processors):
-            errors.append(checks.Error(
-                "'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages' must "
-                "be enabled in DjangoTemplates (TEMPLATES) in order to use "
-                "the admin application.",
-                id='admin.E404',
-            ))
+        if (
+            "django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth"
+            not in django_templates_instance.context_processors
+            and _contains_subclass(
+                "django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend",
+                settings.AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS,
+            )
+        ):
+            errors.append(
+                checks.Error(
+                    "'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth' must be "
+                    "enabled in DjangoTemplates (TEMPLATES) if using the default "
+                    "auth backend in order to use the admin application.",
+                    id="admin.E402",
+                )
+            )
+        if (
+            "django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages"
+            not in django_templates_instance.context_processors
+        ):
+            errors.append(
+                checks.Error(
+                    "'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages' must "
+                    "be enabled in DjangoTemplates (TEMPLATES) in order to use "
+                    "the admin application.",
+                    id="admin.E404",
+                )
+            )
         sidebar_enabled = any(site.enable_nav_sidebar for site in all_sites)
-        if (sidebar_enabled and 'django.template.context_processors.request'
-                not in django_templates_instance.context_processors):
-            errors.append(checks.Warning(
-                "'django.template.context_processors.request' must be enabled "
-                "in DjangoTemplates (TEMPLATES) in order to use the admin "
-                "navigation sidebar.",
-                id='admin.W411',
-            ))
+        if (
+            sidebar_enabled
+            and "django.template.context_processors.request"
+            not in django_templates_instance.context_processors
+        ):
+            errors.append(
+                checks.Warning(
+                    "'django.template.context_processors.request' must be enabled "
+                    "in DjangoTemplates (TEMPLATES) in order to use the admin "
+                    "navigation sidebar.",
+                    id="admin.W411",
+                )
+            )
 
-    if not _contains_subclass('django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware', settings.MIDDLEWARE):
-        errors.append(checks.Error(
-            "'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware' must "
-            "be in MIDDLEWARE in order to use the admin application.",
-            id='admin.E408',
-        ))
-    if not _contains_subclass('django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware', settings.MIDDLEWARE):
-        errors.append(checks.Error(
-            "'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware' must "
-            "be in MIDDLEWARE in order to use the admin application.",
-            id='admin.E409',
-        ))
-    if not _contains_subclass('django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', settings.MIDDLEWARE):
-        errors.append(checks.Error(
-            "'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware' must "
-            "be in MIDDLEWARE in order to use the admin application.",
-            hint=(
-                "Insert "
-                "'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware' "
-                "before "
-                "'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware'."
-            ),
-            id='admin.E410',
-        ))
+    if not _contains_subclass(
+        "django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware", settings.MIDDLEWARE
+    ):
+        errors.append(
+            checks.Error(
+                "'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware' must "
+                "be in MIDDLEWARE in order to use the admin application.",
+                id="admin.E408",
+            )
+        )
+    if not _contains_subclass(
+        "django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware", settings.MIDDLEWARE
+    ):
+        errors.append(
+            checks.Error(
+                "'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware' must "
+                "be in MIDDLEWARE in order to use the admin application.",
+                id="admin.E409",
+            )
+        )
+    if not _contains_subclass(
+        "django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware", settings.MIDDLEWARE
+    ):
+        errors.append(
+            checks.Error(
+                "'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware' must "
+                "be in MIDDLEWARE in order to use the admin application.",
+                hint=(
+                    "Insert "
+                    "'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware' "
+                    "before "
+                    "'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware'."
+                ),
+                id="admin.E410",
+            )
+        )
     return errors
 
 
 class BaseModelAdminChecks:
-
     def check(self, admin_obj, **kwargs):
         return [
             *self._check_autocomplete_fields(admin_obj),
@@ -167,12 +196,23 @@ class BaseModelAdminChecks:
         Check that `autocomplete_fields` is a list or tuple of model fields.
         """
         if not isinstance(obj.autocomplete_fields, (list, tuple)):
-            return must_be('a list or tuple', option='autocomplete_fields', obj=obj, id='admin.E036')
+            return must_be(
+                "a list or tuple",
+                option="autocomplete_fields",
+                obj=obj,
+                id="admin.E036",
+            )
         else:
-            return list(chain.from_iterable([
-                self._check_autocomplete_fields_item(obj, field_name, 'autocomplete_fields[%d]' % index)
-                for index, field_name in enumerate(obj.autocomplete_fields)
-            ]))
+            return list(
+                chain.from_iterable(
+                    [
+                        self._check_autocomplete_fields_item(
+                            obj, field_name, "autocomplete_fields[%d]" % index
+                        )
+                        for index, field_name in enumerate(obj.autocomplete_fields)
+                    ]
+                )
+            )
 
     def _check_autocomplete_fields_item(self, obj, field_name, label):
         """
@@ -183,61 +223,75 @@ class BaseModelAdminChecks:
         try:
             field = obj.model._meta.get_field(field_name)
         except FieldDoesNotExist:
-            return refer_to_missing_field(field=field_name, option=label, obj=obj, id='admin.E037')
+            return refer_to_missing_field(
+                field=field_name, option=label, obj=obj, id="admin.E037"
+            )
         else:
             if not field.many_to_many and not isinstance(field, models.ForeignKey):
                 return must_be(
-                    'a foreign key or a many-to-many field',
-                    option=label, obj=obj, id='admin.E038'
+                    "a foreign key or a many-to-many field",
+                    option=label,
+                    obj=obj,
+                    id="admin.E038",
                 )
             related_admin = obj.admin_site._registry.get(field.remote_field.model)
             if related_admin is None:
                 return [
                     checks.Error(
                         'An admin for model "%s" has to be registered '
-                        'to be referenced by %s.autocomplete_fields.' % (
+                        "to be referenced by %s.autocomplete_fields."
+                        % (
                             field.remote_field.model.__name__,
                             type(obj).__name__,
                         ),
                         obj=obj.__class__,
-                        id='admin.E039',
+                        id="admin.E039",
                     )
                 ]
             elif not related_admin.search_fields:
                 return [
                     checks.Error(
                         '%s must define "search_fields", because it\'s '
-                        'referenced by %s.autocomplete_fields.' % (
+                        "referenced by %s.autocomplete_fields."
+                        % (
                             related_admin.__class__.__name__,
                             type(obj).__name__,
                         ),
                         obj=obj.__class__,
-                        id='admin.E040',
+                        id="admin.E040",
                     )
                 ]
             return []
 
     def _check_raw_id_fields(self, obj):
-        """ Check that `raw_id_fields` only contains field names that are listed
-        on the model. """
+        """Check that `raw_id_fields` only contains field names that are listed
+        on the model."""
 
         if not isinstance(obj.raw_id_fields, (list, tuple)):
-            return must_be('a list or tuple', option='raw_id_fields', obj=obj, id='admin.E001')
+            return must_be(
+                "a list or tuple", option="raw_id_fields", obj=obj, id="admin.E001"
+            )
         else:
-            return list(chain.from_iterable(
-                self._check_raw_id_fields_item(obj, field_name, 'raw_id_fields[%d]' % index)
-                for index, field_name in enumerate(obj.raw_id_fields)
-            ))
+            return list(
+                chain.from_iterable(
+                    self._check_raw_id_fields_item(
+                        obj, field_name, "raw_id_fields[%d]" % index
+                    )
+                    for index, field_name in enumerate(obj.raw_id_fields)
+                )
+            )
 
     def _check_raw_id_fields_item(self, obj, field_name, label):
-        """ Check an item of `raw_id_fields`, i.e. check that field named
+        """Check an item of `raw_id_fields`, i.e. check that field named
         `field_name` exists in model `model` and is a ForeignKey or a
-        ManyToManyField. """
+        ManyToManyField."""
 
         try:
             field = obj.model._meta.get_field(field_name)
         except FieldDoesNotExist:
-            return refer_to_missing_field(field=field_name, option=label, obj=obj, id='admin.E002')
+            return refer_to_missing_field(
+                field=field_name, option=label, obj=obj, id="admin.E002"
+            )
         else:
             # Using attname is not supported.
             if field.name != field_name:
@@ -245,28 +299,33 @@ class BaseModelAdminChecks:
                     field=field_name,
                     option=label,
                     obj=obj,
-                    id='admin.E002',
+                    id="admin.E002",
                 )
             if not field.many_to_many and not isinstance(field, models.ForeignKey):
-                return must_be('a foreign key or a many-to-many field', option=label, obj=obj, id='admin.E003')
+                return must_be(
+                    "a foreign key or a many-to-many field",
+                    option=label,
+                    obj=obj,
+                    id="admin.E003",
+                )
             else:
                 return []
 
     def _check_fields(self, obj):
-        """ Check that `fields` only refer to existing fields, doesn't contain
+        """Check that `fields` only refer to existing fields, doesn't contain
         duplicates. Check if at most one of `fields` and `fieldsets` is defined.
         """
 
         if obj.fields is None:
             return []
         elif not isinstance(obj.fields, (list, tuple)):
-            return must_be('a list or tuple', option='fields', obj=obj, id='admin.E004')
+            return must_be("a list or tuple", option="fields", obj=obj, id="admin.E004")
         elif obj.fieldsets:
             return [
                 checks.Error(
                     "Both 'fieldsets' and 'fields' are specified.",
                     obj=obj.__class__,
-                    id='admin.E005',
+                    id="admin.E005",
                 )
             ]
         fields = flatten(obj.fields)
@@ -275,75 +334,96 @@ class BaseModelAdminChecks:
                 checks.Error(
                     "The value of 'fields' contains duplicate field(s).",
                     obj=obj.__class__,
-                    id='admin.E006',
+                    id="admin.E006",
                 )
             ]
 
-        return list(chain.from_iterable(
-            self._check_field_spec(obj, field_name, 'fields')
-            for field_name in obj.fields
-        ))
+        return list(
+            chain.from_iterable(
+                self._check_field_spec(obj, field_name, "fields")
+                for field_name in obj.fields
+            )
+        )
 
     def _check_fieldsets(self, obj):
-        """ Check that fieldsets is properly formatted and doesn't contain
-        duplicates. """
+        """Check that fieldsets is properly formatted and doesn't contain
+        duplicates."""
 
         if obj.fieldsets is None:
             return []
         elif not isinstance(obj.fieldsets, (list, tuple)):
-            return must_be('a list or tuple', option='fieldsets', obj=obj, id='admin.E007')
+            return must_be(
+                "a list or tuple", option="fieldsets", obj=obj, id="admin.E007"
+            )
         else:
             seen_fields = []
-            return list(chain.from_iterable(
-                self._check_fieldsets_item(obj, fieldset, 'fieldsets[%d]' % index, seen_fields)
-                for index, fieldset in enumerate(obj.fieldsets)
-            ))
+            return list(
+                chain.from_iterable(
+                    self._check_fieldsets_item(
+                        obj, fieldset, "fieldsets[%d]" % index, seen_fields
+                    )
+                    for index, fieldset in enumerate(obj.fieldsets)
+                )
+            )
 
     def _check_fieldsets_item(self, obj, fieldset, label, seen_fields):
-        """ Check an item of `fieldsets`, i.e. check that this is a pair of a
-        set name and a dictionary containing "fields" key. """
+        """Check an item of `fieldsets`, i.e. check that this is a pair of a
+        set name and a dictionary containing "fields" key."""
 
         if not isinstance(fieldset, (list, tuple)):
-            return must_be('a list or tuple', option=label, obj=obj, id='admin.E008')
+            return must_be("a list or tuple", option=label, obj=obj, id="admin.E008")
         elif len(fieldset) != 2:
-            return must_be('of length 2', option=label, obj=obj, id='admin.E009')
+            return must_be("of length 2", option=label, obj=obj, id="admin.E009")
         elif not isinstance(fieldset[1], dict):
-            return must_be('a dictionary', option='%s[1]' % label, obj=obj, id='admin.E010')
-        elif 'fields' not in fieldset[1]:
+            return must_be(
+                "a dictionary", option="%s[1]" % label, obj=obj, id="admin.E010"
+            )
+        elif "fields" not in fieldset[1]:
             return [
                 checks.Error(
                     "The value of '%s[1]' must contain the key 'fields'." % label,
                     obj=obj.__class__,
-                    id='admin.E011',
+                    id="admin.E011",
                 )
             ]
-        elif not isinstance(fieldset[1]['fields'], (list, tuple)):
-            return must_be('a list or tuple', option="%s[1]['fields']" % label, obj=obj, id='admin.E008')
+        elif not isinstance(fieldset[1]["fields"], (list, tuple)):
+            return must_be(
+                "a list or tuple",
+                option="%s[1]['fields']" % label,
+                obj=obj,
+                id="admin.E008",
+            )
 
-        seen_fields.extend(flatten(fieldset[1]['fields']))
+        seen_fields.extend(flatten(fieldset[1]["fields"]))
         if len(seen_fields) != len(set(seen_fields)):
             return [
                 checks.Error(
                     "There are duplicate field(s) in '%s[1]'." % label,
                     obj=obj.__class__,
-                    id='admin.E012',
+                    id="admin.E012",
                 )
             ]
-        return list(chain.from_iterable(
-            self._check_field_spec(obj, fieldset_fields, '%s[1]["fields"]' % label)
-            for fieldset_fields in fieldset[1]['fields']
-        ))
+        return list(
+            chain.from_iterable(
+                self._check_field_spec(obj, fieldset_fields, '%s[1]["fields"]' % label)
+                for fieldset_fields in fieldset[1]["fields"]
+            )
+        )
 
     def _check_field_spec(self, obj, fields, label):
-        """ `fields` should be an item of `fields` or an item of
+        """`fields` should be an item of `fields` or an item of
         fieldset[1]['fields'] for any `fieldset` in `fieldsets`. It should be a
-        field name or a tuple of field names. """
+        field name or a tuple of field names."""
 
         if isinstance(fields, tuple):
-            return list(chain.from_iterable(
-                self._check_field_spec_item(obj, field_name, "%s[%d]" % (label, index))
-                for index, field_name in enumerate(fields)
-            ))
+            return list(
+                chain.from_iterable(
+                    self._check_field_spec_item(
+                        obj, field_name, "%s[%d]" % (label, index)
+                    )
+                    for index, field_name in enumerate(fields)
+                )
+            )
         else:
             return self._check_field_spec_item(obj, fields, label)
 
@@ -361,125 +441,154 @@ class BaseModelAdminChecks:
                 # be an extra field on the form.
                 return []
             else:
-                if (isinstance(field, models.ManyToManyField) and
-                        not field.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created):
+                if (
+                    isinstance(field, models.ManyToManyField)
+                    and not field.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created
+                ):
                     return [
                         checks.Error(
                             "The value of '%s' cannot include the ManyToManyField '%s', "
                             "because that field manually specifies a relationship model."
                             % (label, field_name),
                             obj=obj.__class__,
-                            id='admin.E013',
+                            id="admin.E013",
                         )
                     ]
                 else:
                     return []
 
     def _check_exclude(self, obj):
-        """ Check that exclude is a sequence without duplicates. """
+        """Check that exclude is a sequence without duplicates."""
 
         if obj.exclude is None:  # default value is None
             return []
         elif not isinstance(obj.exclude, (list, tuple)):
-            return must_be('a list or tuple', option='exclude', obj=obj, id='admin.E014')
+            return must_be(
+                "a list or tuple", option="exclude", obj=obj, id="admin.E014"
+            )
         elif len(obj.exclude) > len(set(obj.exclude)):
             return [
                 checks.Error(
                     "The value of 'exclude' contains duplicate field(s).",
                     obj=obj.__class__,
-                    id='admin.E015',
+                    id="admin.E015",
                 )
             ]
         else:
             return []
 
     def _check_form(self, obj):
-        """ Check that form subclasses BaseModelForm. """
+        """Check that form subclasses BaseModelForm."""
         if not _issubclass(obj.form, BaseModelForm):
-            return must_inherit_from(parent='BaseModelForm', option='form',
-                                     obj=obj, id='admin.E016')
+            return must_inherit_from(
+                parent="BaseModelForm", option="form", obj=obj, id="admin.E016"
+            )
         else:
             return []
 
     def _check_filter_vertical(self, obj):
-        """ Check that filter_vertical is a sequence of field names. """
+        """Check that filter_vertical is a sequence of field names."""
         if not isinstance(obj.filter_vertical, (list, tuple)):
-            return must_be('a list or tuple', option='filter_vertical', obj=obj, id='admin.E017')
+            return must_be(
+                "a list or tuple", option="filter_vertical", obj=obj, id="admin.E017"
+            )
         else:
-            return list(chain.from_iterable(
-                self._check_filter_item(obj, field_name, "filter_vertical[%d]" % index)
-                for index, field_name in enumerate(obj.filter_vertical)
-            ))
+            return list(
+                chain.from_iterable(
+                    self._check_filter_item(
+                        obj, field_name, "filter_vertical[%d]" % index
+                    )
+                    for index, field_name in enumerate(obj.filter_vertical)
+                )
+            )
 
     def _check_filter_horizontal(self, obj):
-        """ Check that filter_horizontal is a sequence of field names. """
+        """Check that filter_horizontal is a sequence of field names."""
         if not isinstance(obj.filter_horizontal, (list, tuple)):
-            return must_be('a list or tuple', option='filter_horizontal', obj=obj, id='admin.E018')
+            return must_be(
+                "a list or tuple", option="filter_horizontal", obj=obj, id="admin.E018"
+            )
         else:
-            return list(chain.from_iterable(
-                self._check_filter_item(obj, field_name, "filter_horizontal[%d]" % index)
-                for index, field_name in enumerate(obj.filter_horizontal)
-            ))
+            return list(
+                chain.from_iterable(
+                    self._check_filter_item(
+                        obj, field_name, "filter_horizontal[%d]" % index
+                    )
+                    for index, field_name in enumerate(obj.filter_horizontal)
+                )
+            )
 
     def _check_filter_item(self, obj, field_name, label):
-        """ Check one item of `filter_vertical` or `filter_horizontal`, i.e.
-        check that given field exists and is a ManyToManyField. """
+        """Check one item of `filter_vertical` or `filter_horizontal`, i.e.
+        check that given field exists and is a ManyToManyField."""
 
         try:
             field = obj.model._meta.get_field(field_name)
         except FieldDoesNotExist:
-            return refer_to_missing_field(field=field_name, option=label, obj=obj, id='admin.E019')
+            return refer_to_missing_field(
+                field=field_name, option=label, obj=obj, id="admin.E019"
+            )
         else:
             if not field.many_to_many:
-                return must_be('a many-to-many field', option=label, obj=obj, id='admin.E020')
+                return must_be(
+                    "a many-to-many field", option=label, obj=obj, id="admin.E020"
+                )
             else:
                 return []
 
     def _check_radio_fields(self, obj):
-        """ Check that `radio_fields` is a dictionary. """
+        """Check that `radio_fields` is a dictionary."""
         if not isinstance(obj.radio_fields, dict):
-            return must_be('a dictionary', option='radio_fields', obj=obj, id='admin.E021')
+            return must_be(
+                "a dictionary", option="radio_fields", obj=obj, id="admin.E021"
+            )
         else:
-            return list(chain.from_iterable(
-                self._check_radio_fields_key(obj, field_name, 'radio_fields') +
-                self._check_radio_fields_value(obj, val, 'radio_fields["%s"]' % field_name)
-                for field_name, val in obj.radio_fields.items()
-            ))
+            return list(
+                chain.from_iterable(
+                    self._check_radio_fields_key(obj, field_name, "radio_fields")
+                    + self._check_radio_fields_value(
+                        obj, val, 'radio_fields["%s"]' % field_name
+                    )
+                    for field_name, val in obj.radio_fields.items()
+                )
+            )
 
     def _check_radio_fields_key(self, obj, field_name, label):
-        """ Check that a key of `radio_fields` dictionary is name of existing
-        field and that the field is a ForeignKey or has `choices` defined. """
+        """Check that a key of `radio_fields` dictionary is name of existing
+        field and that the field is a ForeignKey or has `choices` defined."""
 
         try:
             field = obj.model._meta.get_field(field_name)
         except FieldDoesNotExist:
-            return refer_to_missing_field(field=field_name, option=label, obj=obj, id='admin.E022')
+            return refer_to_missing_field(
+                field=field_name, option=label, obj=obj, id="admin.E022"
+            )
         else:
             if not (isinstance(field, models.ForeignKey) or field.choices):
                 return [
                     checks.Error(
                         "The value of '%s' refers to '%s', which is not an "
-                        "instance of ForeignKey, and does not have a 'choices' definition." % (
-                            label, field_name
-                        ),
+                        "instance of ForeignKey, and does not have a 'choices' definition."
+                        % (label, field_name),
                         obj=obj.__class__,
-                        id='admin.E023',
+                        id="admin.E023",
                     )
                 ]
             else:
                 return []
 
     def _check_radio_fields_value(self, obj, val, label):
-        """ Check type of a value of `radio_fields` dictionary. """
+        """Check type of a value of `radio_fields` dictionary."""
 
         from django.contrib.admin.options import HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL
 
         if val not in (HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL):
             return [
                 checks.Error(
-                    "The value of '%s' must be either admin.HORIZONTAL or admin.VERTICAL." % label,
+                    "The value of '%s' must be either admin.HORIZONTAL or admin.VERTICAL."
+                    % label,
                     obj=obj.__class__,
-                    id='admin.E024',
+                    id="admin.E024",
                 )
             ]
         else:
@@ -491,85 +600,108 @@ class BaseModelAdminChecks:
                 checks.Error(
                     "The value of 'view_on_site' must be a callable or a boolean value.",
                     obj=obj.__class__,
-                    id='admin.E025',
+                    id="admin.E025",
                 )
             ]
         else:
             return []
 
     def _check_prepopulated_fields(self, obj):
-        """ Check that `prepopulated_fields` is a dictionary containing allowed
-        field types. """
+        """Check that `prepopulated_fields` is a dictionary containing allowed
+        field types."""
         if not isinstance(obj.prepopulated_fields, dict):
-            return must_be('a dictionary', option='prepopulated_fields', obj=obj, id='admin.E026')
+            return must_be(
+                "a dictionary", option="prepopulated_fields", obj=obj, id="admin.E026"
+            )
         else:
-            return list(chain.from_iterable(
-                self._check_prepopulated_fields_key(obj, field_name, 'prepopulated_fields') +
-                self._check_prepopulated_fields_value(obj, val, 'prepopulated_fields["%s"]' % field_name)
-                for field_name, val in obj.prepopulated_fields.items()
-            ))
+            return list(
+                chain.from_iterable(
+                    self._check_prepopulated_fields_key(
+                        obj, field_name, "prepopulated_fields"
+                    )
+                    + self._check_prepopulated_fields_value(
+                        obj, val, 'prepopulated_fields["%s"]' % field_name
+                    )
+                    for field_name, val in obj.prepopulated_fields.items()
+                )
+            )
 
     def _check_prepopulated_fields_key(self, obj, field_name, label):
-        """ Check a key of `prepopulated_fields` dictionary, i.e. check that it
+        """Check a key of `prepopulated_fields` dictionary, i.e. check that it
         is a name of existing field and the field is one of the allowed types.
         """
 
         try:
             field = obj.model._meta.get_field(field_name)
         except FieldDoesNotExist:
-            return refer_to_missing_field(field=field_name, option=label, obj=obj, id='admin.E027')
+            return refer_to_missing_field(
+                field=field_name, option=label, obj=obj, id="admin.E027"
+            )
         else:
-            if isinstance(field, (models.DateTimeField, models.ForeignKey, models.ManyToManyField)):
+            if isinstance(
+                field, (models.DateTimeField, models.ForeignKey, models.ManyToManyField)
+            ):
                 return [
                     checks.Error(
                         "The value of '%s' refers to '%s', which must not be a DateTimeField, "
-                        "a ForeignKey, a OneToOneField, or a ManyToManyField." % (label, field_name),
+                        "a ForeignKey, a OneToOneField, or a ManyToManyField."
+                        % (label, field_name),
                         obj=obj.__class__,
-                        id='admin.E028',
+                        id="admin.E028",
                     )
                 ]
             else:
                 return []
 
     def _check_prepopulated_fields_value(self, obj, val, label):
-        """ Check a value of `prepopulated_fields` dictionary, i.e. it's an
-        iterable of existing fields. """
+        """Check a value of `prepopulated_fields` dictionary, i.e. it's an
+        iterable of existing fields."""
 
         if not isinstance(val, (list, tuple)):
-            return must_be('a list or tuple', option=label, obj=obj, id='admin.E029')
+            return must_be("a list or tuple", option=label, obj=obj, id="admin.E029")
         else:
-            return list(chain.from_iterable(
-                self._check_prepopulated_fields_value_item(obj, subfield_name, "%s[%r]" % (label, index))
-                for index, subfield_name in enumerate(val)
-            ))
+            return list(
+                chain.from_iterable(
+                    self._check_prepopulated_fields_value_item(
+                        obj, subfield_name, "%s[%r]" % (label, index)
+                    )
+                    for index, subfield_name in enumerate(val)
+                )
+            )
 
     def _check_prepopulated_fields_value_item(self, obj, field_name, label):
-        """ For `prepopulated_fields` equal to {"slug": ("title",)},
-        `field_name` is "title". """
+        """For `prepopulated_fields` equal to {"slug": ("title",)},
+        `field_name` is "title"."""
 
         try:
             obj.model._meta.get_field(field_name)
         except FieldDoesNotExist:
-            return refer_to_missing_field(field=field_name, option=label, obj=obj, id='admin.E030')
+            return refer_to_missing_field(
+                field=field_name, option=label, obj=obj, id="admin.E030"
+            )
         else:
             return []
 
     def _check_ordering(self, obj):
-        """ Check that ordering refers to existing fields or is random. """
+        """Check that ordering refers to existing fields or is random."""
 
         # ordering = None
         if obj.ordering is None:  # The default value is None
             return []
         elif not isinstance(obj.ordering, (list, tuple)):
-            return must_be('a list or tuple', option='ordering', obj=obj, id='admin.E031')
+            return must_be(
+                "a list or tuple", option="ordering", obj=obj, id="admin.E031"
+            )
         else:
-            return list(chain.from_iterable(
-                self._check_ordering_item(obj, field_name, 'ordering[%d]' % index)
-                for index, field_name in enumerate(obj.ordering)
-            ))
+            return list(
+                chain.from_iterable(
+                    self._check_ordering_item(obj, field_name, "ordering[%d]" % index)
+                    for index, field_name in enumerate(obj.ordering)
+                )
+            )
 
     def _check_ordering_item(self, obj, field_name, label):
-        """ Check that `ordering` refers to existing fields. """
+        """Check that `ordering` refers to existing fields."""
         if isinstance(field_name, (Combinable, models.OrderBy)):
             if not isinstance(field_name, models.OrderBy):
                 field_name = field_name.asc()
@@ -577,46 +709,54 @@ class BaseModelAdminChecks:
                 field_name = field_name.expression.name
             else:
                 return []
-        if field_name == '?' and len(obj.ordering) != 1:
+        if field_name == "?" and len(obj.ordering) != 1:
             return [
                 checks.Error(
                     "The value of 'ordering' has the random ordering marker '?', "
                     "but contains other fields as well.",
                     hint='Either remove the "?", or remove the other fields.',
                     obj=obj.__class__,
-                    id='admin.E032',
+                    id="admin.E032",
                 )
             ]
-        elif field_name == '?':
+        elif field_name == "?":
             return []
         elif LOOKUP_SEP in field_name:
             # Skip ordering in the format field1__field2 (FIXME: checking
             # this format would be nice, but it's a little fiddly).
             return []
         else:
-            if field_name.startswith('-'):
+            if field_name.startswith("-"):
                 field_name = field_name[1:]
-            if field_name == 'pk':
+            if field_name == "pk":
                 return []
             try:
                 obj.model._meta.get_field(field_name)
             except FieldDoesNotExist:
-                return refer_to_missing_field(field=field_name, option=label, obj=obj, id='admin.E033')
+                return refer_to_missing_field(
+                    field=field_name, option=label, obj=obj, id="admin.E033"
+                )
             else:
                 return []
 
     def _check_readonly_fields(self, obj):
-        """ Check that readonly_fields refers to proper attribute or field. """
+        """Check that readonly_fields refers to proper attribute or field."""
 
         if obj.readonly_fields == ():
             return []
         elif not isinstance(obj.readonly_fields, (list, tuple)):
-            return must_be('a list or tuple', option='readonly_fields', obj=obj, id='admin.E034')
+            return must_be(
+                "a list or tuple", option="readonly_fields", obj=obj, id="admin.E034"
+            )
         else:
-            return list(chain.from_iterable(
-                self._check_readonly_fields_item(obj, field_name, "readonly_fields[%d]" % index)
-                for index, field_name in enumerate(obj.readonly_fields)
-            ))
+            return list(
+                chain.from_iterable(
+                    self._check_readonly_fields_item(
+                        obj, field_name, "readonly_fields[%d]" % index
+                    )
+                    for index, field_name in enumerate(obj.readonly_fields)
+                )
+            )
 
     def _check_readonly_fields_item(self, obj, field_name, label):
         if callable(field_name):
@@ -632,11 +772,14 @@ class BaseModelAdminChecks:
                 return [
                     checks.Error(
                         "The value of '%s' is not a callable, an attribute of "
-                        "'%s', or an attribute of '%s'." % (
-                            label, obj.__class__.__name__, obj.model._meta.label,
+                        "'%s', or an attribute of '%s'."
+                        % (
+                            label,
+                            obj.__class__.__name__,
+                            obj.model._meta.label,
                         ),
                         obj=obj.__class__,
-                        id='admin.E035',
+                        id="admin.E035",
                     )
                 ]
             else:
@@ -644,7 +787,6 @@ class BaseModelAdminChecks:
 
 
 class ModelAdminChecks(BaseModelAdminChecks):
-
     def check(self, admin_obj, **kwargs):
         return [
             *super().check(admin_obj),
@@ -665,44 +807,46 @@ class ModelAdminChecks(BaseModelAdminChecks):
         ]
 
     def _check_save_as(self, obj):
-        """ Check save_as is a boolean. """
+        """Check save_as is a boolean."""
 
         if not isinstance(obj.save_as, bool):
-            return must_be('a boolean', option='save_as',
-                           obj=obj, id='admin.E101')
+            return must_be("a boolean", option="save_as", obj=obj, id="admin.E101")
         else:
             return []
 
     def _check_save_on_top(self, obj):
-        """ Check save_on_top is a boolean. """
+        """Check save_on_top is a boolean."""
 
         if not isinstance(obj.save_on_top, bool):
-            return must_be('a boolean', option='save_on_top',
-                           obj=obj, id='admin.E102')
+            return must_be("a boolean", option="save_on_top", obj=obj, id="admin.E102")
         else:
             return []
 
     def _check_inlines(self, obj):
-        """ Check all inline model admin classes. """
+        """Check all inline model admin classes."""
 
         if not isinstance(obj.inlines, (list, tuple)):
-            return must_be('a list or tuple', option='inlines', obj=obj, id='admin.E103')
+            return must_be(
+                "a list or tuple", option="inlines", obj=obj, id="admin.E103"
+            )
         else:
-            return list(chain.from_iterable(
-                self._check_inlines_item(obj, item, "inlines[%d]" % index)
-                for index, item in enumerate(obj.inlines)
-            ))
+            return list(
+                chain.from_iterable(
+                    self._check_inlines_item(obj, item, "inlines[%d]" % index)
+                    for index, item in enumerate(obj.inlines)
+                )
+            )
 
     def _check_inlines_item(self, obj, inline, label):
-        """ Check one inline model admin. """
+        """Check one inline model admin."""
         try:
-            inline_label = inline.__module__ + '.' + inline.__name__
+            inline_label = inline.__module__ + "." + inline.__name__
         except AttributeError:
             return [
                 checks.Error(
                     "'%s' must inherit from 'InlineModelAdmin'." % obj,
                     obj=obj.__class__,
-                    id='admin.E104',
+                    id="admin.E104",
                 )
             ]
 
@@ -713,7 +857,7 @@ class ModelAdminChecks(BaseModelAdminChecks):
                 checks.Error(
                     "'%s' must inherit from 'InlineModelAdmin'." % inline_label,
                     obj=obj.__class__,
-                    id='admin.E104',
+                    id="admin.E104",
                 )
             ]
         elif not inline.model:
@@ -721,25 +865,30 @@ class ModelAdminChecks(BaseModelAdminChecks):
                 checks.Error(
                     "'%s' must have a 'model' attribute." % inline_label,
                     obj=obj.__class__,
-                    id='admin.E105',
+                    id="admin.E105",
                 )
             ]
         elif not _issubclass(inline.model, models.Model):
-            return must_be('a Model', option='%s.model' % inline_label, obj=obj, id='admin.E106')
+            return must_be(
+                "a Model", option="%s.model" % inline_label, obj=obj, id="admin.E106"
+            )
         else:
             return inline(obj.model, obj.admin_site).check()
 
     def _check_list_display(self, obj):
-        """ Check that list_display only contains fields or usable attributes.
-        """
+        """Check that list_display only contains fields or usable attributes."""
 
         if not isinstance(obj.list_display, (list, tuple)):
-            return must_be('a list or tuple', option='list_display', obj=obj, id='admin.E107')
+            return must_be(
+                "a list or tuple", option="list_display", obj=obj, id="admin.E107"
+            )
         else:
-            return list(chain.from_iterable(
-                self._check_list_display_item(obj, item, "list_display[%d]" % index)
-                for index, item in enumerate(obj.list_display)
-            ))
+            return list(
+                chain.from_iterable(
+                    self._check_list_display_item(obj, item, "list_display[%d]" % index)
+                    for index, item in enumerate(obj.list_display)
+                )
+            )
 
     def _check_list_display_item(self, obj, item, label):
         if callable(item):
@@ -756,12 +905,15 @@ class ModelAdminChecks(BaseModelAdminChecks):
                     checks.Error(
                         "The value of '%s' refers to '%s', which is not a "
                         "callable, an attribute of '%s', or an attribute or "
-                        "method on '%s'." % (
-                            label, item, obj.__class__.__name__,
+                        "method on '%s'."
+                        % (
+                            label,
+                            item,
+                            obj.__class__.__name__,
                             obj.model._meta.label,
                         ),
                         obj=obj.__class__,
-                        id='admin.E108',
+                        id="admin.E108",
                     )
                 ]
         if isinstance(field, models.ManyToManyField):
@@ -769,37 +921,44 @@ class ModelAdminChecks(BaseModelAdminChecks):
                 checks.Error(
                     "The value of '%s' must not be a ManyToManyField." % label,
                     obj=obj.__class__,
-                    id='admin.E109',
+                    id="admin.E109",
                 )
             ]
         return []
 
     def _check_list_display_links(self, obj):
-        """ Check that list_display_links is a unique subset of list_display.
-        """
+        """Check that list_display_links is a unique subset of list_display."""
         from django.contrib.admin.options import ModelAdmin
 
         if obj.list_display_links is None:
             return []
         elif not isinstance(obj.list_display_links, (list, tuple)):
-            return must_be('a list, a tuple, or None', option='list_display_links', obj=obj, id='admin.E110')
+            return must_be(
+                "a list, a tuple, or None",
+                option="list_display_links",
+                obj=obj,
+                id="admin.E110",
+            )
         # Check only if ModelAdmin.get_list_display() isn't overridden.
         elif obj.get_list_display.__func__ is ModelAdmin.get_list_display:
-            return list(chain.from_iterable(
-                self._check_list_display_links_item(obj, field_name, "list_display_links[%d]" % index)
-                for index, field_name in enumerate(obj.list_display_links)
-            ))
+            return list(
+                chain.from_iterable(
+                    self._check_list_display_links_item(
+                        obj, field_name, "list_display_links[%d]" % index
+                    )
+                    for index, field_name in enumerate(obj.list_display_links)
+                )
+            )
         return []
 
     def _check_list_display_links_item(self, obj, field_name, label):
         if field_name not in obj.list_display:
             return [
                 checks.Error(
-                    "The value of '%s' refers to '%s', which is not defined in 'list_display'." % (
-                        label, field_name
-                    ),
+                    "The value of '%s' refers to '%s', which is not defined in 'list_display'."
+                    % (label, field_name),
                     obj=obj.__class__,
-                    id='admin.E111',
+                    id="admin.E111",
                 )
             ]
         else:
@@ -807,12 +966,16 @@ class ModelAdminChecks(BaseModelAdminChecks):
 
     def _check_list_filter(self, obj):
         if not isinstance(obj.list_filter, (list, tuple)):
-            return must_be('a list or tuple', option='list_filter', obj=obj, id='admin.E112')
+            return must_be(
+                "a list or tuple", option="list_filter", obj=obj, id="admin.E112"
+            )
         else:
-            return list(chain.from_iterable(
-                self._check_list_filter_item(obj, item, "list_filter[%d]" % index)
-                for index, item in enumerate(obj.list_filter)
-            ))
+            return list(
+                chain.from_iterable(
+                    self._check_list_filter_item(obj, item, "list_filter[%d]" % index)
+                    for index, item in enumerate(obj.list_filter)
+                )
+            )
 
     def _check_list_filter_item(self, obj, item, label):
         """
@@ -827,15 +990,17 @@ class ModelAdminChecks(BaseModelAdminChecks):
         if callable(item) and not isinstance(item, models.Field):
             # If item is option 3, it should be a ListFilter...
             if not _issubclass(item, ListFilter):
-                return must_inherit_from(parent='ListFilter', option=label,
-                                         obj=obj, id='admin.E113')
+                return must_inherit_from(
+                    parent="ListFilter", option=label, obj=obj, id="admin.E113"
+                )
             # ...  but not a FieldListFilter.
             elif issubclass(item, FieldListFilter):
                 return [
                     checks.Error(
-                        "The value of '%s' must not inherit from 'FieldListFilter'." % label,
+                        "The value of '%s' must not inherit from 'FieldListFilter'."
+                        % label,
                         obj=obj.__class__,
-                        id='admin.E114',
+                        id="admin.E114",
                     )
                 ]
             else:
@@ -844,7 +1009,12 @@ class ModelAdminChecks(BaseModelAdminChecks):
             # item is option #2
             field, list_filter_class = item
             if not _issubclass(list_filter_class, FieldListFilter):
-                return must_inherit_from(parent='FieldListFilter', option='%s[1]' % label, obj=obj, id='admin.E115')
+                return must_inherit_from(
+                    parent="FieldListFilter",
+                    option="%s[1]" % label,
+                    obj=obj,
+                    id="admin.E115",
+                )
             else:
                 return []
         else:
@@ -857,55 +1027,73 @@ class ModelAdminChecks(BaseModelAdminChecks):
             except (NotRelationField, FieldDoesNotExist):
                 return [
                     checks.Error(
-                        "The value of '%s' refers to '%s', which does not refer to a Field." % (label, field),
+                        "The value of '%s' refers to '%s', which does not refer to a Field."
+                        % (label, field),
                         obj=obj.__class__,
-                        id='admin.E116',
+                        id="admin.E116",
                     )
                 ]
             else:
                 return []
 
     def _check_list_select_related(self, obj):
-        """ Check that list_select_related is a boolean, a list or a tuple. """
+        """Check that list_select_related is a boolean, a list or a tuple."""
 
         if not isinstance(obj.list_select_related, (bool, list, tuple)):
-            return must_be('a boolean, tuple or list', option='list_select_related', obj=obj, id='admin.E117')
+            return must_be(
+                "a boolean, tuple or list",
+                option="list_select_related",
+                obj=obj,
+                id="admin.E117",
+            )
         else:
             return []
 
     def _check_list_per_page(self, obj):
-        """ Check that list_per_page is an integer. """
+        """Check that list_per_page is an integer."""
 
         if not isinstance(obj.list_per_page, int):
-            return must_be('an integer', option='list_per_page', obj=obj, id='admin.E118')
+            return must_be(
+                "an integer", option="list_per_page", obj=obj, id="admin.E118"
+            )
         else:
             return []
 
     def _check_list_max_show_all(self, obj):
-        """ Check that list_max_show_all is an integer. """
+        """Check that list_max_show_all is an integer."""
 
         if not isinstance(obj.list_max_show_all, int):
-            return must_be('an integer', option='list_max_show_all', obj=obj, id='admin.E119')
+            return must_be(
+                "an integer", option="list_max_show_all", obj=obj, id="admin.E119"
+            )
         else:
             return []
 
     def _check_list_editable(self, obj):
-        """ Check that list_editable is a sequence of editable fields from
-        list_display without first element. """
+        """Check that list_editable is a sequence of editable fields from
+        list_display without first element."""
 
         if not isinstance(obj.list_editable, (list, tuple)):
-            return must_be('a list or tuple', option='list_editable', obj=obj, id='admin.E120')
+            return must_be(
+                "a list or tuple", option="list_editable", obj=obj, id="admin.E120"
+            )
         else:
-            return list(chain.from_iterable(
-                self._check_list_editable_item(obj, item, "list_editable[%d]" % index)
-                for index, item in enumerate(obj.list_editable)
-            ))
+            return list(
+                chain.from_iterable(
+                    self._check_list_editable_item(
+                        obj, item, "list_editable[%d]" % index
+                    )
+                    for index, item in enumerate(obj.list_editable)
+                )
+            )
 
     def _check_list_editable_item(self, obj, field_name, label):
         try:
             field = obj.model._meta.get_field(field_name)
         except FieldDoesNotExist:
-            return refer_to_missing_field(field=field_name, option=label, obj=obj, id='admin.E121')
+            return refer_to_missing_field(
+                field=field_name, option=label, obj=obj, id="admin.E121"
+            )
         else:
             if field_name not in obj.list_display:
                 return [
@@ -913,54 +1101,58 @@ class ModelAdminChecks(BaseModelAdminChecks):
                         "The value of '%s' refers to '%s', which is not "
                         "contained in 'list_display'." % (label, field_name),
                         obj=obj.__class__,
-                        id='admin.E122',
+                        id="admin.E122",
                     )
                 ]
             elif obj.list_display_links and field_name in obj.list_display_links:
                 return [
                     checks.Error(
-                        "The value of '%s' cannot be in both 'list_editable' and 'list_display_links'." % field_name,
+                        "The value of '%s' cannot be in both 'list_editable' and 'list_display_links'."
+                        % field_name,
                         obj=obj.__class__,
-                        id='admin.E123',
+                        id="admin.E123",
                     )
                 ]
             # If list_display[0] is in list_editable, check that
             # list_display_links is set. See #22792 and #26229 for use cases.
-            elif (obj.list_display[0] == field_name and not obj.list_display_links and
-                    obj.list_display_links is not None):
+            elif (
+                obj.list_display[0] == field_name
+                and not obj.list_display_links
+                and obj.list_display_links is not None
+            ):
                 return [
                     checks.Error(
                         "The value of '%s' refers to the first field in 'list_display' ('%s'), "
-                        "which cannot be used unless 'list_display_links' is set." % (
-                            label, obj.list_display[0]
-                        ),
+                        "which cannot be used unless 'list_display_links' is set."
+                        % (label, obj.list_display[0]),
                         obj=obj.__class__,
-                        id='admin.E124',
+                        id="admin.E124",
                     )
                 ]
             elif not field.editable:
                 return [
                     checks.Error(
-                        "The value of '%s' refers to '%s', which is not editable through the admin." % (
-                            label, field_name
-                        ),
+                        "The value of '%s' refers to '%s', which is not editable through the admin."
+                        % (label, field_name),
                         obj=obj.__class__,
-                        id='admin.E125',
+                        id="admin.E125",
                     )
                 ]
             else:
                 return []
 
     def _check_search_fields(self, obj):
-        """ Check search_fields is a sequence. """
+        """Check search_fields is a sequence."""
 
         if not isinstance(obj.search_fields, (list, tuple)):
-            return must_be('a list or tuple', option='search_fields', obj=obj, id='admin.E126')
+            return must_be(
+                "a list or tuple", option="search_fields", obj=obj, id="admin.E126"
+            )
         else:
             return []
 
     def _check_date_hierarchy(self, obj):
-        """ Check that date_hierarchy refers to DateField or DateTimeField. """
+        """Check that date_hierarchy refers to DateField or DateTimeField."""
 
         if obj.date_hierarchy is None:
             return []
@@ -973,12 +1165,17 @@ class ModelAdminChecks(BaseModelAdminChecks):
                         "The value of 'date_hierarchy' refers to '%s', which "
                         "does not refer to a Field." % obj.date_hierarchy,
                         obj=obj.__class__,
-                        id='admin.E127',
+                        id="admin.E127",
                     )
                 ]
             else:
                 if not isinstance(field, (models.DateField, models.DateTimeField)):
-                    return must_be('a DateField or DateTimeField', option='date_hierarchy', obj=obj, id='admin.E128')
+                    return must_be(
+                        "a DateField or DateTimeField",
+                        option="date_hierarchy",
+                        obj=obj,
+                        id="admin.E128",
+                    )
                 else:
                     return []
 
@@ -990,20 +1187,21 @@ class ModelAdminChecks(BaseModelAdminChecks):
         actions = obj._get_base_actions()
         errors = []
         for func, name, _ in actions:
-            if not hasattr(func, 'allowed_permissions'):
+            if not hasattr(func, "allowed_permissions"):
                 continue
             for permission in func.allowed_permissions:
-                method_name = 'has_%s_permission' % permission
+                method_name = "has_%s_permission" % permission
                 if not hasattr(obj, method_name):
                     errors.append(
                         checks.Error(
-                            '%s must define a %s() method for the %s action.' % (
+                            "%s must define a %s() method for the %s action."
+                            % (
                                 obj.__class__.__name__,
                                 method_name,
                                 func.__name__,
                             ),
                             obj=obj.__class__,
-                            id='admin.E129',
+                            id="admin.E129",
                         )
                     )
         return errors
@@ -1014,20 +1212,22 @@ class ModelAdminChecks(BaseModelAdminChecks):
         names = collections.Counter(name for _, name, _ in obj._get_base_actions())
         for name, count in names.items():
             if count > 1:
-                errors.append(checks.Error(
-                    '__name__ attributes of actions defined in %s must be '
-                    'unique. Name %r is not unique.' % (
-                        obj.__class__.__name__,
-                        name,
-                    ),
-                    obj=obj.__class__,
-                    id='admin.E130',
-                ))
+                errors.append(
+                    checks.Error(
+                        "__name__ attributes of actions defined in %s must be "
+                        "unique. Name %r is not unique."
+                        % (
+                            obj.__class__.__name__,
+                            name,
+                        ),
+                        obj=obj.__class__,
+                        id="admin.E130",
+                    )
+                )
         return errors
 
 
 class InlineModelAdminChecks(BaseModelAdminChecks):
-
     def check(self, inline_obj, **kwargs):
         parent_model = inline_obj.parent_model
         return [
@@ -1059,11 +1259,13 @@ class InlineModelAdminChecks(BaseModelAdminChecks):
             return [
                 checks.Error(
                     "Cannot exclude the field '%s', because it is the foreign key "
-                    "to the parent model '%s'." % (
-                        fk.name, parent_model._meta.label,
+                    "to the parent model '%s'."
+                    % (
+                        fk.name,
+                        parent_model._meta.label,
                     ),
                     obj=obj.__class__,
-                    id='admin.E201',
+                    id="admin.E201",
                 )
             ]
         else:
@@ -1073,43 +1275,45 @@ class InlineModelAdminChecks(BaseModelAdminChecks):
         try:
             _get_foreign_key(parent_model, obj.model, fk_name=obj.fk_name)
         except ValueError as e:
-            return [checks.Error(e.args[0], obj=obj.__class__, id='admin.E202')]
+            return [checks.Error(e.args[0], obj=obj.__class__, id="admin.E202")]
         else:
             return []
 
     def _check_extra(self, obj):
-        """ Check that extra is an integer. """
+        """Check that extra is an integer."""
 
         if not isinstance(obj.extra, int):
-            return must_be('an integer', option='extra', obj=obj, id='admin.E203')
+            return must_be("an integer", option="extra", obj=obj, id="admin.E203")
         else:
             return []
 
     def _check_max_num(self, obj):
-        """ Check that max_num is an integer. """
+        """Check that max_num is an integer."""
 
         if obj.max_num is None:
             return []
         elif not isinstance(obj.max_num, int):
-            return must_be('an integer', option='max_num', obj=obj, id='admin.E204')
+            return must_be("an integer", option="max_num", obj=obj, id="admin.E204")
         else:
             return []
 
     def _check_min_num(self, obj):
-        """ Check that min_num is an integer. """
+        """Check that min_num is an integer."""
 
         if obj.min_num is None:
             return []
         elif not isinstance(obj.min_num, int):
-            return must_be('an integer', option='min_num', obj=obj, id='admin.E205')
+            return must_be("an integer", option="min_num", obj=obj, id="admin.E205")
         else:
             return []
 
     def _check_formset(self, obj):
-        """ Check formset is a subclass of BaseModelFormSet. """
+        """Check formset is a subclass of BaseModelFormSet."""
 
         if not _issubclass(obj.formset, BaseModelFormSet):
-            return must_inherit_from(parent='BaseModelFormSet', option='formset', obj=obj, id='admin.E206')
+            return must_inherit_from(
+                parent="BaseModelFormSet", option="formset", obj=obj, id="admin.E206"
+            )
         else:
             return []
 
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/decorators.py b/django/contrib/admin/decorators.py
index 4de99580ad..d3ff56a59a 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/decorators.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/decorators.py
@@ -17,19 +17,23 @@ def action(function=None, *, permissions=None, description=None):
         make_published.allowed_permissions = ['publish']
         make_published.short_description = 'Mark selected stories as published'
     """
+
     def decorator(func):
         if permissions is not None:
             func.allowed_permissions = permissions
         if description is not None:
             func.short_description = description
         return func
+
     if function is None:
         return decorator
     else:
         return decorator(function)
 
 
-def display(function=None, *, boolean=None, ordering=None, description=None, empty_value=None):
+def display(
+    function=None, *, boolean=None, ordering=None, description=None, empty_value=None
+):
     """
     Conveniently add attributes to a display function::
 
@@ -50,11 +54,12 @@ def display(function=None, *, boolean=None, ordering=None, description=None, emp
         is_published.admin_order_field = '-publish_date'
         is_published.short_description = 'Is Published?'
     """
+
     def decorator(func):
         if boolean is not None and empty_value is not None:
             raise ValueError(
-                'The boolean and empty_value arguments to the @display '
-                'decorator are mutually exclusive.'
+                "The boolean and empty_value arguments to the @display "
+                "decorator are mutually exclusive."
             )
         if boolean is not None:
             func.boolean = boolean
@@ -65,6 +70,7 @@ def display(function=None, *, boolean=None, ordering=None, description=None, emp
         if empty_value is not None:
             func.empty_value_display = empty_value
         return func
+
     if function is None:
         return decorator
     else:
@@ -83,21 +89,23 @@ def register(*models, site=None):
     The `site` kwarg is an admin site to use instead of the default admin site.
     """
     from django.contrib.admin import ModelAdmin
-    from django.contrib.admin.sites import AdminSite, site as default_site
+    from django.contrib.admin.sites import AdminSite
+    from django.contrib.admin.sites import site as default_site
 
     def _model_admin_wrapper(admin_class):
         if not models:
-            raise ValueError('At least one model must be passed to register.')
+            raise ValueError("At least one model must be passed to register.")
 
         admin_site = site or default_site
 
         if not isinstance(admin_site, AdminSite):
-            raise ValueError('site must subclass AdminSite')
+            raise ValueError("site must subclass AdminSite")
 
         if not issubclass(admin_class, ModelAdmin):
-            raise ValueError('Wrapped class must subclass ModelAdmin.')
+            raise ValueError("Wrapped class must subclass ModelAdmin.")
 
         admin_site.register(models, admin_class=admin_class)
 
         return admin_class
+
     return _model_admin_wrapper
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/exceptions.py b/django/contrib/admin/exceptions.py
index f619bc2252..2ee8f625ca 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/exceptions.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/exceptions.py
@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@ from django.core.exceptions import SuspiciousOperation
 
 class DisallowedModelAdminLookup(SuspiciousOperation):
     """Invalid filter was passed to admin view via URL querystring"""
+
     pass
 
 
 class DisallowedModelAdminToField(SuspiciousOperation):
     """Invalid to_field was passed to admin view via URL query string"""
+
     pass
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/filters.py b/django/contrib/admin/filters.py
index f6833e57cb..ec97605f14 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/filters.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/filters.py
@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@ import datetime
 
 from django.contrib.admin.options import IncorrectLookupParameters
 from django.contrib.admin.utils import (
-    get_model_from_relation, prepare_lookup_value, reverse_field_path,
+    get_model_from_relation,
+    prepare_lookup_value,
+    reverse_field_path,
 )
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured, ValidationError
 from django.db import models
@@ -19,7 +21,7 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 class ListFilter:
     title = None  # Human-readable title to appear in the right sidebar.
-    template = 'admin/filter.html'
+    template = "admin/filter.html"
 
     def __init__(self, request, params, model, model_admin):
         # This dictionary will eventually contain the request's query string
@@ -35,7 +37,9 @@ class ListFilter:
         """
         Return True if some choices would be output for this filter.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of ListFilter must provide a has_output() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of ListFilter must provide a has_output() method"
+        )
 
     def choices(self, changelist):
         """
@@ -43,20 +47,26 @@ class ListFilter:
 
         `changelist` is the ChangeList to be displayed.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of ListFilter must provide a choices() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of ListFilter must provide a choices() method"
+        )
 
     def queryset(self, request, queryset):
         """
         Return the filtered queryset.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of ListFilter must provide a queryset() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of ListFilter must provide a queryset() method"
+        )
 
     def expected_parameters(self):
         """
         Return the list of parameter names that are expected from the
         request's query string and that will be used by this filter.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of ListFilter must provide an expected_parameters() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of ListFilter must provide an expected_parameters() method"
+        )
 
 
 class SimpleListFilter(ListFilter):
@@ -94,8 +104,8 @@ class SimpleListFilter(ListFilter):
         Must be overridden to return a list of tuples (value, verbose value)
         """
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            'The SimpleListFilter.lookups() method must be overridden to '
-            'return a list of tuples (value, verbose value).'
+            "The SimpleListFilter.lookups() method must be overridden to "
+            "return a list of tuples (value, verbose value)."
         )
 
     def expected_parameters(self):
@@ -103,32 +113,36 @@ class SimpleListFilter(ListFilter):
 
     def choices(self, changelist):
         yield {
-            'selected': self.value() is None,
-            'query_string': changelist.get_query_string(remove=[self.parameter_name]),
-            'display': _('All'),
+            "selected": self.value() is None,
+            "query_string": changelist.get_query_string(remove=[self.parameter_name]),
+            "display": _("All"),
         }
         for lookup, title in self.lookup_choices:
             yield {
-                'selected': self.value() == str(lookup),
-                'query_string': changelist.get_query_string({self.parameter_name: lookup}),
-                'display': title,
+                "selected": self.value() == str(lookup),
+                "query_string": changelist.get_query_string(
+                    {self.parameter_name: lookup}
+                ),
+                "display": title,
             }
 
 
 class FieldListFilter(ListFilter):
     _field_list_filters = []
     _take_priority_index = 0
-    list_separator = ','
+    list_separator = ","
 
     def __init__(self, field, request, params, model, model_admin, field_path):
         self.field = field
         self.field_path = field_path
-        self.title = getattr(field, 'verbose_name', field_path)
+        self.title = getattr(field, "verbose_name", field_path)
         super().__init__(request, params, model, model_admin)
         for p in self.expected_parameters():
             if p in params:
                 value = params.pop(p)
-                self.used_parameters[p] = prepare_lookup_value(p, value, self.list_separator)
+                self.used_parameters[p] = prepare_lookup_value(
+                    p, value, self.list_separator
+                )
 
     def has_output(self):
         return True
@@ -148,7 +162,8 @@ class FieldListFilter(ListFilter):
             # of fields with some custom filters. The first found in the list
             # is used in priority.
             cls._field_list_filters.insert(
-                cls._take_priority_index, (test, list_filter_class))
+                cls._take_priority_index, (test, list_filter_class)
+            )
             cls._take_priority_index += 1
         else:
             cls._field_list_filters.append((test, list_filter_class))
@@ -157,19 +172,21 @@ class FieldListFilter(ListFilter):
     def create(cls, field, request, params, model, model_admin, field_path):
         for test, list_filter_class in cls._field_list_filters:
             if test(field):
-                return list_filter_class(field, request, params, model, model_admin, field_path=field_path)
+                return list_filter_class(
+                    field, request, params, model, model_admin, field_path=field_path
+                )
 
 
 class RelatedFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
     def __init__(self, field, request, params, model, model_admin, field_path):
         other_model = get_model_from_relation(field)
-        self.lookup_kwarg = '%s__%s__exact' % (field_path, field.target_field.name)
-        self.lookup_kwarg_isnull = '%s__isnull' % field_path
+        self.lookup_kwarg = "%s__%s__exact" % (field_path, field.target_field.name)
+        self.lookup_kwarg_isnull = "%s__isnull" % field_path
         self.lookup_val = params.get(self.lookup_kwarg)
         self.lookup_val_isnull = params.get(self.lookup_kwarg_isnull)
         super().__init__(field, request, params, model, model_admin, field_path)
         self.lookup_choices = self.field_choices(field, request, model_admin)
-        if hasattr(field, 'verbose_name'):
+        if hasattr(field, "verbose_name"):
             self.lookup_title = field.verbose_name
         else:
             self.lookup_title = other_model._meta.verbose_name
@@ -209,21 +226,27 @@ class RelatedFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
 
     def choices(self, changelist):
         yield {
-            'selected': self.lookup_val is None and not self.lookup_val_isnull,
-            'query_string': changelist.get_query_string(remove=[self.lookup_kwarg, self.lookup_kwarg_isnull]),
-            'display': _('All'),
+            "selected": self.lookup_val is None and not self.lookup_val_isnull,
+            "query_string": changelist.get_query_string(
+                remove=[self.lookup_kwarg, self.lookup_kwarg_isnull]
+            ),
+            "display": _("All"),
         }
         for pk_val, val in self.lookup_choices:
             yield {
-                'selected': self.lookup_val == str(pk_val),
-                'query_string': changelist.get_query_string({self.lookup_kwarg: pk_val}, [self.lookup_kwarg_isnull]),
-                'display': val,
+                "selected": self.lookup_val == str(pk_val),
+                "query_string": changelist.get_query_string(
+                    {self.lookup_kwarg: pk_val}, [self.lookup_kwarg_isnull]
+                ),
+                "display": val,
             }
         if self.include_empty_choice:
             yield {
-                'selected': bool(self.lookup_val_isnull),
-                'query_string': changelist.get_query_string({self.lookup_kwarg_isnull: 'True'}, [self.lookup_kwarg]),
-                'display': self.empty_value_display,
+                "selected": bool(self.lookup_val_isnull),
+                "query_string": changelist.get_query_string(
+                    {self.lookup_kwarg_isnull: "True"}, [self.lookup_kwarg]
+                ),
+                "display": self.empty_value_display,
             }
 
 
@@ -232,14 +255,19 @@ FieldListFilter.register(lambda f: f.remote_field, RelatedFieldListFilter)
 
 class BooleanFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
     def __init__(self, field, request, params, model, model_admin, field_path):
-        self.lookup_kwarg = '%s__exact' % field_path
-        self.lookup_kwarg2 = '%s__isnull' % field_path
+        self.lookup_kwarg = "%s__exact" % field_path
+        self.lookup_kwarg2 = "%s__isnull" % field_path
         self.lookup_val = params.get(self.lookup_kwarg)
         self.lookup_val2 = params.get(self.lookup_kwarg2)
         super().__init__(field, request, params, model, model_admin, field_path)
-        if (self.used_parameters and self.lookup_kwarg in self.used_parameters and
-                self.used_parameters[self.lookup_kwarg] in ('1', '0')):
-            self.used_parameters[self.lookup_kwarg] = bool(int(self.used_parameters[self.lookup_kwarg]))
+        if (
+            self.used_parameters
+            and self.lookup_kwarg in self.used_parameters
+            and self.used_parameters[self.lookup_kwarg] in ("1", "0")
+        ):
+            self.used_parameters[self.lookup_kwarg] = bool(
+                int(self.used_parameters[self.lookup_kwarg])
+            )
 
     def expected_parameters(self):
         return [self.lookup_kwarg, self.lookup_kwarg2]
@@ -247,30 +275,36 @@ class BooleanFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
     def choices(self, changelist):
         field_choices = dict(self.field.flatchoices)
         for lookup, title in (
-            (None, _('All')),
-            ('1', field_choices.get(True, _('Yes'))),
-            ('0', field_choices.get(False, _('No'))),
+            (None, _("All")),
+            ("1", field_choices.get(True, _("Yes"))),
+            ("0", field_choices.get(False, _("No"))),
         ):
             yield {
-                'selected': self.lookup_val == lookup and not self.lookup_val2,
-                'query_string': changelist.get_query_string({self.lookup_kwarg: lookup}, [self.lookup_kwarg2]),
-                'display': title,
+                "selected": self.lookup_val == lookup and not self.lookup_val2,
+                "query_string": changelist.get_query_string(
+                    {self.lookup_kwarg: lookup}, [self.lookup_kwarg2]
+                ),
+                "display": title,
             }
         if self.field.null:
             yield {
-                'selected': self.lookup_val2 == 'True',
-                'query_string': changelist.get_query_string({self.lookup_kwarg2: 'True'}, [self.lookup_kwarg]),
-                'display': field_choices.get(None, _('Unknown')),
+                "selected": self.lookup_val2 == "True",
+                "query_string": changelist.get_query_string(
+                    {self.lookup_kwarg2: "True"}, [self.lookup_kwarg]
+                ),
+                "display": field_choices.get(None, _("Unknown")),
             }
 
 
-FieldListFilter.register(lambda f: isinstance(f, models.BooleanField), BooleanFieldListFilter)
+FieldListFilter.register(
+    lambda f: isinstance(f, models.BooleanField), BooleanFieldListFilter
+)
 
 
 class ChoicesFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
     def __init__(self, field, request, params, model, model_admin, field_path):
-        self.lookup_kwarg = '%s__exact' % field_path
-        self.lookup_kwarg_isnull = '%s__isnull' % field_path
+        self.lookup_kwarg = "%s__exact" % field_path
+        self.lookup_kwarg_isnull = "%s__isnull" % field_path
         self.lookup_val = params.get(self.lookup_kwarg)
         self.lookup_val_isnull = params.get(self.lookup_kwarg_isnull)
         super().__init__(field, request, params, model, model_admin, field_path)
@@ -280,25 +314,31 @@ class ChoicesFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
 
     def choices(self, changelist):
         yield {
-            'selected': self.lookup_val is None,
-            'query_string': changelist.get_query_string(remove=[self.lookup_kwarg, self.lookup_kwarg_isnull]),
-            'display': _('All')
+            "selected": self.lookup_val is None,
+            "query_string": changelist.get_query_string(
+                remove=[self.lookup_kwarg, self.lookup_kwarg_isnull]
+            ),
+            "display": _("All"),
         }
-        none_title = ''
+        none_title = ""
         for lookup, title in self.field.flatchoices:
             if lookup is None:
                 none_title = title
                 continue
             yield {
-                'selected': str(lookup) == self.lookup_val,
-                'query_string': changelist.get_query_string({self.lookup_kwarg: lookup}, [self.lookup_kwarg_isnull]),
-                'display': title,
+                "selected": str(lookup) == self.lookup_val,
+                "query_string": changelist.get_query_string(
+                    {self.lookup_kwarg: lookup}, [self.lookup_kwarg_isnull]
+                ),
+                "display": title,
             }
         if none_title:
             yield {
-                'selected': bool(self.lookup_val_isnull),
-                'query_string': changelist.get_query_string({self.lookup_kwarg_isnull: 'True'}, [self.lookup_kwarg]),
-                'display': none_title,
+                "selected": bool(self.lookup_val_isnull),
+                "query_string": changelist.get_query_string(
+                    {self.lookup_kwarg_isnull: "True"}, [self.lookup_kwarg]
+                ),
+                "display": none_title,
             }
 
 
@@ -307,8 +347,10 @@ FieldListFilter.register(lambda f: bool(f.choices), ChoicesFieldListFilter)
 
 class DateFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
     def __init__(self, field, request, params, model, model_admin, field_path):
-        self.field_generic = '%s__' % field_path
-        self.date_params = {k: v for k, v in params.items() if k.startswith(self.field_generic)}
+        self.field_generic = "%s__" % field_path
+        self.date_params = {
+            k: v for k, v in params.items() if k.startswith(self.field_generic)
+        }
 
         now = timezone.now()
         # When time zone support is enabled, convert "now" to the user's time
@@ -318,7 +360,7 @@ class DateFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
 
         if isinstance(field, models.DateTimeField):
             today = now.replace(hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0)
-        else:       # field is a models.DateField
+        else:  # field is a models.DateField
             today = now.date()
         tomorrow = today + datetime.timedelta(days=1)
         if today.month == 12:
@@ -327,32 +369,44 @@ class DateFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
             next_month = today.replace(month=today.month + 1, day=1)
         next_year = today.replace(year=today.year + 1, month=1, day=1)
 
-        self.lookup_kwarg_since = '%s__gte' % field_path
-        self.lookup_kwarg_until = '%s__lt' % field_path
+        self.lookup_kwarg_since = "%s__gte" % field_path
+        self.lookup_kwarg_until = "%s__lt" % field_path
         self.links = (
-            (_('Any date'), {}),
-            (_('Today'), {
-                self.lookup_kwarg_since: str(today),
-                self.lookup_kwarg_until: str(tomorrow),
-            }),
-            (_('Past 7 days'), {
-                self.lookup_kwarg_since: str(today - datetime.timedelta(days=7)),
-                self.lookup_kwarg_until: str(tomorrow),
-            }),
-            (_('This month'), {
-                self.lookup_kwarg_since: str(today.replace(day=1)),
-                self.lookup_kwarg_until: str(next_month),
-            }),
-            (_('This year'), {
-                self.lookup_kwarg_since: str(today.replace(month=1, day=1)),
-                self.lookup_kwarg_until: str(next_year),
-            }),
+            (_("Any date"), {}),
+            (
+                _("Today"),
+                {
+                    self.lookup_kwarg_since: str(today),
+                    self.lookup_kwarg_until: str(tomorrow),
+                },
+            ),
+            (
+                _("Past 7 days"),
+                {
+                    self.lookup_kwarg_since: str(today - datetime.timedelta(days=7)),
+                    self.lookup_kwarg_until: str(tomorrow),
+                },
+            ),
+            (
+                _("This month"),
+                {
+                    self.lookup_kwarg_since: str(today.replace(day=1)),
+                    self.lookup_kwarg_until: str(next_month),
+                },
+            ),
+            (
+                _("This year"),
+                {
+                    self.lookup_kwarg_since: str(today.replace(month=1, day=1)),
+                    self.lookup_kwarg_until: str(next_year),
+                },
+            ),
         )
         if field.null:
-            self.lookup_kwarg_isnull = '%s__isnull' % field_path
+            self.lookup_kwarg_isnull = "%s__isnull" % field_path
             self.links += (
-                (_('No date'), {self.field_generic + 'isnull': 'True'}),
-                (_('Has date'), {self.field_generic + 'isnull': 'False'}),
+                (_("No date"), {self.field_generic + "isnull": "True"}),
+                (_("Has date"), {self.field_generic + "isnull": "False"}),
             )
         super().__init__(field, request, params, model, model_admin, field_path)
 
@@ -365,14 +419,15 @@ class DateFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
     def choices(self, changelist):
         for title, param_dict in self.links:
             yield {
-                'selected': self.date_params == param_dict,
-                'query_string': changelist.get_query_string(param_dict, [self.field_generic]),
-                'display': title,
+                "selected": self.date_params == param_dict,
+                "query_string": changelist.get_query_string(
+                    param_dict, [self.field_generic]
+                ),
+                "display": title,
             }
 
 
-FieldListFilter.register(
-    lambda f: isinstance(f, models.DateField), DateFieldListFilter)
+FieldListFilter.register(lambda f: isinstance(f, models.DateField), DateFieldListFilter)
 
 
 # This should be registered last, because it's a last resort. For example,
@@ -381,7 +436,7 @@ FieldListFilter.register(
 class AllValuesFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
     def __init__(self, field, request, params, model, model_admin, field_path):
         self.lookup_kwarg = field_path
-        self.lookup_kwarg_isnull = '%s__isnull' % field_path
+        self.lookup_kwarg_isnull = "%s__isnull" % field_path
         self.lookup_val = params.get(self.lookup_kwarg)
         self.lookup_val_isnull = params.get(self.lookup_kwarg_isnull)
         self.empty_value_display = model_admin.get_empty_value_display()
@@ -391,7 +446,9 @@ class AllValuesFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
             queryset = model_admin.get_queryset(request)
         else:
             queryset = parent_model._default_manager.all()
-        self.lookup_choices = queryset.distinct().order_by(field.name).values_list(field.name, flat=True)
+        self.lookup_choices = (
+            queryset.distinct().order_by(field.name).values_list(field.name, flat=True)
+        )
         super().__init__(field, request, params, model, model_admin, field_path)
 
     def expected_parameters(self):
@@ -399,9 +456,11 @@ class AllValuesFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
 
     def choices(self, changelist):
         yield {
-            'selected': self.lookup_val is None and self.lookup_val_isnull is None,
-            'query_string': changelist.get_query_string(remove=[self.lookup_kwarg, self.lookup_kwarg_isnull]),
-            'display': _('All'),
+            "selected": self.lookup_val is None and self.lookup_val_isnull is None,
+            "query_string": changelist.get_query_string(
+                remove=[self.lookup_kwarg, self.lookup_kwarg_isnull]
+            ),
+            "display": _("All"),
         }
         include_none = False
         for val in self.lookup_choices:
@@ -410,15 +469,19 @@ class AllValuesFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
                 continue
             val = str(val)
             yield {
-                'selected': self.lookup_val == val,
-                'query_string': changelist.get_query_string({self.lookup_kwarg: val}, [self.lookup_kwarg_isnull]),
-                'display': val,
+                "selected": self.lookup_val == val,
+                "query_string": changelist.get_query_string(
+                    {self.lookup_kwarg: val}, [self.lookup_kwarg_isnull]
+                ),
+                "display": val,
             }
         if include_none:
             yield {
-                'selected': bool(self.lookup_val_isnull),
-                'query_string': changelist.get_query_string({self.lookup_kwarg_isnull: 'True'}, [self.lookup_kwarg]),
-                'display': self.empty_value_display,
+                "selected": bool(self.lookup_val_isnull),
+                "query_string": changelist.get_query_string(
+                    {self.lookup_kwarg_isnull: "True"}, [self.lookup_kwarg]
+                ),
+                "display": self.empty_value_display,
             }
 
 
@@ -427,9 +490,15 @@ FieldListFilter.register(lambda f: True, AllValuesFieldListFilter)
 
 class RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter(RelatedFieldListFilter):
     def field_choices(self, field, request, model_admin):
-        pk_qs = model_admin.get_queryset(request).distinct().values_list('%s__pk' % self.field_path, flat=True)
+        pk_qs = (
+            model_admin.get_queryset(request)
+            .distinct()
+            .values_list("%s__pk" % self.field_path, flat=True)
+        )
         ordering = self.field_admin_ordering(field, request, model_admin)
-        return field.get_choices(include_blank=False, limit_choices_to={'pk__in': pk_qs}, ordering=ordering)
+        return field.get_choices(
+            include_blank=False, limit_choices_to={"pk__in": pk_qs}, ordering=ordering
+        )
 
 
 class EmptyFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
@@ -437,28 +506,29 @@ class EmptyFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
         if not field.empty_strings_allowed and not field.null:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                 "The list filter '%s' cannot be used with field '%s' which "
-                "doesn't allow empty strings and nulls." % (
+                "doesn't allow empty strings and nulls."
+                % (
                     self.__class__.__name__,
                     field.name,
                 )
             )
-        self.lookup_kwarg = '%s__isempty' % field_path
+        self.lookup_kwarg = "%s__isempty" % field_path
         self.lookup_val = params.get(self.lookup_kwarg)
         super().__init__(field, request, params, model, model_admin, field_path)
 
     def queryset(self, request, queryset):
         if self.lookup_kwarg not in self.used_parameters:
             return queryset
-        if self.lookup_val not in ('0', '1'):
+        if self.lookup_val not in ("0", "1"):
             raise IncorrectLookupParameters
 
         lookup_conditions = []
         if self.field.empty_strings_allowed:
-            lookup_conditions.append((self.field_path, ''))
+            lookup_conditions.append((self.field_path, ""))
         if self.field.null:
-            lookup_conditions.append((f'{self.field_path}__isnull', True))
+            lookup_conditions.append((f"{self.field_path}__isnull", True))
         lookup_condition = models.Q(*lookup_conditions, _connector=models.Q.OR)
-        if self.lookup_val == '1':
+        if self.lookup_val == "1":
             return queryset.filter(lookup_condition)
         return queryset.exclude(lookup_condition)
 
@@ -467,12 +537,14 @@ class EmptyFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
 
     def choices(self, changelist):
         for lookup, title in (
-            (None, _('All')),
-            ('1', _('Empty')),
-            ('0', _('Not empty')),
+            (None, _("All")),
+            ("1", _("Empty")),
+            ("0", _("Not empty")),
         ):
             yield {
-                'selected': self.lookup_val == lookup,
-                'query_string': changelist.get_query_string({self.lookup_kwarg: lookup}),
-                'display': title,
+                "selected": self.lookup_val == lookup,
+                "query_string": changelist.get_query_string(
+                    {self.lookup_kwarg: lookup}
+                ),
+                "display": title,
             }
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/forms.py b/django/contrib/admin/forms.py
index ee275095e3..bbb072bdb2 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/forms.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/forms.py
@@ -7,24 +7,25 @@ class AdminAuthenticationForm(AuthenticationForm):
     """
     A custom authentication form used in the admin app.
     """
+
     error_messages = {
         **AuthenticationForm.error_messages,
-        'invalid_login': _(
+        "invalid_login": _(
             "Please enter the correct %(username)s and password for a staff "
             "account. Note that both fields may be case-sensitive."
         ),
     }
-    required_css_class = 'required'
+    required_css_class = "required"
 
     def confirm_login_allowed(self, user):
         super().confirm_login_allowed(user)
         if not user.is_staff:
             raise ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['invalid_login'],
-                code='invalid_login',
-                params={'username': self.username_field.verbose_name}
+                self.error_messages["invalid_login"],
+                code="invalid_login",
+                params={"username": self.username_field.verbose_name},
             )
 
 
 class AdminPasswordChangeForm(PasswordChangeForm):
-    required_css_class = 'required'
+    required_css_class = "required"
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/helpers.py b/django/contrib/admin/helpers.py
index dae626b550..2e7a20a49b 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/helpers.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/helpers.py
@@ -2,43 +2,57 @@ import json
 
 from django import forms
 from django.contrib.admin.utils import (
-    display_for_field, flatten_fieldsets, help_text_for_field, label_for_field,
-    lookup_field, quote,
+    display_for_field,
+    flatten_fieldsets,
+    help_text_for_field,
+    label_for_field,
+    lookup_field,
+    quote,
 )
 from django.core.exceptions import ObjectDoesNotExist
 from django.db.models.fields.related import (
-    ForeignObjectRel, ManyToManyRel, OneToOneField,
+    ForeignObjectRel,
+    ManyToManyRel,
+    OneToOneField,
 )
 from django.forms.utils import flatatt
 from django.template.defaultfilters import capfirst, linebreaksbr
 from django.urls import NoReverseMatch, reverse
 from django.utils.html import conditional_escape, format_html
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
-from django.utils.translation import gettext, gettext_lazy as _
+from django.utils.translation import gettext
+from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
-ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME = '_selected_action'
+ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME = "_selected_action"
 
 
 class ActionForm(forms.Form):
-    action = forms.ChoiceField(label=_('Action:'))
+    action = forms.ChoiceField(label=_("Action:"))
     select_across = forms.BooleanField(
-        label='',
+        label="",
         required=False,
         initial=0,
-        widget=forms.HiddenInput({'class': 'select-across'}),
+        widget=forms.HiddenInput({"class": "select-across"}),
     )
 
 
-checkbox = forms.CheckboxInput({'class': 'action-select'}, lambda value: False)
+checkbox = forms.CheckboxInput({"class": "action-select"}, lambda value: False)
 
 
 class AdminForm:
-    def __init__(self, form, fieldsets, prepopulated_fields, readonly_fields=None, model_admin=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        form,
+        fieldsets,
+        prepopulated_fields,
+        readonly_fields=None,
+        model_admin=None,
+    ):
         self.form, self.fieldsets = form, fieldsets
-        self.prepopulated_fields = [{
-            'field': form[field_name],
-            'dependencies': [form[f] for f in dependencies]
-        } for field_name, dependencies in prepopulated_fields.items()]
+        self.prepopulated_fields = [
+            {"field": form[field_name], "dependencies": [form[f] for f in dependencies]}
+            for field_name, dependencies in prepopulated_fields.items()
+        ]
         self.model_admin = model_admin
         if readonly_fields is None:
             readonly_fields = ()
@@ -46,18 +60,19 @@ class AdminForm:
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return (
-            f'<{self.__class__.__qualname__}: '
-            f'form={self.form.__class__.__qualname__} '
-            f'fieldsets={self.fieldsets!r}>'
+            f"<{self.__class__.__qualname__}: "
+            f"form={self.form.__class__.__qualname__} "
+            f"fieldsets={self.fieldsets!r}>"
         )
 
     def __iter__(self):
         for name, options in self.fieldsets:
             yield Fieldset(
-                self.form, name,
+                self.form,
+                name,
                 readonly_fields=self.readonly_fields,
                 model_admin=self.model_admin,
-                **options
+                **options,
             )
 
     @property
@@ -77,24 +92,34 @@ class AdminForm:
 
 
 class Fieldset:
-    def __init__(self, form, name=None, readonly_fields=(), fields=(), classes=(),
-                 description=None, model_admin=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        form,
+        name=None,
+        readonly_fields=(),
+        fields=(),
+        classes=(),
+        description=None,
+        model_admin=None,
+    ):
         self.form = form
         self.name, self.fields = name, fields
-        self.classes = ' '.join(classes)
+        self.classes = " ".join(classes)
         self.description = description
         self.model_admin = model_admin
         self.readonly_fields = readonly_fields
 
     @property
     def media(self):
-        if 'collapse' in self.classes:
-            return forms.Media(js=['admin/js/collapse.js'])
+        if "collapse" in self.classes:
+            return forms.Media(js=["admin/js/collapse.js"])
         return forms.Media()
 
     def __iter__(self):
         for field in self.fields:
-            yield Fieldline(self.form, field, self.readonly_fields, model_admin=self.model_admin)
+            yield Fieldline(
+                self.form, field, self.readonly_fields, model_admin=self.model_admin
+            )
 
 
 class Fieldline:
@@ -116,15 +141,19 @@ class Fieldline:
     def __iter__(self):
         for i, field in enumerate(self.fields):
             if field in self.readonly_fields:
-                yield AdminReadonlyField(self.form, field, is_first=(i == 0), model_admin=self.model_admin)
+                yield AdminReadonlyField(
+                    self.form, field, is_first=(i == 0), model_admin=self.model_admin
+                )
             else:
                 yield AdminField(self.form, field, is_first=(i == 0))
 
     def errors(self):
         return mark_safe(
-            '\n'.join(
-                self.form[f].errors.as_ul() for f in self.fields if f not in self.readonly_fields
-            ).strip('\n')
+            "\n".join(
+                self.form[f].errors.as_ul()
+                for f in self.fields
+                if f not in self.readonly_fields
+            ).strip("\n")
         )
 
 
@@ -139,18 +168,19 @@ class AdminField:
         classes = []
         contents = conditional_escape(self.field.label)
         if self.is_checkbox:
-            classes.append('vCheckboxLabel')
+            classes.append("vCheckboxLabel")
 
         if self.field.field.required:
-            classes.append('required')
+            classes.append("required")
         if not self.is_first:
-            classes.append('inline')
-        attrs = {'class': ' '.join(classes)} if classes else {}
+            classes.append("inline")
+        attrs = {"class": " ".join(classes)} if classes else {}
         # checkboxes should not have a label suffix as the checkbox appears
         # to the left of the label.
         return self.field.label_tag(
-            contents=mark_safe(contents), attrs=attrs,
-            label_suffix='' if self.is_checkbox else None,
+            contents=mark_safe(contents),
+            attrs=attrs,
+            label_suffix="" if self.is_checkbox else None,
         )
 
     def errors(self):
@@ -163,7 +193,7 @@ class AdminReadonlyField:
         # {{ field.name }} must be a useful class name to identify the field.
         # For convenience, store other field-related data here too.
         if callable(field):
-            class_name = field.__name__ if field.__name__ != '<lambda>' else ''
+            class_name = field.__name__ if field.__name__ != "<lambda>" else ""
         else:
             class_name = field
 
@@ -183,11 +213,11 @@ class AdminReadonlyField:
             is_hidden = False
 
         self.field = {
-            'name': class_name,
-            'label': label,
-            'help_text': help_text,
-            'field': field,
-            'is_hidden': is_hidden,
+            "name": class_name,
+            "label": label,
+            "help_text": help_text,
+            "field": field,
+            "is_hidden": is_hidden,
         }
         self.form = form
         self.model_admin = model_admin
@@ -200,11 +230,16 @@ class AdminReadonlyField:
         attrs = {}
         if not self.is_first:
             attrs["class"] = "inline"
-        label = self.field['label']
-        return format_html('<label{}>{}{}</label>', flatatt(attrs), capfirst(label), self.form.label_suffix)
+        label = self.field["label"]
+        return format_html(
+            "<label{}>{}{}</label>",
+            flatatt(attrs),
+            capfirst(label),
+            self.form.label_suffix,
+        )
 
     def get_admin_url(self, remote_field, remote_obj):
-        url_name = 'admin:%s_%s_change' % (
+        url_name = "admin:%s_%s_change" % (
             remote_field.model._meta.app_label,
             remote_field.model._meta.model_name,
         )
@@ -220,7 +255,12 @@ class AdminReadonlyField:
 
     def contents(self):
         from django.contrib.admin.templatetags.admin_list import _boolean_icon
-        field, obj, model_admin = self.field['field'], self.form.instance, self.model_admin
+
+        field, obj, model_admin = (
+            self.field["field"],
+            self.form.instance,
+            self.model_admin,
+        )
         try:
             f, attr, value = lookup_field(field, obj, model_admin)
         except (AttributeError, ValueError, ObjectDoesNotExist):
@@ -230,10 +270,10 @@ class AdminReadonlyField:
                 widget = self.form[field].field.widget
                 # This isn't elegant but suffices for contrib.auth's
                 # ReadOnlyPasswordHashWidget.
-                if getattr(widget, 'read_only', False):
+                if getattr(widget, "read_only", False):
                     return widget.render(field, value)
             if f is None:
-                if getattr(attr, 'boolean', False):
+                if getattr(attr, "boolean", False):
                     result_repr = _boolean_icon(value)
                 else:
                     if hasattr(value, "__html__"):
@@ -244,8 +284,8 @@ class AdminReadonlyField:
                 if isinstance(f.remote_field, ManyToManyRel) and value is not None:
                     result_repr = ", ".join(map(str, value.all()))
                 elif (
-                    isinstance(f.remote_field, (ForeignObjectRel, OneToOneField)) and
-                    value is not None
+                    isinstance(f.remote_field, (ForeignObjectRel, OneToOneField))
+                    and value is not None
                 ):
                     result_repr = self.get_admin_url(f.remote_field, value)
                 else:
@@ -258,10 +298,20 @@ class InlineAdminFormSet:
     """
     A wrapper around an inline formset for use in the admin system.
     """
-    def __init__(self, inline, formset, fieldsets, prepopulated_fields=None,
-                 readonly_fields=None, model_admin=None, has_add_permission=True,
-                 has_change_permission=True, has_delete_permission=True,
-                 has_view_permission=True):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        inline,
+        formset,
+        fieldsets,
+        prepopulated_fields=None,
+        readonly_fields=None,
+        model_admin=None,
+        has_add_permission=True,
+        has_change_permission=True,
+        has_delete_permission=True,
+        has_view_permission=True,
+    ):
         self.opts = inline
         self.formset = formset
         self.fieldsets = fieldsets
@@ -272,7 +322,7 @@ class InlineAdminFormSet:
         if prepopulated_fields is None:
             prepopulated_fields = {}
         self.prepopulated_fields = prepopulated_fields
-        self.classes = ' '.join(inline.classes) if inline.classes else ''
+        self.classes = " ".join(inline.classes) if inline.classes else ""
         self.has_add_permission = has_add_permission
         self.has_change_permission = has_change_permission
         self.has_delete_permission = has_delete_permission
@@ -282,25 +332,43 @@ class InlineAdminFormSet:
         if self.has_change_permission:
             readonly_fields_for_editing = self.readonly_fields
         else:
-            readonly_fields_for_editing = self.readonly_fields + flatten_fieldsets(self.fieldsets)
+            readonly_fields_for_editing = self.readonly_fields + flatten_fieldsets(
+                self.fieldsets
+            )
 
-        for form, original in zip(self.formset.initial_forms, self.formset.get_queryset()):
+        for form, original in zip(
+            self.formset.initial_forms, self.formset.get_queryset()
+        ):
             view_on_site_url = self.opts.get_view_on_site_url(original)
             yield InlineAdminForm(
-                self.formset, form, self.fieldsets, self.prepopulated_fields,
-                original, readonly_fields_for_editing, model_admin=self.opts,
+                self.formset,
+                form,
+                self.fieldsets,
+                self.prepopulated_fields,
+                original,
+                readonly_fields_for_editing,
+                model_admin=self.opts,
                 view_on_site_url=view_on_site_url,
             )
         for form in self.formset.extra_forms:
             yield InlineAdminForm(
-                self.formset, form, self.fieldsets, self.prepopulated_fields,
-                None, self.readonly_fields, model_admin=self.opts,
+                self.formset,
+                form,
+                self.fieldsets,
+                self.prepopulated_fields,
+                None,
+                self.readonly_fields,
+                model_admin=self.opts,
             )
         if self.has_add_permission:
             yield InlineAdminForm(
-                self.formset, self.formset.empty_form,
-                self.fieldsets, self.prepopulated_fields, None,
-                self.readonly_fields, model_admin=self.opts,
+                self.formset,
+                self.formset.empty_form,
+                self.fieldsets,
+                self.prepopulated_fields,
+                None,
+                self.readonly_fields,
+                model_admin=self.opts,
             )
 
     def fields(self):
@@ -317,42 +385,49 @@ class InlineAdminFormSet:
                 if form_field is not None:
                     widget_is_hidden = form_field.widget.is_hidden
                 yield {
-                    'name': field_name,
-                    'label': meta_labels.get(field_name) or label_for_field(
+                    "name": field_name,
+                    "label": meta_labels.get(field_name)
+                    or label_for_field(
                         field_name,
                         self.opts.model,
                         self.opts,
                         form=empty_form,
                     ),
-                    'widget': {'is_hidden': widget_is_hidden},
-                    'required': False,
-                    'help_text': meta_help_texts.get(field_name) or help_text_for_field(field_name, self.opts.model),
+                    "widget": {"is_hidden": widget_is_hidden},
+                    "required": False,
+                    "help_text": meta_help_texts.get(field_name)
+                    or help_text_for_field(field_name, self.opts.model),
                 }
             else:
                 form_field = empty_form.fields[field_name]
                 label = form_field.label
                 if label is None:
-                    label = label_for_field(field_name, self.opts.model, self.opts, form=empty_form)
+                    label = label_for_field(
+                        field_name, self.opts.model, self.opts, form=empty_form
+                    )
                 yield {
-                    'name': field_name,
-                    'label': label,
-                    'widget': form_field.widget,
-                    'required': form_field.required,
-                    'help_text': form_field.help_text,
+                    "name": field_name,
+                    "label": label,
+                    "widget": form_field.widget,
+                    "required": form_field.required,
+                    "help_text": form_field.help_text,
                 }
 
     def inline_formset_data(self):
         verbose_name = self.opts.verbose_name
-        return json.dumps({
-            'name': '#%s' % self.formset.prefix,
-            'options': {
-                'prefix': self.formset.prefix,
-                'addText': gettext('Add another %(verbose_name)s') % {
-                    'verbose_name': capfirst(verbose_name),
+        return json.dumps(
+            {
+                "name": "#%s" % self.formset.prefix,
+                "options": {
+                    "prefix": self.formset.prefix,
+                    "addText": gettext("Add another %(verbose_name)s")
+                    % {
+                        "verbose_name": capfirst(verbose_name),
+                    },
+                    "deleteText": gettext("Remove"),
                 },
-                'deleteText': gettext('Remove'),
             }
-        })
+        )
 
     @property
     def forms(self):
@@ -374,31 +449,51 @@ class InlineAdminForm(AdminForm):
     """
     A wrapper around an inline form for use in the admin system.
     """
-    def __init__(self, formset, form, fieldsets, prepopulated_fields, original,
-                 readonly_fields=None, model_admin=None, view_on_site_url=None):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        formset,
+        form,
+        fieldsets,
+        prepopulated_fields,
+        original,
+        readonly_fields=None,
+        model_admin=None,
+        view_on_site_url=None,
+    ):
         self.formset = formset
         self.model_admin = model_admin
         self.original = original
         self.show_url = original and view_on_site_url is not None
         self.absolute_url = view_on_site_url
-        super().__init__(form, fieldsets, prepopulated_fields, readonly_fields, model_admin)
+        super().__init__(
+            form, fieldsets, prepopulated_fields, readonly_fields, model_admin
+        )
 
     def __iter__(self):
         for name, options in self.fieldsets:
             yield InlineFieldset(
-                self.formset, self.form, name, self.readonly_fields,
-                model_admin=self.model_admin, **options
+                self.formset,
+                self.form,
+                name,
+                self.readonly_fields,
+                model_admin=self.model_admin,
+                **options,
             )
 
     def needs_explicit_pk_field(self):
         return (
             # Auto fields are editable, so check for auto or non-editable pk.
-            self.form._meta.model._meta.auto_field or not self.form._meta.model._meta.pk.editable or
+            self.form._meta.model._meta.auto_field
+            or not self.form._meta.model._meta.pk.editable
+            or
             # Also search any parents for an auto field. (The pk info is
             # propagated to child models so that does not need to be checked
             # in parents.)
-            any(parent._meta.auto_field or not parent._meta.model._meta.pk.editable
-                for parent in self.form._meta.model._meta.get_parent_list())
+            any(
+                parent._meta.auto_field or not parent._meta.model._meta.pk.editable
+                for parent in self.form._meta.model._meta.get_parent_list()
+            )
         )
 
     def pk_field(self):
@@ -413,10 +508,12 @@ class InlineAdminForm(AdminForm):
 
     def deletion_field(self):
         from django.forms.formsets import DELETION_FIELD_NAME
+
         return AdminField(self.form, DELETION_FIELD_NAME, False)
 
     def ordering_field(self):
         from django.forms.formsets import ORDERING_FIELD_NAME
+
         return AdminField(self.form, ORDERING_FIELD_NAME, False)
 
 
@@ -429,11 +526,14 @@ class InlineFieldset(Fieldset):
         fk = getattr(self.formset, "fk", None)
         for field in self.fields:
             if not fk or fk.name != field:
-                yield Fieldline(self.form, field, self.readonly_fields, model_admin=self.model_admin)
+                yield Fieldline(
+                    self.form, field, self.readonly_fields, model_admin=self.model_admin
+                )
 
 
 class AdminErrorList(forms.utils.ErrorList):
     """Store errors for the form/formsets in an add/change view."""
+
     def __init__(self, form, inline_formsets):
         super().__init__()
 
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/migrations/0001_initial.py b/django/contrib/admin/migrations/0001_initial.py
index d6d35bdd72..d02e128497 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -7,40 +7,70 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
         migrations.swappable_dependency(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL),
-        ('contenttypes', '__first__'),
+        ("contenttypes", "__first__"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='LogEntry',
+            name="LogEntry",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('action_time', models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True, verbose_name='action time')),
-                ('object_id', models.TextField(null=True, verbose_name='object id', blank=True)),
-                ('object_repr', models.CharField(max_length=200, verbose_name='object repr')),
-                ('action_flag', models.PositiveSmallIntegerField(verbose_name='action flag')),
-                ('change_message', models.TextField(verbose_name='change message', blank=True)),
-                ('content_type', models.ForeignKey(
-                    on_delete=models.SET_NULL,
-                    blank=True, null=True,
-                    to='contenttypes.ContentType',
-                    verbose_name='content type',
-                )),
-                ('user', models.ForeignKey(
-                    to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL,
-                    on_delete=models.CASCADE,
-                    verbose_name='user',
-                )),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "action_time",
+                    models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True, verbose_name="action time"),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "object_id",
+                    models.TextField(null=True, verbose_name="object id", blank=True),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "object_repr",
+                    models.CharField(max_length=200, verbose_name="object repr"),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "action_flag",
+                    models.PositiveSmallIntegerField(verbose_name="action flag"),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "change_message",
+                    models.TextField(verbose_name="change message", blank=True),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "content_type",
+                    models.ForeignKey(
+                        on_delete=models.SET_NULL,
+                        blank=True,
+                        null=True,
+                        to="contenttypes.ContentType",
+                        verbose_name="content type",
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "user",
+                    models.ForeignKey(
+                        to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL,
+                        on_delete=models.CASCADE,
+                        verbose_name="user",
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
             options={
-                'ordering': ['-action_time'],
-                'db_table': 'django_admin_log',
-                'verbose_name': 'log entry',
-                'verbose_name_plural': 'log entries',
+                "ordering": ["-action_time"],
+                "db_table": "django_admin_log",
+                "verbose_name": "log entry",
+                "verbose_name_plural": "log entries",
             },
             bases=(models.Model,),
             managers=[
-                ('objects', django.contrib.admin.models.LogEntryManager()),
+                ("objects", django.contrib.admin.models.LogEntryManager()),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/migrations/0002_logentry_remove_auto_add.py b/django/contrib/admin/migrations/0002_logentry_remove_auto_add.py
index a2b19162f2..4e83978e21 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/migrations/0002_logentry_remove_auto_add.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/migrations/0002_logentry_remove_auto_add.py
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@ from django.utils import timezone
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('admin', '0001_initial'),
+        ("admin", "0001_initial"),
     ]
 
     # No database changes; removes auto_add and adds default/editable.
     operations = [
         migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name='logentry',
-            name='action_time',
+            model_name="logentry",
+            name="action_time",
             field=models.DateTimeField(
-                verbose_name='action time',
+                verbose_name="action time",
                 default=timezone.now,
                 editable=False,
             ),
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/migrations/0003_logentry_add_action_flag_choices.py b/django/contrib/admin/migrations/0003_logentry_add_action_flag_choices.py
index a041a9de0e..59b22314d4 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/migrations/0003_logentry_add_action_flag_choices.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/migrations/0003_logentry_add_action_flag_choices.py
@@ -4,17 +4,17 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('admin', '0002_logentry_remove_auto_add'),
+        ("admin", "0002_logentry_remove_auto_add"),
     ]
 
     # No database changes; adds choices to action_flag.
     operations = [
         migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name='logentry',
-            name='action_flag',
+            model_name="logentry",
+            name="action_flag",
             field=models.PositiveSmallIntegerField(
-                choices=[(1, 'Addition'), (2, 'Change'), (3, 'Deletion')],
-                verbose_name='action flag',
+                choices=[(1, "Addition"), (2, "Change"), (3, "Deletion")],
+                verbose_name="action flag",
             ),
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/models.py b/django/contrib/admin/models.py
index a0fbb02afd..917fc77dba 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/models.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/models.py
@@ -7,23 +7,32 @@ from django.db import models
 from django.urls import NoReverseMatch, reverse
 from django.utils import timezone
 from django.utils.text import get_text_list
-from django.utils.translation import gettext, gettext_lazy as _
+from django.utils.translation import gettext
+from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 ADDITION = 1
 CHANGE = 2
 DELETION = 3
 
 ACTION_FLAG_CHOICES = (
-    (ADDITION, _('Addition')),
-    (CHANGE, _('Change')),
-    (DELETION, _('Deletion')),
+    (ADDITION, _("Addition")),
+    (CHANGE, _("Change")),
+    (DELETION, _("Deletion")),
 )
 
 
 class LogEntryManager(models.Manager):
     use_in_migrations = True
 
-    def log_action(self, user_id, content_type_id, object_id, object_repr, action_flag, change_message=''):
+    def log_action(
+        self,
+        user_id,
+        content_type_id,
+        object_id,
+        object_repr,
+        action_flag,
+        change_message="",
+    ):
         if isinstance(change_message, list):
             change_message = json.dumps(change_message)
         return self.model.objects.create(
@@ -38,51 +47,54 @@ class LogEntryManager(models.Manager):
 
 class LogEntry(models.Model):
     action_time = models.DateTimeField(
-        _('action time'),
+        _("action time"),
         default=timezone.now,
         editable=False,
     )
     user = models.ForeignKey(
         settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL,
         models.CASCADE,
-        verbose_name=_('user'),
+        verbose_name=_("user"),
     )
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(
         ContentType,
         models.SET_NULL,
-        verbose_name=_('content type'),
-        blank=True, null=True,
+        verbose_name=_("content type"),
+        blank=True,
+        null=True,
     )
-    object_id = models.TextField(_('object id'), blank=True, null=True)
+    object_id = models.TextField(_("object id"), blank=True, null=True)
     # Translators: 'repr' means representation (https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#repr)
-    object_repr = models.CharField(_('object repr'), max_length=200)
-    action_flag = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField(_('action flag'), choices=ACTION_FLAG_CHOICES)
+    object_repr = models.CharField(_("object repr"), max_length=200)
+    action_flag = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField(
+        _("action flag"), choices=ACTION_FLAG_CHOICES
+    )
     # change_message is either a string or a JSON structure
-    change_message = models.TextField(_('change message'), blank=True)
+    change_message = models.TextField(_("change message"), blank=True)
 
     objects = LogEntryManager()
 
     class Meta:
-        verbose_name = _('log entry')
-        verbose_name_plural = _('log entries')
-        db_table = 'django_admin_log'
-        ordering = ['-action_time']
+        verbose_name = _("log entry")
+        verbose_name_plural = _("log entries")
+        db_table = "django_admin_log"
+        ordering = ["-action_time"]
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return str(self.action_time)
 
     def __str__(self):
         if self.is_addition():
-            return gettext('Added “%(object)s”.') % {'object': self.object_repr}
+            return gettext("Added “%(object)s”.") % {"object": self.object_repr}
         elif self.is_change():
-            return gettext('Changed “%(object)s” — %(changes)s') % {
-                'object': self.object_repr,
-                'changes': self.get_change_message(),
+            return gettext("Changed “%(object)s” — %(changes)s") % {
+                "object": self.object_repr,
+                "changes": self.get_change_message(),
             }
         elif self.is_deletion():
-            return gettext('Deleted “%(object)s.”') % {'object': self.object_repr}
+            return gettext("Deleted “%(object)s.”") % {"object": self.object_repr}
 
-        return gettext('LogEntry Object')
+        return gettext("LogEntry Object")
 
     def is_addition(self):
         return self.action_flag == ADDITION
@@ -98,38 +110,62 @@ class LogEntry(models.Model):
         If self.change_message is a JSON structure, interpret it as a change
         string, properly translated.
         """
-        if self.change_message and self.change_message[0] == '[':
+        if self.change_message and self.change_message[0] == "[":
             try:
                 change_message = json.loads(self.change_message)
             except json.JSONDecodeError:
                 return self.change_message
             messages = []
             for sub_message in change_message:
-                if 'added' in sub_message:
-                    if sub_message['added']:
-                        sub_message['added']['name'] = gettext(sub_message['added']['name'])
-                        messages.append(gettext('Added {name} “{object}”.').format(**sub_message['added']))
+                if "added" in sub_message:
+                    if sub_message["added"]:
+                        sub_message["added"]["name"] = gettext(
+                            sub_message["added"]["name"]
+                        )
+                        messages.append(
+                            gettext("Added {name} “{object}”.").format(
+                                **sub_message["added"]
+                            )
+                        )
                     else:
-                        messages.append(gettext('Added.'))
+                        messages.append(gettext("Added."))
 
-                elif 'changed' in sub_message:
-                    sub_message['changed']['fields'] = get_text_list(
-                        [gettext(field_name) for field_name in sub_message['changed']['fields']], gettext('and')
+                elif "changed" in sub_message:
+                    sub_message["changed"]["fields"] = get_text_list(
+                        [
+                            gettext(field_name)
+                            for field_name in sub_message["changed"]["fields"]
+                        ],
+                        gettext("and"),
                     )
-                    if 'name' in sub_message['changed']:
-                        sub_message['changed']['name'] = gettext(sub_message['changed']['name'])
-                        messages.append(gettext('Changed {fields} for {name} “{object}”.').format(
-                            **sub_message['changed']
-                        ))
+                    if "name" in sub_message["changed"]:
+                        sub_message["changed"]["name"] = gettext(
+                            sub_message["changed"]["name"]
+                        )
+                        messages.append(
+                            gettext("Changed {fields} for {name} “{object}”.").format(
+                                **sub_message["changed"]
+                            )
+                        )
                     else:
-                        messages.append(gettext('Changed {fields}.').format(**sub_message['changed']))
+                        messages.append(
+                            gettext("Changed {fields}.").format(
+                                **sub_message["changed"]
+                            )
+                        )
 
-                elif 'deleted' in sub_message:
-                    sub_message['deleted']['name'] = gettext(sub_message['deleted']['name'])
-                    messages.append(gettext('Deleted {name} “{object}”.').format(**sub_message['deleted']))
+                elif "deleted" in sub_message:
+                    sub_message["deleted"]["name"] = gettext(
+                        sub_message["deleted"]["name"]
+                    )
+                    messages.append(
+                        gettext("Deleted {name} “{object}”.").format(
+                            **sub_message["deleted"]
+                        )
+                    )
 
-            change_message = ' '.join(msg[0].upper() + msg[1:] for msg in messages)
-            return change_message or gettext('No fields changed.')
+            change_message = " ".join(msg[0].upper() + msg[1:] for msg in messages)
+            return change_message or gettext("No fields changed.")
         else:
             return self.change_message
 
@@ -142,7 +178,10 @@ class LogEntry(models.Model):
         Return the admin URL to edit the object represented by this log entry.
         """
         if self.content_type and self.object_id:
-            url_name = 'admin:%s_%s_change' % (self.content_type.app_label, self.content_type.model)
+            url_name = "admin:%s_%s_change" % (
+                self.content_type.app_label,
+                self.content_type.model,
+            )
             try:
                 return reverse(url_name, args=(quote(self.object_id),))
             except NoReverseMatch:
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/options.py b/django/contrib/admin/options.py
index 12cd0948ca..f051c79ac9 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/options.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/options.py
@@ -9,30 +9,42 @@ from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib import messages
 from django.contrib.admin import helpers, widgets
 from django.contrib.admin.checks import (
-    BaseModelAdminChecks, InlineModelAdminChecks, ModelAdminChecks,
+    BaseModelAdminChecks,
+    InlineModelAdminChecks,
+    ModelAdminChecks,
 )
 from django.contrib.admin.decorators import display
 from django.contrib.admin.exceptions import DisallowedModelAdminToField
 from django.contrib.admin.templatetags.admin_urls import add_preserved_filters
 from django.contrib.admin.utils import (
-    NestedObjects, construct_change_message, flatten_fieldsets,
-    get_deleted_objects, lookup_spawns_duplicates, model_format_dict,
-    model_ngettext, quote, unquote,
-)
-from django.contrib.admin.widgets import (
-    AutocompleteSelect, AutocompleteSelectMultiple,
+    NestedObjects,
+    construct_change_message,
+    flatten_fieldsets,
+    get_deleted_objects,
+    lookup_spawns_duplicates,
+    model_format_dict,
+    model_ngettext,
+    quote,
+    unquote,
 )
+from django.contrib.admin.widgets import AutocompleteSelect, AutocompleteSelectMultiple
 from django.contrib.auth import get_permission_codename
 from django.core.exceptions import (
-    FieldDoesNotExist, FieldError, PermissionDenied, ValidationError,
+    FieldDoesNotExist,
+    FieldError,
+    PermissionDenied,
+    ValidationError,
 )
 from django.core.paginator import Paginator
 from django.db import models, router, transaction
 from django.db.models.constants import LOOKUP_SEP
 from django.forms.formsets import DELETION_FIELD_NAME, all_valid
 from django.forms.models import (
-    BaseInlineFormSet, inlineformset_factory, modelform_defines_fields,
-    modelform_factory, modelformset_factory,
+    BaseInlineFormSet,
+    inlineformset_factory,
+    modelform_defines_fields,
+    modelform_factory,
+    modelformset_factory,
 )
 from django.forms.widgets import CheckboxSelectMultiple, SelectMultiple
 from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
@@ -44,14 +56,19 @@ from django.utils.html import format_html
 from django.utils.http import urlencode
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
 from django.utils.text import (
-    capfirst, format_lazy, get_text_list, smart_split, unescape_string_literal,
+    capfirst,
+    format_lazy,
+    get_text_list,
+    smart_split,
+    unescape_string_literal,
 )
-from django.utils.translation import gettext as _, ngettext
+from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
+from django.utils.translation import ngettext
 from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_protect
 from django.views.generic import RedirectView
 
-IS_POPUP_VAR = '_popup'
-TO_FIELD_VAR = '_to_field'
+IS_POPUP_VAR = "_popup"
+TO_FIELD_VAR = "_to_field"
 
 
 HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL = 1, 2
@@ -61,11 +78,12 @@ def get_content_type_for_model(obj):
     # Since this module gets imported in the application's root package,
     # it cannot import models from other applications at the module level.
     from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
+
     return ContentType.objects.get_for_model(obj, for_concrete_model=False)
 
 
 def get_ul_class(radio_style):
-    return 'radiolist' if radio_style == VERTICAL else 'radiolist inline'
+    return "radiolist" if radio_style == VERTICAL else "radiolist inline"
 
 
 class IncorrectLookupParameters(Exception):
@@ -77,20 +95,20 @@ class IncorrectLookupParameters(Exception):
 
 FORMFIELD_FOR_DBFIELD_DEFAULTS = {
     models.DateTimeField: {
-        'form_class': forms.SplitDateTimeField,
-        'widget': widgets.AdminSplitDateTime
+        "form_class": forms.SplitDateTimeField,
+        "widget": widgets.AdminSplitDateTime,
     },
-    models.DateField: {'widget': widgets.AdminDateWidget},
-    models.TimeField: {'widget': widgets.AdminTimeWidget},
-    models.TextField: {'widget': widgets.AdminTextareaWidget},
-    models.URLField: {'widget': widgets.AdminURLFieldWidget},
-    models.IntegerField: {'widget': widgets.AdminIntegerFieldWidget},
-    models.BigIntegerField: {'widget': widgets.AdminBigIntegerFieldWidget},
-    models.CharField: {'widget': widgets.AdminTextInputWidget},
-    models.ImageField: {'widget': widgets.AdminFileWidget},
-    models.FileField: {'widget': widgets.AdminFileWidget},
-    models.EmailField: {'widget': widgets.AdminEmailInputWidget},
-    models.UUIDField: {'widget': widgets.AdminUUIDInputWidget},
+    models.DateField: {"widget": widgets.AdminDateWidget},
+    models.TimeField: {"widget": widgets.AdminTimeWidget},
+    models.TextField: {"widget": widgets.AdminTextareaWidget},
+    models.URLField: {"widget": widgets.AdminURLFieldWidget},
+    models.IntegerField: {"widget": widgets.AdminIntegerFieldWidget},
+    models.BigIntegerField: {"widget": widgets.AdminBigIntegerFieldWidget},
+    models.CharField: {"widget": widgets.AdminTextInputWidget},
+    models.ImageField: {"widget": widgets.AdminFileWidget},
+    models.FileField: {"widget": widgets.AdminFileWidget},
+    models.EmailField: {"widget": widgets.AdminEmailInputWidget},
+    models.UUIDField: {"widget": widgets.AdminUUIDInputWidget},
 }
 
 csrf_protect_m = method_decorator(csrf_protect)
@@ -160,17 +178,28 @@ class BaseModelAdmin(metaclass=forms.MediaDefiningClass):
             # rendered output. formfield can be None if it came from a
             # OneToOneField with parent_link=True or a M2M intermediary.
             if formfield and db_field.name not in self.raw_id_fields:
-                related_modeladmin = self.admin_site._registry.get(db_field.remote_field.model)
+                related_modeladmin = self.admin_site._registry.get(
+                    db_field.remote_field.model
+                )
                 wrapper_kwargs = {}
                 if related_modeladmin:
                     wrapper_kwargs.update(
                         can_add_related=related_modeladmin.has_add_permission(request),
-                        can_change_related=related_modeladmin.has_change_permission(request),
-                        can_delete_related=related_modeladmin.has_delete_permission(request),
-                        can_view_related=related_modeladmin.has_view_permission(request),
+                        can_change_related=related_modeladmin.has_change_permission(
+                            request
+                        ),
+                        can_delete_related=related_modeladmin.has_delete_permission(
+                            request
+                        ),
+                        can_view_related=related_modeladmin.has_view_permission(
+                            request
+                        ),
                     )
                 formfield.widget = widgets.RelatedFieldWidgetWrapper(
-                    formfield.widget, db_field.remote_field, self.admin_site, **wrapper_kwargs
+                    formfield.widget,
+                    db_field.remote_field,
+                    self.admin_site,
+                    **wrapper_kwargs,
                 )
 
             return formfield
@@ -192,14 +221,15 @@ class BaseModelAdmin(metaclass=forms.MediaDefiningClass):
         # If the field is named as a radio_field, use a RadioSelect
         if db_field.name in self.radio_fields:
             # Avoid stomping on custom widget/choices arguments.
-            if 'widget' not in kwargs:
-                kwargs['widget'] = widgets.AdminRadioSelect(attrs={
-                    'class': get_ul_class(self.radio_fields[db_field.name]),
-                })
-            if 'choices' not in kwargs:
-                kwargs['choices'] = db_field.get_choices(
-                    include_blank=db_field.blank,
-                    blank_choice=[('', _('None'))]
+            if "widget" not in kwargs:
+                kwargs["widget"] = widgets.AdminRadioSelect(
+                    attrs={
+                        "class": get_ul_class(self.radio_fields[db_field.name]),
+                    }
+                )
+            if "choices" not in kwargs:
+                kwargs["choices"] = db_field.get_choices(
+                    include_blank=db_field.blank, blank_choice=[("", _("None"))]
                 )
         return db_field.formfield(**kwargs)
 
@@ -213,30 +243,38 @@ class BaseModelAdmin(metaclass=forms.MediaDefiningClass):
         if related_admin is not None:
             ordering = related_admin.get_ordering(request)
             if ordering is not None and ordering != ():
-                return db_field.remote_field.model._default_manager.using(db).order_by(*ordering)
+                return db_field.remote_field.model._default_manager.using(db).order_by(
+                    *ordering
+                )
         return None
 
     def formfield_for_foreignkey(self, db_field, request, **kwargs):
         """
         Get a form Field for a ForeignKey.
         """
-        db = kwargs.get('using')
+        db = kwargs.get("using")
 
-        if 'widget' not in kwargs:
+        if "widget" not in kwargs:
             if db_field.name in self.get_autocomplete_fields(request):
-                kwargs['widget'] = AutocompleteSelect(db_field, self.admin_site, using=db)
+                kwargs["widget"] = AutocompleteSelect(
+                    db_field, self.admin_site, using=db
+                )
             elif db_field.name in self.raw_id_fields:
-                kwargs['widget'] = widgets.ForeignKeyRawIdWidget(db_field.remote_field, self.admin_site, using=db)
+                kwargs["widget"] = widgets.ForeignKeyRawIdWidget(
+                    db_field.remote_field, self.admin_site, using=db
+                )
             elif db_field.name in self.radio_fields:
-                kwargs['widget'] = widgets.AdminRadioSelect(attrs={
-                    'class': get_ul_class(self.radio_fields[db_field.name]),
-                })
-                kwargs['empty_label'] = _('None') if db_field.blank else None
+                kwargs["widget"] = widgets.AdminRadioSelect(
+                    attrs={
+                        "class": get_ul_class(self.radio_fields[db_field.name]),
+                    }
+                )
+                kwargs["empty_label"] = _("None") if db_field.blank else None
 
-        if 'queryset' not in kwargs:
+        if "queryset" not in kwargs:
             queryset = self.get_field_queryset(db, db_field, request)
             if queryset is not None:
-                kwargs['queryset'] = queryset
+                kwargs["queryset"] = queryset
 
         return db_field.formfield(**kwargs)
 
@@ -248,38 +286,42 @@ class BaseModelAdmin(metaclass=forms.MediaDefiningClass):
         # a field in admin.
         if not db_field.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created:
             return None
-        db = kwargs.get('using')
+        db = kwargs.get("using")
 
-        if 'widget' not in kwargs:
+        if "widget" not in kwargs:
             autocomplete_fields = self.get_autocomplete_fields(request)
             if db_field.name in autocomplete_fields:
-                kwargs['widget'] = AutocompleteSelectMultiple(
+                kwargs["widget"] = AutocompleteSelectMultiple(
                     db_field,
                     self.admin_site,
                     using=db,
                 )
             elif db_field.name in self.raw_id_fields:
-                kwargs['widget'] = widgets.ManyToManyRawIdWidget(
+                kwargs["widget"] = widgets.ManyToManyRawIdWidget(
                     db_field.remote_field,
                     self.admin_site,
                     using=db,
                 )
             elif db_field.name in [*self.filter_vertical, *self.filter_horizontal]:
-                kwargs['widget'] = widgets.FilteredSelectMultiple(
-                    db_field.verbose_name,
-                    db_field.name in self.filter_vertical
+                kwargs["widget"] = widgets.FilteredSelectMultiple(
+                    db_field.verbose_name, db_field.name in self.filter_vertical
                 )
-        if 'queryset' not in kwargs:
+        if "queryset" not in kwargs:
             queryset = self.get_field_queryset(db, db_field, request)
             if queryset is not None:
-                kwargs['queryset'] = queryset
+                kwargs["queryset"] = queryset
 
         form_field = db_field.formfield(**kwargs)
-        if (isinstance(form_field.widget, SelectMultiple) and
-                not isinstance(form_field.widget, (CheckboxSelectMultiple, AutocompleteSelectMultiple))):
-            msg = _('Hold down “Control”, or “Command” on a Mac, to select more than one.')
+        if isinstance(form_field.widget, SelectMultiple) and not isinstance(
+            form_field.widget, (CheckboxSelectMultiple, AutocompleteSelectMultiple)
+        ):
+            msg = _(
+                "Hold down “Control”, or “Command” on a Mac, to select more than one."
+            )
             help_text = form_field.help_text
-            form_field.help_text = format_lazy('{} {}', help_text, msg) if help_text else msg
+            form_field.help_text = (
+                format_lazy("{} {}", help_text, msg) if help_text else msg
+            )
         return form_field
 
     def get_autocomplete_fields(self, request):
@@ -295,12 +337,15 @@ class BaseModelAdmin(metaclass=forms.MediaDefiningClass):
 
         if callable(self.view_on_site):
             return self.view_on_site(obj)
-        elif hasattr(obj, 'get_absolute_url'):
+        elif hasattr(obj, "get_absolute_url"):
             # use the ContentType lookup if view_on_site is True
-            return reverse('admin:view_on_site', kwargs={
-                'content_type_id': get_content_type_for_model(obj).pk,
-                'object_id': obj.pk
-            })
+            return reverse(
+                "admin:view_on_site",
+                kwargs={
+                    "content_type_id": get_content_type_for_model(obj).pk,
+                    "object_id": obj.pk,
+                },
+            )
 
     def get_empty_value_display(self):
         """
@@ -333,7 +378,7 @@ class BaseModelAdmin(metaclass=forms.MediaDefiningClass):
         """
         if self.fieldsets:
             return self.fieldsets
-        return [(None, {'fields': self.get_fields(request, obj)})]
+        return [(None, {"fields": self.get_fields(request, obj)})]
 
     def get_inlines(self, request, obj):
         """Hook for specifying custom inlines."""
@@ -371,7 +416,11 @@ class BaseModelAdmin(metaclass=forms.MediaDefiningClass):
 
     def get_sortable_by(self, request):
         """Hook for specifying which fields can be sorted in the changelist."""
-        return self.sortable_by if self.sortable_by is not None else self.get_list_display(request)
+        return (
+            self.sortable_by
+            if self.sortable_by is not None
+            else self.get_list_display(request)
+        )
 
     def lookup_allowed(self, lookup, value):
         from django.contrib.admin.filters import SimpleListFilter
@@ -384,7 +433,9 @@ class BaseModelAdmin(metaclass=forms.MediaDefiningClass):
             # As ``limit_choices_to`` can be a callable, invoke it here.
             if callable(fk_lookup):
                 fk_lookup = fk_lookup()
-            if (lookup, value) in widgets.url_params_from_lookup_dict(fk_lookup).items():
+            if (lookup, value) in widgets.url_params_from_lookup_dict(
+                fk_lookup
+            ).items():
                 return True
 
         relation_parts = []
@@ -399,10 +450,12 @@ class BaseModelAdmin(metaclass=forms.MediaDefiningClass):
             # It is allowed to filter on values that would be found from local
             # model anyways. For example, if you filter on employee__department__id,
             # then the id value would be found already from employee__department_id.
-            if not prev_field or (prev_field.is_relation and
-                                  field not in prev_field.path_infos[-1].target_fields):
+            if not prev_field or (
+                prev_field.is_relation
+                and field not in prev_field.path_infos[-1].target_fields
+            ):
                 relation_parts.append(part)
-            if not getattr(field, 'path_infos', None):
+            if not getattr(field, "path_infos", None):
                 # This is not a relational field, so further parts
                 # must be transforms.
                 break
@@ -414,7 +467,9 @@ class BaseModelAdmin(metaclass=forms.MediaDefiningClass):
             return True
         valid_lookups = {self.date_hierarchy}
         for filter_item in self.list_filter:
-            if isinstance(filter_item, type) and issubclass(filter_item, SimpleListFilter):
+            if isinstance(filter_item, type) and issubclass(
+                filter_item, SimpleListFilter
+            ):
                 valid_lookups.add(filter_item.parameter_name)
             elif isinstance(filter_item, (list, tuple)):
                 valid_lookups.add(filter_item[0])
@@ -424,7 +479,7 @@ class BaseModelAdmin(metaclass=forms.MediaDefiningClass):
         # Is it a valid relational lookup?
         return not {
             LOOKUP_SEP.join(relation_parts),
-            LOOKUP_SEP.join(relation_parts + [part])
+            LOOKUP_SEP.join(relation_parts + [part]),
         }.isdisjoint(valid_lookups)
 
     def to_field_allowed(self, request, to_field):
@@ -459,15 +514,18 @@ class BaseModelAdmin(metaclass=forms.MediaDefiningClass):
                 registered_models.add(inline.model)
 
         related_objects = (
-            f for f in opts.get_fields(include_hidden=True)
+            f
+            for f in opts.get_fields(include_hidden=True)
             if (f.auto_created and not f.concrete)
         )
         for related_object in related_objects:
             related_model = related_object.related_model
             remote_field = related_object.field.remote_field
-            if (any(issubclass(model, related_model) for model in registered_models) and
-                    hasattr(remote_field, 'get_related_field') and
-                    remote_field.get_related_field() == field):
+            if (
+                any(issubclass(model, related_model) for model in registered_models)
+                and hasattr(remote_field, "get_related_field")
+                and remote_field.get_related_field() == field
+            ):
                 return True
 
         return False
@@ -478,7 +536,7 @@ class BaseModelAdmin(metaclass=forms.MediaDefiningClass):
         Can be overridden by the user in subclasses.
         """
         opts = self.opts
-        codename = get_permission_codename('add', opts)
+        codename = get_permission_codename("add", opts)
         return request.user.has_perm("%s.%s" % (opts.app_label, codename))
 
     def has_change_permission(self, request, obj=None):
@@ -493,7 +551,7 @@ class BaseModelAdmin(metaclass=forms.MediaDefiningClass):
         request has permission to change *any* object of the given type.
         """
         opts = self.opts
-        codename = get_permission_codename('change', opts)
+        codename = get_permission_codename("change", opts)
         return request.user.has_perm("%s.%s" % (opts.app_label, codename))
 
     def has_delete_permission(self, request, obj=None):
@@ -508,7 +566,7 @@ class BaseModelAdmin(metaclass=forms.MediaDefiningClass):
         request has permission to delete *any* object of the given type.
         """
         opts = self.opts
-        codename = get_permission_codename('delete', opts)
+        codename = get_permission_codename("delete", opts)
         return request.user.has_perm("%s.%s" % (opts.app_label, codename))
 
     def has_view_permission(self, request, obj=None):
@@ -523,15 +581,16 @@ class BaseModelAdmin(metaclass=forms.MediaDefiningClass):
         any object of the given type.
         """
         opts = self.opts
-        codename_view = get_permission_codename('view', opts)
-        codename_change = get_permission_codename('change', opts)
-        return (
-            request.user.has_perm('%s.%s' % (opts.app_label, codename_view)) or
-            request.user.has_perm('%s.%s' % (opts.app_label, codename_change))
-        )
+        codename_view = get_permission_codename("view", opts)
+        codename_change = get_permission_codename("change", opts)
+        return request.user.has_perm(
+            "%s.%s" % (opts.app_label, codename_view)
+        ) or request.user.has_perm("%s.%s" % (opts.app_label, codename_change))
 
     def has_view_or_change_permission(self, request, obj=None):
-        return self.has_view_permission(request, obj) or self.has_change_permission(request, obj)
+        return self.has_view_permission(request, obj) or self.has_change_permission(
+            request, obj
+        )
 
     def has_module_permission(self, request):
         """
@@ -550,7 +609,7 @@ class BaseModelAdmin(metaclass=forms.MediaDefiningClass):
 class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
     """Encapsulate all admin options and functionality for a given model."""
 
-    list_display = ('__str__',)
+    list_display = ("__str__",)
     list_display_links = ()
     list_filter = ()
     list_select_related = False
@@ -595,8 +654,8 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return (
-            f'<{self.__class__.__qualname__}: model={self.model.__qualname__} '
-            f'site={self.admin_site!r}>'
+            f"<{self.__class__.__qualname__}: model={self.model.__qualname__} "
+            f"site={self.admin_site!r}>"
         )
 
     def get_inline_instances(self, request, obj=None):
@@ -604,9 +663,11 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         for inline_class in self.get_inlines(request, obj):
             inline = inline_class(self.model, self.admin_site)
             if request:
-                if not (inline.has_view_or_change_permission(request, obj) or
-                        inline.has_add_permission(request, obj) or
-                        inline.has_delete_permission(request, obj)):
+                if not (
+                    inline.has_view_or_change_permission(request, obj)
+                    or inline.has_add_permission(request, obj)
+                    or inline.has_delete_permission(request, obj)
+                ):
                     continue
                 if not inline.has_add_permission(request, obj):
                     inline.max_num = 0
@@ -620,21 +681,40 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         def wrap(view):
             def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
                 return self.admin_site.admin_view(view)(*args, **kwargs)
+
             wrapper.model_admin = self
             return update_wrapper(wrapper, view)
 
         info = self.model._meta.app_label, self.model._meta.model_name
 
         return [
-            path('', wrap(self.changelist_view), name='%s_%s_changelist' % info),
-            path('add/', wrap(self.add_view), name='%s_%s_add' % info),
-            path('<path:object_id>/history/', wrap(self.history_view), name='%s_%s_history' % info),
-            path('<path:object_id>/delete/', wrap(self.delete_view), name='%s_%s_delete' % info),
-            path('<path:object_id>/change/', wrap(self.change_view), name='%s_%s_change' % info),
+            path("", wrap(self.changelist_view), name="%s_%s_changelist" % info),
+            path("add/", wrap(self.add_view), name="%s_%s_add" % info),
+            path(
+                "<path:object_id>/history/",
+                wrap(self.history_view),
+                name="%s_%s_history" % info,
+            ),
+            path(
+                "<path:object_id>/delete/",
+                wrap(self.delete_view),
+                name="%s_%s_delete" % info,
+            ),
+            path(
+                "<path:object_id>/change/",
+                wrap(self.change_view),
+                name="%s_%s_change" % info,
+            ),
             # For backwards compatibility (was the change url before 1.9)
-            path('<path:object_id>/', wrap(RedirectView.as_view(
-                pattern_name='%s:%s_%s_change' % ((self.admin_site.name,) + info)
-            ))),
+            path(
+                "<path:object_id>/",
+                wrap(
+                    RedirectView.as_view(
+                        pattern_name="%s:%s_%s_change"
+                        % ((self.admin_site.name,) + info)
+                    )
+                ),
+            ),
         ]
 
     @property
@@ -643,18 +723,18 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
 
     @property
     def media(self):
-        extra = '' if settings.DEBUG else '.min'
+        extra = "" if settings.DEBUG else ".min"
         js = [
-            'vendor/jquery/jquery%s.js' % extra,
-            'jquery.init.js',
-            'core.js',
-            'admin/RelatedObjectLookups.js',
-            'actions.js',
-            'urlify.js',
-            'prepopulate.js',
-            'vendor/xregexp/xregexp%s.js' % extra,
+            "vendor/jquery/jquery%s.js" % extra,
+            "jquery.init.js",
+            "core.js",
+            "admin/RelatedObjectLookups.js",
+            "actions.js",
+            "urlify.js",
+            "prepopulate.js",
+            "vendor/xregexp/xregexp%s.js" % extra,
         ]
-        return forms.Media(js=['admin/js/%s' % url for url in js])
+        return forms.Media(js=["admin/js/%s" % url for url in js])
 
     def get_model_perms(self, request):
         """
@@ -663,10 +743,10 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         for each of those actions.
         """
         return {
-            'add': self.has_add_permission(request),
-            'change': self.has_change_permission(request),
-            'delete': self.has_delete_permission(request),
-            'view': self.has_view_permission(request),
+            "add": self.has_add_permission(request),
+            "change": self.has_change_permission(request),
+            "delete": self.has_delete_permission(request),
+            "view": self.has_view_permission(request),
         }
 
     def _get_form_for_get_fields(self, request, obj):
@@ -677,8 +757,8 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         Return a Form class for use in the admin add view. This is used by
         add_view and change_view.
         """
-        if 'fields' in kwargs:
-            fields = kwargs.pop('fields')
+        if "fields" in kwargs:
+            fields = kwargs.pop("fields")
         else:
             fields = flatten_fieldsets(self.get_fieldsets(request, obj))
         excluded = self.get_exclude(request, obj)
@@ -687,9 +767,13 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         exclude.extend(readonly_fields)
         # Exclude all fields if it's a change form and the user doesn't have
         # the change permission.
-        if change and hasattr(request, 'user') and not self.has_change_permission(request, obj):
+        if (
+            change
+            and hasattr(request, "user")
+            and not self.has_change_permission(request, obj)
+        ):
             exclude.extend(fields)
-        if excluded is None and hasattr(self.form, '_meta') and self.form._meta.exclude:
+        if excluded is None and hasattr(self.form, "_meta") and self.form._meta.exclude:
             # Take the custom ModelForm's Meta.exclude into account only if the
             # ModelAdmin doesn't define its own.
             exclude.extend(self.form._meta.exclude)
@@ -698,25 +782,29 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         exclude = exclude or None
 
         # Remove declared form fields which are in readonly_fields.
-        new_attrs = dict.fromkeys(f for f in readonly_fields if f in self.form.declared_fields)
+        new_attrs = dict.fromkeys(
+            f for f in readonly_fields if f in self.form.declared_fields
+        )
         form = type(self.form.__name__, (self.form,), new_attrs)
 
         defaults = {
-            'form': form,
-            'fields': fields,
-            'exclude': exclude,
-            'formfield_callback': partial(self.formfield_for_dbfield, request=request),
+            "form": form,
+            "fields": fields,
+            "exclude": exclude,
+            "formfield_callback": partial(self.formfield_for_dbfield, request=request),
             **kwargs,
         }
 
-        if defaults['fields'] is None and not modelform_defines_fields(defaults['form']):
-            defaults['fields'] = forms.ALL_FIELDS
+        if defaults["fields"] is None and not modelform_defines_fields(
+            defaults["form"]
+        ):
+            defaults["fields"] = forms.ALL_FIELDS
 
         try:
             return modelform_factory(self.model, **defaults)
         except FieldError as e:
             raise FieldError(
-                '%s. Check fields/fieldsets/exclude attributes of class %s.'
+                "%s. Check fields/fieldsets/exclude attributes of class %s."
                 % (e, self.__class__.__name__)
             )
 
@@ -725,6 +813,7 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         Return the ChangeList class for use on the changelist page.
         """
         from django.contrib.admin.views.main import ChangeList
+
         return ChangeList
 
     def get_changelist_instance(self, request):
@@ -736,7 +825,7 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         list_display_links = self.get_list_display_links(request, list_display)
         # Add the action checkboxes if any actions are available.
         if self.get_actions(request):
-            list_display = ['action_checkbox', *list_display]
+            list_display = ["action_checkbox", *list_display]
         sortable_by = self.get_sortable_by(request)
         ChangeList = self.get_changelist(request)
         return ChangeList(
@@ -764,7 +853,9 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         """
         queryset = self.get_queryset(request)
         model = queryset.model
-        field = model._meta.pk if from_field is None else model._meta.get_field(from_field)
+        field = (
+            model._meta.pk if from_field is None else model._meta.get_field(from_field)
+        )
         try:
             object_id = field.to_python(object_id)
             return queryset.get(**{field.name: object_id})
@@ -776,11 +867,13 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         Return a Form class for use in the Formset on the changelist page.
         """
         defaults = {
-            'formfield_callback': partial(self.formfield_for_dbfield, request=request),
+            "formfield_callback": partial(self.formfield_for_dbfield, request=request),
             **kwargs,
         }
-        if defaults.get('fields') is None and not modelform_defines_fields(defaults.get('form')):
-            defaults['fields'] = forms.ALL_FIELDS
+        if defaults.get("fields") is None and not modelform_defines_fields(
+            defaults.get("form")
+        ):
+            defaults["fields"] = forms.ALL_FIELDS
 
         return modelform_factory(self.model, **defaults)
 
@@ -790,12 +883,15 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         is used.
         """
         defaults = {
-            'formfield_callback': partial(self.formfield_for_dbfield, request=request),
+            "formfield_callback": partial(self.formfield_for_dbfield, request=request),
             **kwargs,
         }
         return modelformset_factory(
-            self.model, self.get_changelist_form(request), extra=0,
-            fields=self.list_editable, **defaults
+            self.model,
+            self.get_changelist_form(request),
+            extra=0,
+            fields=self.list_editable,
+            **defaults,
         )
 
     def get_formsets_with_inlines(self, request, obj=None):
@@ -805,7 +901,9 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         for inline in self.get_inline_instances(request, obj):
             yield inline.get_formset(request, obj), inline
 
-    def get_paginator(self, request, queryset, per_page, orphans=0, allow_empty_first_page=True):
+    def get_paginator(
+        self, request, queryset, per_page, orphans=0, allow_empty_first_page=True
+    ):
         return self.paginator(queryset, per_page, orphans, allow_empty_first_page)
 
     def log_addition(self, request, obj, message):
@@ -815,6 +913,7 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         The default implementation creates an admin LogEntry object.
         """
         from django.contrib.admin.models import ADDITION, LogEntry
+
         return LogEntry.objects.log_action(
             user_id=request.user.pk,
             content_type_id=get_content_type_for_model(obj).pk,
@@ -831,6 +930,7 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         The default implementation creates an admin LogEntry object.
         """
         from django.contrib.admin.models import CHANGE, LogEntry
+
         return LogEntry.objects.log_action(
             user_id=request.user.pk,
             content_type_id=get_content_type_for_model(obj).pk,
@@ -848,6 +948,7 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         The default implementation creates an admin LogEntry object.
         """
         from django.contrib.admin.models import DELETION, LogEntry
+
         return LogEntry.objects.log_action(
             user_id=request.user.pk,
             content_type_id=get_content_type_for_model(obj).pk,
@@ -865,7 +966,7 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
 
     @staticmethod
     def _get_action_description(func, name):
-        return getattr(func, 'short_description', capfirst(name.replace('_', ' ')))
+        return getattr(func, "short_description", capfirst(name.replace("_", " ")))
 
     def _get_base_actions(self):
         """Return the list of actions, prior to any request-based filtering."""
@@ -890,11 +991,11 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         filtered_actions = []
         for action in actions:
             callable = action[0]
-            if not hasattr(callable, 'allowed_permissions'):
+            if not hasattr(callable, "allowed_permissions"):
                 filtered_actions.append(action)
                 continue
             permission_checks = (
-                getattr(self, 'has_%s_permission' % permission)
+                getattr(self, "has_%s_permission" % permission)
                 for permission in callable.allowed_permissions
             )
             if any(has_permission(request) for has_permission in permission_checks):
@@ -964,7 +1065,11 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         on the changelist. The list_display parameter is the list of fields
         returned by get_list_display().
         """
-        if self.list_display_links or self.list_display_links is None or not list_display:
+        if (
+            self.list_display_links
+            or self.list_display_links is None
+            or not list_display
+        ):
             return self.list_display_links
         else:
             # Use only the first item in list_display as link
@@ -998,11 +1103,11 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         """
         # Apply keyword searches.
         def construct_search(field_name):
-            if field_name.startswith('^'):
+            if field_name.startswith("^"):
                 return "%s__istartswith" % field_name[1:]
-            elif field_name.startswith('='):
+            elif field_name.startswith("="):
                 return "%s__iexact" % field_name[1:]
-            elif field_name.startswith('@'):
+            elif field_name.startswith("@"):
                 return "%s__search" % field_name[1:]
             # Use field_name if it includes a lookup.
             opts = queryset.model._meta
@@ -1010,7 +1115,7 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
             # Go through the fields, following all relations.
             prev_field = None
             for path_part in lookup_fields:
-                if path_part == 'pk':
+                if path_part == "pk":
                     path_part = opts.pk.name
                 try:
                     field = opts.get_field(path_part)
@@ -1020,7 +1125,7 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
                         return field_name
                 else:
                     prev_field = field
-                    if hasattr(field, 'path_infos'):
+                    if hasattr(field, "path_infos"):
                         # Update opts to follow the relation.
                         opts = field.path_infos[-1].to_opts
             # Otherwise, use the field with icontains.
@@ -1029,8 +1134,9 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         may_have_duplicates = False
         search_fields = self.get_search_fields(request)
         if search_fields and search_term:
-            orm_lookups = [construct_search(str(search_field))
-                           for search_field in search_fields]
+            orm_lookups = [
+                construct_search(str(search_field)) for search_field in search_fields
+            ]
             term_queries = []
             for bit in smart_split(search_term):
                 if bit.startswith(('"', "'")) and bit[0] == bit[-1]:
@@ -1054,16 +1160,19 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         match = request.resolver_match
         if self.preserve_filters and match:
             opts = self.model._meta
-            current_url = '%s:%s' % (match.app_name, match.url_name)
-            changelist_url = 'admin:%s_%s_changelist' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name)
+            current_url = "%s:%s" % (match.app_name, match.url_name)
+            changelist_url = "admin:%s_%s_changelist" % (
+                opts.app_label,
+                opts.model_name,
+            )
             if current_url == changelist_url:
                 preserved_filters = request.GET.urlencode()
             else:
-                preserved_filters = request.GET.get('_changelist_filters')
+                preserved_filters = request.GET.get("_changelist_filters")
 
             if preserved_filters:
-                return urlencode({'_changelist_filters': preserved_filters})
-        return ''
+                return urlencode({"_changelist_filters": preserved_filters})
+        return ""
 
     def construct_change_message(self, request, form, formsets, add=False):
         """
@@ -1071,8 +1180,9 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         """
         return construct_change_message(form, formsets, add)
 
-    def message_user(self, request, message, level=messages.INFO, extra_tags='',
-                     fail_silently=False):
+    def message_user(
+        self, request, message, level=messages.INFO, extra_tags="", fail_silently=False
+    ):
         """
         Send a message to the user. The default implementation
         posts a message using the django.contrib.messages backend.
@@ -1088,13 +1198,15 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
                 level = getattr(messages.constants, level.upper())
             except AttributeError:
                 levels = messages.constants.DEFAULT_TAGS.values()
-                levels_repr = ', '.join('`%s`' % level for level in levels)
+                levels_repr = ", ".join("`%s`" % level for level in levels)
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'Bad message level string: `%s`. Possible values are: %s'
+                    "Bad message level string: `%s`. Possible values are: %s"
                     % (level, levels_repr)
                 )
 
-        messages.add_message(request, level, message, extra_tags=extra_tags, fail_silently=fail_silently)
+        messages.add_message(
+            request, level, message, extra_tags=extra_tags, fail_silently=fail_silently
+        )
 
     def save_form(self, request, form, change):
         """
@@ -1137,40 +1249,51 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         for formset in formsets:
             self.save_formset(request, form, formset, change=change)
 
-    def render_change_form(self, request, context, add=False, change=False, form_url='', obj=None):
+    def render_change_form(
+        self, request, context, add=False, change=False, form_url="", obj=None
+    ):
         opts = self.model._meta
         app_label = opts.app_label
         preserved_filters = self.get_preserved_filters(request)
-        form_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, form_url)
+        form_url = add_preserved_filters(
+            {"preserved_filters": preserved_filters, "opts": opts}, form_url
+        )
         view_on_site_url = self.get_view_on_site_url(obj)
         has_editable_inline_admin_formsets = False
-        for inline in context['inline_admin_formsets']:
-            if inline.has_add_permission or inline.has_change_permission or inline.has_delete_permission:
+        for inline in context["inline_admin_formsets"]:
+            if (
+                inline.has_add_permission
+                or inline.has_change_permission
+                or inline.has_delete_permission
+            ):
                 has_editable_inline_admin_formsets = True
                 break
-        context.update({
-            'add': add,
-            'change': change,
-            'has_view_permission': self.has_view_permission(request, obj),
-            'has_add_permission': self.has_add_permission(request),
-            'has_change_permission': self.has_change_permission(request, obj),
-            'has_delete_permission': self.has_delete_permission(request, obj),
-            'has_editable_inline_admin_formsets': has_editable_inline_admin_formsets,
-            'has_file_field': context['adminform'].form.is_multipart() or any(
-                admin_formset.formset.is_multipart()
-                for admin_formset in context['inline_admin_formsets']
-            ),
-            'has_absolute_url': view_on_site_url is not None,
-            'absolute_url': view_on_site_url,
-            'form_url': form_url,
-            'opts': opts,
-            'content_type_id': get_content_type_for_model(self.model).pk,
-            'save_as': self.save_as,
-            'save_on_top': self.save_on_top,
-            'to_field_var': TO_FIELD_VAR,
-            'is_popup_var': IS_POPUP_VAR,
-            'app_label': app_label,
-        })
+        context.update(
+            {
+                "add": add,
+                "change": change,
+                "has_view_permission": self.has_view_permission(request, obj),
+                "has_add_permission": self.has_add_permission(request),
+                "has_change_permission": self.has_change_permission(request, obj),
+                "has_delete_permission": self.has_delete_permission(request, obj),
+                "has_editable_inline_admin_formsets": has_editable_inline_admin_formsets,
+                "has_file_field": context["adminform"].form.is_multipart()
+                or any(
+                    admin_formset.formset.is_multipart()
+                    for admin_formset in context["inline_admin_formsets"]
+                ),
+                "has_absolute_url": view_on_site_url is not None,
+                "absolute_url": view_on_site_url,
+                "form_url": form_url,
+                "opts": opts,
+                "content_type_id": get_content_type_for_model(self.model).pk,
+                "save_as": self.save_as,
+                "save_on_top": self.save_on_top,
+                "to_field_var": TO_FIELD_VAR,
+                "is_popup_var": IS_POPUP_VAR,
+                "app_label": app_label,
+            }
+        )
         if add and self.add_form_template is not None:
             form_template = self.add_form_template
         else:
@@ -1178,11 +1301,16 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
 
         request.current_app = self.admin_site.name
 
-        return TemplateResponse(request, form_template or [
-            "admin/%s/%s/change_form.html" % (app_label, opts.model_name),
-            "admin/%s/change_form.html" % app_label,
-            "admin/change_form.html"
-        ], context)
+        return TemplateResponse(
+            request,
+            form_template
+            or [
+                "admin/%s/%s/change_form.html" % (app_label, opts.model_name),
+                "admin/%s/change_form.html" % app_label,
+                "admin/change_form.html",
+            ],
+            context,
+        )
 
     def response_add(self, request, obj, post_url_continue=None):
         """
@@ -1191,7 +1319,7 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         opts = obj._meta
         preserved_filters = self.get_preserved_filters(request)
         obj_url = reverse(
-            'admin:%s_%s_change' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
+            "admin:%s_%s_change" % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
             args=(quote(obj.pk),),
             current_app=self.admin_site.name,
         )
@@ -1201,8 +1329,8 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         else:
             obj_repr = str(obj)
         msg_dict = {
-            'name': opts.verbose_name,
-            'obj': obj_repr,
+            "name": opts.verbose_name,
+            "obj": obj_repr,
         }
         # Here, we distinguish between different save types by checking for
         # the presence of keys in request.POST.
@@ -1214,49 +1342,61 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
             else:
                 attr = obj._meta.pk.attname
             value = obj.serializable_value(attr)
-            popup_response_data = json.dumps({
-                'value': str(value),
-                'obj': str(obj),
-            })
-            return TemplateResponse(request, self.popup_response_template or [
-                'admin/%s/%s/popup_response.html' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
-                'admin/%s/popup_response.html' % opts.app_label,
-                'admin/popup_response.html',
-            ], {
-                'popup_response_data': popup_response_data,
-            })
+            popup_response_data = json.dumps(
+                {
+                    "value": str(value),
+                    "obj": str(obj),
+                }
+            )
+            return TemplateResponse(
+                request,
+                self.popup_response_template
+                or [
+                    "admin/%s/%s/popup_response.html"
+                    % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
+                    "admin/%s/popup_response.html" % opts.app_label,
+                    "admin/popup_response.html",
+                ],
+                {
+                    "popup_response_data": popup_response_data,
+                },
+            )
 
         elif "_continue" in request.POST or (
-                # Redirecting after "Save as new".
-                "_saveasnew" in request.POST and self.save_as_continue and
-                self.has_change_permission(request, obj)
+            # Redirecting after "Save as new".
+            "_saveasnew" in request.POST
+            and self.save_as_continue
+            and self.has_change_permission(request, obj)
         ):
-            msg = _('The {name} “{obj}” was added successfully.')
+            msg = _("The {name} “{obj}” was added successfully.")
             if self.has_change_permission(request, obj):
-                msg += ' ' + _('You may edit it again below.')
+                msg += " " + _("You may edit it again below.")
             self.message_user(request, format_html(msg, **msg_dict), messages.SUCCESS)
             if post_url_continue is None:
                 post_url_continue = obj_url
             post_url_continue = add_preserved_filters(
-                {'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts},
-                post_url_continue
+                {"preserved_filters": preserved_filters, "opts": opts},
+                post_url_continue,
             )
             return HttpResponseRedirect(post_url_continue)
 
         elif "_addanother" in request.POST:
             msg = format_html(
-                _('The {name} “{obj}” was added successfully. You may add another {name} below.'),
-                **msg_dict
+                _(
+                    "The {name} “{obj}” was added successfully. You may add another {name} below."
+                ),
+                **msg_dict,
             )
             self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS)
             redirect_url = request.path
-            redirect_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, redirect_url)
+            redirect_url = add_preserved_filters(
+                {"preserved_filters": preserved_filters, "opts": opts}, redirect_url
+            )
             return HttpResponseRedirect(redirect_url)
 
         else:
             msg = format_html(
-                _('The {name} “{obj}” was added successfully.'),
-                **msg_dict
+                _("The {name} “{obj}” was added successfully."), **msg_dict
             )
             self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS)
             return self.response_post_save_add(request, obj)
@@ -1270,68 +1410,89 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
             opts = obj._meta
             to_field = request.POST.get(TO_FIELD_VAR)
             attr = str(to_field) if to_field else opts.pk.attname
-            value = request.resolver_match.kwargs['object_id']
+            value = request.resolver_match.kwargs["object_id"]
             new_value = obj.serializable_value(attr)
-            popup_response_data = json.dumps({
-                'action': 'change',
-                'value': str(value),
-                'obj': str(obj),
-                'new_value': str(new_value),
-            })
-            return TemplateResponse(request, self.popup_response_template or [
-                'admin/%s/%s/popup_response.html' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
-                'admin/%s/popup_response.html' % opts.app_label,
-                'admin/popup_response.html',
-            ], {
-                'popup_response_data': popup_response_data,
-            })
+            popup_response_data = json.dumps(
+                {
+                    "action": "change",
+                    "value": str(value),
+                    "obj": str(obj),
+                    "new_value": str(new_value),
+                }
+            )
+            return TemplateResponse(
+                request,
+                self.popup_response_template
+                or [
+                    "admin/%s/%s/popup_response.html"
+                    % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
+                    "admin/%s/popup_response.html" % opts.app_label,
+                    "admin/popup_response.html",
+                ],
+                {
+                    "popup_response_data": popup_response_data,
+                },
+            )
 
         opts = self.model._meta
         preserved_filters = self.get_preserved_filters(request)
 
         msg_dict = {
-            'name': opts.verbose_name,
-            'obj': format_html('<a href="{}">{}</a>', urlquote(request.path), obj),
+            "name": opts.verbose_name,
+            "obj": format_html('<a href="{}">{}</a>', urlquote(request.path), obj),
         }
         if "_continue" in request.POST:
             msg = format_html(
-                _('The {name} “{obj}” was changed successfully. You may edit it again below.'),
-                **msg_dict
+                _(
+                    "The {name} “{obj}” was changed successfully. You may edit it again below."
+                ),
+                **msg_dict,
             )
             self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS)
             redirect_url = request.path
-            redirect_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, redirect_url)
+            redirect_url = add_preserved_filters(
+                {"preserved_filters": preserved_filters, "opts": opts}, redirect_url
+            )
             return HttpResponseRedirect(redirect_url)
 
         elif "_saveasnew" in request.POST:
             msg = format_html(
-                _('The {name} “{obj}” was added successfully. You may edit it again below.'),
-                **msg_dict
+                _(
+                    "The {name} “{obj}” was added successfully. You may edit it again below."
+                ),
+                **msg_dict,
             )
             self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS)
-            redirect_url = reverse('admin:%s_%s_change' %
-                                   (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
-                                   args=(obj.pk,),
-                                   current_app=self.admin_site.name)
-            redirect_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, redirect_url)
+            redirect_url = reverse(
+                "admin:%s_%s_change" % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
+                args=(obj.pk,),
+                current_app=self.admin_site.name,
+            )
+            redirect_url = add_preserved_filters(
+                {"preserved_filters": preserved_filters, "opts": opts}, redirect_url
+            )
             return HttpResponseRedirect(redirect_url)
 
         elif "_addanother" in request.POST:
             msg = format_html(
-                _('The {name} “{obj}” was changed successfully. You may add another {name} below.'),
-                **msg_dict
+                _(
+                    "The {name} “{obj}” was changed successfully. You may add another {name} below."
+                ),
+                **msg_dict,
             )
             self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS)
-            redirect_url = reverse('admin:%s_%s_add' %
-                                   (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
-                                   current_app=self.admin_site.name)
-            redirect_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, redirect_url)
+            redirect_url = reverse(
+                "admin:%s_%s_add" % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
+                current_app=self.admin_site.name,
+            )
+            redirect_url = add_preserved_filters(
+                {"preserved_filters": preserved_filters, "opts": opts}, redirect_url
+            )
             return HttpResponseRedirect(redirect_url)
 
         else:
             msg = format_html(
-                _('The {name} “{obj}” was changed successfully.'),
-                **msg_dict
+                _("The {name} “{obj}” was changed successfully."), **msg_dict
             )
             self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS)
             return self.response_post_save_change(request, obj)
@@ -1339,14 +1500,16 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
     def _response_post_save(self, request, obj):
         opts = self.model._meta
         if self.has_view_or_change_permission(request):
-            post_url = reverse('admin:%s_%s_changelist' %
-                               (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
-                               current_app=self.admin_site.name)
+            post_url = reverse(
+                "admin:%s_%s_changelist" % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
+                current_app=self.admin_site.name,
+            )
             preserved_filters = self.get_preserved_filters(request)
-            post_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, post_url)
+            post_url = add_preserved_filters(
+                {"preserved_filters": preserved_filters, "opts": opts}, post_url
+            )
         else:
-            post_url = reverse('admin:index',
-                               current_app=self.admin_site.name)
+            post_url = reverse("admin:index", current_app=self.admin_site.name)
         return HttpResponseRedirect(post_url)
 
     def response_post_save_add(self, request, obj):
@@ -1374,7 +1537,7 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         # and bottom of the change list, for example). Get the action
         # whose button was pushed.
         try:
-            action_index = int(request.POST.get('index', 0))
+            action_index = int(request.POST.get("index", 0))
         except ValueError:
             action_index = 0
 
@@ -1385,7 +1548,7 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
 
         # Use the action whose button was pushed
         try:
-            data.update({'action': data.getlist('action')[action_index]})
+            data.update({"action": data.getlist("action")[action_index]})
         except IndexError:
             # If we didn't get an action from the chosen form that's invalid
             # POST data, so by deleting action it'll fail the validation check
@@ -1393,12 +1556,12 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
             pass
 
         action_form = self.action_form(data, auto_id=None)
-        action_form.fields['action'].choices = self.get_action_choices(request)
+        action_form.fields["action"].choices = self.get_action_choices(request)
 
         # If the form's valid we can handle the action.
         if action_form.is_valid():
-            action = action_form.cleaned_data['action']
-            select_across = action_form.cleaned_data['select_across']
+            action = action_form.cleaned_data["action"]
+            select_across = action_form.cleaned_data["select_across"]
             func = self.get_actions(request)[action][0]
 
             # Get the list of selected PKs. If nothing's selected, we can't
@@ -1407,8 +1570,10 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
             selected = request.POST.getlist(helpers.ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME)
             if not selected and not select_across:
                 # Reminder that something needs to be selected or nothing will happen
-                msg = _("Items must be selected in order to perform "
-                        "actions on them. No items have been changed.")
+                msg = _(
+                    "Items must be selected in order to perform "
+                    "actions on them. No items have been changed."
+                )
                 self.message_user(request, msg, messages.WARNING)
                 return None
 
@@ -1437,38 +1602,47 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         opts = self.model._meta
 
         if IS_POPUP_VAR in request.POST:
-            popup_response_data = json.dumps({
-                'action': 'delete',
-                'value': str(obj_id),
-            })
-            return TemplateResponse(request, self.popup_response_template or [
-                'admin/%s/%s/popup_response.html' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
-                'admin/%s/popup_response.html' % opts.app_label,
-                'admin/popup_response.html',
-            ], {
-                'popup_response_data': popup_response_data,
-            })
+            popup_response_data = json.dumps(
+                {
+                    "action": "delete",
+                    "value": str(obj_id),
+                }
+            )
+            return TemplateResponse(
+                request,
+                self.popup_response_template
+                or [
+                    "admin/%s/%s/popup_response.html"
+                    % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
+                    "admin/%s/popup_response.html" % opts.app_label,
+                    "admin/popup_response.html",
+                ],
+                {
+                    "popup_response_data": popup_response_data,
+                },
+            )
 
         self.message_user(
             request,
-            _('The %(name)s “%(obj)s” was deleted successfully.') % {
-                'name': opts.verbose_name,
-                'obj': obj_display,
+            _("The %(name)s “%(obj)s” was deleted successfully.")
+            % {
+                "name": opts.verbose_name,
+                "obj": obj_display,
             },
             messages.SUCCESS,
         )
 
         if self.has_change_permission(request, None):
             post_url = reverse(
-                'admin:%s_%s_changelist' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
+                "admin:%s_%s_changelist" % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
                 current_app=self.admin_site.name,
             )
             preserved_filters = self.get_preserved_filters(request)
             post_url = add_preserved_filters(
-                {'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, post_url
+                {"preserved_filters": preserved_filters, "opts": opts}, post_url
             )
         else:
-            post_url = reverse('admin:index', current_app=self.admin_site.name)
+            post_url = reverse("admin:index", current_app=self.admin_site.name)
         return HttpResponseRedirect(post_url)
 
     def render_delete_form(self, request, context):
@@ -1484,8 +1658,11 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
 
         return TemplateResponse(
             request,
-            self.delete_confirmation_template or [
-                "admin/{}/{}/delete_confirmation.html".format(app_label, opts.model_name),
+            self.delete_confirmation_template
+            or [
+                "admin/{}/{}/delete_confirmation.html".format(
+                    app_label, opts.model_name
+                ),
                 "admin/{}/delete_confirmation.html".format(app_label),
                 "admin/delete_confirmation.html",
             ],
@@ -1494,7 +1671,11 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
 
     def get_inline_formsets(self, request, formsets, inline_instances, obj=None):
         # Edit permissions on parent model are required for editable inlines.
-        can_edit_parent = self.has_change_permission(request, obj) if obj else self.has_add_permission(request)
+        can_edit_parent = (
+            self.has_change_permission(request, obj)
+            if obj
+            else self.has_add_permission(request)
+        )
         inline_admin_formsets = []
         for inline, formset in zip(inline_instances, formsets):
             fieldsets = list(inline.get_fieldsets(request, obj))
@@ -1505,14 +1686,23 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
                 has_delete_permission = inline.has_delete_permission(request, obj)
             else:
                 # Disable all edit-permissions, and overide formset settings.
-                has_add_permission = has_change_permission = has_delete_permission = False
+                has_add_permission = (
+                    has_change_permission
+                ) = has_delete_permission = False
                 formset.extra = formset.max_num = 0
             has_view_permission = inline.has_view_permission(request, obj)
             prepopulated = dict(inline.get_prepopulated_fields(request, obj))
             inline_admin_formset = helpers.InlineAdminFormSet(
-                inline, formset, fieldsets, prepopulated, readonly, model_admin=self,
-                has_add_permission=has_add_permission, has_change_permission=has_change_permission,
-                has_delete_permission=has_delete_permission, has_view_permission=has_view_permission,
+                inline,
+                formset,
+                fieldsets,
+                prepopulated,
+                readonly,
+                model_admin=self,
+                has_add_permission=has_add_permission,
+                has_change_permission=has_change_permission,
+                has_delete_permission=has_delete_permission,
+                has_view_permission=has_view_permission,
             )
             inline_admin_formsets.append(inline_admin_formset)
         return inline_admin_formsets
@@ -1537,28 +1727,30 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         Create a message informing the user that the object doesn't exist
         and return a redirect to the admin index page.
         """
-        msg = _('%(name)s with ID “%(key)s” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?') % {
-            'name': opts.verbose_name,
-            'key': unquote(object_id),
+        msg = _("%(name)s with ID “%(key)s” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?") % {
+            "name": opts.verbose_name,
+            "key": unquote(object_id),
         }
         self.message_user(request, msg, messages.WARNING)
-        url = reverse('admin:index', current_app=self.admin_site.name)
+        url = reverse("admin:index", current_app=self.admin_site.name)
         return HttpResponseRedirect(url)
 
     @csrf_protect_m
-    def changeform_view(self, request, object_id=None, form_url='', extra_context=None):
+    def changeform_view(self, request, object_id=None, form_url="", extra_context=None):
         with transaction.atomic(using=router.db_for_write(self.model)):
             return self._changeform_view(request, object_id, form_url, extra_context)
 
     def _changeform_view(self, request, object_id, form_url, extra_context):
         to_field = request.POST.get(TO_FIELD_VAR, request.GET.get(TO_FIELD_VAR))
         if to_field and not self.to_field_allowed(request, to_field):
-            raise DisallowedModelAdminToField("The field %s cannot be referenced." % to_field)
+            raise DisallowedModelAdminToField(
+                "The field %s cannot be referenced." % to_field
+            )
 
         model = self.model
         opts = model._meta
 
-        if request.method == 'POST' and '_saveasnew' in request.POST:
+        if request.method == "POST" and "_saveasnew" in request.POST:
             object_id = None
 
         add = object_id is None
@@ -1571,7 +1763,7 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         else:
             obj = self.get_object(request, unquote(object_id), to_field)
 
-            if request.method == 'POST':
+            if request.method == "POST":
                 if not self.has_change_permission(request, obj):
                     raise PermissionDenied
             else:
@@ -1585,7 +1777,7 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         ModelForm = self.get_form(
             request, obj, change=not add, fields=flatten_fieldsets(fieldsets)
         )
-        if request.method == 'POST':
+        if request.method == "POST":
             form = ModelForm(request.POST, request.FILES, instance=obj)
             formsets, inline_instances = self._create_formsets(
                 request,
@@ -1600,7 +1792,9 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
             if all_valid(formsets) and form_validated:
                 self.save_model(request, new_object, form, not add)
                 self.save_related(request, form, formsets, not add)
-                change_message = self.construct_change_message(request, form, formsets, add)
+                change_message = self.construct_change_message(
+                    request, form, formsets, add
+                )
                 if add:
                     self.log_addition(request, new_object, change_message)
                     return self.response_add(request, new_object)
@@ -1613,10 +1807,14 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
             if add:
                 initial = self.get_changeform_initial_data(request)
                 form = ModelForm(initial=initial)
-                formsets, inline_instances = self._create_formsets(request, form.instance, change=False)
+                formsets, inline_instances = self._create_formsets(
+                    request, form.instance, change=False
+                )
             else:
                 form = ModelForm(instance=obj)
-                formsets, inline_instances = self._create_formsets(request, obj, change=True)
+                formsets, inline_instances = self._create_formsets(
+                    request, obj, change=True
+                )
 
         if not add and not self.has_change_permission(request, obj):
             readonly_fields = flatten_fieldsets(fieldsets)
@@ -1626,58 +1824,69 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
             form,
             list(fieldsets),
             # Clear prepopulated fields on a view-only form to avoid a crash.
-            self.get_prepopulated_fields(request, obj) if add or self.has_change_permission(request, obj) else {},
+            self.get_prepopulated_fields(request, obj)
+            if add or self.has_change_permission(request, obj)
+            else {},
             readonly_fields,
-            model_admin=self)
+            model_admin=self,
+        )
         media = self.media + adminForm.media
 
-        inline_formsets = self.get_inline_formsets(request, formsets, inline_instances, obj)
+        inline_formsets = self.get_inline_formsets(
+            request, formsets, inline_instances, obj
+        )
         for inline_formset in inline_formsets:
             media = media + inline_formset.media
 
         if add:
-            title = _('Add %s')
+            title = _("Add %s")
         elif self.has_change_permission(request, obj):
-            title = _('Change %s')
+            title = _("Change %s")
         else:
-            title = _('View %s')
+            title = _("View %s")
         context = {
             **self.admin_site.each_context(request),
-            'title': title % opts.verbose_name,
-            'subtitle': str(obj) if obj else None,
-            'adminform': adminForm,
-            'object_id': object_id,
-            'original': obj,
-            'is_popup': IS_POPUP_VAR in request.POST or IS_POPUP_VAR in request.GET,
-            'to_field': to_field,
-            'media': media,
-            'inline_admin_formsets': inline_formsets,
-            'errors': helpers.AdminErrorList(form, formsets),
-            'preserved_filters': self.get_preserved_filters(request),
+            "title": title % opts.verbose_name,
+            "subtitle": str(obj) if obj else None,
+            "adminform": adminForm,
+            "object_id": object_id,
+            "original": obj,
+            "is_popup": IS_POPUP_VAR in request.POST or IS_POPUP_VAR in request.GET,
+            "to_field": to_field,
+            "media": media,
+            "inline_admin_formsets": inline_formsets,
+            "errors": helpers.AdminErrorList(form, formsets),
+            "preserved_filters": self.get_preserved_filters(request),
         }
 
         # Hide the "Save" and "Save and continue" buttons if "Save as New" was
         # previously chosen to prevent the interface from getting confusing.
-        if request.method == 'POST' and not form_validated and "_saveasnew" in request.POST:
-            context['show_save'] = False
-            context['show_save_and_continue'] = False
+        if (
+            request.method == "POST"
+            and not form_validated
+            and "_saveasnew" in request.POST
+        ):
+            context["show_save"] = False
+            context["show_save_and_continue"] = False
             # Use the change template instead of the add template.
             add = False
 
         context.update(extra_context or {})
 
-        return self.render_change_form(request, context, add=add, change=not add, obj=obj, form_url=form_url)
+        return self.render_change_form(
+            request, context, add=add, change=not add, obj=obj, form_url=form_url
+        )
 
-    def add_view(self, request, form_url='', extra_context=None):
+    def add_view(self, request, form_url="", extra_context=None):
         return self.changeform_view(request, None, form_url, extra_context)
 
-    def change_view(self, request, object_id, form_url='', extra_context=None):
+    def change_view(self, request, object_id, form_url="", extra_context=None):
         return self.changeform_view(request, object_id, form_url, extra_context)
 
     def _get_edited_object_pks(self, request, prefix):
         """Return POST data values of list_editable primary keys."""
         pk_pattern = re.compile(
-            r'{}-\d+-{}$'.format(re.escape(prefix), self.model._meta.pk.name)
+            r"{}-\d+-{}$".format(re.escape(prefix), self.model._meta.pk.name)
         )
         return [value for key, value in request.POST.items() if pk_pattern.match(key)]
 
@@ -1703,6 +1912,7 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         The 'change list' admin view for this model.
         """
         from django.contrib.admin.views.main import ERROR_FLAG
+
         opts = self.model._meta
         app_label = opts.app_label
         if not self.has_view_or_change_permission(request):
@@ -1718,10 +1928,13 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
             # something is screwed up with the database, so display an error
             # page.
             if ERROR_FLAG in request.GET:
-                return SimpleTemplateResponse('admin/invalid_setup.html', {
-                    'title': _('Database error'),
-                })
-            return HttpResponseRedirect(request.path + '?' + ERROR_FLAG + '=1')
+                return SimpleTemplateResponse(
+                    "admin/invalid_setup.html",
+                    {
+                        "title": _("Database error"),
+                    },
+                )
+            return HttpResponseRedirect(request.path + "?" + ERROR_FLAG + "=1")
 
         # If the request was POSTed, this might be a bulk action or a bulk
         # edit. Try to look up an action or confirmation first, but if this
@@ -1732,26 +1945,40 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
 
         actions = self.get_actions(request)
         # Actions with no confirmation
-        if (actions and request.method == 'POST' and
-                'index' in request.POST and '_save' not in request.POST):
+        if (
+            actions
+            and request.method == "POST"
+            and "index" in request.POST
+            and "_save" not in request.POST
+        ):
             if selected:
-                response = self.response_action(request, queryset=cl.get_queryset(request))
+                response = self.response_action(
+                    request, queryset=cl.get_queryset(request)
+                )
                 if response:
                     return response
                 else:
                     action_failed = True
             else:
-                msg = _("Items must be selected in order to perform "
-                        "actions on them. No items have been changed.")
+                msg = _(
+                    "Items must be selected in order to perform "
+                    "actions on them. No items have been changed."
+                )
                 self.message_user(request, msg, messages.WARNING)
                 action_failed = True
 
         # Actions with confirmation
-        if (actions and request.method == 'POST' and
-                helpers.ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME in request.POST and
-                'index' not in request.POST and '_save' not in request.POST):
+        if (
+            actions
+            and request.method == "POST"
+            and helpers.ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME in request.POST
+            and "index" not in request.POST
+            and "_save" not in request.POST
+        ):
             if selected:
-                response = self.response_action(request, queryset=cl.get_queryset(request))
+                response = self.response_action(
+                    request, queryset=cl.get_queryset(request)
+                )
                 if response:
                     return response
                 else:
@@ -1769,12 +1996,16 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         formset = cl.formset = None
 
         # Handle POSTed bulk-edit data.
-        if request.method == 'POST' and cl.list_editable and '_save' in request.POST:
+        if request.method == "POST" and cl.list_editable and "_save" in request.POST:
             if not self.has_change_permission(request):
                 raise PermissionDenied
             FormSet = self.get_changelist_formset(request)
-            modified_objects = self._get_list_editable_queryset(request, FormSet.get_default_prefix())
-            formset = cl.formset = FormSet(request.POST, request.FILES, queryset=modified_objects)
+            modified_objects = self._get_list_editable_queryset(
+                request, FormSet.get_default_prefix()
+            )
+            formset = cl.formset = FormSet(
+                request.POST, request.FILES, queryset=modified_objects
+            )
             if formset.is_valid():
                 changecount = 0
                 for form in formset.forms:
@@ -1790,10 +2021,10 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
                     msg = ngettext(
                         "%(count)s %(name)s was changed successfully.",
                         "%(count)s %(name)s were changed successfully.",
-                        changecount
+                        changecount,
                     ) % {
-                        'count': changecount,
-                        'name': model_ngettext(opts, changecount),
+                        "count": changecount,
+                        "name": model_ngettext(opts, changecount),
                     }
                     self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS)
 
@@ -1813,45 +2044,48 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         # Build the action form and populate it with available actions.
         if actions:
             action_form = self.action_form(auto_id=None)
-            action_form.fields['action'].choices = self.get_action_choices(request)
+            action_form.fields["action"].choices = self.get_action_choices(request)
             media += action_form.media
         else:
             action_form = None
 
         selection_note_all = ngettext(
-            '%(total_count)s selected',
-            'All %(total_count)s selected',
-            cl.result_count
+            "%(total_count)s selected", "All %(total_count)s selected", cl.result_count
         )
 
         context = {
             **self.admin_site.each_context(request),
-            'module_name': str(opts.verbose_name_plural),
-            'selection_note': _('0 of %(cnt)s selected') % {'cnt': len(cl.result_list)},
-            'selection_note_all': selection_note_all % {'total_count': cl.result_count},
-            'title': cl.title,
-            'subtitle': None,
-            'is_popup': cl.is_popup,
-            'to_field': cl.to_field,
-            'cl': cl,
-            'media': media,
-            'has_add_permission': self.has_add_permission(request),
-            'opts': cl.opts,
-            'action_form': action_form,
-            'actions_on_top': self.actions_on_top,
-            'actions_on_bottom': self.actions_on_bottom,
-            'actions_selection_counter': self.actions_selection_counter,
-            'preserved_filters': self.get_preserved_filters(request),
+            "module_name": str(opts.verbose_name_plural),
+            "selection_note": _("0 of %(cnt)s selected") % {"cnt": len(cl.result_list)},
+            "selection_note_all": selection_note_all % {"total_count": cl.result_count},
+            "title": cl.title,
+            "subtitle": None,
+            "is_popup": cl.is_popup,
+            "to_field": cl.to_field,
+            "cl": cl,
+            "media": media,
+            "has_add_permission": self.has_add_permission(request),
+            "opts": cl.opts,
+            "action_form": action_form,
+            "actions_on_top": self.actions_on_top,
+            "actions_on_bottom": self.actions_on_bottom,
+            "actions_selection_counter": self.actions_selection_counter,
+            "preserved_filters": self.get_preserved_filters(request),
             **(extra_context or {}),
         }
 
         request.current_app = self.admin_site.name
 
-        return TemplateResponse(request, self.change_list_template or [
-            'admin/%s/%s/change_list.html' % (app_label, opts.model_name),
-            'admin/%s/change_list.html' % app_label,
-            'admin/change_list.html'
-        ], context)
+        return TemplateResponse(
+            request,
+            self.change_list_template
+            or [
+                "admin/%s/%s/change_list.html" % (app_label, opts.model_name),
+                "admin/%s/change_list.html" % app_label,
+                "admin/change_list.html",
+            ],
+            context,
+        )
 
     def get_deleted_objects(self, objs, request):
         """
@@ -1872,7 +2106,9 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
 
         to_field = request.POST.get(TO_FIELD_VAR, request.GET.get(TO_FIELD_VAR))
         if to_field and not self.to_field_allowed(request, to_field):
-            raise DisallowedModelAdminToField("The field %s cannot be referenced." % to_field)
+            raise DisallowedModelAdminToField(
+                "The field %s cannot be referenced." % to_field
+            )
 
         obj = self.get_object(request, unquote(object_id), to_field)
 
@@ -1884,7 +2120,12 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
 
         # Populate deleted_objects, a data structure of all related objects that
         # will also be deleted.
-        deleted_objects, model_count, perms_needed, protected = self.get_deleted_objects([obj], request)
+        (
+            deleted_objects,
+            model_count,
+            perms_needed,
+            protected,
+        ) = self.get_deleted_objects([obj], request)
 
         if request.POST and not protected:  # The user has confirmed the deletion.
             if perms_needed:
@@ -1906,19 +2147,19 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
 
         context = {
             **self.admin_site.each_context(request),
-            'title': title,
-            'subtitle': None,
-            'object_name': object_name,
-            'object': obj,
-            'deleted_objects': deleted_objects,
-            'model_count': dict(model_count).items(),
-            'perms_lacking': perms_needed,
-            'protected': protected,
-            'opts': opts,
-            'app_label': app_label,
-            'preserved_filters': self.get_preserved_filters(request),
-            'is_popup': IS_POPUP_VAR in request.POST or IS_POPUP_VAR in request.GET,
-            'to_field': to_field,
+            "title": title,
+            "subtitle": None,
+            "object_name": object_name,
+            "object": obj,
+            "deleted_objects": deleted_objects,
+            "model_count": dict(model_count).items(),
+            "perms_lacking": perms_needed,
+            "protected": protected,
+            "opts": opts,
+            "app_label": app_label,
+            "preserved_filters": self.get_preserved_filters(request),
+            "is_popup": IS_POPUP_VAR in request.POST or IS_POPUP_VAR in request.GET,
+            "to_field": to_field,
             **(extra_context or {}),
         }
 
@@ -1933,7 +2174,9 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         model = self.model
         obj = self.get_object(request, unquote(object_id))
         if obj is None:
-            return self._get_obj_does_not_exist_redirect(request, model._meta, object_id)
+            return self._get_obj_does_not_exist_redirect(
+                request, model._meta, object_id
+            )
 
         if not self.has_view_or_change_permission(request, obj):
             raise PermissionDenied
@@ -1941,10 +2184,14 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         # Then get the history for this object.
         opts = model._meta
         app_label = opts.app_label
-        action_list = LogEntry.objects.filter(
-            object_id=unquote(object_id),
-            content_type=get_content_type_for_model(model)
-        ).select_related().order_by('action_time')
+        action_list = (
+            LogEntry.objects.filter(
+                object_id=unquote(object_id),
+                content_type=get_content_type_for_model(model),
+            )
+            .select_related()
+            .order_by("action_time")
+        )
 
         paginator = self.get_paginator(request, action_list, 100)
         page_number = request.GET.get(PAGE_VAR, 1)
@@ -1953,39 +2200,46 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
 
         context = {
             **self.admin_site.each_context(request),
-            'title': _('Change history: %s') % obj,
-            'subtitle': None,
-            'action_list': page_obj,
-            'page_range': page_range,
-            'page_var': PAGE_VAR,
-            'pagination_required': paginator.count > 100,
-            'module_name': str(capfirst(opts.verbose_name_plural)),
-            'object': obj,
-            'opts': opts,
-            'preserved_filters': self.get_preserved_filters(request),
+            "title": _("Change history: %s") % obj,
+            "subtitle": None,
+            "action_list": page_obj,
+            "page_range": page_range,
+            "page_var": PAGE_VAR,
+            "pagination_required": paginator.count > 100,
+            "module_name": str(capfirst(opts.verbose_name_plural)),
+            "object": obj,
+            "opts": opts,
+            "preserved_filters": self.get_preserved_filters(request),
             **(extra_context or {}),
         }
 
         request.current_app = self.admin_site.name
 
-        return TemplateResponse(request, self.object_history_template or [
-            "admin/%s/%s/object_history.html" % (app_label, opts.model_name),
-            "admin/%s/object_history.html" % app_label,
-            "admin/object_history.html"
-        ], context)
+        return TemplateResponse(
+            request,
+            self.object_history_template
+            or [
+                "admin/%s/%s/object_history.html" % (app_label, opts.model_name),
+                "admin/%s/object_history.html" % app_label,
+                "admin/object_history.html",
+            ],
+            context,
+        )
 
     def get_formset_kwargs(self, request, obj, inline, prefix):
         formset_params = {
-            'instance': obj,
-            'prefix': prefix,
-            'queryset': inline.get_queryset(request),
+            "instance": obj,
+            "prefix": prefix,
+            "queryset": inline.get_queryset(request),
         }
-        if request.method == 'POST':
-            formset_params.update({
-                'data': request.POST.copy(),
-                'files': request.FILES,
-                'save_as_new': '_saveasnew' in request.POST
-            })
+        if request.method == "POST":
+            formset_params.update(
+                {
+                    "data": request.POST.copy(),
+                    "files": request.FILES,
+                    "save_as_new": "_saveasnew" in request.POST,
+                }
+            )
         return formset_params
 
     def _create_formsets(self, request, obj, change):
@@ -2007,8 +2261,8 @@ class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
             def user_deleted_form(request, obj, formset, index):
                 """Return whether or not the user deleted the form."""
                 return (
-                    inline.has_delete_permission(request, obj) and
-                    '{}-{}-DELETE'.format(formset.prefix, index) in request.POST
+                    inline.has_delete_permission(request, obj)
+                    and "{}-{}-DELETE".format(formset.prefix, index) in request.POST
                 )
 
             # Bypass validation of each view-only inline form (since the form's
@@ -2032,6 +2286,7 @@ class InlineModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
     from ``model`` to its parent. This is required if ``model`` has more than
     one ``ForeignKey`` to its parent.
     """
+
     model = None
     fk_name = None
     formset = BaseInlineFormSet
@@ -2056,19 +2311,19 @@ class InlineModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
             if self.verbose_name is None:
                 self.verbose_name_plural = self.model._meta.verbose_name_plural
             else:
-                self.verbose_name_plural = format_lazy('{}s', self.verbose_name)
+                self.verbose_name_plural = format_lazy("{}s", self.verbose_name)
         if self.verbose_name is None:
             self.verbose_name = self.model._meta.verbose_name
 
     @property
     def media(self):
-        extra = '' if settings.DEBUG else '.min'
-        js = ['vendor/jquery/jquery%s.js' % extra, 'jquery.init.js', 'inlines.js']
+        extra = "" if settings.DEBUG else ".min"
+        js = ["vendor/jquery/jquery%s.js" % extra, "jquery.init.js", "inlines.js"]
         if self.filter_vertical or self.filter_horizontal:
-            js.extend(['SelectBox.js', 'SelectFilter2.js'])
-        if self.classes and 'collapse' in self.classes:
-            js.append('collapse.js')
-        return forms.Media(js=['admin/js/%s' % url for url in js])
+            js.extend(["SelectBox.js", "SelectFilter2.js"])
+        if self.classes and "collapse" in self.classes:
+            js.append("collapse.js")
+        return forms.Media(js=["admin/js/%s" % url for url in js])
 
     def get_extra(self, request, obj=None, **kwargs):
         """Hook for customizing the number of extra inline forms."""
@@ -2084,14 +2339,14 @@ class InlineModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
 
     def get_formset(self, request, obj=None, **kwargs):
         """Return a BaseInlineFormSet class for use in admin add/change views."""
-        if 'fields' in kwargs:
-            fields = kwargs.pop('fields')
+        if "fields" in kwargs:
+            fields = kwargs.pop("fields")
         else:
             fields = flatten_fieldsets(self.get_fieldsets(request, obj))
         excluded = self.get_exclude(request, obj)
         exclude = [] if excluded is None else list(excluded)
         exclude.extend(self.get_readonly_fields(request, obj))
-        if excluded is None and hasattr(self.form, '_meta') and self.form._meta.exclude:
+        if excluded is None and hasattr(self.form, "_meta") and self.form._meta.exclude:
             # Take the custom ModelForm's Meta.exclude into account only if the
             # InlineModelAdmin doesn't define its own.
             exclude.extend(self.form._meta.exclude)
@@ -2100,25 +2355,24 @@ class InlineModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
         exclude = exclude or None
         can_delete = self.can_delete and self.has_delete_permission(request, obj)
         defaults = {
-            'form': self.form,
-            'formset': self.formset,
-            'fk_name': self.fk_name,
-            'fields': fields,
-            'exclude': exclude,
-            'formfield_callback': partial(self.formfield_for_dbfield, request=request),
-            'extra': self.get_extra(request, obj, **kwargs),
-            'min_num': self.get_min_num(request, obj, **kwargs),
-            'max_num': self.get_max_num(request, obj, **kwargs),
-            'can_delete': can_delete,
+            "form": self.form,
+            "formset": self.formset,
+            "fk_name": self.fk_name,
+            "fields": fields,
+            "exclude": exclude,
+            "formfield_callback": partial(self.formfield_for_dbfield, request=request),
+            "extra": self.get_extra(request, obj, **kwargs),
+            "min_num": self.get_min_num(request, obj, **kwargs),
+            "max_num": self.get_max_num(request, obj, **kwargs),
+            "can_delete": can_delete,
             **kwargs,
         }
 
-        base_model_form = defaults['form']
+        base_model_form = defaults["form"]
         can_change = self.has_change_permission(request, obj) if request else True
         can_add = self.has_add_permission(request, obj) if request else True
 
         class DeleteProtectedModelForm(base_model_form):
-
             def hand_clean_DELETE(self):
                 """
                 We don't validate the 'DELETE' field itself because on
@@ -2137,19 +2391,22 @@ class InlineModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
                             objs.append(
                                 # Translators: Model verbose name and instance representation,
                                 # suitable to be an item in a list.
-                                _('%(class_name)s %(instance)s') % {
-                                    'class_name': p._meta.verbose_name,
-                                    'instance': p}
+                                _("%(class_name)s %(instance)s")
+                                % {"class_name": p._meta.verbose_name, "instance": p}
                             )
                         params = {
-                            'class_name': self._meta.model._meta.verbose_name,
-                            'instance': self.instance,
-                            'related_objects': get_text_list(objs, _('and')),
+                            "class_name": self._meta.model._meta.verbose_name,
+                            "instance": self.instance,
+                            "related_objects": get_text_list(objs, _("and")),
                         }
-                        msg = _("Deleting %(class_name)s %(instance)s would require "
-                                "deleting the following protected related objects: "
-                                "%(related_objects)s")
-                        raise ValidationError(msg, code='deleting_protected', params=params)
+                        msg = _(
+                            "Deleting %(class_name)s %(instance)s would require "
+                            "deleting the following protected related objects: "
+                            "%(related_objects)s"
+                        )
+                        raise ValidationError(
+                            msg, code="deleting_protected", params=params
+                        )
 
             def is_valid(self):
                 result = super().is_valid()
@@ -2164,10 +2421,12 @@ class InlineModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
                     return False
                 return super().has_changed()
 
-        defaults['form'] = DeleteProtectedModelForm
+        defaults["form"] = DeleteProtectedModelForm
 
-        if defaults['fields'] is None and not modelform_defines_fields(defaults['form']):
-            defaults['fields'] = forms.ALL_FIELDS
+        if defaults["fields"] is None and not modelform_defines_fields(
+            defaults["form"]
+        ):
+            defaults["fields"] = forms.ALL_FIELDS
 
         return inlineformset_factory(self.parent_model, self.model, **defaults)
 
@@ -2194,7 +2453,9 @@ class InlineModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
                 opts = field.remote_field.model._meta
                 break
         return any(
-            request.user.has_perm('%s.%s' % (opts.app_label, get_permission_codename(perm, opts)))
+            request.user.has_perm(
+                "%s.%s" % (opts.app_label, get_permission_codename(perm, opts))
+            )
             for perm in perms
         )
 
@@ -2204,32 +2465,32 @@ class InlineModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
             # permissions. The user needs to have the change permission for the
             # related model in order to be able to do anything with the
             # intermediate model.
-            return self._has_any_perms_for_target_model(request, ['change'])
+            return self._has_any_perms_for_target_model(request, ["change"])
         return super().has_add_permission(request)
 
     def has_change_permission(self, request, obj=None):
         if self.opts.auto_created:
             # Same comment as has_add_permission().
-            return self._has_any_perms_for_target_model(request, ['change'])
+            return self._has_any_perms_for_target_model(request, ["change"])
         return super().has_change_permission(request)
 
     def has_delete_permission(self, request, obj=None):
         if self.opts.auto_created:
             # Same comment as has_add_permission().
-            return self._has_any_perms_for_target_model(request, ['change'])
+            return self._has_any_perms_for_target_model(request, ["change"])
         return super().has_delete_permission(request, obj)
 
     def has_view_permission(self, request, obj=None):
         if self.opts.auto_created:
             # Same comment as has_add_permission(). The 'change' permission
             # also implies the 'view' permission.
-            return self._has_any_perms_for_target_model(request, ['view', 'change'])
+            return self._has_any_perms_for_target_model(request, ["view", "change"])
         return super().has_view_permission(request)
 
 
 class StackedInline(InlineModelAdmin):
-    template = 'admin/edit_inline/stacked.html'
+    template = "admin/edit_inline/stacked.html"
 
 
 class TabularInline(InlineModelAdmin):
-    template = 'admin/edit_inline/tabular.html'
+    template = "admin/edit_inline/tabular.html"
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/sites.py b/django/contrib/admin/sites.py
index cff1dab829..c8870924e7 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/sites.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/sites.py
@@ -9,16 +9,15 @@ from django.contrib.admin.views.autocomplete import AutocompleteJsonView
 from django.contrib.auth import REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.db.models.base import ModelBase
-from django.http import (
-    Http404, HttpResponsePermanentRedirect, HttpResponseRedirect,
-)
+from django.http import Http404, HttpResponsePermanentRedirect, HttpResponseRedirect
 from django.template.response import TemplateResponse
 from django.urls import NoReverseMatch, Resolver404, resolve, reverse
 from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
 from django.utils.functional import LazyObject
 from django.utils.module_loading import import_string
 from django.utils.text import capfirst
-from django.utils.translation import gettext as _, gettext_lazy
+from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
+from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy
 from django.views.decorators.cache import never_cache
 from django.views.decorators.common import no_append_slash
 from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_protect
@@ -45,20 +44,20 @@ class AdminSite:
     """
 
     # Text to put at the end of each page's <title>.
-    site_title = gettext_lazy('Django site admin')
+    site_title = gettext_lazy("Django site admin")
 
     # Text to put in each page's <h1>.
-    site_header = gettext_lazy('Django administration')
+    site_header = gettext_lazy("Django administration")
 
     # Text to put at the top of the admin index page.
-    index_title = gettext_lazy('Site administration')
+    index_title = gettext_lazy("Site administration")
 
     # URL for the "View site" link at the top of each admin page.
-    site_url = '/'
+    site_url = "/"
 
     enable_nav_sidebar = True
 
-    empty_value_display = '-'
+    empty_value_display = "-"
 
     login_form = None
     index_template = None
@@ -70,15 +69,15 @@ class AdminSite:
 
     final_catch_all_view = True
 
-    def __init__(self, name='admin'):
+    def __init__(self, name="admin"):
         self._registry = {}  # model_class class -> admin_class instance
         self.name = name
-        self._actions = {'delete_selected': actions.delete_selected}
+        self._actions = {"delete_selected": actions.delete_selected}
         self._global_actions = self._actions.copy()
         all_sites.add(self)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}(name={self.name!r})'
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}(name={self.name!r})"
 
     def check(self, app_configs):
         """
@@ -90,7 +89,9 @@ class AdminSite:
         app_configs = set(app_configs)  # Speed up lookups below
 
         errors = []
-        modeladmins = (o for o in self._registry.values() if o.__class__ is not ModelAdmin)
+        modeladmins = (
+            o for o in self._registry.values() if o.__class__ is not ModelAdmin
+        )
         for modeladmin in modeladmins:
             if modeladmin.model._meta.app_config in app_configs:
                 errors.extend(modeladmin.check())
@@ -116,17 +117,18 @@ class AdminSite:
         for model in model_or_iterable:
             if model._meta.abstract:
                 raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                    'The model %s is abstract, so it cannot be registered with admin.' % model.__name__
+                    "The model %s is abstract, so it cannot be registered with admin."
+                    % model.__name__
                 )
 
             if model in self._registry:
                 registered_admin = str(self._registry[model])
-                msg = 'The model %s is already registered ' % model.__name__
-                if registered_admin.endswith('.ModelAdmin'):
+                msg = "The model %s is already registered " % model.__name__
+                if registered_admin.endswith(".ModelAdmin"):
                     # Most likely registered without a ModelAdmin subclass.
-                    msg += 'in app %r.' % re.sub(r'\.ModelAdmin$', '', registered_admin)
+                    msg += "in app %r." % re.sub(r"\.ModelAdmin$", "", registered_admin)
                 else:
-                    msg += 'with %r.' % registered_admin
+                    msg += "with %r." % registered_admin
                 raise AlreadyRegistered(msg)
 
             # Ignore the registration if the model has been
@@ -138,8 +140,10 @@ class AdminSite:
                     # For reasons I don't quite understand, without a __module__
                     # the created class appears to "live" in the wrong place,
                     # which causes issues later on.
-                    options['__module__'] = __name__
-                    admin_class = type("%sAdmin" % model.__name__, (admin_class,), options)
+                    options["__module__"] = __name__
+                    admin_class = type(
+                        "%sAdmin" % model.__name__, (admin_class,), options
+                    )
 
                 # Instantiate the admin class to save in the registry
                 self._registry[model] = admin_class(model, self)
@@ -154,7 +158,7 @@ class AdminSite:
             model_or_iterable = [model_or_iterable]
         for model in model_or_iterable:
             if model not in self._registry:
-                raise NotRegistered('The model %s is not registered' % model.__name__)
+                raise NotRegistered("The model %s is not registered" % model.__name__)
             del self._registry[model]
 
     def is_registered(self, model):
@@ -221,24 +225,27 @@ class AdminSite:
         ``never_cache`` decorator. If the view can be safely cached, set
         cacheable=True.
         """
+
         def inner(request, *args, **kwargs):
             if not self.has_permission(request):
-                if request.path == reverse('admin:logout', current_app=self.name):
-                    index_path = reverse('admin:index', current_app=self.name)
+                if request.path == reverse("admin:logout", current_app=self.name):
+                    index_path = reverse("admin:index", current_app=self.name)
                     return HttpResponseRedirect(index_path)
                 # Inner import to prevent django.contrib.admin (app) from
                 # importing django.contrib.auth.models.User (unrelated model).
                 from django.contrib.auth.views import redirect_to_login
+
                 return redirect_to_login(
                     request.get_full_path(),
-                    reverse('admin:login', current_app=self.name)
+                    reverse("admin:login", current_app=self.name),
                 )
             return view(request, *args, **kwargs)
+
         if not cacheable:
             inner = never_cache(inner)
         # We add csrf_protect here so this function can be used as a utility
         # function for any view, without having to repeat 'csrf_protect'.
-        if not getattr(view, 'csrf_exempt', False):
+        if not getattr(view, "csrf_exempt", False):
             inner = csrf_protect(inner)
         return update_wrapper(inner, view)
 
@@ -252,26 +259,31 @@ class AdminSite:
         def wrap(view, cacheable=False):
             def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
                 return self.admin_view(view, cacheable)(*args, **kwargs)
+
             wrapper.admin_site = self
             return update_wrapper(wrapper, view)
 
         # Admin-site-wide views.
         urlpatterns = [
-            path('', wrap(self.index), name='index'),
-            path('login/', self.login, name='login'),
-            path('logout/', wrap(self.logout), name='logout'),
-            path('password_change/', wrap(self.password_change, cacheable=True), name='password_change'),
+            path("", wrap(self.index), name="index"),
+            path("login/", self.login, name="login"),
+            path("logout/", wrap(self.logout), name="logout"),
             path(
-                'password_change/done/',
-                wrap(self.password_change_done, cacheable=True),
-                name='password_change_done',
+                "password_change/",
+                wrap(self.password_change, cacheable=True),
+                name="password_change",
             ),
-            path('autocomplete/', wrap(self.autocomplete_view), name='autocomplete'),
-            path('jsi18n/', wrap(self.i18n_javascript, cacheable=True), name='jsi18n'),
             path(
-                'r/<int:content_type_id>/<path:object_id>/',
+                "password_change/done/",
+                wrap(self.password_change_done, cacheable=True),
+                name="password_change_done",
+            ),
+            path("autocomplete/", wrap(self.autocomplete_view), name="autocomplete"),
+            path("jsi18n/", wrap(self.i18n_javascript, cacheable=True), name="jsi18n"),
+            path(
+                "r/<int:content_type_id>/<path:object_id>/",
                 wrap(contenttype_views.shortcut),
-                name='view_on_site',
+                name="view_on_site",
             ),
         ]
 
@@ -280,7 +292,10 @@ class AdminSite:
         valid_app_labels = []
         for model, model_admin in self._registry.items():
             urlpatterns += [
-                path('%s/%s/' % (model._meta.app_label, model._meta.model_name), include(model_admin.urls)),
+                path(
+                    "%s/%s/" % (model._meta.app_label, model._meta.model_name),
+                    include(model_admin.urls),
+                ),
             ]
             if model._meta.app_label not in valid_app_labels:
                 valid_app_labels.append(model._meta.app_label)
@@ -288,19 +303,19 @@ class AdminSite:
         # If there were ModelAdmins registered, we should have a list of app
         # labels for which we need to allow access to the app_index view,
         if valid_app_labels:
-            regex = r'^(?P<app_label>' + '|'.join(valid_app_labels) + ')/$'
+            regex = r"^(?P<app_label>" + "|".join(valid_app_labels) + ")/$"
             urlpatterns += [
-                re_path(regex, wrap(self.app_index), name='app_list'),
+                re_path(regex, wrap(self.app_index), name="app_list"),
             ]
 
         if self.final_catch_all_view:
-            urlpatterns.append(re_path(r'(?P<url>.*)$', wrap(self.catch_all_view)))
+            urlpatterns.append(re_path(r"(?P<url>.*)$", wrap(self.catch_all_view)))
 
         return urlpatterns
 
     @property
     def urls(self):
-        return self.get_urls(), 'admin', self.name
+        return self.get_urls(), "admin", self.name
 
     def each_context(self, request):
         """
@@ -310,16 +325,18 @@ class AdminSite:
         For sites running on a subpath, use the SCRIPT_NAME value if site_url
         hasn't been customized.
         """
-        script_name = request.META['SCRIPT_NAME']
-        site_url = script_name if self.site_url == '/' and script_name else self.site_url
+        script_name = request.META["SCRIPT_NAME"]
+        site_url = (
+            script_name if self.site_url == "/" and script_name else self.site_url
+        )
         return {
-            'site_title': self.site_title,
-            'site_header': self.site_header,
-            'site_url': site_url,
-            'has_permission': self.has_permission(request),
-            'available_apps': self.get_app_list(request),
-            'is_popup': False,
-            'is_nav_sidebar_enabled': self.enable_nav_sidebar,
+            "site_title": self.site_title,
+            "site_header": self.site_header,
+            "site_url": site_url,
+            "has_permission": self.has_permission(request),
+            "available_apps": self.get_app_list(request),
+            "is_popup": False,
+            "is_nav_sidebar_enabled": self.enable_nav_sidebar,
         }
 
     def password_change(self, request, extra_context=None):
@@ -328,14 +345,15 @@ class AdminSite:
         """
         from django.contrib.admin.forms import AdminPasswordChangeForm
         from django.contrib.auth.views import PasswordChangeView
-        url = reverse('admin:password_change_done', current_app=self.name)
+
+        url = reverse("admin:password_change_done", current_app=self.name)
         defaults = {
-            'form_class': AdminPasswordChangeForm,
-            'success_url': url,
-            'extra_context': {**self.each_context(request), **(extra_context or {})},
+            "form_class": AdminPasswordChangeForm,
+            "success_url": url,
+            "extra_context": {**self.each_context(request), **(extra_context or {})},
         }
         if self.password_change_template is not None:
-            defaults['template_name'] = self.password_change_template
+            defaults["template_name"] = self.password_change_template
         request.current_app = self.name
         return PasswordChangeView.as_view(**defaults)(request)
 
@@ -344,11 +362,12 @@ class AdminSite:
         Display the "success" page after a password change.
         """
         from django.contrib.auth.views import PasswordChangeDoneView
+
         defaults = {
-            'extra_context': {**self.each_context(request), **(extra_context or {})},
+            "extra_context": {**self.each_context(request), **(extra_context or {})},
         }
         if self.password_change_done_template is not None:
-            defaults['template_name'] = self.password_change_done_template
+            defaults["template_name"] = self.password_change_done_template
         request.current_app = self.name
         return PasswordChangeDoneView.as_view(**defaults)(request)
 
@@ -359,7 +378,7 @@ class AdminSite:
         `extra_context` is unused but present for consistency with the other
         admin views.
         """
-        return JavaScriptCatalog.as_view(packages=['django.contrib.admin'])(request)
+        return JavaScriptCatalog.as_view(packages=["django.contrib.admin"])(request)
 
     def logout(self, request, extra_context=None):
         """
@@ -368,17 +387,18 @@ class AdminSite:
         This should *not* assume the user is already logged in.
         """
         from django.contrib.auth.views import LogoutView
+
         defaults = {
-            'extra_context': {
+            "extra_context": {
                 **self.each_context(request),
                 # Since the user isn't logged out at this point, the value of
                 # has_permission must be overridden.
-                'has_permission': False,
-                **(extra_context or {})
+                "has_permission": False,
+                **(extra_context or {}),
             },
         }
         if self.logout_template is not None:
-            defaults['template_name'] = self.logout_template
+            defaults["template_name"] = self.logout_template
         request.current_app = self.name
         return LogoutView.as_view(**defaults)(request)
 
@@ -387,9 +407,9 @@ class AdminSite:
         """
         Display the login form for the given HttpRequest.
         """
-        if request.method == 'GET' and self.has_permission(request):
+        if request.method == "GET" and self.has_permission(request):
             # Already logged-in, redirect to admin index
-            index_path = reverse('admin:index', current_app=self.name)
+            index_path = reverse("admin:index", current_app=self.name)
             return HttpResponseRedirect(index_path)
 
         # Since this module gets imported in the application's root package,
@@ -397,22 +417,25 @@ class AdminSite:
         # and django.contrib.admin.forms eventually imports User.
         from django.contrib.admin.forms import AdminAuthenticationForm
         from django.contrib.auth.views import LoginView
+
         context = {
             **self.each_context(request),
-            'title': _('Log in'),
-            'subtitle': None,
-            'app_path': request.get_full_path(),
-            'username': request.user.get_username(),
+            "title": _("Log in"),
+            "subtitle": None,
+            "app_path": request.get_full_path(),
+            "username": request.user.get_username(),
         }
-        if (REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME not in request.GET and
-                REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME not in request.POST):
-            context[REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME] = reverse('admin:index', current_app=self.name)
+        if (
+            REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME not in request.GET
+            and REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME not in request.POST
+        ):
+            context[REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME] = reverse("admin:index", current_app=self.name)
         context.update(extra_context or {})
 
         defaults = {
-            'extra_context': context,
-            'authentication_form': self.login_form or AdminAuthenticationForm,
-            'template_name': self.login_template or 'admin/login.html',
+            "extra_context": context,
+            "authentication_form": self.login_form or AdminAuthenticationForm,
+            "template_name": self.login_template or "admin/login.html",
         }
         request.current_app = self.name
         return LoginView.as_view(**defaults)(request)
@@ -422,15 +445,15 @@ class AdminSite:
 
     @no_append_slash
     def catch_all_view(self, request, url):
-        if settings.APPEND_SLASH and not url.endswith('/'):
-            urlconf = getattr(request, 'urlconf', None)
+        if settings.APPEND_SLASH and not url.endswith("/"):
+            urlconf = getattr(request, "urlconf", None)
             try:
-                match = resolve('%s/' % request.path_info, urlconf)
+                match = resolve("%s/" % request.path_info, urlconf)
             except Resolver404:
                 pass
             else:
-                if getattr(match.func, 'should_append_slash', True):
-                    return HttpResponsePermanentRedirect('%s/' % request.path)
+                if getattr(match.func, "should_append_slash", True):
+                    return HttpResponsePermanentRedirect("%s/" % request.path)
         raise Http404
 
     def _build_app_dict(self, request, label=None):
@@ -442,7 +465,8 @@ class AdminSite:
 
         if label:
             models = {
-                m: m_a for m, m_a in self._registry.items()
+                m: m_a
+                for m, m_a in self._registry.items()
                 if m._meta.app_label == label
             }
         else:
@@ -464,38 +488,42 @@ class AdminSite:
 
             info = (app_label, model._meta.model_name)
             model_dict = {
-                'model': model,
-                'name': capfirst(model._meta.verbose_name_plural),
-                'object_name': model._meta.object_name,
-                'perms': perms,
-                'admin_url': None,
-                'add_url': None,
+                "model": model,
+                "name": capfirst(model._meta.verbose_name_plural),
+                "object_name": model._meta.object_name,
+                "perms": perms,
+                "admin_url": None,
+                "add_url": None,
             }
-            if perms.get('change') or perms.get('view'):
-                model_dict['view_only'] = not perms.get('change')
+            if perms.get("change") or perms.get("view"):
+                model_dict["view_only"] = not perms.get("change")
                 try:
-                    model_dict['admin_url'] = reverse('admin:%s_%s_changelist' % info, current_app=self.name)
+                    model_dict["admin_url"] = reverse(
+                        "admin:%s_%s_changelist" % info, current_app=self.name
+                    )
                 except NoReverseMatch:
                     pass
-            if perms.get('add'):
+            if perms.get("add"):
                 try:
-                    model_dict['add_url'] = reverse('admin:%s_%s_add' % info, current_app=self.name)
+                    model_dict["add_url"] = reverse(
+                        "admin:%s_%s_add" % info, current_app=self.name
+                    )
                 except NoReverseMatch:
                     pass
 
             if app_label in app_dict:
-                app_dict[app_label]['models'].append(model_dict)
+                app_dict[app_label]["models"].append(model_dict)
             else:
                 app_dict[app_label] = {
-                    'name': apps.get_app_config(app_label).verbose_name,
-                    'app_label': app_label,
-                    'app_url': reverse(
-                        'admin:app_list',
-                        kwargs={'app_label': app_label},
+                    "name": apps.get_app_config(app_label).verbose_name,
+                    "app_label": app_label,
+                    "app_url": reverse(
+                        "admin:app_list",
+                        kwargs={"app_label": app_label},
                         current_app=self.name,
                     ),
-                    'has_module_perms': has_module_perms,
-                    'models': [model_dict],
+                    "has_module_perms": has_module_perms,
+                    "models": [model_dict],
                 }
 
         if label:
@@ -510,11 +538,11 @@ class AdminSite:
         app_dict = self._build_app_dict(request)
 
         # Sort the apps alphabetically.
-        app_list = sorted(app_dict.values(), key=lambda x: x['name'].lower())
+        app_list = sorted(app_dict.values(), key=lambda x: x["name"].lower())
 
         # Sort the models alphabetically within each app.
         for app in app_list:
-            app['models'].sort(key=lambda x: x['name'])
+            app["models"].sort(key=lambda x: x["name"])
 
         return app_list
 
@@ -527,42 +555,46 @@ class AdminSite:
 
         context = {
             **self.each_context(request),
-            'title': self.index_title,
-            'subtitle': None,
-            'app_list': app_list,
+            "title": self.index_title,
+            "subtitle": None,
+            "app_list": app_list,
             **(extra_context or {}),
         }
 
         request.current_app = self.name
 
-        return TemplateResponse(request, self.index_template or 'admin/index.html', context)
+        return TemplateResponse(
+            request, self.index_template or "admin/index.html", context
+        )
 
     def app_index(self, request, app_label, extra_context=None):
         app_dict = self._build_app_dict(request, app_label)
         if not app_dict:
-            raise Http404('The requested admin page does not exist.')
+            raise Http404("The requested admin page does not exist.")
         # Sort the models alphabetically within each app.
-        app_dict['models'].sort(key=lambda x: x['name'])
+        app_dict["models"].sort(key=lambda x: x["name"])
         context = {
             **self.each_context(request),
-            'title': _('%(app)s administration') % {'app': app_dict['name']},
-            'subtitle': None,
-            'app_list': [app_dict],
-            'app_label': app_label,
+            "title": _("%(app)s administration") % {"app": app_dict["name"]},
+            "subtitle": None,
+            "app_list": [app_dict],
+            "app_label": app_label,
             **(extra_context or {}),
         }
 
         request.current_app = self.name
 
-        return TemplateResponse(request, self.app_index_template or [
-            'admin/%s/app_index.html' % app_label,
-            'admin/app_index.html'
-        ], context)
+        return TemplateResponse(
+            request,
+            self.app_index_template
+            or ["admin/%s/app_index.html" % app_label, "admin/app_index.html"],
+            context,
+        )
 
 
 class DefaultAdminSite(LazyObject):
     def _setup(self):
-        AdminSiteClass = import_string(apps.get_app_config('admin').default_site)
+        AdminSiteClass = import_string(apps.get_app_config("admin").default_site)
         self._wrapped = AdminSiteClass()
 
     def __repr__(self):
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/templatetags/admin_list.py b/django/contrib/admin/templatetags/admin_list.py
index bc74a2a3d6..5865843dce 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/templatetags/admin_list.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/templatetags/admin_list.py
@@ -3,11 +3,18 @@ import datetime
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib.admin.templatetags.admin_urls import add_preserved_filters
 from django.contrib.admin.utils import (
-    display_for_field, display_for_value, get_fields_from_path,
-    label_for_field, lookup_field,
+    display_for_field,
+    display_for_value,
+    get_fields_from_path,
+    label_for_field,
+    lookup_field,
 )
 from django.contrib.admin.views.main import (
-    ALL_VAR, IS_POPUP_VAR, ORDER_VAR, PAGE_VAR, SEARCH_VAR,
+    ALL_VAR,
+    IS_POPUP_VAR,
+    ORDER_VAR,
+    PAGE_VAR,
+    SEARCH_VAR,
 )
 from django.core.exceptions import ObjectDoesNotExist
 from django.db import models
@@ -32,14 +39,14 @@ def paginator_number(cl, i):
     Generate an individual page index link in a paginated list.
     """
     if i == cl.paginator.ELLIPSIS:
-        return format_html('{} ', cl.paginator.ELLIPSIS)
+        return format_html("{} ", cl.paginator.ELLIPSIS)
     elif i == cl.page_num:
         return format_html('<span class="this-page">{}</span> ', i)
     else:
         return format_html(
             '<a href="{}"{}>{}</a> ',
             cl.get_query_string({PAGE_VAR: i}),
-            mark_safe(' class="end"' if i == cl.paginator.num_pages else ''),
+            mark_safe(' class="end"' if i == cl.paginator.num_pages else ""),
             i,
         )
 
@@ -49,24 +56,27 @@ def pagination(cl):
     Generate the series of links to the pages in a paginated list.
     """
     pagination_required = (not cl.show_all or not cl.can_show_all) and cl.multi_page
-    page_range = cl.paginator.get_elided_page_range(cl.page_num) if pagination_required else []
+    page_range = (
+        cl.paginator.get_elided_page_range(cl.page_num) if pagination_required else []
+    )
     need_show_all_link = cl.can_show_all and not cl.show_all and cl.multi_page
     return {
-        'cl': cl,
-        'pagination_required': pagination_required,
-        'show_all_url': need_show_all_link and cl.get_query_string({ALL_VAR: ''}),
-        'page_range': page_range,
-        'ALL_VAR': ALL_VAR,
-        '1': 1,
+        "cl": cl,
+        "pagination_required": pagination_required,
+        "show_all_url": need_show_all_link and cl.get_query_string({ALL_VAR: ""}),
+        "page_range": page_range,
+        "ALL_VAR": ALL_VAR,
+        "1": 1,
     }
 
 
-@register.tag(name='pagination')
+@register.tag(name="pagination")
 def pagination_tag(parser, token):
     return InclusionAdminNode(
-        parser, token,
+        parser,
+        token,
         func=pagination,
-        template_name='pagination.html',
+        template_name="pagination.html",
         takes_context=False,
     )
 
@@ -78,9 +88,7 @@ def result_headers(cl):
     ordering_field_columns = cl.get_ordering_field_columns()
     for i, field_name in enumerate(cl.list_display):
         text, attr = label_for_field(
-            field_name, cl.model,
-            model_admin=cl.model_admin,
-            return_attr=True
+            field_name, cl.model, model_admin=cl.model_admin, return_attr=True
         )
         is_field_sortable = cl.sortable_by is None or field_name in cl.sortable_by
         if attr:
@@ -88,7 +96,7 @@ def result_headers(cl):
             # Potentially not sortable
 
             # if the field is the action checkbox: no sorting and special class
-            if field_name == 'action_checkbox':
+            if field_name == "action_checkbox":
                 yield {
                     "text": text,
                     "class_attrib": mark_safe(' class="action-checkbox-column"'),
@@ -98,32 +106,32 @@ def result_headers(cl):
 
             admin_order_field = getattr(attr, "admin_order_field", None)
             # Set ordering for attr that is a property, if defined.
-            if isinstance(attr, property) and hasattr(attr, 'fget'):
-                admin_order_field = getattr(attr.fget, 'admin_order_field', None)
+            if isinstance(attr, property) and hasattr(attr, "fget"):
+                admin_order_field = getattr(attr.fget, "admin_order_field", None)
             if not admin_order_field:
                 is_field_sortable = False
 
         if not is_field_sortable:
             # Not sortable
             yield {
-                'text': text,
-                'class_attrib': format_html(' class="column-{}"', field_name),
-                'sortable': False,
+                "text": text,
+                "class_attrib": format_html(' class="column-{}"', field_name),
+                "sortable": False,
             }
             continue
 
         # OK, it is sortable if we got this far
-        th_classes = ['sortable', 'column-{}'.format(field_name)]
-        order_type = ''
-        new_order_type = 'asc'
+        th_classes = ["sortable", "column-{}".format(field_name)]
+        order_type = ""
+        new_order_type = "asc"
         sort_priority = 0
         # Is it currently being sorted on?
         is_sorted = i in ordering_field_columns
         if is_sorted:
             order_type = ordering_field_columns.get(i).lower()
             sort_priority = list(ordering_field_columns).index(i) + 1
-            th_classes.append('sorted %sending' % order_type)
-            new_order_type = {'asc': 'desc', 'desc': 'asc'}[order_type]
+            th_classes.append("sorted %sending" % order_type)
+            new_order_type = {"asc": "desc", "desc": "asc"}[order_type]
 
         # build new ordering param
         o_list_primary = []  # URL for making this field the primary sort
@@ -131,7 +139,7 @@ def result_headers(cl):
         o_list_toggle = []  # URL for toggling order type for this field
 
         def make_qs_param(t, n):
-            return ('-' if t == 'desc' else '') + str(n)
+            return ("-" if t == "desc" else "") + str(n)
 
         for j, ot in ordering_field_columns.items():
             if j == i:  # Same column
@@ -156,15 +164,19 @@ def result_headers(cl):
             "sorted": is_sorted,
             "ascending": order_type == "asc",
             "sort_priority": sort_priority,
-            "url_primary": cl.get_query_string({ORDER_VAR: '.'.join(o_list_primary)}),
-            "url_remove": cl.get_query_string({ORDER_VAR: '.'.join(o_list_remove)}),
-            "url_toggle": cl.get_query_string({ORDER_VAR: '.'.join(o_list_toggle)}),
-            "class_attrib": format_html(' class="{}"', ' '.join(th_classes)) if th_classes else '',
+            "url_primary": cl.get_query_string({ORDER_VAR: ".".join(o_list_primary)}),
+            "url_remove": cl.get_query_string({ORDER_VAR: ".".join(o_list_remove)}),
+            "url_toggle": cl.get_query_string({ORDER_VAR: ".".join(o_list_toggle)}),
+            "class_attrib": format_html(' class="{}"', " ".join(th_classes))
+            if th_classes
+            else "",
         }
 
 
 def _boolean_icon(field_val):
-    icon_url = static('admin/img/icon-%s.svg' % {True: 'yes', False: 'no', None: 'unknown'}[field_val])
+    icon_url = static(
+        "admin/img/icon-%s.svg" % {True: "yes", False: "no", None: "unknown"}[field_val]
+    )
     return format_html('<img src="{}" alt="{}">', icon_url, field_val)
 
 
@@ -173,8 +185,8 @@ def _coerce_field_name(field_name, field_index):
     Coerce a field_name (which may be a callable) to a string.
     """
     if callable(field_name):
-        if field_name.__name__ == '<lambda>':
-            return 'lambda' + str(field_index)
+        if field_name.__name__ == "<lambda>":
+            return "lambda" + str(field_index)
         else:
             return field_name.__name__
     return field_name
@@ -196,20 +208,22 @@ def items_for_result(cl, result, form):
     pk = cl.lookup_opts.pk.attname
     for field_index, field_name in enumerate(cl.list_display):
         empty_value_display = cl.model_admin.get_empty_value_display()
-        row_classes = ['field-%s' % _coerce_field_name(field_name, field_index)]
+        row_classes = ["field-%s" % _coerce_field_name(field_name, field_index)]
         try:
             f, attr, value = lookup_field(field_name, result, cl.model_admin)
         except ObjectDoesNotExist:
             result_repr = empty_value_display
         else:
-            empty_value_display = getattr(attr, 'empty_value_display', empty_value_display)
+            empty_value_display = getattr(
+                attr, "empty_value_display", empty_value_display
+            )
             if f is None or f.auto_created:
-                if field_name == 'action_checkbox':
-                    row_classes = ['action-checkbox']
-                boolean = getattr(attr, 'boolean', False)
+                if field_name == "action_checkbox":
+                    row_classes = ["action-checkbox"]
+                boolean = getattr(attr, "boolean", False)
                 result_repr = display_for_value(value, empty_value_display, boolean)
                 if isinstance(value, (datetime.date, datetime.time)):
-                    row_classes.append('nowrap')
+                    row_classes.append("nowrap")
             else:
                 if isinstance(f.remote_field, models.ManyToOneRel):
                     field_val = getattr(result, f.name)
@@ -219,12 +233,14 @@ def items_for_result(cl, result, form):
                         result_repr = field_val
                 else:
                     result_repr = display_for_field(value, f, empty_value_display)
-                if isinstance(f, (models.DateField, models.TimeField, models.ForeignKey)):
-                    row_classes.append('nowrap')
-        row_class = mark_safe(' class="%s"' % ' '.join(row_classes))
+                if isinstance(
+                    f, (models.DateField, models.TimeField, models.ForeignKey)
+                ):
+                    row_classes.append("nowrap")
+        row_class = mark_safe(' class="%s"' % " ".join(row_classes))
         # If list_display_links not defined, add the link tag to the first field
         if link_in_col(first, field_name, cl):
-            table_tag = 'th' if first else 'td'
+            table_tag = "th" if first else "td"
             first = False
 
             # Display link to the result's change_view if the url exists, else
@@ -234,7 +250,9 @@ def items_for_result(cl, result, form):
             except NoReverseMatch:
                 link_or_text = result_repr
             else:
-                url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': cl.preserved_filters, 'opts': cl.opts}, url)
+                url = add_preserved_filters(
+                    {"preserved_filters": cl.preserved_filters, "opts": cl.opts}, url
+                )
                 # Convert the pk to something that can be used in JavaScript.
                 # Problem cases are non-ASCII strings.
                 if cl.to_field:
@@ -245,24 +263,32 @@ def items_for_result(cl, result, form):
                 link_or_text = format_html(
                     '<a href="{}"{}>{}</a>',
                     url,
-                    format_html(
-                        ' data-popup-opener="{}"', value
-                    ) if cl.is_popup else '',
-                    result_repr)
+                    format_html(' data-popup-opener="{}"', value)
+                    if cl.is_popup
+                    else "",
+                    result_repr,
+                )
 
-            yield format_html('<{}{}>{}</{}>', table_tag, row_class, link_or_text, table_tag)
+            yield format_html(
+                "<{}{}>{}</{}>", table_tag, row_class, link_or_text, table_tag
+            )
         else:
             # By default the fields come from ModelAdmin.list_editable, but if we pull
             # the fields out of the form instead of list_editable custom admins
             # can provide fields on a per request basis
-            if (form and field_name in form.fields and not (
-                    field_name == cl.model._meta.pk.name and
-                    form[cl.model._meta.pk.name].is_hidden)):
+            if (
+                form
+                and field_name in form.fields
+                and not (
+                    field_name == cl.model._meta.pk.name
+                    and form[cl.model._meta.pk.name].is_hidden
+                )
+            ):
                 bf = form[field_name]
                 result_repr = mark_safe(str(bf.errors) + str(bf))
-            yield format_html('<td{}>{}</td>', row_class, result_repr)
+            yield format_html("<td{}>{}</td>", row_class, result_repr)
     if form and not form[cl.model._meta.pk.name].is_hidden:
-        yield format_html('<td>{}</td>', form[cl.model._meta.pk.name])
+        yield format_html("<td>{}</td>", form[cl.model._meta.pk.name])
 
 
 class ResultList(list):
@@ -271,6 +297,7 @@ class ResultList(list):
     with the form object for error reporting purposes. Needed to maintain
     backwards compatibility with existing admin templates.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, form, *items):
         self.form = form
         super().__init__(*items)
@@ -299,23 +326,24 @@ def result_list(cl):
     headers = list(result_headers(cl))
     num_sorted_fields = 0
     for h in headers:
-        if h['sortable'] and h['sorted']:
+        if h["sortable"] and h["sorted"]:
             num_sorted_fields += 1
     return {
-        'cl': cl,
-        'result_hidden_fields': list(result_hidden_fields(cl)),
-        'result_headers': headers,
-        'num_sorted_fields': num_sorted_fields,
-        'results': list(results(cl)),
+        "cl": cl,
+        "result_hidden_fields": list(result_hidden_fields(cl)),
+        "result_headers": headers,
+        "num_sorted_fields": num_sorted_fields,
+        "results": list(results(cl)),
     }
 
 
-@register.tag(name='result_list')
+@register.tag(name="result_list")
 def result_list_tag(parser, token):
     return InclusionAdminNode(
-        parser, token,
+        parser,
+        token,
         func=result_list,
-        template_name='change_list_results.html',
+        template_name="change_list_results.html",
         takes_context=False,
     )
 
@@ -328,15 +356,15 @@ def date_hierarchy(cl):
         field_name = cl.date_hierarchy
         field = get_fields_from_path(cl.model, field_name)[-1]
         if isinstance(field, models.DateTimeField):
-            dates_or_datetimes = 'datetimes'
-            qs_kwargs = {'is_dst': True} if settings.USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ else {}
+            dates_or_datetimes = "datetimes"
+            qs_kwargs = {"is_dst": True} if settings.USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ else {}
         else:
-            dates_or_datetimes = 'dates'
+            dates_or_datetimes = "dates"
             qs_kwargs = {}
-        year_field = '%s__year' % field_name
-        month_field = '%s__month' % field_name
-        day_field = '%s__day' % field_name
-        field_generic = '%s__' % field_name
+        year_field = "%s__year" % field_name
+        month_field = "%s__month" % field_name
+        day_field = "%s__day" % field_name
+        field_generic = "%s__" % field_name
         year_lookup = cl.params.get(year_field)
         month_lookup = cl.params.get(month_field)
         day_lookup = cl.params.get(day_field)
@@ -346,73 +374,99 @@ def date_hierarchy(cl):
 
         if not (year_lookup or month_lookup or day_lookup):
             # select appropriate start level
-            date_range = cl.queryset.aggregate(first=models.Min(field_name),
-                                               last=models.Max(field_name))
-            if date_range['first'] and date_range['last']:
-                if dates_or_datetimes == 'datetimes':
+            date_range = cl.queryset.aggregate(
+                first=models.Min(field_name), last=models.Max(field_name)
+            )
+            if date_range["first"] and date_range["last"]:
+                if dates_or_datetimes == "datetimes":
                     date_range = {
                         k: timezone.localtime(v) if timezone.is_aware(v) else v
                         for k, v in date_range.items()
                     }
-                if date_range['first'].year == date_range['last'].year:
-                    year_lookup = date_range['first'].year
-                    if date_range['first'].month == date_range['last'].month:
-                        month_lookup = date_range['first'].month
+                if date_range["first"].year == date_range["last"].year:
+                    year_lookup = date_range["first"].year
+                    if date_range["first"].month == date_range["last"].month:
+                        month_lookup = date_range["first"].month
 
         if year_lookup and month_lookup and day_lookup:
             day = datetime.date(int(year_lookup), int(month_lookup), int(day_lookup))
             return {
-                'show': True,
-                'back': {
-                    'link': link({year_field: year_lookup, month_field: month_lookup}),
-                    'title': capfirst(formats.date_format(day, 'YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT'))
+                "show": True,
+                "back": {
+                    "link": link({year_field: year_lookup, month_field: month_lookup}),
+                    "title": capfirst(formats.date_format(day, "YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT")),
                 },
-                'choices': [{'title': capfirst(formats.date_format(day, 'MONTH_DAY_FORMAT'))}]
+                "choices": [
+                    {"title": capfirst(formats.date_format(day, "MONTH_DAY_FORMAT"))}
+                ],
             }
         elif year_lookup and month_lookup:
-            days = getattr(cl.queryset, dates_or_datetimes)(field_name, 'day', **qs_kwargs)
+            days = getattr(cl.queryset, dates_or_datetimes)(
+                field_name, "day", **qs_kwargs
+            )
             return {
-                'show': True,
-                'back': {
-                    'link': link({year_field: year_lookup}),
-                    'title': str(year_lookup)
+                "show": True,
+                "back": {
+                    "link": link({year_field: year_lookup}),
+                    "title": str(year_lookup),
                 },
-                'choices': [{
-                    'link': link({year_field: year_lookup, month_field: month_lookup, day_field: day.day}),
-                    'title': capfirst(formats.date_format(day, 'MONTH_DAY_FORMAT'))
-                } for day in days]
+                "choices": [
+                    {
+                        "link": link(
+                            {
+                                year_field: year_lookup,
+                                month_field: month_lookup,
+                                day_field: day.day,
+                            }
+                        ),
+                        "title": capfirst(formats.date_format(day, "MONTH_DAY_FORMAT")),
+                    }
+                    for day in days
+                ],
             }
         elif year_lookup:
-            months = getattr(cl.queryset, dates_or_datetimes)(field_name, 'month', **qs_kwargs)
+            months = getattr(cl.queryset, dates_or_datetimes)(
+                field_name, "month", **qs_kwargs
+            )
             return {
-                'show': True,
-                'back': {
-                    'link': link({}),
-                    'title': _('All dates')
-                },
-                'choices': [{
-                    'link': link({year_field: year_lookup, month_field: month.month}),
-                    'title': capfirst(formats.date_format(month, 'YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT'))
-                } for month in months]
+                "show": True,
+                "back": {"link": link({}), "title": _("All dates")},
+                "choices": [
+                    {
+                        "link": link(
+                            {year_field: year_lookup, month_field: month.month}
+                        ),
+                        "title": capfirst(
+                            formats.date_format(month, "YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT")
+                        ),
+                    }
+                    for month in months
+                ],
             }
         else:
-            years = getattr(cl.queryset, dates_or_datetimes)(field_name, 'year', **qs_kwargs)
+            years = getattr(cl.queryset, dates_or_datetimes)(
+                field_name, "year", **qs_kwargs
+            )
             return {
-                'show': True,
-                'back': None,
-                'choices': [{
-                    'link': link({year_field: str(year.year)}),
-                    'title': str(year.year),
-                } for year in years]
+                "show": True,
+                "back": None,
+                "choices": [
+                    {
+                        "link": link({year_field: str(year.year)}),
+                        "title": str(year.year),
+                    }
+                    for year in years
+                ],
             }
 
 
-@register.tag(name='date_hierarchy')
+@register.tag(name="date_hierarchy")
 def date_hierarchy_tag(parser, token):
     return InclusionAdminNode(
-        parser, token,
+        parser,
+        token,
         func=date_hierarchy,
-        template_name='date_hierarchy.html',
+        template_name="date_hierarchy.html",
         takes_context=False,
     )
 
@@ -422,26 +476,34 @@ def search_form(cl):
     Display a search form for searching the list.
     """
     return {
-        'cl': cl,
-        'show_result_count': cl.result_count != cl.full_result_count,
-        'search_var': SEARCH_VAR,
-        'is_popup_var': IS_POPUP_VAR,
+        "cl": cl,
+        "show_result_count": cl.result_count != cl.full_result_count,
+        "search_var": SEARCH_VAR,
+        "is_popup_var": IS_POPUP_VAR,
     }
 
 
-@register.tag(name='search_form')
+@register.tag(name="search_form")
 def search_form_tag(parser, token):
-    return InclusionAdminNode(parser, token, func=search_form, template_name='search_form.html', takes_context=False)
+    return InclusionAdminNode(
+        parser,
+        token,
+        func=search_form,
+        template_name="search_form.html",
+        takes_context=False,
+    )
 
 
 @register.simple_tag
 def admin_list_filter(cl, spec):
     tpl = get_template(spec.template)
-    return tpl.render({
-        'title': spec.title,
-        'choices': list(spec.choices(cl)),
-        'spec': spec,
-    })
+    return tpl.render(
+        {
+            "title": spec.title,
+            "choices": list(spec.choices(cl)),
+            "spec": spec,
+        }
+    )
 
 
 def admin_actions(context):
@@ -449,20 +511,23 @@ def admin_actions(context):
     Track the number of times the action field has been rendered on the page,
     so we know which value to use.
     """
-    context['action_index'] = context.get('action_index', -1) + 1
+    context["action_index"] = context.get("action_index", -1) + 1
     return context
 
 
-@register.tag(name='admin_actions')
+@register.tag(name="admin_actions")
 def admin_actions_tag(parser, token):
-    return InclusionAdminNode(parser, token, func=admin_actions, template_name='actions.html')
+    return InclusionAdminNode(
+        parser, token, func=admin_actions, template_name="actions.html"
+    )
 
 
-@register.tag(name='change_list_object_tools')
+@register.tag(name="change_list_object_tools")
 def change_list_object_tools_tag(parser, token):
     """Display the row of change list object tools."""
     return InclusionAdminNode(
-        parser, token,
+        parser,
+        token,
         func=lambda context: context,
-        template_name='change_list_object_tools.html',
+        template_name="change_list_object_tools.html",
     )
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/templatetags/admin_modify.py b/django/contrib/admin/templatetags/admin_modify.py
index 583b7639e8..910e6b68b9 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/templatetags/admin_modify.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/templatetags/admin_modify.py
@@ -14,90 +14,119 @@ def prepopulated_fields_js(context):
     the prepopulated fields for both the admin form and inlines.
     """
     prepopulated_fields = []
-    if 'adminform' in context:
-        prepopulated_fields.extend(context['adminform'].prepopulated_fields)
-    if 'inline_admin_formsets' in context:
-        for inline_admin_formset in context['inline_admin_formsets']:
+    if "adminform" in context:
+        prepopulated_fields.extend(context["adminform"].prepopulated_fields)
+    if "inline_admin_formsets" in context:
+        for inline_admin_formset in context["inline_admin_formsets"]:
             for inline_admin_form in inline_admin_formset:
                 if inline_admin_form.original is None:
                     prepopulated_fields.extend(inline_admin_form.prepopulated_fields)
 
     prepopulated_fields_json = []
     for field in prepopulated_fields:
-        prepopulated_fields_json.append({
-            "id": "#%s" % field["field"].auto_id,
-            "name": field["field"].name,
-            "dependency_ids": ["#%s" % dependency.auto_id for dependency in field["dependencies"]],
-            "dependency_list": [dependency.name for dependency in field["dependencies"]],
-            "maxLength": field["field"].field.max_length or 50,
-            "allowUnicode": getattr(field["field"].field, "allow_unicode", False)
-        })
+        prepopulated_fields_json.append(
+            {
+                "id": "#%s" % field["field"].auto_id,
+                "name": field["field"].name,
+                "dependency_ids": [
+                    "#%s" % dependency.auto_id for dependency in field["dependencies"]
+                ],
+                "dependency_list": [
+                    dependency.name for dependency in field["dependencies"]
+                ],
+                "maxLength": field["field"].field.max_length or 50,
+                "allowUnicode": getattr(field["field"].field, "allow_unicode", False),
+            }
+        )
 
-    context.update({
-        'prepopulated_fields': prepopulated_fields,
-        'prepopulated_fields_json': json.dumps(prepopulated_fields_json),
-    })
+    context.update(
+        {
+            "prepopulated_fields": prepopulated_fields,
+            "prepopulated_fields_json": json.dumps(prepopulated_fields_json),
+        }
+    )
     return context
 
 
-@register.tag(name='prepopulated_fields_js')
+@register.tag(name="prepopulated_fields_js")
 def prepopulated_fields_js_tag(parser, token):
-    return InclusionAdminNode(parser, token, func=prepopulated_fields_js, template_name="prepopulated_fields_js.html")
+    return InclusionAdminNode(
+        parser,
+        token,
+        func=prepopulated_fields_js,
+        template_name="prepopulated_fields_js.html",
+    )
 
 
 def submit_row(context):
     """
     Display the row of buttons for delete and save.
     """
-    add = context['add']
-    change = context['change']
-    is_popup = context['is_popup']
-    save_as = context['save_as']
-    show_save = context.get('show_save', True)
-    show_save_and_add_another = context.get('show_save_and_add_another', True)
-    show_save_and_continue = context.get('show_save_and_continue', True)
-    has_add_permission = context['has_add_permission']
-    has_change_permission = context['has_change_permission']
-    has_view_permission = context['has_view_permission']
-    has_editable_inline_admin_formsets = context['has_editable_inline_admin_formsets']
-    can_save = (has_change_permission and change) or (has_add_permission and add) or has_editable_inline_admin_formsets
-    can_save_and_add_another = (
-        has_add_permission and
-        not is_popup and
-        (not save_as or add) and
-        can_save and
-        show_save_and_add_another
+    add = context["add"]
+    change = context["change"]
+    is_popup = context["is_popup"]
+    save_as = context["save_as"]
+    show_save = context.get("show_save", True)
+    show_save_and_add_another = context.get("show_save_and_add_another", True)
+    show_save_and_continue = context.get("show_save_and_continue", True)
+    has_add_permission = context["has_add_permission"]
+    has_change_permission = context["has_change_permission"]
+    has_view_permission = context["has_view_permission"]
+    has_editable_inline_admin_formsets = context["has_editable_inline_admin_formsets"]
+    can_save = (
+        (has_change_permission and change)
+        or (has_add_permission and add)
+        or has_editable_inline_admin_formsets
+    )
+    can_save_and_add_another = (
+        has_add_permission
+        and not is_popup
+        and (not save_as or add)
+        and can_save
+        and show_save_and_add_another
+    )
+    can_save_and_continue = (
+        not is_popup and can_save and has_view_permission and show_save_and_continue
     )
-    can_save_and_continue = not is_popup and can_save and has_view_permission and show_save_and_continue
     can_change = has_change_permission or has_editable_inline_admin_formsets
     ctx = Context(context)
-    ctx.update({
-        'can_change': can_change,
-        'show_delete_link': (
-            not is_popup and context['has_delete_permission'] and
-            change and context.get('show_delete', True)
-        ),
-        'show_save_as_new': not is_popup and has_change_permission and change and save_as,
-        'show_save_and_add_another': can_save_and_add_another,
-        'show_save_and_continue': can_save_and_continue,
-        'show_save': show_save and can_save,
-        'show_close': not(show_save and can_save)
-    })
+    ctx.update(
+        {
+            "can_change": can_change,
+            "show_delete_link": (
+                not is_popup
+                and context["has_delete_permission"]
+                and change
+                and context.get("show_delete", True)
+            ),
+            "show_save_as_new": not is_popup
+            and has_change_permission
+            and change
+            and save_as,
+            "show_save_and_add_another": can_save_and_add_another,
+            "show_save_and_continue": can_save_and_continue,
+            "show_save": show_save and can_save,
+            "show_close": not (show_save and can_save),
+        }
+    )
     return ctx
 
 
-@register.tag(name='submit_row')
+@register.tag(name="submit_row")
 def submit_row_tag(parser, token):
-    return InclusionAdminNode(parser, token, func=submit_row, template_name='submit_line.html')
+    return InclusionAdminNode(
+        parser, token, func=submit_row, template_name="submit_line.html"
+    )
 
 
-@register.tag(name='change_form_object_tools')
+@register.tag(name="change_form_object_tools")
 def change_form_object_tools_tag(parser, token):
     """Display the row of change form object tools."""
     return InclusionAdminNode(
-        parser, token,
+        parser,
+        token,
         func=lambda context: context,
-        template_name='change_form_object_tools.html',
+        template_name="change_form_object_tools.html",
     )
 
 
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/templatetags/admin_urls.py b/django/contrib/admin/templatetags/admin_urls.py
index f817c254eb..13ded03361 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/templatetags/admin_urls.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/templatetags/admin_urls.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ register = template.Library()
 
 @register.filter
 def admin_urlname(value, arg):
-    return 'admin:%s_%s_%s' % (value.app_label, value.model_name, arg)
+    return "admin:%s_%s_%s" % (value.app_label, value.model_name, arg)
 
 
 @register.filter
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ def admin_urlquote(value):
 
 @register.simple_tag(takes_context=True)
 def add_preserved_filters(context, url, popup=False, to_field=None):
-    opts = context.get('opts')
-    preserved_filters = context.get('preserved_filters')
+    opts = context.get("opts")
+    preserved_filters = context.get("preserved_filters")
 
     parsed_url = list(urlparse(url))
     parsed_qs = dict(parse_qsl(parsed_url[4]))
@@ -30,24 +30,34 @@ def add_preserved_filters(context, url, popup=False, to_field=None):
     if opts and preserved_filters:
         preserved_filters = dict(parse_qsl(preserved_filters))
 
-        match_url = '/%s' % unquote(url).partition(get_script_prefix())[2]
+        match_url = "/%s" % unquote(url).partition(get_script_prefix())[2]
         try:
             match = resolve(match_url)
         except Resolver404:
             pass
         else:
-            current_url = '%s:%s' % (match.app_name, match.url_name)
-            changelist_url = 'admin:%s_%s_changelist' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name)
-            if changelist_url == current_url and '_changelist_filters' in preserved_filters:
-                preserved_filters = dict(parse_qsl(preserved_filters['_changelist_filters']))
+            current_url = "%s:%s" % (match.app_name, match.url_name)
+            changelist_url = "admin:%s_%s_changelist" % (
+                opts.app_label,
+                opts.model_name,
+            )
+            if (
+                changelist_url == current_url
+                and "_changelist_filters" in preserved_filters
+            ):
+                preserved_filters = dict(
+                    parse_qsl(preserved_filters["_changelist_filters"])
+                )
 
         merged_qs.update(preserved_filters)
 
     if popup:
         from django.contrib.admin.options import IS_POPUP_VAR
+
         merged_qs[IS_POPUP_VAR] = 1
     if to_field:
         from django.contrib.admin.options import TO_FIELD_VAR
+
         merged_qs[TO_FIELD_VAR] = to_field
 
     merged_qs.update(parsed_qs)
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/templatetags/base.py b/django/contrib/admin/templatetags/base.py
index e98604ac5a..23e4cfbe86 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/templatetags/base.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/templatetags/base.py
@@ -11,23 +11,35 @@ class InclusionAdminNode(InclusionNode):
 
     def __init__(self, parser, token, func, template_name, takes_context=True):
         self.template_name = template_name
-        params, varargs, varkw, defaults, kwonly, kwonly_defaults, _ = getfullargspec(func)
+        params, varargs, varkw, defaults, kwonly, kwonly_defaults, _ = getfullargspec(
+            func
+        )
         bits = token.split_contents()
         args, kwargs = parse_bits(
-            parser, bits[1:], params, varargs, varkw, defaults, kwonly,
-            kwonly_defaults, takes_context, bits[0],
+            parser,
+            bits[1:],
+            params,
+            varargs,
+            varkw,
+            defaults,
+            kwonly,
+            kwonly_defaults,
+            takes_context,
+            bits[0],
         )
         super().__init__(func, takes_context, args, kwargs, filename=None)
 
     def render(self, context):
-        opts = context['opts']
+        opts = context["opts"]
         app_label = opts.app_label.lower()
         object_name = opts.object_name.lower()
         # Load template for this render call. (Setting self.filename isn't
         # thread-safe.)
-        context.render_context[self] = context.template.engine.select_template([
-            'admin/%s/%s/%s' % (app_label, object_name, self.template_name),
-            'admin/%s/%s' % (app_label, self.template_name),
-            'admin/%s' % self.template_name,
-        ])
+        context.render_context[self] = context.template.engine.select_template(
+            [
+                "admin/%s/%s/%s" % (app_label, object_name, self.template_name),
+                "admin/%s/%s" % (app_label, self.template_name),
+                "admin/%s" % self.template_name,
+            ]
+        )
         return super().render(context)
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/templatetags/log.py b/django/contrib/admin/templatetags/log.py
index 08c2345e7c..04a375013d 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/templatetags/log.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/templatetags/log.py
@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@ class AdminLogNode(template.Node):
             if not user_id.isdigit():
                 user_id = context[self.user].pk
             entries = LogEntry.objects.filter(user__pk=user_id)
-        context[self.varname] = entries.select_related('content_type', 'user')[:int(self.limit)]
-        return ''
+        context[self.varname] = entries.select_related("content_type", "user")[
+            : int(self.limit)
+        ]
+        return ""
 
 
 @register.tag
@@ -45,15 +47,23 @@ def get_admin_log(parser, token):
     tokens = token.contents.split()
     if len(tokens) < 4:
         raise template.TemplateSyntaxError(
-            "'get_admin_log' statements require two arguments")
+            "'get_admin_log' statements require two arguments"
+        )
     if not tokens[1].isdigit():
         raise template.TemplateSyntaxError(
-            "First argument to 'get_admin_log' must be an integer")
-    if tokens[2] != 'as':
+            "First argument to 'get_admin_log' must be an integer"
+        )
+    if tokens[2] != "as":
         raise template.TemplateSyntaxError(
-            "Second argument to 'get_admin_log' must be 'as'")
+            "Second argument to 'get_admin_log' must be 'as'"
+        )
     if len(tokens) > 4:
-        if tokens[4] != 'for_user':
+        if tokens[4] != "for_user":
             raise template.TemplateSyntaxError(
-                "Fourth argument to 'get_admin_log' must be 'for_user'")
-    return AdminLogNode(limit=tokens[1], varname=tokens[3], user=(tokens[5] if len(tokens) > 5 else None))
+                "Fourth argument to 'get_admin_log' must be 'for_user'"
+            )
+    return AdminLogNode(
+        limit=tokens[1],
+        varname=tokens[3],
+        user=(tokens[5] if len(tokens) > 5 else None),
+    )
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/tests.py b/django/contrib/admin/tests.py
index 36e2fe5c90..70c3949fef 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/tests.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/tests.py
@@ -9,20 +9,21 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
 
 class CSPMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
     """The admin's JavaScript should be compatible with CSP."""
+
     def process_response(self, request, response):
-        response.headers['Content-Security-Policy'] = "default-src 'self'"
+        response.headers["Content-Security-Policy"] = "default-src 'self'"
         return response
 
 
-@modify_settings(MIDDLEWARE={'append': 'django.contrib.admin.tests.CSPMiddleware'})
+@modify_settings(MIDDLEWARE={"append": "django.contrib.admin.tests.CSPMiddleware"})
 class AdminSeleniumTestCase(SeleniumTestCase, StaticLiveServerTestCase):
 
     available_apps = [
-        'django.contrib.admin',
-        'django.contrib.auth',
-        'django.contrib.contenttypes',
-        'django.contrib.sessions',
-        'django.contrib.sites',
+        "django.contrib.admin",
+        "django.contrib.auth",
+        "django.contrib.contenttypes",
+        "django.contrib.sessions",
+        "django.contrib.sites",
     ]
 
     def wait_until(self, callback, timeout=10):
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@ class AdminSeleniumTestCase(SeleniumTestCase, StaticLiveServerTestCase):
         call this function for more details.
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
+
         WebDriverWait(self.selenium, timeout).until(callback)
 
     def wait_for_and_switch_to_popup(self, num_windows=2, timeout=10):
@@ -51,9 +53,9 @@ class AdminSeleniumTestCase(SeleniumTestCase, StaticLiveServerTestCase):
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as ec
+
         self.wait_until(
-            ec.presence_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, css_selector)),
-            timeout
+            ec.presence_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, css_selector)), timeout
         )
 
     def wait_for_text(self, css_selector, text, timeout=10):
@@ -62,10 +64,10 @@ class AdminSeleniumTestCase(SeleniumTestCase, StaticLiveServerTestCase):
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as ec
+
         self.wait_until(
-            ec.text_to_be_present_in_element(
-                (By.CSS_SELECTOR, css_selector), text),
-            timeout
+            ec.text_to_be_present_in_element((By.CSS_SELECTOR, css_selector), text),
+            timeout,
         )
 
     def wait_for_value(self, css_selector, text, timeout=10):
@@ -74,10 +76,12 @@ class AdminSeleniumTestCase(SeleniumTestCase, StaticLiveServerTestCase):
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as ec
+
         self.wait_until(
             ec.text_to_be_present_in_element_value(
-                (By.CSS_SELECTOR, css_selector), text),
-            timeout
+                (By.CSS_SELECTOR, css_selector), text
+            ),
+            timeout,
         )
 
     def wait_until_visible(self, css_selector, timeout=10):
@@ -86,9 +90,9 @@ class AdminSeleniumTestCase(SeleniumTestCase, StaticLiveServerTestCase):
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as ec
+
         self.wait_until(
-            ec.visibility_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, css_selector)),
-            timeout
+            ec.visibility_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, css_selector)), timeout
         )
 
     def wait_until_invisible(self, css_selector, timeout=10):
@@ -97,9 +101,9 @@ class AdminSeleniumTestCase(SeleniumTestCase, StaticLiveServerTestCase):
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as ec
+
         self.wait_until(
-            ec.invisibility_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, css_selector)),
-            timeout
+            ec.invisibility_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, css_selector)), timeout
         )
 
     def wait_page_ready(self, timeout=10):
@@ -107,7 +111,8 @@ class AdminSeleniumTestCase(SeleniumTestCase, StaticLiveServerTestCase):
         Block until the  page is ready.
         """
         self.wait_until(
-            lambda driver: driver.execute_script('return document.readyState;') == 'complete',
+            lambda driver: driver.execute_script("return document.readyState;")
+            == "complete",
             timeout,
         )
 
@@ -118,25 +123,29 @@ class AdminSeleniumTestCase(SeleniumTestCase, StaticLiveServerTestCase):
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as ec
-        old_page = self.selenium.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'html')
+
+        old_page = self.selenium.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "html")
         yield
         # Wait for the next page to be loaded
         self.wait_until(ec.staleness_of(old_page), timeout=timeout)
         self.wait_page_ready(timeout=timeout)
 
-    def admin_login(self, username, password, login_url='/admin/'):
+    def admin_login(self, username, password, login_url="/admin/"):
         """
         Log in to the admin.
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.selenium.get('%s%s' % (self.live_server_url, login_url))
-        username_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'username')
+
+        self.selenium.get("%s%s" % (self.live_server_url, login_url))
+        username_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "username")
         username_input.send_keys(username)
-        password_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'password')
+        password_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "password")
         password_input.send_keys(password)
-        login_text = _('Log in')
+        login_text = _("Log in")
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
-            self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="%s"]' % login_text).click()
+            self.selenium.find_element(
+                By.XPATH, '//input[@value="%s"]' % login_text
+            ).click()
 
     def select_option(self, selector, value):
         """
@@ -145,6 +154,7 @@ class AdminSeleniumTestCase(SeleniumTestCase, StaticLiveServerTestCase):
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
+
         select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, selector))
         select.select_by_value(value)
 
@@ -155,6 +165,7 @@ class AdminSeleniumTestCase(SeleniumTestCase, StaticLiveServerTestCase):
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
+
         select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, selector))
         select.deselect_by_value(value)
 
@@ -165,16 +176,20 @@ class AdminSeleniumTestCase(SeleniumTestCase, StaticLiveServerTestCase):
         `root_element` allow restriction to a pre-selected node.
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
         root_element = root_element or self.selenium
-        self.assertEqual(len(root_element.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, selector)), count)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(root_element.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, selector)), count
+        )
 
     def _assertOptionsValues(self, options_selector, values):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
         if values:
             options = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, options_selector)
             actual_values = []
             for option in options:
-                actual_values.append(option.get_attribute('value'))
+                actual_values.append(option.get_attribute("value"))
             self.assertEqual(values, actual_values)
         else:
             # Prevent the `find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, …)` call from blocking
@@ -182,7 +197,9 @@ class AdminSeleniumTestCase(SeleniumTestCase, StaticLiveServerTestCase):
             # to be the case.
             with self.disable_implicit_wait():
                 self.wait_until(
-                    lambda driver: not driver.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, options_selector)
+                    lambda driver: not driver.find_elements(
+                        By.CSS_SELECTOR, options_selector
+                    )
                 )
 
     def assertSelectOptions(self, selector, values):
@@ -205,7 +222,13 @@ class AdminSeleniumTestCase(SeleniumTestCase, StaticLiveServerTestCase):
         `klass`.
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        return self.selenium.find_element(
-            By.CSS_SELECTOR,
-            selector,
-        ).get_attribute('class').find(klass) != -1
+
+        return (
+            self.selenium.find_element(
+                By.CSS_SELECTOR,
+                selector,
+            )
+            .get_attribute("class")
+            .find(klass)
+            != -1
+        )
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/utils.py b/django/contrib/admin/utils.py
index 4e3d025a56..6cb549fb10 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/utils.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/utils.py
@@ -13,15 +13,17 @@ from django.utils import formats, timezone
 from django.utils.html import format_html
 from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 from django.utils.text import capfirst
-from django.utils.translation import ngettext, override as translation_override
+from django.utils.translation import ngettext
+from django.utils.translation import override as translation_override
 
-QUOTE_MAP = {i: '_%02X' % i for i in b'":/_#?;@&=+$,"[]<>%\n\\'}
+QUOTE_MAP = {i: "_%02X" % i for i in b'":/_#?;@&=+$,"[]<>%\n\\'}
 UNQUOTE_MAP = {v: chr(k) for k, v in QUOTE_MAP.items()}
-UNQUOTE_RE = _lazy_re_compile('_(?:%s)' % '|'.join([x[1:] for x in UNQUOTE_MAP]))
+UNQUOTE_RE = _lazy_re_compile("_(?:%s)" % "|".join([x[1:] for x in UNQUOTE_MAP]))
 
 
 class FieldIsAForeignKeyColumnName(Exception):
     """A field is a foreign key attname, i.e. <FK>_id."""
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -32,7 +34,7 @@ def lookup_spawns_duplicates(opts, lookup_path):
     lookup_fields = lookup_path.split(LOOKUP_SEP)
     # Go through the fields (following all relations) and look for an m2m.
     for field_name in lookup_fields:
-        if field_name == 'pk':
+        if field_name == "pk":
             field_name = opts.pk.name
         try:
             field = opts.get_field(field_name)
@@ -40,7 +42,7 @@ def lookup_spawns_duplicates(opts, lookup_path):
             # Ignore query lookups.
             continue
         else:
-            if hasattr(field, 'path_infos'):
+            if hasattr(field, "path_infos"):
                 # This field is a relation; update opts to follow the relation.
                 path_info = field.path_infos
                 opts = path_info[-1].to_opts
@@ -51,16 +53,16 @@ def lookup_spawns_duplicates(opts, lookup_path):
     return False
 
 
-def prepare_lookup_value(key, value, separator=','):
+def prepare_lookup_value(key, value, separator=","):
     """
     Return a lookup value prepared to be used in queryset filtering.
     """
     # if key ends with __in, split parameter into separate values
-    if key.endswith('__in'):
+    if key.endswith("__in"):
         value = value.split(separator)
     # if key ends with __isnull, special case '' and the string literals 'false' and '0'
-    elif key.endswith('__isnull'):
-        value = value.lower() not in ('', 'false', '0')
+    elif key.endswith("__isnull"):
+        value = value.lower() not in ("", "false", "0")
     return value
 
 
@@ -96,9 +98,7 @@ def flatten_fieldsets(fieldsets):
     """Return a list of field names from an admin fieldsets structure."""
     field_names = []
     for name, opts in fieldsets:
-        field_names.extend(
-            flatten(opts['fields'])
-        )
+        field_names.extend(flatten(opts["fields"]))
     return field_names
 
 
@@ -125,26 +125,26 @@ def get_deleted_objects(objs, request, admin_site):
         has_admin = model in admin_site._registry
         opts = obj._meta
 
-        no_edit_link = '%s: %s' % (capfirst(opts.verbose_name), obj)
+        no_edit_link = "%s: %s" % (capfirst(opts.verbose_name), obj)
 
         if has_admin:
             if not admin_site._registry[model].has_delete_permission(request, obj):
                 perms_needed.add(opts.verbose_name)
             try:
-                admin_url = reverse('%s:%s_%s_change'
-                                    % (admin_site.name,
-                                       opts.app_label,
-                                       opts.model_name),
-                                    None, (quote(obj.pk),))
+                admin_url = reverse(
+                    "%s:%s_%s_change"
+                    % (admin_site.name, opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
+                    None,
+                    (quote(obj.pk),),
+                )
             except NoReverseMatch:
                 # Change url doesn't exist -- don't display link to edit
                 return no_edit_link
 
             # Display a link to the admin page.
-            return format_html('{}: <a href="{}">{}</a>',
-                               capfirst(opts.verbose_name),
-                               admin_url,
-                               obj)
+            return format_html(
+                '{}: <a href="{}">{}</a>', capfirst(opts.verbose_name), admin_url, obj
+            )
         else:
             # Don't display link to edit, because it either has no
             # admin or is edited inline.
@@ -153,7 +153,10 @@ def get_deleted_objects(objs, request, admin_site):
     to_delete = collector.nested(format_callback)
 
     protected = [format_callback(obj) for obj in collector.protected]
-    model_count = {model._meta.verbose_name_plural: len(objs) for model, objs in collector.model_objs.items()}
+    model_count = {
+        model._meta.verbose_name_plural: len(objs)
+        for model, objs in collector.model_objs.items()
+    }
 
     return to_delete, model_count, perms_needed, protected
 
@@ -170,10 +173,10 @@ class NestedObjects(Collector):
 
     def collect(self, objs, source=None, source_attr=None, **kwargs):
         for obj in objs:
-            if source_attr and not source_attr.endswith('+'):
+            if source_attr and not source_attr.endswith("+"):
                 related_name = source_attr % {
-                    'class': source._meta.model_name,
-                    'app_label': source._meta.app_label,
+                    "class": source._meta.model_name,
+                    "app_label": source._meta.app_label,
                 }
                 self.add_edge(getattr(obj, related_name), obj)
             else:
@@ -188,7 +191,9 @@ class NestedObjects(Collector):
 
     def related_objects(self, related_model, related_fields, objs):
         qs = super().related_objects(related_model, related_fields, objs)
-        return qs.select_related(*[related_field.name for related_field in related_fields])
+        return qs.select_related(
+            *[related_field.name for related_field in related_fields]
+        )
 
     def _nested(self, obj, seen, format_callback):
         if obj in seen:
@@ -237,8 +242,8 @@ def model_format_dict(obj):
     else:
         opts = obj
     return {
-        'verbose_name': opts.verbose_name,
-        'verbose_name_plural': opts.verbose_name_plural,
+        "verbose_name": opts.verbose_name,
+        "verbose_name_plural": opts.verbose_name_plural,
     }
 
 
@@ -270,7 +275,7 @@ def lookup_field(name, obj, model_admin=None):
         if callable(name):
             attr = name
             value = attr(obj)
-        elif hasattr(model_admin, name) and name != '__str__':
+        elif hasattr(model_admin, name) and name != "__str__":
             attr = getattr(model_admin, name)
             value = attr(obj)
         else:
@@ -295,13 +300,21 @@ def _get_non_gfk_field(opts, name):
     model (rather something like `foo_set`).
     """
     field = opts.get_field(name)
-    if (field.is_relation and
-            # Generic foreign keys OR reverse relations
-            ((field.many_to_one and not field.related_model) or field.one_to_many)):
+    if (
+        field.is_relation
+        and
+        # Generic foreign keys OR reverse relations
+        ((field.many_to_one and not field.related_model) or field.one_to_many)
+    ):
         raise FieldDoesNotExist()
 
     # Avoid coercing <FK>_id fields to FK
-    if field.is_relation and not field.many_to_many and hasattr(field, 'attname') and field.attname == name:
+    if (
+        field.is_relation
+        and not field.many_to_many
+        and hasattr(field, "attname")
+        and field.attname == name
+    ):
         raise FieldIsAForeignKeyColumnName()
 
     return field
@@ -337,7 +350,10 @@ def label_for_field(name, model, model_admin=None, return_attr=False, form=None)
             elif form and name in form.fields:
                 attr = form.fields[name]
             else:
-                message = "Unable to lookup '%s' on %s" % (name, model._meta.object_name)
+                message = "Unable to lookup '%s' on %s" % (
+                    name,
+                    model._meta.object_name,
+                )
                 if model_admin:
                     message += " or %s" % model_admin.__class__.__name__
                 if form:
@@ -346,9 +362,11 @@ def label_for_field(name, model, model_admin=None, return_attr=False, form=None)
 
             if hasattr(attr, "short_description"):
                 label = attr.short_description
-            elif (isinstance(attr, property) and
-                  hasattr(attr, "fget") and
-                  hasattr(attr.fget, "short_description")):
+            elif (
+                isinstance(attr, property)
+                and hasattr(attr, "fget")
+                and hasattr(attr.fget, "short_description")
+            ):
                 label = attr.fget.short_description
             elif callable(attr):
                 if attr.__name__ == "<lambda>":
@@ -374,7 +392,7 @@ def help_text_for_field(name, model):
     except (FieldDoesNotExist, FieldIsAForeignKeyColumnName):
         pass
     else:
-        if hasattr(field, 'help_text'):
+        if hasattr(field, "help_text"):
             help_text = field.help_text
     return help_text
 
@@ -382,7 +400,7 @@ def help_text_for_field(name, model):
 def display_for_field(value, field, empty_value_display):
     from django.contrib.admin.templatetags.admin_list import _boolean_icon
 
-    if getattr(field, 'flatchoices', None):
+    if getattr(field, "flatchoices", None):
         return dict(field.flatchoices).get(value, empty_value_display)
     # BooleanField needs special-case null-handling, so it comes before the
     # general null test.
@@ -425,7 +443,7 @@ def display_for_value(value, empty_value_display, boolean=False):
     elif isinstance(value, (int, decimal.Decimal, float)):
         return formats.number_format(value)
     elif isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
-        return ', '.join(str(v) for v in value)
+        return ", ".join(str(v) for v in value)
     else:
         return str(value)
 
@@ -435,14 +453,14 @@ class NotRelationField(Exception):
 
 
 def get_model_from_relation(field):
-    if hasattr(field, 'path_infos'):
+    if hasattr(field, "path_infos"):
         return field.path_infos[-1].to_opts.model
     else:
         raise NotRelationField
 
 
 def reverse_field_path(model, path):
-    """ Create a reversed field path.
+    """Create a reversed field path.
 
     E.g. Given (Order, "user__groups"),
     return (Group, "user__order").
@@ -473,7 +491,7 @@ def reverse_field_path(model, path):
 
 
 def get_fields_from_path(model, path):
-    """ Return list of Fields given path relative to model.
+    """Return list of Fields given path relative to model.
 
     e.g. (ModelX, "user__groups__name") -> [
         <django.db.models.fields.related.ForeignKey object at 0x...>,
@@ -510,34 +528,42 @@ def construct_change_message(form, formsets, add):
 
     change_message = []
     if add:
-        change_message.append({'added': {}})
+        change_message.append({"added": {}})
     elif form.changed_data:
-        change_message.append({'changed': {'fields': changed_field_labels}})
+        change_message.append({"changed": {"fields": changed_field_labels}})
     if formsets:
         with translation_override(None):
             for formset in formsets:
                 for added_object in formset.new_objects:
-                    change_message.append({
-                        'added': {
-                            'name': str(added_object._meta.verbose_name),
-                            'object': str(added_object),
+                    change_message.append(
+                        {
+                            "added": {
+                                "name": str(added_object._meta.verbose_name),
+                                "object": str(added_object),
+                            }
                         }
-                    })
+                    )
                 for changed_object, changed_fields in formset.changed_objects:
-                    change_message.append({
-                        'changed': {
-                            'name': str(changed_object._meta.verbose_name),
-                            'object': str(changed_object),
-                            'fields': _get_changed_field_labels_from_form(formset.forms[0], changed_fields),
+                    change_message.append(
+                        {
+                            "changed": {
+                                "name": str(changed_object._meta.verbose_name),
+                                "object": str(changed_object),
+                                "fields": _get_changed_field_labels_from_form(
+                                    formset.forms[0], changed_fields
+                                ),
+                            }
                         }
-                    })
+                    )
                 for deleted_object in formset.deleted_objects:
-                    change_message.append({
-                        'deleted': {
-                            'name': str(deleted_object._meta.verbose_name),
-                            'object': str(deleted_object),
+                    change_message.append(
+                        {
+                            "deleted": {
+                                "name": str(deleted_object._meta.verbose_name),
+                                "object": str(deleted_object),
+                            }
                         }
-                    })
+                    )
     return change_message
 
 
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/views/autocomplete.py b/django/contrib/admin/views/autocomplete.py
index 26aff083b6..130848b551 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/views/autocomplete.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/views/autocomplete.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ from django.views.generic.list import BaseListView
 
 class AutocompleteJsonView(BaseListView):
     """Handle AutocompleteWidget's AJAX requests for data."""
+
     paginate_by = 20
     admin_site = None
 
@@ -18,27 +19,34 @@ class AutocompleteJsonView(BaseListView):
             pagination: {more: true}
         }
         """
-        self.term, self.model_admin, self.source_field, to_field_name = self.process_request(request)
+        (
+            self.term,
+            self.model_admin,
+            self.source_field,
+            to_field_name,
+        ) = self.process_request(request)
 
         if not self.has_perm(request):
             raise PermissionDenied
 
         self.object_list = self.get_queryset()
         context = self.get_context_data()
-        return JsonResponse({
-            'results': [
-                self.serialize_result(obj, to_field_name)
-                for obj in context['object_list']
-            ],
-            'pagination': {'more': context['page_obj'].has_next()},
-        })
+        return JsonResponse(
+            {
+                "results": [
+                    self.serialize_result(obj, to_field_name)
+                    for obj in context["object_list"]
+                ],
+                "pagination": {"more": context["page_obj"].has_next()},
+            }
+        )
 
     def serialize_result(self, obj, to_field_name):
         """
         Convert the provided model object to a dictionary that is added to the
         results list.
         """
-        return {'id': str(getattr(obj, to_field_name)), 'text': str(obj)}
+        return {"id": str(getattr(obj, to_field_name)), "text": str(obj)}
 
     def get_paginator(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """Use the ModelAdmin's paginator."""
@@ -48,7 +56,9 @@ class AutocompleteJsonView(BaseListView):
         """Return queryset based on ModelAdmin.get_search_results()."""
         qs = self.model_admin.get_queryset(self.request)
         qs = qs.complex_filter(self.source_field.get_limit_choices_to())
-        qs, search_use_distinct = self.model_admin.get_search_results(self.request, qs, self.term)
+        qs, search_use_distinct = self.model_admin.get_search_results(
+            self.request, qs, self.term
+        )
         if search_use_distinct:
             qs = qs.distinct()
         return qs
@@ -64,11 +74,11 @@ class AutocompleteJsonView(BaseListView):
         Raise Http404 if the target model admin is not configured properly with
         search_fields.
         """
-        term = request.GET.get('term', '')
+        term = request.GET.get("term", "")
         try:
-            app_label = request.GET['app_label']
-            model_name = request.GET['model_name']
-            field_name = request.GET['field_name']
+            app_label = request.GET["app_label"]
+            model_name = request.GET["model_name"]
+            field_name = request.GET["field_name"]
         except KeyError as e:
             raise PermissionDenied from e
 
@@ -94,11 +104,13 @@ class AutocompleteJsonView(BaseListView):
         # Validate suitability of objects.
         if not model_admin.get_search_fields(request):
             raise Http404(
-                '%s must have search_fields for the autocomplete_view.' %
-                type(model_admin).__qualname__
+                "%s must have search_fields for the autocomplete_view."
+                % type(model_admin).__qualname__
             )
 
-        to_field_name = getattr(source_field.remote_field, 'field_name', remote_model._meta.pk.attname)
+        to_field_name = getattr(
+            source_field.remote_field, "field_name", remote_model._meta.pk.attname
+        )
         to_field_name = remote_model._meta.get_field(to_field_name).attname
         if not model_admin.to_field_allowed(request, to_field_name):
             raise PermissionDenied
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/views/decorators.py b/django/contrib/admin/views/decorators.py
index f14570c24d..c1b63ba64d 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/views/decorators.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/views/decorators.py
@@ -2,8 +2,9 @@ from django.contrib.auth import REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME
 from django.contrib.auth.decorators import user_passes_test
 
 
-def staff_member_required(view_func=None, redirect_field_name=REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME,
-                          login_url='admin:login'):
+def staff_member_required(
+    view_func=None, redirect_field_name=REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME, login_url="admin:login"
+):
     """
     Decorator for views that checks that the user is logged in and is a staff
     member, redirecting to the login page if necessary.
@@ -11,7 +12,7 @@ def staff_member_required(view_func=None, redirect_field_name=REDIRECT_FIELD_NAM
     actual_decorator = user_passes_test(
         lambda u: u.is_active and u.is_staff,
         login_url=login_url,
-        redirect_field_name=redirect_field_name
+        redirect_field_name=redirect_field_name,
     )
     if view_func:
         return actual_decorator(view_func)
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/views/main.py b/django/contrib/admin/views/main.py
index 43583c81e9..ace4b34ce5 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/views/main.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/views/main.py
@@ -5,17 +5,24 @@ from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib import messages
 from django.contrib.admin import FieldListFilter
 from django.contrib.admin.exceptions import (
-    DisallowedModelAdminLookup, DisallowedModelAdminToField,
+    DisallowedModelAdminLookup,
+    DisallowedModelAdminToField,
 )
 from django.contrib.admin.options import (
-    IS_POPUP_VAR, TO_FIELD_VAR, IncorrectLookupParameters,
+    IS_POPUP_VAR,
+    TO_FIELD_VAR,
+    IncorrectLookupParameters,
 )
 from django.contrib.admin.utils import (
-    get_fields_from_path, lookup_spawns_duplicates, prepare_lookup_value,
+    get_fields_from_path,
+    lookup_spawns_duplicates,
+    prepare_lookup_value,
     quote,
 )
 from django.core.exceptions import (
-    FieldDoesNotExist, ImproperlyConfigured, SuspiciousOperation,
+    FieldDoesNotExist,
+    ImproperlyConfigured,
+    SuspiciousOperation,
 )
 from django.core.paginator import InvalidPage
 from django.db.models import Exists, F, Field, ManyToOneRel, OrderBy, OuterRef
@@ -26,11 +33,11 @@ from django.utils.timezone import make_aware
 from django.utils.translation import gettext
 
 # Changelist settings
-ALL_VAR = 'all'
-ORDER_VAR = 'o'
-PAGE_VAR = 'p'
-SEARCH_VAR = 'q'
-ERROR_FLAG = 'e'
+ALL_VAR = "all"
+ORDER_VAR = "o"
+PAGE_VAR = "p"
+SEARCH_VAR = "q"
+ERROR_FLAG = "e"
 
 IGNORED_PARAMS = (ALL_VAR, ORDER_VAR, SEARCH_VAR, IS_POPUP_VAR, TO_FIELD_VAR)
 
@@ -47,10 +54,23 @@ class ChangeListSearchForm(forms.Form):
 class ChangeList:
     search_form_class = ChangeListSearchForm
 
-    def __init__(self, request, model, list_display, list_display_links,
-                 list_filter, date_hierarchy, search_fields, list_select_related,
-                 list_per_page, list_max_show_all, list_editable, model_admin, sortable_by,
-                 search_help_text):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        request,
+        model,
+        list_display,
+        list_display_links,
+        list_filter,
+        date_hierarchy,
+        search_fields,
+        list_select_related,
+        list_per_page,
+        list_max_show_all,
+        list_editable,
+        model_admin,
+        sortable_by,
+        search_help_text,
+    ):
         self.model = model
         self.opts = model._meta
         self.lookup_opts = self.opts
@@ -75,8 +95,8 @@ class ChangeList:
         _search_form = self.search_form_class(request.GET)
         if not _search_form.is_valid():
             for error in _search_form.errors.values():
-                messages.error(request, ', '.join(error))
-        self.query = _search_form.cleaned_data.get(SEARCH_VAR) or ''
+                messages.error(request, ", ".join(error))
+        self.query = _search_form.cleaned_data.get(SEARCH_VAR) or ""
         try:
             self.page_num = int(request.GET.get(PAGE_VAR, 1))
         except ValueError:
@@ -85,7 +105,9 @@ class ChangeList:
         self.is_popup = IS_POPUP_VAR in request.GET
         to_field = request.GET.get(TO_FIELD_VAR)
         if to_field and not model_admin.to_field_allowed(request, to_field):
-            raise DisallowedModelAdminToField("The field %s cannot be referenced." % to_field)
+            raise DisallowedModelAdminToField(
+                "The field %s cannot be referenced." % to_field
+            )
         self.to_field = to_field
         self.params = dict(request.GET.items())
         if PAGE_VAR in self.params:
@@ -100,16 +122,16 @@ class ChangeList:
         self.queryset = self.get_queryset(request)
         self.get_results(request)
         if self.is_popup:
-            title = gettext('Select %s')
+            title = gettext("Select %s")
         elif self.model_admin.has_change_permission(request):
-            title = gettext('Select %s to change')
+            title = gettext("Select %s to change")
         else:
-            title = gettext('Select %s to view')
+            title = gettext("Select %s to view")
         self.title = title % self.opts.verbose_name
         self.pk_attname = self.lookup_opts.pk.attname
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s: model=%s model_admin=%s>' % (
+        return "<%s: model=%s model_admin=%s>" % (
             self.__class__.__qualname__,
             self.model.__qualname__,
             self.model_admin.__class__.__qualname__,
@@ -158,15 +180,20 @@ class ChangeList:
                     field = get_fields_from_path(self.model, field_path)[-1]
 
                 spec = field_list_filter_class(
-                    field, request, lookup_params,
-                    self.model, self.model_admin, field_path=field_path,
+                    field,
+                    request,
+                    lookup_params,
+                    self.model,
+                    self.model_admin,
+                    field_path=field_path,
                 )
                 # field_list_filter_class removes any lookup_params it
                 # processes. If that happened, check if duplicates should be
                 # removed.
                 if lookup_params_count > len(lookup_params):
                     may_have_duplicates |= lookup_spawns_duplicates(
-                        self.lookup_opts, field_path,
+                        self.lookup_opts,
+                        field_path,
                     )
             if spec and spec.has_output():
                 filter_specs.append(spec)
@@ -176,10 +203,10 @@ class ChangeList:
         if self.date_hierarchy:
             # Create bounded lookup parameters so that the query is more
             # efficient.
-            year = lookup_params.pop('%s__year' % self.date_hierarchy, None)
+            year = lookup_params.pop("%s__year" % self.date_hierarchy, None)
             if year is not None:
-                month = lookup_params.pop('%s__month' % self.date_hierarchy, None)
-                day = lookup_params.pop('%s__day' % self.date_hierarchy, None)
+                month = lookup_params.pop("%s__month" % self.date_hierarchy, None)
+                day = lookup_params.pop("%s__day" % self.date_hierarchy, None)
                 try:
                     from_date = datetime(
                         int(year),
@@ -199,10 +226,12 @@ class ChangeList:
                 if settings.USE_TZ:
                     from_date = make_aware(from_date)
                     to_date = make_aware(to_date)
-                lookup_params.update({
-                    '%s__gte' % self.date_hierarchy: from_date,
-                    '%s__lt' % self.date_hierarchy: to_date,
-                })
+                lookup_params.update(
+                    {
+                        "%s__gte" % self.date_hierarchy: from_date,
+                        "%s__lt" % self.date_hierarchy: to_date,
+                    }
+                )
 
         # At this point, all the parameters used by the various ListFilters
         # have been removed from lookup_params, which now only contains other
@@ -215,7 +244,10 @@ class ChangeList:
                 lookup_params[key] = prepare_lookup_value(key, value)
                 may_have_duplicates |= lookup_spawns_duplicates(self.lookup_opts, key)
             return (
-                filter_specs, bool(filter_specs), lookup_params, may_have_duplicates,
+                filter_specs,
+                bool(filter_specs),
+                lookup_params,
+                may_have_duplicates,
                 has_active_filters,
             )
         except FieldDoesNotExist as e:
@@ -237,10 +269,12 @@ class ChangeList:
                     del p[k]
             else:
                 p[k] = v
-        return '?%s' % urlencode(sorted(p.items()))
+        return "?%s" % urlencode(sorted(p.items()))
 
     def get_results(self, request):
-        paginator = self.model_admin.get_paginator(request, self.queryset, self.list_per_page)
+        paginator = self.model_admin.get_paginator(
+            request, self.queryset, self.list_per_page
+        )
         # Get the number of objects, with admin filters applied.
         result_count = paginator.count
 
@@ -265,7 +299,9 @@ class ChangeList:
         self.show_full_result_count = self.model_admin.show_full_result_count
         # Admin actions are shown if there is at least one entry
         # or if entries are not counted because show_full_result_count is disabled
-        self.show_admin_actions = not self.show_full_result_count or bool(full_result_count)
+        self.show_admin_actions = not self.show_full_result_count or bool(
+            full_result_count
+        )
         self.full_result_count = full_result_count
         self.result_list = result_list
         self.can_show_all = can_show_all
@@ -300,9 +336,9 @@ class ChangeList:
                 attr = getattr(self.model_admin, field_name)
             else:
                 attr = getattr(self.model, field_name)
-            if isinstance(attr, property) and hasattr(attr, 'fget'):
+            if isinstance(attr, property) and hasattr(attr, "fget"):
                 attr = attr.fget
-            return getattr(attr, 'admin_order_field', None)
+            return getattr(attr, "admin_order_field", None)
 
     def get_ordering(self, request, queryset):
         """
@@ -314,28 +350,32 @@ class ChangeList:
         constructed ordering.
         """
         params = self.params
-        ordering = list(self.model_admin.get_ordering(request) or self._get_default_ordering())
+        ordering = list(
+            self.model_admin.get_ordering(request) or self._get_default_ordering()
+        )
         if ORDER_VAR in params:
             # Clear ordering and used params
             ordering = []
-            order_params = params[ORDER_VAR].split('.')
+            order_params = params[ORDER_VAR].split(".")
             for p in order_params:
                 try:
-                    none, pfx, idx = p.rpartition('-')
+                    none, pfx, idx = p.rpartition("-")
                     field_name = self.list_display[int(idx)]
                     order_field = self.get_ordering_field(field_name)
                     if not order_field:
                         continue  # No 'admin_order_field', skip it
                     if isinstance(order_field, OrderBy):
-                        if pfx == '-':
+                        if pfx == "-":
                             order_field = order_field.copy()
                             order_field.reverse_ordering()
                         ordering.append(order_field)
-                    elif hasattr(order_field, 'resolve_expression'):
+                    elif hasattr(order_field, "resolve_expression"):
                         # order_field is an expression.
-                        ordering.append(order_field.desc() if pfx == '-' else order_field.asc())
+                        ordering.append(
+                            order_field.desc() if pfx == "-" else order_field.asc()
+                        )
                     # reverse order if order_field has already "-" as prefix
-                    elif order_field.startswith('-') and pfx == '-':
+                    elif order_field.startswith("-") and pfx == "-":
                         ordering.append(order_field[1:])
                     else:
                         ordering.append(pfx + order_field)
@@ -356,15 +396,16 @@ class ChangeList:
         """
         ordering = list(ordering)
         ordering_fields = set()
-        total_ordering_fields = {'pk'} | {
-            field.attname for field in self.lookup_opts.fields
+        total_ordering_fields = {"pk"} | {
+            field.attname
+            for field in self.lookup_opts.fields
             if field.unique and not field.null
         }
         for part in ordering:
             # Search for single field providing a total ordering.
             field_name = None
             if isinstance(part, str):
-                field_name = part.lstrip('-')
+                field_name = part.lstrip("-")
             elif isinstance(part, F):
                 field_name = part.name
             elif isinstance(part, OrderBy) and isinstance(part.expression, F):
@@ -396,7 +437,9 @@ class ChangeList:
             )
             for field_names in constraint_field_names:
                 # Normalize attname references by using get_field().
-                fields = [self.lookup_opts.get_field(field_name) for field_name in field_names]
+                fields = [
+                    self.lookup_opts.get_field(field_name) for field_name in field_names
+                ]
                 # Composite unique constraints containing a nullable column
                 # cannot ensure total ordering.
                 if any(field.null for field in fields):
@@ -406,7 +449,7 @@ class ChangeList:
             else:
                 # If no set of unique fields is present in the ordering, rely
                 # on the primary key to provide total ordering.
-                ordering.append('-pk')
+                ordering.append("-pk")
         return ordering
 
     def get_ordering_field_columns(self):
@@ -426,27 +469,27 @@ class ChangeList:
                     if not isinstance(field, OrderBy):
                         field = field.asc()
                     if isinstance(field.expression, F):
-                        order_type = 'desc' if field.descending else 'asc'
+                        order_type = "desc" if field.descending else "asc"
                         field = field.expression.name
                     else:
                         continue
-                elif field.startswith('-'):
+                elif field.startswith("-"):
                     field = field[1:]
-                    order_type = 'desc'
+                    order_type = "desc"
                 else:
-                    order_type = 'asc'
+                    order_type = "asc"
                 for index, attr in enumerate(self.list_display):
                     if self.get_ordering_field(attr) == field:
                         ordering_fields[index] = order_type
                         break
         else:
-            for p in self.params[ORDER_VAR].split('.'):
-                none, pfx, idx = p.rpartition('-')
+            for p in self.params[ORDER_VAR].split("."):
+                none, pfx, idx = p.rpartition("-")
                 try:
                     idx = int(idx)
                 except ValueError:
                     continue  # skip it
-                ordering_fields[idx] = 'desc' if pfx == '-' else 'asc'
+                ordering_fields[idx] = "desc" if pfx == "-" else "asc"
         return ordering_fields
 
     def get_queryset(self, request):
@@ -484,7 +527,9 @@ class ChangeList:
 
         # Apply search results
         qs, search_may_have_duplicates = self.model_admin.get_search_results(
-            request, qs, self.query,
+            request,
+            qs,
+            self.query,
         )
 
         # Set query string for clearing all filters.
@@ -494,7 +539,7 @@ class ChangeList:
         )
         # Remove duplicates from results, if necessary
         if filters_may_have_duplicates | search_may_have_duplicates:
-            qs = qs.filter(pk=OuterRef('pk'))
+            qs = qs.filter(pk=OuterRef("pk"))
             qs = self.root_queryset.filter(Exists(qs))
 
         # Set ordering.
@@ -533,7 +578,8 @@ class ChangeList:
 
     def url_for_result(self, result):
         pk = getattr(result, self.pk_attname)
-        return reverse('admin:%s_%s_change' % (self.opts.app_label,
-                                               self.opts.model_name),
-                       args=(quote(pk),),
-                       current_app=self.model_admin.admin_site.name)
+        return reverse(
+            "admin:%s_%s_change" % (self.opts.app_label, self.opts.model_name),
+            args=(quote(pk),),
+            current_app=self.model_admin.admin_site.name,
+        )
diff --git a/django/contrib/admin/widgets.py b/django/contrib/admin/widgets.py
index ec0423b284..b81ea7de3e 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admin/widgets.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admin/widgets.py
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ from django.urls.exceptions import NoReverseMatch
 from django.utils.html import smart_urlquote
 from django.utils.http import urlencode
 from django.utils.text import Truncator
-from django.utils.translation import get_language, gettext as _
+from django.utils.translation import get_language
+from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
 
 
 class FilteredSelectMultiple(forms.SelectMultiple):
@@ -24,11 +25,12 @@ class FilteredSelectMultiple(forms.SelectMultiple):
     Note that the resulting JavaScript assumes that the jsi18n
     catalog has been loaded in the page
     """
+
     class Media:
         js = [
-            'admin/js/core.js',
-            'admin/js/SelectBox.js',
-            'admin/js/SelectFilter2.js',
+            "admin/js/core.js",
+            "admin/js/SelectBox.js",
+            "admin/js/SelectFilter2.js",
         ]
 
     def __init__(self, verbose_name, is_stacked, attrs=None, choices=()):
@@ -38,35 +40,35 @@ class FilteredSelectMultiple(forms.SelectMultiple):
 
     def get_context(self, name, value, attrs):
         context = super().get_context(name, value, attrs)
-        context['widget']['attrs']['class'] = 'selectfilter'
+        context["widget"]["attrs"]["class"] = "selectfilter"
         if self.is_stacked:
-            context['widget']['attrs']['class'] += 'stacked'
-        context['widget']['attrs']['data-field-name'] = self.verbose_name
-        context['widget']['attrs']['data-is-stacked'] = int(self.is_stacked)
+            context["widget"]["attrs"]["class"] += "stacked"
+        context["widget"]["attrs"]["data-field-name"] = self.verbose_name
+        context["widget"]["attrs"]["data-is-stacked"] = int(self.is_stacked)
         return context
 
 
 class AdminDateWidget(forms.DateInput):
     class Media:
         js = [
-            'admin/js/calendar.js',
-            'admin/js/admin/DateTimeShortcuts.js',
+            "admin/js/calendar.js",
+            "admin/js/admin/DateTimeShortcuts.js",
         ]
 
     def __init__(self, attrs=None, format=None):
-        attrs = {'class': 'vDateField', 'size': '10', **(attrs or {})}
+        attrs = {"class": "vDateField", "size": "10", **(attrs or {})}
         super().__init__(attrs=attrs, format=format)
 
 
 class AdminTimeWidget(forms.TimeInput):
     class Media:
         js = [
-            'admin/js/calendar.js',
-            'admin/js/admin/DateTimeShortcuts.js',
+            "admin/js/calendar.js",
+            "admin/js/admin/DateTimeShortcuts.js",
         ]
 
     def __init__(self, attrs=None, format=None):
-        attrs = {'class': 'vTimeField', 'size': '8', **(attrs or {})}
+        attrs = {"class": "vTimeField", "size": "8", **(attrs or {})}
         super().__init__(attrs=attrs, format=format)
 
 
@@ -74,7 +76,8 @@ class AdminSplitDateTime(forms.SplitDateTimeWidget):
     """
     A SplitDateTime Widget that has some admin-specific styling.
     """
-    template_name = 'admin/widgets/split_datetime.html'
+
+    template_name = "admin/widgets/split_datetime.html"
 
     def __init__(self, attrs=None):
         widgets = [AdminDateWidget, AdminTimeWidget]
@@ -84,17 +87,17 @@ class AdminSplitDateTime(forms.SplitDateTimeWidget):
 
     def get_context(self, name, value, attrs):
         context = super().get_context(name, value, attrs)
-        context['date_label'] = _('Date:')
-        context['time_label'] = _('Time:')
+        context["date_label"] = _("Date:")
+        context["time_label"] = _("Time:")
         return context
 
 
 class AdminRadioSelect(forms.RadioSelect):
-    template_name = 'admin/widgets/radio.html'
+    template_name = "admin/widgets/radio.html"
 
 
 class AdminFileWidget(forms.ClearableFileInput):
-    template_name = 'admin/widgets/clearable_file_input.html'
+    template_name = "admin/widgets/clearable_file_input.html"
 
 
 def url_params_from_lookup_dict(lookups):
@@ -103,14 +106,14 @@ def url_params_from_lookup_dict(lookups):
     attribute to a dictionary of query parameters
     """
     params = {}
-    if lookups and hasattr(lookups, 'items'):
+    if lookups and hasattr(lookups, "items"):
         for k, v in lookups.items():
             if callable(v):
                 v = v()
             if isinstance(v, (tuple, list)):
-                v = ','.join(str(x) for x in v)
+                v = ",".join(str(x) for x in v)
             elif isinstance(v, bool):
-                v = ('0', '1')[v]
+                v = ("0", "1")[v]
             else:
                 v = str(v)
             params[k] = v
@@ -122,7 +125,8 @@ class ForeignKeyRawIdWidget(forms.TextInput):
     A Widget for displaying ForeignKeys in the "raw_id" interface rather than
     in a <select> box.
     """
-    template_name = 'admin/widgets/foreign_key_raw_id.html'
+
+    template_name = "admin/widgets/foreign_key_raw_id.html"
 
     def __init__(self, rel, admin_site, attrs=None, using=None):
         self.rel = rel
@@ -136,7 +140,8 @@ class ForeignKeyRawIdWidget(forms.TextInput):
         if rel_to in self.admin_site._registry:
             # The related object is registered with the same AdminSite
             related_url = reverse(
-                'admin:%s_%s_changelist' % (
+                "admin:%s_%s_changelist"
+                % (
                     rel_to._meta.app_label,
                     rel_to._meta.model_name,
                 ),
@@ -145,20 +150,22 @@ class ForeignKeyRawIdWidget(forms.TextInput):
 
             params = self.url_parameters()
             if params:
-                related_url += '?' + urlencode(params)
-            context['related_url'] = related_url
-            context['link_title'] = _('Lookup')
+                related_url += "?" + urlencode(params)
+            context["related_url"] = related_url
+            context["link_title"] = _("Lookup")
             # The JavaScript code looks for this class.
-            css_class = 'vForeignKeyRawIdAdminField'
+            css_class = "vForeignKeyRawIdAdminField"
             if isinstance(self.rel.get_related_field(), UUIDField):
-                css_class += ' vUUIDField'
-            context['widget']['attrs'].setdefault('class', css_class)
+                css_class += " vUUIDField"
+            context["widget"]["attrs"].setdefault("class", css_class)
         else:
-            context['related_url'] = None
-        if context['widget']['value']:
-            context['link_label'], context['link_url'] = self.label_and_url_for_value(value)
+            context["related_url"] = None
+        if context["widget"]["value"]:
+            context["link_label"], context["link_url"] = self.label_and_url_for_value(
+                value
+            )
         else:
-            context['link_label'] = None
+            context["link_label"] = None
         return context
 
     def base_url_parameters(self):
@@ -169,6 +176,7 @@ class ForeignKeyRawIdWidget(forms.TextInput):
 
     def url_parameters(self):
         from django.contrib.admin.views.main import TO_FIELD_VAR
+
         params = self.base_url_parameters()
         params.update({TO_FIELD_VAR: self.rel.get_related_field().name})
         return params
@@ -178,19 +186,20 @@ class ForeignKeyRawIdWidget(forms.TextInput):
         try:
             obj = self.rel.model._default_manager.using(self.db).get(**{key: value})
         except (ValueError, self.rel.model.DoesNotExist, ValidationError):
-            return '', ''
+            return "", ""
 
         try:
             url = reverse(
-                '%s:%s_%s_change' % (
+                "%s:%s_%s_change"
+                % (
                     self.admin_site.name,
                     obj._meta.app_label,
                     obj._meta.object_name.lower(),
                 ),
-                args=(obj.pk,)
+                args=(obj.pk,),
             )
         except NoReverseMatch:
-            url = ''  # Admin not registered for target model.
+            url = ""  # Admin not registered for target model.
 
         return Truncator(obj).words(14), url
 
@@ -200,28 +209,29 @@ class ManyToManyRawIdWidget(ForeignKeyRawIdWidget):
     A Widget for displaying ManyToMany ids in the "raw_id" interface rather than
     in a <select multiple> box.
     """
-    template_name = 'admin/widgets/many_to_many_raw_id.html'
+
+    template_name = "admin/widgets/many_to_many_raw_id.html"
 
     def get_context(self, name, value, attrs):
         context = super().get_context(name, value, attrs)
         if self.rel.model in self.admin_site._registry:
             # The related object is registered with the same AdminSite
-            context['widget']['attrs']['class'] = 'vManyToManyRawIdAdminField'
+            context["widget"]["attrs"]["class"] = "vManyToManyRawIdAdminField"
         return context
 
     def url_parameters(self):
         return self.base_url_parameters()
 
     def label_and_url_for_value(self, value):
-        return '', ''
+        return "", ""
 
     def value_from_datadict(self, data, files, name):
         value = data.get(name)
         if value:
-            return value.split(',')
+            return value.split(",")
 
     def format_value(self, value):
-        return ','.join(str(v) for v in value) if value else ''
+        return ",".join(str(v) for v in value) if value else ""
 
 
 class RelatedFieldWidgetWrapper(forms.Widget):
@@ -229,11 +239,19 @@ class RelatedFieldWidgetWrapper(forms.Widget):
     This class is a wrapper to a given widget to add the add icon for the
     admin interface.
     """
-    template_name = 'admin/widgets/related_widget_wrapper.html'
 
-    def __init__(self, widget, rel, admin_site, can_add_related=None,
-                 can_change_related=False, can_delete_related=False,
-                 can_view_related=False):
+    template_name = "admin/widgets/related_widget_wrapper.html"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        widget,
+        rel,
+        admin_site,
+        can_add_related=None,
+        can_change_related=False,
+        can_delete_related=False,
+        can_view_related=False,
+    ):
         self.needs_multipart_form = widget.needs_multipart_form
         self.attrs = widget.attrs
         self.choices = widget.choices
@@ -245,10 +263,10 @@ class RelatedFieldWidgetWrapper(forms.Widget):
             can_add_related = rel.model in admin_site._registry
         self.can_add_related = can_add_related
         # XXX: The UX does not support multiple selected values.
-        multiple = getattr(widget, 'allow_multiple_selected', False)
+        multiple = getattr(widget, "allow_multiple_selected", False)
         self.can_change_related = not multiple and can_change_related
         # XXX: The deletion UX can be confusing when dealing with cascading deletion.
-        cascade = getattr(rel, 'on_delete', None) is CASCADE
+        cascade = getattr(rel, "on_delete", None) is CASCADE
         self.can_delete_related = not multiple and not cascade and can_delete_related
         self.can_view_related = not multiple and can_view_related
         # so we can check if the related object is registered with this AdminSite
@@ -270,35 +288,46 @@ class RelatedFieldWidgetWrapper(forms.Widget):
         return self.widget.media
 
     def get_related_url(self, info, action, *args):
-        return reverse("admin:%s_%s_%s" % (info + (action,)),
-                       current_app=self.admin_site.name, args=args)
+        return reverse(
+            "admin:%s_%s_%s" % (info + (action,)),
+            current_app=self.admin_site.name,
+            args=args,
+        )
 
     def get_context(self, name, value, attrs):
         from django.contrib.admin.views.main import IS_POPUP_VAR, TO_FIELD_VAR
+
         rel_opts = self.rel.model._meta
         info = (rel_opts.app_label, rel_opts.model_name)
         self.widget.choices = self.choices
-        url_params = '&'.join("%s=%s" % param for param in [
-            (TO_FIELD_VAR, self.rel.get_related_field().name),
-            (IS_POPUP_VAR, 1),
-        ])
+        url_params = "&".join(
+            "%s=%s" % param
+            for param in [
+                (TO_FIELD_VAR, self.rel.get_related_field().name),
+                (IS_POPUP_VAR, 1),
+            ]
+        )
         context = {
-            'rendered_widget': self.widget.render(name, value, attrs),
-            'is_hidden': self.is_hidden,
-            'name': name,
-            'url_params': url_params,
-            'model': rel_opts.verbose_name,
-            'can_add_related': self.can_add_related,
-            'can_change_related': self.can_change_related,
-            'can_delete_related': self.can_delete_related,
-            'can_view_related': self.can_view_related,
+            "rendered_widget": self.widget.render(name, value, attrs),
+            "is_hidden": self.is_hidden,
+            "name": name,
+            "url_params": url_params,
+            "model": rel_opts.verbose_name,
+            "can_add_related": self.can_add_related,
+            "can_change_related": self.can_change_related,
+            "can_delete_related": self.can_delete_related,
+            "can_view_related": self.can_view_related,
         }
         if self.can_add_related:
-            context['add_related_url'] = self.get_related_url(info, 'add')
+            context["add_related_url"] = self.get_related_url(info, "add")
         if self.can_delete_related:
-            context['delete_related_template_url'] = self.get_related_url(info, 'delete', '__fk__')
+            context["delete_related_template_url"] = self.get_related_url(
+                info, "delete", "__fk__"
+            )
         if self.can_view_related or self.can_change_related:
-            context['change_related_template_url'] = self.get_related_url(info, 'change', '__fk__')
+            context["change_related_template_url"] = self.get_related_url(
+                info, "change", "__fk__"
+            )
         return context
 
     def value_from_datadict(self, data, files, name):
@@ -313,67 +342,112 @@ class RelatedFieldWidgetWrapper(forms.Widget):
 
 class AdminTextareaWidget(forms.Textarea):
     def __init__(self, attrs=None):
-        super().__init__(attrs={'class': 'vLargeTextField', **(attrs or {})})
+        super().__init__(attrs={"class": "vLargeTextField", **(attrs or {})})
 
 
 class AdminTextInputWidget(forms.TextInput):
     def __init__(self, attrs=None):
-        super().__init__(attrs={'class': 'vTextField', **(attrs or {})})
+        super().__init__(attrs={"class": "vTextField", **(attrs or {})})
 
 
 class AdminEmailInputWidget(forms.EmailInput):
     def __init__(self, attrs=None):
-        super().__init__(attrs={'class': 'vTextField', **(attrs or {})})
+        super().__init__(attrs={"class": "vTextField", **(attrs or {})})
 
 
 class AdminURLFieldWidget(forms.URLInput):
-    template_name = 'admin/widgets/url.html'
+    template_name = "admin/widgets/url.html"
 
     def __init__(self, attrs=None, validator_class=URLValidator):
-        super().__init__(attrs={'class': 'vURLField', **(attrs or {})})
+        super().__init__(attrs={"class": "vURLField", **(attrs or {})})
         self.validator = validator_class()
 
     def get_context(self, name, value, attrs):
         try:
-            self.validator(value if value else '')
+            self.validator(value if value else "")
             url_valid = True
         except ValidationError:
             url_valid = False
         context = super().get_context(name, value, attrs)
-        context['current_label'] = _('Currently:')
-        context['change_label'] = _('Change:')
-        context['widget']['href'] = smart_urlquote(context['widget']['value']) if value else ''
-        context['url_valid'] = url_valid
+        context["current_label"] = _("Currently:")
+        context["change_label"] = _("Change:")
+        context["widget"]["href"] = (
+            smart_urlquote(context["widget"]["value"]) if value else ""
+        )
+        context["url_valid"] = url_valid
         return context
 
 
 class AdminIntegerFieldWidget(forms.NumberInput):
-    class_name = 'vIntegerField'
+    class_name = "vIntegerField"
 
     def __init__(self, attrs=None):
-        super().__init__(attrs={'class': self.class_name, **(attrs or {})})
+        super().__init__(attrs={"class": self.class_name, **(attrs or {})})
 
 
 class AdminBigIntegerFieldWidget(AdminIntegerFieldWidget):
-    class_name = 'vBigIntegerField'
+    class_name = "vBigIntegerField"
 
 
 class AdminUUIDInputWidget(forms.TextInput):
     def __init__(self, attrs=None):
-        super().__init__(attrs={'class': 'vUUIDField', **(attrs or {})})
+        super().__init__(attrs={"class": "vUUIDField", **(attrs or {})})
 
 
 # Mapping of lowercase language codes [returned by Django's get_language()] to
 # language codes supported by select2.
 # See django/contrib/admin/static/admin/js/vendor/select2/i18n/*
-SELECT2_TRANSLATIONS = {x.lower(): x for x in [
-    'ar', 'az', 'bg', 'ca', 'cs', 'da', 'de', 'el', 'en', 'es', 'et',
-    'eu', 'fa', 'fi', 'fr', 'gl', 'he', 'hi', 'hr', 'hu', 'id', 'is',
-    'it', 'ja', 'km', 'ko', 'lt', 'lv', 'mk', 'ms', 'nb', 'nl', 'pl',
-    'pt-BR', 'pt', 'ro', 'ru', 'sk', 'sr-Cyrl', 'sr', 'sv', 'th',
-    'tr', 'uk', 'vi',
-]}
-SELECT2_TRANSLATIONS.update({'zh-hans': 'zh-CN', 'zh-hant': 'zh-TW'})
+SELECT2_TRANSLATIONS = {
+    x.lower(): x
+    for x in [
+        "ar",
+        "az",
+        "bg",
+        "ca",
+        "cs",
+        "da",
+        "de",
+        "el",
+        "en",
+        "es",
+        "et",
+        "eu",
+        "fa",
+        "fi",
+        "fr",
+        "gl",
+        "he",
+        "hi",
+        "hr",
+        "hu",
+        "id",
+        "is",
+        "it",
+        "ja",
+        "km",
+        "ko",
+        "lt",
+        "lv",
+        "mk",
+        "ms",
+        "nb",
+        "nl",
+        "pl",
+        "pt-BR",
+        "pt",
+        "ro",
+        "ru",
+        "sk",
+        "sr-Cyrl",
+        "sr",
+        "sv",
+        "th",
+        "tr",
+        "uk",
+        "vi",
+    ]
+}
+SELECT2_TRANSLATIONS.update({"zh-hans": "zh-CN", "zh-hant": "zh-TW"})
 
 
 class AutocompleteMixin:
@@ -383,7 +457,8 @@ class AutocompleteMixin:
     Renders the necessary data attributes for select2 and adds the static form
     media.
     """
-    url_name = '%s:autocomplete'
+
+    url_name = "%s:autocomplete"
 
     def __init__(self, field, admin_site, attrs=None, choices=(), using=None):
         self.field = field
@@ -405,21 +480,25 @@ class AutocompleteMixin:
         https://select2.org/configuration/data-attributes#nested-subkey-options
         """
         attrs = super().build_attrs(base_attrs, extra_attrs=extra_attrs)
-        attrs.setdefault('class', '')
-        attrs.update({
-            'data-ajax--cache': 'true',
-            'data-ajax--delay': 250,
-            'data-ajax--type': 'GET',
-            'data-ajax--url': self.get_url(),
-            'data-app-label': self.field.model._meta.app_label,
-            'data-model-name': self.field.model._meta.model_name,
-            'data-field-name': self.field.name,
-            'data-theme': 'admin-autocomplete',
-            'data-allow-clear': json.dumps(not self.is_required),
-            'data-placeholder': '',  # Allows clearing of the input.
-            'lang': self.i18n_name,
-            'class': attrs['class'] + (' ' if attrs['class'] else '') + 'admin-autocomplete',
-        })
+        attrs.setdefault("class", "")
+        attrs.update(
+            {
+                "data-ajax--cache": "true",
+                "data-ajax--delay": 250,
+                "data-ajax--type": "GET",
+                "data-ajax--url": self.get_url(),
+                "data-app-label": self.field.model._meta.app_label,
+                "data-model-name": self.field.model._meta.model_name,
+                "data-field-name": self.field.name,
+                "data-theme": "admin-autocomplete",
+                "data-allow-clear": json.dumps(not self.is_required),
+                "data-placeholder": "",  # Allows clearing of the input.
+                "lang": self.i18n_name,
+                "class": attrs["class"]
+                + (" " if attrs["class"] else "")
+                + "admin-autocomplete",
+            }
+        )
         return attrs
 
     def optgroups(self, name, value, attr=None):
@@ -428,45 +507,57 @@ class AutocompleteMixin:
         groups = [default]
         has_selected = False
         selected_choices = {
-            str(v) for v in value
-            if str(v) not in self.choices.field.empty_values
+            str(v) for v in value if str(v) not in self.choices.field.empty_values
         }
         if not self.is_required and not self.allow_multiple_selected:
-            default[1].append(self.create_option(name, '', '', False, 0))
+            default[1].append(self.create_option(name, "", "", False, 0))
         remote_model_opts = self.field.remote_field.model._meta
-        to_field_name = getattr(self.field.remote_field, 'field_name', remote_model_opts.pk.attname)
+        to_field_name = getattr(
+            self.field.remote_field, "field_name", remote_model_opts.pk.attname
+        )
         to_field_name = remote_model_opts.get_field(to_field_name).attname
         choices = (
             (getattr(obj, to_field_name), self.choices.field.label_from_instance(obj))
-            for obj in self.choices.queryset.using(self.db).filter(**{'%s__in' % to_field_name: selected_choices})
+            for obj in self.choices.queryset.using(self.db).filter(
+                **{"%s__in" % to_field_name: selected_choices}
+            )
         )
         for option_value, option_label in choices:
-            selected = (
-                str(option_value) in value and
-                (has_selected is False or self.allow_multiple_selected)
+            selected = str(option_value) in value and (
+                has_selected is False or self.allow_multiple_selected
             )
             has_selected |= selected
             index = len(default[1])
             subgroup = default[1]
-            subgroup.append(self.create_option(name, option_value, option_label, selected_choices, index))
+            subgroup.append(
+                self.create_option(
+                    name, option_value, option_label, selected_choices, index
+                )
+            )
         return groups
 
     @property
     def media(self):
-        extra = '' if settings.DEBUG else '.min'
-        i18n_file = ('admin/js/vendor/select2/i18n/%s.js' % self.i18n_name,) if self.i18n_name else ()
+        extra = "" if settings.DEBUG else ".min"
+        i18n_file = (
+            ("admin/js/vendor/select2/i18n/%s.js" % self.i18n_name,)
+            if self.i18n_name
+            else ()
+        )
         return forms.Media(
             js=(
-                'admin/js/vendor/jquery/jquery%s.js' % extra,
-                'admin/js/vendor/select2/select2.full%s.js' % extra,
-            ) + i18n_file + (
-                'admin/js/jquery.init.js',
-                'admin/js/autocomplete.js',
+                "admin/js/vendor/jquery/jquery%s.js" % extra,
+                "admin/js/vendor/select2/select2.full%s.js" % extra,
+            )
+            + i18n_file
+            + (
+                "admin/js/jquery.init.js",
+                "admin/js/autocomplete.js",
             ),
             css={
-                'screen': (
-                    'admin/css/vendor/select2/select2%s.css' % extra,
-                    'admin/css/autocomplete.css',
+                "screen": (
+                    "admin/css/vendor/select2/select2%s.css" % extra,
+                    "admin/css/autocomplete.css",
                 ),
             },
         )
diff --git a/django/contrib/admindocs/apps.py b/django/contrib/admindocs/apps.py
index 1a502688f7..e79dc892cb 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admindocs/apps.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admindocs/apps.py
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 
 class AdminDocsConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'django.contrib.admindocs'
+    name = "django.contrib.admindocs"
     verbose_name = _("Administrative Documentation")
diff --git a/django/contrib/admindocs/middleware.py b/django/contrib/admindocs/middleware.py
index cf8879d75a..5c9f08d0cc 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admindocs/middleware.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admindocs/middleware.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ class XViewMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
     """
     Add an X-View header to internal HEAD requests.
     """
+
     def process_view(self, request, view_func, view_args, view_kwargs):
         """
         If the request method is HEAD and either the IP is internal or the
@@ -17,14 +18,16 @@ class XViewMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
         header indicating the view function. This is used to lookup the view
         function for an arbitrary page.
         """
-        if not hasattr(request, 'user'):
+        if not hasattr(request, "user"):
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                 "The XView middleware requires authentication middleware to "
                 "be installed. Edit your MIDDLEWARE setting to insert "
                 "'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware'."
             )
-        if request.method == 'HEAD' and (request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR') in settings.INTERNAL_IPS or
-                                         (request.user.is_active and request.user.is_staff)):
+        if request.method == "HEAD" and (
+            request.META.get("REMOTE_ADDR") in settings.INTERNAL_IPS
+            or (request.user.is_active and request.user.is_staff)
+        ):
             response = HttpResponse()
-            response.headers['X-View'] = get_view_name(view_func)
+            response.headers["X-View"] = get_view_name(view_func)
             return response
diff --git a/django/contrib/admindocs/urls.py b/django/contrib/admindocs/urls.py
index bc9c3df7cf..6ee14ac67b 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admindocs/urls.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admindocs/urls.py
@@ -3,48 +3,48 @@ from django.urls import path, re_path
 
 urlpatterns = [
     path(
-        '',
-        views.BaseAdminDocsView.as_view(template_name='admin_doc/index.html'),
-        name='django-admindocs-docroot',
+        "",
+        views.BaseAdminDocsView.as_view(template_name="admin_doc/index.html"),
+        name="django-admindocs-docroot",
     ),
     path(
-        'bookmarklets/',
+        "bookmarklets/",
         views.BookmarkletsView.as_view(),
-        name='django-admindocs-bookmarklets',
+        name="django-admindocs-bookmarklets",
     ),
     path(
-        'tags/',
+        "tags/",
         views.TemplateTagIndexView.as_view(),
-        name='django-admindocs-tags',
+        name="django-admindocs-tags",
     ),
     path(
-        'filters/',
+        "filters/",
         views.TemplateFilterIndexView.as_view(),
-        name='django-admindocs-filters',
+        name="django-admindocs-filters",
     ),
     path(
-        'views/',
+        "views/",
         views.ViewIndexView.as_view(),
-        name='django-admindocs-views-index',
+        name="django-admindocs-views-index",
     ),
     path(
-        'views/<view>/',
+        "views/<view>/",
         views.ViewDetailView.as_view(),
-        name='django-admindocs-views-detail',
+        name="django-admindocs-views-detail",
     ),
     path(
-        'models/',
+        "models/",
         views.ModelIndexView.as_view(),
-        name='django-admindocs-models-index',
+        name="django-admindocs-models-index",
     ),
     re_path(
-        r'^models/(?P<app_label>[^\.]+)\.(?P<model_name>[^/]+)/$',
+        r"^models/(?P<app_label>[^\.]+)\.(?P<model_name>[^/]+)/$",
         views.ModelDetailView.as_view(),
-        name='django-admindocs-models-detail',
+        name="django-admindocs-models-detail",
     ),
     path(
-        'templates/<path:template>/',
+        "templates/<path:template>/",
         views.TemplateDetailView.as_view(),
-        name='django-admindocs-templates',
+        name="django-admindocs-templates",
     ),
 ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/admindocs/utils.py b/django/contrib/admindocs/utils.py
index e956913c78..6edff502ec 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admindocs/utils.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admindocs/utils.py
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ else:
 
 
 def get_view_name(view_func):
-    if hasattr(view_func, 'view_class'):
+    if hasattr(view_func, "view_class"):
         klass = view_func.view_class
-        return f'{klass.__module__}.{klass.__qualname__}'
+        return f"{klass.__module__}.{klass.__qualname__}"
     mod_name = view_func.__module__
-    view_name = getattr(view_func, '__qualname__', view_func.__class__.__name__)
-    return mod_name + '.' + view_name
+    view_name = getattr(view_func, "__qualname__", view_func.__class__.__name__)
+    return mod_name + "." + view_name
 
 
 def parse_docstring(docstring):
@@ -33,12 +33,12 @@ def parse_docstring(docstring):
     Parse out the parts of a docstring.  Return (title, body, metadata).
     """
     if not docstring:
-        return '', '', {}
+        return "", "", {}
     docstring = cleandoc(docstring)
-    parts = re.split(r'\n{2,}', docstring)
+    parts = re.split(r"\n{2,}", docstring)
     title = parts[0]
     if len(parts) == 1:
-        body = ''
+        body = ""
         metadata = {}
     else:
         parser = HeaderParser()
@@ -61,14 +61,14 @@ def parse_rst(text, default_reference_context, thing_being_parsed=None):
     Convert the string from reST to an XHTML fragment.
     """
     overrides = {
-        'doctitle_xform': True,
-        'initial_header_level': 3,
+        "doctitle_xform": True,
+        "initial_header_level": 3,
         "default_reference_context": default_reference_context,
-        "link_base": reverse('django-admindocs-docroot').rstrip('/'),
-        'raw_enabled': False,
-        'file_insertion_enabled': False,
+        "link_base": reverse("django-admindocs-docroot").rstrip("/"),
+        "raw_enabled": False,
+        "file_insertion_enabled": False,
     }
-    thing_being_parsed = thing_being_parsed and '<%s>' % thing_being_parsed
+    thing_being_parsed = thing_being_parsed and "<%s>" % thing_being_parsed
     # Wrap ``text`` in some reST that sets the default role to ``cmsreference``,
     # then restores it.
     source = """
@@ -80,21 +80,23 @@ def parse_rst(text, default_reference_context, thing_being_parsed=None):
 """
     parts = docutils.core.publish_parts(
         source % text,
-        source_path=thing_being_parsed, destination_path=None,
-        writer_name='html', settings_overrides=overrides,
+        source_path=thing_being_parsed,
+        destination_path=None,
+        writer_name="html",
+        settings_overrides=overrides,
     )
-    return mark_safe(parts['fragment'])
+    return mark_safe(parts["fragment"])
 
 
 #
 # reST roles
 #
 ROLES = {
-    'model': '%s/models/%s/',
-    'view': '%s/views/%s/',
-    'template': '%s/templates/%s/',
-    'filter': '%s/filters/#%s',
-    'tag': '%s/tags/#%s',
+    "model": "%s/models/%s/",
+    "view": "%s/views/%s/",
+    "template": "%s/templates/%s/",
+    "filter": "%s/filters/#%s",
+    "tag": "%s/tags/#%s",
 }
 
 
@@ -105,48 +107,59 @@ def create_reference_role(rolename, urlbase):
         node = docutils.nodes.reference(
             rawtext,
             text,
-            refuri=(urlbase % (
-                inliner.document.settings.link_base,
-                text.lower(),
-            )),
-            **options
+            refuri=(
+                urlbase
+                % (
+                    inliner.document.settings.link_base,
+                    text.lower(),
+                )
+            ),
+            **options,
         )
         return [node], []
+
     docutils.parsers.rst.roles.register_canonical_role(rolename, _role)
 
 
-def default_reference_role(name, rawtext, text, lineno, inliner, options=None, content=None):
+def default_reference_role(
+    name, rawtext, text, lineno, inliner, options=None, content=None
+):
     if options is None:
         options = {}
     context = inliner.document.settings.default_reference_context
     node = docutils.nodes.reference(
         rawtext,
         text,
-        refuri=(ROLES[context] % (
-            inliner.document.settings.link_base,
-            text.lower(),
-        )),
-        **options
+        refuri=(
+            ROLES[context]
+            % (
+                inliner.document.settings.link_base,
+                text.lower(),
+            )
+        ),
+        **options,
     )
     return [node], []
 
 
 if docutils_is_available:
-    docutils.parsers.rst.roles.register_canonical_role('cmsreference', default_reference_role)
+    docutils.parsers.rst.roles.register_canonical_role(
+        "cmsreference", default_reference_role
+    )
 
     for name, urlbase in ROLES.items():
         create_reference_role(name, urlbase)
 
 # Match the beginning of a named, unnamed, or non-capturing groups.
-named_group_matcher = _lazy_re_compile(r'\(\?P(<\w+>)')
-unnamed_group_matcher = _lazy_re_compile(r'\(')
-non_capturing_group_matcher = _lazy_re_compile(r'\(\?\:')
+named_group_matcher = _lazy_re_compile(r"\(\?P(<\w+>)")
+unnamed_group_matcher = _lazy_re_compile(r"\(")
+non_capturing_group_matcher = _lazy_re_compile(r"\(\?\:")
 
 
 def replace_metacharacters(pattern):
     """Remove unescaped metacharacters from the pattern."""
     return re.sub(
-        r'((?:^|(?<!\\))(?:\\\\)*)(\\?)([?*+^$]|\\[bBAZ])',
+        r"((?:^|(?<!\\))(?:\\\\)*)(\\?)([?*+^$]|\\[bBAZ])",
         lambda m: m[1] + m[3] if m[2] else m[1],
         pattern,
     )
@@ -158,9 +171,9 @@ def _get_group_start_end(start, end, pattern):
     for idx, val in enumerate(pattern[end:]):
         # Check for unescaped `(` and `)`. They mark the start and end of a
         # nested group.
-        if val == '(' and prev_char != '\\':
+        if val == "(" and prev_char != "\\":
             unmatched_open_brackets += 1
-        elif val == ')' and prev_char != '\\':
+        elif val == ")" and prev_char != "\\":
             unmatched_open_brackets -= 1
         prev_char = val
         # If brackets are balanced, the end of the string for the current named
@@ -204,11 +217,11 @@ def replace_unnamed_groups(pattern):
     3. ^(?P<a>\w+)/b/(\w+) ==> ^(?P<a>\w+)/b/<var>
     4. ^(?P<a>\w+)/b/((x|y)\w+) ==> ^(?P<a>\w+)/b/<var>
     """
-    final_pattern, prev_end = '', None
+    final_pattern, prev_end = "", None
     for start, end, _ in _find_groups(pattern, unnamed_group_matcher):
         if prev_end:
             final_pattern += pattern[prev_end:start]
-        final_pattern += pattern[:start] + '<var>'
+        final_pattern += pattern[:start] + "<var>"
         prev_end = end
     return final_pattern + pattern[prev_end:]
 
@@ -221,7 +234,7 @@ def remove_non_capturing_groups(pattern):
     3. ^a(?:\w+)/b(?:\w+) => ^a/b
     """
     group_start_end_indices = _find_groups(pattern, non_capturing_group_matcher)
-    final_pattern, prev_end = '', None
+    final_pattern, prev_end = "", None
     for start, end, _ in group_start_end_indices:
         final_pattern += pattern[prev_end:start]
         prev_end = end
diff --git a/django/contrib/admindocs/views.py b/django/contrib/admindocs/views.py
index a1ad47626b..468c69d43f 100644
--- a/django/contrib/admindocs/views.py
+++ b/django/contrib/admindocs/views.py
@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@ from django.contrib import admin
 from django.contrib.admin.views.decorators import staff_member_required
 from django.contrib.admindocs import utils
 from django.contrib.admindocs.utils import (
-    remove_non_capturing_groups, replace_metacharacters, replace_named_groups,
+    remove_non_capturing_groups,
+    replace_metacharacters,
+    replace_named_groups,
     replace_unnamed_groups,
 )
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured, ViewDoesNotExist
@@ -20,7 +22,9 @@ from django.utils._os import safe_join
 from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 from django.utils.inspect import (
-    func_accepts_kwargs, func_accepts_var_args, get_func_full_args,
+    func_accepts_kwargs,
+    func_accepts_var_args,
+    get_func_full_args,
     method_has_no_args,
 )
 from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
@@ -29,34 +33,37 @@ from django.views.generic import TemplateView
 from .utils import get_view_name
 
 # Exclude methods starting with these strings from documentation
-MODEL_METHODS_EXCLUDE = ('_', 'add_', 'delete', 'save', 'set_')
+MODEL_METHODS_EXCLUDE = ("_", "add_", "delete", "save", "set_")
 
 
 class BaseAdminDocsView(TemplateView):
     """
     Base view for admindocs views.
     """
+
     @method_decorator(staff_member_required)
     def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
         if not utils.docutils_is_available:
             # Display an error message for people without docutils
-            self.template_name = 'admin_doc/missing_docutils.html'
+            self.template_name = "admin_doc/missing_docutils.html"
             return self.render_to_response(admin.site.each_context(request))
         return super().dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
-        return super().get_context_data(**{
-            **kwargs,
-            **admin.site.each_context(self.request),
-        })
+        return super().get_context_data(
+            **{
+                **kwargs,
+                **admin.site.each_context(self.request),
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class BookmarkletsView(BaseAdminDocsView):
-    template_name = 'admin_doc/bookmarklets.html'
+    template_name = "admin_doc/bookmarklets.html"
 
 
 class TemplateTagIndexView(BaseAdminDocsView):
-    template_name = 'admin_doc/template_tag_index.html'
+    template_name = "admin_doc/template_tag_index.html"
 
     def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
         tags = []
@@ -67,27 +74,33 @@ class TemplateTagIndexView(BaseAdminDocsView):
             pass
         else:
             app_libs = sorted(engine.template_libraries.items())
-            builtin_libs = [('', lib) for lib in engine.template_builtins]
+            builtin_libs = [("", lib) for lib in engine.template_builtins]
             for module_name, library in builtin_libs + app_libs:
                 for tag_name, tag_func in library.tags.items():
                     title, body, metadata = utils.parse_docstring(tag_func.__doc__)
-                    title = title and utils.parse_rst(title, 'tag', _('tag:') + tag_name)
-                    body = body and utils.parse_rst(body, 'tag', _('tag:') + tag_name)
+                    title = title and utils.parse_rst(
+                        title, "tag", _("tag:") + tag_name
+                    )
+                    body = body and utils.parse_rst(body, "tag", _("tag:") + tag_name)
                     for key in metadata:
-                        metadata[key] = utils.parse_rst(metadata[key], 'tag', _('tag:') + tag_name)
-                    tag_library = module_name.split('.')[-1]
-                    tags.append({
-                        'name': tag_name,
-                        'title': title,
-                        'body': body,
-                        'meta': metadata,
-                        'library': tag_library,
-                    })
-        return super().get_context_data(**{**kwargs, 'tags': tags})
+                        metadata[key] = utils.parse_rst(
+                            metadata[key], "tag", _("tag:") + tag_name
+                        )
+                    tag_library = module_name.split(".")[-1]
+                    tags.append(
+                        {
+                            "name": tag_name,
+                            "title": title,
+                            "body": body,
+                            "meta": metadata,
+                            "library": tag_library,
+                        }
+                    )
+        return super().get_context_data(**{**kwargs, "tags": tags})
 
 
 class TemplateFilterIndexView(BaseAdminDocsView):
-    template_name = 'admin_doc/template_filter_index.html'
+    template_name = "admin_doc/template_filter_index.html"
 
     def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
         filters = []
@@ -98,27 +111,35 @@ class TemplateFilterIndexView(BaseAdminDocsView):
             pass
         else:
             app_libs = sorted(engine.template_libraries.items())
-            builtin_libs = [('', lib) for lib in engine.template_builtins]
+            builtin_libs = [("", lib) for lib in engine.template_builtins]
             for module_name, library in builtin_libs + app_libs:
                 for filter_name, filter_func in library.filters.items():
                     title, body, metadata = utils.parse_docstring(filter_func.__doc__)
-                    title = title and utils.parse_rst(title, 'filter', _('filter:') + filter_name)
-                    body = body and utils.parse_rst(body, 'filter', _('filter:') + filter_name)
+                    title = title and utils.parse_rst(
+                        title, "filter", _("filter:") + filter_name
+                    )
+                    body = body and utils.parse_rst(
+                        body, "filter", _("filter:") + filter_name
+                    )
                     for key in metadata:
-                        metadata[key] = utils.parse_rst(metadata[key], 'filter', _('filter:') + filter_name)
-                    tag_library = module_name.split('.')[-1]
-                    filters.append({
-                        'name': filter_name,
-                        'title': title,
-                        'body': body,
-                        'meta': metadata,
-                        'library': tag_library,
-                    })
-        return super().get_context_data(**{**kwargs, 'filters': filters})
+                        metadata[key] = utils.parse_rst(
+                            metadata[key], "filter", _("filter:") + filter_name
+                        )
+                    tag_library = module_name.split(".")[-1]
+                    filters.append(
+                        {
+                            "name": filter_name,
+                            "title": title,
+                            "body": body,
+                            "meta": metadata,
+                            "library": tag_library,
+                        }
+                    )
+        return super().get_context_data(**{**kwargs, "filters": filters})
 
 
 class ViewIndexView(BaseAdminDocsView):
-    template_name = 'admin_doc/view_index.html'
+    template_name = "admin_doc/view_index.html"
 
     def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
         views = []
@@ -128,18 +149,20 @@ class ViewIndexView(BaseAdminDocsView):
         except ImproperlyConfigured:
             view_functions = []
         for (func, regex, namespace, name) in view_functions:
-            views.append({
-                'full_name': get_view_name(func),
-                'url': simplify_regex(regex),
-                'url_name': ':'.join((namespace or []) + (name and [name] or [])),
-                'namespace': ':'.join(namespace or []),
-                'name': name,
-            })
-        return super().get_context_data(**{**kwargs, 'views': views})
+            views.append(
+                {
+                    "full_name": get_view_name(func),
+                    "url": simplify_regex(regex),
+                    "url_name": ":".join((namespace or []) + (name and [name] or [])),
+                    "namespace": ":".join(namespace or []),
+                    "name": name,
+                }
+            )
+        return super().get_context_data(**{**kwargs, "views": views})
 
 
 class ViewDetailView(BaseAdminDocsView):
-    template_name = 'admin_doc/view_detail.html'
+    template_name = "admin_doc/view_detail.html"
 
     @staticmethod
     def _get_view_func(view):
@@ -159,52 +182,56 @@ class ViewDetailView(BaseAdminDocsView):
                 return getattr(getattr(import_module(mod), klass), func)
 
     def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
-        view = self.kwargs['view']
+        view = self.kwargs["view"]
         view_func = self._get_view_func(view)
         if view_func is None:
             raise Http404
         title, body, metadata = utils.parse_docstring(view_func.__doc__)
-        title = title and utils.parse_rst(title, 'view', _('view:') + view)
-        body = body and utils.parse_rst(body, 'view', _('view:') + view)
+        title = title and utils.parse_rst(title, "view", _("view:") + view)
+        body = body and utils.parse_rst(body, "view", _("view:") + view)
         for key in metadata:
-            metadata[key] = utils.parse_rst(metadata[key], 'model', _('view:') + view)
-        return super().get_context_data(**{
-            **kwargs,
-            'name': view,
-            'summary': title,
-            'body': body,
-            'meta': metadata,
-        })
+            metadata[key] = utils.parse_rst(metadata[key], "model", _("view:") + view)
+        return super().get_context_data(
+            **{
+                **kwargs,
+                "name": view,
+                "summary": title,
+                "body": body,
+                "meta": metadata,
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class ModelIndexView(BaseAdminDocsView):
-    template_name = 'admin_doc/model_index.html'
+    template_name = "admin_doc/model_index.html"
 
     def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
         m_list = [m._meta for m in apps.get_models()]
-        return super().get_context_data(**{**kwargs, 'models': m_list})
+        return super().get_context_data(**{**kwargs, "models": m_list})
 
 
 class ModelDetailView(BaseAdminDocsView):
-    template_name = 'admin_doc/model_detail.html'
+    template_name = "admin_doc/model_detail.html"
 
     def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
-        model_name = self.kwargs['model_name']
+        model_name = self.kwargs["model_name"]
         # Get the model class.
         try:
-            app_config = apps.get_app_config(self.kwargs['app_label'])
+            app_config = apps.get_app_config(self.kwargs["app_label"])
         except LookupError:
             raise Http404(_("App %(app_label)r not found") % self.kwargs)
         try:
             model = app_config.get_model(model_name)
         except LookupError:
-            raise Http404(_("Model %(model_name)r not found in app %(app_label)r") % self.kwargs)
+            raise Http404(
+                _("Model %(model_name)r not found in app %(app_label)r") % self.kwargs
+            )
 
         opts = model._meta
 
         title, body, metadata = utils.parse_docstring(model.__doc__)
-        title = title and utils.parse_rst(title, 'model', _('model:') + model_name)
-        body = body and utils.parse_rst(body, 'model', _('model:') + model_name)
+        title = title and utils.parse_rst(title, "model", _("model:") + model_name)
+        body = body and utils.parse_rst(body, "model", _("model:") + model_name)
 
         # Gather fields/field descriptions.
         fields = []
@@ -215,45 +242,63 @@ class ModelDetailView(BaseAdminDocsView):
                 data_type = field.remote_field.model.__name__
                 app_label = field.remote_field.model._meta.app_label
                 verbose = utils.parse_rst(
-                    (_("the related `%(app_label)s.%(data_type)s` object") % {
-                        'app_label': app_label, 'data_type': data_type,
-                    }),
-                    'model',
-                    _('model:') + data_type,
+                    (
+                        _("the related `%(app_label)s.%(data_type)s` object")
+                        % {
+                            "app_label": app_label,
+                            "data_type": data_type,
+                        }
+                    ),
+                    "model",
+                    _("model:") + data_type,
                 )
             else:
                 data_type = get_readable_field_data_type(field)
                 verbose = field.verbose_name
-            fields.append({
-                'name': field.name,
-                'data_type': data_type,
-                'verbose': verbose or '',
-                'help_text': field.help_text,
-            })
+            fields.append(
+                {
+                    "name": field.name,
+                    "data_type": data_type,
+                    "verbose": verbose or "",
+                    "help_text": field.help_text,
+                }
+            )
 
         # Gather many-to-many fields.
         for field in opts.many_to_many:
             data_type = field.remote_field.model.__name__
             app_label = field.remote_field.model._meta.app_label
             verbose = _("related `%(app_label)s.%(object_name)s` objects") % {
-                'app_label': app_label,
-                'object_name': data_type,
+                "app_label": app_label,
+                "object_name": data_type,
             }
-            fields.append({
-                'name': "%s.all" % field.name,
-                "data_type": 'List',
-                'verbose': utils.parse_rst(_("all %s") % verbose, 'model', _('model:') + opts.model_name),
-            })
-            fields.append({
-                'name': "%s.count" % field.name,
-                'data_type': 'Integer',
-                'verbose': utils.parse_rst(_("number of %s") % verbose, 'model', _('model:') + opts.model_name),
-            })
+            fields.append(
+                {
+                    "name": "%s.all" % field.name,
+                    "data_type": "List",
+                    "verbose": utils.parse_rst(
+                        _("all %s") % verbose, "model", _("model:") + opts.model_name
+                    ),
+                }
+            )
+            fields.append(
+                {
+                    "name": "%s.count" % field.name,
+                    "data_type": "Integer",
+                    "verbose": utils.parse_rst(
+                        _("number of %s") % verbose,
+                        "model",
+                        _("model:") + opts.model_name,
+                    ),
+                }
+            )
 
         methods = []
         # Gather model methods.
         for func_name, func in model.__dict__.items():
-            if inspect.isfunction(func) or isinstance(func, (cached_property, property)):
+            if inspect.isfunction(func) or isinstance(
+                func, (cached_property, property)
+            ):
                 try:
                     for exclude in MODEL_METHODS_EXCLUDE:
                         if func_name.startswith(exclude):
@@ -262,70 +307,96 @@ class ModelDetailView(BaseAdminDocsView):
                     continue
                 verbose = func.__doc__
                 verbose = verbose and (
-                    utils.parse_rst(cleandoc(verbose), 'model', _('model:') + opts.model_name)
+                    utils.parse_rst(
+                        cleandoc(verbose), "model", _("model:") + opts.model_name
+                    )
                 )
                 # Show properties, cached_properties, and methods without
                 # arguments as fields. Otherwise, show as a 'method with
                 # arguments'.
                 if isinstance(func, (cached_property, property)):
-                    fields.append({
-                        'name': func_name,
-                        'data_type': get_return_data_type(func_name),
-                        'verbose': verbose or ''
-                    })
-                elif method_has_no_args(func) and not func_accepts_kwargs(func) and not func_accepts_var_args(func):
-                    fields.append({
-                        'name': func_name,
-                        'data_type': get_return_data_type(func_name),
-                        'verbose': verbose or '',
-                    })
+                    fields.append(
+                        {
+                            "name": func_name,
+                            "data_type": get_return_data_type(func_name),
+                            "verbose": verbose or "",
+                        }
+                    )
+                elif (
+                    method_has_no_args(func)
+                    and not func_accepts_kwargs(func)
+                    and not func_accepts_var_args(func)
+                ):
+                    fields.append(
+                        {
+                            "name": func_name,
+                            "data_type": get_return_data_type(func_name),
+                            "verbose": verbose or "",
+                        }
+                    )
                 else:
                     arguments = get_func_full_args(func)
                     # Join arguments with ', ' and in case of default value,
                     # join it with '='. Use repr() so that strings will be
                     # correctly displayed.
-                    print_arguments = ', '.join([
-                        '='.join([arg_el[0], *map(repr, arg_el[1:])])
-                        for arg_el in arguments
-                    ])
-                    methods.append({
-                        'name': func_name,
-                        'arguments': print_arguments,
-                        'verbose': verbose or '',
-                    })
+                    print_arguments = ", ".join(
+                        [
+                            "=".join([arg_el[0], *map(repr, arg_el[1:])])
+                            for arg_el in arguments
+                        ]
+                    )
+                    methods.append(
+                        {
+                            "name": func_name,
+                            "arguments": print_arguments,
+                            "verbose": verbose or "",
+                        }
+                    )
 
         # Gather related objects
         for rel in opts.related_objects:
             verbose = _("related `%(app_label)s.%(object_name)s` objects") % {
-                'app_label': rel.related_model._meta.app_label,
-                'object_name': rel.related_model._meta.object_name,
+                "app_label": rel.related_model._meta.app_label,
+                "object_name": rel.related_model._meta.object_name,
             }
             accessor = rel.get_accessor_name()
-            fields.append({
-                'name': "%s.all" % accessor,
-                'data_type': 'List',
-                'verbose': utils.parse_rst(_("all %s") % verbose, 'model', _('model:') + opts.model_name),
-            })
-            fields.append({
-                'name': "%s.count" % accessor,
-                'data_type': 'Integer',
-                'verbose': utils.parse_rst(_("number of %s") % verbose, 'model', _('model:') + opts.model_name),
-            })
-        return super().get_context_data(**{
-            **kwargs,
-            'name': opts.label,
-            'summary': title,
-            'description': body,
-            'fields': fields,
-            'methods': methods,
-        })
+            fields.append(
+                {
+                    "name": "%s.all" % accessor,
+                    "data_type": "List",
+                    "verbose": utils.parse_rst(
+                        _("all %s") % verbose, "model", _("model:") + opts.model_name
+                    ),
+                }
+            )
+            fields.append(
+                {
+                    "name": "%s.count" % accessor,
+                    "data_type": "Integer",
+                    "verbose": utils.parse_rst(
+                        _("number of %s") % verbose,
+                        "model",
+                        _("model:") + opts.model_name,
+                    ),
+                }
+            )
+        return super().get_context_data(
+            **{
+                **kwargs,
+                "name": opts.label,
+                "summary": title,
+                "description": body,
+                "fields": fields,
+                "methods": methods,
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class TemplateDetailView(BaseAdminDocsView):
-    template_name = 'admin_doc/template_detail.html'
+    template_name = "admin_doc/template_detail.html"
 
     def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
-        template = self.kwargs['template']
+        template = self.kwargs["template"]
         templates = []
         try:
             default_engine = Engine.get_default()
@@ -339,18 +410,22 @@ class TemplateDetailView(BaseAdminDocsView):
                 if template_file.exists():
                     template_contents = template_file.read_text()
                 else:
-                    template_contents = ''
-                templates.append({
-                    'file': template_file,
-                    'exists': template_file.exists(),
-                    'contents': template_contents,
-                    'order': index,
-                })
-        return super().get_context_data(**{
-            **kwargs,
-            'name': template,
-            'templates': templates,
-        })
+                    template_contents = ""
+                templates.append(
+                    {
+                        "file": template_file,
+                        "exists": template_file.exists(),
+                        "contents": template_contents,
+                        "order": index,
+                    }
+                )
+        return super().get_context_data(
+            **{
+                **kwargs,
+                "name": template,
+                "templates": templates,
+            }
+        )
 
 
 ####################
@@ -360,12 +435,12 @@ class TemplateDetailView(BaseAdminDocsView):
 
 def get_return_data_type(func_name):
     """Return a somewhat-helpful data type given a function name"""
-    if func_name.startswith('get_'):
-        if func_name.endswith('_list'):
-            return 'List'
-        elif func_name.endswith('_count'):
-            return 'Integer'
-    return ''
+    if func_name.startswith("get_"):
+        if func_name.endswith("_list"):
+            return "List"
+        elif func_name.endswith("_count"):
+            return "Integer"
+    return ""
 
 
 def get_readable_field_data_type(field):
@@ -377,7 +452,7 @@ def get_readable_field_data_type(field):
     return field.description % field.__dict__
 
 
-def extract_views_from_urlpatterns(urlpatterns, base='', namespace=None):
+def extract_views_from_urlpatterns(urlpatterns, base="", namespace=None):
     """
     Return a list of views from a list of urlpatterns.
 
@@ -385,17 +460,19 @@ def extract_views_from_urlpatterns(urlpatterns, base='', namespace=None):
     """
     views = []
     for p in urlpatterns:
-        if hasattr(p, 'url_patterns'):
+        if hasattr(p, "url_patterns"):
             try:
                 patterns = p.url_patterns
             except ImportError:
                 continue
-            views.extend(extract_views_from_urlpatterns(
-                patterns,
-                base + str(p.pattern),
-                (namespace or []) + (p.namespace and [p.namespace] or [])
-            ))
-        elif hasattr(p, 'callback'):
+            views.extend(
+                extract_views_from_urlpatterns(
+                    patterns,
+                    base + str(p.pattern),
+                    (namespace or []) + (p.namespace and [p.namespace] or []),
+                )
+            )
+        elif hasattr(p, "callback"):
             try:
                 views.append((p.callback, base + str(p.pattern), namespace, p.name))
             except ViewDoesNotExist:
@@ -415,6 +492,6 @@ def simplify_regex(pattern):
     pattern = replace_named_groups(pattern)
     pattern = replace_unnamed_groups(pattern)
     pattern = replace_metacharacters(pattern)
-    if not pattern.startswith('/'):
-        pattern = '/' + pattern
+    if not pattern.startswith("/"):
+        pattern = "/" + pattern
     return pattern
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/__init__.py b/django/contrib/auth/__init__.py
index 1e15665ced..00a2940344 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/__init__.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/__init__.py
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ from django.views.decorators.debug import sensitive_variables
 
 from .signals import user_logged_in, user_logged_out, user_login_failed
 
-SESSION_KEY = '_auth_user_id'
-BACKEND_SESSION_KEY = '_auth_user_backend'
-HASH_SESSION_KEY = '_auth_user_hash'
-REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME = 'next'
+SESSION_KEY = "_auth_user_id"
+BACKEND_SESSION_KEY = "_auth_user_backend"
+HASH_SESSION_KEY = "_auth_user_hash"
+REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME = "next"
 
 
 def load_backend(path):
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ def _get_backends(return_tuples=False):
         backends.append((backend, backend_path) if return_tuples else backend)
     if not backends:
         raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-            'No authentication backends have been defined. Does '
-            'AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS contain anything?'
+            "No authentication backends have been defined. Does "
+            "AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS contain anything?"
         )
     return backends
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ def get_backends():
     return _get_backends(return_tuples=False)
 
 
-@sensitive_variables('credentials')
+@sensitive_variables("credentials")
 def _clean_credentials(credentials):
     """
     Clean a dictionary of credentials of potentially sensitive info before
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ def _clean_credentials(credentials):
 
     Not comprehensive - intended for user_login_failed signal
     """
-    SENSITIVE_CREDENTIALS = re.compile('api|token|key|secret|password|signature', re.I)
-    CLEANSED_SUBSTITUTE = '********************'
+    SENSITIVE_CREDENTIALS = re.compile("api|token|key|secret|password|signature", re.I)
+    CLEANSED_SUBSTITUTE = "********************"
     for key in credentials:
         if SENSITIVE_CREDENTIALS.search(key):
             credentials[key] = CLEANSED_SUBSTITUTE
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def _get_user_session_key(request):
     return get_user_model()._meta.pk.to_python(request.session[SESSION_KEY])
 
 
-@sensitive_variables('credentials')
+@sensitive_variables("credentials")
 def authenticate(request=None, **credentials):
     """
     If the given credentials are valid, return a User object.
@@ -84,7 +84,9 @@ def authenticate(request=None, **credentials):
         return user
 
     # The credentials supplied are invalid to all backends, fire signal
-    user_login_failed.send(sender=__name__, credentials=_clean_credentials(credentials), request=request)
+    user_login_failed.send(
+        sender=__name__, credentials=_clean_credentials(credentials), request=request
+    )
 
 
 def login(request, user, backend=None):
@@ -93,16 +95,19 @@ def login(request, user, backend=None):
     have to reauthenticate on every request. Note that data set during
     the anonymous session is retained when the user logs in.
     """
-    session_auth_hash = ''
+    session_auth_hash = ""
     if user is None:
         user = request.user
-    if hasattr(user, 'get_session_auth_hash'):
+    if hasattr(user, "get_session_auth_hash"):
         session_auth_hash = user.get_session_auth_hash()
 
     if SESSION_KEY in request.session:
         if _get_user_session_key(request) != user.pk or (
-                session_auth_hash and
-                not constant_time_compare(request.session.get(HASH_SESSION_KEY, ''), session_auth_hash)):
+            session_auth_hash
+            and not constant_time_compare(
+                request.session.get(HASH_SESSION_KEY, ""), session_auth_hash
+            )
+        ):
             # To avoid reusing another user's session, create a new, empty
             # session if the existing session corresponds to a different
             # authenticated user.
@@ -118,18 +123,20 @@ def login(request, user, backend=None):
             _, backend = backends[0]
         else:
             raise ValueError(
-                'You have multiple authentication backends configured and '
-                'therefore must provide the `backend` argument or set the '
-                '`backend` attribute on the user.'
+                "You have multiple authentication backends configured and "
+                "therefore must provide the `backend` argument or set the "
+                "`backend` attribute on the user."
             )
     else:
         if not isinstance(backend, str):
-            raise TypeError('backend must be a dotted import path string (got %r).' % backend)
+            raise TypeError(
+                "backend must be a dotted import path string (got %r)." % backend
+            )
 
     request.session[SESSION_KEY] = user._meta.pk.value_to_string(user)
     request.session[BACKEND_SESSION_KEY] = backend
     request.session[HASH_SESSION_KEY] = session_auth_hash
-    if hasattr(request, 'user'):
+    if hasattr(request, "user"):
         request.user = user
     rotate_token(request)
     user_logged_in.send(sender=user.__class__, request=request, user=user)
@@ -142,13 +149,14 @@ def logout(request):
     """
     # Dispatch the signal before the user is logged out so the receivers have a
     # chance to find out *who* logged out.
-    user = getattr(request, 'user', None)
-    if not getattr(user, 'is_authenticated', True):
+    user = getattr(request, "user", None)
+    if not getattr(user, "is_authenticated", True):
         user = None
     user_logged_out.send(sender=user.__class__, request=request, user=user)
     request.session.flush()
-    if hasattr(request, 'user'):
+    if hasattr(request, "user"):
         from django.contrib.auth.models import AnonymousUser
+
         request.user = AnonymousUser()
 
 
@@ -159,10 +167,13 @@ def get_user_model():
     try:
         return django_apps.get_model(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, require_ready=False)
     except ValueError:
-        raise ImproperlyConfigured("AUTH_USER_MODEL must be of the form 'app_label.model_name'")
+        raise ImproperlyConfigured(
+            "AUTH_USER_MODEL must be of the form 'app_label.model_name'"
+        )
     except LookupError:
         raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-            "AUTH_USER_MODEL refers to model '%s' that has not been installed" % settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL
+            "AUTH_USER_MODEL refers to model '%s' that has not been installed"
+            % settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL
         )
 
 
@@ -172,6 +183,7 @@ def get_user(request):
     If no user is retrieved, return an instance of `AnonymousUser`.
     """
     from .models import AnonymousUser
+
     user = None
     try:
         user_id = _get_user_session_key(request)
@@ -183,11 +195,10 @@ def get_user(request):
             backend = load_backend(backend_path)
             user = backend.get_user(user_id)
             # Verify the session
-            if hasattr(user, 'get_session_auth_hash'):
+            if hasattr(user, "get_session_auth_hash"):
                 session_hash = request.session.get(HASH_SESSION_KEY)
                 session_hash_verified = session_hash and constant_time_compare(
-                    session_hash,
-                    user.get_session_auth_hash()
+                    session_hash, user.get_session_auth_hash()
                 )
                 if not session_hash_verified:
                     request.session.flush()
@@ -200,7 +211,7 @@ def get_permission_codename(action, opts):
     """
     Return the codename of the permission for the specified action.
     """
-    return '%s_%s' % (action, opts.model_name)
+    return "%s_%s" % (action, opts.model_name)
 
 
 def update_session_auth_hash(request, user):
@@ -213,5 +224,5 @@ def update_session_auth_hash(request, user):
     password was changed.
     """
     request.session.cycle_key()
-    if hasattr(user, 'get_session_auth_hash') and request.user == user:
+    if hasattr(user, "get_session_auth_hash") and request.user == user:
         request.session[HASH_SESSION_KEY] = user.get_session_auth_hash()
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/admin.py b/django/contrib/auth/admin.py
index a63a4e28a7..636e620eb1 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/admin.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/admin.py
@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ from django.contrib.admin.options import IS_POPUP_VAR
 from django.contrib.admin.utils import unquote
 from django.contrib.auth import update_session_auth_hash
 from django.contrib.auth.forms import (
-    AdminPasswordChangeForm, UserChangeForm, UserCreationForm,
+    AdminPasswordChangeForm,
+    UserChangeForm,
+    UserCreationForm,
 )
 from django.contrib.auth.models import Group, User
 from django.core.exceptions import PermissionDenied
@@ -14,7 +16,8 @@ from django.template.response import TemplateResponse
 from django.urls import path, reverse
 from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
 from django.utils.html import escape
-from django.utils.translation import gettext, gettext_lazy as _
+from django.utils.translation import gettext
+from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_protect
 from django.views.decorators.debug import sensitive_post_parameters
 
@@ -24,45 +27,60 @@ sensitive_post_parameters_m = method_decorator(sensitive_post_parameters())
 
 @admin.register(Group)
 class GroupAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    search_fields = ('name',)
-    ordering = ('name',)
-    filter_horizontal = ('permissions',)
+    search_fields = ("name",)
+    ordering = ("name",)
+    filter_horizontal = ("permissions",)
 
     def formfield_for_manytomany(self, db_field, request=None, **kwargs):
-        if db_field.name == 'permissions':
-            qs = kwargs.get('queryset', db_field.remote_field.model.objects)
+        if db_field.name == "permissions":
+            qs = kwargs.get("queryset", db_field.remote_field.model.objects)
             # Avoid a major performance hit resolving permission names which
             # triggers a content_type load:
-            kwargs['queryset'] = qs.select_related('content_type')
+            kwargs["queryset"] = qs.select_related("content_type")
         return super().formfield_for_manytomany(db_field, request=request, **kwargs)
 
 
 @admin.register(User)
 class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    add_form_template = 'admin/auth/user/add_form.html'
+    add_form_template = "admin/auth/user/add_form.html"
     change_user_password_template = None
     fieldsets = (
-        (None, {'fields': ('username', 'password')}),
-        (_('Personal info'), {'fields': ('first_name', 'last_name', 'email')}),
-        (_('Permissions'), {
-            'fields': ('is_active', 'is_staff', 'is_superuser', 'groups', 'user_permissions'),
-        }),
-        (_('Important dates'), {'fields': ('last_login', 'date_joined')}),
+        (None, {"fields": ("username", "password")}),
+        (_("Personal info"), {"fields": ("first_name", "last_name", "email")}),
+        (
+            _("Permissions"),
+            {
+                "fields": (
+                    "is_active",
+                    "is_staff",
+                    "is_superuser",
+                    "groups",
+                    "user_permissions",
+                ),
+            },
+        ),
+        (_("Important dates"), {"fields": ("last_login", "date_joined")}),
     )
     add_fieldsets = (
-        (None, {
-            'classes': ('wide',),
-            'fields': ('username', 'password1', 'password2'),
-        }),
+        (
+            None,
+            {
+                "classes": ("wide",),
+                "fields": ("username", "password1", "password2"),
+            },
+        ),
     )
     form = UserChangeForm
     add_form = UserCreationForm
     change_password_form = AdminPasswordChangeForm
-    list_display = ('username', 'email', 'first_name', 'last_name', 'is_staff')
-    list_filter = ('is_staff', 'is_superuser', 'is_active', 'groups')
-    search_fields = ('username', 'first_name', 'last_name', 'email')
-    ordering = ('username',)
-    filter_horizontal = ('groups', 'user_permissions',)
+    list_display = ("username", "email", "first_name", "last_name", "is_staff")
+    list_filter = ("is_staff", "is_superuser", "is_active", "groups")
+    search_fields = ("username", "first_name", "last_name", "email")
+    ordering = ("username",)
+    filter_horizontal = (
+        "groups",
+        "user_permissions",
+    )
 
     def get_fieldsets(self, request, obj=None):
         if not obj:
@@ -75,30 +93,32 @@ class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
         """
         defaults = {}
         if obj is None:
-            defaults['form'] = self.add_form
+            defaults["form"] = self.add_form
         defaults.update(kwargs)
         return super().get_form(request, obj, **defaults)
 
     def get_urls(self):
         return [
             path(
-                '<id>/password/',
+                "<id>/password/",
                 self.admin_site.admin_view(self.user_change_password),
-                name='auth_user_password_change',
+                name="auth_user_password_change",
             ),
         ] + super().get_urls()
 
     def lookup_allowed(self, lookup, value):
         # Don't allow lookups involving passwords.
-        return not lookup.startswith('password') and super().lookup_allowed(lookup, value)
+        return not lookup.startswith("password") and super().lookup_allowed(
+            lookup, value
+        )
 
     @sensitive_post_parameters_m
     @csrf_protect_m
-    def add_view(self, request, form_url='', extra_context=None):
+    def add_view(self, request, form_url="", extra_context=None):
         with transaction.atomic(using=router.db_for_write(self.model)):
             return self._add_view(request, form_url, extra_context)
 
-    def _add_view(self, request, form_url='', extra_context=None):
+    def _add_view(self, request, form_url="", extra_context=None):
         # It's an error for a user to have add permission but NOT change
         # permission for users. If we allowed such users to add users, they
         # could create superusers, which would mean they would essentially have
@@ -111,42 +131,47 @@ class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
                 # error message.
                 raise Http404(
                     'Your user does not have the "Change user" permission. In '
-                    'order to add users, Django requires that your user '
+                    "order to add users, Django requires that your user "
                     'account have both the "Add user" and "Change user" '
-                    'permissions set.')
+                    "permissions set."
+                )
             raise PermissionDenied
         if extra_context is None:
             extra_context = {}
         username_field = self.model._meta.get_field(self.model.USERNAME_FIELD)
         defaults = {
-            'auto_populated_fields': (),
-            'username_help_text': username_field.help_text,
+            "auto_populated_fields": (),
+            "username_help_text": username_field.help_text,
         }
         extra_context.update(defaults)
         return super().add_view(request, form_url, extra_context)
 
     @sensitive_post_parameters_m
-    def user_change_password(self, request, id, form_url=''):
+    def user_change_password(self, request, id, form_url=""):
         user = self.get_object(request, unquote(id))
         if not self.has_change_permission(request, user):
             raise PermissionDenied
         if user is None:
-            raise Http404(_('%(name)s object with primary key %(key)r does not exist.') % {
-                'name': self.model._meta.verbose_name,
-                'key': escape(id),
-            })
-        if request.method == 'POST':
+            raise Http404(
+                _("%(name)s object with primary key %(key)r does not exist.")
+                % {
+                    "name": self.model._meta.verbose_name,
+                    "key": escape(id),
+                }
+            )
+        if request.method == "POST":
             form = self.change_password_form(user, request.POST)
             if form.is_valid():
                 form.save()
                 change_message = self.construct_change_message(request, form, None)
                 self.log_change(request, user, change_message)
-                msg = gettext('Password changed successfully.')
+                msg = gettext("Password changed successfully.")
                 messages.success(request, msg)
                 update_session_auth_hash(request, form.user)
                 return HttpResponseRedirect(
                     reverse(
-                        '%s:%s_%s_change' % (
+                        "%s:%s_%s_change"
+                        % (
                             self.admin_site.name,
                             user._meta.app_label,
                             user._meta.model_name,
@@ -157,26 +182,25 @@ class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
         else:
             form = self.change_password_form(user)
 
-        fieldsets = [(None, {'fields': list(form.base_fields)})]
+        fieldsets = [(None, {"fields": list(form.base_fields)})]
         adminForm = admin.helpers.AdminForm(form, fieldsets, {})
 
         context = {
-            'title': _('Change password: %s') % escape(user.get_username()),
-            'adminForm': adminForm,
-            'form_url': form_url,
-            'form': form,
-            'is_popup': (IS_POPUP_VAR in request.POST or
-                         IS_POPUP_VAR in request.GET),
-            'is_popup_var': IS_POPUP_VAR,
-            'add': True,
-            'change': False,
-            'has_delete_permission': False,
-            'has_change_permission': True,
-            'has_absolute_url': False,
-            'opts': self.model._meta,
-            'original': user,
-            'save_as': False,
-            'show_save': True,
+            "title": _("Change password: %s") % escape(user.get_username()),
+            "adminForm": adminForm,
+            "form_url": form_url,
+            "form": form,
+            "is_popup": (IS_POPUP_VAR in request.POST or IS_POPUP_VAR in request.GET),
+            "is_popup_var": IS_POPUP_VAR,
+            "add": True,
+            "change": False,
+            "has_delete_permission": False,
+            "has_change_permission": True,
+            "has_absolute_url": False,
+            "opts": self.model._meta,
+            "original": user,
+            "save_as": False,
+            "show_save": True,
             **self.admin_site.each_context(request),
         }
 
@@ -184,8 +208,8 @@ class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
         return TemplateResponse(
             request,
-            self.change_user_password_template or
-            'admin/auth/user/change_password.html',
+            self.change_user_password_template
+            or "admin/auth/user/change_password.html",
             context,
         )
 
@@ -200,7 +224,7 @@ class UserAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
         # button except in two scenarios:
         # * The user has pressed the 'Save and add another' button
         # * We are adding a user in a popup
-        if '_addanother' not in request.POST and IS_POPUP_VAR not in request.POST:
+        if "_addanother" not in request.POST and IS_POPUP_VAR not in request.POST:
             request.POST = request.POST.copy()
-            request.POST['_continue'] = 1
+            request.POST["_continue"] = 1
         return super().response_add(request, obj, post_url_continue)
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/apps.py b/django/contrib/auth/apps.py
index 4e4ef06d27..4882a27c42 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/apps.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/apps.py
@@ -11,19 +11,20 @@ from .signals import user_logged_in
 
 
 class AuthConfig(AppConfig):
-    default_auto_field = 'django.db.models.AutoField'
-    name = 'django.contrib.auth'
+    default_auto_field = "django.db.models.AutoField"
+    name = "django.contrib.auth"
     verbose_name = _("Authentication and Authorization")
 
     def ready(self):
         post_migrate.connect(
             create_permissions,
-            dispatch_uid="django.contrib.auth.management.create_permissions"
+            dispatch_uid="django.contrib.auth.management.create_permissions",
         )
-        last_login_field = getattr(get_user_model(), 'last_login', None)
+        last_login_field = getattr(get_user_model(), "last_login", None)
         # Register the handler only if UserModel.last_login is a field.
         if isinstance(last_login_field, DeferredAttribute):
             from .models import update_last_login
-            user_logged_in.connect(update_last_login, dispatch_uid='update_last_login')
+
+            user_logged_in.connect(update_last_login, dispatch_uid="update_last_login")
         checks.register(check_user_model, checks.Tags.models)
         checks.register(check_models_permissions, checks.Tags.models)
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/backends.py b/django/contrib/auth/backends.py
index 0ddbd9ca77..7cf405713d 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/backends.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/backends.py
@@ -53,15 +53,15 @@ class ModelBackend(BaseBackend):
         Reject users with is_active=False. Custom user models that don't have
         that attribute are allowed.
         """
-        is_active = getattr(user, 'is_active', None)
+        is_active = getattr(user, "is_active", None)
         return is_active or is_active is None
 
     def _get_user_permissions(self, user_obj):
         return user_obj.user_permissions.all()
 
     def _get_group_permissions(self, user_obj):
-        user_groups_field = get_user_model()._meta.get_field('groups')
-        user_groups_query = 'group__%s' % user_groups_field.related_query_name()
+        user_groups_field = get_user_model()._meta.get_field("groups")
+        user_groups_query = "group__%s" % user_groups_field.related_query_name()
         return Permission.objects.filter(**{user_groups_query: user_obj})
 
     def _get_permissions(self, user_obj, obj, from_name):
@@ -73,14 +73,16 @@ class ModelBackend(BaseBackend):
         if not user_obj.is_active or user_obj.is_anonymous or obj is not None:
             return set()
 
-        perm_cache_name = '_%s_perm_cache' % from_name
+        perm_cache_name = "_%s_perm_cache" % from_name
         if not hasattr(user_obj, perm_cache_name):
             if user_obj.is_superuser:
                 perms = Permission.objects.all()
             else:
-                perms = getattr(self, '_get_%s_permissions' % from_name)(user_obj)
-            perms = perms.values_list('content_type__app_label', 'codename').order_by()
-            setattr(user_obj, perm_cache_name, {"%s.%s" % (ct, name) for ct, name in perms})
+                perms = getattr(self, "_get_%s_permissions" % from_name)(user_obj)
+            perms = perms.values_list("content_type__app_label", "codename").order_by()
+            setattr(
+                user_obj, perm_cache_name, {"%s.%s" % (ct, name) for ct, name in perms}
+            )
         return getattr(user_obj, perm_cache_name)
 
     def get_user_permissions(self, user_obj, obj=None):
@@ -88,19 +90,19 @@ class ModelBackend(BaseBackend):
         Return a set of permission strings the user `user_obj` has from their
         `user_permissions`.
         """
-        return self._get_permissions(user_obj, obj, 'user')
+        return self._get_permissions(user_obj, obj, "user")
 
     def get_group_permissions(self, user_obj, obj=None):
         """
         Return a set of permission strings the user `user_obj` has from the
         groups they belong.
         """
-        return self._get_permissions(user_obj, obj, 'group')
+        return self._get_permissions(user_obj, obj, "group")
 
     def get_all_permissions(self, user_obj, obj=None):
         if not user_obj.is_active or user_obj.is_anonymous or obj is not None:
             return set()
-        if not hasattr(user_obj, '_perm_cache'):
+        if not hasattr(user_obj, "_perm_cache"):
             user_obj._perm_cache = super().get_all_permissions(user_obj)
         return user_obj._perm_cache
 
@@ -112,7 +114,7 @@ class ModelBackend(BaseBackend):
         Return True if user_obj has any permissions in the given app_label.
         """
         return user_obj.is_active and any(
-            perm[:perm.index('.')] == app_label
+            perm[: perm.index(".")] == app_label
             for perm in self.get_all_permissions(user_obj)
         )
 
@@ -123,21 +125,21 @@ class ModelBackend(BaseBackend):
         """
         if isinstance(perm, str):
             try:
-                app_label, codename = perm.split('.')
+                app_label, codename = perm.split(".")
             except ValueError:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'Permission name should be in the form '
-                    'app_label.permission_codename.'
+                    "Permission name should be in the form "
+                    "app_label.permission_codename."
                 )
         elif not isinstance(perm, Permission):
             raise TypeError(
-                'The `perm` argument must be a string or a permission instance.'
+                "The `perm` argument must be a string or a permission instance."
             )
 
         if obj is not None:
             return UserModel._default_manager.none()
 
-        permission_q = Q(group__user=OuterRef('pk')) | Q(user=OuterRef('pk'))
+        permission_q = Q(group__user=OuterRef("pk")) | Q(user=OuterRef("pk"))
         if isinstance(perm, Permission):
             permission_q &= Q(pk=perm.pk)
         else:
@@ -197,9 +199,9 @@ class RemoteUserBackend(ModelBackend):
         # instead we use get_or_create when creating unknown users since it has
         # built-in safeguards for multiple threads.
         if self.create_unknown_user:
-            user, created = UserModel._default_manager.get_or_create(**{
-                UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD: username
-            })
+            user, created = UserModel._default_manager.get_or_create(
+                **{UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD: username}
+            )
             if created:
                 user = self.configure_user(request, user)
         else:
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/base_user.py b/django/contrib/auth/base_user.py
index cbfe5d686a..f6de3b9317 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/base_user.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/base_user.py
@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ import unicodedata
 
 from django.contrib.auth import password_validation
 from django.contrib.auth.hashers import (
-    check_password, is_password_usable, make_password,
+    check_password,
+    is_password_usable,
+    make_password,
 )
 from django.db import models
 from django.utils.crypto import get_random_string, salted_hmac
@@ -14,25 +16,24 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 
 class BaseUserManager(models.Manager):
-
     @classmethod
     def normalize_email(cls, email):
         """
         Normalize the email address by lowercasing the domain part of it.
         """
-        email = email or ''
+        email = email or ""
         try:
-            email_name, domain_part = email.strip().rsplit('@', 1)
+            email_name, domain_part = email.strip().rsplit("@", 1)
         except ValueError:
             pass
         else:
-            email = email_name + '@' + domain_part.lower()
+            email = email_name + "@" + domain_part.lower()
         return email
 
     def make_random_password(
         self,
         length=10,
-        allowed_chars='abcdefghjkmnpqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZ23456789',
+        allowed_chars="abcdefghjkmnpqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZ23456789",
     ):
         """
         Generate a random password with the given length and given
@@ -46,8 +47,8 @@ class BaseUserManager(models.Manager):
 
 
 class AbstractBaseUser(models.Model):
-    password = models.CharField(_('password'), max_length=128)
-    last_login = models.DateTimeField(_('last login'), blank=True, null=True)
+    password = models.CharField(_("password"), max_length=128)
+    last_login = models.DateTimeField(_("last login"), blank=True, null=True)
 
     is_active = True
 
@@ -104,11 +105,13 @@ class AbstractBaseUser(models.Model):
         Return a boolean of whether the raw_password was correct. Handles
         hashing formats behind the scenes.
         """
+
         def setter(raw_password):
             self.set_password(raw_password)
             # Password hash upgrades shouldn't be considered password changes.
             self._password = None
             self.save(update_fields=["password"])
+
         return check_password(raw_password, self.password, setter)
 
     def set_unusable_password(self):
@@ -129,7 +132,7 @@ class AbstractBaseUser(models.Model):
         return salted_hmac(
             key_salt,
             self.password,
-            algorithm='sha256',
+            algorithm="sha256",
         ).hexdigest()
 
     @classmethod
@@ -137,8 +140,12 @@ class AbstractBaseUser(models.Model):
         try:
             return cls.EMAIL_FIELD
         except AttributeError:
-            return 'email'
+            return "email"
 
     @classmethod
     def normalize_username(cls, username):
-        return unicodedata.normalize('NFKC', username) if isinstance(username, str) else username
+        return (
+            unicodedata.normalize("NFKC", username)
+            if isinstance(username, str)
+            else username
+        )
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/checks.py b/django/contrib/auth/checks.py
index c08ed8a49a..e1505d63fd 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/checks.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/checks.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def check_user_model(app_configs=None, **kwargs):
     if app_configs is None:
         cls = apps.get_model(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)
     else:
-        app_label, model_name = settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL.split('.')
+        app_label, model_name = settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL.split(".")
         for app_config in app_configs:
             if app_config.label == app_label:
                 cls = app_config.get_model(model_name)
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def check_user_model(app_configs=None, **kwargs):
             checks.Error(
                 "'REQUIRED_FIELDS' must be a list or tuple.",
                 obj=cls,
-                id='auth.E001',
+                id="auth.E001",
             )
         )
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def check_user_model(app_configs=None, **kwargs):
                     % (cls.USERNAME_FIELD, cls.USERNAME_FIELD)
                 ),
                 obj=cls,
-                id='auth.E002',
+                id="auth.E002",
             )
         )
 
@@ -56,47 +56,46 @@ def check_user_model(app_configs=None, **kwargs):
         constraint.fields == (cls.USERNAME_FIELD,)
         for constraint in cls._meta.total_unique_constraints
     ):
-        if (settings.AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS ==
-                ['django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend']):
+        if settings.AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS == [
+            "django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend"
+        ]:
             errors.append(
                 checks.Error(
-                    "'%s.%s' must be unique because it is named as the 'USERNAME_FIELD'." % (
-                        cls._meta.object_name, cls.USERNAME_FIELD
-                    ),
+                    "'%s.%s' must be unique because it is named as the 'USERNAME_FIELD'."
+                    % (cls._meta.object_name, cls.USERNAME_FIELD),
                     obj=cls,
-                    id='auth.E003',
+                    id="auth.E003",
                 )
             )
         else:
             errors.append(
                 checks.Warning(
-                    "'%s.%s' is named as the 'USERNAME_FIELD', but it is not unique." % (
-                        cls._meta.object_name, cls.USERNAME_FIELD
-                    ),
-                    hint='Ensure that your authentication backend(s) can handle non-unique usernames.',
+                    "'%s.%s' is named as the 'USERNAME_FIELD', but it is not unique."
+                    % (cls._meta.object_name, cls.USERNAME_FIELD),
+                    hint="Ensure that your authentication backend(s) can handle non-unique usernames.",
                     obj=cls,
-                    id='auth.W004',
+                    id="auth.W004",
                 )
             )
 
     if isinstance(cls().is_anonymous, MethodType):
         errors.append(
             checks.Critical(
-                '%s.is_anonymous must be an attribute or property rather than '
-                'a method. Ignoring this is a security issue as anonymous '
-                'users will be treated as authenticated!' % cls,
+                "%s.is_anonymous must be an attribute or property rather than "
+                "a method. Ignoring this is a security issue as anonymous "
+                "users will be treated as authenticated!" % cls,
                 obj=cls,
-                id='auth.C009',
+                id="auth.C009",
             )
         )
     if isinstance(cls().is_authenticated, MethodType):
         errors.append(
             checks.Critical(
-                '%s.is_authenticated must be an attribute or property rather '
-                'than a method. Ignoring this is a security issue as anonymous '
-                'users will be treated as authenticated!' % cls,
+                "%s.is_authenticated must be an attribute or property rather "
+                "than a method. Ignoring this is a security issue as anonymous "
+                "users will be treated as authenticated!" % cls,
                 obj=cls,
-                id='auth.C010',
+                id="auth.C010",
             )
         )
     return errors
@@ -106,11 +105,13 @@ def check_models_permissions(app_configs=None, **kwargs):
     if app_configs is None:
         models = apps.get_models()
     else:
-        models = chain.from_iterable(app_config.get_models() for app_config in app_configs)
+        models = chain.from_iterable(
+            app_config.get_models() for app_config in app_configs
+        )
 
-    Permission = apps.get_model('auth', 'Permission')
-    permission_name_max_length = Permission._meta.get_field('name').max_length
-    permission_codename_max_length = Permission._meta.get_field('codename').max_length
+    Permission = apps.get_model("auth", "Permission")
+    permission_name_max_length = Permission._meta.get_field("name").max_length
+    permission_codename_max_length = Permission._meta.get_field("codename").max_length
     errors = []
 
     for model in models:
@@ -119,27 +120,28 @@ def check_models_permissions(app_configs=None, **kwargs):
         # Check builtin permission name length.
         max_builtin_permission_name_length = (
             max(len(name) for name in builtin_permissions.values())
-            if builtin_permissions else 0
+            if builtin_permissions
+            else 0
         )
         if max_builtin_permission_name_length > permission_name_max_length:
-            verbose_name_max_length = (
-                permission_name_max_length - (max_builtin_permission_name_length - len(opts.verbose_name_raw))
+            verbose_name_max_length = permission_name_max_length - (
+                max_builtin_permission_name_length - len(opts.verbose_name_raw)
             )
             errors.append(
                 checks.Error(
                     "The verbose_name of model '%s' must be at most %d "
                     "characters for its builtin permission names to be at "
-                    "most %d characters." % (
-                        opts.label, verbose_name_max_length, permission_name_max_length
-                    ),
+                    "most %d characters."
+                    % (opts.label, verbose_name_max_length, permission_name_max_length),
                     obj=model,
-                    id='auth.E007',
+                    id="auth.E007",
                 )
             )
         # Check builtin permission codename length.
         max_builtin_permission_codename_length = (
             max(len(codename) for codename in builtin_permissions.keys())
-            if builtin_permissions else 0
+            if builtin_permissions
+            else 0
         )
         if max_builtin_permission_codename_length > permission_codename_max_length:
             model_name_max_length = permission_codename_max_length - (
@@ -149,13 +151,14 @@ def check_models_permissions(app_configs=None, **kwargs):
                 checks.Error(
                     "The name of model '%s' must be at most %d characters "
                     "for its builtin permission codenames to be at most %d "
-                    "characters." % (
+                    "characters."
+                    % (
                         opts.label,
                         model_name_max_length,
                         permission_codename_max_length,
                     ),
                     obj=model,
-                    id='auth.E011',
+                    id="auth.E011",
                 )
             )
         codenames = set()
@@ -165,11 +168,14 @@ def check_models_permissions(app_configs=None, **kwargs):
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Error(
                         "The permission named '%s' of model '%s' is longer "
-                        "than %d characters." % (
-                            name, opts.label, permission_name_max_length,
+                        "than %d characters."
+                        % (
+                            name,
+                            opts.label,
+                            permission_name_max_length,
                         ),
                         obj=model,
-                        id='auth.E008',
+                        id="auth.E008",
                     )
                 )
             # Check custom permission codename length.
@@ -177,13 +183,14 @@ def check_models_permissions(app_configs=None, **kwargs):
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Error(
                         "The permission codenamed '%s' of model '%s' is "
-                        "longer than %d characters." % (
+                        "longer than %d characters."
+                        % (
                             codename,
                             opts.label,
                             permission_codename_max_length,
                         ),
                         obj=model,
-                        id='auth.E012',
+                        id="auth.E012",
                     )
                 )
             # Check custom permissions codename clashing.
@@ -193,7 +200,7 @@ def check_models_permissions(app_configs=None, **kwargs):
                         "The permission codenamed '%s' clashes with a builtin permission "
                         "for model '%s'." % (codename, opts.label),
                         obj=model,
-                        id='auth.E005',
+                        id="auth.E005",
                     )
                 )
             elif codename in codenames:
@@ -202,7 +209,7 @@ def check_models_permissions(app_configs=None, **kwargs):
                         "The permission codenamed '%s' is duplicated for "
                         "model '%s'." % (codename, opts.label),
                         obj=model,
-                        id='auth.E006',
+                        id="auth.E006",
                     )
                 )
             codenames.add(codename)
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/context_processors.py b/django/contrib/auth/context_processors.py
index 3dfd9177a9..0a88199227 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/context_processors.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/context_processors.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class PermWrapper:
         self.user = user
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return f'{self.__class__.__qualname__}({self.user!r})'
+        return f"{self.__class__.__qualname__}({self.user!r})"
 
     def __getitem__(self, app_label):
         return PermLookupDict(self.user, app_label)
@@ -39,10 +39,10 @@ class PermWrapper:
         """
         Lookup by "someapp" or "someapp.someperm" in perms.
         """
-        if '.' not in perm_name:
+        if "." not in perm_name:
             # The name refers to module.
             return bool(self[perm_name])
-        app_label, perm_name = perm_name.split('.', 1)
+        app_label, perm_name = perm_name.split(".", 1)
         return self[app_label][perm_name]
 
 
@@ -54,13 +54,14 @@ def auth(request):
     If there is no 'user' attribute in the request, use AnonymousUser (from
     django.contrib.auth).
     """
-    if hasattr(request, 'user'):
+    if hasattr(request, "user"):
         user = request.user
     else:
         from django.contrib.auth.models import AnonymousUser
+
         user = AnonymousUser()
 
     return {
-        'user': user,
-        'perms': PermWrapper(user),
+        "user": user,
+        "perms": PermWrapper(user),
     }
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/decorators.py b/django/contrib/auth/decorators.py
index 53f62e8371..a419068d49 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/decorators.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/decorators.py
@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ from django.core.exceptions import PermissionDenied
 from django.shortcuts import resolve_url
 
 
-def user_passes_test(test_func, login_url=None, redirect_field_name=REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME):
+def user_passes_test(
+    test_func, login_url=None, redirect_field_name=REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME
+):
     """
     Decorator for views that checks that the user passes the given test,
     redirecting to the log-in page if necessary. The test should be a callable
@@ -25,17 +27,22 @@ def user_passes_test(test_func, login_url=None, redirect_field_name=REDIRECT_FIE
             # use the path as the "next" url.
             login_scheme, login_netloc = urlparse(resolved_login_url)[:2]
             current_scheme, current_netloc = urlparse(path)[:2]
-            if ((not login_scheme or login_scheme == current_scheme) and
-                    (not login_netloc or login_netloc == current_netloc)):
+            if (not login_scheme or login_scheme == current_scheme) and (
+                not login_netloc or login_netloc == current_netloc
+            ):
                 path = request.get_full_path()
             from django.contrib.auth.views import redirect_to_login
-            return redirect_to_login(
-                path, resolved_login_url, redirect_field_name)
+
+            return redirect_to_login(path, resolved_login_url, redirect_field_name)
+
         return _wrapped_view
+
     return decorator
 
 
-def login_required(function=None, redirect_field_name=REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME, login_url=None):
+def login_required(
+    function=None, redirect_field_name=REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME, login_url=None
+):
     """
     Decorator for views that checks that the user is logged in, redirecting
     to the log-in page if necessary.
@@ -43,7 +50,7 @@ def login_required(function=None, redirect_field_name=REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME, login
     actual_decorator = user_passes_test(
         lambda u: u.is_authenticated,
         login_url=login_url,
-        redirect_field_name=redirect_field_name
+        redirect_field_name=redirect_field_name,
     )
     if function:
         return actual_decorator(function)
@@ -57,6 +64,7 @@ def permission_required(perm, login_url=None, raise_exception=False):
     If the raise_exception parameter is given the PermissionDenied exception
     is raised.
     """
+
     def check_perms(user):
         if isinstance(perm, str):
             perms = (perm,)
@@ -70,4 +78,5 @@ def permission_required(perm, login_url=None, raise_exception=False):
             raise PermissionDenied
         # As the last resort, show the login form
         return False
+
     return user_passes_test(check_perms, login_url=login_url)
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/forms.py b/django/contrib/auth/forms.py
index 25d500962b..9d6a9918bb 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/forms.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/forms.py
@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
 import unicodedata
 
 from django import forms
-from django.contrib.auth import (
-    authenticate, get_user_model, password_validation,
-)
-from django.contrib.auth.hashers import (
-    UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_PREFIX, identify_hasher,
-)
+from django.contrib.auth import authenticate, get_user_model, password_validation
+from django.contrib.auth.hashers import UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_PREFIX, identify_hasher
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.contrib.auth.tokens import default_token_generator
 from django.contrib.sites.shortcuts import get_current_site
@@ -16,7 +12,8 @@ from django.template import loader
 from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes
 from django.utils.http import urlsafe_base64_encode
 from django.utils.text import capfirst
-from django.utils.translation import gettext, gettext_lazy as _
+from django.utils.translation import gettext
+from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 UserModel = get_user_model()
 
@@ -27,27 +24,36 @@ def _unicode_ci_compare(s1, s2):
     recommended algorithm from Unicode Technical Report 36, section
     2.11.2(B)(2).
     """
-    return unicodedata.normalize('NFKC', s1).casefold() == unicodedata.normalize('NFKC', s2).casefold()
+    return (
+        unicodedata.normalize("NFKC", s1).casefold()
+        == unicodedata.normalize("NFKC", s2).casefold()
+    )
 
 
 class ReadOnlyPasswordHashWidget(forms.Widget):
-    template_name = 'auth/widgets/read_only_password_hash.html'
+    template_name = "auth/widgets/read_only_password_hash.html"
     read_only = True
 
     def get_context(self, name, value, attrs):
         context = super().get_context(name, value, attrs)
         summary = []
         if not value or value.startswith(UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_PREFIX):
-            summary.append({'label': gettext("No password set.")})
+            summary.append({"label": gettext("No password set.")})
         else:
             try:
                 hasher = identify_hasher(value)
             except ValueError:
-                summary.append({'label': gettext("Invalid password format or unknown hashing algorithm.")})
+                summary.append(
+                    {
+                        "label": gettext(
+                            "Invalid password format or unknown hashing algorithm."
+                        )
+                    }
+                )
             else:
                 for key, value_ in hasher.safe_summary(value).items():
-                    summary.append({'label': gettext(key), 'value': value_})
-        context['summary'] = summary
+                    summary.append({"label": gettext(key), "value": value_})
+        context["summary"] = summary
         return context
 
     def id_for_label(self, id_):
@@ -59,19 +65,19 @@ class ReadOnlyPasswordHashField(forms.Field):
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         kwargs.setdefault("required", False)
-        kwargs.setdefault('disabled', True)
+        kwargs.setdefault("disabled", True)
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
 
 class UsernameField(forms.CharField):
     def to_python(self, value):
-        return unicodedata.normalize('NFKC', super().to_python(value))
+        return unicodedata.normalize("NFKC", super().to_python(value))
 
     def widget_attrs(self, widget):
         return {
             **super().widget_attrs(widget),
-            'autocapitalize': 'none',
-            'autocomplete': 'username',
+            "autocapitalize": "none",
+            "autocomplete": "username",
         }
 
 
@@ -80,18 +86,19 @@ class UserCreationForm(forms.ModelForm):
     A form that creates a user, with no privileges, from the given username and
     password.
     """
+
     error_messages = {
-        'password_mismatch': _('The two password fields didn’t match.'),
+        "password_mismatch": _("The two password fields didn’t match."),
     }
     password1 = forms.CharField(
         label=_("Password"),
         strip=False,
-        widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={'autocomplete': 'new-password'}),
+        widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={"autocomplete": "new-password"}),
         help_text=password_validation.password_validators_help_text_html(),
     )
     password2 = forms.CharField(
         label=_("Password confirmation"),
-        widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={'autocomplete': 'new-password'}),
+        widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={"autocomplete": "new-password"}),
         strip=False,
         help_text=_("Enter the same password as before, for verification."),
     )
@@ -99,20 +106,22 @@ class UserCreationForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = User
         fields = ("username",)
-        field_classes = {'username': UsernameField}
+        field_classes = {"username": UsernameField}
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         if self._meta.model.USERNAME_FIELD in self.fields:
-            self.fields[self._meta.model.USERNAME_FIELD].widget.attrs['autofocus'] = True
+            self.fields[self._meta.model.USERNAME_FIELD].widget.attrs[
+                "autofocus"
+            ] = True
 
     def clean_password2(self):
         password1 = self.cleaned_data.get("password1")
         password2 = self.cleaned_data.get("password2")
         if password1 and password2 and password1 != password2:
             raise ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['password_mismatch'],
-                code='password_mismatch',
+                self.error_messages["password_mismatch"],
+                code="password_mismatch",
             )
         return password2
 
@@ -120,12 +129,12 @@ class UserCreationForm(forms.ModelForm):
         super()._post_clean()
         # Validate the password after self.instance is updated with form data
         # by super().
-        password = self.cleaned_data.get('password2')
+        password = self.cleaned_data.get("password2")
         if password:
             try:
                 password_validation.validate_password(password, self.instance)
             except ValidationError as error:
-                self.add_error('password2', error)
+                self.add_error("password2", error)
 
     def save(self, commit=True):
         user = super().save(commit=False)
@@ -139,25 +148,27 @@ class UserChangeForm(forms.ModelForm):
     password = ReadOnlyPasswordHashField(
         label=_("Password"),
         help_text=_(
-            'Raw passwords are not stored, so there is no way to see this '
-            'user’s password, but you can change the password using '
+            "Raw passwords are not stored, so there is no way to see this "
+            "user’s password, but you can change the password using "
             '<a href="{}">this form</a>.'
         ),
     )
 
     class Meta:
         model = User
-        fields = '__all__'
-        field_classes = {'username': UsernameField}
+        fields = "__all__"
+        field_classes = {"username": UsernameField}
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-        password = self.fields.get('password')
+        password = self.fields.get("password")
         if password:
-            password.help_text = password.help_text.format('../password/')
-        user_permissions = self.fields.get('user_permissions')
+            password.help_text = password.help_text.format("../password/")
+        user_permissions = self.fields.get("user_permissions")
         if user_permissions:
-            user_permissions.queryset = user_permissions.queryset.select_related('content_type')
+            user_permissions.queryset = user_permissions.queryset.select_related(
+                "content_type"
+            )
 
 
 class AuthenticationForm(forms.Form):
@@ -165,19 +176,20 @@ class AuthenticationForm(forms.Form):
     Base class for authenticating users. Extend this to get a form that accepts
     username/password logins.
     """
-    username = UsernameField(widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'autofocus': True}))
+
+    username = UsernameField(widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={"autofocus": True}))
     password = forms.CharField(
         label=_("Password"),
         strip=False,
-        widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={'autocomplete': 'current-password'}),
+        widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={"autocomplete": "current-password"}),
     )
 
     error_messages = {
-        'invalid_login': _(
+        "invalid_login": _(
             "Please enter a correct %(username)s and password. Note that both "
             "fields may be case-sensitive."
         ),
-        'inactive': _("This account is inactive."),
+        "inactive": _("This account is inactive."),
     }
 
     def __init__(self, request=None, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -192,17 +204,19 @@ class AuthenticationForm(forms.Form):
         # Set the max length and label for the "username" field.
         self.username_field = UserModel._meta.get_field(UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD)
         username_max_length = self.username_field.max_length or 254
-        self.fields['username'].max_length = username_max_length
-        self.fields['username'].widget.attrs['maxlength'] = username_max_length
-        if self.fields['username'].label is None:
-            self.fields['username'].label = capfirst(self.username_field.verbose_name)
+        self.fields["username"].max_length = username_max_length
+        self.fields["username"].widget.attrs["maxlength"] = username_max_length
+        if self.fields["username"].label is None:
+            self.fields["username"].label = capfirst(self.username_field.verbose_name)
 
     def clean(self):
-        username = self.cleaned_data.get('username')
-        password = self.cleaned_data.get('password')
+        username = self.cleaned_data.get("username")
+        password = self.cleaned_data.get("password")
 
         if username is not None and password:
-            self.user_cache = authenticate(self.request, username=username, password=password)
+            self.user_cache = authenticate(
+                self.request, username=username, password=password
+            )
             if self.user_cache is None:
                 raise self.get_invalid_login_error()
             else:
@@ -223,8 +237,8 @@ class AuthenticationForm(forms.Form):
         """
         if not user.is_active:
             raise ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['inactive'],
-                code='inactive',
+                self.error_messages["inactive"],
+                code="inactive",
             )
 
     def get_user(self):
@@ -232,9 +246,9 @@ class AuthenticationForm(forms.Form):
 
     def get_invalid_login_error(self):
         return ValidationError(
-            self.error_messages['invalid_login'],
-            code='invalid_login',
-            params={'username': self.username_field.verbose_name},
+            self.error_messages["invalid_login"],
+            code="invalid_login",
+            params={"username": self.username_field.verbose_name},
         )
 
 
@@ -242,23 +256,30 @@ class PasswordResetForm(forms.Form):
     email = forms.EmailField(
         label=_("Email"),
         max_length=254,
-        widget=forms.EmailInput(attrs={'autocomplete': 'email'})
+        widget=forms.EmailInput(attrs={"autocomplete": "email"}),
     )
 
-    def send_mail(self, subject_template_name, email_template_name,
-                  context, from_email, to_email, html_email_template_name=None):
+    def send_mail(
+        self,
+        subject_template_name,
+        email_template_name,
+        context,
+        from_email,
+        to_email,
+        html_email_template_name=None,
+    ):
         """
         Send a django.core.mail.EmailMultiAlternatives to `to_email`.
         """
         subject = loader.render_to_string(subject_template_name, context)
         # Email subject *must not* contain newlines
-        subject = ''.join(subject.splitlines())
+        subject = "".join(subject.splitlines())
         body = loader.render_to_string(email_template_name, context)
 
         email_message = EmailMultiAlternatives(subject, body, from_email, [to_email])
         if html_email_template_name is not None:
             html_email = loader.render_to_string(html_email_template_name, context)
-            email_message.attach_alternative(html_email, 'text/html')
+            email_message.attach_alternative(html_email, "text/html")
 
         email_message.send()
 
@@ -270,22 +291,31 @@ class PasswordResetForm(forms.Form):
         resetting their password.
         """
         email_field_name = UserModel.get_email_field_name()
-        active_users = UserModel._default_manager.filter(**{
-            '%s__iexact' % email_field_name: email,
-            'is_active': True,
-        })
+        active_users = UserModel._default_manager.filter(
+            **{
+                "%s__iexact" % email_field_name: email,
+                "is_active": True,
+            }
+        )
         return (
-            u for u in active_users
-            if u.has_usable_password() and
-            _unicode_ci_compare(email, getattr(u, email_field_name))
+            u
+            for u in active_users
+            if u.has_usable_password()
+            and _unicode_ci_compare(email, getattr(u, email_field_name))
         )
 
-    def save(self, domain_override=None,
-             subject_template_name='registration/password_reset_subject.txt',
-             email_template_name='registration/password_reset_email.html',
-             use_https=False, token_generator=default_token_generator,
-             from_email=None, request=None, html_email_template_name=None,
-             extra_email_context=None):
+    def save(
+        self,
+        domain_override=None,
+        subject_template_name="registration/password_reset_subject.txt",
+        email_template_name="registration/password_reset_email.html",
+        use_https=False,
+        token_generator=default_token_generator,
+        from_email=None,
+        request=None,
+        html_email_template_name=None,
+        extra_email_context=None,
+    ):
         """
         Generate a one-use only link for resetting password and send it to the
         user.
@@ -301,18 +331,22 @@ class PasswordResetForm(forms.Form):
         for user in self.get_users(email):
             user_email = getattr(user, email_field_name)
             context = {
-                'email': user_email,
-                'domain': domain,
-                'site_name': site_name,
-                'uid': urlsafe_base64_encode(force_bytes(user.pk)),
-                'user': user,
-                'token': token_generator.make_token(user),
-                'protocol': 'https' if use_https else 'http',
+                "email": user_email,
+                "domain": domain,
+                "site_name": site_name,
+                "uid": urlsafe_base64_encode(force_bytes(user.pk)),
+                "user": user,
+                "token": token_generator.make_token(user),
+                "protocol": "https" if use_https else "http",
                 **(extra_email_context or {}),
             }
             self.send_mail(
-                subject_template_name, email_template_name, context, from_email,
-                user_email, html_email_template_name=html_email_template_name,
+                subject_template_name,
+                email_template_name,
+                context,
+                from_email,
+                user_email,
+                html_email_template_name=html_email_template_name,
             )
 
 
@@ -321,19 +355,20 @@ class SetPasswordForm(forms.Form):
     A form that lets a user change set their password without entering the old
     password
     """
+
     error_messages = {
-        'password_mismatch': _('The two password fields didn’t match.'),
+        "password_mismatch": _("The two password fields didn’t match."),
     }
     new_password1 = forms.CharField(
         label=_("New password"),
-        widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={'autocomplete': 'new-password'}),
+        widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={"autocomplete": "new-password"}),
         strip=False,
         help_text=password_validation.password_validators_help_text_html(),
     )
     new_password2 = forms.CharField(
         label=_("New password confirmation"),
         strip=False,
-        widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={'autocomplete': 'new-password'}),
+        widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={"autocomplete": "new-password"}),
     )
 
     def __init__(self, user, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -341,13 +376,13 @@ class SetPasswordForm(forms.Form):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def clean_new_password2(self):
-        password1 = self.cleaned_data.get('new_password1')
-        password2 = self.cleaned_data.get('new_password2')
+        password1 = self.cleaned_data.get("new_password1")
+        password2 = self.cleaned_data.get("new_password2")
         if password1 and password2:
             if password1 != password2:
                 raise ValidationError(
-                    self.error_messages['password_mismatch'],
-                    code='password_mismatch',
+                    self.error_messages["password_mismatch"],
+                    code="password_mismatch",
                 )
         password_validation.validate_password(password2, self.user)
         return password2
@@ -365,17 +400,22 @@ class PasswordChangeForm(SetPasswordForm):
     A form that lets a user change their password by entering their old
     password.
     """
+
     error_messages = {
         **SetPasswordForm.error_messages,
-        'password_incorrect': _("Your old password was entered incorrectly. Please enter it again."),
+        "password_incorrect": _(
+            "Your old password was entered incorrectly. Please enter it again."
+        ),
     }
     old_password = forms.CharField(
         label=_("Old password"),
         strip=False,
-        widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={'autocomplete': 'current-password', 'autofocus': True}),
+        widget=forms.PasswordInput(
+            attrs={"autocomplete": "current-password", "autofocus": True}
+        ),
     )
 
-    field_order = ['old_password', 'new_password1', 'new_password2']
+    field_order = ["old_password", "new_password1", "new_password2"]
 
     def clean_old_password(self):
         """
@@ -384,8 +424,8 @@ class PasswordChangeForm(SetPasswordForm):
         old_password = self.cleaned_data["old_password"]
         if not self.user.check_password(old_password):
             raise ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['password_incorrect'],
-                code='password_incorrect',
+                self.error_messages["password_incorrect"],
+                code="password_incorrect",
             )
         return old_password
 
@@ -394,19 +434,22 @@ class AdminPasswordChangeForm(forms.Form):
     """
     A form used to change the password of a user in the admin interface.
     """
+
     error_messages = {
-        'password_mismatch': _('The two password fields didn’t match.'),
+        "password_mismatch": _("The two password fields didn’t match."),
     }
-    required_css_class = 'required'
+    required_css_class = "required"
     password1 = forms.CharField(
         label=_("Password"),
-        widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={'autocomplete': 'new-password', 'autofocus': True}),
+        widget=forms.PasswordInput(
+            attrs={"autocomplete": "new-password", "autofocus": True}
+        ),
         strip=False,
         help_text=password_validation.password_validators_help_text_html(),
     )
     password2 = forms.CharField(
         label=_("Password (again)"),
-        widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={'autocomplete': 'new-password'}),
+        widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={"autocomplete": "new-password"}),
         strip=False,
         help_text=_("Enter the same password as before, for verification."),
     )
@@ -416,12 +459,12 @@ class AdminPasswordChangeForm(forms.Form):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def clean_password2(self):
-        password1 = self.cleaned_data.get('password1')
-        password2 = self.cleaned_data.get('password2')
+        password1 = self.cleaned_data.get("password1")
+        password2 = self.cleaned_data.get("password2")
         if password1 and password2 and password1 != password2:
             raise ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['password_mismatch'],
-                code='password_mismatch',
+                self.error_messages["password_mismatch"],
+                code="password_mismatch",
             )
         password_validation.validate_password(password2, self.user)
         return password2
@@ -440,4 +483,4 @@ class AdminPasswordChangeForm(forms.Form):
         for name in self.fields:
             if name not in data:
                 return []
-        return ['password']
+        return ["password"]
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/hashers.py b/django/contrib/auth/hashers.py
index b0b3e730b8..3cdbaa75b0 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/hashers.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/hashers.py
@@ -11,13 +11,19 @@ from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.core.signals import setting_changed
 from django.dispatch import receiver
 from django.utils.crypto import (
-    RANDOM_STRING_CHARS, constant_time_compare, get_random_string, md5, pbkdf2,
+    RANDOM_STRING_CHARS,
+    constant_time_compare,
+    get_random_string,
+    md5,
+    pbkdf2,
 )
 from django.utils.module_loading import import_string
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_noop as _
 
-UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_PREFIX = '!'  # This will never be a valid encoded hash
-UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_SUFFIX_LENGTH = 40  # number of random chars to add after UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_PREFIX
+UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_PREFIX = "!"  # This will never be a valid encoded hash
+UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_SUFFIX_LENGTH = (
+    40  # number of random chars to add after UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_PREFIX
+)
 
 
 def is_password_usable(encoded):
@@ -28,7 +34,7 @@ def is_password_usable(encoded):
     return encoded is None or not encoded.startswith(UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_PREFIX)
 
 
-def check_password(password, encoded, setter=None, preferred='default'):
+def check_password(password, encoded, setter=None, preferred="default"):
     """
     Return a boolean of whether the raw password matches the three
     part encoded digest.
@@ -62,7 +68,7 @@ def check_password(password, encoded, setter=None, preferred='default'):
     return is_correct
 
 
-def make_password(password, salt=None, hasher='default'):
+def make_password(password, salt=None, hasher="default"):
     """
     Turn a plain-text password into a hash for database storage
 
@@ -72,11 +78,12 @@ def make_password(password, salt=None, hasher='default'):
     access to staff or superuser accounts. See ticket #20079 for more info.
     """
     if password is None:
-        return UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_PREFIX + get_random_string(UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_SUFFIX_LENGTH)
+        return UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_PREFIX + get_random_string(
+            UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_SUFFIX_LENGTH
+        )
     if not isinstance(password, (bytes, str)):
         raise TypeError(
-            'Password must be a string or bytes, got %s.'
-            % type(password).__qualname__
+            "Password must be a string or bytes, got %s." % type(password).__qualname__
         )
     hasher = get_hasher(hasher)
     salt = salt or hasher.salt()
@@ -89,7 +96,7 @@ def get_hashers():
     for hasher_path in settings.PASSWORD_HASHERS:
         hasher_cls = import_string(hasher_path)
         hasher = hasher_cls()
-        if not getattr(hasher, 'algorithm'):
+        if not getattr(hasher, "algorithm"):
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                 "hasher doesn't specify an algorithm name: %s" % hasher_path
             )
@@ -104,22 +111,22 @@ def get_hashers_by_algorithm():
 
 @receiver(setting_changed)
 def reset_hashers(*, setting, **kwargs):
-    if setting == 'PASSWORD_HASHERS':
+    if setting == "PASSWORD_HASHERS":
         get_hashers.cache_clear()
         get_hashers_by_algorithm.cache_clear()
 
 
-def get_hasher(algorithm='default'):
+def get_hasher(algorithm="default"):
     """
     Return an instance of a loaded password hasher.
 
     If algorithm is 'default', return the default hasher. Lazily import hashers
     specified in the project's settings file if needed.
     """
-    if hasattr(algorithm, 'algorithm'):
+    if hasattr(algorithm, "algorithm"):
         return algorithm
 
-    elif algorithm == 'default':
+    elif algorithm == "default":
         return get_hashers()[0]
 
     else:
@@ -127,9 +134,11 @@ def get_hasher(algorithm='default'):
         try:
             return hashers[algorithm]
         except KeyError:
-            raise ValueError("Unknown password hashing algorithm '%s'. "
-                             "Did you specify it in the PASSWORD_HASHERS "
-                             "setting?" % algorithm)
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Unknown password hashing algorithm '%s'. "
+                "Did you specify it in the PASSWORD_HASHERS "
+                "setting?" % algorithm
+            )
 
 
 def identify_hasher(encoded):
@@ -142,14 +151,15 @@ def identify_hasher(encoded):
     """
     # Ancient versions of Django created plain MD5 passwords and accepted
     # MD5 passwords with an empty salt.
-    if ((len(encoded) == 32 and '$' not in encoded) or
-            (len(encoded) == 37 and encoded.startswith('md5$$'))):
-        algorithm = 'unsalted_md5'
+    if (len(encoded) == 32 and "$" not in encoded) or (
+        len(encoded) == 37 and encoded.startswith("md5$$")
+    ):
+        algorithm = "unsalted_md5"
     # Ancient versions of Django accepted SHA1 passwords with an empty salt.
-    elif len(encoded) == 46 and encoded.startswith('sha1$$'):
-        algorithm = 'unsalted_sha1'
+    elif len(encoded) == 46 and encoded.startswith("sha1$$"):
+        algorithm = "unsalted_sha1"
     else:
-        algorithm = encoded.split('$', 1)[0]
+        algorithm = encoded.split("$", 1)[0]
     return get_hasher(algorithm)
 
 
@@ -177,6 +187,7 @@ class BasePasswordHasher:
 
     PasswordHasher objects are immutable.
     """
+
     algorithm = None
     library = None
     salt_entropy = 128
@@ -190,11 +201,14 @@ class BasePasswordHasher:
             try:
                 module = importlib.import_module(mod_path)
             except ImportError as e:
-                raise ValueError("Couldn't load %r algorithm library: %s" %
-                                 (self.__class__.__name__, e))
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Couldn't load %r algorithm library: %s"
+                    % (self.__class__.__name__, e)
+                )
             return module
-        raise ValueError("Hasher %r doesn't specify a library attribute" %
-                         self.__class__.__name__)
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Hasher %r doesn't specify a library attribute" % self.__class__.__name__
+        )
 
     def salt(self):
         """
@@ -208,13 +222,15 @@ class BasePasswordHasher:
 
     def verify(self, password, encoded):
         """Check if the given password is correct."""
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BasePasswordHasher must provide a verify() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BasePasswordHasher must provide a verify() method"
+        )
 
     def _check_encode_args(self, password, salt):
         if password is None:
-            raise TypeError('password must be provided.')
-        if not salt or '$' in salt:
-            raise ValueError('salt must be provided and cannot contain $.')
+            raise TypeError("password must be provided.")
+        if not salt or "$" in salt:
+            raise ValueError("salt must be provided and cannot contain $.")
 
     def encode(self, password, salt):
         """
@@ -223,7 +239,9 @@ class BasePasswordHasher:
         The result is normally formatted as "algorithm$salt$hash" and
         must be fewer than 128 characters.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BasePasswordHasher must provide an encode() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BasePasswordHasher must provide an encode() method"
+        )
 
     def decode(self, encoded):
         """
@@ -234,7 +252,7 @@ class BasePasswordHasher:
         `work_factor`.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            'subclasses of BasePasswordHasher must provide a decode() method.'
+            "subclasses of BasePasswordHasher must provide a decode() method."
         )
 
     def safe_summary(self, encoded):
@@ -244,7 +262,9 @@ class BasePasswordHasher:
         The result is a dictionary and will be used where the password field
         must be displayed to construct a safe representation of the password.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BasePasswordHasher must provide a safe_summary() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BasePasswordHasher must provide a safe_summary() method"
+        )
 
     def must_update(self, encoded):
         return False
@@ -260,7 +280,9 @@ class BasePasswordHasher:
         for any hasher that has a work factor. If not, this method should be
         defined as a no-op to silence the warning.
         """
-        warnings.warn('subclasses of BasePasswordHasher should provide a harden_runtime() method')
+        warnings.warn(
+            "subclasses of BasePasswordHasher should provide a harden_runtime() method"
+        )
 
 
 class PBKDF2PasswordHasher(BasePasswordHasher):
@@ -271,6 +293,7 @@ class PBKDF2PasswordHasher(BasePasswordHasher):
     The result is a 64 byte binary string.  Iterations may be changed
     safely but you must rename the algorithm if you change SHA256.
     """
+
     algorithm = "pbkdf2_sha256"
     iterations = 390000
     digest = hashlib.sha256
@@ -279,43 +302,43 @@ class PBKDF2PasswordHasher(BasePasswordHasher):
         self._check_encode_args(password, salt)
         iterations = iterations or self.iterations
         hash = pbkdf2(password, salt, iterations, digest=self.digest)
-        hash = base64.b64encode(hash).decode('ascii').strip()
+        hash = base64.b64encode(hash).decode("ascii").strip()
         return "%s$%d$%s$%s" % (self.algorithm, iterations, salt, hash)
 
     def decode(self, encoded):
-        algorithm, iterations, salt, hash = encoded.split('$', 3)
+        algorithm, iterations, salt, hash = encoded.split("$", 3)
         assert algorithm == self.algorithm
         return {
-            'algorithm': algorithm,
-            'hash': hash,
-            'iterations': int(iterations),
-            'salt': salt,
+            "algorithm": algorithm,
+            "hash": hash,
+            "iterations": int(iterations),
+            "salt": salt,
         }
 
     def verify(self, password, encoded):
         decoded = self.decode(encoded)
-        encoded_2 = self.encode(password, decoded['salt'], decoded['iterations'])
+        encoded_2 = self.encode(password, decoded["salt"], decoded["iterations"])
         return constant_time_compare(encoded, encoded_2)
 
     def safe_summary(self, encoded):
         decoded = self.decode(encoded)
         return {
-            _('algorithm'): decoded['algorithm'],
-            _('iterations'): decoded['iterations'],
-            _('salt'): mask_hash(decoded['salt']),
-            _('hash'): mask_hash(decoded['hash']),
+            _("algorithm"): decoded["algorithm"],
+            _("iterations"): decoded["iterations"],
+            _("salt"): mask_hash(decoded["salt"]),
+            _("hash"): mask_hash(decoded["hash"]),
         }
 
     def must_update(self, encoded):
         decoded = self.decode(encoded)
-        update_salt = must_update_salt(decoded['salt'], self.salt_entropy)
-        return (decoded['iterations'] != self.iterations) or update_salt
+        update_salt = must_update_salt(decoded["salt"], self.salt_entropy)
+        return (decoded["iterations"] != self.iterations) or update_salt
 
     def harden_runtime(self, password, encoded):
         decoded = self.decode(encoded)
-        extra_iterations = self.iterations - decoded['iterations']
+        extra_iterations = self.iterations - decoded["iterations"]
         if extra_iterations > 0:
-            self.encode(password, decoded['salt'], extra_iterations)
+            self.encode(password, decoded["salt"], extra_iterations)
 
 
 class PBKDF2SHA1PasswordHasher(PBKDF2PasswordHasher):
@@ -325,6 +348,7 @@ class PBKDF2SHA1PasswordHasher(PBKDF2PasswordHasher):
     implementations of PBKDF2, such as openssl's
     PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA1().
     """
+
     algorithm = "pbkdf2_sha1"
     digest = hashlib.sha1
 
@@ -337,8 +361,9 @@ class Argon2PasswordHasher(BasePasswordHasher):
     (https://password-hashing.net). It requires the argon2-cffi library which
     depends on native C code and might cause portability issues.
     """
-    algorithm = 'argon2'
-    library = 'argon2'
+
+    algorithm = "argon2"
+    library = "argon2"
 
     time_cost = 2
     memory_cost = 102400
@@ -356,59 +381,59 @@ class Argon2PasswordHasher(BasePasswordHasher):
             hash_len=params.hash_len,
             type=params.type,
         )
-        return self.algorithm + data.decode('ascii')
+        return self.algorithm + data.decode("ascii")
 
     def decode(self, encoded):
         argon2 = self._load_library()
-        algorithm, rest = encoded.split('$', 1)
+        algorithm, rest = encoded.split("$", 1)
         assert algorithm == self.algorithm
-        params = argon2.extract_parameters('$' + rest)
-        variety, *_, b64salt, hash = rest.split('$')
+        params = argon2.extract_parameters("$" + rest)
+        variety, *_, b64salt, hash = rest.split("$")
         # Add padding.
-        b64salt += '=' * (-len(b64salt) % 4)
-        salt = base64.b64decode(b64salt).decode('latin1')
+        b64salt += "=" * (-len(b64salt) % 4)
+        salt = base64.b64decode(b64salt).decode("latin1")
         return {
-            'algorithm': algorithm,
-            'hash': hash,
-            'memory_cost': params.memory_cost,
-            'parallelism': params.parallelism,
-            'salt': salt,
-            'time_cost': params.time_cost,
-            'variety': variety,
-            'version': params.version,
-            'params': params,
+            "algorithm": algorithm,
+            "hash": hash,
+            "memory_cost": params.memory_cost,
+            "parallelism": params.parallelism,
+            "salt": salt,
+            "time_cost": params.time_cost,
+            "variety": variety,
+            "version": params.version,
+            "params": params,
         }
 
     def verify(self, password, encoded):
         argon2 = self._load_library()
-        algorithm, rest = encoded.split('$', 1)
+        algorithm, rest = encoded.split("$", 1)
         assert algorithm == self.algorithm
         try:
-            return argon2.PasswordHasher().verify('$' + rest, password)
+            return argon2.PasswordHasher().verify("$" + rest, password)
         except argon2.exceptions.VerificationError:
             return False
 
     def safe_summary(self, encoded):
         decoded = self.decode(encoded)
         return {
-            _('algorithm'): decoded['algorithm'],
-            _('variety'): decoded['variety'],
-            _('version'): decoded['version'],
-            _('memory cost'): decoded['memory_cost'],
-            _('time cost'): decoded['time_cost'],
-            _('parallelism'): decoded['parallelism'],
-            _('salt'): mask_hash(decoded['salt']),
-            _('hash'): mask_hash(decoded['hash']),
+            _("algorithm"): decoded["algorithm"],
+            _("variety"): decoded["variety"],
+            _("version"): decoded["version"],
+            _("memory cost"): decoded["memory_cost"],
+            _("time cost"): decoded["time_cost"],
+            _("parallelism"): decoded["parallelism"],
+            _("salt"): mask_hash(decoded["salt"]),
+            _("hash"): mask_hash(decoded["hash"]),
         }
 
     def must_update(self, encoded):
         decoded = self.decode(encoded)
-        current_params = decoded['params']
+        current_params = decoded["params"]
         new_params = self.params()
         # Set salt_len to the salt_len of the current parameters because salt
         # is explicitly passed to argon2.
         new_params.salt_len = current_params.salt_len
-        update_salt = must_update_salt(decoded['salt'], self.salt_entropy)
+        update_salt = must_update_salt(decoded["salt"], self.salt_entropy)
         return (current_params != new_params) or update_salt
 
     def harden_runtime(self, password, encoded):
@@ -439,6 +464,7 @@ class BCryptSHA256PasswordHasher(BasePasswordHasher):
     this library depends on native C code and might cause portability
     issues.
     """
+
     algorithm = "bcrypt_sha256"
     digest = hashlib.sha256
     library = ("bcrypt", "bcrypt")
@@ -458,46 +484,46 @@ class BCryptSHA256PasswordHasher(BasePasswordHasher):
             password = binascii.hexlify(self.digest(password).digest())
 
         data = bcrypt.hashpw(password, salt)
-        return "%s$%s" % (self.algorithm, data.decode('ascii'))
+        return "%s$%s" % (self.algorithm, data.decode("ascii"))
 
     def decode(self, encoded):
-        algorithm, empty, algostr, work_factor, data = encoded.split('$', 4)
+        algorithm, empty, algostr, work_factor, data = encoded.split("$", 4)
         assert algorithm == self.algorithm
         return {
-            'algorithm': algorithm,
-            'algostr': algostr,
-            'checksum': data[22:],
-            'salt': data[:22],
-            'work_factor': int(work_factor),
+            "algorithm": algorithm,
+            "algostr": algostr,
+            "checksum": data[22:],
+            "salt": data[:22],
+            "work_factor": int(work_factor),
         }
 
     def verify(self, password, encoded):
-        algorithm, data = encoded.split('$', 1)
+        algorithm, data = encoded.split("$", 1)
         assert algorithm == self.algorithm
-        encoded_2 = self.encode(password, data.encode('ascii'))
+        encoded_2 = self.encode(password, data.encode("ascii"))
         return constant_time_compare(encoded, encoded_2)
 
     def safe_summary(self, encoded):
         decoded = self.decode(encoded)
         return {
-            _('algorithm'): decoded['algorithm'],
-            _('work factor'): decoded['work_factor'],
-            _('salt'): mask_hash(decoded['salt']),
-            _('checksum'): mask_hash(decoded['checksum']),
+            _("algorithm"): decoded["algorithm"],
+            _("work factor"): decoded["work_factor"],
+            _("salt"): mask_hash(decoded["salt"]),
+            _("checksum"): mask_hash(decoded["checksum"]),
         }
 
     def must_update(self, encoded):
         decoded = self.decode(encoded)
-        return decoded['work_factor'] != self.rounds
+        return decoded["work_factor"] != self.rounds
 
     def harden_runtime(self, password, encoded):
-        _, data = encoded.split('$', 1)
+        _, data = encoded.split("$", 1)
         salt = data[:29]  # Length of the salt in bcrypt.
-        rounds = data.split('$')[2]
+        rounds = data.split("$")[2]
         # work factor is logarithmic, adding one doubles the load.
-        diff = 2**(self.rounds - int(rounds)) - 1
+        diff = 2 ** (self.rounds - int(rounds)) - 1
         while diff > 0:
-            self.encode(password, salt.encode('ascii'))
+            self.encode(password, salt.encode("ascii"))
             diff -= 1
 
 
@@ -514,6 +540,7 @@ class BCryptPasswordHasher(BCryptSHA256PasswordHasher):
     bcrypt's 72 bytes password truncation. Most use cases should prefer the
     BCryptSHA256PasswordHasher.
     """
+
     algorithm = "bcrypt"
     digest = None
 
@@ -522,11 +549,12 @@ class ScryptPasswordHasher(BasePasswordHasher):
     """
     Secure password hashing using the Scrypt algorithm.
     """
-    algorithm = 'scrypt'
+
+    algorithm = "scrypt"
     block_size = 8
     maxmem = 0
     parallelism = 1
-    work_factor = 2 ** 14
+    work_factor = 2**14
 
     def encode(self, password, salt, n=None, r=None, p=None):
         self._check_encode_args(password, salt)
@@ -542,49 +570,51 @@ class ScryptPasswordHasher(BasePasswordHasher):
             maxmem=self.maxmem,
             dklen=64,
         )
-        hash_ = base64.b64encode(hash_).decode('ascii').strip()
-        return '%s$%d$%s$%d$%d$%s' % (self.algorithm, n, salt, r, p, hash_)
+        hash_ = base64.b64encode(hash_).decode("ascii").strip()
+        return "%s$%d$%s$%d$%d$%s" % (self.algorithm, n, salt, r, p, hash_)
 
     def decode(self, encoded):
-        algorithm, work_factor, salt, block_size, parallelism, hash_ = encoded.split('$', 6)
+        algorithm, work_factor, salt, block_size, parallelism, hash_ = encoded.split(
+            "$", 6
+        )
         assert algorithm == self.algorithm
         return {
-            'algorithm': algorithm,
-            'work_factor': int(work_factor),
-            'salt': salt,
-            'block_size': int(block_size),
-            'parallelism': int(parallelism),
-            'hash': hash_,
+            "algorithm": algorithm,
+            "work_factor": int(work_factor),
+            "salt": salt,
+            "block_size": int(block_size),
+            "parallelism": int(parallelism),
+            "hash": hash_,
         }
 
     def verify(self, password, encoded):
         decoded = self.decode(encoded)
         encoded_2 = self.encode(
             password,
-            decoded['salt'],
-            decoded['work_factor'],
-            decoded['block_size'],
-            decoded['parallelism'],
+            decoded["salt"],
+            decoded["work_factor"],
+            decoded["block_size"],
+            decoded["parallelism"],
         )
         return constant_time_compare(encoded, encoded_2)
 
     def safe_summary(self, encoded):
         decoded = self.decode(encoded)
         return {
-            _('algorithm'): decoded['algorithm'],
-            _('work factor'): decoded['work_factor'],
-            _('block size'): decoded['block_size'],
-            _('parallelism'): decoded['parallelism'],
-            _('salt'): mask_hash(decoded['salt']),
-            _('hash'): mask_hash(decoded['hash']),
+            _("algorithm"): decoded["algorithm"],
+            _("work factor"): decoded["work_factor"],
+            _("block size"): decoded["block_size"],
+            _("parallelism"): decoded["parallelism"],
+            _("salt"): mask_hash(decoded["salt"]),
+            _("hash"): mask_hash(decoded["hash"]),
         }
 
     def must_update(self, encoded):
         decoded = self.decode(encoded)
         return (
-            decoded['work_factor'] != self.work_factor or
-            decoded['block_size'] != self.block_size or
-            decoded['parallelism'] != self.parallelism
+            decoded["work_factor"] != self.work_factor
+            or decoded["block_size"] != self.block_size
+            or decoded["parallelism"] != self.parallelism
         )
 
     def harden_runtime(self, password, encoded):
@@ -597,6 +627,7 @@ class SHA1PasswordHasher(BasePasswordHasher):
     """
     The SHA1 password hashing algorithm (not recommended)
     """
+
     algorithm = "sha1"
 
     def encode(self, password, salt):
@@ -605,30 +636,30 @@ class SHA1PasswordHasher(BasePasswordHasher):
         return "%s$%s$%s" % (self.algorithm, salt, hash)
 
     def decode(self, encoded):
-        algorithm, salt, hash = encoded.split('$', 2)
+        algorithm, salt, hash = encoded.split("$", 2)
         assert algorithm == self.algorithm
         return {
-            'algorithm': algorithm,
-            'hash': hash,
-            'salt': salt,
+            "algorithm": algorithm,
+            "hash": hash,
+            "salt": salt,
         }
 
     def verify(self, password, encoded):
         decoded = self.decode(encoded)
-        encoded_2 = self.encode(password, decoded['salt'])
+        encoded_2 = self.encode(password, decoded["salt"])
         return constant_time_compare(encoded, encoded_2)
 
     def safe_summary(self, encoded):
         decoded = self.decode(encoded)
         return {
-            _('algorithm'): decoded['algorithm'],
-            _('salt'): mask_hash(decoded['salt'], show=2),
-            _('hash'): mask_hash(decoded['hash']),
+            _("algorithm"): decoded["algorithm"],
+            _("salt"): mask_hash(decoded["salt"], show=2),
+            _("hash"): mask_hash(decoded["hash"]),
         }
 
     def must_update(self, encoded):
         decoded = self.decode(encoded)
-        return must_update_salt(decoded['salt'], self.salt_entropy)
+        return must_update_salt(decoded["salt"], self.salt_entropy)
 
     def harden_runtime(self, password, encoded):
         pass
@@ -638,6 +669,7 @@ class MD5PasswordHasher(BasePasswordHasher):
     """
     The Salted MD5 password hashing algorithm (not recommended)
     """
+
     algorithm = "md5"
 
     def encode(self, password, salt):
@@ -646,30 +678,30 @@ class MD5PasswordHasher(BasePasswordHasher):
         return "%s$%s$%s" % (self.algorithm, salt, hash)
 
     def decode(self, encoded):
-        algorithm, salt, hash = encoded.split('$', 2)
+        algorithm, salt, hash = encoded.split("$", 2)
         assert algorithm == self.algorithm
         return {
-            'algorithm': algorithm,
-            'hash': hash,
-            'salt': salt,
+            "algorithm": algorithm,
+            "hash": hash,
+            "salt": salt,
         }
 
     def verify(self, password, encoded):
         decoded = self.decode(encoded)
-        encoded_2 = self.encode(password, decoded['salt'])
+        encoded_2 = self.encode(password, decoded["salt"])
         return constant_time_compare(encoded, encoded_2)
 
     def safe_summary(self, encoded):
         decoded = self.decode(encoded)
         return {
-            _('algorithm'): decoded['algorithm'],
-            _('salt'): mask_hash(decoded['salt'], show=2),
-            _('hash'): mask_hash(decoded['hash']),
+            _("algorithm"): decoded["algorithm"],
+            _("salt"): mask_hash(decoded["salt"], show=2),
+            _("hash"): mask_hash(decoded["hash"]),
         }
 
     def must_update(self, encoded):
         decoded = self.decode(encoded)
-        return must_update_salt(decoded['salt'], self.salt_entropy)
+        return must_update_salt(decoded["salt"], self.salt_entropy)
 
     def harden_runtime(self, password, encoded):
         pass
@@ -684,34 +716,35 @@ class UnsaltedSHA1PasswordHasher(BasePasswordHasher):
     hashes. Some older Django installs still have these values lingering
     around so we need to handle and upgrade them properly.
     """
+
     algorithm = "unsalted_sha1"
 
     def salt(self):
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
     def encode(self, password, salt):
-        if salt != '':
-            raise ValueError('salt must be empty.')
+        if salt != "":
+            raise ValueError("salt must be empty.")
         hash = hashlib.sha1(password.encode()).hexdigest()
-        return 'sha1$$%s' % hash
+        return "sha1$$%s" % hash
 
     def decode(self, encoded):
-        assert encoded.startswith('sha1$$')
+        assert encoded.startswith("sha1$$")
         return {
-            'algorithm': self.algorithm,
-            'hash': encoded[6:],
-            'salt': None,
+            "algorithm": self.algorithm,
+            "hash": encoded[6:],
+            "salt": None,
         }
 
     def verify(self, password, encoded):
-        encoded_2 = self.encode(password, '')
+        encoded_2 = self.encode(password, "")
         return constant_time_compare(encoded, encoded_2)
 
     def safe_summary(self, encoded):
         decoded = self.decode(encoded)
         return {
-            _('algorithm'): decoded['algorithm'],
-            _('hash'): mask_hash(decoded['hash']),
+            _("algorithm"): decoded["algorithm"],
+            _("hash"): mask_hash(decoded["hash"]),
         }
 
     def harden_runtime(self, password, encoded):
@@ -729,34 +762,35 @@ class UnsaltedMD5PasswordHasher(BasePasswordHasher):
     these values lingering around so we need to handle and upgrade them
     properly.
     """
+
     algorithm = "unsalted_md5"
 
     def salt(self):
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
     def encode(self, password, salt):
-        if salt != '':
-            raise ValueError('salt must be empty.')
+        if salt != "":
+            raise ValueError("salt must be empty.")
         return md5(password.encode()).hexdigest()
 
     def decode(self, encoded):
         return {
-            'algorithm': self.algorithm,
-            'hash': encoded,
-            'salt': None,
+            "algorithm": self.algorithm,
+            "hash": encoded,
+            "salt": None,
         }
 
     def verify(self, password, encoded):
-        if len(encoded) == 37 and encoded.startswith('md5$$'):
+        if len(encoded) == 37 and encoded.startswith("md5$$"):
             encoded = encoded[5:]
-        encoded_2 = self.encode(password, '')
+        encoded_2 = self.encode(password, "")
         return constant_time_compare(encoded, encoded_2)
 
     def safe_summary(self, encoded):
         decoded = self.decode(encoded)
         return {
-            _('algorithm'): decoded['algorithm'],
-            _('hash'): mask_hash(decoded['hash'], show=3),
+            _("algorithm"): decoded["algorithm"],
+            _("hash"): mask_hash(decoded["hash"], show=3),
         }
 
     def harden_runtime(self, password, encoded):
@@ -769,6 +803,7 @@ class CryptPasswordHasher(BasePasswordHasher):
 
     The crypt module is not supported on all platforms.
     """
+
     algorithm = "crypt"
     library = "crypt"
 
@@ -778,34 +813,34 @@ class CryptPasswordHasher(BasePasswordHasher):
     def encode(self, password, salt):
         crypt = self._load_library()
         if len(salt) != 2:
-            raise ValueError('salt must be of length 2.')
+            raise ValueError("salt must be of length 2.")
         hash = crypt.crypt(password, salt)
         if hash is None:  # A platform like OpenBSD with a dummy crypt module.
-            raise TypeError('hash must be provided.')
+            raise TypeError("hash must be provided.")
         # we don't need to store the salt, but Django used to do this
-        return '%s$%s$%s' % (self.algorithm, '', hash)
+        return "%s$%s$%s" % (self.algorithm, "", hash)
 
     def decode(self, encoded):
-        algorithm, salt, hash = encoded.split('$', 2)
+        algorithm, salt, hash = encoded.split("$", 2)
         assert algorithm == self.algorithm
         return {
-            'algorithm': algorithm,
-            'hash': hash,
-            'salt': salt,
+            "algorithm": algorithm,
+            "hash": hash,
+            "salt": salt,
         }
 
     def verify(self, password, encoded):
         crypt = self._load_library()
         decoded = self.decode(encoded)
-        data = crypt.crypt(password, decoded['hash'])
-        return constant_time_compare(decoded['hash'], data)
+        data = crypt.crypt(password, decoded["hash"])
+        return constant_time_compare(decoded["hash"], data)
 
     def safe_summary(self, encoded):
         decoded = self.decode(encoded)
         return {
-            _('algorithm'): decoded['algorithm'],
-            _('salt'): decoded['salt'],
-            _('hash'): mask_hash(decoded['hash'], show=3),
+            _("algorithm"): decoded["algorithm"],
+            _("salt"): decoded["salt"],
+            _("hash"): mask_hash(decoded["hash"], show=3),
         }
 
     def harden_runtime(self, password, encoded):
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/management/__init__.py b/django/contrib/auth/management/__init__.py
index 1170cb0b20..0b5a982617 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/management/__init__.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/management/__init__.py
@@ -25,27 +25,43 @@ def _get_builtin_permissions(opts):
     """
     perms = []
     for action in opts.default_permissions:
-        perms.append((
-            get_permission_codename(action, opts),
-            'Can %s %s' % (action, opts.verbose_name_raw)
-        ))
+        perms.append(
+            (
+                get_permission_codename(action, opts),
+                "Can %s %s" % (action, opts.verbose_name_raw),
+            )
+        )
     return perms
 
 
-def create_permissions(app_config, verbosity=2, interactive=True, using=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, apps=global_apps, **kwargs):
+def create_permissions(
+    app_config,
+    verbosity=2,
+    interactive=True,
+    using=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+    apps=global_apps,
+    **kwargs,
+):
     if not app_config.models_module:
         return
 
     # Ensure that contenttypes are created for this app. Needed if
     # 'django.contrib.auth' is in INSTALLED_APPS before
     # 'django.contrib.contenttypes'.
-    create_contenttypes(app_config, verbosity=verbosity, interactive=interactive, using=using, apps=apps, **kwargs)
+    create_contenttypes(
+        app_config,
+        verbosity=verbosity,
+        interactive=interactive,
+        using=using,
+        apps=apps,
+        **kwargs,
+    )
 
     app_label = app_config.label
     try:
         app_config = apps.get_app_config(app_label)
-        ContentType = apps.get_model('contenttypes', 'ContentType')
-        Permission = apps.get_model('auth', 'Permission')
+        ContentType = apps.get_model("contenttypes", "ContentType")
+        Permission = apps.get_model("auth", "Permission")
     except LookupError:
         return
 
@@ -60,7 +76,9 @@ def create_permissions(app_config, verbosity=2, interactive=True, using=DEFAULT_
     for klass in app_config.get_models():
         # Force looking up the content types in the current database
         # before creating foreign keys to them.
-        ctype = ContentType.objects.db_manager(using).get_for_model(klass, for_concrete_model=False)
+        ctype = ContentType.objects.db_manager(using).get_for_model(
+            klass, for_concrete_model=False
+        )
 
         ctypes.add(ctype)
         for perm in _get_all_permissions(klass._meta):
@@ -69,11 +87,13 @@ def create_permissions(app_config, verbosity=2, interactive=True, using=DEFAULT_
     # Find all the Permissions that have a content_type for a model we're
     # looking for.  We don't need to check for codenames since we already have
     # a list of the ones we're going to create.
-    all_perms = set(Permission.objects.using(using).filter(
-        content_type__in=ctypes,
-    ).values_list(
-        "content_type", "codename"
-    ))
+    all_perms = set(
+        Permission.objects.using(using)
+        .filter(
+            content_type__in=ctypes,
+        )
+        .values_list("content_type", "codename")
+    )
 
     perms = [
         Permission(codename=codename, name=name, content_type=ct)
@@ -97,7 +117,7 @@ def get_system_username():
         # KeyError will be raised by os.getpwuid() (called by getuser())
         # if there is no corresponding entry in the /etc/passwd file
         # (a very restricted chroot environment, for example).
-        return ''
+        return ""
     return result
 
 
@@ -117,23 +137,25 @@ def get_default_username(check_db=True, database=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS):
     # If the User model has been swapped out, we can't make any assumptions
     # about the default user name.
     if auth_app.User._meta.swapped:
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
     default_username = get_system_username()
     try:
         default_username = (
-            unicodedata.normalize('NFKD', default_username)
-            .encode('ascii', 'ignore').decode('ascii')
-            .replace(' ', '').lower()
+            unicodedata.normalize("NFKD", default_username)
+            .encode("ascii", "ignore")
+            .decode("ascii")
+            .replace(" ", "")
+            .lower()
         )
     except UnicodeDecodeError:
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
     # Run the username validator
     try:
-        auth_app.User._meta.get_field('username').run_validators(default_username)
+        auth_app.User._meta.get_field("username").run_validators(default_username)
     except exceptions.ValidationError:
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
     # Don't return the default username if it is already taken.
     if check_db and default_username:
@@ -144,5 +166,5 @@ def get_default_username(check_db=True, database=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS):
         except auth_app.User.DoesNotExist:
             pass
         else:
-            return ''
+            return ""
     return default_username
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/management/commands/changepassword.py b/django/contrib/auth/management/commands/changepassword.py
index b0c0a7f59a..dfe6cbe5f5 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/management/commands/changepassword.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/management/commands/changepassword.py
@@ -22,25 +22,26 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument(
-            'username', nargs='?',
-            help='Username to change password for; by default, it\'s the current username.',
+            "username",
+            nargs="?",
+            help="Username to change password for; by default, it's the current username.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--database',
+            "--database",
             default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
             help='Specifies the database to use. Default is "default".',
         )
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
-        if options['username']:
-            username = options['username']
+        if options["username"]:
+            username = options["username"]
         else:
             username = getpass.getuser()
 
         try:
-            u = UserModel._default_manager.using(options['database']).get(**{
-                UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD: username
-            })
+            u = UserModel._default_manager.using(options["database"]).get(
+                **{UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD: username}
+            )
         except UserModel.DoesNotExist:
             raise CommandError("user '%s' does not exist" % username)
 
@@ -54,20 +55,22 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             p1 = self._get_pass()
             p2 = self._get_pass("Password (again): ")
             if p1 != p2:
-                self.stdout.write('Passwords do not match. Please try again.')
+                self.stdout.write("Passwords do not match. Please try again.")
                 count += 1
                 # Don't validate passwords that don't match.
                 continue
             try:
                 validate_password(p2, u)
             except ValidationError as err:
-                self.stderr.write('\n'.join(err.messages))
+                self.stderr.write("\n".join(err.messages))
                 count += 1
             else:
                 password_validated = True
 
         if count == MAX_TRIES:
-            raise CommandError("Aborting password change for user '%s' after %s attempts" % (u, count))
+            raise CommandError(
+                "Aborting password change for user '%s' after %s attempts" % (u, count)
+            )
 
         u.set_password(p1)
         u.save()
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/management/commands/createsuperuser.py b/django/contrib/auth/management/commands/createsuperuser.py
index 42898e6744..5fffa55a22 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/management/commands/createsuperuser.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/management/commands/createsuperuser.py
@@ -18,69 +18,77 @@ class NotRunningInTTYException(Exception):
     pass
 
 
-PASSWORD_FIELD = 'password'
+PASSWORD_FIELD = "password"
 
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
-    help = 'Used to create a superuser.'
+    help = "Used to create a superuser."
     requires_migrations_checks = True
-    stealth_options = ('stdin',)
+    stealth_options = ("stdin",)
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self.UserModel = get_user_model()
-        self.username_field = self.UserModel._meta.get_field(self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD)
+        self.username_field = self.UserModel._meta.get_field(
+            self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD
+        )
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--%s' % self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD,
-            help='Specifies the login for the superuser.',
+            "--%s" % self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD,
+            help="Specifies the login for the superuser.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--noinput', '--no-input', action='store_false', dest='interactive',
+            "--noinput",
+            "--no-input",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="interactive",
             help=(
-                'Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind. '
-                'You must use --%s with --noinput, along with an option for '
-                'any other required field. Superusers created with --noinput will '
-                'not be able to log in until they\'re given a valid password.' %
-                self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD
+                "Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind. "
+                "You must use --%s with --noinput, along with an option for "
+                "any other required field. Superusers created with --noinput will "
+                "not be able to log in until they're given a valid password."
+                % self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD
             ),
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--database',
+            "--database",
             default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
             help='Specifies the database to use. Default is "default".',
         )
         for field_name in self.UserModel.REQUIRED_FIELDS:
             field = self.UserModel._meta.get_field(field_name)
             if field.many_to_many:
-                if field.remote_field.through and not field.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created:
+                if (
+                    field.remote_field.through
+                    and not field.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created
+                ):
                     raise CommandError(
                         "Required field '%s' specifies a many-to-many "
-                        "relation through model, which is not supported."
-                        % field_name
+                        "relation through model, which is not supported." % field_name
                     )
                 else:
                     parser.add_argument(
-                        '--%s' % field_name, action='append',
+                        "--%s" % field_name,
+                        action="append",
                         help=(
-                            'Specifies the %s for the superuser. Can be used '
-                            'multiple times.' % field_name,
+                            "Specifies the %s for the superuser. Can be used "
+                            "multiple times." % field_name,
                         ),
                     )
             else:
                 parser.add_argument(
-                    '--%s' % field_name,
-                    help='Specifies the %s for the superuser.' % field_name,
+                    "--%s" % field_name,
+                    help="Specifies the %s for the superuser." % field_name,
                 )
 
     def execute(self, *args, **options):
-        self.stdin = options.get('stdin', sys.stdin)  # Used for testing
+        self.stdin = options.get("stdin", sys.stdin)  # Used for testing
         return super().execute(*args, **options)
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
         username = options[self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD]
-        database = options['database']
+        database = options["database"]
         user_data = {}
         verbose_field_name = self.username_field.verbose_name
         try:
@@ -91,26 +99,36 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             # If not provided, create the user with an unusable password.
             user_data[PASSWORD_FIELD] = None
         try:
-            if options['interactive']:
+            if options["interactive"]:
                 # Same as user_data but without many to many fields and with
                 # foreign keys as fake model instances instead of raw IDs.
                 fake_user_data = {}
-                if hasattr(self.stdin, 'isatty') and not self.stdin.isatty():
+                if hasattr(self.stdin, "isatty") and not self.stdin.isatty():
                     raise NotRunningInTTYException
                 default_username = get_default_username(database=database)
                 if username:
-                    error_msg = self._validate_username(username, verbose_field_name, database)
+                    error_msg = self._validate_username(
+                        username, verbose_field_name, database
+                    )
                     if error_msg:
                         self.stderr.write(error_msg)
                         username = None
-                elif username == '':
-                    raise CommandError('%s cannot be blank.' % capfirst(verbose_field_name))
+                elif username == "":
+                    raise CommandError(
+                        "%s cannot be blank." % capfirst(verbose_field_name)
+                    )
                 # Prompt for username.
                 while username is None:
-                    message = self._get_input_message(self.username_field, default_username)
-                    username = self.get_input_data(self.username_field, message, default_username)
+                    message = self._get_input_message(
+                        self.username_field, default_username
+                    )
+                    username = self.get_input_data(
+                        self.username_field, message, default_username
+                    )
                     if username:
-                        error_msg = self._validate_username(username, verbose_field_name, database)
+                        error_msg = self._validate_username(
+                            username, verbose_field_name, database
+                        )
                         if error_msg:
                             self.stderr.write(error_msg)
                             username = None
@@ -118,7 +136,8 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 user_data[self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD] = username
                 fake_user_data[self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD] = (
                     self.username_field.remote_field.model(username)
-                    if self.username_field.remote_field else username
+                    if self.username_field.remote_field
+                    else username
                 )
                 # Prompt for required fields.
                 for field_name in self.UserModel.REQUIRED_FIELDS:
@@ -133,78 +152,98 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                         if field.many_to_many and input_value:
                             if not input_value.strip():
                                 user_data[field_name] = None
-                                self.stderr.write('Error: This field cannot be blank.')
+                                self.stderr.write("Error: This field cannot be blank.")
                                 continue
-                            user_data[field_name] = [pk.strip() for pk in input_value.split(',')]
+                            user_data[field_name] = [
+                                pk.strip() for pk in input_value.split(",")
+                            ]
 
                     if not field.many_to_many:
                         fake_user_data[field_name] = user_data[field_name]
                     # Wrap any foreign keys in fake model instances.
                     if field.many_to_one:
-                        fake_user_data[field_name] = field.remote_field.model(user_data[field_name])
+                        fake_user_data[field_name] = field.remote_field.model(
+                            user_data[field_name]
+                        )
 
                 # Prompt for a password if the model has one.
                 while PASSWORD_FIELD in user_data and user_data[PASSWORD_FIELD] is None:
                     password = getpass.getpass()
-                    password2 = getpass.getpass('Password (again): ')
+                    password2 = getpass.getpass("Password (again): ")
                     if password != password2:
                         self.stderr.write("Error: Your passwords didn't match.")
                         # Don't validate passwords that don't match.
                         continue
-                    if password.strip() == '':
+                    if password.strip() == "":
                         self.stderr.write("Error: Blank passwords aren't allowed.")
                         # Don't validate blank passwords.
                         continue
                     try:
                         validate_password(password2, self.UserModel(**fake_user_data))
                     except exceptions.ValidationError as err:
-                        self.stderr.write('\n'.join(err.messages))
-                        response = input('Bypass password validation and create user anyway? [y/N]: ')
-                        if response.lower() != 'y':
+                        self.stderr.write("\n".join(err.messages))
+                        response = input(
+                            "Bypass password validation and create user anyway? [y/N]: "
+                        )
+                        if response.lower() != "y":
                             continue
                     user_data[PASSWORD_FIELD] = password
             else:
                 # Non-interactive mode.
                 # Use password from environment variable, if provided.
-                if PASSWORD_FIELD in user_data and 'DJANGO_SUPERUSER_PASSWORD' in os.environ:
-                    user_data[PASSWORD_FIELD] = os.environ['DJANGO_SUPERUSER_PASSWORD']
+                if (
+                    PASSWORD_FIELD in user_data
+                    and "DJANGO_SUPERUSER_PASSWORD" in os.environ
+                ):
+                    user_data[PASSWORD_FIELD] = os.environ["DJANGO_SUPERUSER_PASSWORD"]
                 # Use username from environment variable, if not provided in
                 # options.
                 if username is None:
-                    username = os.environ.get('DJANGO_SUPERUSER_' + self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD.upper())
+                    username = os.environ.get(
+                        "DJANGO_SUPERUSER_" + self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD.upper()
+                    )
                 if username is None:
-                    raise CommandError('You must use --%s with --noinput.' % self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD)
+                    raise CommandError(
+                        "You must use --%s with --noinput."
+                        % self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD
+                    )
                 else:
-                    error_msg = self._validate_username(username, verbose_field_name, database)
+                    error_msg = self._validate_username(
+                        username, verbose_field_name, database
+                    )
                     if error_msg:
                         raise CommandError(error_msg)
 
                 user_data[self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD] = username
                 for field_name in self.UserModel.REQUIRED_FIELDS:
-                    env_var = 'DJANGO_SUPERUSER_' + field_name.upper()
+                    env_var = "DJANGO_SUPERUSER_" + field_name.upper()
                     value = options[field_name] or os.environ.get(env_var)
                     if not value:
-                        raise CommandError('You must use --%s with --noinput.' % field_name)
+                        raise CommandError(
+                            "You must use --%s with --noinput." % field_name
+                        )
                     field = self.UserModel._meta.get_field(field_name)
                     user_data[field_name] = field.clean(value, None)
                     if field.many_to_many and isinstance(user_data[field_name], str):
                         user_data[field_name] = [
-                            pk.strip() for pk in user_data[field_name].split(',')
+                            pk.strip() for pk in user_data[field_name].split(",")
                         ]
 
-            self.UserModel._default_manager.db_manager(database).create_superuser(**user_data)
-            if options['verbosity'] >= 1:
+            self.UserModel._default_manager.db_manager(database).create_superuser(
+                **user_data
+            )
+            if options["verbosity"] >= 1:
                 self.stdout.write("Superuser created successfully.")
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
-            self.stderr.write('\nOperation cancelled.')
+            self.stderr.write("\nOperation cancelled.")
             sys.exit(1)
         except exceptions.ValidationError as e:
-            raise CommandError('; '.join(e.messages))
+            raise CommandError("; ".join(e.messages))
         except NotRunningInTTYException:
             self.stdout.write(
-                'Superuser creation skipped due to not running in a TTY. '
-                'You can run `manage.py createsuperuser` in your project '
-                'to create one manually.'
+                "Superuser creation skipped due to not running in a TTY. "
+                "You can run `manage.py createsuperuser` in your project "
+                "to create one manually."
             )
 
     def get_input_data(self, field, message, default=None):
@@ -213,38 +252,45 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         validation exceptions.
         """
         raw_value = input(message)
-        if default and raw_value == '':
+        if default and raw_value == "":
             raw_value = default
         try:
             val = field.clean(raw_value, None)
         except exceptions.ValidationError as e:
-            self.stderr.write("Error: %s" % '; '.join(e.messages))
+            self.stderr.write("Error: %s" % "; ".join(e.messages))
             val = None
 
         return val
 
     def _get_input_message(self, field, default=None):
-        return '%s%s%s: ' % (
+        return "%s%s%s: " % (
             capfirst(field.verbose_name),
-            " (leave blank to use '%s')" % default if default else '',
-            ' (%s.%s)' % (
+            " (leave blank to use '%s')" % default if default else "",
+            " (%s.%s)"
+            % (
                 field.remote_field.model._meta.object_name,
-                field.m2m_target_field_name() if field.many_to_many else field.remote_field.field_name,
-            ) if field.remote_field else '',
+                field.m2m_target_field_name()
+                if field.many_to_many
+                else field.remote_field.field_name,
+            )
+            if field.remote_field
+            else "",
         )
 
     def _validate_username(self, username, verbose_field_name, database):
         """Validate username. If invalid, return a string error message."""
         if self.username_field.unique:
             try:
-                self.UserModel._default_manager.db_manager(database).get_by_natural_key(username)
+                self.UserModel._default_manager.db_manager(database).get_by_natural_key(
+                    username
+                )
             except self.UserModel.DoesNotExist:
                 pass
             else:
-                return 'Error: That %s is already taken.' % verbose_field_name
+                return "Error: That %s is already taken." % verbose_field_name
         if not username:
-            return '%s cannot be blank.' % capfirst(verbose_field_name)
+            return "%s cannot be blank." % capfirst(verbose_field_name)
         try:
             self.username_field.clean(username, None)
         except exceptions.ValidationError as e:
-            return '; '.join(e.messages)
+            return "; ".join(e.messages)
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/middleware.py b/django/contrib/auth/middleware.py
index 89699a7f82..dcc482154c 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/middleware.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/middleware.py
@@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ from django.utils.functional import SimpleLazyObject
 
 
 def get_user(request):
-    if not hasattr(request, '_cached_user'):
+    if not hasattr(request, "_cached_user"):
         request._cached_user = auth.get_user(request)
     return request._cached_user
 
 
 class AuthenticationMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
     def process_request(self, request):
-        if not hasattr(request, 'session'):
+        if not hasattr(request, "session"):
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                 "The Django authentication middleware requires session "
                 "middleware to be installed. Edit your MIDDLEWARE setting to "
@@ -47,13 +47,14 @@ class RemoteUserMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
 
     def process_request(self, request):
         # AuthenticationMiddleware is required so that request.user exists.
-        if not hasattr(request, 'user'):
+        if not hasattr(request, "user"):
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                 "The Django remote user auth middleware requires the"
                 " authentication middleware to be installed.  Edit your"
                 " MIDDLEWARE setting to insert"
                 " 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware'"
-                " before the RemoteUserMiddleware class.")
+                " before the RemoteUserMiddleware class."
+            )
         try:
             username = request.META[self.header]
         except KeyError:
@@ -102,7 +103,9 @@ class RemoteUserMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
         but only if the user is authenticated via the RemoteUserBackend.
         """
         try:
-            stored_backend = load_backend(request.session.get(auth.BACKEND_SESSION_KEY, ''))
+            stored_backend = load_backend(
+                request.session.get(auth.BACKEND_SESSION_KEY, "")
+            )
         except ImportError:
             # backend failed to load
             auth.logout(request)
@@ -121,4 +124,5 @@ class PersistentRemoteUserMiddleware(RemoteUserMiddleware):
     is only expected to happen on some "logon" URL and the rest of
     the application wants to use Django's authentication mechanism.
     """
+
     force_logout_if_no_header = False
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0001_initial.py b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0001_initial.py
index 166bc66dfb..87652308c1 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -7,97 +7,191 @@ from django.utils import timezone
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('contenttypes', '__first__'),
+        ("contenttypes", "__first__"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Permission',
+            name="Permission",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('name', models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name='name')),
-                ('content_type', models.ForeignKey(
-                    to='contenttypes.ContentType',
-                    on_delete=models.CASCADE,
-                    verbose_name='content type',
-                )),
-                ('codename', models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='codename')),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name="name")),
+                (
+                    "content_type",
+                    models.ForeignKey(
+                        to="contenttypes.ContentType",
+                        on_delete=models.CASCADE,
+                        verbose_name="content type",
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("codename", models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="codename")),
             ],
             options={
-                'ordering': ['content_type__app_label', 'content_type__model', 'codename'],
-                'unique_together': {('content_type', 'codename')},
-                'verbose_name': 'permission',
-                'verbose_name_plural': 'permissions',
+                "ordering": [
+                    "content_type__app_label",
+                    "content_type__model",
+                    "codename",
+                ],
+                "unique_together": {("content_type", "codename")},
+                "verbose_name": "permission",
+                "verbose_name_plural": "permissions",
             },
             managers=[
-                ('objects', django.contrib.auth.models.PermissionManager()),
+                ("objects", django.contrib.auth.models.PermissionManager()),
             ],
         ),
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Group',
+            name="Group",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('name', models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=80, verbose_name='name')),
-                ('permissions', models.ManyToManyField(to='auth.Permission', verbose_name='permissions', blank=True)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "name",
+                    models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=80, verbose_name="name"),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "permissions",
+                    models.ManyToManyField(
+                        to="auth.Permission", verbose_name="permissions", blank=True
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
             options={
-                'verbose_name': 'group',
-                'verbose_name_plural': 'groups',
+                "verbose_name": "group",
+                "verbose_name_plural": "groups",
             },
             managers=[
-                ('objects', django.contrib.auth.models.GroupManager()),
+                ("objects", django.contrib.auth.models.GroupManager()),
             ],
         ),
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='User',
+            name="User",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('password', models.CharField(max_length=128, verbose_name='password')),
-                ('last_login', models.DateTimeField(default=timezone.now, verbose_name='last login')),
-                ('is_superuser', models.BooleanField(
-                    default=False,
-                    help_text='Designates that this user has all permissions without explicitly assigning them.',
-                    verbose_name='superuser status'
-                )),
-                ('username', models.CharField(
-                    help_text='Required. 30 characters or fewer. Letters, digits and @/./+/-/_ only.', unique=True,
-                    max_length=30, verbose_name='username',
-                    validators=[validators.UnicodeUsernameValidator()],
-                )),
-                ('first_name', models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name='first name', blank=True)),
-                ('last_name', models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name='last name', blank=True)),
-                ('email', models.EmailField(max_length=75, verbose_name='email address', blank=True)),
-                ('is_staff', models.BooleanField(
-                    default=False, help_text='Designates whether the user can log into this admin site.',
-                    verbose_name='staff status'
-                )),
-                ('is_active', models.BooleanField(
-                    default=True, verbose_name='active', help_text=(
-                        'Designates whether this user should be treated as active. Unselect this instead of deleting '
-                        'accounts.'
-                    )
-                )),
-                ('date_joined', models.DateTimeField(default=timezone.now, verbose_name='date joined')),
-                ('groups', models.ManyToManyField(
-                    to='auth.Group', verbose_name='groups', blank=True, related_name='user_set',
-                    related_query_name='user', help_text=(
-                        'The groups this user belongs to. A user will get all permissions granted to each of their '
-                        'groups.'
-                    )
-                )),
-                ('user_permissions', models.ManyToManyField(
-                    to='auth.Permission', verbose_name='user permissions', blank=True,
-                    help_text='Specific permissions for this user.', related_name='user_set',
-                    related_query_name='user')
-                 ),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("password", models.CharField(max_length=128, verbose_name="password")),
+                (
+                    "last_login",
+                    models.DateTimeField(
+                        default=timezone.now, verbose_name="last login"
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "is_superuser",
+                    models.BooleanField(
+                        default=False,
+                        help_text="Designates that this user has all permissions without explicitly assigning them.",
+                        verbose_name="superuser status",
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "username",
+                    models.CharField(
+                        help_text="Required. 30 characters or fewer. Letters, digits and @/./+/-/_ only.",
+                        unique=True,
+                        max_length=30,
+                        verbose_name="username",
+                        validators=[validators.UnicodeUsernameValidator()],
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "first_name",
+                    models.CharField(
+                        max_length=30, verbose_name="first name", blank=True
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "last_name",
+                    models.CharField(
+                        max_length=30, verbose_name="last name", blank=True
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "email",
+                    models.EmailField(
+                        max_length=75, verbose_name="email address", blank=True
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "is_staff",
+                    models.BooleanField(
+                        default=False,
+                        help_text="Designates whether the user can log into this admin site.",
+                        verbose_name="staff status",
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "is_active",
+                    models.BooleanField(
+                        default=True,
+                        verbose_name="active",
+                        help_text=(
+                            "Designates whether this user should be treated as active. Unselect this instead of deleting "
+                            "accounts."
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "date_joined",
+                    models.DateTimeField(
+                        default=timezone.now, verbose_name="date joined"
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "groups",
+                    models.ManyToManyField(
+                        to="auth.Group",
+                        verbose_name="groups",
+                        blank=True,
+                        related_name="user_set",
+                        related_query_name="user",
+                        help_text=(
+                            "The groups this user belongs to. A user will get all permissions granted to each of their "
+                            "groups."
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "user_permissions",
+                    models.ManyToManyField(
+                        to="auth.Permission",
+                        verbose_name="user permissions",
+                        blank=True,
+                        help_text="Specific permissions for this user.",
+                        related_name="user_set",
+                        related_query_name="user",
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
             options={
-                'swappable': 'AUTH_USER_MODEL',
-                'verbose_name': 'user',
-                'verbose_name_plural': 'users',
+                "swappable": "AUTH_USER_MODEL",
+                "verbose_name": "user",
+                "verbose_name_plural": "users",
             },
             managers=[
-                ('objects', django.contrib.auth.models.UserManager()),
+                ("objects", django.contrib.auth.models.UserManager()),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0002_alter_permission_name_max_length.py b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0002_alter_permission_name_max_length.py
index 556c320409..a9ca6f51a9 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0002_alter_permission_name_max_length.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0002_alter_permission_name_max_length.py
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('auth', '0001_initial'),
+        ("auth", "0001_initial"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name='permission',
-            name='name',
-            field=models.CharField(max_length=255, verbose_name='name'),
+            model_name="permission",
+            name="name",
+            field=models.CharField(max_length=255, verbose_name="name"),
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0003_alter_user_email_max_length.py b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0003_alter_user_email_max_length.py
index ee8a9bd607..8a57548460 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0003_alter_user_email_max_length.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0003_alter_user_email_max_length.py
@@ -4,13 +4,15 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('auth', '0002_alter_permission_name_max_length'),
+        ("auth", "0002_alter_permission_name_max_length"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name='user',
-            name='email',
-            field=models.EmailField(max_length=254, verbose_name='email address', blank=True),
+            model_name="user",
+            name="email",
+            field=models.EmailField(
+                max_length=254, verbose_name="email address", blank=True
+            ),
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0004_alter_user_username_opts.py b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0004_alter_user_username_opts.py
index a16083ee37..380737478d 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0004_alter_user_username_opts.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0004_alter_user_username_opts.py
@@ -5,19 +5,21 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('auth', '0003_alter_user_email_max_length'),
+        ("auth", "0003_alter_user_email_max_length"),
     ]
 
     # No database changes; modifies validators and error_messages (#13147).
     operations = [
         migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name='user',
-            name='username',
+            model_name="user",
+            name="username",
             field=models.CharField(
-                error_messages={'unique': 'A user with that username already exists.'}, max_length=30,
+                error_messages={"unique": "A user with that username already exists."},
+                max_length=30,
                 validators=[validators.UnicodeUsernameValidator()],
-                help_text='Required. 30 characters or fewer. Letters, digits and @/./+/-/_ only.',
-                unique=True, verbose_name='username'
+                help_text="Required. 30 characters or fewer. Letters, digits and @/./+/-/_ only.",
+                unique=True,
+                verbose_name="username",
             ),
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0005_alter_user_last_login_null.py b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0005_alter_user_last_login_null.py
index 97cd105a0f..8407e2d822 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0005_alter_user_last_login_null.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0005_alter_user_last_login_null.py
@@ -4,13 +4,15 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('auth', '0004_alter_user_username_opts'),
+        ("auth", "0004_alter_user_username_opts"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name='user',
-            name='last_login',
-            field=models.DateTimeField(null=True, verbose_name='last login', blank=True),
+            model_name="user",
+            name="last_login",
+            field=models.DateTimeField(
+                null=True, verbose_name="last login", blank=True
+            ),
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0006_require_contenttypes_0002.py b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0006_require_contenttypes_0002.py
index 48c26be011..b4e816a56f 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0006_require_contenttypes_0002.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0006_require_contenttypes_0002.py
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ from django.db import migrations
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('auth', '0005_alter_user_last_login_null'),
-        ('contenttypes', '0002_remove_content_type_name'),
+        ("auth", "0005_alter_user_last_login_null"),
+        ("contenttypes", "0002_remove_content_type_name"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages.py b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages.py
index 42f5087730..e0c835115e 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages.py
@@ -5,20 +5,20 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('auth', '0006_require_contenttypes_0002'),
+        ("auth", "0006_require_contenttypes_0002"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name='user',
-            name='username',
+            model_name="user",
+            name="username",
             field=models.CharField(
-                error_messages={'unique': 'A user with that username already exists.'},
-                help_text='Required. 30 characters or fewer. Letters, digits and @/./+/-/_ only.',
+                error_messages={"unique": "A user with that username already exists."},
+                help_text="Required. 30 characters or fewer. Letters, digits and @/./+/-/_ only.",
                 max_length=30,
                 unique=True,
                 validators=[validators.UnicodeUsernameValidator()],
-                verbose_name='username',
+                verbose_name="username",
             ),
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0008_alter_user_username_max_length.py b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0008_alter_user_username_max_length.py
index 7c9dae0950..4208dbcc7a 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0008_alter_user_username_max_length.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0008_alter_user_username_max_length.py
@@ -5,20 +5,20 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('auth', '0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages'),
+        ("auth", "0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name='user',
-            name='username',
+            model_name="user",
+            name="username",
             field=models.CharField(
-                error_messages={'unique': 'A user with that username already exists.'},
-                help_text='Required. 150 characters or fewer. Letters, digits and @/./+/-/_ only.',
+                error_messages={"unique": "A user with that username already exists."},
+                help_text="Required. 150 characters or fewer. Letters, digits and @/./+/-/_ only.",
                 max_length=150,
                 unique=True,
                 validators=[validators.UnicodeUsernameValidator()],
-                verbose_name='username',
+                verbose_name="username",
             ),
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length.py b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length.py
index b217359e48..e0665366d0 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length.py
@@ -4,13 +4,15 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('auth', '0008_alter_user_username_max_length'),
+        ("auth", "0008_alter_user_username_max_length"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name='user',
-            name='last_name',
-            field=models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=150, verbose_name='last name'),
+            model_name="user",
+            name="last_name",
+            field=models.CharField(
+                blank=True, max_length=150, verbose_name="last name"
+            ),
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0010_alter_group_name_max_length.py b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0010_alter_group_name_max_length.py
index 67ea0610ca..a58e11480f 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0010_alter_group_name_max_length.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0010_alter_group_name_max_length.py
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('auth', '0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length'),
+        ("auth", "0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name='group',
-            name='name',
-            field=models.CharField(max_length=150, unique=True, verbose_name='name'),
+            model_name="group",
+            name="name",
+            field=models.CharField(max_length=150, unique=True, verbose_name="name"),
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0011_update_proxy_permissions.py b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0011_update_proxy_permissions.py
index a939244561..b792141d59 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0011_update_proxy_permissions.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0011_update_proxy_permissions.py
@@ -20,23 +20,26 @@ def update_proxy_model_permissions(apps, schema_editor, reverse=False):
     of the proxy model.
     """
     style = color_style()
-    Permission = apps.get_model('auth', 'Permission')
-    ContentType = apps.get_model('contenttypes', 'ContentType')
+    Permission = apps.get_model("auth", "Permission")
+    ContentType = apps.get_model("contenttypes", "ContentType")
     alias = schema_editor.connection.alias
     for Model in apps.get_models():
         opts = Model._meta
         if not opts.proxy:
             continue
         proxy_default_permissions_codenames = [
-            '%s_%s' % (action, opts.model_name)
-            for action in opts.default_permissions
+            "%s_%s" % (action, opts.model_name) for action in opts.default_permissions
         ]
         permissions_query = Q(codename__in=proxy_default_permissions_codenames)
         for codename, name in opts.permissions:
             permissions_query = permissions_query | Q(codename=codename, name=name)
         content_type_manager = ContentType.objects.db_manager(alias)
-        concrete_content_type = content_type_manager.get_for_model(Model, for_concrete_model=True)
-        proxy_content_type = content_type_manager.get_for_model(Model, for_concrete_model=False)
+        concrete_content_type = content_type_manager.get_for_model(
+            Model, for_concrete_model=True
+        )
+        proxy_content_type = content_type_manager.get_for_model(
+            Model, for_concrete_model=False
+        )
         old_content_type = proxy_content_type if reverse else concrete_content_type
         new_content_type = concrete_content_type if reverse else proxy_content_type
         try:
@@ -46,9 +49,11 @@ def update_proxy_model_permissions(apps, schema_editor, reverse=False):
                     content_type=old_content_type,
                 ).update(content_type=new_content_type)
         except IntegrityError:
-            old = '{}_{}'.format(old_content_type.app_label, old_content_type.model)
-            new = '{}_{}'.format(new_content_type.app_label, new_content_type.model)
-            sys.stdout.write(style.WARNING(WARNING.format(old=old, new=new, query=permissions_query)))
+            old = "{}_{}".format(old_content_type.app_label, old_content_type.model)
+            new = "{}_{}".format(new_content_type.app_label, new_content_type.model)
+            sys.stdout.write(
+                style.WARNING(WARNING.format(old=old, new=new, query=permissions_query))
+            )
 
 
 def revert_proxy_model_permissions(apps, schema_editor):
@@ -61,9 +66,11 @@ def revert_proxy_model_permissions(apps, schema_editor):
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
     dependencies = [
-        ('auth', '0010_alter_group_name_max_length'),
-        ('contenttypes', '0002_remove_content_type_name'),
+        ("auth", "0010_alter_group_name_max_length"),
+        ("contenttypes", "0002_remove_content_type_name"),
     ]
     operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(update_proxy_model_permissions, revert_proxy_model_permissions),
+        migrations.RunPython(
+            update_proxy_model_permissions, revert_proxy_model_permissions
+        ),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0012_alter_user_first_name_max_length.py b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0012_alter_user_first_name_max_length.py
index 69f123ff32..839c950417 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0012_alter_user_first_name_max_length.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/migrations/0012_alter_user_first_name_max_length.py
@@ -4,13 +4,15 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('auth', '0011_update_proxy_permissions'),
+        ("auth", "0011_update_proxy_permissions"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name='user',
-            name='first_name',
-            field=models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=150, verbose_name='first name'),
+            model_name="user",
+            name="first_name",
+            field=models.CharField(
+                blank=True, max_length=150, verbose_name="first name"
+            ),
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/mixins.py b/django/contrib/auth/mixins.py
index 02f9d23f07..09fd087f56 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/mixins.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/mixins.py
@@ -12,8 +12,9 @@ class AccessMixin:
     Abstract CBV mixin that gives access mixins the same customizable
     functionality.
     """
+
     login_url = None
-    permission_denied_message = ''
+    permission_denied_message = ""
     raise_exception = False
     redirect_field_name = REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME
 
@@ -24,8 +25,8 @@ class AccessMixin:
         login_url = self.login_url or settings.LOGIN_URL
         if not login_url:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                '{0} is missing the login_url attribute. Define {0}.login_url, settings.LOGIN_URL, or override '
-                '{0}.get_login_url().'.format(self.__class__.__name__)
+                "{0} is missing the login_url attribute. Define {0}.login_url, settings.LOGIN_URL, or override "
+                "{0}.get_login_url().".format(self.__class__.__name__)
             )
         return str(login_url)
 
@@ -51,9 +52,8 @@ class AccessMixin:
         # path as the "next" url.
         login_scheme, login_netloc = urlparse(resolved_login_url)[:2]
         current_scheme, current_netloc = urlparse(path)[:2]
-        if (
-            (not login_scheme or login_scheme == current_scheme) and
-            (not login_netloc or login_netloc == current_netloc)
+        if (not login_scheme or login_scheme == current_scheme) and (
+            not login_netloc or login_netloc == current_netloc
         ):
             path = self.request.get_full_path()
         return redirect_to_login(
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ class AccessMixin:
 
 class LoginRequiredMixin(AccessMixin):
     """Verify that the current user is authenticated."""
+
     def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
         if not request.user.is_authenticated:
             return self.handle_no_permission()
@@ -73,6 +74,7 @@ class LoginRequiredMixin(AccessMixin):
 
 class PermissionRequiredMixin(AccessMixin):
     """Verify that the current user has all specified permissions."""
+
     permission_required = None
 
     def get_permission_required(self):
@@ -82,8 +84,8 @@ class PermissionRequiredMixin(AccessMixin):
         """
         if self.permission_required is None:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                '{0} is missing the permission_required attribute. Define {0}.permission_required, or override '
-                '{0}.get_permission_required().'.format(self.__class__.__name__)
+                "{0} is missing the permission_required attribute. Define {0}.permission_required, or override "
+                "{0}.get_permission_required().".format(self.__class__.__name__)
             )
         if isinstance(self.permission_required, str):
             perms = (self.permission_required,)
@@ -112,7 +114,9 @@ class UserPassesTestMixin(AccessMixin):
 
     def test_func(self):
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            '{} is missing the implementation of the test_func() method.'.format(self.__class__.__name__)
+            "{} is missing the implementation of the test_func() method.".format(
+                self.__class__.__name__
+            )
         )
 
     def get_test_func(self):
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/models.py b/django/contrib/auth/models.py
index a9faef3517..5dd9c03a76 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/models.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/models.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def update_last_login(sender, user, **kwargs):
     the user logging in.
     """
     user.last_login = timezone.now()
-    user.save(update_fields=['last_login'])
+    user.save(update_fields=["last_login"])
 
 
 class PermissionManager(models.Manager):
@@ -29,7 +29,9 @@ class PermissionManager(models.Manager):
     def get_by_natural_key(self, codename, app_label, model):
         return self.get(
             codename=codename,
-            content_type=ContentType.objects.db_manager(self.db).get_by_natural_key(app_label, model),
+            content_type=ContentType.objects.db_manager(self.db).get_by_natural_key(
+                app_label, model
+            ),
         )
 
 
@@ -56,34 +58,37 @@ class Permission(models.Model):
 
     The permissions listed above are automatically created for each model.
     """
-    name = models.CharField(_('name'), max_length=255)
+
+    name = models.CharField(_("name"), max_length=255)
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(
         ContentType,
         models.CASCADE,
-        verbose_name=_('content type'),
+        verbose_name=_("content type"),
     )
-    codename = models.CharField(_('codename'), max_length=100)
+    codename = models.CharField(_("codename"), max_length=100)
 
     objects = PermissionManager()
 
     class Meta:
-        verbose_name = _('permission')
-        verbose_name_plural = _('permissions')
-        unique_together = [['content_type', 'codename']]
-        ordering = ['content_type__app_label', 'content_type__model', 'codename']
+        verbose_name = _("permission")
+        verbose_name_plural = _("permissions")
+        unique_together = [["content_type", "codename"]]
+        ordering = ["content_type__app_label", "content_type__model", "codename"]
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s | %s' % (self.content_type, self.name)
+        return "%s | %s" % (self.content_type, self.name)
 
     def natural_key(self):
         return (self.codename,) + self.content_type.natural_key()
-    natural_key.dependencies = ['contenttypes.contenttype']
+
+    natural_key.dependencies = ["contenttypes.contenttype"]
 
 
 class GroupManager(models.Manager):
     """
     The manager for the auth's Group model.
     """
+
     use_in_migrations = True
 
     def get_by_natural_key(self, name):
@@ -107,18 +112,19 @@ class Group(models.Model):
     members-only portion of your site, or sending them members-only email
     messages.
     """
-    name = models.CharField(_('name'), max_length=150, unique=True)
+
+    name = models.CharField(_("name"), max_length=150, unique=True)
     permissions = models.ManyToManyField(
         Permission,
-        verbose_name=_('permissions'),
+        verbose_name=_("permissions"),
         blank=True,
     )
 
     objects = GroupManager()
 
     class Meta:
-        verbose_name = _('group')
-        verbose_name_plural = _('groups')
+        verbose_name = _("group")
+        verbose_name_plural = _("groups")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -135,12 +141,14 @@ class UserManager(BaseUserManager):
         Create and save a user with the given username, email, and password.
         """
         if not username:
-            raise ValueError('The given username must be set')
+            raise ValueError("The given username must be set")
         email = self.normalize_email(email)
         # Lookup the real model class from the global app registry so this
         # manager method can be used in migrations. This is fine because
         # managers are by definition working on the real model.
-        GlobalUserModel = apps.get_model(self.model._meta.app_label, self.model._meta.object_name)
+        GlobalUserModel = apps.get_model(
+            self.model._meta.app_label, self.model._meta.object_name
+        )
         username = GlobalUserModel.normalize_username(username)
         user = self.model(username=username, email=email, **extra_fields)
         user.password = make_password(password)
@@ -148,39 +156,40 @@ class UserManager(BaseUserManager):
         return user
 
     def create_user(self, username, email=None, password=None, **extra_fields):
-        extra_fields.setdefault('is_staff', False)
-        extra_fields.setdefault('is_superuser', False)
+        extra_fields.setdefault("is_staff", False)
+        extra_fields.setdefault("is_superuser", False)
         return self._create_user(username, email, password, **extra_fields)
 
     def create_superuser(self, username, email=None, password=None, **extra_fields):
-        extra_fields.setdefault('is_staff', True)
-        extra_fields.setdefault('is_superuser', True)
+        extra_fields.setdefault("is_staff", True)
+        extra_fields.setdefault("is_superuser", True)
 
-        if extra_fields.get('is_staff') is not True:
-            raise ValueError('Superuser must have is_staff=True.')
-        if extra_fields.get('is_superuser') is not True:
-            raise ValueError('Superuser must have is_superuser=True.')
+        if extra_fields.get("is_staff") is not True:
+            raise ValueError("Superuser must have is_staff=True.")
+        if extra_fields.get("is_superuser") is not True:
+            raise ValueError("Superuser must have is_superuser=True.")
 
         return self._create_user(username, email, password, **extra_fields)
 
-    def with_perm(self, perm, is_active=True, include_superusers=True, backend=None, obj=None):
+    def with_perm(
+        self, perm, is_active=True, include_superusers=True, backend=None, obj=None
+    ):
         if backend is None:
             backends = auth._get_backends(return_tuples=True)
             if len(backends) == 1:
                 backend, _ = backends[0]
             else:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'You have multiple authentication backends configured and '
-                    'therefore must provide the `backend` argument.'
+                    "You have multiple authentication backends configured and "
+                    "therefore must provide the `backend` argument."
                 )
         elif not isinstance(backend, str):
             raise TypeError(
-                'backend must be a dotted import path string (got %r).'
-                % backend
+                "backend must be a dotted import path string (got %r)." % backend
             )
         else:
             backend = auth.load_backend(backend)
-        if hasattr(backend, 'with_perm'):
+        if hasattr(backend, "with_perm"):
             return backend.with_perm(
                 perm,
                 is_active=is_active,
@@ -193,7 +202,7 @@ class UserManager(BaseUserManager):
 # A few helper functions for common logic between User and AnonymousUser.
 def _user_get_permissions(user, obj, from_name):
     permissions = set()
-    name = 'get_%s_permissions' % from_name
+    name = "get_%s_permissions" % from_name
     for backend in auth.get_backends():
         if hasattr(backend, name):
             permissions.update(getattr(backend, name)(user, obj))
@@ -205,7 +214,7 @@ def _user_has_perm(user, perm, obj):
     A backend can raise `PermissionDenied` to short-circuit permission checking.
     """
     for backend in auth.get_backends():
-        if not hasattr(backend, 'has_perm'):
+        if not hasattr(backend, "has_perm"):
             continue
         try:
             if backend.has_perm(user, perm, obj):
@@ -220,7 +229,7 @@ def _user_has_module_perms(user, app_label):
     A backend can raise `PermissionDenied` to short-circuit permission checking.
     """
     for backend in auth.get_backends():
-        if not hasattr(backend, 'has_module_perms'):
+        if not hasattr(backend, "has_module_perms"):
             continue
         try:
             if backend.has_module_perms(user, app_label):
@@ -235,30 +244,31 @@ class PermissionsMixin(models.Model):
     Add the fields and methods necessary to support the Group and Permission
     models using the ModelBackend.
     """
+
     is_superuser = models.BooleanField(
-        _('superuser status'),
+        _("superuser status"),
         default=False,
         help_text=_(
-            'Designates that this user has all permissions without '
-            'explicitly assigning them.'
+            "Designates that this user has all permissions without "
+            "explicitly assigning them."
         ),
     )
     groups = models.ManyToManyField(
         Group,
-        verbose_name=_('groups'),
+        verbose_name=_("groups"),
         blank=True,
         help_text=_(
-            'The groups this user belongs to. A user will get all permissions '
-            'granted to each of their groups.'
+            "The groups this user belongs to. A user will get all permissions "
+            "granted to each of their groups."
         ),
         related_name="user_set",
         related_query_name="user",
     )
     user_permissions = models.ManyToManyField(
         Permission,
-        verbose_name=_('user permissions'),
+        verbose_name=_("user permissions"),
         blank=True,
-        help_text=_('Specific permissions for this user.'),
+        help_text=_("Specific permissions for this user."),
         related_name="user_set",
         related_query_name="user",
     )
@@ -272,7 +282,7 @@ class PermissionsMixin(models.Model):
         Query all available auth backends. If an object is passed in,
         return only permissions matching this object.
         """
-        return _user_get_permissions(self, obj, 'user')
+        return _user_get_permissions(self, obj, "user")
 
     def get_group_permissions(self, obj=None):
         """
@@ -280,10 +290,10 @@ class PermissionsMixin(models.Model):
         groups. Query all available auth backends. If an object is passed in,
         return only permissions matching this object.
         """
-        return _user_get_permissions(self, obj, 'group')
+        return _user_get_permissions(self, obj, "group")
 
     def get_all_permissions(self, obj=None):
-        return _user_get_permissions(self, obj, 'all')
+        return _user_get_permissions(self, obj, "all")
 
     def has_perm(self, perm, obj=None):
         """
@@ -306,7 +316,7 @@ class PermissionsMixin(models.Model):
         object is passed, check if the user has all required perms for it.
         """
         if not is_iterable(perm_list) or isinstance(perm_list, str):
-            raise ValueError('perm_list must be an iterable of permissions.')
+            raise ValueError("perm_list must be an iterable of permissions.")
         return all(self.has_perm(perm, obj) for perm in perm_list)
 
     def has_module_perms(self, app_label):
@@ -328,45 +338,48 @@ class AbstractUser(AbstractBaseUser, PermissionsMixin):
 
     Username and password are required. Other fields are optional.
     """
+
     username_validator = UnicodeUsernameValidator()
 
     username = models.CharField(
-        _('username'),
+        _("username"),
         max_length=150,
         unique=True,
-        help_text=_('Required. 150 characters or fewer. Letters, digits and @/./+/-/_ only.'),
+        help_text=_(
+            "Required. 150 characters or fewer. Letters, digits and @/./+/-/_ only."
+        ),
         validators=[username_validator],
         error_messages={
-            'unique': _("A user with that username already exists."),
+            "unique": _("A user with that username already exists."),
         },
     )
-    first_name = models.CharField(_('first name'), max_length=150, blank=True)
-    last_name = models.CharField(_('last name'), max_length=150, blank=True)
-    email = models.EmailField(_('email address'), blank=True)
+    first_name = models.CharField(_("first name"), max_length=150, blank=True)
+    last_name = models.CharField(_("last name"), max_length=150, blank=True)
+    email = models.EmailField(_("email address"), blank=True)
     is_staff = models.BooleanField(
-        _('staff status'),
+        _("staff status"),
         default=False,
-        help_text=_('Designates whether the user can log into this admin site.'),
+        help_text=_("Designates whether the user can log into this admin site."),
     )
     is_active = models.BooleanField(
-        _('active'),
+        _("active"),
         default=True,
         help_text=_(
-            'Designates whether this user should be treated as active. '
-            'Unselect this instead of deleting accounts.'
+            "Designates whether this user should be treated as active. "
+            "Unselect this instead of deleting accounts."
         ),
     )
-    date_joined = models.DateTimeField(_('date joined'), default=timezone.now)
+    date_joined = models.DateTimeField(_("date joined"), default=timezone.now)
 
     objects = UserManager()
 
-    EMAIL_FIELD = 'email'
-    USERNAME_FIELD = 'username'
-    REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['email']
+    EMAIL_FIELD = "email"
+    USERNAME_FIELD = "username"
+    REQUIRED_FIELDS = ["email"]
 
     class Meta:
-        verbose_name = _('user')
-        verbose_name_plural = _('users')
+        verbose_name = _("user")
+        verbose_name_plural = _("users")
         abstract = True
 
     def clean(self):
@@ -377,7 +390,7 @@ class AbstractUser(AbstractBaseUser, PermissionsMixin):
         """
         Return the first_name plus the last_name, with a space in between.
         """
-        full_name = '%s %s' % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
+        full_name = "%s %s" % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
         return full_name.strip()
 
     def get_short_name(self):
@@ -396,14 +409,15 @@ class User(AbstractUser):
 
     Username and password are required. Other fields are optional.
     """
+
     class Meta(AbstractUser.Meta):
-        swappable = 'AUTH_USER_MODEL'
+        swappable = "AUTH_USER_MODEL"
 
 
 class AnonymousUser:
     id = None
     pk = None
-    username = ''
+    username = ""
     is_staff = False
     is_active = False
     is_superuser = False
@@ -411,7 +425,7 @@ class AnonymousUser:
     _user_permissions = EmptyManager(Permission)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return 'AnonymousUser'
+        return "AnonymousUser"
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return isinstance(other, self.__class__)
@@ -420,19 +434,29 @@ class AnonymousUser:
         return 1  # instances always return the same hash value
 
     def __int__(self):
-        raise TypeError('Cannot cast AnonymousUser to int. Are you trying to use it in place of User?')
+        raise TypeError(
+            "Cannot cast AnonymousUser to int. Are you trying to use it in place of User?"
+        )
 
     def save(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError("Django doesn't provide a DB representation for AnonymousUser.")
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Django doesn't provide a DB representation for AnonymousUser."
+        )
 
     def delete(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError("Django doesn't provide a DB representation for AnonymousUser.")
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Django doesn't provide a DB representation for AnonymousUser."
+        )
 
     def set_password(self, raw_password):
-        raise NotImplementedError("Django doesn't provide a DB representation for AnonymousUser.")
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Django doesn't provide a DB representation for AnonymousUser."
+        )
 
     def check_password(self, raw_password):
-        raise NotImplementedError("Django doesn't provide a DB representation for AnonymousUser.")
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Django doesn't provide a DB representation for AnonymousUser."
+        )
 
     @property
     def groups(self):
@@ -443,20 +467,20 @@ class AnonymousUser:
         return self._user_permissions
 
     def get_user_permissions(self, obj=None):
-        return _user_get_permissions(self, obj, 'user')
+        return _user_get_permissions(self, obj, "user")
 
     def get_group_permissions(self, obj=None):
         return set()
 
     def get_all_permissions(self, obj=None):
-        return _user_get_permissions(self, obj, 'all')
+        return _user_get_permissions(self, obj, "all")
 
     def has_perm(self, perm, obj=None):
         return _user_has_perm(self, perm, obj=obj)
 
     def has_perms(self, perm_list, obj=None):
         if not is_iterable(perm_list) or isinstance(perm_list, str):
-            raise ValueError('perm_list must be an iterable of permissions.')
+            raise ValueError("perm_list must be an iterable of permissions.")
         return all(self.has_perm(perm, obj) for perm in perm_list)
 
     def has_module_perms(self, module):
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/password_validation.py b/django/contrib/auth/password_validation.py
index 2e64bf1586..6af742eb6a 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/password_validation.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/password_validation.py
@@ -6,12 +6,15 @@ from pathlib import Path
 
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.exceptions import (
-    FieldDoesNotExist, ImproperlyConfigured, ValidationError,
+    FieldDoesNotExist,
+    ImproperlyConfigured,
+    ValidationError,
 )
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property, lazy
 from django.utils.html import format_html, format_html_join
 from django.utils.module_loading import import_string
-from django.utils.translation import gettext as _, ngettext
+from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
+from django.utils.translation import ngettext
 
 
 @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
@@ -23,11 +26,11 @@ def get_password_validators(validator_config):
     validators = []
     for validator in validator_config:
         try:
-            klass = import_string(validator['NAME'])
+            klass = import_string(validator["NAME"])
         except ImportError:
             msg = "The module in NAME could not be imported: %s. Check your AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS setting."
-            raise ImproperlyConfigured(msg % validator['NAME'])
-        validators.append(klass(**validator.get('OPTIONS', {})))
+            raise ImproperlyConfigured(msg % validator["NAME"])
+        validators.append(klass(**validator.get("OPTIONS", {})))
 
     return validators
 
@@ -59,7 +62,7 @@ def password_changed(password, user=None, password_validators=None):
     if password_validators is None:
         password_validators = get_default_password_validators()
     for validator in password_validators:
-        password_changed = getattr(validator, 'password_changed', lambda *a: None)
+        password_changed = getattr(validator, "password_changed", lambda *a: None)
         password_changed(password, user)
 
 
@@ -81,8 +84,10 @@ def _password_validators_help_text_html(password_validators=None):
     in an <ul>.
     """
     help_texts = password_validators_help_texts(password_validators)
-    help_items = format_html_join('', '<li>{}</li>', ((help_text,) for help_text in help_texts))
-    return format_html('<ul>{}</ul>', help_items) if help_items else ''
+    help_items = format_html_join(
+        "", "<li>{}</li>", ((help_text,) for help_text in help_texts)
+    )
+    return format_html("<ul>{}</ul>", help_items) if help_items else ""
 
 
 password_validators_help_text_html = lazy(_password_validators_help_text_html, str)
@@ -92,6 +97,7 @@ class MinimumLengthValidator:
     """
     Validate that the password is of a minimum length.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, min_length=8):
         self.min_length = min_length
 
@@ -101,18 +107,18 @@ class MinimumLengthValidator:
                 ngettext(
                     "This password is too short. It must contain at least %(min_length)d character.",
                     "This password is too short. It must contain at least %(min_length)d characters.",
-                    self.min_length
+                    self.min_length,
                 ),
-                code='password_too_short',
-                params={'min_length': self.min_length},
+                code="password_too_short",
+                params={"min_length": self.min_length},
             )
 
     def get_help_text(self):
         return ngettext(
             "Your password must contain at least %(min_length)d character.",
             "Your password must contain at least %(min_length)d characters.",
-            self.min_length
-        ) % {'min_length': self.min_length}
+            self.min_length,
+        ) % {"min_length": self.min_length}
 
 
 def exceeds_maximum_length_ratio(password, max_similarity, value):
@@ -156,12 +162,13 @@ class UserAttributeSimilarityValidator:
     example, a password is validated against either part of an email address,
     as well as the full address.
     """
-    DEFAULT_USER_ATTRIBUTES = ('username', 'first_name', 'last_name', 'email')
+
+    DEFAULT_USER_ATTRIBUTES = ("username", "first_name", "last_name", "email")
 
     def __init__(self, user_attributes=DEFAULT_USER_ATTRIBUTES, max_similarity=0.7):
         self.user_attributes = user_attributes
         if max_similarity < 0.1:
-            raise ValueError('max_similarity must be at least 0.1')
+            raise ValueError("max_similarity must be at least 0.1")
         self.max_similarity = max_similarity
 
     def validate(self, password, user=None):
@@ -174,23 +181,32 @@ class UserAttributeSimilarityValidator:
             if not value or not isinstance(value, str):
                 continue
             value_lower = value.lower()
-            value_parts = re.split(r'\W+', value_lower) + [value_lower]
+            value_parts = re.split(r"\W+", value_lower) + [value_lower]
             for value_part in value_parts:
-                if exceeds_maximum_length_ratio(password, self.max_similarity, value_part):
+                if exceeds_maximum_length_ratio(
+                    password, self.max_similarity, value_part
+                ):
                     continue
-                if SequenceMatcher(a=password, b=value_part).quick_ratio() >= self.max_similarity:
+                if (
+                    SequenceMatcher(a=password, b=value_part).quick_ratio()
+                    >= self.max_similarity
+                ):
                     try:
-                        verbose_name = str(user._meta.get_field(attribute_name).verbose_name)
+                        verbose_name = str(
+                            user._meta.get_field(attribute_name).verbose_name
+                        )
                     except FieldDoesNotExist:
                         verbose_name = attribute_name
                     raise ValidationError(
                         _("The password is too similar to the %(verbose_name)s."),
-                        code='password_too_similar',
-                        params={'verbose_name': verbose_name},
+                        code="password_too_similar",
+                        params={"verbose_name": verbose_name},
                     )
 
     def get_help_text(self):
-        return _('Your password can’t be too similar to your other personal information.')
+        return _(
+            "Your password can’t be too similar to your other personal information."
+        )
 
 
 class CommonPasswordValidator:
@@ -206,13 +222,13 @@ class CommonPasswordValidator:
 
     @cached_property
     def DEFAULT_PASSWORD_LIST_PATH(self):
-        return Path(__file__).resolve().parent / 'common-passwords.txt.gz'
+        return Path(__file__).resolve().parent / "common-passwords.txt.gz"
 
     def __init__(self, password_list_path=DEFAULT_PASSWORD_LIST_PATH):
         if password_list_path is CommonPasswordValidator.DEFAULT_PASSWORD_LIST_PATH:
             password_list_path = self.DEFAULT_PASSWORD_LIST_PATH
         try:
-            with gzip.open(password_list_path, 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with gzip.open(password_list_path, "rt", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                 self.passwords = {x.strip() for x in f}
         except OSError:
             with open(password_list_path) as f:
@@ -222,23 +238,24 @@ class CommonPasswordValidator:
         if password.lower().strip() in self.passwords:
             raise ValidationError(
                 _("This password is too common."),
-                code='password_too_common',
+                code="password_too_common",
             )
 
     def get_help_text(self):
-        return _('Your password can’t be a commonly used password.')
+        return _("Your password can’t be a commonly used password.")
 
 
 class NumericPasswordValidator:
     """
     Validate that the password is not entirely numeric.
     """
+
     def validate(self, password, user=None):
         if password.isdigit():
             raise ValidationError(
                 _("This password is entirely numeric."),
-                code='password_entirely_numeric',
+                code="password_entirely_numeric",
             )
 
     def get_help_text(self):
-        return _('Your password can’t be entirely numeric.')
+        return _("Your password can’t be entirely numeric.")
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/tokens.py b/django/contrib/auth/tokens.py
index 97ecd06bc8..09cc2b5195 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/tokens.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/tokens.py
@@ -10,13 +10,14 @@ class PasswordResetTokenGenerator:
     Strategy object used to generate and check tokens for the password
     reset mechanism.
     """
+
     key_salt = "django.contrib.auth.tokens.PasswordResetTokenGenerator"
     algorithm = None
     _secret = None
     _secret_fallbacks = None
 
     def __init__(self):
-        self.algorithm = self.algorithm or 'sha256'
+        self.algorithm = self.algorithm or "sha256"
 
     def _get_secret(self):
         return self._secret or settings.SECRET_KEY
@@ -89,7 +90,9 @@ class PasswordResetTokenGenerator:
             self._make_hash_value(user, timestamp),
             secret=secret,
             algorithm=self.algorithm,
-        ).hexdigest()[::2]  # Limit to shorten the URL.
+        ).hexdigest()[
+            ::2
+        ]  # Limit to shorten the URL.
         return "%s-%s" % (ts_b36, hash_string)
 
     def _make_hash_value(self, user, timestamp):
@@ -109,10 +112,14 @@ class PasswordResetTokenGenerator:
         """
         # Truncate microseconds so that tokens are consistent even if the
         # database doesn't support microseconds.
-        login_timestamp = '' if user.last_login is None else user.last_login.replace(microsecond=0, tzinfo=None)
+        login_timestamp = (
+            ""
+            if user.last_login is None
+            else user.last_login.replace(microsecond=0, tzinfo=None)
+        )
         email_field = user.get_email_field_name()
-        email = getattr(user, email_field, '') or ''
-        return f'{user.pk}{user.password}{login_timestamp}{timestamp}{email}'
+        email = getattr(user, email_field, "") or ""
+        return f"{user.pk}{user.password}{login_timestamp}{timestamp}{email}"
 
     def _num_seconds(self, dt):
         return int((dt - datetime(2001, 1, 1)).total_seconds())
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/urls.py b/django/contrib/auth/urls.py
index cd4af69a55..699ba6179a 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/urls.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/urls.py
@@ -7,14 +7,30 @@ from django.contrib.auth import views
 from django.urls import path
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('login/', views.LoginView.as_view(), name='login'),
-    path('logout/', views.LogoutView.as_view(), name='logout'),
-
-    path('password_change/', views.PasswordChangeView.as_view(), name='password_change'),
-    path('password_change/done/', views.PasswordChangeDoneView.as_view(), name='password_change_done'),
-
-    path('password_reset/', views.PasswordResetView.as_view(), name='password_reset'),
-    path('password_reset/done/', views.PasswordResetDoneView.as_view(), name='password_reset_done'),
-    path('reset/<uidb64>/<token>/', views.PasswordResetConfirmView.as_view(), name='password_reset_confirm'),
-    path('reset/done/', views.PasswordResetCompleteView.as_view(), name='password_reset_complete'),
+    path("login/", views.LoginView.as_view(), name="login"),
+    path("logout/", views.LogoutView.as_view(), name="logout"),
+    path(
+        "password_change/", views.PasswordChangeView.as_view(), name="password_change"
+    ),
+    path(
+        "password_change/done/",
+        views.PasswordChangeDoneView.as_view(),
+        name="password_change_done",
+    ),
+    path("password_reset/", views.PasswordResetView.as_view(), name="password_reset"),
+    path(
+        "password_reset/done/",
+        views.PasswordResetDoneView.as_view(),
+        name="password_reset_done",
+    ),
+    path(
+        "reset/<uidb64>/<token>/",
+        views.PasswordResetConfirmView.as_view(),
+        name="password_reset_confirm",
+    ),
+    path(
+        "reset/done/",
+        views.PasswordResetCompleteView.as_view(),
+        name="password_reset_complete",
+    ),
 ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/validators.py b/django/contrib/auth/validators.py
index 9345c5cb0b..55f70283cc 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/validators.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/validators.py
@@ -7,19 +7,19 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 @deconstructible
 class ASCIIUsernameValidator(validators.RegexValidator):
-    regex = r'^[\w.@+-]+\Z'
+    regex = r"^[\w.@+-]+\Z"
     message = _(
-        'Enter a valid username. This value may contain only English letters, '
-        'numbers, and @/./+/-/_ characters.'
+        "Enter a valid username. This value may contain only English letters, "
+        "numbers, and @/./+/-/_ characters."
     )
     flags = re.ASCII
 
 
 @deconstructible
 class UnicodeUsernameValidator(validators.RegexValidator):
-    regex = r'^[\w.@+-]+\Z'
+    regex = r"^[\w.@+-]+\Z"
     message = _(
-        'Enter a valid username. This value may contain only letters, '
-        'numbers, and @/./+/-/_ characters.'
+        "Enter a valid username. This value may contain only letters, "
+        "numbers, and @/./+/-/_ characters."
     )
     flags = 0
diff --git a/django/contrib/auth/views.py b/django/contrib/auth/views.py
index 8790076dc4..6de053f492 100644
--- a/django/contrib/auth/views.py
+++ b/django/contrib/auth/views.py
@@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
 from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlunparse
 
 from django.conf import settings
+
 # Avoid shadowing the login() and logout() views below.
-from django.contrib.auth import (
-    REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME, get_user_model, login as auth_login,
-    logout as auth_logout, update_session_auth_hash,
-)
+from django.contrib.auth import REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME, get_user_model
+from django.contrib.auth import login as auth_login
+from django.contrib.auth import logout as auth_logout
+from django.contrib.auth import update_session_auth_hash
 from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
 from django.contrib.auth.forms import (
-    AuthenticationForm, PasswordChangeForm, PasswordResetForm, SetPasswordForm,
+    AuthenticationForm,
+    PasswordChangeForm,
+    PasswordResetForm,
+    SetPasswordForm,
 )
 from django.contrib.auth.tokens import default_token_generator
 from django.contrib.sites.shortcuts import get_current_site
@@ -17,9 +21,7 @@ from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect, QueryDict
 from django.shortcuts import resolve_url
 from django.urls import reverse_lazy
 from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
-from django.utils.http import (
-    url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme, urlsafe_base64_decode,
-)
+from django.utils.http import url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme, urlsafe_base64_decode
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 from django.views.decorators.cache import never_cache
 from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_protect
@@ -41,11 +43,12 @@ class LoginView(SuccessURLAllowedHostsMixin, FormView):
     """
     Display the login form and handle the login action.
     """
+
     form_class = AuthenticationForm
     authentication_form = None
     next_page = None
     redirect_field_name = REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME
-    template_name = 'registration/login.html'
+    template_name = "registration/login.html"
     redirect_authenticated_user = False
     extra_context = None
 
@@ -69,15 +72,14 @@ class LoginView(SuccessURLAllowedHostsMixin, FormView):
     def get_redirect_url(self):
         """Return the user-originating redirect URL if it's safe."""
         redirect_to = self.request.POST.get(
-            self.redirect_field_name,
-            self.request.GET.get(self.redirect_field_name, '')
+            self.redirect_field_name, self.request.GET.get(self.redirect_field_name, "")
         )
         url_is_safe = url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(
             url=redirect_to,
             allowed_hosts=self.get_success_url_allowed_hosts(),
             require_https=self.request.is_secure(),
         )
-        return redirect_to if url_is_safe else ''
+        return redirect_to if url_is_safe else ""
 
     def get_default_redirect_url(self):
         """Return the default redirect URL."""
@@ -88,7 +90,7 @@ class LoginView(SuccessURLAllowedHostsMixin, FormView):
 
     def get_form_kwargs(self):
         kwargs = super().get_form_kwargs()
-        kwargs['request'] = self.request
+        kwargs["request"] = self.request
         return kwargs
 
     def form_valid(self, form):
@@ -99,12 +101,14 @@ class LoginView(SuccessURLAllowedHostsMixin, FormView):
     def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
         context = super().get_context_data(**kwargs)
         current_site = get_current_site(self.request)
-        context.update({
-            self.redirect_field_name: self.get_redirect_url(),
-            'site': current_site,
-            'site_name': current_site.name,
-            **(self.extra_context or {})
-        })
+        context.update(
+            {
+                self.redirect_field_name: self.get_redirect_url(),
+                "site": current_site,
+                "site_name": current_site.name,
+                **(self.extra_context or {}),
+            }
+        )
         return context
 
 
@@ -112,9 +116,10 @@ class LogoutView(SuccessURLAllowedHostsMixin, TemplateView):
     """
     Log out the user and display the 'You are logged out' message.
     """
+
     next_page = None
     redirect_field_name = REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME
-    template_name = 'registration/logged_out.html'
+    template_name = "registration/logged_out.html"
     extra_context = None
 
     @method_decorator(never_cache)
@@ -138,11 +143,12 @@ class LogoutView(SuccessURLAllowedHostsMixin, TemplateView):
         else:
             next_page = self.next_page
 
-        if (self.redirect_field_name in self.request.POST or
-                self.redirect_field_name in self.request.GET):
+        if (
+            self.redirect_field_name in self.request.POST
+            or self.redirect_field_name in self.request.GET
+        ):
             next_page = self.request.POST.get(
-                self.redirect_field_name,
-                self.request.GET.get(self.redirect_field_name)
+                self.redirect_field_name, self.request.GET.get(self.redirect_field_name)
             )
             url_is_safe = url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(
                 url=next_page,
@@ -158,13 +164,15 @@ class LogoutView(SuccessURLAllowedHostsMixin, TemplateView):
     def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
         context = super().get_context_data(**kwargs)
         current_site = get_current_site(self.request)
-        context.update({
-            'site': current_site,
-            'site_name': current_site.name,
-            'title': _('Logged out'),
-            'subtitle': None,
-            **(self.extra_context or {})
-        })
+        context.update(
+            {
+                "site": current_site,
+                "site_name": current_site.name,
+                "title": _("Logged out"),
+                "subtitle": None,
+                **(self.extra_context or {}),
+            }
+        )
         return context
 
 
@@ -186,7 +194,7 @@ def redirect_to_login(next, login_url=None, redirect_field_name=REDIRECT_FIELD_N
     if redirect_field_name:
         querystring = QueryDict(login_url_parts[4], mutable=True)
         querystring[redirect_field_name] = next
-        login_url_parts[4] = querystring.urlencode(safe='/')
+        login_url_parts[4] = querystring.urlencode(safe="/")
 
     return HttpResponseRedirect(urlunparse(login_url_parts))
 
@@ -198,29 +206,28 @@ def redirect_to_login(next, login_url=None, redirect_field_name=REDIRECT_FIELD_N
 #   prompts for a new password
 # - PasswordResetCompleteView shows a success message for the above
 
+
 class PasswordContextMixin:
     extra_context = None
 
     def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
         context = super().get_context_data(**kwargs)
-        context.update({
-            'title': self.title,
-            'subtitle': None,
-            **(self.extra_context or {})
-        })
+        context.update(
+            {"title": self.title, "subtitle": None, **(self.extra_context or {})}
+        )
         return context
 
 
 class PasswordResetView(PasswordContextMixin, FormView):
-    email_template_name = 'registration/password_reset_email.html'
+    email_template_name = "registration/password_reset_email.html"
     extra_email_context = None
     form_class = PasswordResetForm
     from_email = None
     html_email_template_name = None
-    subject_template_name = 'registration/password_reset_subject.txt'
-    success_url = reverse_lazy('password_reset_done')
-    template_name = 'registration/password_reset_form.html'
-    title = _('Password reset')
+    subject_template_name = "registration/password_reset_subject.txt"
+    success_url = reverse_lazy("password_reset_done")
+    template_name = "registration/password_reset_form.html"
+    title = _("Password reset")
     token_generator = default_token_generator
 
     @method_decorator(csrf_protect)
@@ -229,50 +236,50 @@ class PasswordResetView(PasswordContextMixin, FormView):
 
     def form_valid(self, form):
         opts = {
-            'use_https': self.request.is_secure(),
-            'token_generator': self.token_generator,
-            'from_email': self.from_email,
-            'email_template_name': self.email_template_name,
-            'subject_template_name': self.subject_template_name,
-            'request': self.request,
-            'html_email_template_name': self.html_email_template_name,
-            'extra_email_context': self.extra_email_context,
+            "use_https": self.request.is_secure(),
+            "token_generator": self.token_generator,
+            "from_email": self.from_email,
+            "email_template_name": self.email_template_name,
+            "subject_template_name": self.subject_template_name,
+            "request": self.request,
+            "html_email_template_name": self.html_email_template_name,
+            "extra_email_context": self.extra_email_context,
         }
         form.save(**opts)
         return super().form_valid(form)
 
 
-INTERNAL_RESET_SESSION_TOKEN = '_password_reset_token'
+INTERNAL_RESET_SESSION_TOKEN = "_password_reset_token"
 
 
 class PasswordResetDoneView(PasswordContextMixin, TemplateView):
-    template_name = 'registration/password_reset_done.html'
-    title = _('Password reset sent')
+    template_name = "registration/password_reset_done.html"
+    title = _("Password reset sent")
 
 
 class PasswordResetConfirmView(PasswordContextMixin, FormView):
     form_class = SetPasswordForm
     post_reset_login = False
     post_reset_login_backend = None
-    reset_url_token = 'set-password'
-    success_url = reverse_lazy('password_reset_complete')
-    template_name = 'registration/password_reset_confirm.html'
-    title = _('Enter new password')
+    reset_url_token = "set-password"
+    success_url = reverse_lazy("password_reset_complete")
+    template_name = "registration/password_reset_confirm.html"
+    title = _("Enter new password")
     token_generator = default_token_generator
 
     @method_decorator(sensitive_post_parameters())
     @method_decorator(never_cache)
     def dispatch(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        if 'uidb64' not in kwargs or 'token' not in kwargs:
+        if "uidb64" not in kwargs or "token" not in kwargs:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                 "The URL path must contain 'uidb64' and 'token' parameters."
             )
 
         self.validlink = False
-        self.user = self.get_user(kwargs['uidb64'])
+        self.user = self.get_user(kwargs["uidb64"])
 
         if self.user is not None:
-            token = kwargs['token']
+            token = kwargs["token"]
             if token == self.reset_url_token:
                 session_token = self.request.session.get(INTERNAL_RESET_SESSION_TOKEN)
                 if self.token_generator.check_token(self.user, session_token):
@@ -286,7 +293,9 @@ class PasswordResetConfirmView(PasswordContextMixin, FormView):
                     # avoids the possibility of leaking the token in the
                     # HTTP Referer header.
                     self.request.session[INTERNAL_RESET_SESSION_TOKEN] = token
-                    redirect_url = self.request.path.replace(token, self.reset_url_token)
+                    redirect_url = self.request.path.replace(
+                        token, self.reset_url_token
+                    )
                     return HttpResponseRedirect(redirect_url)
 
         # Display the "Password reset unsuccessful" page.
@@ -297,13 +306,19 @@ class PasswordResetConfirmView(PasswordContextMixin, FormView):
             # urlsafe_base64_decode() decodes to bytestring
             uid = urlsafe_base64_decode(uidb64).decode()
             user = UserModel._default_manager.get(pk=uid)
-        except (TypeError, ValueError, OverflowError, UserModel.DoesNotExist, ValidationError):
+        except (
+            TypeError,
+            ValueError,
+            OverflowError,
+            UserModel.DoesNotExist,
+            ValidationError,
+        ):
             user = None
         return user
 
     def get_form_kwargs(self):
         kwargs = super().get_form_kwargs()
-        kwargs['user'] = self.user
+        kwargs["user"] = self.user
         return kwargs
 
     def form_valid(self, form):
@@ -316,31 +331,33 @@ class PasswordResetConfirmView(PasswordContextMixin, FormView):
     def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
         context = super().get_context_data(**kwargs)
         if self.validlink:
-            context['validlink'] = True
+            context["validlink"] = True
         else:
-            context.update({
-                'form': None,
-                'title': _('Password reset unsuccessful'),
-                'validlink': False,
-            })
+            context.update(
+                {
+                    "form": None,
+                    "title": _("Password reset unsuccessful"),
+                    "validlink": False,
+                }
+            )
         return context
 
 
 class PasswordResetCompleteView(PasswordContextMixin, TemplateView):
-    template_name = 'registration/password_reset_complete.html'
-    title = _('Password reset complete')
+    template_name = "registration/password_reset_complete.html"
+    title = _("Password reset complete")
 
     def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
         context = super().get_context_data(**kwargs)
-        context['login_url'] = resolve_url(settings.LOGIN_URL)
+        context["login_url"] = resolve_url(settings.LOGIN_URL)
         return context
 
 
 class PasswordChangeView(PasswordContextMixin, FormView):
     form_class = PasswordChangeForm
-    success_url = reverse_lazy('password_change_done')
-    template_name = 'registration/password_change_form.html'
-    title = _('Password change')
+    success_url = reverse_lazy("password_change_done")
+    template_name = "registration/password_change_form.html"
+    title = _("Password change")
 
     @method_decorator(sensitive_post_parameters())
     @method_decorator(csrf_protect)
@@ -350,7 +367,7 @@ class PasswordChangeView(PasswordContextMixin, FormView):
 
     def get_form_kwargs(self):
         kwargs = super().get_form_kwargs()
-        kwargs['user'] = self.request.user
+        kwargs["user"] = self.request.user
         return kwargs
 
     def form_valid(self, form):
@@ -362,8 +379,8 @@ class PasswordChangeView(PasswordContextMixin, FormView):
 
 
 class PasswordChangeDoneView(PasswordContextMixin, TemplateView):
-    template_name = 'registration/password_change_done.html'
-    title = _('Password change successful')
+    template_name = "registration/password_change_done.html"
+    title = _("Password change successful")
 
     @method_decorator(login_required)
     def dispatch(self, *args, **kwargs):
diff --git a/django/contrib/contenttypes/admin.py b/django/contrib/contenttypes/admin.py
index dd3e77c4c2..6f442549f1 100644
--- a/django/contrib/contenttypes/admin.py
+++ b/django/contrib/contenttypes/admin.py
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ from django.contrib.admin.checks import InlineModelAdminChecks
 from django.contrib.admin.options import InlineModelAdmin, flatten_fieldsets
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.forms import (
-    BaseGenericInlineFormSet, generic_inlineformset_factory,
+    BaseGenericInlineFormSet,
+    generic_inlineformset_factory,
 )
 from django.core import checks
 from django.core.exceptions import FieldDoesNotExist
@@ -22,7 +23,8 @@ class GenericInlineModelAdminChecks(InlineModelAdminChecks):
         # and that they are part of a GenericForeignKey.
 
         gfks = [
-            f for f in obj.model._meta.private_fields
+            f
+            for f in obj.model._meta.private_fields
             if isinstance(f, GenericForeignKey)
         ]
         if not gfks:
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ class GenericInlineModelAdminChecks(InlineModelAdminChecks):
                 checks.Error(
                     "'%s' has no GenericForeignKey." % obj.model._meta.label,
                     obj=obj.__class__,
-                    id='admin.E301'
+                    id="admin.E301",
                 )
             ]
         else:
@@ -40,11 +42,13 @@ class GenericInlineModelAdminChecks(InlineModelAdminChecks):
             except FieldDoesNotExist:
                 return [
                     checks.Error(
-                        "'ct_field' references '%s', which is not a field on '%s'." % (
-                            obj.ct_field, obj.model._meta.label,
+                        "'ct_field' references '%s', which is not a field on '%s'."
+                        % (
+                            obj.ct_field,
+                            obj.model._meta.label,
                         ),
                         obj=obj.__class__,
-                        id='admin.E302'
+                        id="admin.E302",
                     )
                 ]
 
@@ -53,11 +57,13 @@ class GenericInlineModelAdminChecks(InlineModelAdminChecks):
             except FieldDoesNotExist:
                 return [
                     checks.Error(
-                        "'ct_fk_field' references '%s', which is not a field on '%s'." % (
-                            obj.ct_fk_field, obj.model._meta.label,
+                        "'ct_fk_field' references '%s', which is not a field on '%s'."
+                        % (
+                            obj.ct_fk_field,
+                            obj.model._meta.label,
                         ),
                         obj=obj.__class__,
-                        id='admin.E303'
+                        id="admin.E303",
                     )
                 ]
 
@@ -69,11 +75,14 @@ class GenericInlineModelAdminChecks(InlineModelAdminChecks):
 
             return [
                 checks.Error(
-                    "'%s' has no GenericForeignKey using content type field '%s' and object ID field '%s'." % (
-                        obj.model._meta.label, obj.ct_field, obj.ct_fk_field,
+                    "'%s' has no GenericForeignKey using content type field '%s' and object ID field '%s'."
+                    % (
+                        obj.model._meta.label,
+                        obj.ct_field,
+                        obj.ct_fk_field,
                     ),
                     obj=obj.__class__,
-                    id='admin.E304'
+                    id="admin.E304",
                 )
             ]
 
@@ -86,42 +95,48 @@ class GenericInlineModelAdmin(InlineModelAdmin):
     checks_class = GenericInlineModelAdminChecks
 
     def get_formset(self, request, obj=None, **kwargs):
-        if 'fields' in kwargs:
-            fields = kwargs.pop('fields')
+        if "fields" in kwargs:
+            fields = kwargs.pop("fields")
         else:
             fields = flatten_fieldsets(self.get_fieldsets(request, obj))
         exclude = [*(self.exclude or []), *self.get_readonly_fields(request, obj)]
-        if self.exclude is None and hasattr(self.form, '_meta') and self.form._meta.exclude:
+        if (
+            self.exclude is None
+            and hasattr(self.form, "_meta")
+            and self.form._meta.exclude
+        ):
             # Take the custom ModelForm's Meta.exclude into account only if the
             # GenericInlineModelAdmin doesn't define its own.
             exclude.extend(self.form._meta.exclude)
         exclude = exclude or None
         can_delete = self.can_delete and self.has_delete_permission(request, obj)
         defaults = {
-            'ct_field': self.ct_field,
-            'fk_field': self.ct_fk_field,
-            'form': self.form,
-            'formfield_callback': partial(self.formfield_for_dbfield, request=request),
-            'formset': self.formset,
-            'extra': self.get_extra(request, obj),
-            'can_delete': can_delete,
-            'can_order': False,
-            'fields': fields,
-            'min_num': self.get_min_num(request, obj),
-            'max_num': self.get_max_num(request, obj),
-            'exclude': exclude,
+            "ct_field": self.ct_field,
+            "fk_field": self.ct_fk_field,
+            "form": self.form,
+            "formfield_callback": partial(self.formfield_for_dbfield, request=request),
+            "formset": self.formset,
+            "extra": self.get_extra(request, obj),
+            "can_delete": can_delete,
+            "can_order": False,
+            "fields": fields,
+            "min_num": self.get_min_num(request, obj),
+            "max_num": self.get_max_num(request, obj),
+            "exclude": exclude,
             **kwargs,
         }
 
-        if defaults['fields'] is None and not modelform_defines_fields(defaults['form']):
-            defaults['fields'] = ALL_FIELDS
+        if defaults["fields"] is None and not modelform_defines_fields(
+            defaults["form"]
+        ):
+            defaults["fields"] = ALL_FIELDS
 
         return generic_inlineformset_factory(self.model, **defaults)
 
 
 class GenericStackedInline(GenericInlineModelAdmin):
-    template = 'admin/edit_inline/stacked.html'
+    template = "admin/edit_inline/stacked.html"
 
 
 class GenericTabularInline(GenericInlineModelAdmin):
-    template = 'admin/edit_inline/tabular.html'
+    template = "admin/edit_inline/tabular.html"
diff --git a/django/contrib/contenttypes/apps.py b/django/contrib/contenttypes/apps.py
index 390afb3fcf..11dfb91010 100644
--- a/django/contrib/contenttypes/apps.py
+++ b/django/contrib/contenttypes/apps.py
@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
 from django.apps import AppConfig
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.checks import (
-    check_generic_foreign_keys, check_model_name_lengths,
+    check_generic_foreign_keys,
+    check_model_name_lengths,
 )
 from django.core import checks
 from django.db.models.signals import post_migrate, pre_migrate
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
-from .management import (
-    create_contenttypes, inject_rename_contenttypes_operations,
-)
+from .management import create_contenttypes, inject_rename_contenttypes_operations
 
 
 class ContentTypesConfig(AppConfig):
-    default_auto_field = 'django.db.models.AutoField'
-    name = 'django.contrib.contenttypes'
+    default_auto_field = "django.db.models.AutoField"
+    name = "django.contrib.contenttypes"
     verbose_name = _("Content Types")
 
     def ready(self):
diff --git a/django/contrib/contenttypes/checks.py b/django/contrib/contenttypes/checks.py
index 3e802ea26b..753c5d22f8 100644
--- a/django/contrib/contenttypes/checks.py
+++ b/django/contrib/contenttypes/checks.py
@@ -10,10 +10,14 @@ def check_generic_foreign_keys(app_configs=None, **kwargs):
     if app_configs is None:
         models = apps.get_models()
     else:
-        models = chain.from_iterable(app_config.get_models() for app_config in app_configs)
+        models = chain.from_iterable(
+            app_config.get_models() for app_config in app_configs
+        )
     errors = []
     fields = (
-        obj for model in models for obj in vars(model).values()
+        obj
+        for model in models
+        for obj in vars(model).values()
         if isinstance(obj, GenericForeignKey)
     )
     for field in fields:
@@ -25,17 +29,18 @@ def check_model_name_lengths(app_configs=None, **kwargs):
     if app_configs is None:
         models = apps.get_models()
     else:
-        models = chain.from_iterable(app_config.get_models() for app_config in app_configs)
+        models = chain.from_iterable(
+            app_config.get_models() for app_config in app_configs
+        )
     errors = []
     for model in models:
         if len(model._meta.model_name) > 100:
             errors.append(
                 Error(
-                    'Model names must be at most 100 characters (got %d).' % (
-                        len(model._meta.model_name),
-                    ),
+                    "Model names must be at most 100 characters (got %d)."
+                    % (len(model._meta.model_name),),
                     obj=model,
-                    id='contenttypes.E005',
+                    id="contenttypes.E005",
                 )
             )
     return errors
diff --git a/django/contrib/contenttypes/fields.py b/django/contrib/contenttypes/fields.py
index 278b5bb585..193c2f2687 100644
--- a/django/contrib/contenttypes/fields.py
+++ b/django/contrib/contenttypes/fields.py
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ from django.db.models import DO_NOTHING, ForeignObject, ForeignObjectRel
 from django.db.models.base import ModelBase, make_foreign_order_accessors
 from django.db.models.fields.mixins import FieldCacheMixin
 from django.db.models.fields.related import (
-    ReverseManyToOneDescriptor, lazy_related_operation,
+    ReverseManyToOneDescriptor,
+    lazy_related_operation,
 )
 from django.db.models.query_utils import PathInfo
 from django.db.models.sql import AND
@@ -41,7 +42,9 @@ class GenericForeignKey(FieldCacheMixin):
     related_model = None
     remote_field = None
 
-    def __init__(self, ct_field='content_type', fk_field='object_id', for_concrete_model=True):
+    def __init__(
+        self, ct_field="content_type", fk_field="object_id", for_concrete_model=True
+    ):
         self.ct_field = ct_field
         self.fk_field = fk_field
         self.for_concrete_model = for_concrete_model
@@ -71,7 +74,7 @@ class GenericForeignKey(FieldCacheMixin):
 
     def __str__(self):
         model = self.model
-        return '%s.%s' % (model._meta.label, self.name)
+        return "%s.%s" % (model._meta.label, self.name)
 
     def check(self, **kwargs):
         return [
@@ -84,9 +87,9 @@ class GenericForeignKey(FieldCacheMixin):
         if self.name.endswith("_"):
             return [
                 checks.Error(
-                    'Field names must not end with an underscore.',
+                    "Field names must not end with an underscore.",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E001',
+                    id="fields.E001",
                 )
             ]
         else:
@@ -101,7 +104,7 @@ class GenericForeignKey(FieldCacheMixin):
                     "The GenericForeignKey object ID references the "
                     "nonexistent field '%s'." % self.fk_field,
                     obj=self,
-                    id='contenttypes.E001',
+                    id="contenttypes.E001",
                 )
             ]
         else:
@@ -118,40 +121,37 @@ class GenericForeignKey(FieldCacheMixin):
             return [
                 checks.Error(
                     "The GenericForeignKey content type references the "
-                    "nonexistent field '%s.%s'." % (
-                        self.model._meta.object_name, self.ct_field
-                    ),
+                    "nonexistent field '%s.%s'."
+                    % (self.model._meta.object_name, self.ct_field),
                     obj=self,
-                    id='contenttypes.E002',
+                    id="contenttypes.E002",
                 )
             ]
         else:
             if not isinstance(field, models.ForeignKey):
                 return [
                     checks.Error(
-                        "'%s.%s' is not a ForeignKey." % (
-                            self.model._meta.object_name, self.ct_field
-                        ),
+                        "'%s.%s' is not a ForeignKey."
+                        % (self.model._meta.object_name, self.ct_field),
                         hint=(
                             "GenericForeignKeys must use a ForeignKey to "
                             "'contenttypes.ContentType' as the 'content_type' field."
                         ),
                         obj=self,
-                        id='contenttypes.E003',
+                        id="contenttypes.E003",
                     )
                 ]
             elif field.remote_field.model != ContentType:
                 return [
                     checks.Error(
-                        "'%s.%s' is not a ForeignKey to 'contenttypes.ContentType'." % (
-                            self.model._meta.object_name, self.ct_field
-                        ),
+                        "'%s.%s' is not a ForeignKey to 'contenttypes.ContentType'."
+                        % (self.model._meta.object_name, self.ct_field),
                         hint=(
                             "GenericForeignKeys must use a ForeignKey to "
                             "'contenttypes.ContentType' as the 'content_type' field."
                         ),
                         obj=self,
-                        id='contenttypes.E004',
+                        id="contenttypes.E004",
                     )
                 ]
             else:
@@ -163,7 +163,8 @@ class GenericForeignKey(FieldCacheMixin):
     def get_content_type(self, obj=None, id=None, using=None):
         if obj is not None:
             return ContentType.objects.db_manager(obj._state.db).get_for_model(
-                obj, for_concrete_model=self.for_concrete_model)
+                obj, for_concrete_model=self.for_concrete_model
+            )
         elif id is not None:
             return ContentType.objects.db_manager(using).get_for_id(id)
         else:
@@ -202,10 +203,13 @@ class GenericForeignKey(FieldCacheMixin):
             if ct_id is None:
                 return None
             else:
-                model = self.get_content_type(id=ct_id,
-                                              using=obj._state.db).model_class()
-                return (model._meta.pk.get_prep_value(getattr(obj, self.fk_field)),
-                        model)
+                model = self.get_content_type(
+                    id=ct_id, using=obj._state.db
+                ).model_class()
+                return (
+                    model._meta.pk.get_prep_value(getattr(obj, self.fk_field)),
+                    model,
+                )
 
         return (
             ret_val,
@@ -232,7 +236,9 @@ class GenericForeignKey(FieldCacheMixin):
         if rel_obj is None and self.is_cached(instance):
             return rel_obj
         if rel_obj is not None:
-            ct_match = ct_id == self.get_content_type(obj=rel_obj, using=instance._state.db).id
+            ct_match = (
+                ct_id == self.get_content_type(obj=rel_obj, using=instance._state.db).id
+            )
             pk_match = rel_obj._meta.pk.to_python(pk_val) == rel_obj.pk
             if ct_match and pk_match:
                 return rel_obj
@@ -264,11 +270,21 @@ class GenericRel(ForeignObjectRel):
     Used by GenericRelation to store information about the relation.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, field, to, related_name=None, related_query_name=None, limit_choices_to=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        field,
+        to,
+        related_name=None,
+        related_query_name=None,
+        limit_choices_to=None,
+    ):
         super().__init__(
-            field, to, related_name=related_query_name or '+',
+            field,
+            to,
+            related_name=related_query_name or "+",
             related_query_name=related_query_name,
-            limit_choices_to=limit_choices_to, on_delete=DO_NOTHING,
+            limit_choices_to=limit_choices_to,
+            on_delete=DO_NOTHING,
         )
 
 
@@ -290,21 +306,30 @@ class GenericRelation(ForeignObject):
 
     mti_inherited = False
 
-    def __init__(self, to, object_id_field='object_id', content_type_field='content_type',
-                 for_concrete_model=True, related_query_name=None, limit_choices_to=None, **kwargs):
-        kwargs['rel'] = self.rel_class(
-            self, to,
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        to,
+        object_id_field="object_id",
+        content_type_field="content_type",
+        for_concrete_model=True,
+        related_query_name=None,
+        limit_choices_to=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        kwargs["rel"] = self.rel_class(
+            self,
+            to,
             related_query_name=related_query_name,
             limit_choices_to=limit_choices_to,
         )
 
         # Reverse relations are always nullable (Django can't enforce that a
         # foreign key on the related model points to this model).
-        kwargs['null'] = True
-        kwargs['blank'] = True
-        kwargs['on_delete'] = models.CASCADE
-        kwargs['editable'] = False
-        kwargs['serialize'] = False
+        kwargs["null"] = True
+        kwargs["blank"] = True
+        kwargs["on_delete"] = models.CASCADE
+        kwargs["editable"] = False
+        kwargs["serialize"] = False
 
         # This construct is somewhat of an abuse of ForeignObject. This field
         # represents a relation from pk to object_id field. But, this relation
@@ -330,9 +355,9 @@ class GenericRelation(ForeignObject):
         GenericRelation.
         """
         return (
-            isinstance(field, GenericForeignKey) and
-            field.ct_field == self.content_type_field_name and
-            field.fk_field == self.object_id_field_name
+            isinstance(field, GenericForeignKey)
+            and field.ct_field == self.content_type_field_name
+            and field.fk_field == self.object_id_field_name
         )
 
     def _check_generic_foreign_key_existence(self):
@@ -348,7 +373,7 @@ class GenericRelation(ForeignObject):
                         "'%s', but that model does not have a GenericForeignKey."
                         % target._meta.label,
                         obj=self,
-                        id='contenttypes.E004',
+                        id="contenttypes.E004",
                     )
                 ]
         else:
@@ -356,7 +381,12 @@ class GenericRelation(ForeignObject):
 
     def resolve_related_fields(self):
         self.to_fields = [self.model._meta.pk.name]
-        return [(self.remote_field.model._meta.get_field(self.object_id_field_name), self.model._meta.pk)]
+        return [
+            (
+                self.remote_field.model._meta.get_field(self.object_id_field_name),
+                self.model._meta.pk,
+            )
+        ]
 
     def _get_path_info_with_parent(self, filtered_relation):
         """
@@ -375,15 +405,17 @@ class GenericRelation(ForeignObject):
         opts = self.remote_field.model._meta.concrete_model._meta
         parent_opts = opts.get_field(self.object_id_field_name).model._meta
         target = parent_opts.pk
-        path.append(PathInfo(
-            from_opts=self.model._meta,
-            to_opts=parent_opts,
-            target_fields=(target,),
-            join_field=self.remote_field,
-            m2m=True,
-            direct=False,
-            filtered_relation=filtered_relation,
-        ))
+        path.append(
+            PathInfo(
+                from_opts=self.model._meta,
+                to_opts=parent_opts,
+                target_fields=(target,),
+                join_field=self.remote_field,
+                m2m=True,
+                direct=False,
+                filtered_relation=filtered_relation,
+            )
+        )
         # Collect joins needed for the parent -> child chain. This is easiest
         # to do if we collect joins for the child -> parent chain and then
         # reverse the direction (call to reverse() and use of
@@ -405,42 +437,46 @@ class GenericRelation(ForeignObject):
             return self._get_path_info_with_parent(filtered_relation)
         else:
             target = opts.pk
-            return [PathInfo(
-                from_opts=self.model._meta,
-                to_opts=opts,
-                target_fields=(target,),
-                join_field=self.remote_field,
-                m2m=True,
-                direct=False,
-                filtered_relation=filtered_relation,
-            )]
+            return [
+                PathInfo(
+                    from_opts=self.model._meta,
+                    to_opts=opts,
+                    target_fields=(target,),
+                    join_field=self.remote_field,
+                    m2m=True,
+                    direct=False,
+                    filtered_relation=filtered_relation,
+                )
+            ]
 
     def get_reverse_path_info(self, filtered_relation=None):
         opts = self.model._meta
         from_opts = self.remote_field.model._meta
-        return [PathInfo(
-            from_opts=from_opts,
-            to_opts=opts,
-            target_fields=(opts.pk,),
-            join_field=self,
-            m2m=not self.unique,
-            direct=False,
-            filtered_relation=filtered_relation,
-        )]
+        return [
+            PathInfo(
+                from_opts=from_opts,
+                to_opts=opts,
+                target_fields=(opts.pk,),
+                join_field=self,
+                m2m=not self.unique,
+                direct=False,
+                filtered_relation=filtered_relation,
+            )
+        ]
 
     def value_to_string(self, obj):
         qs = getattr(obj, self.name).all()
         return str([instance.pk for instance in qs])
 
     def contribute_to_class(self, cls, name, **kwargs):
-        kwargs['private_only'] = True
+        kwargs["private_only"] = True
         super().contribute_to_class(cls, name, **kwargs)
         self.model = cls
         # Disable the reverse relation for fields inherited by subclasses of a
         # model in multi-table inheritance. The reverse relation points to the
         # field of the base model.
         if self.mti_inherited:
-            self.remote_field.related_name = '+'
+            self.remote_field.related_name = "+"
             self.remote_field.related_query_name = None
         setattr(cls, self.name, ReverseGenericManyToOneDescriptor(self.remote_field))
 
@@ -450,10 +486,16 @@ class GenericRelation(ForeignObject):
         if not cls._meta.abstract:
 
             def make_generic_foreign_order_accessors(related_model, model):
-                if self._is_matching_generic_foreign_key(model._meta.order_with_respect_to):
+                if self._is_matching_generic_foreign_key(
+                    model._meta.order_with_respect_to
+                ):
                     make_foreign_order_accessors(model, related_model)
 
-            lazy_related_operation(make_generic_foreign_order_accessors, self.model, self.remote_field.model)
+            lazy_related_operation(
+                make_generic_foreign_order_accessors,
+                self.model,
+                self.remote_field.model,
+            )
 
     def set_attributes_from_rel(self):
         pass
@@ -465,24 +507,29 @@ class GenericRelation(ForeignObject):
         """
         Return the content type associated with this field's model.
         """
-        return ContentType.objects.get_for_model(self.model,
-                                                 for_concrete_model=self.for_concrete_model)
+        return ContentType.objects.get_for_model(
+            self.model, for_concrete_model=self.for_concrete_model
+        )
 
     def get_extra_restriction(self, alias, remote_alias):
         field = self.remote_field.model._meta.get_field(self.content_type_field_name)
         contenttype_pk = self.get_content_type().pk
-        lookup = field.get_lookup('exact')(field.get_col(remote_alias), contenttype_pk)
+        lookup = field.get_lookup("exact")(field.get_col(remote_alias), contenttype_pk)
         return WhereNode([lookup], connector=AND)
 
     def bulk_related_objects(self, objs, using=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS):
         """
         Return all objects related to ``objs`` via this ``GenericRelation``.
         """
-        return self.remote_field.model._base_manager.db_manager(using).filter(**{
-            "%s__pk" % self.content_type_field_name: ContentType.objects.db_manager(using).get_for_model(
-                self.model, for_concrete_model=self.for_concrete_model).pk,
-            "%s__in" % self.object_id_field_name: [obj.pk for obj in objs]
-        })
+        return self.remote_field.model._base_manager.db_manager(using).filter(
+            **{
+                "%s__pk"
+                % self.content_type_field_name: ContentType.objects.db_manager(using)
+                .get_for_model(self.model, for_concrete_model=self.for_concrete_model)
+                .pk,
+                "%s__in" % self.object_id_field_name: [obj.pk for obj in objs],
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class ReverseGenericManyToOneDescriptor(ReverseManyToOneDescriptor):
@@ -539,7 +586,7 @@ def create_generic_related_manager(superclass, rel):
             self.pk_val = instance.pk
 
             self.core_filters = {
-                '%s__pk' % self.content_type_field_name: self.content_type.id,
+                "%s__pk" % self.content_type_field_name: self.content_type.id,
                 self.object_id_field_name: self.pk_val,
             }
 
@@ -547,6 +594,7 @@ def create_generic_related_manager(superclass, rel):
             manager = getattr(self.model, manager)
             manager_class = create_generic_related_manager(manager.__class__, rel)
             return manager_class(instance=self.instance)
+
         do_not_call_in_templates = True
 
         def __str__(self):
@@ -581,8 +629,8 @@ def create_generic_related_manager(superclass, rel):
             # Group instances by content types.
             content_type_queries = (
                 models.Q(
-                    (f'{self.content_type_field_name}__pk', content_type_id),
-                    (f'{self.object_id_field_name}__in', {obj.pk for obj in objs}),
+                    (f"{self.content_type_field_name}__pk", content_type_id),
+                    (f"{self.object_id_field_name}__in", {obj.pk for obj in objs}),
                 )
                 for content_type_id, objs in itertools.groupby(
                     sorted(instances, key=lambda obj: self.get_content_type(obj).pk),
@@ -593,7 +641,7 @@ def create_generic_related_manager(superclass, rel):
             # We (possibly) need to convert object IDs to the type of the
             # instances' PK in order to match up instances:
             object_id_converter = instances[0]._meta.pk.to_python
-            content_type_id_field_name = '%s_id' % self.content_type_field_name
+            content_type_id_field_name = "%s_id" % self.content_type_field_name
             return (
                 queryset.filter(query),
                 lambda relobj: (
@@ -612,9 +660,10 @@ def create_generic_related_manager(superclass, rel):
 
             def check_and_update_obj(obj):
                 if not isinstance(obj, self.model):
-                    raise TypeError("'%s' instance expected, got %r" % (
-                        self.model._meta.object_name, obj
-                    ))
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        "'%s' instance expected, got %r"
+                        % (self.model._meta.object_name, obj)
+                    )
                 setattr(obj, self.content_type_field_name, self.content_type)
                 setattr(obj, self.object_id_field_name, self.pk_val)
 
@@ -629,25 +678,30 @@ def create_generic_related_manager(superclass, rel):
                     check_and_update_obj(obj)
                     pks.append(obj.pk)
 
-                self.model._base_manager.using(db).filter(pk__in=pks).update(**{
-                    self.content_type_field_name: self.content_type,
-                    self.object_id_field_name: self.pk_val,
-                })
+                self.model._base_manager.using(db).filter(pk__in=pks).update(
+                    **{
+                        self.content_type_field_name: self.content_type,
+                        self.object_id_field_name: self.pk_val,
+                    }
+                )
             else:
                 with transaction.atomic(using=db, savepoint=False):
                     for obj in objs:
                         check_and_update_obj(obj)
                         obj.save()
+
         add.alters_data = True
 
         def remove(self, *objs, bulk=True):
             if not objs:
                 return
             self._clear(self.filter(pk__in=[o.pk for o in objs]), bulk)
+
         remove.alters_data = True
 
         def clear(self, *, bulk=True):
             self._clear(self, bulk)
+
         clear.alters_data = True
 
         def _clear(self, queryset, bulk):
@@ -662,6 +716,7 @@ def create_generic_related_manager(superclass, rel):
                 with transaction.atomic(using=db, savepoint=False):
                     for obj in queryset:
                         obj.delete()
+
         _clear.alters_data = True
 
         def set(self, objs, *, bulk=True, clear=False):
@@ -685,6 +740,7 @@ def create_generic_related_manager(superclass, rel):
 
                     self.remove(*old_objs)
                     self.add(*new_objs, bulk=bulk)
+
         set.alters_data = True
 
         def create(self, **kwargs):
@@ -693,6 +749,7 @@ def create_generic_related_manager(superclass, rel):
             kwargs[self.object_id_field_name] = self.pk_val
             db = router.db_for_write(self.model, instance=self.instance)
             return super().using(db).create(**kwargs)
+
         create.alters_data = True
 
         def get_or_create(self, **kwargs):
@@ -700,6 +757,7 @@ def create_generic_related_manager(superclass, rel):
             kwargs[self.object_id_field_name] = self.pk_val
             db = router.db_for_write(self.model, instance=self.instance)
             return super().using(db).get_or_create(**kwargs)
+
         get_or_create.alters_data = True
 
         def update_or_create(self, **kwargs):
@@ -707,6 +765,7 @@ def create_generic_related_manager(superclass, rel):
             kwargs[self.object_id_field_name] = self.pk_val
             db = router.db_for_write(self.model, instance=self.instance)
             return super().using(db).update_or_create(**kwargs)
+
         update_or_create.alters_data = True
 
     return GenericRelatedObjectManager
diff --git a/django/contrib/contenttypes/forms.py b/django/contrib/contenttypes/forms.py
index 92a58d49f8..c0ff4f7257 100644
--- a/django/contrib/contenttypes/forms.py
+++ b/django/contrib/contenttypes/forms.py
@@ -9,13 +9,26 @@ class BaseGenericInlineFormSet(BaseModelFormSet):
     A formset for generic inline objects to a parent.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, data=None, files=None, instance=None, save_as_new=False,
-                 prefix=None, queryset=None, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        data=None,
+        files=None,
+        instance=None,
+        save_as_new=False,
+        prefix=None,
+        queryset=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
         opts = self.model._meta
         self.instance = instance
         self.rel_name = (
-            opts.app_label + '-' + opts.model_name + '-' +
-            self.ct_field.name + '-' + self.ct_fk_field.name
+            opts.app_label
+            + "-"
+            + opts.model_name
+            + "-"
+            + self.ct_field.name
+            + "-"
+            + self.ct_fk_field.name
         )
         self.save_as_new = save_as_new
         if self.instance is None or self.instance.pk is None:
@@ -23,11 +36,14 @@ class BaseGenericInlineFormSet(BaseModelFormSet):
         else:
             if queryset is None:
                 queryset = self.model._default_manager
-            qs = queryset.filter(**{
-                self.ct_field.name: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(
-                    self.instance, for_concrete_model=self.for_concrete_model),
-                self.ct_fk_field.name: self.instance.pk,
-            })
+            qs = queryset.filter(
+                **{
+                    self.ct_field.name: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(
+                        self.instance, for_concrete_model=self.for_concrete_model
+                    ),
+                    self.ct_fk_field.name: self.instance.pk,
+                }
+            )
         super().__init__(queryset=qs, data=data, files=files, prefix=prefix, **kwargs)
 
     def initial_form_count(self):
@@ -39,25 +55,45 @@ class BaseGenericInlineFormSet(BaseModelFormSet):
     def get_default_prefix(cls):
         opts = cls.model._meta
         return (
-            opts.app_label + '-' + opts.model_name + '-' +
-            cls.ct_field.name + '-' + cls.ct_fk_field.name
+            opts.app_label
+            + "-"
+            + opts.model_name
+            + "-"
+            + cls.ct_field.name
+            + "-"
+            + cls.ct_fk_field.name
         )
 
     def save_new(self, form, commit=True):
-        setattr(form.instance, self.ct_field.get_attname(), ContentType.objects.get_for_model(self.instance).pk)
+        setattr(
+            form.instance,
+            self.ct_field.get_attname(),
+            ContentType.objects.get_for_model(self.instance).pk,
+        )
         setattr(form.instance, self.ct_fk_field.get_attname(), self.instance.pk)
         return form.save(commit=commit)
 
 
-def generic_inlineformset_factory(model, form=ModelForm,
-                                  formset=BaseGenericInlineFormSet,
-                                  ct_field="content_type", fk_field="object_id",
-                                  fields=None, exclude=None,
-                                  extra=3, can_order=False, can_delete=True,
-                                  max_num=None, formfield_callback=None,
-                                  validate_max=False, for_concrete_model=True,
-                                  min_num=None, validate_min=False,
-                                  absolute_max=None, can_delete_extra=True):
+def generic_inlineformset_factory(
+    model,
+    form=ModelForm,
+    formset=BaseGenericInlineFormSet,
+    ct_field="content_type",
+    fk_field="object_id",
+    fields=None,
+    exclude=None,
+    extra=3,
+    can_order=False,
+    can_delete=True,
+    max_num=None,
+    formfield_callback=None,
+    validate_max=False,
+    for_concrete_model=True,
+    min_num=None,
+    validate_min=False,
+    absolute_max=None,
+    can_delete_extra=True,
+):
     """
     Return a ``GenericInlineFormSet`` for the given kwargs.
 
@@ -67,16 +103,29 @@ def generic_inlineformset_factory(model, form=ModelForm,
     opts = model._meta
     # if there is no field called `ct_field` let the exception propagate
     ct_field = opts.get_field(ct_field)
-    if not isinstance(ct_field, models.ForeignKey) or ct_field.remote_field.model != ContentType:
+    if (
+        not isinstance(ct_field, models.ForeignKey)
+        or ct_field.remote_field.model != ContentType
+    ):
         raise Exception("fk_name '%s' is not a ForeignKey to ContentType" % ct_field)
     fk_field = opts.get_field(fk_field)  # let the exception propagate
     exclude = [*(exclude or []), ct_field.name, fk_field.name]
     FormSet = modelformset_factory(
-        model, form=form, formfield_callback=formfield_callback,
-        formset=formset, extra=extra, can_delete=can_delete,
-        can_order=can_order, fields=fields, exclude=exclude, max_num=max_num,
-        validate_max=validate_max, min_num=min_num, validate_min=validate_min,
-        absolute_max=absolute_max, can_delete_extra=can_delete_extra,
+        model,
+        form=form,
+        formfield_callback=formfield_callback,
+        formset=formset,
+        extra=extra,
+        can_delete=can_delete,
+        can_order=can_order,
+        fields=fields,
+        exclude=exclude,
+        max_num=max_num,
+        validate_max=validate_max,
+        min_num=min_num,
+        validate_min=validate_min,
+        absolute_max=absolute_max,
+        can_delete_extra=can_delete_extra,
     )
     FormSet.ct_field = ct_field
     FormSet.ct_fk_field = fk_field
diff --git a/django/contrib/contenttypes/management/__init__.py b/django/contrib/contenttypes/management/__init__.py
index 4971fa0c4b..903b9ab1a0 100644
--- a/django/contrib/contenttypes/management/__init__.py
+++ b/django/contrib/contenttypes/management/__init__.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 from django.apps import apps as global_apps
-from django.db import (
-    DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, IntegrityError, migrations, router, transaction,
-)
+from django.db import DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, IntegrityError, migrations, router, transaction
 
 
 class RenameContentType(migrations.RunPython):
@@ -12,20 +10,22 @@ class RenameContentType(migrations.RunPython):
         super().__init__(self.rename_forward, self.rename_backward)
 
     def _rename(self, apps, schema_editor, old_model, new_model):
-        ContentType = apps.get_model('contenttypes', 'ContentType')
+        ContentType = apps.get_model("contenttypes", "ContentType")
         db = schema_editor.connection.alias
         if not router.allow_migrate_model(db, ContentType):
             return
 
         try:
-            content_type = ContentType.objects.db_manager(db).get_by_natural_key(self.app_label, old_model)
+            content_type = ContentType.objects.db_manager(db).get_by_natural_key(
+                self.app_label, old_model
+            )
         except ContentType.DoesNotExist:
             pass
         else:
             content_type.model = new_model
             try:
                 with transaction.atomic(using=db):
-                    content_type.save(using=db, update_fields={'model'})
+                    content_type.save(using=db, update_fields={"model"})
             except IntegrityError:
                 # Gracefully fallback if a stale content type causes a
                 # conflict as remove_stale_contenttypes will take care of
@@ -43,7 +43,9 @@ class RenameContentType(migrations.RunPython):
         self._rename(apps, schema_editor, self.new_model, self.old_model)
 
 
-def inject_rename_contenttypes_operations(plan=None, apps=global_apps, using=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, **kwargs):
+def inject_rename_contenttypes_operations(
+    plan=None, apps=global_apps, using=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, **kwargs
+):
     """
     Insert a `RenameContentType` operation after every planned `RenameModel`
     operation.
@@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ def inject_rename_contenttypes_operations(plan=None, apps=global_apps, using=DEF
 
     # Determine whether or not the ContentType model is available.
     try:
-        ContentType = apps.get_model('contenttypes', 'ContentType')
+        ContentType = apps.get_model("contenttypes", "ContentType")
     except LookupError:
         available = False
     else:
@@ -62,7 +64,7 @@ def inject_rename_contenttypes_operations(plan=None, apps=global_apps, using=DEF
         available = True
 
     for migration, backward in plan:
-        if (migration.app_label, migration.name) == ('contenttypes', '0001_initial'):
+        if (migration.app_label, migration.name) == ("contenttypes", "0001_initial"):
             # There's no point in going forward if the initial contenttypes
             # migration is unapplied as the ContentType model will be
             # unavailable from this point.
@@ -78,7 +80,9 @@ def inject_rename_contenttypes_operations(plan=None, apps=global_apps, using=DEF
         for index, operation in enumerate(migration.operations):
             if isinstance(operation, migrations.RenameModel):
                 operation = RenameContentType(
-                    migration.app_label, operation.old_name_lower, operation.new_name_lower
+                    migration.app_label,
+                    operation.old_name_lower,
+                    operation.new_name_lower,
                 )
                 inserts.append((index + 1, operation))
         for inserted, (index, operation) in enumerate(inserts):
@@ -95,14 +99,18 @@ def get_contenttypes_and_models(app_config, using, ContentType):
         ct.model: ct
         for ct in ContentType.objects.using(using).filter(app_label=app_config.label)
     }
-    app_models = {
-        model._meta.model_name: model
-        for model in app_config.get_models()
-    }
+    app_models = {model._meta.model_name: model for model in app_config.get_models()}
     return content_types, app_models
 
 
-def create_contenttypes(app_config, verbosity=2, interactive=True, using=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, apps=global_apps, **kwargs):
+def create_contenttypes(
+    app_config,
+    verbosity=2,
+    interactive=True,
+    using=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+    apps=global_apps,
+    **kwargs,
+):
     """
     Create content types for models in the given app.
     """
@@ -112,11 +120,13 @@ def create_contenttypes(app_config, verbosity=2, interactive=True, using=DEFAULT
     app_label = app_config.label
     try:
         app_config = apps.get_app_config(app_label)
-        ContentType = apps.get_model('contenttypes', 'ContentType')
+        ContentType = apps.get_model("contenttypes", "ContentType")
     except LookupError:
         return
 
-    content_types, app_models = get_contenttypes_and_models(app_config, using, ContentType)
+    content_types, app_models = get_contenttypes_and_models(
+        app_config, using, ContentType
+    )
 
     if not app_models:
         return
diff --git a/django/contrib/contenttypes/management/commands/remove_stale_contenttypes.py b/django/contrib/contenttypes/management/commands/remove_stale_contenttypes.py
index 5593ecb469..3002ceaf53 100644
--- a/django/contrib/contenttypes/management/commands/remove_stale_contenttypes.py
+++ b/django/contrib/contenttypes/management/commands/remove_stale_contenttypes.py
@@ -8,18 +8,23 @@ from django.db.models.deletion import Collector
 
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
-
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--noinput', '--no-input', action='store_false', dest='interactive',
-            help='Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.',
+            "--noinput",
+            "--no-input",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="interactive",
+            help="Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--database', default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+            "--database",
+            default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
             help='Nominates the database to use. Defaults to the "default" database.',
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--include-stale-apps', action='store_true', default=False,
+            "--include-stale-apps",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=False,
             help=(
                 "Deletes stale content types including ones from previously "
                 "installed apps that have been removed from INSTALLED_APPS."
@@ -27,17 +32,17 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         )
 
     def handle(self, **options):
-        db = options['database']
-        include_stale_apps = options['include_stale_apps']
-        interactive = options['interactive']
-        verbosity = options['verbosity']
+        db = options["database"]
+        include_stale_apps = options["include_stale_apps"]
+        interactive = options["interactive"]
+        verbosity = options["verbosity"]
 
         if not router.allow_migrate_model(db, ContentType):
             return
         ContentType.objects.clear_cache()
 
         apps_content_types = itertools.groupby(
-            ContentType.objects.using(db).order_by('app_label', 'model'),
+            ContentType.objects.using(db).order_by("app_label", "model"),
             lambda obj: obj.app_label,
         )
         for app_label, content_types in apps_content_types:
@@ -50,18 +55,24 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 if interactive:
                     ct_info = []
                     for ct in to_remove:
-                        ct_info.append('    - Content type for %s.%s' % (ct.app_label, ct.model))
+                        ct_info.append(
+                            "    - Content type for %s.%s" % (ct.app_label, ct.model)
+                        )
                         collector = NoFastDeleteCollector(using=using, origin=ct)
                         collector.collect([ct])
 
                         for obj_type, objs in collector.data.items():
                             if objs != {ct}:
-                                ct_info.append('    - %s %s object(s)' % (
-                                    len(objs),
-                                    obj_type._meta.label,
-                                ))
-                    content_type_display = '\n'.join(ct_info)
-                    self.stdout.write("""Some content types in your database are stale and can be deleted.
+                                ct_info.append(
+                                    "    - %s %s object(s)"
+                                    % (
+                                        len(objs),
+                                        obj_type._meta.label,
+                                    )
+                                )
+                    content_type_display = "\n".join(ct_info)
+                    self.stdout.write(
+                        """Some content types in your database are stale and can be deleted.
 Any objects that depend on these content types will also be deleted.
 The content types and dependent objects that would be deleted are:
 
@@ -71,15 +82,20 @@ This list doesn't include any cascade deletions to data outside of Django's
 models (uncommon).
 
 Are you sure you want to delete these content types?
-If you're unsure, answer 'no'.""" % content_type_display)
+If you're unsure, answer 'no'."""
+                        % content_type_display
+                    )
                     ok_to_delete = input("Type 'yes' to continue, or 'no' to cancel: ")
                 else:
-                    ok_to_delete = 'yes'
+                    ok_to_delete = "yes"
 
-                if ok_to_delete == 'yes':
+                if ok_to_delete == "yes":
                     for ct in to_remove:
                         if verbosity >= 2:
-                            self.stdout.write("Deleting stale content type '%s | %s'" % (ct.app_label, ct.model))
+                            self.stdout.write(
+                                "Deleting stale content type '%s | %s'"
+                                % (ct.app_label, ct.model)
+                            )
                         ct.delete()
                 else:
                     if verbosity >= 2:
diff --git a/django/contrib/contenttypes/migrations/0001_initial.py b/django/contrib/contenttypes/migrations/0001_initial.py
index e55c320d80..5468fb6a0d 100644
--- a/django/contrib/contenttypes/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/django/contrib/contenttypes/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -4,31 +4,43 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
-    dependencies = [
-    ]
+    dependencies = []
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='ContentType',
+            name="ContentType",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('name', models.CharField(max_length=100)),
-                ('app_label', models.CharField(max_length=100)),
-                ('model', models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='python model class name')),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
+                ("app_label", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
+                (
+                    "model",
+                    models.CharField(
+                        max_length=100, verbose_name="python model class name"
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
             options={
-                'ordering': ('name',),
-                'db_table': 'django_content_type',
-                'verbose_name': 'content type',
-                'verbose_name_plural': 'content types',
+                "ordering": ("name",),
+                "db_table": "django_content_type",
+                "verbose_name": "content type",
+                "verbose_name_plural": "content types",
             },
             bases=(models.Model,),
             managers=[
-                ('objects', django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentTypeManager()),
+                ("objects", django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentTypeManager()),
             ],
         ),
         migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name='contenttype',
-            unique_together={('app_label', 'model')},
+            name="contenttype",
+            unique_together={("app_label", "model")},
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/contenttypes/migrations/0002_remove_content_type_name.py b/django/contrib/contenttypes/migrations/0002_remove_content_type_name.py
index c88e603147..3bee3a864f 100644
--- a/django/contrib/contenttypes/migrations/0002_remove_content_type_name.py
+++ b/django/contrib/contenttypes/migrations/0002_remove_content_type_name.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 
 def add_legacy_name(apps, schema_editor):
-    ContentType = apps.get_model('contenttypes', 'ContentType')
+    ContentType = apps.get_model("contenttypes", "ContentType")
     for ct in ContentType.objects.all():
         try:
             ct.name = apps.get_model(ct.app_label, ct.model)._meta.object_name
@@ -14,26 +14,29 @@ def add_legacy_name(apps, schema_editor):
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('contenttypes', '0001_initial'),
+        ("contenttypes", "0001_initial"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.AlterModelOptions(
-            name='contenttype',
-            options={'verbose_name': 'content type', 'verbose_name_plural': 'content types'},
+            name="contenttype",
+            options={
+                "verbose_name": "content type",
+                "verbose_name_plural": "content types",
+            },
         ),
         migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name='contenttype',
-            name='name',
+            model_name="contenttype",
+            name="name",
             field=models.CharField(max_length=100, null=True),
         ),
         migrations.RunPython(
             migrations.RunPython.noop,
             add_legacy_name,
-            hints={'model_name': 'contenttype'},
+            hints={"model_name": "contenttype"},
         ),
         migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name='contenttype',
-            name='name',
+            model_name="contenttype",
+            name="name",
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/contenttypes/models.py b/django/contrib/contenttypes/models.py
index edc488728a..e4734cc893 100644
--- a/django/contrib/contenttypes/models.py
+++ b/django/contrib/contenttypes/models.py
@@ -81,10 +81,7 @@ class ContentTypeManager(models.Manager):
                 results[model] = ct
         if needed_opts:
             # Lookup required content types from the DB.
-            cts = self.filter(
-                app_label__in=needed_app_labels,
-                model__in=needed_models
-            )
+            cts = self.filter(app_label__in=needed_app_labels, model__in=needed_models)
             for ct in cts:
                 opts_models = needed_opts.pop(ct.model_class()._meta, [])
                 for model in opts_models:
@@ -132,14 +129,14 @@ class ContentTypeManager(models.Manager):
 
 class ContentType(models.Model):
     app_label = models.CharField(max_length=100)
-    model = models.CharField(_('python model class name'), max_length=100)
+    model = models.CharField(_("python model class name"), max_length=100)
     objects = ContentTypeManager()
 
     class Meta:
-        verbose_name = _('content type')
-        verbose_name_plural = _('content types')
-        db_table = 'django_content_type'
-        unique_together = [['app_label', 'model']]
+        verbose_name = _("content type")
+        verbose_name_plural = _("content types")
+        db_table = "django_content_type"
+        unique_together = [["app_label", "model"]]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.app_labeled_name
@@ -156,7 +153,7 @@ class ContentType(models.Model):
         model = self.model_class()
         if not model:
             return self.model
-        return '%s | %s' % (model._meta.app_label, model._meta.verbose_name)
+        return "%s | %s" % (model._meta.app_label, model._meta.verbose_name)
 
     def model_class(self):
         """Return the model class for this type of content."""
diff --git a/django/contrib/contenttypes/views.py b/django/contrib/contenttypes/views.py
index 3231e6bfe1..bfde73c567 100644
--- a/django/contrib/contenttypes/views.py
+++ b/django/contrib/contenttypes/views.py
@@ -15,22 +15,22 @@ def shortcut(request, content_type_id, object_id):
         content_type = ContentType.objects.get(pk=content_type_id)
         if not content_type.model_class():
             raise Http404(
-                _("Content type %(ct_id)s object has no associated model") %
-                {'ct_id': content_type_id}
+                _("Content type %(ct_id)s object has no associated model")
+                % {"ct_id": content_type_id}
             )
         obj = content_type.get_object_for_this_type(pk=object_id)
     except (ObjectDoesNotExist, ValueError):
         raise Http404(
-            _('Content type %(ct_id)s object %(obj_id)s doesn’t exist') %
-            {'ct_id': content_type_id, 'obj_id': object_id}
+            _("Content type %(ct_id)s object %(obj_id)s doesn’t exist")
+            % {"ct_id": content_type_id, "obj_id": object_id}
         )
 
     try:
         get_absolute_url = obj.get_absolute_url
     except AttributeError:
         raise Http404(
-            _('%(ct_name)s objects don’t have a get_absolute_url() method') %
-            {'ct_name': content_type.name}
+            _("%(ct_name)s objects don’t have a get_absolute_url() method")
+            % {"ct_name": content_type.name}
         )
     absurl = get_absolute_url()
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ def shortcut(request, content_type_id, object_id):
     # if necessary.
 
     # If the object actually defines a domain, we're done.
-    if absurl.startswith(('http://', 'https://', '//')):
+    if absurl.startswith(("http://", "https://", "//")):
         return HttpResponseRedirect(absurl)
 
     # Otherwise, we need to introspect the object's relationships for a
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ def shortcut(request, content_type_id, object_id):
     except ObjectDoesNotExist:
         object_domain = None
 
-    if apps.is_installed('django.contrib.sites'):
-        Site = apps.get_model('sites.Site')
+    if apps.is_installed("django.contrib.sites"):
+        Site = apps.get_model("sites.Site")
         opts = obj._meta
 
         for field in opts.many_to_many:
@@ -83,6 +83,6 @@ def shortcut(request, content_type_id, object_id):
     # to whatever get_absolute_url() returned.
     if object_domain is not None:
         protocol = request.scheme
-        return HttpResponseRedirect('%s://%s%s' % (protocol, object_domain, absurl))
+        return HttpResponseRedirect("%s://%s%s" % (protocol, object_domain, absurl))
     else:
         return HttpResponseRedirect(absurl)
diff --git a/django/contrib/flatpages/admin.py b/django/contrib/flatpages/admin.py
index ead6b52b50..5bbc2ad726 100644
--- a/django/contrib/flatpages/admin.py
+++ b/django/contrib/flatpages/admin.py
@@ -8,12 +8,15 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 class FlatPageAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     form = FlatpageForm
     fieldsets = (
-        (None, {'fields': ('url', 'title', 'content', 'sites')}),
-        (_('Advanced options'), {
-            'classes': ('collapse',),
-            'fields': ('registration_required', 'template_name'),
-        }),
+        (None, {"fields": ("url", "title", "content", "sites")}),
+        (
+            _("Advanced options"),
+            {
+                "classes": ("collapse",),
+                "fields": ("registration_required", "template_name"),
+            },
+        ),
     )
-    list_display = ('url', 'title')
-    list_filter = ('sites', 'registration_required')
-    search_fields = ('url', 'title')
+    list_display = ("url", "title")
+    list_filter = ("sites", "registration_required")
+    search_fields = ("url", "title")
diff --git a/django/contrib/flatpages/apps.py b/django/contrib/flatpages/apps.py
index 4f5ef17004..eb9f470b59 100644
--- a/django/contrib/flatpages/apps.py
+++ b/django/contrib/flatpages/apps.py
@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 
 class FlatPagesConfig(AppConfig):
-    default_auto_field = 'django.db.models.AutoField'
-    name = 'django.contrib.flatpages'
+    default_auto_field = "django.db.models.AutoField"
+    name = "django.contrib.flatpages"
     verbose_name = _("Flat Pages")
diff --git a/django/contrib/flatpages/forms.py b/django/contrib/flatpages/forms.py
index f5ee76443a..18fdfa658b 100644
--- a/django/contrib/flatpages/forms.py
+++ b/django/contrib/flatpages/forms.py
@@ -2,15 +2,18 @@ from django import forms
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib.flatpages.models import FlatPage
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
-from django.utils.translation import gettext, gettext_lazy as _
+from django.utils.translation import gettext
+from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 
 class FlatpageForm(forms.ModelForm):
     url = forms.RegexField(
         label=_("URL"),
         max_length=100,
-        regex=r'^[-\w/\.~]+$',
-        help_text=_('Example: “/about/contact/”. Make sure to have leading and trailing slashes.'),
+        regex=r"^[-\w/\.~]+$",
+        help_text=_(
+            "Example: “/about/contact/”. Make sure to have leading and trailing slashes."
+        ),
         error_messages={
             "invalid": _(
                 "This value must contain only letters, numbers, dots, "
@@ -21,38 +24,38 @@ class FlatpageForm(forms.ModelForm):
 
     class Meta:
         model = FlatPage
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         if not self._trailing_slash_required():
-            self.fields['url'].help_text = _(
-                'Example: “/about/contact”. Make sure to have a leading slash.'
+            self.fields["url"].help_text = _(
+                "Example: “/about/contact”. Make sure to have a leading slash."
             )
 
     def _trailing_slash_required(self):
         return (
-            settings.APPEND_SLASH and
-            'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware' in settings.MIDDLEWARE
+            settings.APPEND_SLASH
+            and "django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware" in settings.MIDDLEWARE
         )
 
     def clean_url(self):
-        url = self.cleaned_data['url']
-        if not url.startswith('/'):
+        url = self.cleaned_data["url"]
+        if not url.startswith("/"):
             raise ValidationError(
                 gettext("URL is missing a leading slash."),
-                code='missing_leading_slash',
+                code="missing_leading_slash",
             )
-        if self._trailing_slash_required() and not url.endswith('/'):
+        if self._trailing_slash_required() and not url.endswith("/"):
             raise ValidationError(
                 gettext("URL is missing a trailing slash."),
-                code='missing_trailing_slash',
+                code="missing_trailing_slash",
             )
         return url
 
     def clean(self):
-        url = self.cleaned_data.get('url')
-        sites = self.cleaned_data.get('sites')
+        url = self.cleaned_data.get("url")
+        sites = self.cleaned_data.get("sites")
 
         same_url = FlatPage.objects.filter(url=url)
         if self.instance.pk:
@@ -62,9 +65,9 @@ class FlatpageForm(forms.ModelForm):
             for site in sites:
                 if same_url.filter(sites=site).exists():
                     raise ValidationError(
-                        _('Flatpage with url %(url)s already exists for site %(site)s'),
-                        code='duplicate_url',
-                        params={'url': url, 'site': site},
+                        _("Flatpage with url %(url)s already exists for site %(site)s"),
+                        code="duplicate_url",
+                        params={"url": url, "site": site},
                     )
 
         return super().clean()
diff --git a/django/contrib/flatpages/migrations/0001_initial.py b/django/contrib/flatpages/migrations/0001_initial.py
index 867cd6d4ea..6faa610181 100644
--- a/django/contrib/flatpages/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/django/contrib/flatpages/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -4,35 +4,62 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('sites', '0001_initial'),
+        ("sites", "0001_initial"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='FlatPage',
+            name="FlatPage",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('url', models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='URL', db_index=True)),
-                ('title', models.CharField(max_length=200, verbose_name='title')),
-                ('content', models.TextField(verbose_name='content', blank=True)),
-                ('enable_comments', models.BooleanField(default=False, verbose_name='enable comments')),
-                ('template_name', models.CharField(
-                    help_text=(
-                        'Example: “flatpages/contact_page.html”. If this isn’t provided, the system will use '
-                        '“flatpages/default.html”.'
-                    ), max_length=70, verbose_name='template name', blank=True
-                )),
-                ('registration_required', models.BooleanField(
-                    default=False, help_text='If this is checked, only logged-in users will be able to view the page.',
-                    verbose_name='registration required'
-                )),
-                ('sites', models.ManyToManyField(to='sites.Site', verbose_name='sites')),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "url",
+                    models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="URL", db_index=True),
+                ),
+                ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200, verbose_name="title")),
+                ("content", models.TextField(verbose_name="content", blank=True)),
+                (
+                    "enable_comments",
+                    models.BooleanField(default=False, verbose_name="enable comments"),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "template_name",
+                    models.CharField(
+                        help_text=(
+                            "Example: “flatpages/contact_page.html”. If this isn’t provided, the system will use "
+                            "“flatpages/default.html”."
+                        ),
+                        max_length=70,
+                        verbose_name="template name",
+                        blank=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "registration_required",
+                    models.BooleanField(
+                        default=False,
+                        help_text="If this is checked, only logged-in users will be able to view the page.",
+                        verbose_name="registration required",
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "sites",
+                    models.ManyToManyField(to="sites.Site", verbose_name="sites"),
+                ),
             ],
             options={
-                'ordering': ['url'],
-                'db_table': 'django_flatpage',
-                'verbose_name': 'flat page',
-                'verbose_name_plural': 'flat pages',
+                "ordering": ["url"],
+                "db_table": "django_flatpage",
+                "verbose_name": "flat page",
+                "verbose_name_plural": "flat pages",
             },
             bases=(models.Model,),
         ),
diff --git a/django/contrib/flatpages/models.py b/django/contrib/flatpages/models.py
index 2f2473b842..d001cd182c 100644
--- a/django/contrib/flatpages/models.py
+++ b/django/contrib/flatpages/models.py
@@ -6,31 +6,33 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 
 class FlatPage(models.Model):
-    url = models.CharField(_('URL'), max_length=100, db_index=True)
-    title = models.CharField(_('title'), max_length=200)
-    content = models.TextField(_('content'), blank=True)
-    enable_comments = models.BooleanField(_('enable comments'), default=False)
+    url = models.CharField(_("URL"), max_length=100, db_index=True)
+    title = models.CharField(_("title"), max_length=200)
+    content = models.TextField(_("content"), blank=True)
+    enable_comments = models.BooleanField(_("enable comments"), default=False)
     template_name = models.CharField(
-        _('template name'),
+        _("template name"),
         max_length=70,
         blank=True,
         help_text=_(
-            'Example: “flatpages/contact_page.html”. If this isn’t provided, '
-            'the system will use “flatpages/default.html”.'
+            "Example: “flatpages/contact_page.html”. If this isn’t provided, "
+            "the system will use “flatpages/default.html”."
         ),
     )
     registration_required = models.BooleanField(
-        _('registration required'),
-        help_text=_("If this is checked, only logged-in users will be able to view the page."),
+        _("registration required"),
+        help_text=_(
+            "If this is checked, only logged-in users will be able to view the page."
+        ),
         default=False,
     )
-    sites = models.ManyToManyField(Site, verbose_name=_('sites'))
+    sites = models.ManyToManyField(Site, verbose_name=_("sites"))
 
     class Meta:
-        db_table = 'django_flatpage'
-        verbose_name = _('flat page')
-        verbose_name_plural = _('flat pages')
-        ordering = ['url']
+        db_table = "django_flatpage"
+        verbose_name = _("flat page")
+        verbose_name_plural = _("flat pages")
+        ordering = ["url"]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return "%s -- %s" % (self.url, self.title)
@@ -38,10 +40,10 @@ class FlatPage(models.Model):
     def get_absolute_url(self):
         from .views import flatpage
 
-        for url in (self.url.lstrip('/'), self.url):
+        for url in (self.url.lstrip("/"), self.url):
             try:
-                return reverse(flatpage, kwargs={'url': url})
+                return reverse(flatpage, kwargs={"url": url})
             except NoReverseMatch:
                 pass
         # Handle script prefix manually because we bypass reverse()
-        return iri_to_uri(get_script_prefix().rstrip('/') + self.url)
+        return iri_to_uri(get_script_prefix().rstrip("/") + self.url)
diff --git a/django/contrib/flatpages/sitemaps.py b/django/contrib/flatpages/sitemaps.py
index a144023178..405507c3a3 100644
--- a/django/contrib/flatpages/sitemaps.py
+++ b/django/contrib/flatpages/sitemaps.py
@@ -5,8 +5,10 @@ from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 
 class FlatPageSitemap(Sitemap):
     def items(self):
-        if not django_apps.is_installed('django.contrib.sites'):
-            raise ImproperlyConfigured("FlatPageSitemap requires django.contrib.sites, which isn't installed.")
-        Site = django_apps.get_model('sites.Site')
+        if not django_apps.is_installed("django.contrib.sites"):
+            raise ImproperlyConfigured(
+                "FlatPageSitemap requires django.contrib.sites, which isn't installed."
+            )
+        Site = django_apps.get_model("sites.Site")
         current_site = Site.objects.get_current()
         return current_site.flatpage_set.filter(registration_required=False)
diff --git a/django/contrib/flatpages/templatetags/flatpages.py b/django/contrib/flatpages/templatetags/flatpages.py
index 1d99104ce3..9ec6b8808a 100644
--- a/django/contrib/flatpages/templatetags/flatpages.py
+++ b/django/contrib/flatpages/templatetags/flatpages.py
@@ -19,15 +19,16 @@ class FlatpageNode(template.Node):
             self.user = None
 
     def render(self, context):
-        if 'request' in context:
-            site_pk = get_current_site(context['request']).pk
+        if "request" in context:
+            site_pk = get_current_site(context["request"]).pk
         else:
             site_pk = settings.SITE_ID
         flatpages = FlatPage.objects.filter(sites__id=site_pk)
         # If a prefix was specified, add a filter
         if self.starts_with:
             flatpages = flatpages.filter(
-                url__startswith=self.starts_with.resolve(context))
+                url__startswith=self.starts_with.resolve(context)
+            )
 
         # If the provided user is not authenticated, or no user
         # was provided, filter the list to only public flatpages.
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ class FlatpageNode(template.Node):
             flatpages = flatpages.filter(registration_required=False)
 
         context[self.context_name] = flatpages
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
 
 @register.tag
@@ -70,9 +71,10 @@ def get_flatpages(parser, token):
         {% get_flatpages '/about/' for someuser as about_pages %}
     """
     bits = token.split_contents()
-    syntax_message = ("%(tag_name)s expects a syntax of %(tag_name)s "
-                      "['url_starts_with'] [for user] as context_name" %
-                      {'tag_name': bits[0]})
+    syntax_message = (
+        "%(tag_name)s expects a syntax of %(tag_name)s "
+        "['url_starts_with'] [for user] as context_name" % {"tag_name": bits[0]}
+    )
     # Must have at 3-6 bits in the tag
     if 3 <= len(bits) <= 6:
         # If there's an even number of bits, there's no prefix
@@ -82,13 +84,13 @@ def get_flatpages(parser, token):
             prefix = None
 
         # The very last bit must be the context name
-        if bits[-2] != 'as':
+        if bits[-2] != "as":
             raise template.TemplateSyntaxError(syntax_message)
         context_name = bits[-1]
 
         # If there are 5 or 6 bits, there is a user defined
         if len(bits) >= 5:
-            if bits[-4] != 'for':
+            if bits[-4] != "for":
                 raise template.TemplateSyntaxError(syntax_message)
             user = bits[-3]
         else:
diff --git a/django/contrib/flatpages/urls.py b/django/contrib/flatpages/urls.py
index a087fe8c1d..d4480b3fba 100644
--- a/django/contrib/flatpages/urls.py
+++ b/django/contrib/flatpages/urls.py
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ from django.contrib.flatpages import views
 from django.urls import path
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('<path:url>', views.flatpage, name='django.contrib.flatpages.views.flatpage'),
+    path("<path:url>", views.flatpage, name="django.contrib.flatpages.views.flatpage"),
 ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/flatpages/views.py b/django/contrib/flatpages/views.py
index 2722ec5f94..776f1796a6 100644
--- a/django/contrib/flatpages/views.py
+++ b/django/contrib/flatpages/views.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from django.template import loader
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
 from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_protect
 
-DEFAULT_TEMPLATE = 'flatpages/default.html'
+DEFAULT_TEMPLATE = "flatpages/default.html"
 
 # This view is called from FlatpageFallbackMiddleware.process_response
 # when a 404 is raised, which often means CsrfViewMiddleware.process_view
@@ -30,16 +30,16 @@ def flatpage(request, url):
         flatpage
             `flatpages.flatpages` object
     """
-    if not url.startswith('/'):
-        url = '/' + url
+    if not url.startswith("/"):
+        url = "/" + url
     site_id = get_current_site(request).id
     try:
         f = get_object_or_404(FlatPage, url=url, sites=site_id)
     except Http404:
-        if not url.endswith('/') and settings.APPEND_SLASH:
-            url += '/'
+        if not url.endswith("/") and settings.APPEND_SLASH:
+            url += "/"
             f = get_object_or_404(FlatPage, url=url, sites=site_id)
-            return HttpResponsePermanentRedirect('%s/' % request.path)
+            return HttpResponsePermanentRedirect("%s/" % request.path)
         else:
             raise
     return render_flatpage(request, f)
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ def render_flatpage(request, f):
     # logged in, redirect to the login page.
     if f.registration_required and not request.user.is_authenticated:
         from django.contrib.auth.views import redirect_to_login
+
         return redirect_to_login(request.path)
     if f.template_name:
         template = loader.select_template((f.template_name, DEFAULT_TEMPLATE))
@@ -66,4 +67,4 @@ def render_flatpage(request, f):
     f.title = mark_safe(f.title)
     f.content = mark_safe(f.content)
 
-    return HttpResponse(template.render({'flatpage': f}, request))
+    return HttpResponse(template.render({"flatpage": f}, request))
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/admin/__init__.py b/django/contrib/gis/admin/__init__.py
index 4abc4898ae..d5bd54c479 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/admin/__init__.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/admin/__init__.py
@@ -1,16 +1,34 @@
 from django.contrib.admin import (
-    HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL, AdminSite, ModelAdmin, StackedInline, TabularInline,
-    action, autodiscover, display, register, site,
-)
-from django.contrib.gis.admin.options import (
-    GeoModelAdmin, GISModelAdmin, OSMGeoAdmin,
+    HORIZONTAL,
+    VERTICAL,
+    AdminSite,
+    ModelAdmin,
+    StackedInline,
+    TabularInline,
+    action,
+    autodiscover,
+    display,
+    register,
+    site,
 )
+from django.contrib.gis.admin.options import GeoModelAdmin, GISModelAdmin, OSMGeoAdmin
 from django.contrib.gis.admin.widgets import OpenLayersWidget
 
 __all__ = [
-    'HORIZONTAL', 'VERTICAL', 'AdminSite', 'ModelAdmin', 'StackedInline',
-    'TabularInline', 'action', 'autodiscover', 'display', 'register', 'site',
-    'GISModelAdmin', 'OpenLayersWidget',
+    "HORIZONTAL",
+    "VERTICAL",
+    "AdminSite",
+    "ModelAdmin",
+    "StackedInline",
+    "TabularInline",
+    "action",
+    "autodiscover",
+    "display",
+    "register",
+    "site",
+    "GISModelAdmin",
+    "OpenLayersWidget",
     # RemovedInDjango50Warning.
-    'GeoModelAdmin', 'OSMGeoAdmin',
+    "GeoModelAdmin",
+    "OSMGeoAdmin",
 ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/admin/options.py b/django/contrib/gis/admin/options.py
index 524ba4bdc5..9eb6af6335 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/admin/options.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/admin/options.py
@@ -14,11 +14,10 @@ class GeoModelAdminMixin:
     gis_widget_kwargs = {}
 
     def formfield_for_dbfield(self, db_field, request, **kwargs):
-        if (
-            isinstance(db_field, models.GeometryField) and
-            (db_field.dim < 3 or self.gis_widget.supports_3d)
+        if isinstance(db_field, models.GeometryField) and (
+            db_field.dim < 3 or self.gis_widget.supports_3d
         ):
-            kwargs['widget'] = self.gis_widget(**self.gis_widget_kwargs)
+            kwargs["widget"] = self.gis_widget(**self.gis_widget_kwargs)
             return db_field.formfield(**kwargs)
         else:
             return super().formfield_for_dbfield(db_field, request, **kwargs)
@@ -38,6 +37,7 @@ class GeoModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
     The administration options class for Geographic models. Map settings
     may be overloaded from their defaults to create custom maps.
     """
+
     # The default map settings that may be overloaded -- still subject
     # to API changes.
     default_lon = 0
@@ -60,22 +60,25 @@ class GeoModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
     map_width = 600
     map_height = 400
     map_srid = 4326
-    map_template = 'gis/admin/openlayers.html'
-    openlayers_url = 'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/openlayers/2.13.1/OpenLayers.js'
+    map_template = "gis/admin/openlayers.html"
+    openlayers_url = (
+        "https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/openlayers/2.13.1/OpenLayers.js"
+    )
     point_zoom = num_zoom - 6
-    wms_url = 'http://vmap0.tiles.osgeo.org/wms/vmap0'
-    wms_layer = 'basic'
-    wms_name = 'OpenLayers WMS'
-    wms_options = {'format': 'image/jpeg'}
+    wms_url = "http://vmap0.tiles.osgeo.org/wms/vmap0"
+    wms_layer = "basic"
+    wms_name = "OpenLayers WMS"
+    wms_options = {"format": "image/jpeg"}
     debug = False
     widget = OpenLayersWidget
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         warnings.warn(
-            'django.contrib.gis.admin.GeoModelAdmin and OSMGeoAdmin are '
-            'deprecated in favor of django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin and '
-            'django.contrib.gis.admin.GISModelAdmin.',
-            RemovedInDjango50Warning, stacklevel=2,
+            "django.contrib.gis.admin.GeoModelAdmin and OSMGeoAdmin are "
+            "deprecated in favor of django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin and "
+            "django.contrib.gis.admin.GISModelAdmin.",
+            RemovedInDjango50Warning,
+            stacklevel=2,
         )
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
@@ -92,7 +95,7 @@ class GeoModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
         """
         if isinstance(db_field, models.GeometryField) and db_field.dim < 3:
             # Setting the widget with the newly defined widget.
-            kwargs['widget'] = self.get_map_widget(db_field)
+            kwargs["widget"] = self.get_map_widget(db_field)
             return db_field.formfield(**kwargs)
         else:
             return super().formfield_for_dbfield(db_field, request, **kwargs)
@@ -103,68 +106,75 @@ class GeoModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
         in the `widget` attribute) using the settings from the attributes set
         in this class.
         """
-        is_collection = db_field.geom_type in ('MULTIPOINT', 'MULTILINESTRING', 'MULTIPOLYGON', 'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION')
+        is_collection = db_field.geom_type in (
+            "MULTIPOINT",
+            "MULTILINESTRING",
+            "MULTIPOLYGON",
+            "GEOMETRYCOLLECTION",
+        )
         if is_collection:
-            if db_field.geom_type == 'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION':
-                collection_type = 'Any'
+            if db_field.geom_type == "GEOMETRYCOLLECTION":
+                collection_type = "Any"
             else:
-                collection_type = OGRGeomType(db_field.geom_type.replace('MULTI', ''))
+                collection_type = OGRGeomType(db_field.geom_type.replace("MULTI", ""))
         else:
-            collection_type = 'None'
+            collection_type = "None"
 
         class OLMap(self.widget):
             template_name = self.map_template
             geom_type = db_field.geom_type
 
-            wms_options = ''
+            wms_options = ""
             if self.wms_options:
                 wms_options = ["%s: '%s'" % pair for pair in self.wms_options.items()]
-                wms_options = ', %s' % ', '.join(wms_options)
+                wms_options = ", %s" % ", ".join(wms_options)
 
             params = {
-                'default_lon': self.default_lon,
-                'default_lat': self.default_lat,
-                'default_zoom': self.default_zoom,
-                'display_wkt': self.debug or self.display_wkt,
-                'geom_type': OGRGeomType(db_field.geom_type),
-                'field_name': db_field.name,
-                'is_collection': is_collection,
-                'scrollable': self.scrollable,
-                'layerswitcher': self.layerswitcher,
-                'collection_type': collection_type,
-                'is_generic': db_field.geom_type == 'GEOMETRY',
-                'is_linestring': db_field.geom_type in ('LINESTRING', 'MULTILINESTRING'),
-                'is_polygon': db_field.geom_type in ('POLYGON', 'MULTIPOLYGON'),
-                'is_point': db_field.geom_type in ('POINT', 'MULTIPOINT'),
-                'num_zoom': self.num_zoom,
-                'max_zoom': self.max_zoom,
-                'min_zoom': self.min_zoom,
-                'units': self.units,  # likely should get from object
-                'max_resolution': self.max_resolution,
-                'max_extent': self.max_extent,
-                'modifiable': self.modifiable,
-                'mouse_position': self.mouse_position,
-                'scale_text': self.scale_text,
-                'map_width': self.map_width,
-                'map_height': self.map_height,
-                'point_zoom': self.point_zoom,
-                'srid': self.map_srid,
-                'display_srid': self.display_srid,
-                'wms_url': self.wms_url,
-                'wms_layer': self.wms_layer,
-                'wms_name': self.wms_name,
-                'wms_options': wms_options,
-                'debug': self.debug,
+                "default_lon": self.default_lon,
+                "default_lat": self.default_lat,
+                "default_zoom": self.default_zoom,
+                "display_wkt": self.debug or self.display_wkt,
+                "geom_type": OGRGeomType(db_field.geom_type),
+                "field_name": db_field.name,
+                "is_collection": is_collection,
+                "scrollable": self.scrollable,
+                "layerswitcher": self.layerswitcher,
+                "collection_type": collection_type,
+                "is_generic": db_field.geom_type == "GEOMETRY",
+                "is_linestring": db_field.geom_type
+                in ("LINESTRING", "MULTILINESTRING"),
+                "is_polygon": db_field.geom_type in ("POLYGON", "MULTIPOLYGON"),
+                "is_point": db_field.geom_type in ("POINT", "MULTIPOINT"),
+                "num_zoom": self.num_zoom,
+                "max_zoom": self.max_zoom,
+                "min_zoom": self.min_zoom,
+                "units": self.units,  # likely should get from object
+                "max_resolution": self.max_resolution,
+                "max_extent": self.max_extent,
+                "modifiable": self.modifiable,
+                "mouse_position": self.mouse_position,
+                "scale_text": self.scale_text,
+                "map_width": self.map_width,
+                "map_height": self.map_height,
+                "point_zoom": self.point_zoom,
+                "srid": self.map_srid,
+                "display_srid": self.display_srid,
+                "wms_url": self.wms_url,
+                "wms_layer": self.wms_layer,
+                "wms_name": self.wms_name,
+                "wms_options": wms_options,
+                "debug": self.debug,
             }
+
         return OLMap
 
 
 # RemovedInDjango50Warning.
 class OSMGeoAdmin(GeoModelAdmin):
-    map_template = 'gis/admin/osm.html'
+    map_template = "gis/admin/osm.html"
     num_zoom = 20
     map_srid = spherical_mercator_srid
-    max_extent = '-20037508,-20037508,20037508,20037508'
-    max_resolution = '156543.0339'
+    max_extent = "-20037508,-20037508,20037508,20037508"
+    max_resolution = "156543.0339"
     point_zoom = num_zoom - 6
-    units = 'm'
+    units = "m"
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/admin/widgets.py b/django/contrib/gis/admin/widgets.py
index 1ce94ec7c2..420c170608 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/admin/widgets.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/admin/widgets.py
@@ -7,26 +7,27 @@ from django.utils import translation
 
 # Creating a template context that contains Django settings
 # values needed by admin map templates.
-geo_context = {'LANGUAGE_BIDI': translation.get_language_bidi()}
-logger = logging.getLogger('django.contrib.gis')
+geo_context = {"LANGUAGE_BIDI": translation.get_language_bidi()}
+logger = logging.getLogger("django.contrib.gis")
 
 
 class OpenLayersWidget(Textarea):
     """
     Render an OpenLayers map using the WKT of the geometry.
     """
+
     def get_context(self, name, value, attrs):
         # Update the template parameters with any attributes passed in.
         if attrs:
             self.params.update(attrs)
-            self.params['editable'] = self.params['modifiable']
+            self.params["editable"] = self.params["modifiable"]
         else:
-            self.params['editable'] = True
+            self.params["editable"] = True
 
         # Defaulting the WKT value to a blank string -- this
         # will be tested in the JavaScript and the appropriate
         # interface will be constructed.
-        self.params['wkt'] = ''
+        self.params["wkt"] = ""
 
         # If a string reaches here (via a validation error on another
         # field) then just reconstruct the Geometry.
@@ -37,26 +38,29 @@ class OpenLayersWidget(Textarea):
                 logger.error("Error creating geometry from value '%s' (%s)", value, err)
                 value = None
 
-        if (value and value.geom_type.upper() != self.geom_type and
-                self.geom_type != 'GEOMETRY'):
+        if (
+            value
+            and value.geom_type.upper() != self.geom_type
+            and self.geom_type != "GEOMETRY"
+        ):
             value = None
 
         # Constructing the dictionary of the map options.
-        self.params['map_options'] = self.map_options()
+        self.params["map_options"] = self.map_options()
 
         # Constructing the JavaScript module name using the name of
         # the GeometryField (passed in via the `attrs` keyword).
         # Use the 'name' attr for the field name (rather than 'field')
-        self.params['name'] = name
+        self.params["name"] = name
         # note: we must switch out dashes for underscores since js
         # functions are created using the module variable
-        js_safe_name = self.params['name'].replace('-', '_')
-        self.params['module'] = 'geodjango_%s' % js_safe_name
+        js_safe_name = self.params["name"].replace("-", "_")
+        self.params["module"] = "geodjango_%s" % js_safe_name
 
         if value:
             # Transforming the geometry to the projection used on the
             # OpenLayers map.
-            srid = self.params['srid']
+            srid = self.params["srid"]
             if value.srid != srid:
                 try:
                     ogr = value.ogr
@@ -65,15 +69,17 @@ class OpenLayersWidget(Textarea):
                 except GDALException as err:
                     logger.error(
                         "Error transforming geometry from srid '%s' to srid '%s' (%s)",
-                        value.srid, srid, err
+                        value.srid,
+                        srid,
+                        err,
                     )
-                    wkt = ''
+                    wkt = ""
             else:
                 wkt = value.wkt
 
             # Setting the parameter WKT with that of the transformed
             # geometry.
-            self.params['wkt'] = wkt
+            self.params["wkt"] = wkt
 
         self.params.update(geo_context)
         return self.params
@@ -82,30 +88,31 @@ class OpenLayersWidget(Textarea):
         """Build the map options hash for the OpenLayers template."""
         # JavaScript construction utilities for the Bounds and Projection.
         def ol_bounds(extent):
-            return 'new OpenLayers.Bounds(%s)' % extent
+            return "new OpenLayers.Bounds(%s)" % extent
 
         def ol_projection(srid):
             return 'new OpenLayers.Projection("EPSG:%s")' % srid
 
         # An array of the parameter name, the name of their OpenLayers
         # counterpart, and the type of variable they are.
-        map_types = [('srid', 'projection', 'srid'),
-                     ('display_srid', 'displayProjection', 'srid'),
-                     ('units', 'units', str),
-                     ('max_resolution', 'maxResolution', float),
-                     ('max_extent', 'maxExtent', 'bounds'),
-                     ('num_zoom', 'numZoomLevels', int),
-                     ('max_zoom', 'maxZoomLevels', int),
-                     ('min_zoom', 'minZoomLevel', int),
-                     ]
+        map_types = [
+            ("srid", "projection", "srid"),
+            ("display_srid", "displayProjection", "srid"),
+            ("units", "units", str),
+            ("max_resolution", "maxResolution", float),
+            ("max_extent", "maxExtent", "bounds"),
+            ("num_zoom", "numZoomLevels", int),
+            ("max_zoom", "maxZoomLevels", int),
+            ("min_zoom", "minZoomLevel", int),
+        ]
 
         # Building the map options hash.
         map_options = {}
         for param_name, js_name, option_type in map_types:
             if self.params.get(param_name, False):
-                if option_type == 'srid':
+                if option_type == "srid":
                     value = ol_projection(self.params[param_name])
-                elif option_type == 'bounds':
+                elif option_type == "bounds":
                     value = ol_bounds(self.params[param_name])
                 elif option_type in (float, int):
                     value = self.params[param_name]
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/apps.py b/django/contrib/gis/apps.py
index e582e76760..6282501056 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/apps.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/apps.py
@@ -4,9 +4,11 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 
 class GISConfig(AppConfig):
-    default_auto_field = 'django.db.models.AutoField'
-    name = 'django.contrib.gis'
+    default_auto_field = "django.db.models.AutoField"
+    name = "django.contrib.gis"
     verbose_name = _("GIS")
 
     def ready(self):
-        serializers.BUILTIN_SERIALIZERS.setdefault('geojson', 'django.contrib.gis.serializers.geojson')
+        serializers.BUILTIN_SERIALIZERS.setdefault(
+            "geojson", "django.contrib.gis.serializers.geojson"
+        )
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/base/adapter.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/base/adapter.py
index f6f271915d..b472e3aacb 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/base/adapter.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/base/adapter.py
@@ -2,14 +2,16 @@ class WKTAdapter:
     """
     An adaptor for Geometries sent to the MySQL and Oracle database backends.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, geom):
         self.wkt = geom.wkt
         self.srid = geom.srid
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return (
-            isinstance(other, WKTAdapter) and
-            self.wkt == other.wkt and self.srid == other.srid
+            isinstance(other, WKTAdapter)
+            and self.wkt == other.wkt
+            and self.srid == other.srid
         )
 
     def __hash__(self):
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/base/features.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/base/features.py
index cf52c4e122..cc4ce1046b 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/base/features.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/base/features.py
@@ -60,15 +60,15 @@ class BaseSpatialFeatures:
 
     @property
     def supports_bbcontains_lookup(self):
-        return 'bbcontains' in self.connection.ops.gis_operators
+        return "bbcontains" in self.connection.ops.gis_operators
 
     @property
     def supports_contained_lookup(self):
-        return 'contained' in self.connection.ops.gis_operators
+        return "contained" in self.connection.ops.gis_operators
 
     @property
     def supports_crosses_lookup(self):
-        return 'crosses' in self.connection.ops.gis_operators
+        return "crosses" in self.connection.ops.gis_operators
 
     @property
     def supports_distances_lookups(self):
@@ -76,11 +76,11 @@ class BaseSpatialFeatures:
 
     @property
     def supports_dwithin_lookup(self):
-        return 'dwithin' in self.connection.ops.gis_operators
+        return "dwithin" in self.connection.ops.gis_operators
 
     @property
     def supports_relate_lookup(self):
-        return 'relate' in self.connection.ops.gis_operators
+        return "relate" in self.connection.ops.gis_operators
 
     @property
     def supports_isvalid_lookup(self):
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class BaseSpatialFeatures:
         return models.Union not in self.connection.ops.disallowed_aggregates
 
     def __getattr__(self, name):
-        m = re.match(r'has_(\w*)_function$', name)
+        m = re.match(r"has_(\w*)_function$", name)
         if m:
             func_name = m[1]
             return func_name not in self.connection.ops.unsupported_functions
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/base/models.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/base/models.py
index c25c1ccdee..589c872da6 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/base/models.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/base/models.py
@@ -6,13 +6,14 @@ class SpatialRefSysMixin:
     The SpatialRefSysMixin is a class used by the database-dependent
     SpatialRefSys objects to reduce redundant code.
     """
+
     @property
     def srs(self):
         """
         Return a GDAL SpatialReference object.
         """
         # TODO: Is caching really necessary here?  Is complexity worth it?
-        if hasattr(self, '_srs'):
+        if hasattr(self, "_srs"):
             # Returning a clone of the cached SpatialReference object.
             return self._srs.clone()
         else:
@@ -31,7 +32,10 @@ class SpatialRefSysMixin:
             except Exception as e:
                 msg = e
 
-            raise Exception('Could not get OSR SpatialReference from WKT: %s\nError:\n%s' % (self.wkt, msg))
+            raise Exception(
+                "Could not get OSR SpatialReference from WKT: %s\nError:\n%s"
+                % (self.wkt, msg)
+            )
 
     @property
     def ellipsoid(self):
@@ -49,12 +53,12 @@ class SpatialRefSysMixin:
     @property
     def spheroid(self):
         "Return the spheroid name for this spatial reference."
-        return self.srs['spheroid']
+        return self.srs["spheroid"]
 
     @property
     def datum(self):
         "Return the datum for this spatial reference."
-        return self.srs['datum']
+        return self.srs["datum"]
 
     @property
     def projected(self):
@@ -117,7 +121,7 @@ class SpatialRefSysMixin:
         """
         srs = gdal.SpatialReference(wkt)
         sphere_params = srs.ellipsoid
-        sphere_name = srs['spheroid']
+        sphere_name = srs["spheroid"]
 
         if not string:
             return sphere_name, sphere_params
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/base/operations.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/base/operations.py
index 84b1785a1c..5e56b82a78 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/base/operations.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/base/operations.py
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 from django.contrib.gis.db.models import GeometryField
 from django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions import Distance
-from django.contrib.gis.measure import (
-    Area as AreaMeasure, Distance as DistanceMeasure,
-)
+from django.contrib.gis.measure import Area as AreaMeasure
+from django.contrib.gis.measure import Distance as DistanceMeasure
 from django.db import NotSupportedError
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@ class BaseSpatialOperations:
     spatial_version = None
 
     # How the geometry column should be selected.
-    select = '%s'
+    select = "%s"
 
     @cached_property
     def select_extent(self):
@@ -27,7 +26,7 @@ class BaseSpatialOperations:
     # Aggregates
     disallowed_aggregates = ()
 
-    geom_func_prefix = ''
+    geom_func_prefix = ""
 
     # Mapping between Django function names and backend names, when names do not
     # match; used in spatial_function_name().
@@ -35,12 +34,36 @@ class BaseSpatialOperations:
 
     # Set of known unsupported functions of the backend
     unsupported_functions = {
-        'Area', 'AsGeoJSON', 'AsGML', 'AsKML', 'AsSVG', 'Azimuth',
-        'BoundingCircle', 'Centroid', 'Difference', 'Distance', 'Envelope',
-        'GeoHash', 'GeometryDistance', 'Intersection', 'IsValid', 'Length',
-        'LineLocatePoint', 'MakeValid', 'MemSize', 'NumGeometries',
-        'NumPoints', 'Perimeter', 'PointOnSurface', 'Reverse', 'Scale',
-        'SnapToGrid', 'SymDifference', 'Transform', 'Translate', 'Union',
+        "Area",
+        "AsGeoJSON",
+        "AsGML",
+        "AsKML",
+        "AsSVG",
+        "Azimuth",
+        "BoundingCircle",
+        "Centroid",
+        "Difference",
+        "Distance",
+        "Envelope",
+        "GeoHash",
+        "GeometryDistance",
+        "Intersection",
+        "IsValid",
+        "Length",
+        "LineLocatePoint",
+        "MakeValid",
+        "MemSize",
+        "NumGeometries",
+        "NumPoints",
+        "Perimeter",
+        "PointOnSurface",
+        "Reverse",
+        "Scale",
+        "SnapToGrid",
+        "SymDifference",
+        "Transform",
+        "Translate",
+        "Union",
     }
 
     # Constructors
@@ -49,10 +72,14 @@ class BaseSpatialOperations:
     # Default conversion functions for aggregates; will be overridden if implemented
     # for the spatial backend.
     def convert_extent(self, box, srid):
-        raise NotImplementedError('Aggregate extent not implemented for this spatial backend.')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Aggregate extent not implemented for this spatial backend."
+        )
 
     def convert_extent3d(self, box, srid):
-        raise NotImplementedError('Aggregate 3D extent not implemented for this spatial backend.')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Aggregate 3D extent not implemented for this spatial backend."
+        )
 
     # For quoting column values, rather than columns.
     def geo_quote_name(self, name):
@@ -64,14 +91,18 @@ class BaseSpatialOperations:
         Return the database column type for the geometry field on
         the spatial backend.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseSpatialOperations must provide a geo_db_type() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseSpatialOperations must provide a geo_db_type() method"
+        )
 
     def get_distance(self, f, value, lookup_type):
         """
         Return the distance parameters for the given geometry field,
         lookup value, and lookup type.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('Distance operations not available on this spatial backend.')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Distance operations not available on this spatial backend."
+        )
 
     def get_geom_placeholder(self, f, value, compiler):
         """
@@ -80,48 +111,60 @@ class BaseSpatialOperations:
         stored procedure call to the transformation function of the spatial
         backend.
         """
+
         def transform_value(value, field):
             return value is not None and value.srid != field.srid
 
-        if hasattr(value, 'as_sql'):
+        if hasattr(value, "as_sql"):
             return (
-                '%s(%%s, %s)' % (self.spatial_function_name('Transform'), f.srid)
+                "%s(%%s, %s)" % (self.spatial_function_name("Transform"), f.srid)
                 if transform_value(value.output_field, f)
-                else '%s'
+                else "%s"
             )
         if transform_value(value, f):
             # Add Transform() to the SQL placeholder.
-            return '%s(%s(%%s,%s), %s)' % (
-                self.spatial_function_name('Transform'),
-                self.from_text, value.srid, f.srid,
+            return "%s(%s(%%s,%s), %s)" % (
+                self.spatial_function_name("Transform"),
+                self.from_text,
+                value.srid,
+                f.srid,
             )
         elif self.connection.features.has_spatialrefsys_table:
-            return '%s(%%s,%s)' % (self.from_text, f.srid)
+            return "%s(%%s,%s)" % (self.from_text, f.srid)
         else:
             # For backwards compatibility on MySQL (#27464).
-            return '%s(%%s)' % self.from_text
+            return "%s(%%s)" % self.from_text
 
     def check_expression_support(self, expression):
         if isinstance(expression, self.disallowed_aggregates):
             raise NotSupportedError(
-                "%s spatial aggregation is not supported by this database backend." % expression.name
+                "%s spatial aggregation is not supported by this database backend."
+                % expression.name
             )
         super().check_expression_support(expression)
 
     def spatial_aggregate_name(self, agg_name):
-        raise NotImplementedError('Aggregate support not implemented for this spatial backend.')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Aggregate support not implemented for this spatial backend."
+        )
 
     def spatial_function_name(self, func_name):
         if func_name in self.unsupported_functions:
-            raise NotSupportedError("This backend doesn't support the %s function." % func_name)
+            raise NotSupportedError(
+                "This backend doesn't support the %s function." % func_name
+            )
         return self.function_names.get(func_name, self.geom_func_prefix + func_name)
 
     # Routines for getting the OGC-compliant models.
     def geometry_columns(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses of BaseSpatialOperations must provide a geometry_columns() method.')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Subclasses of BaseSpatialOperations must provide a geometry_columns() method."
+        )
 
     def spatial_ref_sys(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseSpatialOperations must a provide spatial_ref_sys() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseSpatialOperations must a provide spatial_ref_sys() method"
+        )
 
     distance_expr_for_lookup = staticmethod(Distance)
 
@@ -133,15 +176,17 @@ class BaseSpatialOperations:
 
     def get_geometry_converter(self, expression):
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            'Subclasses of BaseSpatialOperations must provide a '
-            'get_geometry_converter() method.'
+            "Subclasses of BaseSpatialOperations must provide a "
+            "get_geometry_converter() method."
         )
 
     def get_area_att_for_field(self, field):
         if field.geodetic(self.connection):
             if self.connection.features.supports_area_geodetic:
-                return 'sq_m'
-            raise NotImplementedError('Area on geodetic coordinate systems not supported.')
+                return "sq_m"
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Area on geodetic coordinate systems not supported."
+            )
         else:
             units_name = field.units_name(self.connection)
             if units_name:
@@ -151,7 +196,7 @@ class BaseSpatialOperations:
         dist_att = None
         if field.geodetic(self.connection):
             if self.connection.features.supports_distance_geodetic:
-                dist_att = 'm'
+                dist_att = "m"
         else:
             units = field.units_name(self.connection)
             if units:
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/mysql/base.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/mysql/base.py
index fccea5919d..4abc052e6e 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/mysql/base.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/mysql/base.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-from django.db.backends.mysql.base import (
-    DatabaseWrapper as MySQLDatabaseWrapper,
-)
+from django.db.backends.mysql.base import DatabaseWrapper as MySQLDatabaseWrapper
 
 from .features import DatabaseFeatures
 from .introspection import MySQLIntrospection
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/mysql/features.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/mysql/features.py
index 613ccce9c5..8999a38bf9 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/mysql/features.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/mysql/features.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.base.features import BaseSpatialFeatures
-from django.db.backends.mysql.features import (
-    DatabaseFeatures as MySQLDatabaseFeatures,
-)
+from django.db.backends.mysql.features import DatabaseFeatures as MySQLDatabaseFeatures
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
 
@@ -14,13 +12,13 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseSpatialFeatures, MySQLDatabaseFeatures):
     supports_transform = False
     supports_null_geometries = False
     supports_num_points_poly = False
-    unsupported_geojson_options = {'crs'}
+    unsupported_geojson_options = {"crs"}
 
     @cached_property
     def empty_intersection_returns_none(self):
         return (
-            not self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb and
-            self.connection.mysql_version < (5, 7, 5)
+            not self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb
+            and self.connection.mysql_version < (5, 7, 5)
         )
 
     @cached_property
@@ -31,13 +29,16 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseSpatialFeatures, MySQLDatabaseFeatures):
     @cached_property
     def django_test_skips(self):
         skips = super().django_test_skips
-        if (
-            not self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb and
-            self.connection.mysql_version < (8, 0, 0)
+        if not self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb and self.connection.mysql_version < (
+            8,
+            0,
+            0,
         ):
-            skips.update({
-                'MySQL < 8 gives different results.': {
-                    'gis_tests.geoapp.tests.GeoLookupTest.test_disjoint_lookup',
-                },
-            })
+            skips.update(
+                {
+                    "MySQL < 8 gives different results.": {
+                        "gis_tests.geoapp.tests.GeoLookupTest.test_disjoint_lookup",
+                    },
+                }
+            )
         return skips
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/mysql/introspection.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/mysql/introspection.py
index ad78595e24..7497ad520c 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/mysql/introspection.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/mysql/introspection.py
@@ -8,14 +8,13 @@ class MySQLIntrospection(DatabaseIntrospection):
     # Updating the data_types_reverse dictionary with the appropriate
     # type for Geometry fields.
     data_types_reverse = DatabaseIntrospection.data_types_reverse.copy()
-    data_types_reverse[FIELD_TYPE.GEOMETRY] = 'GeometryField'
+    data_types_reverse[FIELD_TYPE.GEOMETRY] = "GeometryField"
 
     def get_geometry_type(self, table_name, description):
         with self.connection.cursor() as cursor:
             # In order to get the specific geometry type of the field,
             # we introspect on the table definition using `DESCRIBE`.
-            cursor.execute('DESCRIBE %s' %
-                           self.connection.ops.quote_name(table_name))
+            cursor.execute("DESCRIBE %s" % self.connection.ops.quote_name(table_name))
             # Increment over description info until we get to the geometry
             # column.
             for column, typ, null, key, default, extra in cursor.fetchall():
@@ -31,8 +30,8 @@ class MySQLIntrospection(DatabaseIntrospection):
     def supports_spatial_index(self, cursor, table_name):
         # Supported with MyISAM/Aria, or InnoDB on MySQL 5.7.5+/MariaDB.
         storage_engine = self.get_storage_engine(cursor, table_name)
-        if storage_engine == 'InnoDB':
+        if storage_engine == "InnoDB":
             if self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb:
                 return True
             return self.connection.mysql_version >= (5, 7, 5)
-        return storage_engine in ('MyISAM', 'Aria')
+        return storage_engine in ("MyISAM", "Aria")
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/mysql/operations.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/mysql/operations.py
index 87ab371aa3..4ef014b36b 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/mysql/operations.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/mysql/operations.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 from django.contrib.gis.db import models
 from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.base.adapter import WKTAdapter
-from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.base.operations import (
-    BaseSpatialOperations,
-)
+from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.base.operations import BaseSpatialOperations
 from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.utils import SpatialOperator
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.geometry import GEOSGeometryBase
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.prototypes.io import wkb_r
@@ -12,8 +10,8 @@ from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
 
 class MySQLOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
-    name = 'mysql'
-    geom_func_prefix = 'ST_'
+    name = "mysql"
+    geom_func_prefix = "ST_"
 
     Adapter = WKTAdapter
 
@@ -27,51 +25,69 @@ class MySQLOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
 
     @cached_property
     def select(self):
-        return self.geom_func_prefix + 'AsBinary(%s)'
+        return self.geom_func_prefix + "AsBinary(%s)"
 
     @cached_property
     def from_text(self):
-        return self.geom_func_prefix + 'GeomFromText'
+        return self.geom_func_prefix + "GeomFromText"
 
     @cached_property
     def gis_operators(self):
         operators = {
-            'bbcontains': SpatialOperator(func='MBRContains'),  # For consistency w/PostGIS API
-            'bboverlaps': SpatialOperator(func='MBROverlaps'),  # ...
-            'contained': SpatialOperator(func='MBRWithin'),  # ...
-            'contains': SpatialOperator(func='ST_Contains'),
-            'crosses': SpatialOperator(func='ST_Crosses'),
-            'disjoint': SpatialOperator(func='ST_Disjoint'),
-            'equals': SpatialOperator(func='ST_Equals'),
-            'exact': SpatialOperator(func='ST_Equals'),
-            'intersects': SpatialOperator(func='ST_Intersects'),
-            'overlaps': SpatialOperator(func='ST_Overlaps'),
-            'same_as': SpatialOperator(func='ST_Equals'),
-            'touches': SpatialOperator(func='ST_Touches'),
-            'within': SpatialOperator(func='ST_Within'),
+            "bbcontains": SpatialOperator(
+                func="MBRContains"
+            ),  # For consistency w/PostGIS API
+            "bboverlaps": SpatialOperator(func="MBROverlaps"),  # ...
+            "contained": SpatialOperator(func="MBRWithin"),  # ...
+            "contains": SpatialOperator(func="ST_Contains"),
+            "crosses": SpatialOperator(func="ST_Crosses"),
+            "disjoint": SpatialOperator(func="ST_Disjoint"),
+            "equals": SpatialOperator(func="ST_Equals"),
+            "exact": SpatialOperator(func="ST_Equals"),
+            "intersects": SpatialOperator(func="ST_Intersects"),
+            "overlaps": SpatialOperator(func="ST_Overlaps"),
+            "same_as": SpatialOperator(func="ST_Equals"),
+            "touches": SpatialOperator(func="ST_Touches"),
+            "within": SpatialOperator(func="ST_Within"),
         }
         if self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb:
-            operators['relate'] = SpatialOperator(func='ST_Relate')
+            operators["relate"] = SpatialOperator(func="ST_Relate")
         return operators
 
     disallowed_aggregates = (
-        models.Collect, models.Extent, models.Extent3D, models.MakeLine,
+        models.Collect,
+        models.Extent,
+        models.Extent3D,
+        models.MakeLine,
         models.Union,
     )
 
     @cached_property
     def unsupported_functions(self):
         unsupported = {
-            'AsGML', 'AsKML', 'AsSVG', 'Azimuth', 'BoundingCircle',
-            'ForcePolygonCW', 'GeometryDistance', 'LineLocatePoint',
-            'MakeValid', 'MemSize', 'Perimeter', 'PointOnSurface', 'Reverse',
-            'Scale', 'SnapToGrid', 'Transform', 'Translate',
+            "AsGML",
+            "AsKML",
+            "AsSVG",
+            "Azimuth",
+            "BoundingCircle",
+            "ForcePolygonCW",
+            "GeometryDistance",
+            "LineLocatePoint",
+            "MakeValid",
+            "MemSize",
+            "Perimeter",
+            "PointOnSurface",
+            "Reverse",
+            "Scale",
+            "SnapToGrid",
+            "Transform",
+            "Translate",
         }
         if self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb:
-            unsupported.remove('PointOnSurface')
-            unsupported.update({'GeoHash', 'IsValid'})
+            unsupported.remove("PointOnSurface")
+            unsupported.update({"GeoHash", "IsValid"})
         elif self.connection.mysql_version < (5, 7, 5):
-            unsupported.update({'AsGeoJSON', 'GeoHash', 'IsValid'})
+            unsupported.update({"AsGeoJSON", "GeoHash", "IsValid"})
         return unsupported
 
     def geo_db_type(self, f):
@@ -82,10 +98,12 @@ class MySQLOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
         if isinstance(value, Distance):
             if f.geodetic(self.connection):
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'Only numeric values of degree units are allowed on '
-                    'geodetic distance queries.'
+                    "Only numeric values of degree units are allowed on "
+                    "geodetic distance queries."
                 )
-            dist_param = getattr(value, Distance.unit_attname(f.units_name(self.connection)))
+            dist_param = getattr(
+                value, Distance.unit_attname(f.units_name(self.connection))
+            )
         else:
             dist_param = value
         return [dist_param]
@@ -103,4 +121,5 @@ class MySQLOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
                 if srid:
                     geom.srid = srid
                 return geom
+
         return converter
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/mysql/schema.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/mysql/schema.py
index da033ce5d6..b173df0198 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/mysql/schema.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/mysql/schema.py
@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@ from django.contrib.gis.db.models import GeometryField
 from django.db import OperationalError
 from django.db.backends.mysql.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
 
-logger = logging.getLogger('django.contrib.gis')
+logger = logging.getLogger("django.contrib.gis")
 
 
 class MySQLGISSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
-    sql_add_spatial_index = 'CREATE SPATIAL INDEX %(index)s ON %(table)s(%(column)s)'
-    sql_drop_spatial_index = 'DROP INDEX %(index)s ON %(table)s'
+    sql_add_spatial_index = "CREATE SPATIAL INDEX %(index)s ON %(table)s(%(column)s)"
+    sql_drop_spatial_index = "DROP INDEX %(index)s ON %(table)s"
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -18,7 +18,10 @@ class MySQLGISSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
     def skip_default(self, field):
         # Geometry fields are stored as BLOB/TEXT, for which MySQL < 8.0.13
         # doesn't support defaults.
-        if isinstance(field, GeometryField) and not self._supports_limited_data_type_defaults:
+        if (
+            isinstance(field, GeometryField)
+            and not self._supports_limited_data_type_defaults
+        ):
             return True
         return super().skip_default(field)
 
@@ -34,10 +37,11 @@ class MySQLGISSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
             qn = self.connection.ops.quote_name
             db_table = model._meta.db_table
             self.geometry_sql.append(
-                self.sql_add_spatial_index % {
-                    'index': qn(self._create_spatial_index_name(model, field)),
-                    'table': qn(db_table),
-                    'column': qn(field.column),
+                self.sql_add_spatial_index
+                % {
+                    "index": qn(self._create_spatial_index_name(model, field)),
+                    "table": qn(db_table),
+                    "column": qn(field.column),
                 }
             )
         return column_sql
@@ -54,21 +58,22 @@ class MySQLGISSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
         if isinstance(field, GeometryField) and field.spatial_index:
             qn = self.connection.ops.quote_name
             sql = self.sql_drop_spatial_index % {
-                'index': qn(self._create_spatial_index_name(model, field)),
-                'table': qn(model._meta.db_table),
+                "index": qn(self._create_spatial_index_name(model, field)),
+                "table": qn(model._meta.db_table),
             }
             try:
                 self.execute(sql)
             except OperationalError:
                 logger.error(
                     "Couldn't remove spatial index: %s (may be expected "
-                    "if your storage engine doesn't support them).", sql
+                    "if your storage engine doesn't support them).",
+                    sql,
                 )
 
         super().remove_field(model, field)
 
     def _create_spatial_index_name(self, model, field):
-        return '%s_%s_id' % (model._meta.db_table, field.column)
+        return "%s_%s_id" % (model._meta.db_table, field.column)
 
     def create_spatial_indexes(self):
         for sql in self.geometry_sql:
@@ -77,6 +82,7 @@ class MySQLGISSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
             except OperationalError:
                 logger.error(
                     "Cannot create SPATIAL INDEX %s. Only MyISAM and (as of "
-                    "MySQL 5.7.5) InnoDB support them.", sql
+                    "MySQL 5.7.5) InnoDB support them.",
+                    sql,
                 )
         self.geometry_sql = []
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/adapter.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/adapter.py
index 3f96178091..7556b121b8 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/adapter.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/adapter.py
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ class OracleSpatialAdapter(WKTAdapter):
             if self._polygon_must_be_fixed(geom):
                 geom = self._fix_polygon(geom)
         elif isinstance(geom, GeometryCollection):
-            if any(isinstance(g, Polygon) and self._polygon_must_be_fixed(g) for g in geom):
+            if any(
+                isinstance(g, Polygon) and self._polygon_must_be_fixed(g) for g in geom
+            ):
                 geom = self._fix_geometry_collection(geom)
 
         self.wkt = geom.wkt
@@ -27,12 +29,9 @@ class OracleSpatialAdapter(WKTAdapter):
 
     @staticmethod
     def _polygon_must_be_fixed(poly):
-        return (
-            not poly.empty and
-            (
-                not poly.exterior_ring.is_counterclockwise or
-                any(x.is_counterclockwise for x in poly)
-            )
+        return not poly.empty and (
+            not poly.exterior_ring.is_counterclockwise
+            or any(x.is_counterclockwise for x in poly)
         )
 
     @classmethod
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/base.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/base.py
index 0093ef83bb..d43516a72f 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/base.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/base.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-from django.db.backends.oracle.base import (
-    DatabaseWrapper as OracleDatabaseWrapper,
-)
+from django.db.backends.oracle.base import DatabaseWrapper as OracleDatabaseWrapper
 
 from .features import DatabaseFeatures
 from .introspection import OracleIntrospection
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/features.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/features.py
index 2ba951de42..ee4b296c07 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/features.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/features.py
@@ -12,14 +12,16 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseSpatialFeatures, OracleDatabaseFeatures):
     supports_perimeter_geodetic = True
     supports_dwithin_distance_expr = False
     supports_tolerance_parameter = True
-    unsupported_geojson_options = {'bbox', 'crs', 'precision'}
+    unsupported_geojson_options = {"bbox", "crs", "precision"}
 
     @cached_property
     def django_test_skips(self):
         skips = super().django_test_skips
-        skips.update({
-            "Oracle doesn't support spatial operators in constraints.": {
-                'gis_tests.gis_migrations.test_operations.OperationTests.test_add_check_constraint',
-            },
-        })
+        skips.update(
+            {
+                "Oracle doesn't support spatial operators in constraints.": {
+                    "gis_tests.gis_migrations.test_operations.OperationTests.test_add_check_constraint",
+                },
+            }
+        )
         return skips
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/introspection.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/introspection.py
index 493fe74b46..096fee54e1 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/introspection.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/introspection.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class OracleIntrospection(DatabaseIntrospection):
     def data_types_reverse(self):
         return {
             **super().data_types_reverse,
-            cx_Oracle.OBJECT: 'GeometryField',
+            cx_Oracle.OBJECT: "GeometryField",
         }
 
     def get_geometry_type(self, table_name, description):
@@ -22,26 +22,26 @@ class OracleIntrospection(DatabaseIntrospection):
                 cursor.execute(
                     'SELECT "DIMINFO", "SRID" FROM "USER_SDO_GEOM_METADATA" '
                     'WHERE "TABLE_NAME"=%s AND "COLUMN_NAME"=%s',
-                    (table_name.upper(), description.name.upper())
+                    (table_name.upper(), description.name.upper()),
                 )
                 row = cursor.fetchone()
             except Exception as exc:
                 raise Exception(
-                    'Could not find entry in USER_SDO_GEOM_METADATA '
+                    "Could not find entry in USER_SDO_GEOM_METADATA "
                     'corresponding to "%s"."%s"' % (table_name, description.name)
                 ) from exc
 
             # TODO: Research way to find a more specific geometry field type for
             # the column's contents.
-            field_type = 'GeometryField'
+            field_type = "GeometryField"
 
             # Getting the field parameters.
             field_params = {}
             dim, srid = row
             if srid != 4326:
-                field_params['srid'] = srid
+                field_params["srid"] = srid
             # Size of object array (SDO_DIM_ARRAY) is number of dimensions.
             dim = dim.size()
             if dim != 2:
-                field_params['dim'] = dim
+                field_params["dim"] = dim
         return field_type, field_params
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/models.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/models.py
index 6876eecefd..f06f73148e 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/models.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/models.py
@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ class OracleGeometryColumns(models.Model):
     # TODO: Add support for `diminfo` column (type MDSYS.SDO_DIM_ARRAY).
 
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'gis'
-        db_table = 'USER_SDO_GEOM_METADATA'
+        app_label = "gis"
+        db_table = "USER_SDO_GEOM_METADATA"
         managed = False
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s - %s (SRID: %s)' % (self.table_name, self.column_name, self.srid)
+        return "%s - %s (SRID: %s)" % (self.table_name, self.column_name, self.srid)
 
     @classmethod
     def table_name_col(cls):
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class OracleGeometryColumns(models.Model):
         Return the name of the metadata column used to store the feature table
         name.
         """
-        return 'table_name'
+        return "table_name"
 
     @classmethod
     def geom_col_name(cls):
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class OracleGeometryColumns(models.Model):
         Return the name of the metadata column used to store the feature
         geometry column.
         """
-        return 'column_name'
+        return "column_name"
 
 
 class OracleSpatialRefSys(models.Model, SpatialRefSysMixin):
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ class OracleSpatialRefSys(models.Model, SpatialRefSysMixin):
     cs_bounds = models.PolygonField(null=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'gis'
-        db_table = 'CS_SRS'
+        app_label = "gis"
+        db_table = "CS_SRS"
         managed = False
 
     @property
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/operations.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/operations.py
index 9b363aaf4e..45010ef517 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/operations.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/operations.py
@@ -10,9 +10,7 @@
 import re
 
 from django.contrib.gis.db import models
-from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.base.operations import (
-    BaseSpatialOperations,
-)
+from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.base.operations import BaseSpatialOperations
 from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.oracle.adapter import OracleSpatialAdapter
 from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.utils import SpatialOperator
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.geometry import GEOSGeometry, GEOSGeometryBase
@@ -20,7 +18,7 @@ from django.contrib.gis.geos.prototypes.io import wkb_r
 from django.contrib.gis.measure import Distance
 from django.db.backends.oracle.operations import DatabaseOperations
 
-DEFAULT_TOLERANCE = '0.05'
+DEFAULT_TOLERANCE = "0.05"
 
 
 class SDOOperator(SpatialOperator):
@@ -32,57 +30,60 @@ class SDODWithin(SpatialOperator):
 
 
 class SDODisjoint(SpatialOperator):
-    sql_template = "SDO_GEOM.RELATE(%%(lhs)s, 'DISJOINT', %%(rhs)s, %s) = 'DISJOINT'" % DEFAULT_TOLERANCE
+    sql_template = (
+        "SDO_GEOM.RELATE(%%(lhs)s, 'DISJOINT', %%(rhs)s, %s) = 'DISJOINT'"
+        % DEFAULT_TOLERANCE
+    )
 
 
 class SDORelate(SpatialOperator):
     sql_template = "SDO_RELATE(%(lhs)s, %(rhs)s, 'mask=%(mask)s') = 'TRUE'"
 
     def check_relate_argument(self, arg):
-        masks = 'TOUCH|OVERLAPBDYDISJOINT|OVERLAPBDYINTERSECT|EQUAL|INSIDE|COVEREDBY|CONTAINS|COVERS|ANYINTERACT|ON'
-        mask_regex = re.compile(r'^(%s)(\+(%s))*$' % (masks, masks), re.I)
+        masks = "TOUCH|OVERLAPBDYDISJOINT|OVERLAPBDYINTERSECT|EQUAL|INSIDE|COVEREDBY|CONTAINS|COVERS|ANYINTERACT|ON"
+        mask_regex = re.compile(r"^(%s)(\+(%s))*$" % (masks, masks), re.I)
         if not isinstance(arg, str) or not mask_regex.match(arg):
             raise ValueError('Invalid SDO_RELATE mask: "%s"' % arg)
 
     def as_sql(self, connection, lookup, template_params, sql_params):
-        template_params['mask'] = sql_params[-1]
+        template_params["mask"] = sql_params[-1]
         return super().as_sql(connection, lookup, template_params, sql_params[:-1])
 
 
 class OracleOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
 
-    name = 'oracle'
+    name = "oracle"
     oracle = True
     disallowed_aggregates = (models.Collect, models.Extent3D, models.MakeLine)
 
     Adapter = OracleSpatialAdapter
 
-    extent = 'SDO_AGGR_MBR'
-    unionagg = 'SDO_AGGR_UNION'
+    extent = "SDO_AGGR_MBR"
+    unionagg = "SDO_AGGR_UNION"
 
-    from_text = 'SDO_GEOMETRY'
+    from_text = "SDO_GEOMETRY"
 
     function_names = {
-        'Area': 'SDO_GEOM.SDO_AREA',
-        'AsGeoJSON': 'SDO_UTIL.TO_GEOJSON',
-        'AsWKB': 'SDO_UTIL.TO_WKBGEOMETRY',
-        'AsWKT': 'SDO_UTIL.TO_WKTGEOMETRY',
-        'BoundingCircle': 'SDO_GEOM.SDO_MBC',
-        'Centroid': 'SDO_GEOM.SDO_CENTROID',
-        'Difference': 'SDO_GEOM.SDO_DIFFERENCE',
-        'Distance': 'SDO_GEOM.SDO_DISTANCE',
-        'Envelope': 'SDO_GEOM_MBR',
-        'Intersection': 'SDO_GEOM.SDO_INTERSECTION',
-        'IsValid': 'SDO_GEOM.VALIDATE_GEOMETRY_WITH_CONTEXT',
-        'Length': 'SDO_GEOM.SDO_LENGTH',
-        'NumGeometries': 'SDO_UTIL.GETNUMELEM',
-        'NumPoints': 'SDO_UTIL.GETNUMVERTICES',
-        'Perimeter': 'SDO_GEOM.SDO_LENGTH',
-        'PointOnSurface': 'SDO_GEOM.SDO_POINTONSURFACE',
-        'Reverse': 'SDO_UTIL.REVERSE_LINESTRING',
-        'SymDifference': 'SDO_GEOM.SDO_XOR',
-        'Transform': 'SDO_CS.TRANSFORM',
-        'Union': 'SDO_GEOM.SDO_UNION',
+        "Area": "SDO_GEOM.SDO_AREA",
+        "AsGeoJSON": "SDO_UTIL.TO_GEOJSON",
+        "AsWKB": "SDO_UTIL.TO_WKBGEOMETRY",
+        "AsWKT": "SDO_UTIL.TO_WKTGEOMETRY",
+        "BoundingCircle": "SDO_GEOM.SDO_MBC",
+        "Centroid": "SDO_GEOM.SDO_CENTROID",
+        "Difference": "SDO_GEOM.SDO_DIFFERENCE",
+        "Distance": "SDO_GEOM.SDO_DISTANCE",
+        "Envelope": "SDO_GEOM_MBR",
+        "Intersection": "SDO_GEOM.SDO_INTERSECTION",
+        "IsValid": "SDO_GEOM.VALIDATE_GEOMETRY_WITH_CONTEXT",
+        "Length": "SDO_GEOM.SDO_LENGTH",
+        "NumGeometries": "SDO_UTIL.GETNUMELEM",
+        "NumPoints": "SDO_UTIL.GETNUMVERTICES",
+        "Perimeter": "SDO_GEOM.SDO_LENGTH",
+        "PointOnSurface": "SDO_GEOM.SDO_POINTONSURFACE",
+        "Reverse": "SDO_UTIL.REVERSE_LINESTRING",
+        "SymDifference": "SDO_GEOM.SDO_XOR",
+        "Transform": "SDO_CS.TRANSFORM",
+        "Union": "SDO_GEOM.SDO_UNION",
     }
 
     # We want to get SDO Geometries as WKT because it is much easier to
@@ -90,28 +91,39 @@ class OracleOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
     # However, this adversely affects performance (i.e., Java is called
     # to convert to WKT on every query).  If someone wishes to write a
     # SDO_GEOMETRY(...) parser in Python, let me know =)
-    select = 'SDO_UTIL.TO_WKBGEOMETRY(%s)'
+    select = "SDO_UTIL.TO_WKBGEOMETRY(%s)"
 
     gis_operators = {
-        'contains': SDOOperator(func='SDO_CONTAINS'),
-        'coveredby': SDOOperator(func='SDO_COVEREDBY'),
-        'covers': SDOOperator(func='SDO_COVERS'),
-        'disjoint': SDODisjoint(),
-        'intersects': SDOOperator(func='SDO_OVERLAPBDYINTERSECT'),  # TODO: Is this really the same as ST_Intersects()?
-        'equals': SDOOperator(func='SDO_EQUAL'),
-        'exact': SDOOperator(func='SDO_EQUAL'),
-        'overlaps': SDOOperator(func='SDO_OVERLAPS'),
-        'same_as': SDOOperator(func='SDO_EQUAL'),
-        'relate': SDORelate(),  # Oracle uses a different syntax, e.g., 'mask=inside+touch'
-        'touches': SDOOperator(func='SDO_TOUCH'),
-        'within': SDOOperator(func='SDO_INSIDE'),
-        'dwithin': SDODWithin(),
+        "contains": SDOOperator(func="SDO_CONTAINS"),
+        "coveredby": SDOOperator(func="SDO_COVEREDBY"),
+        "covers": SDOOperator(func="SDO_COVERS"),
+        "disjoint": SDODisjoint(),
+        "intersects": SDOOperator(
+            func="SDO_OVERLAPBDYINTERSECT"
+        ),  # TODO: Is this really the same as ST_Intersects()?
+        "equals": SDOOperator(func="SDO_EQUAL"),
+        "exact": SDOOperator(func="SDO_EQUAL"),
+        "overlaps": SDOOperator(func="SDO_OVERLAPS"),
+        "same_as": SDOOperator(func="SDO_EQUAL"),
+        "relate": SDORelate(),  # Oracle uses a different syntax, e.g., 'mask=inside+touch'
+        "touches": SDOOperator(func="SDO_TOUCH"),
+        "within": SDOOperator(func="SDO_INSIDE"),
+        "dwithin": SDODWithin(),
     }
 
     unsupported_functions = {
-        'AsKML', 'AsSVG', 'Azimuth', 'ForcePolygonCW', 'GeoHash',
-        'GeometryDistance', 'LineLocatePoint', 'MakeValid', 'MemSize',
-        'Scale', 'SnapToGrid', 'Translate',
+        "AsKML",
+        "AsSVG",
+        "Azimuth",
+        "ForcePolygonCW",
+        "GeoHash",
+        "GeometryDistance",
+        "LineLocatePoint",
+        "MakeValid",
+        "MemSize",
+        "Scale",
+        "SnapToGrid",
+        "Translate",
     }
 
     def geo_quote_name(self, name):
@@ -124,15 +136,17 @@ class OracleOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
             # table.
             ext_geom = GEOSGeometry(memoryview(clob.read()))
             gtype = str(ext_geom.geom_type)
-            if gtype == 'Polygon':
+            if gtype == "Polygon":
                 # Construct the 4-tuple from the coordinates in the polygon.
                 shell = ext_geom.shell
                 ll, ur = shell[0][:2], shell[2][:2]
-            elif gtype == 'Point':
+            elif gtype == "Point":
                 ll = ext_geom.coords[:2]
                 ur = ll
             else:
-                raise Exception('Unexpected geometry type returned for extent: %s' % gtype)
+                raise Exception(
+                    "Unexpected geometry type returned for extent: %s" % gtype
+                )
             xmin, ymin = ll
             xmax, ymax = ur
             return (xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax)
@@ -145,7 +159,7 @@ class OracleOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
         backends, no stored procedure is necessary and it's the same for all
         geometry types.
         """
-        return 'MDSYS.SDO_GEOMETRY'
+        return "MDSYS.SDO_GEOMETRY"
 
     def get_distance(self, f, value, lookup_type):
         """
@@ -161,47 +175,47 @@ class OracleOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
             if f.geodetic(self.connection):
                 dist_param = value.m
             else:
-                dist_param = getattr(value, Distance.unit_attname(f.units_name(self.connection)))
+                dist_param = getattr(
+                    value, Distance.unit_attname(f.units_name(self.connection))
+                )
         else:
             dist_param = value
 
         # dwithin lookups on Oracle require a special string parameter
         # that starts with "distance=".
-        if lookup_type == 'dwithin':
-            dist_param = 'distance=%s' % dist_param
+        if lookup_type == "dwithin":
+            dist_param = "distance=%s" % dist_param
 
         return [dist_param]
 
     def get_geom_placeholder(self, f, value, compiler):
         if value is None:
-            return 'NULL'
+            return "NULL"
         return super().get_geom_placeholder(f, value, compiler)
 
     def spatial_aggregate_name(self, agg_name):
         """
         Return the spatial aggregate SQL name.
         """
-        agg_name = 'unionagg' if agg_name.lower() == 'union' else agg_name.lower()
+        agg_name = "unionagg" if agg_name.lower() == "union" else agg_name.lower()
         return getattr(self, agg_name)
 
     # Routines for getting the OGC-compliant models.
     def geometry_columns(self):
-        from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.oracle.models import (
-            OracleGeometryColumns,
-        )
+        from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.oracle.models import OracleGeometryColumns
+
         return OracleGeometryColumns
 
     def spatial_ref_sys(self):
-        from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.oracle.models import (
-            OracleSpatialRefSys,
-        )
+        from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.oracle.models import OracleSpatialRefSys
+
         return OracleSpatialRefSys
 
     def modify_insert_params(self, placeholder, params):
         """Drop out insert parameters for NULL placeholder. Needed for Oracle Spatial
         backend due to #10888.
         """
-        if placeholder == 'NULL':
+        if placeholder == "NULL":
             return []
         return super().modify_insert_params(placeholder, params)
 
@@ -218,7 +232,8 @@ class OracleOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
                 if srid:
                     geom.srid = srid
                 return geom
+
         return converter
 
     def get_area_att_for_field(self, field):
-        return 'sq_m'
+        return "sq_m"
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/schema.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/schema.py
index b281abc81b..edc692ffc7 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/schema.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/oracle/schema.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from django.db.backends.utils import strip_quotes, truncate_name
 
 
 class OracleGISSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
-    sql_add_geometry_metadata = ("""
+    sql_add_geometry_metadata = """
         INSERT INTO USER_SDO_GEOM_METADATA
             ("TABLE_NAME", "COLUMN_NAME", "DIMINFO", "SRID")
         VALUES (
@@ -15,13 +15,15 @@ class OracleGISSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
                 MDSYS.SDO_DIM_ELEMENT('LAT', %(dim1)s, %(dim3)s, %(tolerance)s)
             ),
             %(srid)s
-        )""")
-    sql_add_spatial_index = 'CREATE INDEX %(index)s ON %(table)s(%(column)s) INDEXTYPE IS MDSYS.SPATIAL_INDEX'
-    sql_drop_spatial_index = 'DROP INDEX %(index)s'
-    sql_clear_geometry_table_metadata = 'DELETE FROM USER_SDO_GEOM_METADATA WHERE TABLE_NAME = %(table)s'
+        )"""
+    sql_add_spatial_index = "CREATE INDEX %(index)s ON %(table)s(%(column)s) INDEXTYPE IS MDSYS.SPATIAL_INDEX"
+    sql_drop_spatial_index = "DROP INDEX %(index)s"
+    sql_clear_geometry_table_metadata = (
+        "DELETE FROM USER_SDO_GEOM_METADATA WHERE TABLE_NAME = %(table)s"
+    )
     sql_clear_geometry_field_metadata = (
-        'DELETE FROM USER_SDO_GEOM_METADATA WHERE TABLE_NAME = %(table)s '
-        'AND COLUMN_NAME = %(column)s'
+        "DELETE FROM USER_SDO_GEOM_METADATA WHERE TABLE_NAME = %(table)s "
+        "AND COLUMN_NAME = %(column)s"
     )
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -41,23 +43,27 @@ class OracleGISSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
         if isinstance(field, GeometryField):
             db_table = model._meta.db_table
             self.geometry_sql.append(
-                self.sql_add_geometry_metadata % {
-                    'table': self.geo_quote_name(db_table),
-                    'column': self.geo_quote_name(field.column),
-                    'dim0': field._extent[0],
-                    'dim1': field._extent[1],
-                    'dim2': field._extent[2],
-                    'dim3': field._extent[3],
-                    'tolerance': field._tolerance,
-                    'srid': field.srid,
+                self.sql_add_geometry_metadata
+                % {
+                    "table": self.geo_quote_name(db_table),
+                    "column": self.geo_quote_name(field.column),
+                    "dim0": field._extent[0],
+                    "dim1": field._extent[1],
+                    "dim2": field._extent[2],
+                    "dim3": field._extent[3],
+                    "tolerance": field._tolerance,
+                    "srid": field.srid,
                 }
             )
             if field.spatial_index:
                 self.geometry_sql.append(
-                    self.sql_add_spatial_index % {
-                        'index': self.quote_name(self._create_spatial_index_name(model, field)),
-                        'table': self.quote_name(db_table),
-                        'column': self.quote_name(field.column),
+                    self.sql_add_spatial_index
+                    % {
+                        "index": self.quote_name(
+                            self._create_spatial_index_name(model, field)
+                        ),
+                        "table": self.quote_name(db_table),
+                        "column": self.quote_name(field.column),
                     }
                 )
         return column_sql
@@ -68,9 +74,12 @@ class OracleGISSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
 
     def delete_model(self, model):
         super().delete_model(model)
-        self.execute(self.sql_clear_geometry_table_metadata % {
-            'table': self.geo_quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
-        })
+        self.execute(
+            self.sql_clear_geometry_table_metadata
+            % {
+                "table": self.geo_quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
+            }
+        )
 
     def add_field(self, model, field):
         super().add_field(model, field)
@@ -78,14 +87,22 @@ class OracleGISSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
 
     def remove_field(self, model, field):
         if isinstance(field, GeometryField):
-            self.execute(self.sql_clear_geometry_field_metadata % {
-                'table': self.geo_quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
-                'column': self.geo_quote_name(field.column),
-            })
+            self.execute(
+                self.sql_clear_geometry_field_metadata
+                % {
+                    "table": self.geo_quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
+                    "column": self.geo_quote_name(field.column),
+                }
+            )
             if field.spatial_index:
-                self.execute(self.sql_drop_spatial_index % {
-                    'index': self.quote_name(self._create_spatial_index_name(model, field)),
-                })
+                self.execute(
+                    self.sql_drop_spatial_index
+                    % {
+                        "index": self.quote_name(
+                            self._create_spatial_index_name(model, field)
+                        ),
+                    }
+                )
         super().remove_field(model, field)
 
     def run_geometry_sql(self):
@@ -96,4 +113,6 @@ class OracleGISSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
     def _create_spatial_index_name(self, model, field):
         # Oracle doesn't allow object names > 30 characters. Use this scheme
         # instead of self._create_index_name() for backwards compatibility.
-        return truncate_name('%s_%s_id' % (strip_quotes(model._meta.db_table), field.column), 30)
+        return truncate_name(
+            "%s_%s_id" % (strip_quotes(model._meta.db_table), field.column), 30
+        )
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/adapter.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/adapter.py
index d6cb6ca47d..0e02427811 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/adapter.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/adapter.py
@@ -31,7 +31,9 @@ class PostGISAdapter:
         if proto == ISQLQuote:
             return self
         else:
-            raise Exception('Error implementing psycopg2 protocol. Is psycopg2 installed?')
+            raise Exception(
+                "Error implementing psycopg2 protocol. Is psycopg2 installed?"
+            )
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return isinstance(other, PostGISAdapter) and self.ewkb == other.ewkb
@@ -60,9 +62,9 @@ class PostGISAdapter:
         """
         if self.is_geometry:
             # Psycopg will figure out whether to use E'\\000' or '\000'.
-            return b'%s(%s)' % (
-                b'ST_GeogFromWKB' if self.geography else b'ST_GeomFromEWKB',
-                self._adapter.getquoted()
+            return b"%s(%s)" % (
+                b"ST_GeogFromWKB" if self.geography else b"ST_GeomFromEWKB",
+                self._adapter.getquoted(),
             )
         else:
             # For rasters, add explicit type cast to WKB string.
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/base.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/base.py
index 5b93d7cf1e..87a30004a1 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/base.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/base.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(Psycopg2DatabaseWrapper):
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-        if kwargs.get('alias', '') != NO_DB_ALIAS:
+        if kwargs.get("alias", "") != NO_DB_ALIAS:
             self.features = DatabaseFeatures(self)
             self.ops = PostGISOperations(self)
             self.introspection = PostGISIntrospection(self)
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/const.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/const.py
index 193aa3fc36..d2ad51799f 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/const.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/const.py
@@ -15,13 +15,23 @@ POSTGIS_TO_GDAL = [1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 3, 2, 5, 4, None, 6, 7, None, None]
 #
 # Scale, origin, and skew have x and y values. PostGIS currently uses
 # a fixed endianness (1) and there is only one version (0).
-POSTGIS_HEADER_STRUCTURE = 'B H H d d d d d d i H H'
+POSTGIS_HEADER_STRUCTURE = "B H H d d d d d d i H H"
 
 # Lookup values to convert GDAL pixel types to struct characters. This is
 # used to pack and unpack the pixel values of PostGIS raster bands.
 GDAL_TO_STRUCT = [
-    None, 'B', 'H', 'h', 'L', 'l', 'f', 'd',
-    None, None, None, None,
+    None,
+    "B",
+    "H",
+    "h",
+    "L",
+    "l",
+    "f",
+    "d",
+    None,
+    None,
+    None,
+    None,
 ]
 
 # Size of the packed value in bytes for different numerical types.
@@ -29,17 +39,17 @@ GDAL_TO_STRUCT = [
 # when decomposing them into GDALRasters.
 # See https://docs.python.org/library/struct.html#format-characters
 STRUCT_SIZE = {
-    'b': 1,  # Signed char
-    'B': 1,  # Unsigned char
-    '?': 1,  # _Bool
-    'h': 2,  # Short
-    'H': 2,  # Unsigned short
-    'i': 4,  # Integer
-    'I': 4,  # Unsigned Integer
-    'l': 4,  # Long
-    'L': 4,  # Unsigned Long
-    'f': 4,  # Float
-    'd': 8,  # Double
+    "b": 1,  # Signed char
+    "B": 1,  # Unsigned char
+    "?": 1,  # _Bool
+    "h": 2,  # Short
+    "H": 2,  # Unsigned short
+    "i": 4,  # Integer
+    "I": 4,  # Unsigned Integer
+    "l": 4,  # Long
+    "L": 4,  # Unsigned Long
+    "f": 4,  # Float
+    "d": 8,  # Double
 }
 
 # Pixel type specifies type of pixel values in a band. Storage flag specifies
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/introspection.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/introspection.py
index 0647012b04..b12b7b912f 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/introspection.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/introspection.py
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ class PostGISIntrospection(DatabaseIntrospection):
     postgis_oid_lookup = {}  # Populated when introspection is performed.
 
     ignored_tables = DatabaseIntrospection.ignored_tables + [
-        'geography_columns',
-        'geometry_columns',
-        'raster_columns',
-        'spatial_ref_sys',
-        'raster_overviews',
+        "geography_columns",
+        "geometry_columns",
+        "raster_columns",
+        "spatial_ref_sys",
+        "raster_overviews",
     ]
 
     def get_field_type(self, data_type, description):
@@ -21,9 +21,13 @@ class PostGISIntrospection(DatabaseIntrospection):
             # requests upon connection initialization, the `data_types_reverse`
             # dictionary isn't updated until introspection is performed here.
             with self.connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                cursor.execute("SELECT oid, typname FROM pg_type WHERE typname IN ('geometry', 'geography')")
+                cursor.execute(
+                    "SELECT oid, typname FROM pg_type WHERE typname IN ('geometry', 'geography')"
+                )
                 self.postgis_oid_lookup = dict(cursor.fetchall())
-            self.data_types_reverse.update((oid, 'GeometryField') for oid in self.postgis_oid_lookup)
+            self.data_types_reverse.update(
+                (oid, "GeometryField") for oid in self.postgis_oid_lookup
+            )
         return super().get_field_type(data_type, description)
 
     def get_geometry_type(self, table_name, description):
@@ -34,27 +38,32 @@ class PostGISIntrospection(DatabaseIntrospection):
         metadata tables to determine the geometry type.
         """
         with self.connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute("""
+            cursor.execute(
+                """
                 SELECT t.coord_dimension, t.srid, t.type FROM (
                     SELECT * FROM geometry_columns
                     UNION ALL
                     SELECT * FROM geography_columns
                 ) AS t WHERE t.f_table_name = %s AND t.f_geometry_column = %s
-            """, (table_name, description.name))
+            """,
+                (table_name, description.name),
+            )
             row = cursor.fetchone()
             if not row:
-                raise Exception('Could not find a geometry or geography column for "%s"."%s"' %
-                                (table_name, description.name))
+                raise Exception(
+                    'Could not find a geometry or geography column for "%s"."%s"'
+                    % (table_name, description.name)
+                )
             dim, srid, field_type = row
             # OGRGeomType does not require GDAL and makes it easy to convert
             # from OGC geom type name to Django field.
             field_type = OGRGeomType(field_type).django
             # Getting any GeometryField keyword arguments that are not the default.
             field_params = {}
-            if self.postgis_oid_lookup.get(description.type_code) == 'geography':
-                field_params['geography'] = True
+            if self.postgis_oid_lookup.get(description.type_code) == "geography":
+                field_params["geography"] = True
             if srid != 4326:
-                field_params['srid'] = srid
+                field_params["srid"] = srid
             if dim != 2:
-                field_params['dim'] = dim
+                field_params["dim"] = dim
         return field_type, field_params
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/models.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/models.py
index 0cd4d5505c..b7b568274a 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/models.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/models.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ class PostGISGeometryColumns(models.Model):
     The 'geometry_columns' view from PostGIS. See the PostGIS
     documentation at Ch. 4.3.2.
     """
+
     f_table_catalog = models.CharField(max_length=256)
     f_table_schema = models.CharField(max_length=256)
     f_table_name = models.CharField(max_length=256)
@@ -19,12 +20,12 @@ class PostGISGeometryColumns(models.Model):
     type = models.CharField(max_length=30)
 
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'gis'
-        db_table = 'geometry_columns'
+        app_label = "gis"
+        db_table = "geometry_columns"
         managed = False
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s.%s - %dD %s field (SRID: %d)' % (
+        return "%s.%s - %dD %s field (SRID: %d)" % (
             self.f_table_name,
             self.f_geometry_column,
             self.coord_dimension,
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ class PostGISGeometryColumns(models.Model):
         Return the name of the metadata column used to store the feature table
         name.
         """
-        return 'f_table_name'
+        return "f_table_name"
 
     @classmethod
     def geom_col_name(cls):
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ class PostGISGeometryColumns(models.Model):
         Return the name of the metadata column used to store the feature
         geometry column.
         """
-        return 'f_geometry_column'
+        return "f_geometry_column"
 
 
 class PostGISSpatialRefSys(models.Model, SpatialRefSysMixin):
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@ class PostGISSpatialRefSys(models.Model, SpatialRefSysMixin):
     The 'spatial_ref_sys' table from PostGIS. See the PostGIS
     documentation at Ch. 4.2.1.
     """
+
     srid = models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)
     auth_name = models.CharField(max_length=256)
     auth_srid = models.IntegerField()
@@ -61,8 +63,8 @@ class PostGISSpatialRefSys(models.Model, SpatialRefSysMixin):
     proj4text = models.CharField(max_length=2048)
 
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'gis'
-        db_table = 'spatial_ref_sys'
+        app_label = "gis"
+        db_table = "spatial_ref_sys"
         managed = False
 
     @property
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/operations.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/operations.py
index 84110fce0f..b11b2efcf3 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/operations.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/operations.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 import re
 
 from django.conf import settings
-from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.base.operations import (
-    BaseSpatialOperations,
-)
+from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.base.operations import BaseSpatialOperations
 from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.utils import SpatialOperator
 from django.contrib.gis.db.models import GeometryField, RasterField
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal import GDALRaster
@@ -22,7 +20,7 @@ from .models import PostGISGeometryColumns, PostGISSpatialRefSys
 from .pgraster import from_pgraster
 
 # Identifier to mark raster lookups as bilateral.
-BILATERAL = 'bilateral'
+BILATERAL = "bilateral"
 
 
 class PostGISOperator(SpatialOperator):
@@ -39,56 +37,70 @@ class PostGISOperator(SpatialOperator):
 
     def as_sql(self, connection, lookup, template_params, *args):
         if lookup.lhs.output_field.geography and not self.geography:
-            raise ValueError('PostGIS geography does not support the "%s" '
-                             'function/operator.' % (self.func or self.op,))
+            raise ValueError(
+                'PostGIS geography does not support the "%s" '
+                "function/operator." % (self.func or self.op,)
+            )
 
         template_params = self.check_raster(lookup, template_params)
         return super().as_sql(connection, lookup, template_params, *args)
 
     def check_raster(self, lookup, template_params):
-        spheroid = lookup.rhs_params and lookup.rhs_params[-1] == 'spheroid'
+        spheroid = lookup.rhs_params and lookup.rhs_params[-1] == "spheroid"
 
         # Check which input is a raster.
-        lhs_is_raster = lookup.lhs.field.geom_type == 'RASTER'
+        lhs_is_raster = lookup.lhs.field.geom_type == "RASTER"
         rhs_is_raster = isinstance(lookup.rhs, GDALRaster)
 
         # Look for band indices and inject them if provided.
         if lookup.band_lhs is not None and lhs_is_raster:
             if not self.func:
-                raise ValueError('Band indices are not allowed for this operator, it works on bbox only.')
-            template_params['lhs'] = '%s, %s' % (template_params['lhs'], lookup.band_lhs)
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Band indices are not allowed for this operator, it works on bbox only."
+                )
+            template_params["lhs"] = "%s, %s" % (
+                template_params["lhs"],
+                lookup.band_lhs,
+            )
 
         if lookup.band_rhs is not None and rhs_is_raster:
             if not self.func:
-                raise ValueError('Band indices are not allowed for this operator, it works on bbox only.')
-            template_params['rhs'] = '%s, %s' % (template_params['rhs'], lookup.band_rhs)
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Band indices are not allowed for this operator, it works on bbox only."
+                )
+            template_params["rhs"] = "%s, %s" % (
+                template_params["rhs"],
+                lookup.band_rhs,
+            )
 
         # Convert rasters to polygons if necessary.
         if not self.raster or spheroid:
             # Operators without raster support.
             if lhs_is_raster:
-                template_params['lhs'] = 'ST_Polygon(%s)' % template_params['lhs']
+                template_params["lhs"] = "ST_Polygon(%s)" % template_params["lhs"]
             if rhs_is_raster:
-                template_params['rhs'] = 'ST_Polygon(%s)' % template_params['rhs']
+                template_params["rhs"] = "ST_Polygon(%s)" % template_params["rhs"]
         elif self.raster == BILATERAL:
             # Operators with raster support but don't support mixed (rast-geom)
             # lookups.
             if lhs_is_raster and not rhs_is_raster:
-                template_params['lhs'] = 'ST_Polygon(%s)' % template_params['lhs']
+                template_params["lhs"] = "ST_Polygon(%s)" % template_params["lhs"]
             elif rhs_is_raster and not lhs_is_raster:
-                template_params['rhs'] = 'ST_Polygon(%s)' % template_params['rhs']
+                template_params["rhs"] = "ST_Polygon(%s)" % template_params["rhs"]
 
         return template_params
 
 
 class ST_Polygon(Func):
-    function = 'ST_Polygon'
+    function = "ST_Polygon"
 
     def __init__(self, expr):
         super().__init__(expr)
         expr = self.source_expressions[0]
         if isinstance(expr, Value) and not expr._output_field_or_none:
-            self.source_expressions[0] = Value(expr.value, output_field=RasterField(srid=expr.value.srid))
+            self.source_expressions[0] = Value(
+                expr.value, output_field=RasterField(srid=expr.value.srid)
+            )
 
     @cached_property
     def output_field(self):
@@ -96,64 +108,70 @@ class ST_Polygon(Func):
 
 
 class PostGISOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
-    name = 'postgis'
+    name = "postgis"
     postgis = True
-    geom_func_prefix = 'ST_'
+    geom_func_prefix = "ST_"
 
     Adapter = PostGISAdapter
 
-    collect = geom_func_prefix + 'Collect'
-    extent = geom_func_prefix + 'Extent'
-    extent3d = geom_func_prefix + '3DExtent'
-    length3d = geom_func_prefix + '3DLength'
-    makeline = geom_func_prefix + 'MakeLine'
-    perimeter3d = geom_func_prefix + '3DPerimeter'
-    unionagg = geom_func_prefix + 'Union'
+    collect = geom_func_prefix + "Collect"
+    extent = geom_func_prefix + "Extent"
+    extent3d = geom_func_prefix + "3DExtent"
+    length3d = geom_func_prefix + "3DLength"
+    makeline = geom_func_prefix + "MakeLine"
+    perimeter3d = geom_func_prefix + "3DPerimeter"
+    unionagg = geom_func_prefix + "Union"
 
     gis_operators = {
-        'bbcontains': PostGISOperator(op='~', raster=True),
-        'bboverlaps': PostGISOperator(op='&&', geography=True, raster=True),
-        'contained': PostGISOperator(op='@', raster=True),
-        'overlaps_left': PostGISOperator(op='&<', raster=BILATERAL),
-        'overlaps_right': PostGISOperator(op='&>', raster=BILATERAL),
-        'overlaps_below': PostGISOperator(op='&<|'),
-        'overlaps_above': PostGISOperator(op='|&>'),
-        'left': PostGISOperator(op='<<'),
-        'right': PostGISOperator(op='>>'),
-        'strictly_below': PostGISOperator(op='<<|'),
-        'strictly_above': PostGISOperator(op='|>>'),
-        'same_as': PostGISOperator(op='~=', raster=BILATERAL),
-        'exact': PostGISOperator(op='~=', raster=BILATERAL),  # alias of same_as
-        'contains': PostGISOperator(func='ST_Contains', raster=BILATERAL),
-        'contains_properly': PostGISOperator(func='ST_ContainsProperly', raster=BILATERAL),
-        'coveredby': PostGISOperator(func='ST_CoveredBy', geography=True, raster=BILATERAL),
-        'covers': PostGISOperator(func='ST_Covers', geography=True, raster=BILATERAL),
-        'crosses': PostGISOperator(func='ST_Crosses'),
-        'disjoint': PostGISOperator(func='ST_Disjoint', raster=BILATERAL),
-        'equals': PostGISOperator(func='ST_Equals'),
-        'intersects': PostGISOperator(func='ST_Intersects', geography=True, raster=BILATERAL),
-        'overlaps': PostGISOperator(func='ST_Overlaps', raster=BILATERAL),
-        'relate': PostGISOperator(func='ST_Relate'),
-        'touches': PostGISOperator(func='ST_Touches', raster=BILATERAL),
-        'within': PostGISOperator(func='ST_Within', raster=BILATERAL),
-        'dwithin': PostGISOperator(func='ST_DWithin', geography=True, raster=BILATERAL),
+        "bbcontains": PostGISOperator(op="~", raster=True),
+        "bboverlaps": PostGISOperator(op="&&", geography=True, raster=True),
+        "contained": PostGISOperator(op="@", raster=True),
+        "overlaps_left": PostGISOperator(op="&<", raster=BILATERAL),
+        "overlaps_right": PostGISOperator(op="&>", raster=BILATERAL),
+        "overlaps_below": PostGISOperator(op="&<|"),
+        "overlaps_above": PostGISOperator(op="|&>"),
+        "left": PostGISOperator(op="<<"),
+        "right": PostGISOperator(op=">>"),
+        "strictly_below": PostGISOperator(op="<<|"),
+        "strictly_above": PostGISOperator(op="|>>"),
+        "same_as": PostGISOperator(op="~=", raster=BILATERAL),
+        "exact": PostGISOperator(op="~=", raster=BILATERAL),  # alias of same_as
+        "contains": PostGISOperator(func="ST_Contains", raster=BILATERAL),
+        "contains_properly": PostGISOperator(
+            func="ST_ContainsProperly", raster=BILATERAL
+        ),
+        "coveredby": PostGISOperator(
+            func="ST_CoveredBy", geography=True, raster=BILATERAL
+        ),
+        "covers": PostGISOperator(func="ST_Covers", geography=True, raster=BILATERAL),
+        "crosses": PostGISOperator(func="ST_Crosses"),
+        "disjoint": PostGISOperator(func="ST_Disjoint", raster=BILATERAL),
+        "equals": PostGISOperator(func="ST_Equals"),
+        "intersects": PostGISOperator(
+            func="ST_Intersects", geography=True, raster=BILATERAL
+        ),
+        "overlaps": PostGISOperator(func="ST_Overlaps", raster=BILATERAL),
+        "relate": PostGISOperator(func="ST_Relate"),
+        "touches": PostGISOperator(func="ST_Touches", raster=BILATERAL),
+        "within": PostGISOperator(func="ST_Within", raster=BILATERAL),
+        "dwithin": PostGISOperator(func="ST_DWithin", geography=True, raster=BILATERAL),
     }
 
     unsupported_functions = set()
 
-    select = '%s::bytea'
+    select = "%s::bytea"
     select_extent = None
 
     @cached_property
     def function_names(self):
         function_names = {
-            'AsWKB': 'ST_AsBinary',
-            'AsWKT': 'ST_AsText',
-            'BoundingCircle': 'ST_MinimumBoundingCircle',
-            'NumPoints': 'ST_NPoints',
+            "AsWKB": "ST_AsBinary",
+            "AsWKT": "ST_AsText",
+            "BoundingCircle": "ST_MinimumBoundingCircle",
+            "NumPoints": "ST_NPoints",
         }
         if self.spatial_version < (2, 4, 0):
-            function_names['ForcePolygonCW'] = 'ST_ForceRHR'
+            function_names["ForcePolygonCW"] = "ST_ForceRHR"
         return function_names
 
     @cached_property
@@ -165,13 +183,13 @@ class PostGISOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
         # can be mitigated by setting `POSTGIS_VERSION` with a 3-tuple
         # comprising user-supplied values for the major, minor, and
         # subminor revision of PostGIS.
-        if hasattr(settings, 'POSTGIS_VERSION'):
+        if hasattr(settings, "POSTGIS_VERSION"):
             version = settings.POSTGIS_VERSION
         else:
             # Run a basic query to check the status of the connection so we're
             # sure we only raise the error below if the problem comes from
             # PostGIS and not from PostgreSQL itself (see #24862).
-            self._get_postgis_func('version')
+            self._get_postgis_func("version")
 
             try:
                 vtup = self.postgis_version_tuple()
@@ -179,9 +197,9 @@ class PostGISOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
                 raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                     'Cannot determine PostGIS version for database "%s" '
                     'using command "SELECT postgis_lib_version()". '
-                    'GeoDjango requires at least PostGIS version 2.4. '
-                    'Was the database created from a spatial database '
-                    'template?' % self.connection.settings_dict['NAME']
+                    "GeoDjango requires at least PostGIS version 2.4. "
+                    "Was the database created from a spatial database "
+                    "template?" % self.connection.settings_dict["NAME"]
                 )
             version = vtup[1:]
         return version
@@ -194,7 +212,7 @@ class PostGISOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
         """
         if box is None:
             return None
-        ll, ur = box[4:-1].split(',')
+        ll, ur = box[4:-1].split(",")
         xmin, ymin = map(float, ll.split())
         xmax, ymax = map(float, ur.split())
         return (xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax)
@@ -207,7 +225,7 @@ class PostGISOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
         """
         if box3d is None:
             return None
-        ll, ur = box3d[6:-1].split(',')
+        ll, ur = box3d[6:-1].split(",")
         xmin, ymin, zmin = map(float, ll.split())
         xmax, ymax, zmax = map(float, ur.split())
         return (xmin, ymin, zmin, xmax, ymax, zmax)
@@ -216,22 +234,24 @@ class PostGISOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
         """
         Return the database field type for the given spatial field.
         """
-        if f.geom_type == 'RASTER':
-            return 'raster'
+        if f.geom_type == "RASTER":
+            return "raster"
 
         # Type-based geometries.
         # TODO: Support 'M' extension.
         if f.dim == 3:
-            geom_type = f.geom_type + 'Z'
+            geom_type = f.geom_type + "Z"
         else:
             geom_type = f.geom_type
         if f.geography:
             if f.srid != 4326:
-                raise NotSupportedError('PostGIS only supports geography columns with an SRID of 4326.')
+                raise NotSupportedError(
+                    "PostGIS only supports geography columns with an SRID of 4326."
+                )
 
-            return 'geography(%s,%d)' % (geom_type, f.srid)
+            return "geography(%s,%d)" % (geom_type, f.srid)
         else:
-            return 'geometry(%s,%d)' % (geom_type, f.srid)
+            return "geometry(%s,%d)" % (geom_type, f.srid)
 
     def get_distance(self, f, dist_val, lookup_type):
         """
@@ -254,12 +274,16 @@ class PostGISOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
             if geography:
                 dist_param = value.m
             elif geodetic:
-                if lookup_type == 'dwithin':
-                    raise ValueError('Only numeric values of degree units are '
-                                     'allowed on geographic DWithin queries.')
+                if lookup_type == "dwithin":
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "Only numeric values of degree units are "
+                        "allowed on geographic DWithin queries."
+                    )
                 dist_param = value.m
             else:
-                dist_param = getattr(value, Distance.unit_attname(f.units_name(self.connection)))
+                dist_param = getattr(
+                    value, Distance.unit_attname(f.units_name(self.connection))
+                )
         else:
             # Assuming the distance is in the units of the field.
             dist_param = value
@@ -272,12 +296,12 @@ class PostGISOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
         not in the SRID of the field. Specifically, this routine will
         substitute in the ST_Transform() function call.
         """
-        transform_func = self.spatial_function_name('Transform')
-        if hasattr(value, 'as_sql'):
+        transform_func = self.spatial_function_name("Transform")
+        if hasattr(value, "as_sql"):
             if value.field.srid == f.srid:
-                placeholder = '%s'
+                placeholder = "%s"
             else:
-                placeholder = '%s(%%s, %s)' % (transform_func, f.srid)
+                placeholder = "%s(%%s, %s)" % (transform_func, f.srid)
             return placeholder
 
         # Get the srid for this object
@@ -289,9 +313,9 @@ class PostGISOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
         # Adding Transform() to the SQL placeholder if the value srid
         # is not equal to the field srid.
         if value_srid is None or value_srid == f.srid:
-            placeholder = '%s'
+            placeholder = "%s"
         else:
-            placeholder = '%s(%%s, %s)' % (transform_func, f.srid)
+            placeholder = "%s(%%s, %s)" % (transform_func, f.srid)
 
         return placeholder
 
@@ -301,28 +325,28 @@ class PostGISOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
         """
         # Close out the connection.  See #9437.
         with self.connection.temporary_connection() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute('SELECT %s()' % func)
+            cursor.execute("SELECT %s()" % func)
             return cursor.fetchone()[0]
 
     def postgis_geos_version(self):
         "Return the version of the GEOS library used with PostGIS."
-        return self._get_postgis_func('postgis_geos_version')
+        return self._get_postgis_func("postgis_geos_version")
 
     def postgis_lib_version(self):
         "Return the version number of the PostGIS library used with PostgreSQL."
-        return self._get_postgis_func('postgis_lib_version')
+        return self._get_postgis_func("postgis_lib_version")
 
     def postgis_proj_version(self):
         """Return the version of the PROJ library used with PostGIS."""
-        return self._get_postgis_func('postgis_proj_version')
+        return self._get_postgis_func("postgis_proj_version")
 
     def postgis_version(self):
         "Return PostGIS version number and compile-time options."
-        return self._get_postgis_func('postgis_version')
+        return self._get_postgis_func("postgis_version")
 
     def postgis_full_version(self):
         "Return PostGIS version number and compile-time options."
-        return self._get_postgis_func('postgis_full_version')
+        return self._get_postgis_func("postgis_full_version")
 
     def postgis_version_tuple(self):
         """
@@ -337,16 +361,16 @@ class PostGISOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
         Return the version of PROJ used by PostGIS as a tuple of the
         major, minor, and subminor release numbers.
         """
-        proj_regex = re.compile(r'(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)')
+        proj_regex = re.compile(r"(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)")
         proj_ver_str = self.postgis_proj_version()
         m = proj_regex.search(proj_ver_str)
         if m:
             return tuple(map(int, m.groups()))
         else:
-            raise Exception('Could not determine PROJ version from PostGIS.')
+            raise Exception("Could not determine PROJ version from PostGIS.")
 
     def spatial_aggregate_name(self, agg_name):
-        if agg_name == 'Extent3D':
+        if agg_name == "Extent3D":
             return self.extent3d
         else:
             return self.geom_func_prefix + agg_name
@@ -366,15 +390,15 @@ class PostGISOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
         return super().distance_expr_for_lookup(
             self._normalize_distance_lookup_arg(lhs),
             self._normalize_distance_lookup_arg(rhs),
-            **kwargs
+            **kwargs,
         )
 
     @staticmethod
     def _normalize_distance_lookup_arg(arg):
         is_raster = (
-            arg.field.geom_type == 'RASTER'
-            if hasattr(arg, 'field') else
-            isinstance(arg, GDALRaster)
+            arg.field.geom_type == "RASTER"
+            if hasattr(arg, "field")
+            else isinstance(arg, GDALRaster)
         )
         return ST_Polygon(arg) if is_raster else arg
 
@@ -384,7 +408,8 @@ class PostGISOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
 
         def converter(value, expression, connection):
             return None if value is None else GEOSGeometryBase(read(value), geom_class)
+
         return converter
 
     def get_area_att_for_field(self, field):
-        return 'sq_m'
+        return "sq_m"
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/pgraster.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/pgraster.py
index bfdeb6faf3..22794342ca 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/pgraster.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/pgraster.py
@@ -3,8 +3,13 @@ import struct
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 
 from .const import (
-    BANDTYPE_FLAG_HASNODATA, BANDTYPE_PIXTYPE_MASK, GDAL_TO_POSTGIS,
-    GDAL_TO_STRUCT, POSTGIS_HEADER_STRUCTURE, POSTGIS_TO_GDAL, STRUCT_SIZE,
+    BANDTYPE_FLAG_HASNODATA,
+    BANDTYPE_PIXTYPE_MASK,
+    GDAL_TO_POSTGIS,
+    GDAL_TO_STRUCT,
+    POSTGIS_HEADER_STRUCTURE,
+    POSTGIS_TO_GDAL,
+    STRUCT_SIZE,
 )
 
 
@@ -12,14 +17,14 @@ def pack(structure, data):
     """
     Pack data into hex string with little endian format.
     """
-    return struct.pack('<' + structure, *data)
+    return struct.pack("<" + structure, *data)
 
 
 def unpack(structure, data):
     """
     Unpack little endian hexlified binary string into a list.
     """
-    return struct.unpack('<' + structure, bytes.fromhex(data))
+    return struct.unpack("<" + structure, bytes.fromhex(data))
 
 
 def chunk(data, index):
@@ -46,7 +51,7 @@ def from_pgraster(data):
     while data:
         # Get pixel type for this band
         pixeltype_with_flags, data = chunk(data, 2)
-        pixeltype_with_flags = unpack('B', pixeltype_with_flags)[0]
+        pixeltype_with_flags = unpack("B", pixeltype_with_flags)[0]
         pixeltype = pixeltype_with_flags & BANDTYPE_PIXTYPE_MASK
 
         # Convert datatype from PostGIS to GDAL & get pack type and size
@@ -62,11 +67,11 @@ def from_pgraster(data):
 
         # Chunk and unpack band data (pack size times nr of pixels)
         band, data = chunk(data, pack_size * header[10] * header[11])
-        band_result = {'data': bytes.fromhex(band)}
+        band_result = {"data": bytes.fromhex(band)}
 
         # Set the nodata value if the nodata flag is set.
         if pixeltype_with_flags & BANDTYPE_FLAG_HASNODATA:
-            band_result['nodata_value'] = nodata
+            band_result["nodata_value"] = nodata
 
         # Append band data to band list
         bands.append(band_result)
@@ -81,13 +86,14 @@ def from_pgraster(data):
         raise ValidationError("Band pixeltypes are not all equal.")
 
     return {
-        'srid': int(header[9]),
-        'width': header[10], 'height': header[11],
-        'datatype': pixeltypes[0],
-        'origin': (header[5], header[6]),
-        'scale': (header[3], header[4]),
-        'skew': (header[7], header[8]),
-        'bands': bands,
+        "srid": int(header[9]),
+        "width": header[10],
+        "height": header[11],
+        "datatype": pixeltypes[0],
+        "origin": (header[5], header[6]),
+        "scale": (header[3], header[4]),
+        "skew": (header[7], header[8]),
+        "bands": bands,
     }
 
 
@@ -99,9 +105,18 @@ def to_pgraster(rast):
     # the endianness and the PostGIS Raster Version, both are fixed by
     # PostGIS at the moment.
     rasterheader = (
-        1, 0, len(rast.bands), rast.scale.x, rast.scale.y,
-        rast.origin.x, rast.origin.y, rast.skew.x, rast.skew.y,
-        rast.srs.srid, rast.width, rast.height,
+        1,
+        0,
+        len(rast.bands),
+        rast.scale.x,
+        rast.scale.y,
+        rast.origin.x,
+        rast.origin.y,
+        rast.skew.x,
+        rast.skew.y,
+        rast.srs.srid,
+        rast.width,
+        rast.height,
     )
 
     # Pack raster header.
@@ -119,7 +134,7 @@ def to_pgraster(rast):
         # For example, if the byte value is 71, then the datatype is
         #   71 & ~BANDTYPE_FLAG_HASNODATA = 7 (32BSI)
         # and the nodata value is True.
-        structure = 'B' + GDAL_TO_STRUCT[band.datatype()]
+        structure = "B" + GDAL_TO_STRUCT[band.datatype()]
 
         # Get band pixel type in PostGIS notation
         pixeltype = GDAL_TO_POSTGIS[band.datatype()]
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/schema.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/schema.py
index c574bed84f..77a9096ef4 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/schema.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/postgis/schema.py
@@ -3,29 +3,33 @@ from django.db.models.expressions import Col, Func
 
 
 class PostGISSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
-    geom_index_type = 'GIST'
-    geom_index_ops_nd = 'GIST_GEOMETRY_OPS_ND'
-    rast_index_template = 'ST_ConvexHull(%(expressions)s)'
+    geom_index_type = "GIST"
+    geom_index_ops_nd = "GIST_GEOMETRY_OPS_ND"
+    rast_index_template = "ST_ConvexHull(%(expressions)s)"
 
-    sql_alter_column_to_3d = "ALTER COLUMN %(column)s TYPE %(type)s USING ST_Force3D(%(column)s)::%(type)s"
-    sql_alter_column_to_2d = "ALTER COLUMN %(column)s TYPE %(type)s USING ST_Force2D(%(column)s)::%(type)s"
+    sql_alter_column_to_3d = (
+        "ALTER COLUMN %(column)s TYPE %(type)s USING ST_Force3D(%(column)s)::%(type)s"
+    )
+    sql_alter_column_to_2d = (
+        "ALTER COLUMN %(column)s TYPE %(type)s USING ST_Force2D(%(column)s)::%(type)s"
+    )
 
     def geo_quote_name(self, name):
         return self.connection.ops.geo_quote_name(name)
 
     def _field_should_be_indexed(self, model, field):
-        if getattr(field, 'spatial_index', False):
+        if getattr(field, "spatial_index", False):
             return True
         return super()._field_should_be_indexed(model, field)
 
     def _create_index_sql(self, model, *, fields=None, **kwargs):
-        if fields is None or len(fields) != 1 or not hasattr(fields[0], 'geodetic'):
+        if fields is None or len(fields) != 1 or not hasattr(fields[0], "geodetic"):
             return super()._create_index_sql(model, fields=fields, **kwargs)
 
         field = fields[0]
         expressions = None
         opclasses = None
-        if field.geom_type == 'RASTER':
+        if field.geom_type == "RASTER":
             # For raster fields, wrap index creation SQL statement with ST_ConvexHull.
             # Indexes on raster columns are based on the convex hull of the raster.
             expressions = Func(Col(None, field), template=self.rast_index_template)
@@ -33,15 +37,15 @@ class PostGISSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
         elif field.dim > 2 and not field.geography:
             # Use "nd" ops which are fast on multidimensional cases
             opclasses = [self.geom_index_ops_nd]
-        name = kwargs.get('name')
+        name = kwargs.get("name")
         if not name:
-            name = self._create_index_name(model._meta.db_table, [field.column], '_id')
+            name = self._create_index_name(model._meta.db_table, [field.column], "_id")
 
         return super()._create_index_sql(
             model,
             fields=fields,
             name=name,
-            using=' USING %s' % self.geom_index_type,
+            using=" USING %s" % self.geom_index_type,
             opclasses=opclasses,
             expressions=expressions,
         )
@@ -50,7 +54,7 @@ class PostGISSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
         """
         Special case when dimension changed.
         """
-        if not hasattr(old_field, 'dim') or not hasattr(new_field, 'dim'):
+        if not hasattr(old_field, "dim") or not hasattr(new_field, "dim"):
             return super()._alter_column_type_sql(table, old_field, new_field, new_type)
 
         if old_field.dim == 2 and new_field.dim == 3:
@@ -61,7 +65,8 @@ class PostGISSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
             sql_alter = self.sql_alter_column_type
         return (
             (
-                sql_alter % {
+                sql_alter
+                % {
                     "column": self.quote_name(new_field.column),
                     "type": new_type,
                 },
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/adapter.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/adapter.py
index 2a36159b06..91d14dc3c7 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/adapter.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/adapter.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ from django.db.backends.sqlite3.base import Database
 
 class SpatiaLiteAdapter(WKTAdapter):
     "SQLite adapter for geometry objects."
+
     def __conform__(self, protocol):
         if protocol is Database.PrepareProtocol:
             return str(self)
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/base.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/base.py
index fef7de62af..3359a7a971 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/base.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/base.py
@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@ from ctypes.util import find_library
 
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
-from django.db.backends.sqlite3.base import (
-    DatabaseWrapper as SQLiteDatabaseWrapper,
-)
+from django.db.backends.sqlite3.base import DatabaseWrapper as SQLiteDatabaseWrapper
 
 from .client import SpatiaLiteClient
 from .features import DatabaseFeatures
@@ -27,12 +25,16 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(SQLiteDatabaseWrapper):
         # (`libspatialite`). If it's not in the system library path (e.g., it
         # cannot be found by `ctypes.util.find_library`), then it may be set
         # manually in the settings via the `SPATIALITE_LIBRARY_PATH` setting.
-        self.lib_spatialite_paths = [name for name in [
-            getattr(settings, 'SPATIALITE_LIBRARY_PATH', None),
-            'mod_spatialite.so',
-            'mod_spatialite',
-            find_library('spatialite'),
-        ] if name is not None]
+        self.lib_spatialite_paths = [
+            name
+            for name in [
+                getattr(settings, "SPATIALITE_LIBRARY_PATH", None),
+                "mod_spatialite.so",
+                "mod_spatialite",
+                find_library("spatialite"),
+            ]
+            if name is not None
+        ]
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def get_new_connection(self, conn_params):
@@ -42,26 +44,26 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(SQLiteDatabaseWrapper):
             conn.enable_load_extension(True)
         except AttributeError:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                'SpatiaLite requires SQLite to be configured to allow '
-                'extension loading.'
+                "SpatiaLite requires SQLite to be configured to allow "
+                "extension loading."
             )
         # Load the SpatiaLite library extension on the connection.
         for path in self.lib_spatialite_paths:
             try:
                 conn.load_extension(path)
             except Exception:
-                if getattr(settings, 'SPATIALITE_LIBRARY_PATH', None):
+                if getattr(settings, "SPATIALITE_LIBRARY_PATH", None):
                     raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                        'Unable to load the SpatiaLite library extension '
-                        'as specified in your SPATIALITE_LIBRARY_PATH setting.'
+                        "Unable to load the SpatiaLite library extension "
+                        "as specified in your SPATIALITE_LIBRARY_PATH setting."
                     )
                 continue
             else:
                 break
         else:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                'Unable to load the SpatiaLite library extension. '
-                'Library names tried: %s' % ', '.join(self.lib_spatialite_paths)
+                "Unable to load the SpatiaLite library extension. "
+                "Library names tried: %s" % ", ".join(self.lib_spatialite_paths)
             )
         return conn
 
@@ -72,6 +74,6 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(SQLiteDatabaseWrapper):
             cursor.execute("PRAGMA table_info(geometry_columns);")
             if cursor.fetchall() == []:
                 if self.ops.spatial_version < (5,):
-                    cursor.execute('SELECT InitSpatialMetaData(1)')
+                    cursor.execute("SELECT InitSpatialMetaData(1)")
                 else:
-                    cursor.execute('SELECT InitSpatialMetaDataFull(1)')
+                    cursor.execute("SELECT InitSpatialMetaDataFull(1)")
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/client.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/client.py
index c9dfd1a527..527fe153bb 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/client.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/client.py
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ from django.db.backends.sqlite3.client import DatabaseClient
 
 
 class SpatiaLiteClient(DatabaseClient):
-    executable_name = 'spatialite'
+    executable_name = "spatialite"
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/features.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/features.py
index b6c1746c07..9504bb0949 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/features.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/features.py
@@ -16,9 +16,11 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseSpatialFeatures, SQLiteDatabaseFeatures):
     @cached_property
     def django_test_skips(self):
         skips = super().django_test_skips
-        skips.update({
-            "SpatiaLite doesn't support distance lookups with Distance objects.": {
-                'gis_tests.geogapp.tests.GeographyTest.test02_distance_lookup',
-            },
-        })
+        skips.update(
+            {
+                "SpatiaLite doesn't support distance lookups with Distance objects.": {
+                    "gis_tests.geogapp.tests.GeographyTest.test02_distance_lookup",
+                },
+            }
+        )
         return skips
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/introspection.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/introspection.py
index 0feeb24397..8d0003fd53 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/introspection.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/introspection.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal import OGRGeomType
 from django.db.backends.sqlite3.introspection import (
-    DatabaseIntrospection, FlexibleFieldLookupDict,
+    DatabaseIntrospection,
+    FlexibleFieldLookupDict,
 )
 
 
@@ -9,15 +10,16 @@ class GeoFlexibleFieldLookupDict(FlexibleFieldLookupDict):
     Subclass that includes updates the `base_data_types_reverse` dict
     for geometry field types.
     """
+
     base_data_types_reverse = {
         **FlexibleFieldLookupDict.base_data_types_reverse,
-        'point': 'GeometryField',
-        'linestring': 'GeometryField',
-        'polygon': 'GeometryField',
-        'multipoint': 'GeometryField',
-        'multilinestring': 'GeometryField',
-        'multipolygon': 'GeometryField',
-        'geometrycollection': 'GeometryField',
+        "point": "GeometryField",
+        "linestring": "GeometryField",
+        "polygon": "GeometryField",
+        "multipoint": "GeometryField",
+        "multilinestring": "GeometryField",
+        "multipolygon": "GeometryField",
+        "geometrycollection": "GeometryField",
     }
 
 
@@ -27,14 +29,18 @@ class SpatiaLiteIntrospection(DatabaseIntrospection):
     def get_geometry_type(self, table_name, description):
         with self.connection.cursor() as cursor:
             # Querying the `geometry_columns` table to get additional metadata.
-            cursor.execute('SELECT coord_dimension, srid, geometry_type '
-                           'FROM geometry_columns '
-                           'WHERE f_table_name=%s AND f_geometry_column=%s',
-                           (table_name, description.name))
+            cursor.execute(
+                "SELECT coord_dimension, srid, geometry_type "
+                "FROM geometry_columns "
+                "WHERE f_table_name=%s AND f_geometry_column=%s",
+                (table_name, description.name),
+            )
             row = cursor.fetchone()
             if not row:
-                raise Exception('Could not find a geometry column for "%s"."%s"' %
-                                (table_name, description.name))
+                raise Exception(
+                    'Could not find a geometry column for "%s"."%s"'
+                    % (table_name, description.name)
+                )
 
             # OGRGeomType does not require GDAL and makes it easy to convert
             # from OGC geom type name to Django field.
@@ -51,18 +57,21 @@ class SpatiaLiteIntrospection(DatabaseIntrospection):
             srid = row[1]
             field_params = {}
             if srid != 4326:
-                field_params['srid'] = srid
-            if (isinstance(dim, str) and 'Z' in dim) or dim == 3:
-                field_params['dim'] = 3
+                field_params["srid"] = srid
+            if (isinstance(dim, str) and "Z" in dim) or dim == 3:
+                field_params["dim"] = 3
         return field_type, field_params
 
     def get_constraints(self, cursor, table_name):
         constraints = super().get_constraints(cursor, table_name)
-        cursor.execute('SELECT f_geometry_column '
-                       'FROM geometry_columns '
-                       'WHERE f_table_name=%s AND spatial_index_enabled=1', (table_name,))
+        cursor.execute(
+            "SELECT f_geometry_column "
+            "FROM geometry_columns "
+            "WHERE f_table_name=%s AND spatial_index_enabled=1",
+            (table_name,),
+        )
         for row in cursor.fetchall():
-            constraints['%s__spatial__index' % row[0]] = {
+            constraints["%s__spatial__index" % row[0]] = {
                 "columns": [row[0]],
                 "primary_key": False,
                 "unique": False,
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/models.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/models.py
index 577c7236e3..7cc98ae126 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/models.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/models.py
@@ -9,20 +9,21 @@ class SpatialiteGeometryColumns(models.Model):
     """
     The 'geometry_columns' table from SpatiaLite.
     """
+
     f_table_name = models.CharField(max_length=256)
     f_geometry_column = models.CharField(max_length=256)
     coord_dimension = models.IntegerField()
     srid = models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)
     spatial_index_enabled = models.IntegerField()
-    type = models.IntegerField(db_column='geometry_type')
+    type = models.IntegerField(db_column="geometry_type")
 
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'gis'
-        db_table = 'geometry_columns'
+        app_label = "gis"
+        db_table = "geometry_columns"
         managed = False
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s.%s - %dD %s field (SRID: %d)' % (
+        return "%s.%s - %dD %s field (SRID: %d)" % (
             self.f_table_name,
             self.f_geometry_column,
             self.coord_dimension,
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ class SpatialiteGeometryColumns(models.Model):
         Return the name of the metadata column used to store the feature table
         name.
         """
-        return 'f_table_name'
+        return "f_table_name"
 
     @classmethod
     def geom_col_name(cls):
@@ -44,13 +45,14 @@ class SpatialiteGeometryColumns(models.Model):
         Return the name of the metadata column used to store the feature
         geometry column.
         """
-        return 'f_geometry_column'
+        return "f_geometry_column"
 
 
 class SpatialiteSpatialRefSys(models.Model, SpatialRefSysMixin):
     """
     The 'spatial_ref_sys' table from SpatiaLite.
     """
+
     srid = models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)
     auth_name = models.CharField(max_length=256)
     auth_srid = models.IntegerField()
@@ -59,8 +61,8 @@ class SpatialiteSpatialRefSys(models.Model, SpatialRefSysMixin):
     srtext = models.CharField(max_length=2048)
 
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'gis'
-        db_table = 'spatial_ref_sys'
+        app_label = "gis"
+        db_table = "spatial_ref_sys"
         managed = False
 
     @property
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/operations.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/operations.py
index 8dcd62de9b..8003fcb6c6 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/operations.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/operations.py
@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@ SQL functions reference lists:
 https://www.gaia-gis.it/gaia-sins/spatialite-sql-4.3.0.html
 """
 from django.contrib.gis.db import models
-from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.base.operations import (
-    BaseSpatialOperations,
-)
+from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.base.operations import BaseSpatialOperations
 from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.spatialite.adapter import SpatiaLiteAdapter
 from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.utils import SpatialOperator
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.geometry import GEOSGeometry, GEOSGeometryBase
@@ -20,69 +18,69 @@ from django.utils.version import get_version_tuple
 class SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(SpatialOperator):
     def as_sql(self, connection, lookup, template_params, sql_params):
         sql, params = super().as_sql(connection, lookup, template_params, sql_params)
-        return '%s > 0' % sql, params
+        return "%s > 0" % sql, params
 
 
 class SpatiaLiteOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
-    name = 'spatialite'
+    name = "spatialite"
     spatialite = True
 
     Adapter = SpatiaLiteAdapter
 
-    collect = 'Collect'
-    extent = 'Extent'
-    makeline = 'MakeLine'
-    unionagg = 'GUnion'
+    collect = "Collect"
+    extent = "Extent"
+    makeline = "MakeLine"
+    unionagg = "GUnion"
 
-    from_text = 'GeomFromText'
+    from_text = "GeomFromText"
 
     gis_operators = {
         # Binary predicates
-        'equals': SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func='Equals'),
-        'disjoint': SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func='Disjoint'),
-        'touches': SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func='Touches'),
-        'crosses': SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func='Crosses'),
-        'within': SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func='Within'),
-        'overlaps': SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func='Overlaps'),
-        'contains': SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func='Contains'),
-        'intersects': SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func='Intersects'),
-        'relate': SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func='Relate'),
-        'coveredby': SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func='CoveredBy'),
-        'covers': SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func='Covers'),
+        "equals": SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func="Equals"),
+        "disjoint": SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func="Disjoint"),
+        "touches": SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func="Touches"),
+        "crosses": SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func="Crosses"),
+        "within": SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func="Within"),
+        "overlaps": SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func="Overlaps"),
+        "contains": SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func="Contains"),
+        "intersects": SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func="Intersects"),
+        "relate": SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func="Relate"),
+        "coveredby": SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func="CoveredBy"),
+        "covers": SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func="Covers"),
         # Returns true if B's bounding box completely contains A's bounding box.
-        'contained': SpatialOperator(func='MbrWithin'),
+        "contained": SpatialOperator(func="MbrWithin"),
         # Returns true if A's bounding box completely contains B's bounding box.
-        'bbcontains': SpatialOperator(func='MbrContains'),
+        "bbcontains": SpatialOperator(func="MbrContains"),
         # Returns true if A's bounding box overlaps B's bounding box.
-        'bboverlaps': SpatialOperator(func='MbrOverlaps'),
+        "bboverlaps": SpatialOperator(func="MbrOverlaps"),
         # These are implemented here as synonyms for Equals
-        'same_as': SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func='Equals'),
-        'exact': SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func='Equals'),
+        "same_as": SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func="Equals"),
+        "exact": SpatialiteNullCheckOperator(func="Equals"),
         # Distance predicates
-        'dwithin': SpatialOperator(func='PtDistWithin'),
+        "dwithin": SpatialOperator(func="PtDistWithin"),
     }
 
     disallowed_aggregates = (models.Extent3D,)
 
-    select = 'CAST (AsEWKB(%s) AS BLOB)'
+    select = "CAST (AsEWKB(%s) AS BLOB)"
 
     function_names = {
-        'AsWKB': 'St_AsBinary',
-        'ForcePolygonCW': 'ST_ForceLHR',
-        'Length': 'ST_Length',
-        'LineLocatePoint': 'ST_Line_Locate_Point',
-        'NumPoints': 'ST_NPoints',
-        'Reverse': 'ST_Reverse',
-        'Scale': 'ScaleCoords',
-        'Translate': 'ST_Translate',
-        'Union': 'ST_Union',
+        "AsWKB": "St_AsBinary",
+        "ForcePolygonCW": "ST_ForceLHR",
+        "Length": "ST_Length",
+        "LineLocatePoint": "ST_Line_Locate_Point",
+        "NumPoints": "ST_NPoints",
+        "Reverse": "ST_Reverse",
+        "Scale": "ScaleCoords",
+        "Translate": "ST_Translate",
+        "Union": "ST_Union",
     }
 
     @cached_property
     def unsupported_functions(self):
-        unsupported = {'BoundingCircle', 'GeometryDistance', 'MemSize'}
+        unsupported = {"BoundingCircle", "GeometryDistance", "MemSize"}
         if not self.geom_lib_version():
-            unsupported |= {'Azimuth', 'GeoHash', 'MakeValid'}
+            unsupported |= {"Azimuth", "GeoHash", "MakeValid"}
         return unsupported
 
     @cached_property
@@ -93,12 +91,11 @@ class SpatiaLiteOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
         except Exception as exc:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                 'Cannot determine the SpatiaLite version for the "%s" database. '
-                'Was the SpatiaLite initialization SQL loaded on this database?' % (
-                    self.connection.settings_dict['NAME'],
-                )
+                "Was the SpatiaLite initialization SQL loaded on this database?"
+                % (self.connection.settings_dict["NAME"],)
             ) from exc
         if version < (4, 3, 0):
-            raise ImproperlyConfigured('GeoDjango supports SpatiaLite 4.3.0 and above.')
+            raise ImproperlyConfigured("GeoDjango supports SpatiaLite 4.3.0 and above.")
         return version
 
     def convert_extent(self, box):
@@ -129,14 +126,16 @@ class SpatiaLiteOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
         value = value[0]
         if isinstance(value, Distance):
             if f.geodetic(self.connection):
-                if lookup_type == 'dwithin':
+                if lookup_type == "dwithin":
                     raise ValueError(
-                        'Only numeric values of degree units are allowed on '
-                        'geographic DWithin queries.'
+                        "Only numeric values of degree units are allowed on "
+                        "geographic DWithin queries."
                     )
                 dist_param = value.m
             else:
-                dist_param = getattr(value, Distance.unit_attname(f.units_name(self.connection)))
+                dist_param = getattr(
+                    value, Distance.unit_attname(f.units_name(self.connection))
+                )
         else:
             dist_param = value
         return [dist_param]
@@ -149,7 +148,7 @@ class SpatiaLiteOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
         """
         cursor = self.connection._cursor()
         try:
-            cursor.execute('SELECT %s' % func)
+            cursor.execute("SELECT %s" % func)
             row = cursor.fetchone()
         finally:
             cursor.close()
@@ -157,19 +156,19 @@ class SpatiaLiteOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
 
     def geos_version(self):
         "Return the version of GEOS used by SpatiaLite as a string."
-        return self._get_spatialite_func('geos_version()')
+        return self._get_spatialite_func("geos_version()")
 
     def proj_version(self):
         """Return the version of the PROJ library used by SpatiaLite."""
-        return self._get_spatialite_func('proj4_version()')
+        return self._get_spatialite_func("proj4_version()")
 
     def lwgeom_version(self):
         """Return the version of LWGEOM library used by SpatiaLite."""
-        return self._get_spatialite_func('lwgeom_version()')
+        return self._get_spatialite_func("lwgeom_version()")
 
     def rttopo_version(self):
         """Return the version of RTTOPO library used by SpatiaLite."""
-        return self._get_spatialite_func('rttopo_version()')
+        return self._get_spatialite_func("rttopo_version()")
 
     def geom_lib_version(self):
         """
@@ -183,7 +182,7 @@ class SpatiaLiteOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
 
     def spatialite_version(self):
         "Return the SpatiaLite library version as a string."
-        return self._get_spatialite_func('spatialite_version()')
+        return self._get_spatialite_func("spatialite_version()")
 
     def spatialite_version_tuple(self):
         """
@@ -198,7 +197,7 @@ class SpatiaLiteOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
         Return the spatial aggregate SQL template and function for the
         given Aggregate instance.
         """
-        agg_name = 'unionagg' if agg_name.lower() == 'union' else agg_name.lower()
+        agg_name = "unionagg" if agg_name.lower() == "union" else agg_name.lower()
         return getattr(self, agg_name)
 
     # Routines for getting the OGC-compliant models.
@@ -206,12 +205,14 @@ class SpatiaLiteOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
         from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.spatialite.models import (
             SpatialiteGeometryColumns,
         )
+
         return SpatialiteGeometryColumns
 
     def spatial_ref_sys(self):
         from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.spatialite.models import (
             SpatialiteSpatialRefSys,
         )
+
         return SpatialiteSpatialRefSys
 
     def get_geometry_converter(self, expression):
@@ -220,4 +221,5 @@ class SpatiaLiteOperations(BaseSpatialOperations, DatabaseOperations):
 
         def converter(value, expression, connection):
             return None if value is None else GEOSGeometryBase(read(value), geom_class)
+
         return converter
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/schema.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/schema.py
index 066ce6d732..d37632edf8 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/schema.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/spatialite/schema.py
@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@ class SpatialiteSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
         "%(geom_type)s, %(dim)s)"
     )
     sql_remove_geometry_metadata = "SELECT DiscardGeometryColumn(%(table)s, %(column)s)"
-    sql_discard_geometry_columns = "DELETE FROM %(geom_table)s WHERE f_table_name = %(table)s"
+    sql_discard_geometry_columns = (
+        "DELETE FROM %(geom_table)s WHERE f_table_name = %(table)s"
+    )
     sql_update_geometry_columns = (
         "UPDATE %(geom_table)s SET f_table_name = %(new_table)s "
         "WHERE f_table_name = %(old_table)s"
@@ -36,12 +38,14 @@ class SpatialiteSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
 
     def column_sql(self, model, field, include_default=False):
         from django.contrib.gis.db.models import GeometryField
+
         if not isinstance(field, GeometryField):
             return super().column_sql(model, field, include_default)
 
         # Geometry columns are created by the `AddGeometryColumn` function
         self.geometry_sql.append(
-            self.sql_add_geometry_column % {
+            self.sql_add_geometry_column
+            % {
                 "table": self.geo_quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
                 "column": self.geo_quote_name(field.column),
                 "srid": field.srid,
@@ -53,7 +57,8 @@ class SpatialiteSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
 
         if field.spatial_index:
             self.geometry_sql.append(
-                self.sql_add_spatial_index % {
+                self.sql_add_spatial_index
+                % {
                     "table": self.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
                     "column": self.quote_name(field.column),
                 }
@@ -62,13 +67,15 @@ class SpatialiteSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
 
     def remove_geometry_metadata(self, model, field):
         self.execute(
-            self.sql_remove_geometry_metadata % {
+            self.sql_remove_geometry_metadata
+            % {
                 "table": self.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
                 "column": self.quote_name(field.column),
             }
         )
         self.execute(
-            self.sql_drop_spatial_index % {
+            self.sql_drop_spatial_index
+            % {
                 "table": model._meta.db_table,
                 "column": field.column,
             }
@@ -92,7 +99,8 @@ class SpatialiteSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
         for geom_table in self.geometry_tables:
             try:
                 self.execute(
-                    self.sql_discard_geometry_columns % {
+                    self.sql_discard_geometry_columns
+                    % {
                         "geom_table": geom_table,
                         "table": self.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
                     }
@@ -103,6 +111,7 @@ class SpatialiteSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
 
     def add_field(self, model, field):
         from django.contrib.gis.db.models import GeometryField
+
         if isinstance(field, GeometryField):
             # Populate self.geometry_sql
             self.column_sql(model, field)
@@ -125,14 +134,17 @@ class SpatialiteSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
         else:
             super().remove_field(model, field)
 
-    def alter_db_table(self, model, old_db_table, new_db_table, disable_constraints=True):
+    def alter_db_table(
+        self, model, old_db_table, new_db_table, disable_constraints=True
+    ):
         from django.contrib.gis.db.models import GeometryField
 
         # Remove geometry-ness from temp table
         for field in model._meta.local_fields:
             if isinstance(field, GeometryField):
                 self.execute(
-                    self.sql_remove_geometry_metadata % {
+                    self.sql_remove_geometry_metadata
+                    % {
                         "table": self.quote_name(old_db_table),
                         "column": self.quote_name(field.column),
                     }
@@ -143,7 +155,8 @@ class SpatialiteSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
         for geom_table in self.geometry_tables:
             try:
                 self.execute(
-                    self.sql_update_geometry_columns % {
+                    self.sql_update_geometry_columns
+                    % {
                         "geom_table": geom_table,
                         "old_table": self.quote_name(old_db_table),
                         "new_table": self.quote_name(new_db_table),
@@ -154,15 +167,25 @@ class SpatialiteSchemaEditor(DatabaseSchemaEditor):
         # Re-add geometry-ness and rename spatial index tables
         for field in model._meta.local_fields:
             if isinstance(field, GeometryField):
-                self.execute(self.sql_recover_geometry_metadata % {
-                    "table": self.geo_quote_name(new_db_table),
-                    "column": self.geo_quote_name(field.column),
-                    "srid": field.srid,
-                    "geom_type": self.geo_quote_name(field.geom_type),
-                    "dim": field.dim,
-                })
-            if getattr(field, 'spatial_index', False):
-                self.execute(self.sql_rename_table % {
-                    "old_table": self.quote_name("idx_%s_%s" % (old_db_table, field.column)),
-                    "new_table": self.quote_name("idx_%s_%s" % (new_db_table, field.column)),
-                })
+                self.execute(
+                    self.sql_recover_geometry_metadata
+                    % {
+                        "table": self.geo_quote_name(new_db_table),
+                        "column": self.geo_quote_name(field.column),
+                        "srid": field.srid,
+                        "geom_type": self.geo_quote_name(field.geom_type),
+                        "dim": field.dim,
+                    }
+                )
+            if getattr(field, "spatial_index", False):
+                self.execute(
+                    self.sql_rename_table
+                    % {
+                        "old_table": self.quote_name(
+                            "idx_%s_%s" % (old_db_table, field.column)
+                        ),
+                        "new_table": self.quote_name(
+                            "idx_%s_%s" % (new_db_table, field.column)
+                        ),
+                    }
+                )
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/utils.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/utils.py
index d479009d4e..ffb7420019 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/utils.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/backends/utils.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ class SpatialOperator:
     """
     Class encapsulating the behavior specific to a GIS operation (used by lookups).
     """
+
     sql_template = None
 
     def __init__(self, op=None, func=None):
@@ -17,11 +18,11 @@ class SpatialOperator:
     @property
     def default_template(self):
         if self.func:
-            return '%(func)s(%(lhs)s, %(rhs)s)'
+            return "%(func)s(%(lhs)s, %(rhs)s)"
         else:
-            return '%(lhs)s %(op)s %(rhs)s'
+            return "%(lhs)s %(op)s %(rhs)s"
 
     def as_sql(self, connection, lookup, template_params, sql_params):
         sql_template = self.sql_template or lookup.sql_template or self.default_template
-        template_params.update({'op': self.op, 'func': self.func})
+        template_params.update({"op": self.op, "func": self.func})
         return sql_template % template_params, sql_params
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/__init__.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/__init__.py
index 2e472557d8..0d5d45d272 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/__init__.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/__init__.py
@@ -5,14 +5,26 @@ import django.contrib.gis.db.models.lookups  # NOQA
 from django.contrib.gis.db.models.aggregates import *  # NOQA
 from django.contrib.gis.db.models.aggregates import __all__ as aggregates_all
 from django.contrib.gis.db.models.fields import (
-    GeometryCollectionField, GeometryField, LineStringField,
-    MultiLineStringField, MultiPointField, MultiPolygonField, PointField,
-    PolygonField, RasterField,
+    GeometryCollectionField,
+    GeometryField,
+    LineStringField,
+    MultiLineStringField,
+    MultiPointField,
+    MultiPolygonField,
+    PointField,
+    PolygonField,
+    RasterField,
 )
 
 __all__ = models_all + aggregates_all
 __all__ += [
-    'GeometryCollectionField', 'GeometryField', 'LineStringField',
-    'MultiLineStringField', 'MultiPointField', 'MultiPolygonField', 'PointField',
-    'PolygonField', 'RasterField',
+    "GeometryCollectionField",
+    "GeometryField",
+    "LineStringField",
+    "MultiLineStringField",
+    "MultiPointField",
+    "MultiPolygonField",
+    "PointField",
+    "PolygonField",
+    "RasterField",
 ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/aggregates.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/aggregates.py
index 3aa46a52c0..c19cbd06c3 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/aggregates.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/aggregates.py
@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 from django.contrib.gis.db.models.fields import (
-    ExtentField, GeometryCollectionField, GeometryField, LineStringField,
+    ExtentField,
+    GeometryCollectionField,
+    GeometryField,
+    LineStringField,
 )
 from django.db.models import Aggregate, Value
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
-__all__ = ['Collect', 'Extent', 'Extent3D', 'MakeLine', 'Union']
+__all__ = ["Collect", "Extent", "Extent3D", "MakeLine", "Union"]
 
 
 class GeoAggregate(Aggregate):
@@ -23,37 +26,45 @@ class GeoAggregate(Aggregate):
             compiler,
             connection,
             function=function or connection.ops.spatial_aggregate_name(self.name),
-            **extra_context
+            **extra_context,
         )
 
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         if not self.is_extent:
-            tolerance = self.extra.get('tolerance') or getattr(self, 'tolerance', 0.05)
+            tolerance = self.extra.get("tolerance") or getattr(self, "tolerance", 0.05)
             clone = self.copy()
-            clone.set_source_expressions([
-                *self.get_source_expressions(),
-                Value(tolerance),
-            ])
-            template = '%(function)s(SDOAGGRTYPE(%(expressions)s))'
-            return clone.as_sql(compiler, connection, template=template, **extra_context)
+            clone.set_source_expressions(
+                [
+                    *self.get_source_expressions(),
+                    Value(tolerance),
+                ]
+            )
+            template = "%(function)s(SDOAGGRTYPE(%(expressions)s))"
+            return clone.as_sql(
+                compiler, connection, template=template, **extra_context
+            )
         return self.as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
 
-    def resolve_expression(self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False):
+    def resolve_expression(
+        self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False
+    ):
         c = super().resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save)
         for expr in c.get_source_expressions():
-            if not hasattr(expr.field, 'geom_type'):
-                raise ValueError('Geospatial aggregates only allowed on geometry fields.')
+            if not hasattr(expr.field, "geom_type"):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Geospatial aggregates only allowed on geometry fields."
+                )
         return c
 
 
 class Collect(GeoAggregate):
-    name = 'Collect'
+    name = "Collect"
     output_field_class = GeometryCollectionField
 
 
 class Extent(GeoAggregate):
-    name = 'Extent'
-    is_extent = '2D'
+    name = "Extent"
+    is_extent = "2D"
 
     def __init__(self, expression, **extra):
         super().__init__(expression, output_field=ExtentField(), **extra)
@@ -63,8 +74,8 @@ class Extent(GeoAggregate):
 
 
 class Extent3D(GeoAggregate):
-    name = 'Extent3D'
-    is_extent = '3D'
+    name = "Extent3D"
+    is_extent = "3D"
 
     def __init__(self, expression, **extra):
         super().__init__(expression, output_field=ExtentField(), **extra)
@@ -74,10 +85,10 @@ class Extent3D(GeoAggregate):
 
 
 class MakeLine(GeoAggregate):
-    name = 'MakeLine'
+    name = "MakeLine"
     output_field_class = LineStringField
 
 
 class Union(GeoAggregate):
-    name = 'Union'
+    name = "Union"
     output_field_class = GeometryField
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/fields.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/fields.py
index 16b3bb5d08..889c1cfe84 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/fields.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/fields.py
@@ -4,8 +4,15 @@ from django.contrib.gis import forms, gdal
 from django.contrib.gis.db.models.proxy import SpatialProxy
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.error import GDALException
 from django.contrib.gis.geos import (
-    GeometryCollection, GEOSException, GEOSGeometry, LineString,
-    MultiLineString, MultiPoint, MultiPolygon, Point, Polygon,
+    GeometryCollection,
+    GEOSException,
+    GEOSGeometry,
+    LineString,
+    MultiLineString,
+    MultiPoint,
+    MultiPolygon,
+    Point,
+    Polygon,
 )
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.db.models import Field
@@ -17,7 +24,9 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 _srid_cache = defaultdict(dict)
 
 
-SRIDCacheEntry = namedtuple('SRIDCacheEntry', ['units', 'units_name', 'spheroid', 'geodetic'])
+SRIDCacheEntry = namedtuple(
+    "SRIDCacheEntry", ["units", "units_name", "spheroid", "geodetic"]
+)
 
 
 def get_srid_info(srid, connection):
@@ -27,6 +36,7 @@ def get_srid_info(srid, connection):
     table for the given database connection.  These results are cached.
     """
     from django.contrib.gis.gdal import SpatialReference
+
     global _srid_cache
 
     try:
@@ -36,9 +46,14 @@ def get_srid_info(srid, connection):
         SpatialRefSys = None
 
     alias, get_srs = (
-        (connection.alias, lambda srid: SpatialRefSys.objects.using(connection.alias).get(srid=srid).srs)
-        if SpatialRefSys else
-        (None, SpatialReference)
+        (
+            connection.alias,
+            lambda srid: SpatialRefSys.objects.using(connection.alias)
+            .get(srid=srid)
+            .srs,
+        )
+        if SpatialRefSys
+        else (None, SpatialReference)
     )
     if srid not in _srid_cache[alias]:
         srs = get_srs(srid)
@@ -46,7 +61,8 @@ def get_srid_info(srid, connection):
         _srid_cache[alias][srid] = SRIDCacheEntry(
             units=units,
             units_name=units_name,
-            spheroid='SPHEROID["%s",%s,%s]' % (srs['spheroid'], srs.semi_major, srs.inverse_flattening),
+            spheroid='SPHEROID["%s",%s,%s]'
+            % (srs["spheroid"], srs.semi_major, srs.inverse_flattening),
             geodetic=srs.geographic,
         )
 
@@ -61,6 +77,7 @@ class BaseSpatialField(Field):
     properties that are common to all GIS fields such as the characteristics
     of the spatial reference system of the field.
     """
+
     description = _("The base GIS field.")
     empty_strings_allowed = False
 
@@ -88,7 +105,7 @@ class BaseSpatialField(Field):
 
         # Setting the verbose_name keyword argument with the positional
         # first parameter, so this works like normal fields.
-        kwargs['verbose_name'] = verbose_name
+        kwargs["verbose_name"] = verbose_name
 
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
@@ -96,9 +113,9 @@ class BaseSpatialField(Field):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
         # Always include SRID for less fragility; include spatial index if it's
         # not the default value.
-        kwargs['srid'] = self.srid
+        kwargs["srid"] = self.srid
         if self.spatial_index is not True:
-            kwargs['spatial_index'] = self.spatial_index
+            kwargs["spatial_index"] = self.spatial_index
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
     def db_type(self, connection):
@@ -146,10 +163,10 @@ class BaseSpatialField(Field):
         return connection.ops.Adapter(
             super().get_db_prep_value(value, connection, *args, **kwargs),
             **(
-                {'geography': True}
+                {"geography": True}
                 if self.geography and connection.features.supports_geography
                 else {}
-            )
+            ),
         )
 
     def get_raster_prep_value(self, value, is_candidate):
@@ -167,7 +184,9 @@ class BaseSpatialField(Field):
             try:
                 return gdal.GDALRaster(value)
             except GDALException:
-                raise ValueError("Couldn't create spatial object from lookup value '%s'." % value)
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Couldn't create spatial object from lookup value '%s'." % value
+                )
 
     def get_prep_value(self, value):
         obj = super().get_prep_value(value)
@@ -179,7 +198,9 @@ class BaseSpatialField(Field):
             pass
         else:
             # Check if input is a candidate for conversion to raster or geometry.
-            is_candidate = isinstance(obj, (bytes, str)) or hasattr(obj, '__geo_interface__')
+            is_candidate = isinstance(obj, (bytes, str)) or hasattr(
+                obj, "__geo_interface__"
+            )
             # Try to convert the input to raster.
             raster = self.get_raster_prep_value(obj, is_candidate)
 
@@ -189,9 +210,14 @@ class BaseSpatialField(Field):
                 try:
                     obj = GEOSGeometry(obj)
                 except (GEOSException, GDALException):
-                    raise ValueError("Couldn't create spatial object from lookup value '%s'." % obj)
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "Couldn't create spatial object from lookup value '%s'." % obj
+                    )
             else:
-                raise ValueError('Cannot use object with type %s for a spatial lookup parameter.' % type(obj).__name__)
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Cannot use object with type %s for a spatial lookup parameter."
+                    % type(obj).__name__
+                )
 
         # Assigning the SRID value.
         obj.srid = self.get_srid(obj)
@@ -202,14 +228,25 @@ class GeometryField(BaseSpatialField):
     """
     The base Geometry field -- maps to the OpenGIS Specification Geometry type.
     """
-    description = _('The base Geometry field — maps to the OpenGIS Specification Geometry type.')
+
+    description = _(
+        "The base Geometry field — maps to the OpenGIS Specification Geometry type."
+    )
     form_class = forms.GeometryField
     # The OpenGIS Geometry name.
-    geom_type = 'GEOMETRY'
+    geom_type = "GEOMETRY"
     geom_class = None
 
-    def __init__(self, verbose_name=None, dim=2, geography=False, *, extent=(-180.0, -90.0, 180.0, 90.0),
-                 tolerance=0.05, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        verbose_name=None,
+        dim=2,
+        geography=False,
+        *,
+        extent=(-180.0, -90.0, 180.0, 90.0),
+        tolerance=0.05,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
         """
         The initialization function for geometry fields. In addition to the
         parameters from BaseSpatialField, it takes the following as keyword
@@ -244,30 +281,36 @@ class GeometryField(BaseSpatialField):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
         # Include kwargs if they're not the default values.
         if self.dim != 2:
-            kwargs['dim'] = self.dim
+            kwargs["dim"] = self.dim
         if self.geography is not False:
-            kwargs['geography'] = self.geography
+            kwargs["geography"] = self.geography
         if self._extent != (-180.0, -90.0, 180.0, 90.0):
-            kwargs['extent'] = self._extent
+            kwargs["extent"] = self._extent
         if self._tolerance != 0.05:
-            kwargs['tolerance'] = self._tolerance
+            kwargs["tolerance"] = self._tolerance
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
     def contribute_to_class(self, cls, name, **kwargs):
         super().contribute_to_class(cls, name, **kwargs)
 
         # Setup for lazy-instantiated Geometry object.
-        setattr(cls, self.attname, SpatialProxy(self.geom_class or GEOSGeometry, self, load_func=GEOSGeometry))
+        setattr(
+            cls,
+            self.attname,
+            SpatialProxy(self.geom_class or GEOSGeometry, self, load_func=GEOSGeometry),
+        )
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
         defaults = {
-            'form_class': self.form_class,
-            'geom_type': self.geom_type,
-            'srid': self.srid,
+            "form_class": self.form_class,
+            "geom_type": self.geom_type,
+            "srid": self.srid,
             **kwargs,
         }
-        if self.dim > 2 and not getattr(defaults['form_class'].widget, 'supports_3d', False):
-            defaults.setdefault('widget', forms.Textarea)
+        if self.dim > 2 and not getattr(
+            defaults["form_class"].widget, "supports_3d", False
+        ):
+            defaults.setdefault("widget", forms.Textarea)
         return super().formfield(**defaults)
 
     def select_format(self, compiler, sql, params):
@@ -283,49 +326,49 @@ class GeometryField(BaseSpatialField):
 
 # The OpenGIS Geometry Type Fields
 class PointField(GeometryField):
-    geom_type = 'POINT'
+    geom_type = "POINT"
     geom_class = Point
     form_class = forms.PointField
     description = _("Point")
 
 
 class LineStringField(GeometryField):
-    geom_type = 'LINESTRING'
+    geom_type = "LINESTRING"
     geom_class = LineString
     form_class = forms.LineStringField
     description = _("Line string")
 
 
 class PolygonField(GeometryField):
-    geom_type = 'POLYGON'
+    geom_type = "POLYGON"
     geom_class = Polygon
     form_class = forms.PolygonField
     description = _("Polygon")
 
 
 class MultiPointField(GeometryField):
-    geom_type = 'MULTIPOINT'
+    geom_type = "MULTIPOINT"
     geom_class = MultiPoint
     form_class = forms.MultiPointField
     description = _("Multi-point")
 
 
 class MultiLineStringField(GeometryField):
-    geom_type = 'MULTILINESTRING'
+    geom_type = "MULTILINESTRING"
     geom_class = MultiLineString
     form_class = forms.MultiLineStringField
     description = _("Multi-line string")
 
 
 class MultiPolygonField(GeometryField):
-    geom_type = 'MULTIPOLYGON'
+    geom_type = "MULTIPOLYGON"
     geom_class = MultiPolygon
     form_class = forms.MultiPolygonField
     description = _("Multi polygon")
 
 
 class GeometryCollectionField(GeometryField):
-    geom_type = 'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION'
+    geom_type = "GEOMETRYCOLLECTION"
     geom_class = GeometryCollection
     form_class = forms.GeometryCollectionField
     description = _("Geometry collection")
@@ -350,13 +393,18 @@ class RasterField(BaseSpatialField):
     """
 
     description = _("Raster Field")
-    geom_type = 'RASTER'
+    geom_type = "RASTER"
     geography = False
 
     def _check_connection(self, connection):
         # Make sure raster fields are used only on backends with raster support.
-        if not connection.features.gis_enabled or not connection.features.supports_raster:
-            raise ImproperlyConfigured('Raster fields require backends with raster support.')
+        if (
+            not connection.features.gis_enabled
+            or not connection.features.supports_raster
+        ):
+            raise ImproperlyConfigured(
+                "Raster fields require backends with raster support."
+            )
 
     def db_type(self, connection):
         self._check_connection(connection)
@@ -375,12 +423,13 @@ class RasterField(BaseSpatialField):
 
     def get_transform(self, name):
         from django.contrib.gis.db.models.lookups import RasterBandTransform
+
         try:
             band_index = int(name)
             return type(
-                'SpecificRasterBandTransform',
+                "SpecificRasterBandTransform",
                 (RasterBandTransform,),
-                {'band_index': band_index}
+                {"band_index": band_index},
             )
         except ValueError:
             pass
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/functions.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/functions.py
index 1f2d372ebb..c7b071c7c9 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/functions.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/functions.py
@@ -6,8 +6,14 @@ from django.contrib.gis.geos import GEOSGeometry
 from django.core.exceptions import FieldError
 from django.db import NotSupportedError
 from django.db.models import (
-    BinaryField, BooleanField, FloatField, Func, IntegerField, TextField,
-    Transform, Value,
+    BinaryField,
+    BooleanField,
+    FloatField,
+    Func,
+    IntegerField,
+    TextField,
+    Transform,
+    Value,
 )
 from django.db.models.functions import Cast
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
@@ -32,12 +38,21 @@ class GeoFuncMixin:
             except FieldError:
                 output_field = None
             geom = expr.value
-            if not isinstance(geom, GEOSGeometry) or output_field and not isinstance(output_field, GeometryField):
-                raise TypeError("%s function requires a geometric argument in position %d." % (self.name, pos + 1))
+            if (
+                not isinstance(geom, GEOSGeometry)
+                or output_field
+                and not isinstance(output_field, GeometryField)
+            ):
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "%s function requires a geometric argument in position %d."
+                    % (self.name, pos + 1)
+                )
             if not geom.srid and not output_field:
                 raise ValueError("SRID is required for all geometries.")
             if not output_field:
-                self.source_expressions[pos] = Value(geom, output_field=GeometryField(srid=geom.srid))
+                self.source_expressions[pos] = Value(
+                    geom, output_field=GeometryField(srid=geom.srid)
+                )
 
     @property
     def name(self):
@@ -61,8 +76,11 @@ class GeoFuncMixin:
             field = source_fields[pos]
             if not isinstance(field, GeometryField):
                 raise TypeError(
-                    "%s function requires a GeometryField in position %s, got %s." % (
-                        self.name, pos + 1, type(field).__name__,
+                    "%s function requires a GeometryField in position %s, got %s."
+                    % (
+                        self.name,
+                        pos + 1,
+                        type(field).__name__,
                     )
                 )
 
@@ -72,15 +90,17 @@ class GeoFuncMixin:
             expr_srid = expr.output_field.srid
             if expr_srid != base_srid:
                 # Automatic SRID conversion so objects are comparable.
-                res.source_expressions[pos] = Transform(expr, base_srid).resolve_expression(*args, **kwargs)
+                res.source_expressions[pos] = Transform(
+                    expr, base_srid
+                ).resolve_expression(*args, **kwargs)
         return res
 
-    def _handle_param(self, value, param_name='', check_types=None):
-        if not hasattr(value, 'resolve_expression'):
+    def _handle_param(self, value, param_name="", check_types=None):
+        if not hasattr(value, "resolve_expression"):
             if check_types and not isinstance(value, check_types):
                 raise TypeError(
-                    "The %s parameter has the wrong type: should be %s." % (
-                        param_name, check_types)
+                    "The %s parameter has the wrong type: should be %s."
+                    % (param_name, check_types)
                 )
         return value
 
@@ -100,13 +120,17 @@ class SQLiteDecimalToFloatMixin:
     By default, Decimal values are converted to str by the SQLite backend, which
     is not acceptable by the GIS functions expecting numeric values.
     """
+
     def as_sqlite(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         copy = self.copy()
-        copy.set_source_expressions([
-            Value(float(expr.value)) if hasattr(expr, 'value') and isinstance(expr.value, Decimal)
-            else expr
-            for expr in copy.get_source_expressions()
-        ])
+        copy.set_source_expressions(
+            [
+                Value(float(expr.value))
+                if hasattr(expr, "value") and isinstance(expr.value, Decimal)
+                else expr
+                for expr in copy.get_source_expressions()
+            ]
+        )
         return copy.as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
 
 
@@ -114,11 +138,13 @@ class OracleToleranceMixin:
     tolerance = 0.05
 
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
-        tolerance = Value(self._handle_param(
-            self.extra.get('tolerance', self.tolerance),
-            'tolerance',
-            NUMERIC_TYPES,
-        ))
+        tolerance = Value(
+            self._handle_param(
+                self.extra.get("tolerance", self.tolerance),
+                "tolerance",
+                NUMERIC_TYPES,
+            )
+        )
         clone = self.copy()
         clone.set_source_expressions([*self.get_source_expressions(), tolerance])
         return clone.as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
@@ -132,14 +158,18 @@ class Area(OracleToleranceMixin, GeoFunc):
         return AreaField(self.geo_field)
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
-        if not connection.features.supports_area_geodetic and self.geo_field.geodetic(connection):
-            raise NotSupportedError('Area on geodetic coordinate systems not supported.')
+        if not connection.features.supports_area_geodetic and self.geo_field.geodetic(
+            connection
+        ):
+            raise NotSupportedError(
+                "Area on geodetic coordinate systems not supported."
+            )
         return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
 
     def as_sqlite(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         if self.geo_field.geodetic(connection):
-            extra_context['template'] = '%(function)s(%(expressions)s, %(spheroid)d)'
-            extra_context['spheroid'] = True
+            extra_context["template"] = "%(function)s(%(expressions)s, %(spheroid)d)"
+            extra_context["spheroid"] = True
         return self.as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
 
 
@@ -155,7 +185,7 @@ class AsGeoJSON(GeoFunc):
     def __init__(self, expression, bbox=False, crs=False, precision=8, **extra):
         expressions = [expression]
         if precision is not None:
-            expressions.append(self._handle_param(precision, 'precision', int))
+            expressions.append(self._handle_param(precision, "precision", int))
         options = 0
         if crs and bbox:
             options = 3
@@ -181,7 +211,7 @@ class AsGML(GeoFunc):
     def __init__(self, expression, version=2, precision=8, **extra):
         expressions = [version, expression]
         if precision is not None:
-            expressions.append(self._handle_param(precision, 'precision', int))
+            expressions.append(self._handle_param(precision, "precision", int))
         super().__init__(*expressions, **extra)
 
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
@@ -189,7 +219,11 @@ class AsGML(GeoFunc):
         version = source_expressions[0]
         clone = self.copy()
         clone.set_source_expressions([source_expressions[1]])
-        extra_context['function'] = 'SDO_UTIL.TO_GML311GEOMETRY' if version.value == 3 else 'SDO_UTIL.TO_GMLGEOMETRY'
+        extra_context["function"] = (
+            "SDO_UTIL.TO_GML311GEOMETRY"
+            if version.value == 3
+            else "SDO_UTIL.TO_GMLGEOMETRY"
+        )
         return super(AsGML, clone).as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
 
 
@@ -199,7 +233,7 @@ class AsKML(GeoFunc):
     def __init__(self, expression, precision=8, **extra):
         expressions = [expression]
         if precision is not None:
-            expressions.append(self._handle_param(precision, 'precision', int))
+            expressions.append(self._handle_param(precision, "precision", int))
         super().__init__(*expressions, **extra)
 
 
@@ -207,11 +241,13 @@ class AsSVG(GeoFunc):
     output_field = TextField()
 
     def __init__(self, expression, relative=False, precision=8, **extra):
-        relative = relative if hasattr(relative, 'resolve_expression') else int(relative)
+        relative = (
+            relative if hasattr(relative, "resolve_expression") else int(relative)
+        )
         expressions = [
             expression,
             relative,
-            self._handle_param(precision, 'precision', int),
+            self._handle_param(precision, "precision", int),
         ]
         super().__init__(*expressions, **extra)
 
@@ -233,7 +269,9 @@ class BoundingCircle(OracleToleranceMixin, GeomOutputGeoFunc):
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         clone = self.copy()
         clone.set_source_expressions([self.get_source_expressions()[0]])
-        return super(BoundingCircle, clone).as_oracle(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
+        return super(BoundingCircle, clone).as_oracle(
+            compiler, connection, **extra_context
+        )
 
 
 class Centroid(OracleToleranceMixin, GeomOutputGeoFunc):
@@ -261,7 +299,7 @@ class Distance(DistanceResultMixin, OracleToleranceMixin, GeoFunc):
     def __init__(self, expr1, expr2, spheroid=None, **extra):
         expressions = [expr1, expr2]
         if spheroid is not None:
-            self.spheroid = self._handle_param(spheroid, 'spheroid', bool)
+            self.spheroid = self._handle_param(spheroid, "spheroid", bool)
         super().__init__(*expressions, **extra)
 
     def as_postgresql(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
@@ -282,18 +320,24 @@ class Distance(DistanceResultMixin, OracleToleranceMixin, GeoFunc):
             # Geometry fields with geodetic (lon/lat) coordinates need special distance functions
             if self.spheroid:
                 # DistanceSpheroid is more accurate and resource intensive than DistanceSphere
-                function = connection.ops.spatial_function_name('DistanceSpheroid')
+                function = connection.ops.spatial_function_name("DistanceSpheroid")
                 # Replace boolean param by the real spheroid of the base field
-                clone.source_expressions.append(Value(self.geo_field.spheroid(connection)))
+                clone.source_expressions.append(
+                    Value(self.geo_field.spheroid(connection))
+                )
             else:
-                function = connection.ops.spatial_function_name('DistanceSphere')
-        return super(Distance, clone).as_sql(compiler, connection, function=function, **extra_context)
+                function = connection.ops.spatial_function_name("DistanceSphere")
+        return super(Distance, clone).as_sql(
+            compiler, connection, function=function, **extra_context
+        )
 
     def as_sqlite(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         if self.geo_field.geodetic(connection):
             # SpatiaLite returns NULL instead of zero on geodetic coordinates
-            extra_context['template'] = 'COALESCE(%(function)s(%(expressions)s, %(spheroid)s), 0)'
-            extra_context['spheroid'] = int(bool(self.spheroid))
+            extra_context[
+                "template"
+            ] = "COALESCE(%(function)s(%(expressions)s, %(spheroid)s), 0)"
+            extra_context["spheroid"] = int(bool(self.spheroid))
         return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
 
 
@@ -311,7 +355,7 @@ class GeoHash(GeoFunc):
     def __init__(self, expression, precision=None, **extra):
         expressions = [expression]
         if precision is not None:
-            expressions.append(self._handle_param(precision, 'precision', int))
+            expressions.append(self._handle_param(precision, "precision", int))
         super().__init__(*expressions, **extra)
 
     def as_mysql(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
@@ -325,8 +369,8 @@ class GeoHash(GeoFunc):
 class GeometryDistance(GeoFunc):
     output_field = FloatField()
     arity = 2
-    function = ''
-    arg_joiner = ' <-> '
+    function = ""
+    arg_joiner = " <-> "
     geom_param_pos = (0, 1)
 
 
@@ -337,7 +381,7 @@ class Intersection(OracleToleranceMixin, GeomOutputGeoFunc):
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
 class IsValid(OracleToleranceMixin, GeoFuncMixin, Transform):
-    lookup_name = 'isvalid'
+    lookup_name = "isvalid"
     output_field = BooleanField()
 
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
@@ -351,8 +395,13 @@ class Length(DistanceResultMixin, OracleToleranceMixin, GeoFunc):
         super().__init__(expr1, **extra)
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
-        if self.geo_field.geodetic(connection) and not connection.features.supports_length_geodetic:
-            raise NotSupportedError("This backend doesn't support Length on geodetic fields")
+        if (
+            self.geo_field.geodetic(connection)
+            and not connection.features.supports_length_geodetic
+        ):
+            raise NotSupportedError(
+                "This backend doesn't support Length on geodetic fields"
+            )
         return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
 
     def as_postgresql(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
@@ -362,18 +411,20 @@ class Length(DistanceResultMixin, OracleToleranceMixin, GeoFunc):
             clone.source_expressions.append(Value(self.spheroid))
         elif self.geo_field.geodetic(connection):
             # Geometry fields with geodetic (lon/lat) coordinates need length_spheroid
-            function = connection.ops.spatial_function_name('LengthSpheroid')
+            function = connection.ops.spatial_function_name("LengthSpheroid")
             clone.source_expressions.append(Value(self.geo_field.spheroid(connection)))
         else:
             dim = min(f.dim for f in self.get_source_fields() if f)
             if dim > 2:
                 function = connection.ops.length3d
-        return super(Length, clone).as_sql(compiler, connection, function=function, **extra_context)
+        return super(Length, clone).as_sql(
+            compiler, connection, function=function, **extra_context
+        )
 
     def as_sqlite(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         function = None
         if self.geo_field.geodetic(connection):
-            function = 'GeodesicLength' if self.spheroid else 'GreatCircleLength'
+            function = "GeodesicLength" if self.spheroid else "GreatCircleLength"
         return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, function=function, **extra_context)
 
 
@@ -408,7 +459,9 @@ class Perimeter(DistanceResultMixin, OracleToleranceMixin, GeoFunc):
     def as_postgresql(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         function = None
         if self.geo_field.geodetic(connection) and not self.source_is_geography():
-            raise NotSupportedError("ST_Perimeter cannot use a non-projected non-geography field.")
+            raise NotSupportedError(
+                "ST_Perimeter cannot use a non-projected non-geography field."
+            )
         dim = min(f.dim for f in self.get_source_fields())
         if dim > 2:
             function = connection.ops.perimeter3d
@@ -432,11 +485,11 @@ class Scale(SQLiteDecimalToFloatMixin, GeomOutputGeoFunc):
     def __init__(self, expression, x, y, z=0.0, **extra):
         expressions = [
             expression,
-            self._handle_param(x, 'x', NUMERIC_TYPES),
-            self._handle_param(y, 'y', NUMERIC_TYPES),
+            self._handle_param(x, "x", NUMERIC_TYPES),
+            self._handle_param(y, "y", NUMERIC_TYPES),
         ]
         if z != 0.0:
-            expressions.append(self._handle_param(z, 'z', NUMERIC_TYPES))
+            expressions.append(self._handle_param(z, "z", NUMERIC_TYPES))
         super().__init__(*expressions, **extra)
 
 
@@ -446,16 +499,16 @@ class SnapToGrid(SQLiteDecimalToFloatMixin, GeomOutputGeoFunc):
         expressions = [expression]
         if nargs in (1, 2):
             expressions.extend(
-                [self._handle_param(arg, '', NUMERIC_TYPES) for arg in args]
+                [self._handle_param(arg, "", NUMERIC_TYPES) for arg in args]
             )
         elif nargs == 4:
             # Reverse origin and size param ordering
             expressions += [
-                *(self._handle_param(arg, '', NUMERIC_TYPES) for arg in args[2:]),
-                *(self._handle_param(arg, '', NUMERIC_TYPES) for arg in args[0:2]),
+                *(self._handle_param(arg, "", NUMERIC_TYPES) for arg in args[2:]),
+                *(self._handle_param(arg, "", NUMERIC_TYPES) for arg in args[0:2]),
             ]
         else:
-            raise ValueError('Must provide 1, 2, or 4 arguments to `SnapToGrid`.')
+            raise ValueError("Must provide 1, 2, or 4 arguments to `SnapToGrid`.")
         super().__init__(*expressions, **extra)
 
 
@@ -468,10 +521,10 @@ class Transform(GeomOutputGeoFunc):
     def __init__(self, expression, srid, **extra):
         expressions = [
             expression,
-            self._handle_param(srid, 'srid', int),
+            self._handle_param(srid, "srid", int),
         ]
-        if 'output_field' not in extra:
-            extra['output_field'] = GeometryField(srid=srid)
+        if "output_field" not in extra:
+            extra["output_field"] = GeometryField(srid=srid)
         super().__init__(*expressions, **extra)
 
 
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/lookups.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/lookups.py
index c1d021b28e..9c06922508 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/lookups.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/lookups.py
@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ class GISLookup(Lookup):
     def process_rhs_params(self):
         if self.rhs_params:
             # Check if a band index was passed in the query argument.
-            if len(self.rhs_params) == (2 if self.lookup_name == 'relate' else 1):
+            if len(self.rhs_params) == (2 if self.lookup_name == "relate" else 1):
                 self.process_band_indices()
             elif len(self.rhs_params) > 1:
-                raise ValueError('Tuple too long for lookup %s.' % self.lookup_name)
+                raise ValueError("Tuple too long for lookup %s." % self.lookup_name)
         elif isinstance(self.lhs, RasterBandTransform):
             self.process_band_indices(only_lhs=True)
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class GISLookup(Lookup):
 
     def get_db_prep_lookup(self, value, connection):
         # get_db_prep_lookup is called by process_rhs from super class
-        return ('%s', [connection.ops.Adapter(value)])
+        return ("%s", [connection.ops.Adapter(value)])
 
     def process_rhs(self, compiler, connection):
         if isinstance(self.rhs, Query):
@@ -64,7 +64,9 @@ class GISLookup(Lookup):
         if isinstance(self.rhs, Expression):
             self.rhs = self.rhs.resolve_expression(compiler.query)
         rhs, rhs_params = super().process_rhs(compiler, connection)
-        placeholder = connection.ops.get_geom_placeholder(self.lhs.output_field, self.rhs, compiler)
+        placeholder = connection.ops.get_geom_placeholder(
+            self.lhs.output_field, self.rhs, compiler
+        )
         return placeholder % rhs, rhs_params
 
     def get_rhs_op(self, connection, rhs):
@@ -78,7 +80,12 @@ class GISLookup(Lookup):
         rhs_sql, rhs_params = self.process_rhs(compiler, connection)
         sql_params = (*lhs_params, *rhs_params)
 
-        template_params = {'lhs': lhs_sql, 'rhs': rhs_sql, 'value': '%s', **self.template_params}
+        template_params = {
+            "lhs": lhs_sql,
+            "rhs": rhs_sql,
+            "value": "%s",
+            **self.template_params,
+        }
         rhs_op = self.get_rhs_op(connection, rhs_sql)
         return rhs_op.as_sql(connection, self, template_params, sql_params)
 
@@ -87,13 +94,15 @@ class GISLookup(Lookup):
 # Geometry operators
 # ------------------
 
+
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
 class OverlapsLeftLookup(GISLookup):
     """
     The overlaps_left operator returns true if A's bounding box overlaps or is to the
     left of B's bounding box.
     """
-    lookup_name = 'overlaps_left'
+
+    lookup_name = "overlaps_left"
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
@@ -102,7 +111,8 @@ class OverlapsRightLookup(GISLookup):
     The 'overlaps_right' operator returns true if A's bounding box overlaps or is to the
     right of B's bounding box.
     """
-    lookup_name = 'overlaps_right'
+
+    lookup_name = "overlaps_right"
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
@@ -111,7 +121,8 @@ class OverlapsBelowLookup(GISLookup):
     The 'overlaps_below' operator returns true if A's bounding box overlaps or is below
     B's bounding box.
     """
-    lookup_name = 'overlaps_below'
+
+    lookup_name = "overlaps_below"
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
@@ -120,7 +131,8 @@ class OverlapsAboveLookup(GISLookup):
     The 'overlaps_above' operator returns true if A's bounding box overlaps or is above
     B's bounding box.
     """
-    lookup_name = 'overlaps_above'
+
+    lookup_name = "overlaps_above"
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
@@ -129,7 +141,8 @@ class LeftLookup(GISLookup):
     The 'left' operator returns true if A's bounding box is strictly to the left
     of B's bounding box.
     """
-    lookup_name = 'left'
+
+    lookup_name = "left"
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
@@ -138,7 +151,8 @@ class RightLookup(GISLookup):
     The 'right' operator returns true if A's bounding box is strictly to the right
     of B's bounding box.
     """
-    lookup_name = 'right'
+
+    lookup_name = "right"
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
@@ -147,7 +161,8 @@ class StrictlyBelowLookup(GISLookup):
     The 'strictly_below' operator returns true if A's bounding box is strictly below B's
     bounding box.
     """
-    lookup_name = 'strictly_below'
+
+    lookup_name = "strictly_below"
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
@@ -156,7 +171,8 @@ class StrictlyAboveLookup(GISLookup):
     The 'strictly_above' operator returns true if A's bounding box is strictly above B's
     bounding box.
     """
-    lookup_name = 'strictly_above'
+
+    lookup_name = "strictly_above"
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
@@ -166,10 +182,11 @@ class SameAsLookup(GISLookup):
     equality of two features. So if A and B are the same feature,
     vertex-by-vertex, the operator returns true.
     """
-    lookup_name = 'same_as'
+
+    lookup_name = "same_as"
 
 
-BaseSpatialField.register_lookup(SameAsLookup, 'exact')
+BaseSpatialField.register_lookup(SameAsLookup, "exact")
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
@@ -178,7 +195,8 @@ class BBContainsLookup(GISLookup):
     The 'bbcontains' operator returns true if A's bounding box completely contains
     by B's bounding box.
     """
-    lookup_name = 'bbcontains'
+
+    lookup_name = "bbcontains"
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
@@ -186,7 +204,8 @@ class BBOverlapsLookup(GISLookup):
     """
     The 'bboverlaps' operator returns true if A's bounding box overlaps B's bounding box.
     """
-    lookup_name = 'bboverlaps'
+
+    lookup_name = "bboverlaps"
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
@@ -195,69 +214,71 @@ class ContainedLookup(GISLookup):
     The 'contained' operator returns true if A's bounding box is completely contained
     by B's bounding box.
     """
-    lookup_name = 'contained'
+
+    lookup_name = "contained"
 
 
 # ------------------
 # Geometry functions
 # ------------------
 
+
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
 class ContainsLookup(GISLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'contains'
+    lookup_name = "contains"
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
 class ContainsProperlyLookup(GISLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'contains_properly'
+    lookup_name = "contains_properly"
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
 class CoveredByLookup(GISLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'coveredby'
+    lookup_name = "coveredby"
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
 class CoversLookup(GISLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'covers'
+    lookup_name = "covers"
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
 class CrossesLookup(GISLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'crosses'
+    lookup_name = "crosses"
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
 class DisjointLookup(GISLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'disjoint'
+    lookup_name = "disjoint"
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
 class EqualsLookup(GISLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'equals'
+    lookup_name = "equals"
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
 class IntersectsLookup(GISLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'intersects'
+    lookup_name = "intersects"
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
 class OverlapsLookup(GISLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'overlaps'
+    lookup_name = "overlaps"
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
 class RelateLookup(GISLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'relate'
-    sql_template = '%(func)s(%(lhs)s, %(rhs)s, %%s)'
-    pattern_regex = _lazy_re_compile(r'^[012TF\*]{9}$')
+    lookup_name = "relate"
+    sql_template = "%(func)s(%(lhs)s, %(rhs)s, %%s)"
+    pattern_regex = _lazy_re_compile(r"^[012TF\*]{9}$")
 
     def process_rhs(self, compiler, connection):
         # Check the pattern argument
         pattern = self.rhs_params[0]
         backend_op = connection.ops.gis_operators[self.lookup_name]
-        if hasattr(backend_op, 'check_relate_argument'):
+        if hasattr(backend_op, "check_relate_argument"):
             backend_op.check_relate_argument(pattern)
         elif not isinstance(pattern, str) or not self.pattern_regex.match(pattern):
             raise ValueError('Invalid intersection matrix pattern "%s".' % pattern)
@@ -267,93 +288,106 @@ class RelateLookup(GISLookup):
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
 class TouchesLookup(GISLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'touches'
+    lookup_name = "touches"
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
 class WithinLookup(GISLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'within'
+    lookup_name = "within"
 
 
 class DistanceLookupBase(GISLookup):
     distance = True
-    sql_template = '%(func)s(%(lhs)s, %(rhs)s) %(op)s %(value)s'
+    sql_template = "%(func)s(%(lhs)s, %(rhs)s) %(op)s %(value)s"
 
     def process_rhs_params(self):
         if not 1 <= len(self.rhs_params) <= 3:
-            raise ValueError("2, 3, or 4-element tuple required for '%s' lookup." % self.lookup_name)
-        elif len(self.rhs_params) == 3 and self.rhs_params[2] != 'spheroid':
-            raise ValueError("For 4-element tuples the last argument must be the 'spheroid' directive.")
+            raise ValueError(
+                "2, 3, or 4-element tuple required for '%s' lookup." % self.lookup_name
+            )
+        elif len(self.rhs_params) == 3 and self.rhs_params[2] != "spheroid":
+            raise ValueError(
+                "For 4-element tuples the last argument must be the 'spheroid' directive."
+            )
 
         # Check if the second parameter is a band index.
-        if len(self.rhs_params) > 1 and self.rhs_params[1] != 'spheroid':
+        if len(self.rhs_params) > 1 and self.rhs_params[1] != "spheroid":
             self.process_band_indices()
 
     def process_distance(self, compiler, connection):
         dist_param = self.rhs_params[0]
         return (
             compiler.compile(dist_param.resolve_expression(compiler.query))
-            if hasattr(dist_param, 'resolve_expression') else
-            ('%s', connection.ops.get_distance(self.lhs.output_field, self.rhs_params, self.lookup_name))
+            if hasattr(dist_param, "resolve_expression")
+            else (
+                "%s",
+                connection.ops.get_distance(
+                    self.lhs.output_field, self.rhs_params, self.lookup_name
+                ),
+            )
         )
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
 class DWithinLookup(DistanceLookupBase):
-    lookup_name = 'dwithin'
-    sql_template = '%(func)s(%(lhs)s, %(rhs)s, %(value)s)'
+    lookup_name = "dwithin"
+    sql_template = "%(func)s(%(lhs)s, %(rhs)s, %(value)s)"
 
     def process_distance(self, compiler, connection):
         dist_param = self.rhs_params[0]
         if (
-            not connection.features.supports_dwithin_distance_expr and
-            hasattr(dist_param, 'resolve_expression') and
-            not isinstance(dist_param, Distance)
+            not connection.features.supports_dwithin_distance_expr
+            and hasattr(dist_param, "resolve_expression")
+            and not isinstance(dist_param, Distance)
         ):
             raise NotSupportedError(
-                'This backend does not support expressions for specifying '
-                'distance in the dwithin lookup.'
+                "This backend does not support expressions for specifying "
+                "distance in the dwithin lookup."
             )
         return super().process_distance(compiler, connection)
 
     def process_rhs(self, compiler, connection):
         dist_sql, dist_params = self.process_distance(compiler, connection)
-        self.template_params['value'] = dist_sql
+        self.template_params["value"] = dist_sql
         rhs_sql, params = super().process_rhs(compiler, connection)
         return rhs_sql, params + dist_params
 
 
 class DistanceLookupFromFunction(DistanceLookupBase):
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
-        spheroid = (len(self.rhs_params) == 2 and self.rhs_params[-1] == 'spheroid') or None
-        distance_expr = connection.ops.distance_expr_for_lookup(self.lhs, self.rhs, spheroid=spheroid)
+        spheroid = (
+            len(self.rhs_params) == 2 and self.rhs_params[-1] == "spheroid"
+        ) or None
+        distance_expr = connection.ops.distance_expr_for_lookup(
+            self.lhs, self.rhs, spheroid=spheroid
+        )
         sql, params = compiler.compile(distance_expr.resolve_expression(compiler.query))
         dist_sql, dist_params = self.process_distance(compiler, connection)
         return (
-            '%(func)s %(op)s %(dist)s' % {'func': sql, 'op': self.op, 'dist': dist_sql},
+            "%(func)s %(op)s %(dist)s" % {"func": sql, "op": self.op, "dist": dist_sql},
             params + dist_params,
         )
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
 class DistanceGTLookup(DistanceLookupFromFunction):
-    lookup_name = 'distance_gt'
-    op = '>'
+    lookup_name = "distance_gt"
+    op = ">"
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
 class DistanceGTELookup(DistanceLookupFromFunction):
-    lookup_name = 'distance_gte'
-    op = '>='
+    lookup_name = "distance_gte"
+    op = ">="
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
 class DistanceLTLookup(DistanceLookupFromFunction):
-    lookup_name = 'distance_lt'
-    op = '<'
+    lookup_name = "distance_lt"
+    op = "<"
 
 
 @BaseSpatialField.register_lookup
 class DistanceLTELookup(DistanceLookupFromFunction):
-    lookup_name = 'distance_lte'
-    op = '<='
+    lookup_name = "distance_lte"
+    op = "<="
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/proxy.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/proxy.py
index 07b26e9910..4db365dc16 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/proxy.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/proxy.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class SpatialProxy(DeferredAttribute):
 
         if isinstance(geo_value, self._klass):
             geo_obj = geo_value
-        elif (geo_value is None) or (geo_value == ''):
+        elif (geo_value is None) or (geo_value == ""):
             geo_obj = None
         else:
             # Otherwise, a geometry or raster object is built using the field's
@@ -57,7 +57,9 @@ class SpatialProxy(DeferredAttribute):
         # The geographic type of the field.
         gtype = self.field.geom_type
 
-        if gtype == 'RASTER' and (value is None or isinstance(value, (str, dict, self._klass))):
+        if gtype == "RASTER" and (
+            value is None or isinstance(value, (str, dict, self._klass))
+        ):
             # For raster fields, ensure input is None or a string, dict, or
             # raster instance.
             pass
@@ -71,8 +73,10 @@ class SpatialProxy(DeferredAttribute):
             # Set geometries with None, WKT, HEX, or WKB
             pass
         else:
-            raise TypeError('Cannot set %s SpatialProxy (%s) with value of type: %s' % (
-                instance.__class__.__name__, gtype, type(value)))
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Cannot set %s SpatialProxy (%s) with value of type: %s"
+                % (instance.__class__.__name__, gtype, type(value))
+            )
 
         # Setting the objects dictionary with the value, and returning.
         instance.__dict__[self.field.attname] = value
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/sql/__init__.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/sql/__init__.py
index 850c644d5d..1376e8d7d1 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/sql/__init__.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/sql/__init__.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-from django.contrib.gis.db.models.sql.conversion import (
-    AreaField, DistanceField,
-)
+from django.contrib.gis.db.models.sql.conversion import AreaField, DistanceField
 
 __all__ = [
-    'AreaField', 'DistanceField',
+    "AreaField",
+    "DistanceField",
 ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/sql/conversion.py b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/sql/conversion.py
index 99ab51e239..be712319fb 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/db/models/sql/conversion.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/db/models/sql/conversion.py
@@ -10,13 +10,14 @@ from django.db import models
 
 class AreaField(models.FloatField):
     "Wrapper for Area values."
+
     def __init__(self, geo_field):
         super().__init__()
         self.geo_field = geo_field
 
     def get_prep_value(self, value):
         if not isinstance(value, Area):
-            raise ValueError('AreaField only accepts Area measurement objects.')
+            raise ValueError("AreaField only accepts Area measurement objects.")
         return value
 
     def get_db_prep_value(self, value, connection, prepared=False):
@@ -37,11 +38,12 @@ class AreaField(models.FloatField):
         return Area(**{area_att: value}) if area_att else value
 
     def get_internal_type(self):
-        return 'AreaField'
+        return "AreaField"
 
 
 class DistanceField(models.FloatField):
     "Wrapper for Distance values."
+
     def __init__(self, geo_field):
         super().__init__()
         self.geo_field = geo_field
@@ -56,7 +58,9 @@ class DistanceField(models.FloatField):
             return value
         distance_att = connection.ops.get_distance_att_for_field(self.geo_field)
         if not distance_att:
-            raise ValueError('Distance measure is supplied, but units are unknown for result.')
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Distance measure is supplied, but units are unknown for result."
+            )
         return getattr(value, distance_att)
 
     def from_db_value(self, value, expression, connection):
@@ -66,4 +70,4 @@ class DistanceField(models.FloatField):
         return Distance(**{distance_att: value}) if distance_att else value
 
     def get_internal_type(self):
-        return 'DistanceField'
+        return "DistanceField"
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/feeds.py b/django/contrib/gis/feeds.py
index cfc078b781..ebd4511889 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/feeds.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/feeds.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class GeoFeedMixin:
         a single white space. Given a tuple of coordinates, return a string
         GeoRSS representation.
         """
-        return ' '.join('%f %f' % (coord[1], coord[0]) for coord in coords)
+        return " ".join("%f %f" % (coord[1], coord[0]) for coord in coords)
 
     def add_georss_point(self, handler, coords, w3c_geo=False):
         """
@@ -24,15 +24,15 @@ class GeoFeedMixin:
         """
         if w3c_geo:
             lon, lat = coords[:2]
-            handler.addQuickElement('geo:lat', '%f' % lat)
-            handler.addQuickElement('geo:lon', '%f' % lon)
+            handler.addQuickElement("geo:lat", "%f" % lat)
+            handler.addQuickElement("geo:lon", "%f" % lon)
         else:
-            handler.addQuickElement('georss:point', self.georss_coords((coords,)))
+            handler.addQuickElement("georss:point", self.georss_coords((coords,)))
 
     def add_georss_element(self, handler, item, w3c_geo=False):
         """Add a GeoRSS XML element using the given item and handler."""
         # Getting the Geometry object.
-        geom = item.get('geometry')
+        geom = item.get("geometry")
         if geom is not None:
             if isinstance(geom, (list, tuple)):
                 # Special case if a tuple/list was passed in.  The tuple may be
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class GeoFeedMixin:
                     if len(geom) == 2:
                         box_coords = geom
                     else:
-                        raise ValueError('Only should be two sets of coordinates.')
+                        raise ValueError("Only should be two sets of coordinates.")
                 else:
                     if len(geom) == 2:
                         # Point: (X, Y)
@@ -52,36 +52,46 @@ class GeoFeedMixin:
                         # Box: (X0, Y0, X1, Y1)
                         box_coords = (geom[:2], geom[2:])
                     else:
-                        raise ValueError('Only should be 2 or 4 numeric elements.')
+                        raise ValueError("Only should be 2 or 4 numeric elements.")
                 # If a GeoRSS box was given via tuple.
                 if box_coords is not None:
                     if w3c_geo:
-                        raise ValueError('Cannot use simple GeoRSS box in W3C Geo feeds.')
-                    handler.addQuickElement('georss:box', self.georss_coords(box_coords))
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            "Cannot use simple GeoRSS box in W3C Geo feeds."
+                        )
+                    handler.addQuickElement(
+                        "georss:box", self.georss_coords(box_coords)
+                    )
             else:
                 # Getting the lowercase geometry type.
                 gtype = str(geom.geom_type).lower()
-                if gtype == 'point':
+                if gtype == "point":
                     self.add_georss_point(handler, geom.coords, w3c_geo=w3c_geo)
                 else:
                     if w3c_geo:
-                        raise ValueError('W3C Geo only supports Point geometries.')
+                        raise ValueError("W3C Geo only supports Point geometries.")
                     # For formatting consistent w/the GeoRSS simple standard:
                     # http://georss.org/1.0#simple
-                    if gtype in ('linestring', 'linearring'):
-                        handler.addQuickElement('georss:line', self.georss_coords(geom.coords))
-                    elif gtype in ('polygon',):
+                    if gtype in ("linestring", "linearring"):
+                        handler.addQuickElement(
+                            "georss:line", self.georss_coords(geom.coords)
+                        )
+                    elif gtype in ("polygon",):
                         # Only support the exterior ring.
-                        handler.addQuickElement('georss:polygon', self.georss_coords(geom[0].coords))
+                        handler.addQuickElement(
+                            "georss:polygon", self.georss_coords(geom[0].coords)
+                        )
                     else:
-                        raise ValueError('Geometry type "%s" not supported.' % geom.geom_type)
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            'Geometry type "%s" not supported.' % geom.geom_type
+                        )
 
 
 # ### SyndicationFeed subclasses ###
 class GeoRSSFeed(Rss201rev2Feed, GeoFeedMixin):
     def rss_attributes(self):
         attrs = super().rss_attributes()
-        attrs['xmlns:georss'] = 'http://www.georss.org/georss'
+        attrs["xmlns:georss"] = "http://www.georss.org/georss"
         return attrs
 
     def add_item_elements(self, handler, item):
@@ -96,7 +106,7 @@ class GeoRSSFeed(Rss201rev2Feed, GeoFeedMixin):
 class GeoAtom1Feed(Atom1Feed, GeoFeedMixin):
     def root_attributes(self):
         attrs = super().root_attributes()
-        attrs['xmlns:georss'] = 'http://www.georss.org/georss'
+        attrs["xmlns:georss"] = "http://www.georss.org/georss"
         return attrs
 
     def add_item_elements(self, handler, item):
@@ -111,7 +121,7 @@ class GeoAtom1Feed(Atom1Feed, GeoFeedMixin):
 class W3CGeoFeed(Rss201rev2Feed, GeoFeedMixin):
     def rss_attributes(self):
         attrs = super().rss_attributes()
-        attrs['xmlns:geo'] = 'http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#'
+        attrs["xmlns:geo"] = "http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#"
         return attrs
 
     def add_item_elements(self, handler, item):
@@ -131,10 +141,11 @@ class Feed(BaseFeed):
     methods on their own subclasses so that geo-referenced information may
     placed in the feed.
     """
+
     feed_type = GeoRSSFeed
 
     def feed_extra_kwargs(self, obj):
-        return {'geometry': self._get_dynamic_attr('geometry', obj)}
+        return {"geometry": self._get_dynamic_attr("geometry", obj)}
 
     def item_extra_kwargs(self, item):
-        return {'geometry': self._get_dynamic_attr('item_geometry', item)}
+        return {"geometry": self._get_dynamic_attr("item_geometry", item)}
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/forms/__init__.py b/django/contrib/gis/forms/__init__.py
index 237cbace8d..c07720b2d0 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/forms/__init__.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/forms/__init__.py
@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
 from django.forms import *  # NOQA
 
 from .fields import (  # NOQA
-    GeometryCollectionField, GeometryField, LineStringField,
-    MultiLineStringField, MultiPointField, MultiPolygonField, PointField,
+    GeometryCollectionField,
+    GeometryField,
+    LineStringField,
+    MultiLineStringField,
+    MultiPointField,
+    MultiPolygonField,
+    PointField,
     PolygonField,
 )
 from .widgets import BaseGeometryWidget, OpenLayersWidget, OSMWidget  # NOQA
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/forms/fields.py b/django/contrib/gis/forms/fields.py
index 301d770836..1fd31530c1 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/forms/fields.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/forms/fields.py
@@ -13,15 +13,18 @@ class GeometryField(forms.Field):
     accepted by GEOSGeometry is accepted by this form.  By default,
     this includes WKT, HEXEWKB, WKB (in a buffer), and GeoJSON.
     """
+
     widget = OpenLayersWidget
-    geom_type = 'GEOMETRY'
+    geom_type = "GEOMETRY"
 
     default_error_messages = {
-        'required': _('No geometry value provided.'),
-        'invalid_geom': _('Invalid geometry value.'),
-        'invalid_geom_type': _('Invalid geometry type.'),
-        'transform_error': _('An error occurred when transforming the geometry '
-                             'to the SRID of the geometry form field.'),
+        "required": _("No geometry value provided."),
+        "invalid_geom": _("Invalid geometry value."),
+        "invalid_geom_type": _("Invalid geometry type."),
+        "transform_error": _(
+            "An error occurred when transforming the geometry "
+            "to the SRID of the geometry form field."
+        ),
     }
 
     def __init__(self, *, srid=None, geom_type=None, **kwargs):
@@ -29,7 +32,7 @@ class GeometryField(forms.Field):
         if geom_type is not None:
             self.geom_type = geom_type
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
-        self.widget.attrs['geom_type'] = self.geom_type
+        self.widget.attrs["geom_type"] = self.geom_type
 
     def to_python(self, value):
         """Transform the value to a Geometry object."""
@@ -37,7 +40,7 @@ class GeometryField(forms.Field):
             return None
 
         if not isinstance(value, GEOSGeometry):
-            if hasattr(self.widget, 'deserialize'):
+            if hasattr(self.widget, "deserialize"):
                 try:
                     value = self.widget.deserialize(value)
                 except GDALException:
@@ -48,7 +51,9 @@ class GeometryField(forms.Field):
                 except (GEOSException, ValueError, TypeError):
                     value = None
             if value is None:
-                raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid_geom'], code='invalid_geom')
+                raise ValidationError(
+                    self.error_messages["invalid_geom"], code="invalid_geom"
+                )
 
         # Try to set the srid
         if not value.srid:
@@ -71,8 +76,13 @@ class GeometryField(forms.Field):
 
         # Ensuring that the geometry is of the correct type (indicated
         # using the OGC string label).
-        if str(geom.geom_type).upper() != self.geom_type and self.geom_type != 'GEOMETRY':
-            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid_geom_type'], code='invalid_geom_type')
+        if (
+            str(geom.geom_type).upper() != self.geom_type
+            and self.geom_type != "GEOMETRY"
+        ):
+            raise ValidationError(
+                self.error_messages["invalid_geom_type"], code="invalid_geom_type"
+            )
 
         # Transforming the geometry if the SRID was set.
         if self.srid and self.srid != -1 and self.srid != geom.srid:
@@ -80,12 +90,13 @@ class GeometryField(forms.Field):
                 geom.transform(self.srid)
             except GEOSException:
                 raise ValidationError(
-                    self.error_messages['transform_error'], code='transform_error')
+                    self.error_messages["transform_error"], code="transform_error"
+                )
 
         return geom
 
     def has_changed(self, initial, data):
-        """ Compare geographic value of data with its initial value. """
+        """Compare geographic value of data with its initial value."""
 
         try:
             data = self.to_python(data)
@@ -106,28 +117,28 @@ class GeometryField(forms.Field):
 
 
 class GeometryCollectionField(GeometryField):
-    geom_type = 'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION'
+    geom_type = "GEOMETRYCOLLECTION"
 
 
 class PointField(GeometryField):
-    geom_type = 'POINT'
+    geom_type = "POINT"
 
 
 class MultiPointField(GeometryField):
-    geom_type = 'MULTIPOINT'
+    geom_type = "MULTIPOINT"
 
 
 class LineStringField(GeometryField):
-    geom_type = 'LINESTRING'
+    geom_type = "LINESTRING"
 
 
 class MultiLineStringField(GeometryField):
-    geom_type = 'MULTILINESTRING'
+    geom_type = "MULTILINESTRING"
 
 
 class PolygonField(GeometryField):
-    geom_type = 'POLYGON'
+    geom_type = "POLYGON"
 
 
 class MultiPolygonField(GeometryField):
-    geom_type = 'MULTIPOLYGON'
+    geom_type = "MULTIPOLYGON"
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/forms/widgets.py b/django/contrib/gis/forms/widgets.py
index e38f173a98..0f53ee2e96 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/forms/widgets.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/forms/widgets.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from django.contrib.gis.geos import GEOSException, GEOSGeometry
 from django.forms.widgets import Widget
 from django.utils import translation
 
-logger = logging.getLogger('django.contrib.gis')
+logger = logging.getLogger("django.contrib.gis")
 
 
 class BaseGeometryWidget(Widget):
@@ -15,24 +15,25 @@ class BaseGeometryWidget(Widget):
     The base class for rich geometry widgets.
     Render a map using the WKT of the geometry.
     """
-    geom_type = 'GEOMETRY'
+
+    geom_type = "GEOMETRY"
     map_srid = 4326
     map_width = 600
     map_height = 400
     display_raw = False
 
     supports_3d = False
-    template_name = ''  # set on subclasses
+    template_name = ""  # set on subclasses
 
     def __init__(self, attrs=None):
         self.attrs = {}
-        for key in ('geom_type', 'map_srid', 'map_width', 'map_height', 'display_raw'):
+        for key in ("geom_type", "map_srid", "map_width", "map_height", "display_raw"):
             self.attrs[key] = getattr(self, key)
         if attrs:
             self.attrs.update(attrs)
 
     def serialize(self, value):
-        return value.wkt if value else ''
+        return value.wkt if value else ""
 
     def deserialize(self, value):
         try:
@@ -58,40 +59,47 @@ class BaseGeometryWidget(Widget):
                 except gdal.GDALException as err:
                     logger.error(
                         "Error transforming geometry from srid '%s' to srid '%s' (%s)",
-                        value.srid, self.map_srid, err
+                        value.srid,
+                        self.map_srid,
+                        err,
                     )
 
-        geom_type = gdal.OGRGeomType(self.attrs['geom_type']).name
-        context.update(self.build_attrs(self.attrs, {
-            'name': name,
-            'module': 'geodjango_%s' % name.replace('-', '_'),  # JS-safe
-            'serialized': self.serialize(value),
-            'geom_type': 'Geometry' if geom_type == 'Unknown' else geom_type,
-            'STATIC_URL': settings.STATIC_URL,
-            'LANGUAGE_BIDI': translation.get_language_bidi(),
-            **(attrs or {}),
-        }))
+        geom_type = gdal.OGRGeomType(self.attrs["geom_type"]).name
+        context.update(
+            self.build_attrs(
+                self.attrs,
+                {
+                    "name": name,
+                    "module": "geodjango_%s" % name.replace("-", "_"),  # JS-safe
+                    "serialized": self.serialize(value),
+                    "geom_type": "Geometry" if geom_type == "Unknown" else geom_type,
+                    "STATIC_URL": settings.STATIC_URL,
+                    "LANGUAGE_BIDI": translation.get_language_bidi(),
+                    **(attrs or {}),
+                },
+            )
+        )
         return context
 
 
 class OpenLayersWidget(BaseGeometryWidget):
-    template_name = 'gis/openlayers.html'
+    template_name = "gis/openlayers.html"
     map_srid = 3857
 
     class Media:
         css = {
-            'all': (
-                'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/ol3/4.6.5/ol.css',
-                'gis/css/ol3.css',
+            "all": (
+                "https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/ol3/4.6.5/ol.css",
+                "gis/css/ol3.css",
             )
         }
         js = (
-            'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/ol3/4.6.5/ol.js',
-            'gis/js/OLMapWidget.js',
+            "https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/ol3/4.6.5/ol.js",
+            "gis/js/OLMapWidget.js",
         )
 
     def serialize(self, value):
-        return value.json if value else ''
+        return value.json if value else ""
 
     def deserialize(self, value):
         geom = super().deserialize(value)
@@ -105,14 +113,15 @@ class OSMWidget(OpenLayersWidget):
     """
     An OpenLayers/OpenStreetMap-based widget.
     """
-    template_name = 'gis/openlayers-osm.html'
+
+    template_name = "gis/openlayers-osm.html"
     default_lon = 5
     default_lat = 47
     default_zoom = 12
 
     def __init__(self, attrs=None):
         super().__init__()
-        for key in ('default_lon', 'default_lat', 'default_zoom'):
+        for key in ("default_lon", "default_lat", "default_zoom"):
             self.attrs[key] = getattr(self, key)
         if attrs:
             self.attrs.update(attrs)
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/__init__.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/__init__.py
index 1d8c6884bd..9ed6e31156 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/__init__.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/__init__.py
@@ -28,22 +28,31 @@
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.datasource import DataSource
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.driver import Driver
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.envelope import Envelope
-from django.contrib.gis.gdal.error import (
-    GDALException, SRSException, check_err,
-)
+from django.contrib.gis.gdal.error import GDALException, SRSException, check_err
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.geometries import OGRGeometry
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.geomtype import OGRGeomType
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.libgdal import (
-    GDAL_VERSION, gdal_full_version, gdal_version,
+    GDAL_VERSION,
+    gdal_full_version,
+    gdal_version,
 )
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.raster.source import GDALRaster
-from django.contrib.gis.gdal.srs import (
-    AxisOrder, CoordTransform, SpatialReference,
-)
+from django.contrib.gis.gdal.srs import AxisOrder, CoordTransform, SpatialReference
 
 __all__ = (
-    'AxisOrder', 'Driver', 'DataSource', 'CoordTransform', 'Envelope',
-    'GDALException', 'GDALRaster', 'GDAL_VERSION', 'OGRGeometry',
-    'OGRGeomType', 'SpatialReference', 'SRSException', 'check_err',
-    'gdal_version', 'gdal_full_version',
+    "AxisOrder",
+    "Driver",
+    "DataSource",
+    "CoordTransform",
+    "Envelope",
+    "GDALException",
+    "GDALRaster",
+    "GDAL_VERSION",
+    "OGRGeometry",
+    "OGRGeomType",
+    "SpatialReference",
+    "SRSException",
+    "check_err",
+    "gdal_version",
+    "gdal_full_version",
 )
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/datasource.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/datasource.py
index f2091c864a..dfd043ab0c 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/datasource.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/datasource.py
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class DataSource(GDALBase):
     "Wraps an OGR Data Source object."
     destructor = capi.destroy_ds
 
-    def __init__(self, ds_input, ds_driver=False, write=False, encoding='utf-8'):
+    def __init__(self, ds_input, ds_driver=False, write=False, encoding="utf-8"):
         # The write flag.
         if write:
             self._write = 1
@@ -73,10 +73,12 @@ class DataSource(GDALBase):
                 # Making the error message more clear rather than something
                 # like "Invalid pointer returned from OGROpen".
                 raise GDALException('Could not open the datasource at "%s"' % ds_input)
-        elif isinstance(ds_input, self.ptr_type) and isinstance(ds_driver, Driver.ptr_type):
+        elif isinstance(ds_input, self.ptr_type) and isinstance(
+            ds_driver, Driver.ptr_type
+        ):
             ds = ds_input
         else:
-            raise GDALException('Invalid data source input type: %s' % type(ds_input))
+            raise GDALException("Invalid data source input type: %s" % type(ds_input))
 
         if ds:
             self.ptr = ds
@@ -91,14 +93,17 @@ class DataSource(GDALBase):
             try:
                 layer = capi.get_layer_by_name(self.ptr, force_bytes(index))
             except GDALException:
-                raise IndexError('Invalid OGR layer name given: %s.' % index)
+                raise IndexError("Invalid OGR layer name given: %s." % index)
         elif isinstance(index, int):
             if 0 <= index < self.layer_count:
                 layer = capi.get_layer(self._ptr, index)
             else:
-                raise IndexError('Index out of range when accessing layers in a datasource: %s.' % index)
+                raise IndexError(
+                    "Index out of range when accessing layers in a datasource: %s."
+                    % index
+                )
         else:
-            raise TypeError('Invalid index type: %s' % type(index))
+            raise TypeError("Invalid index type: %s" % type(index))
         return Layer(layer, self)
 
     def __len__(self):
@@ -107,7 +112,7 @@ class DataSource(GDALBase):
 
     def __str__(self):
         "Return OGR GetName and Driver for the Data Source."
-        return '%s (%s)' % (self.name, self.driver)
+        return "%s (%s)" % (self.name, self.driver)
 
     @property
     def layer_count(self):
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/driver.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/driver.py
index f90b886251..0ce7a2cdc8 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/driver.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/driver.py
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ from ctypes import c_void_p
 
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.base import GDALBase
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.error import GDALException
-from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes import ds as vcapi, raster as rcapi
+from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes import ds as vcapi
+from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes import raster as rcapi
 from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes, force_str
 
 
@@ -20,16 +21,16 @@ class Driver(GDALBase):
     # https://gdal.org/drivers/raster/
     _alias = {
         # vector
-        'esri': 'ESRI Shapefile',
-        'shp': 'ESRI Shapefile',
-        'shape': 'ESRI Shapefile',
-        'tiger': 'TIGER',
-        'tiger/line': 'TIGER',
+        "esri": "ESRI Shapefile",
+        "shp": "ESRI Shapefile",
+        "shape": "ESRI Shapefile",
+        "tiger": "TIGER",
+        "tiger/line": "TIGER",
         # raster
-        'tiff': 'GTiff',
-        'tif': 'GTiff',
-        'jpeg': 'JPEG',
-        'jpg': 'JPEG',
+        "tiff": "GTiff",
+        "tif": "GTiff",
+        "jpeg": "JPEG",
+        "jpg": "JPEG",
     }
 
     def __init__(self, dr_input):
@@ -61,11 +62,15 @@ class Driver(GDALBase):
         elif isinstance(dr_input, c_void_p):
             driver = dr_input
         else:
-            raise GDALException('Unrecognized input type for GDAL/OGR Driver: %s' % type(dr_input))
+            raise GDALException(
+                "Unrecognized input type for GDAL/OGR Driver: %s" % type(dr_input)
+            )
 
         # Making sure we get a valid pointer to the OGR Driver
         if not driver:
-            raise GDALException('Could not initialize GDAL/OGR Driver on input: %s' % dr_input)
+            raise GDALException(
+                "Could not initialize GDAL/OGR Driver on input: %s" % dr_input
+            )
         self.ptr = driver
 
     def __str__(self):
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/envelope.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/envelope.py
index 98c333f483..4c2c1e4a1a 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/envelope.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/envelope.py
@@ -20,11 +20,12 @@ from django.contrib.gis.gdal.error import GDALException
 #   https://gdal.org/doxygen/ogr__core_8h_source.html
 class OGREnvelope(Structure):
     "Represent the OGREnvelope C Structure."
-    _fields_ = [("MinX", c_double),
-                ("MaxX", c_double),
-                ("MinY", c_double),
-                ("MaxY", c_double),
-                ]
+    _fields_ = [
+        ("MinX", c_double),
+        ("MaxX", c_double),
+        ("MinY", c_double),
+        ("MaxY", c_double),
+    ]
 
 
 class Envelope:
@@ -47,23 +48,25 @@ class Envelope:
             elif isinstance(args[0], (tuple, list)):
                 # A tuple was passed in.
                 if len(args[0]) != 4:
-                    raise GDALException('Incorrect number of tuple elements (%d).' % len(args[0]))
+                    raise GDALException(
+                        "Incorrect number of tuple elements (%d)." % len(args[0])
+                    )
                 else:
                     self._from_sequence(args[0])
             else:
-                raise TypeError('Incorrect type of argument: %s' % type(args[0]))
+                raise TypeError("Incorrect type of argument: %s" % type(args[0]))
         elif len(args) == 4:
             # Individual parameters passed in.
             #  Thanks to ww for the help
             self._from_sequence([float(a) for a in args])
         else:
-            raise GDALException('Incorrect number (%d) of arguments.' % len(args))
+            raise GDALException("Incorrect number (%d) of arguments." % len(args))
 
         # Checking the x,y coordinates
         if self.min_x > self.max_x:
-            raise GDALException('Envelope minimum X > maximum X.')
+            raise GDALException("Envelope minimum X > maximum X.")
         if self.min_y > self.max_y:
-            raise GDALException('Envelope minimum Y > maximum Y.')
+            raise GDALException("Envelope minimum Y > maximum Y.")
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         """
@@ -71,13 +74,21 @@ class Envelope:
         other Envelopes and 4-tuples.
         """
         if isinstance(other, Envelope):
-            return (self.min_x == other.min_x) and (self.min_y == other.min_y) and \
-                   (self.max_x == other.max_x) and (self.max_y == other.max_y)
+            return (
+                (self.min_x == other.min_x)
+                and (self.min_y == other.min_y)
+                and (self.max_x == other.max_x)
+                and (self.max_y == other.max_y)
+            )
         elif isinstance(other, tuple) and len(other) == 4:
-            return (self.min_x == other[0]) and (self.min_y == other[1]) and \
-                   (self.max_x == other[2]) and (self.max_y == other[3])
+            return (
+                (self.min_x == other[0])
+                and (self.min_y == other[1])
+                and (self.max_x == other[2])
+                and (self.max_y == other[3])
+            )
         else:
-            raise GDALException('Equivalence testing only works with other Envelopes.')
+            raise GDALException("Equivalence testing only works with other Envelopes.")
 
     def __str__(self):
         "Return a string representation of the tuple."
@@ -104,12 +115,16 @@ class Envelope:
         if len(args) == 1:
             if isinstance(args[0], Envelope):
                 return self.expand_to_include(args[0].tuple)
-            elif hasattr(args[0], 'x') and hasattr(args[0], 'y'):
-                return self.expand_to_include(args[0].x, args[0].y, args[0].x, args[0].y)
+            elif hasattr(args[0], "x") and hasattr(args[0], "y"):
+                return self.expand_to_include(
+                    args[0].x, args[0].y, args[0].x, args[0].y
+                )
             elif isinstance(args[0], (tuple, list)):
                 # A tuple was passed in.
                 if len(args[0]) == 2:
-                    return self.expand_to_include((args[0][0], args[0][1], args[0][0], args[0][1]))
+                    return self.expand_to_include(
+                        (args[0][0], args[0][1], args[0][0], args[0][1])
+                    )
                 elif len(args[0]) == 4:
                     (minx, miny, maxx, maxy) = args[0]
                     if minx < self._envelope.MinX:
@@ -121,9 +136,11 @@ class Envelope:
                     if maxy > self._envelope.MaxY:
                         self._envelope.MaxY = maxy
                 else:
-                    raise GDALException('Incorrect number of tuple elements (%d).' % len(args[0]))
+                    raise GDALException(
+                        "Incorrect number of tuple elements (%d)." % len(args[0])
+                    )
             else:
-                raise TypeError('Incorrect type of argument: %s' % type(args[0]))
+                raise TypeError("Incorrect type of argument: %s" % type(args[0]))
         elif len(args) == 2:
             # An x and an y parameter were passed in
             return self.expand_to_include((args[0], args[1], args[0], args[1]))
@@ -131,7 +148,7 @@ class Envelope:
             # Individual parameters passed in.
             return self.expand_to_include(args)
         else:
-            raise GDALException('Incorrect number (%d) of arguments.' % len(args[0]))
+            raise GDALException("Incorrect number (%d) of arguments." % len(args[0]))
 
     @property
     def min_x(self):
@@ -172,7 +189,15 @@ class Envelope:
     def wkt(self):
         "Return WKT representing a Polygon for this envelope."
         # TODO: Fix significant figures.
-        return 'POLYGON((%s %s,%s %s,%s %s,%s %s,%s %s))' % \
-               (self.min_x, self.min_y, self.min_x, self.max_y,
-                self.max_x, self.max_y, self.max_x, self.min_y,
-                self.min_x, self.min_y)
+        return "POLYGON((%s %s,%s %s,%s %s,%s %s,%s %s))" % (
+            self.min_x,
+            self.min_y,
+            self.min_x,
+            self.max_y,
+            self.max_x,
+            self.max_y,
+            self.max_x,
+            self.min_y,
+            self.min_x,
+            self.min_y,
+        )
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/error.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/error.py
index b5646dd751..df19c2e4a7 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/error.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/error.py
@@ -18,29 +18,29 @@ class SRSException(Exception):
 
 # OGR Error Codes
 OGRERR_DICT = {
-    1: (GDALException, 'Not enough data.'),
-    2: (GDALException, 'Not enough memory.'),
-    3: (GDALException, 'Unsupported geometry type.'),
-    4: (GDALException, 'Unsupported operation.'),
-    5: (GDALException, 'Corrupt data.'),
-    6: (GDALException, 'OGR failure.'),
-    7: (SRSException, 'Unsupported SRS.'),
-    8: (GDALException, 'Invalid handle.'),
+    1: (GDALException, "Not enough data."),
+    2: (GDALException, "Not enough memory."),
+    3: (GDALException, "Unsupported geometry type."),
+    4: (GDALException, "Unsupported operation."),
+    5: (GDALException, "Corrupt data."),
+    6: (GDALException, "OGR failure."),
+    7: (SRSException, "Unsupported SRS."),
+    8: (GDALException, "Invalid handle."),
 }
 
 # CPL Error Codes
 # https://gdal.org/api/cpl.html#cpl-error-h
 CPLERR_DICT = {
-    1: (GDALException, 'AppDefined'),
-    2: (GDALException, 'OutOfMemory'),
-    3: (GDALException, 'FileIO'),
-    4: (GDALException, 'OpenFailed'),
-    5: (GDALException, 'IllegalArg'),
-    6: (GDALException, 'NotSupported'),
-    7: (GDALException, 'AssertionFailed'),
-    8: (GDALException, 'NoWriteAccess'),
-    9: (GDALException, 'UserInterrupt'),
-    10: (GDALException, 'ObjectNull'),
+    1: (GDALException, "AppDefined"),
+    2: (GDALException, "OutOfMemory"),
+    3: (GDALException, "FileIO"),
+    4: (GDALException, "OpenFailed"),
+    5: (GDALException, "IllegalArg"),
+    6: (GDALException, "NotSupported"),
+    7: (GDALException, "AssertionFailed"),
+    8: (GDALException, "NoWriteAccess"),
+    9: (GDALException, "UserInterrupt"),
+    10: (GDALException, "ObjectNull"),
 }
 
 ERR_NONE = 0
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/feature.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/feature.py
index 82a9089c16..6f08969984 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/feature.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/feature.py
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ from django.contrib.gis.gdal.base import GDALBase
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.error import GDALException
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.field import Field
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.geometries import OGRGeometry, OGRGeomType
-from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes import ds as capi, geom as geom_api
+from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes import ds as capi
+from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes import geom as geom_api
 from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes, force_str
 
 
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ class Feature(GDALBase):
     This class that wraps an OGR Feature, needs to be instantiated
     from a Layer object.
     """
+
     destructor = capi.destroy_feature
 
     def __init__(self, feat, layer):
@@ -22,7 +24,7 @@ class Feature(GDALBase):
         Initialize Feature from a pointer and its Layer object.
         """
         if not feat:
-            raise GDALException('Cannot create OGR Feature, invalid pointer given.')
+            raise GDALException("Cannot create OGR Feature, invalid pointer given.")
         self.ptr = feat
         self._layer = layer
 
@@ -38,7 +40,9 @@ class Feature(GDALBase):
         elif 0 <= index < self.num_fields:
             i = index
         else:
-            raise IndexError('Index out of range when accessing field in a feature: %s.' % index)
+            raise IndexError(
+                "Index out of range when accessing field in a feature: %s." % index
+            )
         return Field(self, i)
 
     def __len__(self):
@@ -47,7 +51,7 @@ class Feature(GDALBase):
 
     def __str__(self):
         "The string name of the feature."
-        return 'Feature FID %d in Layer<%s>' % (self.fid, self.layer_name)
+        return "Feature FID %d in Layer<%s>" % (self.fid, self.layer_name)
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         "Do equivalence testing on the features."
@@ -81,8 +85,9 @@ class Feature(GDALBase):
             force_str(
                 capi.get_field_name(capi.get_field_defn(self._layer._ldefn, i)),
                 self.encoding,
-                strings_only=True
-            ) for i in range(self.num_fields)
+                strings_only=True,
+            )
+            for i in range(self.num_fields)
         ]
 
     @property
@@ -104,12 +109,12 @@ class Feature(GDALBase):
         object.  May take a string of the field name or a Field object as
         parameters.
         """
-        field_name = getattr(field, 'name', field)
+        field_name = getattr(field, "name", field)
         return self[field_name].value
 
     def index(self, field_name):
         "Return the index of the given field name."
         i = capi.get_field_index(self.ptr, force_bytes(field_name))
         if i < 0:
-            raise IndexError('Invalid OFT field name given: %s.' % field_name)
+            raise IndexError("Invalid OFT field name given: %s." % field_name)
         return i
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/field.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/field.py
index e803886182..5374f6c3cb 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/field.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/field.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class Field(GDALBase):
         # Getting the pointer for this field.
         fld_ptr = capi.get_feat_field_defn(feat.ptr, index)
         if not fld_ptr:
-            raise GDALException('Cannot create OGR Field, invalid pointer given.')
+            raise GDALException("Cannot create OGR Field, invalid pointer given.")
         self.ptr = fld_ptr
 
         # Setting the class depending upon the OGR Field Type (OFT)
@@ -41,14 +41,26 @@ class Field(GDALBase):
     # #### Field Methods ####
     def as_double(self):
         "Retrieve the Field's value as a double (float)."
-        return capi.get_field_as_double(self._feat.ptr, self._index) if self.is_set else None
+        return (
+            capi.get_field_as_double(self._feat.ptr, self._index)
+            if self.is_set
+            else None
+        )
 
     def as_int(self, is_64=False):
         "Retrieve the Field's value as an integer."
         if is_64:
-            return capi.get_field_as_integer64(self._feat.ptr, self._index) if self.is_set else None
+            return (
+                capi.get_field_as_integer64(self._feat.ptr, self._index)
+                if self.is_set
+                else None
+            )
         else:
-            return capi.get_field_as_integer(self._feat.ptr, self._index) if self.is_set else None
+            return (
+                capi.get_field_as_integer(self._feat.ptr, self._index)
+                if self.is_set
+                else None
+            )
 
     def as_string(self):
         "Retrieve the Field's value as a string."
@@ -63,12 +75,22 @@ class Field(GDALBase):
             return None
         yy, mm, dd, hh, mn, ss, tz = [c_int() for i in range(7)]
         status = capi.get_field_as_datetime(
-            self._feat.ptr, self._index, byref(yy), byref(mm), byref(dd),
-            byref(hh), byref(mn), byref(ss), byref(tz))
+            self._feat.ptr,
+            self._index,
+            byref(yy),
+            byref(mm),
+            byref(dd),
+            byref(hh),
+            byref(mn),
+            byref(ss),
+            byref(tz),
+        )
         if status:
             return (yy, mm, dd, hh, mn, ss, tz)
         else:
-            raise GDALException('Unable to retrieve date & time information from the field.')
+            raise GDALException(
+                "Unable to retrieve date & time information from the field."
+            )
 
     # #### Field Properties ####
     @property
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/geometries.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/geometries.py
index d807b3e8b9..dbb391f75f 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/geometries.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/geometries.py
@@ -46,7 +46,8 @@ from django.contrib.gis.gdal.base import GDALBase
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.envelope import Envelope, OGREnvelope
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.error import GDALException, SRSException
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.geomtype import OGRGeomType
-from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes import geom as capi, srs as srs_api
+from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes import geom as capi
+from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes import srs as srs_api
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.srs import CoordTransform, SpatialReference
 from django.contrib.gis.geometry import hex_regex, json_regex, wkt_regex
 from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes
@@ -58,6 +59,7 @@ from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes
 # The OGR_G_* routines are relevant here.
 class OGRGeometry(GDALBase):
     """Encapsulate an OGR geometry."""
+
     destructor = capi.destroy_geom
 
     def __init__(self, geom_input, srs=None):
@@ -74,16 +76,18 @@ class OGRGeometry(GDALBase):
             wkt_m = wkt_regex.match(geom_input)
             json_m = json_regex.match(geom_input)
             if wkt_m:
-                if wkt_m['srid']:
+                if wkt_m["srid"]:
                     # If there's EWKT, set the SRS w/value of the SRID.
-                    srs = int(wkt_m['srid'])
-                if wkt_m['type'].upper() == 'LINEARRING':
+                    srs = int(wkt_m["srid"])
+                if wkt_m["type"].upper() == "LINEARRING":
                     # OGR_G_CreateFromWkt doesn't work with LINEARRING WKT.
                     #  See https://trac.osgeo.org/gdal/ticket/1992.
-                    g = capi.create_geom(OGRGeomType(wkt_m['type']).num)
-                    capi.import_wkt(g, byref(c_char_p(wkt_m['wkt'].encode())))
+                    g = capi.create_geom(OGRGeomType(wkt_m["type"]).num)
+                    capi.import_wkt(g, byref(c_char_p(wkt_m["wkt"].encode())))
                 else:
-                    g = capi.from_wkt(byref(c_char_p(wkt_m['wkt'].encode())), None, byref(c_void_p()))
+                    g = capi.from_wkt(
+                        byref(c_char_p(wkt_m["wkt"].encode())), None, byref(c_void_p())
+                    )
             elif json_m:
                 g = self._from_json(geom_input.encode())
             else:
@@ -101,12 +105,17 @@ class OGRGeometry(GDALBase):
             # OGR pointer (c_void_p) was the input.
             g = geom_input
         else:
-            raise GDALException('Invalid input type for OGR Geometry construction: %s' % type(geom_input))
+            raise GDALException(
+                "Invalid input type for OGR Geometry construction: %s"
+                % type(geom_input)
+            )
 
         # Now checking the Geometry pointer before finishing initialization
         # by setting the pointer for the object.
         if not g:
-            raise GDALException('Cannot create OGR Geometry from input: %s' % geom_input)
+            raise GDALException(
+                "Cannot create OGR Geometry from input: %s" % geom_input
+            )
         self.ptr = g
 
         # Assigning the SpatialReference object to the geometry, if valid.
@@ -129,13 +138,15 @@ class OGRGeometry(GDALBase):
         wkb, srs = state
         ptr = capi.from_wkb(wkb, None, byref(c_void_p()), len(wkb))
         if not ptr:
-            raise GDALException('Invalid OGRGeometry loaded from pickled state.')
+            raise GDALException("Invalid OGRGeometry loaded from pickled state.")
         self.ptr = ptr
         self.srs = srs
 
     @classmethod
     def _from_wkb(cls, geom_input):
-        return capi.from_wkb(bytes(geom_input), None, byref(c_void_p()), len(geom_input))
+        return capi.from_wkb(
+            bytes(geom_input), None, byref(c_void_p()), len(geom_input)
+        )
 
     @staticmethod
     def _from_json(geom_input):
@@ -145,8 +156,10 @@ class OGRGeometry(GDALBase):
     def from_bbox(cls, bbox):
         "Construct a Polygon from a bounding box (4-tuple)."
         x0, y0, x1, y1 = bbox
-        return OGRGeometry('POLYGON((%s %s, %s %s, %s %s, %s %s, %s %s))' % (
-            x0, y0, x0, y1, x1, y1, x1, y0, x0, y0))
+        return OGRGeometry(
+            "POLYGON((%s %s, %s %s, %s %s, %s %s, %s %s))"
+            % (x0, y0, x0, y1, x1, y1, x1, y0, x0, y0)
+        )
 
     @staticmethod
     def from_json(geom_input):
@@ -198,7 +211,7 @@ class OGRGeometry(GDALBase):
     def _set_coord_dim(self, dim):
         "Set the coordinate dimension of this Geometry."
         if dim not in (2, 3):
-            raise ValueError('Geometry dimension must be either 2 or 3')
+            raise ValueError("Geometry dimension must be either 2 or 3")
         capi.set_coord_dim(self.ptr, dim)
 
     coord_dim = property(_get_coord_dim, _set_coord_dim)
@@ -278,7 +291,9 @@ class OGRGeometry(GDALBase):
         elif srs is None:
             srs_ptr = None
         else:
-            raise TypeError('Cannot assign spatial reference with object of type: %s' % type(srs))
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Cannot assign spatial reference with object of type: %s" % type(srs)
+            )
         capi.assign_srs(self.ptr, srs_ptr)
 
     srs = property(_get_srs, _set_srs)
@@ -294,19 +309,21 @@ class OGRGeometry(GDALBase):
         if isinstance(srid, int) or srid is None:
             self.srs = srid
         else:
-            raise TypeError('SRID must be set with an integer.')
+            raise TypeError("SRID must be set with an integer.")
 
     srid = property(_get_srid, _set_srid)
 
     # #### Output Methods ####
     def _geos_ptr(self):
         from django.contrib.gis.geos import GEOSGeometry
+
         return GEOSGeometry._from_wkb(self.wkb)
 
     @property
     def geos(self):
         "Return a GEOSGeometry object from this OGRGeometry."
         from django.contrib.gis.geos import GEOSGeometry
+
         return GEOSGeometry(self._geos_ptr(), self.srid)
 
     @property
@@ -325,6 +342,7 @@ class OGRGeometry(GDALBase):
         Return the GeoJSON representation of this Geometry.
         """
         return capi.to_json(self.ptr)
+
     geojson = json
 
     @property
@@ -340,7 +358,7 @@ class OGRGeometry(GDALBase):
     @property
     def wkb(self):
         "Return the WKB representation of the Geometry."
-        if sys.byteorder == 'little':
+        if sys.byteorder == "little":
             byteorder = 1  # wkbNDR (from ogr_core.h)
         else:
             byteorder = 0  # wkbXDR
@@ -361,7 +379,7 @@ class OGRGeometry(GDALBase):
         "Return the EWKT representation of the Geometry."
         srs = self.srs
         if srs and srs.srid:
-            return 'SRID=%s;%s' % (srs.srid, self.wkt)
+            return "SRID=%s;%s" % (srs.srid, self.wkt)
         else:
             return self.wkt
 
@@ -402,15 +420,19 @@ class OGRGeometry(GDALBase):
             sr = SpatialReference(coord_trans)
             capi.geom_transform_to(self.ptr, sr.ptr)
         else:
-            raise TypeError('Transform only accepts CoordTransform, '
-                            'SpatialReference, string, and integer objects.')
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Transform only accepts CoordTransform, "
+                "SpatialReference, string, and integer objects."
+            )
 
     # #### Topology Methods ####
     def _topology(self, func, other):
         """A generalized function for topology operations, takes a GDAL function and
         the other geometry to perform the operation on."""
         if not isinstance(other, OGRGeometry):
-            raise TypeError('Must use another OGRGeometry object for topology operations!')
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Must use another OGRGeometry object for topology operations!"
+            )
 
         # Returning the output of the given function with the other geometry's
         # pointer.
@@ -500,14 +522,14 @@ class OGRGeometry(GDALBase):
 
 # The subclasses for OGR Geometry.
 class Point(OGRGeometry):
-
     def _geos_ptr(self):
         from django.contrib.gis import geos
+
         return geos.Point._create_empty() if self.empty else super()._geos_ptr()
 
     @classmethod
     def _create_empty(cls):
-        return capi.create_geom(OGRGeomType('point').num)
+        return capi.create_geom(OGRGeomType("point").num)
 
     @property
     def x(self):
@@ -532,11 +554,11 @@ class Point(OGRGeometry):
             return (self.x, self.y)
         elif self.coord_dim == 3:
             return (self.x, self.y, self.z)
+
     coords = tuple
 
 
 class LineString(OGRGeometry):
-
     def __getitem__(self, index):
         "Return the Point at the given index."
         if 0 <= index < self.point_count:
@@ -550,7 +572,9 @@ class LineString(OGRGeometry):
             elif dim == 3:
                 return (x.value, y.value, z.value)
         else:
-            raise IndexError('Index out of range when accessing points of a line string: %s.' % index)
+            raise IndexError(
+                "Index out of range when accessing points of a line string: %s." % index
+            )
 
     def __len__(self):
         "Return the number of points in the LineString."
@@ -560,6 +584,7 @@ class LineString(OGRGeometry):
     def tuple(self):
         "Return the tuple representation of this LineString."
         return tuple(self[i] for i in range(len(self)))
+
     coords = tuple
 
     def _listarr(self, func):
@@ -592,7 +617,6 @@ class LinearRing(LineString):
 
 
 class Polygon(OGRGeometry):
-
     def __len__(self):
         "Return the number of interior rings in this Polygon."
         return self.geom_count
@@ -600,21 +624,27 @@ class Polygon(OGRGeometry):
     def __getitem__(self, index):
         "Get the ring at the specified index."
         if 0 <= index < self.geom_count:
-            return OGRGeometry(capi.clone_geom(capi.get_geom_ref(self.ptr, index)), self.srs)
+            return OGRGeometry(
+                capi.clone_geom(capi.get_geom_ref(self.ptr, index)), self.srs
+            )
         else:
-            raise IndexError('Index out of range when accessing rings of a polygon: %s.' % index)
+            raise IndexError(
+                "Index out of range when accessing rings of a polygon: %s." % index
+            )
 
     # Polygon Properties
     @property
     def shell(self):
         "Return the shell of this Polygon."
         return self[0]  # First ring is the shell
+
     exterior_ring = shell
 
     @property
     def tuple(self):
         "Return a tuple of LinearRing coordinate tuples."
         return tuple(self[i].tuple for i in range(self.geom_count))
+
     coords = tuple
 
     @property
@@ -627,7 +657,7 @@ class Polygon(OGRGeometry):
     def centroid(self):
         "Return the centroid (a Point) of this Polygon."
         # The centroid is a Point, create a geometry for this.
-        p = OGRGeometry(OGRGeomType('Point'))
+        p = OGRGeometry(OGRGeomType("Point"))
         capi.get_centroid(self.ptr, p.ptr)
         return p
 
@@ -639,9 +669,14 @@ class GeometryCollection(OGRGeometry):
     def __getitem__(self, index):
         "Get the Geometry at the specified index."
         if 0 <= index < self.geom_count:
-            return OGRGeometry(capi.clone_geom(capi.get_geom_ref(self.ptr, index)), self.srs)
+            return OGRGeometry(
+                capi.clone_geom(capi.get_geom_ref(self.ptr, index)), self.srs
+            )
         else:
-            raise IndexError('Index out of range when accessing geometry in a collection: %s.' % index)
+            raise IndexError(
+                "Index out of range when accessing geometry in a collection: %s."
+                % index
+            )
 
     def __len__(self):
         "Return the number of geometries in this Geometry Collection."
@@ -659,7 +694,7 @@ class GeometryCollection(OGRGeometry):
             tmp = OGRGeometry(geom)
             capi.add_geom(self.ptr, tmp.ptr)
         else:
-            raise GDALException('Must add an OGRGeometry.')
+            raise GDALException("Must add an OGRGeometry.")
 
     @property
     def point_count(self):
@@ -671,6 +706,7 @@ class GeometryCollection(OGRGeometry):
     def tuple(self):
         "Return a tuple representation of this Geometry Collection."
         return tuple(self[i].tuple for i in range(self.geom_count))
+
     coords = tuple
 
 
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/geomtype.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/geomtype.py
index 591c680c59..8b77cafa34 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/geomtype.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/geomtype.py
@@ -8,24 +8,24 @@ class OGRGeomType:
 
     # Dictionary of acceptable OGRwkbGeometryType s and their string names.
     _types = {
-        0: 'Unknown',
-        1: 'Point',
-        2: 'LineString',
-        3: 'Polygon',
-        4: 'MultiPoint',
-        5: 'MultiLineString',
-        6: 'MultiPolygon',
-        7: 'GeometryCollection',
-        100: 'None',
-        101: 'LinearRing',
-        102: 'PointZ',
-        1 + wkb25bit: 'Point25D',
-        2 + wkb25bit: 'LineString25D',
-        3 + wkb25bit: 'Polygon25D',
-        4 + wkb25bit: 'MultiPoint25D',
-        5 + wkb25bit: 'MultiLineString25D',
-        6 + wkb25bit: 'MultiPolygon25D',
-        7 + wkb25bit: 'GeometryCollection25D',
+        0: "Unknown",
+        1: "Point",
+        2: "LineString",
+        3: "Polygon",
+        4: "MultiPoint",
+        5: "MultiLineString",
+        6: "MultiPolygon",
+        7: "GeometryCollection",
+        100: "None",
+        101: "LinearRing",
+        102: "PointZ",
+        1 + wkb25bit: "Point25D",
+        2 + wkb25bit: "LineString25D",
+        3 + wkb25bit: "Polygon25D",
+        4 + wkb25bit: "MultiPoint25D",
+        5 + wkb25bit: "MultiLineString25D",
+        6 + wkb25bit: "MultiPolygon25D",
+        7 + wkb25bit: "GeometryCollection25D",
     }
     # Reverse type dictionary, keyed by lowercase of the name.
     _str_types = {v.lower(): k for k, v in _types.items()}
@@ -36,17 +36,17 @@ class OGRGeomType:
             num = type_input.num
         elif isinstance(type_input, str):
             type_input = type_input.lower()
-            if type_input == 'geometry':
-                type_input = 'unknown'
+            if type_input == "geometry":
+                type_input = "unknown"
             num = self._str_types.get(type_input)
             if num is None:
                 raise GDALException('Invalid OGR String Type "%s"' % type_input)
         elif isinstance(type_input, int):
             if type_input not in self._types:
-                raise GDALException('Invalid OGR Integer Type: %d' % type_input)
+                raise GDALException("Invalid OGR Integer Type: %d" % type_input)
             num = type_input
         else:
-            raise TypeError('Invalid OGR input type given.')
+            raise TypeError("Invalid OGR input type given.")
 
         # Setting the OGR geometry type number.
         self.num = num
@@ -77,19 +77,19 @@ class OGRGeomType:
     @property
     def django(self):
         "Return the Django GeometryField for this OGR Type."
-        s = self.name.replace('25D', '')
-        if s in ('LinearRing', 'None'):
+        s = self.name.replace("25D", "")
+        if s in ("LinearRing", "None"):
             return None
-        elif s == 'Unknown':
-            s = 'Geometry'
-        elif s == 'PointZ':
-            s = 'Point'
-        return s + 'Field'
+        elif s == "Unknown":
+            s = "Geometry"
+        elif s == "PointZ":
+            s = "Point"
+        return s + "Field"
 
     def to_multi(self):
         """
         Transform Point, LineString, Polygon, and their 25D equivalents
         to their Multi... counterpart.
         """
-        if self.name.startswith(('Point', 'LineString', 'Polygon')):
+        if self.name.startswith(("Point", "LineString", "Polygon")):
             self.num += 3
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/layer.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/layer.py
index 012f70bdb0..e8f97b7552 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/layer.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/layer.py
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ from django.contrib.gis.gdal.feature import Feature
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.field import OGRFieldTypes
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.geometries import OGRGeometry
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.geomtype import OGRGeomType
-from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes import (
-    ds as capi, geom as geom_api, srs as srs_api,
-)
+from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes import ds as capi
+from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes import geom as geom_api
+from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes import srs as srs_api
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.srs import SpatialReference
 from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes, force_str
 
@@ -29,12 +29,12 @@ class Layer(GDALBase):
         collection of the `DataSource` while this Layer is still active.
         """
         if not layer_ptr:
-            raise GDALException('Cannot create Layer, invalid pointer given')
+            raise GDALException("Cannot create Layer, invalid pointer given")
         self.ptr = layer_ptr
         self._ds = ds
         self._ldefn = capi.get_layer_defn(self._ptr)
         # Does the Layer support random reading?
-        self._random_read = self.test_capability(b'RandomRead')
+        self._random_read = self.test_capability(b"RandomRead")
 
     def __getitem__(self, index):
         "Get the Feature at the specified index."
@@ -43,14 +43,16 @@ class Layer(GDALBase):
             # number of features because the beginning and ending feature IDs
             # are not guaranteed to be 0 and len(layer)-1, respectively.
             if index < 0:
-                raise IndexError('Negative indices are not allowed on OGR Layers.')
+                raise IndexError("Negative indices are not allowed on OGR Layers.")
             return self._make_feature(index)
         elif isinstance(index, slice):
             # A slice was given
             start, stop, stride = index.indices(self.num_feat)
             return [self._make_feature(fid) for fid in range(start, stop, stride)]
         else:
-            raise TypeError('Integers and slices may only be used when indexing OGR Layers.')
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Integers and slices may only be used when indexing OGR Layers."
+            )
 
     def __iter__(self):
         "Iterate over each Feature in the Layer."
@@ -87,7 +89,7 @@ class Layer(GDALBase):
                 if feat.fid == feat_id:
                     return feat
         # Should have returned a Feature, raise an IndexError.
-        raise IndexError('Invalid feature id: %s.' % feat_id)
+        raise IndexError("Invalid feature id: %s." % feat_id)
 
     # #### Layer properties ####
     @property
@@ -133,10 +135,14 @@ class Layer(GDALBase):
         Return a list of string names corresponding to each of the Fields
         available in this Layer.
         """
-        return [force_str(
-            capi.get_field_name(capi.get_field_defn(self._ldefn, i)),
-            self._ds.encoding, strings_only=True,
-        ) for i in range(self.num_fields)]
+        return [
+            force_str(
+                capi.get_field_name(capi.get_field_defn(self._ldefn, i)),
+                self._ds.encoding,
+                strings_only=True,
+            )
+            for i in range(self.num_fields)
+        ]
 
     @property
     def field_types(self):
@@ -145,20 +151,26 @@ class Layer(GDALBase):
         return the list [OFTInteger, OFTReal, OFTString] for an OGR layer that
         has an integer, a floating-point, and string fields.
         """
-        return [OGRFieldTypes[capi.get_field_type(capi.get_field_defn(self._ldefn, i))]
-                for i in range(self.num_fields)]
+        return [
+            OGRFieldTypes[capi.get_field_type(capi.get_field_defn(self._ldefn, i))]
+            for i in range(self.num_fields)
+        ]
 
     @property
     def field_widths(self):
         "Return a list of the maximum field widths for the features."
-        return [capi.get_field_width(capi.get_field_defn(self._ldefn, i))
-                for i in range(self.num_fields)]
+        return [
+            capi.get_field_width(capi.get_field_defn(self._ldefn, i))
+            for i in range(self.num_fields)
+        ]
 
     @property
     def field_precisions(self):
         "Return the field precisions for the features."
-        return [capi.get_field_precision(capi.get_field_defn(self._ldefn, i))
-                for i in range(self.num_fields)]
+        return [
+            capi.get_field_precision(capi.get_field_defn(self._ldefn, i))
+            for i in range(self.num_fields)
+        ]
 
     def _get_spatial_filter(self):
         try:
@@ -171,7 +183,7 @@ class Layer(GDALBase):
             capi.set_spatial_filter(self.ptr, filter.ptr)
         elif isinstance(filter, (tuple, list)):
             if not len(filter) == 4:
-                raise ValueError('Spatial filter list/tuple must have 4 elements.')
+                raise ValueError("Spatial filter list/tuple must have 4 elements.")
             # Map c_double onto params -- if a bad type is passed in it
             # will be caught here.
             xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax = map(c_double, filter)
@@ -179,7 +191,9 @@ class Layer(GDALBase):
         elif filter is None:
             capi.set_spatial_filter(self.ptr, None)
         else:
-            raise TypeError('Spatial filter must be either an OGRGeometry instance, a 4-tuple, or None.')
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Spatial filter must be either an OGRGeometry instance, a 4-tuple, or None."
+            )
 
     spatial_filter = property(_get_spatial_filter, _set_spatial_filter)
 
@@ -190,7 +204,7 @@ class Layer(GDALBase):
         in the Layer.
         """
         if field_name not in self.fields:
-            raise GDALException('invalid field name: %s' % field_name)
+            raise GDALException("invalid field name: %s" % field_name)
         return [feat.get(field_name) for feat in self]
 
     def get_geoms(self, geos=False):
@@ -200,6 +214,7 @@ class Layer(GDALBase):
         """
         if geos:
             from django.contrib.gis.geos import GEOSGeometry
+
             return [GEOSGeometry(feat.geom.wkb) for feat in self]
         else:
             return [feat.geom for feat in self]
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/libgdal.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/libgdal.py
index 3ff82ef086..2cb8329451 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/libgdal.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/libgdal.py
@@ -7,29 +7,41 @@ from ctypes.util import find_library
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.error import GDALException
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 
-logger = logging.getLogger('django.contrib.gis')
+logger = logging.getLogger("django.contrib.gis")
 
 # Custom library path set?
 try:
     from django.conf import settings
+
     lib_path = settings.GDAL_LIBRARY_PATH
 except (AttributeError, ImportError, ImproperlyConfigured, OSError):
     lib_path = None
 
 if lib_path:
     lib_names = None
-elif os.name == 'nt':
+elif os.name == "nt":
     # Windows NT shared libraries
     lib_names = [
-        'gdal303', 'gdal302', 'gdal301', 'gdal300',
-        'gdal204', 'gdal203', 'gdal202',
+        "gdal303",
+        "gdal302",
+        "gdal301",
+        "gdal300",
+        "gdal204",
+        "gdal203",
+        "gdal202",
     ]
-elif os.name == 'posix':
+elif os.name == "posix":
     # *NIX library names.
     lib_names = [
-        'gdal', 'GDAL',
-        'gdal3.3.0', 'gdal3.2.0', 'gdal3.1.0', 'gdal3.0.0',
-        'gdal2.4.0', 'gdal2.3.0', 'gdal2.2.0',
+        "gdal",
+        "GDAL",
+        "gdal3.3.0",
+        "gdal3.2.0",
+        "gdal3.1.0",
+        "gdal3.0.0",
+        "gdal2.4.0",
+        "gdal2.3.0",
+        "gdal2.2.0",
     ]
 else:
     raise ImproperlyConfigured('GDAL is unsupported on OS "%s".' % os.name)
@@ -45,7 +57,7 @@ if lib_names:
 if lib_path is None:
     raise ImproperlyConfigured(
         'Could not find the GDAL library (tried "%s"). Is GDAL installed? '
-        'If it is, try setting GDAL_LIBRARY_PATH in your settings.'
+        "If it is, try setting GDAL_LIBRARY_PATH in your settings."
         % '", "'.join(lib_names)
     )
 
@@ -56,8 +68,9 @@ lgdal = CDLL(lib_path)
 # STDCALL, while others are not.  Thus, the library will also need to
 # be loaded up as WinDLL for said OSR functions that require the
 # different calling convention.
-if os.name == 'nt':
+if os.name == "nt":
     from ctypes import WinDLL
+
     lwingdal = WinDLL(lib_path)
 
 
@@ -66,7 +79,7 @@ def std_call(func):
     Return the correct STDCALL function for certain OSR routines on Win32
     platforms.
     """
-    if os.name == 'nt':
+    if os.name == "nt":
         return lwingdal[func]
     else:
         return lgdal[func]
@@ -75,24 +88,24 @@ def std_call(func):
 # #### Version-information functions. ####
 
 # Return GDAL library version information with the given key.
-_version_info = std_call('GDALVersionInfo')
+_version_info = std_call("GDALVersionInfo")
 _version_info.argtypes = [c_char_p]
 _version_info.restype = c_char_p
 
 
 def gdal_version():
     "Return only the GDAL version number information."
-    return _version_info(b'RELEASE_NAME')
+    return _version_info(b"RELEASE_NAME")
 
 
 def gdal_full_version():
     "Return the full GDAL version information."
-    return _version_info(b'')
+    return _version_info(b"")
 
 
 def gdal_version_info():
     ver = gdal_version()
-    m = re.match(br'^(?P<major>\d+)\.(?P<minor>\d+)(?:\.(?P<subminor>\d+))?', ver)
+    m = re.match(rb"^(?P<major>\d+)\.(?P<minor>\d+)(?:\.(?P<subminor>\d+))?", ver)
     if not m:
         raise GDALException('Could not parse GDAL version string "%s"' % ver)
     major, minor, subminor = m.groups()
@@ -106,7 +119,7 @@ CPLErrorHandler = CFUNCTYPE(None, c_int, c_int, c_char_p)
 
 
 def err_handler(error_class, error_number, message):
-    logger.error('GDAL_ERROR %d: %s', error_number, message)
+    logger.error("GDAL_ERROR %d: %s", error_number, message)
 
 
 err_handler = CPLErrorHandler(err_handler)
@@ -119,5 +132,5 @@ def function(name, args, restype):
     return func
 
 
-set_error_handler = function('CPLSetErrorHandler', [CPLErrorHandler], CPLErrorHandler)
+set_error_handler = function("CPLSetErrorHandler", [CPLErrorHandler], CPLErrorHandler)
 set_error_handler(err_handler)
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/ds.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/ds.py
index 0729ab3386..bc5250e2db 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/ds.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/ds.py
@@ -8,8 +8,15 @@ from ctypes import POINTER, c_char_p, c_double, c_int, c_long, c_void_p
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.envelope import OGREnvelope
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.libgdal import lgdal
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes.generation import (
-    bool_output, const_string_output, double_output, geom_output, int64_output,
-    int_output, srs_output, void_output, voidptr_output,
+    bool_output,
+    const_string_output,
+    double_output,
+    geom_output,
+    int64_output,
+    int_output,
+    srs_output,
+    void_output,
+    voidptr_output,
 )
 
 c_int_p = POINTER(c_int)  # shortcut type
@@ -18,9 +25,13 @@ c_int_p = POINTER(c_int)  # shortcut type
 register_all = void_output(lgdal.OGRRegisterAll, [], errcheck=False)
 cleanup_all = void_output(lgdal.OGRCleanupAll, [], errcheck=False)
 get_driver = voidptr_output(lgdal.OGRGetDriver, [c_int])
-get_driver_by_name = voidptr_output(lgdal.OGRGetDriverByName, [c_char_p], errcheck=False)
+get_driver_by_name = voidptr_output(
+    lgdal.OGRGetDriverByName, [c_char_p], errcheck=False
+)
 get_driver_count = int_output(lgdal.OGRGetDriverCount, [])
-get_driver_name = const_string_output(lgdal.OGR_Dr_GetName, [c_void_p], decoding='ascii')
+get_driver_name = const_string_output(
+    lgdal.OGR_Dr_GetName, [c_void_p], decoding="ascii"
+)
 
 # DataSource
 open_ds = voidptr_output(lgdal.OGROpen, [c_char_p, c_int, POINTER(c_void_p)])
@@ -41,10 +52,13 @@ get_next_feature = voidptr_output(lgdal.OGR_L_GetNextFeature, [c_void_p])
 reset_reading = void_output(lgdal.OGR_L_ResetReading, [c_void_p], errcheck=False)
 test_capability = int_output(lgdal.OGR_L_TestCapability, [c_void_p, c_char_p])
 get_spatial_filter = geom_output(lgdal.OGR_L_GetSpatialFilter, [c_void_p])
-set_spatial_filter = void_output(lgdal.OGR_L_SetSpatialFilter, [c_void_p, c_void_p], errcheck=False)
+set_spatial_filter = void_output(
+    lgdal.OGR_L_SetSpatialFilter, [c_void_p, c_void_p], errcheck=False
+)
 set_spatial_filter_rect = void_output(
     lgdal.OGR_L_SetSpatialFilterRect,
-    [c_void_p, c_double, c_double, c_double, c_double], errcheck=False
+    [c_void_p, c_double, c_double, c_double, c_double],
+    errcheck=False,
 )
 
 # Feature Definition Routines
@@ -64,13 +78,17 @@ get_feat_field_defn = voidptr_output(lgdal.OGR_F_GetFieldDefnRef, [c_void_p, c_i
 get_fid = int_output(lgdal.OGR_F_GetFID, [c_void_p])
 get_field_as_datetime = int_output(
     lgdal.OGR_F_GetFieldAsDateTime,
-    [c_void_p, c_int, c_int_p, c_int_p, c_int_p, c_int_p, c_int_p, c_int_p]
+    [c_void_p, c_int, c_int_p, c_int_p, c_int_p, c_int_p, c_int_p, c_int_p],
 )
 get_field_as_double = double_output(lgdal.OGR_F_GetFieldAsDouble, [c_void_p, c_int])
 get_field_as_integer = int_output(lgdal.OGR_F_GetFieldAsInteger, [c_void_p, c_int])
-get_field_as_integer64 = int64_output(lgdal.OGR_F_GetFieldAsInteger64, [c_void_p, c_int])
+get_field_as_integer64 = int64_output(
+    lgdal.OGR_F_GetFieldAsInteger64, [c_void_p, c_int]
+)
 is_field_set = bool_output(lgdal.OGR_F_IsFieldSetAndNotNull, [c_void_p, c_int])
-get_field_as_string = const_string_output(lgdal.OGR_F_GetFieldAsString, [c_void_p, c_int])
+get_field_as_string = const_string_output(
+    lgdal.OGR_F_GetFieldAsString, [c_void_p, c_int]
+)
 get_field_index = int_output(lgdal.OGR_F_GetFieldIndex, [c_void_p, c_char_p])
 
 # Field Routines
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/errcheck.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/errcheck.py
index 405f2e7070..52bb7cb083 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/errcheck.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/errcheck.py
@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@
 """
 from ctypes import c_void_p, string_at
 
-from django.contrib.gis.gdal.error import (
-    GDALException, SRSException, check_err,
-)
+from django.contrib.gis.gdal.error import GDALException, SRSException, check_err
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.libgdal import lgdal
 
 
@@ -63,6 +61,7 @@ def check_string(result, func, cargs, offset=-1, str_result=False):
         lgdal.VSIFree(ptr)
     return s
 
+
 # ### DataSource, Layer error-checking ###
 
 
@@ -80,7 +79,9 @@ def check_geom(result, func, cargs):
     if isinstance(result, int):
         result = c_void_p(result)
     if not result:
-        raise GDALException('Invalid geometry pointer returned from "%s".' % func.__name__)
+        raise GDALException(
+            'Invalid geometry pointer returned from "%s".' % func.__name__
+        )
     return result
 
 
@@ -96,7 +97,9 @@ def check_srs(result, func, cargs):
     if isinstance(result, int):
         result = c_void_p(result)
     if not result:
-        raise SRSException('Invalid spatial reference pointer returned from "%s".' % func.__name__)
+        raise SRSException(
+            'Invalid spatial reference pointer returned from "%s".' % func.__name__
+        )
     return result
 
 
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/generation.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/generation.py
index 0b26585161..230e56f665 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/generation.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/generation.py
@@ -2,14 +2,19 @@
  This module contains functions that generate ctypes prototypes for the
  GDAL routines.
 """
-from ctypes import (
-    POINTER, c_bool, c_char_p, c_double, c_int, c_int64, c_void_p,
-)
+from ctypes import POINTER, c_bool, c_char_p, c_double, c_int, c_int64, c_void_p
 from functools import partial
 
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes.errcheck import (
-    check_arg_errcode, check_const_string, check_errcode, check_geom,
-    check_geom_offset, check_pointer, check_srs, check_str_arg, check_string,
+    check_arg_errcode,
+    check_const_string,
+    check_errcode,
+    check_geom,
+    check_geom_offset,
+    check_pointer,
+    check_srs,
+    check_str_arg,
+    check_string,
 )
 
 
@@ -55,6 +60,7 @@ def geom_output(func, argtypes, offset=None):
 
         def geomerrcheck(result, func, cargs):
             return check_geom_offset(result, func, cargs, offset)
+
         func.errcheck = geomerrcheck
 
     return func
@@ -100,6 +106,7 @@ def const_string_output(func, argtypes, offset=None, decoding=None, cpl=False):
         if res and decoding:
             res = res.decode(decoding)
         return res
+
     func.errcheck = _check_const
 
     return func
@@ -129,6 +136,7 @@ def string_output(func, argtypes, offset=-1, str_result=False, decoding=None):
         if res and decoding:
             res = res.decode(decoding)
         return res
+
     func.errcheck = _check_str
     return func
 
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/geom.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/geom.py
index f7745f552f..06c2a75f3a 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/geom.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/geom.py
@@ -4,8 +4,13 @@ from django.contrib.gis.gdal.envelope import OGREnvelope
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.libgdal import lgdal
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes.errcheck import check_envelope
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes.generation import (
-    const_string_output, double_output, geom_output, int_output, srs_output,
-    string_output, void_output,
+    const_string_output,
+    double_output,
+    geom_output,
+    int_output,
+    srs_output,
+    string_output,
+    void_output,
 )
 
 
@@ -34,8 +39,12 @@ def topology_func(f):
 
 # GeoJSON routines.
 from_json = geom_output(lgdal.OGR_G_CreateGeometryFromJson, [c_char_p])
-to_json = string_output(lgdal.OGR_G_ExportToJson, [c_void_p], str_result=True, decoding='ascii')
-to_kml = string_output(lgdal.OGR_G_ExportToKML, [c_void_p, c_char_p], str_result=True, decoding='ascii')
+to_json = string_output(
+    lgdal.OGR_G_ExportToJson, [c_void_p], str_result=True, decoding="ascii"
+)
+to_kml = string_output(
+    lgdal.OGR_G_ExportToKML, [c_void_p, c_char_p], str_result=True, decoding="ascii"
+)
 
 # GetX, GetY, GetZ all return doubles.
 getx = pnt_func(lgdal.OGR_G_GetX)
@@ -43,8 +52,14 @@ gety = pnt_func(lgdal.OGR_G_GetY)
 getz = pnt_func(lgdal.OGR_G_GetZ)
 
 # Geometry creation routines.
-from_wkb = geom_output(lgdal.OGR_G_CreateFromWkb, [c_char_p, c_void_p, POINTER(c_void_p), c_int], offset=-2)
-from_wkt = geom_output(lgdal.OGR_G_CreateFromWkt, [POINTER(c_char_p), c_void_p, POINTER(c_void_p)], offset=-1)
+from_wkb = geom_output(
+    lgdal.OGR_G_CreateFromWkb, [c_char_p, c_void_p, POINTER(c_void_p), c_int], offset=-2
+)
+from_wkt = geom_output(
+    lgdal.OGR_G_CreateFromWkt,
+    [POINTER(c_char_p), c_void_p, POINTER(c_void_p)],
+    offset=-1,
+)
 from_gml = geom_output(lgdal.OGR_G_CreateFromGML, [c_char_p])
 create_geom = geom_output(lgdal.OGR_G_CreateGeometry, [c_int])
 clone_geom = geom_output(lgdal.OGR_G_Clone, [c_void_p])
@@ -64,13 +79,21 @@ import_wkt = void_output(lgdal.OGR_G_ImportFromWkt, [c_void_p, POINTER(c_char_p)
 destroy_geom = void_output(lgdal.OGR_G_DestroyGeometry, [c_void_p], errcheck=False)
 
 # Geometry export routines.
-to_wkb = void_output(lgdal.OGR_G_ExportToWkb, None, errcheck=True)  # special handling for WKB.
-to_wkt = string_output(lgdal.OGR_G_ExportToWkt, [c_void_p, POINTER(c_char_p)], decoding='ascii')
-to_gml = string_output(lgdal.OGR_G_ExportToGML, [c_void_p], str_result=True, decoding='ascii')
+to_wkb = void_output(
+    lgdal.OGR_G_ExportToWkb, None, errcheck=True
+)  # special handling for WKB.
+to_wkt = string_output(
+    lgdal.OGR_G_ExportToWkt, [c_void_p, POINTER(c_char_p)], decoding="ascii"
+)
+to_gml = string_output(
+    lgdal.OGR_G_ExportToGML, [c_void_p], str_result=True, decoding="ascii"
+)
 get_wkbsize = int_output(lgdal.OGR_G_WkbSize, [c_void_p])
 
 # Geometry spatial-reference related routines.
-assign_srs = void_output(lgdal.OGR_G_AssignSpatialReference, [c_void_p, c_void_p], errcheck=False)
+assign_srs = void_output(
+    lgdal.OGR_G_AssignSpatialReference, [c_void_p, c_void_p], errcheck=False
+)
 get_geom_srs = srs_output(lgdal.OGR_G_GetSpatialReference, [c_void_p])
 
 # Geometry properties
@@ -78,16 +101,23 @@ get_area = double_output(lgdal.OGR_G_GetArea, [c_void_p])
 get_centroid = void_output(lgdal.OGR_G_Centroid, [c_void_p, c_void_p])
 get_dims = int_output(lgdal.OGR_G_GetDimension, [c_void_p])
 get_coord_dim = int_output(lgdal.OGR_G_GetCoordinateDimension, [c_void_p])
-set_coord_dim = void_output(lgdal.OGR_G_SetCoordinateDimension, [c_void_p, c_int], errcheck=False)
-is_empty = int_output(lgdal.OGR_G_IsEmpty, [c_void_p], errcheck=lambda result, func, cargs: bool(result))
+set_coord_dim = void_output(
+    lgdal.OGR_G_SetCoordinateDimension, [c_void_p, c_int], errcheck=False
+)
+is_empty = int_output(
+    lgdal.OGR_G_IsEmpty, [c_void_p], errcheck=lambda result, func, cargs: bool(result)
+)
 
 get_geom_count = int_output(lgdal.OGR_G_GetGeometryCount, [c_void_p])
-get_geom_name = const_string_output(lgdal.OGR_G_GetGeometryName, [c_void_p], decoding='ascii')
+get_geom_name = const_string_output(
+    lgdal.OGR_G_GetGeometryName, [c_void_p], decoding="ascii"
+)
 get_geom_type = int_output(lgdal.OGR_G_GetGeometryType, [c_void_p])
 get_point_count = int_output(lgdal.OGR_G_GetPointCount, [c_void_p])
 get_point = void_output(
     lgdal.OGR_G_GetPoint,
-    [c_void_p, c_int, POINTER(c_double), POINTER(c_double), POINTER(c_double)], errcheck=False
+    [c_void_p, c_int, POINTER(c_double), POINTER(c_double), POINTER(c_double)],
+    errcheck=False,
 )
 geom_close_rings = void_output(lgdal.OGR_G_CloseRings, [c_void_p], errcheck=False)
 
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/raster.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/raster.py
index 3fc9446ce8..59b930cb02 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/raster.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/raster.py
@@ -7,8 +7,12 @@ from functools import partial
 
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.libgdal import std_call
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes.generation import (
-    chararray_output, const_string_output, double_output, int_output,
-    void_output, voidptr_output,
+    chararray_output,
+    const_string_output,
+    double_output,
+    int_output,
+    void_output,
+    voidptr_output,
 )
 
 # For more detail about c function names and definitions see
@@ -22,80 +26,152 @@ const_string_output = partial(const_string_output, cpl=True)
 double_output = partial(double_output, cpl=True)
 
 # Raster Driver Routines
-register_all = void_output(std_call('GDALAllRegister'), [], errcheck=False)
-get_driver = voidptr_output(std_call('GDALGetDriver'), [c_int])
-get_driver_by_name = voidptr_output(std_call('GDALGetDriverByName'), [c_char_p], errcheck=False)
-get_driver_count = int_output(std_call('GDALGetDriverCount'), [])
-get_driver_description = const_string_output(std_call('GDALGetDescription'), [c_void_p])
+register_all = void_output(std_call("GDALAllRegister"), [], errcheck=False)
+get_driver = voidptr_output(std_call("GDALGetDriver"), [c_int])
+get_driver_by_name = voidptr_output(
+    std_call("GDALGetDriverByName"), [c_char_p], errcheck=False
+)
+get_driver_count = int_output(std_call("GDALGetDriverCount"), [])
+get_driver_description = const_string_output(std_call("GDALGetDescription"), [c_void_p])
 
 # Raster Data Source Routines
-create_ds = voidptr_output(std_call('GDALCreate'), [c_void_p, c_char_p, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_void_p])
-open_ds = voidptr_output(std_call('GDALOpen'), [c_char_p, c_int])
-close_ds = void_output(std_call('GDALClose'), [c_void_p], errcheck=False)
-flush_ds = int_output(std_call('GDALFlushCache'), [c_void_p])
-copy_ds = voidptr_output(
-    std_call('GDALCreateCopy'),
-    [c_void_p, c_char_p, c_void_p, c_int, POINTER(c_char_p), c_void_p, c_void_p]
+create_ds = voidptr_output(
+    std_call("GDALCreate"), [c_void_p, c_char_p, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_void_p]
+)
+open_ds = voidptr_output(std_call("GDALOpen"), [c_char_p, c_int])
+close_ds = void_output(std_call("GDALClose"), [c_void_p], errcheck=False)
+flush_ds = int_output(std_call("GDALFlushCache"), [c_void_p])
+copy_ds = voidptr_output(
+    std_call("GDALCreateCopy"),
+    [c_void_p, c_char_p, c_void_p, c_int, POINTER(c_char_p), c_void_p, c_void_p],
+)
+add_band_ds = void_output(std_call("GDALAddBand"), [c_void_p, c_int])
+get_ds_description = const_string_output(std_call("GDALGetDescription"), [c_void_p])
+get_ds_driver = voidptr_output(std_call("GDALGetDatasetDriver"), [c_void_p])
+get_ds_info = const_string_output(std_call("GDALInfo"), [c_void_p, c_void_p])
+get_ds_xsize = int_output(std_call("GDALGetRasterXSize"), [c_void_p])
+get_ds_ysize = int_output(std_call("GDALGetRasterYSize"), [c_void_p])
+get_ds_raster_count = int_output(std_call("GDALGetRasterCount"), [c_void_p])
+get_ds_raster_band = voidptr_output(std_call("GDALGetRasterBand"), [c_void_p, c_int])
+get_ds_projection_ref = const_string_output(
+    std_call("GDALGetProjectionRef"), [c_void_p]
+)
+set_ds_projection_ref = void_output(std_call("GDALSetProjection"), [c_void_p, c_char_p])
+get_ds_geotransform = void_output(
+    std_call("GDALGetGeoTransform"), [c_void_p, POINTER(c_double * 6)], errcheck=False
+)
+set_ds_geotransform = void_output(
+    std_call("GDALSetGeoTransform"), [c_void_p, POINTER(c_double * 6)]
 )
-add_band_ds = void_output(std_call('GDALAddBand'), [c_void_p, c_int])
-get_ds_description = const_string_output(std_call('GDALGetDescription'), [c_void_p])
-get_ds_driver = voidptr_output(std_call('GDALGetDatasetDriver'), [c_void_p])
-get_ds_info = const_string_output(std_call('GDALInfo'), [c_void_p, c_void_p])
-get_ds_xsize = int_output(std_call('GDALGetRasterXSize'), [c_void_p])
-get_ds_ysize = int_output(std_call('GDALGetRasterYSize'), [c_void_p])
-get_ds_raster_count = int_output(std_call('GDALGetRasterCount'), [c_void_p])
-get_ds_raster_band = voidptr_output(std_call('GDALGetRasterBand'), [c_void_p, c_int])
-get_ds_projection_ref = const_string_output(std_call('GDALGetProjectionRef'), [c_void_p])
-set_ds_projection_ref = void_output(std_call('GDALSetProjection'), [c_void_p, c_char_p])
-get_ds_geotransform = void_output(std_call('GDALGetGeoTransform'), [c_void_p, POINTER(c_double * 6)], errcheck=False)
-set_ds_geotransform = void_output(std_call('GDALSetGeoTransform'), [c_void_p, POINTER(c_double * 6)])
 
-get_ds_metadata = chararray_output(std_call('GDALGetMetadata'), [c_void_p, c_char_p], errcheck=False)
-set_ds_metadata = void_output(std_call('GDALSetMetadata'), [c_void_p, POINTER(c_char_p), c_char_p])
-get_ds_metadata_domain_list = chararray_output(std_call('GDALGetMetadataDomainList'), [c_void_p], errcheck=False)
-get_ds_metadata_item = const_string_output(std_call('GDALGetMetadataItem'), [c_void_p, c_char_p, c_char_p])
-set_ds_metadata_item = const_string_output(std_call('GDALSetMetadataItem'), [c_void_p, c_char_p, c_char_p, c_char_p])
-free_dsl = void_output(std_call('CSLDestroy'), [POINTER(c_char_p)], errcheck=False)
+get_ds_metadata = chararray_output(
+    std_call("GDALGetMetadata"), [c_void_p, c_char_p], errcheck=False
+)
+set_ds_metadata = void_output(
+    std_call("GDALSetMetadata"), [c_void_p, POINTER(c_char_p), c_char_p]
+)
+get_ds_metadata_domain_list = chararray_output(
+    std_call("GDALGetMetadataDomainList"), [c_void_p], errcheck=False
+)
+get_ds_metadata_item = const_string_output(
+    std_call("GDALGetMetadataItem"), [c_void_p, c_char_p, c_char_p]
+)
+set_ds_metadata_item = const_string_output(
+    std_call("GDALSetMetadataItem"), [c_void_p, c_char_p, c_char_p, c_char_p]
+)
+free_dsl = void_output(std_call("CSLDestroy"), [POINTER(c_char_p)], errcheck=False)
 
 # Raster Band Routines
 band_io = void_output(
-    std_call('GDALRasterIO'),
-    [c_void_p, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_void_p, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int]
-)
-get_band_xsize = int_output(std_call('GDALGetRasterBandXSize'), [c_void_p])
-get_band_ysize = int_output(std_call('GDALGetRasterBandYSize'), [c_void_p])
-get_band_index = int_output(std_call('GDALGetBandNumber'), [c_void_p])
-get_band_description = const_string_output(std_call('GDALGetDescription'), [c_void_p])
-get_band_ds = voidptr_output(std_call('GDALGetBandDataset'), [c_void_p])
-get_band_datatype = int_output(std_call('GDALGetRasterDataType'), [c_void_p])
-get_band_color_interp = int_output(std_call('GDALGetRasterColorInterpretation'), [c_void_p])
-get_band_nodata_value = double_output(std_call('GDALGetRasterNoDataValue'), [c_void_p, POINTER(c_int)])
-set_band_nodata_value = void_output(std_call('GDALSetRasterNoDataValue'), [c_void_p, c_double])
-delete_band_nodata_value = void_output(std_call('GDALDeleteRasterNoDataValue'), [c_void_p])
-get_band_statistics = void_output(
-    std_call('GDALGetRasterStatistics'),
+    std_call("GDALRasterIO"),
     [
-        c_void_p, c_int, c_int, POINTER(c_double), POINTER(c_double),
-        POINTER(c_double), POINTER(c_double), c_void_p, c_void_p,
+        c_void_p,
+        c_int,
+        c_int,
+        c_int,
+        c_int,
+        c_int,
+        c_void_p,
+        c_int,
+        c_int,
+        c_int,
+        c_int,
+        c_int,
+    ],
+)
+get_band_xsize = int_output(std_call("GDALGetRasterBandXSize"), [c_void_p])
+get_band_ysize = int_output(std_call("GDALGetRasterBandYSize"), [c_void_p])
+get_band_index = int_output(std_call("GDALGetBandNumber"), [c_void_p])
+get_band_description = const_string_output(std_call("GDALGetDescription"), [c_void_p])
+get_band_ds = voidptr_output(std_call("GDALGetBandDataset"), [c_void_p])
+get_band_datatype = int_output(std_call("GDALGetRasterDataType"), [c_void_p])
+get_band_color_interp = int_output(
+    std_call("GDALGetRasterColorInterpretation"), [c_void_p]
+)
+get_band_nodata_value = double_output(
+    std_call("GDALGetRasterNoDataValue"), [c_void_p, POINTER(c_int)]
+)
+set_band_nodata_value = void_output(
+    std_call("GDALSetRasterNoDataValue"), [c_void_p, c_double]
+)
+delete_band_nodata_value = void_output(
+    std_call("GDALDeleteRasterNoDataValue"), [c_void_p]
+)
+get_band_statistics = void_output(
+    std_call("GDALGetRasterStatistics"),
+    [
+        c_void_p,
+        c_int,
+        c_int,
+        POINTER(c_double),
+        POINTER(c_double),
+        POINTER(c_double),
+        POINTER(c_double),
+        c_void_p,
+        c_void_p,
     ],
 )
 compute_band_statistics = void_output(
-    std_call('GDALComputeRasterStatistics'),
-    [c_void_p, c_int, POINTER(c_double), POINTER(c_double), POINTER(c_double), POINTER(c_double), c_void_p, c_void_p],
+    std_call("GDALComputeRasterStatistics"),
+    [
+        c_void_p,
+        c_int,
+        POINTER(c_double),
+        POINTER(c_double),
+        POINTER(c_double),
+        POINTER(c_double),
+        c_void_p,
+        c_void_p,
+    ],
 )
 
 # Reprojection routine
 reproject_image = void_output(
-    std_call('GDALReprojectImage'),
-    [c_void_p, c_char_p, c_void_p, c_char_p, c_int, c_double, c_double, c_void_p, c_void_p, c_void_p]
+    std_call("GDALReprojectImage"),
+    [
+        c_void_p,
+        c_char_p,
+        c_void_p,
+        c_char_p,
+        c_int,
+        c_double,
+        c_double,
+        c_void_p,
+        c_void_p,
+        c_void_p,
+    ],
 )
 auto_create_warped_vrt = voidptr_output(
-    std_call('GDALAutoCreateWarpedVRT'),
-    [c_void_p, c_char_p, c_char_p, c_int, c_double, c_void_p]
+    std_call("GDALAutoCreateWarpedVRT"),
+    [c_void_p, c_char_p, c_char_p, c_int, c_double, c_void_p],
 )
 
 # Create VSI gdal raster files from in-memory buffers.
 # https://gdal.org/api/cpl.html#cpl-vsi-h
-create_vsi_file_from_mem_buffer = voidptr_output(std_call('VSIFileFromMemBuffer'), [c_char_p, c_void_p, c_int, c_int])
-get_mem_buffer_from_vsi_file = voidptr_output(std_call('VSIGetMemFileBuffer'), [c_char_p, POINTER(c_int), c_bool])
-unlink_vsi_file = int_output(std_call('VSIUnlink'), [c_char_p])
+create_vsi_file_from_mem_buffer = voidptr_output(
+    std_call("VSIFileFromMemBuffer"), [c_char_p, c_void_p, c_int, c_int]
+)
+get_mem_buffer_from_vsi_file = voidptr_output(
+    std_call("VSIGetMemFileBuffer"), [c_char_p, POINTER(c_int), c_bool]
+)
+unlink_vsi_file = int_output(std_call("VSIUnlink"), [c_char_p])
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/srs.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/srs.py
index c392b7bf2a..721eba8622 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/srs.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/prototypes/srs.py
@@ -2,7 +2,11 @@ from ctypes import POINTER, c_char_p, c_int, c_void_p
 
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.libgdal import GDAL_VERSION, lgdal, std_call
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes.generation import (
-    const_string_output, double_output, int_output, srs_output, string_output,
+    const_string_output,
+    double_output,
+    int_output,
+    srs_output,
+    string_output,
     void_output,
 )
 
@@ -25,14 +29,18 @@ def units_func(f):
 
 
 # Creation & destruction.
-clone_srs = srs_output(std_call('OSRClone'), [c_void_p])
-new_srs = srs_output(std_call('OSRNewSpatialReference'), [c_char_p])
+clone_srs = srs_output(std_call("OSRClone"), [c_void_p])
+new_srs = srs_output(std_call("OSRNewSpatialReference"), [c_char_p])
 release_srs = void_output(lgdal.OSRRelease, [c_void_p], errcheck=False)
-destroy_srs = void_output(std_call('OSRDestroySpatialReference'), [c_void_p], errcheck=False)
+destroy_srs = void_output(
+    std_call("OSRDestroySpatialReference"), [c_void_p], errcheck=False
+)
 srs_validate = void_output(lgdal.OSRValidate, [c_void_p])
 
 if GDAL_VERSION >= (3, 0):
-    set_axis_strategy = void_output(lgdal.OSRSetAxisMappingStrategy, [c_void_p, c_int], errcheck=False)
+    set_axis_strategy = void_output(
+        lgdal.OSRSetAxisMappingStrategy, [c_void_p, c_int], errcheck=False
+    )
 
 # Getting the semi_major, semi_minor, and flattening functions.
 semi_major = srs_double(lgdal.OSRGetSemiMajor)
@@ -42,9 +50,9 @@ invflattening = srs_double(lgdal.OSRGetInvFlattening)
 # WKT, PROJ, EPSG, XML importation routines.
 from_wkt = void_output(lgdal.OSRImportFromWkt, [c_void_p, POINTER(c_char_p)])
 from_proj = void_output(lgdal.OSRImportFromProj4, [c_void_p, c_char_p])
-from_epsg = void_output(std_call('OSRImportFromEPSG'), [c_void_p, c_int])
+from_epsg = void_output(std_call("OSRImportFromEPSG"), [c_void_p, c_int])
 from_xml = void_output(lgdal.OSRImportFromXML, [c_void_p, c_char_p])
-from_user_input = void_output(std_call('OSRSetFromUserInput'), [c_void_p, c_char_p])
+from_user_input = void_output(std_call("OSRSetFromUserInput"), [c_void_p, c_char_p])
 
 # Morphing to/from ESRI WKT.
 morph_to_esri = void_output(lgdal.OSRMorphToESRI, [c_void_p])
@@ -58,19 +66,36 @@ linear_units = units_func(lgdal.OSRGetLinearUnits)
 angular_units = units_func(lgdal.OSRGetAngularUnits)
 
 # For exporting to WKT, PROJ, "Pretty" WKT, and XML.
-to_wkt = string_output(std_call('OSRExportToWkt'), [c_void_p, POINTER(c_char_p)], decoding='utf-8')
-to_proj = string_output(std_call('OSRExportToProj4'), [c_void_p, POINTER(c_char_p)], decoding='ascii')
+to_wkt = string_output(
+    std_call("OSRExportToWkt"), [c_void_p, POINTER(c_char_p)], decoding="utf-8"
+)
+to_proj = string_output(
+    std_call("OSRExportToProj4"), [c_void_p, POINTER(c_char_p)], decoding="ascii"
+)
 to_pretty_wkt = string_output(
-    std_call('OSRExportToPrettyWkt'),
-    [c_void_p, POINTER(c_char_p), c_int], offset=-2, decoding='utf-8'
+    std_call("OSRExportToPrettyWkt"),
+    [c_void_p, POINTER(c_char_p), c_int],
+    offset=-2,
+    decoding="utf-8",
 )
 
-to_xml = string_output(lgdal.OSRExportToXML, [c_void_p, POINTER(c_char_p), c_char_p], offset=-2, decoding='utf-8')
+to_xml = string_output(
+    lgdal.OSRExportToXML,
+    [c_void_p, POINTER(c_char_p), c_char_p],
+    offset=-2,
+    decoding="utf-8",
+)
 
 # String attribute retrieval routines.
-get_attr_value = const_string_output(std_call('OSRGetAttrValue'), [c_void_p, c_char_p, c_int], decoding='utf-8')
-get_auth_name = const_string_output(lgdal.OSRGetAuthorityName, [c_void_p, c_char_p], decoding='ascii')
-get_auth_code = const_string_output(lgdal.OSRGetAuthorityCode, [c_void_p, c_char_p], decoding='ascii')
+get_attr_value = const_string_output(
+    std_call("OSRGetAttrValue"), [c_void_p, c_char_p, c_int], decoding="utf-8"
+)
+get_auth_name = const_string_output(
+    lgdal.OSRGetAuthorityName, [c_void_p, c_char_p], decoding="ascii"
+)
+get_auth_code = const_string_output(
+    lgdal.OSRGetAuthorityCode, [c_void_p, c_char_p], decoding="ascii"
+)
 
 # SRS Properties
 isgeographic = int_output(lgdal.OSRIsGeographic, [c_void_p])
@@ -78,5 +103,7 @@ islocal = int_output(lgdal.OSRIsLocal, [c_void_p])
 isprojected = int_output(lgdal.OSRIsProjected, [c_void_p])
 
 # Coordinate transformation
-new_ct = srs_output(std_call('OCTNewCoordinateTransformation'), [c_void_p, c_void_p])
-destroy_ct = void_output(std_call('OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformation'), [c_void_p], errcheck=False)
+new_ct = srs_output(std_call("OCTNewCoordinateTransformation"), [c_void_p, c_void_p])
+destroy_ct = void_output(
+    std_call("OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformation"), [c_void_p], errcheck=False
+)
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/raster/band.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/raster/band.py
index 6739a52628..c3ec960643 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/raster/band.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/raster/band.py
@@ -7,7 +7,10 @@ from django.contrib.gis.shortcuts import numpy
 from django.utils.encoding import force_str
 
 from .const import (
-    GDAL_COLOR_TYPES, GDAL_INTEGER_TYPES, GDAL_PIXEL_TYPES, GDAL_TO_CTYPES,
+    GDAL_COLOR_TYPES,
+    GDAL_INTEGER_TYPES,
+    GDAL_PIXEL_TYPES,
+    GDAL_TO_CTYPES,
 )
 
 
@@ -15,6 +18,7 @@ class GDALBand(GDALRasterBase):
     """
     Wrap a GDAL raster band, needs to be obtained from a GDALRaster object.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, source, index):
         self.source = source
         self._ptr = capi.get_ds_raster_band(source._ptr, index)
@@ -79,8 +83,14 @@ class GDALBand(GDALRasterBase):
         # Prepare array with arguments for capi function
         smin, smax, smean, sstd = c_double(), c_double(), c_double(), c_double()
         stats_args = [
-            self._ptr, c_int(approximate), byref(smin), byref(smax),
-            byref(smean), byref(sstd), c_void_p(), c_void_p(),
+            self._ptr,
+            c_int(approximate),
+            byref(smin),
+            byref(smax),
+            byref(smean),
+            byref(sstd),
+            c_void_p(),
+            c_void_p(),
         ]
 
         if refresh or self._stats_refresh:
@@ -154,7 +164,7 @@ class GDALBand(GDALRasterBase):
         if value is None:
             capi.delete_band_nodata_value(self._ptr)
         elif not isinstance(value, (int, float)):
-            raise ValueError('Nodata value must be numeric or None.')
+            raise ValueError("Nodata value must be numeric or None.")
         else:
             capi.set_band_nodata_value(self._ptr, value)
         self._flush()
@@ -188,10 +198,10 @@ class GDALBand(GDALRasterBase):
         size = size or (self.width - offset[0], self.height - offset[1])
         shape = shape or size
         if any(x <= 0 for x in size):
-            raise ValueError('Offset too big for this raster.')
+            raise ValueError("Offset too big for this raster.")
 
         if size[0] > self.width or size[1] > self.height:
-            raise ValueError('Size is larger than raster.')
+            raise ValueError("Size is larger than raster.")
 
         # Create ctypes type array generator
         ctypes_array = GDAL_TO_CTYPES[self.datatype()] * (shape[0] * shape[1])
@@ -206,15 +216,28 @@ class GDALBand(GDALRasterBase):
             access_flag = 1
 
             # Instantiate ctypes array holding the input data
-            if isinstance(data, (bytes, memoryview)) or (numpy and isinstance(data, numpy.ndarray)):
+            if isinstance(data, (bytes, memoryview)) or (
+                numpy and isinstance(data, numpy.ndarray)
+            ):
                 data_array = ctypes_array.from_buffer_copy(data)
             else:
                 data_array = ctypes_array(*data)
 
         # Access band
-        capi.band_io(self._ptr, access_flag, offset[0], offset[1],
-                     size[0], size[1], byref(data_array), shape[0],
-                     shape[1], self.datatype(), 0, 0)
+        capi.band_io(
+            self._ptr,
+            access_flag,
+            offset[0],
+            offset[1],
+            size[0],
+            size[1],
+            byref(data_array),
+            shape[0],
+            shape[1],
+            self.datatype(),
+            0,
+            0,
+        )
 
         # Return data as numpy array if possible, otherwise as list
         if data is None:
@@ -247,4 +270,4 @@ class BandList(list):
         try:
             return GDALBand(self.source, index + 1)
         except GDALException:
-            raise GDALException('Unable to get band index %d' % index)
+            raise GDALException("Unable to get band index %d" % index)
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/raster/base.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/raster/base.py
index c5b438ee64..3d95c90dc7 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/raster/base.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/raster/base.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ class GDALRasterBase(GDALBase):
     """
     Attributes that exist on both GDALRaster and GDALBand.
     """
+
     @property
     def metadata(self):
         """
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ class GDALRasterBase(GDALBase):
         """
         # The initial metadata domain list contains the default domain.
         # The default is returned if domain name is None.
-        domain_list = ['DEFAULT']
+        domain_list = ["DEFAULT"]
 
         # Get additional metadata domains from the raster.
         meta_list = capi.get_ds_metadata_domain_list(self._ptr)
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ class GDALRasterBase(GDALBase):
             # Get metadata for this domain.
             data = capi.get_ds_metadata(
                 self._ptr,
-                (None if domain == 'DEFAULT' else domain.encode()),
+                (None if domain == "DEFAULT" else domain.encode()),
             )
             if not data:
                 continue
@@ -48,12 +49,12 @@ class GDALRasterBase(GDALBase):
             counter = 0
             item = data[counter]
             while item:
-                key, val = item.decode().split('=')
+                key, val = item.decode().split("=")
                 domain_meta[key] = val
                 counter += 1
                 item = data[counter]
             # The default domain values are returned if domain is None.
-            result[domain or 'DEFAULT'] = domain_meta
+            result[domain or "DEFAULT"] = domain_meta
         return result
 
     @metadata.setter
@@ -65,11 +66,12 @@ class GDALRasterBase(GDALBase):
         # Loop through domains.
         for domain, metadata in value.items():
             # Set the domain to None for the default, otherwise encode.
-            domain = None if domain == 'DEFAULT' else domain.encode()
+            domain = None if domain == "DEFAULT" else domain.encode()
             # Set each metadata entry separately.
             for meta_name, meta_value in metadata.items():
                 capi.set_ds_metadata_item(
-                    self._ptr, meta_name.encode(),
+                    self._ptr,
+                    meta_name.encode(),
                     meta_value.encode() if meta_value else None,
                     domain,
                 )
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/raster/const.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/raster/const.py
index c246a6a190..6d3761d9fb 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/raster/const.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/raster/const.py
@@ -1,24 +1,22 @@
 """
 GDAL - Constant definitions
 """
-from ctypes import (
-    c_double, c_float, c_int16, c_int32, c_ubyte, c_uint16, c_uint32,
-)
+from ctypes import c_double, c_float, c_int16, c_int32, c_ubyte, c_uint16, c_uint32
 
 # See https://gdal.org/api/raster_c_api.html#_CPPv412GDALDataType
 GDAL_PIXEL_TYPES = {
-    0: 'GDT_Unknown',  # Unknown or unspecified type
-    1: 'GDT_Byte',  # Eight bit unsigned integer
-    2: 'GDT_UInt16',  # Sixteen bit unsigned integer
-    3: 'GDT_Int16',  # Sixteen bit signed integer
-    4: 'GDT_UInt32',  # Thirty-two bit unsigned integer
-    5: 'GDT_Int32',  # Thirty-two bit signed integer
-    6: 'GDT_Float32',  # Thirty-two bit floating point
-    7: 'GDT_Float64',  # Sixty-four bit floating point
-    8: 'GDT_CInt16',  # Complex Int16
-    9: 'GDT_CInt32',  # Complex Int32
-    10: 'GDT_CFloat32',  # Complex Float32
-    11: 'GDT_CFloat64',  # Complex Float64
+    0: "GDT_Unknown",  # Unknown or unspecified type
+    1: "GDT_Byte",  # Eight bit unsigned integer
+    2: "GDT_UInt16",  # Sixteen bit unsigned integer
+    3: "GDT_Int16",  # Sixteen bit signed integer
+    4: "GDT_UInt32",  # Thirty-two bit unsigned integer
+    5: "GDT_Int32",  # Thirty-two bit signed integer
+    6: "GDT_Float32",  # Thirty-two bit floating point
+    7: "GDT_Float64",  # Sixty-four bit floating point
+    8: "GDT_CInt16",  # Complex Int16
+    9: "GDT_CInt32",  # Complex Int32
+    10: "GDT_CFloat32",  # Complex Float32
+    11: "GDT_CFloat64",  # Complex Float64
 }
 
 # A list of gdal datatypes that are integers.
@@ -29,47 +27,57 @@ GDAL_INTEGER_TYPES = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
 # or to hold the space for data to be read into. The lookup below helps
 # selecting the right ctypes object for a given gdal pixel type.
 GDAL_TO_CTYPES = [
-    None, c_ubyte, c_uint16, c_int16, c_uint32, c_int32,
-    c_float, c_double, None, None, None, None
+    None,
+    c_ubyte,
+    c_uint16,
+    c_int16,
+    c_uint32,
+    c_int32,
+    c_float,
+    c_double,
+    None,
+    None,
+    None,
+    None,
 ]
 
 # List of resampling algorithms that can be used to warp a GDALRaster.
 GDAL_RESAMPLE_ALGORITHMS = {
-    'NearestNeighbour': 0,
-    'Bilinear': 1,
-    'Cubic': 2,
-    'CubicSpline': 3,
-    'Lanczos': 4,
-    'Average': 5,
-    'Mode': 6,
+    "NearestNeighbour": 0,
+    "Bilinear": 1,
+    "Cubic": 2,
+    "CubicSpline": 3,
+    "Lanczos": 4,
+    "Average": 5,
+    "Mode": 6,
 }
 
 # See https://gdal.org/api/raster_c_api.html#_CPPv415GDALColorInterp
 GDAL_COLOR_TYPES = {
-    0: 'GCI_Undefined',  # Undefined, default value, i.e. not known
-    1: 'GCI_GrayIndex',  # Grayscale
-    2: 'GCI_PaletteIndex',  # Paletted
-    3: 'GCI_RedBand',  # Red band of RGBA image
-    4: 'GCI_GreenBand',  # Green band of RGBA image
-    5: 'GCI_BlueBand',  # Blue band of RGBA image
-    6: 'GCI_AlphaBand',  # Alpha (0=transparent, 255=opaque)
-    7: 'GCI_HueBand',  # Hue band of HLS image
-    8: 'GCI_SaturationBand',  # Saturation band of HLS image
-    9: 'GCI_LightnessBand',  # Lightness band of HLS image
-    10: 'GCI_CyanBand',  # Cyan band of CMYK image
-    11: 'GCI_MagentaBand',  # Magenta band of CMYK image
-    12: 'GCI_YellowBand',  # Yellow band of CMYK image
-    13: 'GCI_BlackBand',  # Black band of CMLY image
-    14: 'GCI_YCbCr_YBand',  # Y Luminance
-    15: 'GCI_YCbCr_CbBand',  # Cb Chroma
-    16: 'GCI_YCbCr_CrBand',  # Cr Chroma, also GCI_Max
+    0: "GCI_Undefined",  # Undefined, default value, i.e. not known
+    1: "GCI_GrayIndex",  # Grayscale
+    2: "GCI_PaletteIndex",  # Paletted
+    3: "GCI_RedBand",  # Red band of RGBA image
+    4: "GCI_GreenBand",  # Green band of RGBA image
+    5: "GCI_BlueBand",  # Blue band of RGBA image
+    6: "GCI_AlphaBand",  # Alpha (0=transparent, 255=opaque)
+    7: "GCI_HueBand",  # Hue band of HLS image
+    8: "GCI_SaturationBand",  # Saturation band of HLS image
+    9: "GCI_LightnessBand",  # Lightness band of HLS image
+    10: "GCI_CyanBand",  # Cyan band of CMYK image
+    11: "GCI_MagentaBand",  # Magenta band of CMYK image
+    12: "GCI_YellowBand",  # Yellow band of CMYK image
+    13: "GCI_BlackBand",  # Black band of CMLY image
+    14: "GCI_YCbCr_YBand",  # Y Luminance
+    15: "GCI_YCbCr_CbBand",  # Cb Chroma
+    16: "GCI_YCbCr_CrBand",  # Cr Chroma, also GCI_Max
 }
 
 # GDAL virtual filesystems prefix.
-VSI_FILESYSTEM_PREFIX = '/vsi'
+VSI_FILESYSTEM_PREFIX = "/vsi"
 
 # Fixed base path for buffer-based GDAL in-memory files.
-VSI_MEM_FILESYSTEM_BASE_PATH = '/vsimem/'
+VSI_MEM_FILESYSTEM_BASE_PATH = "/vsimem/"
 
 # Should the memory file system take ownership of the buffer, freeing it when
 # the file is deleted? (No, GDALRaster.__del__() will delete the buffer.)
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/raster/source.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/raster/source.py
index 7c17b85925..ca7875752b 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/raster/source.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/raster/source.py
@@ -3,7 +3,14 @@ import os
 import sys
 import uuid
 from ctypes import (
-    addressof, byref, c_buffer, c_char_p, c_double, c_int, c_void_p, string_at,
+    addressof,
+    byref,
+    c_buffer,
+    c_char_p,
+    c_double,
+    c_int,
+    c_void_p,
+    string_at,
 )
 
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.driver import Driver
@@ -12,8 +19,11 @@ from django.contrib.gis.gdal.prototypes import raster as capi
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.raster.band import BandList
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.raster.base import GDALRasterBase
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.raster.const import (
-    GDAL_RESAMPLE_ALGORITHMS, VSI_DELETE_BUFFER_ON_READ, VSI_FILESYSTEM_PREFIX,
-    VSI_MEM_FILESYSTEM_BASE_PATH, VSI_TAKE_BUFFER_OWNERSHIP,
+    GDAL_RESAMPLE_ALGORITHMS,
+    VSI_DELETE_BUFFER_ON_READ,
+    VSI_FILESYSTEM_PREFIX,
+    VSI_MEM_FILESYSTEM_BASE_PATH,
+    VSI_TAKE_BUFFER_OWNERSHIP,
 )
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.srs import SpatialReference, SRSException
 from django.contrib.gis.geometry import json_regex
@@ -23,9 +33,9 @@ from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
 class TransformPoint(list):
     indices = {
-        'origin': (0, 3),
-        'scale': (1, 5),
-        'skew': (2, 4),
+        "origin": (0, 3),
+        "scale": (1, 5),
+        "skew": (2, 4),
     }
 
     def __init__(self, raster, prop):
@@ -60,6 +70,7 @@ class GDALRaster(GDALRasterBase):
     """
     Wrap a raster GDAL Data Source object.
     """
+
     destructor = capi.close_ds
 
     def __init__(self, ds_input, write=False):
@@ -73,9 +84,8 @@ class GDALRaster(GDALRasterBase):
 
         # If input is a valid file path, try setting file as source.
         if isinstance(ds_input, str):
-            if (
-                not ds_input.startswith(VSI_FILESYSTEM_PREFIX) and
-                not os.path.exists(ds_input)
+            if not ds_input.startswith(VSI_FILESYSTEM_PREFIX) and not os.path.exists(
+                ds_input
             ):
                 raise GDALException(
                     'Unable to read raster source input "%s".' % ds_input
@@ -84,7 +94,9 @@ class GDALRaster(GDALRasterBase):
                 # GDALOpen will auto-detect the data source type.
                 self._ptr = capi.open_ds(force_bytes(ds_input), self._write)
             except GDALException as err:
-                raise GDALException('Could not open the datasource at "{}" ({}).'.format(ds_input, err))
+                raise GDALException(
+                    'Could not open the datasource at "{}" ({}).'.format(ds_input, err)
+                )
         elif isinstance(ds_input, bytes):
             # Create a new raster in write mode.
             self._write = 1
@@ -109,30 +121,36 @@ class GDALRaster(GDALRasterBase):
             except GDALException:
                 # Remove the broken file from the VSI filesystem.
                 capi.unlink_vsi_file(force_bytes(vsi_path))
-                raise GDALException('Failed creating VSI raster from the input buffer.')
+                raise GDALException("Failed creating VSI raster from the input buffer.")
         elif isinstance(ds_input, dict):
             # A new raster needs to be created in write mode
             self._write = 1
 
             # Create driver (in memory by default)
-            driver = Driver(ds_input.get('driver', 'MEM'))
+            driver = Driver(ds_input.get("driver", "MEM"))
 
             # For out of memory drivers, check filename argument
-            if driver.name != 'MEM' and 'name' not in ds_input:
-                raise GDALException('Specify name for creation of raster with driver "{}".'.format(driver.name))
+            if driver.name != "MEM" and "name" not in ds_input:
+                raise GDALException(
+                    'Specify name for creation of raster with driver "{}".'.format(
+                        driver.name
+                    )
+                )
 
             # Check if width and height where specified
-            if 'width' not in ds_input or 'height' not in ds_input:
-                raise GDALException('Specify width and height attributes for JSON or dict input.')
+            if "width" not in ds_input or "height" not in ds_input:
+                raise GDALException(
+                    "Specify width and height attributes for JSON or dict input."
+                )
 
             # Check if srid was specified
-            if 'srid' not in ds_input:
-                raise GDALException('Specify srid for JSON or dict input.')
+            if "srid" not in ds_input:
+                raise GDALException("Specify srid for JSON or dict input.")
 
             # Create null terminated gdal options array.
             papsz_options = []
-            for key, val in ds_input.get('papsz_options', {}).items():
-                option = '{}={}'.format(key, val)
+            for key, val in ds_input.get("papsz_options", {}).items():
+                option = "{}={}".format(key, val)
                 papsz_options.append(option.upper().encode())
             papsz_options.append(None)
 
@@ -142,51 +160,54 @@ class GDALRaster(GDALRasterBase):
             # Create GDAL Raster
             self._ptr = capi.create_ds(
                 driver._ptr,
-                force_bytes(ds_input.get('name', '')),
-                ds_input['width'],
-                ds_input['height'],
-                ds_input.get('nr_of_bands', len(ds_input.get('bands', []))),
-                ds_input.get('datatype', 6),
+                force_bytes(ds_input.get("name", "")),
+                ds_input["width"],
+                ds_input["height"],
+                ds_input.get("nr_of_bands", len(ds_input.get("bands", []))),
+                ds_input.get("datatype", 6),
                 byref(papsz_options),
             )
 
             # Set band data if provided
-            for i, band_input in enumerate(ds_input.get('bands', [])):
+            for i, band_input in enumerate(ds_input.get("bands", [])):
                 band = self.bands[i]
-                if 'nodata_value' in band_input:
-                    band.nodata_value = band_input['nodata_value']
+                if "nodata_value" in band_input:
+                    band.nodata_value = band_input["nodata_value"]
                     # Instantiate band filled with nodata values if only
                     # partial input data has been provided.
                     if band.nodata_value is not None and (
-                            'data' not in band_input or
-                            'size' in band_input or
-                            'shape' in band_input):
+                        "data" not in band_input
+                        or "size" in band_input
+                        or "shape" in band_input
+                    ):
                         band.data(data=(band.nodata_value,), shape=(1, 1))
                 # Set band data values from input.
                 band.data(
-                    data=band_input.get('data'),
-                    size=band_input.get('size'),
-                    shape=band_input.get('shape'),
-                    offset=band_input.get('offset'),
+                    data=band_input.get("data"),
+                    size=band_input.get("size"),
+                    shape=band_input.get("shape"),
+                    offset=band_input.get("offset"),
                 )
 
             # Set SRID
-            self.srs = ds_input.get('srid')
+            self.srs = ds_input.get("srid")
 
             # Set additional properties if provided
-            if 'origin' in ds_input:
-                self.origin.x, self.origin.y = ds_input['origin']
+            if "origin" in ds_input:
+                self.origin.x, self.origin.y = ds_input["origin"]
 
-            if 'scale' in ds_input:
-                self.scale.x, self.scale.y = ds_input['scale']
+            if "scale" in ds_input:
+                self.scale.x, self.scale.y = ds_input["scale"]
 
-            if 'skew' in ds_input:
-                self.skew.x, self.skew.y = ds_input['skew']
+            if "skew" in ds_input:
+                self.skew.x, self.skew.y = ds_input["skew"]
         elif isinstance(ds_input, c_void_p):
             # Instantiate the object using an existing pointer to a gdal raster.
             self._ptr = ds_input
         else:
-            raise GDALException('Invalid data source input type: "{}".'.format(type(ds_input)))
+            raise GDALException(
+                'Invalid data source input type: "{}".'.format(type(ds_input))
+            )
 
     def __del__(self):
         if self.is_vsi_based:
@@ -201,7 +222,7 @@ class GDALRaster(GDALRasterBase):
         """
         Short-hand representation because WKB may be very large.
         """
-        return '<Raster object at %s>' % hex(addressof(self._ptr))
+        return "<Raster object at %s>" % hex(addressof(self._ptr))
 
     def _flush(self):
         """
@@ -212,14 +233,15 @@ class GDALRaster(GDALRasterBase):
         """
         # Raise an Exception if the value is being changed in read mode.
         if not self._write:
-            raise GDALException('Raster needs to be opened in write mode to change values.')
+            raise GDALException(
+                "Raster needs to be opened in write mode to change values."
+            )
         capi.flush_ds(self._ptr)
 
     @property
     def vsi_buffer(self):
         if not (
-            self.is_vsi_based and
-            self.name.startswith(VSI_MEM_FILESYSTEM_BASE_PATH)
+            self.is_vsi_based and self.name.startswith(VSI_MEM_FILESYSTEM_BASE_PATH)
         ):
             return None
         # Prepare an integer that will contain the buffer length.
@@ -276,7 +298,7 @@ class GDALRaster(GDALRasterBase):
             wkt = capi.get_ds_projection_ref(self._ptr)
             if not wkt:
                 return None
-            return SpatialReference(wkt, srs_type='wkt')
+            return SpatialReference(wkt, srs_type="wkt")
         except SRSException:
             return None
 
@@ -292,7 +314,7 @@ class GDALRaster(GDALRasterBase):
         elif isinstance(value, (int, str)):
             srs = SpatialReference(value)
         else:
-            raise ValueError('Could not create a SpatialReference from input.')
+            raise ValueError("Could not create a SpatialReference from input.")
         capi.set_ds_projection_ref(self._ptr, srs.wkt.encode())
         self._flush()
 
@@ -326,7 +348,7 @@ class GDALRaster(GDALRasterBase):
     def geotransform(self, values):
         "Set the geotransform for the data source."
         if len(values) != 6 or not all(isinstance(x, (int, float)) for x in values):
-            raise ValueError('Geotransform must consist of 6 numeric values.')
+            raise ValueError("Geotransform must consist of 6 numeric values.")
         # Create ctypes double array with input and write data
         values = (c_double * 6)(*values)
         capi.set_ds_geotransform(self._ptr, byref(values))
@@ -337,21 +359,21 @@ class GDALRaster(GDALRasterBase):
         """
         Coordinates of the raster origin.
         """
-        return TransformPoint(self, 'origin')
+        return TransformPoint(self, "origin")
 
     @property
     def scale(self):
         """
         Pixel scale in units of the raster projection.
         """
-        return TransformPoint(self, 'scale')
+        return TransformPoint(self, "scale")
 
     @property
     def skew(self):
         """
         Skew of pixels (rotation parameters).
         """
-        return TransformPoint(self, 'skew')
+        return TransformPoint(self, "skew")
 
     @property
     def extent(self):
@@ -373,7 +395,7 @@ class GDALRaster(GDALRasterBase):
     def bands(self):
         return BandList(self)
 
-    def warp(self, ds_input, resampling='NearestNeighbour', max_error=0.0):
+    def warp(self, ds_input, resampling="NearestNeighbour", max_error=0.0):
         """
         Return a warped GDALRaster with the given input characteristics.
 
@@ -391,23 +413,23 @@ class GDALRaster(GDALRasterBase):
         consult the GDAL_RESAMPLE_ALGORITHMS constant.
         """
         # Get the parameters defining the geotransform, srid, and size of the raster
-        ds_input.setdefault('width', self.width)
-        ds_input.setdefault('height', self.height)
-        ds_input.setdefault('srid', self.srs.srid)
-        ds_input.setdefault('origin', self.origin)
-        ds_input.setdefault('scale', self.scale)
-        ds_input.setdefault('skew', self.skew)
+        ds_input.setdefault("width", self.width)
+        ds_input.setdefault("height", self.height)
+        ds_input.setdefault("srid", self.srs.srid)
+        ds_input.setdefault("origin", self.origin)
+        ds_input.setdefault("scale", self.scale)
+        ds_input.setdefault("skew", self.skew)
         # Get the driver, name, and datatype of the target raster
-        ds_input.setdefault('driver', self.driver.name)
+        ds_input.setdefault("driver", self.driver.name)
 
-        if 'name' not in ds_input:
-            ds_input['name'] = self.name + '_copy.' + self.driver.name
+        if "name" not in ds_input:
+            ds_input["name"] = self.name + "_copy." + self.driver.name
 
-        if 'datatype' not in ds_input:
-            ds_input['datatype'] = self.bands[0].datatype()
+        if "datatype" not in ds_input:
+            ds_input["datatype"] = self.bands[0].datatype()
 
         # Instantiate raster bands filled with nodata values.
-        ds_input['bands'] = [{'nodata_value': bnd.nodata_value} for bnd in self.bands]
+        ds_input["bands"] = [{"nodata_value": bnd.nodata_value} for bnd in self.bands]
 
         # Create target raster
         target = GDALRaster(ds_input, write=True)
@@ -417,10 +439,16 @@ class GDALRaster(GDALRasterBase):
 
         # Reproject image
         capi.reproject_image(
-            self._ptr, self.srs.wkt.encode(),
-            target._ptr, target.srs.wkt.encode(),
-            algorithm, 0.0, max_error,
-            c_void_p(), c_void_p(), c_void_p()
+            self._ptr,
+            self.srs.wkt.encode(),
+            target._ptr,
+            target.srs.wkt.encode(),
+            algorithm,
+            0.0,
+            max_error,
+            c_void_p(),
+            c_void_p(),
+            c_void_p(),
         )
 
         # Make sure all data is written to file
@@ -432,8 +460,8 @@ class GDALRaster(GDALRasterBase):
         """Return a clone of this GDALRaster."""
         if name:
             clone_name = name
-        elif self.driver.name != 'MEM':
-            clone_name = self.name + '_copy.' + self.driver.name
+        elif self.driver.name != "MEM":
+            clone_name = self.name + "_copy." + self.driver.name
         else:
             clone_name = os.path.join(VSI_MEM_FILESYSTEM_BASE_PATH, str(uuid.uuid4()))
         return GDALRaster(
@@ -449,8 +477,9 @@ class GDALRaster(GDALRasterBase):
             write=self._write,
         )
 
-    def transform(self, srs, driver=None, name=None, resampling='NearestNeighbour',
-                  max_error=0.0):
+    def transform(
+        self, srs, driver=None, name=None, resampling="NearestNeighbour", max_error=0.0
+    ):
         """
         Return a copy of this raster reprojected into the given spatial
         reference system.
@@ -464,35 +493,39 @@ class GDALRaster(GDALRasterBase):
             target_srs = SpatialReference(srs)
         else:
             raise TypeError(
-                'Transform only accepts SpatialReference, string, and integer '
-                'objects.'
+                "Transform only accepts SpatialReference, string, and integer "
+                "objects."
             )
 
         if target_srs.srid == self.srid and (not driver or driver == self.driver.name):
             return self.clone(name)
         # Create warped virtual dataset in the target reference system
         target = capi.auto_create_warped_vrt(
-            self._ptr, self.srs.wkt.encode(), target_srs.wkt.encode(),
-            algorithm, max_error, c_void_p()
+            self._ptr,
+            self.srs.wkt.encode(),
+            target_srs.wkt.encode(),
+            algorithm,
+            max_error,
+            c_void_p(),
         )
         target = GDALRaster(target)
 
         # Construct the target warp dictionary from the virtual raster
         data = {
-            'srid': target_srs.srid,
-            'width': target.width,
-            'height': target.height,
-            'origin': [target.origin.x, target.origin.y],
-            'scale': [target.scale.x, target.scale.y],
-            'skew': [target.skew.x, target.skew.y],
+            "srid": target_srs.srid,
+            "width": target.width,
+            "height": target.height,
+            "origin": [target.origin.x, target.origin.y],
+            "scale": [target.scale.x, target.scale.y],
+            "skew": [target.skew.x, target.skew.y],
         }
 
         # Set the driver and filepath if provided
         if driver:
-            data['driver'] = driver
+            data["driver"] = driver
 
         if name:
-            data['name'] = name
+            data["name"] = name
 
         # Warp the raster into new srid
         return self.warp(data, resampling=resampling, max_error=max_error)
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/srs.py b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/srs.py
index 5df8b54ab2..41477d55db 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/gdal/srs.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/gdal/srs.py
@@ -47,9 +47,10 @@ class SpatialReference(GDALBase):
     the SpatialReference object "provide[s] services to represent coordinate
     systems (projections and datums) and to transform between them."
     """
+
     destructor = capi.release_srs
 
-    def __init__(self, srs_input='', srs_type='user', axis_order=None):
+    def __init__(self, srs_input="", srs_type="user", axis_order=None):
         """
         Create a GDAL OSR Spatial Reference object from the given input.
         The input may be string of OGC Well Known Text (WKT), an integer
@@ -58,56 +59,58 @@ class SpatialReference(GDALBase):
         """
         if not isinstance(axis_order, (type(None), AxisOrder)):
             raise ValueError(
-                'SpatialReference.axis_order must be an AxisOrder instance.'
+                "SpatialReference.axis_order must be an AxisOrder instance."
             )
         self.axis_order = axis_order or AxisOrder.TRADITIONAL
-        if srs_type == 'wkt':
-            self.ptr = capi.new_srs(c_char_p(b''))
+        if srs_type == "wkt":
+            self.ptr = capi.new_srs(c_char_p(b""))
             self.import_wkt(srs_input)
             if self.axis_order == AxisOrder.TRADITIONAL and GDAL_VERSION >= (3, 0):
                 capi.set_axis_strategy(self.ptr, self.axis_order)
             elif self.axis_order != AxisOrder.TRADITIONAL and GDAL_VERSION < (3, 0):
-                raise ValueError('%s is not supported in GDAL < 3.0.' % self.axis_order)
+                raise ValueError("%s is not supported in GDAL < 3.0." % self.axis_order)
             return
         elif isinstance(srs_input, str):
             try:
                 # If SRID is a string, e.g., '4326', then make acceptable
                 # as user input.
                 srid = int(srs_input)
-                srs_input = 'EPSG:%d' % srid
+                srs_input = "EPSG:%d" % srid
             except ValueError:
                 pass
         elif isinstance(srs_input, int):
             # EPSG integer code was input.
-            srs_type = 'epsg'
+            srs_type = "epsg"
         elif isinstance(srs_input, self.ptr_type):
             srs = srs_input
-            srs_type = 'ogr'
+            srs_type = "ogr"
         else:
             raise TypeError('Invalid SRS type "%s"' % srs_type)
 
-        if srs_type == 'ogr':
+        if srs_type == "ogr":
             # Input is already an SRS pointer.
             srs = srs_input
         else:
             # Creating a new SRS pointer, using the string buffer.
-            buf = c_char_p(b'')
+            buf = c_char_p(b"")
             srs = capi.new_srs(buf)
 
         # If the pointer is NULL, throw an exception.
         if not srs:
-            raise SRSException('Could not create spatial reference from: %s' % srs_input)
+            raise SRSException(
+                "Could not create spatial reference from: %s" % srs_input
+            )
         else:
             self.ptr = srs
 
         if self.axis_order == AxisOrder.TRADITIONAL and GDAL_VERSION >= (3, 0):
             capi.set_axis_strategy(self.ptr, self.axis_order)
         elif self.axis_order != AxisOrder.TRADITIONAL and GDAL_VERSION < (3, 0):
-            raise ValueError('%s is not supported in GDAL < 3.0.' % self.axis_order)
+            raise ValueError("%s is not supported in GDAL < 3.0." % self.axis_order)
         # Importing from either the user input string or an integer SRID.
-        if srs_type == 'user':
+        if srs_type == "user":
             self.import_user_input(srs_input)
-        elif srs_type == 'epsg':
+        elif srs_type == "epsg":
             self.import_epsg(srs_input)
 
     def __getitem__(self, target):
@@ -188,11 +191,11 @@ class SpatialReference(GDALBase):
     def name(self):
         "Return the name of this Spatial Reference."
         if self.projected:
-            return self.attr_value('PROJCS')
+            return self.attr_value("PROJCS")
         elif self.geographic:
-            return self.attr_value('GEOGCS')
+            return self.attr_value("GEOGCS")
         elif self.local:
-            return self.attr_value('LOCAL_CS')
+            return self.attr_value("LOCAL_CS")
         else:
             return None
 
@@ -200,7 +203,7 @@ class SpatialReference(GDALBase):
     def srid(self):
         "Return the SRID of top-level authority, or None if undefined."
         try:
-            return int(self.attr_value('AUTHORITY', 1))
+            return int(self.attr_value("AUTHORITY", 1))
         except (TypeError, ValueError):
             return None
 
@@ -333,7 +336,7 @@ class SpatialReference(GDALBase):
         return self.proj
 
     @property
-    def xml(self, dialect=''):
+    def xml(self, dialect=""):
         "Return the XML representation of this Spatial Reference."
         return capi.to_xml(self.ptr, byref(c_char_p()), force_bytes(dialect))
 
@@ -344,8 +347,10 @@ class CoordTransform(GDALBase):
 
     def __init__(self, source, target):
         "Initialize on a source and target SpatialReference objects."
-        if not isinstance(source, SpatialReference) or not isinstance(target, SpatialReference):
-            raise TypeError('source and target must be of type SpatialReference')
+        if not isinstance(source, SpatialReference) or not isinstance(
+            target, SpatialReference
+        ):
+            raise TypeError("source and target must be of type SpatialReference")
         self.ptr = capi.new_ct(source._ptr, target._ptr)
         self._srs1_name = source.name
         self._srs2_name = target.name
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geoip2/__init__.py b/django/contrib/gis/geoip2/__init__.py
index 191706b01e..71b71f68db 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geoip2/__init__.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geoip2/__init__.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ downloaded from MaxMind at https://dev.maxmind.com/geoip/geoip2/geolite2/.
 Grab GeoLite2-Country.mmdb.gz and GeoLite2-City.mmdb.gz, and unzip them in the
 directory corresponding to settings.GEOIP_PATH.
 """
-__all__ = ['HAS_GEOIP2']
+__all__ = ["HAS_GEOIP2"]
 
 try:
     import geoip2  # NOQA
@@ -19,5 +19,6 @@ except ImportError:
     HAS_GEOIP2 = False
 else:
     from .base import GeoIP2, GeoIP2Exception
+
     HAS_GEOIP2 = True
-    __all__ += ['GeoIP2', 'GeoIP2Exception']
+    __all__ += ["GeoIP2", "GeoIP2Exception"]
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geoip2/base.py b/django/contrib/gis/geoip2/base.py
index bcd8f1e2d8..e74984fe45 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geoip2/base.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geoip2/base.py
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ from .resources import City, Country
 
 # Creating the settings dictionary with any settings, if needed.
 GEOIP_SETTINGS = {
-    'GEOIP_PATH': getattr(settings, 'GEOIP_PATH', None),
-    'GEOIP_CITY': getattr(settings, 'GEOIP_CITY', 'GeoLite2-City.mmdb'),
-    'GEOIP_COUNTRY': getattr(settings, 'GEOIP_COUNTRY', 'GeoLite2-Country.mmdb'),
+    "GEOIP_PATH": getattr(settings, "GEOIP_PATH", None),
+    "GEOIP_CITY": getattr(settings, "GEOIP_CITY", "GeoLite2-City.mmdb"),
+    "GEOIP_COUNTRY": getattr(settings, "GEOIP_COUNTRY", "GeoLite2-Country.mmdb"),
 }
 
 
@@ -34,11 +34,13 @@ class GeoIP2:
     MODE_FILE = 4
     # Load database into memory. Pure Python.
     MODE_MEMORY = 8
-    cache_options = frozenset((MODE_AUTO, MODE_MMAP_EXT, MODE_MMAP, MODE_FILE, MODE_MEMORY))
+    cache_options = frozenset(
+        (MODE_AUTO, MODE_MMAP_EXT, MODE_MMAP, MODE_FILE, MODE_MEMORY)
+    )
 
     # Paths to the city & country binary databases.
-    _city_file = ''
-    _country_file = ''
+    _city_file = ""
+    _country_file = ""
 
     # Initially, pointers to GeoIP file references are NULL.
     _city = None
@@ -69,29 +71,31 @@ class GeoIP2:
         """
         # Checking the given cache option.
         if cache not in self.cache_options:
-            raise GeoIP2Exception('Invalid GeoIP caching option: %s' % cache)
+            raise GeoIP2Exception("Invalid GeoIP caching option: %s" % cache)
 
         # Getting the GeoIP data path.
-        path = path or GEOIP_SETTINGS['GEOIP_PATH']
+        path = path or GEOIP_SETTINGS["GEOIP_PATH"]
         if not path:
-            raise GeoIP2Exception('GeoIP path must be provided via parameter or the GEOIP_PATH setting.')
+            raise GeoIP2Exception(
+                "GeoIP path must be provided via parameter or the GEOIP_PATH setting."
+            )
 
         path = to_path(path)
         if path.is_dir():
             # Constructing the GeoIP database filenames using the settings
             # dictionary. If the database files for the GeoLite country
             # and/or city datasets exist, then try to open them.
-            country_db = path / (country or GEOIP_SETTINGS['GEOIP_COUNTRY'])
+            country_db = path / (country or GEOIP_SETTINGS["GEOIP_COUNTRY"])
             if country_db.is_file():
                 self._country = geoip2.database.Reader(str(country_db), mode=cache)
                 self._country_file = country_db
 
-            city_db = path / (city or GEOIP_SETTINGS['GEOIP_CITY'])
+            city_db = path / (city or GEOIP_SETTINGS["GEOIP_CITY"])
             if city_db.is_file():
                 self._city = geoip2.database.Reader(str(city_db), mode=cache)
                 self._city_file = city_db
             if not self._reader:
-                raise GeoIP2Exception('Could not load a database from %s.' % path)
+                raise GeoIP2Exception("Could not load a database from %s." % path)
         elif path.is_file():
             # Otherwise, some detective work will be needed to figure out
             # whether the given database path is for the GeoIP country or city
@@ -99,18 +103,20 @@ class GeoIP2:
             reader = geoip2.database.Reader(str(path), mode=cache)
             db_type = reader.metadata().database_type
 
-            if db_type.endswith('City'):
+            if db_type.endswith("City"):
                 # GeoLite City database detected.
                 self._city = reader
                 self._city_file = path
-            elif db_type.endswith('Country'):
+            elif db_type.endswith("Country"):
                 # GeoIP Country database detected.
                 self._country = reader
                 self._country_file = path
             else:
-                raise GeoIP2Exception('Unable to recognize database edition: %s' % db_type)
+                raise GeoIP2Exception(
+                    "Unable to recognize database edition: %s" % db_type
+                )
         else:
-            raise GeoIP2Exception('GeoIP path must be a valid file or directory.')
+            raise GeoIP2Exception("GeoIP path must be a valid file or directory.")
 
     @property
     def _reader(self):
@@ -130,25 +136,33 @@ class GeoIP2:
 
     def __repr__(self):
         meta = self._reader.metadata()
-        version = '[v%s.%s]' % (meta.binary_format_major_version, meta.binary_format_minor_version)
-        return '<%(cls)s %(version)s _country_file="%(country)s", _city_file="%(city)s">' % {
-            'cls': self.__class__.__name__,
-            'version': version,
-            'country': self._country_file,
-            'city': self._city_file,
-        }
+        version = "[v%s.%s]" % (
+            meta.binary_format_major_version,
+            meta.binary_format_minor_version,
+        )
+        return (
+            '<%(cls)s %(version)s _country_file="%(country)s", _city_file="%(city)s">'
+            % {
+                "cls": self.__class__.__name__,
+                "version": version,
+                "country": self._country_file,
+                "city": self._city_file,
+            }
+        )
 
     def _check_query(self, query, city=False, city_or_country=False):
         "Check the query and database availability."
         # Making sure a string was passed in for the query.
         if not isinstance(query, str):
-            raise TypeError('GeoIP query must be a string, not type %s' % type(query).__name__)
+            raise TypeError(
+                "GeoIP query must be a string, not type %s" % type(query).__name__
+            )
 
         # Extra checks for the existence of country and city databases.
         if city_or_country and not (self._country or self._city):
-            raise GeoIP2Exception('Invalid GeoIP country and city data files.')
+            raise GeoIP2Exception("Invalid GeoIP country and city data files.")
         elif city and not self._city:
-            raise GeoIP2Exception('Invalid GeoIP city data file: %s' % self._city_file)
+            raise GeoIP2Exception("Invalid GeoIP city data file: %s" % self._city_file)
 
         # Return the query string back to the caller. GeoIP2 only takes IP addresses.
         try:
@@ -169,11 +183,11 @@ class GeoIP2:
 
     def country_code(self, query):
         "Return the country code for the given IP Address or FQDN."
-        return self.country(query)['country_code']
+        return self.country(query)["country_code"]
 
     def country_name(self, query):
         "Return the country name for the given IP Address or FQDN."
-        return self.country(query)['country_name']
+        return self.country(query)["country_name"]
 
     def country(self, query):
         """
@@ -186,7 +200,7 @@ class GeoIP2:
         return Country(self._country_or_city(enc_query))
 
     # #### Coordinate retrieval routines ####
-    def coords(self, query, ordering=('longitude', 'latitude')):
+    def coords(self, query, ordering=("longitude", "latitude")):
         cdict = self.city(query)
         if cdict is None:
             return None
@@ -199,7 +213,7 @@ class GeoIP2:
 
     def lat_lon(self, query):
         "Return a tuple of the (latitude, longitude) for the given query."
-        return self.coords(query, ('latitude', 'longitude'))
+        return self.coords(query, ("latitude", "longitude"))
 
     def geos(self, query):
         "Return a GEOS Point object for the given query."
@@ -214,7 +228,10 @@ class GeoIP2:
     def info(self):
         "Return information about the GeoIP library and databases in use."
         meta = self._reader.metadata()
-        return 'GeoIP Library:\n\t%s.%s\n' % (meta.binary_format_major_version, meta.binary_format_minor_version)
+        return "GeoIP Library:\n\t%s.%s\n" % (
+            meta.binary_format_major_version,
+            meta.binary_format_minor_version,
+        )
 
     @classmethod
     def open(cls, full_path, cache):
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geoip2/resources.py b/django/contrib/gis/geoip2/resources.py
index 08923b0998..74f4228697 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geoip2/resources.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geoip2/resources.py
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
 def City(response):
     return {
-        'city': response.city.name,
-        'continent_code': response.continent.code,
-        'continent_name': response.continent.name,
-        'country_code': response.country.iso_code,
-        'country_name': response.country.name,
-        'dma_code': response.location.metro_code,
-        'is_in_european_union': response.country.is_in_european_union,
-        'latitude': response.location.latitude,
-        'longitude': response.location.longitude,
-        'postal_code': response.postal.code,
-        'region': response.subdivisions[0].iso_code if response.subdivisions else None,
-        'time_zone': response.location.time_zone,
+        "city": response.city.name,
+        "continent_code": response.continent.code,
+        "continent_name": response.continent.name,
+        "country_code": response.country.iso_code,
+        "country_name": response.country.name,
+        "dma_code": response.location.metro_code,
+        "is_in_european_union": response.country.is_in_european_union,
+        "latitude": response.location.latitude,
+        "longitude": response.location.longitude,
+        "postal_code": response.postal.code,
+        "region": response.subdivisions[0].iso_code if response.subdivisions else None,
+        "time_zone": response.location.time_zone,
     }
 
 
 def Country(response):
     return {
-        'country_code': response.country.iso_code,
-        'country_name': response.country.name,
+        "country_code": response.country.iso_code,
+        "country_name": response.country.name,
     }
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geometry.py b/django/contrib/gis/geometry.py
index f7a70618fa..0b289cf355 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geometry.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geometry.py
@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 # Regular expression for recognizing HEXEWKB and WKT.  A prophylactic measure
 # to prevent potentially malicious input from reaching the underlying C
 # library. Not a substitute for good web security programming practices.
-hex_regex = _lazy_re_compile(r'^[0-9A-F]+$', re.I)
+hex_regex = _lazy_re_compile(r"^[0-9A-F]+$", re.I)
 wkt_regex = _lazy_re_compile(
-    r'^(SRID=(?P<srid>\-?[0-9]+);)?'
-    r'(?P<wkt>'
-    r'(?P<type>POINT|LINESTRING|LINEARRING|POLYGON|MULTIPOINT|'
-    r'MULTILINESTRING|MULTIPOLYGON|GEOMETRYCOLLECTION)'
-    r'[ACEGIMLONPSRUTYZ0-9,\.\-\+\(\) ]+)$',
-    re.I
+    r"^(SRID=(?P<srid>\-?[0-9]+);)?"
+    r"(?P<wkt>"
+    r"(?P<type>POINT|LINESTRING|LINEARRING|POLYGON|MULTIPOINT|"
+    r"MULTILINESTRING|MULTIPOLYGON|GEOMETRYCOLLECTION)"
+    r"[ACEGIMLONPSRUTYZ0-9,\.\-\+\(\) ]+)$",
+    re.I,
 )
-json_regex = _lazy_re_compile(r'^(\s+)?\{.*}(\s+)?$', re.DOTALL)
+json_regex = _lazy_re_compile(r"^(\s+)?\{.*}(\s+)?$", re.DOTALL)
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/__init__.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/__init__.py
index 65e7e54817..27de1ca8e6 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/__init__.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/__init__.py
@@ -3,7 +3,10 @@ The GeoDjango GEOS module.  Please consult the GeoDjango documentation
 for more details: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/contrib/gis/geos/
 """
 from .collections import (  # NOQA
-    GeometryCollection, MultiLineString, MultiPoint, MultiPolygon,
+    GeometryCollection,
+    MultiLineString,
+    MultiPoint,
+    MultiPolygon,
 )
 from .error import GEOSException  # NOQA
 from .factory import fromfile, fromstr  # NOQA
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/collections.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/collections.py
index 3c1f0c858e..abfec8af3d 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/collections.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/collections.py
@@ -46,11 +46,14 @@ class GeometryCollection(GEOSGeometry):
     # ### Methods for compatibility with ListMixin ###
     def _create_collection(self, length, items):
         # Creating the geometry pointer array.
-        geoms = (GEOM_PTR * length)(*[
-            # this is a little sloppy, but makes life easier
-            # allow GEOSGeometry types (python wrappers) or pointer types
-            capi.geom_clone(getattr(g, 'ptr', g)) for g in items
-        ])
+        geoms = (GEOM_PTR * length)(
+            *[
+                # this is a little sloppy, but makes life easier
+                # allow GEOSGeometry types (python wrappers) or pointer types
+                capi.geom_clone(getattr(g, "ptr", g))
+                for g in items
+            ]
+        )
         return capi.create_collection(self._typeid, geoms, length)
 
     def _get_single_internal(self, index):
@@ -59,7 +62,9 @@ class GeometryCollection(GEOSGeometry):
     def _get_single_external(self, index):
         "Return the Geometry from this Collection at the given index (0-based)."
         # Checking the index and returning the corresponding GEOS geometry.
-        return GEOSGeometry(capi.geom_clone(self._get_single_internal(index)), srid=self.srid)
+        return GEOSGeometry(
+            capi.geom_clone(self._get_single_internal(index)), srid=self.srid
+        )
 
     def _set_list(self, length, items):
         "Create a new collection, and destroy the contents of the previous pointer."
@@ -76,12 +81,13 @@ class GeometryCollection(GEOSGeometry):
     @property
     def kml(self):
         "Return the KML for this Geometry Collection."
-        return '<MultiGeometry>%s</MultiGeometry>' % ''.join(g.kml for g in self)
+        return "<MultiGeometry>%s</MultiGeometry>" % "".join(g.kml for g in self)
 
     @property
     def tuple(self):
         "Return a tuple of all the coordinates in this Geometry Collection"
         return tuple(g.tuple for g in self)
+
     coords = tuple
 
 
@@ -103,4 +109,12 @@ class MultiPolygon(GeometryCollection):
 
 # Setting the allowed types here since GeometryCollection is defined before
 # its subclasses.
-GeometryCollection._allowed = (Point, LineString, LinearRing, Polygon, MultiPoint, MultiLineString, MultiPolygon)
+GeometryCollection._allowed = (
+    Point,
+    LineString,
+    LinearRing,
+    Polygon,
+    MultiPoint,
+    MultiLineString,
+    MultiPolygon,
+)
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/coordseq.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/coordseq.py
index d6a7c6cdc7..07a3b7d213 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/coordseq.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/coordseq.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class GEOSCoordSeq(GEOSBase):
     def __init__(self, ptr, z=False):
         "Initialize from a GEOS pointer."
         if not isinstance(ptr, CS_PTR):
-            raise TypeError('Coordinate sequence should initialize with a CS_PTR.')
+            raise TypeError("Coordinate sequence should initialize with a CS_PTR.")
         self._ptr = ptr
         self._z = z
 
@@ -50,7 +50,9 @@ class GEOSCoordSeq(GEOSBase):
         elif numpy and isinstance(value, numpy.ndarray):
             pass
         else:
-            raise TypeError('Must set coordinate with a sequence (list, tuple, or numpy array).')
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Must set coordinate with a sequence (list, tuple, or numpy array)."
+            )
         # Checking the dims of the input
         if self.dims == 3 and self._z:
             n_args = 3
@@ -59,7 +61,7 @@ class GEOSCoordSeq(GEOSBase):
             n_args = 2
             point_setter = self._set_point_2d
         if len(value) != n_args:
-            raise TypeError('Dimension of value does not match.')
+            raise TypeError("Dimension of value does not match.")
         self._checkindex(index)
         point_setter(index, value)
 
@@ -67,7 +69,7 @@ class GEOSCoordSeq(GEOSBase):
     def _checkindex(self, index):
         "Check the given index."
         if not (0 <= index < self.size):
-            raise IndexError('invalid GEOS Geometry index: %s' % index)
+            raise IndexError("invalid GEOS Geometry index: %s" % index)
 
     def _checkdim(self, dim):
         "Check the given dimension."
@@ -180,11 +182,13 @@ class GEOSCoordSeq(GEOSBase):
         # Getting the substitution string depending on whether the coordinates have
         #  a Z dimension.
         if self.hasz:
-            substr = '%s,%s,%s '
+            substr = "%s,%s,%s "
         else:
-            substr = '%s,%s,0 '
-        return '<coordinates>%s</coordinates>' % \
-            ''.join(substr % self[i] for i in range(len(self))).strip()
+            substr = "%s,%s,0 "
+        return (
+            "<coordinates>%s</coordinates>"
+            % "".join(substr % self[i] for i in range(len(self))).strip()
+        )
 
     @property
     def tuple(self):
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/factory.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/factory.py
index 46ed1f0c51..2c1c24741b 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/factory.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/factory.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ def fromfile(file_h):
     """
     # If given a file name, get a real handle.
     if isinstance(file_h, str):
-        with open(file_h, 'rb') as file_h:
+        with open(file_h, "rb") as file_h:
             buf = file_h.read()
     else:
         buf = file_h.read()
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/geometry.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/geometry.py
index 36f6895224..9d22425fab 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/geometry.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/geometry.py
@@ -14,9 +14,7 @@ from django.contrib.gis.geos.error import GEOSException
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.libgeos import GEOM_PTR, geos_version_tuple
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.mutable_list import ListMixin
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.prepared import PreparedGeometry
-from django.contrib.gis.geos.prototypes.io import (
-    ewkb_w, wkb_r, wkb_w, wkt_r, wkt_w,
-)
+from django.contrib.gis.geos.prototypes.io import ewkb_w, wkb_r, wkb_w, wkt_r, wkt_w
 from django.utils.deconstruct import deconstructible
 from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes, force_str
 
@@ -38,12 +36,15 @@ class GEOSGeometryBase(GEOSBase):
                 if GEOSGeometryBase._GEOS_CLASSES is None:
                     # Inner imports avoid import conflicts with GEOSGeometry.
                     from .collections import (
-                        GeometryCollection, MultiLineString, MultiPoint,
+                        GeometryCollection,
+                        MultiLineString,
+                        MultiPoint,
                         MultiPolygon,
                     )
                     from .linestring import LinearRing, LineString
                     from .point import Point
                     from .polygon import Polygon
+
                     GEOSGeometryBase._GEOS_CLASSES = {
                         0: Point,
                         1: LineString,
@@ -62,7 +63,9 @@ class GEOSGeometryBase(GEOSBase):
         "Perform post-initialization setup."
         # Setting the coordinate sequence for the geometry (will be None on
         # geometries that do not have coordinate sequences)
-        self._cs = GEOSCoordSeq(capi.get_cs(self.ptr), self.hasz) if self.has_cs else None
+        self._cs = (
+            GEOSCoordSeq(capi.get_cs(self.ptr), self.hasz) if self.has_cs else None
+        )
 
     def __copy__(self):
         """
@@ -85,7 +88,7 @@ class GEOSGeometryBase(GEOSBase):
 
     def __repr__(self):
         "Short-hand representation because WKT may be very large."
-        return '<%s object at %s>' % (self.geom_type, hex(addressof(self.ptr)))
+        return "<%s object at %s>" % (self.geom_type, hex(addressof(self.ptr)))
 
     # Pickling support
     def _to_pickle_wkb(self):
@@ -104,7 +107,7 @@ class GEOSGeometryBase(GEOSBase):
         wkb, srid = state
         ptr = self._from_pickle_wkb(wkb)
         if not ptr:
-            raise GEOSException('Invalid Geometry loaded from pickled state.')
+            raise GEOSException("Invalid Geometry loaded from pickled state.")
         self.ptr = ptr
         self._post_init()
         self.srid = srid
@@ -117,17 +120,17 @@ class GEOSGeometryBase(GEOSBase):
     def from_ewkt(ewkt):
         ewkt = force_bytes(ewkt)
         srid = None
-        parts = ewkt.split(b';', 1)
+        parts = ewkt.split(b";", 1)
         if len(parts) == 2:
             srid_part, wkt = parts
-            match = re.match(br'SRID=(?P<srid>\-?\d+)', srid_part)
+            match = re.match(rb"SRID=(?P<srid>\-?\d+)", srid_part)
             if not match:
-                raise ValueError('EWKT has invalid SRID part.')
-            srid = int(match['srid'])
+                raise ValueError("EWKT has invalid SRID part.")
+            srid = int(match["srid"])
         else:
             wkt = ewkt
         if not wkt:
-            raise ValueError('Expected WKT but got an empty string.')
+            raise ValueError("Expected WKT but got an empty string.")
         return GEOSGeometry(GEOSGeometry._from_wkt(wkt), srid=srid)
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -149,7 +152,11 @@ class GEOSGeometryBase(GEOSBase):
                 other = GEOSGeometry.from_ewkt(other)
             except (ValueError, GEOSException):
                 return False
-        return isinstance(other, GEOSGeometry) and self.srid == other.srid and self.equals_exact(other)
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, GEOSGeometry)
+            and self.srid == other.srid
+            and self.equals_exact(other)
+        )
 
     def __hash__(self):
         return hash((self.srid, self.wkt))
@@ -225,7 +232,7 @@ class GEOSGeometryBase(GEOSBase):
         without losing any of the input vertices.
         """
         if geos_version_tuple() < (3, 8):
-            raise GEOSException('GEOSGeometry.make_valid() requires GEOS >= 3.8.0.')
+            raise GEOSException("GEOSGeometry.make_valid() requires GEOS >= 3.8.0.")
         return GEOSGeometry(capi.geos_makevalid(self.ptr), srid=self.srid)
 
     # #### Unary predicates ####
@@ -323,7 +330,7 @@ class GEOSGeometryBase(GEOSBase):
         two Geometries match the elements in pattern.
         """
         if not isinstance(pattern, str) or len(pattern) > 9:
-            raise GEOSException('invalid intersection matrix pattern')
+            raise GEOSException("invalid intersection matrix pattern")
         return capi.geos_relatepattern(self.ptr, other.ptr, force_bytes(pattern))
 
     def touches(self, other):
@@ -362,7 +369,7 @@ class GEOSGeometryBase(GEOSBase):
         Return the EWKT (SRID + WKT) of the Geometry.
         """
         srid = self.srid
-        return 'SRID=%s;%s' % (srid, self.wkt) if srid else self.wkt
+        return "SRID=%s;%s" % (srid, self.wkt) if srid else self.wkt
 
     @property
     def wkt(self):
@@ -395,6 +402,7 @@ class GEOSGeometryBase(GEOSBase):
         Return GeoJSON representation of this Geometry.
         """
         return self.ogr.json
+
     geojson = json
 
     @property
@@ -419,7 +427,7 @@ class GEOSGeometryBase(GEOSBase):
     def kml(self):
         "Return the KML representation of this Geometry."
         gtype = self.geom_type
-        return '<%s>%s</%s>' % (gtype, self.coord_seq.kml, gtype)
+        return "<%s>%s</%s>" % (gtype, self.coord_seq.kml, gtype)
 
     @property
     def prepared(self):
@@ -493,7 +501,7 @@ class GEOSGeometryBase(GEOSBase):
             self._post_init()
             self.srid = g.srid
         else:
-            raise GEOSException('Transformed WKB was invalid.')
+            raise GEOSException("Transformed WKB was invalid.")
 
     # #### Topology Routines ####
     def _topology(self, gptr):
@@ -515,7 +523,9 @@ class GEOSGeometryBase(GEOSBase):
         """
         return self._topology(capi.geos_buffer(self.ptr, width, quadsegs))
 
-    def buffer_with_style(self, width, quadsegs=8, end_cap_style=1, join_style=1, mitre_limit=5.0):
+    def buffer_with_style(
+        self, width, quadsegs=8, end_cap_style=1, join_style=1, mitre_limit=5.0
+    ):
         """
         Same as buffer() but allows customizing the style of the buffer.
 
@@ -524,7 +534,9 @@ class GEOSGeometryBase(GEOSBase):
         Mitre ratio limit only affects mitered join style.
         """
         return self._topology(
-            capi.geos_bufferwithstyle(self.ptr, width, quadsegs, end_cap_style, join_style, mitre_limit),
+            capi.geos_bufferwithstyle(
+                self.ptr, width, quadsegs, end_cap_style, join_style, mitre_limit
+            ),
         )
 
     @property
@@ -615,7 +627,7 @@ class GEOSGeometryBase(GEOSBase):
         the Geometry.
         """
         if not isinstance(other, GEOSGeometry):
-            raise TypeError('distance() works only on other GEOS Geometries.')
+            raise TypeError("distance() works only on other GEOS Geometries.")
         return capi.geos_distance(self.ptr, other.ptr, byref(c_double()))
 
     @property
@@ -625,6 +637,7 @@ class GEOSGeometryBase(GEOSBase):
         (xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax).
         """
         from .point import Point
+
         env = self.envelope
         if isinstance(env, Point):
             xmin, ymin = env.tuple
@@ -651,6 +664,7 @@ class LinearGeometryMixin:
     """
     Used for LineString and MultiLineString.
     """
+
     def interpolate(self, distance):
         return self._topology(capi.geos_interpolate(self.ptr, distance))
 
@@ -659,14 +673,16 @@ class LinearGeometryMixin:
 
     def project(self, point):
         from .point import Point
+
         if not isinstance(point, Point):
-            raise TypeError('locate_point argument must be a Point')
+            raise TypeError("locate_point argument must be a Point")
         return capi.geos_project(self.ptr, point.ptr)
 
     def project_normalized(self, point):
         from .point import Point
+
         if not isinstance(point, Point):
-            raise TypeError('locate_point argument must be a Point')
+            raise TypeError("locate_point argument must be a Point")
         return capi.geos_project_normalized(self.ptr, point.ptr)
 
     @property
@@ -710,9 +726,9 @@ class GEOSGeometry(GEOSGeometryBase, ListMixin):
             wkt_m = wkt_regex.match(geo_input)
             if wkt_m:
                 # Handle WKT input.
-                if wkt_m['srid']:
-                    input_srid = int(wkt_m['srid'])
-                g = self._from_wkt(force_bytes(wkt_m['wkt']))
+                if wkt_m["srid"]:
+                    input_srid = int(wkt_m["srid"])
+                g = self._from_wkt(force_bytes(wkt_m["wkt"]))
             elif hex_regex.match(geo_input):
                 # Handle HEXEWKB input.
                 g = wkb_r().read(force_bytes(geo_input))
@@ -722,7 +738,7 @@ class GEOSGeometry(GEOSGeometryBase, ListMixin):
                 g = ogr._geos_ptr()
                 input_srid = ogr.srid
             else:
-                raise ValueError('String input unrecognized as WKT EWKT, and HEXEWKB.')
+                raise ValueError("String input unrecognized as WKT EWKT, and HEXEWKB.")
         elif isinstance(geo_input, GEOM_PTR):
             # When the input is a pointer to a geometry (GEOM_PTR).
             g = geo_input
@@ -732,14 +748,14 @@ class GEOSGeometry(GEOSGeometryBase, ListMixin):
         elif isinstance(geo_input, GEOSGeometry):
             g = capi.geom_clone(geo_input.ptr)
         else:
-            raise TypeError('Improper geometry input type: %s' % type(geo_input))
+            raise TypeError("Improper geometry input type: %s" % type(geo_input))
 
         if not g:
-            raise GEOSException('Could not initialize GEOS Geometry with given input.')
+            raise GEOSException("Could not initialize GEOS Geometry with given input.")
 
         input_srid = input_srid or capi.geos_get_srid(g) or None
         if input_srid and srid and input_srid != srid:
-            raise ValueError('Input geometry already has SRID: %d.' % input_srid)
+            raise ValueError("Input geometry already has SRID: %d." % input_srid)
 
         super().__init__(g, None)
         # Set the SRID, if given.
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/io.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/io.py
index 15027ff68f..d7898065f0 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/io.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/io.py
@@ -5,10 +5,13 @@ reader and writer classes.
 """
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.geometry import GEOSGeometry
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.prototypes.io import (
-    WKBWriter, WKTWriter, _WKBReader, _WKTReader,
+    WKBWriter,
+    WKTWriter,
+    _WKBReader,
+    _WKTReader,
 )
 
-__all__ = ['WKBWriter', 'WKTWriter', 'WKBReader', 'WKTReader']
+__all__ = ["WKBWriter", "WKTWriter", "WKBReader", "WKTReader"]
 
 
 # Public classes for (WKB|WKT)Reader, which return GEOSGeometry
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/libgeos.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/libgeos.py
index aa19b3a706..1121b4f715 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/libgeos.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/libgeos.py
@@ -15,13 +15,14 @@ from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.utils.functional import SimpleLazyObject, cached_property
 from django.utils.version import get_version_tuple
 
-logger = logging.getLogger('django.contrib.gis')
+logger = logging.getLogger("django.contrib.gis")
 
 
 def load_geos():
     # Custom library path set?
     try:
         from django.conf import settings
+
         lib_path = settings.GEOS_LIBRARY_PATH
     except (AttributeError, ImportError, ImproperlyConfigured, OSError):
         lib_path = None
@@ -29,12 +30,12 @@ def load_geos():
     # Setting the appropriate names for the GEOS-C library.
     if lib_path:
         lib_names = None
-    elif os.name == 'nt':
+    elif os.name == "nt":
         # Windows NT libraries
-        lib_names = ['geos_c', 'libgeos_c-1']
-    elif os.name == 'posix':
+        lib_names = ["geos_c", "libgeos_c-1"]
+    elif os.name == "posix":
         # *NIX libraries
-        lib_names = ['geos_c', 'GEOS']
+        lib_names = ["geos_c", "GEOS"]
     else:
         raise ImportError('Unsupported OS "%s"' % os.name)
 
@@ -51,8 +52,7 @@ def load_geos():
     if lib_path is None:
         raise ImportError(
             'Could not find the GEOS library (tried "%s"). '
-            'Try setting GEOS_LIBRARY_PATH in your settings.' %
-            '", "'.join(lib_names)
+            "Try setting GEOS_LIBRARY_PATH in your settings." % '", "'.join(lib_names)
         )
     # Getting the GEOS C library.  The C interface (CDLL) is used for
     # both *NIX and Windows.
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ def notice_h(fmt, lst):
         warn_msg = fmt % lst
     except TypeError:
         warn_msg = fmt
-    logger.warning('GEOS_NOTICE: %s\n', warn_msg)
+    logger.warning("GEOS_NOTICE: %s\n", warn_msg)
 
 
 notice_h = NOTICEFUNC(notice_h)
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ def error_h(fmt, lst):
         err_msg = fmt % lst
     except TypeError:
         err_msg = fmt
-    logger.error('GEOS_ERROR: %s\n', err_msg)
+    logger.error("GEOS_ERROR: %s\n", err_msg)
 
 
 error_h = ERRORFUNC(error_h)
@@ -135,6 +135,7 @@ class GEOSFuncFactory:
     """
     Lazy loading of GEOS functions.
     """
+
     argtypes = None
     restype = None
     errcheck = None
@@ -154,6 +155,7 @@ class GEOSFuncFactory:
     @cached_property
     def func(self):
         from django.contrib.gis.geos.prototypes.threadsafe import GEOSFunc
+
         func = GEOSFunc(self.func_name)
         func.argtypes = self.argtypes or []
         func.restype = self.restype
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/linestring.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/linestring.py
index a85ecfff8c..78a265cebf 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/linestring.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/linestring.py
@@ -29,11 +29,15 @@ class LineString(LinearGeometryMixin, GEOSGeometry):
         else:
             coords = args
 
-        if not (isinstance(coords, (tuple, list)) or numpy and isinstance(coords, numpy.ndarray)):
-            raise TypeError('Invalid initialization input for LineStrings.')
+        if not (
+            isinstance(coords, (tuple, list))
+            or numpy
+            and isinstance(coords, numpy.ndarray)
+        ):
+            raise TypeError("Invalid initialization input for LineStrings.")
 
         # If SRID was passed in with the keyword arguments
-        srid = kwargs.get('srid')
+        srid = kwargs.get("srid")
 
         ncoords = len(coords)
         if not ncoords:
@@ -42,7 +46,8 @@ class LineString(LinearGeometryMixin, GEOSGeometry):
 
         if ncoords < self._minlength:
             raise ValueError(
-                '%s requires at least %d points, got %s.' % (
+                "%s requires at least %d points, got %s."
+                % (
                     self.__class__.__name__,
                     self._minlength,
                     ncoords,
@@ -53,7 +58,7 @@ class LineString(LinearGeometryMixin, GEOSGeometry):
         if numpy_coords:
             shape = coords.shape  # Using numpy's shape.
             if len(shape) != 2:
-                raise TypeError('Too many dimensions.')
+                raise TypeError("Too many dimensions.")
             self._checkdim(shape[1])
             ndim = shape[1]
         else:
@@ -63,13 +68,15 @@ class LineString(LinearGeometryMixin, GEOSGeometry):
             # Incrementing through each of the coordinates and verifying
             for coord in coords:
                 if not isinstance(coord, (tuple, list, Point)):
-                    raise TypeError('Each coordinate should be a sequence (list or tuple)')
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        "Each coordinate should be a sequence (list or tuple)"
+                    )
 
                 if ndim is None:
                     ndim = len(coord)
                     self._checkdim(ndim)
                 elif len(coord) != ndim:
-                    raise TypeError('Dimension mismatch.')
+                    raise TypeError("Dimension mismatch.")
 
         # Creating a coordinate sequence object because it is easier to
         # set the points using its methods.
@@ -122,20 +129,21 @@ class LineString(LinearGeometryMixin, GEOSGeometry):
             self._post_init()
         else:
             # can this happen?
-            raise GEOSException('Geometry resulting from slice deletion was invalid.')
+            raise GEOSException("Geometry resulting from slice deletion was invalid.")
 
     def _set_single(self, index, value):
         self._cs[index] = value
 
     def _checkdim(self, dim):
         if dim not in (2, 3):
-            raise TypeError('Dimension mismatch.')
+            raise TypeError("Dimension mismatch.")
 
     # #### Sequence Properties ####
     @property
     def tuple(self):
         "Return a tuple version of the geometry from the coordinate sequence."
         return self._cs.tuple
+
     coords = tuple
 
     def _listarr(self, func):
@@ -181,7 +189,5 @@ class LinearRing(LineString):
     @property
     def is_counterclockwise(self):
         if self.empty:
-            raise ValueError(
-                'Orientation of an empty LinearRing cannot be determined.'
-            )
+            raise ValueError("Orientation of an empty LinearRing cannot be determined.")
         return self._cs.is_counterclockwise
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/mutable_list.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/mutable_list.py
index b04a2128af..36131fe9ce 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/mutable_list.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/mutable_list.py
@@ -60,10 +60,10 @@ class ListMixin:
     # ### Python initialization and special list interface methods ###
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        if not hasattr(self, '_get_single_internal'):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_get_single_internal"):
             self._get_single_internal = self._get_single_external
 
-        if not hasattr(self, '_set_single'):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_set_single"):
             self._set_single = self._set_single_rebuild
             self._assign_extended_slice = self._assign_extended_slice_rebuild
 
@@ -72,7 +72,9 @@ class ListMixin:
     def __getitem__(self, index):
         "Get the item(s) at the specified index/slice."
         if isinstance(index, slice):
-            return [self._get_single_external(i) for i in range(*index.indices(len(self)))]
+            return [
+                self._get_single_external(i) for i in range(*index.indices(len(self)))
+            ]
         else:
             index = self._checkindex(index)
             return self._get_single_external(index)
@@ -91,9 +93,9 @@ class ListMixin:
             indexRange = range(*index.indices(origLen))
 
         newLen = origLen - len(indexRange)
-        newItems = (self._get_single_internal(i)
-                    for i in range(origLen)
-                    if i not in indexRange)
+        newItems = (
+            self._get_single_internal(i) for i in range(origLen) if i not in indexRange
+        )
 
         self._rebuild(newLen, newItems)
 
@@ -108,28 +110,28 @@ class ListMixin:
 
     # ### Special methods for arithmetic operations ###
     def __add__(self, other):
-        'add another list-like object'
+        "add another list-like object"
         return self.__class__([*self, *other])
 
     def __radd__(self, other):
-        'add to another list-like object'
+        "add to another list-like object"
         return other.__class__([*other, *self])
 
     def __iadd__(self, other):
-        'add another list-like object to self'
+        "add another list-like object to self"
         self.extend(other)
         return self
 
     def __mul__(self, n):
-        'multiply'
+        "multiply"
         return self.__class__(list(self) * n)
 
     def __rmul__(self, n):
-        'multiply'
+        "multiply"
         return self.__class__(list(self) * n)
 
     def __imul__(self, n):
-        'multiply'
+        "multiply"
         if n <= 0:
             del self[:]
         else:
@@ -179,16 +181,16 @@ class ListMixin:
         for i in range(0, len(self)):
             if self[i] == val:
                 return i
-        raise ValueError('%s not found in object' % val)
+        raise ValueError("%s not found in object" % val)
 
     # ## Mutating ##
     def append(self, val):
         "Standard list append method"
-        self[len(self):] = [val]
+        self[len(self) :] = [val]
 
     def extend(self, vals):
         "Standard list extend method"
-        self[len(self):] = vals
+        self[len(self) :] = vals
 
     def insert(self, index, val):
         "Standard list insert method"
@@ -217,9 +219,9 @@ class ListMixin:
     # ### Private routines ###
     def _rebuild(self, newLen, newItems):
         if newLen and newLen < self._minlength:
-            raise ValueError('Must have at least %d items' % self._minlength)
+            raise ValueError("Must have at least %d items" % self._minlength)
         if self._maxlength is not None and newLen > self._maxlength:
-            raise ValueError('Cannot have more than %d items' % self._maxlength)
+            raise ValueError("Cannot have more than %d items" % self._maxlength)
 
         self._set_list(newLen, newItems)
 
@@ -232,19 +234,19 @@ class ListMixin:
             return index
         if -length <= index < 0:
             return index + length
-        raise IndexError('invalid index: %s' % index)
+        raise IndexError("invalid index: %s" % index)
 
     def _check_allowed(self, items):
-        if hasattr(self, '_allowed'):
+        if hasattr(self, "_allowed"):
             if False in [isinstance(val, self._allowed) for val in items]:
-                raise TypeError('Invalid type encountered in the arguments.')
+                raise TypeError("Invalid type encountered in the arguments.")
 
     def _set_slice(self, index, values):
         "Assign values to a slice of the object"
         try:
             valueList = list(values)
         except TypeError:
-            raise TypeError('can only assign an iterable to a slice')
+            raise TypeError("can only assign an iterable to a slice")
 
         self._check_allowed(valueList)
 
@@ -259,13 +261,14 @@ class ListMixin:
             self._assign_extended_slice(start, stop, step, valueList)
 
     def _assign_extended_slice_rebuild(self, start, stop, step, valueList):
-        'Assign an extended slice by rebuilding entire list'
+        "Assign an extended slice by rebuilding entire list"
         indexList = range(start, stop, step)
         # extended slice, only allow assigning slice of same size
         if len(valueList) != len(indexList):
-            raise ValueError('attempt to assign sequence of size %d '
-                             'to extended slice of size %d'
-                             % (len(valueList), len(indexList)))
+            raise ValueError(
+                "attempt to assign sequence of size %d "
+                "to extended slice of size %d" % (len(valueList), len(indexList))
+            )
 
         # we're not changing the length of the sequence
         newLen = len(self)
@@ -281,19 +284,20 @@ class ListMixin:
         self._rebuild(newLen, newItems())
 
     def _assign_extended_slice(self, start, stop, step, valueList):
-        'Assign an extended slice by re-assigning individual items'
+        "Assign an extended slice by re-assigning individual items"
         indexList = range(start, stop, step)
         # extended slice, only allow assigning slice of same size
         if len(valueList) != len(indexList):
-            raise ValueError('attempt to assign sequence of size %d '
-                             'to extended slice of size %d'
-                             % (len(valueList), len(indexList)))
+            raise ValueError(
+                "attempt to assign sequence of size %d "
+                "to extended slice of size %d" % (len(valueList), len(indexList))
+            )
 
         for i, val in zip(indexList, valueList):
             self._set_single(i, val)
 
     def _assign_simple_slice(self, start, stop, valueList):
-        'Assign a simple slice; Can assign slice of any length'
+        "Assign a simple slice; Can assign slice of any length"
         origLen = len(self)
         stop = max(start, stop)
         newLen = origLen - stop + start + len(valueList)
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/point.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/point.py
index 00fdd96a27..06b2668621 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/point.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/point.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class Point(GEOSGeometry):
             else:
                 coords = [x, y]
         else:
-            raise TypeError('Invalid parameters given for Point initialization.')
+            raise TypeError("Invalid parameters given for Point initialization.")
 
         point = self._create_point(len(coords), coords)
 
@@ -47,7 +47,9 @@ class Point(GEOSGeometry):
         return self._create_empty() if wkb is None else super()._from_pickle_wkb(wkb)
 
     def _ogr_ptr(self):
-        return gdal.geometries.Point._create_empty() if self.empty else super()._ogr_ptr()
+        return (
+            gdal.geometries.Point._create_empty() if self.empty else super()._ogr_ptr()
+        )
 
     @classmethod
     def _create_empty(cls):
@@ -62,7 +64,7 @@ class Point(GEOSGeometry):
             return capi.create_point(None)
 
         if ndim < 2 or ndim > 3:
-            raise TypeError('Invalid point dimension: %s' % ndim)
+            raise TypeError("Invalid point dimension: %s" % ndim)
 
         cs = capi.create_cs(c_uint(1), c_uint(ndim))
         i = iter(coords)
@@ -84,7 +86,7 @@ class Point(GEOSGeometry):
             self._post_init()
         else:
             # can this happen?
-            raise GEOSException('Geometry resulting from slice deletion was invalid.')
+            raise GEOSException("Geometry resulting from slice deletion was invalid.")
 
     def _set_single(self, index, value):
         self._cs.setOrdinate(index, 0, value)
@@ -142,7 +144,7 @@ class Point(GEOSGeometry):
     def z(self, value):
         "Set the Z component of the Point."
         if not self.hasz:
-            raise GEOSException('Cannot set Z on 2D Point.')
+            raise GEOSException("Cannot set Z on 2D Point.")
         self._cs.setOrdinate(2, 0, value)
 
     # ### Tuple setting and retrieval routines. ###
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/polygon.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/polygon.py
index d75106a9a8..452e72fcb6 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/polygon.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/polygon.py
@@ -59,8 +59,10 @@ class Polygon(GEOSGeometry):
         x0, y0, x1, y1 = bbox
         for z in bbox:
             if not isinstance(z, (float, int)):
-                return GEOSGeometry('POLYGON((%s %s, %s %s, %s %s, %s %s, %s %s))' %
-                                    (x0, y0, x0, y1, x1, y1, x1, y0, x0, y0))
+                return GEOSGeometry(
+                    "POLYGON((%s %s, %s %s, %s %s, %s %s, %s %s))"
+                    % (x0, y0, x0, y1, x1, y1, x1, y0, x0, y0)
+                )
         return Polygon(((x0, y0), (x0, y1), (x1, y1), (x1, y0), (x0, y0)))
 
     # ### These routines are needed for list-like operation w/ListMixin ###
@@ -95,8 +97,13 @@ class Polygon(GEOSGeometry):
         else:
             return capi.geom_clone(g.ptr)
 
-    def _construct_ring(self, param, msg=(
-            'Parameter must be a sequence of LinearRings or objects that can initialize to LinearRings')):
+    def _construct_ring(
+        self,
+        param,
+        msg=(
+            "Parameter must be a sequence of LinearRings or objects that can initialize to LinearRings"
+        ),
+    ):
         "Try to construct a ring from the given parameter."
         if isinstance(param, LinearRing):
             return param
@@ -135,7 +142,9 @@ class Polygon(GEOSGeometry):
             return capi.get_intring(self.ptr, index - 1)
 
     def _get_single_external(self, index):
-        return GEOSGeometry(capi.geom_clone(self._get_single_internal(index)), srid=self.srid)
+        return GEOSGeometry(
+            capi.geom_clone(self._get_single_internal(index)), srid=self.srid
+        )
 
     _set_single = GEOSGeometry._set_single_rebuild
     _assign_extended_slice = GEOSGeometry._assign_extended_slice_rebuild
@@ -163,13 +172,17 @@ class Polygon(GEOSGeometry):
     def tuple(self):
         "Get the tuple for each ring in this Polygon."
         return tuple(self[i].tuple for i in range(len(self)))
+
     coords = tuple
 
     @property
     def kml(self):
         "Return the KML representation of this Polygon."
-        inner_kml = ''.join(
+        inner_kml = "".join(
             "<innerBoundaryIs>%s</innerBoundaryIs>" % self[i + 1].kml
             for i in range(self.num_interior_rings)
         )
-        return "<Polygon><outerBoundaryIs>%s</outerBoundaryIs>%s</Polygon>" % (self[0].kml, inner_kml)
+        return "<Polygon><outerBoundaryIs>%s</outerBoundaryIs>%s</Polygon>" % (
+            self[0].kml,
+            inner_kml,
+        )
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/prepared.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/prepared.py
index 789432f81a..9c77d8a533 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/prepared.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/prepared.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ class PreparedGeometry(GEOSBase):
     At the moment this includes the contains covers, and intersects
     operations.
     """
+
     ptr_type = capi.PREPGEOM_PTR
     destructor = capi.prepared_destroy
 
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ class PreparedGeometry(GEOSBase):
         # See #21662
         self._base_geom = geom
         from .geometry import GEOSGeometry
+
         if not isinstance(geom, GEOSGeometry):
             raise TypeError
         self.ptr = capi.geos_prepare(geom.ptr)
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/__init__.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/__init__.py
index a79533fa14..8fa98f98e7 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/__init__.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/__init__.py
@@ -5,22 +5,62 @@
 """
 
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.prototypes.coordseq import (  # NOQA
-    create_cs, cs_clone, cs_getdims, cs_getordinate, cs_getsize, cs_getx,
-    cs_gety, cs_getz, cs_is_ccw, cs_setordinate, cs_setx, cs_sety, cs_setz,
+    create_cs,
+    cs_clone,
+    cs_getdims,
+    cs_getordinate,
+    cs_getsize,
+    cs_getx,
+    cs_gety,
+    cs_getz,
+    cs_is_ccw,
+    cs_setordinate,
+    cs_setx,
+    cs_sety,
+    cs_setz,
     get_cs,
 )
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.prototypes.geom import (  # NOQA
-    create_collection, create_empty_polygon, create_linearring,
-    create_linestring, create_point, create_polygon, destroy_geom, geom_clone,
-    geos_get_srid, geos_makevalid, geos_normalize, geos_set_srid, geos_type,
-    geos_typeid, get_dims, get_extring, get_geomn, get_intring, get_nrings,
-    get_num_coords, get_num_geoms,
+    create_collection,
+    create_empty_polygon,
+    create_linearring,
+    create_linestring,
+    create_point,
+    create_polygon,
+    destroy_geom,
+    geom_clone,
+    geos_get_srid,
+    geos_makevalid,
+    geos_normalize,
+    geos_set_srid,
+    geos_type,
+    geos_typeid,
+    get_dims,
+    get_extring,
+    get_geomn,
+    get_intring,
+    get_nrings,
+    get_num_coords,
+    get_num_geoms,
 )
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.prototypes.misc import *  # NOQA
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.prototypes.predicates import (  # NOQA
-    geos_contains, geos_covers, geos_crosses, geos_disjoint, geos_equals,
-    geos_equalsexact, geos_hasz, geos_intersects, geos_isclosed, geos_isempty,
-    geos_isring, geos_issimple, geos_isvalid, geos_overlaps,
-    geos_relatepattern, geos_touches, geos_within,
+    geos_contains,
+    geos_covers,
+    geos_crosses,
+    geos_disjoint,
+    geos_equals,
+    geos_equalsexact,
+    geos_hasz,
+    geos_intersects,
+    geos_isclosed,
+    geos_isempty,
+    geos_isring,
+    geos_issimple,
+    geos_isvalid,
+    geos_overlaps,
+    geos_relatepattern,
+    geos_touches,
+    geos_within,
 )
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.prototypes.topology import *  # NOQA
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/coordseq.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/coordseq.py
index aab5d3e75e..ed05de99f4 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/coordseq.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/coordseq.py
@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
 from ctypes import POINTER, c_byte, c_double, c_int, c_uint
 
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.libgeos import CS_PTR, GEOM_PTR, GEOSFuncFactory
-from django.contrib.gis.geos.prototypes.errcheck import (
-    GEOSException, last_arg_byref,
-)
+from django.contrib.gis.geos.prototypes.errcheck import GEOSException, last_arg_byref
 
 
 # ## Error-checking routines specific to coordinate sequences. ##
 def check_cs_op(result, func, cargs):
     "Check the status code of a coordinate sequence operation."
     if result == 0:
-        raise GEOSException('Could not set value on coordinate sequence')
+        raise GEOSException("Could not set value on coordinate sequence")
     else:
         return result
 
@@ -49,7 +47,9 @@ class CsOperation(GEOSFuncFactory):
         else:
             argtypes = [CS_PTR, c_uint, dbl_param]
 
-        super().__init__(*args, **{**kwargs, 'errcheck': errcheck, 'argtypes': argtypes})
+        super().__init__(
+            *args, **{**kwargs, "errcheck": errcheck, "argtypes": argtypes}
+        )
 
 
 class CsOutput(GEOSFuncFactory):
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class CsOutput(GEOSFuncFactory):
     def errcheck(result, func, cargs):
         if not result:
             raise GEOSException(
-                'Error encountered checking Coordinate Sequence returned from GEOS '
+                "Error encountered checking Coordinate Sequence returned from GEOS "
                 'C function "%s".' % func.__name__
             )
         return result
@@ -68,26 +68,28 @@ class CsOutput(GEOSFuncFactory):
 # ## Coordinate Sequence ctypes prototypes ##
 
 # Coordinate Sequence constructors & cloning.
-cs_clone = CsOutput('GEOSCoordSeq_clone', argtypes=[CS_PTR])
-create_cs = CsOutput('GEOSCoordSeq_create', argtypes=[c_uint, c_uint])
-get_cs = CsOutput('GEOSGeom_getCoordSeq', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR])
+cs_clone = CsOutput("GEOSCoordSeq_clone", argtypes=[CS_PTR])
+create_cs = CsOutput("GEOSCoordSeq_create", argtypes=[c_uint, c_uint])
+get_cs = CsOutput("GEOSGeom_getCoordSeq", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR])
 
 # Getting, setting ordinate
-cs_getordinate = CsOperation('GEOSCoordSeq_getOrdinate', ordinate=True, get=True)
-cs_setordinate = CsOperation('GEOSCoordSeq_setOrdinate', ordinate=True)
+cs_getordinate = CsOperation("GEOSCoordSeq_getOrdinate", ordinate=True, get=True)
+cs_setordinate = CsOperation("GEOSCoordSeq_setOrdinate", ordinate=True)
 
 # For getting, x, y, z
-cs_getx = CsOperation('GEOSCoordSeq_getX', get=True)
-cs_gety = CsOperation('GEOSCoordSeq_getY', get=True)
-cs_getz = CsOperation('GEOSCoordSeq_getZ', get=True)
+cs_getx = CsOperation("GEOSCoordSeq_getX", get=True)
+cs_gety = CsOperation("GEOSCoordSeq_getY", get=True)
+cs_getz = CsOperation("GEOSCoordSeq_getZ", get=True)
 
 # For setting, x, y, z
-cs_setx = CsOperation('GEOSCoordSeq_setX')
-cs_sety = CsOperation('GEOSCoordSeq_setY')
-cs_setz = CsOperation('GEOSCoordSeq_setZ')
+cs_setx = CsOperation("GEOSCoordSeq_setX")
+cs_sety = CsOperation("GEOSCoordSeq_setY")
+cs_setz = CsOperation("GEOSCoordSeq_setZ")
 
 # These routines return size & dimensions.
-cs_getsize = CsInt('GEOSCoordSeq_getSize')
-cs_getdims = CsInt('GEOSCoordSeq_getDimensions')
+cs_getsize = CsInt("GEOSCoordSeq_getSize")
+cs_getdims = CsInt("GEOSCoordSeq_getDimensions")
 
-cs_is_ccw = GEOSFuncFactory('GEOSCoordSeq_isCCW', restype=c_int, argtypes=[CS_PTR, POINTER(c_byte)])
+cs_is_ccw = GEOSFuncFactory(
+    "GEOSCoordSeq_isCCW", restype=c_int, argtypes=[CS_PTR, POINTER(c_byte)]
+)
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/errcheck.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/errcheck.py
index 7d5f8422e0..a527f513a7 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/errcheck.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/errcheck.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from django.contrib.gis.geos.libgeos import GEOSFuncFactory
 
 # Getting the `free` routine used to free the memory allocated for
 # string pointers returned by GEOS.
-free = GEOSFuncFactory('GEOSFree')
+free = GEOSFuncFactory("GEOSFree")
 free.argtypes = [c_void_p]
 
 
@@ -29,14 +29,19 @@ def check_dbl(result, func, cargs):
 def check_geom(result, func, cargs):
     "Error checking on routines that return Geometries."
     if not result:
-        raise GEOSException('Error encountered checking Geometry returned from GEOS C function "%s".' % func.__name__)
+        raise GEOSException(
+            'Error encountered checking Geometry returned from GEOS C function "%s".'
+            % func.__name__
+        )
     return result
 
 
 def check_minus_one(result, func, cargs):
     "Error checking on routines that should not return -1."
     if result == -1:
-        raise GEOSException('Error encountered in GEOS C function "%s".' % func.__name__)
+        raise GEOSException(
+            'Error encountered in GEOS C function "%s".' % func.__name__
+        )
     else:
         return result
 
@@ -48,7 +53,9 @@ def check_predicate(result, func, cargs):
     elif result == 0:
         return False
     else:
-        raise GEOSException('Error encountered on GEOS C predicate function "%s".' % func.__name__)
+        raise GEOSException(
+            'Error encountered on GEOS C predicate function "%s".' % func.__name__
+        )
 
 
 def check_sized_string(result, func, cargs):
@@ -58,7 +65,9 @@ def check_sized_string(result, func, cargs):
     This frees the memory allocated by GEOS at the result pointer.
     """
     if not result:
-        raise GEOSException('Invalid string pointer returned by GEOS C function "%s"' % func.__name__)
+        raise GEOSException(
+            'Invalid string pointer returned by GEOS C function "%s"' % func.__name__
+        )
     # A c_size_t object is passed in by reference for the second
     # argument on these routines, and its needed to determine the
     # correct size.
@@ -75,7 +84,10 @@ def check_string(result, func, cargs):
     This frees the memory allocated by GEOS at the result pointer.
     """
     if not result:
-        raise GEOSException('Error encountered checking string return value in GEOS C function "%s".' % func.__name__)
+        raise GEOSException(
+            'Error encountered checking string return value in GEOS C function "%s".'
+            % func.__name__
+        )
     # Getting the string value at the pointer address.
     s = string_at(result)
     # Freeing the memory allocated within GEOS
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/geom.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/geom.py
index bddf7b55b2..a456acd0c1 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/geom.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/geom.py
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ from ctypes import POINTER, c_char_p, c_int, c_ubyte, c_uint
 
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.libgeos import CS_PTR, GEOM_PTR, GEOSFuncFactory
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.prototypes.errcheck import (
-    check_geom, check_minus_one, check_string,
+    check_geom,
+    check_minus_one,
+    check_string,
 )
 
 # This is the return type used by binary output (WKB, HEX) routines.
@@ -44,44 +46,46 @@ class StringFromGeom(GEOSFuncFactory):
 # ### ctypes prototypes ###
 
 # The GEOS geometry type, typeid, num_coordinates and number of geometries
-geos_makevalid = GeomOutput('GEOSMakeValid', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR])
-geos_normalize = IntFromGeom('GEOSNormalize')
-geos_type = StringFromGeom('GEOSGeomType')
-geos_typeid = IntFromGeom('GEOSGeomTypeId')
-get_dims = GEOSFuncFactory('GEOSGeom_getDimensions', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR], restype=c_int)
-get_num_coords = IntFromGeom('GEOSGetNumCoordinates')
-get_num_geoms = IntFromGeom('GEOSGetNumGeometries')
+geos_makevalid = GeomOutput("GEOSMakeValid", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR])
+geos_normalize = IntFromGeom("GEOSNormalize")
+geos_type = StringFromGeom("GEOSGeomType")
+geos_typeid = IntFromGeom("GEOSGeomTypeId")
+get_dims = GEOSFuncFactory("GEOSGeom_getDimensions", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR], restype=c_int)
+get_num_coords = IntFromGeom("GEOSGetNumCoordinates")
+get_num_geoms = IntFromGeom("GEOSGetNumGeometries")
 
 # Geometry creation factories
-create_point = GeomOutput('GEOSGeom_createPoint', argtypes=[CS_PTR])
-create_linestring = GeomOutput('GEOSGeom_createLineString', argtypes=[CS_PTR])
-create_linearring = GeomOutput('GEOSGeom_createLinearRing', argtypes=[CS_PTR])
+create_point = GeomOutput("GEOSGeom_createPoint", argtypes=[CS_PTR])
+create_linestring = GeomOutput("GEOSGeom_createLineString", argtypes=[CS_PTR])
+create_linearring = GeomOutput("GEOSGeom_createLinearRing", argtypes=[CS_PTR])
 
 # Polygon and collection creation routines need argument types defined
 # for compatibility with some platforms, e.g. macOS ARM64. With argtypes
 # defined, arrays are automatically cast and byref() calls are not needed.
 create_polygon = GeomOutput(
-    'GEOSGeom_createPolygon', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, POINTER(GEOM_PTR), c_uint],
+    "GEOSGeom_createPolygon",
+    argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, POINTER(GEOM_PTR), c_uint],
 )
-create_empty_polygon = GeomOutput('GEOSGeom_createEmptyPolygon', argtypes=[])
+create_empty_polygon = GeomOutput("GEOSGeom_createEmptyPolygon", argtypes=[])
 create_collection = GeomOutput(
-    'GEOSGeom_createCollection', argtypes=[c_int, POINTER(GEOM_PTR), c_uint],
+    "GEOSGeom_createCollection",
+    argtypes=[c_int, POINTER(GEOM_PTR), c_uint],
 )
 
 # Ring routines
-get_extring = GeomOutput('GEOSGetExteriorRing', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR])
-get_intring = GeomOutput('GEOSGetInteriorRingN', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, c_int])
-get_nrings = IntFromGeom('GEOSGetNumInteriorRings')
+get_extring = GeomOutput("GEOSGetExteriorRing", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR])
+get_intring = GeomOutput("GEOSGetInteriorRingN", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, c_int])
+get_nrings = IntFromGeom("GEOSGetNumInteriorRings")
 
 # Collection Routines
-get_geomn = GeomOutput('GEOSGetGeometryN', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, c_int])
+get_geomn = GeomOutput("GEOSGetGeometryN", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, c_int])
 
 # Cloning
-geom_clone = GEOSFuncFactory('GEOSGeom_clone', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR], restype=GEOM_PTR)
+geom_clone = GEOSFuncFactory("GEOSGeom_clone", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR], restype=GEOM_PTR)
 
 # Destruction routine.
-destroy_geom = GEOSFuncFactory('GEOSGeom_destroy', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR])
+destroy_geom = GEOSFuncFactory("GEOSGeom_destroy", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR])
 
 # SRID routines
-geos_get_srid = GEOSFuncFactory('GEOSGetSRID', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR], restype=c_int)
-geos_set_srid = GEOSFuncFactory('GEOSSetSRID', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, c_int])
+geos_get_srid = GEOSFuncFactory("GEOSGetSRID", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR], restype=c_int)
+geos_set_srid = GEOSFuncFactory("GEOSSetSRID", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, c_int])
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/io.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/io.py
index 4a1180ad7a..555d0e3a25 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/io.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/io.py
@@ -3,10 +3,14 @@ from ctypes import POINTER, Structure, byref, c_byte, c_char_p, c_int, c_size_t
 
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.base import GEOSBase
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.libgeos import (
-    GEOM_PTR, GEOSFuncFactory, geos_version_tuple,
+    GEOM_PTR,
+    GEOSFuncFactory,
+    geos_version_tuple,
 )
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.prototypes.errcheck import (
-    check_geom, check_sized_string, check_string,
+    check_geom,
+    check_sized_string,
+    check_string,
 )
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.prototypes.geom import c_uchar_p, geos_char_p
 from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes
@@ -35,33 +39,43 @@ WKB_READ_PTR = POINTER(WKBReader_st)
 WKB_WRITE_PTR = POINTER(WKBReader_st)
 
 # WKTReader routines
-wkt_reader_create = GEOSFuncFactory('GEOSWKTReader_create', restype=WKT_READ_PTR)
-wkt_reader_destroy = GEOSFuncFactory('GEOSWKTReader_destroy', argtypes=[WKT_READ_PTR])
+wkt_reader_create = GEOSFuncFactory("GEOSWKTReader_create", restype=WKT_READ_PTR)
+wkt_reader_destroy = GEOSFuncFactory("GEOSWKTReader_destroy", argtypes=[WKT_READ_PTR])
 
 wkt_reader_read = GEOSFuncFactory(
-    'GEOSWKTReader_read', argtypes=[WKT_READ_PTR, c_char_p], restype=GEOM_PTR, errcheck=check_geom
+    "GEOSWKTReader_read",
+    argtypes=[WKT_READ_PTR, c_char_p],
+    restype=GEOM_PTR,
+    errcheck=check_geom,
 )
 # WKTWriter routines
-wkt_writer_create = GEOSFuncFactory('GEOSWKTWriter_create', restype=WKT_WRITE_PTR)
-wkt_writer_destroy = GEOSFuncFactory('GEOSWKTWriter_destroy', argtypes=[WKT_WRITE_PTR])
+wkt_writer_create = GEOSFuncFactory("GEOSWKTWriter_create", restype=WKT_WRITE_PTR)
+wkt_writer_destroy = GEOSFuncFactory("GEOSWKTWriter_destroy", argtypes=[WKT_WRITE_PTR])
 
 wkt_writer_write = GEOSFuncFactory(
-    'GEOSWKTWriter_write', argtypes=[WKT_WRITE_PTR, GEOM_PTR], restype=geos_char_p, errcheck=check_string
+    "GEOSWKTWriter_write",
+    argtypes=[WKT_WRITE_PTR, GEOM_PTR],
+    restype=geos_char_p,
+    errcheck=check_string,
 )
 
 wkt_writer_get_outdim = GEOSFuncFactory(
-    'GEOSWKTWriter_getOutputDimension', argtypes=[WKT_WRITE_PTR], restype=c_int
+    "GEOSWKTWriter_getOutputDimension", argtypes=[WKT_WRITE_PTR], restype=c_int
 )
 wkt_writer_set_outdim = GEOSFuncFactory(
-    'GEOSWKTWriter_setOutputDimension', argtypes=[WKT_WRITE_PTR, c_int]
+    "GEOSWKTWriter_setOutputDimension", argtypes=[WKT_WRITE_PTR, c_int]
 )
 
-wkt_writer_set_trim = GEOSFuncFactory('GEOSWKTWriter_setTrim', argtypes=[WKT_WRITE_PTR, c_byte])
-wkt_writer_set_precision = GEOSFuncFactory('GEOSWKTWriter_setRoundingPrecision', argtypes=[WKT_WRITE_PTR, c_int])
+wkt_writer_set_trim = GEOSFuncFactory(
+    "GEOSWKTWriter_setTrim", argtypes=[WKT_WRITE_PTR, c_byte]
+)
+wkt_writer_set_precision = GEOSFuncFactory(
+    "GEOSWKTWriter_setRoundingPrecision", argtypes=[WKT_WRITE_PTR, c_int]
+)
 
 # WKBReader routines
-wkb_reader_create = GEOSFuncFactory('GEOSWKBReader_create', restype=WKB_READ_PTR)
-wkb_reader_destroy = GEOSFuncFactory('GEOSWKBReader_destroy', argtypes=[WKB_READ_PTR])
+wkb_reader_create = GEOSFuncFactory("GEOSWKBReader_create", restype=WKB_READ_PTR)
+wkb_reader_destroy = GEOSFuncFactory("GEOSWKBReader_destroy", argtypes=[WKB_READ_PTR])
 
 
 class WKBReadFunc(GEOSFuncFactory):
@@ -75,12 +89,12 @@ class WKBReadFunc(GEOSFuncFactory):
     errcheck = staticmethod(check_geom)
 
 
-wkb_reader_read = WKBReadFunc('GEOSWKBReader_read')
-wkb_reader_read_hex = WKBReadFunc('GEOSWKBReader_readHEX')
+wkb_reader_read = WKBReadFunc("GEOSWKBReader_read")
+wkb_reader_read_hex = WKBReadFunc("GEOSWKBReader_readHEX")
 
 # WKBWriter routines
-wkb_writer_create = GEOSFuncFactory('GEOSWKBWriter_create', restype=WKB_WRITE_PTR)
-wkb_writer_destroy = GEOSFuncFactory('GEOSWKBWriter_destroy', argtypes=[WKB_WRITE_PTR])
+wkb_writer_create = GEOSFuncFactory("GEOSWKBWriter_create", restype=WKB_WRITE_PTR)
+wkb_writer_destroy = GEOSFuncFactory("GEOSWKBWriter_destroy", argtypes=[WKB_WRITE_PTR])
 
 
 # WKB Writing prototypes.
@@ -90,8 +104,8 @@ class WKBWriteFunc(GEOSFuncFactory):
     errcheck = staticmethod(check_sized_string)
 
 
-wkb_writer_write = WKBWriteFunc('GEOSWKBWriter_write')
-wkb_writer_write_hex = WKBWriteFunc('GEOSWKBWriter_writeHEX')
+wkb_writer_write = WKBWriteFunc("GEOSWKBWriter_write")
+wkb_writer_write_hex = WKBWriteFunc("GEOSWKBWriter_writeHEX")
 
 
 # WKBWriter property getter/setter prototypes.
@@ -104,17 +118,22 @@ class WKBWriterSet(GEOSFuncFactory):
     argtypes = [WKB_WRITE_PTR, c_int]
 
 
-wkb_writer_get_byteorder = WKBWriterGet('GEOSWKBWriter_getByteOrder')
-wkb_writer_set_byteorder = WKBWriterSet('GEOSWKBWriter_setByteOrder')
-wkb_writer_get_outdim = WKBWriterGet('GEOSWKBWriter_getOutputDimension')
-wkb_writer_set_outdim = WKBWriterSet('GEOSWKBWriter_setOutputDimension')
-wkb_writer_get_include_srid = WKBWriterGet('GEOSWKBWriter_getIncludeSRID', restype=c_byte)
-wkb_writer_set_include_srid = WKBWriterSet('GEOSWKBWriter_setIncludeSRID', argtypes=[WKB_WRITE_PTR, c_byte])
+wkb_writer_get_byteorder = WKBWriterGet("GEOSWKBWriter_getByteOrder")
+wkb_writer_set_byteorder = WKBWriterSet("GEOSWKBWriter_setByteOrder")
+wkb_writer_get_outdim = WKBWriterGet("GEOSWKBWriter_getOutputDimension")
+wkb_writer_set_outdim = WKBWriterSet("GEOSWKBWriter_setOutputDimension")
+wkb_writer_get_include_srid = WKBWriterGet(
+    "GEOSWKBWriter_getIncludeSRID", restype=c_byte
+)
+wkb_writer_set_include_srid = WKBWriterSet(
+    "GEOSWKBWriter_setIncludeSRID", argtypes=[WKB_WRITE_PTR, c_byte]
+)
 
 
 # ### Base I/O Class ###
 class IOBase(GEOSBase):
     "Base class for GEOS I/O objects."
+
     def __init__(self):
         # Getting the pointer with the constructor.
         self.ptr = self._constructor()
@@ -122,6 +141,7 @@ class IOBase(GEOSBase):
         # __del__ is too late (import error).
         self.destructor.func
 
+
 # ### Base WKB/WKT Reading and Writing objects ###
 
 
@@ -183,7 +203,7 @@ class WKTWriter(IOBase):
     @outdim.setter
     def outdim(self, new_dim):
         if new_dim not in (2, 3):
-            raise ValueError('WKT output dimension must be 2 or 3')
+            raise ValueError("WKT output dimension must be 2 or 3")
         wkt_writer_set_outdim(self.ptr, new_dim)
 
     @property
@@ -203,7 +223,9 @@ class WKTWriter(IOBase):
     @precision.setter
     def precision(self, precision):
         if (not isinstance(precision, int) or precision < 0) and precision is not None:
-            raise AttributeError('WKT output rounding precision must be non-negative integer or None.')
+            raise AttributeError(
+                "WKT output rounding precision must be non-negative integer or None."
+            )
         if precision != self._precision:
             self._precision = precision
             wkt_writer_set_precision(self.ptr, -1 if precision is None else precision)
@@ -221,34 +243,37 @@ class WKBWriter(IOBase):
 
     def _handle_empty_point(self, geom):
         from django.contrib.gis.geos import Point
+
         if isinstance(geom, Point) and geom.empty:
             if self.srid:
                 # PostGIS uses POINT(NaN NaN) for WKB representation of empty
                 # points. Use it for EWKB as it's a PostGIS specific format.
                 # https://trac.osgeo.org/postgis/ticket/3181
-                geom = Point(float('NaN'), float('NaN'), srid=geom.srid)
+                geom = Point(float("NaN"), float("NaN"), srid=geom.srid)
             else:
-                raise ValueError('Empty point is not representable in WKB.')
+                raise ValueError("Empty point is not representable in WKB.")
         return geom
 
     def write(self, geom):
         "Return the WKB representation of the given geometry."
         from django.contrib.gis.geos import Polygon
+
         geom = self._handle_empty_point(geom)
         wkb = wkb_writer_write(self.ptr, geom.ptr, byref(c_size_t()))
         if self.geos_version < (3, 6, 1) and isinstance(geom, Polygon) and geom.empty:
             # Fix GEOS output for empty polygon.
             # See https://trac.osgeo.org/geos/ticket/680.
-            wkb = wkb[:-8] + b'\0' * 4
+            wkb = wkb[:-8] + b"\0" * 4
         return memoryview(wkb)
 
     def write_hex(self, geom):
         "Return the HEXEWKB representation of the given geometry."
         from django.contrib.gis.geos.polygon import Polygon
+
         geom = self._handle_empty_point(geom)
         wkb = wkb_writer_write_hex(self.ptr, geom.ptr, byref(c_size_t()))
         if self.geos_version < (3, 6, 1) and isinstance(geom, Polygon) and geom.empty:
-            wkb = wkb[:-16] + b'0' * 8
+            wkb = wkb[:-16] + b"0" * 8
         return wkb
 
     # ### WKBWriter Properties ###
@@ -259,7 +284,9 @@ class WKBWriter(IOBase):
 
     def _set_byteorder(self, order):
         if order not in (0, 1):
-            raise ValueError('Byte order parameter must be 0 (Big Endian) or 1 (Little Endian).')
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Byte order parameter must be 0 (Big Endian) or 1 (Little Endian)."
+            )
         wkb_writer_set_byteorder(self.ptr, order)
 
     byteorder = property(_get_byteorder, _set_byteorder)
@@ -272,7 +299,7 @@ class WKBWriter(IOBase):
     @outdim.setter
     def outdim(self, new_dim):
         if new_dim not in (2, 3):
-            raise ValueError('WKB output dimension must be 2 or 3')
+            raise ValueError("WKB output dimension must be 2 or 3")
         wkb_writer_set_outdim(self.ptr, new_dim)
 
     # Property for getting/setting the include srid flag.
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/misc.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/misc.py
index 016c8328cb..fccd0ecc9e 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/misc.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/misc.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from django.contrib.gis.geos.libgeos import GEOM_PTR, GEOSFuncFactory
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.prototypes.errcheck import check_dbl, check_string
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.prototypes.geom import geos_char_p
 
-__all__ = ['geos_area', 'geos_distance', 'geos_length', 'geos_isvalidreason']
+__all__ = ["geos_area", "geos_distance", "geos_length", "geos_isvalidreason"]
 
 
 class DblFromGeom(GEOSFuncFactory):
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ class DblFromGeom(GEOSFuncFactory):
     Argument is a Geometry, return type is double that is passed
     in by reference as the last argument.
     """
+
     restype = c_int  # Status code returned
     errcheck = staticmethod(check_dbl)
 
@@ -23,9 +24,11 @@ class DblFromGeom(GEOSFuncFactory):
 # ### ctypes prototypes ###
 
 # Area, distance, and length prototypes.
-geos_area = DblFromGeom('GEOSArea', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, POINTER(c_double)])
-geos_distance = DblFromGeom('GEOSDistance', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, GEOM_PTR, POINTER(c_double)])
-geos_length = DblFromGeom('GEOSLength', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, POINTER(c_double)])
-geos_isvalidreason = GEOSFuncFactory(
-    'GEOSisValidReason', restype=geos_char_p, errcheck=check_string, argtypes=[GEOM_PTR]
+geos_area = DblFromGeom("GEOSArea", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, POINTER(c_double)])
+geos_distance = DblFromGeom(
+    "GEOSDistance", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, GEOM_PTR, POINTER(c_double)]
+)
+geos_length = DblFromGeom("GEOSLength", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, POINTER(c_double)])
+geos_isvalidreason = GEOSFuncFactory(
+    "GEOSisValidReason", restype=geos_char_p, errcheck=check_string, argtypes=[GEOM_PTR]
 )
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/predicates.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/predicates.py
index d4681c1689..d2e113a734 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/predicates.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/predicates.py
@@ -22,22 +22,26 @@ class BinaryPredicate(UnaryPredicate):
 
 
 # ## Unary Predicates ##
-geos_hasz = UnaryPredicate('GEOSHasZ')
-geos_isclosed = UnaryPredicate('GEOSisClosed')
-geos_isempty = UnaryPredicate('GEOSisEmpty')
-geos_isring = UnaryPredicate('GEOSisRing')
-geos_issimple = UnaryPredicate('GEOSisSimple')
-geos_isvalid = UnaryPredicate('GEOSisValid')
+geos_hasz = UnaryPredicate("GEOSHasZ")
+geos_isclosed = UnaryPredicate("GEOSisClosed")
+geos_isempty = UnaryPredicate("GEOSisEmpty")
+geos_isring = UnaryPredicate("GEOSisRing")
+geos_issimple = UnaryPredicate("GEOSisSimple")
+geos_isvalid = UnaryPredicate("GEOSisValid")
 
 # ## Binary Predicates ##
-geos_contains = BinaryPredicate('GEOSContains')
-geos_covers = BinaryPredicate('GEOSCovers')
-geos_crosses = BinaryPredicate('GEOSCrosses')
-geos_disjoint = BinaryPredicate('GEOSDisjoint')
-geos_equals = BinaryPredicate('GEOSEquals')
-geos_equalsexact = BinaryPredicate('GEOSEqualsExact', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, GEOM_PTR, c_double])
-geos_intersects = BinaryPredicate('GEOSIntersects')
-geos_overlaps = BinaryPredicate('GEOSOverlaps')
-geos_relatepattern = BinaryPredicate('GEOSRelatePattern', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, GEOM_PTR, c_char_p])
-geos_touches = BinaryPredicate('GEOSTouches')
-geos_within = BinaryPredicate('GEOSWithin')
+geos_contains = BinaryPredicate("GEOSContains")
+geos_covers = BinaryPredicate("GEOSCovers")
+geos_crosses = BinaryPredicate("GEOSCrosses")
+geos_disjoint = BinaryPredicate("GEOSDisjoint")
+geos_equals = BinaryPredicate("GEOSEquals")
+geos_equalsexact = BinaryPredicate(
+    "GEOSEqualsExact", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, GEOM_PTR, c_double]
+)
+geos_intersects = BinaryPredicate("GEOSIntersects")
+geos_overlaps = BinaryPredicate("GEOSOverlaps")
+geos_relatepattern = BinaryPredicate(
+    "GEOSRelatePattern", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, GEOM_PTR, c_char_p]
+)
+geos_touches = BinaryPredicate("GEOSTouches")
+geos_within = BinaryPredicate("GEOSWithin")
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/prepared.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/prepared.py
index 52c31563d8..4fdfab30ed 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/prepared.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/prepared.py
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 from ctypes import c_byte
 
-from django.contrib.gis.geos.libgeos import (
-    GEOM_PTR, PREPGEOM_PTR, GEOSFuncFactory,
-)
+from django.contrib.gis.geos.libgeos import GEOM_PTR, PREPGEOM_PTR, GEOSFuncFactory
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.prototypes.errcheck import check_predicate
 
 # Prepared geometry constructor and destructors.
-geos_prepare = GEOSFuncFactory('GEOSPrepare', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR], restype=PREPGEOM_PTR)
-prepared_destroy = GEOSFuncFactory('GEOSPreparedGeom_destroy', argtypes=[PREPGEOM_PTR])
+geos_prepare = GEOSFuncFactory("GEOSPrepare", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR], restype=PREPGEOM_PTR)
+prepared_destroy = GEOSFuncFactory("GEOSPreparedGeom_destroy", argtypes=[PREPGEOM_PTR])
 
 
 # Prepared geometry binary predicate support.
@@ -17,12 +15,12 @@ class PreparedPredicate(GEOSFuncFactory):
     errcheck = staticmethod(check_predicate)
 
 
-prepared_contains = PreparedPredicate('GEOSPreparedContains')
-prepared_contains_properly = PreparedPredicate('GEOSPreparedContainsProperly')
-prepared_covers = PreparedPredicate('GEOSPreparedCovers')
-prepared_crosses = PreparedPredicate('GEOSPreparedCrosses')
-prepared_disjoint = PreparedPredicate('GEOSPreparedDisjoint')
-prepared_intersects = PreparedPredicate('GEOSPreparedIntersects')
-prepared_overlaps = PreparedPredicate('GEOSPreparedOverlaps')
-prepared_touches = PreparedPredicate('GEOSPreparedTouches')
-prepared_within = PreparedPredicate('GEOSPreparedWithin')
+prepared_contains = PreparedPredicate("GEOSPreparedContains")
+prepared_contains_properly = PreparedPredicate("GEOSPreparedContainsProperly")
+prepared_covers = PreparedPredicate("GEOSPreparedCovers")
+prepared_crosses = PreparedPredicate("GEOSPreparedCrosses")
+prepared_disjoint = PreparedPredicate("GEOSPreparedDisjoint")
+prepared_intersects = PreparedPredicate("GEOSPreparedIntersects")
+prepared_overlaps = PreparedPredicate("GEOSPreparedOverlaps")
+prepared_touches = PreparedPredicate("GEOSPreparedTouches")
+prepared_within = PreparedPredicate("GEOSPreparedWithin")
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/threadsafe.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/threadsafe.py
index 500f6a6019..d4f7ffb8ac 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/threadsafe.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/threadsafe.py
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 import threading
 
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.base import GEOSBase
-from django.contrib.gis.geos.libgeos import (
-    CONTEXT_PTR, error_h, lgeos, notice_h,
-)
+from django.contrib.gis.geos.libgeos import CONTEXT_PTR, error_h, lgeos, notice_h
 
 
 class GEOSContextHandle(GEOSBase):
     """Represent a GEOS context handle."""
+
     ptr_type = CONTEXT_PTR
     destructor = lgeos.finishGEOS_r
 
@@ -31,10 +30,11 @@ class GEOSFunc:
     Serve as a wrapper for GEOS C Functions. Use thread-safe function
     variants when available.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, func_name):
         # GEOS thread-safe function signatures end with '_r' and take an
         # additional context handle parameter.
-        self.cfunc = getattr(lgeos, func_name + '_r')
+        self.cfunc = getattr(lgeos, func_name + "_r")
         # Create a reference to thread_context so it's not garbage-collected
         # before an attempt to call this object.
         self.thread_context = thread_context
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/topology.py b/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/topology.py
index 9ca0dce695..e61eae964a 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/topology.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/geos/prototypes/topology.py
@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ from ctypes import c_double, c_int
 
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.libgeos import GEOM_PTR, GEOSFuncFactory
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.prototypes.errcheck import (
-    check_geom, check_minus_one, check_string,
+    check_geom,
+    check_minus_one,
+    check_string,
 )
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.prototypes.geom import geos_char_p
 
@@ -19,35 +21,52 @@ class Topology(GEOSFuncFactory):
 
 
 # Topology Routines
-geos_boundary = Topology('GEOSBoundary')
-geos_buffer = Topology('GEOSBuffer', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, c_double, c_int])
-geos_bufferwithstyle = Topology('GEOSBufferWithStyle', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, c_double, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_double])
-geos_centroid = Topology('GEOSGetCentroid')
-geos_convexhull = Topology('GEOSConvexHull')
-geos_difference = Topology('GEOSDifference', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, GEOM_PTR])
-geos_envelope = Topology('GEOSEnvelope')
-geos_intersection = Topology('GEOSIntersection', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, GEOM_PTR])
-geos_linemerge = Topology('GEOSLineMerge')
-geos_pointonsurface = Topology('GEOSPointOnSurface')
-geos_preservesimplify = Topology('GEOSTopologyPreserveSimplify', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, c_double])
-geos_simplify = Topology('GEOSSimplify', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, c_double])
-geos_symdifference = Topology('GEOSSymDifference', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, GEOM_PTR])
-geos_union = Topology('GEOSUnion', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, GEOM_PTR])
+geos_boundary = Topology("GEOSBoundary")
+geos_buffer = Topology("GEOSBuffer", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, c_double, c_int])
+geos_bufferwithstyle = Topology(
+    "GEOSBufferWithStyle", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, c_double, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_double]
+)
+geos_centroid = Topology("GEOSGetCentroid")
+geos_convexhull = Topology("GEOSConvexHull")
+geos_difference = Topology("GEOSDifference", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, GEOM_PTR])
+geos_envelope = Topology("GEOSEnvelope")
+geos_intersection = Topology("GEOSIntersection", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, GEOM_PTR])
+geos_linemerge = Topology("GEOSLineMerge")
+geos_pointonsurface = Topology("GEOSPointOnSurface")
+geos_preservesimplify = Topology(
+    "GEOSTopologyPreserveSimplify", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, c_double]
+)
+geos_simplify = Topology("GEOSSimplify", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, c_double])
+geos_symdifference = Topology("GEOSSymDifference", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, GEOM_PTR])
+geos_union = Topology("GEOSUnion", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, GEOM_PTR])
 
-geos_unary_union = GEOSFuncFactory('GEOSUnaryUnion', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR], restype=GEOM_PTR)
+geos_unary_union = GEOSFuncFactory(
+    "GEOSUnaryUnion", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR], restype=GEOM_PTR
+)
 
 # GEOSRelate returns a string, not a geometry.
 geos_relate = GEOSFuncFactory(
-    'GEOSRelate', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, GEOM_PTR], restype=geos_char_p, errcheck=check_string
+    "GEOSRelate",
+    argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, GEOM_PTR],
+    restype=geos_char_p,
+    errcheck=check_string,
 )
 
 # Linear referencing routines
 geos_project = GEOSFuncFactory(
-    'GEOSProject', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, GEOM_PTR], restype=c_double, errcheck=check_minus_one
+    "GEOSProject",
+    argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, GEOM_PTR],
+    restype=c_double,
+    errcheck=check_minus_one,
 )
-geos_interpolate = Topology('GEOSInterpolate', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, c_double])
+geos_interpolate = Topology("GEOSInterpolate", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, c_double])
 
 geos_project_normalized = GEOSFuncFactory(
-    'GEOSProjectNormalized', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, GEOM_PTR], restype=c_double, errcheck=check_minus_one
+    "GEOSProjectNormalized",
+    argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, GEOM_PTR],
+    restype=c_double,
+    errcheck=check_minus_one,
+)
+geos_interpolate_normalized = Topology(
+    "GEOSInterpolateNormalized", argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, c_double]
 )
-geos_interpolate_normalized = Topology('GEOSInterpolateNormalized', argtypes=[GEOM_PTR, c_double])
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/management/commands/inspectdb.py b/django/contrib/gis/management/commands/inspectdb.py
index 8c6f62932a..1bcc1a0793 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/management/commands/inspectdb.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/management/commands/inspectdb.py
@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
-from django.core.management.commands.inspectdb import (
-    Command as InspectDBCommand,
-)
+from django.core.management.commands.inspectdb import Command as InspectDBCommand
 
 
 class Command(InspectDBCommand):
-    db_module = 'django.contrib.gis.db'
+    db_module = "django.contrib.gis.db"
 
     def get_field_type(self, connection, table_name, row):
-        field_type, field_params, field_notes = super().get_field_type(connection, table_name, row)
-        if field_type == 'GeometryField':
+        field_type, field_params, field_notes = super().get_field_type(
+            connection, table_name, row
+        )
+        if field_type == "GeometryField":
             # Getting a more specific field type and any additional parameters
             # from the `get_geometry_type` routine for the spatial backend.
-            field_type, geo_params = connection.introspection.get_geometry_type(table_name, row)
+            field_type, geo_params = connection.introspection.get_geometry_type(
+                table_name, row
+            )
             field_params.update(geo_params)
         return field_type, field_params, field_notes
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/management/commands/ogrinspect.py b/django/contrib/gis/management/commands/ogrinspect.py
index 12c1db392f..133cec3e60 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/management/commands/ogrinspect.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/management/commands/ogrinspect.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ class LayerOptionAction(argparse.Action):
     Custom argparse action for the `ogrinspect` `layer_key` keyword option
     which may be an integer or a string.
     """
+
     def __call__(self, parser, namespace, value, option_string=None):
         try:
             setattr(namespace, self.dest, int(value))
@@ -23,80 +24,92 @@ class ListOptionAction(argparse.Action):
     a string list. If the string is 'True'/'true' then the option
     value will be a boolean instead.
     """
+
     def __call__(self, parser, namespace, value, option_string=None):
-        if value.lower() == 'true':
+        if value.lower() == "true":
             setattr(namespace, self.dest, True)
         else:
-            setattr(namespace, self.dest, value.split(','))
+            setattr(namespace, self.dest, value.split(","))
 
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
     help = (
-        'Inspects the given OGR-compatible data source (e.g., a shapefile) and outputs\n'
-        'a GeoDjango model with the given model name. For example:\n'
-        ' ./manage.py ogrinspect zipcode.shp Zipcode'
+        "Inspects the given OGR-compatible data source (e.g., a shapefile) and outputs\n"
+        "a GeoDjango model with the given model name. For example:\n"
+        " ./manage.py ogrinspect zipcode.shp Zipcode"
     )
 
     requires_system_checks = []
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('data_source', help='Path to the data source.')
-        parser.add_argument('model_name', help='Name of the model to create.')
+        parser.add_argument("data_source", help="Path to the data source.")
+        parser.add_argument("model_name", help="Name of the model to create.")
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--blank',
-            action=ListOptionAction, default=False,
-            help='Use a comma separated list of OGR field names to add '
-                 'the `blank=True` option to the field definition. Set to `true` '
-                 'to apply to all applicable fields.',
+            "--blank",
+            action=ListOptionAction,
+            default=False,
+            help="Use a comma separated list of OGR field names to add "
+            "the `blank=True` option to the field definition. Set to `true` "
+            "to apply to all applicable fields.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--decimal',
-            action=ListOptionAction, default=False,
-            help='Use a comma separated list of OGR float fields to '
-                 'generate `DecimalField` instead of the default '
-                 '`FloatField`. Set to `true` to apply to all OGR float fields.',
+            "--decimal",
+            action=ListOptionAction,
+            default=False,
+            help="Use a comma separated list of OGR float fields to "
+            "generate `DecimalField` instead of the default "
+            "`FloatField`. Set to `true` to apply to all OGR float fields.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--geom-name', default='geom',
-            help='Specifies the model name for the Geometry Field (defaults to `geom`)'
+            "--geom-name",
+            default="geom",
+            help="Specifies the model name for the Geometry Field (defaults to `geom`)",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--layer', dest='layer_key',
-            action=LayerOptionAction, default=0,
-            help='The key for specifying which layer in the OGR data '
-                 'source to use. Defaults to 0 (the first layer). May be '
-                 'an integer or a string identifier for the layer.',
+            "--layer",
+            dest="layer_key",
+            action=LayerOptionAction,
+            default=0,
+            help="The key for specifying which layer in the OGR data "
+            "source to use. Defaults to 0 (the first layer). May be "
+            "an integer or a string identifier for the layer.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--multi-geom', action='store_true',
-            help='Treat the geometry in the data source as a geometry collection.',
+            "--multi-geom",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Treat the geometry in the data source as a geometry collection.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--name-field',
-            help='Specifies a field name to return for the __str__() method.',
+            "--name-field",
+            help="Specifies a field name to return for the __str__() method.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--no-imports', action='store_false', dest='imports',
-            help='Do not include `from django.contrib.gis.db import models` statement.',
+            "--no-imports",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="imports",
+            help="Do not include `from django.contrib.gis.db import models` statement.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--null', action=ListOptionAction, default=False,
-            help='Use a comma separated list of OGR field names to add '
-                 'the `null=True` option to the field definition. Set to `true` '
-                 'to apply to all applicable fields.',
+            "--null",
+            action=ListOptionAction,
+            default=False,
+            help="Use a comma separated list of OGR field names to add "
+            "the `null=True` option to the field definition. Set to `true` "
+            "to apply to all applicable fields.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--srid',
-            help='The SRID to use for the Geometry Field. If it can be '
-                 'determined, the SRID of the data source is used.',
+            "--srid",
+            help="The SRID to use for the Geometry Field. If it can be "
+            "determined, the SRID of the data source is used.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--mapping', action='store_true',
-            help='Generate mapping dictionary for use with `LayerMapping`.',
+            "--mapping",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Generate mapping dictionary for use with `LayerMapping`.",
         )
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
-        data_source, model_name = options.pop('data_source'), options.pop('model_name')
+        data_source, model_name = options.pop("data_source"), options.pop("model_name")
 
         # Getting the OGR DataSource from the string parameter.
         try:
@@ -109,26 +122,43 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         from django.contrib.gis.utils.ogrinspect import _ogrinspect, mapping
 
         # Filter options to params accepted by `_ogrinspect`
-        ogr_options = {k: v for k, v in options.items()
-                       if k in get_func_args(_ogrinspect) and v is not None}
+        ogr_options = {
+            k: v
+            for k, v in options.items()
+            if k in get_func_args(_ogrinspect) and v is not None
+        }
         output = [s for s in _ogrinspect(ds, model_name, **ogr_options)]
 
-        if options['mapping']:
+        if options["mapping"]:
             # Constructing the keyword arguments for `mapping`, and
             # calling it on the data source.
             kwargs = {
-                'geom_name': options['geom_name'],
-                'layer_key': options['layer_key'],
-                'multi_geom': options['multi_geom'],
+                "geom_name": options["geom_name"],
+                "layer_key": options["layer_key"],
+                "multi_geom": options["multi_geom"],
             }
             mapping_dict = mapping(ds, **kwargs)
             # This extra legwork is so that the dictionary definition comes
             # out in the same order as the fields in the model definition.
             rev_mapping = {v: k for k, v in mapping_dict.items()}
-            output.extend(['', '', '# Auto-generated `LayerMapping` dictionary for %s model' % model_name,
-                           '%s_mapping = {' % model_name.lower()])
-            output.extend("    '%s': '%s'," % (
-                rev_mapping[ogr_fld], ogr_fld) for ogr_fld in ds[options['layer_key']].fields
+            output.extend(
+                [
+                    "",
+                    "",
+                    "# Auto-generated `LayerMapping` dictionary for %s model"
+                    % model_name,
+                    "%s_mapping = {" % model_name.lower(),
+                ]
             )
-            output.extend(["    '%s': '%s'," % (options['geom_name'], mapping_dict[options['geom_name']]), '}'])
-        return '\n'.join(output)
+            output.extend(
+                "    '%s': '%s'," % (rev_mapping[ogr_fld], ogr_fld)
+                for ogr_fld in ds[options["layer_key"]].fields
+            )
+            output.extend(
+                [
+                    "    '%s': '%s',"
+                    % (options["geom_name"], mapping_dict[options["geom_name"]]),
+                    "}",
+                ]
+            )
+        return "\n".join(output)
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/measure.py b/django/contrib/gis/measure.py
index 7e571f14dd..640f0e0068 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/measure.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/measure.py
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ and Geoff Biggs' PhD work on dimensioned units for robotics.
 from decimal import Decimal
 from functools import total_ordering
 
-__all__ = ['A', 'Area', 'D', 'Distance']
+__all__ = ["A", "Area", "D", "Distance"]
 
 NUMERIC_TYPES = (int, float, Decimal)
 AREA_PREFIX = "sq_"
@@ -73,13 +73,17 @@ class MeasureBase:
         if name in self.UNITS:
             return self.standard / self.UNITS[name]
         else:
-            raise AttributeError('Unknown unit type: %s' % name)
+            raise AttributeError("Unknown unit type: %s" % name)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '%s(%s=%s)' % (pretty_name(self), self._default_unit, getattr(self, self._default_unit))
+        return "%s(%s=%s)" % (
+            pretty_name(self),
+            self._default_unit,
+            getattr(self, self._default_unit),
+        )
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s %s' % (getattr(self, self._default_unit), self._default_unit)
+        return "%s %s" % (getattr(self, self._default_unit), self._default_unit)
 
     # **** Comparison methods ****
 
@@ -104,49 +108,65 @@ class MeasureBase:
         if isinstance(other, self.__class__):
             return self.__class__(
                 default_unit=self._default_unit,
-                **{self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard + other.standard)}
+                **{self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard + other.standard)},
             )
         else:
-            raise TypeError('%(class)s must be added with %(class)s' % {"class": pretty_name(self)})
+            raise TypeError(
+                "%(class)s must be added with %(class)s" % {"class": pretty_name(self)}
+            )
 
     def __iadd__(self, other):
         if isinstance(other, self.__class__):
             self.standard += other.standard
             return self
         else:
-            raise TypeError('%(class)s must be added with %(class)s' % {"class": pretty_name(self)})
+            raise TypeError(
+                "%(class)s must be added with %(class)s" % {"class": pretty_name(self)}
+            )
 
     def __sub__(self, other):
         if isinstance(other, self.__class__):
             return self.__class__(
                 default_unit=self._default_unit,
-                **{self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard - other.standard)}
+                **{self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard - other.standard)},
             )
         else:
-            raise TypeError('%(class)s must be subtracted from %(class)s' % {"class": pretty_name(self)})
+            raise TypeError(
+                "%(class)s must be subtracted from %(class)s"
+                % {"class": pretty_name(self)}
+            )
 
     def __isub__(self, other):
         if isinstance(other, self.__class__):
             self.standard -= other.standard
             return self
         else:
-            raise TypeError('%(class)s must be subtracted from %(class)s' % {"class": pretty_name(self)})
+            raise TypeError(
+                "%(class)s must be subtracted from %(class)s"
+                % {"class": pretty_name(self)}
+            )
 
     def __mul__(self, other):
         if isinstance(other, NUMERIC_TYPES):
             return self.__class__(
                 default_unit=self._default_unit,
-                **{self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard * other)}
+                **{self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard * other)},
             )
         else:
-            raise TypeError('%(class)s must be multiplied with number' % {"class": pretty_name(self)})
+            raise TypeError(
+                "%(class)s must be multiplied with number"
+                % {"class": pretty_name(self)}
+            )
 
     def __imul__(self, other):
         if isinstance(other, NUMERIC_TYPES):
             self.standard *= float(other)
             return self
         else:
-            raise TypeError('%(class)s must be multiplied with number' % {"class": pretty_name(self)})
+            raise TypeError(
+                "%(class)s must be multiplied with number"
+                % {"class": pretty_name(self)}
+            )
 
     def __rmul__(self, other):
         return self * other
@@ -157,17 +177,22 @@ class MeasureBase:
         if isinstance(other, NUMERIC_TYPES):
             return self.__class__(
                 default_unit=self._default_unit,
-                **{self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard / other)}
+                **{self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard / other)},
             )
         else:
-            raise TypeError('%(class)s must be divided with number or %(class)s' % {"class": pretty_name(self)})
+            raise TypeError(
+                "%(class)s must be divided with number or %(class)s"
+                % {"class": pretty_name(self)}
+            )
 
     def __itruediv__(self, other):
         if isinstance(other, NUMERIC_TYPES):
             self.standard /= float(other)
             return self
         else:
-            raise TypeError('%(class)s must be divided with number' % {"class": pretty_name(self)})
+            raise TypeError(
+                "%(class)s must be divided with number" % {"class": pretty_name(self)}
+            )
 
     def __bool__(self):
         return bool(self.standard)
@@ -199,7 +224,7 @@ class MeasureBase:
                     val += self.UNITS[u] * value
                     default_unit = u
                 else:
-                    raise AttributeError('Unknown unit type: %s' % unit)
+                    raise AttributeError("Unknown unit type: %s" % unit)
         return val, default_unit
 
     @classmethod
@@ -217,85 +242,87 @@ class MeasureBase:
         elif lower in cls.LALIAS:
             return cls.LALIAS[lower]
         else:
-            raise Exception('Could not find a unit keyword associated with "%s"' % unit_str)
+            raise Exception(
+                'Could not find a unit keyword associated with "%s"' % unit_str
+            )
 
 
 class Distance(MeasureBase):
     STANDARD_UNIT = "m"
     UNITS = {
-        'chain': 20.1168,
-        'chain_benoit': 20.116782,
-        'chain_sears': 20.1167645,
-        'british_chain_benoit': 20.1167824944,
-        'british_chain_sears': 20.1167651216,
-        'british_chain_sears_truncated': 20.116756,
-        'cm': 0.01,
-        'british_ft': 0.304799471539,
-        'british_yd': 0.914398414616,
-        'clarke_ft': 0.3047972654,
-        'clarke_link': 0.201166195164,
-        'fathom': 1.8288,
-        'ft': 0.3048,
-        'furlong': 201.168,
-        'german_m': 1.0000135965,
-        'gold_coast_ft': 0.304799710181508,
-        'indian_yd': 0.914398530744,
-        'inch': 0.0254,
-        'km': 1000.0,
-        'link': 0.201168,
-        'link_benoit': 0.20116782,
-        'link_sears': 0.20116765,
-        'm': 1.0,
-        'mi': 1609.344,
-        'mm': 0.001,
-        'nm': 1852.0,
-        'nm_uk': 1853.184,
-        'rod': 5.0292,
-        'sears_yd': 0.91439841,
-        'survey_ft': 0.304800609601,
-        'um': 0.000001,
-        'yd': 0.9144,
+        "chain": 20.1168,
+        "chain_benoit": 20.116782,
+        "chain_sears": 20.1167645,
+        "british_chain_benoit": 20.1167824944,
+        "british_chain_sears": 20.1167651216,
+        "british_chain_sears_truncated": 20.116756,
+        "cm": 0.01,
+        "british_ft": 0.304799471539,
+        "british_yd": 0.914398414616,
+        "clarke_ft": 0.3047972654,
+        "clarke_link": 0.201166195164,
+        "fathom": 1.8288,
+        "ft": 0.3048,
+        "furlong": 201.168,
+        "german_m": 1.0000135965,
+        "gold_coast_ft": 0.304799710181508,
+        "indian_yd": 0.914398530744,
+        "inch": 0.0254,
+        "km": 1000.0,
+        "link": 0.201168,
+        "link_benoit": 0.20116782,
+        "link_sears": 0.20116765,
+        "m": 1.0,
+        "mi": 1609.344,
+        "mm": 0.001,
+        "nm": 1852.0,
+        "nm_uk": 1853.184,
+        "rod": 5.0292,
+        "sears_yd": 0.91439841,
+        "survey_ft": 0.304800609601,
+        "um": 0.000001,
+        "yd": 0.9144,
     }
 
     # Unit aliases for `UNIT` terms encountered in Spatial Reference WKT.
     ALIAS = {
-        'centimeter': 'cm',
-        'foot': 'ft',
-        'inches': 'inch',
-        'kilometer': 'km',
-        'kilometre': 'km',
-        'meter': 'm',
-        'metre': 'm',
-        'micrometer': 'um',
-        'micrometre': 'um',
-        'millimeter': 'mm',
-        'millimetre': 'mm',
-        'mile': 'mi',
-        'yard': 'yd',
-        'British chain (Benoit 1895 B)': 'british_chain_benoit',
-        'British chain (Sears 1922)': 'british_chain_sears',
-        'British chain (Sears 1922 truncated)': 'british_chain_sears_truncated',
-        'British foot (Sears 1922)': 'british_ft',
-        'British foot': 'british_ft',
-        'British yard (Sears 1922)': 'british_yd',
-        'British yard': 'british_yd',
-        "Clarke's Foot": 'clarke_ft',
-        "Clarke's link": 'clarke_link',
-        'Chain (Benoit)': 'chain_benoit',
-        'Chain (Sears)': 'chain_sears',
-        'Foot (International)': 'ft',
-        'Furrow Long': 'furlong',
-        'German legal metre': 'german_m',
-        'Gold Coast foot': 'gold_coast_ft',
-        'Indian yard': 'indian_yd',
-        'Link (Benoit)': 'link_benoit',
-        'Link (Sears)': 'link_sears',
-        'Nautical Mile': 'nm',
-        'Nautical Mile (UK)': 'nm_uk',
-        'US survey foot': 'survey_ft',
-        'U.S. Foot': 'survey_ft',
-        'Yard (Indian)': 'indian_yd',
-        'Yard (Sears)': 'sears_yd'
+        "centimeter": "cm",
+        "foot": "ft",
+        "inches": "inch",
+        "kilometer": "km",
+        "kilometre": "km",
+        "meter": "m",
+        "metre": "m",
+        "micrometer": "um",
+        "micrometre": "um",
+        "millimeter": "mm",
+        "millimetre": "mm",
+        "mile": "mi",
+        "yard": "yd",
+        "British chain (Benoit 1895 B)": "british_chain_benoit",
+        "British chain (Sears 1922)": "british_chain_sears",
+        "British chain (Sears 1922 truncated)": "british_chain_sears_truncated",
+        "British foot (Sears 1922)": "british_ft",
+        "British foot": "british_ft",
+        "British yard (Sears 1922)": "british_yd",
+        "British yard": "british_yd",
+        "Clarke's Foot": "clarke_ft",
+        "Clarke's link": "clarke_link",
+        "Chain (Benoit)": "chain_benoit",
+        "Chain (Sears)": "chain_sears",
+        "Foot (International)": "ft",
+        "Furrow Long": "furlong",
+        "German legal metre": "german_m",
+        "Gold Coast foot": "gold_coast_ft",
+        "Indian yard": "indian_yd",
+        "Link (Benoit)": "link_benoit",
+        "Link (Sears)": "link_sears",
+        "Nautical Mile": "nm",
+        "Nautical Mile (UK)": "nm_uk",
+        "US survey foot": "survey_ft",
+        "U.S. Foot": "survey_ft",
+        "Yard (Indian)": "indian_yd",
+        "Yard (Sears)": "sears_yd",
     }
     LALIAS = {k.lower(): v for k, v in ALIAS.items()}
 
@@ -303,34 +330,39 @@ class Distance(MeasureBase):
         if isinstance(other, self.__class__):
             return Area(
                 default_unit=AREA_PREFIX + self._default_unit,
-                **{AREA_PREFIX + self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard * other.standard)}
+                **{AREA_PREFIX + self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard * other.standard)},
             )
         elif isinstance(other, NUMERIC_TYPES):
             return self.__class__(
                 default_unit=self._default_unit,
-                **{self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard * other)}
+                **{self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard * other)},
             )
         else:
-            raise TypeError('%(distance)s must be multiplied with number or %(distance)s' % {
-                "distance": pretty_name(self.__class__),
-            })
+            raise TypeError(
+                "%(distance)s must be multiplied with number or %(distance)s"
+                % {
+                    "distance": pretty_name(self.__class__),
+                }
+            )
 
 
 class Area(MeasureBase):
     STANDARD_UNIT = AREA_PREFIX + Distance.STANDARD_UNIT
     # Getting the square units values and the alias dictionary.
-    UNITS = {'%s%s' % (AREA_PREFIX, k): v ** 2 for k, v in Distance.UNITS.items()}
-    ALIAS = {k: '%s%s' % (AREA_PREFIX, v) for k, v in Distance.ALIAS.items()}
+    UNITS = {"%s%s" % (AREA_PREFIX, k): v**2 for k, v in Distance.UNITS.items()}
+    ALIAS = {k: "%s%s" % (AREA_PREFIX, v) for k, v in Distance.ALIAS.items()}
     LALIAS = {k.lower(): v for k, v in ALIAS.items()}
 
     def __truediv__(self, other):
         if isinstance(other, NUMERIC_TYPES):
             return self.__class__(
                 default_unit=self._default_unit,
-                **{self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard / other)}
+                **{self.STANDARD_UNIT: (self.standard / other)},
             )
         else:
-            raise TypeError('%(class)s must be divided by a number' % {"class": pretty_name(self)})
+            raise TypeError(
+                "%(class)s must be divided by a number" % {"class": pretty_name(self)}
+            )
 
 
 # Shortcuts
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/ptr.py b/django/contrib/gis/ptr.py
index a5a117a19a..6754701613 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/ptr.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/ptr.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ class CPointerBase:
     Base class for objects that have a pointer access property
     that controls access to the underlying C pointer.
     """
+
     _ptr = None  # Initially the pointer is NULL.
     ptr_type = c_void_p
     destructor = None
@@ -17,14 +18,16 @@ class CPointerBase:
         # aren't passed to routines -- that's very bad.
         if self._ptr:
             return self._ptr
-        raise self.null_ptr_exception_class('NULL %s pointer encountered.' % self.__class__.__name__)
+        raise self.null_ptr_exception_class(
+            "NULL %s pointer encountered." % self.__class__.__name__
+        )
 
     @ptr.setter
     def ptr(self, ptr):
         # Only allow the pointer to be set with pointers of the compatible
         # type or None (NULL).
         if not (ptr is None or isinstance(ptr, self.ptr_type)):
-            raise TypeError('Incompatible pointer type: %s.' % type(ptr))
+            raise TypeError("Incompatible pointer type: %s." % type(ptr))
         self._ptr = ptr
 
     def __del__(self):
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/serializers/geojson.py b/django/contrib/gis/serializers/geojson.py
index 0e4f744774..f90d3544e7 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/serializers/geojson.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/serializers/geojson.py
@@ -9,12 +9,16 @@ class Serializer(JSONSerializer):
     """
     Convert a queryset to GeoJSON, http://geojson.org/
     """
+
     def _init_options(self):
         super()._init_options()
-        self.geometry_field = self.json_kwargs.pop('geometry_field', None)
-        self.srid = self.json_kwargs.pop('srid', 4326)
-        if (self.selected_fields is not None and self.geometry_field is not None and
-                self.geometry_field not in self.selected_fields):
+        self.geometry_field = self.json_kwargs.pop("geometry_field", None)
+        self.srid = self.json_kwargs.pop("srid", 4326)
+        if (
+            self.selected_fields is not None
+            and self.geometry_field is not None
+            and self.geometry_field not in self.selected_fields
+        ):
             self.selected_fields = [*self.selected_fields, self.geometry_field]
 
     def start_serialization(self):
@@ -22,10 +26,11 @@ class Serializer(JSONSerializer):
         self._cts = {}  # cache of CoordTransform's
         self.stream.write(
             '{"type": "FeatureCollection", "crs": {"type": "name", "properties": {"name": "EPSG:%d"}},'
-            ' "features": [' % self.srid)
+            ' "features": [' % self.srid
+        )
 
     def end_serialization(self):
-        self.stream.write(']}')
+        self.stream.write("]}")
 
     def start_object(self, obj):
         super().start_object(obj)
@@ -33,7 +38,7 @@ class Serializer(JSONSerializer):
         if self.geometry_field is None:
             # Find the first declared geometry field
             for field in obj._meta.fields:
-                if hasattr(field, 'geom_type'):
+                if hasattr(field, "geom_type"):
                     self.geometry_field = field.name
                     break
 
@@ -42,15 +47,18 @@ class Serializer(JSONSerializer):
             "type": "Feature",
             "properties": self._current,
         }
-        if ((self.selected_fields is None or 'pk' in self.selected_fields) and
-                'pk' not in data["properties"]):
+        if (
+            self.selected_fields is None or "pk" in self.selected_fields
+        ) and "pk" not in data["properties"]:
             data["properties"]["pk"] = obj._meta.pk.value_to_string(obj)
         if self._geometry:
             if self._geometry.srid != self.srid:
                 # If needed, transform the geometry in the srid of the global geojson srid
                 if self._geometry.srid not in self._cts:
                     srs = SpatialReference(self.srid)
-                    self._cts[self._geometry.srid] = CoordTransform(self._geometry.srs, srs)
+                    self._cts[self._geometry.srid] = CoordTransform(
+                        self._geometry.srs, srs
+                    )
                 self._geometry.transform(self._cts[self._geometry.srid])
             data["geometry"] = json.loads(self._geometry.geojson)
         else:
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/shortcuts.py b/django/contrib/gis/shortcuts.py
index aa68140b62..33ff2acb06 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/shortcuts.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/shortcuts.py
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ except ImportError:
 def compress_kml(kml):
     "Return compressed KMZ from the given KML string."
     kmz = BytesIO()
-    with zipfile.ZipFile(kmz, 'a', zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) as zf:
-        zf.writestr('doc.kml', kml.encode(settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET))
+    with zipfile.ZipFile(kmz, "a", zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) as zf:
+        zf.writestr("doc.kml", kml.encode(settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET))
     kmz.seek(0)
     return kmz.read()
 
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ def render_to_kml(*args, **kwargs):
     "Render the response as KML (using the correct MIME type)."
     return HttpResponse(
         loader.render_to_string(*args, **kwargs),
-        content_type='application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml',
+        content_type="application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml",
     )
 
 
@@ -36,5 +36,5 @@ def render_to_kmz(*args, **kwargs):
     """
     return HttpResponse(
         compress_kml(loader.render_to_string(*args, **kwargs)),
-        content_type='application/vnd.google-earth.kmz',
+        content_type="application/vnd.google-earth.kmz",
     )
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/sitemaps/__init__.py b/django/contrib/gis/sitemaps/__init__.py
index 7337e65a9c..3654bfc80b 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/sitemaps/__init__.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/sitemaps/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # Geo-enabled Sitemap classes.
 from django.contrib.gis.sitemaps.kml import KMLSitemap, KMZSitemap
 
-__all__ = ['KMLSitemap', 'KMZSitemap']
+__all__ = ["KMLSitemap", "KMZSitemap"]
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/sitemaps/kml.py b/django/contrib/gis/sitemaps/kml.py
index 103dc20408..5ec089d6f5 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/sitemaps/kml.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/sitemaps/kml.py
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ class KMLSitemap(Sitemap):
     """
     A minimal hook to produce KML sitemaps.
     """
-    geo_format = 'kml'
+
+    geo_format = "kml"
 
     def __init__(self, locations=None):
         # If no locations specified, then we try to build for
@@ -31,15 +32,21 @@ class KMLSitemap(Sitemap):
             if isinstance(source, models.base.ModelBase):
                 for field in source._meta.fields:
                     if isinstance(field, GeometryField):
-                        kml_sources.append((source._meta.app_label,
-                                            source._meta.model_name,
-                                            field.name))
+                        kml_sources.append(
+                            (
+                                source._meta.app_label,
+                                source._meta.model_name,
+                                field.name,
+                            )
+                        )
             elif isinstance(source, (list, tuple)):
                 if len(source) != 3:
-                    raise ValueError('Must specify a 3-tuple of (app_label, module_name, field_name).')
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "Must specify a 3-tuple of (app_label, module_name, field_name)."
+                    )
                 kml_sources.append(source)
             else:
-                raise TypeError('KML Sources must be a model or a 3-tuple.')
+                raise TypeError("KML Sources must be a model or a 3-tuple.")
         return kml_sources
 
     def get_urls(self, page=1, site=None, protocol=None):
@@ -49,7 +56,7 @@ class KMLSitemap(Sitemap):
         """
         urls = Sitemap.get_urls(self, page=page, site=site, protocol=protocol)
         for url in urls:
-            url['geo_format'] = self.geo_format
+            url["geo_format"] = self.geo_format
         return urls
 
     def items(self):
@@ -57,14 +64,14 @@ class KMLSitemap(Sitemap):
 
     def location(self, obj):
         return reverse(
-            'django.contrib.gis.sitemaps.views.%s' % self.geo_format,
+            "django.contrib.gis.sitemaps.views.%s" % self.geo_format,
             kwargs={
-                'label': obj[0],
-                'model': obj[1],
-                'field_name': obj[2],
+                "label": obj[0],
+                "model": obj[1],
+                "field_name": obj[2],
             },
         )
 
 
 class KMZSitemap(KMLSitemap):
-    geo_format = 'kmz'
+    geo_format = "kmz"
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/sitemaps/views.py b/django/contrib/gis/sitemaps/views.py
index be91d929f6..17eb54e60c 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/sitemaps/views.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/sitemaps/views.py
@@ -17,7 +17,10 @@ def kml(request, label, model, field_name=None, compress=False, using=DEFAULT_DB
     try:
         klass = apps.get_model(label, model)
     except LookupError:
-        raise Http404('You must supply a valid app label and module name.  Got "%s.%s"' % (label, model))
+        raise Http404(
+            'You must supply a valid app label and module name.  Got "%s.%s"'
+            % (label, model)
+        )
 
     if field_name:
         try:
@@ -25,7 +28,7 @@ def kml(request, label, model, field_name=None, compress=False, using=DEFAULT_DB
             if not isinstance(field, GeometryField):
                 raise FieldDoesNotExist
         except FieldDoesNotExist:
-            raise Http404('Invalid geometry field.')
+            raise Http404("Invalid geometry field.")
 
     connection = connections[using]
 
@@ -38,8 +41,9 @@ def kml(request, label, model, field_name=None, compress=False, using=DEFAULT_DB
         placemarks = []
         if connection.features.has_Transform_function:
             qs = klass._default_manager.using(using).annotate(
-                **{'%s_4326' % field_name: Transform(field_name, 4326)})
-            field_name += '_4326'
+                **{"%s_4326" % field_name: Transform(field_name, 4326)}
+            )
+            field_name += "_4326"
         else:
             qs = klass._default_manager.using(using).all()
         for mod in qs:
@@ -51,7 +55,7 @@ def kml(request, label, model, field_name=None, compress=False, using=DEFAULT_DB
         render = render_to_kmz
     else:
         render = render_to_kml
-    return render('gis/kml/placemarks.kml', {'places': placemarks})
+    return render("gis/kml/placemarks.kml", {"places": placemarks})
 
 
 def kmz(request, label, model, field_name=None, using=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS):
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/utils/__init__.py b/django/contrib/gis/utils/__init__.py
index c195ded932..26334fb6a4 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/utils/__init__.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/utils/__init__.py
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ try:
     # LayerMapping requires DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE to be set,
     # and ImproperlyConfigured is raised if that's not the case.
     from django.contrib.gis.utils.layermapping import (  # NOQA
-        LayerMapError, LayerMapping,
+        LayerMapError,
+        LayerMapping,
     )
 except ImproperlyConfigured:
     pass
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/utils/layermapping.py b/django/contrib/gis/utils/layermapping.py
index 3c78085489..bad4c05fb8 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/utils/layermapping.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/utils/layermapping.py
@@ -7,16 +7,26 @@
    https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/contrib/gis/layermapping/
 """
 import sys
-from decimal import Decimal, InvalidOperation as DecimalInvalidOperation
+from decimal import Decimal
+from decimal import InvalidOperation as DecimalInvalidOperation
 from pathlib import Path
 
 from django.contrib.gis.db.models import GeometryField
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal import (
-    CoordTransform, DataSource, GDALException, OGRGeometry, OGRGeomType,
+    CoordTransform,
+    DataSource,
+    GDALException,
+    OGRGeometry,
+    OGRGeomType,
     SpatialReference,
 )
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.field import (
-    OFTDate, OFTDateTime, OFTInteger, OFTInteger64, OFTReal, OFTString,
+    OFTDate,
+    OFTDateTime,
+    OFTInteger,
+    OFTInteger64,
+    OFTReal,
+    OFTString,
     OFTTime,
 )
 from django.core.exceptions import FieldDoesNotExist, ObjectDoesNotExist
@@ -50,12 +60,12 @@ class LayerMapping:
 
     # Acceptable 'base' types for a multi-geometry type.
     MULTI_TYPES = {
-        1: OGRGeomType('MultiPoint'),
-        2: OGRGeomType('MultiLineString'),
-        3: OGRGeomType('MultiPolygon'),
-        OGRGeomType('Point25D').num: OGRGeomType('MultiPoint25D'),
-        OGRGeomType('LineString25D').num: OGRGeomType('MultiLineString25D'),
-        OGRGeomType('Polygon25D').num: OGRGeomType('MultiPolygon25D'),
+        1: OGRGeomType("MultiPoint"),
+        2: OGRGeomType("MultiLineString"),
+        3: OGRGeomType("MultiPolygon"),
+        OGRGeomType("Point25D").num: OGRGeomType("MultiPoint25D"),
+        OGRGeomType("LineString25D").num: OGRGeomType("MultiLineString25D"),
+        OGRGeomType("Polygon25D").num: OGRGeomType("MultiPolygon25D"),
     }
     # Acceptable Django field types and corresponding acceptable OGR
     # counterparts.
@@ -83,10 +93,19 @@ class LayerMapping:
         models.PositiveSmallIntegerField: (OFTInteger, OFTReal, OFTString),
     }
 
-    def __init__(self, model, data, mapping, layer=0,
-                 source_srs=None, encoding='utf-8',
-                 transaction_mode='commit_on_success',
-                 transform=True, unique=None, using=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        model,
+        data,
+        mapping,
+        layer=0,
+        source_srs=None,
+        encoding="utf-8",
+        transaction_mode="commit_on_success",
+        transform=True,
+        unique=None,
+        using=None,
+    ):
         """
         A LayerMapping object is initialized using the given Model (not an instance),
         a DataSource (or string path to an OGR-supported data file), and a mapping
@@ -133,6 +152,7 @@ class LayerMapping:
             # Making sure the encoding exists, if not a LookupError
             # exception will be thrown.
             from codecs import lookup
+
             lookup(encoding)
             self.encoding = encoding
         else:
@@ -140,7 +160,7 @@ class LayerMapping:
 
         if unique:
             self.check_unique(unique)
-            transaction_mode = 'autocommit'  # Has to be set to autocommit.
+            transaction_mode = "autocommit"  # Has to be set to autocommit.
             self.unique = unique
         else:
             self.unique = None
@@ -148,12 +168,12 @@ class LayerMapping:
         # Setting the transaction decorator with the function in the
         # transaction modes dictionary.
         self.transaction_mode = transaction_mode
-        if transaction_mode == 'autocommit':
+        if transaction_mode == "autocommit":
             self.transaction_decorator = None
-        elif transaction_mode == 'commit_on_success':
+        elif transaction_mode == "commit_on_success":
             self.transaction_decorator = transaction.atomic
         else:
-            raise LayerMapError('Unrecognized transaction mode: %s' % transaction_mode)
+            raise LayerMapError("Unrecognized transaction mode: %s" % transaction_mode)
 
     # #### Checking routines used during initialization ####
     def check_fid_range(self, fid_range):
@@ -190,7 +210,9 @@ class LayerMapping:
             try:
                 idx = ogr_fields.index(ogr_map_fld)
             except ValueError:
-                raise LayerMapError('Given mapping OGR field "%s" not found in OGR Layer.' % ogr_map_fld)
+                raise LayerMapError(
+                    'Given mapping OGR field "%s" not found in OGR Layer.' % ogr_map_fld
+                )
             return idx
 
         # No need to increment through each feature in the model, simply check
@@ -201,32 +223,43 @@ class LayerMapping:
             try:
                 model_field = self.model._meta.get_field(field_name)
             except FieldDoesNotExist:
-                raise LayerMapError('Given mapping field "%s" not in given Model fields.' % field_name)
+                raise LayerMapError(
+                    'Given mapping field "%s" not in given Model fields.' % field_name
+                )
 
             # Getting the string name for the Django field class (e.g., 'PointField').
             fld_name = model_field.__class__.__name__
 
             if isinstance(model_field, GeometryField):
                 if self.geom_field:
-                    raise LayerMapError('LayerMapping does not support more than one GeometryField per model.')
+                    raise LayerMapError(
+                        "LayerMapping does not support more than one GeometryField per model."
+                    )
 
                 # Getting the coordinate dimension of the geometry field.
                 coord_dim = model_field.dim
 
                 try:
                     if coord_dim == 3:
-                        gtype = OGRGeomType(ogr_name + '25D')
+                        gtype = OGRGeomType(ogr_name + "25D")
                     else:
                         gtype = OGRGeomType(ogr_name)
                 except GDALException:
-                    raise LayerMapError('Invalid mapping for GeometryField "%s".' % field_name)
+                    raise LayerMapError(
+                        'Invalid mapping for GeometryField "%s".' % field_name
+                    )
 
                 # Making sure that the OGR Layer's Geometry is compatible.
                 ltype = self.layer.geom_type
-                if not (ltype.name.startswith(gtype.name) or self.make_multi(ltype, model_field)):
-                    raise LayerMapError('Invalid mapping geometry; model has %s%s, '
-                                        'layer geometry type is %s.' %
-                                        (fld_name, '(dim=3)' if coord_dim == 3 else '', ltype))
+                if not (
+                    ltype.name.startswith(gtype.name)
+                    or self.make_multi(ltype, model_field)
+                ):
+                    raise LayerMapError(
+                        "Invalid mapping geometry; model has %s%s, "
+                        "layer geometry type is %s."
+                        % (fld_name, "(dim=3)" if coord_dim == 3 else "", ltype)
+                    )
 
                 # Setting the `geom_field` attribute w/the name of the model field
                 # that is a Geometry.  Also setting the coordinate dimension
@@ -243,15 +276,19 @@ class LayerMapping:
                         try:
                             rel_model._meta.get_field(rel_name)
                         except FieldDoesNotExist:
-                            raise LayerMapError('ForeignKey mapping field "%s" not in %s fields.' %
-                                                (rel_name, rel_model.__class__.__name__))
+                            raise LayerMapError(
+                                'ForeignKey mapping field "%s" not in %s fields.'
+                                % (rel_name, rel_model.__class__.__name__)
+                            )
                     fields_val = rel_model
                 else:
-                    raise TypeError('ForeignKey mapping must be of dictionary type.')
+                    raise TypeError("ForeignKey mapping must be of dictionary type.")
             else:
                 # Is the model field type supported by LayerMapping?
                 if model_field.__class__ not in self.FIELD_TYPES:
-                    raise LayerMapError('Django field type "%s" has no OGR mapping (yet).' % fld_name)
+                    raise LayerMapError(
+                        'Django field type "%s" has no OGR mapping (yet).' % fld_name
+                    )
 
                 # Is the OGR field in the Layer?
                 idx = check_ogr_fld(ogr_name)
@@ -259,8 +296,10 @@ class LayerMapping:
 
                 # Can the OGR field type be mapped to the Django field type?
                 if not issubclass(ogr_field, self.FIELD_TYPES[model_field.__class__]):
-                    raise LayerMapError('OGR field "%s" (of type %s) cannot be mapped to Django %s.' %
-                                        (ogr_field, ogr_field.__name__, fld_name))
+                    raise LayerMapError(
+                        'OGR field "%s" (of type %s) cannot be mapped to Django %s.'
+                        % (ogr_field, ogr_field.__name__, fld_name)
+                    )
                 fields_val = model_field
 
             self.fields[field_name] = fields_val
@@ -279,7 +318,7 @@ class LayerMapping:
             sr = self.layer.srs
 
         if not sr:
-            raise LayerMapError('No source reference system defined.')
+            raise LayerMapError("No source reference system defined.")
         else:
             return sr
 
@@ -295,7 +334,9 @@ class LayerMapping:
             if unique not in self.mapping:
                 raise ValueError
         else:
-            raise TypeError('Unique keyword argument must be set with a tuple, list, or string.')
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Unique keyword argument must be set with a tuple, list, or string."
+            )
 
     # Keyword argument retrieval routines ####
     def feature_kwargs(self, feat):
@@ -316,7 +357,7 @@ class LayerMapping:
                 try:
                     val = self.verify_geom(feat.geom, model_field)
                 except GDALException:
-                    raise LayerMapError('Could not retrieve geometry from feature.')
+                    raise LayerMapError("Could not retrieve geometry from feature.")
             elif isinstance(model_field, models.base.ModelBase):
                 # The related _model_, not a field was passed in -- indicating
                 # another mapping for the related Model.
@@ -348,23 +389,34 @@ class LayerMapping:
         Verify if the OGR Field contents are acceptable to the model field. If
         they are, return the verified value, otherwise raise an exception.
         """
-        if (isinstance(ogr_field, OFTString) and
-                isinstance(model_field, (models.CharField, models.TextField))):
+        if isinstance(ogr_field, OFTString) and isinstance(
+            model_field, (models.CharField, models.TextField)
+        ):
             if self.encoding and ogr_field.value is not None:
                 # The encoding for OGR data sources may be specified here
                 # (e.g., 'cp437' for Census Bureau boundary files).
                 val = force_str(ogr_field.value, self.encoding)
             else:
                 val = ogr_field.value
-            if model_field.max_length and val is not None and len(val) > model_field.max_length:
-                raise InvalidString('%s model field maximum string length is %s, given %s characters.' %
-                                    (model_field.name, model_field.max_length, len(val)))
-        elif isinstance(ogr_field, OFTReal) and isinstance(model_field, models.DecimalField):
+            if (
+                model_field.max_length
+                and val is not None
+                and len(val) > model_field.max_length
+            ):
+                raise InvalidString(
+                    "%s model field maximum string length is %s, given %s characters."
+                    % (model_field.name, model_field.max_length, len(val))
+                )
+        elif isinstance(ogr_field, OFTReal) and isinstance(
+            model_field, models.DecimalField
+        ):
             try:
                 # Creating an instance of the Decimal value to use.
                 d = Decimal(str(ogr_field.value))
             except DecimalInvalidOperation:
-                raise InvalidDecimal('Could not construct decimal from: %s' % ogr_field.value)
+                raise InvalidDecimal(
+                    "Could not construct decimal from: %s" % ogr_field.value
+                )
 
             # Getting the decimal value as a tuple.
             dtup = d.as_tuple()
@@ -385,17 +437,21 @@ class LayerMapping:
             # InvalidDecimal exception.
             if n_prec > max_prec:
                 raise InvalidDecimal(
-                    'A DecimalField with max_digits %d, decimal_places %d must '
-                    'round to an absolute value less than 10^%d.' %
-                    (model_field.max_digits, model_field.decimal_places, max_prec)
+                    "A DecimalField with max_digits %d, decimal_places %d must "
+                    "round to an absolute value less than 10^%d."
+                    % (model_field.max_digits, model_field.decimal_places, max_prec)
                 )
             val = d
-        elif isinstance(ogr_field, (OFTReal, OFTString)) and isinstance(model_field, models.IntegerField):
+        elif isinstance(ogr_field, (OFTReal, OFTString)) and isinstance(
+            model_field, models.IntegerField
+        ):
             # Attempt to convert any OFTReal and OFTString value to an OFTInteger.
             try:
                 val = int(ogr_field.value)
             except ValueError:
-                raise InvalidInteger('Could not construct integer from: %s' % ogr_field.value)
+                raise InvalidInteger(
+                    "Could not construct integer from: %s" % ogr_field.value
+                )
         else:
             val = ogr_field.value
         return val
@@ -412,15 +468,17 @@ class LayerMapping:
         # Constructing and verifying the related model keyword arguments.
         fk_kwargs = {}
         for field_name, ogr_name in rel_mapping.items():
-            fk_kwargs[field_name] = self.verify_ogr_field(feat[ogr_name], rel_model._meta.get_field(field_name))
+            fk_kwargs[field_name] = self.verify_ogr_field(
+                feat[ogr_name], rel_model._meta.get_field(field_name)
+            )
 
         # Attempting to retrieve and return the related model.
         try:
             return rel_model.objects.using(self.using).get(**fk_kwargs)
         except ObjectDoesNotExist:
             raise MissingForeignKey(
-                'No ForeignKey %s model found with keyword arguments: %s' %
-                (rel_model.__name__, fk_kwargs)
+                "No ForeignKey %s model found with keyword arguments: %s"
+                % (rel_model.__name__, fk_kwargs)
             )
 
     def verify_geom(self, geom, model_field):
@@ -456,13 +514,17 @@ class LayerMapping:
         SpatialRefSys = self.spatial_backend.spatial_ref_sys()
         try:
             # Getting the target spatial reference system
-            target_srs = SpatialRefSys.objects.using(self.using).get(srid=self.geo_field.srid).srs
+            target_srs = (
+                SpatialRefSys.objects.using(self.using)
+                .get(srid=self.geo_field.srid)
+                .srs
+            )
 
             # Creating the CoordTransform object
             return CoordTransform(self.source_srs, target_srs)
         except Exception as exc:
             raise LayerMapError(
-                'Could not translate between the data source and model geometry.'
+                "Could not translate between the data source and model geometry."
             ) from exc
 
     def geometry_field(self):
@@ -477,11 +539,21 @@ class LayerMapping:
         Given the OGRGeomType for a geometry and its associated GeometryField,
         determine whether the geometry should be turned into a GeometryCollection.
         """
-        return (geom_type.num in self.MULTI_TYPES and
-                model_field.__class__.__name__ == 'Multi%s' % geom_type.django)
+        return (
+            geom_type.num in self.MULTI_TYPES
+            and model_field.__class__.__name__ == "Multi%s" % geom_type.django
+        )
 
-    def save(self, verbose=False, fid_range=False, step=False,
-             progress=False, silent=False, stream=sys.stdout, strict=False):
+    def save(
+        self,
+        verbose=False,
+        fid_range=False,
+        step=False,
+        progress=False,
+        silent=False,
+        stream=sys.stdout,
+        strict=False,
+    ):
         """
         Save the contents from the OGR DataSource Layer into the database
         according to the mapping dictionary given at initialization.
@@ -547,7 +619,9 @@ class LayerMapping:
                     if strict:
                         raise
                     elif not silent:
-                        stream.write('Ignoring Feature ID %s because: %s\n' % (feat.fid, msg))
+                        stream.write(
+                            "Ignoring Feature ID %s because: %s\n" % (feat.fid, msg)
+                        )
                 else:
                     # Constructing the model using the keyword args
                     is_update = False
@@ -585,23 +659,29 @@ class LayerMapping:
                         m.save(using=self.using)
                         num_saved += 1
                         if verbose:
-                            stream.write('%s: %s\n' % ('Updated' if is_update else 'Saved', m))
+                            stream.write(
+                                "%s: %s\n" % ("Updated" if is_update else "Saved", m)
+                            )
                     except Exception as msg:
                         if strict:
                             # Bailing out if the `strict` keyword is set.
                             if not silent:
                                 stream.write(
-                                    'Failed to save the feature (id: %s) into the '
-                                    'model with the keyword arguments:\n' % feat.fid
+                                    "Failed to save the feature (id: %s) into the "
+                                    "model with the keyword arguments:\n" % feat.fid
                                 )
-                                stream.write('%s\n' % kwargs)
+                                stream.write("%s\n" % kwargs)
                             raise
                         elif not silent:
-                            stream.write('Failed to save %s:\n %s\nContinuing\n' % (kwargs, msg))
+                            stream.write(
+                                "Failed to save %s:\n %s\nContinuing\n" % (kwargs, msg)
+                            )
 
                 # Printing progress information, if requested.
                 if progress and num_feat % progress_interval == 0:
-                    stream.write('Processed %d features, saved %d ...\n' % (num_feat, num_saved))
+                    stream.write(
+                        "Processed %d features, saved %d ...\n" % (num_feat, num_saved)
+                    )
 
             # Only used for status output purposes -- incremental saving uses the
             # values returned here.
@@ -614,7 +694,9 @@ class LayerMapping:
         if step and isinstance(step, int) and step < nfeat:
             # Incremental saving is requested at the given interval (step)
             if default_range:
-                raise LayerMapError('The `step` keyword may not be used in conjunction with the `fid_range` keyword.')
+                raise LayerMapError(
+                    "The `step` keyword may not be used in conjunction with the `fid_range` keyword."
+                )
             beg, num_feat, num_saved = (0, 0, 0)
             indices = range(step, nfeat, step)
             n_i = len(indices)
@@ -631,7 +713,9 @@ class LayerMapping:
                     num_feat, num_saved = _save(step_slice, num_feat, num_saved)
                     beg = end
                 except Exception:  # Deliberately catch everything
-                    stream.write('%s\nFailed to save slice: %s\n' % ('=-' * 20, step_slice))
+                    stream.write(
+                        "%s\nFailed to save slice: %s\n" % ("=-" * 20, step_slice)
+                    )
                     raise
         else:
             # Otherwise, just calling the previously defined _save() function.
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/utils/ogrinfo.py b/django/contrib/gis/utils/ogrinfo.py
index 324e41a0ad..eafa23ccae 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/utils/ogrinfo.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/utils/ogrinfo.py
@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ def ogrinfo(data_source, num_features=10):
     elif isinstance(data_source, DataSource):
         pass
     else:
-        raise Exception('Data source parameter must be a string or a DataSource object.')
+        raise Exception(
+            "Data source parameter must be a string or a DataSource object."
+        )
 
     for i, layer in enumerate(data_source):
         print("data source : %s" % data_source.name)
@@ -44,8 +46,8 @@ def ogrinfo(data_source, num_features=10):
                     if isinstance(val, str):
                         val_fmt = ' ("%s")'
                     else:
-                        val_fmt = ' (%s)'
+                        val_fmt = " (%s)"
                     output += val_fmt % val
                 else:
-                    output += ' (None)'
+                    output += " (None)"
                 print(output)
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/utils/ogrinspect.py b/django/contrib/gis/utils/ogrinspect.py
index 8c83fd5a43..c50b39ad14 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/utils/ogrinspect.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/utils/ogrinspect.py
@@ -5,12 +5,17 @@ models for GeoDjango and/or mapping dictionaries for use with the
 """
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal import DataSource
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal.field import (
-    OFTDate, OFTDateTime, OFTInteger, OFTInteger64, OFTReal, OFTString,
+    OFTDate,
+    OFTDateTime,
+    OFTInteger,
+    OFTInteger64,
+    OFTReal,
+    OFTString,
     OFTTime,
 )
 
 
-def mapping(data_source, geom_name='geom', layer_key=0, multi_geom=False):
+def mapping(data_source, geom_name="geom", layer_key=0, multi_geom=False):
     """
     Given a DataSource, generate a dictionary that may be used
     for invoking the LayerMapping utility.
@@ -30,7 +35,9 @@ def mapping(data_source, geom_name='geom', layer_key=0, multi_geom=False):
     elif isinstance(data_source, DataSource):
         pass
     else:
-        raise TypeError('Data source parameter must be a string or a DataSource object.')
+        raise TypeError(
+            "Data source parameter must be a string or a DataSource object."
+        )
 
     # Creating the dictionary.
     _mapping = {}
@@ -38,8 +45,8 @@ def mapping(data_source, geom_name='geom', layer_key=0, multi_geom=False):
     # Generating the field name for each field in the layer.
     for field in data_source[layer_key].fields:
         mfield = field.lower()
-        if mfield[-1:] == '_':
-            mfield += 'field'
+        if mfield[-1:] == "_":
+            mfield += "field"
         _mapping[mfield] = field
     gtype = data_source[layer_key].geom_type
     if multi_geom:
@@ -116,12 +123,22 @@ def ogrinspect(*args, **kwargs):
 
     Note: Call the _ogrinspect() helper to do the heavy lifting.
     """
-    return '\n'.join(_ogrinspect(*args, **kwargs))
+    return "\n".join(_ogrinspect(*args, **kwargs))
 
 
-def _ogrinspect(data_source, model_name, geom_name='geom', layer_key=0, srid=None,
-                multi_geom=False, name_field=None, imports=True,
-                decimal=False, blank=False, null=False):
+def _ogrinspect(
+    data_source,
+    model_name,
+    geom_name="geom",
+    layer_key=0,
+    srid=None,
+    multi_geom=False,
+    name_field=None,
+    imports=True,
+    decimal=False,
+    blank=False,
+    null=False,
+):
     """
     Helper routine for `ogrinspect` that generates GeoDjango models corresponding
     to the given data source.  See the `ogrinspect` docstring for more details.
@@ -132,7 +149,9 @@ def _ogrinspect(data_source, model_name, geom_name='geom', layer_key=0, srid=Non
     elif isinstance(data_source, DataSource):
         pass
     else:
-        raise TypeError('Data source parameter must be a string or a DataSource object.')
+        raise TypeError(
+            "Data source parameter must be a string or a DataSource object."
+        )
 
     # Getting the layer corresponding to the layer key and getting
     # a string listing of all OGR fields in the Layer.
@@ -148,6 +167,7 @@ def _ogrinspect(data_source, model_name, geom_name='geom', layer_key=0, srid=Non
             return [s.lower() for s in ogr_fields]
         else:
             return []
+
     null_fields = process_kwarg(null)
     blank_fields = process_kwarg(blank)
     decimal_fields = process_kwarg(decimal)
@@ -156,29 +176,30 @@ def _ogrinspect(data_source, model_name, geom_name='geom', layer_key=0, srid=Non
     def get_kwargs_str(field_name):
         kwlist = []
         if field_name.lower() in null_fields:
-            kwlist.append('null=True')
+            kwlist.append("null=True")
         if field_name.lower() in blank_fields:
-            kwlist.append('blank=True')
+            kwlist.append("blank=True")
         if kwlist:
-            return ', ' + ', '.join(kwlist)
+            return ", " + ", ".join(kwlist)
         else:
-            return ''
+            return ""
 
     # For those wishing to disable the imports.
     if imports:
-        yield '# This is an auto-generated Django model module created by ogrinspect.'
-        yield 'from django.contrib.gis.db import models'
-        yield ''
-        yield ''
+        yield "# This is an auto-generated Django model module created by ogrinspect."
+        yield "from django.contrib.gis.db import models"
+        yield ""
+        yield ""
 
-    yield 'class %s(models.Model):' % model_name
+    yield "class %s(models.Model):" % model_name
 
     for field_name, width, precision, field_type in zip(
-            ogr_fields, layer.field_widths, layer.field_precisions, layer.field_types):
+        ogr_fields, layer.field_widths, layer.field_precisions, layer.field_types
+    ):
         # The model field name.
         mfield = field_name.lower()
-        if mfield[-1:] == '_':
-            mfield += 'field'
+        if mfield[-1:] == "_":
+            mfield += "field"
 
         # Getting the keyword args string.
         kwargs_str = get_kwargs_str(field_name)
@@ -188,25 +209,32 @@ def _ogrinspect(data_source, model_name, geom_name='geom', layer_key=0, srid=Non
             # may also be mapped to `DecimalField` if specified in the
             # `decimal` keyword.
             if field_name.lower() in decimal_fields:
-                yield '    %s = models.DecimalField(max_digits=%d, decimal_places=%d%s)' % (
-                    mfield, width, precision, kwargs_str
+                yield "    %s = models.DecimalField(max_digits=%d, decimal_places=%d%s)" % (
+                    mfield,
+                    width,
+                    precision,
+                    kwargs_str,
                 )
             else:
-                yield '    %s = models.FloatField(%s)' % (mfield, kwargs_str[2:])
+                yield "    %s = models.FloatField(%s)" % (mfield, kwargs_str[2:])
         elif field_type is OFTInteger:
-            yield '    %s = models.IntegerField(%s)' % (mfield, kwargs_str[2:])
+            yield "    %s = models.IntegerField(%s)" % (mfield, kwargs_str[2:])
         elif field_type is OFTInteger64:
-            yield '    %s = models.BigIntegerField(%s)' % (mfield, kwargs_str[2:])
+            yield "    %s = models.BigIntegerField(%s)" % (mfield, kwargs_str[2:])
         elif field_type is OFTString:
-            yield '    %s = models.CharField(max_length=%s%s)' % (mfield, width, kwargs_str)
+            yield "    %s = models.CharField(max_length=%s%s)" % (
+                mfield,
+                width,
+                kwargs_str,
+            )
         elif field_type is OFTDate:
-            yield '    %s = models.DateField(%s)' % (mfield, kwargs_str[2:])
+            yield "    %s = models.DateField(%s)" % (mfield, kwargs_str[2:])
         elif field_type is OFTDateTime:
-            yield '    %s = models.DateTimeField(%s)' % (mfield, kwargs_str[2:])
+            yield "    %s = models.DateTimeField(%s)" % (mfield, kwargs_str[2:])
         elif field_type is OFTTime:
-            yield '    %s = models.TimeField(%s)' % (mfield, kwargs_str[2:])
+            yield "    %s = models.TimeField(%s)" % (mfield, kwargs_str[2:])
         else:
-            raise TypeError('Unknown field type %s in %s' % (field_type, mfield))
+            raise TypeError("Unknown field type %s in %s" % (field_type, mfield))
 
     # TODO: Autodetection of multigeometry types (see #7218).
     gtype = layer.geom_type
@@ -217,21 +245,21 @@ def _ogrinspect(data_source, model_name, geom_name='geom', layer_key=0, srid=Non
     # Setting up the SRID keyword string.
     if srid is None:
         if layer.srs is None:
-            srid_str = 'srid=-1'
+            srid_str = "srid=-1"
         else:
             srid = layer.srs.srid
             if srid is None:
-                srid_str = 'srid=-1'
+                srid_str = "srid=-1"
             elif srid == 4326:
                 # WGS84 is already the default.
-                srid_str = ''
+                srid_str = ""
             else:
-                srid_str = 'srid=%s' % srid
+                srid_str = "srid=%s" % srid
     else:
-        srid_str = 'srid=%s' % srid
+        srid_str = "srid=%s" % srid
 
-    yield '    %s = models.%s(%s)' % (geom_name, geom_field, srid_str)
+    yield "    %s = models.%s(%s)" % (geom_name, geom_field, srid_str)
 
     if name_field:
-        yield ''
-        yield '    def __str__(self): return self.%s' % name_field
+        yield ""
+        yield "    def __str__(self): return self.%s" % name_field
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/utils/srs.py b/django/contrib/gis/utils/srs.py
index d44d340383..2204767923 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/utils/srs.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/utils/srs.py
@@ -2,8 +2,9 @@ from django.contrib.gis.gdal import SpatialReference
 from django.db import DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, connections
 
 
-def add_srs_entry(srs, auth_name='EPSG', auth_srid=None, ref_sys_name=None,
-                  database=None):
+def add_srs_entry(
+    srs, auth_name="EPSG", auth_srid=None, ref_sys_name=None, database=None
+):
     """
     Take a GDAL SpatialReference system and add its information to the
     `spatial_ref_sys` table of the spatial backend. Doing this enables
@@ -35,12 +36,10 @@ def add_srs_entry(srs, auth_name='EPSG', auth_srid=None, ref_sys_name=None,
     database = database or DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS
     connection = connections[database]
 
-    if not hasattr(connection.ops, 'spatial_version'):
-        raise Exception(
-            'The `add_srs_entry` utility only works with spatial backends.'
-        )
+    if not hasattr(connection.ops, "spatial_version"):
+        raise Exception("The `add_srs_entry` utility only works with spatial backends.")
     if not connection.features.supports_add_srs_entry:
-        raise Exception('This utility does not support your database backend.')
+        raise Exception("This utility does not support your database backend.")
     SpatialRefSys = connection.ops.spatial_ref_sys()
 
     # If argument is not a `SpatialReference` instance, use it as parameter
@@ -49,24 +48,26 @@ def add_srs_entry(srs, auth_name='EPSG', auth_srid=None, ref_sys_name=None,
         srs = SpatialReference(srs)
 
     if srs.srid is None:
-        raise Exception('Spatial reference requires an SRID to be '
-                        'compatible with the spatial backend.')
+        raise Exception(
+            "Spatial reference requires an SRID to be "
+            "compatible with the spatial backend."
+        )
 
     # Initializing the keyword arguments dictionary for both PostGIS
     # and SpatiaLite.
     kwargs = {
-        'srid': srs.srid,
-        'auth_name': auth_name,
-        'auth_srid': auth_srid or srs.srid,
-        'proj4text': srs.proj4,
+        "srid": srs.srid,
+        "auth_name": auth_name,
+        "auth_srid": auth_srid or srs.srid,
+        "proj4text": srs.proj4,
     }
     # Backend-specific fields for the SpatialRefSys model.
     srs_field_names = {f.name for f in SpatialRefSys._meta.get_fields()}
-    if 'srtext' in srs_field_names:
-        kwargs['srtext'] = srs.wkt
-    if 'ref_sys_name' in srs_field_names:
+    if "srtext" in srs_field_names:
+        kwargs["srtext"] = srs.wkt
+    if "ref_sys_name" in srs_field_names:
         # SpatiaLite specific
-        kwargs['ref_sys_name'] = ref_sys_name or srs.name
+        kwargs["ref_sys_name"] = ref_sys_name or srs.name
 
     # Creating the spatial_ref_sys model.
     try:
diff --git a/django/contrib/gis/views.py b/django/contrib/gis/views.py
index 5b29db9fb2..346fb5b0c0 100644
--- a/django/contrib/gis/views.py
+++ b/django/contrib/gis/views.py
@@ -7,14 +7,16 @@ def feed(request, url, feed_dict=None):
     if not feed_dict:
         raise Http404(_("No feeds are registered."))
 
-    slug = url.partition('/')[0]
+    slug = url.partition("/")[0]
     try:
         f = feed_dict[slug]
     except KeyError:
-        raise Http404(_('Slug %r isn’t registered.') % slug)
+        raise Http404(_("Slug %r isn’t registered.") % slug)
 
     instance = f()
-    instance.feed_url = getattr(f, 'feed_url', None) or request.path
-    instance.title_template = f.title_template or ('feeds/%s_title.html' % slug)
-    instance.description_template = f.description_template or ('feeds/%s_description.html' % slug)
+    instance.feed_url = getattr(f, "feed_url", None) or request.path
+    instance.title_template = f.title_template or ("feeds/%s_title.html" % slug)
+    instance.description_template = f.description_template or (
+        "feeds/%s_description.html" % slug
+    )
     return instance(request)
diff --git a/django/contrib/humanize/apps.py b/django/contrib/humanize/apps.py
index c5fcbca794..817ae96f68 100644
--- a/django/contrib/humanize/apps.py
+++ b/django/contrib/humanize/apps.py
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 
 class HumanizeConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'django.contrib.humanize'
+    name = "django.contrib.humanize"
     verbose_name = _("Humanize")
diff --git a/django/contrib/humanize/templatetags/humanize.py b/django/contrib/humanize/templatetags/humanize.py
index 095a053fa1..bdceec344d 100644
--- a/django/contrib/humanize/templatetags/humanize.py
+++ b/django/contrib/humanize/templatetags/humanize.py
@@ -7,9 +7,14 @@ from django.template import defaultfilters
 from django.utils.formats import number_format
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
 from django.utils.timezone import is_aware, utc
+from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
 from django.utils.translation import (
-    gettext as _, gettext_lazy, ngettext, ngettext_lazy, npgettext_lazy,
-    pgettext, round_away_from_one,
+    gettext_lazy,
+    ngettext,
+    ngettext_lazy,
+    npgettext_lazy,
+    pgettext,
+    round_away_from_one,
 )
 
 register = template.Library()
@@ -27,29 +32,29 @@ def ordinal(value):
         return value
     if value % 100 in (11, 12, 13):
         # Translators: Ordinal format for 11 (11th), 12 (12th), and 13 (13th).
-        value = pgettext('ordinal 11, 12, 13', '{}th').format(value)
+        value = pgettext("ordinal 11, 12, 13", "{}th").format(value)
     else:
         templates = (
             # Translators: Ordinal format when value ends with 0, e.g. 80th.
-            pgettext('ordinal 0', '{}th'),
+            pgettext("ordinal 0", "{}th"),
             # Translators: Ordinal format when value ends with 1, e.g. 81st, except 11.
-            pgettext('ordinal 1', '{}st'),
+            pgettext("ordinal 1", "{}st"),
             # Translators: Ordinal format when value ends with 2, e.g. 82nd, except 12.
-            pgettext('ordinal 2', '{}nd'),
+            pgettext("ordinal 2", "{}nd"),
             # Translators: Ordinal format when value ends with 3, e.g. 83th, except 13.
-            pgettext('ordinal 3', '{}rd'),
+            pgettext("ordinal 3", "{}rd"),
             # Translators: Ordinal format when value ends with 4, e.g. 84th.
-            pgettext('ordinal 4', '{}th'),
+            pgettext("ordinal 4", "{}th"),
             # Translators: Ordinal format when value ends with 5, e.g. 85th.
-            pgettext('ordinal 5', '{}th'),
+            pgettext("ordinal 5", "{}th"),
             # Translators: Ordinal format when value ends with 6, e.g. 86th.
-            pgettext('ordinal 6', '{}th'),
+            pgettext("ordinal 6", "{}th"),
             # Translators: Ordinal format when value ends with 7, e.g. 87th.
-            pgettext('ordinal 7', '{}th'),
+            pgettext("ordinal 7", "{}th"),
             # Translators: Ordinal format when value ends with 8, e.g. 88th.
-            pgettext('ordinal 8', '{}th'),
+            pgettext("ordinal 8", "{}th"),
             # Translators: Ordinal format when value ends with 9, e.g. 89th.
-            pgettext('ordinal 9', '{}th'),
+            pgettext("ordinal 9", "{}th"),
         )
         value = templates[value % 10].format(value)
     # Mark value safe so i18n does not break with <sup> or <sub> see #19988
@@ -71,7 +76,7 @@ def intcomma(value, use_l10n=True):
         else:
             return number_format(value, use_l10n=True, force_grouping=True)
     orig = str(value)
-    new = re.sub(r"^(-?\d+)(\d{3})", r'\g<1>,\g<2>', orig)
+    new = re.sub(r"^(-?\d+)(\d{3})", r"\g<1>,\g<2>", orig)
     if orig == new:
         return new
     else:
@@ -80,17 +85,33 @@ def intcomma(value, use_l10n=True):
 
 # A tuple of standard large number to their converters
 intword_converters = (
-    (6, lambda number: ngettext('%(value)s million', '%(value)s million', number)),
-    (9, lambda number: ngettext('%(value)s billion', '%(value)s billion', number)),
-    (12, lambda number: ngettext('%(value)s trillion', '%(value)s trillion', number)),
-    (15, lambda number: ngettext('%(value)s quadrillion', '%(value)s quadrillion', number)),
-    (18, lambda number: ngettext('%(value)s quintillion', '%(value)s quintillion', number)),
-    (21, lambda number: ngettext('%(value)s sextillion', '%(value)s sextillion', number)),
-    (24, lambda number: ngettext('%(value)s septillion', '%(value)s septillion', number)),
-    (27, lambda number: ngettext('%(value)s octillion', '%(value)s octillion', number)),
-    (30, lambda number: ngettext('%(value)s nonillion', '%(value)s nonillion', number)),
-    (33, lambda number: ngettext('%(value)s decillion', '%(value)s decillion', number)),
-    (100, lambda number: ngettext('%(value)s googol', '%(value)s googol', number)),
+    (6, lambda number: ngettext("%(value)s million", "%(value)s million", number)),
+    (9, lambda number: ngettext("%(value)s billion", "%(value)s billion", number)),
+    (12, lambda number: ngettext("%(value)s trillion", "%(value)s trillion", number)),
+    (
+        15,
+        lambda number: ngettext(
+            "%(value)s quadrillion", "%(value)s quadrillion", number
+        ),
+    ),
+    (
+        18,
+        lambda number: ngettext(
+            "%(value)s quintillion", "%(value)s quintillion", number
+        ),
+    ),
+    (
+        21,
+        lambda number: ngettext("%(value)s sextillion", "%(value)s sextillion", number),
+    ),
+    (
+        24,
+        lambda number: ngettext("%(value)s septillion", "%(value)s septillion", number),
+    ),
+    (27, lambda number: ngettext("%(value)s octillion", "%(value)s octillion", number)),
+    (30, lambda number: ngettext("%(value)s nonillion", "%(value)s nonillion", number)),
+    (33, lambda number: ngettext("%(value)s decillion", "%(value)s decillion", number)),
+    (100, lambda number: ngettext("%(value)s googol", "%(value)s googol", number)),
 )
 
 
@@ -111,12 +132,12 @@ def intword(value):
         return value
 
     for exponent, converter in intword_converters:
-        large_number = 10 ** exponent
+        large_number = 10**exponent
         if abs_value < large_number * 1000:
             new_value = value / large_number
             rounded_value = round_away_from_one(new_value)
             return converter(abs(rounded_value)) % {
-                'value': defaultfilters.floatformat(new_value, 1),
+                "value": defaultfilters.floatformat(new_value, 1),
             }
     return value
 
@@ -133,8 +154,17 @@ def apnumber(value):
         return value
     if not 0 < value < 10:
         return value
-    return (_('one'), _('two'), _('three'), _('four'), _('five'),
-            _('six'), _('seven'), _('eight'), _('nine'))[value - 1]
+    return (
+        _("one"),
+        _("two"),
+        _("three"),
+        _("four"),
+        _("five"),
+        _("six"),
+        _("seven"),
+        _("eight"),
+        _("nine"),
+    )[value - 1]
 
 
 # Perform the comparison in the default time zone when USE_TZ = True
@@ -146,7 +176,7 @@ def naturalday(value, arg=None):
     present day return representing string. Otherwise, return a string
     formatted according to settings.DATE_FORMAT.
     """
-    tzinfo = getattr(value, 'tzinfo', None)
+    tzinfo = getattr(value, "tzinfo", None)
     try:
         value = date(value.year, value.month, value.day)
     except AttributeError:
@@ -155,11 +185,11 @@ def naturalday(value, arg=None):
     today = datetime.now(tzinfo).date()
     delta = value - today
     if delta.days == 0:
-        return _('today')
+        return _("today")
     elif delta.days == 1:
-        return _('tomorrow')
+        return _("tomorrow")
     elif delta.days == -1:
-        return _('yesterday')
+        return _("yesterday")
     return defaultfilters.date(value, arg)
 
 
@@ -177,46 +207,74 @@ def naturaltime(value):
 class NaturalTimeFormatter:
     time_strings = {
         # Translators: delta will contain a string like '2 months' or '1 month, 2 weeks'
-        'past-day': gettext_lazy('%(delta)s ago'),
+        "past-day": gettext_lazy("%(delta)s ago"),
         # Translators: please keep a non-breaking space (U+00A0) between count
         # and time unit.
-        'past-hour': ngettext_lazy('an hour ago', '%(count)s hours ago', 'count'),
+        "past-hour": ngettext_lazy("an hour ago", "%(count)s hours ago", "count"),
         # Translators: please keep a non-breaking space (U+00A0) between count
         # and time unit.
-        'past-minute': ngettext_lazy('a minute ago', '%(count)s minutes ago', 'count'),
+        "past-minute": ngettext_lazy("a minute ago", "%(count)s minutes ago", "count"),
         # Translators: please keep a non-breaking space (U+00A0) between count
         # and time unit.
-        'past-second': ngettext_lazy('a second ago', '%(count)s seconds ago', 'count'),
-        'now': gettext_lazy('now'),
+        "past-second": ngettext_lazy("a second ago", "%(count)s seconds ago", "count"),
+        "now": gettext_lazy("now"),
         # Translators: please keep a non-breaking space (U+00A0) between count
         # and time unit.
-        'future-second': ngettext_lazy('a second from now', '%(count)s seconds from now', 'count'),
+        "future-second": ngettext_lazy(
+            "a second from now", "%(count)s seconds from now", "count"
+        ),
         # Translators: please keep a non-breaking space (U+00A0) between count
         # and time unit.
-        'future-minute': ngettext_lazy('a minute from now', '%(count)s minutes from now', 'count'),
+        "future-minute": ngettext_lazy(
+            "a minute from now", "%(count)s minutes from now", "count"
+        ),
         # Translators: please keep a non-breaking space (U+00A0) between count
         # and time unit.
-        'future-hour': ngettext_lazy('an hour from now', '%(count)s hours from now', 'count'),
+        "future-hour": ngettext_lazy(
+            "an hour from now", "%(count)s hours from now", "count"
+        ),
         # Translators: delta will contain a string like '2 months' or '1 month, 2 weeks'
-        'future-day': gettext_lazy('%(delta)s from now'),
+        "future-day": gettext_lazy("%(delta)s from now"),
     }
     past_substrings = {
         # Translators: 'naturaltime-past' strings will be included in '%(delta)s ago'
-        'year': npgettext_lazy('naturaltime-past', '%(num)d year', '%(num)d years', 'num'),
-        'month': npgettext_lazy('naturaltime-past', '%(num)d month', '%(num)d months', 'num'),
-        'week': npgettext_lazy('naturaltime-past', '%(num)d week', '%(num)d weeks', 'num'),
-        'day': npgettext_lazy('naturaltime-past', '%(num)d day', '%(num)d days', 'num'),
-        'hour': npgettext_lazy('naturaltime-past', '%(num)d hour', '%(num)d hours', 'num'),
-        'minute': npgettext_lazy('naturaltime-past', '%(num)d minute', '%(num)d minutes', 'num'),
+        "year": npgettext_lazy(
+            "naturaltime-past", "%(num)d year", "%(num)d years", "num"
+        ),
+        "month": npgettext_lazy(
+            "naturaltime-past", "%(num)d month", "%(num)d months", "num"
+        ),
+        "week": npgettext_lazy(
+            "naturaltime-past", "%(num)d week", "%(num)d weeks", "num"
+        ),
+        "day": npgettext_lazy("naturaltime-past", "%(num)d day", "%(num)d days", "num"),
+        "hour": npgettext_lazy(
+            "naturaltime-past", "%(num)d hour", "%(num)d hours", "num"
+        ),
+        "minute": npgettext_lazy(
+            "naturaltime-past", "%(num)d minute", "%(num)d minutes", "num"
+        ),
     }
     future_substrings = {
         # Translators: 'naturaltime-future' strings will be included in '%(delta)s from now'
-        'year': npgettext_lazy('naturaltime-future', '%(num)d year', '%(num)d years', 'num'),
-        'month': npgettext_lazy('naturaltime-future', '%(num)d month', '%(num)d months', 'num'),
-        'week': npgettext_lazy('naturaltime-future', '%(num)d week', '%(num)d weeks', 'num'),
-        'day': npgettext_lazy('naturaltime-future', '%(num)d day', '%(num)d days', 'num'),
-        'hour': npgettext_lazy('naturaltime-future', '%(num)d hour', '%(num)d hours', 'num'),
-        'minute': npgettext_lazy('naturaltime-future', '%(num)d minute', '%(num)d minutes', 'num'),
+        "year": npgettext_lazy(
+            "naturaltime-future", "%(num)d year", "%(num)d years", "num"
+        ),
+        "month": npgettext_lazy(
+            "naturaltime-future", "%(num)d month", "%(num)d months", "num"
+        ),
+        "week": npgettext_lazy(
+            "naturaltime-future", "%(num)d week", "%(num)d weeks", "num"
+        ),
+        "day": npgettext_lazy(
+            "naturaltime-future", "%(num)d day", "%(num)d days", "num"
+        ),
+        "hour": npgettext_lazy(
+            "naturaltime-future", "%(num)d hour", "%(num)d hours", "num"
+        ),
+        "minute": npgettext_lazy(
+            "naturaltime-future", "%(num)d minute", "%(num)d minutes", "num"
+        ),
     }
 
     @classmethod
@@ -228,32 +286,36 @@ class NaturalTimeFormatter:
         if value < now:
             delta = now - value
             if delta.days != 0:
-                return cls.time_strings['past-day'] % {
-                    'delta': defaultfilters.timesince(value, now, time_strings=cls.past_substrings),
+                return cls.time_strings["past-day"] % {
+                    "delta": defaultfilters.timesince(
+                        value, now, time_strings=cls.past_substrings
+                    ),
                 }
             elif delta.seconds == 0:
-                return cls.time_strings['now']
+                return cls.time_strings["now"]
             elif delta.seconds < 60:
-                return cls.time_strings['past-second'] % {'count': delta.seconds}
+                return cls.time_strings["past-second"] % {"count": delta.seconds}
             elif delta.seconds // 60 < 60:
                 count = delta.seconds // 60
-                return cls.time_strings['past-minute'] % {'count': count}
+                return cls.time_strings["past-minute"] % {"count": count}
             else:
                 count = delta.seconds // 60 // 60
-                return cls.time_strings['past-hour'] % {'count': count}
+                return cls.time_strings["past-hour"] % {"count": count}
         else:
             delta = value - now
             if delta.days != 0:
-                return cls.time_strings['future-day'] % {
-                    'delta': defaultfilters.timeuntil(value, now, time_strings=cls.future_substrings),
+                return cls.time_strings["future-day"] % {
+                    "delta": defaultfilters.timeuntil(
+                        value, now, time_strings=cls.future_substrings
+                    ),
                 }
             elif delta.seconds == 0:
-                return cls.time_strings['now']
+                return cls.time_strings["now"]
             elif delta.seconds < 60:
-                return cls.time_strings['future-second'] % {'count': delta.seconds}
+                return cls.time_strings["future-second"] % {"count": delta.seconds}
             elif delta.seconds // 60 < 60:
                 count = delta.seconds // 60
-                return cls.time_strings['future-minute'] % {'count': count}
+                return cls.time_strings["future-minute"] % {"count": count}
             else:
                 count = delta.seconds // 60 // 60
-                return cls.time_strings['future-hour'] % {'count': count}
+                return cls.time_strings["future-hour"] % {"count": count}
diff --git a/django/contrib/messages/api.py b/django/contrib/messages/api.py
index f0da16818a..7a67e8b4b0 100644
--- a/django/contrib/messages/api.py
+++ b/django/contrib/messages/api.py
@@ -2,10 +2,16 @@ from django.contrib.messages import constants
 from django.contrib.messages.storage import default_storage
 
 __all__ = (
-    'add_message', 'get_messages',
-    'get_level', 'set_level',
-    'debug', 'info', 'success', 'warning', 'error',
-    'MessageFailure',
+    "add_message",
+    "get_messages",
+    "get_level",
+    "set_level",
+    "debug",
+    "info",
+    "success",
+    "warning",
+    "error",
+    "MessageFailure",
 )
 
 
@@ -13,22 +19,22 @@ class MessageFailure(Exception):
     pass
 
 
-def add_message(request, level, message, extra_tags='', fail_silently=False):
+def add_message(request, level, message, extra_tags="", fail_silently=False):
     """
     Attempt to add a message to the request using the 'messages' app.
     """
     try:
         messages = request._messages
     except AttributeError:
-        if not hasattr(request, 'META'):
+        if not hasattr(request, "META"):
             raise TypeError(
                 "add_message() argument must be an HttpRequest object, not "
                 "'%s'." % request.__class__.__name__
             )
         if not fail_silently:
             raise MessageFailure(
-                'You cannot add messages without installing '
-                'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware'
+                "You cannot add messages without installing "
+                "django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware"
             )
     else:
         return messages.add(level, message, extra_tags)
@@ -39,7 +45,7 @@ def get_messages(request):
     Return the message storage on the request if it exists, otherwise return
     an empty list.
     """
-    return getattr(request, '_messages', [])
+    return getattr(request, "_messages", [])
 
 
 def get_level(request):
@@ -49,7 +55,7 @@ def get_level(request):
     The default level is the ``MESSAGE_LEVEL`` setting. If this is not found,
     use the ``INFO`` level.
     """
-    storage = getattr(request, '_messages', default_storage(request))
+    storage = getattr(request, "_messages", default_storage(request))
     return storage.level
 
 
@@ -60,37 +66,62 @@ def set_level(request, level):
 
     If set to ``None``, use the default level (see the get_level() function).
     """
-    if not hasattr(request, '_messages'):
+    if not hasattr(request, "_messages"):
         return False
     request._messages.level = level
     return True
 
 
-def debug(request, message, extra_tags='', fail_silently=False):
+def debug(request, message, extra_tags="", fail_silently=False):
     """Add a message with the ``DEBUG`` level."""
-    add_message(request, constants.DEBUG, message, extra_tags=extra_tags,
-                fail_silently=fail_silently)
+    add_message(
+        request,
+        constants.DEBUG,
+        message,
+        extra_tags=extra_tags,
+        fail_silently=fail_silently,
+    )
 
 
-def info(request, message, extra_tags='', fail_silently=False):
+def info(request, message, extra_tags="", fail_silently=False):
     """Add a message with the ``INFO`` level."""
-    add_message(request, constants.INFO, message, extra_tags=extra_tags,
-                fail_silently=fail_silently)
+    add_message(
+        request,
+        constants.INFO,
+        message,
+        extra_tags=extra_tags,
+        fail_silently=fail_silently,
+    )
 
 
-def success(request, message, extra_tags='', fail_silently=False):
+def success(request, message, extra_tags="", fail_silently=False):
     """Add a message with the ``SUCCESS`` level."""
-    add_message(request, constants.SUCCESS, message, extra_tags=extra_tags,
-                fail_silently=fail_silently)
+    add_message(
+        request,
+        constants.SUCCESS,
+        message,
+        extra_tags=extra_tags,
+        fail_silently=fail_silently,
+    )
 
 
-def warning(request, message, extra_tags='', fail_silently=False):
+def warning(request, message, extra_tags="", fail_silently=False):
     """Add a message with the ``WARNING`` level."""
-    add_message(request, constants.WARNING, message, extra_tags=extra_tags,
-                fail_silently=fail_silently)
+    add_message(
+        request,
+        constants.WARNING,
+        message,
+        extra_tags=extra_tags,
+        fail_silently=fail_silently,
+    )
 
 
-def error(request, message, extra_tags='', fail_silently=False):
+def error(request, message, extra_tags="", fail_silently=False):
     """Add a message with the ``ERROR`` level."""
-    add_message(request, constants.ERROR, message, extra_tags=extra_tags,
-                fail_silently=fail_silently)
+    add_message(
+        request,
+        constants.ERROR,
+        message,
+        extra_tags=extra_tags,
+        fail_silently=fail_silently,
+    )
diff --git a/django/contrib/messages/apps.py b/django/contrib/messages/apps.py
index 0b02f7d851..09a9554b70 100644
--- a/django/contrib/messages/apps.py
+++ b/django/contrib/messages/apps.py
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 
 def update_level_tags(setting, **kwargs):
-    if setting == 'MESSAGE_TAGS':
+    if setting == "MESSAGE_TAGS":
         base.LEVEL_TAGS = get_level_tags()
 
 
 class MessagesConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'django.contrib.messages'
+    name = "django.contrib.messages"
     verbose_name = _("Messages")
 
     def ready(self):
diff --git a/django/contrib/messages/constants.py b/django/contrib/messages/constants.py
index b43144872c..92c92422be 100644
--- a/django/contrib/messages/constants.py
+++ b/django/contrib/messages/constants.py
@@ -5,17 +5,17 @@ WARNING = 30
 ERROR = 40
 
 DEFAULT_TAGS = {
-    DEBUG: 'debug',
-    INFO: 'info',
-    SUCCESS: 'success',
-    WARNING: 'warning',
-    ERROR: 'error',
+    DEBUG: "debug",
+    INFO: "info",
+    SUCCESS: "success",
+    WARNING: "warning",
+    ERROR: "error",
 }
 
 DEFAULT_LEVELS = {
-    'DEBUG': DEBUG,
-    'INFO': INFO,
-    'SUCCESS': SUCCESS,
-    'WARNING': WARNING,
-    'ERROR': ERROR,
+    "DEBUG": DEBUG,
+    "INFO": INFO,
+    "SUCCESS": SUCCESS,
+    "WARNING": WARNING,
+    "ERROR": ERROR,
 }
diff --git a/django/contrib/messages/context_processors.py b/django/contrib/messages/context_processors.py
index b4b20956a6..e01cc31664 100644
--- a/django/contrib/messages/context_processors.py
+++ b/django/contrib/messages/context_processors.py
@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@ def messages(request):
     'DEFAULT_MESSAGE_LEVELS'.
     """
     return {
-        'messages': get_messages(request),
-        'DEFAULT_MESSAGE_LEVELS': DEFAULT_LEVELS,
+        "messages": get_messages(request),
+        "DEFAULT_MESSAGE_LEVELS": DEFAULT_LEVELS,
     }
diff --git a/django/contrib/messages/middleware.py b/django/contrib/messages/middleware.py
index d5b787cee7..00870318d1 100644
--- a/django/contrib/messages/middleware.py
+++ b/django/contrib/messages/middleware.py
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ class MessageMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
         """
         # A higher middleware layer may return a request which does not contain
         # messages storage, so make no assumption that it will be there.
-        if hasattr(request, '_messages'):
+        if hasattr(request, "_messages"):
             unstored_messages = request._messages.update(response)
             if unstored_messages and settings.DEBUG:
-                raise ValueError('Not all temporary messages could be stored.')
+                raise ValueError("Not all temporary messages could be stored.")
         return response
diff --git a/django/contrib/messages/storage/base.py b/django/contrib/messages/storage/base.py
index 01422066a6..61c5758aab 100644
--- a/django/contrib/messages/storage/base.py
+++ b/django/contrib/messages/storage/base.py
@@ -34,11 +34,11 @@ class Message:
 
     @property
     def tags(self):
-        return ' '.join(tag for tag in [self.extra_tags, self.level_tag] if tag)
+        return " ".join(tag for tag in [self.extra_tags, self.level_tag] if tag)
 
     @property
     def level_tag(self):
-        return LEVEL_TAGS.get(self.level, '')
+        return LEVEL_TAGS.get(self.level, "")
 
 
 class BaseStorage:
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class BaseStorage:
         return item in self._loaded_messages or item in self._queued_messages
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return f'<{self.__class__.__qualname__}: request={self.request!r}>'
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__qualname__}: request={self.request!r}>"
 
     @property
     def _loaded_messages(self):
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class BaseStorage:
         Return a list of loaded messages, retrieving them first if they have
         not been loaded yet.
         """
-        if not hasattr(self, '_loaded_data'):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_loaded_data"):
             messages, all_retrieved = self._get()
             self._loaded_data = messages or []
         return self._loaded_data
@@ -96,7 +96,9 @@ class BaseStorage:
         just containing no messages) then ``None`` should be returned in
         place of ``messages``.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseStorage must provide a _get() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseStorage must provide a _get() method"
+        )
 
     def _store(self, messages, response, *args, **kwargs):
         """
@@ -107,7 +109,9 @@ class BaseStorage:
 
         **This method must be implemented by a subclass.**
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseStorage must provide a _store() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseStorage must provide a _store() method"
+        )
 
     def _prepare_messages(self, messages):
         """
@@ -130,7 +134,7 @@ class BaseStorage:
             messages = self._loaded_messages + self._queued_messages
             return self._store(messages, response)
 
-    def add(self, level, message, extra_tags=''):
+    def add(self, level, message, extra_tags=""):
         """
         Queue a message to be stored.
 
@@ -155,8 +159,8 @@ class BaseStorage:
         The default level is the ``MESSAGE_LEVEL`` setting. If this is
         not found, the ``INFO`` level is used.
         """
-        if not hasattr(self, '_level'):
-            self._level = getattr(settings, 'MESSAGE_LEVEL', constants.INFO)
+        if not hasattr(self, "_level"):
+            self._level = getattr(settings, "MESSAGE_LEVEL", constants.INFO)
         return self._level
 
     def _set_level(self, value=None):
@@ -166,7 +170,7 @@ class BaseStorage:
         If set to ``None``, the default level will be used (see the
         ``_get_level`` method).
         """
-        if value is None and hasattr(self, '_level'):
+        if value is None and hasattr(self, "_level"):
             del self._level
         else:
             self._level = int(value)
diff --git a/django/contrib/messages/storage/cookie.py b/django/contrib/messages/storage/cookie.py
index e48d4edb08..0fd7ab60b6 100644
--- a/django/contrib/messages/storage/cookie.py
+++ b/django/contrib/messages/storage/cookie.py
@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ class MessageEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
     """
     Compactly serialize instances of the ``Message`` class as JSON.
     """
-    message_key = '__json_message'
+
+    message_key = "__json_message"
 
     def default(self, obj):
         if isinstance(obj, Message):
@@ -38,8 +39,7 @@ class MessageDecoder(json.JSONDecoder):
                 return Message(*obj[2:])
             return [self.process_messages(item) for item in obj]
         if isinstance(obj, dict):
-            return {key: self.process_messages(value)
-                    for key, value in obj.items()}
+            return {key: self.process_messages(value) for key, value in obj.items()}
         return obj
 
     def decode(self, s, **kwargs):
@@ -51,25 +51,26 @@ class MessageSerializer:
     def dumps(self, obj):
         return json.dumps(
             obj,
-            separators=(',', ':'),
+            separators=(",", ":"),
             cls=MessageEncoder,
-        ).encode('latin-1')
+        ).encode("latin-1")
 
     def loads(self, data):
-        return json.loads(data.decode('latin-1'), cls=MessageDecoder)
+        return json.loads(data.decode("latin-1"), cls=MessageDecoder)
 
 
 class CookieStorage(BaseStorage):
     """
     Store messages in a cookie.
     """
-    cookie_name = 'messages'
+
+    cookie_name = "messages"
     # uwsgi's default configuration enforces a maximum size of 4kb for all the
     # HTTP headers. In order to leave some room for other cookies and headers,
     # restrict the session cookie to 1/2 of 4kb. See #18781.
     max_cookie_size = 2048
-    not_finished = '__messagesnotfinished__'
-    key_salt = 'django.contrib.messages'
+    not_finished = "__messagesnotfinished__"
+    key_salt = "django.contrib.messages"
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -97,7 +98,8 @@ class CookieStorage(BaseStorage):
         """
         if encoded_data:
             response.set_cookie(
-                self.cookie_name, encoded_data,
+                self.cookie_name,
+                encoded_data,
                 domain=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN,
                 secure=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE or None,
                 httponly=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY or None,
@@ -134,8 +136,9 @@ class CookieStorage(BaseStorage):
                     unstored_messages.append(messages.pop(0))
                 else:
                     unstored_messages.insert(0, messages.pop())
-                encoded_data = self._encode(messages + [self.not_finished],
-                                            encode_empty=unstored_messages)
+                encoded_data = self._encode(
+                    messages + [self.not_finished], encode_empty=unstored_messages
+                )
         self._update_cookie(encoded_data, response)
         return unstored_messages
 
@@ -148,7 +151,9 @@ class CookieStorage(BaseStorage):
         also contains a hash to ensure that the data was not tampered with.
         """
         if messages or encode_empty:
-            return self.signer.sign_object(messages, serializer=MessageSerializer, compress=True)
+            return self.signer.sign_object(
+                messages, serializer=MessageSerializer, compress=True
+            )
 
     def _decode(self, data):
         """
diff --git a/django/contrib/messages/storage/fallback.py b/django/contrib/messages/storage/fallback.py
index 39df6f3c9d..44e26fab64 100644
--- a/django/contrib/messages/storage/fallback.py
+++ b/django/contrib/messages/storage/fallback.py
@@ -8,12 +8,14 @@ class FallbackStorage(BaseStorage):
     Try to store all messages in the first backend. Store any unstored
     messages in each subsequent backend.
     """
+
     storage_classes = (CookieStorage, SessionStorage)
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-        self.storages = [storage_class(*args, **kwargs)
-                         for storage_class in self.storage_classes]
+        self.storages = [
+            storage_class(*args, **kwargs) for storage_class in self.storage_classes
+        ]
         self._used_storages = set()
 
     def _get(self, *args, **kwargs):
diff --git a/django/contrib/messages/storage/session.py b/django/contrib/messages/storage/session.py
index 6ec0a21cc2..3271c9258f 100644
--- a/django/contrib/messages/storage/session.py
+++ b/django/contrib/messages/storage/session.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 import json
 
 from django.contrib.messages.storage.base import BaseStorage
-from django.contrib.messages.storage.cookie import (
-    MessageDecoder, MessageEncoder,
-)
+from django.contrib.messages.storage.cookie import MessageDecoder, MessageEncoder
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 
 
@@ -11,14 +9,15 @@ class SessionStorage(BaseStorage):
     """
     Store messages in the session (that is, django.contrib.sessions).
     """
-    session_key = '_messages'
+
+    session_key = "_messages"
 
     def __init__(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
-        if not hasattr(request, 'session'):
+        if not hasattr(request, "session"):
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                'The session-based temporary message storage requires session '
-                'middleware to be installed, and come before the message '
-                'middleware in the MIDDLEWARE list.'
+                "The session-based temporary message storage requires session "
+                "middleware to be installed, and come before the message "
+                "middleware in the MIDDLEWARE list."
             )
         super().__init__(request, *args, **kwargs)
 
@@ -28,7 +27,10 @@ class SessionStorage(BaseStorage):
         always stores everything it is given, so return True for the
         all_retrieved flag.
         """
-        return self.deserialize_messages(self.request.session.get(self.session_key)), True
+        return (
+            self.deserialize_messages(self.request.session.get(self.session_key)),
+            True,
+        )
 
     def _store(self, messages, response, *args, **kwargs):
         """
diff --git a/django/contrib/messages/utils.py b/django/contrib/messages/utils.py
index 9013044969..0dd8873576 100644
--- a/django/contrib/messages/utils.py
+++ b/django/contrib/messages/utils.py
@@ -8,5 +8,5 @@ def get_level_tags():
     """
     return {
         **constants.DEFAULT_TAGS,
-        **getattr(settings, 'MESSAGE_TAGS', {}),
+        **getattr(settings, "MESSAGE_TAGS", {}),
     }
diff --git a/django/contrib/messages/views.py b/django/contrib/messages/views.py
index eaa1bee9d5..38dee9bece 100644
--- a/django/contrib/messages/views.py
+++ b/django/contrib/messages/views.py
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ class SuccessMessageMixin:
     """
     Add a success message on successful form submission.
     """
-    success_message = ''
+
+    success_message = ""
 
     def form_valid(self, form):
         response = super().form_valid(form)
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/aggregates/general.py b/django/contrib/postgres/aggregates/general.py
index d90ca50e2b..f8b40fb709 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/aggregates/general.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/aggregates/general.py
@@ -1,16 +1,20 @@
 import warnings
 
 from django.contrib.postgres.fields import ArrayField
-from django.db.models import (
-    Aggregate, BooleanField, JSONField, TextField, Value,
-)
+from django.db.models import Aggregate, BooleanField, JSONField, TextField, Value
 from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango50Warning
 
 from .mixins import OrderableAggMixin
 
 __all__ = [
-    'ArrayAgg', 'BitAnd', 'BitOr', 'BitXor', 'BoolAnd', 'BoolOr', 'JSONBAgg',
-    'StringAgg',
+    "ArrayAgg",
+    "BitAnd",
+    "BitOr",
+    "BitXor",
+    "BoolAnd",
+    "BoolOr",
+    "JSONBAgg",
+    "StringAgg",
 ]
 
 
@@ -35,17 +39,17 @@ class DeprecatedConvertValueMixin:
 
 
 class ArrayAgg(DeprecatedConvertValueMixin, OrderableAggMixin, Aggregate):
-    function = 'ARRAY_AGG'
-    template = '%(function)s(%(distinct)s%(expressions)s %(ordering)s)'
+    function = "ARRAY_AGG"
+    template = "%(function)s(%(distinct)s%(expressions)s %(ordering)s)"
     allow_distinct = True
 
     # RemovedInDjango50Warning
     deprecation_value = property(lambda self: [])
     deprecation_msg = (
-        'In Django 5.0, ArrayAgg() will return None instead of an empty list '
-        'if there are no rows. Pass default=None to opt into the new behavior '
-        'and silence this warning or default=Value([]) to keep the previous '
-        'behavior.'
+        "In Django 5.0, ArrayAgg() will return None instead of an empty list "
+        "if there are no rows. Pass default=None to opt into the new behavior "
+        "and silence this warning or default=Value([]) to keep the previous "
+        "behavior."
     )
 
     @property
@@ -54,35 +58,35 @@ class ArrayAgg(DeprecatedConvertValueMixin, OrderableAggMixin, Aggregate):
 
 
 class BitAnd(Aggregate):
-    function = 'BIT_AND'
+    function = "BIT_AND"
 
 
 class BitOr(Aggregate):
-    function = 'BIT_OR'
+    function = "BIT_OR"
 
 
 class BitXor(Aggregate):
-    function = 'BIT_XOR'
+    function = "BIT_XOR"
 
 
 class BoolAnd(Aggregate):
-    function = 'BOOL_AND'
+    function = "BOOL_AND"
     output_field = BooleanField()
 
 
 class BoolOr(Aggregate):
-    function = 'BOOL_OR'
+    function = "BOOL_OR"
     output_field = BooleanField()
 
 
 class JSONBAgg(DeprecatedConvertValueMixin, OrderableAggMixin, Aggregate):
-    function = 'JSONB_AGG'
-    template = '%(function)s(%(distinct)s%(expressions)s %(ordering)s)'
+    function = "JSONB_AGG"
+    template = "%(function)s(%(distinct)s%(expressions)s %(ordering)s)"
     allow_distinct = True
     output_field = JSONField()
 
     # RemovedInDjango50Warning
-    deprecation_value = '[]'
+    deprecation_value = "[]"
     deprecation_msg = (
         "In Django 5.0, JSONBAgg() will return None instead of an empty list "
         "if there are no rows. Pass default=None to opt into the new behavior "
@@ -92,13 +96,13 @@ class JSONBAgg(DeprecatedConvertValueMixin, OrderableAggMixin, Aggregate):
 
 
 class StringAgg(DeprecatedConvertValueMixin, OrderableAggMixin, Aggregate):
-    function = 'STRING_AGG'
-    template = '%(function)s(%(distinct)s%(expressions)s %(ordering)s)'
+    function = "STRING_AGG"
+    template = "%(function)s(%(distinct)s%(expressions)s %(ordering)s)"
     allow_distinct = True
     output_field = TextField()
 
     # RemovedInDjango50Warning
-    deprecation_value = ''
+    deprecation_value = ""
     deprecation_msg = (
         "In Django 5.0, StringAgg() will return None instead of an empty "
         "string if there are no rows. Pass default=None to opt into the new "
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/aggregates/mixins.py b/django/contrib/postgres/aggregates/mixins.py
index 4fedb9bd98..b2f4097b8f 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/aggregates/mixins.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/aggregates/mixins.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from django.db.models.expressions import OrderByList
 
 
 class OrderableAggMixin:
-
     def __init__(self, *expressions, ordering=(), **extra):
         if isinstance(ordering, (list, tuple)):
             self.order_by = OrderByList(*ordering)
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/aggregates/statistics.py b/django/contrib/postgres/aggregates/statistics.py
index 2c83b78c0e..3dc442b290 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/aggregates/statistics.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/aggregates/statistics.py
@@ -1,8 +1,18 @@
 from django.db.models import Aggregate, FloatField, IntegerField
 
 __all__ = [
-    'CovarPop', 'Corr', 'RegrAvgX', 'RegrAvgY', 'RegrCount', 'RegrIntercept',
-    'RegrR2', 'RegrSlope', 'RegrSXX', 'RegrSXY', 'RegrSYY', 'StatAggregate',
+    "CovarPop",
+    "Corr",
+    "RegrAvgX",
+    "RegrAvgY",
+    "RegrCount",
+    "RegrIntercept",
+    "RegrR2",
+    "RegrSlope",
+    "RegrSXX",
+    "RegrSXY",
+    "RegrSYY",
+    "StatAggregate",
 ]
 
 
@@ -11,53 +21,55 @@ class StatAggregate(Aggregate):
 
     def __init__(self, y, x, output_field=None, filter=None, default=None):
         if not x or not y:
-            raise ValueError('Both y and x must be provided.')
-        super().__init__(y, x, output_field=output_field, filter=filter, default=default)
+            raise ValueError("Both y and x must be provided.")
+        super().__init__(
+            y, x, output_field=output_field, filter=filter, default=default
+        )
 
 
 class Corr(StatAggregate):
-    function = 'CORR'
+    function = "CORR"
 
 
 class CovarPop(StatAggregate):
     def __init__(self, y, x, sample=False, filter=None, default=None):
-        self.function = 'COVAR_SAMP' if sample else 'COVAR_POP'
+        self.function = "COVAR_SAMP" if sample else "COVAR_POP"
         super().__init__(y, x, filter=filter, default=default)
 
 
 class RegrAvgX(StatAggregate):
-    function = 'REGR_AVGX'
+    function = "REGR_AVGX"
 
 
 class RegrAvgY(StatAggregate):
-    function = 'REGR_AVGY'
+    function = "REGR_AVGY"
 
 
 class RegrCount(StatAggregate):
-    function = 'REGR_COUNT'
+    function = "REGR_COUNT"
     output_field = IntegerField()
     empty_result_set_value = 0
 
 
 class RegrIntercept(StatAggregate):
-    function = 'REGR_INTERCEPT'
+    function = "REGR_INTERCEPT"
 
 
 class RegrR2(StatAggregate):
-    function = 'REGR_R2'
+    function = "REGR_R2"
 
 
 class RegrSlope(StatAggregate):
-    function = 'REGR_SLOPE'
+    function = "REGR_SLOPE"
 
 
 class RegrSXX(StatAggregate):
-    function = 'REGR_SXX'
+    function = "REGR_SXX"
 
 
 class RegrSXY(StatAggregate):
-    function = 'REGR_SXY'
+    function = "REGR_SXY"
 
 
 class RegrSYY(StatAggregate):
-    function = 'REGR_SYY'
+    function = "REGR_SYY"
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/apps.py b/django/contrib/postgres/apps.py
index b8ec85b7a4..d917201f05 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/apps.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/apps.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-from psycopg2.extras import (
-    DateRange, DateTimeRange, DateTimeTZRange, NumericRange,
-)
+from psycopg2.extras import DateRange, DateTimeRange, DateTimeTZRange, NumericRange
 
 from django.apps import AppConfig
 from django.core.signals import setting_changed
@@ -25,7 +23,11 @@ def uninstall_if_needed(setting, value, enter, **kwargs):
     Undo the effects of PostgresConfig.ready() when django.contrib.postgres
     is "uninstalled" by override_settings().
     """
-    if not enter and setting == 'INSTALLED_APPS' and 'django.contrib.postgres' not in set(value):
+    if (
+        not enter
+        and setting == "INSTALLED_APPS"
+        and "django.contrib.postgres" not in set(value)
+    ):
         connection_created.disconnect(register_type_handlers)
         CharField._unregister_lookup(Unaccent)
         TextField._unregister_lookup(Unaccent)
@@ -43,21 +45,23 @@ def uninstall_if_needed(setting, value, enter, **kwargs):
 
 
 class PostgresConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'django.contrib.postgres'
-    verbose_name = _('PostgreSQL extensions')
+    name = "django.contrib.postgres"
+    verbose_name = _("PostgreSQL extensions")
 
     def ready(self):
         setting_changed.connect(uninstall_if_needed)
         # Connections may already exist before we are called.
         for conn in connections.all():
-            if conn.vendor == 'postgresql':
-                conn.introspection.data_types_reverse.update({
-                    3904: 'django.contrib.postgres.fields.IntegerRangeField',
-                    3906: 'django.contrib.postgres.fields.DecimalRangeField',
-                    3910: 'django.contrib.postgres.fields.DateTimeRangeField',
-                    3912: 'django.contrib.postgres.fields.DateRangeField',
-                    3926: 'django.contrib.postgres.fields.BigIntegerRangeField',
-                })
+            if conn.vendor == "postgresql":
+                conn.introspection.data_types_reverse.update(
+                    {
+                        3904: "django.contrib.postgres.fields.IntegerRangeField",
+                        3906: "django.contrib.postgres.fields.DecimalRangeField",
+                        3910: "django.contrib.postgres.fields.DateTimeRangeField",
+                        3912: "django.contrib.postgres.fields.DateRangeField",
+                        3926: "django.contrib.postgres.fields.BigIntegerRangeField",
+                    }
+                )
                 if conn.connection is not None:
                     register_type_handlers(conn)
         connection_created.connect(register_type_handlers)
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/constraints.py b/django/contrib/postgres/constraints.py
index 06ccd3616e..c0bc0c444f 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/constraints.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/constraints.py
@@ -10,71 +10,69 @@ from django.db.models.indexes import IndexExpression
 from django.db.models.sql import Query
 from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango50Warning
 
-__all__ = ['ExclusionConstraint']
+__all__ = ["ExclusionConstraint"]
 
 
 class ExclusionConstraintExpression(IndexExpression):
-    template = '%(expressions)s WITH %(operator)s'
+    template = "%(expressions)s WITH %(operator)s"
 
 
 class ExclusionConstraint(BaseConstraint):
-    template = 'CONSTRAINT %(name)s EXCLUDE USING %(index_type)s (%(expressions)s)%(include)s%(where)s%(deferrable)s'
+    template = "CONSTRAINT %(name)s EXCLUDE USING %(index_type)s (%(expressions)s)%(include)s%(where)s%(deferrable)s"
 
     def __init__(
-        self, *, name, expressions, index_type=None, condition=None,
-        deferrable=None, include=None, opclasses=(),
+        self,
+        *,
+        name,
+        expressions,
+        index_type=None,
+        condition=None,
+        deferrable=None,
+        include=None,
+        opclasses=(),
     ):
-        if index_type and index_type.lower() not in {'gist', 'spgist'}:
+        if index_type and index_type.lower() not in {"gist", "spgist"}:
             raise ValueError(
-                'Exclusion constraints only support GiST or SP-GiST indexes.'
+                "Exclusion constraints only support GiST or SP-GiST indexes."
             )
         if not expressions:
             raise ValueError(
-                'At least one expression is required to define an exclusion '
-                'constraint.'
+                "At least one expression is required to define an exclusion "
+                "constraint."
             )
         if not all(
-            isinstance(expr, (list, tuple)) and len(expr) == 2
-            for expr in expressions
+            isinstance(expr, (list, tuple)) and len(expr) == 2 for expr in expressions
         ):
-            raise ValueError('The expressions must be a list of 2-tuples.')
+            raise ValueError("The expressions must be a list of 2-tuples.")
         if not isinstance(condition, (type(None), Q)):
-            raise ValueError(
-                'ExclusionConstraint.condition must be a Q instance.'
-            )
+            raise ValueError("ExclusionConstraint.condition must be a Q instance.")
         if condition and deferrable:
-            raise ValueError(
-                'ExclusionConstraint with conditions cannot be deferred.'
-            )
+            raise ValueError("ExclusionConstraint with conditions cannot be deferred.")
         if not isinstance(deferrable, (type(None), Deferrable)):
             raise ValueError(
-                'ExclusionConstraint.deferrable must be a Deferrable instance.'
+                "ExclusionConstraint.deferrable must be a Deferrable instance."
             )
         if not isinstance(include, (type(None), list, tuple)):
-            raise ValueError(
-                'ExclusionConstraint.include must be a list or tuple.'
-            )
+            raise ValueError("ExclusionConstraint.include must be a list or tuple.")
         if not isinstance(opclasses, (list, tuple)):
-            raise ValueError(
-                'ExclusionConstraint.opclasses must be a list or tuple.'
-            )
+            raise ValueError("ExclusionConstraint.opclasses must be a list or tuple.")
         if opclasses and len(expressions) != len(opclasses):
             raise ValueError(
-                'ExclusionConstraint.expressions and '
-                'ExclusionConstraint.opclasses must have the same number of '
-                'elements.'
+                "ExclusionConstraint.expressions and "
+                "ExclusionConstraint.opclasses must have the same number of "
+                "elements."
             )
         self.expressions = expressions
-        self.index_type = index_type or 'GIST'
+        self.index_type = index_type or "GIST"
         self.condition = condition
         self.deferrable = deferrable
         self.include = tuple(include) if include else ()
         self.opclasses = opclasses
         if self.opclasses:
             warnings.warn(
-                'The opclasses argument is deprecated in favor of using '
-                'django.contrib.postgres.indexes.OpClass in '
-                'ExclusionConstraint.expressions.',
+                "The opclasses argument is deprecated in favor of using "
+                "django.contrib.postgres.indexes.OpClass in "
+                "ExclusionConstraint.expressions.",
                 category=RemovedInDjango50Warning,
                 stacklevel=2,
             )
@@ -107,14 +105,18 @@ class ExclusionConstraint(BaseConstraint):
         expressions = self._get_expressions(schema_editor, query)
         table = model._meta.db_table
         condition = self._get_condition_sql(compiler, schema_editor, query)
-        include = [model._meta.get_field(field_name).column for field_name in self.include]
+        include = [
+            model._meta.get_field(field_name).column for field_name in self.include
+        ]
         return Statement(
             self.template,
             table=Table(table, schema_editor.quote_name),
             name=schema_editor.quote_name(self.name),
             index_type=self.index_type,
-            expressions=Expressions(table, expressions, compiler, schema_editor.quote_value),
-            where=' WHERE (%s)' % condition if condition else '',
+            expressions=Expressions(
+                table, expressions, compiler, schema_editor.quote_value
+            ),
+            where=" WHERE (%s)" % condition if condition else "",
             include=schema_editor._index_include_sql(model, include),
             deferrable=schema_editor._deferrable_constraint_sql(self.deferrable),
         )
@@ -122,7 +124,7 @@ class ExclusionConstraint(BaseConstraint):
     def create_sql(self, model, schema_editor):
         self.check_supported(schema_editor)
         return Statement(
-            'ALTER TABLE %(table)s ADD %(constraint)s',
+            "ALTER TABLE %(table)s ADD %(constraint)s",
             table=Table(model._meta.db_table, schema_editor.quote_name),
             constraint=self.constraint_sql(model, schema_editor),
         )
@@ -136,60 +138,60 @@ class ExclusionConstraint(BaseConstraint):
 
     def check_supported(self, schema_editor):
         if (
-            self.include and
-            self.index_type.lower() == 'gist' and
-            not schema_editor.connection.features.supports_covering_gist_indexes
+            self.include
+            and self.index_type.lower() == "gist"
+            and not schema_editor.connection.features.supports_covering_gist_indexes
         ):
             raise NotSupportedError(
-                'Covering exclusion constraints using a GiST index require '
-                'PostgreSQL 12+.'
+                "Covering exclusion constraints using a GiST index require "
+                "PostgreSQL 12+."
             )
         if (
-            self.include and
-            self.index_type.lower() == 'spgist' and
-            not schema_editor.connection.features.supports_covering_spgist_indexes
+            self.include
+            and self.index_type.lower() == "spgist"
+            and not schema_editor.connection.features.supports_covering_spgist_indexes
         ):
             raise NotSupportedError(
-                'Covering exclusion constraints using an SP-GiST index '
-                'require PostgreSQL 14+.'
+                "Covering exclusion constraints using an SP-GiST index "
+                "require PostgreSQL 14+."
             )
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
-        kwargs['expressions'] = self.expressions
+        kwargs["expressions"] = self.expressions
         if self.condition is not None:
-            kwargs['condition'] = self.condition
-        if self.index_type.lower() != 'gist':
-            kwargs['index_type'] = self.index_type
+            kwargs["condition"] = self.condition
+        if self.index_type.lower() != "gist":
+            kwargs["index_type"] = self.index_type
         if self.deferrable:
-            kwargs['deferrable'] = self.deferrable
+            kwargs["deferrable"] = self.deferrable
         if self.include:
-            kwargs['include'] = self.include
+            kwargs["include"] = self.include
         if self.opclasses:
-            kwargs['opclasses'] = self.opclasses
+            kwargs["opclasses"] = self.opclasses
         return path, args, kwargs
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         if isinstance(other, self.__class__):
             return (
-                self.name == other.name and
-                self.index_type == other.index_type and
-                self.expressions == other.expressions and
-                self.condition == other.condition and
-                self.deferrable == other.deferrable and
-                self.include == other.include and
-                self.opclasses == other.opclasses
+                self.name == other.name
+                and self.index_type == other.index_type
+                and self.expressions == other.expressions
+                and self.condition == other.condition
+                and self.deferrable == other.deferrable
+                and self.include == other.include
+                and self.opclasses == other.opclasses
             )
         return super().__eq__(other)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s: index_type=%s expressions=%s name=%s%s%s%s%s>' % (
+        return "<%s: index_type=%s expressions=%s name=%s%s%s%s%s>" % (
             self.__class__.__qualname__,
             repr(self.index_type),
             repr(self.expressions),
             repr(self.name),
-            '' if self.condition is None else ' condition=%s' % self.condition,
-            '' if self.deferrable is None else ' deferrable=%r' % self.deferrable,
-            '' if not self.include else ' include=%s' % repr(self.include),
-            '' if not self.opclasses else ' opclasses=%s' % repr(self.opclasses),
+            "" if self.condition is None else " condition=%s" % self.condition,
+            "" if self.deferrable is None else " deferrable=%r" % self.deferrable,
+            "" if not self.include else " include=%s" % repr(self.include),
+            "" if not self.opclasses else " opclasses=%s" % repr(self.opclasses),
         )
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/expressions.py b/django/contrib/postgres/expressions.py
index ea7cbe038d..469f4e9fb6 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/expressions.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/expressions.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
 
 class ArraySubquery(Subquery):
-    template = 'ARRAY(%(subquery)s)'
+    template = "ARRAY(%(subquery)s)"
 
     def __init__(self, queryset, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(queryset, **kwargs)
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/fields/array.py b/django/contrib/postgres/fields/array.py
index 9c1bb96b61..7269198674 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/fields/array.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/fields/array.py
@@ -12,38 +12,43 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 from ..utils import prefix_validation_error
 from .utils import AttributeSetter
 
-__all__ = ['ArrayField']
+__all__ = ["ArrayField"]
 
 
 class ArrayField(CheckFieldDefaultMixin, Field):
     empty_strings_allowed = False
     default_error_messages = {
-        'item_invalid': _('Item %(nth)s in the array did not validate:'),
-        'nested_array_mismatch': _('Nested arrays must have the same length.'),
+        "item_invalid": _("Item %(nth)s in the array did not validate:"),
+        "nested_array_mismatch": _("Nested arrays must have the same length."),
     }
-    _default_hint = ('list', '[]')
+    _default_hint = ("list", "[]")
 
     def __init__(self, base_field, size=None, **kwargs):
         self.base_field = base_field
         self.size = size
         if self.size:
-            self.default_validators = [*self.default_validators, ArrayMaxLengthValidator(self.size)]
+            self.default_validators = [
+                *self.default_validators,
+                ArrayMaxLengthValidator(self.size),
+            ]
         # For performance, only add a from_db_value() method if the base field
         # implements it.
-        if hasattr(self.base_field, 'from_db_value'):
+        if hasattr(self.base_field, "from_db_value"):
             self.from_db_value = self._from_db_value
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     @property
     def model(self):
         try:
-            return self.__dict__['model']
+            return self.__dict__["model"]
         except KeyError:
-            raise AttributeError("'%s' object has no attribute 'model'" % self.__class__.__name__)
+            raise AttributeError(
+                "'%s' object has no attribute 'model'" % self.__class__.__name__
+            )
 
     @model.setter
     def model(self, model):
-        self.__dict__['model'] = model
+        self.__dict__["model"] = model
         self.base_field.model = model
 
     @classmethod
@@ -55,21 +60,23 @@ class ArrayField(CheckFieldDefaultMixin, Field):
         if self.base_field.remote_field:
             errors.append(
                 checks.Error(
-                    'Base field for array cannot be a related field.',
+                    "Base field for array cannot be a related field.",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='postgres.E002'
+                    id="postgres.E002",
                 )
             )
         else:
             # Remove the field name checks as they are not needed here.
             base_errors = self.base_field.check()
             if base_errors:
-                messages = '\n    '.join('%s (%s)' % (error.msg, error.id) for error in base_errors)
+                messages = "\n    ".join(
+                    "%s (%s)" % (error.msg, error.id) for error in base_errors
+                )
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Error(
-                        'Base field for array has errors:\n    %s' % messages,
+                        "Base field for array has errors:\n    %s" % messages,
                         obj=self,
-                        id='postgres.E001'
+                        id="postgres.E001",
                     )
                 )
         return errors
@@ -80,32 +87,37 @@ class ArrayField(CheckFieldDefaultMixin, Field):
 
     @property
     def description(self):
-        return 'Array of %s' % self.base_field.description
+        return "Array of %s" % self.base_field.description
 
     def db_type(self, connection):
-        size = self.size or ''
-        return '%s[%s]' % (self.base_field.db_type(connection), size)
+        size = self.size or ""
+        return "%s[%s]" % (self.base_field.db_type(connection), size)
 
     def cast_db_type(self, connection):
-        size = self.size or ''
-        return '%s[%s]' % (self.base_field.cast_db_type(connection), size)
+        size = self.size or ""
+        return "%s[%s]" % (self.base_field.cast_db_type(connection), size)
 
     def get_placeholder(self, value, compiler, connection):
-        return '%s::{}'.format(self.db_type(connection))
+        return "%s::{}".format(self.db_type(connection))
 
     def get_db_prep_value(self, value, connection, prepared=False):
         if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
-            return [self.base_field.get_db_prep_value(i, connection, prepared=False) for i in value]
+            return [
+                self.base_field.get_db_prep_value(i, connection, prepared=False)
+                for i in value
+            ]
         return value
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
-        if path == 'django.contrib.postgres.fields.array.ArrayField':
-            path = 'django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField'
-        kwargs.update({
-            'base_field': self.base_field.clone(),
-            'size': self.size,
-        })
+        if path == "django.contrib.postgres.fields.array.ArrayField":
+            path = "django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField"
+        kwargs.update(
+            {
+                "base_field": self.base_field.clone(),
+                "size": self.size,
+            }
+        )
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
     def to_python(self, value):
@@ -140,7 +152,7 @@ class ArrayField(CheckFieldDefaultMixin, Field):
         transform = super().get_transform(name)
         if transform:
             return transform
-        if '_' not in name:
+        if "_" not in name:
             try:
                 index = int(name)
             except ValueError:
@@ -149,7 +161,7 @@ class ArrayField(CheckFieldDefaultMixin, Field):
                 index += 1  # postgres uses 1-indexing
                 return IndexTransformFactory(index, self.base_field)
         try:
-            start, end = name.split('_')
+            start, end = name.split("_")
             start = int(start) + 1
             end = int(end)  # don't add one here because postgres slices are weird
         except ValueError:
@@ -165,15 +177,15 @@ class ArrayField(CheckFieldDefaultMixin, Field):
             except exceptions.ValidationError as error:
                 raise prefix_validation_error(
                     error,
-                    prefix=self.error_messages['item_invalid'],
-                    code='item_invalid',
-                    params={'nth': index + 1},
+                    prefix=self.error_messages["item_invalid"],
+                    code="item_invalid",
+                    params={"nth": index + 1},
                 )
         if isinstance(self.base_field, ArrayField):
             if len({len(i) for i in value}) > 1:
                 raise exceptions.ValidationError(
-                    self.error_messages['nested_array_mismatch'],
-                    code='nested_array_mismatch',
+                    self.error_messages["nested_array_mismatch"],
+                    code="nested_array_mismatch",
                 )
 
     def run_validators(self, value):
@@ -184,18 +196,20 @@ class ArrayField(CheckFieldDefaultMixin, Field):
             except exceptions.ValidationError as error:
                 raise prefix_validation_error(
                     error,
-                    prefix=self.error_messages['item_invalid'],
-                    code='item_invalid',
-                    params={'nth': index + 1},
+                    prefix=self.error_messages["item_invalid"],
+                    code="item_invalid",
+                    params={"nth": index + 1},
                 )
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
-        return super().formfield(**{
-            'form_class': SimpleArrayField,
-            'base_field': self.base_field.formfield(),
-            'max_length': self.size,
-            **kwargs,
-        })
+        return super().formfield(
+            **{
+                "form_class": SimpleArrayField,
+                "base_field": self.base_field.formfield(),
+                "max_length": self.size,
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class ArrayRHSMixin:
@@ -203,21 +217,21 @@ class ArrayRHSMixin:
         if isinstance(rhs, (tuple, list)):
             expressions = []
             for value in rhs:
-                if not hasattr(value, 'resolve_expression'):
+                if not hasattr(value, "resolve_expression"):
                     field = lhs.output_field
                     value = Value(field.base_field.get_prep_value(value))
                 expressions.append(value)
             rhs = Func(
                 *expressions,
-                function='ARRAY',
-                template='%(function)s[%(expressions)s]',
+                function="ARRAY",
+                template="%(function)s[%(expressions)s]",
             )
         super().__init__(lhs, rhs)
 
     def process_rhs(self, compiler, connection):
         rhs, rhs_params = super().process_rhs(compiler, connection)
         cast_type = self.lhs.output_field.cast_db_type(connection)
-        return '%s::%s' % (rhs, cast_type), rhs_params
+        return "%s::%s" % (rhs, cast_type), rhs_params
 
 
 @ArrayField.register_lookup
@@ -242,29 +256,29 @@ class ArrayOverlap(ArrayRHSMixin, lookups.Overlap):
 
 @ArrayField.register_lookup
 class ArrayLenTransform(Transform):
-    lookup_name = 'len'
+    lookup_name = "len"
     output_field = IntegerField()
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         lhs, params = compiler.compile(self.lhs)
         # Distinguish NULL and empty arrays
         return (
-            'CASE WHEN %(lhs)s IS NULL THEN NULL ELSE '
-            'coalesce(array_length(%(lhs)s, 1), 0) END'
-        ) % {'lhs': lhs}, params
+            "CASE WHEN %(lhs)s IS NULL THEN NULL ELSE "
+            "coalesce(array_length(%(lhs)s, 1), 0) END"
+        ) % {"lhs": lhs}, params
 
 
 @ArrayField.register_lookup
 class ArrayInLookup(In):
     def get_prep_lookup(self):
         values = super().get_prep_lookup()
-        if hasattr(values, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if hasattr(values, "resolve_expression"):
             return values
         # In.process_rhs() expects values to be hashable, so convert lists
         # to tuples.
         prepared_values = []
         for value in values:
-            if hasattr(value, 'resolve_expression'):
+            if hasattr(value, "resolve_expression"):
                 prepared_values.append(value)
             else:
                 prepared_values.append(tuple(value))
@@ -272,7 +286,6 @@ class ArrayInLookup(In):
 
 
 class IndexTransform(Transform):
-
     def __init__(self, index, base_field, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self.index = index
@@ -280,7 +293,7 @@ class IndexTransform(Transform):
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         lhs, params = compiler.compile(self.lhs)
-        return '%s[%%s]' % lhs, params + [self.index]
+        return "%s[%%s]" % lhs, params + [self.index]
 
     @property
     def output_field(self):
@@ -288,7 +301,6 @@ class IndexTransform(Transform):
 
 
 class IndexTransformFactory:
-
     def __init__(self, index, base_field):
         self.index = index
         self.base_field = base_field
@@ -298,7 +310,6 @@ class IndexTransformFactory:
 
 
 class SliceTransform(Transform):
-
     def __init__(self, start, end, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self.start = start
@@ -306,11 +317,10 @@ class SliceTransform(Transform):
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         lhs, params = compiler.compile(self.lhs)
-        return '%s[%%s:%%s]' % lhs, params + [self.start, self.end]
+        return "%s[%%s:%%s]" % lhs, params + [self.start, self.end]
 
 
 class SliceTransformFactory:
-
     def __init__(self, start, end):
         self.start = start
         self.end = end
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/fields/citext.py b/django/contrib/postgres/fields/citext.py
index 46f6d3d1c2..2b943614d2 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/fields/citext.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/fields/citext.py
@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
 from django.db.models import CharField, EmailField, TextField
 
-__all__ = ['CICharField', 'CIEmailField', 'CIText', 'CITextField']
+__all__ = ["CICharField", "CIEmailField", "CIText", "CITextField"]
 
 
 class CIText:
-
     def get_internal_type(self):
-        return 'CI' + super().get_internal_type()
+        return "CI" + super().get_internal_type()
 
     def db_type(self, connection):
-        return 'citext'
+        return "citext"
 
 
 class CICharField(CIText, CharField):
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/fields/hstore.py b/django/contrib/postgres/fields/hstore.py
index 2ec5766041..cfc156ab59 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/fields/hstore.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/fields/hstore.py
@@ -7,19 +7,19 @@ from django.db.models import Field, TextField, Transform
 from django.db.models.fields.mixins import CheckFieldDefaultMixin
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
-__all__ = ['HStoreField']
+__all__ = ["HStoreField"]
 
 
 class HStoreField(CheckFieldDefaultMixin, Field):
     empty_strings_allowed = False
-    description = _('Map of strings to strings/nulls')
+    description = _("Map of strings to strings/nulls")
     default_error_messages = {
-        'not_a_string': _('The value of “%(key)s” is not a string or null.'),
+        "not_a_string": _("The value of “%(key)s” is not a string or null."),
     }
-    _default_hint = ('dict', '{}')
+    _default_hint = ("dict", "{}")
 
     def db_type(self, connection):
-        return 'hstore'
+        return "hstore"
 
     def get_transform(self, name):
         transform = super().get_transform(name)
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ class HStoreField(CheckFieldDefaultMixin, Field):
         for key, val in value.items():
             if not isinstance(val, str) and val is not None:
                 raise exceptions.ValidationError(
-                    self.error_messages['not_a_string'],
-                    code='not_a_string',
-                    params={'key': key},
+                    self.error_messages["not_a_string"],
+                    code="not_a_string",
+                    params={"key": key},
                 )
 
     def to_python(self, value):
@@ -46,10 +46,12 @@ class HStoreField(CheckFieldDefaultMixin, Field):
         return json.dumps(self.value_from_object(obj))
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
-        return super().formfield(**{
-            'form_class': forms.HStoreField,
-            **kwargs,
-        })
+        return super().formfield(
+            **{
+                "form_class": forms.HStoreField,
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
 
     def get_prep_value(self, value):
         value = super().get_prep_value(value)
@@ -85,11 +87,10 @@ class KeyTransform(Transform):
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         lhs, params = compiler.compile(self.lhs)
-        return '(%s -> %%s)' % lhs, tuple(params) + (self.key_name,)
+        return "(%s -> %%s)" % lhs, tuple(params) + (self.key_name,)
 
 
 class KeyTransformFactory:
-
     def __init__(self, key_name):
         self.key_name = key_name
 
@@ -99,13 +100,13 @@ class KeyTransformFactory:
 
 @HStoreField.register_lookup
 class KeysTransform(Transform):
-    lookup_name = 'keys'
-    function = 'akeys'
+    lookup_name = "keys"
+    function = "akeys"
     output_field = ArrayField(TextField())
 
 
 @HStoreField.register_lookup
 class ValuesTransform(Transform):
-    lookup_name = 'values'
-    function = 'avals'
+    lookup_name = "values"
+    function = "avals"
     output_field = ArrayField(TextField())
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/fields/jsonb.py b/django/contrib/postgres/fields/jsonb.py
index 29e8480665..760b5d8398 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/fields/jsonb.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/fields/jsonb.py
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 from django.db.models import JSONField as BuiltinJSONField
 
-__all__ = ['JSONField']
+__all__ = ["JSONField"]
 
 
 class JSONField(BuiltinJSONField):
     system_check_removed_details = {
-        'msg': (
-            'django.contrib.postgres.fields.JSONField is removed except for '
-            'support in historical migrations.'
+        "msg": (
+            "django.contrib.postgres.fields.JSONField is removed except for "
+            "support in historical migrations."
         ),
-        'hint': 'Use django.db.models.JSONField instead.',
-        'id': 'fields.E904',
+        "hint": "Use django.db.models.JSONField instead.",
+        "id": "fields.E904",
     }
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/fields/ranges.py b/django/contrib/postgres/fields/ranges.py
index b395e213a1..58ffacbbe5 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/fields/ranges.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/fields/ranges.py
@@ -10,17 +10,23 @@ from django.db.models.lookups import PostgresOperatorLookup
 from .utils import AttributeSetter
 
 __all__ = [
-    'RangeField', 'IntegerRangeField', 'BigIntegerRangeField',
-    'DecimalRangeField', 'DateTimeRangeField', 'DateRangeField',
-    'RangeBoundary', 'RangeOperators',
+    "RangeField",
+    "IntegerRangeField",
+    "BigIntegerRangeField",
+    "DecimalRangeField",
+    "DateTimeRangeField",
+    "DateRangeField",
+    "RangeBoundary",
+    "RangeOperators",
 ]
 
 
 class RangeBoundary(models.Expression):
     """A class that represents range boundaries."""
+
     def __init__(self, inclusive_lower=True, inclusive_upper=False):
-        self.lower = '[' if inclusive_lower else '('
-        self.upper = ']' if inclusive_upper else ')'
+        self.lower = "[" if inclusive_lower else "("
+        self.upper = "]" if inclusive_upper else ")"
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         return "'%s%s'" % (self.lower, self.upper), []
@@ -28,41 +34,43 @@ class RangeBoundary(models.Expression):
 
 class RangeOperators:
     # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-range.html#RANGE-OPERATORS-TABLE
-    EQUAL = '='
-    NOT_EQUAL = '<>'
-    CONTAINS = '@>'
-    CONTAINED_BY = '<@'
-    OVERLAPS = '&&'
-    FULLY_LT = '<<'
-    FULLY_GT = '>>'
-    NOT_LT = '&>'
-    NOT_GT = '&<'
-    ADJACENT_TO = '-|-'
+    EQUAL = "="
+    NOT_EQUAL = "<>"
+    CONTAINS = "@>"
+    CONTAINED_BY = "<@"
+    OVERLAPS = "&&"
+    FULLY_LT = "<<"
+    FULLY_GT = ">>"
+    NOT_LT = "&>"
+    NOT_GT = "&<"
+    ADJACENT_TO = "-|-"
 
 
 class RangeField(models.Field):
     empty_strings_allowed = False
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        if 'default_bounds' in kwargs:
+        if "default_bounds" in kwargs:
             raise TypeError(
                 f"Cannot use 'default_bounds' with {self.__class__.__name__}."
             )
         # Initializing base_field here ensures that its model matches the model for self.
-        if hasattr(self, 'base_field'):
+        if hasattr(self, "base_field"):
             self.base_field = self.base_field()
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     @property
     def model(self):
         try:
-            return self.__dict__['model']
+            return self.__dict__["model"]
         except KeyError:
-            raise AttributeError("'%s' object has no attribute 'model'" % self.__class__.__name__)
+            raise AttributeError(
+                "'%s' object has no attribute 'model'" % self.__class__.__name__
+            )
 
     @model.setter
     def model(self, model):
-        self.__dict__['model'] = model
+        self.__dict__["model"] = model
         self.base_field.model = model
 
     @classmethod
@@ -82,7 +90,7 @@ class RangeField(models.Field):
         if isinstance(value, str):
             # Assume we're deserializing
             vals = json.loads(value)
-            for end in ('lower', 'upper'):
+            for end in ("lower", "upper"):
                 if end in vals:
                     vals[end] = self.base_field.to_python(vals[end])
             value = self.range_type(**vals)
@@ -102,7 +110,7 @@ class RangeField(models.Field):
             return json.dumps({"empty": True})
         base_field = self.base_field
         result = {"bounds": value._bounds}
-        for end in ('lower', 'upper'):
+        for end in ("lower", "upper"):
             val = getattr(value, end)
             if val is None:
                 result[end] = None
@@ -112,11 +120,11 @@ class RangeField(models.Field):
         return json.dumps(result)
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
-        kwargs.setdefault('form_class', self.form_field)
+        kwargs.setdefault("form_class", self.form_field)
         return super().formfield(**kwargs)
 
 
-CANONICAL_RANGE_BOUNDS = '[)'
+CANONICAL_RANGE_BOUNDS = "[)"
 
 
 class ContinuousRangeField(RangeField):
@@ -126,7 +134,7 @@ class ContinuousRangeField(RangeField):
     """
 
     def __init__(self, *args, default_bounds=CANONICAL_RANGE_BOUNDS, **kwargs):
-        if default_bounds not in ('[)', '(]', '()', '[]'):
+        if default_bounds not in ("[)", "(]", "()", "[]"):
             raise ValueError("default_bounds must be one of '[)', '(]', '()', or '[]'.")
         self.default_bounds = default_bounds
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -137,13 +145,13 @@ class ContinuousRangeField(RangeField):
         return super().get_prep_value(value)
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
-        kwargs.setdefault('default_bounds', self.default_bounds)
+        kwargs.setdefault("default_bounds", self.default_bounds)
         return super().formfield(**kwargs)
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
         if self.default_bounds and self.default_bounds != CANONICAL_RANGE_BOUNDS:
-            kwargs['default_bounds'] = self.default_bounds
+            kwargs["default_bounds"] = self.default_bounds
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
 
@@ -153,7 +161,7 @@ class IntegerRangeField(RangeField):
     form_field = forms.IntegerRangeField
 
     def db_type(self, connection):
-        return 'int4range'
+        return "int4range"
 
 
 class BigIntegerRangeField(RangeField):
@@ -162,7 +170,7 @@ class BigIntegerRangeField(RangeField):
     form_field = forms.IntegerRangeField
 
     def db_type(self, connection):
-        return 'int8range'
+        return "int8range"
 
 
 class DecimalRangeField(ContinuousRangeField):
@@ -171,7 +179,7 @@ class DecimalRangeField(ContinuousRangeField):
     form_field = forms.DecimalRangeField
 
     def db_type(self, connection):
-        return 'numrange'
+        return "numrange"
 
 
 class DateTimeRangeField(ContinuousRangeField):
@@ -180,7 +188,7 @@ class DateTimeRangeField(ContinuousRangeField):
     form_field = forms.DateTimeRangeField
 
     def db_type(self, connection):
-        return 'tstzrange'
+        return "tstzrange"
 
 
 class DateRangeField(RangeField):
@@ -189,7 +197,7 @@ class DateRangeField(RangeField):
     form_field = forms.DateRangeField
 
     def db_type(self, connection):
-        return 'daterange'
+        return "daterange"
 
 
 RangeField.register_lookup(lookups.DataContains)
@@ -202,7 +210,8 @@ class DateTimeRangeContains(PostgresOperatorLookup):
     Lookup for Date/DateTimeRange containment to cast the rhs to the correct
     type.
     """
-    lookup_name = 'contains'
+
+    lookup_name = "contains"
     postgres_operator = RangeOperators.CONTAINS
 
     def process_rhs(self, compiler, connection):
@@ -215,16 +224,19 @@ class DateTimeRangeContains(PostgresOperatorLookup):
     def as_postgresql(self, compiler, connection):
         sql, params = super().as_postgresql(compiler, connection)
         # Cast the rhs if needed.
-        cast_sql = ''
+        cast_sql = ""
         if (
-            isinstance(self.rhs, models.Expression) and
-            self.rhs._output_field_or_none and
+            isinstance(self.rhs, models.Expression)
+            and self.rhs._output_field_or_none
+            and
             # Skip cast if rhs has a matching range type.
-            not isinstance(self.rhs._output_field_or_none, self.lhs.output_field.__class__)
+            not isinstance(
+                self.rhs._output_field_or_none, self.lhs.output_field.__class__
+            )
         ):
             cast_internal_type = self.lhs.output_field.base_field.get_internal_type()
-            cast_sql = '::{}'.format(connection.data_types.get(cast_internal_type))
-        return '%s%s' % (sql, cast_sql), params
+            cast_sql = "::{}".format(connection.data_types.get(cast_internal_type))
+        return "%s%s" % (sql, cast_sql), params
 
 
 DateRangeField.register_lookup(DateTimeRangeContains)
@@ -232,31 +244,31 @@ DateTimeRangeField.register_lookup(DateTimeRangeContains)
 
 
 class RangeContainedBy(PostgresOperatorLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'contained_by'
+    lookup_name = "contained_by"
     type_mapping = {
-        'smallint': 'int4range',
-        'integer': 'int4range',
-        'bigint': 'int8range',
-        'double precision': 'numrange',
-        'numeric': 'numrange',
-        'date': 'daterange',
-        'timestamp with time zone': 'tstzrange',
+        "smallint": "int4range",
+        "integer": "int4range",
+        "bigint": "int8range",
+        "double precision": "numrange",
+        "numeric": "numrange",
+        "date": "daterange",
+        "timestamp with time zone": "tstzrange",
     }
     postgres_operator = RangeOperators.CONTAINED_BY
 
     def process_rhs(self, compiler, connection):
         rhs, rhs_params = super().process_rhs(compiler, connection)
         # Ignore precision for DecimalFields.
-        db_type = self.lhs.output_field.cast_db_type(connection).split('(')[0]
+        db_type = self.lhs.output_field.cast_db_type(connection).split("(")[0]
         cast_type = self.type_mapping[db_type]
-        return '%s::%s' % (rhs, cast_type), rhs_params
+        return "%s::%s" % (rhs, cast_type), rhs_params
 
     def process_lhs(self, compiler, connection):
         lhs, lhs_params = super().process_lhs(compiler, connection)
         if isinstance(self.lhs.output_field, models.FloatField):
-            lhs = '%s::numeric' % lhs
+            lhs = "%s::numeric" % lhs
         elif isinstance(self.lhs.output_field, models.SmallIntegerField):
-            lhs = '%s::integer' % lhs
+            lhs = "%s::integer" % lhs
         return lhs, lhs_params
 
     def get_prep_lookup(self):
@@ -272,38 +284,38 @@ models.DecimalField.register_lookup(RangeContainedBy)
 
 @RangeField.register_lookup
 class FullyLessThan(PostgresOperatorLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'fully_lt'
+    lookup_name = "fully_lt"
     postgres_operator = RangeOperators.FULLY_LT
 
 
 @RangeField.register_lookup
 class FullGreaterThan(PostgresOperatorLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'fully_gt'
+    lookup_name = "fully_gt"
     postgres_operator = RangeOperators.FULLY_GT
 
 
 @RangeField.register_lookup
 class NotLessThan(PostgresOperatorLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'not_lt'
+    lookup_name = "not_lt"
     postgres_operator = RangeOperators.NOT_LT
 
 
 @RangeField.register_lookup
 class NotGreaterThan(PostgresOperatorLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'not_gt'
+    lookup_name = "not_gt"
     postgres_operator = RangeOperators.NOT_GT
 
 
 @RangeField.register_lookup
 class AdjacentToLookup(PostgresOperatorLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'adjacent_to'
+    lookup_name = "adjacent_to"
     postgres_operator = RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO
 
 
 @RangeField.register_lookup
 class RangeStartsWith(models.Transform):
-    lookup_name = 'startswith'
-    function = 'lower'
+    lookup_name = "startswith"
+    function = "lower"
 
     @property
     def output_field(self):
@@ -312,8 +324,8 @@ class RangeStartsWith(models.Transform):
 
 @RangeField.register_lookup
 class RangeEndsWith(models.Transform):
-    lookup_name = 'endswith'
-    function = 'upper'
+    lookup_name = "endswith"
+    function = "upper"
 
     @property
     def output_field(self):
@@ -322,34 +334,34 @@ class RangeEndsWith(models.Transform):
 
 @RangeField.register_lookup
 class IsEmpty(models.Transform):
-    lookup_name = 'isempty'
-    function = 'isempty'
+    lookup_name = "isempty"
+    function = "isempty"
     output_field = models.BooleanField()
 
 
 @RangeField.register_lookup
 class LowerInclusive(models.Transform):
-    lookup_name = 'lower_inc'
-    function = 'LOWER_INC'
+    lookup_name = "lower_inc"
+    function = "LOWER_INC"
     output_field = models.BooleanField()
 
 
 @RangeField.register_lookup
 class LowerInfinite(models.Transform):
-    lookup_name = 'lower_inf'
-    function = 'LOWER_INF'
+    lookup_name = "lower_inf"
+    function = "LOWER_INF"
     output_field = models.BooleanField()
 
 
 @RangeField.register_lookup
 class UpperInclusive(models.Transform):
-    lookup_name = 'upper_inc'
-    function = 'UPPER_INC'
+    lookup_name = "upper_inc"
+    function = "UPPER_INC"
     output_field = models.BooleanField()
 
 
 @RangeField.register_lookup
 class UpperInfinite(models.Transform):
-    lookup_name = 'upper_inf'
-    function = 'UPPER_INF'
+    lookup_name = "upper_inf"
+    function = "UPPER_INF"
     output_field = models.BooleanField()
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/forms/array.py b/django/contrib/postgres/forms/array.py
index 2e19cd574a..ddb022afc3 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/forms/array.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/forms/array.py
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ from itertools import chain
 
 from django import forms
 from django.contrib.postgres.validators import (
-    ArrayMaxLengthValidator, ArrayMinLengthValidator,
+    ArrayMaxLengthValidator,
+    ArrayMinLengthValidator,
 )
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
@@ -13,10 +14,12 @@ from ..utils import prefix_validation_error
 
 class SimpleArrayField(forms.CharField):
     default_error_messages = {
-        'item_invalid': _('Item %(nth)s in the array did not validate:'),
+        "item_invalid": _("Item %(nth)s in the array did not validate:"),
     }
 
-    def __init__(self, base_field, *, delimiter=',', max_length=None, min_length=None, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self, base_field, *, delimiter=",", max_length=None, min_length=None, **kwargs
+    ):
         self.base_field = base_field
         self.delimiter = delimiter
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
@@ -33,7 +36,9 @@ class SimpleArrayField(forms.CharField):
 
     def prepare_value(self, value):
         if isinstance(value, list):
-            return self.delimiter.join(str(self.base_field.prepare_value(v)) for v in value)
+            return self.delimiter.join(
+                str(self.base_field.prepare_value(v)) for v in value
+            )
         return value
 
     def to_python(self, value):
@@ -49,12 +54,14 @@ class SimpleArrayField(forms.CharField):
             try:
                 values.append(self.base_field.to_python(item))
             except ValidationError as error:
-                errors.append(prefix_validation_error(
-                    error,
-                    prefix=self.error_messages['item_invalid'],
-                    code='item_invalid',
-                    params={'nth': index + 1},
-                ))
+                errors.append(
+                    prefix_validation_error(
+                        error,
+                        prefix=self.error_messages["item_invalid"],
+                        code="item_invalid",
+                        params={"nth": index + 1},
+                    )
+                )
         if errors:
             raise ValidationError(errors)
         return values
@@ -66,12 +73,14 @@ class SimpleArrayField(forms.CharField):
             try:
                 self.base_field.validate(item)
             except ValidationError as error:
-                errors.append(prefix_validation_error(
-                    error,
-                    prefix=self.error_messages['item_invalid'],
-                    code='item_invalid',
-                    params={'nth': index + 1},
-                ))
+                errors.append(
+                    prefix_validation_error(
+                        error,
+                        prefix=self.error_messages["item_invalid"],
+                        code="item_invalid",
+                        params={"nth": index + 1},
+                    )
+                )
         if errors:
             raise ValidationError(errors)
 
@@ -82,12 +91,14 @@ class SimpleArrayField(forms.CharField):
             try:
                 self.base_field.run_validators(item)
             except ValidationError as error:
-                errors.append(prefix_validation_error(
-                    error,
-                    prefix=self.error_messages['item_invalid'],
-                    code='item_invalid',
-                    params={'nth': index + 1},
-                ))
+                errors.append(
+                    prefix_validation_error(
+                        error,
+                        prefix=self.error_messages["item_invalid"],
+                        code="item_invalid",
+                        params={"nth": index + 1},
+                    )
+                )
         if errors:
             raise ValidationError(errors)
 
@@ -103,7 +114,7 @@ class SimpleArrayField(forms.CharField):
 
 
 class SplitArrayWidget(forms.Widget):
-    template_name = 'postgres/widgets/split_array.html'
+    template_name = "postgres/widgets/split_array.html"
 
     def __init__(self, widget, size, **kwargs):
         self.widget = widget() if isinstance(widget, type) else widget
@@ -115,19 +126,21 @@ class SplitArrayWidget(forms.Widget):
         return self.widget.is_hidden
 
     def value_from_datadict(self, data, files, name):
-        return [self.widget.value_from_datadict(data, files, '%s_%s' % (name, index))
-                for index in range(self.size)]
+        return [
+            self.widget.value_from_datadict(data, files, "%s_%s" % (name, index))
+            for index in range(self.size)
+        ]
 
     def value_omitted_from_data(self, data, files, name):
         return all(
-            self.widget.value_omitted_from_data(data, files, '%s_%s' % (name, index))
+            self.widget.value_omitted_from_data(data, files, "%s_%s" % (name, index))
             for index in range(self.size)
         )
 
     def id_for_label(self, id_):
         # See the comment for RadioSelect.id_for_label()
         if id_:
-            id_ += '_0'
+            id_ += "_0"
         return id_
 
     def get_context(self, name, value, attrs=None):
@@ -136,18 +149,20 @@ class SplitArrayWidget(forms.Widget):
         if self.is_localized:
             self.widget.is_localized = self.is_localized
         value = value or []
-        context['widget']['subwidgets'] = []
+        context["widget"]["subwidgets"] = []
         final_attrs = self.build_attrs(attrs)
-        id_ = final_attrs.get('id')
+        id_ = final_attrs.get("id")
         for i in range(max(len(value), self.size)):
             try:
                 widget_value = value[i]
             except IndexError:
                 widget_value = None
             if id_:
-                final_attrs = {**final_attrs, 'id': '%s_%s' % (id_, i)}
-            context['widget']['subwidgets'].append(
-                self.widget.get_context(name + '_%s' % i, widget_value, final_attrs)['widget']
+                final_attrs = {**final_attrs, "id": "%s_%s" % (id_, i)}
+            context["widget"]["subwidgets"].append(
+                self.widget.get_context(name + "_%s" % i, widget_value, final_attrs)[
+                    "widget"
+                ]
             )
         return context
 
@@ -167,7 +182,7 @@ class SplitArrayWidget(forms.Widget):
 
 class SplitArrayField(forms.Field):
     default_error_messages = {
-        'item_invalid': _('Item %(nth)s in the array did not validate:'),
+        "item_invalid": _("Item %(nth)s in the array did not validate:"),
     }
 
     def __init__(self, base_field, size, *, remove_trailing_nulls=False, **kwargs):
@@ -175,7 +190,7 @@ class SplitArrayField(forms.Field):
         self.size = size
         self.remove_trailing_nulls = remove_trailing_nulls
         widget = SplitArrayWidget(widget=base_field.widget, size=size)
-        kwargs.setdefault('widget', widget)
+        kwargs.setdefault("widget", widget)
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     def _remove_trailing_nulls(self, values):
@@ -198,19 +213,21 @@ class SplitArrayField(forms.Field):
         cleaned_data = []
         errors = []
         if not any(value) and self.required:
-            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['required'])
+            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages["required"])
         max_size = max(self.size, len(value))
         for index in range(max_size):
             item = value[index]
             try:
                 cleaned_data.append(self.base_field.clean(item))
             except ValidationError as error:
-                errors.append(prefix_validation_error(
-                    error,
-                    self.error_messages['item_invalid'],
-                    code='item_invalid',
-                    params={'nth': index + 1},
-                ))
+                errors.append(
+                    prefix_validation_error(
+                        error,
+                        self.error_messages["item_invalid"],
+                        code="item_invalid",
+                        params={"nth": index + 1},
+                    )
+                )
                 cleaned_data.append(None)
             else:
                 errors.append(None)
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/forms/hstore.py b/django/contrib/postgres/forms/hstore.py
index f5af8f10e3..6a20f7b729 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/forms/hstore.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/forms/hstore.py
@@ -4,17 +4,18 @@ from django import forms
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
-__all__ = ['HStoreField']
+__all__ = ["HStoreField"]
 
 
 class HStoreField(forms.CharField):
     """
     A field for HStore data which accepts dictionary JSON input.
     """
+
     widget = forms.Textarea
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid_json': _('Could not load JSON data.'),
-        'invalid_format': _('Input must be a JSON dictionary.'),
+        "invalid_json": _("Could not load JSON data."),
+        "invalid_format": _("Input must be a JSON dictionary."),
     }
 
     def prepare_value(self, value):
@@ -30,14 +31,14 @@ class HStoreField(forms.CharField):
                 value = json.loads(value)
             except json.JSONDecodeError:
                 raise ValidationError(
-                    self.error_messages['invalid_json'],
-                    code='invalid_json',
+                    self.error_messages["invalid_json"],
+                    code="invalid_json",
                 )
 
         if not isinstance(value, dict):
             raise ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['invalid_format'],
-                code='invalid_format',
+                self.error_messages["invalid_format"],
+                code="invalid_format",
             )
 
         # Cast everything to strings for ease.
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/forms/ranges.py b/django/contrib/postgres/forms/ranges.py
index 9c673ab40c..444991970d 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/forms/ranges.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/forms/ranges.py
@@ -6,8 +6,13 @@ from django.forms.widgets import HiddenInput, MultiWidget
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 __all__ = [
-    'BaseRangeField', 'IntegerRangeField', 'DecimalRangeField',
-    'DateTimeRangeField', 'DateRangeField', 'HiddenRangeWidget', 'RangeWidget',
+    "BaseRangeField",
+    "IntegerRangeField",
+    "DecimalRangeField",
+    "DateTimeRangeField",
+    "DateRangeField",
+    "HiddenRangeWidget",
+    "RangeWidget",
 ]
 
 
@@ -24,27 +29,33 @@ class RangeWidget(MultiWidget):
 
 class HiddenRangeWidget(RangeWidget):
     """A widget that splits input into two <input type="hidden"> inputs."""
+
     def __init__(self, attrs=None):
         super().__init__(HiddenInput, attrs)
 
 
 class BaseRangeField(forms.MultiValueField):
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _('Enter two valid values.'),
-        'bound_ordering': _('The start of the range must not exceed the end of the range.'),
+        "invalid": _("Enter two valid values."),
+        "bound_ordering": _(
+            "The start of the range must not exceed the end of the range."
+        ),
     }
     hidden_widget = HiddenRangeWidget
 
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
-        if 'widget' not in kwargs:
-            kwargs['widget'] = RangeWidget(self.base_field.widget)
-        if 'fields' not in kwargs:
-            kwargs['fields'] = [self.base_field(required=False), self.base_field(required=False)]
-        kwargs.setdefault('required', False)
-        kwargs.setdefault('require_all_fields', False)
+        if "widget" not in kwargs:
+            kwargs["widget"] = RangeWidget(self.base_field.widget)
+        if "fields" not in kwargs:
+            kwargs["fields"] = [
+                self.base_field(required=False),
+                self.base_field(required=False),
+            ]
+        kwargs.setdefault("required", False)
+        kwargs.setdefault("require_all_fields", False)
         self.range_kwargs = {}
-        if default_bounds := kwargs.pop('default_bounds', None):
-            self.range_kwargs = {'bounds': default_bounds}
+        if default_bounds := kwargs.pop("default_bounds", None):
+            self.range_kwargs = {"bounds": default_bounds}
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     def prepare_value(self, value):
@@ -67,39 +78,39 @@ class BaseRangeField(forms.MultiValueField):
         lower, upper = values
         if lower is not None and upper is not None and lower > upper:
             raise exceptions.ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['bound_ordering'],
-                code='bound_ordering',
+                self.error_messages["bound_ordering"],
+                code="bound_ordering",
             )
         try:
             range_value = self.range_type(lower, upper, **self.range_kwargs)
         except TypeError:
             raise exceptions.ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['invalid'],
-                code='invalid',
+                self.error_messages["invalid"],
+                code="invalid",
             )
         else:
             return range_value
 
 
 class IntegerRangeField(BaseRangeField):
-    default_error_messages = {'invalid': _('Enter two whole numbers.')}
+    default_error_messages = {"invalid": _("Enter two whole numbers.")}
     base_field = forms.IntegerField
     range_type = NumericRange
 
 
 class DecimalRangeField(BaseRangeField):
-    default_error_messages = {'invalid': _('Enter two numbers.')}
+    default_error_messages = {"invalid": _("Enter two numbers.")}
     base_field = forms.DecimalField
     range_type = NumericRange
 
 
 class DateTimeRangeField(BaseRangeField):
-    default_error_messages = {'invalid': _('Enter two valid date/times.')}
+    default_error_messages = {"invalid": _("Enter two valid date/times.")}
     base_field = forms.DateTimeField
     range_type = DateTimeTZRange
 
 
 class DateRangeField(BaseRangeField):
-    default_error_messages = {'invalid': _('Enter two valid dates.')}
+    default_error_messages = {"invalid": _("Enter two valid dates.")}
     base_field = forms.DateField
     range_type = DateRange
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/functions.py b/django/contrib/postgres/functions.py
index 819ce058e5..f001a04fdc 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/functions.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/functions.py
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ from django.db.models import DateTimeField, Func, UUIDField
 
 
 class RandomUUID(Func):
-    template = 'GEN_RANDOM_UUID()'
+    template = "GEN_RANDOM_UUID()"
     output_field = UUIDField()
 
 
 class TransactionNow(Func):
-    template = 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'
+    template = "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
     output_field = DateTimeField()
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/indexes.py b/django/contrib/postgres/indexes.py
index 2e3de1d275..409f514147 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/indexes.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/indexes.py
@@ -3,13 +3,17 @@ from django.db.models import Func, Index
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
 __all__ = [
-    'BloomIndex', 'BrinIndex', 'BTreeIndex', 'GinIndex', 'GistIndex',
-    'HashIndex', 'SpGistIndex',
+    "BloomIndex",
+    "BrinIndex",
+    "BTreeIndex",
+    "GinIndex",
+    "GistIndex",
+    "HashIndex",
+    "SpGistIndex",
 ]
 
 
 class PostgresIndex(Index):
-
     @cached_property
     def max_name_length(self):
         # Allow an index name longer than 30 characters when the suffix is
@@ -18,14 +22,16 @@ class PostgresIndex(Index):
         # indexes.
         return Index.max_name_length - len(Index.suffix) + len(self.suffix)
 
-    def create_sql(self, model, schema_editor, using='', **kwargs):
+    def create_sql(self, model, schema_editor, using="", **kwargs):
         self.check_supported(schema_editor)
-        statement = super().create_sql(model, schema_editor, using=' USING %s' % self.suffix, **kwargs)
+        statement = super().create_sql(
+            model, schema_editor, using=" USING %s" % self.suffix, **kwargs
+        )
         with_params = self.get_with_params()
         if with_params:
-            statement.parts['extra'] = 'WITH (%s) %s' % (
-                ', '.join(with_params),
-                statement.parts['extra'],
+            statement.parts["extra"] = "WITH (%s) %s" % (
+                ", ".join(with_params),
+                statement.parts["extra"],
             )
         return statement
 
@@ -37,25 +43,23 @@ class PostgresIndex(Index):
 
 
 class BloomIndex(PostgresIndex):
-    suffix = 'bloom'
+    suffix = "bloom"
 
     def __init__(self, *expressions, length=None, columns=(), **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*expressions, **kwargs)
         if len(self.fields) > 32:
-            raise ValueError('Bloom indexes support a maximum of 32 fields.')
+            raise ValueError("Bloom indexes support a maximum of 32 fields.")
         if not isinstance(columns, (list, tuple)):
-            raise ValueError('BloomIndex.columns must be a list or tuple.')
+            raise ValueError("BloomIndex.columns must be a list or tuple.")
         if len(columns) > len(self.fields):
-            raise ValueError(
-                'BloomIndex.columns cannot have more values than fields.'
-            )
+            raise ValueError("BloomIndex.columns cannot have more values than fields.")
         if not all(0 < col <= 4095 for col in columns):
             raise ValueError(
-                'BloomIndex.columns must contain integers from 1 to 4095.',
+                "BloomIndex.columns must contain integers from 1 to 4095.",
             )
         if length is not None and not 0 < length <= 4096:
             raise ValueError(
-                'BloomIndex.length must be None or an integer from 1 to 4096.',
+                "BloomIndex.length must be None or an integer from 1 to 4096.",
             )
         self.length = length
         self.columns = columns
@@ -63,29 +67,30 @@ class BloomIndex(PostgresIndex):
     def deconstruct(self):
         path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
         if self.length is not None:
-            kwargs['length'] = self.length
+            kwargs["length"] = self.length
         if self.columns:
-            kwargs['columns'] = self.columns
+            kwargs["columns"] = self.columns
         return path, args, kwargs
 
     def get_with_params(self):
         with_params = []
         if self.length is not None:
-            with_params.append('length = %d' % self.length)
+            with_params.append("length = %d" % self.length)
         if self.columns:
             with_params.extend(
-                'col%d = %d' % (i, v)
-                for i, v in enumerate(self.columns, start=1)
+                "col%d = %d" % (i, v) for i, v in enumerate(self.columns, start=1)
             )
         return with_params
 
 
 class BrinIndex(PostgresIndex):
-    suffix = 'brin'
+    suffix = "brin"
 
-    def __init__(self, *expressions, autosummarize=None, pages_per_range=None, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self, *expressions, autosummarize=None, pages_per_range=None, **kwargs
+    ):
         if pages_per_range is not None and pages_per_range <= 0:
-            raise ValueError('pages_per_range must be None or a positive integer')
+            raise ValueError("pages_per_range must be None or a positive integer")
         self.autosummarize = autosummarize
         self.pages_per_range = pages_per_range
         super().__init__(*expressions, **kwargs)
@@ -93,22 +98,24 @@ class BrinIndex(PostgresIndex):
     def deconstruct(self):
         path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
         if self.autosummarize is not None:
-            kwargs['autosummarize'] = self.autosummarize
+            kwargs["autosummarize"] = self.autosummarize
         if self.pages_per_range is not None:
-            kwargs['pages_per_range'] = self.pages_per_range
+            kwargs["pages_per_range"] = self.pages_per_range
         return path, args, kwargs
 
     def get_with_params(self):
         with_params = []
         if self.autosummarize is not None:
-            with_params.append('autosummarize = %s' % ('on' if self.autosummarize else 'off'))
+            with_params.append(
+                "autosummarize = %s" % ("on" if self.autosummarize else "off")
+            )
         if self.pages_per_range is not None:
-            with_params.append('pages_per_range = %d' % self.pages_per_range)
+            with_params.append("pages_per_range = %d" % self.pages_per_range)
         return with_params
 
 
 class BTreeIndex(PostgresIndex):
-    suffix = 'btree'
+    suffix = "btree"
 
     def __init__(self, *expressions, fillfactor=None, **kwargs):
         self.fillfactor = fillfactor
@@ -117,20 +124,22 @@ class BTreeIndex(PostgresIndex):
     def deconstruct(self):
         path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
         if self.fillfactor is not None:
-            kwargs['fillfactor'] = self.fillfactor
+            kwargs["fillfactor"] = self.fillfactor
         return path, args, kwargs
 
     def get_with_params(self):
         with_params = []
         if self.fillfactor is not None:
-            with_params.append('fillfactor = %d' % self.fillfactor)
+            with_params.append("fillfactor = %d" % self.fillfactor)
         return with_params
 
 
 class GinIndex(PostgresIndex):
-    suffix = 'gin'
+    suffix = "gin"
 
-    def __init__(self, *expressions, fastupdate=None, gin_pending_list_limit=None, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self, *expressions, fastupdate=None, gin_pending_list_limit=None, **kwargs
+    ):
         self.fastupdate = fastupdate
         self.gin_pending_list_limit = gin_pending_list_limit
         super().__init__(*expressions, **kwargs)
@@ -138,22 +147,24 @@ class GinIndex(PostgresIndex):
     def deconstruct(self):
         path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
         if self.fastupdate is not None:
-            kwargs['fastupdate'] = self.fastupdate
+            kwargs["fastupdate"] = self.fastupdate
         if self.gin_pending_list_limit is not None:
-            kwargs['gin_pending_list_limit'] = self.gin_pending_list_limit
+            kwargs["gin_pending_list_limit"] = self.gin_pending_list_limit
         return path, args, kwargs
 
     def get_with_params(self):
         with_params = []
         if self.gin_pending_list_limit is not None:
-            with_params.append('gin_pending_list_limit = %d' % self.gin_pending_list_limit)
+            with_params.append(
+                "gin_pending_list_limit = %d" % self.gin_pending_list_limit
+            )
         if self.fastupdate is not None:
-            with_params.append('fastupdate = %s' % ('on' if self.fastupdate else 'off'))
+            with_params.append("fastupdate = %s" % ("on" if self.fastupdate else "off"))
         return with_params
 
 
 class GistIndex(PostgresIndex):
-    suffix = 'gist'
+    suffix = "gist"
 
     def __init__(self, *expressions, buffering=None, fillfactor=None, **kwargs):
         self.buffering = buffering
@@ -163,73 +174,76 @@ class GistIndex(PostgresIndex):
     def deconstruct(self):
         path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
         if self.buffering is not None:
-            kwargs['buffering'] = self.buffering
+            kwargs["buffering"] = self.buffering
         if self.fillfactor is not None:
-            kwargs['fillfactor'] = self.fillfactor
+            kwargs["fillfactor"] = self.fillfactor
         return path, args, kwargs
 
     def get_with_params(self):
         with_params = []
         if self.buffering is not None:
-            with_params.append('buffering = %s' % ('on' if self.buffering else 'off'))
+            with_params.append("buffering = %s" % ("on" if self.buffering else "off"))
         if self.fillfactor is not None:
-            with_params.append('fillfactor = %d' % self.fillfactor)
-        return with_params
-
-    def check_supported(self, schema_editor):
-        if self.include and not schema_editor.connection.features.supports_covering_gist_indexes:
-            raise NotSupportedError('Covering GiST indexes require PostgreSQL 12+.')
-
-
-class HashIndex(PostgresIndex):
-    suffix = 'hash'
-
-    def __init__(self, *expressions, fillfactor=None, **kwargs):
-        self.fillfactor = fillfactor
-        super().__init__(*expressions, **kwargs)
-
-    def deconstruct(self):
-        path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
-        if self.fillfactor is not None:
-            kwargs['fillfactor'] = self.fillfactor
-        return path, args, kwargs
-
-    def get_with_params(self):
-        with_params = []
-        if self.fillfactor is not None:
-            with_params.append('fillfactor = %d' % self.fillfactor)
-        return with_params
-
-
-class SpGistIndex(PostgresIndex):
-    suffix = 'spgist'
-
-    def __init__(self, *expressions, fillfactor=None, **kwargs):
-        self.fillfactor = fillfactor
-        super().__init__(*expressions, **kwargs)
-
-    def deconstruct(self):
-        path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
-        if self.fillfactor is not None:
-            kwargs['fillfactor'] = self.fillfactor
-        return path, args, kwargs
-
-    def get_with_params(self):
-        with_params = []
-        if self.fillfactor is not None:
-            with_params.append('fillfactor = %d' % self.fillfactor)
+            with_params.append("fillfactor = %d" % self.fillfactor)
         return with_params
 
     def check_supported(self, schema_editor):
         if (
-            self.include and
-            not schema_editor.connection.features.supports_covering_spgist_indexes
+            self.include
+            and not schema_editor.connection.features.supports_covering_gist_indexes
         ):
-            raise NotSupportedError('Covering SP-GiST indexes require PostgreSQL 14+.')
+            raise NotSupportedError("Covering GiST indexes require PostgreSQL 12+.")
+
+
+class HashIndex(PostgresIndex):
+    suffix = "hash"
+
+    def __init__(self, *expressions, fillfactor=None, **kwargs):
+        self.fillfactor = fillfactor
+        super().__init__(*expressions, **kwargs)
+
+    def deconstruct(self):
+        path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
+        if self.fillfactor is not None:
+            kwargs["fillfactor"] = self.fillfactor
+        return path, args, kwargs
+
+    def get_with_params(self):
+        with_params = []
+        if self.fillfactor is not None:
+            with_params.append("fillfactor = %d" % self.fillfactor)
+        return with_params
+
+
+class SpGistIndex(PostgresIndex):
+    suffix = "spgist"
+
+    def __init__(self, *expressions, fillfactor=None, **kwargs):
+        self.fillfactor = fillfactor
+        super().__init__(*expressions, **kwargs)
+
+    def deconstruct(self):
+        path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
+        if self.fillfactor is not None:
+            kwargs["fillfactor"] = self.fillfactor
+        return path, args, kwargs
+
+    def get_with_params(self):
+        with_params = []
+        if self.fillfactor is not None:
+            with_params.append("fillfactor = %d" % self.fillfactor)
+        return with_params
+
+    def check_supported(self, schema_editor):
+        if (
+            self.include
+            and not schema_editor.connection.features.supports_covering_spgist_indexes
+        ):
+            raise NotSupportedError("Covering SP-GiST indexes require PostgreSQL 14+.")
 
 
 class OpClass(Func):
-    template = '%(expressions)s %(name)s'
+    template = "%(expressions)s %(name)s"
 
     def __init__(self, expression, name):
         super().__init__(expression, name=name)
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/lookups.py b/django/contrib/postgres/lookups.py
index f7c6fc4b0c..9fed0eea30 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/lookups.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/lookups.py
@@ -5,61 +5,61 @@ from .search import SearchVector, SearchVectorExact, SearchVectorField
 
 
 class DataContains(PostgresOperatorLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'contains'
-    postgres_operator = '@>'
+    lookup_name = "contains"
+    postgres_operator = "@>"
 
 
 class ContainedBy(PostgresOperatorLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'contained_by'
-    postgres_operator = '<@'
+    lookup_name = "contained_by"
+    postgres_operator = "<@"
 
 
 class Overlap(PostgresOperatorLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'overlap'
-    postgres_operator = '&&'
+    lookup_name = "overlap"
+    postgres_operator = "&&"
 
 
 class HasKey(PostgresOperatorLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'has_key'
-    postgres_operator = '?'
+    lookup_name = "has_key"
+    postgres_operator = "?"
     prepare_rhs = False
 
 
 class HasKeys(PostgresOperatorLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'has_keys'
-    postgres_operator = '?&'
+    lookup_name = "has_keys"
+    postgres_operator = "?&"
 
     def get_prep_lookup(self):
         return [str(item) for item in self.rhs]
 
 
 class HasAnyKeys(HasKeys):
-    lookup_name = 'has_any_keys'
-    postgres_operator = '?|'
+    lookup_name = "has_any_keys"
+    postgres_operator = "?|"
 
 
 class Unaccent(Transform):
     bilateral = True
-    lookup_name = 'unaccent'
-    function = 'UNACCENT'
+    lookup_name = "unaccent"
+    function = "UNACCENT"
 
 
 class SearchLookup(SearchVectorExact):
-    lookup_name = 'search'
+    lookup_name = "search"
 
     def process_lhs(self, qn, connection):
         if not isinstance(self.lhs.output_field, SearchVectorField):
-            config = getattr(self.rhs, 'config', None)
+            config = getattr(self.rhs, "config", None)
             self.lhs = SearchVector(self.lhs, config=config)
         lhs, lhs_params = super().process_lhs(qn, connection)
         return lhs, lhs_params
 
 
 class TrigramSimilar(PostgresOperatorLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'trigram_similar'
-    postgres_operator = '%%'
+    lookup_name = "trigram_similar"
+    postgres_operator = "%%"
 
 
 class TrigramWordSimilar(PostgresOperatorLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'trigram_word_similar'
-    postgres_operator = '%%>'
+    lookup_name = "trigram_word_similar"
+    postgres_operator = "%%>"
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/operations.py b/django/contrib/postgres/operations.py
index 037bb4ec22..374f5ee1ec 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/operations.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/operations.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from django.contrib.postgres.signals import (
-    get_citext_oids, get_hstore_oids, register_type_handlers,
+    get_citext_oids,
+    get_hstore_oids,
+    register_type_handlers,
 )
 from django.db import NotSupportedError, router
 from django.db.migrations import AddConstraint, AddIndex, RemoveIndex
@@ -17,14 +19,14 @@ class CreateExtension(Operation):
         pass
 
     def database_forwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
-        if (
-            schema_editor.connection.vendor != 'postgresql' or
-            not router.allow_migrate(schema_editor.connection.alias, app_label)
+        if schema_editor.connection.vendor != "postgresql" or not router.allow_migrate(
+            schema_editor.connection.alias, app_label
         ):
             return
         if not self.extension_exists(schema_editor, self.name):
             schema_editor.execute(
-                'CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS %s' % schema_editor.quote_name(self.name)
+                "CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS %s"
+                % schema_editor.quote_name(self.name)
             )
         # Clear cached, stale oids.
         get_hstore_oids.cache_clear()
@@ -39,7 +41,7 @@ class CreateExtension(Operation):
             return
         if self.extension_exists(schema_editor, self.name):
             schema_editor.execute(
-                'DROP EXTENSION IF EXISTS %s' % schema_editor.quote_name(self.name)
+                "DROP EXTENSION IF EXISTS %s" % schema_editor.quote_name(self.name)
             )
         # Clear cached, stale oids.
         get_hstore_oids.cache_clear()
@@ -48,7 +50,7 @@ class CreateExtension(Operation):
     def extension_exists(self, schema_editor, extension):
         with schema_editor.connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(
-                'SELECT 1 FROM pg_extension WHERE extname = %s',
+                "SELECT 1 FROM pg_extension WHERE extname = %s",
                 [extension],
             )
             return bool(cursor.fetchone())
@@ -58,75 +60,67 @@ class CreateExtension(Operation):
 
     @property
     def migration_name_fragment(self):
-        return 'create_extension_%s' % self.name
+        return "create_extension_%s" % self.name
 
 
 class BloomExtension(CreateExtension):
-
     def __init__(self):
-        self.name = 'bloom'
+        self.name = "bloom"
 
 
 class BtreeGinExtension(CreateExtension):
-
     def __init__(self):
-        self.name = 'btree_gin'
+        self.name = "btree_gin"
 
 
 class BtreeGistExtension(CreateExtension):
-
     def __init__(self):
-        self.name = 'btree_gist'
+        self.name = "btree_gist"
 
 
 class CITextExtension(CreateExtension):
-
     def __init__(self):
-        self.name = 'citext'
+        self.name = "citext"
 
 
 class CryptoExtension(CreateExtension):
-
     def __init__(self):
-        self.name = 'pgcrypto'
+        self.name = "pgcrypto"
 
 
 class HStoreExtension(CreateExtension):
-
     def __init__(self):
-        self.name = 'hstore'
+        self.name = "hstore"
 
 
 class TrigramExtension(CreateExtension):
-
     def __init__(self):
-        self.name = 'pg_trgm'
+        self.name = "pg_trgm"
 
 
 class UnaccentExtension(CreateExtension):
-
     def __init__(self):
-        self.name = 'unaccent'
+        self.name = "unaccent"
 
 
 class NotInTransactionMixin:
     def _ensure_not_in_transaction(self, schema_editor):
         if schema_editor.connection.in_atomic_block:
             raise NotSupportedError(
-                'The %s operation cannot be executed inside a transaction '
-                '(set atomic = False on the migration).'
-                % self.__class__.__name__
+                "The %s operation cannot be executed inside a transaction "
+                "(set atomic = False on the migration)." % self.__class__.__name__
             )
 
 
 class AddIndexConcurrently(NotInTransactionMixin, AddIndex):
     """Create an index using PostgreSQL's CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY syntax."""
+
     atomic = False
 
     def describe(self):
-        return 'Concurrently create index %s on field(s) %s of model %s' % (
+        return "Concurrently create index %s on field(s) %s of model %s" % (
             self.index.name,
-            ', '.join(self.index.fields),
+            ", ".join(self.index.fields),
             self.model_name,
         )
 
@@ -145,10 +139,11 @@ class AddIndexConcurrently(NotInTransactionMixin, AddIndex):
 
 class RemoveIndexConcurrently(NotInTransactionMixin, RemoveIndex):
     """Remove an index using PostgreSQL's DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY syntax."""
+
     atomic = False
 
     def describe(self):
-        return 'Concurrently remove index %s from %s' % (self.name, self.model_name)
+        return "Concurrently remove index %s from %s" % (self.name, self.model_name)
 
     def database_forwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
         self._ensure_not_in_transaction(schema_editor)
@@ -168,7 +163,7 @@ class RemoveIndexConcurrently(NotInTransactionMixin, RemoveIndex):
 
 
 class CollationOperation(Operation):
-    def __init__(self, name, locale, *, provider='libc', deterministic=True):
+    def __init__(self, name, locale, *, provider="libc", deterministic=True):
         self.name = name
         self.locale = locale
         self.provider = provider
@@ -178,11 +173,11 @@ class CollationOperation(Operation):
         pass
 
     def deconstruct(self):
-        kwargs = {'name': self.name, 'locale': self.locale}
-        if self.provider and self.provider != 'libc':
-            kwargs['provider'] = self.provider
+        kwargs = {"name": self.name, "locale": self.locale}
+        if self.provider and self.provider != "libc":
+            kwargs["provider"] = self.provider
         if self.deterministic is False:
-            kwargs['deterministic'] = self.deterministic
+            kwargs["deterministic"] = self.deterministic
         return (
             self.__class__.__qualname__,
             [],
@@ -191,34 +186,39 @@ class CollationOperation(Operation):
 
     def create_collation(self, schema_editor):
         if (
-            self.deterministic is False and
-            not schema_editor.connection.features.supports_non_deterministic_collations
+            self.deterministic is False
+            and not schema_editor.connection.features.supports_non_deterministic_collations
         ):
             raise NotSupportedError(
-                'Non-deterministic collations require PostgreSQL 12+.'
+                "Non-deterministic collations require PostgreSQL 12+."
             )
-        args = {'locale': schema_editor.quote_name(self.locale)}
-        if self.provider != 'libc':
-            args['provider'] = schema_editor.quote_name(self.provider)
+        args = {"locale": schema_editor.quote_name(self.locale)}
+        if self.provider != "libc":
+            args["provider"] = schema_editor.quote_name(self.provider)
         if self.deterministic is False:
-            args['deterministic'] = 'false'
-        schema_editor.execute('CREATE COLLATION %(name)s (%(args)s)' % {
-            'name': schema_editor.quote_name(self.name),
-            'args': ', '.join(f'{option}={value}' for option, value in args.items()),
-        })
+            args["deterministic"] = "false"
+        schema_editor.execute(
+            "CREATE COLLATION %(name)s (%(args)s)"
+            % {
+                "name": schema_editor.quote_name(self.name),
+                "args": ", ".join(
+                    f"{option}={value}" for option, value in args.items()
+                ),
+            }
+        )
 
     def remove_collation(self, schema_editor):
         schema_editor.execute(
-            'DROP COLLATION %s' % schema_editor.quote_name(self.name),
+            "DROP COLLATION %s" % schema_editor.quote_name(self.name),
         )
 
 
 class CreateCollation(CollationOperation):
     """Create a collation."""
+
     def database_forwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
-        if (
-            schema_editor.connection.vendor != 'postgresql' or
-            not router.allow_migrate(schema_editor.connection.alias, app_label)
+        if schema_editor.connection.vendor != "postgresql" or not router.allow_migrate(
+            schema_editor.connection.alias, app_label
         ):
             return
         self.create_collation(schema_editor)
@@ -229,19 +229,19 @@ class CreateCollation(CollationOperation):
         self.remove_collation(schema_editor)
 
     def describe(self):
-        return f'Create collation {self.name}'
+        return f"Create collation {self.name}"
 
     @property
     def migration_name_fragment(self):
-        return 'create_collation_%s' % self.name.lower()
+        return "create_collation_%s" % self.name.lower()
 
 
 class RemoveCollation(CollationOperation):
     """Remove a collation."""
+
     def database_forwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
-        if (
-            schema_editor.connection.vendor != 'postgresql' or
-            not router.allow_migrate(schema_editor.connection.alias, app_label)
+        if schema_editor.connection.vendor != "postgresql" or not router.allow_migrate(
+            schema_editor.connection.alias, app_label
         ):
             return
         self.remove_collation(schema_editor)
@@ -252,11 +252,11 @@ class RemoveCollation(CollationOperation):
         self.create_collation(schema_editor)
 
     def describe(self):
-        return f'Remove collation {self.name}'
+        return f"Remove collation {self.name}"
 
     @property
     def migration_name_fragment(self):
-        return 'remove_collation_%s' % self.name.lower()
+        return "remove_collation_%s" % self.name.lower()
 
 
 class AddConstraintNotValid(AddConstraint):
@@ -268,12 +268,12 @@ class AddConstraintNotValid(AddConstraint):
     def __init__(self, model_name, constraint):
         if not isinstance(constraint, CheckConstraint):
             raise TypeError(
-                'AddConstraintNotValid.constraint must be a check constraint.'
+                "AddConstraintNotValid.constraint must be a check constraint."
             )
         super().__init__(model_name, constraint)
 
     def describe(self):
-        return 'Create not valid constraint %s on model %s' % (
+        return "Create not valid constraint %s on model %s" % (
             self.constraint.name,
             self.model_name,
         )
@@ -286,11 +286,11 @@ class AddConstraintNotValid(AddConstraint):
                 # Constraint.create_sql returns interpolated SQL which makes
                 # params=None a necessity to avoid escaping attempts on
                 # execution.
-                schema_editor.execute(str(constraint_sql) + ' NOT VALID', params=None)
+                schema_editor.execute(str(constraint_sql) + " NOT VALID", params=None)
 
     @property
     def migration_name_fragment(self):
-        return super().migration_name_fragment + '_not_valid'
+        return super().migration_name_fragment + "_not_valid"
 
 
 class ValidateConstraint(Operation):
@@ -301,15 +301,18 @@ class ValidateConstraint(Operation):
         self.name = name
 
     def describe(self):
-        return 'Validate constraint %s on model %s' % (self.name, self.model_name)
+        return "Validate constraint %s on model %s" % (self.name, self.model_name)
 
     def database_forwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
         model = from_state.apps.get_model(app_label, self.model_name)
         if self.allow_migrate_model(schema_editor.connection.alias, model):
-            schema_editor.execute('ALTER TABLE %s VALIDATE CONSTRAINT %s' % (
-                schema_editor.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
-                schema_editor.quote_name(self.name),
-            ))
+            schema_editor.execute(
+                "ALTER TABLE %s VALIDATE CONSTRAINT %s"
+                % (
+                    schema_editor.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
+                    schema_editor.quote_name(self.name),
+                )
+            )
 
     def database_backwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
         # PostgreSQL does not provide a way to make a constraint invalid.
@@ -320,10 +323,14 @@ class ValidateConstraint(Operation):
 
     @property
     def migration_name_fragment(self):
-        return '%s_validate_%s' % (self.model_name.lower(), self.name.lower())
+        return "%s_validate_%s" % (self.model_name.lower(), self.name.lower())
 
     def deconstruct(self):
-        return self.__class__.__name__, [], {
-            'model_name': self.model_name,
-            'name': self.name,
-        }
+        return (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            [],
+            {
+                "model_name": self.model_name,
+                "name": self.name,
+            },
+        )
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/search.py b/django/contrib/postgres/search.py
index 164d359b91..f652c1d346 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/search.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/search.py
@@ -1,18 +1,25 @@
 import psycopg2
 
 from django.db.models import (
-    CharField, Expression, Field, FloatField, Func, Lookup, TextField, Value,
+    CharField,
+    Expression,
+    Field,
+    FloatField,
+    Func,
+    Lookup,
+    TextField,
+    Value,
 )
 from django.db.models.expressions import CombinedExpression
 from django.db.models.functions import Cast, Coalesce
 
 
 class SearchVectorExact(Lookup):
-    lookup_name = 'exact'
+    lookup_name = "exact"
 
     def process_rhs(self, qn, connection):
         if not isinstance(self.rhs, (SearchQuery, CombinedSearchQuery)):
-            config = getattr(self.lhs, 'config', None)
+            config = getattr(self.lhs, "config", None)
             self.rhs = SearchQuery(self.rhs, config=config)
         rhs, rhs_params = super().process_rhs(qn, connection)
         return rhs, rhs_params
@@ -21,25 +28,23 @@ class SearchVectorExact(Lookup):
         lhs, lhs_params = self.process_lhs(qn, connection)
         rhs, rhs_params = self.process_rhs(qn, connection)
         params = lhs_params + rhs_params
-        return '%s @@ %s' % (lhs, rhs), params
+        return "%s @@ %s" % (lhs, rhs), params
 
 
 class SearchVectorField(Field):
-
     def db_type(self, connection):
-        return 'tsvector'
+        return "tsvector"
 
 
 class SearchQueryField(Field):
-
     def db_type(self, connection):
-        return 'tsquery'
+        return "tsquery"
 
 
 class SearchConfig(Expression):
     def __init__(self, config):
         super().__init__()
-        if not hasattr(config, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if not hasattr(config, "resolve_expression"):
             config = Value(config)
         self.config = config
 
@@ -53,21 +58,21 @@ class SearchConfig(Expression):
         return [self.config]
 
     def set_source_expressions(self, exprs):
-        self.config, = exprs
+        (self.config,) = exprs
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         sql, params = compiler.compile(self.config)
-        return '%s::regconfig' % sql, params
+        return "%s::regconfig" % sql, params
 
 
 class SearchVectorCombinable:
-    ADD = '||'
+    ADD = "||"
 
     def _combine(self, other, connector, reversed):
         if not isinstance(other, SearchVectorCombinable):
             raise TypeError(
-                'SearchVector can only be combined with other SearchVector '
-                'instances, got %s.' % type(other).__name__
+                "SearchVector can only be combined with other SearchVector "
+                "instances, got %s." % type(other).__name__
             )
         if reversed:
             return CombinedSearchVector(other, connector, self, self.config)
@@ -75,49 +80,61 @@ class SearchVectorCombinable:
 
 
 class SearchVector(SearchVectorCombinable, Func):
-    function = 'to_tsvector'
+    function = "to_tsvector"
     arg_joiner = " || ' ' || "
     output_field = SearchVectorField()
 
     def __init__(self, *expressions, config=None, weight=None):
         super().__init__(*expressions)
         self.config = SearchConfig.from_parameter(config)
-        if weight is not None and not hasattr(weight, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if weight is not None and not hasattr(weight, "resolve_expression"):
             weight = Value(weight)
         self.weight = weight
 
-    def resolve_expression(self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False):
-        resolved = super().resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save)
+    def resolve_expression(
+        self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False
+    ):
+        resolved = super().resolve_expression(
+            query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save
+        )
         if self.config:
-            resolved.config = self.config.resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save)
+            resolved.config = self.config.resolve_expression(
+                query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save
+            )
         return resolved
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection, function=None, template=None):
         clone = self.copy()
-        clone.set_source_expressions([
-            Coalesce(
-                expression
-                if isinstance(expression.output_field, (CharField, TextField))
-                else Cast(expression, TextField()),
-                Value('')
-            ) for expression in clone.get_source_expressions()
-        ])
+        clone.set_source_expressions(
+            [
+                Coalesce(
+                    expression
+                    if isinstance(expression.output_field, (CharField, TextField))
+                    else Cast(expression, TextField()),
+                    Value(""),
+                )
+                for expression in clone.get_source_expressions()
+            ]
+        )
         config_sql = None
         config_params = []
         if template is None:
             if clone.config:
                 config_sql, config_params = compiler.compile(clone.config)
-                template = '%(function)s(%(config)s, %(expressions)s)'
+                template = "%(function)s(%(config)s, %(expressions)s)"
             else:
                 template = clone.template
         sql, params = super(SearchVector, clone).as_sql(
-            compiler, connection, function=function, template=template,
+            compiler,
+            connection,
+            function=function,
+            template=template,
             config=config_sql,
         )
         extra_params = []
         if clone.weight:
             weight_sql, extra_params = compiler.compile(clone.weight)
-            sql = 'setweight({}, {})'.format(sql, weight_sql)
+            sql = "setweight({}, {})".format(sql, weight_sql)
         return sql, config_params + params + extra_params
 
 
@@ -128,14 +145,14 @@ class CombinedSearchVector(SearchVectorCombinable, CombinedExpression):
 
 
 class SearchQueryCombinable:
-    BITAND = '&&'
-    BITOR = '||'
+    BITAND = "&&"
+    BITOR = "||"
 
     def _combine(self, other, connector, reversed):
         if not isinstance(other, SearchQueryCombinable):
             raise TypeError(
-                'SearchQuery can only be combined with other SearchQuery '
-                'instances, got %s.' % type(other).__name__
+                "SearchQuery can only be combined with other SearchQuery "
+                "instances, got %s." % type(other).__name__
             )
         if reversed:
             return CombinedSearchQuery(other, connector, self, self.config)
@@ -160,17 +177,25 @@ class SearchQueryCombinable:
 class SearchQuery(SearchQueryCombinable, Func):
     output_field = SearchQueryField()
     SEARCH_TYPES = {
-        'plain': 'plainto_tsquery',
-        'phrase': 'phraseto_tsquery',
-        'raw': 'to_tsquery',
-        'websearch': 'websearch_to_tsquery',
+        "plain": "plainto_tsquery",
+        "phrase": "phraseto_tsquery",
+        "raw": "to_tsquery",
+        "websearch": "websearch_to_tsquery",
     }
 
-    def __init__(self, value, output_field=None, *, config=None, invert=False, search_type='plain'):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        value,
+        output_field=None,
+        *,
+        config=None,
+        invert=False,
+        search_type="plain",
+    ):
         self.function = self.SEARCH_TYPES.get(search_type)
         if self.function is None:
             raise ValueError("Unknown search_type argument '%s'." % search_type)
-        if not hasattr(value, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if not hasattr(value, "resolve_expression"):
             value = Value(value)
         expressions = (value,)
         self.config = SearchConfig.from_parameter(config)
@@ -182,7 +207,7 @@ class SearchQuery(SearchQueryCombinable, Func):
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection, function=None, template=None):
         sql, params = super().as_sql(compiler, connection, function, template)
         if self.invert:
-            sql = '!!(%s)' % sql
+            sql = "!!(%s)" % sql
         return sql, params
 
     def __invert__(self):
@@ -192,7 +217,7 @@ class SearchQuery(SearchQueryCombinable, Func):
 
     def __str__(self):
         result = super().__str__()
-        return ('~%s' % result) if self.invert else result
+        return ("~%s" % result) if self.invert else result
 
 
 class CombinedSearchQuery(SearchQueryCombinable, CombinedExpression):
@@ -201,60 +226,73 @@ class CombinedSearchQuery(SearchQueryCombinable, CombinedExpression):
         super().__init__(lhs, connector, rhs, output_field)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '(%s)' % super().__str__()
+        return "(%s)" % super().__str__()
 
 
 class SearchRank(Func):
-    function = 'ts_rank'
+    function = "ts_rank"
     output_field = FloatField()
 
     def __init__(
-        self, vector, query, weights=None, normalization=None,
+        self,
+        vector,
+        query,
+        weights=None,
+        normalization=None,
         cover_density=False,
     ):
-        if not hasattr(vector, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if not hasattr(vector, "resolve_expression"):
             vector = SearchVector(vector)
-        if not hasattr(query, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if not hasattr(query, "resolve_expression"):
             query = SearchQuery(query)
         expressions = (vector, query)
         if weights is not None:
-            if not hasattr(weights, 'resolve_expression'):
+            if not hasattr(weights, "resolve_expression"):
                 weights = Value(weights)
             expressions = (weights,) + expressions
         if normalization is not None:
-            if not hasattr(normalization, 'resolve_expression'):
+            if not hasattr(normalization, "resolve_expression"):
                 normalization = Value(normalization)
             expressions += (normalization,)
         if cover_density:
-            self.function = 'ts_rank_cd'
+            self.function = "ts_rank_cd"
         super().__init__(*expressions)
 
 
 class SearchHeadline(Func):
-    function = 'ts_headline'
-    template = '%(function)s(%(expressions)s%(options)s)'
+    function = "ts_headline"
+    template = "%(function)s(%(expressions)s%(options)s)"
     output_field = TextField()
 
     def __init__(
-        self, expression, query, *, config=None, start_sel=None, stop_sel=None,
-        max_words=None, min_words=None, short_word=None, highlight_all=None,
-        max_fragments=None, fragment_delimiter=None,
+        self,
+        expression,
+        query,
+        *,
+        config=None,
+        start_sel=None,
+        stop_sel=None,
+        max_words=None,
+        min_words=None,
+        short_word=None,
+        highlight_all=None,
+        max_fragments=None,
+        fragment_delimiter=None,
     ):
-        if not hasattr(query, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if not hasattr(query, "resolve_expression"):
             query = SearchQuery(query)
         options = {
-            'StartSel': start_sel,
-            'StopSel': stop_sel,
-            'MaxWords': max_words,
-            'MinWords': min_words,
-            'ShortWord': short_word,
-            'HighlightAll': highlight_all,
-            'MaxFragments': max_fragments,
-            'FragmentDelimiter': fragment_delimiter,
+            "StartSel": start_sel,
+            "StopSel": stop_sel,
+            "MaxWords": max_words,
+            "MinWords": min_words,
+            "ShortWord": short_word,
+            "HighlightAll": highlight_all,
+            "MaxFragments": max_fragments,
+            "FragmentDelimiter": fragment_delimiter,
         }
         self.options = {
-            option: value
-            for option, value in options.items() if value is not None
+            option: value for option, value in options.items() if value is not None
         }
         expressions = (expression, query)
         if config is not None:
@@ -263,19 +301,26 @@ class SearchHeadline(Func):
         super().__init__(*expressions)
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection, function=None, template=None):
-        options_sql = ''
+        options_sql = ""
         options_params = []
         if self.options:
             # getquoted() returns a quoted bytestring of the adapted value.
-            options_params.append(', '.join(
-                '%s=%s' % (
-                    option,
-                    psycopg2.extensions.adapt(value).getquoted().decode(),
-                ) for option, value in self.options.items()
-            ))
-            options_sql = ', %s'
+            options_params.append(
+                ", ".join(
+                    "%s=%s"
+                    % (
+                        option,
+                        psycopg2.extensions.adapt(value).getquoted().decode(),
+                    )
+                    for option, value in self.options.items()
+                )
+            )
+            options_sql = ", %s"
         sql, params = super().as_sql(
-            compiler, connection, function=function, template=template,
+            compiler,
+            connection,
+            function=function,
+            template=template,
             options=options_sql,
         )
         return sql, params + options_params
@@ -288,7 +333,7 @@ class TrigramBase(Func):
     output_field = FloatField()
 
     def __init__(self, expression, string, **extra):
-        if not hasattr(string, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if not hasattr(string, "resolve_expression"):
             string = Value(string)
         super().__init__(expression, string, **extra)
 
@@ -297,24 +342,24 @@ class TrigramWordBase(Func):
     output_field = FloatField()
 
     def __init__(self, string, expression, **extra):
-        if not hasattr(string, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if not hasattr(string, "resolve_expression"):
             string = Value(string)
         super().__init__(string, expression, **extra)
 
 
 class TrigramSimilarity(TrigramBase):
-    function = 'SIMILARITY'
+    function = "SIMILARITY"
 
 
 class TrigramDistance(TrigramBase):
-    function = ''
-    arg_joiner = ' <-> '
+    function = ""
+    arg_joiner = " <-> "
 
 
 class TrigramWordDistance(TrigramWordBase):
-    function = ''
-    arg_joiner = ' <<-> '
+    function = ""
+    arg_joiner = " <<-> "
 
 
 class TrigramWordSimilarity(TrigramWordBase):
-    function = 'WORD_SIMILARITY'
+    function = "WORD_SIMILARITY"
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/serializers.py b/django/contrib/postgres/serializers.py
index 1b1c2f1112..d04bfdbc69 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/serializers.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/serializers.py
@@ -6,5 +6,5 @@ class RangeSerializer(BaseSerializer):
         module = self.value.__class__.__module__
         # Ranges are implemented in psycopg2._range but the public import
         # location is psycopg2.extras.
-        module = 'psycopg2.extras' if module == 'psycopg2._range' else module
-        return '%s.%r' % (module, self.value), {'import %s' % module}
+        module = "psycopg2.extras" if module == "psycopg2._range" else module
+        return "%s.%r" % (module, self.value), {"import %s" % module}
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/signals.py b/django/contrib/postgres/signals.py
index 420b5f6033..b61673fe1f 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/signals.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/signals.py
@@ -35,12 +35,14 @@ def get_citext_oids(connection_alias):
 
 
 def register_type_handlers(connection, **kwargs):
-    if connection.vendor != 'postgresql' or connection.alias == NO_DB_ALIAS:
+    if connection.vendor != "postgresql" or connection.alias == NO_DB_ALIAS:
         return
 
     try:
         oids, array_oids = get_hstore_oids(connection.alias)
-        register_hstore(connection.connection, globally=True, oid=oids, array_oid=array_oids)
+        register_hstore(
+            connection.connection, globally=True, oid=oids, array_oid=array_oids
+        )
     except ProgrammingError:
         # Hstore is not available on the database.
         #
@@ -54,7 +56,9 @@ def register_type_handlers(connection, **kwargs):
 
     try:
         citext_oids = get_citext_oids(connection.alias)
-        array_type = psycopg2.extensions.new_array_type(citext_oids, 'citext[]', psycopg2.STRING)
+        array_type = psycopg2.extensions.new_array_type(
+            citext_oids, "citext[]", psycopg2.STRING
+        )
         psycopg2.extensions.register_type(array_type, None)
     except ProgrammingError:
         # citext is not available on the database.
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/utils.py b/django/contrib/postgres/utils.py
index f3c022f474..e4f4d81514 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/utils.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/utils.py
@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ def prefix_validation_error(error, prefix, code, params):
             # ngettext calls require a count parameter and are converted
             # to an empty string if they are missing it.
             message=format_lazy(
-                '{} {}',
+                "{} {}",
                 SimpleLazyObject(lambda: prefix % params),
                 SimpleLazyObject(lambda: error.message % error_params),
             ),
             code=code,
             params={**error_params, **params},
         )
-    return ValidationError([
-        prefix_validation_error(e, prefix, code, params) for e in error.error_list
-    ])
+    return ValidationError(
+        [prefix_validation_error(e, prefix, code, params) for e in error.error_list]
+    )
diff --git a/django/contrib/postgres/validators.py b/django/contrib/postgres/validators.py
index db6205f356..df2bd88eb9 100644
--- a/django/contrib/postgres/validators.py
+++ b/django/contrib/postgres/validators.py
@@ -1,24 +1,29 @@
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 from django.core.validators import (
-    MaxLengthValidator, MaxValueValidator, MinLengthValidator,
+    MaxLengthValidator,
+    MaxValueValidator,
+    MinLengthValidator,
     MinValueValidator,
 )
 from django.utils.deconstruct import deconstructible
-from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _, ngettext_lazy
+from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
+from django.utils.translation import ngettext_lazy
 
 
 class ArrayMaxLengthValidator(MaxLengthValidator):
     message = ngettext_lazy(
-        'List contains %(show_value)d item, it should contain no more than %(limit_value)d.',
-        'List contains %(show_value)d items, it should contain no more than %(limit_value)d.',
-        'limit_value')
+        "List contains %(show_value)d item, it should contain no more than %(limit_value)d.",
+        "List contains %(show_value)d items, it should contain no more than %(limit_value)d.",
+        "limit_value",
+    )
 
 
 class ArrayMinLengthValidator(MinLengthValidator):
     message = ngettext_lazy(
-        'List contains %(show_value)d item, it should contain no fewer than %(limit_value)d.',
-        'List contains %(show_value)d items, it should contain no fewer than %(limit_value)d.',
-        'limit_value')
+        "List contains %(show_value)d item, it should contain no fewer than %(limit_value)d.",
+        "List contains %(show_value)d items, it should contain no fewer than %(limit_value)d.",
+        "limit_value",
+    )
 
 
 @deconstructible
@@ -26,8 +31,8 @@ class KeysValidator:
     """A validator designed for HStore to require/restrict keys."""
 
     messages = {
-        'missing_keys': _('Some keys were missing: %(keys)s'),
-        'extra_keys': _('Some unknown keys were provided: %(keys)s'),
+        "missing_keys": _("Some keys were missing: %(keys)s"),
+        "extra_keys": _("Some unknown keys were provided: %(keys)s"),
     }
     strict = False
 
@@ -42,35 +47,41 @@ class KeysValidator:
         missing_keys = self.keys - keys
         if missing_keys:
             raise ValidationError(
-                self.messages['missing_keys'],
-                code='missing_keys',
-                params={'keys': ', '.join(missing_keys)},
+                self.messages["missing_keys"],
+                code="missing_keys",
+                params={"keys": ", ".join(missing_keys)},
             )
         if self.strict:
             extra_keys = keys - self.keys
             if extra_keys:
                 raise ValidationError(
-                    self.messages['extra_keys'],
-                    code='extra_keys',
-                    params={'keys': ', '.join(extra_keys)},
+                    self.messages["extra_keys"],
+                    code="extra_keys",
+                    params={"keys": ", ".join(extra_keys)},
                 )
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return (
-            isinstance(other, self.__class__) and
-            self.keys == other.keys and
-            self.messages == other.messages and
-            self.strict == other.strict
+            isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+            and self.keys == other.keys
+            and self.messages == other.messages
+            and self.strict == other.strict
         )
 
 
 class RangeMaxValueValidator(MaxValueValidator):
     def compare(self, a, b):
         return a.upper is None or a.upper > b
-    message = _('Ensure that this range is completely less than or equal to %(limit_value)s.')
+
+    message = _(
+        "Ensure that this range is completely less than or equal to %(limit_value)s."
+    )
 
 
 class RangeMinValueValidator(MinValueValidator):
     def compare(self, a, b):
         return a.lower is None or a.lower < b
-    message = _('Ensure that this range is completely greater than or equal to %(limit_value)s.')
+
+    message = _(
+        "Ensure that this range is completely greater than or equal to %(limit_value)s."
+    )
diff --git a/django/contrib/redirects/admin.py b/django/contrib/redirects/admin.py
index f828747d76..39400ad265 100644
--- a/django/contrib/redirects/admin.py
+++ b/django/contrib/redirects/admin.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from django.contrib.redirects.models import Redirect
 
 @admin.register(Redirect)
 class RedirectAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('old_path', 'new_path')
-    list_filter = ('site',)
-    search_fields = ('old_path', 'new_path')
-    radio_fields = {'site': admin.VERTICAL}
+    list_display = ("old_path", "new_path")
+    list_filter = ("site",)
+    search_fields = ("old_path", "new_path")
+    radio_fields = {"site": admin.VERTICAL}
diff --git a/django/contrib/redirects/apps.py b/django/contrib/redirects/apps.py
index c1d80ee3c1..d7706711b7 100644
--- a/django/contrib/redirects/apps.py
+++ b/django/contrib/redirects/apps.py
@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 
 class RedirectsConfig(AppConfig):
-    default_auto_field = 'django.db.models.AutoField'
-    name = 'django.contrib.redirects'
+    default_auto_field = "django.db.models.AutoField"
+    name = "django.contrib.redirects"
     verbose_name = _("Redirects")
diff --git a/django/contrib/redirects/middleware.py b/django/contrib/redirects/middleware.py
index e148c17693..bc4fe9cbcd 100644
--- a/django/contrib/redirects/middleware.py
+++ b/django/contrib/redirects/middleware.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class RedirectFallbackMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
     response_redirect_class = HttpResponsePermanentRedirect
 
     def __init__(self, get_response):
-        if not apps.is_installed('django.contrib.sites'):
+        if not apps.is_installed("django.contrib.sites"):
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                 "You cannot use RedirectFallbackMiddleware when "
                 "django.contrib.sites is not installed."
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class RedirectFallbackMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
             r = Redirect.objects.get(site=current_site, old_path=full_path)
         except Redirect.DoesNotExist:
             pass
-        if r is None and settings.APPEND_SLASH and not request.path.endswith('/'):
+        if r is None and settings.APPEND_SLASH and not request.path.endswith("/"):
             try:
                 r = Redirect.objects.get(
                     site=current_site,
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class RedirectFallbackMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
             except Redirect.DoesNotExist:
                 pass
         if r is not None:
-            if r.new_path == '':
+            if r.new_path == "":
                 return self.response_gone_class()
             return self.response_redirect_class(r.new_path)
 
diff --git a/django/contrib/redirects/migrations/0001_initial.py b/django/contrib/redirects/migrations/0001_initial.py
index 58165a13bb..79dd21f15d 100644
--- a/django/contrib/redirects/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/django/contrib/redirects/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -4,35 +4,57 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('sites', '0001_initial'),
+        ("sites", "0001_initial"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Redirect',
+            name="Redirect",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('site', models.ForeignKey(
-                    to='sites.Site',
-                    on_delete=models.CASCADE,
-                    verbose_name='site',
-                )),
-                ('old_path', models.CharField(
-                    help_text=(
-                        'This should be an absolute path, excluding the domain name. Example: “/events/search/”.'
-                    ), max_length=200, verbose_name='redirect from', db_index=True
-                )),
-                ('new_path', models.CharField(
-                    help_text='This can be either an absolute path (as above) or a full URL starting with “http://”.',
-                    max_length=200, verbose_name='redirect to', blank=True
-                )),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "site",
+                    models.ForeignKey(
+                        to="sites.Site",
+                        on_delete=models.CASCADE,
+                        verbose_name="site",
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "old_path",
+                    models.CharField(
+                        help_text=(
+                            "This should be an absolute path, excluding the domain name. Example: “/events/search/”."
+                        ),
+                        max_length=200,
+                        verbose_name="redirect from",
+                        db_index=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "new_path",
+                    models.CharField(
+                        help_text="This can be either an absolute path (as above) or a full URL starting with “http://”.",
+                        max_length=200,
+                        verbose_name="redirect to",
+                        blank=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
             options={
-                'ordering': ['old_path'],
-                'unique_together': {('site', 'old_path')},
-                'db_table': 'django_redirect',
-                'verbose_name': 'redirect',
-                'verbose_name_plural': 'redirects',
+                "ordering": ["old_path"],
+                "unique_together": {("site", "old_path")},
+                "db_table": "django_redirect",
+                "verbose_name": "redirect",
+                "verbose_name_plural": "redirects",
             },
             bases=(models.Model,),
         ),
diff --git a/django/contrib/redirects/migrations/0002_alter_redirect_new_path_help_text.py b/django/contrib/redirects/migrations/0002_alter_redirect_new_path_help_text.py
index afbd19e415..84f67e10d9 100644
--- a/django/contrib/redirects/migrations/0002_alter_redirect_new_path_help_text.py
+++ b/django/contrib/redirects/migrations/0002_alter_redirect_new_path_help_text.py
@@ -4,21 +4,21 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('redirects', '0001_initial'),
+        ("redirects", "0001_initial"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name='redirect',
-            name='new_path',
+            model_name="redirect",
+            name="new_path",
             field=models.CharField(
                 blank=True,
                 help_text=(
-                    'This can be either an absolute path (as above) or a full '
-                    'URL starting with a scheme such as “https://”.'
+                    "This can be either an absolute path (as above) or a full "
+                    "URL starting with a scheme such as “https://”."
                 ),
                 max_length=200,
-                verbose_name='redirect to',
+                verbose_name="redirect to",
             ),
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/redirects/models.py b/django/contrib/redirects/models.py
index a200b88f94..0375e65c67 100644
--- a/django/contrib/redirects/models.py
+++ b/django/contrib/redirects/models.py
@@ -4,29 +4,31 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 
 class Redirect(models.Model):
-    site = models.ForeignKey(Site, models.CASCADE, verbose_name=_('site'))
+    site = models.ForeignKey(Site, models.CASCADE, verbose_name=_("site"))
     old_path = models.CharField(
-        _('redirect from'),
+        _("redirect from"),
         max_length=200,
         db_index=True,
-        help_text=_('This should be an absolute path, excluding the domain name. Example: “/events/search/”.'),
+        help_text=_(
+            "This should be an absolute path, excluding the domain name. Example: “/events/search/”."
+        ),
     )
     new_path = models.CharField(
-        _('redirect to'),
+        _("redirect to"),
         max_length=200,
         blank=True,
         help_text=_(
-            'This can be either an absolute path (as above) or a full URL '
-            'starting with a scheme such as “https://”.'
+            "This can be either an absolute path (as above) or a full URL "
+            "starting with a scheme such as “https://”."
         ),
     )
 
     class Meta:
-        verbose_name = _('redirect')
-        verbose_name_plural = _('redirects')
-        db_table = 'django_redirect'
-        unique_together = [['site', 'old_path']]
-        ordering = ['old_path']
+        verbose_name = _("redirect")
+        verbose_name_plural = _("redirects")
+        db_table = "django_redirect"
+        unique_together = [["site", "old_path"]]
+        ordering = ["old_path"]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return "%s ---> %s" % (self.old_path, self.new_path)
diff --git a/django/contrib/sessions/apps.py b/django/contrib/sessions/apps.py
index 8b778d1109..83f0cefa2d 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sessions/apps.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sessions/apps.py
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 
 class SessionsConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'django.contrib.sessions'
+    name = "django.contrib.sessions"
     verbose_name = _("Sessions")
diff --git a/django/contrib/sessions/backends/base.py b/django/contrib/sessions/backends/base.py
index f86f329550..050e7387be 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sessions/backends/base.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sessions/backends/base.py
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ class CreateError(Exception):
     Used internally as a consistent exception type to catch from save (see the
     docstring for SessionBase.save() for details).
     """
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ class UpdateError(Exception):
     """
     Occurs if Django tries to update a session that was deleted.
     """
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -32,8 +34,9 @@ class SessionBase:
     """
     Base class for all Session classes.
     """
-    TEST_COOKIE_NAME = 'testcookie'
-    TEST_COOKIE_VALUE = 'worked'
+
+    TEST_COOKIE_NAME = "testcookie"
+    TEST_COOKIE_VALUE = "worked"
 
     __not_given = object()
 
@@ -59,7 +62,7 @@ class SessionBase:
 
     @property
     def key_salt(self):
-        return 'django.contrib.sessions.' + self.__class__.__qualname__
+        return "django.contrib.sessions." + self.__class__.__qualname__
 
     def get(self, key, default=None):
         return self._session.get(key, default)
@@ -89,16 +92,20 @@ class SessionBase:
     def encode(self, session_dict):
         "Return the given session dictionary serialized and encoded as a string."
         return signing.dumps(
-            session_dict, salt=self.key_salt, serializer=self.serializer,
+            session_dict,
+            salt=self.key_salt,
+            serializer=self.serializer,
             compress=True,
         )
 
     def decode(self, session_data):
         try:
-            return signing.loads(session_data, salt=self.key_salt, serializer=self.serializer)
+            return signing.loads(
+                session_data, salt=self.key_salt, serializer=self.serializer
+            )
         except signing.BadSignature:
-            logger = logging.getLogger('django.security.SuspiciousSession')
-            logger.warning('Session data corrupted')
+            logger = logging.getLogger("django.security.SuspiciousSession")
+            logger.warning("Session data corrupted")
         except Exception:
             # ValueError, unpickling exceptions. If any of these happen, just
             # return an empty dictionary (an empty session).
@@ -197,18 +204,18 @@ class SessionBase:
         arguments specifying the modification and expiry of the session.
         """
         try:
-            modification = kwargs['modification']
+            modification = kwargs["modification"]
         except KeyError:
             modification = timezone.now()
         # Make the difference between "expiry=None passed in kwargs" and
         # "expiry not passed in kwargs", in order to guarantee not to trigger
         # self.load() when expiry is provided.
         try:
-            expiry = kwargs['expiry']
+            expiry = kwargs["expiry"]
         except KeyError:
-            expiry = self.get('_session_expiry')
+            expiry = self.get("_session_expiry")
 
-        if not expiry:   # Checks both None and 0 cases
+        if not expiry:  # Checks both None and 0 cases
             return self.get_session_cookie_age()
         if not isinstance(expiry, (datetime, str)):
             return expiry
@@ -224,14 +231,14 @@ class SessionBase:
         arguments specifying the modification and expiry of the session.
         """
         try:
-            modification = kwargs['modification']
+            modification = kwargs["modification"]
         except KeyError:
             modification = timezone.now()
         # Same comment as in get_expiry_age
         try:
-            expiry = kwargs['expiry']
+            expiry = kwargs["expiry"]
         except KeyError:
-            expiry = self.get('_session_expiry')
+            expiry = self.get("_session_expiry")
 
         if isinstance(expiry, datetime):
             return expiry
@@ -258,7 +265,7 @@ class SessionBase:
         if value is None:
             # Remove any custom expiration for this session.
             try:
-                del self['_session_expiry']
+                del self["_session_expiry"]
             except KeyError:
                 pass
             return
@@ -266,7 +273,7 @@ class SessionBase:
             value = timezone.now() + value
         if isinstance(value, datetime):
             value = value.isoformat()
-        self['_session_expiry'] = value
+        self["_session_expiry"] = value
 
     def get_expire_at_browser_close(self):
         """
@@ -275,7 +282,7 @@ class SessionBase:
         ``get_expiry_date()`` or ``get_expiry_age()`` to find the actual expiry
         date/age, if there is one.
         """
-        if (expiry := self.get('_session_expiry')) is None:
+        if (expiry := self.get("_session_expiry")) is None:
             return settings.SESSION_EXPIRE_AT_BROWSER_CLOSE
         return expiry == 0
 
@@ -305,7 +312,9 @@ class SessionBase:
         """
         Return True if the given session_key already exists.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of SessionBase must provide an exists() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of SessionBase must provide an exists() method"
+        )
 
     def create(self):
         """
@@ -313,7 +322,9 @@ class SessionBase:
         a unique key and will have saved the result once (with empty data)
         before the method returns.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of SessionBase must provide a create() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of SessionBase must provide a create() method"
+        )
 
     def save(self, must_create=False):
         """
@@ -321,20 +332,26 @@ class SessionBase:
         object (or raise CreateError). Otherwise, only update an existing
         object and don't create one (raise UpdateError if needed).
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of SessionBase must provide a save() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of SessionBase must provide a save() method"
+        )
 
     def delete(self, session_key=None):
         """
         Delete the session data under this key. If the key is None, use the
         current session key value.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of SessionBase must provide a delete() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of SessionBase must provide a delete() method"
+        )
 
     def load(self):
         """
         Load the session data and return a dictionary.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of SessionBase must provide a load() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of SessionBase must provide a load() method"
+        )
 
     @classmethod
     def clear_expired(cls):
@@ -345,4 +362,4 @@ class SessionBase:
         NotImplementedError. If it isn't necessary, because the backend has
         a built-in expiration mechanism, it should be a no-op.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('This backend does not support clear_expired().')
+        raise NotImplementedError("This backend does not support clear_expired().")
diff --git a/django/contrib/sessions/backends/cache.py b/django/contrib/sessions/backends/cache.py
index 860d3a46c5..0c9d244f56 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sessions/backends/cache.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sessions/backends/cache.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 from django.conf import settings
-from django.contrib.sessions.backends.base import (
-    CreateError, SessionBase, UpdateError,
-)
+from django.contrib.sessions.backends.base import CreateError, SessionBase, UpdateError
 from django.core.cache import caches
 
 KEY_PREFIX = "django.contrib.sessions.cache"
@@ -11,6 +9,7 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
     """
     A cache-based session store.
     """
+
     cache_key_prefix = KEY_PREFIX
 
     def __init__(self, session_key=None):
@@ -49,7 +48,8 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
             return
         raise RuntimeError(
             "Unable to create a new session key. "
-            "It is likely that the cache is unavailable.")
+            "It is likely that the cache is unavailable."
+        )
 
     def save(self, must_create=False):
         if self.session_key is None:
@@ -60,14 +60,18 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
             func = self._cache.set
         else:
             raise UpdateError
-        result = func(self.cache_key,
-                      self._get_session(no_load=must_create),
-                      self.get_expiry_age())
+        result = func(
+            self.cache_key,
+            self._get_session(no_load=must_create),
+            self.get_expiry_age(),
+        )
         if must_create and not result:
             raise CreateError
 
     def exists(self, session_key):
-        return bool(session_key) and (self.cache_key_prefix + session_key) in self._cache
+        return (
+            bool(session_key) and (self.cache_key_prefix + session_key) in self._cache
+        )
 
     def delete(self, session_key=None):
         if session_key is None:
diff --git a/django/contrib/sessions/backends/cached_db.py b/django/contrib/sessions/backends/cached_db.py
index 453d390694..3125a71cd0 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sessions/backends/cached_db.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sessions/backends/cached_db.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ class SessionStore(DBStore):
     """
     Implement cached, database backed sessions.
     """
+
     cache_key_prefix = KEY_PREFIX
 
     def __init__(self, session_key=None):
@@ -35,13 +36,19 @@ class SessionStore(DBStore):
             s = self._get_session_from_db()
             if s:
                 data = self.decode(s.session_data)
-                self._cache.set(self.cache_key, data, self.get_expiry_age(expiry=s.expire_date))
+                self._cache.set(
+                    self.cache_key, data, self.get_expiry_age(expiry=s.expire_date)
+                )
             else:
                 data = {}
         return data
 
     def exists(self, session_key):
-        return session_key and (self.cache_key_prefix + session_key) in self._cache or super().exists(session_key)
+        return (
+            session_key
+            and (self.cache_key_prefix + session_key) in self._cache
+            or super().exists(session_key)
+        )
 
     def save(self, must_create=False):
         super().save(must_create)
diff --git a/django/contrib/sessions/backends/db.py b/django/contrib/sessions/backends/db.py
index 7c905a2c99..e1f6b69c55 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sessions/backends/db.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sessions/backends/db.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 import logging
 
-from django.contrib.sessions.backends.base import (
-    CreateError, SessionBase, UpdateError,
-)
+from django.contrib.sessions.backends.base import CreateError, SessionBase, UpdateError
 from django.core.exceptions import SuspiciousOperation
 from django.db import DatabaseError, IntegrityError, router, transaction
 from django.utils import timezone
@@ -13,6 +11,7 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
     """
     Implement database session store.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, session_key=None):
         super().__init__(session_key)
 
@@ -21,6 +20,7 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
         # Avoids a circular import and allows importing SessionStore when
         # django.contrib.sessions is not in INSTALLED_APPS.
         from django.contrib.sessions.models import Session
+
         return Session
 
     @cached_property
@@ -30,12 +30,11 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
     def _get_session_from_db(self):
         try:
             return self.model.objects.get(
-                session_key=self.session_key,
-                expire_date__gt=timezone.now()
+                session_key=self.session_key, expire_date__gt=timezone.now()
             )
         except (self.model.DoesNotExist, SuspiciousOperation) as e:
             if isinstance(e, SuspiciousOperation):
-                logger = logging.getLogger('django.security.%s' % e.__class__.__name__)
+                logger = logging.getLogger("django.security.%s" % e.__class__.__name__)
                 logger.warning(str(e))
             self._session_key = None
 
@@ -84,7 +83,9 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
         using = router.db_for_write(self.model, instance=obj)
         try:
             with transaction.atomic(using=using):
-                obj.save(force_insert=must_create, force_update=not must_create, using=using)
+                obj.save(
+                    force_insert=must_create, force_update=not must_create, using=using
+                )
         except IntegrityError:
             if must_create:
                 raise CreateError
diff --git a/django/contrib/sessions/backends/file.py b/django/contrib/sessions/backends/file.py
index 7032b4b1f8..947388333f 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sessions/backends/file.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sessions/backends/file.py
@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@ import tempfile
 
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib.sessions.backends.base import (
-    VALID_KEY_CHARS, CreateError, SessionBase, UpdateError,
+    VALID_KEY_CHARS,
+    CreateError,
+    SessionBase,
+    UpdateError,
 )
 from django.contrib.sessions.exceptions import InvalidSessionKey
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured, SuspiciousOperation
@@ -17,6 +20,7 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
     """
     Implement a file based session store.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, session_key=None):
         self.storage_path = self._get_storage_path()
         self.file_prefix = settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME
@@ -27,13 +31,16 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
         try:
             return cls._storage_path
         except AttributeError:
-            storage_path = getattr(settings, 'SESSION_FILE_PATH', None) or tempfile.gettempdir()
+            storage_path = (
+                getattr(settings, "SESSION_FILE_PATH", None) or tempfile.gettempdir()
+            )
             # Make sure the storage path is valid.
             if not os.path.isdir(storage_path):
                 raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                     "The session storage path %r doesn't exist. Please set your"
                     " SESSION_FILE_PATH setting to an existing directory in which"
-                    " Django can store session data." % storage_path)
+                    " Django can store session data." % storage_path
+                )
 
             cls._storage_path = storage_path
             return storage_path
@@ -49,8 +56,7 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
         # should always be md5s, so they should never contain directory
         # components.
         if not set(session_key).issubset(VALID_KEY_CHARS):
-            raise InvalidSessionKey(
-                "Invalid characters in session key")
+            raise InvalidSessionKey("Invalid characters in session key")
 
         return os.path.join(self.storage_path, self.file_prefix + session_key)
 
@@ -66,14 +72,15 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
         """
         Return the expiry time of the file storing the session's content.
         """
-        return session_data.get('_session_expiry') or (
-            self._last_modification() + datetime.timedelta(seconds=self.get_session_cookie_age())
+        return session_data.get("_session_expiry") or (
+            self._last_modification()
+            + datetime.timedelta(seconds=self.get_session_cookie_age())
         )
 
     def load(self):
         session_data = {}
         try:
-            with open(self._key_to_file(), encoding='ascii') as session_file:
+            with open(self._key_to_file(), encoding="ascii") as session_file:
                 file_data = session_file.read()
             # Don't fail if there is no data in the session file.
             # We may have opened the empty placeholder file.
@@ -82,7 +89,9 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
                     session_data = self.decode(file_data)
                 except (EOFError, SuspiciousOperation) as e:
                     if isinstance(e, SuspiciousOperation):
-                        logger = logging.getLogger('django.security.%s' % e.__class__.__name__)
+                        logger = logging.getLogger(
+                            "django.security.%s" % e.__class__.__name__
+                        )
                         logger.warning(str(e))
                     self.create()
 
@@ -118,7 +127,7 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
         try:
             # Make sure the file exists.  If it does not already exist, an
             # empty placeholder file is created.
-            flags = os.O_WRONLY | getattr(os, 'O_BINARY', 0)
+            flags = os.O_WRONLY | getattr(os, "O_BINARY", 0)
             if must_create:
                 flags |= os.O_EXCL | os.O_CREAT
             fd = os.open(session_file_name, flags)
@@ -148,7 +157,9 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
         dir, prefix = os.path.split(session_file_name)
 
         try:
-            output_file_fd, output_file_name = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=dir, prefix=prefix + '_out_')
+            output_file_fd, output_file_name = tempfile.mkstemp(
+                dir=dir, prefix=prefix + "_out_"
+            )
             renamed = False
             try:
                 try:
@@ -191,7 +202,7 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
         for session_file in os.listdir(storage_path):
             if not session_file.startswith(file_prefix):
                 continue
-            session_key = session_file[len(file_prefix):]
+            session_key = session_file[len(file_prefix) :]
             session = cls(session_key)
             # When an expired session is loaded, its file is removed, and a
             # new file is immediately created. Prevent this by disabling
diff --git a/django/contrib/sessions/backends/signed_cookies.py b/django/contrib/sessions/backends/signed_cookies.py
index 8942df1ea4..dc41c6f12b 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sessions/backends/signed_cookies.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sessions/backends/signed_cookies.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from django.core import signing
 
 
 class SessionStore(SessionBase):
-
     def load(self):
         """
         Load the data from the key itself instead of fetching from some
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
                 serializer=self.serializer,
                 # This doesn't handle non-default expiry dates, see #19201
                 max_age=self.get_session_cookie_age(),
-                salt='django.contrib.sessions.backends.signed_cookies',
+                salt="django.contrib.sessions.backends.signed_cookies",
             )
         except Exception:
             # BadSignature, ValueError, or unpickling exceptions. If any of
@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
         and set the modified flag so that the cookie is set on the client for
         the current request.
         """
-        self._session_key = ''
+        self._session_key = ""
         self._session_cache = {}
         self.modified = True
 
@@ -71,8 +70,9 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
         base64-encoded string of data as our session key.
         """
         return signing.dumps(
-            self._session, compress=True,
-            salt='django.contrib.sessions.backends.signed_cookies',
+            self._session,
+            compress=True,
+            salt="django.contrib.sessions.backends.signed_cookies",
             serializer=self.serializer,
         )
 
diff --git a/django/contrib/sessions/base_session.py b/django/contrib/sessions/base_session.py
index 1d653b5adf..603d2fe12c 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sessions/base_session.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sessions/base_session.py
@@ -24,16 +24,16 @@ class BaseSessionManager(models.Manager):
 
 
 class AbstractBaseSession(models.Model):
-    session_key = models.CharField(_('session key'), max_length=40, primary_key=True)
-    session_data = models.TextField(_('session data'))
-    expire_date = models.DateTimeField(_('expire date'), db_index=True)
+    session_key = models.CharField(_("session key"), max_length=40, primary_key=True)
+    session_data = models.TextField(_("session data"))
+    expire_date = models.DateTimeField(_("expire date"), db_index=True)
 
     objects = BaseSessionManager()
 
     class Meta:
         abstract = True
-        verbose_name = _('session')
-        verbose_name_plural = _('sessions')
+        verbose_name = _("session")
+        verbose_name_plural = _("sessions")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.session_key
diff --git a/django/contrib/sessions/exceptions.py b/django/contrib/sessions/exceptions.py
index 8dbca3d04f..8a4853c502 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sessions/exceptions.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sessions/exceptions.py
@@ -3,14 +3,17 @@ from django.core.exceptions import BadRequest, SuspiciousOperation
 
 class InvalidSessionKey(SuspiciousOperation):
     """Invalid characters in session key"""
+
     pass
 
 
 class SuspiciousSession(SuspiciousOperation):
     """The session may be tampered with"""
+
     pass
 
 
 class SessionInterrupted(BadRequest):
     """The session was interrupted."""
+
     pass
diff --git a/django/contrib/sessions/middleware.py b/django/contrib/sessions/middleware.py
index 4de80a5858..2fcd7d508a 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sessions/middleware.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sessions/middleware.py
@@ -40,10 +40,10 @@ class SessionMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
                 domain=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN,
                 samesite=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE,
             )
-            patch_vary_headers(response, ('Cookie',))
+            patch_vary_headers(response, ("Cookie",))
         else:
             if accessed:
-                patch_vary_headers(response, ('Cookie',))
+                patch_vary_headers(response, ("Cookie",))
             if (modified or settings.SESSION_SAVE_EVERY_REQUEST) and not empty:
                 if request.session.get_expire_at_browser_close():
                     max_age = None
@@ -65,8 +65,10 @@ class SessionMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
                         )
                     response.set_cookie(
                         settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME,
-                        request.session.session_key, max_age=max_age,
-                        expires=expires, domain=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN,
+                        request.session.session_key,
+                        max_age=max_age,
+                        expires=expires,
+                        domain=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN,
                         path=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_PATH,
                         secure=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE or None,
                         httponly=settings.SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY or None,
diff --git a/django/contrib/sessions/migrations/0001_initial.py b/django/contrib/sessions/migrations/0001_initial.py
index 39eaa6db41..83b0bbc2ae 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sessions/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sessions/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -4,27 +4,35 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
-    dependencies = [
-    ]
+    dependencies = []
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Session',
+            name="Session",
             fields=[
-                ('session_key', models.CharField(
-                    max_length=40, serialize=False, verbose_name='session key', primary_key=True
-                )),
-                ('session_data', models.TextField(verbose_name='session data')),
-                ('expire_date', models.DateTimeField(verbose_name='expire date', db_index=True)),
+                (
+                    "session_key",
+                    models.CharField(
+                        max_length=40,
+                        serialize=False,
+                        verbose_name="session key",
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("session_data", models.TextField(verbose_name="session data")),
+                (
+                    "expire_date",
+                    models.DateTimeField(verbose_name="expire date", db_index=True),
+                ),
             ],
             options={
-                'abstract': False,
-                'db_table': 'django_session',
-                'verbose_name': 'session',
-                'verbose_name_plural': 'sessions',
+                "abstract": False,
+                "db_table": "django_session",
+                "verbose_name": "session",
+                "verbose_name_plural": "sessions",
             },
             managers=[
-                ('objects', django.contrib.sessions.models.SessionManager()),
+                ("objects", django.contrib.sessions.models.SessionManager()),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/sessions/models.py b/django/contrib/sessions/models.py
index cb7a3f7c2f..e786ab4eac 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sessions/models.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sessions/models.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-from django.contrib.sessions.base_session import (
-    AbstractBaseSession, BaseSessionManager,
-)
+from django.contrib.sessions.base_session import AbstractBaseSession, BaseSessionManager
 
 
 class SessionManager(BaseSessionManager):
@@ -24,12 +22,14 @@ class Session(AbstractBaseSession):
     the sessions documentation that is shipped with Django (also available
     on the Django web site).
     """
+
     objects = SessionManager()
 
     @classmethod
     def get_session_store_class(cls):
         from django.contrib.sessions.backends.db import SessionStore
+
         return SessionStore
 
     class Meta(AbstractBaseSession.Meta):
-        db_table = 'django_session'
+        db_table = "django_session"
diff --git a/django/contrib/sessions/serializers.py b/django/contrib/sessions/serializers.py
index 6a9452bba0..f1adf91c22 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sessions/serializers.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sessions/serializers.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 # RemovedInDjango50Warning.
-from django.core.serializers.base import (
-    PickleSerializer as BasePickleSerializer,
-)
+from django.core.serializers.base import PickleSerializer as BasePickleSerializer
 from django.core.signing import JSONSerializer as BaseJSONSerializer
 
 JSONSerializer = BaseJSONSerializer
diff --git a/django/contrib/sitemaps/__init__.py b/django/contrib/sitemaps/__init__.py
index 27a2f4b434..05249b218b 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sitemaps/__init__.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sitemaps/__init__.py
@@ -25,32 +25,36 @@ def ping_google(sitemap_url=None, ping_url=PING_URL, sitemap_uses_https=True):
     function will attempt to deduce it by using urls.reverse().
     """
     sitemap_full_url = _get_sitemap_full_url(sitemap_url, sitemap_uses_https)
-    params = urlencode({'sitemap': sitemap_full_url})
-    urlopen('%s?%s' % (ping_url, params))
+    params = urlencode({"sitemap": sitemap_full_url})
+    urlopen("%s?%s" % (ping_url, params))
 
 
 def _get_sitemap_full_url(sitemap_url, sitemap_uses_https=True):
-    if not django_apps.is_installed('django.contrib.sites'):
-        raise ImproperlyConfigured("ping_google requires django.contrib.sites, which isn't installed.")
+    if not django_apps.is_installed("django.contrib.sites"):
+        raise ImproperlyConfigured(
+            "ping_google requires django.contrib.sites, which isn't installed."
+        )
 
     if sitemap_url is None:
         try:
             # First, try to get the "index" sitemap URL.
-            sitemap_url = reverse('django.contrib.sitemaps.views.index')
+            sitemap_url = reverse("django.contrib.sitemaps.views.index")
         except NoReverseMatch:
             try:
                 # Next, try for the "global" sitemap URL.
-                sitemap_url = reverse('django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap')
+                sitemap_url = reverse("django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap")
             except NoReverseMatch:
                 pass
 
     if sitemap_url is None:
-        raise SitemapNotFound("You didn't provide a sitemap_url, and the sitemap URL couldn't be auto-detected.")
+        raise SitemapNotFound(
+            "You didn't provide a sitemap_url, and the sitemap URL couldn't be auto-detected."
+        )
 
-    Site = django_apps.get_model('sites.Site')
+    Site = django_apps.get_model("sites.Site")
     current_site = Site.objects.get_current()
-    scheme = 'https' if sitemap_uses_https else 'http'
-    return '%s://%s%s' % (scheme, current_site.domain, sitemap_url)
+    scheme = "https" if sitemap_uses_https else "http"
+    return "%s://%s%s" % (scheme, current_site.domain, sitemap_url)
 
 
 class Sitemap:
@@ -109,8 +113,8 @@ class Sitemap:
             obj, lang_code = item
             # Activate language from item-tuple or forced one before calling location.
             with translation.override(force_lang_code or lang_code):
-                return self._get('location', item)
-        return self._get('location', item)
+                return self._get("location", item)
+        return self._get("location", item)
 
     @property
     def paginator(self):
@@ -134,13 +138,13 @@ class Sitemap:
             )
         # RemovedInDjango50Warning: when the deprecation ends, replace 'http'
         # with 'https'.
-        return self.protocol or protocol or 'http'
+        return self.protocol or protocol or "http"
 
     def get_domain(self, site=None):
         # Determine domain
         if site is None:
-            if django_apps.is_installed('django.contrib.sites'):
-                Site = django_apps.get_model('sites.Site')
+            if django_apps.is_installed("django.contrib.sites"):
+                Site = django_apps.get_model("sites.Site")
                 try:
                     site = Site.objects.get_current()
                 except Site.DoesNotExist:
@@ -158,7 +162,7 @@ class Sitemap:
         return self._urls(page, protocol, domain)
 
     def get_latest_lastmod(self):
-        if not hasattr(self, 'lastmod'):
+        if not hasattr(self, "lastmod"):
             return None
         if callable(self.lastmod):
             try:
@@ -175,40 +179,45 @@ class Sitemap:
 
         paginator_page = self.paginator.page(page)
         for item in paginator_page.object_list:
-            loc = f'{protocol}://{domain}{self._location(item)}'
-            priority = self._get('priority', item)
-            lastmod = self._get('lastmod', item)
+            loc = f"{protocol}://{domain}{self._location(item)}"
+            priority = self._get("priority", item)
+            lastmod = self._get("lastmod", item)
 
             if all_items_lastmod:
                 all_items_lastmod = lastmod is not None
-                if (all_items_lastmod and
-                        (latest_lastmod is None or lastmod > latest_lastmod)):
+                if all_items_lastmod and (
+                    latest_lastmod is None or lastmod > latest_lastmod
+                ):
                     latest_lastmod = lastmod
 
             url_info = {
-                'item': item,
-                'location': loc,
-                'lastmod': lastmod,
-                'changefreq': self._get('changefreq', item),
-                'priority': str(priority if priority is not None else ''),
-                'alternates': [],
+                "item": item,
+                "location": loc,
+                "lastmod": lastmod,
+                "changefreq": self._get("changefreq", item),
+                "priority": str(priority if priority is not None else ""),
+                "alternates": [],
             }
 
             if self.i18n and self.alternates:
                 for lang_code in self._languages():
-                    loc = f'{protocol}://{domain}{self._location(item, lang_code)}'
-                    url_info['alternates'].append({
-                        'location': loc,
-                        'lang_code': lang_code,
-                    })
+                    loc = f"{protocol}://{domain}{self._location(item, lang_code)}"
+                    url_info["alternates"].append(
+                        {
+                            "location": loc,
+                            "lang_code": lang_code,
+                        }
+                    )
                 if self.x_default:
                     lang_code = settings.LANGUAGE_CODE
-                    loc = f'{protocol}://{domain}{self._location(item, lang_code)}'
-                    loc = loc.replace(f'/{lang_code}/', '/', 1)
-                    url_info['alternates'].append({
-                        'location': loc,
-                        'lang_code': 'x-default',
-                    })
+                    loc = f"{protocol}://{domain}{self._location(item, lang_code)}"
+                    loc = loc.replace(f"/{lang_code}/", "/", 1)
+                    url_info["alternates"].append(
+                        {
+                            "location": loc,
+                            "lang_code": "x-default",
+                        }
+                    )
 
             urls.append(url_info)
 
@@ -223,8 +232,8 @@ class GenericSitemap(Sitemap):
     changefreq = None
 
     def __init__(self, info_dict, priority=None, changefreq=None, protocol=None):
-        self.queryset = info_dict['queryset']
-        self.date_field = info_dict.get('date_field')
+        self.queryset = info_dict["queryset"]
+        self.date_field = info_dict.get("date_field")
         self.priority = self.priority or priority
         self.changefreq = self.changefreq or changefreq
         self.protocol = self.protocol or protocol
@@ -240,5 +249,9 @@ class GenericSitemap(Sitemap):
 
     def get_latest_lastmod(self):
         if self.date_field is not None:
-            return self.queryset.order_by('-' + self.date_field).values_list(self.date_field, flat=True).first()
+            return (
+                self.queryset.order_by("-" + self.date_field)
+                .values_list(self.date_field, flat=True)
+                .first()
+            )
         return None
diff --git a/django/contrib/sitemaps/apps.py b/django/contrib/sitemaps/apps.py
index ec795eab87..70c200c63c 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sitemaps/apps.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sitemaps/apps.py
@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 
 class SiteMapsConfig(AppConfig):
-    default_auto_field = 'django.db.models.AutoField'
-    name = 'django.contrib.sitemaps'
+    default_auto_field = "django.db.models.AutoField"
+    name = "django.contrib.sitemaps"
     verbose_name = _("Site Maps")
diff --git a/django/contrib/sitemaps/management/commands/ping_google.py b/django/contrib/sitemaps/management/commands/ping_google.py
index b2d8f84366..3db071ec59 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sitemaps/management/commands/ping_google.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sitemaps/management/commands/ping_google.py
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     help = "Ping Google with an updated sitemap, pass optional url of sitemap"
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('sitemap_url', nargs='?')
-        parser.add_argument('--sitemap-uses-http', action='store_true')
+        parser.add_argument("sitemap_url", nargs="?")
+        parser.add_argument("--sitemap-uses-http", action="store_true")
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
         ping_google(
-            sitemap_url=options['sitemap_url'],
-            sitemap_uses_https=not options['sitemap_uses_http'],
+            sitemap_url=options["sitemap_url"],
+            sitemap_uses_https=not options["sitemap_uses_http"],
         )
diff --git a/django/contrib/sitemaps/views.py b/django/contrib/sitemaps/views.py
index f742bd7f7a..f5c0935a96 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sitemaps/views.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sitemaps/views.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class SitemapIndexItem:
 
     # RemovedInDjango50Warning
     def __str__(self):
-        msg = 'Calling `__str__` on SitemapIndexItem is deprecated, use the `location` attribute instead.'
+        msg = "Calling `__str__` on SitemapIndexItem is deprecated, use the `location` attribute instead."
         warnings.warn(msg, RemovedInDjango50Warning, stacklevel=2)
         return self.location
 
@@ -29,8 +29,9 @@ def x_robots_tag(func):
     @wraps(func)
     def inner(request, *args, **kwargs):
         response = func(request, *args, **kwargs)
-        response.headers['X-Robots-Tag'] = 'noindex, noodp, noarchive'
+        response.headers["X-Robots-Tag"] = "noindex, noodp, noarchive"
         return response
+
     return inner
 
 
@@ -47,9 +48,13 @@ def _get_latest_lastmod(current_lastmod, new_lastmod):
 
 
 @x_robots_tag
-def index(request, sitemaps,
-          template_name='sitemap_index.xml', content_type='application/xml',
-          sitemap_url_name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'):
+def index(
+    request,
+    sitemaps,
+    template_name="sitemap_index.xml",
+    content_type="application/xml",
+    sitemap_url_name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap",
+):
 
     req_protocol = request.scheme
     req_site = get_current_site(request)
@@ -63,8 +68,8 @@ def index(request, sitemaps,
         if callable(site):
             site = site()
         protocol = req_protocol if site.protocol is None else site.protocol
-        sitemap_url = reverse(sitemap_url_name, kwargs={'section': section})
-        absolute_url = '%s://%s%s' % (protocol, req_site.domain, sitemap_url)
+        sitemap_url = reverse(sitemap_url_name, kwargs={"section": section})
+        absolute_url = "%s://%s%s" % (protocol, req_site.domain, sitemap_url)
         site_lastmod = site.get_latest_lastmod()
         if all_indexes_lastmod:
             if site_lastmod is not None:
@@ -74,25 +79,32 @@ def index(request, sitemaps,
         sites.append(SitemapIndexItem(absolute_url, site_lastmod))
         # Add links to all pages of the sitemap.
         for page in range(2, site.paginator.num_pages + 1):
-            sites.append(SitemapIndexItem('%s?p=%s' % (absolute_url, page), site_lastmod))
+            sites.append(
+                SitemapIndexItem("%s?p=%s" % (absolute_url, page), site_lastmod)
+            )
     # If lastmod is defined for all sites, set header so as
     # ConditionalGetMiddleware is able to send 304 NOT MODIFIED
     if all_indexes_lastmod and latest_lastmod:
-        headers = {'Last-Modified': http_date(latest_lastmod.timestamp())}
+        headers = {"Last-Modified": http_date(latest_lastmod.timestamp())}
     else:
         headers = None
     return TemplateResponse(
         request,
         template_name,
-        {'sitemaps': sites},
+        {"sitemaps": sites},
         content_type=content_type,
         headers=headers,
     )
 
 
 @x_robots_tag
-def sitemap(request, sitemaps, section=None,
-            template_name='sitemap.xml', content_type='application/xml'):
+def sitemap(
+    request,
+    sitemaps,
+    section=None,
+    template_name="sitemap.xml",
+    content_type="application/xml",
+):
 
     req_protocol = request.scheme
     req_site = get_current_site(request)
@@ -112,10 +124,9 @@ def sitemap(request, sitemaps, section=None,
         try:
             if callable(site):
                 site = site()
-            urls.extend(site.get_urls(page=page, site=req_site,
-                                      protocol=req_protocol))
+            urls.extend(site.get_urls(page=page, site=req_site, protocol=req_protocol))
             if all_sites_lastmod:
-                site_lastmod = getattr(site, 'latest_lastmod', None)
+                site_lastmod = getattr(site, "latest_lastmod", None)
                 if site_lastmod is not None:
                     lastmod = _get_latest_lastmod(lastmod, site_lastmod)
                 else:
@@ -127,13 +138,13 @@ def sitemap(request, sitemaps, section=None,
     # If lastmod is defined for all sites, set header so as
     # ConditionalGetMiddleware is able to send 304 NOT MODIFIED
     if all_sites_lastmod:
-        headers = {'Last-Modified': http_date(lastmod.timestamp())} if lastmod else None
+        headers = {"Last-Modified": http_date(lastmod.timestamp())} if lastmod else None
     else:
         headers = None
     return TemplateResponse(
         request,
         template_name,
-        {'urlset': urls},
+        {"urlset": urls},
         content_type=content_type,
         headers=headers,
     )
diff --git a/django/contrib/sites/admin.py b/django/contrib/sites/admin.py
index 2b167fe38c..53ad53d622 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sites/admin.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sites/admin.py
@@ -4,5 +4,5 @@ from django.contrib.sites.models import Site
 
 @admin.register(Site)
 class SiteAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('domain', 'name')
-    search_fields = ('domain', 'name')
+    list_display = ("domain", "name")
+    search_fields = ("domain", "name")
diff --git a/django/contrib/sites/apps.py b/django/contrib/sites/apps.py
index 7f820dcc79..ac51a84e18 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sites/apps.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sites/apps.py
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ from .management import create_default_site
 
 
 class SitesConfig(AppConfig):
-    default_auto_field = 'django.db.models.AutoField'
-    name = 'django.contrib.sites'
+    default_auto_field = "django.db.models.AutoField"
+    name = "django.contrib.sites"
     verbose_name = _("Sites")
 
     def ready(self):
diff --git a/django/contrib/sites/checks.py b/django/contrib/sites/checks.py
index c7dfe9ea52..6db039fb56 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sites/checks.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sites/checks.py
@@ -3,11 +3,10 @@ from django.core.checks import Error
 
 
 def check_site_id(app_configs, **kwargs):
-    if (
-        hasattr(settings, 'SITE_ID') and
-        not isinstance(settings.SITE_ID, (type(None), int))
+    if hasattr(settings, "SITE_ID") and not isinstance(
+        settings.SITE_ID, (type(None), int)
     ):
         return [
-            Error('The SITE_ID setting must be an integer', id='sites.E101'),
+            Error("The SITE_ID setting must be an integer", id="sites.E101"),
         ]
     return []
diff --git a/django/contrib/sites/management.py b/django/contrib/sites/management.py
index 34262336a2..dd75bc1ba9 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sites/management.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sites/management.py
@@ -8,9 +8,16 @@ from django.core.management.color import no_style
 from django.db import DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, connections, router
 
 
-def create_default_site(app_config, verbosity=2, interactive=True, using=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, apps=global_apps, **kwargs):
+def create_default_site(
+    app_config,
+    verbosity=2,
+    interactive=True,
+    using=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+    apps=global_apps,
+    **kwargs,
+):
     try:
-        Site = apps.get_model('sites', 'Site')
+        Site = apps.get_model("sites", "Site")
     except LookupError:
         return
 
@@ -25,7 +32,9 @@ def create_default_site(app_config, verbosity=2, interactive=True, using=DEFAULT
         # can also crop up outside of tests - see #15346.
         if verbosity >= 2:
             print("Creating example.com Site object")
-        Site(pk=getattr(settings, 'SITE_ID', 1), domain="example.com", name="example.com").save(using=using)
+        Site(
+            pk=getattr(settings, "SITE_ID", 1), domain="example.com", name="example.com"
+        ).save(using=using)
 
         # We set an explicit pk instead of relying on auto-incrementation,
         # so we need to reset the database sequence. See #17415.
diff --git a/django/contrib/sites/managers.py b/django/contrib/sites/managers.py
index 91c034e967..15682d7e38 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sites/managers.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sites/managers.py
@@ -25,36 +25,40 @@ class CurrentSiteManager(models.Manager):
         except FieldDoesNotExist:
             return [
                 checks.Error(
-                    "CurrentSiteManager could not find a field named '%s'." % field_name,
+                    "CurrentSiteManager could not find a field named '%s'."
+                    % field_name,
                     obj=self,
-                    id='sites.E001',
+                    id="sites.E001",
                 )
             ]
 
         if not field.many_to_many and not isinstance(field, (models.ForeignKey)):
             return [
                 checks.Error(
-                    "CurrentSiteManager cannot use '%s.%s' as it is not a foreign key or a many-to-many field." % (
-                        self.model._meta.object_name, field_name
-                    ),
+                    "CurrentSiteManager cannot use '%s.%s' as it is not a foreign key or a many-to-many field."
+                    % (self.model._meta.object_name, field_name),
                     obj=self,
-                    id='sites.E002',
+                    id="sites.E002",
                 )
             ]
 
         return []
 
     def _get_field_name(self):
-        """ Return self.__field_name or 'site' or 'sites'. """
+        """Return self.__field_name or 'site' or 'sites'."""
 
         if not self.__field_name:
             try:
-                self.model._meta.get_field('site')
+                self.model._meta.get_field("site")
             except FieldDoesNotExist:
-                self.__field_name = 'sites'
+                self.__field_name = "sites"
             else:
-                self.__field_name = 'site'
+                self.__field_name = "site"
         return self.__field_name
 
     def get_queryset(self):
-        return super().get_queryset().filter(**{self._get_field_name() + '__id': settings.SITE_ID})
+        return (
+            super()
+            .get_queryset()
+            .filter(**{self._get_field_name() + "__id": settings.SITE_ID})
+        )
diff --git a/django/contrib/sites/migrations/0001_initial.py b/django/contrib/sites/migrations/0001_initial.py
index 9b261900fa..181cf47ad7 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sites/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sites/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -9,23 +9,36 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Site',
+            name="Site",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('domain', models.CharField(
-                    max_length=100, verbose_name='domain name', validators=[_simple_domain_name_validator]
-                )),
-                ('name', models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name='display name')),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "domain",
+                    models.CharField(
+                        max_length=100,
+                        verbose_name="domain name",
+                        validators=[_simple_domain_name_validator],
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name="display name")),
             ],
             options={
-                'ordering': ['domain'],
-                'db_table': 'django_site',
-                'verbose_name': 'site',
-                'verbose_name_plural': 'sites',
+                "ordering": ["domain"],
+                "db_table": "django_site",
+                "verbose_name": "site",
+                "verbose_name_plural": "sites",
             },
             bases=(models.Model,),
             managers=[
-                ('objects', django.contrib.sites.models.SiteManager()),
+                ("objects", django.contrib.sites.models.SiteManager()),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/sites/migrations/0002_alter_domain_unique.py b/django/contrib/sites/migrations/0002_alter_domain_unique.py
index 6a26ebcde6..ccc7bfc384 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sites/migrations/0002_alter_domain_unique.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sites/migrations/0002_alter_domain_unique.py
@@ -5,16 +5,18 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('sites', '0001_initial'),
+        ("sites", "0001_initial"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name='site',
-            name='domain',
+            model_name="site",
+            name="domain",
             field=models.CharField(
-                max_length=100, unique=True, validators=[django.contrib.sites.models._simple_domain_name_validator],
-                verbose_name='domain name'
+                max_length=100,
+                unique=True,
+                validators=[django.contrib.sites.models._simple_domain_name_validator],
+                verbose_name="domain name",
             ),
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/django/contrib/sites/models.py b/django/contrib/sites/models.py
index 3dc4c254d7..e1544f1fa2 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sites/models.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sites/models.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ def _simple_domain_name_validator(value):
     if any(checks):
         raise ValidationError(
             _("The domain name cannot contain any spaces or tabs."),
-            code='invalid',
+            code="invalid",
         )
 
 
@@ -53,14 +53,15 @@ class SiteManager(models.Manager):
         retrieved from the database.
         """
         from django.conf import settings
-        if getattr(settings, 'SITE_ID', ''):
+
+        if getattr(settings, "SITE_ID", ""):
             site_id = settings.SITE_ID
             return self._get_site_by_id(site_id)
         elif request:
             return self._get_site_by_request(request)
 
         raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-            "You're using the Django \"sites framework\" without having "
+            'You\'re using the Django "sites framework" without having '
             "set the SITE_ID setting. Create a site in your database and "
             "set the SITE_ID setting or pass a request to "
             "Site.objects.get_current() to fix this error."
@@ -78,20 +79,20 @@ class SiteManager(models.Manager):
 class Site(models.Model):
 
     domain = models.CharField(
-        _('domain name'),
+        _("domain name"),
         max_length=100,
         validators=[_simple_domain_name_validator],
         unique=True,
     )
-    name = models.CharField(_('display name'), max_length=50)
+    name = models.CharField(_("display name"), max_length=50)
 
     objects = SiteManager()
 
     class Meta:
-        db_table = 'django_site'
-        verbose_name = _('site')
-        verbose_name_plural = _('sites')
-        ordering = ['domain']
+        db_table = "django_site"
+        verbose_name = _("site")
+        verbose_name_plural = _("sites")
+        ordering = ["domain"]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.domain
@@ -104,8 +105,8 @@ def clear_site_cache(sender, **kwargs):
     """
     Clear the cache (if primed) each time a site is saved or deleted.
     """
-    instance = kwargs['instance']
-    using = kwargs['using']
+    instance = kwargs["instance"]
+    using = kwargs["using"]
     try:
         del SITE_CACHE[instance.pk]
     except KeyError:
diff --git a/django/contrib/sites/requests.py b/django/contrib/sites/requests.py
index f6f0270c09..a0c9c18aa3 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sites/requests.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sites/requests.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ class RequestSite:
 
     The save() and delete() methods raise NotImplementedError.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, request):
         self.domain = self.name = request.get_host()
 
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ class RequestSite:
         return self.domain
 
     def save(self, force_insert=False, force_update=False):
-        raise NotImplementedError('RequestSite cannot be saved.')
+        raise NotImplementedError("RequestSite cannot be saved.")
 
     def delete(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError('RequestSite cannot be deleted.')
+        raise NotImplementedError("RequestSite cannot be deleted.")
diff --git a/django/contrib/sites/shortcuts.py b/django/contrib/sites/shortcuts.py
index 1131dba1ea..d4b65101af 100644
--- a/django/contrib/sites/shortcuts.py
+++ b/django/contrib/sites/shortcuts.py
@@ -10,8 +10,9 @@ def get_current_site(request):
     """
     # Import is inside the function because its point is to avoid importing the
     # Site models when django.contrib.sites isn't installed.
-    if apps.is_installed('django.contrib.sites'):
+    if apps.is_installed("django.contrib.sites"):
         from .models import Site
+
         return Site.objects.get_current(request)
     else:
         return RequestSite(request)
diff --git a/django/contrib/staticfiles/apps.py b/django/contrib/staticfiles/apps.py
index 2fbc829bf8..67acf042aa 100644
--- a/django/contrib/staticfiles/apps.py
+++ b/django/contrib/staticfiles/apps.py
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 
 class StaticFilesConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'django.contrib.staticfiles'
+    name = "django.contrib.staticfiles"
     verbose_name = _("Static Files")
-    ignore_patterns = ['CVS', '.*', '*~']
+    ignore_patterns = ["CVS", ".*", "*~"]
 
     def ready(self):
         checks.register(check_finders, checks.Tags.staticfiles)
diff --git a/django/contrib/staticfiles/finders.py b/django/contrib/staticfiles/finders.py
index 35e62a3ae0..184d297568 100644
--- a/django/contrib/staticfiles/finders.py
+++ b/django/contrib/staticfiles/finders.py
@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@ from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib.staticfiles import utils
 from django.core.checks import Error, Warning
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
-from django.core.files.storage import (
-    FileSystemStorage, Storage, default_storage,
-)
+from django.core.files.storage import FileSystemStorage, Storage, default_storage
 from django.utils._os import safe_join
 from django.utils.functional import LazyObject, empty
 from django.utils.module_loading import import_string
@@ -21,10 +19,11 @@ class BaseFinder:
     """
     A base file finder to be used for custom staticfiles finder classes.
     """
+
     def check(self, **kwargs):
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            'subclasses may provide a check() method to verify the finder is '
-            'configured correctly.'
+            "subclasses may provide a check() method to verify the finder is "
+            "configured correctly."
         )
 
     def find(self, path, all=False):
@@ -34,14 +33,18 @@ class BaseFinder:
         If the ``all`` parameter is False (default) return only the first found
         file path; if True, return a list of all found files paths.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseFinder must provide a find() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseFinder must provide a find() method"
+        )
 
     def list(self, ignore_patterns):
         """
         Given an optional list of paths to ignore, return a two item iterable
         consisting of the relative path and storage instance.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseFinder must provide a list() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseFinder must provide a list() method"
+        )
 
 
 class FileSystemFinder(BaseFinder):
@@ -49,6 +52,7 @@ class FileSystemFinder(BaseFinder):
     A static files finder that uses the ``STATICFILES_DIRS`` setting
     to locate files.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, app_names=None, *args, **kwargs):
         # List of locations with static files
         self.locations = []
@@ -58,7 +62,7 @@ class FileSystemFinder(BaseFinder):
             if isinstance(root, (list, tuple)):
                 prefix, root = root
             else:
-                prefix = ''
+                prefix = ""
             if (prefix, root) not in self.locations:
                 self.locations.append((prefix, root))
         for prefix, root in self.locations:
@@ -70,33 +74,43 @@ class FileSystemFinder(BaseFinder):
     def check(self, **kwargs):
         errors = []
         if not isinstance(settings.STATICFILES_DIRS, (list, tuple)):
-            errors.append(Error(
-                'The STATICFILES_DIRS setting is not a tuple or list.',
-                hint='Perhaps you forgot a trailing comma?',
-                id='staticfiles.E001',
-            ))
+            errors.append(
+                Error(
+                    "The STATICFILES_DIRS setting is not a tuple or list.",
+                    hint="Perhaps you forgot a trailing comma?",
+                    id="staticfiles.E001",
+                )
+            )
             return errors
         for root in settings.STATICFILES_DIRS:
             if isinstance(root, (list, tuple)):
                 prefix, root = root
-                if prefix.endswith('/'):
-                    errors.append(Error(
-                        'The prefix %r in the STATICFILES_DIRS setting must '
-                        'not end with a slash.' % prefix,
-                        id='staticfiles.E003',
-                    ))
-            if settings.STATIC_ROOT and os.path.abspath(settings.STATIC_ROOT) == os.path.abspath(root):
-                errors.append(Error(
-                    'The STATICFILES_DIRS setting should not contain the '
-                    'STATIC_ROOT setting.',
-                    id='staticfiles.E002',
-                ))
+                if prefix.endswith("/"):
+                    errors.append(
+                        Error(
+                            "The prefix %r in the STATICFILES_DIRS setting must "
+                            "not end with a slash." % prefix,
+                            id="staticfiles.E003",
+                        )
+                    )
+            if settings.STATIC_ROOT and os.path.abspath(
+                settings.STATIC_ROOT
+            ) == os.path.abspath(root):
+                errors.append(
+                    Error(
+                        "The STATICFILES_DIRS setting should not contain the "
+                        "STATIC_ROOT setting.",
+                        id="staticfiles.E002",
+                    )
+                )
             if not os.path.isdir(root):
-                errors.append(Warning(
-                    f"The directory '{root}' in the STATICFILES_DIRS setting "
-                    f"does not exist.",
-                    id='staticfiles.W004',
-                ))
+                errors.append(
+                    Warning(
+                        f"The directory '{root}' in the STATICFILES_DIRS setting "
+                        f"does not exist.",
+                        id="staticfiles.W004",
+                    )
+                )
         return errors
 
     def find(self, path, all=False):
@@ -120,10 +134,10 @@ class FileSystemFinder(BaseFinder):
         absolute path (or ``None`` if no match).
         """
         if prefix:
-            prefix = '%s%s' % (prefix, os.sep)
+            prefix = "%s%s" % (prefix, os.sep)
             if not path.startswith(prefix):
                 return None
-            path = path[len(prefix):]
+            path = path[len(prefix) :]
         path = safe_join(root, path)
         if os.path.exists(path):
             return path
@@ -145,8 +159,9 @@ class AppDirectoriesFinder(BaseFinder):
     A static files finder that looks in the directory of each app as
     specified in the source_dir attribute.
     """
+
     storage_class = FileSystemStorage
-    source_dir = 'static'
+    source_dir = "static"
 
     def __init__(self, app_names=None, *args, **kwargs):
         # The list of apps that are handled
@@ -159,7 +174,8 @@ class AppDirectoriesFinder(BaseFinder):
             app_configs = [ac for ac in app_configs if ac.name in app_names]
         for app_config in app_configs:
             app_storage = self.storage_class(
-                os.path.join(app_config.path, self.source_dir))
+                os.path.join(app_config.path, self.source_dir)
+            )
             if os.path.isdir(app_storage.location):
                 self.storages[app_config.name] = app_storage
                 if app_config.name not in self.apps:
@@ -171,7 +187,7 @@ class AppDirectoriesFinder(BaseFinder):
         List all files in all app storages.
         """
         for storage in self.storages.values():
-            if storage.exists(''):  # check if storage location exists
+            if storage.exists(""):  # check if storage location exists
                 for path in utils.get_files(storage, ignore_patterns):
                     yield path, storage
 
@@ -208,15 +224,18 @@ class BaseStorageFinder(BaseFinder):
     A base static files finder to be used to extended
     with an own storage class.
     """
+
     storage = None
 
     def __init__(self, storage=None, *args, **kwargs):
         if storage is not None:
             self.storage = storage
         if self.storage is None:
-            raise ImproperlyConfigured("The staticfiles storage finder %r "
-                                       "doesn't have a storage class "
-                                       "assigned." % self.__class__)
+            raise ImproperlyConfigured(
+                "The staticfiles storage finder %r "
+                "doesn't have a storage class "
+                "assigned." % self.__class__
+            )
         # Make sure we have a storage instance here.
         if not isinstance(self.storage, (Storage, LazyObject)):
             self.storage = self.storage()
@@ -227,7 +246,7 @@ class BaseStorageFinder(BaseFinder):
         Look for files in the default file storage, if it's local.
         """
         try:
-            self.storage.path('')
+            self.storage.path("")
         except NotImplementedError:
             pass
         else:
@@ -252,15 +271,18 @@ class DefaultStorageFinder(BaseStorageFinder):
     """
     A static files finder that uses the default storage backend.
     """
+
     storage = default_storage
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-        base_location = getattr(self.storage, 'base_location', empty)
+        base_location = getattr(self.storage, "base_location", empty)
         if not base_location:
-            raise ImproperlyConfigured("The storage backend of the "
-                                       "staticfiles finder %r doesn't have "
-                                       "a valid location." % self.__class__)
+            raise ImproperlyConfigured(
+                "The storage backend of the "
+                "staticfiles finder %r doesn't have "
+                "a valid location." % self.__class__
+            )
 
 
 def find(path, all=False):
@@ -298,6 +320,7 @@ def get_finder(import_path):
     """
     Finder = import_string(import_path)
     if not issubclass(Finder, BaseFinder):
-        raise ImproperlyConfigured('Finder "%s" is not a subclass of "%s"' %
-                                   (Finder, BaseFinder))
+        raise ImproperlyConfigured(
+            'Finder "%s" is not a subclass of "%s"' % (Finder, BaseFinder)
+        )
     return Finder()
diff --git a/django/contrib/staticfiles/handlers.py b/django/contrib/staticfiles/handlers.py
index 44fef0722d..da53149e78 100644
--- a/django/contrib/staticfiles/handlers.py
+++ b/django/contrib/staticfiles/handlers.py
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ class StaticFilesHandlerMixin:
     """
     Common methods used by WSGI and ASGI handlers.
     """
+
     # May be used to differentiate between handler types (e.g. in a
     # request_finished signal)
     handles_files = True
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ class StaticFilesHandlerMixin:
         """
         Return the relative path to the media file on disk for the given URL.
         """
-        relative_url = url[len(self.base_url[2]):]
+        relative_url = url[len(self.base_url[2]) :]
         return url2pathname(relative_url)
 
     def serve(self, request):
@@ -58,7 +59,9 @@ class StaticFilesHandlerMixin:
         try:
             return await sync_to_async(self.serve, thread_sensitive=False)(request)
         except Http404 as e:
-            return await sync_to_async(response_for_exception, thread_sensitive=False)(request, e)
+            return await sync_to_async(response_for_exception, thread_sensitive=False)(
+                request, e
+            )
 
 
 class StaticFilesHandler(StaticFilesHandlerMixin, WSGIHandler):
@@ -66,6 +69,7 @@ class StaticFilesHandler(StaticFilesHandlerMixin, WSGIHandler):
     WSGI middleware that intercepts calls to the static files directory, as
     defined by the STATIC_URL setting, and serves those files.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, application):
         self.application = application
         self.base_url = urlparse(self.get_base_url())
@@ -82,13 +86,14 @@ class ASGIStaticFilesHandler(StaticFilesHandlerMixin, ASGIHandler):
     ASGI application which wraps another and intercepts requests for static
     files, passing them off to Django's static file serving.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, application):
         self.application = application
         self.base_url = urlparse(self.get_base_url())
 
     async def __call__(self, scope, receive, send):
         # Only even look at HTTP requests
-        if scope['type'] == 'http' and self._should_handle(scope['path']):
+        if scope["type"] == "http" and self._should_handle(scope["path"]):
             # Serve static content
             # (the one thing super() doesn't do is __call__, apparently)
             return await super().__call__(scope, receive, send)
diff --git a/django/contrib/staticfiles/management/commands/collectstatic.py b/django/contrib/staticfiles/management/commands/collectstatic.py
index 9d4c2d5006..c6d561bc81 100644
--- a/django/contrib/staticfiles/management/commands/collectstatic.py
+++ b/django/contrib/staticfiles/management/commands/collectstatic.py
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     Copies or symlinks static files from different locations to the
     settings.STATIC_ROOT.
     """
+
     help = "Collect static files in a single location."
     requires_system_checks = [Tags.staticfiles]
 
@@ -30,41 +31,58 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     @cached_property
     def local(self):
         try:
-            self.storage.path('')
+            self.storage.path("")
         except NotImplementedError:
             return False
         return True
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--noinput', '--no-input', action='store_false', dest='interactive',
+            "--noinput",
+            "--no-input",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="interactive",
             help="Do NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--no-post-process', action='store_false', dest='post_process',
+            "--no-post-process",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="post_process",
             help="Do NOT post process collected files.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '-i', '--ignore', action='append', default=[],
-            dest='ignore_patterns', metavar='PATTERN',
+            "-i",
+            "--ignore",
+            action="append",
+            default=[],
+            dest="ignore_patterns",
+            metavar="PATTERN",
             help="Ignore files or directories matching this glob-style "
-                 "pattern. Use multiple times to ignore more.",
+            "pattern. Use multiple times to ignore more.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '-n', '--dry-run', action='store_true',
+            "-n",
+            "--dry-run",
+            action="store_true",
             help="Do everything except modify the filesystem.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '-c', '--clear', action='store_true',
+            "-c",
+            "--clear",
+            action="store_true",
             help="Clear the existing files using the storage "
-                 "before trying to copy or link the original file.",
+            "before trying to copy or link the original file.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '-l', '--link', action='store_true',
+            "-l",
+            "--link",
+            action="store_true",
             help="Create a symbolic link to each file instead of copying.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--no-default-ignore', action='store_false', dest='use_default_ignore_patterns',
+            "--no-default-ignore",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="use_default_ignore_patterns",
             help="Don't ignore the common private glob-style patterns (defaults to 'CVS', '.*' and '*~').",
         )
 
@@ -72,16 +90,16 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         """
         Set instance variables based on an options dict
         """
-        self.interactive = options['interactive']
-        self.verbosity = options['verbosity']
-        self.symlink = options['link']
-        self.clear = options['clear']
-        self.dry_run = options['dry_run']
-        ignore_patterns = options['ignore_patterns']
-        if options['use_default_ignore_patterns']:
-            ignore_patterns += apps.get_app_config('staticfiles').ignore_patterns
+        self.interactive = options["interactive"]
+        self.verbosity = options["verbosity"]
+        self.symlink = options["link"]
+        self.clear = options["clear"]
+        self.dry_run = options["dry_run"]
+        ignore_patterns = options["ignore_patterns"]
+        if options["use_default_ignore_patterns"]:
+            ignore_patterns += apps.get_app_config("staticfiles").ignore_patterns
         self.ignore_patterns = list({os.path.normpath(p) for p in ignore_patterns})
-        self.post_process = options['post_process']
+        self.post_process = options["post_process"]
 
     def collect(self):
         """
@@ -93,7 +111,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             raise CommandError("Can't symlink to a remote destination.")
 
         if self.clear:
-            self.clear_dir('')
+            self.clear_dir("")
 
         if self.symlink:
             handler = self.link_file
@@ -104,7 +122,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         for finder in get_finders():
             for path, storage in finder.list(self.ignore_patterns):
                 # Prefix the relative path if the source storage contains it
-                if getattr(storage, 'prefix', None):
+                if getattr(storage, "prefix", None):
                     prefixed_path = os.path.join(storage.prefix, path)
                 else:
                     prefixed_path = path
@@ -122,9 +140,8 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                     )
 
         # Storage backends may define a post_process() method.
-        if self.post_process and hasattr(self.storage, 'post_process'):
-            processor = self.storage.post_process(found_files,
-                                                  dry_run=self.dry_run)
+        if self.post_process and hasattr(self.storage, "post_process"):
+            processor = self.storage.post_process(found_files, dry_run=self.dry_run)
             for original_path, processed_path, processed in processor:
                 if isinstance(processed, Exception):
                     self.stderr.write("Post-processing '%s' failed!" % original_path)
@@ -133,75 +150,84 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                     self.stderr.write()
                     raise processed
                 if processed:
-                    self.log("Post-processed '%s' as '%s'" %
-                             (original_path, processed_path), level=2)
+                    self.log(
+                        "Post-processed '%s' as '%s'" % (original_path, processed_path),
+                        level=2,
+                    )
                     self.post_processed_files.append(original_path)
                 else:
                     self.log("Skipped post-processing '%s'" % original_path)
 
         return {
-            'modified': self.copied_files + self.symlinked_files,
-            'unmodified': self.unmodified_files,
-            'post_processed': self.post_processed_files,
+            "modified": self.copied_files + self.symlinked_files,
+            "unmodified": self.unmodified_files,
+            "post_processed": self.post_processed_files,
         }
 
     def handle(self, **options):
         self.set_options(**options)
-        message = ['\n']
+        message = ["\n"]
         if self.dry_run:
             message.append(
-                'You have activated the --dry-run option so no files will be modified.\n\n'
+                "You have activated the --dry-run option so no files will be modified.\n\n"
             )
 
         message.append(
-            'You have requested to collect static files at the destination\n'
-            'location as specified in your settings'
+            "You have requested to collect static files at the destination\n"
+            "location as specified in your settings"
         )
 
         if self.is_local_storage() and self.storage.location:
             destination_path = self.storage.location
-            message.append(':\n\n    %s\n\n' % destination_path)
-            should_warn_user = (
-                self.storage.exists(destination_path) and
-                any(self.storage.listdir(destination_path))
+            message.append(":\n\n    %s\n\n" % destination_path)
+            should_warn_user = self.storage.exists(destination_path) and any(
+                self.storage.listdir(destination_path)
             )
         else:
             destination_path = None
-            message.append('.\n\n')
+            message.append(".\n\n")
             # Destination files existence not checked; play it safe and warn.
             should_warn_user = True
 
         if self.interactive and should_warn_user:
             if self.clear:
-                message.append('This will DELETE ALL FILES in this location!\n')
+                message.append("This will DELETE ALL FILES in this location!\n")
             else:
-                message.append('This will overwrite existing files!\n')
+                message.append("This will overwrite existing files!\n")
 
             message.append(
-                'Are you sure you want to do this?\n\n'
+                "Are you sure you want to do this?\n\n"
                 "Type 'yes' to continue, or 'no' to cancel: "
             )
-            if input(''.join(message)) != 'yes':
+            if input("".join(message)) != "yes":
                 raise CommandError("Collecting static files cancelled.")
 
         collected = self.collect()
 
         if self.verbosity >= 1:
-            modified_count = len(collected['modified'])
-            unmodified_count = len(collected['unmodified'])
-            post_processed_count = len(collected['post_processed'])
+            modified_count = len(collected["modified"])
+            unmodified_count = len(collected["unmodified"])
+            post_processed_count = len(collected["post_processed"])
             return (
                 "\n%(modified_count)s %(identifier)s %(action)s"
                 "%(destination)s%(unmodified)s%(post_processed)s."
             ) % {
-                'modified_count': modified_count,
-                'identifier': 'static file' + ('' if modified_count == 1 else 's'),
-                'action': 'symlinked' if self.symlink else 'copied',
-                'destination': (" to '%s'" % destination_path if destination_path else ''),
-                'unmodified': (', %s unmodified' % unmodified_count if collected['unmodified'] else ''),
-                'post_processed': (collected['post_processed'] and
-                                   ', %s post-processed'
-                                   % post_processed_count or ''),
+                "modified_count": modified_count,
+                "identifier": "static file" + ("" if modified_count == 1 else "s"),
+                "action": "symlinked" if self.symlink else "copied",
+                "destination": (
+                    " to '%s'" % destination_path if destination_path else ""
+                ),
+                "unmodified": (
+                    ", %s unmodified" % unmodified_count
+                    if collected["unmodified"]
+                    else ""
+                ),
+                "post_processed": (
+                    collected["post_processed"]
+                    and ", %s post-processed" % post_processed_count
+                    or ""
+                ),
             }
 
     def log(self, msg, level=2):
@@ -268,16 +294,17 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                         # previous collectstatic was with --link), the old
                         # links/files must be deleted so it's not safe to skip
                         # unmodified files.
-                        can_skip_unmodified_files = not (self.symlink ^ os.path.islink(full_path))
+                        can_skip_unmodified_files = not (
+                            self.symlink ^ os.path.islink(full_path)
+                        )
                     else:
                         # In remote storages, skipping is only based on the
                         # modified times since symlinks aren't relevant.
                         can_skip_unmodified_files = True
                     # Avoid sub-second precision (see #14665, #19540)
-                    file_is_unmodified = (
-                        target_last_modified.replace(microsecond=0) >=
-                        source_last_modified.replace(microsecond=0)
-                    )
+                    file_is_unmodified = target_last_modified.replace(
+                        microsecond=0
+                    ) >= source_last_modified.replace(microsecond=0)
                     if file_is_unmodified and can_skip_unmodified_files:
                         if prefixed_path not in self.unmodified_files:
                             self.unmodified_files.append(prefixed_path)
@@ -316,8 +343,11 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 os.symlink(source_path, full_path)
             except NotImplementedError:
                 import platform
-                raise CommandError("Symlinking is not supported in this "
-                                   "platform (%s)." % platform.platform())
+
+                raise CommandError(
+                    "Symlinking is not supported in this "
+                    "platform (%s)." % platform.platform()
+                )
             except OSError as e:
                 raise CommandError(e)
         if prefixed_path not in self.symlinked_files:
diff --git a/django/contrib/staticfiles/management/commands/findstatic.py b/django/contrib/staticfiles/management/commands/findstatic.py
index fe3b53cbd8..97413a64af 100644
--- a/django/contrib/staticfiles/management/commands/findstatic.py
+++ b/django/contrib/staticfiles/management/commands/findstatic.py
@@ -6,38 +6,43 @@ from django.core.management.base import LabelCommand
 
 class Command(LabelCommand):
     help = "Finds the absolute paths for the given static file(s)."
-    label = 'staticfile'
+    label = "staticfile"
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         super().add_arguments(parser)
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--first', action='store_false', dest='all',
+            "--first",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="all",
             help="Only return the first match for each static file.",
         )
 
     def handle_label(self, path, **options):
-        verbosity = options['verbosity']
-        result = finders.find(path, all=options['all'])
+        verbosity = options["verbosity"]
+        result = finders.find(path, all=options["all"])
         if verbosity >= 2:
             searched_locations = (
-                "\nLooking in the following locations:\n  %s" %
-                "\n  ".join([str(loc) for loc in finders.searched_locations])
+                "\nLooking in the following locations:\n  %s"
+                % "\n  ".join([str(loc) for loc in finders.searched_locations])
             )
         else:
-            searched_locations = ''
+            searched_locations = ""
         if result:
             if not isinstance(result, (list, tuple)):
                 result = [result]
             result = (os.path.realpath(path) for path in result)
             if verbosity >= 1:
-                file_list = '\n  '.join(result)
-                return ("Found '%s' here:\n  %s%s" %
-                        (path, file_list, searched_locations))
+                file_list = "\n  ".join(result)
+                return "Found '%s' here:\n  %s%s" % (
+                    path,
+                    file_list,
+                    searched_locations,
+                )
             else:
-                return '\n'.join(result)
+                return "\n".join(result)
         else:
             message = ["No matching file found for '%s'." % path]
             if verbosity >= 2:
                 message.append(searched_locations)
             if verbosity >= 1:
-                self.stderr.write('\n'.join(message))
+                self.stderr.write("\n".join(message))
diff --git a/django/contrib/staticfiles/management/commands/runserver.py b/django/contrib/staticfiles/management/commands/runserver.py
index cf9605ee97..fd9ddb16a4 100644
--- a/django/contrib/staticfiles/management/commands/runserver.py
+++ b/django/contrib/staticfiles/management/commands/runserver.py
@@ -1,22 +1,26 @@
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib.staticfiles.handlers import StaticFilesHandler
-from django.core.management.commands.runserver import (
-    Command as RunserverCommand,
-)
+from django.core.management.commands.runserver import Command as RunserverCommand
 
 
 class Command(RunserverCommand):
-    help = "Starts a lightweight web server for development and also serves static files."
+    help = (
+        "Starts a lightweight web server for development and also serves static files."
+    )
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         super().add_arguments(parser)
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--nostatic', action="store_false", dest='use_static_handler',
-            help='Tells Django to NOT automatically serve static files at STATIC_URL.',
+            "--nostatic",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="use_static_handler",
+            help="Tells Django to NOT automatically serve static files at STATIC_URL.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--insecure', action="store_true", dest='insecure_serving',
-            help='Allows serving static files even if DEBUG is False.',
+            "--insecure",
+            action="store_true",
+            dest="insecure_serving",
+            help="Allows serving static files even if DEBUG is False.",
         )
 
     def get_handler(self, *args, **options):
@@ -25,8 +29,8 @@ class Command(RunserverCommand):
         if static files should be served. Otherwise return the default handler.
         """
         handler = super().get_handler(*args, **options)
-        use_static_handler = options['use_static_handler']
-        insecure_serving = options['insecure_serving']
+        use_static_handler = options["use_static_handler"]
+        insecure_serving = options["insecure_serving"]
         if use_static_handler and (settings.DEBUG or insecure_serving):
             return StaticFilesHandler(handler)
         return handler
diff --git a/django/contrib/staticfiles/storage.py b/django/contrib/staticfiles/storage.py
index 5b492abd75..754f173263 100644
--- a/django/contrib/staticfiles/storage.py
+++ b/django/contrib/staticfiles/storage.py
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ class StaticFilesStorage(FileSystemStorage):
     The defaults for ``location`` and ``base_url`` are
     ``STATIC_ROOT`` and ``STATIC_URL``.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, location=None, base_url=None, *args, **kwargs):
         if location is None:
             location = settings.STATIC_ROOT
@@ -35,9 +36,11 @@ class StaticFilesStorage(FileSystemStorage):
 
     def path(self, name):
         if not self.location:
-            raise ImproperlyConfigured("You're using the staticfiles app "
-                                       "without having set the STATIC_ROOT "
-                                       "setting to a filesystem path.")
+            raise ImproperlyConfigured(
+                "You're using the staticfiles app "
+                "without having set the STATIC_ROOT "
+                "setting to a filesystem path."
+            )
         return super().path(name)
 
 
@@ -45,23 +48,29 @@ class HashedFilesMixin:
     default_template = """url("%(url)s")"""
     max_post_process_passes = 5
     patterns = (
-        ("*.css", (
-            r"""(?P<matched>url\(['"]{0,1}\s*(?P<url>.*?)["']{0,1}\))""",
+        (
+            "*.css",
             (
-                r"""(?P<matched>@import\s*["']\s*(?P<url>.*?)["'])""",
-                """@import url("%(url)s")""",
+                r"""(?P<matched>url\(['"]{0,1}\s*(?P<url>.*?)["']{0,1}\))""",
+                (
+                    r"""(?P<matched>@import\s*["']\s*(?P<url>.*?)["'])""",
+                    """@import url("%(url)s")""",
+                ),
+                (
+                    r"(?m)(?P<matched>)^(/\*# (?-i:sourceMappingURL)=(?P<url>.*) \*/)$",
+                    "/*# sourceMappingURL=%(url)s */",
+                ),
             ),
+        ),
+        (
+            "*.js",
             (
-                r'(?m)(?P<matched>)^(/\*# (?-i:sourceMappingURL)=(?P<url>.*) \*/)$',
-                '/*# sourceMappingURL=%(url)s */',
+                (
+                    r"(?m)(?P<matched>)^(//# (?-i:sourceMappingURL)=(?P<url>.*))$",
+                    "//# sourceMappingURL=%(url)s",
+                ),
             ),
-        )),
-        ('*.js', (
-            (
-                r'(?m)(?P<matched>)^(//# (?-i:sourceMappingURL)=(?P<url>.*))$',
-                '//# sourceMappingURL=%(url)s',
-            ),
-        )),
+        ),
     )
     keep_intermediate_files = True
 
@@ -98,7 +107,9 @@ class HashedFilesMixin:
         opened = content is None
         if opened:
             if not self.exists(filename):
-                raise ValueError("The file '%s' could not be found with %r." % (filename, self))
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "The file '%s' could not be found with %r." % (filename, self)
+                )
             try:
                 content = self.open(filename)
             except OSError:
@@ -111,15 +122,14 @@ class HashedFilesMixin:
                 content.close()
         path, filename = os.path.split(clean_name)
         root, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
-        file_hash = ('.%s' % file_hash) if file_hash else ''
-        hashed_name = os.path.join(path, "%s%s%s" %
-                                   (root, file_hash, ext))
+        file_hash = (".%s" % file_hash) if file_hash else ""
+        hashed_name = os.path.join(path, "%s%s%s" % (root, file_hash, ext))
         unparsed_name = list(parsed_name)
         unparsed_name[2] = hashed_name
         # Special casing for a @font-face hack, like url(myfont.eot?#iefix")
         # http://www.fontspring.com/blog/the-new-bulletproof-font-face-syntax
-        if '?#' in name and not unparsed_name[3]:
-            unparsed_name[2] += '?'
+        if "?#" in name and not unparsed_name[3]:
+            unparsed_name[2] += "?"
         return urlunsplit(unparsed_name)
 
     def _url(self, hashed_name_func, name, force=False, hashed_files=None):
@@ -127,10 +137,10 @@ class HashedFilesMixin:
         Return the non-hashed URL in DEBUG mode.
         """
         if settings.DEBUG and not force:
-            hashed_name, fragment = name, ''
+            hashed_name, fragment = name, ""
         else:
             clean_name, fragment = urldefrag(name)
-            if urlsplit(clean_name).path.endswith('/'):  # don't hash paths
+            if urlsplit(clean_name).path.endswith("/"):  # don't hash paths
                 hashed_name = name
             else:
                 args = (clean_name,)
@@ -142,13 +152,13 @@ class HashedFilesMixin:
 
         # Special casing for a @font-face hack, like url(myfont.eot?#iefix")
         # http://www.fontspring.com/blog/the-new-bulletproof-font-face-syntax
-        query_fragment = '?#' in name  # [sic!]
+        query_fragment = "?#" in name  # [sic!]
         if fragment or query_fragment:
             urlparts = list(urlsplit(final_url))
             if fragment and not urlparts[4]:
                 urlparts[4] = fragment
             if query_fragment and not urlparts[3]:
-                urlparts[2] += '?'
+                urlparts[2] += "?"
             final_url = urlunsplit(urlparts)
 
         return unquote(final_url)
@@ -174,44 +184,48 @@ class HashedFilesMixin:
             to and calling the url() method of the storage.
             """
             matches = matchobj.groupdict()
-            matched = matches['matched']
-            url = matches['url']
+            matched = matches["matched"]
+            url = matches["url"]
 
             # Ignore absolute/protocol-relative and data-uri URLs.
-            if re.match(r'^[a-z]+:', url):
+            if re.match(r"^[a-z]+:", url):
                 return matched
 
             # Ignore absolute URLs that don't point to a static file (dynamic
             # CSS / JS?). Note that STATIC_URL cannot be empty.
-            if url.startswith('/') and not url.startswith(settings.STATIC_URL):
+            if url.startswith("/") and not url.startswith(settings.STATIC_URL):
                 return matched
 
             # Strip off the fragment so a path-like fragment won't interfere.
             url_path, fragment = urldefrag(url)
 
-            if url_path.startswith('/'):
+            if url_path.startswith("/"):
                 # Otherwise the condition above would have returned prematurely.
                 assert url_path.startswith(settings.STATIC_URL)
-                target_name = url_path[len(settings.STATIC_URL):]
+                target_name = url_path[len(settings.STATIC_URL) :]
             else:
                 # We're using the posixpath module to mix paths and URLs conveniently.
-                source_name = name if os.sep == '/' else name.replace(os.sep, '/')
+                source_name = name if os.sep == "/" else name.replace(os.sep, "/")
                 target_name = posixpath.join(posixpath.dirname(source_name), url_path)
 
             # Determine the hashed name of the target file with the storage backend.
             hashed_url = self._url(
-                self._stored_name, unquote(target_name),
-                force=True, hashed_files=hashed_files,
+                self._stored_name,
+                unquote(target_name),
+                force=True,
+                hashed_files=hashed_files,
             )
 
-            transformed_url = '/'.join(url_path.split('/')[:-1] + hashed_url.split('/')[-1:])
+            transformed_url = "/".join(
+                url_path.split("/")[:-1] + hashed_url.split("/")[-1:]
+            )
 
             # Restore the fragment that was stripped off earlier.
             if fragment:
-                transformed_url += ('?#' if '?#' in url else '#') + fragment
+                transformed_url += ("?#" if "?#" in url else "#") + fragment
 
             # Return the hashed version to the file
-            matches['url'] = unquote(transformed_url)
+            matches["url"] = unquote(transformed_url)
             return template % matches
 
         return converter
@@ -239,8 +253,7 @@ class HashedFilesMixin:
 
         # build a list of adjustable files
         adjustable_paths = [
-            path for path in paths
-            if matches_patterns(path, self._patterns)
+            path for path in paths if matches_patterns(path, self._patterns)
         ]
 
         # Adjustable files to yield at end, keyed by the original path.
@@ -248,7 +261,9 @@ class HashedFilesMixin:
 
         # Do a single pass first. Post-process all files once, yielding not
         # adjustable files and exceptions, and collecting adjustable files.
-        for name, hashed_name, processed, _ in self._post_process(paths, adjustable_paths, hashed_files):
+        for name, hashed_name, processed, _ in self._post_process(
+            paths, adjustable_paths, hashed_files
+        ):
             if name not in adjustable_paths or isinstance(processed, Exception):
                 yield name, hashed_name, processed
             else:
@@ -259,7 +274,9 @@ class HashedFilesMixin:
 
         for i in range(self.max_post_process_passes):
             substitutions = False
-            for name, hashed_name, processed, subst in self._post_process(paths, adjustable_paths, hashed_files):
+            for name, hashed_name, processed, subst in self._post_process(
+                paths, adjustable_paths, hashed_files
+            ):
                 # Overwrite since hashed_name may be newer.
                 processed_adjustable_paths[name] = (name, hashed_name, processed)
                 substitutions = substitutions or subst
@@ -268,7 +285,7 @@ class HashedFilesMixin:
                 break
 
         if substitutions:
-            yield 'All', None, RuntimeError('Max post-process passes exceeded.')
+            yield "All", None, RuntimeError("Max post-process passes exceeded.")
 
         # Store the processed paths
         self.hashed_files.update(hashed_files)
@@ -298,7 +315,7 @@ class HashedFilesMixin:
                     hashed_name = hashed_files[hash_key]
 
                 # then get the original's file content..
-                if hasattr(original_file, 'seek'):
+                if hasattr(original_file, "seek"):
                     original_file.seek(0)
 
                 hashed_file_exists = self.exists(hashed_name)
@@ -307,11 +324,13 @@ class HashedFilesMixin:
                 # ..to apply each replacement pattern to the content
                 if name in adjustable_paths:
                     old_hashed_name = hashed_name
-                    content = original_file.read().decode('utf-8')
+                    content = original_file.read().decode("utf-8")
                     for extension, patterns in self._patterns.items():
                         if matches_patterns(path, (extension,)):
                             for pattern, template in patterns:
-                                converter = self.url_converter(name, hashed_files, template)
+                                converter = self.url_converter(
+                                    name, hashed_files, template
+                                )
                                 try:
                                     content = pattern.sub(converter, content)
                                 except ValueError as exc:
@@ -349,7 +368,7 @@ class HashedFilesMixin:
                 yield name, hashed_name, processed, substitutions
 
     def clean_name(self, name):
-        return name.replace('\\', '/')
+        return name.replace("\\", "/")
 
     def hash_key(self, name):
         return name
@@ -391,8 +410,8 @@ class HashedFilesMixin:
 
 
 class ManifestFilesMixin(HashedFilesMixin):
-    manifest_version = '1.0'  # the manifest format standard
-    manifest_name = 'staticfiles.json'
+    manifest_version = "1.0"  # the manifest format standard
+    manifest_name = "staticfiles.json"
     manifest_strict = True
     keep_intermediate_files = False
 
@@ -419,20 +438,22 @@ class ManifestFilesMixin(HashedFilesMixin):
         except json.JSONDecodeError:
             pass
         else:
-            version = stored.get('version')
-            if version == '1.0':
-                return stored.get('paths', {})
-        raise ValueError("Couldn't load manifest '%s' (version %s)" %
-                         (self.manifest_name, self.manifest_version))
+            version = stored.get("version")
+            if version == "1.0":
+                return stored.get("paths", {})
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Couldn't load manifest '%s' (version %s)"
+            % (self.manifest_name, self.manifest_version)
+        )
 
     def post_process(self, *args, **kwargs):
         self.hashed_files = {}
         yield from super().post_process(*args, **kwargs)
-        if not kwargs.get('dry_run'):
+        if not kwargs.get("dry_run"):
             self.save_manifest()
 
     def save_manifest(self):
-        payload = {'paths': self.hashed_files, 'version': self.manifest_version}
+        payload = {"paths": self.hashed_files, "version": self.manifest_version}
         if self.manifest_storage.exists(self.manifest_name):
             self.manifest_storage.delete(self.manifest_name)
         contents = json.dumps(payload).encode()
@@ -445,14 +466,16 @@ class ManifestFilesMixin(HashedFilesMixin):
         cache_name = self.hashed_files.get(hash_key)
         if cache_name is None:
             if self.manifest_strict:
-                raise ValueError("Missing staticfiles manifest entry for '%s'" % clean_name)
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Missing staticfiles manifest entry for '%s'" % clean_name
+                )
             cache_name = self.clean_name(self.hashed_name(name))
         unparsed_name = list(parsed_name)
         unparsed_name[2] = cache_name
         # Special casing for a @font-face hack, like url(myfont.eot?#iefix")
         # http://www.fontspring.com/blog/the-new-bulletproof-font-face-syntax
-        if '?#' in name and not unparsed_name[3]:
-            unparsed_name[2] += '?'
+        if "?#" in name and not unparsed_name[3]:
+            unparsed_name[2] += "?"
         return urlunsplit(unparsed_name)
 
 
@@ -461,6 +484,7 @@ class ManifestStaticFilesStorage(ManifestFilesMixin, StaticFilesStorage):
     A static file system storage backend which also saves
     hashed copies of the files it saves.
     """
+
     pass
 
 
diff --git a/django/contrib/staticfiles/utils.py b/django/contrib/staticfiles/utils.py
index e4297aff2b..efd67ac8e8 100644
--- a/django/contrib/staticfiles/utils.py
+++ b/django/contrib/staticfiles/utils.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def matches_patterns(path, patterns):
     return any(fnmatch.fnmatchcase(path, pattern) for pattern in patterns)
 
 
-def get_files(storage, ignore_patterns=None, location=''):
+def get_files(storage, ignore_patterns=None, location=""):
     """
     Recursively walk the storage directories yielding the paths
     of all files that should be copied.
@@ -48,18 +48,24 @@ def check_settings(base_url=None):
     if not base_url:
         raise ImproperlyConfigured(
             "You're using the staticfiles app "
-            "without having set the required STATIC_URL setting.")
+            "without having set the required STATIC_URL setting."
+        )
     if settings.MEDIA_URL == base_url:
         raise ImproperlyConfigured(
             "The MEDIA_URL and STATIC_URL settings must have different values"
         )
-    if (settings.DEBUG and settings.MEDIA_URL and settings.STATIC_URL and
-            settings.MEDIA_URL.startswith(settings.STATIC_URL)):
+    if (
+        settings.DEBUG
+        and settings.MEDIA_URL
+        and settings.STATIC_URL
+        and settings.MEDIA_URL.startswith(settings.STATIC_URL)
+    ):
         raise ImproperlyConfigured(
             "runserver can't serve media if MEDIA_URL is within STATIC_URL."
         )
-    if ((settings.MEDIA_ROOT and settings.STATIC_ROOT) and
-            (settings.MEDIA_ROOT == settings.STATIC_ROOT)):
+    if (settings.MEDIA_ROOT and settings.STATIC_ROOT) and (
+        settings.MEDIA_ROOT == settings.STATIC_ROOT
+    ):
         raise ImproperlyConfigured(
             "The MEDIA_ROOT and STATIC_ROOT settings must have different values"
         )
diff --git a/django/contrib/staticfiles/views.py b/django/contrib/staticfiles/views.py
index 6c36e7a91b..83d04d4cec 100644
--- a/django/contrib/staticfiles/views.py
+++ b/django/contrib/staticfiles/views.py
@@ -29,10 +29,10 @@ def serve(request, path, insecure=False, **kwargs):
     """
     if not settings.DEBUG and not insecure:
         raise Http404
-    normalized_path = posixpath.normpath(path).lstrip('/')
+    normalized_path = posixpath.normpath(path).lstrip("/")
     absolute_path = finders.find(normalized_path)
     if not absolute_path:
-        if path.endswith('/') or path == '':
+        if path.endswith("/") or path == "":
             raise Http404("Directory indexes are not allowed here.")
         raise Http404("'%s' could not be found" % path)
     document_root, path = os.path.split(absolute_path)
diff --git a/django/contrib/syndication/apps.py b/django/contrib/syndication/apps.py
index b3f7c6cd61..bb0f86aa21 100644
--- a/django/contrib/syndication/apps.py
+++ b/django/contrib/syndication/apps.py
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 
 class SyndicationConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'django.contrib.syndication'
+    name = "django.contrib.syndication"
     verbose_name = _("Syndication")
diff --git a/django/contrib/syndication/views.py b/django/contrib/syndication/views.py
index 7200907d7d..a9d1bff5cf 100644
--- a/django/contrib/syndication/views.py
+++ b/django/contrib/syndication/views.py
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ from django.utils.translation import get_language
 
 
 def add_domain(domain, url, secure=False):
-    protocol = 'https' if secure else 'http'
-    if url.startswith('//'):
+    protocol = "https" if secure else "http"
+    if url.startswith("//"):
         # Support network-path reference (see #16753) - RSS requires a protocol
-        url = '%s:%s' % (protocol, url)
-    elif not url.startswith(('http://', 'https://', 'mailto:')):
-        url = iri_to_uri('%s://%s%s' % (protocol, domain, url))
+        url = "%s:%s" % (protocol, url)
+    elif not url.startswith(("http://", "https://", "mailto:")):
+        url = iri_to_uri("%s://%s%s" % (protocol, domain, url))
     return url
 
 
@@ -34,14 +34,16 @@ class Feed:
         try:
             obj = self.get_object(request, *args, **kwargs)
         except ObjectDoesNotExist:
-            raise Http404('Feed object does not exist.')
+            raise Http404("Feed object does not exist.")
         feedgen = self.get_feed(obj, request)
         response = HttpResponse(content_type=feedgen.content_type)
-        if hasattr(self, 'item_pubdate') or hasattr(self, 'item_updateddate'):
+        if hasattr(self, "item_pubdate") or hasattr(self, "item_updateddate"):
             # if item_pubdate or item_updateddate is defined for the feed, set
             # header so as ConditionalGetMiddleware is able to send 304 NOT MODIFIED
-            response.headers['Last-Modified'] = http_date(feedgen.latest_post_date().timestamp())
-        feedgen.write(response, 'utf-8')
+            response.headers["Last-Modified"] = http_date(
+                feedgen.latest_post_date().timestamp()
+            )
+        feedgen.write(response, "utf-8")
         return response
 
     def item_title(self, item):
@@ -56,17 +58,17 @@ class Feed:
             return item.get_absolute_url()
         except AttributeError:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                'Give your %s class a get_absolute_url() method, or define an '
-                'item_link() method in your Feed class.' % item.__class__.__name__
+                "Give your %s class a get_absolute_url() method, or define an "
+                "item_link() method in your Feed class." % item.__class__.__name__
             )
 
     def item_enclosures(self, item):
-        enc_url = self._get_dynamic_attr('item_enclosure_url', item)
+        enc_url = self._get_dynamic_attr("item_enclosure_url", item)
         if enc_url:
             enc = feedgenerator.Enclosure(
                 url=str(enc_url),
-                length=str(self._get_dynamic_attr('item_enclosure_length', item)),
-                mime_type=str(self._get_dynamic_attr('item_enclosure_mime_type', item)),
+                length=str(self._get_dynamic_attr("item_enclosure_length", item)),
+                mime_type=str(self._get_dynamic_attr("item_enclosure_mime_type", item)),
             )
             return [enc]
         return []
@@ -84,7 +86,7 @@ class Feed:
                 code = attr.__code__
             except AttributeError:
                 code = attr.__call__.__code__
-            if code.co_argcount == 2:       # one argument is 'self'
+            if code.co_argcount == 2:  # one argument is 'self'
                 return attr(obj)
             else:
                 return attr()
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ class Feed:
         Default implementation preserves the old behavior
         of using {'obj': item, 'site': current_site} as the context.
         """
-        return {'obj': kwargs.get('item'), 'site': kwargs.get('site')}
+        return {"obj": kwargs.get("item"), "site": kwargs.get("site")}
 
     def get_feed(self, obj, request):
         """
@@ -124,28 +126,28 @@ class Feed:
         """
         current_site = get_current_site(request)
 
-        link = self._get_dynamic_attr('link', obj)
+        link = self._get_dynamic_attr("link", obj)
         link = add_domain(current_site.domain, link, request.is_secure())
 
         feed = self.feed_type(
-            title=self._get_dynamic_attr('title', obj),
-            subtitle=self._get_dynamic_attr('subtitle', obj),
+            title=self._get_dynamic_attr("title", obj),
+            subtitle=self._get_dynamic_attr("subtitle", obj),
             link=link,
-            description=self._get_dynamic_attr('description', obj),
+            description=self._get_dynamic_attr("description", obj),
             language=self.language or get_language(),
             feed_url=add_domain(
                 current_site.domain,
-                self._get_dynamic_attr('feed_url', obj) or request.path,
+                self._get_dynamic_attr("feed_url", obj) or request.path,
                 request.is_secure(),
             ),
-            author_name=self._get_dynamic_attr('author_name', obj),
-            author_link=self._get_dynamic_attr('author_link', obj),
-            author_email=self._get_dynamic_attr('author_email', obj),
-            categories=self._get_dynamic_attr('categories', obj),
-            feed_copyright=self._get_dynamic_attr('feed_copyright', obj),
-            feed_guid=self._get_dynamic_attr('feed_guid', obj),
-            ttl=self._get_dynamic_attr('ttl', obj),
-            **self.feed_extra_kwargs(obj)
+            author_name=self._get_dynamic_attr("author_name", obj),
+            author_link=self._get_dynamic_attr("author_link", obj),
+            author_email=self._get_dynamic_attr("author_email", obj),
+            categories=self._get_dynamic_attr("categories", obj),
+            feed_copyright=self._get_dynamic_attr("feed_copyright", obj),
+            feed_guid=self._get_dynamic_attr("feed_guid", obj),
+            ttl=self._get_dynamic_attr("ttl", obj),
+            **self.feed_extra_kwargs(obj),
         )
 
         title_tmp = None
@@ -162,37 +164,38 @@ class Feed:
             except TemplateDoesNotExist:
                 pass
 
-        for item in self._get_dynamic_attr('items', obj):
-            context = self.get_context_data(item=item, site=current_site,
-                                            obj=obj, request=request)
+        for item in self._get_dynamic_attr("items", obj):
+            context = self.get_context_data(
+                item=item, site=current_site, obj=obj, request=request
+            )
             if title_tmp is not None:
                 title = title_tmp.render(context, request)
             else:
-                title = self._get_dynamic_attr('item_title', item)
+                title = self._get_dynamic_attr("item_title", item)
             if description_tmp is not None:
                 description = description_tmp.render(context, request)
             else:
-                description = self._get_dynamic_attr('item_description', item)
+                description = self._get_dynamic_attr("item_description", item)
             link = add_domain(
                 current_site.domain,
-                self._get_dynamic_attr('item_link', item),
+                self._get_dynamic_attr("item_link", item),
                 request.is_secure(),
             )
-            enclosures = self._get_dynamic_attr('item_enclosures', item)
-            author_name = self._get_dynamic_attr('item_author_name', item)
+            enclosures = self._get_dynamic_attr("item_enclosures", item)
+            author_name = self._get_dynamic_attr("item_author_name", item)
             if author_name is not None:
-                author_email = self._get_dynamic_attr('item_author_email', item)
-                author_link = self._get_dynamic_attr('item_author_link', item)
+                author_email = self._get_dynamic_attr("item_author_email", item)
+                author_link = self._get_dynamic_attr("item_author_link", item)
             else:
                 author_email = author_link = None
 
             tz = get_default_timezone()
 
-            pubdate = self._get_dynamic_attr('item_pubdate', item)
+            pubdate = self._get_dynamic_attr("item_pubdate", item)
             if pubdate and is_naive(pubdate):
                 pubdate = make_aware(pubdate, tz)
 
-            updateddate = self._get_dynamic_attr('item_updateddate', item)
+            updateddate = self._get_dynamic_attr("item_updateddate", item)
             if updateddate and is_naive(updateddate):
                 updateddate = make_aware(updateddate, tz)
 
@@ -200,18 +203,19 @@ class Feed:
                 title=title,
                 link=link,
                 description=description,
-                unique_id=self._get_dynamic_attr('item_guid', item, link),
+                unique_id=self._get_dynamic_attr("item_guid", item, link),
                 unique_id_is_permalink=self._get_dynamic_attr(
-                    'item_guid_is_permalink', item),
+                    "item_guid_is_permalink", item
+                ),
                 enclosures=enclosures,
                 pubdate=pubdate,
                 updateddate=updateddate,
                 author_name=author_name,
                 author_email=author_email,
                 author_link=author_link,
-                comments=self._get_dynamic_attr('item_comments', item),
-                categories=self._get_dynamic_attr('item_categories', item),
-                item_copyright=self._get_dynamic_attr('item_copyright', item),
-                **self.item_extra_kwargs(item)
+                comments=self._get_dynamic_attr("item_comments", item),
+                categories=self._get_dynamic_attr("item_categories", item),
+                item_copyright=self._get_dynamic_attr("item_copyright", item),
+                **self.item_extra_kwargs(item),
             )
         return feed
diff --git a/django/core/cache/__init__.py b/django/core/cache/__init__.py
index a311b50af6..f09c9ecc4b 100644
--- a/django/core/cache/__init__.py
+++ b/django/core/cache/__init__.py
@@ -14,27 +14,35 @@ See docs/topics/cache.txt for information on the public API.
 """
 from django.core import signals
 from django.core.cache.backends.base import (
-    BaseCache, CacheKeyWarning, InvalidCacheBackendError, InvalidCacheKey,
+    BaseCache,
+    CacheKeyWarning,
+    InvalidCacheBackendError,
+    InvalidCacheKey,
 )
 from django.utils.connection import BaseConnectionHandler, ConnectionProxy
 from django.utils.module_loading import import_string
 
 __all__ = [
-    'cache', 'caches', 'DEFAULT_CACHE_ALIAS', 'InvalidCacheBackendError',
-    'CacheKeyWarning', 'BaseCache', 'InvalidCacheKey',
+    "cache",
+    "caches",
+    "DEFAULT_CACHE_ALIAS",
+    "InvalidCacheBackendError",
+    "CacheKeyWarning",
+    "BaseCache",
+    "InvalidCacheKey",
 ]
 
-DEFAULT_CACHE_ALIAS = 'default'
+DEFAULT_CACHE_ALIAS = "default"
 
 
 class CacheHandler(BaseConnectionHandler):
-    settings_name = 'CACHES'
+    settings_name = "CACHES"
     exception_class = InvalidCacheBackendError
 
     def create_connection(self, alias):
         params = self.settings[alias].copy()
-        backend = params.pop('BACKEND')
-        location = params.pop('LOCATION', '')
+        backend = params.pop("BACKEND")
+        location = params.pop("LOCATION", "")
         try:
             backend_cls = import_string(backend)
         except ImportError as e:
@@ -45,7 +53,8 @@ class CacheHandler(BaseConnectionHandler):
 
     def all(self, initialized_only=False):
         return [
-            self[alias] for alias in self
+            self[alias]
+            for alias in self
             # If initialized_only is True, return only initialized caches.
             if not initialized_only or hasattr(self._connections, alias)
         ]
diff --git a/django/core/cache/backends/base.py b/django/core/cache/backends/base.py
index f632d851ea..eb4b3eac6d 100644
--- a/django/core/cache/backends/base.py
+++ b/django/core/cache/backends/base.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ def default_key_func(key, key_prefix, version):
     the `key_prefix`. KEY_FUNCTION can be used to specify an alternate
     function with custom key making behavior.
     """
-    return '%s:%s:%s' % (key_prefix, version, key)
+    return "%s:%s:%s" % (key_prefix, version, key)
 
 
 def get_key_func(key_func):
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class BaseCache:
     _missing_key = object()
 
     def __init__(self, params):
-        timeout = params.get('timeout', params.get('TIMEOUT', 300))
+        timeout = params.get("timeout", params.get("TIMEOUT", 300))
         if timeout is not None:
             try:
                 timeout = int(timeout)
@@ -65,22 +65,22 @@ class BaseCache:
                 timeout = 300
         self.default_timeout = timeout
 
-        options = params.get('OPTIONS', {})
-        max_entries = params.get('max_entries', options.get('MAX_ENTRIES', 300))
+        options = params.get("OPTIONS", {})
+        max_entries = params.get("max_entries", options.get("MAX_ENTRIES", 300))
         try:
             self._max_entries = int(max_entries)
         except (ValueError, TypeError):
             self._max_entries = 300
 
-        cull_frequency = params.get('cull_frequency', options.get('CULL_FREQUENCY', 3))
+        cull_frequency = params.get("cull_frequency", options.get("CULL_FREQUENCY", 3))
         try:
             self._cull_frequency = int(cull_frequency)
         except (ValueError, TypeError):
             self._cull_frequency = 3
 
-        self.key_prefix = params.get('KEY_PREFIX', '')
-        self.version = params.get('VERSION', 1)
-        self.key_func = get_key_func(params.get('KEY_FUNCTION'))
+        self.key_prefix = params.get("KEY_PREFIX", "")
+        self.version = params.get("VERSION", 1)
+        self.key_func = get_key_func(params.get("KEY_FUNCTION"))
 
     def get_backend_timeout(self, timeout=DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
         """
@@ -130,47 +130,61 @@ class BaseCache:
 
         Return True if the value was stored, False otherwise.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseCache must provide an add() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseCache must provide an add() method"
+        )
 
     async def aadd(self, key, value, timeout=DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, version=None):
-        return await sync_to_async(self.add, thread_sensitive=True)(key, value, timeout, version)
+        return await sync_to_async(self.add, thread_sensitive=True)(
+            key, value, timeout, version
+        )
 
     def get(self, key, default=None, version=None):
         """
         Fetch a given key from the cache. If the key does not exist, return
         default, which itself defaults to None.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseCache must provide a get() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError("subclasses of BaseCache must provide a get() method")
 
     async def aget(self, key, default=None, version=None):
-        return await sync_to_async(self.get, thread_sensitive=True)(key, default, version)
+        return await sync_to_async(self.get, thread_sensitive=True)(
+            key, default, version
+        )
 
     def set(self, key, value, timeout=DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, version=None):
         """
         Set a value in the cache. If timeout is given, use that timeout for the
         key; otherwise use the default cache timeout.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseCache must provide a set() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError("subclasses of BaseCache must provide a set() method")
 
     async def aset(self, key, value, timeout=DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, version=None):
-        return await sync_to_async(self.set, thread_sensitive=True)(key, value, timeout, version)
+        return await sync_to_async(self.set, thread_sensitive=True)(
+            key, value, timeout, version
+        )
 
     def touch(self, key, timeout=DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, version=None):
         """
         Update the key's expiry time using timeout. Return True if successful
         or False if the key does not exist.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseCache must provide a touch() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseCache must provide a touch() method"
+        )
 
     async def atouch(self, key, timeout=DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, version=None):
-        return await sync_to_async(self.touch, thread_sensitive=True)(key, timeout, version)
+        return await sync_to_async(self.touch, thread_sensitive=True)(
+            key, timeout, version
+        )
 
     def delete(self, key, version=None):
         """
         Delete a key from the cache and return whether it succeeded, failing
         silently.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseCache must provide a delete() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseCache must provide a delete() method"
+        )
 
     async def adelete(self, key, version=None):
         return await sync_to_async(self.delete, thread_sensitive=True)(key, version)
@@ -234,7 +248,9 @@ class BaseCache:
         """
         Return True if the key is in the cache and has not expired.
         """
-        return self.get(key, self._missing_key, version=version) is not self._missing_key
+        return (
+            self.get(key, self._missing_key, version=version) is not self._missing_key
+        )
 
     async def ahas_key(self, key, version=None):
         return (
@@ -318,7 +334,9 @@ class BaseCache:
 
     def clear(self):
         """Remove *all* values from the cache at once."""
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseCache must provide a clear() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseCache must provide a clear() method"
+        )
 
     async def aclear(self):
         return await sync_to_async(self.clear, thread_sensitive=True)()
@@ -373,13 +391,13 @@ class BaseCache:
 def memcache_key_warnings(key):
     if len(key) > MEMCACHE_MAX_KEY_LENGTH:
         yield (
-            'Cache key will cause errors if used with memcached: %r '
-            '(longer than %s)' % (key, MEMCACHE_MAX_KEY_LENGTH)
+            "Cache key will cause errors if used with memcached: %r "
+            "(longer than %s)" % (key, MEMCACHE_MAX_KEY_LENGTH)
         )
     for char in key:
         if ord(char) < 33 or ord(char) == 127:
             yield (
-                'Cache key contains characters that will cause errors if '
-                'used with memcached: %r' % key
+                "Cache key contains characters that will cause errors if "
+                "used with memcached: %r" % key
             )
             break
diff --git a/django/core/cache/backends/db.py b/django/core/cache/backends/db.py
index 5bb1c5aec5..e3d055084c 100644
--- a/django/core/cache/backends/db.py
+++ b/django/core/cache/backends/db.py
@@ -14,13 +14,14 @@ class Options:
 
     This allows cache operations to be controlled by the router
     """
+
     def __init__(self, table):
         self.db_table = table
-        self.app_label = 'django_cache'
-        self.model_name = 'cacheentry'
-        self.verbose_name = 'cache entry'
-        self.verbose_name_plural = 'cache entries'
-        self.object_name = 'CacheEntry'
+        self.app_label = "django_cache"
+        self.model_name = "cacheentry"
+        self.verbose_name = "cache entry"
+        self.verbose_name_plural = "cache entries"
+        self.object_name = "CacheEntry"
         self.abstract = False
         self.managed = True
         self.proxy = False
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseCache(BaseCache):
 
         class CacheEntry:
             _meta = Options(table)
+
         self.cache_model_class = CacheEntry
 
 
@@ -54,7 +56,9 @@ class DatabaseCache(BaseDatabaseCache):
         if not keys:
             return {}
 
-        key_map = {self.make_and_validate_key(key, version=version): key for key in keys}
+        key_map = {
+            self.make_and_validate_key(key, version=version): key for key in keys
+        }
 
         db = router.db_for_read(self.cache_model_class)
         connection = connections[db]
@@ -63,13 +67,14 @@ class DatabaseCache(BaseDatabaseCache):
 
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(
-                'SELECT %s, %s, %s FROM %s WHERE %s IN (%s)' % (
-                    quote_name('cache_key'),
-                    quote_name('value'),
-                    quote_name('expires'),
+                "SELECT %s, %s, %s FROM %s WHERE %s IN (%s)"
+                % (
+                    quote_name("cache_key"),
+                    quote_name("value"),
+                    quote_name("expires"),
                     table,
-                    quote_name('cache_key'),
-                    ', '.join(['%s'] * len(key_map)),
+                    quote_name("cache_key"),
+                    ", ".join(["%s"] * len(key_map)),
                 ),
                 list(key_map),
             )
@@ -78,7 +83,9 @@ class DatabaseCache(BaseDatabaseCache):
         result = {}
         expired_keys = []
         expression = models.Expression(output_field=models.DateTimeField())
-        converters = (connection.ops.get_db_converters(expression) + expression.get_db_converters(connection))
+        converters = connection.ops.get_db_converters(
+            expression
+        ) + expression.get_db_converters(connection)
         for key, value, expires in rows:
             for converter in converters:
                 expires = converter(expires, expression, connection)
@@ -93,15 +100,15 @@ class DatabaseCache(BaseDatabaseCache):
 
     def set(self, key, value, timeout=DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, version=None):
         key = self.make_and_validate_key(key, version=version)
-        self._base_set('set', key, value, timeout)
+        self._base_set("set", key, value, timeout)
 
     def add(self, key, value, timeout=DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, version=None):
         key = self.make_and_validate_key(key, version=version)
-        return self._base_set('add', key, value, timeout)
+        return self._base_set("add", key, value, timeout)
 
     def touch(self, key, timeout=DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, version=None):
         key = self.make_and_validate_key(key, version=version)
-        return self._base_set('touch', key, None, timeout)
+        return self._base_set("touch", key, None, timeout)
 
     def _base_set(self, mode, key, value, timeout=DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
         timeout = self.get_backend_timeout(timeout)
@@ -126,7 +133,7 @@ class DatabaseCache(BaseDatabaseCache):
             pickled = pickle.dumps(value, self.pickle_protocol)
             # The DB column is expecting a string, so make sure the value is a
             # string, not bytes. Refs #19274.
-            b64encoded = base64.b64encode(pickled).decode('latin1')
+            b64encoded = base64.b64encode(pickled).decode("latin1")
             try:
                 # Note: typecasting for datetimes is needed by some 3rd party
                 # database backends. All core backends work without typecasting,
@@ -134,52 +141,59 @@ class DatabaseCache(BaseDatabaseCache):
                 # regressions.
                 with transaction.atomic(using=db):
                     cursor.execute(
-                        'SELECT %s, %s FROM %s WHERE %s = %%s' % (
-                            quote_name('cache_key'),
-                            quote_name('expires'),
+                        "SELECT %s, %s FROM %s WHERE %s = %%s"
+                        % (
+                            quote_name("cache_key"),
+                            quote_name("expires"),
                             table,
-                            quote_name('cache_key'),
+                            quote_name("cache_key"),
                         ),
-                        [key]
+                        [key],
                     )
                     result = cursor.fetchone()
 
                     if result:
                         current_expires = result[1]
-                        expression = models.Expression(output_field=models.DateTimeField())
-                        for converter in (connection.ops.get_db_converters(expression) +
-                                          expression.get_db_converters(connection)):
-                            current_expires = converter(current_expires, expression, connection)
+                        expression = models.Expression(
+                            output_field=models.DateTimeField()
+                        )
+                        for converter in connection.ops.get_db_converters(
+                            expression
+                        ) + expression.get_db_converters(connection):
+                            current_expires = converter(
+                                current_expires, expression, connection
+                            )
 
                     exp = connection.ops.adapt_datetimefield_value(exp)
-                    if result and mode == 'touch':
+                    if result and mode == "touch":
                         cursor.execute(
-                            'UPDATE %s SET %s = %%s WHERE %s = %%s' % (
-                                table,
-                                quote_name('expires'),
-                                quote_name('cache_key')
-                            ),
-                            [exp, key]
+                            "UPDATE %s SET %s = %%s WHERE %s = %%s"
+                            % (table, quote_name("expires"), quote_name("cache_key")),
+                            [exp, key],
                         )
-                    elif result and (mode == 'set' or (mode == 'add' and current_expires < now)):
+                    elif result and (
+                        mode == "set" or (mode == "add" and current_expires < now)
+                    ):
                         cursor.execute(
-                            'UPDATE %s SET %s = %%s, %s = %%s WHERE %s = %%s' % (
+                            "UPDATE %s SET %s = %%s, %s = %%s WHERE %s = %%s"
+                            % (
                                 table,
-                                quote_name('value'),
-                                quote_name('expires'),
-                                quote_name('cache_key'),
+                                quote_name("value"),
+                                quote_name("expires"),
+                                quote_name("cache_key"),
                             ),
-                            [b64encoded, exp, key]
+                            [b64encoded, exp, key],
                         )
-                    elif mode != 'touch':
+                    elif mode != "touch":
                         cursor.execute(
-                            'INSERT INTO %s (%s, %s, %s) VALUES (%%s, %%s, %%s)' % (
+                            "INSERT INTO %s (%s, %s, %s) VALUES (%%s, %%s, %%s)"
+                            % (
                                 table,
-                                quote_name('cache_key'),
-                                quote_name('value'),
-                                quote_name('expires'),
+                                quote_name("cache_key"),
+                                quote_name("value"),
+                                quote_name("expires"),
                             ),
-                            [key, b64encoded, exp]
+                            [key, b64encoded, exp],
                         )
                     else:
                         return False  # touch failed.
@@ -208,10 +222,11 @@ class DatabaseCache(BaseDatabaseCache):
 
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(
-                'DELETE FROM %s WHERE %s IN (%s)' % (
+                "DELETE FROM %s WHERE %s IN (%s)"
+                % (
                     table,
-                    quote_name('cache_key'),
-                    ', '.join(['%s'] * len(keys)),
+                    quote_name("cache_key"),
+                    ", ".join(["%s"] * len(keys)),
                 ),
                 keys,
             )
@@ -228,13 +243,14 @@ class DatabaseCache(BaseDatabaseCache):
 
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(
-                'SELECT %s FROM %s WHERE %s = %%s and %s > %%s' % (
-                    quote_name('cache_key'),
+                "SELECT %s FROM %s WHERE %s = %%s and %s > %%s"
+                % (
+                    quote_name("cache_key"),
                     quote_name(self._table),
-                    quote_name('cache_key'),
-                    quote_name('expires'),
+                    quote_name("cache_key"),
+                    quote_name("expires"),
                 ),
-                [key, connection.ops.adapt_datetimefield_value(now)]
+                [key, connection.ops.adapt_datetimefield_value(now)],
             )
             return cursor.fetchone() is not None
 
@@ -244,23 +260,28 @@ class DatabaseCache(BaseDatabaseCache):
         else:
             connection = connections[db]
             table = connection.ops.quote_name(self._table)
-            cursor.execute('DELETE FROM %s WHERE %s < %%s' % (
-                table,
-                connection.ops.quote_name('expires'),
-            ), [connection.ops.adapt_datetimefield_value(now)])
+            cursor.execute(
+                "DELETE FROM %s WHERE %s < %%s"
+                % (
+                    table,
+                    connection.ops.quote_name("expires"),
+                ),
+                [connection.ops.adapt_datetimefield_value(now)],
+            )
             deleted_count = cursor.rowcount
             remaining_num = num - deleted_count
             if remaining_num > self._max_entries:
                 cull_num = remaining_num // self._cull_frequency
                 cursor.execute(
-                    connection.ops.cache_key_culling_sql() % table,
-                    [cull_num])
+                    connection.ops.cache_key_culling_sql() % table, [cull_num]
+                )
                 last_cache_key = cursor.fetchone()
                 if last_cache_key:
                     cursor.execute(
-                        'DELETE FROM %s WHERE %s < %%s' % (
+                        "DELETE FROM %s WHERE %s < %%s"
+                        % (
                             table,
-                            connection.ops.quote_name('cache_key'),
+                            connection.ops.quote_name("cache_key"),
                         ),
                         [last_cache_key[0]],
                     )
@@ -270,4 +291,4 @@ class DatabaseCache(BaseDatabaseCache):
         connection = connections[db]
         table = connection.ops.quote_name(self._table)
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute('DELETE FROM %s' % table)
+            cursor.execute("DELETE FROM %s" % table)
diff --git a/django/core/cache/backends/filebased.py b/django/core/cache/backends/filebased.py
index fc99d11687..631da49444 100644
--- a/django/core/cache/backends/filebased.py
+++ b/django/core/cache/backends/filebased.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from django.utils.crypto import md5
 
 
 class FileBasedCache(BaseCache):
-    cache_suffix = '.djcache'
+    cache_suffix = ".djcache"
     pickle_protocol = pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL
 
     def __init__(self, dir, params):
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class FileBasedCache(BaseCache):
     def get(self, key, default=None, version=None):
         fname = self._key_to_file(key, version)
         try:
-            with open(fname, 'rb') as f:
+            with open(fname, "rb") as f:
                 if not self._is_expired(f):
                     return pickle.loads(zlib.decompress(f.read()))
         except FileNotFoundError:
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class FileBasedCache(BaseCache):
         fd, tmp_path = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=self._dir)
         renamed = False
         try:
-            with open(fd, 'wb') as f:
+            with open(fd, "wb") as f:
                 self._write_content(f, timeout, value)
             file_move_safe(tmp_path, fname, allow_overwrite=True)
             renamed = True
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class FileBasedCache(BaseCache):
 
     def touch(self, key, timeout=DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, version=None):
         try:
-            with open(self._key_to_file(key, version), 'r+b') as f:
+            with open(self._key_to_file(key, version), "r+b") as f:
                 try:
                     locks.lock(f, locks.LOCK_EX)
                     if self._is_expired(f):
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class FileBasedCache(BaseCache):
     def has_key(self, key, version=None):
         fname = self._key_to_file(key, version)
         if os.path.exists(fname):
-            with open(fname, 'rb') as f:
+            with open(fname, "rb") as f:
                 return not self._is_expired(f)
         return False
 
@@ -108,8 +108,7 @@ class FileBasedCache(BaseCache):
         if self._cull_frequency == 0:
             return self.clear()  # Clear the cache when CULL_FREQUENCY = 0
         # Delete a random selection of entries
-        filelist = random.sample(filelist,
-                                 int(num_entries / self._cull_frequency))
+        filelist = random.sample(filelist, int(num_entries / self._cull_frequency))
         for fname in filelist:
             self._delete(fname)
 
@@ -128,10 +127,15 @@ class FileBasedCache(BaseCache):
         root cache path joined with the md5sum of the key and a suffix.
         """
         key = self.make_and_validate_key(key, version=version)
-        return os.path.join(self._dir, ''.join([
-            md5(key.encode(), usedforsecurity=False).hexdigest(),
-            self.cache_suffix,
-        ]))
+        return os.path.join(
+            self._dir,
+            "".join(
+                [
+                    md5(key.encode(), usedforsecurity=False).hexdigest(),
+                    self.cache_suffix,
+                ]
+            ),
+        )
 
     def clear(self):
         """
@@ -161,5 +165,5 @@ class FileBasedCache(BaseCache):
         """
         return [
             os.path.join(self._dir, fname)
-            for fname in glob.glob1(self._dir, '*%s' % self.cache_suffix)
+            for fname in glob.glob1(self._dir, "*%s" % self.cache_suffix)
         ]
diff --git a/django/core/cache/backends/memcached.py b/django/core/cache/backends/memcached.py
index 472a28179c..2416168634 100644
--- a/django/core/cache/backends/memcached.py
+++ b/django/core/cache/backends/memcached.py
@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@ import re
 import time
 
 from django.core.cache.backends.base import (
-    DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, BaseCache, InvalidCacheKey, memcache_key_warnings,
+    DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+    BaseCache,
+    InvalidCacheKey,
+    memcache_key_warnings,
 )
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
@@ -13,7 +16,7 @@ class BaseMemcachedCache(BaseCache):
     def __init__(self, server, params, library, value_not_found_exception):
         super().__init__(params)
         if isinstance(server, str):
-            self._servers = re.split('[;,]', server)
+            self._servers = re.split("[;,]", server)
         else:
             self._servers = server
 
@@ -23,7 +26,7 @@ class BaseMemcachedCache(BaseCache):
 
         self._lib = library
         self._class = library.Client
-        self._options = params.get('OPTIONS') or {}
+        self._options = params.get("OPTIONS") or {}
 
     @property
     def client_servers(self):
@@ -86,7 +89,9 @@ class BaseMemcachedCache(BaseCache):
         return bool(self._cache.delete(key))
 
     def get_many(self, keys, version=None):
-        key_map = {self.make_and_validate_key(key, version=version): key for key in keys}
+        key_map = {
+            self.make_and_validate_key(key, version=version): key for key in keys
+        }
         ret = self._cache.get_multi(key_map.keys())
         return {key_map[k]: v for k, v in ret.items()}
 
@@ -118,7 +123,9 @@ class BaseMemcachedCache(BaseCache):
             safe_key = self.make_and_validate_key(key, version=version)
             safe_data[safe_key] = value
             original_keys[safe_key] = key
-        failed_keys = self._cache.set_multi(safe_data, self.get_backend_timeout(timeout))
+        failed_keys = self._cache.set_multi(
+            safe_data, self.get_backend_timeout(timeout)
+        )
         return [original_keys[k] for k in failed_keys]
 
     def delete_many(self, keys, version=None):
@@ -135,15 +142,19 @@ class BaseMemcachedCache(BaseCache):
 
 class PyLibMCCache(BaseMemcachedCache):
     "An implementation of a cache binding using pylibmc"
+
     def __init__(self, server, params):
         import pylibmc
-        super().__init__(server, params, library=pylibmc, value_not_found_exception=pylibmc.NotFound)
+
+        super().__init__(
+            server, params, library=pylibmc, value_not_found_exception=pylibmc.NotFound
+        )
 
     @property
     def client_servers(self):
         output = []
         for server in self._servers:
-            output.append(server[5:] if server.startswith('unix:') else server)
+            output.append(server[5:] if server.startswith("unix:") else server)
         return output
 
     def touch(self, key, timeout=DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, version=None):
@@ -160,13 +171,17 @@ class PyLibMCCache(BaseMemcachedCache):
 
 class PyMemcacheCache(BaseMemcachedCache):
     """An implementation of a cache binding using pymemcache."""
+
     def __init__(self, server, params):
         import pymemcache.serde
-        super().__init__(server, params, library=pymemcache, value_not_found_exception=KeyError)
+
+        super().__init__(
+            server, params, library=pymemcache, value_not_found_exception=KeyError
+        )
         self._class = self._lib.HashClient
         self._options = {
-            'allow_unicode_keys': True,
-            'default_noreply': False,
-            'serde': pymemcache.serde.pickle_serde,
+            "allow_unicode_keys": True,
+            "default_noreply": False,
+            "serde": pymemcache.serde.pickle_serde,
             **self._options,
         }
diff --git a/django/core/cache/backends/redis.py b/django/core/cache/backends/redis.py
index f168e93737..e0d30784ff 100644
--- a/django/core/cache/backends/redis.py
+++ b/django/core/cache/backends/redis.py
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class RedisCacheClient:
             parser_class = import_string(parser_class)
         parser_class = parser_class or self._lib.connection.DefaultParser
 
-        self._pool_options = {'parser_class': parser_class, 'db': db}
+        self._pool_options = {"parser_class": parser_class, "db": db}
 
     def _get_connection_pool_index(self, write):
         # Write to the first server. Read from other servers if there are more,
@@ -71,7 +71,8 @@ class RedisCacheClient:
         index = self._get_connection_pool_index(write)
         if index not in self._pools:
             self._pools[index] = self._pool_class.from_url(
-                self._servers[index], **self._pool_options,
+                self._servers[index],
+                **self._pool_options,
             )
         return self._pools[index]
 
@@ -159,12 +160,12 @@ class RedisCache(BaseCache):
     def __init__(self, server, params):
         super().__init__(params)
         if isinstance(server, str):
-            self._servers = re.split('[;,]', server)
+            self._servers = re.split("[;,]", server)
         else:
             self._servers = server
 
         self._class = RedisCacheClient
-        self._options = params.get('OPTIONS', {})
+        self._options = params.get("OPTIONS", {})
 
     @cached_property
     def _cache(self):
@@ -198,7 +199,9 @@ class RedisCache(BaseCache):
         return self._cache.delete(key)
 
     def get_many(self, keys, version=None):
-        key_map = {self.make_and_validate_key(key, version=version): key for key in keys}
+        key_map = {
+            self.make_and_validate_key(key, version=version): key for key in keys
+        }
         ret = self._cache.get_many(key_map.keys())
         return {key_map[k]: v for k, v in ret.items()}
 
diff --git a/django/core/cache/utils.py b/django/core/cache/utils.py
index d41960f6e4..ff2a23aa6f 100644
--- a/django/core/cache/utils.py
+++ b/django/core/cache/utils.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from django.utils.crypto import md5
 
-TEMPLATE_FRAGMENT_KEY_TEMPLATE = 'template.cache.%s.%s'
+TEMPLATE_FRAGMENT_KEY_TEMPLATE = "template.cache.%s.%s"
 
 
 def make_template_fragment_key(fragment_name, vary_on=None):
@@ -8,5 +8,5 @@ def make_template_fragment_key(fragment_name, vary_on=None):
     if vary_on is not None:
         for arg in vary_on:
             hasher.update(str(arg).encode())
-            hasher.update(b':')
+            hasher.update(b":")
     return TEMPLATE_FRAGMENT_KEY_TEMPLATE % (fragment_name, hasher.hexdigest())
diff --git a/django/core/checks/__init__.py b/django/core/checks/__init__.py
index 296e991ddc..998ab9dee2 100644
--- a/django/core/checks/__init__.py
+++ b/django/core/checks/__init__.py
@@ -1,6 +1,15 @@
 from .messages import (
-    CRITICAL, DEBUG, ERROR, INFO, WARNING, CheckMessage, Critical, Debug,
-    Error, Info, Warning,
+    CRITICAL,
+    DEBUG,
+    ERROR,
+    INFO,
+    WARNING,
+    CheckMessage,
+    Critical,
+    Debug,
+    Error,
+    Info,
+    Warning,
 )
 from .registry import Tags, register, run_checks, tag_exists
 
@@ -20,8 +29,19 @@ import django.core.checks.urls  # NOQA isort:skip
 
 
 __all__ = [
-    'CheckMessage',
-    'Debug', 'Info', 'Warning', 'Error', 'Critical',
-    'DEBUG', 'INFO', 'WARNING', 'ERROR', 'CRITICAL',
-    'register', 'run_checks', 'tag_exists', 'Tags',
+    "CheckMessage",
+    "Debug",
+    "Info",
+    "Warning",
+    "Error",
+    "Critical",
+    "DEBUG",
+    "INFO",
+    "WARNING",
+    "ERROR",
+    "CRITICAL",
+    "register",
+    "run_checks",
+    "tag_exists",
+    "Tags",
 ]
diff --git a/django/core/checks/async_checks.py b/django/core/checks/async_checks.py
index fbb5267358..a0e01867d9 100644
--- a/django/core/checks/async_checks.py
+++ b/django/core/checks/async_checks.py
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ import os
 from . import Error, Tags, register
 
 E001 = Error(
-    'You should not set the DJANGO_ALLOW_ASYNC_UNSAFE environment variable in '
-    'deployment. This disables async safety protection.',
-    id='async.E001',
+    "You should not set the DJANGO_ALLOW_ASYNC_UNSAFE environment variable in "
+    "deployment. This disables async safety protection.",
+    id="async.E001",
 )
 
 
 @register(Tags.async_support, deploy=True)
 def check_async_unsafe(app_configs, **kwargs):
-    if os.environ.get('DJANGO_ALLOW_ASYNC_UNSAFE'):
+    if os.environ.get("DJANGO_ALLOW_ASYNC_UNSAFE"):
         return [E001]
     return []
diff --git a/django/core/checks/caches.py b/django/core/checks/caches.py
index b755e0035a..c288a6ff4a 100644
--- a/django/core/checks/caches.py
+++ b/django/core/checks/caches.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from . import Error, Tags, Warning, register
 
 E001 = Error(
     "You must define a '%s' cache in your CACHES setting." % DEFAULT_CACHE_ALIAS,
-    id='caches.E001',
+    id="caches.E001",
 )
 
 
@@ -22,11 +22,11 @@ def check_default_cache_is_configured(app_configs, **kwargs):
 @register(Tags.caches, deploy=True)
 def check_cache_location_not_exposed(app_configs, **kwargs):
     errors = []
-    for name in ('MEDIA_ROOT', 'STATIC_ROOT', 'STATICFILES_DIRS'):
+    for name in ("MEDIA_ROOT", "STATIC_ROOT", "STATICFILES_DIRS"):
         setting = getattr(settings, name, None)
         if not setting:
             continue
-        if name == 'STATICFILES_DIRS':
+        if name == "STATICFILES_DIRS":
             paths = set()
             for staticfiles_dir in setting:
                 if isinstance(staticfiles_dir, (list, tuple)):
@@ -40,19 +40,21 @@ def check_cache_location_not_exposed(app_configs, **kwargs):
                 continue
             cache_path = pathlib.Path(cache._dir).resolve()
             if any(path == cache_path for path in paths):
-                relation = 'matches'
+                relation = "matches"
             elif any(path in cache_path.parents for path in paths):
-                relation = 'is inside'
+                relation = "is inside"
             elif any(cache_path in path.parents for path in paths):
-                relation = 'contains'
+                relation = "contains"
             else:
                 continue
-            errors.append(Warning(
-                f"Your '{alias}' cache configuration might expose your cache "
-                f"or lead to corruption of your data because its LOCATION "
-                f"{relation} {name}.",
-                id='caches.W002',
-            ))
+            errors.append(
+                Warning(
+                    f"Your '{alias}' cache configuration might expose your cache "
+                    f"or lead to corruption of your data because its LOCATION "
+                    f"{relation} {name}.",
+                    id="caches.W002",
+                )
+            )
     return errors
 
 
@@ -63,10 +65,12 @@ def check_file_based_cache_is_absolute(app_configs, **kwargs):
         cache = caches[alias]
         if not isinstance(cache, FileBasedCache):
             continue
-        if not pathlib.Path(config['LOCATION']).is_absolute():
-            errors.append(Warning(
-                f"Your '{alias}' cache LOCATION path is relative. Use an "
-                f"absolute path instead.",
-                id='caches.W003',
-            ))
+        if not pathlib.Path(config["LOCATION"]).is_absolute():
+            errors.append(
+                Warning(
+                    f"Your '{alias}' cache LOCATION path is relative. Use an "
+                    f"absolute path instead.",
+                    id="caches.W003",
+                )
+            )
     return errors
diff --git a/django/core/checks/compatibility/django_4_0.py b/django/core/checks/compatibility/django_4_0.py
index 7788629735..79ee5fa6b3 100644
--- a/django/core/checks/compatibility/django_4_0.py
+++ b/django/core/checks/compatibility/django_4_0.py
@@ -7,12 +7,14 @@ from .. import Error, Tags, register
 def check_csrf_trusted_origins(app_configs, **kwargs):
     errors = []
     for origin in settings.CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS:
-        if '://' not in origin:
-            errors.append(Error(
-                'As of Django 4.0, the values in the CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS '
-                'setting must start with a scheme (usually http:// or '
-                'https://) but found %s. See the release notes for details.'
-                % origin,
-                id='4_0.E001',
-            ))
+        if "://" not in origin:
+            errors.append(
+                Error(
+                    "As of Django 4.0, the values in the CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS "
+                    "setting must start with a scheme (usually http:// or "
+                    "https://) but found %s. See the release notes for details."
+                    % origin,
+                    id="4_0.E001",
+                )
+            )
     return errors
diff --git a/django/core/checks/files.py b/django/core/checks/files.py
index 5f76ae5a17..40dc745840 100644
--- a/django/core/checks/files.py
+++ b/django/core/checks/files.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from . import Error, Tags, register
 
 @register(Tags.files)
 def check_setting_file_upload_temp_dir(app_configs, **kwargs):
-    setting = getattr(settings, 'FILE_UPLOAD_TEMP_DIR', None)
+    setting = getattr(settings, "FILE_UPLOAD_TEMP_DIR", None)
     if setting and not Path(setting).is_dir():
         return [
             Error(
diff --git a/django/core/checks/messages.py b/django/core/checks/messages.py
index 0987c2d118..db7aa55119 100644
--- a/django/core/checks/messages.py
+++ b/django/core/checks/messages.py
@@ -7,10 +7,9 @@ CRITICAL = 50
 
 
 class CheckMessage:
-
     def __init__(self, level, msg, hint=None, obj=None, id=None):
         if not isinstance(level, int):
-            raise TypeError('The first argument should be level.')
+            raise TypeError("The first argument should be level.")
         self.level = level
         self.msg = msg
         self.hint = hint
@@ -18,10 +17,9 @@ class CheckMessage:
         self.id = id
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
-        return (
-            isinstance(other, self.__class__) and
-            all(getattr(self, attr) == getattr(other, attr)
-                for attr in ['level', 'msg', 'hint', 'obj', 'id'])
+        return isinstance(other, self.__class__) and all(
+            getattr(self, attr) == getattr(other, attr)
+            for attr in ["level", "msg", "hint", "obj", "id"]
         )
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -36,18 +34,25 @@ class CheckMessage:
         else:
             obj = str(self.obj)
         id = "(%s) " % self.id if self.id else ""
-        hint = "\n\tHINT: %s" % self.hint if self.hint else ''
+        hint = "\n\tHINT: %s" % self.hint if self.hint else ""
         return "%s: %s%s%s" % (obj, id, self.msg, hint)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "<%s: level=%r, msg=%r, hint=%r, obj=%r, id=%r>" % \
-            (self.__class__.__name__, self.level, self.msg, self.hint, self.obj, self.id)
+        return "<%s: level=%r, msg=%r, hint=%r, obj=%r, id=%r>" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.level,
+            self.msg,
+            self.hint,
+            self.obj,
+            self.id,
+        )
 
     def is_serious(self, level=ERROR):
         return self.level >= level
 
     def is_silenced(self):
         from django.conf import settings
+
         return self.id in settings.SILENCED_SYSTEM_CHECKS
 
 
diff --git a/django/core/checks/model_checks.py b/django/core/checks/model_checks.py
index 15d9b7fd86..7a5bef9b26 100644
--- a/django/core/checks/model_checks.py
+++ b/django/core/checks/model_checks.py
@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@ def check_all_models(app_configs=None, **kwargs):
     if app_configs is None:
         models = apps.get_models()
     else:
-        models = chain.from_iterable(app_config.get_models() for app_config in app_configs)
+        models = chain.from_iterable(
+            app_config.get_models() for app_config in app_configs
+        )
     for model in models:
         if model._meta.managed and not model._meta.proxy:
             db_table_models[model._meta.db_table].append(model._meta.label)
@@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ def check_all_models(app_configs=None, **kwargs):
                     "The '%s.check()' class method is currently overridden by %r."
                     % (model.__name__, model.check),
                     obj=model,
-                    id='models.E020'
+                    id="models.E020",
                 )
             )
         else:
@@ -37,17 +39,17 @@ def check_all_models(app_configs=None, **kwargs):
         for model_constraint in model._meta.constraints:
             constraints[model_constraint.name].append(model._meta.label)
     if settings.DATABASE_ROUTERS:
-        error_class, error_id = Warning, 'models.W035'
+        error_class, error_id = Warning, "models.W035"
         error_hint = (
-            'You have configured settings.DATABASE_ROUTERS. Verify that %s '
-            'are correctly routed to separate databases.'
+            "You have configured settings.DATABASE_ROUTERS. Verify that %s "
+            "are correctly routed to separate databases."
         )
     else:
-        error_class, error_id = Error, 'models.E028'
+        error_class, error_id = Error, "models.E028"
         error_hint = None
     for db_table, model_labels in db_table_models.items():
         if len(model_labels) != 1:
-            model_labels_str = ', '.join(model_labels)
+            model_labels_str = ", ".join(model_labels)
             errors.append(
                 error_class(
                     "db_table '%s' is used by multiple models: %s."
@@ -62,12 +64,13 @@ def check_all_models(app_configs=None, **kwargs):
             model_labels = set(model_labels)
             errors.append(
                 Error(
-                    "index name '%s' is not unique %s %s." % (
+                    "index name '%s' is not unique %s %s."
+                    % (
                         index_name,
-                        'for model' if len(model_labels) == 1 else 'among models:',
-                        ', '.join(sorted(model_labels)),
+                        "for model" if len(model_labels) == 1 else "among models:",
+                        ", ".join(sorted(model_labels)),
                     ),
-                    id='models.E029' if len(model_labels) == 1 else 'models.E030',
+                    id="models.E029" if len(model_labels) == 1 else "models.E030",
                 ),
             )
     for constraint_name, model_labels in constraints.items():
@@ -75,12 +78,13 @@ def check_all_models(app_configs=None, **kwargs):
             model_labels = set(model_labels)
             errors.append(
                 Error(
-                    "constraint name '%s' is not unique %s %s." % (
+                    "constraint name '%s' is not unique %s %s."
+                    % (
                         constraint_name,
-                        'for model' if len(model_labels) == 1 else 'among models:',
-                        ', '.join(sorted(model_labels)),
+                        "for model" if len(model_labels) == 1 else "among models:",
+                        ", ".join(sorted(model_labels)),
                     ),
-                    id='models.E031' if len(model_labels) == 1 else 'models.E032',
+                    id="models.E031" if len(model_labels) == 1 else "models.E032",
                 ),
             )
     return errors
@@ -104,8 +108,10 @@ def _check_lazy_references(apps, ignore=None):
         return []
 
     from django.db.models import signals
+
     model_signals = {
-        signal: name for name, signal in vars(signals).items()
+        signal: name
+        for name, signal in vars(signals).items()
         if isinstance(signal, signals.ModelSignal)
     }
 
@@ -120,9 +126,9 @@ def _check_lazy_references(apps, ignore=None):
         annotated there with a `func` attribute so as to imitate a partial.
         """
         operation, args, keywords = obj, [], {}
-        while hasattr(operation, 'func'):
-            args.extend(getattr(operation, 'args', []))
-            keywords.update(getattr(operation, 'keywords', {}))
+        while hasattr(operation, "func"):
+            args.extend(getattr(operation, "args", []))
+            keywords.update(getattr(operation, "keywords", {}))
             operation = operation.func
         return operation, args, keywords
 
@@ -146,11 +152,11 @@ def _check_lazy_references(apps, ignore=None):
             "to '%(model)s', but %(model_error)s."
         )
         params = {
-            'model': '.'.join(model_key),
-            'field': keywords['field'],
-            'model_error': app_model_error(model_key),
+            "model": ".".join(model_key),
+            "field": keywords["field"],
+            "model_error": app_model_error(model_key),
         }
-        return Error(error_msg % params, obj=keywords['field'], id='fields.E307')
+        return Error(error_msg % params, obj=keywords["field"], id="fields.E307")
 
     def signal_connect_error(model_key, func, args, keywords):
         error_msg = (
@@ -163,34 +169,39 @@ def _check_lazy_references(apps, ignore=None):
         if isinstance(receiver, types.FunctionType):
             description = "The function '%s'" % receiver.__name__
         elif isinstance(receiver, types.MethodType):
-            description = "Bound method '%s.%s'" % (receiver.__self__.__class__.__name__, receiver.__name__)
+            description = "Bound method '%s.%s'" % (
+                receiver.__self__.__class__.__name__,
+                receiver.__name__,
+            )
         else:
             description = "An instance of class '%s'" % receiver.__class__.__name__
-        signal_name = model_signals.get(func.__self__, 'unknown')
+        signal_name = model_signals.get(func.__self__, "unknown")
         params = {
-            'model': '.'.join(model_key),
-            'receiver': description,
-            'signal': signal_name,
-            'model_error': app_model_error(model_key),
+            "model": ".".join(model_key),
+            "receiver": description,
+            "signal": signal_name,
+            "model_error": app_model_error(model_key),
         }
-        return Error(error_msg % params, obj=receiver.__module__, id='signals.E001')
+        return Error(error_msg % params, obj=receiver.__module__, id="signals.E001")
 
     def default_error(model_key, func, args, keywords):
-        error_msg = "%(op)s contains a lazy reference to %(model)s, but %(model_error)s."
+        error_msg = (
+            "%(op)s contains a lazy reference to %(model)s, but %(model_error)s."
+        )
         params = {
-            'op': func,
-            'model': '.'.join(model_key),
-            'model_error': app_model_error(model_key),
+            "op": func,
+            "model": ".".join(model_key),
+            "model_error": app_model_error(model_key),
         }
-        return Error(error_msg % params, obj=func, id='models.E022')
+        return Error(error_msg % params, obj=func, id="models.E022")
 
     # Maps common uses of lazy operations to corresponding error functions
     # defined above. If a key maps to None, no error will be produced.
     # default_error() will be used for usages that don't appear in this dict.
     known_lazy = {
-        ('django.db.models.fields.related', 'resolve_related_class'): field_error,
-        ('django.db.models.fields.related', 'set_managed'): None,
-        ('django.dispatch.dispatcher', 'connect'): signal_connect_error,
+        ("django.db.models.fields.related", "resolve_related_class"): field_error,
+        ("django.db.models.fields.related", "set_managed"): None,
+        ("django.dispatch.dispatcher", "connect"): signal_connect_error,
     }
 
     def build_error(model_key, func, args, keywords):
@@ -198,11 +209,17 @@ def _check_lazy_references(apps, ignore=None):
         error_fn = known_lazy.get(key, default_error)
         return error_fn(model_key, func, args, keywords) if error_fn else None
 
-    return sorted(filter(None, (
-        build_error(model_key, *extract_operation(func))
-        for model_key in pending_models
-        for func in apps._pending_operations[model_key]
-    )), key=lambda error: error.msg)
+    return sorted(
+        filter(
+            None,
+            (
+                build_error(model_key, *extract_operation(func))
+                for model_key in pending_models
+                for func in apps._pending_operations[model_key]
+            ),
+        ),
+        key=lambda error: error.msg,
+    )
 
 
 @register(Tags.models)
diff --git a/django/core/checks/registry.py b/django/core/checks/registry.py
index d7bfa49548..f4bdea8691 100644
--- a/django/core/checks/registry.py
+++ b/django/core/checks/registry.py
@@ -8,24 +8,24 @@ class Tags:
     """
     Built-in tags for internal checks.
     """
-    admin = 'admin'
-    async_support = 'async_support'
-    caches = 'caches'
-    compatibility = 'compatibility'
-    database = 'database'
-    files = 'files'
-    models = 'models'
-    security = 'security'
-    signals = 'signals'
-    sites = 'sites'
-    staticfiles = 'staticfiles'
-    templates = 'templates'
-    translation = 'translation'
-    urls = 'urls'
+
+    admin = "admin"
+    async_support = "async_support"
+    caches = "caches"
+    compatibility = "compatibility"
+    database = "database"
+    files = "files"
+    models = "models"
+    security = "security"
+    signals = "signals"
+    sites = "sites"
+    staticfiles = "staticfiles"
+    templates = "templates"
+    translation = "translation"
+    urls = "urls"
 
 
 class CheckRegistry:
-
     def __init__(self):
         self.registered_checks = set()
         self.deployment_checks = set()
@@ -46,13 +46,18 @@ class CheckRegistry:
             # or
             registry.register(my_check, 'mytag', 'anothertag')
         """
+
         def inner(check):
             if not func_accepts_kwargs(check):
                 raise TypeError(
-                    'Check functions must accept keyword arguments (**kwargs).'
+                    "Check functions must accept keyword arguments (**kwargs)."
                 )
             check.tags = tags
-            checks = self.deployment_checks if kwargs.get('deploy') else self.registered_checks
+            checks = (
+                self.deployment_checks
+                if kwargs.get("deploy")
+                else self.registered_checks
+            )
             checks.add(check)
             return check
 
@@ -63,7 +68,13 @@ class CheckRegistry:
                 tags += (check,)
             return inner
 
-    def run_checks(self, app_configs=None, tags=None, include_deployment_checks=False, databases=None):
+    def run_checks(
+        self,
+        app_configs=None,
+        tags=None,
+        include_deployment_checks=False,
+        databases=None,
+    ):
         """
         Run all registered checks and return list of Errors and Warnings.
         """
@@ -77,9 +88,8 @@ class CheckRegistry:
             new_errors = check(app_configs=app_configs, databases=databases)
             if not is_iterable(new_errors):
                 raise TypeError(
-                    'The function %r did not return a list. All functions '
-                    'registered with the checks registry must return a list.'
-                    % check,
+                    "The function %r did not return a list. All functions "
+                    "registered with the checks registry must return a list." % check,
                 )
             errors.extend(new_errors)
         return errors
@@ -88,9 +98,11 @@ class CheckRegistry:
         return tag in self.tags_available(include_deployment_checks)
 
     def tags_available(self, deployment_checks=False):
-        return set(chain.from_iterable(
-            check.tags for check in self.get_checks(deployment_checks)
-        ))
+        return set(
+            chain.from_iterable(
+                check.tags for check in self.get_checks(deployment_checks)
+            )
+        )
 
     def get_checks(self, include_deployment_checks=False):
         checks = list(self.registered_checks)
diff --git a/django/core/checks/security/base.py b/django/core/checks/security/base.py
index d37b968a7d..f85adabd1a 100644
--- a/django/core/checks/security/base.py
+++ b/django/core/checks/security/base.py
@@ -4,15 +4,22 @@ from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from .. import Error, Tags, Warning, register
 
 CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY_VALUES = {
-    'same-origin', 'same-origin-allow-popups', 'unsafe-none',
+    "same-origin",
+    "same-origin-allow-popups",
+    "unsafe-none",
 }
 REFERRER_POLICY_VALUES = {
-    'no-referrer', 'no-referrer-when-downgrade', 'origin',
-    'origin-when-cross-origin', 'same-origin', 'strict-origin',
-    'strict-origin-when-cross-origin', 'unsafe-url',
+    "no-referrer",
+    "no-referrer-when-downgrade",
+    "origin",
+    "origin-when-cross-origin",
+    "same-origin",
+    "strict-origin",
+    "strict-origin-when-cross-origin",
+    "unsafe-url",
 }
 
-SECRET_KEY_INSECURE_PREFIX = 'django-insecure-'
+SECRET_KEY_INSECURE_PREFIX = "django-insecure-"
 SECRET_KEY_MIN_LENGTH = 50
 SECRET_KEY_MIN_UNIQUE_CHARACTERS = 5
 
@@ -31,7 +38,7 @@ W001 = Warning(
     "SECURE_CONTENT_TYPE_NOSNIFF, SECURE_REFERRER_POLICY, "
     "SECURE_CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY, and SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT settings will "
     "have no effect.",
-    id='security.W001',
+    id="security.W001",
 )
 
 W002 = Warning(
@@ -41,7 +48,7 @@ W002 = Warning(
     "'x-frame-options' header. Unless there is a good reason for your "
     "site to be served in a frame, you should consider enabling this "
     "header to help prevent clickjacking attacks.",
-    id='security.W002',
+    id="security.W002",
 )
 
 W004 = Warning(
@@ -50,7 +57,7 @@ W004 = Warning(
     "setting a value and enabling HTTP Strict Transport Security. "
     "Be sure to read the documentation first; enabling HSTS carelessly "
     "can cause serious, irreversible problems.",
-    id='security.W004',
+    id="security.W004",
 )
 
 W005 = Warning(
@@ -59,7 +66,7 @@ W005 = Warning(
     "via an insecure connection to a subdomain. Only set this to True if "
     "you are certain that all subdomains of your domain should be served "
     "exclusively via SSL.",
-    id='security.W005',
+    id="security.W005",
 )
 
 W006 = Warning(
@@ -68,7 +75,7 @@ W006 = Warning(
     "'X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff' header. "
     "You should consider enabling this header to prevent the "
     "browser from identifying content types incorrectly.",
-    id='security.W006',
+    id="security.W006",
 )
 
 W008 = Warning(
@@ -77,17 +84,17 @@ W008 = Warning(
     "connections, you may want to either set this setting True "
     "or configure a load balancer or reverse-proxy server "
     "to redirect all connections to HTTPS.",
-    id='security.W008',
+    id="security.W008",
 )
 
 W009 = Warning(
-    SECRET_KEY_WARNING_MSG % 'SECRET_KEY',
-    id='security.W009',
+    SECRET_KEY_WARNING_MSG % "SECRET_KEY",
+    id="security.W009",
 )
 
 W018 = Warning(
     "You should not have DEBUG set to True in deployment.",
-    id='security.W018',
+    id="security.W018",
 )
 
 W019 = Warning(
@@ -96,51 +103,53 @@ W019 = Warning(
     "MIDDLEWARE, but X_FRAME_OPTIONS is not set to 'DENY'. "
     "Unless there is a good reason for your site to serve other parts of "
     "itself in a frame, you should change it to 'DENY'.",
-    id='security.W019',
+    id="security.W019",
 )
 
 W020 = Warning(
     "ALLOWED_HOSTS must not be empty in deployment.",
-    id='security.W020',
+    id="security.W020",
 )
 
 W021 = Warning(
     "You have not set the SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD setting to True. Without this, "
     "your site cannot be submitted to the browser preload list.",
-    id='security.W021',
+    id="security.W021",
 )
 
 W022 = Warning(
-    'You have not set the SECURE_REFERRER_POLICY setting. Without this, your '
-    'site will not send a Referrer-Policy header. You should consider '
-    'enabling this header to protect user privacy.',
-    id='security.W022',
+    "You have not set the SECURE_REFERRER_POLICY setting. Without this, your "
+    "site will not send a Referrer-Policy header. You should consider "
+    "enabling this header to protect user privacy.",
+    id="security.W022",
 )
 
 E023 = Error(
-    'You have set the SECURE_REFERRER_POLICY setting to an invalid value.',
-    hint='Valid values are: {}.'.format(', '.join(sorted(REFERRER_POLICY_VALUES))),
-    id='security.E023',
+    "You have set the SECURE_REFERRER_POLICY setting to an invalid value.",
+    hint="Valid values are: {}.".format(", ".join(sorted(REFERRER_POLICY_VALUES))),
+    id="security.E023",
 )
 
 E024 = Error(
-    'You have set the SECURE_CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY setting to an invalid '
-    'value.',
-    hint='Valid values are: {}.'.format(
-        ', '.join(sorted(CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY_VALUES)),
+    "You have set the SECURE_CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY setting to an invalid "
+    "value.",
+    hint="Valid values are: {}.".format(
+        ", ".join(sorted(CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY_VALUES)),
     ),
-    id='security.E024',
+    id="security.E024",
 )
 
-W025 = Warning(SECRET_KEY_WARNING_MSG, id='security.W025')
+W025 = Warning(SECRET_KEY_WARNING_MSG, id="security.W025")
 
 
 def _security_middleware():
-    return 'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware' in settings.MIDDLEWARE
+    return "django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware" in settings.MIDDLEWARE
 
 
 def _xframe_middleware():
-    return 'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware' in settings.MIDDLEWARE
+    return (
+        "django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware" in settings.MIDDLEWARE
+    )
 
 
 @register(Tags.security, deploy=True)
@@ -164,9 +173,9 @@ def check_sts(app_configs, **kwargs):
 @register(Tags.security, deploy=True)
 def check_sts_include_subdomains(app_configs, **kwargs):
     passed_check = (
-        not _security_middleware() or
-        not settings.SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS or
-        settings.SECURE_HSTS_INCLUDE_SUBDOMAINS is True
+        not _security_middleware()
+        or not settings.SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS
+        or settings.SECURE_HSTS_INCLUDE_SUBDOMAINS is True
     )
     return [] if passed_check else [W005]
 
@@ -174,9 +183,9 @@ def check_sts_include_subdomains(app_configs, **kwargs):
 @register(Tags.security, deploy=True)
 def check_sts_preload(app_configs, **kwargs):
     passed_check = (
-        not _security_middleware() or
-        not settings.SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS or
-        settings.SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD is True
+        not _security_middleware()
+        or not settings.SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS
+        or settings.SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD is True
     )
     return [] if passed_check else [W021]
 
@@ -184,26 +193,22 @@ def check_sts_preload(app_configs, **kwargs):
 @register(Tags.security, deploy=True)
 def check_content_type_nosniff(app_configs, **kwargs):
     passed_check = (
-        not _security_middleware() or
-        settings.SECURE_CONTENT_TYPE_NOSNIFF is True
+        not _security_middleware() or settings.SECURE_CONTENT_TYPE_NOSNIFF is True
     )
     return [] if passed_check else [W006]
 
 
 @register(Tags.security, deploy=True)
 def check_ssl_redirect(app_configs, **kwargs):
-    passed_check = (
-        not _security_middleware() or
-        settings.SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT is True
-    )
+    passed_check = not _security_middleware() or settings.SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT is True
     return [] if passed_check else [W008]
 
 
 def _check_secret_key(secret_key):
     return (
-        len(set(secret_key)) >= SECRET_KEY_MIN_UNIQUE_CHARACTERS and
-        len(secret_key) >= SECRET_KEY_MIN_LENGTH and
-        not secret_key.startswith(SECRET_KEY_INSECURE_PREFIX)
+        len(set(secret_key)) >= SECRET_KEY_MIN_UNIQUE_CHARACTERS
+        and len(secret_key) >= SECRET_KEY_MIN_LENGTH
+        and not secret_key.startswith(SECRET_KEY_INSECURE_PREFIX)
     )
 
 
@@ -224,14 +229,12 @@ def check_secret_key_fallbacks(app_configs, **kwargs):
     try:
         fallbacks = settings.SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS
     except (ImproperlyConfigured, AttributeError):
-        warnings.append(
-            Warning(W025.msg % 'SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS', id=W025.id)
-        )
+        warnings.append(Warning(W025.msg % "SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS", id=W025.id))
     else:
         for index, key in enumerate(fallbacks):
             if not _check_secret_key(key):
                 warnings.append(
-                    Warning(W025.msg % f'SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS[{index}]', id=W025.id)
+                    Warning(W025.msg % f"SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS[{index}]", id=W025.id)
                 )
     return warnings
 
@@ -244,10 +247,7 @@ def check_debug(app_configs, **kwargs):
 
 @register(Tags.security, deploy=True)
 def check_xframe_deny(app_configs, **kwargs):
-    passed_check = (
-        not _xframe_middleware() or
-        settings.X_FRAME_OPTIONS == 'DENY'
-    )
+    passed_check = not _xframe_middleware() or settings.X_FRAME_OPTIONS == "DENY"
     return [] if passed_check else [W019]
 
 
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ def check_referrer_policy(app_configs, **kwargs):
             return [W022]
         # Support a comma-separated string or iterable of values to allow fallback.
         if isinstance(settings.SECURE_REFERRER_POLICY, str):
-            values = {v.strip() for v in settings.SECURE_REFERRER_POLICY.split(',')}
+            values = {v.strip() for v in settings.SECURE_REFERRER_POLICY.split(",")}
         else:
             values = set(settings.SECURE_REFERRER_POLICY)
         if not values <= REFERRER_POLICY_VALUES:
@@ -274,9 +274,10 @@ def check_referrer_policy(app_configs, **kwargs):
 @register(Tags.security, deploy=True)
 def check_cross_origin_opener_policy(app_configs, **kwargs):
     if (
-        _security_middleware() and
-        settings.SECURE_CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY is not None and
-        settings.SECURE_CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY not in CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY_VALUES
+        _security_middleware()
+        and settings.SECURE_CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY is not None
+        and settings.SECURE_CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY
+        not in CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY_VALUES
     ):
         return [E024]
     return []
diff --git a/django/core/checks/security/csrf.py b/django/core/checks/security/csrf.py
index 2b70d363e2..ea65e48c94 100644
--- a/django/core/checks/security/csrf.py
+++ b/django/core/checks/security/csrf.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ W003 = Warning(
     "('django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware' is not in your "
     "MIDDLEWARE). Enabling the middleware is the safest approach "
     "to ensure you don't leave any holes.",
-    id='security.W003',
+    id="security.W003",
 )
 
 W016 = Warning(
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ W016 = Warning(
     "MIDDLEWARE, but you have not set CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE to True. "
     "Using a secure-only CSRF cookie makes it more difficult for network "
     "traffic sniffers to steal the CSRF token.",
-    id='security.W016',
+    id="security.W016",
 )
 
 
 def _csrf_middleware():
-    return 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware' in settings.MIDDLEWARE
+    return "django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware" in settings.MIDDLEWARE
 
 
 @register(Tags.security, deploy=True)
@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ def check_csrf_middleware(app_configs, **kwargs):
 @register(Tags.security, deploy=True)
 def check_csrf_cookie_secure(app_configs, **kwargs):
     passed_check = (
-        settings.CSRF_USE_SESSIONS or
-        not _csrf_middleware() or
-        settings.CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE
+        settings.CSRF_USE_SESSIONS
+        or not _csrf_middleware()
+        or settings.CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE
     )
     return [] if passed_check else [W016]
 
@@ -51,17 +51,17 @@ def check_csrf_failure_view(app_configs, **kwargs):
         view = _get_failure_view()
     except ImportError:
         msg = (
-            "The CSRF failure view '%s' could not be imported." %
-            settings.CSRF_FAILURE_VIEW
+            "The CSRF failure view '%s' could not be imported."
+            % settings.CSRF_FAILURE_VIEW
         )
-        errors.append(Error(msg, id='security.E102'))
+        errors.append(Error(msg, id="security.E102"))
     else:
         try:
             inspect.signature(view).bind(None, reason=None)
         except TypeError:
             msg = (
-                "The CSRF failure view '%s' does not take the correct number of arguments." %
-                settings.CSRF_FAILURE_VIEW
+                "The CSRF failure view '%s' does not take the correct number of arguments."
+                % settings.CSRF_FAILURE_VIEW
             )
-            errors.append(Error(msg, id='security.E101'))
+            errors.append(Error(msg, id="security.E101"))
     return errors
diff --git a/django/core/checks/security/sessions.py b/django/core/checks/security/sessions.py
index 1f31a167fa..7c251c0601 100644
--- a/django/core/checks/security/sessions.py
+++ b/django/core/checks/security/sessions.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ W010 = Warning(
         "You have 'django.contrib.sessions' in your INSTALLED_APPS, "
         "but you have not set SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE to True."
     ),
-    id='security.W010',
+    id="security.W010",
 )
 
 W011 = Warning(
@@ -24,12 +24,12 @@ W011 = Warning(
         "in your MIDDLEWARE, but you have not set "
         "SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE to True."
     ),
-    id='security.W011',
+    id="security.W011",
 )
 
 W012 = Warning(
     add_session_cookie_message("SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE is not set to True."),
-    id='security.W012',
+    id="security.W012",
 )
 
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ W013 = Warning(
         "You have 'django.contrib.sessions' in your INSTALLED_APPS, "
         "but you have not set SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY to True.",
     ),
-    id='security.W013',
+    id="security.W013",
 )
 
 W014 = Warning(
@@ -54,12 +54,12 @@ W014 = Warning(
         "in your MIDDLEWARE, but you have not set "
         "SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY to True."
     ),
-    id='security.W014',
+    id="security.W014",
 )
 
 W015 = Warning(
     add_httponly_message("SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY is not set to True."),
-    id='security.W015',
+    id="security.W015",
 )
 
 
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ def check_session_cookie_httponly(app_configs, **kwargs):
 
 
 def _session_middleware():
-    return 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware' in settings.MIDDLEWARE
+    return "django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware" in settings.MIDDLEWARE
 
 
 def _session_app():
diff --git a/django/core/checks/templates.py b/django/core/checks/templates.py
index 14325bd3e0..5214276987 100644
--- a/django/core/checks/templates.py
+++ b/django/core/checks/templates.py
@@ -9,34 +9,40 @@ from . import Error, Tags, register
 E001 = Error(
     "You have 'APP_DIRS': True in your TEMPLATES but also specify 'loaders' "
     "in OPTIONS. Either remove APP_DIRS or remove the 'loaders' option.",
-    id='templates.E001',
+    id="templates.E001",
 )
 E002 = Error(
     "'string_if_invalid' in TEMPLATES OPTIONS must be a string but got: {} ({}).",
     id="templates.E002",
 )
 E003 = Error(
-    '{} is used for multiple template tag modules: {}',
-    id='templates.E003',
+    "{} is used for multiple template tag modules: {}",
+    id="templates.E003",
 )
 
 
 @register(Tags.templates)
 def check_setting_app_dirs_loaders(app_configs, **kwargs):
-    return [E001] if any(
-        conf.get('APP_DIRS') and 'loaders' in conf.get('OPTIONS', {})
-        for conf in settings.TEMPLATES
-    ) else []
+    return (
+        [E001]
+        if any(
+            conf.get("APP_DIRS") and "loaders" in conf.get("OPTIONS", {})
+            for conf in settings.TEMPLATES
+        )
+        else []
+    )
 
 
 @register(Tags.templates)
 def check_string_if_invalid_is_string(app_configs, **kwargs):
     errors = []
     for conf in settings.TEMPLATES:
-        string_if_invalid = conf.get('OPTIONS', {}).get('string_if_invalid', '')
+        string_if_invalid = conf.get("OPTIONS", {}).get("string_if_invalid", "")
         if not isinstance(string_if_invalid, str):
             error = copy.copy(E002)
-            error.msg = error.msg.format(string_if_invalid, type(string_if_invalid).__name__)
+            error.msg = error.msg.format(
+                string_if_invalid, type(string_if_invalid).__name__
+            )
             errors.append(error)
     return errors
 
@@ -47,7 +53,7 @@ def check_for_template_tags_with_the_same_name(app_configs, **kwargs):
     libraries = defaultdict(list)
 
     for conf in settings.TEMPLATES:
-        custom_libraries = conf.get('OPTIONS', {}).get('libraries', {})
+        custom_libraries = conf.get("OPTIONS", {}).get("libraries", {})
         for module_name, module_path in custom_libraries.items():
             libraries[module_name].append(module_path)
 
@@ -56,12 +62,14 @@ def check_for_template_tags_with_the_same_name(app_configs, **kwargs):
 
     for library_name, items in libraries.items():
         if len(items) > 1:
-            errors.append(Error(
-                E003.msg.format(
-                    repr(library_name),
-                    ', '.join(repr(item) for item in items),
-                ),
-                id=E003.id,
-            ))
+            errors.append(
+                Error(
+                    E003.msg.format(
+                        repr(library_name),
+                        ", ".join(repr(item) for item in items),
+                    ),
+                    id=E003.id,
+                )
+            )
 
     return errors
diff --git a/django/core/checks/translation.py b/django/core/checks/translation.py
index 8457a6b89d..214e970373 100644
--- a/django/core/checks/translation.py
+++ b/django/core/checks/translation.py
@@ -5,24 +5,24 @@ from django.utils.translation.trans_real import language_code_re
 from . import Error, Tags, register
 
 E001 = Error(
-    'You have provided an invalid value for the LANGUAGE_CODE setting: {!r}.',
-    id='translation.E001',
+    "You have provided an invalid value for the LANGUAGE_CODE setting: {!r}.",
+    id="translation.E001",
 )
 
 E002 = Error(
-    'You have provided an invalid language code in the LANGUAGES setting: {!r}.',
-    id='translation.E002',
+    "You have provided an invalid language code in the LANGUAGES setting: {!r}.",
+    id="translation.E002",
 )
 
 E003 = Error(
-    'You have provided an invalid language code in the LANGUAGES_BIDI setting: {!r}.',
-    id='translation.E003',
+    "You have provided an invalid language code in the LANGUAGES_BIDI setting: {!r}.",
+    id="translation.E003",
 )
 
 E004 = Error(
-    'You have provided a value for the LANGUAGE_CODE setting that is not in '
-    'the LANGUAGES setting.',
-    id='translation.E004',
+    "You have provided a value for the LANGUAGE_CODE setting that is not in "
+    "the LANGUAGES setting.",
+    id="translation.E004",
 )
 
 
@@ -40,7 +40,8 @@ def check_setting_languages(app_configs, **kwargs):
     """Error if LANGUAGES setting is invalid."""
     return [
         Error(E002.msg.format(tag), id=E002.id)
-        for tag, _ in settings.LANGUAGES if not isinstance(tag, str) or not language_code_re.match(tag)
+        for tag, _ in settings.LANGUAGES
+        if not isinstance(tag, str) or not language_code_re.match(tag)
     ]
 
 
@@ -49,7 +50,8 @@ def check_setting_languages_bidi(app_configs, **kwargs):
     """Error if LANGUAGES_BIDI setting is invalid."""
     return [
         Error(E003.msg.format(tag), id=E003.id)
-        for tag in settings.LANGUAGES_BIDI if not isinstance(tag, str) or not language_code_re.match(tag)
+        for tag in settings.LANGUAGES_BIDI
+        if not isinstance(tag, str) or not language_code_re.match(tag)
     ]
 
 
diff --git a/django/core/checks/urls.py b/django/core/checks/urls.py
index e51ca3fc1f..34eff9671d 100644
--- a/django/core/checks/urls.py
+++ b/django/core/checks/urls.py
@@ -7,8 +7,9 @@ from . import Error, Tags, Warning, register
 
 @register(Tags.urls)
 def check_url_config(app_configs, **kwargs):
-    if getattr(settings, 'ROOT_URLCONF', None):
+    if getattr(settings, "ROOT_URLCONF", None):
         from django.urls import get_resolver
+
         resolver = get_resolver()
         return check_resolver(resolver)
     return []
@@ -18,10 +19,10 @@ def check_resolver(resolver):
     """
     Recursively check the resolver.
     """
-    check_method = getattr(resolver, 'check', None)
+    check_method = getattr(resolver, "check", None)
     if check_method is not None:
         return check_method()
-    elif not hasattr(resolver, 'resolve'):
+    elif not hasattr(resolver, "resolve"):
         return get_warning_for_invalid_pattern(resolver)
     else:
         return []
@@ -32,21 +33,24 @@ def check_url_namespaces_unique(app_configs, **kwargs):
     """
     Warn if URL namespaces used in applications aren't unique.
     """
-    if not getattr(settings, 'ROOT_URLCONF', None):
+    if not getattr(settings, "ROOT_URLCONF", None):
         return []
 
     from django.urls import get_resolver
+
     resolver = get_resolver()
     all_namespaces = _load_all_namespaces(resolver)
     counter = Counter(all_namespaces)
     non_unique_namespaces = [n for n, count in counter.items() if count > 1]
     errors = []
     for namespace in non_unique_namespaces:
-        errors.append(Warning(
-            "URL namespace '{}' isn't unique. You may not be able to reverse "
-            "all URLs in this namespace".format(namespace),
-            id="urls.W005",
-        ))
+        errors.append(
+            Warning(
+                "URL namespace '{}' isn't unique. You may not be able to reverse "
+                "all URLs in this namespace".format(namespace),
+                id="urls.W005",
+            )
+        )
     return errors
 
 
@@ -54,13 +58,14 @@ def _load_all_namespaces(resolver, parents=()):
     """
     Recursively load all namespaces from URL patterns.
     """
-    url_patterns = getattr(resolver, 'url_patterns', [])
+    url_patterns = getattr(resolver, "url_patterns", [])
     namespaces = [
-        ':'.join(parents + (url.namespace,)) for url in url_patterns
-        if getattr(url, 'namespace', None) is not None
+        ":".join(parents + (url.namespace,))
+        for url in url_patterns
+        if getattr(url, "namespace", None) is not None
     ]
     for pattern in url_patterns:
-        namespace = getattr(pattern, 'namespace', None)
+        namespace = getattr(pattern, "namespace", None)
         current = parents
         if namespace is not None:
             current += (namespace,)
@@ -85,26 +90,28 @@ def get_warning_for_invalid_pattern(pattern):
     else:
         hint = None
 
-    return [Error(
-        "Your URL pattern {!r} is invalid. Ensure that urlpatterns is a list "
-        "of path() and/or re_path() instances.".format(pattern),
-        hint=hint,
-        id="urls.E004",
-    )]
+    return [
+        Error(
+            "Your URL pattern {!r} is invalid. Ensure that urlpatterns is a list "
+            "of path() and/or re_path() instances.".format(pattern),
+            hint=hint,
+            id="urls.E004",
+        )
+    ]
 
 
 @register(Tags.urls)
 def check_url_settings(app_configs, **kwargs):
     errors = []
-    for name in ('STATIC_URL', 'MEDIA_URL'):
+    for name in ("STATIC_URL", "MEDIA_URL"):
         value = getattr(settings, name)
-        if value and not value.endswith('/'):
+        if value and not value.endswith("/"):
             errors.append(E006(name))
     return errors
 
 
 def E006(name):
     return Error(
-        'The {} setting must end with a slash.'.format(name),
-        id='urls.E006',
+        "The {} setting must end with a slash.".format(name),
+        id="urls.E006",
     )
diff --git a/django/core/exceptions.py b/django/core/exceptions.py
index 673d004d57..7be4e16bc5 100644
--- a/django/core/exceptions.py
+++ b/django/core/exceptions.py
@@ -8,21 +8,25 @@ from django.utils.hashable import make_hashable
 
 class FieldDoesNotExist(Exception):
     """The requested model field does not exist"""
+
     pass
 
 
 class AppRegistryNotReady(Exception):
     """The django.apps registry is not populated yet"""
+
     pass
 
 
 class ObjectDoesNotExist(Exception):
     """The requested object does not exist"""
+
     silent_variable_failure = True
 
 
 class MultipleObjectsReturned(Exception):
     """The query returned multiple objects when only one was expected."""
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -32,21 +36,25 @@ class SuspiciousOperation(Exception):
 
 class SuspiciousMultipartForm(SuspiciousOperation):
     """Suspect MIME request in multipart form data"""
+
     pass
 
 
 class SuspiciousFileOperation(SuspiciousOperation):
     """A Suspicious filesystem operation was attempted"""
+
     pass
 
 
 class DisallowedHost(SuspiciousOperation):
     """HTTP_HOST header contains invalid value"""
+
     pass
 
 
 class DisallowedRedirect(SuspiciousOperation):
     """Redirect to scheme not in allowed list"""
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -55,6 +63,7 @@ class TooManyFieldsSent(SuspiciousOperation):
     The number of fields in a GET or POST request exceeded
     settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_NUMBER_FIELDS.
     """
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -63,49 +72,58 @@ class RequestDataTooBig(SuspiciousOperation):
     The size of the request (excluding any file uploads) exceeded
     settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE.
     """
+
     pass
 
 
 class RequestAborted(Exception):
     """The request was closed before it was completed, or timed out."""
+
     pass
 
 
 class BadRequest(Exception):
     """The request is malformed and cannot be processed."""
+
     pass
 
 
 class PermissionDenied(Exception):
     """The user did not have permission to do that"""
+
     pass
 
 
 class ViewDoesNotExist(Exception):
     """The requested view does not exist"""
+
     pass
 
 
 class MiddlewareNotUsed(Exception):
     """This middleware is not used in this server configuration"""
+
     pass
 
 
 class ImproperlyConfigured(Exception):
     """Django is somehow improperly configured"""
+
     pass
 
 
 class FieldError(Exception):
     """Some kind of problem with a model field."""
+
     pass
 
 
-NON_FIELD_ERRORS = '__all__'
+NON_FIELD_ERRORS = "__all__"
 
 
 class ValidationError(Exception):
     """An error while validating data."""
+
     def __init__(self, message, code=None, params=None):
         """
         The `message` argument can be a single error, a list of errors, or a
@@ -118,9 +136,9 @@ class ValidationError(Exception):
         super().__init__(message, code, params)
 
         if isinstance(message, ValidationError):
-            if hasattr(message, 'error_dict'):
+            if hasattr(message, "error_dict"):
                 message = message.error_dict
-            elif not hasattr(message, 'message'):
+            elif not hasattr(message, "message"):
                 message = message.error_list
             else:
                 message, code, params = message.message, message.code, message.params
@@ -138,7 +156,7 @@ class ValidationError(Exception):
                 # Normalize plain strings to instances of ValidationError.
                 if not isinstance(message, ValidationError):
                     message = ValidationError(message)
-                if hasattr(message, 'error_dict'):
+                if hasattr(message, "error_dict"):
                     self.error_list.extend(sum(message.error_dict.values(), []))
                 else:
                     self.error_list.extend(message.error_list)
@@ -153,18 +171,18 @@ class ValidationError(Exception):
     def message_dict(self):
         # Trigger an AttributeError if this ValidationError
         # doesn't have an error_dict.
-        getattr(self, 'error_dict')
+        getattr(self, "error_dict")
 
         return dict(self)
 
     @property
     def messages(self):
-        if hasattr(self, 'error_dict'):
+        if hasattr(self, "error_dict"):
             return sum(dict(self).values(), [])
         return list(self)
 
     def update_error_dict(self, error_dict):
-        if hasattr(self, 'error_dict'):
+        if hasattr(self, "error_dict"):
             for field, error_list in self.error_dict.items():
                 error_dict.setdefault(field, []).extend(error_list)
         else:
@@ -172,7 +190,7 @@ class ValidationError(Exception):
         return error_dict
 
     def __iter__(self):
-        if hasattr(self, 'error_dict'):
+        if hasattr(self, "error_dict"):
             for field, errors in self.error_dict.items():
                 yield field, list(ValidationError(errors))
         else:
@@ -183,12 +201,12 @@ class ValidationError(Exception):
                 yield str(message)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        if hasattr(self, 'error_dict'):
+        if hasattr(self, "error_dict"):
             return repr(dict(self))
         return repr(list(self))
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return 'ValidationError(%s)' % self
+        return "ValidationError(%s)" % self
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         if not isinstance(other, ValidationError):
@@ -196,22 +214,26 @@ class ValidationError(Exception):
         return hash(self) == hash(other)
 
     def __hash__(self):
-        if hasattr(self, 'message'):
-            return hash((
-                self.message,
-                self.code,
-                make_hashable(self.params),
-            ))
-        if hasattr(self, 'error_dict'):
+        if hasattr(self, "message"):
+            return hash(
+                (
+                    self.message,
+                    self.code,
+                    make_hashable(self.params),
+                )
+            )
+        if hasattr(self, "error_dict"):
             return hash(make_hashable(self.error_dict))
-        return hash(tuple(sorted(self.error_list, key=operator.attrgetter('message'))))
+        return hash(tuple(sorted(self.error_list, key=operator.attrgetter("message"))))
 
 
 class EmptyResultSet(Exception):
     """A database query predicate is impossible."""
+
     pass
 
 
 class SynchronousOnlyOperation(Exception):
     """The user tried to call a sync-only function from an async context."""
+
     pass
diff --git a/django/core/files/__init__.py b/django/core/files/__init__.py
index 58a6fd8f85..d046aca084 100644
--- a/django/core/files/__init__.py
+++ b/django/core/files/__init__.py
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 from django.core.files.base import File
 
-__all__ = ['File']
+__all__ = ["File"]
diff --git a/django/core/files/base.py b/django/core/files/base.py
index 2ac662ed7c..3ca43ec254 100644
--- a/django/core/files/base.py
+++ b/django/core/files/base.py
@@ -6,18 +6,18 @@ from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
 
 class File(FileProxyMixin):
-    DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE = 64 * 2 ** 10
+    DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE = 64 * 2**10
 
     def __init__(self, file, name=None):
         self.file = file
         if name is None:
-            name = getattr(file, 'name', None)
+            name = getattr(file, "name", None)
         self.name = name
-        if hasattr(file, 'mode'):
+        if hasattr(file, "mode"):
             self.mode = file.mode
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return self.name or ''
+        return self.name or ""
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "<%s: %s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self or "None")
@@ -30,14 +30,14 @@ class File(FileProxyMixin):
 
     @cached_property
     def size(self):
-        if hasattr(self.file, 'size'):
+        if hasattr(self.file, "size"):
             return self.file.size
-        if hasattr(self.file, 'name'):
+        if hasattr(self.file, "name"):
             try:
                 return os.path.getsize(self.file.name)
             except (OSError, TypeError):
                 pass
-        if hasattr(self.file, 'tell') and hasattr(self.file, 'seek'):
+        if hasattr(self.file, "tell") and hasattr(self.file, "seek"):
             pos = self.file.tell()
             self.file.seek(0, os.SEEK_END)
             size = self.file.tell()
@@ -122,13 +122,14 @@ class ContentFile(File):
     """
     A File-like object that takes just raw content, rather than an actual file.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, content, name=None):
         stream_class = StringIO if isinstance(content, str) else BytesIO
         super().__init__(stream_class(content), name=name)
         self.size = len(content)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return 'Raw content'
+        return "Raw content"
 
     def __bool__(self):
         return True
@@ -141,20 +142,20 @@ class ContentFile(File):
         pass
 
     def write(self, data):
-        self.__dict__.pop('size', None)  # Clear the computed size.
+        self.__dict__.pop("size", None)  # Clear the computed size.
         return self.file.write(data)
 
 
 def endswith_cr(line):
     """Return True if line (a text or bytestring) ends with '\r'."""
-    return line.endswith('\r' if isinstance(line, str) else b'\r')
+    return line.endswith("\r" if isinstance(line, str) else b"\r")
 
 
 def endswith_lf(line):
     """Return True if line (a text or bytestring) ends with '\n'."""
-    return line.endswith('\n' if isinstance(line, str) else b'\n')
+    return line.endswith("\n" if isinstance(line, str) else b"\n")
 
 
 def equals_lf(line):
     """Return True if line (a text or bytestring) equals '\n'."""
-    return line == ('\n' if isinstance(line, str) else b'\n')
+    return line == ("\n" if isinstance(line, str) else b"\n")
diff --git a/django/core/files/images.py b/django/core/files/images.py
index a1252f2c8b..6a603f24fc 100644
--- a/django/core/files/images.py
+++ b/django/core/files/images.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ class ImageFile(File):
     A mixin for use alongside django.core.files.base.File, which provides
     additional features for dealing with images.
     """
+
     @property
     def width(self):
         return self._get_image_dimensions()[0]
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ class ImageFile(File):
         return self._get_image_dimensions()[1]
 
     def _get_image_dimensions(self):
-        if not hasattr(self, '_dimensions_cache'):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_dimensions_cache"):
             close = self.closed
             self.open()
             self._dimensions_cache = get_image_dimensions(self, close=close)
@@ -39,13 +40,13 @@ def get_image_dimensions(file_or_path, close=False):
     from PIL import ImageFile as PillowImageFile
 
     p = PillowImageFile.Parser()
-    if hasattr(file_or_path, 'read'):
+    if hasattr(file_or_path, "read"):
         file = file_or_path
         file_pos = file.tell()
         file.seek(0)
     else:
         try:
-            file = open(file_or_path, 'rb')
+            file = open(file_or_path, "rb")
         except OSError:
             return (None, None)
         close = True
diff --git a/django/core/files/locks.py b/django/core/files/locks.py
index fdb9665332..da1a25fcf0 100644
--- a/django/core/files/locks.py
+++ b/django/core/files/locks.py
@@ -18,18 +18,25 @@ Example Usage::
 """
 import os
 
-__all__ = ('LOCK_EX', 'LOCK_SH', 'LOCK_NB', 'lock', 'unlock')
+__all__ = ("LOCK_EX", "LOCK_SH", "LOCK_NB", "lock", "unlock")
 
 
 def _fd(f):
     """Get a filedescriptor from something which could be a file or an fd."""
-    return f.fileno() if hasattr(f, 'fileno') else f
+    return f.fileno() if hasattr(f, "fileno") else f
 
 
-if os.name == 'nt':
+if os.name == "nt":
     import msvcrt
     from ctypes import (
-        POINTER, Structure, Union, byref, c_int64, c_ulong, c_void_p, sizeof,
+        POINTER,
+        Structure,
+        Union,
+        byref,
+        c_int64,
+        c_ulong,
+        c_void_p,
+        sizeof,
         windll,
     )
     from ctypes.wintypes import BOOL, DWORD, HANDLE
@@ -48,23 +55,20 @@ if os.name == 'nt':
 
     # --- Union inside Structure by stackoverflow:3480240 ---
     class _OFFSET(Structure):
-        _fields_ = [
-            ('Offset', DWORD),
-            ('OffsetHigh', DWORD)]
+        _fields_ = [("Offset", DWORD), ("OffsetHigh", DWORD)]
 
     class _OFFSET_UNION(Union):
-        _anonymous_ = ['_offset']
-        _fields_ = [
-            ('_offset', _OFFSET),
-            ('Pointer', PVOID)]
+        _anonymous_ = ["_offset"]
+        _fields_ = [("_offset", _OFFSET), ("Pointer", PVOID)]
 
     class OVERLAPPED(Structure):
-        _anonymous_ = ['_offset_union']
+        _anonymous_ = ["_offset_union"]
         _fields_ = [
-            ('Internal', ULONG_PTR),
-            ('InternalHigh', ULONG_PTR),
-            ('_offset_union', _OFFSET_UNION),
-            ('hEvent', HANDLE)]
+            ("Internal", ULONG_PTR),
+            ("InternalHigh", ULONG_PTR),
+            ("_offset_union", _OFFSET_UNION),
+            ("hEvent", HANDLE),
+        ]
 
     LPOVERLAPPED = POINTER(OVERLAPPED)
 
@@ -87,9 +91,11 @@ if os.name == 'nt':
         overlapped = OVERLAPPED()
         ret = UnlockFileEx(hfile, 0, 0, 0xFFFF0000, byref(overlapped))
         return bool(ret)
+
 else:
     try:
         import fcntl
+
         LOCK_SH = fcntl.LOCK_SH  # shared lock
         LOCK_NB = fcntl.LOCK_NB  # non-blocking
         LOCK_EX = fcntl.LOCK_EX
@@ -105,7 +111,9 @@ else:
         def unlock(f):
             # File is unlocked
             return True
+
     else:
+
         def lock(f, flags):
             try:
                 fcntl.flock(_fd(f), flags)
diff --git a/django/core/files/move.py b/django/core/files/move.py
index 2cce7848ca..2d71e11885 100644
--- a/django/core/files/move.py
+++ b/django/core/files/move.py
@@ -11,23 +11,26 @@ from shutil import copystat
 
 from django.core.files import locks
 
-__all__ = ['file_move_safe']
+__all__ = ["file_move_safe"]
 
 
 def _samefile(src, dst):
     # Macintosh, Unix.
-    if hasattr(os.path, 'samefile'):
+    if hasattr(os.path, "samefile"):
         try:
             return os.path.samefile(src, dst)
         except OSError:
             return False
 
     # All other platforms: check for same pathname.
-    return (os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(src)) ==
-            os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(dst)))
+    return os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(src)) == os.path.normcase(
+        os.path.abspath(dst)
+    )
 
 
-def file_move_safe(old_file_name, new_file_name, chunk_size=1024 * 64, allow_overwrite=False):
+def file_move_safe(
+    old_file_name, new_file_name, chunk_size=1024 * 64, allow_overwrite=False
+):
     """
     Move a file from one location to another in the safest way possible.
 
@@ -43,7 +46,10 @@ def file_move_safe(old_file_name, new_file_name, chunk_size=1024 * 64, allow_ove
 
     try:
         if not allow_overwrite and os.access(new_file_name, os.F_OK):
-            raise FileExistsError('Destination file %s exists and allow_overwrite is False.' % new_file_name)
+            raise FileExistsError(
+                "Destination file %s exists and allow_overwrite is False."
+                % new_file_name
+            )
 
         os.rename(old_file_name, new_file_name)
         return
@@ -53,14 +59,21 @@ def file_move_safe(old_file_name, new_file_name, chunk_size=1024 * 64, allow_ove
         pass
 
     # first open the old file, so that it won't go away
-    with open(old_file_name, 'rb') as old_file:
+    with open(old_file_name, "rb") as old_file:
         # now open the new file, not forgetting allow_overwrite
-        fd = os.open(new_file_name, (os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT | getattr(os, 'O_BINARY', 0) |
-                                     (os.O_EXCL if not allow_overwrite else 0)))
+        fd = os.open(
+            new_file_name,
+            (
+                os.O_WRONLY
+                | os.O_CREAT
+                | getattr(os, "O_BINARY", 0)
+                | (os.O_EXCL if not allow_overwrite else 0)
+            ),
+        )
         try:
             locks.lock(fd, locks.LOCK_EX)
             current_chunk = None
-            while current_chunk != b'':
+            while current_chunk != b"":
                 current_chunk = old_file.read(chunk_size)
                 os.write(fd, current_chunk)
         finally:
@@ -83,5 +96,5 @@ def file_move_safe(old_file_name, new_file_name, chunk_size=1024 * 64, allow_ove
         # fail when deleting opened files, ignore it.  (For the
         # systems where this happens, temporary files will be auto-deleted
         # on close anyway.)
-        if getattr(e, 'winerror', 0) != 32:
+        if getattr(e, "winerror", 0) != 32:
             raise
diff --git a/django/core/files/storage.py b/django/core/files/storage.py
index bbb3e8b21d..690456aa71 100644
--- a/django/core/files/storage.py
+++ b/django/core/files/storage.py
@@ -19,8 +19,11 @@ from django.utils.module_loading import import_string
 from django.utils.text import get_valid_filename
 
 __all__ = (
-    'Storage', 'FileSystemStorage', 'DefaultStorage', 'default_storage',
-    'get_storage_class',
+    "Storage",
+    "FileSystemStorage",
+    "DefaultStorage",
+    "default_storage",
+    "get_storage_class",
 )
 
 
@@ -33,7 +36,7 @@ class Storage:
     # The following methods represent a public interface to private methods.
     # These shouldn't be overridden by subclasses unless absolutely necessary.
 
-    def open(self, name, mode='rb'):
+    def open(self, name, mode="rb"):
         """Retrieve the specified file from storage."""
         return self._open(name, mode)
 
@@ -47,7 +50,7 @@ class Storage:
         if name is None:
             name = content.name
 
-        if not hasattr(content, 'chunks'):
+        if not hasattr(content, "chunks"):
             content = File(content, name)
 
         name = self.get_available_name(name, max_length=max_length)
@@ -71,17 +74,19 @@ class Storage:
         character alphanumeric string (before the file extension, if one
         exists) to the filename.
         """
-        return '%s_%s%s' % (file_root, get_random_string(7), file_ext)
+        return "%s_%s%s" % (file_root, get_random_string(7), file_ext)
 
     def get_available_name(self, name, max_length=None):
         """
         Return a filename that's free on the target storage system and
         available for new content to be written to.
         """
-        name = str(name).replace('\\', '/')
+        name = str(name).replace("\\", "/")
         dir_name, file_name = os.path.split(name)
-        if '..' in pathlib.PurePath(dir_name).parts:
-            raise SuspiciousFileOperation("Detected path traversal attempt in '%s'" % dir_name)
+        if ".." in pathlib.PurePath(dir_name).parts:
+            raise SuspiciousFileOperation(
+                "Detected path traversal attempt in '%s'" % dir_name
+            )
         validate_file_name(file_name)
         file_root, file_ext = os.path.splitext(file_name)
         # If the filename already exists, generate an alternative filename
@@ -90,7 +95,9 @@ class Storage:
         # exceed the max_length.
         while self.exists(name) or (max_length and len(name) > max_length):
             # file_ext includes the dot.
-            name = os.path.join(dir_name, self.get_alternative_name(file_root, file_ext))
+            name = os.path.join(
+                dir_name, self.get_alternative_name(file_root, file_ext)
+            )
             if max_length is None:
                 continue
             # Truncate file_root if max_length exceeded.
@@ -101,10 +108,12 @@ class Storage:
                 if not file_root:
                     raise SuspiciousFileOperation(
                         'Storage can not find an available filename for "%s". '
-                        'Please make sure that the corresponding file field '
+                        "Please make sure that the corresponding file field "
                         'allows sufficient "max_length".' % name
                     )
-                name = os.path.join(dir_name, self.get_alternative_name(file_root, file_ext))
+                name = os.path.join(
+                    dir_name, self.get_alternative_name(file_root, file_ext)
+                )
         return name
 
     def generate_filename(self, filename):
@@ -112,11 +121,13 @@ class Storage:
         Validate the filename by calling get_valid_name() and return a filename
         to be passed to the save() method.
         """
-        filename = str(filename).replace('\\', '/')
+        filename = str(filename).replace("\\", "/")
         # `filename` may include a path as returned by FileField.upload_to.
         dirname, filename = os.path.split(filename)
-        if '..' in pathlib.PurePath(dirname).parts:
-            raise SuspiciousFileOperation("Detected path traversal attempt in '%s'" % dirname)
+        if ".." in pathlib.PurePath(dirname).parts:
+            raise SuspiciousFileOperation(
+                "Detected path traversal attempt in '%s'" % dirname
+            )
         return os.path.normpath(os.path.join(dirname, self.get_valid_name(filename)))
 
     def path(self, name):
@@ -134,55 +145,67 @@ class Storage:
         """
         Delete the specified file from the storage system.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of Storage must provide a delete() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of Storage must provide a delete() method"
+        )
 
     def exists(self, name):
         """
         Return True if a file referenced by the given name already exists in the
         storage system, or False if the name is available for a new file.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of Storage must provide an exists() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of Storage must provide an exists() method"
+        )
 
     def listdir(self, path):
         """
         List the contents of the specified path. Return a 2-tuple of lists:
         the first item being directories, the second item being files.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of Storage must provide a listdir() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of Storage must provide a listdir() method"
+        )
 
     def size(self, name):
         """
         Return the total size, in bytes, of the file specified by name.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of Storage must provide a size() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError("subclasses of Storage must provide a size() method")
 
     def url(self, name):
         """
         Return an absolute URL where the file's contents can be accessed
         directly by a web browser.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of Storage must provide a url() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError("subclasses of Storage must provide a url() method")
 
     def get_accessed_time(self, name):
         """
         Return the last accessed time (as a datetime) of the file specified by
         name. The datetime will be timezone-aware if USE_TZ=True.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of Storage must provide a get_accessed_time() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of Storage must provide a get_accessed_time() method"
+        )
 
     def get_created_time(self, name):
         """
         Return the creation time (as a datetime) of the file specified by name.
         The datetime will be timezone-aware if USE_TZ=True.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of Storage must provide a get_created_time() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of Storage must provide a get_created_time() method"
+        )
 
     def get_modified_time(self, name):
         """
         Return the last modified time (as a datetime) of the file specified by
         name. The datetime will be timezone-aware if USE_TZ=True.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of Storage must provide a get_modified_time() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of Storage must provide a get_modified_time() method"
+        )
 
 
 @deconstructible
@@ -190,12 +213,18 @@ class FileSystemStorage(Storage):
     """
     Standard filesystem storage
     """
+
     # The combination of O_CREAT and O_EXCL makes os.open() raise OSError if
     # the file already exists before it's opened.
-    OS_OPEN_FLAGS = os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL | getattr(os, 'O_BINARY', 0)
+    OS_OPEN_FLAGS = os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL | getattr(os, "O_BINARY", 0)
 
-    def __init__(self, location=None, base_url=None, file_permissions_mode=None,
-                 directory_permissions_mode=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        location=None,
+        base_url=None,
+        file_permissions_mode=None,
+        directory_permissions_mode=None,
+    ):
         self._location = location
         self._base_url = base_url
         self._file_permissions_mode = file_permissions_mode
@@ -204,15 +233,15 @@ class FileSystemStorage(Storage):
 
     def _clear_cached_properties(self, setting, **kwargs):
         """Reset setting based property values."""
-        if setting == 'MEDIA_ROOT':
-            self.__dict__.pop('base_location', None)
-            self.__dict__.pop('location', None)
-        elif setting == 'MEDIA_URL':
-            self.__dict__.pop('base_url', None)
-        elif setting == 'FILE_UPLOAD_PERMISSIONS':
-            self.__dict__.pop('file_permissions_mode', None)
-        elif setting == 'FILE_UPLOAD_DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS':
-            self.__dict__.pop('directory_permissions_mode', None)
+        if setting == "MEDIA_ROOT":
+            self.__dict__.pop("base_location", None)
+            self.__dict__.pop("location", None)
+        elif setting == "MEDIA_URL":
+            self.__dict__.pop("base_url", None)
+        elif setting == "FILE_UPLOAD_PERMISSIONS":
+            self.__dict__.pop("file_permissions_mode", None)
+        elif setting == "FILE_UPLOAD_DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS":
+            self.__dict__.pop("directory_permissions_mode", None)
 
     def _value_or_setting(self, value, setting):
         return setting if value is None else value
@@ -227,19 +256,23 @@ class FileSystemStorage(Storage):
 
     @cached_property
     def base_url(self):
-        if self._base_url is not None and not self._base_url.endswith('/'):
-            self._base_url += '/'
+        if self._base_url is not None and not self._base_url.endswith("/"):
+            self._base_url += "/"
         return self._value_or_setting(self._base_url, settings.MEDIA_URL)
 
     @cached_property
     def file_permissions_mode(self):
-        return self._value_or_setting(self._file_permissions_mode, settings.FILE_UPLOAD_PERMISSIONS)
+        return self._value_or_setting(
+            self._file_permissions_mode, settings.FILE_UPLOAD_PERMISSIONS
+        )
 
     @cached_property
     def directory_permissions_mode(self):
-        return self._value_or_setting(self._directory_permissions_mode, settings.FILE_UPLOAD_DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS)
+        return self._value_or_setting(
+            self._directory_permissions_mode, settings.FILE_UPLOAD_DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS
+        )
 
-    def _open(self, name, mode='rb'):
+    def _open(self, name, mode="rb"):
         return File(open(self.path(name), mode))
 
     def _save(self, name, content):
@@ -253,13 +286,15 @@ class FileSystemStorage(Storage):
                 # argument to intermediate-level directories.
                 old_umask = os.umask(0o777 & ~self.directory_permissions_mode)
                 try:
-                    os.makedirs(directory, self.directory_permissions_mode, exist_ok=True)
+                    os.makedirs(
+                        directory, self.directory_permissions_mode, exist_ok=True
+                    )
                 finally:
                     os.umask(old_umask)
             else:
                 os.makedirs(directory, exist_ok=True)
         except FileExistsError:
-            raise FileExistsError('%s exists and is not a directory.' % directory)
+            raise FileExistsError("%s exists and is not a directory." % directory)
 
         # There's a potential race condition between get_available_name and
         # saving the file; it's possible that two threads might return the
@@ -270,7 +305,7 @@ class FileSystemStorage(Storage):
         while True:
             try:
                 # This file has a file path that we can move.
-                if hasattr(content, 'temporary_file_path'):
+                if hasattr(content, "temporary_file_path"):
                     file_move_safe(content.temporary_file_path(), full_path)
 
                 # This is a normal uploadedfile that we can stream.
@@ -282,7 +317,7 @@ class FileSystemStorage(Storage):
                         locks.lock(fd, locks.LOCK_EX)
                         for chunk in content.chunks():
                             if _file is None:
-                                mode = 'wb' if isinstance(chunk, bytes) else 'wt'
+                                mode = "wb" if isinstance(chunk, bytes) else "wt"
                                 _file = os.fdopen(fd, mode)
                             _file.write(chunk)
                     finally:
@@ -305,11 +340,11 @@ class FileSystemStorage(Storage):
         # Ensure the saved path is always relative to the storage root.
         name = os.path.relpath(full_path, self.location)
         # Store filenames with forward slashes, even on Windows.
-        return str(name).replace('\\', '/')
+        return str(name).replace("\\", "/")
 
     def delete(self, name):
         if not name:
-            raise ValueError('The name must be given to delete().')
+            raise ValueError("The name must be given to delete().")
         name = self.path(name)
         # If the file or directory exists, delete it from the filesystem.
         try:
@@ -347,7 +382,7 @@ class FileSystemStorage(Storage):
             raise ValueError("This file is not accessible via a URL.")
         url = filepath_to_uri(name)
         if url is not None:
-            url = url.lstrip('/')
+            url = url.lstrip("/")
         return urljoin(self.base_url, url)
 
     def _datetime_from_timestamp(self, ts):
diff --git a/django/core/files/temp.py b/django/core/files/temp.py
index 57a8107b37..5bd31dd5f2 100644
--- a/django/core/files/temp.py
+++ b/django/core/files/temp.py
@@ -21,10 +21,14 @@ import tempfile
 
 from django.core.files.utils import FileProxyMixin
 
-__all__ = ('NamedTemporaryFile', 'gettempdir',)
+__all__ = (
+    "NamedTemporaryFile",
+    "gettempdir",
+)
 
 
-if os.name == 'nt':
+if os.name == "nt":
+
     class TemporaryFile(FileProxyMixin):
         """
         Temporary file object constructor that supports reopening of the
@@ -34,7 +38,8 @@ if os.name == 'nt':
         __init__() doesn't support the 'delete', 'buffering', 'encoding', or
         'newline' keyword arguments.
         """
-        def __init__(self, mode='w+b', bufsize=-1, suffix='', prefix='', dir=None):
+
+        def __init__(self, mode="w+b", bufsize=-1, suffix="", prefix="", dir=None):
             fd, name = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=suffix, prefix=prefix, dir=dir)
             self.name = name
             self.file = os.fdopen(fd, mode, bufsize)
diff --git a/django/core/files/uploadedfile.py b/django/core/files/uploadedfile.py
index f452bcd9a4..efbfcac4c8 100644
--- a/django/core/files/uploadedfile.py
+++ b/django/core/files/uploadedfile.py
@@ -10,8 +10,12 @@ from django.core.files import temp as tempfile
 from django.core.files.base import File
 from django.core.files.utils import validate_file_name
 
-__all__ = ('UploadedFile', 'TemporaryUploadedFile', 'InMemoryUploadedFile',
-           'SimpleUploadedFile')
+__all__ = (
+    "UploadedFile",
+    "TemporaryUploadedFile",
+    "InMemoryUploadedFile",
+    "SimpleUploadedFile",
+)
 
 
 class UploadedFile(File):
@@ -23,7 +27,15 @@ class UploadedFile(File):
     represents some file data that the user submitted with a form.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, file=None, name=None, content_type=None, size=None, charset=None, content_type_extra=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        file=None,
+        name=None,
+        content_type=None,
+        size=None,
+        charset=None,
+        content_type_extra=None,
+    ):
         super().__init__(file, name)
         self.size = size
         self.content_type = content_type
@@ -46,7 +58,7 @@ class UploadedFile(File):
             if len(name) > 255:
                 name, ext = os.path.splitext(name)
                 ext = ext[:255]
-                name = name[:255 - len(ext)] + ext
+                name = name[: 255 - len(ext)] + ext
 
             name = validate_file_name(name)
 
@@ -59,9 +71,12 @@ class TemporaryUploadedFile(UploadedFile):
     """
     A file uploaded to a temporary location (i.e. stream-to-disk).
     """
+
     def __init__(self, name, content_type, size, charset, content_type_extra=None):
         _, ext = os.path.splitext(name)
-        file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.upload' + ext, dir=settings.FILE_UPLOAD_TEMP_DIR)
+        file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
+            suffix=".upload" + ext, dir=settings.FILE_UPLOAD_TEMP_DIR
+        )
         super().__init__(file, name, content_type, size, charset, content_type_extra)
 
     def temporary_file_path(self):
@@ -82,7 +97,17 @@ class InMemoryUploadedFile(UploadedFile):
     """
     A file uploaded into memory (i.e. stream-to-memory).
     """
-    def __init__(self, file, field_name, name, content_type, size, charset, content_type_extra=None):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        file,
+        field_name,
+        name,
+        content_type,
+        size,
+        charset,
+        content_type_extra=None,
+    ):
         super().__init__(file, name, content_type, size, charset, content_type_extra)
         self.field_name = field_name
 
@@ -103,9 +128,12 @@ class SimpleUploadedFile(InMemoryUploadedFile):
     """
     A simple representation of a file, which just has content, size, and a name.
     """
-    def __init__(self, name, content, content_type='text/plain'):
-        content = content or b''
-        super().__init__(BytesIO(content), None, name, content_type, len(content), None, None)
+
+    def __init__(self, name, content, content_type="text/plain"):
+        content = content or b""
+        super().__init__(
+            BytesIO(content), None, name, content_type, len(content), None, None
+        )
 
     @classmethod
     def from_dict(cls, file_dict):
@@ -115,6 +143,8 @@ class SimpleUploadedFile(InMemoryUploadedFile):
            - content-type
            - content
         """
-        return cls(file_dict['filename'],
-                   file_dict['content'],
-                   file_dict.get('content-type', 'text/plain'))
+        return cls(
+            file_dict["filename"],
+            file_dict["content"],
+            file_dict.get("content-type", "text/plain"),
+        )
diff --git a/django/core/files/uploadhandler.py b/django/core/files/uploadhandler.py
index ee6bb31fce..64781f811b 100644
--- a/django/core/files/uploadhandler.py
+++ b/django/core/files/uploadhandler.py
@@ -5,15 +5,18 @@ import os
 from io import BytesIO
 
 from django.conf import settings
-from django.core.files.uploadedfile import (
-    InMemoryUploadedFile, TemporaryUploadedFile,
-)
+from django.core.files.uploadedfile import InMemoryUploadedFile, TemporaryUploadedFile
 from django.utils.module_loading import import_string
 
 __all__ = [
-    'UploadFileException', 'StopUpload', 'SkipFile', 'FileUploadHandler',
-    'TemporaryFileUploadHandler', 'MemoryFileUploadHandler', 'load_handler',
-    'StopFutureHandlers'
+    "UploadFileException",
+    "StopUpload",
+    "SkipFile",
+    "FileUploadHandler",
+    "TemporaryFileUploadHandler",
+    "MemoryFileUploadHandler",
+    "load_handler",
+    "StopFutureHandlers",
 ]
 
 
@@ -21,6 +24,7 @@ class UploadFileException(Exception):
     """
     Any error having to do with uploading files.
     """
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -28,6 +32,7 @@ class StopUpload(UploadFileException):
     """
     This exception is raised when an upload must abort.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, connection_reset=False):
         """
         If ``connection_reset`` is ``True``, Django knows will halt the upload
@@ -38,15 +43,16 @@ class StopUpload(UploadFileException):
 
     def __str__(self):
         if self.connection_reset:
-            return 'StopUpload: Halt current upload.'
+            return "StopUpload: Halt current upload."
         else:
-            return 'StopUpload: Consume request data, then halt.'
+            return "StopUpload: Consume request data, then halt."
 
 
 class SkipFile(UploadFileException):
     """
     This exception is raised by an upload handler that wants to skip a given file.
     """
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -55,6 +61,7 @@ class StopFutureHandlers(UploadFileException):
     Upload handlers that have handled a file and do not want future handlers to
     run should raise this exception instead of returning None.
     """
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -62,7 +69,8 @@ class FileUploadHandler:
     """
     Base class for streaming upload handlers.
     """
-    chunk_size = 64 * 2 ** 10  # : The default chunk size is 64 KB.
+
+    chunk_size = 64 * 2**10  # : The default chunk size is 64 KB.
 
     def __init__(self, request=None):
         self.file_name = None
@@ -72,7 +80,9 @@ class FileUploadHandler:
         self.content_type_extra = None
         self.request = request
 
-    def handle_raw_input(self, input_data, META, content_length, boundary, encoding=None):
+    def handle_raw_input(
+        self, input_data, META, content_length, boundary, encoding=None
+    ):
         """
         Handle the raw input from the client.
 
@@ -90,7 +100,15 @@ class FileUploadHandler:
         """
         pass
 
-    def new_file(self, field_name, file_name, content_type, content_length, charset=None, content_type_extra=None):
+    def new_file(
+        self,
+        field_name,
+        file_name,
+        content_type,
+        content_length,
+        charset=None,
+        content_type_extra=None,
+    ):
         """
         Signal that a new file has been started.
 
@@ -109,7 +127,9 @@ class FileUploadHandler:
         Receive data from the streamed upload parser. ``start`` is the position
         in the file of the chunk.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of FileUploadHandler must provide a receive_data_chunk() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of FileUploadHandler must provide a receive_data_chunk() method"
+        )
 
     def file_complete(self, file_size):
         """
@@ -118,7 +138,9 @@ class FileUploadHandler:
 
         Subclasses should return a valid ``UploadedFile`` object.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of FileUploadHandler must provide a file_complete() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of FileUploadHandler must provide a file_complete() method"
+        )
 
     def upload_complete(self):
         """
@@ -139,12 +161,15 @@ class TemporaryFileUploadHandler(FileUploadHandler):
     """
     Upload handler that streams data into a temporary file.
     """
+
     def new_file(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """
         Create the file object to append to as data is coming in.
         """
         super().new_file(*args, **kwargs)
-        self.file = TemporaryUploadedFile(self.file_name, self.content_type, 0, self.charset, self.content_type_extra)
+        self.file = TemporaryUploadedFile(
+            self.file_name, self.content_type, 0, self.charset, self.content_type_extra
+        )
 
     def receive_data_chunk(self, raw_data, start):
         self.file.write(raw_data)
@@ -155,7 +180,7 @@ class TemporaryFileUploadHandler(FileUploadHandler):
         return self.file
 
     def upload_interrupted(self):
-        if hasattr(self, 'file'):
+        if hasattr(self, "file"):
             temp_location = self.file.temporary_file_path()
             try:
                 self.file.close()
@@ -169,7 +194,9 @@ class MemoryFileUploadHandler(FileUploadHandler):
     File upload handler to stream uploads into memory (used for small files).
     """
 
-    def handle_raw_input(self, input_data, META, content_length, boundary, encoding=None):
+    def handle_raw_input(
+        self, input_data, META, content_length, boundary, encoding=None
+    ):
         """
         Use the content_length to signal whether or not this handler should be
         used.
@@ -204,7 +231,7 @@ class MemoryFileUploadHandler(FileUploadHandler):
             content_type=self.content_type,
             size=file_size,
             charset=self.charset,
-            content_type_extra=self.content_type_extra
+            content_type_extra=self.content_type_extra,
         )
 
 
diff --git a/django/core/files/utils.py b/django/core/files/utils.py
index f28cea1077..85342b2f3f 100644
--- a/django/core/files/utils.py
+++ b/django/core/files/utils.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from django.core.exceptions import SuspiciousFileOperation
 
 def validate_file_name(name, allow_relative_path=False):
     # Remove potentially dangerous names
-    if os.path.basename(name) in {'', '.', '..'}:
+    if os.path.basename(name) in {"", ".", ".."}:
         raise SuspiciousFileOperation("Could not derive file name from '%s'" % name)
 
     if allow_relative_path:
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ def validate_file_name(name, allow_relative_path=False):
         # FileField.generate_filename() where all file paths are expected to be
         # Unix style (with forward slashes).
         path = pathlib.PurePosixPath(name)
-        if path.is_absolute() or '..' in path.parts:
+        if path.is_absolute() or ".." in path.parts:
             raise SuspiciousFileOperation(
                 "Detected path traversal attempt in '%s'" % name
             )
@@ -56,21 +56,21 @@ class FileProxyMixin:
     def readable(self):
         if self.closed:
             return False
-        if hasattr(self.file, 'readable'):
+        if hasattr(self.file, "readable"):
             return self.file.readable()
         return True
 
     def writable(self):
         if self.closed:
             return False
-        if hasattr(self.file, 'writable'):
+        if hasattr(self.file, "writable"):
             return self.file.writable()
-        return 'w' in getattr(self.file, 'mode', '')
+        return "w" in getattr(self.file, "mode", "")
 
     def seekable(self):
         if self.closed:
             return False
-        if hasattr(self.file, 'seekable'):
+        if hasattr(self.file, "seekable"):
             return self.file.seekable()
         return True
 
diff --git a/django/core/handlers/asgi.py b/django/core/handlers/asgi.py
index 9d84efc964..7b17c58153 100644
--- a/django/core/handlers/asgi.py
+++ b/django/core/handlers/asgi.py
@@ -10,13 +10,18 @@ from django.core import signals
 from django.core.exceptions import RequestAborted, RequestDataTooBig
 from django.core.handlers import base
 from django.http import (
-    FileResponse, HttpRequest, HttpResponse, HttpResponseBadRequest,
-    HttpResponseServerError, QueryDict, parse_cookie,
+    FileResponse,
+    HttpRequest,
+    HttpResponse,
+    HttpResponseBadRequest,
+    HttpResponseServerError,
+    QueryDict,
+    parse_cookie,
 )
 from django.urls import set_script_prefix
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
-logger = logging.getLogger('django.request')
+logger = logging.getLogger("django.request")
 
 
 class ASGIRequest(HttpRequest):
@@ -24,6 +29,7 @@ class ASGIRequest(HttpRequest):
     Custom request subclass that decodes from an ASGI-standard request dict
     and wraps request body handling.
     """
+
     # Number of seconds until a Request gives up on trying to read a request
     # body and aborts.
     body_receive_timeout = 60
@@ -33,60 +39,60 @@ class ASGIRequest(HttpRequest):
         self._post_parse_error = False
         self._read_started = False
         self.resolver_match = None
-        self.script_name = self.scope.get('root_path', '')
-        if self.script_name and scope['path'].startswith(self.script_name):
+        self.script_name = self.scope.get("root_path", "")
+        if self.script_name and scope["path"].startswith(self.script_name):
             # TODO: Better is-prefix checking, slash handling?
-            self.path_info = scope['path'][len(self.script_name):]
+            self.path_info = scope["path"][len(self.script_name) :]
         else:
-            self.path_info = scope['path']
+            self.path_info = scope["path"]
         # The Django path is different from ASGI scope path args, it should
         # combine with script name.
         if self.script_name:
-            self.path = '%s/%s' % (
-                self.script_name.rstrip('/'),
-                self.path_info.replace('/', '', 1),
+            self.path = "%s/%s" % (
+                self.script_name.rstrip("/"),
+                self.path_info.replace("/", "", 1),
             )
         else:
-            self.path = scope['path']
+            self.path = scope["path"]
         # HTTP basics.
-        self.method = self.scope['method'].upper()
+        self.method = self.scope["method"].upper()
         # Ensure query string is encoded correctly.
-        query_string = self.scope.get('query_string', '')
+        query_string = self.scope.get("query_string", "")
         if isinstance(query_string, bytes):
             query_string = query_string.decode()
         self.META = {
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': self.method,
-            'QUERY_STRING': query_string,
-            'SCRIPT_NAME': self.script_name,
-            'PATH_INFO': self.path_info,
+            "REQUEST_METHOD": self.method,
+            "QUERY_STRING": query_string,
+            "SCRIPT_NAME": self.script_name,
+            "PATH_INFO": self.path_info,
             # WSGI-expecting code will need these for a while
-            'wsgi.multithread': True,
-            'wsgi.multiprocess': True,
+            "wsgi.multithread": True,
+            "wsgi.multiprocess": True,
         }
-        if self.scope.get('client'):
-            self.META['REMOTE_ADDR'] = self.scope['client'][0]
-            self.META['REMOTE_HOST'] = self.META['REMOTE_ADDR']
-            self.META['REMOTE_PORT'] = self.scope['client'][1]
-        if self.scope.get('server'):
-            self.META['SERVER_NAME'] = self.scope['server'][0]
-            self.META['SERVER_PORT'] = str(self.scope['server'][1])
+        if self.scope.get("client"):
+            self.META["REMOTE_ADDR"] = self.scope["client"][0]
+            self.META["REMOTE_HOST"] = self.META["REMOTE_ADDR"]
+            self.META["REMOTE_PORT"] = self.scope["client"][1]
+        if self.scope.get("server"):
+            self.META["SERVER_NAME"] = self.scope["server"][0]
+            self.META["SERVER_PORT"] = str(self.scope["server"][1])
         else:
-            self.META['SERVER_NAME'] = 'unknown'
-            self.META['SERVER_PORT'] = '0'
+            self.META["SERVER_NAME"] = "unknown"
+            self.META["SERVER_PORT"] = "0"
         # Headers go into META.
-        for name, value in self.scope.get('headers', []):
-            name = name.decode('latin1')
-            if name == 'content-length':
-                corrected_name = 'CONTENT_LENGTH'
-            elif name == 'content-type':
-                corrected_name = 'CONTENT_TYPE'
+        for name, value in self.scope.get("headers", []):
+            name = name.decode("latin1")
+            if name == "content-length":
+                corrected_name = "CONTENT_LENGTH"
+            elif name == "content-type":
+                corrected_name = "CONTENT_TYPE"
             else:
-                corrected_name = 'HTTP_%s' % name.upper().replace('-', '_')
+                corrected_name = "HTTP_%s" % name.upper().replace("-", "_")
             # HTTP/2 say only ASCII chars are allowed in headers, but decode
             # latin1 just in case.
-            value = value.decode('latin1')
+            value = value.decode("latin1")
             if corrected_name in self.META:
-                value = self.META[corrected_name] + ',' + value
+                value = self.META[corrected_name] + "," + value
             self.META[corrected_name] = value
         # Pull out request encoding, if provided.
         self._set_content_type_params(self.META)
@@ -97,13 +103,13 @@ class ASGIRequest(HttpRequest):
 
     @cached_property
     def GET(self):
-        return QueryDict(self.META['QUERY_STRING'])
+        return QueryDict(self.META["QUERY_STRING"])
 
     def _get_scheme(self):
-        return self.scope.get('scheme') or super()._get_scheme()
+        return self.scope.get("scheme") or super()._get_scheme()
 
     def _get_post(self):
-        if not hasattr(self, '_post'):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_post"):
             self._load_post_and_files()
         return self._post
 
@@ -111,7 +117,7 @@ class ASGIRequest(HttpRequest):
         self._post = post
 
     def _get_files(self):
-        if not hasattr(self, '_files'):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_files"):
             self._load_post_and_files()
         return self._files
 
@@ -120,14 +126,15 @@ class ASGIRequest(HttpRequest):
 
     @cached_property
     def COOKIES(self):
-        return parse_cookie(self.META.get('HTTP_COOKIE', ''))
+        return parse_cookie(self.META.get("HTTP_COOKIE", ""))
 
 
 class ASGIHandler(base.BaseHandler):
     """Handler for ASGI requests."""
+
     request_class = ASGIRequest
     # Size to chunk response bodies into for multiple response messages.
-    chunk_size = 2 ** 16
+    chunk_size = 2**16
 
     def __init__(self):
         super().__init__()
@@ -139,10 +146,9 @@ class ASGIHandler(base.BaseHandler):
         """
         # Serve only HTTP connections.
         # FIXME: Allow to override this.
-        if scope['type'] != 'http':
+        if scope["type"] != "http":
             raise ValueError(
-                'Django can only handle ASGI/HTTP connections, not %s.'
-                % scope['type']
+                "Django can only handle ASGI/HTTP connections, not %s." % scope["type"]
             )
 
         async with ThreadSensitiveContext():
@@ -159,7 +165,9 @@ class ASGIHandler(base.BaseHandler):
             return
         # Request is complete and can be served.
         set_script_prefix(self.get_script_prefix(scope))
-        await sync_to_async(signals.request_started.send, thread_sensitive=True)(sender=self.__class__, scope=scope)
+        await sync_to_async(signals.request_started.send, thread_sensitive=True)(
+            sender=self.__class__, scope=scope
+        )
         # Get the request and check for basic issues.
         request, error_response = self.create_request(scope, body_file)
         if request is None:
@@ -178,17 +186,19 @@ class ASGIHandler(base.BaseHandler):
     async def read_body(self, receive):
         """Reads an HTTP body from an ASGI connection."""
         # Use the tempfile that auto rolls-over to a disk file as it fills up.
-        body_file = tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile(max_size=settings.FILE_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE, mode='w+b')
+        body_file = tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile(
+            max_size=settings.FILE_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE, mode="w+b"
+        )
         while True:
             message = await receive()
-            if message['type'] == 'http.disconnect':
+            if message["type"] == "http.disconnect":
                 # Early client disconnect.
                 raise RequestAborted()
             # Add a body chunk from the message, if provided.
-            if 'body' in message:
-                body_file.write(message['body'])
+            if "body" in message:
+                body_file.write(message["body"])
             # Quit out if that's the end.
-            if not message.get('more_body', False):
+            if not message.get("more_body", False):
                 break
         body_file.seek(0)
         return body_file
@@ -202,13 +212,13 @@ class ASGIHandler(base.BaseHandler):
             return self.request_class(scope, body_file), None
         except UnicodeDecodeError:
             logger.warning(
-                'Bad Request (UnicodeDecodeError)',
+                "Bad Request (UnicodeDecodeError)",
                 exc_info=sys.exc_info(),
-                extra={'status_code': 400},
+                extra={"status_code": 400},
             )
             return None, HttpResponseBadRequest()
         except RequestDataTooBig:
-            return None, HttpResponse('413 Payload too large', status=413)
+            return None, HttpResponse("413 Payload too large", status=413)
 
     def handle_uncaught_exception(self, request, resolver, exc_info):
         """Last-chance handler for exceptions."""
@@ -218,8 +228,8 @@ class ASGIHandler(base.BaseHandler):
             return super().handle_uncaught_exception(request, resolver, exc_info)
         except Exception:
             return HttpResponseServerError(
-                traceback.format_exc() if settings.DEBUG else 'Internal Server Error',
-                content_type='text/plain',
+                traceback.format_exc() if settings.DEBUG else "Internal Server Error",
+                content_type="text/plain",
             )
 
     async def send_response(self, response, send):
@@ -229,44 +239,50 @@ class ASGIHandler(base.BaseHandler):
         response_headers = []
         for header, value in response.items():
             if isinstance(header, str):
-                header = header.encode('ascii')
+                header = header.encode("ascii")
             if isinstance(value, str):
-                value = value.encode('latin1')
+                value = value.encode("latin1")
             response_headers.append((bytes(header), bytes(value)))
         for c in response.cookies.values():
             response_headers.append(
-                (b'Set-Cookie', c.output(header='').encode('ascii').strip())
+                (b"Set-Cookie", c.output(header="").encode("ascii").strip())
             )
         # Initial response message.
-        await send({
-            'type': 'http.response.start',
-            'status': response.status_code,
-            'headers': response_headers,
-        })
+        await send(
+            {
+                "type": "http.response.start",
+                "status": response.status_code,
+                "headers": response_headers,
+            }
+        )
         # Streaming responses need to be pinned to their iterator.
         if response.streaming:
             # Access `__iter__` and not `streaming_content` directly in case
             # it has been overridden in a subclass.
             for part in response:
                 for chunk, _ in self.chunk_bytes(part):
-                    await send({
-                        'type': 'http.response.body',
-                        'body': chunk,
-                        # Ignore "more" as there may be more parts; instead,
-                        # use an empty final closing message with False.
-                        'more_body': True,
-                    })
+                    await send(
+                        {
+                            "type": "http.response.body",
+                            "body": chunk,
+                            # Ignore "more" as there may be more parts; instead,
+                            # use an empty final closing message with False.
+                            "more_body": True,
+                        }
+                    )
             # Final closing message.
-            await send({'type': 'http.response.body'})
+            await send({"type": "http.response.body"})
         # Other responses just need chunking.
         else:
             # Yield chunks of response.
             for chunk, last in self.chunk_bytes(response.content):
-                await send({
-                    'type': 'http.response.body',
-                    'body': chunk,
-                    'more_body': not last,
-                })
+                await send(
+                    {
+                        "type": "http.response.body",
+                        "body": chunk,
+                        "more_body": not last,
+                    }
+                )
         await sync_to_async(response.close, thread_sensitive=True)()
 
     @classmethod
@@ -281,7 +297,7 @@ class ASGIHandler(base.BaseHandler):
             return
         while position < len(data):
             yield (
-                data[position:position + cls.chunk_size],
+                data[position : position + cls.chunk_size],
                 (position + cls.chunk_size) >= len(data),
             )
             position += cls.chunk_size
@@ -292,4 +308,4 @@ class ASGIHandler(base.BaseHandler):
         """
         if settings.FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME:
             return settings.FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME
-        return scope.get('root_path', '') or ''
+        return scope.get("root_path", "") or ""
diff --git a/django/core/handlers/base.py b/django/core/handlers/base.py
index 728e449703..7c863bb5c1 100644
--- a/django/core/handlers/base.py
+++ b/django/core/handlers/base.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from django.utils.module_loading import import_string
 
 from .exception import convert_exception_to_response
 
-logger = logging.getLogger('django.request')
+logger = logging.getLogger("django.request")
 
 
 class BaseHandler:
@@ -38,12 +38,12 @@ class BaseHandler:
         handler_is_async = is_async
         for middleware_path in reversed(settings.MIDDLEWARE):
             middleware = import_string(middleware_path)
-            middleware_can_sync = getattr(middleware, 'sync_capable', True)
-            middleware_can_async = getattr(middleware, 'async_capable', False)
+            middleware_can_sync = getattr(middleware, "sync_capable", True)
+            middleware_can_async = getattr(middleware, "async_capable", False)
             if not middleware_can_sync and not middleware_can_async:
                 raise RuntimeError(
-                    'Middleware %s must have at least one of '
-                    'sync_capable/async_capable set to True.' % middleware_path
+                    "Middleware %s must have at least one of "
+                    "sync_capable/async_capable set to True." % middleware_path
                 )
             elif not handler_is_async and middleware_can_sync:
                 middleware_is_async = False
@@ -52,35 +52,40 @@ class BaseHandler:
             try:
                 # Adapt handler, if needed.
                 adapted_handler = self.adapt_method_mode(
-                    middleware_is_async, handler, handler_is_async,
-                    debug=settings.DEBUG, name='middleware %s' % middleware_path,
+                    middleware_is_async,
+                    handler,
+                    handler_is_async,
+                    debug=settings.DEBUG,
+                    name="middleware %s" % middleware_path,
                 )
                 mw_instance = middleware(adapted_handler)
             except MiddlewareNotUsed as exc:
                 if settings.DEBUG:
                     if str(exc):
-                        logger.debug('MiddlewareNotUsed(%r): %s', middleware_path, exc)
+                        logger.debug("MiddlewareNotUsed(%r): %s", middleware_path, exc)
                     else:
-                        logger.debug('MiddlewareNotUsed: %r', middleware_path)
+                        logger.debug("MiddlewareNotUsed: %r", middleware_path)
                 continue
             else:
                 handler = adapted_handler
 
             if mw_instance is None:
                 raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                    'Middleware factory %s returned None.' % middleware_path
+                    "Middleware factory %s returned None." % middleware_path
                 )
 
-            if hasattr(mw_instance, 'process_view'):
+            if hasattr(mw_instance, "process_view"):
                 self._view_middleware.insert(
                     0,
                     self.adapt_method_mode(is_async, mw_instance.process_view),
                 )
-            if hasattr(mw_instance, 'process_template_response'):
+            if hasattr(mw_instance, "process_template_response"):
                 self._template_response_middleware.append(
-                    self.adapt_method_mode(is_async, mw_instance.process_template_response),
+                    self.adapt_method_mode(
+                        is_async, mw_instance.process_template_response
+                    ),
                 )
-            if hasattr(mw_instance, 'process_exception'):
+            if hasattr(mw_instance, "process_exception"):
                 # The exception-handling stack is still always synchronous for
                 # now, so adapt that way.
                 self._exception_middleware.append(
@@ -97,7 +102,12 @@ class BaseHandler:
         self._middleware_chain = handler
 
     def adapt_method_mode(
-        self, is_async, method, method_is_async=None, debug=False, name=None,
+        self,
+        is_async,
+        method,
+        method_is_async=None,
+        debug=False,
+        name=None,
     ):
         """
         Adapt a method to be in the correct "mode":
@@ -111,15 +121,15 @@ class BaseHandler:
         if method_is_async is None:
             method_is_async = asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(method)
         if debug and not name:
-            name = name or 'method %s()' % method.__qualname__
+            name = name or "method %s()" % method.__qualname__
         if is_async:
             if not method_is_async:
                 if debug:
-                    logger.debug('Synchronous %s adapted.', name)
+                    logger.debug("Synchronous %s adapted.", name)
                 return sync_to_async(method, thread_sensitive=True)
         elif method_is_async:
             if debug:
-                logger.debug('Asynchronous %s adapted.', name)
+                logger.debug("Asynchronous %s adapted.", name)
             return async_to_sync(method)
         return method
 
@@ -131,7 +141,9 @@ class BaseHandler:
         response._resource_closers.append(request.close)
         if response.status_code >= 400:
             log_response(
-                '%s: %s', response.reason_phrase, request.path,
+                "%s: %s",
+                response.reason_phrase,
+                request.path,
                 response=response,
                 request=request,
             )
@@ -151,7 +163,9 @@ class BaseHandler:
         response._resource_closers.append(request.close)
         if response.status_code >= 400:
             await sync_to_async(log_response, thread_sensitive=False)(
-                '%s: %s', response.reason_phrase, request.path,
+                "%s: %s",
+                response.reason_phrase,
+                request.path,
                 response=response,
                 request=request,
             )
@@ -168,7 +182,9 @@ class BaseHandler:
 
         # Apply view middleware
         for middleware_method in self._view_middleware:
-            response = middleware_method(request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs)
+            response = middleware_method(
+                request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs
+            )
             if response:
                 break
 
@@ -189,16 +205,15 @@ class BaseHandler:
 
         # If the response supports deferred rendering, apply template
         # response middleware and then render the response
-        if hasattr(response, 'render') and callable(response.render):
+        if hasattr(response, "render") and callable(response.render):
             for middleware_method in self._template_response_middleware:
                 response = middleware_method(request, response)
                 # Complain if the template response middleware returned None (a common error).
                 self.check_response(
                     response,
                     middleware_method,
-                    name='%s.process_template_response' % (
-                        middleware_method.__self__.__class__.__name__,
-                    )
+                    name="%s.process_template_response"
+                    % (middleware_method.__self__.__class__.__name__,),
                 )
             try:
                 response = response.render()
@@ -220,7 +235,9 @@ class BaseHandler:
 
         # Apply view middleware.
         for middleware_method in self._view_middleware:
-            response = await middleware_method(request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs)
+            response = await middleware_method(
+                request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs
+            )
             if response:
                 break
 
@@ -228,9 +245,13 @@ class BaseHandler:
             wrapped_callback = self.make_view_atomic(callback)
             # If it is a synchronous view, run it in a subthread
             if not asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(wrapped_callback):
-                wrapped_callback = sync_to_async(wrapped_callback, thread_sensitive=True)
+                wrapped_callback = sync_to_async(
+                    wrapped_callback, thread_sensitive=True
+                )
             try:
-                response = await wrapped_callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs)
+                response = await wrapped_callback(
+                    request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs
+                )
             except Exception as e:
                 response = await sync_to_async(
                     self.process_exception_by_middleware,
@@ -244,7 +265,7 @@ class BaseHandler:
 
         # If the response supports deferred rendering, apply template
         # response middleware and then render the response
-        if hasattr(response, 'render') and callable(response.render):
+        if hasattr(response, "render") and callable(response.render):
             for middleware_method in self._template_response_middleware:
                 response = await middleware_method(request, response)
                 # Complain if the template response middleware returned None or
@@ -252,15 +273,16 @@ class BaseHandler:
                 self.check_response(
                     response,
                     middleware_method,
-                    name='%s.process_template_response' % (
-                        middleware_method.__self__.__class__.__name__,
-                    )
+                    name="%s.process_template_response"
+                    % (middleware_method.__self__.__class__.__name__,),
                 )
             try:
                 if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(response.render):
                     response = await response.render()
                 else:
-                    response = await sync_to_async(response.render, thread_sensitive=True)()
+                    response = await sync_to_async(
+                        response.render, thread_sensitive=True
+                    )()
             except Exception as e:
                 response = await sync_to_async(
                     self.process_exception_by_middleware,
@@ -271,7 +293,7 @@ class BaseHandler:
 
         # Make sure the response is not a coroutine
         if asyncio.iscoroutine(response):
-            raise RuntimeError('Response is still a coroutine.')
+            raise RuntimeError("Response is still a coroutine.")
         return response
 
     def resolve_request(self, request):
@@ -280,7 +302,7 @@ class BaseHandler:
         with its args and kwargs.
         """
         # Work out the resolver.
-        if hasattr(request, 'urlconf'):
+        if hasattr(request, "urlconf"):
             urlconf = request.urlconf
             set_urlconf(urlconf)
             resolver = get_resolver(urlconf)
@@ -295,13 +317,13 @@ class BaseHandler:
         """
         Raise an error if the view returned None or an uncalled coroutine.
         """
-        if not(response is None or asyncio.iscoroutine(response)):
+        if not (response is None or asyncio.iscoroutine(response)):
             return
         if not name:
             if isinstance(callback, types.FunctionType):  # FBV
-                name = 'The view %s.%s' % (callback.__module__, callback.__name__)
+                name = "The view %s.%s" % (callback.__module__, callback.__name__)
             else:  # CBV
-                name = 'The view %s.%s.__call__' % (
+                name = "The view %s.%s.__call__" % (
                     callback.__module__,
                     callback.__class__.__name__,
                 )
@@ -320,12 +342,15 @@ class BaseHandler:
     # Other utility methods.
 
     def make_view_atomic(self, view):
-        non_atomic_requests = getattr(view, '_non_atomic_requests', set())
+        non_atomic_requests = getattr(view, "_non_atomic_requests", set())
         for db in connections.all():
-            if db.settings_dict['ATOMIC_REQUESTS'] and db.alias not in non_atomic_requests:
+            if (
+                db.settings_dict["ATOMIC_REQUESTS"]
+                and db.alias not in non_atomic_requests
+            ):
                 if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(view):
                     raise RuntimeError(
-                        'You cannot use ATOMIC_REQUESTS with async views.'
+                        "You cannot use ATOMIC_REQUESTS with async views."
                     )
                 view = transaction.atomic(using=db.alias)(view)
         return view
diff --git a/django/core/handlers/exception.py b/django/core/handlers/exception.py
index 5470b3dd53..79577c2d0a 100644
--- a/django/core/handlers/exception.py
+++ b/django/core/handlers/exception.py
@@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ from asgiref.sync import sync_to_async
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core import signals
 from django.core.exceptions import (
-    BadRequest, PermissionDenied, RequestDataTooBig, SuspiciousOperation,
+    BadRequest,
+    PermissionDenied,
+    RequestDataTooBig,
+    SuspiciousOperation,
     TooManyFieldsSent,
 )
 from django.http import Http404
@@ -32,15 +35,20 @@ def convert_exception_to_response(get_response):
     can rely on getting a response instead of an exception.
     """
     if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(get_response):
+
         @wraps(get_response)
         async def inner(request):
             try:
                 response = await get_response(request)
             except Exception as exc:
-                response = await sync_to_async(response_for_exception, thread_sensitive=False)(request, exc)
+                response = await sync_to_async(
+                    response_for_exception, thread_sensitive=False
+                )(request, exc)
             return response
+
         return inner
     else:
+
         @wraps(get_response)
         def inner(request):
             try:
@@ -48,6 +56,7 @@ def convert_exception_to_response(get_response):
             except Exception as exc:
                 response = response_for_exception(request, exc)
             return response
+
         return inner
 
 
@@ -56,21 +65,29 @@ def response_for_exception(request, exc):
         if settings.DEBUG:
             response = debug.technical_404_response(request, exc)
         else:
-            response = get_exception_response(request, get_resolver(get_urlconf()), 404, exc)
+            response = get_exception_response(
+                request, get_resolver(get_urlconf()), 404, exc
+            )
 
     elif isinstance(exc, PermissionDenied):
-        response = get_exception_response(request, get_resolver(get_urlconf()), 403, exc)
+        response = get_exception_response(
+            request, get_resolver(get_urlconf()), 403, exc
+        )
         log_response(
-            'Forbidden (Permission denied): %s', request.path,
+            "Forbidden (Permission denied): %s",
+            request.path,
             response=response,
             request=request,
             exception=exc,
         )
 
     elif isinstance(exc, MultiPartParserError):
-        response = get_exception_response(request, get_resolver(get_urlconf()), 400, exc)
+        response = get_exception_response(
+            request, get_resolver(get_urlconf()), 400, exc
+        )
         log_response(
-            'Bad request (Unable to parse request body): %s', request.path,
+            "Bad request (Unable to parse request body): %s",
+            request.path,
             response=response,
             request=request,
             exception=exc,
@@ -78,11 +95,17 @@ def response_for_exception(request, exc):
 
     elif isinstance(exc, BadRequest):
         if settings.DEBUG:
-            response = debug.technical_500_response(request, *sys.exc_info(), status_code=400)
+            response = debug.technical_500_response(
+                request, *sys.exc_info(), status_code=400
+            )
         else:
-            response = get_exception_response(request, get_resolver(get_urlconf()), 400, exc)
+            response = get_exception_response(
+                request, get_resolver(get_urlconf()), 400, exc
+            )
         log_response(
-            '%s: %s', str(exc), request.path,
+            "%s: %s",
+            str(exc),
+            request.path,
             response=response,
             request=request,
             exception=exc,
@@ -95,29 +118,41 @@ def response_for_exception(request, exc):
 
         # The request logger receives events for any problematic request
         # The security logger receives events for all SuspiciousOperations
-        security_logger = logging.getLogger('django.security.%s' % exc.__class__.__name__)
+        security_logger = logging.getLogger(
+            "django.security.%s" % exc.__class__.__name__
+        )
         security_logger.error(
             str(exc),
             exc_info=exc,
-            extra={'status_code': 400, 'request': request},
+            extra={"status_code": 400, "request": request},
         )
         if settings.DEBUG:
-            response = debug.technical_500_response(request, *sys.exc_info(), status_code=400)
+            response = debug.technical_500_response(
+                request, *sys.exc_info(), status_code=400
+            )
         else:
-            response = get_exception_response(request, get_resolver(get_urlconf()), 400, exc)
+            response = get_exception_response(
+                request, get_resolver(get_urlconf()), 400, exc
+            )
 
     else:
         signals.got_request_exception.send(sender=None, request=request)
-        response = handle_uncaught_exception(request, get_resolver(get_urlconf()), sys.exc_info())
+        response = handle_uncaught_exception(
+            request, get_resolver(get_urlconf()), sys.exc_info()
+        )
         log_response(
-            '%s: %s', response.reason_phrase, request.path,
+            "%s: %s",
+            response.reason_phrase,
+            request.path,
             response=response,
             request=request,
             exception=exc,
         )
 
     # Force a TemplateResponse to be rendered.
-    if not getattr(response, 'is_rendered', True) and callable(getattr(response, 'render', None)):
+    if not getattr(response, "is_rendered", True) and callable(
+        getattr(response, "render", None)
+    ):
         response = response.render()
 
     return response
diff --git a/django/core/handlers/wsgi.py b/django/core/handlers/wsgi.py
index 30920da6d7..126e795fab 100644
--- a/django/core/handlers/wsgi.py
+++ b/django/core/handlers/wsgi.py
@@ -9,21 +9,22 @@ from django.utils.encoding import repercent_broken_unicode
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 
-_slashes_re = _lazy_re_compile(br'/+')
+_slashes_re = _lazy_re_compile(rb"/+")
 
 
 class LimitedStream:
     """Wrap another stream to disallow reading it past a number of bytes."""
+
     def __init__(self, stream, limit):
         self.stream = stream
         self.remaining = limit
-        self.buffer = b''
+        self.buffer = b""
 
     def _read_limited(self, size=None):
         if size is None or size > self.remaining:
             size = self.remaining
         if size == 0:
-            return b''
+            return b""
         result = self.stream.read(size)
         self.remaining -= len(result)
         return result
@@ -31,18 +32,17 @@ class LimitedStream:
     def read(self, size=None):
         if size is None:
             result = self.buffer + self._read_limited()
-            self.buffer = b''
+            self.buffer = b""
         elif size < len(self.buffer):
             result = self.buffer[:size]
             self.buffer = self.buffer[size:]
         else:  # size >= len(self.buffer)
             result = self.buffer + self._read_limited(size - len(self.buffer))
-            self.buffer = b''
+            self.buffer = b""
         return result
 
     def readline(self, size=None):
-        while b'\n' not in self.buffer and \
-              (size is None or len(self.buffer) < size):
+        while b"\n" not in self.buffer and (size is None or len(self.buffer) < size):
             if size:
                 # since size is not None here, len(self.buffer) < size
                 chunk = self._read_limited(size - len(self.buffer))
@@ -65,39 +65,38 @@ class WSGIRequest(HttpRequest):
         script_name = get_script_name(environ)
         # If PATH_INFO is empty (e.g. accessing the SCRIPT_NAME URL without a
         # trailing slash), operate as if '/' was requested.
-        path_info = get_path_info(environ) or '/'
+        path_info = get_path_info(environ) or "/"
         self.environ = environ
         self.path_info = path_info
         # be careful to only replace the first slash in the path because of
         # http://test/something and http://test//something being different as
         # stated in https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt
-        self.path = '%s/%s' % (script_name.rstrip('/'),
-                               path_info.replace('/', '', 1))
+        self.path = "%s/%s" % (script_name.rstrip("/"), path_info.replace("/", "", 1))
         self.META = environ
-        self.META['PATH_INFO'] = path_info
-        self.META['SCRIPT_NAME'] = script_name
-        self.method = environ['REQUEST_METHOD'].upper()
+        self.META["PATH_INFO"] = path_info
+        self.META["SCRIPT_NAME"] = script_name
+        self.method = environ["REQUEST_METHOD"].upper()
         # Set content_type, content_params, and encoding.
         self._set_content_type_params(environ)
         try:
-            content_length = int(environ.get('CONTENT_LENGTH'))
+            content_length = int(environ.get("CONTENT_LENGTH"))
         except (ValueError, TypeError):
             content_length = 0
-        self._stream = LimitedStream(self.environ['wsgi.input'], content_length)
+        self._stream = LimitedStream(self.environ["wsgi.input"], content_length)
         self._read_started = False
         self.resolver_match = None
 
     def _get_scheme(self):
-        return self.environ.get('wsgi.url_scheme')
+        return self.environ.get("wsgi.url_scheme")
 
     @cached_property
     def GET(self):
         # The WSGI spec says 'QUERY_STRING' may be absent.
-        raw_query_string = get_bytes_from_wsgi(self.environ, 'QUERY_STRING', '')
+        raw_query_string = get_bytes_from_wsgi(self.environ, "QUERY_STRING", "")
         return QueryDict(raw_query_string, encoding=self._encoding)
 
     def _get_post(self):
-        if not hasattr(self, '_post'):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_post"):
             self._load_post_and_files()
         return self._post
 
@@ -106,12 +105,12 @@ class WSGIRequest(HttpRequest):
 
     @cached_property
     def COOKIES(self):
-        raw_cookie = get_str_from_wsgi(self.environ, 'HTTP_COOKIE', '')
+        raw_cookie = get_str_from_wsgi(self.environ, "HTTP_COOKIE", "")
         return parse_cookie(raw_cookie)
 
     @property
     def FILES(self):
-        if not hasattr(self, '_files'):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_files"):
             self._load_post_and_files()
         return self._files
 
@@ -133,24 +132,28 @@ class WSGIHandler(base.BaseHandler):
 
         response._handler_class = self.__class__
 
-        status = '%d %s' % (response.status_code, response.reason_phrase)
+        status = "%d %s" % (response.status_code, response.reason_phrase)
         response_headers = [
             *response.items(),
-            *(('Set-Cookie', c.output(header='')) for c in response.cookies.values()),
+            *(("Set-Cookie", c.output(header="")) for c in response.cookies.values()),
         ]
         start_response(status, response_headers)
-        if getattr(response, 'file_to_stream', None) is not None and environ.get('wsgi.file_wrapper'):
+        if getattr(response, "file_to_stream", None) is not None and environ.get(
+            "wsgi.file_wrapper"
+        ):
             # If `wsgi.file_wrapper` is used the WSGI server does not call
             # .close on the response, but on the file wrapper. Patch it to use
             # response.close instead which takes care of closing all files.
             response.file_to_stream.close = response.close
-            response = environ['wsgi.file_wrapper'](response.file_to_stream, response.block_size)
+            response = environ["wsgi.file_wrapper"](
+                response.file_to_stream, response.block_size
+            )
         return response
 
 
 def get_path_info(environ):
     """Return the HTTP request's PATH_INFO as a string."""
-    path_info = get_bytes_from_wsgi(environ, 'PATH_INFO', '/')
+    path_info = get_bytes_from_wsgi(environ, "PATH_INFO", "/")
 
     return repercent_broken_unicode(path_info).decode()
 
@@ -171,17 +174,19 @@ def get_script_name(environ):
     # rewrites. Unfortunately not every web server (lighttpd!) passes this
     # information through all the time, so FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME, above, is still
     # needed.
-    script_url = get_bytes_from_wsgi(environ, 'SCRIPT_URL', '') or get_bytes_from_wsgi(environ, 'REDIRECT_URL', '')
+    script_url = get_bytes_from_wsgi(environ, "SCRIPT_URL", "") or get_bytes_from_wsgi(
+        environ, "REDIRECT_URL", ""
+    )
 
     if script_url:
-        if b'//' in script_url:
+        if b"//" in script_url:
             # mod_wsgi squashes multiple successive slashes in PATH_INFO,
             # do the same with script_url before manipulating paths (#17133).
-            script_url = _slashes_re.sub(b'/', script_url)
-        path_info = get_bytes_from_wsgi(environ, 'PATH_INFO', '')
-        script_name = script_url[:-len(path_info)] if path_info else script_url
+            script_url = _slashes_re.sub(b"/", script_url)
+        path_info = get_bytes_from_wsgi(environ, "PATH_INFO", "")
+        script_name = script_url[: -len(path_info)] if path_info else script_url
     else:
-        script_name = get_bytes_from_wsgi(environ, 'SCRIPT_NAME', '')
+        script_name = get_bytes_from_wsgi(environ, "SCRIPT_NAME", "")
 
     return script_name.decode()
 
@@ -196,7 +201,7 @@ def get_bytes_from_wsgi(environ, key, default):
     # Non-ASCII values in the WSGI environ are arbitrarily decoded with
     # ISO-8859-1. This is wrong for Django websites where UTF-8 is the default.
     # Re-encode to recover the original bytestring.
-    return value.encode('iso-8859-1')
+    return value.encode("iso-8859-1")
 
 
 def get_str_from_wsgi(environ, key, default):
@@ -206,4 +211,4 @@ def get_str_from_wsgi(environ, key, default):
     key and default should be str objects.
     """
     value = get_bytes_from_wsgi(environ, key, default)
-    return value.decode(errors='replace')
+    return value.decode(errors="replace")
diff --git a/django/core/mail/__init__.py b/django/core/mail/__init__.py
index f49cd07dce..dc63e8702c 100644
--- a/django/core/mail/__init__.py
+++ b/django/core/mail/__init__.py
@@ -2,24 +2,40 @@
 Tools for sending email.
 """
 from django.conf import settings
+
 # Imported for backwards compatibility and for the sake
 # of a cleaner namespace. These symbols used to be in
 # django/core/mail.py before the introduction of email
 # backends and the subsequent reorganization (See #10355)
 from django.core.mail.message import (
-    DEFAULT_ATTACHMENT_MIME_TYPE, BadHeaderError, EmailMessage,
-    EmailMultiAlternatives, SafeMIMEMultipart, SafeMIMEText,
-    forbid_multi_line_headers, make_msgid,
+    DEFAULT_ATTACHMENT_MIME_TYPE,
+    BadHeaderError,
+    EmailMessage,
+    EmailMultiAlternatives,
+    SafeMIMEMultipart,
+    SafeMIMEText,
+    forbid_multi_line_headers,
+    make_msgid,
 )
 from django.core.mail.utils import DNS_NAME, CachedDnsName
 from django.utils.module_loading import import_string
 
 __all__ = [
-    'CachedDnsName', 'DNS_NAME', 'EmailMessage', 'EmailMultiAlternatives',
-    'SafeMIMEText', 'SafeMIMEMultipart', 'DEFAULT_ATTACHMENT_MIME_TYPE',
-    'make_msgid', 'BadHeaderError', 'forbid_multi_line_headers',
-    'get_connection', 'send_mail', 'send_mass_mail', 'mail_admins',
-    'mail_managers',
+    "CachedDnsName",
+    "DNS_NAME",
+    "EmailMessage",
+    "EmailMultiAlternatives",
+    "SafeMIMEText",
+    "SafeMIMEMultipart",
+    "DEFAULT_ATTACHMENT_MIME_TYPE",
+    "make_msgid",
+    "BadHeaderError",
+    "forbid_multi_line_headers",
+    "get_connection",
+    "send_mail",
+    "send_mass_mail",
+    "mail_admins",
+    "mail_managers",
 ]
 
 
@@ -35,9 +51,17 @@ def get_connection(backend=None, fail_silently=False, **kwds):
     return klass(fail_silently=fail_silently, **kwds)
 
 
-def send_mail(subject, message, from_email, recipient_list,
-              fail_silently=False, auth_user=None, auth_password=None,
-              connection=None, html_message=None):
+def send_mail(
+    subject,
+    message,
+    from_email,
+    recipient_list,
+    fail_silently=False,
+    auth_user=None,
+    auth_password=None,
+    connection=None,
+    html_message=None,
+):
     """
     Easy wrapper for sending a single message to a recipient list. All members
     of the recipient list will see the other recipients in the 'To' field.
@@ -54,15 +78,18 @@ def send_mail(subject, message, from_email, recipient_list,
         password=auth_password,
         fail_silently=fail_silently,
     )
-    mail = EmailMultiAlternatives(subject, message, from_email, recipient_list, connection=connection)
+    mail = EmailMultiAlternatives(
+        subject, message, from_email, recipient_list, connection=connection
+    )
     if html_message:
-        mail.attach_alternative(html_message, 'text/html')
+        mail.attach_alternative(html_message, "text/html")
 
     return mail.send()
 
 
-def send_mass_mail(datatuple, fail_silently=False, auth_user=None,
-                   auth_password=None, connection=None):
+def send_mass_mail(
+    datatuple, fail_silently=False, auth_user=None, auth_password=None, connection=None
+):
     """
     Given a datatuple of (subject, message, from_email, recipient_list), send
     each message to each recipient list. Return the number of emails sent.
@@ -87,35 +114,41 @@ def send_mass_mail(datatuple, fail_silently=False, auth_user=None,
     return connection.send_messages(messages)
 
 
-def mail_admins(subject, message, fail_silently=False, connection=None,
-                html_message=None):
+def mail_admins(
+    subject, message, fail_silently=False, connection=None, html_message=None
+):
     """Send a message to the admins, as defined by the ADMINS setting."""
     if not settings.ADMINS:
         return
     if not all(isinstance(a, (list, tuple)) and len(a) == 2 for a in settings.ADMINS):
-        raise ValueError('The ADMINS setting must be a list of 2-tuples.')
+        raise ValueError("The ADMINS setting must be a list of 2-tuples.")
     mail = EmailMultiAlternatives(
-        '%s%s' % (settings.EMAIL_SUBJECT_PREFIX, subject), message,
-        settings.SERVER_EMAIL, [a[1] for a in settings.ADMINS],
+        "%s%s" % (settings.EMAIL_SUBJECT_PREFIX, subject),
+        message,
+        settings.SERVER_EMAIL,
+        [a[1] for a in settings.ADMINS],
         connection=connection,
     )
     if html_message:
-        mail.attach_alternative(html_message, 'text/html')
+        mail.attach_alternative(html_message, "text/html")
     mail.send(fail_silently=fail_silently)
 
 
-def mail_managers(subject, message, fail_silently=False, connection=None,
-                  html_message=None):
+def mail_managers(
+    subject, message, fail_silently=False, connection=None, html_message=None
+):
     """Send a message to the managers, as defined by the MANAGERS setting."""
     if not settings.MANAGERS:
         return
     if not all(isinstance(a, (list, tuple)) and len(a) == 2 for a in settings.MANAGERS):
-        raise ValueError('The MANAGERS setting must be a list of 2-tuples.')
+        raise ValueError("The MANAGERS setting must be a list of 2-tuples.")
     mail = EmailMultiAlternatives(
-        '%s%s' % (settings.EMAIL_SUBJECT_PREFIX, subject), message,
-        settings.SERVER_EMAIL, [a[1] for a in settings.MANAGERS],
+        "%s%s" % (settings.EMAIL_SUBJECT_PREFIX, subject),
+        message,
+        settings.SERVER_EMAIL,
+        [a[1] for a in settings.MANAGERS],
         connection=connection,
     )
     if html_message:
-        mail.attach_alternative(html_message, 'text/html')
+        mail.attach_alternative(html_message, "text/html")
     mail.send(fail_silently=fail_silently)
diff --git a/django/core/mail/backends/base.py b/django/core/mail/backends/base.py
index d687703332..b35b964cb1 100644
--- a/django/core/mail/backends/base.py
+++ b/django/core/mail/backends/base.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ class BaseEmailBackend:
            # do something with connection
            pass
     """
+
     def __init__(self, fail_silently=False, **kwargs):
         self.fail_silently = fail_silently
 
@@ -56,4 +57,6 @@ class BaseEmailBackend:
         Send one or more EmailMessage objects and return the number of email
         messages sent.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseEmailBackend must override send_messages() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseEmailBackend must override send_messages() method"
+        )
diff --git a/django/core/mail/backends/console.py b/django/core/mail/backends/console.py
index a8bdcbd2c0..ee5dd28504 100644
--- a/django/core/mail/backends/console.py
+++ b/django/core/mail/backends/console.py
@@ -9,18 +9,20 @@ from django.core.mail.backends.base import BaseEmailBackend
 
 class EmailBackend(BaseEmailBackend):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        self.stream = kwargs.pop('stream', sys.stdout)
+        self.stream = kwargs.pop("stream", sys.stdout)
         self._lock = threading.RLock()
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def write_message(self, message):
         msg = message.message()
         msg_data = msg.as_bytes()
-        charset = msg.get_charset().get_output_charset() if msg.get_charset() else 'utf-8'
+        charset = (
+            msg.get_charset().get_output_charset() if msg.get_charset() else "utf-8"
+        )
         msg_data = msg_data.decode(charset)
-        self.stream.write('%s\n' % msg_data)
-        self.stream.write('-' * 79)
-        self.stream.write('\n')
+        self.stream.write("%s\n" % msg_data)
+        self.stream.write("-" * 79)
+        self.stream.write("\n")
 
     def send_messages(self, email_messages):
         """Write all messages to the stream in a thread-safe way."""
diff --git a/django/core/mail/backends/filebased.py b/django/core/mail/backends/filebased.py
index 498d86fba8..3b2b037150 100644
--- a/django/core/mail/backends/filebased.py
+++ b/django/core/mail/backends/filebased.py
@@ -5,9 +5,7 @@ import os
 
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
-from django.core.mail.backends.console import (
-    EmailBackend as ConsoleEmailBackend,
-)
+from django.core.mail.backends.console import EmailBackend as ConsoleEmailBackend
 
 
 class EmailBackend(ConsoleEmailBackend):
@@ -16,31 +14,35 @@ class EmailBackend(ConsoleEmailBackend):
         if file_path is not None:
             self.file_path = file_path
         else:
-            self.file_path = getattr(settings, 'EMAIL_FILE_PATH', None)
+            self.file_path = getattr(settings, "EMAIL_FILE_PATH", None)
         self.file_path = os.path.abspath(self.file_path)
         try:
             os.makedirs(self.file_path, exist_ok=True)
         except FileExistsError:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                'Path for saving email messages exists, but is not a directory: %s' % self.file_path
+                "Path for saving email messages exists, but is not a directory: %s"
+                % self.file_path
             )
         except OSError as err:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                'Could not create directory for saving email messages: %s (%s)' % (self.file_path, err)
+                "Could not create directory for saving email messages: %s (%s)"
+                % (self.file_path, err)
             )
         # Make sure that self.file_path is writable.
         if not os.access(self.file_path, os.W_OK):
-            raise ImproperlyConfigured('Could not write to directory: %s' % self.file_path)
+            raise ImproperlyConfigured(
+                "Could not write to directory: %s" % self.file_path
+            )
         # Finally, call super().
         # Since we're using the console-based backend as a base,
         # force the stream to be None, so we don't default to stdout
-        kwargs['stream'] = None
+        kwargs["stream"] = None
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def write_message(self, message):
-        self.stream.write(message.message().as_bytes() + b'\n')
-        self.stream.write(b'-' * 79)
-        self.stream.write(b'\n')
+        self.stream.write(message.message().as_bytes() + b"\n")
+        self.stream.write(b"-" * 79)
+        self.stream.write(b"\n")
 
     def _get_filename(self):
         """Return a unique file name."""
@@ -52,7 +54,7 @@ class EmailBackend(ConsoleEmailBackend):
 
     def open(self):
         if self.stream is None:
-            self.stream = open(self._get_filename(), 'ab')
+            self.stream = open(self._get_filename(), "ab")
             return True
         return False
 
diff --git a/django/core/mail/backends/locmem.py b/django/core/mail/backends/locmem.py
index 84732e997b..76676973a4 100644
--- a/django/core/mail/backends/locmem.py
+++ b/django/core/mail/backends/locmem.py
@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@ class EmailBackend(BaseEmailBackend):
 
     The dummy outbox is accessible through the outbox instance attribute.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-        if not hasattr(mail, 'outbox'):
+        if not hasattr(mail, "outbox"):
             mail.outbox = []
 
     def send_messages(self, messages):
diff --git a/django/core/mail/backends/smtp.py b/django/core/mail/backends/smtp.py
index 13ed4a2798..5df7c20ae0 100644
--- a/django/core/mail/backends/smtp.py
+++ b/django/core/mail/backends/smtp.py
@@ -13,10 +13,21 @@ class EmailBackend(BaseEmailBackend):
     """
     A wrapper that manages the SMTP network connection.
     """
-    def __init__(self, host=None, port=None, username=None, password=None,
-                 use_tls=None, fail_silently=False, use_ssl=None, timeout=None,
-                 ssl_keyfile=None, ssl_certfile=None,
-                 **kwargs):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        host=None,
+        port=None,
+        username=None,
+        password=None,
+        use_tls=None,
+        fail_silently=False,
+        use_ssl=None,
+        timeout=None,
+        ssl_keyfile=None,
+        ssl_certfile=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
         super().__init__(fail_silently=fail_silently)
         self.host = host or settings.EMAIL_HOST
         self.port = port or settings.EMAIL_PORT
@@ -25,12 +36,17 @@ class EmailBackend(BaseEmailBackend):
         self.use_tls = settings.EMAIL_USE_TLS if use_tls is None else use_tls
         self.use_ssl = settings.EMAIL_USE_SSL if use_ssl is None else use_ssl
         self.timeout = settings.EMAIL_TIMEOUT if timeout is None else timeout
-        self.ssl_keyfile = settings.EMAIL_SSL_KEYFILE if ssl_keyfile is None else ssl_keyfile
-        self.ssl_certfile = settings.EMAIL_SSL_CERTFILE if ssl_certfile is None else ssl_certfile
+        self.ssl_keyfile = (
+            settings.EMAIL_SSL_KEYFILE if ssl_keyfile is None else ssl_keyfile
+        )
+        self.ssl_certfile = (
+            settings.EMAIL_SSL_CERTFILE if ssl_certfile is None else ssl_certfile
+        )
         if self.use_ssl and self.use_tls:
             raise ValueError(
                 "EMAIL_USE_TLS/EMAIL_USE_SSL are mutually exclusive, so only set "
-                "one of those settings to True.")
+                "one of those settings to True."
+            )
         self.connection = None
         self._lock = threading.RLock()
 
@@ -50,21 +66,27 @@ class EmailBackend(BaseEmailBackend):
 
         # If local_hostname is not specified, socket.getfqdn() gets used.
         # For performance, we use the cached FQDN for local_hostname.
-        connection_params = {'local_hostname': DNS_NAME.get_fqdn()}
+        connection_params = {"local_hostname": DNS_NAME.get_fqdn()}
         if self.timeout is not None:
-            connection_params['timeout'] = self.timeout
+            connection_params["timeout"] = self.timeout
         if self.use_ssl:
-            connection_params.update({
-                'keyfile': self.ssl_keyfile,
-                'certfile': self.ssl_certfile,
-            })
+            connection_params.update(
+                {
+                    "keyfile": self.ssl_keyfile,
+                    "certfile": self.ssl_certfile,
+                }
+            )
         try:
-            self.connection = self.connection_class(self.host, self.port, **connection_params)
+            self.connection = self.connection_class(
+                self.host, self.port, **connection_params
+            )
 
             # TLS/SSL are mutually exclusive, so only attempt TLS over
             # non-secure connections.
             if not self.use_ssl and self.use_tls:
-                self.connection.starttls(keyfile=self.ssl_keyfile, certfile=self.ssl_certfile)
+                self.connection.starttls(
+                    keyfile=self.ssl_keyfile, certfile=self.ssl_certfile
+                )
             if self.username and self.password:
                 self.connection.login(self.username, self.password)
             return True
@@ -119,10 +141,14 @@ class EmailBackend(BaseEmailBackend):
             return False
         encoding = email_message.encoding or settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET
         from_email = sanitize_address(email_message.from_email, encoding)
-        recipients = [sanitize_address(addr, encoding) for addr in email_message.recipients()]
+        recipients = [
+            sanitize_address(addr, encoding) for addr in email_message.recipients()
+        ]
         message = email_message.message()
         try:
-            self.connection.sendmail(from_email, recipients, message.as_bytes(linesep='\r\n'))
+            self.connection.sendmail(
+                from_email, recipients, message.as_bytes(linesep="\r\n")
+            )
         except smtplib.SMTPException:
             if not self.fail_silently:
                 raise
diff --git a/django/core/mail/message.py b/django/core/mail/message.py
index ccc8a769ea..cd5b71ad51 100644
--- a/django/core/mail/message.py
+++ b/django/core/mail/message.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import mimetypes
-from email import (
-    charset as Charset, encoders as Encoders, generator, message_from_string,
-)
+from email import charset as Charset
+from email import encoders as Encoders
+from email import generator, message_from_string
 from email.errors import HeaderParseError
 from email.header import Header
 from email.headerregistry import Address, parser
@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@ from django.utils.encoding import force_str, punycode
 
 # Don't BASE64-encode UTF-8 messages so that we avoid unwanted attention from
 # some spam filters.
-utf8_charset = Charset.Charset('utf-8')
+utf8_charset = Charset.Charset("utf-8")
 utf8_charset.body_encoding = None  # Python defaults to BASE64
-utf8_charset_qp = Charset.Charset('utf-8')
+utf8_charset_qp = Charset.Charset("utf-8")
 utf8_charset_qp.body_encoding = Charset.QP
 
 # Default MIME type to use on attachments (if it is not explicitly given
 # and cannot be guessed).
-DEFAULT_ATTACHMENT_MIME_TYPE = 'application/octet-stream'
+DEFAULT_ATTACHMENT_MIME_TYPE = "application/octet-stream"
 
 RFC5322_EMAIL_LINE_LENGTH_LIMIT = 998
 
@@ -38,17 +38,17 @@ class BadHeaderError(ValueError):
 
 # Header names that contain structured address data (RFC #5322)
 ADDRESS_HEADERS = {
-    'from',
-    'sender',
-    'reply-to',
-    'to',
-    'cc',
-    'bcc',
-    'resent-from',
-    'resent-sender',
-    'resent-to',
-    'resent-cc',
-    'resent-bcc',
+    "from",
+    "sender",
+    "reply-to",
+    "to",
+    "cc",
+    "bcc",
+    "resent-from",
+    "resent-sender",
+    "resent-to",
+    "resent-cc",
+    "resent-bcc",
 }
 
 
@@ -56,17 +56,21 @@ def forbid_multi_line_headers(name, val, encoding):
     """Forbid multi-line headers to prevent header injection."""
     encoding = encoding or settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET
     val = str(val)  # val may be lazy
-    if '\n' in val or '\r' in val:
-        raise BadHeaderError("Header values can't contain newlines (got %r for header %r)" % (val, name))
+    if "\n" in val or "\r" in val:
+        raise BadHeaderError(
+            "Header values can't contain newlines (got %r for header %r)" % (val, name)
+        )
     try:
-        val.encode('ascii')
+        val.encode("ascii")
     except UnicodeEncodeError:
         if name.lower() in ADDRESS_HEADERS:
-            val = ', '.join(sanitize_address(addr, encoding) for addr in getaddresses((val,)))
+            val = ", ".join(
+                sanitize_address(addr, encoding) for addr in getaddresses((val,))
+            )
         else:
             val = Header(val, encoding).encode()
     else:
-        if name.lower() == 'subject':
+        if name.lower() == "subject":
             val = Header(val).encode()
     return name, val
 
@@ -86,28 +90,27 @@ def sanitize_address(addr, encoding):
             if rest:
                 # The entire email address must be parsed.
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'Invalid address; only %s could be parsed from "%s"'
-                    % (token, addr)
+                    'Invalid address; only %s could be parsed from "%s"' % (token, addr)
                 )
-            nm = token.display_name or ''
+            nm = token.display_name or ""
             localpart = token.local_part
-            domain = token.domain or ''
+            domain = token.domain or ""
     else:
         nm, address = addr
-        localpart, domain = address.rsplit('@', 1)
+        localpart, domain = address.rsplit("@", 1)
 
     address_parts = nm + localpart + domain
-    if '\n' in address_parts or '\r' in address_parts:
-        raise ValueError('Invalid address; address parts cannot contain newlines.')
+    if "\n" in address_parts or "\r" in address_parts:
+        raise ValueError("Invalid address; address parts cannot contain newlines.")
 
     # Avoid UTF-8 encode, if it's possible.
     try:
-        nm.encode('ascii')
+        nm.encode("ascii")
         nm = Header(nm).encode()
     except UnicodeEncodeError:
         nm = Header(nm, encoding).encode()
     try:
-        localpart.encode('ascii')
+        localpart.encode("ascii")
     except UnicodeEncodeError:
         localpart = Header(localpart, encoding).encode()
     domain = punycode(domain)
@@ -117,7 +120,7 @@ def sanitize_address(addr, encoding):
 
 
 class MIMEMixin:
-    def as_string(self, unixfrom=False, linesep='\n'):
+    def as_string(self, unixfrom=False, linesep="\n"):
         """Return the entire formatted message as a string.
         Optional `unixfrom' when True, means include the Unix From_ envelope
         header.
@@ -130,7 +133,7 @@ class MIMEMixin:
         g.flatten(self, unixfrom=unixfrom, linesep=linesep)
         return fp.getvalue()
 
-    def as_bytes(self, unixfrom=False, linesep='\n'):
+    def as_bytes(self, unixfrom=False, linesep="\n"):
         """Return the entire formatted message as bytes.
         Optional `unixfrom' when True, means include the Unix From_ envelope
         header.
@@ -145,16 +148,14 @@ class MIMEMixin:
 
 
 class SafeMIMEMessage(MIMEMixin, MIMEMessage):
-
     def __setitem__(self, name, val):
         # message/rfc822 attachments must be ASCII
-        name, val = forbid_multi_line_headers(name, val, 'ascii')
+        name, val = forbid_multi_line_headers(name, val, "ascii")
         MIMEMessage.__setitem__(self, name, val)
 
 
 class SafeMIMEText(MIMEMixin, MIMEText):
-
-    def __init__(self, _text, _subtype='plain', _charset=None):
+    def __init__(self, _text, _subtype="plain", _charset=None):
         self.encoding = _charset
         MIMEText.__init__(self, _text, _subtype=_subtype, _charset=_charset)
 
@@ -163,7 +164,7 @@ class SafeMIMEText(MIMEMixin, MIMEText):
         MIMEText.__setitem__(self, name, val)
 
     def set_payload(self, payload, charset=None):
-        if charset == 'utf-8' and not isinstance(charset, Charset.Charset):
+        if charset == "utf-8" and not isinstance(charset, Charset.Charset):
             has_long_lines = any(
                 len(line.encode()) > RFC5322_EMAIL_LINE_LENGTH_LIMIT
                 for line in payload.splitlines()
@@ -175,8 +176,9 @@ class SafeMIMEText(MIMEMixin, MIMEText):
 
 
 class SafeMIMEMultipart(MIMEMixin, MIMEMultipart):
-
-    def __init__(self, _subtype='mixed', boundary=None, _subparts=None, encoding=None, **_params):
+    def __init__(
+        self, _subtype="mixed", boundary=None, _subparts=None, encoding=None, **_params
+    ):
         self.encoding = encoding
         MIMEMultipart.__init__(self, _subtype, boundary, _subparts, **_params)
 
@@ -187,13 +189,24 @@ class SafeMIMEMultipart(MIMEMixin, MIMEMultipart):
 
 class EmailMessage:
     """A container for email information."""
-    content_subtype = 'plain'
-    mixed_subtype = 'mixed'
-    encoding = None     # None => use settings default
 
-    def __init__(self, subject='', body='', from_email=None, to=None, bcc=None,
-                 connection=None, attachments=None, headers=None, cc=None,
-                 reply_to=None):
+    content_subtype = "plain"
+    mixed_subtype = "mixed"
+    encoding = None  # None => use settings default
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        subject="",
+        body="",
+        from_email=None,
+        to=None,
+        bcc=None,
+        connection=None,
+        attachments=None,
+        headers=None,
+        cc=None,
+        reply_to=None,
+    ):
         """
         Initialize a single email message (which can be sent to multiple
         recipients).
@@ -224,7 +237,7 @@ class EmailMessage:
             self.reply_to = []
         self.from_email = from_email or settings.DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL
         self.subject = subject
-        self.body = body or ''
+        self.body = body or ""
         self.attachments = []
         if attachments:
             for attachment in attachments:
@@ -237,6 +250,7 @@ class EmailMessage:
 
     def get_connection(self, fail_silently=False):
         from django.core.mail import get_connection
+
         if not self.connection:
             self.connection = get_connection(fail_silently=fail_silently)
         return self.connection
@@ -245,26 +259,26 @@ class EmailMessage:
         encoding = self.encoding or settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET
         msg = SafeMIMEText(self.body, self.content_subtype, encoding)
         msg = self._create_message(msg)
-        msg['Subject'] = self.subject
-        msg['From'] = self.extra_headers.get('From', self.from_email)
-        self._set_list_header_if_not_empty(msg, 'To', self.to)
-        self._set_list_header_if_not_empty(msg, 'Cc', self.cc)
-        self._set_list_header_if_not_empty(msg, 'Reply-To', self.reply_to)
+        msg["Subject"] = self.subject
+        msg["From"] = self.extra_headers.get("From", self.from_email)
+        self._set_list_header_if_not_empty(msg, "To", self.to)
+        self._set_list_header_if_not_empty(msg, "Cc", self.cc)
+        self._set_list_header_if_not_empty(msg, "Reply-To", self.reply_to)
 
         # Email header names are case-insensitive (RFC 2045), so we have to
         # accommodate that when doing comparisons.
         header_names = [key.lower() for key in self.extra_headers]
-        if 'date' not in header_names:
+        if "date" not in header_names:
             # formatdate() uses stdlib methods to format the date, which use
             # the stdlib/OS concept of a timezone, however, Django sets the
             # TZ environment variable based on the TIME_ZONE setting which
             # will get picked up by formatdate().
-            msg['Date'] = formatdate(localtime=settings.EMAIL_USE_LOCALTIME)
-        if 'message-id' not in header_names:
+            msg["Date"] = formatdate(localtime=settings.EMAIL_USE_LOCALTIME)
+        if "message-id" not in header_names:
             # Use cached DNS_NAME for performance
-            msg['Message-ID'] = make_msgid(domain=DNS_NAME)
+            msg["Message-ID"] = make_msgid(domain=DNS_NAME)
         for name, value in self.extra_headers.items():
-            if name.lower() != 'from':  # From is already handled
+            if name.lower() != "from":  # From is already handled
                 msg[name] = value
         return msg
 
@@ -298,17 +312,21 @@ class EmailMessage:
         if isinstance(filename, MIMEBase):
             if content is not None or mimetype is not None:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'content and mimetype must not be given when a MIMEBase '
-                    'instance is provided.'
+                    "content and mimetype must not be given when a MIMEBase "
+                    "instance is provided."
                 )
             self.attachments.append(filename)
         elif content is None:
-            raise ValueError('content must be provided.')
+            raise ValueError("content must be provided.")
         else:
-            mimetype = mimetype or mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0] or DEFAULT_ATTACHMENT_MIME_TYPE
-            basetype, subtype = mimetype.split('/', 1)
+            mimetype = (
+                mimetype
+                or mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0]
+                or DEFAULT_ATTACHMENT_MIME_TYPE
+            )
+            basetype, subtype = mimetype.split("/", 1)
 
-            if basetype == 'text':
+            if basetype == "text":
                 if isinstance(content, bytes):
                     try:
                         content = content.decode()
@@ -331,7 +349,7 @@ class EmailMessage:
         DEFAULT_ATTACHMENT_MIME_TYPE and don't decode the content.
         """
         path = Path(path)
-        with path.open('rb') as file:
+        with path.open("rb") as file:
             content = file.read()
             self.attach(path.name, content, mimetype)
 
@@ -359,11 +377,11 @@ class EmailMessage:
         If the mimetype is message/rfc822, content may be an
         email.Message or EmailMessage object, as well as a str.
         """
-        basetype, subtype = mimetype.split('/', 1)
-        if basetype == 'text':
+        basetype, subtype = mimetype.split("/", 1)
+        if basetype == "text":
             encoding = self.encoding or settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET
             attachment = SafeMIMEText(content, subtype, encoding)
-        elif basetype == 'message' and subtype == 'rfc822':
+        elif basetype == "message" and subtype == "rfc822":
             # Bug #18967: per RFC2046 s5.2.1, message/rfc822 attachments
             # must not be base64 encoded.
             if isinstance(content, EmailMessage):
@@ -390,10 +408,12 @@ class EmailMessage:
         attachment = self._create_mime_attachment(content, mimetype)
         if filename:
             try:
-                filename.encode('ascii')
+                filename.encode("ascii")
             except UnicodeEncodeError:
-                filename = ('utf-8', '', filename)
-            attachment.add_header('Content-Disposition', 'attachment', filename=filename)
+                filename = ("utf-8", "", filename)
+            attachment.add_header(
+                "Content-Disposition", "attachment", filename=filename
+            )
         return attachment
 
     def _set_list_header_if_not_empty(self, msg, header, values):
@@ -405,7 +425,7 @@ class EmailMessage:
             try:
                 value = self.extra_headers[header]
             except KeyError:
-                value = ', '.join(str(v) for v in values)
+                value = ", ".join(str(v) for v in values)
             msg[header] = value
 
 
@@ -415,25 +435,45 @@ class EmailMultiAlternatives(EmailMessage):
     messages. For example, including text and HTML versions of the text is
     made easier.
     """
-    alternative_subtype = 'alternative'
 
-    def __init__(self, subject='', body='', from_email=None, to=None, bcc=None,
-                 connection=None, attachments=None, headers=None, alternatives=None,
-                 cc=None, reply_to=None):
+    alternative_subtype = "alternative"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        subject="",
+        body="",
+        from_email=None,
+        to=None,
+        bcc=None,
+        connection=None,
+        attachments=None,
+        headers=None,
+        alternatives=None,
+        cc=None,
+        reply_to=None,
+    ):
         """
         Initialize a single email message (which can be sent to multiple
         recipients).
         """
         super().__init__(
-            subject, body, from_email, to, bcc, connection, attachments,
-            headers, cc, reply_to,
+            subject,
+            body,
+            from_email,
+            to,
+            bcc,
+            connection,
+            attachments,
+            headers,
+            cc,
+            reply_to,
         )
         self.alternatives = alternatives or []
 
     def attach_alternative(self, content, mimetype):
         """Attach an alternative content representation."""
         if content is None or mimetype is None:
-            raise ValueError('Both content and mimetype must be provided.')
+            raise ValueError("Both content and mimetype must be provided.")
         self.alternatives.append((content, mimetype))
 
     def _create_message(self, msg):
@@ -443,7 +483,9 @@ class EmailMultiAlternatives(EmailMessage):
         encoding = self.encoding or settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET
         if self.alternatives:
             body_msg = msg
-            msg = SafeMIMEMultipart(_subtype=self.alternative_subtype, encoding=encoding)
+            msg = SafeMIMEMultipart(
+                _subtype=self.alternative_subtype, encoding=encoding
+            )
             if self.body:
                 msg.attach(body_msg)
             for alternative in self.alternatives:
diff --git a/django/core/mail/utils.py b/django/core/mail/utils.py
index 1e48faa366..8143c236d5 100644
--- a/django/core/mail/utils.py
+++ b/django/core/mail/utils.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class CachedDnsName:
         return self.get_fqdn()
 
     def get_fqdn(self):
-        if not hasattr(self, '_fqdn'):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_fqdn"):
             self._fqdn = punycode(socket.getfqdn())
         return self._fqdn
 
diff --git a/django/core/management/__init__.py b/django/core/management/__init__.py
index 6133e71c50..7049e06474 100644
--- a/django/core/management/__init__.py
+++ b/django/core/management/__init__.py
@@ -3,7 +3,10 @@ import os
 import pkgutil
 import sys
 from argparse import (
-    _AppendConstAction, _CountAction, _StoreConstAction, _SubParsersAction,
+    _AppendConstAction,
+    _CountAction,
+    _StoreConstAction,
+    _SubParsersAction,
 )
 from collections import defaultdict
 from difflib import get_close_matches
@@ -14,7 +17,10 @@ from django.apps import apps
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.core.management.base import (
-    BaseCommand, CommandError, CommandParser, handle_default_options,
+    BaseCommand,
+    CommandError,
+    CommandParser,
+    handle_default_options,
 )
 from django.core.management.color import color_style
 from django.utils import autoreload
@@ -25,9 +31,12 @@ def find_commands(management_dir):
     Given a path to a management directory, return a list of all the command
     names that are available.
     """
-    command_dir = os.path.join(management_dir, 'commands')
-    return [name for _, name, is_pkg in pkgutil.iter_modules([command_dir])
-            if not is_pkg and not name.startswith('_')]
+    command_dir = os.path.join(management_dir, "commands")
+    return [
+        name
+        for _, name, is_pkg in pkgutil.iter_modules([command_dir])
+        if not is_pkg and not name.startswith("_")
+    ]
 
 
 def load_command_class(app_name, name):
@@ -36,7 +45,7 @@ def load_command_class(app_name, name):
     class instance. Allow all errors raised by the import process
     (ImportError, AttributeError) to propagate.
     """
-    module = import_module('%s.management.commands.%s' % (app_name, name))
+    module = import_module("%s.management.commands.%s" % (app_name, name))
     return module.Command()
 
 
@@ -63,13 +72,13 @@ def get_commands():
     The dictionary is cached on the first call and reused on subsequent
     calls.
     """
-    commands = {name: 'django.core' for name in find_commands(__path__[0])}
+    commands = {name: "django.core" for name in find_commands(__path__[0])}
 
     if not settings.configured:
         return commands
 
     for app_config in reversed(apps.get_app_configs()):
-        path = os.path.join(app_config.path, 'management')
+        path = os.path.join(app_config.path, "management")
         commands.update({name: app_config.name for name in find_commands(path)})
 
     return commands
@@ -98,7 +107,7 @@ def call_command(command_name, *args, **options):
     if isinstance(command_name, BaseCommand):
         # Command object passed in.
         command = command_name
-        command_name = command.__class__.__module__.split('.')[-1]
+        command_name = command.__class__.__module__.split(".")[-1]
     else:
         # Load the command object by name.
         try:
@@ -113,11 +122,12 @@ def call_command(command_name, *args, **options):
             command = load_command_class(app_name, command_name)
 
     # Simulate argument parsing to get the option defaults (see #10080 for details).
-    parser = command.create_parser('', command_name)
+    parser = command.create_parser("", command_name)
     # Use the `dest` option name from the parser option
     opt_mapping = {
-        min(s_opt.option_strings).lstrip('-').replace('-', '_'): s_opt.dest
-        for s_opt in parser._actions if s_opt.option_strings
+        min(s_opt.option_strings).lstrip("-").replace("-", "_"): s_opt.dest
+        for s_opt in parser._actions
+        if s_opt.option_strings
     }
     arg_options = {opt_mapping.get(key, key): value for key, value in options.items()}
     parse_args = []
@@ -140,20 +150,20 @@ def call_command(command_name, *args, **options):
     mutually_exclusive_required_options = {
         opt
         for group in parser._mutually_exclusive_groups
-        for opt in group._group_actions if group.required
+        for opt in group._group_actions
+        if group.required
     }
     # Any required arguments which are passed in via **options must be passed
     # to parse_args().
     for opt in parser_actions:
-        if (
-            opt.dest in options and
-            (opt.required or opt in mutually_exclusive_required_options)
+        if opt.dest in options and (
+            opt.required or opt in mutually_exclusive_required_options
         ):
             opt_dest_count = sum(v == opt.dest for v in opt_mapping.values())
             if opt_dest_count > 1:
                 raise TypeError(
-                    f'Cannot pass the dest {opt.dest!r} that matches multiple '
-                    f'arguments via **options.'
+                    f"Cannot pass the dest {opt.dest!r} that matches multiple "
+                    f"arguments via **options."
                 )
             parse_args.append(min(opt.option_strings))
             if isinstance(opt, (_AppendConstAction, _CountAction, _StoreConstAction)):
@@ -173,16 +183,17 @@ def call_command(command_name, *args, **options):
     if unknown_options:
         raise TypeError(
             "Unknown option(s) for %s command: %s. "
-            "Valid options are: %s." % (
+            "Valid options are: %s."
+            % (
                 command_name,
-                ', '.join(sorted(unknown_options)),
-                ', '.join(sorted(valid_options)),
+                ", ".join(sorted(unknown_options)),
+                ", ".join(sorted(valid_options)),
             )
         )
     # Move positional args out of options to mimic legacy optparse
-    args = defaults.pop('args', ())
-    if 'skip_checks' not in options:
-        defaults['skip_checks'] = True
+    args = defaults.pop("args", ())
+    if "skip_checks" not in options:
+        defaults["skip_checks"] = True
 
     return command.execute(*args, **defaults)
 
@@ -191,11 +202,12 @@ class ManagementUtility:
     """
     Encapsulate the logic of the django-admin and manage.py utilities.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, argv=None):
         self.argv = argv or sys.argv[:]
         self.prog_name = os.path.basename(self.argv[0])
-        if self.prog_name == '__main__.py':
-            self.prog_name = 'python -m django'
+        if self.prog_name == "__main__.py":
+            self.prog_name = "python -m django"
         self.settings_exception = None
 
     def main_help_text(self, commands_only=False):
@@ -205,16 +217,17 @@ class ManagementUtility:
         else:
             usage = [
                 "",
-                "Type '%s help <subcommand>' for help on a specific subcommand." % self.prog_name,
+                "Type '%s help <subcommand>' for help on a specific subcommand."
+                % self.prog_name,
                 "",
                 "Available subcommands:",
             ]
             commands_dict = defaultdict(lambda: [])
             for name, app in get_commands().items():
-                if app == 'django.core':
-                    app = 'django'
+                if app == "django.core":
+                    app = "django"
                 else:
-                    app = app.rpartition('.')[-1]
+                    app = app.rpartition(".")[-1]
                 commands_dict[app].append(name)
             style = color_style()
             for app in sorted(commands_dict):
@@ -224,12 +237,15 @@ class ManagementUtility:
                     usage.append("    %s" % name)
             # Output an extra note if settings are not properly configured
             if self.settings_exception is not None:
-                usage.append(style.NOTICE(
-                    "Note that only Django core commands are listed "
-                    "as settings are not properly configured (error: %s)."
-                    % self.settings_exception))
+                usage.append(
+                    style.NOTICE(
+                        "Note that only Django core commands are listed "
+                        "as settings are not properly configured (error: %s)."
+                        % self.settings_exception
+                    )
+                )
 
-        return '\n'.join(usage)
+        return "\n".join(usage)
 
     def fetch_command(self, subcommand):
         """
@@ -242,7 +258,7 @@ class ManagementUtility:
         try:
             app_name = commands[subcommand]
         except KeyError:
-            if os.environ.get('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'):
+            if os.environ.get("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE"):
                 # If `subcommand` is missing due to misconfigured settings, the
                 # following line will retrigger an ImproperlyConfigured exception
                 # (get_commands() swallows the original one) so the user is
@@ -251,9 +267,9 @@ class ManagementUtility:
             elif not settings.configured:
                 sys.stderr.write("No Django settings specified.\n")
             possible_matches = get_close_matches(subcommand, commands)
-            sys.stderr.write('Unknown command: %r' % subcommand)
+            sys.stderr.write("Unknown command: %r" % subcommand)
             if possible_matches:
-                sys.stderr.write('. Did you mean %s?' % possible_matches[0])
+                sys.stderr.write(". Did you mean %s?" % possible_matches[0])
             sys.stderr.write("\nType '%s help' for usage.\n" % self.prog_name)
             sys.exit(1)
         if isinstance(app_name, BaseCommand):
@@ -285,29 +301,29 @@ class ManagementUtility:
         and formatted as potential completion suggestions.
         """
         # Don't complete if user hasn't sourced bash_completion file.
-        if 'DJANGO_AUTO_COMPLETE' not in os.environ:
+        if "DJANGO_AUTO_COMPLETE" not in os.environ:
             return
 
-        cwords = os.environ['COMP_WORDS'].split()[1:]
-        cword = int(os.environ['COMP_CWORD'])
+        cwords = os.environ["COMP_WORDS"].split()[1:]
+        cword = int(os.environ["COMP_CWORD"])
 
         try:
             curr = cwords[cword - 1]
         except IndexError:
-            curr = ''
+            curr = ""
 
-        subcommands = [*get_commands(), 'help']
-        options = [('--help', False)]
+        subcommands = [*get_commands(), "help"]
+        options = [("--help", False)]
 
         # subcommand
         if cword == 1:
-            print(' '.join(sorted(filter(lambda x: x.startswith(curr), subcommands))))
+            print(" ".join(sorted(filter(lambda x: x.startswith(curr), subcommands))))
         # subcommand options
         # special case: the 'help' subcommand has no options
-        elif cwords[0] in subcommands and cwords[0] != 'help':
+        elif cwords[0] in subcommands and cwords[0] != "help":
             subcommand_cls = self.fetch_command(cwords[0])
             # special case: add the names of installed apps to options
-            if cwords[0] in ('dumpdata', 'sqlmigrate', 'sqlsequencereset', 'test'):
+            if cwords[0] in ("dumpdata", "sqlmigrate", "sqlsequencereset", "test"):
                 try:
                     app_configs = apps.get_app_configs()
                     # Get the last part of the dotted path as the app name.
@@ -316,13 +332,14 @@ class ManagementUtility:
                     # Fail silently if DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE isn't set. The
                     # user will find out once they execute the command.
                     pass
-            parser = subcommand_cls.create_parser('', cwords[0])
+            parser = subcommand_cls.create_parser("", cwords[0])
             options.extend(
                 (min(s_opt.option_strings), s_opt.nargs != 0)
-                for s_opt in parser._actions if s_opt.option_strings
+                for s_opt in parser._actions
+                if s_opt.option_strings
             )
             # filter out previously specified options from available options
-            prev_opts = {x.split('=')[0] for x in cwords[1:cword - 1]}
+            prev_opts = {x.split("=")[0] for x in cwords[1 : cword - 1]}
             options = (opt for opt in options if opt[0] not in prev_opts)
 
             # filter options by current input
@@ -330,7 +347,7 @@ class ManagementUtility:
             for opt_label, require_arg in options:
                 # append '=' to options which require args
                 if require_arg:
-                    opt_label += '='
+                    opt_label += "="
                 print(opt_label)
         # Exit code of the bash completion function is never passed back to
         # the user, so it's safe to always exit with 0.
@@ -345,20 +362,20 @@ class ManagementUtility:
         try:
             subcommand = self.argv[1]
         except IndexError:
-            subcommand = 'help'  # Display help if no arguments were given.
+            subcommand = "help"  # Display help if no arguments were given.
 
         # Preprocess options to extract --settings and --pythonpath.
         # These options could affect the commands that are available, so they
         # must be processed early.
         parser = CommandParser(
             prog=self.prog_name,
-            usage='%(prog)s subcommand [options] [args]',
+            usage="%(prog)s subcommand [options] [args]",
             add_help=False,
             allow_abbrev=False,
         )
-        parser.add_argument('--settings')
-        parser.add_argument('--pythonpath')
-        parser.add_argument('args', nargs='*')  # catch-all
+        parser.add_argument("--settings")
+        parser.add_argument("--pythonpath")
+        parser.add_argument("args", nargs="*")  # catch-all
         try:
             options, args = parser.parse_known_args(self.argv[2:])
             handle_default_options(options)
@@ -376,7 +393,7 @@ class ManagementUtility:
             # Start the auto-reloading dev server even if the code is broken.
             # The hardcoded condition is a code smell but we can't rely on a
             # flag on the command class because we haven't located it yet.
-            if subcommand == 'runserver' and '--noreload' not in self.argv:
+            if subcommand == "runserver" and "--noreload" not in self.argv:
                 try:
                     autoreload.check_errors(django.setup)()
                 except Exception:
@@ -391,7 +408,9 @@ class ManagementUtility:
                     # (e.g. options for the contrib.staticfiles' runserver).
                     # Changes here require manually testing as described in
                     # #27522.
-                    _parser = self.fetch_command('runserver').create_parser('django', 'runserver')
+                    _parser = self.fetch_command("runserver").create_parser(
+                        "django", "runserver"
+                    )
                     _options, _args = _parser.parse_known_args(self.argv[2:])
                     for _arg in _args:
                         self.argv.remove(_arg)
@@ -402,19 +421,21 @@ class ManagementUtility:
 
         self.autocomplete()
 
-        if subcommand == 'help':
-            if '--commands' in args:
-                sys.stdout.write(self.main_help_text(commands_only=True) + '\n')
+        if subcommand == "help":
+            if "--commands" in args:
+                sys.stdout.write(self.main_help_text(commands_only=True) + "\n")
             elif not options.args:
-                sys.stdout.write(self.main_help_text() + '\n')
+                sys.stdout.write(self.main_help_text() + "\n")
             else:
-                self.fetch_command(options.args[0]).print_help(self.prog_name, options.args[0])
+                self.fetch_command(options.args[0]).print_help(
+                    self.prog_name, options.args[0]
+                )
         # Special-cases: We want 'django-admin --version' and
         # 'django-admin --help' to work, for backwards compatibility.
-        elif subcommand == 'version' or self.argv[1:] == ['--version']:
-            sys.stdout.write(django.get_version() + '\n')
-        elif self.argv[1:] in (['--help'], ['-h']):
-            sys.stdout.write(self.main_help_text() + '\n')
+        elif subcommand == "version" or self.argv[1:] == ["--version"]:
+            sys.stdout.write(django.get_version() + "\n")
+        elif self.argv[1:] in (["--help"], ["-h"]):
+            sys.stdout.write(self.main_help_text() + "\n")
         else:
             self.fetch_command(subcommand).run_from_argv(self.argv)
 
diff --git a/django/core/management/base.py b/django/core/management/base.py
index 197230fc14..ab1f7e9f70 100644
--- a/django/core/management/base.py
+++ b/django/core/management/base.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.core.management.color import color_style, no_style
 from django.db import DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, connections
 
-ALL_CHECKS = '__all__'
+ALL_CHECKS = "__all__"
 
 
 class CommandError(Exception):
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ class CommandError(Exception):
     error) is the preferred way to indicate that something has gone
     wrong in the execution of a command.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, *args, returncode=1, **kwargs):
         self.returncode = returncode
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ class SystemCheckError(CommandError):
     """
     The system check framework detected unrecoverable errors.
     """
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -47,15 +49,19 @@ class CommandParser(ArgumentParser):
     SystemExit in several occasions, as SystemExit is unacceptable when a
     command is called programmatically.
     """
-    def __init__(self, *, missing_args_message=None, called_from_command_line=None, **kwargs):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, *, missing_args_message=None, called_from_command_line=None, **kwargs
+    ):
         self.missing_args_message = missing_args_message
         self.called_from_command_line = called_from_command_line
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     def parse_args(self, args=None, namespace=None):
         # Catch missing argument for a better error message
-        if (self.missing_args_message and
-                not (args or any(not arg.startswith('-') for arg in args))):
+        if self.missing_args_message and not (
+            args or any(not arg.startswith("-") for arg in args)
+        ):
             self.error(self.missing_args_message)
         return super().parse_args(args, namespace)
 
@@ -73,15 +79,17 @@ def handle_default_options(options):
     user commands.
     """
     if options.settings:
-        os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = options.settings
+        os.environ["DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE"] = options.settings
     if options.pythonpath:
         sys.path.insert(0, options.pythonpath)
 
 
 def no_translations(handle_func):
     """Decorator that forces a command to run with translations deactivated."""
+
     def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
         from django.utils import translation
+
         saved_locale = translation.get_language()
         translation.deactivate_all()
         try:
@@ -90,6 +98,7 @@ def no_translations(handle_func):
             if saved_locale is not None:
                 translation.activate(saved_locale)
         return res
+
     return wrapped
 
 
@@ -98,15 +107,21 @@ class DjangoHelpFormatter(HelpFormatter):
     Customized formatter so that command-specific arguments appear in the
     --help output before arguments common to all commands.
     """
+
     show_last = {
-        '--version', '--verbosity', '--traceback', '--settings', '--pythonpath',
-        '--no-color', '--force-color', '--skip-checks',
+        "--version",
+        "--verbosity",
+        "--traceback",
+        "--settings",
+        "--pythonpath",
+        "--no-color",
+        "--force-color",
+        "--skip-checks",
     }
 
     def _reordered_actions(self, actions):
         return sorted(
-            actions,
-            key=lambda a: set(a.option_strings) & self.show_last != set()
+            actions, key=lambda a: set(a.option_strings) & self.show_last != set()
         )
 
     def add_usage(self, usage, actions, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -120,6 +135,7 @@ class OutputWrapper(TextIOBase):
     """
     Wrapper around stdout/stderr
     """
+
     @property
     def style_func(self):
         return self._style_func
@@ -131,7 +147,7 @@ class OutputWrapper(TextIOBase):
         else:
             self._style_func = lambda x: x
 
-    def __init__(self, out, ending='\n'):
+    def __init__(self, out, ending="\n"):
         self._out = out
         self.style_func = None
         self.ending = ending
@@ -140,13 +156,13 @@ class OutputWrapper(TextIOBase):
         return getattr(self._out, name)
 
     def flush(self):
-        if hasattr(self._out, 'flush'):
+        if hasattr(self._out, "flush"):
             self._out.flush()
 
     def isatty(self):
-        return hasattr(self._out, 'isatty') and self._out.isatty()
+        return hasattr(self._out, "isatty") and self._out.isatty()
 
-    def write(self, msg='', style_func=None, ending=None):
+    def write(self, msg="", style_func=None, ending=None):
         ending = self.ending if ending is None else ending
         if ending and not msg.endswith(ending):
             msg += ending
@@ -225,17 +241,18 @@ class BaseCommand:
         A tuple of any options the command uses which aren't defined by the
         argument parser.
     """
+
     # Metadata about this command.
-    help = ''
+    help = ""
 
     # Configuration shortcuts that alter various logic.
     _called_from_command_line = False
     output_transaction = False  # Whether to wrap the output in a "BEGIN; COMMIT;"
     requires_migrations_checks = False
-    requires_system_checks = '__all__'
+    requires_system_checks = "__all__"
     # Arguments, common to all commands, which aren't defined by the argument
     # parser.
-    base_stealth_options = ('stderr', 'stdout')
+    base_stealth_options = ("stderr", "stdout")
     # Command-specific options not defined by the argument parser.
     stealth_options = ()
     suppressed_base_arguments = set()
@@ -251,10 +268,10 @@ class BaseCommand:
             self.style = color_style(force_color)
             self.stderr.style_func = self.style.ERROR
         if (
-            not isinstance(self.requires_system_checks, (list, tuple)) and
-            self.requires_system_checks != ALL_CHECKS
+            not isinstance(self.requires_system_checks, (list, tuple))
+            and self.requires_system_checks != ALL_CHECKS
         ):
-            raise TypeError('requires_system_checks must be a list or tuple.')
+            raise TypeError("requires_system_checks must be a list or tuple.")
 
     def get_version(self):
         """
@@ -270,50 +287,66 @@ class BaseCommand:
         parse the arguments to this command.
         """
         parser = CommandParser(
-            prog='%s %s' % (os.path.basename(prog_name), subcommand),
+            prog="%s %s" % (os.path.basename(prog_name), subcommand),
             description=self.help or None,
             formatter_class=DjangoHelpFormatter,
-            missing_args_message=getattr(self, 'missing_args_message', None),
-            called_from_command_line=getattr(self, '_called_from_command_line', None),
-            **kwargs
+            missing_args_message=getattr(self, "missing_args_message", None),
+            called_from_command_line=getattr(self, "_called_from_command_line", None),
+            **kwargs,
         )
         self.add_base_argument(
-            parser, '--version', action='version', version=self.get_version(),
+            parser,
+            "--version",
+            action="version",
+            version=self.get_version(),
             help="Show program's version number and exit.",
         )
         self.add_base_argument(
-            parser, '-v', '--verbosity', default=1,
-            type=int, choices=[0, 1, 2, 3],
-            help='Verbosity level; 0=minimal output, 1=normal output, 2=verbose output, 3=very verbose output',
+            parser,
+            "-v",
+            "--verbosity",
+            default=1,
+            type=int,
+            choices=[0, 1, 2, 3],
+            help="Verbosity level; 0=minimal output, 1=normal output, 2=verbose output, 3=very verbose output",
         )
         self.add_base_argument(
-            parser, '--settings',
+            parser,
+            "--settings",
             help=(
-                'The Python path to a settings module, e.g. '
+                "The Python path to a settings module, e.g. "
                 '"myproject.settings.main". If this isn\'t provided, the '
-                'DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE environment variable will be used.'
+                "DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE environment variable will be used."
             ),
         )
         self.add_base_argument(
-            parser, '--pythonpath',
+            parser,
+            "--pythonpath",
             help='A directory to add to the Python path, e.g. "/home/djangoprojects/myproject".',
         )
         self.add_base_argument(
-            parser, '--traceback', action='store_true',
-            help='Raise on CommandError exceptions.',
+            parser,
+            "--traceback",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Raise on CommandError exceptions.",
         )
         self.add_base_argument(
-            parser, '--no-color', action='store_true',
+            parser,
+            "--no-color",
+            action="store_true",
             help="Don't colorize the command output.",
         )
         self.add_base_argument(
-            parser, '--force-color', action='store_true',
-            help='Force colorization of the command output.',
+            parser,
+            "--force-color",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Force colorization of the command output.",
         )
         if self.requires_system_checks:
             parser.add_argument(
-                '--skip-checks', action='store_true',
-                help='Skip system checks.',
+                "--skip-checks",
+                action="store_true",
+                help="Skip system checks.",
             )
         self.add_arguments(parser)
         return parser
@@ -331,7 +364,7 @@ class BaseCommand:
         """
         for arg in args:
             if arg in self.suppressed_base_arguments:
-                kwargs['help'] = argparse.SUPPRESS
+                kwargs["help"] = argparse.SUPPRESS
                 break
         parser.add_argument(*args, **kwargs)
 
@@ -357,7 +390,7 @@ class BaseCommand:
         options = parser.parse_args(argv[2:])
         cmd_options = vars(options)
         # Move positional args out of options to mimic legacy optparse
-        args = cmd_options.pop('args', ())
+        args = cmd_options.pop("args", ())
         handle_default_options(options)
         try:
             self.execute(*args, **cmd_options)
@@ -369,7 +402,7 @@ class BaseCommand:
             if isinstance(e, SystemCheckError):
                 self.stderr.write(str(e), lambda x: x)
             else:
-                self.stderr.write('%s: %s' % (e.__class__.__name__, e))
+                self.stderr.write("%s: %s" % (e.__class__.__name__, e))
             sys.exit(e.returncode)
         finally:
             try:
@@ -385,19 +418,21 @@ class BaseCommand:
         controlled by the ``requires_system_checks`` attribute, except if
         force-skipped).
         """
-        if options['force_color'] and options['no_color']:
-            raise CommandError("The --no-color and --force-color options can't be used together.")
-        if options['force_color']:
+        if options["force_color"] and options["no_color"]:
+            raise CommandError(
+                "The --no-color and --force-color options can't be used together."
+            )
+        if options["force_color"]:
             self.style = color_style(force_color=True)
-        elif options['no_color']:
+        elif options["no_color"]:
             self.style = no_style()
             self.stderr.style_func = None
-        if options.get('stdout'):
-            self.stdout = OutputWrapper(options['stdout'])
-        if options.get('stderr'):
-            self.stderr = OutputWrapper(options['stderr'])
+        if options.get("stdout"):
+            self.stdout = OutputWrapper(options["stdout"])
+        if options.get("stderr"):
+            self.stderr = OutputWrapper(options["stderr"])
 
-        if self.requires_system_checks and not options['skip_checks']:
+        if self.requires_system_checks and not options["skip_checks"]:
             if self.requires_system_checks == ALL_CHECKS:
                 self.check()
             else:
@@ -407,8 +442,8 @@ class BaseCommand:
         output = self.handle(*args, **options)
         if output:
             if self.output_transaction:
-                connection = connections[options.get('database', DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS)]
-                output = '%s\n%s\n%s' % (
+                connection = connections[options.get("database", DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS)]
+                output = "%s\n%s\n%s" % (
                     self.style.SQL_KEYWORD(connection.ops.start_transaction_sql()),
                     output,
                     self.style.SQL_KEYWORD(connection.ops.end_transaction_sql()),
@@ -416,9 +451,15 @@ class BaseCommand:
             self.stdout.write(output)
         return output
 
-    def check(self, app_configs=None, tags=None, display_num_errors=False,
-              include_deployment_checks=False, fail_level=checks.ERROR,
-              databases=None):
+    def check(
+        self,
+        app_configs=None,
+        tags=None,
+        display_num_errors=False,
+        include_deployment_checks=False,
+        fail_level=checks.ERROR,
+        databases=None,
+    ):
         """
         Use the system check framework to validate entire Django project.
         Raise CommandError for any serious message (error or critical errors).
@@ -436,17 +477,35 @@ class BaseCommand:
         visible_issue_count = 0  # excludes silenced warnings
 
         if all_issues:
-            debugs = [e for e in all_issues if e.level < checks.INFO and not e.is_silenced()]
-            infos = [e for e in all_issues if checks.INFO <= e.level < checks.WARNING and not e.is_silenced()]
-            warnings = [e for e in all_issues if checks.WARNING <= e.level < checks.ERROR and not e.is_silenced()]
-            errors = [e for e in all_issues if checks.ERROR <= e.level < checks.CRITICAL and not e.is_silenced()]
-            criticals = [e for e in all_issues if checks.CRITICAL <= e.level and not e.is_silenced()]
+            debugs = [
+                e for e in all_issues if e.level < checks.INFO and not e.is_silenced()
+            ]
+            infos = [
+                e
+                for e in all_issues
+                if checks.INFO <= e.level < checks.WARNING and not e.is_silenced()
+            ]
+            warnings = [
+                e
+                for e in all_issues
+                if checks.WARNING <= e.level < checks.ERROR and not e.is_silenced()
+            ]
+            errors = [
+                e
+                for e in all_issues
+                if checks.ERROR <= e.level < checks.CRITICAL and not e.is_silenced()
+            ]
+            criticals = [
+                e
+                for e in all_issues
+                if checks.CRITICAL <= e.level and not e.is_silenced()
+            ]
             sorted_issues = [
-                (criticals, 'CRITICALS'),
-                (errors, 'ERRORS'),
-                (warnings, 'WARNINGS'),
-                (infos, 'INFOS'),
-                (debugs, 'DEBUGS'),
+                (criticals, "CRITICALS"),
+                (errors, "ERRORS"),
+                (warnings, "WARNINGS"),
+                (infos, "INFOS"),
+                (debugs, "DEBUGS"),
             ]
 
             for issues, group_name in sorted_issues:
@@ -456,20 +515,23 @@ class BaseCommand:
                         self.style.ERROR(str(e))
                         if e.is_serious()
                         else self.style.WARNING(str(e))
-                        for e in issues)
+                        for e in issues
+                    )
                     formatted = "\n".join(sorted(formatted))
-                    body += '\n%s:\n%s\n' % (group_name, formatted)
+                    body += "\n%s:\n%s\n" % (group_name, formatted)
 
         if visible_issue_count:
             header = "System check identified some issues:\n"
 
         if display_num_errors:
             if visible_issue_count:
-                footer += '\n'
+                footer += "\n"
             footer += "System check identified %s (%s silenced)." % (
-                "no issues" if visible_issue_count == 0 else
-                "1 issue" if visible_issue_count == 1 else
-                "%s issues" % visible_issue_count,
+                "no issues"
+                if visible_issue_count == 0
+                else "1 issue"
+                if visible_issue_count == 1
+                else "%s issues" % visible_issue_count,
                 len(all_issues) - visible_issue_count,
             )
 
@@ -491,6 +553,7 @@ class BaseCommand:
         migrations in the database.
         """
         from django.db.migrations.executor import MigrationExecutor
+
         try:
             executor = MigrationExecutor(connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS])
         except ImproperlyConfigured:
@@ -499,25 +562,32 @@ class BaseCommand:
 
         plan = executor.migration_plan(executor.loader.graph.leaf_nodes())
         if plan:
-            apps_waiting_migration = sorted({migration.app_label for migration, backwards in plan})
+            apps_waiting_migration = sorted(
+                {migration.app_label for migration, backwards in plan}
+            )
             self.stdout.write(
                 self.style.NOTICE(
                     "\nYou have %(unapplied_migration_count)s unapplied migration(s). "
                     "Your project may not work properly until you apply the "
-                    "migrations for app(s): %(apps_waiting_migration)s." % {
+                    "migrations for app(s): %(apps_waiting_migration)s."
+                    % {
                         "unapplied_migration_count": len(plan),
                         "apps_waiting_migration": ", ".join(apps_waiting_migration),
                     }
                 )
             )
-            self.stdout.write(self.style.NOTICE("Run 'python manage.py migrate' to apply them."))
+            self.stdout.write(
+                self.style.NOTICE("Run 'python manage.py migrate' to apply them.")
+            )
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
         """
         The actual logic of the command. Subclasses must implement
         this method.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseCommand must provide a handle() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseCommand must provide a handle() method"
+        )
 
 
 class AppCommand(BaseCommand):
@@ -528,23 +598,32 @@ class AppCommand(BaseCommand):
     Rather than implementing ``handle()``, subclasses must implement
     ``handle_app_config()``, which will be called once for each application.
     """
+
     missing_args_message = "Enter at least one application label."
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('args', metavar='app_label', nargs='+', help='One or more application label.')
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "args",
+            metavar="app_label",
+            nargs="+",
+            help="One or more application label.",
+        )
 
     def handle(self, *app_labels, **options):
         from django.apps import apps
+
         try:
             app_configs = [apps.get_app_config(app_label) for app_label in app_labels]
         except (LookupError, ImportError) as e:
-            raise CommandError("%s. Are you sure your INSTALLED_APPS setting is correct?" % e)
+            raise CommandError(
+                "%s. Are you sure your INSTALLED_APPS setting is correct?" % e
+            )
         output = []
         for app_config in app_configs:
             app_output = self.handle_app_config(app_config, **options)
             if app_output:
                 output.append(app_output)
-        return '\n'.join(output)
+        return "\n".join(output)
 
     def handle_app_config(self, app_config, **options):
         """
@@ -568,11 +647,12 @@ class LabelCommand(BaseCommand):
     If the arguments should be names of installed applications, use
     ``AppCommand`` instead.
     """
-    label = 'label'
+
+    label = "label"
     missing_args_message = "Enter at least one %s." % label
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('args', metavar=self.label, nargs='+')
+        parser.add_argument("args", metavar=self.label, nargs="+")
 
     def handle(self, *labels, **options):
         output = []
@@ -580,11 +660,13 @@ class LabelCommand(BaseCommand):
             label_output = self.handle_label(label, **options)
             if label_output:
                 output.append(label_output)
-        return '\n'.join(output)
+        return "\n".join(output)
 
     def handle_label(self, label, **options):
         """
         Perform the command's actions for ``label``, which will be the
         string as given on the command line.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of LabelCommand must provide a handle_label() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of LabelCommand must provide a handle_label() method"
+        )
diff --git a/django/core/management/color.py b/django/core/management/color.py
index be8c31bb95..d2255d2282 100644
--- a/django/core/management/color.py
+++ b/django/core/management/color.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ from django.utils import termcolors
 
 try:
     import colorama
+
     colorama.init()
 except (ImportError, OSError):
     HAS_COLORAMA = False
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ def supports_color():
     Return True if the running system's terminal supports color,
     and False otherwise.
     """
+
     def vt_codes_enabled_in_windows_registry():
         """
         Check the Windows Registry to see if VT code handling has been enabled
@@ -33,26 +35,28 @@ def supports_color():
         except ImportError:
             return False
         else:
-            reg_key = winreg.OpenKey(winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER, 'Console')
+            reg_key = winreg.OpenKey(winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER, "Console")
             try:
-                reg_key_value, _ = winreg.QueryValueEx(reg_key, 'VirtualTerminalLevel')
+                reg_key_value, _ = winreg.QueryValueEx(reg_key, "VirtualTerminalLevel")
             except FileNotFoundError:
                 return False
             else:
                 return reg_key_value == 1
 
     # isatty is not always implemented, #6223.
-    is_a_tty = hasattr(sys.stdout, 'isatty') and sys.stdout.isatty()
+    is_a_tty = hasattr(sys.stdout, "isatty") and sys.stdout.isatty()
 
     return is_a_tty and (
-        sys.platform != 'win32' or
-        HAS_COLORAMA or
-        'ANSICON' in os.environ or
+        sys.platform != "win32"
+        or HAS_COLORAMA
+        or "ANSICON" in os.environ
+        or
         # Windows Terminal supports VT codes.
-        'WT_SESSION' in os.environ or
+        "WT_SESSION" in os.environ
+        or
         # Microsoft Visual Studio Code's built-in terminal supports colors.
-        os.environ.get('TERM_PROGRAM') == 'vscode' or
-        vt_codes_enabled_in_windows_registry()
+        os.environ.get("TERM_PROGRAM") == "vscode"
+        or vt_codes_enabled_in_windows_registry()
     )
 
 
@@ -60,7 +64,7 @@ class Style:
     pass
 
 
-def make_style(config_string=''):
+def make_style(config_string=""):
     """
     Create a Style object from the given config_string.
 
@@ -79,8 +83,10 @@ def make_style(config_string=''):
             format = color_settings.get(role, {})
             style_func = termcolors.make_style(**format)
         else:
+
             def style_func(x):
                 return x
+
         setattr(style, role, style_func)
 
     # For backwards compatibility,
@@ -95,7 +101,7 @@ def no_style():
     """
     Return a Style object with no color scheme.
     """
-    return make_style('nocolor')
+    return make_style("nocolor")
 
 
 def color_style(force_color=False):
@@ -104,4 +110,4 @@ def color_style(force_color=False):
     """
     if not force_color and not supports_color():
         return no_style()
-    return make_style(os.environ.get('DJANGO_COLORS', ''))
+    return make_style(os.environ.get("DJANGO_COLORS", ""))
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/check.py b/django/core/management/commands/check.py
index a92563641f..7624b85390 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/check.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/check.py
@@ -10,37 +10,46 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     requires_system_checks = []
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('args', metavar='app_label', nargs='*')
+        parser.add_argument("args", metavar="app_label", nargs="*")
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--tag', '-t', action='append', dest='tags',
-            help='Run only checks labeled with given tag.',
+            "--tag",
+            "-t",
+            action="append",
+            dest="tags",
+            help="Run only checks labeled with given tag.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--list-tags', action='store_true',
-            help='List available tags.',
+            "--list-tags",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="List available tags.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--deploy', action='store_true',
-            help='Check deployment settings.',
+            "--deploy",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Check deployment settings.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--fail-level',
-            default='ERROR',
-            choices=['CRITICAL', 'ERROR', 'WARNING', 'INFO', 'DEBUG'],
+            "--fail-level",
+            default="ERROR",
+            choices=["CRITICAL", "ERROR", "WARNING", "INFO", "DEBUG"],
             help=(
-                'Message level that will cause the command to exit with a '
-                'non-zero status. Default is ERROR.'
+                "Message level that will cause the command to exit with a "
+                "non-zero status. Default is ERROR."
             ),
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--database', action='append', dest='databases',
-            help='Run database related checks against these aliases.',
+            "--database",
+            action="append",
+            dest="databases",
+            help="Run database related checks against these aliases.",
         )
 
     def handle(self, *app_labels, **options):
-        include_deployment_checks = options['deploy']
-        if options['list_tags']:
-            self.stdout.write('\n'.join(sorted(registry.tags_available(include_deployment_checks))))
+        include_deployment_checks = options["deploy"]
+        if options["list_tags"]:
+            self.stdout.write(
+                "\n".join(sorted(registry.tags_available(include_deployment_checks)))
+            )
             return
 
         if app_labels:
@@ -48,23 +57,27 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         else:
             app_configs = None
 
-        tags = options['tags']
+        tags = options["tags"]
         if tags:
             try:
                 invalid_tag = next(
-                    tag for tag in tags if not checks.tag_exists(tag, include_deployment_checks)
+                    tag
+                    for tag in tags
+                    if not checks.tag_exists(tag, include_deployment_checks)
                 )
             except StopIteration:
                 # no invalid tags
                 pass
             else:
-                raise CommandError('There is no system check with the "%s" tag.' % invalid_tag)
+                raise CommandError(
+                    'There is no system check with the "%s" tag.' % invalid_tag
+                )
 
         self.check(
             app_configs=app_configs,
             tags=tags,
             display_num_errors=True,
             include_deployment_checks=include_deployment_checks,
-            fail_level=getattr(checks, options['fail_level']),
-            databases=options['databases'],
+            fail_level=getattr(checks, options["fail_level"]),
+            databases=options["databases"],
         )
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/compilemessages.py b/django/core/management/commands/compilemessages.py
index 308fa8831b..bd055d087f 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/compilemessages.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/compilemessages.py
@@ -5,22 +5,22 @@ import os
 from pathlib import Path
 
 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
-from django.core.management.utils import (
-    find_command, is_ignored_path, popen_wrapper,
-)
+from django.core.management.utils import find_command, is_ignored_path, popen_wrapper
 
 
 def has_bom(fn):
-    with fn.open('rb') as f:
+    with fn.open("rb") as f:
         sample = f.read(4)
-    return sample.startswith((codecs.BOM_UTF8, codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE, codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE))
+    return sample.startswith(
+        (codecs.BOM_UTF8, codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE, codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE)
+    )
 
 
 def is_writable(path):
     # Known side effect: updating file access/modified time to current time if
     # it is writable.
     try:
-        with open(path, 'a'):
+        with open(path, "a"):
             os.utime(path, None)
     except OSError:
         return False
@@ -28,71 +28,91 @@ def is_writable(path):
 
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
-    help = 'Compiles .po files to .mo files for use with builtin gettext support.'
+    help = "Compiles .po files to .mo files for use with builtin gettext support."
 
     requires_system_checks = []
 
-    program = 'msgfmt'
-    program_options = ['--check-format']
+    program = "msgfmt"
+    program_options = ["--check-format"]
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--locale', '-l', action='append', default=[],
-            help='Locale(s) to process (e.g. de_AT). Default is to process all. '
-                 'Can be used multiple times.',
+            "--locale",
+            "-l",
+            action="append",
+            default=[],
+            help="Locale(s) to process (e.g. de_AT). Default is to process all. "
+            "Can be used multiple times.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--exclude', '-x', action='append', default=[],
-            help='Locales to exclude. Default is none. Can be used multiple times.',
+            "--exclude",
+            "-x",
+            action="append",
+            default=[],
+            help="Locales to exclude. Default is none. Can be used multiple times.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--use-fuzzy', '-f', dest='fuzzy', action='store_true',
-            help='Use fuzzy translations.',
+            "--use-fuzzy",
+            "-f",
+            dest="fuzzy",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Use fuzzy translations.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--ignore', '-i', action='append', dest='ignore_patterns',
-            default=[], metavar='PATTERN',
-            help='Ignore directories matching this glob-style pattern. '
-                 'Use multiple times to ignore more.',
+            "--ignore",
+            "-i",
+            action="append",
+            dest="ignore_patterns",
+            default=[],
+            metavar="PATTERN",
+            help="Ignore directories matching this glob-style pattern. "
+            "Use multiple times to ignore more.",
         )
 
     def handle(self, **options):
-        locale = options['locale']
-        exclude = options['exclude']
-        ignore_patterns = set(options['ignore_patterns'])
-        self.verbosity = options['verbosity']
-        if options['fuzzy']:
-            self.program_options = self.program_options + ['-f']
+        locale = options["locale"]
+        exclude = options["exclude"]
+        ignore_patterns = set(options["ignore_patterns"])
+        self.verbosity = options["verbosity"]
+        if options["fuzzy"]:
+            self.program_options = self.program_options + ["-f"]
 
         if find_command(self.program) is None:
-            raise CommandError("Can't find %s. Make sure you have GNU gettext "
-                               "tools 0.15 or newer installed." % self.program)
+            raise CommandError(
+                "Can't find %s. Make sure you have GNU gettext "
+                "tools 0.15 or newer installed." % self.program
+            )
 
-        basedirs = [os.path.join('conf', 'locale'), 'locale']
-        if os.environ.get('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'):
+        basedirs = [os.path.join("conf", "locale"), "locale"]
+        if os.environ.get("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE"):
             from django.conf import settings
+
             basedirs.extend(settings.LOCALE_PATHS)
 
         # Walk entire tree, looking for locale directories
-        for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk('.', topdown=True):
+        for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(".", topdown=True):
             for dirname in dirnames:
-                if is_ignored_path(os.path.normpath(os.path.join(dirpath, dirname)), ignore_patterns):
+                if is_ignored_path(
+                    os.path.normpath(os.path.join(dirpath, dirname)), ignore_patterns
+                ):
                     dirnames.remove(dirname)
-                elif dirname == 'locale':
+                elif dirname == "locale":
                     basedirs.append(os.path.join(dirpath, dirname))
 
         # Gather existing directories.
         basedirs = set(map(os.path.abspath, filter(os.path.isdir, basedirs)))
 
         if not basedirs:
-            raise CommandError("This script should be run from the Django Git "
-                               "checkout or your project or app tree, or with "
-                               "the settings module specified.")
+            raise CommandError(
+                "This script should be run from the Django Git "
+                "checkout or your project or app tree, or with "
+                "the settings module specified."
+            )
 
         # Build locale list
         all_locales = []
         for basedir in basedirs:
-            locale_dirs = filter(os.path.isdir, glob.glob('%s/*' % basedir))
+            locale_dirs = filter(os.path.isdir, glob.glob("%s/*" % basedir))
             all_locales.extend(map(os.path.basename, locale_dirs))
 
         # Account for excluded locales
@@ -102,18 +122,22 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         self.has_errors = False
         for basedir in basedirs:
             if locales:
-                dirs = [os.path.join(basedir, locale, 'LC_MESSAGES') for locale in locales]
+                dirs = [
+                    os.path.join(basedir, locale, "LC_MESSAGES") for locale in locales
+                ]
             else:
                 dirs = [basedir]
             locations = []
             for ldir in dirs:
                 for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(ldir):
-                    locations.extend((dirpath, f) for f in filenames if f.endswith('.po'))
+                    locations.extend(
+                        (dirpath, f) for f in filenames if f.endswith(".po")
+                    )
             if locations:
                 self.compile_messages(locations)
 
         if self.has_errors:
-            raise CommandError('compilemessages generated one or more errors.')
+            raise CommandError("compilemessages generated one or more errors.")
 
     def compile_messages(self, locations):
         """
@@ -123,24 +147,25 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             futures = []
             for i, (dirpath, f) in enumerate(locations):
                 po_path = Path(dirpath) / f
-                mo_path = po_path.with_suffix('.mo')
+                mo_path = po_path.with_suffix(".mo")
                 try:
                     if mo_path.stat().st_mtime >= po_path.stat().st_mtime:
                         if self.verbosity > 0:
                             self.stdout.write(
-                                'File “%s” is already compiled and up to date.'
+                                "File “%s” is already compiled and up to date."
                                 % po_path
                             )
                         continue
                 except FileNotFoundError:
                     pass
                 if self.verbosity > 0:
-                    self.stdout.write('processing file %s in %s' % (f, dirpath))
+                    self.stdout.write("processing file %s in %s" % (f, dirpath))
 
                 if has_bom(po_path):
                     self.stderr.write(
-                        'The %s file has a BOM (Byte Order Mark). Django only '
-                        'supports .po files encoded in UTF-8 and without any BOM.' % po_path
+                        "The %s file has a BOM (Byte Order Mark). Django only "
+                        "supports .po files encoded in UTF-8 and without any BOM."
+                        % po_path
                     )
                     self.has_errors = True
                     continue
@@ -148,13 +173,13 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 # Check writability on first location
                 if i == 0 and not is_writable(mo_path):
                     self.stderr.write(
-                        'The po files under %s are in a seemingly not writable location. '
-                        'mo files will not be updated/created.' % dirpath
+                        "The po files under %s are in a seemingly not writable location. "
+                        "mo files will not be updated/created." % dirpath
                     )
                     self.has_errors = True
                     return
 
-                args = [self.program, *self.program_options, '-o', mo_path, po_path]
+                args = [self.program, *self.program_options, "-o", mo_path, po_path]
                 futures.append(executor.submit(popen_wrapper, args))
 
             for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(futures):
@@ -162,7 +187,9 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 if status:
                     if self.verbosity > 0:
                         if errors:
-                            self.stderr.write("Execution of %s failed: %s" % (self.program, errors))
+                            self.stderr.write(
+                                "Execution of %s failed: %s" % (self.program, errors)
+                            )
                         else:
                             self.stderr.write("Execution of %s failed" % self.program)
                     self.has_errors = True
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/createcachetable.py b/django/core/management/commands/createcachetable.py
index 84f61049cd..99dc3da040 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/createcachetable.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/createcachetable.py
@@ -3,7 +3,12 @@ from django.core.cache import caches
 from django.core.cache.backends.db import BaseDatabaseCache
 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
 from django.db import (
-    DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, DatabaseError, connections, models, router, transaction,
+    DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+    DatabaseError,
+    connections,
+    models,
+    router,
+    transaction,
 )
 
 
@@ -14,24 +19,27 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument(
-            'args', metavar='table_name', nargs='*',
-            help='Optional table names. Otherwise, settings.CACHES is used to find cache tables.',
+            "args",
+            metavar="table_name",
+            nargs="*",
+            help="Optional table names. Otherwise, settings.CACHES is used to find cache tables.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--database',
+            "--database",
             default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
-            help='Nominates a database onto which the cache tables will be '
-                 'installed. Defaults to the "default" database.',
+            help="Nominates a database onto which the cache tables will be "
+            'installed. Defaults to the "default" database.',
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--dry-run', action='store_true',
-            help='Does not create the table, just prints the SQL that would be run.',
+            "--dry-run",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Does not create the table, just prints the SQL that would be run.",
         )
 
     def handle(self, *tablenames, **options):
-        db = options['database']
-        self.verbosity = options['verbosity']
-        dry_run = options['dry_run']
+        db = options["database"]
+        self.verbosity = options["verbosity"]
+        dry_run = options["dry_run"]
         if tablenames:
             # Legacy behavior, tablename specified as argument
             for tablename in tablenames:
@@ -55,9 +63,11 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
         fields = (
             # "key" is a reserved word in MySQL, so use "cache_key" instead.
-            models.CharField(name='cache_key', max_length=255, unique=True, primary_key=True),
-            models.TextField(name='value'),
-            models.DateTimeField(name='expires', db_index=True),
+            models.CharField(
+                name="cache_key", max_length=255, unique=True, primary_key=True
+            ),
+            models.TextField(name="value"),
+            models.DateTimeField(name="expires", db_index=True),
         )
         table_output = []
         index_output = []
@@ -66,7 +76,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             field_output = [
                 qn(f.name),
                 f.db_type(connection=connection),
-                '%sNULL' % ('NOT ' if not f.null else ''),
+                "%sNULL" % ("NOT " if not f.null else ""),
             ]
             if f.primary_key:
                 field_output.append("PRIMARY KEY")
@@ -75,14 +85,21 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             if f.db_index:
                 unique = "UNIQUE " if f.unique else ""
                 index_output.append(
-                    "CREATE %sINDEX %s ON %s (%s);" %
-                    (unique, qn('%s_%s' % (tablename, f.name)), qn(tablename), qn(f.name))
+                    "CREATE %sINDEX %s ON %s (%s);"
+                    % (
+                        unique,
+                        qn("%s_%s" % (tablename, f.name)),
+                        qn(tablename),
+                        qn(f.name),
+                    )
                 )
             table_output.append(" ".join(field_output))
         full_statement = ["CREATE TABLE %s (" % qn(tablename)]
         for i, line in enumerate(table_output):
-            full_statement.append('    %s%s' % (line, ',' if i < len(table_output) - 1 else ''))
-        full_statement.append(');')
+            full_statement.append(
+                "    %s%s" % (line, "," if i < len(table_output) - 1 else "")
+            )
+        full_statement.append(");")
 
         full_statement = "\n".join(full_statement)
 
@@ -92,14 +109,17 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 self.stdout.write(statement)
             return
 
-        with transaction.atomic(using=database, savepoint=connection.features.can_rollback_ddl):
+        with transaction.atomic(
+            using=database, savepoint=connection.features.can_rollback_ddl
+        ):
             with connection.cursor() as curs:
                 try:
                     curs.execute(full_statement)
                 except DatabaseError as e:
                     raise CommandError(
-                        "Cache table '%s' could not be created.\nThe error was: %s." %
-                        (tablename, e))
+                        "Cache table '%s' could not be created.\nThe error was: %s."
+                        % (tablename, e)
+                    )
                 for statement in index_output:
                     curs.execute(statement)
 
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/dbshell.py b/django/core/management/commands/dbshell.py
index cd94787f3d..9cdd64f190 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/dbshell.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/dbshell.py
@@ -14,29 +14,31 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--database', default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+            "--database",
+            default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
             help='Nominates a database onto which to open a shell. Defaults to the "default" database.',
         )
-        parameters = parser.add_argument_group('parameters', prefix_chars='--')
-        parameters.add_argument('parameters', nargs='*')
+        parameters = parser.add_argument_group("parameters", prefix_chars="--")
+        parameters.add_argument("parameters", nargs="*")
 
     def handle(self, **options):
-        connection = connections[options['database']]
+        connection = connections[options["database"]]
         try:
-            connection.client.runshell(options['parameters'])
+            connection.client.runshell(options["parameters"])
         except FileNotFoundError:
             # Note that we're assuming the FileNotFoundError relates to the
             # command missing. It could be raised for some other reason, in
             # which case this error message would be inaccurate. Still, this
             # message catches the common case.
             raise CommandError(
-                'You appear not to have the %r program installed or on your path.' %
-                connection.client.executable_name
+                "You appear not to have the %r program installed or on your path."
+                % connection.client.executable_name
             )
         except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
             raise CommandError(
-                '"%s" returned non-zero exit status %s.' % (
-                    ' '.join(e.cmd),
+                '"%s" returned non-zero exit status %s.'
+                % (
+                    " ".join(e.cmd),
                     e.returncode,
                 ),
                 returncode=e.returncode,
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/diffsettings.py b/django/core/management/commands/diffsettings.py
index 5adf35eb66..27cd575294 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/diffsettings.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/diffsettings.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 
 
-def module_to_dict(module, omittable=lambda k: k.startswith('_') or not k.isupper()):
+def module_to_dict(module, omittable=lambda k: k.startswith("_") or not k.isupper()):
     """Convert a module namespace to a Python dictionary."""
     return {k: repr(getattr(module, k)) for k in dir(module) if not omittable(k)}
 
@@ -14,21 +14,25 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--all', action='store_true',
+            "--all",
+            action="store_true",
             help=(
                 'Display all settings, regardless of their value. In "hash" '
                 'mode, default values are prefixed by "###".'
             ),
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--default', metavar='MODULE',
+            "--default",
+            metavar="MODULE",
             help=(
                 "The settings module to compare the current settings against. Leave empty to "
                 "compare against Django's default settings."
             ),
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--output', default='hash', choices=('hash', 'unified'),
+            "--output",
+            default="hash",
+            choices=("hash", "unified"),
             help=(
                 "Selects the output format. 'hash' mode displays each changed "
                 "setting, with the settings that don't appear in the defaults "
@@ -46,13 +50,15 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             settings._setup()
 
         user_settings = module_to_dict(settings._wrapped)
-        default = options['default']
-        default_settings = module_to_dict(Settings(default) if default else global_settings)
+        default = options["default"]
+        default_settings = module_to_dict(
+            Settings(default) if default else global_settings
+        )
         output_func = {
-            'hash': self.output_hash,
-            'unified': self.output_unified,
-        }[options['output']]
-        return '\n'.join(output_func(user_settings, default_settings, **options))
+            "hash": self.output_hash,
+            "unified": self.output_unified,
+        }[options["output"]]
+        return "\n".join(output_func(user_settings, default_settings, **options))
 
     def output_hash(self, user_settings, default_settings, **options):
         # Inspired by Postfix's "postconf -n".
@@ -62,7 +68,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 output.append("%s = %s  ###" % (key, user_settings[key]))
             elif user_settings[key] != default_settings[key]:
                 output.append("%s = %s" % (key, user_settings[key]))
-            elif options['all']:
+            elif options["all"]:
                 output.append("### %s = %s" % (key, user_settings[key]))
         return output
 
@@ -70,10 +76,16 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         output = []
         for key in sorted(user_settings):
             if key not in default_settings:
-                output.append(self.style.SUCCESS("+ %s = %s" % (key, user_settings[key])))
+                output.append(
+                    self.style.SUCCESS("+ %s = %s" % (key, user_settings[key]))
+                )
             elif user_settings[key] != default_settings[key]:
-                output.append(self.style.ERROR("- %s = %s" % (key, default_settings[key])))
-                output.append(self.style.SUCCESS("+ %s = %s" % (key, user_settings[key])))
-            elif options['all']:
+                output.append(
+                    self.style.ERROR("- %s = %s" % (key, default_settings[key]))
+                )
+                output.append(
+                    self.style.SUCCESS("+ %s = %s" % (key, user_settings[key]))
+                )
+            elif options["all"]:
                 output.append("  %s = %s" % (key, user_settings[key]))
         return output
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/dumpdata.py b/django/core/management/commands/dumpdata.py
index 925a23a56d..74a5b2d22a 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/dumpdata.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/dumpdata.py
@@ -10,12 +10,14 @@ from django.db import DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, router
 
 try:
     import bz2
+
     has_bz2 = True
 except ImportError:
     has_bz2 = False
 
 try:
     import lzma
+
     has_lzma = True
 except ImportError:
     has_lzma = False
@@ -33,65 +35,79 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument(
-            'args', metavar='app_label[.ModelName]', nargs='*',
-            help='Restricts dumped data to the specified app_label or app_label.ModelName.',
+            "args",
+            metavar="app_label[.ModelName]",
+            nargs="*",
+            help="Restricts dumped data to the specified app_label or app_label.ModelName.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--format', default='json',
-            help='Specifies the output serialization format for fixtures.',
+            "--format",
+            default="json",
+            help="Specifies the output serialization format for fixtures.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--indent', type=int,
-            help='Specifies the indent level to use when pretty-printing output.',
+            "--indent",
+            type=int,
+            help="Specifies the indent level to use when pretty-printing output.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--database',
+            "--database",
             default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
-            help='Nominates a specific database to dump fixtures from. '
-                 'Defaults to the "default" database.',
+            help="Nominates a specific database to dump fixtures from. "
+            'Defaults to the "default" database.',
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '-e', '--exclude', action='append', default=[],
-            help='An app_label or app_label.ModelName to exclude '
-                 '(use multiple --exclude to exclude multiple apps/models).',
+            "-e",
+            "--exclude",
+            action="append",
+            default=[],
+            help="An app_label or app_label.ModelName to exclude "
+            "(use multiple --exclude to exclude multiple apps/models).",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--natural-foreign', action='store_true', dest='use_natural_foreign_keys',
-            help='Use natural foreign keys if they are available.',
+            "--natural-foreign",
+            action="store_true",
+            dest="use_natural_foreign_keys",
+            help="Use natural foreign keys if they are available.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--natural-primary', action='store_true', dest='use_natural_primary_keys',
-            help='Use natural primary keys if they are available.',
+            "--natural-primary",
+            action="store_true",
+            dest="use_natural_primary_keys",
+            help="Use natural primary keys if they are available.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '-a', '--all', action='store_true', dest='use_base_manager',
+            "-a",
+            "--all",
+            action="store_true",
+            dest="use_base_manager",
             help="Use Django's base manager to dump all models stored in the database, "
-                 "including those that would otherwise be filtered or modified by a custom manager.",
+            "including those that would otherwise be filtered or modified by a custom manager.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--pks', dest='primary_keys',
+            "--pks",
+            dest="primary_keys",
             help="Only dump objects with given primary keys. Accepts a comma-separated "
-                 "list of keys. This option only works when you specify one model.",
+            "list of keys. This option only works when you specify one model.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '-o', '--output',
-            help='Specifies file to which the output is written.'
+            "-o", "--output", help="Specifies file to which the output is written."
         )
 
     def handle(self, *app_labels, **options):
-        format = options['format']
-        indent = options['indent']
-        using = options['database']
-        excludes = options['exclude']
-        output = options['output']
-        show_traceback = options['traceback']
-        use_natural_foreign_keys = options['use_natural_foreign_keys']
-        use_natural_primary_keys = options['use_natural_primary_keys']
-        use_base_manager = options['use_base_manager']
-        pks = options['primary_keys']
+        format = options["format"]
+        indent = options["indent"]
+        using = options["database"]
+        excludes = options["exclude"]
+        output = options["output"]
+        show_traceback = options["traceback"]
+        use_natural_foreign_keys = options["use_natural_foreign_keys"]
+        use_natural_primary_keys = options["use_natural_primary_keys"]
+        use_base_manager = options["use_base_manager"]
+        pks = options["primary_keys"]
 
         if pks:
-            primary_keys = [pk.strip() for pk in pks.split(',')]
+            primary_keys = [pk.strip() for pk in pks.split(",")]
         else:
             primary_keys = []
 
@@ -101,8 +117,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             if primary_keys:
                 raise CommandError("You can only use --pks option with one model")
             app_list = dict.fromkeys(
-                app_config for app_config in apps.get_app_configs()
-                if app_config.models_module is not None and app_config not in excluded_apps
+                app_config
+                for app_config in apps.get_app_configs()
+                if app_config.models_module is not None
+                and app_config not in excluded_apps
             )
         else:
             if len(app_labels) > 1 and primary_keys:
@@ -110,7 +128,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             app_list = {}
             for label in app_labels:
                 try:
-                    app_label, model_label = label.split('.')
+                    app_label, model_label = label.split(".")
                     try:
                         app_config = apps.get_app_config(app_label)
                     except LookupError as e:
@@ -120,7 +138,9 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                     try:
                         model = app_config.get_model(model_label)
                     except LookupError:
-                        raise CommandError("Unknown model: %s.%s" % (app_label, model_label))
+                        raise CommandError(
+                            "Unknown model: %s.%s" % (app_label, model_label)
+                        )
 
                     app_list_value = app_list.setdefault(app_config, [])
 
@@ -131,7 +151,9 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                         app_list_value.append(model)
                 except ValueError:
                     if primary_keys:
-                        raise CommandError("You can only use --pks option with one model")
+                        raise CommandError(
+                            "You can only use --pks option with one model"
+                        )
                     # This is just an app - no model qualifier
                     app_label = label
                     try:
@@ -158,7 +180,9 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             count the number of objects to be serialized.
             """
             if use_natural_foreign_keys:
-                models = serializers.sort_dependencies(app_list.items(), allow_cycles=True)
+                models = serializers.sort_dependencies(
+                    app_list.items(), allow_cycles=True
+                )
             else:
                 # There is no need to sort dependencies when natural foreign
                 # keys are not used.
@@ -173,7 +197,8 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                     continue
                 if model._meta.proxy and model._meta.proxy_for_model not in models:
                     warnings.warn(
-                        "%s is a proxy model and won't be serialized." % model._meta.label,
+                        "%s is a proxy model and won't be serialized."
+                        % model._meta.label,
                         category=ProxyModelWarning,
                     )
                 if not model._meta.proxy and router.allow_migrate_model(using, model):
@@ -195,25 +220,27 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             progress_output = None
             object_count = 0
             # If dumpdata is outputting to stdout, there is no way to display progress
-            if output and self.stdout.isatty() and options['verbosity'] > 0:
+            if output and self.stdout.isatty() and options["verbosity"] > 0:
                 progress_output = self.stdout
                 object_count = sum(get_objects(count_only=True))
             if output:
                 file_root, file_ext = os.path.splitext(output)
                 compression_formats = {
-                    '.bz2': (open, {}, file_root),
-                    '.gz': (gzip.open, {}, output),
-                    '.lzma': (open, {}, file_root),
-                    '.xz': (open, {}, file_root),
-                    '.zip': (open, {}, file_root),
+                    ".bz2": (open, {}, file_root),
+                    ".gz": (gzip.open, {}, output),
+                    ".lzma": (open, {}, file_root),
+                    ".xz": (open, {}, file_root),
+                    ".zip": (open, {}, file_root),
                 }
                 if has_bz2:
-                    compression_formats['.bz2'] = (bz2.open, {}, output)
+                    compression_formats[".bz2"] = (bz2.open, {}, output)
                 if has_lzma:
-                    compression_formats['.lzma'] = (
-                        lzma.open, {'format': lzma.FORMAT_ALONE}, output
+                    compression_formats[".lzma"] = (
+                        lzma.open,
+                        {"format": lzma.FORMAT_ALONE},
+                        output,
                     )
-                    compression_formats['.xz'] = (lzma.open, {}, output)
+                    compression_formats[".xz"] = (lzma.open, {}, output)
                 try:
                     open_method, kwargs, file_path = compression_formats[file_ext]
                 except KeyError:
@@ -225,15 +252,18 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                         f"Fixtures saved in '{file_name}'.",
                         RuntimeWarning,
                     )
-                stream = open_method(file_path, 'wt', **kwargs)
+                stream = open_method(file_path, "wt", **kwargs)
             else:
                 stream = None
             try:
                 serializers.serialize(
-                    format, get_objects(), indent=indent,
+                    format,
+                    get_objects(),
+                    indent=indent,
                     use_natural_foreign_keys=use_natural_foreign_keys,
                     use_natural_primary_keys=use_natural_primary_keys,
-                    stream=stream or self.stdout, progress_output=progress_output,
+                    stream=stream or self.stdout,
+                    progress_output=progress_output,
                     object_count=object_count,
                 )
             finally:
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/flush.py b/django/core/management/commands/flush.py
index 6737b9be40..8bad63d41d 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/flush.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/flush.py
@@ -9,30 +9,34 @@ from django.db import DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, connections
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
     help = (
-        'Removes ALL DATA from the database, including data added during '
+        "Removes ALL DATA from the database, including data added during "
         'migrations. Does not achieve a "fresh install" state.'
     )
-    stealth_options = ('reset_sequences', 'allow_cascade', 'inhibit_post_migrate')
+    stealth_options = ("reset_sequences", "allow_cascade", "inhibit_post_migrate")
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--noinput', '--no-input', action='store_false', dest='interactive',
-            help='Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.',
+            "--noinput",
+            "--no-input",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="interactive",
+            help="Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--database', default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+            "--database",
+            default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
             help='Nominates a database to flush. Defaults to the "default" database.',
         )
 
     def handle(self, **options):
-        database = options['database']
+        database = options["database"]
         connection = connections[database]
-        verbosity = options['verbosity']
-        interactive = options['interactive']
+        verbosity = options["verbosity"]
+        interactive = options["interactive"]
         # The following are stealth options used by Django's internals.
-        reset_sequences = options.get('reset_sequences', True)
-        allow_cascade = options.get('allow_cascade', False)
-        inhibit_post_migrate = options.get('inhibit_post_migrate', False)
+        reset_sequences = options.get("reset_sequences", True)
+        allow_cascade = options.get("allow_cascade", False)
+        inhibit_post_migrate = options.get("inhibit_post_migrate", False)
 
         self.style = no_style()
 
@@ -40,25 +44,31 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         # dispatcher events.
         for app_config in apps.get_app_configs():
             try:
-                import_module('.management', app_config.name)
+                import_module(".management", app_config.name)
             except ImportError:
                 pass
 
-        sql_list = sql_flush(self.style, connection,
-                             reset_sequences=reset_sequences,
-                             allow_cascade=allow_cascade)
+        sql_list = sql_flush(
+            self.style,
+            connection,
+            reset_sequences=reset_sequences,
+            allow_cascade=allow_cascade,
+        )
 
         if interactive:
-            confirm = input("""You have requested a flush of the database.
+            confirm = input(
+                """You have requested a flush of the database.
 This will IRREVERSIBLY DESTROY all data currently in the "%s" database,
 and return each table to an empty state.
 Are you sure you want to do this?
 
-    Type 'yes' to continue, or 'no' to cancel: """ % connection.settings_dict['NAME'])
+    Type 'yes' to continue, or 'no' to cancel: """
+                % connection.settings_dict["NAME"]
+            )
         else:
-            confirm = 'yes'
+            confirm = "yes"
 
-        if confirm == 'yes':
+        if confirm == "yes":
             try:
                 connection.ops.execute_sql_flush(sql_list)
             except Exception as exc:
@@ -68,9 +78,8 @@ Are you sure you want to do this?
                     "  * At least one of the expected database tables doesn't exist.\n"
                     "  * The SQL was invalid.\n"
                     "Hint: Look at the output of 'django-admin sqlflush'. "
-                    "That's the SQL this command wasn't able to run." % (
-                        connection.settings_dict['NAME'],
-                    )
+                    "That's the SQL this command wasn't able to run."
+                    % (connection.settings_dict["NAME"],)
                 ) from exc
 
             # Empty sql_list may signify an empty database and post_migrate would then crash
@@ -79,4 +88,4 @@ Are you sure you want to do this?
                 # respond as if the database had been migrated from scratch.
                 emit_post_migrate_signal(verbosity, interactive, database)
         else:
-            self.stdout.write('Flush cancelled.')
+            self.stdout.write("Flush cancelled.")
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/inspectdb.py b/django/core/management/commands/inspectdb.py
index d64725ca73..753290d574 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/inspectdb.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/inspectdb.py
@@ -9,23 +9,30 @@ from django.db.models.constants import LOOKUP_SEP
 class Command(BaseCommand):
     help = "Introspects the database tables in the given database and outputs a Django model module."
     requires_system_checks = []
-    stealth_options = ('table_name_filter',)
-    db_module = 'django.db'
+    stealth_options = ("table_name_filter",)
+    db_module = "django.db"
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument(
-            'table', nargs='*', type=str,
-            help='Selects what tables or views should be introspected.',
+            "table",
+            nargs="*",
+            type=str,
+            help="Selects what tables or views should be introspected.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--database', default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+            "--database",
+            default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
             help='Nominates a database to introspect. Defaults to using the "default" database.',
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--include-partitions', action='store_true', help='Also output models for partition tables.',
+            "--include-partitions",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Also output models for partition tables.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--include-views', action='store_true', help='Also output models for database views.',
+            "--include-views",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Also output models for database views.",
         )
 
     def handle(self, **options):
@@ -33,15 +40,17 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             for line in self.handle_inspection(options):
                 self.stdout.write(line)
         except NotImplementedError:
-            raise CommandError("Database inspection isn't supported for the currently selected database backend.")
+            raise CommandError(
+                "Database inspection isn't supported for the currently selected database backend."
+            )
 
     def handle_inspection(self, options):
-        connection = connections[options['database']]
+        connection = connections[options["database"]]
         # 'table_name_filter' is a stealth option
-        table_name_filter = options.get('table_name_filter')
+        table_name_filter = options.get("table_name_filter")
 
         def table2model(table_name):
-            return re.sub(r'[^a-zA-Z0-9]', '', table_name.title())
+            return re.sub(r"[^a-zA-Z0-9]", "", table_name.title())
 
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             yield "# This is an auto-generated Django model module."
@@ -54,55 +63,71 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 "Django to create, modify, and delete the table"
             )
             yield "# Feel free to rename the models, but don't rename db_table values or field names."
-            yield 'from %s import models' % self.db_module
+            yield "from %s import models" % self.db_module
             known_models = []
             table_info = connection.introspection.get_table_list(cursor)
 
             # Determine types of tables and/or views to be introspected.
-            types = {'t'}
-            if options['include_partitions']:
-                types.add('p')
-            if options['include_views']:
-                types.add('v')
+            types = {"t"}
+            if options["include_partitions"]:
+                types.add("p")
+            if options["include_views"]:
+                types.add("v")
 
-            for table_name in (options['table'] or sorted(info.name for info in table_info if info.type in types)):
+            for table_name in options["table"] or sorted(
+                info.name for info in table_info if info.type in types
+            ):
                 if table_name_filter is not None and callable(table_name_filter):
                     if not table_name_filter(table_name):
                         continue
                 try:
                     try:
-                        relations = connection.introspection.get_relations(cursor, table_name)
+                        relations = connection.introspection.get_relations(
+                            cursor, table_name
+                        )
                     except NotImplementedError:
                         relations = {}
                     try:
-                        constraints = connection.introspection.get_constraints(cursor, table_name)
+                        constraints = connection.introspection.get_constraints(
+                            cursor, table_name
+                        )
                     except NotImplementedError:
                         constraints = {}
-                    primary_key_column = connection.introspection.get_primary_key_column(cursor, table_name)
+                    primary_key_column = (
+                        connection.introspection.get_primary_key_column(
+                            cursor, table_name
+                        )
+                    )
                     unique_columns = [
-                        c['columns'][0] for c in constraints.values()
-                        if c['unique'] and len(c['columns']) == 1
+                        c["columns"][0]
+                        for c in constraints.values()
+                        if c["unique"] and len(c["columns"]) == 1
                     ]
-                    table_description = connection.introspection.get_table_description(cursor, table_name)
+                    table_description = connection.introspection.get_table_description(
+                        cursor, table_name
+                    )
                 except Exception as e:
                     yield "# Unable to inspect table '%s'" % table_name
                     yield "# The error was: %s" % e
                     continue
 
-                yield ''
-                yield ''
-                yield 'class %s(models.Model):' % table2model(table_name)
+                yield ""
+                yield ""
+                yield "class %s(models.Model):" % table2model(table_name)
                 known_models.append(table2model(table_name))
                 used_column_names = []  # Holds column names used in the table so far
                 column_to_field_name = {}  # Maps column names to names of model fields
                 for row in table_description:
-                    comment_notes = []  # Holds Field notes, to be displayed in a Python comment.
+                    comment_notes = (
+                        []
+                    )  # Holds Field notes, to be displayed in a Python comment.
                     extra_params = {}  # Holds Field parameters such as 'db_column'.
                     column_name = row.name
                     is_relation = column_name in relations
 
                     att_name, params, notes = self.normalize_col_name(
-                        column_name, used_column_names, is_relation)
+                        column_name, used_column_names, is_relation
+                    )
                     extra_params.update(params)
                     comment_notes.extend(notes)
 
@@ -111,70 +136,91 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
                     # Add primary_key and unique, if necessary.
                     if column_name == primary_key_column:
-                        extra_params['primary_key'] = True
+                        extra_params["primary_key"] = True
                     elif column_name in unique_columns:
-                        extra_params['unique'] = True
+                        extra_params["unique"] = True
 
                     if is_relation:
                         ref_db_column, ref_db_table = relations[column_name]
-                        if extra_params.pop('unique', False) or extra_params.get('primary_key'):
-                            rel_type = 'OneToOneField'
+                        if extra_params.pop("unique", False) or extra_params.get(
+                            "primary_key"
+                        ):
+                            rel_type = "OneToOneField"
                         else:
-                            rel_type = 'ForeignKey'
-                            ref_pk_column = connection.introspection.get_primary_key_column(cursor, ref_db_table)
+                            rel_type = "ForeignKey"
+                            ref_pk_column = (
+                                connection.introspection.get_primary_key_column(
+                                    cursor, ref_db_table
+                                )
+                            )
                             if ref_pk_column and ref_pk_column != ref_db_column:
-                                extra_params['to_field'] = ref_db_column
+                                extra_params["to_field"] = ref_db_column
                         rel_to = (
-                            'self' if ref_db_table == table_name
+                            "self"
+                            if ref_db_table == table_name
                             else table2model(ref_db_table)
                         )
                         if rel_to in known_models:
-                            field_type = '%s(%s' % (rel_type, rel_to)
+                            field_type = "%s(%s" % (rel_type, rel_to)
                         else:
                             field_type = "%s('%s'" % (rel_type, rel_to)
                     else:
                         # Calling `get_field_type` to get the field type string and any
                         # additional parameters and notes.
-                        field_type, field_params, field_notes = self.get_field_type(connection, table_name, row)
+                        field_type, field_params, field_notes = self.get_field_type(
+                            connection, table_name, row
+                        )
                         extra_params.update(field_params)
                         comment_notes.extend(field_notes)
 
-                        field_type += '('
+                        field_type += "("
 
                     # Don't output 'id = meta.AutoField(primary_key=True)', because
                     # that's assumed if it doesn't exist.
-                    if att_name == 'id' and extra_params == {'primary_key': True}:
-                        if field_type == 'AutoField(':
+                    if att_name == "id" and extra_params == {"primary_key": True}:
+                        if field_type == "AutoField(":
                             continue
-                        elif field_type == connection.features.introspected_field_types['AutoField'] + '(':
-                            comment_notes.append('AutoField?')
+                        elif (
+                            field_type
+                            == connection.features.introspected_field_types["AutoField"]
+                            + "("
+                        ):
+                            comment_notes.append("AutoField?")
 
                     # Add 'null' and 'blank', if the 'null_ok' flag was present in the
                     # table description.
                     if row.null_ok:  # If it's NULL...
-                        extra_params['blank'] = True
-                        extra_params['null'] = True
+                        extra_params["blank"] = True
+                        extra_params["null"] = True
 
-                    field_desc = '%s = %s%s' % (
+                    field_desc = "%s = %s%s" % (
                         att_name,
                         # Custom fields will have a dotted path
-                        '' if '.' in field_type else 'models.',
+                        "" if "." in field_type else "models.",
                         field_type,
                     )
-                    if field_type.startswith(('ForeignKey(', 'OneToOneField(')):
-                        field_desc += ', models.DO_NOTHING'
+                    if field_type.startswith(("ForeignKey(", "OneToOneField(")):
+                        field_desc += ", models.DO_NOTHING"
 
                     if extra_params:
-                        if not field_desc.endswith('('):
-                            field_desc += ', '
-                        field_desc += ', '.join('%s=%r' % (k, v) for k, v in extra_params.items())
-                    field_desc += ')'
+                        if not field_desc.endswith("("):
+                            field_desc += ", "
+                        field_desc += ", ".join(
+                            "%s=%r" % (k, v) for k, v in extra_params.items()
+                        )
+                    field_desc += ")"
                     if comment_notes:
-                        field_desc += '  # ' + ' '.join(comment_notes)
-                    yield '    %s' % field_desc
-                is_view = any(info.name == table_name and info.type == 'v' for info in table_info)
-                is_partition = any(info.name == table_name and info.type == 'p' for info in table_info)
-                yield from self.get_meta(table_name, constraints, column_to_field_name, is_view, is_partition)
+                        field_desc += "  # " + " ".join(comment_notes)
+                    yield "    %s" % field_desc
+                is_view = any(
+                    info.name == table_name and info.type == "v" for info in table_info
+                )
+                is_partition = any(
+                    info.name == table_name and info.type == "p" for info in table_info
+                )
+                yield from self.get_meta(
+                    table_name, constraints, column_to_field_name, is_view, is_partition
+                )
 
     def normalize_col_name(self, col_name, used_column_names, is_relation):
         """
@@ -185,50 +231,54 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
         new_name = col_name.lower()
         if new_name != col_name:
-            field_notes.append('Field name made lowercase.')
+            field_notes.append("Field name made lowercase.")
 
         if is_relation:
-            if new_name.endswith('_id'):
+            if new_name.endswith("_id"):
                 new_name = new_name[:-3]
             else:
-                field_params['db_column'] = col_name
+                field_params["db_column"] = col_name
 
-        new_name, num_repl = re.subn(r'\W', '_', new_name)
+        new_name, num_repl = re.subn(r"\W", "_", new_name)
         if num_repl > 0:
-            field_notes.append('Field renamed to remove unsuitable characters.')
+            field_notes.append("Field renamed to remove unsuitable characters.")
 
         if new_name.find(LOOKUP_SEP) >= 0:
             while new_name.find(LOOKUP_SEP) >= 0:
-                new_name = new_name.replace(LOOKUP_SEP, '_')
+                new_name = new_name.replace(LOOKUP_SEP, "_")
             if col_name.lower().find(LOOKUP_SEP) >= 0:
                 # Only add the comment if the double underscore was in the original name
-                field_notes.append("Field renamed because it contained more than one '_' in a row.")
+                field_notes.append(
+                    "Field renamed because it contained more than one '_' in a row."
+                )
 
-        if new_name.startswith('_'):
-            new_name = 'field%s' % new_name
+        if new_name.startswith("_"):
+            new_name = "field%s" % new_name
             field_notes.append("Field renamed because it started with '_'.")
 
-        if new_name.endswith('_'):
-            new_name = '%sfield' % new_name
+        if new_name.endswith("_"):
+            new_name = "%sfield" % new_name
             field_notes.append("Field renamed because it ended with '_'.")
 
         if keyword.iskeyword(new_name):
-            new_name += '_field'
-            field_notes.append('Field renamed because it was a Python reserved word.')
+            new_name += "_field"
+            field_notes.append("Field renamed because it was a Python reserved word.")
 
         if new_name[0].isdigit():
-            new_name = 'number_%s' % new_name
-            field_notes.append("Field renamed because it wasn't a valid Python identifier.")
+            new_name = "number_%s" % new_name
+            field_notes.append(
+                "Field renamed because it wasn't a valid Python identifier."
+            )
 
         if new_name in used_column_names:
             num = 0
-            while '%s_%d' % (new_name, num) in used_column_names:
+            while "%s_%d" % (new_name, num) in used_column_names:
                 num += 1
-            new_name = '%s_%d' % (new_name, num)
-            field_notes.append('Field renamed because of name conflict.')
+            new_name = "%s_%d" % (new_name, num)
+            field_notes.append("Field renamed because of name conflict.")
 
         if col_name != new_name and field_notes:
-            field_params['db_column'] = col_name
+            field_params["db_column"] = col_name
 
         return new_name, field_params, field_notes
 
@@ -244,30 +294,37 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         try:
             field_type = connection.introspection.get_field_type(row.type_code, row)
         except KeyError:
-            field_type = 'TextField'
-            field_notes.append('This field type is a guess.')
+            field_type = "TextField"
+            field_notes.append("This field type is a guess.")
 
         # Add max_length for all CharFields.
-        if field_type == 'CharField' and row.internal_size:
-            field_params['max_length'] = int(row.internal_size)
+        if field_type == "CharField" and row.internal_size:
+            field_params["max_length"] = int(row.internal_size)
 
-        if field_type in {'CharField', 'TextField'} and row.collation:
-            field_params['db_collation'] = row.collation
+        if field_type in {"CharField", "TextField"} and row.collation:
+            field_params["db_collation"] = row.collation
 
-        if field_type == 'DecimalField':
+        if field_type == "DecimalField":
             if row.precision is None or row.scale is None:
                 field_notes.append(
-                    'max_digits and decimal_places have been guessed, as this '
-                    'database handles decimal fields as float')
-                field_params['max_digits'] = row.precision if row.precision is not None else 10
-                field_params['decimal_places'] = row.scale if row.scale is not None else 5
+                    "max_digits and decimal_places have been guessed, as this "
+                    "database handles decimal fields as float"
+                )
+                field_params["max_digits"] = (
+                    row.precision if row.precision is not None else 10
+                )
+                field_params["decimal_places"] = (
+                    row.scale if row.scale is not None else 5
+                )
             else:
-                field_params['max_digits'] = row.precision
-                field_params['decimal_places'] = row.scale
+                field_params["max_digits"] = row.precision
+                field_params["decimal_places"] = row.scale
 
         return field_type, field_params, field_notes
 
-    def get_meta(self, table_name, constraints, column_to_field_name, is_view, is_partition):
+    def get_meta(
+        self, table_name, constraints, column_to_field_name, is_view, is_partition
+    ):
         """
         Return a sequence comprising the lines of code necessary
         to construct the inner Meta class for the model corresponding
@@ -276,28 +333,30 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         unique_together = []
         has_unsupported_constraint = False
         for params in constraints.values():
-            if params['unique']:
-                columns = params['columns']
+            if params["unique"]:
+                columns = params["columns"]
                 if None in columns:
                     has_unsupported_constraint = True
                 columns = [x for x in columns if x is not None]
                 if len(columns) > 1:
-                    unique_together.append(str(tuple(column_to_field_name[c] for c in columns)))
+                    unique_together.append(
+                        str(tuple(column_to_field_name[c] for c in columns))
+                    )
         if is_view:
             managed_comment = "  # Created from a view. Don't remove."
         elif is_partition:
             managed_comment = "  # Created from a partition. Don't remove."
         else:
-            managed_comment = ''
-        meta = ['']
+            managed_comment = ""
+        meta = [""]
         if has_unsupported_constraint:
-            meta.append('    # A unique constraint could not be introspected.')
+            meta.append("    # A unique constraint could not be introspected.")
         meta += [
-            '    class Meta:',
-            '        managed = False%s' % managed_comment,
-            '        db_table = %r' % table_name
+            "    class Meta:",
+            "        managed = False%s" % managed_comment,
+            "        db_table = %r" % table_name,
         ]
         if unique_together:
-            tup = '(' + ', '.join(unique_together) + ',)'
+            tup = "(" + ", ".join(unique_together) + ",)"
             meta += ["        unique_together = %s" % tup]
         return meta
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/loaddata.py b/django/core/management/commands/loaddata.py
index 20428f9f10..38a2818d5c 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/loaddata.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/loaddata.py
@@ -15,64 +15,82 @@ from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
 from django.core.management.color import no_style
 from django.core.management.utils import parse_apps_and_model_labels
 from django.db import (
-    DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, DatabaseError, IntegrityError, connections, router,
+    DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+    DatabaseError,
+    IntegrityError,
+    connections,
+    router,
     transaction,
 )
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
 try:
     import bz2
+
     has_bz2 = True
 except ImportError:
     has_bz2 = False
 
 try:
     import lzma
+
     has_lzma = True
 except ImportError:
     has_lzma = False
 
-READ_STDIN = '-'
+READ_STDIN = "-"
 
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
-    help = 'Installs the named fixture(s) in the database.'
+    help = "Installs the named fixture(s) in the database."
     missing_args_message = (
         "No database fixture specified. Please provide the path of at least "
         "one fixture in the command line."
     )
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('args', metavar='fixture', nargs='+', help='Fixture labels.')
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--database', default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+            "args", metavar="fixture", nargs="+", help="Fixture labels."
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "--database",
+            default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
             help='Nominates a specific database to load fixtures into. Defaults to the "default" database.',
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--app', dest='app_label',
-            help='Only look for fixtures in the specified app.',
+            "--app",
+            dest="app_label",
+            help="Only look for fixtures in the specified app.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--ignorenonexistent', '-i', action='store_true', dest='ignore',
-            help='Ignores entries in the serialized data for fields that do not '
-                 'currently exist on the model.',
+            "--ignorenonexistent",
+            "-i",
+            action="store_true",
+            dest="ignore",
+            help="Ignores entries in the serialized data for fields that do not "
+            "currently exist on the model.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '-e', '--exclude', action='append', default=[],
-            help='An app_label or app_label.ModelName to exclude. Can be used multiple times.',
+            "-e",
+            "--exclude",
+            action="append",
+            default=[],
+            help="An app_label or app_label.ModelName to exclude. Can be used multiple times.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--format',
-            help='Format of serialized data when reading from stdin.',
+            "--format",
+            help="Format of serialized data when reading from stdin.",
         )
 
     def handle(self, *fixture_labels, **options):
-        self.ignore = options['ignore']
-        self.using = options['database']
-        self.app_label = options['app_label']
-        self.verbosity = options['verbosity']
-        self.excluded_models, self.excluded_apps = parse_apps_and_model_labels(options['exclude'])
-        self.format = options['format']
+        self.ignore = options["ignore"]
+        self.using = options["database"]
+        self.app_label = options["app_label"]
+        self.verbosity = options["verbosity"]
+        self.excluded_models, self.excluded_apps = parse_apps_and_model_labels(
+            options["exclude"]
+        )
+        self.format = options["format"]
 
         with transaction.atomic(using=self.using):
             self.loaddata(fixture_labels)
@@ -89,16 +107,16 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         """A dict mapping format names to (open function, mode arg) tuples."""
         # Forcing binary mode may be revisited after dropping Python 2 support (see #22399)
         compression_formats = {
-            None: (open, 'rb'),
-            'gz': (gzip.GzipFile, 'rb'),
-            'zip': (SingleZipReader, 'r'),
-            'stdin': (lambda *args: sys.stdin, None),
+            None: (open, "rb"),
+            "gz": (gzip.GzipFile, "rb"),
+            "zip": (SingleZipReader, "r"),
+            "stdin": (lambda *args: sys.stdin, None),
         }
         if has_bz2:
-            compression_formats['bz2'] = (bz2.BZ2File, 'r')
+            compression_formats["bz2"] = (bz2.BZ2File, "r")
         if has_lzma:
-            compression_formats['lzma'] = (lzma.LZMAFile, 'r')
-            compression_formats['xz'] = (lzma.LZMAFile, 'r')
+            compression_formats["lzma"] = (lzma.LZMAFile, "r")
+            compression_formats["xz"] = (lzma.LZMAFile, "r")
         return compression_formats
 
     def reset_sequences(self, connection, models):
@@ -106,7 +124,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         sequence_sql = connection.ops.sequence_reset_sql(no_style(), models)
         if sequence_sql:
             if self.verbosity >= 2:
-                self.stdout.write('Resetting sequences')
+                self.stdout.write("Resetting sequences")
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
                 for line in sequence_sql:
                     cursor.execute(line)
@@ -162,14 +180,18 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             else:
                 self.stdout.write(
                     "Installed %d object(s) (of %d) from %d fixture(s)"
-                    % (self.loaded_object_count, self.fixture_object_count, self.fixture_count)
+                    % (
+                        self.loaded_object_count,
+                        self.fixture_object_count,
+                        self.fixture_count,
+                    )
                 )
 
     def save_obj(self, obj):
         """Save an object if permitted."""
         if (
-            obj.object._meta.app_config in self.excluded_apps or
-            type(obj.object) in self.excluded_models
+            obj.object._meta.app_config in self.excluded_apps
+            or type(obj.object) in self.excluded_models
         ):
             return False
         saved = False
@@ -180,11 +202,14 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 obj.save(using=self.using)
             # psycopg2 raises ValueError if data contains NUL chars.
             except (DatabaseError, IntegrityError, ValueError) as e:
-                e.args = ('Could not load %(object_label)s(pk=%(pk)s): %(error_msg)s' % {
-                    'object_label': obj.object._meta.label,
-                    'pk': obj.object.pk,
-                    'error_msg': e,
-                },)
+                e.args = (
+                    "Could not load %(object_label)s(pk=%(pk)s): %(error_msg)s"
+                    % {
+                        "object_label": obj.object._meta.label,
+                        "pk": obj.object.pk,
+                        "error_msg": e,
+                    },
+                )
                 raise
         if obj.deferred_fields:
             self.objs_with_deferred_fields.append(obj)
@@ -193,7 +218,9 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     def load_label(self, fixture_label):
         """Load fixtures files for a given label."""
         show_progress = self.verbosity >= 3
-        for fixture_file, fixture_dir, fixture_name in self.find_fixtures(fixture_label):
+        for fixture_file, fixture_dir, fixture_name in self.find_fixtures(
+            fixture_label
+        ):
             _, ser_fmt, cmp_fmt = self.parse_name(os.path.basename(fixture_file))
             open_method, mode = self.compression_formats[cmp_fmt]
             fixture = open_method(fixture_file, mode)
@@ -207,7 +234,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 )
             try:
                 objects = serializers.deserialize(
-                    ser_fmt, fixture, using=self.using, ignorenonexistent=self.ignore,
+                    ser_fmt,
+                    fixture,
+                    using=self.using,
+                    ignorenonexistent=self.ignore,
                     handle_forward_references=True,
                 )
 
@@ -217,12 +247,14 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                         loaded_objects_in_fixture += 1
                         if show_progress:
                             self.stdout.write(
-                                '\rProcessed %i object(s).' % loaded_objects_in_fixture,
-                                ending=''
+                                "\rProcessed %i object(s)." % loaded_objects_in_fixture,
+                                ending="",
                             )
             except Exception as e:
                 if not isinstance(e, CommandError):
-                    e.args = ("Problem installing fixture '%s': %s" % (fixture_file, e),)
+                    e.args = (
+                        "Problem installing fixture '%s': %s" % (fixture_file, e),
+                    )
                 raise
             finally:
                 fixture.close()
@@ -236,7 +268,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 warnings.warn(
                     "No fixture data found for '%s'. (File format may be "
                     "invalid.)" % fixture_name,
-                    RuntimeWarning
+                    RuntimeWarning,
                 )
 
     def get_fixture_name_and_dirs(self, fixture_name):
@@ -254,16 +286,18 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         cmp_fmts = self.compression_formats if cmp_fmt is None else [cmp_fmt]
         ser_fmts = self.serialization_formats if ser_fmt is None else [ser_fmt]
         return {
-            '%s.%s' % (
+            "%s.%s"
+            % (
                 fixture_name,
-                '.'.join([ext for ext in combo if ext]),
-            ) for combo in product(databases, ser_fmts, cmp_fmts)
+                ".".join([ext for ext in combo if ext]),
+            )
+            for combo in product(databases, ser_fmts, cmp_fmts)
         }
 
     def find_fixture_files_in_dir(self, fixture_dir, fixture_name, targets):
         fixture_files_in_dir = []
         path = os.path.join(fixture_dir, fixture_name)
-        for candidate in glob.iglob(glob.escape(path) + '*'):
+        for candidate in glob.iglob(glob.escape(path) + "*"):
             if os.path.basename(candidate) in targets:
                 # Save the fixture_dir and fixture_name for future error
                 # messages.
@@ -287,18 +321,22 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             if self.verbosity >= 2:
                 self.stdout.write("Checking %s for fixtures..." % humanize(fixture_dir))
             fixture_files_in_dir = self.find_fixture_files_in_dir(
-                fixture_dir, fixture_name, targets,
+                fixture_dir,
+                fixture_name,
+                targets,
             )
             if self.verbosity >= 2 and not fixture_files_in_dir:
-                self.stdout.write("No fixture '%s' in %s." %
-                                  (fixture_name, humanize(fixture_dir)))
+                self.stdout.write(
+                    "No fixture '%s' in %s." % (fixture_name, humanize(fixture_dir))
+                )
 
             # Check kept for backwards-compatibility; it isn't clear why
             # duplicates are only allowed in different directories.
             if len(fixture_files_in_dir) > 1:
                 raise CommandError(
-                    "Multiple fixtures named '%s' in %s. Aborting." %
-                    (fixture_name, humanize(fixture_dir)))
+                    "Multiple fixtures named '%s' in %s. Aborting."
+                    % (fixture_name, humanize(fixture_dir))
+                )
             fixture_files.extend(fixture_files_in_dir)
 
         if not fixture_files:
@@ -321,11 +359,12 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             raise ImproperlyConfigured("settings.FIXTURE_DIRS contains duplicates.")
         for app_config in apps.get_app_configs():
             app_label = app_config.label
-            app_dir = os.path.join(app_config.path, 'fixtures')
+            app_dir = os.path.join(app_config.path, "fixtures")
             if app_dir in fixture_dirs:
                 raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                     "'%s' is a default fixture directory for the '%s' app "
-                    "and cannot be listed in settings.FIXTURE_DIRS." % (app_dir, app_label)
+                    "and cannot be listed in settings.FIXTURE_DIRS."
+                    % (app_dir, app_label)
                 )
 
             if self.app_label and app_label != self.app_label:
@@ -333,7 +372,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             if os.path.isdir(app_dir):
                 dirs.append(app_dir)
         dirs.extend(fixture_dirs)
-        dirs.append('')
+        dirs.append("")
         return [os.path.realpath(d) for d in dirs]
 
     def parse_name(self, fixture_name):
@@ -342,10 +381,12 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         """
         if fixture_name == READ_STDIN:
             if not self.format:
-                raise CommandError('--format must be specified when reading from stdin.')
-            return READ_STDIN, self.format, 'stdin'
+                raise CommandError(
+                    "--format must be specified when reading from stdin."
+                )
+            return READ_STDIN, self.format, "stdin"
 
-        parts = fixture_name.rsplit('.', 2)
+        parts = fixture_name.rsplit(".", 2)
 
         if len(parts) > 1 and parts[-1] in self.compression_formats:
             cmp_fmt = parts[-1]
@@ -360,17 +401,17 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             else:
                 raise CommandError(
                     "Problem installing fixture '%s': %s is not a known "
-                    "serialization format." % ('.'.join(parts[:-1]), parts[-1]))
+                    "serialization format." % (".".join(parts[:-1]), parts[-1])
+                )
         else:
             ser_fmt = None
 
-        name = '.'.join(parts)
+        name = ".".join(parts)
 
         return name, ser_fmt, cmp_fmt
 
 
 class SingleZipReader(zipfile.ZipFile):
-
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         if len(self.namelist()) != 1:
@@ -381,4 +422,4 @@ class SingleZipReader(zipfile.ZipFile):
 
 
 def humanize(dirname):
-    return "'%s'" % dirname if dirname else 'absolute path'
+    return "'%s'" % dirname if dirname else "absolute path"
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/makemessages.py b/django/core/management/commands/makemessages.py
index 0070342181..af1b43b7c7 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/makemessages.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/makemessages.py
@@ -12,7 +12,10 @@ from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.core.files.temp import NamedTemporaryFile
 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
 from django.core.management.utils import (
-    find_command, handle_extensions, is_ignored_path, popen_wrapper,
+    find_command,
+    handle_extensions,
+    is_ignored_path,
+    popen_wrapper,
 )
 from django.utils.encoding import DEFAULT_LOCALE_ENCODING
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
@@ -21,7 +24,9 @@ from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 from django.utils.text import get_text_list
 from django.utils.translation import templatize
 
-plural_forms_re = _lazy_re_compile(r'^(?P<value>"Plural-Forms.+?\\n")\s*$', re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL)
+plural_forms_re = _lazy_re_compile(
+    r'^(?P<value>"Plural-Forms.+?\\n")\s*$', re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL
+)
 STATUS_OK = 0
 NO_LOCALE_DIR = object()
 
@@ -63,6 +68,7 @@ class BuildFile:
     """
     Represent the state of a translatable file during the build process.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, command, domain, translatable):
         self.command = command
         self.domain = domain
@@ -70,11 +76,11 @@ class BuildFile:
 
     @cached_property
     def is_templatized(self):
-        if self.domain == 'djangojs':
+        if self.domain == "djangojs":
             return self.command.gettext_version < (0, 18, 3)
-        elif self.domain == 'django':
+        elif self.domain == "django":
             file_ext = os.path.splitext(self.translatable.file)[1]
-            return file_ext != '.py'
+            return file_ext != ".py"
         return False
 
     @cached_property
@@ -90,10 +96,10 @@ class BuildFile:
         if not self.is_templatized:
             return self.path
         extension = {
-            'djangojs': 'c',
-            'django': 'py',
+            "djangojs": "c",
+            "django": "py",
         }.get(self.domain)
-        filename = '%s.%s' % (self.translatable.file, extension)
+        filename = "%s.%s" % (self.translatable.file, extension)
         return os.path.join(self.translatable.dirpath, filename)
 
     def preprocess(self):
@@ -104,15 +110,15 @@ class BuildFile:
         if not self.is_templatized:
             return
 
-        with open(self.path, encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+        with open(self.path, encoding="utf-8") as fp:
             src_data = fp.read()
 
-        if self.domain == 'djangojs':
+        if self.domain == "djangojs":
             content = prepare_js_for_gettext(src_data)
-        elif self.domain == 'django':
+        elif self.domain == "django":
             content = templatize(src_data, origin=self.path[2:])
 
-        with open(self.work_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+        with open(self.work_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as fp:
             fp.write(content)
 
     def postprocess_messages(self, msgs):
@@ -126,7 +132,7 @@ class BuildFile:
             return msgs
 
         # Remove '.py' suffix
-        if os.name == 'nt':
+        if os.name == "nt":
             # Preserve '.\' prefix on Windows to respect gettext behavior
             old_path = self.work_path
             new_path = self.path
@@ -135,10 +141,10 @@ class BuildFile:
             new_path = self.path[2:]
 
         return re.sub(
-            r'^(#: .*)(' + re.escape(old_path) + r')',
+            r"^(#: .*)(" + re.escape(old_path) + r")",
             lambda match: match[0].replace(old_path, new_path),
             msgs,
-            flags=re.MULTILINE
+            flags=re.MULTILINE,
         )
 
     def cleanup(self):
@@ -164,8 +170,8 @@ def normalize_eols(raw_contents):
     lines_list = raw_contents.splitlines()
     # Ensure last line has its EOL
     if lines_list and lines_list[-1]:
-        lines_list.append('')
-    return '\n'.join(lines_list)
+        lines_list.append("")
+    return "\n".join(lines_list)
 
 
 def write_pot_file(potfile, msgs):
@@ -182,16 +188,16 @@ def write_pot_file(potfile, msgs):
         found, header_read = False, False
         for line in pot_lines:
             if not found and not header_read:
-                if 'charset=CHARSET' in line:
+                if "charset=CHARSET" in line:
                     found = True
-                    line = line.replace('charset=CHARSET', 'charset=UTF-8')
+                    line = line.replace("charset=CHARSET", "charset=UTF-8")
             if not line and not found:
                 header_read = True
             lines.append(line)
-    msgs = '\n'.join(lines)
+    msgs = "\n".join(lines)
     # Force newlines of POT files to '\n' to work around
     # https://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/index.php?52395
-    with open(potfile, 'a', encoding='utf-8', newline='\n') as fp:
+    with open(potfile, "a", encoding="utf-8", newline="\n") as fp:
         fp.write(msgs)
 
 
@@ -209,61 +215,86 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
     requires_system_checks = []
 
-    msgmerge_options = ['-q', '--backup=none', '--previous', '--update']
-    msguniq_options = ['--to-code=utf-8']
-    msgattrib_options = ['--no-obsolete']
-    xgettext_options = ['--from-code=UTF-8', '--add-comments=Translators']
+    msgmerge_options = ["-q", "--backup=none", "--previous", "--update"]
+    msguniq_options = ["--to-code=utf-8"]
+    msgattrib_options = ["--no-obsolete"]
+    xgettext_options = ["--from-code=UTF-8", "--add-comments=Translators"]
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--locale', '-l', default=[], action='append',
-            help='Creates or updates the message files for the given locale(s) (e.g. pt_BR). '
-                 'Can be used multiple times.',
+            "--locale",
+            "-l",
+            default=[],
+            action="append",
+            help="Creates or updates the message files for the given locale(s) (e.g. pt_BR). "
+            "Can be used multiple times.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--exclude', '-x', default=[], action='append',
-            help='Locales to exclude. Default is none. Can be used multiple times.',
+            "--exclude",
+            "-x",
+            default=[],
+            action="append",
+            help="Locales to exclude. Default is none. Can be used multiple times.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--domain', '-d', default='django',
+            "--domain",
+            "-d",
+            default="django",
             help='The domain of the message files (default: "django").',
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--all', '-a', action='store_true',
-            help='Updates the message files for all existing locales.',
+            "--all",
+            "-a",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Updates the message files for all existing locales.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--extension', '-e', dest='extensions', action='append',
+            "--extension",
+            "-e",
+            dest="extensions",
+            action="append",
             help='The file extension(s) to examine (default: "html,txt,py", or "js" '
-                 'if the domain is "djangojs"). Separate multiple extensions with '
-                 'commas, or use -e multiple times.',
+            'if the domain is "djangojs"). Separate multiple extensions with '
+            "commas, or use -e multiple times.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--symlinks', '-s', action='store_true',
-            help='Follows symlinks to directories when examining source code '
-                 'and templates for translation strings.',
+            "--symlinks",
+            "-s",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Follows symlinks to directories when examining source code "
+            "and templates for translation strings.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--ignore', '-i', action='append', dest='ignore_patterns',
-            default=[], metavar='PATTERN',
-            help='Ignore files or directories matching this glob-style pattern. '
-                 'Use multiple times to ignore more.',
+            "--ignore",
+            "-i",
+            action="append",
+            dest="ignore_patterns",
+            default=[],
+            metavar="PATTERN",
+            help="Ignore files or directories matching this glob-style pattern. "
+            "Use multiple times to ignore more.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--no-default-ignore', action='store_false', dest='use_default_ignore_patterns',
+            "--no-default-ignore",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="use_default_ignore_patterns",
             help="Don't ignore the common glob-style patterns 'CVS', '.*', '*~' and '*.pyc'.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--no-wrap', action='store_true',
+            "--no-wrap",
+            action="store_true",
             help="Don't break long message lines into several lines.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--no-location', action='store_true',
+            "--no-location",
+            action="store_true",
             help="Don't write '#: filename:line' lines.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--add-location',
-            choices=('full', 'file', 'never'), const='full', nargs='?',
+            "--add-location",
+            choices=("full", "file", "never"),
+            const="full",
+            nargs="?",
             help=(
                 "Controls '#: filename:line' lines. If the option is 'full' "
                 "(the default if not given), the lines  include both file name "
@@ -273,61 +304,65 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             ),
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--no-obsolete', action='store_true',
+            "--no-obsolete",
+            action="store_true",
             help="Remove obsolete message strings.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--keep-pot', action='store_true',
+            "--keep-pot",
+            action="store_true",
             help="Keep .pot file after making messages. Useful when debugging.",
         )
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
-        locale = options['locale']
-        exclude = options['exclude']
-        self.domain = options['domain']
-        self.verbosity = options['verbosity']
-        process_all = options['all']
-        extensions = options['extensions']
-        self.symlinks = options['symlinks']
+        locale = options["locale"]
+        exclude = options["exclude"]
+        self.domain = options["domain"]
+        self.verbosity = options["verbosity"]
+        process_all = options["all"]
+        extensions = options["extensions"]
+        self.symlinks = options["symlinks"]
 
-        ignore_patterns = options['ignore_patterns']
-        if options['use_default_ignore_patterns']:
-            ignore_patterns += ['CVS', '.*', '*~', '*.pyc']
+        ignore_patterns = options["ignore_patterns"]
+        if options["use_default_ignore_patterns"]:
+            ignore_patterns += ["CVS", ".*", "*~", "*.pyc"]
         self.ignore_patterns = list(set(ignore_patterns))
 
         # Avoid messing with mutable class variables
-        if options['no_wrap']:
-            self.msgmerge_options = self.msgmerge_options[:] + ['--no-wrap']
-            self.msguniq_options = self.msguniq_options[:] + ['--no-wrap']
-            self.msgattrib_options = self.msgattrib_options[:] + ['--no-wrap']
-            self.xgettext_options = self.xgettext_options[:] + ['--no-wrap']
-        if options['no_location']:
-            self.msgmerge_options = self.msgmerge_options[:] + ['--no-location']
-            self.msguniq_options = self.msguniq_options[:] + ['--no-location']
-            self.msgattrib_options = self.msgattrib_options[:] + ['--no-location']
-            self.xgettext_options = self.xgettext_options[:] + ['--no-location']
-        if options['add_location']:
+        if options["no_wrap"]:
+            self.msgmerge_options = self.msgmerge_options[:] + ["--no-wrap"]
+            self.msguniq_options = self.msguniq_options[:] + ["--no-wrap"]
+            self.msgattrib_options = self.msgattrib_options[:] + ["--no-wrap"]
+            self.xgettext_options = self.xgettext_options[:] + ["--no-wrap"]
+        if options["no_location"]:
+            self.msgmerge_options = self.msgmerge_options[:] + ["--no-location"]
+            self.msguniq_options = self.msguniq_options[:] + ["--no-location"]
+            self.msgattrib_options = self.msgattrib_options[:] + ["--no-location"]
+            self.xgettext_options = self.xgettext_options[:] + ["--no-location"]
+        if options["add_location"]:
             if self.gettext_version < (0, 19):
                 raise CommandError(
                     "The --add-location option requires gettext 0.19 or later. "
-                    "You have %s." % '.'.join(str(x) for x in self.gettext_version)
+                    "You have %s." % ".".join(str(x) for x in self.gettext_version)
                 )
-            arg_add_location = "--add-location=%s" % options['add_location']
+            arg_add_location = "--add-location=%s" % options["add_location"]
             self.msgmerge_options = self.msgmerge_options[:] + [arg_add_location]
             self.msguniq_options = self.msguniq_options[:] + [arg_add_location]
             self.msgattrib_options = self.msgattrib_options[:] + [arg_add_location]
             self.xgettext_options = self.xgettext_options[:] + [arg_add_location]
 
-        self.no_obsolete = options['no_obsolete']
-        self.keep_pot = options['keep_pot']
+        self.no_obsolete = options["no_obsolete"]
+        self.keep_pot = options["keep_pot"]
 
-        if self.domain not in ('django', 'djangojs'):
-            raise CommandError("currently makemessages only supports domains "
-                               "'django' and 'djangojs'")
-        if self.domain == 'djangojs':
-            exts = extensions or ['js']
+        if self.domain not in ("django", "djangojs"):
+            raise CommandError(
+                "currently makemessages only supports domains "
+                "'django' and 'djangojs'"
+            )
+        if self.domain == "djangojs":
+            exts = extensions or ["js"]
         else:
-            exts = extensions or ['html', 'txt', 'py']
+            exts = extensions or ["html", "txt", "py"]
         self.extensions = handle_extensions(exts)
 
         if (not locale and not exclude and not process_all) or self.domain is None:
@@ -338,32 +373,35 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
         if self.verbosity > 1:
             self.stdout.write(
-                'examining files with the extensions: %s'
-                % get_text_list(list(self.extensions), 'and')
+                "examining files with the extensions: %s"
+                % get_text_list(list(self.extensions), "and")
             )
 
         self.invoked_for_django = False
         self.locale_paths = []
         self.default_locale_path = None
-        if os.path.isdir(os.path.join('conf', 'locale')):
-            self.locale_paths = [os.path.abspath(os.path.join('conf', 'locale'))]
+        if os.path.isdir(os.path.join("conf", "locale")):
+            self.locale_paths = [os.path.abspath(os.path.join("conf", "locale"))]
             self.default_locale_path = self.locale_paths[0]
             self.invoked_for_django = True
         else:
             if self.settings_available:
                 self.locale_paths.extend(settings.LOCALE_PATHS)
             # Allow to run makemessages inside an app dir
-            if os.path.isdir('locale'):
-                self.locale_paths.append(os.path.abspath('locale'))
+            if os.path.isdir("locale"):
+                self.locale_paths.append(os.path.abspath("locale"))
             if self.locale_paths:
                 self.default_locale_path = self.locale_paths[0]
                 os.makedirs(self.default_locale_path, exist_ok=True)
 
         # Build locale list
-        looks_like_locale = re.compile(r'[a-z]{2}')
-        locale_dirs = filter(os.path.isdir, glob.glob('%s/*' % self.default_locale_path))
+        looks_like_locale = re.compile(r"[a-z]{2}")
+        locale_dirs = filter(
+            os.path.isdir, glob.glob("%s/*" % self.default_locale_path)
+        )
         all_locales = [
-            lang_code for lang_code in map(os.path.basename, locale_dirs)
+            lang_code
+            for lang_code in map(os.path.basename, locale_dirs)
             if looks_like_locale.match(lang_code)
         ]
 
@@ -375,25 +413,26 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             locales = set(locales).difference(exclude)
 
         if locales:
-            check_programs('msguniq', 'msgmerge', 'msgattrib')
+            check_programs("msguniq", "msgmerge", "msgattrib")
 
-        check_programs('xgettext')
+        check_programs("xgettext")
 
         try:
             potfiles = self.build_potfiles()
 
             # Build po files for each selected locale
             for locale in locales:
-                if '-' in locale:
+                if "-" in locale:
                     self.stdout.write(
-                        'invalid locale %s, did you mean %s?' % (
+                        "invalid locale %s, did you mean %s?"
+                        % (
                             locale,
-                            locale.replace('-', '_'),
+                            locale.replace("-", "_"),
                         ),
                     )
                     continue
                 if self.verbosity > 0:
-                    self.stdout.write('processing locale %s' % locale)
+                    self.stdout.write("processing locale %s" % locale)
                 for potfile in potfiles:
                     self.write_po_file(potfile, locale)
         finally:
@@ -405,10 +444,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         # Gettext tools will output system-encoded bytestrings instead of UTF-8,
         # when looking up the version. It's especially a problem on Windows.
         out, err, status = popen_wrapper(
-            ['xgettext', '--version'],
+            ["xgettext", "--version"],
             stdout_encoding=DEFAULT_LOCALE_ENCODING,
         )
-        m = re.search(r'(\d+)\.(\d+)\.?(\d+)?', out)
+        m = re.search(r"(\d+)\.(\d+)\.?(\d+)?", out)
         if m:
             return tuple(int(d) for d in m.groups() if d is not None)
         else:
@@ -433,26 +472,27 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         self.process_files(file_list)
         potfiles = []
         for path in self.locale_paths:
-            potfile = os.path.join(path, '%s.pot' % self.domain)
+            potfile = os.path.join(path, "%s.pot" % self.domain)
             if not os.path.exists(potfile):
                 continue
-            args = ['msguniq'] + self.msguniq_options + [potfile]
+            args = ["msguniq"] + self.msguniq_options + [potfile]
             msgs, errors, status = popen_wrapper(args)
             if errors:
                 if status != STATUS_OK:
                     raise CommandError(
-                        "errors happened while running msguniq\n%s" % errors)
+                        "errors happened while running msguniq\n%s" % errors
+                    )
                 elif self.verbosity > 0:
                     self.stdout.write(errors)
             msgs = normalize_eols(msgs)
-            with open(potfile, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+            with open(potfile, "w", encoding="utf-8") as fp:
                 fp.write(msgs)
             potfiles.append(potfile)
         return potfiles
 
     def remove_potfiles(self):
         for path in self.locale_paths:
-            pot_path = os.path.join(path, '%s.pot' % self.domain)
+            pot_path = os.path.join(path, "%s.pot" % self.domain)
             if os.path.exists(pot_path):
                 os.unlink(pot_path)
 
@@ -464,23 +504,40 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         all_files = []
         ignored_roots = []
         if self.settings_available:
-            ignored_roots = [os.path.normpath(p) for p in (settings.MEDIA_ROOT, settings.STATIC_ROOT) if p]
-        for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(root, topdown=True, followlinks=self.symlinks):
+            ignored_roots = [
+                os.path.normpath(p)
+                for p in (settings.MEDIA_ROOT, settings.STATIC_ROOT)
+                if p
+            ]
+        for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(
+            root, topdown=True, followlinks=self.symlinks
+        ):
             for dirname in dirnames[:]:
-                if (is_ignored_path(os.path.normpath(os.path.join(dirpath, dirname)), self.ignore_patterns) or
-                        os.path.join(os.path.abspath(dirpath), dirname) in ignored_roots):
+                if (
+                    is_ignored_path(
+                        os.path.normpath(os.path.join(dirpath, dirname)),
+                        self.ignore_patterns,
+                    )
+                    or os.path.join(os.path.abspath(dirpath), dirname) in ignored_roots
+                ):
                     dirnames.remove(dirname)
                     if self.verbosity > 1:
-                        self.stdout.write('ignoring directory %s' % dirname)
-                elif dirname == 'locale':
+                        self.stdout.write("ignoring directory %s" % dirname)
+                elif dirname == "locale":
                     dirnames.remove(dirname)
-                    self.locale_paths.insert(0, os.path.join(os.path.abspath(dirpath), dirname))
+                    self.locale_paths.insert(
+                        0, os.path.join(os.path.abspath(dirpath), dirname)
+                    )
             for filename in filenames:
                 file_path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(dirpath, filename))
                 file_ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1]
-                if file_ext not in self.extensions or is_ignored_path(file_path, self.ignore_patterns):
+                if file_ext not in self.extensions or is_ignored_path(
+                    file_path, self.ignore_patterns
+                ):
                     if self.verbosity > 1:
-                        self.stdout.write('ignoring file %s in %s' % (filename, dirpath))
+                        self.stdout.write(
+                            "ignoring file %s in %s" % (filename, dirpath)
+                        )
                 else:
                     locale_dir = None
                     for path in self.locale_paths:
@@ -488,7 +545,9 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                             locale_dir = path
                             break
                     locale_dir = locale_dir or self.default_locale_path or NO_LOCALE_DIR
-                    all_files.append(self.translatable_file_class(dirpath, filename, locale_dir))
+                    all_files.append(
+                        self.translatable_file_class(dirpath, filename, locale_dir)
+                    )
         return sorted(all_files)
 
     def process_files(self, file_list):
@@ -513,18 +572,22 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         build_files = []
         for translatable in files:
             if self.verbosity > 1:
-                self.stdout.write('processing file %s in %s' % (
-                    translatable.file, translatable.dirpath
-                ))
-            if self.domain not in ('djangojs', 'django'):
+                self.stdout.write(
+                    "processing file %s in %s"
+                    % (translatable.file, translatable.dirpath)
+                )
+            if self.domain not in ("djangojs", "django"):
                 continue
             build_file = self.build_file_class(self, self.domain, translatable)
             try:
                 build_file.preprocess()
             except UnicodeDecodeError as e:
                 self.stdout.write(
-                    'UnicodeDecodeError: skipped file %s in %s (reason: %s)' % (
-                        translatable.file, translatable.dirpath, e,
+                    "UnicodeDecodeError: skipped file %s in %s (reason: %s)"
+                    % (
+                        translatable.file,
+                        translatable.dirpath,
+                        e,
                     )
                 )
                 continue
@@ -535,41 +598,43 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 raise
             build_files.append(build_file)
 
-        if self.domain == 'djangojs':
+        if self.domain == "djangojs":
             is_templatized = build_file.is_templatized
             args = [
-                'xgettext',
-                '-d', self.domain,
-                '--language=%s' % ('C' if is_templatized else 'JavaScript',),
-                '--keyword=gettext_noop',
-                '--keyword=gettext_lazy',
-                '--keyword=ngettext_lazy:1,2',
-                '--keyword=pgettext:1c,2',
-                '--keyword=npgettext:1c,2,3',
-                '--output=-',
+                "xgettext",
+                "-d",
+                self.domain,
+                "--language=%s" % ("C" if is_templatized else "JavaScript",),
+                "--keyword=gettext_noop",
+                "--keyword=gettext_lazy",
+                "--keyword=ngettext_lazy:1,2",
+                "--keyword=pgettext:1c,2",
+                "--keyword=npgettext:1c,2,3",
+                "--output=-",
             ]
-        elif self.domain == 'django':
+        elif self.domain == "django":
             args = [
-                'xgettext',
-                '-d', self.domain,
-                '--language=Python',
-                '--keyword=gettext_noop',
-                '--keyword=gettext_lazy',
-                '--keyword=ngettext_lazy:1,2',
-                '--keyword=pgettext:1c,2',
-                '--keyword=npgettext:1c,2,3',
-                '--keyword=pgettext_lazy:1c,2',
-                '--keyword=npgettext_lazy:1c,2,3',
-                '--output=-',
+                "xgettext",
+                "-d",
+                self.domain,
+                "--language=Python",
+                "--keyword=gettext_noop",
+                "--keyword=gettext_lazy",
+                "--keyword=ngettext_lazy:1,2",
+                "--keyword=pgettext:1c,2",
+                "--keyword=npgettext:1c,2,3",
+                "--keyword=pgettext_lazy:1c,2",
+                "--keyword=npgettext_lazy:1c,2,3",
+                "--output=-",
             ]
         else:
             return
 
         input_files = [bf.work_path for bf in build_files]
-        with NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w+') as input_files_list:
-            input_files_list.write('\n'.join(input_files))
+        with NamedTemporaryFile(mode="w+") as input_files_list:
+            input_files_list.write("\n".join(input_files))
             input_files_list.flush()
-            args.extend(['--files-from', input_files_list.name])
+            args.extend(["--files-from", input_files_list.name])
             args.extend(self.xgettext_options)
             msgs, errors, status = popen_wrapper(args)
 
@@ -578,8 +643,8 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 for build_file in build_files:
                     build_file.cleanup()
                 raise CommandError(
-                    'errors happened while running xgettext on %s\n%s' %
-                    ('\n'.join(input_files), errors)
+                    "errors happened while running xgettext on %s\n%s"
+                    % ("\n".join(input_files), errors)
                 )
             elif self.verbosity > 0:
                 # Print warnings
@@ -597,7 +662,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 )
             for build_file in build_files:
                 msgs = build_file.postprocess_messages(msgs)
-            potfile = os.path.join(locale_dir, '%s.pot' % self.domain)
+            potfile = os.path.join(locale_dir, "%s.pot" % self.domain)
             write_pot_file(potfile, msgs)
 
         for build_file in build_files:
@@ -610,38 +675,41 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
         Use msgmerge and msgattrib GNU gettext utilities.
         """
-        basedir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(potfile), locale, 'LC_MESSAGES')
+        basedir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(potfile), locale, "LC_MESSAGES")
         os.makedirs(basedir, exist_ok=True)
-        pofile = os.path.join(basedir, '%s.po' % self.domain)
+        pofile = os.path.join(basedir, "%s.po" % self.domain)
 
         if os.path.exists(pofile):
-            args = ['msgmerge'] + self.msgmerge_options + [pofile, potfile]
+            args = ["msgmerge"] + self.msgmerge_options + [pofile, potfile]
             _, errors, status = popen_wrapper(args)
             if errors:
                 if status != STATUS_OK:
                     raise CommandError(
-                        "errors happened while running msgmerge\n%s" % errors)
+                        "errors happened while running msgmerge\n%s" % errors
+                    )
                 elif self.verbosity > 0:
                     self.stdout.write(errors)
-            msgs = Path(pofile).read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+            msgs = Path(pofile).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
         else:
-            with open(potfile, encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+            with open(potfile, encoding="utf-8") as fp:
                 msgs = fp.read()
             if not self.invoked_for_django:
                 msgs = self.copy_plural_forms(msgs, locale)
         msgs = normalize_eols(msgs)
         msgs = msgs.replace(
-            "#. #-#-#-#-#  %s.pot (PACKAGE VERSION)  #-#-#-#-#\n" % self.domain, "")
-        with open(pofile, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+            "#. #-#-#-#-#  %s.pot (PACKAGE VERSION)  #-#-#-#-#\n" % self.domain, ""
+        )
+        with open(pofile, "w", encoding="utf-8") as fp:
             fp.write(msgs)
 
         if self.no_obsolete:
-            args = ['msgattrib'] + self.msgattrib_options + ['-o', pofile, pofile]
+            args = ["msgattrib"] + self.msgattrib_options + ["-o", pofile, pofile]
             msgs, errors, status = popen_wrapper(args)
             if errors:
                 if status != STATUS_OK:
                     raise CommandError(
-                        "errors happened while running msgattrib\n%s" % errors)
+                        "errors happened while running msgattrib\n%s" % errors
+                    )
                 elif self.verbosity > 0:
                     self.stdout.write(errors)
 
@@ -652,19 +720,21 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         contents of a newly created .po file.
         """
         django_dir = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(django.__file__)))
-        if self.domain == 'djangojs':
-            domains = ('djangojs', 'django')
+        if self.domain == "djangojs":
+            domains = ("djangojs", "django")
         else:
-            domains = ('django',)
+            domains = ("django",)
         for domain in domains:
-            django_po = os.path.join(django_dir, 'conf', 'locale', locale, 'LC_MESSAGES', '%s.po' % domain)
+            django_po = os.path.join(
+                django_dir, "conf", "locale", locale, "LC_MESSAGES", "%s.po" % domain
+            )
             if os.path.exists(django_po):
-                with open(django_po, encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+                with open(django_po, encoding="utf-8") as fp:
                     m = plural_forms_re.search(fp.read())
                 if m:
-                    plural_form_line = m['value']
+                    plural_form_line = m["value"]
                     if self.verbosity > 1:
-                        self.stdout.write('copying plural forms: %s' % plural_form_line)
+                        self.stdout.write("copying plural forms: %s" % plural_form_line)
                     lines = []
                     found = False
                     for line in msgs.splitlines():
@@ -672,6 +742,6 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                             line = plural_form_line
                             found = True
                         lines.append(line)
-                    msgs = '\n'.join(lines)
+                    msgs = "\n".join(lines)
                     break
         return msgs
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/makemigrations.py b/django/core/management/commands/makemigrations.py
index 4349f33a61..325848d8b2 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/makemigrations.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/makemigrations.py
@@ -5,15 +5,14 @@ from itertools import takewhile
 
 from django.apps import apps
 from django.conf import settings
-from django.core.management.base import (
-    BaseCommand, CommandError, no_translations,
-)
+from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError, no_translations
 from django.db import DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, OperationalError, connections, router
 from django.db.migrations import Migration
 from django.db.migrations.autodetector import MigrationAutodetector
 from django.db.migrations.loader import MigrationLoader
 from django.db.migrations.questioner import (
-    InteractiveMigrationQuestioner, MigrationQuestioner,
+    InteractiveMigrationQuestioner,
+    MigrationQuestioner,
     NonInteractiveMigrationQuestioner,
 )
 from django.db.migrations.state import ProjectState
@@ -26,42 +25,57 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument(
-            'args', metavar='app_label', nargs='*',
-            help='Specify the app label(s) to create migrations for.',
+            "args",
+            metavar="app_label",
+            nargs="*",
+            help="Specify the app label(s) to create migrations for.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--dry-run', action='store_true',
+            "--dry-run",
+            action="store_true",
             help="Just show what migrations would be made; don't actually write them.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--merge', action='store_true',
+            "--merge",
+            action="store_true",
             help="Enable fixing of migration conflicts.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--empty', action='store_true',
+            "--empty",
+            action="store_true",
             help="Create an empty migration.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--noinput', '--no-input', action='store_false', dest='interactive',
-            help='Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.',
+            "--noinput",
+            "--no-input",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="interactive",
+            help="Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '-n', '--name',
+            "-n",
+            "--name",
             help="Use this name for migration file(s).",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--no-header', action='store_false', dest='include_header',
-            help='Do not add header comments to new migration file(s).',
+            "--no-header",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="include_header",
+            help="Do not add header comments to new migration file(s).",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--check', action='store_true', dest='check_changes',
-            help='Exit with a non-zero status if model changes are missing migrations.',
+            "--check",
+            action="store_true",
+            dest="check_changes",
+            help="Exit with a non-zero status if model changes are missing migrations.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--scriptable', action='store_true', dest='scriptable',
+            "--scriptable",
+            action="store_true",
+            dest="scriptable",
             help=(
-                'Divert log output and input prompts to stderr, writing only '
-                'paths of generated migration files to stdout.'
+                "Divert log output and input prompts to stderr, writing only "
+                "paths of generated migration files to stdout."
             ),
         )
 
@@ -74,17 +88,17 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
     @no_translations
     def handle(self, *app_labels, **options):
-        self.verbosity = options['verbosity']
-        self.interactive = options['interactive']
-        self.dry_run = options['dry_run']
-        self.merge = options['merge']
-        self.empty = options['empty']
-        self.migration_name = options['name']
+        self.verbosity = options["verbosity"]
+        self.interactive = options["interactive"]
+        self.dry_run = options["dry_run"]
+        self.merge = options["merge"]
+        self.empty = options["empty"]
+        self.migration_name = options["name"]
         if self.migration_name and not self.migration_name.isidentifier():
-            raise CommandError('The migration name must be a valid Python identifier.')
-        self.include_header = options['include_header']
-        check_changes = options['check_changes']
-        self.scriptable = options['scriptable']
+            raise CommandError("The migration name must be a valid Python identifier.")
+        self.include_header = options["include_header"]
+        check_changes = options["check_changes"]
+        self.scriptable = options["scriptable"]
         # If logs and prompts are diverted to stderr, remove the ERROR style.
         if self.scriptable:
             self.stderr.style_func = None
@@ -108,22 +122,25 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         # Raise an error if any migrations are applied before their dependencies.
         consistency_check_labels = {config.label for config in apps.get_app_configs()}
         # Non-default databases are only checked if database routers used.
-        aliases_to_check = connections if settings.DATABASE_ROUTERS else [DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS]
+        aliases_to_check = (
+            connections if settings.DATABASE_ROUTERS else [DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS]
+        )
         for alias in sorted(aliases_to_check):
             connection = connections[alias]
-            if (connection.settings_dict['ENGINE'] != 'django.db.backends.dummy' and any(
-                    # At least one model must be migrated to the database.
-                    router.allow_migrate(connection.alias, app_label, model_name=model._meta.object_name)
-                    for app_label in consistency_check_labels
-                    for model in apps.get_app_config(app_label).get_models()
-            )):
+            if connection.settings_dict["ENGINE"] != "django.db.backends.dummy" and any(
+                # At least one model must be migrated to the database.
+                router.allow_migrate(
+                    connection.alias, app_label, model_name=model._meta.object_name
+                )
+                for app_label in consistency_check_labels
+                for model in apps.get_app_config(app_label).get_models()
+            ):
                 try:
                     loader.check_consistent_history(connection)
                 except OperationalError as error:
                     warnings.warn(
                         "Got an error checking a consistent migration history "
-                        "performed for database connection '%s': %s"
-                        % (alias, error),
+                        "performed for database connection '%s': %s" % (alias, error),
                         RuntimeWarning,
                     )
         # Before anything else, see if there's conflicting apps and drop out
@@ -133,14 +150,14 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         # If app_labels is specified, filter out conflicting migrations for unspecified apps
         if app_labels:
             conflicts = {
-                app_label: conflict for app_label, conflict in conflicts.items()
+                app_label: conflict
+                for app_label, conflict in conflicts.items()
                 if app_label in app_labels
             }
 
         if conflicts and not self.merge:
             name_str = "; ".join(
-                "%s in %s" % (", ".join(names), app)
-                for app, names in conflicts.items()
+                "%s in %s" % (", ".join(names), app) for app, names in conflicts.items()
             )
             raise CommandError(
                 "Conflicting migrations detected; multiple leaf nodes in the "
@@ -150,7 +167,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
         # If they want to merge and there's nothing to merge, then politely exit
         if self.merge and not conflicts:
-            self.log('No conflicts detected to merge.')
+            self.log("No conflicts detected to merge.")
             return
 
         # If they want to merge and there is something to merge, then
@@ -181,12 +198,11 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         # If they want to make an empty migration, make one for each app
         if self.empty:
             if not app_labels:
-                raise CommandError("You must supply at least one app label when using --empty.")
+                raise CommandError(
+                    "You must supply at least one app label when using --empty."
+                )
             # Make a fake changes() result we can pass to arrange_for_graph
-            changes = {
-                app: [Migration("custom", app)]
-                for app in app_labels
-            }
+            changes = {app: [Migration("custom", app)] for app in app_labels}
             changes = autodetector.arrange_for_graph(
                 changes=changes,
                 graph=loader.graph,
@@ -210,9 +226,12 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                     if len(app_labels) == 1:
                         self.log("No changes detected in app '%s'" % app_labels.pop())
                     else:
-                        self.log("No changes detected in apps '%s'" % ("', '".join(app_labels)))
+                        self.log(
+                            "No changes detected in apps '%s'"
+                            % ("', '".join(app_labels))
+                        )
                 else:
-                    self.log('No changes detected')
+                    self.log("No changes detected")
         else:
             self.write_migration_files(changes)
             if check_changes:
@@ -236,11 +255,11 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                         migration_string = os.path.relpath(writer.path)
                     except ValueError:
                         migration_string = writer.path
-                    if migration_string.startswith('..'):
+                    if migration_string.startswith(".."):
                         migration_string = writer.path
-                    self.log('  %s\n' % self.style.MIGRATE_LABEL(migration_string))
+                    self.log("  %s\n" % self.style.MIGRATE_LABEL(migration_string))
                     for operation in migration.operations:
-                        self.log('    - %s' % operation.describe())
+                        self.log("    - %s" % operation.describe())
                     if self.scriptable:
                         self.stdout.write(migration_string)
                 if not self.dry_run:
@@ -254,15 +273,17 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                         # We just do this once per app
                         directory_created[app_label] = True
                     migration_string = writer.as_string()
-                    with open(writer.path, "w", encoding='utf-8') as fh:
+                    with open(writer.path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as fh:
                         fh.write(migration_string)
                 elif self.verbosity == 3:
                     # Alternatively, makemigrations --dry-run --verbosity 3
                     # will log the migrations rather than saving the file to
                     # the disk.
-                    self.log(self.style.MIGRATE_HEADING(
-                        "Full migrations file '%s':" % writer.filename
-                    ))
+                    self.log(
+                        self.style.MIGRATE_HEADING(
+                            "Full migrations file '%s':" % writer.filename
+                        )
+                    )
                     self.log(writer.as_string())
 
     def handle_merge(self, loader, conflicts):
@@ -273,7 +294,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         if self.interactive:
             questioner = InteractiveMigrationQuestioner(prompt_output=self.log_output)
         else:
-            questioner = MigrationQuestioner(defaults={'ask_merge': True})
+            questioner = MigrationQuestioner(defaults={"ask_merge": True})
 
         for app_label, migration_names in conflicts.items():
             # Grab out the migrations in question, and work out their
@@ -282,7 +303,8 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             for migration_name in migration_names:
                 migration = loader.get_migration(app_label, migration_name)
                 migration.ancestry = [
-                    mig for mig in loader.graph.forwards_plan((app_label, migration_name))
+                    mig
+                    for mig in loader.graph.forwards_plan((app_label, migration_name))
                     if mig[0] == migration.app_label
                 ]
                 merge_migrations.append(migration)
@@ -291,25 +313,33 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 return all(item == seq[0] for item in seq[1:])
 
             merge_migrations_generations = zip(*(m.ancestry for m in merge_migrations))
-            common_ancestor_count = sum(1 for common_ancestor_generation
-                                        in takewhile(all_items_equal, merge_migrations_generations))
+            common_ancestor_count = sum(
+                1
+                for common_ancestor_generation in takewhile(
+                    all_items_equal, merge_migrations_generations
+                )
+            )
             if not common_ancestor_count:
-                raise ValueError("Could not find common ancestor of %s" % migration_names)
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Could not find common ancestor of %s" % migration_names
+                )
             # Now work out the operations along each divergent branch
             for migration in merge_migrations:
                 migration.branch = migration.ancestry[common_ancestor_count:]
-                migrations_ops = (loader.get_migration(node_app, node_name).operations
-                                  for node_app, node_name in migration.branch)
+                migrations_ops = (
+                    loader.get_migration(node_app, node_name).operations
+                    for node_app, node_name in migration.branch
+                )
                 migration.merged_operations = sum(migrations_ops, [])
             # In future, this could use some of the Optimizer code
             # (can_optimize_through) to automatically see if they're
             # mergeable. For now, we always just prompt the user.
             if self.verbosity > 0:
-                self.log(self.style.MIGRATE_HEADING('Merging %s' % app_label))
+                self.log(self.style.MIGRATE_HEADING("Merging %s" % app_label))
                 for migration in merge_migrations:
-                    self.log(self.style.MIGRATE_LABEL('  Branch %s' % migration.name))
+                    self.log(self.style.MIGRATE_LABEL("  Branch %s" % migration.name))
                     for operation in migration.merged_operations:
-                        self.log('    - %s' % operation.describe())
+                        self.log("    - %s" % operation.describe())
             if questioner.ask_merge(app_label):
                 # If they still want to merge it, then write out an empty
                 # file depending on the migrations needing merging.
@@ -321,36 +351,47 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                     biggest_number = max(x for x in numbers if x is not None)
                 except ValueError:
                     biggest_number = 1
-                subclass = type("Migration", (Migration,), {
-                    "dependencies": [(app_label, migration.name) for migration in merge_migrations],
-                })
-                parts = ['%04i' % (biggest_number + 1)]
+                subclass = type(
+                    "Migration",
+                    (Migration,),
+                    {
+                        "dependencies": [
+                            (app_label, migration.name)
+                            for migration in merge_migrations
+                        ],
+                    },
+                )
+                parts = ["%04i" % (biggest_number + 1)]
                 if self.migration_name:
                     parts.append(self.migration_name)
                 else:
-                    parts.append('merge')
-                    leaf_names = '_'.join(sorted(migration.name for migration in merge_migrations))
+                    parts.append("merge")
+                    leaf_names = "_".join(
+                        sorted(migration.name for migration in merge_migrations)
+                    )
                     if len(leaf_names) > 47:
                         parts.append(get_migration_name_timestamp())
                     else:
                         parts.append(leaf_names)
-                migration_name = '_'.join(parts)
+                migration_name = "_".join(parts)
                 new_migration = subclass(migration_name, app_label)
                 writer = MigrationWriter(new_migration, self.include_header)
 
                 if not self.dry_run:
                     # Write the merge migrations file to the disk
-                    with open(writer.path, "w", encoding='utf-8') as fh:
+                    with open(writer.path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as fh:
                         fh.write(writer.as_string())
                     if self.verbosity > 0:
-                        self.log('\nCreated new merge migration %s' % writer.path)
+                        self.log("\nCreated new merge migration %s" % writer.path)
                         if self.scriptable:
                             self.stdout.write(writer.path)
                 elif self.verbosity == 3:
                     # Alternatively, makemigrations --merge --dry-run --verbosity 3
                     # will log the merge migrations rather than saving the file
                     # to the disk.
-                    self.log(self.style.MIGRATE_HEADING(
-                        "Full merge migrations file '%s':" % writer.filename
-                    ))
+                    self.log(
+                        self.style.MIGRATE_HEADING(
+                            "Full merge migrations file '%s':" % writer.filename
+                        )
+                    )
                     self.log(writer.as_string())
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/migrate.py b/django/core/management/commands/migrate.py
index a4ad1f3e20..59fd1f0d55 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/migrate.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/migrate.py
@@ -3,12 +3,8 @@ import time
 from importlib import import_module
 
 from django.apps import apps
-from django.core.management.base import (
-    BaseCommand, CommandError, no_translations,
-)
-from django.core.management.sql import (
-    emit_post_migrate_signal, emit_pre_migrate_signal,
-)
+from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError, no_translations
+from django.core.management.sql import emit_post_migrate_signal, emit_pre_migrate_signal
 from django.db import DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, connections, router
 from django.db.migrations.autodetector import MigrationAutodetector
 from django.db.migrations.executor import MigrationExecutor
@@ -19,73 +15,89 @@ from django.utils.text import Truncator
 
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
-    help = "Updates database schema. Manages both apps with migrations and those without."
+    help = (
+        "Updates database schema. Manages both apps with migrations and those without."
+    )
     requires_system_checks = []
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--skip-checks', action='store_true',
-            help='Skip system checks.',
+            "--skip-checks",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Skip system checks.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            'app_label', nargs='?',
-            help='App label of an application to synchronize the state.',
+            "app_label",
+            nargs="?",
+            help="App label of an application to synchronize the state.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            'migration_name', nargs='?',
-            help='Database state will be brought to the state after that '
-                 'migration. Use the name "zero" to unapply all migrations.',
+            "migration_name",
+            nargs="?",
+            help="Database state will be brought to the state after that "
+            'migration. Use the name "zero" to unapply all migrations.',
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--noinput', '--no-input', action='store_false', dest='interactive',
-            help='Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.',
+            "--noinput",
+            "--no-input",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="interactive",
+            help="Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--database',
+            "--database",
             default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
             help='Nominates a database to synchronize. Defaults to the "default" database.',
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--fake', action='store_true',
-            help='Mark migrations as run without actually running them.',
+            "--fake",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Mark migrations as run without actually running them.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--fake-initial', action='store_true',
-            help='Detect if tables already exist and fake-apply initial migrations if so. Make sure '
-                 'that the current database schema matches your initial migration before using this '
-                 'flag. Django will only check for an existing table name.',
+            "--fake-initial",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Detect if tables already exist and fake-apply initial migrations if so. Make sure "
+            "that the current database schema matches your initial migration before using this "
+            "flag. Django will only check for an existing table name.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--plan', action='store_true',
-            help='Shows a list of the migration actions that will be performed.',
+            "--plan",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Shows a list of the migration actions that will be performed.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--run-syncdb', action='store_true',
-            help='Creates tables for apps without migrations.',
+            "--run-syncdb",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Creates tables for apps without migrations.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--check', action='store_true', dest='check_unapplied',
-            help='Exits with a non-zero status if unapplied migrations exist.',
+            "--check",
+            action="store_true",
+            dest="check_unapplied",
+            help="Exits with a non-zero status if unapplied migrations exist.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--prune', action='store_true', dest='prune',
-            help='Delete nonexistent migrations from the django_migrations table.',
+            "--prune",
+            action="store_true",
+            dest="prune",
+            help="Delete nonexistent migrations from the django_migrations table.",
         )
 
     @no_translations
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
-        database = options['database']
-        if not options['skip_checks']:
+        database = options["database"]
+        if not options["skip_checks"]:
             self.check(databases=[database])
 
-        self.verbosity = options['verbosity']
-        self.interactive = options['interactive']
+        self.verbosity = options["verbosity"]
+        self.interactive = options["interactive"]
 
         # Import the 'management' module within each installed app, to register
         # dispatcher events.
         for app_config in apps.get_app_configs():
             if module_has_submodule(app_config.module, "management"):
-                import_module('.management', app_config.name)
+                import_module(".management", app_config.name)
 
         # Get the database we're operating from
         connection = connections[database]
@@ -103,8 +115,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         conflicts = executor.loader.detect_conflicts()
         if conflicts:
             name_str = "; ".join(
-                "%s in %s" % (", ".join(names), app)
-                for app, names in conflicts.items()
+                "%s in %s" % (", ".join(names), app) for app, names in conflicts.items()
             )
             raise CommandError(
                 "Conflicting migrations detected; multiple leaf nodes in the "
@@ -113,163 +124,185 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             )
 
         # If they supplied command line arguments, work out what they mean.
-        run_syncdb = options['run_syncdb']
+        run_syncdb = options["run_syncdb"]
         target_app_labels_only = True
-        if options['app_label']:
+        if options["app_label"]:
             # Validate app_label.
-            app_label = options['app_label']
+            app_label = options["app_label"]
             try:
                 apps.get_app_config(app_label)
             except LookupError as err:
                 raise CommandError(str(err))
             if run_syncdb:
                 if app_label in executor.loader.migrated_apps:
-                    raise CommandError("Can't use run_syncdb with app '%s' as it has migrations." % app_label)
+                    raise CommandError(
+                        "Can't use run_syncdb with app '%s' as it has migrations."
+                        % app_label
+                    )
             elif app_label not in executor.loader.migrated_apps:
                 raise CommandError("App '%s' does not have migrations." % app_label)
 
-        if options['app_label'] and options['migration_name']:
-            migration_name = options['migration_name']
+        if options["app_label"] and options["migration_name"]:
+            migration_name = options["migration_name"]
             if migration_name == "zero":
                 targets = [(app_label, None)]
             else:
                 try:
-                    migration = executor.loader.get_migration_by_prefix(app_label, migration_name)
+                    migration = executor.loader.get_migration_by_prefix(
+                        app_label, migration_name
+                    )
                 except AmbiguityError:
                     raise CommandError(
                         "More than one migration matches '%s' in app '%s'. "
-                        "Please be more specific." %
-                        (migration_name, app_label)
+                        "Please be more specific." % (migration_name, app_label)
                     )
                 except KeyError:
-                    raise CommandError("Cannot find a migration matching '%s' from app '%s'." % (
-                        migration_name, app_label))
+                    raise CommandError(
+                        "Cannot find a migration matching '%s' from app '%s'."
+                        % (migration_name, app_label)
+                    )
                 target = (app_label, migration.name)
                 # Partially applied squashed migrations are not included in the
                 # graph, use the last replacement instead.
                 if (
-                    target not in executor.loader.graph.nodes and
-                    target in executor.loader.replacements
+                    target not in executor.loader.graph.nodes
+                    and target in executor.loader.replacements
                 ):
                     incomplete_migration = executor.loader.replacements[target]
                     target = incomplete_migration.replaces[-1]
                 targets = [target]
             target_app_labels_only = False
-        elif options['app_label']:
-            targets = [key for key in executor.loader.graph.leaf_nodes() if key[0] == app_label]
+        elif options["app_label"]:
+            targets = [
+                key for key in executor.loader.graph.leaf_nodes() if key[0] == app_label
+            ]
         else:
             targets = executor.loader.graph.leaf_nodes()
 
-        if options['prune']:
-            if not options['app_label']:
+        if options["prune"]:
+            if not options["app_label"]:
                 raise CommandError(
-                    'Migrations can be pruned only when an app is specified.'
+                    "Migrations can be pruned only when an app is specified."
                 )
             if self.verbosity > 0:
-                self.stdout.write('Pruning migrations:', self.style.MIGRATE_HEADING)
-            to_prune = set(executor.loader.applied_migrations) - set(executor.loader.disk_migrations)
+                self.stdout.write("Pruning migrations:", self.style.MIGRATE_HEADING)
+            to_prune = set(executor.loader.applied_migrations) - set(
+                executor.loader.disk_migrations
+            )
             squashed_migrations_with_deleted_replaced_migrations = [
                 migration_key
                 for migration_key, migration_obj in executor.loader.replacements.items()
                 if any(replaced in to_prune for replaced in migration_obj.replaces)
             ]
             if squashed_migrations_with_deleted_replaced_migrations:
-                self.stdout.write(self.style.NOTICE(
-                    "  Cannot use --prune because the following squashed "
-                    "migrations have their 'replaces' attributes and may not "
-                    "be recorded as applied:"
-                ))
+                self.stdout.write(
+                    self.style.NOTICE(
+                        "  Cannot use --prune because the following squashed "
+                        "migrations have their 'replaces' attributes and may not "
+                        "be recorded as applied:"
+                    )
+                )
                 for migration in squashed_migrations_with_deleted_replaced_migrations:
                     app, name = migration
-                    self.stdout.write(f'    {app}.{name}')
-                self.stdout.write(self.style.NOTICE(
-                    "  Re-run 'manage.py migrate' if they are not marked as "
-                    "applied, and remove 'replaces' attributes in their "
-                    "Migration classes."
-                ))
+                    self.stdout.write(f"    {app}.{name}")
+                self.stdout.write(
+                    self.style.NOTICE(
+                        "  Re-run 'manage.py migrate' if they are not marked as "
+                        "applied, and remove 'replaces' attributes in their "
+                        "Migration classes."
+                    )
+                )
             else:
                 to_prune = sorted(
-                    migration
-                    for migration in to_prune
-                    if migration[0] == app_label
+                    migration for migration in to_prune if migration[0] == app_label
                 )
                 if to_prune:
                     for migration in to_prune:
                         app, name = migration
                         if self.verbosity > 0:
-                            self.stdout.write(self.style.MIGRATE_LABEL(
-                                f'  Pruning {app}.{name}'
-                            ), ending='')
+                            self.stdout.write(
+                                self.style.MIGRATE_LABEL(f"  Pruning {app}.{name}"),
+                                ending="",
+                            )
                         executor.recorder.record_unapplied(app, name)
                         if self.verbosity > 0:
-                            self.stdout.write(self.style.SUCCESS(' OK'))
+                            self.stdout.write(self.style.SUCCESS(" OK"))
                 elif self.verbosity > 0:
-                    self.stdout.write('  No migrations to prune.')
+                    self.stdout.write("  No migrations to prune.")
 
         plan = executor.migration_plan(targets)
-        exit_dry = plan and options['check_unapplied']
+        exit_dry = plan and options["check_unapplied"]
 
-        if options['plan']:
-            self.stdout.write('Planned operations:', self.style.MIGRATE_LABEL)
+        if options["plan"]:
+            self.stdout.write("Planned operations:", self.style.MIGRATE_LABEL)
             if not plan:
-                self.stdout.write('  No planned migration operations.')
+                self.stdout.write("  No planned migration operations.")
             for migration, backwards in plan:
                 self.stdout.write(str(migration), self.style.MIGRATE_HEADING)
                 for operation in migration.operations:
                     message, is_error = self.describe_operation(operation, backwards)
                     style = self.style.WARNING if is_error else None
-                    self.stdout.write('    ' + message, style)
+                    self.stdout.write("    " + message, style)
             if exit_dry:
                 sys.exit(1)
             return
         if exit_dry:
             sys.exit(1)
-        if options['prune']:
+        if options["prune"]:
             return
 
         # At this point, ignore run_syncdb if there aren't any apps to sync.
-        run_syncdb = options['run_syncdb'] and executor.loader.unmigrated_apps
+        run_syncdb = options["run_syncdb"] and executor.loader.unmigrated_apps
         # Print some useful info
         if self.verbosity >= 1:
             self.stdout.write(self.style.MIGRATE_HEADING("Operations to perform:"))
             if run_syncdb:
-                if options['app_label']:
+                if options["app_label"]:
                     self.stdout.write(
-                        self.style.MIGRATE_LABEL("  Synchronize unmigrated app: %s" % app_label)
+                        self.style.MIGRATE_LABEL(
+                            "  Synchronize unmigrated app: %s" % app_label
+                        )
                     )
                 else:
                     self.stdout.write(
-                        self.style.MIGRATE_LABEL("  Synchronize unmigrated apps: ") +
-                        (", ".join(sorted(executor.loader.unmigrated_apps)))
+                        self.style.MIGRATE_LABEL("  Synchronize unmigrated apps: ")
+                        + (", ".join(sorted(executor.loader.unmigrated_apps)))
                     )
             if target_app_labels_only:
                 self.stdout.write(
-                    self.style.MIGRATE_LABEL("  Apply all migrations: ") +
-                    (", ".join(sorted({a for a, n in targets})) or "(none)")
+                    self.style.MIGRATE_LABEL("  Apply all migrations: ")
+                    + (", ".join(sorted({a for a, n in targets})) or "(none)")
                 )
             else:
                 if targets[0][1] is None:
                     self.stdout.write(
-                        self.style.MIGRATE_LABEL('  Unapply all migrations: ') +
-                        str(targets[0][0])
+                        self.style.MIGRATE_LABEL("  Unapply all migrations: ")
+                        + str(targets[0][0])
                     )
                 else:
-                    self.stdout.write(self.style.MIGRATE_LABEL(
-                        "  Target specific migration: ") + "%s, from %s"
-                        % (targets[0][1], targets[0][0])
+                    self.stdout.write(
+                        self.style.MIGRATE_LABEL("  Target specific migration: ")
+                        + "%s, from %s" % (targets[0][1], targets[0][0])
                     )
 
         pre_migrate_state = executor._create_project_state(with_applied_migrations=True)
         pre_migrate_apps = pre_migrate_state.apps
         emit_pre_migrate_signal(
-            self.verbosity, self.interactive, connection.alias, stdout=self.stdout, apps=pre_migrate_apps, plan=plan,
+            self.verbosity,
+            self.interactive,
+            connection.alias,
+            stdout=self.stdout,
+            apps=pre_migrate_apps,
+            plan=plan,
         )
 
         # Run the syncdb phase.
         if run_syncdb:
             if self.verbosity >= 1:
-                self.stdout.write(self.style.MIGRATE_HEADING("Synchronizing apps without migrations:"))
-            if options['app_label']:
+                self.stdout.write(
+                    self.style.MIGRATE_HEADING("Synchronizing apps without migrations:")
+                )
+            if options["app_label"]:
                 self.sync_apps(connection, [app_label])
             else:
                 self.sync_apps(connection, executor.loader.unmigrated_apps)
@@ -287,23 +320,30 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 )
                 changes = autodetector.changes(graph=executor.loader.graph)
                 if changes:
-                    self.stdout.write(self.style.NOTICE(
-                        "  Your models in app(s): %s have changes that are not "
-                        "yet reflected in a migration, and so won't be "
-                        "applied." % ", ".join(repr(app) for app in sorted(changes))
-                    ))
-                    self.stdout.write(self.style.NOTICE(
-                        "  Run 'manage.py makemigrations' to make new "
-                        "migrations, and then re-run 'manage.py migrate' to "
-                        "apply them."
-                    ))
+                    self.stdout.write(
+                        self.style.NOTICE(
+                            "  Your models in app(s): %s have changes that are not "
+                            "yet reflected in a migration, and so won't be "
+                            "applied." % ", ".join(repr(app) for app in sorted(changes))
+                        )
+                    )
+                    self.stdout.write(
+                        self.style.NOTICE(
+                            "  Run 'manage.py makemigrations' to make new "
+                            "migrations, and then re-run 'manage.py migrate' to "
+                            "apply them."
+                        )
+                    )
             fake = False
             fake_initial = False
         else:
-            fake = options['fake']
-            fake_initial = options['fake_initial']
+            fake = options["fake"]
+            fake_initial = options["fake_initial"]
         post_migrate_state = executor.migrate(
-            targets, plan=plan, state=pre_migrate_state.clone(), fake=fake,
+            targets,
+            plan=plan,
+            state=pre_migrate_state.clone(),
+            fake=fake,
             fake_initial=fake_initial,
         )
         # post_migrate signals have access to all models. Ensure that all models
@@ -320,14 +360,19 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 model_key = model_state.app_label, model_state.name_lower
                 model_keys.append(model_key)
                 post_migrate_apps.unregister_model(*model_key)
-        post_migrate_apps.render_multiple([
-            ModelState.from_model(apps.get_model(*model)) for model in model_keys
-        ])
+        post_migrate_apps.render_multiple(
+            [ModelState.from_model(apps.get_model(*model)) for model in model_keys]
+        )
 
         # Send the post_migrate signal, so individual apps can do whatever they need
         # to do at this point.
         emit_post_migrate_signal(
-            self.verbosity, self.interactive, connection.alias, stdout=self.stdout, apps=post_migrate_apps, plan=plan,
+            self.verbosity,
+            self.interactive,
+            connection.alias,
+            stdout=self.stdout,
+            apps=post_migrate_apps,
+            plan=plan,
         )
 
     def migration_progress_callback(self, action, migration=None, fake=False):
@@ -339,7 +384,9 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 self.stdout.write("  Applying %s..." % migration, ending="")
                 self.stdout.flush()
             elif action == "apply_success":
-                elapsed = " (%.3fs)" % (time.monotonic() - self.start) if compute_time else ""
+                elapsed = (
+                    " (%.3fs)" % (time.monotonic() - self.start) if compute_time else ""
+                )
                 if fake:
                     self.stdout.write(self.style.SUCCESS(" FAKED" + elapsed))
                 else:
@@ -350,7 +397,9 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 self.stdout.write("  Unapplying %s..." % migration, ending="")
                 self.stdout.flush()
             elif action == "unapply_success":
-                elapsed = " (%.3fs)" % (time.monotonic() - self.start) if compute_time else ""
+                elapsed = (
+                    " (%.3fs)" % (time.monotonic() - self.start) if compute_time else ""
+                )
                 if fake:
                     self.stdout.write(self.style.SUCCESS(" FAKED" + elapsed))
                 else:
@@ -361,7 +410,9 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 self.stdout.write("  Rendering model states...", ending="")
                 self.stdout.flush()
             elif action == "render_success":
-                elapsed = " (%.3fs)" % (time.monotonic() - self.start) if compute_time else ""
+                elapsed = (
+                    " (%.3fs)" % (time.monotonic() - self.start) if compute_time else ""
+                )
                 self.stdout.write(self.style.SUCCESS(" DONE" + elapsed))
 
     def sync_apps(self, connection, app_labels):
@@ -373,7 +424,9 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         all_models = [
             (
                 app_config.label,
-                router.get_migratable_models(app_config, connection.alias, include_auto_created=False),
+                router.get_migratable_models(
+                    app_config, connection.alias, include_auto_created=False
+                ),
             )
             for app_config in apps.get_app_configs()
             if app_config.models_module is not None and app_config.label in app_labels
@@ -383,8 +436,11 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             opts = model._meta
             converter = connection.introspection.identifier_converter
             return not (
-                (converter(opts.db_table) in tables) or
-                (opts.auto_created and converter(opts.auto_created._meta.db_table) in tables)
+                (converter(opts.db_table) in tables)
+                or (
+                    opts.auto_created
+                    and converter(opts.auto_created._meta.db_table) in tables
+                )
             )
 
         manifest = {
@@ -394,7 +450,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
         # Create the tables for each model
         if self.verbosity >= 1:
-            self.stdout.write('  Creating tables...')
+            self.stdout.write("  Creating tables...")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             for app_name, model_list in manifest.items():
                 for model in model_list:
@@ -403,36 +459,39 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                         continue
                     if self.verbosity >= 3:
                         self.stdout.write(
-                            '    Processing %s.%s model' % (app_name, model._meta.object_name)
+                            "    Processing %s.%s model"
+                            % (app_name, model._meta.object_name)
                         )
                     if self.verbosity >= 1:
-                        self.stdout.write('    Creating table %s' % model._meta.db_table)
+                        self.stdout.write(
+                            "    Creating table %s" % model._meta.db_table
+                        )
                     editor.create_model(model)
 
             # Deferred SQL is executed when exiting the editor's context.
             if self.verbosity >= 1:
-                self.stdout.write('    Running deferred SQL...')
+                self.stdout.write("    Running deferred SQL...")
 
     @staticmethod
     def describe_operation(operation, backwards):
         """Return a string that describes a migration operation for --plan."""
-        prefix = ''
+        prefix = ""
         is_error = False
-        if hasattr(operation, 'code'):
+        if hasattr(operation, "code"):
             code = operation.reverse_code if backwards else operation.code
-            action = (code.__doc__ or '') if code else None
-        elif hasattr(operation, 'sql'):
+            action = (code.__doc__ or "") if code else None
+        elif hasattr(operation, "sql"):
             action = operation.reverse_sql if backwards else operation.sql
         else:
-            action = ''
+            action = ""
             if backwards:
-                prefix = 'Undo '
+                prefix = "Undo "
         if action is not None:
-            action = str(action).replace('\n', '')
+            action = str(action).replace("\n", "")
         elif backwards:
-            action = 'IRREVERSIBLE'
+            action = "IRREVERSIBLE"
             is_error = True
         if action:
-            action = ' -> ' + action
+            action = " -> " + action
         truncated = Truncator(action)
         return prefix + operation.describe() + truncated.chars(40), is_error
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/runserver.py b/django/core/management/commands/runserver.py
index 473fde0de0..3c39f57e4d 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/runserver.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/runserver.py
@@ -7,18 +7,19 @@ from datetime import datetime
 
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
-from django.core.servers.basehttp import (
-    WSGIServer, get_internal_wsgi_application, run,
-)
+from django.core.servers.basehttp import WSGIServer, get_internal_wsgi_application, run
 from django.utils import autoreload
 from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 
-naiveip_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"""^(?:
+naiveip_re = _lazy_re_compile(
+    r"""^(?:
 (?P<addr>
     (?P<ipv4>\d{1,3}(?:\.\d{1,3}){3}) |         # IPv4 address
     (?P<ipv6>\[[a-fA-F0-9:]+\]) |               # IPv6 address
     (?P<fqdn>[a-zA-Z0-9-]+(?:\.[a-zA-Z0-9-]+)*) # FQDN
-):)?(?P<port>\d+)$""", re.X)
+):)?(?P<port>\d+)$""",
+    re.X,
+)
 
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
@@ -26,39 +27,46 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
     # Validation is called explicitly each time the server is reloaded.
     requires_system_checks = []
-    stealth_options = ('shutdown_message',)
-    suppressed_base_arguments = {'--verbosity', '--traceback'}
+    stealth_options = ("shutdown_message",)
+    suppressed_base_arguments = {"--verbosity", "--traceback"}
 
-    default_addr = '127.0.0.1'
-    default_addr_ipv6 = '::1'
-    default_port = '8000'
-    protocol = 'http'
+    default_addr = "127.0.0.1"
+    default_addr_ipv6 = "::1"
+    default_port = "8000"
+    protocol = "http"
     server_cls = WSGIServer
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument(
-            'addrport', nargs='?',
-            help='Optional port number, or ipaddr:port'
+            "addrport", nargs="?", help="Optional port number, or ipaddr:port"
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--ipv6', '-6', action='store_true', dest='use_ipv6',
-            help='Tells Django to use an IPv6 address.',
+            "--ipv6",
+            "-6",
+            action="store_true",
+            dest="use_ipv6",
+            help="Tells Django to use an IPv6 address.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--nothreading', action='store_false', dest='use_threading',
-            help='Tells Django to NOT use threading.',
+            "--nothreading",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="use_threading",
+            help="Tells Django to NOT use threading.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--noreload', action='store_false', dest='use_reloader',
-            help='Tells Django to NOT use the auto-reloader.',
+            "--noreload",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="use_reloader",
+            help="Tells Django to NOT use the auto-reloader.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--skip-checks', action='store_true',
-            help='Skip system checks.',
+            "--skip-checks",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Skip system checks.",
         )
 
     def execute(self, *args, **options):
-        if options['no_color']:
+        if options["no_color"]:
             # We rely on the environment because it's currently the only
             # way to reach WSGIRequestHandler. This seems an acceptable
             # compromise considering `runserver` runs indefinitely.
@@ -71,20 +79,22 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
         if not settings.DEBUG and not settings.ALLOWED_HOSTS:
-            raise CommandError('You must set settings.ALLOWED_HOSTS if DEBUG is False.')
+            raise CommandError("You must set settings.ALLOWED_HOSTS if DEBUG is False.")
 
-        self.use_ipv6 = options['use_ipv6']
+        self.use_ipv6 = options["use_ipv6"]
         if self.use_ipv6 and not socket.has_ipv6:
-            raise CommandError('Your Python does not support IPv6.')
+            raise CommandError("Your Python does not support IPv6.")
         self._raw_ipv6 = False
-        if not options['addrport']:
-            self.addr = ''
+        if not options["addrport"]:
+            self.addr = ""
             self.port = self.default_port
         else:
-            m = re.match(naiveip_re, options['addrport'])
+            m = re.match(naiveip_re, options["addrport"])
             if m is None:
-                raise CommandError('"%s" is not a valid port number '
-                                   'or address:port pair.' % options['addrport'])
+                raise CommandError(
+                    '"%s" is not a valid port number '
+                    "or address:port pair." % options["addrport"]
+                )
             self.addr, _ipv4, _ipv6, _fqdn, self.port = m.groups()
             if not self.port.isdigit():
                 raise CommandError("%r is not a valid port number." % self.port)
@@ -102,7 +112,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
     def run(self, **options):
         """Run the server, using the autoreloader if needed."""
-        use_reloader = options['use_reloader']
+        use_reloader = options["use_reloader"]
 
         if use_reloader:
             autoreload.run_with_reloader(self.inner_run, **options)
@@ -114,36 +124,45 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         # to be raised in the child process, raise it now.
         autoreload.raise_last_exception()
 
-        threading = options['use_threading']
+        threading = options["use_threading"]
         # 'shutdown_message' is a stealth option.
-        shutdown_message = options.get('shutdown_message', '')
-        quit_command = 'CTRL-BREAK' if sys.platform == 'win32' else 'CONTROL-C'
+        shutdown_message = options.get("shutdown_message", "")
+        quit_command = "CTRL-BREAK" if sys.platform == "win32" else "CONTROL-C"
 
-        if not options['skip_checks']:
-            self.stdout.write('Performing system checks...\n\n')
+        if not options["skip_checks"]:
+            self.stdout.write("Performing system checks...\n\n")
             self.check(display_num_errors=True)
         # Need to check migrations here, so can't use the
         # requires_migrations_check attribute.
         self.check_migrations()
-        now = datetime.now().strftime('%B %d, %Y - %X')
+        now = datetime.now().strftime("%B %d, %Y - %X")
         self.stdout.write(now)
-        self.stdout.write((
-            "Django version %(version)s, using settings %(settings)r\n"
-            "Starting development server at %(protocol)s://%(addr)s:%(port)s/\n"
-            "Quit the server with %(quit_command)s."
-        ) % {
-            "version": self.get_version(),
-            "settings": settings.SETTINGS_MODULE,
-            "protocol": self.protocol,
-            "addr": '[%s]' % self.addr if self._raw_ipv6 else self.addr,
-            "port": self.port,
-            "quit_command": quit_command,
-        })
+        self.stdout.write(
+            (
+                "Django version %(version)s, using settings %(settings)r\n"
+                "Starting development server at %(protocol)s://%(addr)s:%(port)s/\n"
+                "Quit the server with %(quit_command)s."
+            )
+            % {
+                "version": self.get_version(),
+                "settings": settings.SETTINGS_MODULE,
+                "protocol": self.protocol,
+                "addr": "[%s]" % self.addr if self._raw_ipv6 else self.addr,
+                "port": self.port,
+                "quit_command": quit_command,
+            }
+        )
 
         try:
             handler = self.get_handler(*args, **options)
-            run(self.addr, int(self.port), handler,
-                ipv6=self.use_ipv6, threading=threading, server_cls=self.server_cls)
+            run(
+                self.addr,
+                int(self.port),
+                handler,
+                ipv6=self.use_ipv6,
+                threading=threading,
+                server_cls=self.server_cls,
+            )
         except OSError as e:
             # Use helpful error messages instead of ugly tracebacks.
             ERRORS = {
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/sendtestemail.py b/django/core/management/commands/sendtestemail.py
index 9ed1e9600f..6a69849300 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/sendtestemail.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/sendtestemail.py
@@ -11,30 +11,33 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument(
-            'email', nargs='*',
-            help='One or more email addresses to send a test email to.',
+            "email",
+            nargs="*",
+            help="One or more email addresses to send a test email to.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--managers', action='store_true',
-            help='Send a test email to the addresses specified in settings.MANAGERS.',
+            "--managers",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Send a test email to the addresses specified in settings.MANAGERS.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--admins', action='store_true',
-            help='Send a test email to the addresses specified in settings.ADMINS.',
+            "--admins",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Send a test email to the addresses specified in settings.ADMINS.",
         )
 
     def handle(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        subject = 'Test email from %s on %s' % (socket.gethostname(), timezone.now())
+        subject = "Test email from %s on %s" % (socket.gethostname(), timezone.now())
 
         send_mail(
             subject=subject,
-            message="If you\'re reading this, it was successful.",
+            message="If you're reading this, it was successful.",
             from_email=None,
-            recipient_list=kwargs['email'],
+            recipient_list=kwargs["email"],
         )
 
-        if kwargs['managers']:
+        if kwargs["managers"]:
             mail_managers(subject, "This email was sent to the site managers.")
 
-        if kwargs['admins']:
+        if kwargs["admins"]:
             mail_admins(subject, "This email was sent to the site admins.")
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/shell.py b/django/core/management/commands/shell.py
index cbd4c86620..52ab27cb21 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/shell.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/shell.py
@@ -15,28 +15,34 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     )
 
     requires_system_checks = []
-    shells = ['ipython', 'bpython', 'python']
+    shells = ["ipython", "bpython", "python"]
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--no-startup', action='store_true',
-            help='When using plain Python, ignore the PYTHONSTARTUP environment variable and ~/.pythonrc.py script.',
+            "--no-startup",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="When using plain Python, ignore the PYTHONSTARTUP environment variable and ~/.pythonrc.py script.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '-i', '--interface', choices=self.shells,
+            "-i",
+            "--interface",
+            choices=self.shells,
             help='Specify an interactive interpreter interface. Available options: "ipython", "bpython", and "python"',
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '-c', '--command',
-            help='Instead of opening an interactive shell, run a command as Django and exit.',
+            "-c",
+            "--command",
+            help="Instead of opening an interactive shell, run a command as Django and exit.",
         )
 
     def ipython(self, options):
         from IPython import start_ipython
+
         start_ipython(argv=[])
 
     def bpython(self, options):
         import bpython
+
         bpython.embed()
 
     def python(self, options):
@@ -47,8 +53,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
         # We want to honor both $PYTHONSTARTUP and .pythonrc.py, so follow system
         # conventions and get $PYTHONSTARTUP first then .pythonrc.py.
-        if not options['no_startup']:
-            for pythonrc in OrderedSet([os.environ.get("PYTHONSTARTUP"), os.path.expanduser('~/.pythonrc.py')]):
+        if not options["no_startup"]:
+            for pythonrc in OrderedSet(
+                [os.environ.get("PYTHONSTARTUP"), os.path.expanduser("~/.pythonrc.py")]
+            ):
                 if not pythonrc:
                     continue
                 if not os.path.isfile(pythonrc):
@@ -58,7 +66,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 # Match the behavior of the cpython shell where an error in
                 # PYTHONSTARTUP prints an exception and continues.
                 try:
-                    exec(compile(pythonrc_code, pythonrc, 'exec'), imported_objects)
+                    exec(compile(pythonrc_code, pythonrc, "exec"), imported_objects)
                 except Exception:
                     traceback.print_exc()
 
@@ -78,7 +86,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 # Match the behavior of the cpython shell where an error in
                 # sys.__interactivehook__ prints a warning and the exception
                 # and continues.
-                print('Failed calling sys.__interactivehook__')
+                print("Failed calling sys.__interactivehook__")
                 traceback.print_exc()
 
         # Set up tab completion for objects imported by $PYTHONSTARTUP or
@@ -86,6 +94,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         try:
             import readline
             import rlcompleter
+
             readline.set_completer(rlcompleter.Completer(imported_objects).complete)
         except ImportError:
             pass
@@ -95,17 +104,23 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
     def handle(self, **options):
         # Execute the command and exit.
-        if options['command']:
-            exec(options['command'], globals())
+        if options["command"]:
+            exec(options["command"], globals())
             return
 
         # Execute stdin if it has anything to read and exit.
         # Not supported on Windows due to select.select() limitations.
-        if sys.platform != 'win32' and not sys.stdin.isatty() and select.select([sys.stdin], [], [], 0)[0]:
+        if (
+            sys.platform != "win32"
+            and not sys.stdin.isatty()
+            and select.select([sys.stdin], [], [], 0)[0]
+        ):
             exec(sys.stdin.read(), globals())
             return
 
-        available_shells = [options['interface']] if options['interface'] else self.shells
+        available_shells = (
+            [options["interface"]] if options["interface"] else self.shells
+        )
 
         for shell in available_shells:
             try:
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/showmigrations.py b/django/core/management/commands/showmigrations.py
index e3227457ce..1f3a64f9b1 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/showmigrations.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/showmigrations.py
@@ -12,48 +12,58 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument(
-            'app_label', nargs='*',
-            help='App labels of applications to limit the output to.',
+            "app_label",
+            nargs="*",
+            help="App labels of applications to limit the output to.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--database', default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+            "--database",
+            default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
             help=(
-                'Nominates a database to show migrations for. Defaults to the '
+                "Nominates a database to show migrations for. Defaults to the "
                 '"default" database.'
             ),
         )
 
         formats = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
         formats.add_argument(
-            '--list', '-l', action='store_const', dest='format', const='list',
+            "--list",
+            "-l",
+            action="store_const",
+            dest="format",
+            const="list",
             help=(
-                'Shows a list of all migrations and which are applied. '
-                'With a verbosity level of 2 or above, the applied datetimes '
-                'will be included.'
+                "Shows a list of all migrations and which are applied. "
+                "With a verbosity level of 2 or above, the applied datetimes "
+                "will be included."
             ),
         )
         formats.add_argument(
-            '--plan', '-p', action='store_const', dest='format', const='plan',
+            "--plan",
+            "-p",
+            action="store_const",
+            dest="format",
+            const="plan",
             help=(
-                'Shows all migrations in the order they will be applied. '
-                'With a verbosity level of 2 or above all direct migration dependencies '
-                'and reverse dependencies (run_before) will be included.'
-            )
+                "Shows all migrations in the order they will be applied. "
+                "With a verbosity level of 2 or above all direct migration dependencies "
+                "and reverse dependencies (run_before) will be included."
+            ),
         )
 
-        parser.set_defaults(format='list')
+        parser.set_defaults(format="list")
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
-        self.verbosity = options['verbosity']
+        self.verbosity = options["verbosity"]
 
         # Get the database we're operating from
-        db = options['database']
+        db = options["database"]
         connection = connections[db]
 
-        if options['format'] == "plan":
-            return self.show_plan(connection, options['app_label'])
+        if options["format"] == "plan":
+            return self.show_plan(connection, options["app_label"])
         else:
-            return self.show_list(connection, options['app_label'])
+            return self.show_list(connection, options["app_label"])
 
     def _validate_app_names(self, loader, app_names):
         has_bad_names = False
@@ -93,17 +103,26 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                         # Give it a nice title if it's a squashed one
                         title = plan_node[1]
                         if graph.nodes[plan_node].replaces:
-                            title += " (%s squashed migrations)" % len(graph.nodes[plan_node].replaces)
+                            title += " (%s squashed migrations)" % len(
+                                graph.nodes[plan_node].replaces
+                            )
                         applied_migration = loader.applied_migrations.get(plan_node)
                         # Mark it as applied/unapplied
                         if applied_migration:
                             if plan_node in recorded_migrations:
-                                output = ' [X] %s' % title
+                                output = " [X] %s" % title
                             else:
                                 title += " Run 'manage.py migrate' to finish recording."
-                                output = ' [-] %s' % title
-                            if self.verbosity >= 2 and hasattr(applied_migration, 'applied'):
-                                output += ' (applied at %s)' % applied_migration.applied.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
+                                output = " [-] %s" % title
+                            if self.verbosity >= 2 and hasattr(
+                                applied_migration, "applied"
+                            ):
+                                output += (
+                                    " (applied at %s)"
+                                    % applied_migration.applied.strftime(
+                                        "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"
+                                    )
+                                )
                             self.stdout.write(output)
                         else:
                             self.stdout.write(" [ ] %s" % title)
@@ -154,4 +173,4 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             else:
                 self.stdout.write("[ ]  %s.%s%s" % (node.key[0], node.key[1], deps))
         if not plan:
-            self.stdout.write('(no migrations)', self.style.ERROR)
+            self.stdout.write("(no migrations)", self.style.ERROR)
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/sqlflush.py b/django/core/management/commands/sqlflush.py
index 29782607bb..e6701349d6 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/sqlflush.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/sqlflush.py
@@ -14,12 +14,13 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         super().add_arguments(parser)
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--database', default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+            "--database",
+            default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
             help='Nominates a database to print the SQL for. Defaults to the "default" database.',
         )
 
     def handle(self, **options):
-        sql_statements = sql_flush(self.style, connections[options['database']])
-        if not sql_statements and options['verbosity'] >= 1:
-            self.stderr.write('No tables found.')
-        return '\n'.join(sql_statements)
+        sql_statements = sql_flush(self.style, connections[options["database"]])
+        if not sql_statements and options["verbosity"] >= 1:
+            self.stderr.write("No tables found.")
+        return "\n".join(sql_statements)
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/sqlmigrate.py b/django/core/management/commands/sqlmigrate.py
index f687360fb4..880eb11d9b 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/sqlmigrate.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/sqlmigrate.py
@@ -10,34 +10,40 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     output_transaction = True
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('app_label', help='App label of the application containing the migration.')
-        parser.add_argument('migration_name', help='Migration name to print the SQL for.')
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--database', default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+            "app_label", help="App label of the application containing the migration."
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "migration_name", help="Migration name to print the SQL for."
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "--database",
+            default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
             help='Nominates a database to create SQL for. Defaults to the "default" database.',
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--backwards', action='store_true',
-            help='Creates SQL to unapply the migration, rather than to apply it',
+            "--backwards",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Creates SQL to unapply the migration, rather than to apply it",
         )
 
     def execute(self, *args, **options):
         # sqlmigrate doesn't support coloring its output but we need to force
         # no_color=True so that the BEGIN/COMMIT statements added by
         # output_transaction don't get colored either.
-        options['no_color'] = True
+        options["no_color"] = True
         return super().execute(*args, **options)
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
         # Get the database we're operating from
-        connection = connections[options['database']]
+        connection = connections[options["database"]]
 
         # Load up a loader to get all the migration data, but don't replace
         # migrations.
         loader = MigrationLoader(connection, replace_migrations=False)
 
         # Resolve command-line arguments into a migration
-        app_label, migration_name = options['app_label'], options['migration_name']
+        app_label, migration_name = options["app_label"], options["migration_name"]
         # Validate app_label
         try:
             apps.get_app_config(app_label)
@@ -48,21 +54,27 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         try:
             migration = loader.get_migration_by_prefix(app_label, migration_name)
         except AmbiguityError:
-            raise CommandError("More than one migration matches '%s' in app '%s'. Please be more specific." % (
-                migration_name, app_label))
+            raise CommandError(
+                "More than one migration matches '%s' in app '%s'. Please be more specific."
+                % (migration_name, app_label)
+            )
         except KeyError:
-            raise CommandError("Cannot find a migration matching '%s' from app '%s'. Is it in INSTALLED_APPS?" % (
-                migration_name, app_label))
+            raise CommandError(
+                "Cannot find a migration matching '%s' from app '%s'. Is it in INSTALLED_APPS?"
+                % (migration_name, app_label)
+            )
         target = (app_label, migration.name)
 
         # Show begin/end around output for atomic migrations, if the database
         # supports transactional DDL.
-        self.output_transaction = migration.atomic and connection.features.can_rollback_ddl
+        self.output_transaction = (
+            migration.atomic and connection.features.can_rollback_ddl
+        )
 
         # Make a plan that represents just the requested migrations and show SQL
         # for it
-        plan = [(loader.graph.nodes[target], options['backwards'])]
+        plan = [(loader.graph.nodes[target], options["backwards"])]
         sql_statements = loader.collect_sql(plan)
-        if not sql_statements and options['verbosity'] >= 1:
-            self.stderr.write('No operations found.')
-        return '\n'.join(sql_statements)
+        if not sql_statements and options["verbosity"] >= 1:
+            self.stderr.write("No operations found.")
+        return "\n".join(sql_statements)
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/sqlsequencereset.py b/django/core/management/commands/sqlsequencereset.py
index 1d74ed9f55..454a2ab10c 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/sqlsequencereset.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/sqlsequencereset.py
@@ -3,23 +3,26 @@ from django.db import DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, connections
 
 
 class Command(AppCommand):
-    help = 'Prints the SQL statements for resetting sequences for the given app name(s).'
+    help = (
+        "Prints the SQL statements for resetting sequences for the given app name(s)."
+    )
 
     output_transaction = True
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         super().add_arguments(parser)
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--database', default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+            "--database",
+            default=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
             help='Nominates a database to print the SQL for. Defaults to the "default" database.',
         )
 
     def handle_app_config(self, app_config, **options):
         if app_config.models_module is None:
             return
-        connection = connections[options['database']]
+        connection = connections[options["database"]]
         models = app_config.get_models(include_auto_created=True)
         statements = connection.ops.sequence_reset_sql(self.style, models)
-        if not statements and options['verbosity'] >= 1:
-            self.stderr.write('No sequences found.')
-        return '\n'.join(statements)
+        if not statements and options["verbosity"] >= 1:
+            self.stderr.write("No sequences found.")
+        return "\n".join(statements)
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/squashmigrations.py b/django/core/management/commands/squashmigrations.py
index 80fdc0cbc1..1592e792f8 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/squashmigrations.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/squashmigrations.py
@@ -16,44 +16,51 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument(
-            'app_label',
-            help='App label of the application to squash migrations for.',
+            "app_label",
+            help="App label of the application to squash migrations for.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            'start_migration_name', nargs='?',
-            help='Migrations will be squashed starting from and including this migration.',
+            "start_migration_name",
+            nargs="?",
+            help="Migrations will be squashed starting from and including this migration.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            'migration_name',
-            help='Migrations will be squashed until and including this migration.',
+            "migration_name",
+            help="Migrations will be squashed until and including this migration.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--no-optimize', action='store_true',
-            help='Do not try to optimize the squashed operations.',
+            "--no-optimize",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Do not try to optimize the squashed operations.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--noinput', '--no-input', action='store_false', dest='interactive',
-            help='Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.',
+            "--noinput",
+            "--no-input",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="interactive",
+            help="Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--squashed-name',
-            help='Sets the name of the new squashed migration.',
+            "--squashed-name",
+            help="Sets the name of the new squashed migration.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--no-header', action='store_false', dest='include_header',
-            help='Do not add a header comment to the new squashed migration.',
+            "--no-header",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="include_header",
+            help="Do not add a header comment to the new squashed migration.",
         )
 
     def handle(self, **options):
 
-        self.verbosity = options['verbosity']
-        self.interactive = options['interactive']
-        app_label = options['app_label']
-        start_migration_name = options['start_migration_name']
-        migration_name = options['migration_name']
-        no_optimize = options['no_optimize']
-        squashed_name = options['squashed_name']
-        include_header = options['include_header']
+        self.verbosity = options["verbosity"]
+        self.interactive = options["interactive"]
+        app_label = options["app_label"]
+        start_migration_name = options["start_migration_name"]
+        migration_name = options["migration_name"]
+        no_optimize = options["no_optimize"]
+        squashed_name = options["squashed_name"]
+        include_header = options["include_header"]
         # Validate app_label.
         try:
             apps.get_app_config(app_label)
@@ -72,13 +79,19 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         # Work out the list of predecessor migrations
         migrations_to_squash = [
             loader.get_migration(al, mn)
-            for al, mn in loader.graph.forwards_plan((migration.app_label, migration.name))
+            for al, mn in loader.graph.forwards_plan(
+                (migration.app_label, migration.name)
+            )
             if al == migration.app_label
         ]
 
         if start_migration_name:
-            start_migration = self.find_migration(loader, app_label, start_migration_name)
-            start = loader.get_migration(start_migration.app_label, start_migration.name)
+            start_migration = self.find_migration(
+                loader, app_label, start_migration_name
+            )
+            start = loader.get_migration(
+                start_migration.app_label, start_migration.name
+            )
             try:
                 start_index = migrations_to_squash.index(start)
                 migrations_to_squash = migrations_to_squash[start_index:]
@@ -93,7 +106,9 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
         # Tell them what we're doing and optionally ask if we should proceed
         if self.verbosity > 0 or self.interactive:
-            self.stdout.write(self.style.MIGRATE_HEADING("Will squash the following migrations:"))
+            self.stdout.write(
+                self.style.MIGRATE_HEADING("Will squash the following migrations:")
+            )
             for migration in migrations_to_squash:
                 self.stdout.write(" - %s" % migration.name)
 
@@ -122,7 +137,8 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 raise CommandError(
                     "You cannot squash squashed migrations! Please transition "
                     "it to a normal migration first: "
-                    "https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/%s/topics/migrations/#squashing-migrations" % get_docs_version()
+                    "https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/%s/topics/migrations/#squashing-migrations"
+                    % get_docs_version()
                 )
             operations.extend(smigration.operations)
             for dependency in smigration.dependencies:
@@ -137,7 +153,9 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
         if no_optimize:
             if self.verbosity > 0:
-                self.stdout.write(self.style.MIGRATE_HEADING("(Skipping optimization.)"))
+                self.stdout.write(
+                    self.style.MIGRATE_HEADING("(Skipping optimization.)")
+                )
             new_operations = operations
         else:
             if self.verbosity > 0:
@@ -151,8 +169,8 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                     self.stdout.write("  No optimizations possible.")
                 else:
                     self.stdout.write(
-                        "  Optimized from %s operations to %s operations." %
-                        (len(operations), len(new_operations))
+                        "  Optimized from %s operations to %s operations."
+                        % (len(operations), len(new_operations))
                     )
 
         # Work out the value of replaces (any squashed ones we're re-squashing)
@@ -165,22 +183,26 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                 replaces.append((migration.app_label, migration.name))
 
         # Make a new migration with those operations
-        subclass = type("Migration", (migrations.Migration,), {
-            "dependencies": dependencies,
-            "operations": new_operations,
-            "replaces": replaces,
-        })
+        subclass = type(
+            "Migration",
+            (migrations.Migration,),
+            {
+                "dependencies": dependencies,
+                "operations": new_operations,
+                "replaces": replaces,
+            },
+        )
         if start_migration_name:
             if squashed_name:
                 # Use the name from --squashed-name.
-                prefix, _ = start_migration.name.split('_', 1)
-                name = '%s_%s' % (prefix, squashed_name)
+                prefix, _ = start_migration.name.split("_", 1)
+                name = "%s_%s" % (prefix, squashed_name)
             else:
                 # Generate a name.
-                name = '%s_squashed_%s' % (start_migration.name, migration.name)
+                name = "%s_squashed_%s" % (start_migration.name, migration.name)
             new_migration = subclass(name, app_label)
         else:
-            name = '0001_%s' % (squashed_name or 'squashed_%s' % migration.name)
+            name = "0001_%s" % (squashed_name or "squashed_%s" % migration.name)
             new_migration = subclass(name, app_label)
             new_migration.initial = True
 
@@ -188,25 +210,28 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         writer = MigrationWriter(new_migration, include_header)
         if os.path.exists(writer.path):
             raise CommandError(
-                f'Migration {new_migration.name} already exists. Use a different name.'
+                f"Migration {new_migration.name} already exists. Use a different name."
             )
-        with open(writer.path, "w", encoding='utf-8') as fh:
+        with open(writer.path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as fh:
             fh.write(writer.as_string())
 
         if self.verbosity > 0:
             self.stdout.write(
-                self.style.MIGRATE_HEADING('Created new squashed migration %s' % writer.path) + '\n'
-                '  You should commit this migration but leave the old ones in place;\n'
-                '  the new migration will be used for new installs. Once you are sure\n'
-                '  all instances of the codebase have applied the migrations you squashed,\n'
-                '  you can delete them.'
+                self.style.MIGRATE_HEADING(
+                    "Created new squashed migration %s" % writer.path
+                )
+                + "\n"
+                "  You should commit this migration but leave the old ones in place;\n"
+                "  the new migration will be used for new installs. Once you are sure\n"
+                "  all instances of the codebase have applied the migrations you squashed,\n"
+                "  you can delete them."
             )
             if writer.needs_manual_porting:
                 self.stdout.write(
-                    self.style.MIGRATE_HEADING('Manual porting required') + '\n'
-                    '  Your migrations contained functions that must be manually copied over,\n'
-                    '  as we could not safely copy their implementation.\n'
-                    '  See the comment at the top of the squashed migration for details.'
+                    self.style.MIGRATE_HEADING("Manual porting required") + "\n"
+                    "  Your migrations contained functions that must be manually copied over,\n"
+                    "  as we could not safely copy their implementation.\n"
+                    "  See the comment at the top of the squashed migration for details."
                 )
 
     def find_migration(self, loader, app_label, name):
@@ -219,6 +244,6 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
             )
         except KeyError:
             raise CommandError(
-                "Cannot find a migration matching '%s' from app '%s'." %
-                (name, app_label)
+                "Cannot find a migration matching '%s' from app '%s'."
+                % (name, app_label)
             )
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/startapp.py b/django/core/management/commands/startapp.py
index bba9f3dee0..e85833b9a8 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/startapp.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/startapp.py
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ class Command(TemplateCommand):
     missing_args_message = "You must provide an application name."
 
     def handle(self, **options):
-        app_name = options.pop('name')
-        target = options.pop('directory')
-        super().handle('app', app_name, target, **options)
+        app_name = options.pop("name")
+        target = options.pop("directory")
+        super().handle("app", app_name, target, **options)
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/startproject.py b/django/core/management/commands/startproject.py
index 164ccdffb5..ca17fa54cd 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/startproject.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/startproject.py
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ class Command(TemplateCommand):
     missing_args_message = "You must provide a project name."
 
     def handle(self, **options):
-        project_name = options.pop('name')
-        target = options.pop('directory')
+        project_name = options.pop("name")
+        target = options.pop("directory")
 
         # Create a random SECRET_KEY to put it in the main settings.
-        options['secret_key'] = SECRET_KEY_INSECURE_PREFIX + get_random_secret_key()
+        options["secret_key"] = SECRET_KEY_INSECURE_PREFIX + get_random_secret_key()
 
-        super().handle('project', project_name, target, **options)
+        super().handle("project", project_name, target, **options)
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/test.py b/django/core/management/commands/test.py
index 7a76033424..e5660955cd 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/test.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/test.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from django.test.utils import NullTimeKeeper, TimeKeeper, get_runner
 
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
-    help = 'Discover and run tests in the specified modules or the current directory.'
+    help = "Discover and run tests in the specified modules or the current directory."
 
     # DiscoverRunner runs the checks after databases are set up.
     requires_system_checks = []
@@ -20,42 +20,48 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
         option. This allows a test runner to define additional command line
         arguments.
         """
-        self.test_runner = get_command_line_option(argv, '--testrunner')
+        self.test_runner = get_command_line_option(argv, "--testrunner")
         super().run_from_argv(argv)
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument(
-            'args', metavar='test_label', nargs='*',
-            help='Module paths to test; can be modulename, modulename.TestCase or modulename.TestCase.test_method'
+            "args",
+            metavar="test_label",
+            nargs="*",
+            help="Module paths to test; can be modulename, modulename.TestCase or modulename.TestCase.test_method",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--noinput', '--no-input', action='store_false', dest='interactive',
-            help='Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.',
+            "--noinput",
+            "--no-input",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="interactive",
+            help="Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--failfast', action='store_true',
-            help='Tells Django to stop running the test suite after first failed test.',
+            "--failfast",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Tells Django to stop running the test suite after first failed test.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--testrunner',
-            help='Tells Django to use specified test runner class instead of '
-                 'the one specified by the TEST_RUNNER setting.',
+            "--testrunner",
+            help="Tells Django to use specified test runner class instead of "
+            "the one specified by the TEST_RUNNER setting.",
         )
 
         test_runner_class = get_runner(settings, self.test_runner)
 
-        if hasattr(test_runner_class, 'add_arguments'):
+        if hasattr(test_runner_class, "add_arguments"):
             test_runner_class.add_arguments(parser)
 
     def handle(self, *test_labels, **options):
-        TestRunner = get_runner(settings, options['testrunner'])
+        TestRunner = get_runner(settings, options["testrunner"])
 
-        time_keeper = TimeKeeper() if options.get('timing', False) else NullTimeKeeper()
-        parallel = options.get('parallel')
-        if parallel == 'auto':
-            options['parallel'] = get_max_test_processes()
+        time_keeper = TimeKeeper() if options.get("timing", False) else NullTimeKeeper()
+        parallel = options.get("parallel")
+        if parallel == "auto":
+            options["parallel"] = get_max_test_processes()
         test_runner = TestRunner(**options)
-        with time_keeper.timed('Total run'):
+        with time_keeper.timed("Total run"):
             failures = test_runner.run_tests(test_labels)
         time_keeper.print_results()
         if failures:
diff --git a/django/core/management/commands/testserver.py b/django/core/management/commands/testserver.py
index ee8709af8b..caff6c65cd 100644
--- a/django/core/management/commands/testserver.py
+++ b/django/core/management/commands/testserver.py
@@ -4,51 +4,62 @@ from django.db import connection
 
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
-    help = 'Runs a development server with data from the given fixture(s).'
+    help = "Runs a development server with data from the given fixture(s)."
 
     requires_system_checks = []
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument(
-            'args', metavar='fixture', nargs='*',
-            help='Path(s) to fixtures to load before running the server.',
+            "args",
+            metavar="fixture",
+            nargs="*",
+            help="Path(s) to fixtures to load before running the server.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--noinput', '--no-input', action='store_false', dest='interactive',
-            help='Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.',
+            "--noinput",
+            "--no-input",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="interactive",
+            help="Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--addrport', default='',
-            help='Port number or ipaddr:port to run the server on.',
+            "--addrport",
+            default="",
+            help="Port number or ipaddr:port to run the server on.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--ipv6', '-6', action='store_true', dest='use_ipv6',
-            help='Tells Django to use an IPv6 address.',
+            "--ipv6",
+            "-6",
+            action="store_true",
+            dest="use_ipv6",
+            help="Tells Django to use an IPv6 address.",
         )
 
     def handle(self, *fixture_labels, **options):
-        verbosity = options['verbosity']
-        interactive = options['interactive']
+        verbosity = options["verbosity"]
+        interactive = options["interactive"]
 
         # Create a test database.
-        db_name = connection.creation.create_test_db(verbosity=verbosity, autoclobber=not interactive, serialize=False)
+        db_name = connection.creation.create_test_db(
+            verbosity=verbosity, autoclobber=not interactive, serialize=False
+        )
 
         # Import the fixture data into the test database.
-        call_command('loaddata', *fixture_labels, **{'verbosity': verbosity})
+        call_command("loaddata", *fixture_labels, **{"verbosity": verbosity})
 
         # Run the development server. Turn off auto-reloading because it causes
         # a strange error -- it causes this handle() method to be called
         # multiple times.
         shutdown_message = (
-            '\nServer stopped.\nNote that the test database, %r, has not been '
-            'deleted. You can explore it on your own.' % db_name
+            "\nServer stopped.\nNote that the test database, %r, has not been "
+            "deleted. You can explore it on your own." % db_name
         )
         use_threading = connection.features.test_db_allows_multiple_connections
         call_command(
-            'runserver',
-            addrport=options['addrport'],
+            "runserver",
+            addrport=options["addrport"],
             shutdown_message=shutdown_message,
             use_reloader=False,
-            use_ipv6=options['use_ipv6'],
-            use_threading=use_threading
+            use_ipv6=options["use_ipv6"],
+            use_threading=use_threading,
         )
diff --git a/django/core/management/sql.py b/django/core/management/sql.py
index a7e122a15f..2375cc23ab 100644
--- a/django/core/management/sql.py
+++ b/django/core/management/sql.py
@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@ def sql_flush(style, connection, reset_sequences=True, allow_cascade=False):
     """
     Return a list of the SQL statements used to flush the database.
     """
-    tables = connection.introspection.django_table_names(only_existing=True, include_views=False)
+    tables = connection.introspection.django_table_names(
+        only_existing=True, include_views=False
+    )
     return connection.ops.sql_flush(
         style,
         tables,
@@ -23,15 +25,17 @@ def emit_pre_migrate_signal(verbosity, interactive, db, **kwargs):
         if app_config.models_module is None:
             continue
         if verbosity >= 2:
-            stdout = kwargs.get('stdout', sys.stdout)
-            stdout.write('Running pre-migrate handlers for application %s' % app_config.label)
+            stdout = kwargs.get("stdout", sys.stdout)
+            stdout.write(
+                "Running pre-migrate handlers for application %s" % app_config.label
+            )
         models.signals.pre_migrate.send(
             sender=app_config,
             app_config=app_config,
             verbosity=verbosity,
             interactive=interactive,
             using=db,
-            **kwargs
+            **kwargs,
         )
 
 
@@ -41,13 +45,15 @@ def emit_post_migrate_signal(verbosity, interactive, db, **kwargs):
         if app_config.models_module is None:
             continue
         if verbosity >= 2:
-            stdout = kwargs.get('stdout', sys.stdout)
-            stdout.write('Running post-migrate handlers for application %s' % app_config.label)
+            stdout = kwargs.get("stdout", sys.stdout)
+            stdout.write(
+                "Running post-migrate handlers for application %s" % app_config.label
+            )
         models.signals.post_migrate.send(
             sender=app_config,
             app_config=app_config,
             verbosity=verbosity,
             interactive=interactive,
             using=db,
-            **kwargs
+            **kwargs,
         )
diff --git a/django/core/management/templates.py b/django/core/management/templates.py
index cfcaff7c0f..58005c23ed 100644
--- a/django/core/management/templates.py
+++ b/django/core/management/templates.py
@@ -29,46 +29,61 @@ class TemplateCommand(BaseCommand):
     :param directory: The directory to which the template should be copied.
     :param options: The additional variables passed to project or app templates
     """
+
     requires_system_checks = []
     # The supported URL schemes
-    url_schemes = ['http', 'https', 'ftp']
+    url_schemes = ["http", "https", "ftp"]
     # Rewrite the following suffixes when determining the target filename.
     rewrite_template_suffixes = (
         # Allow shipping invalid .py files without byte-compilation.
-        ('.py-tpl', '.py'),
+        (".py-tpl", ".py"),
     )
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('name', help='Name of the application or project.')
-        parser.add_argument('directory', nargs='?', help='Optional destination directory')
-        parser.add_argument('--template', help='The path or URL to load the template from.')
+        parser.add_argument("name", help="Name of the application or project.")
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--extension', '-e', dest='extensions',
-            action='append', default=['py'],
+            "directory", nargs="?", help="Optional destination directory"
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "--template", help="The path or URL to load the template from."
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "--extension",
+            "-e",
+            dest="extensions",
+            action="append",
+            default=["py"],
             help='The file extension(s) to render (default: "py"). '
-                 'Separate multiple extensions with commas, or use '
-                 '-e multiple times.'
+            "Separate multiple extensions with commas, or use "
+            "-e multiple times.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--name', '-n', dest='files',
-            action='append', default=[],
-            help='The file name(s) to render. Separate multiple file names '
-                 'with commas, or use -n multiple times.'
+            "--name",
+            "-n",
+            dest="files",
+            action="append",
+            default=[],
+            help="The file name(s) to render. Separate multiple file names "
+            "with commas, or use -n multiple times.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--exclude', '-x',
-            action='append', default=argparse.SUPPRESS, nargs='?', const='',
+            "--exclude",
+            "-x",
+            action="append",
+            default=argparse.SUPPRESS,
+            nargs="?",
+            const="",
             help=(
-                'The directory name(s) to exclude, in addition to .git and '
-                '__pycache__. Can be used multiple times.'
+                "The directory name(s) to exclude, in addition to .git and "
+                "__pycache__. Can be used multiple times."
             ),
         )
 
     def handle(self, app_or_project, name, target=None, **options):
         self.app_or_project = app_or_project
-        self.a_or_an = 'an' if app_or_project == 'app' else 'a'
+        self.a_or_an = "an" if app_or_project == "app" else "a"
         self.paths_to_remove = []
-        self.verbosity = options['verbosity']
+        self.verbosity = options["verbosity"]
 
         self.validate_name(name)
 
@@ -83,51 +98,55 @@ class TemplateCommand(BaseCommand):
                 raise CommandError(e)
         else:
             top_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(target))
-            if app_or_project == 'app':
-                self.validate_name(os.path.basename(top_dir), 'directory')
+            if app_or_project == "app":
+                self.validate_name(os.path.basename(top_dir), "directory")
             if not os.path.exists(top_dir):
-                raise CommandError("Destination directory '%s' does not "
-                                   "exist, please create it first." % top_dir)
+                raise CommandError(
+                    "Destination directory '%s' does not "
+                    "exist, please create it first." % top_dir
+                )
 
-        extensions = tuple(handle_extensions(options['extensions']))
+        extensions = tuple(handle_extensions(options["extensions"]))
         extra_files = []
-        excluded_directories = ['.git', '__pycache__']
-        for file in options['files']:
-            extra_files.extend(map(lambda x: x.strip(), file.split(',')))
-        if exclude := options.get('exclude'):
+        excluded_directories = [".git", "__pycache__"]
+        for file in options["files"]:
+            extra_files.extend(map(lambda x: x.strip(), file.split(",")))
+        if exclude := options.get("exclude"):
             for directory in exclude:
                 excluded_directories.append(directory.strip())
         if self.verbosity >= 2:
             self.stdout.write(
-                'Rendering %s template files with extensions: %s'
-                % (app_or_project, ', '.join(extensions))
+                "Rendering %s template files with extensions: %s"
+                % (app_or_project, ", ".join(extensions))
             )
             self.stdout.write(
-                'Rendering %s template files with filenames: %s'
-                % (app_or_project, ', '.join(extra_files))
+                "Rendering %s template files with filenames: %s"
+                % (app_or_project, ", ".join(extra_files))
             )
-        base_name = '%s_name' % app_or_project
-        base_subdir = '%s_template' % app_or_project
-        base_directory = '%s_directory' % app_or_project
-        camel_case_name = 'camel_case_%s_name' % app_or_project
-        camel_case_value = ''.join(x for x in name.title() if x != '_')
+        base_name = "%s_name" % app_or_project
+        base_subdir = "%s_template" % app_or_project
+        base_directory = "%s_directory" % app_or_project
+        camel_case_name = "camel_case_%s_name" % app_or_project
+        camel_case_value = "".join(x for x in name.title() if x != "_")
 
-        context = Context({
-            **options,
-            base_name: name,
-            base_directory: top_dir,
-            camel_case_name: camel_case_value,
-            'docs_version': get_docs_version(),
-            'django_version': django.__version__,
-        }, autoescape=False)
+        context = Context(
+            {
+                **options,
+                base_name: name,
+                base_directory: top_dir,
+                camel_case_name: camel_case_value,
+                "docs_version": get_docs_version(),
+                "django_version": django.__version__,
+            },
+            autoescape=False,
+        )
 
         # Setup a stub settings environment for template rendering
         if not settings.configured:
             settings.configure()
             django.setup()
 
-        template_dir = self.handle_template(options['template'],
-                                            base_subdir)
+        template_dir = self.handle_template(options["template"], base_subdir)
         prefix_length = len(template_dir) + 1
 
         for root, dirs, files in os.walk(template_dir):
@@ -139,14 +158,14 @@ class TemplateCommand(BaseCommand):
                 os.makedirs(target_dir, exist_ok=True)
 
             for dirname in dirs[:]:
-                if 'exclude' not in options:
-                    if dirname.startswith('.') or dirname == '__pycache__':
+                if "exclude" not in options:
+                    if dirname.startswith(".") or dirname == "__pycache__":
                         dirs.remove(dirname)
                 elif dirname in excluded_directories:
                     dirs.remove(dirname)
 
             for filename in files:
-                if filename.endswith(('.pyo', '.pyc', '.py.class')):
+                if filename.endswith((".pyo", ".pyc", ".py.class")):
                     # Ignore some files as they cause various breakages.
                     continue
                 old_path = os.path.join(root, filename)
@@ -155,31 +174,34 @@ class TemplateCommand(BaseCommand):
                 )
                 for old_suffix, new_suffix in self.rewrite_template_suffixes:
                     if new_path.endswith(old_suffix):
-                        new_path = new_path[:-len(old_suffix)] + new_suffix
+                        new_path = new_path[: -len(old_suffix)] + new_suffix
                         break  # Only rewrite once
 
                 if os.path.exists(new_path):
                     raise CommandError(
                         "%s already exists. Overlaying %s %s into an existing "
-                        "directory won't replace conflicting files." % (
-                            new_path, self.a_or_an, app_or_project,
+                        "directory won't replace conflicting files."
+                        % (
+                            new_path,
+                            self.a_or_an,
+                            app_or_project,
                         )
                     )
 
                 # Only render the Python files, as we don't want to
                 # accidentally render Django templates files
                 if new_path.endswith(extensions) or filename in extra_files:
-                    with open(old_path, encoding='utf-8') as template_file:
+                    with open(old_path, encoding="utf-8") as template_file:
                         content = template_file.read()
                     template = Engine().from_string(content)
                     content = template.render(context)
-                    with open(new_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as new_file:
+                    with open(new_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as new_file:
                         new_file.write(content)
                 else:
                     shutil.copyfile(old_path, new_path)
 
                 if self.verbosity >= 2:
-                    self.stdout.write('Creating %s' % new_path)
+                    self.stdout.write("Creating %s" % new_path)
                 try:
                     self.apply_umask(old_path, new_path)
                     self.make_writeable(new_path)
@@ -187,11 +209,13 @@ class TemplateCommand(BaseCommand):
                     self.stderr.write(
                         "Notice: Couldn't set permission bits on %s. You're "
                         "probably using an uncommon filesystem setup. No "
-                        "problem." % new_path, self.style.NOTICE)
+                        "problem." % new_path,
+                        self.style.NOTICE,
+                    )
 
         if self.paths_to_remove:
             if self.verbosity >= 2:
-                self.stdout.write('Cleaning up temporary files.')
+                self.stdout.write("Cleaning up temporary files.")
             for path_to_remove in self.paths_to_remove:
                 if os.path.isfile(path_to_remove):
                     os.remove(path_to_remove)
@@ -205,9 +229,9 @@ class TemplateCommand(BaseCommand):
         directory isn't known.
         """
         if template is None:
-            return os.path.join(django.__path__[0], 'conf', subdir)
+            return os.path.join(django.__path__[0], "conf", subdir)
         else:
-            if template.startswith('file://'):
+            if template.startswith("file://"):
                 template = template[7:]
             expanded_template = os.path.expanduser(template)
             expanded_template = os.path.normpath(expanded_template)
@@ -221,15 +245,18 @@ class TemplateCommand(BaseCommand):
             if os.path.exists(absolute_path):
                 return self.extract(absolute_path)
 
-        raise CommandError("couldn't handle %s template %s." %
-                           (self.app_or_project, template))
+        raise CommandError(
+            "couldn't handle %s template %s." % (self.app_or_project, template)
+        )
 
-    def validate_name(self, name, name_or_dir='name'):
+    def validate_name(self, name, name_or_dir="name"):
         if name is None:
-            raise CommandError('you must provide {an} {app} name'.format(
-                an=self.a_or_an,
-                app=self.app_or_project,
-            ))
+            raise CommandError(
+                "you must provide {an} {app} name".format(
+                    an=self.a_or_an,
+                    app=self.app_or_project,
+                )
+            )
         # Check it's a valid directory name.
         if not name.isidentifier():
             raise CommandError(
@@ -261,47 +288,49 @@ class TemplateCommand(BaseCommand):
         """
         Download the given URL and return the file name.
         """
+
         def cleanup_url(url):
-            tmp = url.rstrip('/')
-            filename = tmp.split('/')[-1]
-            if url.endswith('/'):
-                display_url = tmp + '/'
+            tmp = url.rstrip("/")
+            filename = tmp.split("/")[-1]
+            if url.endswith("/"):
+                display_url = tmp + "/"
             else:
                 display_url = url
             return filename, display_url
 
-        prefix = 'django_%s_template_' % self.app_or_project
-        tempdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix=prefix, suffix='_download')
+        prefix = "django_%s_template_" % self.app_or_project
+        tempdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix=prefix, suffix="_download")
         self.paths_to_remove.append(tempdir)
         filename, display_url = cleanup_url(url)
 
         if self.verbosity >= 2:
-            self.stdout.write('Downloading %s' % display_url)
+            self.stdout.write("Downloading %s" % display_url)
 
         the_path = os.path.join(tempdir, filename)
         opener = build_opener()
-        opener.addheaders = [('User-Agent', f'Django/{django.__version__}')]
+        opener.addheaders = [("User-Agent", f"Django/{django.__version__}")]
         try:
-            with opener.open(url) as source, open(the_path, 'wb') as target:
+            with opener.open(url) as source, open(the_path, "wb") as target:
                 headers = source.info()
                 target.write(source.read())
         except OSError as e:
-            raise CommandError("couldn't download URL %s to %s: %s" %
-                               (url, filename, e))
+            raise CommandError(
+                "couldn't download URL %s to %s: %s" % (url, filename, e)
+            )
 
-        used_name = the_path.split('/')[-1]
+        used_name = the_path.split("/")[-1]
 
         # Trying to get better name from response headers
-        content_disposition = headers['content-disposition']
+        content_disposition = headers["content-disposition"]
         if content_disposition:
             _, params = cgi.parse_header(content_disposition)
-            guessed_filename = params.get('filename') or used_name
+            guessed_filename = params.get("filename") or used_name
         else:
             guessed_filename = used_name
 
         # Falling back to content type guessing
         ext = self.splitext(guessed_filename)[1]
-        content_type = headers['content-type']
+        content_type = headers["content-type"]
         if not ext and content_type:
             ext = mimetypes.guess_extension(content_type)
             if ext:
@@ -322,7 +351,7 @@ class TemplateCommand(BaseCommand):
         Like os.path.splitext, but takes off .tar, too
         """
         base, ext = posixpath.splitext(the_path)
-        if base.lower().endswith('.tar'):
+        if base.lower().endswith(".tar"):
             ext = base[-4:] + ext
             base = base[:-4]
         return base, ext
@@ -332,23 +361,24 @@ class TemplateCommand(BaseCommand):
         Extract the given file to a temporary directory and return
         the path of the directory with the extracted content.
         """
-        prefix = 'django_%s_template_' % self.app_or_project
-        tempdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix=prefix, suffix='_extract')
+        prefix = "django_%s_template_" % self.app_or_project
+        tempdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix=prefix, suffix="_extract")
         self.paths_to_remove.append(tempdir)
         if self.verbosity >= 2:
-            self.stdout.write('Extracting %s' % filename)
+            self.stdout.write("Extracting %s" % filename)
         try:
             archive.extract(filename, tempdir)
             return tempdir
         except (archive.ArchiveException, OSError) as e:
-            raise CommandError("couldn't extract file %s to %s: %s" %
-                               (filename, tempdir, e))
+            raise CommandError(
+                "couldn't extract file %s to %s: %s" % (filename, tempdir, e)
+            )
 
     def is_url(self, template):
         """Return True if the name looks like a URL."""
-        if ':' not in template:
+        if ":" not in template:
             return False
-        scheme = template.split(':', 1)[0].lower()
+        scheme = template.split(":", 1)[0].lower()
         return scheme in self.url_schemes
 
     def apply_umask(self, old_path, new_path):
diff --git a/django/core/management/utils.py b/django/core/management/utils.py
index c6901aa3d5..c12d90f6ae 100644
--- a/django/core/management/utils.py
+++ b/django/core/management/utils.py
@@ -10,20 +10,20 @@ from django.utils.encoding import DEFAULT_LOCALE_ENCODING
 from .base import CommandError, CommandParser
 
 
-def popen_wrapper(args, stdout_encoding='utf-8'):
+def popen_wrapper(args, stdout_encoding="utf-8"):
     """
     Friendly wrapper around Popen.
 
     Return stdout output, stderr output, and OS status code.
     """
     try:
-        p = run(args, capture_output=True, close_fds=os.name != 'nt')
+        p = run(args, capture_output=True, close_fds=os.name != "nt")
     except OSError as err:
-        raise CommandError('Error executing %s' % args[0]) from err
+        raise CommandError("Error executing %s" % args[0]) from err
     return (
         p.stdout.decode(stdout_encoding),
-        p.stderr.decode(DEFAULT_LOCALE_ENCODING, errors='replace'),
-        p.returncode
+        p.stderr.decode(DEFAULT_LOCALE_ENCODING, errors="replace"),
+        p.returncode,
     )
 
 
@@ -42,25 +42,25 @@ def handle_extensions(extensions):
     """
     ext_list = []
     for ext in extensions:
-        ext_list.extend(ext.replace(' ', '').split(','))
+        ext_list.extend(ext.replace(" ", "").split(","))
     for i, ext in enumerate(ext_list):
-        if not ext.startswith('.'):
-            ext_list[i] = '.%s' % ext_list[i]
+        if not ext.startswith("."):
+            ext_list[i] = ".%s" % ext_list[i]
     return set(ext_list)
 
 
 def find_command(cmd, path=None, pathext=None):
     if path is None:
-        path = os.environ.get('PATH', '').split(os.pathsep)
+        path = os.environ.get("PATH", "").split(os.pathsep)
     if isinstance(path, str):
         path = [path]
     # check if there are funny path extensions for executables, e.g. Windows
     if pathext is None:
-        pathext = os.environ.get('PATHEXT', '.COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD').split(os.pathsep)
+        pathext = os.environ.get("PATHEXT", ".COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD").split(os.pathsep)
     # don't use extensions if the command ends with one of them
     for ext in pathext:
         if cmd.endswith(ext):
-            pathext = ['']
+            pathext = [""]
             break
     # check if we find the command on PATH
     for p in path:
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ def get_random_secret_key():
     """
     Return a 50 character random string usable as a SECRET_KEY setting value.
     """
-    chars = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789!@#$%^&*(-_=+)'
+    chars = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789!@#$%^&*(-_=+)"
     return get_random_string(50, chars)
 
 
@@ -93,11 +93,11 @@ def parse_apps_and_model_labels(labels):
     models = set()
 
     for label in labels:
-        if '.' in label:
+        if "." in label:
             try:
                 model = installed_apps.get_model(label)
             except LookupError:
-                raise CommandError('Unknown model: %s' % label)
+                raise CommandError("Unknown model: %s" % label)
             models.add(model)
         else:
             try:
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ def get_command_line_option(argv, option):
     option wasn't passed or if the argument list couldn't be parsed.
     """
     parser = CommandParser(add_help=False, allow_abbrev=False)
-    parser.add_argument(option, dest='value')
+    parser.add_argument(option, dest="value")
     try:
         options, _ = parser.parse_known_args(argv[2:])
     except CommandError:
@@ -128,12 +128,12 @@ def get_command_line_option(argv, option):
 def normalize_path_patterns(patterns):
     """Normalize an iterable of glob style patterns based on OS."""
     patterns = [os.path.normcase(p) for p in patterns]
-    dir_suffixes = {'%s*' % path_sep for path_sep in {'/', os.sep}}
+    dir_suffixes = {"%s*" % path_sep for path_sep in {"/", os.sep}}
     norm_patterns = []
     for pattern in patterns:
         for dir_suffix in dir_suffixes:
             if pattern.endswith(dir_suffix):
-                norm_patterns.append(pattern[:-len(dir_suffix)])
+                norm_patterns.append(pattern[: -len(dir_suffix)])
                 break
         else:
             norm_patterns.append(pattern)
@@ -148,6 +148,8 @@ def is_ignored_path(path, ignore_patterns):
     path = Path(path)
 
     def ignore(pattern):
-        return fnmatch.fnmatchcase(path.name, pattern) or fnmatch.fnmatchcase(str(path), pattern)
+        return fnmatch.fnmatchcase(path.name, pattern) or fnmatch.fnmatchcase(
+            str(path), pattern
+        )
 
     return any(ignore(pattern) for pattern in normalize_path_patterns(ignore_patterns))
diff --git a/django/core/paginator.py b/django/core/paginator.py
index 7db64913d9..568445607e 100644
--- a/django/core/paginator.py
+++ b/django/core/paginator.py
@@ -27,10 +27,9 @@ class EmptyPage(InvalidPage):
 class Paginator:
     # Translators: String used to replace omitted page numbers in elided page
     # range generated by paginators, e.g. [1, 2, '…', 5, 6, 7, '…', 9, 10].
-    ELLIPSIS = _('…')
+    ELLIPSIS = _("…")
 
-    def __init__(self, object_list, per_page, orphans=0,
-                 allow_empty_first_page=True):
+    def __init__(self, object_list, per_page, orphans=0, allow_empty_first_page=True):
         self.object_list = object_list
         self._check_object_list_is_ordered()
         self.per_page = int(per_page)
@@ -48,14 +47,14 @@ class Paginator:
                 raise ValueError
             number = int(number)
         except (TypeError, ValueError):
-            raise PageNotAnInteger(_('That page number is not an integer'))
+            raise PageNotAnInteger(_("That page number is not an integer"))
         if number < 1:
-            raise EmptyPage(_('That page number is less than 1'))
+            raise EmptyPage(_("That page number is less than 1"))
         if number > self.num_pages:
             if number == 1 and self.allow_empty_first_page:
                 pass
             else:
-                raise EmptyPage(_('That page contains no results'))
+                raise EmptyPage(_("That page contains no results"))
         return number
 
     def get_page(self, number):
@@ -92,7 +91,7 @@ class Paginator:
     @cached_property
     def count(self):
         """Return the total number of objects, across all pages."""
-        c = getattr(self.object_list, 'count', None)
+        c = getattr(self.object_list, "count", None)
         if callable(c) and not inspect.isbuiltin(c) and method_has_no_args(c):
             return c()
         return len(self.object_list)
@@ -117,18 +116,20 @@ class Paginator:
         """
         Warn if self.object_list is unordered (typically a QuerySet).
         """
-        ordered = getattr(self.object_list, 'ordered', None)
+        ordered = getattr(self.object_list, "ordered", None)
         if ordered is not None and not ordered:
             obj_list_repr = (
-                '{} {}'.format(self.object_list.model, self.object_list.__class__.__name__)
-                if hasattr(self.object_list, 'model')
-                else '{!r}'.format(self.object_list)
+                "{} {}".format(
+                    self.object_list.model, self.object_list.__class__.__name__
+                )
+                if hasattr(self.object_list, "model")
+                else "{!r}".format(self.object_list)
             )
             warnings.warn(
-                'Pagination may yield inconsistent results with an unordered '
-                'object_list: {}.'.format(obj_list_repr),
+                "Pagination may yield inconsistent results with an unordered "
+                "object_list: {}.".format(obj_list_repr),
                 UnorderedObjectListWarning,
-                stacklevel=3
+                stacklevel=3,
             )
 
     def get_elided_page_range(self, number=1, *, on_each_side=3, on_ends=2):
@@ -164,14 +165,13 @@ class Paginator:
 
 
 class Page(collections.abc.Sequence):
-
     def __init__(self, object_list, number, paginator):
         self.object_list = object_list
         self.number = number
         self.paginator = paginator
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<Page %s of %s>' % (self.number, self.paginator.num_pages)
+        return "<Page %s of %s>" % (self.number, self.paginator.num_pages)
 
     def __len__(self):
         return len(self.object_list)
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ class Page(collections.abc.Sequence):
     def __getitem__(self, index):
         if not isinstance(index, (int, slice)):
             raise TypeError(
-                'Page indices must be integers or slices, not %s.'
+                "Page indices must be integers or slices, not %s."
                 % type(index).__name__
             )
         # The object_list is converted to a list so that if it was a QuerySet
diff --git a/django/core/serializers/__init__.py b/django/core/serializers/__init__.py
index 793f6dc2bd..480c54b79b 100644
--- a/django/core/serializers/__init__.py
+++ b/django/core/serializers/__init__.py
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ class BadSerializer:
     is an error raised in the process of creating a serializer it will be
     raised and passed along to the caller when the serializer is used.
     """
+
     internal_use_only = False
 
     def __init__(self, exception):
@@ -72,10 +73,14 @@ def register_serializer(format, serializer_module, serializers=None):
     except ImportError as exc:
         bad_serializer = BadSerializer(exc)
 
-        module = type('BadSerializerModule', (), {
-            'Deserializer': bad_serializer,
-            'Serializer': bad_serializer,
-        })
+        module = type(
+            "BadSerializerModule",
+            (),
+            {
+                "Deserializer": bad_serializer,
+                "Serializer": bad_serializer,
+            },
+        )
 
     if serializers is None:
         _serializers[format] = module
@@ -153,7 +158,9 @@ def _load_serializers():
         register_serializer(format, BUILTIN_SERIALIZERS[format], serializers)
     if hasattr(settings, "SERIALIZATION_MODULES"):
         for format in settings.SERIALIZATION_MODULES:
-            register_serializer(format, settings.SERIALIZATION_MODULES[format], serializers)
+            register_serializer(
+                format, settings.SERIALIZATION_MODULES[format], serializers
+            )
     _serializers = serializers
 
 
@@ -177,8 +184,8 @@ def sort_dependencies(app_list, allow_cycles=False):
         for model in model_list:
             models.add(model)
             # Add any explicitly defined dependencies
-            if hasattr(model, 'natural_key'):
-                deps = getattr(model.natural_key, 'dependencies', [])
+            if hasattr(model, "natural_key"):
+                deps = getattr(model.natural_key, "dependencies", [])
                 if deps:
                     deps = [apps.get_model(dep) for dep in deps]
             else:
@@ -189,7 +196,7 @@ def sort_dependencies(app_list, allow_cycles=False):
             for field in model._meta.fields:
                 if field.remote_field:
                     rel_model = field.remote_field.model
-                    if hasattr(rel_model, 'natural_key') and rel_model != model:
+                    if hasattr(rel_model, "natural_key") and rel_model != model:
                         deps.append(rel_model)
             # Also add a dependency for any simple M2M relation with a model
             # that defines a natural key.  M2M relations with explicit through
@@ -197,7 +204,7 @@ def sort_dependencies(app_list, allow_cycles=False):
             for field in model._meta.many_to_many:
                 if field.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created:
                     rel_model = field.remote_field.model
-                    if hasattr(rel_model, 'natural_key') and rel_model != model:
+                    if hasattr(rel_model, "natural_key") and rel_model != model:
                         deps.append(rel_model)
             model_dependencies.append((model, deps))
 
@@ -235,9 +242,11 @@ def sort_dependencies(app_list, allow_cycles=False):
             else:
                 raise RuntimeError(
                     "Can't resolve dependencies for %s in serialized app list."
-                    % ', '.join(
+                    % ", ".join(
                         model._meta.label
-                        for model, deps in sorted(skipped, key=lambda obj: obj[0].__name__)
+                        for model, deps in sorted(
+                            skipped, key=lambda obj: obj[0].__name__
+                        )
                     ),
                 )
         model_dependencies = skipped
diff --git a/django/core/serializers/base.py b/django/core/serializers/base.py
index 45c43a77d6..da85cb4b92 100644
--- a/django/core/serializers/base.py
+++ b/django/core/serializers/base.py
@@ -17,10 +17,11 @@ class PickleSerializer:
     Simple wrapper around pickle to be used in signing.dumps()/loads() and
     cache backends.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, protocol=None):
         warnings.warn(
-            'PickleSerializer is deprecated due to its security risk. Use '
-            'JSONSerializer instead.',
+            "PickleSerializer is deprecated due to its security risk. Use "
+            "JSONSerializer instead.",
             RemovedInDjango50Warning,
         )
         self.protocol = pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL if protocol is None else protocol
@@ -34,11 +35,13 @@ class PickleSerializer:
 
 class SerializerDoesNotExist(KeyError):
     """The requested serializer was not found."""
+
     pass
 
 
 class SerializationError(Exception):
     """Something bad happened during serialization."""
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -51,11 +54,15 @@ class DeserializationError(Exception):
         Factory method for creating a deserialization error which has a more
         explanatory message.
         """
-        return cls("%s: (%s:pk=%s) field_value was '%s'" % (original_exc, model, fk, field_value))
+        return cls(
+            "%s: (%s:pk=%s) field_value was '%s'"
+            % (original_exc, model, fk, field_value)
+        )
 
 
 class M2MDeserializationError(Exception):
     """Something bad happened during deserialization of a ManyToManyField."""
+
     def __init__(self, original_exc, pk):
         self.original_exc = original_exc
         self.pk = pk
@@ -77,10 +84,12 @@ class ProgressBar:
         if self.prev_done >= done:
             return
         self.prev_done = done
-        cr = '' if self.total_count == 1 else '\r'
-        self.output.write(cr + '[' + '.' * done + ' ' * (self.progress_width - done) + ']')
+        cr = "" if self.total_count == 1 else "\r"
+        self.output.write(
+            cr + "[" + "." * done + " " * (self.progress_width - done) + "]"
+        )
         if done == self.progress_width:
-            self.output.write('\n')
+            self.output.write("\n")
         self.output.flush()
 
 
@@ -95,8 +104,18 @@ class Serializer:
     progress_class = ProgressBar
     stream_class = StringIO
 
-    def serialize(self, queryset, *, stream=None, fields=None, use_natural_foreign_keys=False,
-                  use_natural_primary_keys=False, progress_output=None, object_count=0, **options):
+    def serialize(
+        self,
+        queryset,
+        *,
+        stream=None,
+        fields=None,
+        use_natural_foreign_keys=False,
+        use_natural_primary_keys=False,
+        progress_output=None,
+        object_count=0,
+        **options,
+    ):
         """
         Serialize a queryset.
         """
@@ -120,20 +139,31 @@ class Serializer:
             # be serialized, otherwise deserialization isn't possible.
             if self.use_natural_primary_keys:
                 pk = concrete_model._meta.pk
-                pk_parent = pk if pk.remote_field and pk.remote_field.parent_link else None
+                pk_parent = (
+                    pk if pk.remote_field and pk.remote_field.parent_link else None
+                )
             else:
                 pk_parent = None
             for field in concrete_model._meta.local_fields:
                 if field.serialize or field is pk_parent:
                     if field.remote_field is None:
-                        if self.selected_fields is None or field.attname in self.selected_fields:
+                        if (
+                            self.selected_fields is None
+                            or field.attname in self.selected_fields
+                        ):
                             self.handle_field(obj, field)
                     else:
-                        if self.selected_fields is None or field.attname[:-3] in self.selected_fields:
+                        if (
+                            self.selected_fields is None
+                            or field.attname[:-3] in self.selected_fields
+                        ):
                             self.handle_fk_field(obj, field)
             for field in concrete_model._meta.local_many_to_many:
                 if field.serialize:
-                    if self.selected_fields is None or field.attname in self.selected_fields:
+                    if (
+                        self.selected_fields is None
+                        or field.attname in self.selected_fields
+                    ):
                         self.handle_m2m_field(obj, field)
             self.end_object(obj)
             progress_bar.update(count)
@@ -145,7 +175,9 @@ class Serializer:
         """
         Called when serializing of the queryset starts.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of Serializer must provide a start_serialization() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of Serializer must provide a start_serialization() method"
+        )
 
     def end_serialization(self):
         """
@@ -157,7 +189,9 @@ class Serializer:
         """
         Called when serializing of an object starts.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of Serializer must provide a start_object() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of Serializer must provide a start_object() method"
+        )
 
     def end_object(self, obj):
         """
@@ -169,26 +203,32 @@ class Serializer:
         """
         Called to handle each individual (non-relational) field on an object.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of Serializer must provide a handle_field() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of Serializer must provide a handle_field() method"
+        )
 
     def handle_fk_field(self, obj, field):
         """
         Called to handle a ForeignKey field.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of Serializer must provide a handle_fk_field() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of Serializer must provide a handle_fk_field() method"
+        )
 
     def handle_m2m_field(self, obj, field):
         """
         Called to handle a ManyToManyField.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of Serializer must provide a handle_m2m_field() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of Serializer must provide a handle_m2m_field() method"
+        )
 
     def getvalue(self):
         """
         Return the fully serialized queryset (or None if the output stream is
         not seekable).
         """
-        if callable(getattr(self.stream, 'getvalue', None)):
+        if callable(getattr(self.stream, "getvalue", None)):
             return self.stream.getvalue()
 
 
@@ -212,7 +252,9 @@ class Deserializer:
 
     def __next__(self):
         """Iteration interface -- return the next item in the stream"""
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of Deserializer must provide a __next__() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of Deserializer must provide a __next__() method"
+        )
 
 
 class DeserializedObject:
@@ -256,18 +298,26 @@ class DeserializedObject:
         self.m2m_data = {}
         for field, field_value in self.deferred_fields.items():
             opts = self.object._meta
-            label = opts.app_label + '.' + opts.model_name
+            label = opts.app_label + "." + opts.model_name
             if isinstance(field.remote_field, models.ManyToManyRel):
                 try:
-                    values = deserialize_m2m_values(field, field_value, using, handle_forward_references=False)
+                    values = deserialize_m2m_values(
+                        field, field_value, using, handle_forward_references=False
+                    )
                 except M2MDeserializationError as e:
-                    raise DeserializationError.WithData(e.original_exc, label, self.object.pk, e.pk)
+                    raise DeserializationError.WithData(
+                        e.original_exc, label, self.object.pk, e.pk
+                    )
                 self.m2m_data[field.name] = values
             elif isinstance(field.remote_field, models.ManyToOneRel):
                 try:
-                    value = deserialize_fk_value(field, field_value, using, handle_forward_references=False)
+                    value = deserialize_fk_value(
+                        field, field_value, using, handle_forward_references=False
+                    )
                 except Exception as e:
-                    raise DeserializationError.WithData(e, label, self.object.pk, field_value)
+                    raise DeserializationError.WithData(
+                        e, label, self.object.pk, field_value
+                    )
                 setattr(self.object, field.attname, value)
         self.save()
 
@@ -281,8 +331,11 @@ def build_instance(Model, data, db):
     """
     default_manager = Model._meta.default_manager
     pk = data.get(Model._meta.pk.attname)
-    if (pk is None and hasattr(default_manager, 'get_by_natural_key') and
-            hasattr(Model, 'natural_key')):
+    if (
+        pk is None
+        and hasattr(default_manager, "get_by_natural_key")
+        and hasattr(Model, "natural_key")
+    ):
         natural_key = Model(**data).natural_key()
         try:
             data[Model._meta.pk.attname] = Model._meta.pk.to_python(
@@ -295,13 +348,20 @@ def build_instance(Model, data, db):
 
 def deserialize_m2m_values(field, field_value, using, handle_forward_references):
     model = field.remote_field.model
-    if hasattr(model._default_manager, 'get_by_natural_key'):
+    if hasattr(model._default_manager, "get_by_natural_key"):
+
         def m2m_convert(value):
-            if hasattr(value, '__iter__') and not isinstance(value, str):
-                return model._default_manager.db_manager(using).get_by_natural_key(*value).pk
+            if hasattr(value, "__iter__") and not isinstance(value, str):
+                return (
+                    model._default_manager.db_manager(using)
+                    .get_by_natural_key(*value)
+                    .pk
+                )
             else:
                 return model._meta.pk.to_python(value)
+
     else:
+
         def m2m_convert(v):
             return model._meta.pk.to_python(v)
 
@@ -327,8 +387,11 @@ def deserialize_fk_value(field, field_value, using, handle_forward_references):
     model = field.remote_field.model
     default_manager = model._default_manager
     field_name = field.remote_field.field_name
-    if (hasattr(default_manager, 'get_by_natural_key') and
-            hasattr(field_value, '__iter__') and not isinstance(field_value, str)):
+    if (
+        hasattr(default_manager, "get_by_natural_key")
+        and hasattr(field_value, "__iter__")
+        and not isinstance(field_value, str)
+    ):
         try:
             obj = default_manager.db_manager(using).get_by_natural_key(*field_value)
         except ObjectDoesNotExist:
diff --git a/django/core/serializers/json.py b/django/core/serializers/json.py
index 886e8f894c..59d7318409 100644
--- a/django/core/serializers/json.py
+++ b/django/core/serializers/json.py
@@ -8,9 +8,8 @@ import json
 import uuid
 
 from django.core.serializers.base import DeserializationError
-from django.core.serializers.python import (
-    Deserializer as PythonDeserializer, Serializer as PythonSerializer,
-)
+from django.core.serializers.python import Deserializer as PythonDeserializer
+from django.core.serializers.python import Serializer as PythonSerializer
 from django.utils.duration import duration_iso_string
 from django.utils.functional import Promise
 from django.utils.timezone import is_aware
@@ -18,18 +17,19 @@ from django.utils.timezone import is_aware
 
 class Serializer(PythonSerializer):
     """Convert a queryset to JSON."""
+
     internal_use_only = False
 
     def _init_options(self):
         self._current = None
         self.json_kwargs = self.options.copy()
-        self.json_kwargs.pop('stream', None)
-        self.json_kwargs.pop('fields', None)
-        if self.options.get('indent'):
+        self.json_kwargs.pop("stream", None)
+        self.json_kwargs.pop("fields", None)
+        if self.options.get("indent"):
             # Prevent trailing spaces
-            self.json_kwargs['separators'] = (',', ': ')
-        self.json_kwargs.setdefault('cls', DjangoJSONEncoder)
-        self.json_kwargs.setdefault('ensure_ascii', False)
+            self.json_kwargs["separators"] = (",", ": ")
+        self.json_kwargs.setdefault("cls", DjangoJSONEncoder)
+        self.json_kwargs.setdefault("ensure_ascii", False)
 
     def start_serialization(self):
         self._init_options()
@@ -79,14 +79,15 @@ class DjangoJSONEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
     JSONEncoder subclass that knows how to encode date/time, decimal types, and
     UUIDs.
     """
+
     def default(self, o):
         # See "Date Time String Format" in the ECMA-262 specification.
         if isinstance(o, datetime.datetime):
             r = o.isoformat()
             if o.microsecond:
                 r = r[:23] + r[26:]
-            if r.endswith('+00:00'):
-                r = r[:-6] + 'Z'
+            if r.endswith("+00:00"):
+                r = r[:-6] + "Z"
             return r
         elif isinstance(o, datetime.date):
             return o.isoformat()
diff --git a/django/core/serializers/jsonl.py b/django/core/serializers/jsonl.py
index 4b3e46ed8e..c264c2ccaf 100644
--- a/django/core/serializers/jsonl.py
+++ b/django/core/serializers/jsonl.py
@@ -6,24 +6,24 @@ import json
 
 from django.core.serializers.base import DeserializationError
 from django.core.serializers.json import DjangoJSONEncoder
-from django.core.serializers.python import (
-    Deserializer as PythonDeserializer, Serializer as PythonSerializer,
-)
+from django.core.serializers.python import Deserializer as PythonDeserializer
+from django.core.serializers.python import Serializer as PythonSerializer
 
 
 class Serializer(PythonSerializer):
     """Convert a queryset to JSON Lines."""
+
     internal_use_only = False
 
     def _init_options(self):
         self._current = None
         self.json_kwargs = self.options.copy()
-        self.json_kwargs.pop('stream', None)
-        self.json_kwargs.pop('fields', None)
-        self.json_kwargs.pop('indent', None)
-        self.json_kwargs['separators'] = (',', ': ')
-        self.json_kwargs.setdefault('cls', DjangoJSONEncoder)
-        self.json_kwargs.setdefault('ensure_ascii', False)
+        self.json_kwargs.pop("stream", None)
+        self.json_kwargs.pop("fields", None)
+        self.json_kwargs.pop("indent", None)
+        self.json_kwargs["separators"] = (",", ": ")
+        self.json_kwargs.setdefault("cls", DjangoJSONEncoder)
+        self.json_kwargs.setdefault("ensure_ascii", False)
 
     def start_serialization(self):
         self._init_options()
diff --git a/django/core/serializers/python.py b/django/core/serializers/python.py
index 0ceb676e90..a3918bf9d2 100644
--- a/django/core/serializers/python.py
+++ b/django/core/serializers/python.py
@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@ class Serializer(base.Serializer):
         self._current = None
 
     def get_dump_object(self, obj):
-        data = {'model': str(obj._meta)}
-        if not self.use_natural_primary_keys or not hasattr(obj, 'natural_key'):
+        data = {"model": str(obj._meta)}
+        if not self.use_natural_primary_keys or not hasattr(obj, "natural_key"):
             data["pk"] = self._value_from_field(obj, obj._meta.pk)
-        data['fields'] = self._current
+        data["fields"] = self._current
         return data
 
     def _value_from_field(self, obj, field):
@@ -49,7 +49,9 @@ class Serializer(base.Serializer):
         self._current[field.name] = self._value_from_field(obj, field)
 
     def handle_fk_field(self, obj, field):
-        if self.use_natural_foreign_keys and hasattr(field.remote_field.model, 'natural_key'):
+        if self.use_natural_foreign_keys and hasattr(
+            field.remote_field.model, "natural_key"
+        ):
             related = getattr(obj, field.name)
             if related:
                 value = related.natural_key()
@@ -61,13 +63,19 @@ class Serializer(base.Serializer):
 
     def handle_m2m_field(self, obj, field):
         if field.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created:
-            if self.use_natural_foreign_keys and hasattr(field.remote_field.model, 'natural_key'):
+            if self.use_natural_foreign_keys and hasattr(
+                field.remote_field.model, "natural_key"
+            ):
+
                 def m2m_value(value):
                     return value.natural_key()
+
             else:
+
                 def m2m_value(value):
                     return self._value_from_field(value, value._meta.pk)
-            m2m_iter = getattr(obj, '_prefetched_objects_cache', {}).get(
+
+            m2m_iter = getattr(obj, "_prefetched_objects_cache", {}).get(
                 field.name,
                 getattr(obj, field.name).iterator(),
             )
@@ -77,14 +85,16 @@ class Serializer(base.Serializer):
         return self.objects
 
 
-def Deserializer(object_list, *, using=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, ignorenonexistent=False, **options):
+def Deserializer(
+    object_list, *, using=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, ignorenonexistent=False, **options
+):
     """
     Deserialize simple Python objects back into Django ORM instances.
 
     It's expected that you pass the Python objects themselves (instead of a
     stream or a string) to the constructor
     """
-    handle_forward_references = options.pop('handle_forward_references', False)
+    handle_forward_references = options.pop("handle_forward_references", False)
     field_names_cache = {}  # Model: <list of field_names>
 
     for d in object_list:
@@ -97,11 +107,13 @@ def Deserializer(object_list, *, using=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, ignorenonexistent=False
             else:
                 raise
         data = {}
-        if 'pk' in d:
+        if "pk" in d:
             try:
-                data[Model._meta.pk.attname] = Model._meta.pk.to_python(d.get('pk'))
+                data[Model._meta.pk.attname] = Model._meta.pk.to_python(d.get("pk"))
             except Exception as e:
-                raise base.DeserializationError.WithData(e, d['model'], d.get('pk'), None)
+                raise base.DeserializationError.WithData(
+                    e, d["model"], d.get("pk"), None
+                )
         m2m_data = {}
         deferred_fields = {}
 
@@ -119,21 +131,33 @@ def Deserializer(object_list, *, using=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, ignorenonexistent=False
             field = Model._meta.get_field(field_name)
 
             # Handle M2M relations
-            if field.remote_field and isinstance(field.remote_field, models.ManyToManyRel):
+            if field.remote_field and isinstance(
+                field.remote_field, models.ManyToManyRel
+            ):
                 try:
-                    values = base.deserialize_m2m_values(field, field_value, using, handle_forward_references)
+                    values = base.deserialize_m2m_values(
+                        field, field_value, using, handle_forward_references
+                    )
                 except base.M2MDeserializationError as e:
-                    raise base.DeserializationError.WithData(e.original_exc, d['model'], d.get('pk'), e.pk)
+                    raise base.DeserializationError.WithData(
+                        e.original_exc, d["model"], d.get("pk"), e.pk
+                    )
                 if values == base.DEFER_FIELD:
                     deferred_fields[field] = field_value
                 else:
                     m2m_data[field.name] = values
             # Handle FK fields
-            elif field.remote_field and isinstance(field.remote_field, models.ManyToOneRel):
+            elif field.remote_field and isinstance(
+                field.remote_field, models.ManyToOneRel
+            ):
                 try:
-                    value = base.deserialize_fk_value(field, field_value, using, handle_forward_references)
+                    value = base.deserialize_fk_value(
+                        field, field_value, using, handle_forward_references
+                    )
                 except Exception as e:
-                    raise base.DeserializationError.WithData(e, d['model'], d.get('pk'), field_value)
+                    raise base.DeserializationError.WithData(
+                        e, d["model"], d.get("pk"), field_value
+                    )
                 if value == base.DEFER_FIELD:
                     deferred_fields[field] = field_value
                 else:
@@ -143,7 +167,9 @@ def Deserializer(object_list, *, using=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, ignorenonexistent=False
                 try:
                     data[field.name] = field.to_python(field_value)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    raise base.DeserializationError.WithData(e, d['model'], d.get('pk'), field_value)
+                    raise base.DeserializationError.WithData(
+                        e, d["model"], d.get("pk"), field_value
+                    )
 
         obj = base.build_instance(Model, data, using)
         yield base.DeserializedObject(obj, m2m_data, deferred_fields)
@@ -154,4 +180,6 @@ def _get_model(model_identifier):
     try:
         return apps.get_model(model_identifier)
     except (LookupError, TypeError):
-        raise base.DeserializationError("Invalid model identifier: '%s'" % model_identifier)
+        raise base.DeserializationError(
+            "Invalid model identifier: '%s'" % model_identifier
+        )
diff --git a/django/core/serializers/pyyaml.py b/django/core/serializers/pyyaml.py
index 9719f6e1b4..9a20b6658f 100644
--- a/django/core/serializers/pyyaml.py
+++ b/django/core/serializers/pyyaml.py
@@ -11,28 +11,30 @@ from io import StringIO
 import yaml
 
 from django.core.serializers.base import DeserializationError
-from django.core.serializers.python import (
-    Deserializer as PythonDeserializer, Serializer as PythonSerializer,
-)
+from django.core.serializers.python import Deserializer as PythonDeserializer
+from django.core.serializers.python import Serializer as PythonSerializer
 from django.db import models
 
 # Use the C (faster) implementation if possible
 try:
-    from yaml import CSafeDumper as SafeDumper, CSafeLoader as SafeLoader
+    from yaml import CSafeDumper as SafeDumper
+    from yaml import CSafeLoader as SafeLoader
 except ImportError:
     from yaml import SafeDumper, SafeLoader
 
 
 class DjangoSafeDumper(SafeDumper):
     def represent_decimal(self, data):
-        return self.represent_scalar('tag:yaml.org,2002:str', str(data))
+        return self.represent_scalar("tag:yaml.org,2002:str", str(data))
 
     def represent_ordered_dict(self, data):
-        return self.represent_mapping('tag:yaml.org,2002:map', data.items())
+        return self.represent_mapping("tag:yaml.org,2002:map", data.items())
 
 
 DjangoSafeDumper.add_representer(decimal.Decimal, DjangoSafeDumper.represent_decimal)
-DjangoSafeDumper.add_representer(collections.OrderedDict, DjangoSafeDumper.represent_ordered_dict)
+DjangoSafeDumper.add_representer(
+    collections.OrderedDict, DjangoSafeDumper.represent_ordered_dict
+)
 # Workaround to represent dictionaries in insertion order.
 # See https://github.com/yaml/pyyaml/pull/143.
 DjangoSafeDumper.add_representer(dict, DjangoSafeDumper.represent_ordered_dict)
@@ -56,7 +58,7 @@ class Serializer(PythonSerializer):
             super().handle_field(obj, field)
 
     def end_serialization(self):
-        self.options.setdefault('allow_unicode', True)
+        self.options.setdefault("allow_unicode", True)
         yaml.dump(self.objects, self.stream, Dumper=DjangoSafeDumper, **self.options)
 
     def getvalue(self):
diff --git a/django/core/serializers/xml_serializer.py b/django/core/serializers/xml_serializer.py
index 88bfa59032..8d3918cfaa 100644
--- a/django/core/serializers/xml_serializer.py
+++ b/django/core/serializers/xml_serializer.py
@@ -11,23 +11,25 @@ from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.exceptions import ObjectDoesNotExist
 from django.core.serializers import base
 from django.db import DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, models
-from django.utils.xmlutils import (
-    SimplerXMLGenerator, UnserializableContentError,
-)
+from django.utils.xmlutils import SimplerXMLGenerator, UnserializableContentError
 
 
 class Serializer(base.Serializer):
     """Serialize a QuerySet to XML."""
 
     def indent(self, level):
-        if self.options.get('indent') is not None:
-            self.xml.ignorableWhitespace('\n' + ' ' * self.options.get('indent') * level)
+        if self.options.get("indent") is not None:
+            self.xml.ignorableWhitespace(
+                "\n" + " " * self.options.get("indent") * level
+            )
 
     def start_serialization(self):
         """
         Start serialization -- open the XML document and the root element.
         """
-        self.xml = SimplerXMLGenerator(self.stream, self.options.get("encoding", settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET))
+        self.xml = SimplerXMLGenerator(
+            self.stream, self.options.get("encoding", settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET)
+        )
         self.xml.startDocument()
         self.xml.startElement("django-objects", {"version": "1.0"})
 
@@ -44,14 +46,16 @@ class Serializer(base.Serializer):
         Called as each object is handled.
         """
         if not hasattr(obj, "_meta"):
-            raise base.SerializationError("Non-model object (%s) encountered during serialization" % type(obj))
+            raise base.SerializationError(
+                "Non-model object (%s) encountered during serialization" % type(obj)
+            )
 
         self.indent(1)
-        attrs = {'model': str(obj._meta)}
-        if not self.use_natural_primary_keys or not hasattr(obj, 'natural_key'):
+        attrs = {"model": str(obj._meta)}
+        if not self.use_natural_primary_keys or not hasattr(obj, "natural_key"):
             obj_pk = obj.pk
             if obj_pk is not None:
-                attrs['pk'] = str(obj_pk)
+                attrs["pk"] = str(obj_pk)
 
         self.xml.startElement("object", attrs)
 
@@ -68,23 +72,28 @@ class Serializer(base.Serializer):
         ManyToManyFields).
         """
         self.indent(2)
-        self.xml.startElement('field', {
-            'name': field.name,
-            'type': field.get_internal_type(),
-        })
+        self.xml.startElement(
+            "field",
+            {
+                "name": field.name,
+                "type": field.get_internal_type(),
+            },
+        )
 
         # Get a "string version" of the object's data.
         if getattr(obj, field.name) is not None:
             value = field.value_to_string(obj)
-            if field.get_internal_type() == 'JSONField':
+            if field.get_internal_type() == "JSONField":
                 # Dump value since JSONField.value_to_string() doesn't output
                 # strings.
                 value = json.dumps(value, cls=field.encoder)
             try:
                 self.xml.characters(value)
             except UnserializableContentError:
-                raise ValueError("%s.%s (pk:%s) contains unserializable characters" % (
-                    obj.__class__.__name__, field.name, obj.pk))
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "%s.%s (pk:%s) contains unserializable characters"
+                    % (obj.__class__.__name__, field.name, obj.pk)
+                )
         else:
             self.xml.addQuickElement("None")
 
@@ -98,7 +107,9 @@ class Serializer(base.Serializer):
         self._start_relational_field(field)
         related_att = getattr(obj, field.get_attname())
         if related_att is not None:
-            if self.use_natural_foreign_keys and hasattr(field.remote_field.model, 'natural_key'):
+            if self.use_natural_foreign_keys and hasattr(
+                field.remote_field.model, "natural_key"
+            ):
                 related = getattr(obj, field.name)
                 # If related object has a natural key, use it
                 related = related.natural_key()
@@ -121,7 +132,9 @@ class Serializer(base.Serializer):
         """
         if field.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created:
             self._start_relational_field(field)
-            if self.use_natural_foreign_keys and hasattr(field.remote_field.model, 'natural_key'):
+            if self.use_natural_foreign_keys and hasattr(
+                field.remote_field.model, "natural_key"
+            ):
                 # If the objects in the m2m have a natural key, use it
                 def handle_m2m(value):
                     natural = value.natural_key()
@@ -132,12 +145,13 @@ class Serializer(base.Serializer):
                         self.xml.characters(str(key_value))
                         self.xml.endElement("natural")
                     self.xml.endElement("object")
+
             else:
+
                 def handle_m2m(value):
-                    self.xml.addQuickElement("object", attrs={
-                        'pk': str(value.pk)
-                    })
-            m2m_iter = getattr(obj, '_prefetched_objects_cache', {}).get(
+                    self.xml.addQuickElement("object", attrs={"pk": str(value.pk)})
+
+            m2m_iter = getattr(obj, "_prefetched_objects_cache", {}).get(
                 field.name,
                 getattr(obj, field.name).iterator(),
             )
@@ -149,19 +163,29 @@ class Serializer(base.Serializer):
     def _start_relational_field(self, field):
         """Output the <field> element for relational fields."""
         self.indent(2)
-        self.xml.startElement('field', {
-            'name': field.name,
-            'rel': field.remote_field.__class__.__name__,
-            'to': str(field.remote_field.model._meta),
-        })
+        self.xml.startElement(
+            "field",
+            {
+                "name": field.name,
+                "rel": field.remote_field.__class__.__name__,
+                "to": str(field.remote_field.model._meta),
+            },
+        )
 
 
 class Deserializer(base.Deserializer):
     """Deserialize XML."""
 
-    def __init__(self, stream_or_string, *, using=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, ignorenonexistent=False, **options):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        stream_or_string,
+        *,
+        using=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+        ignorenonexistent=False,
+        **options,
+    ):
         super().__init__(stream_or_string, **options)
-        self.handle_forward_references = options.pop('handle_forward_references', False)
+        self.handle_forward_references = options.pop("handle_forward_references", False)
         self.event_stream = pulldom.parse(self.stream, self._make_parser())
         self.db = using
         self.ignore = ignorenonexistent
@@ -185,9 +209,10 @@ class Deserializer(base.Deserializer):
 
         # Start building a data dictionary from the object.
         data = {}
-        if node.hasAttribute('pk'):
+        if node.hasAttribute("pk"):
             data[Model._meta.pk.attname] = Model._meta.pk.to_python(
-                node.getAttribute('pk'))
+                node.getAttribute("pk")
+            )
 
         # Also start building a dict of m2m data (this is saved as
         # {m2m_accessor_attribute : [list_of_related_objects]})
@@ -201,7 +226,9 @@ class Deserializer(base.Deserializer):
             # sensing a pattern here?)
             field_name = field_node.getAttribute("name")
             if not field_name:
-                raise base.DeserializationError("<field> node is missing the 'name' attribute")
+                raise base.DeserializationError(
+                    "<field> node is missing the 'name' attribute"
+                )
 
             # Get the field from the Model. This will raise a
             # FieldDoesNotExist if, well, the field doesn't exist, which will
@@ -211,34 +238,38 @@ class Deserializer(base.Deserializer):
             field = Model._meta.get_field(field_name)
 
             # As is usually the case, relation fields get the special treatment.
-            if field.remote_field and isinstance(field.remote_field, models.ManyToManyRel):
+            if field.remote_field and isinstance(
+                field.remote_field, models.ManyToManyRel
+            ):
                 value = self._handle_m2m_field_node(field_node, field)
                 if value == base.DEFER_FIELD:
                     deferred_fields[field] = [
                         [
                             getInnerText(nat_node).strip()
-                            for nat_node in obj_node.getElementsByTagName('natural')
+                            for nat_node in obj_node.getElementsByTagName("natural")
                         ]
-                        for obj_node in field_node.getElementsByTagName('object')
+                        for obj_node in field_node.getElementsByTagName("object")
                     ]
                 else:
                     m2m_data[field.name] = value
-            elif field.remote_field and isinstance(field.remote_field, models.ManyToOneRel):
+            elif field.remote_field and isinstance(
+                field.remote_field, models.ManyToOneRel
+            ):
                 value = self._handle_fk_field_node(field_node, field)
                 if value == base.DEFER_FIELD:
                     deferred_fields[field] = [
                         getInnerText(k).strip()
-                        for k in field_node.getElementsByTagName('natural')
+                        for k in field_node.getElementsByTagName("natural")
                     ]
                 else:
                     data[field.attname] = value
             else:
-                if field_node.getElementsByTagName('None'):
+                if field_node.getElementsByTagName("None"):
                     value = None
                 else:
                     value = field.to_python(getInnerText(field_node).strip())
                     # Load value since JSONField.to_python() outputs strings.
-                    if field.get_internal_type() == 'JSONField':
+                    if field.get_internal_type() == "JSONField":
                         value = json.loads(value, cls=field.decoder)
                 data[field.name] = value
 
@@ -252,17 +283,19 @@ class Deserializer(base.Deserializer):
         Handle a <field> node for a ForeignKey
         """
         # Check if there is a child node named 'None', returning None if so.
-        if node.getElementsByTagName('None'):
+        if node.getElementsByTagName("None"):
             return None
         else:
             model = field.remote_field.model
-            if hasattr(model._default_manager, 'get_by_natural_key'):
-                keys = node.getElementsByTagName('natural')
+            if hasattr(model._default_manager, "get_by_natural_key"):
+                keys = node.getElementsByTagName("natural")
                 if keys:
                     # If there are 'natural' subelements, it must be a natural key
                     field_value = [getInnerText(k).strip() for k in keys]
                     try:
-                        obj = model._default_manager.db_manager(self.db).get_by_natural_key(*field_value)
+                        obj = model._default_manager.db_manager(
+                            self.db
+                        ).get_by_natural_key(*field_value)
                     except ObjectDoesNotExist:
                         if self.handle_forward_references:
                             return base.DEFER_FIELD
@@ -276,11 +309,15 @@ class Deserializer(base.Deserializer):
                 else:
                     # Otherwise, treat like a normal PK
                     field_value = getInnerText(node).strip()
-                    obj_pk = model._meta.get_field(field.remote_field.field_name).to_python(field_value)
+                    obj_pk = model._meta.get_field(
+                        field.remote_field.field_name
+                    ).to_python(field_value)
                 return obj_pk
             else:
                 field_value = getInnerText(node).strip()
-                return model._meta.get_field(field.remote_field.field_name).to_python(field_value)
+                return model._meta.get_field(field.remote_field.field_name).to_python(
+                    field_value
+                )
 
     def _handle_m2m_field_node(self, node, field):
         """
@@ -288,23 +325,31 @@ class Deserializer(base.Deserializer):
         """
         model = field.remote_field.model
         default_manager = model._default_manager
-        if hasattr(default_manager, 'get_by_natural_key'):
+        if hasattr(default_manager, "get_by_natural_key"):
+
             def m2m_convert(n):
-                keys = n.getElementsByTagName('natural')
+                keys = n.getElementsByTagName("natural")
                 if keys:
                     # If there are 'natural' subelements, it must be a natural key
                     field_value = [getInnerText(k).strip() for k in keys]
-                    obj_pk = default_manager.db_manager(self.db).get_by_natural_key(*field_value).pk
+                    obj_pk = (
+                        default_manager.db_manager(self.db)
+                        .get_by_natural_key(*field_value)
+                        .pk
+                    )
                 else:
                     # Otherwise, treat like a normal PK value.
-                    obj_pk = model._meta.pk.to_python(n.getAttribute('pk'))
+                    obj_pk = model._meta.pk.to_python(n.getAttribute("pk"))
                 return obj_pk
+
         else:
+
             def m2m_convert(n):
-                return model._meta.pk.to_python(n.getAttribute('pk'))
+                return model._meta.pk.to_python(n.getAttribute("pk"))
+
         values = []
         try:
-            for c in node.getElementsByTagName('object'):
+            for c in node.getElementsByTagName("object"):
                 values.append(m2m_convert(c))
         except Exception as e:
             if isinstance(e, ObjectDoesNotExist) and self.handle_forward_references:
@@ -323,13 +368,15 @@ class Deserializer(base.Deserializer):
         if not model_identifier:
             raise base.DeserializationError(
                 "<%s> node is missing the required '%s' attribute"
-                % (node.nodeName, attr))
+                % (node.nodeName, attr)
+            )
         try:
             return apps.get_model(model_identifier)
         except (LookupError, TypeError):
             raise base.DeserializationError(
                 "<%s> node has invalid model identifier: '%s'"
-                % (node.nodeName, model_identifier))
+                % (node.nodeName, model_identifier)
+            )
 
 
 def getInnerText(node):
@@ -337,7 +384,10 @@ def getInnerText(node):
     # inspired by https://mail.python.org/pipermail/xml-sig/2005-March/011022.html
     inner_text = []
     for child in node.childNodes:
-        if child.nodeType == child.TEXT_NODE or child.nodeType == child.CDATA_SECTION_NODE:
+        if (
+            child.nodeType == child.TEXT_NODE
+            or child.nodeType == child.CDATA_SECTION_NODE
+        ):
             inner_text.append(child.data)
         elif child.nodeType == child.ELEMENT_NODE:
             inner_text.extend(getInnerText(child))
@@ -355,6 +405,7 @@ class DefusedExpatParser(_ExpatParser):
 
     Forbid DTDs, external entity references
     """
+
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self.setFeature(handler.feature_external_ges, False)
@@ -363,8 +414,9 @@ class DefusedExpatParser(_ExpatParser):
     def start_doctype_decl(self, name, sysid, pubid, has_internal_subset):
         raise DTDForbidden(name, sysid, pubid)
 
-    def entity_decl(self, name, is_parameter_entity, value, base,
-                    sysid, pubid, notation_name):
+    def entity_decl(
+        self, name, is_parameter_entity, value, base, sysid, pubid, notation_name
+    ):
         raise EntitiesForbidden(name, value, base, sysid, pubid, notation_name)
 
     def unparsed_entity_decl(self, name, base, sysid, pubid, notation_name):
@@ -385,12 +437,14 @@ class DefusedExpatParser(_ExpatParser):
 
 class DefusedXmlException(ValueError):
     """Base exception."""
+
     def __repr__(self):
         return str(self)
 
 
 class DTDForbidden(DefusedXmlException):
     """Document type definition is forbidden."""
+
     def __init__(self, name, sysid, pubid):
         super().__init__()
         self.name = name
@@ -404,6 +458,7 @@ class DTDForbidden(DefusedXmlException):
 
 class EntitiesForbidden(DefusedXmlException):
     """Entity definition is forbidden."""
+
     def __init__(self, name, value, base, sysid, pubid, notation_name):
         super().__init__()
         self.name = name
@@ -420,6 +475,7 @@ class EntitiesForbidden(DefusedXmlException):
 
 class ExternalReferenceForbidden(DefusedXmlException):
     """Resolving an external reference is forbidden."""
+
     def __init__(self, context, base, sysid, pubid):
         super().__init__()
         self.context = context
diff --git a/django/core/servers/basehttp.py b/django/core/servers/basehttp.py
index 6cc8a46778..440e7bc9cb 100644
--- a/django/core/servers/basehttp.py
+++ b/django/core/servers/basehttp.py
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ from django.core.wsgi import get_wsgi_application
 from django.db import connections
 from django.utils.module_loading import import_string
 
-__all__ = ('WSGIServer', 'WSGIRequestHandler')
+__all__ = ("WSGIServer", "WSGIRequestHandler")
 
-logger = logging.getLogger('django.server')
+logger = logging.getLogger("django.server")
 
 
 def get_internal_wsgi_application():
@@ -38,7 +38,8 @@ def get_internal_wsgi_application():
     whatever ``django.core.wsgi.get_wsgi_application`` returns.
     """
     from django.conf import settings
-    app_path = getattr(settings, 'WSGI_APPLICATION')
+
+    app_path = getattr(settings, "WSGI_APPLICATION")
     if app_path is None:
         return get_wsgi_application()
 
@@ -53,11 +54,14 @@ def get_internal_wsgi_application():
 
 def is_broken_pipe_error():
     exc_type, _, _ = sys.exc_info()
-    return issubclass(exc_type, (
-        BrokenPipeError,
-        ConnectionAbortedError,
-        ConnectionResetError,
-    ))
+    return issubclass(
+        exc_type,
+        (
+            BrokenPipeError,
+            ConnectionAbortedError,
+            ConnectionResetError,
+        ),
+    )
 
 
 class WSGIServer(simple_server.WSGIServer):
@@ -80,6 +84,7 @@ class WSGIServer(simple_server.WSGIServer):
 
 class ThreadedWSGIServer(socketserver.ThreadingMixIn, WSGIServer):
     """A threaded version of the WSGIServer"""
+
     daemon_threads = True
 
     def __init__(self, *args, connections_override=None, **kwargs):
@@ -106,7 +111,7 @@ class ThreadedWSGIServer(socketserver.ThreadingMixIn, WSGIServer):
 
 
 class ServerHandler(simple_server.ServerHandler):
-    http_version = '1.1'
+    http_version = "1.1"
 
     def __init__(self, stdin, stdout, stderr, environ, **kwargs):
         """
@@ -116,24 +121,26 @@ class ServerHandler(simple_server.ServerHandler):
         This fix applies only for testserver/runserver.
         """
         try:
-            content_length = int(environ.get('CONTENT_LENGTH'))
+            content_length = int(environ.get("CONTENT_LENGTH"))
         except (ValueError, TypeError):
             content_length = 0
-        super().__init__(LimitedStream(stdin, content_length), stdout, stderr, environ, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(
+            LimitedStream(stdin, content_length), stdout, stderr, environ, **kwargs
+        )
 
     def cleanup_headers(self):
         super().cleanup_headers()
         # HTTP/1.1 requires support for persistent connections. Send 'close' if
         # the content length is unknown to prevent clients from reusing the
         # connection.
-        if 'Content-Length' not in self.headers:
-            self.headers['Connection'] = 'close'
+        if "Content-Length" not in self.headers:
+            self.headers["Connection"] = "close"
         # Persistent connections require threading server.
         elif not isinstance(self.request_handler.server, socketserver.ThreadingMixIn):
-            self.headers['Connection'] = 'close'
+            self.headers["Connection"] = "close"
         # Mark the connection for closing if it's set as such above or if the
         # application sent the header.
-        if self.headers.get('Connection') == 'close':
+        if self.headers.get("Connection") == "close":
             self.request_handler.close_connection = True
 
     def close(self):
@@ -142,7 +149,7 @@ class ServerHandler(simple_server.ServerHandler):
 
 
 class WSGIRequestHandler(simple_server.WSGIRequestHandler):
-    protocol_version = 'HTTP/1.1'
+    protocol_version = "HTTP/1.1"
 
     def address_string(self):
         # Short-circuit parent method to not call socket.getfqdn
@@ -150,22 +157,23 @@ class WSGIRequestHandler(simple_server.WSGIRequestHandler):
 
     def log_message(self, format, *args):
         extra = {
-            'request': self.request,
-            'server_time': self.log_date_time_string(),
+            "request": self.request,
+            "server_time": self.log_date_time_string(),
         }
-        if args[1][0] == '4':
+        if args[1][0] == "4":
             # 0x16 = Handshake, 0x03 = SSL 3.0 or TLS 1.x
-            if args[0].startswith('\x16\x03'):
-                extra['status_code'] = 500
+            if args[0].startswith("\x16\x03"):
+                extra["status_code"] = 500
                 logger.error(
                     "You're accessing the development server over HTTPS, but "
-                    "it only supports HTTP.\n", extra=extra,
+                    "it only supports HTTP.\n",
+                    extra=extra,
                 )
                 return
 
         if args[1].isdigit() and len(args[1]) == 3:
             status_code = int(args[1])
-            extra['status_code'] = status_code
+            extra["status_code"] = status_code
 
             if status_code >= 500:
                 level = logger.error
@@ -184,7 +192,7 @@ class WSGIRequestHandler(simple_server.WSGIRequestHandler):
         # between underscores and dashes both normalized to underscores in WSGI
         # env vars. Nginx and Apache 2.4+ both do this as well.
         for k in self.headers:
-            if '_' in k:
+            if "_" in k:
                 del self.headers[k]
 
         return super().get_environ()
@@ -203,9 +211,9 @@ class WSGIRequestHandler(simple_server.WSGIRequestHandler):
         """Copy of WSGIRequestHandler.handle() but with different ServerHandler"""
         self.raw_requestline = self.rfile.readline(65537)
         if len(self.raw_requestline) > 65536:
-            self.requestline = ''
-            self.request_version = ''
-            self.command = ''
+            self.requestline = ""
+            self.request_version = ""
+            self.command = ""
             self.send_error(414)
             return
 
@@ -215,14 +223,14 @@ class WSGIRequestHandler(simple_server.WSGIRequestHandler):
         handler = ServerHandler(
             self.rfile, self.wfile, self.get_stderr(), self.get_environ()
         )
-        handler.request_handler = self      # backpointer for logging & connection closing
+        handler.request_handler = self  # backpointer for logging & connection closing
         handler.run(self.server.get_app())
 
 
 def run(addr, port, wsgi_handler, ipv6=False, threading=False, server_cls=WSGIServer):
     server_address = (addr, port)
     if threading:
-        httpd_cls = type('WSGIServer', (socketserver.ThreadingMixIn, server_cls), {})
+        httpd_cls = type("WSGIServer", (socketserver.ThreadingMixIn, server_cls), {})
     else:
         httpd_cls = server_cls
     httpd = httpd_cls(server_address, WSGIRequestHandler, ipv6=ipv6)
diff --git a/django/core/signing.py b/django/core/signing.py
index cd86fdfab6..916885abb3 100644
--- a/django/core/signing.py
+++ b/django/core/signing.py
@@ -45,26 +45,28 @@ from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes
 from django.utils.module_loading import import_string
 from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 
-_SEP_UNSAFE = _lazy_re_compile(r'^[A-z0-9-_=]*$')
-BASE62_ALPHABET = '0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
+_SEP_UNSAFE = _lazy_re_compile(r"^[A-z0-9-_=]*$")
+BASE62_ALPHABET = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
 
 
 class BadSignature(Exception):
     """Signature does not match."""
+
     pass
 
 
 class SignatureExpired(BadSignature):
     """Signature timestamp is older than required max_age."""
+
     pass
 
 
 def b62_encode(s):
     if s == 0:
-        return '0'
-    sign = '-' if s < 0 else ''
+        return "0"
+    sign = "-" if s < 0 else ""
     s = abs(s)
-    encoded = ''
+    encoded = ""
     while s > 0:
         s, remainder = divmod(s, 62)
         encoded = BASE62_ALPHABET[remainder] + encoded
@@ -72,10 +74,10 @@ def b62_encode(s):
 
 
 def b62_decode(s):
-    if s == '0':
+    if s == "0":
         return 0
     sign = 1
-    if s[0] == '-':
+    if s[0] == "-":
         s = s[1:]
         sign = -1
     decoded = 0
@@ -85,24 +87,26 @@ def b62_decode(s):
 
 
 def b64_encode(s):
-    return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(s).strip(b'=')
+    return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(s).strip(b"=")
 
 
 def b64_decode(s):
-    pad = b'=' * (-len(s) % 4)
+    pad = b"=" * (-len(s) % 4)
     return base64.urlsafe_b64decode(s + pad)
 
 
-def base64_hmac(salt, value, key, algorithm='sha1'):
-    return b64_encode(salted_hmac(salt, value, key, algorithm=algorithm).digest()).decode()
+def base64_hmac(salt, value, key, algorithm="sha1"):
+    return b64_encode(
+        salted_hmac(salt, value, key, algorithm=algorithm).digest()
+    ).decode()
 
 
 def _cookie_signer_key(key):
     # SECRET_KEYS items may be str or bytes.
-    return b'django.http.cookies' + force_bytes(key)
+    return b"django.http.cookies" + force_bytes(key)
 
 
-def get_cookie_signer(salt='django.core.signing.get_cookie_signer'):
+def get_cookie_signer(salt="django.core.signing.get_cookie_signer"):
     Signer = import_string(settings.SIGNING_BACKEND)
     return Signer(
         key=_cookie_signer_key(settings.SECRET_KEY),
@@ -116,14 +120,17 @@ class JSONSerializer:
     Simple wrapper around json to be used in signing.dumps and
     signing.loads.
     """
+
     def dumps(self, obj):
-        return json.dumps(obj, separators=(',', ':')).encode('latin-1')
+        return json.dumps(obj, separators=(",", ":")).encode("latin-1")
 
     def loads(self, data):
-        return json.loads(data.decode('latin-1'))
+        return json.loads(data.decode("latin-1"))
 
 
-def dumps(obj, key=None, salt='django.core.signing', serializer=JSONSerializer, compress=False):
+def dumps(
+    obj, key=None, salt="django.core.signing", serializer=JSONSerializer, compress=False
+):
     """
     Return URL-safe, hmac signed base64 compressed JSON string. If key is
     None, use settings.SECRET_KEY instead. The hmac algorithm is the default
@@ -140,13 +147,15 @@ def dumps(obj, key=None, salt='django.core.signing', serializer=JSONSerializer,
 
     The serializer is expected to return a bytestring.
     """
-    return TimestampSigner(key, salt=salt).sign_object(obj, serializer=serializer, compress=compress)
+    return TimestampSigner(key, salt=salt).sign_object(
+        obj, serializer=serializer, compress=compress
+    )
 
 
 def loads(
     s,
     key=None,
-    salt='django.core.signing',
+    salt="django.core.signing",
     serializer=JSONSerializer,
     max_age=None,
     fallback_keys=None,
@@ -167,7 +176,7 @@ class Signer:
     def __init__(
         self,
         key=None,
-        sep=':',
+        sep=":",
         salt=None,
         algorithm=None,
         fallback_keys=None,
@@ -181,18 +190,21 @@ class Signer:
         self.sep = sep
         if _SEP_UNSAFE.match(self.sep):
             raise ValueError(
-                'Unsafe Signer separator: %r (cannot be empty or consist of '
-                'only A-z0-9-_=)' % sep,
+                "Unsafe Signer separator: %r (cannot be empty or consist of "
+                "only A-z0-9-_=)" % sep,
             )
-        self.salt = salt or '%s.%s' % (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__)
-        self.algorithm = algorithm or 'sha256'
+        self.salt = salt or "%s.%s" % (
+            self.__class__.__module__,
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+        )
+        self.algorithm = algorithm or "sha256"
 
     def signature(self, value, key=None):
         key = key or self.key
-        return base64_hmac(self.salt + 'signer', value, key, algorithm=self.algorithm)
+        return base64_hmac(self.salt + "signer", value, key, algorithm=self.algorithm)
 
     def sign(self, value):
-        return '%s%s%s' % (value, self.sep, self.signature(value))
+        return "%s%s%s" % (value, self.sep, self.signature(value))
 
     def unsign(self, signed_value):
         if self.sep not in signed_value:
@@ -225,14 +237,14 @@ class Signer:
                 is_compressed = True
         base64d = b64_encode(data).decode()
         if is_compressed:
-            base64d = '.' + base64d
+            base64d = "." + base64d
         return self.sign(base64d)
 
     def unsign_object(self, signed_obj, serializer=JSONSerializer, **kwargs):
         # Signer.unsign() returns str but base64 and zlib compression operate
         # on bytes.
         base64d = self.unsign(signed_obj, **kwargs).encode()
-        decompress = base64d[:1] == b'.'
+        decompress = base64d[:1] == b"."
         if decompress:
             # It's compressed; uncompress it first.
             base64d = base64d[1:]
@@ -243,12 +255,11 @@ class Signer:
 
 
 class TimestampSigner(Signer):
-
     def timestamp(self):
         return b62_encode(int(time.time()))
 
     def sign(self, value):
-        value = '%s%s%s' % (value, self.sep, self.timestamp())
+        value = "%s%s%s" % (value, self.sep, self.timestamp())
         return super().sign(value)
 
     def unsign(self, value, max_age=None):
@@ -265,6 +276,5 @@ class TimestampSigner(Signer):
             # Check timestamp is not older than max_age
             age = time.time() - timestamp
             if age > max_age:
-                raise SignatureExpired(
-                    'Signature age %s > %s seconds' % (age, max_age))
+                raise SignatureExpired("Signature age %s > %s seconds" % (age, max_age))
         return value
diff --git a/django/core/validators.py b/django/core/validators.py
index 9ad90f006f..5272258a77 100644
--- a/django/core/validators.py
+++ b/django/core/validators.py
@@ -8,21 +8,24 @@ from django.utils.deconstruct import deconstructible
 from django.utils.encoding import punycode
 from django.utils.ipv6 import is_valid_ipv6_address
 from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
-from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _, ngettext_lazy
+from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
+from django.utils.translation import ngettext_lazy
 
 # These values, if given to validate(), will trigger the self.required check.
-EMPTY_VALUES = (None, '', [], (), {})
+EMPTY_VALUES = (None, "", [], (), {})
 
 
 @deconstructible
 class RegexValidator:
-    regex = ''
-    message = _('Enter a valid value.')
-    code = 'invalid'
+    regex = ""
+    message = _("Enter a valid value.")
+    code = "invalid"
     inverse_match = False
     flags = 0
 
-    def __init__(self, regex=None, message=None, code=None, inverse_match=None, flags=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self, regex=None, message=None, code=None, inverse_match=None, flags=None
+    ):
         if regex is not None:
             self.regex = regex
         if message is not None:
@@ -34,7 +37,9 @@ class RegexValidator:
         if flags is not None:
             self.flags = flags
         if self.flags and not isinstance(self.regex, str):
-            raise TypeError("If the flags are set, regex must be a regular expression string.")
+            raise TypeError(
+                "If the flags are set, regex must be a regular expression string."
+            )
 
         self.regex = _lazy_re_compile(self.regex, self.flags)
 
@@ -46,54 +51,58 @@ class RegexValidator:
         regex_matches = self.regex.search(str(value))
         invalid_input = regex_matches if self.inverse_match else not regex_matches
         if invalid_input:
-            raise ValidationError(self.message, code=self.code, params={'value': value})
+            raise ValidationError(self.message, code=self.code, params={"value": value})
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return (
-            isinstance(other, RegexValidator) and
-            self.regex.pattern == other.regex.pattern and
-            self.regex.flags == other.regex.flags and
-            (self.message == other.message) and
-            (self.code == other.code) and
-            (self.inverse_match == other.inverse_match)
+            isinstance(other, RegexValidator)
+            and self.regex.pattern == other.regex.pattern
+            and self.regex.flags == other.regex.flags
+            and (self.message == other.message)
+            and (self.code == other.code)
+            and (self.inverse_match == other.inverse_match)
         )
 
 
 @deconstructible
 class URLValidator(RegexValidator):
-    ul = '\u00a1-\uffff'  # Unicode letters range (must not be a raw string).
+    ul = "\u00a1-\uffff"  # Unicode letters range (must not be a raw string).
 
     # IP patterns
     ipv4_re = (
-        r'(?:0|25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|1[0-9]?[0-9]?|[1-9][0-9]?)'
-        r'(?:\.(?:0|25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|1[0-9]?[0-9]?|[1-9][0-9]?)){3}'
+        r"(?:0|25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|1[0-9]?[0-9]?|[1-9][0-9]?)"
+        r"(?:\.(?:0|25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|1[0-9]?[0-9]?|[1-9][0-9]?)){3}"
     )
-    ipv6_re = r'\[[0-9a-f:.]+\]'  # (simple regex, validated later)
+    ipv6_re = r"\[[0-9a-f:.]+\]"  # (simple regex, validated later)
 
     # Host patterns
-    hostname_re = r'[a-z' + ul + r'0-9](?:[a-z' + ul + r'0-9-]{0,61}[a-z' + ul + r'0-9])?'
-    # Max length for domain name labels is 63 characters per RFC 1034 sec. 3.1
-    domain_re = r'(?:\.(?!-)[a-z' + ul + r'0-9-]{1,63}(?<!-))*'
-    tld_re = (
-        r'\.'                                # dot
-        r'(?!-)'                             # can't start with a dash
-        r'(?:[a-z' + ul + '-]{2,63}'         # domain label
-        r'|xn--[a-z0-9]{1,59})'              # or punycode label
-        r'(?<!-)'                            # can't end with a dash
-        r'\.?'                               # may have a trailing dot
+    hostname_re = (
+        r"[a-z" + ul + r"0-9](?:[a-z" + ul + r"0-9-]{0,61}[a-z" + ul + r"0-9])?"
     )
-    host_re = '(' + hostname_re + domain_re + tld_re + '|localhost)'
+    # Max length for domain name labels is 63 characters per RFC 1034 sec. 3.1
+    domain_re = r"(?:\.(?!-)[a-z" + ul + r"0-9-]{1,63}(?<!-))*"
+    tld_re = (
+        r"\."  # dot
+        r"(?!-)"  # can't start with a dash
+        r"(?:[a-z" + ul + "-]{2,63}"  # domain label
+        r"|xn--[a-z0-9]{1,59})"  # or punycode label
+        r"(?<!-)"  # can't end with a dash
+        r"\.?"  # may have a trailing dot
+    )
+    host_re = "(" + hostname_re + domain_re + tld_re + "|localhost)"
 
     regex = _lazy_re_compile(
-        r'^(?:[a-z0-9.+-]*)://'  # scheme is validated separately
-        r'(?:[^\s:@/]+(?::[^\s:@/]*)?@)?'  # user:pass authentication
-        r'(?:' + ipv4_re + '|' + ipv6_re + '|' + host_re + ')'
-        r'(?::[0-9]{1,5})?'  # port
-        r'(?:[/?#][^\s]*)?'  # resource path
-        r'\Z', re.IGNORECASE)
-    message = _('Enter a valid URL.')
-    schemes = ['http', 'https', 'ftp', 'ftps']
-    unsafe_chars = frozenset('\t\r\n')
+        r"^(?:[a-z0-9.+-]*)://"  # scheme is validated separately
+        r"(?:[^\s:@/]+(?::[^\s:@/]*)?@)?"  # user:pass authentication
+        r"(?:" + ipv4_re + "|" + ipv6_re + "|" + host_re + ")"
+        r"(?::[0-9]{1,5})?"  # port
+        r"(?:[/?#][^\s]*)?"  # resource path
+        r"\Z",
+        re.IGNORECASE,
+    )
+    message = _("Enter a valid URL.")
+    schemes = ["http", "https", "ftp", "ftps"]
+    unsafe_chars = frozenset("\t\r\n")
 
     def __init__(self, schemes=None, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
@@ -102,19 +111,19 @@ class URLValidator(RegexValidator):
 
     def __call__(self, value):
         if not isinstance(value, str):
-            raise ValidationError(self.message, code=self.code, params={'value': value})
+            raise ValidationError(self.message, code=self.code, params={"value": value})
         if self.unsafe_chars.intersection(value):
-            raise ValidationError(self.message, code=self.code, params={'value': value})
+            raise ValidationError(self.message, code=self.code, params={"value": value})
         # Check if the scheme is valid.
-        scheme = value.split('://')[0].lower()
+        scheme = value.split("://")[0].lower()
         if scheme not in self.schemes:
-            raise ValidationError(self.message, code=self.code, params={'value': value})
+            raise ValidationError(self.message, code=self.code, params={"value": value})
 
         # Then check full URL
         try:
             splitted_url = urlsplit(value)
         except ValueError:
-            raise ValidationError(self.message, code=self.code, params={'value': value})
+            raise ValidationError(self.message, code=self.code, params={"value": value})
         try:
             super().__call__(value)
         except ValidationError as e:
@@ -131,26 +140,28 @@ class URLValidator(RegexValidator):
                 raise
         else:
             # Now verify IPv6 in the netloc part
-            host_match = re.search(r'^\[(.+)\](?::[0-9]{1,5})?$', splitted_url.netloc)
+            host_match = re.search(r"^\[(.+)\](?::[0-9]{1,5})?$", splitted_url.netloc)
             if host_match:
                 potential_ip = host_match[1]
                 try:
                     validate_ipv6_address(potential_ip)
                 except ValidationError:
-                    raise ValidationError(self.message, code=self.code, params={'value': value})
+                    raise ValidationError(
+                        self.message, code=self.code, params={"value": value}
+                    )
 
         # The maximum length of a full host name is 253 characters per RFC 1034
         # section 3.1. It's defined to be 255 bytes or less, but this includes
         # one byte for the length of the name and one byte for the trailing dot
         # that's used to indicate absolute names in DNS.
         if splitted_url.hostname is None or len(splitted_url.hostname) > 253:
-            raise ValidationError(self.message, code=self.code, params={'value': value})
+            raise ValidationError(self.message, code=self.code, params={"value": value})
 
 
 integer_validator = RegexValidator(
-    _lazy_re_compile(r'^-?\d+\Z'),
-    message=_('Enter a valid integer.'),
-    code='invalid',
+    _lazy_re_compile(r"^-?\d+\Z"),
+    message=_("Enter a valid integer."),
+    code="invalid",
 )
 
 
@@ -160,21 +171,24 @@ def validate_integer(value):
 
 @deconstructible
 class EmailValidator:
-    message = _('Enter a valid email address.')
-    code = 'invalid'
+    message = _("Enter a valid email address.")
+    code = "invalid"
     user_regex = _lazy_re_compile(
         r"(^[-!#$%&'*+/=?^_`{}|~0-9A-Z]+(\.[-!#$%&'*+/=?^_`{}|~0-9A-Z]+)*\Z"  # dot-atom
         r'|^"([\001-\010\013\014\016-\037!#-\[\]-\177]|\\[\001-\011\013\014\016-\177])*"\Z)',  # quoted-string
-        re.IGNORECASE)
+        re.IGNORECASE,
+    )
     domain_regex = _lazy_re_compile(
         # max length for domain name labels is 63 characters per RFC 1034
-        r'((?:[A-Z0-9](?:[A-Z0-9-]{0,61}[A-Z0-9])?\.)+)(?:[A-Z0-9-]{2,63}(?<!-))\Z',
-        re.IGNORECASE)
+        r"((?:[A-Z0-9](?:[A-Z0-9-]{0,61}[A-Z0-9])?\.)+)(?:[A-Z0-9-]{2,63}(?<!-))\Z",
+        re.IGNORECASE,
+    )
     literal_regex = _lazy_re_compile(
         # literal form, ipv4 or ipv6 address (SMTP 4.1.3)
-        r'\[([A-F0-9:.]+)\]\Z',
-        re.IGNORECASE)
-    domain_allowlist = ['localhost']
+        r"\[([A-F0-9:.]+)\]\Z",
+        re.IGNORECASE,
+    )
+    domain_allowlist = ["localhost"]
 
     def __init__(self, message=None, code=None, allowlist=None):
         if message is not None:
@@ -185,16 +199,17 @@ class EmailValidator:
             self.domain_allowlist = allowlist
 
     def __call__(self, value):
-        if not value or '@' not in value:
-            raise ValidationError(self.message, code=self.code, params={'value': value})
+        if not value or "@" not in value:
+            raise ValidationError(self.message, code=self.code, params={"value": value})
 
-        user_part, domain_part = value.rsplit('@', 1)
+        user_part, domain_part = value.rsplit("@", 1)
 
         if not self.user_regex.match(user_part):
-            raise ValidationError(self.message, code=self.code, params={'value': value})
+            raise ValidationError(self.message, code=self.code, params={"value": value})
 
-        if (domain_part not in self.domain_allowlist and
-                not self.validate_domain_part(domain_part)):
+        if domain_part not in self.domain_allowlist and not self.validate_domain_part(
+            domain_part
+        ):
             # Try for possible IDN domain-part
             try:
                 domain_part = punycode(domain_part)
@@ -203,7 +218,7 @@ class EmailValidator:
             else:
                 if self.validate_domain_part(domain_part):
                     return
-            raise ValidationError(self.message, code=self.code, params={'value': value})
+            raise ValidationError(self.message, code=self.code, params={"value": value})
 
     def validate_domain_part(self, domain_part):
         if self.domain_regex.match(domain_part):
@@ -221,28 +236,30 @@ class EmailValidator:
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return (
-            isinstance(other, EmailValidator) and
-            (self.domain_allowlist == other.domain_allowlist) and
-            (self.message == other.message) and
-            (self.code == other.code)
+            isinstance(other, EmailValidator)
+            and (self.domain_allowlist == other.domain_allowlist)
+            and (self.message == other.message)
+            and (self.code == other.code)
         )
 
 
 validate_email = EmailValidator()
 
-slug_re = _lazy_re_compile(r'^[-a-zA-Z0-9_]+\Z')
+slug_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"^[-a-zA-Z0-9_]+\Z")
 validate_slug = RegexValidator(
     slug_re,
     # Translators: "letters" means latin letters: a-z and A-Z.
-    _('Enter a valid “slug” consisting of letters, numbers, underscores or hyphens.'),
-    'invalid'
+    _("Enter a valid “slug” consisting of letters, numbers, underscores or hyphens."),
+    "invalid",
 )
 
-slug_unicode_re = _lazy_re_compile(r'^[-\w]+\Z')
+slug_unicode_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"^[-\w]+\Z")
 validate_unicode_slug = RegexValidator(
     slug_unicode_re,
-    _('Enter a valid “slug” consisting of Unicode letters, numbers, underscores, or hyphens.'),
-    'invalid'
+    _(
+        "Enter a valid “slug” consisting of Unicode letters, numbers, underscores, or hyphens."
+    ),
+    "invalid",
 )
 
 
@@ -250,25 +267,26 @@ def validate_ipv4_address(value):
     try:
         ipaddress.IPv4Address(value)
     except ValueError:
-        raise ValidationError(_('Enter a valid IPv4 address.'), code='invalid', params={'value': value})
+        raise ValidationError(
+            _("Enter a valid IPv4 address."), code="invalid", params={"value": value}
+        )
     else:
         # Leading zeros are forbidden to avoid ambiguity with the octal
         # notation. This restriction is included in Python 3.9.5+.
         # TODO: Remove when dropping support for PY39.
-        if any(
-            octet != '0' and octet[0] == '0'
-            for octet in value.split('.')
-        ):
+        if any(octet != "0" and octet[0] == "0" for octet in value.split(".")):
             raise ValidationError(
-                _('Enter a valid IPv4 address.'),
-                code='invalid',
-                params={'value': value},
+                _("Enter a valid IPv4 address."),
+                code="invalid",
+                params={"value": value},
             )
 
 
 def validate_ipv6_address(value):
     if not is_valid_ipv6_address(value):
-        raise ValidationError(_('Enter a valid IPv6 address.'), code='invalid', params={'value': value})
+        raise ValidationError(
+            _("Enter a valid IPv6 address."), code="invalid", params={"value": value}
+        )
 
 
 def validate_ipv46_address(value):
@@ -278,13 +296,17 @@ def validate_ipv46_address(value):
         try:
             validate_ipv6_address(value)
         except ValidationError:
-            raise ValidationError(_('Enter a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.'), code='invalid', params={'value': value})
+            raise ValidationError(
+                _("Enter a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address."),
+                code="invalid",
+                params={"value": value},
+            )
 
 
 ip_address_validator_map = {
-    'both': ([validate_ipv46_address], _('Enter a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.')),
-    'ipv4': ([validate_ipv4_address], _('Enter a valid IPv4 address.')),
-    'ipv6': ([validate_ipv6_address], _('Enter a valid IPv6 address.')),
+    "both": ([validate_ipv46_address], _("Enter a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.")),
+    "ipv4": ([validate_ipv4_address], _("Enter a valid IPv4 address.")),
+    "ipv6": ([validate_ipv6_address], _("Enter a valid IPv6 address.")),
 }
 
 
@@ -293,33 +315,39 @@ def ip_address_validators(protocol, unpack_ipv4):
     Depending on the given parameters, return the appropriate validators for
     the GenericIPAddressField.
     """
-    if protocol != 'both' and unpack_ipv4:
+    if protocol != "both" and unpack_ipv4:
         raise ValueError(
-            "You can only use `unpack_ipv4` if `protocol` is set to 'both'")
+            "You can only use `unpack_ipv4` if `protocol` is set to 'both'"
+        )
     try:
         return ip_address_validator_map[protocol.lower()]
     except KeyError:
-        raise ValueError("The protocol '%s' is unknown. Supported: %s"
-                         % (protocol, list(ip_address_validator_map)))
+        raise ValueError(
+            "The protocol '%s' is unknown. Supported: %s"
+            % (protocol, list(ip_address_validator_map))
+        )
 
 
-def int_list_validator(sep=',', message=None, code='invalid', allow_negative=False):
-    regexp = _lazy_re_compile(r'^%(neg)s\d+(?:%(sep)s%(neg)s\d+)*\Z' % {
-        'neg': '(-)?' if allow_negative else '',
-        'sep': re.escape(sep),
-    })
+def int_list_validator(sep=",", message=None, code="invalid", allow_negative=False):
+    regexp = _lazy_re_compile(
+        r"^%(neg)s\d+(?:%(sep)s%(neg)s\d+)*\Z"
+        % {
+            "neg": "(-)?" if allow_negative else "",
+            "sep": re.escape(sep),
+        }
+    )
     return RegexValidator(regexp, message=message, code=code)
 
 
 validate_comma_separated_integer_list = int_list_validator(
-    message=_('Enter only digits separated by commas.'),
+    message=_("Enter only digits separated by commas."),
 )
 
 
 @deconstructible
 class BaseValidator:
-    message = _('Ensure this value is %(limit_value)s (it is %(show_value)s).')
-    code = 'limit_value'
+    message = _("Ensure this value is %(limit_value)s (it is %(show_value)s).")
+    code = "limit_value"
 
     def __init__(self, limit_value, message=None):
         self.limit_value = limit_value
@@ -328,8 +356,10 @@ class BaseValidator:
 
     def __call__(self, value):
         cleaned = self.clean(value)
-        limit_value = self.limit_value() if callable(self.limit_value) else self.limit_value
-        params = {'limit_value': limit_value, 'show_value': cleaned, 'value': value}
+        limit_value = (
+            self.limit_value() if callable(self.limit_value) else self.limit_value
+        )
+        params = {"limit_value": limit_value, "show_value": cleaned, "value": value}
         if self.compare(cleaned, limit_value):
             raise ValidationError(self.message, code=self.code, params=params)
 
@@ -337,9 +367,9 @@ class BaseValidator:
         if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
             return NotImplemented
         return (
-            self.limit_value == other.limit_value and
-            self.message == other.message and
-            self.code == other.code
+            self.limit_value == other.limit_value
+            and self.message == other.message
+            and self.code == other.code
         )
 
     def compare(self, a, b):
@@ -351,8 +381,8 @@ class BaseValidator:
 
 @deconstructible
 class MaxValueValidator(BaseValidator):
-    message = _('Ensure this value is less than or equal to %(limit_value)s.')
-    code = 'max_value'
+    message = _("Ensure this value is less than or equal to %(limit_value)s.")
+    code = "max_value"
 
     def compare(self, a, b):
         return a > b
@@ -360,8 +390,8 @@ class MaxValueValidator(BaseValidator):
 
 @deconstructible
 class MinValueValidator(BaseValidator):
-    message = _('Ensure this value is greater than or equal to %(limit_value)s.')
-    code = 'min_value'
+    message = _("Ensure this value is greater than or equal to %(limit_value)s.")
+    code = "min_value"
 
     def compare(self, a, b):
         return a < b
@@ -370,10 +400,11 @@ class MinValueValidator(BaseValidator):
 @deconstructible
 class MinLengthValidator(BaseValidator):
     message = ngettext_lazy(
-        'Ensure this value has at least %(limit_value)d character (it has %(show_value)d).',
-        'Ensure this value has at least %(limit_value)d characters (it has %(show_value)d).',
-        'limit_value')
-    code = 'min_length'
+        "Ensure this value has at least %(limit_value)d character (it has %(show_value)d).",
+        "Ensure this value has at least %(limit_value)d characters (it has %(show_value)d).",
+        "limit_value",
+    )
+    code = "min_length"
 
     def compare(self, a, b):
         return a < b
@@ -385,10 +416,11 @@ class MinLengthValidator(BaseValidator):
 @deconstructible
 class MaxLengthValidator(BaseValidator):
     message = ngettext_lazy(
-        'Ensure this value has at most %(limit_value)d character (it has %(show_value)d).',
-        'Ensure this value has at most %(limit_value)d characters (it has %(show_value)d).',
-        'limit_value')
-    code = 'max_length'
+        "Ensure this value has at most %(limit_value)d character (it has %(show_value)d).",
+        "Ensure this value has at most %(limit_value)d characters (it has %(show_value)d).",
+        "limit_value",
+    )
+    code = "max_length"
 
     def compare(self, a, b):
         return a > b
@@ -403,22 +435,23 @@ class DecimalValidator:
     Validate that the input does not exceed the maximum number of digits
     expected, otherwise raise ValidationError.
     """
+
     messages = {
-        'invalid': _('Enter a number.'),
-        'max_digits': ngettext_lazy(
-            'Ensure that there are no more than %(max)s digit in total.',
-            'Ensure that there are no more than %(max)s digits in total.',
-            'max'
+        "invalid": _("Enter a number."),
+        "max_digits": ngettext_lazy(
+            "Ensure that there are no more than %(max)s digit in total.",
+            "Ensure that there are no more than %(max)s digits in total.",
+            "max",
         ),
-        'max_decimal_places': ngettext_lazy(
-            'Ensure that there are no more than %(max)s decimal place.',
-            'Ensure that there are no more than %(max)s decimal places.',
-            'max'
+        "max_decimal_places": ngettext_lazy(
+            "Ensure that there are no more than %(max)s decimal place.",
+            "Ensure that there are no more than %(max)s decimal places.",
+            "max",
         ),
-        'max_whole_digits': ngettext_lazy(
-            'Ensure that there are no more than %(max)s digit before the decimal point.',
-            'Ensure that there are no more than %(max)s digits before the decimal point.',
-            'max'
+        "max_whole_digits": ngettext_lazy(
+            "Ensure that there are no more than %(max)s digit before the decimal point.",
+            "Ensure that there are no more than %(max)s digits before the decimal point.",
+            "max",
         ),
     }
 
@@ -428,8 +461,10 @@ class DecimalValidator:
 
     def __call__(self, value):
         digit_tuple, exponent = value.as_tuple()[1:]
-        if exponent in {'F', 'n', 'N'}:
-            raise ValidationError(self.messages['invalid'], code='invalid', params={'value': value})
+        if exponent in {"F", "n", "N"}:
+            raise ValidationError(
+                self.messages["invalid"], code="invalid", params={"value": value}
+            )
         if exponent >= 0:
             # A positive exponent adds that many trailing zeros.
             digits = len(digit_tuple) + exponent
@@ -449,43 +484,48 @@ class DecimalValidator:
 
         if self.max_digits is not None and digits > self.max_digits:
             raise ValidationError(
-                self.messages['max_digits'],
-                code='max_digits',
-                params={'max': self.max_digits, 'value': value},
+                self.messages["max_digits"],
+                code="max_digits",
+                params={"max": self.max_digits, "value": value},
             )
         if self.decimal_places is not None and decimals > self.decimal_places:
             raise ValidationError(
-                self.messages['max_decimal_places'],
-                code='max_decimal_places',
-                params={'max': self.decimal_places, 'value': value},
+                self.messages["max_decimal_places"],
+                code="max_decimal_places",
+                params={"max": self.decimal_places, "value": value},
             )
-        if (self.max_digits is not None and self.decimal_places is not None and
-                whole_digits > (self.max_digits - self.decimal_places)):
+        if (
+            self.max_digits is not None
+            and self.decimal_places is not None
+            and whole_digits > (self.max_digits - self.decimal_places)
+        ):
             raise ValidationError(
-                self.messages['max_whole_digits'],
-                code='max_whole_digits',
-                params={'max': (self.max_digits - self.decimal_places), 'value': value},
+                self.messages["max_whole_digits"],
+                code="max_whole_digits",
+                params={"max": (self.max_digits - self.decimal_places), "value": value},
             )
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return (
-            isinstance(other, self.__class__) and
-            self.max_digits == other.max_digits and
-            self.decimal_places == other.decimal_places
+            isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+            and self.max_digits == other.max_digits
+            and self.decimal_places == other.decimal_places
         )
 
 
 @deconstructible
 class FileExtensionValidator:
     message = _(
-        'File extension “%(extension)s” is not allowed. '
-        'Allowed extensions are: %(allowed_extensions)s.'
+        "File extension “%(extension)s” is not allowed. "
+        "Allowed extensions are: %(allowed_extensions)s."
     )
-    code = 'invalid_extension'
+    code = "invalid_extension"
 
     def __init__(self, allowed_extensions=None, message=None, code=None):
         if allowed_extensions is not None:
-            allowed_extensions = [allowed_extension.lower() for allowed_extension in allowed_extensions]
+            allowed_extensions = [
+                allowed_extension.lower() for allowed_extension in allowed_extensions
+            ]
         self.allowed_extensions = allowed_extensions
         if message is not None:
             self.message = message
@@ -494,23 +534,26 @@ class FileExtensionValidator:
 
     def __call__(self, value):
         extension = Path(value.name).suffix[1:].lower()
-        if self.allowed_extensions is not None and extension not in self.allowed_extensions:
+        if (
+            self.allowed_extensions is not None
+            and extension not in self.allowed_extensions
+        ):
             raise ValidationError(
                 self.message,
                 code=self.code,
                 params={
-                    'extension': extension,
-                    'allowed_extensions': ', '.join(self.allowed_extensions),
-                    'value': value,
-                }
+                    "extension": extension,
+                    "allowed_extensions": ", ".join(self.allowed_extensions),
+                    "value": value,
+                },
             )
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return (
-            isinstance(other, self.__class__) and
-            self.allowed_extensions == other.allowed_extensions and
-            self.message == other.message and
-            self.code == other.code
+            isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+            and self.allowed_extensions == other.allowed_extensions
+            and self.message == other.message
+            and self.code == other.code
         )
 
 
@@ -525,14 +568,17 @@ def get_available_image_extensions():
 
 
 def validate_image_file_extension(value):
-    return FileExtensionValidator(allowed_extensions=get_available_image_extensions())(value)
+    return FileExtensionValidator(allowed_extensions=get_available_image_extensions())(
+        value
+    )
 
 
 @deconstructible
 class ProhibitNullCharactersValidator:
     """Validate that the string doesn't contain the null character."""
-    message = _('Null characters are not allowed.')
-    code = 'null_characters_not_allowed'
+
+    message = _("Null characters are not allowed.")
+    code = "null_characters_not_allowed"
 
     def __init__(self, message=None, code=None):
         if message is not None:
@@ -541,12 +587,12 @@ class ProhibitNullCharactersValidator:
             self.code = code
 
     def __call__(self, value):
-        if '\x00' in str(value):
-            raise ValidationError(self.message, code=self.code, params={'value': value})
+        if "\x00" in str(value):
+            raise ValidationError(self.message, code=self.code, params={"value": value})
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return (
-            isinstance(other, self.__class__) and
-            self.message == other.message and
-            self.code == other.code
+            isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+            and self.message == other.message
+            and self.code == other.code
         )
diff --git a/django/db/__init__.py b/django/db/__init__.py
index 26127860ed..b0cae97e01 100644
--- a/django/db/__init__.py
+++ b/django/db/__init__.py
@@ -1,17 +1,36 @@
 from django.core import signals
 from django.db.utils import (
-    DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, DJANGO_VERSION_PICKLE_KEY, ConnectionHandler,
-    ConnectionRouter, DatabaseError, DataError, Error, IntegrityError,
-    InterfaceError, InternalError, NotSupportedError, OperationalError,
+    DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+    DJANGO_VERSION_PICKLE_KEY,
+    ConnectionHandler,
+    ConnectionRouter,
+    DatabaseError,
+    DataError,
+    Error,
+    IntegrityError,
+    InterfaceError,
+    InternalError,
+    NotSupportedError,
+    OperationalError,
     ProgrammingError,
 )
 from django.utils.connection import ConnectionProxy
 
 __all__ = [
-    'connection', 'connections', 'router', 'DatabaseError', 'IntegrityError',
-    'InternalError', 'ProgrammingError', 'DataError', 'NotSupportedError',
-    'Error', 'InterfaceError', 'OperationalError', 'DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS',
-    'DJANGO_VERSION_PICKLE_KEY',
+    "connection",
+    "connections",
+    "router",
+    "DatabaseError",
+    "IntegrityError",
+    "InternalError",
+    "ProgrammingError",
+    "DataError",
+    "NotSupportedError",
+    "Error",
+    "InterfaceError",
+    "OperationalError",
+    "DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS",
+    "DJANGO_VERSION_PICKLE_KEY",
 ]
 
 connections = ConnectionHandler()
diff --git a/django/db/backends/base/base.py b/django/db/backends/base/base.py
index 58dd6d43bd..1aee03848b 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/base/base.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/base/base.py
@@ -23,19 +23,21 @@ from django.utils import timezone
 from django.utils.asyncio import async_unsafe
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
-NO_DB_ALIAS = '__no_db__'
+NO_DB_ALIAS = "__no_db__"
 
 
 # RemovedInDjango50Warning
 def timezone_constructor(tzname):
     if settings.USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ:
         import pytz
+
         return pytz.timezone(tzname)
     return zoneinfo.ZoneInfo(tzname)
 
 
 class BaseDatabaseWrapper:
     """Represent a database connection."""
+
     # Mapping of Field objects to their column types.
     data_types = {}
     # Mapping of Field objects to their SQL suffix such as AUTOINCREMENT.
@@ -43,8 +45,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseWrapper:
     # Mapping of Field objects to their SQL for CHECK constraints.
     data_type_check_constraints = {}
     ops = None
-    vendor = 'unknown'
-    display_name = 'unknown'
+    vendor = "unknown"
+    display_name = "unknown"
     SchemaEditorClass = None
     # Classes instantiated in __init__().
     client_class = None
@@ -124,8 +126,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseWrapper:
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return (
-            f'<{self.__class__.__qualname__} '
-            f'vendor={self.vendor!r} alias={self.alias!r}>'
+            f"<{self.__class__.__qualname__} "
+            f"vendor={self.vendor!r} alias={self.alias!r}>"
         )
 
     def ensure_timezone(self):
@@ -153,10 +155,10 @@ class BaseDatabaseWrapper:
         """
         if not settings.USE_TZ:
             return None
-        elif self.settings_dict['TIME_ZONE'] is None:
+        elif self.settings_dict["TIME_ZONE"] is None:
             return timezone.utc
         else:
-            return timezone_constructor(self.settings_dict['TIME_ZONE'])
+            return timezone_constructor(self.settings_dict["TIME_ZONE"])
 
     @cached_property
     def timezone_name(self):
@@ -165,10 +167,10 @@ class BaseDatabaseWrapper:
         """
         if not settings.USE_TZ:
             return settings.TIME_ZONE
-        elif self.settings_dict['TIME_ZONE'] is None:
-            return 'UTC'
+        elif self.settings_dict["TIME_ZONE"] is None:
+            return "UTC"
         else:
-            return self.settings_dict['TIME_ZONE']
+            return self.settings_dict["TIME_ZONE"]
 
     @property
     def queries_logged(self):
@@ -179,26 +181,35 @@ class BaseDatabaseWrapper:
         if len(self.queries_log) == self.queries_log.maxlen:
             warnings.warn(
                 "Limit for query logging exceeded, only the last {} queries "
-                "will be returned.".format(self.queries_log.maxlen))
+                "will be returned.".format(self.queries_log.maxlen)
+            )
         return list(self.queries_log)
 
     # ##### Backend-specific methods for creating connections and cursors #####
 
     def get_connection_params(self):
         """Return a dict of parameters suitable for get_new_connection."""
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseDatabaseWrapper may require a get_connection_params() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseWrapper may require a get_connection_params() method"
+        )
 
     def get_new_connection(self, conn_params):
         """Open a connection to the database."""
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseDatabaseWrapper may require a get_new_connection() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseWrapper may require a get_new_connection() method"
+        )
 
     def init_connection_state(self):
         """Initialize the database connection settings."""
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseDatabaseWrapper may require an init_connection_state() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseWrapper may require an init_connection_state() method"
+        )
 
     def create_cursor(self, name=None):
         """Create a cursor. Assume that a connection is established."""
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseDatabaseWrapper may require a create_cursor() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseWrapper may require a create_cursor() method"
+        )
 
     # ##### Backend-specific methods for creating connections #####
 
@@ -213,8 +224,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseWrapper:
         self.atomic_blocks = []
         self.needs_rollback = False
         # Reset parameters defining when to close/health-check the connection.
-        self.health_check_enabled = self.settings_dict['CONN_HEALTH_CHECKS']
-        max_age = self.settings_dict['CONN_MAX_AGE']
+        self.health_check_enabled = self.settings_dict["CONN_HEALTH_CHECKS"]
+        max_age = self.settings_dict["CONN_MAX_AGE"]
         self.close_at = None if max_age is None else time.monotonic() + max_age
         self.closed_in_transaction = False
         self.errors_occurred = False
@@ -223,14 +234,14 @@ class BaseDatabaseWrapper:
         # Establish the connection
         conn_params = self.get_connection_params()
         self.connection = self.get_new_connection(conn_params)
-        self.set_autocommit(self.settings_dict['AUTOCOMMIT'])
+        self.set_autocommit(self.settings_dict["AUTOCOMMIT"])
         self.init_connection_state()
         connection_created.send(sender=self.__class__, connection=self)
 
         self.run_on_commit = []
 
     def check_settings(self):
-        if self.settings_dict['TIME_ZONE'] is not None and not settings.USE_TZ:
+        if self.settings_dict["TIME_ZONE"] is not None and not settings.USE_TZ:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                 "Connection '%s' cannot set TIME_ZONE because USE_TZ is False."
                 % self.alias
@@ -356,7 +367,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseWrapper:
             return
 
         thread_ident = _thread.get_ident()
-        tid = str(thread_ident).replace('-', '')
+        tid = str(thread_ident).replace("-", "")
 
         self.savepoint_state += 1
         sid = "s%s_x%d" % (tid, self.savepoint_state)
@@ -406,7 +417,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseWrapper:
         """
         Backend-specific implementation to enable or disable autocommit.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseDatabaseWrapper may require a _set_autocommit() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseWrapper may require a _set_autocommit() method"
+        )
 
     # ##### Generic transaction management methods #####
 
@@ -415,7 +428,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseWrapper:
         self.ensure_connection()
         return self.autocommit
 
-    def set_autocommit(self, autocommit, force_begin_transaction_with_broken_autocommit=False):
+    def set_autocommit(
+        self, autocommit, force_begin_transaction_with_broken_autocommit=False
+    ):
         """
         Enable or disable autocommit.
 
@@ -432,8 +447,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseWrapper:
         self.ensure_connection()
 
         start_transaction_under_autocommit = (
-            force_begin_transaction_with_broken_autocommit and not autocommit and
-            hasattr(self, '_start_transaction_under_autocommit')
+            force_begin_transaction_with_broken_autocommit
+            and not autocommit
+            and hasattr(self, "_start_transaction_under_autocommit")
         )
 
         if start_transaction_under_autocommit:
@@ -451,7 +467,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseWrapper:
         """Get the "needs rollback" flag -- for *advanced use* only."""
         if not self.in_atomic_block:
             raise TransactionManagementError(
-                "The rollback flag doesn't work outside of an 'atomic' block.")
+                "The rollback flag doesn't work outside of an 'atomic' block."
+            )
         return self.needs_rollback
 
     def set_rollback(self, rollback):
@@ -460,20 +477,23 @@ class BaseDatabaseWrapper:
         """
         if not self.in_atomic_block:
             raise TransactionManagementError(
-                "The rollback flag doesn't work outside of an 'atomic' block.")
+                "The rollback flag doesn't work outside of an 'atomic' block."
+            )
         self.needs_rollback = rollback
 
     def validate_no_atomic_block(self):
         """Raise an error if an atomic block is active."""
         if self.in_atomic_block:
             raise TransactionManagementError(
-                "This is forbidden when an 'atomic' block is active.")
+                "This is forbidden when an 'atomic' block is active."
+            )
 
     def validate_no_broken_transaction(self):
         if self.needs_rollback:
             raise TransactionManagementError(
                 "An error occurred in the current transaction. You can't "
-                "execute queries until the end of the 'atomic' block.")
+                "execute queries until the end of the 'atomic' block."
+            )
 
     # ##### Foreign key constraints checks handling #####
 
@@ -524,14 +544,15 @@ class BaseDatabaseWrapper:
         as that may prevent Django from recycling unusable connections.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseWrapper may require an is_usable() method")
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseWrapper may require an is_usable() method"
+        )
 
     def close_if_health_check_failed(self):
         """Close existing connection if it fails a health check."""
         if (
-            self.connection is None or
-            not self.health_check_enabled or
-            self.health_check_done
+            self.connection is None
+            or not self.health_check_enabled
+            or self.health_check_done
         ):
             return
 
@@ -548,7 +569,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseWrapper:
             self.health_check_done = False
             # If the application didn't restore the original autocommit setting,
             # don't take chances, drop the connection.
-            if self.get_autocommit() != self.settings_dict['AUTOCOMMIT']:
+            if self.get_autocommit() != self.settings_dict["AUTOCOMMIT"]:
                 self.close()
                 return
 
@@ -580,7 +601,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseWrapper:
     def dec_thread_sharing(self):
         with self._thread_sharing_lock:
             if self._thread_sharing_count <= 0:
-                raise RuntimeError('Cannot decrement the thread sharing count below zero.')
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "Cannot decrement the thread sharing count below zero."
+                )
             self._thread_sharing_count -= 1
 
     def validate_thread_sharing(self):
@@ -595,8 +618,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseWrapper:
                 "DatabaseWrapper objects created in a "
                 "thread can only be used in that same thread. The object "
                 "with alias '%s' was created in thread id %s and this is "
-                "thread id %s."
-                % (self.alias, self._thread_ident, _thread.get_ident())
+                "thread id %s." % (self.alias, self._thread_ident, _thread.get_ident())
             )
 
     # ##### Miscellaneous #####
@@ -657,7 +679,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseWrapper:
         being exposed to potential child threads while (or after) the test
         database is destroyed. Refs #10868, #17786, #16969.
         """
-        conn = self.__class__({**self.settings_dict, 'NAME': None}, alias=NO_DB_ALIAS)
+        conn = self.__class__({**self.settings_dict, "NAME": None}, alias=NO_DB_ALIAS)
         try:
             with conn.cursor() as cursor:
                 yield cursor
@@ -670,7 +692,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseWrapper:
         """
         if self.SchemaEditorClass is None:
             raise NotImplementedError(
-                'The SchemaEditorClass attribute of this database wrapper is still None')
+                "The SchemaEditorClass attribute of this database wrapper is still None"
+            )
         return self.SchemaEditorClass(self, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def on_commit(self, func):
@@ -680,7 +703,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseWrapper:
             # Transaction in progress; save for execution on commit.
             self.run_on_commit.append((set(self.savepoint_ids), func))
         elif not self.get_autocommit():
-            raise TransactionManagementError('on_commit() cannot be used in manual transaction management')
+            raise TransactionManagementError(
+                "on_commit() cannot be used in manual transaction management"
+            )
         else:
             # No transaction in progress and in autocommit mode; execute
             # immediately.
diff --git a/django/db/backends/base/client.py b/django/db/backends/base/client.py
index 8aca821fd2..031056372d 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/base/client.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/base/client.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import subprocess
 
 class BaseDatabaseClient:
     """Encapsulate backend-specific methods for opening a client shell."""
+
     # This should be a string representing the name of the executable
     # (e.g., "psql"). Subclasses must override this.
     executable_name = None
@@ -15,11 +16,13 @@ class BaseDatabaseClient:
     @classmethod
     def settings_to_cmd_args_env(cls, settings_dict, parameters):
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            'subclasses of BaseDatabaseClient must provide a '
-            'settings_to_cmd_args_env() method or override a runshell().'
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseClient must provide a "
+            "settings_to_cmd_args_env() method or override a runshell()."
         )
 
     def runshell(self, parameters):
-        args, env = self.settings_to_cmd_args_env(self.connection.settings_dict, parameters)
+        args, env = self.settings_to_cmd_args_env(
+            self.connection.settings_dict, parameters
+        )
         env = {**os.environ, **env} if env else None
         subprocess.run(args, env=env, check=True)
diff --git a/django/db/backends/base/creation.py b/django/db/backends/base/creation.py
index d1c0e1ac96..78480fc0f8 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/base/creation.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/base/creation.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ from django.utils.module_loading import import_string
 
 # The prefix to put on the default database name when creating
 # the test database.
-TEST_DATABASE_PREFIX = 'test_'
+TEST_DATABASE_PREFIX = "test_"
 
 
 class BaseDatabaseCreation:
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseCreation:
     Encapsulate backend-specific differences pertaining to creation and
     destruction of the test database.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, connection):
         self.connection = connection
 
@@ -28,7 +29,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseCreation:
     def log(self, msg):
         sys.stderr.write(msg + os.linesep)
 
-    def create_test_db(self, verbosity=1, autoclobber=False, serialize=True, keepdb=False):
+    def create_test_db(
+        self, verbosity=1, autoclobber=False, serialize=True, keepdb=False
+    ):
         """
         Create a test database, prompting the user for confirmation if the
         database already exists. Return the name of the test database created.
@@ -39,14 +42,17 @@ class BaseDatabaseCreation:
         test_database_name = self._get_test_db_name()
 
         if verbosity >= 1:
-            action = 'Creating'
+            action = "Creating"
             if keepdb:
                 action = "Using existing"
 
-            self.log('%s test database for alias %s...' % (
-                action,
-                self._get_database_display_str(verbosity, test_database_name),
-            ))
+            self.log(
+                "%s test database for alias %s..."
+                % (
+                    action,
+                    self._get_database_display_str(verbosity, test_database_name),
+                )
+            )
 
         # We could skip this call if keepdb is True, but we instead
         # give it the keepdb param. This is to handle the case
@@ -60,25 +66,24 @@ class BaseDatabaseCreation:
         self.connection.settings_dict["NAME"] = test_database_name
 
         try:
-            if self.connection.settings_dict['TEST']['MIGRATE'] is False:
+            if self.connection.settings_dict["TEST"]["MIGRATE"] is False:
                 # Disable migrations for all apps.
                 old_migration_modules = settings.MIGRATION_MODULES
                 settings.MIGRATION_MODULES = {
-                    app.label: None
-                    for app in apps.get_app_configs()
+                    app.label: None for app in apps.get_app_configs()
                 }
             # We report migrate messages at one level lower than that
             # requested. This ensures we don't get flooded with messages during
             # testing (unless you really ask to be flooded).
             call_command(
-                'migrate',
+                "migrate",
                 verbosity=max(verbosity - 1, 0),
                 interactive=False,
                 database=self.connection.alias,
                 run_syncdb=True,
             )
         finally:
-            if self.connection.settings_dict['TEST']['MIGRATE'] is False:
+            if self.connection.settings_dict["TEST"]["MIGRATE"] is False:
                 settings.MIGRATION_MODULES = old_migration_modules
 
         # We then serialize the current state of the database into a string
@@ -88,12 +93,12 @@ class BaseDatabaseCreation:
         if serialize:
             self.connection._test_serialized_contents = self.serialize_db_to_string()
 
-        call_command('createcachetable', database=self.connection.alias)
+        call_command("createcachetable", database=self.connection.alias)
 
         # Ensure a connection for the side effect of initializing the test database.
         self.connection.ensure_connection()
 
-        if os.environ.get('RUNNING_DJANGOS_TEST_SUITE') == 'true':
+        if os.environ.get("RUNNING_DJANGOS_TEST_SUITE") == "true":
             self.mark_expected_failures_and_skips()
 
         return test_database_name
@@ -103,7 +108,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseCreation:
         Set this database up to be used in testing as a mirror of a primary
         database whose settings are given.
         """
-        self.connection.settings_dict['NAME'] = primary_settings_dict['NAME']
+        self.connection.settings_dict["NAME"] = primary_settings_dict["NAME"]
 
     def serialize_db_to_string(self):
         """
@@ -114,22 +119,23 @@ class BaseDatabaseCreation:
         # Iteratively return every object for all models to serialize.
         def get_objects():
             from django.db.migrations.loader import MigrationLoader
+
             loader = MigrationLoader(self.connection)
             for app_config in apps.get_app_configs():
                 if (
-                    app_config.models_module is not None and
-                    app_config.label in loader.migrated_apps and
-                    app_config.name not in settings.TEST_NON_SERIALIZED_APPS
+                    app_config.models_module is not None
+                    and app_config.label in loader.migrated_apps
+                    and app_config.name not in settings.TEST_NON_SERIALIZED_APPS
                 ):
                     for model in app_config.get_models():
-                        if (
-                            model._meta.can_migrate(self.connection) and
-                            router.allow_migrate_model(self.connection.alias, model)
-                        ):
+                        if model._meta.can_migrate(
+                            self.connection
+                        ) and router.allow_migrate_model(self.connection.alias, model):
                             queryset = model._base_manager.using(
                                 self.connection.alias,
                             ).order_by(model._meta.pk.name)
                             yield from queryset.iterator()
+
         # Serialize to a string
         out = StringIO()
         serializers.serialize("json", get_objects(), indent=None, stream=out)
@@ -147,7 +153,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseCreation:
             # Disable constraint checks, because some databases (MySQL) doesn't
             # support deferred checks.
             with self.connection.constraint_checks_disabled():
-                for obj in serializers.deserialize('json', data, using=self.connection.alias):
+                for obj in serializers.deserialize(
+                    "json", data, using=self.connection.alias
+                ):
                     obj.save()
                     table_names.add(obj.object.__class__._meta.db_table)
             # Manually check for any invalid keys that might have been added,
@@ -160,7 +168,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseCreation:
         """
         return "'%s'%s" % (
             self.connection.alias,
-            (" ('%s')" % database_name) if verbosity >= 2 else '',
+            (" ('%s')" % database_name) if verbosity >= 2 else "",
         )
 
     def _get_test_db_name(self):
@@ -170,12 +178,12 @@ class BaseDatabaseCreation:
         _create_test_db() and when no external munging is done with the 'NAME'
         settings.
         """
-        if self.connection.settings_dict['TEST']['NAME']:
-            return self.connection.settings_dict['TEST']['NAME']
-        return TEST_DATABASE_PREFIX + self.connection.settings_dict['NAME']
+        if self.connection.settings_dict["TEST"]["NAME"]:
+            return self.connection.settings_dict["TEST"]["NAME"]
+        return TEST_DATABASE_PREFIX + self.connection.settings_dict["NAME"]
 
     def _execute_create_test_db(self, cursor, parameters, keepdb=False):
-        cursor.execute('CREATE DATABASE %(dbname)s %(suffix)s' % parameters)
+        cursor.execute("CREATE DATABASE %(dbname)s %(suffix)s" % parameters)
 
     def _create_test_db(self, verbosity, autoclobber, keepdb=False):
         """
@@ -183,8 +191,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseCreation:
         """
         test_database_name = self._get_test_db_name()
         test_db_params = {
-            'dbname': self.connection.ops.quote_name(test_database_name),
-            'suffix': self.sql_table_creation_suffix(),
+            "dbname": self.connection.ops.quote_name(test_database_name),
+            "suffix": self.sql_table_creation_suffix(),
         }
         # Create the test database and connect to it.
         with self._nodb_cursor() as cursor:
@@ -196,24 +204,30 @@ class BaseDatabaseCreation:
                 if keepdb:
                     return test_database_name
 
-                self.log('Got an error creating the test database: %s' % e)
+                self.log("Got an error creating the test database: %s" % e)
                 if not autoclobber:
                     confirm = input(
                         "Type 'yes' if you would like to try deleting the test "
-                        "database '%s', or 'no' to cancel: " % test_database_name)
-                if autoclobber or confirm == 'yes':
+                        "database '%s', or 'no' to cancel: " % test_database_name
+                    )
+                if autoclobber or confirm == "yes":
                     try:
                         if verbosity >= 1:
-                            self.log('Destroying old test database for alias %s...' % (
-                                self._get_database_display_str(verbosity, test_database_name),
-                            ))
-                        cursor.execute('DROP DATABASE %(dbname)s' % test_db_params)
+                            self.log(
+                                "Destroying old test database for alias %s..."
+                                % (
+                                    self._get_database_display_str(
+                                        verbosity, test_database_name
+                                    ),
+                                )
+                            )
+                        cursor.execute("DROP DATABASE %(dbname)s" % test_db_params)
                         self._execute_create_test_db(cursor, test_db_params, keepdb)
                     except Exception as e:
-                        self.log('Got an error recreating the test database: %s' % e)
+                        self.log("Got an error recreating the test database: %s" % e)
                         sys.exit(2)
                 else:
-                    self.log('Tests cancelled.')
+                    self.log("Tests cancelled.")
                     sys.exit(1)
 
         return test_database_name
@@ -222,16 +236,19 @@ class BaseDatabaseCreation:
         """
         Clone a test database.
         """
-        source_database_name = self.connection.settings_dict['NAME']
+        source_database_name = self.connection.settings_dict["NAME"]
 
         if verbosity >= 1:
-            action = 'Cloning test database'
+            action = "Cloning test database"
             if keepdb:
-                action = 'Using existing clone'
-            self.log('%s for alias %s...' % (
-                action,
-                self._get_database_display_str(verbosity, source_database_name),
-            ))
+                action = "Using existing clone"
+            self.log(
+                "%s for alias %s..."
+                % (
+                    action,
+                    self._get_database_display_str(verbosity, source_database_name),
+                )
+            )
 
         # We could skip this call if keepdb is True, but we instead
         # give it the keepdb param. See create_test_db for details.
@@ -245,7 +262,10 @@ class BaseDatabaseCreation:
         # already and its name has been copied to settings_dict['NAME'] so
         # we don't need to call _get_test_db_name.
         orig_settings_dict = self.connection.settings_dict
-        return {**orig_settings_dict, 'NAME': '{}_{}'.format(orig_settings_dict['NAME'], suffix)}
+        return {
+            **orig_settings_dict,
+            "NAME": "{}_{}".format(orig_settings_dict["NAME"], suffix),
+        }
 
     def _clone_test_db(self, suffix, verbosity, keepdb=False):
         """
@@ -253,27 +273,33 @@ class BaseDatabaseCreation:
         """
         raise NotImplementedError(
             "The database backend doesn't support cloning databases. "
-            "Disable the option to run tests in parallel processes.")
+            "Disable the option to run tests in parallel processes."
+        )
 
-    def destroy_test_db(self, old_database_name=None, verbosity=1, keepdb=False, suffix=None):
+    def destroy_test_db(
+        self, old_database_name=None, verbosity=1, keepdb=False, suffix=None
+    ):
         """
         Destroy a test database, prompting the user for confirmation if the
         database already exists.
         """
         self.connection.close()
         if suffix is None:
-            test_database_name = self.connection.settings_dict['NAME']
+            test_database_name = self.connection.settings_dict["NAME"]
         else:
-            test_database_name = self.get_test_db_clone_settings(suffix)['NAME']
+            test_database_name = self.get_test_db_clone_settings(suffix)["NAME"]
 
         if verbosity >= 1:
-            action = 'Destroying'
+            action = "Destroying"
             if keepdb:
-                action = 'Preserving'
-            self.log('%s test database for alias %s...' % (
-                action,
-                self._get_database_display_str(verbosity, test_database_name),
-            ))
+                action = "Preserving"
+            self.log(
+                "%s test database for alias %s..."
+                % (
+                    action,
+                    self._get_database_display_str(verbosity, test_database_name),
+                )
+            )
 
         # if we want to preserve the database
         # skip the actual destroying piece.
@@ -294,8 +320,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseCreation:
         # to do so, because it's not allowed to delete a database while being
         # connected to it.
         with self._nodb_cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute("DROP DATABASE %s"
-                           % self.connection.ops.quote_name(test_database_name))
+            cursor.execute(
+                "DROP DATABASE %s" % self.connection.ops.quote_name(test_database_name)
+            )
 
     def mark_expected_failures_and_skips(self):
         """
@@ -304,9 +331,10 @@ class BaseDatabaseCreation:
         """
         # Only load unittest if we're actually testing.
         from unittest import expectedFailure, skip
+
         for test_name in self.connection.features.django_test_expected_failures:
-            test_case_name, _, test_method_name = test_name.rpartition('.')
-            test_app = test_name.split('.')[0]
+            test_case_name, _, test_method_name = test_name.rpartition(".")
+            test_app = test_name.split(".")[0]
             # Importing a test app that isn't installed raises RuntimeError.
             if test_app in settings.INSTALLED_APPS:
                 test_case = import_string(test_case_name)
@@ -314,8 +342,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseCreation:
                 setattr(test_case, test_method_name, expectedFailure(test_method))
         for reason, tests in self.connection.features.django_test_skips.items():
             for test_name in tests:
-                test_case_name, _, test_method_name = test_name.rpartition('.')
-                test_app = test_name.split('.')[0]
+                test_case_name, _, test_method_name = test_name.rpartition(".")
+                test_app = test_name.split(".")[0]
                 # Importing a test app that isn't installed raises RuntimeError.
                 if test_app in settings.INSTALLED_APPS:
                     test_case = import_string(test_case_name)
@@ -326,7 +354,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseCreation:
         """
         SQL to append to the end of the test table creation statements.
         """
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
     def test_db_signature(self):
         """
@@ -336,8 +364,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseCreation:
         """
         settings_dict = self.connection.settings_dict
         return (
-            settings_dict['HOST'],
-            settings_dict['PORT'],
-            settings_dict['ENGINE'],
+            settings_dict["HOST"],
+            settings_dict["PORT"],
+            settings_dict["ENGINE"],
             self._get_test_db_name(),
         )
diff --git a/django/db/backends/base/features.py b/django/db/backends/base/features.py
index 20d5c8f772..42399b769a 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/base/features.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/base/features.py
@@ -130,21 +130,21 @@ class BaseDatabaseFeatures:
     # Map fields which some backends may not be able to differentiate to the
     # field it's introspected as.
     introspected_field_types = {
-        'AutoField': 'AutoField',
-        'BigAutoField': 'BigAutoField',
-        'BigIntegerField': 'BigIntegerField',
-        'BinaryField': 'BinaryField',
-        'BooleanField': 'BooleanField',
-        'CharField': 'CharField',
-        'DurationField': 'DurationField',
-        'GenericIPAddressField': 'GenericIPAddressField',
-        'IntegerField': 'IntegerField',
-        'PositiveBigIntegerField': 'PositiveBigIntegerField',
-        'PositiveIntegerField': 'PositiveIntegerField',
-        'PositiveSmallIntegerField': 'PositiveSmallIntegerField',
-        'SmallAutoField': 'SmallAutoField',
-        'SmallIntegerField': 'SmallIntegerField',
-        'TimeField': 'TimeField',
+        "AutoField": "AutoField",
+        "BigAutoField": "BigAutoField",
+        "BigIntegerField": "BigIntegerField",
+        "BinaryField": "BinaryField",
+        "BooleanField": "BooleanField",
+        "CharField": "CharField",
+        "DurationField": "DurationField",
+        "GenericIPAddressField": "GenericIPAddressField",
+        "IntegerField": "IntegerField",
+        "PositiveBigIntegerField": "PositiveBigIntegerField",
+        "PositiveIntegerField": "PositiveIntegerField",
+        "PositiveSmallIntegerField": "PositiveSmallIntegerField",
+        "SmallAutoField": "SmallAutoField",
+        "SmallIntegerField": "SmallIntegerField",
+        "TimeField": "TimeField",
     }
 
     # Can the backend introspect the column order (ASC/DESC) for indexes?
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseFeatures:
     has_case_insensitive_like = False
 
     # Suffix for backends that don't support "SELECT xxx;" queries.
-    bare_select_suffix = ''
+    bare_select_suffix = ""
 
     # If NULL is implied on columns without needing to be explicitly specified
     implied_column_null = False
@@ -325,10 +325,10 @@ class BaseDatabaseFeatures:
 
     # Collation names for use by the Django test suite.
     test_collations = {
-        'ci': None,  # Case-insensitive.
-        'cs': None,  # Case-sensitive.
-        'non_default': None,  # Non-default.
-        'swedish_ci': None  # Swedish case-insensitive.
+        "ci": None,  # Case-insensitive.
+        "cs": None,  # Case-sensitive.
+        "non_default": None,  # Non-default.
+        "swedish_ci": None,  # Swedish case-insensitive.
     }
     # SQL template override for tests.aggregation.tests.NowUTC
     test_now_utc_template = None
@@ -352,14 +352,14 @@ class BaseDatabaseFeatures:
     def supports_transactions(self):
         """Confirm support for transactions."""
         with self.connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute('CREATE TABLE ROLLBACK_TEST (X INT)')
+            cursor.execute("CREATE TABLE ROLLBACK_TEST (X INT)")
             self.connection.set_autocommit(False)
-            cursor.execute('INSERT INTO ROLLBACK_TEST (X) VALUES (8)')
+            cursor.execute("INSERT INTO ROLLBACK_TEST (X) VALUES (8)")
             self.connection.rollback()
             self.connection.set_autocommit(True)
-            cursor.execute('SELECT COUNT(X) FROM ROLLBACK_TEST')
-            count, = cursor.fetchone()
-            cursor.execute('DROP TABLE ROLLBACK_TEST')
+            cursor.execute("SELECT COUNT(X) FROM ROLLBACK_TEST")
+            (count,) = cursor.fetchone()
+            cursor.execute("DROP TABLE ROLLBACK_TEST")
         return count == 0
 
     def allows_group_by_selected_pks_on_model(self, model):
diff --git a/django/db/backends/base/introspection.py b/django/db/backends/base/introspection.py
index 079c1835b0..c8036ef1e9 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/base/introspection.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/base/introspection.py
@@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
 from collections import namedtuple
 
 # Structure returned by DatabaseIntrospection.get_table_list()
-TableInfo = namedtuple('TableInfo', ['name', 'type'])
+TableInfo = namedtuple("TableInfo", ["name", "type"])
 
 # Structure returned by the DB-API cursor.description interface (PEP 249)
 FieldInfo = namedtuple(
-    'FieldInfo',
-    'name type_code display_size internal_size precision scale null_ok '
-    'default collation'
+    "FieldInfo",
+    "name type_code display_size internal_size precision scale null_ok "
+    "default collation",
 )
 
 
 class BaseDatabaseIntrospection:
     """Encapsulate backend-specific introspection utilities."""
+
     data_types_reverse = {}
 
     def __init__(self, connection):
@@ -43,9 +44,14 @@ class BaseDatabaseIntrospection:
         the database's ORDER BY here to avoid subtle differences in sorting
         order between databases.
         """
+
         def get_names(cursor):
-            return sorted(ti.name for ti in self.get_table_list(cursor)
-                          if include_views or ti.type == 't')
+            return sorted(
+                ti.name
+                for ti in self.get_table_list(cursor)
+                if include_views or ti.type == "t"
+            )
+
         if cursor is None:
             with self.connection.cursor() as cursor:
                 return get_names(cursor)
@@ -56,7 +62,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseIntrospection:
         Return an unsorted list of TableInfo named tuples of all tables and
         views that exist in the database.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseDatabaseIntrospection may require a get_table_list() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseIntrospection may require a get_table_list() method"
+        )
 
     def get_table_description(self, cursor, table_name):
         """
@@ -64,13 +72,14 @@ class BaseDatabaseIntrospection:
         interface.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            'subclasses of BaseDatabaseIntrospection may require a '
-            'get_table_description() method.'
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseIntrospection may require a "
+            "get_table_description() method."
         )
 
     def get_migratable_models(self):
         from django.apps import apps
         from django.db import router
+
         return (
             model
             for app_config in apps.get_app_configs()
@@ -91,16 +100,15 @@ class BaseDatabaseIntrospection:
                 continue
             tables.add(model._meta.db_table)
             tables.update(
-                f.m2m_db_table() for f in model._meta.local_many_to_many
+                f.m2m_db_table()
+                for f in model._meta.local_many_to_many
                 if f.remote_field.through._meta.managed
             )
         tables = list(tables)
         if only_existing:
             existing_tables = set(self.table_names(include_views=include_views))
             tables = [
-                t
-                for t in tables
-                if self.identifier_converter(t) in existing_tables
+                t for t in tables if self.identifier_converter(t) in existing_tables
             ]
         return tables
 
@@ -111,7 +119,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseIntrospection:
         """
         tables = set(map(self.identifier_converter, tables))
         return {
-            m for m in self.get_migratable_models()
+            m
+            for m in self.get_migratable_models()
             if self.identifier_converter(m._meta.db_table) in tables
         }
 
@@ -127,13 +136,19 @@ class BaseDatabaseIntrospection:
                     continue
                 if model._meta.swapped:
                     continue
-                sequence_list.extend(self.get_sequences(cursor, model._meta.db_table, model._meta.local_fields))
+                sequence_list.extend(
+                    self.get_sequences(
+                        cursor, model._meta.db_table, model._meta.local_fields
+                    )
+                )
                 for f in model._meta.local_many_to_many:
                     # If this is an m2m using an intermediate table,
                     # we don't need to reset the sequence.
                     if f.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created:
                         sequence = self.get_sequences(cursor, f.m2m_db_table())
-                        sequence_list.extend(sequence or [{'table': f.m2m_db_table(), 'column': None}])
+                        sequence_list.extend(
+                            sequence or [{"table": f.m2m_db_table(), "column": None}]
+                        )
         return sequence_list
 
     def get_sequences(self, cursor, table_name, table_fields=()):
@@ -142,7 +157,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseIntrospection:
         is a dict: {'table': <table_name>, 'column': <column_name>}. An optional
         'name' key can be added if the backend supports named sequences.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseDatabaseIntrospection may require a get_sequences() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseIntrospection may require a get_sequences() method"
+        )
 
     def get_relations(self, cursor, table_name):
         """
@@ -150,8 +167,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseIntrospection:
         representing all foreign keys in the given table.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            'subclasses of BaseDatabaseIntrospection may require a '
-            'get_relations() method.'
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseIntrospection may require a "
+            "get_relations() method."
         )
 
     def get_primary_key_column(self, cursor, table_name):
@@ -159,8 +176,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseIntrospection:
         Return the name of the primary key column for the given table.
         """
         for constraint in self.get_constraints(cursor, table_name).values():
-            if constraint['primary_key']:
-                return constraint['columns'][0]
+            if constraint["primary_key"]:
+                return constraint["columns"][0]
         return None
 
     def get_constraints(self, cursor, table_name):
@@ -182,4 +199,6 @@ class BaseDatabaseIntrospection:
         Some backends may return special constraint names that don't exist
         if they don't name constraints of a certain type (e.g. SQLite)
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseDatabaseIntrospection may require a get_constraints() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseIntrospection may require a get_constraints() method"
+        )
diff --git a/django/db/backends/base/operations.py b/django/db/backends/base/operations.py
index 7422137304..5201e53af6 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/base/operations.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/base/operations.py
@@ -16,25 +16,26 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
     Encapsulate backend-specific differences, such as the way a backend
     performs ordering or calculates the ID of a recently-inserted row.
     """
+
     compiler_module = "django.db.models.sql.compiler"
 
     # Integer field safe ranges by `internal_type` as documented
     # in docs/ref/models/fields.txt.
     integer_field_ranges = {
-        'SmallIntegerField': (-32768, 32767),
-        'IntegerField': (-2147483648, 2147483647),
-        'BigIntegerField': (-9223372036854775808, 9223372036854775807),
-        'PositiveBigIntegerField': (0, 9223372036854775807),
-        'PositiveSmallIntegerField': (0, 32767),
-        'PositiveIntegerField': (0, 2147483647),
-        'SmallAutoField': (-32768, 32767),
-        'AutoField': (-2147483648, 2147483647),
-        'BigAutoField': (-9223372036854775808, 9223372036854775807),
+        "SmallIntegerField": (-32768, 32767),
+        "IntegerField": (-2147483648, 2147483647),
+        "BigIntegerField": (-9223372036854775808, 9223372036854775807),
+        "PositiveBigIntegerField": (0, 9223372036854775807),
+        "PositiveSmallIntegerField": (0, 32767),
+        "PositiveIntegerField": (0, 2147483647),
+        "SmallAutoField": (-32768, 32767),
+        "AutoField": (-2147483648, 2147483647),
+        "BigAutoField": (-9223372036854775808, 9223372036854775807),
     }
     set_operators = {
-        'union': 'UNION',
-        'intersection': 'INTERSECT',
-        'difference': 'EXCEPT',
+        "union": "UNION",
+        "intersection": "INTERSECT",
+        "difference": "EXCEPT",
     }
     # Mapping of Field.get_internal_type() (typically the model field's class
     # name) to the data type to use for the Cast() function, if different from
@@ -44,11 +45,11 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
     cast_char_field_without_max_length = None
 
     # Start and end points for window expressions.
-    PRECEDING = 'PRECEDING'
-    FOLLOWING = 'FOLLOWING'
-    UNBOUNDED_PRECEDING = 'UNBOUNDED ' + PRECEDING
-    UNBOUNDED_FOLLOWING = 'UNBOUNDED ' + FOLLOWING
-    CURRENT_ROW = 'CURRENT ROW'
+    PRECEDING = "PRECEDING"
+    FOLLOWING = "FOLLOWING"
+    UNBOUNDED_PRECEDING = "UNBOUNDED " + PRECEDING
+    UNBOUNDED_FOLLOWING = "UNBOUNDED " + FOLLOWING
+    CURRENT_ROW = "CURRENT ROW"
 
     # Prefix for EXPLAIN queries, or None EXPLAIN isn't supported.
     explain_prefix = None
@@ -76,8 +77,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
 
     def format_for_duration_arithmetic(self, sql):
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            'subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a '
-            'format_for_duration_arithmetic() method.'
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a "
+            "format_for_duration_arithmetic() method."
         )
 
     def cache_key_culling_sql(self):
@@ -88,8 +89,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         This is used by the 'db' cache backend to determine where to start
         culling.
         """
-        cache_key = self.quote_name('cache_key')
-        return f'SELECT {cache_key} FROM %s ORDER BY {cache_key} LIMIT 1 OFFSET %%s'
+        cache_key = self.quote_name("cache_key")
+        return f"SELECT {cache_key} FROM %s ORDER BY {cache_key} LIMIT 1 OFFSET %%s"
 
     def unification_cast_sql(self, output_field):
         """
@@ -97,14 +98,16 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         to that type. The resulting string should contain a '%s' placeholder
         for the expression being cast.
         """
-        return '%s'
+        return "%s"
 
     def date_extract_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name):
         """
         Given a lookup_type of 'year', 'month', or 'day', return the SQL that
         extracts a value from the given date field field_name.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a date_extract_sql() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a date_extract_sql() method"
+        )
 
     def date_trunc_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name, tzname=None):
         """
@@ -115,22 +118,26 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         If `tzname` is provided, the given value is truncated in a specific
         timezone.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a date_trunc_sql() method.')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a date_trunc_sql() method."
+        )
 
     def datetime_cast_date_sql(self, field_name, tzname):
         """
         Return the SQL to cast a datetime value to date value.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            'subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a '
-            'datetime_cast_date_sql() method.'
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a "
+            "datetime_cast_date_sql() method."
         )
 
     def datetime_cast_time_sql(self, field_name, tzname):
         """
         Return the SQL to cast a datetime value to time value.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a datetime_cast_time_sql() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a datetime_cast_time_sql() method"
+        )
 
     def datetime_extract_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name, tzname):
         """
@@ -138,7 +145,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         'second', return the SQL that extracts a value from the given
         datetime field field_name.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a datetime_extract_sql() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a datetime_extract_sql() method"
+        )
 
     def datetime_trunc_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name, tzname):
         """
@@ -146,7 +155,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         'second', return the SQL that truncates the given datetime field
         field_name to a datetime object with only the given specificity.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a datetime_trunc_sql() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a datetime_trunc_sql() method"
+        )
 
     def time_trunc_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name, tzname=None):
         """
@@ -157,7 +168,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         If `tzname` is provided, the given value is truncated in a specific
         timezone.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a time_trunc_sql() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a time_trunc_sql() method"
+        )
 
     def time_extract_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name):
         """
@@ -171,7 +184,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         Return the SQL to make a constraint "initially deferred" during a
         CREATE TABLE statement.
         """
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
     def distinct_sql(self, fields, params):
         """
@@ -180,9 +193,11 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         duplicates.
         """
         if fields:
-            raise NotSupportedError('DISTINCT ON fields is not supported by this database backend')
+            raise NotSupportedError(
+                "DISTINCT ON fields is not supported by this database backend"
+            )
         else:
-            return ['DISTINCT'], []
+            return ["DISTINCT"], []
 
     def fetch_returned_insert_columns(self, cursor, returning_params):
         """
@@ -198,7 +213,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         it in a WHERE statement. The resulting string should contain a '%s'
         placeholder for the column being searched against.
         """
-        return '%s'
+        return "%s"
 
     def force_no_ordering(self):
         """
@@ -211,11 +226,11 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         """
         Return the FOR UPDATE SQL clause to lock rows for an update operation.
         """
-        return 'FOR%s UPDATE%s%s%s' % (
-            ' NO KEY' if no_key else '',
-            ' OF %s' % ', '.join(of) if of else '',
-            ' NOWAIT' if nowait else '',
-            ' SKIP LOCKED' if skip_locked else '',
+        return "FOR%s UPDATE%s%s%s" % (
+            " NO KEY" if no_key else "",
+            " OF %s" % ", ".join(of) if of else "",
+            " NOWAIT" if nowait else "",
+            " SKIP LOCKED" if skip_locked else "",
         )
 
     def _get_limit_offset_params(self, low_mark, high_mark):
@@ -229,10 +244,14 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
     def limit_offset_sql(self, low_mark, high_mark):
         """Return LIMIT/OFFSET SQL clause."""
         limit, offset = self._get_limit_offset_params(low_mark, high_mark)
-        return ' '.join(sql for sql in (
-            ('LIMIT %d' % limit) if limit else None,
-            ('OFFSET %d' % offset) if offset else None,
-        ) if sql)
+        return " ".join(
+            sql
+            for sql in (
+                ("LIMIT %d" % limit) if limit else None,
+                ("OFFSET %d" % offset) if offset else None,
+            )
+            if sql
+        )
 
     def last_executed_query(self, cursor, sql, params):
         """
@@ -246,7 +265,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         """
         # Convert params to contain string values.
         def to_string(s):
-            return force_str(s, strings_only=True, errors='replace')
+            return force_str(s, strings_only=True, errors="replace")
+
         if isinstance(params, (list, tuple)):
             u_params = tuple(to_string(val) for val in params)
         elif params is None:
@@ -292,14 +312,16 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         Return the value to use for the LIMIT when we are wanting "LIMIT
         infinity". Return None if the limit clause can be omitted in this case.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a no_limit_value() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a no_limit_value() method"
+        )
 
     def pk_default_value(self):
         """
         Return the value to use during an INSERT statement to specify that
         the field should use its default value.
         """
-        return 'DEFAULT'
+        return "DEFAULT"
 
     def prepare_sql_script(self, sql):
         """
@@ -312,7 +334,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         """
         return [
             sqlparse.format(statement, strip_comments=True)
-            for statement in sqlparse.split(sql) if statement
+            for statement in sqlparse.split(sql)
+            if statement
         ]
 
     def process_clob(self, value):
@@ -345,7 +368,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         Return a quoted version of the given table, index, or column name. Do
         not quote the given name if it's already been quoted.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a quote_name() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a quote_name() method"
+        )
 
     def regex_lookup(self, lookup_type):
         """
@@ -356,7 +381,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         If the feature is not supported (or part of it is not supported), raise
         NotImplementedError.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a regex_lookup() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a regex_lookup() method"
+        )
 
     def savepoint_create_sql(self, sid):
         """
@@ -384,7 +411,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
 
         Return '' if the backend doesn't support time zones.
         """
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
     def sql_flush(self, style, tables, *, reset_sequences=False, allow_cascade=False):
         """
@@ -402,7 +429,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         to tables with foreign keys pointing the tables being truncated.
         PostgreSQL requires a cascade even if these tables are empty.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations must provide an sql_flush() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations must provide an sql_flush() method"
+        )
 
     def execute_sql_flush(self, sql_list):
         """Execute a list of SQL statements to flush the database."""
@@ -453,7 +482,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         If `inline` is True, append the SQL to a row; otherwise append it to
         the entire CREATE TABLE or CREATE INDEX statement.
         """
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
     def prep_for_like_query(self, x):
         """Prepare a value for use in a LIKE query."""
@@ -479,7 +508,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         cases where the target type isn't known, such as .raw() SQL queries.
         As a consequence it may not work perfectly in all circumstances.
         """
-        if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):   # must be before date
+        if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):  # must be before date
             return self.adapt_datetimefield_value(value)
         elif isinstance(value, datetime.date):
             return self.adapt_datefield_value(value)
@@ -507,7 +536,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         if value is None:
             return None
         # Expression values are adapted by the database.
-        if hasattr(value, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if hasattr(value, "resolve_expression"):
             return value
 
         return str(value)
@@ -520,7 +549,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         if value is None:
             return None
         # Expression values are adapted by the database.
-        if hasattr(value, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if hasattr(value, "resolve_expression"):
             return value
 
         if timezone.is_aware(value):
@@ -552,10 +581,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         """
         if iso_year:
             first = datetime.date.fromisocalendar(value, 1, 1)
-            second = (
-                datetime.date.fromisocalendar(value + 1, 1, 1) -
-                datetime.timedelta(days=1)
-            )
+            second = datetime.date.fromisocalendar(
+                value + 1, 1, 1
+            ) - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
         else:
             first = datetime.date(value, 1, 1)
             second = datetime.date(value, 12, 31)
@@ -574,10 +602,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         """
         if iso_year:
             first = datetime.datetime.fromisocalendar(value, 1, 1)
-            second = (
-                datetime.datetime.fromisocalendar(value + 1, 1, 1) -
-                datetime.timedelta(microseconds=1)
-            )
+            second = datetime.datetime.fromisocalendar(
+                value + 1, 1, 1
+            ) - datetime.timedelta(microseconds=1)
         else:
             first = datetime.datetime(value, 1, 1)
             second = datetime.datetime(value, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999)
@@ -627,7 +654,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         can vary between backends (e.g., Oracle with %% and &) and between
         subexpression types (e.g., date expressions).
         """
-        conn = ' %s ' % connector
+        conn = " %s " % connector
         return conn.join(sub_expressions)
 
     def combine_duration_expression(self, connector, sub_expressions):
@@ -638,7 +665,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         Some backends require special syntax to insert binary content (MySQL
         for example uses '_binary %s').
         """
-        return '%s'
+        return "%s"
 
     def modify_insert_params(self, placeholder, params):
         """
@@ -659,66 +686,76 @@ class BaseDatabaseOperations:
         if self.connection.features.supports_temporal_subtraction:
             lhs_sql, lhs_params = lhs
             rhs_sql, rhs_params = rhs
-            return '(%s - %s)' % (lhs_sql, rhs_sql), (*lhs_params, *rhs_params)
-        raise NotSupportedError("This backend does not support %s subtraction." % internal_type)
+            return "(%s - %s)" % (lhs_sql, rhs_sql), (*lhs_params, *rhs_params)
+        raise NotSupportedError(
+            "This backend does not support %s subtraction." % internal_type
+        )
 
     def window_frame_start(self, start):
         if isinstance(start, int):
             if start < 0:
-                return '%d %s' % (abs(start), self.PRECEDING)
+                return "%d %s" % (abs(start), self.PRECEDING)
             elif start == 0:
                 return self.CURRENT_ROW
         elif start is None:
             return self.UNBOUNDED_PRECEDING
-        raise ValueError("start argument must be a negative integer, zero, or None, but got '%s'." % start)
+        raise ValueError(
+            "start argument must be a negative integer, zero, or None, but got '%s'."
+            % start
+        )
 
     def window_frame_end(self, end):
         if isinstance(end, int):
             if end == 0:
                 return self.CURRENT_ROW
             elif end > 0:
-                return '%d %s' % (end, self.FOLLOWING)
+                return "%d %s" % (end, self.FOLLOWING)
         elif end is None:
             return self.UNBOUNDED_FOLLOWING
-        raise ValueError("end argument must be a positive integer, zero, or None, but got '%s'." % end)
+        raise ValueError(
+            "end argument must be a positive integer, zero, or None, but got '%s'."
+            % end
+        )
 
     def window_frame_rows_start_end(self, start=None, end=None):
         """
         Return SQL for start and end points in an OVER clause window frame.
         """
         if not self.connection.features.supports_over_clause:
-            raise NotSupportedError('This backend does not support window expressions.')
+            raise NotSupportedError("This backend does not support window expressions.")
         return self.window_frame_start(start), self.window_frame_end(end)
 
     def window_frame_range_start_end(self, start=None, end=None):
         start_, end_ = self.window_frame_rows_start_end(start, end)
         if (
-            self.connection.features.only_supports_unbounded_with_preceding_and_following and
-            ((start and start < 0) or (end and end > 0))
+            self.connection.features.only_supports_unbounded_with_preceding_and_following
+            and ((start and start < 0) or (end and end > 0))
         ):
             raise NotSupportedError(
-                '%s only supports UNBOUNDED together with PRECEDING and '
-                'FOLLOWING.' % self.connection.display_name
+                "%s only supports UNBOUNDED together with PRECEDING and "
+                "FOLLOWING." % self.connection.display_name
             )
         return start_, end_
 
     def explain_query_prefix(self, format=None, **options):
         if not self.connection.features.supports_explaining_query_execution:
-            raise NotSupportedError('This backend does not support explaining query execution.')
+            raise NotSupportedError(
+                "This backend does not support explaining query execution."
+            )
         if format:
             supported_formats = self.connection.features.supported_explain_formats
             normalized_format = format.upper()
             if normalized_format not in supported_formats:
-                msg = '%s is not a recognized format.' % normalized_format
+                msg = "%s is not a recognized format." % normalized_format
                 if supported_formats:
-                    msg += ' Allowed formats: %s' % ', '.join(sorted(supported_formats))
+                    msg += " Allowed formats: %s" % ", ".join(sorted(supported_formats))
                 raise ValueError(msg)
         if options:
-            raise ValueError('Unknown options: %s' % ', '.join(sorted(options.keys())))
+            raise ValueError("Unknown options: %s" % ", ".join(sorted(options.keys())))
         return self.explain_prefix
 
     def insert_statement(self, on_conflict=None):
-        return 'INSERT INTO'
+        return "INSERT INTO"
 
     def on_conflict_suffix_sql(self, fields, on_conflict, update_fields, unique_fields):
-        return ''
+        return ""
diff --git a/django/db/backends/base/schema.py b/django/db/backends/base/schema.py
index 4cd4567cbc..ea98e86b77 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/base/schema.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/base/schema.py
@@ -2,7 +2,12 @@ import logging
 from datetime import datetime
 
 from django.db.backends.ddl_references import (
-    Columns, Expressions, ForeignKeyName, IndexName, Statement, Table,
+    Columns,
+    Expressions,
+    ForeignKeyName,
+    IndexName,
+    Statement,
+    Table,
 )
 from django.db.backends.utils import names_digest, split_identifier
 from django.db.models import Deferrable, Index
@@ -10,7 +15,7 @@ from django.db.models.sql import Query
 from django.db.transaction import TransactionManagementError, atomic
 from django.utils import timezone
 
-logger = logging.getLogger('django.db.backends.schema')
+logger = logging.getLogger("django.db.backends.schema")
 
 
 def _is_relevant_relation(relation, altered_field):
@@ -31,7 +36,10 @@ def _is_relevant_relation(relation, altered_field):
 
 def _all_related_fields(model):
     return model._meta._get_fields(
-        forward=False, reverse=True, include_hidden=True, include_parents=False,
+        forward=False,
+        reverse=True,
+        include_hidden=True,
+        include_parents=False,
     )
 
 
@@ -39,8 +47,16 @@ def _related_non_m2m_objects(old_field, new_field):
     # Filter out m2m objects from reverse relations.
     # Return (old_relation, new_relation) tuples.
     related_fields = zip(
-        (obj for obj in _all_related_fields(old_field.model) if _is_relevant_relation(obj, old_field)),
-        (obj for obj in _all_related_fields(new_field.model) if _is_relevant_relation(obj, new_field)),
+        (
+            obj
+            for obj in _all_related_fields(old_field.model)
+            if _is_relevant_relation(obj, old_field)
+        ),
+        (
+            obj
+            for obj in _all_related_fields(new_field.model)
+            if _is_relevant_relation(obj, new_field)
+        ),
     )
     for old_rel, new_rel in related_fields:
         yield old_rel, new_rel
@@ -73,8 +89,12 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
     sql_alter_column_no_default_null = sql_alter_column_no_default
     sql_alter_column_collate = "ALTER COLUMN %(column)s TYPE %(type)s%(collation)s"
     sql_delete_column = "ALTER TABLE %(table)s DROP COLUMN %(column)s CASCADE"
-    sql_rename_column = "ALTER TABLE %(table)s RENAME COLUMN %(old_column)s TO %(new_column)s"
-    sql_update_with_default = "UPDATE %(table)s SET %(column)s = %(default)s WHERE %(column)s IS NULL"
+    sql_rename_column = (
+        "ALTER TABLE %(table)s RENAME COLUMN %(old_column)s TO %(new_column)s"
+    )
+    sql_update_with_default = (
+        "UPDATE %(table)s SET %(column)s = %(default)s WHERE %(column)s IS NULL"
+    )
 
     sql_unique_constraint = "UNIQUE (%(columns)s)%(deferrable)s"
     sql_check_constraint = "CHECK (%(check)s)"
@@ -99,10 +119,12 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
     sql_create_unique_index = "CREATE UNIQUE INDEX %(name)s ON %(table)s (%(columns)s)%(include)s%(condition)s"
     sql_delete_index = "DROP INDEX %(name)s"
 
-    sql_create_pk = "ALTER TABLE %(table)s ADD CONSTRAINT %(name)s PRIMARY KEY (%(columns)s)"
+    sql_create_pk = (
+        "ALTER TABLE %(table)s ADD CONSTRAINT %(name)s PRIMARY KEY (%(columns)s)"
+    )
     sql_delete_pk = sql_delete_constraint
 
-    sql_delete_procedure = 'DROP PROCEDURE %(procedure)s'
+    sql_delete_procedure = "DROP PROCEDURE %(procedure)s"
 
     def __init__(self, connection, collect_sql=False, atomic=True):
         self.connection = connection
@@ -133,7 +155,11 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
         """Execute the given SQL statement, with optional parameters."""
         # Don't perform the transactional DDL check if SQL is being collected
         # as it's not going to be executed anyway.
-        if not self.collect_sql and self.connection.in_atomic_block and not self.connection.features.can_rollback_ddl:
+        if (
+            not self.collect_sql
+            and self.connection.in_atomic_block
+            and not self.connection.features.can_rollback_ddl
+        ):
             raise TransactionManagementError(
                 "Executing DDL statements while in a transaction on databases "
                 "that can't perform a rollback is prohibited."
@@ -141,11 +167,15 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
         # Account for non-string statement objects.
         sql = str(sql)
         # Log the command we're running, then run it
-        logger.debug("%s; (params %r)", sql, params, extra={'params': params, 'sql': sql})
+        logger.debug(
+            "%s; (params %r)", sql, params, extra={"params": params, "sql": sql}
+        )
         if self.collect_sql:
             ending = "" if sql.rstrip().endswith(";") else ";"
             if params is not None:
-                self.collected_sql.append((sql % tuple(map(self.quote_value, params))) + ending)
+                self.collected_sql.append(
+                    (sql % tuple(map(self.quote_value, params))) + ending
+                )
             else:
                 self.collected_sql.append(sql + ending)
         else:
@@ -172,59 +202,82 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
                 continue
             # Check constraints can go on the column SQL here.
             db_params = field.db_parameters(connection=self.connection)
-            if db_params['check']:
-                definition += ' ' + self.sql_check_constraint % db_params
+            if db_params["check"]:
+                definition += " " + self.sql_check_constraint % db_params
             # Autoincrement SQL (for backends with inline variant).
             col_type_suffix = field.db_type_suffix(connection=self.connection)
             if col_type_suffix:
-                definition += ' %s' % col_type_suffix
+                definition += " %s" % col_type_suffix
             params.extend(extra_params)
             # FK.
             if field.remote_field and field.db_constraint:
                 to_table = field.remote_field.model._meta.db_table
-                to_column = field.remote_field.model._meta.get_field(field.remote_field.field_name).column
+                to_column = field.remote_field.model._meta.get_field(
+                    field.remote_field.field_name
+                ).column
                 if self.sql_create_inline_fk:
-                    definition += ' ' + self.sql_create_inline_fk % {
-                        'to_table': self.quote_name(to_table),
-                        'to_column': self.quote_name(to_column),
+                    definition += " " + self.sql_create_inline_fk % {
+                        "to_table": self.quote_name(to_table),
+                        "to_column": self.quote_name(to_column),
                     }
                 elif self.connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
-                    self.deferred_sql.append(self._create_fk_sql(model, field, '_fk_%(to_table)s_%(to_column)s'))
+                    self.deferred_sql.append(
+                        self._create_fk_sql(
+                            model, field, "_fk_%(to_table)s_%(to_column)s"
+                        )
+                    )
             # Add the SQL to our big list.
-            column_sqls.append('%s %s' % (
-                self.quote_name(field.column),
-                definition,
-            ))
+            column_sqls.append(
+                "%s %s"
+                % (
+                    self.quote_name(field.column),
+                    definition,
+                )
+            )
             # Autoincrement SQL (for backends with post table definition
             # variant).
-            if field.get_internal_type() in ('AutoField', 'BigAutoField', 'SmallAutoField'):
-                autoinc_sql = self.connection.ops.autoinc_sql(model._meta.db_table, field.column)
+            if field.get_internal_type() in (
+                "AutoField",
+                "BigAutoField",
+                "SmallAutoField",
+            ):
+                autoinc_sql = self.connection.ops.autoinc_sql(
+                    model._meta.db_table, field.column
+                )
                 if autoinc_sql:
                     self.deferred_sql.extend(autoinc_sql)
-        constraints = [constraint.constraint_sql(model, self) for constraint in model._meta.constraints]
+        constraints = [
+            constraint.constraint_sql(model, self)
+            for constraint in model._meta.constraints
+        ]
         sql = self.sql_create_table % {
-            'table': self.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
-            'definition': ', '.join(constraint for constraint in (*column_sqls, *constraints) if constraint),
+            "table": self.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
+            "definition": ", ".join(
+                constraint for constraint in (*column_sqls, *constraints) if constraint
+            ),
         }
         if model._meta.db_tablespace:
-            tablespace_sql = self.connection.ops.tablespace_sql(model._meta.db_tablespace)
+            tablespace_sql = self.connection.ops.tablespace_sql(
+                model._meta.db_tablespace
+            )
             if tablespace_sql:
-                sql += ' ' + tablespace_sql
+                sql += " " + tablespace_sql
         return sql, params
 
     # Field <-> database mapping functions
 
     def _iter_column_sql(self, column_db_type, params, model, field, include_default):
         yield column_db_type
-        collation = getattr(field, 'db_collation', None)
+        collation = getattr(field, "db_collation", None)
         if collation:
             yield self._collate_sql(collation)
         # Work out nullability.
         null = field.null
         # Include a default value, if requested.
         include_default = (
-            include_default and
-            not self.skip_default(field) and
+            include_default
+            and not self.skip_default(field)
+            and
             # Don't include a default value if it's a nullable field and the
             # default cannot be dropped in the ALTER COLUMN statement (e.g.
             # MySQL longtext and longblob).
@@ -233,7 +286,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
         if include_default:
             default_value = self.effective_default(field)
             if default_value is not None:
-                column_default = 'DEFAULT ' + self._column_default_sql(field)
+                column_default = "DEFAULT " + self._column_default_sql(field)
                 if self.connection.features.requires_literal_defaults:
                     # Some databases can't take defaults as a parameter (Oracle).
                     # If this is the case, the individual schema backend should
@@ -244,20 +297,27 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
                     params.append(default_value)
         # Oracle treats the empty string ('') as null, so coerce the null
         # option whenever '' is a possible value.
-        if (field.empty_strings_allowed and not field.primary_key and
-                self.connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls):
+        if (
+            field.empty_strings_allowed
+            and not field.primary_key
+            and self.connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls
+        ):
             null = True
         if not null:
-            yield 'NOT NULL'
+            yield "NOT NULL"
         elif not self.connection.features.implied_column_null:
-            yield 'NULL'
+            yield "NULL"
         if field.primary_key:
-            yield 'PRIMARY KEY'
+            yield "PRIMARY KEY"
         elif field.unique:
-            yield 'UNIQUE'
+            yield "UNIQUE"
         # Optionally add the tablespace if it's an implicitly indexed column.
         tablespace = field.db_tablespace or model._meta.db_tablespace
-        if tablespace and self.connection.features.supports_tablespaces and field.unique:
+        if (
+            tablespace
+            and self.connection.features.supports_tablespaces
+            and field.unique
+        ):
             yield self.connection.ops.tablespace_sql(tablespace, inline=True)
 
     def column_sql(self, model, field, include_default=False):
@@ -267,15 +327,20 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
         """
         # Get the column's type and use that as the basis of the SQL.
         db_params = field.db_parameters(connection=self.connection)
-        column_db_type = db_params['type']
+        column_db_type = db_params["type"]
         # Check for fields that aren't actually columns (e.g. M2M).
         if column_db_type is None:
             return None, None
         params = []
-        return ' '.join(
-            # This appends to the params being returned.
-            self._iter_column_sql(column_db_type, params, model, field, include_default)
-        ), params
+        return (
+            " ".join(
+                # This appends to the params being returned.
+                self._iter_column_sql(
+                    column_db_type, params, model, field, include_default
+                )
+            ),
+            params,
+        )
 
     def skip_default(self, field):
         """
@@ -296,8 +361,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
         Only used for backends which have requires_literal_defaults feature
         """
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            'subclasses of BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor for backends which have '
-            'requires_literal_defaults must provide a prepare_default() method'
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor for backends which have "
+            "requires_literal_defaults must provide a prepare_default() method"
         )
 
     def _column_default_sql(self, field):
@@ -305,7 +370,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
         Return the SQL to use in a DEFAULT clause. The resulting string should
         contain a '%s' placeholder for a default value.
         """
-        return '%s'
+        return "%s"
 
     @staticmethod
     def _effective_default(field):
@@ -314,18 +379,18 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
             default = field.get_default()
         elif not field.null and field.blank and field.empty_strings_allowed:
             if field.get_internal_type() == "BinaryField":
-                default = b''
+                default = b""
             else:
-                default = ''
-        elif getattr(field, 'auto_now', False) or getattr(field, 'auto_now_add', False):
+                default = ""
+        elif getattr(field, "auto_now", False) or getattr(field, "auto_now_add", False):
             internal_type = field.get_internal_type()
-            if internal_type == 'DateTimeField':
+            if internal_type == "DateTimeField":
                 default = timezone.now()
             else:
                 default = datetime.now()
-                if internal_type == 'DateField':
+                if internal_type == "DateField":
                     default = default.date()
-                elif internal_type == 'TimeField':
+                elif internal_type == "TimeField":
                     default = default.time()
         else:
             default = None
@@ -372,19 +437,24 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
                 self.delete_model(field.remote_field.through)
 
         # Delete the table
-        self.execute(self.sql_delete_table % {
-            "table": self.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
-        })
+        self.execute(
+            self.sql_delete_table
+            % {
+                "table": self.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
+            }
+        )
         # Remove all deferred statements referencing the deleted table.
         for sql in list(self.deferred_sql):
-            if isinstance(sql, Statement) and sql.references_table(model._meta.db_table):
+            if isinstance(sql, Statement) and sql.references_table(
+                model._meta.db_table
+            ):
                 self.deferred_sql.remove(sql)
 
     def add_index(self, model, index):
         """Add an index on a model."""
         if (
-            index.contains_expressions and
-            not self.connection.features.supports_expression_indexes
+            index.contains_expressions
+            and not self.connection.features.supports_expression_indexes
         ):
             return None
         # Index.create_sql returns interpolated SQL which makes params=None a
@@ -394,8 +464,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
     def remove_index(self, model, index):
         """Remove an index from a model."""
         if (
-            index.contains_expressions and
-            not self.connection.features.supports_expression_indexes
+            index.contains_expressions
+            and not self.connection.features.supports_expression_indexes
         ):
             return None
         self.execute(index.remove_sql(model, self))
@@ -424,7 +494,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
         news = {tuple(fields) for fields in new_unique_together}
         # Deleted uniques
         for fields in olds.difference(news):
-            self._delete_composed_index(model, fields, {'unique': True}, self.sql_delete_unique)
+            self._delete_composed_index(
+                model, fields, {"unique": True}, self.sql_delete_unique
+            )
         # Created uniques
         for field_names in news.difference(olds):
             fields = [model._meta.get_field(field) for field in field_names]
@@ -443,40 +515,51 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
             self._delete_composed_index(
                 model,
                 fields,
-                {'index': True, 'unique': False},
+                {"index": True, "unique": False},
                 self.sql_delete_index,
             )
         # Created indexes
         for field_names in news.difference(olds):
             fields = [model._meta.get_field(field) for field in field_names]
-            self.execute(self._create_index_sql(model, fields=fields, suffix='_idx'))
+            self.execute(self._create_index_sql(model, fields=fields, suffix="_idx"))
 
     def _delete_composed_index(self, model, fields, constraint_kwargs, sql):
-        meta_constraint_names = {constraint.name for constraint in model._meta.constraints}
+        meta_constraint_names = {
+            constraint.name for constraint in model._meta.constraints
+        }
         meta_index_names = {constraint.name for constraint in model._meta.indexes}
         columns = [model._meta.get_field(field).column for field in fields]
         constraint_names = self._constraint_names(
-            model, columns, exclude=meta_constraint_names | meta_index_names,
-            **constraint_kwargs
+            model,
+            columns,
+            exclude=meta_constraint_names | meta_index_names,
+            **constraint_kwargs,
         )
         if len(constraint_names) != 1:
-            raise ValueError("Found wrong number (%s) of constraints for %s(%s)" % (
-                len(constraint_names),
-                model._meta.db_table,
-                ", ".join(columns),
-            ))
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Found wrong number (%s) of constraints for %s(%s)"
+                % (
+                    len(constraint_names),
+                    model._meta.db_table,
+                    ", ".join(columns),
+                )
+            )
         self.execute(self._delete_constraint_sql(sql, model, constraint_names[0]))
 
     def alter_db_table(self, model, old_db_table, new_db_table):
         """Rename the table a model points to."""
-        if (old_db_table == new_db_table or
-            (self.connection.features.ignores_table_name_case and
-                old_db_table.lower() == new_db_table.lower())):
+        if old_db_table == new_db_table or (
+            self.connection.features.ignores_table_name_case
+            and old_db_table.lower() == new_db_table.lower()
+        ):
             return
-        self.execute(self.sql_rename_table % {
-            "old_table": self.quote_name(old_db_table),
-            "new_table": self.quote_name(new_db_table),
-        })
+        self.execute(
+            self.sql_rename_table
+            % {
+                "old_table": self.quote_name(old_db_table),
+                "new_table": self.quote_name(new_db_table),
+            }
+        )
         # Rename all references to the old table name.
         for sql in self.deferred_sql:
             if isinstance(sql, Statement):
@@ -484,11 +567,14 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
 
     def alter_db_tablespace(self, model, old_db_tablespace, new_db_tablespace):
         """Move a model's table between tablespaces."""
-        self.execute(self.sql_retablespace_table % {
-            "table": self.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
-            "old_tablespace": self.quote_name(old_db_tablespace),
-            "new_tablespace": self.quote_name(new_db_tablespace),
-        })
+        self.execute(
+            self.sql_retablespace_table
+            % {
+                "table": self.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
+                "old_tablespace": self.quote_name(old_db_tablespace),
+                "new_tablespace": self.quote_name(new_db_tablespace),
+            }
+        )
 
     def add_field(self, model, field):
         """
@@ -505,26 +591,36 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
             return
         # Check constraints can go on the column SQL here
         db_params = field.db_parameters(connection=self.connection)
-        if db_params['check']:
+        if db_params["check"]:
             definition += " " + self.sql_check_constraint % db_params
-        if field.remote_field and self.connection.features.supports_foreign_keys and field.db_constraint:
-            constraint_suffix = '_fk_%(to_table)s_%(to_column)s'
+        if (
+            field.remote_field
+            and self.connection.features.supports_foreign_keys
+            and field.db_constraint
+        ):
+            constraint_suffix = "_fk_%(to_table)s_%(to_column)s"
             # Add FK constraint inline, if supported.
             if self.sql_create_column_inline_fk:
                 to_table = field.remote_field.model._meta.db_table
-                to_column = field.remote_field.model._meta.get_field(field.remote_field.field_name).column
+                to_column = field.remote_field.model._meta.get_field(
+                    field.remote_field.field_name
+                ).column
                 namespace, _ = split_identifier(model._meta.db_table)
                 definition += " " + self.sql_create_column_inline_fk % {
-                    'name': self._fk_constraint_name(model, field, constraint_suffix),
-                    'namespace': '%s.' % self.quote_name(namespace) if namespace else '',
-                    'column': self.quote_name(field.column),
-                    'to_table': self.quote_name(to_table),
-                    'to_column': self.quote_name(to_column),
-                    'deferrable': self.connection.ops.deferrable_sql()
+                    "name": self._fk_constraint_name(model, field, constraint_suffix),
+                    "namespace": "%s." % self.quote_name(namespace)
+                    if namespace
+                    else "",
+                    "column": self.quote_name(field.column),
+                    "to_table": self.quote_name(to_table),
+                    "to_column": self.quote_name(to_column),
+                    "deferrable": self.connection.ops.deferrable_sql(),
                 }
             # Otherwise, add FK constraints later.
             else:
-                self.deferred_sql.append(self._create_fk_sql(model, field, constraint_suffix))
+                self.deferred_sql.append(
+                    self._create_fk_sql(model, field, constraint_suffix)
+                )
         # Build the SQL and run it
         sql = self.sql_create_column % {
             "table": self.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
@@ -534,8 +630,13 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
         self.execute(sql, params)
         # Drop the default if we need to
         # (Django usually does not use in-database defaults)
-        if not self.skip_default_on_alter(field) and self.effective_default(field) is not None:
-            changes_sql, params = self._alter_column_default_sql(model, None, field, drop=True)
+        if (
+            not self.skip_default_on_alter(field)
+            and self.effective_default(field) is not None
+        ):
+            changes_sql, params = self._alter_column_default_sql(
+                model, None, field, drop=True
+            )
             sql = self.sql_alter_column % {
                 "table": self.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
                 "changes": changes_sql,
@@ -556,7 +657,7 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
         if field.many_to_many and field.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created:
             return self.delete_model(field.remote_field.through)
         # It might not actually have a column behind it
-        if field.db_parameters(connection=self.connection)['type'] is None:
+        if field.db_parameters(connection=self.connection)["type"] is None:
             return
         # Drop any FK constraints, MySQL requires explicit deletion
         if field.remote_field:
@@ -574,7 +675,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
             self.connection.close()
         # Remove all deferred statements referencing the deleted column.
         for sql in list(self.deferred_sql):
-            if isinstance(sql, Statement) and sql.references_column(model._meta.db_table, field.column):
+            if isinstance(sql, Statement) and sql.references_column(
+                model._meta.db_table, field.column
+            ):
                 self.deferred_sql.remove(sql)
 
     def alter_field(self, model, old_field, new_field, strict=False):
@@ -589,25 +692,38 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
             return
         # Ensure this field is even column-based
         old_db_params = old_field.db_parameters(connection=self.connection)
-        old_type = old_db_params['type']
+        old_type = old_db_params["type"]
         new_db_params = new_field.db_parameters(connection=self.connection)
-        new_type = new_db_params['type']
-        if ((old_type is None and old_field.remote_field is None) or
-                (new_type is None and new_field.remote_field is None)):
+        new_type = new_db_params["type"]
+        if (old_type is None and old_field.remote_field is None) or (
+            new_type is None and new_field.remote_field is None
+        ):
             raise ValueError(
                 "Cannot alter field %s into %s - they do not properly define "
-                "db_type (are you using a badly-written custom field?)" %
-                (old_field, new_field),
+                "db_type (are you using a badly-written custom field?)"
+                % (old_field, new_field),
             )
-        elif old_type is None and new_type is None and (
-                old_field.remote_field.through and new_field.remote_field.through and
-                old_field.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created and
-                new_field.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created):
+        elif (
+            old_type is None
+            and new_type is None
+            and (
+                old_field.remote_field.through
+                and new_field.remote_field.through
+                and old_field.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created
+                and new_field.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created
+            )
+        ):
             return self._alter_many_to_many(model, old_field, new_field, strict)
-        elif old_type is None and new_type is None and (
-                old_field.remote_field.through and new_field.remote_field.through and
-                not old_field.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created and
-                not new_field.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created):
+        elif (
+            old_type is None
+            and new_type is None
+            and (
+                old_field.remote_field.through
+                and new_field.remote_field.through
+                and not old_field.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created
+                and not new_field.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created
+            )
+        ):
             # Both sides have through models; this is a no-op.
             return
         elif old_type is None or new_type is None:
@@ -617,52 +733,86 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
                 "through= on M2M fields)" % (old_field, new_field)
             )
 
-        self._alter_field(model, old_field, new_field, old_type, new_type,
-                          old_db_params, new_db_params, strict)
+        self._alter_field(
+            model,
+            old_field,
+            new_field,
+            old_type,
+            new_type,
+            old_db_params,
+            new_db_params,
+            strict,
+        )
 
-    def _alter_field(self, model, old_field, new_field, old_type, new_type,
-                     old_db_params, new_db_params, strict=False):
+    def _alter_field(
+        self,
+        model,
+        old_field,
+        new_field,
+        old_type,
+        new_type,
+        old_db_params,
+        new_db_params,
+        strict=False,
+    ):
         """Perform a "physical" (non-ManyToMany) field update."""
         # Drop any FK constraints, we'll remake them later
         fks_dropped = set()
         if (
-            self.connection.features.supports_foreign_keys and
-            old_field.remote_field and
-            old_field.db_constraint
+            self.connection.features.supports_foreign_keys
+            and old_field.remote_field
+            and old_field.db_constraint
         ):
-            fk_names = self._constraint_names(model, [old_field.column], foreign_key=True)
+            fk_names = self._constraint_names(
+                model, [old_field.column], foreign_key=True
+            )
             if strict and len(fk_names) != 1:
-                raise ValueError("Found wrong number (%s) of foreign key constraints for %s.%s" % (
-                    len(fk_names),
-                    model._meta.db_table,
-                    old_field.column,
-                ))
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Found wrong number (%s) of foreign key constraints for %s.%s"
+                    % (
+                        len(fk_names),
+                        model._meta.db_table,
+                        old_field.column,
+                    )
+                )
             for fk_name in fk_names:
                 fks_dropped.add((old_field.column,))
                 self.execute(self._delete_fk_sql(model, fk_name))
         # Has unique been removed?
-        if old_field.unique and (not new_field.unique or self._field_became_primary_key(old_field, new_field)):
+        if old_field.unique and (
+            not new_field.unique or self._field_became_primary_key(old_field, new_field)
+        ):
             # Find the unique constraint for this field
-            meta_constraint_names = {constraint.name for constraint in model._meta.constraints}
+            meta_constraint_names = {
+                constraint.name for constraint in model._meta.constraints
+            }
             constraint_names = self._constraint_names(
-                model, [old_field.column], unique=True, primary_key=False,
+                model,
+                [old_field.column],
+                unique=True,
+                primary_key=False,
                 exclude=meta_constraint_names,
             )
             if strict and len(constraint_names) != 1:
-                raise ValueError("Found wrong number (%s) of unique constraints for %s.%s" % (
-                    len(constraint_names),
-                    model._meta.db_table,
-                    old_field.column,
-                ))
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Found wrong number (%s) of unique constraints for %s.%s"
+                    % (
+                        len(constraint_names),
+                        model._meta.db_table,
+                        old_field.column,
+                    )
+                )
             for constraint_name in constraint_names:
                 self.execute(self._delete_unique_sql(model, constraint_name))
         # Drop incoming FK constraints if the field is a primary key or unique,
         # which might be a to_field target, and things are going to change.
         drop_foreign_keys = (
-            self.connection.features.supports_foreign_keys and (
-                (old_field.primary_key and new_field.primary_key) or
-                (old_field.unique and new_field.unique)
-            ) and old_type != new_type
+            self.connection.features.supports_foreign_keys
+            and (
+                (old_field.primary_key and new_field.primary_key)
+                or (old_field.unique and new_field.unique)
+            )
+            and old_type != new_type
         )
         if drop_foreign_keys:
             # '_meta.related_field' also contains M2M reverse fields, these
@@ -683,13 +833,20 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
         # True               | False            | False              | False
         # True               | False            | False              | True
         # True               | False            | True               | True
-        if old_field.db_index and not old_field.unique and (not new_field.db_index or new_field.unique):
+        if (
+            old_field.db_index
+            and not old_field.unique
+            and (not new_field.db_index or new_field.unique)
+        ):
             # Find the index for this field
             meta_index_names = {index.name for index in model._meta.indexes}
             # Retrieve only BTREE indexes since this is what's created with
             # db_index=True.
             index_names = self._constraint_names(
-                model, [old_field.column], index=True, type_=Index.suffix,
+                model,
+                [old_field.column],
+                index=True,
+                type_=Index.suffix,
                 exclude=meta_index_names,
             )
             for index_name in index_names:
@@ -698,41 +855,58 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
                 # is to look at its name (refs #28053).
                 self.execute(self._delete_index_sql(model, index_name))
         # Change check constraints?
-        if old_db_params['check'] != new_db_params['check'] and old_db_params['check']:
-            meta_constraint_names = {constraint.name for constraint in model._meta.constraints}
+        if old_db_params["check"] != new_db_params["check"] and old_db_params["check"]:
+            meta_constraint_names = {
+                constraint.name for constraint in model._meta.constraints
+            }
             constraint_names = self._constraint_names(
-                model, [old_field.column], check=True,
+                model,
+                [old_field.column],
+                check=True,
                 exclude=meta_constraint_names,
             )
             if strict and len(constraint_names) != 1:
-                raise ValueError("Found wrong number (%s) of check constraints for %s.%s" % (
-                    len(constraint_names),
-                    model._meta.db_table,
-                    old_field.column,
-                ))
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Found wrong number (%s) of check constraints for %s.%s"
+                    % (
+                        len(constraint_names),
+                        model._meta.db_table,
+                        old_field.column,
+                    )
+                )
             for constraint_name in constraint_names:
                 self.execute(self._delete_check_sql(model, constraint_name))
         # Have they renamed the column?
         if old_field.column != new_field.column:
-            self.execute(self._rename_field_sql(model._meta.db_table, old_field, new_field, new_type))
+            self.execute(
+                self._rename_field_sql(
+                    model._meta.db_table, old_field, new_field, new_type
+                )
+            )
             # Rename all references to the renamed column.
             for sql in self.deferred_sql:
                 if isinstance(sql, Statement):
-                    sql.rename_column_references(model._meta.db_table, old_field.column, new_field.column)
+                    sql.rename_column_references(
+                        model._meta.db_table, old_field.column, new_field.column
+                    )
         # Next, start accumulating actions to do
         actions = []
         null_actions = []
         post_actions = []
         # Collation change?
-        old_collation = getattr(old_field, 'db_collation', None)
-        new_collation = getattr(new_field, 'db_collation', None)
+        old_collation = getattr(old_field, "db_collation", None)
+        new_collation = getattr(new_field, "db_collation", None)
         if old_collation != new_collation:
             # Collation change handles also a type change.
-            fragment = self._alter_column_collation_sql(model, new_field, new_type, new_collation)
+            fragment = self._alter_column_collation_sql(
+                model, new_field, new_type, new_collation
+            )
             actions.append(fragment)
         # Type change?
         elif old_type != new_type:
-            fragment, other_actions = self._alter_column_type_sql(model, old_field, new_field, new_type)
+            fragment, other_actions = self._alter_column_type_sql(
+                model, old_field, new_field, new_type
+            )
             actions.append(fragment)
             post_actions.extend(other_actions)
         # When changing a column NULL constraint to NOT NULL with a given
@@ -747,21 +921,22 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
             old_default = self.effective_default(old_field)
             new_default = self.effective_default(new_field)
             if (
-                not self.skip_default_on_alter(new_field) and
-                old_default != new_default and
-                new_default is not None
+                not self.skip_default_on_alter(new_field)
+                and old_default != new_default
+                and new_default is not None
             ):
                 needs_database_default = True
-                actions.append(self._alter_column_default_sql(model, old_field, new_field))
+                actions.append(
+                    self._alter_column_default_sql(model, old_field, new_field)
+                )
         # Nullability change?
         if old_field.null != new_field.null:
             fragment = self._alter_column_null_sql(model, old_field, new_field)
             if fragment:
                 null_actions.append(fragment)
         # Only if we have a default and there is a change from NULL to NOT NULL
-        four_way_default_alteration = (
-            new_field.has_default() and
-            (old_field.null and not new_field.null)
+        four_way_default_alteration = new_field.has_default() and (
+            old_field.null and not new_field.null
         )
         if actions or null_actions:
             if not four_way_default_alteration:
@@ -775,7 +950,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
             # Apply those actions
             for sql, params in actions:
                 self.execute(
-                    self.sql_alter_column % {
+                    self.sql_alter_column
+                    % {
                         "table": self.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
                         "changes": sql,
                     },
@@ -784,7 +960,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
             if four_way_default_alteration:
                 # Update existing rows with default value
                 self.execute(
-                    self.sql_update_with_default % {
+                    self.sql_update_with_default
+                    % {
                         "table": self.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
                         "column": self.quote_name(new_field.column),
                         "default": "%s",
@@ -795,7 +972,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
                 # now
                 for sql, params in null_actions:
                     self.execute(
-                        self.sql_alter_column % {
+                        self.sql_alter_column
+                        % {
                             "table": self.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
                             "changes": sql,
                         },
@@ -819,7 +997,11 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
         # False              | False            | True               | False
         # False              | True             | True               | False
         # True               | True             | True               | False
-        if (not old_field.db_index or old_field.unique) and new_field.db_index and not new_field.unique:
+        if (
+            (not old_field.db_index or old_field.unique)
+            and new_field.db_index
+            and not new_field.unique
+        ):
             self.execute(self._create_index_sql(model, fields=[new_field]))
         # Type alteration on primary key? Then we need to alter the column
         # referring to us.
@@ -835,12 +1017,13 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
         # Handle our type alters on the other end of rels from the PK stuff above
         for old_rel, new_rel in rels_to_update:
             rel_db_params = new_rel.field.db_parameters(connection=self.connection)
-            rel_type = rel_db_params['type']
+            rel_type = rel_db_params["type"]
             fragment, other_actions = self._alter_column_type_sql(
                 new_rel.related_model, old_rel.field, new_rel.field, rel_type
             )
             self.execute(
-                self.sql_alter_column % {
+                self.sql_alter_column
+                % {
                     "table": self.quote_name(new_rel.related_model._meta.db_table),
                     "changes": fragment[0],
                 },
@@ -849,23 +1032,38 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
             for sql, params in other_actions:
                 self.execute(sql, params)
         # Does it have a foreign key?
-        if (self.connection.features.supports_foreign_keys and new_field.remote_field and
-                (fks_dropped or not old_field.remote_field or not old_field.db_constraint) and
-                new_field.db_constraint):
-            self.execute(self._create_fk_sql(model, new_field, "_fk_%(to_table)s_%(to_column)s"))
+        if (
+            self.connection.features.supports_foreign_keys
+            and new_field.remote_field
+            and (
+                fks_dropped or not old_field.remote_field or not old_field.db_constraint
+            )
+            and new_field.db_constraint
+        ):
+            self.execute(
+                self._create_fk_sql(model, new_field, "_fk_%(to_table)s_%(to_column)s")
+            )
         # Rebuild FKs that pointed to us if we previously had to drop them
         if drop_foreign_keys:
             for _, rel in rels_to_update:
                 if rel.field.db_constraint:
-                    self.execute(self._create_fk_sql(rel.related_model, rel.field, "_fk"))
+                    self.execute(
+                        self._create_fk_sql(rel.related_model, rel.field, "_fk")
+                    )
         # Does it have check constraints we need to add?
-        if old_db_params['check'] != new_db_params['check'] and new_db_params['check']:
-            constraint_name = self._create_index_name(model._meta.db_table, [new_field.column], suffix='_check')
-            self.execute(self._create_check_sql(model, constraint_name, new_db_params['check']))
+        if old_db_params["check"] != new_db_params["check"] and new_db_params["check"]:
+            constraint_name = self._create_index_name(
+                model._meta.db_table, [new_field.column], suffix="_check"
+            )
+            self.execute(
+                self._create_check_sql(model, constraint_name, new_db_params["check"])
+            )
         # Drop the default if we need to
         # (Django usually does not use in-database defaults)
         if needs_database_default:
-            changes_sql, params = self._alter_column_default_sql(model, old_field, new_field, drop=True)
+            changes_sql, params = self._alter_column_default_sql(
+                model, old_field, new_field, drop=True
+            )
             sql = self.sql_alter_column % {
                 "table": self.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
                 "changes": changes_sql,
@@ -883,18 +1081,23 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
         as required by new_field, or None if no changes are required.
         """
         if (
-            self.connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls and
-            new_field.empty_strings_allowed
+            self.connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls
+            and new_field.empty_strings_allowed
         ):
             # The field is nullable in the database anyway, leave it alone.
             return
         else:
             new_db_params = new_field.db_parameters(connection=self.connection)
-            sql = self.sql_alter_column_null if new_field.null else self.sql_alter_column_not_null
+            sql = (
+                self.sql_alter_column_null
+                if new_field.null
+                else self.sql_alter_column_not_null
+            )
             return (
-                sql % {
-                    'column': self.quote_name(new_field.column),
-                    'type': new_db_params['type'],
+                sql
+                % {
+                    "column": self.quote_name(new_field.column),
+                    "type": new_db_params["type"],
                 },
                 [],
             )
@@ -928,10 +1131,11 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
         else:
             sql = self.sql_alter_column_default
         return (
-            sql % {
-                'column': self.quote_name(new_field.column),
-                'type': new_db_params['type'],
-                'default': default,
+            sql
+            % {
+                "column": self.quote_name(new_field.column),
+                "type": new_db_params["type"],
+                "default": default,
             },
             params,
         )
@@ -948,7 +1152,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
         """
         return (
             (
-                self.sql_alter_column_type % {
+                self.sql_alter_column_type
+                % {
                     "column": self.quote_name(new_field.column),
                     "type": new_type,
                 },
@@ -959,10 +1164,13 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
 
     def _alter_column_collation_sql(self, model, new_field, new_type, new_collation):
         return (
-            self.sql_alter_column_collate % {
-                'column': self.quote_name(new_field.column),
-                'type': new_type,
-                'collation': ' ' + self._collate_sql(new_collation) if new_collation else '',
+            self.sql_alter_column_collate
+            % {
+                "column": self.quote_name(new_field.column),
+                "type": new_type,
+                "collation": " " + self._collate_sql(new_collation)
+                if new_collation
+                else "",
             },
             [],
         )
@@ -970,16 +1178,26 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
     def _alter_many_to_many(self, model, old_field, new_field, strict):
         """Alter M2Ms to repoint their to= endpoints."""
         # Rename the through table
-        if old_field.remote_field.through._meta.db_table != new_field.remote_field.through._meta.db_table:
-            self.alter_db_table(old_field.remote_field.through, old_field.remote_field.through._meta.db_table,
-                                new_field.remote_field.through._meta.db_table)
+        if (
+            old_field.remote_field.through._meta.db_table
+            != new_field.remote_field.through._meta.db_table
+        ):
+            self.alter_db_table(
+                old_field.remote_field.through,
+                old_field.remote_field.through._meta.db_table,
+                new_field.remote_field.through._meta.db_table,
+            )
         # Repoint the FK to the other side
         self.alter_field(
             new_field.remote_field.through,
             # We need the field that points to the target model, so we can tell alter_field to change it -
             # this is m2m_reverse_field_name() (as opposed to m2m_field_name, which points to our model)
-            old_field.remote_field.through._meta.get_field(old_field.m2m_reverse_field_name()),
-            new_field.remote_field.through._meta.get_field(new_field.m2m_reverse_field_name()),
+            old_field.remote_field.through._meta.get_field(
+                old_field.m2m_reverse_field_name()
+            ),
+            new_field.remote_field.through._meta.get_field(
+                new_field.m2m_reverse_field_name()
+            ),
         )
         self.alter_field(
             new_field.remote_field.through,
@@ -996,19 +1214,22 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
         and a unique digest and suffix.
         """
         _, table_name = split_identifier(table_name)
-        hash_suffix_part = '%s%s' % (names_digest(table_name, *column_names, length=8), suffix)
+        hash_suffix_part = "%s%s" % (
+            names_digest(table_name, *column_names, length=8),
+            suffix,
+        )
         max_length = self.connection.ops.max_name_length() or 200
         # If everything fits into max_length, use that name.
-        index_name = '%s_%s_%s' % (table_name, '_'.join(column_names), hash_suffix_part)
+        index_name = "%s_%s_%s" % (table_name, "_".join(column_names), hash_suffix_part)
         if len(index_name) <= max_length:
             return index_name
         # Shorten a long suffix.
         if len(hash_suffix_part) > max_length / 3:
-            hash_suffix_part = hash_suffix_part[:max_length // 3]
+            hash_suffix_part = hash_suffix_part[: max_length // 3]
         other_length = (max_length - len(hash_suffix_part)) // 2 - 1
-        index_name = '%s_%s_%s' % (
+        index_name = "%s_%s_%s" % (
             table_name[:other_length],
-            '_'.join(column_names)[:other_length],
+            "_".join(column_names)[:other_length],
             hash_suffix_part,
         )
         # Prepend D if needed to prevent the name from starting with an
@@ -1024,25 +1245,38 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
             elif model._meta.db_tablespace:
                 db_tablespace = model._meta.db_tablespace
         if db_tablespace is not None:
-            return ' ' + self.connection.ops.tablespace_sql(db_tablespace)
-        return ''
+            return " " + self.connection.ops.tablespace_sql(db_tablespace)
+        return ""
 
     def _index_condition_sql(self, condition):
         if condition:
-            return ' WHERE ' + condition
-        return ''
+            return " WHERE " + condition
+        return ""
 
     def _index_include_sql(self, model, columns):
         if not columns or not self.connection.features.supports_covering_indexes:
-            return ''
+            return ""
         return Statement(
-            ' INCLUDE (%(columns)s)',
+            " INCLUDE (%(columns)s)",
             columns=Columns(model._meta.db_table, columns, self.quote_name),
         )
 
-    def _create_index_sql(self, model, *, fields=None, name=None, suffix='', using='',
-                          db_tablespace=None, col_suffixes=(), sql=None, opclasses=(),
-                          condition=None, include=None, expressions=None):
+    def _create_index_sql(
+        self,
+        model,
+        *,
+        fields=None,
+        name=None,
+        suffix="",
+        using="",
+        db_tablespace=None,
+        col_suffixes=(),
+        sql=None,
+        opclasses=(),
+        condition=None,
+        include=None,
+        expressions=None,
+    ):
         """
         Return the SQL statement to create the index for one or several fields
         or expressions. `sql` can be specified if the syntax differs from the
@@ -1053,7 +1287,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
         compiler = Query(model, alias_cols=False).get_compiler(
             connection=self.connection,
         )
-        tablespace_sql = self._get_index_tablespace_sql(model, fields, db_tablespace=db_tablespace)
+        tablespace_sql = self._get_index_tablespace_sql(
+            model, fields, db_tablespace=db_tablespace
+        )
         columns = [field.column for field in fields]
         sql_create_index = sql or self.sql_create_index
         table = model._meta.db_table
@@ -1102,12 +1338,12 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
 
         for field_names in model._meta.index_together:
             fields = [model._meta.get_field(field) for field in field_names]
-            output.append(self._create_index_sql(model, fields=fields, suffix='_idx'))
+            output.append(self._create_index_sql(model, fields=fields, suffix="_idx"))
 
         for index in model._meta.indexes:
             if (
-                not index.contains_expressions or
-                self.connection.features.supports_expression_indexes
+                not index.contains_expressions
+                or self.connection.features.supports_expression_indexes
             ):
                 output.append(index.create_sql(model, self))
         return output
@@ -1129,26 +1365,25 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
         # - changing an attribute that doesn't affect the schema
         # - adding only a db_column and the column name is not changed
         non_database_attrs = [
-            'blank',
-            'db_column',
-            'editable',
-            'error_messages',
-            'help_text',
-            'limit_choices_to',
+            "blank",
+            "db_column",
+            "editable",
+            "error_messages",
+            "help_text",
+            "limit_choices_to",
             # Database-level options are not supported, see #21961.
-            'on_delete',
-            'related_name',
-            'related_query_name',
-            'validators',
-            'verbose_name',
+            "on_delete",
+            "related_name",
+            "related_query_name",
+            "validators",
+            "verbose_name",
         ]
         for attr in non_database_attrs:
             old_kwargs.pop(attr, None)
             new_kwargs.pop(attr, None)
-        return (
-            self.quote_name(old_field.column) != self.quote_name(new_field.column) or
-            (old_path, old_args, old_kwargs) != (new_path, new_args, new_kwargs)
-        )
+        return self.quote_name(old_field.column) != self.quote_name(
+            new_field.column
+        ) or (old_path, old_args, old_kwargs) != (new_path, new_args, new_kwargs)
 
     def _field_should_be_indexed(self, model, field):
         return field.db_index and not field.unique
@@ -1158,9 +1393,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
 
     def _unique_should_be_added(self, old_field, new_field):
         return (
-            not new_field.primary_key and
-            new_field.unique and
-            (not old_field.unique or old_field.primary_key)
+            not new_field.primary_key
+            and new_field.unique
+            and (not old_field.unique or old_field.primary_key)
         )
 
     def _rename_field_sql(self, table, old_field, new_field, new_type):
@@ -1176,7 +1411,11 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
         name = self._fk_constraint_name(model, field, suffix)
         column = Columns(model._meta.db_table, [field.column], self.quote_name)
         to_table = Table(field.target_field.model._meta.db_table, self.quote_name)
-        to_column = Columns(field.target_field.model._meta.db_table, [field.target_field.column], self.quote_name)
+        to_column = Columns(
+            field.target_field.model._meta.db_table,
+            [field.target_field.column],
+            self.quote_name,
+        )
         deferrable = self.connection.ops.deferrable_sql()
         return Statement(
             self.sql_create_fk,
@@ -1206,19 +1445,26 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
 
     def _deferrable_constraint_sql(self, deferrable):
         if deferrable is None:
-            return ''
+            return ""
         if deferrable == Deferrable.DEFERRED:
-            return ' DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED'
+            return " DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED"
         if deferrable == Deferrable.IMMEDIATE:
-            return ' DEFERRABLE INITIALLY IMMEDIATE'
+            return " DEFERRABLE INITIALLY IMMEDIATE"
 
     def _unique_sql(
-        self, model, fields, name, condition=None, deferrable=None,
-        include=None, opclasses=None, expressions=None,
+        self,
+        model,
+        fields,
+        name,
+        condition=None,
+        deferrable=None,
+        include=None,
+        opclasses=None,
+        expressions=None,
     ):
         if (
-            deferrable and
-            not self.connection.features.supports_deferrable_unique_constraints
+            deferrable
+            and not self.connection.features.supports_deferrable_unique_constraints
         ):
             return None
         if condition or include or opclasses or expressions:
@@ -1237,37 +1483,48 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
                 self.deferred_sql.append(sql)
             return None
         constraint = self.sql_unique_constraint % {
-            'columns': ', '.join([self.quote_name(field.column) for field in fields]),
-            'deferrable': self._deferrable_constraint_sql(deferrable),
+            "columns": ", ".join([self.quote_name(field.column) for field in fields]),
+            "deferrable": self._deferrable_constraint_sql(deferrable),
         }
         return self.sql_constraint % {
-            'name': self.quote_name(name),
-            'constraint': constraint,
+            "name": self.quote_name(name),
+            "constraint": constraint,
         }
 
     def _create_unique_sql(
-        self, model, fields, name=None, condition=None, deferrable=None,
-        include=None, opclasses=None, expressions=None,
+        self,
+        model,
+        fields,
+        name=None,
+        condition=None,
+        deferrable=None,
+        include=None,
+        opclasses=None,
+        expressions=None,
     ):
         if (
             (
-                deferrable and
-                not self.connection.features.supports_deferrable_unique_constraints
-            ) or
-            (condition and not self.connection.features.supports_partial_indexes) or
-            (include and not self.connection.features.supports_covering_indexes) or
-            (expressions and not self.connection.features.supports_expression_indexes)
+                deferrable
+                and not self.connection.features.supports_deferrable_unique_constraints
+            )
+            or (condition and not self.connection.features.supports_partial_indexes)
+            or (include and not self.connection.features.supports_covering_indexes)
+            or (
+                expressions and not self.connection.features.supports_expression_indexes
+            )
         ):
             return None
 
         def create_unique_name(*args, **kwargs):
             return self.quote_name(self._create_index_name(*args, **kwargs))
 
-        compiler = Query(model, alias_cols=False).get_compiler(connection=self.connection)
+        compiler = Query(model, alias_cols=False).get_compiler(
+            connection=self.connection
+        )
         table = model._meta.db_table
         columns = [field.column for field in fields]
         if name is None:
-            name = IndexName(table, columns, '_uniq', create_unique_name)
+            name = IndexName(table, columns, "_uniq", create_unique_name)
         else:
             name = self.quote_name(name)
         if condition or include or opclasses or expressions:
@@ -1275,7 +1532,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
         else:
             sql = self.sql_create_unique
         if columns:
-            columns = self._index_columns(table, columns, col_suffixes=(), opclasses=opclasses)
+            columns = self._index_columns(
+                table, columns, col_suffixes=(), opclasses=opclasses
+            )
         else:
             columns = Expressions(table, expressions, compiler, self.quote_value)
         return Statement(
@@ -1289,18 +1548,25 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
         )
 
     def _delete_unique_sql(
-        self, model, name, condition=None, deferrable=None, include=None,
-        opclasses=None, expressions=None,
+        self,
+        model,
+        name,
+        condition=None,
+        deferrable=None,
+        include=None,
+        opclasses=None,
+        expressions=None,
     ):
         if (
             (
-                deferrable and
-                not self.connection.features.supports_deferrable_unique_constraints
-            ) or
-            (condition and not self.connection.features.supports_partial_indexes) or
-            (include and not self.connection.features.supports_covering_indexes) or
-            (expressions and not self.connection.features.supports_expression_indexes)
-
+                deferrable
+                and not self.connection.features.supports_deferrable_unique_constraints
+            )
+            or (condition and not self.connection.features.supports_partial_indexes)
+            or (include and not self.connection.features.supports_covering_indexes)
+            or (
+                expressions and not self.connection.features.supports_expression_indexes
+            )
         ):
             return None
         if condition or include or opclasses or expressions:
@@ -1311,8 +1577,8 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
 
     def _check_sql(self, name, check):
         return self.sql_constraint % {
-            'name': self.quote_name(name),
-            'constraint': self.sql_check_constraint % {'check': check},
+            "name": self.quote_name(name),
+            "constraint": self.sql_check_constraint % {"check": check},
         }
 
     def _create_check_sql(self, model, name, check):
@@ -1333,9 +1599,18 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
             name=self.quote_name(name),
         )
 
-    def _constraint_names(self, model, column_names=None, unique=None,
-                          primary_key=None, index=None, foreign_key=None,
-                          check=None, type_=None, exclude=None):
+    def _constraint_names(
+        self,
+        model,
+        column_names=None,
+        unique=None,
+        primary_key=None,
+        index=None,
+        foreign_key=None,
+        check=None,
+        type_=None,
+        exclude=None,
+    ):
         """Return all constraint names matching the columns and conditions."""
         if column_names is not None:
             column_names = [
@@ -1343,21 +1618,23 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
                 for name in column_names
             ]
         with self.connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            constraints = self.connection.introspection.get_constraints(cursor, model._meta.db_table)
+            constraints = self.connection.introspection.get_constraints(
+                cursor, model._meta.db_table
+            )
         result = []
         for name, infodict in constraints.items():
-            if column_names is None or column_names == infodict['columns']:
-                if unique is not None and infodict['unique'] != unique:
+            if column_names is None or column_names == infodict["columns"]:
+                if unique is not None and infodict["unique"] != unique:
                     continue
-                if primary_key is not None and infodict['primary_key'] != primary_key:
+                if primary_key is not None and infodict["primary_key"] != primary_key:
                     continue
-                if index is not None and infodict['index'] != index:
+                if index is not None and infodict["index"] != index:
                     continue
-                if check is not None and infodict['check'] != check:
+                if check is not None and infodict["check"] != check:
                     continue
-                if foreign_key is not None and not infodict['foreign_key']:
+                if foreign_key is not None and not infodict["foreign_key"]:
                     continue
-                if type_ is not None and infodict['type'] != type_:
+                if type_ is not None and infodict["type"] != type_:
                     continue
                 if not exclude or name not in exclude:
                     result.append(name)
@@ -1366,10 +1643,13 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
     def _delete_primary_key(self, model, strict=False):
         constraint_names = self._constraint_names(model, primary_key=True)
         if strict and len(constraint_names) != 1:
-            raise ValueError('Found wrong number (%s) of PK constraints for %s' % (
-                len(constraint_names),
-                model._meta.db_table,
-            ))
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Found wrong number (%s) of PK constraints for %s"
+                % (
+                    len(constraint_names),
+                    model._meta.db_table,
+                )
+            )
         for constraint_name in constraint_names:
             self.execute(self._delete_primary_key_sql(model, constraint_name))
 
@@ -1378,7 +1658,9 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
             self.sql_create_pk,
             table=Table(model._meta.db_table, self.quote_name),
             name=self.quote_name(
-                self._create_index_name(model._meta.db_table, [field.column], suffix="_pk")
+                self._create_index_name(
+                    model._meta.db_table, [field.column], suffix="_pk"
+                )
             ),
             columns=Columns(model._meta.db_table, [field.column], self.quote_name),
         )
@@ -1387,11 +1669,11 @@ class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor:
         return self._delete_constraint_sql(self.sql_delete_pk, model, name)
 
     def _collate_sql(self, collation):
-        return 'COLLATE ' + self.quote_name(collation)
+        return "COLLATE " + self.quote_name(collation)
 
     def remove_procedure(self, procedure_name, param_types=()):
         sql = self.sql_delete_procedure % {
-            'procedure': self.quote_name(procedure_name),
-            'param_types': ','.join(param_types),
+            "procedure": self.quote_name(procedure_name),
+            "param_types": ",".join(param_types),
         }
         self.execute(sql)
diff --git a/django/db/backends/base/validation.py b/django/db/backends/base/validation.py
index a02780a694..d0e3e2157d 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/base/validation.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/base/validation.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 class BaseDatabaseValidation:
     """Encapsulate backend-specific validation."""
+
     def __init__(self, connection):
         self.connection = connection
 
@@ -9,9 +10,12 @@ class BaseDatabaseValidation:
     def check_field(self, field, **kwargs):
         errors = []
         # Backends may implement a check_field_type() method.
-        if (hasattr(self, 'check_field_type') and
-                # Ignore any related fields.
-                not getattr(field, 'remote_field', None)):
+        if (
+            hasattr(self, "check_field_type")
+            and
+            # Ignore any related fields.
+            not getattr(field, "remote_field", None)
+        ):
             # Ignore fields with unsupported features.
             db_supports_all_required_features = all(
                 getattr(self.connection.features, feature, False)
diff --git a/django/db/backends/ddl_references.py b/django/db/backends/ddl_references.py
index f798fd648b..412d07a993 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/ddl_references.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/ddl_references.py
@@ -33,10 +33,12 @@ class Reference:
         pass
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s %r>' % (self.__class__.__name__, str(self))
+        return "<%s %r>" % (self.__class__.__name__, str(self))
 
     def __str__(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must define how they should be converted to string.')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Subclasses must define how they should be converted to string."
+        )
 
 
 class Table(Reference):
@@ -88,12 +90,14 @@ class Columns(TableColumns):
             try:
                 suffix = self.col_suffixes[idx]
                 if suffix:
-                    col = '{} {}'.format(col, suffix)
+                    col = "{} {}".format(col, suffix)
             except IndexError:
                 pass
             return col
 
-        return ', '.join(col_str(column, idx) for idx, column in enumerate(self.columns))
+        return ", ".join(
+            col_str(column, idx) for idx, column in enumerate(self.columns)
+        )
 
 
 class IndexName(TableColumns):
@@ -117,35 +121,49 @@ class IndexColumns(Columns):
         def col_str(column, idx):
             # Index.__init__() guarantees that self.opclasses is the same
             # length as self.columns.
-            col = '{} {}'.format(self.quote_name(column), self.opclasses[idx])
+            col = "{} {}".format(self.quote_name(column), self.opclasses[idx])
             try:
                 suffix = self.col_suffixes[idx]
                 if suffix:
-                    col = '{} {}'.format(col, suffix)
+                    col = "{} {}".format(col, suffix)
             except IndexError:
                 pass
             return col
 
-        return ', '.join(col_str(column, idx) for idx, column in enumerate(self.columns))
+        return ", ".join(
+            col_str(column, idx) for idx, column in enumerate(self.columns)
+        )
 
 
 class ForeignKeyName(TableColumns):
     """Hold a reference to a foreign key name."""
 
-    def __init__(self, from_table, from_columns, to_table, to_columns, suffix_template, create_fk_name):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        from_table,
+        from_columns,
+        to_table,
+        to_columns,
+        suffix_template,
+        create_fk_name,
+    ):
         self.to_reference = TableColumns(to_table, to_columns)
         self.suffix_template = suffix_template
         self.create_fk_name = create_fk_name
-        super().__init__(from_table, from_columns,)
+        super().__init__(
+            from_table,
+            from_columns,
+        )
 
     def references_table(self, table):
-        return super().references_table(table) or self.to_reference.references_table(table)
+        return super().references_table(table) or self.to_reference.references_table(
+            table
+        )
 
     def references_column(self, table, column):
-        return (
-            super().references_column(table, column) or
-            self.to_reference.references_column(table, column)
-        )
+        return super().references_column(
+            table, column
+        ) or self.to_reference.references_column(table, column)
 
     def rename_table_references(self, old_table, new_table):
         super().rename_table_references(old_table, new_table)
@@ -157,8 +175,8 @@ class ForeignKeyName(TableColumns):
 
     def __str__(self):
         suffix = self.suffix_template % {
-            'to_table': self.to_reference.table,
-            'to_column': self.to_reference.columns[0],
+            "to_table": self.to_reference.table,
+            "to_column": self.to_reference.columns[0],
         }
         return self.create_fk_name(self.table, self.columns, suffix)
 
@@ -171,30 +189,31 @@ class Statement(Reference):
     that might have to be adjusted if they're referencing a table or column
     that is removed
     """
+
     def __init__(self, template, **parts):
         self.template = template
         self.parts = parts
 
     def references_table(self, table):
         return any(
-            hasattr(part, 'references_table') and part.references_table(table)
+            hasattr(part, "references_table") and part.references_table(table)
             for part in self.parts.values()
         )
 
     def references_column(self, table, column):
         return any(
-            hasattr(part, 'references_column') and part.references_column(table, column)
+            hasattr(part, "references_column") and part.references_column(table, column)
             for part in self.parts.values()
         )
 
     def rename_table_references(self, old_table, new_table):
         for part in self.parts.values():
-            if hasattr(part, 'rename_table_references'):
+            if hasattr(part, "rename_table_references"):
                 part.rename_table_references(old_table, new_table)
 
     def rename_column_references(self, table, old_column, new_column):
         for part in self.parts.values():
-            if hasattr(part, 'rename_column_references'):
+            if hasattr(part, "rename_column_references"):
                 part.rename_column_references(table, old_column, new_column)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -206,7 +225,10 @@ class Expressions(TableColumns):
         self.compiler = compiler
         self.expressions = expressions
         self.quote_value = quote_value
-        columns = [col.target.column for col in self.compiler.query._gen_cols([self.expressions])]
+        columns = [
+            col.target.column
+            for col in self.compiler.query._gen_cols([self.expressions])
+        ]
         super().__init__(table, columns)
 
     def rename_table_references(self, old_table, new_table):
diff --git a/django/db/backends/dummy/base.py b/django/db/backends/dummy/base.py
index 06a25f2276..36c6480a78 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/dummy/base.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/dummy/base.py
@@ -17,9 +17,11 @@ from django.db.backends.dummy.features import DummyDatabaseFeatures
 
 
 def complain(*args, **kwargs):
-    raise ImproperlyConfigured("settings.DATABASES is improperly configured. "
-                               "Please supply the ENGINE value. Check "
-                               "settings documentation for more details.")
+    raise ImproperlyConfigured(
+        "settings.DATABASES is improperly configured. "
+        "Please supply the ENGINE value. Check "
+        "settings documentation for more details."
+    )
 
 
 def ignore(*args, **kwargs):
diff --git a/django/db/backends/mysql/base.py b/django/db/backends/mysql/base.py
index ef2cd3a5ae..b689040f7f 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/mysql/base.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/mysql/base.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ try:
     import MySQLdb as Database
 except ImportError as err:
     raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-        'Error loading MySQLdb module.\nDid you install mysqlclient?'
+        "Error loading MySQLdb module.\nDid you install mysqlclient?"
     ) from err
 
 from MySQLdb.constants import CLIENT, FIELD_TYPE
@@ -32,7 +32,9 @@ from .validation import DatabaseValidation
 
 version = Database.version_info
 if version < (1, 4, 0):
-    raise ImproperlyConfigured('mysqlclient 1.4.0 or newer is required; you have %s.' % Database.__version__)
+    raise ImproperlyConfigured(
+        "mysqlclient 1.4.0 or newer is required; you have %s." % Database.__version__
+    )
 
 
 # MySQLdb returns TIME columns as timedelta -- they are more like timedelta in
@@ -45,7 +47,7 @@ django_conversions = {
 
 # This should match the numerical portion of the version numbers (we can treat
 # versions like 5.0.24 and 5.0.24a as the same).
-server_version_re = _lazy_re_compile(r'(\d{1,2})\.(\d{1,2})\.(\d{1,2})')
+server_version_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"(\d{1,2})\.(\d{1,2})\.(\d{1,2})")
 
 
 class CursorWrapper:
@@ -56,6 +58,7 @@ class CursorWrapper:
     Implemented as a wrapper, rather than a subclass, so that it isn't stuck
     to the particular underlying representation returned by Connection.cursor().
     """
+
     codes_for_integrityerror = (
         1048,  # Column cannot be null
         1690,  # BIGINT UNSIGNED value is out of range
@@ -95,39 +98,39 @@ class CursorWrapper:
 
 
 class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
-    vendor = 'mysql'
+    vendor = "mysql"
     # This dictionary maps Field objects to their associated MySQL column
     # types, as strings. Column-type strings can contain format strings; they'll
     # be interpolated against the values of Field.__dict__ before being output.
     # If a column type is set to None, it won't be included in the output.
     data_types = {
-        'AutoField': 'integer AUTO_INCREMENT',
-        'BigAutoField': 'bigint AUTO_INCREMENT',
-        'BinaryField': 'longblob',
-        'BooleanField': 'bool',
-        'CharField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
-        'DateField': 'date',
-        'DateTimeField': 'datetime(6)',
-        'DecimalField': 'numeric(%(max_digits)s, %(decimal_places)s)',
-        'DurationField': 'bigint',
-        'FileField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
-        'FilePathField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
-        'FloatField': 'double precision',
-        'IntegerField': 'integer',
-        'BigIntegerField': 'bigint',
-        'IPAddressField': 'char(15)',
-        'GenericIPAddressField': 'char(39)',
-        'JSONField': 'json',
-        'OneToOneField': 'integer',
-        'PositiveBigIntegerField': 'bigint UNSIGNED',
-        'PositiveIntegerField': 'integer UNSIGNED',
-        'PositiveSmallIntegerField': 'smallint UNSIGNED',
-        'SlugField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
-        'SmallAutoField': 'smallint AUTO_INCREMENT',
-        'SmallIntegerField': 'smallint',
-        'TextField': 'longtext',
-        'TimeField': 'time(6)',
-        'UUIDField': 'char(32)',
+        "AutoField": "integer AUTO_INCREMENT",
+        "BigAutoField": "bigint AUTO_INCREMENT",
+        "BinaryField": "longblob",
+        "BooleanField": "bool",
+        "CharField": "varchar(%(max_length)s)",
+        "DateField": "date",
+        "DateTimeField": "datetime(6)",
+        "DecimalField": "numeric(%(max_digits)s, %(decimal_places)s)",
+        "DurationField": "bigint",
+        "FileField": "varchar(%(max_length)s)",
+        "FilePathField": "varchar(%(max_length)s)",
+        "FloatField": "double precision",
+        "IntegerField": "integer",
+        "BigIntegerField": "bigint",
+        "IPAddressField": "char(15)",
+        "GenericIPAddressField": "char(39)",
+        "JSONField": "json",
+        "OneToOneField": "integer",
+        "PositiveBigIntegerField": "bigint UNSIGNED",
+        "PositiveIntegerField": "integer UNSIGNED",
+        "PositiveSmallIntegerField": "smallint UNSIGNED",
+        "SlugField": "varchar(%(max_length)s)",
+        "SmallAutoField": "smallint AUTO_INCREMENT",
+        "SmallIntegerField": "smallint",
+        "TextField": "longtext",
+        "TimeField": "time(6)",
+        "UUIDField": "char(32)",
     }
 
     # For these data types:
@@ -136,23 +139,30 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
     # - all versions of MySQL and MariaDB don't support full width database
     #   indexes
     _limited_data_types = (
-        'tinyblob', 'blob', 'mediumblob', 'longblob', 'tinytext', 'text',
-        'mediumtext', 'longtext', 'json',
+        "tinyblob",
+        "blob",
+        "mediumblob",
+        "longblob",
+        "tinytext",
+        "text",
+        "mediumtext",
+        "longtext",
+        "json",
     )
 
     operators = {
-        'exact': '= %s',
-        'iexact': 'LIKE %s',
-        'contains': 'LIKE BINARY %s',
-        'icontains': 'LIKE %s',
-        'gt': '> %s',
-        'gte': '>= %s',
-        'lt': '< %s',
-        'lte': '<= %s',
-        'startswith': 'LIKE BINARY %s',
-        'endswith': 'LIKE BINARY %s',
-        'istartswith': 'LIKE %s',
-        'iendswith': 'LIKE %s',
+        "exact": "= %s",
+        "iexact": "LIKE %s",
+        "contains": "LIKE BINARY %s",
+        "icontains": "LIKE %s",
+        "gt": "> %s",
+        "gte": ">= %s",
+        "lt": "< %s",
+        "lte": "<= %s",
+        "startswith": "LIKE BINARY %s",
+        "endswith": "LIKE BINARY %s",
+        "istartswith": "LIKE %s",
+        "iendswith": "LIKE %s",
     }
 
     # The patterns below are used to generate SQL pattern lookup clauses when
@@ -165,19 +175,19 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
     # the LIKE operator.
     pattern_esc = r"REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE({}, '\\', '\\\\'), '%%', '\%%'), '_', '\_')"
     pattern_ops = {
-        'contains': "LIKE BINARY CONCAT('%%', {}, '%%')",
-        'icontains': "LIKE CONCAT('%%', {}, '%%')",
-        'startswith': "LIKE BINARY CONCAT({}, '%%')",
-        'istartswith': "LIKE CONCAT({}, '%%')",
-        'endswith': "LIKE BINARY CONCAT('%%', {})",
-        'iendswith': "LIKE CONCAT('%%', {})",
+        "contains": "LIKE BINARY CONCAT('%%', {}, '%%')",
+        "icontains": "LIKE CONCAT('%%', {}, '%%')",
+        "startswith": "LIKE BINARY CONCAT({}, '%%')",
+        "istartswith": "LIKE CONCAT({}, '%%')",
+        "endswith": "LIKE BINARY CONCAT('%%', {})",
+        "iendswith": "LIKE CONCAT('%%', {})",
     }
 
     isolation_levels = {
-        'read uncommitted',
-        'read committed',
-        'repeatable read',
-        'serializable',
+        "read uncommitted",
+        "read committed",
+        "repeatable read",
+        "serializable",
     }
 
     Database = Database
@@ -192,37 +202,39 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
 
     def get_connection_params(self):
         kwargs = {
-            'conv': django_conversions,
-            'charset': 'utf8',
+            "conv": django_conversions,
+            "charset": "utf8",
         }
         settings_dict = self.settings_dict
-        if settings_dict['USER']:
-            kwargs['user'] = settings_dict['USER']
-        if settings_dict['NAME']:
-            kwargs['database'] = settings_dict['NAME']
-        if settings_dict['PASSWORD']:
-            kwargs['password'] = settings_dict['PASSWORD']
-        if settings_dict['HOST'].startswith('/'):
-            kwargs['unix_socket'] = settings_dict['HOST']
-        elif settings_dict['HOST']:
-            kwargs['host'] = settings_dict['HOST']
-        if settings_dict['PORT']:
-            kwargs['port'] = int(settings_dict['PORT'])
+        if settings_dict["USER"]:
+            kwargs["user"] = settings_dict["USER"]
+        if settings_dict["NAME"]:
+            kwargs["database"] = settings_dict["NAME"]
+        if settings_dict["PASSWORD"]:
+            kwargs["password"] = settings_dict["PASSWORD"]
+        if settings_dict["HOST"].startswith("/"):
+            kwargs["unix_socket"] = settings_dict["HOST"]
+        elif settings_dict["HOST"]:
+            kwargs["host"] = settings_dict["HOST"]
+        if settings_dict["PORT"]:
+            kwargs["port"] = int(settings_dict["PORT"])
         # We need the number of potentially affected rows after an
         # "UPDATE", not the number of changed rows.
-        kwargs['client_flag'] = CLIENT.FOUND_ROWS
+        kwargs["client_flag"] = CLIENT.FOUND_ROWS
         # Validate the transaction isolation level, if specified.
-        options = settings_dict['OPTIONS'].copy()
-        isolation_level = options.pop('isolation_level', 'read committed')
+        options = settings_dict["OPTIONS"].copy()
+        isolation_level = options.pop("isolation_level", "read committed")
         if isolation_level:
             isolation_level = isolation_level.lower()
             if isolation_level not in self.isolation_levels:
                 raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                     "Invalid transaction isolation level '%s' specified.\n"
-                    "Use one of %s, or None." % (
+                    "Use one of %s, or None."
+                    % (
                         isolation_level,
-                        ', '.join("'%s'" % s for s in sorted(self.isolation_levels))
-                    ))
+                        ", ".join("'%s'" % s for s in sorted(self.isolation_levels)),
+                    )
+                )
         self.isolation_level = isolation_level
         kwargs.update(options)
         return kwargs
@@ -245,14 +257,17 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
             # a recently inserted row will return when the field is tested
             # for NULL. Disabling this brings this aspect of MySQL in line
             # with SQL standards.
-            assignments.append('SET SQL_AUTO_IS_NULL = 0')
+            assignments.append("SET SQL_AUTO_IS_NULL = 0")
 
         if self.isolation_level:
-            assignments.append('SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL %s' % self.isolation_level.upper())
+            assignments.append(
+                "SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL %s"
+                % self.isolation_level.upper()
+            )
 
         if assignments:
             with self.cursor() as cursor:
-                cursor.execute('; '.join(assignments))
+                cursor.execute("; ".join(assignments))
 
     @async_unsafe
     def create_cursor(self, name=None):
@@ -276,7 +291,7 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
         need to be re-enabled.
         """
         with self.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute('SET foreign_key_checks=0')
+            cursor.execute("SET foreign_key_checks=0")
         return True
 
     def enable_constraint_checking(self):
@@ -288,7 +303,7 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
         self.needs_rollback, needs_rollback = False, self.needs_rollback
         try:
             with self.cursor() as cursor:
-                cursor.execute('SET foreign_key_checks=1')
+                cursor.execute("SET foreign_key_checks=1")
         finally:
             self.needs_rollback = needs_rollback
 
@@ -304,21 +319,32 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
             if table_names is None:
                 table_names = self.introspection.table_names(cursor)
             for table_name in table_names:
-                primary_key_column_name = self.introspection.get_primary_key_column(cursor, table_name)
+                primary_key_column_name = self.introspection.get_primary_key_column(
+                    cursor, table_name
+                )
                 if not primary_key_column_name:
                     continue
                 relations = self.introspection.get_relations(cursor, table_name)
-                for column_name, (referenced_column_name, referenced_table_name) in relations.items():
+                for column_name, (
+                    referenced_column_name,
+                    referenced_table_name,
+                ) in relations.items():
                     cursor.execute(
                         """
                         SELECT REFERRING.`%s`, REFERRING.`%s` FROM `%s` as REFERRING
                         LEFT JOIN `%s` as REFERRED
                         ON (REFERRING.`%s` = REFERRED.`%s`)
                         WHERE REFERRING.`%s` IS NOT NULL AND REFERRED.`%s` IS NULL
-                        """ % (
-                            primary_key_column_name, column_name, table_name,
-                            referenced_table_name, column_name, referenced_column_name,
-                            column_name, referenced_column_name,
+                        """
+                        % (
+                            primary_key_column_name,
+                            column_name,
+                            table_name,
+                            referenced_table_name,
+                            column_name,
+                            referenced_column_name,
+                            column_name,
+                            referenced_column_name,
                         )
                     )
                     for bad_row in cursor.fetchall():
@@ -327,8 +353,13 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
                             "foreign key: %s.%s contains a value '%s' that does not "
                             "have a corresponding value in %s.%s."
                             % (
-                                table_name, bad_row[0], table_name, column_name,
-                                bad_row[1], referenced_table_name, referenced_column_name,
+                                table_name,
+                                bad_row[0],
+                                table_name,
+                                column_name,
+                                bad_row[1],
+                                referenced_table_name,
+                                referenced_column_name,
                             )
                         )
 
@@ -342,20 +373,20 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
 
     @cached_property
     def display_name(self):
-        return 'MariaDB' if self.mysql_is_mariadb else 'MySQL'
+        return "MariaDB" if self.mysql_is_mariadb else "MySQL"
 
     @cached_property
     def data_type_check_constraints(self):
         if self.features.supports_column_check_constraints:
             check_constraints = {
-                'PositiveBigIntegerField': '`%(column)s` >= 0',
-                'PositiveIntegerField': '`%(column)s` >= 0',
-                'PositiveSmallIntegerField': '`%(column)s` >= 0',
+                "PositiveBigIntegerField": "`%(column)s` >= 0",
+                "PositiveIntegerField": "`%(column)s` >= 0",
+                "PositiveSmallIntegerField": "`%(column)s` >= 0",
             }
             if self.mysql_is_mariadb and self.mysql_version < (10, 4, 3):
                 # MariaDB < 10.4.3 doesn't automatically use the JSON_VALID as
                 # a check constraint.
-                check_constraints['JSONField'] = 'JSON_VALID(`%(column)s`)'
+                check_constraints["JSONField"] = "JSON_VALID(`%(column)s`)"
             return check_constraints
         return {}
 
@@ -365,40 +396,45 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
             # Select some server variables and test if the time zone
             # definitions are installed. CONVERT_TZ returns NULL if 'UTC'
             # timezone isn't loaded into the mysql.time_zone table.
-            cursor.execute("""
+            cursor.execute(
+                """
                 SELECT VERSION(),
                        @@sql_mode,
                        @@default_storage_engine,
                        @@sql_auto_is_null,
                        @@lower_case_table_names,
                        CONVERT_TZ('2001-01-01 01:00:00', 'UTC', 'UTC') IS NOT NULL
-            """)
+            """
+            )
             row = cursor.fetchone()
         return {
-            'version': row[0],
-            'sql_mode': row[1],
-            'default_storage_engine': row[2],
-            'sql_auto_is_null': bool(row[3]),
-            'lower_case_table_names': bool(row[4]),
-            'has_zoneinfo_database': bool(row[5]),
+            "version": row[0],
+            "sql_mode": row[1],
+            "default_storage_engine": row[2],
+            "sql_auto_is_null": bool(row[3]),
+            "lower_case_table_names": bool(row[4]),
+            "has_zoneinfo_database": bool(row[5]),
         }
 
     @cached_property
     def mysql_server_info(self):
-        return self.mysql_server_data['version']
+        return self.mysql_server_data["version"]
 
     @cached_property
     def mysql_version(self):
         match = server_version_re.match(self.mysql_server_info)
         if not match:
-            raise Exception('Unable to determine MySQL version from version string %r' % self.mysql_server_info)
+            raise Exception(
+                "Unable to determine MySQL version from version string %r"
+                % self.mysql_server_info
+            )
         return tuple(int(x) for x in match.groups())
 
     @cached_property
     def mysql_is_mariadb(self):
-        return 'mariadb' in self.mysql_server_info.lower()
+        return "mariadb" in self.mysql_server_info.lower()
 
     @cached_property
     def sql_mode(self):
-        sql_mode = self.mysql_server_data['sql_mode']
-        return set(sql_mode.split(',') if sql_mode else ())
+        sql_mode = self.mysql_server_data["sql_mode"]
+        return set(sql_mode.split(",") if sql_mode else ())
diff --git a/django/db/backends/mysql/client.py b/django/db/backends/mysql/client.py
index 7cbe314afe..0c09a2ca1e 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/mysql/client.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/mysql/client.py
@@ -2,28 +2,28 @@ from django.db.backends.base.client import BaseDatabaseClient
 
 
 class DatabaseClient(BaseDatabaseClient):
-    executable_name = 'mysql'
+    executable_name = "mysql"
 
     @classmethod
     def settings_to_cmd_args_env(cls, settings_dict, parameters):
         args = [cls.executable_name]
         env = None
-        database = settings_dict['OPTIONS'].get(
-            'database',
-            settings_dict['OPTIONS'].get('db', settings_dict['NAME']),
+        database = settings_dict["OPTIONS"].get(
+            "database",
+            settings_dict["OPTIONS"].get("db", settings_dict["NAME"]),
         )
-        user = settings_dict['OPTIONS'].get('user', settings_dict['USER'])
-        password = settings_dict['OPTIONS'].get(
-            'password',
-            settings_dict['OPTIONS'].get('passwd', settings_dict['PASSWORD'])
+        user = settings_dict["OPTIONS"].get("user", settings_dict["USER"])
+        password = settings_dict["OPTIONS"].get(
+            "password",
+            settings_dict["OPTIONS"].get("passwd", settings_dict["PASSWORD"]),
         )
-        host = settings_dict['OPTIONS'].get('host', settings_dict['HOST'])
-        port = settings_dict['OPTIONS'].get('port', settings_dict['PORT'])
-        server_ca = settings_dict['OPTIONS'].get('ssl', {}).get('ca')
-        client_cert = settings_dict['OPTIONS'].get('ssl', {}).get('cert')
-        client_key = settings_dict['OPTIONS'].get('ssl', {}).get('key')
-        defaults_file = settings_dict['OPTIONS'].get('read_default_file')
-        charset = settings_dict['OPTIONS'].get('charset')
+        host = settings_dict["OPTIONS"].get("host", settings_dict["HOST"])
+        port = settings_dict["OPTIONS"].get("port", settings_dict["PORT"])
+        server_ca = settings_dict["OPTIONS"].get("ssl", {}).get("ca")
+        client_cert = settings_dict["OPTIONS"].get("ssl", {}).get("cert")
+        client_key = settings_dict["OPTIONS"].get("ssl", {}).get("key")
+        defaults_file = settings_dict["OPTIONS"].get("read_default_file")
+        charset = settings_dict["OPTIONS"].get("charset")
         # Seems to be no good way to set sql_mode with CLI.
 
         if defaults_file:
@@ -38,9 +38,9 @@ class DatabaseClient(BaseDatabaseClient):
             # prevents password exposure if the subprocess.run(check=True) call
             # raises a CalledProcessError since the string representation of
             # the latter includes all of the provided `args`.
-            env = {'MYSQL_PWD': password}
+            env = {"MYSQL_PWD": password}
         if host:
-            if '/' in host:
+            if "/" in host:
                 args += ["--socket=%s" % host]
             else:
                 args += ["--host=%s" % host]
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class DatabaseClient(BaseDatabaseClient):
         if client_key:
             args += ["--ssl-key=%s" % client_key]
         if charset:
-            args += ['--default-character-set=%s' % charset]
+            args += ["--default-character-set=%s" % charset]
         if database:
             args += [database]
         args.extend(parameters)
diff --git a/django/db/backends/mysql/compiler.py b/django/db/backends/mysql/compiler.py
index 49b47961a1..a8ab03a55e 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/mysql/compiler.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/mysql/compiler.py
@@ -8,7 +8,14 @@ class SQLCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
         qn = compiler.quote_name_unless_alias
         qn2 = self.connection.ops.quote_name
         sql, params = self.as_sql()
-        return '(%s) IN (%s)' % (', '.join('%s.%s' % (qn(alias), qn2(column)) for column in columns), sql), params
+        return (
+            "(%s) IN (%s)"
+            % (
+                ", ".join("%s.%s" % (qn(alias), qn2(column)) for column in columns),
+                sql,
+            ),
+            params,
+        )
 
 
 class SQLInsertCompiler(compiler.SQLInsertCompiler, SQLCompiler):
@@ -27,16 +34,15 @@ class SQLDeleteCompiler(compiler.SQLDeleteCompiler, SQLCompiler):
             # since it doesn't allow for GROUP BY and HAVING clauses.
             return super().as_sql()
         result = [
-            'DELETE %s FROM' % self.quote_name_unless_alias(
-                self.query.get_initial_alias()
-            )
+            "DELETE %s FROM"
+            % self.quote_name_unless_alias(self.query.get_initial_alias())
         ]
         from_sql, from_params = self.get_from_clause()
         result.extend(from_sql)
         where_sql, where_params = self.compile(where)
         if where_sql:
-            result.append('WHERE %s' % where_sql)
-        return ' '.join(result), tuple(from_params) + tuple(where_params)
+            result.append("WHERE %s" % where_sql)
+        return " ".join(result), tuple(from_params) + tuple(where_params)
 
 
 class SQLUpdateCompiler(compiler.SQLUpdateCompiler, SQLCompiler):
@@ -50,15 +56,15 @@ class SQLUpdateCompiler(compiler.SQLUpdateCompiler, SQLCompiler):
             try:
                 for resolved, (sql, params, _) in self.get_order_by():
                     if (
-                        isinstance(resolved.expression, Col) and
-                        resolved.expression.alias != db_table
+                        isinstance(resolved.expression, Col)
+                        and resolved.expression.alias != db_table
                     ):
                         # Ignore ordering if it contains joined fields, because
                         # they cannot be used in the ORDER BY clause.
                         raise FieldError
                     order_by_sql.append(sql)
                     order_by_params.extend(params)
-                update_query += ' ORDER BY ' + ', '.join(order_by_sql)
+                update_query += " ORDER BY " + ", ".join(order_by_sql)
                 update_params += tuple(order_by_params)
             except FieldError:
                 # Ignore ordering if it contains annotations, because they're
diff --git a/django/db/backends/mysql/creation.py b/django/db/backends/mysql/creation.py
index 1f0261b667..a060f41d18 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/mysql/creation.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/mysql/creation.py
@@ -8,15 +8,14 @@ from .client import DatabaseClient
 
 
 class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
-
     def sql_table_creation_suffix(self):
         suffix = []
-        test_settings = self.connection.settings_dict['TEST']
-        if test_settings['CHARSET']:
-            suffix.append('CHARACTER SET %s' % test_settings['CHARSET'])
-        if test_settings['COLLATION']:
-            suffix.append('COLLATE %s' % test_settings['COLLATION'])
-        return ' '.join(suffix)
+        test_settings = self.connection.settings_dict["TEST"]
+        if test_settings["CHARSET"]:
+            suffix.append("CHARACTER SET %s" % test_settings["CHARSET"])
+        if test_settings["COLLATION"]:
+            suffix.append("COLLATE %s" % test_settings["COLLATION"])
+        return " ".join(suffix)
 
     def _execute_create_test_db(self, cursor, parameters, keepdb=False):
         try:
@@ -24,17 +23,17 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
         except Exception as e:
             if len(e.args) < 1 or e.args[0] != 1007:
                 # All errors except "database exists" (1007) cancel tests.
-                self.log('Got an error creating the test database: %s' % e)
+                self.log("Got an error creating the test database: %s" % e)
                 sys.exit(2)
             else:
                 raise
 
     def _clone_test_db(self, suffix, verbosity, keepdb=False):
-        source_database_name = self.connection.settings_dict['NAME']
-        target_database_name = self.get_test_db_clone_settings(suffix)['NAME']
+        source_database_name = self.connection.settings_dict["NAME"]
+        target_database_name = self.get_test_db_clone_settings(suffix)["NAME"]
         test_db_params = {
-            'dbname': self.connection.ops.quote_name(target_database_name),
-            'suffix': self.sql_table_creation_suffix(),
+            "dbname": self.connection.ops.quote_name(target_database_name),
+            "suffix": self.sql_table_creation_suffix(),
         }
         with self._nodb_cursor() as cursor:
             try:
@@ -45,24 +44,44 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
                     return
                 try:
                     if verbosity >= 1:
-                        self.log('Destroying old test database for alias %s...' % (
-                            self._get_database_display_str(verbosity, target_database_name),
-                        ))
-                    cursor.execute('DROP DATABASE %(dbname)s' % test_db_params)
+                        self.log(
+                            "Destroying old test database for alias %s..."
+                            % (
+                                self._get_database_display_str(
+                                    verbosity, target_database_name
+                                ),
+                            )
+                        )
+                    cursor.execute("DROP DATABASE %(dbname)s" % test_db_params)
                     self._execute_create_test_db(cursor, test_db_params, keepdb)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    self.log('Got an error recreating the test database: %s' % e)
+                    self.log("Got an error recreating the test database: %s" % e)
                     sys.exit(2)
         self._clone_db(source_database_name, target_database_name)
 
     def _clone_db(self, source_database_name, target_database_name):
-        cmd_args, cmd_env = DatabaseClient.settings_to_cmd_args_env(self.connection.settings_dict, [])
-        dump_cmd = ['mysqldump', *cmd_args[1:-1], '--routines', '--events', source_database_name]
+        cmd_args, cmd_env = DatabaseClient.settings_to_cmd_args_env(
+            self.connection.settings_dict, []
+        )
+        dump_cmd = [
+            "mysqldump",
+            *cmd_args[1:-1],
+            "--routines",
+            "--events",
+            source_database_name,
+        ]
         dump_env = load_env = {**os.environ, **cmd_env} if cmd_env else None
         load_cmd = cmd_args
         load_cmd[-1] = target_database_name
 
-        with subprocess.Popen(dump_cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, env=dump_env) as dump_proc:
-            with subprocess.Popen(load_cmd, stdin=dump_proc.stdout, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL, env=load_env):
+        with subprocess.Popen(
+            dump_cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, env=dump_env
+        ) as dump_proc:
+            with subprocess.Popen(
+                load_cmd,
+                stdin=dump_proc.stdout,
+                stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+                env=load_env,
+            ):
                 # Allow dump_proc to receive a SIGPIPE if the load process exits.
                 dump_proc.stdout.close()
diff --git a/django/db/backends/mysql/features.py b/django/db/backends/mysql/features.py
index 5d6c4afde0..d485d40d60 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/mysql/features.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/mysql/features.py
@@ -50,87 +50,104 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
 
     @cached_property
     def test_collations(self):
-        charset = 'utf8'
-        if self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb and self.connection.mysql_version >= (10, 6):
+        charset = "utf8"
+        if self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb and self.connection.mysql_version >= (
+            10,
+            6,
+        ):
             # utf8 is an alias for utf8mb3 in MariaDB 10.6+.
-            charset = 'utf8mb3'
+            charset = "utf8mb3"
         return {
-            'ci': f'{charset}_general_ci',
-            'non_default': f'{charset}_esperanto_ci',
-            'swedish_ci': f'{charset}_swedish_ci',
+            "ci": f"{charset}_general_ci",
+            "non_default": f"{charset}_esperanto_ci",
+            "swedish_ci": f"{charset}_swedish_ci",
         }
 
-    test_now_utc_template = 'UTC_TIMESTAMP'
+    test_now_utc_template = "UTC_TIMESTAMP"
 
     @cached_property
     def django_test_skips(self):
         skips = {
             "This doesn't work on MySQL.": {
-                'db_functions.comparison.test_greatest.GreatestTests.test_coalesce_workaround',
-                'db_functions.comparison.test_least.LeastTests.test_coalesce_workaround',
+                "db_functions.comparison.test_greatest.GreatestTests.test_coalesce_workaround",
+                "db_functions.comparison.test_least.LeastTests.test_coalesce_workaround",
             },
-            'Running on MySQL requires utf8mb4 encoding (#18392).': {
-                'model_fields.test_textfield.TextFieldTests.test_emoji',
-                'model_fields.test_charfield.TestCharField.test_emoji',
+            "Running on MySQL requires utf8mb4 encoding (#18392).": {
+                "model_fields.test_textfield.TextFieldTests.test_emoji",
+                "model_fields.test_charfield.TestCharField.test_emoji",
             },
             "MySQL doesn't support functional indexes on a function that "
             "returns JSON": {
-                'schema.tests.SchemaTests.test_func_index_json_key_transform',
+                "schema.tests.SchemaTests.test_func_index_json_key_transform",
             },
             "MySQL supports multiplying and dividing DurationFields by a "
             "scalar value but it's not implemented (#25287).": {
-                'expressions.tests.FTimeDeltaTests.test_durationfield_multiply_divide',
+                "expressions.tests.FTimeDeltaTests.test_durationfield_multiply_divide",
             },
         }
-        if 'ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY' in self.connection.sql_mode:
-            skips.update({
-                'GROUP BY optimization does not work properly when '
-                'ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY mode is enabled on MySQL, see #31331.': {
-                    'aggregation.tests.AggregateTestCase.test_aggregation_subquery_annotation_multivalued',
-                    'annotations.tests.NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase.test_annotation_aggregate_with_m2o',
-                },
-            })
-        if not self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb and self.connection.mysql_version < (8,):
-            skips.update({
-                'Casting to datetime/time is not supported by MySQL < 8.0. (#30224)': {
-                    'aggregation.tests.AggregateTestCase.test_aggregation_default_using_time_from_python',
-                    'aggregation.tests.AggregateTestCase.test_aggregation_default_using_datetime_from_python',
-                },
-                'MySQL < 8.0 returns string type instead of datetime/time. (#30224)': {
-                    'aggregation.tests.AggregateTestCase.test_aggregation_default_using_time_from_database',
-                    'aggregation.tests.AggregateTestCase.test_aggregation_default_using_datetime_from_database',
-                },
-            })
-        if (
-            self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb and
-            (10, 4, 3) < self.connection.mysql_version < (10, 5, 2)
+        if "ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY" in self.connection.sql_mode:
+            skips.update(
+                {
+                    "GROUP BY optimization does not work properly when "
+                    "ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY mode is enabled on MySQL, see #31331.": {
+                        "aggregation.tests.AggregateTestCase.test_aggregation_subquery_annotation_multivalued",
+                        "annotations.tests.NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase.test_annotation_aggregate_with_m2o",
+                    },
+                }
+            )
+        if not self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb and self.connection.mysql_version < (
+            8,
         ):
-            skips.update({
-                'https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/MDEV-19598': {
-                    'schema.tests.SchemaTests.test_alter_not_unique_field_to_primary_key',
-                },
-            })
-        if (
-            self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb and
-            (10, 4, 12) < self.connection.mysql_version < (10, 5)
-        ):
-            skips.update({
-                'https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/MDEV-22775': {
-                    'schema.tests.SchemaTests.test_alter_pk_with_self_referential_field',
-                },
-            })
+            skips.update(
+                {
+                    "Casting to datetime/time is not supported by MySQL < 8.0. (#30224)": {
+                        "aggregation.tests.AggregateTestCase.test_aggregation_default_using_time_from_python",
+                        "aggregation.tests.AggregateTestCase.test_aggregation_default_using_datetime_from_python",
+                    },
+                    "MySQL < 8.0 returns string type instead of datetime/time. (#30224)": {
+                        "aggregation.tests.AggregateTestCase.test_aggregation_default_using_time_from_database",
+                        "aggregation.tests.AggregateTestCase.test_aggregation_default_using_datetime_from_database",
+                    },
+                }
+            )
+        if self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb and (
+            10,
+            4,
+            3,
+        ) < self.connection.mysql_version < (10, 5, 2):
+            skips.update(
+                {
+                    "https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/MDEV-19598": {
+                        "schema.tests.SchemaTests.test_alter_not_unique_field_to_primary_key",
+                    },
+                }
+            )
+        if self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb and (
+            10,
+            4,
+            12,
+        ) < self.connection.mysql_version < (10, 5):
+            skips.update(
+                {
+                    "https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/MDEV-22775": {
+                        "schema.tests.SchemaTests.test_alter_pk_with_self_referential_field",
+                    },
+                }
+            )
         if not self.supports_explain_analyze:
-            skips.update({
-                'MariaDB and MySQL >= 8.0.18 specific.': {
-                    'queries.test_explain.ExplainTests.test_mysql_analyze',
-                },
-            })
+            skips.update(
+                {
+                    "MariaDB and MySQL >= 8.0.18 specific.": {
+                        "queries.test_explain.ExplainTests.test_mysql_analyze",
+                    },
+                }
+            )
         return skips
 
     @cached_property
     def _mysql_storage_engine(self):
         "Internal method used in Django tests. Don't rely on this from your code"
-        return self.connection.mysql_server_data['default_storage_engine']
+        return self.connection.mysql_server_data["default_storage_engine"]
 
     @cached_property
     def allows_auto_pk_0(self):
@@ -138,40 +155,50 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
         Autoincrement primary key can be set to 0 if it doesn't generate new
         autoincrement values.
         """
-        return 'NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO' in self.connection.sql_mode
+        return "NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO" in self.connection.sql_mode
 
     @cached_property
     def update_can_self_select(self):
-        return self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb and self.connection.mysql_version >= (10, 3, 2)
+        return self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb and self.connection.mysql_version >= (
+            10,
+            3,
+            2,
+        )
 
     @cached_property
     def can_introspect_foreign_keys(self):
         "Confirm support for introspected foreign keys"
-        return self._mysql_storage_engine != 'MyISAM'
+        return self._mysql_storage_engine != "MyISAM"
 
     @cached_property
     def introspected_field_types(self):
         return {
             **super().introspected_field_types,
-            'BinaryField': 'TextField',
-            'BooleanField': 'IntegerField',
-            'DurationField': 'BigIntegerField',
-            'GenericIPAddressField': 'CharField',
+            "BinaryField": "TextField",
+            "BooleanField": "IntegerField",
+            "DurationField": "BigIntegerField",
+            "GenericIPAddressField": "CharField",
         }
 
     @cached_property
     def can_return_columns_from_insert(self):
-        return self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb and self.connection.mysql_version >= (10, 5, 0)
+        return self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb and self.connection.mysql_version >= (
+            10,
+            5,
+            0,
+        )
 
-    can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert = property(operator.attrgetter('can_return_columns_from_insert'))
+    can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert = property(
+        operator.attrgetter("can_return_columns_from_insert")
+    )
 
     @cached_property
     def has_zoneinfo_database(self):
-        return self.connection.mysql_server_data['has_zoneinfo_database']
+        return self.connection.mysql_server_data["has_zoneinfo_database"]
 
     @cached_property
     def is_sql_auto_is_null_enabled(self):
-        return self.connection.mysql_server_data['sql_auto_is_null']
+        return self.connection.mysql_server_data["sql_auto_is_null"]
 
     @cached_property
     def supports_over_clause(self):
@@ -179,7 +206,9 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
             return True
         return self.connection.mysql_version >= (8, 0, 2)
 
-    supports_frame_range_fixed_distance = property(operator.attrgetter('supports_over_clause'))
+    supports_frame_range_fixed_distance = property(
+        operator.attrgetter("supports_over_clause")
+    )
 
     @cached_property
     def supports_column_check_constraints(self):
@@ -187,7 +216,9 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
             return True
         return self.connection.mysql_version >= (8, 0, 16)
 
-    supports_table_check_constraints = property(operator.attrgetter('supports_column_check_constraints'))
+    supports_table_check_constraints = property(
+        operator.attrgetter("supports_column_check_constraints")
+    )
 
     @cached_property
     def can_introspect_check_constraints(self):
@@ -210,19 +241,30 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
 
     @cached_property
     def has_select_for_update_of(self):
-        return not self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb and self.connection.mysql_version >= (8, 0, 1)
+        return (
+            not self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb
+            and self.connection.mysql_version >= (8, 0, 1)
+        )
 
     @cached_property
     def supports_explain_analyze(self):
-        return self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb or self.connection.mysql_version >= (8, 0, 18)
+        return self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb or self.connection.mysql_version >= (
+            8,
+            0,
+            18,
+        )
 
     @cached_property
     def supported_explain_formats(self):
         # Alias MySQL's TRADITIONAL to TEXT for consistency with other
         # backends.
-        formats = {'JSON', 'TEXT', 'TRADITIONAL'}
-        if not self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb and self.connection.mysql_version >= (8, 0, 16):
-            formats.add('TREE')
+        formats = {"JSON", "TEXT", "TRADITIONAL"}
+        if not self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb and self.connection.mysql_version >= (
+            8,
+            0,
+            16,
+        ):
+            formats.add("TREE")
         return formats
 
     @cached_property
@@ -230,11 +272,11 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
         """
         All storage engines except MyISAM support transactions.
         """
-        return self._mysql_storage_engine != 'MyISAM'
+        return self._mysql_storage_engine != "MyISAM"
 
     @cached_property
     def ignores_table_name_case(self):
-        return self.connection.mysql_server_data['lower_case_table_names']
+        return self.connection.mysql_server_data["lower_case_table_names"]
 
     @cached_property
     def supports_default_in_lead_lag(self):
@@ -256,13 +298,13 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
     @cached_property
     def supports_index_column_ordering(self):
         return (
-            not self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb and
-            self.connection.mysql_version >= (8, 0, 1)
+            not self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb
+            and self.connection.mysql_version >= (8, 0, 1)
         )
 
     @cached_property
     def supports_expression_indexes(self):
         return (
-            not self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb and
-            self.connection.mysql_version >= (8, 0, 13)
+            not self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb
+            and self.connection.mysql_version >= (8, 0, 13)
         )
diff --git a/django/db/backends/mysql/introspection.py b/django/db/backends/mysql/introspection.py
index 3a76168227..3cf56dffce 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/mysql/introspection.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/mysql/introspection.py
@@ -3,72 +3,76 @@ from collections import namedtuple
 import sqlparse
 from MySQLdb.constants import FIELD_TYPE
 
-from django.db.backends.base.introspection import (
-    BaseDatabaseIntrospection, FieldInfo as BaseFieldInfo, TableInfo,
-)
+from django.db.backends.base.introspection import BaseDatabaseIntrospection
+from django.db.backends.base.introspection import FieldInfo as BaseFieldInfo
+from django.db.backends.base.introspection import TableInfo
 from django.db.models import Index
 from django.utils.datastructures import OrderedSet
 
-FieldInfo = namedtuple('FieldInfo', BaseFieldInfo._fields + ('extra', 'is_unsigned', 'has_json_constraint'))
+FieldInfo = namedtuple(
+    "FieldInfo", BaseFieldInfo._fields + ("extra", "is_unsigned", "has_json_constraint")
+)
 InfoLine = namedtuple(
-    'InfoLine',
-    'col_name data_type max_len num_prec num_scale extra column_default '
-    'collation is_unsigned'
+    "InfoLine",
+    "col_name data_type max_len num_prec num_scale extra column_default "
+    "collation is_unsigned",
 )
 
 
 class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
     data_types_reverse = {
-        FIELD_TYPE.BLOB: 'TextField',
-        FIELD_TYPE.CHAR: 'CharField',
-        FIELD_TYPE.DECIMAL: 'DecimalField',
-        FIELD_TYPE.NEWDECIMAL: 'DecimalField',
-        FIELD_TYPE.DATE: 'DateField',
-        FIELD_TYPE.DATETIME: 'DateTimeField',
-        FIELD_TYPE.DOUBLE: 'FloatField',
-        FIELD_TYPE.FLOAT: 'FloatField',
-        FIELD_TYPE.INT24: 'IntegerField',
-        FIELD_TYPE.JSON: 'JSONField',
-        FIELD_TYPE.LONG: 'IntegerField',
-        FIELD_TYPE.LONGLONG: 'BigIntegerField',
-        FIELD_TYPE.SHORT: 'SmallIntegerField',
-        FIELD_TYPE.STRING: 'CharField',
-        FIELD_TYPE.TIME: 'TimeField',
-        FIELD_TYPE.TIMESTAMP: 'DateTimeField',
-        FIELD_TYPE.TINY: 'IntegerField',
-        FIELD_TYPE.TINY_BLOB: 'TextField',
-        FIELD_TYPE.MEDIUM_BLOB: 'TextField',
-        FIELD_TYPE.LONG_BLOB: 'TextField',
-        FIELD_TYPE.VAR_STRING: 'CharField',
+        FIELD_TYPE.BLOB: "TextField",
+        FIELD_TYPE.CHAR: "CharField",
+        FIELD_TYPE.DECIMAL: "DecimalField",
+        FIELD_TYPE.NEWDECIMAL: "DecimalField",
+        FIELD_TYPE.DATE: "DateField",
+        FIELD_TYPE.DATETIME: "DateTimeField",
+        FIELD_TYPE.DOUBLE: "FloatField",
+        FIELD_TYPE.FLOAT: "FloatField",
+        FIELD_TYPE.INT24: "IntegerField",
+        FIELD_TYPE.JSON: "JSONField",
+        FIELD_TYPE.LONG: "IntegerField",
+        FIELD_TYPE.LONGLONG: "BigIntegerField",
+        FIELD_TYPE.SHORT: "SmallIntegerField",
+        FIELD_TYPE.STRING: "CharField",
+        FIELD_TYPE.TIME: "TimeField",
+        FIELD_TYPE.TIMESTAMP: "DateTimeField",
+        FIELD_TYPE.TINY: "IntegerField",
+        FIELD_TYPE.TINY_BLOB: "TextField",
+        FIELD_TYPE.MEDIUM_BLOB: "TextField",
+        FIELD_TYPE.LONG_BLOB: "TextField",
+        FIELD_TYPE.VAR_STRING: "CharField",
     }
 
     def get_field_type(self, data_type, description):
         field_type = super().get_field_type(data_type, description)
-        if 'auto_increment' in description.extra:
-            if field_type == 'IntegerField':
-                return 'AutoField'
-            elif field_type == 'BigIntegerField':
-                return 'BigAutoField'
-            elif field_type == 'SmallIntegerField':
-                return 'SmallAutoField'
+        if "auto_increment" in description.extra:
+            if field_type == "IntegerField":
+                return "AutoField"
+            elif field_type == "BigIntegerField":
+                return "BigAutoField"
+            elif field_type == "SmallIntegerField":
+                return "SmallAutoField"
         if description.is_unsigned:
-            if field_type == 'BigIntegerField':
-                return 'PositiveBigIntegerField'
-            elif field_type == 'IntegerField':
-                return 'PositiveIntegerField'
-            elif field_type == 'SmallIntegerField':
-                return 'PositiveSmallIntegerField'
+            if field_type == "BigIntegerField":
+                return "PositiveBigIntegerField"
+            elif field_type == "IntegerField":
+                return "PositiveIntegerField"
+            elif field_type == "SmallIntegerField":
+                return "PositiveSmallIntegerField"
         # JSON data type is an alias for LONGTEXT in MariaDB, use check
         # constraints clauses to introspect JSONField.
         if description.has_json_constraint:
-            return 'JSONField'
+            return "JSONField"
         return field_type
 
     def get_table_list(self, cursor):
         """Return a list of table and view names in the current database."""
         cursor.execute("SHOW FULL TABLES")
-        return [TableInfo(row[0], {'BASE TABLE': 't', 'VIEW': 'v'}.get(row[1]))
-                for row in cursor.fetchall()]
+        return [
+            TableInfo(row[0], {"BASE TABLE": "t", "VIEW": "v"}.get(row[1]))
+            for row in cursor.fetchall()
+        ]
 
     def get_table_description(self, cursor, table_name):
         """
@@ -76,7 +80,10 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
         interface."
         """
         json_constraints = {}
-        if self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb and self.connection.features.can_introspect_json_field:
+        if (
+            self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb
+            and self.connection.features.can_introspect_json_field
+        ):
             # JSON data type is an alias for LONGTEXT in MariaDB, select
             # JSON_VALID() constraints to introspect JSONField.
             cursor.execute(
@@ -102,7 +109,7 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
             [table_name],
         )
         row = cursor.fetchone()
-        default_column_collation = row[0] if row else ''
+        default_column_collation = row[0] if row else ""
         # information_schema database gives more accurate results for some figures:
         # - varchar length returned by cursor.description is an internal length,
         #   not visible length (#5725)
@@ -128,7 +135,9 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
         )
         field_info = {line[0]: InfoLine(*line) for line in cursor.fetchall()}
 
-        cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM %s LIMIT 1" % self.connection.ops.quote_name(table_name))
+        cursor.execute(
+            "SELECT * FROM %s LIMIT 1" % self.connection.ops.quote_name(table_name)
+        )
 
         def to_int(i):
             return int(i) if i is not None else i
@@ -136,25 +145,27 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
         fields = []
         for line in cursor.description:
             info = field_info[line[0]]
-            fields.append(FieldInfo(
-                *line[:3],
-                to_int(info.max_len) or line[3],
-                to_int(info.num_prec) or line[4],
-                to_int(info.num_scale) or line[5],
-                line[6],
-                info.column_default,
-                info.collation,
-                info.extra,
-                info.is_unsigned,
-                line[0] in json_constraints,
-            ))
+            fields.append(
+                FieldInfo(
+                    *line[:3],
+                    to_int(info.max_len) or line[3],
+                    to_int(info.num_prec) or line[4],
+                    to_int(info.num_scale) or line[5],
+                    line[6],
+                    info.column_default,
+                    info.collation,
+                    info.extra,
+                    info.is_unsigned,
+                    line[0] in json_constraints,
+                )
+            )
         return fields
 
     def get_sequences(self, cursor, table_name, table_fields=()):
         for field_info in self.get_table_description(cursor, table_name):
-            if 'auto_increment' in field_info.extra:
+            if "auto_increment" in field_info.extra:
                 # MySQL allows only one auto-increment column per table.
-                return [{'table': table_name, 'column': field_info.name}]
+                return [{"table": table_name, "column": field_info.name}]
         return []
 
     def get_relations(self, cursor, table_name):
@@ -204,9 +215,9 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
         tokens = (token for token in statement.flatten() if not token.is_whitespace)
         for token in tokens:
             if (
-                token.ttype == sqlparse.tokens.Name and
-                self.connection.ops.quote_name(token.value) == token.value and
-                token.value[1:-1] in columns
+                token.ttype == sqlparse.tokens.Name
+                and self.connection.ops.quote_name(token.value) == token.value
+                and token.value[1:-1] in columns
             ):
                 check_columns.add(token.value[1:-1])
         return check_columns
@@ -237,20 +248,22 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
         for constraint, column, ref_table, ref_column, kind in cursor.fetchall():
             if constraint not in constraints:
                 constraints[constraint] = {
-                    'columns': OrderedSet(),
-                    'primary_key': kind == 'PRIMARY KEY',
-                    'unique': kind in {'PRIMARY KEY', 'UNIQUE'},
-                    'index': False,
-                    'check': False,
-                    'foreign_key': (ref_table, ref_column) if ref_column else None,
+                    "columns": OrderedSet(),
+                    "primary_key": kind == "PRIMARY KEY",
+                    "unique": kind in {"PRIMARY KEY", "UNIQUE"},
+                    "index": False,
+                    "check": False,
+                    "foreign_key": (ref_table, ref_column) if ref_column else None,
                 }
                 if self.connection.features.supports_index_column_ordering:
-                    constraints[constraint]['orders'] = []
-            constraints[constraint]['columns'].add(column)
+                    constraints[constraint]["orders"] = []
+            constraints[constraint]["columns"].add(column)
         # Add check constraints.
         if self.connection.features.can_introspect_check_constraints:
             unnamed_constraints_index = 0
-            columns = {info.name for info in self.get_table_description(cursor, table_name)}
+            columns = {
+                info.name for info in self.get_table_description(cursor, table_name)
+            }
             if self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb:
                 type_query = """
                     SELECT c.constraint_name, c.check_clause
@@ -274,42 +287,48 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
                 """
             cursor.execute(type_query, [table_name])
             for constraint, check_clause in cursor.fetchall():
-                constraint_columns = self._parse_constraint_columns(check_clause, columns)
+                constraint_columns = self._parse_constraint_columns(
+                    check_clause, columns
+                )
                 # Ensure uniqueness of unnamed constraints. Unnamed unique
                 # and check columns constraints have the same name as
                 # a column.
                 if set(constraint_columns) == {constraint}:
                     unnamed_constraints_index += 1
-                    constraint = '__unnamed_constraint_%s__' % unnamed_constraints_index
+                    constraint = "__unnamed_constraint_%s__" % unnamed_constraints_index
                 constraints[constraint] = {
-                    'columns': constraint_columns,
-                    'primary_key': False,
-                    'unique': False,
-                    'index': False,
-                    'check': True,
-                    'foreign_key': None,
+                    "columns": constraint_columns,
+                    "primary_key": False,
+                    "unique": False,
+                    "index": False,
+                    "check": True,
+                    "foreign_key": None,
                 }
         # Now add in the indexes
-        cursor.execute("SHOW INDEX FROM %s" % self.connection.ops.quote_name(table_name))
+        cursor.execute(
+            "SHOW INDEX FROM %s" % self.connection.ops.quote_name(table_name)
+        )
         for table, non_unique, index, colseq, column, order, type_ in [
             x[:6] + (x[10],) for x in cursor.fetchall()
         ]:
             if index not in constraints:
                 constraints[index] = {
-                    'columns': OrderedSet(),
-                    'primary_key': False,
-                    'unique': not non_unique,
-                    'check': False,
-                    'foreign_key': None,
+                    "columns": OrderedSet(),
+                    "primary_key": False,
+                    "unique": not non_unique,
+                    "check": False,
+                    "foreign_key": None,
                 }
                 if self.connection.features.supports_index_column_ordering:
-                    constraints[index]['orders'] = []
-            constraints[index]['index'] = True
-            constraints[index]['type'] = Index.suffix if type_ == 'BTREE' else type_.lower()
-            constraints[index]['columns'].add(column)
+                    constraints[index]["orders"] = []
+            constraints[index]["index"] = True
+            constraints[index]["type"] = (
+                Index.suffix if type_ == "BTREE" else type_.lower()
+            )
+            constraints[index]["columns"].add(column)
             if self.connection.features.supports_index_column_ordering:
-                constraints[index]['orders'].append('DESC' if order == 'D' else 'ASC')
+                constraints[index]["orders"].append("DESC" if order == "D" else "ASC")
         # Convert the sorted sets to lists
         for constraint in constraints.values():
-            constraint['columns'] = list(constraint['columns'])
+            constraint["columns"] = list(constraint["columns"])
         return constraints
diff --git a/django/db/backends/mysql/operations.py b/django/db/backends/mysql/operations.py
index 7f1994e657..5bcc03a67b 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/mysql/operations.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/mysql/operations.py
@@ -15,42 +15,42 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
     # MySQL stores positive fields as UNSIGNED ints.
     integer_field_ranges = {
         **BaseDatabaseOperations.integer_field_ranges,
-        'PositiveSmallIntegerField': (0, 65535),
-        'PositiveIntegerField': (0, 4294967295),
-        'PositiveBigIntegerField': (0, 18446744073709551615),
+        "PositiveSmallIntegerField": (0, 65535),
+        "PositiveIntegerField": (0, 4294967295),
+        "PositiveBigIntegerField": (0, 18446744073709551615),
     }
     cast_data_types = {
-        'AutoField': 'signed integer',
-        'BigAutoField': 'signed integer',
-        'SmallAutoField': 'signed integer',
-        'CharField': 'char(%(max_length)s)',
-        'DecimalField': 'decimal(%(max_digits)s, %(decimal_places)s)',
-        'TextField': 'char',
-        'IntegerField': 'signed integer',
-        'BigIntegerField': 'signed integer',
-        'SmallIntegerField': 'signed integer',
-        'PositiveBigIntegerField': 'unsigned integer',
-        'PositiveIntegerField': 'unsigned integer',
-        'PositiveSmallIntegerField': 'unsigned integer',
-        'DurationField': 'signed integer',
+        "AutoField": "signed integer",
+        "BigAutoField": "signed integer",
+        "SmallAutoField": "signed integer",
+        "CharField": "char(%(max_length)s)",
+        "DecimalField": "decimal(%(max_digits)s, %(decimal_places)s)",
+        "TextField": "char",
+        "IntegerField": "signed integer",
+        "BigIntegerField": "signed integer",
+        "SmallIntegerField": "signed integer",
+        "PositiveBigIntegerField": "unsigned integer",
+        "PositiveIntegerField": "unsigned integer",
+        "PositiveSmallIntegerField": "unsigned integer",
+        "DurationField": "signed integer",
     }
-    cast_char_field_without_max_length = 'char'
-    explain_prefix = 'EXPLAIN'
+    cast_char_field_without_max_length = "char"
+    explain_prefix = "EXPLAIN"
 
     def date_extract_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name):
         # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/date-and-time-functions.html
-        if lookup_type == 'week_day':
+        if lookup_type == "week_day":
             # DAYOFWEEK() returns an integer, 1-7, Sunday=1.
             return "DAYOFWEEK(%s)" % field_name
-        elif lookup_type == 'iso_week_day':
+        elif lookup_type == "iso_week_day":
             # WEEKDAY() returns an integer, 0-6, Monday=0.
             return "WEEKDAY(%s) + 1" % field_name
-        elif lookup_type == 'week':
+        elif lookup_type == "week":
             # Override the value of default_week_format for consistency with
             # other database backends.
             # Mode 3: Monday, 1-53, with 4 or more days this year.
             return "WEEK(%s, 3)" % field_name
-        elif lookup_type == 'iso_year':
+        elif lookup_type == "iso_year":
             # Get the year part from the YEARWEEK function, which returns a
             # number as year * 100 + week.
             return "TRUNCATE(YEARWEEK(%s, 3), -2) / 100" % field_name
@@ -61,26 +61,25 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
     def date_trunc_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name, tzname=None):
         field_name = self._convert_field_to_tz(field_name, tzname)
         fields = {
-            'year': '%%Y-01-01',
-            'month': '%%Y-%%m-01',
+            "year": "%%Y-01-01",
+            "month": "%%Y-%%m-01",
         }  # Use double percents to escape.
         if lookup_type in fields:
             format_str = fields[lookup_type]
             return "CAST(DATE_FORMAT(%s, '%s') AS DATE)" % (field_name, format_str)
-        elif lookup_type == 'quarter':
-            return "MAKEDATE(YEAR(%s), 1) + INTERVAL QUARTER(%s) QUARTER - INTERVAL 1 QUARTER" % (
-                field_name, field_name
-            )
-        elif lookup_type == 'week':
-            return "DATE_SUB(%s, INTERVAL WEEKDAY(%s) DAY)" % (
-                field_name, field_name
+        elif lookup_type == "quarter":
+            return (
+                "MAKEDATE(YEAR(%s), 1) + INTERVAL QUARTER(%s) QUARTER - INTERVAL 1 QUARTER"
+                % (field_name, field_name)
             )
+        elif lookup_type == "week":
+            return "DATE_SUB(%s, INTERVAL WEEKDAY(%s) DAY)" % (field_name, field_name)
         else:
             return "DATE(%s)" % (field_name)
 
     def _prepare_tzname_delta(self, tzname):
         tzname, sign, offset = split_tzname_delta(tzname)
-        return f'{sign}{offset}' if offset else tzname
+        return f"{sign}{offset}" if offset else tzname
 
     def _convert_field_to_tz(self, field_name, tzname):
         if tzname and settings.USE_TZ and self.connection.timezone_name != tzname:
@@ -105,16 +104,23 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
 
     def datetime_trunc_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name, tzname):
         field_name = self._convert_field_to_tz(field_name, tzname)
-        fields = ['year', 'month', 'day', 'hour', 'minute', 'second']
-        format = ('%%Y-', '%%m', '-%%d', ' %%H:', '%%i', ':%%s')  # Use double percents to escape.
-        format_def = ('0000-', '01', '-01', ' 00:', '00', ':00')
-        if lookup_type == 'quarter':
+        fields = ["year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second"]
+        format = (
+            "%%Y-",
+            "%%m",
+            "-%%d",
+            " %%H:",
+            "%%i",
+            ":%%s",
+        )  # Use double percents to escape.
+        format_def = ("0000-", "01", "-01", " 00:", "00", ":00")
+        if lookup_type == "quarter":
             return (
                 "CAST(DATE_FORMAT(MAKEDATE(YEAR({field_name}), 1) + "
-                "INTERVAL QUARTER({field_name}) QUARTER - " +
-                "INTERVAL 1 QUARTER, '%%Y-%%m-01 00:00:00') AS DATETIME)"
+                "INTERVAL QUARTER({field_name}) QUARTER - "
+                + "INTERVAL 1 QUARTER, '%%Y-%%m-01 00:00:00') AS DATETIME)"
             ).format(field_name=field_name)
-        if lookup_type == 'week':
+        if lookup_type == "week":
             return (
                 "CAST(DATE_FORMAT(DATE_SUB({field_name}, "
                 "INTERVAL WEEKDAY({field_name}) DAY), "
@@ -125,16 +131,16 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
         except ValueError:
             sql = field_name
         else:
-            format_str = ''.join(format[:i] + format_def[i:])
+            format_str = "".join(format[:i] + format_def[i:])
             sql = "CAST(DATE_FORMAT(%s, '%s') AS DATETIME)" % (field_name, format_str)
         return sql
 
     def time_trunc_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name, tzname=None):
         field_name = self._convert_field_to_tz(field_name, tzname)
         fields = {
-            'hour': '%%H:00:00',
-            'minute': '%%H:%%i:00',
-            'second': '%%H:%%i:%%s',
+            "hour": "%%H:00:00",
+            "minute": "%%H:%%i:00",
+            "second": "%%H:%%i:%%s",
         }  # Use double percents to escape.
         if lookup_type in fields:
             format_str = fields[lookup_type]
@@ -150,7 +156,7 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
         return cursor.fetchall()
 
     def format_for_duration_arithmetic(self, sql):
-        return 'INTERVAL %s MICROSECOND' % sql
+        return "INTERVAL %s MICROSECOND" % sql
 
     def force_no_ordering(self):
         """
@@ -168,7 +174,7 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
         # attribute where the exact query sent to the database is saved.
         # See MySQLdb/cursors.py in the source distribution.
         # MySQLdb returns string, PyMySQL bytes.
-        return force_str(getattr(cursor, '_executed', None), errors='replace')
+        return force_str(getattr(cursor, "_executed", None), errors="replace")
 
     def no_limit_value(self):
         # 2**64 - 1, as recommended by the MySQL documentation
@@ -183,50 +189,58 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
         # MySQL and MariaDB < 10.5.0 don't support an INSERT...RETURNING
         # statement.
         if not fields:
-            return '', ()
+            return "", ()
         columns = [
-            '%s.%s' % (
+            "%s.%s"
+            % (
                 self.quote_name(field.model._meta.db_table),
                 self.quote_name(field.column),
-            ) for field in fields
+            )
+            for field in fields
         ]
-        return 'RETURNING %s' % ', '.join(columns), ()
+        return "RETURNING %s" % ", ".join(columns), ()
 
     def sql_flush(self, style, tables, *, reset_sequences=False, allow_cascade=False):
         if not tables:
             return []
 
-        sql = ['SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0;']
+        sql = ["SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0;"]
         if reset_sequences:
             # It's faster to TRUNCATE tables that require a sequence reset
             # since ALTER TABLE AUTO_INCREMENT is slower than TRUNCATE.
             sql.extend(
-                '%s %s;' % (
-                    style.SQL_KEYWORD('TRUNCATE'),
+                "%s %s;"
+                % (
+                    style.SQL_KEYWORD("TRUNCATE"),
                     style.SQL_FIELD(self.quote_name(table_name)),
-                ) for table_name in tables
+                )
+                for table_name in tables
             )
         else:
             # Otherwise issue a simple DELETE since it's faster than TRUNCATE
             # and preserves sequences.
             sql.extend(
-                '%s %s %s;' % (
-                    style.SQL_KEYWORD('DELETE'),
-                    style.SQL_KEYWORD('FROM'),
+                "%s %s %s;"
+                % (
+                    style.SQL_KEYWORD("DELETE"),
+                    style.SQL_KEYWORD("FROM"),
                     style.SQL_FIELD(self.quote_name(table_name)),
-                ) for table_name in tables
+                )
+                for table_name in tables
             )
-        sql.append('SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1;')
+        sql.append("SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1;")
         return sql
 
     def sequence_reset_by_name_sql(self, style, sequences):
         return [
-            '%s %s %s %s = 1;' % (
-                style.SQL_KEYWORD('ALTER'),
-                style.SQL_KEYWORD('TABLE'),
-                style.SQL_FIELD(self.quote_name(sequence_info['table'])),
-                style.SQL_FIELD('AUTO_INCREMENT'),
-            ) for sequence_info in sequences
+            "%s %s %s %s = 1;"
+            % (
+                style.SQL_KEYWORD("ALTER"),
+                style.SQL_KEYWORD("TABLE"),
+                style.SQL_FIELD(self.quote_name(sequence_info["table"])),
+                style.SQL_FIELD("AUTO_INCREMENT"),
+            )
+            for sequence_info in sequences
         ]
 
     def validate_autopk_value(self, value):
@@ -234,7 +248,7 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
         # NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO SQL mode.
         if value == 0 and not self.connection.features.allows_auto_pk_0:
             raise ValueError(
-                'The database backend does not accept 0 as a value for AutoField.'
+                "The database backend does not accept 0 as a value for AutoField."
             )
         return value
 
@@ -243,7 +257,7 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
             return None
 
         # Expression values are adapted by the database.
-        if hasattr(value, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if hasattr(value, "resolve_expression"):
             return value
 
         # MySQL doesn't support tz-aware datetimes
@@ -251,7 +265,9 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
             if settings.USE_TZ:
                 value = timezone.make_naive(value, self.connection.timezone)
             else:
-                raise ValueError("MySQL backend does not support timezone-aware datetimes when USE_TZ is False.")
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "MySQL backend does not support timezone-aware datetimes when USE_TZ is False."
+                )
         return str(value)
 
     def adapt_timefield_value(self, value):
@@ -259,20 +275,20 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
             return None
 
         # Expression values are adapted by the database.
-        if hasattr(value, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if hasattr(value, "resolve_expression"):
             return value
 
         # MySQL doesn't support tz-aware times
         if timezone.is_aware(value):
             raise ValueError("MySQL backend does not support timezone-aware times.")
 
-        return value.isoformat(timespec='microseconds')
+        return value.isoformat(timespec="microseconds")
 
     def max_name_length(self):
         return 64
 
     def pk_default_value(self):
-        return 'NULL'
+        return "NULL"
 
     def bulk_insert_sql(self, fields, placeholder_rows):
         placeholder_rows_sql = (", ".join(row) for row in placeholder_rows)
@@ -280,27 +296,27 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
         return "VALUES " + values_sql
 
     def combine_expression(self, connector, sub_expressions):
-        if connector == '^':
-            return 'POW(%s)' % ','.join(sub_expressions)
+        if connector == "^":
+            return "POW(%s)" % ",".join(sub_expressions)
         # Convert the result to a signed integer since MySQL's binary operators
         # return an unsigned integer.
-        elif connector in ('&', '|', '<<', '#'):
-            connector = '^' if connector == '#' else connector
-            return 'CONVERT(%s, SIGNED)' % connector.join(sub_expressions)
-        elif connector == '>>':
+        elif connector in ("&", "|", "<<", "#"):
+            connector = "^" if connector == "#" else connector
+            return "CONVERT(%s, SIGNED)" % connector.join(sub_expressions)
+        elif connector == ">>":
             lhs, rhs = sub_expressions
-            return 'FLOOR(%(lhs)s / POW(2, %(rhs)s))' % {'lhs': lhs, 'rhs': rhs}
+            return "FLOOR(%(lhs)s / POW(2, %(rhs)s))" % {"lhs": lhs, "rhs": rhs}
         return super().combine_expression(connector, sub_expressions)
 
     def get_db_converters(self, expression):
         converters = super().get_db_converters(expression)
         internal_type = expression.output_field.get_internal_type()
-        if internal_type == 'BooleanField':
+        if internal_type == "BooleanField":
             converters.append(self.convert_booleanfield_value)
-        elif internal_type == 'DateTimeField':
+        elif internal_type == "DateTimeField":
             if settings.USE_TZ:
                 converters.append(self.convert_datetimefield_value)
-        elif internal_type == 'UUIDField':
+        elif internal_type == "UUIDField":
             converters.append(self.convert_uuidfield_value)
         return converters
 
@@ -320,66 +336,88 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
         return value
 
     def binary_placeholder_sql(self, value):
-        return '_binary %s' if value is not None and not hasattr(value, 'as_sql') else '%s'
+        return (
+            "_binary %s" if value is not None and not hasattr(value, "as_sql") else "%s"
+        )
 
     def subtract_temporals(self, internal_type, lhs, rhs):
         lhs_sql, lhs_params = lhs
         rhs_sql, rhs_params = rhs
-        if internal_type == 'TimeField':
+        if internal_type == "TimeField":
             if self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb:
                 # MariaDB includes the microsecond component in TIME_TO_SEC as
                 # a decimal. MySQL returns an integer without microseconds.
-                return 'CAST((TIME_TO_SEC(%(lhs)s) - TIME_TO_SEC(%(rhs)s)) * 1000000 AS SIGNED)' % {
-                    'lhs': lhs_sql, 'rhs': rhs_sql
-                }, (*lhs_params, *rhs_params)
+                return "CAST((TIME_TO_SEC(%(lhs)s) - TIME_TO_SEC(%(rhs)s)) * 1000000 AS SIGNED)" % {
+                    "lhs": lhs_sql,
+                    "rhs": rhs_sql,
+                }, (
+                    *lhs_params,
+                    *rhs_params,
+                )
             return (
                 "((TIME_TO_SEC(%(lhs)s) * 1000000 + MICROSECOND(%(lhs)s)) -"
                 " (TIME_TO_SEC(%(rhs)s) * 1000000 + MICROSECOND(%(rhs)s)))"
-            ) % {'lhs': lhs_sql, 'rhs': rhs_sql}, tuple(lhs_params) * 2 + tuple(rhs_params) * 2
+            ) % {"lhs": lhs_sql, "rhs": rhs_sql}, tuple(lhs_params) * 2 + tuple(
+                rhs_params
+            ) * 2
         params = (*rhs_params, *lhs_params)
         return "TIMESTAMPDIFF(MICROSECOND, %s, %s)" % (rhs_sql, lhs_sql), params
 
     def explain_query_prefix(self, format=None, **options):
         # Alias MySQL's TRADITIONAL to TEXT for consistency with other backends.
-        if format and format.upper() == 'TEXT':
-            format = 'TRADITIONAL'
-        elif not format and 'TREE' in self.connection.features.supported_explain_formats:
+        if format and format.upper() == "TEXT":
+            format = "TRADITIONAL"
+        elif (
+            not format and "TREE" in self.connection.features.supported_explain_formats
+        ):
             # Use TREE by default (if supported) as it's more informative.
-            format = 'TREE'
-        analyze = options.pop('analyze', False)
+            format = "TREE"
+        analyze = options.pop("analyze", False)
         prefix = super().explain_query_prefix(format, **options)
         if analyze and self.connection.features.supports_explain_analyze:
             # MariaDB uses ANALYZE instead of EXPLAIN ANALYZE.
-            prefix = 'ANALYZE' if self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb else prefix + ' ANALYZE'
+            prefix = (
+                "ANALYZE" if self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb else prefix + " ANALYZE"
+            )
         if format and not (analyze and not self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb):
             # Only MariaDB supports the analyze option with formats.
-            prefix += ' FORMAT=%s' % format
+            prefix += " FORMAT=%s" % format
         return prefix
 
     def regex_lookup(self, lookup_type):
         # REGEXP BINARY doesn't work correctly in MySQL 8+ and REGEXP_LIKE
         # doesn't exist in MySQL 5.x or in MariaDB.
-        if self.connection.mysql_version < (8, 0, 0) or self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb:
-            if lookup_type == 'regex':
-                return '%s REGEXP BINARY %s'
-            return '%s REGEXP %s'
+        if (
+            self.connection.mysql_version < (8, 0, 0)
+            or self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb
+        ):
+            if lookup_type == "regex":
+                return "%s REGEXP BINARY %s"
+            return "%s REGEXP %s"
 
-        match_option = 'c' if lookup_type == 'regex' else 'i'
+        match_option = "c" if lookup_type == "regex" else "i"
         return "REGEXP_LIKE(%%s, %%s, '%s')" % match_option
 
     def insert_statement(self, on_conflict=None):
         if on_conflict == OnConflict.IGNORE:
-            return 'INSERT IGNORE INTO'
+            return "INSERT IGNORE INTO"
         return super().insert_statement(on_conflict=on_conflict)
 
     def lookup_cast(self, lookup_type, internal_type=None):
-        lookup = '%s'
-        if internal_type == 'JSONField':
+        lookup = "%s"
+        if internal_type == "JSONField":
             if self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb or lookup_type in (
-                'iexact', 'contains', 'icontains', 'startswith', 'istartswith',
-                'endswith', 'iendswith', 'regex', 'iregex',
+                "iexact",
+                "contains",
+                "icontains",
+                "startswith",
+                "istartswith",
+                "endswith",
+                "iendswith",
+                "regex",
+                "iregex",
             ):
-                lookup = 'JSON_UNQUOTE(%s)'
+                lookup = "JSON_UNQUOTE(%s)"
         return lookup
 
     def conditional_expression_supported_in_where_clause(self, expression):
@@ -388,31 +426,38 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
         if isinstance(expression, (Exists, Lookup)):
             return True
         if isinstance(expression, ExpressionWrapper) and expression.conditional:
-            return self.conditional_expression_supported_in_where_clause(expression.expression)
-        if getattr(expression, 'conditional', False):
+            return self.conditional_expression_supported_in_where_clause(
+                expression.expression
+            )
+        if getattr(expression, "conditional", False):
             return False
         return super().conditional_expression_supported_in_where_clause(expression)
 
     def on_conflict_suffix_sql(self, fields, on_conflict, update_fields, unique_fields):
         if on_conflict == OnConflict.UPDATE:
-            conflict_suffix_sql = 'ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE %(fields)s'
-            field_sql = '%(field)s = VALUES(%(field)s)'
+            conflict_suffix_sql = "ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE %(fields)s"
+            field_sql = "%(field)s = VALUES(%(field)s)"
             # The use of VALUES() is deprecated in MySQL 8.0.20+. Instead, use
             # aliases for the new row and its columns available in MySQL
             # 8.0.19+.
             if not self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb:
                 if self.connection.mysql_version >= (8, 0, 19):
-                    conflict_suffix_sql = f'AS new {conflict_suffix_sql}'
-                    field_sql = '%(field)s = new.%(field)s'
+                    conflict_suffix_sql = f"AS new {conflict_suffix_sql}"
+                    field_sql = "%(field)s = new.%(field)s"
             # VALUES() was renamed to VALUE() in MariaDB 10.3.3+.
             elif self.connection.mysql_version >= (10, 3, 3):
-                field_sql = '%(field)s = VALUE(%(field)s)'
+                field_sql = "%(field)s = VALUE(%(field)s)"
 
-            fields = ', '.join([
-                field_sql % {'field': field}
-                for field in map(self.quote_name, update_fields)
-            ])
-            return conflict_suffix_sql % {'fields': fields}
+            fields = ", ".join(
+                [
+                    field_sql % {"field": field}
+                    for field in map(self.quote_name, update_fields)
+                ]
+            )
+            return conflict_suffix_sql % {"fields": fields}
         return super().on_conflict_suffix_sql(
-            fields, on_conflict, update_fields, unique_fields,
+            fields,
+            on_conflict,
+            update_fields,
+            unique_fields,
         )
diff --git a/django/db/backends/mysql/schema.py b/django/db/backends/mysql/schema.py
index 17827c2195..562b209eef 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/mysql/schema.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/mysql/schema.py
@@ -10,24 +10,26 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
     sql_alter_column_not_null = "MODIFY %(column)s %(type)s NOT NULL"
     sql_alter_column_type = "MODIFY %(column)s %(type)s"
     sql_alter_column_collate = "MODIFY %(column)s %(type)s%(collation)s"
-    sql_alter_column_no_default_null = 'ALTER COLUMN %(column)s SET DEFAULT NULL'
+    sql_alter_column_no_default_null = "ALTER COLUMN %(column)s SET DEFAULT NULL"
 
     # No 'CASCADE' which works as a no-op in MySQL but is undocumented
     sql_delete_column = "ALTER TABLE %(table)s DROP COLUMN %(column)s"
 
     sql_delete_unique = "ALTER TABLE %(table)s DROP INDEX %(name)s"
     sql_create_column_inline_fk = (
-        ', ADD CONSTRAINT %(name)s FOREIGN KEY (%(column)s) '
-        'REFERENCES %(to_table)s(%(to_column)s)'
+        ", ADD CONSTRAINT %(name)s FOREIGN KEY (%(column)s) "
+        "REFERENCES %(to_table)s(%(to_column)s)"
     )
     sql_delete_fk = "ALTER TABLE %(table)s DROP FOREIGN KEY %(name)s"
 
     sql_delete_index = "DROP INDEX %(name)s ON %(table)s"
 
-    sql_create_pk = "ALTER TABLE %(table)s ADD CONSTRAINT %(name)s PRIMARY KEY (%(columns)s)"
+    sql_create_pk = (
+        "ALTER TABLE %(table)s ADD CONSTRAINT %(name)s PRIMARY KEY (%(columns)s)"
+    )
     sql_delete_pk = "ALTER TABLE %(table)s DROP PRIMARY KEY"
 
-    sql_create_index = 'CREATE INDEX %(name)s ON %(table)s (%(columns)s)%(extra)s'
+    sql_create_index = "CREATE INDEX %(name)s ON %(table)s (%(columns)s)%(extra)s"
 
     @property
     def sql_delete_check(self):
@@ -35,8 +37,8 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
             # The name of the column check constraint is the same as the field
             # name on MariaDB. Adding IF EXISTS clause prevents migrations
             # crash. Constraint is removed during a "MODIFY" column statement.
-            return 'ALTER TABLE %(table)s DROP CONSTRAINT IF EXISTS %(name)s'
-        return 'ALTER TABLE %(table)s DROP CHECK %(name)s'
+            return "ALTER TABLE %(table)s DROP CONSTRAINT IF EXISTS %(name)s"
+        return "ALTER TABLE %(table)s DROP CHECK %(name)s"
 
     @property
     def sql_rename_column(self):
@@ -47,21 +49,26 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
                 return super().sql_rename_column
         elif self.connection.mysql_version >= (8, 0, 4):
             return super().sql_rename_column
-        return 'ALTER TABLE %(table)s CHANGE %(old_column)s %(new_column)s %(type)s'
+        return "ALTER TABLE %(table)s CHANGE %(old_column)s %(new_column)s %(type)s"
 
     def quote_value(self, value):
         self.connection.ensure_connection()
         if isinstance(value, str):
-            value = value.replace('%', '%%')
+            value = value.replace("%", "%%")
         # MySQLdb escapes to string, PyMySQL to bytes.
-        quoted = self.connection.connection.escape(value, self.connection.connection.encoders)
+        quoted = self.connection.connection.escape(
+            value, self.connection.connection.encoders
+        )
         if isinstance(value, str) and isinstance(quoted, bytes):
             quoted = quoted.decode()
         return quoted
 
     def _is_limited_data_type(self, field):
         db_type = field.db_type(self.connection)
-        return db_type is not None and db_type.lower() in self.connection._limited_data_types
+        return (
+            db_type is not None
+            and db_type.lower() in self.connection._limited_data_types
+        )
 
     def skip_default(self, field):
         if not self._supports_limited_data_type_defaults:
@@ -84,13 +91,13 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
 
     def _column_default_sql(self, field):
         if (
-            not self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb and
-            self._supports_limited_data_type_defaults and
-            self._is_limited_data_type(field)
+            not self.connection.mysql_is_mariadb
+            and self._supports_limited_data_type_defaults
+            and self._is_limited_data_type(field)
         ):
             # MySQL supports defaults for BLOB and TEXT columns only if the
             # default value is written as an expression i.e. in parentheses.
-            return '(%s)'
+            return "(%s)"
         return super()._column_default_sql(field)
 
     def add_field(self, model, field):
@@ -100,10 +107,14 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
         # field.default may be unhashable, so a set isn't used for "in" check.
         if self.skip_default(field) and field.default not in (None, NOT_PROVIDED):
             effective_default = self.effective_default(field)
-            self.execute('UPDATE %(table)s SET %(column)s = %%s' % {
-                'table': self.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
-                'column': self.quote_name(field.column),
-            }, [effective_default])
+            self.execute(
+                "UPDATE %(table)s SET %(column)s = %%s"
+                % {
+                    "table": self.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
+                    "column": self.quote_name(field.column),
+                },
+                [effective_default],
+            )
 
     def _field_should_be_indexed(self, model, field):
         if not super()._field_should_be_indexed(model, field):
@@ -115,9 +126,11 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
         # No need to create an index for ForeignKey fields except if
         # db_constraint=False because the index from that constraint won't be
         # created.
-        if (storage == "InnoDB" and
-                field.get_internal_type() == 'ForeignKey' and
-                field.db_constraint):
+        if (
+            storage == "InnoDB"
+            and field.get_internal_type() == "ForeignKey"
+            and field.db_constraint
+        ):
             return False
         return not self._is_limited_data_type(field)
 
@@ -131,11 +144,13 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
         recreate a FK index.
         """
         first_field = model._meta.get_field(fields[0])
-        if first_field.get_internal_type() == 'ForeignKey':
-            constraint_names = self._constraint_names(model, [first_field.column], index=True)
+        if first_field.get_internal_type() == "ForeignKey":
+            constraint_names = self._constraint_names(
+                model, [first_field.column], index=True
+            )
             if not constraint_names:
                 self.execute(
-                    self._create_index_sql(model, fields=[first_field], suffix='')
+                    self._create_index_sql(model, fields=[first_field], suffix="")
                 )
         return super()._delete_composed_index(model, fields, *args)
 
diff --git a/django/db/backends/mysql/validation.py b/django/db/backends/mysql/validation.py
index 41e600a856..5d61b4865a 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/mysql/validation.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/mysql/validation.py
@@ -10,24 +10,28 @@ class DatabaseValidation(BaseDatabaseValidation):
         return issues
 
     def _check_sql_mode(self, **kwargs):
-        if not (self.connection.sql_mode & {'STRICT_TRANS_TABLES', 'STRICT_ALL_TABLES'}):
-            return [checks.Warning(
-                "%s Strict Mode is not set for database connection '%s'"
-                % (self.connection.display_name, self.connection.alias),
-                hint=(
-                    "%s's Strict Mode fixes many data integrity problems in "
-                    "%s, such as data truncation upon insertion, by "
-                    "escalating warnings into errors. It is strongly "
-                    "recommended you activate it. See: "
-                    "https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/%s/ref/databases/#mysql-sql-mode"
-                    % (
-                        self.connection.display_name,
-                        self.connection.display_name,
-                        get_docs_version(),
+        if not (
+            self.connection.sql_mode & {"STRICT_TRANS_TABLES", "STRICT_ALL_TABLES"}
+        ):
+            return [
+                checks.Warning(
+                    "%s Strict Mode is not set for database connection '%s'"
+                    % (self.connection.display_name, self.connection.alias),
+                    hint=(
+                        "%s's Strict Mode fixes many data integrity problems in "
+                        "%s, such as data truncation upon insertion, by "
+                        "escalating warnings into errors. It is strongly "
+                        "recommended you activate it. See: "
+                        "https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/%s/ref/databases/#mysql-sql-mode"
+                        % (
+                            self.connection.display_name,
+                            self.connection.display_name,
+                            get_docs_version(),
+                        ),
                     ),
-                ),
-                id='mysql.W002',
-            )]
+                    id="mysql.W002",
+                )
+            ]
         return []
 
     def check_field_type(self, field, field_type):
@@ -38,32 +42,35 @@ class DatabaseValidation(BaseDatabaseValidation):
         MySQL doesn't support a database index on some data types.
         """
         errors = []
-        if (field_type.startswith('varchar') and field.unique and
-                (field.max_length is None or int(field.max_length) > 255)):
+        if (
+            field_type.startswith("varchar")
+            and field.unique
+            and (field.max_length is None or int(field.max_length) > 255)
+        ):
             errors.append(
                 checks.Warning(
-                    '%s may not allow unique CharFields to have a max_length '
-                    '> 255.' % self.connection.display_name,
+                    "%s may not allow unique CharFields to have a max_length "
+                    "> 255." % self.connection.display_name,
                     obj=field,
                     hint=(
-                        'See: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/%s/ref/'
-                        'databases/#mysql-character-fields' % get_docs_version()
+                        "See: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/%s/ref/"
+                        "databases/#mysql-character-fields" % get_docs_version()
                     ),
-                    id='mysql.W003',
+                    id="mysql.W003",
                 )
             )
 
         if field.db_index and field_type.lower() in self.connection._limited_data_types:
             errors.append(
                 checks.Warning(
-                    '%s does not support a database index on %s columns.'
+                    "%s does not support a database index on %s columns."
                     % (self.connection.display_name, field_type),
                     hint=(
                         "An index won't be created. Silence this warning if "
                         "you don't care about it."
                     ),
                     obj=field,
-                    id='fields.W162',
+                    id="fields.W162",
                 )
             )
         return errors
diff --git a/django/db/backends/oracle/base.py b/django/db/backends/oracle/base.py
index 966eb4b6f4..b13c5f8bb2 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/oracle/base.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/oracle/base.py
@@ -21,27 +21,31 @@ from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 def _setup_environment(environ):
     # Cygwin requires some special voodoo to set the environment variables
     # properly so that Oracle will see them.
-    if platform.system().upper().startswith('CYGWIN'):
+    if platform.system().upper().startswith("CYGWIN"):
         try:
             import ctypes
         except ImportError as e:
-            raise ImproperlyConfigured("Error loading ctypes: %s; "
-                                       "the Oracle backend requires ctypes to "
-                                       "operate correctly under Cygwin." % e)
-        kernel32 = ctypes.CDLL('kernel32')
+            raise ImproperlyConfigured(
+                "Error loading ctypes: %s; "
+                "the Oracle backend requires ctypes to "
+                "operate correctly under Cygwin." % e
+            )
+        kernel32 = ctypes.CDLL("kernel32")
         for name, value in environ:
             kernel32.SetEnvironmentVariableA(name, value)
     else:
         os.environ.update(environ)
 
 
-_setup_environment([
-    # Oracle takes client-side character set encoding from the environment.
-    ('NLS_LANG', '.AL32UTF8'),
-    # This prevents Unicode from getting mangled by getting encoded into the
-    # potentially non-Unicode database character set.
-    ('ORA_NCHAR_LITERAL_REPLACE', 'TRUE'),
-])
+_setup_environment(
+    [
+        # Oracle takes client-side character set encoding from the environment.
+        ("NLS_LANG", ".AL32UTF8"),
+        # This prevents Unicode from getting mangled by getting encoded into the
+        # potentially non-Unicode database character set.
+        ("ORA_NCHAR_LITERAL_REPLACE", "TRUE"),
+    ]
+)
 
 
 try:
@@ -77,17 +81,16 @@ def wrap_oracle_errors():
         # Convert that case to Django's IntegrityError exception.
         x = e.args[0]
         if (
-            hasattr(x, 'code') and
-            hasattr(x, 'message') and
-            x.code == 2091 and
-            ('ORA-02291' in x.message or 'ORA-00001' in x.message)
+            hasattr(x, "code")
+            and hasattr(x, "message")
+            and x.code == 2091
+            and ("ORA-02291" in x.message or "ORA-00001" in x.message)
         ):
             raise IntegrityError(*tuple(e.args))
         raise
 
 
 class _UninitializedOperatorsDescriptor:
-
     def __get__(self, instance, cls=None):
         # If connection.operators is looked up before a connection has been
         # created, transparently initialize connection.operators to avert an
@@ -96,12 +99,12 @@ class _UninitializedOperatorsDescriptor:
             raise AttributeError("operators not available as class attribute")
         # Creating a cursor will initialize the operators.
         instance.cursor().close()
-        return instance.__dict__['operators']
+        return instance.__dict__["operators"]
 
 
 class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
-    vendor = 'oracle'
-    display_name = 'Oracle'
+    vendor = "oracle"
+    display_name = "Oracle"
     # This dictionary maps Field objects to their associated Oracle column
     # types, as strings. Column-type strings can contain format strings; they'll
     # be interpolated against the values of Field.__dict__ before being output.
@@ -110,71 +113,71 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
     # Any format strings starting with "qn_" are quoted before being used in the
     # output (the "qn_" prefix is stripped before the lookup is performed.
     data_types = {
-        'AutoField': 'NUMBER(11) GENERATED BY DEFAULT ON NULL AS IDENTITY',
-        'BigAutoField': 'NUMBER(19) GENERATED BY DEFAULT ON NULL AS IDENTITY',
-        'BinaryField': 'BLOB',
-        'BooleanField': 'NUMBER(1)',
-        'CharField': 'NVARCHAR2(%(max_length)s)',
-        'DateField': 'DATE',
-        'DateTimeField': 'TIMESTAMP',
-        'DecimalField': 'NUMBER(%(max_digits)s, %(decimal_places)s)',
-        'DurationField': 'INTERVAL DAY(9) TO SECOND(6)',
-        'FileField': 'NVARCHAR2(%(max_length)s)',
-        'FilePathField': 'NVARCHAR2(%(max_length)s)',
-        'FloatField': 'DOUBLE PRECISION',
-        'IntegerField': 'NUMBER(11)',
-        'JSONField': 'NCLOB',
-        'BigIntegerField': 'NUMBER(19)',
-        'IPAddressField': 'VARCHAR2(15)',
-        'GenericIPAddressField': 'VARCHAR2(39)',
-        'OneToOneField': 'NUMBER(11)',
-        'PositiveBigIntegerField': 'NUMBER(19)',
-        'PositiveIntegerField': 'NUMBER(11)',
-        'PositiveSmallIntegerField': 'NUMBER(11)',
-        'SlugField': 'NVARCHAR2(%(max_length)s)',
-        'SmallAutoField': 'NUMBER(5) GENERATED BY DEFAULT ON NULL AS IDENTITY',
-        'SmallIntegerField': 'NUMBER(11)',
-        'TextField': 'NCLOB',
-        'TimeField': 'TIMESTAMP',
-        'URLField': 'VARCHAR2(%(max_length)s)',
-        'UUIDField': 'VARCHAR2(32)',
+        "AutoField": "NUMBER(11) GENERATED BY DEFAULT ON NULL AS IDENTITY",
+        "BigAutoField": "NUMBER(19) GENERATED BY DEFAULT ON NULL AS IDENTITY",
+        "BinaryField": "BLOB",
+        "BooleanField": "NUMBER(1)",
+        "CharField": "NVARCHAR2(%(max_length)s)",
+        "DateField": "DATE",
+        "DateTimeField": "TIMESTAMP",
+        "DecimalField": "NUMBER(%(max_digits)s, %(decimal_places)s)",
+        "DurationField": "INTERVAL DAY(9) TO SECOND(6)",
+        "FileField": "NVARCHAR2(%(max_length)s)",
+        "FilePathField": "NVARCHAR2(%(max_length)s)",
+        "FloatField": "DOUBLE PRECISION",
+        "IntegerField": "NUMBER(11)",
+        "JSONField": "NCLOB",
+        "BigIntegerField": "NUMBER(19)",
+        "IPAddressField": "VARCHAR2(15)",
+        "GenericIPAddressField": "VARCHAR2(39)",
+        "OneToOneField": "NUMBER(11)",
+        "PositiveBigIntegerField": "NUMBER(19)",
+        "PositiveIntegerField": "NUMBER(11)",
+        "PositiveSmallIntegerField": "NUMBER(11)",
+        "SlugField": "NVARCHAR2(%(max_length)s)",
+        "SmallAutoField": "NUMBER(5) GENERATED BY DEFAULT ON NULL AS IDENTITY",
+        "SmallIntegerField": "NUMBER(11)",
+        "TextField": "NCLOB",
+        "TimeField": "TIMESTAMP",
+        "URLField": "VARCHAR2(%(max_length)s)",
+        "UUIDField": "VARCHAR2(32)",
     }
     data_type_check_constraints = {
-        'BooleanField': '%(qn_column)s IN (0,1)',
-        'JSONField': '%(qn_column)s IS JSON',
-        'PositiveBigIntegerField': '%(qn_column)s >= 0',
-        'PositiveIntegerField': '%(qn_column)s >= 0',
-        'PositiveSmallIntegerField': '%(qn_column)s >= 0',
+        "BooleanField": "%(qn_column)s IN (0,1)",
+        "JSONField": "%(qn_column)s IS JSON",
+        "PositiveBigIntegerField": "%(qn_column)s >= 0",
+        "PositiveIntegerField": "%(qn_column)s >= 0",
+        "PositiveSmallIntegerField": "%(qn_column)s >= 0",
     }
 
     # Oracle doesn't support a database index on these columns.
-    _limited_data_types = ('clob', 'nclob', 'blob')
+    _limited_data_types = ("clob", "nclob", "blob")
 
     operators = _UninitializedOperatorsDescriptor()
 
     _standard_operators = {
-        'exact': '= %s',
-        'iexact': '= UPPER(%s)',
-        'contains': "LIKE TRANSLATE(%s USING NCHAR_CS) ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)",
-        'icontains': "LIKE UPPER(TRANSLATE(%s USING NCHAR_CS)) ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)",
-        'gt': '> %s',
-        'gte': '>= %s',
-        'lt': '< %s',
-        'lte': '<= %s',
-        'startswith': "LIKE TRANSLATE(%s USING NCHAR_CS) ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)",
-        'endswith': "LIKE TRANSLATE(%s USING NCHAR_CS) ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)",
-        'istartswith': "LIKE UPPER(TRANSLATE(%s USING NCHAR_CS)) ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)",
-        'iendswith': "LIKE UPPER(TRANSLATE(%s USING NCHAR_CS)) ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)",
+        "exact": "= %s",
+        "iexact": "= UPPER(%s)",
+        "contains": "LIKE TRANSLATE(%s USING NCHAR_CS) ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)",
+        "icontains": "LIKE UPPER(TRANSLATE(%s USING NCHAR_CS)) ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)",
+        "gt": "> %s",
+        "gte": ">= %s",
+        "lt": "< %s",
+        "lte": "<= %s",
+        "startswith": "LIKE TRANSLATE(%s USING NCHAR_CS) ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)",
+        "endswith": "LIKE TRANSLATE(%s USING NCHAR_CS) ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)",
+        "istartswith": "LIKE UPPER(TRANSLATE(%s USING NCHAR_CS)) ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)",
+        "iendswith": "LIKE UPPER(TRANSLATE(%s USING NCHAR_CS)) ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)",
     }
 
     _likec_operators = {
         **_standard_operators,
-        'contains': "LIKEC %s ESCAPE '\\'",
-        'icontains': "LIKEC UPPER(%s) ESCAPE '\\'",
-        'startswith': "LIKEC %s ESCAPE '\\'",
-        'endswith': "LIKEC %s ESCAPE '\\'",
-        'istartswith': "LIKEC UPPER(%s) ESCAPE '\\'",
-        'iendswith': "LIKEC UPPER(%s) ESCAPE '\\'",
+        "contains": "LIKEC %s ESCAPE '\\'",
+        "icontains": "LIKEC UPPER(%s) ESCAPE '\\'",
+        "startswith": "LIKEC %s ESCAPE '\\'",
+        "endswith": "LIKEC %s ESCAPE '\\'",
+        "istartswith": "LIKEC UPPER(%s) ESCAPE '\\'",
+        "iendswith": "LIKEC UPPER(%s) ESCAPE '\\'",
     }
 
     # The patterns below are used to generate SQL pattern lookup clauses when
@@ -187,19 +190,22 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
     # the LIKE operator.
     pattern_esc = r"REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE({}, '\', '\\'), '%%', '\%%'), '_', '\_')"
     _pattern_ops = {
-        'contains': "'%%' || {} || '%%'",
-        'icontains': "'%%' || UPPER({}) || '%%'",
-        'startswith': "{} || '%%'",
-        'istartswith': "UPPER({}) || '%%'",
-        'endswith': "'%%' || {}",
-        'iendswith': "'%%' || UPPER({})",
+        "contains": "'%%' || {} || '%%'",
+        "icontains": "'%%' || UPPER({}) || '%%'",
+        "startswith": "{} || '%%'",
+        "istartswith": "UPPER({}) || '%%'",
+        "endswith": "'%%' || {}",
+        "iendswith": "'%%' || UPPER({})",
     }
 
-    _standard_pattern_ops = {k: "LIKE TRANSLATE( " + v + " USING NCHAR_CS)"
-                                " ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)"
-                             for k, v in _pattern_ops.items()}
-    _likec_pattern_ops = {k: "LIKEC " + v + " ESCAPE '\\'"
-                          for k, v in _pattern_ops.items()}
+    _standard_pattern_ops = {
+        k: "LIKE TRANSLATE( " + v + " USING NCHAR_CS)"
+        " ESCAPE TRANSLATE('\\' USING NCHAR_CS)"
+        for k, v in _pattern_ops.items()
+    }
+    _likec_pattern_ops = {
+        k: "LIKEC " + v + " ESCAPE '\\'" for k, v in _pattern_ops.items()
+    }
 
     Database = Database
     SchemaEditorClass = DatabaseSchemaEditor
@@ -213,20 +219,22 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-        use_returning_into = self.settings_dict["OPTIONS"].get('use_returning_into', True)
+        use_returning_into = self.settings_dict["OPTIONS"].get(
+            "use_returning_into", True
+        )
         self.features.can_return_columns_from_insert = use_returning_into
 
     def get_connection_params(self):
-        conn_params = self.settings_dict['OPTIONS'].copy()
-        if 'use_returning_into' in conn_params:
-            del conn_params['use_returning_into']
+        conn_params = self.settings_dict["OPTIONS"].copy()
+        if "use_returning_into" in conn_params:
+            del conn_params["use_returning_into"]
         return conn_params
 
     @async_unsafe
     def get_new_connection(self, conn_params):
         return Database.connect(
-            user=self.settings_dict['USER'],
-            password=self.settings_dict['PASSWORD'],
+            user=self.settings_dict["USER"],
+            password=self.settings_dict["PASSWORD"],
             dsn=dsn(self.settings_dict),
             **conn_params,
         )
@@ -244,11 +252,11 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
         # TO_CHAR().
         cursor.execute(
             "ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_FORMAT = 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
-            " NLS_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT = 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS.FF'" +
-            (" TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'" if settings.USE_TZ else '')
+            " NLS_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT = 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS.FF'"
+            + (" TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'" if settings.USE_TZ else "")
         )
         cursor.close()
-        if 'operators' not in self.__dict__:
+        if "operators" not in self.__dict__:
             # Ticket #14149: Check whether our LIKE implementation will
             # work for this connection or we need to fall back on LIKEC.
             # This check is performed only once per DatabaseWrapper
@@ -256,9 +264,11 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
             # the same settings.
             cursor = self.create_cursor()
             try:
-                cursor.execute("SELECT 1 FROM DUAL WHERE DUMMY %s"
-                               % self._standard_operators['contains'],
-                               ['X'])
+                cursor.execute(
+                    "SELECT 1 FROM DUAL WHERE DUMMY %s"
+                    % self._standard_operators["contains"],
+                    ["X"],
+                )
             except Database.DatabaseError:
                 self.operators = self._likec_operators
                 self.pattern_ops = self._likec_pattern_ops
@@ -284,10 +294,12 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
     # logging is enabled to keep query counts consistent with other backends.
     def _savepoint_commit(self, sid):
         if self.queries_logged:
-            self.queries_log.append({
-                'sql': '-- RELEASE SAVEPOINT %s (faked)' % self.ops.quote_name(sid),
-                'time': '0.000',
-            })
+            self.queries_log.append(
+                {
+                    "sql": "-- RELEASE SAVEPOINT %s (faked)" % self.ops.quote_name(sid),
+                    "time": "0.000",
+                }
+            )
 
     def _set_autocommit(self, autocommit):
         with self.wrap_database_errors:
@@ -299,8 +311,8 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
         afterward.
         """
         with self.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute('SET CONSTRAINTS ALL IMMEDIATE')
-            cursor.execute('SET CONSTRAINTS ALL DEFERRED')
+            cursor.execute("SET CONSTRAINTS ALL IMMEDIATE")
+            cursor.execute("SET CONSTRAINTS ALL DEFERRED")
 
     def is_usable(self):
         try:
@@ -312,12 +324,12 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
 
     @cached_property
     def cx_oracle_version(self):
-        return tuple(int(x) for x in Database.version.split('.'))
+        return tuple(int(x) for x in Database.version.split("."))
 
     @cached_property
     def oracle_version(self):
         with self.temporary_connection():
-            return tuple(int(x) for x in self.connection.version.split('.'))
+            return tuple(int(x) for x in self.connection.version.split("."))
 
 
 class OracleParam:
@@ -333,8 +345,10 @@ class OracleParam:
     def __init__(self, param, cursor, strings_only=False):
         # With raw SQL queries, datetimes can reach this function
         # without being converted by DateTimeField.get_db_prep_value.
-        if settings.USE_TZ and (isinstance(param, datetime.datetime) and
-                                not isinstance(param, Oracle_datetime)):
+        if settings.USE_TZ and (
+            isinstance(param, datetime.datetime)
+            and not isinstance(param, Oracle_datetime)
+        ):
             param = Oracle_datetime.from_datetime(param)
 
         string_size = 0
@@ -343,7 +357,7 @@ class OracleParam:
             param = 1
         elif param is False:
             param = 0
-        if hasattr(param, 'bind_parameter'):
+        if hasattr(param, "bind_parameter"):
             self.force_bytes = param.bind_parameter(cursor)
         elif isinstance(param, (Database.Binary, datetime.timedelta)):
             self.force_bytes = param
@@ -354,7 +368,7 @@ class OracleParam:
             if isinstance(self.force_bytes, str):
                 # We could optimize by only converting up to 4000 bytes here
                 string_size = len(force_bytes(param, cursor.charset, strings_only))
-        if hasattr(param, 'input_size'):
+        if hasattr(param, "input_size"):
             # If parameter has `input_size` attribute, use that.
             self.input_size = param.input_size
         elif string_size > 4000:
@@ -384,7 +398,7 @@ class VariableWrapper:
         return getattr(self.var, key)
 
     def __setattr__(self, key, value):
-        if key == 'var':
+        if key == "var":
             self.__dict__[key] = value
         else:
             setattr(self.var, key, value)
@@ -396,7 +410,8 @@ class FormatStylePlaceholderCursor:
     style. This fixes it -- but note that if you want to use a literal "%s" in
     a query, you'll need to use "%%s".
     """
-    charset = 'utf-8'
+
+    charset = "utf-8"
 
     def __init__(self, connection):
         self.cursor = connection.cursor()
@@ -404,7 +419,7 @@ class FormatStylePlaceholderCursor:
 
     @staticmethod
     def _output_number_converter(value):
-        return decimal.Decimal(value) if '.' in value else int(value)
+        return decimal.Decimal(value) if "." in value else int(value)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _get_decimal_converter(precision, scale):
@@ -434,7 +449,9 @@ class FormatStylePlaceholderCursor:
             elif precision > 0:
                 # NUMBER(p,s) column: decimal-precision fixed point.
                 # This comes from IntegerField and DecimalField columns.
-                outconverter = FormatStylePlaceholderCursor._get_decimal_converter(precision, scale)
+                outconverter = FormatStylePlaceholderCursor._get_decimal_converter(
+                    precision, scale
+                )
             else:
                 # No type information. This normally comes from a
                 # mathematical expression in the SELECT list. Guess int
@@ -455,7 +472,7 @@ class FormatStylePlaceholderCursor:
 
     def _guess_input_sizes(self, params_list):
         # Try dict handling; if that fails, treat as sequence
-        if hasattr(params_list[0], 'keys'):
+        if hasattr(params_list[0], "keys"):
             sizes = {}
             for params in params_list:
                 for k, value in params.items():
@@ -475,7 +492,7 @@ class FormatStylePlaceholderCursor:
 
     def _param_generator(self, params):
         # Try dict handling; if that fails, treat as sequence
-        if hasattr(params, 'items'):
+        if hasattr(params, "items"):
             return {k: v.force_bytes for k, v in params.items()}
         else:
             return [p.force_bytes for p in params]
@@ -485,11 +502,11 @@ class FormatStylePlaceholderCursor:
         # it does want a trailing ';' but not a trailing '/'.  However, these
         # characters must be included in the original query in case the query
         # is being passed to SQL*Plus.
-        if query.endswith(';') or query.endswith('/'):
+        if query.endswith(";") or query.endswith("/"):
             query = query[:-1]
         if params is None:
             params = []
-        elif hasattr(params, 'keys'):
+        elif hasattr(params, "keys"):
             # Handle params as dict
             args = {k: ":%s" % k for k in params}
             query = query % args
@@ -502,15 +519,14 @@ class FormatStylePlaceholderCursor:
             # args = [':arg0', ':arg1', ':arg0', ':arg2', ':arg0']
             # params = {':arg0': 0.75, ':arg1': 2, ':arg2': 'sth'}
             params_dict = {
-                param: ':arg%d' % i
-                for i, param in enumerate(dict.fromkeys(params))
+                param: ":arg%d" % i for i, param in enumerate(dict.fromkeys(params))
             }
             args = [params_dict[param] for param in params]
             params = {value: key for key, value in params_dict.items()}
             query = query % tuple(args)
         else:
             # Handle params as sequence
-            args = [(':arg%d' % i) for i in range(len(params))]
+            args = [(":arg%d" % i) for i in range(len(params))]
             query = query % tuple(args)
         return query, self._format_params(params)
 
@@ -532,7 +548,9 @@ class FormatStylePlaceholderCursor:
         formatted = [firstparams] + [self._format_params(p) for p in params_iter]
         self._guess_input_sizes(formatted)
         with wrap_oracle_errors():
-            return self.cursor.executemany(query, [self._param_generator(p) for p in formatted])
+            return self.cursor.executemany(
+                query, [self._param_generator(p) for p in formatted]
+            )
 
     def close(self):
         try:
diff --git a/django/db/backends/oracle/client.py b/django/db/backends/oracle/client.py
index 9920f4ca67..365b116046 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/oracle/client.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/oracle/client.py
@@ -4,22 +4,22 @@ from django.db.backends.base.client import BaseDatabaseClient
 
 
 class DatabaseClient(BaseDatabaseClient):
-    executable_name = 'sqlplus'
-    wrapper_name = 'rlwrap'
+    executable_name = "sqlplus"
+    wrapper_name = "rlwrap"
 
     @staticmethod
     def connect_string(settings_dict):
         from django.db.backends.oracle.utils import dsn
 
         return '%s/"%s"@%s' % (
-            settings_dict['USER'],
-            settings_dict['PASSWORD'],
+            settings_dict["USER"],
+            settings_dict["PASSWORD"],
             dsn(settings_dict),
         )
 
     @classmethod
     def settings_to_cmd_args_env(cls, settings_dict, parameters):
-        args = [cls.executable_name, '-L', cls.connect_string(settings_dict)]
+        args = [cls.executable_name, "-L", cls.connect_string(settings_dict)]
         wrapper_path = shutil.which(cls.wrapper_name)
         if wrapper_path:
             args = [wrapper_path, *args]
diff --git a/django/db/backends/oracle/creation.py b/django/db/backends/oracle/creation.py
index 3ca3754e15..bdde162aa8 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/oracle/creation.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/oracle/creation.py
@@ -6,11 +6,10 @@ from django.db.backends.base.creation import BaseDatabaseCreation
 from django.utils.crypto import get_random_string
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
-TEST_DATABASE_PREFIX = 'test_'
+TEST_DATABASE_PREFIX = "test_"
 
 
 class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
-
     @cached_property
     def _maindb_connection(self):
         """
@@ -21,9 +20,9 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
         is the main (non-test) connection.
         """
         settings_dict = settings.DATABASES[self.connection.alias]
-        user = settings_dict.get('SAVED_USER') or settings_dict['USER']
-        password = settings_dict.get('SAVED_PASSWORD') or settings_dict['PASSWORD']
-        settings_dict = {**settings_dict, 'USER': user, 'PASSWORD': password}
+        user = settings_dict.get("SAVED_USER") or settings_dict["USER"]
+        password = settings_dict.get("SAVED_PASSWORD") or settings_dict["PASSWORD"]
+        settings_dict = {**settings_dict, "USER": user, "PASSWORD": password}
         DatabaseWrapper = type(self.connection)
         return DatabaseWrapper(settings_dict, alias=self.connection.alias)
 
@@ -32,72 +31,95 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
         with self._maindb_connection.cursor() as cursor:
             if self._test_database_create():
                 try:
-                    self._execute_test_db_creation(cursor, parameters, verbosity, keepdb)
+                    self._execute_test_db_creation(
+                        cursor, parameters, verbosity, keepdb
+                    )
                 except Exception as e:
-                    if 'ORA-01543' not in str(e):
+                    if "ORA-01543" not in str(e):
                         # All errors except "tablespace already exists" cancel tests
-                        self.log('Got an error creating the test database: %s' % e)
+                        self.log("Got an error creating the test database: %s" % e)
                         sys.exit(2)
                     if not autoclobber:
                         confirm = input(
                             "It appears the test database, %s, already exists. "
-                            "Type 'yes' to delete it, or 'no' to cancel: " % parameters['user'])
-                    if autoclobber or confirm == 'yes':
+                            "Type 'yes' to delete it, or 'no' to cancel: "
+                            % parameters["user"]
+                        )
+                    if autoclobber or confirm == "yes":
                         if verbosity >= 1:
-                            self.log("Destroying old test database for alias '%s'..." % self.connection.alias)
+                            self.log(
+                                "Destroying old test database for alias '%s'..."
+                                % self.connection.alias
+                            )
                         try:
-                            self._execute_test_db_destruction(cursor, parameters, verbosity)
+                            self._execute_test_db_destruction(
+                                cursor, parameters, verbosity
+                            )
                         except DatabaseError as e:
-                            if 'ORA-29857' in str(e):
-                                self._handle_objects_preventing_db_destruction(cursor, parameters,
-                                                                               verbosity, autoclobber)
+                            if "ORA-29857" in str(e):
+                                self._handle_objects_preventing_db_destruction(
+                                    cursor, parameters, verbosity, autoclobber
+                                )
                             else:
                                 # Ran into a database error that isn't about leftover objects in the tablespace
-                                self.log('Got an error destroying the old test database: %s' % e)
+                                self.log(
+                                    "Got an error destroying the old test database: %s"
+                                    % e
+                                )
                                 sys.exit(2)
                         except Exception as e:
-                            self.log('Got an error destroying the old test database: %s' % e)
+                            self.log(
+                                "Got an error destroying the old test database: %s" % e
+                            )
                             sys.exit(2)
                         try:
-                            self._execute_test_db_creation(cursor, parameters, verbosity, keepdb)
+                            self._execute_test_db_creation(
+                                cursor, parameters, verbosity, keepdb
+                            )
                         except Exception as e:
-                            self.log('Got an error recreating the test database: %s' % e)
+                            self.log(
+                                "Got an error recreating the test database: %s" % e
+                            )
                             sys.exit(2)
                     else:
-                        self.log('Tests cancelled.')
+                        self.log("Tests cancelled.")
                         sys.exit(1)
 
             if self._test_user_create():
                 if verbosity >= 1:
-                    self.log('Creating test user...')
+                    self.log("Creating test user...")
                 try:
                     self._create_test_user(cursor, parameters, verbosity, keepdb)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    if 'ORA-01920' not in str(e):
+                    if "ORA-01920" not in str(e):
                         # All errors except "user already exists" cancel tests
-                        self.log('Got an error creating the test user: %s' % e)
+                        self.log("Got an error creating the test user: %s" % e)
                         sys.exit(2)
                     if not autoclobber:
                         confirm = input(
                             "It appears the test user, %s, already exists. Type "
-                            "'yes' to delete it, or 'no' to cancel: " % parameters['user'])
-                    if autoclobber or confirm == 'yes':
+                            "'yes' to delete it, or 'no' to cancel: "
+                            % parameters["user"]
+                        )
+                    if autoclobber or confirm == "yes":
                         try:
                             if verbosity >= 1:
-                                self.log('Destroying old test user...')
+                                self.log("Destroying old test user...")
                             self._destroy_test_user(cursor, parameters, verbosity)
                             if verbosity >= 1:
-                                self.log('Creating test user...')
-                            self._create_test_user(cursor, parameters, verbosity, keepdb)
+                                self.log("Creating test user...")
+                            self._create_test_user(
+                                cursor, parameters, verbosity, keepdb
+                            )
                         except Exception as e:
-                            self.log('Got an error recreating the test user: %s' % e)
+                            self.log("Got an error recreating the test user: %s" % e)
                             sys.exit(2)
                     else:
-                        self.log('Tests cancelled.')
+                        self.log("Tests cancelled.")
                         sys.exit(1)
         self._maindb_connection.close()  # done with main user -- test user and tablespaces created
         self._switch_to_test_user(parameters)
-        return self.connection.settings_dict['NAME']
+        return self.connection.settings_dict["NAME"]
 
     def _switch_to_test_user(self, parameters):
         """
@@ -109,59 +131,71 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
         credentials in the SAVED_USER/SAVED_PASSWORD key in the settings dict.
         """
         real_settings = settings.DATABASES[self.connection.alias]
-        real_settings['SAVED_USER'] = self.connection.settings_dict['SAVED_USER'] = \
-            self.connection.settings_dict['USER']
-        real_settings['SAVED_PASSWORD'] = self.connection.settings_dict['SAVED_PASSWORD'] = \
-            self.connection.settings_dict['PASSWORD']
-        real_test_settings = real_settings['TEST']
-        test_settings = self.connection.settings_dict['TEST']
-        real_test_settings['USER'] = real_settings['USER'] = test_settings['USER'] = \
-            self.connection.settings_dict['USER'] = parameters['user']
-        real_settings['PASSWORD'] = self.connection.settings_dict['PASSWORD'] = parameters['password']
+        real_settings["SAVED_USER"] = self.connection.settings_dict[
+            "SAVED_USER"
+        ] = self.connection.settings_dict["USER"]
+        real_settings["SAVED_PASSWORD"] = self.connection.settings_dict[
+            "SAVED_PASSWORD"
+        ] = self.connection.settings_dict["PASSWORD"]
+        real_test_settings = real_settings["TEST"]
+        test_settings = self.connection.settings_dict["TEST"]
+        real_test_settings["USER"] = real_settings["USER"] = test_settings[
+            "USER"
+        ] = self.connection.settings_dict["USER"] = parameters["user"]
+        real_settings["PASSWORD"] = self.connection.settings_dict[
+            "PASSWORD"
+        ] = parameters["password"]
 
     def set_as_test_mirror(self, primary_settings_dict):
         """
         Set this database up to be used in testing as a mirror of a primary
         database whose settings are given.
         """
-        self.connection.settings_dict['USER'] = primary_settings_dict['USER']
-        self.connection.settings_dict['PASSWORD'] = primary_settings_dict['PASSWORD']
+        self.connection.settings_dict["USER"] = primary_settings_dict["USER"]
+        self.connection.settings_dict["PASSWORD"] = primary_settings_dict["PASSWORD"]
 
-    def _handle_objects_preventing_db_destruction(self, cursor, parameters, verbosity, autoclobber):
+    def _handle_objects_preventing_db_destruction(
+        self, cursor, parameters, verbosity, autoclobber
+    ):
         # There are objects in the test tablespace which prevent dropping it
         # The easy fix is to drop the test user -- but are we allowed to do so?
         self.log(
-            'There are objects in the old test database which prevent its destruction.\n'
-            'If they belong to the test user, deleting the user will allow the test '
-            'database to be recreated.\n'
-            'Otherwise, you will need to find and remove each of these objects, '
-            'or use a different tablespace.\n'
+            "There are objects in the old test database which prevent its destruction.\n"
+            "If they belong to the test user, deleting the user will allow the test "
+            "database to be recreated.\n"
+            "Otherwise, you will need to find and remove each of these objects, "
+            "or use a different tablespace.\n"
         )
         if self._test_user_create():
             if not autoclobber:
-                confirm = input("Type 'yes' to delete user %s: " % parameters['user'])
-            if autoclobber or confirm == 'yes':
+                confirm = input("Type 'yes' to delete user %s: " % parameters["user"])
+            if autoclobber or confirm == "yes":
                 try:
                     if verbosity >= 1:
-                        self.log('Destroying old test user...')
+                        self.log("Destroying old test user...")
                     self._destroy_test_user(cursor, parameters, verbosity)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    self.log('Got an error destroying the test user: %s' % e)
+                    self.log("Got an error destroying the test user: %s" % e)
                     sys.exit(2)
                 try:
                     if verbosity >= 1:
-                        self.log("Destroying old test database for alias '%s'..." % self.connection.alias)
+                        self.log(
+                            "Destroying old test database for alias '%s'..."
+                            % self.connection.alias
+                        )
                     self._execute_test_db_destruction(cursor, parameters, verbosity)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    self.log('Got an error destroying the test database: %s' % e)
+                    self.log("Got an error destroying the test database: %s" % e)
                     sys.exit(2)
             else:
-                self.log('Tests cancelled -- test database cannot be recreated.')
+                self.log("Tests cancelled -- test database cannot be recreated.")
                 sys.exit(1)
         else:
-            self.log("Django is configured to use pre-existing test user '%s',"
-                     " and will not attempt to delete it." % parameters['user'])
-            self.log('Tests cancelled -- test database cannot be recreated.')
+            self.log(
+                "Django is configured to use pre-existing test user '%s',"
+                " and will not attempt to delete it." % parameters["user"]
+            )
+            self.log("Tests cancelled -- test database cannot be recreated.")
             sys.exit(1)
 
     def _destroy_test_db(self, test_database_name, verbosity=1):
@@ -169,24 +203,28 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
         Destroy a test database, prompting the user for confirmation if the
         database already exists. Return the name of the test database created.
         """
-        self.connection.settings_dict['USER'] = self.connection.settings_dict['SAVED_USER']
-        self.connection.settings_dict['PASSWORD'] = self.connection.settings_dict['SAVED_PASSWORD']
+        self.connection.settings_dict["USER"] = self.connection.settings_dict[
+            "SAVED_USER"
+        ]
+        self.connection.settings_dict["PASSWORD"] = self.connection.settings_dict[
+            "SAVED_PASSWORD"
+        ]
         self.connection.close()
         parameters = self._get_test_db_params()
         with self._maindb_connection.cursor() as cursor:
             if self._test_user_create():
                 if verbosity >= 1:
-                    self.log('Destroying test user...')
+                    self.log("Destroying test user...")
                 self._destroy_test_user(cursor, parameters, verbosity)
             if self._test_database_create():
                 if verbosity >= 1:
-                    self.log('Destroying test database tables...')
+                    self.log("Destroying test database tables...")
                 self._execute_test_db_destruction(cursor, parameters, verbosity)
         self._maindb_connection.close()
 
     def _execute_test_db_creation(self, cursor, parameters, verbosity, keepdb=False):
         if verbosity >= 2:
-            self.log('_create_test_db(): dbname = %s' % parameters['user'])
+            self.log("_create_test_db(): dbname = %s" % parameters["user"])
         if self._test_database_oracle_managed_files():
             statements = [
                 """
@@ -214,12 +252,14 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
                 """,
             ]
         # Ignore "tablespace already exists" error when keepdb is on.
-        acceptable_ora_err = 'ORA-01543' if keepdb else None
-        self._execute_allow_fail_statements(cursor, statements, parameters, verbosity, acceptable_ora_err)
+        acceptable_ora_err = "ORA-01543" if keepdb else None
+        self._execute_allow_fail_statements(
+            cursor, statements, parameters, verbosity, acceptable_ora_err
+        )
 
     def _create_test_user(self, cursor, parameters, verbosity, keepdb=False):
         if verbosity >= 2:
-            self.log('_create_test_user(): username = %s' % parameters['user'])
+            self.log("_create_test_user(): username = %s" % parameters["user"])
         statements = [
             """CREATE USER %(user)s
                IDENTIFIED BY "%(password)s"
@@ -235,40 +275,49 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
                TO %(user)s""",
         ]
         # Ignore "user already exists" error when keepdb is on
-        acceptable_ora_err = 'ORA-01920' if keepdb else None
-        success = self._execute_allow_fail_statements(cursor, statements, parameters, verbosity, acceptable_ora_err)
+        acceptable_ora_err = "ORA-01920" if keepdb else None
+        success = self._execute_allow_fail_statements(
+            cursor, statements, parameters, verbosity, acceptable_ora_err
+        )
         # If the password was randomly generated, change the user accordingly.
-        if not success and self._test_settings_get('PASSWORD') is None:
+        if not success and self._test_settings_get("PASSWORD") is None:
             set_password = 'ALTER USER %(user)s IDENTIFIED BY "%(password)s"'
             self._execute_statements(cursor, [set_password], parameters, verbosity)
         # Most test suites can be run without "create view" and
         # "create materialized view" privileges. But some need it.
-        for object_type in ('VIEW', 'MATERIALIZED VIEW'):
-            extra = 'GRANT CREATE %(object_type)s TO %(user)s'
-            parameters['object_type'] = object_type
-            success = self._execute_allow_fail_statements(cursor, [extra], parameters, verbosity, 'ORA-01031')
+        for object_type in ("VIEW", "MATERIALIZED VIEW"):
+            extra = "GRANT CREATE %(object_type)s TO %(user)s"
+            parameters["object_type"] = object_type
+            success = self._execute_allow_fail_statements(
+                cursor, [extra], parameters, verbosity, "ORA-01031"
+            )
             if not success and verbosity >= 2:
-                self.log('Failed to grant CREATE %s permission to test user. This may be ok.' % object_type)
+                self.log(
+                    "Failed to grant CREATE %s permission to test user. This may be ok."
+                    % object_type
+                )
 
     def _execute_test_db_destruction(self, cursor, parameters, verbosity):
         if verbosity >= 2:
-            self.log('_execute_test_db_destruction(): dbname=%s' % parameters['user'])
+            self.log("_execute_test_db_destruction(): dbname=%s" % parameters["user"])
         statements = [
-            'DROP TABLESPACE %(tblspace)s INCLUDING CONTENTS AND DATAFILES CASCADE CONSTRAINTS',
-            'DROP TABLESPACE %(tblspace_temp)s INCLUDING CONTENTS AND DATAFILES CASCADE CONSTRAINTS',
+            "DROP TABLESPACE %(tblspace)s INCLUDING CONTENTS AND DATAFILES CASCADE CONSTRAINTS",
+            "DROP TABLESPACE %(tblspace_temp)s INCLUDING CONTENTS AND DATAFILES CASCADE CONSTRAINTS",
         ]
         self._execute_statements(cursor, statements, parameters, verbosity)
 
     def _destroy_test_user(self, cursor, parameters, verbosity):
         if verbosity >= 2:
-            self.log('_destroy_test_user(): user=%s' % parameters['user'])
-            self.log('Be patient. This can take some time...')
+            self.log("_destroy_test_user(): user=%s" % parameters["user"])
+            self.log("Be patient. This can take some time...")
         statements = [
-            'DROP USER %(user)s CASCADE',
+            "DROP USER %(user)s CASCADE",
         ]
         self._execute_statements(cursor, statements, parameters, verbosity)
 
-    def _execute_statements(self, cursor, statements, parameters, verbosity, allow_quiet_fail=False):
+    def _execute_statements(
+        self, cursor, statements, parameters, verbosity, allow_quiet_fail=False
+    ):
         for template in statements:
             stmt = template % parameters
             if verbosity >= 2:
@@ -277,10 +326,12 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
                 cursor.execute(stmt)
             except Exception as err:
                 if (not allow_quiet_fail) or verbosity >= 2:
-                    self.log('Failed (%s)' % (err))
+                    self.log("Failed (%s)" % (err))
                 raise
 
-    def _execute_allow_fail_statements(self, cursor, statements, parameters, verbosity, acceptable_ora_err):
+    def _execute_allow_fail_statements(
+        self, cursor, statements, parameters, verbosity, acceptable_ora_err
+    ):
         """
         Execute statements which are allowed to fail silently if the Oracle
         error code given by `acceptable_ora_err` is raised. Return True if the
@@ -288,8 +339,16 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
         """
         try:
             # Statement can fail when acceptable_ora_err is not None
-            allow_quiet_fail = acceptable_ora_err is not None and len(acceptable_ora_err) > 0
-            self._execute_statements(cursor, statements, parameters, verbosity, allow_quiet_fail=allow_quiet_fail)
+            allow_quiet_fail = (
+                acceptable_ora_err is not None and len(acceptable_ora_err) > 0
+            )
+            self._execute_statements(
+                cursor,
+                statements,
+                parameters,
+                verbosity,
+                allow_quiet_fail=allow_quiet_fail,
+            )
             return True
         except DatabaseError as err:
             description = str(err)
@@ -299,19 +358,19 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
 
     def _get_test_db_params(self):
         return {
-            'dbname': self._test_database_name(),
-            'user': self._test_database_user(),
-            'password': self._test_database_passwd(),
-            'tblspace': self._test_database_tblspace(),
-            'tblspace_temp': self._test_database_tblspace_tmp(),
-            'datafile': self._test_database_tblspace_datafile(),
-            'datafile_tmp': self._test_database_tblspace_tmp_datafile(),
-            'maxsize': self._test_database_tblspace_maxsize(),
-            'maxsize_tmp': self._test_database_tblspace_tmp_maxsize(),
-            'size': self._test_database_tblspace_size(),
-            'size_tmp': self._test_database_tblspace_tmp_size(),
-            'extsize': self._test_database_tblspace_extsize(),
-            'extsize_tmp': self._test_database_tblspace_tmp_extsize(),
+            "dbname": self._test_database_name(),
+            "user": self._test_database_user(),
+            "password": self._test_database_passwd(),
+            "tblspace": self._test_database_tblspace(),
+            "tblspace_temp": self._test_database_tblspace_tmp(),
+            "datafile": self._test_database_tblspace_datafile(),
+            "datafile_tmp": self._test_database_tblspace_tmp_datafile(),
+            "maxsize": self._test_database_tblspace_maxsize(),
+            "maxsize_tmp": self._test_database_tblspace_tmp_maxsize(),
+            "size": self._test_database_tblspace_size(),
+            "size_tmp": self._test_database_tblspace_tmp_size(),
+            "extsize": self._test_database_tblspace_extsize(),
+            "extsize_tmp": self._test_database_tblspace_tmp_extsize(),
         }
 
     def _test_settings_get(self, key, default=None, prefixed=None):
@@ -320,66 +379,67 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
         prefixed entry from the main settings dict.
         """
         settings_dict = self.connection.settings_dict
-        val = settings_dict['TEST'].get(key, default)
+        val = settings_dict["TEST"].get(key, default)
         if val is None and prefixed:
             val = TEST_DATABASE_PREFIX + settings_dict[prefixed]
         return val
 
     def _test_database_name(self):
-        return self._test_settings_get('NAME', prefixed='NAME')
+        return self._test_settings_get("NAME", prefixed="NAME")
 
     def _test_database_create(self):
-        return self._test_settings_get('CREATE_DB', default=True)
+        return self._test_settings_get("CREATE_DB", default=True)
 
     def _test_user_create(self):
-        return self._test_settings_get('CREATE_USER', default=True)
+        return self._test_settings_get("CREATE_USER", default=True)
 
     def _test_database_user(self):
-        return self._test_settings_get('USER', prefixed='USER')
+        return self._test_settings_get("USER", prefixed="USER")
 
     def _test_database_passwd(self):
-        password = self._test_settings_get('PASSWORD')
+        password = self._test_settings_get("PASSWORD")
         if password is None and self._test_user_create():
             # Oracle passwords are limited to 30 chars and can't contain symbols.
             password = get_random_string(30)
         return password
 
     def _test_database_tblspace(self):
-        return self._test_settings_get('TBLSPACE', prefixed='USER')
+        return self._test_settings_get("TBLSPACE", prefixed="USER")
 
     def _test_database_tblspace_tmp(self):
         settings_dict = self.connection.settings_dict
-        return settings_dict['TEST'].get('TBLSPACE_TMP',
-                                         TEST_DATABASE_PREFIX + settings_dict['USER'] + '_temp')
+        return settings_dict["TEST"].get(
+            "TBLSPACE_TMP", TEST_DATABASE_PREFIX + settings_dict["USER"] + "_temp"
+        )
 
     def _test_database_tblspace_datafile(self):
-        tblspace = '%s.dbf' % self._test_database_tblspace()
-        return self._test_settings_get('DATAFILE', default=tblspace)
+        tblspace = "%s.dbf" % self._test_database_tblspace()
+        return self._test_settings_get("DATAFILE", default=tblspace)
 
     def _test_database_tblspace_tmp_datafile(self):
-        tblspace = '%s.dbf' % self._test_database_tblspace_tmp()
-        return self._test_settings_get('DATAFILE_TMP', default=tblspace)
+        tblspace = "%s.dbf" % self._test_database_tblspace_tmp()
+        return self._test_settings_get("DATAFILE_TMP", default=tblspace)
 
     def _test_database_tblspace_maxsize(self):
-        return self._test_settings_get('DATAFILE_MAXSIZE', default='500M')
+        return self._test_settings_get("DATAFILE_MAXSIZE", default="500M")
 
     def _test_database_tblspace_tmp_maxsize(self):
-        return self._test_settings_get('DATAFILE_TMP_MAXSIZE', default='500M')
+        return self._test_settings_get("DATAFILE_TMP_MAXSIZE", default="500M")
 
     def _test_database_tblspace_size(self):
-        return self._test_settings_get('DATAFILE_SIZE', default='50M')
+        return self._test_settings_get("DATAFILE_SIZE", default="50M")
 
     def _test_database_tblspace_tmp_size(self):
-        return self._test_settings_get('DATAFILE_TMP_SIZE', default='50M')
+        return self._test_settings_get("DATAFILE_TMP_SIZE", default="50M")
 
     def _test_database_tblspace_extsize(self):
-        return self._test_settings_get('DATAFILE_EXTSIZE', default='25M')
+        return self._test_settings_get("DATAFILE_EXTSIZE", default="25M")
 
     def _test_database_tblspace_tmp_extsize(self):
-        return self._test_settings_get('DATAFILE_TMP_EXTSIZE', default='25M')
+        return self._test_settings_get("DATAFILE_TMP_EXTSIZE", default="25M")
 
     def _test_database_oracle_managed_files(self):
-        return self._test_settings_get('ORACLE_MANAGED_FILES', default=False)
+        return self._test_settings_get("ORACLE_MANAGED_FILES", default=False)
 
     def _get_test_db_name(self):
         """
@@ -387,14 +447,14 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
         to work. This isn't a great deal in this case because DB names as
         handled by Django don't have real counterparts in Oracle.
         """
-        return self.connection.settings_dict['NAME']
+        return self.connection.settings_dict["NAME"]
 
     def test_db_signature(self):
         settings_dict = self.connection.settings_dict
         return (
-            settings_dict['HOST'],
-            settings_dict['PORT'],
-            settings_dict['ENGINE'],
-            settings_dict['NAME'],
+            settings_dict["HOST"],
+            settings_dict["PORT"],
+            settings_dict["ENGINE"],
+            settings_dict["NAME"],
             self._test_database_user(),
         )
diff --git a/django/db/backends/oracle/features.py b/django/db/backends/oracle/features.py
index 898a82e5d5..6a3c9dab79 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/oracle/features.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/oracle/features.py
@@ -65,51 +65,51 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
     supports_json_field_contains = False
     supports_collation_on_textfield = False
     test_collations = {
-        'ci': 'BINARY_CI',
-        'cs': 'BINARY',
-        'non_default': 'SWEDISH_CI',
-        'swedish_ci': 'SWEDISH_CI',
+        "ci": "BINARY_CI",
+        "cs": "BINARY",
+        "non_default": "SWEDISH_CI",
+        "swedish_ci": "SWEDISH_CI",
     }
     test_now_utc_template = "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'"
 
     django_test_skips = {
         "Oracle doesn't support SHA224.": {
-            'db_functions.text.test_sha224.SHA224Tests.test_basic',
-            'db_functions.text.test_sha224.SHA224Tests.test_transform',
+            "db_functions.text.test_sha224.SHA224Tests.test_basic",
+            "db_functions.text.test_sha224.SHA224Tests.test_transform",
         },
         "Oracle doesn't correctly calculate ISO 8601 week numbering before "
         "1583 (the Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1582).": {
-            'db_functions.datetime.test_extract_trunc.DateFunctionTests.test_trunc_week_before_1000',
-            'db_functions.datetime.test_extract_trunc.DateFunctionWithTimeZoneTests.test_trunc_week_before_1000',
+            "db_functions.datetime.test_extract_trunc.DateFunctionTests.test_trunc_week_before_1000",
+            "db_functions.datetime.test_extract_trunc.DateFunctionWithTimeZoneTests.test_trunc_week_before_1000",
         },
         "Oracle doesn't support bitwise XOR.": {
-            'expressions.tests.ExpressionOperatorTests.test_lefthand_bitwise_xor',
-            'expressions.tests.ExpressionOperatorTests.test_lefthand_bitwise_xor_null',
-            'expressions.tests.ExpressionOperatorTests.test_lefthand_bitwise_xor_right_null',
+            "expressions.tests.ExpressionOperatorTests.test_lefthand_bitwise_xor",
+            "expressions.tests.ExpressionOperatorTests.test_lefthand_bitwise_xor_null",
+            "expressions.tests.ExpressionOperatorTests.test_lefthand_bitwise_xor_right_null",
         },
         "Oracle requires ORDER BY in row_number, ANSI:SQL doesn't.": {
-            'expressions_window.tests.WindowFunctionTests.test_row_number_no_ordering',
+            "expressions_window.tests.WindowFunctionTests.test_row_number_no_ordering",
         },
-        'Raises ORA-00600: internal error code.': {
-            'model_fields.test_jsonfield.TestQuerying.test_usage_in_subquery',
+        "Raises ORA-00600: internal error code.": {
+            "model_fields.test_jsonfield.TestQuerying.test_usage_in_subquery",
         },
     }
     django_test_expected_failures = {
         # A bug in Django/cx_Oracle with respect to string handling (#23843).
-        'annotations.tests.NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase.test_custom_functions',
-        'annotations.tests.NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase.test_custom_functions_can_ref_other_functions',
+        "annotations.tests.NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase.test_custom_functions",
+        "annotations.tests.NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase.test_custom_functions_can_ref_other_functions",
     }
 
     @cached_property
     def introspected_field_types(self):
         return {
             **super().introspected_field_types,
-            'GenericIPAddressField': 'CharField',
-            'PositiveBigIntegerField': 'BigIntegerField',
-            'PositiveIntegerField': 'IntegerField',
-            'PositiveSmallIntegerField': 'IntegerField',
-            'SmallIntegerField': 'IntegerField',
-            'TimeField': 'DateTimeField',
+            "GenericIPAddressField": "CharField",
+            "PositiveBigIntegerField": "BigIntegerField",
+            "PositiveIntegerField": "IntegerField",
+            "PositiveSmallIntegerField": "IntegerField",
+            "SmallIntegerField": "IntegerField",
+            "TimeField": "DateTimeField",
         }
 
     @cached_property
diff --git a/django/db/backends/oracle/functions.py b/django/db/backends/oracle/functions.py
index 1aeb4597e3..936cc9e73f 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/oracle/functions.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/oracle/functions.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ from django.db.models import DecimalField, DurationField, Func
 
 
 class IntervalToSeconds(Func):
-    function = ''
+    function = ""
     template = """
     EXTRACT(day from %(expressions)s) * 86400 +
     EXTRACT(hour from %(expressions)s) * 3600 +
@@ -11,12 +11,16 @@ class IntervalToSeconds(Func):
     """
 
     def __init__(self, expression, *, output_field=None, **extra):
-        super().__init__(expression, output_field=output_field or DecimalField(), **extra)
+        super().__init__(
+            expression, output_field=output_field or DecimalField(), **extra
+        )
 
 
 class SecondsToInterval(Func):
-    function = 'NUMTODSINTERVAL'
+    function = "NUMTODSINTERVAL"
     template = "%(function)s(%(expressions)s, 'SECOND')"
 
     def __init__(self, expression, *, output_field=None, **extra):
-        super().__init__(expression, output_field=output_field or DurationField(), **extra)
+        super().__init__(
+            expression, output_field=output_field or DurationField(), **extra
+        )
diff --git a/django/db/backends/oracle/introspection.py b/django/db/backends/oracle/introspection.py
index b8882e3cd8..17ffd3a99d 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/oracle/introspection.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/oracle/introspection.py
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ from collections import namedtuple
 import cx_Oracle
 
 from django.db import models
-from django.db.backends.base.introspection import (
-    BaseDatabaseIntrospection, FieldInfo as BaseFieldInfo, TableInfo,
-)
+from django.db.backends.base.introspection import BaseDatabaseIntrospection
+from django.db.backends.base.introspection import FieldInfo as BaseFieldInfo
+from django.db.backends.base.introspection import TableInfo
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
-FieldInfo = namedtuple('FieldInfo', BaseFieldInfo._fields + ('is_autofield', 'is_json'))
+FieldInfo = namedtuple("FieldInfo", BaseFieldInfo._fields + ("is_autofield", "is_json"))
 
 
 class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
@@ -19,33 +19,33 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
     def data_types_reverse(self):
         if self.connection.cx_oracle_version < (8,):
             return {
-                cx_Oracle.BLOB: 'BinaryField',
-                cx_Oracle.CLOB: 'TextField',
-                cx_Oracle.DATETIME: 'DateField',
-                cx_Oracle.FIXED_CHAR: 'CharField',
-                cx_Oracle.FIXED_NCHAR: 'CharField',
-                cx_Oracle.INTERVAL: 'DurationField',
-                cx_Oracle.NATIVE_FLOAT: 'FloatField',
-                cx_Oracle.NCHAR: 'CharField',
-                cx_Oracle.NCLOB: 'TextField',
-                cx_Oracle.NUMBER: 'DecimalField',
-                cx_Oracle.STRING: 'CharField',
-                cx_Oracle.TIMESTAMP: 'DateTimeField',
+                cx_Oracle.BLOB: "BinaryField",
+                cx_Oracle.CLOB: "TextField",
+                cx_Oracle.DATETIME: "DateField",
+                cx_Oracle.FIXED_CHAR: "CharField",
+                cx_Oracle.FIXED_NCHAR: "CharField",
+                cx_Oracle.INTERVAL: "DurationField",
+                cx_Oracle.NATIVE_FLOAT: "FloatField",
+                cx_Oracle.NCHAR: "CharField",
+                cx_Oracle.NCLOB: "TextField",
+                cx_Oracle.NUMBER: "DecimalField",
+                cx_Oracle.STRING: "CharField",
+                cx_Oracle.TIMESTAMP: "DateTimeField",
             }
         else:
             return {
-                cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_DATE: 'DateField',
-                cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_BINARY_DOUBLE: 'FloatField',
-                cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_BLOB: 'BinaryField',
-                cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_CHAR: 'CharField',
-                cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_CLOB: 'TextField',
-                cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_INTERVAL_DS: 'DurationField',
-                cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_NCHAR: 'CharField',
-                cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_NCLOB: 'TextField',
-                cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_NVARCHAR: 'CharField',
-                cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_NUMBER: 'DecimalField',
-                cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMP: 'DateTimeField',
-                cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_VARCHAR: 'CharField',
+                cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_DATE: "DateField",
+                cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_BINARY_DOUBLE: "FloatField",
+                cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_BLOB: "BinaryField",
+                cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_CHAR: "CharField",
+                cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_CLOB: "TextField",
+                cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_INTERVAL_DS: "DurationField",
+                cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_NCHAR: "CharField",
+                cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_NCLOB: "TextField",
+                cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_NVARCHAR: "CharField",
+                cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_NUMBER: "DecimalField",
+                cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_TIMESTAMP: "DateTimeField",
+                cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_VARCHAR: "CharField",
             }
 
     def get_field_type(self, data_type, description):
@@ -53,25 +53,30 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
             precision, scale = description[4:6]
             if scale == 0:
                 if precision > 11:
-                    return 'BigAutoField' if description.is_autofield else 'BigIntegerField'
+                    return (
+                        "BigAutoField"
+                        if description.is_autofield
+                        else "BigIntegerField"
+                    )
                 elif 1 < precision < 6 and description.is_autofield:
-                    return 'SmallAutoField'
+                    return "SmallAutoField"
                 elif precision == 1:
-                    return 'BooleanField'
+                    return "BooleanField"
                 elif description.is_autofield:
-                    return 'AutoField'
+                    return "AutoField"
                 else:
-                    return 'IntegerField'
+                    return "IntegerField"
             elif scale == -127:
-                return 'FloatField'
+                return "FloatField"
         elif data_type == cx_Oracle.NCLOB and description.is_json:
-            return 'JSONField'
+            return "JSONField"
 
         return super().get_field_type(data_type, description)
 
     def get_table_list(self, cursor):
         """Return a list of table and view names in the current database."""
-        cursor.execute("""
+        cursor.execute(
+            """
             SELECT table_name, 't'
             FROM user_tables
             WHERE
@@ -84,8 +89,12 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
             SELECT view_name, 'v' FROM user_views
             UNION ALL
             SELECT mview_name, 'v' FROM user_mviews
-        """)
-        return [TableInfo(self.identifier_converter(row[0]), row[1]) for row in cursor.fetchall()]
+        """
+        )
+        return [
+            TableInfo(self.identifier_converter(row[0]), row[1])
+            for row in cursor.fetchall()
+        ]
 
     def get_table_description(self, cursor, table_name):
         """
@@ -131,22 +140,40 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
             [table_name],
         )
         field_map = {
-            column: (internal_size, default if default != 'NULL' else None, collation, is_autofield, is_json)
+            column: (
+                internal_size,
+                default if default != "NULL" else None,
+                collation,
+                is_autofield,
+                is_json,
+            )
             for column, default, collation, internal_size, is_autofield, is_json in cursor.fetchall()
         }
         self.cache_bust_counter += 1
-        cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM {} WHERE ROWNUM < 2 AND {} > 0".format(
-            self.connection.ops.quote_name(table_name),
-            self.cache_bust_counter))
+        cursor.execute(
+            "SELECT * FROM {} WHERE ROWNUM < 2 AND {} > 0".format(
+                self.connection.ops.quote_name(table_name), self.cache_bust_counter
+            )
+        )
         description = []
         for desc in cursor.description:
             name = desc[0]
             internal_size, default, collation, is_autofield, is_json = field_map[name]
             name = name % {}  # cx_Oracle, for some reason, doubles percent signs.
-            description.append(FieldInfo(
-                self.identifier_converter(name), *desc[1:3], internal_size, desc[4] or 0,
-                desc[5] or 0, *desc[6:], default, collation, is_autofield, is_json,
-            ))
+            description.append(
+                FieldInfo(
+                    self.identifier_converter(name),
+                    *desc[1:3],
+                    internal_size,
+                    desc[4] or 0,
+                    desc[5] or 0,
+                    *desc[6:],
+                    default,
+                    collation,
+                    is_autofield,
+                    is_json,
+                )
+            )
         return description
 
     def identifier_converter(self, name):
@@ -175,16 +202,18 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
         # Oracle allows only one identity column per table.
         row = cursor.fetchone()
         if row:
-            return [{
-                'name': self.identifier_converter(row[0]),
-                'table': self.identifier_converter(table_name),
-                'column': self.identifier_converter(row[1]),
-            }]
+            return [
+                {
+                    "name": self.identifier_converter(row[0]),
+                    "table": self.identifier_converter(table_name),
+                    "column": self.identifier_converter(row[1]),
+                }
+            ]
         # To keep backward compatibility for AutoFields that aren't Oracle
         # identity columns.
         for f in table_fields:
             if isinstance(f, models.AutoField):
-                return [{'table': table_name, 'column': f.column}]
+                return [{"table": table_name, "column": f.column}]
         return []
 
     def get_relations(self, cursor, table_name):
@@ -193,19 +222,23 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
         representing all foreign keys in the given table.
         """
         table_name = table_name.upper()
-        cursor.execute("""
+        cursor.execute(
+            """
     SELECT ca.column_name, cb.table_name, cb.column_name
     FROM   user_constraints, USER_CONS_COLUMNS ca, USER_CONS_COLUMNS cb
     WHERE  user_constraints.table_name = %s AND
            user_constraints.constraint_name = ca.constraint_name AND
            user_constraints.r_constraint_name = cb.constraint_name AND
-           ca.position = cb.position""", [table_name])
+           ca.position = cb.position""",
+            [table_name],
+        )
 
         return {
             self.identifier_converter(field_name): (
                 self.identifier_converter(rel_field_name),
                 self.identifier_converter(rel_table_name),
-            ) for field_name, rel_table_name, rel_field_name in cursor.fetchall()
+            )
+            for field_name, rel_table_name, rel_field_name in cursor.fetchall()
         }
 
     def get_primary_key_column(self, cursor, table_name):
@@ -265,12 +298,12 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
         for constraint, columns, pk, unique, check in cursor.fetchall():
             constraint = self.identifier_converter(constraint)
             constraints[constraint] = {
-                'columns': columns.split(','),
-                'primary_key': pk,
-                'unique': unique,
-                'foreign_key': None,
-                'check': check,
-                'index': unique,  # All uniques come with an index
+                "columns": columns.split(","),
+                "primary_key": pk,
+                "unique": unique,
+                "foreign_key": None,
+                "check": check,
+                "index": unique,  # All uniques come with an index
             }
         # Foreign key constraints
         cursor.execute(
@@ -296,12 +329,12 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
         for constraint, columns, other_table, other_column in cursor.fetchall():
             constraint = self.identifier_converter(constraint)
             constraints[constraint] = {
-                'primary_key': False,
-                'unique': False,
-                'foreign_key': (other_table, other_column),
-                'check': False,
-                'index': False,
-                'columns': columns.split(','),
+                "primary_key": False,
+                "unique": False,
+                "foreign_key": (other_table, other_column),
+                "check": False,
+                "index": False,
+                "columns": columns.split(","),
             }
         # Now get indexes
         cursor.execute(
@@ -328,13 +361,13 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
         for constraint, type_, unique, columns, orders in cursor.fetchall():
             constraint = self.identifier_converter(constraint)
             constraints[constraint] = {
-                'primary_key': False,
-                'unique': unique == 'unique',
-                'foreign_key': None,
-                'check': False,
-                'index': True,
-                'type': 'idx' if type_ == 'normal' else type_,
-                'columns': columns.split(','),
-                'orders': orders.split(','),
+                "primary_key": False,
+                "unique": unique == "unique",
+                "foreign_key": None,
+                "check": False,
+                "index": True,
+                "type": "idx" if type_ == "normal" else type_,
+                "columns": columns.split(","),
+                "orders": orders.split(","),
             }
         return constraints
diff --git a/django/db/backends/oracle/operations.py b/django/db/backends/oracle/operations.py
index d53942b919..63f9714333 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/oracle/operations.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/oracle/operations.py
@@ -5,9 +5,7 @@ from functools import lru_cache
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.db import DatabaseError, NotSupportedError
 from django.db.backends.base.operations import BaseDatabaseOperations
-from django.db.backends.utils import (
-    split_tzname_delta, strip_quotes, truncate_name,
-)
+from django.db.backends.utils import split_tzname_delta, strip_quotes, truncate_name
 from django.db.models import AutoField, Exists, ExpressionWrapper, Lookup
 from django.db.models.expressions import RawSQL
 from django.db.models.sql.where import WhereNode
@@ -25,17 +23,17 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
     # SmallIntegerField uses NUMBER(11) instead of NUMBER(5), which is used by
     # SmallAutoField, to preserve backward compatibility.
     integer_field_ranges = {
-        'SmallIntegerField': (-99999999999, 99999999999),
-        'IntegerField': (-99999999999, 99999999999),
-        'BigIntegerField': (-9999999999999999999, 9999999999999999999),
-        'PositiveBigIntegerField': (0, 9999999999999999999),
-        'PositiveSmallIntegerField': (0, 99999999999),
-        'PositiveIntegerField': (0, 99999999999),
-        'SmallAutoField': (-99999, 99999),
-        'AutoField': (-99999999999, 99999999999),
-        'BigAutoField': (-9999999999999999999, 9999999999999999999),
+        "SmallIntegerField": (-99999999999, 99999999999),
+        "IntegerField": (-99999999999, 99999999999),
+        "BigIntegerField": (-9999999999999999999, 9999999999999999999),
+        "PositiveBigIntegerField": (0, 9999999999999999999),
+        "PositiveSmallIntegerField": (0, 99999999999),
+        "PositiveIntegerField": (0, 99999999999),
+        "SmallAutoField": (-99999, 99999),
+        "AutoField": (-99999999999, 99999999999),
+        "BigAutoField": (-9999999999999999999, 9999999999999999999),
     }
-    set_operators = {**BaseDatabaseOperations.set_operators, 'difference': 'MINUS'}
+    set_operators = {**BaseDatabaseOperations.set_operators, "difference": "MINUS"}
 
     # TODO: colorize this SQL code with style.SQL_KEYWORD(), etc.
     _sequence_reset_sql = """
@@ -63,34 +61,34 @@ END;
 /"""
 
     # Oracle doesn't support string without precision; use the max string size.
-    cast_char_field_without_max_length = 'NVARCHAR2(2000)'
+    cast_char_field_without_max_length = "NVARCHAR2(2000)"
     cast_data_types = {
-        'AutoField': 'NUMBER(11)',
-        'BigAutoField': 'NUMBER(19)',
-        'SmallAutoField': 'NUMBER(5)',
-        'TextField': cast_char_field_without_max_length,
+        "AutoField": "NUMBER(11)",
+        "BigAutoField": "NUMBER(19)",
+        "SmallAutoField": "NUMBER(5)",
+        "TextField": cast_char_field_without_max_length,
     }
 
     def cache_key_culling_sql(self):
-        cache_key = self.quote_name('cache_key')
+        cache_key = self.quote_name("cache_key")
         return (
-            f'SELECT {cache_key} '
-            f'FROM %s '
-            f'ORDER BY {cache_key} OFFSET %%s ROWS FETCH FIRST 1 ROWS ONLY'
+            f"SELECT {cache_key} "
+            f"FROM %s "
+            f"ORDER BY {cache_key} OFFSET %%s ROWS FETCH FIRST 1 ROWS ONLY"
         )
 
     def date_extract_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name):
-        if lookup_type == 'week_day':
+        if lookup_type == "week_day":
             # TO_CHAR(field, 'D') returns an integer from 1-7, where 1=Sunday.
             return "TO_CHAR(%s, 'D')" % field_name
-        elif lookup_type == 'iso_week_day':
+        elif lookup_type == "iso_week_day":
             return "TO_CHAR(%s - 1, 'D')" % field_name
-        elif lookup_type == 'week':
+        elif lookup_type == "week":
             # IW = ISO week number
             return "TO_CHAR(%s, 'IW')" % field_name
-        elif lookup_type == 'quarter':
+        elif lookup_type == "quarter":
             return "TO_CHAR(%s, 'Q')" % field_name
-        elif lookup_type == 'iso_year':
+        elif lookup_type == "iso_year":
             return "TO_CHAR(%s, 'IYYY')" % field_name
         else:
             # https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/18/sqlrf/EXTRACT-datetime.html
@@ -99,11 +97,11 @@ END;
     def date_trunc_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name, tzname=None):
         field_name = self._convert_field_to_tz(field_name, tzname)
         # https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/18/sqlrf/ROUND-and-TRUNC-Date-Functions.html
-        if lookup_type in ('year', 'month'):
+        if lookup_type in ("year", "month"):
             return "TRUNC(%s, '%s')" % (field_name, lookup_type.upper())
-        elif lookup_type == 'quarter':
+        elif lookup_type == "quarter":
             return "TRUNC(%s, 'Q')" % field_name
-        elif lookup_type == 'week':
+        elif lookup_type == "week":
             return "TRUNC(%s, 'IW')" % field_name
         else:
             return "TRUNC(%s)" % field_name
@@ -112,11 +110,11 @@ END;
     # if the time zone name is passed in parameter. Use interpolation instead.
     # https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/django-developers/zwQju7hbG78/9l934yelwfsJ
     # This regexp matches all time zone names from the zoneinfo database.
-    _tzname_re = _lazy_re_compile(r'^[\w/:+-]+$')
+    _tzname_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"^[\w/:+-]+$")
 
     def _prepare_tzname_delta(self, tzname):
         tzname, sign, offset = split_tzname_delta(tzname)
-        return f'{sign}{offset}' if offset else tzname
+        return f"{sign}{offset}" if offset else tzname
 
     def _convert_field_to_tz(self, field_name, tzname):
         if not (settings.USE_TZ and tzname):
@@ -136,7 +134,7 @@ END;
 
     def datetime_cast_date_sql(self, field_name, tzname):
         field_name = self._convert_field_to_tz(field_name, tzname)
-        return 'TRUNC(%s)' % field_name
+        return "TRUNC(%s)" % field_name
 
     def datetime_cast_time_sql(self, field_name, tzname):
         # Since `TimeField` values are stored as TIMESTAMP change to the
@@ -146,7 +144,8 @@ END;
             "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS.FF')"
         ) % self._convert_field_to_tz(field_name, tzname)
         return "CASE WHEN %s IS NOT NULL THEN %s ELSE NULL END" % (
-            field_name, convert_datetime_sql,
+            field_name,
+            convert_datetime_sql,
         )
 
     def datetime_extract_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name, tzname):
@@ -156,20 +155,22 @@ END;
     def datetime_trunc_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name, tzname):
         field_name = self._convert_field_to_tz(field_name, tzname)
         # https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/18/sqlrf/ROUND-and-TRUNC-Date-Functions.html
-        if lookup_type in ('year', 'month'):
+        if lookup_type in ("year", "month"):
             sql = "TRUNC(%s, '%s')" % (field_name, lookup_type.upper())
-        elif lookup_type == 'quarter':
+        elif lookup_type == "quarter":
             sql = "TRUNC(%s, 'Q')" % field_name
-        elif lookup_type == 'week':
+        elif lookup_type == "week":
             sql = "TRUNC(%s, 'IW')" % field_name
-        elif lookup_type == 'day':
+        elif lookup_type == "day":
             sql = "TRUNC(%s)" % field_name
-        elif lookup_type == 'hour':
+        elif lookup_type == "hour":
             sql = "TRUNC(%s, 'HH24')" % field_name
-        elif lookup_type == 'minute':
+        elif lookup_type == "minute":
             sql = "TRUNC(%s, 'MI')" % field_name
         else:
-            sql = "CAST(%s AS DATE)" % field_name  # Cast to DATE removes sub-second precision.
+            sql = (
+                "CAST(%s AS DATE)" % field_name
+            )  # Cast to DATE removes sub-second precision.
         return sql
 
     def time_trunc_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name, tzname=None):
@@ -177,31 +178,33 @@ END;
         # `DateTimeField` and `TimeField` are stored as TIMESTAMP where
         # the date part of the later is ignored.
         field_name = self._convert_field_to_tz(field_name, tzname)
-        if lookup_type == 'hour':
+        if lookup_type == "hour":
             sql = "TRUNC(%s, 'HH24')" % field_name
-        elif lookup_type == 'minute':
+        elif lookup_type == "minute":
             sql = "TRUNC(%s, 'MI')" % field_name
-        elif lookup_type == 'second':
-            sql = "CAST(%s AS DATE)" % field_name  # Cast to DATE removes sub-second precision.
+        elif lookup_type == "second":
+            sql = (
+                "CAST(%s AS DATE)" % field_name
+            )  # Cast to DATE removes sub-second precision.
         return sql
 
     def get_db_converters(self, expression):
         converters = super().get_db_converters(expression)
         internal_type = expression.output_field.get_internal_type()
-        if internal_type in ['JSONField', 'TextField']:
+        if internal_type in ["JSONField", "TextField"]:
             converters.append(self.convert_textfield_value)
-        elif internal_type == 'BinaryField':
+        elif internal_type == "BinaryField":
             converters.append(self.convert_binaryfield_value)
-        elif internal_type == 'BooleanField':
+        elif internal_type == "BooleanField":
             converters.append(self.convert_booleanfield_value)
-        elif internal_type == 'DateTimeField':
+        elif internal_type == "DateTimeField":
             if settings.USE_TZ:
                 converters.append(self.convert_datetimefield_value)
-        elif internal_type == 'DateField':
+        elif internal_type == "DateField":
             converters.append(self.convert_datefield_value)
-        elif internal_type == 'TimeField':
+        elif internal_type == "TimeField":
             converters.append(self.convert_timefield_value)
-        elif internal_type == 'UUIDField':
+        elif internal_type == "UUIDField":
             converters.append(self.convert_uuidfield_value)
         # Oracle stores empty strings as null. If the field accepts the empty
         # string, undo this to adhere to the Django convention of using
@@ -209,8 +212,8 @@ END;
         if expression.output_field.empty_strings_allowed:
             converters.append(
                 self.convert_empty_bytes
-                if internal_type == 'BinaryField' else
-                self.convert_empty_string
+                if internal_type == "BinaryField"
+                else self.convert_empty_string
             )
         return converters
 
@@ -255,11 +258,11 @@ END;
 
     @staticmethod
     def convert_empty_string(value, expression, connection):
-        return '' if value is None else value
+        return "" if value is None else value
 
     @staticmethod
     def convert_empty_bytes(value, expression, connection):
-        return b'' if value is None else value
+        return b"" if value is None else value
 
     def deferrable_sql(self):
         return " DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED"
@@ -270,16 +273,16 @@ END;
             value = param.get_value()
             if value == []:
                 raise DatabaseError(
-                    'The database did not return a new row id. Probably '
+                    "The database did not return a new row id. Probably "
                     '"ORA-1403: no data found" was raised internally but was '
-                    'hidden by the Oracle OCI library (see '
-                    'https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/28859).'
+                    "hidden by the Oracle OCI library (see "
+                    "https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/28859)."
                 )
             columns.append(value[0])
         return tuple(columns)
 
     def field_cast_sql(self, db_type, internal_type):
-        if db_type and db_type.endswith('LOB') and internal_type != 'JSONField':
+        if db_type and db_type.endswith("LOB") and internal_type != "JSONField":
             return "DBMS_LOB.SUBSTR(%s)"
         else:
             return "%s"
@@ -289,10 +292,14 @@ END;
 
     def limit_offset_sql(self, low_mark, high_mark):
         fetch, offset = self._get_limit_offset_params(low_mark, high_mark)
-        return ' '.join(sql for sql in (
-            ('OFFSET %d ROWS' % offset) if offset else None,
-            ('FETCH FIRST %d ROWS ONLY' % fetch) if fetch else None,
-        ) if sql)
+        return " ".join(
+            sql
+            for sql in (
+                ("OFFSET %d ROWS" % offset) if offset else None,
+                ("FETCH FIRST %d ROWS ONLY" % fetch) if fetch else None,
+            )
+            if sql
+        )
 
     def last_executed_query(self, cursor, sql, params):
         # https://cx-oracle.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api_manual/cursor.html#Cursor.statement
@@ -303,10 +310,14 @@ END;
         # parameters manually.
         if isinstance(params, (tuple, list)):
             for i, param in enumerate(params):
-                statement = statement.replace(':arg%d' % i, force_str(param, errors='replace'))
+                statement = statement.replace(
+                    ":arg%d" % i, force_str(param, errors="replace")
+                )
         elif isinstance(params, dict):
             for key, param in params.items():
-                statement = statement.replace(':%s' % key, force_str(param, errors='replace'))
+                statement = statement.replace(
+                    ":%s" % key, force_str(param, errors="replace")
+                )
         return statement
 
     def last_insert_id(self, cursor, table_name, pk_name):
@@ -315,10 +326,10 @@ END;
         return cursor.fetchone()[0]
 
     def lookup_cast(self, lookup_type, internal_type=None):
-        if lookup_type in ('iexact', 'icontains', 'istartswith', 'iendswith'):
+        if lookup_type in ("iexact", "icontains", "istartswith", "iendswith"):
             return "UPPER(%s)"
-        if internal_type == 'JSONField' and lookup_type == 'exact':
-            return 'DBMS_LOB.SUBSTR(%s)'
+        if internal_type == "JSONField" and lookup_type == "exact":
+            return "DBMS_LOB.SUBSTR(%s)"
         return "%s"
 
     def max_in_list_size(self):
@@ -335,7 +346,7 @@ END;
 
     def process_clob(self, value):
         if value is None:
-            return ''
+            return ""
         return value.read()
 
     def quote_name(self, name):
@@ -348,30 +359,33 @@ END;
         # Oracle puts the query text into a (query % args) construct, so % signs
         # in names need to be escaped. The '%%' will be collapsed back to '%' at
         # that stage so we aren't really making the name longer here.
-        name = name.replace('%', '%%')
+        name = name.replace("%", "%%")
         return name.upper()
 
     def regex_lookup(self, lookup_type):
-        if lookup_type == 'regex':
+        if lookup_type == "regex":
             match_option = "'c'"
         else:
             match_option = "'i'"
-        return 'REGEXP_LIKE(%%s, %%s, %s)' % match_option
+        return "REGEXP_LIKE(%%s, %%s, %s)" % match_option
 
     def return_insert_columns(self, fields):
         if not fields:
-            return '', ()
+            return "", ()
         field_names = []
         params = []
         for field in fields:
-            field_names.append('%s.%s' % (
-                self.quote_name(field.model._meta.db_table),
-                self.quote_name(field.column),
-            ))
+            field_names.append(
+                "%s.%s"
+                % (
+                    self.quote_name(field.model._meta.db_table),
+                    self.quote_name(field.column),
+                )
+            )
             params.append(InsertVar(field))
-        return 'RETURNING %s INTO %s' % (
-            ', '.join(field_names),
-            ', '.join(['%s'] * len(params)),
+        return "RETURNING %s INTO %s" % (
+            ", ".join(field_names),
+            ", ".join(["%s"] * len(params)),
         ), tuple(params)
 
     def __foreign_key_constraints(self, table_name, recursive):
@@ -430,42 +444,54 @@ END;
         # which truncates all dependent tables by manually retrieving all
         # foreign key constraints and resolving dependencies.
         for table in tables:
-            for foreign_table, constraint in self._foreign_key_constraints(table, recursive=allow_cascade):
+            for foreign_table, constraint in self._foreign_key_constraints(
+                table, recursive=allow_cascade
+            ):
                 if allow_cascade:
                     truncated_tables.add(foreign_table)
                 constraints.add((foreign_table, constraint))
-        sql = [
-            '%s %s %s %s %s %s %s %s;' % (
-                style.SQL_KEYWORD('ALTER'),
-                style.SQL_KEYWORD('TABLE'),
-                style.SQL_FIELD(self.quote_name(table)),
-                style.SQL_KEYWORD('DISABLE'),
-                style.SQL_KEYWORD('CONSTRAINT'),
-                style.SQL_FIELD(self.quote_name(constraint)),
-                style.SQL_KEYWORD('KEEP'),
-                style.SQL_KEYWORD('INDEX'),
-            ) for table, constraint in constraints
-        ] + [
-            '%s %s %s;' % (
-                style.SQL_KEYWORD('TRUNCATE'),
-                style.SQL_KEYWORD('TABLE'),
-                style.SQL_FIELD(self.quote_name(table)),
-            ) for table in truncated_tables
-        ] + [
-            '%s %s %s %s %s %s;' % (
-                style.SQL_KEYWORD('ALTER'),
-                style.SQL_KEYWORD('TABLE'),
-                style.SQL_FIELD(self.quote_name(table)),
-                style.SQL_KEYWORD('ENABLE'),
-                style.SQL_KEYWORD('CONSTRAINT'),
-                style.SQL_FIELD(self.quote_name(constraint)),
-            ) for table, constraint in constraints
-        ]
+        sql = (
+            [
+                "%s %s %s %s %s %s %s %s;"
+                % (
+                    style.SQL_KEYWORD("ALTER"),
+                    style.SQL_KEYWORD("TABLE"),
+                    style.SQL_FIELD(self.quote_name(table)),
+                    style.SQL_KEYWORD("DISABLE"),
+                    style.SQL_KEYWORD("CONSTRAINT"),
+                    style.SQL_FIELD(self.quote_name(constraint)),
+                    style.SQL_KEYWORD("KEEP"),
+                    style.SQL_KEYWORD("INDEX"),
+                )
+                for table, constraint in constraints
+            ]
+            + [
+                "%s %s %s;"
+                % (
+                    style.SQL_KEYWORD("TRUNCATE"),
+                    style.SQL_KEYWORD("TABLE"),
+                    style.SQL_FIELD(self.quote_name(table)),
+                )
+                for table in truncated_tables
+            ]
+            + [
+                "%s %s %s %s %s %s;"
+                % (
+                    style.SQL_KEYWORD("ALTER"),
+                    style.SQL_KEYWORD("TABLE"),
+                    style.SQL_FIELD(self.quote_name(table)),
+                    style.SQL_KEYWORD("ENABLE"),
+                    style.SQL_KEYWORD("CONSTRAINT"),
+                    style.SQL_FIELD(self.quote_name(constraint)),
+                )
+                for table, constraint in constraints
+            ]
+        )
         if reset_sequences:
             sequences = [
                 sequence
                 for sequence in self.connection.introspection.sequence_list()
-                if sequence['table'].upper() in truncated_tables
+                if sequence["table"].upper() in truncated_tables
             ]
             # Since we've just deleted all the rows, running our sequence ALTER
             # code will reset the sequence to 0.
@@ -475,15 +501,17 @@ END;
     def sequence_reset_by_name_sql(self, style, sequences):
         sql = []
         for sequence_info in sequences:
-            no_autofield_sequence_name = self._get_no_autofield_sequence_name(sequence_info['table'])
-            table = self.quote_name(sequence_info['table'])
-            column = self.quote_name(sequence_info['column'] or 'id')
+            no_autofield_sequence_name = self._get_no_autofield_sequence_name(
+                sequence_info["table"]
+            )
+            table = self.quote_name(sequence_info["table"])
+            column = self.quote_name(sequence_info["column"] or "id")
             query = self._sequence_reset_sql % {
-                'no_autofield_sequence_name': no_autofield_sequence_name,
-                'table': table,
-                'column': column,
-                'table_name': strip_quotes(table),
-                'column_name': strip_quotes(column),
+                "no_autofield_sequence_name": no_autofield_sequence_name,
+                "table": table,
+                "column": column,
+                "table_name": strip_quotes(table),
+                "column_name": strip_quotes(column),
             }
             sql.append(query)
         return sql
@@ -494,23 +522,28 @@ END;
         for model in model_list:
             for f in model._meta.local_fields:
                 if isinstance(f, AutoField):
-                    no_autofield_sequence_name = self._get_no_autofield_sequence_name(model._meta.db_table)
+                    no_autofield_sequence_name = self._get_no_autofield_sequence_name(
+                        model._meta.db_table
+                    )
                     table = self.quote_name(model._meta.db_table)
                     column = self.quote_name(f.column)
-                    output.append(query % {
-                        'no_autofield_sequence_name': no_autofield_sequence_name,
-                        'table': table,
-                        'column': column,
-                        'table_name': strip_quotes(table),
-                        'column_name': strip_quotes(column),
-                    })
+                    output.append(
+                        query
+                        % {
+                            "no_autofield_sequence_name": no_autofield_sequence_name,
+                            "table": table,
+                            "column": column,
+                            "table_name": strip_quotes(table),
+                            "column_name": strip_quotes(column),
+                        }
+                    )
                     # Only one AutoField is allowed per model, so don't
                     # continue to loop
                     break
         return output
 
     def start_transaction_sql(self):
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
     def tablespace_sql(self, tablespace, inline=False):
         if inline:
@@ -541,7 +574,7 @@ END;
             return None
 
         # Expression values are adapted by the database.
-        if hasattr(value, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if hasattr(value, "resolve_expression"):
             return value
 
         # cx_Oracle doesn't support tz-aware datetimes
@@ -549,7 +582,9 @@ END;
             if settings.USE_TZ:
                 value = timezone.make_naive(value, self.connection.timezone)
             else:
-                raise ValueError("Oracle backend does not support timezone-aware datetimes when USE_TZ is False.")
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Oracle backend does not support timezone-aware datetimes when USE_TZ is False."
+                )
 
         return Oracle_datetime.from_datetime(value)
 
@@ -558,38 +593,39 @@ END;
             return None
 
         # Expression values are adapted by the database.
-        if hasattr(value, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if hasattr(value, "resolve_expression"):
             return value
 
         if isinstance(value, str):
-            return datetime.datetime.strptime(value, '%H:%M:%S')
+            return datetime.datetime.strptime(value, "%H:%M:%S")
 
         # Oracle doesn't support tz-aware times
         if timezone.is_aware(value):
             raise ValueError("Oracle backend does not support timezone-aware times.")
 
-        return Oracle_datetime(1900, 1, 1, value.hour, value.minute,
-                               value.second, value.microsecond)
+        return Oracle_datetime(
+            1900, 1, 1, value.hour, value.minute, value.second, value.microsecond
+        )
 
     def adapt_decimalfield_value(self, value, max_digits=None, decimal_places=None):
         return value
 
     def combine_expression(self, connector, sub_expressions):
         lhs, rhs = sub_expressions
-        if connector == '%%':
-            return 'MOD(%s)' % ','.join(sub_expressions)
-        elif connector == '&':
-            return 'BITAND(%s)' % ','.join(sub_expressions)
-        elif connector == '|':
-            return 'BITAND(-%(lhs)s-1,%(rhs)s)+%(lhs)s' % {'lhs': lhs, 'rhs': rhs}
-        elif connector == '<<':
-            return '(%(lhs)s * POWER(2, %(rhs)s))' % {'lhs': lhs, 'rhs': rhs}
-        elif connector == '>>':
-            return 'FLOOR(%(lhs)s / POWER(2, %(rhs)s))' % {'lhs': lhs, 'rhs': rhs}
-        elif connector == '^':
-            return 'POWER(%s)' % ','.join(sub_expressions)
-        elif connector == '#':
-            raise NotSupportedError('Bitwise XOR is not supported in Oracle.')
+        if connector == "%%":
+            return "MOD(%s)" % ",".join(sub_expressions)
+        elif connector == "&":
+            return "BITAND(%s)" % ",".join(sub_expressions)
+        elif connector == "|":
+            return "BITAND(-%(lhs)s-1,%(rhs)s)+%(lhs)s" % {"lhs": lhs, "rhs": rhs}
+        elif connector == "<<":
+            return "(%(lhs)s * POWER(2, %(rhs)s))" % {"lhs": lhs, "rhs": rhs}
+        elif connector == ">>":
+            return "FLOOR(%(lhs)s / POWER(2, %(rhs)s))" % {"lhs": lhs, "rhs": rhs}
+        elif connector == "^":
+            return "POWER(%s)" % ",".join(sub_expressions)
+        elif connector == "#":
+            raise NotSupportedError("Bitwise XOR is not supported in Oracle.")
         return super().combine_expression(connector, sub_expressions)
 
     def _get_no_autofield_sequence_name(self, table):
@@ -598,14 +634,17 @@ END;
         AutoFields that aren't Oracle identity columns.
         """
         name_length = self.max_name_length() - 3
-        return '%s_SQ' % truncate_name(strip_quotes(table), name_length).upper()
+        return "%s_SQ" % truncate_name(strip_quotes(table), name_length).upper()
 
     def _get_sequence_name(self, cursor, table, pk_name):
-        cursor.execute("""
+        cursor.execute(
+            """
             SELECT sequence_name
             FROM user_tab_identity_cols
             WHERE table_name = UPPER(%s)
-            AND column_name = UPPER(%s)""", [table, pk_name])
+            AND column_name = UPPER(%s)""",
+            [table, pk_name],
+        )
         row = cursor.fetchone()
         return self._get_no_autofield_sequence_name(table) if row is None else row[0]
 
@@ -616,26 +655,33 @@ END;
             for i, placeholder in enumerate(row):
                 # A model without any fields has fields=[None].
                 if fields[i]:
-                    internal_type = getattr(fields[i], 'target_field', fields[i]).get_internal_type()
-                    placeholder = BulkInsertMapper.types.get(internal_type, '%s') % placeholder
+                    internal_type = getattr(
+                        fields[i], "target_field", fields[i]
+                    ).get_internal_type()
+                    placeholder = (
+                        BulkInsertMapper.types.get(internal_type, "%s") % placeholder
+                    )
                 # Add columns aliases to the first select to avoid "ORA-00918:
                 # column ambiguously defined" when two or more columns in the
                 # first select have the same value.
                 if not query:
-                    placeholder = '%s col_%s' % (placeholder, i)
+                    placeholder = "%s col_%s" % (placeholder, i)
                 select.append(placeholder)
-            query.append('SELECT %s FROM DUAL' % ', '.join(select))
+            query.append("SELECT %s FROM DUAL" % ", ".join(select))
         # Bulk insert to tables with Oracle identity columns causes Oracle to
         # add sequence.nextval to it. Sequence.nextval cannot be used with the
         # UNION operator. To prevent incorrect SQL, move UNION to a subquery.
-        return 'SELECT * FROM (%s)' % ' UNION ALL '.join(query)
+        return "SELECT * FROM (%s)" % " UNION ALL ".join(query)
 
     def subtract_temporals(self, internal_type, lhs, rhs):
-        if internal_type == 'DateField':
+        if internal_type == "DateField":
             lhs_sql, lhs_params = lhs
             rhs_sql, rhs_params = rhs
             params = (*lhs_params, *rhs_params)
-            return "NUMTODSINTERVAL(TO_NUMBER(%s - %s), 'DAY')" % (lhs_sql, rhs_sql), params
+            return (
+                "NUMTODSINTERVAL(TO_NUMBER(%s - %s), 'DAY')" % (lhs_sql, rhs_sql),
+                params,
+            )
         return super().subtract_temporals(internal_type, lhs, rhs)
 
     def bulk_batch_size(self, fields, objs):
@@ -652,7 +698,9 @@ END;
         if isinstance(expression, (Exists, Lookup, WhereNode)):
             return True
         if isinstance(expression, ExpressionWrapper) and expression.conditional:
-            return self.conditional_expression_supported_in_where_clause(expression.expression)
+            return self.conditional_expression_supported_in_where_clause(
+                expression.expression
+            )
         if isinstance(expression, RawSQL) and expression.conditional:
             return True
         return False
diff --git a/django/db/backends/oracle/schema.py b/django/db/backends/oracle/schema.py
index 98e49413c9..2b1027d6b5 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/oracle/schema.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/oracle/schema.py
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ import re
 
 from django.db import DatabaseError
 from django.db.backends.base.schema import (
-    BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor, _related_non_m2m_objects,
+    BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor,
+    _related_non_m2m_objects,
 )
 from django.utils.duration import duration_iso_string
 
@@ -21,7 +22,9 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
     sql_alter_column_collate = "MODIFY %(column)s %(type)s%(collation)s"
 
     sql_delete_column = "ALTER TABLE %(table)s DROP COLUMN %(column)s"
-    sql_create_column_inline_fk = 'CONSTRAINT %(name)s REFERENCES %(to_table)s(%(to_column)s)%(deferrable)s'
+    sql_create_column_inline_fk = (
+        "CONSTRAINT %(name)s REFERENCES %(to_table)s(%(to_column)s)%(deferrable)s"
+    )
     sql_delete_table = "DROP TABLE %(table)s CASCADE CONSTRAINTS"
     sql_create_index = "CREATE INDEX %(name)s ON %(table)s (%(columns)s)%(extra)s"
 
@@ -31,7 +34,7 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
         elif isinstance(value, datetime.timedelta):
             return "'%s'" % duration_iso_string(value)
         elif isinstance(value, str):
-            return "'%s'" % value.replace("\'", "\'\'").replace('%', '%%')
+            return "'%s'" % value.replace("'", "''").replace("%", "%%")
         elif isinstance(value, (bytes, bytearray, memoryview)):
             return "'%s'" % value.hex()
         elif isinstance(value, bool):
@@ -50,7 +53,8 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
         # Run superclass action
         super().delete_model(model)
         # Clean up manually created sequence.
-        self.execute("""
+        self.execute(
+            """
             DECLARE
                 i INTEGER;
             BEGIN
@@ -60,7 +64,13 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
                     EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'DROP SEQUENCE "%(sq_name)s"';
                 END IF;
             END;
-        /""" % {'sq_name': self.connection.ops._get_no_autofield_sequence_name(model._meta.db_table)})
+        /"""
+            % {
+                "sq_name": self.connection.ops._get_no_autofield_sequence_name(
+                    model._meta.db_table
+                )
+            }
+        )
 
     def alter_field(self, model, old_field, new_field, strict=False):
         try:
@@ -69,16 +79,16 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
             description = str(e)
             # If we're changing type to an unsupported type we need a
             # SQLite-ish workaround
-            if 'ORA-22858' in description or 'ORA-22859' in description:
+            if "ORA-22858" in description or "ORA-22859" in description:
                 self._alter_field_type_workaround(model, old_field, new_field)
             # If an identity column is changing to a non-numeric type, drop the
             # identity first.
-            elif 'ORA-30675' in description:
+            elif "ORA-30675" in description:
                 self._drop_identity(model._meta.db_table, old_field.column)
                 self.alter_field(model, old_field, new_field, strict)
             # If a primary key column is changing to an identity column, drop
             # the primary key first.
-            elif 'ORA-30673' in description and old_field.primary_key:
+            elif "ORA-30673" in description and old_field.primary_key:
                 self._delete_primary_key(model, strict=True)
                 self._alter_field_type_workaround(model, old_field, new_field)
             else:
@@ -98,7 +108,11 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
         # Make a new field that's like the new one but with a temporary
         # column name.
         new_temp_field = copy.deepcopy(new_field)
-        new_temp_field.null = (new_field.get_internal_type() not in ('AutoField', 'BigAutoField', 'SmallAutoField'))
+        new_temp_field.null = new_field.get_internal_type() not in (
+            "AutoField",
+            "BigAutoField",
+            "SmallAutoField",
+        )
         new_temp_field.column = self._generate_temp_name(new_field.column)
         # Add it
         self.add_field(model, new_temp_field)
@@ -107,24 +121,30 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
         # /Data-Type-Comparison-Rules.html#GUID-D0C5A47E-6F93-4C2D-9E49-4F2B86B359DD
         new_value = self.quote_name(old_field.column)
         old_type = old_field.db_type(self.connection)
-        if re.match('^N?CLOB', old_type):
+        if re.match("^N?CLOB", old_type):
             new_value = "TO_CHAR(%s)" % new_value
-            old_type = 'VARCHAR2'
-        if re.match('^N?VARCHAR2', old_type):
+            old_type = "VARCHAR2"
+        if re.match("^N?VARCHAR2", old_type):
             new_internal_type = new_field.get_internal_type()
-            if new_internal_type == 'DateField':
+            if new_internal_type == "DateField":
                 new_value = "TO_DATE(%s, 'YYYY-MM-DD')" % new_value
-            elif new_internal_type == 'DateTimeField':
+            elif new_internal_type == "DateTimeField":
                 new_value = "TO_TIMESTAMP(%s, 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS.FF')" % new_value
-            elif new_internal_type == 'TimeField':
+            elif new_internal_type == "TimeField":
                 # TimeField are stored as TIMESTAMP with a 1900-01-01 date part.
-                new_value = "TO_TIMESTAMP(CONCAT('1900-01-01 ', %s), 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS.FF')" % new_value
+                new_value = (
+                    "TO_TIMESTAMP(CONCAT('1900-01-01 ', %s), 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS.FF')"
+                    % new_value
+                )
         # Transfer values across
-        self.execute("UPDATE %s set %s=%s" % (
-            self.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
-            self.quote_name(new_temp_field.column),
-            new_value,
-        ))
+        self.execute(
+            "UPDATE %s set %s=%s"
+            % (
+                self.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
+                self.quote_name(new_temp_field.column),
+                new_value,
+            )
+        )
         # Drop the old field
         self.remove_field(model, old_field)
         # Rename and possibly make the new field NOT NULL
@@ -134,20 +154,22 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
         # new_field always match.
         new_type = new_field.db_type(self.connection)
         if (
-            (old_field.primary_key and new_field.primary_key) or
-            (old_field.unique and new_field.unique)
+            (old_field.primary_key and new_field.primary_key)
+            or (old_field.unique and new_field.unique)
         ) and old_type != new_type:
             for _, rel in _related_non_m2m_objects(new_temp_field, new_field):
                 if rel.field.db_constraint:
-                    self.execute(self._create_fk_sql(rel.related_model, rel.field, '_fk'))
+                    self.execute(
+                        self._create_fk_sql(rel.related_model, rel.field, "_fk")
+                    )
 
     def _alter_column_type_sql(self, model, old_field, new_field, new_type):
-        auto_field_types = {'AutoField', 'BigAutoField', 'SmallAutoField'}
+        auto_field_types = {"AutoField", "BigAutoField", "SmallAutoField"}
         # Drop the identity if migrating away from AutoField.
         if (
-            old_field.get_internal_type() in auto_field_types and
-            new_field.get_internal_type() not in auto_field_types and
-            self._is_identity_column(model._meta.db_table, new_field.column)
+            old_field.get_internal_type() in auto_field_types
+            and new_field.get_internal_type() not in auto_field_types
+            and self._is_identity_column(model._meta.db_table, new_field.column)
         ):
             self._drop_identity(model._meta.db_table, new_field.column)
         return super()._alter_column_type_sql(model, old_field, new_field, new_type)
@@ -173,7 +195,10 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
     def _field_should_be_indexed(self, model, field):
         create_index = super()._field_should_be_indexed(model, field)
         db_type = field.db_type(self.connection)
-        if db_type is not None and db_type.lower() in self.connection._limited_data_types:
+        if (
+            db_type is not None
+            and db_type.lower() in self.connection._limited_data_types
+        ):
             return False
         return create_index
 
@@ -193,10 +218,13 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
             return row[0] if row else False
 
     def _drop_identity(self, table_name, column_name):
-        self.execute('ALTER TABLE %(table)s MODIFY %(column)s DROP IDENTITY' % {
-            'table': self.quote_name(table_name),
-            'column': self.quote_name(column_name),
-        })
+        self.execute(
+            "ALTER TABLE %(table)s MODIFY %(column)s DROP IDENTITY"
+            % {
+                "table": self.quote_name(table_name),
+                "column": self.quote_name(column_name),
+            }
+        )
 
     def _get_default_collation(self, table_name):
         with self.connection.cursor() as cursor:
@@ -211,4 +239,6 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
     def _alter_column_collation_sql(self, model, new_field, new_type, new_collation):
         if new_collation is None:
             new_collation = self._get_default_collation(model._meta.db_table)
-        return super()._alter_column_collation_sql(model, new_field, new_type, new_collation)
+        return super()._alter_column_collation_sql(
+            model, new_field, new_type, new_collation
+        )
diff --git a/django/db/backends/oracle/utils.py b/django/db/backends/oracle/utils.py
index e3786541af..8941a85967 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/oracle/utils.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/oracle/utils.py
@@ -9,24 +9,25 @@ class InsertVar:
     as a parameter, in order to receive the id of the row created by an
     insert statement.
     """
+
     types = {
-        'AutoField': int,
-        'BigAutoField': int,
-        'SmallAutoField': int,
-        'IntegerField': int,
-        'BigIntegerField': int,
-        'SmallIntegerField': int,
-        'PositiveBigIntegerField': int,
-        'PositiveSmallIntegerField': int,
-        'PositiveIntegerField': int,
-        'FloatField': Database.NATIVE_FLOAT,
-        'DateTimeField': Database.TIMESTAMP,
-        'DateField': Database.Date,
-        'DecimalField': Database.NUMBER,
+        "AutoField": int,
+        "BigAutoField": int,
+        "SmallAutoField": int,
+        "IntegerField": int,
+        "BigIntegerField": int,
+        "SmallIntegerField": int,
+        "PositiveBigIntegerField": int,
+        "PositiveSmallIntegerField": int,
+        "PositiveIntegerField": int,
+        "FloatField": Database.NATIVE_FLOAT,
+        "DateTimeField": Database.TIMESTAMP,
+        "DateField": Database.Date,
+        "DecimalField": Database.NUMBER,
     }
 
     def __init__(self, field):
-        internal_type = getattr(field, 'target_field', field).get_internal_type()
+        internal_type = getattr(field, "target_field", field).get_internal_type()
         self.db_type = self.types.get(internal_type, str)
         self.bound_param = None
 
@@ -43,48 +44,54 @@ class Oracle_datetime(datetime.datetime):
     A datetime object, with an additional class attribute
     to tell cx_Oracle to save the microseconds too.
     """
+
     input_size = Database.TIMESTAMP
 
     @classmethod
     def from_datetime(cls, dt):
         return Oracle_datetime(
-            dt.year, dt.month, dt.day,
-            dt.hour, dt.minute, dt.second, dt.microsecond,
+            dt.year,
+            dt.month,
+            dt.day,
+            dt.hour,
+            dt.minute,
+            dt.second,
+            dt.microsecond,
         )
 
 
 class BulkInsertMapper:
-    BLOB = 'TO_BLOB(%s)'
-    DATE = 'TO_DATE(%s)'
-    INTERVAL = 'CAST(%s as INTERVAL DAY(9) TO SECOND(6))'
-    NCLOB = 'TO_NCLOB(%s)'
-    NUMBER = 'TO_NUMBER(%s)'
-    TIMESTAMP = 'TO_TIMESTAMP(%s)'
+    BLOB = "TO_BLOB(%s)"
+    DATE = "TO_DATE(%s)"
+    INTERVAL = "CAST(%s as INTERVAL DAY(9) TO SECOND(6))"
+    NCLOB = "TO_NCLOB(%s)"
+    NUMBER = "TO_NUMBER(%s)"
+    TIMESTAMP = "TO_TIMESTAMP(%s)"
 
     types = {
-        'AutoField': NUMBER,
-        'BigAutoField': NUMBER,
-        'BigIntegerField': NUMBER,
-        'BinaryField': BLOB,
-        'BooleanField': NUMBER,
-        'DateField': DATE,
-        'DateTimeField': TIMESTAMP,
-        'DecimalField': NUMBER,
-        'DurationField': INTERVAL,
-        'FloatField': NUMBER,
-        'IntegerField': NUMBER,
-        'PositiveBigIntegerField': NUMBER,
-        'PositiveIntegerField': NUMBER,
-        'PositiveSmallIntegerField': NUMBER,
-        'SmallAutoField': NUMBER,
-        'SmallIntegerField': NUMBER,
-        'TextField': NCLOB,
-        'TimeField': TIMESTAMP,
+        "AutoField": NUMBER,
+        "BigAutoField": NUMBER,
+        "BigIntegerField": NUMBER,
+        "BinaryField": BLOB,
+        "BooleanField": NUMBER,
+        "DateField": DATE,
+        "DateTimeField": TIMESTAMP,
+        "DecimalField": NUMBER,
+        "DurationField": INTERVAL,
+        "FloatField": NUMBER,
+        "IntegerField": NUMBER,
+        "PositiveBigIntegerField": NUMBER,
+        "PositiveIntegerField": NUMBER,
+        "PositiveSmallIntegerField": NUMBER,
+        "SmallAutoField": NUMBER,
+        "SmallIntegerField": NUMBER,
+        "TextField": NCLOB,
+        "TimeField": TIMESTAMP,
     }
 
 
 def dsn(settings_dict):
-    if settings_dict['PORT']:
-        host = settings_dict['HOST'].strip() or 'localhost'
-        return Database.makedsn(host, int(settings_dict['PORT']), settings_dict['NAME'])
-    return settings_dict['NAME']
+    if settings_dict["PORT"]:
+        host = settings_dict["HOST"].strip() or "localhost"
+        return Database.makedsn(host, int(settings_dict["PORT"]), settings_dict["NAME"])
+    return settings_dict["NAME"]
diff --git a/django/db/backends/oracle/validation.py b/django/db/backends/oracle/validation.py
index e5a35fd3ca..4035b12085 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/oracle/validation.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/oracle/validation.py
@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ class DatabaseValidation(BaseDatabaseValidation):
         if field.db_index and field_type.lower() in self.connection._limited_data_types:
             errors.append(
                 checks.Warning(
-                    'Oracle does not support a database index on %s columns.'
+                    "Oracle does not support a database index on %s columns."
                     % field_type,
                     hint=(
                         "An index won't be created. Silence this warning if "
                         "you don't care about it."
                     ),
                     obj=field,
-                    id='fields.W162',
+                    id="fields.W162",
                 )
             )
         return errors
diff --git a/django/db/backends/postgresql/base.py b/django/db/backends/postgresql/base.py
index e49d453f94..92f393227e 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/postgresql/base.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/postgresql/base.py
@@ -11,11 +11,10 @@ from contextlib import contextmanager
 
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
-from django.db import DatabaseError as WrappedDatabaseError, connections
+from django.db import DatabaseError as WrappedDatabaseError
+from django.db import connections
 from django.db.backends.base.base import BaseDatabaseWrapper
-from django.db.backends.utils import (
-    CursorDebugWrapper as BaseCursorDebugWrapper,
-)
+from django.db.backends.utils import CursorDebugWrapper as BaseCursorDebugWrapper
 from django.utils.asyncio import async_unsafe
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 from django.utils.safestring import SafeString
@@ -30,14 +29,17 @@ except ImportError as e:
 
 
 def psycopg2_version():
-    version = psycopg2.__version__.split(' ', 1)[0]
+    version = psycopg2.__version__.split(" ", 1)[0]
     return get_version_tuple(version)
 
 
 PSYCOPG2_VERSION = psycopg2_version()
 
 if PSYCOPG2_VERSION < (2, 8, 4):
-    raise ImproperlyConfigured("psycopg2 version 2.8.4 or newer is required; you have %s" % psycopg2.__version__)
+    raise ImproperlyConfigured(
+        "psycopg2 version 2.8.4 or newer is required; you have %s"
+        % psycopg2.__version__
+    )
 
 
 # Some of these import psycopg2, so import them after checking if it's installed.
@@ -56,68 +58,68 @@ psycopg2.extras.register_uuid()
 INETARRAY_OID = 1041
 INETARRAY = psycopg2.extensions.new_array_type(
     (INETARRAY_OID,),
-    'INETARRAY',
+    "INETARRAY",
     psycopg2.extensions.UNICODE,
 )
 psycopg2.extensions.register_type(INETARRAY)
 
 
 class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
-    vendor = 'postgresql'
-    display_name = 'PostgreSQL'
+    vendor = "postgresql"
+    display_name = "PostgreSQL"
     # This dictionary maps Field objects to their associated PostgreSQL column
     # types, as strings. Column-type strings can contain format strings; they'll
     # be interpolated against the values of Field.__dict__ before being output.
     # If a column type is set to None, it won't be included in the output.
     data_types = {
-        'AutoField': 'serial',
-        'BigAutoField': 'bigserial',
-        'BinaryField': 'bytea',
-        'BooleanField': 'boolean',
-        'CharField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
-        'DateField': 'date',
-        'DateTimeField': 'timestamp with time zone',
-        'DecimalField': 'numeric(%(max_digits)s, %(decimal_places)s)',
-        'DurationField': 'interval',
-        'FileField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
-        'FilePathField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
-        'FloatField': 'double precision',
-        'IntegerField': 'integer',
-        'BigIntegerField': 'bigint',
-        'IPAddressField': 'inet',
-        'GenericIPAddressField': 'inet',
-        'JSONField': 'jsonb',
-        'OneToOneField': 'integer',
-        'PositiveBigIntegerField': 'bigint',
-        'PositiveIntegerField': 'integer',
-        'PositiveSmallIntegerField': 'smallint',
-        'SlugField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
-        'SmallAutoField': 'smallserial',
-        'SmallIntegerField': 'smallint',
-        'TextField': 'text',
-        'TimeField': 'time',
-        'UUIDField': 'uuid',
+        "AutoField": "serial",
+        "BigAutoField": "bigserial",
+        "BinaryField": "bytea",
+        "BooleanField": "boolean",
+        "CharField": "varchar(%(max_length)s)",
+        "DateField": "date",
+        "DateTimeField": "timestamp with time zone",
+        "DecimalField": "numeric(%(max_digits)s, %(decimal_places)s)",
+        "DurationField": "interval",
+        "FileField": "varchar(%(max_length)s)",
+        "FilePathField": "varchar(%(max_length)s)",
+        "FloatField": "double precision",
+        "IntegerField": "integer",
+        "BigIntegerField": "bigint",
+        "IPAddressField": "inet",
+        "GenericIPAddressField": "inet",
+        "JSONField": "jsonb",
+        "OneToOneField": "integer",
+        "PositiveBigIntegerField": "bigint",
+        "PositiveIntegerField": "integer",
+        "PositiveSmallIntegerField": "smallint",
+        "SlugField": "varchar(%(max_length)s)",
+        "SmallAutoField": "smallserial",
+        "SmallIntegerField": "smallint",
+        "TextField": "text",
+        "TimeField": "time",
+        "UUIDField": "uuid",
     }
     data_type_check_constraints = {
-        'PositiveBigIntegerField': '"%(column)s" >= 0',
-        'PositiveIntegerField': '"%(column)s" >= 0',
-        'PositiveSmallIntegerField': '"%(column)s" >= 0',
+        "PositiveBigIntegerField": '"%(column)s" >= 0',
+        "PositiveIntegerField": '"%(column)s" >= 0',
+        "PositiveSmallIntegerField": '"%(column)s" >= 0',
     }
     operators = {
-        'exact': '= %s',
-        'iexact': '= UPPER(%s)',
-        'contains': 'LIKE %s',
-        'icontains': 'LIKE UPPER(%s)',
-        'regex': '~ %s',
-        'iregex': '~* %s',
-        'gt': '> %s',
-        'gte': '>= %s',
-        'lt': '< %s',
-        'lte': '<= %s',
-        'startswith': 'LIKE %s',
-        'endswith': 'LIKE %s',
-        'istartswith': 'LIKE UPPER(%s)',
-        'iendswith': 'LIKE UPPER(%s)',
+        "exact": "= %s",
+        "iexact": "= UPPER(%s)",
+        "contains": "LIKE %s",
+        "icontains": "LIKE UPPER(%s)",
+        "regex": "~ %s",
+        "iregex": "~* %s",
+        "gt": "> %s",
+        "gte": ">= %s",
+        "lt": "< %s",
+        "lte": "<= %s",
+        "startswith": "LIKE %s",
+        "endswith": "LIKE %s",
+        "istartswith": "LIKE UPPER(%s)",
+        "iendswith": "LIKE UPPER(%s)",
     }
 
     # The patterns below are used to generate SQL pattern lookup clauses when
@@ -128,14 +130,16 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
     #
     # Note: we use str.format() here for readability as '%' is used as a wildcard for
     # the LIKE operator.
-    pattern_esc = r"REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE({}, E'\\', E'\\\\'), E'%%', E'\\%%'), E'_', E'\\_')"
+    pattern_esc = (
+        r"REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE({}, E'\\', E'\\\\'), E'%%', E'\\%%'), E'_', E'\\_')"
+    )
     pattern_ops = {
-        'contains': "LIKE '%%' || {} || '%%'",
-        'icontains': "LIKE '%%' || UPPER({}) || '%%'",
-        'startswith': "LIKE {} || '%%'",
-        'istartswith': "LIKE UPPER({}) || '%%'",
-        'endswith': "LIKE '%%' || {}",
-        'iendswith': "LIKE '%%' || UPPER({})",
+        "contains": "LIKE '%%' || {} || '%%'",
+        "icontains": "LIKE '%%' || UPPER({}) || '%%'",
+        "startswith": "LIKE {} || '%%'",
+        "istartswith": "LIKE UPPER({}) || '%%'",
+        "endswith": "LIKE '%%' || {}",
+        "iendswith": "LIKE '%%' || UPPER({})",
     }
 
     Database = Database
@@ -152,46 +156,46 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
     def get_connection_params(self):
         settings_dict = self.settings_dict
         # None may be used to connect to the default 'postgres' db
-        if (
-            settings_dict['NAME'] == '' and
-            not settings_dict.get('OPTIONS', {}).get('service')
+        if settings_dict["NAME"] == "" and not settings_dict.get("OPTIONS", {}).get(
+            "service"
         ):
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                 "settings.DATABASES is improperly configured. "
                 "Please supply the NAME or OPTIONS['service'] value."
             )
-        if len(settings_dict['NAME'] or '') > self.ops.max_name_length():
+        if len(settings_dict["NAME"] or "") > self.ops.max_name_length():
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                 "The database name '%s' (%d characters) is longer than "
                 "PostgreSQL's limit of %d characters. Supply a shorter NAME "
-                "in settings.DATABASES." % (
-                    settings_dict['NAME'],
-                    len(settings_dict['NAME']),
+                "in settings.DATABASES."
+                % (
+                    settings_dict["NAME"],
+                    len(settings_dict["NAME"]),
                     self.ops.max_name_length(),
                 )
             )
         conn_params = {}
-        if settings_dict['NAME']:
+        if settings_dict["NAME"]:
             conn_params = {
-                'database': settings_dict['NAME'],
-                **settings_dict['OPTIONS'],
+                "database": settings_dict["NAME"],
+                **settings_dict["OPTIONS"],
             }
-        elif settings_dict['NAME'] is None:
+        elif settings_dict["NAME"] is None:
             # Connect to the default 'postgres' db.
-            settings_dict.get('OPTIONS', {}).pop('service', None)
-            conn_params = {'database': 'postgres', **settings_dict['OPTIONS']}
+            settings_dict.get("OPTIONS", {}).pop("service", None)
+            conn_params = {"database": "postgres", **settings_dict["OPTIONS"]}
         else:
-            conn_params = {**settings_dict['OPTIONS']}
+            conn_params = {**settings_dict["OPTIONS"]}
 
-        conn_params.pop('isolation_level', None)
-        if settings_dict['USER']:
-            conn_params['user'] = settings_dict['USER']
-        if settings_dict['PASSWORD']:
-            conn_params['password'] = settings_dict['PASSWORD']
-        if settings_dict['HOST']:
-            conn_params['host'] = settings_dict['HOST']
-        if settings_dict['PORT']:
-            conn_params['port'] = settings_dict['PORT']
+        conn_params.pop("isolation_level", None)
+        if settings_dict["USER"]:
+            conn_params["user"] = settings_dict["USER"]
+        if settings_dict["PASSWORD"]:
+            conn_params["password"] = settings_dict["PASSWORD"]
+        if settings_dict["HOST"]:
+            conn_params["host"] = settings_dict["HOST"]
+        if settings_dict["PORT"]:
+            conn_params["port"] = settings_dict["PORT"]
         return conn_params
 
     @async_unsafe
@@ -203,9 +207,9 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
         #   default when no value is explicitly specified in options.
         # - before calling _set_autocommit() because if autocommit is on, that
         #   will set connection.isolation_level to ISOLATION_LEVEL_AUTOCOMMIT.
-        options = self.settings_dict['OPTIONS']
+        options = self.settings_dict["OPTIONS"]
         try:
-            self.isolation_level = options['isolation_level']
+            self.isolation_level = options["isolation_level"]
         except KeyError:
             self.isolation_level = connection.isolation_level
         else:
@@ -215,13 +219,15 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
         # Register dummy loads() to avoid a round trip from psycopg2's decode
         # to json.dumps() to json.loads(), when using a custom decoder in
         # JSONField.
-        psycopg2.extras.register_default_jsonb(conn_or_curs=connection, loads=lambda x: x)
+        psycopg2.extras.register_default_jsonb(
+            conn_or_curs=connection, loads=lambda x: x
+        )
         return connection
 
     def ensure_timezone(self):
         if self.connection is None:
             return False
-        conn_timezone_name = self.connection.get_parameter_status('TimeZone')
+        conn_timezone_name = self.connection.get_parameter_status("TimeZone")
         timezone_name = self.timezone_name
         if timezone_name and conn_timezone_name != timezone_name:
             with self.connection.cursor() as cursor:
@@ -230,7 +236,7 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
         return False
 
     def init_connection_state(self):
-        self.connection.set_client_encoding('UTF8')
+        self.connection.set_client_encoding("UTF8")
 
         timezone_changed = self.ensure_timezone()
         if timezone_changed:
@@ -243,7 +249,9 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
         if name:
             # In autocommit mode, the cursor will be used outside of a
             # transaction, hence use a holdable cursor.
-            cursor = self.connection.cursor(name, scrollable=False, withhold=self.connection.autocommit)
+            cursor = self.connection.cursor(
+                name, scrollable=False, withhold=self.connection.autocommit
+            )
         else:
             cursor = self.connection.cursor()
         cursor.tzinfo_factory = self.tzinfo_factory if settings.USE_TZ else None
@@ -268,10 +276,11 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
         if current_task:
             task_ident = str(id(current_task))
         else:
-            task_ident = 'sync'
+            task_ident = "sync"
         # Use that and the thread ident to get a unique name
         return self._cursor(
-            name='_django_curs_%d_%s_%d' % (
+            name="_django_curs_%d_%s_%d"
+            % (
                 # Avoid reusing name in other threads / tasks
                 threading.current_thread().ident,
                 task_ident,
@@ -289,14 +298,14 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
         afterward.
         """
         with self.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute('SET CONSTRAINTS ALL IMMEDIATE')
-            cursor.execute('SET CONSTRAINTS ALL DEFERRED')
+            cursor.execute("SET CONSTRAINTS ALL IMMEDIATE")
+            cursor.execute("SET CONSTRAINTS ALL DEFERRED")
 
     def is_usable(self):
         try:
             # Use a psycopg cursor directly, bypassing Django's utilities.
             with self.connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                cursor.execute('SELECT 1')
+                cursor.execute("SELECT 1")
         except Database.Error:
             return False
         else:
@@ -317,12 +326,18 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
                 "database when it's not needed (for example, when running tests). "
                 "Django was unable to create a connection to the 'postgres' database "
                 "and will use the first PostgreSQL database instead.",
-                RuntimeWarning
+                RuntimeWarning,
             )
             for connection in connections.all():
-                if connection.vendor == 'postgresql' and connection.settings_dict['NAME'] != 'postgres':
+                if (
+                    connection.vendor == "postgresql"
+                    and connection.settings_dict["NAME"] != "postgres"
+                ):
                     conn = self.__class__(
-                        {**self.settings_dict, 'NAME': connection.settings_dict['NAME']},
+                        {
+                            **self.settings_dict,
+                            "NAME": connection.settings_dict["NAME"],
+                        },
                         alias=self.alias,
                     )
                     try:
@@ -349,5 +364,5 @@ class CursorDebugWrapper(BaseCursorDebugWrapper):
             return self.cursor.copy_expert(sql, file, *args)
 
     def copy_to(self, file, table, *args, **kwargs):
-        with self.debug_sql(sql='COPY %s TO STDOUT' % table):
+        with self.debug_sql(sql="COPY %s TO STDOUT" % table):
             return self.cursor.copy_to(file, table, *args, **kwargs)
diff --git a/django/db/backends/postgresql/client.py b/django/db/backends/postgresql/client.py
index 0effcc44e6..4c9bd63546 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/postgresql/client.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/postgresql/client.py
@@ -4,53 +4,53 @@ from django.db.backends.base.client import BaseDatabaseClient
 
 
 class DatabaseClient(BaseDatabaseClient):
-    executable_name = 'psql'
+    executable_name = "psql"
 
     @classmethod
     def settings_to_cmd_args_env(cls, settings_dict, parameters):
         args = [cls.executable_name]
-        options = settings_dict.get('OPTIONS', {})
+        options = settings_dict.get("OPTIONS", {})
 
-        host = settings_dict.get('HOST')
-        port = settings_dict.get('PORT')
-        dbname = settings_dict.get('NAME')
-        user = settings_dict.get('USER')
-        passwd = settings_dict.get('PASSWORD')
-        passfile = options.get('passfile')
-        service = options.get('service')
-        sslmode = options.get('sslmode')
-        sslrootcert = options.get('sslrootcert')
-        sslcert = options.get('sslcert')
-        sslkey = options.get('sslkey')
+        host = settings_dict.get("HOST")
+        port = settings_dict.get("PORT")
+        dbname = settings_dict.get("NAME")
+        user = settings_dict.get("USER")
+        passwd = settings_dict.get("PASSWORD")
+        passfile = options.get("passfile")
+        service = options.get("service")
+        sslmode = options.get("sslmode")
+        sslrootcert = options.get("sslrootcert")
+        sslcert = options.get("sslcert")
+        sslkey = options.get("sslkey")
 
         if not dbname and not service:
             # Connect to the default 'postgres' db.
-            dbname = 'postgres'
+            dbname = "postgres"
         if user:
-            args += ['-U', user]
+            args += ["-U", user]
         if host:
-            args += ['-h', host]
+            args += ["-h", host]
         if port:
-            args += ['-p', str(port)]
+            args += ["-p", str(port)]
         if dbname:
             args += [dbname]
         args.extend(parameters)
 
         env = {}
         if passwd:
-            env['PGPASSWORD'] = str(passwd)
+            env["PGPASSWORD"] = str(passwd)
         if service:
-            env['PGSERVICE'] = str(service)
+            env["PGSERVICE"] = str(service)
         if sslmode:
-            env['PGSSLMODE'] = str(sslmode)
+            env["PGSSLMODE"] = str(sslmode)
         if sslrootcert:
-            env['PGSSLROOTCERT'] = str(sslrootcert)
+            env["PGSSLROOTCERT"] = str(sslrootcert)
         if sslcert:
-            env['PGSSLCERT'] = str(sslcert)
+            env["PGSSLCERT"] = str(sslcert)
         if sslkey:
-            env['PGSSLKEY'] = str(sslkey)
+            env["PGSSLKEY"] = str(sslkey)
         if passfile:
-            env['PGPASSFILE'] = str(passfile)
+            env["PGPASSFILE"] = str(passfile)
         return args, (env or None)
 
     def runshell(self, parameters):
diff --git a/django/db/backends/postgresql/creation.py b/django/db/backends/postgresql/creation.py
index eb8ac3bcf5..70c3eda566 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/postgresql/creation.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/postgresql/creation.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from django.db.backends.utils import strip_quotes
 
 
 class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
-
     def _quote_name(self, name):
         return self.connection.ops.quote_name(name)
 
@@ -21,32 +20,35 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
         return suffix and "WITH" + suffix
 
     def sql_table_creation_suffix(self):
-        test_settings = self.connection.settings_dict['TEST']
-        if test_settings.get('COLLATION') is not None:
+        test_settings = self.connection.settings_dict["TEST"]
+        if test_settings.get("COLLATION") is not None:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                'PostgreSQL does not support collation setting at database '
-                'creation time.'
+                "PostgreSQL does not support collation setting at database "
+                "creation time."
             )
         return self._get_database_create_suffix(
-            encoding=test_settings['CHARSET'],
-            template=test_settings.get('TEMPLATE'),
+            encoding=test_settings["CHARSET"],
+            template=test_settings.get("TEMPLATE"),
         )
 
     def _database_exists(self, cursor, database_name):
-        cursor.execute('SELECT 1 FROM pg_catalog.pg_database WHERE datname = %s', [strip_quotes(database_name)])
+        cursor.execute(
+            "SELECT 1 FROM pg_catalog.pg_database WHERE datname = %s",
+            [strip_quotes(database_name)],
+        )
         return cursor.fetchone() is not None
 
     def _execute_create_test_db(self, cursor, parameters, keepdb=False):
         try:
-            if keepdb and self._database_exists(cursor, parameters['dbname']):
+            if keepdb and self._database_exists(cursor, parameters["dbname"]):
                 # If the database should be kept and it already exists, don't
                 # try to create a new one.
                 return
             super()._execute_create_test_db(cursor, parameters, keepdb)
         except Exception as e:
-            if getattr(e.__cause__, 'pgcode', '') != errorcodes.DUPLICATE_DATABASE:
+            if getattr(e.__cause__, "pgcode", "") != errorcodes.DUPLICATE_DATABASE:
                 # All errors except "database already exists" cancel tests.
-                self.log('Got an error creating the test database: %s' % e)
+                self.log("Got an error creating the test database: %s" % e)
                 sys.exit(2)
             elif not keepdb:
                 # If the database should be kept, ignore "database already
@@ -58,11 +60,11 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
         # to the template database.
         self.connection.close()
 
-        source_database_name = self.connection.settings_dict['NAME']
-        target_database_name = self.get_test_db_clone_settings(suffix)['NAME']
+        source_database_name = self.connection.settings_dict["NAME"]
+        target_database_name = self.get_test_db_clone_settings(suffix)["NAME"]
         test_db_params = {
-            'dbname': self._quote_name(target_database_name),
-            'suffix': self._get_database_create_suffix(template=source_database_name),
+            "dbname": self._quote_name(target_database_name),
+            "suffix": self._get_database_create_suffix(template=source_database_name),
         }
         with self._nodb_cursor() as cursor:
             try:
@@ -70,11 +72,16 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
             except Exception:
                 try:
                     if verbosity >= 1:
-                        self.log('Destroying old test database for alias %s...' % (
-                            self._get_database_display_str(verbosity, target_database_name),
-                        ))
-                    cursor.execute('DROP DATABASE %(dbname)s' % test_db_params)
+                        self.log(
+                            "Destroying old test database for alias %s..."
+                            % (
+                                self._get_database_display_str(
+                                    verbosity, target_database_name
+                                ),
+                            )
+                        )
+                    cursor.execute("DROP DATABASE %(dbname)s" % test_db_params)
                     self._execute_create_test_db(cursor, test_db_params, keepdb)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    self.log('Got an error cloning the test database: %s' % e)
+                    self.log("Got an error cloning the test database: %s" % e)
                     sys.exit(2)
diff --git a/django/db/backends/postgresql/features.py b/django/db/backends/postgresql/features.py
index 1ce73fb0a8..182c230c75 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/postgresql/features.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/postgresql/features.py
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
     supports_over_clause = True
     only_supports_unbounded_with_preceding_and_following = True
     supports_aggregate_filter_clause = True
-    supported_explain_formats = {'JSON', 'TEXT', 'XML', 'YAML'}
+    supported_explain_formats = {"JSON", "TEXT", "XML", "YAML"}
     validates_explain_options = False  # A query will error on invalid options.
     supports_deferrable_unique_constraints = True
     has_json_operators = True
@@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
     supports_update_conflicts = True
     supports_update_conflicts_with_target = True
     test_collations = {
-        'non_default': 'sv-x-icu',
-        'swedish_ci': 'sv-x-icu',
+        "non_default": "sv-x-icu",
+        "swedish_ci": "sv-x-icu",
     }
     test_now_utc_template = "STATEMENT_TIMESTAMP() AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'"
 
     django_test_skips = {
-        'opclasses are PostgreSQL only.': {
-            'indexes.tests.SchemaIndexesNotPostgreSQLTests.test_create_index_ignores_opclasses',
+        "opclasses are PostgreSQL only.": {
+            "indexes.tests.SchemaIndexesNotPostgreSQLTests.test_create_index_ignores_opclasses",
         },
     }
 
@@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
     def introspected_field_types(self):
         return {
             **super().introspected_field_types,
-            'PositiveBigIntegerField': 'BigIntegerField',
-            'PositiveIntegerField': 'IntegerField',
-            'PositiveSmallIntegerField': 'SmallIntegerField',
+            "PositiveBigIntegerField": "BigIntegerField",
+            "PositiveIntegerField": "IntegerField",
+            "PositiveSmallIntegerField": "SmallIntegerField",
         }
 
     @cached_property
@@ -96,9 +96,11 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
     def is_postgresql_14(self):
         return self.connection.pg_version >= 140000
 
-    has_bit_xor = property(operator.attrgetter('is_postgresql_14'))
-    has_websearch_to_tsquery = property(operator.attrgetter('is_postgresql_11'))
-    supports_covering_indexes = property(operator.attrgetter('is_postgresql_11'))
-    supports_covering_gist_indexes = property(operator.attrgetter('is_postgresql_12'))
-    supports_covering_spgist_indexes = property(operator.attrgetter('is_postgresql_14'))
-    supports_non_deterministic_collations = property(operator.attrgetter('is_postgresql_12'))
+    has_bit_xor = property(operator.attrgetter("is_postgresql_14"))
+    has_websearch_to_tsquery = property(operator.attrgetter("is_postgresql_11"))
+    supports_covering_indexes = property(operator.attrgetter("is_postgresql_11"))
+    supports_covering_gist_indexes = property(operator.attrgetter("is_postgresql_12"))
+    supports_covering_spgist_indexes = property(operator.attrgetter("is_postgresql_14"))
+    supports_non_deterministic_collations = property(
+        operator.attrgetter("is_postgresql_12")
+    )
diff --git a/django/db/backends/postgresql/introspection.py b/django/db/backends/postgresql/introspection.py
index f31d906a2f..a7e9a13d61 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/postgresql/introspection.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/postgresql/introspection.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from django.db.backends.base.introspection import (
-    BaseDatabaseIntrospection, FieldInfo, TableInfo,
+    BaseDatabaseIntrospection,
+    FieldInfo,
+    TableInfo,
 )
 from django.db.models import Index
 
@@ -7,46 +9,47 @@ from django.db.models import Index
 class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
     # Maps type codes to Django Field types.
     data_types_reverse = {
-        16: 'BooleanField',
-        17: 'BinaryField',
-        20: 'BigIntegerField',
-        21: 'SmallIntegerField',
-        23: 'IntegerField',
-        25: 'TextField',
-        700: 'FloatField',
-        701: 'FloatField',
-        869: 'GenericIPAddressField',
-        1042: 'CharField',  # blank-padded
-        1043: 'CharField',
-        1082: 'DateField',
-        1083: 'TimeField',
-        1114: 'DateTimeField',
-        1184: 'DateTimeField',
-        1186: 'DurationField',
-        1266: 'TimeField',
-        1700: 'DecimalField',
-        2950: 'UUIDField',
-        3802: 'JSONField',
+        16: "BooleanField",
+        17: "BinaryField",
+        20: "BigIntegerField",
+        21: "SmallIntegerField",
+        23: "IntegerField",
+        25: "TextField",
+        700: "FloatField",
+        701: "FloatField",
+        869: "GenericIPAddressField",
+        1042: "CharField",  # blank-padded
+        1043: "CharField",
+        1082: "DateField",
+        1083: "TimeField",
+        1114: "DateTimeField",
+        1184: "DateTimeField",
+        1186: "DurationField",
+        1266: "TimeField",
+        1700: "DecimalField",
+        2950: "UUIDField",
+        3802: "JSONField",
     }
     # A hook for subclasses.
-    index_default_access_method = 'btree'
+    index_default_access_method = "btree"
 
     ignored_tables = []
 
     def get_field_type(self, data_type, description):
         field_type = super().get_field_type(data_type, description)
-        if description.default and 'nextval' in description.default:
-            if field_type == 'IntegerField':
-                return 'AutoField'
-            elif field_type == 'BigIntegerField':
-                return 'BigAutoField'
-            elif field_type == 'SmallIntegerField':
-                return 'SmallAutoField'
+        if description.default and "nextval" in description.default:
+            if field_type == "IntegerField":
+                return "AutoField"
+            elif field_type == "BigIntegerField":
+                return "BigAutoField"
+            elif field_type == "SmallIntegerField":
+                return "SmallAutoField"
         return field_type
 
     def get_table_list(self, cursor):
         """Return a list of table and view names in the current database."""
-        cursor.execute("""
+        cursor.execute(
+            """
             SELECT c.relname,
             CASE WHEN c.relispartition THEN 'p' WHEN c.relkind IN ('m', 'v') THEN 'v' ELSE 't' END
             FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c
@@ -54,8 +57,13 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
             WHERE c.relkind IN ('f', 'm', 'p', 'r', 'v')
                 AND n.nspname NOT IN ('pg_catalog', 'pg_toast')
                 AND pg_catalog.pg_table_is_visible(c.oid)
-        """)
-        return [TableInfo(*row) for row in cursor.fetchall() if row[0] not in self.ignored_tables]
+        """
+        )
+        return [
+            TableInfo(*row)
+            for row in cursor.fetchall()
+            if row[0] not in self.ignored_tables
+        ]
 
     def get_table_description(self, cursor, table_name):
         """
@@ -65,7 +73,8 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
         # Query the pg_catalog tables as cursor.description does not reliably
         # return the nullable property and information_schema.columns does not
         # contain details of materialized views.
-        cursor.execute("""
+        cursor.execute(
+            """
             SELECT
                 a.attname AS column_name,
                 NOT (a.attnotnull OR (t.typtype = 'd' AND t.typnotnull)) AS is_nullable,
@@ -81,9 +90,13 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
                 AND c.relname = %s
                 AND n.nspname NOT IN ('pg_catalog', 'pg_toast')
                 AND pg_catalog.pg_table_is_visible(c.oid)
-        """, [table_name])
+        """,
+            [table_name],
+        )
         field_map = {line[0]: line[1:] for line in cursor.fetchall()}
-        cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM %s LIMIT 1" % self.connection.ops.quote_name(table_name))
+        cursor.execute(
+            "SELECT * FROM %s LIMIT 1" % self.connection.ops.quote_name(table_name)
+        )
         return [
             FieldInfo(
                 line.name,
@@ -98,7 +111,8 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
         ]
 
     def get_sequences(self, cursor, table_name, table_fields=()):
-        cursor.execute("""
+        cursor.execute(
+            """
             SELECT s.relname as sequence_name, col.attname
             FROM pg_class s
                 JOIN pg_namespace sn ON sn.oid = s.relnamespace
@@ -110,9 +124,11 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
               AND d.deptype in ('a', 'n')
               AND pg_catalog.pg_table_is_visible(tbl.oid)
               AND tbl.relname = %s
-        """, [table_name])
+        """,
+            [table_name],
+        )
         return [
-            {'name': row[0], 'table': table_name, 'column': row[1]}
+            {"name": row[0], "table": table_name, "column": row[1]}
             for row in cursor.fetchall()
         ]
 
@@ -121,7 +137,8 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
         Return a dictionary of {field_name: (field_name_other_table, other_table)}
         representing all foreign keys in the given table.
         """
-        cursor.execute("""
+        cursor.execute(
+            """
             SELECT a1.attname, c2.relname, a2.attname
             FROM pg_constraint con
             LEFT JOIN pg_class c1 ON con.conrelid = c1.oid
@@ -133,7 +150,9 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
                 con.contype = 'f' AND
                 c1.relnamespace = c2.relnamespace AND
                 pg_catalog.pg_table_is_visible(c1.oid)
-        """, [table_name])
+        """,
+            [table_name],
+        )
         return {row[0]: (row[2], row[1]) for row in cursor.fetchall()}
 
     def get_constraints(self, cursor, table_name):
@@ -146,7 +165,8 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
         # Loop over the key table, collecting things as constraints. The column
         # array must return column names in the same order in which they were
         # created.
-        cursor.execute("""
+        cursor.execute(
+            """
             SELECT
                 c.conname,
                 array(
@@ -165,7 +185,9 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
             FROM pg_constraint AS c
             JOIN pg_class AS cl ON c.conrelid = cl.oid
             WHERE cl.relname = %s AND pg_catalog.pg_table_is_visible(cl.oid)
-        """, [table_name])
+        """,
+            [table_name],
+        )
         for constraint, columns, kind, used_cols, options in cursor.fetchall():
             constraints[constraint] = {
                 "columns": columns,
@@ -178,7 +200,8 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
                 "options": options,
             }
         # Now get indexes
-        cursor.execute("""
+        cursor.execute(
+            """
             SELECT
                 indexname, array_agg(attname ORDER BY arridx), indisunique, indisprimary,
                 array_agg(ordering ORDER BY arridx), amname, exprdef, s2.attoptions
@@ -207,14 +230,27 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
                 WHERE c.relname = %s AND pg_catalog.pg_table_is_visible(c.oid)
             ) s2
             GROUP BY indexname, indisunique, indisprimary, amname, exprdef, attoptions;
-        """, [self.index_default_access_method, table_name])
-        for index, columns, unique, primary, orders, type_, definition, options in cursor.fetchall():
+        """,
+            [self.index_default_access_method, table_name],
+        )
+        for (
+            index,
+            columns,
+            unique,
+            primary,
+            orders,
+            type_,
+            definition,
+            options,
+        ) in cursor.fetchall():
             if index not in constraints:
                 basic_index = (
-                    type_ == self.index_default_access_method and
+                    type_ == self.index_default_access_method
+                    and
                     # '_btree' references
                     # django.contrib.postgres.indexes.BTreeIndex.suffix.
-                    not index.endswith('_btree') and options is None
+                    not index.endswith("_btree")
+                    and options is None
                 )
                 constraints[index] = {
                     "columns": columns if columns != [None] else [],
diff --git a/django/db/backends/postgresql/operations.py b/django/db/backends/postgresql/operations.py
index 762cd8d23e..68448157ec 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/postgresql/operations.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/postgresql/operations.py
@@ -7,17 +7,22 @@ from django.db.models.constants import OnConflict
 
 
 class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
-    cast_char_field_without_max_length = 'varchar'
-    explain_prefix = 'EXPLAIN'
+    cast_char_field_without_max_length = "varchar"
+    explain_prefix = "EXPLAIN"
     cast_data_types = {
-        'AutoField': 'integer',
-        'BigAutoField': 'bigint',
-        'SmallAutoField': 'smallint',
+        "AutoField": "integer",
+        "BigAutoField": "bigint",
+        "SmallAutoField": "smallint",
     }
 
     def unification_cast_sql(self, output_field):
         internal_type = output_field.get_internal_type()
-        if internal_type in ("GenericIPAddressField", "IPAddressField", "TimeField", "UUIDField"):
+        if internal_type in (
+            "GenericIPAddressField",
+            "IPAddressField",
+            "TimeField",
+            "UUIDField",
+        ):
             # PostgreSQL will resolve a union as type 'text' if input types are
             # 'unknown'.
             # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/typeconv-union-case.html
@@ -25,17 +30,19 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
             # PostgreSQL configuration so we need to explicitly cast them.
             # We must also remove components of the type within brackets:
             # varchar(255) -> varchar.
-            return 'CAST(%%s AS %s)' % output_field.db_type(self.connection).split('(')[0]
-        return '%s'
+            return (
+                "CAST(%%s AS %s)" % output_field.db_type(self.connection).split("(")[0]
+            )
+        return "%s"
 
     def date_extract_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name):
         # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-EXTRACT
-        if lookup_type == 'week_day':
+        if lookup_type == "week_day":
             # For consistency across backends, we return Sunday=1, Saturday=7.
             return "EXTRACT('dow' FROM %s) + 1" % field_name
-        elif lookup_type == 'iso_week_day':
+        elif lookup_type == "iso_week_day":
             return "EXTRACT('isodow' FROM %s)" % field_name
-        elif lookup_type == 'iso_year':
+        elif lookup_type == "iso_year":
             return "EXTRACT('isoyear' FROM %s)" % field_name
         else:
             return "EXTRACT('%s' FROM %s)" % (lookup_type, field_name)
@@ -48,22 +55,25 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
     def _prepare_tzname_delta(self, tzname):
         tzname, sign, offset = split_tzname_delta(tzname)
         if offset:
-            sign = '-' if sign == '+' else '+'
-            return f'{tzname}{sign}{offset}'
+            sign = "-" if sign == "+" else "+"
+            return f"{tzname}{sign}{offset}"
         return tzname
 
     def _convert_field_to_tz(self, field_name, tzname):
         if tzname and settings.USE_TZ:
-            field_name = "%s AT TIME ZONE '%s'" % (field_name, self._prepare_tzname_delta(tzname))
+            field_name = "%s AT TIME ZONE '%s'" % (
+                field_name,
+                self._prepare_tzname_delta(tzname),
+            )
         return field_name
 
     def datetime_cast_date_sql(self, field_name, tzname):
         field_name = self._convert_field_to_tz(field_name, tzname)
-        return '(%s)::date' % field_name
+        return "(%s)::date" % field_name
 
     def datetime_cast_time_sql(self, field_name, tzname):
         field_name = self._convert_field_to_tz(field_name, tzname)
-        return '(%s)::time' % field_name
+        return "(%s)::time" % field_name
 
     def datetime_extract_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name, tzname):
         field_name = self._convert_field_to_tz(field_name, tzname)
@@ -89,21 +99,30 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
         return cursor.fetchall()
 
     def lookup_cast(self, lookup_type, internal_type=None):
-        lookup = '%s'
+        lookup = "%s"
 
         # Cast text lookups to text to allow things like filter(x__contains=4)
-        if lookup_type in ('iexact', 'contains', 'icontains', 'startswith',
-                           'istartswith', 'endswith', 'iendswith', 'regex', 'iregex'):
-            if internal_type in ('IPAddressField', 'GenericIPAddressField'):
+        if lookup_type in (
+            "iexact",
+            "contains",
+            "icontains",
+            "startswith",
+            "istartswith",
+            "endswith",
+            "iendswith",
+            "regex",
+            "iregex",
+        ):
+            if internal_type in ("IPAddressField", "GenericIPAddressField"):
                 lookup = "HOST(%s)"
-            elif internal_type in ('CICharField', 'CIEmailField', 'CITextField'):
-                lookup = '%s::citext'
+            elif internal_type in ("CICharField", "CIEmailField", "CITextField"):
+                lookup = "%s::citext"
             else:
                 lookup = "%s::text"
 
         # Use UPPER(x) for case-insensitive lookups; it's faster.
-        if lookup_type in ('iexact', 'icontains', 'istartswith', 'iendswith'):
-            lookup = 'UPPER(%s)' % lookup
+        if lookup_type in ("iexact", "icontains", "istartswith", "iendswith"):
+            lookup = "UPPER(%s)" % lookup
 
         return lookup
 
@@ -128,29 +147,32 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
         # Perform a single SQL 'TRUNCATE x, y, z...;' statement. It allows us
         # to truncate tables referenced by a foreign key in any other table.
         sql_parts = [
-            style.SQL_KEYWORD('TRUNCATE'),
-            ', '.join(style.SQL_FIELD(self.quote_name(table)) for table in tables),
+            style.SQL_KEYWORD("TRUNCATE"),
+            ", ".join(style.SQL_FIELD(self.quote_name(table)) for table in tables),
         ]
         if reset_sequences:
-            sql_parts.append(style.SQL_KEYWORD('RESTART IDENTITY'))
+            sql_parts.append(style.SQL_KEYWORD("RESTART IDENTITY"))
         if allow_cascade:
-            sql_parts.append(style.SQL_KEYWORD('CASCADE'))
-        return ['%s;' % ' '.join(sql_parts)]
+            sql_parts.append(style.SQL_KEYWORD("CASCADE"))
+        return ["%s;" % " ".join(sql_parts)]
 
     def sequence_reset_by_name_sql(self, style, sequences):
         # 'ALTER SEQUENCE sequence_name RESTART WITH 1;'... style SQL statements
         # to reset sequence indices
         sql = []
         for sequence_info in sequences:
-            table_name = sequence_info['table']
+            table_name = sequence_info["table"]
             # 'id' will be the case if it's an m2m using an autogenerated
             # intermediate table (see BaseDatabaseIntrospection.sequence_list).
-            column_name = sequence_info['column'] or 'id'
-            sql.append("%s setval(pg_get_serial_sequence('%s','%s'), 1, false);" % (
-                style.SQL_KEYWORD('SELECT'),
-                style.SQL_TABLE(self.quote_name(table_name)),
-                style.SQL_FIELD(column_name),
-            ))
+            column_name = sequence_info["column"] or "id"
+            sql.append(
+                "%s setval(pg_get_serial_sequence('%s','%s'), 1, false);"
+                % (
+                    style.SQL_KEYWORD("SELECT"),
+                    style.SQL_TABLE(self.quote_name(table_name)),
+                    style.SQL_FIELD(column_name),
+                )
+            )
         return sql
 
     def tablespace_sql(self, tablespace, inline=False):
@@ -161,6 +183,7 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
 
     def sequence_reset_sql(self, style, model_list):
         from django.db import models
+
         output = []
         qn = self.quote_name
         for model in model_list:
@@ -174,14 +197,15 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
                 if isinstance(f, models.AutoField):
                     output.append(
                         "%s setval(pg_get_serial_sequence('%s','%s'), "
-                        "coalesce(max(%s), 1), max(%s) %s null) %s %s;" % (
-                            style.SQL_KEYWORD('SELECT'),
+                        "coalesce(max(%s), 1), max(%s) %s null) %s %s;"
+                        % (
+                            style.SQL_KEYWORD("SELECT"),
                             style.SQL_TABLE(qn(model._meta.db_table)),
                             style.SQL_FIELD(f.column),
                             style.SQL_FIELD(qn(f.column)),
                             style.SQL_FIELD(qn(f.column)),
-                            style.SQL_KEYWORD('IS NOT'),
-                            style.SQL_KEYWORD('FROM'),
+                            style.SQL_KEYWORD("IS NOT"),
+                            style.SQL_KEYWORD("FROM"),
                             style.SQL_TABLE(qn(model._meta.db_table)),
                         )
                     )
@@ -207,9 +231,9 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
     def distinct_sql(self, fields, params):
         if fields:
             params = [param for param_list in params for param in param_list]
-            return (['DISTINCT ON (%s)' % ', '.join(fields)], params)
+            return (["DISTINCT ON (%s)" % ", ".join(fields)], params)
         else:
-            return ['DISTINCT'], []
+            return ["DISTINCT"], []
 
     def last_executed_query(self, cursor, sql, params):
         # https://www.psycopg.org/docs/cursor.html#cursor.query
@@ -220,14 +244,16 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
 
     def return_insert_columns(self, fields):
         if not fields:
-            return '', ()
+            return "", ()
         columns = [
-            '%s.%s' % (
+            "%s.%s"
+            % (
                 self.quote_name(field.model._meta.db_table),
                 self.quote_name(field.column),
-            ) for field in fields
+            )
+            for field in fields
         ]
-        return 'RETURNING %s' % ', '.join(columns), ()
+        return "RETURNING %s" % ", ".join(columns), ()
 
     def bulk_insert_sql(self, fields, placeholder_rows):
         placeholder_rows_sql = (", ".join(row) for row in placeholder_rows)
@@ -252,7 +278,7 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
         return None
 
     def subtract_temporals(self, internal_type, lhs, rhs):
-        if internal_type == 'DateField':
+        if internal_type == "DateField":
             lhs_sql, lhs_params = lhs
             rhs_sql, rhs_params = rhs
             params = (*lhs_params, *rhs_params)
@@ -263,27 +289,34 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
         prefix = super().explain_query_prefix(format)
         extra = {}
         if format:
-            extra['FORMAT'] = format
+            extra["FORMAT"] = format
         if options:
-            extra.update({
-                name.upper(): 'true' if value else 'false'
-                for name, value in options.items()
-            })
+            extra.update(
+                {
+                    name.upper(): "true" if value else "false"
+                    for name, value in options.items()
+                }
+            )
         if extra:
-            prefix += ' (%s)' % ', '.join('%s %s' % i for i in extra.items())
+            prefix += " (%s)" % ", ".join("%s %s" % i for i in extra.items())
         return prefix
 
     def on_conflict_suffix_sql(self, fields, on_conflict, update_fields, unique_fields):
         if on_conflict == OnConflict.IGNORE:
-            return 'ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING'
+            return "ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING"
         if on_conflict == OnConflict.UPDATE:
-            return 'ON CONFLICT(%s) DO UPDATE SET %s' % (
-                ', '.join(map(self.quote_name, unique_fields)),
-                ', '.join([
-                    f'{field} = EXCLUDED.{field}'
-                    for field in map(self.quote_name, update_fields)
-                ]),
+            return "ON CONFLICT(%s) DO UPDATE SET %s" % (
+                ", ".join(map(self.quote_name, unique_fields)),
+                ", ".join(
+                    [
+                        f"{field} = EXCLUDED.{field}"
+                        for field in map(self.quote_name, update_fields)
+                    ]
+                ),
             )
         return super().on_conflict_suffix_sql(
-            fields, on_conflict, update_fields, unique_fields,
+            fields,
+            on_conflict,
+            update_fields,
+            unique_fields,
         )
diff --git a/django/db/backends/postgresql/schema.py b/django/db/backends/postgresql/schema.py
index f3b5baecbe..47e9a6a8f3 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/postgresql/schema.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/postgresql/schema.py
@@ -9,16 +9,18 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
 
     sql_create_sequence = "CREATE SEQUENCE %(sequence)s"
     sql_delete_sequence = "DROP SEQUENCE IF EXISTS %(sequence)s CASCADE"
-    sql_set_sequence_max = "SELECT setval('%(sequence)s', MAX(%(column)s)) FROM %(table)s"
-    sql_set_sequence_owner = 'ALTER SEQUENCE %(sequence)s OWNED BY %(table)s.%(column)s'
+    sql_set_sequence_max = (
+        "SELECT setval('%(sequence)s', MAX(%(column)s)) FROM %(table)s"
+    )
+    sql_set_sequence_owner = "ALTER SEQUENCE %(sequence)s OWNED BY %(table)s.%(column)s"
 
     sql_create_index = (
-        'CREATE INDEX %(name)s ON %(table)s%(using)s '
-        '(%(columns)s)%(include)s%(extra)s%(condition)s'
+        "CREATE INDEX %(name)s ON %(table)s%(using)s "
+        "(%(columns)s)%(include)s%(extra)s%(condition)s"
     )
     sql_create_index_concurrently = (
-        'CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY %(name)s ON %(table)s%(using)s '
-        '(%(columns)s)%(include)s%(extra)s%(condition)s'
+        "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY %(name)s ON %(table)s%(using)s "
+        "(%(columns)s)%(include)s%(extra)s%(condition)s"
     )
     sql_delete_index = "DROP INDEX IF EXISTS %(name)s"
     sql_delete_index_concurrently = "DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF EXISTS %(name)s"
@@ -26,21 +28,21 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
     # Setting the constraint to IMMEDIATE to allow changing data in the same
     # transaction.
     sql_create_column_inline_fk = (
-        'CONSTRAINT %(name)s REFERENCES %(to_table)s(%(to_column)s)%(deferrable)s'
-        '; SET CONSTRAINTS %(namespace)s%(name)s IMMEDIATE'
+        "CONSTRAINT %(name)s REFERENCES %(to_table)s(%(to_column)s)%(deferrable)s"
+        "; SET CONSTRAINTS %(namespace)s%(name)s IMMEDIATE"
     )
     # Setting the constraint to IMMEDIATE runs any deferred checks to allow
     # dropping it in the same transaction.
     sql_delete_fk = "SET CONSTRAINTS %(name)s IMMEDIATE; ALTER TABLE %(table)s DROP CONSTRAINT %(name)s"
 
-    sql_delete_procedure = 'DROP FUNCTION %(procedure)s(%(param_types)s)'
+    sql_delete_procedure = "DROP FUNCTION %(procedure)s(%(param_types)s)"
 
     def quote_value(self, value):
         if isinstance(value, str):
-            value = value.replace('%', '%%')
+            value = value.replace("%", "%%")
         adapted = psycopg2.extensions.adapt(value)
-        if hasattr(adapted, 'encoding'):
-            adapted.encoding = 'utf8'
+        if hasattr(adapted, "encoding"):
+            adapted.encoding = "utf8"
         # getquoted() returns a quoted bytestring of the adapted value.
         return adapted.getquoted().decode()
 
@@ -61,7 +63,7 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
 
     def _field_base_data_types(self, field):
         # Yield base data types for array fields.
-        if field.base_field.get_internal_type() == 'ArrayField':
+        if field.base_field.get_internal_type() == "ArrayField":
             yield from self._field_base_data_types(field.base_field)
         else:
             yield self._field_data_type(field.base_field)
@@ -80,45 +82,52 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
             #
             # The same doesn't apply to array fields such as varchar[size]
             # and text[size], so skip them.
-            if '[' in db_type:
+            if "[" in db_type:
                 return None
-            if db_type.startswith('varchar'):
+            if db_type.startswith("varchar"):
                 return self._create_index_sql(
                     model,
                     fields=[field],
-                    suffix='_like',
-                    opclasses=['varchar_pattern_ops'],
+                    suffix="_like",
+                    opclasses=["varchar_pattern_ops"],
                 )
-            elif db_type.startswith('text'):
+            elif db_type.startswith("text"):
                 return self._create_index_sql(
                     model,
                     fields=[field],
-                    suffix='_like',
-                    opclasses=['text_pattern_ops'],
+                    suffix="_like",
+                    opclasses=["text_pattern_ops"],
                 )
         return None
 
     def _alter_column_type_sql(self, model, old_field, new_field, new_type):
-        self.sql_alter_column_type = 'ALTER COLUMN %(column)s TYPE %(type)s'
+        self.sql_alter_column_type = "ALTER COLUMN %(column)s TYPE %(type)s"
         # Cast when data type changed.
-        using_sql = ' USING %(column)s::%(type)s'
+        using_sql = " USING %(column)s::%(type)s"
         new_internal_type = new_field.get_internal_type()
         old_internal_type = old_field.get_internal_type()
-        if new_internal_type == 'ArrayField' and new_internal_type == old_internal_type:
+        if new_internal_type == "ArrayField" and new_internal_type == old_internal_type:
             # Compare base data types for array fields.
-            if list(self._field_base_data_types(old_field)) != list(self._field_base_data_types(new_field)):
+            if list(self._field_base_data_types(old_field)) != list(
+                self._field_base_data_types(new_field)
+            ):
                 self.sql_alter_column_type += using_sql
         elif self._field_data_type(old_field) != self._field_data_type(new_field):
             self.sql_alter_column_type += using_sql
         # Make ALTER TYPE with SERIAL make sense.
         table = strip_quotes(model._meta.db_table)
-        serial_fields_map = {'bigserial': 'bigint', 'serial': 'integer', 'smallserial': 'smallint'}
+        serial_fields_map = {
+            "bigserial": "bigint",
+            "serial": "integer",
+            "smallserial": "smallint",
+        }
         if new_type.lower() in serial_fields_map:
             column = strip_quotes(new_field.column)
             sequence_name = "%s_%s_seq" % (table, column)
             return (
                 (
-                    self.sql_alter_column_type % {
+                    self.sql_alter_column_type
+                    % {
                         "column": self.quote_name(column),
                         "type": serial_fields_map[new_type.lower()],
                     },
@@ -126,29 +135,35 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
                 ),
                 [
                     (
-                        self.sql_delete_sequence % {
+                        self.sql_delete_sequence
+                        % {
                             "sequence": self.quote_name(sequence_name),
                         },
                         [],
                     ),
                     (
-                        self.sql_create_sequence % {
+                        self.sql_create_sequence
+                        % {
                             "sequence": self.quote_name(sequence_name),
                         },
                         [],
                     ),
                     (
-                        self.sql_alter_column % {
+                        self.sql_alter_column
+                        % {
                             "table": self.quote_name(table),
-                            "changes": self.sql_alter_column_default % {
+                            "changes": self.sql_alter_column_default
+                            % {
                                 "column": self.quote_name(column),
-                                "default": "nextval('%s')" % self.quote_name(sequence_name),
-                            }
+                                "default": "nextval('%s')"
+                                % self.quote_name(sequence_name),
+                            },
                         },
                         [],
                     ),
                     (
-                        self.sql_set_sequence_max % {
+                        self.sql_set_sequence_max
+                        % {
                             "table": self.quote_name(table),
                             "column": self.quote_name(column),
                             "sequence": self.quote_name(sequence_name),
@@ -156,24 +171,31 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
                         [],
                     ),
                     (
-                        self.sql_set_sequence_owner % {
-                            'table': self.quote_name(table),
-                            'column': self.quote_name(column),
-                            'sequence': self.quote_name(sequence_name),
+                        self.sql_set_sequence_owner
+                        % {
+                            "table": self.quote_name(table),
+                            "column": self.quote_name(column),
+                            "sequence": self.quote_name(sequence_name),
                         },
                         [],
                     ),
                 ],
             )
-        elif old_field.db_parameters(connection=self.connection)['type'] in serial_fields_map:
+        elif (
+            old_field.db_parameters(connection=self.connection)["type"]
+            in serial_fields_map
+        ):
             # Drop the sequence if migrating away from AutoField.
             column = strip_quotes(new_field.column)
-            sequence_name = '%s_%s_seq' % (table, column)
-            fragment, _ = super()._alter_column_type_sql(model, old_field, new_field, new_type)
+            sequence_name = "%s_%s_seq" % (table, column)
+            fragment, _ = super()._alter_column_type_sql(
+                model, old_field, new_field, new_type
+            )
             return fragment, [
                 (
-                    self.sql_delete_sequence % {
-                        'sequence': self.quote_name(sequence_name),
+                    self.sql_delete_sequence
+                    % {
+                        "sequence": self.quote_name(sequence_name),
                     },
                     [],
                 ),
@@ -181,58 +203,114 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
         else:
             return super()._alter_column_type_sql(model, old_field, new_field, new_type)
 
-    def _alter_field(self, model, old_field, new_field, old_type, new_type,
-                     old_db_params, new_db_params, strict=False):
+    def _alter_field(
+        self,
+        model,
+        old_field,
+        new_field,
+        old_type,
+        new_type,
+        old_db_params,
+        new_db_params,
+        strict=False,
+    ):
         # Drop indexes on varchar/text/citext columns that are changing to a
         # different type.
         if (old_field.db_index or old_field.unique) and (
-            (old_type.startswith('varchar') and not new_type.startswith('varchar')) or
-            (old_type.startswith('text') and not new_type.startswith('text')) or
-            (old_type.startswith('citext') and not new_type.startswith('citext'))
+            (old_type.startswith("varchar") and not new_type.startswith("varchar"))
+            or (old_type.startswith("text") and not new_type.startswith("text"))
+            or (old_type.startswith("citext") and not new_type.startswith("citext"))
         ):
-            index_name = self._create_index_name(model._meta.db_table, [old_field.column], suffix='_like')
+            index_name = self._create_index_name(
+                model._meta.db_table, [old_field.column], suffix="_like"
+            )
             self.execute(self._delete_index_sql(model, index_name))
 
         super()._alter_field(
-            model, old_field, new_field, old_type, new_type, old_db_params,
-            new_db_params, strict,
+            model,
+            old_field,
+            new_field,
+            old_type,
+            new_type,
+            old_db_params,
+            new_db_params,
+            strict,
         )
         # Added an index? Create any PostgreSQL-specific indexes.
-        if ((not (old_field.db_index or old_field.unique) and new_field.db_index) or
-                (not old_field.unique and new_field.unique)):
+        if (not (old_field.db_index or old_field.unique) and new_field.db_index) or (
+            not old_field.unique and new_field.unique
+        ):
             like_index_statement = self._create_like_index_sql(model, new_field)
             if like_index_statement is not None:
                 self.execute(like_index_statement)
 
         # Removed an index? Drop any PostgreSQL-specific indexes.
         if old_field.unique and not (new_field.db_index or new_field.unique):
-            index_to_remove = self._create_index_name(model._meta.db_table, [old_field.column], suffix='_like')
+            index_to_remove = self._create_index_name(
+                model._meta.db_table, [old_field.column], suffix="_like"
+            )
             self.execute(self._delete_index_sql(model, index_to_remove))
 
     def _index_columns(self, table, columns, col_suffixes, opclasses):
         if opclasses:
-            return IndexColumns(table, columns, self.quote_name, col_suffixes=col_suffixes, opclasses=opclasses)
+            return IndexColumns(
+                table,
+                columns,
+                self.quote_name,
+                col_suffixes=col_suffixes,
+                opclasses=opclasses,
+            )
         return super()._index_columns(table, columns, col_suffixes, opclasses)
 
     def add_index(self, model, index, concurrently=False):
-        self.execute(index.create_sql(model, self, concurrently=concurrently), params=None)
+        self.execute(
+            index.create_sql(model, self, concurrently=concurrently), params=None
+        )
 
     def remove_index(self, model, index, concurrently=False):
         self.execute(index.remove_sql(model, self, concurrently=concurrently))
 
     def _delete_index_sql(self, model, name, sql=None, concurrently=False):
-        sql = self.sql_delete_index_concurrently if concurrently else self.sql_delete_index
+        sql = (
+            self.sql_delete_index_concurrently
+            if concurrently
+            else self.sql_delete_index
+        )
         return super()._delete_index_sql(model, name, sql)
 
     def _create_index_sql(
-        self, model, *, fields=None, name=None, suffix='', using='',
-        db_tablespace=None, col_suffixes=(), sql=None, opclasses=(),
-        condition=None, concurrently=False, include=None, expressions=None,
+        self,
+        model,
+        *,
+        fields=None,
+        name=None,
+        suffix="",
+        using="",
+        db_tablespace=None,
+        col_suffixes=(),
+        sql=None,
+        opclasses=(),
+        condition=None,
+        concurrently=False,
+        include=None,
+        expressions=None,
     ):
-        sql = self.sql_create_index if not concurrently else self.sql_create_index_concurrently
+        sql = (
+            self.sql_create_index
+            if not concurrently
+            else self.sql_create_index_concurrently
+        )
         return super()._create_index_sql(
-            model, fields=fields, name=name, suffix=suffix, using=using,
-            db_tablespace=db_tablespace, col_suffixes=col_suffixes, sql=sql,
-            opclasses=opclasses, condition=condition, include=include,
+            model,
+            fields=fields,
+            name=name,
+            suffix=suffix,
+            using=using,
+            db_tablespace=db_tablespace,
+            col_suffixes=col_suffixes,
+            sql=sql,
+            opclasses=opclasses,
+            condition=condition,
+            include=include,
             expressions=expressions,
         )
diff --git a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/_functions.py b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/_functions.py
index 3529a99dd6..86684c1907 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/_functions.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/_functions.py
@@ -7,14 +7,30 @@ import statistics
 from datetime import timedelta
 from hashlib import sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512
 from math import (
-    acos, asin, atan, atan2, ceil, cos, degrees, exp, floor, fmod, log, pi,
-    radians, sin, sqrt, tan,
+    acos,
+    asin,
+    atan,
+    atan2,
+    ceil,
+    cos,
+    degrees,
+    exp,
+    floor,
+    fmod,
+    log,
+    pi,
+    radians,
+    sin,
+    sqrt,
+    tan,
 )
 from re import search as re_search
 
 from django.db.backends.base.base import timezone_constructor
 from django.db.backends.utils import (
-    split_tzname_delta, typecast_time, typecast_timestamp,
+    split_tzname_delta,
+    typecast_time,
+    typecast_timestamp,
 )
 from django.utils import timezone
 from django.utils.crypto import md5
@@ -26,56 +42,62 @@ def register(connection):
         connection.create_function,
         deterministic=True,
     )
-    create_deterministic_function('django_date_extract', 2, _sqlite_datetime_extract)
-    create_deterministic_function('django_date_trunc', 4, _sqlite_date_trunc)
-    create_deterministic_function('django_datetime_cast_date', 3, _sqlite_datetime_cast_date)
-    create_deterministic_function('django_datetime_cast_time', 3, _sqlite_datetime_cast_time)
-    create_deterministic_function('django_datetime_extract', 4, _sqlite_datetime_extract)
-    create_deterministic_function('django_datetime_trunc', 4, _sqlite_datetime_trunc)
-    create_deterministic_function('django_time_extract', 2, _sqlite_time_extract)
-    create_deterministic_function('django_time_trunc', 4, _sqlite_time_trunc)
-    create_deterministic_function('django_time_diff', 2, _sqlite_time_diff)
-    create_deterministic_function('django_timestamp_diff', 2, _sqlite_timestamp_diff)
-    create_deterministic_function('django_format_dtdelta', 3, _sqlite_format_dtdelta)
-    create_deterministic_function('regexp', 2, _sqlite_regexp)
-    create_deterministic_function('ACOS', 1, _sqlite_acos)
-    create_deterministic_function('ASIN', 1, _sqlite_asin)
-    create_deterministic_function('ATAN', 1, _sqlite_atan)
-    create_deterministic_function('ATAN2', 2, _sqlite_atan2)
-    create_deterministic_function('BITXOR', 2, _sqlite_bitxor)
-    create_deterministic_function('CEILING', 1, _sqlite_ceiling)
-    create_deterministic_function('COS', 1, _sqlite_cos)
-    create_deterministic_function('COT', 1, _sqlite_cot)
-    create_deterministic_function('DEGREES', 1, _sqlite_degrees)
-    create_deterministic_function('EXP', 1, _sqlite_exp)
-    create_deterministic_function('FLOOR', 1, _sqlite_floor)
-    create_deterministic_function('LN', 1, _sqlite_ln)
-    create_deterministic_function('LOG', 2, _sqlite_log)
-    create_deterministic_function('LPAD', 3, _sqlite_lpad)
-    create_deterministic_function('MD5', 1, _sqlite_md5)
-    create_deterministic_function('MOD', 2, _sqlite_mod)
-    create_deterministic_function('PI', 0, _sqlite_pi)
-    create_deterministic_function('POWER', 2, _sqlite_power)
-    create_deterministic_function('RADIANS', 1, _sqlite_radians)
-    create_deterministic_function('REPEAT', 2, _sqlite_repeat)
-    create_deterministic_function('REVERSE', 1, _sqlite_reverse)
-    create_deterministic_function('RPAD', 3, _sqlite_rpad)
-    create_deterministic_function('SHA1', 1, _sqlite_sha1)
-    create_deterministic_function('SHA224', 1, _sqlite_sha224)
-    create_deterministic_function('SHA256', 1, _sqlite_sha256)
-    create_deterministic_function('SHA384', 1, _sqlite_sha384)
-    create_deterministic_function('SHA512', 1, _sqlite_sha512)
-    create_deterministic_function('SIGN', 1, _sqlite_sign)
-    create_deterministic_function('SIN', 1, _sqlite_sin)
-    create_deterministic_function('SQRT', 1, _sqlite_sqrt)
-    create_deterministic_function('TAN', 1, _sqlite_tan)
+    create_deterministic_function("django_date_extract", 2, _sqlite_datetime_extract)
+    create_deterministic_function("django_date_trunc", 4, _sqlite_date_trunc)
+    create_deterministic_function(
+        "django_datetime_cast_date", 3, _sqlite_datetime_cast_date
+    )
+    create_deterministic_function(
+        "django_datetime_cast_time", 3, _sqlite_datetime_cast_time
+    )
+    create_deterministic_function(
+        "django_datetime_extract", 4, _sqlite_datetime_extract
+    )
+    create_deterministic_function("django_datetime_trunc", 4, _sqlite_datetime_trunc)
+    create_deterministic_function("django_time_extract", 2, _sqlite_time_extract)
+    create_deterministic_function("django_time_trunc", 4, _sqlite_time_trunc)
+    create_deterministic_function("django_time_diff", 2, _sqlite_time_diff)
+    create_deterministic_function("django_timestamp_diff", 2, _sqlite_timestamp_diff)
+    create_deterministic_function("django_format_dtdelta", 3, _sqlite_format_dtdelta)
+    create_deterministic_function("regexp", 2, _sqlite_regexp)
+    create_deterministic_function("ACOS", 1, _sqlite_acos)
+    create_deterministic_function("ASIN", 1, _sqlite_asin)
+    create_deterministic_function("ATAN", 1, _sqlite_atan)
+    create_deterministic_function("ATAN2", 2, _sqlite_atan2)
+    create_deterministic_function("BITXOR", 2, _sqlite_bitxor)
+    create_deterministic_function("CEILING", 1, _sqlite_ceiling)
+    create_deterministic_function("COS", 1, _sqlite_cos)
+    create_deterministic_function("COT", 1, _sqlite_cot)
+    create_deterministic_function("DEGREES", 1, _sqlite_degrees)
+    create_deterministic_function("EXP", 1, _sqlite_exp)
+    create_deterministic_function("FLOOR", 1, _sqlite_floor)
+    create_deterministic_function("LN", 1, _sqlite_ln)
+    create_deterministic_function("LOG", 2, _sqlite_log)
+    create_deterministic_function("LPAD", 3, _sqlite_lpad)
+    create_deterministic_function("MD5", 1, _sqlite_md5)
+    create_deterministic_function("MOD", 2, _sqlite_mod)
+    create_deterministic_function("PI", 0, _sqlite_pi)
+    create_deterministic_function("POWER", 2, _sqlite_power)
+    create_deterministic_function("RADIANS", 1, _sqlite_radians)
+    create_deterministic_function("REPEAT", 2, _sqlite_repeat)
+    create_deterministic_function("REVERSE", 1, _sqlite_reverse)
+    create_deterministic_function("RPAD", 3, _sqlite_rpad)
+    create_deterministic_function("SHA1", 1, _sqlite_sha1)
+    create_deterministic_function("SHA224", 1, _sqlite_sha224)
+    create_deterministic_function("SHA256", 1, _sqlite_sha256)
+    create_deterministic_function("SHA384", 1, _sqlite_sha384)
+    create_deterministic_function("SHA512", 1, _sqlite_sha512)
+    create_deterministic_function("SIGN", 1, _sqlite_sign)
+    create_deterministic_function("SIN", 1, _sqlite_sin)
+    create_deterministic_function("SQRT", 1, _sqlite_sqrt)
+    create_deterministic_function("TAN", 1, _sqlite_tan)
     # Don't use the built-in RANDOM() function because it returns a value
     # in the range [-1 * 2^63, 2^63 - 1] instead of [0, 1).
-    connection.create_function('RAND', 0, random.random)
-    connection.create_aggregate('STDDEV_POP', 1, StdDevPop)
-    connection.create_aggregate('STDDEV_SAMP', 1, StdDevSamp)
-    connection.create_aggregate('VAR_POP', 1, VarPop)
-    connection.create_aggregate('VAR_SAMP', 1, VarSamp)
+    connection.create_function("RAND", 0, random.random)
+    connection.create_aggregate("STDDEV_POP", 1, StdDevPop)
+    connection.create_aggregate("STDDEV_SAMP", 1, StdDevSamp)
+    connection.create_aggregate("VAR_POP", 1, VarPop)
+    connection.create_aggregate("VAR_SAMP", 1, VarSamp)
 
 
 def _sqlite_datetime_parse(dt, tzname=None, conn_tzname=None):
@@ -90,9 +112,9 @@ def _sqlite_datetime_parse(dt, tzname=None, conn_tzname=None):
     if tzname is not None and tzname != conn_tzname:
         tzname, sign, offset = split_tzname_delta(tzname)
         if offset:
-            hours, minutes = offset.split(':')
+            hours, minutes = offset.split(":")
             offset_delta = timedelta(hours=int(hours), minutes=int(minutes))
-            dt += offset_delta if sign == '+' else -offset_delta
+            dt += offset_delta if sign == "+" else -offset_delta
         dt = timezone.localtime(dt, timezone_constructor(tzname))
     return dt
 
@@ -101,19 +123,19 @@ def _sqlite_date_trunc(lookup_type, dt, tzname, conn_tzname):
     dt = _sqlite_datetime_parse(dt, tzname, conn_tzname)
     if dt is None:
         return None
-    if lookup_type == 'year':
-        return f'{dt.year:04d}-01-01'
-    elif lookup_type == 'quarter':
+    if lookup_type == "year":
+        return f"{dt.year:04d}-01-01"
+    elif lookup_type == "quarter":
         month_in_quarter = dt.month - (dt.month - 1) % 3
-        return f'{dt.year:04d}-{month_in_quarter:02d}-01'
-    elif lookup_type == 'month':
-        return f'{dt.year:04d}-{dt.month:02d}-01'
-    elif lookup_type == 'week':
+        return f"{dt.year:04d}-{month_in_quarter:02d}-01"
+    elif lookup_type == "month":
+        return f"{dt.year:04d}-{dt.month:02d}-01"
+    elif lookup_type == "week":
         dt = dt - timedelta(days=dt.weekday())
-        return f'{dt.year:04d}-{dt.month:02d}-{dt.day:02d}'
-    elif lookup_type == 'day':
-        return f'{dt.year:04d}-{dt.month:02d}-{dt.day:02d}'
-    raise ValueError(f'Unsupported lookup type: {lookup_type!r}')
+        return f"{dt.year:04d}-{dt.month:02d}-{dt.day:02d}"
+    elif lookup_type == "day":
+        return f"{dt.year:04d}-{dt.month:02d}-{dt.day:02d}"
+    raise ValueError(f"Unsupported lookup type: {lookup_type!r}")
 
 
 def _sqlite_time_trunc(lookup_type, dt, tzname, conn_tzname):
@@ -127,13 +149,13 @@ def _sqlite_time_trunc(lookup_type, dt, tzname, conn_tzname):
             return None
     else:
         dt = dt_parsed
-    if lookup_type == 'hour':
-        return f'{dt.hour:02d}:00:00'
-    elif lookup_type == 'minute':
-        return f'{dt.hour:02d}:{dt.minute:02d}:00'
-    elif lookup_type == 'second':
-        return f'{dt.hour:02d}:{dt.minute:02d}:{dt.second:02d}'
-    raise ValueError(f'Unsupported lookup type: {lookup_type!r}')
+    if lookup_type == "hour":
+        return f"{dt.hour:02d}:00:00"
+    elif lookup_type == "minute":
+        return f"{dt.hour:02d}:{dt.minute:02d}:00"
+    elif lookup_type == "second":
+        return f"{dt.hour:02d}:{dt.minute:02d}:{dt.second:02d}"
+    raise ValueError(f"Unsupported lookup type: {lookup_type!r}")
 
 
 def _sqlite_datetime_cast_date(dt, tzname, conn_tzname):
@@ -154,15 +176,15 @@ def _sqlite_datetime_extract(lookup_type, dt, tzname=None, conn_tzname=None):
     dt = _sqlite_datetime_parse(dt, tzname, conn_tzname)
     if dt is None:
         return None
-    if lookup_type == 'week_day':
+    if lookup_type == "week_day":
         return (dt.isoweekday() % 7) + 1
-    elif lookup_type == 'iso_week_day':
+    elif lookup_type == "iso_week_day":
         return dt.isoweekday()
-    elif lookup_type == 'week':
+    elif lookup_type == "week":
         return dt.isocalendar()[1]
-    elif lookup_type == 'quarter':
+    elif lookup_type == "quarter":
         return ceil(dt.month / 3)
-    elif lookup_type == 'iso_year':
+    elif lookup_type == "iso_year":
         return dt.isocalendar()[0]
     else:
         return getattr(dt, lookup_type)
@@ -172,25 +194,25 @@ def _sqlite_datetime_trunc(lookup_type, dt, tzname, conn_tzname):
     dt = _sqlite_datetime_parse(dt, tzname, conn_tzname)
     if dt is None:
         return None
-    if lookup_type == 'year':
-        return f'{dt.year:04d}-01-01 00:00:00'
-    elif lookup_type == 'quarter':
+    if lookup_type == "year":
+        return f"{dt.year:04d}-01-01 00:00:00"
+    elif lookup_type == "quarter":
         month_in_quarter = dt.month - (dt.month - 1) % 3
-        return f'{dt.year:04d}-{month_in_quarter:02d}-01 00:00:00'
-    elif lookup_type == 'month':
-        return f'{dt.year:04d}-{dt.month:02d}-01 00:00:00'
-    elif lookup_type == 'week':
+        return f"{dt.year:04d}-{month_in_quarter:02d}-01 00:00:00"
+    elif lookup_type == "month":
+        return f"{dt.year:04d}-{dt.month:02d}-01 00:00:00"
+    elif lookup_type == "week":
         dt = dt - timedelta(days=dt.weekday())
-        return f'{dt.year:04d}-{dt.month:02d}-{dt.day:02d} 00:00:00'
-    elif lookup_type == 'day':
-        return f'{dt.year:04d}-{dt.month:02d}-{dt.day:02d} 00:00:00'
-    elif lookup_type == 'hour':
-        return f'{dt.year:04d}-{dt.month:02d}-{dt.day:02d} {dt.hour:02d}:00:00'
-    elif lookup_type == 'minute':
-        return f'{dt.year:04d}-{dt.month:02d}-{dt.day:02d} {dt.hour:02d}:{dt.minute:02d}:00'
-    elif lookup_type == 'second':
-        return f'{dt.year:04d}-{dt.month:02d}-{dt.day:02d} {dt.hour:02d}:{dt.minute:02d}:{dt.second:02d}'
-    raise ValueError(f'Unsupported lookup type: {lookup_type!r}')
+        return f"{dt.year:04d}-{dt.month:02d}-{dt.day:02d} 00:00:00"
+    elif lookup_type == "day":
+        return f"{dt.year:04d}-{dt.month:02d}-{dt.day:02d} 00:00:00"
+    elif lookup_type == "hour":
+        return f"{dt.year:04d}-{dt.month:02d}-{dt.day:02d} {dt.hour:02d}:00:00"
+    elif lookup_type == "minute":
+        return f"{dt.year:04d}-{dt.month:02d}-{dt.day:02d} {dt.hour:02d}:{dt.minute:02d}:00"
+    elif lookup_type == "second":
+        return f"{dt.year:04d}-{dt.month:02d}-{dt.day:02d} {dt.hour:02d}:{dt.minute:02d}:{dt.second:02d}"
+    raise ValueError(f"Unsupported lookup type: {lookup_type!r}")
 
 
 def _sqlite_time_extract(lookup_type, dt):
@@ -204,7 +226,7 @@ def _sqlite_time_extract(lookup_type, dt):
 
 
 def _sqlite_prepare_dtdelta_param(conn, param):
-    if conn in ['+', '-']:
+    if conn in ["+", "-"]:
         if isinstance(param, int):
             return timedelta(0, 0, param)
         else:
@@ -227,13 +249,13 @@ def _sqlite_format_dtdelta(connector, lhs, rhs):
         real_rhs = _sqlite_prepare_dtdelta_param(connector, rhs)
     except (ValueError, TypeError):
         return None
-    if connector == '+':
+    if connector == "+":
         # typecast_timestamp() returns a date or a datetime without timezone.
         # It will be formatted as "%Y-%m-%d" or "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S[.%f]"
         out = str(real_lhs + real_rhs)
-    elif connector == '-':
+    elif connector == "-":
         out = str(real_lhs - real_rhs)
-    elif connector == '*':
+    elif connector == "*":
         out = real_lhs * real_rhs
     else:
         out = real_lhs / real_rhs
@@ -246,14 +268,14 @@ def _sqlite_time_diff(lhs, rhs):
     left = typecast_time(lhs)
     right = typecast_time(rhs)
     return (
-        (left.hour * 60 * 60 * 1000000) +
-        (left.minute * 60 * 1000000) +
-        (left.second * 1000000) +
-        (left.microsecond) -
-        (right.hour * 60 * 60 * 1000000) -
-        (right.minute * 60 * 1000000) -
-        (right.second * 1000000) -
-        (right.microsecond)
+        (left.hour * 60 * 60 * 1000000)
+        + (left.minute * 60 * 1000000)
+        + (left.second * 1000000)
+        + (left.microsecond)
+        - (right.hour * 60 * 60 * 1000000)
+        - (right.minute * 60 * 1000000)
+        - (right.second * 1000000)
+        - (right.microsecond)
     )
 
 
@@ -380,7 +402,7 @@ def _sqlite_pi():
 def _sqlite_power(x, y):
     if x is None or y is None:
         return None
-    return x ** y
+    return x**y
 
 
 def _sqlite_radians(x):
diff --git a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/base.py b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/base.py
index 4343ea180e..5bcd61eb96 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/base.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/base.py
@@ -32,13 +32,13 @@ def decoder(conv_func):
 def check_sqlite_version():
     if Database.sqlite_version_info < (3, 9, 0):
         raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-            'SQLite 3.9.0 or later is required (found %s).' % Database.sqlite_version
+            "SQLite 3.9.0 or later is required (found %s)." % Database.sqlite_version
         )
 
 
 check_sqlite_version()
 
-Database.register_converter("bool", b'1'.__eq__)
+Database.register_converter("bool", b"1".__eq__)
 Database.register_converter("time", decoder(parse_time))
 Database.register_converter("datetime", decoder(parse_datetime))
 Database.register_converter("timestamp", decoder(parse_datetime))
@@ -47,69 +47,69 @@ Database.register_adapter(decimal.Decimal, str)
 
 
 class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
-    vendor = 'sqlite'
-    display_name = 'SQLite'
+    vendor = "sqlite"
+    display_name = "SQLite"
     # SQLite doesn't actually support most of these types, but it "does the right
     # thing" given more verbose field definitions, so leave them as is so that
     # schema inspection is more useful.
     data_types = {
-        'AutoField': 'integer',
-        'BigAutoField': 'integer',
-        'BinaryField': 'BLOB',
-        'BooleanField': 'bool',
-        'CharField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
-        'DateField': 'date',
-        'DateTimeField': 'datetime',
-        'DecimalField': 'decimal',
-        'DurationField': 'bigint',
-        'FileField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
-        'FilePathField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
-        'FloatField': 'real',
-        'IntegerField': 'integer',
-        'BigIntegerField': 'bigint',
-        'IPAddressField': 'char(15)',
-        'GenericIPAddressField': 'char(39)',
-        'JSONField': 'text',
-        'OneToOneField': 'integer',
-        'PositiveBigIntegerField': 'bigint unsigned',
-        'PositiveIntegerField': 'integer unsigned',
-        'PositiveSmallIntegerField': 'smallint unsigned',
-        'SlugField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
-        'SmallAutoField': 'integer',
-        'SmallIntegerField': 'smallint',
-        'TextField': 'text',
-        'TimeField': 'time',
-        'UUIDField': 'char(32)',
+        "AutoField": "integer",
+        "BigAutoField": "integer",
+        "BinaryField": "BLOB",
+        "BooleanField": "bool",
+        "CharField": "varchar(%(max_length)s)",
+        "DateField": "date",
+        "DateTimeField": "datetime",
+        "DecimalField": "decimal",
+        "DurationField": "bigint",
+        "FileField": "varchar(%(max_length)s)",
+        "FilePathField": "varchar(%(max_length)s)",
+        "FloatField": "real",
+        "IntegerField": "integer",
+        "BigIntegerField": "bigint",
+        "IPAddressField": "char(15)",
+        "GenericIPAddressField": "char(39)",
+        "JSONField": "text",
+        "OneToOneField": "integer",
+        "PositiveBigIntegerField": "bigint unsigned",
+        "PositiveIntegerField": "integer unsigned",
+        "PositiveSmallIntegerField": "smallint unsigned",
+        "SlugField": "varchar(%(max_length)s)",
+        "SmallAutoField": "integer",
+        "SmallIntegerField": "smallint",
+        "TextField": "text",
+        "TimeField": "time",
+        "UUIDField": "char(32)",
     }
     data_type_check_constraints = {
-        'PositiveBigIntegerField': '"%(column)s" >= 0',
-        'JSONField': '(JSON_VALID("%(column)s") OR "%(column)s" IS NULL)',
-        'PositiveIntegerField': '"%(column)s" >= 0',
-        'PositiveSmallIntegerField': '"%(column)s" >= 0',
+        "PositiveBigIntegerField": '"%(column)s" >= 0',
+        "JSONField": '(JSON_VALID("%(column)s") OR "%(column)s" IS NULL)',
+        "PositiveIntegerField": '"%(column)s" >= 0',
+        "PositiveSmallIntegerField": '"%(column)s" >= 0',
     }
     data_types_suffix = {
-        'AutoField': 'AUTOINCREMENT',
-        'BigAutoField': 'AUTOINCREMENT',
-        'SmallAutoField': 'AUTOINCREMENT',
+        "AutoField": "AUTOINCREMENT",
+        "BigAutoField": "AUTOINCREMENT",
+        "SmallAutoField": "AUTOINCREMENT",
     }
     # SQLite requires LIKE statements to include an ESCAPE clause if the value
     # being escaped has a percent or underscore in it.
     # See https://www.sqlite.org/lang_expr.html for an explanation.
     operators = {
-        'exact': '= %s',
-        'iexact': "LIKE %s ESCAPE '\\'",
-        'contains': "LIKE %s ESCAPE '\\'",
-        'icontains': "LIKE %s ESCAPE '\\'",
-        'regex': 'REGEXP %s',
-        'iregex': "REGEXP '(?i)' || %s",
-        'gt': '> %s',
-        'gte': '>= %s',
-        'lt': '< %s',
-        'lte': '<= %s',
-        'startswith': "LIKE %s ESCAPE '\\'",
-        'endswith': "LIKE %s ESCAPE '\\'",
-        'istartswith': "LIKE %s ESCAPE '\\'",
-        'iendswith': "LIKE %s ESCAPE '\\'",
+        "exact": "= %s",
+        "iexact": "LIKE %s ESCAPE '\\'",
+        "contains": "LIKE %s ESCAPE '\\'",
+        "icontains": "LIKE %s ESCAPE '\\'",
+        "regex": "REGEXP %s",
+        "iregex": "REGEXP '(?i)' || %s",
+        "gt": "> %s",
+        "gte": ">= %s",
+        "lt": "< %s",
+        "lte": "<= %s",
+        "startswith": "LIKE %s ESCAPE '\\'",
+        "endswith": "LIKE %s ESCAPE '\\'",
+        "istartswith": "LIKE %s ESCAPE '\\'",
+        "iendswith": "LIKE %s ESCAPE '\\'",
     }
 
     # The patterns below are used to generate SQL pattern lookup clauses when
@@ -122,12 +122,12 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
     # the LIKE operator.
     pattern_esc = r"REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE({}, '\', '\\'), '%%', '\%%'), '_', '\_')"
     pattern_ops = {
-        'contains': r"LIKE '%%' || {} || '%%' ESCAPE '\'",
-        'icontains': r"LIKE '%%' || UPPER({}) || '%%' ESCAPE '\'",
-        'startswith': r"LIKE {} || '%%' ESCAPE '\'",
-        'istartswith': r"LIKE UPPER({}) || '%%' ESCAPE '\'",
-        'endswith': r"LIKE '%%' || {} ESCAPE '\'",
-        'iendswith': r"LIKE '%%' || UPPER({}) ESCAPE '\'",
+        "contains": r"LIKE '%%' || {} || '%%' ESCAPE '\'",
+        "icontains": r"LIKE '%%' || UPPER({}) || '%%' ESCAPE '\'",
+        "startswith": r"LIKE {} || '%%' ESCAPE '\'",
+        "istartswith": r"LIKE UPPER({}) || '%%' ESCAPE '\'",
+        "endswith": r"LIKE '%%' || {} ESCAPE '\'",
+        "iendswith": r"LIKE '%%' || UPPER({}) ESCAPE '\'",
     }
 
     Database = Database
@@ -141,14 +141,15 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
 
     def get_connection_params(self):
         settings_dict = self.settings_dict
-        if not settings_dict['NAME']:
+        if not settings_dict["NAME"]:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                 "settings.DATABASES is improperly configured. "
-                "Please supply the NAME value.")
+                "Please supply the NAME value."
+            )
         kwargs = {
-            'database': settings_dict['NAME'],
-            'detect_types': Database.PARSE_DECLTYPES | Database.PARSE_COLNAMES,
-            **settings_dict['OPTIONS'],
+            "database": settings_dict["NAME"],
+            "detect_types": Database.PARSE_DECLTYPES | Database.PARSE_COLNAMES,
+            **settings_dict["OPTIONS"],
         }
         # Always allow the underlying SQLite connection to be shareable
         # between multiple threads. The safe-guarding will be handled at a
@@ -156,15 +157,15 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
         # property. This is necessary as the shareability is disabled by
         # default in pysqlite and it cannot be changed once a connection is
         # opened.
-        if 'check_same_thread' in kwargs and kwargs['check_same_thread']:
+        if "check_same_thread" in kwargs and kwargs["check_same_thread"]:
             warnings.warn(
-                'The `check_same_thread` option was provided and set to '
-                'True. It will be overridden with False. Use the '
-                '`DatabaseWrapper.allow_thread_sharing` property instead '
-                'for controlling thread shareability.',
-                RuntimeWarning
+                "The `check_same_thread` option was provided and set to "
+                "True. It will be overridden with False. Use the "
+                "`DatabaseWrapper.allow_thread_sharing` property instead "
+                "for controlling thread shareability.",
+                RuntimeWarning,
             )
-        kwargs.update({'check_same_thread': False, 'uri': True})
+        kwargs.update({"check_same_thread": False, "uri": True})
         return kwargs
 
     @async_unsafe
@@ -172,10 +173,10 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
         conn = Database.connect(**conn_params)
         register_functions(conn)
 
-        conn.execute('PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON')
+        conn.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON")
         # The macOS bundled SQLite defaults legacy_alter_table ON, which
         # prevents atomic table renames (feature supports_atomic_references_rename)
-        conn.execute('PRAGMA legacy_alter_table = OFF')
+        conn.execute("PRAGMA legacy_alter_table = OFF")
         return conn
 
     def init_connection_state(self):
@@ -207,7 +208,7 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
         else:
             # sqlite3's internal default is ''. It's different from None.
             # See Modules/_sqlite/connection.c.
-            level = ''
+            level = ""
         # 'isolation_level' is a misleading API.
         # SQLite always runs at the SERIALIZABLE isolation level.
         with self.wrap_database_errors:
@@ -215,16 +216,16 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
 
     def disable_constraint_checking(self):
         with self.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute('PRAGMA foreign_keys = OFF')
+            cursor.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys = OFF")
             # Foreign key constraints cannot be turned off while in a multi-
             # statement transaction. Fetch the current state of the pragma
             # to determine if constraints are effectively disabled.
-            enabled = cursor.execute('PRAGMA foreign_keys').fetchone()[0]
+            enabled = cursor.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys").fetchone()[0]
         return not bool(enabled)
 
     def enable_constraint_checking(self):
         with self.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute('PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON')
+            cursor.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON")
 
     def check_constraints(self, table_names=None):
         """
@@ -237,24 +238,32 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
         if self.features.supports_pragma_foreign_key_check:
             with self.cursor() as cursor:
                 if table_names is None:
-                    violations = cursor.execute('PRAGMA foreign_key_check').fetchall()
+                    violations = cursor.execute("PRAGMA foreign_key_check").fetchall()
                 else:
                     violations = chain.from_iterable(
                         cursor.execute(
-                            'PRAGMA foreign_key_check(%s)'
+                            "PRAGMA foreign_key_check(%s)"
                             % self.ops.quote_name(table_name)
                         ).fetchall()
                         for table_name in table_names
                     )
                 # See https://www.sqlite.org/pragma.html#pragma_foreign_key_check
-                for table_name, rowid, referenced_table_name, foreign_key_index in violations:
+                for (
+                    table_name,
+                    rowid,
+                    referenced_table_name,
+                    foreign_key_index,
+                ) in violations:
                     foreign_key = cursor.execute(
-                        'PRAGMA foreign_key_list(%s)' % self.ops.quote_name(table_name)
+                        "PRAGMA foreign_key_list(%s)" % self.ops.quote_name(table_name)
                     ).fetchall()[foreign_key_index]
                     column_name, referenced_column_name = foreign_key[3:5]
-                    primary_key_column_name = self.introspection.get_primary_key_column(cursor, table_name)
+                    primary_key_column_name = self.introspection.get_primary_key_column(
+                        cursor, table_name
+                    )
                     primary_key_value, bad_value = cursor.execute(
-                        'SELECT %s, %s FROM %s WHERE rowid = %%s' % (
+                        "SELECT %s, %s FROM %s WHERE rowid = %%s"
+                        % (
                             self.ops.quote_name(primary_key_column_name),
                             self.ops.quote_name(column_name),
                             self.ops.quote_name(table_name),
@@ -264,9 +273,15 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
                     raise IntegrityError(
                         "The row in table '%s' with primary key '%s' has an "
                         "invalid foreign key: %s.%s contains a value '%s' that "
-                        "does not have a corresponding value in %s.%s." % (
-                            table_name, primary_key_value, table_name, column_name,
-                            bad_value, referenced_table_name, referenced_column_name
+                        "does not have a corresponding value in %s.%s."
+                        % (
+                            table_name,
+                            primary_key_value,
+                            table_name,
+                            column_name,
+                            bad_value,
+                            referenced_table_name,
+                            referenced_column_name,
                         )
                     )
         else:
@@ -274,11 +289,16 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
                 if table_names is None:
                     table_names = self.introspection.table_names(cursor)
                 for table_name in table_names:
-                    primary_key_column_name = self.introspection.get_primary_key_column(cursor, table_name)
+                    primary_key_column_name = self.introspection.get_primary_key_column(
+                        cursor, table_name
+                    )
                     if not primary_key_column_name:
                         continue
                     relations = self.introspection.get_relations(cursor, table_name)
-                    for column_name, (referenced_column_name, referenced_table_name) in relations:
+                    for column_name, (
+                        referenced_column_name,
+                        referenced_table_name,
+                    ) in relations:
                         cursor.execute(
                             """
                             SELECT REFERRING.`%s`, REFERRING.`%s` FROM `%s` as REFERRING
@@ -287,18 +307,29 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
                             WHERE REFERRING.`%s` IS NOT NULL AND REFERRED.`%s` IS NULL
                             """
                             % (
-                                primary_key_column_name, column_name, table_name,
-                                referenced_table_name, column_name, referenced_column_name,
-                                column_name, referenced_column_name,
+                                primary_key_column_name,
+                                column_name,
+                                table_name,
+                                referenced_table_name,
+                                column_name,
+                                referenced_column_name,
+                                column_name,
+                                referenced_column_name,
                             )
                         )
                         for bad_row in cursor.fetchall():
                             raise IntegrityError(
                                 "The row in table '%s' with primary key '%s' has an "
                                 "invalid foreign key: %s.%s contains a value '%s' that "
-                                "does not have a corresponding value in %s.%s." % (
-                                    table_name, bad_row[0], table_name, column_name,
-                                    bad_row[1], referenced_table_name, referenced_column_name,
+                                "does not have a corresponding value in %s.%s."
+                                % (
+                                    table_name,
+                                    bad_row[0],
+                                    table_name,
+                                    column_name,
+                                    bad_row[1],
+                                    referenced_table_name,
+                                    referenced_column_name,
                                 )
                             )
 
@@ -315,10 +346,10 @@ class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
         self.cursor().execute("BEGIN")
 
     def is_in_memory_db(self):
-        return self.creation.is_in_memory_db(self.settings_dict['NAME'])
+        return self.creation.is_in_memory_db(self.settings_dict["NAME"])
 
 
-FORMAT_QMARK_REGEX = _lazy_re_compile(r'(?<!%)%s')
+FORMAT_QMARK_REGEX = _lazy_re_compile(r"(?<!%)%s")
 
 
 class SQLiteCursorWrapper(Database.Cursor):
@@ -327,6 +358,7 @@ class SQLiteCursorWrapper(Database.Cursor):
     This fixes it -- but note that if you want to use a literal "%s" in a query,
     you'll need to use "%%s".
     """
+
     def execute(self, query, params=None):
         if params is None:
             return Database.Cursor.execute(self, query)
@@ -338,4 +370,4 @@ class SQLiteCursorWrapper(Database.Cursor):
         return Database.Cursor.executemany(self, query, param_list)
 
     def convert_query(self, query):
-        return FORMAT_QMARK_REGEX.sub('?', query).replace('%%', '%')
+        return FORMAT_QMARK_REGEX.sub("?", query).replace("%%", "%")
diff --git a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/client.py b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/client.py
index 69b9568db3..7cee35dc81 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/client.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/client.py
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ from django.db.backends.base.client import BaseDatabaseClient
 
 
 class DatabaseClient(BaseDatabaseClient):
-    executable_name = 'sqlite3'
+    executable_name = "sqlite3"
 
     @classmethod
     def settings_to_cmd_args_env(cls, settings_dict, parameters):
-        args = [cls.executable_name, settings_dict['NAME'], *parameters]
+        args = [cls.executable_name, settings_dict["NAME"], *parameters]
         return args, None
diff --git a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/creation.py b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/creation.py
index 4a4046c670..9d8d4a63ad 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/creation.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/creation.py
@@ -7,17 +7,16 @@ from django.db.backends.base.creation import BaseDatabaseCreation
 
 
 class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
-
     @staticmethod
     def is_in_memory_db(database_name):
         return not isinstance(database_name, Path) and (
-            database_name == ':memory:' or 'mode=memory' in database_name
+            database_name == ":memory:" or "mode=memory" in database_name
         )
 
     def _get_test_db_name(self):
-        test_database_name = self.connection.settings_dict['TEST']['NAME'] or ':memory:'
-        if test_database_name == ':memory:':
-            return 'file:memorydb_%s?mode=memory&cache=shared' % self.connection.alias
+        test_database_name = self.connection.settings_dict["TEST"]["NAME"] or ":memory:"
+        if test_database_name == ":memory:":
+            return "file:memorydb_%s?mode=memory&cache=shared" % self.connection.alias
         return test_database_name
 
     def _create_test_db(self, verbosity, autoclobber, keepdb=False):
@@ -28,38 +27,39 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
         if not self.is_in_memory_db(test_database_name):
             # Erase the old test database
             if verbosity >= 1:
-                self.log('Destroying old test database for alias %s...' % (
-                    self._get_database_display_str(verbosity, test_database_name),
-                ))
+                self.log(
+                    "Destroying old test database for alias %s..."
+                    % (self._get_database_display_str(verbosity, test_database_name),)
+                )
             if os.access(test_database_name, os.F_OK):
                 if not autoclobber:
                     confirm = input(
                         "Type 'yes' if you would like to try deleting the test "
                         "database '%s', or 'no' to cancel: " % test_database_name
                     )
-                if autoclobber or confirm == 'yes':
+                if autoclobber or confirm == "yes":
                     try:
                         os.remove(test_database_name)
                     except Exception as e:
-                        self.log('Got an error deleting the old test database: %s' % e)
+                        self.log("Got an error deleting the old test database: %s" % e)
                         sys.exit(2)
                 else:
-                    self.log('Tests cancelled.')
+                    self.log("Tests cancelled.")
                     sys.exit(1)
         return test_database_name
 
     def get_test_db_clone_settings(self, suffix):
         orig_settings_dict = self.connection.settings_dict
-        source_database_name = orig_settings_dict['NAME']
+        source_database_name = orig_settings_dict["NAME"]
         if self.is_in_memory_db(source_database_name):
             return orig_settings_dict
         else:
-            root, ext = os.path.splitext(orig_settings_dict['NAME'])
-            return {**orig_settings_dict, 'NAME': '{}_{}{}'.format(root, suffix, ext)}
+            root, ext = os.path.splitext(orig_settings_dict["NAME"])
+            return {**orig_settings_dict, "NAME": "{}_{}{}".format(root, suffix, ext)}
 
     def _clone_test_db(self, suffix, verbosity, keepdb=False):
-        source_database_name = self.connection.settings_dict['NAME']
-        target_database_name = self.get_test_db_clone_settings(suffix)['NAME']
+        source_database_name = self.connection.settings_dict["NAME"]
+        target_database_name = self.get_test_db_clone_settings(suffix)["NAME"]
         # Forking automatically makes a copy of an in-memory database.
         if not self.is_in_memory_db(source_database_name):
             # Erase the old test database
@@ -67,18 +67,23 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
                 if keepdb:
                     return
                 if verbosity >= 1:
-                    self.log('Destroying old test database for alias %s...' % (
-                        self._get_database_display_str(verbosity, target_database_name),
-                    ))
+                    self.log(
+                        "Destroying old test database for alias %s..."
+                        % (
+                            self._get_database_display_str(
+                                verbosity, target_database_name
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    )
                 try:
                     os.remove(target_database_name)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    self.log('Got an error deleting the old test database: %s' % e)
+                    self.log("Got an error deleting the old test database: %s" % e)
                     sys.exit(2)
             try:
                 shutil.copy(source_database_name, target_database_name)
             except Exception as e:
-                self.log('Got an error cloning the test database: %s' % e)
+                self.log("Got an error cloning the test database: %s" % e)
                 sys.exit(2)
 
     def _destroy_test_db(self, test_database_name, verbosity):
@@ -95,7 +100,7 @@ class DatabaseCreation(BaseDatabaseCreation):
         TEST NAME. See https://www.sqlite.org/inmemorydb.html
         """
         test_database_name = self._get_test_db_name()
-        sig = [self.connection.settings_dict['NAME']]
+        sig = [self.connection.settings_dict["NAME"]]
         if self.is_in_memory_db(test_database_name):
             sig.append(self.connection.alias)
         else:
diff --git a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/features.py b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/features.py
index 153ce8d1d1..c076f0121e 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/features.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/features.py
@@ -43,49 +43,53 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
     supports_update_conflicts = Database.sqlite_version_info >= (3, 24, 0)
     supports_update_conflicts_with_target = supports_update_conflicts
     test_collations = {
-        'ci': 'nocase',
-        'cs': 'binary',
-        'non_default': 'nocase',
+        "ci": "nocase",
+        "cs": "binary",
+        "non_default": "nocase",
     }
     django_test_expected_failures = {
         # The django_format_dtdelta() function doesn't properly handle mixed
         # Date/DateTime fields and timedeltas.
-        'expressions.tests.FTimeDeltaTests.test_mixed_comparisons1',
+        "expressions.tests.FTimeDeltaTests.test_mixed_comparisons1",
     }
 
     @cached_property
     def django_test_skips(self):
         skips = {
-            'SQLite stores values rounded to 15 significant digits.': {
-                'model_fields.test_decimalfield.DecimalFieldTests.test_fetch_from_db_without_float_rounding',
+            "SQLite stores values rounded to 15 significant digits.": {
+                "model_fields.test_decimalfield.DecimalFieldTests.test_fetch_from_db_without_float_rounding",
             },
-            'SQLite naively remakes the table on field alteration.': {
-                'schema.tests.SchemaTests.test_unique_no_unnecessary_fk_drops',
-                'schema.tests.SchemaTests.test_unique_and_reverse_m2m',
-                'schema.tests.SchemaTests.test_alter_field_default_doesnt_perform_queries',
-                'schema.tests.SchemaTests.test_rename_column_renames_deferred_sql_references',
+            "SQLite naively remakes the table on field alteration.": {
+                "schema.tests.SchemaTests.test_unique_no_unnecessary_fk_drops",
+                "schema.tests.SchemaTests.test_unique_and_reverse_m2m",
+                "schema.tests.SchemaTests.test_alter_field_default_doesnt_perform_queries",
+                "schema.tests.SchemaTests.test_rename_column_renames_deferred_sql_references",
             },
             "SQLite doesn't support negative precision for ROUND().": {
-                'db_functions.math.test_round.RoundTests.test_null_with_negative_precision',
-                'db_functions.math.test_round.RoundTests.test_decimal_with_negative_precision',
-                'db_functions.math.test_round.RoundTests.test_float_with_negative_precision',
-                'db_functions.math.test_round.RoundTests.test_integer_with_negative_precision',
+                "db_functions.math.test_round.RoundTests.test_null_with_negative_precision",
+                "db_functions.math.test_round.RoundTests.test_decimal_with_negative_precision",
+                "db_functions.math.test_round.RoundTests.test_float_with_negative_precision",
+                "db_functions.math.test_round.RoundTests.test_integer_with_negative_precision",
             },
         }
         if Database.sqlite_version_info < (3, 27):
-            skips.update({
-                'Nondeterministic failure on SQLite < 3.27.': {
-                    'expressions_window.tests.WindowFunctionTests.test_subquery_row_range_rank',
-                },
-            })
+            skips.update(
+                {
+                    "Nondeterministic failure on SQLite < 3.27.": {
+                        "expressions_window.tests.WindowFunctionTests.test_subquery_row_range_rank",
+                    },
+                }
+            )
         if self.connection.is_in_memory_db():
-            skips.update({
-                "the sqlite backend's close() method is a no-op when using an "
-                "in-memory database": {
-                    'servers.test_liveserverthread.LiveServerThreadTest.test_closes_connections',
-                    'servers.tests.LiveServerTestCloseConnectionTest.test_closes_connections',
-                },
-            })
+            skips.update(
+                {
+                    "the sqlite backend's close() method is a no-op when using an "
+                    "in-memory database": {
+                        "servers.test_liveserverthread.LiveServerThreadTest.test_closes_connections",
+                        "servers.tests.LiveServerTestCloseConnectionTest.test_closes_connections",
+                    },
+                }
+            )
         return skips
 
     @cached_property
@@ -94,12 +98,12 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
 
     @cached_property
     def introspected_field_types(self):
-        return{
+        return {
             **super().introspected_field_types,
-            'BigAutoField': 'AutoField',
-            'DurationField': 'BigIntegerField',
-            'GenericIPAddressField': 'CharField',
-            'SmallAutoField': 'AutoField',
+            "BigAutoField": "AutoField",
+            "DurationField": "BigIntegerField",
+            "GenericIPAddressField": "CharField",
+            "SmallAutoField": "AutoField",
         }
 
     @cached_property
@@ -112,11 +116,13 @@ class DatabaseFeatures(BaseDatabaseFeatures):
                 return False
         return True
 
-    can_introspect_json_field = property(operator.attrgetter('supports_json_field'))
-    has_json_object_function = property(operator.attrgetter('supports_json_field'))
+    can_introspect_json_field = property(operator.attrgetter("supports_json_field"))
+    has_json_object_function = property(operator.attrgetter("supports_json_field"))
 
     @cached_property
     def can_return_columns_from_insert(self):
         return Database.sqlite_version_info >= (3, 35)
 
-    can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert = property(operator.attrgetter('can_return_columns_from_insert'))
+    can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert = property(
+        operator.attrgetter("can_return_columns_from_insert")
+    )
diff --git a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/introspection.py b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/introspection.py
index 81884a7951..f5a5e81e9d 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/introspection.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/introspection.py
@@ -3,19 +3,21 @@ from collections import namedtuple
 import sqlparse
 
 from django.db import DatabaseError
-from django.db.backends.base.introspection import (
-    BaseDatabaseIntrospection, FieldInfo as BaseFieldInfo, TableInfo,
-)
+from django.db.backends.base.introspection import BaseDatabaseIntrospection
+from django.db.backends.base.introspection import FieldInfo as BaseFieldInfo
+from django.db.backends.base.introspection import TableInfo
 from django.db.models import Index
 from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 
-FieldInfo = namedtuple('FieldInfo', BaseFieldInfo._fields + ('pk', 'has_json_constraint'))
+FieldInfo = namedtuple(
+    "FieldInfo", BaseFieldInfo._fields + ("pk", "has_json_constraint")
+)
 
-field_size_re = _lazy_re_compile(r'^\s*(?:var)?char\s*\(\s*(\d+)\s*\)\s*$')
+field_size_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"^\s*(?:var)?char\s*\(\s*(\d+)\s*\)\s*$")
 
 
 def get_field_size(name):
-    """ Extract the size number from a "varchar(11)" type name """
+    """Extract the size number from a "varchar(11)" type name"""
     m = field_size_re.search(name)
     return int(m[1]) if m else None
 
@@ -28,29 +30,29 @@ class FlexibleFieldLookupDict:
     # entries here because SQLite allows for anything and doesn't normalize the
     # field type; it uses whatever was given.
     base_data_types_reverse = {
-        'bool': 'BooleanField',
-        'boolean': 'BooleanField',
-        'smallint': 'SmallIntegerField',
-        'smallint unsigned': 'PositiveSmallIntegerField',
-        'smallinteger': 'SmallIntegerField',
-        'int': 'IntegerField',
-        'integer': 'IntegerField',
-        'bigint': 'BigIntegerField',
-        'integer unsigned': 'PositiveIntegerField',
-        'bigint unsigned': 'PositiveBigIntegerField',
-        'decimal': 'DecimalField',
-        'real': 'FloatField',
-        'text': 'TextField',
-        'char': 'CharField',
-        'varchar': 'CharField',
-        'blob': 'BinaryField',
-        'date': 'DateField',
-        'datetime': 'DateTimeField',
-        'time': 'TimeField',
+        "bool": "BooleanField",
+        "boolean": "BooleanField",
+        "smallint": "SmallIntegerField",
+        "smallint unsigned": "PositiveSmallIntegerField",
+        "smallinteger": "SmallIntegerField",
+        "int": "IntegerField",
+        "integer": "IntegerField",
+        "bigint": "BigIntegerField",
+        "integer unsigned": "PositiveIntegerField",
+        "bigint unsigned": "PositiveBigIntegerField",
+        "decimal": "DecimalField",
+        "real": "FloatField",
+        "text": "TextField",
+        "char": "CharField",
+        "varchar": "CharField",
+        "blob": "BinaryField",
+        "date": "DateField",
+        "datetime": "DateTimeField",
+        "time": "TimeField",
     }
 
     def __getitem__(self, key):
-        key = key.lower().split('(', 1)[0].strip()
+        key = key.lower().split("(", 1)[0].strip()
         return self.base_data_types_reverse[key]
 
 
@@ -59,22 +61,28 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
 
     def get_field_type(self, data_type, description):
         field_type = super().get_field_type(data_type, description)
-        if description.pk and field_type in {'BigIntegerField', 'IntegerField', 'SmallIntegerField'}:
+        if description.pk and field_type in {
+            "BigIntegerField",
+            "IntegerField",
+            "SmallIntegerField",
+        }:
             # No support for BigAutoField or SmallAutoField as SQLite treats
             # all integer primary keys as signed 64-bit integers.
-            return 'AutoField'
+            return "AutoField"
         if description.has_json_constraint:
-            return 'JSONField'
+            return "JSONField"
         return field_type
 
     def get_table_list(self, cursor):
         """Return a list of table and view names in the current database."""
         # Skip the sqlite_sequence system table used for autoincrement key
         # generation.
-        cursor.execute("""
+        cursor.execute(
+            """
             SELECT name, type FROM sqlite_master
             WHERE type in ('table', 'view') AND NOT name='sqlite_sequence'
-            ORDER BY name""")
+            ORDER BY name"""
+        )
         return [TableInfo(row[0], row[1][0]) for row in cursor.fetchall()]
 
     def get_table_description(self, cursor, table_name):
@@ -82,37 +90,51 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
         Return a description of the table with the DB-API cursor.description
         interface.
         """
-        cursor.execute('PRAGMA table_info(%s)' % self.connection.ops.quote_name(table_name))
+        cursor.execute(
+            "PRAGMA table_info(%s)" % self.connection.ops.quote_name(table_name)
+        )
         table_info = cursor.fetchall()
         if not table_info:
-            raise DatabaseError(f'Table {table_name} does not exist (empty pragma).')
+            raise DatabaseError(f"Table {table_name} does not exist (empty pragma).")
         collations = self._get_column_collations(cursor, table_name)
         json_columns = set()
         if self.connection.features.can_introspect_json_field:
             for line in table_info:
                 column = line[1]
                 json_constraint_sql = '%%json_valid("%s")%%' % column
-                has_json_constraint = cursor.execute("""
+                has_json_constraint = cursor.execute(
+                    """
                     SELECT sql
                     FROM sqlite_master
                     WHERE
                         type = 'table' AND
                         name = %s AND
                         sql LIKE %s
-                """, [table_name, json_constraint_sql]).fetchone()
+                """,
+                    [table_name, json_constraint_sql],
+                ).fetchone()
                 if has_json_constraint:
                     json_columns.add(column)
         return [
             FieldInfo(
-                name, data_type, None, get_field_size(data_type), None, None,
-                not notnull, default, collations.get(name), pk == 1, name in json_columns
+                name,
+                data_type,
+                None,
+                get_field_size(data_type),
+                None,
+                None,
+                not notnull,
+                default,
+                collations.get(name),
+                pk == 1,
+                name in json_columns,
             )
             for cid, name, data_type, notnull, default, pk in table_info
         ]
 
     def get_sequences(self, cursor, table_name, table_fields=()):
         pk_col = self.get_primary_key_column(cursor, table_name)
-        return [{'table': table_name, 'column': pk_col}]
+        return [{"table": table_name, "column": pk_col}]
 
     def get_relations(self, cursor, table_name):
         """
@@ -120,7 +142,7 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
         representing all foreign keys in the given table.
         """
         cursor.execute(
-            'PRAGMA foreign_key_list(%s)' % self.connection.ops.quote_name(table_name)
+            "PRAGMA foreign_key_list(%s)" % self.connection.ops.quote_name(table_name)
         )
         return {
             column_name: (ref_column_name, ref_table_name)
@@ -130,7 +152,7 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
     def get_primary_key_column(self, cursor, table_name):
         """Return the column name of the primary key for the given table."""
         cursor.execute(
-            'PRAGMA table_info(%s)' % self.connection.ops.quote_name(table_name)
+            "PRAGMA table_info(%s)" % self.connection.ops.quote_name(table_name)
         )
         for _, name, *_, pk in cursor.fetchall():
             if pk:
@@ -148,19 +170,21 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
         check_columns = []
         braces_deep = 0
         for token in tokens:
-            if token.match(sqlparse.tokens.Punctuation, '('):
+            if token.match(sqlparse.tokens.Punctuation, "("):
                 braces_deep += 1
-            elif token.match(sqlparse.tokens.Punctuation, ')'):
+            elif token.match(sqlparse.tokens.Punctuation, ")"):
                 braces_deep -= 1
                 if braces_deep < 0:
                     # End of columns and constraints for table definition.
                     break
-            elif braces_deep == 0 and token.match(sqlparse.tokens.Punctuation, ','):
+            elif braces_deep == 0 and token.match(sqlparse.tokens.Punctuation, ","):
                 # End of current column or constraint definition.
                 break
             # Detect column or constraint definition by first token.
             if is_constraint_definition is None:
-                is_constraint_definition = token.match(sqlparse.tokens.Keyword, 'CONSTRAINT')
+                is_constraint_definition = token.match(
+                    sqlparse.tokens.Keyword, "CONSTRAINT"
+                )
                 if is_constraint_definition:
                     continue
             if is_constraint_definition:
@@ -171,7 +195,7 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
                     elif token.ttype == sqlparse.tokens.Literal.String.Symbol:
                         constraint_name = token.value[1:-1]
                 # Start constraint columns parsing after UNIQUE keyword.
-                if token.match(sqlparse.tokens.Keyword, 'UNIQUE'):
+                if token.match(sqlparse.tokens.Keyword, "UNIQUE"):
                     unique = True
                     unique_braces_deep = braces_deep
                 elif unique:
@@ -191,10 +215,10 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
                         field_name = token.value
                     elif token.ttype == sqlparse.tokens.Literal.String.Symbol:
                         field_name = token.value[1:-1]
-                if token.match(sqlparse.tokens.Keyword, 'UNIQUE'):
+                if token.match(sqlparse.tokens.Keyword, "UNIQUE"):
                     unique_columns = [field_name]
             # Start constraint columns parsing after CHECK keyword.
-            if token.match(sqlparse.tokens.Keyword, 'CHECK'):
+            if token.match(sqlparse.tokens.Keyword, "CHECK"):
                 check = True
                 check_braces_deep = braces_deep
             elif check:
@@ -209,22 +233,30 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
                 elif token.ttype == sqlparse.tokens.Literal.String.Symbol:
                     if token.value[1:-1] in columns:
                         check_columns.append(token.value[1:-1])
-        unique_constraint = {
-            'unique': True,
-            'columns': unique_columns,
-            'primary_key': False,
-            'foreign_key': None,
-            'check': False,
-            'index': False,
-        } if unique_columns else None
-        check_constraint = {
-            'check': True,
-            'columns': check_columns,
-            'primary_key': False,
-            'unique': False,
-            'foreign_key': None,
-            'index': False,
-        } if check_columns else None
+        unique_constraint = (
+            {
+                "unique": True,
+                "columns": unique_columns,
+                "primary_key": False,
+                "foreign_key": None,
+                "check": False,
+                "index": False,
+            }
+            if unique_columns
+            else None
+        )
+        check_constraint = (
+            {
+                "check": True,
+                "columns": check_columns,
+                "primary_key": False,
+                "unique": False,
+                "foreign_key": None,
+                "index": False,
+            }
+            if check_columns
+            else None
+        )
         return constraint_name, unique_constraint, check_constraint, token
 
     def _parse_table_constraints(self, sql, columns):
@@ -236,24 +268,33 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
         tokens = (token for token in statement.flatten() if not token.is_whitespace)
         # Go to columns and constraint definition
         for token in tokens:
-            if token.match(sqlparse.tokens.Punctuation, '('):
+            if token.match(sqlparse.tokens.Punctuation, "("):
                 break
         # Parse columns and constraint definition
         while True:
-            constraint_name, unique, check, end_token = self._parse_column_or_constraint_definition(tokens, columns)
+            (
+                constraint_name,
+                unique,
+                check,
+                end_token,
+            ) = self._parse_column_or_constraint_definition(tokens, columns)
             if unique:
                 if constraint_name:
                     constraints[constraint_name] = unique
                 else:
                     unnamed_constrains_index += 1
-                    constraints['__unnamed_constraint_%s__' % unnamed_constrains_index] = unique
+                    constraints[
+                        "__unnamed_constraint_%s__" % unnamed_constrains_index
+                    ] = unique
             if check:
                 if constraint_name:
                     constraints[constraint_name] = check
                 else:
                     unnamed_constrains_index += 1
-                    constraints['__unnamed_constraint_%s__' % unnamed_constrains_index] = check
-            if end_token.match(sqlparse.tokens.Punctuation, ')'):
+                    constraints[
+                        "__unnamed_constraint_%s__" % unnamed_constrains_index
+                    ] = check
+            if end_token.match(sqlparse.tokens.Punctuation, ")"):
                 break
         return constraints
 
@@ -266,19 +307,22 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
         # Find inline check constraints.
         try:
             table_schema = cursor.execute(
-                "SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' and name=%s" % (
-                    self.connection.ops.quote_name(table_name),
-                )
+                "SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' and name=%s"
+                % (self.connection.ops.quote_name(table_name),)
             ).fetchone()[0]
         except TypeError:
             # table_name is a view.
             pass
         else:
-            columns = {info.name for info in self.get_table_description(cursor, table_name)}
+            columns = {
+                info.name for info in self.get_table_description(cursor, table_name)
+            }
             constraints.update(self._parse_table_constraints(table_schema, columns))
 
         # Get the index info
-        cursor.execute("PRAGMA index_list(%s)" % self.connection.ops.quote_name(table_name))
+        cursor.execute(
+            "PRAGMA index_list(%s)" % self.connection.ops.quote_name(table_name)
+        )
         for row in cursor.fetchall():
             # SQLite 3.8.9+ has 5 columns, however older versions only give 3
             # columns. Discard last 2 columns if there.
@@ -288,7 +332,7 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
                 "WHERE type='index' AND name=%s" % self.connection.ops.quote_name(index)
             )
             # There's at most one row.
-            sql, = cursor.fetchone() or (None,)
+            (sql,) = cursor.fetchone() or (None,)
             # Inline constraints are already detected in
             # _parse_table_constraints(). The reasons to avoid fetching inline
             # constraints from `PRAGMA index_list` are:
@@ -299,7 +343,9 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
                 # An inline constraint
                 continue
             # Get the index info for that index
-            cursor.execute('PRAGMA index_info(%s)' % self.connection.ops.quote_name(index))
+            cursor.execute(
+                "PRAGMA index_info(%s)" % self.connection.ops.quote_name(index)
+            )
             for index_rank, column_rank, column in cursor.fetchall():
                 if index not in constraints:
                     constraints[index] = {
@@ -310,14 +356,14 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
                         "check": False,
                         "index": True,
                     }
-                constraints[index]['columns'].append(column)
+                constraints[index]["columns"].append(column)
             # Add type and column orders for indexes
-            if constraints[index]['index']:
+            if constraints[index]["index"]:
                 # SQLite doesn't support any index type other than b-tree
-                constraints[index]['type'] = Index.suffix
+                constraints[index]["type"] = Index.suffix
                 orders = self._get_index_columns_orders(sql)
                 if orders is not None:
-                    constraints[index]['orders'] = orders
+                    constraints[index]["orders"] = orders
         # Get the PK
         pk_column = self.get_primary_key_column(cursor, table_name)
         if pk_column:
@@ -334,44 +380,49 @@ class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
                 "index": False,
             }
         relations = enumerate(self.get_relations(cursor, table_name).items())
-        constraints.update({
-            f'fk_{index}': {
-                'columns': [column_name],
-                'primary_key': False,
-                'unique': False,
-                'foreign_key': (ref_table_name, ref_column_name),
-                'check': False,
-                'index': False,
+        constraints.update(
+            {
+                f"fk_{index}": {
+                    "columns": [column_name],
+                    "primary_key": False,
+                    "unique": False,
+                    "foreign_key": (ref_table_name, ref_column_name),
+                    "check": False,
+                    "index": False,
+                }
+                for index, (column_name, (ref_column_name, ref_table_name)) in relations
             }
-            for index, (column_name, (ref_column_name, ref_table_name)) in relations
-        })
+        )
         return constraints
 
     def _get_index_columns_orders(self, sql):
         tokens = sqlparse.parse(sql)[0]
         for token in tokens:
             if isinstance(token, sqlparse.sql.Parenthesis):
-                columns = str(token).strip('()').split(', ')
-                return ['DESC' if info.endswith('DESC') else 'ASC' for info in columns]
+                columns = str(token).strip("()").split(", ")
+                return ["DESC" if info.endswith("DESC") else "ASC" for info in columns]
         return None
 
     def _get_column_collations(self, cursor, table_name):
-        row = cursor.execute("""
+        row = cursor.execute(
+            """
             SELECT sql
             FROM sqlite_master
             WHERE type = 'table' AND name = %s
-        """, [table_name]).fetchone()
+        """,
+            [table_name],
+        ).fetchone()
         if not row:
             return {}
 
         sql = row[0]
-        columns = str(sqlparse.parse(sql)[0][-1]).strip('()').split(', ')
+        columns = str(sqlparse.parse(sql)[0][-1]).strip("()").split(", ")
         collations = {}
         for column in columns:
             tokens = column[1:].split()
             column_name = tokens[0].strip('"')
             for index, token in enumerate(tokens):
-                if token == 'COLLATE':
+                if token == "COLLATE":
                     collation = tokens[index + 1]
                     break
             else:
diff --git a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/operations.py b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/operations.py
index c1a6da4e5d..ef8b91c0f0 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/operations.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/operations.py
@@ -16,15 +16,15 @@ from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
 
 class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
-    cast_char_field_without_max_length = 'text'
+    cast_char_field_without_max_length = "text"
     cast_data_types = {
-        'DateField': 'TEXT',
-        'DateTimeField': 'TEXT',
+        "DateField": "TEXT",
+        "DateTimeField": "TEXT",
     }
-    explain_prefix = 'EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN'
+    explain_prefix = "EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN"
     # List of datatypes to that cannot be extracted with JSON_EXTRACT() on
     # SQLite. Use JSON_TYPE() instead.
-    jsonfield_datatype_values = frozenset(['null', 'false', 'true'])
+    jsonfield_datatype_values = frozenset(["null", "false", "true"])
 
     def bulk_batch_size(self, fields, objs):
         """
@@ -55,14 +55,14 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
                 else:
                     if isinstance(output_field, bad_fields):
                         raise NotSupportedError(
-                            'You cannot use Sum, Avg, StdDev, and Variance '
-                            'aggregations on date/time fields in sqlite3 '
-                            'since date/time is saved as text.'
+                            "You cannot use Sum, Avg, StdDev, and Variance "
+                            "aggregations on date/time fields in sqlite3 "
+                            "since date/time is saved as text."
                         )
         if (
-            isinstance(expression, models.Aggregate) and
-            expression.distinct and
-            len(expression.source_expressions) > 1
+            isinstance(expression, models.Aggregate)
+            and expression.distinct
+            and len(expression.source_expressions) > 1
         ):
             raise NotSupportedError(
                 "SQLite doesn't support DISTINCT on aggregate functions "
@@ -105,26 +105,32 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
     def _convert_tznames_to_sql(self, tzname):
         if tzname and settings.USE_TZ:
             return "'%s'" % tzname, "'%s'" % self.connection.timezone_name
-        return 'NULL', 'NULL'
+        return "NULL", "NULL"
 
     def datetime_cast_date_sql(self, field_name, tzname):
-        return 'django_datetime_cast_date(%s, %s, %s)' % (
-            field_name, *self._convert_tznames_to_sql(tzname),
+        return "django_datetime_cast_date(%s, %s, %s)" % (
+            field_name,
+            *self._convert_tznames_to_sql(tzname),
         )
 
     def datetime_cast_time_sql(self, field_name, tzname):
-        return 'django_datetime_cast_time(%s, %s, %s)' % (
-            field_name, *self._convert_tznames_to_sql(tzname),
+        return "django_datetime_cast_time(%s, %s, %s)" % (
+            field_name,
+            *self._convert_tznames_to_sql(tzname),
         )
 
     def datetime_extract_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name, tzname):
         return "django_datetime_extract('%s', %s, %s, %s)" % (
-            lookup_type.lower(), field_name, *self._convert_tznames_to_sql(tzname),
+            lookup_type.lower(),
+            field_name,
+            *self._convert_tznames_to_sql(tzname),
         )
 
     def datetime_trunc_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name, tzname):
         return "django_datetime_trunc('%s', %s, %s, %s)" % (
-            lookup_type.lower(), field_name, *self._convert_tznames_to_sql(tzname),
+            lookup_type.lower(),
+            field_name,
+            *self._convert_tznames_to_sql(tzname),
         )
 
     def time_extract_sql(self, lookup_type, field_name):
@@ -146,11 +152,11 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
         if len(params) > BATCH_SIZE:
             results = ()
             for index in range(0, len(params), BATCH_SIZE):
-                chunk = params[index:index + BATCH_SIZE]
+                chunk = params[index : index + BATCH_SIZE]
                 results += self._quote_params_for_last_executed_query(chunk)
             return results
 
-        sql = 'SELECT ' + ', '.join(['QUOTE(?)'] * len(params))
+        sql = "SELECT " + ", ".join(["QUOTE(?)"] * len(params))
         # Bypass Django's wrappers and use the underlying sqlite3 connection
         # to avoid logging this query - it would trigger infinite recursion.
         cursor = self.connection.connection.cursor()
@@ -215,14 +221,20 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
         if tables and allow_cascade:
             # Simulate TRUNCATE CASCADE by recursively collecting the tables
             # referencing the tables to be flushed.
-            tables = set(chain.from_iterable(self._references_graph(table) for table in tables))
-        sql = ['%s %s %s;' % (
-            style.SQL_KEYWORD('DELETE'),
-            style.SQL_KEYWORD('FROM'),
-            style.SQL_FIELD(self.quote_name(table))
-        ) for table in tables]
+            tables = set(
+                chain.from_iterable(self._references_graph(table) for table in tables)
+            )
+        sql = [
+            "%s %s %s;"
+            % (
+                style.SQL_KEYWORD("DELETE"),
+                style.SQL_KEYWORD("FROM"),
+                style.SQL_FIELD(self.quote_name(table)),
+            )
+            for table in tables
+        ]
         if reset_sequences:
-            sequences = [{'table': table} for table in tables]
+            sequences = [{"table": table} for table in tables]
             sql.extend(self.sequence_reset_by_name_sql(style, sequences))
         return sql
 
@@ -230,17 +242,18 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
         if not sequences:
             return []
         return [
-            '%s %s %s %s = 0 %s %s %s (%s);' % (
-                style.SQL_KEYWORD('UPDATE'),
-                style.SQL_TABLE(self.quote_name('sqlite_sequence')),
-                style.SQL_KEYWORD('SET'),
-                style.SQL_FIELD(self.quote_name('seq')),
-                style.SQL_KEYWORD('WHERE'),
-                style.SQL_FIELD(self.quote_name('name')),
-                style.SQL_KEYWORD('IN'),
-                ', '.join([
-                    "'%s'" % sequence_info['table'] for sequence_info in sequences
-                ]),
+            "%s %s %s %s = 0 %s %s %s (%s);"
+            % (
+                style.SQL_KEYWORD("UPDATE"),
+                style.SQL_TABLE(self.quote_name("sqlite_sequence")),
+                style.SQL_KEYWORD("SET"),
+                style.SQL_FIELD(self.quote_name("seq")),
+                style.SQL_KEYWORD("WHERE"),
+                style.SQL_FIELD(self.quote_name("name")),
+                style.SQL_KEYWORD("IN"),
+                ", ".join(
+                    ["'%s'" % sequence_info["table"] for sequence_info in sequences]
+                ),
             ),
         ]
 
@@ -249,7 +262,7 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
             return None
 
         # Expression values are adapted by the database.
-        if hasattr(value, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if hasattr(value, "resolve_expression"):
             return value
 
         # SQLite doesn't support tz-aware datetimes
@@ -257,7 +270,9 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
             if settings.USE_TZ:
                 value = timezone.make_naive(value, self.connection.timezone)
             else:
-                raise ValueError("SQLite backend does not support timezone-aware datetimes when USE_TZ is False.")
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "SQLite backend does not support timezone-aware datetimes when USE_TZ is False."
+                )
 
         return str(value)
 
@@ -266,7 +281,7 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
             return None
 
         # Expression values are adapted by the database.
-        if hasattr(value, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if hasattr(value, "resolve_expression"):
             return value
 
         # SQLite doesn't support tz-aware datetimes
@@ -278,17 +293,17 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
     def get_db_converters(self, expression):
         converters = super().get_db_converters(expression)
         internal_type = expression.output_field.get_internal_type()
-        if internal_type == 'DateTimeField':
+        if internal_type == "DateTimeField":
             converters.append(self.convert_datetimefield_value)
-        elif internal_type == 'DateField':
+        elif internal_type == "DateField":
             converters.append(self.convert_datefield_value)
-        elif internal_type == 'TimeField':
+        elif internal_type == "TimeField":
             converters.append(self.convert_timefield_value)
-        elif internal_type == 'DecimalField':
+        elif internal_type == "DecimalField":
             converters.append(self.get_decimalfield_converter(expression))
-        elif internal_type == 'UUIDField':
+        elif internal_type == "UUIDField":
             converters.append(self.convert_uuidfield_value)
-        elif internal_type == 'BooleanField':
+        elif internal_type == "BooleanField":
             converters.append(self.convert_booleanfield_value)
         return converters
 
@@ -317,15 +332,22 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
         # float inaccuracy must be removed.
         create_decimal = decimal.Context(prec=15).create_decimal_from_float
         if isinstance(expression, Col):
-            quantize_value = decimal.Decimal(1).scaleb(-expression.output_field.decimal_places)
+            quantize_value = decimal.Decimal(1).scaleb(
+                -expression.output_field.decimal_places
+            )
 
             def converter(value, expression, connection):
                 if value is not None:
-                    return create_decimal(value).quantize(quantize_value, context=expression.output_field.context)
+                    return create_decimal(value).quantize(
+                        quantize_value, context=expression.output_field.context
+                    )
+
         else:
+
             def converter(value, expression, connection):
                 if value is not None:
                     return create_decimal(value)
+
         return converter
 
     def convert_uuidfield_value(self, value, expression, connection):
@@ -337,26 +359,26 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
         return bool(value) if value in (1, 0) else value
 
     def bulk_insert_sql(self, fields, placeholder_rows):
-        placeholder_rows_sql = (', '.join(row) for row in placeholder_rows)
-        values_sql = ', '.join(f'({sql})' for sql in placeholder_rows_sql)
-        return f'VALUES {values_sql}'
+        placeholder_rows_sql = (", ".join(row) for row in placeholder_rows)
+        values_sql = ", ".join(f"({sql})" for sql in placeholder_rows_sql)
+        return f"VALUES {values_sql}"
 
     def combine_expression(self, connector, sub_expressions):
         # SQLite doesn't have a ^ operator, so use the user-defined POWER
         # function that's registered in connect().
-        if connector == '^':
-            return 'POWER(%s)' % ','.join(sub_expressions)
-        elif connector == '#':
-            return 'BITXOR(%s)' % ','.join(sub_expressions)
+        if connector == "^":
+            return "POWER(%s)" % ",".join(sub_expressions)
+        elif connector == "#":
+            return "BITXOR(%s)" % ",".join(sub_expressions)
         return super().combine_expression(connector, sub_expressions)
 
     def combine_duration_expression(self, connector, sub_expressions):
-        if connector not in ['+', '-', '*', '/']:
-            raise DatabaseError('Invalid connector for timedelta: %s.' % connector)
+        if connector not in ["+", "-", "*", "/"]:
+            raise DatabaseError("Invalid connector for timedelta: %s." % connector)
         fn_params = ["'%s'" % connector] + sub_expressions
         if len(fn_params) > 3:
-            raise ValueError('Too many params for timedelta operations.')
-        return "django_format_dtdelta(%s)" % ', '.join(fn_params)
+            raise ValueError("Too many params for timedelta operations.")
+        return "django_format_dtdelta(%s)" % ", ".join(fn_params)
 
     def integer_field_range(self, internal_type):
         # SQLite doesn't enforce any integer constraints
@@ -366,39 +388,46 @@ class DatabaseOperations(BaseDatabaseOperations):
         lhs_sql, lhs_params = lhs
         rhs_sql, rhs_params = rhs
         params = (*lhs_params, *rhs_params)
-        if internal_type == 'TimeField':
-            return 'django_time_diff(%s, %s)' % (lhs_sql, rhs_sql), params
-        return 'django_timestamp_diff(%s, %s)' % (lhs_sql, rhs_sql), params
+        if internal_type == "TimeField":
+            return "django_time_diff(%s, %s)" % (lhs_sql, rhs_sql), params
+        return "django_timestamp_diff(%s, %s)" % (lhs_sql, rhs_sql), params
 
     def insert_statement(self, on_conflict=None):
         if on_conflict == OnConflict.IGNORE:
-            return 'INSERT OR IGNORE INTO'
+            return "INSERT OR IGNORE INTO"
         return super().insert_statement(on_conflict=on_conflict)
 
     def return_insert_columns(self, fields):
         # SQLite < 3.35 doesn't support an INSERT...RETURNING statement.
         if not fields:
-            return '', ()
+            return "", ()
         columns = [
-            '%s.%s' % (
+            "%s.%s"
+            % (
                 self.quote_name(field.model._meta.db_table),
                 self.quote_name(field.column),
-            ) for field in fields
+            )
+            for field in fields
         ]
-        return 'RETURNING %s' % ', '.join(columns), ()
+        return "RETURNING %s" % ", ".join(columns), ()
 
     def on_conflict_suffix_sql(self, fields, on_conflict, update_fields, unique_fields):
         if (
-            on_conflict == OnConflict.UPDATE and
-            self.connection.features.supports_update_conflicts_with_target
+            on_conflict == OnConflict.UPDATE
+            and self.connection.features.supports_update_conflicts_with_target
         ):
-            return 'ON CONFLICT(%s) DO UPDATE SET %s' % (
-                ', '.join(map(self.quote_name, unique_fields)),
-                ', '.join([
-                    f'{field} = EXCLUDED.{field}'
-                    for field in map(self.quote_name, update_fields)
-                ]),
+            return "ON CONFLICT(%s) DO UPDATE SET %s" % (
+                ", ".join(map(self.quote_name, unique_fields)),
+                ", ".join(
+                    [
+                        f"{field} = EXCLUDED.{field}"
+                        for field in map(self.quote_name, update_fields)
+                    ]
+                ),
             )
         return super().on_conflict_suffix_sql(
-            fields, on_conflict, update_fields, unique_fields,
+            fields,
+            on_conflict,
+            update_fields,
+            unique_fields,
         )
diff --git a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/schema.py b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/schema.py
index 3ff0a3f7db..c9af8088e5 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/sqlite3/schema.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/sqlite3/schema.py
@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
 
     sql_delete_table = "DROP TABLE %(table)s"
     sql_create_fk = None
-    sql_create_inline_fk = "REFERENCES %(to_table)s (%(to_column)s) DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED"
+    sql_create_inline_fk = (
+        "REFERENCES %(to_table)s (%(to_column)s) DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED"
+    )
     sql_create_column_inline_fk = sql_create_inline_fk
     sql_create_unique = "CREATE UNIQUE INDEX %(name)s ON %(table)s (%(columns)s)"
     sql_delete_unique = "DROP INDEX %(name)s"
@@ -24,11 +26,11 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
         # disabled. Enforce it here for the duration of the schema edition.
         if not self.connection.disable_constraint_checking():
             raise NotSupportedError(
-                'SQLite schema editor cannot be used while foreign key '
-                'constraint checks are enabled. Make sure to disable them '
-                'before entering a transaction.atomic() context because '
-                'SQLite does not support disabling them in the middle of '
-                'a multi-statement transaction.'
+                "SQLite schema editor cannot be used while foreign key "
+                "constraint checks are enabled. Make sure to disable them "
+                "before entering a transaction.atomic() context because "
+                "SQLite does not support disabling them in the middle of "
+                "a multi-statement transaction."
             )
         return super().__enter__()
 
@@ -43,6 +45,7 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
         # security hardening).
         try:
             import sqlite3
+
             value = sqlite3.adapt(value)
         except ImportError:
             pass
@@ -54,7 +57,7 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
         elif isinstance(value, (Decimal, float, int)):
             return str(value)
         elif isinstance(value, str):
-            return "'%s'" % value.replace("\'", "\'\'")
+            return "'%s'" % value.replace("'", "''")
         elif value is None:
             return "NULL"
         elif isinstance(value, (bytes, bytearray, memoryview)):
@@ -63,12 +66,16 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
             # character.
             return "X'%s'" % value.hex()
         else:
-            raise ValueError("Cannot quote parameter value %r of type %s" % (value, type(value)))
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Cannot quote parameter value %r of type %s" % (value, type(value))
+            )
 
     def prepare_default(self, value):
         return self.quote_value(value)
 
-    def _is_referenced_by_fk_constraint(self, table_name, column_name=None, ignore_self=False):
+    def _is_referenced_by_fk_constraint(
+        self, table_name, column_name=None, ignore_self=False
+    ):
         """
         Return whether or not the provided table name is referenced by another
         one. If `column_name` is specified, only references pointing to that
@@ -79,22 +86,33 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
             for other_table in self.connection.introspection.get_table_list(cursor):
                 if ignore_self and other_table.name == table_name:
                     continue
-                relations = self.connection.introspection.get_relations(cursor, other_table.name)
+                relations = self.connection.introspection.get_relations(
+                    cursor, other_table.name
+                )
                 for constraint_column, constraint_table in relations.values():
-                    if (constraint_table == table_name and
-                            (column_name is None or constraint_column == column_name)):
+                    if constraint_table == table_name and (
+                        column_name is None or constraint_column == column_name
+                    ):
                         return True
         return False
 
-    def alter_db_table(self, model, old_db_table, new_db_table, disable_constraints=True):
-        if (not self.connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename and
-                disable_constraints and self._is_referenced_by_fk_constraint(old_db_table)):
+    def alter_db_table(
+        self, model, old_db_table, new_db_table, disable_constraints=True
+    ):
+        if (
+            not self.connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename
+            and disable_constraints
+            and self._is_referenced_by_fk_constraint(old_db_table)
+        ):
             if self.connection.in_atomic_block:
-                raise NotSupportedError((
-                    'Renaming the %r table while in a transaction is not '
-                    'supported on SQLite < 3.26 because it would break referential '
-                    'integrity. Try adding `atomic = False` to the Migration class.'
-                ) % old_db_table)
+                raise NotSupportedError(
+                    (
+                        "Renaming the %r table while in a transaction is not "
+                        "supported on SQLite < 3.26 because it would break referential "
+                        "integrity. Try adding `atomic = False` to the Migration class."
+                    )
+                    % old_db_table
+                )
             self.connection.enable_constraint_checking()
             super().alter_db_table(model, old_db_table, new_db_table)
             self.connection.disable_constraint_checking()
@@ -107,42 +125,56 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
         old_field_name = old_field.name
         table_name = model._meta.db_table
         _, old_column_name = old_field.get_attname_column()
-        if (new_field.name != old_field_name and
-                not self.connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename and
-                self._is_referenced_by_fk_constraint(table_name, old_column_name, ignore_self=True)):
+        if (
+            new_field.name != old_field_name
+            and not self.connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename
+            and self._is_referenced_by_fk_constraint(
+                table_name, old_column_name, ignore_self=True
+            )
+        ):
             if self.connection.in_atomic_block:
-                raise NotSupportedError((
-                    'Renaming the %r.%r column while in a transaction is not '
-                    'supported on SQLite < 3.26 because it would break referential '
-                    'integrity. Try adding `atomic = False` to the Migration class.'
-                ) % (model._meta.db_table, old_field_name))
+                raise NotSupportedError(
+                    (
+                        "Renaming the %r.%r column while in a transaction is not "
+                        "supported on SQLite < 3.26 because it would break referential "
+                        "integrity. Try adding `atomic = False` to the Migration class."
+                    )
+                    % (model._meta.db_table, old_field_name)
+                )
             with atomic(self.connection.alias):
                 super().alter_field(model, old_field, new_field, strict=strict)
                 # Follow SQLite's documented procedure for performing changes
                 # that don't affect the on-disk content.
                 # https://sqlite.org/lang_altertable.html#otheralter
                 with self.connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                    schema_version = cursor.execute('PRAGMA schema_version').fetchone()[0]
-                    cursor.execute('PRAGMA writable_schema = 1')
+                    schema_version = cursor.execute("PRAGMA schema_version").fetchone()[
+                        0
+                    ]
+                    cursor.execute("PRAGMA writable_schema = 1")
                     references_template = ' REFERENCES "%s" ("%%s") ' % table_name
                     new_column_name = new_field.get_attname_column()[1]
                     search = references_template % old_column_name
                     replacement = references_template % new_column_name
-                    cursor.execute('UPDATE sqlite_master SET sql = replace(sql, %s, %s)', (search, replacement))
-                    cursor.execute('PRAGMA schema_version = %d' % (schema_version + 1))
-                    cursor.execute('PRAGMA writable_schema = 0')
+                    cursor.execute(
+                        "UPDATE sqlite_master SET sql = replace(sql, %s, %s)",
+                        (search, replacement),
+                    )
+                    cursor.execute("PRAGMA schema_version = %d" % (schema_version + 1))
+                    cursor.execute("PRAGMA writable_schema = 0")
                     # The integrity check will raise an exception and rollback
                     # the transaction if the sqlite_master updates corrupt the
                     # database.
-                    cursor.execute('PRAGMA integrity_check')
+                    cursor.execute("PRAGMA integrity_check")
             # Perform a VACUUM to refresh the database representation from
             # the sqlite_master table.
             with self.connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                cursor.execute('VACUUM')
+                cursor.execute("VACUUM")
         else:
             super().alter_field(model, old_field, new_field, strict=strict)
 
-    def _remake_table(self, model, create_field=None, delete_field=None, alter_field=None):
+    def _remake_table(
+        self, model, create_field=None, delete_field=None, alter_field=None
+    ):
         """
         Shortcut to transform a model from old_model into new_model
 
@@ -163,6 +195,7 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
         # to an altered field.
         def is_self_referential(f):
             return f.is_relation and f.remote_field.model is model
+
         # Work out the new fields dict / mapping
         body = {
             f.name: f.clone() if is_self_referential(f) else f
@@ -170,14 +203,18 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
         }
         # Since mapping might mix column names and default values,
         # its values must be already quoted.
-        mapping = {f.column: self.quote_name(f.column) for f in model._meta.local_concrete_fields}
+        mapping = {
+            f.column: self.quote_name(f.column)
+            for f in model._meta.local_concrete_fields
+        }
         # This maps field names (not columns) for things like unique_together
         rename_mapping = {}
         # If any of the new or altered fields is introducing a new PK,
         # remove the old one
         restore_pk_field = None
-        if getattr(create_field, 'primary_key', False) or (
-                alter_field and getattr(alter_field[1], 'primary_key', False)):
+        if getattr(create_field, "primary_key", False) or (
+            alter_field and getattr(alter_field[1], "primary_key", False)
+        ):
             for name, field in list(body.items()):
                 if field.primary_key:
                     field.primary_key = False
@@ -201,8 +238,8 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
             body[new_field.name] = new_field
             if old_field.null and not new_field.null:
                 case_sql = "coalesce(%(col)s, %(default)s)" % {
-                    'col': self.quote_name(old_field.column),
-                    'default': self.prepare_default(self.effective_default(new_field)),
+                    "col": self.quote_name(old_field.column),
+                    "default": self.prepare_default(self.effective_default(new_field)),
                 }
                 mapping[new_field.column] = case_sql
             else:
@@ -213,7 +250,10 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
             del body[delete_field.name]
             del mapping[delete_field.column]
             # Remove any implicit M2M tables
-            if delete_field.many_to_many and delete_field.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created:
+            if (
+                delete_field.many_to_many
+                and delete_field.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created
+            ):
                 return self.delete_model(delete_field.remote_field.through)
         # Work inside a new app registry
         apps = Apps()
@@ -235,8 +275,7 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
         indexes = model._meta.indexes
         if delete_field:
             indexes = [
-                index for index in indexes
-                if delete_field.name not in index.fields
+                index for index in indexes if delete_field.name not in index.fields
             ]
 
         constraints = list(model._meta.constraints)
@@ -252,52 +291,57 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
         # This wouldn't be required if the schema editor was operating on model
         # states instead of rendered models.
         meta_contents = {
-            'app_label': model._meta.app_label,
-            'db_table': model._meta.db_table,
-            'unique_together': unique_together,
-            'index_together': index_together,
-            'indexes': indexes,
-            'constraints': constraints,
-            'apps': apps,
+            "app_label": model._meta.app_label,
+            "db_table": model._meta.db_table,
+            "unique_together": unique_together,
+            "index_together": index_together,
+            "indexes": indexes,
+            "constraints": constraints,
+            "apps": apps,
         }
         meta = type("Meta", (), meta_contents)
-        body_copy['Meta'] = meta
-        body_copy['__module__'] = model.__module__
+        body_copy["Meta"] = meta
+        body_copy["__module__"] = model.__module__
         type(model._meta.object_name, model.__bases__, body_copy)
 
         # Construct a model with a renamed table name.
         body_copy = copy.deepcopy(body)
         meta_contents = {
-            'app_label': model._meta.app_label,
-            'db_table': 'new__%s' % strip_quotes(model._meta.db_table),
-            'unique_together': unique_together,
-            'index_together': index_together,
-            'indexes': indexes,
-            'constraints': constraints,
-            'apps': apps,
+            "app_label": model._meta.app_label,
+            "db_table": "new__%s" % strip_quotes(model._meta.db_table),
+            "unique_together": unique_together,
+            "index_together": index_together,
+            "indexes": indexes,
+            "constraints": constraints,
+            "apps": apps,
         }
         meta = type("Meta", (), meta_contents)
-        body_copy['Meta'] = meta
-        body_copy['__module__'] = model.__module__
-        new_model = type('New%s' % model._meta.object_name, model.__bases__, body_copy)
+        body_copy["Meta"] = meta
+        body_copy["__module__"] = model.__module__
+        new_model = type("New%s" % model._meta.object_name, model.__bases__, body_copy)
 
         # Create a new table with the updated schema.
         self.create_model(new_model)
 
         # Copy data from the old table into the new table
-        self.execute("INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM %s" % (
-            self.quote_name(new_model._meta.db_table),
-            ', '.join(self.quote_name(x) for x in mapping),
-            ', '.join(mapping.values()),
-            self.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
-        ))
+        self.execute(
+            "INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM %s"
+            % (
+                self.quote_name(new_model._meta.db_table),
+                ", ".join(self.quote_name(x) for x in mapping),
+                ", ".join(mapping.values()),
+                self.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
+            )
+        )
 
         # Delete the old table to make way for the new
         self.delete_model(model, handle_autom2m=False)
 
         # Rename the new table to take way for the old
         self.alter_db_table(
-            new_model, new_model._meta.db_table, model._meta.db_table,
+            new_model,
+            new_model._meta.db_table,
+            model._meta.db_table,
             disable_constraints=False,
         )
 
@@ -314,12 +358,17 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
             super().delete_model(model)
         else:
             # Delete the table (and only that)
-            self.execute(self.sql_delete_table % {
-                "table": self.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
-            })
+            self.execute(
+                self.sql_delete_table
+                % {
+                    "table": self.quote_name(model._meta.db_table),
+                }
+            )
             # Remove all deferred statements referencing the deleted table.
             for sql in list(self.deferred_sql):
-                if isinstance(sql, Statement) and sql.references_table(model._meta.db_table):
+                if isinstance(sql, Statement) and sql.references_table(
+                    model._meta.db_table
+                ):
                     self.deferred_sql.remove(sql)
 
     def add_field(self, model, field):
@@ -327,11 +376,14 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
         if (
             # Primary keys and unique fields are not supported in ALTER TABLE
             # ADD COLUMN.
-            field.primary_key or field.unique or
+            field.primary_key
+            or field.unique
+            or
             # Fields with default values cannot by handled by ALTER TABLE ADD
             # COLUMN statement because DROP DEFAULT is not supported in
             # ALTER TABLE.
-            not field.null or self.effective_default(field) is not None
+            not field.null
+            or self.effective_default(field) is not None
         ):
             self._remake_table(model, create_field=field)
         else:
@@ -351,21 +403,40 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
         # For everything else, remake.
         else:
             # It might not actually have a column behind it
-            if field.db_parameters(connection=self.connection)['type'] is None:
+            if field.db_parameters(connection=self.connection)["type"] is None:
                 return
             self._remake_table(model, delete_field=field)
 
-    def _alter_field(self, model, old_field, new_field, old_type, new_type,
-                     old_db_params, new_db_params, strict=False):
+    def _alter_field(
+        self,
+        model,
+        old_field,
+        new_field,
+        old_type,
+        new_type,
+        old_db_params,
+        new_db_params,
+        strict=False,
+    ):
         """Perform a "physical" (non-ManyToMany) field update."""
         # Use "ALTER TABLE ... RENAME COLUMN" if only the column name
         # changed and there aren't any constraints.
-        if (self.connection.features.can_alter_table_rename_column and
-            old_field.column != new_field.column and
-            self.column_sql(model, old_field) == self.column_sql(model, new_field) and
-            not (old_field.remote_field and old_field.db_constraint or
-                 new_field.remote_field and new_field.db_constraint)):
-            return self.execute(self._rename_field_sql(model._meta.db_table, old_field, new_field, new_type))
+        if (
+            self.connection.features.can_alter_table_rename_column
+            and old_field.column != new_field.column
+            and self.column_sql(model, old_field) == self.column_sql(model, new_field)
+            and not (
+                old_field.remote_field
+                and old_field.db_constraint
+                or new_field.remote_field
+                and new_field.db_constraint
+            )
+        ):
+            return self.execute(
+                self._rename_field_sql(
+                    model._meta.db_table, old_field, new_field, new_type
+                )
+            )
         # Alter by remaking table
         self._remake_table(model, alter_field=(old_field, new_field))
         # Rebuild tables with FKs pointing to this field.
@@ -393,15 +464,22 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
 
     def _alter_many_to_many(self, model, old_field, new_field, strict):
         """Alter M2Ms to repoint their to= endpoints."""
-        if old_field.remote_field.through._meta.db_table == new_field.remote_field.through._meta.db_table:
+        if (
+            old_field.remote_field.through._meta.db_table
+            == new_field.remote_field.through._meta.db_table
+        ):
             # The field name didn't change, but some options did; we have to propagate this altering.
             self._remake_table(
                 old_field.remote_field.through,
                 alter_field=(
                     # We need the field that points to the target model, so we can tell alter_field to change it -
                     # this is m2m_reverse_field_name() (as opposed to m2m_field_name, which points to our model)
-                    old_field.remote_field.through._meta.get_field(old_field.m2m_reverse_field_name()),
-                    new_field.remote_field.through._meta.get_field(new_field.m2m_reverse_field_name()),
+                    old_field.remote_field.through._meta.get_field(
+                        old_field.m2m_reverse_field_name()
+                    ),
+                    new_field.remote_field.through._meta.get_field(
+                        new_field.m2m_reverse_field_name()
+                    ),
                 ),
             )
             return
@@ -409,29 +487,36 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
         # Make a new through table
         self.create_model(new_field.remote_field.through)
         # Copy the data across
-        self.execute("INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM %s" % (
-            self.quote_name(new_field.remote_field.through._meta.db_table),
-            ', '.join([
-                "id",
-                new_field.m2m_column_name(),
-                new_field.m2m_reverse_name(),
-            ]),
-            ', '.join([
-                "id",
-                old_field.m2m_column_name(),
-                old_field.m2m_reverse_name(),
-            ]),
-            self.quote_name(old_field.remote_field.through._meta.db_table),
-        ))
+        self.execute(
+            "INSERT INTO %s (%s) SELECT %s FROM %s"
+            % (
+                self.quote_name(new_field.remote_field.through._meta.db_table),
+                ", ".join(
+                    [
+                        "id",
+                        new_field.m2m_column_name(),
+                        new_field.m2m_reverse_name(),
+                    ]
+                ),
+                ", ".join(
+                    [
+                        "id",
+                        old_field.m2m_column_name(),
+                        old_field.m2m_reverse_name(),
+                    ]
+                ),
+                self.quote_name(old_field.remote_field.through._meta.db_table),
+            )
+        )
         # Delete the old through table
         self.delete_model(old_field.remote_field.through)
 
     def add_constraint(self, model, constraint):
         if isinstance(constraint, UniqueConstraint) and (
-            constraint.condition or
-            constraint.contains_expressions or
-            constraint.include or
-            constraint.deferrable
+            constraint.condition
+            or constraint.contains_expressions
+            or constraint.include
+            or constraint.deferrable
         ):
             super().add_constraint(model, constraint)
         else:
@@ -439,14 +524,14 @@ class DatabaseSchemaEditor(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor):
 
     def remove_constraint(self, model, constraint):
         if isinstance(constraint, UniqueConstraint) and (
-            constraint.condition or
-            constraint.contains_expressions or
-            constraint.include or
-            constraint.deferrable
+            constraint.condition
+            or constraint.contains_expressions
+            or constraint.include
+            or constraint.deferrable
         ):
             super().remove_constraint(model, constraint)
         else:
             self._remake_table(model)
 
     def _collate_sql(self, collation):
-        return 'COLLATE ' + collation
+        return "COLLATE " + collation
diff --git a/django/db/backends/utils.py b/django/db/backends/utils.py
index b7318bae62..d505cd7904 100644
--- a/django/db/backends/utils.py
+++ b/django/db/backends/utils.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from django.db import NotSupportedError
 from django.utils.crypto import md5
 from django.utils.dateparse import parse_time
 
-logger = logging.getLogger('django.db.backends')
+logger = logging.getLogger("django.db.backends")
 
 
 class CursorWrapper:
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class CursorWrapper:
         self.cursor = cursor
         self.db = db
 
-    WRAP_ERROR_ATTRS = frozenset(['fetchone', 'fetchmany', 'fetchall', 'nextset'])
+    WRAP_ERROR_ATTRS = frozenset(["fetchone", "fetchmany", "fetchall", "nextset"])
 
     def __getattr__(self, attr):
         cursor_attr = getattr(self.cursor, attr)
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ class CursorWrapper:
         # database driver may support them (e.g. cx_Oracle).
         if kparams is not None and not self.db.features.supports_callproc_kwargs:
             raise NotSupportedError(
-                'Keyword parameters for callproc are not supported on this '
-                'database backend.'
+                "Keyword parameters for callproc are not supported on this "
+                "database backend."
             )
         self.db.validate_no_broken_transaction()
         with self.db.wrap_database_errors:
@@ -64,13 +64,17 @@ class CursorWrapper:
                 return self.cursor.callproc(procname, params, kparams)
 
     def execute(self, sql, params=None):
-        return self._execute_with_wrappers(sql, params, many=False, executor=self._execute)
+        return self._execute_with_wrappers(
+            sql, params, many=False, executor=self._execute
+        )
 
     def executemany(self, sql, param_list):
-        return self._execute_with_wrappers(sql, param_list, many=True, executor=self._executemany)
+        return self._execute_with_wrappers(
+            sql, param_list, many=True, executor=self._executemany
+        )
 
     def _execute_with_wrappers(self, sql, params, many, executor):
-        context = {'connection': self.db, 'cursor': self}
+        context = {"connection": self.db, "cursor": self}
         for wrapper in reversed(self.db.execute_wrappers):
             executor = functools.partial(wrapper, executor)
         return executor(sql, params, many, context)
@@ -103,7 +107,9 @@ class CursorDebugWrapper(CursorWrapper):
             return super().executemany(sql, param_list)
 
     @contextmanager
-    def debug_sql(self, sql=None, params=None, use_last_executed_query=False, many=False):
+    def debug_sql(
+        self, sql=None, params=None, use_last_executed_query=False, many=False
+    ):
         start = time.monotonic()
         try:
             yield
@@ -113,21 +119,28 @@ class CursorDebugWrapper(CursorWrapper):
             if use_last_executed_query:
                 sql = self.db.ops.last_executed_query(self.cursor, sql, params)
             try:
-                times = len(params) if many else ''
+                times = len(params) if many else ""
             except TypeError:
                 # params could be an iterator.
-                times = '?'
-            self.db.queries_log.append({
-                'sql': '%s times: %s' % (times, sql) if many else sql,
-                'time': '%.3f' % duration,
-            })
+                times = "?"
+            self.db.queries_log.append(
+                {
+                    "sql": "%s times: %s" % (times, sql) if many else sql,
+                    "time": "%.3f" % duration,
+                }
+            )
             logger.debug(
-                '(%.3f) %s; args=%s; alias=%s',
+                "(%.3f) %s; args=%s; alias=%s",
                 duration,
                 sql,
                 params,
                 self.db.alias,
-                extra={'duration': duration, 'sql': sql, 'params': params, 'alias': self.db.alias},
+                extra={
+                    "duration": duration,
+                    "sql": sql,
+                    "params": params,
+                    "alias": self.db.alias,
+                },
             )
 
 
@@ -135,7 +148,7 @@ def split_tzname_delta(tzname):
     """
     Split a time zone name into a 3-tuple of (name, sign, offset).
     """
-    for sign in ['+', '-']:
+    for sign in ["+", "-"]:
         if sign in tzname:
             name, offset = tzname.rsplit(sign, 1)
             if offset and parse_time(offset):
@@ -147,19 +160,24 @@ def split_tzname_delta(tzname):
 # Converters from database (string) to Python #
 ###############################################
 
+
 def typecast_date(s):
-    return datetime.date(*map(int, s.split('-'))) if s else None  # return None if s is null
+    return (
+        datetime.date(*map(int, s.split("-"))) if s else None
+    )  # return None if s is null
 
 
 def typecast_time(s):  # does NOT store time zone information
     if not s:
         return None
-    hour, minutes, seconds = s.split(':')
-    if '.' in seconds:  # check whether seconds have a fractional part
-        seconds, microseconds = seconds.split('.')
+    hour, minutes, seconds = s.split(":")
+    if "." in seconds:  # check whether seconds have a fractional part
+        seconds, microseconds = seconds.split(".")
     else:
-        microseconds = '0'
-    return datetime.time(int(hour), int(minutes), int(seconds), int((microseconds + '000000')[:6]))
+        microseconds = "0"
+    return datetime.time(
+        int(hour), int(minutes), int(seconds), int((microseconds + "000000")[:6])
+    )
 
 
 def typecast_timestamp(s):  # does NOT store time zone information
@@ -167,25 +185,29 @@ def typecast_timestamp(s):  # does NOT store time zone information
     # "2005-07-29 09:56:00-05"
     if not s:
         return None
-    if ' ' not in s:
+    if " " not in s:
         return typecast_date(s)
     d, t = s.split()
     # Remove timezone information.
-    if '-' in t:
-        t, _ = t.split('-', 1)
-    elif '+' in t:
-        t, _ = t.split('+', 1)
-    dates = d.split('-')
-    times = t.split(':')
+    if "-" in t:
+        t, _ = t.split("-", 1)
+    elif "+" in t:
+        t, _ = t.split("+", 1)
+    dates = d.split("-")
+    times = t.split(":")
     seconds = times[2]
-    if '.' in seconds:  # check whether seconds have a fractional part
-        seconds, microseconds = seconds.split('.')
+    if "." in seconds:  # check whether seconds have a fractional part
+        seconds, microseconds = seconds.split(".")
     else:
-        microseconds = '0'
+        microseconds = "0"
     return datetime.datetime(
-        int(dates[0]), int(dates[1]), int(dates[2]),
-        int(times[0]), int(times[1]), int(seconds),
-        int((microseconds + '000000')[:6])
+        int(dates[0]),
+        int(dates[1]),
+        int(dates[2]),
+        int(times[0]),
+        int(times[1]),
+        int(seconds),
+        int((microseconds + "000000")[:6]),
     )
 
 
@@ -193,6 +215,7 @@ def typecast_timestamp(s):  # does NOT store time zone information
 # Converters from Python to database (string) #
 ###############################################
 
+
 def split_identifier(identifier):
     """
     Split an SQL identifier into a two element tuple of (namespace, name).
@@ -203,7 +226,7 @@ def split_identifier(identifier):
     try:
         namespace, name = identifier.split('"."')
     except ValueError:
-        namespace, name = '', identifier
+        namespace, name = "", identifier
     return namespace.strip('"'), name.strip('"')
 
 
@@ -221,7 +244,11 @@ def truncate_name(identifier, length=None, hash_len=4):
         return identifier
 
     digest = names_digest(name, length=hash_len)
-    return '%s%s%s' % ('%s"."' % namespace if namespace else '', name[:length - hash_len], digest)
+    return "%s%s%s" % (
+        '%s"."' % namespace if namespace else "",
+        name[: length - hash_len],
+        digest,
+    )
 
 
 def names_digest(*args, length):
@@ -246,7 +273,9 @@ def format_number(value, max_digits, decimal_places):
     if max_digits is not None:
         context.prec = max_digits
     if decimal_places is not None:
-        value = value.quantize(decimal.Decimal(1).scaleb(-decimal_places), context=context)
+        value = value.quantize(
+            decimal.Decimal(1).scaleb(-decimal_places), context=context
+        )
     else:
         context.traps[decimal.Rounded] = 1
         value = context.create_decimal(value)
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/autodetector.py b/django/db/migrations/autodetector.py
index f1238a3504..f8140f1845 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/autodetector.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/autodetector.py
@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@ from django.db.migrations.operations.models import AlterModelOptions
 from django.db.migrations.optimizer import MigrationOptimizer
 from django.db.migrations.questioner import MigrationQuestioner
 from django.db.migrations.utils import (
-    COMPILED_REGEX_TYPE, RegexObject, resolve_relation,
+    COMPILED_REGEX_TYPE,
+    RegexObject,
+    resolve_relation,
 )
 from django.utils.topological_sort import stable_topological_sort
 
@@ -57,19 +59,20 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
         elif isinstance(obj, tuple):
             return tuple(self.deep_deconstruct(value) for value in obj)
         elif isinstance(obj, dict):
-            return {
-                key: self.deep_deconstruct(value)
-                for key, value in obj.items()
-            }
+            return {key: self.deep_deconstruct(value) for key, value in obj.items()}
         elif isinstance(obj, functools.partial):
-            return (obj.func, self.deep_deconstruct(obj.args), self.deep_deconstruct(obj.keywords))
+            return (
+                obj.func,
+                self.deep_deconstruct(obj.args),
+                self.deep_deconstruct(obj.keywords),
+            )
         elif isinstance(obj, COMPILED_REGEX_TYPE):
             return RegexObject(obj)
         elif isinstance(obj, type):
             # If this is a type that implements 'deconstruct' as an instance method,
             # avoid treating this as being deconstructible itself - see #22951
             return obj
-        elif hasattr(obj, 'deconstruct'):
+        elif hasattr(obj, "deconstruct"):
             deconstructed = obj.deconstruct()
             if isinstance(obj, models.Field):
                 # we have a field which also returns a name
@@ -78,10 +81,7 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
             return (
                 path,
                 [self.deep_deconstruct(value) for value in args],
-                {
-                    key: self.deep_deconstruct(value)
-                    for key, value in kwargs.items()
-                },
+                {key: self.deep_deconstruct(value) for key, value in kwargs.items()},
             )
         else:
             return obj
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
         for name, field in sorted(fields.items()):
             deconstruction = self.deep_deconstruct(field)
             if field.remote_field and field.remote_field.model:
-                deconstruction[2].pop('to', None)
+                deconstruction[2].pop("to", None)
             fields_def.append(deconstruction)
         return fields_def
 
@@ -132,22 +132,21 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
         self.new_proxy_keys = set()
         self.new_unmanaged_keys = set()
         for (app_label, model_name), model_state in self.from_state.models.items():
-            if not model_state.options.get('managed', True):
+            if not model_state.options.get("managed", True):
                 self.old_unmanaged_keys.add((app_label, model_name))
             elif app_label not in self.from_state.real_apps:
-                if model_state.options.get('proxy'):
+                if model_state.options.get("proxy"):
                     self.old_proxy_keys.add((app_label, model_name))
                 else:
                     self.old_model_keys.add((app_label, model_name))
 
         for (app_label, model_name), model_state in self.to_state.models.items():
-            if not model_state.options.get('managed', True):
+            if not model_state.options.get("managed", True):
                 self.new_unmanaged_keys.add((app_label, model_name))
-            elif (
-                app_label not in self.from_state.real_apps or
-                (convert_apps and app_label in convert_apps)
+            elif app_label not in self.from_state.real_apps or (
+                convert_apps and app_label in convert_apps
             ):
-                if model_state.options.get('proxy'):
+                if model_state.options.get("proxy"):
                     self.new_proxy_keys.add((app_label, model_name))
                 else:
                     self.new_model_keys.add((app_label, model_name))
@@ -214,8 +213,7 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
             (app_label, model_name, field_name)
             for app_label, model_name in self.kept_model_keys
             for field_name in self.from_state.models[
-                app_label,
-                self.renamed_models.get((app_label, model_name), model_name)
+                app_label, self.renamed_models.get((app_label, model_name), model_name)
             ].fields
         }
         self.new_field_keys = {
@@ -227,12 +225,22 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
     def _generate_through_model_map(self):
         """Through model map generation."""
         for app_label, model_name in sorted(self.old_model_keys):
-            old_model_name = self.renamed_models.get((app_label, model_name), model_name)
+            old_model_name = self.renamed_models.get(
+                (app_label, model_name), model_name
+            )
             old_model_state = self.from_state.models[app_label, old_model_name]
             for field_name, field in old_model_state.fields.items():
-                if hasattr(field, 'remote_field') and getattr(field.remote_field, 'through', None):
-                    through_key = resolve_relation(field.remote_field.through, app_label, model_name)
-                    self.through_users[through_key] = (app_label, old_model_name, field_name)
+                if hasattr(field, "remote_field") and getattr(
+                    field.remote_field, "through", None
+                ):
+                    through_key = resolve_relation(
+                        field.remote_field.through, app_label, model_name
+                    )
+                    self.through_users[through_key] = (
+                        app_label,
+                        old_model_name,
+                        field_name,
+                    )
 
     @staticmethod
     def _resolve_dependency(dependency):
@@ -240,9 +248,11 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
         Return the resolved dependency and a boolean denoting whether or not
         it was swappable.
         """
-        if dependency[0] != '__setting__':
+        if dependency[0] != "__setting__":
             return dependency, False
-        resolved_app_label, resolved_object_name = getattr(settings, dependency[1]).split('.')
+        resolved_app_label, resolved_object_name = getattr(
+            settings, dependency[1]
+        ).split(".")
         return (resolved_app_label, resolved_object_name.lower()) + dependency[2:], True
 
     def _build_migration_list(self, graph=None):
@@ -282,7 +292,9 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
                         if dep[0] != app_label:
                             # External app dependency. See if it's not yet
                             # satisfied.
-                            for other_operation in self.generated_operations.get(dep[0], []):
+                            for other_operation in self.generated_operations.get(
+                                dep[0], []
+                            ):
                                 if self.check_dependency(other_operation, dep):
                                     deps_satisfied = False
                                     break
@@ -290,9 +302,13 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
                                 break
                             else:
                                 if is_swappable_dep:
-                                    operation_dependencies.add((original_dep[0], original_dep[1]))
+                                    operation_dependencies.add(
+                                        (original_dep[0], original_dep[1])
+                                    )
                                 elif dep[0] in self.migrations:
-                                    operation_dependencies.add((dep[0], self.migrations[dep[0]][-1].name))
+                                    operation_dependencies.add(
+                                        (dep[0], self.migrations[dep[0]][-1].name)
+                                    )
                                 else:
                                     # If we can't find the other app, we add a first/last dependency,
                                     # but only if we've already been through once and checked everything
@@ -301,9 +317,13 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
                                         # as we don't know which migration contains the target field.
                                         # If it's not yet migrated or has no migrations, we use __first__
                                         if graph and graph.leaf_nodes(dep[0]):
-                                            operation_dependencies.add(graph.leaf_nodes(dep[0])[0])
+                                            operation_dependencies.add(
+                                                graph.leaf_nodes(dep[0])[0]
+                                            )
                                         else:
-                                            operation_dependencies.add((dep[0], "__first__"))
+                                            operation_dependencies.add(
+                                                (dep[0], "__first__")
+                                            )
                                     else:
                                         deps_satisfied = False
                     if deps_satisfied:
@@ -315,21 +335,33 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
                 # Make a migration! Well, only if there's stuff to put in it
                 if dependencies or chopped:
                     if not self.generated_operations[app_label] or chop_mode:
-                        subclass = type("Migration", (Migration,), {"operations": [], "dependencies": []})
-                        instance = subclass("auto_%i" % (len(self.migrations.get(app_label, [])) + 1), app_label)
+                        subclass = type(
+                            "Migration",
+                            (Migration,),
+                            {"operations": [], "dependencies": []},
+                        )
+                        instance = subclass(
+                            "auto_%i" % (len(self.migrations.get(app_label, [])) + 1),
+                            app_label,
+                        )
                         instance.dependencies = list(dependencies)
                         instance.operations = chopped
                         instance.initial = app_label not in self.existing_apps
                         self.migrations.setdefault(app_label, []).append(instance)
                         chop_mode = False
                     else:
-                        self.generated_operations[app_label] = chopped + self.generated_operations[app_label]
+                        self.generated_operations[app_label] = (
+                            chopped + self.generated_operations[app_label]
+                        )
             new_num_ops = sum(len(x) for x in self.generated_operations.values())
             if new_num_ops == num_ops:
                 if not chop_mode:
                     chop_mode = True
                 else:
-                    raise ValueError("Cannot resolve operation dependencies: %r" % self.generated_operations)
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "Cannot resolve operation dependencies: %r"
+                        % self.generated_operations
+                    )
             num_ops = new_num_ops
 
     def _sort_migrations(self):
@@ -351,7 +383,9 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
                                 dependency_graph[op].add(op2)
 
             # we use a stable sort for deterministic tests & general behavior
-            self.generated_operations[app_label] = stable_topological_sort(ops, dependency_graph)
+            self.generated_operations[app_label] = stable_topological_sort(
+                ops, dependency_graph
+            )
 
     def _optimize_migrations(self):
         # Add in internal dependencies among the migrations
@@ -367,7 +401,9 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
         # Optimize migrations
         for app_label, migrations in self.migrations.items():
             for migration in migrations:
-                migration.operations = MigrationOptimizer().optimize(migration.operations, app_label)
+                migration.operations = MigrationOptimizer().optimize(
+                    migration.operations, app_label
+                )
 
     def check_dependency(self, operation, dependency):
         """
@@ -377,56 +413,56 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
         # Created model
         if dependency[2] is None and dependency[3] is True:
             return (
-                isinstance(operation, operations.CreateModel) and
-                operation.name_lower == dependency[1].lower()
+                isinstance(operation, operations.CreateModel)
+                and operation.name_lower == dependency[1].lower()
             )
         # Created field
         elif dependency[2] is not None and dependency[3] is True:
             return (
-                (
-                    isinstance(operation, operations.CreateModel) and
-                    operation.name_lower == dependency[1].lower() and
-                    any(dependency[2] == x for x, y in operation.fields)
-                ) or
-                (
-                    isinstance(operation, operations.AddField) and
-                    operation.model_name_lower == dependency[1].lower() and
-                    operation.name_lower == dependency[2].lower()
-                )
+                isinstance(operation, operations.CreateModel)
+                and operation.name_lower == dependency[1].lower()
+                and any(dependency[2] == x for x, y in operation.fields)
+            ) or (
+                isinstance(operation, operations.AddField)
+                and operation.model_name_lower == dependency[1].lower()
+                and operation.name_lower == dependency[2].lower()
             )
         # Removed field
         elif dependency[2] is not None and dependency[3] is False:
             return (
-                isinstance(operation, operations.RemoveField) and
-                operation.model_name_lower == dependency[1].lower() and
-                operation.name_lower == dependency[2].lower()
+                isinstance(operation, operations.RemoveField)
+                and operation.model_name_lower == dependency[1].lower()
+                and operation.name_lower == dependency[2].lower()
             )
         # Removed model
         elif dependency[2] is None and dependency[3] is False:
             return (
-                isinstance(operation, operations.DeleteModel) and
-                operation.name_lower == dependency[1].lower()
+                isinstance(operation, operations.DeleteModel)
+                and operation.name_lower == dependency[1].lower()
             )
         # Field being altered
         elif dependency[2] is not None and dependency[3] == "alter":
             return (
-                isinstance(operation, operations.AlterField) and
-                operation.model_name_lower == dependency[1].lower() and
-                operation.name_lower == dependency[2].lower()
+                isinstance(operation, operations.AlterField)
+                and operation.model_name_lower == dependency[1].lower()
+                and operation.name_lower == dependency[2].lower()
             )
         # order_with_respect_to being unset for a field
         elif dependency[2] is not None and dependency[3] == "order_wrt_unset":
             return (
-                isinstance(operation, operations.AlterOrderWithRespectTo) and
-                operation.name_lower == dependency[1].lower() and
-                (operation.order_with_respect_to or "").lower() != dependency[2].lower()
+                isinstance(operation, operations.AlterOrderWithRespectTo)
+                and operation.name_lower == dependency[1].lower()
+                and (operation.order_with_respect_to or "").lower()
+                != dependency[2].lower()
             )
         # Field is removed and part of an index/unique_together
         elif dependency[2] is not None and dependency[3] == "foo_together_change":
             return (
-                isinstance(operation, (operations.AlterUniqueTogether,
-                                       operations.AlterIndexTogether)) and
-                operation.name_lower == dependency[1].lower()
+                isinstance(
+                    operation,
+                    (operations.AlterUniqueTogether, operations.AlterIndexTogether),
+                )
+                and operation.name_lower == dependency[1].lower()
             )
         # Unknown dependency. Raise an error.
         else:
@@ -453,10 +489,10 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
             }
             string_version = "%s.%s" % (item[0], item[1])
             if (
-                model_state.options.get('swappable') or
-                "AbstractUser" in base_names or
-                "AbstractBaseUser" in base_names or
-                settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL.lower() == string_version.lower()
+                model_state.options.get("swappable")
+                or "AbstractUser" in base_names
+                or "AbstractBaseUser" in base_names
+                or settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL.lower() == string_version.lower()
             ):
                 return ("___" + item[0], "___" + item[1])
         except LookupError:
@@ -479,21 +515,32 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
             removed_models = self.old_model_keys - self.new_model_keys
             for rem_app_label, rem_model_name in removed_models:
                 if rem_app_label == app_label:
-                    rem_model_state = self.from_state.models[rem_app_label, rem_model_name]
-                    rem_model_fields_def = self.only_relation_agnostic_fields(rem_model_state.fields)
+                    rem_model_state = self.from_state.models[
+                        rem_app_label, rem_model_name
+                    ]
+                    rem_model_fields_def = self.only_relation_agnostic_fields(
+                        rem_model_state.fields
+                    )
                     if model_fields_def == rem_model_fields_def:
-                        if self.questioner.ask_rename_model(rem_model_state, model_state):
+                        if self.questioner.ask_rename_model(
+                            rem_model_state, model_state
+                        ):
                             dependencies = []
                             fields = list(model_state.fields.values()) + [
                                 field.remote_field
-                                for relations in self.to_state.relations[app_label, model_name].values()
+                                for relations in self.to_state.relations[
+                                    app_label, model_name
+                                ].values()
                                 for field in relations.values()
                             ]
                             for field in fields:
                                 if field.is_relation:
                                     dependencies.extend(
                                         self._get_dependencies_for_foreign_key(
-                                            app_label, model_name, field, self.to_state,
+                                            app_label,
+                                            model_name,
+                                            field,
+                                            self.to_state,
                                         )
                                     )
                             self.add_operation(
@@ -505,11 +552,13 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
                                 dependencies=dependencies,
                             )
                             self.renamed_models[app_label, model_name] = rem_model_name
-                            renamed_models_rel_key = '%s.%s' % (
+                            renamed_models_rel_key = "%s.%s" % (
                                 rem_model_state.app_label,
                                 rem_model_state.name_lower,
                             )
-                            self.renamed_models_rel[renamed_models_rel_key] = '%s.%s' % (
+                            self.renamed_models_rel[
+                                renamed_models_rel_key
+                            ] = "%s.%s" % (
                                 model_state.app_label,
                                 model_state.name_lower,
                             )
@@ -532,7 +581,7 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
         added_unmanaged_models = self.new_unmanaged_keys - old_keys
         all_added_models = chain(
             sorted(added_models, key=self.swappable_first_key, reverse=True),
-            sorted(added_unmanaged_models, key=self.swappable_first_key, reverse=True)
+            sorted(added_unmanaged_models, key=self.swappable_first_key, reverse=True),
         )
         for app_label, model_name in all_added_models:
             model_state = self.to_state.models[app_label, model_name]
@@ -546,15 +595,17 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
                             primary_key_rel = field.remote_field.model
                         elif not field.remote_field.parent_link:
                             related_fields[field_name] = field
-                    if getattr(field.remote_field, 'through', None):
+                    if getattr(field.remote_field, "through", None):
                         related_fields[field_name] = field
 
             # Are there indexes/unique|index_together to defer?
-            indexes = model_state.options.pop('indexes')
-            constraints = model_state.options.pop('constraints')
-            unique_together = model_state.options.pop('unique_together', None)
-            index_together = model_state.options.pop('index_together', None)
-            order_with_respect_to = model_state.options.pop('order_with_respect_to', None)
+            indexes = model_state.options.pop("indexes")
+            constraints = model_state.options.pop("constraints")
+            unique_together = model_state.options.pop("unique_together", None)
+            index_together = model_state.options.pop("index_together", None)
+            order_with_respect_to = model_state.options.pop(
+                "order_with_respect_to", None
+            )
             # Depend on the deletion of any possible proxy version of us
             dependencies = [
                 (app_label, model_name, None, False),
@@ -566,27 +617,44 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
                     dependencies.append((base_app_label, base_name, None, True))
                     # Depend on the removal of base fields if the new model has
                     # a field with the same name.
-                    old_base_model_state = self.from_state.models.get((base_app_label, base_name))
-                    new_base_model_state = self.to_state.models.get((base_app_label, base_name))
+                    old_base_model_state = self.from_state.models.get(
+                        (base_app_label, base_name)
+                    )
+                    new_base_model_state = self.to_state.models.get(
+                        (base_app_label, base_name)
+                    )
                     if old_base_model_state and new_base_model_state:
-                        removed_base_fields = set(old_base_model_state.fields).difference(
-                            new_base_model_state.fields,
-                        ).intersection(model_state.fields)
+                        removed_base_fields = (
+                            set(old_base_model_state.fields)
+                            .difference(
+                                new_base_model_state.fields,
+                            )
+                            .intersection(model_state.fields)
+                        )
                         for removed_base_field in removed_base_fields:
-                            dependencies.append((base_app_label, base_name, removed_base_field, False))
+                            dependencies.append(
+                                (base_app_label, base_name, removed_base_field, False)
+                            )
             # Depend on the other end of the primary key if it's a relation
             if primary_key_rel:
                 dependencies.append(
                     resolve_relation(
-                        primary_key_rel, app_label, model_name,
-                    ) + (None, True)
+                        primary_key_rel,
+                        app_label,
+                        model_name,
+                    )
+                    + (None, True)
                 )
             # Generate creation operation
             self.add_operation(
                 app_label,
                 operations.CreateModel(
                     name=model_state.name,
-                    fields=[d for d in model_state.fields.items() if d[0] not in related_fields],
+                    fields=[
+                        d
+                        for d in model_state.fields.items()
+                        if d[0] not in related_fields
+                    ],
                     options=model_state.options,
                     bases=model_state.bases,
                     managers=model_state.managers,
@@ -596,13 +664,16 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
             )
 
             # Don't add operations which modify the database for unmanaged models
-            if not model_state.options.get('managed', True):
+            if not model_state.options.get("managed", True):
                 continue
 
             # Generate operations for each related field
             for name, field in sorted(related_fields.items()):
                 dependencies = self._get_dependencies_for_foreign_key(
-                    app_label, model_name, field, self.to_state,
+                    app_label,
+                    model_name,
+                    field,
+                    self.to_state,
                 )
                 # Depend on our own model being created
                 dependencies.append((app_label, model_name, None, True))
@@ -627,11 +698,10 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
                     dependencies=[
                         (app_label, model_name, order_with_respect_to, True),
                         (app_label, model_name, None, True),
-                    ]
+                    ],
                 )
             related_dependencies = [
-                (app_label, model_name, name, True)
-                for name in sorted(related_fields)
+                (app_label, model_name, name, True) for name in sorted(related_fields)
             ]
             related_dependencies.append((app_label, model_name, None, True))
             for index in indexes:
@@ -659,7 +729,7 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
                         name=model_name,
                         unique_together=unique_together,
                     ),
-                    dependencies=related_dependencies
+                    dependencies=related_dependencies,
                 )
             if index_together:
                 self.add_operation(
@@ -668,13 +738,15 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
                         name=model_name,
                         index_together=index_together,
                     ),
-                    dependencies=related_dependencies
+                    dependencies=related_dependencies,
                 )
             # Fix relationships if the model changed from a proxy model to a
             # concrete model.
             relations = self.to_state.relations
             if (app_label, model_name) in self.old_proxy_keys:
-                for related_model_key, related_fields in relations[app_label, model_name].items():
+                for related_model_key, related_fields in relations[
+                    app_label, model_name
+                ].items():
                     related_model_state = self.to_state.models[related_model_key]
                     for related_field_name, related_field in related_fields.items():
                         self.add_operation(
@@ -733,7 +805,9 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
         new_keys = self.new_model_keys | self.new_unmanaged_keys
         deleted_models = self.old_model_keys - new_keys
         deleted_unmanaged_models = self.old_unmanaged_keys - new_keys
-        all_deleted_models = chain(sorted(deleted_models), sorted(deleted_unmanaged_models))
+        all_deleted_models = chain(
+            sorted(deleted_models), sorted(deleted_unmanaged_models)
+        )
         for app_label, model_name in all_deleted_models:
             model_state = self.from_state.models[app_label, model_name]
             # Gather related fields
@@ -742,18 +816,18 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
                 if field.remote_field:
                     if field.remote_field.model:
                         related_fields[field_name] = field
-                    if getattr(field.remote_field, 'through', None):
+                    if getattr(field.remote_field, "through", None):
                         related_fields[field_name] = field
             # Generate option removal first
-            unique_together = model_state.options.pop('unique_together', None)
-            index_together = model_state.options.pop('index_together', None)
+            unique_together = model_state.options.pop("unique_together", None)
+            index_together = model_state.options.pop("index_together", None)
             if unique_together:
                 self.add_operation(
                     app_label,
                     operations.AlterUniqueTogether(
                         name=model_name,
                         unique_together=None,
-                    )
+                    ),
                 )
             if index_together:
                 self.add_operation(
@@ -761,7 +835,7 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
                     operations.AlterIndexTogether(
                         name=model_name,
                         index_together=None,
-                    )
+                    ),
                 )
             # Then remove each related field
             for name in sorted(related_fields):
@@ -770,7 +844,7 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
                     operations.RemoveField(
                         model_name=model_name,
                         name=name,
-                    )
+                    ),
                 )
             # Finally, remove the model.
             # This depends on both the removal/alteration of all incoming fields
@@ -778,16 +852,22 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
             # a through model the field that references it.
             dependencies = []
             relations = self.from_state.relations
-            for (related_object_app_label, object_name), relation_related_fields in (
-                relations[app_label, model_name].items()
-            ):
+            for (
+                related_object_app_label,
+                object_name,
+            ), relation_related_fields in relations[app_label, model_name].items():
                 for field_name, field in relation_related_fields.items():
                     dependencies.append(
                         (related_object_app_label, object_name, field_name, False),
                     )
                     if not field.many_to_many:
                         dependencies.append(
-                            (related_object_app_label, object_name, field_name, 'alter'),
+                            (
+                                related_object_app_label,
+                                object_name,
+                                field_name,
+                                "alter",
+                            ),
                         )
 
             for name in sorted(related_fields):
@@ -795,7 +875,9 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
             # We're referenced in another field's through=
             through_user = self.through_users.get((app_label, model_state.name_lower))
             if through_user:
-                dependencies.append((through_user[0], through_user[1], through_user[2], False))
+                dependencies.append(
+                    (through_user[0], through_user[1], through_user[2], False)
+                )
             # Finally, make the operation, deduping any dependencies
             self.add_operation(
                 app_label,
@@ -821,29 +903,43 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
     def generate_renamed_fields(self):
         """Work out renamed fields."""
         self.renamed_fields = {}
-        for app_label, model_name, field_name in sorted(self.new_field_keys - self.old_field_keys):
-            old_model_name = self.renamed_models.get((app_label, model_name), model_name)
+        for app_label, model_name, field_name in sorted(
+            self.new_field_keys - self.old_field_keys
+        ):
+            old_model_name = self.renamed_models.get(
+                (app_label, model_name), model_name
+            )
             old_model_state = self.from_state.models[app_label, old_model_name]
             new_model_state = self.to_state.models[app_label, model_name]
             field = new_model_state.get_field(field_name)
             # Scan to see if this is actually a rename!
             field_dec = self.deep_deconstruct(field)
-            for rem_app_label, rem_model_name, rem_field_name in sorted(self.old_field_keys - self.new_field_keys):
+            for rem_app_label, rem_model_name, rem_field_name in sorted(
+                self.old_field_keys - self.new_field_keys
+            ):
                 if rem_app_label == app_label and rem_model_name == model_name:
                     old_field = old_model_state.get_field(rem_field_name)
                     old_field_dec = self.deep_deconstruct(old_field)
-                    if field.remote_field and field.remote_field.model and 'to' in old_field_dec[2]:
-                        old_rel_to = old_field_dec[2]['to']
+                    if (
+                        field.remote_field
+                        and field.remote_field.model
+                        and "to" in old_field_dec[2]
+                    ):
+                        old_rel_to = old_field_dec[2]["to"]
                         if old_rel_to in self.renamed_models_rel:
-                            old_field_dec[2]['to'] = self.renamed_models_rel[old_rel_to]
+                            old_field_dec[2]["to"] = self.renamed_models_rel[old_rel_to]
                     old_field.set_attributes_from_name(rem_field_name)
                     old_db_column = old_field.get_attname_column()[1]
-                    if (old_field_dec == field_dec or (
-                            # Was the field renamed and db_column equal to the
-                            # old field's column added?
-                            old_field_dec[0:2] == field_dec[0:2] and
-                            dict(old_field_dec[2], db_column=old_db_column) == field_dec[2])):
-                        if self.questioner.ask_rename(model_name, rem_field_name, field_name, field):
+                    if old_field_dec == field_dec or (
+                        # Was the field renamed and db_column equal to the
+                        # old field's column added?
+                        old_field_dec[0:2] == field_dec[0:2]
+                        and dict(old_field_dec[2], db_column=old_db_column)
+                        == field_dec[2]
+                    ):
+                        if self.questioner.ask_rename(
+                            model_name, rem_field_name, field_name, field
+                        ):
                             # A db_column mismatch requires a prior noop
                             # AlterField for the subsequent RenameField to be a
                             # noop on attempts at preserving the old name.
@@ -864,16 +960,22 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
                                     model_name=model_name,
                                     old_name=rem_field_name,
                                     new_name=field_name,
-                                )
+                                ),
+                            )
+                            self.old_field_keys.remove(
+                                (rem_app_label, rem_model_name, rem_field_name)
                             )
-                            self.old_field_keys.remove((rem_app_label, rem_model_name, rem_field_name))
                             self.old_field_keys.add((app_label, model_name, field_name))
-                            self.renamed_fields[app_label, model_name, field_name] = rem_field_name
+                            self.renamed_fields[
+                                app_label, model_name, field_name
+                            ] = rem_field_name
                             break
 
     def generate_added_fields(self):
         """Make AddField operations."""
-        for app_label, model_name, field_name in sorted(self.new_field_keys - self.old_field_keys):
+        for app_label, model_name, field_name in sorted(
+            self.new_field_keys - self.old_field_keys
+        ):
             self._generate_added_field(app_label, model_name, field_name)
 
     def _generate_added_field(self, app_label, model_name, field_name):
@@ -881,27 +983,38 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
         # Fields that are foreignkeys/m2ms depend on stuff
         dependencies = []
         if field.remote_field and field.remote_field.model:
-            dependencies.extend(self._get_dependencies_for_foreign_key(
-                app_label, model_name, field, self.to_state,
-            ))
+            dependencies.extend(
+                self._get_dependencies_for_foreign_key(
+                    app_label,
+                    model_name,
+                    field,
+                    self.to_state,
+                )
+            )
         # You can't just add NOT NULL fields with no default or fields
         # which don't allow empty strings as default.
         time_fields = (models.DateField, models.DateTimeField, models.TimeField)
         preserve_default = (
-            field.null or field.has_default() or field.many_to_many or
-            (field.blank and field.empty_strings_allowed) or
-            (isinstance(field, time_fields) and field.auto_now)
+            field.null
+            or field.has_default()
+            or field.many_to_many
+            or (field.blank and field.empty_strings_allowed)
+            or (isinstance(field, time_fields) and field.auto_now)
         )
         if not preserve_default:
             field = field.clone()
             if isinstance(field, time_fields) and field.auto_now_add:
-                field.default = self.questioner.ask_auto_now_add_addition(field_name, model_name)
+                field.default = self.questioner.ask_auto_now_add_addition(
+                    field_name, model_name
+                )
             else:
-                field.default = self.questioner.ask_not_null_addition(field_name, model_name)
+                field.default = self.questioner.ask_not_null_addition(
+                    field_name, model_name
+                )
         if (
-            field.unique and
-            field.default is not models.NOT_PROVIDED and
-            callable(field.default)
+            field.unique
+            and field.default is not models.NOT_PROVIDED
+            and callable(field.default)
         ):
             self.questioner.ask_unique_callable_default_addition(field_name, model_name)
         self.add_operation(
@@ -917,7 +1030,9 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
 
     def generate_removed_fields(self):
         """Make RemoveField operations."""
-        for app_label, model_name, field_name in sorted(self.old_field_keys - self.new_field_keys):
+        for app_label, model_name, field_name in sorted(
+            self.old_field_keys - self.new_field_keys
+        ):
             self._generate_removed_field(app_label, model_name, field_name)
 
     def _generate_removed_field(self, app_label, model_name, field_name):
@@ -941,21 +1056,35 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
         Make AlterField operations, or possibly RemovedField/AddField if alter
         isn't possible.
         """
-        for app_label, model_name, field_name in sorted(self.old_field_keys & self.new_field_keys):
+        for app_label, model_name, field_name in sorted(
+            self.old_field_keys & self.new_field_keys
+        ):
             # Did the field change?
-            old_model_name = self.renamed_models.get((app_label, model_name), model_name)
-            old_field_name = self.renamed_fields.get((app_label, model_name, field_name), field_name)
-            old_field = self.from_state.models[app_label, old_model_name].get_field(old_field_name)
-            new_field = self.to_state.models[app_label, model_name].get_field(field_name)
+            old_model_name = self.renamed_models.get(
+                (app_label, model_name), model_name
+            )
+            old_field_name = self.renamed_fields.get(
+                (app_label, model_name, field_name), field_name
+            )
+            old_field = self.from_state.models[app_label, old_model_name].get_field(
+                old_field_name
+            )
+            new_field = self.to_state.models[app_label, model_name].get_field(
+                field_name
+            )
             dependencies = []
             # Implement any model renames on relations; these are handled by RenameModel
             # so we need to exclude them from the comparison
-            if hasattr(new_field, "remote_field") and getattr(new_field.remote_field, "model", None):
-                rename_key = resolve_relation(new_field.remote_field.model, app_label, model_name)
+            if hasattr(new_field, "remote_field") and getattr(
+                new_field.remote_field, "model", None
+            ):
+                rename_key = resolve_relation(
+                    new_field.remote_field.model, app_label, model_name
+                )
                 if rename_key in self.renamed_models:
                     new_field.remote_field.model = old_field.remote_field.model
                 # Handle ForeignKey which can only have a single to_field.
-                remote_field_name = getattr(new_field.remote_field, 'field_name', None)
+                remote_field_name = getattr(new_field.remote_field, "field_name", None)
                 if remote_field_name:
                     to_field_rename_key = rename_key + (remote_field_name,)
                     if to_field_rename_key in self.renamed_fields:
@@ -963,27 +1092,41 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
                         # inclusion in ForeignKey.deconstruct() is based on
                         # both.
                         new_field.remote_field.model = old_field.remote_field.model
-                        new_field.remote_field.field_name = old_field.remote_field.field_name
+                        new_field.remote_field.field_name = (
+                            old_field.remote_field.field_name
+                        )
                 # Handle ForeignObjects which can have multiple from_fields/to_fields.
-                from_fields = getattr(new_field, 'from_fields', None)
+                from_fields = getattr(new_field, "from_fields", None)
                 if from_fields:
                     from_rename_key = (app_label, model_name)
-                    new_field.from_fields = tuple([
-                        self.renamed_fields.get(from_rename_key + (from_field,), from_field)
-                        for from_field in from_fields
-                    ])
-                    new_field.to_fields = tuple([
-                        self.renamed_fields.get(rename_key + (to_field,), to_field)
-                        for to_field in new_field.to_fields
-                    ])
-                dependencies.extend(self._get_dependencies_for_foreign_key(
-                    app_label, model_name, new_field, self.to_state,
-                ))
-            if (
-                hasattr(new_field, 'remote_field') and
-                getattr(new_field.remote_field, 'through', None)
+                    new_field.from_fields = tuple(
+                        [
+                            self.renamed_fields.get(
+                                from_rename_key + (from_field,), from_field
+                            )
+                            for from_field in from_fields
+                        ]
+                    )
+                    new_field.to_fields = tuple(
+                        [
+                            self.renamed_fields.get(rename_key + (to_field,), to_field)
+                            for to_field in new_field.to_fields
+                        ]
+                    )
+                dependencies.extend(
+                    self._get_dependencies_for_foreign_key(
+                        app_label,
+                        model_name,
+                        new_field,
+                        self.to_state,
+                    )
+                )
+            if hasattr(new_field, "remote_field") and getattr(
+                new_field.remote_field, "through", None
             ):
-                rename_key = resolve_relation(new_field.remote_field.through, app_label, model_name)
+                rename_key = resolve_relation(
+                    new_field.remote_field.through, app_label, model_name
+                )
                 if rename_key in self.renamed_models:
                     new_field.remote_field.through = old_field.remote_field.through
             old_field_dec = self.deep_deconstruct(old_field)
@@ -997,10 +1140,16 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
                 if both_m2m or neither_m2m:
                     # Either both fields are m2m or neither is
                     preserve_default = True
-                    if (old_field.null and not new_field.null and not new_field.has_default() and
-                            not new_field.many_to_many):
+                    if (
+                        old_field.null
+                        and not new_field.null
+                        and not new_field.has_default()
+                        and not new_field.many_to_many
+                    ):
                         field = new_field.clone()
-                        new_default = self.questioner.ask_not_null_alteration(field_name, model_name)
+                        new_default = self.questioner.ask_not_null_alteration(
+                            field_name, model_name
+                        )
                         if new_default is not models.NOT_PROVIDED:
                             field.default = new_default
                             preserve_default = False
@@ -1024,7 +1173,9 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
     def create_altered_indexes(self):
         option_name = operations.AddIndex.option_name
         for app_label, model_name in sorted(self.kept_model_keys):
-            old_model_name = self.renamed_models.get((app_label, model_name), model_name)
+            old_model_name = self.renamed_models.get(
+                (app_label, model_name), model_name
+            )
             old_model_state = self.from_state.models[app_label, old_model_name]
             new_model_state = self.to_state.models[app_label, model_name]
 
@@ -1033,38 +1184,43 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
             add_idx = [idx for idx in new_indexes if idx not in old_indexes]
             rem_idx = [idx for idx in old_indexes if idx not in new_indexes]
 
-            self.altered_indexes.update({
-                (app_label, model_name): {
-                    'added_indexes': add_idx, 'removed_indexes': rem_idx,
+            self.altered_indexes.update(
+                {
+                    (app_label, model_name): {
+                        "added_indexes": add_idx,
+                        "removed_indexes": rem_idx,
+                    }
                 }
-            })
+            )
 
     def generate_added_indexes(self):
         for (app_label, model_name), alt_indexes in self.altered_indexes.items():
-            for index in alt_indexes['added_indexes']:
+            for index in alt_indexes["added_indexes"]:
                 self.add_operation(
                     app_label,
                     operations.AddIndex(
                         model_name=model_name,
                         index=index,
-                    )
+                    ),
                 )
 
     def generate_removed_indexes(self):
         for (app_label, model_name), alt_indexes in self.altered_indexes.items():
-            for index in alt_indexes['removed_indexes']:
+            for index in alt_indexes["removed_indexes"]:
                 self.add_operation(
                     app_label,
                     operations.RemoveIndex(
                         model_name=model_name,
                         name=index.name,
-                    )
+                    ),
                 )
 
     def create_altered_constraints(self):
         option_name = operations.AddConstraint.option_name
         for app_label, model_name in sorted(self.kept_model_keys):
-            old_model_name = self.renamed_models.get((app_label, model_name), model_name)
+            old_model_name = self.renamed_models.get(
+                (app_label, model_name), model_name
+            )
             old_model_state = self.from_state.models[app_label, old_model_name]
             new_model_state = self.to_state.models[app_label, model_name]
 
@@ -1073,38 +1229,47 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
             add_constraints = [c for c in new_constraints if c not in old_constraints]
             rem_constraints = [c for c in old_constraints if c not in new_constraints]
 
-            self.altered_constraints.update({
-                (app_label, model_name): {
-                    'added_constraints': add_constraints, 'removed_constraints': rem_constraints,
+            self.altered_constraints.update(
+                {
+                    (app_label, model_name): {
+                        "added_constraints": add_constraints,
+                        "removed_constraints": rem_constraints,
+                    }
                 }
-            })
+            )
 
     def generate_added_constraints(self):
-        for (app_label, model_name), alt_constraints in self.altered_constraints.items():
-            for constraint in alt_constraints['added_constraints']:
+        for (
+            app_label,
+            model_name,
+        ), alt_constraints in self.altered_constraints.items():
+            for constraint in alt_constraints["added_constraints"]:
                 self.add_operation(
                     app_label,
                     operations.AddConstraint(
                         model_name=model_name,
                         constraint=constraint,
-                    )
+                    ),
                 )
 
     def generate_removed_constraints(self):
-        for (app_label, model_name), alt_constraints in self.altered_constraints.items():
-            for constraint in alt_constraints['removed_constraints']:
+        for (
+            app_label,
+            model_name,
+        ), alt_constraints in self.altered_constraints.items():
+            for constraint in alt_constraints["removed_constraints"]:
                 self.add_operation(
                     app_label,
                     operations.RemoveConstraint(
                         model_name=model_name,
                         name=constraint.name,
-                    )
+                    ),
                 )
 
     @staticmethod
     def _get_dependencies_for_foreign_key(app_label, model_name, field, project_state):
         remote_field_model = None
-        if hasattr(field.remote_field, 'model'):
+        if hasattr(field.remote_field, "model"):
             remote_field_model = field.remote_field.model
         else:
             relations = project_state.relations[app_label, model_name]
@@ -1113,40 +1278,50 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
                     field == related_field.remote_field
                     for related_field in fields.values()
                 ):
-                    remote_field_model = f'{remote_app_label}.{remote_model_name}'
+                    remote_field_model = f"{remote_app_label}.{remote_model_name}"
                     break
         # Account for FKs to swappable models
-        swappable_setting = getattr(field, 'swappable_setting', None)
+        swappable_setting = getattr(field, "swappable_setting", None)
         if swappable_setting is not None:
             dep_app_label = "__setting__"
             dep_object_name = swappable_setting
         else:
             dep_app_label, dep_object_name = resolve_relation(
-                remote_field_model, app_label, model_name,
+                remote_field_model,
+                app_label,
+                model_name,
             )
         dependencies = [(dep_app_label, dep_object_name, None, True)]
-        if getattr(field.remote_field, 'through', None):
+        if getattr(field.remote_field, "through", None):
             through_app_label, through_object_name = resolve_relation(
-                remote_field_model, app_label, model_name,
+                remote_field_model,
+                app_label,
+                model_name,
             )
             dependencies.append((through_app_label, through_object_name, None, True))
         return dependencies
 
     def _get_altered_foo_together_operations(self, option_name):
         for app_label, model_name in sorted(self.kept_model_keys):
-            old_model_name = self.renamed_models.get((app_label, model_name), model_name)
+            old_model_name = self.renamed_models.get(
+                (app_label, model_name), model_name
+            )
             old_model_state = self.from_state.models[app_label, old_model_name]
             new_model_state = self.to_state.models[app_label, model_name]
 
             # We run the old version through the field renames to account for those
             old_value = old_model_state.options.get(option_name)
-            old_value = {
-                tuple(
-                    self.renamed_fields.get((app_label, model_name, n), n)
-                    for n in unique
-                )
-                for unique in old_value
-            } if old_value else set()
+            old_value = (
+                {
+                    tuple(
+                        self.renamed_fields.get((app_label, model_name, n), n)
+                        for n in unique
+                    )
+                    for unique in old_value
+                }
+                if old_value
+                else set()
+            )
 
             new_value = new_model_state.options.get(option_name)
             new_value = set(new_value) if new_value else set()
@@ -1157,9 +1332,14 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
                     for field_name in foo_togethers:
                         field = new_model_state.get_field(field_name)
                         if field.remote_field and field.remote_field.model:
-                            dependencies.extend(self._get_dependencies_for_foreign_key(
-                                app_label, model_name, field, self.to_state,
-                            ))
+                            dependencies.extend(
+                                self._get_dependencies_for_foreign_key(
+                                    app_label,
+                                    model_name,
+                                    field,
+                                    self.to_state,
+                                )
+                            )
                 yield (
                     old_value,
                     new_value,
@@ -1180,7 +1360,9 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
             if removal_value or old_value:
                 self.add_operation(
                     app_label,
-                    operation(name=model_name, **{operation.option_name: removal_value}),
+                    operation(
+                        name=model_name, **{operation.option_name: removal_value}
+                    ),
                     dependencies=dependencies,
                 )
 
@@ -1213,20 +1395,24 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
         self._generate_altered_foo_together(operations.AlterIndexTogether)
 
     def generate_altered_db_table(self):
-        models_to_check = self.kept_model_keys.union(self.kept_proxy_keys, self.kept_unmanaged_keys)
+        models_to_check = self.kept_model_keys.union(
+            self.kept_proxy_keys, self.kept_unmanaged_keys
+        )
         for app_label, model_name in sorted(models_to_check):
-            old_model_name = self.renamed_models.get((app_label, model_name), model_name)
+            old_model_name = self.renamed_models.get(
+                (app_label, model_name), model_name
+            )
             old_model_state = self.from_state.models[app_label, old_model_name]
             new_model_state = self.to_state.models[app_label, model_name]
-            old_db_table_name = old_model_state.options.get('db_table')
-            new_db_table_name = new_model_state.options.get('db_table')
+            old_db_table_name = old_model_state.options.get("db_table")
+            new_db_table_name = new_model_state.options.get("db_table")
             if old_db_table_name != new_db_table_name:
                 self.add_operation(
                     app_label,
                     operations.AlterModelTable(
                         name=model_name,
                         table=new_db_table_name,
-                    )
+                    ),
                 )
 
     def generate_altered_options(self):
@@ -1245,15 +1431,19 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
         )
 
         for app_label, model_name in sorted(models_to_check):
-            old_model_name = self.renamed_models.get((app_label, model_name), model_name)
+            old_model_name = self.renamed_models.get(
+                (app_label, model_name), model_name
+            )
             old_model_state = self.from_state.models[app_label, old_model_name]
             new_model_state = self.to_state.models[app_label, model_name]
             old_options = {
-                key: value for key, value in old_model_state.options.items()
+                key: value
+                for key, value in old_model_state.options.items()
                 if key in AlterModelOptions.ALTER_OPTION_KEYS
             }
             new_options = {
-                key: value for key, value in new_model_state.options.items()
+                key: value
+                for key, value in new_model_state.options.items()
                 if key in AlterModelOptions.ALTER_OPTION_KEYS
             }
             if old_options != new_options:
@@ -1262,39 +1452,48 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
                     operations.AlterModelOptions(
                         name=model_name,
                         options=new_options,
-                    )
+                    ),
                 )
 
     def generate_altered_order_with_respect_to(self):
         for app_label, model_name in sorted(self.kept_model_keys):
-            old_model_name = self.renamed_models.get((app_label, model_name), model_name)
+            old_model_name = self.renamed_models.get(
+                (app_label, model_name), model_name
+            )
             old_model_state = self.from_state.models[app_label, old_model_name]
             new_model_state = self.to_state.models[app_label, model_name]
-            if (old_model_state.options.get("order_with_respect_to") !=
-                    new_model_state.options.get("order_with_respect_to")):
+            if old_model_state.options.get(
+                "order_with_respect_to"
+            ) != new_model_state.options.get("order_with_respect_to"):
                 # Make sure it comes second if we're adding
                 # (removal dependency is part of RemoveField)
                 dependencies = []
                 if new_model_state.options.get("order_with_respect_to"):
-                    dependencies.append((
-                        app_label,
-                        model_name,
-                        new_model_state.options["order_with_respect_to"],
-                        True,
-                    ))
+                    dependencies.append(
+                        (
+                            app_label,
+                            model_name,
+                            new_model_state.options["order_with_respect_to"],
+                            True,
+                        )
+                    )
                 # Actually generate the operation
                 self.add_operation(
                     app_label,
                     operations.AlterOrderWithRespectTo(
                         name=model_name,
-                        order_with_respect_to=new_model_state.options.get('order_with_respect_to'),
+                        order_with_respect_to=new_model_state.options.get(
+                            "order_with_respect_to"
+                        ),
                     ),
                     dependencies=dependencies,
                 )
 
     def generate_altered_managers(self):
         for app_label, model_name in sorted(self.kept_model_keys):
-            old_model_name = self.renamed_models.get((app_label, model_name), model_name)
+            old_model_name = self.renamed_models.get(
+                (app_label, model_name), model_name
+            )
             old_model_state = self.from_state.models[app_label, old_model_name]
             new_model_state = self.to_state.models[app_label, model_name]
             if old_model_state.managers != new_model_state.managers:
@@ -1303,7 +1502,7 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
                     operations.AlterModelManagers(
                         name=model_name,
                         managers=new_model_state.managers,
-                    )
+                    ),
                 )
 
     def arrange_for_graph(self, changes, graph, migration_name=None):
@@ -1339,21 +1538,23 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
             for i, migration in enumerate(migrations):
                 if i == 0 and app_leaf:
                     migration.dependencies.append(app_leaf)
-                new_name_parts = ['%04i' % next_number]
+                new_name_parts = ["%04i" % next_number]
                 if migration_name:
                     new_name_parts.append(migration_name)
                 elif i == 0 and not app_leaf:
-                    new_name_parts.append('initial')
+                    new_name_parts.append("initial")
                 else:
                     new_name_parts.append(migration.suggest_name()[:100])
-                new_name = '_'.join(new_name_parts)
+                new_name = "_".join(new_name_parts)
                 name_map[(app_label, migration.name)] = (app_label, new_name)
                 next_number += 1
                 migration.name = new_name
         # Now fix dependencies
         for migrations in changes.values():
             for migration in migrations:
-                migration.dependencies = [name_map.get(d, d) for d in migration.dependencies]
+                migration.dependencies = [
+                    name_map.get(d, d) for d in migration.dependencies
+                ]
         return changes
 
     def _trim_to_apps(self, changes, app_labels):
@@ -1374,7 +1575,9 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
         old_required_apps = None
         while old_required_apps != required_apps:
             old_required_apps = set(required_apps)
-            required_apps.update(*[app_dependencies.get(app_label, ()) for app_label in required_apps])
+            required_apps.update(
+                *[app_dependencies.get(app_label, ()) for app_label in required_apps]
+            )
         # Remove all migrations that aren't needed
         for app_label in list(changes):
             if app_label not in required_apps:
@@ -1388,9 +1591,9 @@ class MigrationAutodetector:
         it. For a squashed migration such as '0001_squashed_0004…', return the
         second number. If no number is found, return None.
         """
-        if squashed_match := re.search(r'.*_squashed_(\d+)', name):
+        if squashed_match := re.search(r".*_squashed_(\d+)", name):
             return int(squashed_match[1])
-        match = re.match(r'^\d+', name)
+        match = re.match(r"^\d+", name)
         if match:
             return int(match[0])
         return None
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/exceptions.py b/django/db/migrations/exceptions.py
index 8def99da5b..dd556dacb5 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/exceptions.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/exceptions.py
@@ -3,31 +3,37 @@ from django.db import DatabaseError
 
 class AmbiguityError(Exception):
     """More than one migration matches a name prefix."""
+
     pass
 
 
 class BadMigrationError(Exception):
     """There's a bad migration (unreadable/bad format/etc.)."""
+
     pass
 
 
 class CircularDependencyError(Exception):
     """There's an impossible-to-resolve circular dependency."""
+
     pass
 
 
 class InconsistentMigrationHistory(Exception):
     """An applied migration has some of its dependencies not applied."""
+
     pass
 
 
 class InvalidBasesError(ValueError):
     """A model's base classes can't be resolved."""
+
     pass
 
 
 class IrreversibleError(RuntimeError):
     """An irreversible migration is about to be reversed."""
+
     pass
 
 
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/executor.py b/django/db/migrations/executor.py
index 89e9344a68..ef7f9060f1 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/executor.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/executor.py
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ class MigrationExecutor:
                 # If the target is missing, it's likely a replaced migration.
                 # Reload the graph without replacements.
                 if (
-                    self.loader.replace_migrations and
-                    target not in self.loader.graph.node_map
+                    self.loader.replace_migrations
+                    and target not in self.loader.graph.node_map
                 ):
                     self.loader.replace_migrations = False
                     self.loader.build_graph()
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ class MigrationExecutor:
                 # be rolled back); instead roll back through target's immediate
                 # child(ren) in the same app, and no further.
                 next_in_app = sorted(
-                    n for n in
-                    self.loader.graph.node_map[target].children
+                    n
+                    for n in self.loader.graph.node_map[target].children
                     if n[0] == target[0]
                 )
                 for node in next_in_app:
@@ -78,9 +78,12 @@ class MigrationExecutor:
         state = ProjectState(real_apps=self.loader.unmigrated_apps)
         if with_applied_migrations:
             # Create the forwards plan Django would follow on an empty database
-            full_plan = self.migration_plan(self.loader.graph.leaf_nodes(), clean_start=True)
+            full_plan = self.migration_plan(
+                self.loader.graph.leaf_nodes(), clean_start=True
+            )
             applied_migrations = {
-                self.loader.graph.nodes[key] for key in self.loader.applied_migrations
+                self.loader.graph.nodes[key]
+                for key in self.loader.applied_migrations
                 if key in self.loader.graph.nodes
             }
             for migration, _ in full_plan:
@@ -106,7 +109,9 @@ class MigrationExecutor:
         if plan is None:
             plan = self.migration_plan(targets)
         # Create the forwards plan Django would follow on an empty database
-        full_plan = self.migration_plan(self.loader.graph.leaf_nodes(), clean_start=True)
+        full_plan = self.migration_plan(
+            self.loader.graph.leaf_nodes(), clean_start=True
+        )
 
         all_forwards = all(not backwards for mig, backwards in plan)
         all_backwards = all(backwards for mig, backwards in plan)
@@ -121,13 +126,15 @@ class MigrationExecutor:
                 "Migration plans with both forwards and backwards migrations "
                 "are not supported. Please split your migration process into "
                 "separate plans of only forwards OR backwards migrations.",
-                plan
+                plan,
             )
         elif all_forwards:
             if state is None:
                 # The resulting state should still include applied migrations.
                 state = self._create_project_state(with_applied_migrations=True)
-            state = self._migrate_all_forwards(state, plan, full_plan, fake=fake, fake_initial=fake_initial)
+            state = self._migrate_all_forwards(
+                state, plan, full_plan, fake=fake, fake_initial=fake_initial
+            )
         else:
             # No need to check for `elif all_backwards` here, as that condition
             # would always evaluate to true.
@@ -151,13 +158,15 @@ class MigrationExecutor:
                 # process.
                 break
             if migration in migrations_to_run:
-                if 'apps' not in state.__dict__:
+                if "apps" not in state.__dict__:
                     if self.progress_callback:
                         self.progress_callback("render_start")
                     state.apps  # Render all -- performance critical
                     if self.progress_callback:
                         self.progress_callback("render_success")
-                state = self.apply_migration(state, migration, fake=fake, fake_initial=fake_initial)
+                state = self.apply_migration(
+                    state, migration, fake=fake, fake_initial=fake_initial
+                )
                 migrations_to_run.remove(migration)
 
         return state
@@ -177,7 +186,8 @@ class MigrationExecutor:
         states = {}
         state = self._create_project_state()
         applied_migrations = {
-            self.loader.graph.nodes[key] for key in self.loader.applied_migrations
+            self.loader.graph.nodes[key]
+            for key in self.loader.applied_migrations
             if key in self.loader.graph.nodes
         }
         if self.progress_callback:
@@ -190,7 +200,7 @@ class MigrationExecutor:
                 # process.
                 break
             if migration in migrations_to_run:
-                if 'apps' not in state.__dict__:
+                if "apps" not in state.__dict__:
                     state.apps  # Render all -- performance critical
                 # The state before this migration
                 states[migration] = state
@@ -236,7 +246,9 @@ class MigrationExecutor:
                     fake = True
             if not fake:
                 # Alright, do it normally
-                with self.connection.schema_editor(atomic=migration.atomic) as schema_editor:
+                with self.connection.schema_editor(
+                    atomic=migration.atomic
+                ) as schema_editor:
                     state = migration.apply(state, schema_editor)
                     if not schema_editor.deferred_sql:
                         self.record_migration(migration)
@@ -261,7 +273,9 @@ class MigrationExecutor:
         if self.progress_callback:
             self.progress_callback("unapply_start", migration, fake)
         if not fake:
-            with self.connection.schema_editor(atomic=migration.atomic) as schema_editor:
+            with self.connection.schema_editor(
+                atomic=migration.atomic
+            ) as schema_editor:
                 state = migration.unapply(state, schema_editor)
         # For replacement migrations, also record individual statuses.
         if migration.replaces:
@@ -296,15 +310,18 @@ class MigrationExecutor:
         tables or columns it would create exist. This is intended only for use
         on initial migrations (as it only looks for CreateModel and AddField).
         """
+
         def should_skip_detecting_model(migration, model):
             """
             No need to detect tables for proxy models, unmanaged models, or
             models that can't be migrated on the current database.
             """
             return (
-                model._meta.proxy or not model._meta.managed or not
-                router.allow_migrate(
-                    self.connection.alias, migration.app_label,
+                model._meta.proxy
+                or not model._meta.managed
+                or not router.allow_migrate(
+                    self.connection.alias,
+                    migration.app_label,
                     model_name=model._meta.model_name,
                 )
             )
@@ -318,7 +335,9 @@ class MigrationExecutor:
             return False, project_state
 
         if project_state is None:
-            after_state = self.loader.project_state((migration.app_label, migration.name), at_end=True)
+            after_state = self.loader.project_state(
+                (migration.app_label, migration.name), at_end=True
+            )
         else:
             after_state = migration.mutate_state(project_state)
         apps = after_state.apps
@@ -326,9 +345,13 @@ class MigrationExecutor:
         found_add_field_migration = False
         fold_identifier_case = self.connection.features.ignores_table_name_case
         with self.connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            existing_table_names = set(self.connection.introspection.table_names(cursor))
+            existing_table_names = set(
+                self.connection.introspection.table_names(cursor)
+            )
             if fold_identifier_case:
-                existing_table_names = {name.casefold() for name in existing_table_names}
+                existing_table_names = {
+                    name.casefold() for name in existing_table_names
+                }
         # Make sure all create model and add field operations are done
         for operation in migration.operations:
             if isinstance(operation, migrations.CreateModel):
@@ -368,7 +391,9 @@ class MigrationExecutor:
                         found_add_field_migration = True
                         continue
                 with self.connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                    columns = self.connection.introspection.get_table_description(cursor, table)
+                    columns = self.connection.introspection.get_table_description(
+                        cursor, table
+                    )
                 for column in columns:
                     field_column = field.column
                     column_name = column.name
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/graph.py b/django/db/migrations/graph.py
index 4d66822e17..dd845c13e8 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/graph.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/graph.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ class Node:
     A single node in the migration graph. Contains direct links to adjacent
     nodes in either direction.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, key):
         self.key = key
         self.children = set()
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ class Node:
         return str(self.key)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s: (%r, %r)>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.key[0], self.key[1])
+        return "<%s: (%r, %r)>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.key[0], self.key[1])
 
     def add_child(self, child):
         self.children.add(child)
@@ -49,6 +50,7 @@ class DummyNode(Node):
     After the migration graph is processed, all dummy nodes should be removed.
     If there are any left, a nonexistent dependency error is raised.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, key, origin, error_message):
         super().__init__(key)
         self.origin = origin
@@ -133,7 +135,7 @@ class MigrationGraph:
             raise NodeNotFoundError(
                 "Unable to find replacement node %r. It was either never added"
                 " to the migration graph, or has been removed." % (replacement,),
-                replacement
+                replacement,
             ) from err
         for replaced_key in replaced:
             self.nodes.pop(replaced_key, None)
@@ -167,8 +169,9 @@ class MigrationGraph:
         except KeyError as err:
             raise NodeNotFoundError(
                 "Unable to remove replacement node %r. It was either never added"
-                " to the migration graph, or has been removed already." % (replacement,),
-                replacement
+                " to the migration graph, or has been removed already."
+                % (replacement,),
+                replacement,
             ) from err
         replaced_nodes = set()
         replaced_nodes_parents = set()
@@ -228,7 +231,10 @@ class MigrationGraph:
                 visited.append(node.key)
             else:
                 stack.append((node, True))
-                stack += [(n, False) for n in sorted(node.parents if forwards else node.children)]
+                stack += [
+                    (n, False)
+                    for n in sorted(node.parents if forwards else node.children)
+                ]
         return visited
 
     def root_nodes(self, app=None):
@@ -238,7 +244,9 @@ class MigrationGraph:
         """
         roots = set()
         for node in self.nodes:
-            if all(key[0] != node[0] for key in self.node_map[node].parents) and (not app or app == node[0]):
+            if all(key[0] != node[0] for key in self.node_map[node].parents) and (
+                not app or app == node[0]
+            ):
                 roots.add(node)
         return sorted(roots)
 
@@ -252,7 +260,9 @@ class MigrationGraph:
         """
         leaves = set()
         for node in self.nodes:
-            if all(key[0] != node[0] for key in self.node_map[node].children) and (not app or app == node[0]):
+            if all(key[0] != node[0] for key in self.node_map[node].children) and (
+                not app or app == node[0]
+            ):
                 leaves.add(node)
         return sorted(leaves)
 
@@ -270,8 +280,10 @@ class MigrationGraph:
                     # hashing.
                     node = child.key
                     if node in stack:
-                        cycle = stack[stack.index(node):]
-                        raise CircularDependencyError(", ".join("%s.%s" % n for n in cycle))
+                        cycle = stack[stack.index(node) :]
+                        raise CircularDependencyError(
+                            ", ".join("%s.%s" % n for n in cycle)
+                        )
                     if node in todo:
                         stack.append(node)
                         todo.remove(node)
@@ -280,14 +292,16 @@ class MigrationGraph:
                     node = stack.pop()
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return 'Graph: %s nodes, %s edges' % self._nodes_and_edges()
+        return "Graph: %s nodes, %s edges" % self._nodes_and_edges()
 
     def __repr__(self):
         nodes, edges = self._nodes_and_edges()
-        return '<%s: nodes=%s, edges=%s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, nodes, edges)
+        return "<%s: nodes=%s, edges=%s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, nodes, edges)
 
     def _nodes_and_edges(self):
-        return len(self.nodes), sum(len(node.parents) for node in self.node_map.values())
+        return len(self.nodes), sum(
+            len(node.parents) for node in self.node_map.values()
+        )
 
     def _generate_plan(self, nodes, at_end):
         plan = []
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/loader.py b/django/db/migrations/loader.py
index 93fb2c3bd5..81dcd06e04 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/loader.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/loader.py
@@ -8,11 +8,13 @@ from django.db.migrations.graph import MigrationGraph
 from django.db.migrations.recorder import MigrationRecorder
 
 from .exceptions import (
-    AmbiguityError, BadMigrationError, InconsistentMigrationHistory,
+    AmbiguityError,
+    BadMigrationError,
+    InconsistentMigrationHistory,
     NodeNotFoundError,
 )
 
-MIGRATIONS_MODULE_NAME = 'migrations'
+MIGRATIONS_MODULE_NAME = "migrations"
 
 
 class MigrationLoader:
@@ -41,7 +43,10 @@ class MigrationLoader:
     """
 
     def __init__(
-        self, connection, load=True, ignore_no_migrations=False,
+        self,
+        connection,
+        load=True,
+        ignore_no_migrations=False,
         replace_migrations=True,
     ):
         self.connection = connection
@@ -63,7 +68,7 @@ class MigrationLoader:
             return settings.MIGRATION_MODULES[app_label], True
         else:
             app_package_name = apps.get_app_config(app_label).name
-            return '%s.%s' % (app_package_name, MIGRATIONS_MODULE_NAME), False
+            return "%s.%s" % (app_package_name, MIGRATIONS_MODULE_NAME), False
 
     def load_disk(self):
         """Load the migrations from all INSTALLED_APPS from disk."""
@@ -80,24 +85,22 @@ class MigrationLoader:
             try:
                 module = import_module(module_name)
             except ModuleNotFoundError as e:
-                if (
-                    (explicit and self.ignore_no_migrations) or
-                    (not explicit and MIGRATIONS_MODULE_NAME in e.name.split('.'))
+                if (explicit and self.ignore_no_migrations) or (
+                    not explicit and MIGRATIONS_MODULE_NAME in e.name.split(".")
                 ):
                     self.unmigrated_apps.add(app_config.label)
                     continue
                 raise
             else:
                 # Module is not a package (e.g. migrations.py).
-                if not hasattr(module, '__path__'):
+                if not hasattr(module, "__path__"):
                     self.unmigrated_apps.add(app_config.label)
                     continue
                 # Empty directories are namespaces. Namespace packages have no
                 # __file__ and don't use a list for __path__. See
                 # https://docs.python.org/3/reference/import.html#namespace-packages
-                if (
-                    getattr(module, '__file__', None) is None and
-                    not isinstance(module.__path__, list)
+                if getattr(module, "__file__", None) is None and not isinstance(
+                    module.__path__, list
                 ):
                     self.unmigrated_apps.add(app_config.label)
                     continue
@@ -106,16 +109,17 @@ class MigrationLoader:
                     reload(module)
             self.migrated_apps.add(app_config.label)
             migration_names = {
-                name for _, name, is_pkg in pkgutil.iter_modules(module.__path__)
-                if not is_pkg and name[0] not in '_~'
+                name
+                for _, name, is_pkg in pkgutil.iter_modules(module.__path__)
+                if not is_pkg and name[0] not in "_~"
             }
             # Load migrations
             for migration_name in migration_names:
-                migration_path = '%s.%s' % (module_name, migration_name)
+                migration_path = "%s.%s" % (module_name, migration_name)
                 try:
                     migration_module = import_module(migration_path)
                 except ImportError as e:
-                    if 'bad magic number' in str(e):
+                    if "bad magic number" in str(e):
                         raise ImportError(
                             "Couldn't import %r as it appears to be a stale "
                             ".pyc file." % migration_path
@@ -124,9 +128,12 @@ class MigrationLoader:
                         raise
                 if not hasattr(migration_module, "Migration"):
                     raise BadMigrationError(
-                        "Migration %s in app %s has no Migration class" % (migration_name, app_config.label)
+                        "Migration %s in app %s has no Migration class"
+                        % (migration_name, app_config.label)
                     )
-                self.disk_migrations[app_config.label, migration_name] = migration_module.Migration(
+                self.disk_migrations[
+                    app_config.label, migration_name
+                ] = migration_module.Migration(
                     migration_name,
                     app_config.label,
                 )
@@ -142,11 +149,14 @@ class MigrationLoader:
         # Do the search
         results = []
         for migration_app_label, migration_name in self.disk_migrations:
-            if migration_app_label == app_label and migration_name.startswith(name_prefix):
+            if migration_app_label == app_label and migration_name.startswith(
+                name_prefix
+            ):
                 results.append((migration_app_label, migration_name))
         if len(results) > 1:
             raise AmbiguityError(
-                "There is more than one migration for '%s' with the prefix '%s'" % (app_label, name_prefix)
+                "There is more than one migration for '%s' with the prefix '%s'"
+                % (app_label, name_prefix)
             )
         elif not results:
             raise KeyError(
@@ -181,7 +191,9 @@ class MigrationLoader:
                 if self.ignore_no_migrations:
                     return None
                 else:
-                    raise ValueError("Dependency on app with no migrations: %s" % key[0])
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "Dependency on app with no migrations: %s" % key[0]
+                    )
         raise ValueError("Dependency on unknown app: %s" % key[0])
 
     def add_internal_dependencies(self, key, migration):
@@ -191,7 +203,7 @@ class MigrationLoader:
         """
         for parent in migration.dependencies:
             # Ignore __first__ references to the same app.
-            if parent[0] == key[0] and parent[1] != '__first__':
+            if parent[0] == key[0] and parent[1] != "__first__":
                 self.graph.add_dependency(migration, key, parent, skip_validation=True)
 
     def add_external_dependencies(self, key, migration):
@@ -241,7 +253,9 @@ class MigrationLoader:
             for key, migration in self.replacements.items():
                 # Get applied status of each of this migration's replacement
                 # targets.
-                applied_statuses = [(target in self.applied_migrations) for target in migration.replaces]
+                applied_statuses = [
+                    (target in self.applied_migrations) for target in migration.replaces
+                ]
                 # The replacing migration is only marked as applied if all of
                 # its replacement targets are.
                 if all(applied_statuses):
@@ -273,9 +287,11 @@ class MigrationLoader:
             # Try to reraise exception with more detail.
             if exc.node in reverse_replacements:
                 candidates = reverse_replacements.get(exc.node, set())
-                is_replaced = any(candidate in self.graph.nodes for candidate in candidates)
+                is_replaced = any(
+                    candidate in self.graph.nodes for candidate in candidates
+                )
                 if not is_replaced:
-                    tries = ', '.join('%s.%s' % c for c in candidates)
+                    tries = ", ".join("%s.%s" % c for c in candidates)
                     raise NodeNotFoundError(
                         "Migration {0} depends on nonexistent node ('{1}', '{2}'). "
                         "Django tried to replace migration {1}.{2} with any of [{3}] "
@@ -283,7 +299,7 @@ class MigrationLoader:
                         "are already applied.".format(
                             exc.origin, exc.node[0], exc.node[1], tries
                         ),
-                        exc.node
+                        exc.node,
                     ) from exc
             raise
         self.graph.ensure_not_cyclic()
@@ -304,12 +320,17 @@ class MigrationLoader:
                     # Skip unapplied squashed migrations that have all of their
                     # `replaces` applied.
                     if parent in self.replacements:
-                        if all(m in applied for m in self.replacements[parent].replaces):
+                        if all(
+                            m in applied for m in self.replacements[parent].replaces
+                        ):
                             continue
                     raise InconsistentMigrationHistory(
                         "Migration {}.{} is applied before its dependency "
                         "{}.{} on database '{}'.".format(
-                            migration[0], migration[1], parent[0], parent[1],
+                            migration[0],
+                            migration[1],
+                            parent[0],
+                            parent[1],
                             connection.alias,
                         )
                     )
@@ -326,7 +347,9 @@ class MigrationLoader:
             if app_label in seen_apps:
                 conflicting_apps.add(app_label)
             seen_apps.setdefault(app_label, set()).add(migration_name)
-        return {app_label: sorted(seen_apps[app_label]) for app_label in conflicting_apps}
+        return {
+            app_label: sorted(seen_apps[app_label]) for app_label in conflicting_apps
+        }
 
     def project_state(self, nodes=None, at_end=True):
         """
@@ -335,7 +358,9 @@ class MigrationLoader:
 
         See graph.make_state() for the meaning of "nodes" and "at_end".
         """
-        return self.graph.make_state(nodes=nodes, at_end=at_end, real_apps=self.unmigrated_apps)
+        return self.graph.make_state(
+            nodes=nodes, at_end=at_end, real_apps=self.unmigrated_apps
+        )
 
     def collect_sql(self, plan):
         """
@@ -345,9 +370,13 @@ class MigrationLoader:
         statements = []
         state = None
         for migration, backwards in plan:
-            with self.connection.schema_editor(collect_sql=True, atomic=migration.atomic) as schema_editor:
+            with self.connection.schema_editor(
+                collect_sql=True, atomic=migration.atomic
+            ) as schema_editor:
                 if state is None:
-                    state = self.project_state((migration.app_label, migration.name), at_end=False)
+                    state = self.project_state(
+                        (migration.app_label, migration.name), at_end=False
+                    )
                 if not backwards:
                     state = migration.apply(state, schema_editor, collect_sql=True)
                 else:
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/migration.py b/django/db/migrations/migration.py
index 5ee0ae5191..39278d4cc7 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/migration.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/migration.py
@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ class Migration:
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return (
-            isinstance(other, Migration) and
-            self.name == other.name and
-            self.app_label == other.app_label
+            isinstance(other, Migration)
+            and self.name == other.name
+            and self.app_label == other.app_label
         )
 
     def __repr__(self):
@@ -114,15 +114,21 @@ class Migration:
             old_state = project_state.clone()
             operation.state_forwards(self.app_label, project_state)
             # Run the operation
-            atomic_operation = operation.atomic or (self.atomic and operation.atomic is not False)
+            atomic_operation = operation.atomic or (
+                self.atomic and operation.atomic is not False
+            )
             if not schema_editor.atomic_migration and atomic_operation:
                 # Force a transaction on a non-transactional-DDL backend or an
                 # atomic operation inside a non-atomic migration.
                 with atomic(schema_editor.connection.alias):
-                    operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, schema_editor, old_state, project_state)
+                    operation.database_forwards(
+                        self.app_label, schema_editor, old_state, project_state
+                    )
             else:
                 # Normal behaviour
-                operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, schema_editor, old_state, project_state)
+                operation.database_forwards(
+                    self.app_label, schema_editor, old_state, project_state
+                )
         return project_state
 
     def unapply(self, project_state, schema_editor, collect_sql=False):
@@ -145,7 +151,9 @@ class Migration:
         for operation in self.operations:
             # If it's irreversible, error out
             if not operation.reversible:
-                raise IrreversibleError("Operation %s in %s is not reversible" % (operation, self))
+                raise IrreversibleError(
+                    "Operation %s in %s is not reversible" % (operation, self)
+                )
             # Preserve new state from previous run to not tamper the same state
             # over all operations
             new_state = new_state.clone()
@@ -165,15 +173,21 @@ class Migration:
                 schema_editor.collected_sql.append("--")
                 if not operation.reduces_to_sql:
                     continue
-            atomic_operation = operation.atomic or (self.atomic and operation.atomic is not False)
+            atomic_operation = operation.atomic or (
+                self.atomic and operation.atomic is not False
+            )
             if not schema_editor.atomic_migration and atomic_operation:
                 # Force a transaction on a non-transactional-DDL backend or an
                 # atomic operation inside a non-atomic migration.
                 with atomic(schema_editor.connection.alias):
-                    operation.database_backwards(self.app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state)
+                    operation.database_backwards(
+                        self.app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state
+                    )
             else:
                 # Normal behaviour
-                operation.database_backwards(self.app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state)
+                operation.database_backwards(
+                    self.app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state
+                )
         return project_state
 
     def suggest_name(self):
@@ -183,19 +197,19 @@ class Migration:
         name to avoid VCS conflicts if possible.
         """
         if self.initial:
-            return 'initial'
+            return "initial"
 
         raw_fragments = [op.migration_name_fragment for op in self.operations]
         fragments = [name for name in raw_fragments if name]
 
         if not fragments or len(fragments) != len(self.operations):
-            return 'auto_%s' % get_migration_name_timestamp()
+            return "auto_%s" % get_migration_name_timestamp()
 
         name = fragments[0]
         for fragment in fragments[1:]:
-            new_name = f'{name}_{fragment}'
+            new_name = f"{name}_{fragment}"
             if len(new_name) > 52:
-                name = f'{name}_and_more'
+                name = f"{name}_and_more"
                 break
             name = new_name
         return name
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/operations/__init__.py b/django/db/migrations/operations/__init__.py
index 119c955868..793969ed12 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/operations/__init__.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/operations/__init__.py
@@ -1,17 +1,40 @@
 from .fields import AddField, AlterField, RemoveField, RenameField
 from .models import (
-    AddConstraint, AddIndex, AlterIndexTogether, AlterModelManagers,
-    AlterModelOptions, AlterModelTable, AlterOrderWithRespectTo,
-    AlterUniqueTogether, CreateModel, DeleteModel, RemoveConstraint,
-    RemoveIndex, RenameModel,
+    AddConstraint,
+    AddIndex,
+    AlterIndexTogether,
+    AlterModelManagers,
+    AlterModelOptions,
+    AlterModelTable,
+    AlterOrderWithRespectTo,
+    AlterUniqueTogether,
+    CreateModel,
+    DeleteModel,
+    RemoveConstraint,
+    RemoveIndex,
+    RenameModel,
 )
 from .special import RunPython, RunSQL, SeparateDatabaseAndState
 
 __all__ = [
-    'CreateModel', 'DeleteModel', 'AlterModelTable', 'AlterUniqueTogether',
-    'RenameModel', 'AlterIndexTogether', 'AlterModelOptions', 'AddIndex',
-    'RemoveIndex', 'AddField', 'RemoveField', 'AlterField', 'RenameField',
-    'AddConstraint', 'RemoveConstraint',
-    'SeparateDatabaseAndState', 'RunSQL', 'RunPython',
-    'AlterOrderWithRespectTo', 'AlterModelManagers',
+    "CreateModel",
+    "DeleteModel",
+    "AlterModelTable",
+    "AlterUniqueTogether",
+    "RenameModel",
+    "AlterIndexTogether",
+    "AlterModelOptions",
+    "AddIndex",
+    "RemoveIndex",
+    "AddField",
+    "RemoveField",
+    "AlterField",
+    "RenameField",
+    "AddConstraint",
+    "RemoveConstraint",
+    "SeparateDatabaseAndState",
+    "RunSQL",
+    "RunPython",
+    "AlterOrderWithRespectTo",
+    "AlterModelManagers",
 ]
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/operations/base.py b/django/db/migrations/operations/base.py
index 18935520f8..7d4dff2597 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/operations/base.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/operations/base.py
@@ -56,14 +56,18 @@ class Operation:
         Take the state from the previous migration, and mutate it
         so that it matches what this migration would perform.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of Operation must provide a state_forwards() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of Operation must provide a state_forwards() method"
+        )
 
     def database_forwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
         """
         Perform the mutation on the database schema in the normal
         (forwards) direction.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of Operation must provide a database_forwards() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of Operation must provide a database_forwards() method"
+        )
 
     def database_backwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
         """
@@ -71,7 +75,9 @@ class Operation:
         direction - e.g. if this were CreateModel, it would in fact
         drop the model's table.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of Operation must provide a database_backwards() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of Operation must provide a database_backwards() method"
+        )
 
     def describe(self):
         """
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/operations/fields.py b/django/db/migrations/operations/fields.py
index 094c3e3cda..cd3aab43ad 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/operations/fields.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/operations/fields.py
@@ -23,16 +23,23 @@ class FieldOperation(Operation):
         return self.model_name_lower == operation.model_name_lower
 
     def is_same_field_operation(self, operation):
-        return self.is_same_model_operation(operation) and self.name_lower == operation.name_lower
+        return (
+            self.is_same_model_operation(operation)
+            and self.name_lower == operation.name_lower
+        )
 
     def references_model(self, name, app_label):
         name_lower = name.lower()
         if name_lower == self.model_name_lower:
             return True
         if self.field:
-            return bool(field_references(
-                (app_label, self.model_name_lower), self.field, (app_label, name_lower)
-            ))
+            return bool(
+                field_references(
+                    (app_label, self.model_name_lower),
+                    self.field,
+                    (app_label, name_lower),
+                )
+            )
         return False
 
     def references_field(self, model_name, name, app_label):
@@ -41,22 +48,27 @@ class FieldOperation(Operation):
         if model_name_lower == self.model_name_lower:
             if name == self.name:
                 return True
-            elif self.field and hasattr(self.field, 'from_fields') and name in self.field.from_fields:
+            elif (
+                self.field
+                and hasattr(self.field, "from_fields")
+                and name in self.field.from_fields
+            ):
                 return True
         # Check if this operation remotely references the field.
         if self.field is None:
             return False
-        return bool(field_references(
-            (app_label, self.model_name_lower),
-            self.field,
-            (app_label, model_name_lower),
-            name,
-        ))
+        return bool(
+            field_references(
+                (app_label, self.model_name_lower),
+                self.field,
+                (app_label, model_name_lower),
+                name,
+            )
+        )
 
     def reduce(self, operation, app_label):
-        return (
-            super().reduce(operation, app_label) or
-            not operation.references_field(self.model_name, self.name, app_label)
+        return super().reduce(operation, app_label) or not operation.references_field(
+            self.model_name, self.name, app_label
         )
 
 
@@ -69,17 +81,13 @@ class AddField(FieldOperation):
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         kwargs = {
-            'model_name': self.model_name,
-            'name': self.name,
-            'field': self.field,
+            "model_name": self.model_name,
+            "name": self.name,
+            "field": self.field,
         }
         if self.preserve_default is not True:
-            kwargs['preserve_default'] = self.preserve_default
-        return (
-            self.__class__.__name__,
-            [],
-            kwargs
-        )
+            kwargs["preserve_default"] = self.preserve_default
+        return (self.__class__.__name__, [], kwargs)
 
     def state_forwards(self, app_label, state):
         state.add_field(
@@ -107,17 +115,21 @@ class AddField(FieldOperation):
     def database_backwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
         from_model = from_state.apps.get_model(app_label, self.model_name)
         if self.allow_migrate_model(schema_editor.connection.alias, from_model):
-            schema_editor.remove_field(from_model, from_model._meta.get_field(self.name))
+            schema_editor.remove_field(
+                from_model, from_model._meta.get_field(self.name)
+            )
 
     def describe(self):
         return "Add field %s to %s" % (self.name, self.model_name)
 
     @property
     def migration_name_fragment(self):
-        return '%s_%s' % (self.model_name_lower, self.name_lower)
+        return "%s_%s" % (self.model_name_lower, self.name_lower)
 
     def reduce(self, operation, app_label):
-        if isinstance(operation, FieldOperation) and self.is_same_field_operation(operation):
+        if isinstance(operation, FieldOperation) and self.is_same_field_operation(
+            operation
+        ):
             if isinstance(operation, AlterField):
                 return [
                     AddField(
@@ -144,14 +156,10 @@ class RemoveField(FieldOperation):
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         kwargs = {
-            'model_name': self.model_name,
-            'name': self.name,
+            "model_name": self.model_name,
+            "name": self.name,
         }
-        return (
-            self.__class__.__name__,
-            [],
-            kwargs
-        )
+        return (self.__class__.__name__, [], kwargs)
 
     def state_forwards(self, app_label, state):
         state.remove_field(app_label, self.model_name_lower, self.name)
@@ -159,7 +167,9 @@ class RemoveField(FieldOperation):
     def database_forwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
         from_model = from_state.apps.get_model(app_label, self.model_name)
         if self.allow_migrate_model(schema_editor.connection.alias, from_model):
-            schema_editor.remove_field(from_model, from_model._meta.get_field(self.name))
+            schema_editor.remove_field(
+                from_model, from_model._meta.get_field(self.name)
+            )
 
     def database_backwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
         to_model = to_state.apps.get_model(app_label, self.model_name)
@@ -172,11 +182,15 @@ class RemoveField(FieldOperation):
 
     @property
     def migration_name_fragment(self):
-        return 'remove_%s_%s' % (self.model_name_lower, self.name_lower)
+        return "remove_%s_%s" % (self.model_name_lower, self.name_lower)
 
     def reduce(self, operation, app_label):
         from .models import DeleteModel
-        if isinstance(operation, DeleteModel) and operation.name_lower == self.model_name_lower:
+
+        if (
+            isinstance(operation, DeleteModel)
+            and operation.name_lower == self.model_name_lower
+        ):
             return [operation]
         return super().reduce(operation, app_label)
 
@@ -193,17 +207,13 @@ class AlterField(FieldOperation):
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         kwargs = {
-            'model_name': self.model_name,
-            'name': self.name,
-            'field': self.field,
+            "model_name": self.model_name,
+            "name": self.name,
+            "field": self.field,
         }
         if self.preserve_default is not True:
-            kwargs['preserve_default'] = self.preserve_default
-        return (
-            self.__class__.__name__,
-            [],
-            kwargs
-        )
+            kwargs["preserve_default"] = self.preserve_default
+        return (self.__class__.__name__, [], kwargs)
 
     def state_forwards(self, app_label, state):
         state.alter_field(
@@ -234,15 +244,17 @@ class AlterField(FieldOperation):
 
     @property
     def migration_name_fragment(self):
-        return 'alter_%s_%s' % (self.model_name_lower, self.name_lower)
+        return "alter_%s_%s" % (self.model_name_lower, self.name_lower)
 
     def reduce(self, operation, app_label):
-        if isinstance(operation, RemoveField) and self.is_same_field_operation(operation):
+        if isinstance(operation, RemoveField) and self.is_same_field_operation(
+            operation
+        ):
             return [operation]
         elif (
-            isinstance(operation, RenameField) and
-            self.is_same_field_operation(operation) and
-            self.field.db_column is None
+            isinstance(operation, RenameField)
+            and self.is_same_field_operation(operation)
+            and self.field.db_column is None
         ):
             return [
                 operation,
@@ -273,18 +285,16 @@ class RenameField(FieldOperation):
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         kwargs = {
-            'model_name': self.model_name,
-            'old_name': self.old_name,
-            'new_name': self.new_name,
+            "model_name": self.model_name,
+            "old_name": self.old_name,
+            "new_name": self.new_name,
         }
-        return (
-            self.__class__.__name__,
-            [],
-            kwargs
-        )
+        return (self.__class__.__name__, [], kwargs)
 
     def state_forwards(self, app_label, state):
-        state.rename_field(app_label, self.model_name_lower, self.old_name, self.new_name)
+        state.rename_field(
+            app_label, self.model_name_lower, self.old_name, self.new_name
+        )
 
     def database_forwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
         to_model = to_state.apps.get_model(app_label, self.model_name)
@@ -307,11 +317,15 @@ class RenameField(FieldOperation):
             )
 
     def describe(self):
-        return "Rename field %s on %s to %s" % (self.old_name, self.model_name, self.new_name)
+        return "Rename field %s on %s to %s" % (
+            self.old_name,
+            self.model_name,
+            self.new_name,
+        )
 
     @property
     def migration_name_fragment(self):
-        return 'rename_%s_%s_%s' % (
+        return "rename_%s_%s_%s" % (
             self.old_name_lower,
             self.model_name_lower,
             self.new_name_lower,
@@ -319,14 +333,15 @@ class RenameField(FieldOperation):
 
     def references_field(self, model_name, name, app_label):
         return self.references_model(model_name, app_label) and (
-            name.lower() == self.old_name_lower or
-            name.lower() == self.new_name_lower
+            name.lower() == self.old_name_lower or name.lower() == self.new_name_lower
         )
 
     def reduce(self, operation, app_label):
-        if (isinstance(operation, RenameField) and
-                self.is_same_model_operation(operation) and
-                self.new_name_lower == operation.old_name_lower):
+        if (
+            isinstance(operation, RenameField)
+            and self.is_same_model_operation(operation)
+            and self.new_name_lower == operation.old_name_lower
+        ):
             return [
                 RenameField(
                     self.model_name,
@@ -336,10 +351,7 @@ class RenameField(FieldOperation):
             ]
         # Skip `FieldOperation.reduce` as we want to run `references_field`
         # against self.old_name and self.new_name.
-        return (
-            super(FieldOperation, self).reduce(operation, app_label) or
-            not (
-                operation.references_field(self.model_name, self.old_name, app_label) or
-                operation.references_field(self.model_name, self.new_name, app_label)
-            )
+        return super(FieldOperation, self).reduce(operation, app_label) or not (
+            operation.references_field(self.model_name, self.old_name, app_label)
+            or operation.references_field(self.model_name, self.new_name, app_label)
         )
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/operations/models.py b/django/db/migrations/operations/models.py
index 01c44a9a26..90fc31bee5 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/operations/models.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/operations/models.py
@@ -5,9 +5,7 @@ from django.db.migrations.utils import field_references, resolve_relation
 from django.db.models.options import normalize_together
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
-from .fields import (
-    AddField, AlterField, FieldOperation, RemoveField, RenameField,
-)
+from .fields import AddField, AlterField, FieldOperation, RemoveField, RenameField
 
 
 def _check_for_duplicates(arg_name, objs):
@@ -32,9 +30,8 @@ class ModelOperation(Operation):
         return name.lower() == self.name_lower
 
     def reduce(self, operation, app_label):
-        return (
-            super().reduce(operation, app_label) or
-            self.can_reduce_through(operation, app_label)
+        return super().reduce(operation, app_label) or self.can_reduce_through(
+            operation, app_label
         )
 
     def can_reduce_through(self, operation, app_label):
@@ -44,7 +41,7 @@ class ModelOperation(Operation):
 class CreateModel(ModelOperation):
     """Create a model's table."""
 
-    serialization_expand_args = ['fields', 'options', 'managers']
+    serialization_expand_args = ["fields", "options", "managers"]
 
     def __init__(self, name, fields, options=None, bases=None, managers=None):
         self.fields = fields
@@ -54,40 +51,44 @@ class CreateModel(ModelOperation):
         super().__init__(name)
         # Sanity-check that there are no duplicated field names, bases, or
         # manager names
-        _check_for_duplicates('fields', (name for name, _ in self.fields))
-        _check_for_duplicates('bases', (
-            base._meta.label_lower if hasattr(base, '_meta') else
-            base.lower() if isinstance(base, str) else base
-            for base in self.bases
-        ))
-        _check_for_duplicates('managers', (name for name, _ in self.managers))
+        _check_for_duplicates("fields", (name for name, _ in self.fields))
+        _check_for_duplicates(
+            "bases",
+            (
+                base._meta.label_lower
+                if hasattr(base, "_meta")
+                else base.lower()
+                if isinstance(base, str)
+                else base
+                for base in self.bases
+            ),
+        )
+        _check_for_duplicates("managers", (name for name, _ in self.managers))
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         kwargs = {
-            'name': self.name,
-            'fields': self.fields,
+            "name": self.name,
+            "fields": self.fields,
         }
         if self.options:
-            kwargs['options'] = self.options
+            kwargs["options"] = self.options
         if self.bases and self.bases != (models.Model,):
-            kwargs['bases'] = self.bases
-        if self.managers and self.managers != [('objects', models.Manager())]:
-            kwargs['managers'] = self.managers
-        return (
-            self.__class__.__qualname__,
-            [],
-            kwargs
-        )
+            kwargs["bases"] = self.bases
+        if self.managers and self.managers != [("objects", models.Manager())]:
+            kwargs["managers"] = self.managers
+        return (self.__class__.__qualname__, [], kwargs)
 
     def state_forwards(self, app_label, state):
-        state.add_model(ModelState(
-            app_label,
-            self.name,
-            list(self.fields),
-            dict(self.options),
-            tuple(self.bases),
-            list(self.managers),
-        ))
+        state.add_model(
+            ModelState(
+                app_label,
+                self.name,
+                list(self.fields),
+                dict(self.options),
+                tuple(self.bases),
+                list(self.managers),
+            )
+        )
 
     def database_forwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
         model = to_state.apps.get_model(app_label, self.name)
@@ -100,7 +101,10 @@ class CreateModel(ModelOperation):
             schema_editor.delete_model(model)
 
     def describe(self):
-        return "Create %smodel %s" % ("proxy " if self.options.get("proxy", False) else "", self.name)
+        return "Create %smodel %s" % (
+            "proxy " if self.options.get("proxy", False) else "",
+            self.name,
+        )
 
     @property
     def migration_name_fragment(self):
@@ -114,22 +118,32 @@ class CreateModel(ModelOperation):
         # Check we didn't inherit from the model
         reference_model_tuple = (app_label, name_lower)
         for base in self.bases:
-            if (base is not models.Model and isinstance(base, (models.base.ModelBase, str)) and
-                    resolve_relation(base, app_label) == reference_model_tuple):
+            if (
+                base is not models.Model
+                and isinstance(base, (models.base.ModelBase, str))
+                and resolve_relation(base, app_label) == reference_model_tuple
+            ):
                 return True
 
         # Check we have no FKs/M2Ms with it
         for _name, field in self.fields:
-            if field_references((app_label, self.name_lower), field, reference_model_tuple):
+            if field_references(
+                (app_label, self.name_lower), field, reference_model_tuple
+            ):
                 return True
         return False
 
     def reduce(self, operation, app_label):
-        if (isinstance(operation, DeleteModel) and
-                self.name_lower == operation.name_lower and
-                not self.options.get("proxy", False)):
+        if (
+            isinstance(operation, DeleteModel)
+            and self.name_lower == operation.name_lower
+            and not self.options.get("proxy", False)
+        ):
             return []
-        elif isinstance(operation, RenameModel) and self.name_lower == operation.old_name_lower:
+        elif (
+            isinstance(operation, RenameModel)
+            and self.name_lower == operation.old_name_lower
+        ):
             return [
                 CreateModel(
                     operation.new_name,
@@ -139,7 +153,10 @@ class CreateModel(ModelOperation):
                     managers=self.managers,
                 ),
             ]
-        elif isinstance(operation, AlterModelOptions) and self.name_lower == operation.name_lower:
+        elif (
+            isinstance(operation, AlterModelOptions)
+            and self.name_lower == operation.name_lower
+        ):
             options = {**self.options, **operation.options}
             for key in operation.ALTER_OPTION_KEYS:
                 if key not in operation.options:
@@ -153,27 +170,42 @@ class CreateModel(ModelOperation):
                     managers=self.managers,
                 ),
             ]
-        elif isinstance(operation, AlterTogetherOptionOperation) and self.name_lower == operation.name_lower:
+        elif (
+            isinstance(operation, AlterTogetherOptionOperation)
+            and self.name_lower == operation.name_lower
+        ):
             return [
                 CreateModel(
                     self.name,
                     fields=self.fields,
-                    options={**self.options, **{operation.option_name: operation.option_value}},
+                    options={
+                        **self.options,
+                        **{operation.option_name: operation.option_value},
+                    },
                     bases=self.bases,
                     managers=self.managers,
                 ),
             ]
-        elif isinstance(operation, AlterOrderWithRespectTo) and self.name_lower == operation.name_lower:
+        elif (
+            isinstance(operation, AlterOrderWithRespectTo)
+            and self.name_lower == operation.name_lower
+        ):
             return [
                 CreateModel(
                     self.name,
                     fields=self.fields,
-                    options={**self.options, 'order_with_respect_to': operation.order_with_respect_to},
+                    options={
+                        **self.options,
+                        "order_with_respect_to": operation.order_with_respect_to,
+                    },
                     bases=self.bases,
                     managers=self.managers,
                 ),
             ]
-        elif isinstance(operation, FieldOperation) and self.name_lower == operation.model_name_lower:
+        elif (
+            isinstance(operation, FieldOperation)
+            and self.name_lower == operation.model_name_lower
+        ):
             if isinstance(operation, AddField):
                 return [
                     CreateModel(
@@ -199,17 +231,25 @@ class CreateModel(ModelOperation):
                 ]
             elif isinstance(operation, RemoveField):
                 options = self.options.copy()
-                for option_name in ('unique_together', 'index_together'):
+                for option_name in ("unique_together", "index_together"):
                     option = options.pop(option_name, None)
                     if option:
-                        option = set(filter(bool, (
-                            tuple(f for f in fields if f != operation.name_lower) for fields in option
-                        )))
+                        option = set(
+                            filter(
+                                bool,
+                                (
+                                    tuple(
+                                        f for f in fields if f != operation.name_lower
+                                    )
+                                    for fields in option
+                                ),
+                            )
+                        )
                         if option:
                             options[option_name] = option
-                order_with_respect_to = options.get('order_with_respect_to')
+                order_with_respect_to = options.get("order_with_respect_to")
                 if order_with_respect_to == operation.name_lower:
-                    del options['order_with_respect_to']
+                    del options["order_with_respect_to"]
                 return [
                     CreateModel(
                         self.name,
@@ -225,16 +265,19 @@ class CreateModel(ModelOperation):
                 ]
             elif isinstance(operation, RenameField):
                 options = self.options.copy()
-                for option_name in ('unique_together', 'index_together'):
+                for option_name in ("unique_together", "index_together"):
                     option = options.get(option_name)
                     if option:
                         options[option_name] = {
-                            tuple(operation.new_name if f == operation.old_name else f for f in fields)
+                            tuple(
+                                operation.new_name if f == operation.old_name else f
+                                for f in fields
+                            )
                             for fields in option
                         }
-                order_with_respect_to = options.get('order_with_respect_to')
+                order_with_respect_to = options.get("order_with_respect_to")
                 if order_with_respect_to == operation.old_name:
-                    options['order_with_respect_to'] = operation.new_name
+                    options["order_with_respect_to"] = operation.new_name
                 return [
                     CreateModel(
                         self.name,
@@ -255,13 +298,9 @@ class DeleteModel(ModelOperation):
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         kwargs = {
-            'name': self.name,
+            "name": self.name,
         }
-        return (
-            self.__class__.__qualname__,
-            [],
-            kwargs
-        )
+        return (self.__class__.__qualname__, [], kwargs)
 
     def state_forwards(self, app_label, state):
         state.remove_model(app_label, self.name_lower)
@@ -286,7 +325,7 @@ class DeleteModel(ModelOperation):
 
     @property
     def migration_name_fragment(self):
-        return 'delete_%s' % self.name_lower
+        return "delete_%s" % self.name_lower
 
 
 class RenameModel(ModelOperation):
@@ -307,14 +346,10 @@ class RenameModel(ModelOperation):
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         kwargs = {
-            'old_name': self.old_name,
-            'new_name': self.new_name,
+            "old_name": self.old_name,
+            "new_name": self.new_name,
         }
-        return (
-            self.__class__.__qualname__,
-            [],
-            kwargs
-        )
+        return (self.__class__.__qualname__, [], kwargs)
 
     def state_forwards(self, app_label, state):
         state.rename_model(app_label, self.old_name, self.new_name)
@@ -341,19 +376,24 @@ class RenameModel(ModelOperation):
                         related_object.related_model._meta.app_label,
                         related_object.related_model._meta.model_name,
                     )
-                to_field = to_state.apps.get_model(
-                    *related_key
-                )._meta.get_field(related_object.field.name)
+                to_field = to_state.apps.get_model(*related_key)._meta.get_field(
+                    related_object.field.name
+                )
                 schema_editor.alter_field(
                     model,
                     related_object.field,
                     to_field,
                 )
             # Rename M2M fields whose name is based on this model's name.
-            fields = zip(old_model._meta.local_many_to_many, new_model._meta.local_many_to_many)
+            fields = zip(
+                old_model._meta.local_many_to_many, new_model._meta.local_many_to_many
+            )
             for (old_field, new_field) in fields:
                 # Skip self-referential fields as these are renamed above.
-                if new_field.model == new_field.related_model or not new_field.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created:
+                if (
+                    new_field.model == new_field.related_model
+                    or not new_field.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created
+                ):
                     continue
                 # Rename the M2M table that's based on this model's name.
                 old_m2m_model = old_field.remote_field.through
@@ -372,18 +412,23 @@ class RenameModel(ModelOperation):
                 )
 
     def database_backwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
-        self.new_name_lower, self.old_name_lower = self.old_name_lower, self.new_name_lower
+        self.new_name_lower, self.old_name_lower = (
+            self.old_name_lower,
+            self.new_name_lower,
+        )
         self.new_name, self.old_name = self.old_name, self.new_name
 
         self.database_forwards(app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state)
 
-        self.new_name_lower, self.old_name_lower = self.old_name_lower, self.new_name_lower
+        self.new_name_lower, self.old_name_lower = (
+            self.old_name_lower,
+            self.new_name_lower,
+        )
         self.new_name, self.old_name = self.old_name, self.new_name
 
     def references_model(self, name, app_label):
         return (
-            name.lower() == self.old_name_lower or
-            name.lower() == self.new_name_lower
+            name.lower() == self.old_name_lower or name.lower() == self.new_name_lower
         )
 
     def describe(self):
@@ -391,11 +436,13 @@ class RenameModel(ModelOperation):
 
     @property
     def migration_name_fragment(self):
-        return 'rename_%s_%s' % (self.old_name_lower, self.new_name_lower)
+        return "rename_%s_%s" % (self.old_name_lower, self.new_name_lower)
 
     def reduce(self, operation, app_label):
-        if (isinstance(operation, RenameModel) and
-                self.new_name_lower == operation.old_name_lower):
+        if (
+            isinstance(operation, RenameModel)
+            and self.new_name_lower == operation.old_name_lower
+        ):
             return [
                 RenameModel(
                     self.old_name,
@@ -404,15 +451,17 @@ class RenameModel(ModelOperation):
             ]
         # Skip `ModelOperation.reduce` as we want to run `references_model`
         # against self.new_name.
-        return (
-            super(ModelOperation, self).reduce(operation, app_label) or
-            not operation.references_model(self.new_name, app_label)
-        )
+        return super(ModelOperation, self).reduce(
+            operation, app_label
+        ) or not operation.references_model(self.new_name, app_label)
 
 
 class ModelOptionOperation(ModelOperation):
     def reduce(self, operation, app_label):
-        if isinstance(operation, (self.__class__, DeleteModel)) and self.name_lower == operation.name_lower:
+        if (
+            isinstance(operation, (self.__class__, DeleteModel))
+            and self.name_lower == operation.name_lower
+        ):
             return [operation]
         return super().reduce(operation, app_label)
 
@@ -426,17 +475,13 @@ class AlterModelTable(ModelOptionOperation):
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         kwargs = {
-            'name': self.name,
-            'table': self.table,
+            "name": self.name,
+            "table": self.table,
         }
-        return (
-            self.__class__.__qualname__,
-            [],
-            kwargs
-        )
+        return (self.__class__.__qualname__, [], kwargs)
 
     def state_forwards(self, app_label, state):
-        state.alter_model_options(app_label, self.name_lower, {'db_table': self.table})
+        state.alter_model_options(app_label, self.name_lower, {"db_table": self.table})
 
     def database_forwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
         new_model = to_state.apps.get_model(app_label, self.name)
@@ -448,7 +493,9 @@ class AlterModelTable(ModelOptionOperation):
                 new_model._meta.db_table,
             )
             # Rename M2M fields whose name is based on this model's db_table
-            for (old_field, new_field) in zip(old_model._meta.local_many_to_many, new_model._meta.local_many_to_many):
+            for (old_field, new_field) in zip(
+                old_model._meta.local_many_to_many, new_model._meta.local_many_to_many
+            ):
                 if new_field.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created:
                     schema_editor.alter_db_table(
                         new_field.remote_field.through,
@@ -462,12 +509,12 @@ class AlterModelTable(ModelOptionOperation):
     def describe(self):
         return "Rename table for %s to %s" % (
             self.name,
-            self.table if self.table is not None else "(default)"
+            self.table if self.table is not None else "(default)",
         )
 
     @property
     def migration_name_fragment(self):
-        return 'alter_%s_table' % self.name_lower
+        return "alter_%s_table" % self.name_lower
 
 
 class AlterTogetherOptionOperation(ModelOptionOperation):
@@ -485,14 +532,10 @@ class AlterTogetherOptionOperation(ModelOptionOperation):
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         kwargs = {
-            'name': self.name,
+            "name": self.name,
             self.option_name: self.option_value,
         }
-        return (
-            self.__class__.__qualname__,
-            [],
-            kwargs
-        )
+        return (self.__class__.__qualname__, [], kwargs)
 
     def state_forwards(self, app_label, state):
         state.alter_model_options(
@@ -505,7 +548,7 @@ class AlterTogetherOptionOperation(ModelOptionOperation):
         new_model = to_state.apps.get_model(app_label, self.name)
         if self.allow_migrate_model(schema_editor.connection.alias, new_model):
             old_model = from_state.apps.get_model(app_label, self.name)
-            alter_together = getattr(schema_editor, 'alter_%s' % self.option_name)
+            alter_together = getattr(schema_editor, "alter_%s" % self.option_name)
             alter_together(
                 new_model,
                 getattr(old_model._meta, self.option_name, set()),
@@ -516,27 +559,26 @@ class AlterTogetherOptionOperation(ModelOptionOperation):
         return self.database_forwards(app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state)
 
     def references_field(self, model_name, name, app_label):
-        return (
-            self.references_model(model_name, app_label) and
-            (
-                not self.option_value or
-                any((name in fields) for fields in self.option_value)
-            )
+        return self.references_model(model_name, app_label) and (
+            not self.option_value
+            or any((name in fields) for fields in self.option_value)
         )
 
     def describe(self):
-        return "Alter %s for %s (%s constraint(s))" % (self.option_name, self.name, len(self.option_value or ''))
+        return "Alter %s for %s (%s constraint(s))" % (
+            self.option_name,
+            self.name,
+            len(self.option_value or ""),
+        )
 
     @property
     def migration_name_fragment(self):
-        return 'alter_%s_%s' % (self.name_lower, self.option_name)
+        return "alter_%s_%s" % (self.name_lower, self.option_name)
 
     def can_reduce_through(self, operation, app_label):
-        return (
-            super().can_reduce_through(operation, app_label) or (
-                isinstance(operation, AlterTogetherOptionOperation) and
-                type(operation) is not type(self)
-            )
+        return super().can_reduce_through(operation, app_label) or (
+            isinstance(operation, AlterTogetherOptionOperation)
+            and type(operation) is not type(self)
         )
 
 
@@ -545,7 +587,8 @@ class AlterUniqueTogether(AlterTogetherOptionOperation):
     Change the value of unique_together to the target one.
     Input value of unique_together must be a set of tuples.
     """
-    option_name = 'unique_together'
+
+    option_name = "unique_together"
 
     def __init__(self, name, unique_together):
         super().__init__(name, unique_together)
@@ -556,6 +599,7 @@ class AlterIndexTogether(AlterTogetherOptionOperation):
     Change the value of index_together to the target one.
     Input value of index_together must be a set of tuples.
     """
+
     option_name = "index_together"
 
     def __init__(self, name, index_together):
@@ -565,7 +609,7 @@ class AlterIndexTogether(AlterTogetherOptionOperation):
 class AlterOrderWithRespectTo(ModelOptionOperation):
     """Represent a change with the order_with_respect_to option."""
 
-    option_name = 'order_with_respect_to'
+    option_name = "order_with_respect_to"
 
     def __init__(self, name, order_with_respect_to):
         self.order_with_respect_to = order_with_respect_to
@@ -573,14 +617,10 @@ class AlterOrderWithRespectTo(ModelOptionOperation):
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         kwargs = {
-            'name': self.name,
-            'order_with_respect_to': self.order_with_respect_to,
+            "name": self.name,
+            "order_with_respect_to": self.order_with_respect_to,
         }
-        return (
-            self.__class__.__qualname__,
-            [],
-            kwargs
-        )
+        return (self.__class__.__qualname__, [], kwargs)
 
     def state_forwards(self, app_label, state):
         state.alter_model_options(
@@ -594,11 +634,19 @@ class AlterOrderWithRespectTo(ModelOptionOperation):
         if self.allow_migrate_model(schema_editor.connection.alias, to_model):
             from_model = from_state.apps.get_model(app_label, self.name)
             # Remove a field if we need to
-            if from_model._meta.order_with_respect_to and not to_model._meta.order_with_respect_to:
-                schema_editor.remove_field(from_model, from_model._meta.get_field("_order"))
+            if (
+                from_model._meta.order_with_respect_to
+                and not to_model._meta.order_with_respect_to
+            ):
+                schema_editor.remove_field(
+                    from_model, from_model._meta.get_field("_order")
+                )
             # Add a field if we need to (altering the column is untouched as
             # it's likely a rename)
-            elif to_model._meta.order_with_respect_to and not from_model._meta.order_with_respect_to:
+            elif (
+                to_model._meta.order_with_respect_to
+                and not from_model._meta.order_with_respect_to
+            ):
                 field = to_model._meta.get_field("_order")
                 if not field.has_default():
                     field.default = 0
@@ -611,20 +659,19 @@ class AlterOrderWithRespectTo(ModelOptionOperation):
         self.database_forwards(app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state)
 
     def references_field(self, model_name, name, app_label):
-        return (
-            self.references_model(model_name, app_label) and
-            (
-                self.order_with_respect_to is None or
-                name == self.order_with_respect_to
-            )
+        return self.references_model(model_name, app_label) and (
+            self.order_with_respect_to is None or name == self.order_with_respect_to
         )
 
     def describe(self):
-        return "Set order_with_respect_to on %s to %s" % (self.name, self.order_with_respect_to)
+        return "Set order_with_respect_to on %s to %s" % (
+            self.name,
+            self.order_with_respect_to,
+        )
 
     @property
     def migration_name_fragment(self):
-        return 'alter_%s_order_with_respect_to' % self.name_lower
+        return "alter_%s_order_with_respect_to" % self.name_lower
 
 
 class AlterModelOptions(ModelOptionOperation):
@@ -655,14 +702,10 @@ class AlterModelOptions(ModelOptionOperation):
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         kwargs = {
-            'name': self.name,
-            'options': self.options,
+            "name": self.name,
+            "options": self.options,
         }
-        return (
-            self.__class__.__qualname__,
-            [],
-            kwargs
-        )
+        return (self.__class__.__qualname__, [], kwargs)
 
     def state_forwards(self, app_label, state):
         state.alter_model_options(
@@ -683,24 +726,20 @@ class AlterModelOptions(ModelOptionOperation):
 
     @property
     def migration_name_fragment(self):
-        return 'alter_%s_options' % self.name_lower
+        return "alter_%s_options" % self.name_lower
 
 
 class AlterModelManagers(ModelOptionOperation):
     """Alter the model's managers."""
 
-    serialization_expand_args = ['managers']
+    serialization_expand_args = ["managers"]
 
     def __init__(self, name, managers):
         self.managers = managers
         super().__init__(name)
 
     def deconstruct(self):
-        return (
-            self.__class__.__qualname__,
-            [self.name, self.managers],
-            {}
-        )
+        return (self.__class__.__qualname__, [self.name, self.managers], {})
 
     def state_forwards(self, app_label, state):
         state.alter_model_managers(app_label, self.name_lower, self.managers)
@@ -716,11 +755,11 @@ class AlterModelManagers(ModelOptionOperation):
 
     @property
     def migration_name_fragment(self):
-        return 'alter_%s_managers' % self.name_lower
+        return "alter_%s_managers" % self.name_lower
 
 
 class IndexOperation(Operation):
-    option_name = 'indexes'
+    option_name = "indexes"
 
     @cached_property
     def model_name_lower(self):
@@ -754,8 +793,8 @@ class AddIndex(IndexOperation):
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         kwargs = {
-            'model_name': self.model_name,
-            'index': self.index,
+            "model_name": self.model_name,
+            "index": self.index,
         }
         return (
             self.__class__.__qualname__,
@@ -765,20 +804,20 @@ class AddIndex(IndexOperation):
 
     def describe(self):
         if self.index.expressions:
-            return 'Create index %s on %s on model %s' % (
+            return "Create index %s on %s on model %s" % (
                 self.index.name,
-                ', '.join([str(expression) for expression in self.index.expressions]),
+                ", ".join([str(expression) for expression in self.index.expressions]),
                 self.model_name,
             )
-        return 'Create index %s on field(s) %s of model %s' % (
+        return "Create index %s on field(s) %s of model %s" % (
             self.index.name,
-            ', '.join(self.index.fields),
+            ", ".join(self.index.fields),
             self.model_name,
         )
 
     @property
     def migration_name_fragment(self):
-        return '%s_%s' % (self.model_name_lower, self.index.name.lower())
+        return "%s_%s" % (self.model_name_lower, self.index.name.lower())
 
 
 class RemoveIndex(IndexOperation):
@@ -807,8 +846,8 @@ class RemoveIndex(IndexOperation):
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         kwargs = {
-            'model_name': self.model_name,
-            'name': self.name,
+            "model_name": self.model_name,
+            "name": self.name,
         }
         return (
             self.__class__.__qualname__,
@@ -817,15 +856,15 @@ class RemoveIndex(IndexOperation):
         )
 
     def describe(self):
-        return 'Remove index %s from %s' % (self.name, self.model_name)
+        return "Remove index %s from %s" % (self.name, self.model_name)
 
     @property
     def migration_name_fragment(self):
-        return 'remove_%s_%s' % (self.model_name_lower, self.name.lower())
+        return "remove_%s_%s" % (self.model_name_lower, self.name.lower())
 
 
 class AddConstraint(IndexOperation):
-    option_name = 'constraints'
+    option_name = "constraints"
 
     def __init__(self, model_name, constraint):
         self.model_name = model_name
@@ -845,21 +884,28 @@ class AddConstraint(IndexOperation):
             schema_editor.remove_constraint(model, self.constraint)
 
     def deconstruct(self):
-        return self.__class__.__name__, [], {
-            'model_name': self.model_name,
-            'constraint': self.constraint,
-        }
+        return (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            [],
+            {
+                "model_name": self.model_name,
+                "constraint": self.constraint,
+            },
+        )
 
     def describe(self):
-        return 'Create constraint %s on model %s' % (self.constraint.name, self.model_name)
+        return "Create constraint %s on model %s" % (
+            self.constraint.name,
+            self.model_name,
+        )
 
     @property
     def migration_name_fragment(self):
-        return '%s_%s' % (self.model_name_lower, self.constraint.name.lower())
+        return "%s_%s" % (self.model_name_lower, self.constraint.name.lower())
 
 
 class RemoveConstraint(IndexOperation):
-    option_name = 'constraints'
+    option_name = "constraints"
 
     def __init__(self, model_name, name):
         self.model_name = model_name
@@ -883,14 +929,18 @@ class RemoveConstraint(IndexOperation):
             schema_editor.add_constraint(model, constraint)
 
     def deconstruct(self):
-        return self.__class__.__name__, [], {
-            'model_name': self.model_name,
-            'name': self.name,
-        }
+        return (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            [],
+            {
+                "model_name": self.model_name,
+                "name": self.name,
+            },
+        )
 
     def describe(self):
-        return 'Remove constraint %s from model %s' % (self.name, self.model_name)
+        return "Remove constraint %s from model %s" % (self.name, self.model_name)
 
     @property
     def migration_name_fragment(self):
-        return 'remove_%s_%s' % (self.model_name_lower, self.name.lower())
+        return "remove_%s_%s" % (self.model_name_lower, self.name.lower())
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/operations/special.py b/django/db/migrations/operations/special.py
index 5a8510ec02..94a6ec72de 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/operations/special.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/operations/special.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class SeparateDatabaseAndState(Operation):
     that affect the state or not the database, or so on.
     """
 
-    serialization_expand_args = ['database_operations', 'state_operations']
+    serialization_expand_args = ["database_operations", "state_operations"]
 
     def __init__(self, database_operations=None, state_operations=None):
         self.database_operations = database_operations or []
@@ -20,14 +20,10 @@ class SeparateDatabaseAndState(Operation):
     def deconstruct(self):
         kwargs = {}
         if self.database_operations:
-            kwargs['database_operations'] = self.database_operations
+            kwargs["database_operations"] = self.database_operations
         if self.state_operations:
-            kwargs['state_operations'] = self.state_operations
-        return (
-            self.__class__.__qualname__,
-            [],
-            kwargs
-        )
+            kwargs["state_operations"] = self.state_operations
+        return (self.__class__.__qualname__, [], kwargs)
 
     def state_forwards(self, app_label, state):
         for state_operation in self.state_operations:
@@ -38,7 +34,9 @@ class SeparateDatabaseAndState(Operation):
         for database_operation in self.database_operations:
             to_state = from_state.clone()
             database_operation.state_forwards(app_label, to_state)
-            database_operation.database_forwards(app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state)
+            database_operation.database_forwards(
+                app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state
+            )
             from_state = to_state
 
     def database_backwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
@@ -54,7 +52,9 @@ class SeparateDatabaseAndState(Operation):
         for database_operation in reversed(self.database_operations):
             from_state = to_state
             to_state = to_states[database_operation]
-            database_operation.database_backwards(app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state)
+            database_operation.database_backwards(
+                app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state
+            )
 
     def describe(self):
         return "Custom state/database change combination"
@@ -67,9 +67,12 @@ class RunSQL(Operation):
     Also accept a list of operations that represent the state change effected
     by this SQL change, in case it's custom column/table creation/deletion.
     """
-    noop = ''
 
-    def __init__(self, sql, reverse_sql=None, state_operations=None, hints=None, elidable=False):
+    noop = ""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, sql, reverse_sql=None, state_operations=None, hints=None, elidable=False
+    ):
         self.sql = sql
         self.reverse_sql = reverse_sql
         self.state_operations = state_operations or []
@@ -78,19 +81,15 @@ class RunSQL(Operation):
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         kwargs = {
-            'sql': self.sql,
+            "sql": self.sql,
         }
         if self.reverse_sql is not None:
-            kwargs['reverse_sql'] = self.reverse_sql
+            kwargs["reverse_sql"] = self.reverse_sql
         if self.state_operations:
-            kwargs['state_operations'] = self.state_operations
+            kwargs["state_operations"] = self.state_operations
         if self.hints:
-            kwargs['hints'] = self.hints
-        return (
-            self.__class__.__qualname__,
-            [],
-            kwargs
-        )
+            kwargs["hints"] = self.hints
+        return (self.__class__.__qualname__, [], kwargs)
 
     @property
     def reversible(self):
@@ -101,13 +100,17 @@ class RunSQL(Operation):
             state_operation.state_forwards(app_label, state)
 
     def database_forwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
-        if router.allow_migrate(schema_editor.connection.alias, app_label, **self.hints):
+        if router.allow_migrate(
+            schema_editor.connection.alias, app_label, **self.hints
+        ):
             self._run_sql(schema_editor, self.sql)
 
     def database_backwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
         if self.reverse_sql is None:
             raise NotImplementedError("You cannot reverse this operation")
-        if router.allow_migrate(schema_editor.connection.alias, app_label, **self.hints):
+        if router.allow_migrate(
+            schema_editor.connection.alias, app_label, **self.hints
+        ):
             self._run_sql(schema_editor, self.reverse_sql)
 
     def describe(self):
@@ -137,7 +140,9 @@ class RunPython(Operation):
 
     reduces_to_sql = False
 
-    def __init__(self, code, reverse_code=None, atomic=None, hints=None, elidable=False):
+    def __init__(
+        self, code, reverse_code=None, atomic=None, hints=None, elidable=False
+    ):
         self.atomic = atomic
         # Forwards code
         if not callable(code):
@@ -155,19 +160,15 @@ class RunPython(Operation):
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         kwargs = {
-            'code': self.code,
+            "code": self.code,
         }
         if self.reverse_code is not None:
-            kwargs['reverse_code'] = self.reverse_code
+            kwargs["reverse_code"] = self.reverse_code
         if self.atomic is not None:
-            kwargs['atomic'] = self.atomic
+            kwargs["atomic"] = self.atomic
         if self.hints:
-            kwargs['hints'] = self.hints
-        return (
-            self.__class__.__qualname__,
-            [],
-            kwargs
-        )
+            kwargs["hints"] = self.hints
+        return (self.__class__.__qualname__, [], kwargs)
 
     @property
     def reversible(self):
@@ -182,7 +183,9 @@ class RunPython(Operation):
         # RunPython has access to all models. Ensure that all models are
         # reloaded in case any are delayed.
         from_state.clear_delayed_apps_cache()
-        if router.allow_migrate(schema_editor.connection.alias, app_label, **self.hints):
+        if router.allow_migrate(
+            schema_editor.connection.alias, app_label, **self.hints
+        ):
             # We now execute the Python code in a context that contains a 'models'
             # object, representing the versioned models as an app registry.
             # We could try to override the global cache, but then people will still
@@ -192,7 +195,9 @@ class RunPython(Operation):
     def database_backwards(self, app_label, schema_editor, from_state, to_state):
         if self.reverse_code is None:
             raise NotImplementedError("You cannot reverse this operation")
-        if router.allow_migrate(schema_editor.connection.alias, app_label, **self.hints):
+        if router.allow_migrate(
+            schema_editor.connection.alias, app_label, **self.hints
+        ):
             self.reverse_code(from_state.apps, schema_editor)
 
     def describe(self):
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/optimizer.py b/django/db/migrations/optimizer.py
index ee20f62af2..7e5dea2377 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/optimizer.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/optimizer.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class MigrationOptimizer:
         """
         # Internal tracking variable for test assertions about # of loops
         if app_label is None:
-            raise TypeError('app_label must be a str.')
+            raise TypeError("app_label must be a str.")
         self._iterations = 0
         while True:
             result = self.optimize_inner(operations, app_label)
@@ -43,10 +43,10 @@ class MigrationOptimizer:
         for i, operation in enumerate(operations):
             right = True  # Should we reduce on the right or on the left.
             # Compare it to each operation after it
-            for j, other in enumerate(operations[i + 1:]):
+            for j, other in enumerate(operations[i + 1 :]):
                 result = operation.reduce(other, app_label)
                 if isinstance(result, list):
-                    in_between = operations[i + 1:i + j + 1]
+                    in_between = operations[i + 1 : i + j + 1]
                     if right:
                         new_operations.extend(in_between)
                         new_operations.extend(result)
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class MigrationOptimizer:
                         # Otherwise keep trying.
                         new_operations.append(operation)
                         break
-                    new_operations.extend(operations[i + j + 2:])
+                    new_operations.extend(operations[i + j + 2 :])
                     return new_operations
                 elif not result:
                     # Can't perform a right reduction.
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/questioner.py b/django/db/migrations/questioner.py
index 3460e2b3ab..e1081ab70a 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/questioner.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/questioner.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class MigrationQuestioner:
         # file check will ensure we skip South ones.
         try:
             app_config = apps.get_app_config(app_label)
-        except LookupError:         # It's a fake app.
+        except LookupError:  # It's a fake app.
             return self.defaults.get("ask_initial", False)
         migrations_import_path, _ = MigrationLoader.migrations_module(app_config.label)
         if migrations_import_path is None:
@@ -88,25 +88,29 @@ class MigrationQuestioner:
 
 
 class InteractiveMigrationQuestioner(MigrationQuestioner):
-    def __init__(self, defaults=None, specified_apps=None, dry_run=None, prompt_output=None):
-        super().__init__(defaults=defaults, specified_apps=specified_apps, dry_run=dry_run)
+    def __init__(
+        self, defaults=None, specified_apps=None, dry_run=None, prompt_output=None
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            defaults=defaults, specified_apps=specified_apps, dry_run=dry_run
+        )
         self.prompt_output = prompt_output or OutputWrapper(sys.stdout)
 
     def _boolean_input(self, question, default=None):
-        self.prompt_output.write(f'{question} ', ending='')
+        self.prompt_output.write(f"{question} ", ending="")
         result = input()
         if not result and default is not None:
             return default
         while not result or result[0].lower() not in "yn":
-            self.prompt_output.write('Please answer yes or no: ', ending='')
+            self.prompt_output.write("Please answer yes or no: ", ending="")
             result = input()
         return result[0].lower() == "y"
 
     def _choice_input(self, question, choices):
-        self.prompt_output.write(f'{question}')
+        self.prompt_output.write(f"{question}")
         for i, choice in enumerate(choices):
-            self.prompt_output.write(' %s) %s' % (i + 1, choice))
-        self.prompt_output.write('Select an option: ', ending='')
+            self.prompt_output.write(" %s) %s" % (i + 1, choice))
+        self.prompt_output.write("Select an option: ", ending="")
         result = input()
         while True:
             try:
@@ -116,10 +120,10 @@ class InteractiveMigrationQuestioner(MigrationQuestioner):
             else:
                 if 0 < value <= len(choices):
                     return value
-            self.prompt_output.write('Please select a valid option: ', ending='')
+            self.prompt_output.write("Please select a valid option: ", ending="")
             result = input()
 
-    def _ask_default(self, default=''):
+    def _ask_default(self, default=""):
         """
         Prompt for a default value.
 
@@ -127,15 +131,15 @@ class InteractiveMigrationQuestioner(MigrationQuestioner):
         string) which will be shown to the user and used as the return value
         if the user doesn't provide any other input.
         """
-        self.prompt_output.write('Please enter the default value as valid Python.')
+        self.prompt_output.write("Please enter the default value as valid Python.")
         if default:
             self.prompt_output.write(
                 f"Accept the default '{default}' by pressing 'Enter' or "
                 f"provide another value."
             )
         self.prompt_output.write(
-            'The datetime and django.utils.timezone modules are available, so '
-            'it is possible to provide e.g. timezone.now as a value.'
+            "The datetime and django.utils.timezone modules are available, so "
+            "it is possible to provide e.g. timezone.now as a value."
         )
         self.prompt_output.write("Type 'exit' to exit this prompt")
         while True:
@@ -143,19 +147,21 @@ class InteractiveMigrationQuestioner(MigrationQuestioner):
                 prompt = "[default: {}] >>> ".format(default)
             else:
                 prompt = ">>> "
-            self.prompt_output.write(prompt, ending='')
+            self.prompt_output.write(prompt, ending="")
             code = input()
             if not code and default:
                 code = default
             if not code:
-                self.prompt_output.write("Please enter some code, or 'exit' (without quotes) to exit.")
+                self.prompt_output.write(
+                    "Please enter some code, or 'exit' (without quotes) to exit."
+                )
             elif code == "exit":
                 sys.exit(1)
             else:
                 try:
-                    return eval(code, {}, {'datetime': datetime, 'timezone': timezone})
+                    return eval(code, {}, {"datetime": datetime, "timezone": timezone})
                 except (SyntaxError, NameError) as e:
-                    self.prompt_output.write('Invalid input: %s' % e)
+                    self.prompt_output.write("Invalid input: %s" % e)
 
     def ask_not_null_addition(self, field_name, model_name):
         """Adding a NOT NULL field to a model."""
@@ -167,10 +173,12 @@ class InteractiveMigrationQuestioner(MigrationQuestioner):
                 f"rows.\n"
                 f"Please select a fix:",
                 [
-                    ("Provide a one-off default now (will be set on all existing "
-                     "rows with a null value for this column)"),
-                    'Quit and manually define a default value in models.py.',
-                ]
+                    (
+                        "Provide a one-off default now (will be set on all existing "
+                        "rows with a null value for this column)"
+                    ),
+                    "Quit and manually define a default value in models.py.",
+                ],
             )
             if choice == 2:
                 sys.exit(3)
@@ -188,13 +196,15 @@ class InteractiveMigrationQuestioner(MigrationQuestioner):
                 f"populate existing rows.\n"
                 f"Please select a fix:",
                 [
-                    ("Provide a one-off default now (will be set on all existing "
-                     "rows with a null value for this column)"),
-                    'Ignore for now. Existing rows that contain NULL values '
-                    'will have to be handled manually, for example with a '
-                    'RunPython or RunSQL operation.',
-                    'Quit and manually define a default value in models.py.',
-                ]
+                    (
+                        "Provide a one-off default now (will be set on all existing "
+                        "rows with a null value for this column)"
+                    ),
+                    "Ignore for now. Existing rows that contain NULL values "
+                    "will have to be handled manually, for example with a "
+                    "RunPython or RunSQL operation.",
+                    "Quit and manually define a default value in models.py.",
+                ],
             )
             if choice == 2:
                 return NOT_PROVIDED
@@ -206,21 +216,33 @@ class InteractiveMigrationQuestioner(MigrationQuestioner):
 
     def ask_rename(self, model_name, old_name, new_name, field_instance):
         """Was this field really renamed?"""
-        msg = 'Was %s.%s renamed to %s.%s (a %s)? [y/N]'
-        return self._boolean_input(msg % (model_name, old_name, model_name, new_name,
-                                          field_instance.__class__.__name__), False)
+        msg = "Was %s.%s renamed to %s.%s (a %s)? [y/N]"
+        return self._boolean_input(
+            msg
+            % (
+                model_name,
+                old_name,
+                model_name,
+                new_name,
+                field_instance.__class__.__name__,
+            ),
+            False,
+        )
 
     def ask_rename_model(self, old_model_state, new_model_state):
         """Was this model really renamed?"""
-        msg = 'Was the model %s.%s renamed to %s? [y/N]'
-        return self._boolean_input(msg % (old_model_state.app_label, old_model_state.name,
-                                          new_model_state.name), False)
+        msg = "Was the model %s.%s renamed to %s? [y/N]"
+        return self._boolean_input(
+            msg
+            % (old_model_state.app_label, old_model_state.name, new_model_state.name),
+            False,
+        )
 
     def ask_merge(self, app_label):
         return self._boolean_input(
-            "\nMerging will only work if the operations printed above do not conflict\n" +
-            "with each other (working on different fields or models)\n" +
-            'Should these migration branches be merged? [y/N]',
+            "\nMerging will only work if the operations printed above do not conflict\n"
+            + "with each other (working on different fields or models)\n"
+            + "Should these migration branches be merged? [y/N]",
             False,
         )
 
@@ -233,15 +255,15 @@ class InteractiveMigrationQuestioner(MigrationQuestioner):
                 f"default. This is because the database needs something to "
                 f"populate existing rows.\n",
                 [
-                    'Provide a one-off default now which will be set on all '
-                    'existing rows',
-                    'Quit and manually define a default value in models.py.',
-                ]
+                    "Provide a one-off default now which will be set on all "
+                    "existing rows",
+                    "Quit and manually define a default value in models.py.",
+                ],
             )
             if choice == 2:
                 sys.exit(3)
             else:
-                return self._ask_default(default='timezone.now')
+                return self._ask_default(default="timezone.now")
         return None
 
     def ask_unique_callable_default_addition(self, field_name, model_name):
@@ -249,16 +271,16 @@ class InteractiveMigrationQuestioner(MigrationQuestioner):
         if not self.dry_run:
             version = get_docs_version()
             choice = self._choice_input(
-                f'Callable default on unique field {model_name}.{field_name} '
-                f'will not generate unique values upon migrating.\n'
-                f'Please choose how to proceed:\n',
+                f"Callable default on unique field {model_name}.{field_name} "
+                f"will not generate unique values upon migrating.\n"
+                f"Please choose how to proceed:\n",
                 [
-                    f'Continue making this migration as the first step in '
-                    f'writing a manual migration to generate unique values '
-                    f'described here: '
-                    f'https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/{version}/howto/'
-                    f'writing-migrations/#migrations-that-add-unique-fields.',
-                    'Quit and edit field options in models.py.',
+                    f"Continue making this migration as the first step in "
+                    f"writing a manual migration to generate unique values "
+                    f"described here: "
+                    f"https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/{version}/howto/"
+                    f"writing-migrations/#migrations-that-add-unique-fields.",
+                    "Quit and edit field options in models.py.",
                 ],
             )
             if choice == 2:
@@ -268,13 +290,19 @@ class InteractiveMigrationQuestioner(MigrationQuestioner):
 
 class NonInteractiveMigrationQuestioner(MigrationQuestioner):
     def __init__(
-        self, defaults=None, specified_apps=None, dry_run=None, verbosity=1,
+        self,
+        defaults=None,
+        specified_apps=None,
+        dry_run=None,
+        verbosity=1,
         log=None,
     ):
         self.verbosity = verbosity
         self.log = log
         super().__init__(
-            defaults=defaults, specified_apps=specified_apps, dry_run=dry_run,
+            defaults=defaults,
+            specified_apps=specified_apps,
+            dry_run=dry_run,
         )
 
     def log_lack_of_migration(self, field_name, model_name, reason):
@@ -289,8 +317,8 @@ class NonInteractiveMigrationQuestioner(MigrationQuestioner):
         self.log_lack_of_migration(
             field_name,
             model_name,
-            'it is impossible to add a non-nullable field without specifying '
-            'a default',
+            "it is impossible to add a non-nullable field without specifying "
+            "a default",
         )
         sys.exit(3)
 
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/recorder.py b/django/db/migrations/recorder.py
index 1a37c6b7d0..50876a9ee3 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/recorder.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/recorder.py
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ class MigrationRecorder:
     If a migration is unapplied its row is removed from the table. Having
     a row in the table always means a migration is applied.
     """
+
     _migration_class = None
 
     @classproperty
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ class MigrationRecorder:
         MigrationRecorder.
         """
         if cls._migration_class is None:
+
             class Migration(models.Model):
                 app = models.CharField(max_length=255)
                 name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
@@ -34,11 +36,11 @@ class MigrationRecorder:
 
                 class Meta:
                     apps = Apps()
-                    app_label = 'migrations'
-                    db_table = 'django_migrations'
+                    app_label = "migrations"
+                    db_table = "django_migrations"
 
                 def __str__(self):
-                    return 'Migration %s for %s' % (self.name, self.app)
+                    return "Migration %s for %s" % (self.name, self.app)
 
             cls._migration_class = Migration
         return cls._migration_class
@@ -67,7 +69,9 @@ class MigrationRecorder:
             with self.connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                 editor.create_model(self.Migration)
         except DatabaseError as exc:
-            raise MigrationSchemaMissing("Unable to create the django_migrations table (%s)" % exc)
+            raise MigrationSchemaMissing(
+                "Unable to create the django_migrations table (%s)" % exc
+            )
 
     def applied_migrations(self):
         """
@@ -75,7 +79,10 @@ class MigrationRecorder:
         for all applied migrations.
         """
         if self.has_table():
-            return {(migration.app, migration.name): migration for migration in self.migration_qs}
+            return {
+                (migration.app, migration.name): migration
+                for migration in self.migration_qs
+            }
         else:
             # If the django_migrations table doesn't exist, then no migrations
             # are applied.
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/serializer.py b/django/db/migrations/serializer.py
index 9c58f38e28..fb4a1964d9 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/serializer.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/serializer.py
@@ -25,12 +25,16 @@ class BaseSerializer:
         self.value = value
 
     def serialize(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses of BaseSerializer must implement the serialize() method.')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Subclasses of BaseSerializer must implement the serialize() method."
+        )
 
 
 class BaseSequenceSerializer(BaseSerializer):
     def _format(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses of BaseSequenceSerializer must implement the _format() method.')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Subclasses of BaseSequenceSerializer must implement the _format() method."
+        )
 
     def serialize(self):
         imports = set()
@@ -55,19 +59,21 @@ class ChoicesSerializer(BaseSerializer):
 
 class DateTimeSerializer(BaseSerializer):
     """For datetime.*, except datetime.datetime."""
+
     def serialize(self):
-        return repr(self.value), {'import datetime'}
+        return repr(self.value), {"import datetime"}
 
 
 class DatetimeDatetimeSerializer(BaseSerializer):
     """For datetime.datetime."""
+
     def serialize(self):
         if self.value.tzinfo is not None and self.value.tzinfo != utc:
             self.value = self.value.astimezone(utc)
         imports = ["import datetime"]
         if self.value.tzinfo is not None:
             imports.append("from django.utils.timezone import utc")
-        return repr(self.value).replace('datetime.timezone.utc', 'utc'), set(imports)
+        return repr(self.value).replace("datetime.timezone.utc", "utc"), set(imports)
 
 
 class DecimalSerializer(BaseSerializer):
@@ -123,8 +129,8 @@ class EnumSerializer(BaseSerializer):
         enum_class = self.value.__class__
         module = enum_class.__module__
         return (
-            '%s.%s[%r]' % (module, enum_class.__qualname__, self.value.name),
-            {'import %s' % module},
+            "%s.%s[%r]" % (module, enum_class.__qualname__, self.value.name),
+            {"import %s" % module},
         )
 
 
@@ -142,23 +148,29 @@ class FrozensetSerializer(BaseSequenceSerializer):
 
 class FunctionTypeSerializer(BaseSerializer):
     def serialize(self):
-        if getattr(self.value, "__self__", None) and isinstance(self.value.__self__, type):
+        if getattr(self.value, "__self__", None) and isinstance(
+            self.value.__self__, type
+        ):
             klass = self.value.__self__
             module = klass.__module__
-            return "%s.%s.%s" % (module, klass.__name__, self.value.__name__), {"import %s" % module}
+            return "%s.%s.%s" % (module, klass.__name__, self.value.__name__), {
+                "import %s" % module
+            }
         # Further error checking
-        if self.value.__name__ == '<lambda>':
+        if self.value.__name__ == "<lambda>":
             raise ValueError("Cannot serialize function: lambda")
         if self.value.__module__ is None:
             raise ValueError("Cannot serialize function %r: No module" % self.value)
 
         module_name = self.value.__module__
 
-        if '<' not in self.value.__qualname__:  # Qualname can include <locals>
-            return '%s.%s' % (module_name, self.value.__qualname__), {'import %s' % self.value.__module__}
+        if "<" not in self.value.__qualname__:  # Qualname can include <locals>
+            return "%s.%s" % (module_name, self.value.__qualname__), {
+                "import %s" % self.value.__module__
+            }
 
         raise ValueError(
-            'Could not find function %s in %s.\n' % (self.value.__name__, module_name)
+            "Could not find function %s in %s.\n" % (self.value.__name__, module_name)
         )
 
 
@@ -167,11 +179,14 @@ class FunctoolsPartialSerializer(BaseSerializer):
         # Serialize functools.partial() arguments
         func_string, func_imports = serializer_factory(self.value.func).serialize()
         args_string, args_imports = serializer_factory(self.value.args).serialize()
-        keywords_string, keywords_imports = serializer_factory(self.value.keywords).serialize()
+        keywords_string, keywords_imports = serializer_factory(
+            self.value.keywords
+        ).serialize()
         # Add any imports needed by arguments
-        imports = {'import functools', *func_imports, *args_imports, *keywords_imports}
+        imports = {"import functools", *func_imports, *args_imports, *keywords_imports}
         return (
-            'functools.%s(%s, *%s, **%s)' % (
+            "functools.%s(%s, *%s, **%s)"
+            % (
                 self.value.__class__.__name__,
                 func_string,
                 args_string,
@@ -214,9 +229,10 @@ class ModelManagerSerializer(DeconstructableSerializer):
 class OperationSerializer(BaseSerializer):
     def serialize(self):
         from django.db.migrations.writer import OperationWriter
+
         string, imports = OperationWriter(self.value, indentation=0).serialize()
         # Nested operation, trailing comma is handled in upper OperationWriter._write()
-        return string.rstrip(','), imports
+        return string.rstrip(","), imports
 
 
 class PathLikeSerializer(BaseSerializer):
@@ -228,22 +244,24 @@ class PathSerializer(BaseSerializer):
     def serialize(self):
         # Convert concrete paths to pure paths to avoid issues with migrations
         # generated on one platform being used on a different platform.
-        prefix = 'Pure' if isinstance(self.value, pathlib.Path) else ''
-        return 'pathlib.%s%r' % (prefix, self.value), {'import pathlib'}
+        prefix = "Pure" if isinstance(self.value, pathlib.Path) else ""
+        return "pathlib.%s%r" % (prefix, self.value), {"import pathlib"}
 
 
 class RegexSerializer(BaseSerializer):
     def serialize(self):
-        regex_pattern, pattern_imports = serializer_factory(self.value.pattern).serialize()
+        regex_pattern, pattern_imports = serializer_factory(
+            self.value.pattern
+        ).serialize()
         # Turn off default implicit flags (e.g. re.U) because regexes with the
         # same implicit and explicit flags aren't equal.
-        flags = self.value.flags ^ re.compile('').flags
+        flags = self.value.flags ^ re.compile("").flags
         regex_flags, flag_imports = serializer_factory(flags).serialize()
-        imports = {'import re', *pattern_imports, *flag_imports}
+        imports = {"import re", *pattern_imports, *flag_imports}
         args = [regex_pattern]
         if flags:
             args.append(regex_flags)
-        return "re.compile(%s)" % ', '.join(args), imports
+        return "re.compile(%s)" % ", ".join(args), imports
 
 
 class SequenceSerializer(BaseSequenceSerializer):
@@ -255,12 +273,14 @@ class SetSerializer(BaseSequenceSerializer):
     def _format(self):
         # Serialize as a set literal except when value is empty because {}
         # is an empty dict.
-        return '{%s}' if self.value else 'set(%s)'
+        return "{%s}" if self.value else "set(%s)"
 
 
 class SettingsReferenceSerializer(BaseSerializer):
     def serialize(self):
-        return "settings.%s" % self.value.setting_name, {"from django.conf import settings"}
+        return "settings.%s" % self.value.setting_name, {
+            "from django.conf import settings"
+        }
 
 
 class TupleSerializer(BaseSequenceSerializer):
@@ -273,8 +293,8 @@ class TupleSerializer(BaseSequenceSerializer):
 class TypeSerializer(BaseSerializer):
     def serialize(self):
         special_cases = [
-            (models.Model, "models.Model", ['from django.db import models']),
-            (type(None), 'type(None)', []),
+            (models.Model, "models.Model", ["from django.db import models"]),
+            (type(None), "type(None)", []),
         ]
         for case, string, imports in special_cases:
             if case is self.value:
@@ -284,7 +304,9 @@ class TypeSerializer(BaseSerializer):
             if module == builtins.__name__:
                 return self.value.__name__, set()
             else:
-                return "%s.%s" % (module, self.value.__qualname__), {"import %s" % module}
+                return "%s.%s" % (module, self.value.__qualname__), {
+                    "import %s" % module
+                }
 
 
 class UUIDSerializer(BaseSerializer):
@@ -309,7 +331,11 @@ class Serializer:
         (bool, int, type(None), bytes, str, range): BaseSimpleSerializer,
         decimal.Decimal: DecimalSerializer,
         (functools.partial, functools.partialmethod): FunctoolsPartialSerializer,
-        (types.FunctionType, types.BuiltinFunctionType, types.MethodType): FunctionTypeSerializer,
+        (
+            types.FunctionType,
+            types.BuiltinFunctionType,
+            types.MethodType,
+        ): FunctionTypeSerializer,
         collections.abc.Iterable: IterableSerializer,
         (COMPILED_REGEX_TYPE, RegexObject): RegexSerializer,
         uuid.UUID: UUIDSerializer,
@@ -320,7 +346,9 @@ class Serializer:
     @classmethod
     def register(cls, type_, serializer):
         if not issubclass(serializer, BaseSerializer):
-            raise ValueError("'%s' must inherit from 'BaseSerializer'." % serializer.__name__)
+            raise ValueError(
+                "'%s' must inherit from 'BaseSerializer'." % serializer.__name__
+            )
         cls._registry[type_] = serializer
 
     @classmethod
@@ -345,7 +373,7 @@ def serializer_factory(value):
     if isinstance(value, type):
         return TypeSerializer(value)
     # Anything that knows how to deconstruct itself.
-    if hasattr(value, 'deconstruct'):
+    if hasattr(value, "deconstruct"):
         return DeconstructableSerializer(value)
     for type_, serializer_cls in Serializer._registry.items():
         if isinstance(value, type_):
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/state.py b/django/db/migrations/state.py
index dfb51d579c..0c9416ae45 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/state.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/state.py
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ from contextlib import contextmanager
 from functools import partial
 
 from django.apps import AppConfig
-from django.apps.registry import Apps, apps as global_apps
+from django.apps.registry import Apps
+from django.apps.registry import apps as global_apps
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.exceptions import FieldDoesNotExist
 from django.db import models
@@ -21,9 +22,9 @@ from .exceptions import InvalidBasesError
 from .utils import resolve_relation
 
 
-def _get_app_label_and_model_name(model, app_label=''):
+def _get_app_label_and_model_name(model, app_label=""):
     if isinstance(model, str):
-        split = model.split('.', 1)
+        split = model.split(".", 1)
         return tuple(split) if len(split) == 2 else (app_label, split[0])
     else:
         return model._meta.app_label, model._meta.model_name
@@ -32,12 +33,17 @@ def _get_app_label_and_model_name(model, app_label=''):
 def _get_related_models(m):
     """Return all models that have a direct relationship to the given model."""
     related_models = [
-        subclass for subclass in m.__subclasses__()
+        subclass
+        for subclass in m.__subclasses__()
         if issubclass(subclass, models.Model)
     ]
     related_fields_models = set()
     for f in m._meta.get_fields(include_parents=True, include_hidden=True):
-        if f.is_relation and f.related_model is not None and not isinstance(f.related_model, str):
+        if (
+            f.is_relation
+            and f.related_model is not None
+            and not isinstance(f.related_model, str)
+        ):
             related_fields_models.add(f.model)
             related_models.append(f.related_model)
     # Reverse accessors of foreign keys to proxy models are attached to their
@@ -73,7 +79,10 @@ def get_related_models_recursive(model):
     seen = set()
     queue = _get_related_models(model)
     for rel_mod in queue:
-        rel_app_label, rel_model_name = rel_mod._meta.app_label, rel_mod._meta.model_name
+        rel_app_label, rel_model_name = (
+            rel_mod._meta.app_label,
+            rel_mod._meta.model_name,
+        )
         if (rel_app_label, rel_model_name) in seen:
             continue
         seen.add((rel_app_label, rel_model_name))
@@ -111,7 +120,7 @@ class ProjectState:
         self.models[model_key] = model_state
         if self._relations is not None:
             self.resolve_model_relations(model_key)
-        if 'apps' in self.__dict__:  # hasattr would cache the property
+        if "apps" in self.__dict__:  # hasattr would cache the property
             self.reload_model(*model_key)
 
     def remove_model(self, app_label, model_name):
@@ -124,7 +133,7 @@ class ProjectState:
                 model_relations.pop(model_key, None)
                 if not model_relations:
                     del self._relations[related_model_key]
-        if 'apps' in self.__dict__:  # hasattr would cache the property
+        if "apps" in self.__dict__:  # hasattr would cache the property
             self.apps.unregister_model(*model_key)
             # Need to do this explicitly since unregister_model() doesn't clear
             # the cache automatically (#24513)
@@ -139,9 +148,11 @@ class ProjectState:
         self.models[app_label, new_name_lower] = renamed_model
         # Repoint all fields pointing to the old model to the new one.
         old_model_tuple = (app_label, old_name_lower)
-        new_remote_model = f'{app_label}.{new_name}'
+        new_remote_model = f"{app_label}.{new_name}"
         to_reload = set()
-        for model_state, name, field, reference in get_references(self, old_model_tuple):
+        for model_state, name, field, reference in get_references(
+            self, old_model_tuple
+        ):
             changed_field = None
             if reference.to:
                 changed_field = field.clone()
@@ -193,16 +204,16 @@ class ProjectState:
         self.reload_model(app_label, model_name, delay=True)
 
     def add_index(self, app_label, model_name, index):
-        self._append_option(app_label, model_name, 'indexes', index)
+        self._append_option(app_label, model_name, "indexes", index)
 
     def remove_index(self, app_label, model_name, index_name):
-        self._remove_option(app_label, model_name, 'indexes', index_name)
+        self._remove_option(app_label, model_name, "indexes", index_name)
 
     def add_constraint(self, app_label, model_name, constraint):
-        self._append_option(app_label, model_name, 'constraints', constraint)
+        self._append_option(app_label, model_name, "constraints", constraint)
 
     def remove_constraint(self, app_label, model_name, constraint_name):
-        self._remove_option(app_label, model_name, 'constraints', constraint_name)
+        self._remove_option(app_label, model_name, "constraints", constraint_name)
 
     def add_field(self, app_label, model_name, name, field, preserve_default):
         # If preserve default is off, don't use the default for future state.
@@ -250,9 +261,8 @@ class ProjectState:
         # it's sufficient if the new field is (#27737).
         # Delay rendering of relationships if it's not a relational field and
         # not referenced by a foreign key.
-        delay = (
-            not field.is_relation and
-            not field_is_referenced(self, model_key, (name, field))
+        delay = not field.is_relation and not field_is_referenced(
+            self, model_key, (name, field)
         )
         self.reload_model(*model_key, delay=delay)
 
@@ -270,15 +280,17 @@ class ProjectState:
         fields[new_name] = found
         for field in fields.values():
             # Fix from_fields to refer to the new field.
-            from_fields = getattr(field, 'from_fields', None)
+            from_fields = getattr(field, "from_fields", None)
             if from_fields:
-                field.from_fields = tuple([
-                    new_name if from_field_name == old_name else from_field_name
-                    for from_field_name in from_fields
-                ])
+                field.from_fields = tuple(
+                    [
+                        new_name if from_field_name == old_name else from_field_name
+                        for from_field_name in from_fields
+                    ]
+                )
         # Fix index/unique_together to refer to the new field.
         options = model_state.options
-        for option in ('index_together', 'unique_together'):
+        for option in ("index_together", "unique_together"):
             if option in options:
                 options[option] = [
                     [new_name if n == old_name else n for n in together]
@@ -291,13 +303,15 @@ class ProjectState:
             delay = False
             if reference.to:
                 remote_field, to_fields = reference.to
-                if getattr(remote_field, 'field_name', None) == old_name:
+                if getattr(remote_field, "field_name", None) == old_name:
                     remote_field.field_name = new_name
                 if to_fields:
-                    field.to_fields = tuple([
-                        new_name if to_field_name == old_name else to_field_name
-                        for to_field_name in to_fields
-                    ])
+                    field.to_fields = tuple(
+                        [
+                            new_name if to_field_name == old_name else to_field_name
+                            for to_field_name in to_fields
+                        ]
+                    )
         if self._relations is not None:
             old_name_lower = old_name.lower()
             new_name_lower = new_name.lower()
@@ -335,7 +349,9 @@ class ProjectState:
             if field.is_relation:
                 if field.remote_field.model == RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT:
                     continue
-                rel_app_label, rel_model_name = _get_app_label_and_model_name(field.related_model, app_label)
+                rel_app_label, rel_model_name = _get_app_label_and_model_name(
+                    field.related_model, app_label
+                )
                 direct_related_models.add((rel_app_label, rel_model_name.lower()))
 
         # For all direct related models recursively get all related models.
@@ -357,15 +373,17 @@ class ProjectState:
         return related_models
 
     def reload_model(self, app_label, model_name, delay=False):
-        if 'apps' in self.__dict__:  # hasattr would cache the property
+        if "apps" in self.__dict__:  # hasattr would cache the property
             related_models = self._find_reload_model(app_label, model_name, delay)
             self._reload(related_models)
 
     def reload_models(self, models, delay=True):
-        if 'apps' in self.__dict__:  # hasattr would cache the property
+        if "apps" in self.__dict__:  # hasattr would cache the property
             related_models = set()
             for app_label, model_name in models:
-                related_models.update(self._find_reload_model(app_label, model_name, delay))
+                related_models.update(
+                    self._find_reload_model(app_label, model_name, delay)
+                )
             self._reload(related_models)
 
     def _reload(self, related_models):
@@ -395,7 +413,12 @@ class ProjectState:
         self.apps.render_multiple(states_to_be_rendered)
 
     def update_model_field_relation(
-        self, model, model_key, field_name, field, concretes,
+        self,
+        model,
+        model_key,
+        field_name,
+        field,
+        concretes,
     ):
         remote_model_key = resolve_relation(model, *model_key)
         if remote_model_key[0] not in self.real_apps and remote_model_key in concretes:
@@ -413,7 +436,11 @@ class ProjectState:
                 del relations_to_remote_model[model_key]
 
     def resolve_model_field_relations(
-        self, model_key, field_name, field, concretes=None,
+        self,
+        model_key,
+        field_name,
+        field,
+        concretes=None,
     ):
         remote_field = field.remote_field
         if not remote_field:
@@ -422,13 +449,19 @@ class ProjectState:
             concretes, _ = self._get_concrete_models_mapping_and_proxy_models()
 
         self.update_model_field_relation(
-            remote_field.model, model_key, field_name, field, concretes,
+            remote_field.model,
+            model_key,
+            field_name,
+            field,
+            concretes,
         )
 
-        through = getattr(remote_field, 'through', None)
+        through = getattr(remote_field, "through", None)
         if not through:
             return
-        self.update_model_field_relation(through, model_key, field_name, field, concretes)
+        self.update_model_field_relation(
+            through, model_key, field_name, field, concretes
+        )
 
     def resolve_model_relations(self, model_key, concretes=None):
         if concretes is None:
@@ -455,7 +488,10 @@ class ProjectState:
             self._relations[model_key] = self._relations[concretes[model_key]]
 
     def get_concrete_model_key(self, model):
-        concrete_models_mapping, _ = self._get_concrete_models_mapping_and_proxy_models()
+        (
+            concrete_models_mapping,
+            _,
+        ) = self._get_concrete_models_mapping_and_proxy_models()
         model_key = make_model_tuple(model)
         return concrete_models_mapping[model_key]
 
@@ -464,11 +500,14 @@ class ProjectState:
         proxy_models = {}
         # Split models to proxy and concrete models.
         for model_key, model_state in self.models.items():
-            if model_state.options.get('proxy'):
+            if model_state.options.get("proxy"):
                 proxy_models[model_key] = model_state
                 # Find a concrete model for the proxy.
-                concrete_models_mapping[model_key] = self._find_concrete_model_from_proxy(
-                    proxy_models, model_state,
+                concrete_models_mapping[
+                    model_key
+                ] = self._find_concrete_model_from_proxy(
+                    proxy_models,
+                    model_state,
                 )
             else:
                 concrete_models_mapping[model_key] = model_key
@@ -491,14 +530,14 @@ class ProjectState:
             models={k: v.clone() for k, v in self.models.items()},
             real_apps=self.real_apps,
         )
-        if 'apps' in self.__dict__:
+        if "apps" in self.__dict__:
             new_state.apps = self.apps.clone()
         new_state.is_delayed = self.is_delayed
         return new_state
 
     def clear_delayed_apps_cache(self):
-        if self.is_delayed and 'apps' in self.__dict__:
-            del self.__dict__['apps']
+        if self.is_delayed and "apps" in self.__dict__:
+            del self.__dict__["apps"]
 
     @cached_property
     def apps(self):
@@ -519,6 +558,7 @@ class ProjectState:
 
 class AppConfigStub(AppConfig):
     """Stub of an AppConfig. Only provides a label and a dict of models."""
+
     def __init__(self, label):
         self.apps = None
         self.models = {}
@@ -537,6 +577,7 @@ class StateApps(Apps):
     Subclass of the global Apps registry class to better handle dynamic model
     additions and removals.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, real_apps, models, ignore_swappable=False):
         # Any apps in self.real_apps should have all their models included
         # in the render. We don't use the original model instances as there
@@ -550,7 +591,9 @@ class StateApps(Apps):
                 self.real_models.append(ModelState.from_model(model, exclude_rels=True))
         # Populate the app registry with a stub for each application.
         app_labels = {model_state.app_label for model_state in models.values()}
-        app_configs = [AppConfigStub(label) for label in sorted([*real_apps, *app_labels])]
+        app_configs = [
+            AppConfigStub(label) for label in sorted([*real_apps, *app_labels])
+        ]
         super().__init__(app_configs)
 
         # These locks get in the way of copying as implemented in clone(),
@@ -563,7 +606,10 @@ class StateApps(Apps):
 
         # There shouldn't be any operations pending at this point.
         from django.core.checks.model_checks import _check_lazy_references
-        ignore = {make_model_tuple(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)} if ignore_swappable else set()
+
+        ignore = (
+            {make_model_tuple(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)} if ignore_swappable else set()
+        )
         errors = _check_lazy_references(self, ignore=ignore)
         if errors:
             raise ValueError("\n".join(error.msg for error in errors))
@@ -646,34 +692,36 @@ class ModelState:
     assign new ones, as these are not detached during a clone.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, app_label, name, fields, options=None, bases=None, managers=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self, app_label, name, fields, options=None, bases=None, managers=None
+    ):
         self.app_label = app_label
         self.name = name
         self.fields = dict(fields)
         self.options = options or {}
-        self.options.setdefault('indexes', [])
-        self.options.setdefault('constraints', [])
+        self.options.setdefault("indexes", [])
+        self.options.setdefault("constraints", [])
         self.bases = bases or (models.Model,)
         self.managers = managers or []
         for name, field in self.fields.items():
             # Sanity-check that fields are NOT already bound to a model.
-            if hasattr(field, 'model'):
+            if hasattr(field, "model"):
                 raise ValueError(
                     'ModelState.fields cannot be bound to a model - "%s" is.' % name
                 )
             # Sanity-check that relation fields are NOT referring to a model class.
-            if field.is_relation and hasattr(field.related_model, '_meta'):
+            if field.is_relation and hasattr(field.related_model, "_meta"):
                 raise ValueError(
                     'ModelState.fields cannot refer to a model class - "%s.to" does. '
-                    'Use a string reference instead.' % name
+                    "Use a string reference instead." % name
                 )
-            if field.many_to_many and hasattr(field.remote_field.through, '_meta'):
+            if field.many_to_many and hasattr(field.remote_field.through, "_meta"):
                 raise ValueError(
                     'ModelState.fields cannot refer to a model class - "%s.through" does. '
-                    'Use a string reference instead.' % name
+                    "Use a string reference instead." % name
                 )
         # Sanity-check that indexes have their name set.
-        for index in self.options['indexes']:
+        for index in self.options["indexes"]:
             if not index.name:
                 raise ValueError(
                     "Indexes passed to ModelState require a name attribute. "
@@ -685,8 +733,8 @@ class ModelState:
         return self.name.lower()
 
     def get_field(self, field_name):
-        if field_name == '_order':
-            field_name = self.options.get('order_with_respect_to', field_name)
+        if field_name == "_order":
+            field_name = self.options.get("order_with_respect_to", field_name)
         return self.fields[field_name]
 
     @classmethod
@@ -703,22 +751,28 @@ class ModelState:
             try:
                 fields.append((name, field.clone()))
             except TypeError as e:
-                raise TypeError("Couldn't reconstruct field %s on %s: %s" % (
-                    name,
-                    model._meta.label,
-                    e,
-                ))
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "Couldn't reconstruct field %s on %s: %s"
+                    % (
+                        name,
+                        model._meta.label,
+                        e,
+                    )
+                )
         if not exclude_rels:
             for field in model._meta.local_many_to_many:
                 name = field.name
                 try:
                     fields.append((name, field.clone()))
                 except TypeError as e:
-                    raise TypeError("Couldn't reconstruct m2m field %s on %s: %s" % (
-                        name,
-                        model._meta.object_name,
-                        e,
-                    ))
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        "Couldn't reconstruct m2m field %s on %s: %s"
+                        % (
+                            name,
+                            model._meta.object_name,
+                            e,
+                        )
+                    )
         # Extract the options
         options = {}
         for name in DEFAULT_NAMES:
@@ -737,9 +791,11 @@ class ModelState:
                     for index in indexes:
                         if not index.name:
                             index.set_name_with_model(model)
-                    options['indexes'] = indexes
-                elif name == 'constraints':
-                    options['constraints'] = [con.clone() for con in model._meta.constraints]
+                    options["indexes"] = indexes
+                elif name == "constraints":
+                    options["constraints"] = [
+                        con.clone() for con in model._meta.constraints
+                    ]
                 else:
                     options[name] = model._meta.original_attrs[name]
         # If we're ignoring relationships, remove all field-listing model
@@ -749,8 +805,10 @@ class ModelState:
                 if key in options:
                     del options[key]
         # Private fields are ignored, so remove options that refer to them.
-        elif options.get('order_with_respect_to') in {field.name for field in model._meta.private_fields}:
-            del options['order_with_respect_to']
+        elif options.get("order_with_respect_to") in {
+            field.name for field in model._meta.private_fields
+        }:
+            del options["order_with_respect_to"]
 
         def flatten_bases(model):
             bases = []
@@ -766,19 +824,19 @@ class ModelState:
         # __bases__ we may end up with duplicates and ordering issues, we
         # therefore discard any duplicates and reorder the bases according
         # to their index in the MRO.
-        flattened_bases = sorted(set(flatten_bases(model)), key=lambda x: model.__mro__.index(x))
+        flattened_bases = sorted(
+            set(flatten_bases(model)), key=lambda x: model.__mro__.index(x)
+        )
 
         # Make our record
         bases = tuple(
-            (
-                base._meta.label_lower
-                if hasattr(base, "_meta") else
-                base
-            )
+            (base._meta.label_lower if hasattr(base, "_meta") else base)
             for base in flattened_bases
         )
         # Ensure at least one base inherits from models.Model
-        if not any((isinstance(base, str) or issubclass(base, models.Model)) for base in bases):
+        if not any(
+            (isinstance(base, str) or issubclass(base, models.Model)) for base in bases
+        ):
             bases = (models.Model,)
 
         managers = []
@@ -805,7 +863,7 @@ class ModelState:
             managers.append((manager.name, new_manager))
 
         # Ignore a shimmed default manager called objects if it's the only one.
-        if managers == [('objects', default_manager_shim)]:
+        if managers == [("objects", default_manager_shim)]:
             managers = []
 
         # Construct the new ModelState
@@ -848,7 +906,7 @@ class ModelState:
     def render(self, apps):
         """Create a Model object from our current state into the given apps."""
         # First, make a Meta object
-        meta_contents = {'app_label': self.app_label, 'apps': apps, **self.options}
+        meta_contents = {"app_label": self.app_label, "apps": apps, **self.options}
         meta = type("Meta", (), meta_contents)
         # Then, work out our bases
         try:
@@ -857,11 +915,13 @@ class ModelState:
                 for base in self.bases
             )
         except LookupError:
-            raise InvalidBasesError("Cannot resolve one or more bases from %r" % (self.bases,))
+            raise InvalidBasesError(
+                "Cannot resolve one or more bases from %r" % (self.bases,)
+            )
         # Clone fields for the body, add other bits.
         body = {name: field.clone() for name, field in self.fields.items()}
-        body['Meta'] = meta
-        body['__module__'] = "__fake__"
+        body["Meta"] = meta
+        body["__module__"] = "__fake__"
 
         # Restore managers
         body.update(self.construct_managers())
@@ -869,33 +929,33 @@ class ModelState:
         return type(self.name, bases, body)
 
     def get_index_by_name(self, name):
-        for index in self.options['indexes']:
+        for index in self.options["indexes"]:
             if index.name == name:
                 return index
         raise ValueError("No index named %s on model %s" % (name, self.name))
 
     def get_constraint_by_name(self, name):
-        for constraint in self.options['constraints']:
+        for constraint in self.options["constraints"]:
             if constraint.name == name:
                 return constraint
-        raise ValueError('No constraint named %s on model %s' % (name, self.name))
+        raise ValueError("No constraint named %s on model %s" % (name, self.name))
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "<%s: '%s.%s'>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.app_label, self.name)
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return (
-            (self.app_label == other.app_label) and
-            (self.name == other.name) and
-            (len(self.fields) == len(other.fields)) and
-            all(
+            (self.app_label == other.app_label)
+            and (self.name == other.name)
+            and (len(self.fields) == len(other.fields))
+            and all(
                 k1 == k2 and f1.deconstruct()[1:] == f2.deconstruct()[1:]
                 for (k1, f1), (k2, f2) in zip(
                     sorted(self.fields.items()),
                     sorted(other.fields.items()),
                 )
-            ) and
-            (self.options == other.options) and
-            (self.bases == other.bases) and
-            (self.managers == other.managers)
+            )
+            and (self.options == other.options)
+            and (self.bases == other.bases)
+            and (self.managers == other.managers)
         )
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/utils.py b/django/db/migrations/utils.py
index 42a4d90340..2b45a6033b 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/utils.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/utils.py
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ from collections import namedtuple
 
 from django.db.models.fields.related import RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT
 
-FieldReference = namedtuple('FieldReference', 'to through')
+FieldReference = namedtuple("FieldReference", "to through")
 
-COMPILED_REGEX_TYPE = type(re.compile(''))
+COMPILED_REGEX_TYPE = type(re.compile(""))
 
 
 class RegexObject:
@@ -33,16 +33,16 @@ def resolve_relation(model, app_label=None, model_name=None):
         if model == RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT:
             if app_label is None or model_name is None:
                 raise TypeError(
-                    'app_label and model_name must be provided to resolve '
-                    'recursive relationships.'
+                    "app_label and model_name must be provided to resolve "
+                    "recursive relationships."
                 )
             return app_label, model_name
-        if '.' in model:
-            app_label, model_name = model.split('.', 1)
+        if "." in model:
+            app_label, model_name = model.split(".", 1)
             return app_label, model_name.lower()
         if app_label is None:
             raise TypeError(
-                'app_label must be provided to resolve unscoped model relationships.'
+                "app_label must be provided to resolve unscoped model relationships."
             )
         return app_label, model.lower()
     return model._meta.app_label, model._meta.model_name
@@ -70,24 +70,32 @@ def field_references(
     references_to = None
     references_through = None
     if resolve_relation(remote_field.model, *model_tuple) == reference_model_tuple:
-        to_fields = getattr(field, 'to_fields', None)
+        to_fields = getattr(field, "to_fields", None)
         if (
-            reference_field_name is None or
+            reference_field_name is None
+            or
             # Unspecified to_field(s).
-            to_fields is None or
+            to_fields is None
+            or
             # Reference to primary key.
-            (None in to_fields and (reference_field is None or reference_field.primary_key)) or
+            (
+                None in to_fields
+                and (reference_field is None or reference_field.primary_key)
+            )
+            or
             # Reference to field.
             reference_field_name in to_fields
         ):
             references_to = (remote_field, to_fields)
-    through = getattr(remote_field, 'through', None)
+    through = getattr(remote_field, "through", None)
     if through and resolve_relation(through, *model_tuple) == reference_model_tuple:
         through_fields = remote_field.through_fields
         if (
-            reference_field_name is None or
+            reference_field_name is None
+            or
             # Unspecified through_fields.
-            through_fields is None or
+            through_fields is None
+            or
             # Reference to field.
             reference_field_name in through_fields
         ):
@@ -107,7 +115,9 @@ def get_references(state, model_tuple, field_tuple=()):
     """
     for state_model_tuple, model_state in state.models.items():
         for name, field in model_state.fields.items():
-            reference = field_references(state_model_tuple, field, model_tuple, *field_tuple)
+            reference = field_references(
+                state_model_tuple, field, model_tuple, *field_tuple
+            )
             if reference:
                 yield model_state, name, field, reference
 
diff --git a/django/db/migrations/writer.py b/django/db/migrations/writer.py
index 4918261fb0..a59f0c8dcb 100644
--- a/django/db/migrations/writer.py
+++ b/django/db/migrations/writer.py
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-
 import os
 import re
 from importlib import import_module
 
 from django import get_version
 from django.apps import apps
+
 # SettingsReference imported for backwards compatibility in Django 2.2.
 from django.conf import SettingsReference  # NOQA
 from django.db import migrations
@@ -22,30 +22,30 @@ class OperationWriter:
         self.indentation = indentation
 
     def serialize(self):
-
         def _write(_arg_name, _arg_value):
-            if (_arg_name in self.operation.serialization_expand_args and
-                    isinstance(_arg_value, (list, tuple, dict))):
+            if _arg_name in self.operation.serialization_expand_args and isinstance(
+                _arg_value, (list, tuple, dict)
+            ):
                 if isinstance(_arg_value, dict):
-                    self.feed('%s={' % _arg_name)
+                    self.feed("%s={" % _arg_name)
                     self.indent()
                     for key, value in _arg_value.items():
                         key_string, key_imports = MigrationWriter.serialize(key)
                         arg_string, arg_imports = MigrationWriter.serialize(value)
                         args = arg_string.splitlines()
                         if len(args) > 1:
-                            self.feed('%s: %s' % (key_string, args[0]))
+                            self.feed("%s: %s" % (key_string, args[0]))
                             for arg in args[1:-1]:
                                 self.feed(arg)
-                            self.feed('%s,' % args[-1])
+                            self.feed("%s," % args[-1])
                         else:
-                            self.feed('%s: %s,' % (key_string, arg_string))
+                            self.feed("%s: %s," % (key_string, arg_string))
                         imports.update(key_imports)
                         imports.update(arg_imports)
                     self.unindent()
-                    self.feed('},')
+                    self.feed("},")
                 else:
-                    self.feed('%s=[' % _arg_name)
+                    self.feed("%s=[" % _arg_name)
                     self.indent()
                     for item in _arg_value:
                         arg_string, arg_imports = MigrationWriter.serialize(item)
@@ -53,22 +53,22 @@ class OperationWriter:
                         if len(args) > 1:
                             for arg in args[:-1]:
                                 self.feed(arg)
-                            self.feed('%s,' % args[-1])
+                            self.feed("%s," % args[-1])
                         else:
-                            self.feed('%s,' % arg_string)
+                            self.feed("%s," % arg_string)
                         imports.update(arg_imports)
                     self.unindent()
-                    self.feed('],')
+                    self.feed("],")
             else:
                 arg_string, arg_imports = MigrationWriter.serialize(_arg_value)
                 args = arg_string.splitlines()
                 if len(args) > 1:
-                    self.feed('%s=%s' % (_arg_name, args[0]))
+                    self.feed("%s=%s" % (_arg_name, args[0]))
                     for arg in args[1:-1]:
                         self.feed(arg)
-                    self.feed('%s,' % args[-1])
+                    self.feed("%s," % args[-1])
                 else:
-                    self.feed('%s=%s,' % (_arg_name, arg_string))
+                    self.feed("%s=%s," % (_arg_name, arg_string))
                 imports.update(arg_imports)
 
         imports = set()
@@ -79,10 +79,10 @@ class OperationWriter:
         # We can just use the fact we already have that imported,
         # otherwise, we need to add an import for the operation class.
         if getattr(migrations, name, None) == self.operation.__class__:
-            self.feed('migrations.%s(' % name)
+            self.feed("migrations.%s(" % name)
         else:
-            imports.add('import %s' % (self.operation.__class__.__module__))
-            self.feed('%s.%s(' % (self.operation.__class__.__module__, name))
+            imports.add("import %s" % (self.operation.__class__.__module__))
+            self.feed("%s.%s(" % (self.operation.__class__.__module__, name))
 
         self.indent()
 
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class OperationWriter:
                 _write(arg_name, arg_value)
 
         self.unindent()
-        self.feed('),')
+        self.feed("),")
         return self.render(), imports
 
     def indent(self):
@@ -109,10 +109,10 @@ class OperationWriter:
         self.indentation -= 1
 
     def feed(self, line):
-        self.buff.append(' ' * (self.indentation * 4) + line)
+        self.buff.append(" " * (self.indentation * 4) + line)
 
     def render(self):
-        return '\n'.join(self.buff)
+        return "\n".join(self.buff)
 
 
 class MigrationWriter:
@@ -147,7 +147,10 @@ class MigrationWriter:
         dependencies = []
         for dependency in self.migration.dependencies:
             if dependency[0] == "__setting__":
-                dependencies.append("        migrations.swappable_dependency(settings.%s)," % dependency[1])
+                dependencies.append(
+                    "        migrations.swappable_dependency(settings.%s),"
+                    % dependency[1]
+                )
                 imports.add("from django.conf import settings")
             else:
                 dependencies.append("        %s," % self.serialize(dependency)[0])
@@ -183,24 +186,28 @@ class MigrationWriter:
             ) % "\n# ".join(sorted(migration_imports))
         # If there's a replaces, make a string for it
         if self.migration.replaces:
-            items['replaces_str'] = "\n    replaces = %s\n" % self.serialize(self.migration.replaces)[0]
+            items["replaces_str"] = (
+                "\n    replaces = %s\n" % self.serialize(self.migration.replaces)[0]
+            )
         # Hinting that goes into comment
         if self.include_header:
-            items['migration_header'] = MIGRATION_HEADER_TEMPLATE % {
-                'version': get_version(),
-                'timestamp': now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M"),
+            items["migration_header"] = MIGRATION_HEADER_TEMPLATE % {
+                "version": get_version(),
+                "timestamp": now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M"),
             }
         else:
-            items['migration_header'] = ""
+            items["migration_header"] = ""
 
         if self.migration.initial:
-            items['initial_str'] = "\n    initial = True\n"
+            items["initial_str"] = "\n    initial = True\n"
 
         return MIGRATION_TEMPLATE % items
 
     @property
     def basedir(self):
-        migrations_package_name, _ = MigrationLoader.migrations_module(self.migration.app_label)
+        migrations_package_name, _ = MigrationLoader.migrations_module(
+            self.migration.app_label
+        )
 
         if migrations_package_name is None:
             raise ValueError(
@@ -222,7 +229,11 @@ class MigrationWriter:
 
         # Alright, see if it's a direct submodule of the app
         app_config = apps.get_app_config(self.migration.app_label)
-        maybe_app_name, _, migrations_package_basename = migrations_package_name.rpartition(".")
+        (
+            maybe_app_name,
+            _,
+            migrations_package_basename,
+        ) = migrations_package_name.rpartition(".")
         if app_config.name == maybe_app_name:
             return os.path.join(app_config.path, migrations_package_basename)
 
@@ -246,8 +257,8 @@ class MigrationWriter:
             raise ValueError(
                 "Could not locate an appropriate location to create "
                 "migrations package %s. Make sure the toplevel "
-                "package exists and can be imported." %
-                migrations_package_name)
+                "package exists and can be imported." % migrations_package_name
+            )
 
         final_dir = os.path.join(base_dir, *missing_dirs)
         os.makedirs(final_dir, exist_ok=True)
diff --git a/django/db/models/__init__.py b/django/db/models/__init__.py
index a583af2aff..ffca81de91 100644
--- a/django/db/models/__init__.py
+++ b/django/db/models/__init__.py
@@ -5,14 +5,34 @@ from django.db.models.aggregates import __all__ as aggregates_all
 from django.db.models.constraints import *  # NOQA
 from django.db.models.constraints import __all__ as constraints_all
 from django.db.models.deletion import (
-    CASCADE, DO_NOTHING, PROTECT, RESTRICT, SET, SET_DEFAULT, SET_NULL,
-    ProtectedError, RestrictedError,
+    CASCADE,
+    DO_NOTHING,
+    PROTECT,
+    RESTRICT,
+    SET,
+    SET_DEFAULT,
+    SET_NULL,
+    ProtectedError,
+    RestrictedError,
 )
 from django.db.models.enums import *  # NOQA
 from django.db.models.enums import __all__ as enums_all
 from django.db.models.expressions import (
-    Case, Exists, Expression, ExpressionList, ExpressionWrapper, F, Func,
-    OrderBy, OuterRef, RowRange, Subquery, Value, ValueRange, When, Window,
+    Case,
+    Exists,
+    Expression,
+    ExpressionList,
+    ExpressionWrapper,
+    F,
+    Func,
+    OrderBy,
+    OuterRef,
+    RowRange,
+    Subquery,
+    Value,
+    ValueRange,
+    When,
+    Window,
     WindowFrame,
 )
 from django.db.models.fields import *  # NOQA
@@ -30,23 +50,66 @@ from django.db.models.query_utils import FilteredRelation, Q
 # Imports that would create circular imports if sorted
 from django.db.models.base import DEFERRED, Model  # isort:skip
 from django.db.models.fields.related import (  # isort:skip
-    ForeignKey, ForeignObject, OneToOneField, ManyToManyField,
-    ForeignObjectRel, ManyToOneRel, ManyToManyRel, OneToOneRel,
+    ForeignKey,
+    ForeignObject,
+    OneToOneField,
+    ManyToManyField,
+    ForeignObjectRel,
+    ManyToOneRel,
+    ManyToManyRel,
+    OneToOneRel,
 )
 
 
 __all__ = aggregates_all + constraints_all + enums_all + fields_all + indexes_all
 __all__ += [
-    'ObjectDoesNotExist', 'signals',
-    'CASCADE', 'DO_NOTHING', 'PROTECT', 'RESTRICT', 'SET', 'SET_DEFAULT',
-    'SET_NULL', 'ProtectedError', 'RestrictedError',
-    'Case', 'Exists', 'Expression', 'ExpressionList', 'ExpressionWrapper', 'F',
-    'Func', 'OrderBy', 'OuterRef', 'RowRange', 'Subquery', 'Value',
-    'ValueRange', 'When',
-    'Window', 'WindowFrame',
-    'FileField', 'ImageField', 'JSONField', 'OrderWrt', 'Lookup', 'Transform',
-    'Manager', 'Prefetch', 'Q', 'QuerySet', 'prefetch_related_objects',
-    'DEFERRED', 'Model', 'FilteredRelation',
-    'ForeignKey', 'ForeignObject', 'OneToOneField', 'ManyToManyField',
-    'ForeignObjectRel', 'ManyToOneRel', 'ManyToManyRel', 'OneToOneRel',
+    "ObjectDoesNotExist",
+    "signals",
+    "CASCADE",
+    "DO_NOTHING",
+    "PROTECT",
+    "RESTRICT",
+    "SET",
+    "SET_DEFAULT",
+    "SET_NULL",
+    "ProtectedError",
+    "RestrictedError",
+    "Case",
+    "Exists",
+    "Expression",
+    "ExpressionList",
+    "ExpressionWrapper",
+    "F",
+    "Func",
+    "OrderBy",
+    "OuterRef",
+    "RowRange",
+    "Subquery",
+    "Value",
+    "ValueRange",
+    "When",
+    "Window",
+    "WindowFrame",
+    "FileField",
+    "ImageField",
+    "JSONField",
+    "OrderWrt",
+    "Lookup",
+    "Transform",
+    "Manager",
+    "Prefetch",
+    "Q",
+    "QuerySet",
+    "prefetch_related_objects",
+    "DEFERRED",
+    "Model",
+    "FilteredRelation",
+    "ForeignKey",
+    "ForeignObject",
+    "OneToOneField",
+    "ManyToManyField",
+    "ForeignObjectRel",
+    "ManyToOneRel",
+    "ManyToManyRel",
+    "OneToOneRel",
 ]
diff --git a/django/db/models/aggregates.py b/django/db/models/aggregates.py
index bc31b48d8d..2ffed7cd2c 100644
--- a/django/db/models/aggregates.py
+++ b/django/db/models/aggregates.py
@@ -6,28 +6,38 @@ from django.db.models.expressions import Case, Func, Star, When
 from django.db.models.fields import IntegerField
 from django.db.models.functions.comparison import Coalesce
 from django.db.models.functions.mixins import (
-    FixDurationInputMixin, NumericOutputFieldMixin,
+    FixDurationInputMixin,
+    NumericOutputFieldMixin,
 )
 
 __all__ = [
-    'Aggregate', 'Avg', 'Count', 'Max', 'Min', 'StdDev', 'Sum', 'Variance',
+    "Aggregate",
+    "Avg",
+    "Count",
+    "Max",
+    "Min",
+    "StdDev",
+    "Sum",
+    "Variance",
 ]
 
 
 class Aggregate(Func):
-    template = '%(function)s(%(distinct)s%(expressions)s)'
+    template = "%(function)s(%(distinct)s%(expressions)s)"
     contains_aggregate = True
     name = None
-    filter_template = '%s FILTER (WHERE %%(filter)s)'
+    filter_template = "%s FILTER (WHERE %%(filter)s)"
     window_compatible = True
     allow_distinct = False
     empty_result_set_value = None
 
-    def __init__(self, *expressions, distinct=False, filter=None, default=None, **extra):
+    def __init__(
+        self, *expressions, distinct=False, filter=None, default=None, **extra
+    ):
         if distinct and not self.allow_distinct:
             raise TypeError("%s does not allow distinct." % self.__class__.__name__)
         if default is not None and self.empty_result_set_value is not None:
-            raise TypeError(f'{self.__class__.__name__} does not allow default.')
+            raise TypeError(f"{self.__class__.__name__} does not allow default.")
         self.distinct = distinct
         self.filter = filter
         self.default = default
@@ -47,10 +57,14 @@ class Aggregate(Func):
         self.filter = self.filter and exprs.pop()
         return super().set_source_expressions(exprs)
 
-    def resolve_expression(self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False):
+    def resolve_expression(
+        self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False
+    ):
         # Aggregates are not allowed in UPDATE queries, so ignore for_save
         c = super().resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize)
-        c.filter = c.filter and c.filter.resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize)
+        c.filter = c.filter and c.filter.resolve_expression(
+            query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize
+        )
         if not summarize:
             # Call Aggregate.get_source_expressions() to avoid
             # returning self.filter and including that in this loop.
@@ -58,11 +72,18 @@ class Aggregate(Func):
             for index, expr in enumerate(expressions):
                 if expr.contains_aggregate:
                     before_resolved = self.get_source_expressions()[index]
-                    name = before_resolved.name if hasattr(before_resolved, 'name') else repr(before_resolved)
-                    raise FieldError("Cannot compute %s('%s'): '%s' is an aggregate" % (c.name, name, name))
+                    name = (
+                        before_resolved.name
+                        if hasattr(before_resolved, "name")
+                        else repr(before_resolved)
+                    )
+                    raise FieldError(
+                        "Cannot compute %s('%s'): '%s' is an aggregate"
+                        % (c.name, name, name)
+                    )
         if (default := c.default) is None:
             return c
-        if hasattr(default, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if hasattr(default, "resolve_expression"):
             default = default.resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize)
         c.default = None  # Reset the default argument before wrapping.
         coalesce = Coalesce(c, default, output_field=c._output_field_or_none)
@@ -72,22 +93,27 @@ class Aggregate(Func):
     @property
     def default_alias(self):
         expressions = self.get_source_expressions()
-        if len(expressions) == 1 and hasattr(expressions[0], 'name'):
-            return '%s__%s' % (expressions[0].name, self.name.lower())
+        if len(expressions) == 1 and hasattr(expressions[0], "name"):
+            return "%s__%s" % (expressions[0].name, self.name.lower())
         raise TypeError("Complex expressions require an alias")
 
     def get_group_by_cols(self, alias=None):
         return []
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
-        extra_context['distinct'] = 'DISTINCT ' if self.distinct else ''
+        extra_context["distinct"] = "DISTINCT " if self.distinct else ""
         if self.filter:
             if connection.features.supports_aggregate_filter_clause:
                 filter_sql, filter_params = self.filter.as_sql(compiler, connection)
-                template = self.filter_template % extra_context.get('template', self.template)
+                template = self.filter_template % extra_context.get(
+                    "template", self.template
+                )
                 sql, params = super().as_sql(
-                    compiler, connection, template=template, filter=filter_sql,
-                    **extra_context
+                    compiler,
+                    connection,
+                    template=template,
+                    filter=filter_sql,
+                    **extra_context,
                 )
                 return sql, (*params, *filter_params)
             else:
@@ -96,72 +122,74 @@ class Aggregate(Func):
                 source_expressions = copy.get_source_expressions()
                 condition = When(self.filter, then=source_expressions[0])
                 copy.set_source_expressions([Case(condition)] + source_expressions[1:])
-                return super(Aggregate, copy).as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
+                return super(Aggregate, copy).as_sql(
+                    compiler, connection, **extra_context
+                )
         return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
 
     def _get_repr_options(self):
         options = super()._get_repr_options()
         if self.distinct:
-            options['distinct'] = self.distinct
+            options["distinct"] = self.distinct
         if self.filter:
-            options['filter'] = self.filter
+            options["filter"] = self.filter
         return options
 
 
 class Avg(FixDurationInputMixin, NumericOutputFieldMixin, Aggregate):
-    function = 'AVG'
-    name = 'Avg'
+    function = "AVG"
+    name = "Avg"
     allow_distinct = True
 
 
 class Count(Aggregate):
-    function = 'COUNT'
-    name = 'Count'
+    function = "COUNT"
+    name = "Count"
     output_field = IntegerField()
     allow_distinct = True
     empty_result_set_value = 0
 
     def __init__(self, expression, filter=None, **extra):
-        if expression == '*':
+        if expression == "*":
             expression = Star()
         if isinstance(expression, Star) and filter is not None:
-            raise ValueError('Star cannot be used with filter. Please specify a field.')
+            raise ValueError("Star cannot be used with filter. Please specify a field.")
         super().__init__(expression, filter=filter, **extra)
 
 
 class Max(Aggregate):
-    function = 'MAX'
-    name = 'Max'
+    function = "MAX"
+    name = "Max"
 
 
 class Min(Aggregate):
-    function = 'MIN'
-    name = 'Min'
+    function = "MIN"
+    name = "Min"
 
 
 class StdDev(NumericOutputFieldMixin, Aggregate):
-    name = 'StdDev'
+    name = "StdDev"
 
     def __init__(self, expression, sample=False, **extra):
-        self.function = 'STDDEV_SAMP' if sample else 'STDDEV_POP'
+        self.function = "STDDEV_SAMP" if sample else "STDDEV_POP"
         super().__init__(expression, **extra)
 
     def _get_repr_options(self):
-        return {**super()._get_repr_options(), 'sample': self.function == 'STDDEV_SAMP'}
+        return {**super()._get_repr_options(), "sample": self.function == "STDDEV_SAMP"}
 
 
 class Sum(FixDurationInputMixin, Aggregate):
-    function = 'SUM'
-    name = 'Sum'
+    function = "SUM"
+    name = "Sum"
     allow_distinct = True
 
 
 class Variance(NumericOutputFieldMixin, Aggregate):
-    name = 'Variance'
+    name = "Variance"
 
     def __init__(self, expression, sample=False, **extra):
-        self.function = 'VAR_SAMP' if sample else 'VAR_POP'
+        self.function = "VAR_SAMP" if sample else "VAR_POP"
         super().__init__(expression, **extra)
 
     def _get_repr_options(self):
-        return {**super()._get_repr_options(), 'sample': self.function == 'VAR_SAMP'}
+        return {**super()._get_repr_options(), "sample": self.function == "VAR_SAMP"}
diff --git a/django/db/models/base.py b/django/db/models/base.py
index 37f6a3dd58..8127a9895a 100644
--- a/django/db/models/base.py
+++ b/django/db/models/base.py
@@ -9,28 +9,42 @@ from django.apps import apps
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core import checks
 from django.core.exceptions import (
-    NON_FIELD_ERRORS, FieldDoesNotExist, FieldError, MultipleObjectsReturned,
-    ObjectDoesNotExist, ValidationError,
+    NON_FIELD_ERRORS,
+    FieldDoesNotExist,
+    FieldError,
+    MultipleObjectsReturned,
+    ObjectDoesNotExist,
+    ValidationError,
 )
 from django.db import (
-    DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, DJANGO_VERSION_PICKLE_KEY, DatabaseError, connection,
-    connections, router, transaction,
-)
-from django.db.models import (
-    NOT_PROVIDED, ExpressionWrapper, IntegerField, Max, Value,
+    DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+    DJANGO_VERSION_PICKLE_KEY,
+    DatabaseError,
+    connection,
+    connections,
+    router,
+    transaction,
 )
+from django.db.models import NOT_PROVIDED, ExpressionWrapper, IntegerField, Max, Value
 from django.db.models.constants import LOOKUP_SEP
 from django.db.models.constraints import CheckConstraint, UniqueConstraint
 from django.db.models.deletion import CASCADE, Collector
 from django.db.models.fields.related import (
-    ForeignObjectRel, OneToOneField, lazy_related_operation, resolve_relation,
+    ForeignObjectRel,
+    OneToOneField,
+    lazy_related_operation,
+    resolve_relation,
 )
 from django.db.models.functions import Coalesce
 from django.db.models.manager import Manager
 from django.db.models.options import Options
 from django.db.models.query import F, Q
 from django.db.models.signals import (
-    class_prepared, post_init, post_save, pre_init, pre_save,
+    class_prepared,
+    post_init,
+    post_save,
+    pre_init,
+    pre_save,
 )
 from django.db.models.utils import make_model_tuple
 from django.utils.encoding import force_str
@@ -41,10 +55,10 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 class Deferred:
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<Deferred field>'
+        return "<Deferred field>"
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '<Deferred field>'
+        return "<Deferred field>"
 
 
 DEFERRED = Deferred()
@@ -58,19 +72,24 @@ def subclass_exception(name, bases, module, attached_to):
     that the returned exception class will be added as an attribute to the
     'attached_to' class.
     """
-    return type(name, bases, {
-        '__module__': module,
-        '__qualname__': '%s.%s' % (attached_to.__qualname__, name),
-    })
+    return type(
+        name,
+        bases,
+        {
+            "__module__": module,
+            "__qualname__": "%s.%s" % (attached_to.__qualname__, name),
+        },
+    )
 
 
 def _has_contribute_to_class(value):
     # Only call contribute_to_class() if it's bound.
-    return not inspect.isclass(value) and hasattr(value, 'contribute_to_class')
+    return not inspect.isclass(value) and hasattr(value, "contribute_to_class")
 
 
 class ModelBase(type):
     """Metaclass for all models."""
+
     def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs, **kwargs):
         super_new = super().__new__
 
@@ -81,12 +100,12 @@ class ModelBase(type):
             return super_new(cls, name, bases, attrs)
 
         # Create the class.
-        module = attrs.pop('__module__')
-        new_attrs = {'__module__': module}
-        classcell = attrs.pop('__classcell__', None)
+        module = attrs.pop("__module__")
+        new_attrs = {"__module__": module}
+        classcell = attrs.pop("__classcell__", None)
         if classcell is not None:
-            new_attrs['__classcell__'] = classcell
-        attr_meta = attrs.pop('Meta', None)
+            new_attrs["__classcell__"] = classcell
+        attr_meta = attrs.pop("Meta", None)
         # Pass all attrs without a (Django-specific) contribute_to_class()
         # method to type.__new__() so that they're properly initialized
         # (i.e. __set_name__()).
@@ -98,16 +117,16 @@ class ModelBase(type):
                 new_attrs[obj_name] = obj
         new_class = super_new(cls, name, bases, new_attrs, **kwargs)
 
-        abstract = getattr(attr_meta, 'abstract', False)
-        meta = attr_meta or getattr(new_class, 'Meta', None)
-        base_meta = getattr(new_class, '_meta', None)
+        abstract = getattr(attr_meta, "abstract", False)
+        meta = attr_meta or getattr(new_class, "Meta", None)
+        base_meta = getattr(new_class, "_meta", None)
 
         app_label = None
 
         # Look for an application configuration to attach the model to.
         app_config = apps.get_containing_app_config(module)
 
-        if getattr(meta, 'app_label', None) is None:
+        if getattr(meta, "app_label", None) is None:
             if app_config is None:
                 if not abstract:
                     raise RuntimeError(
@@ -119,33 +138,43 @@ class ModelBase(type):
             else:
                 app_label = app_config.label
 
-        new_class.add_to_class('_meta', Options(meta, app_label))
+        new_class.add_to_class("_meta", Options(meta, app_label))
         if not abstract:
             new_class.add_to_class(
-                'DoesNotExist',
+                "DoesNotExist",
                 subclass_exception(
-                    'DoesNotExist',
+                    "DoesNotExist",
                     tuple(
-                        x.DoesNotExist for x in parents if hasattr(x, '_meta') and not x._meta.abstract
-                    ) or (ObjectDoesNotExist,),
+                        x.DoesNotExist
+                        for x in parents
+                        if hasattr(x, "_meta") and not x._meta.abstract
+                    )
+                    or (ObjectDoesNotExist,),
                     module,
-                    attached_to=new_class))
+                    attached_to=new_class,
+                ),
+            )
             new_class.add_to_class(
-                'MultipleObjectsReturned',
+                "MultipleObjectsReturned",
                 subclass_exception(
-                    'MultipleObjectsReturned',
+                    "MultipleObjectsReturned",
                     tuple(
-                        x.MultipleObjectsReturned for x in parents if hasattr(x, '_meta') and not x._meta.abstract
-                    ) or (MultipleObjectsReturned,),
+                        x.MultipleObjectsReturned
+                        for x in parents
+                        if hasattr(x, "_meta") and not x._meta.abstract
+                    )
+                    or (MultipleObjectsReturned,),
                     module,
-                    attached_to=new_class))
+                    attached_to=new_class,
+                ),
+            )
             if base_meta and not base_meta.abstract:
                 # Non-abstract child classes inherit some attributes from their
                 # non-abstract parent (unless an ABC comes before it in the
                 # method resolution order).
-                if not hasattr(meta, 'ordering'):
+                if not hasattr(meta, "ordering"):
                     new_class._meta.ordering = base_meta.ordering
-                if not hasattr(meta, 'get_latest_by'):
+                if not hasattr(meta, "get_latest_by"):
                     new_class._meta.get_latest_by = base_meta.get_latest_by
 
         is_proxy = new_class._meta.proxy
@@ -153,7 +182,9 @@ class ModelBase(type):
         # If the model is a proxy, ensure that the base class
         # hasn't been swapped out.
         if is_proxy and base_meta and base_meta.swapped:
-            raise TypeError("%s cannot proxy the swapped model '%s'." % (name, base_meta.swapped))
+            raise TypeError(
+                "%s cannot proxy the swapped model '%s'." % (name, base_meta.swapped)
+            )
 
         # Add remaining attributes (those with a contribute_to_class() method)
         # to the class.
@@ -164,14 +195,14 @@ class ModelBase(type):
         new_fields = chain(
             new_class._meta.local_fields,
             new_class._meta.local_many_to_many,
-            new_class._meta.private_fields
+            new_class._meta.private_fields,
         )
         field_names = {f.name for f in new_fields}
 
         # Basic setup for proxy models.
         if is_proxy:
             base = None
-            for parent in [kls for kls in parents if hasattr(kls, '_meta')]:
+            for parent in [kls for kls in parents if hasattr(kls, "_meta")]:
                 if parent._meta.abstract:
                     if parent._meta.fields:
                         raise TypeError(
@@ -183,9 +214,14 @@ class ModelBase(type):
                 if base is None:
                     base = parent
                 elif parent._meta.concrete_model is not base._meta.concrete_model:
-                    raise TypeError("Proxy model '%s' has more than one non-abstract model base class." % name)
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        "Proxy model '%s' has more than one non-abstract model base class."
+                        % name
+                    )
             if base is None:
-                raise TypeError("Proxy model '%s' has no non-abstract model base class." % name)
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "Proxy model '%s' has no non-abstract model base class." % name
+                )
             new_class._meta.setup_proxy(base)
             new_class._meta.concrete_model = base._meta.concrete_model
         else:
@@ -195,7 +231,7 @@ class ModelBase(type):
         parent_links = {}
         for base in reversed([new_class] + parents):
             # Conceptually equivalent to `if base is Model`.
-            if not hasattr(base, '_meta'):
+            if not hasattr(base, "_meta"):
                 continue
             # Skip concrete parent classes.
             if base != new_class and not base._meta.abstract:
@@ -210,7 +246,7 @@ class ModelBase(type):
         inherited_attributes = set()
         # Do the appropriate setup for any model parents.
         for base in new_class.mro():
-            if base not in parents or not hasattr(base, '_meta'):
+            if base not in parents or not hasattr(base, "_meta"):
                 # Things without _meta aren't functional models, so they're
                 # uninteresting parents.
                 inherited_attributes.update(base.__dict__)
@@ -223,8 +259,9 @@ class ModelBase(type):
                 for field in parent_fields:
                     if field.name in field_names:
                         raise FieldError(
-                            'Local field %r in class %r clashes with field of '
-                            'the same name from base class %r.' % (
+                            "Local field %r in class %r clashes with field of "
+                            "the same name from base class %r."
+                            % (
                                 field.name,
                                 name,
                                 base.__name__,
@@ -239,7 +276,7 @@ class ModelBase(type):
                 if base_key in parent_links:
                     field = parent_links[base_key]
                 elif not is_proxy:
-                    attr_name = '%s_ptr' % base._meta.model_name
+                    attr_name = "%s_ptr" % base._meta.model_name
                     field = OneToOneField(
                         base,
                         on_delete=CASCADE,
@@ -252,7 +289,8 @@ class ModelBase(type):
                         raise FieldError(
                             "Auto-generated field '%s' in class %r for "
                             "parent_link to base class %r clashes with "
-                            "declared field of the same name." % (
+                            "declared field of the same name."
+                            % (
                                 attr_name,
                                 name,
                                 base.__name__,
@@ -271,9 +309,11 @@ class ModelBase(type):
 
                 # Add fields from abstract base class if it wasn't overridden.
                 for field in parent_fields:
-                    if (field.name not in field_names and
-                            field.name not in new_class.__dict__ and
-                            field.name not in inherited_attributes):
+                    if (
+                        field.name not in field_names
+                        and field.name not in new_class.__dict__
+                        and field.name not in inherited_attributes
+                    ):
                         new_field = copy.deepcopy(field)
                         new_class.add_to_class(field.name, new_field)
                         # Replace parent links defined on this base by the new
@@ -292,8 +332,9 @@ class ModelBase(type):
                 if field.name in field_names:
                     if not base._meta.abstract:
                         raise FieldError(
-                            'Local field %r in class %r clashes with field of '
-                            'the same name from base class %r.' % (
+                            "Local field %r in class %r clashes with field of "
+                            "the same name from base class %r."
+                            % (
                                 field.name,
                                 name,
                                 base.__name__,
@@ -307,7 +348,9 @@ class ModelBase(type):
 
         # Copy indexes so that index names are unique when models extend an
         # abstract model.
-        new_class._meta.indexes = [copy.deepcopy(idx) for idx in new_class._meta.indexes]
+        new_class._meta.indexes = [
+            copy.deepcopy(idx) for idx in new_class._meta.indexes
+        ]
 
         if abstract:
             # Abstract base models can't be instantiated and don't appear in
@@ -333,8 +376,12 @@ class ModelBase(type):
         opts._prepare(cls)
 
         if opts.order_with_respect_to:
-            cls.get_next_in_order = partialmethod(cls._get_next_or_previous_in_order, is_next=True)
-            cls.get_previous_in_order = partialmethod(cls._get_next_or_previous_in_order, is_next=False)
+            cls.get_next_in_order = partialmethod(
+                cls._get_next_or_previous_in_order, is_next=True
+            )
+            cls.get_previous_in_order = partialmethod(
+                cls._get_next_or_previous_in_order, is_next=False
+            )
 
             # Defer creating accessors on the foreign class until it has been
             # created and registered. If remote_field is None, we're ordering
@@ -348,21 +395,26 @@ class ModelBase(type):
 
         # Give the class a docstring -- its definition.
         if cls.__doc__ is None:
-            cls.__doc__ = "%s(%s)" % (cls.__name__, ", ".join(f.name for f in opts.fields))
+            cls.__doc__ = "%s(%s)" % (
+                cls.__name__,
+                ", ".join(f.name for f in opts.fields),
+            )
 
-        get_absolute_url_override = settings.ABSOLUTE_URL_OVERRIDES.get(opts.label_lower)
+        get_absolute_url_override = settings.ABSOLUTE_URL_OVERRIDES.get(
+            opts.label_lower
+        )
         if get_absolute_url_override:
-            setattr(cls, 'get_absolute_url', get_absolute_url_override)
+            setattr(cls, "get_absolute_url", get_absolute_url_override)
 
         if not opts.managers:
-            if any(f.name == 'objects' for f in opts.fields):
+            if any(f.name == "objects" for f in opts.fields):
                 raise ValueError(
                     "Model %s must specify a custom Manager, because it has a "
                     "field named 'objects'." % cls.__name__
                 )
             manager = Manager()
             manager.auto_created = True
-            cls.add_to_class('objects', manager)
+            cls.add_to_class("objects", manager)
 
         # Set the name of _meta.indexes. This can't be done in
         # Options.contribute_to_class() because fields haven't been added to
@@ -399,6 +451,7 @@ class ModelStateCacheDescriptor:
 
 class ModelState:
     """Store model instance state."""
+
     db = None
     # If true, uniqueness validation checks will consider this a new, unsaved
     # object. Necessary for correct validation of new instances of objects with
@@ -410,19 +463,18 @@ class ModelState:
 
     def __getstate__(self):
         state = self.__dict__.copy()
-        if 'fields_cache' in state:
-            state['fields_cache'] = self.fields_cache.copy()
+        if "fields_cache" in state:
+            state["fields_cache"] = self.fields_cache.copy()
         # Manager instances stored in related_managers_cache won't necessarily
         # be deserializable if they were dynamically created via an inner
         # scope, e.g. create_forward_many_to_many_manager() and
         # create_generic_related_manager().
-        if 'related_managers_cache' in state:
-            state['related_managers_cache'] = {}
+        if "related_managers_cache" in state:
+            state["related_managers_cache"] = {}
         return state
 
 
 class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
-
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         # Alias some things as locals to avoid repeat global lookups
         cls = self.__class__
@@ -430,7 +482,7 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
         _setattr = setattr
         _DEFERRED = DEFERRED
         if opts.abstract:
-            raise TypeError('Abstract models cannot be instantiated.')
+            raise TypeError("Abstract models cannot be instantiated.")
 
         pre_init.send(sender=cls, args=args, kwargs=kwargs)
 
@@ -529,10 +581,10 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                         if value is not _DEFERRED:
                             _setattr(self, prop, value)
             if unexpected:
-                unexpected_names = ', '.join(repr(n) for n in unexpected)
+                unexpected_names = ", ".join(repr(n) for n in unexpected)
                 raise TypeError(
-                    f'{cls.__name__}() got unexpected keyword arguments: '
-                    f'{unexpected_names}'
+                    f"{cls.__name__}() got unexpected keyword arguments: "
+                    f"{unexpected_names}"
                 )
         super().__init__()
         post_init.send(sender=cls, instance=self)
@@ -551,10 +603,10 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
         return new
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s: %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self)
+        return "<%s: %s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s object (%s)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.pk)
+        return "%s object (%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.pk)
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         if not isinstance(other, Model):
@@ -580,7 +632,7 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
     def __getstate__(self):
         """Hook to allow choosing the attributes to pickle."""
         state = self.__dict__.copy()
-        state['_state'] = copy.copy(state['_state'])
+        state["_state"] = copy.copy(state["_state"])
         # memoryview cannot be pickled, so cast it to bytes and store
         # separately.
         _memoryview_attrs = []
@@ -588,7 +640,7 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
             if isinstance(value, memoryview):
                 _memoryview_attrs.append((attr, bytes(value)))
         if _memoryview_attrs:
-            state['_memoryview_attrs'] = _memoryview_attrs
+            state["_memoryview_attrs"] = _memoryview_attrs
             for attr, value in _memoryview_attrs:
                 state.pop(attr)
         return state
@@ -610,8 +662,8 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                 RuntimeWarning,
                 stacklevel=2,
             )
-        if '_memoryview_attrs' in state:
-            for attr, value in state.pop('_memoryview_attrs'):
+        if "_memoryview_attrs" in state:
+            for attr, value in state.pop("_memoryview_attrs"):
                 state[attr] = memoryview(value)
         self.__dict__.update(state)
 
@@ -632,7 +684,8 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
         Return a set containing names of deferred fields for this instance.
         """
         return {
-            f.attname for f in self._meta.concrete_fields
+            f.attname
+            for f in self._meta.concrete_fields
             if f.attname not in self.__dict__
         }
 
@@ -654,7 +707,7 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
         if fields is None:
             self._prefetched_objects_cache = {}
         else:
-            prefetched_objects_cache = getattr(self, '_prefetched_objects_cache', ())
+            prefetched_objects_cache = getattr(self, "_prefetched_objects_cache", ())
             for field in fields:
                 if field in prefetched_objects_cache:
                     del prefetched_objects_cache[field]
@@ -664,10 +717,13 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
             if any(LOOKUP_SEP in f for f in fields):
                 raise ValueError(
                     'Found "%s" in fields argument. Relations and transforms '
-                    'are not allowed in fields.' % LOOKUP_SEP)
+                    "are not allowed in fields." % LOOKUP_SEP
+                )
 
-        hints = {'instance': self}
-        db_instance_qs = self.__class__._base_manager.db_manager(using, hints=hints).filter(pk=self.pk)
+        hints = {"instance": self}
+        db_instance_qs = self.__class__._base_manager.db_manager(
+            using, hints=hints
+        ).filter(pk=self.pk)
 
         # Use provided fields, if not set then reload all non-deferred fields.
         deferred_fields = self.get_deferred_fields()
@@ -675,8 +731,11 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
             fields = list(fields)
             db_instance_qs = db_instance_qs.only(*fields)
         elif deferred_fields:
-            fields = [f.attname for f in self._meta.concrete_fields
-                      if f.attname not in deferred_fields]
+            fields = [
+                f.attname
+                for f in self._meta.concrete_fields
+                if f.attname not in deferred_fields
+            ]
             db_instance_qs = db_instance_qs.only(*fields)
 
         db_instance = db_instance_qs.get()
@@ -714,8 +773,9 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
             return getattr(self, field_name)
         return getattr(self, field.attname)
 
-    def save(self, force_insert=False, force_update=False, using=None,
-             update_fields=None):
+    def save(
+        self, force_insert=False, force_update=False, using=None, update_fields=None
+    ):
         """
         Save the current instance. Override this in a subclass if you want to
         control the saving process.
@@ -724,7 +784,7 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
         that the "save" must be an SQL insert or update (or equivalent for
         non-SQL backends), respectively. Normally, they should not be set.
         """
-        self._prepare_related_fields_for_save(operation_name='save')
+        self._prepare_related_fields_for_save(operation_name="save")
 
         using = using or router.db_for_write(self.__class__, instance=self)
         if force_insert and (force_update or update_fields):
@@ -752,9 +812,9 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
 
             if non_model_fields:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'The following fields do not exist in this model, are m2m '
-                    'fields, or are non-concrete fields: %s'
-                    % ', '.join(non_model_fields)
+                    "The following fields do not exist in this model, are m2m "
+                    "fields, or are non-concrete fields: %s"
+                    % ", ".join(non_model_fields)
                 )
 
         # If saving to the same database, and this model is deferred, then
@@ -762,18 +822,29 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
         elif not force_insert and deferred_fields and using == self._state.db:
             field_names = set()
             for field in self._meta.concrete_fields:
-                if not field.primary_key and not hasattr(field, 'through'):
+                if not field.primary_key and not hasattr(field, "through"):
                     field_names.add(field.attname)
             loaded_fields = field_names.difference(deferred_fields)
             if loaded_fields:
                 update_fields = frozenset(loaded_fields)
 
-        self.save_base(using=using, force_insert=force_insert,
-                       force_update=force_update, update_fields=update_fields)
+        self.save_base(
+            using=using,
+            force_insert=force_insert,
+            force_update=force_update,
+            update_fields=update_fields,
+        )
+
     save.alters_data = True
 
-    def save_base(self, raw=False, force_insert=False,
-                  force_update=False, using=None, update_fields=None):
+    def save_base(
+        self,
+        raw=False,
+        force_insert=False,
+        force_update=False,
+        using=None,
+        update_fields=None,
+    ):
         """
         Handle the parts of saving which should be done only once per save,
         yet need to be done in raw saves, too. This includes some sanity
@@ -793,7 +864,10 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
         meta = cls._meta
         if not meta.auto_created:
             pre_save.send(
-                sender=origin, instance=self, raw=raw, using=using,
+                sender=origin,
+                instance=self,
+                raw=raw,
+                using=using,
                 update_fields=update_fields,
             )
         # A transaction isn't needed if one query is issued.
@@ -806,8 +880,12 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
             if not raw:
                 parent_inserted = self._save_parents(cls, using, update_fields)
             updated = self._save_table(
-                raw, cls, force_insert or parent_inserted,
-                force_update, using, update_fields,
+                raw,
+                cls,
+                force_insert or parent_inserted,
+                force_update,
+                using,
+                update_fields,
             )
         # Store the database on which the object was saved
         self._state.db = using
@@ -817,8 +895,12 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
         # Signal that the save is complete
         if not meta.auto_created:
             post_save.send(
-                sender=origin, instance=self, created=(not updated),
-                update_fields=update_fields, raw=raw, using=using,
+                sender=origin,
+                instance=self,
+                created=(not updated),
+                update_fields=update_fields,
+                raw=raw,
+                using=using,
             )
 
     save_base.alters_data = True
@@ -829,12 +911,19 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
         inserted = False
         for parent, field in meta.parents.items():
             # Make sure the link fields are synced between parent and self.
-            if (field and getattr(self, parent._meta.pk.attname) is None and
-                    getattr(self, field.attname) is not None):
+            if (
+                field
+                and getattr(self, parent._meta.pk.attname) is None
+                and getattr(self, field.attname) is not None
+            ):
                 setattr(self, parent._meta.pk.attname, getattr(self, field.attname))
-            parent_inserted = self._save_parents(cls=parent, using=using, update_fields=update_fields)
+            parent_inserted = self._save_parents(
+                cls=parent, using=using, update_fields=update_fields
+            )
             updated = self._save_table(
-                cls=parent, using=using, update_fields=update_fields,
+                cls=parent,
+                using=using,
+                update_fields=update_fields,
                 force_insert=parent_inserted,
             )
             if not updated:
@@ -851,8 +940,15 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                     field.delete_cached_value(self)
         return inserted
 
-    def _save_table(self, raw=False, cls=None, force_insert=False,
-                    force_update=False, using=None, update_fields=None):
+    def _save_table(
+        self,
+        raw=False,
+        cls=None,
+        force_insert=False,
+        force_update=False,
+        using=None,
+        update_fields=None,
+    ):
         """
         Do the heavy-lifting involved in saving. Update or insert the data
         for a single table.
@@ -861,8 +957,11 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
         non_pks = [f for f in meta.local_concrete_fields if not f.primary_key]
 
         if update_fields:
-            non_pks = [f for f in non_pks
-                       if f.name in update_fields or f.attname in update_fields]
+            non_pks = [
+                f
+                for f in non_pks
+                if f.name in update_fields or f.attname in update_fields
+            ]
 
         pk_val = self._get_pk_val(meta)
         if pk_val is None:
@@ -874,21 +973,28 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
         updated = False
         # Skip an UPDATE when adding an instance and primary key has a default.
         if (
-            not raw and
-            not force_insert and
-            self._state.adding and
-            meta.pk.default and
-            meta.pk.default is not NOT_PROVIDED
+            not raw
+            and not force_insert
+            and self._state.adding
+            and meta.pk.default
+            and meta.pk.default is not NOT_PROVIDED
         ):
             force_insert = True
         # If possible, try an UPDATE. If that doesn't update anything, do an INSERT.
         if pk_set and not force_insert:
             base_qs = cls._base_manager.using(using)
-            values = [(f, None, (getattr(self, f.attname) if raw else f.pre_save(self, False)))
-                      for f in non_pks]
+            values = [
+                (
+                    f,
+                    None,
+                    (getattr(self, f.attname) if raw else f.pre_save(self, False)),
+                )
+                for f in non_pks
+            ]
             forced_update = update_fields or force_update
-            updated = self._do_update(base_qs, using, pk_val, values, update_fields,
-                                      forced_update)
+            updated = self._do_update(
+                base_qs, using, pk_val, values, update_fields, forced_update
+            )
             if force_update and not updated:
                 raise DatabaseError("Forced update did not affect any rows.")
             if update_fields and not updated:
@@ -899,18 +1005,26 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                 # autopopulate the _order field
                 field = meta.order_with_respect_to
                 filter_args = field.get_filter_kwargs_for_object(self)
-                self._order = cls._base_manager.using(using).filter(**filter_args).aggregate(
-                    _order__max=Coalesce(
-                        ExpressionWrapper(Max('_order') + Value(1), output_field=IntegerField()),
-                        Value(0),
-                    ),
-                )['_order__max']
+                self._order = (
+                    cls._base_manager.using(using)
+                    .filter(**filter_args)
+                    .aggregate(
+                        _order__max=Coalesce(
+                            ExpressionWrapper(
+                                Max("_order") + Value(1), output_field=IntegerField()
+                            ),
+                            Value(0),
+                        ),
+                    )["_order__max"]
+                )
             fields = meta.local_concrete_fields
             if not pk_set:
                 fields = [f for f in fields if f is not meta.auto_field]
 
             returning_fields = meta.db_returning_fields
-            results = self._do_insert(cls._base_manager, using, fields, returning_fields, raw)
+            results = self._do_insert(
+                cls._base_manager, using, fields, returning_fields, raw
+            )
             if results:
                 for value, field in zip(results[0], returning_fields):
                     setattr(self, field.attname, value)
@@ -931,7 +1045,8 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
             return update_fields is not None or filtered.exists()
         if self._meta.select_on_save and not forced_update:
             return (
-                filtered.exists() and
+                filtered.exists()
+                and
                 # It may happen that the object is deleted from the DB right after
                 # this check, causing the subsequent UPDATE to return zero matching
                 # rows. The same result can occur in some rare cases when the
@@ -949,8 +1064,11 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
         return the newly created data for the model.
         """
         return manager._insert(
-            [self], fields=fields, returning_fields=returning_fields,
-            using=using, raw=raw,
+            [self],
+            fields=fields,
+            returning_fields=returning_fields,
+            using=using,
+            raw=raw,
         )
 
     def _prepare_related_fields_for_save(self, operation_name, fields=None):
@@ -986,7 +1104,9 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                     setattr(self, field.attname, obj.pk)
                 # If the relationship's pk/to_field was changed, clear the
                 # cached relationship.
-                if getattr(obj, field.target_field.attname) != getattr(self, field.attname):
+                if getattr(obj, field.target_field.attname) != getattr(
+                    self, field.attname
+                ):
                     field.delete_cached_value(self)
 
     def delete(self, using=None, keep_parents=False):
@@ -1006,42 +1126,59 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
         value = getattr(self, field.attname)
         choices_dict = dict(make_hashable(field.flatchoices))
         # force_str() to coerce lazy strings.
-        return force_str(choices_dict.get(make_hashable(value), value), strings_only=True)
+        return force_str(
+            choices_dict.get(make_hashable(value), value), strings_only=True
+        )
 
     def _get_next_or_previous_by_FIELD(self, field, is_next, **kwargs):
         if not self.pk:
             raise ValueError("get_next/get_previous cannot be used on unsaved objects.")
-        op = 'gt' if is_next else 'lt'
-        order = '' if is_next else '-'
+        op = "gt" if is_next else "lt"
+        order = "" if is_next else "-"
         param = getattr(self, field.attname)
-        q = Q((field.name, param), (f'pk__{op}', self.pk), _connector=Q.AND)
-        q = Q(q, (f'{field.name}__{op}', param), _connector=Q.OR)
-        qs = self.__class__._default_manager.using(self._state.db).filter(**kwargs).filter(q).order_by(
-            '%s%s' % (order, field.name), '%spk' % order
+        q = Q((field.name, param), (f"pk__{op}", self.pk), _connector=Q.AND)
+        q = Q(q, (f"{field.name}__{op}", param), _connector=Q.OR)
+        qs = (
+            self.__class__._default_manager.using(self._state.db)
+            .filter(**kwargs)
+            .filter(q)
+            .order_by("%s%s" % (order, field.name), "%spk" % order)
         )
         try:
             return qs[0]
         except IndexError:
-            raise self.DoesNotExist("%s matching query does not exist." % self.__class__._meta.object_name)
+            raise self.DoesNotExist(
+                "%s matching query does not exist." % self.__class__._meta.object_name
+            )
 
     def _get_next_or_previous_in_order(self, is_next):
         cachename = "__%s_order_cache" % is_next
         if not hasattr(self, cachename):
-            op = 'gt' if is_next else 'lt'
-            order = '_order' if is_next else '-_order'
+            op = "gt" if is_next else "lt"
+            order = "_order" if is_next else "-_order"
             order_field = self._meta.order_with_respect_to
             filter_args = order_field.get_filter_kwargs_for_object(self)
-            obj = self.__class__._default_manager.filter(**filter_args).filter(**{
-                '_order__%s' % op: self.__class__._default_manager.values('_order').filter(**{
-                    self._meta.pk.name: self.pk
-                })
-            }).order_by(order)[:1].get()
+            obj = (
+                self.__class__._default_manager.filter(**filter_args)
+                .filter(
+                    **{
+                        "_order__%s"
+                        % op: self.__class__._default_manager.values("_order").filter(
+                            **{self._meta.pk.name: self.pk}
+                        )
+                    }
+                )
+                .order_by(order)[:1]
+                .get()
+            )
             setattr(self, cachename, obj)
         return getattr(self, cachename)
 
     def prepare_database_save(self, field):
         if self.pk is None:
-            raise ValueError("Unsaved model instance %r cannot be used in an ORM query." % self)
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Unsaved model instance %r cannot be used in an ORM query." % self
+            )
         return getattr(self, field.remote_field.get_related_field().attname)
 
     def clean(self):
@@ -1085,7 +1222,9 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
         constraints = [(self.__class__, self._meta.total_unique_constraints)]
         for parent_class in self._meta.get_parent_list():
             if parent_class._meta.unique_together:
-                unique_togethers.append((parent_class, parent_class._meta.unique_together))
+                unique_togethers.append(
+                    (parent_class, parent_class._meta.unique_together)
+                )
             if parent_class._meta.total_unique_constraints:
                 constraints.append(
                     (parent_class, parent_class._meta.total_unique_constraints)
@@ -1120,11 +1259,11 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                 if f.unique:
                     unique_checks.append((model_class, (name,)))
                 if f.unique_for_date and f.unique_for_date not in exclude:
-                    date_checks.append((model_class, 'date', name, f.unique_for_date))
+                    date_checks.append((model_class, "date", name, f.unique_for_date))
                 if f.unique_for_year and f.unique_for_year not in exclude:
-                    date_checks.append((model_class, 'year', name, f.unique_for_year))
+                    date_checks.append((model_class, "year", name, f.unique_for_year))
                 if f.unique_for_month and f.unique_for_month not in exclude:
-                    date_checks.append((model_class, 'month', name, f.unique_for_month))
+                    date_checks.append((model_class, "month", name, f.unique_for_month))
         return unique_checks, date_checks
 
     def _perform_unique_checks(self, unique_checks):
@@ -1139,8 +1278,10 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                 f = self._meta.get_field(field_name)
                 lookup_value = getattr(self, f.attname)
                 # TODO: Handle multiple backends with different feature flags.
-                if (lookup_value is None or
-                        (lookup_value == '' and connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls)):
+                if lookup_value is None or (
+                    lookup_value == ""
+                    and connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls
+                ):
                     # no value, skip the lookup
                     continue
                 if f.primary_key and not self._state.adding:
@@ -1168,7 +1309,9 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                     key = unique_check[0]
                 else:
                     key = NON_FIELD_ERRORS
-                errors.setdefault(key, []).append(self.unique_error_message(model_class, unique_check))
+                errors.setdefault(key, []).append(
+                    self.unique_error_message(model_class, unique_check)
+                )
 
         return errors
 
@@ -1181,12 +1324,14 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
             date = getattr(self, unique_for)
             if date is None:
                 continue
-            if lookup_type == 'date':
-                lookup_kwargs['%s__day' % unique_for] = date.day
-                lookup_kwargs['%s__month' % unique_for] = date.month
-                lookup_kwargs['%s__year' % unique_for] = date.year
+            if lookup_type == "date":
+                lookup_kwargs["%s__day" % unique_for] = date.day
+                lookup_kwargs["%s__month" % unique_for] = date.month
+                lookup_kwargs["%s__year" % unique_for] = date.year
             else:
-                lookup_kwargs['%s__%s' % (unique_for, lookup_type)] = getattr(date, lookup_type)
+                lookup_kwargs["%s__%s" % (unique_for, lookup_type)] = getattr(
+                    date, lookup_type
+                )
             lookup_kwargs[field] = getattr(self, field)
 
             qs = model_class._default_manager.filter(**lookup_kwargs)
@@ -1205,46 +1350,48 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
         opts = self._meta
         field = opts.get_field(field_name)
         return ValidationError(
-            message=field.error_messages['unique_for_date'],
-            code='unique_for_date',
+            message=field.error_messages["unique_for_date"],
+            code="unique_for_date",
             params={
-                'model': self,
-                'model_name': capfirst(opts.verbose_name),
-                'lookup_type': lookup_type,
-                'field': field_name,
-                'field_label': capfirst(field.verbose_name),
-                'date_field': unique_for,
-                'date_field_label': capfirst(opts.get_field(unique_for).verbose_name),
-            }
+                "model": self,
+                "model_name": capfirst(opts.verbose_name),
+                "lookup_type": lookup_type,
+                "field": field_name,
+                "field_label": capfirst(field.verbose_name),
+                "date_field": unique_for,
+                "date_field_label": capfirst(opts.get_field(unique_for).verbose_name),
+            },
         )
 
     def unique_error_message(self, model_class, unique_check):
         opts = model_class._meta
 
         params = {
-            'model': self,
-            'model_class': model_class,
-            'model_name': capfirst(opts.verbose_name),
-            'unique_check': unique_check,
+            "model": self,
+            "model_class": model_class,
+            "model_name": capfirst(opts.verbose_name),
+            "unique_check": unique_check,
         }
 
         # A unique field
         if len(unique_check) == 1:
             field = opts.get_field(unique_check[0])
-            params['field_label'] = capfirst(field.verbose_name)
+            params["field_label"] = capfirst(field.verbose_name)
             return ValidationError(
-                message=field.error_messages['unique'],
-                code='unique',
+                message=field.error_messages["unique"],
+                code="unique",
                 params=params,
             )
 
         # unique_together
         else:
-            field_labels = [capfirst(opts.get_field(f).verbose_name) for f in unique_check]
-            params['field_labels'] = get_text_list(field_labels, _('and'))
+            field_labels = [
+                capfirst(opts.get_field(f).verbose_name) for f in unique_check
+            ]
+            params["field_labels"] = get_text_list(field_labels, _("and"))
             return ValidationError(
                 message=_("%(model_name)s with this %(field_labels)s already exists."),
-                code='unique_together',
+                code="unique_together",
                 params=params,
             )
 
@@ -1311,9 +1458,13 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
 
     @classmethod
     def check(cls, **kwargs):
-        errors = [*cls._check_swappable(), *cls._check_model(), *cls._check_managers(**kwargs)]
+        errors = [
+            *cls._check_swappable(),
+            *cls._check_model(),
+            *cls._check_managers(**kwargs),
+        ]
         if not cls._meta.swapped:
-            databases = kwargs.get('databases') or []
+            databases = kwargs.get("databases") or []
             errors += [
                 *cls._check_fields(**kwargs),
                 *cls._check_m2m_through_same_relationship(),
@@ -1345,16 +1496,17 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
     @classmethod
     def _check_default_pk(cls):
         if (
-            not cls._meta.abstract and
-            cls._meta.pk.auto_created and
+            not cls._meta.abstract
+            and cls._meta.pk.auto_created
+            and
             # Inherited PKs are checked in parents models.
             not (
-                isinstance(cls._meta.pk, OneToOneField) and
-                cls._meta.pk.remote_field.parent_link
-            ) and
-            not settings.is_overridden('DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD') and
-            cls._meta.app_config and
-            not cls._meta.app_config._is_default_auto_field_overridden
+                isinstance(cls._meta.pk, OneToOneField)
+                and cls._meta.pk.remote_field.parent_link
+            )
+            and not settings.is_overridden("DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD")
+            and cls._meta.app_config
+            and not cls._meta.app_config._is_default_auto_field_overridden
         ):
             return [
                 checks.Warning(
@@ -1368,7 +1520,7 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                         f"of AutoField, e.g. 'django.db.models.BigAutoField'."
                     ),
                     obj=cls,
-                    id='models.W042',
+                    id="models.W042",
                 ),
             ]
         return []
@@ -1383,19 +1535,19 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
             except ValueError:
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Error(
-                        "'%s' is not of the form 'app_label.app_name'." % cls._meta.swappable,
-                        id='models.E001',
+                        "'%s' is not of the form 'app_label.app_name'."
+                        % cls._meta.swappable,
+                        id="models.E001",
                     )
                 )
             except LookupError:
-                app_label, model_name = cls._meta.swapped.split('.')
+                app_label, model_name = cls._meta.swapped.split(".")
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Error(
                         "'%s' references '%s.%s', which has not been "
-                        "installed, or is abstract." % (
-                            cls._meta.swappable, app_label, model_name
-                        ),
-                        id='models.E002',
+                        "installed, or is abstract."
+                        % (cls._meta.swappable, app_label, model_name),
+                        id="models.E002",
                     )
                 )
         return errors
@@ -1408,7 +1560,7 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Error(
                         "Proxy model '%s' contains model fields." % cls.__name__,
-                        id='models.E017',
+                        id="models.E017",
                     )
                 )
         return errors
@@ -1433,8 +1585,7 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
 
     @classmethod
     def _check_m2m_through_same_relationship(cls):
-        """ Check if no relationship model is used by more than one m2m field.
-        """
+        """Check if no relationship model is used by more than one m2m field."""
 
         errors = []
         seen_intermediary_signatures = []
@@ -1448,15 +1599,20 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
         fields = (f for f in fields if isinstance(f.remote_field.through, ModelBase))
 
         for f in fields:
-            signature = (f.remote_field.model, cls, f.remote_field.through, f.remote_field.through_fields)
+            signature = (
+                f.remote_field.model,
+                cls,
+                f.remote_field.through,
+                f.remote_field.through_fields,
+            )
             if signature in seen_intermediary_signatures:
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Error(
                         "The model has two identical many-to-many relations "
-                        "through the intermediate model '%s'." %
-                        f.remote_field.through._meta.label,
+                        "through the intermediate model '%s'."
+                        % f.remote_field.through._meta.label,
                         obj=cls,
-                        id='models.E003',
+                        id="models.E003",
                     )
                 )
             else:
@@ -1466,15 +1622,17 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
     @classmethod
     def _check_id_field(cls):
         """Check if `id` field is a primary key."""
-        fields = [f for f in cls._meta.local_fields if f.name == 'id' and f != cls._meta.pk]
+        fields = [
+            f for f in cls._meta.local_fields if f.name == "id" and f != cls._meta.pk
+        ]
         # fields is empty or consists of the invalid "id" field
-        if fields and not fields[0].primary_key and cls._meta.pk.name == 'id':
+        if fields and not fields[0].primary_key and cls._meta.pk.name == "id":
             return [
                 checks.Error(
                     "'id' can only be used as a field name if the field also "
                     "sets 'primary_key=True'.",
                     obj=cls,
-                    id='models.E004',
+                    id="models.E004",
                 )
             ]
         else:
@@ -1495,12 +1653,10 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                         checks.Error(
                             "The field '%s' from parent model "
                             "'%s' clashes with the field '%s' "
-                            "from parent model '%s'." % (
-                                clash.name, clash.model._meta,
-                                f.name, f.model._meta
-                            ),
+                            "from parent model '%s'."
+                            % (clash.name, clash.model._meta, f.name, f.model._meta),
                             obj=cls,
-                            id='models.E005',
+                            id="models.E005",
                         )
                     )
                 used_fields[f.name] = f
@@ -1520,16 +1676,16 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
             # field "id" and automatically added unique field "id", both
             # defined at the same model. This special case is considered in
             # _check_id_field and here we ignore it.
-            id_conflict = f.name == "id" and clash and clash.name == "id" and clash.model == cls
+            id_conflict = (
+                f.name == "id" and clash and clash.name == "id" and clash.model == cls
+            )
             if clash and not id_conflict:
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Error(
                         "The field '%s' clashes with the field '%s' "
-                        "from model '%s'." % (
-                            f.name, clash.name, clash.model._meta
-                        ),
+                        "from model '%s'." % (f.name, clash.name, clash.model._meta),
                         obj=f,
-                        id='models.E006',
+                        id="models.E006",
                     )
                 )
             used_fields[f.name] = f
@@ -1554,7 +1710,7 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                         "another field." % (f.name, column_name),
                         hint="Specify a 'db_column' for the field.",
                         obj=cls,
-                        id='models.E007'
+                        id="models.E007",
                     )
                 )
             else:
@@ -1566,13 +1722,13 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
     def _check_model_name_db_lookup_clashes(cls):
         errors = []
         model_name = cls.__name__
-        if model_name.startswith('_') or model_name.endswith('_'):
+        if model_name.startswith("_") or model_name.endswith("_"):
             errors.append(
                 checks.Error(
                     "The model name '%s' cannot start or end with an underscore "
                     "as it collides with the query lookup syntax." % model_name,
                     obj=cls,
-                    id='models.E023'
+                    id="models.E023",
                 )
             )
         elif LOOKUP_SEP in model_name:
@@ -1581,7 +1737,7 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                     "The model name '%s' cannot contain double underscores as "
                     "it collides with the query lookup syntax." % model_name,
                     obj=cls,
-                    id='models.E024'
+                    id="models.E024",
                 )
             )
         return errors
@@ -1591,7 +1747,8 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
         errors = []
         property_names = cls._meta._property_names
         related_field_accessors = (
-            f.get_attname() for f in cls._meta._get_fields(reverse=False)
+            f.get_attname()
+            for f in cls._meta._get_fields(reverse=False)
             if f.is_relation and f.related_model is not None
         )
         for accessor in related_field_accessors:
@@ -1601,7 +1758,7 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                         "The property '%s' clashes with a related field "
                         "accessor." % accessor,
                         obj=cls,
-                        id='models.E025',
+                        id="models.E025",
                     )
                 )
         return errors
@@ -1615,7 +1772,7 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                     "The model cannot have more than one field with "
                     "'primary_key=True'.",
                     obj=cls,
-                    id='models.E026',
+                    id="models.E026",
                 )
             )
         return errors
@@ -1628,16 +1785,18 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                 checks.Error(
                     "'index_together' must be a list or tuple.",
                     obj=cls,
-                    id='models.E008',
+                    id="models.E008",
                 )
             ]
 
-        elif any(not isinstance(fields, (tuple, list)) for fields in cls._meta.index_together):
+        elif any(
+            not isinstance(fields, (tuple, list)) for fields in cls._meta.index_together
+        ):
             return [
                 checks.Error(
                     "All 'index_together' elements must be lists or tuples.",
                     obj=cls,
-                    id='models.E009',
+                    id="models.E009",
                 )
             ]
 
@@ -1655,16 +1814,19 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                 checks.Error(
                     "'unique_together' must be a list or tuple.",
                     obj=cls,
-                    id='models.E010',
+                    id="models.E010",
                 )
             ]
 
-        elif any(not isinstance(fields, (tuple, list)) for fields in cls._meta.unique_together):
+        elif any(
+            not isinstance(fields, (tuple, list))
+            for fields in cls._meta.unique_together
+        ):
             return [
                 checks.Error(
                     "All 'unique_together' elements must be lists or tuples.",
                     obj=cls,
-                    id='models.E011',
+                    id="models.E011",
                 )
             ]
 
@@ -1682,13 +1844,13 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
         for index in cls._meta.indexes:
             # Index name can't start with an underscore or a number, restricted
             # for cross-database compatibility with Oracle.
-            if index.name[0] == '_' or index.name[0].isdigit():
+            if index.name[0] == "_" or index.name[0].isdigit():
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Error(
                         "The index name '%s' cannot start with an underscore "
                         "or a number." % index.name,
                         obj=cls,
-                        id='models.E033',
+                        id="models.E033",
                     ),
                 )
             if len(index.name) > index.max_name_length:
@@ -1697,7 +1859,7 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                         "The index name '%s' cannot be longer than %d "
                         "characters." % (index.name, index.max_name_length),
                         obj=cls,
-                        id='models.E034',
+                        id="models.E034",
                     ),
                 )
             if index.contains_expressions:
@@ -1710,57 +1872,59 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                 continue
             connection = connections[db]
             if not (
-                connection.features.supports_partial_indexes or
-                'supports_partial_indexes' in cls._meta.required_db_features
+                connection.features.supports_partial_indexes
+                or "supports_partial_indexes" in cls._meta.required_db_features
             ) and any(index.condition is not None for index in cls._meta.indexes):
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Warning(
-                        '%s does not support indexes with conditions.'
+                        "%s does not support indexes with conditions."
                         % connection.display_name,
                         hint=(
                             "Conditions will be ignored. Silence this warning "
                             "if you don't care about it."
                         ),
                         obj=cls,
-                        id='models.W037',
+                        id="models.W037",
                     )
                 )
             if not (
-                connection.features.supports_covering_indexes or
-                'supports_covering_indexes' in cls._meta.required_db_features
+                connection.features.supports_covering_indexes
+                or "supports_covering_indexes" in cls._meta.required_db_features
             ) and any(index.include for index in cls._meta.indexes):
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Warning(
-                        '%s does not support indexes with non-key columns.'
+                        "%s does not support indexes with non-key columns."
                         % connection.display_name,
                         hint=(
                             "Non-key columns will be ignored. Silence this "
                             "warning if you don't care about it."
                         ),
                         obj=cls,
-                        id='models.W040',
+                        id="models.W040",
                     )
                 )
             if not (
-                connection.features.supports_expression_indexes or
-                'supports_expression_indexes' in cls._meta.required_db_features
+                connection.features.supports_expression_indexes
+                or "supports_expression_indexes" in cls._meta.required_db_features
             ) and any(index.contains_expressions for index in cls._meta.indexes):
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Warning(
-                        '%s does not support indexes on expressions.'
+                        "%s does not support indexes on expressions."
                         % connection.display_name,
                         hint=(
                             "An index won't be created. Silence this warning "
                             "if you don't care about it."
                         ),
                         obj=cls,
-                        id='models.W043',
+                        id="models.W043",
                     )
                 )
-        fields = [field for index in cls._meta.indexes for field, _ in index.fields_orders]
+        fields = [
+            field for index in cls._meta.indexes for field, _ in index.fields_orders
+        ]
         fields += [include for index in cls._meta.indexes for include in index.include]
         fields += references
-        errors.extend(cls._check_local_fields(fields, 'indexes'))
+        errors.extend(cls._check_local_fields(fields, "indexes"))
         return errors
 
     @classmethod
@@ -1772,7 +1936,7 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
         forward_fields_map = {}
         for field in cls._meta._get_fields(reverse=False):
             forward_fields_map[field.name] = field
-            if hasattr(field, 'attname'):
+            if hasattr(field, "attname"):
                 forward_fields_map[field.attname] = field
 
         errors = []
@@ -1782,11 +1946,13 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
             except KeyError:
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Error(
-                        "'%s' refers to the nonexistent field '%s'." % (
-                            option, field_name,
+                        "'%s' refers to the nonexistent field '%s'."
+                        % (
+                            option,
+                            field_name,
                         ),
                         obj=cls,
-                        id='models.E012',
+                        id="models.E012",
                     )
                 )
             else:
@@ -1794,11 +1960,14 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                     errors.append(
                         checks.Error(
                             "'%s' refers to a ManyToManyField '%s', but "
-                            "ManyToManyFields are not permitted in '%s'." % (
-                                option, field_name, option,
+                            "ManyToManyFields are not permitted in '%s'."
+                            % (
+                                option,
+                                field_name,
+                                option,
                             ),
                             obj=cls,
-                            id='models.E013',
+                            id="models.E013",
                         )
                     )
                 elif field not in cls._meta.local_fields:
@@ -1808,7 +1977,7 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                             % (option, field_name, cls._meta.object_name),
                             hint="This issue may be caused by multi-table inheritance.",
                             obj=cls,
-                            id='models.E016',
+                            id="models.E016",
                         )
                     )
         return errors
@@ -1824,7 +1993,7 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                 checks.Error(
                     "'ordering' and 'order_with_respect_to' cannot be used together.",
                     obj=cls,
-                    id='models.E021',
+                    id="models.E021",
                 ),
             ]
 
@@ -1836,7 +2005,7 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                 checks.Error(
                     "'ordering' must be a tuple or list (even if you want to order by only one field).",
                     obj=cls,
-                    id='models.E014',
+                    id="models.E014",
                 )
             ]
 
@@ -1844,10 +2013,10 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
         fields = cls._meta.ordering
 
         # Skip expressions and '?' fields.
-        fields = (f for f in fields if isinstance(f, str) and f != '?')
+        fields = (f for f in fields if isinstance(f, str) and f != "?")
 
         # Convert "-field" to "field".
-        fields = ((f[1:] if f.startswith('-') else f) for f in fields)
+        fields = ((f[1:] if f.startswith("-") else f) for f in fields)
 
         # Separate related fields and non-related fields.
         _fields = []
@@ -1866,7 +2035,7 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
             for part in field.split(LOOKUP_SEP):
                 try:
                     # pk is an alias that won't be found by opts.get_field.
-                    if part == 'pk':
+                    if part == "pk":
                         fld = _cls._meta.pk
                     else:
                         fld = _cls._meta.get_field(part)
@@ -1883,13 +2052,13 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                                 "'ordering' refers to the nonexistent field, "
                                 "related field, or lookup '%s'." % field,
                                 obj=cls,
-                                id='models.E015',
+                                id="models.E015",
                             )
                         )
 
         # Skip ordering on pk. This is always a valid order_by field
         # but is an alias and therefore won't be found by opts.get_field.
-        fields = {f for f in fields if f != 'pk'}
+        fields = {f for f in fields if f != "pk"}
 
         # Check for invalid or nonexistent fields in ordering.
         invalid_fields = []
@@ -1897,10 +2066,14 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
         # Any field name that is not present in field_names does not exist.
         # Also, ordering by m2m fields is not allowed.
         opts = cls._meta
-        valid_fields = set(chain.from_iterable(
-            (f.name, f.attname) if not (f.auto_created and not f.concrete) else (f.field.related_query_name(),)
-            for f in chain(opts.fields, opts.related_objects)
-        ))
+        valid_fields = set(
+            chain.from_iterable(
+                (f.name, f.attname)
+                if not (f.auto_created and not f.concrete)
+                else (f.field.related_query_name(),)
+                for f in chain(opts.fields, opts.related_objects)
+            )
+        )
 
         invalid_fields.extend(fields - valid_fields)
 
@@ -1910,7 +2083,7 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                     "'ordering' refers to the nonexistent field, related "
                     "field, or lookup '%s'." % invalid_field,
                     obj=cls,
-                    id='models.E015',
+                    id="models.E015",
                 )
             )
         return errors
@@ -1952,7 +2125,11 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
 
             # Check if auto-generated name for the field is too long
             # for the database.
-            if f.db_column is None and column_name is not None and len(column_name) > allowed_len:
+            if (
+                f.db_column is None
+                and column_name is not None
+                and len(column_name) > allowed_len
+            ):
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Error(
                         'Autogenerated column name too long for field "%s". '
@@ -1960,7 +2137,7 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                         % (column_name, allowed_len, db_alias),
                         hint="Set the column name manually using 'db_column'.",
                         obj=cls,
-                        id='models.E018',
+                        id="models.E018",
                     )
                 )
 
@@ -1973,10 +2150,14 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
             # for the database.
             for m2m in f.remote_field.through._meta.local_fields:
                 _, rel_name = m2m.get_attname_column()
-                if m2m.db_column is None and rel_name is not None and len(rel_name) > allowed_len:
+                if (
+                    m2m.db_column is None
+                    and rel_name is not None
+                    and len(rel_name) > allowed_len
+                ):
                     errors.append(
                         checks.Error(
-                            'Autogenerated column name too long for M2M field '
+                            "Autogenerated column name too long for M2M field "
                             '"%s". Maximum length is "%s" for database "%s".'
                             % (rel_name, allowed_len, db_alias),
                             hint=(
@@ -1984,7 +2165,7 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                                 "M2M and then set column_name using 'db_column'."
                             ),
                             obj=cls,
-                            id='models.E019',
+                            id="models.E019",
                         )
                     )
 
@@ -2002,7 +2183,7 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                     yield from cls._get_expr_references(child)
         elif isinstance(expr, F):
             yield tuple(expr.name.split(LOOKUP_SEP))
-        elif hasattr(expr, 'get_source_expressions'):
+        elif hasattr(expr, "get_source_expressions"):
             for src_expr in expr.get_source_expressions():
                 yield from cls._get_expr_references(src_expr)
 
@@ -2014,132 +2195,145 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                 continue
             connection = connections[db]
             if not (
-                connection.features.supports_table_check_constraints or
-                'supports_table_check_constraints' in cls._meta.required_db_features
+                connection.features.supports_table_check_constraints
+                or "supports_table_check_constraints" in cls._meta.required_db_features
             ) and any(
                 isinstance(constraint, CheckConstraint)
                 for constraint in cls._meta.constraints
             ):
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Warning(
-                        '%s does not support check constraints.' % connection.display_name,
-                        hint=(
-                            "A constraint won't be created. Silence this "
-                            "warning if you don't care about it."
-                        ),
-                        obj=cls,
-                        id='models.W027',
-                    )
-                )
-            if not (
-                connection.features.supports_partial_indexes or
-                'supports_partial_indexes' in cls._meta.required_db_features
-            ) and any(
-                isinstance(constraint, UniqueConstraint) and constraint.condition is not None
-                for constraint in cls._meta.constraints
-            ):
-                errors.append(
-                    checks.Warning(
-                        '%s does not support unique constraints with '
-                        'conditions.' % connection.display_name,
-                        hint=(
-                            "A constraint won't be created. Silence this "
-                            "warning if you don't care about it."
-                        ),
-                        obj=cls,
-                        id='models.W036',
-                    )
-                )
-            if not (
-                connection.features.supports_deferrable_unique_constraints or
-                'supports_deferrable_unique_constraints' in cls._meta.required_db_features
-            ) and any(
-                isinstance(constraint, UniqueConstraint) and constraint.deferrable is not None
-                for constraint in cls._meta.constraints
-            ):
-                errors.append(
-                    checks.Warning(
-                        '%s does not support deferrable unique constraints.'
+                        "%s does not support check constraints."
                         % connection.display_name,
                         hint=(
                             "A constraint won't be created. Silence this "
                             "warning if you don't care about it."
                         ),
                         obj=cls,
-                        id='models.W038',
+                        id="models.W027",
                     )
                 )
             if not (
-                connection.features.supports_covering_indexes or
-                'supports_covering_indexes' in cls._meta.required_db_features
+                connection.features.supports_partial_indexes
+                or "supports_partial_indexes" in cls._meta.required_db_features
+            ) and any(
+                isinstance(constraint, UniqueConstraint)
+                and constraint.condition is not None
+                for constraint in cls._meta.constraints
+            ):
+                errors.append(
+                    checks.Warning(
+                        "%s does not support unique constraints with "
+                        "conditions." % connection.display_name,
+                        hint=(
+                            "A constraint won't be created. Silence this "
+                            "warning if you don't care about it."
+                        ),
+                        obj=cls,
+                        id="models.W036",
+                    )
+                )
+            if not (
+                connection.features.supports_deferrable_unique_constraints
+                or "supports_deferrable_unique_constraints"
+                in cls._meta.required_db_features
+            ) and any(
+                isinstance(constraint, UniqueConstraint)
+                and constraint.deferrable is not None
+                for constraint in cls._meta.constraints
+            ):
+                errors.append(
+                    checks.Warning(
+                        "%s does not support deferrable unique constraints."
+                        % connection.display_name,
+                        hint=(
+                            "A constraint won't be created. Silence this "
+                            "warning if you don't care about it."
+                        ),
+                        obj=cls,
+                        id="models.W038",
+                    )
+                )
+            if not (
+                connection.features.supports_covering_indexes
+                or "supports_covering_indexes" in cls._meta.required_db_features
             ) and any(
                 isinstance(constraint, UniqueConstraint) and constraint.include
                 for constraint in cls._meta.constraints
             ):
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Warning(
-                        '%s does not support unique constraints with non-key '
-                        'columns.' % connection.display_name,
+                        "%s does not support unique constraints with non-key "
+                        "columns." % connection.display_name,
                         hint=(
                             "A constraint won't be created. Silence this "
                             "warning if you don't care about it."
                         ),
                         obj=cls,
-                        id='models.W039',
+                        id="models.W039",
                     )
                 )
             if not (
-                connection.features.supports_expression_indexes or
-                'supports_expression_indexes' in cls._meta.required_db_features
+                connection.features.supports_expression_indexes
+                or "supports_expression_indexes" in cls._meta.required_db_features
             ) and any(
-                isinstance(constraint, UniqueConstraint) and constraint.contains_expressions
+                isinstance(constraint, UniqueConstraint)
+                and constraint.contains_expressions
                 for constraint in cls._meta.constraints
             ):
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Warning(
-                        '%s does not support unique constraints on '
-                        'expressions.' % connection.display_name,
+                        "%s does not support unique constraints on "
+                        "expressions." % connection.display_name,
                         hint=(
                             "A constraint won't be created. Silence this "
                             "warning if you don't care about it."
                         ),
                         obj=cls,
-                        id='models.W044',
+                        id="models.W044",
                     )
                 )
-            fields = set(chain.from_iterable(
-                (*constraint.fields, *constraint.include)
-                for constraint in cls._meta.constraints if isinstance(constraint, UniqueConstraint)
-            ))
+            fields = set(
+                chain.from_iterable(
+                    (*constraint.fields, *constraint.include)
+                    for constraint in cls._meta.constraints
+                    if isinstance(constraint, UniqueConstraint)
+                )
+            )
             references = set()
             for constraint in cls._meta.constraints:
                 if isinstance(constraint, UniqueConstraint):
                     if (
-                        connection.features.supports_partial_indexes or
-                        'supports_partial_indexes' not in cls._meta.required_db_features
+                        connection.features.supports_partial_indexes
+                        or "supports_partial_indexes"
+                        not in cls._meta.required_db_features
                     ) and isinstance(constraint.condition, Q):
-                        references.update(cls._get_expr_references(constraint.condition))
+                        references.update(
+                            cls._get_expr_references(constraint.condition)
+                        )
                     if (
-                        connection.features.supports_expression_indexes or
-                        'supports_expression_indexes' not in cls._meta.required_db_features
+                        connection.features.supports_expression_indexes
+                        or "supports_expression_indexes"
+                        not in cls._meta.required_db_features
                     ) and constraint.contains_expressions:
                         for expression in constraint.expressions:
                             references.update(cls._get_expr_references(expression))
                 elif isinstance(constraint, CheckConstraint):
                     if (
-                        connection.features.supports_table_check_constraints or
-                        'supports_table_check_constraints' not in cls._meta.required_db_features
+                        connection.features.supports_table_check_constraints
+                        or "supports_table_check_constraints"
+                        not in cls._meta.required_db_features
                     ) and isinstance(constraint.check, Q):
                         references.update(cls._get_expr_references(constraint.check))
             for field_name, *lookups in references:
                 # pk is an alias that won't be found by opts.get_field.
-                if field_name != 'pk':
+                if field_name != "pk":
                     fields.add(field_name)
                 if not lookups:
                     # If it has no lookups it cannot result in a JOIN.
                     continue
                 try:
-                    if field_name == 'pk':
+                    if field_name == "pk":
                         field = cls._meta.pk
                     else:
                         field = cls._meta.get_field(field_name)
@@ -2150,20 +2344,20 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
                 # JOIN must happen at the first lookup.
                 first_lookup = lookups[0]
                 if (
-                    hasattr(field, 'get_transform') and
-                    hasattr(field, 'get_lookup') and
-                    field.get_transform(first_lookup) is None and
-                    field.get_lookup(first_lookup) is None
+                    hasattr(field, "get_transform")
+                    and hasattr(field, "get_lookup")
+                    and field.get_transform(first_lookup) is None
+                    and field.get_lookup(first_lookup) is None
                 ):
                     errors.append(
                         checks.Error(
                             "'constraints' refers to the joined field '%s'."
                             % LOOKUP_SEP.join([field_name] + lookups),
                             obj=cls,
-                            id='models.E041',
+                            id="models.E041",
                         )
                     )
-            errors.extend(cls._check_local_fields(fields, 'constraints'))
+            errors.extend(cls._check_local_fields(fields, "constraints"))
         return errors
 
 
@@ -2173,14 +2367,16 @@ class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
 
 # ORDERING METHODS #########################
 
+
 def method_set_order(self, ordered_obj, id_list, using=None):
     if using is None:
         using = DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS
     order_wrt = ordered_obj._meta.order_with_respect_to
     filter_args = order_wrt.get_forward_related_filter(self)
-    ordered_obj.objects.db_manager(using).filter(**filter_args).bulk_update([
-        ordered_obj(pk=pk, _order=order) for order, pk in enumerate(id_list)
-    ], ['_order'])
+    ordered_obj.objects.db_manager(using).filter(**filter_args).bulk_update(
+        [ordered_obj(pk=pk, _order=order) for order, pk in enumerate(id_list)],
+        ["_order"],
+    )
 
 
 def method_get_order(self, ordered_obj):
@@ -2193,15 +2389,16 @@ def method_get_order(self, ordered_obj):
 def make_foreign_order_accessors(model, related_model):
     setattr(
         related_model,
-        'get_%s_order' % model.__name__.lower(),
-        partialmethod(method_get_order, model)
+        "get_%s_order" % model.__name__.lower(),
+        partialmethod(method_get_order, model),
     )
     setattr(
         related_model,
-        'set_%s_order' % model.__name__.lower(),
-        partialmethod(method_set_order, model)
+        "set_%s_order" % model.__name__.lower(),
+        partialmethod(method_set_order, model),
     )
 
+
 ########
 # MISC #
 ########
diff --git a/django/db/models/constants.py b/django/db/models/constants.py
index 95addd2ab0..a0c99c95fc 100644
--- a/django/db/models/constants.py
+++ b/django/db/models/constants.py
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ Constants used across the ORM in general.
 from enum import Enum
 
 # Separator used to split filter strings apart.
-LOOKUP_SEP = '__'
+LOOKUP_SEP = "__"
 
 
 class OnConflict(Enum):
-    IGNORE = 'ignore'
-    UPDATE = 'update'
+    IGNORE = "ignore"
+    UPDATE = "update"
diff --git a/django/db/models/constraints.py b/django/db/models/constraints.py
index 5abedaf3d1..721e43ae58 100644
--- a/django/db/models/constraints.py
+++ b/django/db/models/constraints.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from django.db.models.indexes import IndexExpression
 from django.db.models.query_utils import Q
 from django.db.models.sql.query import Query
 
-__all__ = ['CheckConstraint', 'Deferrable', 'UniqueConstraint']
+__all__ = ["CheckConstraint", "Deferrable", "UniqueConstraint"]
 
 
 class BaseConstraint:
@@ -17,18 +17,18 @@ class BaseConstraint:
         return False
 
     def constraint_sql(self, model, schema_editor):
-        raise NotImplementedError('This method must be implemented by a subclass.')
+        raise NotImplementedError("This method must be implemented by a subclass.")
 
     def create_sql(self, model, schema_editor):
-        raise NotImplementedError('This method must be implemented by a subclass.')
+        raise NotImplementedError("This method must be implemented by a subclass.")
 
     def remove_sql(self, model, schema_editor):
-        raise NotImplementedError('This method must be implemented by a subclass.')
+        raise NotImplementedError("This method must be implemented by a subclass.")
 
     def deconstruct(self):
-        path = '%s.%s' % (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__)
-        path = path.replace('django.db.models.constraints', 'django.db.models')
-        return (path, (), {'name': self.name})
+        path = "%s.%s" % (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__)
+        path = path.replace("django.db.models.constraints", "django.db.models")
+        return (path, (), {"name": self.name})
 
     def clone(self):
         _, args, kwargs = self.deconstruct()
@@ -38,9 +38,9 @@ class BaseConstraint:
 class CheckConstraint(BaseConstraint):
     def __init__(self, *, check, name):
         self.check = check
-        if not getattr(check, 'conditional', False):
+        if not getattr(check, "conditional", False):
             raise TypeError(
-                'CheckConstraint.check must be a Q instance or boolean expression.'
+                "CheckConstraint.check must be a Q instance or boolean expression."
             )
         super().__init__(name)
 
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class CheckConstraint(BaseConstraint):
         return schema_editor._delete_check_sql(model, self.name)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s: check=%s name=%s>' % (
+        return "<%s: check=%s name=%s>" % (
             self.__class__.__qualname__,
             self.check,
             repr(self.name),
@@ -76,17 +76,17 @@ class CheckConstraint(BaseConstraint):
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
-        kwargs['check'] = self.check
+        kwargs["check"] = self.check
         return path, args, kwargs
 
 
 class Deferrable(Enum):
-    DEFERRED = 'deferred'
-    IMMEDIATE = 'immediate'
+    DEFERRED = "deferred"
+    IMMEDIATE = "immediate"
 
     # A similar format was proposed for Python 3.10.
     def __repr__(self):
-        return f'{self.__class__.__qualname__}.{self._name_}'
+        return f"{self.__class__.__qualname__}.{self._name_}"
 
 
 class UniqueConstraint(BaseConstraint):
@@ -101,51 +101,43 @@ class UniqueConstraint(BaseConstraint):
         opclasses=(),
     ):
         if not name:
-            raise ValueError('A unique constraint must be named.')
+            raise ValueError("A unique constraint must be named.")
         if not expressions and not fields:
             raise ValueError(
-                'At least one field or expression is required to define a '
-                'unique constraint.'
+                "At least one field or expression is required to define a "
+                "unique constraint."
             )
         if expressions and fields:
             raise ValueError(
-                'UniqueConstraint.fields and expressions are mutually exclusive.'
+                "UniqueConstraint.fields and expressions are mutually exclusive."
             )
         if not isinstance(condition, (type(None), Q)):
-            raise ValueError('UniqueConstraint.condition must be a Q instance.')
+            raise ValueError("UniqueConstraint.condition must be a Q instance.")
         if condition and deferrable:
-            raise ValueError(
-                'UniqueConstraint with conditions cannot be deferred.'
-            )
+            raise ValueError("UniqueConstraint with conditions cannot be deferred.")
         if include and deferrable:
-            raise ValueError(
-                'UniqueConstraint with include fields cannot be deferred.'
-            )
+            raise ValueError("UniqueConstraint with include fields cannot be deferred.")
         if opclasses and deferrable:
-            raise ValueError(
-                'UniqueConstraint with opclasses cannot be deferred.'
-            )
+            raise ValueError("UniqueConstraint with opclasses cannot be deferred.")
         if expressions and deferrable:
-            raise ValueError(
-                'UniqueConstraint with expressions cannot be deferred.'
-            )
+            raise ValueError("UniqueConstraint with expressions cannot be deferred.")
         if expressions and opclasses:
             raise ValueError(
-                'UniqueConstraint.opclasses cannot be used with expressions. '
-                'Use django.contrib.postgres.indexes.OpClass() instead.'
+                "UniqueConstraint.opclasses cannot be used with expressions. "
+                "Use django.contrib.postgres.indexes.OpClass() instead."
             )
         if not isinstance(deferrable, (type(None), Deferrable)):
             raise ValueError(
-                'UniqueConstraint.deferrable must be a Deferrable instance.'
+                "UniqueConstraint.deferrable must be a Deferrable instance."
             )
         if not isinstance(include, (type(None), list, tuple)):
-            raise ValueError('UniqueConstraint.include must be a list or tuple.')
+            raise ValueError("UniqueConstraint.include must be a list or tuple.")
         if not isinstance(opclasses, (list, tuple)):
-            raise ValueError('UniqueConstraint.opclasses must be a list or tuple.')
+            raise ValueError("UniqueConstraint.opclasses must be a list or tuple.")
         if opclasses and len(fields) != len(opclasses):
             raise ValueError(
-                'UniqueConstraint.fields and UniqueConstraint.opclasses must '
-                'have the same number of elements.'
+                "UniqueConstraint.fields and UniqueConstraint.opclasses must "
+                "have the same number of elements."
             )
         self.fields = tuple(fields)
         self.condition = condition
@@ -185,70 +177,91 @@ class UniqueConstraint(BaseConstraint):
 
     def constraint_sql(self, model, schema_editor):
         fields = [model._meta.get_field(field_name) for field_name in self.fields]
-        include = [model._meta.get_field(field_name).column for field_name in self.include]
+        include = [
+            model._meta.get_field(field_name).column for field_name in self.include
+        ]
         condition = self._get_condition_sql(model, schema_editor)
         expressions = self._get_index_expressions(model, schema_editor)
         return schema_editor._unique_sql(
-            model, fields, self.name, condition=condition,
-            deferrable=self.deferrable, include=include,
-            opclasses=self.opclasses, expressions=expressions,
+            model,
+            fields,
+            self.name,
+            condition=condition,
+            deferrable=self.deferrable,
+            include=include,
+            opclasses=self.opclasses,
+            expressions=expressions,
         )
 
     def create_sql(self, model, schema_editor):
         fields = [model._meta.get_field(field_name) for field_name in self.fields]
-        include = [model._meta.get_field(field_name).column for field_name in self.include]
+        include = [
+            model._meta.get_field(field_name).column for field_name in self.include
+        ]
         condition = self._get_condition_sql(model, schema_editor)
         expressions = self._get_index_expressions(model, schema_editor)
         return schema_editor._create_unique_sql(
-            model, fields, self.name, condition=condition,
-            deferrable=self.deferrable, include=include,
-            opclasses=self.opclasses, expressions=expressions,
+            model,
+            fields,
+            self.name,
+            condition=condition,
+            deferrable=self.deferrable,
+            include=include,
+            opclasses=self.opclasses,
+            expressions=expressions,
         )
 
     def remove_sql(self, model, schema_editor):
         condition = self._get_condition_sql(model, schema_editor)
-        include = [model._meta.get_field(field_name).column for field_name in self.include]
+        include = [
+            model._meta.get_field(field_name).column for field_name in self.include
+        ]
         expressions = self._get_index_expressions(model, schema_editor)
         return schema_editor._delete_unique_sql(
-            model, self.name, condition=condition, deferrable=self.deferrable,
-            include=include, opclasses=self.opclasses, expressions=expressions,
+            model,
+            self.name,
+            condition=condition,
+            deferrable=self.deferrable,
+            include=include,
+            opclasses=self.opclasses,
+            expressions=expressions,
         )
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s:%s%s%s%s%s%s%s>' % (
+        return "<%s:%s%s%s%s%s%s%s>" % (
             self.__class__.__qualname__,
-            '' if not self.fields else ' fields=%s' % repr(self.fields),
-            '' if not self.expressions else ' expressions=%s' % repr(self.expressions),
-            ' name=%s' % repr(self.name),
-            '' if self.condition is None else ' condition=%s' % self.condition,
-            '' if self.deferrable is None else ' deferrable=%r' % self.deferrable,
-            '' if not self.include else ' include=%s' % repr(self.include),
-            '' if not self.opclasses else ' opclasses=%s' % repr(self.opclasses),
+            "" if not self.fields else " fields=%s" % repr(self.fields),
+            "" if not self.expressions else " expressions=%s" % repr(self.expressions),
+            " name=%s" % repr(self.name),
+            "" if self.condition is None else " condition=%s" % self.condition,
+            "" if self.deferrable is None else " deferrable=%r" % self.deferrable,
+            "" if not self.include else " include=%s" % repr(self.include),
+            "" if not self.opclasses else " opclasses=%s" % repr(self.opclasses),
         )
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         if isinstance(other, UniqueConstraint):
             return (
-                self.name == other.name and
-                self.fields == other.fields and
-                self.condition == other.condition and
-                self.deferrable == other.deferrable and
-                self.include == other.include and
-                self.opclasses == other.opclasses and
-                self.expressions == other.expressions
+                self.name == other.name
+                and self.fields == other.fields
+                and self.condition == other.condition
+                and self.deferrable == other.deferrable
+                and self.include == other.include
+                and self.opclasses == other.opclasses
+                and self.expressions == other.expressions
             )
         return super().__eq__(other)
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
         if self.fields:
-            kwargs['fields'] = self.fields
+            kwargs["fields"] = self.fields
         if self.condition:
-            kwargs['condition'] = self.condition
+            kwargs["condition"] = self.condition
         if self.deferrable:
-            kwargs['deferrable'] = self.deferrable
+            kwargs["deferrable"] = self.deferrable
         if self.include:
-            kwargs['include'] = self.include
+            kwargs["include"] = self.include
         if self.opclasses:
-            kwargs['opclasses'] = self.opclasses
+            kwargs["opclasses"] = self.opclasses
         return path, self.expressions, kwargs
diff --git a/django/db/models/deletion.py b/django/db/models/deletion.py
index b99337a309..6912b49498 100644
--- a/django/db/models/deletion.py
+++ b/django/db/models/deletion.py
@@ -21,8 +21,11 @@ class RestrictedError(IntegrityError):
 
 def CASCADE(collector, field, sub_objs, using):
     collector.collect(
-        sub_objs, source=field.remote_field.model, source_attr=field.name,
-        nullable=field.null, fail_on_restricted=False,
+        sub_objs,
+        source=field.remote_field.model,
+        source_attr=field.name,
+        nullable=field.null,
+        fail_on_restricted=False,
     )
     if field.null and not connections[using].features.can_defer_constraint_checks:
         collector.add_field_update(field, None, sub_objs)
@@ -31,10 +34,13 @@ def CASCADE(collector, field, sub_objs, using):
 def PROTECT(collector, field, sub_objs, using):
     raise ProtectedError(
         "Cannot delete some instances of model '%s' because they are "
-        "referenced through a protected foreign key: '%s.%s'" % (
-            field.remote_field.model.__name__, sub_objs[0].__class__.__name__, field.name
+        "referenced through a protected foreign key: '%s.%s'"
+        % (
+            field.remote_field.model.__name__,
+            sub_objs[0].__class__.__name__,
+            field.name,
         ),
-        sub_objs
+        sub_objs,
     )
 
 
@@ -45,12 +51,16 @@ def RESTRICT(collector, field, sub_objs, using):
 
 def SET(value):
     if callable(value):
+
         def set_on_delete(collector, field, sub_objs, using):
             collector.add_field_update(field, value(), sub_objs)
+
     else:
+
         def set_on_delete(collector, field, sub_objs, using):
             collector.add_field_update(field, value, sub_objs)
-    set_on_delete.deconstruct = lambda: ('django.db.models.SET', (value,), {})
+
+    set_on_delete.deconstruct = lambda: ("django.db.models.SET", (value,), {})
     return set_on_delete
 
 
@@ -70,7 +80,8 @@ def get_candidate_relations_to_delete(opts):
     # The candidate relations are the ones that come from N-1 and 1-1 relations.
     # N-N  (i.e., many-to-many) relations aren't candidates for deletion.
     return (
-        f for f in opts.get_fields(include_hidden=True)
+        f
+        for f in opts.get_fields(include_hidden=True)
         if f.auto_created and not f.concrete and (f.one_to_one or f.one_to_many)
     )
 
@@ -124,7 +135,9 @@ class Collector:
     def add_dependency(self, model, dependency, reverse_dependency=False):
         if reverse_dependency:
             model, dependency = dependency, model
-        self.dependencies[model._meta.concrete_model].add(dependency._meta.concrete_model)
+        self.dependencies[model._meta.concrete_model].add(
+            dependency._meta.concrete_model
+        )
         self.data.setdefault(dependency, self.data.default_factory())
 
     def add_field_update(self, field, value, objs):
@@ -151,17 +164,21 @@ class Collector:
 
     def clear_restricted_objects_from_queryset(self, model, qs):
         if model in self.restricted_objects:
-            objs = set(qs.filter(pk__in=[
-                obj.pk
-                for objs in self.restricted_objects[model].values() for obj in objs
-            ]))
+            objs = set(
+                qs.filter(
+                    pk__in=[
+                        obj.pk
+                        for objs in self.restricted_objects[model].values()
+                        for obj in objs
+                    ]
+                )
+            )
             self.clear_restricted_objects_from_set(model, objs)
 
     def _has_signal_listeners(self, model):
-        return (
-            signals.pre_delete.has_listeners(model) or
-            signals.post_delete.has_listeners(model)
-        )
+        return signals.pre_delete.has_listeners(
+            model
+        ) or signals.post_delete.has_listeners(model)
 
     def can_fast_delete(self, objs, from_field=None):
         """
@@ -176,9 +193,9 @@ class Collector:
         """
         if from_field and from_field.remote_field.on_delete is not CASCADE:
             return False
-        if hasattr(objs, '_meta'):
+        if hasattr(objs, "_meta"):
             model = objs._meta.model
-        elif hasattr(objs, 'model') and hasattr(objs, '_raw_delete'):
+        elif hasattr(objs, "model") and hasattr(objs, "_raw_delete"):
             model = objs.model
         else:
             return False
@@ -188,14 +205,22 @@ class Collector:
         # parent when parent delete is cascading to child.
         opts = model._meta
         return (
-            all(link == from_field for link in opts.concrete_model._meta.parents.values()) and
+            all(
+                link == from_field
+                for link in opts.concrete_model._meta.parents.values()
+            )
+            and
             # Foreign keys pointing to this model.
             all(
                 related.field.remote_field.on_delete is DO_NOTHING
                 for related in get_candidate_relations_to_delete(opts)
-            ) and (
+            )
+            and (
                 # Something like generic foreign key.
-                not any(hasattr(field, 'bulk_related_objects') for field in opts.private_fields)
+                not any(
+                    hasattr(field, "bulk_related_objects")
+                    for field in opts.private_fields
+                )
             )
         )
 
@@ -205,16 +230,27 @@ class Collector:
         """
         field_names = [field.name for field in fields]
         conn_batch_size = max(
-            connections[self.using].ops.bulk_batch_size(field_names, objs), 1)
+            connections[self.using].ops.bulk_batch_size(field_names, objs), 1
+        )
         if len(objs) > conn_batch_size:
-            return [objs[i:i + conn_batch_size]
-                    for i in range(0, len(objs), conn_batch_size)]
+            return [
+                objs[i : i + conn_batch_size]
+                for i in range(0, len(objs), conn_batch_size)
+            ]
         else:
             return [objs]
 
-    def collect(self, objs, source=None, nullable=False, collect_related=True,
-                source_attr=None, reverse_dependency=False, keep_parents=False,
-                fail_on_restricted=True):
+    def collect(
+        self,
+        objs,
+        source=None,
+        nullable=False,
+        collect_related=True,
+        source_attr=None,
+        reverse_dependency=False,
+        keep_parents=False,
+        fail_on_restricted=True,
+    ):
         """
         Add 'objs' to the collection of objects to be deleted as well as all
         parent instances.  'objs' must be a homogeneous iterable collection of
@@ -241,8 +277,9 @@ class Collector:
         if self.can_fast_delete(objs):
             self.fast_deletes.append(objs)
             return
-        new_objs = self.add(objs, source, nullable,
-                            reverse_dependency=reverse_dependency)
+        new_objs = self.add(
+            objs, source, nullable, reverse_dependency=reverse_dependency
+        )
         if not new_objs:
             return
 
@@ -255,11 +292,14 @@ class Collector:
             for ptr in concrete_model._meta.parents.values():
                 if ptr:
                     parent_objs = [getattr(obj, ptr.name) for obj in new_objs]
-                    self.collect(parent_objs, source=model,
-                                 source_attr=ptr.remote_field.related_name,
-                                 collect_related=False,
-                                 reverse_dependency=True,
-                                 fail_on_restricted=False)
+                    self.collect(
+                        parent_objs,
+                        source=model,
+                        source_attr=ptr.remote_field.related_name,
+                        collect_related=False,
+                        reverse_dependency=True,
+                        fail_on_restricted=False,
+                    )
         if not collect_related:
             return
 
@@ -287,11 +327,18 @@ class Collector:
                 # relationships are select_related as interactions between both
                 # features are hard to get right. This should only happen in
                 # the rare cases where .related_objects is overridden anyway.
-                if not (sub_objs.query.select_related or self._has_signal_listeners(related_model)):
-                    referenced_fields = set(chain.from_iterable(
-                        (rf.attname for rf in rel.field.foreign_related_fields)
-                        for rel in get_candidate_relations_to_delete(related_model._meta)
-                    ))
+                if not (
+                    sub_objs.query.select_related
+                    or self._has_signal_listeners(related_model)
+                ):
+                    referenced_fields = set(
+                        chain.from_iterable(
+                            (rf.attname for rf in rel.field.foreign_related_fields)
+                            for rel in get_candidate_relations_to_delete(
+                                related_model._meta
+                            )
+                        )
+                    )
                     sub_objs = sub_objs.only(*tuple(referenced_fields))
                 if sub_objs:
                     try:
@@ -301,10 +348,11 @@ class Collector:
                         protected_objects[key] += error.protected_objects
         if protected_objects:
             raise ProtectedError(
-                'Cannot delete some instances of model %r because they are '
-                'referenced through protected foreign keys: %s.' % (
+                "Cannot delete some instances of model %r because they are "
+                "referenced through protected foreign keys: %s."
+                % (
                     model.__name__,
-                    ', '.join(protected_objects),
+                    ", ".join(protected_objects),
                 ),
                 set(chain.from_iterable(protected_objects.values())),
             )
@@ -314,10 +362,12 @@ class Collector:
                 sub_objs = self.related_objects(related_model, related_fields, batch)
                 self.fast_deletes.append(sub_objs)
         for field in model._meta.private_fields:
-            if hasattr(field, 'bulk_related_objects'):
+            if hasattr(field, "bulk_related_objects"):
                 # It's something like generic foreign key.
                 sub_objs = field.bulk_related_objects(new_objs, self.using)
-                self.collect(sub_objs, source=model, nullable=True, fail_on_restricted=False)
+                self.collect(
+                    sub_objs, source=model, nullable=True, fail_on_restricted=False
+                )
 
         if fail_on_restricted:
             # Raise an error if collected restricted objects (RESTRICT) aren't
@@ -335,11 +385,12 @@ class Collector:
                             restricted_objects[key] += objs
                 if restricted_objects:
                     raise RestrictedError(
-                        'Cannot delete some instances of model %r because '
-                        'they are referenced through restricted foreign keys: '
-                        '%s.' % (
+                        "Cannot delete some instances of model %r because "
+                        "they are referenced through restricted foreign keys: "
+                        "%s."
+                        % (
                             model.__name__,
-                            ', '.join(restricted_objects),
+                            ", ".join(restricted_objects),
                         ),
                         set(chain.from_iterable(restricted_objects.values())),
                     )
@@ -349,10 +400,7 @@ class Collector:
         Get a QuerySet of the related model to objs via related fields.
         """
         predicate = query_utils.Q(
-            *(
-                (f'{related_field.name}__in', objs)
-                for related_field in related_fields
-            ),
+            *((f"{related_field.name}__in", objs) for related_field in related_fields),
             _connector=query_utils.Q.OR,
         )
         return related_model._base_manager.using(self.using).filter(predicate)
@@ -397,7 +445,9 @@ class Collector:
             instance = list(instances)[0]
             if self.can_fast_delete(instance):
                 with transaction.mark_for_rollback_on_error(self.using):
-                    count = sql.DeleteQuery(model).delete_batch([instance.pk], self.using)
+                    count = sql.DeleteQuery(model).delete_batch(
+                        [instance.pk], self.using
+                    )
                 setattr(instance, model._meta.pk.attname, None)
                 return count, {model._meta.label: count}
 
@@ -406,7 +456,9 @@ class Collector:
             for model, obj in self.instances_with_model():
                 if not model._meta.auto_created:
                     signals.pre_delete.send(
-                        sender=model, instance=obj, using=self.using,
+                        sender=model,
+                        instance=obj,
+                        using=self.using,
                         origin=self.origin,
                     )
 
@@ -420,8 +472,9 @@ class Collector:
             for model, instances_for_fieldvalues in self.field_updates.items():
                 for (field, value), instances in instances_for_fieldvalues.items():
                     query = sql.UpdateQuery(model)
-                    query.update_batch([obj.pk for obj in instances],
-                                       {field.name: value}, self.using)
+                    query.update_batch(
+                        [obj.pk for obj in instances], {field.name: value}, self.using
+                    )
 
             # reverse instance collections
             for instances in self.data.values():
@@ -438,7 +491,9 @@ class Collector:
                 if not model._meta.auto_created:
                     for obj in instances:
                         signals.post_delete.send(
-                            sender=model, instance=obj, using=self.using,
+                            sender=model,
+                            instance=obj,
+                            using=self.using,
                             origin=self.origin,
                         )
 
diff --git a/django/db/models/enums.py b/django/db/models/enums.py
index 8474c87c94..9a7a2bb70f 100644
--- a/django/db/models/enums.py
+++ b/django/db/models/enums.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from types import DynamicClassAttribute
 
 from django.utils.functional import Promise
 
-__all__ = ['Choices', 'IntegerChoices', 'TextChoices']
+__all__ = ["Choices", "IntegerChoices", "TextChoices"]
 
 
 class ChoicesMeta(enum.EnumMeta):
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ class ChoicesMeta(enum.EnumMeta):
         for key in classdict._member_names:
             value = classdict[key]
             if (
-                isinstance(value, (list, tuple)) and
-                len(value) > 1 and
-                isinstance(value[-1], (Promise, str))
+                isinstance(value, (list, tuple))
+                and len(value) > 1
+                and isinstance(value[-1], (Promise, str))
             ):
                 *value, label = value
                 value = tuple(value)
             else:
-                label = key.replace('_', ' ').title()
+                label = key.replace("_", " ").title()
             labels.append(label)
             # Use dict.__setitem__() to suppress defenses against double
             # assignment in enum's classdict.
@@ -39,12 +39,12 @@ class ChoicesMeta(enum.EnumMeta):
 
     @property
     def names(cls):
-        empty = ['__empty__'] if hasattr(cls, '__empty__') else []
+        empty = ["__empty__"] if hasattr(cls, "__empty__") else []
         return empty + [member.name for member in cls]
 
     @property
     def choices(cls):
-        empty = [(None, cls.__empty__)] if hasattr(cls, '__empty__') else []
+        empty = [(None, cls.__empty__)] if hasattr(cls, "__empty__") else []
         return empty + [(member.value, member.label) for member in cls]
 
     @property
@@ -76,11 +76,12 @@ class Choices(enum.Enum, metaclass=ChoicesMeta):
 
     # A similar format was proposed for Python 3.10.
     def __repr__(self):
-        return f'{self.__class__.__qualname__}.{self._name_}'
+        return f"{self.__class__.__qualname__}.{self._name_}"
 
 
 class IntegerChoices(int, Choices):
     """Class for creating enumerated integer choices."""
+
     pass
 
 
diff --git a/django/db/models/expressions.py b/django/db/models/expressions.py
index f31ff4d3df..a2da1f6e38 100644
--- a/django/db/models/expressions.py
+++ b/django/db/models/expressions.py
@@ -20,11 +20,12 @@ class SQLiteNumericMixin:
     Some expressions with output_field=DecimalField() must be cast to
     numeric to be properly filtered.
     """
+
     def as_sqlite(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         sql, params = self.as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
         try:
-            if self.output_field.get_internal_type() == 'DecimalField':
-                sql = 'CAST(%s AS NUMERIC)' % sql
+            if self.output_field.get_internal_type() == "DecimalField":
+                sql = "CAST(%s AS NUMERIC)" % sql
         except FieldError:
             pass
         return sql, params
@@ -37,26 +38,26 @@ class Combinable:
     """
 
     # Arithmetic connectors
-    ADD = '+'
-    SUB = '-'
-    MUL = '*'
-    DIV = '/'
-    POW = '^'
+    ADD = "+"
+    SUB = "-"
+    MUL = "*"
+    DIV = "/"
+    POW = "^"
     # The following is a quoted % operator - it is quoted because it can be
     # used in strings that also have parameter substitution.
-    MOD = '%%'
+    MOD = "%%"
 
     # Bitwise operators - note that these are generated by .bitand()
     # and .bitor(), the '&' and '|' are reserved for boolean operator
     # usage.
-    BITAND = '&'
-    BITOR = '|'
-    BITLEFTSHIFT = '<<'
-    BITRIGHTSHIFT = '>>'
-    BITXOR = '#'
+    BITAND = "&"
+    BITOR = "|"
+    BITLEFTSHIFT = "<<"
+    BITRIGHTSHIFT = ">>"
+    BITXOR = "#"
 
     def _combine(self, other, connector, reversed):
-        if not hasattr(other, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if not hasattr(other, "resolve_expression"):
             # everything must be resolvable to an expression
             other = Value(other)
 
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ class Combinable:
         return self._combine(other, self.POW, False)
 
     def __and__(self, other):
-        if getattr(self, 'conditional', False) and getattr(other, 'conditional', False):
+        if getattr(self, "conditional", False) and getattr(other, "conditional", False):
             return Q(self) & Q(other)
         raise NotImplementedError(
             "Use .bitand() and .bitor() for bitwise logical operations."
@@ -109,7 +110,7 @@ class Combinable:
         return self._combine(other, self.BITXOR, False)
 
     def __or__(self, other):
-        if getattr(self, 'conditional', False) and getattr(other, 'conditional', False):
+        if getattr(self, "conditional", False) and getattr(other, "conditional", False):
             return Q(self) | Q(other)
         raise NotImplementedError(
             "Use .bitand() and .bitor() for bitwise logical operations."
@@ -165,14 +166,14 @@ class BaseExpression:
 
     def __getstate__(self):
         state = self.__dict__.copy()
-        state.pop('convert_value', None)
+        state.pop("convert_value", None)
         return state
 
     def get_db_converters(self, connection):
         return (
             []
-            if self.convert_value is self._convert_value_noop else
-            [self.convert_value]
+            if self.convert_value is self._convert_value_noop
+            else [self.convert_value]
         ) + self.output_field.get_db_converters(connection)
 
     def get_source_expressions(self):
@@ -183,9 +184,10 @@ class BaseExpression:
 
     def _parse_expressions(self, *expressions):
         return [
-            arg if hasattr(arg, 'resolve_expression') else (
-                F(arg) if isinstance(arg, str) else Value(arg)
-            ) for arg in expressions
+            arg
+            if hasattr(arg, "resolve_expression")
+            else (F(arg) if isinstance(arg, str) else Value(arg))
+            for arg in expressions
         ]
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
@@ -218,17 +220,26 @@ class BaseExpression:
 
     @cached_property
     def contains_aggregate(self):
-        return any(expr and expr.contains_aggregate for expr in self.get_source_expressions())
+        return any(
+            expr and expr.contains_aggregate for expr in self.get_source_expressions()
+        )
 
     @cached_property
     def contains_over_clause(self):
-        return any(expr and expr.contains_over_clause for expr in self.get_source_expressions())
+        return any(
+            expr and expr.contains_over_clause for expr in self.get_source_expressions()
+        )
 
     @cached_property
     def contains_column_references(self):
-        return any(expr and expr.contains_column_references for expr in self.get_source_expressions())
+        return any(
+            expr and expr.contains_column_references
+            for expr in self.get_source_expressions()
+        )
 
-    def resolve_expression(self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False):
+    def resolve_expression(
+        self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False
+    ):
         """
         Provide the chance to do any preprocessing or validation before being
         added to the query.
@@ -245,11 +256,14 @@ class BaseExpression:
         """
         c = self.copy()
         c.is_summary = summarize
-        c.set_source_expressions([
-            expr.resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize)
-            if expr else None
-            for expr in c.get_source_expressions()
-        ])
+        c.set_source_expressions(
+            [
+                expr.resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize)
+                if expr
+                else None
+                for expr in c.get_source_expressions()
+            ]
+        )
         return c
 
     @property
@@ -266,7 +280,7 @@ class BaseExpression:
         output_field = self._resolve_output_field()
         if output_field is None:
             self._output_field_resolved_to_none = True
-            raise FieldError('Cannot resolve expression type, unknown output_field')
+            raise FieldError("Cannot resolve expression type, unknown output_field")
         return output_field
 
     @cached_property
@@ -295,13 +309,16 @@ class BaseExpression:
         If all sources are None, then an error is raised higher up the stack in
         the output_field property.
         """
-        sources_iter = (source for source in self.get_source_fields() if source is not None)
+        sources_iter = (
+            source for source in self.get_source_fields() if source is not None
+        )
         for output_field in sources_iter:
             for source in sources_iter:
                 if not isinstance(output_field, source.__class__):
                     raise FieldError(
-                        'Expression contains mixed types: %s, %s. You must '
-                        'set output_field.' % (
+                        "Expression contains mixed types: %s, %s. You must "
+                        "set output_field."
+                        % (
                             output_field.__class__.__name__,
                             source.__class__.__name__,
                         )
@@ -321,12 +338,24 @@ class BaseExpression:
         """
         field = self.output_field
         internal_type = field.get_internal_type()
-        if internal_type == 'FloatField':
-            return lambda value, expression, connection: None if value is None else float(value)
-        elif internal_type.endswith('IntegerField'):
-            return lambda value, expression, connection: None if value is None else int(value)
-        elif internal_type == 'DecimalField':
-            return lambda value, expression, connection: None if value is None else Decimal(value)
+        if internal_type == "FloatField":
+            return (
+                lambda value, expression, connection: None
+                if value is None
+                else float(value)
+            )
+        elif internal_type.endswith("IntegerField"):
+            return (
+                lambda value, expression, connection: None
+                if value is None
+                else int(value)
+            )
+        elif internal_type == "DecimalField":
+            return (
+                lambda value, expression, connection: None
+                if value is None
+                else Decimal(value)
+            )
         return self._convert_value_noop
 
     def get_lookup(self, lookup):
@@ -337,10 +366,12 @@ class BaseExpression:
 
     def relabeled_clone(self, change_map):
         clone = self.copy()
-        clone.set_source_expressions([
-            e.relabeled_clone(change_map) if e is not None else None
-            for e in self.get_source_expressions()
-        ])
+        clone.set_source_expressions(
+            [
+                e.relabeled_clone(change_map) if e is not None else None
+                for e in self.get_source_expressions()
+            ]
+        )
         return clone
 
     def copy(self):
@@ -375,7 +406,7 @@ class BaseExpression:
         yield self
         for expr in self.get_source_expressions():
             if expr:
-                if hasattr(expr, 'flatten'):
+                if hasattr(expr, "flatten"):
                     yield from expr.flatten()
                 else:
                     yield expr
@@ -385,7 +416,7 @@ class BaseExpression:
         Custom format for select clauses. For example, EXISTS expressions need
         to be wrapped in CASE WHEN on Oracle.
         """
-        if hasattr(self.output_field, 'select_format'):
+        if hasattr(self.output_field, "select_format"):
             return self.output_field.select_format(compiler, sql, params)
         return sql, params
 
@@ -438,12 +469,13 @@ _connector_combinators = {
 def _resolve_combined_type(connector, lhs_type, rhs_type):
     combinators = _connector_combinators.get(connector, ())
     for combinator_lhs_type, combinator_rhs_type, combined_type in combinators:
-        if issubclass(lhs_type, combinator_lhs_type) and issubclass(rhs_type, combinator_rhs_type):
+        if issubclass(lhs_type, combinator_lhs_type) and issubclass(
+            rhs_type, combinator_rhs_type
+        ):
             return combined_type
 
 
 class CombinedExpression(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
-
     def __init__(self, lhs, connector, rhs, output_field=None):
         super().__init__(output_field=output_field)
         self.connector = connector
@@ -485,13 +517,19 @@ class CombinedExpression(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
         expressions.append(sql)
         expression_params.extend(params)
         # order of precedence
-        expression_wrapper = '(%s)'
+        expression_wrapper = "(%s)"
         sql = connection.ops.combine_expression(self.connector, expressions)
         return expression_wrapper % sql, expression_params
 
-    def resolve_expression(self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False):
-        lhs = self.lhs.resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save)
-        rhs = self.rhs.resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save)
+    def resolve_expression(
+        self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False
+    ):
+        lhs = self.lhs.resolve_expression(
+            query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save
+        )
+        rhs = self.rhs.resolve_expression(
+            query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save
+        )
         if not isinstance(self, (DurationExpression, TemporalSubtraction)):
             try:
                 lhs_type = lhs.output_field.get_internal_type()
@@ -501,14 +539,28 @@ class CombinedExpression(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
                 rhs_type = rhs.output_field.get_internal_type()
             except (AttributeError, FieldError):
                 rhs_type = None
-            if 'DurationField' in {lhs_type, rhs_type} and lhs_type != rhs_type:
-                return DurationExpression(self.lhs, self.connector, self.rhs).resolve_expression(
-                    query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save,
+            if "DurationField" in {lhs_type, rhs_type} and lhs_type != rhs_type:
+                return DurationExpression(
+                    self.lhs, self.connector, self.rhs
+                ).resolve_expression(
+                    query,
+                    allow_joins,
+                    reuse,
+                    summarize,
+                    for_save,
                 )
-            datetime_fields = {'DateField', 'DateTimeField', 'TimeField'}
-            if self.connector == self.SUB and lhs_type in datetime_fields and lhs_type == rhs_type:
+            datetime_fields = {"DateField", "DateTimeField", "TimeField"}
+            if (
+                self.connector == self.SUB
+                and lhs_type in datetime_fields
+                and lhs_type == rhs_type
+            ):
                 return TemporalSubtraction(self.lhs, self.rhs).resolve_expression(
-                    query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save,
+                    query,
+                    allow_joins,
+                    reuse,
+                    summarize,
+                    for_save,
                 )
         c = self.copy()
         c.is_summary = summarize
@@ -524,7 +576,7 @@ class DurationExpression(CombinedExpression):
         except FieldError:
             pass
         else:
-            if output.get_internal_type() == 'DurationField':
+            if output.get_internal_type() == "DurationField":
                 sql, params = compiler.compile(side)
                 return connection.ops.format_for_duration_arithmetic(sql), params
         return compiler.compile(side)
@@ -542,7 +594,7 @@ class DurationExpression(CombinedExpression):
         expressions.append(sql)
         expression_params.extend(params)
         # order of precedence
-        expression_wrapper = '(%s)'
+        expression_wrapper = "(%s)"
         sql = connection.ops.combine_duration_expression(self.connector, expressions)
         return expression_wrapper % sql, expression_params
 
@@ -556,11 +608,14 @@ class DurationExpression(CombinedExpression):
                 pass
             else:
                 allowed_fields = {
-                    'DecimalField', 'DurationField', 'FloatField', 'IntegerField',
+                    "DecimalField",
+                    "DurationField",
+                    "FloatField",
+                    "IntegerField",
                 }
                 if lhs_type not in allowed_fields or rhs_type not in allowed_fields:
                     raise DatabaseError(
-                        f'Invalid arguments for operator {self.connector}.'
+                        f"Invalid arguments for operator {self.connector}."
                     )
         return sql, params
 
@@ -575,10 +630,12 @@ class TemporalSubtraction(CombinedExpression):
         connection.ops.check_expression_support(self)
         lhs = compiler.compile(self.lhs)
         rhs = compiler.compile(self.rhs)
-        return connection.ops.subtract_temporals(self.lhs.output_field.get_internal_type(), lhs, rhs)
+        return connection.ops.subtract_temporals(
+            self.lhs.output_field.get_internal_type(), lhs, rhs
+        )
 
 
-@deconstructible(path='django.db.models.F')
+@deconstructible(path="django.db.models.F")
 class F(Combinable):
     """An object capable of resolving references to existing query objects."""
 
@@ -592,8 +649,9 @@ class F(Combinable):
     def __repr__(self):
         return "{}({})".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.name)
 
-    def resolve_expression(self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None,
-                           summarize=False, for_save=False):
+    def resolve_expression(
+        self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False
+    ):
         return query.resolve_ref(self.name, allow_joins, reuse, summarize)
 
     def asc(self, **kwargs):
@@ -616,12 +674,13 @@ class ResolvedOuterRef(F):
     In this case, the reference to the outer query has been resolved because
     the inner query has been used as a subquery.
     """
+
     contains_aggregate = False
 
     def as_sql(self, *args, **kwargs):
         raise ValueError(
-            'This queryset contains a reference to an outer query and may '
-            'only be used in a subquery.'
+            "This queryset contains a reference to an outer query and may "
+            "only be used in a subquery."
         )
 
     def resolve_expression(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -651,18 +710,20 @@ class OuterRef(F):
         return self
 
 
-@deconstructible(path='django.db.models.Func')
+@deconstructible(path="django.db.models.Func")
 class Func(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
     """An SQL function call."""
+
     function = None
-    template = '%(function)s(%(expressions)s)'
-    arg_joiner = ', '
+    template = "%(function)s(%(expressions)s)"
+    arg_joiner = ", "
     arity = None  # The number of arguments the function accepts.
 
     def __init__(self, *expressions, output_field=None, **extra):
         if self.arity is not None and len(expressions) != self.arity:
             raise TypeError(
-                "'%s' takes exactly %s %s (%s given)" % (
+                "'%s' takes exactly %s %s (%s given)"
+                % (
                     self.__class__.__name__,
                     self.arity,
                     "argument" if self.arity == 1 else "arguments",
@@ -677,7 +738,9 @@ class Func(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
         args = self.arg_joiner.join(str(arg) for arg in self.source_expressions)
         extra = {**self.extra, **self._get_repr_options()}
         if extra:
-            extra = ', '.join(str(key) + '=' + str(val) for key, val in sorted(extra.items()))
+            extra = ", ".join(
+                str(key) + "=" + str(val) for key, val in sorted(extra.items())
+            )
             return "{}({}, {})".format(self.__class__.__name__, args, extra)
         return "{}({})".format(self.__class__.__name__, args)
 
@@ -691,14 +754,26 @@ class Func(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
     def set_source_expressions(self, exprs):
         self.source_expressions = exprs
 
-    def resolve_expression(self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False):
+    def resolve_expression(
+        self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False
+    ):
         c = self.copy()
         c.is_summary = summarize
         for pos, arg in enumerate(c.source_expressions):
-            c.source_expressions[pos] = arg.resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save)
+            c.source_expressions[pos] = arg.resolve_expression(
+                query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save
+            )
         return c
 
-    def as_sql(self, compiler, connection, function=None, template=None, arg_joiner=None, **extra_context):
+    def as_sql(
+        self,
+        compiler,
+        connection,
+        function=None,
+        template=None,
+        arg_joiner=None,
+        **extra_context,
+    ):
         connection.ops.check_expression_support(self)
         sql_parts = []
         params = []
@@ -706,7 +781,9 @@ class Func(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
             try:
                 arg_sql, arg_params = compiler.compile(arg)
             except EmptyResultSet:
-                empty_result_set_value = getattr(arg, 'empty_result_set_value', NotImplemented)
+                empty_result_set_value = getattr(
+                    arg, "empty_result_set_value", NotImplemented
+                )
                 if empty_result_set_value is NotImplemented:
                     raise
                 arg_sql, arg_params = compiler.compile(Value(empty_result_set_value))
@@ -717,12 +794,12 @@ class Func(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
         # method, a value supplied in __init__()'s **extra (the value in
         # `data`), or the value defined on the class.
         if function is not None:
-            data['function'] = function
+            data["function"] = function
         else:
-            data.setdefault('function', self.function)
-        template = template or data.get('template', self.template)
-        arg_joiner = arg_joiner or data.get('arg_joiner', self.arg_joiner)
-        data['expressions'] = data['field'] = arg_joiner.join(sql_parts)
+            data.setdefault("function", self.function)
+        template = template or data.get("template", self.template)
+        arg_joiner = arg_joiner or data.get("arg_joiner", self.arg_joiner)
+        data["expressions"] = data["field"] = arg_joiner.join(sql_parts)
         return template % data, params
 
     def copy(self):
@@ -732,9 +809,10 @@ class Func(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
         return copy
 
 
-@deconstructible(path='django.db.models.Value')
+@deconstructible(path="django.db.models.Value")
 class Value(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
     """Represent a wrapped value as a node within an expression."""
+
     # Provide a default value for `for_save` in order to allow unresolved
     # instances to be compiled until a decision is taken in #25425.
     for_save = False
@@ -752,7 +830,7 @@ class Value(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
         self.value = value
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}({self.value!r})'
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.value!r})"
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         connection.ops.check_expression_support(self)
@@ -763,16 +841,18 @@ class Value(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
                 val = output_field.get_db_prep_save(val, connection=connection)
             else:
                 val = output_field.get_db_prep_value(val, connection=connection)
-            if hasattr(output_field, 'get_placeholder'):
+            if hasattr(output_field, "get_placeholder"):
                 return output_field.get_placeholder(val, compiler, connection), [val]
         if val is None:
             # cx_Oracle does not always convert None to the appropriate
             # NULL type (like in case expressions using numbers), so we
             # use a literal SQL NULL
-            return 'NULL', []
-        return '%s', [val]
+            return "NULL", []
+        return "%s", [val]
 
-    def resolve_expression(self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False):
+    def resolve_expression(
+        self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False
+    ):
         c = super().resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save)
         c.for_save = for_save
         return c
@@ -820,12 +900,14 @@ class RawSQL(Expression):
         return "{}({}, {})".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.sql, self.params)
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
-        return '(%s)' % self.sql, self.params
+        return "(%s)" % self.sql, self.params
 
     def get_group_by_cols(self, alias=None):
         return [self]
 
-    def resolve_expression(self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False):
+    def resolve_expression(
+        self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False
+    ):
         # Resolve parents fields used in raw SQL.
         for parent in query.model._meta.get_parent_list():
             for parent_field in parent._meta.local_fields:
@@ -833,7 +915,9 @@ class RawSQL(Expression):
                 if column_name.lower() in self.sql.lower():
                     query.resolve_ref(parent_field.name, allow_joins, reuse, summarize)
                     break
-        return super().resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save)
+        return super().resolve_expression(
+            query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save
+        )
 
 
 class Star(Expression):
@@ -841,7 +925,7 @@ class Star(Expression):
         return "'*'"
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
-        return '*', []
+        return "*", []
 
 
 class Col(Expression):
@@ -858,18 +942,20 @@ class Col(Expression):
     def __repr__(self):
         alias, target = self.alias, self.target
         identifiers = (alias, str(target)) if alias else (str(target),)
-        return '{}({})'.format(self.__class__.__name__, ', '.join(identifiers))
+        return "{}({})".format(self.__class__.__name__, ", ".join(identifiers))
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         alias, column = self.alias, self.target.column
         identifiers = (alias, column) if alias else (column,)
-        sql = '.'.join(map(compiler.quote_name_unless_alias, identifiers))
+        sql = ".".join(map(compiler.quote_name_unless_alias, identifiers))
         return sql, []
 
     def relabeled_clone(self, relabels):
         if self.alias is None:
             return self
-        return self.__class__(relabels.get(self.alias, self.alias), self.target, self.output_field)
+        return self.__class__(
+            relabels.get(self.alias, self.alias), self.target, self.output_field
+        )
 
     def get_group_by_cols(self, alias=None):
         return [self]
@@ -877,8 +963,9 @@ class Col(Expression):
     def get_db_converters(self, connection):
         if self.target == self.output_field:
             return self.output_field.get_db_converters(connection)
-        return (self.output_field.get_db_converters(connection) +
-                self.target.get_db_converters(connection))
+        return self.output_field.get_db_converters(
+            connection
+        ) + self.target.get_db_converters(connection)
 
 
 class Ref(Expression):
@@ -886,6 +973,7 @@ class Ref(Expression):
     Reference to column alias of the query. For example, Ref('sum_cost') in
     qs.annotate(sum_cost=Sum('cost')) query.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, refs, source):
         super().__init__()
         self.refs, self.source = refs, source
@@ -897,9 +985,11 @@ class Ref(Expression):
         return [self.source]
 
     def set_source_expressions(self, exprs):
-        self.source, = exprs
+        (self.source,) = exprs
 
-    def resolve_expression(self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False):
+    def resolve_expression(
+        self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False
+    ):
         # The sub-expression `source` has already been resolved, as this is
         # just a reference to the name of `source`.
         return self
@@ -920,11 +1010,14 @@ class ExpressionList(Func):
     list of expressions as an argument to another expression, like a partition
     clause.
     """
-    template = '%(expressions)s'
+
+    template = "%(expressions)s"
 
     def __init__(self, *expressions, **extra):
         if not expressions:
-            raise ValueError('%s requires at least one expression.' % self.__class__.__name__)
+            raise ValueError(
+                "%s requires at least one expression." % self.__class__.__name__
+            )
         super().__init__(*expressions, **extra)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -936,13 +1029,13 @@ class ExpressionList(Func):
 
 
 class OrderByList(Func):
-    template = 'ORDER BY %(expressions)s'
+    template = "ORDER BY %(expressions)s"
 
     def __init__(self, *expressions, **extra):
         expressions = (
             (
                 OrderBy(F(expr[1:]), descending=True)
-                if isinstance(expr, str) and expr[0] == '-'
+                if isinstance(expr, str) and expr[0] == "-"
                 else expr
             )
             for expr in expressions
@@ -951,11 +1044,11 @@ class OrderByList(Func):
 
     def as_sql(self, *args, **kwargs):
         if not self.source_expressions:
-            return '', ()
+            return "", ()
         return super().as_sql(*args, **kwargs)
 
 
-@deconstructible(path='django.db.models.ExpressionWrapper')
+@deconstructible(path="django.db.models.ExpressionWrapper")
 class ExpressionWrapper(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
     """
     An expression that can wrap another expression so that it can provide
@@ -988,9 +1081,9 @@ class ExpressionWrapper(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
         return "{}({})".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.expression)
 
 
-@deconstructible(path='django.db.models.When')
+@deconstructible(path="django.db.models.When")
 class When(Expression):
-    template = 'WHEN %(condition)s THEN %(result)s'
+    template = "WHEN %(condition)s THEN %(result)s"
     # This isn't a complete conditional expression, must be used in Case().
     conditional = False
 
@@ -998,12 +1091,12 @@ class When(Expression):
         if lookups:
             if condition is None:
                 condition, lookups = Q(**lookups), None
-            elif getattr(condition, 'conditional', False):
+            elif getattr(condition, "conditional", False):
                 condition, lookups = Q(condition, **lookups), None
-        if condition is None or not getattr(condition, 'conditional', False) or lookups:
+        if condition is None or not getattr(condition, "conditional", False) or lookups:
             raise TypeError(
-                'When() supports a Q object, a boolean expression, or lookups '
-                'as a condition.'
+                "When() supports a Q object, a boolean expression, or lookups "
+                "as a condition."
             )
         if isinstance(condition, Q) and not condition:
             raise ValueError("An empty Q() can't be used as a When() condition.")
@@ -1027,12 +1120,18 @@ class When(Expression):
         # We're only interested in the fields of the result expressions.
         return [self.result._output_field_or_none]
 
-    def resolve_expression(self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False):
+    def resolve_expression(
+        self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False
+    ):
         c = self.copy()
         c.is_summary = summarize
-        if hasattr(c.condition, 'resolve_expression'):
-            c.condition = c.condition.resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, False)
-        c.result = c.result.resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save)
+        if hasattr(c.condition, "resolve_expression"):
+            c.condition = c.condition.resolve_expression(
+                query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, False
+            )
+        c.result = c.result.resolve_expression(
+            query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save
+        )
         return c
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection, template=None, **extra_context):
@@ -1040,10 +1139,10 @@ class When(Expression):
         template_params = extra_context
         sql_params = []
         condition_sql, condition_params = compiler.compile(self.condition)
-        template_params['condition'] = condition_sql
+        template_params["condition"] = condition_sql
         sql_params.extend(condition_params)
         result_sql, result_params = compiler.compile(self.result)
-        template_params['result'] = result_sql
+        template_params["result"] = result_sql
         sql_params.extend(result_params)
         template = template or self.template
         return template % template_params, sql_params
@@ -1056,7 +1155,7 @@ class When(Expression):
         return cols
 
 
-@deconstructible(path='django.db.models.Case')
+@deconstructible(path="django.db.models.Case")
 class Case(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
     """
     An SQL searched CASE expression:
@@ -1069,8 +1168,9 @@ class Case(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
             ELSE 'zero'
         END
     """
-    template = 'CASE %(cases)s ELSE %(default)s END'
-    case_joiner = ' '
+
+    template = "CASE %(cases)s ELSE %(default)s END"
+    case_joiner = " "
 
     def __init__(self, *cases, default=None, output_field=None, **extra):
         if not all(isinstance(case, When) for case in cases):
@@ -1081,7 +1181,10 @@ class Case(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
         self.extra = extra
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "CASE %s, ELSE %r" % (', '.join(str(c) for c in self.cases), self.default)
+        return "CASE %s, ELSE %r" % (
+            ", ".join(str(c) for c in self.cases),
+            self.default,
+        )
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "<%s: %s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self)
@@ -1092,12 +1195,18 @@ class Case(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
     def set_source_expressions(self, exprs):
         *self.cases, self.default = exprs
 
-    def resolve_expression(self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False):
+    def resolve_expression(
+        self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False
+    ):
         c = self.copy()
         c.is_summary = summarize
         for pos, case in enumerate(c.cases):
-            c.cases[pos] = case.resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save)
-        c.default = c.default.resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save)
+            c.cases[pos] = case.resolve_expression(
+                query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save
+            )
+        c.default = c.default.resolve_expression(
+            query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save
+        )
         return c
 
     def copy(self):
@@ -1105,7 +1214,9 @@ class Case(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
         c.cases = c.cases[:]
         return c
 
-    def as_sql(self, compiler, connection, template=None, case_joiner=None, **extra_context):
+    def as_sql(
+        self, compiler, connection, template=None, case_joiner=None, **extra_context
+    ):
         connection.ops.check_expression_support(self)
         if not self.cases:
             return compiler.compile(self.default)
@@ -1123,10 +1234,10 @@ class Case(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
         if not case_parts:
             return default_sql, default_params
         case_joiner = case_joiner or self.case_joiner
-        template_params['cases'] = case_joiner.join(case_parts)
-        template_params['default'] = default_sql
+        template_params["cases"] = case_joiner.join(case_parts)
+        template_params["default"] = default_sql
         sql_params.extend(default_params)
-        template = template or template_params.get('template', self.template)
+        template = template or template_params.get("template", self.template)
         sql = template % template_params
         if self._output_field_or_none is not None:
             sql = connection.ops.unification_cast_sql(self.output_field) % sql
@@ -1143,13 +1254,14 @@ class Subquery(BaseExpression, Combinable):
     An explicit subquery. It may contain OuterRef() references to the outer
     query which will be resolved when it is applied to that query.
     """
-    template = '(%(subquery)s)'
+
+    template = "(%(subquery)s)"
     contains_aggregate = False
     empty_result_set_value = None
 
     def __init__(self, queryset, output_field=None, **extra):
         # Allow the usage of both QuerySet and sql.Query objects.
-        self.query = getattr(queryset, 'query', queryset).clone()
+        self.query = getattr(queryset, "query", queryset).clone()
         self.query.subquery = True
         self.extra = extra
         super().__init__(output_field)
@@ -1180,9 +1292,9 @@ class Subquery(BaseExpression, Combinable):
         template_params = {**self.extra, **extra_context}
         query = query or self.query
         subquery_sql, sql_params = query.as_sql(compiler, connection)
-        template_params['subquery'] = subquery_sql[1:-1]
+        template_params["subquery"] = subquery_sql[1:-1]
 
-        template = template or template_params.get('template', self.template)
+        template = template or template_params.get("template", self.template)
         sql = template % template_params
         return sql, sql_params
 
@@ -1197,7 +1309,7 @@ class Subquery(BaseExpression, Combinable):
 
 
 class Exists(Subquery):
-    template = 'EXISTS(%(subquery)s)'
+    template = "EXISTS(%(subquery)s)"
     output_field = fields.BooleanField()
 
     def __init__(self, queryset, negated=False, **kwargs):
@@ -1227,7 +1339,7 @@ class Exists(Subquery):
                 return compiler.compile(Value(True))
             raise
         if self.negated:
-            sql = 'NOT {}'.format(sql)
+            sql = "NOT {}".format(sql)
         return sql, params
 
     def select_format(self, compiler, sql, params):
@@ -1235,28 +1347,31 @@ class Exists(Subquery):
         # (e.g. Oracle) doesn't support boolean expression in SELECT or GROUP
         # BY list.
         if not compiler.connection.features.supports_boolean_expr_in_select_clause:
-            sql = 'CASE WHEN {} THEN 1 ELSE 0 END'.format(sql)
+            sql = "CASE WHEN {} THEN 1 ELSE 0 END".format(sql)
         return sql, params
 
 
-@deconstructible(path='django.db.models.OrderBy')
+@deconstructible(path="django.db.models.OrderBy")
 class OrderBy(Expression):
-    template = '%(expression)s %(ordering)s'
+    template = "%(expression)s %(ordering)s"
     conditional = False
 
-    def __init__(self, expression, descending=False, nulls_first=False, nulls_last=False):
+    def __init__(
+        self, expression, descending=False, nulls_first=False, nulls_last=False
+    ):
         if nulls_first and nulls_last:
-            raise ValueError('nulls_first and nulls_last are mutually exclusive')
+            raise ValueError("nulls_first and nulls_last are mutually exclusive")
         self.nulls_first = nulls_first
         self.nulls_last = nulls_last
         self.descending = descending
-        if not hasattr(expression, 'resolve_expression'):
-            raise ValueError('expression must be an expression type')
+        if not hasattr(expression, "resolve_expression"):
+            raise ValueError("expression must be an expression type")
         self.expression = expression
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "{}({}, descending={})".format(
-            self.__class__.__name__, self.expression, self.descending)
+            self.__class__.__name__, self.expression, self.descending
+        )
 
     def set_source_expressions(self, exprs):
         self.expression = exprs[0]
@@ -1268,32 +1383,34 @@ class OrderBy(Expression):
         template = template or self.template
         if connection.features.supports_order_by_nulls_modifier:
             if self.nulls_last:
-                template = '%s NULLS LAST' % template
+                template = "%s NULLS LAST" % template
             elif self.nulls_first:
-                template = '%s NULLS FIRST' % template
+                template = "%s NULLS FIRST" % template
         else:
             if self.nulls_last and not (
                 self.descending and connection.features.order_by_nulls_first
             ):
-                template = '%%(expression)s IS NULL, %s' % template
+                template = "%%(expression)s IS NULL, %s" % template
             elif self.nulls_first and not (
                 not self.descending and connection.features.order_by_nulls_first
             ):
-                template = '%%(expression)s IS NOT NULL, %s' % template
+                template = "%%(expression)s IS NOT NULL, %s" % template
         connection.ops.check_expression_support(self)
         expression_sql, params = compiler.compile(self.expression)
         placeholders = {
-            'expression': expression_sql,
-            'ordering': 'DESC' if self.descending else 'ASC',
+            "expression": expression_sql,
+            "ordering": "DESC" if self.descending else "ASC",
             **extra_context,
         }
-        params *= template.count('%(expression)s')
+        params *= template.count("%(expression)s")
         return (template % placeholders).rstrip(), params
 
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection):
         # Oracle doesn't allow ORDER BY EXISTS() or filters unless it's wrapped
         # in a CASE WHEN.
-        if connection.ops.conditional_expression_supported_in_where_clause(self.expression):
+        if connection.ops.conditional_expression_supported_in_where_clause(
+            self.expression
+        ):
             copy = self.copy()
             copy.expression = Case(
                 When(self.expression, then=True),
@@ -1323,7 +1440,7 @@ class OrderBy(Expression):
 
 
 class Window(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
-    template = '%(expression)s OVER (%(window)s)'
+    template = "%(expression)s OVER (%(window)s)"
     # Although the main expression may either be an aggregate or an
     # expression with an aggregate function, the GROUP BY that will
     # be introduced in the query as a result is not desired.
@@ -1331,15 +1448,22 @@ class Window(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
     contains_over_clause = True
     filterable = False
 
-    def __init__(self, expression, partition_by=None, order_by=None, frame=None, output_field=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        expression,
+        partition_by=None,
+        order_by=None,
+        frame=None,
+        output_field=None,
+    ):
         self.partition_by = partition_by
         self.order_by = order_by
         self.frame = frame
 
-        if not getattr(expression, 'window_compatible', False):
+        if not getattr(expression, "window_compatible", False):
             raise ValueError(
-                "Expression '%s' isn't compatible with OVER clauses." %
-                expression.__class__.__name__
+                "Expression '%s' isn't compatible with OVER clauses."
+                % expression.__class__.__name__
             )
 
         if self.partition_by is not None:
@@ -1354,8 +1478,8 @@ class Window(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
                 self.order_by = OrderByList(self.order_by)
             else:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'Window.order_by must be either a string reference to a '
-                    'field, an expression, or a list or tuple of them.'
+                    "Window.order_by must be either a string reference to a "
+                    "field, an expression, or a list or tuple of them."
                 )
         super().__init__(output_field=output_field)
         self.source_expression = self._parse_expressions(expression)[0]
@@ -1372,14 +1496,15 @@ class Window(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection, template=None):
         connection.ops.check_expression_support(self)
         if not connection.features.supports_over_clause:
-            raise NotSupportedError('This backend does not support window expressions.')
+            raise NotSupportedError("This backend does not support window expressions.")
         expr_sql, params = compiler.compile(self.source_expression)
         window_sql, window_params = [], []
 
         if self.partition_by is not None:
             sql_expr, sql_params = self.partition_by.as_sql(
-                compiler=compiler, connection=connection,
-                template='PARTITION BY %(expressions)s',
+                compiler=compiler,
+                connection=connection,
+                template="PARTITION BY %(expressions)s",
             )
             window_sql.append(sql_expr)
             window_params.extend(sql_params)
@@ -1397,10 +1522,10 @@ class Window(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
         params.extend(window_params)
         template = template or self.template
 
-        return template % {
-            'expression': expr_sql,
-            'window': ' '.join(window_sql).strip()
-        }, params
+        return (
+            template % {"expression": expr_sql, "window": " ".join(window_sql).strip()},
+            params,
+        )
 
     def as_sqlite(self, compiler, connection):
         if isinstance(self.output_field, fields.DecimalField):
@@ -1413,15 +1538,15 @@ class Window(SQLiteNumericMixin, Expression):
         return self.as_sql(compiler, connection)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '{} OVER ({}{}{})'.format(
+        return "{} OVER ({}{}{})".format(
             str(self.source_expression),
-            'PARTITION BY ' + str(self.partition_by) if self.partition_by else '',
-            str(self.order_by or ''),
-            str(self.frame or ''),
+            "PARTITION BY " + str(self.partition_by) if self.partition_by else "",
+            str(self.order_by or ""),
+            str(self.frame or ""),
         )
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s: %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self)
+        return "<%s: %s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self)
 
     def get_group_by_cols(self, alias=None):
         return []
@@ -1435,7 +1560,8 @@ class WindowFrame(Expression):
     frame is optional (the default is UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING, which is the last
     row in the frame).
     """
-    template = '%(frame_type)s BETWEEN %(start)s AND %(end)s'
+
+    template = "%(frame_type)s BETWEEN %(start)s AND %(end)s"
 
     def __init__(self, start=None, end=None):
         self.start = Value(start)
@@ -1449,52 +1575,58 @@ class WindowFrame(Expression):
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         connection.ops.check_expression_support(self)
-        start, end = self.window_frame_start_end(connection, self.start.value, self.end.value)
-        return self.template % {
-            'frame_type': self.frame_type,
-            'start': start,
-            'end': end,
-        }, []
+        start, end = self.window_frame_start_end(
+            connection, self.start.value, self.end.value
+        )
+        return (
+            self.template
+            % {
+                "frame_type": self.frame_type,
+                "start": start,
+                "end": end,
+            },
+            [],
+        )
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s: %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self)
+        return "<%s: %s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self)
 
     def get_group_by_cols(self, alias=None):
         return []
 
     def __str__(self):
         if self.start.value is not None and self.start.value < 0:
-            start = '%d %s' % (abs(self.start.value), connection.ops.PRECEDING)
+            start = "%d %s" % (abs(self.start.value), connection.ops.PRECEDING)
         elif self.start.value is not None and self.start.value == 0:
             start = connection.ops.CURRENT_ROW
         else:
             start = connection.ops.UNBOUNDED_PRECEDING
 
         if self.end.value is not None and self.end.value > 0:
-            end = '%d %s' % (self.end.value, connection.ops.FOLLOWING)
+            end = "%d %s" % (self.end.value, connection.ops.FOLLOWING)
         elif self.end.value is not None and self.end.value == 0:
             end = connection.ops.CURRENT_ROW
         else:
             end = connection.ops.UNBOUNDED_FOLLOWING
         return self.template % {
-            'frame_type': self.frame_type,
-            'start': start,
-            'end': end,
+            "frame_type": self.frame_type,
+            "start": start,
+            "end": end,
         }
 
     def window_frame_start_end(self, connection, start, end):
-        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement window_frame_start_end().')
+        raise NotImplementedError("Subclasses must implement window_frame_start_end().")
 
 
 class RowRange(WindowFrame):
-    frame_type = 'ROWS'
+    frame_type = "ROWS"
 
     def window_frame_start_end(self, connection, start, end):
         return connection.ops.window_frame_rows_start_end(start, end)
 
 
 class ValueRange(WindowFrame):
-    frame_type = 'RANGE'
+    frame_type = "RANGE"
 
     def window_frame_start_end(self, connection, start, end):
         return connection.ops.window_frame_range_start_end(start, end)
diff --git a/django/db/models/fields/__init__.py b/django/db/models/fields/__init__.py
index 6d6d10a483..313e31b5f5 100644
--- a/django/db/models/fields/__init__.py
+++ b/django/db/models/fields/__init__.py
@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@ from django.db.models.query_utils import DeferredAttribute, RegisterLookupMixin
 from django.utils import timezone
 from django.utils.datastructures import DictWrapper
 from django.utils.dateparse import (
-    parse_date, parse_datetime, parse_duration, parse_time,
+    parse_date,
+    parse_datetime,
+    parse_duration,
+    parse_time,
 )
 from django.utils.duration import duration_microseconds, duration_string
 from django.utils.functional import Promise, cached_property
@@ -29,14 +32,38 @@ from django.utils.text import capfirst
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 __all__ = [
-    'AutoField', 'BLANK_CHOICE_DASH', 'BigAutoField', 'BigIntegerField',
-    'BinaryField', 'BooleanField', 'CharField', 'CommaSeparatedIntegerField',
-    'DateField', 'DateTimeField', 'DecimalField', 'DurationField',
-    'EmailField', 'Empty', 'Field', 'FilePathField', 'FloatField',
-    'GenericIPAddressField', 'IPAddressField', 'IntegerField', 'NOT_PROVIDED',
-    'NullBooleanField', 'PositiveBigIntegerField', 'PositiveIntegerField',
-    'PositiveSmallIntegerField', 'SlugField', 'SmallAutoField',
-    'SmallIntegerField', 'TextField', 'TimeField', 'URLField', 'UUIDField',
+    "AutoField",
+    "BLANK_CHOICE_DASH",
+    "BigAutoField",
+    "BigIntegerField",
+    "BinaryField",
+    "BooleanField",
+    "CharField",
+    "CommaSeparatedIntegerField",
+    "DateField",
+    "DateTimeField",
+    "DecimalField",
+    "DurationField",
+    "EmailField",
+    "Empty",
+    "Field",
+    "FilePathField",
+    "FloatField",
+    "GenericIPAddressField",
+    "IPAddressField",
+    "IntegerField",
+    "NOT_PROVIDED",
+    "NullBooleanField",
+    "PositiveBigIntegerField",
+    "PositiveIntegerField",
+    "PositiveSmallIntegerField",
+    "SlugField",
+    "SmallAutoField",
+    "SmallIntegerField",
+    "TextField",
+    "TimeField",
+    "URLField",
+    "UUIDField",
 ]
 
 
@@ -72,6 +99,7 @@ def _load_field(app_label, model_name, field_name):
 #
 #     getattr(obj, opts.pk.attname)
 
+
 def _empty(of_cls):
     new = Empty()
     new.__class__ = of_cls
@@ -98,14 +126,16 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
     auto_creation_counter = -1
     default_validators = []  # Default set of validators
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid_choice': _('Value %(value)r is not a valid choice.'),
-        'null': _('This field cannot be null.'),
-        'blank': _('This field cannot be blank.'),
-        'unique': _('%(model_name)s with this %(field_label)s already exists.'),
+        "invalid_choice": _("Value %(value)r is not a valid choice."),
+        "null": _("This field cannot be null."),
+        "blank": _("This field cannot be blank."),
+        "unique": _("%(model_name)s with this %(field_label)s already exists."),
         # Translators: The 'lookup_type' is one of 'date', 'year' or 'month'.
         # Eg: "Title must be unique for pub_date year"
-        'unique_for_date': _("%(field_label)s must be unique for "
-                             "%(date_field_label)s %(lookup_type)s."),
+        "unique_for_date": _(
+            "%(field_label)s must be unique for "
+            "%(date_field_label)s %(lookup_type)s."
+        ),
     }
     system_check_deprecated_details = None
     system_check_removed_details = None
@@ -123,18 +153,37 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
 
     # Generic field type description, usually overridden by subclasses
     def _description(self):
-        return _('Field of type: %(field_type)s') % {
-            'field_type': self.__class__.__name__
+        return _("Field of type: %(field_type)s") % {
+            "field_type": self.__class__.__name__
         }
+
     description = property(_description)
 
-    def __init__(self, verbose_name=None, name=None, primary_key=False,
-                 max_length=None, unique=False, blank=False, null=False,
-                 db_index=False, rel=None, default=NOT_PROVIDED, editable=True,
-                 serialize=True, unique_for_date=None, unique_for_month=None,
-                 unique_for_year=None, choices=None, help_text='', db_column=None,
-                 db_tablespace=None, auto_created=False, validators=(),
-                 error_messages=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        verbose_name=None,
+        name=None,
+        primary_key=False,
+        max_length=None,
+        unique=False,
+        blank=False,
+        null=False,
+        db_index=False,
+        rel=None,
+        default=NOT_PROVIDED,
+        editable=True,
+        serialize=True,
+        unique_for_date=None,
+        unique_for_month=None,
+        unique_for_year=None,
+        choices=None,
+        help_text="",
+        db_column=None,
+        db_tablespace=None,
+        auto_created=False,
+        validators=(),
+        error_messages=None,
+    ):
         self.name = name
         self.verbose_name = verbose_name  # May be set by set_attributes_from_name
         self._verbose_name = verbose_name  # Store original for deconstruction
@@ -170,7 +219,7 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
 
         messages = {}
         for c in reversed(self.__class__.__mro__):
-            messages.update(getattr(c, 'default_error_messages', {}))
+            messages.update(getattr(c, "default_error_messages", {}))
         messages.update(error_messages or {})
         self._error_messages = error_messages  # Store for deconstruction later
         self.error_messages = messages
@@ -180,18 +229,18 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
         Return "app_label.model_label.field_name" for fields attached to
         models.
         """
-        if not hasattr(self, 'model'):
+        if not hasattr(self, "model"):
             return super().__str__()
         model = self.model
-        return '%s.%s' % (model._meta.label, self.name)
+        return "%s.%s" % (model._meta.label, self.name)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         """Display the module, class, and name of the field."""
-        path = '%s.%s' % (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__qualname__)
-        name = getattr(self, 'name', None)
+        path = "%s.%s" % (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__qualname__)
+        name = getattr(self, "name", None)
         if name is not None:
-            return '<%s: %s>' % (path, name)
-        return '<%s>' % path
+            return "<%s: %s>" % (path, name)
+        return "<%s>" % path
 
     def check(self, **kwargs):
         return [
@@ -209,12 +258,12 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
         Check if field name is valid, i.e. 1) does not end with an
         underscore, 2) does not contain "__" and 3) is not "pk".
         """
-        if self.name.endswith('_'):
+        if self.name.endswith("_"):
             return [
                 checks.Error(
-                    'Field names must not end with an underscore.',
+                    "Field names must not end with an underscore.",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E001',
+                    id="fields.E001",
                 )
             ]
         elif LOOKUP_SEP in self.name:
@@ -222,15 +271,15 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
                 checks.Error(
                     'Field names must not contain "%s".' % LOOKUP_SEP,
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E002',
+                    id="fields.E002",
                 )
             ]
-        elif self.name == 'pk':
+        elif self.name == "pk":
             return [
                 checks.Error(
                     "'pk' is a reserved word that cannot be used as a field name.",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E003',
+                    id="fields.E003",
                 )
             ]
         else:
@@ -249,7 +298,7 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
                 checks.Error(
                     "'choices' must be an iterable (e.g., a list or tuple).",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E004',
+                    id="fields.E004",
                 )
             ]
 
@@ -268,14 +317,22 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
                 ):
                     break
                 if self.max_length is not None and group_choices:
-                    choice_max_length = max([
-                        choice_max_length,
-                        *(len(value) for value, _ in group_choices if isinstance(value, str)),
-                    ])
+                    choice_max_length = max(
+                        [
+                            choice_max_length,
+                            *(
+                                len(value)
+                                for value, _ in group_choices
+                                if isinstance(value, str)
+                            ),
+                        ]
+                    )
             except (TypeError, ValueError):
                 # No groups, choices in the form [value, display]
                 value, human_name = group_name, group_choices
-                if not self._choices_is_value(value) or not self._choices_is_value(human_name):
+                if not self._choices_is_value(value) or not self._choices_is_value(
+                    human_name
+                ):
                     break
                 if self.max_length is not None and isinstance(value, str):
                     choice_max_length = max(choice_max_length, len(value))
@@ -290,7 +347,7 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
                         "'max_length' is too small to fit the longest value "
                         "in 'choices' (%d characters)." % choice_max_length,
                         obj=self,
-                        id='fields.E009',
+                        id="fields.E009",
                     ),
                 ]
             return []
@@ -300,7 +357,7 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
                 "'choices' must be an iterable containing "
                 "(actual value, human readable name) tuples.",
                 obj=self,
-                id='fields.E005',
+                id="fields.E005",
             )
         ]
 
@@ -310,25 +367,30 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
                 checks.Error(
                     "'db_index' must be None, True or False.",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E006',
+                    id="fields.E006",
                 )
             ]
         else:
             return []
 
     def _check_null_allowed_for_primary_keys(self):
-        if (self.primary_key and self.null and
-                not connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls):
+        if (
+            self.primary_key
+            and self.null
+            and not connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls
+        ):
             # We cannot reliably check this for backends like Oracle which
             # consider NULL and '' to be equal (and thus set up
             # character-based fields a little differently).
             return [
                 checks.Error(
-                    'Primary keys must not have null=True.',
-                    hint=('Set null=False on the field, or '
-                          'remove primary_key=True argument.'),
+                    "Primary keys must not have null=True.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Set null=False on the field, or "
+                        "remove primary_key=True argument."
+                    ),
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E007',
+                    id="fields.E007",
                 )
             ]
         else:
@@ -340,7 +402,9 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
         app_label = self.model._meta.app_label
         errors = []
         for alias in databases:
-            if router.allow_migrate(alias, app_label, model_name=self.model._meta.model_name):
+            if router.allow_migrate(
+                alias, app_label, model_name=self.model._meta.model_name
+            ):
                 errors.extend(connections[alias].validation.check_field(self, **kwargs))
         return errors
 
@@ -354,11 +418,12 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
                         hint=(
                             "validators[{i}] ({repr}) isn't a function or "
                             "instance of a validator class.".format(
-                                i=i, repr=repr(validator),
+                                i=i,
+                                repr=repr(validator),
                             )
                         ),
                         obj=self,
-                        id='fields.E008',
+                        id="fields.E008",
                     )
                 )
         return errors
@@ -368,41 +433,41 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
             return [
                 checks.Error(
                     self.system_check_removed_details.get(
-                        'msg',
-                        '%s has been removed except for support in historical '
-                        'migrations.' % self.__class__.__name__
+                        "msg",
+                        "%s has been removed except for support in historical "
+                        "migrations." % self.__class__.__name__,
                     ),
-                    hint=self.system_check_removed_details.get('hint'),
+                    hint=self.system_check_removed_details.get("hint"),
                     obj=self,
-                    id=self.system_check_removed_details.get('id', 'fields.EXXX'),
+                    id=self.system_check_removed_details.get("id", "fields.EXXX"),
                 )
             ]
         elif self.system_check_deprecated_details is not None:
             return [
                 checks.Warning(
                     self.system_check_deprecated_details.get(
-                        'msg',
-                        '%s has been deprecated.' % self.__class__.__name__
+                        "msg", "%s has been deprecated." % self.__class__.__name__
                     ),
-                    hint=self.system_check_deprecated_details.get('hint'),
+                    hint=self.system_check_deprecated_details.get("hint"),
                     obj=self,
-                    id=self.system_check_deprecated_details.get('id', 'fields.WXXX'),
+                    id=self.system_check_deprecated_details.get("id", "fields.WXXX"),
                 )
             ]
         return []
 
     def get_col(self, alias, output_field=None):
-        if (
-            alias == self.model._meta.db_table and
-            (output_field is None or output_field == self)
+        if alias == self.model._meta.db_table and (
+            output_field is None or output_field == self
         ):
             return self.cached_col
         from django.db.models.expressions import Col
+
         return Col(alias, self, output_field)
 
     @cached_property
     def cached_col(self):
         from django.db.models.expressions import Col
+
         return Col(self.model._meta.db_table, self)
 
     def select_format(self, compiler, sql, params):
@@ -462,7 +527,7 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
             "unique_for_month": None,
             "unique_for_year": None,
             "choices": None,
-            "help_text": '',
+            "help_text": "",
             "db_column": None,
             "db_tablespace": None,
             "auto_created": False,
@@ -495,8 +560,8 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
             path = path.replace("django.db.models.fields.related", "django.db.models")
         elif path.startswith("django.db.models.fields.files"):
             path = path.replace("django.db.models.fields.files", "django.db.models")
-        elif path.startswith('django.db.models.fields.json'):
-            path = path.replace('django.db.models.fields.json', 'django.db.models')
+        elif path.startswith("django.db.models.fields.json"):
+            path = path.replace("django.db.models.fields.json", "django.db.models")
         elif path.startswith("django.db.models.fields.proxy"):
             path = path.replace("django.db.models.fields.proxy", "django.db.models")
         elif path.startswith("django.db.models.fields"):
@@ -515,10 +580,9 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
     def __eq__(self, other):
         # Needed for @total_ordering
         if isinstance(other, Field):
-            return (
-                self.creation_counter == other.creation_counter and
-                getattr(self, 'model', None) == getattr(other, 'model', None)
-            )
+            return self.creation_counter == other.creation_counter and getattr(
+                self, "model", None
+            ) == getattr(other, "model", None)
         return NotImplemented
 
     def __lt__(self, other):
@@ -526,17 +590,18 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
         # Order by creation_counter first for backward compatibility.
         if isinstance(other, Field):
             if (
-                self.creation_counter != other.creation_counter or
-                not hasattr(self, 'model') and not hasattr(other, 'model')
+                self.creation_counter != other.creation_counter
+                or not hasattr(self, "model")
+                and not hasattr(other, "model")
             ):
                 return self.creation_counter < other.creation_counter
-            elif hasattr(self, 'model') != hasattr(other, 'model'):
-                return not hasattr(self, 'model')  # Order no-model fields first
+            elif hasattr(self, "model") != hasattr(other, "model"):
+                return not hasattr(self, "model")  # Order no-model fields first
             else:
                 # creation_counter's are equal, compare only models.
-                return (
-                    (self.model._meta.app_label, self.model._meta.model_name) <
-                    (other.model._meta.app_label, other.model._meta.model_name)
+                return (self.model._meta.app_label, self.model._meta.model_name) < (
+                    other.model._meta.app_label,
+                    other.model._meta.model_name,
                 )
         return NotImplemented
 
@@ -549,7 +614,7 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
         obj = copy.copy(self)
         if self.remote_field:
             obj.remote_field = copy.copy(self.remote_field)
-            if hasattr(self.remote_field, 'field') and self.remote_field.field is self:
+            if hasattr(self.remote_field, "field") and self.remote_field.field is self:
                 obj.remote_field.field = obj
         memodict[id(self)] = obj
         return obj
@@ -568,7 +633,7 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
         not a new copy of that field. So, use the app registry to load the
         model and then the field back.
         """
-        if not hasattr(self, 'model'):
+        if not hasattr(self, "model"):
             # Fields are sometimes used without attaching them to models (for
             # example in aggregation). In this case give back a plain field
             # instance. The code below will create a new empty instance of
@@ -577,10 +642,13 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
             state = self.__dict__.copy()
             # The _get_default cached_property can't be pickled due to lambda
             # usage.
-            state.pop('_get_default', None)
+            state.pop("_get_default", None)
             return _empty, (self.__class__,), state
-        return _load_field, (self.model._meta.app_label, self.model._meta.object_name,
-                             self.name)
+        return _load_field, (
+            self.model._meta.app_label,
+            self.model._meta.object_name,
+            self.name,
+        )
 
     def get_pk_value_on_save(self, instance):
         """
@@ -618,7 +686,7 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
             try:
                 v(value)
             except exceptions.ValidationError as e:
-                if hasattr(e, 'code') and e.code in self.error_messages:
+                if hasattr(e, "code") and e.code in self.error_messages:
                     e.message = self.error_messages[e.code]
                 errors.extend(e.error_list)
 
@@ -645,16 +713,16 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
                 elif value == option_key:
                     return
             raise exceptions.ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['invalid_choice'],
-                code='invalid_choice',
-                params={'value': value},
+                self.error_messages["invalid_choice"],
+                code="invalid_choice",
+                params={"value": value},
             )
 
         if value is None and not self.null:
-            raise exceptions.ValidationError(self.error_messages['null'], code='null')
+            raise exceptions.ValidationError(self.error_messages["null"], code="null")
 
         if not self.blank and value in self.empty_values:
-            raise exceptions.ValidationError(self.error_messages['blank'], code='blank')
+            raise exceptions.ValidationError(self.error_messages["blank"], code="blank")
 
     def clean(self, value, model_instance):
         """
@@ -668,7 +736,7 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
         return value
 
     def db_type_parameters(self, connection):
-        return DictWrapper(self.__dict__, connection.ops.quote_name, 'qn_')
+        return DictWrapper(self.__dict__, connection.ops.quote_name, "qn_")
 
     def db_check(self, connection):
         """
@@ -678,7 +746,9 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
         """
         data = self.db_type_parameters(connection)
         try:
-            return connection.data_type_check_constraints[self.get_internal_type()] % data
+            return (
+                connection.data_type_check_constraints[self.get_internal_type()] % data
+            )
         except KeyError:
             return None
 
@@ -740,7 +810,7 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
         return connection.data_types_suffix.get(self.get_internal_type())
 
     def get_db_converters(self, connection):
-        if hasattr(self, 'from_db_value'):
+        if hasattr(self, "from_db_value"):
             return [self.from_db_value]
         return []
 
@@ -765,7 +835,7 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
         self.attname, self.column = self.get_attname_column()
         self.concrete = self.column is not None
         if self.verbose_name is None and self.name:
-            self.verbose_name = self.name.replace('_', ' ')
+            self.verbose_name = self.name.replace("_", " ")
 
     def contribute_to_class(self, cls, name, private_only=False):
         """
@@ -784,10 +854,10 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
             # this class, but don't check methods derived from inheritance, to
             # allow overriding inherited choices. For more complex inheritance
             # structures users should override contribute_to_class().
-            if 'get_%s_display' % self.name not in cls.__dict__:
+            if "get_%s_display" % self.name not in cls.__dict__:
                 setattr(
                     cls,
-                    'get_%s_display' % self.name,
+                    "get_%s_display" % self.name,
                     partialmethod(cls._get_FIELD_display, field=self),
                 )
 
@@ -848,11 +918,21 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
                 return self.default
             return lambda: self.default
 
-        if not self.empty_strings_allowed or self.null and not connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls:
+        if (
+            not self.empty_strings_allowed
+            or self.null
+            and not connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls
+        ):
             return return_None
         return str  # return empty string
 
-    def get_choices(self, include_blank=True, blank_choice=BLANK_CHOICE_DASH, limit_choices_to=None, ordering=()):
+    def get_choices(
+        self,
+        include_blank=True,
+        blank_choice=BLANK_CHOICE_DASH,
+        limit_choices_to=None,
+        ordering=(),
+    ):
         """
         Return choices with a default blank choices included, for use
         as <select> choices for this field.
@@ -860,7 +940,9 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
         if self.choices is not None:
             choices = list(self.choices)
             if include_blank:
-                blank_defined = any(choice in ('', None) for choice, _ in self.flatchoices)
+                blank_defined = any(
+                    choice in ("", None) for choice, _ in self.flatchoices
+                )
                 if not blank_defined:
                     choices = blank_choice + choices
             return choices
@@ -868,8 +950,8 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
         limit_choices_to = limit_choices_to or self.get_limit_choices_to()
         choice_func = operator.attrgetter(
             self.remote_field.get_related_field().attname
-            if hasattr(self.remote_field, 'get_related_field')
-            else 'pk'
+            if hasattr(self.remote_field, "get_related_field")
+            else "pk"
         )
         qs = rel_model._default_manager.complex_filter(limit_choices_to)
         if ordering:
@@ -896,6 +978,7 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
             else:
                 flat.append((choice, value))
         return flat
+
     flatchoices = property(_get_flatchoices)
 
     def save_form_data(self, instance, data):
@@ -904,24 +987,25 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
     def formfield(self, form_class=None, choices_form_class=None, **kwargs):
         """Return a django.forms.Field instance for this field."""
         defaults = {
-            'required': not self.blank,
-            'label': capfirst(self.verbose_name),
-            'help_text': self.help_text,
+            "required": not self.blank,
+            "label": capfirst(self.verbose_name),
+            "help_text": self.help_text,
         }
         if self.has_default():
             if callable(self.default):
-                defaults['initial'] = self.default
-                defaults['show_hidden_initial'] = True
+                defaults["initial"] = self.default
+                defaults["show_hidden_initial"] = True
             else:
-                defaults['initial'] = self.get_default()
+                defaults["initial"] = self.get_default()
         if self.choices is not None:
             # Fields with choices get special treatment.
-            include_blank = (self.blank or
-                             not (self.has_default() or 'initial' in kwargs))
-            defaults['choices'] = self.get_choices(include_blank=include_blank)
-            defaults['coerce'] = self.to_python
+            include_blank = self.blank or not (
+                self.has_default() or "initial" in kwargs
+            )
+            defaults["choices"] = self.get_choices(include_blank=include_blank)
+            defaults["coerce"] = self.to_python
             if self.null:
-                defaults['empty_value'] = None
+                defaults["empty_value"] = None
             if choices_form_class is not None:
                 form_class = choices_form_class
             else:
@@ -930,9 +1014,19 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
             # max_value) don't apply for choice fields, so be sure to only pass
             # the values that TypedChoiceField will understand.
             for k in list(kwargs):
-                if k not in ('coerce', 'empty_value', 'choices', 'required',
-                             'widget', 'label', 'initial', 'help_text',
-                             'error_messages', 'show_hidden_initial', 'disabled'):
+                if k not in (
+                    "coerce",
+                    "empty_value",
+                    "choices",
+                    "required",
+                    "widget",
+                    "label",
+                    "initial",
+                    "help_text",
+                    "error_messages",
+                    "show_hidden_initial",
+                    "disabled",
+                ):
                     del kwargs[k]
         defaults.update(kwargs)
         if form_class is None:
@@ -947,8 +1041,8 @@ class Field(RegisterLookupMixin):
 class BooleanField(Field):
     empty_strings_allowed = False
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _('“%(value)s” value must be either True or False.'),
-        'invalid_nullable': _('“%(value)s” value must be either True, False, or None.'),
+        "invalid": _("“%(value)s” value must be either True or False."),
+        "invalid_nullable": _("“%(value)s” value must be either True, False, or None."),
     }
     description = _("Boolean (Either True or False)")
 
@@ -961,14 +1055,14 @@ class BooleanField(Field):
         if value in (True, False):
             # 1/0 are equal to True/False. bool() converts former to latter.
             return bool(value)
-        if value in ('t', 'True', '1'):
+        if value in ("t", "True", "1"):
             return True
-        if value in ('f', 'False', '0'):
+        if value in ("f", "False", "0"):
             return False
         raise exceptions.ValidationError(
-            self.error_messages['invalid_nullable' if self.null else 'invalid'],
-            code='invalid',
-            params={'value': value},
+            self.error_messages["invalid_nullable" if self.null else "invalid"],
+            code="invalid",
+            params={"value": value},
         )
 
     def get_prep_value(self, value):
@@ -979,14 +1073,14 @@ class BooleanField(Field):
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
         if self.choices is not None:
-            include_blank = not (self.has_default() or 'initial' in kwargs)
-            defaults = {'choices': self.get_choices(include_blank=include_blank)}
+            include_blank = not (self.has_default() or "initial" in kwargs)
+            defaults = {"choices": self.get_choices(include_blank=include_blank)}
         else:
             form_class = forms.NullBooleanField if self.null else forms.BooleanField
             # In HTML checkboxes, 'required' means "must be checked" which is
             # different from the choices case ("must select some value").
             # required=False allows unchecked checkboxes.
-            defaults = {'form_class': form_class, 'required': False}
+            defaults = {"form_class": form_class, "required": False}
         return super().formfield(**{**defaults, **kwargs})
 
     def select_format(self, compiler, sql, params):
@@ -994,8 +1088,8 @@ class BooleanField(Field):
         # Filters that match everything are handled as empty strings in the
         # WHERE clause, but in SELECT or GROUP BY list they must use a
         # predicate that's always True.
-        if sql == '':
-            sql = '1'
+        if sql == "":
+            sql = "1"
         return sql, params
 
 
@@ -1009,7 +1103,7 @@ class CharField(Field):
             self.validators.append(validators.MaxLengthValidator(self.max_length))
 
     def check(self, **kwargs):
-        databases = kwargs.get('databases') or []
+        databases = kwargs.get("databases") or []
         return [
             *super().check(**kwargs),
             *self._check_db_collation(databases),
@@ -1022,16 +1116,19 @@ class CharField(Field):
                 checks.Error(
                     "CharFields must define a 'max_length' attribute.",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E120',
+                    id="fields.E120",
                 )
             ]
-        elif (not isinstance(self.max_length, int) or isinstance(self.max_length, bool) or
-                self.max_length <= 0):
+        elif (
+            not isinstance(self.max_length, int)
+            or isinstance(self.max_length, bool)
+            or self.max_length <= 0
+        ):
             return [
                 checks.Error(
                     "'max_length' must be a positive integer.",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E121',
+                    id="fields.E121",
                 )
             ]
         else:
@@ -1044,16 +1141,17 @@ class CharField(Field):
                 continue
             connection = connections[db]
             if not (
-                self.db_collation is None or
-                'supports_collation_on_charfield' in self.model._meta.required_db_features or
-                connection.features.supports_collation_on_charfield
+                self.db_collation is None
+                or "supports_collation_on_charfield"
+                in self.model._meta.required_db_features
+                or connection.features.supports_collation_on_charfield
             ):
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Error(
-                        '%s does not support a database collation on '
-                        'CharFields.' % connection.display_name,
+                        "%s does not support a database collation on "
+                        "CharFields." % connection.display_name,
                         obj=self,
-                        id='fields.E190',
+                        id="fields.E190",
                     ),
                 )
         return errors
@@ -1079,17 +1177,17 @@ class CharField(Field):
         # Passing max_length to forms.CharField means that the value's length
         # will be validated twice. This is considered acceptable since we want
         # the value in the form field (to pass into widget for example).
-        defaults = {'max_length': self.max_length}
+        defaults = {"max_length": self.max_length}
         # TODO: Handle multiple backends with different feature flags.
         if self.null and not connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls:
-            defaults['empty_value'] = None
+            defaults["empty_value"] = None
         defaults.update(kwargs)
         return super().formfield(**defaults)
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
         if self.db_collation:
-            kwargs['db_collation'] = self.db_collation
+            kwargs["db_collation"] = self.db_collation
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
 
@@ -1097,15 +1195,15 @@ class CommaSeparatedIntegerField(CharField):
     default_validators = [validators.validate_comma_separated_integer_list]
     description = _("Comma-separated integers")
     system_check_removed_details = {
-        'msg': (
-            'CommaSeparatedIntegerField is removed except for support in '
-            'historical migrations.'
+        "msg": (
+            "CommaSeparatedIntegerField is removed except for support in "
+            "historical migrations."
         ),
-        'hint': (
-            'Use CharField(validators=[validate_comma_separated_integer_list]) '
-            'instead.'
+        "hint": (
+            "Use CharField(validators=[validate_comma_separated_integer_list]) "
+            "instead."
         ),
-        'id': 'fields.E901',
+        "id": "fields.E901",
     }
 
 
@@ -1120,7 +1218,6 @@ def _get_naive_now():
 
 
 class DateTimeCheckMixin:
-
     def check(self, **kwargs):
         return [
             *super().check(**kwargs),
@@ -1132,8 +1229,14 @@ class DateTimeCheckMixin:
         # auto_now, auto_now_add, and default are mutually exclusive
         # options. The use of more than one of these options together
         # will trigger an Error
-        mutually_exclusive_options = [self.auto_now_add, self.auto_now, self.has_default()]
-        enabled_options = [option not in (None, False) for option in mutually_exclusive_options].count(True)
+        mutually_exclusive_options = [
+            self.auto_now_add,
+            self.auto_now,
+            self.has_default(),
+        ]
+        enabled_options = [
+            option not in (None, False) for option in mutually_exclusive_options
+        ].count(True)
         if enabled_options > 1:
             return [
                 checks.Error(
@@ -1141,7 +1244,7 @@ class DateTimeCheckMixin:
                     "are mutually exclusive. Only one of these options "
                     "may be present.",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E160',
+                    id="fields.E160",
                 )
             ]
         else:
@@ -1173,15 +1276,15 @@ class DateTimeCheckMixin:
         if lower <= value <= upper:
             return [
                 checks.Warning(
-                    'Fixed default value provided.',
+                    "Fixed default value provided.",
                     hint=(
-                        'It seems you set a fixed date / time / datetime '
-                        'value as default for this field. This may not be '
-                        'what you want. If you want to have the current date '
-                        'as default, use `django.utils.timezone.now`'
+                        "It seems you set a fixed date / time / datetime "
+                        "value as default for this field. This may not be "
+                        "what you want. If you want to have the current date "
+                        "as default, use `django.utils.timezone.now`"
                     ),
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.W161',
+                    id="fields.W161",
                 )
             ]
         return []
@@ -1190,19 +1293,24 @@ class DateTimeCheckMixin:
 class DateField(DateTimeCheckMixin, Field):
     empty_strings_allowed = False
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _('“%(value)s” value has an invalid date format. It must be '
-                     'in YYYY-MM-DD format.'),
-        'invalid_date': _('“%(value)s” value has the correct format (YYYY-MM-DD) '
-                          'but it is an invalid date.'),
+        "invalid": _(
+            "“%(value)s” value has an invalid date format. It must be "
+            "in YYYY-MM-DD format."
+        ),
+        "invalid_date": _(
+            "“%(value)s” value has the correct format (YYYY-MM-DD) "
+            "but it is an invalid date."
+        ),
     }
     description = _("Date (without time)")
 
-    def __init__(self, verbose_name=None, name=None, auto_now=False,
-                 auto_now_add=False, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self, verbose_name=None, name=None, auto_now=False, auto_now_add=False, **kwargs
+    ):
         self.auto_now, self.auto_now_add = auto_now, auto_now_add
         if auto_now or auto_now_add:
-            kwargs['editable'] = False
-            kwargs['blank'] = True
+            kwargs["editable"] = False
+            kwargs["blank"] = True
         super().__init__(verbose_name, name, **kwargs)
 
     def _check_fix_default_value(self):
@@ -1227,12 +1335,12 @@ class DateField(DateTimeCheckMixin, Field):
     def deconstruct(self):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
         if self.auto_now:
-            kwargs['auto_now'] = True
+            kwargs["auto_now"] = True
         if self.auto_now_add:
-            kwargs['auto_now_add'] = True
+            kwargs["auto_now_add"] = True
         if self.auto_now or self.auto_now_add:
-            del kwargs['editable']
-            del kwargs['blank']
+            del kwargs["editable"]
+            del kwargs["blank"]
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
     def get_internal_type(self):
@@ -1257,15 +1365,15 @@ class DateField(DateTimeCheckMixin, Field):
                 return parsed
         except ValueError:
             raise exceptions.ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['invalid_date'],
-                code='invalid_date',
-                params={'value': value},
+                self.error_messages["invalid_date"],
+                code="invalid_date",
+                params={"value": value},
             )
 
         raise exceptions.ValidationError(
-            self.error_messages['invalid'],
-            code='invalid',
-            params={'value': value},
+            self.error_messages["invalid"],
+            code="invalid",
+            params={"value": value},
         )
 
     def pre_save(self, model_instance, add):
@@ -1280,12 +1388,18 @@ class DateField(DateTimeCheckMixin, Field):
         super().contribute_to_class(cls, name, **kwargs)
         if not self.null:
             setattr(
-                cls, 'get_next_by_%s' % self.name,
-                partialmethod(cls._get_next_or_previous_by_FIELD, field=self, is_next=True)
+                cls,
+                "get_next_by_%s" % self.name,
+                partialmethod(
+                    cls._get_next_or_previous_by_FIELD, field=self, is_next=True
+                ),
             )
             setattr(
-                cls, 'get_previous_by_%s' % self.name,
-                partialmethod(cls._get_next_or_previous_by_FIELD, field=self, is_next=False)
+                cls,
+                "get_previous_by_%s" % self.name,
+                partialmethod(
+                    cls._get_next_or_previous_by_FIELD, field=self, is_next=False
+                ),
             )
 
     def get_prep_value(self, value):
@@ -1300,25 +1414,33 @@ class DateField(DateTimeCheckMixin, Field):
 
     def value_to_string(self, obj):
         val = self.value_from_object(obj)
-        return '' if val is None else val.isoformat()
+        return "" if val is None else val.isoformat()
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
-        return super().formfield(**{
-            'form_class': forms.DateField,
-            **kwargs,
-        })
+        return super().formfield(
+            **{
+                "form_class": forms.DateField,
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class DateTimeField(DateField):
     empty_strings_allowed = False
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _('“%(value)s” value has an invalid format. It must be in '
-                     'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]][TZ] format.'),
-        'invalid_date': _("“%(value)s” value has the correct format "
-                          "(YYYY-MM-DD) but it is an invalid date."),
-        'invalid_datetime': _('“%(value)s” value has the correct format '
-                              '(YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]][TZ]) '
-                              'but it is an invalid date/time.'),
+        "invalid": _(
+            "“%(value)s” value has an invalid format. It must be in "
+            "YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]][TZ] format."
+        ),
+        "invalid_date": _(
+            "“%(value)s” value has the correct format "
+            "(YYYY-MM-DD) but it is an invalid date."
+        ),
+        "invalid_datetime": _(
+            "“%(value)s” value has the correct format "
+            "(YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]][TZ]) "
+            "but it is an invalid date/time."
+        ),
     }
     description = _("Date (with time)")
 
@@ -1353,10 +1475,12 @@ class DateTimeField(DateField):
                 # local time. This won't work during DST change, but we can't
                 # do much about it, so we let the exceptions percolate up the
                 # call stack.
-                warnings.warn("DateTimeField %s.%s received a naive datetime "
-                              "(%s) while time zone support is active." %
-                              (self.model.__name__, self.name, value),
-                              RuntimeWarning)
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "DateTimeField %s.%s received a naive datetime "
+                    "(%s) while time zone support is active."
+                    % (self.model.__name__, self.name, value),
+                    RuntimeWarning,
+                )
                 default_timezone = timezone.get_default_timezone()
                 value = timezone.make_aware(value, default_timezone)
             return value
@@ -1367,9 +1491,9 @@ class DateTimeField(DateField):
                 return parsed
         except ValueError:
             raise exceptions.ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['invalid_datetime'],
-                code='invalid_datetime',
-                params={'value': value},
+                self.error_messages["invalid_datetime"],
+                code="invalid_datetime",
+                params={"value": value},
             )
 
         try:
@@ -1378,15 +1502,15 @@ class DateTimeField(DateField):
                 return datetime.datetime(parsed.year, parsed.month, parsed.day)
         except ValueError:
             raise exceptions.ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['invalid_date'],
-                code='invalid_date',
-                params={'value': value},
+                self.error_messages["invalid_date"],
+                code="invalid_date",
+                params={"value": value},
             )
 
         raise exceptions.ValidationError(
-            self.error_messages['invalid'],
-            code='invalid',
-            params={'value': value},
+            self.error_messages["invalid"],
+            code="invalid",
+            params={"value": value},
         )
 
     def pre_save(self, model_instance, add):
@@ -1408,13 +1532,14 @@ class DateTimeField(DateField):
             # time. This won't work during DST change, but we can't do much
             # about it, so we let the exceptions percolate up the call stack.
             try:
-                name = '%s.%s' % (self.model.__name__, self.name)
+                name = "%s.%s" % (self.model.__name__, self.name)
             except AttributeError:
-                name = '(unbound)'
-            warnings.warn("DateTimeField %s received a naive datetime (%s)"
-                          " while time zone support is active." %
-                          (name, value),
-                          RuntimeWarning)
+                name = "(unbound)"
+            warnings.warn(
+                "DateTimeField %s received a naive datetime (%s)"
+                " while time zone support is active." % (name, value),
+                RuntimeWarning,
+            )
             default_timezone = timezone.get_default_timezone()
             value = timezone.make_aware(value, default_timezone)
         return value
@@ -1427,24 +1552,32 @@ class DateTimeField(DateField):
 
     def value_to_string(self, obj):
         val = self.value_from_object(obj)
-        return '' if val is None else val.isoformat()
+        return "" if val is None else val.isoformat()
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
-        return super().formfield(**{
-            'form_class': forms.DateTimeField,
-            **kwargs,
-        })
+        return super().formfield(
+            **{
+                "form_class": forms.DateTimeField,
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class DecimalField(Field):
     empty_strings_allowed = False
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _('“%(value)s” value must be a decimal number.'),
+        "invalid": _("“%(value)s” value must be a decimal number."),
     }
     description = _("Decimal number")
 
-    def __init__(self, verbose_name=None, name=None, max_digits=None,
-                 decimal_places=None, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        verbose_name=None,
+        name=None,
+        max_digits=None,
+        decimal_places=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
         self.max_digits, self.decimal_places = max_digits, decimal_places
         super().__init__(verbose_name, name, **kwargs)
 
@@ -1471,7 +1604,7 @@ class DecimalField(Field):
                 checks.Error(
                     "DecimalFields must define a 'decimal_places' attribute.",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E130',
+                    id="fields.E130",
                 )
             ]
         except ValueError:
@@ -1479,7 +1612,7 @@ class DecimalField(Field):
                 checks.Error(
                     "'decimal_places' must be a non-negative integer.",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E131',
+                    id="fields.E131",
                 )
             ]
         else:
@@ -1495,7 +1628,7 @@ class DecimalField(Field):
                 checks.Error(
                     "DecimalFields must define a 'max_digits' attribute.",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E132',
+                    id="fields.E132",
                 )
             ]
         except ValueError:
@@ -1503,7 +1636,7 @@ class DecimalField(Field):
                 checks.Error(
                     "'max_digits' must be a positive integer.",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E133',
+                    id="fields.E133",
                 )
             ]
         else:
@@ -1515,7 +1648,7 @@ class DecimalField(Field):
                 checks.Error(
                     "'max_digits' must be greater or equal to 'decimal_places'.",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E134',
+                    id="fields.E134",
                 )
             ]
         return []
@@ -1533,9 +1666,9 @@ class DecimalField(Field):
     def deconstruct(self):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
         if self.max_digits is not None:
-            kwargs['max_digits'] = self.max_digits
+            kwargs["max_digits"] = self.max_digits
         if self.decimal_places is not None:
-            kwargs['decimal_places'] = self.decimal_places
+            kwargs["decimal_places"] = self.decimal_places
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
     def get_internal_type(self):
@@ -1547,34 +1680,38 @@ class DecimalField(Field):
         if isinstance(value, float):
             if math.isnan(value):
                 raise exceptions.ValidationError(
-                    self.error_messages['invalid'],
-                    code='invalid',
-                    params={'value': value},
+                    self.error_messages["invalid"],
+                    code="invalid",
+                    params={"value": value},
                 )
             return self.context.create_decimal_from_float(value)
         try:
             return decimal.Decimal(value)
         except (decimal.InvalidOperation, TypeError, ValueError):
             raise exceptions.ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['invalid'],
-                code='invalid',
-                params={'value': value},
+                self.error_messages["invalid"],
+                code="invalid",
+                params={"value": value},
             )
 
     def get_db_prep_save(self, value, connection):
-        return connection.ops.adapt_decimalfield_value(self.to_python(value), self.max_digits, self.decimal_places)
+        return connection.ops.adapt_decimalfield_value(
+            self.to_python(value), self.max_digits, self.decimal_places
+        )
 
     def get_prep_value(self, value):
         value = super().get_prep_value(value)
         return self.to_python(value)
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
-        return super().formfield(**{
-            'max_digits': self.max_digits,
-            'decimal_places': self.decimal_places,
-            'form_class': forms.DecimalField,
-            **kwargs,
-        })
+        return super().formfield(
+            **{
+                "max_digits": self.max_digits,
+                "decimal_places": self.decimal_places,
+                "form_class": forms.DecimalField,
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class DurationField(Field):
@@ -1584,10 +1721,13 @@ class DurationField(Field):
     Use interval on PostgreSQL, INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND on Oracle, and bigint
     of microseconds on other databases.
     """
+
     empty_strings_allowed = False
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _('“%(value)s” value has an invalid format. It must be in '
-                     '[DD] [[HH:]MM:]ss[.uuuuuu] format.')
+        "invalid": _(
+            "“%(value)s” value has an invalid format. It must be in "
+            "[DD] [[HH:]MM:]ss[.uuuuuu] format."
+        )
     }
     description = _("Duration")
 
@@ -1608,9 +1748,9 @@ class DurationField(Field):
                 return parsed
 
         raise exceptions.ValidationError(
-            self.error_messages['invalid'],
-            code='invalid',
-            params={'value': value},
+            self.error_messages["invalid"],
+            code="invalid",
+            params={"value": value},
         )
 
     def get_db_prep_value(self, value, connection, prepared=False):
@@ -1628,13 +1768,15 @@ class DurationField(Field):
 
     def value_to_string(self, obj):
         val = self.value_from_object(obj)
-        return '' if val is None else duration_string(val)
+        return "" if val is None else duration_string(val)
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
-        return super().formfield(**{
-            'form_class': forms.DurationField,
-            **kwargs,
-        })
+        return super().formfield(
+            **{
+                "form_class": forms.DurationField,
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class EmailField(CharField):
@@ -1643,7 +1785,7 @@ class EmailField(CharField):
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         # max_length=254 to be compliant with RFCs 3696 and 5321
-        kwargs.setdefault('max_length', 254)
+        kwargs.setdefault("max_length", 254)
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def deconstruct(self):
@@ -1655,20 +1797,31 @@ class EmailField(CharField):
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
         # As with CharField, this will cause email validation to be performed
         # twice.
-        return super().formfield(**{
-            'form_class': forms.EmailField,
-            **kwargs,
-        })
+        return super().formfield(
+            **{
+                "form_class": forms.EmailField,
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class FilePathField(Field):
     description = _("File path")
 
-    def __init__(self, verbose_name=None, name=None, path='', match=None,
-                 recursive=False, allow_files=True, allow_folders=False, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        verbose_name=None,
+        name=None,
+        path="",
+        match=None,
+        recursive=False,
+        allow_files=True,
+        allow_folders=False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
         self.path, self.match, self.recursive = path, match, recursive
         self.allow_files, self.allow_folders = allow_files, allow_folders
-        kwargs.setdefault('max_length', 100)
+        kwargs.setdefault("max_length", 100)
         super().__init__(verbose_name, name, **kwargs)
 
     def check(self, **kwargs):
@@ -1683,23 +1836,23 @@ class FilePathField(Field):
                 checks.Error(
                     "FilePathFields must have either 'allow_files' or 'allow_folders' set to True.",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E140',
+                    id="fields.E140",
                 )
             ]
         return []
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
-        if self.path != '':
-            kwargs['path'] = self.path
+        if self.path != "":
+            kwargs["path"] = self.path
         if self.match is not None:
-            kwargs['match'] = self.match
+            kwargs["match"] = self.match
         if self.recursive is not False:
-            kwargs['recursive'] = self.recursive
+            kwargs["recursive"] = self.recursive
         if self.allow_files is not True:
-            kwargs['allow_files'] = self.allow_files
+            kwargs["allow_files"] = self.allow_files
         if self.allow_folders is not False:
-            kwargs['allow_folders'] = self.allow_folders
+            kwargs["allow_folders"] = self.allow_folders
         if kwargs.get("max_length") == 100:
             del kwargs["max_length"]
         return name, path, args, kwargs
@@ -1711,15 +1864,17 @@ class FilePathField(Field):
         return str(value)
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
-        return super().formfield(**{
-            'path': self.path() if callable(self.path) else self.path,
-            'match': self.match,
-            'recursive': self.recursive,
-            'form_class': forms.FilePathField,
-            'allow_files': self.allow_files,
-            'allow_folders': self.allow_folders,
-            **kwargs,
-        })
+        return super().formfield(
+            **{
+                "path": self.path() if callable(self.path) else self.path,
+                "match": self.match,
+                "recursive": self.recursive,
+                "form_class": forms.FilePathField,
+                "allow_files": self.allow_files,
+                "allow_folders": self.allow_folders,
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
 
     def get_internal_type(self):
         return "FilePathField"
@@ -1728,7 +1883,7 @@ class FilePathField(Field):
 class FloatField(Field):
     empty_strings_allowed = False
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _('“%(value)s” value must be a float.'),
+        "invalid": _("“%(value)s” value must be a float."),
     }
     description = _("Floating point number")
 
@@ -1753,22 +1908,24 @@ class FloatField(Field):
             return float(value)
         except (TypeError, ValueError):
             raise exceptions.ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['invalid'],
-                code='invalid',
-                params={'value': value},
+                self.error_messages["invalid"],
+                code="invalid",
+                params={"value": value},
             )
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
-        return super().formfield(**{
-            'form_class': forms.FloatField,
-            **kwargs,
-        })
+        return super().formfield(
+            **{
+                "form_class": forms.FloatField,
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class IntegerField(Field):
     empty_strings_allowed = False
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _('“%(value)s” value must be an integer.'),
+        "invalid": _("“%(value)s” value must be an integer."),
     }
     description = _("Integer")
 
@@ -1782,10 +1939,11 @@ class IntegerField(Field):
         if self.max_length is not None:
             return [
                 checks.Warning(
-                    "'max_length' is ignored when used with %s." % self.__class__.__name__,
+                    "'max_length' is ignored when used with %s."
+                    % self.__class__.__name__,
                     hint="Remove 'max_length' from field",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.W122',
+                    id="fields.W122",
                 )
             ]
         return []
@@ -1799,22 +1957,28 @@ class IntegerField(Field):
         min_value, max_value = connection.ops.integer_field_range(internal_type)
         if min_value is not None and not any(
             (
-                isinstance(validator, validators.MinValueValidator) and (
+                isinstance(validator, validators.MinValueValidator)
+                and (
                     validator.limit_value()
                     if callable(validator.limit_value)
                     else validator.limit_value
-                ) >= min_value
-            ) for validator in validators_
+                )
+                >= min_value
+            )
+            for validator in validators_
         ):
             validators_.append(validators.MinValueValidator(min_value))
         if max_value is not None and not any(
             (
-                isinstance(validator, validators.MaxValueValidator) and (
+                isinstance(validator, validators.MaxValueValidator)
+                and (
                     validator.limit_value()
                     if callable(validator.limit_value)
                     else validator.limit_value
-                ) <= max_value
-            ) for validator in validators_
+                )
+                <= max_value
+            )
+            for validator in validators_
         ):
             validators_.append(validators.MaxValueValidator(max_value))
         return validators_
@@ -1840,16 +2004,18 @@ class IntegerField(Field):
             return int(value)
         except (TypeError, ValueError):
             raise exceptions.ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['invalid'],
-                code='invalid',
-                params={'value': value},
+                self.error_messages["invalid"],
+                code="invalid",
+                params={"value": value},
             )
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
-        return super().formfield(**{
-            'form_class': forms.IntegerField,
-            **kwargs,
-        })
+        return super().formfield(
+            **{
+                "form_class": forms.IntegerField,
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class BigIntegerField(IntegerField):
@@ -1860,39 +2026,41 @@ class BigIntegerField(IntegerField):
         return "BigIntegerField"
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
-        return super().formfield(**{
-            'min_value': -BigIntegerField.MAX_BIGINT - 1,
-            'max_value': BigIntegerField.MAX_BIGINT,
-            **kwargs,
-        })
+        return super().formfield(
+            **{
+                "min_value": -BigIntegerField.MAX_BIGINT - 1,
+                "max_value": BigIntegerField.MAX_BIGINT,
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class SmallIntegerField(IntegerField):
-    description = _('Small integer')
+    description = _("Small integer")
 
     def get_internal_type(self):
-        return 'SmallIntegerField'
+        return "SmallIntegerField"
 
 
 class IPAddressField(Field):
     empty_strings_allowed = False
     description = _("IPv4 address")
     system_check_removed_details = {
-        'msg': (
-            'IPAddressField has been removed except for support in '
-            'historical migrations.'
+        "msg": (
+            "IPAddressField has been removed except for support in "
+            "historical migrations."
         ),
-        'hint': 'Use GenericIPAddressField instead.',
-        'id': 'fields.E900',
+        "hint": "Use GenericIPAddressField instead.",
+        "id": "fields.E900",
     }
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        kwargs['max_length'] = 15
+        kwargs["max_length"] = 15
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
-        del kwargs['max_length']
+        del kwargs["max_length"]
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
     def get_prep_value(self, value):
@@ -1910,14 +2078,23 @@ class GenericIPAddressField(Field):
     description = _("IP address")
     default_error_messages = {}
 
-    def __init__(self, verbose_name=None, name=None, protocol='both',
-                 unpack_ipv4=False, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        verbose_name=None,
+        name=None,
+        protocol="both",
+        unpack_ipv4=False,
+        *args,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
         self.unpack_ipv4 = unpack_ipv4
         self.protocol = protocol
-        self.default_validators, invalid_error_message = \
-            validators.ip_address_validators(protocol, unpack_ipv4)
-        self.default_error_messages['invalid'] = invalid_error_message
-        kwargs['max_length'] = 39
+        (
+            self.default_validators,
+            invalid_error_message,
+        ) = validators.ip_address_validators(protocol, unpack_ipv4)
+        self.default_error_messages["invalid"] = invalid_error_message
+        kwargs["max_length"] = 39
         super().__init__(verbose_name, name, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def check(self, **kwargs):
@@ -1927,13 +2104,13 @@ class GenericIPAddressField(Field):
         ]
 
     def _check_blank_and_null_values(self, **kwargs):
-        if not getattr(self, 'null', False) and getattr(self, 'blank', False):
+        if not getattr(self, "null", False) and getattr(self, "blank", False):
             return [
                 checks.Error(
-                    'GenericIPAddressFields cannot have blank=True if null=False, '
-                    'as blank values are stored as nulls.',
+                    "GenericIPAddressFields cannot have blank=True if null=False, "
+                    "as blank values are stored as nulls.",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E150',
+                    id="fields.E150",
                 )
             ]
         return []
@@ -1941,11 +2118,11 @@ class GenericIPAddressField(Field):
     def deconstruct(self):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
         if self.unpack_ipv4 is not False:
-            kwargs['unpack_ipv4'] = self.unpack_ipv4
+            kwargs["unpack_ipv4"] = self.unpack_ipv4
         if self.protocol != "both":
-            kwargs['protocol'] = self.protocol
+            kwargs["protocol"] = self.protocol
         if kwargs.get("max_length") == 39:
-            del kwargs['max_length']
+            del kwargs["max_length"]
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
     def get_internal_type(self):
@@ -1957,8 +2134,10 @@ class GenericIPAddressField(Field):
         if not isinstance(value, str):
             value = str(value)
         value = value.strip()
-        if ':' in value:
-            return clean_ipv6_address(value, self.unpack_ipv4, self.error_messages['invalid'])
+        if ":" in value:
+            return clean_ipv6_address(
+                value, self.unpack_ipv4, self.error_messages["invalid"]
+            )
         return value
 
     def get_db_prep_value(self, value, connection, prepared=False):
@@ -1970,7 +2149,7 @@ class GenericIPAddressField(Field):
         value = super().get_prep_value(value)
         if value is None:
             return None
-        if value and ':' in value:
+        if value and ":" in value:
             try:
                 return clean_ipv6_address(value, self.unpack_ipv4)
             except exceptions.ValidationError:
@@ -1978,44 +2157,46 @@ class GenericIPAddressField(Field):
         return str(value)
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
-        return super().formfield(**{
-            'protocol': self.protocol,
-            'form_class': forms.GenericIPAddressField,
-            **kwargs,
-        })
+        return super().formfield(
+            **{
+                "protocol": self.protocol,
+                "form_class": forms.GenericIPAddressField,
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class NullBooleanField(BooleanField):
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _('“%(value)s” value must be either None, True or False.'),
-        'invalid_nullable': _('“%(value)s” value must be either None, True or False.'),
+        "invalid": _("“%(value)s” value must be either None, True or False."),
+        "invalid_nullable": _("“%(value)s” value must be either None, True or False."),
     }
     description = _("Boolean (Either True, False or None)")
     system_check_removed_details = {
-        'msg': (
-            'NullBooleanField is removed except for support in historical '
-            'migrations.'
+        "msg": (
+            "NullBooleanField is removed except for support in historical "
+            "migrations."
         ),
-        'hint': 'Use BooleanField(null=True) instead.',
-        'id': 'fields.E903',
+        "hint": "Use BooleanField(null=True) instead.",
+        "id": "fields.E903",
     }
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        kwargs['null'] = True
-        kwargs['blank'] = True
+        kwargs["null"] = True
+        kwargs["blank"] = True
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
-        del kwargs['null']
-        del kwargs['blank']
+        del kwargs["null"]
+        del kwargs["blank"]
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
 
 class PositiveIntegerRelDbTypeMixin:
     def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs):
         super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
-        if not hasattr(cls, 'integer_field_class'):
+        if not hasattr(cls, "integer_field_class"):
             cls.integer_field_class = next(
                 (
                     parent
@@ -2041,16 +2222,18 @@ class PositiveIntegerRelDbTypeMixin:
 
 
 class PositiveBigIntegerField(PositiveIntegerRelDbTypeMixin, BigIntegerField):
-    description = _('Positive big integer')
+    description = _("Positive big integer")
 
     def get_internal_type(self):
-        return 'PositiveBigIntegerField'
+        return "PositiveBigIntegerField"
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
-        return super().formfield(**{
-            'min_value': 0,
-            **kwargs,
-        })
+        return super().formfield(
+            **{
+                "min_value": 0,
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class PositiveIntegerField(PositiveIntegerRelDbTypeMixin, IntegerField):
@@ -2060,10 +2243,12 @@ class PositiveIntegerField(PositiveIntegerRelDbTypeMixin, IntegerField):
         return "PositiveIntegerField"
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
-        return super().formfield(**{
-            'min_value': 0,
-            **kwargs,
-        })
+        return super().formfield(
+            **{
+                "min_value": 0,
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class PositiveSmallIntegerField(PositiveIntegerRelDbTypeMixin, SmallIntegerField):
@@ -2073,17 +2258,21 @@ class PositiveSmallIntegerField(PositiveIntegerRelDbTypeMixin, SmallIntegerField
         return "PositiveSmallIntegerField"
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
-        return super().formfield(**{
-            'min_value': 0,
-            **kwargs,
-        })
+        return super().formfield(
+            **{
+                "min_value": 0,
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class SlugField(CharField):
     default_validators = [validators.validate_slug]
     description = _("Slug (up to %(max_length)s)")
 
-    def __init__(self, *args, max_length=50, db_index=True, allow_unicode=False, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self, *args, max_length=50, db_index=True, allow_unicode=False, **kwargs
+    ):
         self.allow_unicode = allow_unicode
         if self.allow_unicode:
             self.default_validators = [validators.validate_unicode_slug]
@@ -2092,24 +2281,26 @@ class SlugField(CharField):
     def deconstruct(self):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
         if kwargs.get("max_length") == 50:
-            del kwargs['max_length']
+            del kwargs["max_length"]
         if self.db_index is False:
-            kwargs['db_index'] = False
+            kwargs["db_index"] = False
         else:
-            del kwargs['db_index']
+            del kwargs["db_index"]
         if self.allow_unicode is not False:
-            kwargs['allow_unicode'] = self.allow_unicode
+            kwargs["allow_unicode"] = self.allow_unicode
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
     def get_internal_type(self):
         return "SlugField"
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
-        return super().formfield(**{
-            'form_class': forms.SlugField,
-            'allow_unicode': self.allow_unicode,
-            **kwargs,
-        })
+        return super().formfield(
+            **{
+                "form_class": forms.SlugField,
+                "allow_unicode": self.allow_unicode,
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class TextField(Field):
@@ -2120,7 +2311,7 @@ class TextField(Field):
         self.db_collation = db_collation
 
     def check(self, **kwargs):
-        databases = kwargs.get('databases') or []
+        databases = kwargs.get("databases") or []
         return [
             *super().check(**kwargs),
             *self._check_db_collation(databases),
@@ -2133,16 +2324,17 @@ class TextField(Field):
                 continue
             connection = connections[db]
             if not (
-                self.db_collation is None or
-                'supports_collation_on_textfield' in self.model._meta.required_db_features or
-                connection.features.supports_collation_on_textfield
+                self.db_collation is None
+                or "supports_collation_on_textfield"
+                in self.model._meta.required_db_features
+                or connection.features.supports_collation_on_textfield
             ):
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Error(
-                        '%s does not support a database collation on '
-                        'TextFields.' % connection.display_name,
+                        "%s does not support a database collation on "
+                        "TextFields." % connection.display_name,
                         obj=self,
-                        id='fields.E190',
+                        id="fields.E190",
                     ),
                 )
         return errors
@@ -2163,35 +2355,42 @@ class TextField(Field):
         # Passing max_length to forms.CharField means that the value's length
         # will be validated twice. This is considered acceptable since we want
         # the value in the form field (to pass into widget for example).
-        return super().formfield(**{
-            'max_length': self.max_length,
-            **({} if self.choices is not None else {'widget': forms.Textarea}),
-            **kwargs,
-        })
+        return super().formfield(
+            **{
+                "max_length": self.max_length,
+                **({} if self.choices is not None else {"widget": forms.Textarea}),
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
         if self.db_collation:
-            kwargs['db_collation'] = self.db_collation
+            kwargs["db_collation"] = self.db_collation
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
 
 class TimeField(DateTimeCheckMixin, Field):
     empty_strings_allowed = False
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _('“%(value)s” value has an invalid format. It must be in '
-                     'HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]] format.'),
-        'invalid_time': _('“%(value)s” value has the correct format '
-                          '(HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]]) but it is an invalid time.'),
+        "invalid": _(
+            "“%(value)s” value has an invalid format. It must be in "
+            "HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]] format."
+        ),
+        "invalid_time": _(
+            "“%(value)s” value has the correct format "
+            "(HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]]) but it is an invalid time."
+        ),
     }
     description = _("Time")
 
-    def __init__(self, verbose_name=None, name=None, auto_now=False,
-                 auto_now_add=False, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self, verbose_name=None, name=None, auto_now=False, auto_now_add=False, **kwargs
+    ):
         self.auto_now, self.auto_now_add = auto_now, auto_now_add
         if auto_now or auto_now_add:
-            kwargs['editable'] = False
-            kwargs['blank'] = True
+            kwargs["editable"] = False
+            kwargs["blank"] = True
         super().__init__(verbose_name, name, **kwargs)
 
     def _check_fix_default_value(self):
@@ -2223,8 +2422,8 @@ class TimeField(DateTimeCheckMixin, Field):
         if self.auto_now_add is not False:
             kwargs["auto_now_add"] = self.auto_now_add
         if self.auto_now or self.auto_now_add:
-            del kwargs['blank']
-            del kwargs['editable']
+            del kwargs["blank"]
+            del kwargs["editable"]
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
     def get_internal_type(self):
@@ -2247,15 +2446,15 @@ class TimeField(DateTimeCheckMixin, Field):
                 return parsed
         except ValueError:
             raise exceptions.ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['invalid_time'],
-                code='invalid_time',
-                params={'value': value},
+                self.error_messages["invalid_time"],
+                code="invalid_time",
+                params={"value": value},
             )
 
         raise exceptions.ValidationError(
-            self.error_messages['invalid'],
-            code='invalid',
-            params={'value': value},
+            self.error_messages["invalid"],
+            code="invalid",
+            params={"value": value},
         )
 
     def pre_save(self, model_instance, add):
@@ -2278,13 +2477,15 @@ class TimeField(DateTimeCheckMixin, Field):
 
     def value_to_string(self, obj):
         val = self.value_from_object(obj)
-        return '' if val is None else val.isoformat()
+        return "" if val is None else val.isoformat()
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
-        return super().formfield(**{
-            'form_class': forms.TimeField,
-            **kwargs,
-        })
+        return super().formfield(
+            **{
+                "form_class": forms.TimeField,
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class URLField(CharField):
@@ -2292,30 +2493,32 @@ class URLField(CharField):
     description = _("URL")
 
     def __init__(self, verbose_name=None, name=None, **kwargs):
-        kwargs.setdefault('max_length', 200)
+        kwargs.setdefault("max_length", 200)
         super().__init__(verbose_name, name, **kwargs)
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
         if kwargs.get("max_length") == 200:
-            del kwargs['max_length']
+            del kwargs["max_length"]
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
         # As with CharField, this will cause URL validation to be performed
         # twice.
-        return super().formfield(**{
-            'form_class': forms.URLField,
-            **kwargs,
-        })
+        return super().formfield(
+            **{
+                "form_class": forms.URLField,
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class BinaryField(Field):
     description = _("Raw binary data")
-    empty_values = [None, b'']
+    empty_values = [None, b""]
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        kwargs.setdefault('editable', False)
+        kwargs.setdefault("editable", False)
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         if self.max_length is not None:
             self.validators.append(validators.MaxLengthValidator(self.max_length))
@@ -2330,7 +2533,7 @@ class BinaryField(Field):
                     "BinaryField's default cannot be a string. Use bytes "
                     "content instead.",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E170',
+                    id="fields.E170",
                 )
             ]
         return []
@@ -2338,9 +2541,9 @@ class BinaryField(Field):
     def deconstruct(self):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
         if self.editable:
-            kwargs['editable'] = True
+            kwargs["editable"] = True
         else:
-            del kwargs['editable']
+            del kwargs["editable"]
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
     def get_internal_type(self):
@@ -2353,8 +2556,8 @@ class BinaryField(Field):
         if self.has_default() and not callable(self.default):
             return self.default
         default = super().get_default()
-        if default == '':
-            return b''
+        if default == "":
+            return b""
         return default
 
     def get_db_prep_value(self, value, connection, prepared=False):
@@ -2365,29 +2568,29 @@ class BinaryField(Field):
 
     def value_to_string(self, obj):
         """Binary data is serialized as base64"""
-        return b64encode(self.value_from_object(obj)).decode('ascii')
+        return b64encode(self.value_from_object(obj)).decode("ascii")
 
     def to_python(self, value):
         # If it's a string, it should be base64-encoded data
         if isinstance(value, str):
-            return memoryview(b64decode(value.encode('ascii')))
+            return memoryview(b64decode(value.encode("ascii")))
         return value
 
 
 class UUIDField(Field):
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _('“%(value)s” is not a valid UUID.'),
+        "invalid": _("“%(value)s” is not a valid UUID."),
     }
-    description = _('Universally unique identifier')
+    description = _("Universally unique identifier")
     empty_strings_allowed = False
 
     def __init__(self, verbose_name=None, **kwargs):
-        kwargs['max_length'] = 32
+        kwargs["max_length"] = 32
         super().__init__(verbose_name, **kwargs)
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
-        del kwargs['max_length']
+        del kwargs["max_length"]
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
     def get_internal_type(self):
@@ -2409,29 +2612,31 @@ class UUIDField(Field):
 
     def to_python(self, value):
         if value is not None and not isinstance(value, uuid.UUID):
-            input_form = 'int' if isinstance(value, int) else 'hex'
+            input_form = "int" if isinstance(value, int) else "hex"
             try:
                 return uuid.UUID(**{input_form: value})
             except (AttributeError, ValueError):
                 raise exceptions.ValidationError(
-                    self.error_messages['invalid'],
-                    code='invalid',
-                    params={'value': value},
+                    self.error_messages["invalid"],
+                    code="invalid",
+                    params={"value": value},
                 )
         return value
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
-        return super().formfield(**{
-            'form_class': forms.UUIDField,
-            **kwargs,
-        })
+        return super().formfield(
+            **{
+                "form_class": forms.UUIDField,
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class AutoFieldMixin:
     db_returning = True
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        kwargs['blank'] = True
+        kwargs["blank"] = True
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def check(self, **kwargs):
@@ -2444,9 +2649,9 @@ class AutoFieldMixin:
         if not self.primary_key:
             return [
                 checks.Error(
-                    'AutoFields must set primary_key=True.',
+                    "AutoFields must set primary_key=True.",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E100',
+                    id="fields.E100",
                 ),
             ]
         else:
@@ -2454,8 +2659,8 @@ class AutoFieldMixin:
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
-        del kwargs['blank']
-        kwargs['primary_key'] = True
+        del kwargs["blank"]
+        kwargs["primary_key"] = True
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
     def validate(self, value, model_instance):
@@ -2502,34 +2707,35 @@ class AutoFieldMeta(type):
         return (BigAutoField, SmallAutoField)
 
     def __instancecheck__(self, instance):
-        return isinstance(instance, self._subclasses) or super().__instancecheck__(instance)
+        return isinstance(instance, self._subclasses) or super().__instancecheck__(
+            instance
+        )
 
     def __subclasscheck__(self, subclass):
-        return issubclass(subclass, self._subclasses) or super().__subclasscheck__(subclass)
+        return issubclass(subclass, self._subclasses) or super().__subclasscheck__(
+            subclass
+        )
 
 
 class AutoField(AutoFieldMixin, IntegerField, metaclass=AutoFieldMeta):
-
     def get_internal_type(self):
-        return 'AutoField'
+        return "AutoField"
 
     def rel_db_type(self, connection):
         return IntegerField().db_type(connection=connection)
 
 
 class BigAutoField(AutoFieldMixin, BigIntegerField):
-
     def get_internal_type(self):
-        return 'BigAutoField'
+        return "BigAutoField"
 
     def rel_db_type(self, connection):
         return BigIntegerField().db_type(connection=connection)
 
 
 class SmallAutoField(AutoFieldMixin, SmallIntegerField):
-
     def get_internal_type(self):
-        return 'SmallAutoField'
+        return "SmallAutoField"
 
     def rel_db_type(self, connection):
         return SmallIntegerField().db_type(connection=connection)
diff --git a/django/db/models/fields/files.py b/django/db/models/fields/files.py
index 18900f7b85..33a1176ed6 100644
--- a/django/db/models/fields/files.py
+++ b/django/db/models/fields/files.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class FieldFile(File):
     def __eq__(self, other):
         # Older code may be expecting FileField values to be simple strings.
         # By overriding the == operator, it can remain backwards compatibility.
-        if hasattr(other, 'name'):
+        if hasattr(other, "name"):
             return self.name == other.name
         return self.name == other
 
@@ -37,12 +37,14 @@ class FieldFile(File):
 
     def _require_file(self):
         if not self:
-            raise ValueError("The '%s' attribute has no file associated with it." % self.field.name)
+            raise ValueError(
+                "The '%s' attribute has no file associated with it." % self.field.name
+            )
 
     def _get_file(self):
         self._require_file()
-        if getattr(self, '_file', None) is None:
-            self._file = self.storage.open(self.name, 'rb')
+        if getattr(self, "_file", None) is None:
+            self._file = self.storage.open(self.name, "rb")
         return self._file
 
     def _set_file(self, file):
@@ -70,13 +72,14 @@ class FieldFile(File):
             return self.file.size
         return self.storage.size(self.name)
 
-    def open(self, mode='rb'):
+    def open(self, mode="rb"):
         self._require_file()
-        if getattr(self, '_file', None) is None:
+        if getattr(self, "_file", None) is None:
             self.file = self.storage.open(self.name, mode)
         else:
             self.file.open(mode)
         return self
+
     # open() doesn't alter the file's contents, but it does reset the pointer
     open.alters_data = True
 
@@ -93,6 +96,7 @@ class FieldFile(File):
         # Save the object because it has changed, unless save is False
         if save:
             self.instance.save()
+
     save.alters_data = True
 
     def delete(self, save=True):
@@ -100,7 +104,7 @@ class FieldFile(File):
             return
         # Only close the file if it's already open, which we know by the
         # presence of self._file
-        if hasattr(self, '_file'):
+        if hasattr(self, "_file"):
             self.close()
             del self.file
 
@@ -112,15 +116,16 @@ class FieldFile(File):
 
         if save:
             self.instance.save()
+
     delete.alters_data = True
 
     @property
     def closed(self):
-        file = getattr(self, '_file', None)
+        file = getattr(self, "_file", None)
         return file is None or file.closed
 
     def close(self):
-        file = getattr(self, '_file', None)
+        file = getattr(self, "_file", None)
         if file is not None:
             file.close()
 
@@ -129,12 +134,12 @@ class FieldFile(File):
         # the file's name. Everything else will be restored later, by
         # FileDescriptor below.
         return {
-            'name': self.name,
-            'closed': False,
-            '_committed': True,
-            '_file': None,
-            'instance': self.instance,
-            'field': self.field,
+            "name": self.name,
+            "closed": False,
+            "_committed": True,
+            "_file": None,
+            "instance": self.instance,
+            "field": self.field,
         }
 
     def __setstate__(self, state):
@@ -156,6 +161,7 @@ class FileDescriptor(DeferredAttribute):
         >>> with open('/path/to/hello.world') as f:
         ...     instance.file = File(f)
     """
+
     def __get__(self, instance, cls=None):
         if instance is None:
             return self
@@ -198,7 +204,7 @@ class FileDescriptor(DeferredAttribute):
         # Finally, because of the (some would say boneheaded) way pickle works,
         # the underlying FieldFile might not actually itself have an associated
         # file. So we need to reset the details of the FieldFile in those cases.
-        elif isinstance(file, FieldFile) and not hasattr(file, 'field'):
+        elif isinstance(file, FieldFile) and not hasattr(file, "field"):
             file.instance = instance
             file.field = self.field
             file.storage = self.field.storage
@@ -225,8 +231,10 @@ class FileField(Field):
 
     description = _("File")
 
-    def __init__(self, verbose_name=None, name=None, upload_to='', storage=None, **kwargs):
-        self._primary_key_set_explicitly = 'primary_key' in kwargs
+    def __init__(
+        self, verbose_name=None, name=None, upload_to="", storage=None, **kwargs
+    ):
+        self._primary_key_set_explicitly = "primary_key" in kwargs
 
         self.storage = storage or default_storage
         if callable(self.storage):
@@ -236,11 +244,15 @@ class FileField(Field):
             if not isinstance(self.storage, Storage):
                 raise TypeError(
                     "%s.storage must be a subclass/instance of %s.%s"
-                    % (self.__class__.__qualname__, Storage.__module__, Storage.__qualname__)
+                    % (
+                        self.__class__.__qualname__,
+                        Storage.__module__,
+                        Storage.__qualname__,
+                    )
                 )
         self.upload_to = upload_to
 
-        kwargs.setdefault('max_length', 100)
+        kwargs.setdefault("max_length", 100)
         super().__init__(verbose_name, name, **kwargs)
 
     def check(self, **kwargs):
@@ -254,23 +266,24 @@ class FileField(Field):
         if self._primary_key_set_explicitly:
             return [
                 checks.Error(
-                    "'primary_key' is not a valid argument for a %s." % self.__class__.__name__,
+                    "'primary_key' is not a valid argument for a %s."
+                    % self.__class__.__name__,
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E201',
+                    id="fields.E201",
                 )
             ]
         else:
             return []
 
     def _check_upload_to(self):
-        if isinstance(self.upload_to, str) and self.upload_to.startswith('/'):
+        if isinstance(self.upload_to, str) and self.upload_to.startswith("/"):
             return [
                 checks.Error(
                     "%s's 'upload_to' argument must be a relative path, not an "
                     "absolute path." % self.__class__.__name__,
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E202',
-                    hint='Remove the leading slash.',
+                    id="fields.E202",
+                    hint="Remove the leading slash.",
                 )
             ]
         else:
@@ -280,9 +293,9 @@ class FileField(Field):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
         if kwargs.get("max_length") == 100:
             del kwargs["max_length"]
-        kwargs['upload_to'] = self.upload_to
+        kwargs["upload_to"] = self.upload_to
         if self.storage is not default_storage:
-            kwargs['storage'] = getattr(self, '_storage_callable', self.storage)
+            kwargs["storage"] = getattr(self, "_storage_callable", self.storage)
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
     def get_internal_type(self):
@@ -329,14 +342,16 @@ class FileField(Field):
         if data is not None:
             # This value will be converted to str and stored in the
             # database, so leaving False as-is is not acceptable.
-            setattr(instance, self.name, data or '')
+            setattr(instance, self.name, data or "")
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
-        return super().formfield(**{
-            'form_class': forms.FileField,
-            'max_length': self.max_length,
-            **kwargs,
-        })
+        return super().formfield(
+            **{
+                "form_class": forms.FileField,
+                "max_length": self.max_length,
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class ImageFileDescriptor(FileDescriptor):
@@ -344,6 +359,7 @@ class ImageFileDescriptor(FileDescriptor):
     Just like the FileDescriptor, but for ImageFields. The only difference is
     assigning the width/height to the width_field/height_field, if appropriate.
     """
+
     def __set__(self, instance, value):
         previous_file = instance.__dict__.get(self.field.attname)
         super().__set__(instance, value)
@@ -364,7 +380,7 @@ class ImageFileDescriptor(FileDescriptor):
 class ImageFieldFile(ImageFile, FieldFile):
     def delete(self, save=True):
         # Clear the image dimensions cache
-        if hasattr(self, '_dimensions_cache'):
+        if hasattr(self, "_dimensions_cache"):
             del self._dimensions_cache
         super().delete(save)
 
@@ -374,7 +390,14 @@ class ImageField(FileField):
     descriptor_class = ImageFileDescriptor
     description = _("Image")
 
-    def __init__(self, verbose_name=None, name=None, width_field=None, height_field=None, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        verbose_name=None,
+        name=None,
+        width_field=None,
+        height_field=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
         self.width_field, self.height_field = width_field, height_field
         super().__init__(verbose_name, name, **kwargs)
 
@@ -390,11 +413,13 @@ class ImageField(FileField):
         except ImportError:
             return [
                 checks.Error(
-                    'Cannot use ImageField because Pillow is not installed.',
-                    hint=('Get Pillow at https://pypi.org/project/Pillow/ '
-                          'or run command "python -m pip install Pillow".'),
+                    "Cannot use ImageField because Pillow is not installed.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Get Pillow at https://pypi.org/project/Pillow/ "
+                        'or run command "python -m pip install Pillow".'
+                    ),
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E210',
+                    id="fields.E210",
                 )
             ]
         else:
@@ -403,9 +428,9 @@ class ImageField(FileField):
     def deconstruct(self):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
         if self.width_field:
-            kwargs['width_field'] = self.width_field
+            kwargs["width_field"] = self.width_field
         if self.height_field:
-            kwargs['height_field'] = self.height_field
+            kwargs["height_field"] = self.height_field
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
     def contribute_to_class(self, cls, name, **kwargs):
@@ -445,9 +470,9 @@ class ImageField(FileField):
         if not file and not force:
             return
 
-        dimension_fields_filled = not(
-            (self.width_field and not getattr(instance, self.width_field)) or
-            (self.height_field and not getattr(instance, self.height_field))
+        dimension_fields_filled = not (
+            (self.width_field and not getattr(instance, self.width_field))
+            or (self.height_field and not getattr(instance, self.height_field))
         )
         # When both dimension fields have values, we are most likely loading
         # data from the database or updating an image field that already had
@@ -475,7 +500,9 @@ class ImageField(FileField):
             setattr(instance, self.height_field, height)
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
-        return super().formfield(**{
-            'form_class': forms.ImageField,
-            **kwargs,
-        })
+        return super().formfield(
+            **{
+                "form_class": forms.ImageField,
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
diff --git a/django/db/models/fields/json.py b/django/db/models/fields/json.py
index efb4e2f6ed..fdca700c9d 100644
--- a/django/db/models/fields/json.py
+++ b/django/db/models/fields/json.py
@@ -10,32 +10,36 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 from . import Field
 from .mixins import CheckFieldDefaultMixin
 
-__all__ = ['JSONField']
+__all__ = ["JSONField"]
 
 
 class JSONField(CheckFieldDefaultMixin, Field):
     empty_strings_allowed = False
-    description = _('A JSON object')
+    description = _("A JSON object")
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _('Value must be valid JSON.'),
+        "invalid": _("Value must be valid JSON."),
     }
-    _default_hint = ('dict', '{}')
+    _default_hint = ("dict", "{}")
 
     def __init__(
-        self, verbose_name=None, name=None, encoder=None, decoder=None,
+        self,
+        verbose_name=None,
+        name=None,
+        encoder=None,
+        decoder=None,
         **kwargs,
     ):
         if encoder and not callable(encoder):
-            raise ValueError('The encoder parameter must be a callable object.')
+            raise ValueError("The encoder parameter must be a callable object.")
         if decoder and not callable(decoder):
-            raise ValueError('The decoder parameter must be a callable object.')
+            raise ValueError("The decoder parameter must be a callable object.")
         self.encoder = encoder
         self.decoder = decoder
         super().__init__(verbose_name, name, **kwargs)
 
     def check(self, **kwargs):
         errors = super().check(**kwargs)
-        databases = kwargs.get('databases') or []
+        databases = kwargs.get("databases") or []
         errors.extend(self._check_supported(databases))
         return errors
 
@@ -46,20 +50,19 @@ class JSONField(CheckFieldDefaultMixin, Field):
                 continue
             connection = connections[db]
             if (
-                self.model._meta.required_db_vendor and
-                self.model._meta.required_db_vendor != connection.vendor
+                self.model._meta.required_db_vendor
+                and self.model._meta.required_db_vendor != connection.vendor
             ):
                 continue
             if not (
-                'supports_json_field' in self.model._meta.required_db_features or
-                connection.features.supports_json_field
+                "supports_json_field" in self.model._meta.required_db_features
+                or connection.features.supports_json_field
             ):
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Error(
-                        '%s does not support JSONFields.'
-                        % connection.display_name,
+                        "%s does not support JSONFields." % connection.display_name,
                         obj=self.model,
-                        id='fields.E180',
+                        id="fields.E180",
                     )
                 )
         return errors
@@ -67,9 +70,9 @@ class JSONField(CheckFieldDefaultMixin, Field):
     def deconstruct(self):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
         if self.encoder is not None:
-            kwargs['encoder'] = self.encoder
+            kwargs["encoder"] = self.encoder
         if self.decoder is not None:
-            kwargs['decoder'] = self.decoder
+            kwargs["decoder"] = self.decoder
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
     def from_db_value(self, value, expression, connection):
@@ -85,7 +88,7 @@ class JSONField(CheckFieldDefaultMixin, Field):
             return value
 
     def get_internal_type(self):
-        return 'JSONField'
+        return "JSONField"
 
     def get_prep_value(self, value):
         if value is None:
@@ -104,64 +107,66 @@ class JSONField(CheckFieldDefaultMixin, Field):
             json.dumps(value, cls=self.encoder)
         except TypeError:
             raise exceptions.ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['invalid'],
-                code='invalid',
-                params={'value': value},
+                self.error_messages["invalid"],
+                code="invalid",
+                params={"value": value},
             )
 
     def value_to_string(self, obj):
         return self.value_from_object(obj)
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
-        return super().formfield(**{
-            'form_class': forms.JSONField,
-            'encoder': self.encoder,
-            'decoder': self.decoder,
-            **kwargs,
-        })
+        return super().formfield(
+            **{
+                "form_class": forms.JSONField,
+                "encoder": self.encoder,
+                "decoder": self.decoder,
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
 
 
 def compile_json_path(key_transforms, include_root=True):
-    path = ['$'] if include_root else []
+    path = ["$"] if include_root else []
     for key_transform in key_transforms:
         try:
             num = int(key_transform)
         except ValueError:  # non-integer
-            path.append('.')
+            path.append(".")
             path.append(json.dumps(key_transform))
         else:
-            path.append('[%s]' % num)
-    return ''.join(path)
+            path.append("[%s]" % num)
+    return "".join(path)
 
 
 class DataContains(PostgresOperatorLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'contains'
-    postgres_operator = '@>'
+    lookup_name = "contains"
+    postgres_operator = "@>"
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         if not connection.features.supports_json_field_contains:
             raise NotSupportedError(
-                'contains lookup is not supported on this database backend.'
+                "contains lookup is not supported on this database backend."
             )
         lhs, lhs_params = self.process_lhs(compiler, connection)
         rhs, rhs_params = self.process_rhs(compiler, connection)
         params = tuple(lhs_params) + tuple(rhs_params)
-        return 'JSON_CONTAINS(%s, %s)' % (lhs, rhs), params
+        return "JSON_CONTAINS(%s, %s)" % (lhs, rhs), params
 
 
 class ContainedBy(PostgresOperatorLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'contained_by'
-    postgres_operator = '<@'
+    lookup_name = "contained_by"
+    postgres_operator = "<@"
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         if not connection.features.supports_json_field_contains:
             raise NotSupportedError(
-                'contained_by lookup is not supported on this database backend.'
+                "contained_by lookup is not supported on this database backend."
             )
         lhs, lhs_params = self.process_lhs(compiler, connection)
         rhs, rhs_params = self.process_rhs(compiler, connection)
         params = tuple(rhs_params) + tuple(lhs_params)
-        return 'JSON_CONTAINS(%s, %s)' % (rhs, lhs), params
+        return "JSON_CONTAINS(%s, %s)" % (rhs, lhs), params
 
 
 class HasKeyLookup(PostgresOperatorLookup):
@@ -170,11 +175,13 @@ class HasKeyLookup(PostgresOperatorLookup):
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection, template=None):
         # Process JSON path from the left-hand side.
         if isinstance(self.lhs, KeyTransform):
-            lhs, lhs_params, lhs_key_transforms = self.lhs.preprocess_lhs(compiler, connection)
+            lhs, lhs_params, lhs_key_transforms = self.lhs.preprocess_lhs(
+                compiler, connection
+            )
             lhs_json_path = compile_json_path(lhs_key_transforms)
         else:
             lhs, lhs_params = self.process_lhs(compiler, connection)
-            lhs_json_path = '$'
+            lhs_json_path = "$"
         sql = template % lhs
         # Process JSON path from the right-hand side.
         rhs = self.rhs
@@ -186,20 +193,27 @@ class HasKeyLookup(PostgresOperatorLookup):
                 *_, rhs_key_transforms = key.preprocess_lhs(compiler, connection)
             else:
                 rhs_key_transforms = [key]
-            rhs_params.append('%s%s' % (
-                lhs_json_path,
-                compile_json_path(rhs_key_transforms, include_root=False),
-            ))
+            rhs_params.append(
+                "%s%s"
+                % (
+                    lhs_json_path,
+                    compile_json_path(rhs_key_transforms, include_root=False),
+                )
+            )
         # Add condition for each key.
         if self.logical_operator:
-            sql = '(%s)' % self.logical_operator.join([sql] * len(rhs_params))
+            sql = "(%s)" % self.logical_operator.join([sql] * len(rhs_params))
         return sql, tuple(lhs_params) + tuple(rhs_params)
 
     def as_mysql(self, compiler, connection):
-        return self.as_sql(compiler, connection, template="JSON_CONTAINS_PATH(%s, 'one', %%s)")
+        return self.as_sql(
+            compiler, connection, template="JSON_CONTAINS_PATH(%s, 'one', %%s)"
+        )
 
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection):
-        sql, params = self.as_sql(compiler, connection, template="JSON_EXISTS(%s, '%%s')")
+        sql, params = self.as_sql(
+            compiler, connection, template="JSON_EXISTS(%s, '%%s')"
+        )
         # Add paths directly into SQL because path expressions cannot be passed
         # as bind variables on Oracle.
         return sql % tuple(params), []
@@ -213,28 +227,30 @@ class HasKeyLookup(PostgresOperatorLookup):
         return super().as_postgresql(compiler, connection)
 
     def as_sqlite(self, compiler, connection):
-        return self.as_sql(compiler, connection, template='JSON_TYPE(%s, %%s) IS NOT NULL')
+        return self.as_sql(
+            compiler, connection, template="JSON_TYPE(%s, %%s) IS NOT NULL"
+        )
 
 
 class HasKey(HasKeyLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'has_key'
-    postgres_operator = '?'
+    lookup_name = "has_key"
+    postgres_operator = "?"
     prepare_rhs = False
 
 
 class HasKeys(HasKeyLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'has_keys'
-    postgres_operator = '?&'
-    logical_operator = ' AND '
+    lookup_name = "has_keys"
+    postgres_operator = "?&"
+    logical_operator = " AND "
 
     def get_prep_lookup(self):
         return [str(item) for item in self.rhs]
 
 
 class HasAnyKeys(HasKeys):
-    lookup_name = 'has_any_keys'
-    postgres_operator = '?|'
-    logical_operator = ' OR '
+    lookup_name = "has_any_keys"
+    postgres_operator = "?|"
+    logical_operator = " OR "
 
 
 class CaseInsensitiveMixin:
@@ -244,16 +260,17 @@ class CaseInsensitiveMixin:
     Because utf8mb4_bin is a binary collation, comparison of JSON values is
     case-sensitive.
     """
+
     def process_lhs(self, compiler, connection):
         lhs, lhs_params = super().process_lhs(compiler, connection)
-        if connection.vendor == 'mysql':
-            return 'LOWER(%s)' % lhs, lhs_params
+        if connection.vendor == "mysql":
+            return "LOWER(%s)" % lhs, lhs_params
         return lhs, lhs_params
 
     def process_rhs(self, compiler, connection):
         rhs, rhs_params = super().process_rhs(compiler, connection)
-        if connection.vendor == 'mysql':
-            return 'LOWER(%s)' % rhs, rhs_params
+        if connection.vendor == "mysql":
+            return "LOWER(%s)" % rhs, rhs_params
         return rhs, rhs_params
 
 
@@ -263,9 +280,9 @@ class JSONExact(lookups.Exact):
     def process_rhs(self, compiler, connection):
         rhs, rhs_params = super().process_rhs(compiler, connection)
         # Treat None lookup values as null.
-        if rhs == '%s' and rhs_params == [None]:
-            rhs_params = ['null']
-        if connection.vendor == 'mysql':
+        if rhs == "%s" and rhs_params == [None]:
+            rhs_params = ["null"]
+        if connection.vendor == "mysql":
             func = ["JSON_EXTRACT(%s, '$')"] * len(rhs_params)
             rhs = rhs % tuple(func)
         return rhs, rhs_params
@@ -285,8 +302,8 @@ JSONField.register_lookup(JSONIContains)
 
 
 class KeyTransform(Transform):
-    postgres_operator = '->'
-    postgres_nested_operator = '#>'
+    postgres_operator = "->"
+    postgres_nested_operator = "#>"
 
     def __init__(self, key_name, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -299,41 +316,41 @@ class KeyTransform(Transform):
             key_transforms.insert(0, previous.key_name)
             previous = previous.lhs
         lhs, params = compiler.compile(previous)
-        if connection.vendor == 'oracle':
+        if connection.vendor == "oracle":
             # Escape string-formatting.
-            key_transforms = [key.replace('%', '%%') for key in key_transforms]
+            key_transforms = [key.replace("%", "%%") for key in key_transforms]
         return lhs, params, key_transforms
 
     def as_mysql(self, compiler, connection):
         lhs, params, key_transforms = self.preprocess_lhs(compiler, connection)
         json_path = compile_json_path(key_transforms)
-        return 'JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %%s)' % lhs, tuple(params) + (json_path,)
+        return "JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %%s)" % lhs, tuple(params) + (json_path,)
 
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection):
         lhs, params, key_transforms = self.preprocess_lhs(compiler, connection)
         json_path = compile_json_path(key_transforms)
         return (
-            "COALESCE(JSON_QUERY(%s, '%s'), JSON_VALUE(%s, '%s'))" %
-            ((lhs, json_path) * 2)
+            "COALESCE(JSON_QUERY(%s, '%s'), JSON_VALUE(%s, '%s'))"
+            % ((lhs, json_path) * 2)
         ), tuple(params) * 2
 
     def as_postgresql(self, compiler, connection):
         lhs, params, key_transforms = self.preprocess_lhs(compiler, connection)
         if len(key_transforms) > 1:
-            sql = '(%s %s %%s)' % (lhs, self.postgres_nested_operator)
+            sql = "(%s %s %%s)" % (lhs, self.postgres_nested_operator)
             return sql, tuple(params) + (key_transforms,)
         try:
             lookup = int(self.key_name)
         except ValueError:
             lookup = self.key_name
-        return '(%s %s %%s)' % (lhs, self.postgres_operator), tuple(params) + (lookup,)
+        return "(%s %s %%s)" % (lhs, self.postgres_operator), tuple(params) + (lookup,)
 
     def as_sqlite(self, compiler, connection):
         lhs, params, key_transforms = self.preprocess_lhs(compiler, connection)
         json_path = compile_json_path(key_transforms)
-        datatype_values = ','.join([
-            repr(datatype) for datatype in connection.ops.jsonfield_datatype_values
-        ])
+        datatype_values = ",".join(
+            [repr(datatype) for datatype in connection.ops.jsonfield_datatype_values]
+        )
         return (
             "(CASE WHEN JSON_TYPE(%s, %%s) IN (%s) "
             "THEN JSON_TYPE(%s, %%s) ELSE JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %%s) END)"
@@ -341,8 +358,8 @@ class KeyTransform(Transform):
 
 
 class KeyTextTransform(KeyTransform):
-    postgres_operator = '->>'
-    postgres_nested_operator = '#>>'
+    postgres_operator = "->>"
+    postgres_nested_operator = "#>>"
 
 
 class KeyTransformTextLookupMixin:
@@ -352,14 +369,16 @@ class KeyTransformTextLookupMixin:
     key values to text and performing the lookup on the resulting
     representation.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, key_transform, *args, **kwargs):
         if not isinstance(key_transform, KeyTransform):
             raise TypeError(
-                'Transform should be an instance of KeyTransform in order to '
-                'use this lookup.'
+                "Transform should be an instance of KeyTransform in order to "
+                "use this lookup."
             )
         key_text_transform = KeyTextTransform(
-            key_transform.key_name, *key_transform.source_expressions,
+            key_transform.key_name,
+            *key_transform.source_expressions,
             **key_transform.extra,
         )
         super().__init__(key_text_transform, *args, **kwargs)
@@ -376,12 +395,12 @@ class KeyTransformIsNull(lookups.IsNull):
             return sql, params
         # Column doesn't have a key or IS NULL.
         lhs, lhs_params, _ = self.lhs.preprocess_lhs(compiler, connection)
-        return '(NOT %s OR %s IS NULL)' % (sql, lhs), tuple(params) + tuple(lhs_params)
+        return "(NOT %s OR %s IS NULL)" % (sql, lhs), tuple(params) + tuple(lhs_params)
 
     def as_sqlite(self, compiler, connection):
-        template = 'JSON_TYPE(%s, %%s) IS NULL'
+        template = "JSON_TYPE(%s, %%s) IS NULL"
         if not self.rhs:
-            template = 'JSON_TYPE(%s, %%s) IS NOT NULL'
+            template = "JSON_TYPE(%s, %%s) IS NOT NULL"
         return HasKey(self.lhs.lhs, self.lhs.key_name).as_sql(
             compiler,
             connection,
@@ -392,26 +411,29 @@ class KeyTransformIsNull(lookups.IsNull):
 class KeyTransformIn(lookups.In):
     def resolve_expression_parameter(self, compiler, connection, sql, param):
         sql, params = super().resolve_expression_parameter(
-            compiler, connection, sql, param,
+            compiler,
+            connection,
+            sql,
+            param,
         )
         if (
-            not hasattr(param, 'as_sql') and
-            not connection.features.has_native_json_field
+            not hasattr(param, "as_sql")
+            and not connection.features.has_native_json_field
         ):
-            if connection.vendor == 'oracle':
+            if connection.vendor == "oracle":
                 value = json.loads(param)
                 sql = "%s(JSON_OBJECT('value' VALUE %%s FORMAT JSON), '$.value')"
                 if isinstance(value, (list, dict)):
-                    sql = sql % 'JSON_QUERY'
+                    sql = sql % "JSON_QUERY"
                 else:
-                    sql = sql % 'JSON_VALUE'
-            elif connection.vendor == 'mysql' or (
-                connection.vendor == 'sqlite' and
-                params[0] not in connection.ops.jsonfield_datatype_values
+                    sql = sql % "JSON_VALUE"
+            elif connection.vendor == "mysql" or (
+                connection.vendor == "sqlite"
+                and params[0] not in connection.ops.jsonfield_datatype_values
             ):
                 sql = "JSON_EXTRACT(%s, '$')"
-        if connection.vendor == 'mysql' and connection.mysql_is_mariadb:
-            sql = 'JSON_UNQUOTE(%s)' % sql
+        if connection.vendor == "mysql" and connection.mysql_is_mariadb:
+            sql = "JSON_UNQUOTE(%s)" % sql
         return sql, params
 
 
@@ -420,21 +442,21 @@ class KeyTransformExact(JSONExact):
         if isinstance(self.rhs, KeyTransform):
             return super(lookups.Exact, self).process_rhs(compiler, connection)
         rhs, rhs_params = super().process_rhs(compiler, connection)
-        if connection.vendor == 'oracle':
+        if connection.vendor == "oracle":
             func = []
             sql = "%s(JSON_OBJECT('value' VALUE %%s FORMAT JSON), '$.value')"
             for value in rhs_params:
                 value = json.loads(value)
                 if isinstance(value, (list, dict)):
-                    func.append(sql % 'JSON_QUERY')
+                    func.append(sql % "JSON_QUERY")
                 else:
-                    func.append(sql % 'JSON_VALUE')
+                    func.append(sql % "JSON_VALUE")
             rhs = rhs % tuple(func)
-        elif connection.vendor == 'sqlite':
+        elif connection.vendor == "sqlite":
             func = []
             for value in rhs_params:
                 if value in connection.ops.jsonfield_datatype_values:
-                    func.append('%s')
+                    func.append("%s")
                 else:
                     func.append("JSON_EXTRACT(%s, '$')")
             rhs = rhs % tuple(func)
@@ -442,24 +464,28 @@ class KeyTransformExact(JSONExact):
 
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection):
         rhs, rhs_params = super().process_rhs(compiler, connection)
-        if rhs_params == ['null']:
+        if rhs_params == ["null"]:
             # Field has key and it's NULL.
             has_key_expr = HasKey(self.lhs.lhs, self.lhs.key_name)
             has_key_sql, has_key_params = has_key_expr.as_oracle(compiler, connection)
-            is_null_expr = self.lhs.get_lookup('isnull')(self.lhs, True)
+            is_null_expr = self.lhs.get_lookup("isnull")(self.lhs, True)
             is_null_sql, is_null_params = is_null_expr.as_sql(compiler, connection)
             return (
-                '%s AND %s' % (has_key_sql, is_null_sql),
+                "%s AND %s" % (has_key_sql, is_null_sql),
                 tuple(has_key_params) + tuple(is_null_params),
             )
         return super().as_sql(compiler, connection)
 
 
-class KeyTransformIExact(CaseInsensitiveMixin, KeyTransformTextLookupMixin, lookups.IExact):
+class KeyTransformIExact(
+    CaseInsensitiveMixin, KeyTransformTextLookupMixin, lookups.IExact
+):
     pass
 
 
-class KeyTransformIContains(CaseInsensitiveMixin, KeyTransformTextLookupMixin, lookups.IContains):
+class KeyTransformIContains(
+    CaseInsensitiveMixin, KeyTransformTextLookupMixin, lookups.IContains
+):
     pass
 
 
@@ -467,7 +493,9 @@ class KeyTransformStartsWith(KeyTransformTextLookupMixin, lookups.StartsWith):
     pass
 
 
-class KeyTransformIStartsWith(CaseInsensitiveMixin, KeyTransformTextLookupMixin, lookups.IStartsWith):
+class KeyTransformIStartsWith(
+    CaseInsensitiveMixin, KeyTransformTextLookupMixin, lookups.IStartsWith
+):
     pass
 
 
@@ -475,7 +503,9 @@ class KeyTransformEndsWith(KeyTransformTextLookupMixin, lookups.EndsWith):
     pass
 
 
-class KeyTransformIEndsWith(CaseInsensitiveMixin, KeyTransformTextLookupMixin, lookups.IEndsWith):
+class KeyTransformIEndsWith(
+    CaseInsensitiveMixin, KeyTransformTextLookupMixin, lookups.IEndsWith
+):
     pass
 
 
@@ -483,7 +513,9 @@ class KeyTransformRegex(KeyTransformTextLookupMixin, lookups.Regex):
     pass
 
 
-class KeyTransformIRegex(CaseInsensitiveMixin, KeyTransformTextLookupMixin, lookups.IRegex):
+class KeyTransformIRegex(
+    CaseInsensitiveMixin, KeyTransformTextLookupMixin, lookups.IRegex
+):
     pass
 
 
@@ -530,7 +562,6 @@ KeyTransform.register_lookup(KeyTransformGte)
 
 
 class KeyTransformFactory:
-
     def __init__(self, key_name):
         self.key_name = key_name
 
diff --git a/django/db/models/fields/mixins.py b/django/db/models/fields/mixins.py
index 3afa8d9304..e7f282210e 100644
--- a/django/db/models/fields/mixins.py
+++ b/django/db/models/fields/mixins.py
@@ -29,22 +29,25 @@ class FieldCacheMixin:
 
 
 class CheckFieldDefaultMixin:
-    _default_hint = ('<valid default>', '<invalid default>')
+    _default_hint = ("<valid default>", "<invalid default>")
 
     def _check_default(self):
-        if self.has_default() and self.default is not None and not callable(self.default):
+        if (
+            self.has_default()
+            and self.default is not None
+            and not callable(self.default)
+        ):
             return [
                 checks.Warning(
                     "%s default should be a callable instead of an instance "
-                    "so that it's not shared between all field instances." % (
-                        self.__class__.__name__,
-                    ),
+                    "so that it's not shared between all field instances."
+                    % (self.__class__.__name__,),
                     hint=(
-                        'Use a callable instead, e.g., use `%s` instead of '
-                        '`%s`.' % self._default_hint
+                        "Use a callable instead, e.g., use `%s` instead of "
+                        "`%s`." % self._default_hint
                     ),
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E010',
+                    id="fields.E010",
                 )
             ]
         else:
diff --git a/django/db/models/fields/proxy.py b/django/db/models/fields/proxy.py
index 0ecf04a333..ac02e47a25 100644
--- a/django/db/models/fields/proxy.py
+++ b/django/db/models/fields/proxy.py
@@ -13,6 +13,6 @@ class OrderWrt(fields.IntegerField):
     """
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        kwargs['name'] = '_order'
-        kwargs['editable'] = False
+        kwargs["name"] = "_order"
+        kwargs["editable"] = False
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
diff --git a/django/db/models/fields/related.py b/django/db/models/fields/related.py
index 11407ac902..1cf447c6d4 100644
--- a/django/db/models/fields/related.py
+++ b/django/db/models/fields/related.py
@@ -19,19 +19,25 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 from . import Field
 from .mixins import FieldCacheMixin
 from .related_descriptors import (
-    ForeignKeyDeferredAttribute, ForwardManyToOneDescriptor,
-    ForwardOneToOneDescriptor, ManyToManyDescriptor,
-    ReverseManyToOneDescriptor, ReverseOneToOneDescriptor,
+    ForeignKeyDeferredAttribute,
+    ForwardManyToOneDescriptor,
+    ForwardOneToOneDescriptor,
+    ManyToManyDescriptor,
+    ReverseManyToOneDescriptor,
+    ReverseOneToOneDescriptor,
 )
 from .related_lookups import (
-    RelatedExact, RelatedGreaterThan, RelatedGreaterThanOrEqual, RelatedIn,
-    RelatedIsNull, RelatedLessThan, RelatedLessThanOrEqual,
-)
-from .reverse_related import (
-    ForeignObjectRel, ManyToManyRel, ManyToOneRel, OneToOneRel,
+    RelatedExact,
+    RelatedGreaterThan,
+    RelatedGreaterThanOrEqual,
+    RelatedIn,
+    RelatedIsNull,
+    RelatedLessThan,
+    RelatedLessThanOrEqual,
 )
+from .reverse_related import ForeignObjectRel, ManyToManyRel, ManyToOneRel, OneToOneRel
 
-RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT = 'self'
+RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT = "self"
 
 
 def resolve_relation(scope_model, relation):
@@ -119,19 +125,25 @@ class RelatedField(FieldCacheMixin, Field):
 
     def _check_related_name_is_valid(self):
         import keyword
+
         related_name = self.remote_field.related_name
         if related_name is None:
             return []
-        is_valid_id = not keyword.iskeyword(related_name) and related_name.isidentifier()
-        if not (is_valid_id or related_name.endswith('+')):
+        is_valid_id = (
+            not keyword.iskeyword(related_name) and related_name.isidentifier()
+        )
+        if not (is_valid_id or related_name.endswith("+")):
             return [
                 checks.Error(
-                    "The name '%s' is invalid related_name for field %s.%s" %
-                    (self.remote_field.related_name, self.model._meta.object_name,
-                     self.name),
+                    "The name '%s' is invalid related_name for field %s.%s"
+                    % (
+                        self.remote_field.related_name,
+                        self.model._meta.object_name,
+                        self.name,
+                    ),
                     hint="Related name must be a valid Python identifier or end with a '+'",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E306',
+                    id="fields.E306",
                 )
             ]
         return []
@@ -141,15 +153,17 @@ class RelatedField(FieldCacheMixin, Field):
             return []
         rel_query_name = self.related_query_name()
         errors = []
-        if rel_query_name.endswith('_'):
+        if rel_query_name.endswith("_"):
             errors.append(
                 checks.Error(
                     "Reverse query name '%s' must not end with an underscore."
                     % rel_query_name,
-                    hint=("Add or change a related_name or related_query_name "
-                          "argument for this field."),
+                    hint=(
+                        "Add or change a related_name or related_query_name "
+                        "argument for this field."
+                    ),
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E308',
+                    id="fields.E308",
                 )
             )
         if LOOKUP_SEP in rel_query_name:
@@ -157,10 +171,12 @@ class RelatedField(FieldCacheMixin, Field):
                 checks.Error(
                     "Reverse query name '%s' must not contain '%s'."
                     % (rel_query_name, LOOKUP_SEP),
-                    hint=("Add or change a related_name or related_query_name "
-                          "argument for this field."),
+                    hint=(
+                        "Add or change a related_name or related_query_name "
+                        "argument for this field."
+                    ),
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E309',
+                    id="fields.E309",
                 )
             )
         return errors
@@ -168,29 +184,38 @@ class RelatedField(FieldCacheMixin, Field):
     def _check_relation_model_exists(self):
         rel_is_missing = self.remote_field.model not in self.opts.apps.get_models()
         rel_is_string = isinstance(self.remote_field.model, str)
-        model_name = self.remote_field.model if rel_is_string else self.remote_field.model._meta.object_name
-        if rel_is_missing and (rel_is_string or not self.remote_field.model._meta.swapped):
+        model_name = (
+            self.remote_field.model
+            if rel_is_string
+            else self.remote_field.model._meta.object_name
+        )
+        if rel_is_missing and (
+            rel_is_string or not self.remote_field.model._meta.swapped
+        ):
             return [
                 checks.Error(
                     "Field defines a relation with model '%s', which is either "
                     "not installed, or is abstract." % model_name,
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E300',
+                    id="fields.E300",
                 )
             ]
         return []
 
     def _check_referencing_to_swapped_model(self):
-        if (self.remote_field.model not in self.opts.apps.get_models() and
-                not isinstance(self.remote_field.model, str) and
-                self.remote_field.model._meta.swapped):
+        if (
+            self.remote_field.model not in self.opts.apps.get_models()
+            and not isinstance(self.remote_field.model, str)
+            and self.remote_field.model._meta.swapped
+        ):
             return [
                 checks.Error(
                     "Field defines a relation with the model '%s', which has "
                     "been swapped out." % self.remote_field.model._meta.label,
-                    hint="Update the relation to point at 'settings.%s'." % self.remote_field.model._meta.swappable,
+                    hint="Update the relation to point at 'settings.%s'."
+                    % self.remote_field.model._meta.swappable,
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E301',
+                    id="fields.E301",
                 )
             ]
         return []
@@ -227,7 +252,7 @@ class RelatedField(FieldCacheMixin, Field):
         rel_name = self.remote_field.get_accessor_name()  # i. e. "model_set"
         rel_query_name = self.related_query_name()  # i. e. "model"
         # i.e. "app_label.Model.field".
-        field_name = '%s.%s' % (opts.label, self.name)
+        field_name = "%s.%s" % (opts.label, self.name)
 
         # Check clashes between accessor or reverse query name of `field`
         # and any other field name -- i.e. accessor for Model.foreign is
@@ -235,28 +260,35 @@ class RelatedField(FieldCacheMixin, Field):
         potential_clashes = rel_opts.fields + rel_opts.many_to_many
         for clash_field in potential_clashes:
             # i.e. "app_label.Target.model_set".
-            clash_name = '%s.%s' % (rel_opts.label, clash_field.name)
+            clash_name = "%s.%s" % (rel_opts.label, clash_field.name)
             if not rel_is_hidden and clash_field.name == rel_name:
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Error(
                         f"Reverse accessor '{rel_opts.object_name}.{rel_name}' "
                         f"for '{field_name}' clashes with field name "
                         f"'{clash_name}'.",
-                        hint=("Rename field '%s', or add/change a related_name "
-                              "argument to the definition for field '%s'.") % (clash_name, field_name),
+                        hint=(
+                            "Rename field '%s', or add/change a related_name "
+                            "argument to the definition for field '%s'."
+                        )
+                        % (clash_name, field_name),
                         obj=self,
-                        id='fields.E302',
+                        id="fields.E302",
                     )
                 )
 
             if clash_field.name == rel_query_name:
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Error(
-                        "Reverse query name for '%s' clashes with field name '%s'." % (field_name, clash_name),
-                        hint=("Rename field '%s', or add/change a related_name "
-                              "argument to the definition for field '%s'.") % (clash_name, field_name),
+                        "Reverse query name for '%s' clashes with field name '%s'."
+                        % (field_name, clash_name),
+                        hint=(
+                            "Rename field '%s', or add/change a related_name "
+                            "argument to the definition for field '%s'."
+                        )
+                        % (clash_name, field_name),
                         obj=self,
-                        id='fields.E303',
+                        id="fields.E303",
                     )
                 )
 
@@ -266,7 +298,7 @@ class RelatedField(FieldCacheMixin, Field):
         potential_clashes = (r for r in rel_opts.related_objects if r.field is not self)
         for clash_field in potential_clashes:
             # i.e. "app_label.Model.m2m".
-            clash_name = '%s.%s' % (
+            clash_name = "%s.%s" % (
                 clash_field.related_model._meta.label,
                 clash_field.field.name,
             )
@@ -276,10 +308,13 @@ class RelatedField(FieldCacheMixin, Field):
                         f"Reverse accessor '{rel_opts.object_name}.{rel_name}' "
                         f"for '{field_name}' clashes with reverse accessor for "
                         f"'{clash_name}'.",
-                        hint=("Add or change a related_name argument "
-                              "to the definition for '%s' or '%s'.") % (field_name, clash_name),
+                        hint=(
+                            "Add or change a related_name argument "
+                            "to the definition for '%s' or '%s'."
+                        )
+                        % (field_name, clash_name),
                         obj=self,
-                        id='fields.E304',
+                        id="fields.E304",
                     )
                 )
 
@@ -288,10 +323,13 @@ class RelatedField(FieldCacheMixin, Field):
                     checks.Error(
                         "Reverse query name for '%s' clashes with reverse query name for '%s'."
                         % (field_name, clash_name),
-                        hint=("Add or change a related_name argument "
-                              "to the definition for '%s' or '%s'.") % (field_name, clash_name),
+                        hint=(
+                            "Add or change a related_name argument "
+                            "to the definition for '%s' or '%s'."
+                        )
+                        % (field_name, clash_name),
                         obj=self,
-                        id='fields.E305',
+                        id="fields.E305",
                     )
                 )
 
@@ -315,32 +353,35 @@ class RelatedField(FieldCacheMixin, Field):
                 related_name = self.opts.default_related_name
             if related_name:
                 related_name = related_name % {
-                    'class': cls.__name__.lower(),
-                    'model_name': cls._meta.model_name.lower(),
-                    'app_label': cls._meta.app_label.lower()
+                    "class": cls.__name__.lower(),
+                    "model_name": cls._meta.model_name.lower(),
+                    "app_label": cls._meta.app_label.lower(),
                 }
                 self.remote_field.related_name = related_name
 
             if self.remote_field.related_query_name:
                 related_query_name = self.remote_field.related_query_name % {
-                    'class': cls.__name__.lower(),
-                    'app_label': cls._meta.app_label.lower(),
+                    "class": cls.__name__.lower(),
+                    "app_label": cls._meta.app_label.lower(),
                 }
                 self.remote_field.related_query_name = related_query_name
 
             def resolve_related_class(model, related, field):
                 field.remote_field.model = related
                 field.do_related_class(related, model)
-            lazy_related_operation(resolve_related_class, cls, self.remote_field.model, field=self)
+
+            lazy_related_operation(
+                resolve_related_class, cls, self.remote_field.model, field=self
+            )
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
         if self._limit_choices_to:
-            kwargs['limit_choices_to'] = self._limit_choices_to
+            kwargs["limit_choices_to"] = self._limit_choices_to
         if self._related_name is not None:
-            kwargs['related_name'] = self._related_name
+            kwargs["related_name"] = self._related_name
         if self._related_query_name is not None:
-            kwargs['related_query_name'] = self._related_query_name
+            kwargs["related_query_name"] = self._related_query_name
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
     def get_forward_related_filter(self, obj):
@@ -352,7 +393,7 @@ class RelatedField(FieldCacheMixin, Field):
         self.related_field.model.
         """
         return {
-            '%s__%s' % (self.name, rh_field.name): getattr(obj, rh_field.attname)
+            "%s__%s" % (self.name, rh_field.name): getattr(obj, rh_field.attname)
             for _, rh_field in self.related_fields
         }
 
@@ -391,9 +432,10 @@ class RelatedField(FieldCacheMixin, Field):
         return None
 
     def set_attributes_from_rel(self):
-        self.name = (
-            self.name or
-            (self.remote_field.model._meta.model_name + '_' + self.remote_field.model._meta.pk.name)
+        self.name = self.name or (
+            self.remote_field.model._meta.model_name
+            + "_"
+            + self.remote_field.model._meta.pk.name
         )
         if self.verbose_name is None:
             self.verbose_name = self.remote_field.model._meta.verbose_name
@@ -423,14 +465,16 @@ class RelatedField(FieldCacheMixin, Field):
         being constructed.
         """
         defaults = {}
-        if hasattr(self.remote_field, 'get_related_field'):
+        if hasattr(self.remote_field, "get_related_field"):
             # If this is a callable, do not invoke it here. Just pass
             # it in the defaults for when the form class will later be
             # instantiated.
             limit_choices_to = self.remote_field.limit_choices_to
-            defaults.update({
-                'limit_choices_to': limit_choices_to,
-            })
+            defaults.update(
+                {
+                    "limit_choices_to": limit_choices_to,
+                }
+            )
         defaults.update(kwargs)
         return super().formfield(**defaults)
 
@@ -439,7 +483,11 @@ class RelatedField(FieldCacheMixin, Field):
         Define the name that can be used to identify this related object in a
         table-spanning query.
         """
-        return self.remote_field.related_query_name or self.remote_field.related_name or self.opts.model_name
+        return (
+            self.remote_field.related_query_name
+            or self.remote_field.related_name
+            or self.opts.model_name
+        )
 
     @property
     def target_field(self):
@@ -450,7 +498,8 @@ class RelatedField(FieldCacheMixin, Field):
         target_fields = self.path_infos[-1].target_fields
         if len(target_fields) > 1:
             raise exceptions.FieldError(
-                "The relation has multiple target fields, but only single target field was asked for")
+                "The relation has multiple target fields, but only single target field was asked for"
+            )
         return target_fields[0]
 
     def get_cache_name(self):
@@ -473,13 +522,25 @@ class ForeignObject(RelatedField):
     forward_related_accessor_class = ForwardManyToOneDescriptor
     rel_class = ForeignObjectRel
 
-    def __init__(self, to, on_delete, from_fields, to_fields, rel=None, related_name=None,
-                 related_query_name=None, limit_choices_to=None, parent_link=False,
-                 swappable=True, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        to,
+        on_delete,
+        from_fields,
+        to_fields,
+        rel=None,
+        related_name=None,
+        related_query_name=None,
+        limit_choices_to=None,
+        parent_link=False,
+        swappable=True,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
 
         if rel is None:
             rel = self.rel_class(
-                self, to,
+                self,
+                to,
                 related_name=related_name,
                 related_query_name=related_query_name,
                 limit_choices_to=limit_choices_to,
@@ -502,8 +563,8 @@ class ForeignObject(RelatedField):
     def __copy__(self):
         obj = super().__copy__()
         # Remove any cached PathInfo values.
-        obj.__dict__.pop('path_infos', None)
-        obj.__dict__.pop('reverse_path_infos', None)
+        obj.__dict__.pop("path_infos", None)
+        obj.__dict__.pop("reverse_path_infos", None)
         return obj
 
     def check(self, **kwargs):
@@ -530,7 +591,7 @@ class ForeignObject(RelatedField):
                             "model '%s'."
                             % (to_field, self.remote_field.model._meta.label),
                             obj=self,
-                            id='fields.E312',
+                            id="fields.E312",
                         )
                     )
         return errors
@@ -551,21 +612,22 @@ class ForeignObject(RelatedField):
         unique_foreign_fields = {
             frozenset([f.name])
             for f in self.remote_field.model._meta.get_fields()
-            if getattr(f, 'unique', False)
+            if getattr(f, "unique", False)
         }
-        unique_foreign_fields.update({
-            frozenset(ut)
-            for ut in self.remote_field.model._meta.unique_together
-        })
-        unique_foreign_fields.update({
-            frozenset(uc.fields)
-            for uc in self.remote_field.model._meta.total_unique_constraints
-        })
+        unique_foreign_fields.update(
+            {frozenset(ut) for ut in self.remote_field.model._meta.unique_together}
+        )
+        unique_foreign_fields.update(
+            {
+                frozenset(uc.fields)
+                for uc in self.remote_field.model._meta.total_unique_constraints
+            }
+        )
         foreign_fields = {f.name for f in self.foreign_related_fields}
         has_unique_constraint = any(u <= foreign_fields for u in unique_foreign_fields)
 
         if not has_unique_constraint and len(self.foreign_related_fields) > 1:
-            field_combination = ', '.join(
+            field_combination = ", ".join(
                 "'%s'" % rel_field.name for rel_field in self.foreign_related_fields
             )
             model_name = self.remote_field.model.__name__
@@ -574,13 +636,13 @@ class ForeignObject(RelatedField):
                     "No subset of the fields %s on model '%s' is unique."
                     % (field_combination, model_name),
                     hint=(
-                        'Mark a single field as unique=True or add a set of '
-                        'fields to a unique constraint (via unique_together '
-                        'or a UniqueConstraint (without condition) in the '
-                        'model Meta.constraints).'
+                        "Mark a single field as unique=True or add a set of "
+                        "fields to a unique constraint (via unique_together "
+                        "or a UniqueConstraint (without condition) in the "
+                        "model Meta.constraints)."
                     ),
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E310',
+                    id="fields.E310",
                 )
             ]
         elif not has_unique_constraint:
@@ -591,12 +653,12 @@ class ForeignObject(RelatedField):
                     "'%s.%s' must be unique because it is referenced by "
                     "a foreign key." % (model_name, field_name),
                     hint=(
-                        'Add unique=True to this field or add a '
-                        'UniqueConstraint (without condition) in the model '
-                        'Meta.constraints.'
+                        "Add unique=True to this field or add a "
+                        "UniqueConstraint (without condition) in the model "
+                        "Meta.constraints."
                     ),
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E311',
+                    id="fields.E311",
                 )
             ]
         else:
@@ -604,44 +666,48 @@ class ForeignObject(RelatedField):
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
-        kwargs['on_delete'] = self.remote_field.on_delete
-        kwargs['from_fields'] = self.from_fields
-        kwargs['to_fields'] = self.to_fields
+        kwargs["on_delete"] = self.remote_field.on_delete
+        kwargs["from_fields"] = self.from_fields
+        kwargs["to_fields"] = self.to_fields
 
         if self.remote_field.parent_link:
-            kwargs['parent_link'] = self.remote_field.parent_link
+            kwargs["parent_link"] = self.remote_field.parent_link
         if isinstance(self.remote_field.model, str):
-            if '.' in self.remote_field.model:
-                app_label, model_name = self.remote_field.model.split('.')
-                kwargs['to'] = '%s.%s' % (app_label, model_name.lower())
+            if "." in self.remote_field.model:
+                app_label, model_name = self.remote_field.model.split(".")
+                kwargs["to"] = "%s.%s" % (app_label, model_name.lower())
             else:
-                kwargs['to'] = self.remote_field.model.lower()
+                kwargs["to"] = self.remote_field.model.lower()
         else:
-            kwargs['to'] = self.remote_field.model._meta.label_lower
+            kwargs["to"] = self.remote_field.model._meta.label_lower
         # If swappable is True, then see if we're actually pointing to the target
         # of a swap.
         swappable_setting = self.swappable_setting
         if swappable_setting is not None:
             # If it's already a settings reference, error
-            if hasattr(kwargs['to'], "setting_name"):
-                if kwargs['to'].setting_name != swappable_setting:
+            if hasattr(kwargs["to"], "setting_name"):
+                if kwargs["to"].setting_name != swappable_setting:
                     raise ValueError(
                         "Cannot deconstruct a ForeignKey pointing to a model "
                         "that is swapped in place of more than one model (%s and %s)"
-                        % (kwargs['to'].setting_name, swappable_setting)
+                        % (kwargs["to"].setting_name, swappable_setting)
                     )
             # Set it
-            kwargs['to'] = SettingsReference(
-                kwargs['to'],
+            kwargs["to"] = SettingsReference(
+                kwargs["to"],
                 swappable_setting,
             )
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
     def resolve_related_fields(self):
         if not self.from_fields or len(self.from_fields) != len(self.to_fields):
-            raise ValueError('Foreign Object from and to fields must be the same non-zero length')
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Foreign Object from and to fields must be the same non-zero length"
+            )
         if isinstance(self.remote_field.model, str):
-            raise ValueError('Related model %r cannot be resolved' % self.remote_field.model)
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Related model %r cannot be resolved" % self.remote_field.model
+            )
         related_fields = []
         for index in range(len(self.from_fields)):
             from_field_name = self.from_fields[index]
@@ -651,8 +717,11 @@ class ForeignObject(RelatedField):
                 if from_field_name == RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT
                 else self.opts.get_field(from_field_name)
             )
-            to_field = (self.remote_field.model._meta.pk if to_field_name is None
-                        else self.remote_field.model._meta.get_field(to_field_name))
+            to_field = (
+                self.remote_field.model._meta.pk
+                if to_field_name is None
+                else self.remote_field.model._meta.get_field(to_field_name)
+            )
             related_fields.append((from_field, to_field))
         return related_fields
 
@@ -670,7 +739,9 @@ class ForeignObject(RelatedField):
 
     @cached_property
     def foreign_related_fields(self):
-        return tuple(rhs_field for lhs_field, rhs_field in self.related_fields if rhs_field)
+        return tuple(
+            rhs_field for lhs_field, rhs_field in self.related_fields if rhs_field
+        )
 
     def get_local_related_value(self, instance):
         return self.get_instance_value_for_fields(instance, self.local_related_fields)
@@ -688,9 +759,11 @@ class ForeignObject(RelatedField):
             # instance.pk (that is, parent_ptr_id) when asked for instance.id.
             if field.primary_key:
                 possible_parent_link = opts.get_ancestor_link(field.model)
-                if (not possible_parent_link or
-                        possible_parent_link.primary_key or
-                        possible_parent_link.model._meta.abstract):
+                if (
+                    not possible_parent_link
+                    or possible_parent_link.primary_key
+                    or possible_parent_link.model._meta.abstract
+                ):
                     ret.append(instance.pk)
                     continue
             ret.append(getattr(instance, field.attname))
@@ -702,7 +775,9 @@ class ForeignObject(RelatedField):
 
     def get_joining_columns(self, reverse_join=False):
         source = self.reverse_related_fields if reverse_join else self.related_fields
-        return tuple((lhs_field.column, rhs_field.column) for lhs_field, rhs_field in source)
+        return tuple(
+            (lhs_field.column, rhs_field.column) for lhs_field, rhs_field in source
+        )
 
     def get_reverse_joining_columns(self):
         return self.get_joining_columns(reverse_join=True)
@@ -740,15 +815,17 @@ class ForeignObject(RelatedField):
         """Get path from this field to the related model."""
         opts = self.remote_field.model._meta
         from_opts = self.model._meta
-        return [PathInfo(
-            from_opts=from_opts,
-            to_opts=opts,
-            target_fields=self.foreign_related_fields,
-            join_field=self,
-            m2m=False,
-            direct=True,
-            filtered_relation=filtered_relation,
-        )]
+        return [
+            PathInfo(
+                from_opts=from_opts,
+                to_opts=opts,
+                target_fields=self.foreign_related_fields,
+                join_field=self,
+                m2m=False,
+                direct=True,
+                filtered_relation=filtered_relation,
+            )
+        ]
 
     @cached_property
     def path_infos(self):
@@ -758,15 +835,17 @@ class ForeignObject(RelatedField):
         """Get path from the related model to this field's model."""
         opts = self.model._meta
         from_opts = self.remote_field.model._meta
-        return [PathInfo(
-            from_opts=from_opts,
-            to_opts=opts,
-            target_fields=(opts.pk,),
-            join_field=self.remote_field,
-            m2m=not self.unique,
-            direct=False,
-            filtered_relation=filtered_relation,
-        )]
+        return [
+            PathInfo(
+                from_opts=from_opts,
+                to_opts=opts,
+                target_fields=(opts.pk,),
+                join_field=self.remote_field,
+                m2m=not self.unique,
+                direct=False,
+                filtered_relation=filtered_relation,
+            )
+        ]
 
     @cached_property
     def reverse_path_infos(self):
@@ -776,8 +855,8 @@ class ForeignObject(RelatedField):
     @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
     def get_lookups(cls):
         bases = inspect.getmro(cls)
-        bases = bases[:bases.index(ForeignObject) + 1]
-        class_lookups = [parent.__dict__.get('class_lookups', {}) for parent in bases]
+        bases = bases[: bases.index(ForeignObject) + 1]
+        class_lookups = [parent.__dict__.get("class_lookups", {}) for parent in bases]
         return cls.merge_dicts(class_lookups)
 
     def contribute_to_class(self, cls, name, private_only=False, **kwargs):
@@ -787,13 +866,22 @@ class ForeignObject(RelatedField):
     def contribute_to_related_class(self, cls, related):
         # Internal FK's - i.e., those with a related name ending with '+' -
         # and swapped models don't get a related descriptor.
-        if not self.remote_field.is_hidden() and not related.related_model._meta.swapped:
-            setattr(cls._meta.concrete_model, related.get_accessor_name(), self.related_accessor_class(related))
+        if (
+            not self.remote_field.is_hidden()
+            and not related.related_model._meta.swapped
+        ):
+            setattr(
+                cls._meta.concrete_model,
+                related.get_accessor_name(),
+                self.related_accessor_class(related),
+            )
             # While 'limit_choices_to' might be a callable, simply pass
             # it along for later - this is too early because it's still
             # model load time.
             if self.remote_field.limit_choices_to:
-                cls._meta.related_fkey_lookups.append(self.remote_field.limit_choices_to)
+                cls._meta.related_fkey_lookups.append(
+                    self.remote_field.limit_choices_to
+                )
 
 
 ForeignObject.register_lookup(RelatedIn)
@@ -813,6 +901,7 @@ class ForeignKey(ForeignObject):
     By default ForeignKey will target the pk of the remote model but this
     behavior can be changed by using the ``to_field`` argument.
     """
+
     descriptor_class = ForeignKeyDeferredAttribute
     # Field flags
     many_to_many = False
@@ -824,21 +913,33 @@ class ForeignKey(ForeignObject):
 
     empty_strings_allowed = False
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _('%(model)s instance with %(field)s %(value)r does not exist.')
+        "invalid": _("%(model)s instance with %(field)s %(value)r does not exist.")
     }
     description = _("Foreign Key (type determined by related field)")
 
-    def __init__(self, to, on_delete, related_name=None, related_query_name=None,
-                 limit_choices_to=None, parent_link=False, to_field=None,
-                 db_constraint=True, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        to,
+        on_delete,
+        related_name=None,
+        related_query_name=None,
+        limit_choices_to=None,
+        parent_link=False,
+        to_field=None,
+        db_constraint=True,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
         try:
             to._meta.model_name
         except AttributeError:
             if not isinstance(to, str):
                 raise TypeError(
-                    '%s(%r) is invalid. First parameter to ForeignKey must be '
-                    'either a model, a model name, or the string %r' % (
-                        self.__class__.__name__, to, RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT,
+                    "%s(%r) is invalid. First parameter to ForeignKey must be "
+                    "either a model, a model name, or the string %r"
+                    % (
+                        self.__class__.__name__,
+                        to,
+                        RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT,
                     )
                 )
         else:
@@ -847,17 +948,19 @@ class ForeignKey(ForeignObject):
             # be correct until contribute_to_class is called. Refs #12190.
             to_field = to_field or (to._meta.pk and to._meta.pk.name)
         if not callable(on_delete):
-            raise TypeError('on_delete must be callable.')
+            raise TypeError("on_delete must be callable.")
 
-        kwargs['rel'] = self.rel_class(
-            self, to, to_field,
+        kwargs["rel"] = self.rel_class(
+            self,
+            to,
+            to_field,
             related_name=related_name,
             related_query_name=related_query_name,
             limit_choices_to=limit_choices_to,
             parent_link=parent_link,
             on_delete=on_delete,
         )
-        kwargs.setdefault('db_index', True)
+        kwargs.setdefault("db_index", True)
 
         super().__init__(
             to,
@@ -879,54 +982,60 @@ class ForeignKey(ForeignObject):
         ]
 
     def _check_on_delete(self):
-        on_delete = getattr(self.remote_field, 'on_delete', None)
+        on_delete = getattr(self.remote_field, "on_delete", None)
         if on_delete == SET_NULL and not self.null:
             return [
                 checks.Error(
-                    'Field specifies on_delete=SET_NULL, but cannot be null.',
-                    hint='Set null=True argument on the field, or change the on_delete rule.',
+                    "Field specifies on_delete=SET_NULL, but cannot be null.",
+                    hint="Set null=True argument on the field, or change the on_delete rule.",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E320',
+                    id="fields.E320",
                 )
             ]
         elif on_delete == SET_DEFAULT and not self.has_default():
             return [
                 checks.Error(
-                    'Field specifies on_delete=SET_DEFAULT, but has no default value.',
-                    hint='Set a default value, or change the on_delete rule.',
+                    "Field specifies on_delete=SET_DEFAULT, but has no default value.",
+                    hint="Set a default value, or change the on_delete rule.",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E321',
+                    id="fields.E321",
                 )
             ]
         else:
             return []
 
     def _check_unique(self, **kwargs):
-        return [
-            checks.Warning(
-                'Setting unique=True on a ForeignKey has the same effect as using a OneToOneField.',
-                hint='ForeignKey(unique=True) is usually better served by a OneToOneField.',
-                obj=self,
-                id='fields.W342',
-            )
-        ] if self.unique else []
+        return (
+            [
+                checks.Warning(
+                    "Setting unique=True on a ForeignKey has the same effect as using a OneToOneField.",
+                    hint="ForeignKey(unique=True) is usually better served by a OneToOneField.",
+                    obj=self,
+                    id="fields.W342",
+                )
+            ]
+            if self.unique
+            else []
+        )
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
-        del kwargs['to_fields']
-        del kwargs['from_fields']
+        del kwargs["to_fields"]
+        del kwargs["from_fields"]
         # Handle the simpler arguments
         if self.db_index:
-            del kwargs['db_index']
+            del kwargs["db_index"]
         else:
-            kwargs['db_index'] = False
+            kwargs["db_index"] = False
         if self.db_constraint is not True:
-            kwargs['db_constraint'] = self.db_constraint
+            kwargs["db_constraint"] = self.db_constraint
         # Rel needs more work.
         to_meta = getattr(self.remote_field.model, "_meta", None)
         if self.remote_field.field_name and (
-                not to_meta or (to_meta.pk and self.remote_field.field_name != to_meta.pk.name)):
-            kwargs['to_field'] = self.remote_field.field_name
+            not to_meta
+            or (to_meta.pk and self.remote_field.field_name != to_meta.pk.name)
+        ):
+            kwargs["to_field"] = self.remote_field.field_name
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
     def to_python(self, value):
@@ -940,15 +1049,17 @@ class ForeignKey(ForeignObject):
         """Get path from the related model to this field's model."""
         opts = self.model._meta
         from_opts = self.remote_field.model._meta
-        return [PathInfo(
-            from_opts=from_opts,
-            to_opts=opts,
-            target_fields=(opts.pk,),
-            join_field=self.remote_field,
-            m2m=not self.unique,
-            direct=False,
-            filtered_relation=filtered_relation,
-        )]
+        return [
+            PathInfo(
+                from_opts=from_opts,
+                to_opts=opts,
+                target_fields=(opts.pk,),
+                join_field=self.remote_field,
+                m2m=not self.unique,
+                direct=False,
+                filtered_relation=filtered_relation,
+            )
+        ]
 
     def validate(self, value, model_instance):
         if self.remote_field.parent_link:
@@ -964,21 +1075,27 @@ class ForeignKey(ForeignObject):
         qs = qs.complex_filter(self.get_limit_choices_to())
         if not qs.exists():
             raise exceptions.ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['invalid'],
-                code='invalid',
+                self.error_messages["invalid"],
+                code="invalid",
                 params={
-                    'model': self.remote_field.model._meta.verbose_name, 'pk': value,
-                    'field': self.remote_field.field_name, 'value': value,
+                    "model": self.remote_field.model._meta.verbose_name,
+                    "pk": value,
+                    "field": self.remote_field.field_name,
+                    "value": value,
                 },  # 'pk' is included for backwards compatibility
             )
 
     def resolve_related_fields(self):
         related_fields = super().resolve_related_fields()
         for from_field, to_field in related_fields:
-            if to_field and to_field.model != self.remote_field.model._meta.concrete_model:
+            if (
+                to_field
+                and to_field.model != self.remote_field.model._meta.concrete_model
+            ):
                 raise exceptions.FieldError(
                     "'%s.%s' refers to field '%s' which is not local to model "
-                    "'%s'." % (
+                    "'%s'."
+                    % (
                         self.model._meta.label,
                         self.name,
                         to_field.name,
@@ -988,7 +1105,7 @@ class ForeignKey(ForeignObject):
         return related_fields
 
     def get_attname(self):
-        return '%s_id' % self.name
+        return "%s_id" % self.name
 
     def get_attname_column(self):
         attname = self.get_attname()
@@ -1003,9 +1120,13 @@ class ForeignKey(ForeignObject):
         return field_default
 
     def get_db_prep_save(self, value, connection):
-        if value is None or (value == '' and
-                             (not self.target_field.empty_strings_allowed or
-                              connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls)):
+        if value is None or (
+            value == ""
+            and (
+                not self.target_field.empty_strings_allowed
+                or connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls
+            )
+        ):
             return None
         else:
             return self.target_field.get_db_prep_save(value, connection=connection)
@@ -1023,16 +1144,20 @@ class ForeignKey(ForeignObject):
 
     def formfield(self, *, using=None, **kwargs):
         if isinstance(self.remote_field.model, str):
-            raise ValueError("Cannot create form field for %r yet, because "
-                             "its related model %r has not been loaded yet" %
-                             (self.name, self.remote_field.model))
-        return super().formfield(**{
-            'form_class': forms.ModelChoiceField,
-            'queryset': self.remote_field.model._default_manager.using(using),
-            'to_field_name': self.remote_field.field_name,
-            **kwargs,
-            'blank': self.blank,
-        })
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Cannot create form field for %r yet, because "
+                "its related model %r has not been loaded yet"
+                % (self.name, self.remote_field.model)
+            )
+        return super().formfield(
+            **{
+                "form_class": forms.ModelChoiceField,
+                "queryset": self.remote_field.model._default_manager.using(using),
+                "to_field_name": self.remote_field.field_name,
+                **kwargs,
+                "blank": self.blank,
+            }
+        )
 
     def db_check(self, connection):
         return None
@@ -1060,7 +1185,7 @@ class ForeignKey(ForeignObject):
             while isinstance(output_field, ForeignKey):
                 output_field = output_field.target_field
                 if output_field is self:
-                    raise ValueError('Cannot resolve output_field.')
+                    raise ValueError("Cannot resolve output_field.")
         return super().get_col(alias, output_field)
 
 
@@ -1085,13 +1210,13 @@ class OneToOneField(ForeignKey):
     description = _("One-to-one relationship")
 
     def __init__(self, to, on_delete, to_field=None, **kwargs):
-        kwargs['unique'] = True
+        kwargs["unique"] = True
         super().__init__(to, on_delete, to_field=to_field, **kwargs)
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
         if "unique" in kwargs:
-            del kwargs['unique']
+            del kwargs["unique"]
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
     def formfield(self, **kwargs):
@@ -1121,44 +1246,54 @@ def create_many_to_many_intermediary_model(field, klass):
         through._meta.managed = model._meta.managed or related._meta.managed
 
     to_model = resolve_relation(klass, field.remote_field.model)
-    name = '%s_%s' % (klass._meta.object_name, field.name)
+    name = "%s_%s" % (klass._meta.object_name, field.name)
     lazy_related_operation(set_managed, klass, to_model, name)
 
     to = make_model_tuple(to_model)[1]
     from_ = klass._meta.model_name
     if to == from_:
-        to = 'to_%s' % to
-        from_ = 'from_%s' % from_
+        to = "to_%s" % to
+        from_ = "from_%s" % from_
 
-    meta = type('Meta', (), {
-        'db_table': field._get_m2m_db_table(klass._meta),
-        'auto_created': klass,
-        'app_label': klass._meta.app_label,
-        'db_tablespace': klass._meta.db_tablespace,
-        'unique_together': (from_, to),
-        'verbose_name': _('%(from)s-%(to)s relationship') % {'from': from_, 'to': to},
-        'verbose_name_plural': _('%(from)s-%(to)s relationships') % {'from': from_, 'to': to},
-        'apps': field.model._meta.apps,
-    })
+    meta = type(
+        "Meta",
+        (),
+        {
+            "db_table": field._get_m2m_db_table(klass._meta),
+            "auto_created": klass,
+            "app_label": klass._meta.app_label,
+            "db_tablespace": klass._meta.db_tablespace,
+            "unique_together": (from_, to),
+            "verbose_name": _("%(from)s-%(to)s relationship")
+            % {"from": from_, "to": to},
+            "verbose_name_plural": _("%(from)s-%(to)s relationships")
+            % {"from": from_, "to": to},
+            "apps": field.model._meta.apps,
+        },
+    )
     # Construct and return the new class.
-    return type(name, (models.Model,), {
-        'Meta': meta,
-        '__module__': klass.__module__,
-        from_: models.ForeignKey(
-            klass,
-            related_name='%s+' % name,
-            db_tablespace=field.db_tablespace,
-            db_constraint=field.remote_field.db_constraint,
-            on_delete=CASCADE,
-        ),
-        to: models.ForeignKey(
-            to_model,
-            related_name='%s+' % name,
-            db_tablespace=field.db_tablespace,
-            db_constraint=field.remote_field.db_constraint,
-            on_delete=CASCADE,
-        )
-    })
+    return type(
+        name,
+        (models.Model,),
+        {
+            "Meta": meta,
+            "__module__": klass.__module__,
+            from_: models.ForeignKey(
+                klass,
+                related_name="%s+" % name,
+                db_tablespace=field.db_tablespace,
+                db_constraint=field.remote_field.db_constraint,
+                on_delete=CASCADE,
+            ),
+            to: models.ForeignKey(
+                to_model,
+                related_name="%s+" % name,
+                db_tablespace=field.db_tablespace,
+                db_constraint=field.remote_field.db_constraint,
+                on_delete=CASCADE,
+            ),
+        },
+    )
 
 
 class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
@@ -1181,31 +1316,45 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
 
     description = _("Many-to-many relationship")
 
-    def __init__(self, to, related_name=None, related_query_name=None,
-                 limit_choices_to=None, symmetrical=None, through=None,
-                 through_fields=None, db_constraint=True, db_table=None,
-                 swappable=True, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        to,
+        related_name=None,
+        related_query_name=None,
+        limit_choices_to=None,
+        symmetrical=None,
+        through=None,
+        through_fields=None,
+        db_constraint=True,
+        db_table=None,
+        swappable=True,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
         try:
             to._meta
         except AttributeError:
             if not isinstance(to, str):
                 raise TypeError(
-                    '%s(%r) is invalid. First parameter to ManyToManyField '
-                    'must be either a model, a model name, or the string %r' % (
-                        self.__class__.__name__, to, RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT,
+                    "%s(%r) is invalid. First parameter to ManyToManyField "
+                    "must be either a model, a model name, or the string %r"
+                    % (
+                        self.__class__.__name__,
+                        to,
+                        RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT,
                     )
                 )
 
         if symmetrical is None:
-            symmetrical = (to == RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT)
+            symmetrical = to == RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT
 
         if through is not None and db_table is not None:
             raise ValueError(
-                'Cannot specify a db_table if an intermediary model is used.'
+                "Cannot specify a db_table if an intermediary model is used."
             )
 
-        kwargs['rel'] = self.rel_class(
-            self, to,
+        kwargs["rel"] = self.rel_class(
+            self,
+            to,
             related_name=related_name,
             related_query_name=related_query_name,
             limit_choices_to=limit_choices_to,
@@ -1214,7 +1363,7 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
             through_fields=through_fields,
             db_constraint=db_constraint,
         )
-        self.has_null_arg = 'null' in kwargs
+        self.has_null_arg = "null" in kwargs
 
         super().__init__(
             related_name=related_name,
@@ -1239,9 +1388,9 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
         if self.unique:
             return [
                 checks.Error(
-                    'ManyToManyFields cannot be unique.',
+                    "ManyToManyFields cannot be unique.",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E330',
+                    id="fields.E330",
                 )
             ]
         return []
@@ -1252,49 +1401,53 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
         if self.has_null_arg:
             warnings.append(
                 checks.Warning(
-                    'null has no effect on ManyToManyField.',
+                    "null has no effect on ManyToManyField.",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.W340',
+                    id="fields.W340",
                 )
             )
 
         if self._validators:
             warnings.append(
                 checks.Warning(
-                    'ManyToManyField does not support validators.',
+                    "ManyToManyField does not support validators.",
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.W341',
+                    id="fields.W341",
                 )
             )
         if self.remote_field.symmetrical and self._related_name:
             warnings.append(
                 checks.Warning(
-                    'related_name has no effect on ManyToManyField '
+                    "related_name has no effect on ManyToManyField "
                     'with a symmetrical relationship, e.g. to "self".',
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.W345',
+                    id="fields.W345",
                 )
             )
 
         return warnings
 
     def _check_relationship_model(self, from_model=None, **kwargs):
-        if hasattr(self.remote_field.through, '_meta'):
+        if hasattr(self.remote_field.through, "_meta"):
             qualified_model_name = "%s.%s" % (
-                self.remote_field.through._meta.app_label, self.remote_field.through.__name__)
+                self.remote_field.through._meta.app_label,
+                self.remote_field.through.__name__,
+            )
         else:
             qualified_model_name = self.remote_field.through
 
         errors = []
 
-        if self.remote_field.through not in self.opts.apps.get_models(include_auto_created=True):
+        if self.remote_field.through not in self.opts.apps.get_models(
+            include_auto_created=True
+        ):
             # The relationship model is not installed.
             errors.append(
                 checks.Error(
                     "Field specifies a many-to-many relation through model "
                     "'%s', which has not been installed." % qualified_model_name,
                     obj=self,
-                    id='fields.E331',
+                    id="fields.E331",
                 )
             )
 
@@ -1316,7 +1469,7 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
             # Count foreign keys in intermediate model
             if self_referential:
                 seen_self = sum(
-                    from_model == getattr(field.remote_field, 'model', None)
+                    from_model == getattr(field.remote_field, "model", None)
                     for field in self.remote_field.through._meta.fields
                 )
 
@@ -1327,41 +1480,46 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
                             "'%s', but it has more than two foreign keys "
                             "to '%s', which is ambiguous. You must specify "
                             "which two foreign keys Django should use via the "
-                            "through_fields keyword argument." % (self, from_model_name),
+                            "through_fields keyword argument."
+                            % (self, from_model_name),
                             hint="Use through_fields to specify which two foreign keys Django should use.",
                             obj=self.remote_field.through,
-                            id='fields.E333',
+                            id="fields.E333",
                         )
                     )
 
             else:
                 # Count foreign keys in relationship model
                 seen_from = sum(
-                    from_model == getattr(field.remote_field, 'model', None)
+                    from_model == getattr(field.remote_field, "model", None)
                     for field in self.remote_field.through._meta.fields
                 )
                 seen_to = sum(
-                    to_model == getattr(field.remote_field, 'model', None)
+                    to_model == getattr(field.remote_field, "model", None)
                     for field in self.remote_field.through._meta.fields
                 )
 
                 if seen_from > 1 and not self.remote_field.through_fields:
                     errors.append(
                         checks.Error(
-                            ("The model is used as an intermediate model by "
-                             "'%s', but it has more than one foreign key "
-                             "from '%s', which is ambiguous. You must specify "
-                             "which foreign key Django should use via the "
-                             "through_fields keyword argument.") % (self, from_model_name),
+                            (
+                                "The model is used as an intermediate model by "
+                                "'%s', but it has more than one foreign key "
+                                "from '%s', which is ambiguous. You must specify "
+                                "which foreign key Django should use via the "
+                                "through_fields keyword argument."
+                            )
+                            % (self, from_model_name),
                             hint=(
-                                'If you want to create a recursive relationship, '
+                                "If you want to create a recursive relationship, "
                                 'use ManyToManyField("%s", through="%s").'
-                            ) % (
+                            )
+                            % (
                                 RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT,
                                 relationship_model_name,
                             ),
                             obj=self,
-                            id='fields.E334',
+                            id="fields.E334",
                         )
                     )
 
@@ -1374,14 +1532,15 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
                             "which foreign key Django should use via the "
                             "through_fields keyword argument." % (self, to_model_name),
                             hint=(
-                                'If you want to create a recursive relationship, '
+                                "If you want to create a recursive relationship, "
                                 'use ManyToManyField("%s", through="%s").'
-                            ) % (
+                            )
+                            % (
                                 RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT,
                                 relationship_model_name,
                             ),
                             obj=self,
-                            id='fields.E335',
+                            id="fields.E335",
                         )
                     )
 
@@ -1389,11 +1548,10 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
                     errors.append(
                         checks.Error(
                             "The model is used as an intermediate model by "
-                            "'%s', but it does not have a foreign key to '%s' or '%s'." % (
-                                self, from_model_name, to_model_name
-                            ),
+                            "'%s', but it does not have a foreign key to '%s' or '%s'."
+                            % (self, from_model_name, to_model_name),
                             obj=self.remote_field.through,
-                            id='fields.E336',
+                            id="fields.E336",
                         )
                     )
 
@@ -1401,8 +1559,11 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
         if self.remote_field.through_fields is not None:
             # Validate that we're given an iterable of at least two items
             # and that none of them is "falsy".
-            if not (len(self.remote_field.through_fields) >= 2 and
-                    self.remote_field.through_fields[0] and self.remote_field.through_fields[1]):
+            if not (
+                len(self.remote_field.through_fields) >= 2
+                and self.remote_field.through_fields[0]
+                and self.remote_field.through_fields[1]
+            ):
                 errors.append(
                     checks.Error(
                         "Field specifies 'through_fields' but does not provide "
@@ -1410,7 +1571,7 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
                         "for the relation through model '%s'." % qualified_model_name,
                         hint="Make sure you specify 'through_fields' as through_fields=('field1', 'field2')",
                         obj=self,
-                        id='fields.E337',
+                        id="fields.E337",
                     )
                 )
 
@@ -1424,20 +1585,34 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
                     "where the field is attached to."
                 )
 
-                source, through, target = from_model, self.remote_field.through, self.remote_field.model
-                source_field_name, target_field_name = self.remote_field.through_fields[:2]
+                source, through, target = (
+                    from_model,
+                    self.remote_field.through,
+                    self.remote_field.model,
+                )
+                source_field_name, target_field_name = self.remote_field.through_fields[
+                    :2
+                ]
 
-                for field_name, related_model in ((source_field_name, source),
-                                                  (target_field_name, target)):
+                for field_name, related_model in (
+                    (source_field_name, source),
+                    (target_field_name, target),
+                ):
 
                     possible_field_names = []
                     for f in through._meta.fields:
-                        if hasattr(f, 'remote_field') and getattr(f.remote_field, 'model', None) == related_model:
+                        if (
+                            hasattr(f, "remote_field")
+                            and getattr(f.remote_field, "model", None) == related_model
+                        ):
                             possible_field_names.append(f.name)
                     if possible_field_names:
-                        hint = "Did you mean one of the following foreign keys to '%s': %s?" % (
-                            related_model._meta.object_name,
-                            ', '.join(possible_field_names),
+                        hint = (
+                            "Did you mean one of the following foreign keys to '%s': %s?"
+                            % (
+                                related_model._meta.object_name,
+                                ", ".join(possible_field_names),
+                            )
                         )
                     else:
                         hint = None
@@ -1451,28 +1626,36 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
                                 % (qualified_model_name, field_name),
                                 hint=hint,
                                 obj=self,
-                                id='fields.E338',
+                                id="fields.E338",
                             )
                         )
                     else:
-                        if not (hasattr(field, 'remote_field') and
-                                getattr(field.remote_field, 'model', None) == related_model):
+                        if not (
+                            hasattr(field, "remote_field")
+                            and getattr(field.remote_field, "model", None)
+                            == related_model
+                        ):
                             errors.append(
                                 checks.Error(
-                                    "'%s.%s' is not a foreign key to '%s'." % (
-                                        through._meta.object_name, field_name,
+                                    "'%s.%s' is not a foreign key to '%s'."
+                                    % (
+                                        through._meta.object_name,
+                                        field_name,
                                         related_model._meta.object_name,
                                     ),
                                     hint=hint,
                                     obj=self,
-                                    id='fields.E339',
+                                    id="fields.E339",
                                 )
                             )
 
         return errors
 
     def _check_table_uniqueness(self, **kwargs):
-        if isinstance(self.remote_field.through, str) or not self.remote_field.through._meta.managed:
+        if (
+            isinstance(self.remote_field.through, str)
+            or not self.remote_field.through._meta.managed
+        ):
             return []
         registered_tables = {
             model._meta.db_table: model
@@ -1483,25 +1666,31 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
         model = registered_tables.get(m2m_db_table)
         # The second condition allows multiple m2m relations on a model if
         # some point to a through model that proxies another through model.
-        if model and model._meta.concrete_model != self.remote_field.through._meta.concrete_model:
+        if (
+            model
+            and model._meta.concrete_model
+            != self.remote_field.through._meta.concrete_model
+        ):
             if model._meta.auto_created:
+
                 def _get_field_name(model):
                     for field in model._meta.auto_created._meta.many_to_many:
                         if field.remote_field.through is model:
                             return field.name
+
                 opts = model._meta.auto_created._meta
-                clashing_obj = '%s.%s' % (opts.label, _get_field_name(model))
+                clashing_obj = "%s.%s" % (opts.label, _get_field_name(model))
             else:
                 clashing_obj = model._meta.label
             if settings.DATABASE_ROUTERS:
-                error_class, error_id = checks.Warning, 'fields.W344'
+                error_class, error_id = checks.Warning, "fields.W344"
                 error_hint = (
-                    'You have configured settings.DATABASE_ROUTERS. Verify '
-                    'that the table of %r is correctly routed to a separate '
-                    'database.' % clashing_obj
+                    "You have configured settings.DATABASE_ROUTERS. Verify "
+                    "that the table of %r is correctly routed to a separate "
+                    "database." % clashing_obj
                 )
             else:
-                error_class, error_id = checks.Error, 'fields.E340'
+                error_class, error_id = checks.Error, "fields.E340"
                 error_hint = None
             return [
                 error_class(
@@ -1518,34 +1707,34 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
         # Handle the simpler arguments.
         if self.db_table is not None:
-            kwargs['db_table'] = self.db_table
+            kwargs["db_table"] = self.db_table
         if self.remote_field.db_constraint is not True:
-            kwargs['db_constraint'] = self.remote_field.db_constraint
+            kwargs["db_constraint"] = self.remote_field.db_constraint
         # Rel needs more work.
         if isinstance(self.remote_field.model, str):
-            kwargs['to'] = self.remote_field.model
+            kwargs["to"] = self.remote_field.model
         else:
-            kwargs['to'] = self.remote_field.model._meta.label
-        if getattr(self.remote_field, 'through', None) is not None:
+            kwargs["to"] = self.remote_field.model._meta.label
+        if getattr(self.remote_field, "through", None) is not None:
             if isinstance(self.remote_field.through, str):
-                kwargs['through'] = self.remote_field.through
+                kwargs["through"] = self.remote_field.through
             elif not self.remote_field.through._meta.auto_created:
-                kwargs['through'] = self.remote_field.through._meta.label
+                kwargs["through"] = self.remote_field.through._meta.label
         # If swappable is True, then see if we're actually pointing to the target
         # of a swap.
         swappable_setting = self.swappable_setting
         if swappable_setting is not None:
             # If it's already a settings reference, error.
-            if hasattr(kwargs['to'], "setting_name"):
-                if kwargs['to'].setting_name != swappable_setting:
+            if hasattr(kwargs["to"], "setting_name"):
+                if kwargs["to"].setting_name != swappable_setting:
                     raise ValueError(
                         "Cannot deconstruct a ManyToManyField pointing to a "
                         "model that is swapped in place of more than one model "
-                        "(%s and %s)" % (kwargs['to'].setting_name, swappable_setting)
+                        "(%s and %s)" % (kwargs["to"].setting_name, swappable_setting)
                     )
 
-            kwargs['to'] = SettingsReference(
-                kwargs['to'],
+            kwargs["to"] = SettingsReference(
+                kwargs["to"],
                 swappable_setting,
             )
         return name, path, args, kwargs
@@ -1605,7 +1794,7 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
         elif self.db_table:
             return self.db_table
         else:
-            m2m_table_name = '%s_%s' % (utils.strip_quotes(opts.db_table), self.name)
+            m2m_table_name = "%s_%s" % (utils.strip_quotes(opts.db_table), self.name)
             return utils.truncate_name(m2m_table_name, connection.ops.max_name_length())
 
     def _get_m2m_attr(self, related, attr):
@@ -1613,7 +1802,7 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
         Function that can be curried to provide the source accessor or DB
         column name for the m2m table.
         """
-        cache_attr = '_m2m_%s_cache' % attr
+        cache_attr = "_m2m_%s_cache" % attr
         if hasattr(self, cache_attr):
             return getattr(self, cache_attr)
         if self.remote_field.through_fields is not None:
@@ -1621,8 +1810,11 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
         else:
             link_field_name = None
         for f in self.remote_field.through._meta.fields:
-            if (f.is_relation and f.remote_field.model == related.related_model and
-                    (link_field_name is None or link_field_name == f.name)):
+            if (
+                f.is_relation
+                and f.remote_field.model == related.related_model
+                and (link_field_name is None or link_field_name == f.name)
+            ):
                 setattr(self, cache_attr, getattr(f, attr))
                 return getattr(self, cache_attr)
 
@@ -1631,7 +1823,7 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
         Function that can be curried to provide the related accessor or DB
         column name for the m2m table.
         """
-        cache_attr = '_m2m_reverse_%s_cache' % attr
+        cache_attr = "_m2m_reverse_%s_cache" % attr
         if hasattr(self, cache_attr):
             return getattr(self, cache_attr)
         found = False
@@ -1664,8 +1856,8 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
         # automatically. The funky name reduces the chance of an accidental
         # clash.
         if self.remote_field.symmetrical and (
-            self.remote_field.model == RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT or
-            self.remote_field.model == cls._meta.object_name
+            self.remote_field.model == RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT
+            or self.remote_field.model == cls._meta.object_name
         ):
             self.remote_field.related_name = "%s_rel_+" % name
         elif self.remote_field.is_hidden():
@@ -1673,7 +1865,7 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
             # related_name with one generated from the m2m field name. Django
             # still uses backwards relations internally and we need to avoid
             # clashes between multiple m2m fields with related_name == '+'.
-            self.remote_field.related_name = '_%s_%s_%s_+' % (
+            self.remote_field.related_name = "_%s_%s_%s_+" % (
                 cls._meta.app_label,
                 cls.__name__.lower(),
                 name,
@@ -1687,11 +1879,17 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
         #  3) The class owning the m2m field has been swapped out.
         if not cls._meta.abstract:
             if self.remote_field.through:
+
                 def resolve_through_model(_, model, field):
                     field.remote_field.through = model
-                lazy_related_operation(resolve_through_model, cls, self.remote_field.through, field=self)
+
+                lazy_related_operation(
+                    resolve_through_model, cls, self.remote_field.through, field=self
+                )
             elif not cls._meta.swapped:
-                self.remote_field.through = create_many_to_many_intermediary_model(self, cls)
+                self.remote_field.through = create_many_to_many_intermediary_model(
+                    self, cls
+                )
 
         # Add the descriptor for the m2m relation.
         setattr(cls, self.name, ManyToManyDescriptor(self.remote_field, reverse=False))
@@ -1702,19 +1900,30 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
     def contribute_to_related_class(self, cls, related):
         # Internal M2Ms (i.e., those with a related name ending with '+')
         # and swapped models don't get a related descriptor.
-        if not self.remote_field.is_hidden() and not related.related_model._meta.swapped:
-            setattr(cls, related.get_accessor_name(), ManyToManyDescriptor(self.remote_field, reverse=True))
+        if (
+            not self.remote_field.is_hidden()
+            and not related.related_model._meta.swapped
+        ):
+            setattr(
+                cls,
+                related.get_accessor_name(),
+                ManyToManyDescriptor(self.remote_field, reverse=True),
+            )
 
         # Set up the accessors for the column names on the m2m table.
-        self.m2m_column_name = partial(self._get_m2m_attr, related, 'column')
-        self.m2m_reverse_name = partial(self._get_m2m_reverse_attr, related, 'column')
+        self.m2m_column_name = partial(self._get_m2m_attr, related, "column")
+        self.m2m_reverse_name = partial(self._get_m2m_reverse_attr, related, "column")
 
-        self.m2m_field_name = partial(self._get_m2m_attr, related, 'name')
-        self.m2m_reverse_field_name = partial(self._get_m2m_reverse_attr, related, 'name')
+        self.m2m_field_name = partial(self._get_m2m_attr, related, "name")
+        self.m2m_reverse_field_name = partial(
+            self._get_m2m_reverse_attr, related, "name"
+        )
 
-        get_m2m_rel = partial(self._get_m2m_attr, related, 'remote_field')
+        get_m2m_rel = partial(self._get_m2m_attr, related, "remote_field")
         self.m2m_target_field_name = lambda: get_m2m_rel().field_name
-        get_m2m_reverse_rel = partial(self._get_m2m_reverse_attr, related, 'remote_field')
+        get_m2m_reverse_rel = partial(
+            self._get_m2m_reverse_attr, related, "remote_field"
+        )
         self.m2m_reverse_target_field_name = lambda: get_m2m_reverse_rel().field_name
 
     def set_attributes_from_rel(self):
@@ -1728,17 +1937,17 @@ class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
 
     def formfield(self, *, using=None, **kwargs):
         defaults = {
-            'form_class': forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField,
-            'queryset': self.remote_field.model._default_manager.using(using),
+            "form_class": forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField,
+            "queryset": self.remote_field.model._default_manager.using(using),
             **kwargs,
         }
         # If initial is passed in, it's a list of related objects, but the
         # MultipleChoiceField takes a list of IDs.
-        if defaults.get('initial') is not None:
-            initial = defaults['initial']
+        if defaults.get("initial") is not None:
+            initial = defaults["initial"]
             if callable(initial):
                 initial = initial()
-            defaults['initial'] = [i.pk for i in initial]
+            defaults["initial"] = [i.pk for i in initial]
         return super().formfield(**defaults)
 
     def db_check(self, connection):
diff --git a/django/db/models/fields/related_descriptors.py b/django/db/models/fields/related_descriptors.py
index 9c50ef16ce..3f67ed8166 100644
--- a/django/db/models/fields/related_descriptors.py
+++ b/django/db/models/fields/related_descriptors.py
@@ -74,7 +74,9 @@ from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
 class ForeignKeyDeferredAttribute(DeferredAttribute):
     def __set__(self, instance, value):
-        if instance.__dict__.get(self.field.attname) != value and self.field.is_cached(instance):
+        if instance.__dict__.get(self.field.attname) != value and self.field.is_cached(
+            instance
+        ):
             self.field.delete_cached_value(instance)
         instance.__dict__[self.field.attname] = value
 
@@ -101,14 +103,16 @@ class ForwardManyToOneDescriptor:
         # related model might not be resolved yet; `self.field.model` might
         # still be a string model reference.
         return type(
-            'RelatedObjectDoesNotExist',
-            (self.field.remote_field.model.DoesNotExist, AttributeError), {
-                '__module__': self.field.model.__module__,
-                '__qualname__': '%s.%s.RelatedObjectDoesNotExist' % (
+            "RelatedObjectDoesNotExist",
+            (self.field.remote_field.model.DoesNotExist, AttributeError),
+            {
+                "__module__": self.field.model.__module__,
+                "__qualname__": "%s.%s.RelatedObjectDoesNotExist"
+                % (
                     self.field.model.__qualname__,
                     self.field.name,
                 ),
-            }
+            },
         )
 
     def is_cached(self, instance):
@@ -135,9 +139,12 @@ class ForwardManyToOneDescriptor:
         # The check for len(...) == 1 is a special case that allows the query
         # to be join-less and smaller. Refs #21760.
         if remote_field.is_hidden() or len(self.field.foreign_related_fields) == 1:
-            query = {'%s__in' % related_field.name: {instance_attr(inst)[0] for inst in instances}}
+            query = {
+                "%s__in"
+                % related_field.name: {instance_attr(inst)[0] for inst in instances}
+            }
         else:
-            query = {'%s__in' % self.field.related_query_name(): instances}
+            query = {"%s__in" % self.field.related_query_name(): instances}
         queryset = queryset.filter(**query)
 
         # Since we're going to assign directly in the cache,
@@ -146,7 +153,14 @@ class ForwardManyToOneDescriptor:
             for rel_obj in queryset:
                 instance = instances_dict[rel_obj_attr(rel_obj)]
                 remote_field.set_cached_value(rel_obj, instance)
-        return queryset, rel_obj_attr, instance_attr, True, self.field.get_cache_name(), False
+        return (
+            queryset,
+            rel_obj_attr,
+            instance_attr,
+            True,
+            self.field.get_cache_name(),
+            False,
+        )
 
     def get_object(self, instance):
         qs = self.get_queryset(instance=instance)
@@ -173,7 +187,11 @@ class ForwardManyToOneDescriptor:
             rel_obj = self.field.get_cached_value(instance)
         except KeyError:
             has_value = None not in self.field.get_local_related_value(instance)
-            ancestor_link = instance._meta.get_ancestor_link(self.field.model) if has_value else None
+            ancestor_link = (
+                instance._meta.get_ancestor_link(self.field.model)
+                if has_value
+                else None
+            )
             if ancestor_link and ancestor_link.is_cached(instance):
                 # An ancestor link will exist if this field is defined on a
                 # multi-table inheritance parent of the instance's class.
@@ -211,9 +229,12 @@ class ForwardManyToOneDescriptor:
         - ``value`` is the ``parent`` instance on the right of the equal sign
         """
         # An object must be an instance of the related class.
-        if value is not None and not isinstance(value, self.field.remote_field.model._meta.concrete_model):
+        if value is not None and not isinstance(
+            value, self.field.remote_field.model._meta.concrete_model
+        ):
             raise ValueError(
-                'Cannot assign "%r": "%s.%s" must be a "%s" instance.' % (
+                'Cannot assign "%r": "%s.%s" must be a "%s" instance.'
+                % (
                     value,
                     instance._meta.object_name,
                     self.field.name,
@@ -222,11 +243,18 @@ class ForwardManyToOneDescriptor:
             )
         elif value is not None:
             if instance._state.db is None:
-                instance._state.db = router.db_for_write(instance.__class__, instance=value)
+                instance._state.db = router.db_for_write(
+                    instance.__class__, instance=value
+                )
             if value._state.db is None:
-                value._state.db = router.db_for_write(value.__class__, instance=instance)
+                value._state.db = router.db_for_write(
+                    value.__class__, instance=instance
+                )
             if not router.allow_relation(value, instance):
-                raise ValueError('Cannot assign "%r": the current database router prevents this relation.' % value)
+                raise ValueError(
+                    'Cannot assign "%r": the current database router prevents this relation.'
+                    % value
+                )
 
         remote_field = self.field.remote_field
         # If we're setting the value of a OneToOneField to None, we need to clear
@@ -314,12 +342,15 @@ class ForwardOneToOneDescriptor(ForwardManyToOneDescriptor):
             opts = instance._meta
             # Inherited primary key fields from this object's base classes.
             inherited_pk_fields = [
-                field for field in opts.concrete_fields
+                field
+                for field in opts.concrete_fields
                 if field.primary_key and field.remote_field
             ]
             for field in inherited_pk_fields:
                 rel_model_pk_name = field.remote_field.model._meta.pk.attname
-                raw_value = getattr(value, rel_model_pk_name) if value is not None else None
+                raw_value = (
+                    getattr(value, rel_model_pk_name) if value is not None else None
+                )
                 setattr(instance, rel_model_pk_name, raw_value)
 
 
@@ -346,13 +377,15 @@ class ReverseOneToOneDescriptor:
         # The exception isn't created at initialization time for the sake of
         # consistency with `ForwardManyToOneDescriptor`.
         return type(
-            'RelatedObjectDoesNotExist',
-            (self.related.related_model.DoesNotExist, AttributeError), {
-                '__module__': self.related.model.__module__,
-                '__qualname__': '%s.%s.RelatedObjectDoesNotExist' % (
+            "RelatedObjectDoesNotExist",
+            (self.related.related_model.DoesNotExist, AttributeError),
+            {
+                "__module__": self.related.model.__module__,
+                "__qualname__": "%s.%s.RelatedObjectDoesNotExist"
+                % (
                     self.related.model.__qualname__,
                     self.related.name,
-                )
+                ),
             },
         )
 
@@ -370,7 +403,7 @@ class ReverseOneToOneDescriptor:
         rel_obj_attr = self.related.field.get_local_related_value
         instance_attr = self.related.field.get_foreign_related_value
         instances_dict = {instance_attr(inst): inst for inst in instances}
-        query = {'%s__in' % self.related.field.name: instances}
+        query = {"%s__in" % self.related.field.name: instances}
         queryset = queryset.filter(**query)
 
         # Since we're going to assign directly in the cache,
@@ -378,7 +411,14 @@ class ReverseOneToOneDescriptor:
         for rel_obj in queryset:
             instance = instances_dict[rel_obj_attr(rel_obj)]
             self.related.field.set_cached_value(rel_obj, instance)
-        return queryset, rel_obj_attr, instance_attr, True, self.related.get_cache_name(), False
+        return (
+            queryset,
+            rel_obj_attr,
+            instance_attr,
+            True,
+            self.related.get_cache_name(),
+            False,
+        )
 
     def __get__(self, instance, cls=None):
         """
@@ -419,10 +459,8 @@ class ReverseOneToOneDescriptor:
 
         if rel_obj is None:
             raise self.RelatedObjectDoesNotExist(
-                "%s has no %s." % (
-                    instance.__class__.__name__,
-                    self.related.get_accessor_name()
-                )
+                "%s has no %s."
+                % (instance.__class__.__name__, self.related.get_accessor_name())
             )
         else:
             return rel_obj
@@ -458,7 +496,8 @@ class ReverseOneToOneDescriptor:
         elif not isinstance(value, self.related.related_model):
             # An object must be an instance of the related class.
             raise ValueError(
-                'Cannot assign "%r": "%s.%s" must be a "%s" instance.' % (
+                'Cannot assign "%r": "%s.%s" must be a "%s" instance.'
+                % (
                     value,
                     instance._meta.object_name,
                     self.related.get_accessor_name(),
@@ -467,13 +506,23 @@ class ReverseOneToOneDescriptor:
             )
         else:
             if instance._state.db is None:
-                instance._state.db = router.db_for_write(instance.__class__, instance=value)
+                instance._state.db = router.db_for_write(
+                    instance.__class__, instance=value
+                )
             if value._state.db is None:
-                value._state.db = router.db_for_write(value.__class__, instance=instance)
+                value._state.db = router.db_for_write(
+                    value.__class__, instance=instance
+                )
             if not router.allow_relation(value, instance):
-                raise ValueError('Cannot assign "%r": the current database router prevents this relation.' % value)
+                raise ValueError(
+                    'Cannot assign "%r": the current database router prevents this relation.'
+                    % value
+                )
 
-            related_pk = tuple(getattr(instance, field.attname) for field in self.related.field.foreign_related_fields)
+            related_pk = tuple(
+                getattr(instance, field.attname)
+                for field in self.related.field.foreign_related_fields
+            )
             # Set the value of the related field to the value of the related object's related field
             for index, field in enumerate(self.related.field.local_related_fields):
                 setattr(value, field.attname, related_pk[index])
@@ -548,13 +597,13 @@ class ReverseManyToOneDescriptor:
 
     def _get_set_deprecation_msg_params(self):
         return (
-            'reverse side of a related set',
+            "reverse side of a related set",
             self.rel.get_accessor_name(),
         )
 
     def __set__(self, instance, value):
         raise TypeError(
-            'Direct assignment to the %s is prohibited. Use %s.set() instead.'
+            "Direct assignment to the %s is prohibited. Use %s.set() instead."
             % self._get_set_deprecation_msg_params(),
         )
 
@@ -581,6 +630,7 @@ def create_reverse_many_to_one_manager(superclass, rel):
             manager = getattr(self.model, manager)
             manager_class = create_reverse_many_to_one_manager(manager.__class__, rel)
             return manager_class(self.instance)
+
         do_not_call_in_templates = True
 
         def _apply_rel_filters(self, queryset):
@@ -588,7 +638,9 @@ def create_reverse_many_to_one_manager(superclass, rel):
             Filter the queryset for the instance this manager is bound to.
             """
             db = self._db or router.db_for_read(self.model, instance=self.instance)
-            empty_strings_as_null = connections[db].features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls
+            empty_strings_as_null = connections[
+                db
+            ].features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls
             queryset._add_hints(instance=self.instance)
             if self._db:
                 queryset = queryset.using(self._db)
@@ -596,7 +648,7 @@ def create_reverse_many_to_one_manager(superclass, rel):
             queryset = queryset.filter(**self.core_filters)
             for field in self.field.foreign_related_fields:
                 val = getattr(self.instance, field.attname)
-                if val is None or (val == '' and empty_strings_as_null):
+                if val is None or (val == "" and empty_strings_as_null):
                     return queryset.none()
             if self.field.many_to_one:
                 # Guard against field-like objects such as GenericRelation
@@ -608,24 +660,32 @@ def create_reverse_many_to_one_manager(superclass, rel):
                 except FieldError:
                     # The relationship has multiple target fields. Use a tuple
                     # for related object id.
-                    rel_obj_id = tuple([
-                        getattr(self.instance, target_field.attname)
-                        for target_field in self.field.path_infos[-1].target_fields
-                    ])
+                    rel_obj_id = tuple(
+                        [
+                            getattr(self.instance, target_field.attname)
+                            for target_field in self.field.path_infos[-1].target_fields
+                        ]
+                    )
                 else:
                     rel_obj_id = getattr(self.instance, target_field.attname)
-                queryset._known_related_objects = {self.field: {rel_obj_id: self.instance}}
+                queryset._known_related_objects = {
+                    self.field: {rel_obj_id: self.instance}
+                }
             return queryset
 
         def _remove_prefetched_objects(self):
             try:
-                self.instance._prefetched_objects_cache.pop(self.field.remote_field.get_cache_name())
+                self.instance._prefetched_objects_cache.pop(
+                    self.field.remote_field.get_cache_name()
+                )
             except (AttributeError, KeyError):
                 pass  # nothing to clear from cache
 
         def get_queryset(self):
             try:
-                return self.instance._prefetched_objects_cache[self.field.remote_field.get_cache_name()]
+                return self.instance._prefetched_objects_cache[
+                    self.field.remote_field.get_cache_name()
+                ]
             except (AttributeError, KeyError):
                 queryset = super().get_queryset()
                 return self._apply_rel_filters(queryset)
@@ -640,7 +700,7 @@ def create_reverse_many_to_one_manager(superclass, rel):
             rel_obj_attr = self.field.get_local_related_value
             instance_attr = self.field.get_foreign_related_value
             instances_dict = {instance_attr(inst): inst for inst in instances}
-            query = {'%s__in' % self.field.name: instances}
+            query = {"%s__in" % self.field.name: instances}
             queryset = queryset.filter(**query)
 
             # Since we just bypassed this class' get_queryset(), we must manage
@@ -658,9 +718,13 @@ def create_reverse_many_to_one_manager(superclass, rel):
 
             def check_and_update_obj(obj):
                 if not isinstance(obj, self.model):
-                    raise TypeError("'%s' instance expected, got %r" % (
-                        self.model._meta.object_name, obj,
-                    ))
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        "'%s' instance expected, got %r"
+                        % (
+                            self.model._meta.object_name,
+                            obj,
+                        )
+                    )
                 setattr(obj, self.field.name, self.instance)
 
             if bulk:
@@ -673,36 +737,43 @@ def create_reverse_many_to_one_manager(superclass, rel):
                             "the object first." % obj
                         )
                     pks.append(obj.pk)
-                self.model._base_manager.using(db).filter(pk__in=pks).update(**{
-                    self.field.name: self.instance,
-                })
+                self.model._base_manager.using(db).filter(pk__in=pks).update(
+                    **{
+                        self.field.name: self.instance,
+                    }
+                )
             else:
                 with transaction.atomic(using=db, savepoint=False):
                     for obj in objs:
                         check_and_update_obj(obj)
                         obj.save()
+
         add.alters_data = True
 
         def create(self, **kwargs):
             kwargs[self.field.name] = self.instance
             db = router.db_for_write(self.model, instance=self.instance)
             return super(RelatedManager, self.db_manager(db)).create(**kwargs)
+
         create.alters_data = True
 
         def get_or_create(self, **kwargs):
             kwargs[self.field.name] = self.instance
             db = router.db_for_write(self.model, instance=self.instance)
             return super(RelatedManager, self.db_manager(db)).get_or_create(**kwargs)
+
         get_or_create.alters_data = True
 
         def update_or_create(self, **kwargs):
             kwargs[self.field.name] = self.instance
             db = router.db_for_write(self.model, instance=self.instance)
             return super(RelatedManager, self.db_manager(db)).update_or_create(**kwargs)
+
         update_or_create.alters_data = True
 
         # remove() and clear() are only provided if the ForeignKey can have a value of null.
         if rel.field.null:
+
             def remove(self, *objs, bulk=True):
                 if not objs:
                     return
@@ -710,9 +781,13 @@ def create_reverse_many_to_one_manager(superclass, rel):
                 old_ids = set()
                 for obj in objs:
                     if not isinstance(obj, self.model):
-                        raise TypeError("'%s' instance expected, got %r" % (
-                            self.model._meta.object_name, obj,
-                        ))
+                        raise TypeError(
+                            "'%s' instance expected, got %r"
+                            % (
+                                self.model._meta.object_name,
+                                obj,
+                            )
+                        )
                     # Is obj actually part of this descriptor set?
                     if self.field.get_local_related_value(obj) == val:
                         old_ids.add(obj.pk)
@@ -721,10 +796,12 @@ def create_reverse_many_to_one_manager(superclass, rel):
                             "%r is not related to %r." % (obj, self.instance)
                         )
                 self._clear(self.filter(pk__in=old_ids), bulk)
+
             remove.alters_data = True
 
             def clear(self, *, bulk=True):
                 self._clear(self, bulk)
+
             clear.alters_data = True
 
             def _clear(self, queryset, bulk):
@@ -739,6 +816,7 @@ def create_reverse_many_to_one_manager(superclass, rel):
                         for obj in queryset:
                             setattr(obj, self.field.name, None)
                             obj.save(update_fields=[self.field.name])
+
             _clear.alters_data = True
 
         def set(self, objs, *, bulk=True, clear=False):
@@ -765,6 +843,7 @@ def create_reverse_many_to_one_manager(superclass, rel):
                         self.add(*new_objs, bulk=bulk)
             else:
                 self.add(*objs, bulk=bulk)
+
         set.alters_data = True
 
     return RelatedManager
@@ -822,7 +901,8 @@ class ManyToManyDescriptor(ReverseManyToOneDescriptor):
 
     def _get_set_deprecation_msg_params(self):
         return (
-            '%s side of a many-to-many set' % ('reverse' if self.reverse else 'forward'),
+            "%s side of a many-to-many set"
+            % ("reverse" if self.reverse else "forward"),
             self.rel.get_accessor_name() if self.reverse else self.field.name,
         )
 
@@ -865,41 +945,51 @@ def create_forward_many_to_many_manager(superclass, rel, reverse):
             self.core_filters = {}
             self.pk_field_names = {}
             for lh_field, rh_field in self.source_field.related_fields:
-                core_filter_key = '%s__%s' % (self.query_field_name, rh_field.name)
+                core_filter_key = "%s__%s" % (self.query_field_name, rh_field.name)
                 self.core_filters[core_filter_key] = getattr(instance, rh_field.attname)
                 self.pk_field_names[lh_field.name] = rh_field.name
 
             self.related_val = self.source_field.get_foreign_related_value(instance)
             if None in self.related_val:
-                raise ValueError('"%r" needs to have a value for field "%s" before '
-                                 'this many-to-many relationship can be used.' %
-                                 (instance, self.pk_field_names[self.source_field_name]))
+                raise ValueError(
+                    '"%r" needs to have a value for field "%s" before '
+                    "this many-to-many relationship can be used."
+                    % (instance, self.pk_field_names[self.source_field_name])
+                )
             # Even if this relation is not to pk, we require still pk value.
             # The wish is that the instance has been already saved to DB,
             # although having a pk value isn't a guarantee of that.
             if instance.pk is None:
-                raise ValueError("%r instance needs to have a primary key value before "
-                                 "a many-to-many relationship can be used." %
-                                 instance.__class__.__name__)
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "%r instance needs to have a primary key value before "
+                    "a many-to-many relationship can be used."
+                    % instance.__class__.__name__
+                )
 
         def __call__(self, *, manager):
             manager = getattr(self.model, manager)
-            manager_class = create_forward_many_to_many_manager(manager.__class__, rel, reverse)
+            manager_class = create_forward_many_to_many_manager(
+                manager.__class__, rel, reverse
+            )
             return manager_class(instance=self.instance)
+
         do_not_call_in_templates = True
 
         def _build_remove_filters(self, removed_vals):
             filters = Q((self.source_field_name, self.related_val))
             # No need to add a subquery condition if removed_vals is a QuerySet without
             # filters.
-            removed_vals_filters = (not isinstance(removed_vals, QuerySet) or
-                                    removed_vals._has_filters())
+            removed_vals_filters = (
+                not isinstance(removed_vals, QuerySet) or removed_vals._has_filters()
+            )
             if removed_vals_filters:
-                filters &= Q((f'{self.target_field_name}__in', removed_vals))
+                filters &= Q((f"{self.target_field_name}__in", removed_vals))
             if self.symmetrical:
                 symmetrical_filters = Q((self.target_field_name, self.related_val))
                 if removed_vals_filters:
-                    symmetrical_filters &= Q((f'{self.source_field_name}__in', removed_vals))
+                    symmetrical_filters &= Q(
+                        (f"{self.source_field_name}__in", removed_vals)
+                    )
                 filters |= symmetrical_filters
             return filters
 
@@ -933,7 +1023,7 @@ def create_forward_many_to_many_manager(superclass, rel, reverse):
             queryset._add_hints(instance=instances[0])
             queryset = queryset.using(queryset._db or self._db)
 
-            query = {'%s__in' % self.query_field_name: instances}
+            query = {"%s__in" % self.query_field_name: instances}
             queryset = queryset._next_is_sticky().filter(**query)
 
             # M2M: need to annotate the query in order to get the primary model
@@ -947,13 +1037,18 @@ def create_forward_many_to_many_manager(superclass, rel, reverse):
             join_table = fk.model._meta.db_table
             connection = connections[queryset.db]
             qn = connection.ops.quote_name
-            queryset = queryset.extra(select={
-                '_prefetch_related_val_%s' % f.attname:
-                '%s.%s' % (qn(join_table), qn(f.column)) for f in fk.local_related_fields})
+            queryset = queryset.extra(
+                select={
+                    "_prefetch_related_val_%s"
+                    % f.attname: "%s.%s"
+                    % (qn(join_table), qn(f.column))
+                    for f in fk.local_related_fields
+                }
+            )
             return (
                 queryset,
                 lambda result: tuple(
-                    getattr(result, '_prefetch_related_val_%s' % f.attname)
+                    getattr(result, "_prefetch_related_val_%s" % f.attname)
                     for f in fk.local_related_fields
                 ),
                 lambda inst: tuple(
@@ -970,7 +1065,9 @@ def create_forward_many_to_many_manager(superclass, rel, reverse):
             db = router.db_for_write(self.through, instance=self.instance)
             with transaction.atomic(using=db, savepoint=False):
                 self._add_items(
-                    self.source_field_name, self.target_field_name, *objs,
+                    self.source_field_name,
+                    self.target_field_name,
+                    *objs,
                     through_defaults=through_defaults,
                 )
                 # If this is a symmetrical m2m relation to self, add the mirror
@@ -982,30 +1079,41 @@ def create_forward_many_to_many_manager(superclass, rel, reverse):
                         *objs,
                         through_defaults=through_defaults,
                     )
+
         add.alters_data = True
 
         def remove(self, *objs):
             self._remove_prefetched_objects()
             self._remove_items(self.source_field_name, self.target_field_name, *objs)
+
         remove.alters_data = True
 
         def clear(self):
             db = router.db_for_write(self.through, instance=self.instance)
             with transaction.atomic(using=db, savepoint=False):
                 signals.m2m_changed.send(
-                    sender=self.through, action="pre_clear",
-                    instance=self.instance, reverse=self.reverse,
-                    model=self.model, pk_set=None, using=db,
+                    sender=self.through,
+                    action="pre_clear",
+                    instance=self.instance,
+                    reverse=self.reverse,
+                    model=self.model,
+                    pk_set=None,
+                    using=db,
                 )
                 self._remove_prefetched_objects()
                 filters = self._build_remove_filters(super().get_queryset().using(db))
                 self.through._default_manager.using(db).filter(filters).delete()
 
                 signals.m2m_changed.send(
-                    sender=self.through, action="post_clear",
-                    instance=self.instance, reverse=self.reverse,
-                    model=self.model, pk_set=None, using=db,
+                    sender=self.through,
+                    action="post_clear",
+                    instance=self.instance,
+                    reverse=self.reverse,
+                    model=self.model,
+                    pk_set=None,
+                    using=db,
                 )
+
         clear.alters_data = True
 
         def set(self, objs, *, clear=False, through_defaults=None):
@@ -1019,7 +1127,11 @@ def create_forward_many_to_many_manager(superclass, rel, reverse):
                     self.clear()
                     self.add(*objs, through_defaults=through_defaults)
                 else:
-                    old_ids = set(self.using(db).values_list(self.target_field.target_field.attname, flat=True))
+                    old_ids = set(
+                        self.using(db).values_list(
+                            self.target_field.target_field.attname, flat=True
+                        )
+                    )
 
                     new_objs = []
                     for obj in objs:
@@ -1035,6 +1147,7 @@ def create_forward_many_to_many_manager(superclass, rel, reverse):
 
                     self.remove(*old_ids)
                     self.add(*new_objs, through_defaults=through_defaults)
+
         set.alters_data = True
 
         def create(self, *, through_defaults=None, **kwargs):
@@ -1042,26 +1155,33 @@ def create_forward_many_to_many_manager(superclass, rel, reverse):
             new_obj = super(ManyRelatedManager, self.db_manager(db)).create(**kwargs)
             self.add(new_obj, through_defaults=through_defaults)
             return new_obj
+
         create.alters_data = True
 
         def get_or_create(self, *, through_defaults=None, **kwargs):
             db = router.db_for_write(self.instance.__class__, instance=self.instance)
-            obj, created = super(ManyRelatedManager, self.db_manager(db)).get_or_create(**kwargs)
+            obj, created = super(ManyRelatedManager, self.db_manager(db)).get_or_create(
+                **kwargs
+            )
             # We only need to add() if created because if we got an object back
             # from get() then the relationship already exists.
             if created:
                 self.add(obj, through_defaults=through_defaults)
             return obj, created
+
         get_or_create.alters_data = True
 
         def update_or_create(self, *, through_defaults=None, **kwargs):
             db = router.db_for_write(self.instance.__class__, instance=self.instance)
-            obj, created = super(ManyRelatedManager, self.db_manager(db)).update_or_create(**kwargs)
+            obj, created = super(
+                ManyRelatedManager, self.db_manager(db)
+            ).update_or_create(**kwargs)
             # We only need to add() if created because if we got an object back
             # from get() then the relationship already exists.
             if created:
                 self.add(obj, through_defaults=through_defaults)
             return obj, created
+
         update_or_create.alters_data = True
 
         def _get_target_ids(self, target_field_name, objs):
@@ -1069,6 +1189,7 @@ def create_forward_many_to_many_manager(superclass, rel, reverse):
             Return the set of ids of `objs` that the target field references.
             """
             from django.db.models import Model
+
             target_ids = set()
             target_field = self.through._meta.get_field(target_field_name)
             for obj in objs:
@@ -1076,36 +1197,42 @@ def create_forward_many_to_many_manager(superclass, rel, reverse):
                     if not router.allow_relation(obj, self.instance):
                         raise ValueError(
                             'Cannot add "%r": instance is on database "%s", '
-                            'value is on database "%s"' %
-                            (obj, self.instance._state.db, obj._state.db)
+                            'value is on database "%s"'
+                            % (obj, self.instance._state.db, obj._state.db)
                         )
                     target_id = target_field.get_foreign_related_value(obj)[0]
                     if target_id is None:
                         raise ValueError(
-                            'Cannot add "%r": the value for field "%s" is None' %
-                            (obj, target_field_name)
+                            'Cannot add "%r": the value for field "%s" is None'
+                            % (obj, target_field_name)
                         )
                     target_ids.add(target_id)
                 elif isinstance(obj, Model):
                     raise TypeError(
-                        "'%s' instance expected, got %r" %
-                        (self.model._meta.object_name, obj)
+                        "'%s' instance expected, got %r"
+                        % (self.model._meta.object_name, obj)
                     )
                 else:
                     target_ids.add(target_field.get_prep_value(obj))
             return target_ids
 
-        def _get_missing_target_ids(self, source_field_name, target_field_name, db, target_ids):
+        def _get_missing_target_ids(
+            self, source_field_name, target_field_name, db, target_ids
+        ):
             """
             Return the subset of ids of `objs` that aren't already assigned to
             this relationship.
             """
-            vals = self.through._default_manager.using(db).values_list(
-                target_field_name, flat=True
-            ).filter(**{
-                source_field_name: self.related_val[0],
-                '%s__in' % target_field_name: target_ids,
-            })
+            vals = (
+                self.through._default_manager.using(db)
+                .values_list(target_field_name, flat=True)
+                .filter(
+                    **{
+                        source_field_name: self.related_val[0],
+                        "%s__in" % target_field_name: target_ids,
+                    }
+                )
+            )
             return target_ids.difference(vals)
 
         def _get_add_plan(self, db, source_field_name):
@@ -1123,21 +1250,27 @@ def create_forward_many_to_many_manager(superclass, rel, reverse):
             # user-defined intermediary models as they could have other fields
             # causing conflicts which must be surfaced.
             can_ignore_conflicts = (
-                self.through._meta.auto_created is not False and
-                connections[db].features.supports_ignore_conflicts
+                self.through._meta.auto_created is not False
+                and connections[db].features.supports_ignore_conflicts
             )
             # Don't send the signal when inserting duplicate data row
             # for symmetrical reverse entries.
-            must_send_signals = (self.reverse or source_field_name == self.source_field_name) and (
-                signals.m2m_changed.has_listeners(self.through)
-            )
+            must_send_signals = (
+                self.reverse or source_field_name == self.source_field_name
+            ) and (signals.m2m_changed.has_listeners(self.through))
             # Fast addition through bulk insertion can only be performed
             # if no m2m_changed listeners are connected for self.through
             # as they require the added set of ids to be provided via
             # pk_set.
-            return can_ignore_conflicts, must_send_signals, (can_ignore_conflicts and not must_send_signals)
+            return (
+                can_ignore_conflicts,
+                must_send_signals,
+                (can_ignore_conflicts and not must_send_signals),
+            )
 
-        def _add_items(self, source_field_name, target_field_name, *objs, through_defaults=None):
+        def _add_items(
+            self, source_field_name, target_field_name, *objs, through_defaults=None
+        ):
             # source_field_name: the PK fieldname in join table for the source object
             # target_field_name: the PK fieldname in join table for the target object
             # *objs - objects to add. Either object instances, or primary keys of object instances.
@@ -1147,15 +1280,22 @@ def create_forward_many_to_many_manager(superclass, rel, reverse):
             through_defaults = dict(resolve_callables(through_defaults or {}))
             target_ids = self._get_target_ids(target_field_name, objs)
             db = router.db_for_write(self.through, instance=self.instance)
-            can_ignore_conflicts, must_send_signals, can_fast_add = self._get_add_plan(db, source_field_name)
+            can_ignore_conflicts, must_send_signals, can_fast_add = self._get_add_plan(
+                db, source_field_name
+            )
             if can_fast_add:
-                self.through._default_manager.using(db).bulk_create([
-                    self.through(**{
-                        '%s_id' % source_field_name: self.related_val[0],
-                        '%s_id' % target_field_name: target_id,
-                    })
-                    for target_id in target_ids
-                ], ignore_conflicts=True)
+                self.through._default_manager.using(db).bulk_create(
+                    [
+                        self.through(
+                            **{
+                                "%s_id" % source_field_name: self.related_val[0],
+                                "%s_id" % target_field_name: target_id,
+                            }
+                        )
+                        for target_id in target_ids
+                    ],
+                    ignore_conflicts=True,
+                )
                 return
 
             missing_target_ids = self._get_missing_target_ids(
@@ -1164,24 +1304,38 @@ def create_forward_many_to_many_manager(superclass, rel, reverse):
             with transaction.atomic(using=db, savepoint=False):
                 if must_send_signals:
                     signals.m2m_changed.send(
-                        sender=self.through, action='pre_add',
-                        instance=self.instance, reverse=self.reverse,
-                        model=self.model, pk_set=missing_target_ids, using=db,
+                        sender=self.through,
+                        action="pre_add",
+                        instance=self.instance,
+                        reverse=self.reverse,
+                        model=self.model,
+                        pk_set=missing_target_ids,
+                        using=db,
                     )
                 # Add the ones that aren't there already.
-                self.through._default_manager.using(db).bulk_create([
-                    self.through(**through_defaults, **{
-                        '%s_id' % source_field_name: self.related_val[0],
-                        '%s_id' % target_field_name: target_id,
-                    })
-                    for target_id in missing_target_ids
-                ], ignore_conflicts=can_ignore_conflicts)
+                self.through._default_manager.using(db).bulk_create(
+                    [
+                        self.through(
+                            **through_defaults,
+                            **{
+                                "%s_id" % source_field_name: self.related_val[0],
+                                "%s_id" % target_field_name: target_id,
+                            },
+                        )
+                        for target_id in missing_target_ids
+                    ],
+                    ignore_conflicts=can_ignore_conflicts,
+                )
 
                 if must_send_signals:
                     signals.m2m_changed.send(
-                        sender=self.through, action='post_add',
-                        instance=self.instance, reverse=self.reverse,
-                        model=self.model, pk_set=missing_target_ids, using=db,
+                        sender=self.through,
+                        action="post_add",
+                        instance=self.instance,
+                        reverse=self.reverse,
+                        model=self.model,
+                        pk_set=missing_target_ids,
+                        using=db,
                     )
 
         def _remove_items(self, source_field_name, target_field_name, *objs):
@@ -1205,23 +1359,32 @@ def create_forward_many_to_many_manager(superclass, rel, reverse):
             with transaction.atomic(using=db, savepoint=False):
                 # Send a signal to the other end if need be.
                 signals.m2m_changed.send(
-                    sender=self.through, action="pre_remove",
-                    instance=self.instance, reverse=self.reverse,
-                    model=self.model, pk_set=old_ids, using=db,
+                    sender=self.through,
+                    action="pre_remove",
+                    instance=self.instance,
+                    reverse=self.reverse,
+                    model=self.model,
+                    pk_set=old_ids,
+                    using=db,
                 )
                 target_model_qs = super().get_queryset()
                 if target_model_qs._has_filters():
-                    old_vals = target_model_qs.using(db).filter(**{
-                        '%s__in' % self.target_field.target_field.attname: old_ids})
+                    old_vals = target_model_qs.using(db).filter(
+                        **{"%s__in" % self.target_field.target_field.attname: old_ids}
+                    )
                 else:
                     old_vals = old_ids
                 filters = self._build_remove_filters(old_vals)
                 self.through._default_manager.using(db).filter(filters).delete()
 
                 signals.m2m_changed.send(
-                    sender=self.through, action="post_remove",
-                    instance=self.instance, reverse=self.reverse,
-                    model=self.model, pk_set=old_ids, using=db,
+                    sender=self.through,
+                    action="post_remove",
+                    instance=self.instance,
+                    reverse=self.reverse,
+                    model=self.model,
+                    pk_set=old_ids,
+                    using=db,
                 )
 
     return ManyRelatedManager
diff --git a/django/db/models/fields/related_lookups.py b/django/db/models/fields/related_lookups.py
index fd97757b14..1bad1cf416 100644
--- a/django/db/models/fields/related_lookups.py
+++ b/django/db/models/fields/related_lookups.py
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 from django.db.models.lookups import (
-    Exact, GreaterThan, GreaterThanOrEqual, In, IsNull, LessThan,
+    Exact,
+    GreaterThan,
+    GreaterThanOrEqual,
+    In,
+    IsNull,
+    LessThan,
     LessThanOrEqual,
 )
 
@@ -8,16 +13,21 @@ class MultiColSource:
     contains_aggregate = False
 
     def __init__(self, alias, targets, sources, field):
-        self.targets, self.sources, self.field, self.alias = targets, sources, field, alias
+        self.targets, self.sources, self.field, self.alias = (
+            targets,
+            sources,
+            field,
+            alias,
+        )
         self.output_field = self.field
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "{}({}, {})".format(
-            self.__class__.__name__, self.alias, self.field)
+        return "{}({}, {})".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.alias, self.field)
 
     def relabeled_clone(self, relabels):
-        return self.__class__(relabels.get(self.alias, self.alias),
-                              self.targets, self.sources, self.field)
+        return self.__class__(
+            relabels.get(self.alias, self.alias), self.targets, self.sources, self.field
+        )
 
     def get_lookup(self, lookup):
         return self.output_field.get_lookup(lookup)
@@ -28,12 +38,15 @@ class MultiColSource:
 
 def get_normalized_value(value, lhs):
     from django.db.models import Model
+
     if isinstance(value, Model):
         value_list = []
         sources = lhs.output_field.path_infos[-1].target_fields
         for source in sources:
             while not isinstance(value, source.model) and source.remote_field:
-                source = source.remote_field.model._meta.get_field(source.remote_field.field_name)
+                source = source.remote_field.model._meta.get_field(
+                    source.remote_field.field_name
+                )
             try:
                 value_list.append(getattr(value, source.attname))
             except AttributeError:
@@ -56,20 +69,21 @@ class RelatedIn(In):
                 # case ForeignKey to IntegerField given value 'abc'. The
                 # ForeignKey itself doesn't have validation for non-integers,
                 # so we must run validation using the target field.
-                if hasattr(self.lhs.output_field, 'path_infos'):
+                if hasattr(self.lhs.output_field, "path_infos"):
                     # Run the target field's get_prep_value. We can safely
                     # assume there is only one as we don't get to the direct
                     # value branch otherwise.
-                    target_field = self.lhs.output_field.path_infos[-1].target_fields[-1]
+                    target_field = self.lhs.output_field.path_infos[-1].target_fields[
+                        -1
+                    ]
                     self.rhs = [target_field.get_prep_value(v) for v in self.rhs]
-            elif (
-                not getattr(self.rhs, 'has_select_fields', True) and
-                not getattr(self.lhs.field.target_field, 'primary_key', False)
+            elif not getattr(self.rhs, "has_select_fields", True) and not getattr(
+                self.lhs.field.target_field, "primary_key", False
             ):
                 self.rhs.clear_select_clause()
                 if (
-                    getattr(self.lhs.output_field, 'primary_key', False) and
-                    self.lhs.output_field.model == self.rhs.model
+                    getattr(self.lhs.output_field, "primary_key", False)
+                    and self.lhs.output_field.model == self.rhs.model
                 ):
                     # A case like
                     # Restaurant.objects.filter(place__in=restaurant_qs), where
@@ -87,7 +101,10 @@ class RelatedIn(In):
             # This clause is either a SubqueryConstraint (for values that need to be compiled to
             # SQL) or an OR-combined list of (col1 = val1 AND col2 = val2 AND ...) clauses.
             from django.db.models.sql.where import (
-                AND, OR, SubqueryConstraint, WhereNode,
+                AND,
+                OR,
+                SubqueryConstraint,
+                WhereNode,
             )
 
             root_constraint = WhereNode(connector=OR)
@@ -95,31 +112,41 @@ class RelatedIn(In):
                 values = [get_normalized_value(value, self.lhs) for value in self.rhs]
                 for value in values:
                     value_constraint = WhereNode()
-                    for source, target, val in zip(self.lhs.sources, self.lhs.targets, value):
-                        lookup_class = target.get_lookup('exact')
-                        lookup = lookup_class(target.get_col(self.lhs.alias, source), val)
+                    for source, target, val in zip(
+                        self.lhs.sources, self.lhs.targets, value
+                    ):
+                        lookup_class = target.get_lookup("exact")
+                        lookup = lookup_class(
+                            target.get_col(self.lhs.alias, source), val
+                        )
                         value_constraint.add(lookup, AND)
                     root_constraint.add(value_constraint, OR)
             else:
                 root_constraint.add(
                     SubqueryConstraint(
-                        self.lhs.alias, [target.column for target in self.lhs.targets],
-                        [source.name for source in self.lhs.sources], self.rhs),
-                    AND)
+                        self.lhs.alias,
+                        [target.column for target in self.lhs.targets],
+                        [source.name for source in self.lhs.sources],
+                        self.rhs,
+                    ),
+                    AND,
+                )
             return root_constraint.as_sql(compiler, connection)
         return super().as_sql(compiler, connection)
 
 
 class RelatedLookupMixin:
     def get_prep_lookup(self):
-        if not isinstance(self.lhs, MultiColSource) and not hasattr(self.rhs, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if not isinstance(self.lhs, MultiColSource) and not hasattr(
+            self.rhs, "resolve_expression"
+        ):
             # If we get here, we are dealing with single-column relations.
             self.rhs = get_normalized_value(self.rhs, self.lhs)[0]
             # We need to run the related field's get_prep_value(). Consider case
             # ForeignKey to IntegerField given value 'abc'. The ForeignKey itself
             # doesn't have validation for non-integers, so we must run validation
             # using the target field.
-            if self.prepare_rhs and hasattr(self.lhs.output_field, 'path_infos'):
+            if self.prepare_rhs and hasattr(self.lhs.output_field, "path_infos"):
                 # Get the target field. We can safely assume there is only one
                 # as we don't get to the direct value branch otherwise.
                 target_field = self.lhs.output_field.path_infos[-1].target_fields[-1]
@@ -132,11 +159,15 @@ class RelatedLookupMixin:
             assert self.rhs_is_direct_value()
             self.rhs = get_normalized_value(self.rhs, self.lhs)
             from django.db.models.sql.where import AND, WhereNode
+
             root_constraint = WhereNode()
-            for target, source, val in zip(self.lhs.targets, self.lhs.sources, self.rhs):
+            for target, source, val in zip(
+                self.lhs.targets, self.lhs.sources, self.rhs
+            ):
                 lookup_class = target.get_lookup(self.lookup_name)
                 root_constraint.add(
-                    lookup_class(target.get_col(self.lhs.alias, source), val), AND)
+                    lookup_class(target.get_col(self.lhs.alias, source), val), AND
+                )
             return root_constraint.as_sql(compiler, connection)
         return super().as_sql(compiler, connection)
 
diff --git a/django/db/models/fields/reverse_related.py b/django/db/models/fields/reverse_related.py
index 6f0c788bbd..2ff66f34d0 100644
--- a/django/db/models/fields/reverse_related.py
+++ b/django/db/models/fields/reverse_related.py
@@ -36,8 +36,16 @@ class ForeignObjectRel(FieldCacheMixin):
     null = True
     empty_strings_allowed = False
 
-    def __init__(self, field, to, related_name=None, related_query_name=None,
-                 limit_choices_to=None, parent_link=False, on_delete=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        field,
+        to,
+        related_name=None,
+        related_query_name=None,
+        limit_choices_to=None,
+        parent_link=False,
+        on_delete=None,
+    ):
         self.field = field
         self.model = to
         self.related_name = related_name
@@ -73,14 +81,17 @@ class ForeignObjectRel(FieldCacheMixin):
         """
         target_fields = self.path_infos[-1].target_fields
         if len(target_fields) > 1:
-            raise exceptions.FieldError("Can't use target_field for multicolumn relations.")
+            raise exceptions.FieldError(
+                "Can't use target_field for multicolumn relations."
+            )
         return target_fields[0]
 
     @cached_property
     def related_model(self):
         if not self.field.model:
             raise AttributeError(
-                "This property can't be accessed before self.field.contribute_to_class has been called.")
+                "This property can't be accessed before self.field.contribute_to_class has been called."
+            )
         return self.field.model
 
     @cached_property
@@ -110,7 +121,7 @@ class ForeignObjectRel(FieldCacheMixin):
         return self.field.db_type
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s: %s.%s>' % (
+        return "<%s: %s.%s>" % (
             type(self).__name__,
             self.related_model._meta.app_label,
             self.related_model._meta.model_name,
@@ -147,12 +158,15 @@ class ForeignObjectRel(FieldCacheMixin):
         # created and doesn't exist in the .models module.
         # This is a reverse relation, so there is no reverse_path_infos to
         # delete.
-        state.pop('path_infos', None)
+        state.pop("path_infos", None)
         return state
 
     def get_choices(
-        self, include_blank=True, blank_choice=BLANK_CHOICE_DASH,
-        limit_choices_to=None, ordering=(),
+        self,
+        include_blank=True,
+        blank_choice=BLANK_CHOICE_DASH,
+        limit_choices_to=None,
+        ordering=(),
     ):
         """
         Return choices with a default blank choices included, for use
@@ -165,13 +179,11 @@ class ForeignObjectRel(FieldCacheMixin):
         qs = self.related_model._default_manager.complex_filter(limit_choices_to)
         if ordering:
             qs = qs.order_by(*ordering)
-        return (blank_choice if include_blank else []) + [
-            (x.pk, str(x)) for x in qs
-        ]
+        return (blank_choice if include_blank else []) + [(x.pk, str(x)) for x in qs]
 
     def is_hidden(self):
         """Should the related object be hidden?"""
-        return bool(self.related_name) and self.related_name[-1] == '+'
+        return bool(self.related_name) and self.related_name[-1] == "+"
 
     def get_joining_columns(self):
         return self.field.get_reverse_joining_columns()
@@ -204,7 +216,7 @@ class ForeignObjectRel(FieldCacheMixin):
                 return None
         if self.related_name:
             return self.related_name
-        return opts.model_name + ('_set' if self.multiple else '')
+        return opts.model_name + ("_set" if self.multiple else "")
 
     def get_path_info(self, filtered_relation=None):
         if filtered_relation:
@@ -239,10 +251,20 @@ class ManyToOneRel(ForeignObjectRel):
     reverse relations into actual fields.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, field, to, field_name, related_name=None, related_query_name=None,
-                 limit_choices_to=None, parent_link=False, on_delete=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        field,
+        to,
+        field_name,
+        related_name=None,
+        related_query_name=None,
+        limit_choices_to=None,
+        parent_link=False,
+        on_delete=None,
+    ):
         super().__init__(
-            field, to,
+            field,
+            to,
             related_name=related_name,
             related_query_name=related_query_name,
             limit_choices_to=limit_choices_to,
@@ -254,7 +276,7 @@ class ManyToOneRel(ForeignObjectRel):
 
     def __getstate__(self):
         state = super().__getstate__()
-        state.pop('related_model', None)
+        state.pop("related_model", None)
         return state
 
     @property
@@ -267,7 +289,9 @@ class ManyToOneRel(ForeignObjectRel):
         """
         field = self.model._meta.get_field(self.field_name)
         if not field.concrete:
-            raise exceptions.FieldDoesNotExist("No related field named '%s'" % self.field_name)
+            raise exceptions.FieldDoesNotExist(
+                "No related field named '%s'" % self.field_name
+            )
         return field
 
     def set_field_name(self):
@@ -282,10 +306,21 @@ class OneToOneRel(ManyToOneRel):
     flags for the reverse relation.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, field, to, field_name, related_name=None, related_query_name=None,
-                 limit_choices_to=None, parent_link=False, on_delete=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        field,
+        to,
+        field_name,
+        related_name=None,
+        related_query_name=None,
+        limit_choices_to=None,
+        parent_link=False,
+        on_delete=None,
+    ):
         super().__init__(
-            field, to, field_name,
+            field,
+            to,
+            field_name,
             related_name=related_name,
             related_query_name=related_query_name,
             limit_choices_to=limit_choices_to,
@@ -304,11 +339,21 @@ class ManyToManyRel(ForeignObjectRel):
     flags for the reverse relation.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, field, to, related_name=None, related_query_name=None,
-                 limit_choices_to=None, symmetrical=True, through=None,
-                 through_fields=None, db_constraint=True):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        field,
+        to,
+        related_name=None,
+        related_query_name=None,
+        limit_choices_to=None,
+        symmetrical=True,
+        through=None,
+        through_fields=None,
+        db_constraint=True,
+    ):
         super().__init__(
-            field, to,
+            field,
+            to,
             related_name=related_name,
             related_query_name=related_query_name,
             limit_choices_to=limit_choices_to,
@@ -343,7 +388,7 @@ class ManyToManyRel(ForeignObjectRel):
             field = opts.get_field(self.through_fields[0])
         else:
             for field in opts.fields:
-                rel = getattr(field, 'remote_field', None)
+                rel = getattr(field, "remote_field", None)
                 if rel and rel.model == self.model:
                     break
         return field.foreign_related_fields[0]
diff --git a/django/db/models/functions/__init__.py b/django/db/models/functions/__init__.py
index d687af135d..cd7c801894 100644
--- a/django/db/models/functions/__init__.py
+++ b/django/db/models/functions/__init__.py
@@ -1,46 +1,190 @@
-from .comparison import (
-    Cast, Coalesce, Collate, Greatest, JSONObject, Least, NullIf,
-)
+from .comparison import Cast, Coalesce, Collate, Greatest, JSONObject, Least, NullIf
 from .datetime import (
-    Extract, ExtractDay, ExtractHour, ExtractIsoWeekDay, ExtractIsoYear,
-    ExtractMinute, ExtractMonth, ExtractQuarter, ExtractSecond, ExtractWeek,
-    ExtractWeekDay, ExtractYear, Now, Trunc, TruncDate, TruncDay, TruncHour,
-    TruncMinute, TruncMonth, TruncQuarter, TruncSecond, TruncTime, TruncWeek,
+    Extract,
+    ExtractDay,
+    ExtractHour,
+    ExtractIsoWeekDay,
+    ExtractIsoYear,
+    ExtractMinute,
+    ExtractMonth,
+    ExtractQuarter,
+    ExtractSecond,
+    ExtractWeek,
+    ExtractWeekDay,
+    ExtractYear,
+    Now,
+    Trunc,
+    TruncDate,
+    TruncDay,
+    TruncHour,
+    TruncMinute,
+    TruncMonth,
+    TruncQuarter,
+    TruncSecond,
+    TruncTime,
+    TruncWeek,
     TruncYear,
 )
 from .math import (
-    Abs, ACos, ASin, ATan, ATan2, Ceil, Cos, Cot, Degrees, Exp, Floor, Ln, Log,
-    Mod, Pi, Power, Radians, Random, Round, Sign, Sin, Sqrt, Tan,
+    Abs,
+    ACos,
+    ASin,
+    ATan,
+    ATan2,
+    Ceil,
+    Cos,
+    Cot,
+    Degrees,
+    Exp,
+    Floor,
+    Ln,
+    Log,
+    Mod,
+    Pi,
+    Power,
+    Radians,
+    Random,
+    Round,
+    Sign,
+    Sin,
+    Sqrt,
+    Tan,
 )
 from .text import (
-    MD5, SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512, Chr, Concat, ConcatPair, Left,
-    Length, Lower, LPad, LTrim, Ord, Repeat, Replace, Reverse, Right, RPad,
-    RTrim, StrIndex, Substr, Trim, Upper,
+    MD5,
+    SHA1,
+    SHA224,
+    SHA256,
+    SHA384,
+    SHA512,
+    Chr,
+    Concat,
+    ConcatPair,
+    Left,
+    Length,
+    Lower,
+    LPad,
+    LTrim,
+    Ord,
+    Repeat,
+    Replace,
+    Reverse,
+    Right,
+    RPad,
+    RTrim,
+    StrIndex,
+    Substr,
+    Trim,
+    Upper,
 )
 from .window import (
-    CumeDist, DenseRank, FirstValue, Lag, LastValue, Lead, NthValue, Ntile,
-    PercentRank, Rank, RowNumber,
+    CumeDist,
+    DenseRank,
+    FirstValue,
+    Lag,
+    LastValue,
+    Lead,
+    NthValue,
+    Ntile,
+    PercentRank,
+    Rank,
+    RowNumber,
 )
 
 __all__ = [
     # comparison and conversion
-    'Cast', 'Coalesce', 'Collate', 'Greatest', 'JSONObject', 'Least', 'NullIf',
+    "Cast",
+    "Coalesce",
+    "Collate",
+    "Greatest",
+    "JSONObject",
+    "Least",
+    "NullIf",
     # datetime
-    'Extract', 'ExtractDay', 'ExtractHour', 'ExtractMinute', 'ExtractMonth',
-    'ExtractQuarter', 'ExtractSecond', 'ExtractWeek', 'ExtractIsoWeekDay',
-    'ExtractWeekDay', 'ExtractIsoYear', 'ExtractYear', 'Now', 'Trunc',
-    'TruncDate', 'TruncDay', 'TruncHour', 'TruncMinute', 'TruncMonth',
-    'TruncQuarter', 'TruncSecond', 'TruncTime', 'TruncWeek', 'TruncYear',
+    "Extract",
+    "ExtractDay",
+    "ExtractHour",
+    "ExtractMinute",
+    "ExtractMonth",
+    "ExtractQuarter",
+    "ExtractSecond",
+    "ExtractWeek",
+    "ExtractIsoWeekDay",
+    "ExtractWeekDay",
+    "ExtractIsoYear",
+    "ExtractYear",
+    "Now",
+    "Trunc",
+    "TruncDate",
+    "TruncDay",
+    "TruncHour",
+    "TruncMinute",
+    "TruncMonth",
+    "TruncQuarter",
+    "TruncSecond",
+    "TruncTime",
+    "TruncWeek",
+    "TruncYear",
     # math
-    'Abs', 'ACos', 'ASin', 'ATan', 'ATan2', 'Ceil', 'Cos', 'Cot', 'Degrees',
-    'Exp', 'Floor', 'Ln', 'Log', 'Mod', 'Pi', 'Power', 'Radians', 'Random',
-    'Round', 'Sign', 'Sin', 'Sqrt', 'Tan',
+    "Abs",
+    "ACos",
+    "ASin",
+    "ATan",
+    "ATan2",
+    "Ceil",
+    "Cos",
+    "Cot",
+    "Degrees",
+    "Exp",
+    "Floor",
+    "Ln",
+    "Log",
+    "Mod",
+    "Pi",
+    "Power",
+    "Radians",
+    "Random",
+    "Round",
+    "Sign",
+    "Sin",
+    "Sqrt",
+    "Tan",
     # text
-    'MD5', 'SHA1', 'SHA224', 'SHA256', 'SHA384', 'SHA512', 'Chr', 'Concat',
-    'ConcatPair', 'Left', 'Length', 'Lower', 'LPad', 'LTrim', 'Ord', 'Repeat',
-    'Replace', 'Reverse', 'Right', 'RPad', 'RTrim', 'StrIndex', 'Substr',
-    'Trim', 'Upper',
+    "MD5",
+    "SHA1",
+    "SHA224",
+    "SHA256",
+    "SHA384",
+    "SHA512",
+    "Chr",
+    "Concat",
+    "ConcatPair",
+    "Left",
+    "Length",
+    "Lower",
+    "LPad",
+    "LTrim",
+    "Ord",
+    "Repeat",
+    "Replace",
+    "Reverse",
+    "Right",
+    "RPad",
+    "RTrim",
+    "StrIndex",
+    "Substr",
+    "Trim",
+    "Upper",
     # window
-    'CumeDist', 'DenseRank', 'FirstValue', 'Lag', 'LastValue', 'Lead',
-    'NthValue', 'Ntile', 'PercentRank', 'Rank', 'RowNumber',
+    "CumeDist",
+    "DenseRank",
+    "FirstValue",
+    "Lag",
+    "LastValue",
+    "Lead",
+    "NthValue",
+    "Ntile",
+    "PercentRank",
+    "Rank",
+    "RowNumber",
 ]
diff --git a/django/db/models/functions/comparison.py b/django/db/models/functions/comparison.py
index e5882de9c2..cc78834f20 100644
--- a/django/db/models/functions/comparison.py
+++ b/django/db/models/functions/comparison.py
@@ -7,38 +7,43 @@ from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 
 class Cast(Func):
     """Coerce an expression to a new field type."""
-    function = 'CAST'
-    template = '%(function)s(%(expressions)s AS %(db_type)s)'
+
+    function = "CAST"
+    template = "%(function)s(%(expressions)s AS %(db_type)s)"
 
     def __init__(self, expression, output_field):
         super().__init__(expression, output_field=output_field)
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
-        extra_context['db_type'] = self.output_field.cast_db_type(connection)
+        extra_context["db_type"] = self.output_field.cast_db_type(connection)
         return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
 
     def as_sqlite(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         db_type = self.output_field.db_type(connection)
-        if db_type in {'datetime', 'time'}:
+        if db_type in {"datetime", "time"}:
             # Use strftime as datetime/time don't keep fractional seconds.
-            template = 'strftime(%%s, %(expressions)s)'
-            sql, params = super().as_sql(compiler, connection, template=template, **extra_context)
-            format_string = '%H:%M:%f' if db_type == 'time' else '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%f'
+            template = "strftime(%%s, %(expressions)s)"
+            sql, params = super().as_sql(
+                compiler, connection, template=template, **extra_context
+            )
+            format_string = "%H:%M:%f" if db_type == "time" else "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%f"
             params.insert(0, format_string)
             return sql, params
-        elif db_type == 'date':
-            template = 'date(%(expressions)s)'
-            return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, template=template, **extra_context)
+        elif db_type == "date":
+            template = "date(%(expressions)s)"
+            return super().as_sql(
+                compiler, connection, template=template, **extra_context
+            )
         return self.as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
 
     def as_mysql(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         template = None
         output_type = self.output_field.get_internal_type()
         # MySQL doesn't support explicit cast to float.
-        if output_type == 'FloatField':
-            template = '(%(expressions)s + 0.0)'
+        if output_type == "FloatField":
+            template = "(%(expressions)s + 0.0)"
         # MariaDB doesn't support explicit cast to JSON.
-        elif output_type == 'JSONField' and connection.mysql_is_mariadb:
+        elif output_type == "JSONField" and connection.mysql_is_mariadb:
             template = "JSON_EXTRACT(%(expressions)s, '$')"
         return self.as_sql(compiler, connection, template=template, **extra_context)
 
@@ -46,23 +51,31 @@ class Cast(Func):
         # CAST would be valid too, but the :: shortcut syntax is more readable.
         # 'expressions' is wrapped in parentheses in case it's a complex
         # expression.
-        return self.as_sql(compiler, connection, template='(%(expressions)s)::%(db_type)s', **extra_context)
+        return self.as_sql(
+            compiler,
+            connection,
+            template="(%(expressions)s)::%(db_type)s",
+            **extra_context,
+        )
 
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
-        if self.output_field.get_internal_type() == 'JSONField':
+        if self.output_field.get_internal_type() == "JSONField":
             # Oracle doesn't support explicit cast to JSON.
             template = "JSON_QUERY(%(expressions)s, '$')"
-            return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, template=template, **extra_context)
+            return super().as_sql(
+                compiler, connection, template=template, **extra_context
+            )
         return self.as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
 
 
 class Coalesce(Func):
     """Return, from left to right, the first non-null expression."""
-    function = 'COALESCE'
+
+    function = "COALESCE"
 
     def __init__(self, *expressions, **extra):
         if len(expressions) < 2:
-            raise ValueError('Coalesce must take at least two expressions')
+            raise ValueError("Coalesce must take at least two expressions")
         super().__init__(*expressions, **extra)
 
     @property
@@ -76,29 +89,32 @@ class Coalesce(Func):
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         # Oracle prohibits mixing TextField (NCLOB) and CharField (NVARCHAR2),
         # so convert all fields to NCLOB when that type is expected.
-        if self.output_field.get_internal_type() == 'TextField':
+        if self.output_field.get_internal_type() == "TextField":
             clone = self.copy()
-            clone.set_source_expressions([
-                Func(expression, function='TO_NCLOB') for expression in self.get_source_expressions()
-            ])
+            clone.set_source_expressions(
+                [
+                    Func(expression, function="TO_NCLOB")
+                    for expression in self.get_source_expressions()
+                ]
+            )
             return super(Coalesce, clone).as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
         return self.as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
 
 
 class Collate(Func):
-    function = 'COLLATE'
-    template = '%(expressions)s %(function)s %(collation)s'
+    function = "COLLATE"
+    template = "%(expressions)s %(function)s %(collation)s"
     # Inspired from https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-syntax-lexical.html#SQL-SYNTAX-IDENTIFIERS
-    collation_re = _lazy_re_compile(r'^[\w\-]+$')
+    collation_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"^[\w\-]+$")
 
     def __init__(self, expression, collation):
         if not (collation and self.collation_re.match(collation)):
-            raise ValueError('Invalid collation name: %r.' % collation)
+            raise ValueError("Invalid collation name: %r." % collation)
         self.collation = collation
         super().__init__(expression)
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
-        extra_context.setdefault('collation', connection.ops.quote_name(self.collation))
+        extra_context.setdefault("collation", connection.ops.quote_name(self.collation))
         return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
 
 
@@ -110,20 +126,21 @@ class Greatest(Func):
     On PostgreSQL, the maximum not-null expression is returned.
     On MySQL, Oracle, and SQLite, if any expression is null, null is returned.
     """
-    function = 'GREATEST'
+
+    function = "GREATEST"
 
     def __init__(self, *expressions, **extra):
         if len(expressions) < 2:
-            raise ValueError('Greatest must take at least two expressions')
+            raise ValueError("Greatest must take at least two expressions")
         super().__init__(*expressions, **extra)
 
     def as_sqlite(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         """Use the MAX function on SQLite."""
-        return super().as_sqlite(compiler, connection, function='MAX', **extra_context)
+        return super().as_sqlite(compiler, connection, function="MAX", **extra_context)
 
 
 class JSONObject(Func):
-    function = 'JSON_OBJECT'
+    function = "JSON_OBJECT"
     output_field = JSONField()
 
     def __init__(self, **fields):
@@ -135,7 +152,7 @@ class JSONObject(Func):
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         if not connection.features.has_json_object_function:
             raise NotSupportedError(
-                'JSONObject() is not supported on this database backend.'
+                "JSONObject() is not supported on this database backend."
             )
         return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
 
@@ -143,21 +160,21 @@ class JSONObject(Func):
         return self.as_sql(
             compiler,
             connection,
-            function='JSONB_BUILD_OBJECT',
+            function="JSONB_BUILD_OBJECT",
             **extra_context,
         )
 
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         class ArgJoiner:
             def join(self, args):
-                args = [' VALUE '.join(arg) for arg in zip(args[::2], args[1::2])]
-                return ', '.join(args)
+                args = [" VALUE ".join(arg) for arg in zip(args[::2], args[1::2])]
+                return ", ".join(args)
 
         return self.as_sql(
             compiler,
             connection,
             arg_joiner=ArgJoiner(),
-            template='%(function)s(%(expressions)s RETURNING CLOB)',
+            template="%(function)s(%(expressions)s RETURNING CLOB)",
             **extra_context,
         )
 
@@ -170,24 +187,25 @@ class Least(Func):
     On PostgreSQL, return the minimum not-null expression.
     On MySQL, Oracle, and SQLite, if any expression is null, return null.
     """
-    function = 'LEAST'
+
+    function = "LEAST"
 
     def __init__(self, *expressions, **extra):
         if len(expressions) < 2:
-            raise ValueError('Least must take at least two expressions')
+            raise ValueError("Least must take at least two expressions")
         super().__init__(*expressions, **extra)
 
     def as_sqlite(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         """Use the MIN function on SQLite."""
-        return super().as_sqlite(compiler, connection, function='MIN', **extra_context)
+        return super().as_sqlite(compiler, connection, function="MIN", **extra_context)
 
 
 class NullIf(Func):
-    function = 'NULLIF'
+    function = "NULLIF"
     arity = 2
 
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         expression1 = self.get_source_expressions()[0]
         if isinstance(expression1, Value) and expression1.value is None:
-            raise ValueError('Oracle does not allow Value(None) for expression1.')
+            raise ValueError("Oracle does not allow Value(None) for expression1.")
         return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
diff --git a/django/db/models/functions/datetime.py b/django/db/models/functions/datetime.py
index 07f884f78d..2d6ec7089e 100644
--- a/django/db/models/functions/datetime.py
+++ b/django/db/models/functions/datetime.py
@@ -3,10 +3,20 @@ from datetime import datetime
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.db.models.expressions import Func
 from django.db.models.fields import (
-    DateField, DateTimeField, DurationField, Field, IntegerField, TimeField,
+    DateField,
+    DateTimeField,
+    DurationField,
+    Field,
+    IntegerField,
+    TimeField,
 )
 from django.db.models.lookups import (
-    Transform, YearExact, YearGt, YearGte, YearLt, YearLte,
+    Transform,
+    YearExact,
+    YearGt,
+    YearGte,
+    YearLt,
+    YearLte,
 )
 from django.utils import timezone
 
@@ -36,7 +46,7 @@ class Extract(TimezoneMixin, Transform):
         if self.lookup_name is None:
             self.lookup_name = lookup_name
         if self.lookup_name is None:
-            raise ValueError('lookup_name must be provided')
+            raise ValueError("lookup_name must be provided")
         self.tzinfo = tzinfo
         super().__init__(expression, **extra)
 
@@ -47,14 +57,16 @@ class Extract(TimezoneMixin, Transform):
             tzname = self.get_tzname()
             sql = connection.ops.datetime_extract_sql(self.lookup_name, sql, tzname)
         elif self.tzinfo is not None:
-            raise ValueError('tzinfo can only be used with DateTimeField.')
+            raise ValueError("tzinfo can only be used with DateTimeField.")
         elif isinstance(lhs_output_field, DateField):
             sql = connection.ops.date_extract_sql(self.lookup_name, sql)
         elif isinstance(lhs_output_field, TimeField):
             sql = connection.ops.time_extract_sql(self.lookup_name, sql)
         elif isinstance(lhs_output_field, DurationField):
             if not connection.features.has_native_duration_field:
-                raise ValueError('Extract requires native DurationField database support.')
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Extract requires native DurationField database support."
+                )
             sql = connection.ops.time_extract_sql(self.lookup_name, sql)
         else:
             # resolve_expression has already validated the output_field so this
@@ -62,24 +74,38 @@ class Extract(TimezoneMixin, Transform):
             assert False, "Tried to Extract from an invalid type."
         return sql, params
 
-    def resolve_expression(self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False):
-        copy = super().resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save)
-        field = getattr(copy.lhs, 'output_field', None)
+    def resolve_expression(
+        self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False
+    ):
+        copy = super().resolve_expression(
+            query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save
+        )
+        field = getattr(copy.lhs, "output_field", None)
         if field is None:
             return copy
         if not isinstance(field, (DateField, DateTimeField, TimeField, DurationField)):
             raise ValueError(
-                'Extract input expression must be DateField, DateTimeField, '
-                'TimeField, or DurationField.'
+                "Extract input expression must be DateField, DateTimeField, "
+                "TimeField, or DurationField."
             )
         # Passing dates to functions expecting datetimes is most likely a mistake.
-        if type(field) == DateField and copy.lookup_name in ('hour', 'minute', 'second'):
+        if type(field) == DateField and copy.lookup_name in (
+            "hour",
+            "minute",
+            "second",
+        ):
             raise ValueError(
-                "Cannot extract time component '%s' from DateField '%s'." % (copy.lookup_name, field.name)
+                "Cannot extract time component '%s' from DateField '%s'."
+                % (copy.lookup_name, field.name)
             )
-        if (
-            isinstance(field, DurationField) and
-            copy.lookup_name in ('year', 'iso_year', 'month', 'week', 'week_day', 'iso_week_day', 'quarter')
+        if isinstance(field, DurationField) and copy.lookup_name in (
+            "year",
+            "iso_year",
+            "month",
+            "week",
+            "week_day",
+            "iso_week_day",
+            "quarter",
         ):
             raise ValueError(
                 "Cannot extract component '%s' from DurationField '%s'."
@@ -89,20 +115,21 @@ class Extract(TimezoneMixin, Transform):
 
 
 class ExtractYear(Extract):
-    lookup_name = 'year'
+    lookup_name = "year"
 
 
 class ExtractIsoYear(Extract):
     """Return the ISO-8601 week-numbering year."""
-    lookup_name = 'iso_year'
+
+    lookup_name = "iso_year"
 
 
 class ExtractMonth(Extract):
-    lookup_name = 'month'
+    lookup_name = "month"
 
 
 class ExtractDay(Extract):
-    lookup_name = 'day'
+    lookup_name = "day"
 
 
 class ExtractWeek(Extract):
@@ -110,7 +137,8 @@ class ExtractWeek(Extract):
     Return 1-52 or 53, based on ISO-8601, i.e., Monday is the first of the
     week.
     """
-    lookup_name = 'week'
+
+    lookup_name = "week"
 
 
 class ExtractWeekDay(Extract):
@@ -119,28 +147,30 @@ class ExtractWeekDay(Extract):
 
     To replicate this in Python: (mydatetime.isoweekday() % 7) + 1
     """
-    lookup_name = 'week_day'
+
+    lookup_name = "week_day"
 
 
 class ExtractIsoWeekDay(Extract):
     """Return Monday=1 through Sunday=7, based on ISO-8601."""
-    lookup_name = 'iso_week_day'
+
+    lookup_name = "iso_week_day"
 
 
 class ExtractQuarter(Extract):
-    lookup_name = 'quarter'
+    lookup_name = "quarter"
 
 
 class ExtractHour(Extract):
-    lookup_name = 'hour'
+    lookup_name = "hour"
 
 
 class ExtractMinute(Extract):
-    lookup_name = 'minute'
+    lookup_name = "minute"
 
 
 class ExtractSecond(Extract):
-    lookup_name = 'second'
+    lookup_name = "second"
 
 
 DateField.register_lookup(ExtractYear)
@@ -174,14 +204,16 @@ ExtractIsoYear.register_lookup(YearLte)
 
 
 class Now(Func):
-    template = 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'
+    template = "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
     output_field = DateTimeField()
 
     def as_postgresql(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         # PostgreSQL's CURRENT_TIMESTAMP means "the time at the start of the
         # transaction". Use STATEMENT_TIMESTAMP to be cross-compatible with
         # other databases.
-        return self.as_sql(compiler, connection, template='STATEMENT_TIMESTAMP()', **extra_context)
+        return self.as_sql(
+            compiler, connection, template="STATEMENT_TIMESTAMP()", **extra_context
+        )
 
 
 class TruncBase(TimezoneMixin, Transform):
@@ -190,7 +222,14 @@ class TruncBase(TimezoneMixin, Transform):
 
     # RemovedInDjango50Warning: when the deprecation ends, remove is_dst
     # argument.
-    def __init__(self, expression, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, is_dst=timezone.NOT_PASSED, **extra):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        expression,
+        output_field=None,
+        tzinfo=None,
+        is_dst=timezone.NOT_PASSED,
+        **extra,
+    ):
         self.tzinfo = tzinfo
         self.is_dst = is_dst
         super().__init__(expression, output_field=output_field, **extra)
@@ -201,7 +240,7 @@ class TruncBase(TimezoneMixin, Transform):
         if isinstance(self.lhs.output_field, DateTimeField):
             tzname = self.get_tzname()
         elif self.tzinfo is not None:
-            raise ValueError('tzinfo can only be used with DateTimeField.')
+            raise ValueError("tzinfo can only be used with DateTimeField.")
         if isinstance(self.output_field, DateTimeField):
             sql = connection.ops.datetime_trunc_sql(self.kind, inner_sql, tzname)
         elif isinstance(self.output_field, DateField):
@@ -209,11 +248,17 @@ class TruncBase(TimezoneMixin, Transform):
         elif isinstance(self.output_field, TimeField):
             sql = connection.ops.time_trunc_sql(self.kind, inner_sql, tzname)
         else:
-            raise ValueError('Trunc only valid on DateField, TimeField, or DateTimeField.')
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Trunc only valid on DateField, TimeField, or DateTimeField."
+            )
         return sql, inner_params
 
-    def resolve_expression(self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False):
-        copy = super().resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save)
+    def resolve_expression(
+        self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False
+    ):
+        copy = super().resolve_expression(
+            query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save
+        )
         field = copy.lhs.output_field
         # DateTimeField is a subclass of DateField so this works for both.
         if not isinstance(field, (DateField, TimeField)):
@@ -223,23 +268,46 @@ class TruncBase(TimezoneMixin, Transform):
         # If self.output_field was None, then accessing the field will trigger
         # the resolver to assign it to self.lhs.output_field.
         if not isinstance(copy.output_field, (DateField, DateTimeField, TimeField)):
-            raise ValueError('output_field must be either DateField, TimeField, or DateTimeField')
+            raise ValueError(
+                "output_field must be either DateField, TimeField, or DateTimeField"
+            )
         # Passing dates or times to functions expecting datetimes is most
         # likely a mistake.
-        class_output_field = self.__class__.output_field if isinstance(self.__class__.output_field, Field) else None
+        class_output_field = (
+            self.__class__.output_field
+            if isinstance(self.__class__.output_field, Field)
+            else None
+        )
         output_field = class_output_field or copy.output_field
-        has_explicit_output_field = class_output_field or field.__class__ is not copy.output_field.__class__
+        has_explicit_output_field = (
+            class_output_field or field.__class__ is not copy.output_field.__class__
+        )
         if type(field) == DateField and (
-                isinstance(output_field, DateTimeField) or copy.kind in ('hour', 'minute', 'second', 'time')):
-            raise ValueError("Cannot truncate DateField '%s' to %s." % (
-                field.name, output_field.__class__.__name__ if has_explicit_output_field else 'DateTimeField'
-            ))
+            isinstance(output_field, DateTimeField)
+            or copy.kind in ("hour", "minute", "second", "time")
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Cannot truncate DateField '%s' to %s."
+                % (
+                    field.name,
+                    output_field.__class__.__name__
+                    if has_explicit_output_field
+                    else "DateTimeField",
+                )
+            )
         elif isinstance(field, TimeField) and (
-                isinstance(output_field, DateTimeField) or
-                copy.kind in ('year', 'quarter', 'month', 'week', 'day', 'date')):
-            raise ValueError("Cannot truncate TimeField '%s' to %s." % (
-                field.name, output_field.__class__.__name__ if has_explicit_output_field else 'DateTimeField'
-            ))
+            isinstance(output_field, DateTimeField)
+            or copy.kind in ("year", "quarter", "month", "week", "day", "date")
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Cannot truncate TimeField '%s' to %s."
+                % (
+                    field.name,
+                    output_field.__class__.__name__
+                    if has_explicit_output_field
+                    else "DateTimeField",
+                )
+            )
         return copy
 
     def convert_value(self, value, expression, connection):
@@ -251,8 +319,8 @@ class TruncBase(TimezoneMixin, Transform):
                 value = timezone.make_aware(value, self.tzinfo, is_dst=self.is_dst)
             elif not connection.features.has_zoneinfo_database:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'Database returned an invalid datetime value. Are time '
-                    'zone definitions for your database installed?'
+                    "Database returned an invalid datetime value. Are time "
+                    "zone definitions for your database installed?"
                 )
         elif isinstance(value, datetime):
             if value is None:
@@ -268,38 +336,46 @@ class Trunc(TruncBase):
 
     # RemovedInDjango50Warning: when the deprecation ends, remove is_dst
     # argument.
-    def __init__(self, expression, kind, output_field=None, tzinfo=None, is_dst=timezone.NOT_PASSED, **extra):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        expression,
+        kind,
+        output_field=None,
+        tzinfo=None,
+        is_dst=timezone.NOT_PASSED,
+        **extra,
+    ):
         self.kind = kind
         super().__init__(
-            expression, output_field=output_field, tzinfo=tzinfo,
-            is_dst=is_dst, **extra
+            expression, output_field=output_field, tzinfo=tzinfo, is_dst=is_dst, **extra
         )
 
 
 class TruncYear(TruncBase):
-    kind = 'year'
+    kind = "year"
 
 
 class TruncQuarter(TruncBase):
-    kind = 'quarter'
+    kind = "quarter"
 
 
 class TruncMonth(TruncBase):
-    kind = 'month'
+    kind = "month"
 
 
 class TruncWeek(TruncBase):
     """Truncate to midnight on the Monday of the week."""
-    kind = 'week'
+
+    kind = "week"
 
 
 class TruncDay(TruncBase):
-    kind = 'day'
+    kind = "day"
 
 
 class TruncDate(TruncBase):
-    kind = 'date'
-    lookup_name = 'date'
+    kind = "date"
+    lookup_name = "date"
     output_field = DateField()
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
@@ -311,8 +387,8 @@ class TruncDate(TruncBase):
 
 
 class TruncTime(TruncBase):
-    kind = 'time'
-    lookup_name = 'time'
+    kind = "time"
+    lookup_name = "time"
     output_field = TimeField()
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
@@ -324,15 +400,15 @@ class TruncTime(TruncBase):
 
 
 class TruncHour(TruncBase):
-    kind = 'hour'
+    kind = "hour"
 
 
 class TruncMinute(TruncBase):
-    kind = 'minute'
+    kind = "minute"
 
 
 class TruncSecond(TruncBase):
-    kind = 'second'
+    kind = "second"
 
 
 DateTimeField.register_lookup(TruncDate)
diff --git a/django/db/models/functions/math.py b/django/db/models/functions/math.py
index f939885263..8b5fd79c3a 100644
--- a/django/db/models/functions/math.py
+++ b/django/db/models/functions/math.py
@@ -4,37 +4,40 @@ from django.db.models.expressions import Func, Value
 from django.db.models.fields import FloatField, IntegerField
 from django.db.models.functions import Cast
 from django.db.models.functions.mixins import (
-    FixDecimalInputMixin, NumericOutputFieldMixin,
+    FixDecimalInputMixin,
+    NumericOutputFieldMixin,
 )
 from django.db.models.lookups import Transform
 
 
 class Abs(Transform):
-    function = 'ABS'
-    lookup_name = 'abs'
+    function = "ABS"
+    lookup_name = "abs"
 
 
 class ACos(NumericOutputFieldMixin, Transform):
-    function = 'ACOS'
-    lookup_name = 'acos'
+    function = "ACOS"
+    lookup_name = "acos"
 
 
 class ASin(NumericOutputFieldMixin, Transform):
-    function = 'ASIN'
-    lookup_name = 'asin'
+    function = "ASIN"
+    lookup_name = "asin"
 
 
 class ATan(NumericOutputFieldMixin, Transform):
-    function = 'ATAN'
-    lookup_name = 'atan'
+    function = "ATAN"
+    lookup_name = "atan"
 
 
 class ATan2(NumericOutputFieldMixin, Func):
-    function = 'ATAN2'
+    function = "ATAN2"
     arity = 2
 
     def as_sqlite(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
-        if not getattr(connection.ops, 'spatialite', False) or connection.ops.spatial_version >= (5, 0, 0):
+        if not getattr(
+            connection.ops, "spatialite", False
+        ) or connection.ops.spatial_version >= (5, 0, 0):
             return self.as_sql(compiler, connection)
         # This function is usually ATan2(y, x), returning the inverse tangent
         # of y / x, but it's ATan2(x, y) on SpatiaLite < 5.0.0.
@@ -42,67 +45,74 @@ class ATan2(NumericOutputFieldMixin, Func):
         # arguments are mixed between integer and float or decimal.
         # https://www.gaia-gis.it/fossil/libspatialite/tktview?name=0f72cca3a2
         clone = self.copy()
-        clone.set_source_expressions([
-            Cast(expression, FloatField()) if isinstance(expression.output_field, IntegerField)
-            else expression for expression in self.get_source_expressions()[::-1]
-        ])
+        clone.set_source_expressions(
+            [
+                Cast(expression, FloatField())
+                if isinstance(expression.output_field, IntegerField)
+                else expression
+                for expression in self.get_source_expressions()[::-1]
+            ]
+        )
         return clone.as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
 
 
 class Ceil(Transform):
-    function = 'CEILING'
-    lookup_name = 'ceil'
+    function = "CEILING"
+    lookup_name = "ceil"
 
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
-        return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, function='CEIL', **extra_context)
+        return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, function="CEIL", **extra_context)
 
 
 class Cos(NumericOutputFieldMixin, Transform):
-    function = 'COS'
-    lookup_name = 'cos'
+    function = "COS"
+    lookup_name = "cos"
 
 
 class Cot(NumericOutputFieldMixin, Transform):
-    function = 'COT'
-    lookup_name = 'cot'
-
-    def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
-        return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, template='(1 / TAN(%(expressions)s))', **extra_context)
-
-
-class Degrees(NumericOutputFieldMixin, Transform):
-    function = 'DEGREES'
-    lookup_name = 'degrees'
+    function = "COT"
+    lookup_name = "cot"
 
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         return super().as_sql(
-            compiler, connection,
-            template='((%%(expressions)s) * 180 / %s)' % math.pi,
-            **extra_context
+            compiler, connection, template="(1 / TAN(%(expressions)s))", **extra_context
+        )
+
+
+class Degrees(NumericOutputFieldMixin, Transform):
+    function = "DEGREES"
+    lookup_name = "degrees"
+
+    def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
+        return super().as_sql(
+            compiler,
+            connection,
+            template="((%%(expressions)s) * 180 / %s)" % math.pi,
+            **extra_context,
         )
 
 
 class Exp(NumericOutputFieldMixin, Transform):
-    function = 'EXP'
-    lookup_name = 'exp'
+    function = "EXP"
+    lookup_name = "exp"
 
 
 class Floor(Transform):
-    function = 'FLOOR'
-    lookup_name = 'floor'
+    function = "FLOOR"
+    lookup_name = "floor"
 
 
 class Ln(NumericOutputFieldMixin, Transform):
-    function = 'LN'
-    lookup_name = 'ln'
+    function = "LN"
+    lookup_name = "ln"
 
 
 class Log(FixDecimalInputMixin, NumericOutputFieldMixin, Func):
-    function = 'LOG'
+    function = "LOG"
     arity = 2
 
     def as_sqlite(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
-        if not getattr(connection.ops, 'spatialite', False):
+        if not getattr(connection.ops, "spatialite", False):
             return self.as_sql(compiler, connection)
         # This function is usually Log(b, x) returning the logarithm of x to
         # the base b, but on SpatiaLite it's Log(x, b).
@@ -112,55 +122,60 @@ class Log(FixDecimalInputMixin, NumericOutputFieldMixin, Func):
 
 
 class Mod(FixDecimalInputMixin, NumericOutputFieldMixin, Func):
-    function = 'MOD'
+    function = "MOD"
     arity = 2
 
 
 class Pi(NumericOutputFieldMixin, Func):
-    function = 'PI'
+    function = "PI"
     arity = 0
 
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
-        return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, template=str(math.pi), **extra_context)
+        return super().as_sql(
+            compiler, connection, template=str(math.pi), **extra_context
+        )
 
 
 class Power(NumericOutputFieldMixin, Func):
-    function = 'POWER'
+    function = "POWER"
     arity = 2
 
 
 class Radians(NumericOutputFieldMixin, Transform):
-    function = 'RADIANS'
-    lookup_name = 'radians'
+    function = "RADIANS"
+    lookup_name = "radians"
 
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         return super().as_sql(
-            compiler, connection,
-            template='((%%(expressions)s) * %s / 180)' % math.pi,
-            **extra_context
+            compiler,
+            connection,
+            template="((%%(expressions)s) * %s / 180)" % math.pi,
+            **extra_context,
         )
 
 
 class Random(NumericOutputFieldMixin, Func):
-    function = 'RANDOM'
+    function = "RANDOM"
     arity = 0
 
     def as_mysql(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
-        return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, function='RAND', **extra_context)
+        return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, function="RAND", **extra_context)
 
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
-        return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, function='DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE', **extra_context)
+        return super().as_sql(
+            compiler, connection, function="DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE", **extra_context
+        )
 
     def as_sqlite(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
-        return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, function='RAND', **extra_context)
+        return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, function="RAND", **extra_context)
 
     def get_group_by_cols(self, alias=None):
         return []
 
 
 class Round(FixDecimalInputMixin, Transform):
-    function = 'ROUND'
-    lookup_name = 'round'
+    function = "ROUND"
+    lookup_name = "round"
     arity = None  # Override Transform's arity=1 to enable passing precision.
 
     def __init__(self, expression, precision=0, **extra):
@@ -169,7 +184,7 @@ class Round(FixDecimalInputMixin, Transform):
     def as_sqlite(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         precision = self.get_source_expressions()[1]
         if isinstance(precision, Value) and precision.value < 0:
-            raise ValueError('SQLite does not support negative precision.')
+            raise ValueError("SQLite does not support negative precision.")
         return super().as_sqlite(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
 
     def _resolve_output_field(self):
@@ -178,20 +193,20 @@ class Round(FixDecimalInputMixin, Transform):
 
 
 class Sign(Transform):
-    function = 'SIGN'
-    lookup_name = 'sign'
+    function = "SIGN"
+    lookup_name = "sign"
 
 
 class Sin(NumericOutputFieldMixin, Transform):
-    function = 'SIN'
-    lookup_name = 'sin'
+    function = "SIN"
+    lookup_name = "sin"
 
 
 class Sqrt(NumericOutputFieldMixin, Transform):
-    function = 'SQRT'
-    lookup_name = 'sqrt'
+    function = "SQRT"
+    lookup_name = "sqrt"
 
 
 class Tan(NumericOutputFieldMixin, Transform):
-    function = 'TAN'
-    lookup_name = 'tan'
+    function = "TAN"
+    lookup_name = "tan"
diff --git a/django/db/models/functions/mixins.py b/django/db/models/functions/mixins.py
index 00cfd1bc01..caf20e131d 100644
--- a/django/db/models/functions/mixins.py
+++ b/django/db/models/functions/mixins.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from django.db.models.functions import Cast
 
 
 class FixDecimalInputMixin:
-
     def as_postgresql(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         # Cast FloatField to DecimalField as PostgreSQL doesn't support the
         # following function signatures:
@@ -13,36 +12,42 @@ class FixDecimalInputMixin:
         # - MOD(double, double)
         output_field = DecimalField(decimal_places=sys.float_info.dig, max_digits=1000)
         clone = self.copy()
-        clone.set_source_expressions([
-            Cast(expression, output_field) if isinstance(expression.output_field, FloatField)
-            else expression for expression in self.get_source_expressions()
-        ])
+        clone.set_source_expressions(
+            [
+                Cast(expression, output_field)
+                if isinstance(expression.output_field, FloatField)
+                else expression
+                for expression in self.get_source_expressions()
+            ]
+        )
         return clone.as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
 
 
 class FixDurationInputMixin:
-
     def as_mysql(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         sql, params = super().as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
-        if self.output_field.get_internal_type() == 'DurationField':
-            sql = 'CAST(%s AS SIGNED)' % sql
+        if self.output_field.get_internal_type() == "DurationField":
+            sql = "CAST(%s AS SIGNED)" % sql
         return sql, params
 
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
-        if self.output_field.get_internal_type() == 'DurationField':
+        if self.output_field.get_internal_type() == "DurationField":
             expression = self.get_source_expressions()[0]
             options = self._get_repr_options()
             from django.db.backends.oracle.functions import (
-                IntervalToSeconds, SecondsToInterval,
+                IntervalToSeconds,
+                SecondsToInterval,
             )
+
             return compiler.compile(
-                SecondsToInterval(self.__class__(IntervalToSeconds(expression), **options))
+                SecondsToInterval(
+                    self.__class__(IntervalToSeconds(expression), **options)
+                )
             )
         return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
 
 
 class NumericOutputFieldMixin:
-
     def _resolve_output_field(self):
         source_fields = self.get_source_fields()
         if any(isinstance(s, DecimalField) for s in source_fields):
diff --git a/django/db/models/functions/text.py b/django/db/models/functions/text.py
index 4c52222ba1..a54ce8f19b 100644
--- a/django/db/models/functions/text.py
+++ b/django/db/models/functions/text.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class MySQLSHA2Mixin:
         return super().as_sql(
             compiler,
             connection,
-            template='SHA2(%%(expressions)s, %s)' % self.function[3:],
+            template="SHA2(%%(expressions)s, %s)" % self.function[3:],
             **extra_content,
         )
 
@@ -40,25 +40,28 @@ class PostgreSQLSHAMixin:
 
 
 class Chr(Transform):
-    function = 'CHR'
-    lookup_name = 'chr'
+    function = "CHR"
+    lookup_name = "chr"
 
     def as_mysql(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         return super().as_sql(
-            compiler, connection, function='CHAR',
-            template='%(function)s(%(expressions)s USING utf16)',
-            **extra_context
+            compiler,
+            connection,
+            function="CHAR",
+            template="%(function)s(%(expressions)s USING utf16)",
+            **extra_context,
         )
 
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         return super().as_sql(
-            compiler, connection,
-            template='%(function)s(%(expressions)s USING NCHAR_CS)',
-            **extra_context
+            compiler,
+            connection,
+            template="%(function)s(%(expressions)s USING NCHAR_CS)",
+            **extra_context,
         )
 
     def as_sqlite(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
-        return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, function='CHAR', **extra_context)
+        return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, function="CHAR", **extra_context)
 
 
 class ConcatPair(Func):
@@ -66,29 +69,38 @@ class ConcatPair(Func):
     Concatenate two arguments together. This is used by `Concat` because not
     all backend databases support more than two arguments.
     """
-    function = 'CONCAT'
+
+    function = "CONCAT"
 
     def as_sqlite(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         coalesced = self.coalesce()
         return super(ConcatPair, coalesced).as_sql(
-            compiler, connection, template='%(expressions)s', arg_joiner=' || ',
-            **extra_context
+            compiler,
+            connection,
+            template="%(expressions)s",
+            arg_joiner=" || ",
+            **extra_context,
         )
 
     def as_mysql(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         # Use CONCAT_WS with an empty separator so that NULLs are ignored.
         return super().as_sql(
-            compiler, connection, function='CONCAT_WS',
+            compiler,
+            connection,
+            function="CONCAT_WS",
             template="%(function)s('', %(expressions)s)",
-            **extra_context
+            **extra_context,
         )
 
     def coalesce(self):
         # null on either side results in null for expression, wrap with coalesce
         c = self.copy()
-        c.set_source_expressions([
-            Coalesce(expression, Value('')) for expression in c.get_source_expressions()
-        ])
+        c.set_source_expressions(
+            [
+                Coalesce(expression, Value(""))
+                for expression in c.get_source_expressions()
+            ]
+        )
         return c
 
 
@@ -98,12 +110,13 @@ class Concat(Func):
     null expression when any arguments are null will wrap each argument in
     coalesce functions to ensure a non-null result.
     """
+
     function = None
     template = "%(expressions)s"
 
     def __init__(self, *expressions, **extra):
         if len(expressions) < 2:
-            raise ValueError('Concat must take at least two expressions')
+            raise ValueError("Concat must take at least two expressions")
         paired = self._paired(expressions)
         super().__init__(paired, **extra)
 
@@ -117,7 +130,7 @@ class Concat(Func):
 
 
 class Left(Func):
-    function = 'LEFT'
+    function = "LEFT"
     arity = 2
     output_field = CharField()
 
@@ -126,7 +139,7 @@ class Left(Func):
         expression: the name of a field, or an expression returning a string
         length: the number of characters to return from the start of the string
         """
-        if not hasattr(length, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if not hasattr(length, "resolve_expression"):
             if length < 1:
                 raise ValueError("'length' must be greater than 0.")
         super().__init__(expression, length, **extra)
@@ -143,57 +156,68 @@ class Left(Func):
 
 class Length(Transform):
     """Return the number of characters in the expression."""
-    function = 'LENGTH'
-    lookup_name = 'length'
+
+    function = "LENGTH"
+    lookup_name = "length"
     output_field = IntegerField()
 
     def as_mysql(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
-        return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, function='CHAR_LENGTH', **extra_context)
+        return super().as_sql(
+            compiler, connection, function="CHAR_LENGTH", **extra_context
+        )
 
 
 class Lower(Transform):
-    function = 'LOWER'
-    lookup_name = 'lower'
+    function = "LOWER"
+    lookup_name = "lower"
 
 
 class LPad(Func):
-    function = 'LPAD'
+    function = "LPAD"
     output_field = CharField()
 
-    def __init__(self, expression, length, fill_text=Value(' '), **extra):
-        if not hasattr(length, 'resolve_expression') and length is not None and length < 0:
+    def __init__(self, expression, length, fill_text=Value(" "), **extra):
+        if (
+            not hasattr(length, "resolve_expression")
+            and length is not None
+            and length < 0
+        ):
             raise ValueError("'length' must be greater or equal to 0.")
         super().__init__(expression, length, fill_text, **extra)
 
 
 class LTrim(Transform):
-    function = 'LTRIM'
-    lookup_name = 'ltrim'
+    function = "LTRIM"
+    lookup_name = "ltrim"
 
 
 class MD5(OracleHashMixin, Transform):
-    function = 'MD5'
-    lookup_name = 'md5'
+    function = "MD5"
+    lookup_name = "md5"
 
 
 class Ord(Transform):
-    function = 'ASCII'
-    lookup_name = 'ord'
+    function = "ASCII"
+    lookup_name = "ord"
     output_field = IntegerField()
 
     def as_mysql(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
-        return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, function='ORD', **extra_context)
+        return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, function="ORD", **extra_context)
 
     def as_sqlite(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
-        return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, function='UNICODE', **extra_context)
+        return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, function="UNICODE", **extra_context)
 
 
 class Repeat(Func):
-    function = 'REPEAT'
+    function = "REPEAT"
     output_field = CharField()
 
     def __init__(self, expression, number, **extra):
-        if not hasattr(number, 'resolve_expression') and number is not None and number < 0:
+        if (
+            not hasattr(number, "resolve_expression")
+            and number is not None
+            and number < 0
+        ):
             raise ValueError("'number' must be greater or equal to 0.")
         super().__init__(expression, number, **extra)
 
@@ -205,73 +229,76 @@ class Repeat(Func):
 
 
 class Replace(Func):
-    function = 'REPLACE'
+    function = "REPLACE"
 
-    def __init__(self, expression, text, replacement=Value(''), **extra):
+    def __init__(self, expression, text, replacement=Value(""), **extra):
         super().__init__(expression, text, replacement, **extra)
 
 
 class Reverse(Transform):
-    function = 'REVERSE'
-    lookup_name = 'reverse'
+    function = "REVERSE"
+    lookup_name = "reverse"
 
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         # REVERSE in Oracle is undocumented and doesn't support multi-byte
         # strings. Use a special subquery instead.
         return super().as_sql(
-            compiler, connection,
+            compiler,
+            connection,
             template=(
-                '(SELECT LISTAGG(s) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY n DESC) FROM '
-                '(SELECT LEVEL n, SUBSTR(%(expressions)s, LEVEL, 1) s '
-                'FROM DUAL CONNECT BY LEVEL <= LENGTH(%(expressions)s)) '
-                'GROUP BY %(expressions)s)'
+                "(SELECT LISTAGG(s) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY n DESC) FROM "
+                "(SELECT LEVEL n, SUBSTR(%(expressions)s, LEVEL, 1) s "
+                "FROM DUAL CONNECT BY LEVEL <= LENGTH(%(expressions)s)) "
+                "GROUP BY %(expressions)s)"
             ),
-            **extra_context
+            **extra_context,
         )
 
 
 class Right(Left):
-    function = 'RIGHT'
+    function = "RIGHT"
 
     def get_substr(self):
-        return Substr(self.source_expressions[0], self.source_expressions[1] * Value(-1))
+        return Substr(
+            self.source_expressions[0], self.source_expressions[1] * Value(-1)
+        )
 
 
 class RPad(LPad):
-    function = 'RPAD'
+    function = "RPAD"
 
 
 class RTrim(Transform):
-    function = 'RTRIM'
-    lookup_name = 'rtrim'
+    function = "RTRIM"
+    lookup_name = "rtrim"
 
 
 class SHA1(OracleHashMixin, PostgreSQLSHAMixin, Transform):
-    function = 'SHA1'
-    lookup_name = 'sha1'
+    function = "SHA1"
+    lookup_name = "sha1"
 
 
 class SHA224(MySQLSHA2Mixin, PostgreSQLSHAMixin, Transform):
-    function = 'SHA224'
-    lookup_name = 'sha224'
+    function = "SHA224"
+    lookup_name = "sha224"
 
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
-        raise NotSupportedError('SHA224 is not supported on Oracle.')
+        raise NotSupportedError("SHA224 is not supported on Oracle.")
 
 
 class SHA256(MySQLSHA2Mixin, OracleHashMixin, PostgreSQLSHAMixin, Transform):
-    function = 'SHA256'
-    lookup_name = 'sha256'
+    function = "SHA256"
+    lookup_name = "sha256"
 
 
 class SHA384(MySQLSHA2Mixin, OracleHashMixin, PostgreSQLSHAMixin, Transform):
-    function = 'SHA384'
-    lookup_name = 'sha384'
+    function = "SHA384"
+    lookup_name = "sha384"
 
 
 class SHA512(MySQLSHA2Mixin, OracleHashMixin, PostgreSQLSHAMixin, Transform):
-    function = 'SHA512'
-    lookup_name = 'sha512'
+    function = "SHA512"
+    lookup_name = "sha512"
 
 
 class StrIndex(Func):
@@ -280,16 +307,17 @@ class StrIndex(Func):
     first occurrence of a substring inside another string, or 0 if the
     substring is not found.
     """
-    function = 'INSTR'
+
+    function = "INSTR"
     arity = 2
     output_field = IntegerField()
 
     def as_postgresql(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
-        return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, function='STRPOS', **extra_context)
+        return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, function="STRPOS", **extra_context)
 
 
 class Substr(Func):
-    function = 'SUBSTRING'
+    function = "SUBSTRING"
     output_field = CharField()
 
     def __init__(self, expression, pos, length=None, **extra):
@@ -298,7 +326,7 @@ class Substr(Func):
         pos: an integer > 0, or an expression returning an integer
         length: an optional number of characters to return
         """
-        if not hasattr(pos, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if not hasattr(pos, "resolve_expression"):
             if pos < 1:
                 raise ValueError("'pos' must be greater than 0")
         expressions = [expression, pos]
@@ -307,17 +335,17 @@ class Substr(Func):
         super().__init__(*expressions, **extra)
 
     def as_sqlite(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
-        return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, function='SUBSTR', **extra_context)
+        return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, function="SUBSTR", **extra_context)
 
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
-        return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, function='SUBSTR', **extra_context)
+        return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, function="SUBSTR", **extra_context)
 
 
 class Trim(Transform):
-    function = 'TRIM'
-    lookup_name = 'trim'
+    function = "TRIM"
+    lookup_name = "trim"
 
 
 class Upper(Transform):
-    function = 'UPPER'
-    lookup_name = 'upper'
+    function = "UPPER"
+    lookup_name = "upper"
diff --git a/django/db/models/functions/window.py b/django/db/models/functions/window.py
index 84b2b24ffa..671017aba7 100644
--- a/django/db/models/functions/window.py
+++ b/django/db/models/functions/window.py
@@ -2,26 +2,35 @@ from django.db.models.expressions import Func
 from django.db.models.fields import FloatField, IntegerField
 
 __all__ = [
-    'CumeDist', 'DenseRank', 'FirstValue', 'Lag', 'LastValue', 'Lead',
-    'NthValue', 'Ntile', 'PercentRank', 'Rank', 'RowNumber',
+    "CumeDist",
+    "DenseRank",
+    "FirstValue",
+    "Lag",
+    "LastValue",
+    "Lead",
+    "NthValue",
+    "Ntile",
+    "PercentRank",
+    "Rank",
+    "RowNumber",
 ]
 
 
 class CumeDist(Func):
-    function = 'CUME_DIST'
+    function = "CUME_DIST"
     output_field = FloatField()
     window_compatible = True
 
 
 class DenseRank(Func):
-    function = 'DENSE_RANK'
+    function = "DENSE_RANK"
     output_field = IntegerField()
     window_compatible = True
 
 
 class FirstValue(Func):
     arity = 1
-    function = 'FIRST_VALUE'
+    function = "FIRST_VALUE"
     window_compatible = True
 
 
@@ -31,13 +40,12 @@ class LagLeadFunction(Func):
     def __init__(self, expression, offset=1, default=None, **extra):
         if expression is None:
             raise ValueError(
-                '%s requires a non-null source expression.' %
-                self.__class__.__name__
+                "%s requires a non-null source expression." % self.__class__.__name__
             )
         if offset is None or offset <= 0:
             raise ValueError(
-                '%s requires a positive integer for the offset.' %
-                self.__class__.__name__
+                "%s requires a positive integer for the offset."
+                % self.__class__.__name__
             )
         args = (expression, offset)
         if default is not None:
@@ -50,28 +58,32 @@ class LagLeadFunction(Func):
 
 
 class Lag(LagLeadFunction):
-    function = 'LAG'
+    function = "LAG"
 
 
 class LastValue(Func):
     arity = 1
-    function = 'LAST_VALUE'
+    function = "LAST_VALUE"
     window_compatible = True
 
 
 class Lead(LagLeadFunction):
-    function = 'LEAD'
+    function = "LEAD"
 
 
 class NthValue(Func):
-    function = 'NTH_VALUE'
+    function = "NTH_VALUE"
     window_compatible = True
 
     def __init__(self, expression, nth=1, **extra):
         if expression is None:
-            raise ValueError('%s requires a non-null source expression.' % self.__class__.__name__)
+            raise ValueError(
+                "%s requires a non-null source expression." % self.__class__.__name__
+            )
         if nth is None or nth <= 0:
-            raise ValueError('%s requires a positive integer as for nth.' % self.__class__.__name__)
+            raise ValueError(
+                "%s requires a positive integer as for nth." % self.__class__.__name__
+            )
         super().__init__(expression, nth, **extra)
 
     def _resolve_output_field(self):
@@ -80,29 +92,29 @@ class NthValue(Func):
 
 
 class Ntile(Func):
-    function = 'NTILE'
+    function = "NTILE"
     output_field = IntegerField()
     window_compatible = True
 
     def __init__(self, num_buckets=1, **extra):
         if num_buckets <= 0:
-            raise ValueError('num_buckets must be greater than 0.')
+            raise ValueError("num_buckets must be greater than 0.")
         super().__init__(num_buckets, **extra)
 
 
 class PercentRank(Func):
-    function = 'PERCENT_RANK'
+    function = "PERCENT_RANK"
     output_field = FloatField()
     window_compatible = True
 
 
 class Rank(Func):
-    function = 'RANK'
+    function = "RANK"
     output_field = IntegerField()
     window_compatible = True
 
 
 class RowNumber(Func):
-    function = 'ROW_NUMBER'
+    function = "ROW_NUMBER"
     output_field = IntegerField()
     window_compatible = True
diff --git a/django/db/models/indexes.py b/django/db/models/indexes.py
index e843f9a8cb..95b71ae5bf 100644
--- a/django/db/models/indexes.py
+++ b/django/db/models/indexes.py
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ from django.db.models.query_utils import Q
 from django.db.models.sql import Query
 from django.utils.functional import partition
 
-__all__ = ['Index']
+__all__ = ["Index"]
 
 
 class Index:
-    suffix = 'idx'
+    suffix = "idx"
     # The max length of the name of the index (restricted to 30 for
     # cross-database compatibility with Oracle)
     max_name_length = 30
@@ -25,45 +25,47 @@ class Index:
         include=None,
     ):
         if opclasses and not name:
-            raise ValueError('An index must be named to use opclasses.')
+            raise ValueError("An index must be named to use opclasses.")
         if not isinstance(condition, (type(None), Q)):
-            raise ValueError('Index.condition must be a Q instance.')
+            raise ValueError("Index.condition must be a Q instance.")
         if condition and not name:
-            raise ValueError('An index must be named to use condition.')
+            raise ValueError("An index must be named to use condition.")
         if not isinstance(fields, (list, tuple)):
-            raise ValueError('Index.fields must be a list or tuple.')
+            raise ValueError("Index.fields must be a list or tuple.")
         if not isinstance(opclasses, (list, tuple)):
-            raise ValueError('Index.opclasses must be a list or tuple.')
+            raise ValueError("Index.opclasses must be a list or tuple.")
         if not expressions and not fields:
             raise ValueError(
-                'At least one field or expression is required to define an index.'
+                "At least one field or expression is required to define an index."
             )
         if expressions and fields:
             raise ValueError(
-                'Index.fields and expressions are mutually exclusive.',
+                "Index.fields and expressions are mutually exclusive.",
             )
         if expressions and not name:
-            raise ValueError('An index must be named to use expressions.')
+            raise ValueError("An index must be named to use expressions.")
         if expressions and opclasses:
             raise ValueError(
-                'Index.opclasses cannot be used with expressions. Use '
-                'django.contrib.postgres.indexes.OpClass() instead.'
+                "Index.opclasses cannot be used with expressions. Use "
+                "django.contrib.postgres.indexes.OpClass() instead."
             )
         if opclasses and len(fields) != len(opclasses):
-            raise ValueError('Index.fields and Index.opclasses must have the same number of elements.')
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Index.fields and Index.opclasses must have the same number of elements."
+            )
         if fields and not all(isinstance(field, str) for field in fields):
-            raise ValueError('Index.fields must contain only strings with field names.')
+            raise ValueError("Index.fields must contain only strings with field names.")
         if include and not name:
-            raise ValueError('A covering index must be named.')
+            raise ValueError("A covering index must be named.")
         if not isinstance(include, (type(None), list, tuple)):
-            raise ValueError('Index.include must be a list or tuple.')
+            raise ValueError("Index.include must be a list or tuple.")
         self.fields = list(fields)
         # A list of 2-tuple with the field name and ordering ('' or 'DESC').
         self.fields_orders = [
-            (field_name[1:], 'DESC') if field_name.startswith('-') else (field_name, '')
+            (field_name[1:], "DESC") if field_name.startswith("-") else (field_name, "")
             for field_name in self.fields
         ]
-        self.name = name or ''
+        self.name = name or ""
         self.db_tablespace = db_tablespace
         self.opclasses = opclasses
         self.condition = condition
@@ -86,8 +88,10 @@ class Index:
         sql, params = where.as_sql(compiler, schema_editor.connection)
         return sql % tuple(schema_editor.quote_value(p) for p in params)
 
-    def create_sql(self, model, schema_editor, using='', **kwargs):
-        include = [model._meta.get_field(field_name).column for field_name in self.include]
+    def create_sql(self, model, schema_editor, using="", **kwargs):
+        include = [
+            model._meta.get_field(field_name).column for field_name in self.include
+        ]
         condition = self._get_condition_sql(model, schema_editor)
         if self.expressions:
             index_expressions = []
@@ -108,29 +112,36 @@ class Index:
             col_suffixes = [order[1] for order in self.fields_orders]
             expressions = None
         return schema_editor._create_index_sql(
-            model, fields=fields, name=self.name, using=using,
-            db_tablespace=self.db_tablespace, col_suffixes=col_suffixes,
-            opclasses=self.opclasses, condition=condition, include=include,
-            expressions=expressions, **kwargs,
+            model,
+            fields=fields,
+            name=self.name,
+            using=using,
+            db_tablespace=self.db_tablespace,
+            col_suffixes=col_suffixes,
+            opclasses=self.opclasses,
+            condition=condition,
+            include=include,
+            expressions=expressions,
+            **kwargs,
         )
 
     def remove_sql(self, model, schema_editor, **kwargs):
         return schema_editor._delete_index_sql(model, self.name, **kwargs)
 
     def deconstruct(self):
-        path = '%s.%s' % (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__)
-        path = path.replace('django.db.models.indexes', 'django.db.models')
-        kwargs = {'name': self.name}
+        path = "%s.%s" % (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__)
+        path = path.replace("django.db.models.indexes", "django.db.models")
+        kwargs = {"name": self.name}
         if self.fields:
-            kwargs['fields'] = self.fields
+            kwargs["fields"] = self.fields
         if self.db_tablespace is not None:
-            kwargs['db_tablespace'] = self.db_tablespace
+            kwargs["db_tablespace"] = self.db_tablespace
         if self.opclasses:
-            kwargs['opclasses'] = self.opclasses
+            kwargs["opclasses"] = self.opclasses
         if self.condition:
-            kwargs['condition'] = self.condition
+            kwargs["condition"] = self.condition
         if self.include:
-            kwargs['include'] = self.include
+            kwargs["include"] = self.include
         return (path, self.expressions, kwargs)
 
     def clone(self):
@@ -147,39 +158,44 @@ class Index:
         fit its size by truncating the excess length.
         """
         _, table_name = split_identifier(model._meta.db_table)
-        column_names = [model._meta.get_field(field_name).column for field_name, order in self.fields_orders]
+        column_names = [
+            model._meta.get_field(field_name).column
+            for field_name, order in self.fields_orders
+        ]
         column_names_with_order = [
-            (('-%s' if order else '%s') % column_name)
-            for column_name, (field_name, order) in zip(column_names, self.fields_orders)
+            (("-%s" if order else "%s") % column_name)
+            for column_name, (field_name, order) in zip(
+                column_names, self.fields_orders
+            )
         ]
         # The length of the parts of the name is based on the default max
         # length of 30 characters.
         hash_data = [table_name] + column_names_with_order + [self.suffix]
-        self.name = '%s_%s_%s' % (
+        self.name = "%s_%s_%s" % (
             table_name[:11],
             column_names[0][:7],
-            '%s_%s' % (names_digest(*hash_data, length=6), self.suffix),
+            "%s_%s" % (names_digest(*hash_data, length=6), self.suffix),
         )
         if len(self.name) > self.max_name_length:
             raise ValueError(
-                'Index too long for multiple database support. Is self.suffix '
-                'longer than 3 characters?'
+                "Index too long for multiple database support. Is self.suffix "
+                "longer than 3 characters?"
             )
-        if self.name[0] == '_' or self.name[0].isdigit():
-            self.name = 'D%s' % self.name[1:]
+        if self.name[0] == "_" or self.name[0].isdigit():
+            self.name = "D%s" % self.name[1:]
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s:%s%s%s%s%s%s%s>' % (
+        return "<%s:%s%s%s%s%s%s%s>" % (
             self.__class__.__qualname__,
-            '' if not self.fields else ' fields=%s' % repr(self.fields),
-            '' if not self.expressions else ' expressions=%s' % repr(self.expressions),
-            '' if not self.name else ' name=%s' % repr(self.name),
-            ''
+            "" if not self.fields else " fields=%s" % repr(self.fields),
+            "" if not self.expressions else " expressions=%s" % repr(self.expressions),
+            "" if not self.name else " name=%s" % repr(self.name),
+            ""
             if self.db_tablespace is None
-            else ' db_tablespace=%s' % repr(self.db_tablespace),
-            '' if self.condition is None else ' condition=%s' % self.condition,
-            '' if not self.include else ' include=%s' % repr(self.include),
-            '' if not self.opclasses else ' opclasses=%s' % repr(self.opclasses),
+            else " db_tablespace=%s" % repr(self.db_tablespace),
+            "" if self.condition is None else " condition=%s" % self.condition,
+            "" if not self.include else " include=%s" % repr(self.include),
+            "" if not self.opclasses else " opclasses=%s" % repr(self.opclasses),
         )
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
@@ -190,17 +206,20 @@ class Index:
 
 class IndexExpression(Func):
     """Order and wrap expressions for CREATE INDEX statements."""
-    template = '%(expressions)s'
+
+    template = "%(expressions)s"
     wrapper_classes = (OrderBy, Collate)
 
     def set_wrapper_classes(self, connection=None):
         # Some databases (e.g. MySQL) treats COLLATE as an indexed expression.
         if connection and connection.features.collate_as_index_expression:
-            self.wrapper_classes = tuple([
-                wrapper_cls
-                for wrapper_cls in self.wrapper_classes
-                if wrapper_cls is not Collate
-            ])
+            self.wrapper_classes = tuple(
+                [
+                    wrapper_cls
+                    for wrapper_cls in self.wrapper_classes
+                    if wrapper_cls is not Collate
+                ]
+            )
 
     @classmethod
     def register_wrappers(cls, *wrapper_classes):
@@ -224,16 +243,17 @@ class IndexExpression(Func):
         if len(wrapper_types) != len(set(wrapper_types)):
             raise ValueError(
                 "Multiple references to %s can't be used in an indexed "
-                "expression." % ', '.join([
-                    wrapper_cls.__qualname__ for wrapper_cls in self.wrapper_classes
-                ])
+                "expression."
+                % ", ".join(
+                    [wrapper_cls.__qualname__ for wrapper_cls in self.wrapper_classes]
+                )
             )
-        if expressions[1:len(wrappers) + 1] != wrappers:
+        if expressions[1 : len(wrappers) + 1] != wrappers:
             raise ValueError(
-                '%s must be topmost expressions in an indexed expression.'
-                % ', '.join([
-                    wrapper_cls.__qualname__ for wrapper_cls in self.wrapper_classes
-                ])
+                "%s must be topmost expressions in an indexed expression."
+                % ", ".join(
+                    [wrapper_cls.__qualname__ for wrapper_cls in self.wrapper_classes]
+                )
             )
         # Wrap expressions in parentheses if they are not column references.
         root_expression = index_expressions[1]
@@ -245,7 +265,7 @@ class IndexExpression(Func):
             for_save,
         )
         if not isinstance(resolve_root_expression, Col):
-            root_expression = Func(root_expression, template='(%(expressions)s)')
+            root_expression = Func(root_expression, template="(%(expressions)s)")
 
         if wrappers:
             # Order wrappers and set their expressions.
@@ -262,7 +282,9 @@ class IndexExpression(Func):
         else:
             # Use the root expression, if there are no wrappers.
             self.set_source_expressions([root_expression])
-        return super().resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save)
+        return super().resolve_expression(
+            query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save
+        )
 
     def as_sqlite(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         # Casting to numeric is unnecessary.
diff --git a/django/db/models/lookups.py b/django/db/models/lookups.py
index 24bfb11c06..5db549e6bf 100644
--- a/django/db/models/lookups.py
+++ b/django/db/models/lookups.py
@@ -4,7 +4,12 @@ import math
 from django.core.exceptions import EmptyResultSet
 from django.db.models.expressions import Case, Expression, Func, Value, When
 from django.db.models.fields import (
-    BooleanField, CharField, DateTimeField, Field, IntegerField, UUIDField,
+    BooleanField,
+    CharField,
+    DateTimeField,
+    Field,
+    IntegerField,
+    UUIDField,
 )
 from django.db.models.query_utils import RegisterLookupMixin
 from django.utils.datastructures import OrderedSet
@@ -21,18 +26,19 @@ class Lookup(Expression):
         self.lhs, self.rhs = lhs, rhs
         self.rhs = self.get_prep_lookup()
         self.lhs = self.get_prep_lhs()
-        if hasattr(self.lhs, 'get_bilateral_transforms'):
+        if hasattr(self.lhs, "get_bilateral_transforms"):
             bilateral_transforms = self.lhs.get_bilateral_transforms()
         else:
             bilateral_transforms = []
         if bilateral_transforms:
             # Warn the user as soon as possible if they are trying to apply
             # a bilateral transformation on a nested QuerySet: that won't work.
-            from django.db.models.sql.query import (  # avoid circular import
-                Query,
-            )
+            from django.db.models.sql.query import Query  # avoid circular import
+
             if isinstance(rhs, Query):
-                raise NotImplementedError("Bilateral transformations on nested querysets are not implemented.")
+                raise NotImplementedError(
+                    "Bilateral transformations on nested querysets are not implemented."
+                )
         self.bilateral_transforms = bilateral_transforms
 
     def apply_bilateral_transforms(self, value):
@@ -41,7 +47,7 @@ class Lookup(Expression):
         return value
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}({self.lhs!r}, {self.rhs!r})'
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.lhs!r}, {self.rhs!r})"
 
     def batch_process_rhs(self, compiler, connection, rhs=None):
         if rhs is None:
@@ -57,7 +63,7 @@ class Lookup(Expression):
                 sqls_params.extend(sql_params)
         else:
             _, params = self.get_db_prep_lookup(rhs, connection)
-            sqls, sqls_params = ['%s'] * len(params), params
+            sqls, sqls_params = ["%s"] * len(params), params
         return sqls, sqls_params
 
     def get_source_expressions(self):
@@ -72,31 +78,31 @@ class Lookup(Expression):
             self.lhs, self.rhs = new_exprs
 
     def get_prep_lookup(self):
-        if not self.prepare_rhs or hasattr(self.rhs, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if not self.prepare_rhs or hasattr(self.rhs, "resolve_expression"):
             return self.rhs
-        if hasattr(self.lhs, 'output_field'):
-            if hasattr(self.lhs.output_field, 'get_prep_value'):
+        if hasattr(self.lhs, "output_field"):
+            if hasattr(self.lhs.output_field, "get_prep_value"):
                 return self.lhs.output_field.get_prep_value(self.rhs)
         elif self.rhs_is_direct_value():
             return Value(self.rhs)
         return self.rhs
 
     def get_prep_lhs(self):
-        if hasattr(self.lhs, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if hasattr(self.lhs, "resolve_expression"):
             return self.lhs
         return Value(self.lhs)
 
     def get_db_prep_lookup(self, value, connection):
-        return ('%s', [value])
+        return ("%s", [value])
 
     def process_lhs(self, compiler, connection, lhs=None):
         lhs = lhs or self.lhs
-        if hasattr(lhs, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if hasattr(lhs, "resolve_expression"):
             lhs = lhs.resolve_expression(compiler.query)
         sql, params = compiler.compile(lhs)
         if isinstance(lhs, Lookup):
             # Wrapped in parentheses to respect operator precedence.
-            sql = f'({sql})'
+            sql = f"({sql})"
         return sql, params
 
     def process_rhs(self, compiler, connection):
@@ -108,19 +114,19 @@ class Lookup(Expression):
                 value = Value(value, output_field=self.lhs.output_field)
             value = self.apply_bilateral_transforms(value)
             value = value.resolve_expression(compiler.query)
-        if hasattr(value, 'as_sql'):
+        if hasattr(value, "as_sql"):
             sql, params = compiler.compile(value)
             # Ensure expression is wrapped in parentheses to respect operator
             # precedence but avoid double wrapping as it can be misinterpreted
             # on some backends (e.g. subqueries on SQLite).
-            if sql and sql[0] != '(':
-                sql = '(%s)' % sql
+            if sql and sql[0] != "(":
+                sql = "(%s)" % sql
             return sql, params
         else:
             return self.get_db_prep_lookup(value, connection)
 
     def rhs_is_direct_value(self):
-        return not hasattr(self.rhs, 'as_sql')
+        return not hasattr(self.rhs, "as_sql")
 
     def get_group_by_cols(self, alias=None):
         cols = []
@@ -157,11 +163,17 @@ class Lookup(Expression):
     def __hash__(self):
         return hash(make_hashable(self.identity))
 
-    def resolve_expression(self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False):
+    def resolve_expression(
+        self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False
+    ):
         c = self.copy()
         c.is_summary = summarize
-        c.lhs = self.lhs.resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save)
-        c.rhs = self.rhs.resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save)
+        c.lhs = self.lhs.resolve_expression(
+            query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save
+        )
+        c.rhs = self.rhs.resolve_expression(
+            query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save
+        )
         return c
 
     def select_format(self, compiler, sql, params):
@@ -169,7 +181,7 @@ class Lookup(Expression):
         # (e.g. Oracle) doesn't support boolean expression in SELECT or GROUP
         # BY list.
         if not compiler.connection.features.supports_boolean_expr_in_select_clause:
-            sql = f'CASE WHEN {sql} THEN 1 ELSE 0 END'
+            sql = f"CASE WHEN {sql} THEN 1 ELSE 0 END"
         return sql, params
 
 
@@ -178,6 +190,7 @@ class Transform(RegisterLookupMixin, Func):
     RegisterLookupMixin() is first so that get_lookup() and get_transform()
     first examine self and then check output_field.
     """
+
     bilateral = False
     arity = 1
 
@@ -186,7 +199,7 @@ class Transform(RegisterLookupMixin, Func):
         return self.get_source_expressions()[0]
 
     def get_bilateral_transforms(self):
-        if hasattr(self.lhs, 'get_bilateral_transforms'):
+        if hasattr(self.lhs, "get_bilateral_transforms"):
             bilateral_transforms = self.lhs.get_bilateral_transforms()
         else:
             bilateral_transforms = []
@@ -200,9 +213,10 @@ class BuiltinLookup(Lookup):
         lhs_sql, params = super().process_lhs(compiler, connection, lhs)
         field_internal_type = self.lhs.output_field.get_internal_type()
         db_type = self.lhs.output_field.db_type(connection=connection)
-        lhs_sql = connection.ops.field_cast_sql(
-            db_type, field_internal_type) % lhs_sql
-        lhs_sql = connection.ops.lookup_cast(self.lookup_name, field_internal_type) % lhs_sql
+        lhs_sql = connection.ops.field_cast_sql(db_type, field_internal_type) % lhs_sql
+        lhs_sql = (
+            connection.ops.lookup_cast(self.lookup_name, field_internal_type) % lhs_sql
+        )
         return lhs_sql, list(params)
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
@@ -210,7 +224,7 @@ class BuiltinLookup(Lookup):
         rhs_sql, rhs_params = self.process_rhs(compiler, connection)
         params.extend(rhs_params)
         rhs_sql = self.get_rhs_op(connection, rhs_sql)
-        return '%s %s' % (lhs_sql, rhs_sql), params
+        return "%s %s" % (lhs_sql, rhs_sql), params
 
     def get_rhs_op(self, connection, rhs):
         return connection.operators[self.lookup_name] % rhs
@@ -221,18 +235,22 @@ class FieldGetDbPrepValueMixin:
     Some lookups require Field.get_db_prep_value() to be called on their
     inputs.
     """
+
     get_db_prep_lookup_value_is_iterable = False
 
     def get_db_prep_lookup(self, value, connection):
         # For relational fields, use the 'target_field' attribute of the
         # output_field.
-        field = getattr(self.lhs.output_field, 'target_field', None)
-        get_db_prep_value = getattr(field, 'get_db_prep_value', None) or self.lhs.output_field.get_db_prep_value
+        field = getattr(self.lhs.output_field, "target_field", None)
+        get_db_prep_value = (
+            getattr(field, "get_db_prep_value", None)
+            or self.lhs.output_field.get_db_prep_value
+        )
         return (
-            '%s',
+            "%s",
             [get_db_prep_value(v, connection, prepared=True) for v in value]
-            if self.get_db_prep_lookup_value_is_iterable else
-            [get_db_prep_value(value, connection, prepared=True)]
+            if self.get_db_prep_lookup_value_is_iterable
+            else [get_db_prep_value(value, connection, prepared=True)],
         )
 
 
@@ -241,18 +259,19 @@ class FieldGetDbPrepValueIterableMixin(FieldGetDbPrepValueMixin):
     Some lookups require Field.get_db_prep_value() to be called on each value
     in an iterable.
     """
+
     get_db_prep_lookup_value_is_iterable = True
 
     def get_prep_lookup(self):
-        if hasattr(self.rhs, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if hasattr(self.rhs, "resolve_expression"):
             return self.rhs
         prepared_values = []
         for rhs_value in self.rhs:
-            if hasattr(rhs_value, 'resolve_expression'):
+            if hasattr(rhs_value, "resolve_expression"):
                 # An expression will be handled by the database but can coexist
                 # alongside real values.
                 pass
-            elif self.prepare_rhs and hasattr(self.lhs.output_field, 'get_prep_value'):
+            elif self.prepare_rhs and hasattr(self.lhs.output_field, "get_prep_value"):
                 rhs_value = self.lhs.output_field.get_prep_value(rhs_value)
             prepared_values.append(rhs_value)
         return prepared_values
@@ -267,9 +286,9 @@ class FieldGetDbPrepValueIterableMixin(FieldGetDbPrepValueMixin):
 
     def resolve_expression_parameter(self, compiler, connection, sql, param):
         params = [param]
-        if hasattr(param, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if hasattr(param, "resolve_expression"):
             param = param.resolve_expression(compiler.query)
-        if hasattr(param, 'as_sql'):
+        if hasattr(param, "as_sql"):
             sql, params = compiler.compile(param)
         return sql, params
 
@@ -279,40 +298,44 @@ class FieldGetDbPrepValueIterableMixin(FieldGetDbPrepValueMixin):
         # sql/param pair. Zip them to get sql and param pairs that refer to the
         # same argument and attempt to replace them with the result of
         # compiling the param step.
-        sql, params = zip(*(
-            self.resolve_expression_parameter(compiler, connection, sql, param)
-            for sql, param in zip(*pre_processed)
-        ))
+        sql, params = zip(
+            *(
+                self.resolve_expression_parameter(compiler, connection, sql, param)
+                for sql, param in zip(*pre_processed)
+            )
+        )
         params = itertools.chain.from_iterable(params)
         return sql, tuple(params)
 
 
 class PostgresOperatorLookup(FieldGetDbPrepValueMixin, Lookup):
     """Lookup defined by operators on PostgreSQL."""
+
     postgres_operator = None
 
     def as_postgresql(self, compiler, connection):
         lhs, lhs_params = self.process_lhs(compiler, connection)
         rhs, rhs_params = self.process_rhs(compiler, connection)
         params = tuple(lhs_params) + tuple(rhs_params)
-        return '%s %s %s' % (lhs, self.postgres_operator, rhs), params
+        return "%s %s %s" % (lhs, self.postgres_operator, rhs), params
 
 
 @Field.register_lookup
 class Exact(FieldGetDbPrepValueMixin, BuiltinLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'exact'
+    lookup_name = "exact"
 
     def get_prep_lookup(self):
         from django.db.models.sql.query import Query  # avoid circular import
+
         if isinstance(self.rhs, Query):
             if self.rhs.has_limit_one():
                 if not self.rhs.has_select_fields:
                     self.rhs.clear_select_clause()
-                    self.rhs.add_fields(['pk'])
+                    self.rhs.add_fields(["pk"])
             else:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'The QuerySet value for an exact lookup must be limited to '
-                    'one result using slicing.'
+                    "The QuerySet value for an exact lookup must be limited to "
+                    "one result using slicing."
                 )
         return super().get_prep_lookup()
 
@@ -321,19 +344,21 @@ class Exact(FieldGetDbPrepValueMixin, BuiltinLookup):
         # turns "boolfield__exact=True" into "WHERE boolean_field" instead of
         # "WHERE boolean_field = True" when allowed.
         if (
-            isinstance(self.rhs, bool) and
-            getattr(self.lhs, 'conditional', False) and
-            connection.ops.conditional_expression_supported_in_where_clause(self.lhs)
+            isinstance(self.rhs, bool)
+            and getattr(self.lhs, "conditional", False)
+            and connection.ops.conditional_expression_supported_in_where_clause(
+                self.lhs
+            )
         ):
             lhs_sql, params = self.process_lhs(compiler, connection)
-            template = '%s' if self.rhs else 'NOT %s'
+            template = "%s" if self.rhs else "NOT %s"
             return template % lhs_sql, params
         return super().as_sql(compiler, connection)
 
 
 @Field.register_lookup
 class IExact(BuiltinLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'iexact'
+    lookup_name = "iexact"
     prepare_rhs = False
 
     def process_rhs(self, qn, connection):
@@ -345,22 +370,22 @@ class IExact(BuiltinLookup):
 
 @Field.register_lookup
 class GreaterThan(FieldGetDbPrepValueMixin, BuiltinLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'gt'
+    lookup_name = "gt"
 
 
 @Field.register_lookup
 class GreaterThanOrEqual(FieldGetDbPrepValueMixin, BuiltinLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'gte'
+    lookup_name = "gte"
 
 
 @Field.register_lookup
 class LessThan(FieldGetDbPrepValueMixin, BuiltinLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'lt'
+    lookup_name = "lt"
 
 
 @Field.register_lookup
 class LessThanOrEqual(FieldGetDbPrepValueMixin, BuiltinLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'lte'
+    lookup_name = "lte"
 
 
 class IntegerFieldFloatRounding:
@@ -368,6 +393,7 @@ class IntegerFieldFloatRounding:
     Allow floats to work as query values for IntegerField. Without this, the
     decimal portion of the float would always be discarded.
     """
+
     def get_prep_lookup(self):
         if isinstance(self.rhs, float):
             self.rhs = math.ceil(self.rhs)
@@ -386,19 +412,20 @@ class IntegerLessThan(IntegerFieldFloatRounding, LessThan):
 
 @Field.register_lookup
 class In(FieldGetDbPrepValueIterableMixin, BuiltinLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'in'
+    lookup_name = "in"
 
     def get_prep_lookup(self):
         from django.db.models.sql.query import Query  # avoid circular import
+
         if isinstance(self.rhs, Query):
             self.rhs.clear_ordering(clear_default=True)
             if not self.rhs.has_select_fields:
                 self.rhs.clear_select_clause()
-                self.rhs.add_fields(['pk'])
+                self.rhs.add_fields(["pk"])
         return super().get_prep_lookup()
 
     def process_rhs(self, compiler, connection):
-        db_rhs = getattr(self.rhs, '_db', None)
+        db_rhs = getattr(self.rhs, "_db", None)
         if db_rhs is not None and db_rhs != connection.alias:
             raise ValueError(
                 "Subqueries aren't allowed across different databases. Force "
@@ -419,16 +446,20 @@ class In(FieldGetDbPrepValueIterableMixin, BuiltinLookup):
             # rhs should be an iterable; use batch_process_rhs() to
             # prepare/transform those values.
             sqls, sqls_params = self.batch_process_rhs(compiler, connection, rhs)
-            placeholder = '(' + ', '.join(sqls) + ')'
+            placeholder = "(" + ", ".join(sqls) + ")"
             return (placeholder, sqls_params)
         return super().process_rhs(compiler, connection)
 
     def get_rhs_op(self, connection, rhs):
-        return 'IN %s' % rhs
+        return "IN %s" % rhs
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         max_in_list_size = connection.ops.max_in_list_size()
-        if self.rhs_is_direct_value() and max_in_list_size and len(self.rhs) > max_in_list_size:
+        if (
+            self.rhs_is_direct_value()
+            and max_in_list_size
+            and len(self.rhs) > max_in_list_size
+        ):
             return self.split_parameter_list_as_sql(compiler, connection)
         return super().as_sql(compiler, connection)
 
@@ -438,25 +469,25 @@ class In(FieldGetDbPrepValueIterableMixin, BuiltinLookup):
         max_in_list_size = connection.ops.max_in_list_size()
         lhs, lhs_params = self.process_lhs(compiler, connection)
         rhs, rhs_params = self.batch_process_rhs(compiler, connection)
-        in_clause_elements = ['(']
+        in_clause_elements = ["("]
         params = []
         for offset in range(0, len(rhs_params), max_in_list_size):
             if offset > 0:
-                in_clause_elements.append(' OR ')
-            in_clause_elements.append('%s IN (' % lhs)
+                in_clause_elements.append(" OR ")
+            in_clause_elements.append("%s IN (" % lhs)
             params.extend(lhs_params)
-            sqls = rhs[offset: offset + max_in_list_size]
-            sqls_params = rhs_params[offset: offset + max_in_list_size]
-            param_group = ', '.join(sqls)
+            sqls = rhs[offset : offset + max_in_list_size]
+            sqls_params = rhs_params[offset : offset + max_in_list_size]
+            param_group = ", ".join(sqls)
             in_clause_elements.append(param_group)
-            in_clause_elements.append(')')
+            in_clause_elements.append(")")
             params.extend(sqls_params)
-        in_clause_elements.append(')')
-        return ''.join(in_clause_elements), params
+        in_clause_elements.append(")")
+        return "".join(in_clause_elements), params
 
 
 class PatternLookup(BuiltinLookup):
-    param_pattern = '%%%s%%'
+    param_pattern = "%%%s%%"
     prepare_rhs = False
 
     def get_rhs_op(self, connection, rhs):
@@ -469,8 +500,10 @@ class PatternLookup(BuiltinLookup):
         # So, for Python values we don't need any special pattern, but for
         # SQL reference values or SQL transformations we need the correct
         # pattern added.
-        if hasattr(self.rhs, 'as_sql') or self.bilateral_transforms:
-            pattern = connection.pattern_ops[self.lookup_name].format(connection.pattern_esc)
+        if hasattr(self.rhs, "as_sql") or self.bilateral_transforms:
+            pattern = connection.pattern_ops[self.lookup_name].format(
+                connection.pattern_esc
+            )
             return pattern.format(rhs)
         else:
             return super().get_rhs_op(connection, rhs)
@@ -478,45 +511,47 @@ class PatternLookup(BuiltinLookup):
     def process_rhs(self, qn, connection):
         rhs, params = super().process_rhs(qn, connection)
         if self.rhs_is_direct_value() and params and not self.bilateral_transforms:
-            params[0] = self.param_pattern % connection.ops.prep_for_like_query(params[0])
+            params[0] = self.param_pattern % connection.ops.prep_for_like_query(
+                params[0]
+            )
         return rhs, params
 
 
 @Field.register_lookup
 class Contains(PatternLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'contains'
+    lookup_name = "contains"
 
 
 @Field.register_lookup
 class IContains(Contains):
-    lookup_name = 'icontains'
+    lookup_name = "icontains"
 
 
 @Field.register_lookup
 class StartsWith(PatternLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'startswith'
-    param_pattern = '%s%%'
+    lookup_name = "startswith"
+    param_pattern = "%s%%"
 
 
 @Field.register_lookup
 class IStartsWith(StartsWith):
-    lookup_name = 'istartswith'
+    lookup_name = "istartswith"
 
 
 @Field.register_lookup
 class EndsWith(PatternLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'endswith'
-    param_pattern = '%%%s'
+    lookup_name = "endswith"
+    param_pattern = "%%%s"
 
 
 @Field.register_lookup
 class IEndsWith(EndsWith):
-    lookup_name = 'iendswith'
+    lookup_name = "iendswith"
 
 
 @Field.register_lookup
 class Range(FieldGetDbPrepValueIterableMixin, BuiltinLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'range'
+    lookup_name = "range"
 
     def get_rhs_op(self, connection, rhs):
         return "BETWEEN %s AND %s" % (rhs[0], rhs[1])
@@ -524,13 +559,13 @@ class Range(FieldGetDbPrepValueIterableMixin, BuiltinLookup):
 
 @Field.register_lookup
 class IsNull(BuiltinLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'isnull'
+    lookup_name = "isnull"
     prepare_rhs = False
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         if not isinstance(self.rhs, bool):
             raise ValueError(
-                'The QuerySet value for an isnull lookup must be True or False.'
+                "The QuerySet value for an isnull lookup must be True or False."
             )
         sql, params = compiler.compile(self.lhs)
         if self.rhs:
@@ -541,7 +576,7 @@ class IsNull(BuiltinLookup):
 
 @Field.register_lookup
 class Regex(BuiltinLookup):
-    lookup_name = 'regex'
+    lookup_name = "regex"
     prepare_rhs = False
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
@@ -556,21 +591,24 @@ class Regex(BuiltinLookup):
 
 @Field.register_lookup
 class IRegex(Regex):
-    lookup_name = 'iregex'
+    lookup_name = "iregex"
 
 
 class YearLookup(Lookup):
     def year_lookup_bounds(self, connection, year):
         from django.db.models.functions import ExtractIsoYear
+
         iso_year = isinstance(self.lhs, ExtractIsoYear)
         output_field = self.lhs.lhs.output_field
         if isinstance(output_field, DateTimeField):
             bounds = connection.ops.year_lookup_bounds_for_datetime_field(
-                year, iso_year=iso_year,
+                year,
+                iso_year=iso_year,
             )
         else:
             bounds = connection.ops.year_lookup_bounds_for_date_field(
-                year, iso_year=iso_year,
+                year,
+                iso_year=iso_year,
             )
         return bounds
 
@@ -585,7 +623,7 @@ class YearLookup(Lookup):
             rhs_sql = self.get_direct_rhs_sql(connection, rhs_sql)
             start, finish = self.year_lookup_bounds(connection, self.rhs)
             params.extend(self.get_bound_params(start, finish))
-            return '%s %s' % (lhs_sql, rhs_sql), params
+            return "%s %s" % (lhs_sql, rhs_sql), params
         return super().as_sql(compiler, connection)
 
     def get_direct_rhs_sql(self, connection, rhs):
@@ -593,13 +631,13 @@ class YearLookup(Lookup):
 
     def get_bound_params(self, start, finish):
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            'subclasses of YearLookup must provide a get_bound_params() method'
+            "subclasses of YearLookup must provide a get_bound_params() method"
         )
 
 
 class YearExact(YearLookup, Exact):
     def get_direct_rhs_sql(self, connection, rhs):
-        return 'BETWEEN %s AND %s'
+        return "BETWEEN %s AND %s"
 
     def get_bound_params(self, start, finish):
         return (start, finish)
@@ -630,12 +668,16 @@ class UUIDTextMixin:
     Strip hyphens from a value when filtering a UUIDField on backends without
     a native datatype for UUID.
     """
+
     def process_rhs(self, qn, connection):
         if not connection.features.has_native_uuid_field:
             from django.db.models.functions import Replace
+
             if self.rhs_is_direct_value():
                 self.rhs = Value(self.rhs)
-            self.rhs = Replace(self.rhs, Value('-'), Value(''), output_field=CharField())
+            self.rhs = Replace(
+                self.rhs, Value("-"), Value(""), output_field=CharField()
+            )
         rhs, params = super().process_rhs(qn, connection)
         return rhs, params
 
diff --git a/django/db/models/manager.py b/django/db/models/manager.py
index 655dfcf8e7..0c0688828e 100644
--- a/django/db/models/manager.py
+++ b/django/db/models/manager.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class BaseManager:
 
     def __str__(self):
         """Return "app_label.model_label.manager_name"."""
-        return '%s.%s' % (self.model._meta.label, self.name)
+        return "%s.%s" % (self.model._meta.label, self.name)
 
     def __class_getitem__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
         return cls
@@ -46,12 +46,12 @@ class BaseManager:
         Raise a ValueError if the manager is dynamically generated.
         """
         qs_class = self._queryset_class
-        if getattr(self, '_built_with_as_manager', False):
+        if getattr(self, "_built_with_as_manager", False):
             # using MyQuerySet.as_manager()
             return (
                 True,  # as_manager
                 None,  # manager_class
-                '%s.%s' % (qs_class.__module__, qs_class.__name__),  # qs_class
+                "%s.%s" % (qs_class.__module__, qs_class.__name__),  # qs_class
                 None,  # args
                 None,  # kwargs
             )
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class BaseManager:
                 )
             return (
                 False,  # as_manager
-                '%s.%s' % (module_name, name),  # manager_class
+                "%s.%s" % (module_name, name),  # manager_class
                 None,  # qs_class
                 self._constructor_args[0],  # args
                 self._constructor_args[1],  # kwargs
@@ -83,18 +83,21 @@ class BaseManager:
         def create_method(name, method):
             def manager_method(self, *args, **kwargs):
                 return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
+
             manager_method.__name__ = method.__name__
             manager_method.__doc__ = method.__doc__
             return manager_method
 
         new_methods = {}
-        for name, method in inspect.getmembers(queryset_class, predicate=inspect.isfunction):
+        for name, method in inspect.getmembers(
+            queryset_class, predicate=inspect.isfunction
+        ):
             # Only copy missing methods.
             if hasattr(cls, name):
                 continue
             # Only copy public methods or methods with the attribute `queryset_only=False`.
-            queryset_only = getattr(method, 'queryset_only', None)
-            if queryset_only or (queryset_only is None and name.startswith('_')):
+            queryset_only = getattr(method, "queryset_only", None)
+            if queryset_only or (queryset_only is None and name.startswith("_")):
                 continue
             # Copy the method onto the manager.
             new_methods[name] = create_method(name, method)
@@ -103,11 +106,15 @@ class BaseManager:
     @classmethod
     def from_queryset(cls, queryset_class, class_name=None):
         if class_name is None:
-            class_name = '%sFrom%s' % (cls.__name__, queryset_class.__name__)
-        return type(class_name, (cls,), {
-            '_queryset_class': queryset_class,
-            **cls._get_queryset_methods(queryset_class),
-        })
+            class_name = "%sFrom%s" % (cls.__name__, queryset_class.__name__)
+        return type(
+            class_name,
+            (cls,),
+            {
+                "_queryset_class": queryset_class,
+                **cls._get_queryset_methods(queryset_class),
+            },
+        )
 
     def contribute_to_class(self, cls, name):
         self.name = self.name or name
@@ -157,8 +164,8 @@ class BaseManager:
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return (
-            isinstance(other, self.__class__) and
-            self._constructor_args == other._constructor_args
+            isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+            and self._constructor_args == other._constructor_args
         )
 
     def __hash__(self):
@@ -170,22 +177,24 @@ class Manager(BaseManager.from_queryset(QuerySet)):
 
 
 class ManagerDescriptor:
-
     def __init__(self, manager):
         self.manager = manager
 
     def __get__(self, instance, cls=None):
         if instance is not None:
-            raise AttributeError("Manager isn't accessible via %s instances" % cls.__name__)
+            raise AttributeError(
+                "Manager isn't accessible via %s instances" % cls.__name__
+            )
 
         if cls._meta.abstract:
-            raise AttributeError("Manager isn't available; %s is abstract" % (
-                cls._meta.object_name,
-            ))
+            raise AttributeError(
+                "Manager isn't available; %s is abstract" % (cls._meta.object_name,)
+            )
 
         if cls._meta.swapped:
             raise AttributeError(
-                "Manager isn't available; '%s' has been swapped for '%s'" % (
+                "Manager isn't available; '%s' has been swapped for '%s'"
+                % (
                     cls._meta.label,
                     cls._meta.swapped,
                 )
diff --git a/django/db/models/options.py b/django/db/models/options.py
index 6022099e3e..b95f9871b1 100644
--- a/django/db/models/options.py
+++ b/django/db/models/options.py
@@ -25,13 +25,32 @@ IMMUTABLE_WARNING = (
 )
 
 DEFAULT_NAMES = (
-    'verbose_name', 'verbose_name_plural', 'db_table', 'ordering',
-    'unique_together', 'permissions', 'get_latest_by', 'order_with_respect_to',
-    'app_label', 'db_tablespace', 'abstract', 'managed', 'proxy', 'swappable',
-    'auto_created', 'index_together', 'apps', 'default_permissions',
-    'select_on_save', 'default_related_name', 'required_db_features',
-    'required_db_vendor', 'base_manager_name', 'default_manager_name',
-    'indexes', 'constraints',
+    "verbose_name",
+    "verbose_name_plural",
+    "db_table",
+    "ordering",
+    "unique_together",
+    "permissions",
+    "get_latest_by",
+    "order_with_respect_to",
+    "app_label",
+    "db_tablespace",
+    "abstract",
+    "managed",
+    "proxy",
+    "swappable",
+    "auto_created",
+    "index_together",
+    "apps",
+    "default_permissions",
+    "select_on_save",
+    "default_related_name",
+    "required_db_features",
+    "required_db_vendor",
+    "base_manager_name",
+    "default_manager_name",
+    "indexes",
+    "constraints",
 )
 
 
@@ -63,11 +82,17 @@ def make_immutable_fields_list(name, data):
 
 class Options:
     FORWARD_PROPERTIES = {
-        'fields', 'many_to_many', 'concrete_fields', 'local_concrete_fields',
-        '_forward_fields_map', 'managers', 'managers_map', 'base_manager',
-        'default_manager',
+        "fields",
+        "many_to_many",
+        "concrete_fields",
+        "local_concrete_fields",
+        "_forward_fields_map",
+        "managers",
+        "managers_map",
+        "base_manager",
+        "default_manager",
     }
-    REVERSE_PROPERTIES = {'related_objects', 'fields_map', '_relation_tree'}
+    REVERSE_PROPERTIES = {"related_objects", "fields_map", "_relation_tree"}
 
     default_apps = apps
 
@@ -82,7 +107,7 @@ class Options:
         self.model_name = None
         self.verbose_name = None
         self.verbose_name_plural = None
-        self.db_table = ''
+        self.db_table = ""
         self.ordering = []
         self._ordering_clash = False
         self.indexes = []
@@ -90,7 +115,7 @@ class Options:
         self.unique_together = []
         self.index_together = []
         self.select_on_save = False
-        self.default_permissions = ('add', 'change', 'delete', 'view')
+        self.default_permissions = ("add", "change", "delete", "view")
         self.permissions = []
         self.object_name = None
         self.app_label = app_label
@@ -130,11 +155,11 @@ class Options:
 
     @property
     def label(self):
-        return '%s.%s' % (self.app_label, self.object_name)
+        return "%s.%s" % (self.app_label, self.object_name)
 
     @property
     def label_lower(self):
-        return '%s.%s' % (self.app_label, self.model_name)
+        return "%s.%s" % (self.app_label, self.model_name)
 
     @property
     def app_config(self):
@@ -163,7 +188,7 @@ class Options:
                 # Ignore any private attributes that Django doesn't care about.
                 # NOTE: We can't modify a dictionary's contents while looping
                 # over it, so we loop over the *original* dictionary instead.
-                if name.startswith('_'):
+                if name.startswith("_"):
                     del meta_attrs[name]
             for attr_name in DEFAULT_NAMES:
                 if attr_name in meta_attrs:
@@ -177,30 +202,34 @@ class Options:
             self.index_together = normalize_together(self.index_together)
             # App label/class name interpolation for names of constraints and
             # indexes.
-            if not getattr(cls._meta, 'abstract', False):
-                for attr_name in {'constraints', 'indexes'}:
+            if not getattr(cls._meta, "abstract", False):
+                for attr_name in {"constraints", "indexes"}:
                     objs = getattr(self, attr_name, [])
                     setattr(self, attr_name, self._format_names_with_class(cls, objs))
 
             # verbose_name_plural is a special case because it uses a 's'
             # by default.
             if self.verbose_name_plural is None:
-                self.verbose_name_plural = format_lazy('{}s', self.verbose_name)
+                self.verbose_name_plural = format_lazy("{}s", self.verbose_name)
 
             # order_with_respect_and ordering are mutually exclusive.
             self._ordering_clash = bool(self.ordering and self.order_with_respect_to)
 
             # Any leftover attributes must be invalid.
             if meta_attrs != {}:
-                raise TypeError("'class Meta' got invalid attribute(s): %s" % ','.join(meta_attrs))
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "'class Meta' got invalid attribute(s): %s" % ",".join(meta_attrs)
+                )
         else:
-            self.verbose_name_plural = format_lazy('{}s', self.verbose_name)
+            self.verbose_name_plural = format_lazy("{}s", self.verbose_name)
         del self.meta
 
         # If the db_table wasn't provided, use the app_label + model_name.
         if not self.db_table:
             self.db_table = "%s_%s" % (self.app_label, self.model_name)
-            self.db_table = truncate_name(self.db_table, connection.ops.max_name_length())
+            self.db_table = truncate_name(
+                self.db_table, connection.ops.max_name_length()
+            )
 
     def _format_names_with_class(self, cls, objs):
         """App label/class name interpolation for object names."""
@@ -208,8 +237,8 @@ class Options:
         for obj in objs:
             obj = obj.clone()
             obj.name = obj.name % {
-                'app_label': cls._meta.app_label.lower(),
-                'class': cls.__name__.lower(),
+                "app_label": cls._meta.app_label.lower(),
+                "class": cls.__name__.lower(),
             }
             new_objs.append(obj)
         return new_objs
@@ -217,19 +246,19 @@ class Options:
     def _get_default_pk_class(self):
         pk_class_path = getattr(
             self.app_config,
-            'default_auto_field',
+            "default_auto_field",
             settings.DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD,
         )
         if self.app_config and self.app_config._is_default_auto_field_overridden:
             app_config_class = type(self.app_config)
             source = (
-                f'{app_config_class.__module__}.'
-                f'{app_config_class.__qualname__}.default_auto_field'
+                f"{app_config_class.__module__}."
+                f"{app_config_class.__qualname__}.default_auto_field"
             )
         else:
-            source = 'DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD'
+            source = "DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD"
         if not pk_class_path:
-            raise ImproperlyConfigured(f'{source} must not be empty.')
+            raise ImproperlyConfigured(f"{source} must not be empty.")
         try:
             pk_class = import_string(pk_class_path)
         except ImportError as e:
@@ -252,15 +281,20 @@ class Options:
             query = self.order_with_respect_to
             try:
                 self.order_with_respect_to = next(
-                    f for f in self._get_fields(reverse=False)
+                    f
+                    for f in self._get_fields(reverse=False)
                     if f.name == query or f.attname == query
                 )
             except StopIteration:
-                raise FieldDoesNotExist("%s has no field named '%s'" % (self.object_name, query))
+                raise FieldDoesNotExist(
+                    "%s has no field named '%s'" % (self.object_name, query)
+                )
 
-            self.ordering = ('_order',)
-            if not any(isinstance(field, OrderWrt) for field in model._meta.local_fields):
-                model.add_to_class('_order', OrderWrt())
+            self.ordering = ("_order",)
+            if not any(
+                isinstance(field, OrderWrt) for field in model._meta.local_fields
+            ):
+                model.add_to_class("_order", OrderWrt())
         else:
             self.order_with_respect_to = None
 
@@ -272,15 +306,17 @@ class Options:
                 # Look for a local field with the same name as the
                 # first parent link. If a local field has already been
                 # created, use it instead of promoting the parent
-                already_created = [fld for fld in self.local_fields if fld.name == field.name]
+                already_created = [
+                    fld for fld in self.local_fields if fld.name == field.name
+                ]
                 if already_created:
                     field = already_created[0]
                 field.primary_key = True
                 self.setup_pk(field)
             else:
                 pk_class = self._get_default_pk_class()
-                auto = pk_class(verbose_name='ID', primary_key=True, auto_created=True)
-                model.add_to_class('id', auto)
+                auto = pk_class(verbose_name="ID", primary_key=True, auto_created=True)
+                model.add_to_class("id", auto)
 
     def add_manager(self, manager):
         self.local_managers.append(manager)
@@ -307,7 +343,11 @@ class Options:
         # ideally, we'd just ask for field.related_model. However, related_model
         # is a cached property, and all the models haven't been loaded yet, so
         # we need to make sure we don't cache a string reference.
-        if field.is_relation and hasattr(field.remote_field, 'model') and field.remote_field.model:
+        if (
+            field.is_relation
+            and hasattr(field.remote_field, "model")
+            and field.remote_field.model
+        ):
             try:
                 field.remote_field.model._meta._expire_cache(forward=False)
             except AttributeError:
@@ -331,7 +371,7 @@ class Options:
         self.db_table = target._meta.db_table
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<Options for %s>' % self.object_name
+        return "<Options for %s>" % self.object_name
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.label_lower
@@ -348,8 +388,10 @@ class Options:
         if self.required_db_vendor:
             return self.required_db_vendor == connection.vendor
         if self.required_db_features:
-            return all(getattr(connection.features, feat, False)
-                       for feat in self.required_db_features)
+            return all(
+                getattr(connection.features, feat, False)
+                for feat in self.required_db_features
+            )
         return True
 
     @property
@@ -371,7 +413,7 @@ class Options:
             swapped_for = getattr(settings, self.swappable, None)
             if swapped_for:
                 try:
-                    swapped_label, swapped_object = swapped_for.split('.')
+                    swapped_label, swapped_object = swapped_for.split(".")
                 except ValueError:
                     # setting not in the format app_label.model_name
                     # raising ImproperlyConfigured here causes problems with
@@ -379,7 +421,10 @@ class Options:
                     # or as part of validation.
                     return swapped_for
 
-                if '%s.%s' % (swapped_label, swapped_object.lower()) != self.label_lower:
+                if (
+                    "%s.%s" % (swapped_label, swapped_object.lower())
+                    != self.label_lower
+                ):
                     return swapped_for
         return None
 
@@ -387,7 +432,7 @@ class Options:
     def managers(self):
         managers = []
         seen_managers = set()
-        bases = (b for b in self.model.mro() if hasattr(b, '_meta'))
+        bases = (b for b in self.model.mro() if hasattr(b, "_meta"))
         for depth, base in enumerate(bases):
             for manager in base._meta.local_managers:
                 if manager.name in seen_managers:
@@ -413,8 +458,8 @@ class Options:
         if not base_manager_name:
             # Get the first parent's base_manager_name if there's one.
             for parent in self.model.mro()[1:]:
-                if hasattr(parent, '_meta'):
-                    if parent._base_manager.name != '_base_manager':
+                if hasattr(parent, "_meta"):
+                    if parent._base_manager.name != "_base_manager":
                         base_manager_name = parent._base_manager.name
                     break
 
@@ -423,14 +468,15 @@ class Options:
                 return self.managers_map[base_manager_name]
             except KeyError:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    "%s has no manager named %r" % (
+                    "%s has no manager named %r"
+                    % (
                         self.object_name,
                         base_manager_name,
                     )
                 )
 
         manager = Manager()
-        manager.name = '_base_manager'
+        manager.name = "_base_manager"
         manager.model = self.model
         manager.auto_created = True
         return manager
@@ -441,7 +487,7 @@ class Options:
         if not default_manager_name and not self.local_managers:
             # Get the first parent's default_manager_name if there's one.
             for parent in self.model.mro()[1:]:
-                if hasattr(parent, '_meta'):
+                if hasattr(parent, "_meta"):
                     default_manager_name = parent._meta.default_manager_name
                     break
 
@@ -450,7 +496,8 @@ class Options:
                 return self.managers_map[default_manager_name]
             except KeyError:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    "%s has no manager named %r" % (
+                    "%s has no manager named %r"
+                    % (
                         self.object_name,
                         default_manager_name,
                     )
@@ -484,13 +531,20 @@ class Options:
 
         def is_not_a_generic_foreign_key(f):
             return not (
-                f.is_relation and f.many_to_one and not (hasattr(f.remote_field, 'model') and f.remote_field.model)
+                f.is_relation
+                and f.many_to_one
+                and not (hasattr(f.remote_field, "model") and f.remote_field.model)
             )
 
         return make_immutable_fields_list(
             "fields",
-            (f for f in self._get_fields(reverse=False)
-             if is_not_an_m2m_field(f) and is_not_a_generic_relation(f) and is_not_a_generic_foreign_key(f))
+            (
+                f
+                for f in self._get_fields(reverse=False)
+                if is_not_an_m2m_field(f)
+                and is_not_a_generic_relation(f)
+                and is_not_a_generic_foreign_key(f)
+            ),
         )
 
     @cached_property
@@ -530,7 +584,11 @@ class Options:
         """
         return make_immutable_fields_list(
             "many_to_many",
-            (f for f in self._get_fields(reverse=False) if f.is_relation and f.many_to_many)
+            (
+                f
+                for f in self._get_fields(reverse=False)
+                if f.is_relation and f.many_to_many
+            ),
         )
 
     @cached_property
@@ -544,10 +602,16 @@ class Options:
         combined with filtering of field properties is the public API for
         obtaining this field list.
         """
-        all_related_fields = self._get_fields(forward=False, reverse=True, include_hidden=True)
+        all_related_fields = self._get_fields(
+            forward=False, reverse=True, include_hidden=True
+        )
         return make_immutable_fields_list(
             "related_objects",
-            (obj for obj in all_related_fields if not obj.hidden or obj.field.many_to_many)
+            (
+                obj
+                for obj in all_related_fields
+                if not obj.hidden or obj.field.many_to_many
+            ),
         )
 
     @cached_property
@@ -603,7 +667,9 @@ class Options:
             # field map.
             return self.fields_map[field_name]
         except KeyError:
-            raise FieldDoesNotExist("%s has no field named '%s'" % (self.object_name, field_name))
+            raise FieldDoesNotExist(
+                "%s has no field named '%s'" % (self.object_name, field_name)
+            )
 
     def get_base_chain(self, model):
         """
@@ -672,15 +738,17 @@ class Options:
                 final_field = opts.parents[int_model]
                 targets = (final_field.remote_field.get_related_field(),)
                 opts = int_model._meta
-                path.append(PathInfo(
-                    from_opts=final_field.model._meta,
-                    to_opts=opts,
-                    target_fields=targets,
-                    join_field=final_field,
-                    m2m=False,
-                    direct=True,
-                    filtered_relation=None,
-                ))
+                path.append(
+                    PathInfo(
+                        from_opts=final_field.model._meta,
+                        to_opts=opts,
+                        target_fields=targets,
+                        join_field=final_field,
+                        m2m=False,
+                        direct=True,
+                        filtered_relation=None,
+                    )
+                )
         return path
 
     def get_path_from_parent(self, parent):
@@ -722,7 +790,8 @@ class Options:
             if opts.abstract:
                 continue
             fields_with_relations = (
-                f for f in opts._get_fields(reverse=False, include_parents=False)
+                f
+                for f in opts._get_fields(reverse=False, include_parents=False)
                 if f.is_relation and f.related_model is not None
             )
             for f in fields_with_relations:
@@ -736,11 +805,13 @@ class Options:
             # __dict__ takes precedence over a data descriptor (such as
             # @cached_property). This means that the _meta._relation_tree is
             # only called if related_objects is not in __dict__.
-            related_objects = related_objects_graph[model._meta.concrete_model._meta.label]
-            model._meta.__dict__['_relation_tree'] = related_objects
+            related_objects = related_objects_graph[
+                model._meta.concrete_model._meta.label
+            ]
+            model._meta.__dict__["_relation_tree"] = related_objects
         # It seems it is possible that self is not in all_models, so guard
         # against that with default for get().
-        return self.__dict__.get('_relation_tree', EMPTY_RELATION_TREE)
+        return self.__dict__.get("_relation_tree", EMPTY_RELATION_TREE)
 
     @cached_property
     def _relation_tree(self):
@@ -771,10 +842,18 @@ class Options:
         """
         if include_parents is False:
             include_parents = PROXY_PARENTS
-        return self._get_fields(include_parents=include_parents, include_hidden=include_hidden)
+        return self._get_fields(
+            include_parents=include_parents, include_hidden=include_hidden
+        )
 
-    def _get_fields(self, forward=True, reverse=True, include_parents=True, include_hidden=False,
-                    seen_models=None):
+    def _get_fields(
+        self,
+        forward=True,
+        reverse=True,
+        include_parents=True,
+        include_hidden=False,
+        seen_models=None,
+    ):
         """
         Internal helper function to return fields of the model.
         * If forward=True, then fields defined on this model are returned.
@@ -787,7 +866,9 @@ class Options:
           parent chain to the model's concrete model.
         """
         if include_parents not in (True, False, PROXY_PARENTS):
-            raise TypeError("Invalid argument for include_parents: %s" % (include_parents,))
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Invalid argument for include_parents: %s" % (include_parents,)
+            )
         # This helper function is used to allow recursion in ``get_fields()``
         # implementation and to provide a fast way for Django's internals to
         # access specific subsets of fields.
@@ -819,13 +900,22 @@ class Options:
                 # fields from the same parent again.
                 if parent in seen_models:
                     continue
-                if (parent._meta.concrete_model != self.concrete_model and
-                        include_parents == PROXY_PARENTS):
+                if (
+                    parent._meta.concrete_model != self.concrete_model
+                    and include_parents == PROXY_PARENTS
+                ):
                     continue
                 for obj in parent._meta._get_fields(
-                        forward=forward, reverse=reverse, include_parents=include_parents,
-                        include_hidden=include_hidden, seen_models=seen_models):
-                    if not getattr(obj, 'parent_link', False) or obj.model == self.concrete_model:
+                    forward=forward,
+                    reverse=reverse,
+                    include_parents=include_parents,
+                    include_hidden=include_hidden,
+                    seen_models=seen_models,
+                ):
+                    if (
+                        not getattr(obj, "parent_link", False)
+                        or obj.model == self.concrete_model
+                    ):
                         fields.append(obj)
         if reverse and not self.proxy:
             # Tree is computed once and cached until the app cache is expired.
@@ -867,9 +957,9 @@ class Options:
             constraint
             for constraint in self.constraints
             if (
-                isinstance(constraint, UniqueConstraint) and
-                constraint.condition is None and
-                not constraint.contains_expressions
+                isinstance(constraint, UniqueConstraint)
+                and constraint.condition is None
+                and not constraint.contains_expressions
             )
         ]
 
@@ -890,6 +980,9 @@ class Options:
         Fields to be returned after a database insert.
         """
         return [
-            field for field in self._get_fields(forward=True, reverse=False, include_parents=PROXY_PARENTS)
-            if getattr(field, 'db_returning', False)
+            field
+            for field in self._get_fields(
+                forward=True, reverse=False, include_parents=PROXY_PARENTS
+            )
+            if getattr(field, "db_returning", False)
         ]
diff --git a/django/db/models/query.py b/django/db/models/query.py
index 0bc6aec2f3..687fd8b4cd 100644
--- a/django/db/models/query.py
+++ b/django/db/models/query.py
@@ -11,8 +11,12 @@ import django
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core import exceptions
 from django.db import (
-    DJANGO_VERSION_PICKLE_KEY, IntegrityError, NotSupportedError, connections,
-    router, transaction,
+    DJANGO_VERSION_PICKLE_KEY,
+    IntegrityError,
+    NotSupportedError,
+    connections,
+    router,
+    transaction,
 )
 from django.db.models import AutoField, DateField, DateTimeField, sql
 from django.db.models.constants import LOOKUP_SEP, OnConflict
@@ -34,7 +38,9 @@ REPR_OUTPUT_SIZE = 20
 
 
 class BaseIterable:
-    def __init__(self, queryset, chunked_fetch=False, chunk_size=GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE):
+    def __init__(
+        self, queryset, chunked_fetch=False, chunk_size=GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE
+    ):
         self.queryset = queryset
         self.chunked_fetch = chunked_fetch
         self.chunk_size = chunk_size
@@ -49,25 +55,40 @@ class ModelIterable(BaseIterable):
         compiler = queryset.query.get_compiler(using=db)
         # Execute the query. This will also fill compiler.select, klass_info,
         # and annotations.
-        results = compiler.execute_sql(chunked_fetch=self.chunked_fetch, chunk_size=self.chunk_size)
-        select, klass_info, annotation_col_map = (compiler.select, compiler.klass_info,
-                                                  compiler.annotation_col_map)
-        model_cls = klass_info['model']
-        select_fields = klass_info['select_fields']
+        results = compiler.execute_sql(
+            chunked_fetch=self.chunked_fetch, chunk_size=self.chunk_size
+        )
+        select, klass_info, annotation_col_map = (
+            compiler.select,
+            compiler.klass_info,
+            compiler.annotation_col_map,
+        )
+        model_cls = klass_info["model"]
+        select_fields = klass_info["select_fields"]
         model_fields_start, model_fields_end = select_fields[0], select_fields[-1] + 1
-        init_list = [f[0].target.attname
-                     for f in select[model_fields_start:model_fields_end]]
+        init_list = [
+            f[0].target.attname for f in select[model_fields_start:model_fields_end]
+        ]
         related_populators = get_related_populators(klass_info, select, db)
         known_related_objects = [
-            (field, related_objs, operator.attrgetter(*[
-                field.attname
-                if from_field == 'self' else
-                queryset.model._meta.get_field(from_field).attname
-                for from_field in field.from_fields
-            ])) for field, related_objs in queryset._known_related_objects.items()
+            (
+                field,
+                related_objs,
+                operator.attrgetter(
+                    *[
+                        field.attname
+                        if from_field == "self"
+                        else queryset.model._meta.get_field(from_field).attname
+                        for from_field in field.from_fields
+                    ]
+                ),
+            )
+            for field, related_objs in queryset._known_related_objects.items()
         ]
         for row in compiler.results_iter(results):
-            obj = model_cls.from_db(db, init_list, row[model_fields_start:model_fields_end])
+            obj = model_cls.from_db(
+                db, init_list, row[model_fields_start:model_fields_end]
+            )
             for rel_populator in related_populators:
                 rel_populator.populate(row, obj)
             if annotation_col_map:
@@ -107,7 +128,9 @@ class ValuesIterable(BaseIterable):
             *query.annotation_select,
         ]
         indexes = range(len(names))
-        for row in compiler.results_iter(chunked_fetch=self.chunked_fetch, chunk_size=self.chunk_size):
+        for row in compiler.results_iter(
+            chunked_fetch=self.chunked_fetch, chunk_size=self.chunk_size
+        ):
             yield {names[i]: row[i] for i in indexes}
 
 
@@ -129,16 +152,25 @@ class ValuesListIterable(BaseIterable):
                 *query.values_select,
                 *query.annotation_select,
             ]
-            fields = [*queryset._fields, *(f for f in query.annotation_select if f not in queryset._fields)]
+            fields = [
+                *queryset._fields,
+                *(f for f in query.annotation_select if f not in queryset._fields),
+            ]
             if fields != names:
                 # Reorder according to fields.
                 index_map = {name: idx for idx, name in enumerate(names)}
                 rowfactory = operator.itemgetter(*[index_map[f] for f in fields])
                 return map(
                     rowfactory,
-                    compiler.results_iter(chunked_fetch=self.chunked_fetch, chunk_size=self.chunk_size)
+                    compiler.results_iter(
+                        chunked_fetch=self.chunked_fetch, chunk_size=self.chunk_size
+                    ),
                 )
-        return compiler.results_iter(tuple_expected=True, chunked_fetch=self.chunked_fetch, chunk_size=self.chunk_size)
+        return compiler.results_iter(
+            tuple_expected=True,
+            chunked_fetch=self.chunked_fetch,
+            chunk_size=self.chunk_size,
+        )
 
 
 class NamedValuesListIterable(ValuesListIterable):
@@ -153,7 +185,11 @@ class NamedValuesListIterable(ValuesListIterable):
             names = queryset._fields
         else:
             query = queryset.query
-            names = [*query.extra_select, *query.values_select, *query.annotation_select]
+            names = [
+                *query.extra_select,
+                *query.values_select,
+                *query.annotation_select,
+            ]
         tuple_class = create_namedtuple_class(*names)
         new = tuple.__new__
         for row in super().__iter__():
@@ -169,7 +205,9 @@ class FlatValuesListIterable(BaseIterable):
     def __iter__(self):
         queryset = self.queryset
         compiler = queryset.query.get_compiler(queryset.db)
-        for row in compiler.results_iter(chunked_fetch=self.chunked_fetch, chunk_size=self.chunk_size):
+        for row in compiler.results_iter(
+            chunked_fetch=self.chunked_fetch, chunk_size=self.chunk_size
+        ):
             yield row[0]
 
 
@@ -209,9 +247,11 @@ class QuerySet:
     def as_manager(cls):
         # Address the circular dependency between `Queryset` and `Manager`.
         from django.db.models.manager import Manager
+
         manager = Manager.from_queryset(cls)()
         manager._built_with_as_manager = True
         return manager
+
     as_manager.queryset_only = True
     as_manager = classmethod(as_manager)
 
@@ -223,7 +263,7 @@ class QuerySet:
         """Don't populate the QuerySet's cache."""
         obj = self.__class__()
         for k, v in self.__dict__.items():
-            if k == '_result_cache':
+            if k == "_result_cache":
                 obj.__dict__[k] = None
             else:
                 obj.__dict__[k] = copy.deepcopy(v, memo)
@@ -254,10 +294,10 @@ class QuerySet:
         self.__dict__.update(state)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        data = list(self[:REPR_OUTPUT_SIZE + 1])
+        data = list(self[: REPR_OUTPUT_SIZE + 1])
         if len(data) > REPR_OUTPUT_SIZE:
             data[-1] = "...(remaining elements truncated)..."
-        return '<%s %r>' % (self.__class__.__name__, data)
+        return "<%s %r>" % (self.__class__.__name__, data)
 
     def __len__(self):
         self._fetch_all()
@@ -289,17 +329,17 @@ class QuerySet:
         """Retrieve an item or slice from the set of results."""
         if not isinstance(k, (int, slice)):
             raise TypeError(
-                'QuerySet indices must be integers or slices, not %s.'
+                "QuerySet indices must be integers or slices, not %s."
                 % type(k).__name__
             )
-        if (
-            (isinstance(k, int) and k < 0) or
-            (isinstance(k, slice) and (
-                (k.start is not None and k.start < 0) or
-                (k.stop is not None and k.stop < 0)
-            ))
+        if (isinstance(k, int) and k < 0) or (
+            isinstance(k, slice)
+            and (
+                (k.start is not None and k.start < 0)
+                or (k.stop is not None and k.stop < 0)
+            )
         ):
-            raise ValueError('Negative indexing is not supported.')
+            raise ValueError("Negative indexing is not supported.")
 
         if self._result_cache is not None:
             return self._result_cache[k]
@@ -315,7 +355,7 @@ class QuerySet:
             else:
                 stop = None
             qs.query.set_limits(start, stop)
-            return list(qs)[::k.step] if k.step else qs
+            return list(qs)[:: k.step] if k.step else qs
 
         qs = self._chain()
         qs.query.set_limits(k, k + 1)
@@ -326,7 +366,7 @@ class QuerySet:
         return cls
 
     def __and__(self, other):
-        self._check_operator_queryset(other, '&')
+        self._check_operator_queryset(other, "&")
         self._merge_sanity_check(other)
         if isinstance(other, EmptyQuerySet):
             return other
@@ -338,17 +378,21 @@ class QuerySet:
         return combined
 
     def __or__(self, other):
-        self._check_operator_queryset(other, '|')
+        self._check_operator_queryset(other, "|")
         self._merge_sanity_check(other)
         if isinstance(self, EmptyQuerySet):
             return other
         if isinstance(other, EmptyQuerySet):
             return self
-        query = self if self.query.can_filter() else self.model._base_manager.filter(pk__in=self.values('pk'))
+        query = (
+            self
+            if self.query.can_filter()
+            else self.model._base_manager.filter(pk__in=self.values("pk"))
+        )
         combined = query._chain()
         combined._merge_known_related_objects(other)
         if not other.query.can_filter():
-            other = other.model._base_manager.filter(pk__in=other.values('pk'))
+            other = other.model._base_manager.filter(pk__in=other.values("pk"))
         combined.query.combine(other.query, sql.OR)
         return combined
 
@@ -385,14 +429,16 @@ class QuerySet:
                 #     'QuerySet.iterator() after prefetch_related().'
                 # )
                 warnings.warn(
-                    'Using QuerySet.iterator() after prefetch_related() '
-                    'without specifying chunk_size is deprecated.',
+                    "Using QuerySet.iterator() after prefetch_related() "
+                    "without specifying chunk_size is deprecated.",
                     category=RemovedInDjango50Warning,
                     stacklevel=2,
                 )
         elif chunk_size <= 0:
-            raise ValueError('Chunk size must be strictly positive.')
-        use_chunked_fetch = not connections[self.db].settings_dict.get('DISABLE_SERVER_SIDE_CURSORS')
+            raise ValueError("Chunk size must be strictly positive.")
+        use_chunked_fetch = not connections[self.db].settings_dict.get(
+            "DISABLE_SERVER_SIDE_CURSORS"
+        )
         return self._iterator(use_chunked_fetch, chunk_size)
 
     def aggregate(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -405,7 +451,9 @@ class QuerySet:
         """
         if self.query.distinct_fields:
             raise NotImplementedError("aggregate() + distinct(fields) not implemented.")
-        self._validate_values_are_expressions((*args, *kwargs.values()), method_name='aggregate')
+        self._validate_values_are_expressions(
+            (*args, *kwargs.values()), method_name="aggregate"
+        )
         for arg in args:
             # The default_alias property raises TypeError if default_alias
             # can't be set automatically or AttributeError if it isn't an
@@ -423,7 +471,11 @@ class QuerySet:
             if not annotation.contains_aggregate:
                 raise TypeError("%s is not an aggregate expression" % alias)
             for expr in annotation.get_source_expressions():
-                if expr.contains_aggregate and isinstance(expr, Ref) and expr.refs in kwargs:
+                if (
+                    expr.contains_aggregate
+                    and isinstance(expr, Ref)
+                    and expr.refs in kwargs
+                ):
                     name = expr.refs
                     raise exceptions.FieldError(
                         "Cannot compute %s('%s'): '%s' is an aggregate"
@@ -451,14 +503,17 @@ class QuerySet:
         """
         if self.query.combinator and (args or kwargs):
             raise NotSupportedError(
-                'Calling QuerySet.get(...) with filters after %s() is not '
-                'supported.' % self.query.combinator
+                "Calling QuerySet.get(...) with filters after %s() is not "
+                "supported." % self.query.combinator
             )
         clone = self._chain() if self.query.combinator else self.filter(*args, **kwargs)
         if self.query.can_filter() and not self.query.distinct_fields:
             clone = clone.order_by()
         limit = None
-        if not clone.query.select_for_update or connections[clone.db].features.supports_select_for_update_with_limit:
+        if (
+            not clone.query.select_for_update
+            or connections[clone.db].features.supports_select_for_update_with_limit
+        ):
             limit = MAX_GET_RESULTS
             clone.query.set_limits(high=limit)
         num = len(clone)
@@ -466,13 +521,13 @@ class QuerySet:
             return clone._result_cache[0]
         if not num:
             raise self.model.DoesNotExist(
-                "%s matching query does not exist." %
-                self.model._meta.object_name
+                "%s matching query does not exist." % self.model._meta.object_name
             )
         raise self.model.MultipleObjectsReturned(
-            'get() returned more than one %s -- it returned %s!' % (
+            "get() returned more than one %s -- it returned %s!"
+            % (
                 self.model._meta.object_name,
-                num if not limit or num < limit else 'more than %s' % (limit - 1),
+                num if not limit or num < limit else "more than %s" % (limit - 1),
             )
         )
 
@@ -491,69 +546,77 @@ class QuerySet:
             if obj.pk is None:
                 # Populate new PK values.
                 obj.pk = obj._meta.pk.get_pk_value_on_save(obj)
-            obj._prepare_related_fields_for_save(operation_name='bulk_create')
+            obj._prepare_related_fields_for_save(operation_name="bulk_create")
 
-    def _check_bulk_create_options(self, ignore_conflicts, update_conflicts, update_fields, unique_fields):
+    def _check_bulk_create_options(
+        self, ignore_conflicts, update_conflicts, update_fields, unique_fields
+    ):
         if ignore_conflicts and update_conflicts:
             raise ValueError(
-                'ignore_conflicts and update_conflicts are mutually exclusive.'
+                "ignore_conflicts and update_conflicts are mutually exclusive."
             )
         db_features = connections[self.db].features
         if ignore_conflicts:
             if not db_features.supports_ignore_conflicts:
                 raise NotSupportedError(
-                    'This database backend does not support ignoring conflicts.'
+                    "This database backend does not support ignoring conflicts."
                 )
             return OnConflict.IGNORE
         elif update_conflicts:
             if not db_features.supports_update_conflicts:
                 raise NotSupportedError(
-                    'This database backend does not support updating conflicts.'
+                    "This database backend does not support updating conflicts."
                 )
             if not update_fields:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'Fields that will be updated when a row insertion fails '
-                    'on conflicts must be provided.'
+                    "Fields that will be updated when a row insertion fails "
+                    "on conflicts must be provided."
                 )
             if unique_fields and not db_features.supports_update_conflicts_with_target:
                 raise NotSupportedError(
-                    'This database backend does not support updating '
-                    'conflicts with specifying unique fields that can trigger '
-                    'the upsert.'
+                    "This database backend does not support updating "
+                    "conflicts with specifying unique fields that can trigger "
+                    "the upsert."
                 )
             if not unique_fields and db_features.supports_update_conflicts_with_target:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'Unique fields that can trigger the upsert must be provided.'
+                    "Unique fields that can trigger the upsert must be provided."
                 )
             # Updating primary keys and non-concrete fields is forbidden.
             update_fields = [self.model._meta.get_field(name) for name in update_fields]
             if any(not f.concrete or f.many_to_many for f in update_fields):
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'bulk_create() can only be used with concrete fields in '
-                    'update_fields.'
+                    "bulk_create() can only be used with concrete fields in "
+                    "update_fields."
                 )
             if any(f.primary_key for f in update_fields):
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'bulk_create() cannot be used with primary keys in '
-                    'update_fields.'
+                    "bulk_create() cannot be used with primary keys in "
+                    "update_fields."
                 )
             if unique_fields:
                 # Primary key is allowed in unique_fields.
                 unique_fields = [
                     self.model._meta.get_field(name)
-                    for name in unique_fields if name != 'pk'
+                    for name in unique_fields
+                    if name != "pk"
                 ]
                 if any(not f.concrete or f.many_to_many for f in unique_fields):
                     raise ValueError(
-                        'bulk_create() can only be used with concrete fields '
-                        'in unique_fields.'
+                        "bulk_create() can only be used with concrete fields "
+                        "in unique_fields."
                     )
             return OnConflict.UPDATE
         return None
 
     def bulk_create(
-        self, objs, batch_size=None, ignore_conflicts=False,
-        update_conflicts=False, update_fields=None, unique_fields=None,
+        self,
+        objs,
+        batch_size=None,
+        ignore_conflicts=False,
+        update_conflicts=False,
+        update_fields=None,
+        unique_fields=None,
     ):
         """
         Insert each of the instances into the database. Do *not* call
@@ -575,7 +638,7 @@ class QuerySet:
         # Oracle as well, but the semantics for extracting the primary keys is
         # trickier so it's not done yet.
         if batch_size is not None and batch_size <= 0:
-            raise ValueError('Batch size must be a positive integer.')
+            raise ValueError("Batch size must be a positive integer.")
         # Check that the parents share the same concrete model with the our
         # model to detect the inheritance pattern ConcreteGrandParent ->
         # MultiTableParent -> ProxyChild. Simply checking self.model._meta.proxy
@@ -625,7 +688,10 @@ class QuerySet:
                     unique_fields=unique_fields,
                 )
                 connection = connections[self.db]
-                if connection.features.can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert and on_conflict is None:
+                if (
+                    connection.features.can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert
+                    and on_conflict is None
+                ):
                     assert len(returned_columns) == len(objs_without_pk)
                 for obj_without_pk, results in zip(objs_without_pk, returned_columns):
                     for result, field in zip(results, opts.db_returning_fields):
@@ -640,28 +706,30 @@ class QuerySet:
         Update the given fields in each of the given objects in the database.
         """
         if batch_size is not None and batch_size < 0:
-            raise ValueError('Batch size must be a positive integer.')
+            raise ValueError("Batch size must be a positive integer.")
         if not fields:
-            raise ValueError('Field names must be given to bulk_update().')
+            raise ValueError("Field names must be given to bulk_update().")
         objs = tuple(objs)
         if any(obj.pk is None for obj in objs):
-            raise ValueError('All bulk_update() objects must have a primary key set.')
+            raise ValueError("All bulk_update() objects must have a primary key set.")
         fields = [self.model._meta.get_field(name) for name in fields]
         if any(not f.concrete or f.many_to_many for f in fields):
-            raise ValueError('bulk_update() can only be used with concrete fields.')
+            raise ValueError("bulk_update() can only be used with concrete fields.")
         if any(f.primary_key for f in fields):
-            raise ValueError('bulk_update() cannot be used with primary key fields.')
+            raise ValueError("bulk_update() cannot be used with primary key fields.")
         if not objs:
             return 0
         for obj in objs:
-            obj._prepare_related_fields_for_save(operation_name='bulk_update', fields=fields)
+            obj._prepare_related_fields_for_save(
+                operation_name="bulk_update", fields=fields
+            )
         # PK is used twice in the resulting update query, once in the filter
         # and once in the WHEN. Each field will also have one CAST.
         connection = connections[self.db]
-        max_batch_size = connection.ops.bulk_batch_size(['pk', 'pk'] + fields, objs)
+        max_batch_size = connection.ops.bulk_batch_size(["pk", "pk"] + fields, objs)
         batch_size = min(batch_size, max_batch_size) if batch_size else max_batch_size
         requires_casting = connection.features.requires_casted_case_in_updates
-        batches = (objs[i:i + batch_size] for i in range(0, len(objs), batch_size))
+        batches = (objs[i : i + batch_size] for i in range(0, len(objs), batch_size))
         updates = []
         for batch_objs in batches:
             update_kwargs = {}
@@ -669,7 +737,7 @@ class QuerySet:
                 when_statements = []
                 for obj in batch_objs:
                     attr = getattr(obj, field.attname)
-                    if not hasattr(attr, 'resolve_expression'):
+                    if not hasattr(attr, "resolve_expression"):
                         attr = Value(attr, output_field=field)
                     when_statements.append(When(pk=obj.pk, then=attr))
                 case_statement = Case(*when_statements, output_field=field)
@@ -682,6 +750,7 @@ class QuerySet:
             for pks, update_kwargs in updates:
                 rows_updated += self.filter(pk__in=pks).update(**update_kwargs)
         return rows_updated
+
     bulk_update.alters_data = True
 
     def get_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs):
@@ -748,10 +817,12 @@ class QuerySet:
                     invalid_params.append(param)
         if invalid_params:
             raise exceptions.FieldError(
-                "Invalid field name(s) for model %s: '%s'." % (
+                "Invalid field name(s) for model %s: '%s'."
+                % (
                     self.model._meta.object_name,
                     "', '".join(sorted(invalid_params)),
-                ))
+                )
+            )
         return params
 
     def _earliest(self, *fields):
@@ -762,7 +833,7 @@ class QuerySet:
         if fields:
             order_by = fields
         else:
-            order_by = getattr(self.model._meta, 'get_latest_by')
+            order_by = getattr(self.model._meta, "get_latest_by")
             if order_by and not isinstance(order_by, (tuple, list)):
                 order_by = (order_by,)
         if order_by is None:
@@ -778,25 +849,25 @@ class QuerySet:
 
     def earliest(self, *fields):
         if self.query.is_sliced:
-            raise TypeError('Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken.')
+            raise TypeError("Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken.")
         return self._earliest(*fields)
 
     def latest(self, *fields):
         if self.query.is_sliced:
-            raise TypeError('Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken.')
+            raise TypeError("Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken.")
         return self.reverse()._earliest(*fields)
 
     def first(self):
         """Return the first object of a query or None if no match is found."""
-        for obj in (self if self.ordered else self.order_by('pk'))[:1]:
+        for obj in (self if self.ordered else self.order_by("pk"))[:1]:
             return obj
 
     def last(self):
         """Return the last object of a query or None if no match is found."""
-        for obj in (self.reverse() if self.ordered else self.order_by('-pk'))[:1]:
+        for obj in (self.reverse() if self.ordered else self.order_by("-pk"))[:1]:
             return obj
 
-    def in_bulk(self, id_list=None, *, field_name='pk'):
+    def in_bulk(self, id_list=None, *, field_name="pk"):
         """
         Return a dictionary mapping each of the given IDs to the object with
         that ID. If `id_list` isn't provided, evaluate the entire QuerySet.
@@ -810,16 +881,19 @@ class QuerySet:
             if len(constraint.fields) == 1
         ]
         if (
-            field_name != 'pk' and
-            not opts.get_field(field_name).unique and
-            field_name not in unique_fields and
-            self.query.distinct_fields != (field_name,)
+            field_name != "pk"
+            and not opts.get_field(field_name).unique
+            and field_name not in unique_fields
+            and self.query.distinct_fields != (field_name,)
         ):
-            raise ValueError("in_bulk()'s field_name must be a unique field but %r isn't." % field_name)
+            raise ValueError(
+                "in_bulk()'s field_name must be a unique field but %r isn't."
+                % field_name
+            )
         if id_list is not None:
             if not id_list:
                 return {}
-            filter_key = '{}__in'.format(field_name)
+            filter_key = "{}__in".format(field_name)
             batch_size = connections[self.db].features.max_query_params
             id_list = tuple(id_list)
             # If the database has a limit on the number of query parameters
@@ -827,7 +901,7 @@ class QuerySet:
             if batch_size and batch_size < len(id_list):
                 qs = ()
                 for offset in range(0, len(id_list), batch_size):
-                    batch = id_list[offset:offset + batch_size]
+                    batch = id_list[offset : offset + batch_size]
                     qs += tuple(self.filter(**{filter_key: batch}).order_by())
             else:
                 qs = self.filter(**{filter_key: id_list}).order_by()
@@ -837,11 +911,11 @@ class QuerySet:
 
     def delete(self):
         """Delete the records in the current QuerySet."""
-        self._not_support_combined_queries('delete')
+        self._not_support_combined_queries("delete")
         if self.query.is_sliced:
             raise TypeError("Cannot use 'limit' or 'offset' with delete().")
         if self.query.distinct or self.query.distinct_fields:
-            raise TypeError('Cannot call delete() after .distinct().')
+            raise TypeError("Cannot call delete() after .distinct().")
         if self._fields is not None:
             raise TypeError("Cannot call delete() after .values() or .values_list()")
 
@@ -880,6 +954,7 @@ class QuerySet:
             with cursor:
                 return cursor.rowcount
         return 0
+
     _raw_delete.alters_data = True
 
     def update(self, **kwargs):
@@ -887,9 +962,9 @@ class QuerySet:
         Update all elements in the current QuerySet, setting all the given
         fields to the appropriate values.
         """
-        self._not_support_combined_queries('update')
+        self._not_support_combined_queries("update")
         if self.query.is_sliced:
-            raise TypeError('Cannot update a query once a slice has been taken.')
+            raise TypeError("Cannot update a query once a slice has been taken.")
         self._for_write = True
         query = self.query.chain(sql.UpdateQuery)
         query.add_update_values(kwargs)
@@ -899,6 +974,7 @@ class QuerySet:
             rows = query.get_compiler(self.db).execute_sql(CURSOR)
         self._result_cache = None
         return rows
+
     update.alters_data = True
 
     def _update(self, values):
@@ -909,13 +985,14 @@ class QuerySet:
         useful at that level).
         """
         if self.query.is_sliced:
-            raise TypeError('Cannot update a query once a slice has been taken.')
+            raise TypeError("Cannot update a query once a slice has been taken.")
         query = self.query.chain(sql.UpdateQuery)
         query.add_update_fields(values)
         # Clear any annotations so that they won't be present in subqueries.
         query.annotations = {}
         self._result_cache = None
         return query.get_compiler(self.db).execute_sql(CURSOR)
+
     _update.alters_data = True
     _update.queryset_only = False
 
@@ -926,10 +1003,10 @@ class QuerySet:
 
     def contains(self, obj):
         """Return True if the queryset contains an object."""
-        self._not_support_combined_queries('contains')
+        self._not_support_combined_queries("contains")
         if self._fields is not None:
             raise TypeError(
-                'Cannot call QuerySet.contains() after .values() or .values_list().'
+                "Cannot call QuerySet.contains() after .values() or .values_list()."
             )
         try:
             if obj._meta.concrete_model != self.model._meta.concrete_model:
@@ -937,9 +1014,7 @@ class QuerySet:
         except AttributeError:
             raise TypeError("'obj' must be a model instance.")
         if obj.pk is None:
-            raise ValueError(
-                'QuerySet.contains() cannot be used on unsaved objects.'
-            )
+            raise ValueError("QuerySet.contains() cannot be used on unsaved objects.")
         if self._result_cache is not None:
             return obj in self._result_cache
         return self.filter(pk=obj.pk).exists()
@@ -959,7 +1034,13 @@ class QuerySet:
     def raw(self, raw_query, params=(), translations=None, using=None):
         if using is None:
             using = self.db
-        qs = RawQuerySet(raw_query, model=self.model, params=params, translations=translations, using=using)
+        qs = RawQuerySet(
+            raw_query,
+            model=self.model,
+            params=params,
+            translations=translations,
+            using=using,
+        )
         qs._prefetch_related_lookups = self._prefetch_related_lookups[:]
         return qs
 
@@ -981,15 +1062,19 @@ class QuerySet:
         if flat and named:
             raise TypeError("'flat' and 'named' can't be used together.")
         if flat and len(fields) > 1:
-            raise TypeError("'flat' is not valid when values_list is called with more than one field.")
+            raise TypeError(
+                "'flat' is not valid when values_list is called with more than one field."
+            )
 
-        field_names = {f for f in fields if not hasattr(f, 'resolve_expression')}
+        field_names = {f for f in fields if not hasattr(f, "resolve_expression")}
         _fields = []
         expressions = {}
         counter = 1
         for field in fields:
-            if hasattr(field, 'resolve_expression'):
-                field_id_prefix = getattr(field, 'default_alias', field.__class__.__name__.lower())
+            if hasattr(field, "resolve_expression"):
+                field_id_prefix = getattr(
+                    field, "default_alias", field.__class__.__name__.lower()
+                )
                 while True:
                     field_id = field_id_prefix + str(counter)
                     counter += 1
@@ -1002,59 +1087,71 @@ class QuerySet:
 
         clone = self._values(*_fields, **expressions)
         clone._iterable_class = (
-            NamedValuesListIterable if named
-            else FlatValuesListIterable if flat
+            NamedValuesListIterable
+            if named
+            else FlatValuesListIterable
+            if flat
             else ValuesListIterable
         )
         return clone
 
-    def dates(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC'):
+    def dates(self, field_name, kind, order="ASC"):
         """
         Return a list of date objects representing all available dates for
         the given field_name, scoped to 'kind'.
         """
-        if kind not in ('year', 'month', 'week', 'day'):
+        if kind not in ("year", "month", "week", "day"):
             raise ValueError("'kind' must be one of 'year', 'month', 'week', or 'day'.")
-        if order not in ('ASC', 'DESC'):
+        if order not in ("ASC", "DESC"):
             raise ValueError("'order' must be either 'ASC' or 'DESC'.")
-        return self.annotate(
-            datefield=Trunc(field_name, kind, output_field=DateField()),
-            plain_field=F(field_name)
-        ).values_list(
-            'datefield', flat=True
-        ).distinct().filter(plain_field__isnull=False).order_by(('-' if order == 'DESC' else '') + 'datefield')
+        return (
+            self.annotate(
+                datefield=Trunc(field_name, kind, output_field=DateField()),
+                plain_field=F(field_name),
+            )
+            .values_list("datefield", flat=True)
+            .distinct()
+            .filter(plain_field__isnull=False)
+            .order_by(("-" if order == "DESC" else "") + "datefield")
+        )
 
     # RemovedInDjango50Warning: when the deprecation ends, remove is_dst
     # argument.
-    def datetimes(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC', tzinfo=None, is_dst=timezone.NOT_PASSED):
+    def datetimes(
+        self, field_name, kind, order="ASC", tzinfo=None, is_dst=timezone.NOT_PASSED
+    ):
         """
         Return a list of datetime objects representing all available
         datetimes for the given field_name, scoped to 'kind'.
         """
-        if kind not in ('year', 'month', 'week', 'day', 'hour', 'minute', 'second'):
+        if kind not in ("year", "month", "week", "day", "hour", "minute", "second"):
             raise ValueError(
                 "'kind' must be one of 'year', 'month', 'week', 'day', "
                 "'hour', 'minute', or 'second'."
             )
-        if order not in ('ASC', 'DESC'):
+        if order not in ("ASC", "DESC"):
             raise ValueError("'order' must be either 'ASC' or 'DESC'.")
         if settings.USE_TZ:
             if tzinfo is None:
                 tzinfo = timezone.get_current_timezone()
         else:
             tzinfo = None
-        return self.annotate(
-            datetimefield=Trunc(
-                field_name,
-                kind,
-                output_field=DateTimeField(),
-                tzinfo=tzinfo,
-                is_dst=is_dst,
-            ),
-            plain_field=F(field_name)
-        ).values_list(
-            'datetimefield', flat=True
-        ).distinct().filter(plain_field__isnull=False).order_by(('-' if order == 'DESC' else '') + 'datetimefield')
+        return (
+            self.annotate(
+                datetimefield=Trunc(
+                    field_name,
+                    kind,
+                    output_field=DateTimeField(),
+                    tzinfo=tzinfo,
+                    is_dst=is_dst,
+                ),
+                plain_field=F(field_name),
+            )
+            .values_list("datetimefield", flat=True)
+            .distinct()
+            .filter(plain_field__isnull=False)
+            .order_by(("-" if order == "DESC" else "") + "datetimefield")
+        )
 
     def none(self):
         """Return an empty QuerySet."""
@@ -1078,7 +1175,7 @@ class QuerySet:
         Return a new QuerySet instance with the args ANDed to the existing
         set.
         """
-        self._not_support_combined_queries('filter')
+        self._not_support_combined_queries("filter")
         return self._filter_or_exclude(False, args, kwargs)
 
     def exclude(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -1086,12 +1183,12 @@ class QuerySet:
         Return a new QuerySet instance with NOT (args) ANDed to the existing
         set.
         """
-        self._not_support_combined_queries('exclude')
+        self._not_support_combined_queries("exclude")
         return self._filter_or_exclude(True, args, kwargs)
 
     def _filter_or_exclude(self, negate, args, kwargs):
         if (args or kwargs) and self.query.is_sliced:
-            raise TypeError('Cannot filter a query once a slice has been taken.')
+            raise TypeError("Cannot filter a query once a slice has been taken.")
         clone = self._chain()
         if self._defer_next_filter:
             self._defer_next_filter = False
@@ -1129,7 +1226,9 @@ class QuerySet:
         # Clear limits and ordering so they can be reapplied
         clone.query.clear_ordering(force=True)
         clone.query.clear_limits()
-        clone.query.combined_queries = (self.query,) + tuple(qs.query for qs in other_qs)
+        clone.query.combined_queries = (self.query,) + tuple(
+            qs.query for qs in other_qs
+        )
         clone.query.combinator = combinator
         clone.query.combinator_all = all
         return clone
@@ -1142,8 +1241,8 @@ class QuerySet:
                 return self
             if len(qs) == 1:
                 return qs[0]
-            return qs[0]._combinator_query('union', *qs[1:], all=all)
-        return self._combinator_query('union', *other_qs, all=all)
+            return qs[0]._combinator_query("union", *qs[1:], all=all)
+        return self._combinator_query("union", *other_qs, all=all)
 
     def intersection(self, *other_qs):
         # If any query is an EmptyQuerySet, return it.
@@ -1152,13 +1251,13 @@ class QuerySet:
         for other in other_qs:
             if isinstance(other, EmptyQuerySet):
                 return other
-        return self._combinator_query('intersection', *other_qs)
+        return self._combinator_query("intersection", *other_qs)
 
     def difference(self, *other_qs):
         # If the query is an EmptyQuerySet, return it.
         if isinstance(self, EmptyQuerySet):
             return self
-        return self._combinator_query('difference', *other_qs)
+        return self._combinator_query("difference", *other_qs)
 
     def select_for_update(self, nowait=False, skip_locked=False, of=(), no_key=False):
         """
@@ -1166,7 +1265,7 @@ class QuerySet:
         FOR UPDATE lock.
         """
         if nowait and skip_locked:
-            raise ValueError('The nowait option cannot be used with skip_locked.')
+            raise ValueError("The nowait option cannot be used with skip_locked.")
         obj = self._chain()
         obj._for_write = True
         obj.query.select_for_update = True
@@ -1185,9 +1284,11 @@ class QuerySet:
 
         If select_related(None) is called, clear the list.
         """
-        self._not_support_combined_queries('select_related')
+        self._not_support_combined_queries("select_related")
         if self._fields is not None:
-            raise TypeError("Cannot call select_related() after .values() or .values_list()")
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Cannot call select_related() after .values() or .values_list()"
+            )
 
         obj = self._chain()
         if fields == (None,):
@@ -1207,7 +1308,7 @@ class QuerySet:
         When prefetch_related() is called more than once, append to the list of
         prefetch lookups. If prefetch_related(None) is called, clear the list.
         """
-        self._not_support_combined_queries('prefetch_related')
+        self._not_support_combined_queries("prefetch_related")
         clone = self._chain()
         if lookups == (None,):
             clone._prefetch_related_lookups = ()
@@ -1217,7 +1318,9 @@ class QuerySet:
                     lookup = lookup.prefetch_to
                 lookup = lookup.split(LOOKUP_SEP, 1)[0]
                 if lookup in self.query._filtered_relations:
-                    raise ValueError('prefetch_related() is not supported with FilteredRelation.')
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "prefetch_related() is not supported with FilteredRelation."
+                    )
             clone._prefetch_related_lookups = clone._prefetch_related_lookups + lookups
         return clone
 
@@ -1226,26 +1329,29 @@ class QuerySet:
         Return a query set in which the returned objects have been annotated
         with extra data or aggregations.
         """
-        self._not_support_combined_queries('annotate')
+        self._not_support_combined_queries("annotate")
         return self._annotate(args, kwargs, select=True)
 
     def alias(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """
         Return a query set with added aliases for extra data or aggregations.
         """
-        self._not_support_combined_queries('alias')
+        self._not_support_combined_queries("alias")
         return self._annotate(args, kwargs, select=False)
 
     def _annotate(self, args, kwargs, select=True):
-        self._validate_values_are_expressions(args + tuple(kwargs.values()), method_name='annotate')
+        self._validate_values_are_expressions(
+            args + tuple(kwargs.values()), method_name="annotate"
+        )
         annotations = {}
         for arg in args:
             # The default_alias property may raise a TypeError.
             try:
                 if arg.default_alias in kwargs:
-                    raise ValueError("The named annotation '%s' conflicts with the "
-                                     "default name for another annotation."
-                                     % arg.default_alias)
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "The named annotation '%s' conflicts with the "
+                        "default name for another annotation." % arg.default_alias
+                    )
             except TypeError:
                 raise TypeError("Complex annotations require an alias")
             annotations[arg.default_alias] = arg
@@ -1254,20 +1360,29 @@ class QuerySet:
         clone = self._chain()
         names = self._fields
         if names is None:
-            names = set(chain.from_iterable(
-                (field.name, field.attname) if hasattr(field, 'attname') else (field.name,)
-                for field in self.model._meta.get_fields()
-            ))
+            names = set(
+                chain.from_iterable(
+                    (field.name, field.attname)
+                    if hasattr(field, "attname")
+                    else (field.name,)
+                    for field in self.model._meta.get_fields()
+                )
+            )
 
         for alias, annotation in annotations.items():
             if alias in names:
-                raise ValueError("The annotation '%s' conflicts with a field on "
-                                 "the model." % alias)
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "The annotation '%s' conflicts with a field on "
+                    "the model." % alias
+                )
             if isinstance(annotation, FilteredRelation):
                 clone.query.add_filtered_relation(annotation, alias)
             else:
                 clone.query.add_annotation(
-                    annotation, alias, is_summary=False, select=select,
+                    annotation,
+                    alias,
+                    is_summary=False,
+                    select=select,
                 )
         for alias, annotation in clone.query.annotations.items():
             if alias in annotations and annotation.contains_aggregate:
@@ -1282,7 +1397,7 @@ class QuerySet:
     def order_by(self, *field_names):
         """Return a new QuerySet instance with the ordering changed."""
         if self.query.is_sliced:
-            raise TypeError('Cannot reorder a query once a slice has been taken.')
+            raise TypeError("Cannot reorder a query once a slice has been taken.")
         obj = self._chain()
         obj.query.clear_ordering(force=True, clear_default=False)
         obj.query.add_ordering(*field_names)
@@ -1292,19 +1407,28 @@ class QuerySet:
         """
         Return a new QuerySet instance that will select only distinct results.
         """
-        self._not_support_combined_queries('distinct')
+        self._not_support_combined_queries("distinct")
         if self.query.is_sliced:
-            raise TypeError('Cannot create distinct fields once a slice has been taken.')
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Cannot create distinct fields once a slice has been taken."
+            )
         obj = self._chain()
         obj.query.add_distinct_fields(*field_names)
         return obj
 
-    def extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None,
-              order_by=None, select_params=None):
+    def extra(
+        self,
+        select=None,
+        where=None,
+        params=None,
+        tables=None,
+        order_by=None,
+        select_params=None,
+    ):
         """Add extra SQL fragments to the query."""
-        self._not_support_combined_queries('extra')
+        self._not_support_combined_queries("extra")
         if self.query.is_sliced:
-            raise TypeError('Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken.')
+            raise TypeError("Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken.")
         clone = self._chain()
         clone.query.add_extra(select, select_params, where, params, tables, order_by)
         return clone
@@ -1312,7 +1436,7 @@ class QuerySet:
     def reverse(self):
         """Reverse the ordering of the QuerySet."""
         if self.query.is_sliced:
-            raise TypeError('Cannot reverse a query once a slice has been taken.')
+            raise TypeError("Cannot reverse a query once a slice has been taken.")
         clone = self._chain()
         clone.query.standard_ordering = not clone.query.standard_ordering
         return clone
@@ -1324,7 +1448,7 @@ class QuerySet:
         The only exception to this is if None is passed in as the only
         parameter, in which case removal all deferrals.
         """
-        self._not_support_combined_queries('defer')
+        self._not_support_combined_queries("defer")
         if self._fields is not None:
             raise TypeError("Cannot call defer() after .values() or .values_list()")
         clone = self._chain()
@@ -1340,7 +1464,7 @@ class QuerySet:
         method and that are not already specified as deferred are loaded
         immediately when the queryset is evaluated.
         """
-        self._not_support_combined_queries('only')
+        self._not_support_combined_queries("only")
         if self._fields is not None:
             raise TypeError("Cannot call only() after .values() or .values_list()")
         if fields == (None,):
@@ -1350,7 +1474,7 @@ class QuerySet:
         for field in fields:
             field = field.split(LOOKUP_SEP, 1)[0]
             if field in self.query._filtered_relations:
-                raise ValueError('only() is not supported with FilteredRelation.')
+                raise ValueError("only() is not supported with FilteredRelation.")
         clone = self._chain()
         clone.query.add_immediate_loading(fields)
         return clone
@@ -1376,8 +1500,9 @@ class QuerySet:
         if self.query.extra_order_by or self.query.order_by:
             return True
         elif (
-            self.query.default_ordering and
-            self.query.get_meta().ordering and
+            self.query.default_ordering
+            and self.query.get_meta().ordering
+            and
             # A default ordering doesn't affect GROUP BY queries.
             not self.query.group_by
         ):
@@ -1397,8 +1522,15 @@ class QuerySet:
     ###################
 
     def _insert(
-        self, objs, fields, returning_fields=None, raw=False, using=None,
-        on_conflict=None, update_fields=None, unique_fields=None,
+        self,
+        objs,
+        fields,
+        returning_fields=None,
+        raw=False,
+        using=None,
+        on_conflict=None,
+        update_fields=None,
+        unique_fields=None,
     ):
         """
         Insert a new record for the given model. This provides an interface to
@@ -1415,11 +1547,17 @@ class QuerySet:
         )
         query.insert_values(fields, objs, raw=raw)
         return query.get_compiler(using=using).execute_sql(returning_fields)
+
     _insert.alters_data = True
     _insert.queryset_only = False
 
     def _batched_insert(
-        self, objs, fields, batch_size, on_conflict=None, update_fields=None,
+        self,
+        objs,
+        fields,
+        batch_size,
+        on_conflict=None,
+        update_fields=None,
         unique_fields=None,
     ):
         """
@@ -1431,12 +1569,16 @@ class QuerySet:
         batch_size = min(batch_size, max_batch_size) if batch_size else max_batch_size
         inserted_rows = []
         bulk_return = connection.features.can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert
-        for item in [objs[i:i + batch_size] for i in range(0, len(objs), batch_size)]:
+        for item in [objs[i : i + batch_size] for i in range(0, len(objs), batch_size)]:
             if bulk_return and on_conflict is None:
-                inserted_rows.extend(self._insert(
-                    item, fields=fields, using=self.db,
-                    returning_fields=self.model._meta.db_returning_fields,
-                ))
+                inserted_rows.extend(
+                    self._insert(
+                        item,
+                        fields=fields,
+                        using=self.db,
+                        returning_fields=self.model._meta.db_returning_fields,
+                    )
+                )
             else:
                 self._insert(
                     item,
@@ -1464,7 +1606,12 @@ class QuerySet:
         Return a copy of the current QuerySet. A lightweight alternative
         to deepcopy().
         """
-        c = self.__class__(model=self.model, query=self.query.chain(), using=self._db, hints=self._hints)
+        c = self.__class__(
+            model=self.model,
+            query=self.query.chain(),
+            using=self._db,
+            hints=self._hints,
+        )
         c._sticky_filter = self._sticky_filter
         c._for_write = self._for_write
         c._prefetch_related_lookups = self._prefetch_related_lookups[:]
@@ -1496,9 +1643,10 @@ class QuerySet:
     def _merge_sanity_check(self, other):
         """Check that two QuerySet classes may be merged."""
         if self._fields is not None and (
-                set(self.query.values_select) != set(other.query.values_select) or
-                set(self.query.extra_select) != set(other.query.extra_select) or
-                set(self.query.annotation_select) != set(other.query.annotation_select)):
+            set(self.query.values_select) != set(other.query.values_select)
+            or set(self.query.extra_select) != set(other.query.extra_select)
+            or set(self.query.annotation_select) != set(other.query.annotation_select)
+        ):
             raise TypeError(
                 "Merging '%s' classes must involve the same values in each case."
                 % self.__class__.__name__
@@ -1515,10 +1663,11 @@ class QuerySet:
         if self._fields and len(self._fields) > 1:
             # values() queryset can only be used as nested queries
             # if they are set up to select only a single field.
-            raise TypeError('Cannot use multi-field values as a filter value.')
+            raise TypeError("Cannot use multi-field values as a filter value.")
         query = self.query.resolve_expression(*args, **kwargs)
         query._db = self._db
         return query
+
     resolve_expression.queryset_only = True
 
     def _add_hints(self, **hints):
@@ -1538,25 +1687,28 @@ class QuerySet:
 
     @staticmethod
     def _validate_values_are_expressions(values, method_name):
-        invalid_args = sorted(str(arg) for arg in values if not hasattr(arg, 'resolve_expression'))
+        invalid_args = sorted(
+            str(arg) for arg in values if not hasattr(arg, "resolve_expression")
+        )
         if invalid_args:
             raise TypeError(
-                'QuerySet.%s() received non-expression(s): %s.' % (
+                "QuerySet.%s() received non-expression(s): %s."
+                % (
                     method_name,
-                    ', '.join(invalid_args),
+                    ", ".join(invalid_args),
                 )
             )
 
     def _not_support_combined_queries(self, operation_name):
         if self.query.combinator:
             raise NotSupportedError(
-                'Calling QuerySet.%s() after %s() is not supported.'
+                "Calling QuerySet.%s() after %s() is not supported."
                 % (operation_name, self.query.combinator)
             )
 
     def _check_operator_queryset(self, other, operator_):
         if self.query.combinator or other.query.combinator:
-            raise TypeError(f'Cannot use {operator_} operator with combined queryset.')
+            raise TypeError(f"Cannot use {operator_} operator with combined queryset.")
 
 
 class InstanceCheckMeta(type):
@@ -1579,8 +1731,17 @@ class RawQuerySet:
     Provide an iterator which converts the results of raw SQL queries into
     annotated model instances.
     """
-    def __init__(self, raw_query, model=None, query=None, params=(),
-                 translations=None, using=None, hints=None):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        raw_query,
+        model=None,
+        query=None,
+        params=(),
+        translations=None,
+        using=None,
+        hints=None,
+    ):
         self.raw_query = raw_query
         self.model = model
         self._db = using
@@ -1595,10 +1756,17 @@ class RawQuerySet:
     def resolve_model_init_order(self):
         """Resolve the init field names and value positions."""
         converter = connections[self.db].introspection.identifier_converter
-        model_init_fields = [f for f in self.model._meta.fields if converter(f.column) in self.columns]
-        annotation_fields = [(column, pos) for pos, column in enumerate(self.columns)
-                             if column not in self.model_fields]
-        model_init_order = [self.columns.index(converter(f.column)) for f in model_init_fields]
+        model_init_fields = [
+            f for f in self.model._meta.fields if converter(f.column) in self.columns
+        ]
+        annotation_fields = [
+            (column, pos)
+            for pos, column in enumerate(self.columns)
+            if column not in self.model_fields
+        ]
+        model_init_order = [
+            self.columns.index(converter(f.column)) for f in model_init_fields
+        ]
         model_init_names = [f.attname for f in model_init_fields]
         return model_init_names, model_init_order, annotation_fields
 
@@ -1618,8 +1786,13 @@ class RawQuerySet:
     def _clone(self):
         """Same as QuerySet._clone()"""
         c = self.__class__(
-            self.raw_query, model=self.model, query=self.query, params=self.params,
-            translations=self.translations, using=self._db, hints=self._hints
+            self.raw_query,
+            model=self.model,
+            query=self.query,
+            params=self.params,
+            translations=self.translations,
+            using=self._db,
+            hints=self._hints,
         )
         c._prefetch_related_lookups = self._prefetch_related_lookups[:]
         return c
@@ -1646,20 +1819,24 @@ class RawQuerySet:
         # Cache some things for performance reasons outside the loop.
         db = self.db
         connection = connections[db]
-        compiler = connection.ops.compiler('SQLCompiler')(self.query, connection, db)
+        compiler = connection.ops.compiler("SQLCompiler")(self.query, connection, db)
         query = iter(self.query)
 
         try:
-            model_init_names, model_init_pos, annotation_fields = self.resolve_model_init_order()
+            (
+                model_init_names,
+                model_init_pos,
+                annotation_fields,
+            ) = self.resolve_model_init_order()
             if self.model._meta.pk.attname not in model_init_names:
                 raise exceptions.FieldDoesNotExist(
-                    'Raw query must include the primary key'
+                    "Raw query must include the primary key"
                 )
             model_cls = self.model
             fields = [self.model_fields.get(c) for c in self.columns]
-            converters = compiler.get_converters([
-                f.get_col(f.model._meta.db_table) if f else None for f in fields
-            ])
+            converters = compiler.get_converters(
+                [f.get_col(f.model._meta.db_table) if f else None for f in fields]
+            )
             if converters:
                 query = compiler.apply_converters(query, converters)
             for values in query:
@@ -1672,7 +1849,7 @@ class RawQuerySet:
                 yield instance
         finally:
             # Done iterating the Query. If it has its own cursor, close it.
-            if hasattr(self.query, 'cursor') and self.query.cursor:
+            if hasattr(self.query, "cursor") and self.query.cursor:
                 self.query.cursor.close()
 
     def __repr__(self):
@@ -1689,9 +1866,11 @@ class RawQuerySet:
     def using(self, alias):
         """Select the database this RawQuerySet should execute against."""
         return RawQuerySet(
-            self.raw_query, model=self.model,
+            self.raw_query,
+            model=self.model,
             query=self.query.chain(using=alias),
-            params=self.params, translations=self.translations,
+            params=self.params,
+            translations=self.translations,
             using=alias,
         )
 
@@ -1731,16 +1910,19 @@ class Prefetch:
         # `prefetch_to` is the path to the attribute that stores the result.
         self.prefetch_to = lookup
         if queryset is not None and (
-            isinstance(queryset, RawQuerySet) or (
-                hasattr(queryset, '_iterable_class') and
-                not issubclass(queryset._iterable_class, ModelIterable)
+            isinstance(queryset, RawQuerySet)
+            or (
+                hasattr(queryset, "_iterable_class")
+                and not issubclass(queryset._iterable_class, ModelIterable)
             )
         ):
             raise ValueError(
-                'Prefetch querysets cannot use raw(), values(), and values_list().'
+                "Prefetch querysets cannot use raw(), values(), and values_list()."
             )
         if to_attr:
-            self.prefetch_to = LOOKUP_SEP.join(lookup.split(LOOKUP_SEP)[:-1] + [to_attr])
+            self.prefetch_to = LOOKUP_SEP.join(
+                lookup.split(LOOKUP_SEP)[:-1] + [to_attr]
+            )
 
         self.queryset = queryset
         self.to_attr = to_attr
@@ -1752,7 +1934,7 @@ class Prefetch:
             # Prevent the QuerySet from being evaluated
             queryset._result_cache = []
             queryset._prefetch_done = True
-            obj_dict['queryset'] = queryset
+            obj_dict["queryset"] = queryset
         return obj_dict
 
     def add_prefix(self, prefix):
@@ -1760,7 +1942,7 @@ class Prefetch:
         self.prefetch_to = prefix + LOOKUP_SEP + self.prefetch_to
 
     def get_current_prefetch_to(self, level):
-        return LOOKUP_SEP.join(self.prefetch_to.split(LOOKUP_SEP)[:level + 1])
+        return LOOKUP_SEP.join(self.prefetch_to.split(LOOKUP_SEP)[: level + 1])
 
     def get_current_to_attr(self, level):
         parts = self.prefetch_to.split(LOOKUP_SEP)
@@ -1805,7 +1987,7 @@ def prefetch_related_objects(model_instances, *related_lookups):
     # We need to be able to dynamically add to the list of prefetch_related
     # lookups that we look up (see below).  So we need some book keeping to
     # ensure we don't do duplicate work.
-    done_queries = {}    # dictionary of things like 'foo__bar': [results]
+    done_queries = {}  # dictionary of things like 'foo__bar': [results]
 
     auto_lookups = set()  # we add to this as we go through.
     followed_descriptors = set()  # recursion protection
@@ -1815,8 +1997,11 @@ def prefetch_related_objects(model_instances, *related_lookups):
         lookup = all_lookups.pop()
         if lookup.prefetch_to in done_queries:
             if lookup.queryset is not None:
-                raise ValueError("'%s' lookup was already seen with a different queryset. "
-                                 "You may need to adjust the ordering of your lookups." % lookup.prefetch_to)
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "'%s' lookup was already seen with a different queryset. "
+                    "You may need to adjust the ordering of your lookups."
+                    % lookup.prefetch_to
+                )
 
             continue
 
@@ -1842,7 +2027,7 @@ def prefetch_related_objects(model_instances, *related_lookups):
                 # Since prefetching can re-use instances, it is possible to have
                 # the same instance multiple times in obj_list, so obj might
                 # already be prepared.
-                if not hasattr(obj, '_prefetched_objects_cache'):
+                if not hasattr(obj, "_prefetched_objects_cache"):
                     try:
                         obj._prefetched_objects_cache = {}
                     except (AttributeError, TypeError):
@@ -1862,20 +2047,30 @@ def prefetch_related_objects(model_instances, *related_lookups):
             # of prefetch_related), so what applies to first object applies to all.
             first_obj = obj_list[0]
             to_attr = lookup.get_current_to_attr(level)[0]
-            prefetcher, descriptor, attr_found, is_fetched = get_prefetcher(first_obj, through_attr, to_attr)
+            prefetcher, descriptor, attr_found, is_fetched = get_prefetcher(
+                first_obj, through_attr, to_attr
+            )
 
             if not attr_found:
-                raise AttributeError("Cannot find '%s' on %s object, '%s' is an invalid "
-                                     "parameter to prefetch_related()" %
-                                     (through_attr, first_obj.__class__.__name__, lookup.prefetch_through))
+                raise AttributeError(
+                    "Cannot find '%s' on %s object, '%s' is an invalid "
+                    "parameter to prefetch_related()"
+                    % (
+                        through_attr,
+                        first_obj.__class__.__name__,
+                        lookup.prefetch_through,
+                    )
+                )
 
             if level == len(through_attrs) - 1 and prefetcher is None:
                 # Last one, this *must* resolve to something that supports
                 # prefetching, otherwise there is no point adding it and the
                 # developer asking for it has made a mistake.
-                raise ValueError("'%s' does not resolve to an item that supports "
-                                 "prefetching - this is an invalid parameter to "
-                                 "prefetch_related()." % lookup.prefetch_through)
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "'%s' does not resolve to an item that supports "
+                    "prefetching - this is an invalid parameter to "
+                    "prefetch_related()." % lookup.prefetch_through
+                )
 
             obj_to_fetch = None
             if prefetcher is not None:
@@ -1892,9 +2087,15 @@ def prefetch_related_objects(model_instances, *related_lookups):
                 # same relationships to stop infinite recursion. So, if we
                 # are already on an automatically added lookup, don't add
                 # the new lookups from relationships we've seen already.
-                if not (prefetch_to in done_queries and lookup in auto_lookups and descriptor in followed_descriptors):
+                if not (
+                    prefetch_to in done_queries
+                    and lookup in auto_lookups
+                    and descriptor in followed_descriptors
+                ):
                     done_queries[prefetch_to] = obj_list
-                    new_lookups = normalize_prefetch_lookups(reversed(additional_lookups), prefetch_to)
+                    new_lookups = normalize_prefetch_lookups(
+                        reversed(additional_lookups), prefetch_to
+                    )
                     auto_lookups.update(new_lookups)
                     all_lookups.extend(new_lookups)
                 followed_descriptors.add(descriptor)
@@ -1908,7 +2109,7 @@ def prefetch_related_objects(model_instances, *related_lookups):
                 # that we can continue with nullable or reverse relations.
                 new_obj_list = []
                 for obj in obj_list:
-                    if through_attr in getattr(obj, '_prefetched_objects_cache', ()):
+                    if through_attr in getattr(obj, "_prefetched_objects_cache", ()):
                         # If related objects have been prefetched, use the
                         # cache rather than the object's through_attr.
                         new_obj = list(obj._prefetched_objects_cache.get(through_attr))
@@ -1940,6 +2141,7 @@ def get_prefetcher(instance, through_attr, to_attr):
      a function that takes an instance and returns a boolean that is True if
      the attribute has already been fetched for that instance)
     """
+
     def has_to_attr_attribute(instance):
         return hasattr(instance, to_attr)
 
@@ -1957,7 +2159,7 @@ def get_prefetcher(instance, through_attr, to_attr):
         if rel_obj_descriptor:
             # singly related object, descriptor object has the
             # get_prefetch_queryset() method.
-            if hasattr(rel_obj_descriptor, 'get_prefetch_queryset'):
+            if hasattr(rel_obj_descriptor, "get_prefetch_queryset"):
                 prefetcher = rel_obj_descriptor
                 is_fetched = rel_obj_descriptor.is_cached
             else:
@@ -1965,17 +2167,21 @@ def get_prefetcher(instance, through_attr, to_attr):
                 # the attribute on the instance rather than the class to
                 # support many related managers
                 rel_obj = getattr(instance, through_attr)
-                if hasattr(rel_obj, 'get_prefetch_queryset'):
+                if hasattr(rel_obj, "get_prefetch_queryset"):
                     prefetcher = rel_obj
                 if through_attr != to_attr:
                     # Special case cached_property instances because hasattr
                     # triggers attribute computation and assignment.
-                    if isinstance(getattr(instance.__class__, to_attr, None), cached_property):
+                    if isinstance(
+                        getattr(instance.__class__, to_attr, None), cached_property
+                    ):
+
                         def has_cached_property(instance):
                             return to_attr in instance.__dict__
 
                         is_fetched = has_cached_property
                 else:
+
                     def in_prefetched_cache(instance):
                         return through_attr in instance._prefetched_objects_cache
 
@@ -2006,8 +2212,14 @@ def prefetch_one_level(instances, prefetcher, lookup, level):
     # The 'values to be matched' must be hashable as they will be used
     # in a dictionary.
 
-    rel_qs, rel_obj_attr, instance_attr, single, cache_name, is_descriptor = (
-        prefetcher.get_prefetch_queryset(instances, lookup.get_current_queryset(level)))
+    (
+        rel_qs,
+        rel_obj_attr,
+        instance_attr,
+        single,
+        cache_name,
+        is_descriptor,
+    ) = prefetcher.get_prefetch_queryset(instances, lookup.get_current_queryset(level))
     # We have to handle the possibility that the QuerySet we just got back
     # contains some prefetch_related lookups. We don't want to trigger the
     # prefetch_related functionality by evaluating the query. Rather, we need
@@ -2015,8 +2227,8 @@ def prefetch_one_level(instances, prefetcher, lookup, level):
     # Copy the lookups in case it is a Prefetch object which could be reused
     # later (happens in nested prefetch_related).
     additional_lookups = [
-        copy.copy(additional_lookup) for additional_lookup
-        in getattr(rel_qs, '_prefetch_related_lookups', ())
+        copy.copy(additional_lookup)
+        for additional_lookup in getattr(rel_qs, "_prefetch_related_lookups", ())
     ]
     if additional_lookups:
         # Don't need to clone because the manager should have given us a fresh
@@ -2042,7 +2254,7 @@ def prefetch_one_level(instances, prefetcher, lookup, level):
         except exceptions.FieldDoesNotExist:
             pass
         else:
-            msg = 'to_attr={} conflicts with a field on the {} model.'
+            msg = "to_attr={} conflicts with a field on the {} model."
             raise ValueError(msg.format(to_attr, model.__name__))
 
     # Whether or not we're prefetching the last part of the lookup.
@@ -2098,6 +2310,7 @@ class RelatedPopulator:
     method gets row and from_obj as input and populates the select_related()
     model instance.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, klass_info, select, db):
         self.db = db
         # Pre-compute needed attributes. The attributes are:
@@ -2123,32 +2336,40 @@ class RelatedPopulator:
         #  - local_setter, remote_setter: Methods to set cached values on
         #    the object being populated and on the remote object. Usually
         #    these are Field.set_cached_value() methods.
-        select_fields = klass_info['select_fields']
-        from_parent = klass_info['from_parent']
+        select_fields = klass_info["select_fields"]
+        from_parent = klass_info["from_parent"]
         if not from_parent:
             self.cols_start = select_fields[0]
             self.cols_end = select_fields[-1] + 1
             self.init_list = [
-                f[0].target.attname for f in select[self.cols_start:self.cols_end]
+                f[0].target.attname for f in select[self.cols_start : self.cols_end]
             ]
             self.reorder_for_init = None
         else:
-            attname_indexes = {select[idx][0].target.attname: idx for idx in select_fields}
-            model_init_attnames = (f.attname for f in klass_info['model']._meta.concrete_fields)
-            self.init_list = [attname for attname in model_init_attnames if attname in attname_indexes]
-            self.reorder_for_init = operator.itemgetter(*[attname_indexes[attname] for attname in self.init_list])
+            attname_indexes = {
+                select[idx][0].target.attname: idx for idx in select_fields
+            }
+            model_init_attnames = (
+                f.attname for f in klass_info["model"]._meta.concrete_fields
+            )
+            self.init_list = [
+                attname for attname in model_init_attnames if attname in attname_indexes
+            ]
+            self.reorder_for_init = operator.itemgetter(
+                *[attname_indexes[attname] for attname in self.init_list]
+            )
 
-        self.model_cls = klass_info['model']
+        self.model_cls = klass_info["model"]
         self.pk_idx = self.init_list.index(self.model_cls._meta.pk.attname)
         self.related_populators = get_related_populators(klass_info, select, self.db)
-        self.local_setter = klass_info['local_setter']
-        self.remote_setter = klass_info['remote_setter']
+        self.local_setter = klass_info["local_setter"]
+        self.remote_setter = klass_info["remote_setter"]
 
     def populate(self, row, from_obj):
         if self.reorder_for_init:
             obj_data = self.reorder_for_init(row)
         else:
-            obj_data = row[self.cols_start:self.cols_end]
+            obj_data = row[self.cols_start : self.cols_end]
         if obj_data[self.pk_idx] is None:
             obj = None
         else:
@@ -2162,7 +2383,7 @@ class RelatedPopulator:
 
 def get_related_populators(klass_info, select, db):
     iterators = []
-    related_klass_infos = klass_info.get('related_klass_infos', [])
+    related_klass_infos = klass_info.get("related_klass_infos", [])
     for rel_klass_info in related_klass_infos:
         rel_cls = RelatedPopulator(rel_klass_info, select, db)
         iterators.append(rel_cls)
diff --git a/django/db/models/query_utils.py b/django/db/models/query_utils.py
index 188b640850..6ea82b6520 100644
--- a/django/db/models/query_utils.py
+++ b/django/db/models/query_utils.py
@@ -17,7 +17,10 @@ from django.utils import tree
 # PathInfo is used when converting lookups (fk__somecol). The contents
 # describe the relation in Model terms (model Options and Fields for both
 # sides of the relation. The join_field is the field backing the relation.
-PathInfo = namedtuple('PathInfo', 'from_opts to_opts target_fields join_field m2m direct filtered_relation')
+PathInfo = namedtuple(
+    "PathInfo",
+    "from_opts to_opts target_fields join_field m2m direct filtered_relation",
+)
 
 
 def subclasses(cls):
@@ -31,21 +34,26 @@ class Q(tree.Node):
     Encapsulate filters as objects that can then be combined logically (using
     `&` and `|`).
     """
+
     # Connection types
-    AND = 'AND'
-    OR = 'OR'
+    AND = "AND"
+    OR = "OR"
     default = AND
     conditional = True
 
     def __init__(self, *args, _connector=None, _negated=False, **kwargs):
-        super().__init__(children=[*args, *sorted(kwargs.items())], connector=_connector, negated=_negated)
+        super().__init__(
+            children=[*args, *sorted(kwargs.items())],
+            connector=_connector,
+            negated=_negated,
+        )
 
     def _combine(self, other, conn):
-        if not(isinstance(other, Q) or getattr(other, 'conditional', False) is True):
+        if not (isinstance(other, Q) or getattr(other, "conditional", False) is True):
             raise TypeError(other)
 
         if not self:
-            return other.copy() if hasattr(other, 'copy') else copy.copy(other)
+            return other.copy() if hasattr(other, "copy") else copy.copy(other)
         elif isinstance(other, Q) and not other:
             _, args, kwargs = self.deconstruct()
             return type(self)(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -68,26 +76,31 @@ class Q(tree.Node):
         obj.negate()
         return obj
 
-    def resolve_expression(self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False):
+    def resolve_expression(
+        self, query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False
+    ):
         # We must promote any new joins to left outer joins so that when Q is
         # used as an expression, rows aren't filtered due to joins.
         clause, joins = query._add_q(
-            self, reuse, allow_joins=allow_joins, split_subq=False,
+            self,
+            reuse,
+            allow_joins=allow_joins,
+            split_subq=False,
             check_filterable=False,
         )
         query.promote_joins(joins)
         return clause
 
     def deconstruct(self):
-        path = '%s.%s' % (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__)
-        if path.startswith('django.db.models.query_utils'):
-            path = path.replace('django.db.models.query_utils', 'django.db.models')
+        path = "%s.%s" % (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__)
+        if path.startswith("django.db.models.query_utils"):
+            path = path.replace("django.db.models.query_utils", "django.db.models")
         args = tuple(self.children)
         kwargs = {}
         if self.connector != self.default:
-            kwargs['_connector'] = self.connector
+            kwargs["_connector"] = self.connector
         if self.negated:
-            kwargs['_negated'] = True
+            kwargs["_negated"] = True
         return path, args, kwargs
 
 
@@ -96,6 +109,7 @@ class DeferredAttribute:
     A wrapper for a deferred-loading field. When the value is read from this
     object the first time, the query is executed.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, field):
         self.field = field
 
@@ -132,7 +146,6 @@ class DeferredAttribute:
 
 
 class RegisterLookupMixin:
-
     @classmethod
     def _get_lookup(cls, lookup_name):
         return cls.get_lookups().get(lookup_name, None)
@@ -140,13 +153,16 @@ class RegisterLookupMixin:
     @classmethod
     @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
     def get_lookups(cls):
-        class_lookups = [parent.__dict__.get('class_lookups', {}) for parent in inspect.getmro(cls)]
+        class_lookups = [
+            parent.__dict__.get("class_lookups", {}) for parent in inspect.getmro(cls)
+        ]
         return cls.merge_dicts(class_lookups)
 
     def get_lookup(self, lookup_name):
         from django.db.models.lookups import Lookup
+
         found = self._get_lookup(lookup_name)
-        if found is None and hasattr(self, 'output_field'):
+        if found is None and hasattr(self, "output_field"):
             return self.output_field.get_lookup(lookup_name)
         if found is not None and not issubclass(found, Lookup):
             return None
@@ -154,8 +170,9 @@ class RegisterLookupMixin:
 
     def get_transform(self, lookup_name):
         from django.db.models.lookups import Transform
+
         found = self._get_lookup(lookup_name)
-        if found is None and hasattr(self, 'output_field'):
+        if found is None and hasattr(self, "output_field"):
             return self.output_field.get_transform(lookup_name)
         if found is not None and not issubclass(found, Transform):
             return None
@@ -181,7 +198,7 @@ class RegisterLookupMixin:
     def register_lookup(cls, lookup, lookup_name=None):
         if lookup_name is None:
             lookup_name = lookup.lookup_name
-        if 'class_lookups' not in cls.__dict__:
+        if "class_lookups" not in cls.__dict__:
             cls.class_lookups = {}
         cls.class_lookups[lookup_name] = lookup
         cls._clear_cached_lookups()
@@ -228,8 +245,8 @@ def select_related_descend(field, restricted, requested, load_fields, reverse=Fa
         if field.attname not in load_fields:
             if restricted and field.name in requested:
                 msg = (
-                    'Field %s.%s cannot be both deferred and traversed using '
-                    'select_related at the same time.'
+                    "Field %s.%s cannot be both deferred and traversed using "
+                    "select_related at the same time."
                 ) % (field.model._meta.object_name, field.name)
                 raise FieldError(msg)
     return True
@@ -255,12 +272,14 @@ def check_rel_lookup_compatibility(model, target_opts, field):
       1) model and opts match (where proxy inheritance is removed)
       2) model is parent of opts' model or the other way around
     """
+
     def check(opts):
         return (
-            model._meta.concrete_model == opts.concrete_model or
-            opts.concrete_model in model._meta.get_parent_list() or
-            model in opts.get_parent_list()
+            model._meta.concrete_model == opts.concrete_model
+            or opts.concrete_model in model._meta.get_parent_list()
+            or model in opts.get_parent_list()
         )
+
     # If the field is a primary key, then doing a query against the field's
     # model is ok, too. Consider the case:
     # class Restaurant(models.Model):
@@ -270,9 +289,8 @@ def check_rel_lookup_compatibility(model, target_opts, field):
     # give Place's opts as the target opts, but Restaurant isn't compatible
     # with that. This logic applies only to primary keys, as when doing __in=qs,
     # we are going to turn this into __in=qs.values('pk') later on.
-    return (
-        check(target_opts) or
-        (getattr(field, 'primary_key', False) and check(field.model._meta))
+    return check(target_opts) or (
+        getattr(field, "primary_key", False) and check(field.model._meta)
     )
 
 
@@ -281,11 +299,11 @@ class FilteredRelation:
 
     def __init__(self, relation_name, *, condition=Q()):
         if not relation_name:
-            raise ValueError('relation_name cannot be empty.')
+            raise ValueError("relation_name cannot be empty.")
         self.relation_name = relation_name
         self.alias = None
         if not isinstance(condition, Q):
-            raise ValueError('condition argument must be a Q() instance.')
+            raise ValueError("condition argument must be a Q() instance.")
         self.condition = condition
         self.path = []
 
@@ -293,9 +311,9 @@ class FilteredRelation:
         if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
             return NotImplemented
         return (
-            self.relation_name == other.relation_name and
-            self.alias == other.alias and
-            self.condition == other.condition
+            self.relation_name == other.relation_name
+            and self.alias == other.alias
+            and self.condition == other.condition
         )
 
     def clone(self):
@@ -309,7 +327,7 @@ class FilteredRelation:
         QuerySet.annotate() only accepts expression-like arguments
         (with a resolve_expression() method).
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('FilteredRelation.resolve_expression() is unused.')
+        raise NotImplementedError("FilteredRelation.resolve_expression() is unused.")
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         # Resolve the condition in Join.filtered_relation.
diff --git a/django/db/models/signals.py b/django/db/models/signals.py
index d14eaaf91d..a0720937af 100644
--- a/django/db/models/signals.py
+++ b/django/db/models/signals.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ class ModelSignal(Signal):
     Signal subclass that allows the sender to be lazily specified as a string
     of the `app_label.ModelName` form.
     """
+
     def _lazy_method(self, method, apps, receiver, sender, **kwargs):
         from django.db.models.options import Options
 
@@ -24,8 +25,12 @@ class ModelSignal(Signal):
 
     def connect(self, receiver, sender=None, weak=True, dispatch_uid=None, apps=None):
         self._lazy_method(
-            super().connect, apps, receiver, sender,
-            weak=weak, dispatch_uid=dispatch_uid,
+            super().connect,
+            apps,
+            receiver,
+            sender,
+            weak=weak,
+            dispatch_uid=dispatch_uid,
         )
 
     def disconnect(self, receiver=None, sender=None, dispatch_uid=None, apps=None):
diff --git a/django/db/models/sql/__init__.py b/django/db/models/sql/__init__.py
index 5fa52f6a1f..2956e047b1 100644
--- a/django/db/models/sql/__init__.py
+++ b/django/db/models/sql/__init__.py
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@ from django.db.models.sql.query import Query
 from django.db.models.sql.subqueries import *  # NOQA
 from django.db.models.sql.where import AND, OR
 
-__all__ = ['Query', 'AND', 'OR']
+__all__ = ["Query", "AND", "OR"]
diff --git a/django/db/models/sql/compiler.py b/django/db/models/sql/compiler.py
index d405a203ee..13a7ec7263 100644
--- a/django/db/models/sql/compiler.py
+++ b/django/db/models/sql/compiler.py
@@ -11,7 +11,12 @@ from django.db.models.expressions import F, OrderBy, RawSQL, Ref, Value
 from django.db.models.functions import Cast, Random
 from django.db.models.query_utils import select_related_descend
 from django.db.models.sql.constants import (
-    CURSOR, GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE, MULTI, NO_RESULTS, ORDER_DIR, SINGLE,
+    CURSOR,
+    GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE,
+    MULTI,
+    NO_RESULTS,
+    ORDER_DIR,
+    SINGLE,
 )
 from django.db.models.sql.query import Query, get_order_dir
 from django.db.transaction import TransactionManagementError
@@ -23,7 +28,7 @@ from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 class SQLCompiler:
     # Multiline ordering SQL clause may appear from RawSQL.
     ordering_parts = _lazy_re_compile(
-        r'^(.*)\s(?:ASC|DESC).*',
+        r"^(.*)\s(?:ASC|DESC).*",
         re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL,
     )
 
@@ -34,7 +39,7 @@ class SQLCompiler:
         # Some queries, e.g. coalesced aggregation, need to be executed even if
         # they would return an empty result set.
         self.elide_empty = elide_empty
-        self.quote_cache = {'*': '*'}
+        self.quote_cache = {"*": "*"}
         # The select, klass_info, and annotations are needed by QuerySet.iterator()
         # these are set as a side-effect of executing the query. Note that we calculate
         # separately a list of extra select columns needed for grammatical correctness
@@ -46,9 +51,9 @@ class SQLCompiler:
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return (
-            f'<{self.__class__.__qualname__} '
-            f'model={self.query.model.__qualname__} '
-            f'connection={self.connection!r} using={self.using!r}>'
+            f"<{self.__class__.__qualname__} "
+            f"model={self.query.model.__qualname__} "
+            f"connection={self.connection!r} using={self.using!r}>"
         )
 
     def setup_query(self):
@@ -118,16 +123,14 @@ class SQLCompiler:
             # when  we have public API way of forcing the GROUP BY clause.
             # Converts string references to expressions.
             for expr in self.query.group_by:
-                if not hasattr(expr, 'as_sql'):
+                if not hasattr(expr, "as_sql"):
                     expressions.append(self.query.resolve_ref(expr))
                 else:
                     expressions.append(expr)
         # Note that even if the group_by is set, it is only the minimal
         # set to group by. So, we need to add cols in select, order_by, and
         # having into the select in any case.
-        ref_sources = {
-            expr.source for expr in expressions if isinstance(expr, Ref)
-        }
+        ref_sources = {expr.source for expr in expressions if isinstance(expr, Ref)}
         for expr, _, _ in select:
             # Skip members of the select clause that are already included
             # by reference.
@@ -169,8 +172,10 @@ class SQLCompiler:
             for expr in expressions:
                 # Is this a reference to query's base table primary key? If the
                 # expression isn't a Col-like, then skip the expression.
-                if (getattr(expr, 'target', None) == self.query.model._meta.pk and
-                        getattr(expr, 'alias', None) == self.query.base_table):
+                if (
+                    getattr(expr, "target", None) == self.query.model._meta.pk
+                    and getattr(expr, "alias", None) == self.query.base_table
+                ):
                     pk = expr
                     break
             # If the main model's primary key is in the query, group by that
@@ -178,13 +183,17 @@ class SQLCompiler:
             # that don't have a primary key included in the grouped columns.
             if pk:
                 pk_aliases = {
-                    expr.alias for expr in expressions
-                    if hasattr(expr, 'target') and expr.target.primary_key
+                    expr.alias
+                    for expr in expressions
+                    if hasattr(expr, "target") and expr.target.primary_key
                 }
                 expressions = [pk] + [
-                    expr for expr in expressions
-                    if expr in having or (
-                        getattr(expr, 'alias', None) is not None and expr.alias not in pk_aliases
+                    expr
+                    for expr in expressions
+                    if expr in having
+                    or (
+                        getattr(expr, "alias", None) is not None
+                        and expr.alias not in pk_aliases
                     )
                 ]
         elif self.connection.features.allows_group_by_selected_pks:
@@ -195,16 +204,21 @@ class SQLCompiler:
             # Unmanaged models are excluded because they could be representing
             # database views on which the optimization might not be allowed.
             pks = {
-                expr for expr in expressions
+                expr
+                for expr in expressions
                 if (
-                    hasattr(expr, 'target') and
-                    expr.target.primary_key and
-                    self.connection.features.allows_group_by_selected_pks_on_model(expr.target.model)
+                    hasattr(expr, "target")
+                    and expr.target.primary_key
+                    and self.connection.features.allows_group_by_selected_pks_on_model(
+                        expr.target.model
+                    )
                 )
             }
             aliases = {expr.alias for expr in pks}
             expressions = [
-                expr for expr in expressions if expr in pks or getattr(expr, 'alias', None) not in aliases
+                expr
+                for expr in expressions
+                if expr in pks or getattr(expr, "alias", None) not in aliases
             ]
         return expressions
 
@@ -248,8 +262,8 @@ class SQLCompiler:
                 select.append((col, None))
                 select_idx += 1
             klass_info = {
-                'model': self.query.model,
-                'select_fields': select_list,
+                "model": self.query.model,
+                "select_fields": select_list,
             }
         for alias, annotation in self.query.annotation_select.items():
             annotations[alias] = select_idx
@@ -258,14 +272,16 @@ class SQLCompiler:
 
         if self.query.select_related:
             related_klass_infos = self.get_related_selections(select)
-            klass_info['related_klass_infos'] = related_klass_infos
+            klass_info["related_klass_infos"] = related_klass_infos
 
             def get_select_from_parent(klass_info):
-                for ki in klass_info['related_klass_infos']:
-                    if ki['from_parent']:
-                        ki['select_fields'] = (klass_info['select_fields'] +
-                                               ki['select_fields'])
+                for ki in klass_info["related_klass_infos"]:
+                    if ki["from_parent"]:
+                        ki["select_fields"] = (
+                            klass_info["select_fields"] + ki["select_fields"]
+                        )
                     get_select_from_parent(ki)
+
             get_select_from_parent(klass_info)
 
         ret = []
@@ -273,10 +289,12 @@ class SQLCompiler:
             try:
                 sql, params = self.compile(col)
             except EmptyResultSet:
-                empty_result_set_value = getattr(col, 'empty_result_set_value', NotImplemented)
+                empty_result_set_value = getattr(
+                    col, "empty_result_set_value", NotImplemented
+                )
                 if empty_result_set_value is NotImplemented:
                     # Select a predicate that's always False.
-                    sql, params = '0', ()
+                    sql, params = "0", ()
                 else:
                     sql, params = self.compile(Value(empty_result_set_value))
             else:
@@ -297,12 +315,12 @@ class SQLCompiler:
         else:
             ordering = []
         if self.query.standard_ordering:
-            default_order, _ = ORDER_DIR['ASC']
+            default_order, _ = ORDER_DIR["ASC"]
         else:
-            default_order, _ = ORDER_DIR['DESC']
+            default_order, _ = ORDER_DIR["DESC"]
 
         for field in ordering:
-            if hasattr(field, 'resolve_expression'):
+            if hasattr(field, "resolve_expression"):
                 if isinstance(field, Value):
                     # output_field must be resolved for constants.
                     field = Cast(field, field.output_field)
@@ -313,12 +331,12 @@ class SQLCompiler:
                     field.reverse_ordering()
                 yield field, False
                 continue
-            if field == '?':  # random
+            if field == "?":  # random
                 yield OrderBy(Random()), False
                 continue
 
             col, order = get_order_dir(field, default_order)
-            descending = order == 'DESC'
+            descending = order == "DESC"
 
             if col in self.query.annotation_select:
                 # Reference to expression in SELECT clause
@@ -345,13 +363,15 @@ class SQLCompiler:
                 yield OrderBy(expr, descending=descending), False
                 continue
 
-            if '.' in field:
+            if "." in field:
                 # This came in through an extra(order_by=...) addition. Pass it
                 # on verbatim.
-                table, col = col.split('.', 1)
+                table, col = col.split(".", 1)
                 yield (
                     OrderBy(
-                        RawSQL('%s.%s' % (self.quote_name_unless_alias(table), col), []),
+                        RawSQL(
+                            "%s.%s" % (self.quote_name_unless_alias(table), col), []
+                        ),
                         descending=descending,
                     ),
                     False,
@@ -361,7 +381,10 @@ class SQLCompiler:
             if self.query.extra and col in self.query.extra:
                 if col in self.query.extra_select:
                     yield (
-                        OrderBy(Ref(col, RawSQL(*self.query.extra[col])), descending=descending),
+                        OrderBy(
+                            Ref(col, RawSQL(*self.query.extra[col])),
+                            descending=descending,
+                        ),
                         True,
                     )
                 else:
@@ -378,7 +401,9 @@ class SQLCompiler:
                     # 'col' is of the form 'field' or 'field1__field2' or
                     # '-field1__field2__field', etc.
                     yield from self.find_ordering_name(
-                        field, self.query.get_meta(), default_order=default_order,
+                        field,
+                        self.query.get_meta(),
+                        default_order=default_order,
                     )
 
     def get_order_by(self):
@@ -409,19 +434,21 @@ class SQLCompiler:
                     ):
                         continue
                     if src == sel_expr:
-                        resolved.set_source_expressions([RawSQL('%d' % (idx + 1), ())])
+                        resolved.set_source_expressions([RawSQL("%d" % (idx + 1), ())])
                         break
                 else:
                     if col_alias:
-                        raise DatabaseError('ORDER BY term does not match any column in the result set.')
+                        raise DatabaseError(
+                            "ORDER BY term does not match any column in the result set."
+                        )
                     # Add column used in ORDER BY clause to the selected
                     # columns and to each combined query.
                     order_by_idx = len(self.query.select) + 1
-                    col_name = f'__orderbycol{order_by_idx}'
+                    col_name = f"__orderbycol{order_by_idx}"
                     for q in self.query.combined_queries:
                         q.add_annotation(expr_src, col_name)
                     self.query.add_select_col(resolved, col_name)
-                    resolved.set_source_expressions([RawSQL(f'{order_by_idx}', ())])
+                    resolved.set_source_expressions([RawSQL(f"{order_by_idx}", ())])
             sql, params = self.compile(resolved)
             # Don't add the same column twice, but the order direction is
             # not taken into account so we strip it. When this entire method
@@ -453,9 +480,14 @@ class SQLCompiler:
         """
         if name in self.quote_cache:
             return self.quote_cache[name]
-        if ((name in self.query.alias_map and name not in self.query.table_map) or
-                name in self.query.extra_select or (
-                    self.query.external_aliases.get(name) and name not in self.query.table_map)):
+        if (
+            (name in self.query.alias_map and name not in self.query.table_map)
+            or name in self.query.extra_select
+            or (
+                self.query.external_aliases.get(name)
+                and name not in self.query.table_map
+            )
+        ):
             self.quote_cache[name] = name
             return name
         r = self.connection.ops.quote_name(name)
@@ -463,7 +495,7 @@ class SQLCompiler:
         return r
 
     def compile(self, node):
-        vendor_impl = getattr(node, 'as_' + self.connection.vendor, None)
+        vendor_impl = getattr(node, "as_" + self.connection.vendor, None)
         if vendor_impl:
             sql, params = vendor_impl(self, self.connection)
         else:
@@ -474,14 +506,19 @@ class SQLCompiler:
         features = self.connection.features
         compilers = [
             query.get_compiler(self.using, self.connection, self.elide_empty)
-            for query in self.query.combined_queries if not query.is_empty()
+            for query in self.query.combined_queries
+            if not query.is_empty()
         ]
         if not features.supports_slicing_ordering_in_compound:
             for query, compiler in zip(self.query.combined_queries, compilers):
                 if query.low_mark or query.high_mark:
-                    raise DatabaseError('LIMIT/OFFSET not allowed in subqueries of compound statements.')
+                    raise DatabaseError(
+                        "LIMIT/OFFSET not allowed in subqueries of compound statements."
+                    )
                 if compiler.get_order_by():
-                    raise DatabaseError('ORDER BY not allowed in subqueries of compound statements.')
+                    raise DatabaseError(
+                        "ORDER BY not allowed in subqueries of compound statements."
+                    )
         parts = ()
         for compiler in compilers:
             try:
@@ -490,41 +527,45 @@ class SQLCompiler:
                 # the query on all combined queries, if not already set.
                 if not compiler.query.values_select and self.query.values_select:
                     compiler.query = compiler.query.clone()
-                    compiler.query.set_values((
-                        *self.query.extra_select,
-                        *self.query.values_select,
-                        *self.query.annotation_select,
-                    ))
+                    compiler.query.set_values(
+                        (
+                            *self.query.extra_select,
+                            *self.query.values_select,
+                            *self.query.annotation_select,
+                        )
+                    )
                 part_sql, part_args = compiler.as_sql()
                 if compiler.query.combinator:
                     # Wrap in a subquery if wrapping in parentheses isn't
                     # supported.
                     if not features.supports_parentheses_in_compound:
-                        part_sql = 'SELECT * FROM ({})'.format(part_sql)
+                        part_sql = "SELECT * FROM ({})".format(part_sql)
                     # Add parentheses when combining with compound query if not
                     # already added for all compound queries.
                     elif (
-                        self.query.subquery or
-                        not features.supports_slicing_ordering_in_compound
+                        self.query.subquery
+                        or not features.supports_slicing_ordering_in_compound
                     ):
-                        part_sql = '({})'.format(part_sql)
+                        part_sql = "({})".format(part_sql)
                 parts += ((part_sql, part_args),)
             except EmptyResultSet:
                 # Omit the empty queryset with UNION and with DIFFERENCE if the
                 # first queryset is nonempty.
-                if combinator == 'union' or (combinator == 'difference' and parts):
+                if combinator == "union" or (combinator == "difference" and parts):
                     continue
                 raise
         if not parts:
             raise EmptyResultSet
         combinator_sql = self.connection.ops.set_operators[combinator]
-        if all and combinator == 'union':
-            combinator_sql += ' ALL'
-        braces = '{}'
+        if all and combinator == "union":
+            combinator_sql += " ALL"
+        braces = "{}"
         if not self.query.subquery and features.supports_slicing_ordering_in_compound:
-            braces = '({})'
-        sql_parts, args_parts = zip(*((braces.format(sql), args) for sql, args in parts))
-        result = [' {} '.format(combinator_sql).join(sql_parts)]
+            braces = "({})"
+        sql_parts, args_parts = zip(
+            *((braces.format(sql), args) for sql, args in parts)
+        )
+        result = [" {} ".format(combinator_sql).join(sql_parts)]
         params = []
         for part in args_parts:
             params.extend(part)
@@ -543,27 +584,39 @@ class SQLCompiler:
             extra_select, order_by, group_by = self.pre_sql_setup()
             for_update_part = None
             # Is a LIMIT/OFFSET clause needed?
-            with_limit_offset = with_limits and (self.query.high_mark is not None or self.query.low_mark)
+            with_limit_offset = with_limits and (
+                self.query.high_mark is not None or self.query.low_mark
+            )
             combinator = self.query.combinator
             features = self.connection.features
             if combinator:
-                if not getattr(features, 'supports_select_{}'.format(combinator)):
-                    raise NotSupportedError('{} is not supported on this database backend.'.format(combinator))
-                result, params = self.get_combinator_sql(combinator, self.query.combinator_all)
+                if not getattr(features, "supports_select_{}".format(combinator)):
+                    raise NotSupportedError(
+                        "{} is not supported on this database backend.".format(
+                            combinator
+                        )
+                    )
+                result, params = self.get_combinator_sql(
+                    combinator, self.query.combinator_all
+                )
             else:
                 distinct_fields, distinct_params = self.get_distinct()
                 # This must come after 'select', 'ordering', and 'distinct'
                 # (see docstring of get_from_clause() for details).
                 from_, f_params = self.get_from_clause()
                 try:
-                    where, w_params = self.compile(self.where) if self.where is not None else ('', [])
+                    where, w_params = (
+                        self.compile(self.where) if self.where is not None else ("", [])
+                    )
                 except EmptyResultSet:
                     if self.elide_empty:
                         raise
                     # Use a predicate that's always False.
-                    where, w_params = '0 = 1', []
-                having, h_params = self.compile(self.having) if self.having is not None else ("", [])
-                result = ['SELECT']
+                    where, w_params = "0 = 1", []
+                having, h_params = (
+                    self.compile(self.having) if self.having is not None else ("", [])
+                )
+                result = ["SELECT"]
                 params = []
 
                 if self.query.distinct:
@@ -578,27 +631,38 @@ class SQLCompiler:
                 col_idx = 1
                 for _, (s_sql, s_params), alias in self.select + extra_select:
                     if alias:
-                        s_sql = '%s AS %s' % (s_sql, self.connection.ops.quote_name(alias))
-                    elif with_col_aliases:
-                        s_sql = '%s AS %s' % (
+                        s_sql = "%s AS %s" % (
                             s_sql,
-                            self.connection.ops.quote_name('col%d' % col_idx),
+                            self.connection.ops.quote_name(alias),
+                        )
+                    elif with_col_aliases:
+                        s_sql = "%s AS %s" % (
+                            s_sql,
+                            self.connection.ops.quote_name("col%d" % col_idx),
                         )
                         col_idx += 1
                     params.extend(s_params)
                     out_cols.append(s_sql)
 
-                result += [', '.join(out_cols), 'FROM', *from_]
+                result += [", ".join(out_cols), "FROM", *from_]
                 params.extend(f_params)
 
-                if self.query.select_for_update and self.connection.features.has_select_for_update:
+                if (
+                    self.query.select_for_update
+                    and self.connection.features.has_select_for_update
+                ):
                     if self.connection.get_autocommit():
-                        raise TransactionManagementError('select_for_update cannot be used outside of a transaction.')
+                        raise TransactionManagementError(
+                            "select_for_update cannot be used outside of a transaction."
+                        )
 
-                    if with_limit_offset and not self.connection.features.supports_select_for_update_with_limit:
+                    if (
+                        with_limit_offset
+                        and not self.connection.features.supports_select_for_update_with_limit
+                    ):
                         raise NotSupportedError(
-                            'LIMIT/OFFSET is not supported with '
-                            'select_for_update on this database backend.'
+                            "LIMIT/OFFSET is not supported with "
+                            "select_for_update on this database backend."
                         )
                     nowait = self.query.select_for_update_nowait
                     skip_locked = self.query.select_for_update_skip_locked
@@ -607,16 +671,31 @@ class SQLCompiler:
                     # If it's a NOWAIT/SKIP LOCKED/OF/NO KEY query but the
                     # backend doesn't support it, raise NotSupportedError to
                     # prevent a possible deadlock.
-                    if nowait and not self.connection.features.has_select_for_update_nowait:
-                        raise NotSupportedError('NOWAIT is not supported on this database backend.')
-                    elif skip_locked and not self.connection.features.has_select_for_update_skip_locked:
-                        raise NotSupportedError('SKIP LOCKED is not supported on this database backend.')
-                    elif of and not self.connection.features.has_select_for_update_of:
-                        raise NotSupportedError('FOR UPDATE OF is not supported on this database backend.')
-                    elif no_key and not self.connection.features.has_select_for_no_key_update:
+                    if (
+                        nowait
+                        and not self.connection.features.has_select_for_update_nowait
+                    ):
                         raise NotSupportedError(
-                            'FOR NO KEY UPDATE is not supported on this '
-                            'database backend.'
+                            "NOWAIT is not supported on this database backend."
+                        )
+                    elif (
+                        skip_locked
+                        and not self.connection.features.has_select_for_update_skip_locked
+                    ):
+                        raise NotSupportedError(
+                            "SKIP LOCKED is not supported on this database backend."
+                        )
+                    elif of and not self.connection.features.has_select_for_update_of:
+                        raise NotSupportedError(
+                            "FOR UPDATE OF is not supported on this database backend."
+                        )
+                    elif (
+                        no_key
+                        and not self.connection.features.has_select_for_no_key_update
+                    ):
+                        raise NotSupportedError(
+                            "FOR NO KEY UPDATE is not supported on this "
+                            "database backend."
                         )
                     for_update_part = self.connection.ops.for_update_sql(
                         nowait=nowait,
@@ -629,7 +708,7 @@ class SQLCompiler:
                     result.append(for_update_part)
 
                 if where:
-                    result.append('WHERE %s' % where)
+                    result.append("WHERE %s" % where)
                     params.extend(w_params)
 
                 grouping = []
@@ -638,30 +717,39 @@ class SQLCompiler:
                     params.extend(g_params)
                 if grouping:
                     if distinct_fields:
-                        raise NotImplementedError('annotate() + distinct(fields) is not implemented.')
+                        raise NotImplementedError(
+                            "annotate() + distinct(fields) is not implemented."
+                        )
                     order_by = order_by or self.connection.ops.force_no_ordering()
-                    result.append('GROUP BY %s' % ', '.join(grouping))
+                    result.append("GROUP BY %s" % ", ".join(grouping))
                     if self._meta_ordering:
                         order_by = None
                 if having:
-                    result.append('HAVING %s' % having)
+                    result.append("HAVING %s" % having)
                     params.extend(h_params)
 
             if self.query.explain_info:
-                result.insert(0, self.connection.ops.explain_query_prefix(
-                    self.query.explain_info.format,
-                    **self.query.explain_info.options
-                ))
+                result.insert(
+                    0,
+                    self.connection.ops.explain_query_prefix(
+                        self.query.explain_info.format,
+                        **self.query.explain_info.options,
+                    ),
+                )
 
             if order_by:
                 ordering = []
                 for _, (o_sql, o_params, _) in order_by:
                     ordering.append(o_sql)
                     params.extend(o_params)
-                result.append('ORDER BY %s' % ', '.join(ordering))
+                result.append("ORDER BY %s" % ", ".join(ordering))
 
             if with_limit_offset:
-                result.append(self.connection.ops.limit_offset_sql(self.query.low_mark, self.query.high_mark))
+                result.append(
+                    self.connection.ops.limit_offset_sql(
+                        self.query.low_mark, self.query.high_mark
+                    )
+                )
 
             if for_update_part and not self.connection.features.for_update_after_from:
                 result.append(for_update_part)
@@ -677,23 +765,30 @@ class SQLCompiler:
                 sub_params = []
                 for index, (select, _, alias) in enumerate(self.select, start=1):
                     if not alias and with_col_aliases:
-                        alias = 'col%d' % index
+                        alias = "col%d" % index
                     if alias:
-                        sub_selects.append("%s.%s" % (
-                            self.connection.ops.quote_name('subquery'),
-                            self.connection.ops.quote_name(alias),
-                        ))
+                        sub_selects.append(
+                            "%s.%s"
+                            % (
+                                self.connection.ops.quote_name("subquery"),
+                                self.connection.ops.quote_name(alias),
+                            )
+                        )
                     else:
-                        select_clone = select.relabeled_clone({select.alias: 'subquery'})
-                        subselect, subparams = select_clone.as_sql(self, self.connection)
+                        select_clone = select.relabeled_clone(
+                            {select.alias: "subquery"}
+                        )
+                        subselect, subparams = select_clone.as_sql(
+                            self, self.connection
+                        )
                         sub_selects.append(subselect)
                         sub_params.extend(subparams)
-                return 'SELECT %s FROM (%s) subquery' % (
-                    ', '.join(sub_selects),
-                    ' '.join(result),
+                return "SELECT %s FROM (%s) subquery" % (
+                    ", ".join(sub_selects),
+                    " ".join(result),
                 ), tuple(sub_params + params)
 
-            return ' '.join(result), tuple(params)
+            return " ".join(result), tuple(params)
         finally:
             # Finally do cleanup - get rid of the joins we created above.
             self.query.reset_refcounts(refcounts_before)
@@ -726,8 +821,13 @@ class SQLCompiler:
             # will assign None if the field belongs to this model.
             if model == opts.model:
                 model = None
-            if from_parent and model is not None and issubclass(
-                    from_parent._meta.concrete_model, model._meta.concrete_model):
+            if (
+                from_parent
+                and model is not None
+                and issubclass(
+                    from_parent._meta.concrete_model, model._meta.concrete_model
+                )
+            ):
                 # Avoid loading data for already loaded parents.
                 # We end up here in the case select_related() resolution
                 # proceeds from parent model to child model. In that case the
@@ -736,8 +836,7 @@ class SQLCompiler:
                 continue
             if field.model in only_load and field.attname not in only_load[field.model]:
                 continue
-            alias = self.query.join_parent_model(opts, model, start_alias,
-                                                 seen_models)
+            alias = self.query.join_parent_model(opts, model, start_alias, seen_models)
             column = field.get_col(alias)
             result.append(column)
         return result
@@ -755,7 +854,9 @@ class SQLCompiler:
 
         for name in self.query.distinct_fields:
             parts = name.split(LOOKUP_SEP)
-            _, targets, alias, joins, path, _, transform_function = self._setup_joins(parts, opts, None)
+            _, targets, alias, joins, path, _, transform_function = self._setup_joins(
+                parts, opts, None
+            )
             targets, alias, _ = self.query.trim_joins(targets, joins, path)
             for target in targets:
                 if name in self.query.annotation_select:
@@ -766,46 +867,63 @@ class SQLCompiler:
                     params.append(p)
         return result, params
 
-    def find_ordering_name(self, name, opts, alias=None, default_order='ASC',
-                           already_seen=None):
+    def find_ordering_name(
+        self, name, opts, alias=None, default_order="ASC", already_seen=None
+    ):
         """
         Return the table alias (the name might be ambiguous, the alias will
         not be) and column name for ordering by the given 'name' parameter.
         The 'name' is of the form 'field1__field2__...__fieldN'.
         """
         name, order = get_order_dir(name, default_order)
-        descending = order == 'DESC'
+        descending = order == "DESC"
         pieces = name.split(LOOKUP_SEP)
-        field, targets, alias, joins, path, opts, transform_function = self._setup_joins(pieces, opts, alias)
+        (
+            field,
+            targets,
+            alias,
+            joins,
+            path,
+            opts,
+            transform_function,
+        ) = self._setup_joins(pieces, opts, alias)
 
         # If we get to this point and the field is a relation to another model,
         # append the default ordering for that model unless it is the pk
         # shortcut or the attribute name of the field that is specified.
         if (
-            field.is_relation and
-            opts.ordering and
-            getattr(field, 'attname', None) != pieces[-1] and
-            name != 'pk'
+            field.is_relation
+            and opts.ordering
+            and getattr(field, "attname", None) != pieces[-1]
+            and name != "pk"
         ):
             # Firstly, avoid infinite loops.
             already_seen = already_seen or set()
-            join_tuple = tuple(getattr(self.query.alias_map[j], 'join_cols', None) for j in joins)
+            join_tuple = tuple(
+                getattr(self.query.alias_map[j], "join_cols", None) for j in joins
+            )
             if join_tuple in already_seen:
-                raise FieldError('Infinite loop caused by ordering.')
+                raise FieldError("Infinite loop caused by ordering.")
             already_seen.add(join_tuple)
 
             results = []
             for item in opts.ordering:
-                if hasattr(item, 'resolve_expression') and not isinstance(item, OrderBy):
+                if hasattr(item, "resolve_expression") and not isinstance(
+                    item, OrderBy
+                ):
                     item = item.desc() if descending else item.asc()
                 if isinstance(item, OrderBy):
                     results.append((item, False))
                     continue
-                results.extend(self.find_ordering_name(item, opts, alias,
-                                                       order, already_seen))
+                results.extend(
+                    self.find_ordering_name(item, opts, alias, order, already_seen)
+                )
             return results
         targets, alias, _ = self.query.trim_joins(targets, joins, path)
-        return [(OrderBy(transform_function(t, alias), descending=descending), False) for t in targets]
+        return [
+            (OrderBy(transform_function(t, alias), descending=descending), False)
+            for t in targets
+        ]
 
     def _setup_joins(self, pieces, opts, alias):
         """
@@ -816,7 +934,9 @@ class SQLCompiler:
         match. Executing SQL where this is not true is an error.
         """
         alias = alias or self.query.get_initial_alias()
-        field, targets, opts, joins, path, transform_function = self.query.setup_joins(pieces, opts, alias)
+        field, targets, opts, joins, path, transform_function = self.query.setup_joins(
+            pieces, opts, alias
+        )
         alias = joins[-1]
         return field, targets, alias, joins, path, opts, transform_function
 
@@ -850,25 +970,39 @@ class SQLCompiler:
             # Only add the alias if it's not already present (the table_alias()
             # call increments the refcount, so an alias refcount of one means
             # this is the only reference).
-            if alias not in self.query.alias_map or self.query.alias_refcount[alias] == 1:
-                result.append(', %s' % self.quote_name_unless_alias(alias))
+            if (
+                alias not in self.query.alias_map
+                or self.query.alias_refcount[alias] == 1
+            ):
+                result.append(", %s" % self.quote_name_unless_alias(alias))
         return result, params
 
-    def get_related_selections(self, select, opts=None, root_alias=None, cur_depth=1,
-                               requested=None, restricted=None):
+    def get_related_selections(
+        self,
+        select,
+        opts=None,
+        root_alias=None,
+        cur_depth=1,
+        requested=None,
+        restricted=None,
+    ):
         """
         Fill in the information needed for a select_related query. The current
         depth is measured as the number of connections away from the root model
         (for example, cur_depth=1 means we are looking at models with direct
         connections to the root model).
         """
+
         def _get_field_choices():
             direct_choices = (f.name for f in opts.fields if f.is_relation)
             reverse_choices = (
                 f.field.related_query_name()
-                for f in opts.related_objects if f.field.unique
+                for f in opts.related_objects
+                if f.field.unique
+            )
+            return chain(
+                direct_choices, reverse_choices, self.query._filtered_relations
             )
-            return chain(direct_choices, reverse_choices, self.query._filtered_relations)
 
         related_klass_infos = []
         if not restricted and cur_depth > self.query.max_depth:
@@ -889,7 +1023,7 @@ class SQLCompiler:
                 requested = self.query.select_related
 
         def get_related_klass_infos(klass_info, related_klass_infos):
-            klass_info['related_klass_infos'] = related_klass_infos
+            klass_info["related_klass_infos"] = related_klass_infos
 
         for f in opts.fields:
             field_model = f.model._meta.concrete_model
@@ -903,37 +1037,48 @@ class SQLCompiler:
                     if next or f.name in requested:
                         raise FieldError(
                             "Non-relational field given in select_related: '%s'. "
-                            "Choices are: %s" % (
+                            "Choices are: %s"
+                            % (
                                 f.name,
-                                ", ".join(_get_field_choices()) or '(none)',
+                                ", ".join(_get_field_choices()) or "(none)",
                             )
                         )
             else:
                 next = False
 
-            if not select_related_descend(f, restricted, requested,
-                                          only_load.get(field_model)):
+            if not select_related_descend(
+                f, restricted, requested, only_load.get(field_model)
+            ):
                 continue
             klass_info = {
-                'model': f.remote_field.model,
-                'field': f,
-                'reverse': False,
-                'local_setter': f.set_cached_value,
-                'remote_setter': f.remote_field.set_cached_value if f.unique else lambda x, y: None,
-                'from_parent': False,
+                "model": f.remote_field.model,
+                "field": f,
+                "reverse": False,
+                "local_setter": f.set_cached_value,
+                "remote_setter": f.remote_field.set_cached_value
+                if f.unique
+                else lambda x, y: None,
+                "from_parent": False,
             }
             related_klass_infos.append(klass_info)
             select_fields = []
-            _, _, _, joins, _, _ = self.query.setup_joins(
-                [f.name], opts, root_alias)
+            _, _, _, joins, _, _ = self.query.setup_joins([f.name], opts, root_alias)
             alias = joins[-1]
-            columns = self.get_default_columns(start_alias=alias, opts=f.remote_field.model._meta)
+            columns = self.get_default_columns(
+                start_alias=alias, opts=f.remote_field.model._meta
+            )
             for col in columns:
                 select_fields.append(len(select))
                 select.append((col, None))
-            klass_info['select_fields'] = select_fields
+            klass_info["select_fields"] = select_fields
             next_klass_infos = self.get_related_selections(
-                select, f.remote_field.model._meta, alias, cur_depth + 1, next, restricted)
+                select,
+                f.remote_field.model._meta,
+                alias,
+                cur_depth + 1,
+                next,
+                restricted,
+            )
             get_related_klass_infos(klass_info, next_klass_infos)
 
         if restricted:
@@ -943,36 +1088,40 @@ class SQLCompiler:
                 if o.field.unique and not o.many_to_many
             ]
             for f, model in related_fields:
-                if not select_related_descend(f, restricted, requested,
-                                              only_load.get(model), reverse=True):
+                if not select_related_descend(
+                    f, restricted, requested, only_load.get(model), reverse=True
+                ):
                     continue
 
                 related_field_name = f.related_query_name()
                 fields_found.add(related_field_name)
 
-                join_info = self.query.setup_joins([related_field_name], opts, root_alias)
+                join_info = self.query.setup_joins(
+                    [related_field_name], opts, root_alias
+                )
                 alias = join_info.joins[-1]
                 from_parent = issubclass(model, opts.model) and model is not opts.model
                 klass_info = {
-                    'model': model,
-                    'field': f,
-                    'reverse': True,
-                    'local_setter': f.remote_field.set_cached_value,
-                    'remote_setter': f.set_cached_value,
-                    'from_parent': from_parent,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "field": f,
+                    "reverse": True,
+                    "local_setter": f.remote_field.set_cached_value,
+                    "remote_setter": f.set_cached_value,
+                    "from_parent": from_parent,
                 }
                 related_klass_infos.append(klass_info)
                 select_fields = []
                 columns = self.get_default_columns(
-                    start_alias=alias, opts=model._meta, from_parent=opts.model)
+                    start_alias=alias, opts=model._meta, from_parent=opts.model
+                )
                 for col in columns:
                     select_fields.append(len(select))
                     select.append((col, None))
-                klass_info['select_fields'] = select_fields
+                klass_info["select_fields"] = select_fields
                 next = requested.get(f.related_query_name(), {})
                 next_klass_infos = self.get_related_selections(
-                    select, model._meta, alias, cur_depth + 1,
-                    next, restricted)
+                    select, model._meta, alias, cur_depth + 1, next, restricted
+                )
                 get_related_klass_infos(klass_info, next_klass_infos)
 
             def local_setter(obj, from_obj):
@@ -989,32 +1138,40 @@ class SQLCompiler:
                     break
                 if name in self.query._filtered_relations:
                     fields_found.add(name)
-                    f, _, join_opts, joins, _, _ = self.query.setup_joins([name], opts, root_alias)
+                    f, _, join_opts, joins, _, _ = self.query.setup_joins(
+                        [name], opts, root_alias
+                    )
                     model = join_opts.model
                     alias = joins[-1]
-                    from_parent = issubclass(model, opts.model) and model is not opts.model
+                    from_parent = (
+                        issubclass(model, opts.model) and model is not opts.model
+                    )
                     klass_info = {
-                        'model': model,
-                        'field': f,
-                        'reverse': True,
-                        'local_setter': local_setter,
-                        'remote_setter': partial(remote_setter, name),
-                        'from_parent': from_parent,
+                        "model": model,
+                        "field": f,
+                        "reverse": True,
+                        "local_setter": local_setter,
+                        "remote_setter": partial(remote_setter, name),
+                        "from_parent": from_parent,
                     }
                     related_klass_infos.append(klass_info)
                     select_fields = []
                     columns = self.get_default_columns(
-                        start_alias=alias, opts=model._meta,
+                        start_alias=alias,
+                        opts=model._meta,
                         from_parent=opts.model,
                     )
                     for col in columns:
                         select_fields.append(len(select))
                         select.append((col, None))
-                    klass_info['select_fields'] = select_fields
+                    klass_info["select_fields"] = select_fields
                     next_requested = requested.get(name, {})
                     next_klass_infos = self.get_related_selections(
-                        select, opts=model._meta, root_alias=alias,
-                        cur_depth=cur_depth + 1, requested=next_requested,
+                        select,
+                        opts=model._meta,
+                        root_alias=alias,
+                        cur_depth=cur_depth + 1,
+                        requested=next_requested,
                         restricted=restricted,
                     )
                     get_related_klass_infos(klass_info, next_klass_infos)
@@ -1022,10 +1179,11 @@ class SQLCompiler:
             if fields_not_found:
                 invalid_fields = ("'%s'" % s for s in fields_not_found)
                 raise FieldError(
-                    'Invalid field name(s) given in select_related: %s. '
-                    'Choices are: %s' % (
-                        ', '.join(invalid_fields),
-                        ', '.join(_get_field_choices()) or '(none)',
+                    "Invalid field name(s) given in select_related: %s. "
+                    "Choices are: %s"
+                    % (
+                        ", ".join(invalid_fields),
+                        ", ".join(_get_field_choices()) or "(none)",
                     )
                 )
         return related_klass_infos
@@ -1035,21 +1193,22 @@ class SQLCompiler:
         Return a quoted list of arguments for the SELECT FOR UPDATE OF part of
         the query.
         """
+
         def _get_parent_klass_info(klass_info):
-            concrete_model = klass_info['model']._meta.concrete_model
+            concrete_model = klass_info["model"]._meta.concrete_model
             for parent_model, parent_link in concrete_model._meta.parents.items():
                 parent_list = parent_model._meta.get_parent_list()
                 yield {
-                    'model': parent_model,
-                    'field': parent_link,
-                    'reverse': False,
-                    'select_fields': [
+                    "model": parent_model,
+                    "field": parent_link,
+                    "reverse": False,
+                    "select_fields": [
                         select_index
-                        for select_index in klass_info['select_fields']
+                        for select_index in klass_info["select_fields"]
                         # Selected columns from a model or its parents.
                         if (
-                            self.select[select_index][0].target.model == parent_model or
-                            self.select[select_index][0].target.model in parent_list
+                            self.select[select_index][0].target.model == parent_model
+                            or self.select[select_index][0].target.model in parent_list
                         )
                     ],
                 }
@@ -1062,8 +1221,8 @@ class SQLCompiler:
             select_fields is filled recursively, so it also contains fields
             from the parent models.
             """
-            concrete_model = klass_info['model']._meta.concrete_model
-            for select_index in klass_info['select_fields']:
+            concrete_model = klass_info["model"]._meta.concrete_model
+            for select_index in klass_info["select_fields"]:
                 if self.select[select_index][0].target.model == concrete_model:
                     return self.select[select_index][0]
 
@@ -1074,10 +1233,10 @@ class SQLCompiler:
                 parent_path, klass_info = queue.popleft()
                 if parent_path is None:
                     path = []
-                    yield 'self'
+                    yield "self"
                 else:
-                    field = klass_info['field']
-                    if klass_info['reverse']:
+                    field = klass_info["field"]
+                    if klass_info["reverse"]:
                         field = field.remote_field
                     path = parent_path + [field.name]
                     yield LOOKUP_SEP.join(path)
@@ -1087,25 +1246,26 @@ class SQLCompiler:
                 )
                 queue.extend(
                     (path, klass_info)
-                    for klass_info in klass_info.get('related_klass_infos', [])
+                    for klass_info in klass_info.get("related_klass_infos", [])
                 )
+
         if not self.klass_info:
             return []
         result = []
         invalid_names = []
         for name in self.query.select_for_update_of:
             klass_info = self.klass_info
-            if name == 'self':
+            if name == "self":
                 col = _get_first_selected_col_from_model(klass_info)
             else:
                 for part in name.split(LOOKUP_SEP):
                     klass_infos = (
-                        *klass_info.get('related_klass_infos', []),
+                        *klass_info.get("related_klass_infos", []),
                         *_get_parent_klass_info(klass_info),
                     )
                     for related_klass_info in klass_infos:
-                        field = related_klass_info['field']
-                        if related_klass_info['reverse']:
+                        field = related_klass_info["field"]
+                        if related_klass_info["reverse"]:
                             field = field.remote_field
                         if field.name == part:
                             klass_info = related_klass_info
@@ -1124,11 +1284,12 @@ class SQLCompiler:
                     result.append(self.quote_name_unless_alias(col.alias))
         if invalid_names:
             raise FieldError(
-                'Invalid field name(s) given in select_for_update(of=(...)): %s. '
-                'Only relational fields followed in the query are allowed. '
-                'Choices are: %s.' % (
-                    ', '.join(invalid_names),
-                    ', '.join(_get_field_choices()),
+                "Invalid field name(s) given in select_for_update(of=(...)): %s. "
+                "Only relational fields followed in the query are allowed. "
+                "Choices are: %s."
+                % (
+                    ", ".join(invalid_names),
+                    ", ".join(_get_field_choices()),
                 )
             )
         return result
@@ -1164,12 +1325,19 @@ class SQLCompiler:
                 row[pos] = value
             yield row
 
-    def results_iter(self, results=None, tuple_expected=False, chunked_fetch=False,
-                     chunk_size=GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE):
+    def results_iter(
+        self,
+        results=None,
+        tuple_expected=False,
+        chunked_fetch=False,
+        chunk_size=GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE,
+    ):
         """Return an iterator over the results from executing this query."""
         if results is None:
-            results = self.execute_sql(MULTI, chunked_fetch=chunked_fetch, chunk_size=chunk_size)
-        fields = [s[0] for s in self.select[0:self.col_count]]
+            results = self.execute_sql(
+                MULTI, chunked_fetch=chunked_fetch, chunk_size=chunk_size
+            )
+        fields = [s[0] for s in self.select[0 : self.col_count]]
         converters = self.get_converters(fields)
         rows = chain.from_iterable(results)
         if converters:
@@ -1185,7 +1353,9 @@ class SQLCompiler:
         """
         return bool(self.execute_sql(SINGLE))
 
-    def execute_sql(self, result_type=MULTI, chunked_fetch=False, chunk_size=GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE):
+    def execute_sql(
+        self, result_type=MULTI, chunked_fetch=False, chunk_size=GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE
+    ):
         """
         Run the query against the database and return the result(s). The
         return value is a single data item if result_type is SINGLE, or an
@@ -1226,7 +1396,7 @@ class SQLCompiler:
             try:
                 val = cursor.fetchone()
                 if val:
-                    return val[0:self.col_count]
+                    return val[0 : self.col_count]
                 return val
             finally:
                 # done with the cursor
@@ -1236,7 +1406,8 @@ class SQLCompiler:
             return
 
         result = cursor_iter(
-            cursor, self.connection.features.empty_fetchmany_value,
+            cursor,
+            self.connection.features.empty_fetchmany_value,
             self.col_count if self.has_extra_select else None,
             chunk_size,
         )
@@ -1254,21 +1425,22 @@ class SQLCompiler:
 
         for index, select_col in enumerate(self.query.select):
             lhs_sql, lhs_params = self.compile(select_col)
-            rhs = '%s.%s' % (qn(alias), qn2(columns[index]))
-            self.query.where.add(
-                RawSQL('%s = %s' % (lhs_sql, rhs), lhs_params), 'AND')
+            rhs = "%s.%s" % (qn(alias), qn2(columns[index]))
+            self.query.where.add(RawSQL("%s = %s" % (lhs_sql, rhs), lhs_params), "AND")
 
         sql, params = self.as_sql()
-        return 'EXISTS (%s)' % sql, params
+        return "EXISTS (%s)" % sql, params
 
     def explain_query(self):
         result = list(self.execute_sql())
         # Some backends return 1 item tuples with strings, and others return
         # tuples with integers and strings. Flatten them out into strings.
-        output_formatter = json.dumps if self.query.explain_info.format == 'json' else str
+        output_formatter = (
+            json.dumps if self.query.explain_info.format == "json" else str
+        )
         for row in result[0]:
             if not isinstance(row, str):
-                yield ' '.join(output_formatter(c) for c in row)
+                yield " ".join(output_formatter(c) for c in row)
             else:
                 yield row
 
@@ -1289,16 +1461,16 @@ class SQLInsertCompiler(SQLCompiler):
         if field is None:
             # A field value of None means the value is raw.
             sql, params = val, []
-        elif hasattr(val, 'as_sql'):
+        elif hasattr(val, "as_sql"):
             # This is an expression, let's compile it.
             sql, params = self.compile(val)
-        elif hasattr(field, 'get_placeholder'):
+        elif hasattr(field, "get_placeholder"):
             # Some fields (e.g. geo fields) need special munging before
             # they can be inserted.
             sql, params = field.get_placeholder(val, self, self.connection), [val]
         else:
             # Return the common case for the placeholder
-            sql, params = '%s', [val]
+            sql, params = "%s", [val]
 
         # The following hook is only used by Oracle Spatial, which sometimes
         # needs to yield 'NULL' and [] as its placeholder and params instead
@@ -1314,24 +1486,26 @@ class SQLInsertCompiler(SQLCompiler):
         Prepare a value to be used in a query by resolving it if it is an
         expression and otherwise calling the field's get_db_prep_save().
         """
-        if hasattr(value, 'resolve_expression'):
-            value = value.resolve_expression(self.query, allow_joins=False, for_save=True)
+        if hasattr(value, "resolve_expression"):
+            value = value.resolve_expression(
+                self.query, allow_joins=False, for_save=True
+            )
             # Don't allow values containing Col expressions. They refer to
             # existing columns on a row, but in the case of insert the row
             # doesn't exist yet.
             if value.contains_column_references:
                 raise ValueError(
                     'Failed to insert expression "%s" on %s. F() expressions '
-                    'can only be used to update, not to insert.' % (value, field)
+                    "can only be used to update, not to insert." % (value, field)
                 )
             if value.contains_aggregate:
                 raise FieldError(
-                    'Aggregate functions are not allowed in this query '
-                    '(%s=%r).' % (field.name, value)
+                    "Aggregate functions are not allowed in this query "
+                    "(%s=%r)." % (field.name, value)
                 )
             if value.contains_over_clause:
                 raise FieldError(
-                    'Window expressions are not allowed in this query (%s=%r).'
+                    "Window expressions are not allowed in this query (%s=%r)."
                     % (field.name, value)
                 )
         else:
@@ -1390,25 +1564,32 @@ class SQLInsertCompiler(SQLCompiler):
         insert_statement = self.connection.ops.insert_statement(
             on_conflict=self.query.on_conflict,
         )
-        result = ['%s %s' % (insert_statement, qn(opts.db_table))]
+        result = ["%s %s" % (insert_statement, qn(opts.db_table))]
         fields = self.query.fields or [opts.pk]
-        result.append('(%s)' % ', '.join(qn(f.column) for f in fields))
+        result.append("(%s)" % ", ".join(qn(f.column) for f in fields))
 
         if self.query.fields:
             value_rows = [
-                [self.prepare_value(field, self.pre_save_val(field, obj)) for field in fields]
+                [
+                    self.prepare_value(field, self.pre_save_val(field, obj))
+                    for field in fields
+                ]
                 for obj in self.query.objs
             ]
         else:
             # An empty object.
-            value_rows = [[self.connection.ops.pk_default_value()] for _ in self.query.objs]
+            value_rows = [
+                [self.connection.ops.pk_default_value()] for _ in self.query.objs
+            ]
             fields = [None]
 
         # Currently the backends just accept values when generating bulk
         # queries and generate their own placeholders. Doing that isn't
         # necessary and it should be possible to use placeholders and
         # expressions in bulk inserts too.
-        can_bulk = (not self.returning_fields and self.connection.features.has_bulk_insert)
+        can_bulk = (
+            not self.returning_fields and self.connection.features.has_bulk_insert
+        )
 
         placeholder_rows, param_rows = self.assemble_as_sql(fields, value_rows)
 
@@ -1418,9 +1599,14 @@ class SQLInsertCompiler(SQLCompiler):
             self.query.update_fields,
             self.query.unique_fields,
         )
-        if self.returning_fields and self.connection.features.can_return_columns_from_insert:
+        if (
+            self.returning_fields
+            and self.connection.features.can_return_columns_from_insert
+        ):
             if self.connection.features.can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert:
-                result.append(self.connection.ops.bulk_insert_sql(fields, placeholder_rows))
+                result.append(
+                    self.connection.ops.bulk_insert_sql(fields, placeholder_rows)
+                )
                 params = param_rows
             else:
                 result.append("VALUES (%s)" % ", ".join(placeholder_rows[0]))
@@ -1429,7 +1615,9 @@ class SQLInsertCompiler(SQLCompiler):
                 result.append(on_conflict_suffix_sql)
             # Skip empty r_sql to allow subclasses to customize behavior for
             # 3rd party backends. Refs #19096.
-            r_sql, self.returning_params = self.connection.ops.return_insert_columns(self.returning_fields)
+            r_sql, self.returning_params = self.connection.ops.return_insert_columns(
+                self.returning_fields
+            )
             if r_sql:
                 result.append(r_sql)
                 params += [self.returning_params]
@@ -1450,8 +1638,9 @@ class SQLInsertCompiler(SQLCompiler):
 
     def execute_sql(self, returning_fields=None):
         assert not (
-            returning_fields and len(self.query.objs) != 1 and
-            not self.connection.features.can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert
+            returning_fields
+            and len(self.query.objs) != 1
+            and not self.connection.features.can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert
         )
         opts = self.query.get_meta()
         self.returning_fields = returning_fields
@@ -1460,17 +1649,29 @@ class SQLInsertCompiler(SQLCompiler):
                 cursor.execute(sql, params)
             if not self.returning_fields:
                 return []
-            if self.connection.features.can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert and len(self.query.objs) > 1:
+            if (
+                self.connection.features.can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert
+                and len(self.query.objs) > 1
+            ):
                 rows = self.connection.ops.fetch_returned_insert_rows(cursor)
             elif self.connection.features.can_return_columns_from_insert:
                 assert len(self.query.objs) == 1
-                rows = [self.connection.ops.fetch_returned_insert_columns(
-                    cursor, self.returning_params,
-                )]
+                rows = [
+                    self.connection.ops.fetch_returned_insert_columns(
+                        cursor,
+                        self.returning_params,
+                    )
+                ]
             else:
-                rows = [(self.connection.ops.last_insert_id(
-                    cursor, opts.db_table, opts.pk.column,
-                ),)]
+                rows = [
+                    (
+                        self.connection.ops.last_insert_id(
+                            cursor,
+                            opts.db_table,
+                            opts.pk.column,
+                        ),
+                    )
+                ]
         cols = [field.get_col(opts.db_table) for field in self.returning_fields]
         converters = self.get_converters(cols)
         if converters:
@@ -1489,7 +1690,7 @@ class SQLDeleteCompiler(SQLCompiler):
     def _expr_refs_base_model(cls, expr, base_model):
         if isinstance(expr, Query):
             return expr.model == base_model
-        if not hasattr(expr, 'get_source_expressions'):
+        if not hasattr(expr, "get_source_expressions"):
             return False
         return any(
             cls._expr_refs_base_model(source_expr, base_model)
@@ -1500,17 +1701,17 @@ class SQLDeleteCompiler(SQLCompiler):
     def contains_self_reference_subquery(self):
         return any(
             self._expr_refs_base_model(expr, self.query.model)
-            for expr in chain(self.query.annotations.values(), self.query.where.children)
+            for expr in chain(
+                self.query.annotations.values(), self.query.where.children
+            )
         )
 
     def _as_sql(self, query):
-        result = [
-            'DELETE FROM %s' % self.quote_name_unless_alias(query.base_table)
-        ]
+        result = ["DELETE FROM %s" % self.quote_name_unless_alias(query.base_table)]
         where, params = self.compile(query.where)
         if where:
-            result.append('WHERE %s' % where)
-        return ' '.join(result), tuple(params)
+            result.append("WHERE %s" % where)
+        return " ".join(result), tuple(params)
 
     def as_sql(self):
         """
@@ -1523,16 +1724,14 @@ class SQLDeleteCompiler(SQLCompiler):
         innerq.__class__ = Query
         innerq.clear_select_clause()
         pk = self.query.model._meta.pk
-        innerq.select = [
-            pk.get_col(self.query.get_initial_alias())
-        ]
+        innerq.select = [pk.get_col(self.query.get_initial_alias())]
         outerq = Query(self.query.model)
         if not self.connection.features.update_can_self_select:
             # Force the materialization of the inner query to allow reference
             # to the target table on MySQL.
             sql, params = innerq.get_compiler(connection=self.connection).as_sql()
-            innerq = RawSQL('SELECT * FROM (%s) subquery' % sql, params)
-        outerq.add_filter('pk__in', innerq)
+            innerq = RawSQL("SELECT * FROM (%s) subquery" % sql, params)
+        outerq.add_filter("pk__in", innerq)
         return self._as_sql(outerq)
 
 
@@ -1544,23 +1743,25 @@ class SQLUpdateCompiler(SQLCompiler):
         """
         self.pre_sql_setup()
         if not self.query.values:
-            return '', ()
+            return "", ()
         qn = self.quote_name_unless_alias
         values, update_params = [], []
         for field, model, val in self.query.values:
-            if hasattr(val, 'resolve_expression'):
-                val = val.resolve_expression(self.query, allow_joins=False, for_save=True)
+            if hasattr(val, "resolve_expression"):
+                val = val.resolve_expression(
+                    self.query, allow_joins=False, for_save=True
+                )
                 if val.contains_aggregate:
                     raise FieldError(
-                        'Aggregate functions are not allowed in this query '
-                        '(%s=%r).' % (field.name, val)
+                        "Aggregate functions are not allowed in this query "
+                        "(%s=%r)." % (field.name, val)
                     )
                 if val.contains_over_clause:
                     raise FieldError(
-                        'Window expressions are not allowed in this query '
-                        '(%s=%r).' % (field.name, val)
+                        "Window expressions are not allowed in this query "
+                        "(%s=%r)." % (field.name, val)
                     )
-            elif hasattr(val, 'prepare_database_save'):
+            elif hasattr(val, "prepare_database_save"):
                 if field.remote_field:
                     val = field.get_db_prep_save(
                         val.prepare_database_save(field),
@@ -1576,29 +1777,29 @@ class SQLUpdateCompiler(SQLCompiler):
                 val = field.get_db_prep_save(val, connection=self.connection)
 
             # Getting the placeholder for the field.
-            if hasattr(field, 'get_placeholder'):
+            if hasattr(field, "get_placeholder"):
                 placeholder = field.get_placeholder(val, self, self.connection)
             else:
-                placeholder = '%s'
+                placeholder = "%s"
             name = field.column
-            if hasattr(val, 'as_sql'):
+            if hasattr(val, "as_sql"):
                 sql, params = self.compile(val)
-                values.append('%s = %s' % (qn(name), placeholder % sql))
+                values.append("%s = %s" % (qn(name), placeholder % sql))
                 update_params.extend(params)
             elif val is not None:
-                values.append('%s = %s' % (qn(name), placeholder))
+                values.append("%s = %s" % (qn(name), placeholder))
                 update_params.append(val)
             else:
-                values.append('%s = NULL' % qn(name))
+                values.append("%s = NULL" % qn(name))
         table = self.query.base_table
         result = [
-            'UPDATE %s SET' % qn(table),
-            ', '.join(values),
+            "UPDATE %s SET" % qn(table),
+            ", ".join(values),
         ]
         where, params = self.compile(self.query.where)
         if where:
-            result.append('WHERE %s' % where)
-        return ' '.join(result), tuple(update_params + params)
+            result.append("WHERE %s" % where)
+        return " ".join(result), tuple(update_params + params)
 
     def execute_sql(self, result_type):
         """
@@ -1644,7 +1845,9 @@ class SQLUpdateCompiler(SQLCompiler):
         query.add_fields([query.get_meta().pk.name])
         super().pre_sql_setup()
 
-        must_pre_select = count > 1 and not self.connection.features.update_can_self_select
+        must_pre_select = (
+            count > 1 and not self.connection.features.update_can_self_select
+        )
 
         # Now we adjust the current query: reset the where clause and get rid
         # of all the tables we don't need (since they're in the sub-select).
@@ -1656,11 +1859,11 @@ class SQLUpdateCompiler(SQLCompiler):
             idents = []
             for rows in query.get_compiler(self.using).execute_sql(MULTI):
                 idents.extend(r[0] for r in rows)
-            self.query.add_filter('pk__in', idents)
+            self.query.add_filter("pk__in", idents)
             self.query.related_ids = idents
         else:
             # The fast path. Filters and updates in one query.
-            self.query.add_filter('pk__in', query)
+            self.query.add_filter("pk__in", query)
         self.query.reset_refcounts(refcounts_before)
 
 
@@ -1677,13 +1880,14 @@ class SQLAggregateCompiler(SQLCompiler):
             sql.append(ann_sql)
             params.extend(ann_params)
         self.col_count = len(self.query.annotation_select)
-        sql = ', '.join(sql)
+        sql = ", ".join(sql)
         params = tuple(params)
 
         inner_query_sql, inner_query_params = self.query.inner_query.get_compiler(
-            self.using, elide_empty=self.elide_empty,
+            self.using,
+            elide_empty=self.elide_empty,
         ).as_sql(with_col_aliases=True)
-        sql = 'SELECT %s FROM (%s) subquery' % (sql, inner_query_sql)
+        sql = "SELECT %s FROM (%s) subquery" % (sql, inner_query_sql)
         params = params + inner_query_params
         return sql, params
 
diff --git a/django/db/models/sql/constants.py b/django/db/models/sql/constants.py
index a1db61b9ff..fdfb2ea891 100644
--- a/django/db/models/sql/constants.py
+++ b/django/db/models/sql/constants.py
@@ -9,16 +9,16 @@ GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE = 100
 # Namedtuples for sql.* internal use.
 
 # How many results to expect from a cursor.execute call
-MULTI = 'multi'
-SINGLE = 'single'
-CURSOR = 'cursor'
-NO_RESULTS = 'no results'
+MULTI = "multi"
+SINGLE = "single"
+CURSOR = "cursor"
+NO_RESULTS = "no results"
 
 ORDER_DIR = {
-    'ASC': ('ASC', 'DESC'),
-    'DESC': ('DESC', 'ASC'),
+    "ASC": ("ASC", "DESC"),
+    "DESC": ("DESC", "ASC"),
 }
 
 # SQL join types.
-INNER = 'INNER JOIN'
-LOUTER = 'LEFT OUTER JOIN'
+INNER = "INNER JOIN"
+LOUTER = "LEFT OUTER JOIN"
diff --git a/django/db/models/sql/datastructures.py b/django/db/models/sql/datastructures.py
index e08b570350..f398074bf7 100644
--- a/django/db/models/sql/datastructures.py
+++ b/django/db/models/sql/datastructures.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ class MultiJoin(Exception):
     multi-valued join was attempted (if the caller wants to treat that
     exceptionally).
     """
+
     def __init__(self, names_pos, path_with_names):
         self.level = names_pos
         # The path travelled, this includes the path to the multijoin.
@@ -38,8 +39,17 @@ class Join:
         - as_sql()
         - relabeled_clone()
     """
-    def __init__(self, table_name, parent_alias, table_alias, join_type,
-                 join_field, nullable, filtered_relation=None):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        table_name,
+        parent_alias,
+        table_alias,
+        join_type,
+        join_field,
+        nullable,
+        filtered_relation=None,
+    ):
         # Join table
         self.table_name = table_name
         self.parent_alias = parent_alias
@@ -69,35 +79,47 @@ class Join:
 
         # Add a join condition for each pair of joining columns.
         for lhs_col, rhs_col in self.join_cols:
-            join_conditions.append('%s.%s = %s.%s' % (
-                qn(self.parent_alias),
-                qn2(lhs_col),
-                qn(self.table_alias),
-                qn2(rhs_col),
-            ))
+            join_conditions.append(
+                "%s.%s = %s.%s"
+                % (
+                    qn(self.parent_alias),
+                    qn2(lhs_col),
+                    qn(self.table_alias),
+                    qn2(rhs_col),
+                )
+            )
 
         # Add a single condition inside parentheses for whatever
         # get_extra_restriction() returns.
-        extra_cond = self.join_field.get_extra_restriction(self.table_alias, self.parent_alias)
+        extra_cond = self.join_field.get_extra_restriction(
+            self.table_alias, self.parent_alias
+        )
         if extra_cond:
             extra_sql, extra_params = compiler.compile(extra_cond)
-            join_conditions.append('(%s)' % extra_sql)
+            join_conditions.append("(%s)" % extra_sql)
             params.extend(extra_params)
         if self.filtered_relation:
             extra_sql, extra_params = compiler.compile(self.filtered_relation)
             if extra_sql:
-                join_conditions.append('(%s)' % extra_sql)
+                join_conditions.append("(%s)" % extra_sql)
                 params.extend(extra_params)
         if not join_conditions:
             # This might be a rel on the other end of an actual declared field.
-            declared_field = getattr(self.join_field, 'field', self.join_field)
+            declared_field = getattr(self.join_field, "field", self.join_field)
             raise ValueError(
                 "Join generated an empty ON clause. %s did not yield either "
                 "joining columns or extra restrictions." % declared_field.__class__
             )
-        on_clause_sql = ' AND '.join(join_conditions)
-        alias_str = '' if self.table_alias == self.table_name else (' %s' % self.table_alias)
-        sql = '%s %s%s ON (%s)' % (self.join_type, qn(self.table_name), alias_str, on_clause_sql)
+        on_clause_sql = " AND ".join(join_conditions)
+        alias_str = (
+            "" if self.table_alias == self.table_name else (" %s" % self.table_alias)
+        )
+        sql = "%s %s%s ON (%s)" % (
+            self.join_type,
+            qn(self.table_name),
+            alias_str,
+            on_clause_sql,
+        )
         return sql, params
 
     def relabeled_clone(self, change_map):
@@ -105,12 +127,19 @@ class Join:
         new_table_alias = change_map.get(self.table_alias, self.table_alias)
         if self.filtered_relation is not None:
             filtered_relation = self.filtered_relation.clone()
-            filtered_relation.path = [change_map.get(p, p) for p in self.filtered_relation.path]
+            filtered_relation.path = [
+                change_map.get(p, p) for p in self.filtered_relation.path
+            ]
         else:
             filtered_relation = None
         return self.__class__(
-            self.table_name, new_parent_alias, new_table_alias, self.join_type,
-            self.join_field, self.nullable, filtered_relation=filtered_relation,
+            self.table_name,
+            new_parent_alias,
+            new_table_alias,
+            self.join_type,
+            self.join_field,
+            self.nullable,
+            filtered_relation=filtered_relation,
         )
 
     @property
@@ -153,6 +182,7 @@ class BaseTable:
         SELECT * FROM "foo" WHERE somecond
     could be generated by this class.
     """
+
     join_type = None
     parent_alias = None
     filtered_relation = None
@@ -162,12 +192,16 @@ class BaseTable:
         self.table_alias = alias
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
-        alias_str = '' if self.table_alias == self.table_name else (' %s' % self.table_alias)
+        alias_str = (
+            "" if self.table_alias == self.table_name else (" %s" % self.table_alias)
+        )
         base_sql = compiler.quote_name_unless_alias(self.table_name)
         return base_sql + alias_str, []
 
     def relabeled_clone(self, change_map):
-        return self.__class__(self.table_name, change_map.get(self.table_alias, self.table_alias))
+        return self.__class__(
+            self.table_name, change_map.get(self.table_alias, self.table_alias)
+        )
 
     @property
     def identity(self):
diff --git a/django/db/models/sql/query.py b/django/db/models/sql/query.py
index 1dc770ae3a..242b2a1f3f 100644
--- a/django/db/models/sql/query.py
+++ b/django/db/models/sql/query.py
@@ -20,32 +20,37 @@ from django.db import DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, NotSupportedError, connections
 from django.db.models.aggregates import Count
 from django.db.models.constants import LOOKUP_SEP
 from django.db.models.expressions import (
-    BaseExpression, Col, Exists, F, OuterRef, Ref, ResolvedOuterRef,
+    BaseExpression,
+    Col,
+    Exists,
+    F,
+    OuterRef,
+    Ref,
+    ResolvedOuterRef,
 )
 from django.db.models.fields import Field
 from django.db.models.fields.related_lookups import MultiColSource
 from django.db.models.lookups import Lookup
 from django.db.models.query_utils import (
-    Q, check_rel_lookup_compatibility, refs_expression,
+    Q,
+    check_rel_lookup_compatibility,
+    refs_expression,
 )
 from django.db.models.sql.constants import INNER, LOUTER, ORDER_DIR, SINGLE
-from django.db.models.sql.datastructures import (
-    BaseTable, Empty, Join, MultiJoin,
-)
-from django.db.models.sql.where import (
-    AND, OR, ExtraWhere, NothingNode, WhereNode,
-)
+from django.db.models.sql.datastructures import BaseTable, Empty, Join, MultiJoin
+from django.db.models.sql.where import AND, OR, ExtraWhere, NothingNode, WhereNode
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 from django.utils.tree import Node
 
-__all__ = ['Query', 'RawQuery']
+__all__ = ["Query", "RawQuery"]
 
 
 def get_field_names_from_opts(opts):
-    return set(chain.from_iterable(
-        (f.name, f.attname) if f.concrete else (f.name,)
-        for f in opts.get_fields()
-    ))
+    return set(
+        chain.from_iterable(
+            (f.name, f.attname) if f.concrete else (f.name,) for f in opts.get_fields()
+        )
+    )
 
 
 def get_children_from_q(q):
@@ -57,8 +62,8 @@ def get_children_from_q(q):
 
 
 JoinInfo = namedtuple(
-    'JoinInfo',
-    ('final_field', 'targets', 'opts', 'joins', 'path', 'transform_function')
+    "JoinInfo",
+    ("final_field", "targets", "opts", "joins", "path", "transform_function"),
 )
 
 
@@ -87,8 +92,7 @@ class RawQuery:
         if self.cursor is None:
             self._execute_query()
         converter = connections[self.using].introspection.identifier_converter
-        return [converter(column_meta[0])
-                for column_meta in self.cursor.description]
+        return [converter(column_meta[0]) for column_meta in self.cursor.description]
 
     def __iter__(self):
         # Always execute a new query for a new iterator.
@@ -136,17 +140,17 @@ class RawQuery:
         self.cursor.execute(self.sql, params)
 
 
-ExplainInfo = namedtuple('ExplainInfo', ('format', 'options'))
+ExplainInfo = namedtuple("ExplainInfo", ("format", "options"))
 
 
 class Query(BaseExpression):
     """A single SQL query."""
 
-    alias_prefix = 'T'
+    alias_prefix = "T"
     empty_result_set_value = None
     subq_aliases = frozenset([alias_prefix])
 
-    compiler = 'SQLCompiler'
+    compiler = "SQLCompiler"
 
     base_table_class = BaseTable
     join_class = Join
@@ -167,7 +171,7 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         # aliases too.
         # Map external tables to whether they are aliased.
         self.external_aliases = {}
-        self.table_map = {}     # Maps table names to list of aliases.
+        self.table_map = {}  # Maps table names to list of aliases.
         self.default_cols = True
         self.default_ordering = True
         self.standard_ordering = True
@@ -240,13 +244,15 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
     def output_field(self):
         if len(self.select) == 1:
             select = self.select[0]
-            return getattr(select, 'target', None) or select.field
+            return getattr(select, "target", None) or select.field
         elif len(self.annotation_select) == 1:
             return next(iter(self.annotation_select.values())).output_field
 
     @property
     def has_select_fields(self):
-        return bool(self.select or self.annotation_select_mask or self.extra_select_mask)
+        return bool(
+            self.select or self.annotation_select_mask or self.extra_select_mask
+        )
 
     @cached_property
     def base_table(self):
@@ -282,7 +288,9 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
             raise ValueError("Need either using or connection")
         if using:
             connection = connections[using]
-        return connection.ops.compiler(self.compiler)(self, connection, using, elide_empty)
+        return connection.ops.compiler(self.compiler)(
+            self, connection, using, elide_empty
+        )
 
     def get_meta(self):
         """
@@ -311,9 +319,9 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         if self.annotation_select_mask is not None:
             obj.annotation_select_mask = self.annotation_select_mask.copy()
         if self.combined_queries:
-            obj.combined_queries = tuple([
-                query.clone() for query in self.combined_queries
-            ])
+            obj.combined_queries = tuple(
+                [query.clone() for query in self.combined_queries]
+            )
         # _annotation_select_cache cannot be copied, as doing so breaks the
         # (necessary) state in which both annotations and
         # _annotation_select_cache point to the same underlying objects.
@@ -329,7 +337,7 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
             # Use deepcopy because select_related stores fields in nested
             # dicts.
             obj.select_related = copy.deepcopy(obj.select_related)
-        if 'subq_aliases' in self.__dict__:
+        if "subq_aliases" in self.__dict__:
             obj.subq_aliases = self.subq_aliases.copy()
         obj.used_aliases = self.used_aliases.copy()
         obj._filtered_relations = self._filtered_relations.copy()
@@ -351,7 +359,7 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         if not obj.filter_is_sticky:
             obj.used_aliases = set()
         obj.filter_is_sticky = False
-        if hasattr(obj, '_setup_query'):
+        if hasattr(obj, "_setup_query"):
             obj._setup_query()
         return obj
 
@@ -401,11 +409,13 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
                         break
                 else:
                     # An expression that is not selected the subquery.
-                    if isinstance(expr, Col) or (expr.contains_aggregate and not expr.is_summary):
+                    if isinstance(expr, Col) or (
+                        expr.contains_aggregate and not expr.is_summary
+                    ):
                         # Reference column or another aggregate. Select it
                         # under a non-conflicting alias.
                         col_cnt += 1
-                        col_alias = '__col%d' % col_cnt
+                        col_alias = "__col%d" % col_cnt
                         self.annotations[col_alias] = expr
                         self.append_annotation_mask([col_alias])
                         new_expr = Ref(col_alias, expr)
@@ -424,8 +434,8 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         if not self.annotation_select:
             return {}
         existing_annotations = [
-            annotation for alias, annotation
-            in self.annotations.items()
+            annotation
+            for alias, annotation in self.annotations.items()
             if alias not in added_aggregate_names
         ]
         # Decide if we need to use a subquery.
@@ -439,9 +449,15 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         # those operations must be done in a subquery so that the query
         # aggregates on the limit and/or distinct results instead of applying
         # the distinct and limit after the aggregation.
-        if (isinstance(self.group_by, tuple) or self.is_sliced or existing_annotations or
-                self.distinct or self.combinator):
+        if (
+            isinstance(self.group_by, tuple)
+            or self.is_sliced
+            or existing_annotations
+            or self.distinct
+            or self.combinator
+        ):
             from django.db.models.sql.subqueries import AggregateQuery
+
             inner_query = self.clone()
             inner_query.subquery = True
             outer_query = AggregateQuery(self.model, inner_query)
@@ -459,15 +475,18 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
                 # clearing the select clause can alter results if distinct is
                 # used.
                 has_existing_aggregate_annotations = any(
-                    annotation for annotation in existing_annotations
-                    if getattr(annotation, 'contains_aggregate', True)
+                    annotation
+                    for annotation in existing_annotations
+                    if getattr(annotation, "contains_aggregate", True)
                 )
                 if inner_query.default_cols and has_existing_aggregate_annotations:
-                    inner_query.group_by = (self.model._meta.pk.get_col(inner_query.get_initial_alias()),)
+                    inner_query.group_by = (
+                        self.model._meta.pk.get_col(inner_query.get_initial_alias()),
+                    )
                 inner_query.default_cols = False
 
-            relabels = {t: 'subquery' for t in inner_query.alias_map}
-            relabels[None] = 'subquery'
+            relabels = {t: "subquery" for t in inner_query.alias_map}
+            relabels[None] = "subquery"
             # Remove any aggregates marked for reduction from the subquery
             # and move them to the outer AggregateQuery.
             col_cnt = 0
@@ -475,16 +494,24 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
                 annotation_select_mask = inner_query.annotation_select_mask
                 if expression.is_summary:
                     expression, col_cnt = inner_query.rewrite_cols(expression, col_cnt)
-                    outer_query.annotations[alias] = expression.relabeled_clone(relabels)
+                    outer_query.annotations[alias] = expression.relabeled_clone(
+                        relabels
+                    )
                     del inner_query.annotations[alias]
                     annotation_select_mask.remove(alias)
                 # Make sure the annotation_select wont use cached results.
                 inner_query.set_annotation_mask(inner_query.annotation_select_mask)
-            if inner_query.select == () and not inner_query.default_cols and not inner_query.annotation_select_mask:
+            if (
+                inner_query.select == ()
+                and not inner_query.default_cols
+                and not inner_query.annotation_select_mask
+            ):
                 # In case of Model.objects[0:3].count(), there would be no
                 # field selected in the inner query, yet we must use a subquery.
                 # So, make sure at least one field is selected.
-                inner_query.select = (self.model._meta.pk.get_col(inner_query.get_initial_alias()),)
+                inner_query.select = (
+                    self.model._meta.pk.get_col(inner_query.get_initial_alias()),
+                )
         else:
             outer_query = self
             self.select = ()
@@ -515,8 +542,8 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         Perform a COUNT() query using the current filter constraints.
         """
         obj = self.clone()
-        obj.add_annotation(Count('*'), alias='__count', is_summary=True)
-        return obj.get_aggregation(using, ['__count'])['__count']
+        obj.add_annotation(Count("*"), alias="__count", is_summary=True)
+        return obj.get_aggregation(using, ["__count"])["__count"]
 
     def has_filters(self):
         return self.where
@@ -525,13 +552,17 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         q = self.clone()
         if not q.distinct:
             if q.group_by is True:
-                q.add_fields((f.attname for f in self.model._meta.concrete_fields), False)
+                q.add_fields(
+                    (f.attname for f in self.model._meta.concrete_fields), False
+                )
                 # Disable GROUP BY aliases to avoid orphaning references to the
                 # SELECT clause which is about to be cleared.
                 q.set_group_by(allow_aliases=False)
             q.clear_select_clause()
-        if q.combined_queries and q.combinator == 'union':
-            limit_combined = connections[using].features.supports_slicing_ordering_in_compound
+        if q.combined_queries and q.combinator == "union":
+            limit_combined = connections[
+                using
+            ].features.supports_slicing_ordering_in_compound
             q.combined_queries = tuple(
                 combined_query.exists(using, limit=limit_combined)
                 for combined_query in q.combined_queries
@@ -539,8 +570,8 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         q.clear_ordering(force=True)
         if limit:
             q.set_limits(high=1)
-        q.add_extra({'a': 1}, None, None, None, None, None)
-        q.set_extra_mask(['a'])
+        q.add_extra({"a": 1}, None, None, None, None, None)
+        q.set_extra_mask(["a"])
         return q
 
     def has_results(self, using):
@@ -552,7 +583,7 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         q = self.clone()
         q.explain_info = ExplainInfo(format, options)
         compiler = q.get_compiler(using=using)
-        return '\n'.join(compiler.explain_query())
+        return "\n".join(compiler.explain_query())
 
     def combine(self, rhs, connector):
         """
@@ -564,13 +595,13 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         'rhs' query.
         """
         if self.model != rhs.model:
-            raise TypeError('Cannot combine queries on two different base models.')
+            raise TypeError("Cannot combine queries on two different base models.")
         if self.is_sliced:
-            raise TypeError('Cannot combine queries once a slice has been taken.')
+            raise TypeError("Cannot combine queries once a slice has been taken.")
         if self.distinct != rhs.distinct:
-            raise TypeError('Cannot combine a unique query with a non-unique query.')
+            raise TypeError("Cannot combine a unique query with a non-unique query.")
         if self.distinct_fields != rhs.distinct_fields:
-            raise TypeError('Cannot combine queries with different distinct fields.')
+            raise TypeError("Cannot combine queries with different distinct fields.")
 
         # If lhs and rhs shares the same alias prefix, it is possible to have
         # conflicting alias changes like T4 -> T5, T5 -> T6, which might end up
@@ -583,7 +614,7 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
 
         # Work out how to relabel the rhs aliases, if necessary.
         change_map = {}
-        conjunction = (connector == AND)
+        conjunction = connector == AND
 
         # Determine which existing joins can be reused. When combining the
         # query with AND we must recreate all joins for m2m filters. When
@@ -600,7 +631,8 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         reuse = set() if conjunction else set(self.alias_map)
         joinpromoter = JoinPromoter(connector, 2, False)
         joinpromoter.add_votes(
-            j for j in self.alias_map if self.alias_map[j].join_type == INNER)
+            j for j in self.alias_map if self.alias_map[j].join_type == INNER
+        )
         rhs_votes = set()
         # Now, add the joins from rhs query into the new query (skipping base
         # table).
@@ -649,7 +681,9 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
             # really make sense (or return consistent value sets). Not worth
             # the extra complexity when you can write a real query instead.
             if self.extra and rhs.extra:
-                raise ValueError("When merging querysets using 'or', you cannot have extra(select=...) on both sides.")
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "When merging querysets using 'or', you cannot have extra(select=...) on both sides."
+                )
         self.extra.update(rhs.extra)
         extra_select_mask = set()
         if self.extra_select_mask is not None:
@@ -767,11 +801,13 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
 
         # Create a new alias for this table.
         if alias_list:
-            alias = '%s%d' % (self.alias_prefix, len(self.alias_map) + 1)
+            alias = "%s%d" % (self.alias_prefix, len(self.alias_map) + 1)
             alias_list.append(alias)
         else:
             # The first occurrence of a table uses the table name directly.
-            alias = filtered_relation.alias if filtered_relation is not None else table_name
+            alias = (
+                filtered_relation.alias if filtered_relation is not None else table_name
+            )
             self.table_map[table_name] = [alias]
         self.alias_refcount[alias] = 1
         return alias, True
@@ -806,16 +842,19 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
             # Only the first alias (skipped above) should have None join_type
             assert self.alias_map[alias].join_type is not None
             parent_alias = self.alias_map[alias].parent_alias
-            parent_louter = parent_alias and self.alias_map[parent_alias].join_type == LOUTER
+            parent_louter = (
+                parent_alias and self.alias_map[parent_alias].join_type == LOUTER
+            )
             already_louter = self.alias_map[alias].join_type == LOUTER
-            if ((self.alias_map[alias].nullable or parent_louter) and
-                    not already_louter):
+            if (self.alias_map[alias].nullable or parent_louter) and not already_louter:
                 self.alias_map[alias] = self.alias_map[alias].promote()
                 # Join type of 'alias' changed, so re-examine all aliases that
                 # refer to this one.
                 aliases.extend(
-                    join for join in self.alias_map
-                    if self.alias_map[join].parent_alias == alias and join not in aliases
+                    join
+                    for join in self.alias_map
+                    if self.alias_map[join].parent_alias == alias
+                    and join not in aliases
                 )
 
     def demote_joins(self, aliases):
@@ -861,10 +900,13 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         # "group by" and "where".
         self.where.relabel_aliases(change_map)
         if isinstance(self.group_by, tuple):
-            self.group_by = tuple([col.relabeled_clone(change_map) for col in self.group_by])
+            self.group_by = tuple(
+                [col.relabeled_clone(change_map) for col in self.group_by]
+            )
         self.select = tuple([col.relabeled_clone(change_map) for col in self.select])
         self.annotations = self.annotations and {
-            key: col.relabeled_clone(change_map) for key, col in self.annotations.items()
+            key: col.relabeled_clone(change_map)
+            for key, col in self.annotations.items()
         }
 
         # 2. Rename the alias in the internal table/alias datastructures.
@@ -895,6 +937,7 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         conflict. Even tables that previously had no alias will get an alias
         after this call. To prevent changing aliases use the exclude parameter.
         """
+
         def prefix_gen():
             """
             Generate a sequence of characters in alphabetical order:
@@ -908,9 +951,9 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
             prefix = chr(ord(self.alias_prefix) + 1)
             yield prefix
             for n in count(1):
-                seq = alphabet[alphabet.index(prefix):] if prefix else alphabet
+                seq = alphabet[alphabet.index(prefix) :] if prefix else alphabet
                 for s in product(seq, repeat=n):
-                    yield ''.join(s)
+                    yield "".join(s)
                 prefix = None
 
         if self.alias_prefix != other_query.alias_prefix:
@@ -928,17 +971,19 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
                 break
             if pos > local_recursion_limit:
                 raise RecursionError(
-                    'Maximum recursion depth exceeded: too many subqueries.'
+                    "Maximum recursion depth exceeded: too many subqueries."
                 )
         self.subq_aliases = self.subq_aliases.union([self.alias_prefix])
         other_query.subq_aliases = other_query.subq_aliases.union(self.subq_aliases)
         if exclude is None:
             exclude = {}
-        self.change_aliases({
-            alias: '%s%d' % (self.alias_prefix, pos)
-            for pos, alias in enumerate(self.alias_map)
-            if alias not in exclude
-        })
+        self.change_aliases(
+            {
+                alias: "%s%d" % (self.alias_prefix, pos)
+                for pos, alias in enumerate(self.alias_map)
+                if alias not in exclude
+            }
+        )
 
     def get_initial_alias(self):
         """
@@ -974,7 +1019,8 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         joins are created as LOUTER if the join is nullable.
         """
         reuse_aliases = [
-            a for a, j in self.alias_map.items()
+            a
+            for a, j in self.alias_map.items()
             if (reuse is None or a in reuse) and j.equals(join)
         ]
         if reuse_aliases:
@@ -988,7 +1034,9 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
             return reuse_alias
 
         # No reuse is possible, so we need a new alias.
-        alias, _ = self.table_alias(join.table_name, create=True, filtered_relation=join.filtered_relation)
+        alias, _ = self.table_alias(
+            join.table_name, create=True, filtered_relation=join.filtered_relation
+        )
         if join.join_type:
             if self.alias_map[join.parent_alias].join_type == LOUTER or join.nullable:
                 join_type = LOUTER
@@ -1034,8 +1082,9 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
 
     def add_annotation(self, annotation, alias, is_summary=False, select=True):
         """Add a single annotation expression to the Query."""
-        annotation = annotation.resolve_expression(self, allow_joins=True, reuse=None,
-                                                   summarize=is_summary)
+        annotation = annotation.resolve_expression(
+            self, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=is_summary
+        )
         if select:
             self.append_annotation_mask([alias])
         else:
@@ -1050,27 +1099,32 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         clone.where.resolve_expression(query, *args, **kwargs)
         # Resolve combined queries.
         if clone.combinator:
-            clone.combined_queries = tuple([
-                combined_query.resolve_expression(query, *args, **kwargs)
-                for combined_query in clone.combined_queries
-            ])
+            clone.combined_queries = tuple(
+                [
+                    combined_query.resolve_expression(query, *args, **kwargs)
+                    for combined_query in clone.combined_queries
+                ]
+            )
         for key, value in clone.annotations.items():
             resolved = value.resolve_expression(query, *args, **kwargs)
-            if hasattr(resolved, 'external_aliases'):
+            if hasattr(resolved, "external_aliases"):
                 resolved.external_aliases.update(clone.external_aliases)
             clone.annotations[key] = resolved
         # Outer query's aliases are considered external.
         for alias, table in query.alias_map.items():
             clone.external_aliases[alias] = (
-                (isinstance(table, Join) and table.join_field.related_model._meta.db_table != alias) or
-                (isinstance(table, BaseTable) and table.table_name != table.table_alias)
+                isinstance(table, Join)
+                and table.join_field.related_model._meta.db_table != alias
+            ) or (
+                isinstance(table, BaseTable) and table.table_name != table.table_alias
             )
         return clone
 
     def get_external_cols(self):
         exprs = chain(self.annotations.values(), self.where.children)
         return [
-            col for col in self._gen_cols(exprs, include_external=True)
+            col
+            for col in self._gen_cols(exprs, include_external=True)
             if col.alias in self.external_aliases
         ]
 
@@ -1086,19 +1140,21 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         # Some backends (e.g. Oracle) raise an error when a subquery contains
         # unnecessary ORDER BY clause.
         if (
-            self.subquery and
-            not connection.features.ignores_unnecessary_order_by_in_subqueries
+            self.subquery
+            and not connection.features.ignores_unnecessary_order_by_in_subqueries
         ):
             self.clear_ordering(force=False)
         sql, params = self.get_compiler(connection=connection).as_sql()
         if self.subquery:
-            sql = '(%s)' % sql
+            sql = "(%s)" % sql
         return sql, params
 
     def resolve_lookup_value(self, value, can_reuse, allow_joins):
-        if hasattr(value, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if hasattr(value, "resolve_expression"):
             value = value.resolve_expression(
-                self, reuse=can_reuse, allow_joins=allow_joins,
+                self,
+                reuse=can_reuse,
+                allow_joins=allow_joins,
             )
         elif isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
             # The items of the iterable may be expressions and therefore need
@@ -1108,7 +1164,7 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
                 for sub_value in value
             )
             type_ = type(value)
-            if hasattr(type_, '_make'):  # namedtuple
+            if hasattr(type_, "_make"):  # namedtuple
                 return type_(*values)
             return type_(values)
         return value
@@ -1119,15 +1175,17 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         """
         lookup_splitted = lookup.split(LOOKUP_SEP)
         if self.annotations:
-            expression, expression_lookups = refs_expression(lookup_splitted, self.annotations)
+            expression, expression_lookups = refs_expression(
+                lookup_splitted, self.annotations
+            )
             if expression:
                 return expression_lookups, (), expression
         _, field, _, lookup_parts = self.names_to_path(lookup_splitted, self.get_meta())
-        field_parts = lookup_splitted[0:len(lookup_splitted) - len(lookup_parts)]
+        field_parts = lookup_splitted[0 : len(lookup_splitted) - len(lookup_parts)]
         if len(lookup_parts) > 1 and not field_parts:
             raise FieldError(
-                'Invalid lookup "%s" for model %s".' %
-                (lookup, self.get_meta().model.__name__)
+                'Invalid lookup "%s" for model %s".'
+                % (lookup, self.get_meta().model.__name__)
             )
         return lookup_parts, field_parts, False
 
@@ -1136,11 +1194,12 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         Check whether the object passed while querying is of the correct type.
         If not, raise a ValueError specifying the wrong object.
         """
-        if hasattr(value, '_meta'):
+        if hasattr(value, "_meta"):
             if not check_rel_lookup_compatibility(value._meta.model, opts, field):
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'Cannot query "%s": Must be "%s" instance.' %
-                    (value, opts.object_name))
+                    'Cannot query "%s": Must be "%s" instance.'
+                    % (value, opts.object_name)
+                )
 
     def check_related_objects(self, field, value, opts):
         """Check the type of object passed to query relations."""
@@ -1150,29 +1209,31 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
             # opts would be Author's (from the author field) and value.model
             # would be Author.objects.all() queryset's .model (Author also).
             # The field is the related field on the lhs side.
-            if (isinstance(value, Query) and not value.has_select_fields and
-                    not check_rel_lookup_compatibility(value.model, opts, field)):
+            if (
+                isinstance(value, Query)
+                and not value.has_select_fields
+                and not check_rel_lookup_compatibility(value.model, opts, field)
+            ):
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'Cannot use QuerySet for "%s": Use a QuerySet for "%s".' %
-                    (value.model._meta.object_name, opts.object_name)
+                    'Cannot use QuerySet for "%s": Use a QuerySet for "%s".'
+                    % (value.model._meta.object_name, opts.object_name)
                 )
-            elif hasattr(value, '_meta'):
+            elif hasattr(value, "_meta"):
                 self.check_query_object_type(value, opts, field)
-            elif hasattr(value, '__iter__'):
+            elif hasattr(value, "__iter__"):
                 for v in value:
                     self.check_query_object_type(v, opts, field)
 
     def check_filterable(self, expression):
         """Raise an error if expression cannot be used in a WHERE clause."""
-        if (
-            hasattr(expression, 'resolve_expression') and
-            not getattr(expression, 'filterable', True)
+        if hasattr(expression, "resolve_expression") and not getattr(
+            expression, "filterable", True
         ):
             raise NotSupportedError(
-                expression.__class__.__name__ + ' is disallowed in the filter '
-                'clause.'
+                expression.__class__.__name__ + " is disallowed in the filter "
+                "clause."
             )
-        if hasattr(expression, 'get_source_expressions'):
+        if hasattr(expression, "get_source_expressions"):
             for expr in expression.get_source_expressions():
                 self.check_filterable(expr)
 
@@ -1186,7 +1247,7 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         and get_transform().
         """
         # __exact is the default lookup if one isn't given.
-        *transforms, lookup_name = lookups or ['exact']
+        *transforms, lookup_name = lookups or ["exact"]
         for name in transforms:
             lhs = self.try_transform(lhs, name)
         # First try get_lookup() so that the lookup takes precedence if the lhs
@@ -1194,11 +1255,13 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         lookup_class = lhs.get_lookup(lookup_name)
         if not lookup_class:
             if lhs.field.is_relation:
-                raise FieldError('Related Field got invalid lookup: {}'.format(lookup_name))
+                raise FieldError(
+                    "Related Field got invalid lookup: {}".format(lookup_name)
+                )
             # A lookup wasn't found. Try to interpret the name as a transform
             # and do an Exact lookup against it.
             lhs = self.try_transform(lhs, lookup_name)
-            lookup_name = 'exact'
+            lookup_name = "exact"
             lookup_class = lhs.get_lookup(lookup_name)
             if not lookup_class:
                 return
@@ -1207,20 +1270,20 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         # Interpret '__exact=None' as the sql 'is NULL'; otherwise, reject all
         # uses of None as a query value unless the lookup supports it.
         if lookup.rhs is None and not lookup.can_use_none_as_rhs:
-            if lookup_name not in ('exact', 'iexact'):
+            if lookup_name not in ("exact", "iexact"):
                 raise ValueError("Cannot use None as a query value")
-            return lhs.get_lookup('isnull')(lhs, True)
+            return lhs.get_lookup("isnull")(lhs, True)
 
         # For Oracle '' is equivalent to null. The check must be done at this
         # stage because join promotion can't be done in the compiler. Using
         # DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS isn't nice but it's the best that can be done here.
         # A similar thing is done in is_nullable(), too.
         if (
-            lookup_name == 'exact' and
-            lookup.rhs == '' and
-            connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS].features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls
+            lookup_name == "exact"
+            and lookup.rhs == ""
+            and connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS].features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls
         ):
-            return lhs.get_lookup('isnull')(lhs, True)
+            return lhs.get_lookup("isnull")(lhs, True)
 
         return lookup
 
@@ -1234,19 +1297,28 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
             return transform_class(lhs)
         else:
             output_field = lhs.output_field.__class__
-            suggested_lookups = difflib.get_close_matches(name, output_field.get_lookups())
+            suggested_lookups = difflib.get_close_matches(
+                name, output_field.get_lookups()
+            )
             if suggested_lookups:
-                suggestion = ', perhaps you meant %s?' % ' or '.join(suggested_lookups)
+                suggestion = ", perhaps you meant %s?" % " or ".join(suggested_lookups)
             else:
-                suggestion = '.'
+                suggestion = "."
             raise FieldError(
                 "Unsupported lookup '%s' for %s or join on the field not "
                 "permitted%s" % (name, output_field.__name__, suggestion)
             )
 
-    def build_filter(self, filter_expr, branch_negated=False, current_negated=False,
-                     can_reuse=None, allow_joins=True, split_subq=True,
-                     check_filterable=True):
+    def build_filter(
+        self,
+        filter_expr,
+        branch_negated=False,
+        current_negated=False,
+        can_reuse=None,
+        allow_joins=True,
+        split_subq=True,
+        check_filterable=True,
+    ):
         """
         Build a WhereNode for a single filter clause but don't add it
         to this Query. Query.add_q() will then add this filter to the where
@@ -1284,12 +1356,12 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
                 split_subq=split_subq,
                 check_filterable=check_filterable,
             )
-        if hasattr(filter_expr, 'resolve_expression'):
-            if not getattr(filter_expr, 'conditional', False):
-                raise TypeError('Cannot filter against a non-conditional expression.')
+        if hasattr(filter_expr, "resolve_expression"):
+            if not getattr(filter_expr, "conditional", False):
+                raise TypeError("Cannot filter against a non-conditional expression.")
             condition = filter_expr.resolve_expression(self, allow_joins=allow_joins)
             if not isinstance(condition, Lookup):
-                condition = self.build_lookup(['exact'], condition, True)
+                condition = self.build_lookup(["exact"], condition, True)
             return WhereNode([condition], connector=AND), []
         arg, value = filter_expr
         if not arg:
@@ -1304,7 +1376,9 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
 
         pre_joins = self.alias_refcount.copy()
         value = self.resolve_lookup_value(value, can_reuse, allow_joins)
-        used_joins = {k for k, v in self.alias_refcount.items() if v > pre_joins.get(k, 0)}
+        used_joins = {
+            k for k, v in self.alias_refcount.items() if v > pre_joins.get(k, 0)
+        }
 
         if check_filterable:
             self.check_filterable(value)
@@ -1319,7 +1393,11 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
 
         try:
             join_info = self.setup_joins(
-                parts, opts, alias, can_reuse=can_reuse, allow_many=allow_many,
+                parts,
+                opts,
+                alias,
+                can_reuse=can_reuse,
+                allow_many=allow_many,
             )
 
             # Prevent iterator from being consumed by check_related_objects()
@@ -1336,7 +1414,9 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         # Update used_joins before trimming since they are reused to determine
         # which joins could be later promoted to INNER.
         used_joins.update(join_info.joins)
-        targets, alias, join_list = self.trim_joins(join_info.targets, join_info.joins, join_info.path)
+        targets, alias, join_list = self.trim_joins(
+            join_info.targets, join_info.joins, join_info.path
+        )
         if can_reuse is not None:
             can_reuse.update(join_list)
 
@@ -1344,11 +1424,15 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
             # No support for transforms for relational fields
             num_lookups = len(lookups)
             if num_lookups > 1:
-                raise FieldError('Related Field got invalid lookup: {}'.format(lookups[0]))
+                raise FieldError(
+                    "Related Field got invalid lookup: {}".format(lookups[0])
+                )
             if len(targets) == 1:
                 col = self._get_col(targets[0], join_info.final_field, alias)
             else:
-                col = MultiColSource(alias, targets, join_info.targets, join_info.final_field)
+                col = MultiColSource(
+                    alias, targets, join_info.targets, join_info.final_field
+                )
         else:
             col = self._get_col(targets[0], join_info.final_field, alias)
 
@@ -1356,10 +1440,16 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         lookup_type = condition.lookup_name
         clause = WhereNode([condition], connector=AND)
 
-        require_outer = lookup_type == 'isnull' and condition.rhs is True and not current_negated
-        if current_negated and (lookup_type != 'isnull' or condition.rhs is False) and condition.rhs is not None:
+        require_outer = (
+            lookup_type == "isnull" and condition.rhs is True and not current_negated
+        )
+        if (
+            current_negated
+            and (lookup_type != "isnull" or condition.rhs is False)
+            and condition.rhs is not None
+        ):
             require_outer = True
-            if lookup_type != 'isnull':
+            if lookup_type != "isnull":
                 # The condition added here will be SQL like this:
                 # NOT (col IS NOT NULL), where the first NOT is added in
                 # upper layers of code. The reason for addition is that if col
@@ -1370,16 +1460,16 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
                 #   <=>
                 # NOT (col IS NOT NULL AND col = someval).
                 if (
-                    self.is_nullable(targets[0]) or
-                    self.alias_map[join_list[-1]].join_type == LOUTER
+                    self.is_nullable(targets[0])
+                    or self.alias_map[join_list[-1]].join_type == LOUTER
                 ):
-                    lookup_class = targets[0].get_lookup('isnull')
+                    lookup_class = targets[0].get_lookup("isnull")
                     col = self._get_col(targets[0], join_info.targets[0], alias)
                     clause.add(lookup_class(col, False), AND)
                 # If someval is a nullable column, someval IS NOT NULL is
                 # added.
                 if isinstance(value, Col) and self.is_nullable(value.target):
-                    lookup_class = value.target.get_lookup('isnull')
+                    lookup_class = value.target.get_lookup("isnull")
                     clause.add(lookup_class(value, False), AND)
         return clause, used_joins if not require_outer else ()
 
@@ -1397,7 +1487,9 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         # (Consider case where rel_a is LOUTER and rel_a__col=1 is added - if
         # rel_a doesn't produce any rows, then the whole condition must fail.
         # So, demotion is OK.
-        existing_inner = {a for a in self.alias_map if self.alias_map[a].join_type == INNER}
+        existing_inner = {
+            a for a in self.alias_map if self.alias_map[a].join_type == INNER
+        }
         clause, _ = self._add_q(q_object, self.used_aliases)
         if clause:
             self.where.add(clause, AND)
@@ -1409,20 +1501,33 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
     def clear_where(self):
         self.where = WhereNode()
 
-    def _add_q(self, q_object, used_aliases, branch_negated=False,
-               current_negated=False, allow_joins=True, split_subq=True,
-               check_filterable=True):
+    def _add_q(
+        self,
+        q_object,
+        used_aliases,
+        branch_negated=False,
+        current_negated=False,
+        allow_joins=True,
+        split_subq=True,
+        check_filterable=True,
+    ):
         """Add a Q-object to the current filter."""
         connector = q_object.connector
         current_negated = current_negated ^ q_object.negated
         branch_negated = branch_negated or q_object.negated
         target_clause = WhereNode(connector=connector, negated=q_object.negated)
-        joinpromoter = JoinPromoter(q_object.connector, len(q_object.children), current_negated)
+        joinpromoter = JoinPromoter(
+            q_object.connector, len(q_object.children), current_negated
+        )
         for child in q_object.children:
             child_clause, needed_inner = self.build_filter(
-                child, can_reuse=used_aliases, branch_negated=branch_negated,
-                current_negated=current_negated, allow_joins=allow_joins,
-                split_subq=split_subq, check_filterable=check_filterable,
+                child,
+                can_reuse=used_aliases,
+                branch_negated=branch_negated,
+                current_negated=current_negated,
+                allow_joins=allow_joins,
+                split_subq=split_subq,
+                check_filterable=check_filterable,
             )
             joinpromoter.add_votes(needed_inner)
             if child_clause:
@@ -1430,7 +1535,9 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         needed_inner = joinpromoter.update_join_types(self)
         return target_clause, needed_inner
 
-    def build_filtered_relation_q(self, q_object, reuse, branch_negated=False, current_negated=False):
+    def build_filtered_relation_q(
+        self, q_object, reuse, branch_negated=False, current_negated=False
+    ):
         """Add a FilteredRelation object to the current filter."""
         connector = q_object.connector
         current_negated ^= q_object.negated
@@ -1439,14 +1546,19 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         for child in q_object.children:
             if isinstance(child, Node):
                 child_clause = self.build_filtered_relation_q(
-                    child, reuse=reuse, branch_negated=branch_negated,
+                    child,
+                    reuse=reuse,
+                    branch_negated=branch_negated,
                     current_negated=current_negated,
                 )
             else:
                 child_clause, _ = self.build_filter(
-                    child, can_reuse=reuse, branch_negated=branch_negated,
+                    child,
+                    can_reuse=reuse,
+                    branch_negated=branch_negated,
                     current_negated=current_negated,
-                    allow_joins=True, split_subq=False,
+                    allow_joins=True,
+                    split_subq=False,
                 )
             target_clause.add(child_clause, connector)
         return target_clause
@@ -1454,7 +1566,9 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
     def add_filtered_relation(self, filtered_relation, alias):
         filtered_relation.alias = alias
         lookups = dict(get_children_from_q(filtered_relation.condition))
-        relation_lookup_parts, relation_field_parts, _ = self.solve_lookup_type(filtered_relation.relation_name)
+        relation_lookup_parts, relation_field_parts, _ = self.solve_lookup_type(
+            filtered_relation.relation_name
+        )
         if relation_lookup_parts:
             raise ValueError(
                 "FilteredRelation's relation_name cannot contain lookups "
@@ -1498,7 +1612,7 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         path, names_with_path = [], []
         for pos, name in enumerate(names):
             cur_names_with_path = (name, [])
-            if name == 'pk':
+            if name == "pk":
                 name = opts.pk.name
 
             field = None
@@ -1513,7 +1627,10 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
                     if LOOKUP_SEP in filtered_relation.relation_name:
                         parts = filtered_relation.relation_name.split(LOOKUP_SEP)
                         filtered_relation_path, field, _, _ = self.names_to_path(
-                            parts, opts, allow_many, fail_on_missing,
+                            parts,
+                            opts,
+                            allow_many,
+                            fail_on_missing,
                         )
                         path.extend(filtered_relation_path[:-1])
                     else:
@@ -1540,13 +1657,17 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
                 # one step.
                 pos -= 1
                 if pos == -1 or fail_on_missing:
-                    available = sorted([
-                        *get_field_names_from_opts(opts),
-                        *self.annotation_select,
-                        *self._filtered_relations,
-                    ])
-                    raise FieldError("Cannot resolve keyword '%s' into field. "
-                                     "Choices are: %s" % (name, ", ".join(available)))
+                    available = sorted(
+                        [
+                            *get_field_names_from_opts(opts),
+                            *self.annotation_select,
+                            *self._filtered_relations,
+                        ]
+                    )
+                    raise FieldError(
+                        "Cannot resolve keyword '%s' into field. "
+                        "Choices are: %s" % (name, ", ".join(available))
+                    )
                 break
             # Check if we need any joins for concrete inheritance cases (the
             # field lives in parent, but we are currently in one of its
@@ -1557,7 +1678,7 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
                     path.extend(path_to_parent)
                     cur_names_with_path[1].extend(path_to_parent)
                     opts = path_to_parent[-1].to_opts
-            if hasattr(field, 'path_infos'):
+            if hasattr(field, "path_infos"):
                 if filtered_relation:
                     pathinfos = field.get_path_info(filtered_relation)
                 else:
@@ -1565,7 +1686,7 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
                 if not allow_many:
                     for inner_pos, p in enumerate(pathinfos):
                         if p.m2m:
-                            cur_names_with_path[1].extend(pathinfos[0:inner_pos + 1])
+                            cur_names_with_path[1].extend(pathinfos[0 : inner_pos + 1])
                             names_with_path.append(cur_names_with_path)
                             raise MultiJoin(pos + 1, names_with_path)
                 last = pathinfos[-1]
@@ -1582,9 +1703,10 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
                 if fail_on_missing and pos + 1 != len(names):
                     raise FieldError(
                         "Cannot resolve keyword %r into field. Join on '%s'"
-                        " not permitted." % (names[pos + 1], name))
+                        " not permitted." % (names[pos + 1], name)
+                    )
                 break
-        return path, final_field, targets, names[pos + 1:]
+        return path, final_field, targets, names[pos + 1 :]
 
     def setup_joins(self, names, opts, alias, can_reuse=None, allow_many=True):
         """
@@ -1631,7 +1753,10 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         for pivot in range(len(names), 0, -1):
             try:
                 path, final_field, targets, rest = self.names_to_path(
-                    names[:pivot], opts, allow_many, fail_on_missing=True,
+                    names[:pivot],
+                    opts,
+                    allow_many,
+                    fail_on_missing=True,
                 )
             except FieldError as exc:
                 if pivot == 1:
@@ -1646,6 +1771,7 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
                 transforms = names[pivot:]
                 break
         for name in transforms:
+
             def transform(field, alias, *, name, previous):
                 try:
                     wrapped = previous(field, alias)
@@ -1656,7 +1782,10 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
                         raise last_field_exception
                     else:
                         raise
-            final_transformer = functools.partial(transform, name=name, previous=final_transformer)
+
+            final_transformer = functools.partial(
+                transform, name=name, previous=final_transformer
+            )
         # Then, add the path to the query's joins. Note that we can't trim
         # joins at this stage - we will need the information about join type
         # of the trimmed joins.
@@ -1673,8 +1802,13 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
             else:
                 nullable = True
             connection = self.join_class(
-                opts.db_table, alias, table_alias, INNER, join.join_field,
-                nullable, filtered_relation=filtered_relation,
+                opts.db_table,
+                alias,
+                table_alias,
+                INNER,
+                join.join_field,
+                nullable,
+                filtered_relation=filtered_relation,
             )
             reuse = can_reuse if join.m2m else None
             alias = self.join(connection, reuse=reuse)
@@ -1706,7 +1840,11 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
             cur_targets = {t.column for t in targets}
             if not cur_targets.issubset(join_targets):
                 break
-            targets_dict = {r[1].column: r[0] for r in info.join_field.related_fields if r[1].column in cur_targets}
+            targets_dict = {
+                r[1].column: r[0]
+                for r in info.join_field.related_fields
+                if r[1].column in cur_targets
+            }
             targets = tuple(targets_dict[t.column] for t in targets)
             self.unref_alias(joins.pop())
         return targets, joins[-1], joins
@@ -1716,9 +1854,11 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         for expr in exprs:
             if isinstance(expr, Col):
                 yield expr
-            elif include_external and callable(getattr(expr, 'get_external_cols', None)):
+            elif include_external and callable(
+                getattr(expr, "get_external_cols", None)
+            ):
                 yield from expr.get_external_cols()
-            elif hasattr(expr, 'get_source_expressions'):
+            elif hasattr(expr, "get_source_expressions"):
                 yield from cls._gen_cols(
                     expr.get_source_expressions(),
                     include_external=include_external,
@@ -1735,7 +1875,7 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
                 for alias in self._gen_col_aliases([annotation]):
                     if isinstance(self.alias_map[alias], Join):
                         raise FieldError(
-                            'Joined field references are not permitted in this query'
+                            "Joined field references are not permitted in this query"
                         )
             if summarize:
                 # Summarize currently means we are doing an aggregate() query
@@ -1757,10 +1897,16 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
                 for transform in field_list[1:]:
                     annotation = self.try_transform(annotation, transform)
                 return annotation
-            join_info = self.setup_joins(field_list, self.get_meta(), self.get_initial_alias(), can_reuse=reuse)
-            targets, final_alias, join_list = self.trim_joins(join_info.targets, join_info.joins, join_info.path)
+            join_info = self.setup_joins(
+                field_list, self.get_meta(), self.get_initial_alias(), can_reuse=reuse
+            )
+            targets, final_alias, join_list = self.trim_joins(
+                join_info.targets, join_info.joins, join_info.path
+            )
             if not allow_joins and len(join_list) > 1:
-                raise FieldError('Joined field references are not permitted in this query')
+                raise FieldError(
+                    "Joined field references are not permitted in this query"
+                )
             if len(targets) > 1:
                 raise FieldError(
                     "Referencing multicolumn fields with F() objects isn't supported"
@@ -1813,23 +1959,25 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
             # Need to add a restriction so that outer query's filters are in effect for
             # the subquery, too.
             query.bump_prefix(self)
-            lookup_class = select_field.get_lookup('exact')
+            lookup_class = select_field.get_lookup("exact")
             # Note that the query.select[0].alias is different from alias
             # due to bump_prefix above.
-            lookup = lookup_class(pk.get_col(query.select[0].alias),
-                                  pk.get_col(alias))
+            lookup = lookup_class(pk.get_col(query.select[0].alias), pk.get_col(alias))
             query.where.add(lookup, AND)
             query.external_aliases[alias] = True
 
-        lookup_class = select_field.get_lookup('exact')
+        lookup_class = select_field.get_lookup("exact")
         lookup = lookup_class(col, ResolvedOuterRef(trimmed_prefix))
         query.where.add(lookup, AND)
         condition, needed_inner = self.build_filter(Exists(query))
 
         if contains_louter:
             or_null_condition, _ = self.build_filter(
-                ('%s__isnull' % trimmed_prefix, True),
-                current_negated=True, branch_negated=True, can_reuse=can_reuse)
+                ("%s__isnull" % trimmed_prefix, True),
+                current_negated=True,
+                branch_negated=True,
+                can_reuse=can_reuse,
+            )
             condition.add(or_null_condition, OR)
             # Note that the end result will be:
             # (outercol NOT IN innerq AND outercol IS NOT NULL) OR outercol IS NULL.
@@ -1907,8 +2055,8 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         self.values_select = ()
 
     def add_select_col(self, col, name):
-        self.select += col,
-        self.values_select += name,
+        self.select += (col,)
+        self.values_select += (name,)
 
     def set_select(self, cols):
         self.default_cols = False
@@ -1934,7 +2082,9 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
             for name in field_names:
                 # Join promotion note - we must not remove any rows here, so
                 # if there is no existing joins, use outer join.
-                join_info = self.setup_joins(name.split(LOOKUP_SEP), opts, alias, allow_many=allow_m2m)
+                join_info = self.setup_joins(
+                    name.split(LOOKUP_SEP), opts, alias, allow_many=allow_m2m
+                )
                 targets, final_alias, joins = self.trim_joins(
                     join_info.targets,
                     join_info.joins,
@@ -1957,12 +2107,18 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
                     "it." % name
                 )
             else:
-                names = sorted([
-                    *get_field_names_from_opts(opts), *self.extra,
-                    *self.annotation_select, *self._filtered_relations
-                ])
-                raise FieldError("Cannot resolve keyword %r into field. "
-                                 "Choices are: %s" % (name, ", ".join(names)))
+                names = sorted(
+                    [
+                        *get_field_names_from_opts(opts),
+                        *self.extra,
+                        *self.annotation_select,
+                        *self._filtered_relations,
+                    ]
+                )
+                raise FieldError(
+                    "Cannot resolve keyword %r into field. "
+                    "Choices are: %s" % (name, ", ".join(names))
+                )
 
     def add_ordering(self, *ordering):
         """
@@ -1976,9 +2132,9 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         errors = []
         for item in ordering:
             if isinstance(item, str):
-                if item == '?':
+                if item == "?":
                     continue
-                if item.startswith('-'):
+                if item.startswith("-"):
                     item = item[1:]
                 if item in self.annotations:
                     continue
@@ -1987,15 +2143,15 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
                 # names_to_path() validates the lookup. A descriptive
                 # FieldError will be raise if it's not.
                 self.names_to_path(item.split(LOOKUP_SEP), self.model._meta)
-            elif not hasattr(item, 'resolve_expression'):
+            elif not hasattr(item, "resolve_expression"):
                 errors.append(item)
-            if getattr(item, 'contains_aggregate', False):
+            if getattr(item, "contains_aggregate", False):
                 raise FieldError(
-                    'Using an aggregate in order_by() without also including '
-                    'it in annotate() is not allowed: %s' % item
+                    "Using an aggregate in order_by() without also including "
+                    "it in annotate() is not allowed: %s" % item
                 )
         if errors:
-            raise FieldError('Invalid order_by arguments: %s' % errors)
+            raise FieldError("Invalid order_by arguments: %s" % errors)
         if ordering:
             self.order_by += ordering
         else:
@@ -2008,7 +2164,9 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         If 'clear_default' is True, there will be no ordering in the resulting
         query (not even the model's default).
         """
-        if not force and (self.is_sliced or self.distinct_fields or self.select_for_update):
+        if not force and (
+            self.is_sliced or self.distinct_fields or self.select_for_update
+        ):
             return
         self.order_by = ()
         self.extra_order_by = ()
@@ -2031,10 +2189,9 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
             for join in list(self.alias_map.values())[1:]:  # Skip base table.
                 model = join.join_field.related_model
                 if model not in seen_models:
-                    column_names.update({
-                        field.column
-                        for field in model._meta.local_concrete_fields
-                    })
+                    column_names.update(
+                        {field.column for field in model._meta.local_concrete_fields}
+                    )
                     seen_models.add(model)
 
         group_by = list(self.select)
@@ -2082,7 +2239,7 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
                 entry_params = []
                 pos = entry.find("%s")
                 while pos != -1:
-                    if pos == 0 or entry[pos - 1] != '%':
+                    if pos == 0 or entry[pos - 1] != "%":
                         entry_params.append(next(param_iter))
                     pos = entry.find("%s", pos + 2)
                 select_pairs[name] = (entry, entry_params)
@@ -2135,8 +2292,8 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         """
         existing, defer = self.deferred_loading
         field_names = set(field_names)
-        if 'pk' in field_names:
-            field_names.remove('pk')
+        if "pk" in field_names:
+            field_names.remove("pk")
             field_names.add(self.get_meta().pk.name)
 
         if defer:
@@ -2224,7 +2381,9 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         # Selected annotations must be known before setting the GROUP BY
         # clause.
         if self.group_by is True:
-            self.add_fields((f.attname for f in self.model._meta.concrete_fields), False)
+            self.add_fields(
+                (f.attname for f in self.model._meta.concrete_fields), False
+            )
             # Disable GROUP BY aliases to avoid orphaning references to the
             # SELECT clause which is about to be cleared.
             self.set_group_by(allow_aliases=False)
@@ -2254,7 +2413,8 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
             return {}
         elif self.annotation_select_mask is not None:
             self._annotation_select_cache = {
-                k: v for k, v in self.annotations.items()
+                k: v
+                for k, v in self.annotations.items()
                 if k in self.annotation_select_mask
             }
             return self._annotation_select_cache
@@ -2269,8 +2429,7 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
             return {}
         elif self.extra_select_mask is not None:
             self._extra_select_cache = {
-                k: v for k, v in self.extra.items()
-                if k in self.extra_select_mask
+                k: v for k, v in self.extra.items() if k in self.extra_select_mask
             }
             return self._extra_select_cache
         else:
@@ -2297,8 +2456,7 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         # the lookup part of the query. That is, avoid trimming
         # joins generated for F() expressions.
         lookup_tables = [
-            t for t in self.alias_map
-            if t in self._lookup_joins or t == self.base_table
+            t for t in self.alias_map if t in self._lookup_joins or t == self.base_table
         ]
         for trimmed_paths, path in enumerate(all_paths):
             if path.m2m:
@@ -2317,8 +2475,7 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
                 break
             trimmed_prefix.append(name)
             paths_in_prefix -= len(path)
-        trimmed_prefix.append(
-            join_field.foreign_related_fields[0].name)
+        trimmed_prefix.append(join_field.foreign_related_fields[0].name)
         trimmed_prefix = LOOKUP_SEP.join(trimmed_prefix)
         # Lets still see if we can trim the first join from the inner query
         # (that is, self). We can't do this for:
@@ -2331,7 +2488,9 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
             select_fields = [r[0] for r in join_field.related_fields]
             select_alias = lookup_tables[trimmed_paths + 1]
             self.unref_alias(lookup_tables[trimmed_paths])
-            extra_restriction = join_field.get_extra_restriction(None, lookup_tables[trimmed_paths + 1])
+            extra_restriction = join_field.get_extra_restriction(
+                None, lookup_tables[trimmed_paths + 1]
+            )
             if extra_restriction:
                 self.where.add(extra_restriction, AND)
         else:
@@ -2367,12 +2526,12 @@ class Query(BaseExpression):
         # is_nullable() is needed to the compiler stage, but that is not easy
         # to do currently.
         return field.null or (
-            field.empty_strings_allowed and
-            connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS].features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls
+            field.empty_strings_allowed
+            and connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS].features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls
         )
 
 
-def get_order_dir(field, default='ASC'):
+def get_order_dir(field, default="ASC"):
     """
     Return the field name and direction for an order specification. For
     example, '-foo' is returned as ('foo', 'DESC').
@@ -2381,7 +2540,7 @@ def get_order_dir(field, default='ASC'):
     prefix) should sort. The '-' prefix always sorts the opposite way.
     """
     dirn = ORDER_DIR[default]
-    if field[0] == '-':
+    if field[0] == "-":
         return field[1:], dirn[1]
     return field, dirn[0]
 
@@ -2428,8 +2587,8 @@ class JoinPromoter:
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return (
-            f'{self.__class__.__qualname__}(connector={self.connector!r}, '
-            f'num_children={self.num_children!r}, negated={self.negated!r})'
+            f"{self.__class__.__qualname__}(connector={self.connector!r}, "
+            f"num_children={self.num_children!r}, negated={self.negated!r})"
         )
 
     def add_votes(self, votes):
@@ -2461,7 +2620,7 @@ class JoinPromoter:
             # to rel_a would remove a valid match from the query. So, we need
             # to promote any existing INNER to LOUTER (it is possible this
             # promotion in turn will be demoted later on).
-            if self.effective_connector == 'OR' and votes < self.num_children:
+            if self.effective_connector == "OR" and votes < self.num_children:
                 to_promote.add(table)
             # If connector is AND and there is a filter that can match only
             # when there is a joinable row, then use INNER. For example, in
@@ -2473,8 +2632,9 @@ class JoinPromoter:
             #     (rel_a__col__icontains=Alex | rel_a__col__icontains=Russell)
             # then if rel_a doesn't produce any rows, the whole condition
             # can't match. Hence we can safely use INNER join.
-            if self.effective_connector == 'AND' or (
-                    self.effective_connector == 'OR' and votes == self.num_children):
+            if self.effective_connector == "AND" or (
+                self.effective_connector == "OR" and votes == self.num_children
+            ):
                 to_demote.add(table)
             # Finally, what happens in cases where we have:
             #    (rel_a__col=1|rel_b__col=2) & rel_a__col__gte=0
diff --git a/django/db/models/sql/subqueries.py b/django/db/models/sql/subqueries.py
index f6a371a925..04063f73bc 100644
--- a/django/db/models/sql/subqueries.py
+++ b/django/db/models/sql/subqueries.py
@@ -3,18 +3,16 @@ Query subclasses which provide extra functionality beyond simple data retrieval.
 """
 
 from django.core.exceptions import FieldError
-from django.db.models.sql.constants import (
-    CURSOR, GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE, NO_RESULTS,
-)
+from django.db.models.sql.constants import CURSOR, GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE, NO_RESULTS
 from django.db.models.sql.query import Query
 
-__all__ = ['DeleteQuery', 'UpdateQuery', 'InsertQuery', 'AggregateQuery']
+__all__ = ["DeleteQuery", "UpdateQuery", "InsertQuery", "AggregateQuery"]
 
 
 class DeleteQuery(Query):
     """A DELETE SQL query."""
 
-    compiler = 'SQLDeleteCompiler'
+    compiler = "SQLDeleteCompiler"
 
     def do_query(self, table, where, using):
         self.alias_map = {table: self.alias_map[table]}
@@ -38,17 +36,19 @@ class DeleteQuery(Query):
         for offset in range(0, len(pk_list), GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE):
             self.clear_where()
             self.add_filter(
-                f'{field.attname}__in',
-                pk_list[offset:offset + GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE],
+                f"{field.attname}__in",
+                pk_list[offset : offset + GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE],
+            )
+            num_deleted += self.do_query(
+                self.get_meta().db_table, self.where, using=using
             )
-            num_deleted += self.do_query(self.get_meta().db_table, self.where, using=using)
         return num_deleted
 
 
 class UpdateQuery(Query):
     """An UPDATE SQL query."""
 
-    compiler = 'SQLUpdateCompiler'
+    compiler = "SQLUpdateCompiler"
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -72,7 +72,9 @@ class UpdateQuery(Query):
         self.add_update_values(values)
         for offset in range(0, len(pk_list), GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE):
             self.clear_where()
-            self.add_filter('pk__in', pk_list[offset: offset + GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE])
+            self.add_filter(
+                "pk__in", pk_list[offset : offset + GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE]
+            )
             self.get_compiler(using).execute_sql(NO_RESULTS)
 
     def add_update_values(self, values):
@@ -84,12 +86,14 @@ class UpdateQuery(Query):
         values_seq = []
         for name, val in values.items():
             field = self.get_meta().get_field(name)
-            direct = not (field.auto_created and not field.concrete) or not field.concrete
+            direct = (
+                not (field.auto_created and not field.concrete) or not field.concrete
+            )
             model = field.model._meta.concrete_model
             if not direct or (field.is_relation and field.many_to_many):
                 raise FieldError(
-                    'Cannot update model field %r (only non-relations and '
-                    'foreign keys permitted).' % field
+                    "Cannot update model field %r (only non-relations and "
+                    "foreign keys permitted)." % field
                 )
             if model is not self.get_meta().concrete_model:
                 self.add_related_update(model, field, val)
@@ -104,7 +108,7 @@ class UpdateQuery(Query):
         called add_update_targets() to hint at the extra information here.
         """
         for field, model, val in values_seq:
-            if hasattr(val, 'resolve_expression'):
+            if hasattr(val, "resolve_expression"):
                 # Resolve expressions here so that annotations are no longer needed
                 val = val.resolve_expression(self, allow_joins=False, for_save=True)
             self.values.append((field, model, val))
@@ -130,15 +134,17 @@ class UpdateQuery(Query):
             query = UpdateQuery(model)
             query.values = values
             if self.related_ids is not None:
-                query.add_filter('pk__in', self.related_ids)
+                query.add_filter("pk__in", self.related_ids)
             result.append(query)
         return result
 
 
 class InsertQuery(Query):
-    compiler = 'SQLInsertCompiler'
+    compiler = "SQLInsertCompiler"
 
-    def __init__(self, *args, on_conflict=None, update_fields=None, unique_fields=None, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self, *args, on_conflict=None, update_fields=None, unique_fields=None, **kwargs
+    ):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self.fields = []
         self.objs = []
@@ -158,7 +164,7 @@ class AggregateQuery(Query):
     elements in the provided list.
     """
 
-    compiler = 'SQLAggregateCompiler'
+    compiler = "SQLAggregateCompiler"
 
     def __init__(self, model, inner_query):
         self.inner_query = inner_query
diff --git a/django/db/models/sql/where.py b/django/db/models/sql/where.py
index 50ff13be75..532780fd98 100644
--- a/django/db/models/sql/where.py
+++ b/django/db/models/sql/where.py
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ from django.utils import tree
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
 # Connection types
-AND = 'AND'
-OR = 'OR'
+AND = "AND"
+OR = "OR"
 
 
 class WhereNode(tree.Node):
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ class WhereNode(tree.Node):
     relabeled_clone() method or relabel_aliases() and clone() methods and
     contains_aggregate attribute.
     """
+
     default = AND
     resolved = False
     conditional = True
@@ -40,15 +41,15 @@ class WhereNode(tree.Node):
         in_negated = negated ^ self.negated
         # If the effective connector is OR and this node contains an aggregate,
         # then we need to push the whole branch to HAVING clause.
-        may_need_split = (
-            (in_negated and self.connector == AND) or
-            (not in_negated and self.connector == OR))
+        may_need_split = (in_negated and self.connector == AND) or (
+            not in_negated and self.connector == OR
+        )
         if may_need_split and self.contains_aggregate:
             return None, self
         where_parts = []
         having_parts = []
         for c in self.children:
-            if hasattr(c, 'split_having'):
+            if hasattr(c, "split_having"):
                 where_part, having_part = c.split_having(in_negated)
                 if where_part is not None:
                     where_parts.append(where_part)
@@ -58,8 +59,16 @@ class WhereNode(tree.Node):
                 having_parts.append(c)
             else:
                 where_parts.append(c)
-        having_node = self.__class__(having_parts, self.connector, self.negated) if having_parts else None
-        where_node = self.__class__(where_parts, self.connector, self.negated) if where_parts else None
+        having_node = (
+            self.__class__(having_parts, self.connector, self.negated)
+            if having_parts
+            else None
+        )
+        where_node = (
+            self.__class__(where_parts, self.connector, self.negated)
+            if where_parts
+            else None
+        )
         return where_node, having_node
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
@@ -94,24 +103,24 @@ class WhereNode(tree.Node):
             # counts.
             if empty_needed == 0:
                 if self.negated:
-                    return '', []
+                    return "", []
                 else:
                     raise EmptyResultSet
             if full_needed == 0:
                 if self.negated:
                     raise EmptyResultSet
                 else:
-                    return '', []
-        conn = ' %s ' % self.connector
+                    return "", []
+        conn = " %s " % self.connector
         sql_string = conn.join(result)
         if sql_string:
             if self.negated:
                 # Some backends (Oracle at least) need parentheses
                 # around the inner SQL in the negated case, even if the
                 # inner SQL contains just a single expression.
-                sql_string = 'NOT (%s)' % sql_string
+                sql_string = "NOT (%s)" % sql_string
             elif len(result) > 1 or self.resolved:
-                sql_string = '(%s)' % sql_string
+                sql_string = "(%s)" % sql_string
         return sql_string, result_params
 
     def get_group_by_cols(self, alias=None):
@@ -133,10 +142,10 @@ class WhereNode(tree.Node):
         mapping old (current) alias values to the new values.
         """
         for pos, child in enumerate(self.children):
-            if hasattr(child, 'relabel_aliases'):
+            if hasattr(child, "relabel_aliases"):
                 # For example another WhereNode
                 child.relabel_aliases(change_map)
-            elif hasattr(child, 'relabeled_clone'):
+            elif hasattr(child, "relabeled_clone"):
                 self.children[pos] = child.relabeled_clone(change_map)
 
     def clone(self):
@@ -146,10 +155,12 @@ class WhereNode(tree.Node):
         value) tuples, or objects supporting .clone().
         """
         clone = self.__class__._new_instance(
-            children=None, connector=self.connector, negated=self.negated,
+            children=None,
+            connector=self.connector,
+            negated=self.negated,
         )
         for child in self.children:
-            if hasattr(child, 'clone'):
+            if hasattr(child, "clone"):
                 clone.children.append(child.clone())
             else:
                 clone.children.append(child)
@@ -185,18 +196,18 @@ class WhereNode(tree.Node):
 
     @staticmethod
     def _resolve_leaf(expr, query, *args, **kwargs):
-        if hasattr(expr, 'resolve_expression'):
+        if hasattr(expr, "resolve_expression"):
             expr = expr.resolve_expression(query, *args, **kwargs)
         return expr
 
     @classmethod
     def _resolve_node(cls, node, query, *args, **kwargs):
-        if hasattr(node, 'children'):
+        if hasattr(node, "children"):
             for child in node.children:
                 cls._resolve_node(child, query, *args, **kwargs)
-        if hasattr(node, 'lhs'):
+        if hasattr(node, "lhs"):
             node.lhs = cls._resolve_leaf(node.lhs, query, *args, **kwargs)
-        if hasattr(node, 'rhs'):
+        if hasattr(node, "rhs"):
             node.rhs = cls._resolve_leaf(node.rhs, query, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def resolve_expression(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -208,6 +219,7 @@ class WhereNode(tree.Node):
     @cached_property
     def output_field(self):
         from django.db.models import BooleanField
+
         return BooleanField()
 
     def select_format(self, compiler, sql, params):
@@ -215,7 +227,7 @@ class WhereNode(tree.Node):
         # (e.g. Oracle) doesn't support boolean expression in SELECT or GROUP
         # BY list.
         if not compiler.connection.features.supports_boolean_expr_in_select_clause:
-            sql = f'CASE WHEN {sql} THEN 1 ELSE 0 END'
+            sql = f"CASE WHEN {sql} THEN 1 ELSE 0 END"
         return sql, params
 
     def get_db_converters(self, connection):
@@ -227,6 +239,7 @@ class WhereNode(tree.Node):
 
 class NothingNode:
     """A node that matches nothing."""
+
     contains_aggregate = False
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler=None, connection=None):
diff --git a/django/db/models/utils.py b/django/db/models/utils.py
index 949c528469..5521f3cca5 100644
--- a/django/db/models/utils.py
+++ b/django/db/models/utils.py
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def create_namedtuple_class(*names):
         return unpickle_named_row, (names, tuple(self))
 
     return type(
-        'Row',
-        (namedtuple('Row', names),),
-        {'__reduce__': __reduce__, '__slots__': ()},
+        "Row",
+        (namedtuple("Row", names),),
+        {"__reduce__": __reduce__, "__slots__": ()},
     )
diff --git a/django/db/transaction.py b/django/db/transaction.py
index b61785754f..b3c7b4bbaa 100644
--- a/django/db/transaction.py
+++ b/django/db/transaction.py
@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
 from contextlib import ContextDecorator, contextmanager
 
 from django.db import (
-    DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, DatabaseError, Error, ProgrammingError, connections,
+    DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+    DatabaseError,
+    Error,
+    ProgrammingError,
+    connections,
 )
 
 
 class TransactionManagementError(ProgrammingError):
     """Transaction management is used improperly."""
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -132,6 +137,7 @@ def on_commit(func, using=None):
 # Decorators / context managers #
 #################################
 
+
 class Atomic(ContextDecorator):
     """
     Guarantee the atomic execution of a given block.
@@ -176,13 +182,13 @@ class Atomic(ContextDecorator):
         connection = get_connection(self.using)
 
         if (
-            self.durable and
-            connection.atomic_blocks and
-            not connection.atomic_blocks[-1]._from_testcase
+            self.durable
+            and connection.atomic_blocks
+            and not connection.atomic_blocks[-1]._from_testcase
         ):
             raise RuntimeError(
-                'A durable atomic block cannot be nested within another '
-                'atomic block.'
+                "A durable atomic block cannot be nested within another "
+                "atomic block."
             )
         if not connection.in_atomic_block:
             # Reset state when entering an outermost atomic block.
@@ -206,7 +212,9 @@ class Atomic(ContextDecorator):
             else:
                 connection.savepoint_ids.append(None)
         else:
-            connection.set_autocommit(False, force_begin_transaction_with_broken_autocommit=True)
+            connection.set_autocommit(
+                False, force_begin_transaction_with_broken_autocommit=True
+            )
             connection.in_atomic_block = True
 
         if connection.in_atomic_block:
diff --git a/django/db/utils.py b/django/db/utils.py
index 82498d1df6..7ef62ae5a2 100644
--- a/django/db/utils.py
+++ b/django/db/utils.py
@@ -3,14 +3,15 @@ from importlib import import_module
 
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
+
 # For backwards compatibility with Django < 3.2
 from django.utils.connection import ConnectionDoesNotExist  # NOQA: F401
 from django.utils.connection import BaseConnectionHandler
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 from django.utils.module_loading import import_string
 
-DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS = 'default'
-DJANGO_VERSION_PICKLE_KEY = '_django_version'
+DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS = "default"
+DJANGO_VERSION_PICKLE_KEY = "_django_version"
 
 
 class Error(Exception):
@@ -70,15 +71,15 @@ class DatabaseErrorWrapper:
         if exc_type is None:
             return
         for dj_exc_type in (
-                DataError,
-                OperationalError,
-                IntegrityError,
-                InternalError,
-                ProgrammingError,
-                NotSupportedError,
-                DatabaseError,
-                InterfaceError,
-                Error,
+            DataError,
+            OperationalError,
+            IntegrityError,
+            InternalError,
+            ProgrammingError,
+            NotSupportedError,
+            DatabaseError,
+            InterfaceError,
+            Error,
         ):
             db_exc_type = getattr(self.wrapper.Database, dj_exc_type.__name__)
             if issubclass(exc_type, db_exc_type):
@@ -95,6 +96,7 @@ class DatabaseErrorWrapper:
         def inner(*args, **kwargs):
             with self:
                 return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
         return inner
 
 
@@ -104,20 +106,22 @@ def load_backend(backend_name):
     backend name, or raise an error if it doesn't exist.
     """
     # This backend was renamed in Django 1.9.
-    if backend_name == 'django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2':
-        backend_name = 'django.db.backends.postgresql'
+    if backend_name == "django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2":
+        backend_name = "django.db.backends.postgresql"
 
     try:
-        return import_module('%s.base' % backend_name)
+        return import_module("%s.base" % backend_name)
     except ImportError as e_user:
         # The database backend wasn't found. Display a helpful error message
         # listing all built-in database backends.
         import django.db.backends
+
         builtin_backends = [
-            name for _, name, ispkg in pkgutil.iter_modules(django.db.backends.__path__)
-            if ispkg and name not in {'base', 'dummy'}
+            name
+            for _, name, ispkg in pkgutil.iter_modules(django.db.backends.__path__)
+            if ispkg and name not in {"base", "dummy"}
         ]
-        if backend_name not in ['django.db.backends.%s' % b for b in builtin_backends]:
+        if backend_name not in ["django.db.backends.%s" % b for b in builtin_backends]:
             backend_reprs = map(repr, sorted(builtin_backends))
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                 "%r isn't an available database backend or couldn't be "
@@ -132,7 +136,7 @@ def load_backend(backend_name):
 
 
 class ConnectionHandler(BaseConnectionHandler):
-    settings_name = 'DATABASES'
+    settings_name = "DATABASES"
     # Connections needs to still be an actual thread local, as it's truly
     # thread-critical. Database backends should use @async_unsafe to protect
     # their code from async contexts, but this will give those contexts
@@ -143,13 +147,13 @@ class ConnectionHandler(BaseConnectionHandler):
     def configure_settings(self, databases):
         databases = super().configure_settings(databases)
         if databases == {}:
-            databases[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS] = {'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.dummy'}
+            databases[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS] = {"ENGINE": "django.db.backends.dummy"}
         elif DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS not in databases:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                 f"You must define a '{DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS}' database."
             )
         elif databases[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS] == {}:
-            databases[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS]['ENGINE'] = 'django.db.backends.dummy'
+            databases[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS]["ENGINE"] = "django.db.backends.dummy"
         return databases
 
     @property
@@ -166,17 +170,17 @@ class ConnectionHandler(BaseConnectionHandler):
         except KeyError:
             raise self.exception_class(f"The connection '{alias}' doesn't exist.")
 
-        conn.setdefault('ATOMIC_REQUESTS', False)
-        conn.setdefault('AUTOCOMMIT', True)
-        conn.setdefault('ENGINE', 'django.db.backends.dummy')
-        if conn['ENGINE'] == 'django.db.backends.' or not conn['ENGINE']:
-            conn['ENGINE'] = 'django.db.backends.dummy'
-        conn.setdefault('CONN_MAX_AGE', 0)
-        conn.setdefault('CONN_HEALTH_CHECKS', False)
-        conn.setdefault('OPTIONS', {})
-        conn.setdefault('TIME_ZONE', None)
-        for setting in ['NAME', 'USER', 'PASSWORD', 'HOST', 'PORT']:
-            conn.setdefault(setting, '')
+        conn.setdefault("ATOMIC_REQUESTS", False)
+        conn.setdefault("AUTOCOMMIT", True)
+        conn.setdefault("ENGINE", "django.db.backends.dummy")
+        if conn["ENGINE"] == "django.db.backends." or not conn["ENGINE"]:
+            conn["ENGINE"] = "django.db.backends.dummy"
+        conn.setdefault("CONN_MAX_AGE", 0)
+        conn.setdefault("CONN_HEALTH_CHECKS", False)
+        conn.setdefault("OPTIONS", {})
+        conn.setdefault("TIME_ZONE", None)
+        for setting in ["NAME", "USER", "PASSWORD", "HOST", "PORT"]:
+            conn.setdefault(setting, "")
 
     def prepare_test_settings(self, alias):
         """
@@ -187,13 +191,13 @@ class ConnectionHandler(BaseConnectionHandler):
         except KeyError:
             raise self.exception_class(f"The connection '{alias}' doesn't exist.")
 
-        test_settings = conn.setdefault('TEST', {})
+        test_settings = conn.setdefault("TEST", {})
         default_test_settings = [
-            ('CHARSET', None),
-            ('COLLATION', None),
-            ('MIGRATE', True),
-            ('MIRROR', None),
-            ('NAME', None),
+            ("CHARSET", None),
+            ("COLLATION", None),
+            ("MIGRATE", True),
+            ("MIRROR", None),
+            ("NAME", None),
         ]
         for key, value in default_test_settings:
             test_settings.setdefault(key, value)
@@ -202,7 +206,7 @@ class ConnectionHandler(BaseConnectionHandler):
         self.ensure_defaults(alias)
         self.prepare_test_settings(alias)
         db = self.databases[alias]
-        backend = load_backend(db['ENGINE'])
+        backend = load_backend(db["ENGINE"])
         return backend.DatabaseWrapper(db, alias)
 
     def close_all(self):
@@ -247,14 +251,15 @@ class ConnectionRouter:
                     chosen_db = method(model, **hints)
                     if chosen_db:
                         return chosen_db
-            instance = hints.get('instance')
+            instance = hints.get("instance")
             if instance is not None and instance._state.db:
                 return instance._state.db
             return DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS
+
         return _route_db
 
-    db_for_read = _router_func('db_for_read')
-    db_for_write = _router_func('db_for_write')
+    db_for_read = _router_func("db_for_read")
+    db_for_write = _router_func("db_for_write")
 
     def allow_relation(self, obj1, obj2, **hints):
         for router in self.routers:
diff --git a/django/dispatch/dispatcher.py b/django/dispatch/dispatcher.py
index d3630ae784..86eb1c3b20 100644
--- a/django/dispatch/dispatcher.py
+++ b/django/dispatch/dispatcher.py
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ import weakref
 
 from django.utils.inspect import func_accepts_kwargs
 
-logger = logging.getLogger('django.dispatch')
+logger = logging.getLogger("django.dispatch")
 
 
 def _make_id(target):
-    if hasattr(target, '__func__'):
+    if hasattr(target, "__func__"):
         return (id(target.__self__), id(target.__func__))
     return id(target)
 
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ class Signal:
         receivers
             { receiverkey (id) : weakref(receiver) }
     """
+
     def __init__(self, use_caching=False):
         """
         Create a new signal.
@@ -81,10 +82,12 @@ class Signal:
         # If DEBUG is on, check that we got a good receiver
         if settings.configured and settings.DEBUG:
             if not callable(receiver):
-                raise TypeError('Signal receivers must be callable.')
+                raise TypeError("Signal receivers must be callable.")
             # Check for **kwargs
             if not func_accepts_kwargs(receiver):
-                raise ValueError("Signal receivers must accept keyword arguments (**kwargs).")
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Signal receivers must accept keyword arguments (**kwargs)."
+                )
 
         if dispatch_uid:
             lookup_key = (dispatch_uid, _make_id(sender))
@@ -95,7 +98,7 @@ class Signal:
             ref = weakref.ref
             receiver_object = receiver
             # Check for bound methods
-            if hasattr(receiver, '__self__') and hasattr(receiver, '__func__'):
+            if hasattr(receiver, "__self__") and hasattr(receiver, "__func__"):
                 ref = weakref.WeakMethod
                 receiver_object = receiver.__self__
             receiver = ref(receiver)
@@ -164,7 +167,10 @@ class Signal:
 
         Return a list of tuple pairs [(receiver, response), ... ].
         """
-        if not self.receivers or self.sender_receivers_cache.get(sender) is NO_RECEIVERS:
+        if (
+            not self.receivers
+            or self.sender_receivers_cache.get(sender) is NO_RECEIVERS
+        ):
             return []
 
         return [
@@ -191,7 +197,10 @@ class Signal:
         If any receiver raises an error (specifically any subclass of
         Exception), return the error instance as the result for that receiver.
         """
-        if not self.receivers or self.sender_receivers_cache.get(sender) is NO_RECEIVERS:
+        if (
+            not self.receivers
+            or self.sender_receivers_cache.get(sender) is NO_RECEIVERS
+        ):
             return []
 
         # Call each receiver with whatever arguments it can accept.
@@ -202,7 +211,7 @@ class Signal:
                 response = receiver(signal=self, sender=sender, **named)
             except Exception as err:
                 logger.error(
-                    'Error calling %s in Signal.send_robust() (%s)',
+                    "Error calling %s in Signal.send_robust() (%s)",
                     receiver.__qualname__,
                     err,
                     exc_info=err,
@@ -217,8 +226,9 @@ class Signal:
         if self._dead_receivers:
             self._dead_receivers = False
             self.receivers = [
-                r for r in self.receivers
-                if not(isinstance(r[1], weakref.ReferenceType) and r[1]() is None)
+                r
+                for r in self.receivers
+                if not (isinstance(r[1], weakref.ReferenceType) and r[1]() is None)
             ]
 
     def _live_receivers(self, sender):
@@ -283,6 +293,7 @@ def receiver(signal, **kwargs):
         def signals_receiver(sender, **kwargs):
             ...
     """
+
     def _decorator(func):
         if isinstance(signal, (list, tuple)):
             for s in signal:
@@ -290,4 +301,5 @@ def receiver(signal, **kwargs):
         else:
             signal.connect(func, **kwargs)
         return func
+
     return _decorator
diff --git a/django/forms/boundfield.py b/django/forms/boundfield.py
index 62d1823d57..e83160645e 100644
--- a/django/forms/boundfield.py
+++ b/django/forms/boundfield.py
@@ -7,12 +7,13 @@ from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 from django.utils.html import format_html, html_safe
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
-__all__ = ('BoundField',)
+__all__ = ("BoundField",)
 
 
 @html_safe
 class BoundField:
     "A Field plus data"
+
     def __init__(self, form, field, name):
         self.form = form
         self.field = field
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ class BoundField:
             self.label = pretty_name(name)
         else:
             self.label = self.field.label
-        self.help_text = field.help_text or ''
+        self.help_text = field.help_text or ""
 
     def __str__(self):
         """Render this field as an HTML widget."""
@@ -41,12 +42,14 @@ class BoundField:
         This property is cached so that only one database query occurs when
         rendering ModelChoiceFields.
         """
-        id_ = self.field.widget.attrs.get('id') or self.auto_id
-        attrs = {'id': id_} if id_ else {}
+        id_ = self.field.widget.attrs.get("id") or self.auto_id
+        attrs = {"id": id_} if id_ else {}
         attrs = self.build_widget_attrs(attrs)
         return [
             BoundWidget(self.field.widget, widget, self.form.renderer)
-            for widget in self.field.widget.subwidgets(self.html_name, self.value(), attrs=attrs)
+            for widget in self.field.widget.subwidgets(
+                self.html_name, self.value(), attrs=attrs
+            )
         ]
 
     def __bool__(self):
@@ -64,7 +67,7 @@ class BoundField:
         # from templates.
         if not isinstance(idx, (int, slice)):
             raise TypeError(
-                'BoundField indices must be integers or slices, not %s.'
+                "BoundField indices must be integers or slices, not %s."
                 % type(idx).__name__
             )
         return self.subwidgets[idx]
@@ -74,7 +77,9 @@ class BoundField:
         """
         Return an ErrorList (empty if there are no errors) for this field.
         """
-        return self.form.errors.get(self.name, self.form.error_class(renderer=self.form.renderer))
+        return self.form.errors.get(
+            self.name, self.form.error_class(renderer=self.form.renderer)
+        )
 
     def as_widget(self, widget=None, attrs=None, only_initial=False):
         """
@@ -87,8 +92,10 @@ class BoundField:
             widget.is_localized = True
         attrs = attrs or {}
         attrs = self.build_widget_attrs(attrs, widget)
-        if self.auto_id and 'id' not in widget.attrs:
-            attrs.setdefault('id', self.html_initial_id if only_initial else self.auto_id)
+        if self.auto_id and "id" not in widget.attrs:
+            attrs.setdefault(
+                "id", self.html_initial_id if only_initial else self.auto_id
+            )
         return widget.render(
             name=self.html_initial_name if only_initial else self.html_name,
             value=self.value(),
@@ -134,7 +141,8 @@ class BoundField:
         if field.show_hidden_initial:
             hidden_widget = field.hidden_widget()
             initial_value = self.form._widget_data_value(
-                hidden_widget, self.html_initial_name,
+                hidden_widget,
+                self.html_initial_name,
             )
             try:
                 initial_value = field.to_python(initial_value)
@@ -157,31 +165,34 @@ class BoundField:
         """
         contents = contents or self.label
         if label_suffix is None:
-            label_suffix = (self.field.label_suffix if self.field.label_suffix is not None
-                            else self.form.label_suffix)
+            label_suffix = (
+                self.field.label_suffix
+                if self.field.label_suffix is not None
+                else self.form.label_suffix
+            )
         # Only add the suffix if the label does not end in punctuation.
         # Translators: If found as last label character, these punctuation
         # characters will prevent the default label_suffix to be appended to the label
-        if label_suffix and contents and contents[-1] not in _(':?.!'):
-            contents = format_html('{}{}', contents, label_suffix)
+        if label_suffix and contents and contents[-1] not in _(":?.!"):
+            contents = format_html("{}{}", contents, label_suffix)
         widget = self.field.widget
-        id_ = widget.attrs.get('id') or self.auto_id
+        id_ = widget.attrs.get("id") or self.auto_id
         if id_:
             id_for_label = widget.id_for_label(id_)
             if id_for_label:
-                attrs = {**(attrs or {}), 'for': id_for_label}
-            if self.field.required and hasattr(self.form, 'required_css_class'):
+                attrs = {**(attrs or {}), "for": id_for_label}
+            if self.field.required and hasattr(self.form, "required_css_class"):
                 attrs = attrs or {}
-                if 'class' in attrs:
-                    attrs['class'] += ' ' + self.form.required_css_class
+                if "class" in attrs:
+                    attrs["class"] += " " + self.form.required_css_class
                 else:
-                    attrs['class'] = self.form.required_css_class
+                    attrs["class"] = self.form.required_css_class
         context = {
-            'field': self,
-            'label': contents,
-            'attrs': attrs,
-            'use_tag': bool(id_),
-            'tag': tag or 'label',
+            "field": self,
+            "label": contents,
+            "attrs": attrs,
+            "use_tag": bool(id_),
+            "tag": tag or "label",
         }
         return self.form.render(self.form.template_name_label, context)
 
@@ -195,20 +206,20 @@ class BoundField:
 
         label_suffix overrides the form's label_suffix.
         """
-        return self.label_tag(contents, attrs, label_suffix, tag='legend')
+        return self.label_tag(contents, attrs, label_suffix, tag="legend")
 
     def css_classes(self, extra_classes=None):
         """
         Return a string of space-separated CSS classes for this field.
         """
-        if hasattr(extra_classes, 'split'):
+        if hasattr(extra_classes, "split"):
             extra_classes = extra_classes.split()
         extra_classes = set(extra_classes or [])
-        if self.errors and hasattr(self.form, 'error_css_class'):
+        if self.errors and hasattr(self.form, "error_css_class"):
             extra_classes.add(self.form.error_css_class)
-        if self.field.required and hasattr(self.form, 'required_css_class'):
+        if self.field.required and hasattr(self.form, "required_css_class"):
             extra_classes.add(self.form.required_css_class)
-        return ' '.join(extra_classes)
+        return " ".join(extra_classes)
 
     @property
     def is_hidden(self):
@@ -222,11 +233,11 @@ class BoundField:
         associated Form has specified auto_id. Return an empty string otherwise.
         """
         auto_id = self.form.auto_id  # Boolean or string
-        if auto_id and '%s' in str(auto_id):
+        if auto_id and "%s" in str(auto_id):
             return auto_id % self.html_name
         elif auto_id:
             return self.html_name
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
     @property
     def id_for_label(self):
@@ -236,7 +247,7 @@ class BoundField:
         it has a single widget or a MultiWidget.
         """
         widget = self.field.widget
-        id_ = widget.attrs.get('id') or self.auto_id
+        id_ = widget.attrs.get("id") or self.auto_id
         return widget.id_for_label(id_)
 
     @cached_property
@@ -246,25 +257,34 @@ class BoundField:
     def build_widget_attrs(self, attrs, widget=None):
         widget = widget or self.field.widget
         attrs = dict(attrs)  # Copy attrs to avoid modifying the argument.
-        if widget.use_required_attribute(self.initial) and self.field.required and self.form.use_required_attribute:
+        if (
+            widget.use_required_attribute(self.initial)
+            and self.field.required
+            and self.form.use_required_attribute
+        ):
             # MultiValueField has require_all_fields: if False, fall back
             # on subfields.
             if (
-                hasattr(self.field, 'require_all_fields') and
-                not self.field.require_all_fields and
-                isinstance(self.field.widget, MultiWidget)
+                hasattr(self.field, "require_all_fields")
+                and not self.field.require_all_fields
+                and isinstance(self.field.widget, MultiWidget)
             ):
                 for subfield, subwidget in zip(self.field.fields, widget.widgets):
-                    subwidget.attrs['required'] = subwidget.use_required_attribute(self.initial) and subfield.required
+                    subwidget.attrs["required"] = (
+                        subwidget.use_required_attribute(self.initial)
+                        and subfield.required
+                    )
             else:
-                attrs['required'] = True
+                attrs["required"] = True
         if self.field.disabled:
-            attrs['disabled'] = True
+            attrs["disabled"] = True
         return attrs
 
     @property
     def widget_type(self):
-        return re.sub(r'widget$|input$', '', self.field.widget.__class__.__name__.lower())
+        return re.sub(
+            r"widget$|input$", "", self.field.widget.__class__.__name__.lower()
+        )
 
 
 @html_safe
@@ -281,6 +301,7 @@ class BoundWidget:
       </label>
     {% endfor %}
     """
+
     def __init__(self, parent_widget, data, renderer):
         self.parent_widget = parent_widget
         self.data = data
@@ -290,19 +311,19 @@ class BoundWidget:
         return self.tag(wrap_label=True)
 
     def tag(self, wrap_label=False):
-        context = {'widget': {**self.data, 'wrap_label': wrap_label}}
+        context = {"widget": {**self.data, "wrap_label": wrap_label}}
         return self.parent_widget._render(self.template_name, context, self.renderer)
 
     @property
     def template_name(self):
-        if 'template_name' in self.data:
-            return self.data['template_name']
+        if "template_name" in self.data:
+            return self.data["template_name"]
         return self.parent_widget.template_name
 
     @property
     def id_for_label(self):
-        return self.data['attrs'].get('id')
+        return self.data["attrs"].get("id")
 
     @property
     def choice_label(self):
-        return self.data['label']
+        return self.data["label"]
diff --git a/django/forms/fields.py b/django/forms/fields.py
index 65d6a9ec82..a7031936dd 100644
--- a/django/forms/fields.py
+++ b/django/forms/fields.py
@@ -19,45 +19,94 @@ from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 from django.forms.boundfield import BoundField
 from django.forms.utils import from_current_timezone, to_current_timezone
 from django.forms.widgets import (
-    FILE_INPUT_CONTRADICTION, CheckboxInput, ClearableFileInput, DateInput,
-    DateTimeInput, EmailInput, FileInput, HiddenInput, MultipleHiddenInput,
-    NullBooleanSelect, NumberInput, Select, SelectMultiple,
-    SplitDateTimeWidget, SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget, Textarea, TextInput,
-    TimeInput, URLInput,
+    FILE_INPUT_CONTRADICTION,
+    CheckboxInput,
+    ClearableFileInput,
+    DateInput,
+    DateTimeInput,
+    EmailInput,
+    FileInput,
+    HiddenInput,
+    MultipleHiddenInput,
+    NullBooleanSelect,
+    NumberInput,
+    Select,
+    SelectMultiple,
+    SplitDateTimeWidget,
+    SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget,
+    Textarea,
+    TextInput,
+    TimeInput,
+    URLInput,
 )
 from django.utils import formats
 from django.utils.dateparse import parse_datetime, parse_duration
 from django.utils.duration import duration_string
 from django.utils.ipv6 import clean_ipv6_address
 from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
-from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _, ngettext_lazy
+from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
+from django.utils.translation import ngettext_lazy
 
 __all__ = (
-    'Field', 'CharField', 'IntegerField',
-    'DateField', 'TimeField', 'DateTimeField', 'DurationField',
-    'RegexField', 'EmailField', 'FileField', 'ImageField', 'URLField',
-    'BooleanField', 'NullBooleanField', 'ChoiceField', 'MultipleChoiceField',
-    'ComboField', 'MultiValueField', 'FloatField', 'DecimalField',
-    'SplitDateTimeField', 'GenericIPAddressField', 'FilePathField',
-    'JSONField', 'SlugField', 'TypedChoiceField', 'TypedMultipleChoiceField',
-    'UUIDField',
+    "Field",
+    "CharField",
+    "IntegerField",
+    "DateField",
+    "TimeField",
+    "DateTimeField",
+    "DurationField",
+    "RegexField",
+    "EmailField",
+    "FileField",
+    "ImageField",
+    "URLField",
+    "BooleanField",
+    "NullBooleanField",
+    "ChoiceField",
+    "MultipleChoiceField",
+    "ComboField",
+    "MultiValueField",
+    "FloatField",
+    "DecimalField",
+    "SplitDateTimeField",
+    "GenericIPAddressField",
+    "FilePathField",
+    "JSONField",
+    "SlugField",
+    "TypedChoiceField",
+    "TypedMultipleChoiceField",
+    "UUIDField",
 )
 
 
 class Field:
     widget = TextInput  # Default widget to use when rendering this type of Field.
-    hidden_widget = HiddenInput  # Default widget to use when rendering this as "hidden".
+    hidden_widget = (
+        HiddenInput  # Default widget to use when rendering this as "hidden".
+    )
     default_validators = []  # Default set of validators
     # Add an 'invalid' entry to default_error_message if you want a specific
     # field error message not raised by the field validators.
     default_error_messages = {
-        'required': _('This field is required.'),
+        "required": _("This field is required."),
     }
     empty_values = list(validators.EMPTY_VALUES)
 
-    def __init__(self, *, required=True, widget=None, label=None, initial=None,
-                 help_text='', error_messages=None, show_hidden_initial=False,
-                 validators=(), localize=False, disabled=False, label_suffix=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        required=True,
+        widget=None,
+        label=None,
+        initial=None,
+        help_text="",
+        error_messages=None,
+        show_hidden_initial=False,
+        validators=(),
+        localize=False,
+        disabled=False,
+        label_suffix=None,
+    ):
         # required -- Boolean that specifies whether the field is required.
         #             True by default.
         # widget -- A Widget class, or instance of a Widget class, that should
@@ -109,7 +158,7 @@ class Field:
 
         messages = {}
         for c in reversed(self.__class__.__mro__):
-            messages.update(getattr(c, 'default_error_messages', {}))
+            messages.update(getattr(c, "default_error_messages", {}))
         messages.update(error_messages or {})
         self.error_messages = messages
 
@@ -125,7 +174,7 @@ class Field:
 
     def validate(self, value):
         if value in self.empty_values and self.required:
-            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['required'], code='required')
+            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages["required"], code="required")
 
     def run_validators(self, value):
         if value in self.empty_values:
@@ -135,7 +184,7 @@ class Field:
             try:
                 v(value)
             except ValidationError as e:
-                if hasattr(e, 'code') and e.code in self.error_messages:
+                if hasattr(e, "code") and e.code in self.error_messages:
                     e.message = self.error_messages[e.code]
                 errors.extend(e.error_list)
         if errors:
@@ -180,15 +229,15 @@ class Field:
             return False
         try:
             data = self.to_python(data)
-            if hasattr(self, '_coerce'):
+            if hasattr(self, "_coerce"):
                 return self._coerce(data) != self._coerce(initial)
         except ValidationError:
             return True
         # For purposes of seeing whether something has changed, None is
         # the same as an empty string, if the data or initial value we get
         # is None, replace it with ''.
-        initial_value = initial if initial is not None else ''
-        data_value = data if data is not None else ''
+        initial_value = initial if initial is not None else ""
+        data_value = data if data is not None else ""
         return initial_value != data_value
 
     def get_bound_field(self, form, field_name):
@@ -208,7 +257,9 @@ class Field:
 
 
 class CharField(Field):
-    def __init__(self, *, max_length=None, min_length=None, strip=True, empty_value='', **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self, *, max_length=None, min_length=None, strip=True, empty_value="", **kwargs
+    ):
         self.max_length = max_length
         self.min_length = min_length
         self.strip = strip
@@ -234,25 +285,25 @@ class CharField(Field):
         attrs = super().widget_attrs(widget)
         if self.max_length is not None and not widget.is_hidden:
             # The HTML attribute is maxlength, not max_length.
-            attrs['maxlength'] = str(self.max_length)
+            attrs["maxlength"] = str(self.max_length)
         if self.min_length is not None and not widget.is_hidden:
             # The HTML attribute is minlength, not min_length.
-            attrs['minlength'] = str(self.min_length)
+            attrs["minlength"] = str(self.min_length)
         return attrs
 
 
 class IntegerField(Field):
     widget = NumberInput
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _('Enter a whole number.'),
+        "invalid": _("Enter a whole number."),
     }
-    re_decimal = _lazy_re_compile(r'\.0*\s*$')
+    re_decimal = _lazy_re_compile(r"\.0*\s*$")
 
     def __init__(self, *, max_value=None, min_value=None, **kwargs):
         self.max_value, self.min_value = max_value, min_value
-        if kwargs.get('localize') and self.widget == NumberInput:
+        if kwargs.get("localize") and self.widget == NumberInput:
             # Localized number input is not well supported on most browsers
-            kwargs.setdefault('widget', super().widget)
+            kwargs.setdefault("widget", super().widget)
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
         if max_value is not None:
@@ -272,24 +323,24 @@ class IntegerField(Field):
             value = formats.sanitize_separators(value)
         # Strip trailing decimal and zeros.
         try:
-            value = int(self.re_decimal.sub('', str(value)))
+            value = int(self.re_decimal.sub("", str(value)))
         except (ValueError, TypeError):
-            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid'], code='invalid')
+            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages["invalid"], code="invalid")
         return value
 
     def widget_attrs(self, widget):
         attrs = super().widget_attrs(widget)
         if isinstance(widget, NumberInput):
             if self.min_value is not None:
-                attrs['min'] = self.min_value
+                attrs["min"] = self.min_value
             if self.max_value is not None:
-                attrs['max'] = self.max_value
+                attrs["max"] = self.max_value
         return attrs
 
 
 class FloatField(IntegerField):
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _('Enter a number.'),
+        "invalid": _("Enter a number."),
     }
 
     def to_python(self, value):
@@ -305,7 +356,7 @@ class FloatField(IntegerField):
         try:
             value = float(value)
         except (ValueError, TypeError):
-            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid'], code='invalid')
+            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages["invalid"], code="invalid")
         return value
 
     def validate(self, value):
@@ -313,21 +364,29 @@ class FloatField(IntegerField):
         if value in self.empty_values:
             return
         if not math.isfinite(value):
-            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid'], code='invalid')
+            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages["invalid"], code="invalid")
 
     def widget_attrs(self, widget):
         attrs = super().widget_attrs(widget)
-        if isinstance(widget, NumberInput) and 'step' not in widget.attrs:
-            attrs.setdefault('step', 'any')
+        if isinstance(widget, NumberInput) and "step" not in widget.attrs:
+            attrs.setdefault("step", "any")
         return attrs
 
 
 class DecimalField(IntegerField):
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _('Enter a number.'),
+        "invalid": _("Enter a number."),
     }
 
-    def __init__(self, *, max_value=None, min_value=None, max_digits=None, decimal_places=None, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        max_value=None,
+        min_value=None,
+        max_digits=None,
+        decimal_places=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
         self.max_digits, self.decimal_places = max_digits, decimal_places
         super().__init__(max_value=max_value, min_value=min_value, **kwargs)
         self.validators.append(validators.DecimalValidator(max_digits, decimal_places))
@@ -346,7 +405,7 @@ class DecimalField(IntegerField):
         try:
             value = Decimal(str(value))
         except DecimalException:
-            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid'], code='invalid')
+            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages["invalid"], code="invalid")
         return value
 
     def validate(self, value):
@@ -355,26 +414,25 @@ class DecimalField(IntegerField):
             return
         if not value.is_finite():
             raise ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['invalid'],
-                code='invalid',
-                params={'value': value},
+                self.error_messages["invalid"],
+                code="invalid",
+                params={"value": value},
             )
 
     def widget_attrs(self, widget):
         attrs = super().widget_attrs(widget)
-        if isinstance(widget, NumberInput) and 'step' not in widget.attrs:
+        if isinstance(widget, NumberInput) and "step" not in widget.attrs:
             if self.decimal_places is not None:
                 # Use exponential notation for small values since they might
                 # be parsed as 0 otherwise. ref #20765
                 step = str(Decimal(1).scaleb(-self.decimal_places)).lower()
             else:
-                step = 'any'
-            attrs.setdefault('step', step)
+                step = "any"
+            attrs.setdefault("step", step)
         return attrs
 
 
 class BaseTemporalField(Field):
-
     def __init__(self, *, input_formats=None, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
         if input_formats is not None:
@@ -388,17 +446,17 @@ class BaseTemporalField(Field):
                 return self.strptime(value, format)
             except (ValueError, TypeError):
                 continue
-        raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid'], code='invalid')
+        raise ValidationError(self.error_messages["invalid"], code="invalid")
 
     def strptime(self, value, format):
-        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must define this method.')
+        raise NotImplementedError("Subclasses must define this method.")
 
 
 class DateField(BaseTemporalField):
     widget = DateInput
-    input_formats = formats.get_format_lazy('DATE_INPUT_FORMATS')
+    input_formats = formats.get_format_lazy("DATE_INPUT_FORMATS")
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _('Enter a valid date.'),
+        "invalid": _("Enter a valid date."),
     }
 
     def to_python(self, value):
@@ -420,10 +478,8 @@ class DateField(BaseTemporalField):
 
 class TimeField(BaseTemporalField):
     widget = TimeInput
-    input_formats = formats.get_format_lazy('TIME_INPUT_FORMATS')
-    default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _('Enter a valid time.')
-    }
+    input_formats = formats.get_format_lazy("TIME_INPUT_FORMATS")
+    default_error_messages = {"invalid": _("Enter a valid time.")}
 
     def to_python(self, value):
         """
@@ -442,15 +498,15 @@ class TimeField(BaseTemporalField):
 
 class DateTimeFormatsIterator:
     def __iter__(self):
-        yield from formats.get_format('DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS')
-        yield from formats.get_format('DATE_INPUT_FORMATS')
+        yield from formats.get_format("DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS")
+        yield from formats.get_format("DATE_INPUT_FORMATS")
 
 
 class DateTimeField(BaseTemporalField):
     widget = DateTimeInput
     input_formats = DateTimeFormatsIterator()
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _('Enter a valid date/time.'),
+        "invalid": _("Enter a valid date/time."),
     }
 
     def prepare_value(self, value):
@@ -473,7 +529,7 @@ class DateTimeField(BaseTemporalField):
         try:
             result = parse_datetime(value.strip())
         except ValueError:
-            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid'], code='invalid')
+            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages["invalid"], code="invalid")
         if not result:
             result = super().to_python(value)
         return from_current_timezone(result)
@@ -484,8 +540,8 @@ class DateTimeField(BaseTemporalField):
 
 class DurationField(Field):
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _('Enter a valid duration.'),
-        'overflow': _('The number of days must be between {min_days} and {max_days}.')
+        "invalid": _("Enter a valid duration."),
+        "overflow": _("The number of days must be between {min_days} and {max_days}."),
     }
 
     def prepare_value(self, value):
@@ -501,12 +557,15 @@ class DurationField(Field):
         try:
             value = parse_duration(str(value))
         except OverflowError:
-            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['overflow'].format(
-                min_days=datetime.timedelta.min.days,
-                max_days=datetime.timedelta.max.days,
-            ), code='overflow')
+            raise ValidationError(
+                self.error_messages["overflow"].format(
+                    min_days=datetime.timedelta.min.days,
+                    max_days=datetime.timedelta.max.days,
+                ),
+                code="overflow",
+            )
         if value is None:
-            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid'], code='invalid')
+            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages["invalid"], code="invalid")
         return value
 
 
@@ -515,7 +574,7 @@ class RegexField(CharField):
         """
         regex can be either a string or a compiled regular expression object.
         """
-        kwargs.setdefault('strip', False)
+        kwargs.setdefault("strip", False)
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
         self._set_regex(regex)
 
@@ -526,7 +585,10 @@ class RegexField(CharField):
         if isinstance(regex, str):
             regex = re.compile(regex)
         self._regex = regex
-        if hasattr(self, '_regex_validator') and self._regex_validator in self.validators:
+        if (
+            hasattr(self, "_regex_validator")
+            and self._regex_validator in self.validators
+        ):
             self.validators.remove(self._regex_validator)
         self._regex_validator = validators.RegexValidator(regex=regex)
         self.validators.append(self._regex_validator)
@@ -545,14 +607,17 @@ class EmailField(CharField):
 class FileField(Field):
     widget = ClearableFileInput
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _("No file was submitted. Check the encoding type on the form."),
-        'missing': _("No file was submitted."),
-        'empty': _("The submitted file is empty."),
-        'max_length': ngettext_lazy(
-            'Ensure this filename has at most %(max)d character (it has %(length)d).',
-            'Ensure this filename has at most %(max)d characters (it has %(length)d).',
-            'max'),
-        'contradiction': _('Please either submit a file or check the clear checkbox, not both.')
+        "invalid": _("No file was submitted. Check the encoding type on the form."),
+        "missing": _("No file was submitted."),
+        "empty": _("The submitted file is empty."),
+        "max_length": ngettext_lazy(
+            "Ensure this filename has at most %(max)d character (it has %(length)d).",
+            "Ensure this filename has at most %(max)d characters (it has %(length)d).",
+            "max",
+        ),
+        "contradiction": _(
+            "Please either submit a file or check the clear checkbox, not both."
+        ),
     }
 
     def __init__(self, *, max_length=None, allow_empty_file=False, **kwargs):
@@ -569,22 +634,26 @@ class FileField(Field):
             file_name = data.name
             file_size = data.size
         except AttributeError:
-            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid'], code='invalid')
+            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages["invalid"], code="invalid")
 
         if self.max_length is not None and len(file_name) > self.max_length:
-            params = {'max': self.max_length, 'length': len(file_name)}
-            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['max_length'], code='max_length', params=params)
+            params = {"max": self.max_length, "length": len(file_name)}
+            raise ValidationError(
+                self.error_messages["max_length"], code="max_length", params=params
+            )
         if not file_name:
-            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid'], code='invalid')
+            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages["invalid"], code="invalid")
         if not self.allow_empty_file and not file_size:
-            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['empty'], code='empty')
+            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages["empty"], code="empty")
 
         return data
 
     def clean(self, data, initial=None):
         # If the widget got contradictory inputs, we raise a validation error
         if data is FILE_INPUT_CONTRADICTION:
-            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['contradiction'], code='contradiction')
+            raise ValidationError(
+                self.error_messages["contradiction"], code="contradiction"
+            )
         # False means the field value should be cleared; further validation is
         # not needed.
         if data is False:
@@ -612,7 +681,7 @@ class FileField(Field):
 class ImageField(FileField):
     default_validators = [validators.validate_image_file_extension]
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid_image': _(
+        "invalid_image": _(
             "Upload a valid image. The file you uploaded was either not an "
             "image or a corrupted image."
         ),
@@ -631,13 +700,13 @@ class ImageField(FileField):
 
         # We need to get a file object for Pillow. We might have a path or we might
         # have to read the data into memory.
-        if hasattr(data, 'temporary_file_path'):
+        if hasattr(data, "temporary_file_path"):
             file = data.temporary_file_path()
         else:
-            if hasattr(data, 'read'):
+            if hasattr(data, "read"):
                 file = BytesIO(data.read())
             else:
-                file = BytesIO(data['content'])
+                file = BytesIO(data["content"])
 
         try:
             # load() could spot a truncated JPEG, but it loads the entire
@@ -654,24 +723,24 @@ class ImageField(FileField):
         except Exception as exc:
             # Pillow doesn't recognize it as an image.
             raise ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['invalid_image'],
-                code='invalid_image',
+                self.error_messages["invalid_image"],
+                code="invalid_image",
             ) from exc
-        if hasattr(f, 'seek') and callable(f.seek):
+        if hasattr(f, "seek") and callable(f.seek):
             f.seek(0)
         return f
 
     def widget_attrs(self, widget):
         attrs = super().widget_attrs(widget)
-        if isinstance(widget, FileInput) and 'accept' not in widget.attrs:
-            attrs.setdefault('accept', 'image/*')
+        if isinstance(widget, FileInput) and "accept" not in widget.attrs:
+            attrs.setdefault("accept", "image/*")
         return attrs
 
 
 class URLField(CharField):
     widget = URLInput
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _('Enter a valid URL.'),
+        "invalid": _("Enter a valid URL."),
     }
     default_validators = [validators.URLValidator()]
 
@@ -679,7 +748,6 @@ class URLField(CharField):
         super().__init__(strip=True, **kwargs)
 
     def to_python(self, value):
-
         def split_url(url):
             """
             Return a list of url parts via urlparse.urlsplit(), or raise
@@ -690,19 +758,19 @@ class URLField(CharField):
             except ValueError:
                 # urlparse.urlsplit can raise a ValueError with some
                 # misformatted URLs.
-                raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid'], code='invalid')
+                raise ValidationError(self.error_messages["invalid"], code="invalid")
 
         value = super().to_python(value)
         if value:
             url_fields = split_url(value)
             if not url_fields[0]:
                 # If no URL scheme given, assume http://
-                url_fields[0] = 'http'
+                url_fields[0] = "http"
             if not url_fields[1]:
                 # Assume that if no domain is provided, that the path segment
                 # contains the domain.
                 url_fields[1] = url_fields[2]
-                url_fields[2] = ''
+                url_fields[2] = ""
                 # Rebuild the url_fields list, since the domain segment may now
                 # contain the path too.
                 url_fields = split_url(urlunsplit(url_fields))
@@ -719,7 +787,7 @@ class BooleanField(Field):
         # will submit for False. Also check for '0', since this is what
         # RadioSelect will provide. Because bool("True") == bool('1') == True,
         # we don't need to handle that explicitly.
-        if isinstance(value, str) and value.lower() in ('false', '0'):
+        if isinstance(value, str) and value.lower() in ("false", "0"):
             value = False
         else:
             value = bool(value)
@@ -727,7 +795,7 @@ class BooleanField(Field):
 
     def validate(self, value):
         if not value and self.required:
-            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['required'], code='required')
+            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages["required"], code="required")
 
     def has_changed(self, initial, data):
         if self.disabled:
@@ -742,6 +810,7 @@ class NullBooleanField(BooleanField):
     A field whose valid values are None, True, and False. Clean invalid values
     to None.
     """
+
     widget = NullBooleanSelect
 
     def to_python(self, value):
@@ -753,9 +822,9 @@ class NullBooleanField(BooleanField):
         the Booleanfield, this field must check for True because it doesn't
         use the bool() function.
         """
-        if value in (True, 'True', 'true', '1'):
+        if value in (True, "True", "true", "1"):
             return True
-        elif value in (False, 'False', 'false', '0'):
+        elif value in (False, "False", "false", "0"):
             return False
         else:
             return None
@@ -775,7 +844,9 @@ class CallableChoiceIterator:
 class ChoiceField(Field):
     widget = Select
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid_choice': _('Select a valid choice. %(value)s is not one of the available choices.'),
+        "invalid_choice": _(
+            "Select a valid choice. %(value)s is not one of the available choices."
+        ),
     }
 
     def __init__(self, *, choices=(), **kwargs):
@@ -806,7 +877,7 @@ class ChoiceField(Field):
     def to_python(self, value):
         """Return a string."""
         if value in self.empty_values:
-            return ''
+            return ""
         return str(value)
 
     def validate(self, value):
@@ -814,9 +885,9 @@ class ChoiceField(Field):
         super().validate(value)
         if value and not self.valid_value(value):
             raise ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['invalid_choice'],
-                code='invalid_choice',
-                params={'value': value},
+                self.error_messages["invalid_choice"],
+                code="invalid_choice",
+                params={"value": value},
             )
 
     def valid_value(self, value):
@@ -835,7 +906,7 @@ class ChoiceField(Field):
 
 
 class TypedChoiceField(ChoiceField):
-    def __init__(self, *, coerce=lambda val: val, empty_value='', **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, *, coerce=lambda val: val, empty_value="", **kwargs):
         self.coerce = coerce
         self.empty_value = empty_value
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
@@ -850,9 +921,9 @@ class TypedChoiceField(ChoiceField):
             value = self.coerce(value)
         except (ValueError, TypeError, ValidationError):
             raise ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['invalid_choice'],
-                code='invalid_choice',
-                params={'value': value},
+                self.error_messages["invalid_choice"],
+                code="invalid_choice",
+                params={"value": value},
             )
         return value
 
@@ -865,28 +936,32 @@ class MultipleChoiceField(ChoiceField):
     hidden_widget = MultipleHiddenInput
     widget = SelectMultiple
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid_choice': _('Select a valid choice. %(value)s is not one of the available choices.'),
-        'invalid_list': _('Enter a list of values.'),
+        "invalid_choice": _(
+            "Select a valid choice. %(value)s is not one of the available choices."
+        ),
+        "invalid_list": _("Enter a list of values."),
     }
 
     def to_python(self, value):
         if not value:
             return []
         elif not isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
-            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid_list'], code='invalid_list')
+            raise ValidationError(
+                self.error_messages["invalid_list"], code="invalid_list"
+            )
         return [str(val) for val in value]
 
     def validate(self, value):
         """Validate that the input is a list or tuple."""
         if self.required and not value:
-            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['required'], code='required')
+            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages["required"], code="required")
         # Validate that each value in the value list is in self.choices.
         for val in value:
             if not self.valid_value(val):
                 raise ValidationError(
-                    self.error_messages['invalid_choice'],
-                    code='invalid_choice',
-                    params={'value': val},
+                    self.error_messages["invalid_choice"],
+                    code="invalid_choice",
+                    params={"value": val},
                 )
 
     def has_changed(self, initial, data):
@@ -906,7 +981,7 @@ class MultipleChoiceField(ChoiceField):
 class TypedMultipleChoiceField(MultipleChoiceField):
     def __init__(self, *, coerce=lambda val: val, **kwargs):
         self.coerce = coerce
-        self.empty_value = kwargs.pop('empty_value', [])
+        self.empty_value = kwargs.pop("empty_value", [])
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     def _coerce(self, value):
@@ -922,9 +997,9 @@ class TypedMultipleChoiceField(MultipleChoiceField):
                 new_value.append(self.coerce(choice))
             except (ValueError, TypeError, ValidationError):
                 raise ValidationError(
-                    self.error_messages['invalid_choice'],
-                    code='invalid_choice',
-                    params={'value': choice},
+                    self.error_messages["invalid_choice"],
+                    code="invalid_choice",
+                    params={"value": choice},
                 )
         return new_value
 
@@ -936,13 +1011,14 @@ class TypedMultipleChoiceField(MultipleChoiceField):
         if value != self.empty_value:
             super().validate(value)
         elif self.required:
-            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['required'], code='required')
+            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages["required"], code="required")
 
 
 class ComboField(Field):
     """
     A Field whose clean() method calls multiple Field clean() methods.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, fields, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
         # Set 'required' to False on the individual fields, because the
@@ -980,17 +1056,17 @@ class MultiValueField(Field):
 
     You'll probably want to use this with MultiWidget.
     """
+
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _('Enter a list of values.'),
-        'incomplete': _('Enter a complete value.'),
+        "invalid": _("Enter a list of values."),
+        "incomplete": _("Enter a complete value."),
     }
 
     def __init__(self, fields, *, require_all_fields=True, **kwargs):
         self.require_all_fields = require_all_fields
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
         for f in fields:
-            f.error_messages.setdefault('incomplete',
-                                        self.error_messages['incomplete'])
+            f.error_messages.setdefault("incomplete", self.error_messages["incomplete"])
             if self.disabled:
                 f.disabled = True
             if self.require_all_fields:
@@ -1024,11 +1100,13 @@ class MultiValueField(Field):
         if not value or isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
             if not value or not [v for v in value if v not in self.empty_values]:
                 if self.required:
-                    raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['required'], code='required')
+                    raise ValidationError(
+                        self.error_messages["required"], code="required"
+                    )
                 else:
                     return self.compress([])
         else:
-            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid'], code='invalid')
+            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages["invalid"], code="invalid")
         for i, field in enumerate(self.fields):
             try:
                 field_value = value[i]
@@ -1039,13 +1117,15 @@ class MultiValueField(Field):
                     # Raise a 'required' error if the MultiValueField is
                     # required and any field is empty.
                     if self.required:
-                        raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['required'], code='required')
+                        raise ValidationError(
+                            self.error_messages["required"], code="required"
+                        )
                 elif field.required:
                     # Otherwise, add an 'incomplete' error to the list of
                     # collected errors and skip field cleaning, if a required
                     # field is empty.
-                    if field.error_messages['incomplete'] not in errors:
-                        errors.append(field.error_messages['incomplete'])
+                    if field.error_messages["incomplete"] not in errors:
+                        errors.append(field.error_messages["incomplete"])
                     continue
             try:
                 clean_data.append(field.clean(field_value))
@@ -1071,13 +1151,13 @@ class MultiValueField(Field):
         fields=(DateField(), TimeField()), this might return a datetime
         object created by combining the date and time in data_list.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement this method.')
+        raise NotImplementedError("Subclasses must implement this method.")
 
     def has_changed(self, initial, data):
         if self.disabled:
             return False
         if initial is None:
-            initial = ['' for x in range(0, len(data))]
+            initial = ["" for x in range(0, len(data))]
         else:
             if not isinstance(initial, list):
                 initial = self.widget.decompress(initial)
@@ -1092,8 +1172,16 @@ class MultiValueField(Field):
 
 
 class FilePathField(ChoiceField):
-    def __init__(self, path, *, match=None, recursive=False, allow_files=True,
-                 allow_folders=False, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        path,
+        *,
+        match=None,
+        recursive=False,
+        allow_files=True,
+        allow_folders=False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
         self.path, self.match, self.recursive = path, match, recursive
         self.allow_files, self.allow_folders = allow_files, allow_folders
         super().__init__(choices=(), **kwargs)
@@ -1115,7 +1203,7 @@ class FilePathField(ChoiceField):
                             self.choices.append((f, f.replace(path, "", 1)))
                 if self.allow_folders:
                     for f in sorted(dirs):
-                        if f == '__pycache__':
+                        if f == "__pycache__":
                             continue
                         if self.match is None or self.match_re.search(f):
                             f = os.path.join(root, f)
@@ -1124,12 +1212,12 @@ class FilePathField(ChoiceField):
             choices = []
             with os.scandir(self.path) as entries:
                 for f in entries:
-                    if f.name == '__pycache__':
+                    if f.name == "__pycache__":
                         continue
-                    if ((
-                        (self.allow_files and f.is_file()) or
-                        (self.allow_folders and f.is_dir())
-                    ) and (self.match is None or self.match_re.search(f.name))):
+                    if (
+                        (self.allow_files and f.is_file())
+                        or (self.allow_folders and f.is_dir())
+                    ) and (self.match is None or self.match_re.search(f.name)):
                         choices.append((f.path, f.name))
             choices.sort(key=operator.itemgetter(1))
             self.choices.extend(choices)
@@ -1141,22 +1229,26 @@ class SplitDateTimeField(MultiValueField):
     widget = SplitDateTimeWidget
     hidden_widget = SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid_date': _('Enter a valid date.'),
-        'invalid_time': _('Enter a valid time.'),
+        "invalid_date": _("Enter a valid date."),
+        "invalid_time": _("Enter a valid time."),
     }
 
     def __init__(self, *, input_date_formats=None, input_time_formats=None, **kwargs):
         errors = self.default_error_messages.copy()
-        if 'error_messages' in kwargs:
-            errors.update(kwargs['error_messages'])
-        localize = kwargs.get('localize', False)
+        if "error_messages" in kwargs:
+            errors.update(kwargs["error_messages"])
+        localize = kwargs.get("localize", False)
         fields = (
-            DateField(input_formats=input_date_formats,
-                      error_messages={'invalid': errors['invalid_date']},
-                      localize=localize),
-            TimeField(input_formats=input_time_formats,
-                      error_messages={'invalid': errors['invalid_time']},
-                      localize=localize),
+            DateField(
+                input_formats=input_date_formats,
+                error_messages={"invalid": errors["invalid_date"]},
+                localize=localize,
+            ),
+            TimeField(
+                input_formats=input_time_formats,
+                error_messages={"invalid": errors["invalid_time"]},
+                localize=localize,
+            ),
         )
         super().__init__(fields, **kwargs)
 
@@ -1165,25 +1257,31 @@ class SplitDateTimeField(MultiValueField):
             # Raise a validation error if time or date is empty
             # (possible if SplitDateTimeField has required=False).
             if data_list[0] in self.empty_values:
-                raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid_date'], code='invalid_date')
+                raise ValidationError(
+                    self.error_messages["invalid_date"], code="invalid_date"
+                )
             if data_list[1] in self.empty_values:
-                raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid_time'], code='invalid_time')
+                raise ValidationError(
+                    self.error_messages["invalid_time"], code="invalid_time"
+                )
             result = datetime.datetime.combine(*data_list)
             return from_current_timezone(result)
         return None
 
 
 class GenericIPAddressField(CharField):
-    def __init__(self, *, protocol='both', unpack_ipv4=False, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, *, protocol="both", unpack_ipv4=False, **kwargs):
         self.unpack_ipv4 = unpack_ipv4
-        self.default_validators = validators.ip_address_validators(protocol, unpack_ipv4)[0]
+        self.default_validators = validators.ip_address_validators(
+            protocol, unpack_ipv4
+        )[0]
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     def to_python(self, value):
         if value in self.empty_values:
-            return ''
+            return ""
         value = value.strip()
-        if value and ':' in value:
+        if value and ":" in value:
             return clean_ipv6_address(value, self.unpack_ipv4)
         return value
 
@@ -1200,7 +1298,7 @@ class SlugField(CharField):
 
 class UUIDField(CharField):
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _('Enter a valid UUID.'),
+        "invalid": _("Enter a valid UUID."),
     }
 
     def prepare_value(self, value):
@@ -1216,7 +1314,7 @@ class UUIDField(CharField):
             try:
                 value = uuid.UUID(value)
             except ValueError:
-                raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid'], code='invalid')
+                raise ValidationError(self.error_messages["invalid"], code="invalid")
         return value
 
 
@@ -1230,7 +1328,7 @@ class JSONString(str):
 
 class JSONField(CharField):
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid': _('Enter a valid JSON.'),
+        "invalid": _("Enter a valid JSON."),
     }
     widget = Textarea
 
@@ -1250,9 +1348,9 @@ class JSONField(CharField):
             converted = json.loads(value, cls=self.decoder)
         except json.JSONDecodeError:
             raise ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['invalid'],
-                code='invalid',
-                params={'value': value},
+                self.error_messages["invalid"],
+                code="invalid",
+                params={"value": value},
             )
         if isinstance(converted, str):
             return JSONString(converted)
@@ -1279,7 +1377,6 @@ class JSONField(CharField):
             return True
         # For purposes of seeing whether something has changed, True isn't the
         # same as 1 and the order of keys doesn't matter.
-        return (
-            json.dumps(initial, sort_keys=True, cls=self.encoder) !=
-            json.dumps(self.to_python(data), sort_keys=True, cls=self.encoder)
+        return json.dumps(initial, sort_keys=True, cls=self.encoder) != json.dumps(
+            self.to_python(data), sort_keys=True, cls=self.encoder
         )
diff --git a/django/forms/forms.py b/django/forms/forms.py
index 589b4693fd..952b974130 100644
--- a/django/forms/forms.py
+++ b/django/forms/forms.py
@@ -19,15 +19,17 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
 
 from .renderers import get_default_renderer
 
-__all__ = ('BaseForm', 'Form')
+__all__ = ("BaseForm", "Form")
 
 
 class DeclarativeFieldsMetaclass(MediaDefiningClass):
     """Collect Fields declared on the base classes."""
+
     def __new__(mcs, name, bases, attrs):
         # Collect fields from current class and remove them from attrs.
-        attrs['declared_fields'] = {
-            key: attrs.pop(key) for key, value in list(attrs.items())
+        attrs["declared_fields"] = {
+            key: attrs.pop(key)
+            for key, value in list(attrs.items())
             if isinstance(value, Field)
         }
 
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ class DeclarativeFieldsMetaclass(MediaDefiningClass):
         declared_fields = {}
         for base in reversed(new_class.__mro__):
             # Collect fields from base class.
-            if hasattr(base, 'declared_fields'):
+            if hasattr(base, "declared_fields"):
                 declared_fields.update(base.declared_fields)
 
             # Field shadowing.
@@ -58,20 +60,32 @@ class BaseForm(RenderableFormMixin):
     improvements to the form API should be made to this class, not to the Form
     class.
     """
+
     default_renderer = None
     field_order = None
     prefix = None
     use_required_attribute = True
 
-    template_name = 'django/forms/default.html'
-    template_name_p = 'django/forms/p.html'
-    template_name_table = 'django/forms/table.html'
-    template_name_ul = 'django/forms/ul.html'
-    template_name_label = 'django/forms/label.html'
+    template_name = "django/forms/default.html"
+    template_name_p = "django/forms/p.html"
+    template_name_table = "django/forms/table.html"
+    template_name_ul = "django/forms/ul.html"
+    template_name_label = "django/forms/label.html"
 
-    def __init__(self, data=None, files=None, auto_id='id_%s', prefix=None,
-                 initial=None, error_class=ErrorList, label_suffix=None,
-                 empty_permitted=False, field_order=None, use_required_attribute=None, renderer=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        data=None,
+        files=None,
+        auto_id="id_%s",
+        prefix=None,
+        initial=None,
+        error_class=ErrorList,
+        label_suffix=None,
+        empty_permitted=False,
+        field_order=None,
+        use_required_attribute=None,
+        renderer=None,
+    ):
         self.is_bound = data is not None or files is not None
         self.data = MultiValueDict() if data is None else data
         self.files = MultiValueDict() if files is None else files
@@ -81,7 +95,7 @@ class BaseForm(RenderableFormMixin):
         self.initial = initial or {}
         self.error_class = error_class
         # Translators: This is the default suffix added to form field labels
-        self.label_suffix = label_suffix if label_suffix is not None else _(':')
+        self.label_suffix = label_suffix if label_suffix is not None else _(":")
         self.empty_permitted = empty_permitted
         self._errors = None  # Stores the errors after clean() has been called.
 
@@ -99,8 +113,8 @@ class BaseForm(RenderableFormMixin):
 
         if self.empty_permitted and self.use_required_attribute:
             raise ValueError(
-                'The empty_permitted and use_required_attribute arguments may '
-                'not both be True.'
+                "The empty_permitted and use_required_attribute arguments may "
+                "not both be True."
             )
 
         # Initialize form renderer. Use a global default if not specified
@@ -141,11 +155,11 @@ class BaseForm(RenderableFormMixin):
             is_valid = "Unknown"
         else:
             is_valid = self.is_bound and not self._errors
-        return '<%(cls)s bound=%(bound)s, valid=%(valid)s, fields=(%(fields)s)>' % {
-            'cls': self.__class__.__name__,
-            'bound': self.is_bound,
-            'valid': is_valid,
-            'fields': ';'.join(self.fields),
+        return "<%(cls)s bound=%(bound)s, valid=%(valid)s, fields=(%(fields)s)>" % {
+            "cls": self.__class__.__name__,
+            "bound": self.is_bound,
+            "valid": is_valid,
+            "fields": ";".join(self.fields),
         }
 
     def _bound_items(self):
@@ -168,10 +182,11 @@ class BaseForm(RenderableFormMixin):
             field = self.fields[name]
         except KeyError:
             raise KeyError(
-                "Key '%s' not found in '%s'. Choices are: %s." % (
+                "Key '%s' not found in '%s'. Choices are: %s."
+                % (
                     name,
                     self.__class__.__name__,
-                    ', '.join(sorted(self.fields)),
+                    ", ".join(sorted(self.fields)),
                 )
             )
         bound_field = field.get_bound_field(self, name)
@@ -196,11 +211,11 @@ class BaseForm(RenderableFormMixin):
 
         Subclasses may wish to override.
         """
-        return '%s-%s' % (self.prefix, field_name) if self.prefix else field_name
+        return "%s-%s" % (self.prefix, field_name) if self.prefix else field_name
 
     def add_initial_prefix(self, field_name):
         """Add an 'initial' prefix for checking dynamic initial values."""
-        return 'initial-%s' % self.add_prefix(field_name)
+        return "initial-%s" % self.add_prefix(field_name)
 
     def _widget_data_value(self, widget, html_name):
         # value_from_datadict() gets the data from the data dictionaries.
@@ -208,11 +223,13 @@ class BaseForm(RenderableFormMixin):
         # widgets split data over several HTML fields.
         return widget.value_from_datadict(self.data, self.files, html_name)
 
-    def _html_output(self, normal_row, error_row, row_ender, help_text_html, errors_on_separate_row):
+    def _html_output(
+        self, normal_row, error_row, row_ender, help_text_html, errors_on_separate_row
+    ):
         "Output HTML. Used by as_table(), as_ul(), as_p()."
         warnings.warn(
-            'django.forms.BaseForm._html_output() is deprecated. '
-            'Please use .render() and .get_context() instead.',
+            "django.forms.BaseForm._html_output() is deprecated. "
+            "Please use .render() and .get_context() instead.",
             RemovedInDjango50Warning,
             stacklevel=2,
         )
@@ -222,13 +239,17 @@ class BaseForm(RenderableFormMixin):
 
         for name, bf in self._bound_items():
             field = bf.field
-            html_class_attr = ''
+            html_class_attr = ""
             bf_errors = self.error_class(bf.errors)
             if bf.is_hidden:
                 if bf_errors:
                     top_errors.extend(
-                        [_('(Hidden field %(name)s) %(error)s') % {'name': name, 'error': str(e)}
-                         for e in bf_errors])
+                        [
+                            _("(Hidden field %(name)s) %(error)s")
+                            % {"name": name, "error": str(e)}
+                            for e in bf_errors
+                        ]
+                    )
                 hidden_fields.append(str(bf))
             else:
                 # Create a 'class="..."' attribute if the row should have any
@@ -242,30 +263,33 @@ class BaseForm(RenderableFormMixin):
 
                 if bf.label:
                     label = conditional_escape(bf.label)
-                    label = bf.label_tag(label) or ''
+                    label = bf.label_tag(label) or ""
                 else:
-                    label = ''
+                    label = ""
 
                 if field.help_text:
                     help_text = help_text_html % field.help_text
                 else:
-                    help_text = ''
+                    help_text = ""
 
-                output.append(normal_row % {
-                    'errors': bf_errors,
-                    'label': label,
-                    'field': bf,
-                    'help_text': help_text,
-                    'html_class_attr': html_class_attr,
-                    'css_classes': css_classes,
-                    'field_name': bf.html_name,
-                })
+                output.append(
+                    normal_row
+                    % {
+                        "errors": bf_errors,
+                        "label": label,
+                        "field": bf,
+                        "help_text": help_text,
+                        "html_class_attr": html_class_attr,
+                        "css_classes": css_classes,
+                        "field_name": bf.html_name,
+                    }
+                )
 
         if top_errors:
             output.insert(0, error_row % top_errors)
 
         if hidden_fields:  # Insert any hidden fields in the last row.
-            str_hidden = ''.join(hidden_fields)
+            str_hidden = "".join(hidden_fields)
             if output:
                 last_row = output[-1]
                 # Chop off the trailing row_ender (e.g. '</td></tr>') and
@@ -275,22 +299,22 @@ class BaseForm(RenderableFormMixin):
                     # that users write): if there are only top errors, we may
                     # not be able to conscript the last row for our purposes,
                     # so insert a new, empty row.
-                    last_row = (normal_row % {
-                        'errors': '',
-                        'label': '',
-                        'field': '',
-                        'help_text': '',
-                        'html_class_attr': html_class_attr,
-                        'css_classes': '',
-                        'field_name': '',
-                    })
+                    last_row = normal_row % {
+                        "errors": "",
+                        "label": "",
+                        "field": "",
+                        "help_text": "",
+                        "html_class_attr": html_class_attr,
+                        "css_classes": "",
+                        "field_name": "",
+                    }
                     output.append(last_row)
-                output[-1] = last_row[:-len(row_ender)] + str_hidden + row_ender
+                output[-1] = last_row[: -len(row_ender)] + str_hidden + row_ender
             else:
                 # If there aren't any rows in the output, just append the
                 # hidden fields.
                 output.append(str_hidden)
-        return mark_safe('\n'.join(output))
+        return mark_safe("\n".join(output))
 
     def get_context(self):
         fields = []
@@ -301,7 +325,8 @@ class BaseForm(RenderableFormMixin):
             if bf.is_hidden:
                 if bf_errors:
                     top_errors += [
-                        _('(Hidden field %(name)s) %(error)s') % {'name': name, 'error': str(e)}
+                        _("(Hidden field %(name)s) %(error)s")
+                        % {"name": name, "error": str(e)}
                         for e in bf_errors
                     ]
                 hidden_fields.append(bf)
@@ -310,18 +335,18 @@ class BaseForm(RenderableFormMixin):
                 # RemovedInDjango50Warning.
                 if not isinstance(errors_str, SafeString):
                     warnings.warn(
-                        f'Returning a plain string from '
-                        f'{self.error_class.__name__} is deprecated. Please '
-                        f'customize via the template system instead.',
+                        f"Returning a plain string from "
+                        f"{self.error_class.__name__} is deprecated. Please "
+                        f"customize via the template system instead.",
                         RemovedInDjango50Warning,
                     )
                     errors_str = mark_safe(errors_str)
                 fields.append((bf, errors_str))
         return {
-            'form': self,
-            'fields': fields,
-            'hidden_fields': hidden_fields,
-            'errors': top_errors,
+            "form": self,
+            "fields": fields,
+            "hidden_fields": hidden_fields,
+            "errors": top_errors,
         }
 
     def non_field_errors(self):
@@ -332,7 +357,7 @@ class BaseForm(RenderableFormMixin):
         """
         return self.errors.get(
             NON_FIELD_ERRORS,
-            self.error_class(error_class='nonfield', renderer=self.renderer),
+            self.error_class(error_class="nonfield", renderer=self.renderer),
         )
 
     def add_error(self, field, error):
@@ -358,7 +383,7 @@ class BaseForm(RenderableFormMixin):
             # do the hard work of making sense of the input.
             error = ValidationError(error)
 
-        if hasattr(error, 'error_dict'):
+        if hasattr(error, "error_dict"):
             if field is not None:
                 raise TypeError(
                     "The argument `field` must be `None` when the `error` "
@@ -373,9 +398,13 @@ class BaseForm(RenderableFormMixin):
             if field not in self.errors:
                 if field != NON_FIELD_ERRORS and field not in self.fields:
                     raise ValueError(
-                        "'%s' has no field named '%s'." % (self.__class__.__name__, field))
+                        "'%s' has no field named '%s'."
+                        % (self.__class__.__name__, field)
+                    )
                 if field == NON_FIELD_ERRORS:
-                    self._errors[field] = self.error_class(error_class='nonfield', renderer=self.renderer)
+                    self._errors[field] = self.error_class(
+                        error_class="nonfield", renderer=self.renderer
+                    )
                 else:
                     self._errors[field] = self.error_class(renderer=self.renderer)
             self._errors[field].extend(error_list)
@@ -384,8 +413,8 @@ class BaseForm(RenderableFormMixin):
 
     def has_error(self, field, code=None):
         return field in self.errors and (
-            code is None or
-            any(error.code == code for error in self.errors.as_data()[field])
+            code is None
+            or any(error.code == code for error in self.errors.as_data()[field])
         )
 
     def full_clean(self):
@@ -415,8 +444,8 @@ class BaseForm(RenderableFormMixin):
                 else:
                     value = field.clean(value)
                 self.cleaned_data[name] = value
-                if hasattr(self, 'clean_%s' % name):
-                    value = getattr(self, 'clean_%s' % name)()
+                if hasattr(self, "clean_%s" % name):
+                    value = getattr(self, "clean_%s" % name)()
                     self.cleaned_data[name] = value
             except ValidationError as e:
                 self.add_error(name, e)
@@ -493,8 +522,10 @@ class BaseForm(RenderableFormMixin):
             value = value()
         # If this is an auto-generated default date, nix the microseconds
         # for standardized handling. See #22502.
-        if (isinstance(value, (datetime.datetime, datetime.time)) and
-                not field.widget.supports_microseconds):
+        if (
+            isinstance(value, (datetime.datetime, datetime.time))
+            and not field.widget.supports_microseconds
+        ):
             value = value.replace(microsecond=0)
         return value
 
diff --git a/django/forms/formsets.py b/django/forms/formsets.py
index 75b0646512..e5807e8688 100644
--- a/django/forms/formsets.py
+++ b/django/forms/formsets.py
@@ -5,17 +5,18 @@ from django.forms.renderers import get_default_renderer
 from django.forms.utils import ErrorList, RenderableFormMixin
 from django.forms.widgets import CheckboxInput, HiddenInput, NumberInput
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
-from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _, ngettext
+from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
+from django.utils.translation import ngettext
 
-__all__ = ('BaseFormSet', 'formset_factory', 'all_valid')
+__all__ = ("BaseFormSet", "formset_factory", "all_valid")
 
 # special field names
-TOTAL_FORM_COUNT = 'TOTAL_FORMS'
-INITIAL_FORM_COUNT = 'INITIAL_FORMS'
-MIN_NUM_FORM_COUNT = 'MIN_NUM_FORMS'
-MAX_NUM_FORM_COUNT = 'MAX_NUM_FORMS'
-ORDERING_FIELD_NAME = 'ORDER'
-DELETION_FIELD_NAME = 'DELETE'
+TOTAL_FORM_COUNT = "TOTAL_FORMS"
+INITIAL_FORM_COUNT = "INITIAL_FORMS"
+MIN_NUM_FORM_COUNT = "MIN_NUM_FORMS"
+MAX_NUM_FORM_COUNT = "MAX_NUM_FORMS"
+ORDERING_FIELD_NAME = "ORDER"
+DELETION_FIELD_NAME = "DELETE"
 
 # default minimum number of forms in a formset
 DEFAULT_MIN_NUM = 0
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ class ManagementForm(Form):
     new forms via JavaScript, you should increment the count field of this form
     as well.
     """
+
     TOTAL_FORMS = IntegerField(widget=HiddenInput)
     INITIAL_FORMS = IntegerField(widget=HiddenInput)
     # MIN_NUM_FORM_COUNT and MAX_NUM_FORM_COUNT are output with the rest of the
@@ -51,22 +53,31 @@ class BaseFormSet(RenderableFormMixin):
     """
     A collection of instances of the same Form class.
     """
+
     deletion_widget = CheckboxInput
     ordering_widget = NumberInput
     default_error_messages = {
-        'missing_management_form': _(
-            'ManagementForm data is missing or has been tampered with. Missing fields: '
-            '%(field_names)s. You may need to file a bug report if the issue persists.'
+        "missing_management_form": _(
+            "ManagementForm data is missing or has been tampered with. Missing fields: "
+            "%(field_names)s. You may need to file a bug report if the issue persists."
         ),
     }
-    template_name = 'django/forms/formsets/default.html'
-    template_name_p = 'django/forms/formsets/p.html'
-    template_name_table = 'django/forms/formsets/table.html'
-    template_name_ul = 'django/forms/formsets/ul.html'
+    template_name = "django/forms/formsets/default.html"
+    template_name_p = "django/forms/formsets/p.html"
+    template_name_table = "django/forms/formsets/table.html"
+    template_name_ul = "django/forms/formsets/ul.html"
 
-    def __init__(self, data=None, files=None, auto_id='id_%s', prefix=None,
-                 initial=None, error_class=ErrorList, form_kwargs=None,
-                 error_messages=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        data=None,
+        files=None,
+        auto_id="id_%s",
+        prefix=None,
+        initial=None,
+        error_class=ErrorList,
+        form_kwargs=None,
+        error_messages=None,
+    ):
         self.is_bound = data is not None or files is not None
         self.prefix = prefix or self.get_default_prefix()
         self.auto_id = auto_id
@@ -80,7 +91,7 @@ class BaseFormSet(RenderableFormMixin):
 
         messages = {}
         for cls in reversed(type(self).__mro__):
-            messages.update(getattr(cls, 'default_error_messages', {}))
+            messages.update(getattr(cls, "default_error_messages", {}))
         if error_messages is not None:
             messages.update(error_messages)
         self.error_messages = messages
@@ -105,14 +116,14 @@ class BaseFormSet(RenderableFormMixin):
 
     def __repr__(self):
         if self._errors is None:
-            is_valid = 'Unknown'
+            is_valid = "Unknown"
         else:
             is_valid = (
-                self.is_bound and
-                not self._non_form_errors and
-                not any(form_errors for form_errors in self._errors)
+                self.is_bound
+                and not self._non_form_errors
+                and not any(form_errors for form_errors in self._errors)
             )
-        return '<%s: bound=%s valid=%s total_forms=%s>' % (
+        return "<%s: bound=%s valid=%s total_forms=%s>" % (
             self.__class__.__qualname__,
             self.is_bound,
             is_valid,
@@ -123,7 +134,12 @@ class BaseFormSet(RenderableFormMixin):
     def management_form(self):
         """Return the ManagementForm instance for this FormSet."""
         if self.is_bound:
-            form = ManagementForm(self.data, auto_id=self.auto_id, prefix=self.prefix, renderer=self.renderer)
+            form = ManagementForm(
+                self.data,
+                auto_id=self.auto_id,
+                prefix=self.prefix,
+                renderer=self.renderer,
+            )
             form.full_clean()
         else:
             form = ManagementForm(
@@ -146,7 +162,9 @@ class BaseFormSet(RenderableFormMixin):
             # count in the data; this is DoS protection to prevent clients
             # from forcing the server to instantiate arbitrary numbers of
             # forms
-            return min(self.management_form.cleaned_data[TOTAL_FORM_COUNT], self.absolute_max)
+            return min(
+                self.management_form.cleaned_data[TOTAL_FORM_COUNT], self.absolute_max
+            )
         else:
             initial_forms = self.initial_form_count()
             total_forms = max(initial_forms, self.min_num) + self.extra
@@ -188,27 +206,27 @@ class BaseFormSet(RenderableFormMixin):
     def _construct_form(self, i, **kwargs):
         """Instantiate and return the i-th form instance in a formset."""
         defaults = {
-            'auto_id': self.auto_id,
-            'prefix': self.add_prefix(i),
-            'error_class': self.error_class,
+            "auto_id": self.auto_id,
+            "prefix": self.add_prefix(i),
+            "error_class": self.error_class,
             # Don't render the HTML 'required' attribute as it may cause
             # incorrect validation for extra, optional, and deleted
             # forms in the formset.
-            'use_required_attribute': False,
-            'renderer': self.renderer,
+            "use_required_attribute": False,
+            "renderer": self.renderer,
         }
         if self.is_bound:
-            defaults['data'] = self.data
-            defaults['files'] = self.files
-        if self.initial and 'initial' not in kwargs:
+            defaults["data"] = self.data
+            defaults["files"] = self.files
+        if self.initial and "initial" not in kwargs:
             try:
-                defaults['initial'] = self.initial[i]
+                defaults["initial"] = self.initial[i]
             except IndexError:
                 pass
         # Allow extra forms to be empty, unless they're part of
         # the minimum forms.
         if i >= self.initial_form_count() and i >= self.min_num:
-            defaults['empty_permitted'] = True
+            defaults["empty_permitted"] = True
         defaults.update(kwargs)
         form = self.form(**defaults)
         self.add_fields(form, i)
@@ -217,18 +235,18 @@ class BaseFormSet(RenderableFormMixin):
     @property
     def initial_forms(self):
         """Return a list of all the initial forms in this formset."""
-        return self.forms[:self.initial_form_count()]
+        return self.forms[: self.initial_form_count()]
 
     @property
     def extra_forms(self):
         """Return a list of all the extra forms in this formset."""
-        return self.forms[self.initial_form_count():]
+        return self.forms[self.initial_form_count() :]
 
     @property
     def empty_form(self):
         form = self.form(
             auto_id=self.auto_id,
-            prefix=self.add_prefix('__prefix__'),
+            prefix=self.add_prefix("__prefix__"),
             empty_permitted=True,
             use_required_attribute=False,
             **self.get_form_kwargs(None),
@@ -243,7 +261,9 @@ class BaseFormSet(RenderableFormMixin):
         Return a list of form.cleaned_data dicts for every form in self.forms.
         """
         if not self.is_valid():
-            raise AttributeError("'%s' object has no attribute 'cleaned_data'" % self.__class__.__name__)
+            raise AttributeError(
+                "'%s' object has no attribute 'cleaned_data'" % self.__class__.__name__
+            )
         return [form.cleaned_data for form in self.forms]
 
     @property
@@ -253,7 +273,7 @@ class BaseFormSet(RenderableFormMixin):
             return []
         # construct _deleted_form_indexes which is just a list of form indexes
         # that have had their deletion widget set to True
-        if not hasattr(self, '_deleted_form_indexes'):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_deleted_form_indexes"):
             self._deleted_form_indexes = []
             for i, form in enumerate(self.forms):
                 # if this is an extra form and hasn't changed, don't consider it
@@ -270,12 +290,14 @@ class BaseFormSet(RenderableFormMixin):
         Raise an AttributeError if ordering is not allowed.
         """
         if not self.is_valid() or not self.can_order:
-            raise AttributeError("'%s' object has no attribute 'ordered_forms'" % self.__class__.__name__)
+            raise AttributeError(
+                "'%s' object has no attribute 'ordered_forms'" % self.__class__.__name__
+            )
         # Construct _ordering, which is a list of (form_index, order_field_value)
         # tuples. After constructing this list, we'll sort it by order_field_value
         # so we have a way to get to the form indexes in the order specified
         # by the form data.
-        if not hasattr(self, '_ordering'):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_ordering"):
             self._ordering = []
             for i, form in enumerate(self.forms):
                 # if this is an extra form and hasn't changed, don't consider it
@@ -295,6 +317,7 @@ class BaseFormSet(RenderableFormMixin):
                 if k[1] is None:
                     return (1, 0)  # +infinity, larger than any number
                 return (0, k[1])
+
             self._ordering.sort(key=compare_ordering_key)
         # Return a list of form.cleaned_data dicts in the order specified by
         # the form data.
@@ -302,7 +325,7 @@ class BaseFormSet(RenderableFormMixin):
 
     @classmethod
     def get_default_prefix(cls):
-        return 'form'
+        return "form"
 
     @classmethod
     def get_deletion_widget(cls):
@@ -331,8 +354,9 @@ class BaseFormSet(RenderableFormMixin):
 
     def total_error_count(self):
         """Return the number of errors across all forms in the formset."""
-        return len(self.non_form_errors()) +\
-            sum(len(form_errors) for form_errors in self.errors)
+        return len(self.non_form_errors()) + sum(
+            len(form_errors) for form_errors in self.errors
+        )
 
     def _should_delete_form(self, form):
         """Return whether or not the form was marked for deletion."""
@@ -346,10 +370,13 @@ class BaseFormSet(RenderableFormMixin):
         self.errors
         # List comprehension ensures is_valid() is called for all forms.
         # Forms due to be deleted shouldn't cause the formset to be invalid.
-        forms_valid = all([
-            form.is_valid() for form in self.forms
-            if not (self.can_delete and self._should_delete_form(form))
-        ])
+        forms_valid = all(
+            [
+                form.is_valid()
+                for form in self.forms
+                if not (self.can_delete and self._should_delete_form(form))
+            ]
+        )
         return forms_valid and not self.non_form_errors()
 
     def full_clean(self):
@@ -358,7 +385,9 @@ class BaseFormSet(RenderableFormMixin):
         self._non_form_errors.
         """
         self._errors = []
-        self._non_form_errors = self.error_class(error_class='nonform', renderer=self.renderer)
+        self._non_form_errors = self.error_class(
+            error_class="nonform", renderer=self.renderer
+        )
         empty_forms_count = 0
 
         if not self.is_bound:  # Stop further processing.
@@ -366,14 +395,14 @@ class BaseFormSet(RenderableFormMixin):
 
         if not self.management_form.is_valid():
             error = ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['missing_management_form'],
+                self.error_messages["missing_management_form"],
                 params={
-                    'field_names': ', '.join(
+                    "field_names": ", ".join(
                         self.management_form.add_prefix(field_name)
                         for field_name in self.management_form.errors
                     ),
                 },
-                code='missing_management_form',
+                code="missing_management_form",
             )
             self._non_form_errors.append(error)
 
@@ -388,26 +417,43 @@ class BaseFormSet(RenderableFormMixin):
                 continue
             self._errors.append(form_errors)
         try:
-            if (self.validate_max and
-                    self.total_form_count() - len(self.deleted_forms) > self.max_num) or \
-                    self.management_form.cleaned_data[TOTAL_FORM_COUNT] > self.absolute_max:
-                raise ValidationError(ngettext(
-                    "Please submit at most %d form.",
-                    "Please submit at most %d forms.", self.max_num) % self.max_num,
-                    code='too_many_forms',
+            if (
+                self.validate_max
+                and self.total_form_count() - len(self.deleted_forms) > self.max_num
+            ) or self.management_form.cleaned_data[
+                TOTAL_FORM_COUNT
+            ] > self.absolute_max:
+                raise ValidationError(
+                    ngettext(
+                        "Please submit at most %d form.",
+                        "Please submit at most %d forms.",
+                        self.max_num,
+                    )
+                    % self.max_num,
+                    code="too_many_forms",
+                )
+            if (
+                self.validate_min
+                and self.total_form_count()
+                - len(self.deleted_forms)
+                - empty_forms_count
+                < self.min_num
+            ):
+                raise ValidationError(
+                    ngettext(
+                        "Please submit at least %d form.",
+                        "Please submit at least %d forms.",
+                        self.min_num,
+                    )
+                    % self.min_num,
+                    code="too_few_forms",
                 )
-            if (self.validate_min and
-                    self.total_form_count() - len(self.deleted_forms) - empty_forms_count < self.min_num):
-                raise ValidationError(ngettext(
-                    "Please submit at least %d form.",
-                    "Please submit at least %d forms.", self.min_num) % self.min_num,
-                    code='too_few_forms')
             # Give self.clean() a chance to do cross-form validation.
             self.clean()
         except ValidationError as e:
             self._non_form_errors = self.error_class(
                 e.error_list,
-                error_class='nonform',
+                error_class="nonform",
                 renderer=self.renderer,
             )
 
@@ -431,26 +477,26 @@ class BaseFormSet(RenderableFormMixin):
             # Only pre-fill the ordering field for initial forms.
             if index is not None and index < initial_form_count:
                 form.fields[ORDERING_FIELD_NAME] = IntegerField(
-                    label=_('Order'),
+                    label=_("Order"),
                     initial=index + 1,
                     required=False,
                     widget=self.get_ordering_widget(),
                 )
             else:
                 form.fields[ORDERING_FIELD_NAME] = IntegerField(
-                    label=_('Order'),
+                    label=_("Order"),
                     required=False,
                     widget=self.get_ordering_widget(),
                 )
         if self.can_delete and (self.can_delete_extra or index < initial_form_count):
             form.fields[DELETION_FIELD_NAME] = BooleanField(
-                label=_('Delete'),
+                label=_("Delete"),
                 required=False,
                 widget=self.get_deletion_widget(),
             )
 
     def add_prefix(self, index):
-        return '%s-%s' % (self.prefix, index)
+        return "%s-%s" % (self.prefix, index)
 
     def is_multipart(self):
         """
@@ -472,13 +518,23 @@ class BaseFormSet(RenderableFormMixin):
             return self.empty_form.media
 
     def get_context(self):
-        return {'formset': self}
+        return {"formset": self}
 
 
-def formset_factory(form, formset=BaseFormSet, extra=1, can_order=False,
-                    can_delete=False, max_num=None, validate_max=False,
-                    min_num=None, validate_min=False, absolute_max=None,
-                    can_delete_extra=True, renderer=None):
+def formset_factory(
+    form,
+    formset=BaseFormSet,
+    extra=1,
+    can_order=False,
+    can_delete=False,
+    max_num=None,
+    validate_max=False,
+    min_num=None,
+    validate_min=False,
+    absolute_max=None,
+    can_delete_extra=True,
+    renderer=None,
+):
     """Return a FormSet for the given form class."""
     if min_num is None:
         min_num = DEFAULT_MIN_NUM
@@ -490,23 +546,21 @@ def formset_factory(form, formset=BaseFormSet, extra=1, can_order=False,
     if absolute_max is None:
         absolute_max = max_num + DEFAULT_MAX_NUM
     if max_num > absolute_max:
-        raise ValueError(
-            "'absolute_max' must be greater or equal to 'max_num'."
-        )
+        raise ValueError("'absolute_max' must be greater or equal to 'max_num'.")
     attrs = {
-        'form': form,
-        'extra': extra,
-        'can_order': can_order,
-        'can_delete': can_delete,
-        'can_delete_extra': can_delete_extra,
-        'min_num': min_num,
-        'max_num': max_num,
-        'absolute_max': absolute_max,
-        'validate_min': validate_min,
-        'validate_max': validate_max,
-        'renderer': renderer or get_default_renderer(),
+        "form": form,
+        "extra": extra,
+        "can_order": can_order,
+        "can_delete": can_delete,
+        "can_delete_extra": can_delete_extra,
+        "min_num": min_num,
+        "max_num": max_num,
+        "absolute_max": absolute_max,
+        "validate_min": validate_min,
+        "validate_max": validate_max,
+        "renderer": renderer or get_default_renderer(),
     }
-    return type(form.__name__ + 'FormSet', (formset,), attrs)
+    return type(form.__name__ + "FormSet", (formset,), attrs)
 
 
 def all_valid(formsets):
diff --git a/django/forms/models.py b/django/forms/models.py
index 19a5cb142a..a55af8eeb6 100644
--- a/django/forms/models.py
+++ b/django/forms/models.py
@@ -5,26 +5,41 @@ and database field objects.
 from itertools import chain
 
 from django.core.exceptions import (
-    NON_FIELD_ERRORS, FieldError, ImproperlyConfigured, ValidationError,
+    NON_FIELD_ERRORS,
+    FieldError,
+    ImproperlyConfigured,
+    ValidationError,
 )
 from django.forms.fields import ChoiceField, Field
 from django.forms.forms import BaseForm, DeclarativeFieldsMetaclass
 from django.forms.formsets import BaseFormSet, formset_factory
 from django.forms.utils import ErrorList
 from django.forms.widgets import (
-    HiddenInput, MultipleHiddenInput, RadioSelect, SelectMultiple,
+    HiddenInput,
+    MultipleHiddenInput,
+    RadioSelect,
+    SelectMultiple,
 )
 from django.utils.text import capfirst, get_text_list
-from django.utils.translation import gettext, gettext_lazy as _
+from django.utils.translation import gettext
+from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 __all__ = (
-    'ModelForm', 'BaseModelForm', 'model_to_dict', 'fields_for_model',
-    'ModelChoiceField', 'ModelMultipleChoiceField', 'ALL_FIELDS',
-    'BaseModelFormSet', 'modelformset_factory', 'BaseInlineFormSet',
-    'inlineformset_factory', 'modelform_factory',
+    "ModelForm",
+    "BaseModelForm",
+    "model_to_dict",
+    "fields_for_model",
+    "ModelChoiceField",
+    "ModelMultipleChoiceField",
+    "ALL_FIELDS",
+    "BaseModelFormSet",
+    "modelformset_factory",
+    "BaseInlineFormSet",
+    "inlineformset_factory",
+    "modelform_factory",
 )
 
-ALL_FIELDS = '__all__'
+ALL_FIELDS = "__all__"
 
 
 def construct_instance(form, instance, fields=None, exclude=None):
@@ -33,13 +48,17 @@ def construct_instance(form, instance, fields=None, exclude=None):
     ``cleaned_data``, but do not save the returned instance to the database.
     """
     from django.db import models
+
     opts = instance._meta
 
     cleaned_data = form.cleaned_data
     file_field_list = []
     for f in opts.fields:
-        if not f.editable or isinstance(f, models.AutoField) \
-                or f.name not in cleaned_data:
+        if (
+            not f.editable
+            or isinstance(f, models.AutoField)
+            or f.name not in cleaned_data
+        ):
             continue
         if fields is not None and f.name not in fields:
             continue
@@ -48,9 +67,11 @@ def construct_instance(form, instance, fields=None, exclude=None):
         # Leave defaults for fields that aren't in POST data, except for
         # checkbox inputs because they don't appear in POST data if not checked.
         if (
-            f.has_default() and
-            form[f.name].field.widget.value_omitted_from_data(form.data, form.files, form.add_prefix(f.name)) and
-            cleaned_data.get(f.name) in form[f.name].field.empty_values
+            f.has_default()
+            and form[f.name].field.widget.value_omitted_from_data(
+                form.data, form.files, form.add_prefix(f.name)
+            )
+            and cleaned_data.get(f.name) in form[f.name].field.empty_values
         ):
             continue
         # Defer saving file-type fields until after the other fields, so a
@@ -68,6 +89,7 @@ def construct_instance(form, instance, fields=None, exclude=None):
 
 # ModelForms #################################################################
 
+
 def model_to_dict(instance, fields=None, exclude=None):
     """
     Return a dict containing the data in ``instance`` suitable for passing as
@@ -83,7 +105,7 @@ def model_to_dict(instance, fields=None, exclude=None):
     opts = instance._meta
     data = {}
     for f in chain(opts.concrete_fields, opts.private_fields, opts.many_to_many):
-        if not getattr(f, 'editable', False):
+        if not getattr(f, "editable", False):
             continue
         if fields is not None and f.name not in fields:
             continue
@@ -96,23 +118,34 @@ def model_to_dict(instance, fields=None, exclude=None):
 def apply_limit_choices_to_to_formfield(formfield):
     """Apply limit_choices_to to the formfield's queryset if needed."""
     from django.db.models import Exists, OuterRef, Q
-    if hasattr(formfield, 'queryset') and hasattr(formfield, 'get_limit_choices_to'):
+
+    if hasattr(formfield, "queryset") and hasattr(formfield, "get_limit_choices_to"):
         limit_choices_to = formfield.get_limit_choices_to()
         if limit_choices_to:
             complex_filter = limit_choices_to
             if not isinstance(complex_filter, Q):
                 complex_filter = Q(**limit_choices_to)
-            complex_filter &= Q(pk=OuterRef('pk'))
+            complex_filter &= Q(pk=OuterRef("pk"))
             # Use Exists() to avoid potential duplicates.
             formfield.queryset = formfield.queryset.filter(
                 Exists(formfield.queryset.model._base_manager.filter(complex_filter)),
             )
 
 
-def fields_for_model(model, fields=None, exclude=None, widgets=None,
-                     formfield_callback=None, localized_fields=None,
-                     labels=None, help_texts=None, error_messages=None,
-                     field_classes=None, *, apply_limit_choices_to=True):
+def fields_for_model(
+    model,
+    fields=None,
+    exclude=None,
+    widgets=None,
+    formfield_callback=None,
+    localized_fields=None,
+    labels=None,
+    help_texts=None,
+    error_messages=None,
+    field_classes=None,
+    *,
+    apply_limit_choices_to=True,
+):
     """
     Return a dictionary containing form fields for the given model.
 
@@ -148,14 +181,22 @@ def fields_for_model(model, fields=None, exclude=None, widgets=None,
     opts = model._meta
     # Avoid circular import
     from django.db.models import Field as ModelField
-    sortable_private_fields = [f for f in opts.private_fields if isinstance(f, ModelField)]
-    for f in sorted(chain(opts.concrete_fields, sortable_private_fields, opts.many_to_many)):
-        if not getattr(f, 'editable', False):
-            if (fields is not None and f.name in fields and
-                    (exclude is None or f.name not in exclude)):
+
+    sortable_private_fields = [
+        f for f in opts.private_fields if isinstance(f, ModelField)
+    ]
+    for f in sorted(
+        chain(opts.concrete_fields, sortable_private_fields, opts.many_to_many)
+    ):
+        if not getattr(f, "editable", False):
+            if (
+                fields is not None
+                and f.name in fields
+                and (exclude is None or f.name not in exclude)
+            ):
                 raise FieldError(
-                    "'%s' cannot be specified for %s model form as it is a non-editable field" % (
-                        f.name, model.__name__)
+                    "'%s' cannot be specified for %s model form as it is a non-editable field"
+                    % (f.name, model.__name__)
                 )
             continue
         if fields is not None and f.name not in fields:
@@ -165,22 +206,24 @@ def fields_for_model(model, fields=None, exclude=None, widgets=None,
 
         kwargs = {}
         if widgets and f.name in widgets:
-            kwargs['widget'] = widgets[f.name]
-        if localized_fields == ALL_FIELDS or (localized_fields and f.name in localized_fields):
-            kwargs['localize'] = True
+            kwargs["widget"] = widgets[f.name]
+        if localized_fields == ALL_FIELDS or (
+            localized_fields and f.name in localized_fields
+        ):
+            kwargs["localize"] = True
         if labels and f.name in labels:
-            kwargs['label'] = labels[f.name]
+            kwargs["label"] = labels[f.name]
         if help_texts and f.name in help_texts:
-            kwargs['help_text'] = help_texts[f.name]
+            kwargs["help_text"] = help_texts[f.name]
         if error_messages and f.name in error_messages:
-            kwargs['error_messages'] = error_messages[f.name]
+            kwargs["error_messages"] = error_messages[f.name]
         if field_classes and f.name in field_classes:
-            kwargs['form_class'] = field_classes[f.name]
+            kwargs["form_class"] = field_classes[f.name]
 
         if formfield_callback is None:
             formfield = f.formfield(**kwargs)
         elif not callable(formfield_callback):
-            raise TypeError('formfield_callback must be a function or callable')
+            raise TypeError("formfield_callback must be a function or callable")
         else:
             formfield = formfield_callback(f, **kwargs)
 
@@ -192,7 +235,8 @@ def fields_for_model(model, fields=None, exclude=None, widgets=None,
             ignored.append(f.name)
     if fields:
         field_dict = {
-            f: field_dict.get(f) for f in fields
+            f: field_dict.get(f)
+            for f in fields
             if (not exclude or f not in exclude) and f not in ignored
         }
     return field_dict
@@ -200,46 +244,49 @@ def fields_for_model(model, fields=None, exclude=None, widgets=None,
 
 class ModelFormOptions:
     def __init__(self, options=None):
-        self.model = getattr(options, 'model', None)
-        self.fields = getattr(options, 'fields', None)
-        self.exclude = getattr(options, 'exclude', None)
-        self.widgets = getattr(options, 'widgets', None)
-        self.localized_fields = getattr(options, 'localized_fields', None)
-        self.labels = getattr(options, 'labels', None)
-        self.help_texts = getattr(options, 'help_texts', None)
-        self.error_messages = getattr(options, 'error_messages', None)
-        self.field_classes = getattr(options, 'field_classes', None)
+        self.model = getattr(options, "model", None)
+        self.fields = getattr(options, "fields", None)
+        self.exclude = getattr(options, "exclude", None)
+        self.widgets = getattr(options, "widgets", None)
+        self.localized_fields = getattr(options, "localized_fields", None)
+        self.labels = getattr(options, "labels", None)
+        self.help_texts = getattr(options, "help_texts", None)
+        self.error_messages = getattr(options, "error_messages", None)
+        self.field_classes = getattr(options, "field_classes", None)
 
 
 class ModelFormMetaclass(DeclarativeFieldsMetaclass):
     def __new__(mcs, name, bases, attrs):
         base_formfield_callback = None
         for b in bases:
-            if hasattr(b, 'Meta') and hasattr(b.Meta, 'formfield_callback'):
+            if hasattr(b, "Meta") and hasattr(b.Meta, "formfield_callback"):
                 base_formfield_callback = b.Meta.formfield_callback
                 break
 
-        formfield_callback = attrs.pop('formfield_callback', base_formfield_callback)
+        formfield_callback = attrs.pop("formfield_callback", base_formfield_callback)
 
         new_class = super().__new__(mcs, name, bases, attrs)
 
         if bases == (BaseModelForm,):
             return new_class
 
-        opts = new_class._meta = ModelFormOptions(getattr(new_class, 'Meta', None))
+        opts = new_class._meta = ModelFormOptions(getattr(new_class, "Meta", None))
 
         # We check if a string was passed to `fields` or `exclude`,
         # which is likely to be a mistake where the user typed ('foo') instead
         # of ('foo',)
-        for opt in ['fields', 'exclude', 'localized_fields']:
+        for opt in ["fields", "exclude", "localized_fields"]:
             value = getattr(opts, opt)
             if isinstance(value, str) and value != ALL_FIELDS:
-                msg = ("%(model)s.Meta.%(opt)s cannot be a string. "
-                       "Did you mean to type: ('%(value)s',)?" % {
-                           'model': new_class.__name__,
-                           'opt': opt,
-                           'value': value,
-                       })
+                msg = (
+                    "%(model)s.Meta.%(opt)s cannot be a string. "
+                    "Did you mean to type: ('%(value)s',)?"
+                    % {
+                        "model": new_class.__name__,
+                        "opt": opt,
+                        "value": value,
+                    }
+                )
                 raise TypeError(msg)
 
         if opts.model:
@@ -257,9 +304,16 @@ class ModelFormMetaclass(DeclarativeFieldsMetaclass):
                 opts.fields = None
 
             fields = fields_for_model(
-                opts.model, opts.fields, opts.exclude, opts.widgets,
-                formfield_callback, opts.localized_fields, opts.labels,
-                opts.help_texts, opts.error_messages, opts.field_classes,
+                opts.model,
+                opts.fields,
+                opts.exclude,
+                opts.widgets,
+                formfield_callback,
+                opts.localized_fields,
+                opts.labels,
+                opts.help_texts,
+                opts.error_messages,
+                opts.field_classes,
                 # limit_choices_to will be applied during ModelForm.__init__().
                 apply_limit_choices_to=False,
             )
@@ -268,9 +322,8 @@ class ModelFormMetaclass(DeclarativeFieldsMetaclass):
             none_model_fields = {k for k, v in fields.items() if not v}
             missing_fields = none_model_fields.difference(new_class.declared_fields)
             if missing_fields:
-                message = 'Unknown field(s) (%s) specified for %s'
-                message = message % (', '.join(missing_fields),
-                                     opts.model.__name__)
+                message = "Unknown field(s) (%s) specified for %s"
+                message = message % (", ".join(missing_fields), opts.model.__name__)
                 raise FieldError(message)
             # Override default model fields with any custom declared ones
             # (plus, include all the other declared fields).
@@ -284,13 +337,23 @@ class ModelFormMetaclass(DeclarativeFieldsMetaclass):
 
 
 class BaseModelForm(BaseForm):
-    def __init__(self, data=None, files=None, auto_id='id_%s', prefix=None,
-                 initial=None, error_class=ErrorList, label_suffix=None,
-                 empty_permitted=False, instance=None, use_required_attribute=None,
-                 renderer=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        data=None,
+        files=None,
+        auto_id="id_%s",
+        prefix=None,
+        initial=None,
+        error_class=ErrorList,
+        label_suffix=None,
+        empty_permitted=False,
+        instance=None,
+        use_required_attribute=None,
+        renderer=None,
+    ):
         opts = self._meta
         if opts.model is None:
-            raise ValueError('ModelForm has no model class specified.')
+            raise ValueError("ModelForm has no model class specified.")
         if instance is None:
             # if we didn't get an instance, instantiate a new one
             self.instance = opts.model()
@@ -306,8 +369,15 @@ class BaseModelForm(BaseForm):
         # super will stop validate_unique from being called.
         self._validate_unique = False
         super().__init__(
-            data, files, auto_id, prefix, object_data, error_class,
-            label_suffix, empty_permitted, use_required_attribute=use_required_attribute,
+            data,
+            files,
+            auto_id,
+            prefix,
+            object_data,
+            error_class,
+            label_suffix,
+            empty_permitted,
+            use_required_attribute=use_required_attribute,
             renderer=renderer,
         )
         for formfield in self.fields.values():
@@ -350,7 +420,11 @@ class BaseModelForm(BaseForm):
             else:
                 form_field = self.fields[field]
                 field_value = self.cleaned_data.get(field)
-                if not f.blank and not form_field.required and field_value in form_field.empty_values:
+                if (
+                    not f.blank
+                    and not form_field.required
+                    and field_value in form_field.empty_values
+                ):
                     exclude.append(f.name)
         return exclude
 
@@ -365,14 +439,17 @@ class BaseModelForm(BaseForm):
 
         # Allow the model generated by construct_instance() to raise
         # ValidationError and have them handled in the same way as others.
-        if hasattr(errors, 'error_dict'):
+        if hasattr(errors, "error_dict"):
             error_dict = errors.error_dict
         else:
             error_dict = {NON_FIELD_ERRORS: errors}
 
         for field, messages in error_dict.items():
-            if (field == NON_FIELD_ERRORS and opts.error_messages and
-                    NON_FIELD_ERRORS in opts.error_messages):
+            if (
+                field == NON_FIELD_ERRORS
+                and opts.error_messages
+                and NON_FIELD_ERRORS in opts.error_messages
+            ):
                 error_messages = opts.error_messages[NON_FIELD_ERRORS]
             elif field in self.fields:
                 error_messages = self.fields[field].error_messages
@@ -380,8 +457,10 @@ class BaseModelForm(BaseForm):
                 continue
 
             for message in messages:
-                if (isinstance(message, ValidationError) and
-                        message.code in error_messages):
+                if (
+                    isinstance(message, ValidationError)
+                    and message.code in error_messages
+                ):
                     message.message = error_messages[message.code]
 
         self.add_error(None, errors)
@@ -403,7 +482,9 @@ class BaseModelForm(BaseForm):
                 exclude.append(name)
 
         try:
-            self.instance = construct_instance(self, self.instance, opts.fields, opts.exclude)
+            self.instance = construct_instance(
+                self, self.instance, opts.fields, opts.exclude
+            )
         except ValidationError as e:
             self._update_errors(e)
 
@@ -439,7 +520,7 @@ class BaseModelForm(BaseForm):
         # private_fields here. (GenericRelation was previously a fake
         # m2m field).
         for f in chain(opts.many_to_many, opts.private_fields):
-            if not hasattr(f, 'save_form_data'):
+            if not hasattr(f, "save_form_data"):
                 continue
             if fields and f.name not in fields:
                 continue
@@ -456,9 +537,10 @@ class BaseModelForm(BaseForm):
         """
         if self.errors:
             raise ValueError(
-                "The %s could not be %s because the data didn't validate." % (
+                "The %s could not be %s because the data didn't validate."
+                % (
                     self.instance._meta.object_name,
-                    'created' if self.instance._state.adding else 'changed',
+                    "created" if self.instance._state.adding else "changed",
                 )
             )
         if commit:
@@ -478,10 +560,19 @@ class ModelForm(BaseModelForm, metaclass=ModelFormMetaclass):
     pass
 
 
-def modelform_factory(model, form=ModelForm, fields=None, exclude=None,
-                      formfield_callback=None, widgets=None, localized_fields=None,
-                      labels=None, help_texts=None, error_messages=None,
-                      field_classes=None):
+def modelform_factory(
+    model,
+    form=ModelForm,
+    fields=None,
+    exclude=None,
+    formfield_callback=None,
+    widgets=None,
+    localized_fields=None,
+    labels=None,
+    help_texts=None,
+    error_messages=None,
+    field_classes=None,
+):
     """
     Return a ModelForm containing form fields for the given model. You can
     optionally pass a `form` argument to use as a starting point for
@@ -517,41 +608,37 @@ def modelform_factory(model, form=ModelForm, fields=None, exclude=None,
     # inner class.
 
     # Build up a list of attributes that the Meta object will have.
-    attrs = {'model': model}
+    attrs = {"model": model}
     if fields is not None:
-        attrs['fields'] = fields
+        attrs["fields"] = fields
     if exclude is not None:
-        attrs['exclude'] = exclude
+        attrs["exclude"] = exclude
     if widgets is not None:
-        attrs['widgets'] = widgets
+        attrs["widgets"] = widgets
     if localized_fields is not None:
-        attrs['localized_fields'] = localized_fields
+        attrs["localized_fields"] = localized_fields
     if labels is not None:
-        attrs['labels'] = labels
+        attrs["labels"] = labels
     if help_texts is not None:
-        attrs['help_texts'] = help_texts
+        attrs["help_texts"] = help_texts
     if error_messages is not None:
-        attrs['error_messages'] = error_messages
+        attrs["error_messages"] = error_messages
     if field_classes is not None:
-        attrs['field_classes'] = field_classes
+        attrs["field_classes"] = field_classes
 
     # If parent form class already has an inner Meta, the Meta we're
     # creating needs to inherit from the parent's inner meta.
-    bases = (form.Meta,) if hasattr(form, 'Meta') else ()
-    Meta = type('Meta', bases, attrs)
+    bases = (form.Meta,) if hasattr(form, "Meta") else ()
+    Meta = type("Meta", bases, attrs)
     if formfield_callback:
         Meta.formfield_callback = staticmethod(formfield_callback)
     # Give this new form class a reasonable name.
-    class_name = model.__name__ + 'Form'
+    class_name = model.__name__ + "Form"
 
     # Class attributes for the new form class.
-    form_class_attrs = {
-        'Meta': Meta,
-        'formfield_callback': formfield_callback
-    }
+    form_class_attrs = {"Meta": Meta, "formfield_callback": formfield_callback}
 
-    if (getattr(Meta, 'fields', None) is None and
-            getattr(Meta, 'exclude', None) is None):
+    if getattr(Meta, "fields", None) is None and getattr(Meta, "exclude", None) is None:
         raise ImproperlyConfigured(
             "Calling modelform_factory without defining 'fields' or "
             "'exclude' explicitly is prohibited."
@@ -563,20 +650,39 @@ def modelform_factory(model, form=ModelForm, fields=None, exclude=None,
 
 # ModelFormSets ##############################################################
 
+
 class BaseModelFormSet(BaseFormSet):
     """
     A ``FormSet`` for editing a queryset and/or adding new objects to it.
     """
+
     model = None
 
     # Set of fields that must be unique among forms of this set.
     unique_fields = set()
 
-    def __init__(self, data=None, files=None, auto_id='id_%s', prefix=None,
-                 queryset=None, *, initial=None, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        data=None,
+        files=None,
+        auto_id="id_%s",
+        prefix=None,
+        queryset=None,
+        *,
+        initial=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
         self.queryset = queryset
         self.initial_extra = initial
-        super().__init__(**{'data': data, 'files': files, 'auto_id': auto_id, 'prefix': prefix, **kwargs})
+        super().__init__(
+            **{
+                "data": data,
+                "files": files,
+                "auto_id": auto_id,
+                "prefix": prefix,
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
 
     def initial_form_count(self):
         """Return the number of forms that are required in this FormSet."""
@@ -585,7 +691,7 @@ class BaseModelFormSet(BaseFormSet):
         return super().initial_form_count()
 
     def _existing_object(self, pk):
-        if not hasattr(self, '_object_dict'):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_object_dict"):
             self._object_dict = {o.pk: o for o in self.get_queryset()}
         return self._object_dict.get(pk)
 
@@ -602,7 +708,7 @@ class BaseModelFormSet(BaseFormSet):
         pk_required = i < self.initial_form_count()
         if pk_required:
             if self.is_bound:
-                pk_key = '%s-%s' % (self.add_prefix(i), self.model._meta.pk.name)
+                pk_key = "%s-%s" % (self.add_prefix(i), self.model._meta.pk.name)
                 try:
                     pk = self.data[pk_key]
                 except KeyError:
@@ -618,13 +724,13 @@ class BaseModelFormSet(BaseFormSet):
                         # user may have tampered with POST data.
                         pass
                     else:
-                        kwargs['instance'] = self._existing_object(pk)
+                        kwargs["instance"] = self._existing_object(pk)
             else:
-                kwargs['instance'] = self.get_queryset()[i]
+                kwargs["instance"] = self.get_queryset()[i]
         elif self.initial_extra:
             # Set initial values for extra forms
             try:
-                kwargs['initial'] = self.initial_extra[i - self.initial_form_count()]
+                kwargs["initial"] = self.initial_extra[i - self.initial_form_count()]
             except IndexError:
                 pass
         form = super()._construct_form(i, **kwargs)
@@ -633,7 +739,7 @@ class BaseModelFormSet(BaseFormSet):
         return form
 
     def get_queryset(self):
-        if not hasattr(self, '_queryset'):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_queryset"):
             if self.queryset is not None:
                 qs = self.queryset
             else:
@@ -675,6 +781,7 @@ class BaseModelFormSet(BaseFormSet):
             def save_m2m():
                 for form in self.saved_forms:
                     form.save_m2m()
+
             self.save_m2m = save_m2m
         if self.edit_only:
             return self.save_existing_objects(commit)
@@ -691,10 +798,16 @@ class BaseModelFormSet(BaseFormSet):
         all_unique_checks = set()
         all_date_checks = set()
         forms_to_delete = self.deleted_forms
-        valid_forms = [form for form in self.forms if form.is_valid() and form not in forms_to_delete]
+        valid_forms = [
+            form
+            for form in self.forms
+            if form.is_valid() and form not in forms_to_delete
+        ]
         for form in valid_forms:
             exclude = form._get_validation_exclusions()
-            unique_checks, date_checks = form.instance._get_unique_checks(exclude=exclude)
+            unique_checks, date_checks = form.instance._get_unique_checks(
+                exclude=exclude
+            )
             all_unique_checks.update(unique_checks)
             all_date_checks.update(date_checks)
 
@@ -706,14 +819,15 @@ class BaseModelFormSet(BaseFormSet):
                 # Get the data for the set of fields that must be unique among the forms.
                 row_data = (
                     field if field in self.unique_fields else form.cleaned_data[field]
-                    for field in unique_check if field in form.cleaned_data
+                    for field in unique_check
+                    if field in form.cleaned_data
                 )
                 # Reduce Model instances to their primary key values
                 row_data = tuple(
-                    d._get_pk_val() if hasattr(d, '_get_pk_val')
+                    d._get_pk_val() if hasattr(d, "_get_pk_val")
                     # Prevent "unhashable type: list" errors later on.
-                    else tuple(d) if isinstance(d, list)
-                    else d for d in row_data
+                    else tuple(d) if isinstance(d, list) else d
+                    for d in row_data
                 )
                 if row_data and None not in row_data:
                     # if we've already seen it then we have a uniqueness failure
@@ -737,10 +851,13 @@ class BaseModelFormSet(BaseFormSet):
             uclass, lookup, field, unique_for = date_check
             for form in valid_forms:
                 # see if we have data for both fields
-                if (form.cleaned_data and form.cleaned_data[field] is not None and
-                        form.cleaned_data[unique_for] is not None):
+                if (
+                    form.cleaned_data
+                    and form.cleaned_data[field] is not None
+                    and form.cleaned_data[unique_for] is not None
+                ):
                     # if it's a date lookup we need to get the data for all the fields
-                    if lookup == 'date':
+                    if lookup == "date":
                         date = form.cleaned_data[unique_for]
                         date_data = (date.year, date.month, date.day)
                     # otherwise it's just the attribute on the date/datetime
@@ -771,7 +888,9 @@ class BaseModelFormSet(BaseFormSet):
                 "field": unique_check[0],
             }
         else:
-            return gettext("Please correct the duplicate data for %(field)s, which must be unique.") % {
+            return gettext(
+                "Please correct the duplicate data for %(field)s, which must be unique."
+            ) % {
                 "field": get_text_list(unique_check, _("and")),
             }
 
@@ -780,9 +899,9 @@ class BaseModelFormSet(BaseFormSet):
             "Please correct the duplicate data for %(field_name)s "
             "which must be unique for the %(lookup)s in %(date_field)s."
         ) % {
-            'field_name': date_check[2],
-            'date_field': date_check[3],
-            'lookup': str(date_check[1]),
+            "field_name": date_check[2],
+            "date_field": date_check[3],
+            "lookup": str(date_check[1]),
         }
 
     def get_form_error(self):
@@ -831,6 +950,7 @@ class BaseModelFormSet(BaseFormSet):
     def add_fields(self, form, index):
         """Add a hidden field for the object's primary key."""
         from django.db.models import AutoField, ForeignKey, OneToOneField
+
         self._pk_field = pk = self.model._meta.pk
         # If a pk isn't editable, then it won't be on the form, so we need to
         # add it here so we can tell which object is which when we get the
@@ -840,11 +960,15 @@ class BaseModelFormSet(BaseFormSet):
 
         def pk_is_not_editable(pk):
             return (
-                (not pk.editable) or (pk.auto_created or isinstance(pk, AutoField)) or (
-                    pk.remote_field and pk.remote_field.parent_link and
-                    pk_is_not_editable(pk.remote_field.model._meta.pk)
+                (not pk.editable)
+                or (pk.auto_created or isinstance(pk, AutoField))
+                or (
+                    pk.remote_field
+                    and pk.remote_field.parent_link
+                    and pk_is_not_editable(pk.remote_field.model._meta.pk)
                 )
             )
+
         if pk_is_not_editable(pk) or pk.name not in form.fields:
             if form.is_bound:
                 # If we're adding the related instance, ignore its primary key
@@ -868,37 +992,75 @@ class BaseModelFormSet(BaseFormSet):
                 widget = form._meta.widgets.get(self._pk_field.name, HiddenInput)
             else:
                 widget = HiddenInput
-            form.fields[self._pk_field.name] = ModelChoiceField(qs, initial=pk_value, required=False, widget=widget)
+            form.fields[self._pk_field.name] = ModelChoiceField(
+                qs, initial=pk_value, required=False, widget=widget
+            )
         super().add_fields(form, index)
 
 
-def modelformset_factory(model, form=ModelForm, formfield_callback=None,
-                         formset=BaseModelFormSet, extra=1, can_delete=False,
-                         can_order=False, max_num=None, fields=None, exclude=None,
-                         widgets=None, validate_max=False, localized_fields=None,
-                         labels=None, help_texts=None, error_messages=None,
-                         min_num=None, validate_min=False, field_classes=None,
-                         absolute_max=None, can_delete_extra=True, renderer=None,
-                         edit_only=False):
+def modelformset_factory(
+    model,
+    form=ModelForm,
+    formfield_callback=None,
+    formset=BaseModelFormSet,
+    extra=1,
+    can_delete=False,
+    can_order=False,
+    max_num=None,
+    fields=None,
+    exclude=None,
+    widgets=None,
+    validate_max=False,
+    localized_fields=None,
+    labels=None,
+    help_texts=None,
+    error_messages=None,
+    min_num=None,
+    validate_min=False,
+    field_classes=None,
+    absolute_max=None,
+    can_delete_extra=True,
+    renderer=None,
+    edit_only=False,
+):
     """Return a FormSet class for the given Django model class."""
-    meta = getattr(form, 'Meta', None)
-    if (getattr(meta, 'fields', fields) is None and
-            getattr(meta, 'exclude', exclude) is None):
+    meta = getattr(form, "Meta", None)
+    if (
+        getattr(meta, "fields", fields) is None
+        and getattr(meta, "exclude", exclude) is None
+    ):
         raise ImproperlyConfigured(
             "Calling modelformset_factory without defining 'fields' or "
             "'exclude' explicitly is prohibited."
         )
 
-    form = modelform_factory(model, form=form, fields=fields, exclude=exclude,
-                             formfield_callback=formfield_callback,
-                             widgets=widgets, localized_fields=localized_fields,
-                             labels=labels, help_texts=help_texts,
-                             error_messages=error_messages, field_classes=field_classes)
-    FormSet = formset_factory(form, formset, extra=extra, min_num=min_num, max_num=max_num,
-                              can_order=can_order, can_delete=can_delete,
-                              validate_min=validate_min, validate_max=validate_max,
-                              absolute_max=absolute_max, can_delete_extra=can_delete_extra,
-                              renderer=renderer)
+    form = modelform_factory(
+        model,
+        form=form,
+        fields=fields,
+        exclude=exclude,
+        formfield_callback=formfield_callback,
+        widgets=widgets,
+        localized_fields=localized_fields,
+        labels=labels,
+        help_texts=help_texts,
+        error_messages=error_messages,
+        field_classes=field_classes,
+    )
+    FormSet = formset_factory(
+        form,
+        formset,
+        extra=extra,
+        min_num=min_num,
+        max_num=max_num,
+        can_order=can_order,
+        can_delete=can_delete,
+        validate_min=validate_min,
+        validate_max=validate_max,
+        absolute_max=absolute_max,
+        can_delete_extra=can_delete_extra,
+        renderer=renderer,
+    )
     FormSet.model = model
     FormSet.edit_only = edit_only
     return FormSet
@@ -906,10 +1068,20 @@ def modelformset_factory(model, form=ModelForm, formfield_callback=None,
 
 # InlineFormSets #############################################################
 
+
 class BaseInlineFormSet(BaseModelFormSet):
     """A formset for child objects related to a parent."""
-    def __init__(self, data=None, files=None, instance=None,
-                 save_as_new=False, prefix=None, queryset=None, **kwargs):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        data=None,
+        files=None,
+        instance=None,
+        save_as_new=False,
+        prefix=None,
+        queryset=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
         if instance is None:
             self.instance = self.fk.remote_field.model()
         else:
@@ -939,7 +1111,7 @@ class BaseInlineFormSet(BaseModelFormSet):
     def _construct_form(self, i, **kwargs):
         form = super()._construct_form(i, **kwargs)
         if self.save_as_new:
-            mutable = getattr(form.data, '_mutable', None)
+            mutable = getattr(form.data, "_mutable", None)
             # Allow modifying an immutable QueryDict.
             if mutable is not None:
                 form.data._mutable = True
@@ -955,13 +1127,13 @@ class BaseInlineFormSet(BaseModelFormSet):
         fk_value = self.instance.pk
         if self.fk.remote_field.field_name != self.fk.remote_field.model._meta.pk.name:
             fk_value = getattr(self.instance, self.fk.remote_field.field_name)
-            fk_value = getattr(fk_value, 'pk', fk_value)
+            fk_value = getattr(fk_value, "pk", fk_value)
         setattr(form.instance, self.fk.get_attname(), fk_value)
         return form
 
     @classmethod
     def get_default_prefix(cls):
-        return cls.fk.remote_field.get_accessor_name(model=cls.model).replace('+', '')
+        return cls.fk.remote_field.get_accessor_name(model=cls.model).replace("+", "")
 
     def save_new(self, form, commit=True):
         # Ensure the latest copy of the related instance is present on each
@@ -974,26 +1146,28 @@ class BaseInlineFormSet(BaseModelFormSet):
         super().add_fields(form, index)
         if self._pk_field == self.fk:
             name = self._pk_field.name
-            kwargs = {'pk_field': True}
+            kwargs = {"pk_field": True}
         else:
             # The foreign key field might not be on the form, so we poke at the
             # Model field to get the label, since we need that for error messages.
             name = self.fk.name
             kwargs = {
-                'label': getattr(form.fields.get(name), 'label', capfirst(self.fk.verbose_name))
+                "label": getattr(
+                    form.fields.get(name), "label", capfirst(self.fk.verbose_name)
+                )
             }
 
         # The InlineForeignKeyField assumes that the foreign key relation is
         # based on the parent model's pk. If this isn't the case, set to_field
         # to correctly resolve the initial form value.
         if self.fk.remote_field.field_name != self.fk.remote_field.model._meta.pk.name:
-            kwargs['to_field'] = self.fk.remote_field.field_name
+            kwargs["to_field"] = self.fk.remote_field.field_name
 
         # If we're adding a new object, ignore a parent's auto-generated key
         # as it will be regenerated on the save request.
         if self.instance._state.adding:
-            if kwargs.get('to_field') is not None:
-                to_field = self.instance._meta.get_field(kwargs['to_field'])
+            if kwargs.get("to_field") is not None:
+                to_field = self.instance._meta.get_field(kwargs["to_field"])
             else:
                 to_field = self.instance._meta.pk
             if to_field.has_default():
@@ -1016,24 +1190,30 @@ def _get_foreign_key(parent_model, model, fk_name=None, can_fail=False):
     """
     # avoid circular import
     from django.db.models import ForeignKey
+
     opts = model._meta
     if fk_name:
         fks_to_parent = [f for f in opts.fields if f.name == fk_name]
         if len(fks_to_parent) == 1:
             fk = fks_to_parent[0]
             parent_list = parent_model._meta.get_parent_list()
-            if not isinstance(fk, ForeignKey) or (
-                # ForeignKey to proxy models.
-                fk.remote_field.model._meta.proxy and
-                fk.remote_field.model._meta.proxy_for_model not in parent_list
-            ) or (
-                # ForeignKey to concrete models.
-                not fk.remote_field.model._meta.proxy and
-                fk.remote_field.model != parent_model and
-                fk.remote_field.model not in parent_list
+            if (
+                not isinstance(fk, ForeignKey)
+                or (
+                    # ForeignKey to proxy models.
+                    fk.remote_field.model._meta.proxy
+                    and fk.remote_field.model._meta.proxy_for_model not in parent_list
+                )
+                or (
+                    # ForeignKey to concrete models.
+                    not fk.remote_field.model._meta.proxy
+                    and fk.remote_field.model != parent_model
+                    and fk.remote_field.model not in parent_list
+                )
             ):
                 raise ValueError(
-                    "fk_name '%s' is not a ForeignKey to '%s'." % (fk_name, parent_model._meta.label)
+                    "fk_name '%s' is not a ForeignKey to '%s'."
+                    % (fk_name, parent_model._meta.label)
                 )
         elif not fks_to_parent:
             raise ValueError(
@@ -1043,12 +1223,15 @@ def _get_foreign_key(parent_model, model, fk_name=None, can_fail=False):
         # Try to discover what the ForeignKey from model to parent_model is
         parent_list = parent_model._meta.get_parent_list()
         fks_to_parent = [
-            f for f in opts.fields
-            if isinstance(f, ForeignKey) and (
-                f.remote_field.model == parent_model or
-                f.remote_field.model in parent_list or (
-                    f.remote_field.model._meta.proxy and
-                    f.remote_field.model._meta.proxy_for_model in parent_list
+            f
+            for f in opts.fields
+            if isinstance(f, ForeignKey)
+            and (
+                f.remote_field.model == parent_model
+                or f.remote_field.model in parent_list
+                or (
+                    f.remote_field.model._meta.proxy
+                    and f.remote_field.model._meta.proxy_for_model in parent_list
                 )
             )
         ]
@@ -1058,7 +1241,8 @@ def _get_foreign_key(parent_model, model, fk_name=None, can_fail=False):
             if can_fail:
                 return
             raise ValueError(
-                "'%s' has no ForeignKey to '%s'." % (
+                "'%s' has no ForeignKey to '%s'."
+                % (
                     model._meta.label,
                     parent_model._meta.label,
                 )
@@ -1066,7 +1250,8 @@ def _get_foreign_key(parent_model, model, fk_name=None, can_fail=False):
         else:
             raise ValueError(
                 "'%s' has more than one ForeignKey to '%s'. You must specify "
-                "a 'fk_name' attribute." % (
+                "a 'fk_name' attribute."
+                % (
                     model._meta.label,
                     parent_model._meta.label,
                 )
@@ -1074,15 +1259,33 @@ def _get_foreign_key(parent_model, model, fk_name=None, can_fail=False):
     return fk
 
 
-def inlineformset_factory(parent_model, model, form=ModelForm,
-                          formset=BaseInlineFormSet, fk_name=None,
-                          fields=None, exclude=None, extra=3, can_order=False,
-                          can_delete=True, max_num=None, formfield_callback=None,
-                          widgets=None, validate_max=False, localized_fields=None,
-                          labels=None, help_texts=None, error_messages=None,
-                          min_num=None, validate_min=False, field_classes=None,
-                          absolute_max=None, can_delete_extra=True, renderer=None,
-                          edit_only=False):
+def inlineformset_factory(
+    parent_model,
+    model,
+    form=ModelForm,
+    formset=BaseInlineFormSet,
+    fk_name=None,
+    fields=None,
+    exclude=None,
+    extra=3,
+    can_order=False,
+    can_delete=True,
+    max_num=None,
+    formfield_callback=None,
+    widgets=None,
+    validate_max=False,
+    localized_fields=None,
+    labels=None,
+    help_texts=None,
+    error_messages=None,
+    min_num=None,
+    validate_min=False,
+    field_classes=None,
+    absolute_max=None,
+    can_delete_extra=True,
+    renderer=None,
+    edit_only=False,
+):
     """
     Return an ``InlineFormSet`` for the given kwargs.
 
@@ -1094,28 +1297,28 @@ def inlineformset_factory(parent_model, model, form=ModelForm,
     if fk.unique:
         max_num = 1
     kwargs = {
-        'form': form,
-        'formfield_callback': formfield_callback,
-        'formset': formset,
-        'extra': extra,
-        'can_delete': can_delete,
-        'can_order': can_order,
-        'fields': fields,
-        'exclude': exclude,
-        'min_num': min_num,
-        'max_num': max_num,
-        'widgets': widgets,
-        'validate_min': validate_min,
-        'validate_max': validate_max,
-        'localized_fields': localized_fields,
-        'labels': labels,
-        'help_texts': help_texts,
-        'error_messages': error_messages,
-        'field_classes': field_classes,
-        'absolute_max': absolute_max,
-        'can_delete_extra': can_delete_extra,
-        'renderer': renderer,
-        'edit_only': edit_only,
+        "form": form,
+        "formfield_callback": formfield_callback,
+        "formset": formset,
+        "extra": extra,
+        "can_delete": can_delete,
+        "can_order": can_order,
+        "fields": fields,
+        "exclude": exclude,
+        "min_num": min_num,
+        "max_num": max_num,
+        "widgets": widgets,
+        "validate_min": validate_min,
+        "validate_max": validate_max,
+        "localized_fields": localized_fields,
+        "labels": labels,
+        "help_texts": help_texts,
+        "error_messages": error_messages,
+        "field_classes": field_classes,
+        "absolute_max": absolute_max,
+        "can_delete_extra": can_delete_extra,
+        "renderer": renderer,
+        "edit_only": edit_only,
     }
     FormSet = modelformset_factory(model, **kwargs)
     FormSet.fk = fk
@@ -1124,14 +1327,16 @@ def inlineformset_factory(parent_model, model, form=ModelForm,
 
 # Fields #####################################################################
 
+
 class InlineForeignKeyField(Field):
     """
     A basic integer field that deals with validating the given value to a
     given parent instance in an inline.
     """
+
     widget = HiddenInput
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid_choice': _('The inline value did not match the parent instance.'),
+        "invalid_choice": _("The inline value did not match the parent instance."),
     }
 
     def __init__(self, parent_instance, *args, pk_field=False, to_field=None, **kwargs):
@@ -1158,7 +1363,9 @@ class InlineForeignKeyField(Field):
         else:
             orig = self.parent_instance.pk
         if str(value) != str(orig):
-            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid_choice'], code='invalid_choice')
+            raise ValidationError(
+                self.error_messages["invalid_choice"], code="invalid_choice"
+            )
         return self.parent_instance
 
     def has_changed(self, initial, data):
@@ -1215,34 +1422,50 @@ class ModelChoiceIterator:
 
 class ModelChoiceField(ChoiceField):
     """A ChoiceField whose choices are a model QuerySet."""
+
     # This class is a subclass of ChoiceField for purity, but it doesn't
     # actually use any of ChoiceField's implementation.
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid_choice': _(
-            'Select a valid choice. That choice is not one of the available choices.'
+        "invalid_choice": _(
+            "Select a valid choice. That choice is not one of the available choices."
         ),
     }
     iterator = ModelChoiceIterator
 
-    def __init__(self, queryset, *, empty_label="---------",
-                 required=True, widget=None, label=None, initial=None,
-                 help_text='', to_field_name=None, limit_choices_to=None,
-                 blank=False, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        queryset,
+        *,
+        empty_label="---------",
+        required=True,
+        widget=None,
+        label=None,
+        initial=None,
+        help_text="",
+        to_field_name=None,
+        limit_choices_to=None,
+        blank=False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
         # Call Field instead of ChoiceField __init__() because we don't need
         # ChoiceField.__init__().
         Field.__init__(
-            self, required=required, widget=widget, label=label,
-            initial=initial, help_text=help_text, **kwargs
+            self,
+            required=required,
+            widget=widget,
+            label=label,
+            initial=initial,
+            help_text=help_text,
+            **kwargs,
         )
-        if (
-            (required and initial is not None) or
-            (isinstance(self.widget, RadioSelect) and not blank)
+        if (required and initial is not None) or (
+            isinstance(self.widget, RadioSelect) and not blank
         ):
             self.empty_label = None
         else:
             self.empty_label = empty_label
         self.queryset = queryset
-        self.limit_choices_to = limit_choices_to   # limit the queryset later.
+        self.limit_choices_to = limit_choices_to  # limit the queryset later.
         self.to_field_name = to_field_name
 
     def get_limit_choices_to(self):
@@ -1284,7 +1507,7 @@ class ModelChoiceField(ChoiceField):
     def _get_choices(self):
         # If self._choices is set, then somebody must have manually set
         # the property self.choices. In this case, just return self._choices.
-        if hasattr(self, '_choices'):
+        if hasattr(self, "_choices"):
             return self._choices
 
         # Otherwise, execute the QuerySet in self.queryset to determine the
@@ -1299,7 +1522,7 @@ class ModelChoiceField(ChoiceField):
     choices = property(_get_choices, ChoiceField._set_choices)
 
     def prepare_value(self, value):
-        if hasattr(value, '_meta'):
+        if hasattr(value, "_meta"):
             if self.to_field_name:
                 return value.serializable_value(self.to_field_name)
             else:
@@ -1310,15 +1533,15 @@ class ModelChoiceField(ChoiceField):
         if value in self.empty_values:
             return None
         try:
-            key = self.to_field_name or 'pk'
+            key = self.to_field_name or "pk"
             if isinstance(value, self.queryset.model):
                 value = getattr(value, key)
             value = self.queryset.get(**{key: value})
         except (ValueError, TypeError, self.queryset.model.DoesNotExist):
             raise ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['invalid_choice'],
-                code='invalid_choice',
-                params={'value': value},
+                self.error_messages["invalid_choice"],
+                code="invalid_choice",
+                params={"value": value},
             )
         return value
 
@@ -1328,21 +1551,22 @@ class ModelChoiceField(ChoiceField):
     def has_changed(self, initial, data):
         if self.disabled:
             return False
-        initial_value = initial if initial is not None else ''
-        data_value = data if data is not None else ''
+        initial_value = initial if initial is not None else ""
+        data_value = data if data is not None else ""
         return str(self.prepare_value(initial_value)) != str(data_value)
 
 
 class ModelMultipleChoiceField(ModelChoiceField):
     """A MultipleChoiceField whose choices are a model QuerySet."""
+
     widget = SelectMultiple
     hidden_widget = MultipleHiddenInput
     default_error_messages = {
-        'invalid_list': _('Enter a list of values.'),
-        'invalid_choice': _(
-            'Select a valid choice. %(value)s is not one of the available choices.'
+        "invalid_list": _("Enter a list of values."),
+        "invalid_choice": _(
+            "Select a valid choice. %(value)s is not one of the available choices."
         ),
-        'invalid_pk_value': _('“%(pk)s” is not a valid value.')
+        "invalid_pk_value": _("“%(pk)s” is not a valid value."),
     }
 
     def __init__(self, queryset, **kwargs):
@@ -1356,13 +1580,13 @@ class ModelMultipleChoiceField(ModelChoiceField):
     def clean(self, value):
         value = self.prepare_value(value)
         if self.required and not value:
-            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages['required'], code='required')
+            raise ValidationError(self.error_messages["required"], code="required")
         elif not self.required and not value:
             return self.queryset.none()
         if not isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
             raise ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['invalid_list'],
-                code='invalid_list',
+                self.error_messages["invalid_list"],
+                code="invalid_list",
             )
         qs = self._check_values(value)
         # Since this overrides the inherited ModelChoiceField.clean
@@ -1376,7 +1600,7 @@ class ModelMultipleChoiceField(ModelChoiceField):
         corresponding objects. Raise a ValidationError if a given value is
         invalid (not a valid PK, not in the queryset, etc.)
         """
-        key = self.to_field_name or 'pk'
+        key = self.to_field_name or "pk"
         # deduplicate given values to avoid creating many querysets or
         # requiring the database backend deduplicate efficiently.
         try:
@@ -1384,33 +1608,35 @@ class ModelMultipleChoiceField(ModelChoiceField):
         except TypeError:
             # list of lists isn't hashable, for example
             raise ValidationError(
-                self.error_messages['invalid_list'],
-                code='invalid_list',
+                self.error_messages["invalid_list"],
+                code="invalid_list",
             )
         for pk in value:
             try:
                 self.queryset.filter(**{key: pk})
             except (ValueError, TypeError):
                 raise ValidationError(
-                    self.error_messages['invalid_pk_value'],
-                    code='invalid_pk_value',
-                    params={'pk': pk},
+                    self.error_messages["invalid_pk_value"],
+                    code="invalid_pk_value",
+                    params={"pk": pk},
                 )
-        qs = self.queryset.filter(**{'%s__in' % key: value})
+        qs = self.queryset.filter(**{"%s__in" % key: value})
         pks = {str(getattr(o, key)) for o in qs}
         for val in value:
             if str(val) not in pks:
                 raise ValidationError(
-                    self.error_messages['invalid_choice'],
-                    code='invalid_choice',
-                    params={'value': val},
+                    self.error_messages["invalid_choice"],
+                    code="invalid_choice",
+                    params={"value": val},
                 )
         return qs
 
     def prepare_value(self, value):
-        if (hasattr(value, '__iter__') and
-                not isinstance(value, str) and
-                not hasattr(value, '_meta')):
+        if (
+            hasattr(value, "__iter__")
+            and not isinstance(value, str)
+            and not hasattr(value, "_meta")
+        ):
             prepare_value = super().prepare_value
             return [prepare_value(v) for v in value]
         return super().prepare_value(value)
@@ -1430,7 +1656,6 @@ class ModelMultipleChoiceField(ModelChoiceField):
 
 
 def modelform_defines_fields(form_class):
-    return hasattr(form_class, '_meta') and (
-        form_class._meta.fields is not None or
-        form_class._meta.exclude is not None
+    return hasattr(form_class, "_meta") and (
+        form_class._meta.fields is not None or form_class._meta.exclude is not None
     )
diff --git a/django/forms/renderers.py b/django/forms/renderers.py
index ffb61600c2..88cf504653 100644
--- a/django/forms/renderers.py
+++ b/django/forms/renderers.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ def get_default_renderer():
 
 class BaseRenderer:
     def get_template(self, template_name):
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses must implement get_template()')
+        raise NotImplementedError("subclasses must implement get_template()")
 
     def render(self, template_name, context, request=None):
         template = self.get_template(template_name)
@@ -29,12 +29,14 @@ class EngineMixin:
 
     @cached_property
     def engine(self):
-        return self.backend({
-            'APP_DIRS': True,
-            'DIRS': [Path(__file__).parent / self.backend.app_dirname],
-            'NAME': 'djangoforms',
-            'OPTIONS': {},
-        })
+        return self.backend(
+            {
+                "APP_DIRS": True,
+                "DIRS": [Path(__file__).parent / self.backend.app_dirname],
+                "NAME": "djangoforms",
+                "OPTIONS": {},
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class DjangoTemplates(EngineMixin, BaseRenderer):
@@ -42,6 +44,7 @@ class DjangoTemplates(EngineMixin, BaseRenderer):
     Load Django templates from the built-in widget templates in
     django/forms/templates and from apps' 'templates' directory.
     """
+
     backend = DjangoTemplates
 
 
@@ -50,9 +53,11 @@ class Jinja2(EngineMixin, BaseRenderer):
     Load Jinja2 templates from the built-in widget templates in
     django/forms/jinja2 and from apps' 'jinja2' directory.
     """
+
     @cached_property
     def backend(self):
         from django.template.backends.jinja2 import Jinja2
+
         return Jinja2
 
 
@@ -61,5 +66,6 @@ class TemplatesSetting(BaseRenderer):
     Load templates using template.loader.get_template() which is configured
     based on settings.TEMPLATES.
     """
+
     def get_template(self, template_name):
         return get_template(template_name)
diff --git a/django/forms/utils.py b/django/forms/utils.py
index 4af57e8586..7d3bb5ad48 100644
--- a/django/forms/utils.py
+++ b/django/forms/utils.py
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 def pretty_name(name):
     """Convert 'first_name' to 'First name'."""
     if not name:
-        return ''
-    return name.replace('_', ' ').capitalize()
+        return ""
+    return name.replace("_", " ").capitalize()
 
 
 def flatatt(attrs):
@@ -37,23 +37,24 @@ def flatatt(attrs):
         elif value is not None:
             key_value_attrs.append((attr, value))
 
-    return (
-        format_html_join('', ' {}="{}"', sorted(key_value_attrs)) +
-        format_html_join('', ' {}', sorted(boolean_attrs))
+    return format_html_join("", ' {}="{}"', sorted(key_value_attrs)) + format_html_join(
+        "", " {}", sorted(boolean_attrs)
     )
 
 
 class RenderableMixin:
     def get_context(self):
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            'Subclasses of RenderableMixin must provide a get_context() method.'
+            "Subclasses of RenderableMixin must provide a get_context() method."
         )
 
     def render(self, template_name=None, context=None, renderer=None):
-        return mark_safe((renderer or self.renderer).render(
-            template_name or self.template_name,
-            context or self.get_context(),
-        ))
+        return mark_safe(
+            (renderer or self.renderer).render(
+                template_name or self.template_name,
+                context or self.get_context(),
+            )
+        )
 
     __str__ = render
     __html__ = render
@@ -90,9 +91,10 @@ class ErrorDict(dict, RenderableErrorMixin):
 
     The dictionary keys are the field names, and the values are the errors.
     """
-    template_name = 'django/forms/errors/dict/default.html'
-    template_name_text = 'django/forms/errors/dict/text.txt'
-    template_name_ul = 'django/forms/errors/dict/ul.html'
+
+    template_name = "django/forms/errors/dict/default.html"
+    template_name_text = "django/forms/errors/dict/text.txt"
+    template_name_ul = "django/forms/errors/dict/ul.html"
 
     def __init__(self, *args, renderer=None, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -106,8 +108,8 @@ class ErrorDict(dict, RenderableErrorMixin):
 
     def get_context(self):
         return {
-            'errors': self.items(),
-            'error_class': 'errorlist',
+            "errors": self.items(),
+            "error_class": "errorlist",
         }
 
 
@@ -115,17 +117,18 @@ class ErrorList(UserList, list, RenderableErrorMixin):
     """
     A collection of errors that knows how to display itself in various formats.
     """
-    template_name = 'django/forms/errors/list/default.html'
-    template_name_text = 'django/forms/errors/list/text.txt'
-    template_name_ul = 'django/forms/errors/list/ul.html'
+
+    template_name = "django/forms/errors/list/default.html"
+    template_name_text = "django/forms/errors/list/text.txt"
+    template_name_ul = "django/forms/errors/list/ul.html"
 
     def __init__(self, initlist=None, error_class=None, renderer=None):
         super().__init__(initlist)
 
         if error_class is None:
-            self.error_class = 'errorlist'
+            self.error_class = "errorlist"
         else:
-            self.error_class = 'errorlist {}'.format(error_class)
+            self.error_class = "errorlist {}".format(error_class)
         self.renderer = renderer or get_default_renderer()
 
     def as_data(self):
@@ -140,16 +143,18 @@ class ErrorList(UserList, list, RenderableErrorMixin):
         errors = []
         for error in self.as_data():
             message = next(iter(error))
-            errors.append({
-                'message': escape(message) if escape_html else message,
-                'code': error.code or '',
-            })
+            errors.append(
+                {
+                    "message": escape(message) if escape_html else message,
+                    "code": error.code or "",
+                }
+            )
         return errors
 
     def get_context(self):
         return {
-            'errors': self,
-            'error_class': self.error_class,
+            "errors": self,
+            "error_class": self.error_class,
         }
 
     def __repr__(self):
@@ -179,6 +184,7 @@ class ErrorList(UserList, list, RenderableErrorMixin):
 
 # Utilities for time zone support in DateTimeField et al.
 
+
 def from_current_timezone(value):
     """
     When time zone support is enabled, convert naive datetimes
@@ -187,19 +193,20 @@ def from_current_timezone(value):
     if settings.USE_TZ and value is not None and timezone.is_naive(value):
         current_timezone = timezone.get_current_timezone()
         try:
-            if (
-                not timezone._is_pytz_zone(current_timezone) and
-                timezone._datetime_ambiguous_or_imaginary(value, current_timezone)
-            ):
-                raise ValueError('Ambiguous or non-existent time.')
+            if not timezone._is_pytz_zone(
+                current_timezone
+            ) and timezone._datetime_ambiguous_or_imaginary(value, current_timezone):
+                raise ValueError("Ambiguous or non-existent time.")
             return timezone.make_aware(value, current_timezone)
         except Exception as exc:
             raise ValidationError(
-                _('%(datetime)s couldn’t be interpreted '
-                  'in time zone %(current_timezone)s; it '
-                  'may be ambiguous or it may not exist.'),
-                code='ambiguous_timezone',
-                params={'datetime': value, 'current_timezone': current_timezone}
+                _(
+                    "%(datetime)s couldn’t be interpreted "
+                    "in time zone %(current_timezone)s; it "
+                    "may be ambiguous or it may not exist."
+                ),
+                code="ambiguous_timezone",
+                params={"datetime": value, "current_timezone": current_timezone},
             ) from exc
     return value
 
diff --git a/django/forms/widgets.py b/django/forms/widgets.py
index 05667f8e44..8c5122ad1d 100644
--- a/django/forms/widgets.py
+++ b/django/forms/widgets.py
@@ -17,24 +17,41 @@ from django.utils.formats import get_format
 from django.utils.html import format_html, html_safe
 from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
-from django.utils.topological_sort import (
-    CyclicDependencyError, stable_topological_sort,
-)
+from django.utils.topological_sort import CyclicDependencyError, stable_topological_sort
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 from .renderers import get_default_renderer
 
 __all__ = (
-    'Media', 'MediaDefiningClass', 'Widget', 'TextInput', 'NumberInput',
-    'EmailInput', 'URLInput', 'PasswordInput', 'HiddenInput',
-    'MultipleHiddenInput', 'FileInput', 'ClearableFileInput', 'Textarea',
-    'DateInput', 'DateTimeInput', 'TimeInput', 'CheckboxInput', 'Select',
-    'NullBooleanSelect', 'SelectMultiple', 'RadioSelect',
-    'CheckboxSelectMultiple', 'MultiWidget', 'SplitDateTimeWidget',
-    'SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget', 'SelectDateWidget',
+    "Media",
+    "MediaDefiningClass",
+    "Widget",
+    "TextInput",
+    "NumberInput",
+    "EmailInput",
+    "URLInput",
+    "PasswordInput",
+    "HiddenInput",
+    "MultipleHiddenInput",
+    "FileInput",
+    "ClearableFileInput",
+    "Textarea",
+    "DateInput",
+    "DateTimeInput",
+    "TimeInput",
+    "CheckboxInput",
+    "Select",
+    "NullBooleanSelect",
+    "SelectMultiple",
+    "RadioSelect",
+    "CheckboxSelectMultiple",
+    "MultiWidget",
+    "SplitDateTimeWidget",
+    "SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget",
+    "SelectDateWidget",
 )
 
-MEDIA_TYPES = ('css', 'js')
+MEDIA_TYPES = ("css", "js")
 
 
 class MediaOrderConflictWarning(RuntimeWarning):
@@ -45,8 +62,8 @@ class MediaOrderConflictWarning(RuntimeWarning):
 class Media:
     def __init__(self, media=None, css=None, js=None):
         if media is not None:
-            css = getattr(media, 'css', {})
-            js = getattr(media, 'js', [])
+            css = getattr(media, "css", {})
+            js = getattr(media, "js", [])
         else:
             if css is None:
                 css = {}
@@ -56,7 +73,7 @@ class Media:
         self._js_lists = [js]
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return 'Media(css=%r, js=%r)' % (self._css, self._js)
+        return "Media(css=%r, js=%r)" % (self._css, self._js)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.render()
@@ -74,26 +91,35 @@ class Media:
         return self.merge(*self._js_lists)
 
     def render(self):
-        return mark_safe('\n'.join(chain.from_iterable(getattr(self, 'render_' + name)() for name in MEDIA_TYPES)))
+        return mark_safe(
+            "\n".join(
+                chain.from_iterable(
+                    getattr(self, "render_" + name)() for name in MEDIA_TYPES
+                )
+            )
+        )
 
     def render_js(self):
         return [
-            format_html(
-                '<script src="{}"></script>',
-                self.absolute_path(path)
-            ) for path in self._js
+            format_html('<script src="{}"></script>', self.absolute_path(path))
+            for path in self._js
         ]
 
     def render_css(self):
         # To keep rendering order consistent, we can't just iterate over items().
         # We need to sort the keys, and iterate over the sorted list.
         media = sorted(self._css)
-        return chain.from_iterable([
-            format_html(
-                '<link href="{}" media="{}" rel="stylesheet">',
-                self.absolute_path(path), medium
-            ) for path in self._css[medium]
-        ] for medium in media)
+        return chain.from_iterable(
+            [
+                format_html(
+                    '<link href="{}" media="{}" rel="stylesheet">',
+                    self.absolute_path(path),
+                    medium,
+                )
+                for path in self._css[medium]
+            ]
+            for medium in media
+        )
 
     def absolute_path(self, path):
         """
@@ -101,14 +127,14 @@ class Media:
         path. An absolute path will be returned unchanged while a relative path
         will be passed to django.templatetags.static.static().
         """
-        if path.startswith(('http://', 'https://', '/')):
+        if path.startswith(("http://", "https://", "/")):
             return path
         return static(path)
 
     def __getitem__(self, name):
         """Return a Media object that only contains media of the given type."""
         if name in MEDIA_TYPES:
-            return Media(**{str(name): getattr(self, '_' + name)})
+            return Media(**{str(name): getattr(self, "_" + name)})
         raise KeyError('Unknown media type "%s"' % name)
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -138,9 +164,10 @@ class Media:
             return stable_topological_sort(all_items, dependency_graph)
         except CyclicDependencyError:
             warnings.warn(
-                'Detected duplicate Media files in an opposite order: {}'.format(
-                    ', '.join(repr(list_) for list_ in lists)
-                ), MediaOrderConflictWarning,
+                "Detected duplicate Media files in an opposite order: {}".format(
+                    ", ".join(repr(list_) for list_ in lists)
+                ),
+                MediaOrderConflictWarning,
             )
             return list(all_items)
 
@@ -167,9 +194,9 @@ def media_property(cls):
             base = Media()
 
         # Get the media definition for this class
-        definition = getattr(cls, 'Media', None)
+        definition = getattr(cls, "Media", None)
         if definition:
-            extend = getattr(definition, 'extend', True)
+            extend = getattr(definition, "extend", True)
             if extend:
                 if extend is True:
                     m = base
@@ -180,6 +207,7 @@ def media_property(cls):
                 return m + Media(definition)
             return Media(definition)
         return base
+
     return property(_media)
 
 
@@ -187,10 +215,11 @@ class MediaDefiningClass(type):
     """
     Metaclass for classes that can have media definitions.
     """
+
     def __new__(mcs, name, bases, attrs):
         new_class = super().__new__(mcs, name, bases, attrs)
 
-        if 'media' not in attrs:
+        if "media" not in attrs:
             new_class.media = media_property(new_class)
 
         return new_class
@@ -213,17 +242,17 @@ class Widget(metaclass=MediaDefiningClass):
 
     @property
     def is_hidden(self):
-        return self.input_type == 'hidden' if hasattr(self, 'input_type') else False
+        return self.input_type == "hidden" if hasattr(self, "input_type") else False
 
     def subwidgets(self, name, value, attrs=None):
         context = self.get_context(name, value, attrs)
-        yield context['widget']
+        yield context["widget"]
 
     def format_value(self, value):
         """
         Return a value as it should appear when rendered in a template.
         """
-        if value == '' or value is None:
+        if value == "" or value is None:
             return None
         if self.is_localized:
             return formats.localize_input(value)
@@ -231,13 +260,13 @@ class Widget(metaclass=MediaDefiningClass):
 
     def get_context(self, name, value, attrs):
         return {
-            'widget': {
-                'name': name,
-                'is_hidden': self.is_hidden,
-                'required': self.is_required,
-                'value': self.format_value(value),
-                'attrs': self.build_attrs(self.attrs, attrs),
-                'template_name': self.template_name,
+            "widget": {
+                "name": name,
+                "is_hidden": self.is_hidden,
+                "required": self.is_required,
+                "value": self.format_value(value),
+                "attrs": self.build_attrs(self.attrs, attrs),
+                "template_name": self.template_name,
             },
         }
 
@@ -285,44 +314,45 @@ class Input(Widget):
     """
     Base class for all <input> widgets.
     """
+
     input_type = None  # Subclasses must define this.
-    template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/input.html'
+    template_name = "django/forms/widgets/input.html"
 
     def __init__(self, attrs=None):
         if attrs is not None:
             attrs = attrs.copy()
-            self.input_type = attrs.pop('type', self.input_type)
+            self.input_type = attrs.pop("type", self.input_type)
         super().__init__(attrs)
 
     def get_context(self, name, value, attrs):
         context = super().get_context(name, value, attrs)
-        context['widget']['type'] = self.input_type
+        context["widget"]["type"] = self.input_type
         return context
 
 
 class TextInput(Input):
-    input_type = 'text'
-    template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/text.html'
+    input_type = "text"
+    template_name = "django/forms/widgets/text.html"
 
 
 class NumberInput(Input):
-    input_type = 'number'
-    template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/number.html'
+    input_type = "number"
+    template_name = "django/forms/widgets/number.html"
 
 
 class EmailInput(Input):
-    input_type = 'email'
-    template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/email.html'
+    input_type = "email"
+    template_name = "django/forms/widgets/email.html"
 
 
 class URLInput(Input):
-    input_type = 'url'
-    template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/url.html'
+    input_type = "url"
+    template_name = "django/forms/widgets/url.html"
 
 
 class PasswordInput(Input):
-    input_type = 'password'
-    template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/password.html'
+    input_type = "password"
+    template_name = "django/forms/widgets/password.html"
 
     def __init__(self, attrs=None, render_value=False):
         super().__init__(attrs)
@@ -335,8 +365,8 @@ class PasswordInput(Input):
 
 
 class HiddenInput(Input):
-    input_type = 'hidden'
-    template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/hidden.html'
+    input_type = "hidden"
+    template_name = "django/forms/widgets/hidden.html"
 
 
 class MultipleHiddenInput(HiddenInput):
@@ -344,25 +374,26 @@ class MultipleHiddenInput(HiddenInput):
     Handle <input type="hidden"> for fields that have a list
     of values.
     """
-    template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/multiple_hidden.html'
+
+    template_name = "django/forms/widgets/multiple_hidden.html"
 
     def get_context(self, name, value, attrs):
         context = super().get_context(name, value, attrs)
-        final_attrs = context['widget']['attrs']
-        id_ = context['widget']['attrs'].get('id')
+        final_attrs = context["widget"]["attrs"]
+        id_ = context["widget"]["attrs"].get("id")
 
         subwidgets = []
-        for index, value_ in enumerate(context['widget']['value']):
+        for index, value_ in enumerate(context["widget"]["value"]):
             widget_attrs = final_attrs.copy()
             if id_:
                 # An ID attribute was given. Add a numeric index as a suffix
                 # so that the inputs don't all have the same ID attribute.
-                widget_attrs['id'] = '%s_%s' % (id_, index)
+                widget_attrs["id"] = "%s_%s" % (id_, index)
             widget = HiddenInput()
             widget.is_required = self.is_required
-            subwidgets.append(widget.get_context(name, value_, widget_attrs)['widget'])
+            subwidgets.append(widget.get_context(name, value_, widget_attrs)["widget"])
 
-        context['widget']['subwidgets'] = subwidgets
+        context["widget"]["subwidgets"] = subwidgets
         return context
 
     def value_from_datadict(self, data, files, name):
@@ -377,9 +408,9 @@ class MultipleHiddenInput(HiddenInput):
 
 
 class FileInput(Input):
-    input_type = 'file'
+    input_type = "file"
     needs_multipart_form = True
-    template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/file.html'
+    template_name = "django/forms/widgets/file.html"
 
     def format_value(self, value):
         """File input never renders a value."""
@@ -400,29 +431,29 @@ FILE_INPUT_CONTRADICTION = object()
 
 
 class ClearableFileInput(FileInput):
-    clear_checkbox_label = _('Clear')
-    initial_text = _('Currently')
-    input_text = _('Change')
-    template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/clearable_file_input.html'
+    clear_checkbox_label = _("Clear")
+    initial_text = _("Currently")
+    input_text = _("Change")
+    template_name = "django/forms/widgets/clearable_file_input.html"
 
     def clear_checkbox_name(self, name):
         """
         Given the name of the file input, return the name of the clear checkbox
         input.
         """
-        return name + '-clear'
+        return name + "-clear"
 
     def clear_checkbox_id(self, name):
         """
         Given the name of the clear checkbox input, return the HTML id for it.
         """
-        return name + '_id'
+        return name + "_id"
 
     def is_initial(self, value):
         """
         Return whether value is considered to be initial value.
         """
-        return bool(value and getattr(value, 'url', False))
+        return bool(value and getattr(value, "url", False))
 
     def format_value(self, value):
         """
@@ -435,20 +466,23 @@ class ClearableFileInput(FileInput):
         context = super().get_context(name, value, attrs)
         checkbox_name = self.clear_checkbox_name(name)
         checkbox_id = self.clear_checkbox_id(checkbox_name)
-        context['widget'].update({
-            'checkbox_name': checkbox_name,
-            'checkbox_id': checkbox_id,
-            'is_initial': self.is_initial(value),
-            'input_text': self.input_text,
-            'initial_text': self.initial_text,
-            'clear_checkbox_label': self.clear_checkbox_label,
-        })
+        context["widget"].update(
+            {
+                "checkbox_name": checkbox_name,
+                "checkbox_id": checkbox_id,
+                "is_initial": self.is_initial(value),
+                "input_text": self.input_text,
+                "initial_text": self.initial_text,
+                "clear_checkbox_label": self.clear_checkbox_label,
+            }
+        )
         return context
 
     def value_from_datadict(self, data, files, name):
         upload = super().value_from_datadict(data, files, name)
         if not self.is_required and CheckboxInput().value_from_datadict(
-                data, files, self.clear_checkbox_name(name)):
+            data, files, self.clear_checkbox_name(name)
+        ):
 
             if upload:
                 # If the user contradicts themselves (uploads a new file AND
@@ -461,24 +495,24 @@ class ClearableFileInput(FileInput):
 
     def value_omitted_from_data(self, data, files, name):
         return (
-            super().value_omitted_from_data(data, files, name) and
-            self.clear_checkbox_name(name) not in data
+            super().value_omitted_from_data(data, files, name)
+            and self.clear_checkbox_name(name) not in data
         )
 
 
 class Textarea(Widget):
-    template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/textarea.html'
+    template_name = "django/forms/widgets/textarea.html"
 
     def __init__(self, attrs=None):
         # Use slightly better defaults than HTML's 20x2 box
-        default_attrs = {'cols': '40', 'rows': '10'}
+        default_attrs = {"cols": "40", "rows": "10"}
         if attrs:
             default_attrs.update(attrs)
         super().__init__(default_attrs)
 
 
 class DateTimeBaseInput(TextInput):
-    format_key = ''
+    format_key = ""
     supports_microseconds = False
 
     def __init__(self, attrs=None, format=None):
@@ -486,32 +520,34 @@ class DateTimeBaseInput(TextInput):
         self.format = format or None
 
     def format_value(self, value):
-        return formats.localize_input(value, self.format or formats.get_format(self.format_key)[0])
+        return formats.localize_input(
+            value, self.format or formats.get_format(self.format_key)[0]
+        )
 
 
 class DateInput(DateTimeBaseInput):
-    format_key = 'DATE_INPUT_FORMATS'
-    template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/date.html'
+    format_key = "DATE_INPUT_FORMATS"
+    template_name = "django/forms/widgets/date.html"
 
 
 class DateTimeInput(DateTimeBaseInput):
-    format_key = 'DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS'
-    template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/datetime.html'
+    format_key = "DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS"
+    template_name = "django/forms/widgets/datetime.html"
 
 
 class TimeInput(DateTimeBaseInput):
-    format_key = 'TIME_INPUT_FORMATS'
-    template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/time.html'
+    format_key = "TIME_INPUT_FORMATS"
+    template_name = "django/forms/widgets/time.html"
 
 
 # Defined at module level so that CheckboxInput is picklable (#17976)
 def boolean_check(v):
-    return not (v is False or v is None or v == '')
+    return not (v is False or v is None or v == "")
 
 
 class CheckboxInput(Input):
-    input_type = 'checkbox'
-    template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/checkbox.html'
+    input_type = "checkbox"
+    template_name = "django/forms/widgets/checkbox.html"
 
     def __init__(self, attrs=None, check_test=None):
         super().__init__(attrs)
@@ -521,13 +557,13 @@ class CheckboxInput(Input):
 
     def format_value(self, value):
         """Only return the 'value' attribute if value isn't empty."""
-        if value is True or value is False or value is None or value == '':
+        if value is True or value is False or value is None or value == "":
             return
         return str(value)
 
     def get_context(self, name, value, attrs):
         if self.check_test(value):
-            attrs = {**(attrs or {}), 'checked': True}
+            attrs = {**(attrs or {}), "checked": True}
         return super().get_context(name, value, attrs)
 
     def value_from_datadict(self, data, files, name):
@@ -537,7 +573,7 @@ class CheckboxInput(Input):
             return False
         value = data.get(name)
         # Translate true and false strings to boolean values.
-        values = {'true': True, 'false': False}
+        values = {"true": True, "false": False}
         if isinstance(value, str):
             value = values.get(value.lower(), value)
         return bool(value)
@@ -554,7 +590,7 @@ class ChoiceWidget(Widget):
     template_name = None
     option_template_name = None
     add_id_index = True
-    checked_attribute = {'checked': True}
+    checked_attribute = {"checked": True}
     option_inherits_attrs = True
 
     def __init__(self, attrs=None, choices=()):
@@ -591,7 +627,7 @@ class ChoiceWidget(Widget):
 
         for index, (option_value, option_label) in enumerate(self.choices):
             if option_value is None:
-                option_value = ''
+                option_value = ""
 
             subgroup = []
             if isinstance(option_label, (list, tuple)):
@@ -605,50 +641,62 @@ class ChoiceWidget(Widget):
             groups.append((group_name, subgroup, index))
 
             for subvalue, sublabel in choices:
-                selected = (
-                    (not has_selected or self.allow_multiple_selected) and
-                    str(subvalue) in value
-                )
+                selected = (not has_selected or self.allow_multiple_selected) and str(
+                    subvalue
+                ) in value
                 has_selected |= selected
-                subgroup.append(self.create_option(
-                    name, subvalue, sublabel, selected, index,
-                    subindex=subindex, attrs=attrs,
-                ))
+                subgroup.append(
+                    self.create_option(
+                        name,
+                        subvalue,
+                        sublabel,
+                        selected,
+                        index,
+                        subindex=subindex,
+                        attrs=attrs,
+                    )
+                )
                 if subindex is not None:
                     subindex += 1
         return groups
 
-    def create_option(self, name, value, label, selected, index, subindex=None, attrs=None):
+    def create_option(
+        self, name, value, label, selected, index, subindex=None, attrs=None
+    ):
         index = str(index) if subindex is None else "%s_%s" % (index, subindex)
-        option_attrs = self.build_attrs(self.attrs, attrs) if self.option_inherits_attrs else {}
+        option_attrs = (
+            self.build_attrs(self.attrs, attrs) if self.option_inherits_attrs else {}
+        )
         if selected:
             option_attrs.update(self.checked_attribute)
-        if 'id' in option_attrs:
-            option_attrs['id'] = self.id_for_label(option_attrs['id'], index)
+        if "id" in option_attrs:
+            option_attrs["id"] = self.id_for_label(option_attrs["id"], index)
         return {
-            'name': name,
-            'value': value,
-            'label': label,
-            'selected': selected,
-            'index': index,
-            'attrs': option_attrs,
-            'type': self.input_type,
-            'template_name': self.option_template_name,
-            'wrap_label': True,
+            "name": name,
+            "value": value,
+            "label": label,
+            "selected": selected,
+            "index": index,
+            "attrs": option_attrs,
+            "type": self.input_type,
+            "template_name": self.option_template_name,
+            "wrap_label": True,
         }
 
     def get_context(self, name, value, attrs):
         context = super().get_context(name, value, attrs)
-        context['widget']['optgroups'] = self.optgroups(name, context['widget']['value'], attrs)
+        context["widget"]["optgroups"] = self.optgroups(
+            name, context["widget"]["value"], attrs
+        )
         return context
 
-    def id_for_label(self, id_, index='0'):
+    def id_for_label(self, id_, index="0"):
         """
         Use an incremented id for each option where the main widget
         references the zero index.
         """
         if id_ and self.add_id_index:
-            id_ = '%s_%s' % (id_, index)
+            id_ = "%s_%s" % (id_, index)
         return id_
 
     def value_from_datadict(self, data, files, name):
@@ -666,28 +714,28 @@ class ChoiceWidget(Widget):
             return []
         if not isinstance(value, (tuple, list)):
             value = [value]
-        return [str(v) if v is not None else '' for v in value]
+        return [str(v) if v is not None else "" for v in value]
 
 
 class Select(ChoiceWidget):
-    input_type = 'select'
-    template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/select.html'
-    option_template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/select_option.html'
+    input_type = "select"
+    template_name = "django/forms/widgets/select.html"
+    option_template_name = "django/forms/widgets/select_option.html"
     add_id_index = False
-    checked_attribute = {'selected': True}
+    checked_attribute = {"selected": True}
     option_inherits_attrs = False
 
     def get_context(self, name, value, attrs):
         context = super().get_context(name, value, attrs)
         if self.allow_multiple_selected:
-            context['widget']['attrs']['multiple'] = True
+            context["widget"]["attrs"]["multiple"] = True
         return context
 
     @staticmethod
     def _choice_has_empty_value(choice):
         """Return True if the choice's value is empty string or None."""
         value, _ = choice
-        return value is None or value == ''
+        return value is None or value == ""
 
     def use_required_attribute(self, initial):
         """
@@ -700,44 +748,52 @@ class Select(ChoiceWidget):
             return use_required_attribute
 
         first_choice = next(iter(self.choices), None)
-        return use_required_attribute and first_choice is not None and self._choice_has_empty_value(first_choice)
+        return (
+            use_required_attribute
+            and first_choice is not None
+            and self._choice_has_empty_value(first_choice)
+        )
 
 
 class NullBooleanSelect(Select):
     """
     A Select Widget intended to be used with NullBooleanField.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, attrs=None):
         choices = (
-            ('unknown', _('Unknown')),
-            ('true', _('Yes')),
-            ('false', _('No')),
+            ("unknown", _("Unknown")),
+            ("true", _("Yes")),
+            ("false", _("No")),
         )
         super().__init__(attrs, choices)
 
     def format_value(self, value):
         try:
             return {
-                True: 'true', False: 'false',
-                'true': 'true', 'false': 'false',
+                True: "true",
+                False: "false",
+                "true": "true",
+                "false": "false",
                 # For backwards compatibility with Django < 2.2.
-                '2': 'true', '3': 'false',
+                "2": "true",
+                "3": "false",
             }[value]
         except KeyError:
-            return 'unknown'
+            return "unknown"
 
     def value_from_datadict(self, data, files, name):
         value = data.get(name)
         return {
             True: True,
-            'True': True,
-            'False': False,
+            "True": True,
+            "False": False,
             False: False,
-            'true': True,
-            'false': False,
+            "true": True,
+            "false": False,
             # For backwards compatibility with Django < 2.2.
-            '2': True,
-            '3': False,
+            "2": True,
+            "3": False,
         }.get(value)
 
 
@@ -758,9 +814,9 @@ class SelectMultiple(Select):
 
 
 class RadioSelect(ChoiceWidget):
-    input_type = 'radio'
-    template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/radio.html'
-    option_template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/radio_option.html'
+    input_type = "radio"
+    template_name = "django/forms/widgets/radio.html"
+    option_template_name = "django/forms/widgets/radio_option.html"
 
     def id_for_label(self, id_, index=None):
         """
@@ -769,15 +825,15 @@ class RadioSelect(ChoiceWidget):
         the first input.
         """
         if index is None:
-            return ''
+            return ""
         return super().id_for_label(id_, index)
 
 
 class CheckboxSelectMultiple(RadioSelect):
     allow_multiple_selected = True
-    input_type = 'checkbox'
-    template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/checkbox_select.html'
-    option_template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/checkbox_option.html'
+    input_type = "checkbox"
+    template_name = "django/forms/widgets/checkbox_select.html"
+    option_template_name = "django/forms/widgets/checkbox_option.html"
 
     def use_required_attribute(self, initial):
         # Don't use the 'required' attribute because browser validation would
@@ -800,16 +856,15 @@ class MultiWidget(Widget):
 
     You'll probably want to use this class with MultiValueField.
     """
-    template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/multiwidget.html'
+
+    template_name = "django/forms/widgets/multiwidget.html"
 
     def __init__(self, widgets, attrs=None):
         if isinstance(widgets, dict):
-            self.widgets_names = [
-                ('_%s' % name) if name else '' for name in widgets
-            ]
+            self.widgets_names = [("_%s" % name) if name else "" for name in widgets]
             widgets = widgets.values()
         else:
-            self.widgets_names = ['_%s' % i for i in range(len(widgets))]
+            self.widgets_names = ["_%s" % i for i in range(len(widgets))]
         self.widgets = [w() if isinstance(w, type) else w for w in widgets]
         super().__init__(attrs)
 
@@ -827,11 +882,13 @@ class MultiWidget(Widget):
         if not isinstance(value, list):
             value = self.decompress(value)
 
-        final_attrs = context['widget']['attrs']
-        input_type = final_attrs.pop('type', None)
-        id_ = final_attrs.get('id')
+        final_attrs = context["widget"]["attrs"]
+        input_type = final_attrs.pop("type", None)
+        id_ = final_attrs.get("id")
         subwidgets = []
-        for i, (widget_name, widget) in enumerate(zip(self.widgets_names, self.widgets)):
+        for i, (widget_name, widget) in enumerate(
+            zip(self.widgets_names, self.widgets)
+        ):
             if input_type is not None:
                 widget.input_type = input_type
             widget_name = name + widget_name
@@ -841,15 +898,17 @@ class MultiWidget(Widget):
                 widget_value = None
             if id_:
                 widget_attrs = final_attrs.copy()
-                widget_attrs['id'] = '%s_%s' % (id_, i)
+                widget_attrs["id"] = "%s_%s" % (id_, i)
             else:
                 widget_attrs = final_attrs
-            subwidgets.append(widget.get_context(widget_name, widget_value, widget_attrs)['widget'])
-        context['widget']['subwidgets'] = subwidgets
+            subwidgets.append(
+                widget.get_context(widget_name, widget_value, widget_attrs)["widget"]
+            )
+        context["widget"]["subwidgets"] = subwidgets
         return context
 
     def id_for_label(self, id_):
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
     def value_from_datadict(self, data, files, name):
         return [
@@ -869,7 +928,7 @@ class MultiWidget(Widget):
         The given value can be assumed to be valid, but not necessarily
         non-empty.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement this method.')
+        raise NotImplementedError("Subclasses must implement this method.")
 
     def _get_media(self):
         """
@@ -880,6 +939,7 @@ class MultiWidget(Widget):
         for w in self.widgets:
             media = media + w.media
         return media
+
     media = property(_get_media)
 
     def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
@@ -896,10 +956,18 @@ class SplitDateTimeWidget(MultiWidget):
     """
     A widget that splits datetime input into two <input type="text"> boxes.
     """
-    supports_microseconds = False
-    template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/splitdatetime.html'
 
-    def __init__(self, attrs=None, date_format=None, time_format=None, date_attrs=None, time_attrs=None):
+    supports_microseconds = False
+    template_name = "django/forms/widgets/splitdatetime.html"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        attrs=None,
+        date_format=None,
+        time_format=None,
+        date_attrs=None,
+        time_attrs=None,
+    ):
         widgets = (
             DateInput(
                 attrs=attrs if date_attrs is None else date_attrs,
@@ -923,12 +991,20 @@ class SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget(SplitDateTimeWidget):
     """
     A widget that splits datetime input into two <input type="hidden"> inputs.
     """
-    template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/splithiddendatetime.html'
 
-    def __init__(self, attrs=None, date_format=None, time_format=None, date_attrs=None, time_attrs=None):
+    template_name = "django/forms/widgets/splithiddendatetime.html"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        attrs=None,
+        date_format=None,
+        time_format=None,
+        date_attrs=None,
+        time_attrs=None,
+    ):
         super().__init__(attrs, date_format, time_format, date_attrs, time_attrs)
         for widget in self.widgets:
-            widget.input_type = 'hidden'
+            widget.input_type = "hidden"
 
 
 class SelectDateWidget(Widget):
@@ -938,14 +1014,15 @@ class SelectDateWidget(Widget):
     This also serves as an example of a Widget that has more than one HTML
     element and hence implements value_from_datadict.
     """
-    none_value = ('', '---')
-    month_field = '%s_month'
-    day_field = '%s_day'
-    year_field = '%s_year'
-    template_name = 'django/forms/widgets/select_date.html'
-    input_type = 'select'
+
+    none_value = ("", "---")
+    month_field = "%s_month"
+    day_field = "%s_day"
+    year_field = "%s_year"
+    template_name = "django/forms/widgets/select_date.html"
+    input_type = "select"
     select_widget = Select
-    date_re = _lazy_re_compile(r'(\d{4}|0)-(\d\d?)-(\d\d?)$')
+    date_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"(\d{4}|0)-(\d\d?)-(\d\d?)$")
 
     def __init__(self, attrs=None, years=None, months=None, empty_label=None):
         self.attrs = attrs or {}
@@ -966,14 +1043,14 @@ class SelectDateWidget(Widget):
         # Optional string, list, or tuple to use as empty_label.
         if isinstance(empty_label, (list, tuple)):
             if not len(empty_label) == 3:
-                raise ValueError('empty_label list/tuple must have 3 elements.')
+                raise ValueError("empty_label list/tuple must have 3 elements.")
 
-            self.year_none_value = ('', empty_label[0])
-            self.month_none_value = ('', empty_label[1])
-            self.day_none_value = ('', empty_label[2])
+            self.year_none_value = ("", empty_label[0])
+            self.month_none_value = ("", empty_label[1])
+            self.day_none_value = ("", empty_label[2])
         else:
             if empty_label is not None:
-                self.none_value = ('', empty_label)
+                self.none_value = ("", empty_label)
 
             self.year_none_value = self.none_value
             self.month_none_value = self.none_value
@@ -986,33 +1063,40 @@ class SelectDateWidget(Widget):
         if not self.is_required:
             year_choices.insert(0, self.year_none_value)
         year_name = self.year_field % name
-        date_context['year'] = self.select_widget(attrs, choices=year_choices).get_context(
+        date_context["year"] = self.select_widget(
+            attrs, choices=year_choices
+        ).get_context(
             name=year_name,
-            value=context['widget']['value']['year'],
-            attrs={**context['widget']['attrs'], 'id': 'id_%s' % year_name},
+            value=context["widget"]["value"]["year"],
+            attrs={**context["widget"]["attrs"], "id": "id_%s" % year_name},
         )
         month_choices = list(self.months.items())
         if not self.is_required:
             month_choices.insert(0, self.month_none_value)
         month_name = self.month_field % name
-        date_context['month'] = self.select_widget(attrs, choices=month_choices).get_context(
+        date_context["month"] = self.select_widget(
+            attrs, choices=month_choices
+        ).get_context(
             name=month_name,
-            value=context['widget']['value']['month'],
-            attrs={**context['widget']['attrs'], 'id': 'id_%s' % month_name},
+            value=context["widget"]["value"]["month"],
+            attrs={**context["widget"]["attrs"], "id": "id_%s" % month_name},
         )
         day_choices = [(i, i) for i in range(1, 32)]
         if not self.is_required:
             day_choices.insert(0, self.day_none_value)
         day_name = self.day_field % name
-        date_context['day'] = self.select_widget(attrs, choices=day_choices,).get_context(
+        date_context["day"] = self.select_widget(
+            attrs,
+            choices=day_choices,
+        ).get_context(
             name=day_name,
-            value=context['widget']['value']['day'],
-            attrs={**context['widget']['attrs'], 'id': 'id_%s' % day_name},
+            value=context["widget"]["value"]["day"],
+            attrs={**context["widget"]["attrs"], "id": "id_%s" % day_name},
         )
         subwidgets = []
         for field in self._parse_date_fmt():
-            subwidgets.append(date_context[field]['widget'])
-        context['widget']['subwidgets'] = subwidgets
+            subwidgets.append(date_context[field]["widget"])
+        context["widget"]["subwidgets"] = subwidgets
         return context
 
     def format_value(self, value):
@@ -1029,58 +1113,58 @@ class SelectDateWidget(Widget):
             if match:
                 # Convert any zeros in the date to empty strings to match the
                 # empty option value.
-                year, month, day = [int(val) or '' for val in match.groups()]
+                year, month, day = [int(val) or "" for val in match.groups()]
             else:
-                input_format = get_format('DATE_INPUT_FORMATS')[0]
+                input_format = get_format("DATE_INPUT_FORMATS")[0]
                 try:
                     d = datetime.datetime.strptime(value, input_format)
                 except ValueError:
                     pass
                 else:
                     year, month, day = d.year, d.month, d.day
-        return {'year': year, 'month': month, 'day': day}
+        return {"year": year, "month": month, "day": day}
 
     @staticmethod
     def _parse_date_fmt():
-        fmt = get_format('DATE_FORMAT')
+        fmt = get_format("DATE_FORMAT")
         escaped = False
         for char in fmt:
             if escaped:
                 escaped = False
-            elif char == '\\':
+            elif char == "\\":
                 escaped = True
-            elif char in 'Yy':
-                yield 'year'
-            elif char in 'bEFMmNn':
-                yield 'month'
-            elif char in 'dj':
-                yield 'day'
+            elif char in "Yy":
+                yield "year"
+            elif char in "bEFMmNn":
+                yield "month"
+            elif char in "dj":
+                yield "day"
 
     def id_for_label(self, id_):
         for first_select in self._parse_date_fmt():
-            return '%s_%s' % (id_, first_select)
-        return '%s_month' % id_
+            return "%s_%s" % (id_, first_select)
+        return "%s_month" % id_
 
     def value_from_datadict(self, data, files, name):
         y = data.get(self.year_field % name)
         m = data.get(self.month_field % name)
         d = data.get(self.day_field % name)
-        if y == m == d == '':
+        if y == m == d == "":
             return None
         if y is not None and m is not None and d is not None:
-            input_format = get_format('DATE_INPUT_FORMATS')[0]
+            input_format = get_format("DATE_INPUT_FORMATS")[0]
             input_format = formats.sanitize_strftime_format(input_format)
             try:
                 date_value = datetime.date(int(y), int(m), int(d))
             except ValueError:
                 # Return pseudo-ISO dates with zeros for any unselected values,
                 # e.g. '2017-0-23'.
-                return '%s-%s-%s' % (y or 0, m or 0, d or 0)
+                return "%s-%s-%s" % (y or 0, m or 0, d or 0)
             return date_value.strftime(input_format)
         return data.get(name)
 
     def value_omitted_from_data(self, data, files, name):
         return not any(
-            ('{}_{}'.format(name, interval) in data)
-            for interval in ('year', 'month', 'day')
+            ("{}_{}".format(name, interval) in data)
+            for interval in ("year", "month", "day")
         )
diff --git a/django/http/__init__.py b/django/http/__init__.py
index 491239bf8a..4c997154d9 100644
--- a/django/http/__init__.py
+++ b/django/http/__init__.py
@@ -1,21 +1,48 @@
 from django.http.cookie import SimpleCookie, parse_cookie
 from django.http.request import (
-    HttpRequest, QueryDict, RawPostDataException, UnreadablePostError,
+    HttpRequest,
+    QueryDict,
+    RawPostDataException,
+    UnreadablePostError,
 )
 from django.http.response import (
-    BadHeaderError, FileResponse, Http404, HttpResponse,
-    HttpResponseBadRequest, HttpResponseForbidden, HttpResponseGone,
-    HttpResponseNotAllowed, HttpResponseNotFound, HttpResponseNotModified,
-    HttpResponsePermanentRedirect, HttpResponseRedirect,
-    HttpResponseServerError, JsonResponse, StreamingHttpResponse,
+    BadHeaderError,
+    FileResponse,
+    Http404,
+    HttpResponse,
+    HttpResponseBadRequest,
+    HttpResponseForbidden,
+    HttpResponseGone,
+    HttpResponseNotAllowed,
+    HttpResponseNotFound,
+    HttpResponseNotModified,
+    HttpResponsePermanentRedirect,
+    HttpResponseRedirect,
+    HttpResponseServerError,
+    JsonResponse,
+    StreamingHttpResponse,
 )
 
 __all__ = [
-    'SimpleCookie', 'parse_cookie', 'HttpRequest', 'QueryDict',
-    'RawPostDataException', 'UnreadablePostError',
-    'HttpResponse', 'StreamingHttpResponse', 'HttpResponseRedirect',
-    'HttpResponsePermanentRedirect', 'HttpResponseNotModified',
-    'HttpResponseBadRequest', 'HttpResponseForbidden', 'HttpResponseNotFound',
-    'HttpResponseNotAllowed', 'HttpResponseGone', 'HttpResponseServerError',
-    'Http404', 'BadHeaderError', 'JsonResponse', 'FileResponse',
+    "SimpleCookie",
+    "parse_cookie",
+    "HttpRequest",
+    "QueryDict",
+    "RawPostDataException",
+    "UnreadablePostError",
+    "HttpResponse",
+    "StreamingHttpResponse",
+    "HttpResponseRedirect",
+    "HttpResponsePermanentRedirect",
+    "HttpResponseNotModified",
+    "HttpResponseBadRequest",
+    "HttpResponseForbidden",
+    "HttpResponseNotFound",
+    "HttpResponseNotAllowed",
+    "HttpResponseGone",
+    "HttpResponseServerError",
+    "Http404",
+    "BadHeaderError",
+    "JsonResponse",
+    "FileResponse",
 ]
diff --git a/django/http/cookie.py b/django/http/cookie.py
index b94d2b0386..dce0cfdf25 100644
--- a/django/http/cookie.py
+++ b/django/http/cookie.py
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ def parse_cookie(cookie):
     Return a dictionary parsed from a `Cookie:` header string.
     """
     cookiedict = {}
-    for chunk in cookie.split(';'):
-        if '=' in chunk:
-            key, val = chunk.split('=', 1)
+    for chunk in cookie.split(";"):
+        if "=" in chunk:
+            key, val = chunk.split("=", 1)
         else:
             # Assume an empty name per
             # https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=169091
-            key, val = '', chunk
+            key, val = "", chunk
         key, val = key.strip(), val.strip()
         if key or val:
             # unquote using Python's algorithm.
diff --git a/django/http/multipartparser.py b/django/http/multipartparser.py
index ef0b339d1b..13ed2fa4cd 100644
--- a/django/http/multipartparser.py
+++ b/django/http/multipartparser.py
@@ -13,15 +13,15 @@ from urllib.parse import unquote
 
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.exceptions import (
-    RequestDataTooBig, SuspiciousMultipartForm, TooManyFieldsSent,
-)
-from django.core.files.uploadhandler import (
-    SkipFile, StopFutureHandlers, StopUpload,
+    RequestDataTooBig,
+    SuspiciousMultipartForm,
+    TooManyFieldsSent,
 )
+from django.core.files.uploadhandler import SkipFile, StopFutureHandlers, StopUpload
 from django.utils.datastructures import MultiValueDict
 from django.utils.encoding import force_str
 
-__all__ = ('MultiPartParser', 'MultiPartParserError', 'InputStreamExhausted')
+__all__ = ("MultiPartParser", "MultiPartParserError", "InputStreamExhausted")
 
 
 class MultiPartParserError(Exception):
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ class InputStreamExhausted(Exception):
     """
     No more reads are allowed from this device.
     """
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -47,6 +48,7 @@ class MultiPartParser:
     ``MultiValueDict.parse()`` reads the input stream in ``chunk_size`` chunks
     and returns a tuple of ``(MultiValueDict(POST), MultiValueDict(FILES))``.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, META, input_data, upload_handlers, encoding=None):
         """
         Initialize the MultiPartParser object.
@@ -62,23 +64,28 @@ class MultiPartParser:
             The encoding with which to treat the incoming data.
         """
         # Content-Type should contain multipart and the boundary information.
-        content_type = META.get('CONTENT_TYPE', '')
-        if not content_type.startswith('multipart/'):
-            raise MultiPartParserError('Invalid Content-Type: %s' % content_type)
+        content_type = META.get("CONTENT_TYPE", "")
+        if not content_type.startswith("multipart/"):
+            raise MultiPartParserError("Invalid Content-Type: %s" % content_type)
 
         # Parse the header to get the boundary to split the parts.
         try:
-            ctypes, opts = parse_header(content_type.encode('ascii'))
+            ctypes, opts = parse_header(content_type.encode("ascii"))
         except UnicodeEncodeError:
-            raise MultiPartParserError('Invalid non-ASCII Content-Type in multipart: %s' % force_str(content_type))
-        boundary = opts.get('boundary')
+            raise MultiPartParserError(
+                "Invalid non-ASCII Content-Type in multipart: %s"
+                % force_str(content_type)
+            )
+        boundary = opts.get("boundary")
         if not boundary or not cgi.valid_boundary(boundary):
-            raise MultiPartParserError('Invalid boundary in multipart: %s' % force_str(boundary))
+            raise MultiPartParserError(
+                "Invalid boundary in multipart: %s" % force_str(boundary)
+            )
 
         # Content-Length should contain the length of the body we are about
         # to receive.
         try:
-            content_length = int(META.get('CONTENT_LENGTH', 0))
+            content_length = int(META.get("CONTENT_LENGTH", 0))
         except (ValueError, TypeError):
             content_length = 0
 
@@ -87,14 +94,14 @@ class MultiPartParser:
             raise MultiPartParserError("Invalid content length: %r" % content_length)
 
         if isinstance(boundary, str):
-            boundary = boundary.encode('ascii')
+            boundary = boundary.encode("ascii")
         self._boundary = boundary
         self._input_data = input_data
 
         # For compatibility with low-level network APIs (with 32-bit integers),
         # the chunk size should be < 2^31, but still divisible by 4.
         possible_sizes = [x.chunk_size for x in upload_handlers if x.chunk_size]
-        self._chunk_size = min([2 ** 31 - 4] + possible_sizes)
+        self._chunk_size = min([2**31 - 4] + possible_sizes)
 
         self._meta = META
         self._encoding = encoding or settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET
@@ -163,32 +170,36 @@ class MultiPartParser:
                     uploaded_file = True
 
                 try:
-                    disposition = meta_data['content-disposition'][1]
-                    field_name = disposition['name'].strip()
+                    disposition = meta_data["content-disposition"][1]
+                    field_name = disposition["name"].strip()
                 except (KeyError, IndexError, AttributeError):
                     continue
 
-                transfer_encoding = meta_data.get('content-transfer-encoding')
+                transfer_encoding = meta_data.get("content-transfer-encoding")
                 if transfer_encoding is not None:
                     transfer_encoding = transfer_encoding[0].strip()
-                field_name = force_str(field_name, encoding, errors='replace')
+                field_name = force_str(field_name, encoding, errors="replace")
 
                 if item_type == FIELD:
                     # Avoid storing more than DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_NUMBER_FIELDS.
                     num_post_keys += 1
-                    if (settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_NUMBER_FIELDS is not None and
-                            settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_NUMBER_FIELDS < num_post_keys):
+                    if (
+                        settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_NUMBER_FIELDS is not None
+                        and settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_NUMBER_FIELDS < num_post_keys
+                    ):
                         raise TooManyFieldsSent(
-                            'The number of GET/POST parameters exceeded '
-                            'settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_NUMBER_FIELDS.'
+                            "The number of GET/POST parameters exceeded "
+                            "settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_NUMBER_FIELDS."
                         )
 
                     # Avoid reading more than DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE.
                     if settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE is not None:
-                        read_size = settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE - num_bytes_read
+                        read_size = (
+                            settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE - num_bytes_read
+                        )
 
                     # This is a post field, we can just set it in the post
-                    if transfer_encoding == 'base64':
+                    if transfer_encoding == "base64":
                         raw_data = field_stream.read(size=read_size)
                         num_bytes_read += len(raw_data)
                         try:
@@ -202,26 +213,34 @@ class MultiPartParser:
                     # Add two here to make the check consistent with the
                     # x-www-form-urlencoded check that includes '&='.
                     num_bytes_read += len(field_name) + 2
-                    if (settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE is not None and
-                            num_bytes_read > settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE):
-                        raise RequestDataTooBig('Request body exceeded settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE.')
+                    if (
+                        settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE is not None
+                        and num_bytes_read > settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE
+                    ):
+                        raise RequestDataTooBig(
+                            "Request body exceeded settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE."
+                        )
 
-                    self._post.appendlist(field_name, force_str(data, encoding, errors='replace'))
+                    self._post.appendlist(
+                        field_name, force_str(data, encoding, errors="replace")
+                    )
                 elif item_type == FILE:
                     # This is a file, use the handler...
-                    file_name = disposition.get('filename')
+                    file_name = disposition.get("filename")
                     if file_name:
-                        file_name = force_str(file_name, encoding, errors='replace')
+                        file_name = force_str(file_name, encoding, errors="replace")
                         file_name = self.sanitize_file_name(file_name)
                     if not file_name:
                         continue
 
-                    content_type, content_type_extra = meta_data.get('content-type', ('', {}))
+                    content_type, content_type_extra = meta_data.get(
+                        "content-type", ("", {})
+                    )
                     content_type = content_type.strip()
-                    charset = content_type_extra.get('charset')
+                    charset = content_type_extra.get("charset")
 
                     try:
-                        content_length = int(meta_data.get('content-length')[0])
+                        content_length = int(meta_data.get("content-length")[0])
                     except (IndexError, TypeError, ValueError):
                         content_length = None
 
@@ -231,14 +250,18 @@ class MultiPartParser:
                         for handler in handlers:
                             try:
                                 handler.new_file(
-                                    field_name, file_name, content_type,
-                                    content_length, charset, content_type_extra,
+                                    field_name,
+                                    file_name,
+                                    content_type,
+                                    content_length,
+                                    charset,
+                                    content_type_extra,
                                 )
                             except StopFutureHandlers:
                                 break
 
                         for chunk in field_stream:
-                            if transfer_encoding == 'base64':
+                            if transfer_encoding == "base64":
                                 # We only special-case base64 transfer encoding
                                 # We should always decode base64 chunks by multiple of 4,
                                 # ignoring whitespace.
@@ -257,7 +280,9 @@ class MultiPartParser:
                                     chunk = base64.b64decode(stripped_chunk)
                                 except Exception as exc:
                                     # Since this is only a chunk, any error is an unfixable error.
-                                    raise MultiPartParserError("Could not decode base64 data.") from exc
+                                    raise MultiPartParserError(
+                                        "Could not decode base64 data."
+                                    ) from exc
 
                             for i, handler in enumerate(handlers):
                                 chunk_length = len(chunk)
@@ -303,7 +328,10 @@ class MultiPartParser:
             file_obj = handler.file_complete(counters[i])
             if file_obj:
                 # If it returns a file object, then set the files dict.
-                self._files.appendlist(force_str(old_field_name, self._encoding, errors='replace'), file_obj)
+                self._files.appendlist(
+                    force_str(old_field_name, self._encoding, errors="replace"),
+                    file_obj,
+                )
                 break
 
     def sanitize_file_name(self, file_name):
@@ -320,12 +348,12 @@ class MultiPartParser:
         resulting filename should still be considered as untrusted user input.
         """
         file_name = html.unescape(file_name)
-        file_name = file_name.rsplit('/')[-1]
-        file_name = file_name.rsplit('\\')[-1]
+        file_name = file_name.rsplit("/")[-1]
+        file_name = file_name.rsplit("\\")[-1]
         # Remove non-printable characters.
-        file_name = ''.join([char for char in file_name if char.isprintable()])
+        file_name = "".join([char for char in file_name if char.isprintable()])
 
-        if file_name in {'', '.', '..'}:
+        if file_name in {"", ".", ".."}:
             return None
         return file_name
 
@@ -336,7 +364,7 @@ class MultiPartParser:
         # FIXME: this currently assumes that upload handlers store the file as 'file'
         # We should document that... (Maybe add handler.free_file to complement new_file)
         for handler in self._upload_handlers:
-            if hasattr(handler, 'file'):
+            if hasattr(handler, "file"):
                 handler.file.close()
 
 
@@ -348,6 +376,7 @@ class LazyStream:
     LazyStream object will support iteration, reading, and keeping a "look-back"
     variable in case you need to "unget" some bytes.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, producer, length=None):
         """
         Every LazyStream must have a producer when instantiated.
@@ -357,7 +386,7 @@ class LazyStream:
         """
         self._producer = producer
         self._empty = False
-        self._leftover = b''
+        self._leftover = b""
         self.length = length
         self.position = 0
         self._remaining = length
@@ -371,14 +400,14 @@ class LazyStream:
             remaining = self._remaining if size is None else size
             # do the whole thing in one shot if no limit was provided.
             if remaining is None:
-                yield b''.join(self)
+                yield b"".join(self)
                 return
 
             # otherwise do some bookkeeping to return exactly enough
             # of the stream and stashing any extra content we get from
             # the producer
             while remaining != 0:
-                assert remaining > 0, 'remaining bytes to read should never go negative'
+                assert remaining > 0, "remaining bytes to read should never go negative"
 
                 try:
                     chunk = next(self)
@@ -390,7 +419,7 @@ class LazyStream:
                     remaining -= len(emitting)
                     yield emitting
 
-        return b''.join(parts())
+        return b"".join(parts())
 
     def __next__(self):
         """
@@ -401,7 +430,7 @@ class LazyStream:
         """
         if self._leftover:
             output = self._leftover
-            self._leftover = b''
+            self._leftover = b""
         else:
             output = next(self._producer)
             self._unget_history = []
@@ -442,10 +471,13 @@ class LazyStream:
         maliciously-malformed MIME request.
         """
         self._unget_history = [num_bytes] + self._unget_history[:49]
-        number_equal = len([
-            current_number for current_number in self._unget_history
-            if current_number == num_bytes
-        ])
+        number_equal = len(
+            [
+                current_number
+                for current_number in self._unget_history
+                if current_number == num_bytes
+            ]
+        )
 
         if number_equal > 40:
             raise SuspiciousMultipartForm(
@@ -460,6 +492,7 @@ class ChunkIter:
     An iterable that will yield chunks of data. Given a file-like object as the
     constructor, yield chunks of read operations from that object.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, flo, chunk_size=64 * 1024):
         self.flo = flo
         self.chunk_size = chunk_size
@@ -482,6 +515,7 @@ class InterBoundaryIter:
     """
     A Producer that will iterate over boundaries.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, stream, boundary):
         self._stream = stream
         self._boundary = boundary
@@ -548,7 +582,7 @@ class BoundaryIter:
         if not chunks:
             raise StopIteration()
 
-        chunk = b''.join(chunks)
+        chunk = b"".join(chunks)
         boundary = self._find_boundary(chunk)
 
         if boundary:
@@ -584,10 +618,10 @@ class BoundaryIter:
             next = index + len(self._boundary)
             # backup over CRLF
             last = max(0, end - 1)
-            if data[last:last + 1] == b'\n':
+            if data[last : last + 1] == b"\n":
                 end -= 1
             last = max(0, end - 1)
-            if data[last:last + 1] == b'\r':
+            if data[last : last + 1] == b"\r":
                 end -= 1
             return end, next
 
@@ -613,12 +647,12 @@ def parse_boundary_stream(stream, max_header_size):
     # 'find' returns the top of these four bytes, so we'll
     # need to munch them later to prevent them from polluting
     # the payload.
-    header_end = chunk.find(b'\r\n\r\n')
+    header_end = chunk.find(b"\r\n\r\n")
 
     def _parse_header(line):
         main_value_pair, params = parse_header(line)
         try:
-            name, value = main_value_pair.split(':', 1)
+            name, value = main_value_pair.split(":", 1)
         except ValueError:
             raise ValueError("Invalid header: %r" % line)
         return name, (value, params)
@@ -633,13 +667,13 @@ def parse_boundary_stream(stream, max_header_size):
 
     # here we place any excess chunk back onto the stream, as
     # well as throwing away the CRLFCRLF bytes from above.
-    stream.unget(chunk[header_end + 4:])
+    stream.unget(chunk[header_end + 4 :])
 
     TYPE = RAW
     outdict = {}
 
     # Eliminate blank lines
-    for line in header.split(b'\r\n'):
+    for line in header.split(b"\r\n"):
         # This terminology ("main value" and "dictionary of
         # parameters") is from the Python docs.
         try:
@@ -647,9 +681,9 @@ def parse_boundary_stream(stream, max_header_size):
         except ValueError:
             continue
 
-        if name == 'content-disposition':
+        if name == "content-disposition":
             TYPE = FIELD
-            if params.get('filename'):
+            if params.get("filename"):
                 TYPE = FILE
 
         outdict[name] = value, params
@@ -663,7 +697,7 @@ def parse_boundary_stream(stream, max_header_size):
 class Parser:
     def __init__(self, stream, boundary):
         self._stream = stream
-        self._separator = b'--' + boundary
+        self._separator = b"--" + boundary
 
     def __iter__(self):
         boundarystream = InterBoundaryIter(self._stream, self._separator)
@@ -679,24 +713,24 @@ def parse_header(line):
     Input (line): bytes, output: str for key/name, bytes for values which
     will be decoded later.
     """
-    plist = _parse_header_params(b';' + line)
-    key = plist.pop(0).lower().decode('ascii')
+    plist = _parse_header_params(b";" + line)
+    key = plist.pop(0).lower().decode("ascii")
     pdict = {}
     for p in plist:
-        i = p.find(b'=')
+        i = p.find(b"=")
         if i >= 0:
             has_encoding = False
-            name = p[:i].strip().lower().decode('ascii')
-            if name.endswith('*'):
+            name = p[:i].strip().lower().decode("ascii")
+            if name.endswith("*"):
                 # Lang/encoding embedded in the value (like "filename*=UTF-8''file.ext")
                 # https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2231#section-4
                 name = name[:-1]
                 if p.count(b"'") == 2:
                     has_encoding = True
-            value = p[i + 1:].strip()
+            value = p[i + 1 :].strip()
             if len(value) >= 2 and value[:1] == value[-1:] == b'"':
                 value = value[1:-1]
-                value = value.replace(b'\\\\', b'\\').replace(b'\\"', b'"')
+                value = value.replace(b"\\\\", b"\\").replace(b'\\"', b'"')
             if has_encoding:
                 encoding, lang, value = value.split(b"'")
                 value = unquote(value.decode(), encoding=encoding.decode())
@@ -706,11 +740,11 @@ def parse_header(line):
 
 def _parse_header_params(s):
     plist = []
-    while s[:1] == b';':
+    while s[:1] == b";":
         s = s[1:]
-        end = s.find(b';')
+        end = s.find(b";")
         while end > 0 and s.count(b'"', 0, end) % 2:
-            end = s.find(b';', end + 1)
+            end = s.find(b";", end + 1)
         if end < 0:
             end = len(s)
         f = s[:end]
diff --git a/django/http/request.py b/django/http/request.py
index 5971203261..d975aadf25 100644
--- a/django/http/request.py
+++ b/django/http/request.py
@@ -8,12 +8,17 @@ from urllib.parse import parse_qsl, quote, urlencode, urljoin, urlsplit
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core import signing
 from django.core.exceptions import (
-    DisallowedHost, ImproperlyConfigured, RequestDataTooBig, TooManyFieldsSent,
+    DisallowedHost,
+    ImproperlyConfigured,
+    RequestDataTooBig,
+    TooManyFieldsSent,
 )
 from django.core.files import uploadhandler
 from django.http.multipartparser import MultiPartParser, MultiPartParserError
 from django.utils.datastructures import (
-    CaseInsensitiveMapping, ImmutableList, MultiValueDict,
+    CaseInsensitiveMapping,
+    ImmutableList,
+    MultiValueDict,
 )
 from django.utils.encoding import escape_uri_path, iri_to_uri
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
@@ -23,7 +28,9 @@ from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 from .multipartparser import parse_header
 
 RAISE_ERROR = object()
-host_validation_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"^([a-z0-9.-]+|\[[a-f0-9]*:[a-f0-9\.:]+\])(:[0-9]+)?$")
+host_validation_re = _lazy_re_compile(
+    r"^([a-z0-9.-]+|\[[a-f0-9]*:[a-f0-9\.:]+\])(:[0-9]+)?$"
+)
 
 
 class UnreadablePostError(OSError):
@@ -36,6 +43,7 @@ class RawPostDataException(Exception):
     multipart/* POST data if it has been accessed via POST,
     FILES, etc..
     """
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -57,8 +65,8 @@ class HttpRequest:
         self.META = {}
         self.FILES = MultiValueDict()
 
-        self.path = ''
-        self.path_info = ''
+        self.path = ""
+        self.path_info = ""
         self.method = None
         self.resolver_match = None
         self.content_type = None
@@ -66,8 +74,12 @@ class HttpRequest:
 
     def __repr__(self):
         if self.method is None or not self.get_full_path():
-            return '<%s>' % self.__class__.__name__
-        return '<%s: %s %r>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.method, self.get_full_path())
+            return "<%s>" % self.__class__.__name__
+        return "<%s: %s %r>" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.method,
+            self.get_full_path(),
+        )
 
     @cached_property
     def headers(self):
@@ -76,24 +88,25 @@ class HttpRequest:
     @cached_property
     def accepted_types(self):
         """Return a list of MediaType instances."""
-        return parse_accept_header(self.headers.get('Accept', '*/*'))
+        return parse_accept_header(self.headers.get("Accept", "*/*"))
 
     def accepts(self, media_type):
         return any(
-            accepted_type.match(media_type)
-            for accepted_type in self.accepted_types
+            accepted_type.match(media_type) for accepted_type in self.accepted_types
         )
 
     def _set_content_type_params(self, meta):
         """Set content_type, content_params, and encoding."""
-        self.content_type, self.content_params = cgi.parse_header(meta.get('CONTENT_TYPE', ''))
-        if 'charset' in self.content_params:
+        self.content_type, self.content_params = cgi.parse_header(
+            meta.get("CONTENT_TYPE", "")
+        )
+        if "charset" in self.content_params:
             try:
-                codecs.lookup(self.content_params['charset'])
+                codecs.lookup(self.content_params["charset"])
             except LookupError:
                 pass
             else:
-                self.encoding = self.content_params['charset']
+                self.encoding = self.content_params["charset"]
 
     def _get_raw_host(self):
         """
@@ -101,17 +114,16 @@ class HttpRequest:
         allowed hosts protection, so may return an insecure host.
         """
         # We try three options, in order of decreasing preference.
-        if settings.USE_X_FORWARDED_HOST and (
-                'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST' in self.META):
-            host = self.META['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST']
-        elif 'HTTP_HOST' in self.META:
-            host = self.META['HTTP_HOST']
+        if settings.USE_X_FORWARDED_HOST and ("HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST" in self.META):
+            host = self.META["HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"]
+        elif "HTTP_HOST" in self.META:
+            host = self.META["HTTP_HOST"]
         else:
             # Reconstruct the host using the algorithm from PEP 333.
-            host = self.META['SERVER_NAME']
+            host = self.META["SERVER_NAME"]
             server_port = self.get_port()
-            if server_port != ('443' if self.is_secure() else '80'):
-                host = '%s:%s' % (host, server_port)
+            if server_port != ("443" if self.is_secure() else "80"):
+                host = "%s:%s" % (host, server_port)
         return host
 
     def get_host(self):
@@ -121,7 +133,7 @@ class HttpRequest:
         # Allow variants of localhost if ALLOWED_HOSTS is empty and DEBUG=True.
         allowed_hosts = settings.ALLOWED_HOSTS
         if settings.DEBUG and not allowed_hosts:
-            allowed_hosts = ['.localhost', '127.0.0.1', '[::1]']
+            allowed_hosts = [".localhost", "127.0.0.1", "[::1]"]
 
         domain, port = split_domain_port(host)
         if domain and validate_host(domain, allowed_hosts):
@@ -131,15 +143,17 @@ class HttpRequest:
             if domain:
                 msg += " You may need to add %r to ALLOWED_HOSTS." % domain
             else:
-                msg += " The domain name provided is not valid according to RFC 1034/1035."
+                msg += (
+                    " The domain name provided is not valid according to RFC 1034/1035."
+                )
             raise DisallowedHost(msg)
 
     def get_port(self):
         """Return the port number for the request as a string."""
-        if settings.USE_X_FORWARDED_PORT and 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PORT' in self.META:
-            port = self.META['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PORT']
+        if settings.USE_X_FORWARDED_PORT and "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PORT" in self.META:
+            port = self.META["HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PORT"]
         else:
-            port = self.META['SERVER_PORT']
+            port = self.META["SERVER_PORT"]
         return str(port)
 
     def get_full_path(self, force_append_slash=False):
@@ -151,13 +165,15 @@ class HttpRequest:
     def _get_full_path(self, path, force_append_slash):
         # RFC 3986 requires query string arguments to be in the ASCII range.
         # Rather than crash if this doesn't happen, we encode defensively.
-        return '%s%s%s' % (
+        return "%s%s%s" % (
             escape_uri_path(path),
-            '/' if force_append_slash and not path.endswith('/') else '',
-            ('?' + iri_to_uri(self.META.get('QUERY_STRING', ''))) if self.META.get('QUERY_STRING', '') else ''
+            "/" if force_append_slash and not path.endswith("/") else "",
+            ("?" + iri_to_uri(self.META.get("QUERY_STRING", "")))
+            if self.META.get("QUERY_STRING", "")
+            else "",
         )
 
-    def get_signed_cookie(self, key, default=RAISE_ERROR, salt='', max_age=None):
+    def get_signed_cookie(self, key, default=RAISE_ERROR, salt="", max_age=None):
         """
         Attempt to return a signed cookie. If the signature fails or the
         cookie has expired, raise an exception, unless the `default` argument
@@ -172,7 +188,8 @@ class HttpRequest:
                 raise
         try:
             value = signing.get_cookie_signer(salt=key + salt).unsign(
-                cookie_value, max_age=max_age)
+                cookie_value, max_age=max_age
+            )
         except signing.BadSignature:
             if default is not RAISE_ERROR:
                 return default
@@ -192,7 +209,7 @@ class HttpRequest:
         if location is None:
             # Make it an absolute url (but schemeless and domainless) for the
             # edge case that the path starts with '//'.
-            location = '//%s' % self.get_full_path()
+            location = "//%s" % self.get_full_path()
         else:
             # Coerce lazy locations.
             location = str(location)
@@ -201,12 +218,17 @@ class HttpRequest:
             # Handle the simple, most common case. If the location is absolute
             # and a scheme or host (netloc) isn't provided, skip an expensive
             # urljoin() as long as no path segments are '.' or '..'.
-            if (bits.path.startswith('/') and not bits.scheme and not bits.netloc and
-                    '/./' not in bits.path and '/../' not in bits.path):
+            if (
+                bits.path.startswith("/")
+                and not bits.scheme
+                and not bits.netloc
+                and "/./" not in bits.path
+                and "/../" not in bits.path
+            ):
                 # If location starts with '//' but has no netloc, reuse the
                 # schema and netloc from the current request. Strip the double
                 # slashes and continue as if it wasn't specified.
-                if location.startswith('//'):
+                if location.startswith("//"):
                     location = location[2:]
                 location = self._current_scheme_host + location
             else:
@@ -218,14 +240,14 @@ class HttpRequest:
 
     @cached_property
     def _current_scheme_host(self):
-        return '{}://{}'.format(self.scheme, self.get_host())
+        return "{}://{}".format(self.scheme, self.get_host())
 
     def _get_scheme(self):
         """
         Hook for subclasses like WSGIRequest to implement. Return 'http' by
         default.
         """
-        return 'http'
+        return "http"
 
     @property
     def scheme(self):
@@ -234,15 +256,15 @@ class HttpRequest:
                 header, secure_value = settings.SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER
             except ValueError:
                 raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                    'The SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER setting must be a tuple containing two values.'
+                    "The SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER setting must be a tuple containing two values."
                 )
             header_value = self.META.get(header)
             if header_value is not None:
-                return 'https' if header_value == secure_value else 'http'
+                return "https" if header_value == secure_value else "http"
         return self._get_scheme()
 
     def is_secure(self):
-        return self.scheme == 'https'
+        return self.scheme == "https"
 
     @property
     def encoding(self):
@@ -256,14 +278,16 @@ class HttpRequest:
         next access (so that it is decoded correctly).
         """
         self._encoding = val
-        if hasattr(self, 'GET'):
+        if hasattr(self, "GET"):
             del self.GET
-        if hasattr(self, '_post'):
+        if hasattr(self, "_post"):
             del self._post
 
     def _initialize_handlers(self):
-        self._upload_handlers = [uploadhandler.load_handler(handler, self)
-                                 for handler in settings.FILE_UPLOAD_HANDLERS]
+        self._upload_handlers = [
+            uploadhandler.load_handler(handler, self)
+            for handler in settings.FILE_UPLOAD_HANDLERS
+        ]
 
     @property
     def upload_handlers(self):
@@ -274,29 +298,38 @@ class HttpRequest:
 
     @upload_handlers.setter
     def upload_handlers(self, upload_handlers):
-        if hasattr(self, '_files'):
-            raise AttributeError("You cannot set the upload handlers after the upload has been processed.")
+        if hasattr(self, "_files"):
+            raise AttributeError(
+                "You cannot set the upload handlers after the upload has been processed."
+            )
         self._upload_handlers = upload_handlers
 
     def parse_file_upload(self, META, post_data):
         """Return a tuple of (POST QueryDict, FILES MultiValueDict)."""
         self.upload_handlers = ImmutableList(
             self.upload_handlers,
-            warning="You cannot alter upload handlers after the upload has been processed."
+            warning="You cannot alter upload handlers after the upload has been processed.",
         )
         parser = MultiPartParser(META, post_data, self.upload_handlers, self.encoding)
         return parser.parse()
 
     @property
     def body(self):
-        if not hasattr(self, '_body'):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_body"):
             if self._read_started:
-                raise RawPostDataException("You cannot access body after reading from request's data stream")
+                raise RawPostDataException(
+                    "You cannot access body after reading from request's data stream"
+                )
 
             # Limit the maximum request data size that will be handled in-memory.
-            if (settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE is not None and
-                    int(self.META.get('CONTENT_LENGTH') or 0) > settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE):
-                raise RequestDataTooBig('Request body exceeded settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE.')
+            if (
+                settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE is not None
+                and int(self.META.get("CONTENT_LENGTH") or 0)
+                > settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE
+            ):
+                raise RequestDataTooBig(
+                    "Request body exceeded settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE."
+                )
 
             try:
                 self._body = self.read()
@@ -311,15 +344,18 @@ class HttpRequest:
 
     def _load_post_and_files(self):
         """Populate self._post and self._files if the content-type is a form type"""
-        if self.method != 'POST':
-            self._post, self._files = QueryDict(encoding=self._encoding), MultiValueDict()
+        if self.method != "POST":
+            self._post, self._files = (
+                QueryDict(encoding=self._encoding),
+                MultiValueDict(),
+            )
             return
-        if self._read_started and not hasattr(self, '_body'):
+        if self._read_started and not hasattr(self, "_body"):
             self._mark_post_parse_error()
             return
 
-        if self.content_type == 'multipart/form-data':
-            if hasattr(self, '_body'):
+        if self.content_type == "multipart/form-data":
+            if hasattr(self, "_body"):
                 # Use already read data
                 data = BytesIO(self._body)
             else:
@@ -333,13 +369,19 @@ class HttpRequest:
                 # attempts to parse POST data again.
                 self._mark_post_parse_error()
                 raise
-        elif self.content_type == 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded':
-            self._post, self._files = QueryDict(self.body, encoding=self._encoding), MultiValueDict()
+        elif self.content_type == "application/x-www-form-urlencoded":
+            self._post, self._files = (
+                QueryDict(self.body, encoding=self._encoding),
+                MultiValueDict(),
+            )
         else:
-            self._post, self._files = QueryDict(encoding=self._encoding), MultiValueDict()
+            self._post, self._files = (
+                QueryDict(encoding=self._encoding),
+                MultiValueDict(),
+            )
 
     def close(self):
-        if hasattr(self, '_files'):
+        if hasattr(self, "_files"):
             for f in chain.from_iterable(list_[1] for list_ in self._files.lists()):
                 f.close()
 
@@ -366,16 +408,16 @@ class HttpRequest:
             raise UnreadablePostError(*e.args) from e
 
     def __iter__(self):
-        return iter(self.readline, b'')
+        return iter(self.readline, b"")
 
     def readlines(self):
         return list(self)
 
 
 class HttpHeaders(CaseInsensitiveMapping):
-    HTTP_PREFIX = 'HTTP_'
+    HTTP_PREFIX = "HTTP_"
     # PEP 333 gives two headers which aren't prepended with HTTP_.
-    UNPREFIXED_HEADERS = {'CONTENT_TYPE', 'CONTENT_LENGTH'}
+    UNPREFIXED_HEADERS = {"CONTENT_TYPE", "CONTENT_LENGTH"}
 
     def __init__(self, environ):
         headers = {}
@@ -387,15 +429,15 @@ class HttpHeaders(CaseInsensitiveMapping):
 
     def __getitem__(self, key):
         """Allow header lookup using underscores in place of hyphens."""
-        return super().__getitem__(key.replace('_', '-'))
+        return super().__getitem__(key.replace("_", "-"))
 
     @classmethod
     def parse_header_name(cls, header):
         if header.startswith(cls.HTTP_PREFIX):
-            header = header[len(cls.HTTP_PREFIX):]
+            header = header[len(cls.HTTP_PREFIX) :]
         elif header not in cls.UNPREFIXED_HEADERS:
             return None
-        return header.replace('_', '-').title()
+        return header.replace("_", "-").title()
 
 
 class QueryDict(MultiValueDict):
@@ -421,11 +463,11 @@ class QueryDict(MultiValueDict):
     def __init__(self, query_string=None, mutable=False, encoding=None):
         super().__init__()
         self.encoding = encoding or settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET
-        query_string = query_string or ''
+        query_string = query_string or ""
         parse_qsl_kwargs = {
-            'keep_blank_values': True,
-            'encoding': self.encoding,
-            'max_num_fields': settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_NUMBER_FIELDS,
+            "keep_blank_values": True,
+            "encoding": self.encoding,
+            "max_num_fields": settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_NUMBER_FIELDS,
         }
         if isinstance(query_string, bytes):
             # query_string normally contains URL-encoded data, a subset of ASCII.
@@ -433,7 +475,7 @@ class QueryDict(MultiValueDict):
                 query_string = query_string.decode(self.encoding)
             except UnicodeDecodeError:
                 # ... but some user agents are misbehaving :-(
-                query_string = query_string.decode('iso-8859-1')
+                query_string = query_string.decode("iso-8859-1")
         try:
             for key, value in parse_qsl(query_string, **parse_qsl_kwargs):
                 self.appendlist(key, value)
@@ -443,18 +485,18 @@ class QueryDict(MultiValueDict):
             # the exception was raised by exceeding the value of max_num_fields
             # instead of fragile checks of exception message strings.
             raise TooManyFieldsSent(
-                'The number of GET/POST parameters exceeded '
-                'settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_NUMBER_FIELDS.'
+                "The number of GET/POST parameters exceeded "
+                "settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_NUMBER_FIELDS."
             ) from e
         self._mutable = mutable
 
     @classmethod
-    def fromkeys(cls, iterable, value='', mutable=False, encoding=None):
+    def fromkeys(cls, iterable, value="", mutable=False, encoding=None):
         """
         Return a new QueryDict with keys (may be repeated) from an iterable and
         values from value.
         """
-        q = cls('', mutable=True, encoding=encoding)
+        q = cls("", mutable=True, encoding=encoding)
         for key in iterable:
             q.appendlist(key, value)
         if not mutable:
@@ -486,13 +528,13 @@ class QueryDict(MultiValueDict):
         super().__delitem__(key)
 
     def __copy__(self):
-        result = self.__class__('', mutable=True, encoding=self.encoding)
+        result = self.__class__("", mutable=True, encoding=self.encoding)
         for key, value in self.lists():
             result.setlist(key, value)
         return result
 
     def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
-        result = self.__class__('', mutable=True, encoding=self.encoding)
+        result = self.__class__("", mutable=True, encoding=self.encoding)
         memo[id(self)] = result
         for key, value in self.lists():
             result.setlist(copy.deepcopy(key, memo), copy.deepcopy(value, memo))
@@ -554,48 +596,50 @@ class QueryDict(MultiValueDict):
             safe = safe.encode(self.encoding)
 
             def encode(k, v):
-                return '%s=%s' % ((quote(k, safe), quote(v, safe)))
+                return "%s=%s" % ((quote(k, safe), quote(v, safe)))
+
         else:
+
             def encode(k, v):
                 return urlencode({k: v})
+
         for k, list_ in self.lists():
             output.extend(
                 encode(k.encode(self.encoding), str(v).encode(self.encoding))
                 for v in list_
             )
-        return '&'.join(output)
+        return "&".join(output)
 
 
 class MediaType:
     def __init__(self, media_type_raw_line):
         full_type, self.params = parse_header(
-            media_type_raw_line.encode('ascii') if media_type_raw_line else b''
+            media_type_raw_line.encode("ascii") if media_type_raw_line else b""
         )
-        self.main_type, _, self.sub_type = full_type.partition('/')
+        self.main_type, _, self.sub_type = full_type.partition("/")
 
     def __str__(self):
-        params_str = ''.join(
-            '; %s=%s' % (k, v.decode('ascii'))
-            for k, v in self.params.items()
+        params_str = "".join(
+            "; %s=%s" % (k, v.decode("ascii")) for k, v in self.params.items()
         )
-        return '%s%s%s' % (
+        return "%s%s%s" % (
             self.main_type,
-            ('/%s' % self.sub_type) if self.sub_type else '',
+            ("/%s" % self.sub_type) if self.sub_type else "",
             params_str,
         )
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s: %s>' % (self.__class__.__qualname__, self)
+        return "<%s: %s>" % (self.__class__.__qualname__, self)
 
     @property
     def is_all_types(self):
-        return self.main_type == '*' and self.sub_type == '*'
+        return self.main_type == "*" and self.sub_type == "*"
 
     def match(self, other):
         if self.is_all_types:
             return True
         other = MediaType(other)
-        if self.main_type == other.main_type and self.sub_type in {'*', other.sub_type}:
+        if self.main_type == other.main_type and self.sub_type in {"*", other.sub_type}:
             return True
         return False
 
@@ -612,7 +656,7 @@ def bytes_to_text(s, encoding):
     Return any non-bytes objects without change.
     """
     if isinstance(s, bytes):
-        return str(s, encoding, 'replace')
+        return str(s, encoding, "replace")
     else:
         return s
 
@@ -627,15 +671,15 @@ def split_domain_port(host):
     host = host.lower()
 
     if not host_validation_re.match(host):
-        return '', ''
+        return "", ""
 
-    if host[-1] == ']':
+    if host[-1] == "]":
         # It's an IPv6 address without a port.
-        return host, ''
-    bits = host.rsplit(':', 1)
-    domain, port = bits if len(bits) == 2 else (bits[0], '')
+        return host, ""
+    bits = host.rsplit(":", 1)
+    domain, port = bits if len(bits) == 2 else (bits[0], "")
     # Remove a trailing dot (if present) from the domain.
-    domain = domain[:-1] if domain.endswith('.') else domain
+    domain = domain[:-1] if domain.endswith(".") else domain
     return domain, port
 
 
@@ -654,8 +698,10 @@ def validate_host(host, allowed_hosts):
 
     Return ``True`` for a valid host, ``False`` otherwise.
     """
-    return any(pattern == '*' or is_same_domain(host, pattern) for pattern in allowed_hosts)
+    return any(
+        pattern == "*" or is_same_domain(host, pattern) for pattern in allowed_hosts
+    )
 
 
 def parse_accept_header(header):
-    return [MediaType(token) for token in header.split(',') if token.strip()]
+    return [MediaType(token) for token in header.split(",") if token.strip()]
diff --git a/django/http/response.py b/django/http/response.py
index 847d824191..e40f2d169b 100644
--- a/django/http/response.py
+++ b/django/http/response.py
@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@ from django.utils.encoding import iri_to_uri
 from django.utils.http import http_date
 from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 
-_charset_from_content_type_re = _lazy_re_compile(r';\s*charset=(?P<charset>[^\s;]+)', re.I)
+_charset_from_content_type_re = _lazy_re_compile(
+    r";\s*charset=(?P<charset>[^\s;]+)", re.I
+)
 
 
 class ResponseHeaders(CaseInsensitiveMapping):
@@ -42,11 +44,12 @@ class ResponseHeaders(CaseInsensitiveMapping):
         """
         if not isinstance(value, (bytes, str)):
             value = str(value)
-        if (
-            (isinstance(value, bytes) and (b'\n' in value or b'\r' in value)) or
-            (isinstance(value, str) and ('\n' in value or '\r' in value))
+        if (isinstance(value, bytes) and (b"\n" in value or b"\r" in value)) or (
+            isinstance(value, str) and ("\n" in value or "\r" in value)
         ):
-            raise BadHeaderError("Header values can't contain newlines (got %r)" % value)
+            raise BadHeaderError(
+                "Header values can't contain newlines (got %r)" % value
+            )
         try:
             if isinstance(value, str):
                 # Ensure string is valid in given charset
@@ -56,9 +59,9 @@ class ResponseHeaders(CaseInsensitiveMapping):
                 value = value.decode(charset)
         except UnicodeError as e:
             if mime_encode:
-                value = Header(value, 'utf-8', maxlinelen=sys.maxsize).encode()
+                value = Header(value, "utf-8", maxlinelen=sys.maxsize).encode()
             else:
-                e.reason += ', HTTP response headers must be in %s format' % charset
+                e.reason += ", HTTP response headers must be in %s format" % charset
                 raise
         return value
 
@@ -66,8 +69,8 @@ class ResponseHeaders(CaseInsensitiveMapping):
         self.pop(key)
 
     def __setitem__(self, key, value):
-        key = self._convert_to_charset(key, 'ascii')
-        value = self._convert_to_charset(value, 'latin-1', mime_encode=True)
+        key = self._convert_to_charset(key, "ascii")
+        value = self._convert_to_charset(value, "latin-1", mime_encode=True)
         self._store[key.lower()] = (key, value)
 
     def pop(self, key, default=None):
@@ -92,18 +95,20 @@ class HttpResponseBase:
 
     status_code = 200
 
-    def __init__(self, content_type=None, status=None, reason=None, charset=None, headers=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self, content_type=None, status=None, reason=None, charset=None, headers=None
+    ):
         self.headers = ResponseHeaders(headers or {})
         self._charset = charset
-        if content_type and 'Content-Type' in self.headers:
+        if content_type and "Content-Type" in self.headers:
             raise ValueError(
                 "'headers' must not contain 'Content-Type' when the "
                 "'content_type' parameter is provided."
             )
-        if 'Content-Type' not in self.headers:
+        if "Content-Type" not in self.headers:
             if content_type is None:
-                content_type = 'text/html; charset=%s' % self.charset
-            self.headers['Content-Type'] = content_type
+                content_type = "text/html; charset=%s" % self.charset
+            self.headers["Content-Type"] = content_type
         self._resource_closers = []
         # This parameter is set by the handler. It's necessary to preserve the
         # historical behavior of request_finished.
@@ -114,10 +119,10 @@ class HttpResponseBase:
             try:
                 self.status_code = int(status)
             except (ValueError, TypeError):
-                raise TypeError('HTTP status code must be an integer.')
+                raise TypeError("HTTP status code must be an integer.")
 
             if not 100 <= self.status_code <= 599:
-                raise ValueError('HTTP status code must be an integer from 100 to 599.')
+                raise ValueError("HTTP status code must be an integer from 100 to 599.")
         self._reason_phrase = reason
 
     @property
@@ -126,7 +131,7 @@ class HttpResponseBase:
             return self._reason_phrase
         # Leave self._reason_phrase unset in order to use the default
         # reason phrase for status code.
-        return responses.get(self.status_code, 'Unknown Status Code')
+        return responses.get(self.status_code, "Unknown Status Code")
 
     @reason_phrase.setter
     def reason_phrase(self, value):
@@ -136,11 +141,11 @@ class HttpResponseBase:
     def charset(self):
         if self._charset is not None:
             return self._charset
-        content_type = self.get('Content-Type', '')
+        content_type = self.get("Content-Type", "")
         matched = _charset_from_content_type_re.search(content_type)
         if matched:
             # Extract the charset and strip its double quotes
-            return matched['charset'].replace('"', '')
+            return matched["charset"].replace('"', "")
         return settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET
 
     @charset.setter
@@ -149,16 +154,22 @@ class HttpResponseBase:
 
     def serialize_headers(self):
         """HTTP headers as a bytestring."""
-        return b'\r\n'.join([
-            key.encode('ascii') + b': ' + value.encode('latin-1')
-            for key, value in self.headers.items()
-        ])
+        return b"\r\n".join(
+            [
+                key.encode("ascii") + b": " + value.encode("latin-1")
+                for key, value in self.headers.items()
+            ]
+        )
 
     __bytes__ = serialize_headers
 
     @property
     def _content_type_for_repr(self):
-        return ', "%s"' % self.headers['Content-Type'] if 'Content-Type' in self.headers else ''
+        return (
+            ', "%s"' % self.headers["Content-Type"]
+            if "Content-Type" in self.headers
+            else ""
+        )
 
     def __setitem__(self, header, value):
         self.headers[header] = value
@@ -181,8 +192,18 @@ class HttpResponseBase:
     def get(self, header, alternate=None):
         return self.headers.get(header, alternate)
 
-    def set_cookie(self, key, value='', max_age=None, expires=None, path='/',
-                   domain=None, secure=False, httponly=False, samesite=None):
+    def set_cookie(
+        self,
+        key,
+        value="",
+        max_age=None,
+        expires=None,
+        path="/",
+        domain=None,
+        secure=False,
+        httponly=False,
+        samesite=None,
+    ):
         """
         Set a cookie.
 
@@ -206,47 +227,51 @@ class HttpResponseBase:
                 expires = None
                 max_age = max(0, delta.days * 86400 + delta.seconds)
             else:
-                self.cookies[key]['expires'] = expires
+                self.cookies[key]["expires"] = expires
         else:
-            self.cookies[key]['expires'] = ''
+            self.cookies[key]["expires"] = ""
         if max_age is not None:
-            self.cookies[key]['max-age'] = int(max_age)
+            self.cookies[key]["max-age"] = int(max_age)
             # IE requires expires, so set it if hasn't been already.
             if not expires:
-                self.cookies[key]['expires'] = http_date(time.time() + max_age)
+                self.cookies[key]["expires"] = http_date(time.time() + max_age)
         if path is not None:
-            self.cookies[key]['path'] = path
+            self.cookies[key]["path"] = path
         if domain is not None:
-            self.cookies[key]['domain'] = domain
+            self.cookies[key]["domain"] = domain
         if secure:
-            self.cookies[key]['secure'] = True
+            self.cookies[key]["secure"] = True
         if httponly:
-            self.cookies[key]['httponly'] = True
+            self.cookies[key]["httponly"] = True
         if samesite:
-            if samesite.lower() not in ('lax', 'none', 'strict'):
+            if samesite.lower() not in ("lax", "none", "strict"):
                 raise ValueError('samesite must be "lax", "none", or "strict".')
-            self.cookies[key]['samesite'] = samesite
+            self.cookies[key]["samesite"] = samesite
 
     def setdefault(self, key, value):
         """Set a header unless it has already been set."""
         self.headers.setdefault(key, value)
 
-    def set_signed_cookie(self, key, value, salt='', **kwargs):
+    def set_signed_cookie(self, key, value, salt="", **kwargs):
         value = signing.get_cookie_signer(salt=key + salt).sign(value)
         return self.set_cookie(key, value, **kwargs)
 
-    def delete_cookie(self, key, path='/', domain=None, samesite=None):
+    def delete_cookie(self, key, path="/", domain=None, samesite=None):
         # Browsers can ignore the Set-Cookie header if the cookie doesn't use
         # the secure flag and:
         # - the cookie name starts with "__Host-" or "__Secure-", or
         # - the samesite is "none".
-        secure = (
-            key.startswith(('__Secure-', '__Host-')) or
-            (samesite and samesite.lower() == 'none')
+        secure = key.startswith(("__Secure-", "__Host-")) or (
+            samesite and samesite.lower() == "none"
         )
         self.set_cookie(
-            key, max_age=0, path=path, domain=domain, secure=secure,
-            expires='Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT', samesite=samesite,
+            key,
+            max_age=0,
+            path=path,
+            domain=domain,
+            secure=secure,
+            expires="Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT",
+            samesite=samesite,
         )
 
     # Common methods used by subclasses
@@ -284,13 +309,15 @@ class HttpResponseBase:
         signals.request_finished.send(sender=self._handler_class)
 
     def write(self, content):
-        raise OSError('This %s instance is not writable' % self.__class__.__name__)
+        raise OSError("This %s instance is not writable" % self.__class__.__name__)
 
     def flush(self):
         pass
 
     def tell(self):
-        raise OSError('This %s instance cannot tell its position' % self.__class__.__name__)
+        raise OSError(
+            "This %s instance cannot tell its position" % self.__class__.__name__
+        )
 
     # These methods partially implement a stream-like object interface.
     # See https://docs.python.org/library/io.html#io.IOBase
@@ -305,7 +332,7 @@ class HttpResponseBase:
         return False
 
     def writelines(self, lines):
-        raise OSError('This %s instance is not writable' % self.__class__.__name__)
+        raise OSError("This %s instance is not writable" % self.__class__.__name__)
 
 
 class HttpResponse(HttpResponseBase):
@@ -317,37 +344,36 @@ class HttpResponse(HttpResponseBase):
 
     streaming = False
 
-    def __init__(self, content=b'', *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, content=b"", *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         # Content is a bytestring. See the `content` property methods.
         self.content = content
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%(cls)s status_code=%(status_code)d%(content_type)s>' % {
-            'cls': self.__class__.__name__,
-            'status_code': self.status_code,
-            'content_type': self._content_type_for_repr,
+        return "<%(cls)s status_code=%(status_code)d%(content_type)s>" % {
+            "cls": self.__class__.__name__,
+            "status_code": self.status_code,
+            "content_type": self._content_type_for_repr,
         }
 
     def serialize(self):
         """Full HTTP message, including headers, as a bytestring."""
-        return self.serialize_headers() + b'\r\n\r\n' + self.content
+        return self.serialize_headers() + b"\r\n\r\n" + self.content
 
     __bytes__ = serialize
 
     @property
     def content(self):
-        return b''.join(self._container)
+        return b"".join(self._container)
 
     @content.setter
     def content(self, value):
         # Consume iterators upon assignment to allow repeated iteration.
-        if (
-            hasattr(value, '__iter__') and
-            not isinstance(value, (bytes, memoryview, str))
+        if hasattr(value, "__iter__") and not isinstance(
+            value, (bytes, memoryview, str)
         ):
-            content = b''.join(self.make_bytes(chunk) for chunk in value)
-            if hasattr(value, 'close'):
+            content = b"".join(self.make_bytes(chunk) for chunk in value)
+            if hasattr(value, "close"):
                 try:
                     value.close()
                 except Exception:
@@ -395,10 +421,10 @@ class StreamingHttpResponse(HttpResponseBase):
         self.streaming_content = streaming_content
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%(cls)s status_code=%(status_code)d%(content_type)s>' % {
-            'cls': self.__class__.__qualname__,
-            'status_code': self.status_code,
-            'content_type': self._content_type_for_repr,
+        return "<%(cls)s status_code=%(status_code)d%(content_type)s>" % {
+            "cls": self.__class__.__qualname__,
+            "status_code": self.status_code,
+            "content_type": self._content_type_for_repr,
         }
 
     @property
@@ -419,37 +445,40 @@ class StreamingHttpResponse(HttpResponseBase):
     def _set_streaming_content(self, value):
         # Ensure we can never iterate on "value" more than once.
         self._iterator = iter(value)
-        if hasattr(value, 'close'):
+        if hasattr(value, "close"):
             self._resource_closers.append(value.close)
 
     def __iter__(self):
         return self.streaming_content
 
     def getvalue(self):
-        return b''.join(self.streaming_content)
+        return b"".join(self.streaming_content)
 
 
 class FileResponse(StreamingHttpResponse):
     """
     A streaming HTTP response class optimized for files.
     """
+
     block_size = 4096
 
-    def __init__(self, *args, as_attachment=False, filename='', **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, *args, as_attachment=False, filename="", **kwargs):
         self.as_attachment = as_attachment
         self.filename = filename
-        self._no_explicit_content_type = 'content_type' not in kwargs or kwargs['content_type'] is None
+        self._no_explicit_content_type = (
+            "content_type" not in kwargs or kwargs["content_type"] is None
+        )
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def _set_streaming_content(self, value):
-        if not hasattr(value, 'read'):
+        if not hasattr(value, "read"):
             self.file_to_stream = None
             return super()._set_streaming_content(value)
 
         self.file_to_stream = filelike = value
-        if hasattr(filelike, 'close'):
+        if hasattr(filelike, "close"):
             self._resource_closers.append(filelike.close)
-        value = iter(lambda: filelike.read(self.block_size), b'')
+        value = iter(lambda: filelike.read(self.block_size), b"")
         self.set_headers(filelike)
         super()._set_streaming_content(value)
 
@@ -458,22 +487,30 @@ class FileResponse(StreamingHttpResponse):
         Set some common response headers (Content-Length, Content-Type, and
         Content-Disposition) based on the `filelike` response content.
         """
-        filename = getattr(filelike, 'name', '')
-        filename = filename if isinstance(filename, str) else ''
-        seekable = hasattr(filelike, 'seek') and (not hasattr(filelike, 'seekable') or filelike.seekable())
-        if hasattr(filelike, 'tell'):
+        filename = getattr(filelike, "name", "")
+        filename = filename if isinstance(filename, str) else ""
+        seekable = hasattr(filelike, "seek") and (
+            not hasattr(filelike, "seekable") or filelike.seekable()
+        )
+        if hasattr(filelike, "tell"):
             if seekable:
                 initial_position = filelike.tell()
                 filelike.seek(0, io.SEEK_END)
-                self.headers['Content-Length'] = filelike.tell() - initial_position
+                self.headers["Content-Length"] = filelike.tell() - initial_position
                 filelike.seek(initial_position)
-            elif hasattr(filelike, 'getbuffer'):
-                self.headers['Content-Length'] = filelike.getbuffer().nbytes - filelike.tell()
+            elif hasattr(filelike, "getbuffer"):
+                self.headers["Content-Length"] = (
+                    filelike.getbuffer().nbytes - filelike.tell()
+                )
             elif os.path.exists(filename):
-                self.headers['Content-Length'] = os.path.getsize(filename) - filelike.tell()
+                self.headers["Content-Length"] = (
+                    os.path.getsize(filename) - filelike.tell()
+                )
         elif seekable:
-            self.headers['Content-Length'] = sum(iter(lambda: len(filelike.read(self.block_size)), 0))
-            filelike.seek(-int(self.headers['Content-Length']), io.SEEK_END)
+            self.headers["Content-Length"] = sum(
+                iter(lambda: len(filelike.read(self.block_size)), 0)
+            )
+            filelike.seek(-int(self.headers["Content-Length"]), io.SEEK_END)
 
         filename = os.path.basename(self.filename or filename)
         if self._no_explicit_content_type:
@@ -482,45 +519,54 @@ class FileResponse(StreamingHttpResponse):
                 # Encoding isn't set to prevent browsers from automatically
                 # uncompressing files.
                 content_type = {
-                    'bzip2': 'application/x-bzip',
-                    'gzip': 'application/gzip',
-                    'xz': 'application/x-xz',
+                    "bzip2": "application/x-bzip",
+                    "gzip": "application/gzip",
+                    "xz": "application/x-xz",
                 }.get(encoding, content_type)
-                self.headers['Content-Type'] = content_type or 'application/octet-stream'
+                self.headers["Content-Type"] = (
+                    content_type or "application/octet-stream"
+                )
             else:
-                self.headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/octet-stream'
+                self.headers["Content-Type"] = "application/octet-stream"
 
         if filename:
-            disposition = 'attachment' if self.as_attachment else 'inline'
+            disposition = "attachment" if self.as_attachment else "inline"
             try:
-                filename.encode('ascii')
+                filename.encode("ascii")
                 file_expr = 'filename="{}"'.format(filename)
             except UnicodeEncodeError:
                 file_expr = "filename*=utf-8''{}".format(quote(filename))
-            self.headers['Content-Disposition'] = '{}; {}'.format(disposition, file_expr)
+            self.headers["Content-Disposition"] = "{}; {}".format(
+                disposition, file_expr
+            )
         elif self.as_attachment:
-            self.headers['Content-Disposition'] = 'attachment'
+            self.headers["Content-Disposition"] = "attachment"
 
 
 class HttpResponseRedirectBase(HttpResponse):
-    allowed_schemes = ['http', 'https', 'ftp']
+    allowed_schemes = ["http", "https", "ftp"]
 
     def __init__(self, redirect_to, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-        self['Location'] = iri_to_uri(redirect_to)
+        self["Location"] = iri_to_uri(redirect_to)
         parsed = urlparse(str(redirect_to))
         if parsed.scheme and parsed.scheme not in self.allowed_schemes:
-            raise DisallowedRedirect("Unsafe redirect to URL with protocol '%s'" % parsed.scheme)
+            raise DisallowedRedirect(
+                "Unsafe redirect to URL with protocol '%s'" % parsed.scheme
+            )
 
-    url = property(lambda self: self['Location'])
+    url = property(lambda self: self["Location"])
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%(cls)s status_code=%(status_code)d%(content_type)s, url="%(url)s">' % {
-            'cls': self.__class__.__name__,
-            'status_code': self.status_code,
-            'content_type': self._content_type_for_repr,
-            'url': self.url,
-        }
+        return (
+            '<%(cls)s status_code=%(status_code)d%(content_type)s, url="%(url)s">'
+            % {
+                "cls": self.__class__.__name__,
+                "status_code": self.status_code,
+                "content_type": self._content_type_for_repr,
+                "url": self.url,
+            }
+        )
 
 
 class HttpResponseRedirect(HttpResponseRedirectBase):
@@ -536,12 +582,14 @@ class HttpResponseNotModified(HttpResponse):
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-        del self['content-type']
+        del self["content-type"]
 
     @HttpResponse.content.setter
     def content(self, value):
         if value:
-            raise AttributeError("You cannot set content to a 304 (Not Modified) response")
+            raise AttributeError(
+                "You cannot set content to a 304 (Not Modified) response"
+            )
         self._container = []
 
 
@@ -562,14 +610,14 @@ class HttpResponseNotAllowed(HttpResponse):
 
     def __init__(self, permitted_methods, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-        self['Allow'] = ', '.join(permitted_methods)
+        self["Allow"] = ", ".join(permitted_methods)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%(cls)s [%(methods)s] status_code=%(status_code)d%(content_type)s>' % {
-            'cls': self.__class__.__name__,
-            'status_code': self.status_code,
-            'content_type': self._content_type_for_repr,
-            'methods': self['Allow'],
+        return "<%(cls)s [%(methods)s] status_code=%(status_code)d%(content_type)s>" % {
+            "cls": self.__class__.__name__,
+            "status_code": self.status_code,
+            "content_type": self._content_type_for_repr,
+            "methods": self["Allow"],
         }
 
 
@@ -599,15 +647,21 @@ class JsonResponse(HttpResponse):
     :param json_dumps_params: A dictionary of kwargs passed to json.dumps().
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, data, encoder=DjangoJSONEncoder, safe=True,
-                 json_dumps_params=None, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        data,
+        encoder=DjangoJSONEncoder,
+        safe=True,
+        json_dumps_params=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
         if safe and not isinstance(data, dict):
             raise TypeError(
-                'In order to allow non-dict objects to be serialized set the '
-                'safe parameter to False.'
+                "In order to allow non-dict objects to be serialized set the "
+                "safe parameter to False."
             )
         if json_dumps_params is None:
             json_dumps_params = {}
-        kwargs.setdefault('content_type', 'application/json')
+        kwargs.setdefault("content_type", "application/json")
         data = json.dumps(data, cls=encoder, **json_dumps_params)
         super().__init__(content=data, **kwargs)
diff --git a/django/middleware/cache.py b/django/middleware/cache.py
index c191118183..0fdffe1bbe 100644
--- a/django/middleware/cache.py
+++ b/django/middleware/cache.py
@@ -46,7 +46,10 @@ More details about how the caching works:
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.cache import DEFAULT_CACHE_ALIAS, caches
 from django.utils.cache import (
-    get_cache_key, get_max_age, has_vary_header, learn_cache_key,
+    get_cache_key,
+    get_max_age,
+    has_vary_header,
+    learn_cache_key,
     patch_response_headers,
 )
 from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
@@ -61,6 +64,7 @@ class UpdateCacheMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
     UpdateCacheMiddleware must be the first piece of middleware in MIDDLEWARE
     so that it'll get called last during the response phase.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, get_response):
         super().__init__(get_response)
         self.cache_timeout = settings.CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_SECONDS
@@ -73,7 +77,7 @@ class UpdateCacheMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
         return caches[self.cache_alias]
 
     def _should_update_cache(self, request, response):
-        return hasattr(request, '_cache_update_cache') and request._cache_update_cache
+        return hasattr(request, "_cache_update_cache") and request._cache_update_cache
 
     def process_response(self, request, response):
         """Set the cache, if needed."""
@@ -86,11 +90,15 @@ class UpdateCacheMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
 
         # Don't cache responses that set a user-specific (and maybe security
         # sensitive) cookie in response to a cookie-less request.
-        if not request.COOKIES and response.cookies and has_vary_header(response, 'Cookie'):
+        if (
+            not request.COOKIES
+            and response.cookies
+            and has_vary_header(response, "Cookie")
+        ):
             return response
 
         # Don't cache a response with 'Cache-Control: private'
-        if 'private' in response.get('Cache-Control', ()):
+        if "private" in response.get("Cache-Control", ()):
             return response
 
         # Page timeout takes precedence over the "max-age" and the default
@@ -107,8 +115,10 @@ class UpdateCacheMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
                 return response
         patch_response_headers(response, timeout)
         if timeout and response.status_code == 200:
-            cache_key = learn_cache_key(request, response, timeout, self.key_prefix, cache=self.cache)
-            if hasattr(response, 'render') and callable(response.render):
+            cache_key = learn_cache_key(
+                request, response, timeout, self.key_prefix, cache=self.cache
+            )
+            if hasattr(response, "render") and callable(response.render):
                 response.add_post_render_callback(
                     lambda r: self.cache.set(cache_key, r, timeout)
                 )
@@ -125,6 +135,7 @@ class FetchFromCacheMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
     FetchFromCacheMiddleware must be the last piece of middleware in MIDDLEWARE
     so that it'll get called last during the request phase.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, get_response):
         super().__init__(get_response)
         self.key_prefix = settings.CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_KEY_PREFIX
@@ -139,19 +150,21 @@ class FetchFromCacheMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
         Check whether the page is already cached and return the cached
         version if available.
         """
-        if request.method not in ('GET', 'HEAD'):
+        if request.method not in ("GET", "HEAD"):
             request._cache_update_cache = False
             return None  # Don't bother checking the cache.
 
         # try and get the cached GET response
-        cache_key = get_cache_key(request, self.key_prefix, 'GET', cache=self.cache)
+        cache_key = get_cache_key(request, self.key_prefix, "GET", cache=self.cache)
         if cache_key is None:
             request._cache_update_cache = True
             return None  # No cache information available, need to rebuild.
         response = self.cache.get(cache_key)
         # if it wasn't found and we are looking for a HEAD, try looking just for that
-        if response is None and request.method == 'HEAD':
-            cache_key = get_cache_key(request, self.key_prefix, 'HEAD', cache=self.cache)
+        if response is None and request.method == "HEAD":
+            cache_key = get_cache_key(
+                request, self.key_prefix, "HEAD", cache=self.cache
+            )
             response = self.cache.get(cache_key)
 
         if response is None:
@@ -170,6 +183,7 @@ class CacheMiddleware(UpdateCacheMiddleware, FetchFromCacheMiddleware):
     Also used as the hook point for the cache decorator, which is generated
     using the decorator-from-middleware utility.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, get_response, cache_timeout=None, page_timeout=None, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(get_response)
         # We need to differentiate between "provided, but using default value",
@@ -178,14 +192,14 @@ class CacheMiddleware(UpdateCacheMiddleware, FetchFromCacheMiddleware):
         # we need to use middleware defaults.
 
         try:
-            key_prefix = kwargs['key_prefix']
+            key_prefix = kwargs["key_prefix"]
             if key_prefix is None:
-                key_prefix = ''
+                key_prefix = ""
             self.key_prefix = key_prefix
         except KeyError:
             pass
         try:
-            cache_alias = kwargs['cache_alias']
+            cache_alias = kwargs["cache_alias"]
             if cache_alias is None:
                 cache_alias = DEFAULT_CACHE_ALIAS
             self.cache_alias = cache_alias
diff --git a/django/middleware/clickjacking.py b/django/middleware/clickjacking.py
index 0161f8eb8f..072f4148a2 100644
--- a/django/middleware/clickjacking.py
+++ b/django/middleware/clickjacking.py
@@ -21,16 +21,17 @@ class XFrameOptionsMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
     response from being loaded in a frame in any site, set X_FRAME_OPTIONS in
     your project's Django settings to 'DENY'.
     """
+
     def process_response(self, request, response):
         # Don't set it if it's already in the response
-        if response.get('X-Frame-Options') is not None:
+        if response.get("X-Frame-Options") is not None:
             return response
 
         # Don't set it if they used @xframe_options_exempt
-        if getattr(response, 'xframe_options_exempt', False):
+        if getattr(response, "xframe_options_exempt", False):
             return response
 
-        response.headers['X-Frame-Options'] = self.get_xframe_options_value(
+        response.headers["X-Frame-Options"] = self.get_xframe_options_value(
             request,
             response,
         )
@@ -44,4 +45,4 @@ class XFrameOptionsMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
         This method can be overridden if needed, allowing it to vary based on
         the request or response.
         """
-        return getattr(settings, 'X_FRAME_OPTIONS', 'DENY').upper()
+        return getattr(settings, "X_FRAME_OPTIONS", "DENY").upper()
diff --git a/django/middleware/common.py b/django/middleware/common.py
index e42d05e255..c652374aec 100644
--- a/django/middleware/common.py
+++ b/django/middleware/common.py
@@ -38,16 +38,16 @@ class CommonMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
         """
 
         # Check for denied User-Agents
-        user_agent = request.META.get('HTTP_USER_AGENT')
+        user_agent = request.META.get("HTTP_USER_AGENT")
         if user_agent is not None:
             for user_agent_regex in settings.DISALLOWED_USER_AGENTS:
                 if user_agent_regex.search(user_agent):
-                    raise PermissionDenied('Forbidden user agent')
+                    raise PermissionDenied("Forbidden user agent")
 
         # Check for a redirect based on settings.PREPEND_WWW
         host = request.get_host()
-        must_prepend = settings.PREPEND_WWW and host and not host.startswith('www.')
-        redirect_url = ('%s://www.%s' % (request.scheme, host)) if must_prepend else ''
+        must_prepend = settings.PREPEND_WWW and host and not host.startswith("www.")
+        redirect_url = ("%s://www.%s" % (request.scheme, host)) if must_prepend else ""
 
         # Check if a slash should be appended
         if self.should_redirect_with_slash(request):
@@ -65,13 +65,13 @@ class CommonMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
         Return True if settings.APPEND_SLASH is True and appending a slash to
         the request path turns an invalid path into a valid one.
         """
-        if settings.APPEND_SLASH and not request.path_info.endswith('/'):
-            urlconf = getattr(request, 'urlconf', None)
+        if settings.APPEND_SLASH and not request.path_info.endswith("/"):
+            urlconf = getattr(request, "urlconf", None)
             if not is_valid_path(request.path_info, urlconf):
-                match = is_valid_path('%s/' % request.path_info, urlconf)
+                match = is_valid_path("%s/" % request.path_info, urlconf)
                 if match:
                     view = match.func
-                    return getattr(view, 'should_append_slash', True)
+                    return getattr(view, "should_append_slash", True)
         return False
 
     def get_full_path_with_slash(self, request):
@@ -84,15 +84,16 @@ class CommonMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
         new_path = request.get_full_path(force_append_slash=True)
         # Prevent construction of scheme relative urls.
         new_path = escape_leading_slashes(new_path)
-        if settings.DEBUG and request.method in ('POST', 'PUT', 'PATCH'):
+        if settings.DEBUG and request.method in ("POST", "PUT", "PATCH"):
             raise RuntimeError(
                 "You called this URL via %(method)s, but the URL doesn't end "
                 "in a slash and you have APPEND_SLASH set. Django can't "
                 "redirect to the slash URL while maintaining %(method)s data. "
                 "Change your form to point to %(url)s (note the trailing "
-                "slash), or set APPEND_SLASH=False in your Django settings." % {
-                    'method': request.method,
-                    'url': request.get_host() + new_path,
+                "slash), or set APPEND_SLASH=False in your Django settings."
+                % {
+                    "method": request.method,
+                    "url": request.get_host() + new_path,
                 }
             )
         return new_path
@@ -109,28 +110,32 @@ class CommonMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
 
         # Add the Content-Length header to non-streaming responses if not
         # already set.
-        if not response.streaming and not response.has_header('Content-Length'):
-            response.headers['Content-Length'] = str(len(response.content))
+        if not response.streaming and not response.has_header("Content-Length"):
+            response.headers["Content-Length"] = str(len(response.content))
 
         return response
 
 
 class BrokenLinkEmailsMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
-
     def process_response(self, request, response):
         """Send broken link emails for relevant 404 NOT FOUND responses."""
         if response.status_code == 404 and not settings.DEBUG:
             domain = request.get_host()
             path = request.get_full_path()
-            referer = request.META.get('HTTP_REFERER', '')
+            referer = request.META.get("HTTP_REFERER", "")
 
             if not self.is_ignorable_request(request, path, domain, referer):
-                ua = request.META.get('HTTP_USER_AGENT', '<none>')
-                ip = request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR', '<none>')
+                ua = request.META.get("HTTP_USER_AGENT", "<none>")
+                ip = request.META.get("REMOTE_ADDR", "<none>")
                 mail_managers(
-                    "Broken %slink on %s" % (
-                        ('INTERNAL ' if self.is_internal_request(domain, referer) else ''),
-                        domain
+                    "Broken %slink on %s"
+                    % (
+                        (
+                            "INTERNAL "
+                            if self.is_internal_request(domain, referer)
+                            else ""
+                        ),
+                        domain,
                     ),
                     "Referrer: %s\nRequested URL: %s\nUser agent: %s\n"
                     "IP address: %s\n" % (referer, path, ua, ip),
@@ -158,17 +163,17 @@ class BrokenLinkEmailsMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
 
         # APPEND_SLASH is enabled and the referer is equal to the current URL
         # without a trailing slash indicating an internal redirect.
-        if settings.APPEND_SLASH and uri.endswith('/') and referer == uri[:-1]:
+        if settings.APPEND_SLASH and uri.endswith("/") and referer == uri[:-1]:
             return True
 
         # A '?' in referer is identified as a search engine source.
-        if not self.is_internal_request(domain, referer) and '?' in referer:
+        if not self.is_internal_request(domain, referer) and "?" in referer:
             return True
 
         # The referer is equal to the current URL, ignoring the scheme (assumed
         # to be a poorly implemented bot).
         parsed_referer = urlparse(referer)
-        if parsed_referer.netloc in ['', domain] and parsed_referer.path == uri:
+        if parsed_referer.netloc in ["", domain] and parsed_referer.path == uri:
             return True
 
         return any(pattern.search(uri) for pattern in settings.IGNORABLE_404_URLS)
diff --git a/django/middleware/csrf.py b/django/middleware/csrf.py
index 6be68ebd76..94f580fa71 100644
--- a/django/middleware/csrf.py
+++ b/django/middleware/csrf.py
@@ -22,27 +22,29 @@ from django.utils.http import is_same_domain
 from django.utils.log import log_response
 from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 
-logger = logging.getLogger('django.security.csrf')
+logger = logging.getLogger("django.security.csrf")
 # This matches if any character is not in CSRF_ALLOWED_CHARS.
-invalid_token_chars_re = _lazy_re_compile('[^a-zA-Z0-9]')
+invalid_token_chars_re = _lazy_re_compile("[^a-zA-Z0-9]")
 
 REASON_BAD_ORIGIN = "Origin checking failed - %s does not match any trusted origins."
 REASON_NO_REFERER = "Referer checking failed - no Referer."
 REASON_BAD_REFERER = "Referer checking failed - %s does not match any trusted origins."
 REASON_NO_CSRF_COOKIE = "CSRF cookie not set."
-REASON_CSRF_TOKEN_MISSING = 'CSRF token missing.'
+REASON_CSRF_TOKEN_MISSING = "CSRF token missing."
 REASON_MALFORMED_REFERER = "Referer checking failed - Referer is malformed."
-REASON_INSECURE_REFERER = "Referer checking failed - Referer is insecure while host is secure."
+REASON_INSECURE_REFERER = (
+    "Referer checking failed - Referer is insecure while host is secure."
+)
 # The reason strings below are for passing to InvalidTokenFormat. They are
 # phrases without a subject because they can be in reference to either the CSRF
 # cookie or non-cookie token.
-REASON_INCORRECT_LENGTH = 'has incorrect length'
-REASON_INVALID_CHARACTERS = 'has invalid characters'
+REASON_INCORRECT_LENGTH = "has incorrect length"
+REASON_INVALID_CHARACTERS = "has invalid characters"
 
 CSRF_SECRET_LENGTH = 32
 CSRF_TOKEN_LENGTH = 2 * CSRF_SECRET_LENGTH
 CSRF_ALLOWED_CHARS = string.ascii_letters + string.digits
-CSRF_SESSION_KEY = '_csrftoken'
+CSRF_SESSION_KEY = "_csrftoken"
 
 
 def _get_failure_view():
@@ -62,7 +64,7 @@ def _mask_cipher_secret(secret):
     mask = _get_new_csrf_string()
     chars = CSRF_ALLOWED_CHARS
     pairs = zip((chars.index(x) for x in secret), (chars.index(x) for x in mask))
-    cipher = ''.join(chars[(x + y) % len(chars)] for x, y in pairs)
+    cipher = "".join(chars[(x + y) % len(chars)] for x, y in pairs)
     return mask + cipher
 
 
@@ -76,21 +78,24 @@ def _unmask_cipher_token(token):
     token = token[CSRF_SECRET_LENGTH:]
     chars = CSRF_ALLOWED_CHARS
     pairs = zip((chars.index(x) for x in token), (chars.index(x) for x in mask))
-    return ''.join(chars[x - y] for x, y in pairs)  # Note negative values are ok
+    return "".join(chars[x - y] for x, y in pairs)  # Note negative values are ok
 
 
 def _add_new_csrf_cookie(request):
     """Generate a new random CSRF_COOKIE value, and add it to request.META."""
     csrf_secret = _get_new_csrf_string()
-    request.META.update({
-        # RemovedInDjango50Warning: when the deprecation ends, replace
-        # with: 'CSRF_COOKIE': csrf_secret
-        'CSRF_COOKIE': (
-            _mask_cipher_secret(csrf_secret)
-            if settings.CSRF_COOKIE_MASKED else csrf_secret
-        ),
-        'CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE': True,
-    })
+    request.META.update(
+        {
+            # RemovedInDjango50Warning: when the deprecation ends, replace
+            # with: 'CSRF_COOKIE': csrf_secret
+            "CSRF_COOKIE": (
+                _mask_cipher_secret(csrf_secret)
+                if settings.CSRF_COOKIE_MASKED
+                else csrf_secret
+            ),
+            "CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE": True,
+        }
+    )
     return csrf_secret
 
 
@@ -104,12 +109,12 @@ def get_token(request):
     header to the outgoing response.  For this reason, you may need to use this
     function lazily, as is done by the csrf context processor.
     """
-    if 'CSRF_COOKIE' in request.META:
-        csrf_secret = request.META['CSRF_COOKIE']
+    if "CSRF_COOKIE" in request.META:
+        csrf_secret = request.META["CSRF_COOKIE"]
         # Since the cookie is being used, flag to send the cookie in
         # process_response() (even if the client already has it) in order to
         # renew the expiry timer.
-        request.META['CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE'] = True
+        request.META["CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE"] = True
     else:
         csrf_secret = _add_new_csrf_cookie(request)
     return _mask_cipher_secret(csrf_secret)
@@ -171,19 +176,17 @@ class CsrfViewMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
     This middleware should be used in conjunction with the {% csrf_token %}
     template tag.
     """
+
     @cached_property
     def csrf_trusted_origins_hosts(self):
         return [
-            urlparse(origin).netloc.lstrip('*')
+            urlparse(origin).netloc.lstrip("*")
             for origin in settings.CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS
         ]
 
     @cached_property
     def allowed_origins_exact(self):
-        return {
-            origin for origin in settings.CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS
-            if '*' not in origin
-        }
+        return {origin for origin in settings.CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS if "*" not in origin}
 
     @cached_property
     def allowed_origin_subdomains(self):
@@ -192,8 +195,12 @@ class CsrfViewMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
         subdomains of the netloc are allowed.
         """
         allowed_origin_subdomains = defaultdict(list)
-        for parsed in (urlparse(origin) for origin in settings.CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS if '*' in origin):
-            allowed_origin_subdomains[parsed.scheme].append(parsed.netloc.lstrip('*'))
+        for parsed in (
+            urlparse(origin)
+            for origin in settings.CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS
+            if "*" in origin
+        ):
+            allowed_origin_subdomains[parsed.scheme].append(parsed.netloc.lstrip("*"))
         return allowed_origin_subdomains
 
     # The _accept and _reject methods currently only exist for the sake of the
@@ -208,7 +215,9 @@ class CsrfViewMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
     def _reject(self, request, reason):
         response = _get_failure_view()(request, reason=reason)
         log_response(
-            'Forbidden (%s): %s', reason, request.path,
+            "Forbidden (%s): %s",
+            reason,
+            request.path,
             response=response,
             request=request,
             logger=logger,
@@ -228,9 +237,9 @@ class CsrfViewMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
                 csrf_secret = request.session.get(CSRF_SESSION_KEY)
             except AttributeError:
                 raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                    'CSRF_USE_SESSIONS is enabled, but request.session is not '
-                    'set. SessionMiddleware must appear before CsrfViewMiddleware '
-                    'in MIDDLEWARE.'
+                    "CSRF_USE_SESSIONS is enabled, but request.session is not "
+                    "set. SessionMiddleware must appear before CsrfViewMiddleware "
+                    "in MIDDLEWARE."
                 )
         else:
             try:
@@ -249,12 +258,12 @@ class CsrfViewMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
 
     def _set_csrf_cookie(self, request, response):
         if settings.CSRF_USE_SESSIONS:
-            if request.session.get(CSRF_SESSION_KEY) != request.META['CSRF_COOKIE']:
-                request.session[CSRF_SESSION_KEY] = request.META['CSRF_COOKIE']
+            if request.session.get(CSRF_SESSION_KEY) != request.META["CSRF_COOKIE"]:
+                request.session[CSRF_SESSION_KEY] = request.META["CSRF_COOKIE"]
         else:
             response.set_cookie(
                 settings.CSRF_COOKIE_NAME,
-                request.META['CSRF_COOKIE'],
+                request.META["CSRF_COOKIE"],
                 max_age=settings.CSRF_COOKIE_AGE,
                 domain=settings.CSRF_COOKIE_DOMAIN,
                 path=settings.CSRF_COOKIE_PATH,
@@ -263,17 +272,17 @@ class CsrfViewMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
                 samesite=settings.CSRF_COOKIE_SAMESITE,
             )
             # Set the Vary header since content varies with the CSRF cookie.
-            patch_vary_headers(response, ('Cookie',))
+            patch_vary_headers(response, ("Cookie",))
 
     def _origin_verified(self, request):
-        request_origin = request.META['HTTP_ORIGIN']
+        request_origin = request.META["HTTP_ORIGIN"]
         try:
             good_host = request.get_host()
         except DisallowedHost:
             pass
         else:
-            good_origin = '%s://%s' % (
-                'https' if request.is_secure() else 'http',
+            good_origin = "%s://%s" % (
+                "https" if request.is_secure() else "http",
                 good_host,
             )
             if request_origin == good_origin:
@@ -292,7 +301,7 @@ class CsrfViewMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
         )
 
     def _check_referer(self, request):
-        referer = request.META.get('HTTP_REFERER')
+        referer = request.META.get("HTTP_REFERER")
         if referer is None:
             raise RejectRequest(REASON_NO_REFERER)
 
@@ -302,11 +311,11 @@ class CsrfViewMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
             raise RejectRequest(REASON_MALFORMED_REFERER)
 
         # Make sure we have a valid URL for Referer.
-        if '' in (referer.scheme, referer.netloc):
+        if "" in (referer.scheme, referer.netloc):
             raise RejectRequest(REASON_MALFORMED_REFERER)
 
         # Ensure that our Referer is also secure.
-        if referer.scheme != 'https':
+        if referer.scheme != "https":
             raise RejectRequest(REASON_INSECURE_REFERER)
 
         if any(
@@ -330,18 +339,18 @@ class CsrfViewMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
                 raise RejectRequest(REASON_BAD_REFERER % referer.geturl())
         else:
             server_port = request.get_port()
-            if server_port not in ('443', '80'):
-                good_referer = '%s:%s' % (good_referer, server_port)
+            if server_port not in ("443", "80"):
+                good_referer = "%s:%s" % (good_referer, server_port)
 
         if not is_same_domain(referer.netloc, good_referer):
             raise RejectRequest(REASON_BAD_REFERER % referer.geturl())
 
     def _bad_token_message(self, reason, token_source):
-        if token_source != 'POST':
+        if token_source != "POST":
             # Assume it is a settings.CSRF_HEADER_NAME value.
             header_name = HttpHeaders.parse_header_name(token_source)
-            token_source = f'the {header_name!r} HTTP header'
-        return f'CSRF token from {token_source} {reason}.'
+            token_source = f"the {header_name!r} HTTP header"
+        return f"CSRF token from {token_source} {reason}."
 
     def _check_token(self, request):
         # Access csrf_secret via self._get_secret() as rotate_token() may have
@@ -350,7 +359,7 @@ class CsrfViewMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
         try:
             csrf_secret = self._get_secret(request)
         except InvalidTokenFormat as exc:
-            raise RejectRequest(f'CSRF cookie {exc.reason}.')
+            raise RejectRequest(f"CSRF cookie {exc.reason}.")
 
         if csrf_secret is None:
             # No CSRF cookie. For POST requests, we insist on a CSRF cookie,
@@ -359,10 +368,10 @@ class CsrfViewMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
             raise RejectRequest(REASON_NO_CSRF_COOKIE)
 
         # Check non-cookie token for match.
-        request_csrf_token = ''
-        if request.method == 'POST':
+        request_csrf_token = ""
+        if request.method == "POST":
             try:
-                request_csrf_token = request.POST.get('csrfmiddlewaretoken', '')
+                request_csrf_token = request.POST.get("csrfmiddlewaretoken", "")
             except UnreadablePostError:
                 # Handle a broken connection before we've completed reading the
                 # POST data. process_view shouldn't raise any exceptions, so
@@ -370,7 +379,7 @@ class CsrfViewMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
                 # listening, which they probably aren't because of the error).
                 pass
 
-        if request_csrf_token == '':
+        if request_csrf_token == "":
             # Fall back to X-CSRFToken, to make things easier for AJAX, and
             # possible for PUT/DELETE.
             try:
@@ -383,7 +392,7 @@ class CsrfViewMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
                 raise RejectRequest(REASON_CSRF_TOKEN_MISSING)
             token_source = settings.CSRF_HEADER_NAME
         else:
-            token_source = 'POST'
+            token_source = "POST"
 
         try:
             _check_token_format(request_csrf_token)
@@ -392,7 +401,7 @@ class CsrfViewMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
             raise RejectRequest(reason)
 
         if not _does_token_match(request_csrf_token, csrf_secret):
-            reason = self._bad_token_message('incorrect', token_source)
+            reason = self._bad_token_message("incorrect", token_source)
             raise RejectRequest(reason)
 
     def process_request(self, request):
@@ -406,22 +415,22 @@ class CsrfViewMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
                 # masked, this also causes it to be replaced with the unmasked
                 # form, but only in cases where the secret is already getting
                 # saved anyways.
-                request.META['CSRF_COOKIE'] = csrf_secret
+                request.META["CSRF_COOKIE"] = csrf_secret
 
     def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
-        if getattr(request, 'csrf_processing_done', False):
+        if getattr(request, "csrf_processing_done", False):
             return None
 
         # Wait until request.META["CSRF_COOKIE"] has been manipulated before
         # bailing out, so that get_token still works
-        if getattr(callback, 'csrf_exempt', False):
+        if getattr(callback, "csrf_exempt", False):
             return None
 
         # Assume that anything not defined as 'safe' by RFC7231 needs protection
-        if request.method in ('GET', 'HEAD', 'OPTIONS', 'TRACE'):
+        if request.method in ("GET", "HEAD", "OPTIONS", "TRACE"):
             return self._accept(request)
 
-        if getattr(request, '_dont_enforce_csrf_checks', False):
+        if getattr(request, "_dont_enforce_csrf_checks", False):
             # Mechanism to turn off CSRF checks for test suite. It comes after
             # the creation of CSRF cookies, so that everything else continues
             # to work exactly the same (e.g. cookies are sent, etc.), but
@@ -430,9 +439,11 @@ class CsrfViewMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
 
         # Reject the request if the Origin header doesn't match an allowed
         # value.
-        if 'HTTP_ORIGIN' in request.META:
+        if "HTTP_ORIGIN" in request.META:
             if not self._origin_verified(request):
-                return self._reject(request, REASON_BAD_ORIGIN % request.META['HTTP_ORIGIN'])
+                return self._reject(
+                    request, REASON_BAD_ORIGIN % request.META["HTTP_ORIGIN"]
+                )
         elif request.is_secure():
             # If the Origin header wasn't provided, reject HTTPS requests if
             # the Referer header doesn't match an allowed value.
@@ -464,7 +475,7 @@ class CsrfViewMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
         return self._accept(request)
 
     def process_response(self, request, response):
-        if request.META.get('CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE'):
+        if request.META.get("CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE"):
             self._set_csrf_cookie(request, response)
             # Unset the flag to prevent _set_csrf_cookie() from being
             # unnecessarily called again in process_response() by other
@@ -473,6 +484,6 @@ class CsrfViewMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
             # CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE is still respected in subsequent calls
             # e.g. in case rotate_token() is called in process_response() later
             # by custom middleware but before those subsequent calls.
-            request.META['CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE'] = False
+            request.META["CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE"] = False
 
         return response
diff --git a/django/middleware/gzip.py b/django/middleware/gzip.py
index 350466151d..6d27c1e335 100644
--- a/django/middleware/gzip.py
+++ b/django/middleware/gzip.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
 from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 from django.utils.text import compress_sequence, compress_string
 
-re_accepts_gzip = _lazy_re_compile(r'\bgzip\b')
+re_accepts_gzip = _lazy_re_compile(r"\bgzip\b")
 
 
 class GZipMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
@@ -12,18 +12,19 @@ class GZipMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
     Set the Vary header accordingly, so that caches will base their storage
     on the Accept-Encoding header.
     """
+
     def process_response(self, request, response):
         # It's not worth attempting to compress really short responses.
         if not response.streaming and len(response.content) < 200:
             return response
 
         # Avoid gzipping if we've already got a content-encoding.
-        if response.has_header('Content-Encoding'):
+        if response.has_header("Content-Encoding"):
             return response
 
-        patch_vary_headers(response, ('Accept-Encoding',))
+        patch_vary_headers(response, ("Accept-Encoding",))
 
-        ae = request.META.get('HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING', '')
+        ae = request.META.get("HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING", "")
         if not re_accepts_gzip.search(ae):
             return response
 
@@ -31,21 +32,21 @@ class GZipMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
             # Delete the `Content-Length` header for streaming content, because
             # we won't know the compressed size until we stream it.
             response.streaming_content = compress_sequence(response.streaming_content)
-            del response.headers['Content-Length']
+            del response.headers["Content-Length"]
         else:
             # Return the compressed content only if it's actually shorter.
             compressed_content = compress_string(response.content)
             if len(compressed_content) >= len(response.content):
                 return response
             response.content = compressed_content
-            response.headers['Content-Length'] = str(len(response.content))
+            response.headers["Content-Length"] = str(len(response.content))
 
         # If there is a strong ETag, make it weak to fulfill the requirements
         # of RFC 7232 section-2.1 while also allowing conditional request
         # matches on ETags.
-        etag = response.get('ETag')
+        etag = response.get("ETag")
         if etag and etag.startswith('"'):
-            response.headers['ETag'] = 'W/' + etag
-        response.headers['Content-Encoding'] = 'gzip'
+            response.headers["ETag"] = "W/" + etag
+        response.headers["Content-Encoding"] = "gzip"
 
         return response
diff --git a/django/middleware/http.py b/django/middleware/http.py
index 4fcde85698..84c5466bb6 100644
--- a/django/middleware/http.py
+++ b/django/middleware/http.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-from django.utils.cache import (
-    cc_delim_re, get_conditional_response, set_response_etag,
-)
+from django.utils.cache import cc_delim_re, get_conditional_response, set_response_etag
 from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
 from django.utils.http import parse_http_date_safe
 
@@ -11,18 +9,19 @@ class ConditionalGetMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
     Last-Modified header and the request has If-None-Match or If-Modified-Since,
     replace the response with HttpNotModified. Add an ETag header if needed.
     """
+
     def process_response(self, request, response):
         # It's too late to prevent an unsafe request with a 412 response, and
         # for a HEAD request, the response body is always empty so computing
         # an accurate ETag isn't possible.
-        if request.method != 'GET':
+        if request.method != "GET":
             return response
 
-        if self.needs_etag(response) and not response.has_header('ETag'):
+        if self.needs_etag(response) and not response.has_header("ETag"):
             set_response_etag(response)
 
-        etag = response.get('ETag')
-        last_modified = response.get('Last-Modified')
+        etag = response.get("ETag")
+        last_modified = response.get("Last-Modified")
         last_modified = last_modified and parse_http_date_safe(last_modified)
 
         if etag or last_modified:
@@ -37,5 +36,5 @@ class ConditionalGetMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
 
     def needs_etag(self, response):
         """Return True if an ETag header should be added to response."""
-        cache_control_headers = cc_delim_re.split(response.get('Cache-Control', ''))
-        return all(header.lower() != 'no-store' for header in cache_control_headers)
+        cache_control_headers = cc_delim_re.split(response.get("Cache-Control", ""))
+        return all(header.lower() != "no-store" for header in cache_control_headers)
diff --git a/django/middleware/locale.py b/django/middleware/locale.py
index d90fc84152..71db230da2 100644
--- a/django/middleware/locale.py
+++ b/django/middleware/locale.py
@@ -13,14 +13,24 @@ class LocaleMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
     current thread context. This allows pages to be dynamically translated to
     the language the user desires (if the language is available).
     """
+
     response_redirect_class = HttpResponseRedirect
 
     def process_request(self, request):
-        urlconf = getattr(request, 'urlconf', settings.ROOT_URLCONF)
-        i18n_patterns_used, prefixed_default_language = is_language_prefix_patterns_used(urlconf)
-        language = translation.get_language_from_request(request, check_path=i18n_patterns_used)
+        urlconf = getattr(request, "urlconf", settings.ROOT_URLCONF)
+        (
+            i18n_patterns_used,
+            prefixed_default_language,
+        ) = is_language_prefix_patterns_used(urlconf)
+        language = translation.get_language_from_request(
+            request, check_path=i18n_patterns_used
+        )
         language_from_path = translation.get_language_from_path(request.path_info)
-        if not language_from_path and i18n_patterns_used and not prefixed_default_language:
+        if (
+            not language_from_path
+            and i18n_patterns_used
+            and not prefixed_default_language
+        ):
             language = settings.LANGUAGE_CODE
         translation.activate(language)
         request.LANGUAGE_CODE = translation.get_language()
@@ -28,39 +38,43 @@ class LocaleMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
     def process_response(self, request, response):
         language = translation.get_language()
         language_from_path = translation.get_language_from_path(request.path_info)
-        urlconf = getattr(request, 'urlconf', settings.ROOT_URLCONF)
-        i18n_patterns_used, prefixed_default_language = is_language_prefix_patterns_used(urlconf)
+        urlconf = getattr(request, "urlconf", settings.ROOT_URLCONF)
+        (
+            i18n_patterns_used,
+            prefixed_default_language,
+        ) = is_language_prefix_patterns_used(urlconf)
 
-        if (response.status_code == 404 and not language_from_path and
-                i18n_patterns_used and prefixed_default_language):
+        if (
+            response.status_code == 404
+            and not language_from_path
+            and i18n_patterns_used
+            and prefixed_default_language
+        ):
             # Maybe the language code is missing in the URL? Try adding the
             # language prefix and redirecting to that URL.
-            language_path = '/%s%s' % (language, request.path_info)
+            language_path = "/%s%s" % (language, request.path_info)
             path_valid = is_valid_path(language_path, urlconf)
-            path_needs_slash = (
-                not path_valid and (
-                    settings.APPEND_SLASH and not language_path.endswith('/') and
-                    is_valid_path('%s/' % language_path, urlconf)
-                )
+            path_needs_slash = not path_valid and (
+                settings.APPEND_SLASH
+                and not language_path.endswith("/")
+                and is_valid_path("%s/" % language_path, urlconf)
             )
 
             if path_valid or path_needs_slash:
                 script_prefix = get_script_prefix()
                 # Insert language after the script prefix and before the
                 # rest of the URL
-                language_url = request.get_full_path(force_append_slash=path_needs_slash).replace(
-                    script_prefix,
-                    '%s%s/' % (script_prefix, language),
-                    1
-                )
+                language_url = request.get_full_path(
+                    force_append_slash=path_needs_slash
+                ).replace(script_prefix, "%s%s/" % (script_prefix, language), 1)
                 # Redirect to the language-specific URL as detected by
                 # get_language_from_request(). HTTP caches may cache this
                 # redirect, so add the Vary header.
                 redirect = self.response_redirect_class(language_url)
-                patch_vary_headers(redirect, ('Accept-Language', 'Cookie'))
+                patch_vary_headers(redirect, ("Accept-Language", "Cookie"))
                 return redirect
 
         if not (i18n_patterns_used and language_from_path):
-            patch_vary_headers(response, ('Accept-Language',))
-        response.headers.setdefault('Content-Language', language)
+            patch_vary_headers(response, ("Accept-Language",))
+        response.headers.setdefault("Content-Language", language)
         return response
diff --git a/django/middleware/security.py b/django/middleware/security.py
index d2c2bf2d3f..1dd2204814 100644
--- a/django/middleware/security.py
+++ b/django/middleware/security.py
@@ -20,38 +20,47 @@ class SecurityMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
 
     def process_request(self, request):
         path = request.path.lstrip("/")
-        if (self.redirect and not request.is_secure() and
-                not any(pattern.search(path)
-                        for pattern in self.redirect_exempt)):
+        if (
+            self.redirect
+            and not request.is_secure()
+            and not any(pattern.search(path) for pattern in self.redirect_exempt)
+        ):
             host = self.redirect_host or request.get_host()
             return HttpResponsePermanentRedirect(
                 "https://%s%s" % (host, request.get_full_path())
             )
 
     def process_response(self, request, response):
-        if (self.sts_seconds and request.is_secure() and
-                'Strict-Transport-Security' not in response):
+        if (
+            self.sts_seconds
+            and request.is_secure()
+            and "Strict-Transport-Security" not in response
+        ):
             sts_header = "max-age=%s" % self.sts_seconds
             if self.sts_include_subdomains:
                 sts_header = sts_header + "; includeSubDomains"
             if self.sts_preload:
                 sts_header = sts_header + "; preload"
-            response.headers['Strict-Transport-Security'] = sts_header
+            response.headers["Strict-Transport-Security"] = sts_header
 
         if self.content_type_nosniff:
-            response.headers.setdefault('X-Content-Type-Options', 'nosniff')
+            response.headers.setdefault("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
 
         if self.referrer_policy:
             # Support a comma-separated string or iterable of values to allow
             # fallback.
-            response.headers.setdefault('Referrer-Policy', ','.join(
-                [v.strip() for v in self.referrer_policy.split(',')]
-                if isinstance(self.referrer_policy, str) else self.referrer_policy
-            ))
+            response.headers.setdefault(
+                "Referrer-Policy",
+                ",".join(
+                    [v.strip() for v in self.referrer_policy.split(",")]
+                    if isinstance(self.referrer_policy, str)
+                    else self.referrer_policy
+                ),
+            )
 
         if self.cross_origin_opener_policy:
             response.setdefault(
-                'Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy',
+                "Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy",
                 self.cross_origin_opener_policy,
             )
         return response
diff --git a/django/shortcuts.py b/django/shortcuts.py
index 9d213bc1ff..90ec1bedc5 100644
--- a/django/shortcuts.py
+++ b/django/shortcuts.py
@@ -4,14 +4,19 @@ of MVC. In other words, these functions/classes introduce controlled coupling
 for convenience's sake.
 """
 from django.http import (
-    Http404, HttpResponse, HttpResponsePermanentRedirect, HttpResponseRedirect,
+    Http404,
+    HttpResponse,
+    HttpResponsePermanentRedirect,
+    HttpResponseRedirect,
 )
 from django.template import loader
 from django.urls import NoReverseMatch, reverse
 from django.utils.functional import Promise
 
 
-def render(request, template_name, context=None, content_type=None, status=None, using=None):
+def render(
+    request, template_name, context=None, content_type=None, status=None, using=None
+):
     """
     Return an HttpResponse whose content is filled with the result of calling
     django.template.loader.render_to_string() with the passed arguments.
@@ -37,7 +42,9 @@ def redirect(to, *args, permanent=False, **kwargs):
     Issues a temporary redirect by default; pass permanent=True to issue a
     permanent redirect.
     """
-    redirect_class = HttpResponsePermanentRedirect if permanent else HttpResponseRedirect
+    redirect_class = (
+        HttpResponsePermanentRedirect if permanent else HttpResponseRedirect
+    )
     return redirect_class(resolve_url(to, *args, **kwargs))
 
 
@@ -49,7 +56,7 @@ def _get_queryset(klass):
     the job.
     """
     # If it is a model class or anything else with ._default_manager
-    if hasattr(klass, '_default_manager'):
+    if hasattr(klass, "_default_manager"):
         return klass._default_manager.all()
     return klass
 
@@ -66,8 +73,10 @@ def get_object_or_404(klass, *args, **kwargs):
     one object is found.
     """
     queryset = _get_queryset(klass)
-    if not hasattr(queryset, 'get'):
-        klass__name = klass.__name__ if isinstance(klass, type) else klass.__class__.__name__
+    if not hasattr(queryset, "get"):
+        klass__name = (
+            klass.__name__ if isinstance(klass, type) else klass.__class__.__name__
+        )
         raise ValueError(
             "First argument to get_object_or_404() must be a Model, Manager, "
             "or QuerySet, not '%s'." % klass__name
@@ -75,7 +84,9 @@ def get_object_or_404(klass, *args, **kwargs):
     try:
         return queryset.get(*args, **kwargs)
     except queryset.model.DoesNotExist:
-        raise Http404('No %s matches the given query.' % queryset.model._meta.object_name)
+        raise Http404(
+            "No %s matches the given query." % queryset.model._meta.object_name
+        )
 
 
 def get_list_or_404(klass, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -87,15 +98,19 @@ def get_list_or_404(klass, *args, **kwargs):
     arguments and keyword arguments are used in the filter() query.
     """
     queryset = _get_queryset(klass)
-    if not hasattr(queryset, 'filter'):
-        klass__name = klass.__name__ if isinstance(klass, type) else klass.__class__.__name__
+    if not hasattr(queryset, "filter"):
+        klass__name = (
+            klass.__name__ if isinstance(klass, type) else klass.__class__.__name__
+        )
         raise ValueError(
             "First argument to get_list_or_404() must be a Model, Manager, or "
             "QuerySet, not '%s'." % klass__name
         )
     obj_list = list(queryset.filter(*args, **kwargs))
     if not obj_list:
-        raise Http404('No %s matches the given query.' % queryset.model._meta.object_name)
+        raise Http404(
+            "No %s matches the given query." % queryset.model._meta.object_name
+        )
     return obj_list
 
 
@@ -113,7 +128,7 @@ def resolve_url(to, *args, **kwargs):
         * A URL, which will be returned as-is.
     """
     # If it's a model, use get_absolute_url()
-    if hasattr(to, 'get_absolute_url'):
+    if hasattr(to, "get_absolute_url"):
         return to.get_absolute_url()
 
     if isinstance(to, Promise):
@@ -122,7 +137,7 @@ def resolve_url(to, *args, **kwargs):
         to = str(to)
 
     # Handle relative URLs
-    if isinstance(to, str) and to.startswith(('./', '../')):
+    if isinstance(to, str) and to.startswith(("./", "../")):
         return to
 
     # Next try a reverse URL resolution.
@@ -133,7 +148,7 @@ def resolve_url(to, *args, **kwargs):
         if callable(to):
             raise
         # If this doesn't "feel" like a URL, re-raise.
-        if '/' not in to and '.' not in to:
+        if "/" not in to and "." not in to:
             raise
 
     # Finally, fall back and assume it's a URL
diff --git a/django/template/__init__.py b/django/template/__init__.py
index 7414d0fef5..adb431c00d 100644
--- a/django/template/__init__.py
+++ b/django/template/__init__.py
@@ -46,26 +46,30 @@ from .utils import EngineHandler
 
 engines = EngineHandler()
 
-__all__ = ('Engine', 'engines')
+__all__ = ("Engine", "engines")
 
 
 # Django Template Language
 
 # Public exceptions
-from .base import VariableDoesNotExist                                  # NOQA isort:skip
-from .context import Context, ContextPopException, RequestContext       # NOQA isort:skip
-from .exceptions import TemplateDoesNotExist, TemplateSyntaxError       # NOQA isort:skip
+from .base import VariableDoesNotExist  # NOQA isort:skip
+from .context import Context, ContextPopException, RequestContext  # NOQA isort:skip
+from .exceptions import TemplateDoesNotExist, TemplateSyntaxError  # NOQA isort:skip
 
 # Template parts
-from .base import (                                                     # NOQA isort:skip
-    Node, NodeList, Origin, Template, Variable,
+from .base import (  # NOQA isort:skip
+    Node,
+    NodeList,
+    Origin,
+    Template,
+    Variable,
 )
 
 # Library management
-from .library import Library                                            # NOQA isort:skip
+from .library import Library  # NOQA isort:skip
 
 # Import the .autoreload module to trigger the registrations of signals.
-from . import autoreload                                                # NOQA isort:skip
+from . import autoreload  # NOQA isort:skip
 
 
-__all__ += ('Template', 'Context', 'RequestContext')
+__all__ += ("Template", "Context", "RequestContext")
diff --git a/django/template/autoreload.py b/django/template/autoreload.py
index 7242d68f2d..84c8554165 100644
--- a/django/template/autoreload.py
+++ b/django/template/autoreload.py
@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@ from django.dispatch import receiver
 from django.template import engines
 from django.template.backends.django import DjangoTemplates
 from django.utils._os import to_path
-from django.utils.autoreload import (
-    autoreload_started, file_changed, is_django_path,
-)
+from django.utils.autoreload import autoreload_started, file_changed, is_django_path
 
 
 def get_template_directories():
@@ -22,7 +20,7 @@ def get_template_directories():
         items.update(cwd / to_path(dir) for dir in backend.engine.dirs)
 
         for loader in backend.engine.template_loaders:
-            if not hasattr(loader, 'get_dirs'):
+            if not hasattr(loader, "get_dirs"):
                 continue
             items.update(
                 cwd / to_path(directory)
@@ -40,15 +38,15 @@ def reset_loaders():
             loader.reset()
 
 
-@receiver(autoreload_started, dispatch_uid='template_loaders_watch_changes')
+@receiver(autoreload_started, dispatch_uid="template_loaders_watch_changes")
 def watch_for_template_changes(sender, **kwargs):
     for directory in get_template_directories():
-        sender.watch_dir(directory, '**/*')
+        sender.watch_dir(directory, "**/*")
 
 
-@receiver(file_changed, dispatch_uid='template_loaders_file_changed')
+@receiver(file_changed, dispatch_uid="template_loaders_file_changed")
 def template_changed(sender, file_path, **kwargs):
-    if file_path.suffix == '.py':
+    if file_path.suffix == ".py":
         return
     for template_dir in get_template_directories():
         if template_dir in file_path.parents:
diff --git a/django/template/backends/base.py b/django/template/backends/base.py
index f1fa142362..240733e6f4 100644
--- a/django/template/backends/base.py
+++ b/django/template/backends/base.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-from django.core.exceptions import (
-    ImproperlyConfigured, SuspiciousFileOperation,
-)
+from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured, SuspiciousFileOperation
 from django.template.utils import get_app_template_dirs
 from django.utils._os import safe_join
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
@@ -18,18 +16,20 @@ class BaseEngine:
         `params` is a dict of configuration settings.
         """
         params = params.copy()
-        self.name = params.pop('NAME')
-        self.dirs = list(params.pop('DIRS'))
-        self.app_dirs = params.pop('APP_DIRS')
+        self.name = params.pop("NAME")
+        self.dirs = list(params.pop("DIRS"))
+        self.app_dirs = params.pop("APP_DIRS")
         if params:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                "Unknown parameters: {}".format(", ".join(params)))
+                "Unknown parameters: {}".format(", ".join(params))
+            )
 
     @property
     def app_dirname(self):
         raise ImproperlyConfigured(
             "{} doesn't support loading templates from installed "
-            "applications.".format(self.__class__.__name__))
+            "applications.".format(self.__class__.__name__)
+        )
 
     def from_string(self, template_code):
         """
diff --git a/django/template/backends/django.py b/django/template/backends/django.py
index 48257e5e4e..218e5e0bc1 100644
--- a/django/template/backends/django.py
+++ b/django/template/backends/django.py
@@ -13,16 +13,16 @@ from .base import BaseEngine
 
 class DjangoTemplates(BaseEngine):
 
-    app_dirname = 'templates'
+    app_dirname = "templates"
 
     def __init__(self, params):
         params = params.copy()
-        options = params.pop('OPTIONS').copy()
-        options.setdefault('autoescape', True)
-        options.setdefault('debug', settings.DEBUG)
-        options.setdefault('file_charset', 'utf-8')
-        libraries = options.get('libraries', {})
-        options['libraries'] = self.get_templatetag_libraries(libraries)
+        options = params.pop("OPTIONS").copy()
+        options.setdefault("autoescape", True)
+        options.setdefault("debug", settings.DEBUG)
+        options.setdefault("file_charset", "utf-8")
+        libraries = options.get("libraries", {})
+        options["libraries"] = self.get_templatetag_libraries(libraries)
         super().__init__(params)
         self.engine = Engine(self.dirs, self.app_dirs, **options)
 
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@ class DjangoTemplates(BaseEngine):
 
 
 class Template:
-
     def __init__(self, template, backend):
         self.template = template
         self.backend = backend
@@ -56,7 +55,9 @@ class Template:
         return self.template.origin
 
     def render(self, context=None, request=None):
-        context = make_context(context, request, autoescape=self.backend.engine.autoescape)
+        context = make_context(
+            context, request, autoescape=self.backend.engine.autoescape
+        )
         try:
             return self.template.render(context)
         except TemplateDoesNotExist as exc:
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ def copy_exception(exc, backend=None):
     """
     backend = backend or exc.backend
     new = exc.__class__(*exc.args, tried=exc.tried, backend=backend, chain=exc.chain)
-    if hasattr(exc, 'template_debug'):
+    if hasattr(exc, "template_debug"):
         new.template_debug = exc.template_debug
     return new
 
@@ -89,10 +90,9 @@ def get_template_tag_modules():
     Yield (module_name, module_path) pairs for all installed template tag
     libraries.
     """
-    candidates = ['django.templatetags']
+    candidates = ["django.templatetags"]
     candidates.extend(
-        f'{app_config.name}.templatetags'
-        for app_config in apps.get_app_configs()
+        f"{app_config.name}.templatetags" for app_config in apps.get_app_configs()
     )
 
     for candidate in candidates:
@@ -102,9 +102,9 @@ def get_template_tag_modules():
             # No templatetags package defined. This is safe to ignore.
             continue
 
-        if hasattr(pkg, '__path__'):
+        if hasattr(pkg, "__path__"):
             for name in get_package_libraries(pkg):
-                yield name[len(candidate) + 1:], name
+                yield name[len(candidate) + 1 :], name
 
 
 def get_installed_libraries():
@@ -115,8 +115,7 @@ def get_installed_libraries():
     django.templatetags.i18n is stored as i18n.
     """
     return {
-        module_name: full_name
-        for module_name, full_name in get_template_tag_modules()
+        module_name: full_name for module_name, full_name in get_template_tag_modules()
     }
 
 
@@ -125,7 +124,7 @@ def get_package_libraries(pkg):
     Recursively yield template tag libraries defined in submodules of a
     package.
     """
-    for entry in walk_packages(pkg.__path__, pkg.__name__ + '.'):
+    for entry in walk_packages(pkg.__path__, pkg.__name__ + "."):
         try:
             module = import_module(entry[1])
         except ImportError as e:
@@ -134,5 +133,5 @@ def get_package_libraries(pkg):
                 "trying to load '%s': %s" % (entry[1], e)
             ) from e
 
-        if hasattr(module, 'register'):
+        if hasattr(module, "register"):
             yield entry[1]
diff --git a/django/template/backends/dummy.py b/django/template/backends/dummy.py
index 6be05ca614..692382b6b1 100644
--- a/django/template/backends/dummy.py
+++ b/django/template/backends/dummy.py
@@ -10,14 +10,13 @@ from .utils import csrf_input_lazy, csrf_token_lazy
 
 class TemplateStrings(BaseEngine):
 
-    app_dirname = 'template_strings'
+    app_dirname = "template_strings"
 
     def __init__(self, params):
         params = params.copy()
-        options = params.pop('OPTIONS').copy()
+        options = params.pop("OPTIONS").copy()
         if options:
-            raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                "Unknown options: {}".format(", ".join(options)))
+            raise ImproperlyConfigured("Unknown options: {}".format(", ".join(options)))
         super().__init__(params)
 
     def from_string(self, template_code):
@@ -27,26 +26,27 @@ class TemplateStrings(BaseEngine):
         tried = []
         for template_file in self.iter_template_filenames(template_name):
             try:
-                with open(template_file, encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+                with open(template_file, encoding="utf-8") as fp:
                     template_code = fp.read()
             except FileNotFoundError:
-                tried.append((
-                    Origin(template_file, template_name, self),
-                    'Source does not exist',
-                ))
+                tried.append(
+                    (
+                        Origin(template_file, template_name, self),
+                        "Source does not exist",
+                    )
+                )
             else:
                 return Template(template_code)
         raise TemplateDoesNotExist(template_name, tried=tried, backend=self)
 
 
 class Template(string.Template):
-
     def render(self, context=None, request=None):
         if context is None:
             context = {}
         else:
             context = {k: conditional_escape(v) for k, v in context.items()}
         if request is not None:
-            context['csrf_input'] = csrf_input_lazy(request)
-            context['csrf_token'] = csrf_token_lazy(request)
+            context["csrf_input"] = csrf_input_lazy(request)
+            context["csrf_token"] = csrf_token_lazy(request)
         return self.safe_substitute(context)
diff --git a/django/template/backends/jinja2.py b/django/template/backends/jinja2.py
index f0540d389c..199d62b429 100644
--- a/django/template/backends/jinja2.py
+++ b/django/template/backends/jinja2.py
@@ -12,24 +12,25 @@ from .base import BaseEngine
 
 class Jinja2(BaseEngine):
 
-    app_dirname = 'jinja2'
+    app_dirname = "jinja2"
 
     def __init__(self, params):
         params = params.copy()
-        options = params.pop('OPTIONS').copy()
+        options = params.pop("OPTIONS").copy()
         super().__init__(params)
 
-        self.context_processors = options.pop('context_processors', [])
+        self.context_processors = options.pop("context_processors", [])
 
-        environment = options.pop('environment', 'jinja2.Environment')
+        environment = options.pop("environment", "jinja2.Environment")
         environment_cls = import_string(environment)
 
-        if 'loader' not in options:
-            options['loader'] = jinja2.FileSystemLoader(self.template_dirs)
-        options.setdefault('autoescape', True)
-        options.setdefault('auto_reload', settings.DEBUG)
-        options.setdefault('undefined',
-                           jinja2.DebugUndefined if settings.DEBUG else jinja2.Undefined)
+        if "loader" not in options:
+            options["loader"] = jinja2.FileSystemLoader(self.template_dirs)
+        options.setdefault("autoescape", True)
+        options.setdefault("auto_reload", settings.DEBUG)
+        options.setdefault(
+            "undefined", jinja2.DebugUndefined if settings.DEBUG else jinja2.Undefined
+        )
 
         self.env = environment_cls(**options)
 
@@ -52,22 +53,23 @@ class Jinja2(BaseEngine):
 
 
 class Template:
-
     def __init__(self, template, backend):
         self.template = template
         self.backend = backend
         self.origin = Origin(
-            name=template.filename, template_name=template.name,
+            name=template.filename,
+            template_name=template.name,
         )
 
     def render(self, context=None, request=None):
         from .utils import csrf_input_lazy, csrf_token_lazy
+
         if context is None:
             context = {}
         if request is not None:
-            context['request'] = request
-            context['csrf_input'] = csrf_input_lazy(request)
-            context['csrf_token'] = csrf_token_lazy(request)
+            context["request"] = request
+            context["csrf_input"] = csrf_input_lazy(request)
+            context["csrf_token"] = csrf_token_lazy(request)
             for context_processor in self.backend.template_context_processors:
                 context.update(context_processor(request))
         try:
@@ -83,6 +85,7 @@ class Origin:
     A container to hold debug information as described in the template API
     documentation.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, name, template_name):
         self.name = name
         self.template_name = template_name
@@ -101,24 +104,24 @@ def get_exception_info(exception):
         if exception_file.exists():
             source = exception_file.read_text()
     if source is not None:
-        lines = list(enumerate(source.strip().split('\n'), start=1))
+        lines = list(enumerate(source.strip().split("\n"), start=1))
         during = lines[lineno - 1][1]
         total = len(lines)
         top = max(0, lineno - context_lines - 1)
         bottom = min(total, lineno + context_lines)
     else:
-        during = ''
+        during = ""
         lines = []
         total = top = bottom = 0
     return {
-        'name': exception.filename,
-        'message': exception.message,
-        'source_lines': lines[top:bottom],
-        'line': lineno,
-        'before': '',
-        'during': during,
-        'after': '',
-        'total': total,
-        'top': top,
-        'bottom': bottom,
+        "name": exception.filename,
+        "message": exception.message,
+        "source_lines": lines[top:bottom],
+        "line": lineno,
+        "before": "",
+        "during": during,
+        "after": "",
+        "total": total,
+        "top": top,
+        "bottom": bottom,
     }
diff --git a/django/template/backends/utils.py b/django/template/backends/utils.py
index 1396ae7095..880959d6a1 100644
--- a/django/template/backends/utils.py
+++ b/django/template/backends/utils.py
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ from django.utils.safestring import SafeString
 def csrf_input(request):
     return format_html(
         '<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="{}">',
-        get_token(request))
+        get_token(request),
+    )
 
 
 csrf_input_lazy = lazy(csrf_input, SafeString, str)
diff --git a/django/template/base.py b/django/template/base.py
index caadf89970..00f8283507 100644
--- a/django/template/base.py
+++ b/django/template/base.py
@@ -60,37 +60,35 @@ from django.utils.formats import localize
 from django.utils.html import conditional_escape, escape
 from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 from django.utils.safestring import SafeData, SafeString, mark_safe
-from django.utils.text import (
-    get_text_list, smart_split, unescape_string_literal,
-)
+from django.utils.text import get_text_list, smart_split, unescape_string_literal
 from django.utils.timezone import template_localtime
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy, pgettext_lazy
 
 from .exceptions import TemplateSyntaxError
 
 # template syntax constants
-FILTER_SEPARATOR = '|'
-FILTER_ARGUMENT_SEPARATOR = ':'
-VARIABLE_ATTRIBUTE_SEPARATOR = '.'
-BLOCK_TAG_START = '{%'
-BLOCK_TAG_END = '%}'
-VARIABLE_TAG_START = '{{'
-VARIABLE_TAG_END = '}}'
-COMMENT_TAG_START = '{#'
-COMMENT_TAG_END = '#}'
-SINGLE_BRACE_START = '{'
-SINGLE_BRACE_END = '}'
+FILTER_SEPARATOR = "|"
+FILTER_ARGUMENT_SEPARATOR = ":"
+VARIABLE_ATTRIBUTE_SEPARATOR = "."
+BLOCK_TAG_START = "{%"
+BLOCK_TAG_END = "%}"
+VARIABLE_TAG_START = "{{"
+VARIABLE_TAG_END = "}}"
+COMMENT_TAG_START = "{#"
+COMMENT_TAG_END = "#}"
+SINGLE_BRACE_START = "{"
+SINGLE_BRACE_END = "}"
 
 # what to report as the origin for templates that come from non-loader sources
 # (e.g. strings)
-UNKNOWN_SOURCE = '<unknown source>'
+UNKNOWN_SOURCE = "<unknown source>"
 
 # Match BLOCK_TAG_*, VARIABLE_TAG_*, and COMMENT_TAG_* tags and capture the
 # entire tag, including start/end delimiters. Using re.compile() is faster
 # than instantiating SimpleLazyObject with _lazy_re_compile().
-tag_re = re.compile(r'({%.*?%}|{{.*?}}|{#.*?#})')
+tag_re = re.compile(r"({%.*?%}|{{.*?}}|{#.*?#})")
 
-logger = logging.getLogger('django.template')
+logger = logging.getLogger("django.template")
 
 
 class TokenType(Enum):
@@ -101,7 +99,6 @@ class TokenType(Enum):
 
 
 class VariableDoesNotExist(Exception):
-
     def __init__(self, msg, params=()):
         self.msg = msg
         self.params = params
@@ -120,20 +117,21 @@ class Origin:
         return self.name
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s name=%r>' % (self.__class__.__qualname__, self.name)
+        return "<%s name=%r>" % (self.__class__.__qualname__, self.name)
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return (
-            isinstance(other, Origin) and
-            self.name == other.name and
-            self.loader == other.loader
+            isinstance(other, Origin)
+            and self.name == other.name
+            and self.loader == other.loader
         )
 
     @property
     def loader_name(self):
         if self.loader:
-            return '%s.%s' % (
-                self.loader.__module__, self.loader.__class__.__name__,
+            return "%s.%s" % (
+                self.loader.__module__,
+                self.loader.__class__.__name__,
             )
 
 
@@ -145,6 +143,7 @@ class Template:
         # e.g. Template('...').render(Context({...}))
         if engine is None:
             from .engine import Engine
+
             engine = Engine.get_default()
         if origin is None:
             origin = Origin(UNKNOWN_SOURCE)
@@ -161,7 +160,7 @@ class Template:
     def __repr__(self):
         return '<%s template_string="%s...">' % (
             self.__class__.__qualname__,
-            self.source[:20].replace('\n', ''),
+            self.source[:20].replace("\n", ""),
         )
 
     def _render(self, context):
@@ -191,7 +190,9 @@ class Template:
 
         tokens = lexer.tokenize()
         parser = Parser(
-            tokens, self.engine.template_libraries, self.engine.template_builtins,
+            tokens,
+            self.engine.template_libraries,
+            self.engine.template_builtins,
             self.origin,
         )
 
@@ -263,30 +264,30 @@ class Template:
         try:
             message = str(exception.args[0])
         except (IndexError, UnicodeDecodeError):
-            message = '(Could not get exception message)'
+            message = "(Could not get exception message)"
 
         return {
-            'message': message,
-            'source_lines': source_lines[top:bottom],
-            'before': before,
-            'during': during,
-            'after': after,
-            'top': top,
-            'bottom': bottom,
-            'total': total,
-            'line': line,
-            'name': self.origin.name,
-            'start': start,
-            'end': end,
+            "message": message,
+            "source_lines": source_lines[top:bottom],
+            "before": before,
+            "during": during,
+            "after": after,
+            "top": top,
+            "bottom": bottom,
+            "total": total,
+            "line": line,
+            "name": self.origin.name,
+            "start": start,
+            "end": end,
         }
 
 
 def linebreak_iter(template_source):
     yield 0
-    p = template_source.find('\n')
+    p = template_source.find("\n")
     while p >= 0:
         yield p + 1
-        p = template_source.find('\n', p + 1)
+        p = template_source.find("\n", p + 1)
     yield len(template_source) + 1
 
 
@@ -316,8 +317,10 @@ class Token:
 
     def __repr__(self):
         token_name = self.token_type.name.capitalize()
-        return ('<%s token: "%s...">' %
-                (token_name, self.contents[:20].replace('\n', '')))
+        return '<%s token: "%s...">' % (
+            token_name,
+            self.contents[:20].replace("\n", ""),
+        )
 
     def split_contents(self):
         split = []
@@ -325,12 +328,12 @@ class Token:
         for bit in bits:
             # Handle translation-marked template pieces
             if bit.startswith(('_("', "_('")):
-                sentinel = bit[2] + ')'
+                sentinel = bit[2] + ")"
                 trans_bit = [bit]
                 while not bit.endswith(sentinel):
                     bit = next(bits)
                     trans_bit.append(bit)
-                bit = ' '.join(trans_bit)
+                bit = " ".join(trans_bit)
             split.append(bit)
         return split
 
@@ -343,7 +346,7 @@ class Lexer:
     def __repr__(self):
         return '<%s template_string="%s...", verbatim=%s>' % (
             self.__class__.__qualname__,
-            self.template_string[:20].replace('\n', ''),
+            self.template_string[:20].replace("\n", ""),
             self.verbatim,
         )
 
@@ -357,7 +360,7 @@ class Lexer:
         for token_string in tag_re.split(self.template_string):
             if token_string:
                 result.append(self.create_token(token_string, None, lineno, in_tag))
-                lineno += token_string.count('\n')
+                lineno += token_string.count("\n")
             in_tag = not in_tag
         return result
 
@@ -382,9 +385,9 @@ class Lexer:
                         return Token(TokenType.TEXT, token_string, position, lineno)
                     # Otherwise, the current verbatim block is ending.
                     self.verbatim = False
-                elif content[:9] in ('verbatim', 'verbatim '):
+                elif content[:9] in ("verbatim", "verbatim "):
                     # Then a verbatim block is starting.
-                    self.verbatim = 'end%s' % content
+                    self.verbatim = "end%s" % content
                 return Token(TokenType.BLOCK, content, position, lineno)
             if not self.verbatim:
                 content = token_string[2:-2].strip()
@@ -425,7 +428,7 @@ class DebugLexer(Lexer):
         for token_string, position in self._tag_re_split():
             if token_string:
                 result.append(self.create_token(token_string, position, lineno, in_tag))
-                lineno += token_string.count('\n')
+                lineno += token_string.count("\n")
             in_tag = not in_tag
         return result
 
@@ -450,7 +453,7 @@ class Parser:
         self.origin = origin
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s tokens=%r>' % (self.__class__.__qualname__, self.tokens)
+        return "<%s tokens=%r>" % (self.__class__.__qualname__, self.tokens)
 
     def parse(self, parse_until=None):
         """
@@ -472,7 +475,9 @@ class Parser:
                 self.extend_nodelist(nodelist, TextNode(token.contents), token)
             elif token_type == 1:  # TokenType.VAR
                 if not token.contents:
-                    raise self.error(token, 'Empty variable tag on line %d' % token.lineno)
+                    raise self.error(
+                        token, "Empty variable tag on line %d" % token.lineno
+                    )
                 try:
                     filter_expression = self.compile_filter(token.contents)
                 except TemplateSyntaxError as e:
@@ -483,7 +488,7 @@ class Parser:
                 try:
                     command = token.contents.split()[0]
                 except IndexError:
-                    raise self.error(token, 'Empty block tag on line %d' % token.lineno)
+                    raise self.error(token, "Empty block tag on line %d" % token.lineno)
                 if command in parse_until:
                     # A matching token has been reached. Return control to
                     # the caller. Put the token back on the token list so the
@@ -524,7 +529,8 @@ class Parser:
         # Check that non-text nodes don't appear before an extends tag.
         if node.must_be_first and nodelist.contains_nontext:
             raise self.error(
-                token, '%r must be the first tag in the template.' % node,
+                token,
+                "%r must be the first tag in the template." % node,
             )
         if not isinstance(node, TextNode):
             nodelist.contains_nontext = True
@@ -543,7 +549,7 @@ class Parser:
         """
         if not isinstance(e, Exception):
             e = TemplateSyntaxError(e)
-        if not hasattr(e, 'token'):
+        if not hasattr(e, "token"):
             e.token = token
         return e
 
@@ -552,16 +558,17 @@ class Parser:
             raise self.error(
                 token,
                 "Invalid block tag on line %d: '%s', expected %s. Did you "
-                "forget to register or load this tag?" % (
+                "forget to register or load this tag?"
+                % (
                     token.lineno,
                     command,
-                    get_text_list(["'%s'" % p for p in parse_until], 'or'),
+                    get_text_list(["'%s'" % p for p in parse_until], "or"),
                 ),
             )
         raise self.error(
             token,
             "Invalid block tag on line %d: '%s'. Did you forget to register "
-            "or load this tag?" % (token.lineno, command)
+            "or load this tag?" % (token.lineno, command),
         )
 
     def unclosed_block_tag(self, parse_until):
@@ -569,7 +576,7 @@ class Parser:
         msg = "Unclosed tag on line %d: '%s'. Looking for one of: %s." % (
             token.lineno,
             command,
-            ', '.join(parse_until),
+            ", ".join(parse_until),
         )
         raise self.error(token, msg)
 
@@ -608,10 +615,10 @@ constant_string = r"""
 %(strdq)s|
 %(strsq)s)
 """ % {
-    'strdq': r'"[^"\\]*(?:\\.[^"\\]*)*"',  # double-quoted string
-    'strsq': r"'[^'\\]*(?:\\.[^'\\]*)*'",  # single-quoted string
-    'i18n_open': re.escape("_("),
-    'i18n_close': re.escape(")"),
+    "strdq": r'"[^"\\]*(?:\\.[^"\\]*)*"',  # double-quoted string
+    "strsq": r"'[^'\\]*(?:\\.[^'\\]*)*'",  # single-quoted string
+    "i18n_open": re.escape("_("),
+    "i18n_close": re.escape(")"),
 }
 constant_string = constant_string.replace("\n", "")
 
@@ -627,11 +634,11 @@ filter_raw_string = r"""
              )
          )?
  )""" % {
-    'constant': constant_string,
-    'num': r'[-+\.]?\d[\d\.e]*',
-    'var_chars': r'\w\.',
-    'filter_sep': re.escape(FILTER_SEPARATOR),
-    'arg_sep': re.escape(FILTER_ARGUMENT_SEPARATOR),
+    "constant": constant_string,
+    "num": r"[-+\.]?\d[\d\.e]*",
+    "var_chars": r"\w\.",
+    "filter_sep": re.escape(FILTER_SEPARATOR),
+    "arg_sep": re.escape(FILTER_ARGUMENT_SEPARATOR),
 }
 
 filter_re = _lazy_re_compile(filter_raw_string, re.VERBOSE)
@@ -652,7 +659,7 @@ class FilterExpression:
         <Variable: 'variable'>
     """
 
-    __slots__ = ('token', 'filters', 'var', 'is_var')
+    __slots__ = ("token", "filters", "var", "is_var")
 
     def __init__(self, token, parser):
         self.token = token
@@ -663,12 +670,12 @@ class FilterExpression:
         for match in matches:
             start = match.start()
             if upto != start:
-                raise TemplateSyntaxError("Could not parse some characters: "
-                                          "%s|%s|%s" %
-                                          (token[:upto], token[upto:start],
-                                           token[start:]))
+                raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+                    "Could not parse some characters: "
+                    "%s|%s|%s" % (token[:upto], token[upto:start], token[start:])
+                )
             if var_obj is None:
-                var, constant = match['var'], match['constant']
+                var, constant = match["var"], match["constant"]
                 if constant:
                     try:
                         var_obj = Variable(constant).resolve({})
@@ -681,9 +688,9 @@ class FilterExpression:
                 else:
                     var_obj = Variable(var)
             else:
-                filter_name = match['filter_name']
+                filter_name = match["filter_name"]
                 args = []
-                constant_arg, var_arg = match['constant_arg'], match['var_arg']
+                constant_arg, var_arg = match["constant_arg"], match["var_arg"]
                 if constant_arg:
                     args.append((False, Variable(constant_arg).resolve({})))
                 elif var_arg:
@@ -693,8 +700,10 @@ class FilterExpression:
                 filters.append((filter_func, args))
             upto = match.end()
         if upto != len(token):
-            raise TemplateSyntaxError("Could not parse the remainder: '%s' "
-                                      "from '%s'" % (token[upto:], token))
+            raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+                "Could not parse the remainder: '%s' "
+                "from '%s'" % (token[upto:], token)
+            )
 
         self.filters = filters
         self.var = var_obj
@@ -710,7 +719,7 @@ class FilterExpression:
                 else:
                     string_if_invalid = context.template.engine.string_if_invalid
                     if string_if_invalid:
-                        if '%s' in string_if_invalid:
+                        if "%s" in string_if_invalid:
                             return string_if_invalid % self.var
                         else:
                             return string_if_invalid
@@ -725,13 +734,13 @@ class FilterExpression:
                     arg_vals.append(mark_safe(arg))
                 else:
                     arg_vals.append(arg.resolve(context))
-            if getattr(func, 'expects_localtime', False):
+            if getattr(func, "expects_localtime", False):
                 obj = template_localtime(obj, context.use_tz)
-            if getattr(func, 'needs_autoescape', False):
+            if getattr(func, "needs_autoescape", False):
                 new_obj = func(obj, autoescape=context.autoescape, *arg_vals)
             else:
                 new_obj = func(obj, *arg_vals)
-            if getattr(func, 'is_safe', False) and isinstance(obj, SafeData):
+            if getattr(func, "is_safe", False) and isinstance(obj, SafeData):
                 obj = mark_safe(new_obj)
             else:
                 obj = new_obj
@@ -749,10 +758,12 @@ class FilterExpression:
         dlen = len(defaults or [])
         # Not enough OR Too many
         if plen < (alen - dlen) or plen > alen:
-            raise TemplateSyntaxError("%s requires %d arguments, %d provided" %
-                                      (name, alen - dlen, plen))
+            raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+                "%s requires %d arguments, %d provided" % (name, alen - dlen, plen)
+            )
 
         return True
+
     args_check = staticmethod(args_check)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -781,7 +792,7 @@ class Variable:
     (The example assumes VARIABLE_ATTRIBUTE_SEPARATOR is '.')
     """
 
-    __slots__ = ('var', 'literal', 'lookups', 'translate', 'message_context')
+    __slots__ = ("var", "literal", "lookups", "translate", "message_context")
 
     def __init__(self, var):
         self.var = var
@@ -791,8 +802,7 @@ class Variable:
         self.message_context = None
 
         if not isinstance(var, str):
-            raise TypeError(
-                "Variable must be a string or number, got %s" % type(var))
+            raise TypeError("Variable must be a string or number, got %s" % type(var))
         try:
             # First try to treat this variable as a number.
             #
@@ -802,16 +812,16 @@ class Variable:
 
             # Try to interpret values containing a period or an 'e'/'E'
             # (possibly scientific notation) as a float;  otherwise, try int.
-            if '.' in var or 'e' in var.lower():
+            if "." in var or "e" in var.lower():
                 self.literal = float(var)
                 # "2." is invalid
-                if var[-1] == '.':
+                if var[-1] == ".":
                     raise ValueError
             else:
                 self.literal = int(var)
         except ValueError:
             # A ValueError means that the variable isn't a number.
-            if var[0:2] == '_(' and var[-1] == ')':
+            if var[0:2] == "_(" and var[-1] == ")":
                 # The result of the lookup should be translated at rendering
                 # time.
                 self.translate = True
@@ -823,10 +833,11 @@ class Variable:
             except ValueError:
                 # Otherwise we'll set self.lookups so that resolve() knows we're
                 # dealing with a bonafide variable
-                if VARIABLE_ATTRIBUTE_SEPARATOR + '_' in var or var[0] == '_':
-                    raise TemplateSyntaxError("Variables and attributes may "
-                                              "not begin with underscores: '%s'" %
-                                              var)
+                if VARIABLE_ATTRIBUTE_SEPARATOR + "_" in var or var[0] == "_":
+                    raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+                        "Variables and attributes may "
+                        "not begin with underscores: '%s'" % var
+                    )
                 self.lookups = tuple(var.split(VARIABLE_ATTRIBUTE_SEPARATOR))
 
     def resolve(self, context):
@@ -839,7 +850,7 @@ class Variable:
             value = self.literal
         if self.translate:
             is_safe = isinstance(value, SafeData)
-            msgid = value.replace('%', '%%')
+            msgid = value.replace("%", "%%")
             msgid = mark_safe(msgid) if is_safe else msgid
             if self.message_context:
                 return pgettext_lazy(self.message_context, msgid)
@@ -872,7 +883,9 @@ class Variable:
                 except (TypeError, AttributeError, KeyError, ValueError, IndexError):
                     try:  # attribute lookup
                         # Don't return class attributes if the class is the context:
-                        if isinstance(current, BaseContext) and getattr(type(current), bit):
+                        if isinstance(current, BaseContext) and getattr(
+                            type(current), bit
+                        ):
                             raise AttributeError
                         current = getattr(current, bit)
                     except (TypeError, AttributeError):
@@ -881,18 +894,20 @@ class Variable:
                             raise
                         try:  # list-index lookup
                             current = current[int(bit)]
-                        except (IndexError,  # list index out of range
-                                ValueError,  # invalid literal for int()
-                                KeyError,    # current is a dict without `int(bit)` key
-                                TypeError):  # unsubscriptable object
+                        except (
+                            IndexError,  # list index out of range
+                            ValueError,  # invalid literal for int()
+                            KeyError,  # current is a dict without `int(bit)` key
+                            TypeError,
+                        ):  # unsubscriptable object
                             raise VariableDoesNotExist(
                                 "Failed lookup for key [%s] in %r",
                                 (bit, current),
                             )  # missing attribute
                 if callable(current):
-                    if getattr(current, 'do_not_call_in_templates', False):
+                    if getattr(current, "do_not_call_in_templates", False):
                         pass
-                    elif getattr(current, 'alters_data', False):
+                    elif getattr(current, "alters_data", False):
                         current = context.template.engine.string_if_invalid
                     else:
                         try:  # method call (assuming no args required)
@@ -902,11 +917,13 @@ class Variable:
                             try:
                                 signature.bind()
                             except TypeError:  # arguments *were* required
-                                current = context.template.engine.string_if_invalid  # invalid method call
+                                current = (
+                                    context.template.engine.string_if_invalid
+                                )  # invalid method call
                             else:
                                 raise
         except Exception as e:
-            template_name = getattr(context, 'template_name', None) or 'unknown'
+            template_name = getattr(context, "template_name", None) or "unknown"
             logger.debug(
                 "Exception while resolving variable '%s' in template '%s'.",
                 bit,
@@ -914,7 +931,7 @@ class Variable:
                 exc_info=True,
             )
 
-            if getattr(e, 'silent_variable_failure', False):
+            if getattr(e, "silent_variable_failure", False):
                 current = context.template.engine.string_if_invalid
             else:
                 raise
@@ -926,7 +943,7 @@ class Node:
     # Set this to True for nodes that must be first in the template (although
     # they can be preceded by text nodes.
     must_be_first = False
-    child_nodelists = ('nodelist',)
+    child_nodelists = ("nodelist",)
     token = None
 
     def render(self, context):
@@ -947,14 +964,17 @@ class Node:
         except Exception as e:
             if context.template.engine.debug:
                 # Store the actual node that caused the exception.
-                if not hasattr(e, '_culprit_node'):
+                if not hasattr(e, "_culprit_node"):
                     e._culprit_node = self
                 if (
-                    not hasattr(e, 'template_debug') and
-                    context.render_context.template.origin == e._culprit_node.origin
+                    not hasattr(e, "template_debug")
+                    and context.render_context.template.origin == e._culprit_node.origin
                 ):
-                    e.template_debug = context.render_context.template.get_exception_info(
-                        e, e._culprit_node.token,
+                    e.template_debug = (
+                        context.render_context.template.get_exception_info(
+                            e,
+                            e._culprit_node.token,
+                        )
                     )
             raise
 
@@ -982,9 +1002,7 @@ class NodeList(list):
     contains_nontext = False
 
     def render(self, context):
-        return SafeString(''.join([
-            node.render_annotated(context) for node in self
-        ]))
+        return SafeString("".join([node.render_annotated(context) for node in self]))
 
     def get_nodes_by_type(self, nodetype):
         "Return a list of all nodes of the given type"
@@ -1048,7 +1066,7 @@ class VariableNode(Node):
             # Unicode conversion can fail sometimes for reasons out of our
             # control (e.g. exception rendering). In that case, we fail
             # quietly.
-            return ''
+            return ""
         return render_value_in_context(output, context)
 
 
@@ -1079,7 +1097,7 @@ def token_kwargs(bits, parser, support_legacy=False):
     if not kwarg_format:
         if not support_legacy:
             return {}
-        if len(bits) < 3 or bits[1] != 'as':
+        if len(bits) < 3 or bits[1] != "as":
             return {}
 
     kwargs = {}
@@ -1091,13 +1109,13 @@ def token_kwargs(bits, parser, support_legacy=False):
             key, value = match.groups()
             del bits[:1]
         else:
-            if len(bits) < 3 or bits[1] != 'as':
+            if len(bits) < 3 or bits[1] != "as":
                 return kwargs
             key, value = bits[2], bits[0]
             del bits[:3]
         kwargs[key] = parser.compile_filter(value)
         if bits and not kwarg_format:
-            if bits[0] != 'and':
+            if bits[0] != "and":
                 return kwargs
             del bits[:1]
     return kwargs
diff --git a/django/template/context.py b/django/template/context.py
index f0a0cf2a00..ccf0b430dc 100644
--- a/django/template/context.py
+++ b/django/template/context.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ from contextlib import contextmanager
 from copy import copy
 
 # Hard-coded processor for easier use of CSRF protection.
-_builtin_context_processors = ('django.template.context_processors.csrf',)
+_builtin_context_processors = ("django.template.context_processors.csrf",)
 
 
 class ContextPopException(Exception):
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class BaseContext:
         self._reset_dicts(dict_)
 
     def _reset_dicts(self, value=None):
-        builtins = {'True': True, 'False': False, 'None': None}
+        builtins = {"True": True, "False": False, "None": None}
         self.dicts = [builtins]
         if value is not None:
             self.dicts.append(value)
@@ -132,6 +132,7 @@ class BaseContext:
 
 class Context(BaseContext):
     "A stack container for variable context"
+
     def __init__(self, dict_=None, autoescape=True, use_l10n=None, use_tz=None):
         self.autoescape = autoescape
         self.use_l10n = use_l10n
@@ -160,8 +161,8 @@ class Context(BaseContext):
 
     def update(self, other_dict):
         "Push other_dict to the stack of dictionaries in the Context"
-        if not hasattr(other_dict, '__getitem__'):
-            raise TypeError('other_dict must be a mapping (dictionary-like) object.')
+        if not hasattr(other_dict, "__getitem__"):
+            raise TypeError("other_dict must be a mapping (dictionary-like) object.")
         if isinstance(other_dict, BaseContext):
             other_dict = other_dict.dicts[1:].pop()
         return ContextDict(self, other_dict)
@@ -182,6 +183,7 @@ class RenderContext(BaseContext):
     rendering of other templates as they would if they were stored in the normal
     template context.
     """
+
     template = None
 
     def __iter__(self):
@@ -217,7 +219,16 @@ class RequestContext(Context):
     Additional processors can be specified as a list of callables
     using the "processors" keyword argument.
     """
-    def __init__(self, request, dict_=None, processors=None, use_l10n=None, use_tz=None, autoescape=True):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        request,
+        dict_=None,
+        processors=None,
+        use_l10n=None,
+        use_tz=None,
+        autoescape=True,
+    ):
         super().__init__(dict_, use_l10n=use_l10n, use_tz=use_tz, autoescape=autoescape)
         self.request = request
         self._processors = () if processors is None else tuple(processors)
@@ -237,8 +248,7 @@ class RequestContext(Context):
 
         self.template = template
         # Set context processors according to the template engine's settings.
-        processors = (template.engine.template_context_processors +
-                      self._processors)
+        processors = template.engine.template_context_processors + self._processors
         updates = {}
         for processor in processors:
             updates.update(processor(self.request))
@@ -255,7 +265,7 @@ class RequestContext(Context):
         new_context = super().new(values)
         # This is for backwards-compatibility: RequestContexts created via
         # Context.new don't include values from context processors.
-        if hasattr(new_context, '_processors_index'):
+        if hasattr(new_context, "_processors_index"):
             del new_context._processors_index
         return new_context
 
@@ -265,7 +275,9 @@ def make_context(context, request=None, **kwargs):
     Create a suitable Context from a plain dict and optionally an HttpRequest.
     """
     if context is not None and not isinstance(context, dict):
-        raise TypeError('context must be a dict rather than %s.' % context.__class__.__name__)
+        raise TypeError(
+            "context must be a dict rather than %s." % context.__class__.__name__
+        )
     if request is None:
         context = Context(context, **kwargs)
     else:
diff --git a/django/template/context_processors.py b/django/template/context_processors.py
index 25ac1f2661..32753032fc 100644
--- a/django/template/context_processors.py
+++ b/django/template/context_processors.py
@@ -19,17 +19,18 @@ def csrf(request):
     Context processor that provides a CSRF token, or the string 'NOTPROVIDED' if
     it has not been provided by either a view decorator or the middleware
     """
+
     def _get_val():
         token = get_token(request)
         if token is None:
             # In order to be able to provide debugging info in the
             # case of misconfiguration, we use a sentinel value
             # instead of returning an empty dict.
-            return 'NOTPROVIDED'
+            return "NOTPROVIDED"
         else:
             return token
 
-    return {'csrf_token': SimpleLazyObject(_get_val)}
+    return {"csrf_token": SimpleLazyObject(_get_val)}
 
 
 def debug(request):
@@ -37,46 +38,52 @@ def debug(request):
     Return context variables helpful for debugging.
     """
     context_extras = {}
-    if settings.DEBUG and request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR') in settings.INTERNAL_IPS:
-        context_extras['debug'] = True
+    if settings.DEBUG and request.META.get("REMOTE_ADDR") in settings.INTERNAL_IPS:
+        context_extras["debug"] = True
         from django.db import connections
 
         # Return a lazy reference that computes connection.queries on access,
         # to ensure it contains queries triggered after this function runs.
-        context_extras['sql_queries'] = lazy(
-            lambda: list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(connections[x].queries for x in connections)),
-            list
+        context_extras["sql_queries"] = lazy(
+            lambda: list(
+                itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+                    connections[x].queries for x in connections
+                )
+            ),
+            list,
         )
     return context_extras
 
 
 def i18n(request):
     from django.utils import translation
+
     return {
-        'LANGUAGES': settings.LANGUAGES,
-        'LANGUAGE_CODE': translation.get_language(),
-        'LANGUAGE_BIDI': translation.get_language_bidi(),
+        "LANGUAGES": settings.LANGUAGES,
+        "LANGUAGE_CODE": translation.get_language(),
+        "LANGUAGE_BIDI": translation.get_language_bidi(),
     }
 
 
 def tz(request):
     from django.utils import timezone
-    return {'TIME_ZONE': timezone.get_current_timezone_name()}
+
+    return {"TIME_ZONE": timezone.get_current_timezone_name()}
 
 
 def static(request):
     """
     Add static-related context variables to the context.
     """
-    return {'STATIC_URL': settings.STATIC_URL}
+    return {"STATIC_URL": settings.STATIC_URL}
 
 
 def media(request):
     """
     Add media-related context variables to the context.
     """
-    return {'MEDIA_URL': settings.MEDIA_URL}
+    return {"MEDIA_URL": settings.MEDIA_URL}
 
 
 def request(request):
-    return {'request': request}
+    return {"request": request}
diff --git a/django/template/defaultfilters.py b/django/template/defaultfilters.py
index f78a96e3eb..46334791c6 100644
--- a/django/template/defaultfilters.py
+++ b/django/template/defaultfilters.py
@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ from urllib.parse import quote
 from django.utils import formats
 from django.utils.dateformat import format, time_format
 from django.utils.encoding import iri_to_uri
-from django.utils.html import (
-    avoid_wrapping, conditional_escape, escape, escapejs,
-    json_script as _json_script, linebreaks, strip_tags, urlize as _urlize,
-)
+from django.utils.html import avoid_wrapping, conditional_escape, escape, escapejs
+from django.utils.html import json_script as _json_script
+from django.utils.html import linebreaks, strip_tags
+from django.utils.html import urlize as _urlize
 from django.utils.safestring import SafeData, mark_safe
-from django.utils.text import (
-    Truncator, normalize_newlines, phone2numeric, slugify as _slugify, wrap,
-)
+from django.utils.text import Truncator, normalize_newlines, phone2numeric
+from django.utils.text import slugify as _slugify
+from django.utils.text import wrap
 from django.utils.timesince import timesince, timeuntil
 from django.utils.translation import gettext, ngettext
 
@@ -33,16 +33,18 @@ register = Library()
 # STRING DECORATOR    #
 #######################
 
+
 def stringfilter(func):
     """
     Decorator for filters which should only receive strings. The object
     passed as the first positional argument will be converted to a string.
     """
+
     @wraps(func)
     def _dec(first, *args, **kwargs):
         first = str(first)
         result = func(first, *args, **kwargs)
-        if isinstance(first, SafeData) and getattr(unwrap(func), 'is_safe', False):
+        if isinstance(first, SafeData) and getattr(unwrap(func), "is_safe", False):
             result = mark_safe(result)
         return result
 
@@ -53,6 +55,7 @@ def stringfilter(func):
 # STRINGS         #
 ###################
 
+
 @register.filter(is_safe=True)
 @stringfilter
 def addslashes(value):
@@ -61,7 +64,7 @@ def addslashes(value):
     example. Less useful for escaping JavaScript; use the ``escapejs``
     filter instead.
     """
-    return value.replace('\\', '\\\\').replace('"', '\\"').replace("'", "\\'")
+    return value.replace("\\", "\\\\").replace('"', '\\"').replace("'", "\\'")
 
 
 @register.filter(is_safe=True)
@@ -135,14 +138,14 @@ def floatformat(text, arg=-1):
     use_l10n = True
     if isinstance(arg, str):
         last_char = arg[-1]
-        if arg[-2:] in {'gu', 'ug'}:
+        if arg[-2:] in {"gu", "ug"}:
             force_grouping = True
             use_l10n = False
             arg = arg[:-2] or -1
-        elif last_char == 'g':
+        elif last_char == "g":
             force_grouping = True
             arg = arg[:-1] or -1
-        elif last_char == 'u':
+        elif last_char == "u":
             use_l10n = False
             arg = arg[:-1] or -1
     try:
@@ -152,7 +155,7 @@ def floatformat(text, arg=-1):
         try:
             d = Decimal(str(float(text)))
         except (ValueError, InvalidOperation, TypeError):
-            return ''
+            return ""
     try:
         p = int(arg)
     except ValueError:
@@ -164,12 +167,14 @@ def floatformat(text, arg=-1):
         return input_val
 
     if not m and p < 0:
-        return mark_safe(formats.number_format(
-            '%d' % (int(d)),
-            0,
-            use_l10n=use_l10n,
-            force_grouping=force_grouping,
-        ))
+        return mark_safe(
+            formats.number_format(
+                "%d" % (int(d)),
+                0,
+                use_l10n=use_l10n,
+                force_grouping=force_grouping,
+            )
+        )
 
     exp = Decimal(1).scaleb(-abs(p))
     # Set the precision high enough to avoid an exception (#15789).
@@ -184,17 +189,19 @@ def floatformat(text, arg=-1):
     sign, digits, exponent = rounded_d.as_tuple()
     digits = [str(digit) for digit in reversed(digits)]
     while len(digits) <= abs(exponent):
-        digits.append('0')
-    digits.insert(-exponent, '.')
+        digits.append("0")
+    digits.insert(-exponent, ".")
     if sign and rounded_d:
-        digits.append('-')
-    number = ''.join(reversed(digits))
-    return mark_safe(formats.number_format(
-        number,
-        abs(p),
-        use_l10n=use_l10n,
-        force_grouping=force_grouping,
-    ))
+        digits.append("-")
+    number = "".join(reversed(digits))
+    return mark_safe(
+        formats.number_format(
+            number,
+            abs(p),
+            use_l10n=use_l10n,
+            force_grouping=force_grouping,
+        )
+    )
 
 
 @register.filter(is_safe=True)
@@ -208,7 +215,7 @@ def iriencode(value):
 @stringfilter
 def linenumbers(value, autoescape=True):
     """Display text with line numbers."""
-    lines = value.split('\n')
+    lines = value.split("\n")
     # Find the maximum width of the line count, for use with zero padding
     # string format command
     width = str(len(str(len(lines))))
@@ -218,7 +225,7 @@ def linenumbers(value, autoescape=True):
     else:
         for i, line in enumerate(lines):
             lines[i] = ("%0" + width + "d. %s") % (i + 1, escape(line))
-    return mark_safe('\n'.join(lines))
+    return mark_safe("\n".join(lines))
 
 
 @register.filter(is_safe=True)
@@ -275,7 +282,7 @@ def stringformat(value, arg):
 def title(value):
     """Convert a string into titlecase."""
     t = re.sub("([a-z])'([A-Z])", lambda m: m[0].lower(), value.title())
-    return re.sub(r'\d([A-Z])', lambda m: m[0].lower(), t)
+    return re.sub(r"\d([A-Z])", lambda m: m[0].lower(), t)
 
 
 @register.filter(is_safe=True)
@@ -314,7 +321,7 @@ def truncatewords(value, arg):
         length = int(arg)
     except ValueError:  # Invalid literal for int().
         return value  # Fail silently.
-    return Truncator(value).words(length, truncate=' …')
+    return Truncator(value).words(length, truncate=" …")
 
 
 @register.filter(is_safe=True)
@@ -328,7 +335,7 @@ def truncatewords_html(value, arg):
         length = int(arg)
     except ValueError:  # invalid literal for int()
         return value  # Fail silently.
-    return Truncator(value).words(length, html=True, truncate=' …')
+    return Truncator(value).words(length, html=True, truncate=" …")
 
 
 @register.filter(is_safe=False)
@@ -351,7 +358,7 @@ def urlencode(value, safe=None):
     """
     kwargs = {}
     if safe is not None:
-        kwargs['safe'] = safe
+        kwargs["safe"] = safe
     return quote(value, **kwargs)
 
 
@@ -371,7 +378,9 @@ def urlizetrunc(value, limit, autoescape=True):
 
     Argument: Length to truncate URLs to.
     """
-    return mark_safe(_urlize(value, trim_url_limit=int(limit), nofollow=True, autoescape=autoescape))
+    return mark_safe(
+        _urlize(value, trim_url_limit=int(limit), nofollow=True, autoescape=autoescape)
+    )
 
 
 @register.filter(is_safe=False)
@@ -414,8 +423,8 @@ def center(value, arg):
 def cut(value, arg):
     """Remove all values of arg from the given string."""
     safe = isinstance(value, SafeData)
-    value = value.replace(arg, '')
-    if safe and arg != ';':
+    value = value.replace(arg, "")
+    if safe and arg != ";":
         return mark_safe(value)
     return value
 
@@ -424,6 +433,7 @@ def cut(value, arg):
 # HTML STRINGS    #
 ###################
 
+
 @register.filter("escape", is_safe=True)
 @stringfilter
 def escape_filter(value):
@@ -465,7 +475,7 @@ def linebreaksbr(value, autoescape=True):
     value = normalize_newlines(value)
     if autoescape:
         value = escape(value)
-    return mark_safe(value.replace('\n', '<br>'))
+    return mark_safe(value.replace("\n", "<br>"))
 
 
 @register.filter(is_safe=True)
@@ -496,6 +506,7 @@ def striptags(value):
 # LISTS           #
 ###################
 
+
 def _property_resolver(arg):
     """
     When arg is convertible to float, behave like operator.itemgetter(arg)
@@ -517,8 +528,8 @@ def _property_resolver(arg):
     try:
         float(arg)
     except ValueError:
-        if VARIABLE_ATTRIBUTE_SEPARATOR + '_' in arg or arg[0] == '_':
-            raise AttributeError('Access to private variables is forbidden.')
+        if VARIABLE_ATTRIBUTE_SEPARATOR + "_" in arg or arg[0] == "_":
+            raise AttributeError("Access to private variables is forbidden.")
         parts = arg.split(VARIABLE_ATTRIBUTE_SEPARATOR)
 
         def resolve(value):
@@ -543,7 +554,7 @@ def dictsort(value, arg):
     try:
         return sorted(value, key=_property_resolver(arg))
     except (AttributeError, TypeError):
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
 
 @register.filter(is_safe=False)
@@ -555,7 +566,7 @@ def dictsortreversed(value, arg):
     try:
         return sorted(value, key=_property_resolver(arg), reverse=True)
     except (AttributeError, TypeError):
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
 
 @register.filter(is_safe=False)
@@ -564,7 +575,7 @@ def first(value):
     try:
         return value[0]
     except IndexError:
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
 
 @register.filter(is_safe=True, needs_autoescape=True)
@@ -585,7 +596,7 @@ def last(value):
     try:
         return value[-1]
     except IndexError:
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
 
 @register.filter(is_safe=False)
@@ -603,7 +614,7 @@ def length_is(value, arg):
     try:
         return len(value) == int(arg)
     except (ValueError, TypeError):
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
 
 @register.filter(is_safe=True)
@@ -619,7 +630,7 @@ def slice_filter(value, arg):
     """
     try:
         bits = []
-        for x in str(arg).split(':'):
+        for x in str(arg).split(":"):
             if not x:
                 bits.append(None)
             else:
@@ -655,6 +666,7 @@ def unordered_list(value, autoescape=True):
     if autoescape:
         escaper = conditional_escape
     else:
+
         def escaper(x):
             return x
 
@@ -683,16 +695,19 @@ def unordered_list(value, autoescape=True):
             pass
 
     def list_formatter(item_list, tabs=1):
-        indent = '\t' * tabs
+        indent = "\t" * tabs
         output = []
         for item, children in walk_items(item_list):
-            sublist = ''
+            sublist = ""
             if children:
-                sublist = '\n%s<ul>\n%s\n%s</ul>\n%s' % (
-                    indent, list_formatter(children, tabs + 1), indent, indent)
-            output.append('%s<li>%s%s</li>' % (
-                indent, escaper(item), sublist))
-        return '\n'.join(output)
+                sublist = "\n%s<ul>\n%s\n%s</ul>\n%s" % (
+                    indent,
+                    list_formatter(children, tabs + 1),
+                    indent,
+                    indent,
+                )
+            output.append("%s<li>%s%s</li>" % (indent, escaper(item), sublist))
+        return "\n".join(output)
 
     return mark_safe(list_formatter(value))
 
@@ -701,6 +716,7 @@ def unordered_list(value, autoescape=True):
 # INTEGERS        #
 ###################
 
+
 @register.filter(is_safe=False)
 def add(value, arg):
     """Add the arg to the value."""
@@ -710,7 +726,7 @@ def add(value, arg):
         try:
             return value + arg
         except Exception:
-            return ''
+            return ""
 
 
 @register.filter(is_safe=False)
@@ -738,62 +754,64 @@ def get_digit(value, arg):
 # DATES           #
 ###################
 
+
 @register.filter(expects_localtime=True, is_safe=False)
 def date(value, arg=None):
     """Format a date according to the given format."""
-    if value in (None, ''):
-        return ''
+    if value in (None, ""):
+        return ""
     try:
         return formats.date_format(value, arg)
     except AttributeError:
         try:
             return format(value, arg)
         except AttributeError:
-            return ''
+            return ""
 
 
 @register.filter(expects_localtime=True, is_safe=False)
 def time(value, arg=None):
     """Format a time according to the given format."""
-    if value in (None, ''):
-        return ''
+    if value in (None, ""):
+        return ""
     try:
         return formats.time_format(value, arg)
     except (AttributeError, TypeError):
         try:
             return time_format(value, arg)
         except (AttributeError, TypeError):
-            return ''
+            return ""
 
 
 @register.filter("timesince", is_safe=False)
 def timesince_filter(value, arg=None):
     """Format a date as the time since that date (i.e. "4 days, 6 hours")."""
     if not value:
-        return ''
+        return ""
     try:
         if arg:
             return timesince(value, arg)
         return timesince(value)
     except (ValueError, TypeError):
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
 
 @register.filter("timeuntil", is_safe=False)
 def timeuntil_filter(value, arg=None):
     """Format a date as the time until that date (i.e. "4 days, 6 hours")."""
     if not value:
-        return ''
+        return ""
     try:
         return timeuntil(value, arg)
     except (ValueError, TypeError):
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
 
 ###################
 # LOGIC           #
 ###################
 
+
 @register.filter(is_safe=False)
 def default(value, arg):
     """If value is unavailable, use given default."""
@@ -832,8 +850,8 @@ def yesno(value, arg=None):
     """
     if arg is None:
         # Translators: Please do not add spaces around commas.
-        arg = gettext('yes,no,maybe')
-    bits = arg.split(',')
+        arg = gettext("yes,no,maybe")
+    bits = arg.split(",")
     if len(bits) < 2:
         return value  # Invalid arg.
     try:
@@ -852,6 +870,7 @@ def yesno(value, arg=None):
 # MISC            #
 ###################
 
+
 @register.filter(is_safe=True)
 def filesizeformat(bytes_):
     """
@@ -861,7 +880,7 @@ def filesizeformat(bytes_):
     try:
         bytes_ = int(bytes_)
     except (TypeError, ValueError, UnicodeDecodeError):
-        value = ngettext("%(size)d byte", "%(size)d bytes", 0) % {'size': 0}
+        value = ngettext("%(size)d byte", "%(size)d bytes", 0) % {"size": 0}
         return avoid_wrapping(value)
 
     def filesize_number_format(value):
@@ -878,7 +897,7 @@ def filesizeformat(bytes_):
         bytes_ = -bytes_  # Allow formatting of negative numbers.
 
     if bytes_ < KB:
-        value = ngettext("%(size)d byte", "%(size)d bytes", bytes_) % {'size': bytes_}
+        value = ngettext("%(size)d byte", "%(size)d bytes", bytes_) % {"size": bytes_}
     elif bytes_ < MB:
         value = gettext("%s KB") % filesize_number_format(bytes_ / KB)
     elif bytes_ < GB:
@@ -896,7 +915,7 @@ def filesizeformat(bytes_):
 
 
 @register.filter(is_safe=False)
-def pluralize(value, arg='s'):
+def pluralize(value, arg="s"):
     """
     Return a plural suffix if the value is not 1, '1', or an object of
     length 1. By default, use 's' as the suffix:
@@ -918,11 +937,11 @@ def pluralize(value, arg='s'):
     * If value is 1, cand{{ value|pluralize:"y,ies" }} display "candy".
     * If value is 2, cand{{ value|pluralize:"y,ies" }} display "candies".
     """
-    if ',' not in arg:
-        arg = ',' + arg
-    bits = arg.split(',')
+    if "," not in arg:
+        arg = "," + arg
+    bits = arg.split(",")
     if len(bits) > 2:
-        return ''
+        return ""
     singular_suffix, plural_suffix = bits[:2]
 
     try:
@@ -934,7 +953,7 @@ def pluralize(value, arg='s'):
             return singular_suffix if len(value) == 1 else plural_suffix
         except TypeError:  # len() of unsized object.
             pass
-    return ''
+    return ""
 
 
 @register.filter("phone2numeric", is_safe=True)
diff --git a/django/template/defaulttags.py b/django/template/defaulttags.py
index 9090b14e40..7762b94723 100644
--- a/django/template/defaulttags.py
+++ b/django/template/defaulttags.py
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ import sys
 import warnings
 from collections import namedtuple
 from datetime import datetime
-from itertools import cycle as itertools_cycle, groupby
+from itertools import cycle as itertools_cycle
+from itertools import groupby
 
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.utils import timezone
@@ -13,11 +14,23 @@ from django.utils.lorem_ipsum import paragraphs, words
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
 
 from .base import (
-    BLOCK_TAG_END, BLOCK_TAG_START, COMMENT_TAG_END, COMMENT_TAG_START,
-    FILTER_SEPARATOR, SINGLE_BRACE_END, SINGLE_BRACE_START,
-    VARIABLE_ATTRIBUTE_SEPARATOR, VARIABLE_TAG_END, VARIABLE_TAG_START, Node,
-    NodeList, TemplateSyntaxError, VariableDoesNotExist, kwarg_re,
-    render_value_in_context, token_kwargs,
+    BLOCK_TAG_END,
+    BLOCK_TAG_START,
+    COMMENT_TAG_END,
+    COMMENT_TAG_START,
+    FILTER_SEPARATOR,
+    SINGLE_BRACE_END,
+    SINGLE_BRACE_START,
+    VARIABLE_ATTRIBUTE_SEPARATOR,
+    VARIABLE_TAG_END,
+    VARIABLE_TAG_START,
+    Node,
+    NodeList,
+    TemplateSyntaxError,
+    VariableDoesNotExist,
+    kwarg_re,
+    render_value_in_context,
+    token_kwargs,
 )
 from .context import Context
 from .defaultfilters import date
@@ -29,6 +42,7 @@ register = Library()
 
 class AutoEscapeControlNode(Node):
     """Implement the actions of the autoescape tag."""
+
     def __init__(self, setting, nodelist):
         self.setting, self.nodelist = setting, nodelist
 
@@ -47,19 +61,22 @@ class CommentNode(Node):
     child_nodelists = ()
 
     def render(self, context):
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
 
 class CsrfTokenNode(Node):
     child_nodelists = ()
 
     def render(self, context):
-        csrf_token = context.get('csrf_token')
+        csrf_token = context.get("csrf_token")
         if csrf_token:
-            if csrf_token == 'NOTPROVIDED':
+            if csrf_token == "NOTPROVIDED":
                 return format_html("")
             else:
-                return format_html('<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="{}">', csrf_token)
+                return format_html(
+                    '<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="{}">',
+                    csrf_token,
+                )
         else:
             # It's very probable that the token is missing because of
             # misconfiguration, so we raise a warning
@@ -69,7 +86,7 @@ class CsrfTokenNode(Node):
                     "did not provide the value.  This is usually caused by not "
                     "using RequestContext."
                 )
-            return ''
+            return ""
 
 
 class CycleNode(Node):
@@ -87,7 +104,7 @@ class CycleNode(Node):
         if self.variable_name:
             context.set_upward(self.variable_name, value)
         if self.silent:
-            return ''
+            return ""
         return render_value_in_context(value, context)
 
     def reset(self, context):
@@ -100,13 +117,14 @@ class CycleNode(Node):
 class DebugNode(Node):
     def render(self, context):
         if not settings.DEBUG:
-            return ''
+            return ""
 
         from pprint import pformat
+
         output = [escape(pformat(val)) for val in context]
-        output.append('\n\n')
+        output.append("\n\n")
         output.append(escape(pformat(sys.modules)))
-        return ''.join(output)
+        return "".join(output)
 
 
 class FilterNode(Node):
@@ -126,7 +144,7 @@ class FirstOfNode(Node):
         self.asvar = asvar
 
     def render(self, context):
-        first = ''
+        first = ""
         for var in self.vars:
             value = var.resolve(context, ignore_failures=True)
             if value:
@@ -134,14 +152,16 @@ class FirstOfNode(Node):
                 break
         if self.asvar:
             context[self.asvar] = first
-            return ''
+            return ""
         return first
 
 
 class ForNode(Node):
-    child_nodelists = ('nodelist_loop', 'nodelist_empty')
+    child_nodelists = ("nodelist_loop", "nodelist_empty")
 
-    def __init__(self, loopvars, sequence, is_reversed, nodelist_loop, nodelist_empty=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self, loopvars, sequence, is_reversed, nodelist_loop, nodelist_empty=None
+    ):
         self.loopvars, self.sequence = loopvars, sequence
         self.is_reversed = is_reversed
         self.nodelist_loop = nodelist_loop
@@ -151,25 +171,25 @@ class ForNode(Node):
             self.nodelist_empty = nodelist_empty
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        reversed_text = ' reversed' if self.is_reversed else ''
-        return '<%s: for %s in %s, tail_len: %d%s>' % (
+        reversed_text = " reversed" if self.is_reversed else ""
+        return "<%s: for %s in %s, tail_len: %d%s>" % (
             self.__class__.__name__,
-            ', '.join(self.loopvars),
+            ", ".join(self.loopvars),
             self.sequence,
             len(self.nodelist_loop),
             reversed_text,
         )
 
     def render(self, context):
-        if 'forloop' in context:
-            parentloop = context['forloop']
+        if "forloop" in context:
+            parentloop = context["forloop"]
         else:
             parentloop = {}
         with context.push():
             values = self.sequence.resolve(context, ignore_failures=True)
             if values is None:
                 values = []
-            if not hasattr(values, '__len__'):
+            if not hasattr(values, "__len__"):
                 values = list(values)
             len_values = len(values)
             if len_values < 1:
@@ -181,17 +201,17 @@ class ForNode(Node):
             unpack = num_loopvars > 1
             # Create a forloop value in the context.  We'll update counters on each
             # iteration just below.
-            loop_dict = context['forloop'] = {'parentloop': parentloop}
+            loop_dict = context["forloop"] = {"parentloop": parentloop}
             for i, item in enumerate(values):
                 # Shortcuts for current loop iteration number.
-                loop_dict['counter0'] = i
-                loop_dict['counter'] = i + 1
+                loop_dict["counter0"] = i
+                loop_dict["counter"] = i + 1
                 # Reverse counter iteration numbers.
-                loop_dict['revcounter'] = len_values - i
-                loop_dict['revcounter0'] = len_values - i - 1
+                loop_dict["revcounter"] = len_values - i
+                loop_dict["revcounter0"] = len_values - i - 1
                 # Boolean values designating first and last times through loop.
-                loop_dict['first'] = (i == 0)
-                loop_dict['last'] = (i == len_values - 1)
+                loop_dict["first"] = i == 0
+                loop_dict["last"] = i == len_values - 1
 
                 pop_context = False
                 if unpack:
@@ -204,8 +224,9 @@ class ForNode(Node):
                     # Check loop variable count before unpacking
                     if num_loopvars != len_item:
                         raise ValueError(
-                            "Need {} values to unpack in for loop; got {}. "
-                            .format(num_loopvars, len_item),
+                            "Need {} values to unpack in for loop; got {}. ".format(
+                                num_loopvars, len_item
+                            ),
                         )
                     unpacked_vars = dict(zip(self.loopvars, item))
                     pop_context = True
@@ -221,11 +242,11 @@ class ForNode(Node):
                     # the context ending up in an inconsistent state when other
                     # tags (e.g., include and with) push data to context.
                     context.pop()
-        return mark_safe(''.join(nodelist))
+        return mark_safe("".join(nodelist))
 
 
 class IfChangedNode(Node):
-    child_nodelists = ('nodelist_true', 'nodelist_false')
+    child_nodelists = ("nodelist_true", "nodelist_false")
 
     def __init__(self, nodelist_true, nodelist_false, *varlist):
         self.nodelist_true, self.nodelist_false = nodelist_true, nodelist_false
@@ -240,7 +261,9 @@ class IfChangedNode(Node):
         if self._varlist:
             # Consider multiple parameters. This behaves like an OR evaluation
             # of the multiple variables.
-            compare_to = [var.resolve(context, ignore_failures=True) for var in self._varlist]
+            compare_to = [
+                var.resolve(context, ignore_failures=True) for var in self._varlist
+            ]
         else:
             # The "{% ifchanged %}" syntax (without any variables) compares
             # the rendered output.
@@ -252,28 +275,27 @@ class IfChangedNode(Node):
             return nodelist_true_output or self.nodelist_true.render(context)
         elif self.nodelist_false:
             return self.nodelist_false.render(context)
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
     def _get_context_stack_frame(self, context):
         # The Context object behaves like a stack where each template tag can create a new scope.
         # Find the place where to store the state to detect changes.
-        if 'forloop' in context:
+        if "forloop" in context:
             # Ifchanged is bound to the local for loop.
             # When there is a loop-in-loop, the state is bound to the inner loop,
             # so it resets when the outer loop continues.
-            return context['forloop']
+            return context["forloop"]
         else:
             # Using ifchanged outside loops. Effectively this is a no-op because the state is associated with 'self'.
             return context.render_context
 
 
 class IfNode(Node):
-
     def __init__(self, conditions_nodelists):
         self.conditions_nodelists = conditions_nodelists
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s>' % self.__class__.__name__
+        return "<%s>" % self.__class__.__name__
 
     def __iter__(self):
         for _, nodelist in self.conditions_nodelists:
@@ -286,18 +308,18 @@ class IfNode(Node):
     def render(self, context):
         for condition, nodelist in self.conditions_nodelists:
 
-            if condition is not None:           # if / elif clause
+            if condition is not None:  # if / elif clause
                 try:
                     match = condition.eval(context)
                 except VariableDoesNotExist:
                     match = None
-            else:                               # else clause
+            else:  # else clause
                 match = True
 
             if match:
                 return nodelist.render(context)
 
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
 
 class LoremNode(Node):
@@ -309,16 +331,16 @@ class LoremNode(Node):
             count = int(self.count.resolve(context))
         except (ValueError, TypeError):
             count = 1
-        if self.method == 'w':
+        if self.method == "w":
             return words(count, common=self.common)
         else:
             paras = paragraphs(count, common=self.common)
-        if self.method == 'p':
-            paras = ['<p>%s</p>' % p for p in paras]
-        return '\n\n'.join(paras)
+        if self.method == "p":
+            paras = ["<p>%s</p>" % p for p in paras]
+        return "\n\n".join(paras)
 
 
-GroupedResult = namedtuple('GroupedResult', ['grouper', 'list'])
+GroupedResult = namedtuple("GroupedResult", ["grouper", "list"])
 
 
 class RegroupNode(Node):
@@ -337,22 +359,23 @@ class RegroupNode(Node):
         if obj_list is None:
             # target variable wasn't found in context; fail silently.
             context[self.var_name] = []
-            return ''
+            return ""
         # List of dictionaries in the format:
         # {'grouper': 'key', 'list': [list of contents]}.
         context[self.var_name] = [
             GroupedResult(grouper=key, list=list(val))
-            for key, val in
-            groupby(obj_list, lambda obj: self.resolve_expression(obj, context))
+            for key, val in groupby(
+                obj_list, lambda obj: self.resolve_expression(obj, context)
+            )
         ]
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
 
 class LoadNode(Node):
     child_nodelists = ()
 
     def render(self, context):
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
 
 class NowNode(Node):
@@ -366,7 +389,7 @@ class NowNode(Node):
 
         if self.asvar:
             context[self.asvar] = formatted
-            return ''
+            return ""
         else:
             return formatted
 
@@ -377,7 +400,7 @@ class ResetCycleNode(Node):
 
     def render(self, context):
         self.node.reset(context)
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
 
 class SpacelessNode(Node):
@@ -386,26 +409,27 @@ class SpacelessNode(Node):
 
     def render(self, context):
         from django.utils.html import strip_spaces_between_tags
+
         return strip_spaces_between_tags(self.nodelist.render(context).strip())
 
 
 class TemplateTagNode(Node):
     mapping = {
-        'openblock': BLOCK_TAG_START,
-        'closeblock': BLOCK_TAG_END,
-        'openvariable': VARIABLE_TAG_START,
-        'closevariable': VARIABLE_TAG_END,
-        'openbrace': SINGLE_BRACE_START,
-        'closebrace': SINGLE_BRACE_END,
-        'opencomment': COMMENT_TAG_START,
-        'closecomment': COMMENT_TAG_END,
+        "openblock": BLOCK_TAG_START,
+        "closeblock": BLOCK_TAG_END,
+        "openvariable": VARIABLE_TAG_START,
+        "closevariable": VARIABLE_TAG_END,
+        "openbrace": SINGLE_BRACE_START,
+        "closebrace": SINGLE_BRACE_END,
+        "opencomment": COMMENT_TAG_START,
+        "closecomment": COMMENT_TAG_END,
     }
 
     def __init__(self, tagtype):
         self.tagtype = tagtype
 
     def render(self, context):
-        return self.mapping.get(self.tagtype, '')
+        return self.mapping.get(self.tagtype, "")
 
 
 class URLNode(Node):
@@ -428,6 +452,7 @@ class URLNode(Node):
 
     def render(self, context):
         from django.urls import NoReverseMatch, reverse
+
         args = [arg.resolve(context) for arg in self.args]
         kwargs = {k: v.resolve(context) for k, v in self.kwargs.items()}
         view_name = self.view_name.resolve(context)
@@ -440,7 +465,7 @@ class URLNode(Node):
                 current_app = None
         # Try to look up the URL. If it fails, raise NoReverseMatch unless the
         # {% url ... as var %} construct is used, in which case return nothing.
-        url = ''
+        url = ""
         try:
             url = reverse(view_name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app)
         except NoReverseMatch:
@@ -449,7 +474,7 @@ class URLNode(Node):
 
         if self.asvar:
             context[self.asvar] = url
-            return ''
+            return ""
         else:
             if context.autoescape:
                 url = conditional_escape(url)
@@ -477,7 +502,7 @@ class WidthRatioNode(Node):
             max_value = self.max_expr.resolve(context)
             max_width = int(self.max_width.resolve(context))
         except VariableDoesNotExist:
-            return ''
+            return ""
         except (ValueError, TypeError):
             raise TemplateSyntaxError("widthratio final argument must be a number")
         try:
@@ -486,13 +511,13 @@ class WidthRatioNode(Node):
             ratio = (value / max_value) * max_width
             result = str(round(ratio))
         except ZeroDivisionError:
-            result = '0'
+            result = "0"
         except (ValueError, TypeError, OverflowError):
-            result = ''
+            result = ""
 
         if self.asvar:
             context[self.asvar] = result
-            return ''
+            return ""
         else:
             return result
 
@@ -507,7 +532,7 @@ class WithNode(Node):
             self.extra_context[name] = var
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s>' % self.__class__.__name__
+        return "<%s>" % self.__class__.__name__
 
     def render(self, context):
         values = {key: val.resolve(context) for key, val in self.extra_context.items()}
@@ -525,11 +550,11 @@ def autoescape(parser, token):
     if len(args) != 2:
         raise TemplateSyntaxError("'autoescape' tag requires exactly one argument.")
     arg = args[1]
-    if arg not in ('on', 'off'):
+    if arg not in ("on", "off"):
         raise TemplateSyntaxError("'autoescape' argument should be 'on' or 'off'")
-    nodelist = parser.parse(('endautoescape',))
+    nodelist = parser.parse(("endautoescape",))
     parser.delete_first_token()
-    return AutoEscapeControlNode((arg == 'on'), nodelist)
+    return AutoEscapeControlNode((arg == "on"), nodelist)
 
 
 @register.tag
@@ -537,7 +562,7 @@ def comment(parser, token):
     """
     Ignore everything between ``{% comment %}`` and ``{% endcomment %}``.
     """
-    parser.skip_past('endcomment')
+    parser.skip_past("endcomment")
     return CommentNode()
 
 
@@ -595,8 +620,10 @@ def cycle(parser, token):
     if len(args) == 2:
         # {% cycle foo %} case.
         name = args[1]
-        if not hasattr(parser, '_named_cycle_nodes'):
-            raise TemplateSyntaxError("No named cycles in template. '%s' is not defined" % name)
+        if not hasattr(parser, "_named_cycle_nodes"):
+            raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+                "No named cycles in template. '%s' is not defined" % name
+            )
         if name not in parser._named_cycle_nodes:
             raise TemplateSyntaxError("Named cycle '%s' does not exist" % name)
         return parser._named_cycle_nodes[name]
@@ -607,7 +634,10 @@ def cycle(parser, token):
         # {% cycle ... as foo [silent] %} case.
         if args[-3] == "as":
             if args[-1] != "silent":
-                raise TemplateSyntaxError("Only 'silent' flag is allowed after cycle's name, not '%s'." % args[-1])
+                raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+                    "Only 'silent' flag is allowed after cycle's name, not '%s'."
+                    % args[-1]
+                )
             as_form = True
             silent = True
             args = args[:-1]
@@ -619,7 +649,7 @@ def cycle(parser, token):
         name = args[-1]
         values = [parser.compile_filter(arg) for arg in args[1:-2]]
         node = CycleNode(values, name, silent=silent)
-        if not hasattr(parser, '_named_cycle_nodes'):
+        if not hasattr(parser, "_named_cycle_nodes"):
             parser._named_cycle_nodes = {}
         parser._named_cycle_nodes[name] = node
     else:
@@ -649,7 +679,7 @@ def debug(parser, token):
     return DebugNode()
 
 
-@register.tag('filter')
+@register.tag("filter")
 def do_filter(parser, token):
     """
     Filter the contents of the block through variable filters.
@@ -671,10 +701,13 @@ def do_filter(parser, token):
     _, rest = token.contents.split(None, 1)
     filter_expr = parser.compile_filter("var|%s" % (rest))
     for func, unused in filter_expr.filters:
-        filter_name = getattr(func, '_filter_name', None)
-        if filter_name in ('escape', 'safe'):
-            raise TemplateSyntaxError('"filter %s" is not permitted.  Use the "autoescape" tag instead.' % filter_name)
-    nodelist = parser.parse(('endfilter',))
+        filter_name = getattr(func, "_filter_name", None)
+        if filter_name in ("escape", "safe"):
+            raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+                '"filter %s" is not permitted.  Use the "autoescape" tag instead.'
+                % filter_name
+            )
+    nodelist = parser.parse(("endfilter",))
     parser.delete_first_token()
     return FilterNode(filter_expr, nodelist)
 
@@ -722,13 +755,13 @@ def firstof(parser, token):
     if not bits:
         raise TemplateSyntaxError("'firstof' statement requires at least one argument")
 
-    if len(bits) >= 2 and bits[-2] == 'as':
+    if len(bits) >= 2 and bits[-2] == "as":
         asvar = bits[-1]
         bits = bits[:-2]
     return FirstOfNode([parser.compile_filter(bit) for bit in bits], asvar)
 
 
-@register.tag('for')
+@register.tag("for")
 def do_for(parser, token):
     """
     Loop over each item in an array.
@@ -797,14 +830,16 @@ def do_for(parser, token):
             "'for' statements should have at least four words: %s" % token.contents
         )
 
-    is_reversed = bits[-1] == 'reversed'
+    is_reversed = bits[-1] == "reversed"
     in_index = -3 if is_reversed else -2
-    if bits[in_index] != 'in':
-        raise TemplateSyntaxError("'for' statements should use the format"
-                                  " 'for x in y': %s" % token.contents)
+    if bits[in_index] != "in":
+        raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+            "'for' statements should use the format"
+            " 'for x in y': %s" % token.contents
+        )
 
-    invalid_chars = frozenset((' ', '"', "'", FILTER_SEPARATOR))
-    loopvars = re.split(r' *, *', ' '.join(bits[1:in_index]))
+    invalid_chars = frozenset((" ", '"', "'", FILTER_SEPARATOR))
+    loopvars = re.split(r" *, *", " ".join(bits[1:in_index]))
     for var in loopvars:
         if not var or not invalid_chars.isdisjoint(var):
             raise TemplateSyntaxError(
@@ -812,10 +847,15 @@ def do_for(parser, token):
             )
 
     sequence = parser.compile_filter(bits[in_index + 1])
-    nodelist_loop = parser.parse(('empty', 'endfor',))
+    nodelist_loop = parser.parse(
+        (
+            "empty",
+            "endfor",
+        )
+    )
     token = parser.next_token()
-    if token.contents == 'empty':
-        nodelist_empty = parser.parse(('endfor',))
+    if token.contents == "empty":
+        nodelist_empty = parser.parse(("endfor",))
         parser.delete_first_token()
     else:
         nodelist_empty = None
@@ -845,7 +885,7 @@ class TemplateIfParser(IfParser):
         return TemplateLiteral(self.template_parser.compile_filter(value), value)
 
 
-@register.tag('if')
+@register.tag("if")
 def do_if(parser, token):
     """
     Evaluate a variable, and if that variable is "true" (i.e., exists, is not
@@ -907,27 +947,31 @@ def do_if(parser, token):
     # {% if ... %}
     bits = token.split_contents()[1:]
     condition = TemplateIfParser(parser, bits).parse()
-    nodelist = parser.parse(('elif', 'else', 'endif'))
+    nodelist = parser.parse(("elif", "else", "endif"))
     conditions_nodelists = [(condition, nodelist)]
     token = parser.next_token()
 
     # {% elif ... %} (repeatable)
-    while token.contents.startswith('elif'):
+    while token.contents.startswith("elif"):
         bits = token.split_contents()[1:]
         condition = TemplateIfParser(parser, bits).parse()
-        nodelist = parser.parse(('elif', 'else', 'endif'))
+        nodelist = parser.parse(("elif", "else", "endif"))
         conditions_nodelists.append((condition, nodelist))
         token = parser.next_token()
 
     # {% else %} (optional)
-    if token.contents == 'else':
-        nodelist = parser.parse(('endif',))
+    if token.contents == "else":
+        nodelist = parser.parse(("endif",))
         conditions_nodelists.append((None, nodelist))
         token = parser.next_token()
 
     # {% endif %}
-    if token.contents != 'endif':
-        raise TemplateSyntaxError('Malformed template tag at line {}: "{}"'.format(token.lineno, token.contents))
+    if token.contents != "endif":
+        raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+            'Malformed template tag at line {}: "{}"'.format(
+                token.lineno, token.contents
+            )
+        )
 
     return IfNode(conditions_nodelists)
 
@@ -963,10 +1007,10 @@ def ifchanged(parser, token):
             {% endfor %}
     """
     bits = token.split_contents()
-    nodelist_true = parser.parse(('else', 'endifchanged'))
+    nodelist_true = parser.parse(("else", "endifchanged"))
     token = parser.next_token()
-    if token.contents == 'else':
-        nodelist_false = parser.parse(('endifchanged',))
+    if token.contents == "else":
+        nodelist_false = parser.parse(("endifchanged",))
         parser.delete_first_token()
     else:
         nodelist_false = NodeList()
@@ -979,8 +1023,10 @@ def find_library(parser, name):
         return parser.libraries[name]
     except KeyError:
         raise TemplateSyntaxError(
-            "'%s' is not a registered tag library. Must be one of:\n%s" % (
-                name, "\n".join(sorted(parser.libraries)),
+            "'%s' is not a registered tag library. Must be one of:\n%s"
+            % (
+                name,
+                "\n".join(sorted(parser.libraries)),
             ),
         )
 
@@ -1000,8 +1046,10 @@ def load_from_library(library, label, names):
             subset.filters[name] = library.filters[name]
         if found is False:
             raise TemplateSyntaxError(
-                "'%s' is not a valid tag or filter in tag library '%s'" % (
-                    name, label,
+                "'%s' is not a valid tag or filter in tag library '%s'"
+                % (
+                    name,
+                    label,
                 ),
             )
     return subset
@@ -1066,19 +1114,19 @@ def lorem(parser, token):
     bits = list(token.split_contents())
     tagname = bits[0]
     # Random bit
-    common = bits[-1] != 'random'
+    common = bits[-1] != "random"
     if not common:
         bits.pop()
     # Method bit
-    if bits[-1] in ('w', 'p', 'b'):
+    if bits[-1] in ("w", "p", "b"):
         method = bits.pop()
     else:
-        method = 'b'
+        method = "b"
     # Count bit
     if len(bits) > 1:
         count = bits.pop()
     else:
-        count = '1'
+        count = "1"
     count = parser.compile_filter(count)
     if len(bits) != 1:
         raise TemplateSyntaxError("Incorrect format for %r tag" % tagname)
@@ -1099,7 +1147,7 @@ def now(parser, token):
     """
     bits = token.split_contents()
     asvar = None
-    if len(bits) == 4 and bits[-2] == 'as':
+    if len(bits) == 4 and bits[-2] == "as":
         asvar = bits[-1]
         bits = bits[:-2]
     if len(bits) != 2:
@@ -1159,12 +1207,10 @@ def regroup(parser, token):
     if len(bits) != 6:
         raise TemplateSyntaxError("'regroup' tag takes five arguments")
     target = parser.compile_filter(bits[1])
-    if bits[2] != 'by':
+    if bits[2] != "by":
         raise TemplateSyntaxError("second argument to 'regroup' tag must be 'by'")
-    if bits[4] != 'as':
-        raise TemplateSyntaxError(
-            "next-to-last argument to 'regroup' tag must be 'as'"
-        )
+    if bits[4] != "as":
+        raise TemplateSyntaxError("next-to-last argument to 'regroup' tag must be 'as'")
     var_name = bits[5]
     # RegroupNode will take each item in 'target', put it in the context under
     # 'var_name', evaluate 'var_name'.'expression' in the current context, and
@@ -1172,9 +1218,9 @@ def regroup(parser, token):
     # save the final result in the context under 'var_name', thus clearing the
     # temporary values. This hack is necessary because the template engine
     # doesn't provide a context-aware equivalent of Python's getattr.
-    expression = parser.compile_filter(var_name +
-                                       VARIABLE_ATTRIBUTE_SEPARATOR +
-                                       bits[3])
+    expression = parser.compile_filter(
+        var_name + VARIABLE_ATTRIBUTE_SEPARATOR + bits[3]
+    )
     return RegroupNode(target, expression, var_name)
 
 
@@ -1230,7 +1276,7 @@ def spaceless(parser, token):
             </strong>
         {% endspaceless %}
     """
-    nodelist = parser.parse(('endspaceless',))
+    nodelist = parser.parse(("endspaceless",))
     parser.delete_first_token()
     return SpacelessNode(nodelist)
 
@@ -1264,9 +1310,10 @@ def templatetag(parser, token):
         raise TemplateSyntaxError("'templatetag' statement takes one argument")
     tag = bits[1]
     if tag not in TemplateTagNode.mapping:
-        raise TemplateSyntaxError("Invalid templatetag argument: '%s'."
-                                  " Must be one of: %s" %
-                                  (tag, list(TemplateTagNode.mapping)))
+        raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+            "Invalid templatetag argument: '%s'."
+            " Must be one of: %s" % (tag, list(TemplateTagNode.mapping))
+        )
     return TemplateTagNode(tag)
 
 
@@ -1314,13 +1361,15 @@ def url(parser, token):
     """
     bits = token.split_contents()
     if len(bits) < 2:
-        raise TemplateSyntaxError("'%s' takes at least one argument, a URL pattern name." % bits[0])
+        raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+            "'%s' takes at least one argument, a URL pattern name." % bits[0]
+        )
     viewname = parser.compile_filter(bits[1])
     args = []
     kwargs = {}
     asvar = None
     bits = bits[2:]
-    if len(bits) >= 2 and bits[-2] == 'as':
+    if len(bits) >= 2 and bits[-2] == "as":
         asvar = bits[-1]
         bits = bits[:-2]
 
@@ -1355,7 +1404,7 @@ def verbatim(parser, token):
             ...
         {% endverbatim myblock %}
     """
-    nodelist = parser.parse(('endverbatim',))
+    nodelist = parser.parse(("endverbatim",))
     parser.delete_first_token()
     return VerbatimNode(nodelist.render(Context()))
 
@@ -1387,18 +1436,22 @@ def widthratio(parser, token):
         asvar = None
     elif len(bits) == 6:
         tag, this_value_expr, max_value_expr, max_width, as_, asvar = bits
-        if as_ != 'as':
-            raise TemplateSyntaxError("Invalid syntax in widthratio tag. Expecting 'as' keyword")
+        if as_ != "as":
+            raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+                "Invalid syntax in widthratio tag. Expecting 'as' keyword"
+            )
     else:
         raise TemplateSyntaxError("widthratio takes at least three arguments")
 
-    return WidthRatioNode(parser.compile_filter(this_value_expr),
-                          parser.compile_filter(max_value_expr),
-                          parser.compile_filter(max_width),
-                          asvar=asvar)
+    return WidthRatioNode(
+        parser.compile_filter(this_value_expr),
+        parser.compile_filter(max_value_expr),
+        parser.compile_filter(max_width),
+        asvar=asvar,
+    )
 
 
-@register.tag('with')
+@register.tag("with")
 def do_with(parser, token):
     """
     Add one or more values to the context (inside of this block) for caching
@@ -1427,8 +1480,9 @@ def do_with(parser, token):
             "%r expected at least one variable assignment" % bits[0]
         )
     if remaining_bits:
-        raise TemplateSyntaxError("%r received an invalid token: %r" %
-                                  (bits[0], remaining_bits[0]))
-    nodelist = parser.parse(('endwith',))
+        raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+            "%r received an invalid token: %r" % (bits[0], remaining_bits[0])
+        )
+    nodelist = parser.parse(("endwith",))
     parser.delete_first_token()
     return WithNode(None, None, nodelist, extra_context=extra_context)
diff --git a/django/template/engine.py b/django/template/engine.py
index 91e503f709..9e6f1e97da 100644
--- a/django/template/engine.py
+++ b/django/template/engine.py
@@ -12,28 +12,39 @@ from .library import import_library
 
 class Engine:
     default_builtins = [
-        'django.template.defaulttags',
-        'django.template.defaultfilters',
-        'django.template.loader_tags',
+        "django.template.defaulttags",
+        "django.template.defaultfilters",
+        "django.template.loader_tags",
     ]
 
-    def __init__(self, dirs=None, app_dirs=False, context_processors=None,
-                 debug=False, loaders=None, string_if_invalid='',
-                 file_charset='utf-8', libraries=None, builtins=None, autoescape=True):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dirs=None,
+        app_dirs=False,
+        context_processors=None,
+        debug=False,
+        loaders=None,
+        string_if_invalid="",
+        file_charset="utf-8",
+        libraries=None,
+        builtins=None,
+        autoescape=True,
+    ):
         if dirs is None:
             dirs = []
         if context_processors is None:
             context_processors = []
         if loaders is None:
-            loaders = ['django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader']
+            loaders = ["django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader"]
             if app_dirs:
-                loaders += ['django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader']
+                loaders += ["django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader"]
             if not debug:
-                loaders = [('django.template.loaders.cached.Loader', loaders)]
+                loaders = [("django.template.loaders.cached.Loader", loaders)]
         else:
             if app_dirs:
                 raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                    "app_dirs must not be set when loaders is defined.")
+                    "app_dirs must not be set when loaders is defined."
+                )
         if libraries is None:
             libraries = {}
         if builtins is None:
@@ -54,21 +65,21 @@ class Engine:
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return (
-            '<%s:%s app_dirs=%s%s debug=%s loaders=%s string_if_invalid=%s '
-            'file_charset=%s%s%s autoescape=%s>'
+            "<%s:%s app_dirs=%s%s debug=%s loaders=%s string_if_invalid=%s "
+            "file_charset=%s%s%s autoescape=%s>"
         ) % (
             self.__class__.__qualname__,
-            '' if not self.dirs else ' dirs=%s' % repr(self.dirs),
+            "" if not self.dirs else " dirs=%s" % repr(self.dirs),
             self.app_dirs,
-            ''
+            ""
             if not self.context_processors
-            else ' context_processors=%s' % repr(self.context_processors),
+            else " context_processors=%s" % repr(self.context_processors),
             self.debug,
             repr(self.loaders),
             repr(self.string_if_invalid),
             repr(self.file_charset),
-            '' if not self.libraries else ' libraries=%s' % repr(self.libraries),
-            '' if not self.builtins else ' builtins=%s' % repr(self.builtins),
+            "" if not self.libraries else " libraries=%s" % repr(self.libraries),
+            "" if not self.builtins else " builtins=%s" % repr(self.builtins),
             repr(self.autoescape),
         )
 
@@ -93,10 +104,11 @@ class Engine:
         # local imports are required to avoid import loops.
         from django.template import engines
         from django.template.backends.django import DjangoTemplates
+
         for engine in engines.all():
             if isinstance(engine, DjangoTemplates):
                 return engine.engine
-        raise ImproperlyConfigured('No DjangoTemplates backend is configured.')
+        raise ImproperlyConfigured("No DjangoTemplates backend is configured.")
 
     @cached_property
     def template_context_processors(self):
@@ -136,7 +148,8 @@ class Engine:
             return loader_class(self, *args)
         else:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                "Invalid value in template loaders configuration: %r" % loader)
+                "Invalid value in template loaders configuration: %r" % loader
+            )
 
     def find_template(self, name, dirs=None, skip=None):
         tried = []
@@ -161,7 +174,7 @@ class Engine:
         handling template inheritance recursively.
         """
         template, origin = self.find_template(template_name)
-        if not hasattr(template, 'render'):
+        if not hasattr(template, "render"):
             # template needs to be compiled
             template = Template(template, origin, template_name, engine=self)
         return template
@@ -197,4 +210,4 @@ class Engine:
                     not_found.append(exc.args[0])
                 continue
         # If we get here, none of the templates could be loaded
-        raise TemplateDoesNotExist(', '.join(not_found))
+        raise TemplateDoesNotExist(", ".join(not_found))
diff --git a/django/template/exceptions.py b/django/template/exceptions.py
index 97edc9eba4..2a9c92f779 100644
--- a/django/template/exceptions.py
+++ b/django/template/exceptions.py
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ class TemplateDoesNotExist(Exception):
         encapsulate multiple exceptions when loading templates from multiple
         engines.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, msg, tried=None, backend=None, chain=None):
         self.backend = backend
         if tried is None:
@@ -39,4 +40,5 @@ class TemplateSyntaxError(Exception):
     """
     The exception used for syntax errors during parsing or rendering.
     """
+
     pass
diff --git a/django/template/library.py b/django/template/library.py
index 06ea5f1ad8..fbec9484a1 100644
--- a/django/template/library.py
+++ b/django/template/library.py
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ class Library:
     The filter, simple_tag, and inclusion_tag methods provide a convenient
     way to register callables as tags.
     """
+
     def __init__(self):
         self.filters = {}
         self.tags = {}
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ class Library:
                 # @register.tag('somename') or @register.tag(name='somename')
                 def dec(func):
                     return self.tag(name, func)
+
                 return dec
         elif name is not None and compile_function is not None:
             # register.tag('somename', somefunc)
@@ -43,8 +45,8 @@ class Library:
             return compile_function
         else:
             raise ValueError(
-                "Unsupported arguments to Library.tag: (%r, %r)" %
-                (name, compile_function),
+                "Unsupported arguments to Library.tag: (%r, %r)"
+                % (name, compile_function),
             )
 
     def tag_function(self, func):
@@ -63,6 +65,7 @@ class Library:
             # @register.filter()
             def dec(func):
                 return self.filter_function(func, **flags)
+
             return dec
         elif name is not None and filter_func is None:
             if callable(name):
@@ -72,11 +75,12 @@ class Library:
                 # @register.filter('somename') or @register.filter(name='somename')
                 def dec(func):
                     return self.filter(name, func, **flags)
+
                 return dec
         elif name is not None and filter_func is not None:
             # register.filter('somename', somefunc)
             self.filters[name] = filter_func
-            for attr in ('expects_localtime', 'is_safe', 'needs_autoescape'):
+            for attr in ("expects_localtime", "is_safe", "needs_autoescape"):
                 if attr in flags:
                     value = flags[attr]
                     # set the flag on the filter for FilterExpression.resolve
@@ -88,8 +92,8 @@ class Library:
             return filter_func
         else:
             raise ValueError(
-                "Unsupported arguments to Library.filter: (%r, %r)" %
-                (name, filter_func),
+                "Unsupported arguments to Library.filter: (%r, %r)"
+                % (name, filter_func),
             )
 
     def filter_function(self, func, **flags):
@@ -103,22 +107,40 @@ class Library:
         def hello(*args, **kwargs):
             return 'world'
         """
+
         def dec(func):
-            params, varargs, varkw, defaults, kwonly, kwonly_defaults, _ = getfullargspec(unwrap(func))
-            function_name = (name or func.__name__)
+            (
+                params,
+                varargs,
+                varkw,
+                defaults,
+                kwonly,
+                kwonly_defaults,
+                _,
+            ) = getfullargspec(unwrap(func))
+            function_name = name or func.__name__
 
             @functools.wraps(func)
             def compile_func(parser, token):
                 bits = token.split_contents()[1:]
                 target_var = None
-                if len(bits) >= 2 and bits[-2] == 'as':
+                if len(bits) >= 2 and bits[-2] == "as":
                     target_var = bits[-1]
                     bits = bits[:-2]
                 args, kwargs = parse_bits(
-                    parser, bits, params, varargs, varkw, defaults,
-                    kwonly, kwonly_defaults, takes_context, function_name,
+                    parser,
+                    bits,
+                    params,
+                    varargs,
+                    varkw,
+                    defaults,
+                    kwonly,
+                    kwonly_defaults,
+                    takes_context,
+                    function_name,
                 )
                 return SimpleNode(func, takes_context, args, kwargs, target_var)
+
             self.tag(function_name, compile_func)
             return func
 
@@ -140,22 +162,45 @@ class Library:
             choices = poll.choice_set.all()
             return {'choices': choices}
         """
+
         def dec(func):
-            params, varargs, varkw, defaults, kwonly, kwonly_defaults, _ = getfullargspec(unwrap(func))
+            (
+                params,
+                varargs,
+                varkw,
+                defaults,
+                kwonly,
+                kwonly_defaults,
+                _,
+            ) = getfullargspec(unwrap(func))
             function_name = name or func.__name__
 
             @functools.wraps(func)
             def compile_func(parser, token):
                 bits = token.split_contents()[1:]
                 args, kwargs = parse_bits(
-                    parser, bits, params, varargs, varkw, defaults,
-                    kwonly, kwonly_defaults, takes_context, function_name,
+                    parser,
+                    bits,
+                    params,
+                    varargs,
+                    varkw,
+                    defaults,
+                    kwonly,
+                    kwonly_defaults,
+                    takes_context,
+                    function_name,
                 )
                 return InclusionNode(
-                    func, takes_context, args, kwargs, filename,
+                    func,
+                    takes_context,
+                    args,
+                    kwargs,
+                    filename,
                 )
+
             self.tag(function_name, compile_func)
             return func
+
         return dec
 
 
@@ -165,6 +210,7 @@ class TagHelperNode(Node):
     Manages the positional and keyword arguments to be passed to the decorated
     function.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, func, takes_context, args, kwargs):
         self.func = func
         self.takes_context = takes_context
@@ -191,14 +237,13 @@ class SimpleNode(TagHelperNode):
         output = self.func(*resolved_args, **resolved_kwargs)
         if self.target_var is not None:
             context[self.target_var] = output
-            return ''
+            return ""
         if context.autoescape:
             output = conditional_escape(output)
         return output
 
 
 class InclusionNode(TagHelperNode):
-
     def __init__(self, func, takes_context, args, kwargs, filename):
         super().__init__(func, takes_context, args, kwargs)
         self.filename = filename
@@ -216,7 +261,7 @@ class InclusionNode(TagHelperNode):
         if t is None:
             if isinstance(self.filename, Template):
                 t = self.filename
-            elif isinstance(getattr(self.filename, 'template', None), Template):
+            elif isinstance(getattr(self.filename, "template", None), Template):
                 t = self.filename.template
             elif not isinstance(self.filename, str) and is_iterable(self.filename):
                 t = context.template.engine.select_template(self.filename)
@@ -227,32 +272,42 @@ class InclusionNode(TagHelperNode):
         # Copy across the CSRF token, if present, because inclusion tags are
         # often used for forms, and we need instructions for using CSRF
         # protection to be as simple as possible.
-        csrf_token = context.get('csrf_token')
+        csrf_token = context.get("csrf_token")
         if csrf_token is not None:
-            new_context['csrf_token'] = csrf_token
+            new_context["csrf_token"] = csrf_token
         return t.render(new_context)
 
 
-def parse_bits(parser, bits, params, varargs, varkw, defaults,
-               kwonly, kwonly_defaults, takes_context, name):
+def parse_bits(
+    parser,
+    bits,
+    params,
+    varargs,
+    varkw,
+    defaults,
+    kwonly,
+    kwonly_defaults,
+    takes_context,
+    name,
+):
     """
     Parse bits for template tag helpers simple_tag and inclusion_tag, in
     particular by detecting syntax errors and by extracting positional and
     keyword arguments.
     """
     if takes_context:
-        if params and params[0] == 'context':
+        if params and params[0] == "context":
             params = params[1:]
         else:
             raise TemplateSyntaxError(
                 "'%s' is decorated with takes_context=True so it must "
-                "have a first argument of 'context'" % name)
+                "have a first argument of 'context'" % name
+            )
     args = []
     kwargs = {}
     unhandled_params = list(params)
     unhandled_kwargs = [
-        kwarg for kwarg in kwonly
-        if not kwonly_defaults or kwarg not in kwonly_defaults
+        kwarg for kwarg in kwonly if not kwonly_defaults or kwarg not in kwonly_defaults
     ]
     for bit in bits:
         # First we try to extract a potential kwarg from the bit
@@ -263,13 +318,14 @@ def parse_bits(parser, bits, params, varargs, varkw, defaults,
             if param not in params and param not in kwonly and varkw is None:
                 # An unexpected keyword argument was supplied
                 raise TemplateSyntaxError(
-                    "'%s' received unexpected keyword argument '%s'" %
-                    (name, param))
+                    "'%s' received unexpected keyword argument '%s'" % (name, param)
+                )
             elif param in kwargs:
                 # The keyword argument has already been supplied once
                 raise TemplateSyntaxError(
-                    "'%s' received multiple values for keyword argument '%s'" %
-                    (name, param))
+                    "'%s' received multiple values for keyword argument '%s'"
+                    % (name, param)
+                )
             else:
                 # All good, record the keyword argument
                 kwargs[str(param)] = value
@@ -284,7 +340,8 @@ def parse_bits(parser, bits, params, varargs, varkw, defaults,
             if kwargs:
                 raise TemplateSyntaxError(
                     "'%s' received some positional argument(s) after some "
-                    "keyword argument(s)" % name)
+                    "keyword argument(s)" % name
+                )
             else:
                 # Record the positional argument
                 args.append(parser.compile_filter(bit))
@@ -294,17 +351,18 @@ def parse_bits(parser, bits, params, varargs, varkw, defaults,
                 except IndexError:
                     if varargs is None:
                         raise TemplateSyntaxError(
-                            "'%s' received too many positional arguments" %
-                            name)
+                            "'%s' received too many positional arguments" % name
+                        )
     if defaults is not None:
         # Consider the last n params handled, where n is the
         # number of defaults.
-        unhandled_params = unhandled_params[:-len(defaults)]
+        unhandled_params = unhandled_params[: -len(defaults)]
     if unhandled_params or unhandled_kwargs:
         # Some positional arguments were not supplied
         raise TemplateSyntaxError(
-            "'%s' did not receive value(s) for the argument(s): %s" %
-            (name, ", ".join("'%s'" % p for p in unhandled_params + unhandled_kwargs)))
+            "'%s' did not receive value(s) for the argument(s): %s"
+            % (name, ", ".join("'%s'" % p for p in unhandled_params + unhandled_kwargs))
+        )
     return args, kwargs
 
 
diff --git a/django/template/loader.py b/django/template/loader.py
index 2492aee760..9b108f3456 100644
--- a/django/template/loader.py
+++ b/django/template/loader.py
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ def select_template(template_name_list, using=None):
     """
     if isinstance(template_name_list, str):
         raise TypeError(
-            'select_template() takes an iterable of template names but got a '
-            'string: %r. Use get_template() if you want to load a single '
-            'template by name.' % template_name_list
+            "select_template() takes an iterable of template names but got a "
+            "string: %r. Use get_template() if you want to load a single "
+            "template by name." % template_name_list
         )
 
     chain = []
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def select_template(template_name_list, using=None):
                 chain.append(e)
 
     if template_name_list:
-        raise TemplateDoesNotExist(', '.join(template_name_list), chain=chain)
+        raise TemplateDoesNotExist(", ".join(template_name_list), chain=chain)
     else:
         raise TemplateDoesNotExist("No template names provided")
 
diff --git a/django/template/loader_tags.py b/django/template/loader_tags.py
index 37cefaf9c7..bf4d4f0d74 100644
--- a/django/template/loader_tags.py
+++ b/django/template/loader_tags.py
@@ -3,14 +3,12 @@ from collections import defaultdict
 
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
 
-from .base import (
-    Node, Template, TemplateSyntaxError, TextNode, Variable, token_kwargs,
-)
+from .base import Node, Template, TemplateSyntaxError, TextNode, Variable, token_kwargs
 from .library import Library
 
 register = Library()
 
-BLOCK_CONTEXT_KEY = 'block_context'
+BLOCK_CONTEXT_KEY = "block_context"
 
 
 class BlockContext:
@@ -19,7 +17,7 @@ class BlockContext:
         self.blocks = defaultdict(list)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return f'<{self.__class__.__qualname__}: blocks={self.blocks!r}>'
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__qualname__}: blocks={self.blocks!r}>"
 
     def add_blocks(self, blocks):
         for name, block in blocks.items():
@@ -52,7 +50,7 @@ class BlockNode(Node):
         block_context = context.render_context.get(BLOCK_CONTEXT_KEY)
         with context.push():
             if block_context is None:
-                context['block'] = self
+                context["block"] = self
                 result = self.nodelist.render(context)
             else:
                 push = block = block_context.pop(self.name)
@@ -61,28 +59,30 @@ class BlockNode(Node):
                 # Create new block so we can store context without thread-safety issues.
                 block = type(self)(block.name, block.nodelist)
                 block.context = context
-                context['block'] = block
+                context["block"] = block
                 result = block.nodelist.render(context)
                 if push is not None:
                     block_context.push(self.name, push)
         return result
 
     def super(self):
-        if not hasattr(self, 'context'):
+        if not hasattr(self, "context"):
             raise TemplateSyntaxError(
                 "'%s' object has no attribute 'context'. Did you use "
                 "{{ block.super }} in a base template?" % self.__class__.__name__
             )
         render_context = self.context.render_context
-        if (BLOCK_CONTEXT_KEY in render_context and
-                render_context[BLOCK_CONTEXT_KEY].get_block(self.name) is not None):
+        if (
+            BLOCK_CONTEXT_KEY in render_context
+            and render_context[BLOCK_CONTEXT_KEY].get_block(self.name) is not None
+        ):
             return mark_safe(self.render(self.context))
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
 
 class ExtendsNode(Node):
     must_be_first = True
-    context_key = 'extends_context'
+    context_key = "extends_context"
 
     def __init__(self, nodelist, parent_name, template_dirs=None):
         self.nodelist = nodelist
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class ExtendsNode(Node):
         self.blocks = {n.name: n for n in nodelist.get_nodes_by_type(BlockNode)}
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s: extends %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.parent_name.token)
+        return "<%s: extends %s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.parent_name.token)
 
     def find_template(self, template_name, context):
         """
@@ -101,10 +101,12 @@ class ExtendsNode(Node):
         without extending the same template twice.
         """
         history = context.render_context.setdefault(
-            self.context_key, [self.origin],
+            self.context_key,
+            [self.origin],
         )
         template, origin = context.template.engine.find_template(
-            template_name, skip=history,
+            template_name,
+            skip=history,
         )
         history.append(origin)
         return template
@@ -113,15 +115,15 @@ class ExtendsNode(Node):
         parent = self.parent_name.resolve(context)
         if not parent:
             error_msg = "Invalid template name in 'extends' tag: %r." % parent
-            if self.parent_name.filters or\
-                    isinstance(self.parent_name.var, Variable):
-                error_msg += " Got this from the '%s' variable." %\
-                    self.parent_name.token
+            if self.parent_name.filters or isinstance(self.parent_name.var, Variable):
+                error_msg += (
+                    " Got this from the '%s' variable." % self.parent_name.token
+                )
             raise TemplateSyntaxError(error_msg)
         if isinstance(parent, Template):
             # parent is a django.template.Template
             return parent
-        if isinstance(getattr(parent, 'template', None), Template):
+        if isinstance(getattr(parent, "template", None), Template):
             # parent is a django.template.backends.django.Template
             return parent.template
         return self.find_template(parent, context)
@@ -142,8 +144,10 @@ class ExtendsNode(Node):
             # The ExtendsNode has to be the first non-text node.
             if not isinstance(node, TextNode):
                 if not isinstance(node, ExtendsNode):
-                    blocks = {n.name: n for n in
-                              compiled_parent.nodelist.get_nodes_by_type(BlockNode)}
+                    blocks = {
+                        n.name: n
+                        for n in compiled_parent.nodelist.get_nodes_by_type(BlockNode)
+                    }
                     block_context.add_blocks(blocks)
                 break
 
@@ -154,16 +158,18 @@ class ExtendsNode(Node):
 
 
 class IncludeNode(Node):
-    context_key = '__include_context'
+    context_key = "__include_context"
 
-    def __init__(self, template, *args, extra_context=None, isolated_context=False, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self, template, *args, extra_context=None, isolated_context=False, **kwargs
+    ):
         self.template = template
         self.extra_context = extra_context or {}
         self.isolated_context = isolated_context
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return f'<{self.__class__.__qualname__}: template={self.template!r}>'
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__qualname__}: template={self.template!r}>"
 
     def render(self, context):
         """
@@ -173,14 +179,16 @@ class IncludeNode(Node):
         """
         template = self.template.resolve(context)
         # Does this quack like a Template?
-        if not callable(getattr(template, 'render', None)):
+        if not callable(getattr(template, "render", None)):
             # If not, try the cache and select_template().
             template_name = template or ()
             if isinstance(template_name, str):
-                template_name = (construct_relative_path(
-                    self.origin.template_name,
-                    template_name,
-                ),)
+                template_name = (
+                    construct_relative_path(
+                        self.origin.template_name,
+                        template_name,
+                    ),
+                )
             else:
                 template_name = tuple(template_name)
             cache = context.render_context.dicts[0].setdefault(self, {})
@@ -189,11 +197,10 @@ class IncludeNode(Node):
                 template = context.template.engine.select_template(template_name)
                 cache[template_name] = template
         # Use the base.Template of a backends.django.Template.
-        elif hasattr(template, 'template'):
+        elif hasattr(template, "template"):
             template = template.template
         values = {
-            name: var.resolve(context)
-            for name, var in self.extra_context.items()
+            name: var.resolve(context) for name, var in self.extra_context.items()
         }
         if self.isolated_context:
             return template.render(context.new(values))
@@ -201,7 +208,7 @@ class IncludeNode(Node):
             return template.render(context)
 
 
-@register.tag('block')
+@register.tag("block")
 def do_block(parser, token):
     """
     Define a block that can be overridden by child templates.
@@ -215,17 +222,19 @@ def do_block(parser, token):
     # check for duplication.
     try:
         if block_name in parser.__loaded_blocks:
-            raise TemplateSyntaxError("'%s' tag with name '%s' appears more than once" % (bits[0], block_name))
+            raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+                "'%s' tag with name '%s' appears more than once" % (bits[0], block_name)
+            )
         parser.__loaded_blocks.append(block_name)
     except AttributeError:  # parser.__loaded_blocks isn't a list yet
         parser.__loaded_blocks = [block_name]
-    nodelist = parser.parse(('endblock',))
+    nodelist = parser.parse(("endblock",))
 
     # This check is kept for backwards-compatibility. See #3100.
     endblock = parser.next_token()
-    acceptable_endblocks = ('endblock', 'endblock %s' % block_name)
+    acceptable_endblocks = ("endblock", "endblock %s" % block_name)
     if endblock.contents not in acceptable_endblocks:
-        parser.invalid_block_tag(endblock, 'endblock', acceptable_endblocks)
+        parser.invalid_block_tag(endblock, "endblock", acceptable_endblocks)
 
     return BlockNode(block_name, nodelist)
 
@@ -235,37 +244,36 @@ def construct_relative_path(current_template_name, relative_name):
     Convert a relative path (starting with './' or '../') to the full template
     name based on the current_template_name.
     """
-    new_name = relative_name.strip('\'"')
-    if not new_name.startswith(('./', '../')):
+    new_name = relative_name.strip("'\"")
+    if not new_name.startswith(("./", "../")):
         # relative_name is a variable or a literal that doesn't contain a
         # relative path.
         return relative_name
 
     new_name = posixpath.normpath(
         posixpath.join(
-            posixpath.dirname(current_template_name.lstrip('/')),
+            posixpath.dirname(current_template_name.lstrip("/")),
             new_name,
         )
     )
-    if new_name.startswith('../'):
+    if new_name.startswith("../"):
         raise TemplateSyntaxError(
             "The relative path '%s' points outside the file hierarchy that "
             "template '%s' is in." % (relative_name, current_template_name)
         )
-    if current_template_name.lstrip('/') == new_name:
+    if current_template_name.lstrip("/") == new_name:
         raise TemplateSyntaxError(
             "The relative path '%s' was translated to template name '%s', the "
             "same template in which the tag appears."
             % (relative_name, current_template_name)
         )
     has_quotes = (
-        relative_name.startswith(('"', "'")) and
-        relative_name[0] == relative_name[-1]
+        relative_name.startswith(('"', "'")) and relative_name[0] == relative_name[-1]
     )
     return f'"{new_name}"' if has_quotes else new_name
 
 
-@register.tag('extends')
+@register.tag("extends")
 def do_extends(parser, token):
     """
     Signal that this template extends a parent template.
@@ -283,11 +291,13 @@ def do_extends(parser, token):
     parent_name = parser.compile_filter(bits[1])
     nodelist = parser.parse()
     if nodelist.get_nodes_by_type(ExtendsNode):
-        raise TemplateSyntaxError("'%s' cannot appear more than once in the same template" % bits[0])
+        raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+            "'%s' cannot appear more than once in the same template" % bits[0]
+        )
     return ExtendsNode(nodelist, parent_name)
 
 
-@register.tag('include')
+@register.tag("include")
 def do_include(parser, token):
     """
     Load a template and render it with the current context. You can pass
@@ -316,22 +326,26 @@ def do_include(parser, token):
         option = remaining_bits.pop(0)
         if option in options:
             raise TemplateSyntaxError(
-                'The %r option was specified more than once.' % option
+                "The %r option was specified more than once." % option
             )
-        if option == 'with':
+        if option == "with":
             value = token_kwargs(remaining_bits, parser, support_legacy=False)
             if not value:
                 raise TemplateSyntaxError(
                     '"with" in %r tag needs at least one keyword argument.' % bits[0]
                 )
-        elif option == 'only':
+        elif option == "only":
             value = True
         else:
-            raise TemplateSyntaxError('Unknown argument for %r tag: %r.' %
-                                      (bits[0], option))
+            raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+                "Unknown argument for %r tag: %r." % (bits[0], option)
+            )
         options[option] = value
-    isolated_context = options.get('only', False)
-    namemap = options.get('with', {})
+    isolated_context = options.get("only", False)
+    namemap = options.get("with", {})
     bits[1] = construct_relative_path(parser.origin.template_name, bits[1])
-    return IncludeNode(parser.compile_filter(bits[1]), extra_context=namemap,
-                       isolated_context=isolated_context)
+    return IncludeNode(
+        parser.compile_filter(bits[1]),
+        extra_context=namemap,
+        isolated_context=isolated_context,
+    )
diff --git a/django/template/loaders/app_directories.py b/django/template/loaders/app_directories.py
index c9a8adf49c..0bd7dc8e25 100644
--- a/django/template/loaders/app_directories.py
+++ b/django/template/loaders/app_directories.py
@@ -9,6 +9,5 @@ from .filesystem import Loader as FilesystemLoader
 
 
 class Loader(FilesystemLoader):
-
     def get_dirs(self):
-        return get_app_template_dirs('templates')
+        return get_app_template_dirs("templates")
diff --git a/django/template/loaders/base.py b/django/template/loaders/base.py
index b77ea9eca2..9168c26c54 100644
--- a/django/template/loaders/base.py
+++ b/django/template/loaders/base.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from django.template import Template, TemplateDoesNotExist
 
 
 class Loader:
-
     def __init__(self, engine):
         self.engine = engine
 
@@ -17,17 +16,20 @@ class Loader:
 
         for origin in self.get_template_sources(template_name):
             if skip is not None and origin in skip:
-                tried.append((origin, 'Skipped to avoid recursion'))
+                tried.append((origin, "Skipped to avoid recursion"))
                 continue
 
             try:
                 contents = self.get_contents(origin)
             except TemplateDoesNotExist:
-                tried.append((origin, 'Source does not exist'))
+                tried.append((origin, "Source does not exist"))
                 continue
             else:
                 return Template(
-                    contents, origin, origin.template_name, self.engine,
+                    contents,
+                    origin,
+                    origin.template_name,
+                    self.engine,
                 )
 
         raise TemplateDoesNotExist(template_name, tried=tried)
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ class Loader:
         template name.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError(
-            'subclasses of Loader must provide a get_template_sources() method'
+            "subclasses of Loader must provide a get_template_sources() method"
         )
 
     def reset(self):
diff --git a/django/template/loaders/cached.py b/django/template/loaders/cached.py
index bb47682d7f..4f40953831 100644
--- a/django/template/loaders/cached.py
+++ b/django/template/loaders/cached.py
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ from .base import Loader as BaseLoader
 
 
 class Loader(BaseLoader):
-
     def __init__(self, engine, loaders):
         self.get_template_cache = {}
         self.loaders = engine.get_template_loaders(loaders)
@@ -57,7 +56,9 @@ class Loader(BaseLoader):
         try:
             template = super().get_template(template_name, skip)
         except TemplateDoesNotExist as e:
-            self.get_template_cache[key] = copy_exception(e) if self.engine.debug else TemplateDoesNotExist
+            self.get_template_cache[key] = (
+                copy_exception(e) if self.engine.debug else TemplateDoesNotExist
+            )
             raise
         else:
             self.get_template_cache[key] = template
@@ -80,17 +81,19 @@ class Loader(BaseLoader):
             y -> a -> a
             z -> a -> a
         """
-        skip_prefix = ''
+        skip_prefix = ""
 
         if skip:
-            matching = [origin.name for origin in skip if origin.template_name == template_name]
+            matching = [
+                origin.name for origin in skip if origin.template_name == template_name
+            ]
             if matching:
                 skip_prefix = self.generate_hash(matching)
 
-        return '-'.join(s for s in (str(template_name), skip_prefix) if s)
+        return "-".join(s for s in (str(template_name), skip_prefix) if s)
 
     def generate_hash(self, values):
-        return hashlib.sha1('|'.join(values).encode()).hexdigest()
+        return hashlib.sha1("|".join(values).encode()).hexdigest()
 
     def reset(self):
         "Empty the template cache."
diff --git a/django/template/loaders/filesystem.py b/django/template/loaders/filesystem.py
index 2e49e3d6b3..a2474a3fad 100644
--- a/django/template/loaders/filesystem.py
+++ b/django/template/loaders/filesystem.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ from .base import Loader as BaseLoader
 
 
 class Loader(BaseLoader):
-
     def __init__(self, engine, dirs=None):
         super().__init__(engine)
         self.dirs = dirs
diff --git a/django/template/loaders/locmem.py b/django/template/loaders/locmem.py
index 25d7672719..432de62b6c 100644
--- a/django/template/loaders/locmem.py
+++ b/django/template/loaders/locmem.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from .base import Loader as BaseLoader
 
 
 class Loader(BaseLoader):
-
     def __init__(self, engine, templates_dict):
         self.templates_dict = templates_dict
         super().__init__(engine)
diff --git a/django/template/response.py b/django/template/response.py
index 63d2f4a577..c38b95e9de 100644
--- a/django/template/response.py
+++ b/django/template/response.py
@@ -8,10 +8,18 @@ class ContentNotRenderedError(Exception):
 
 
 class SimpleTemplateResponse(HttpResponse):
-    rendering_attrs = ['template_name', 'context_data', '_post_render_callbacks']
+    rendering_attrs = ["template_name", "context_data", "_post_render_callbacks"]
 
-    def __init__(self, template, context=None, content_type=None, status=None,
-                 charset=None, using=None, headers=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        template,
+        context=None,
+        content_type=None,
+        status=None,
+        charset=None,
+        using=None,
+        headers=None,
+    ):
         # It would seem obvious to call these next two members 'template' and
         # 'context', but those names are reserved as part of the test Client
         # API. To avoid the name collision, we use different names.
@@ -33,7 +41,7 @@ class SimpleTemplateResponse(HttpResponse):
         # content argument doesn't make sense here because it will be replaced
         # with rendered template so we always pass empty string in order to
         # prevent errors and provide shorter signature.
-        super().__init__('', content_type, status, charset=charset, headers=headers)
+        super().__init__("", content_type, status, charset=charset, headers=headers)
 
         # _is_rendered tracks whether the template and context has been baked
         # into a final response.
@@ -50,7 +58,7 @@ class SimpleTemplateResponse(HttpResponse):
         obj_dict = self.__dict__.copy()
         if not self._is_rendered:
             raise ContentNotRenderedError(
-                'The response content must be rendered before it can be pickled.'
+                "The response content must be rendered before it can be pickled."
             )
         for attr in self.rendering_attrs:
             if attr in obj_dict:
@@ -117,7 +125,7 @@ class SimpleTemplateResponse(HttpResponse):
     def __iter__(self):
         if not self._is_rendered:
             raise ContentNotRenderedError(
-                'The response content must be rendered before it can be iterated over.'
+                "The response content must be rendered before it can be iterated over."
             )
         return super().__iter__()
 
@@ -125,7 +133,7 @@ class SimpleTemplateResponse(HttpResponse):
     def content(self):
         if not self._is_rendered:
             raise ContentNotRenderedError(
-                'The response content must be rendered before it can be accessed.'
+                "The response content must be rendered before it can be accessed."
             )
         return super().content
 
@@ -137,9 +145,20 @@ class SimpleTemplateResponse(HttpResponse):
 
 
 class TemplateResponse(SimpleTemplateResponse):
-    rendering_attrs = SimpleTemplateResponse.rendering_attrs + ['_request']
+    rendering_attrs = SimpleTemplateResponse.rendering_attrs + ["_request"]
 
-    def __init__(self, request, template, context=None, content_type=None,
-                 status=None, charset=None, using=None, headers=None):
-        super().__init__(template, context, content_type, status, charset, using, headers=headers)
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        request,
+        template,
+        context=None,
+        content_type=None,
+        status=None,
+        charset=None,
+        using=None,
+        headers=None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            template, context, content_type, status, charset, using, headers=headers
+        )
         self._request = request
diff --git a/django/template/smartif.py b/django/template/smartif.py
index 96a1af8db0..5b15a5a476 100644
--- a/django/template/smartif.py
+++ b/django/template/smartif.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ class TokenBase:
     Base class for operators and literals, mainly for debugging and for throwing
     syntax errors.
     """
+
     id = None  # node/token type name
     value = None  # used by literals
     first = second = None  # used by tree nodes
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@ def infix(bp, func):
     Create an infix operator, given a binding power and a function that
     evaluates the node.
     """
+
     class Operator(TokenBase):
         lbp = bp
 
@@ -70,6 +72,7 @@ def prefix(bp, func):
     Create a prefix operator, given a binding power and a function that
     evaluates the node.
     """
+
     class Operator(TokenBase):
         lbp = bp
 
@@ -91,19 +94,19 @@ def prefix(bp, func):
 # We defer variable evaluation to the lambda to ensure that terms are
 # lazily evaluated using Python's boolean parsing logic.
 OPERATORS = {
-    'or': infix(6, lambda context, x, y: x.eval(context) or y.eval(context)),
-    'and': infix(7, lambda context, x, y: x.eval(context) and y.eval(context)),
-    'not': prefix(8, lambda context, x: not x.eval(context)),
-    'in': infix(9, lambda context, x, y: x.eval(context) in y.eval(context)),
-    'not in': infix(9, lambda context, x, y: x.eval(context) not in y.eval(context)),
-    'is': infix(10, lambda context, x, y: x.eval(context) is y.eval(context)),
-    'is not': infix(10, lambda context, x, y: x.eval(context) is not y.eval(context)),
-    '==': infix(10, lambda context, x, y: x.eval(context) == y.eval(context)),
-    '!=': infix(10, lambda context, x, y: x.eval(context) != y.eval(context)),
-    '>': infix(10, lambda context, x, y: x.eval(context) > y.eval(context)),
-    '>=': infix(10, lambda context, x, y: x.eval(context) >= y.eval(context)),
-    '<': infix(10, lambda context, x, y: x.eval(context) < y.eval(context)),
-    '<=': infix(10, lambda context, x, y: x.eval(context) <= y.eval(context)),
+    "or": infix(6, lambda context, x, y: x.eval(context) or y.eval(context)),
+    "and": infix(7, lambda context, x, y: x.eval(context) and y.eval(context)),
+    "not": prefix(8, lambda context, x: not x.eval(context)),
+    "in": infix(9, lambda context, x, y: x.eval(context) in y.eval(context)),
+    "not in": infix(9, lambda context, x, y: x.eval(context) not in y.eval(context)),
+    "is": infix(10, lambda context, x, y: x.eval(context) is y.eval(context)),
+    "is not": infix(10, lambda context, x, y: x.eval(context) is not y.eval(context)),
+    "==": infix(10, lambda context, x, y: x.eval(context) == y.eval(context)),
+    "!=": infix(10, lambda context, x, y: x.eval(context) != y.eval(context)),
+    ">": infix(10, lambda context, x, y: x.eval(context) > y.eval(context)),
+    ">=": infix(10, lambda context, x, y: x.eval(context) >= y.eval(context)),
+    "<": infix(10, lambda context, x, y: x.eval(context) < y.eval(context)),
+    "<=": infix(10, lambda context, x, y: x.eval(context) <= y.eval(context)),
 }
 
 # Assign 'id' to each:
@@ -115,6 +118,7 @@ class Literal(TokenBase):
     """
     A basic self-resolvable object similar to a Django template variable.
     """
+
     # IfParser uses Literal in create_var, but TemplateIfParser overrides
     # create_var so that a proper implementation that actually resolves
     # variables, filters etc. is used.
@@ -190,8 +194,9 @@ class IfParser:
         retval = self.expression()
         # Check that we have exhausted all the tokens
         if self.current_token is not EndToken:
-            raise self.error_class("Unused '%s' at end of if expression." %
-                                   self.current_token.display())
+            raise self.error_class(
+                "Unused '%s' at end of if expression." % self.current_token.display()
+            )
         return retval
 
     def expression(self, rbp=0):
diff --git a/django/template/utils.py b/django/template/utils.py
index ad7baba2f3..2b118f900e 100644
--- a/django/template/utils.py
+++ b/django/template/utils.py
@@ -33,31 +33,34 @@ class EngineHandler:
             try:
                 # This will raise an exception if 'BACKEND' doesn't exist or
                 # isn't a string containing at least one dot.
-                default_name = tpl['BACKEND'].rsplit('.', 2)[-2]
+                default_name = tpl["BACKEND"].rsplit(".", 2)[-2]
             except Exception:
-                invalid_backend = tpl.get('BACKEND', '<not defined>')
+                invalid_backend = tpl.get("BACKEND", "<not defined>")
                 raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                     "Invalid BACKEND for a template engine: {}. Check "
-                    "your TEMPLATES setting.".format(invalid_backend))
+                    "your TEMPLATES setting.".format(invalid_backend)
+                )
 
             tpl = {
-                'NAME': default_name,
-                'DIRS': [],
-                'APP_DIRS': False,
-                'OPTIONS': {},
+                "NAME": default_name,
+                "DIRS": [],
+                "APP_DIRS": False,
+                "OPTIONS": {},
                 **tpl,
             }
 
-            templates[tpl['NAME']] = tpl
-            backend_names.append(tpl['NAME'])
+            templates[tpl["NAME"]] = tpl
+            backend_names.append(tpl["NAME"])
 
         counts = Counter(backend_names)
         duplicates = [alias for alias, count in counts.most_common() if count > 1]
         if duplicates:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                 "Template engine aliases aren't unique, duplicates: {}. "
-                "Set a unique NAME for each engine in settings.TEMPLATES."
-                .format(", ".join(duplicates)))
+                "Set a unique NAME for each engine in settings.TEMPLATES.".format(
+                    ", ".join(duplicates)
+                )
+            )
 
         return templates
 
@@ -70,13 +73,14 @@ class EngineHandler:
             except KeyError:
                 raise InvalidTemplateEngineError(
                     "Could not find config for '{}' "
-                    "in settings.TEMPLATES".format(alias))
+                    "in settings.TEMPLATES".format(alias)
+                )
 
             # If importing or initializing the backend raises an exception,
             # self._engines[alias] isn't set and this code may get executed
             # again, so we must preserve the original params. See #24265.
             params = params.copy()
-            backend = params.pop('BACKEND')
+            backend = params.pop("BACKEND")
             engine_cls = import_string(backend)
             engine = engine_cls(params)
 
diff --git a/django/templatetags/cache.py b/django/templatetags/cache.py
index 9e402a1206..4a60cd8afd 100644
--- a/django/templatetags/cache.py
+++ b/django/templatetags/cache.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 from django.core.cache import InvalidCacheBackendError, caches
 from django.core.cache.utils import make_template_fragment_key
-from django.template import (
-    Library, Node, TemplateSyntaxError, VariableDoesNotExist,
-)
+from django.template import Library, Node, TemplateSyntaxError, VariableDoesNotExist
 
 register = Library()
 
@@ -19,26 +17,34 @@ class CacheNode(Node):
         try:
             expire_time = self.expire_time_var.resolve(context)
         except VariableDoesNotExist:
-            raise TemplateSyntaxError('"cache" tag got an unknown variable: %r' % self.expire_time_var.var)
+            raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+                '"cache" tag got an unknown variable: %r' % self.expire_time_var.var
+            )
         if expire_time is not None:
             try:
                 expire_time = int(expire_time)
             except (ValueError, TypeError):
-                raise TemplateSyntaxError('"cache" tag got a non-integer timeout value: %r' % expire_time)
+                raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+                    '"cache" tag got a non-integer timeout value: %r' % expire_time
+                )
         if self.cache_name:
             try:
                 cache_name = self.cache_name.resolve(context)
             except VariableDoesNotExist:
-                raise TemplateSyntaxError('"cache" tag got an unknown variable: %r' % self.cache_name.var)
+                raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+                    '"cache" tag got an unknown variable: %r' % self.cache_name.var
+                )
             try:
                 fragment_cache = caches[cache_name]
             except InvalidCacheBackendError:
-                raise TemplateSyntaxError('Invalid cache name specified for cache tag: %r' % cache_name)
+                raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+                    "Invalid cache name specified for cache tag: %r" % cache_name
+                )
         else:
             try:
-                fragment_cache = caches['template_fragments']
+                fragment_cache = caches["template_fragments"]
             except InvalidCacheBackendError:
-                fragment_cache = caches['default']
+                fragment_cache = caches["default"]
 
         vary_on = [var.resolve(context) for var in self.vary_on]
         cache_key = make_template_fragment_key(self.fragment_name, vary_on)
@@ -49,7 +55,7 @@ class CacheNode(Node):
         return value
 
 
-@register.tag('cache')
+@register.tag("cache")
 def do_cache(parser, token):
     """
     This will cache the contents of a template fragment for a given amount
@@ -75,18 +81,19 @@ def do_cache(parser, token):
 
     Each unique set of arguments will result in a unique cache entry.
     """
-    nodelist = parser.parse(('endcache',))
+    nodelist = parser.parse(("endcache",))
     parser.delete_first_token()
     tokens = token.split_contents()
     if len(tokens) < 3:
         raise TemplateSyntaxError("'%r' tag requires at least 2 arguments." % tokens[0])
-    if len(tokens) > 3 and tokens[-1].startswith('using='):
-        cache_name = parser.compile_filter(tokens[-1][len('using='):])
+    if len(tokens) > 3 and tokens[-1].startswith("using="):
+        cache_name = parser.compile_filter(tokens[-1][len("using=") :])
         tokens = tokens[:-1]
     else:
         cache_name = None
     return CacheNode(
-        nodelist, parser.compile_filter(tokens[1]),
+        nodelist,
+        parser.compile_filter(tokens[1]),
         tokens[2],  # fragment_name can't be a variable.
         [parser.compile_filter(t) for t in tokens[3:]],
         cache_name,
diff --git a/django/templatetags/i18n.py b/django/templatetags/i18n.py
index efe5f28941..9724efbd91 100644
--- a/django/templatetags/i18n.py
+++ b/django/templatetags/i18n.py
@@ -15,8 +15,10 @@ class GetAvailableLanguagesNode(Node):
         self.variable = variable
 
     def render(self, context):
-        context[self.variable] = [(k, translation.gettext(v)) for k, v in settings.LANGUAGES]
-        return ''
+        context[self.variable] = [
+            (k, translation.gettext(v)) for k, v in settings.LANGUAGES
+        ]
+        return ""
 
 
 class GetLanguageInfoNode(Node):
@@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ class GetLanguageInfoNode(Node):
     def render(self, context):
         lang_code = self.lang_code.resolve(context)
         context[self.variable] = translation.get_language_info(lang_code)
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
 
 class GetLanguageInfoListNode(Node):
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ class GetLanguageInfoListNode(Node):
     def render(self, context):
         langs = self.languages.resolve(context)
         context[self.variable] = [self.get_language_info(lang) for lang in langs]
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
 
 class GetCurrentLanguageNode(Node):
@@ -55,7 +57,7 @@ class GetCurrentLanguageNode(Node):
 
     def render(self, context):
         context[self.variable] = translation.get_language()
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
 
 class GetCurrentLanguageBidiNode(Node):
@@ -64,47 +66,54 @@ class GetCurrentLanguageBidiNode(Node):
 
     def render(self, context):
         context[self.variable] = translation.get_language_bidi()
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
 
 class TranslateNode(Node):
     child_nodelists = ()
 
-    def __init__(self, filter_expression, noop, asvar=None,
-                 message_context=None):
+    def __init__(self, filter_expression, noop, asvar=None, message_context=None):
         self.noop = noop
         self.asvar = asvar
         self.message_context = message_context
         self.filter_expression = filter_expression
         if isinstance(self.filter_expression.var, str):
             self.filter_expression.is_var = True
-            self.filter_expression.var = Variable("'%s'" %
-                                                  self.filter_expression.var)
+            self.filter_expression.var = Variable("'%s'" % self.filter_expression.var)
 
     def render(self, context):
         self.filter_expression.var.translate = not self.noop
         if self.message_context:
-            self.filter_expression.var.message_context = (
-                self.message_context.resolve(context))
+            self.filter_expression.var.message_context = self.message_context.resolve(
+                context
+            )
         output = self.filter_expression.resolve(context)
         value = render_value_in_context(output, context)
         # Restore percent signs. Percent signs in template text are doubled
         # so they are not interpreted as string format flags.
         is_safe = isinstance(value, SafeData)
-        value = value.replace('%%', '%')
+        value = value.replace("%%", "%")
         value = mark_safe(value) if is_safe else value
         if self.asvar:
             context[self.asvar] = value
-            return ''
+            return ""
         else:
             return value
 
 
 class BlockTranslateNode(Node):
-
-    def __init__(self, extra_context, singular, plural=None, countervar=None,
-                 counter=None, message_context=None, trimmed=False, asvar=None,
-                 tag_name='blocktranslate'):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        extra_context,
+        singular,
+        plural=None,
+        countervar=None,
+        counter=None,
+        message_context=None,
+        trimmed=False,
+        asvar=None,
+        tag_name="blocktranslate",
+    ):
         self.extra_context = extra_context
         self.singular = singular
         self.plural = plural
@@ -117,9 +126,9 @@ class BlockTranslateNode(Node):
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return (
-            f'<{self.__class__.__qualname__}: '
-            f'extra_context={self.extra_context!r} '
-            f'singular={self.singular!r} plural={self.plural!r}>'
+            f"<{self.__class__.__qualname__}: "
+            f"extra_context={self.extra_context!r} "
+            f"singular={self.singular!r} plural={self.plural!r}>"
         )
 
     def render_token_list(self, tokens):
@@ -127,11 +136,11 @@ class BlockTranslateNode(Node):
         vars = []
         for token in tokens:
             if token.token_type == TokenType.TEXT:
-                result.append(token.contents.replace('%', '%%'))
+                result.append(token.contents.replace("%", "%%"))
             elif token.token_type == TokenType.VAR:
-                result.append('%%(%s)s' % token.contents)
+                result.append("%%(%s)s" % token.contents)
                 vars.append(token.contents)
-        msg = ''.join(result)
+        msg = "".join(result)
         if self.trimmed:
             msg = translation.trim_whitespace(msg)
         return msg, vars
@@ -143,7 +152,9 @@ class BlockTranslateNode(Node):
             message_context = None
         # Update() works like a push(), so corresponding context.pop() is at
         # the end of function
-        context.update({var: val.resolve(context) for var, val in self.extra_context.items()})
+        context.update(
+            {var: val.resolve(context) for var, val in self.extra_context.items()}
+        )
         singular, vars = self.render_token_list(self.singular)
         if self.plural and self.countervar and self.counter:
             count = self.counter.resolve(context)
@@ -155,8 +166,7 @@ class BlockTranslateNode(Node):
             context[self.countervar] = count
             plural, plural_vars = self.render_token_list(self.plural)
             if message_context:
-                result = translation.npgettext(message_context, singular,
-                                               plural, count)
+                result = translation.npgettext(message_context, singular, plural, count)
             else:
                 result = translation.ngettext(singular, plural, count)
             vars.extend(plural_vars)
@@ -171,7 +181,7 @@ class BlockTranslateNode(Node):
             if key in context:
                 val = context[key]
             else:
-                val = default_value % key if '%s' in default_value else default_value
+                val = default_value % key if "%s" in default_value else default_value
             return render_value_in_context(val, context)
 
         data = {v: render_value(v) for v in vars}
@@ -182,14 +192,14 @@ class BlockTranslateNode(Node):
             if nested:
                 # Either string is malformed, or it's a bug
                 raise TemplateSyntaxError(
-                    '%r is unable to format string returned by gettext: %r '
-                    'using %r' % (self.tag_name, result, data)
+                    "%r is unable to format string returned by gettext: %r "
+                    "using %r" % (self.tag_name, result, data)
                 )
             with translation.override(None):
                 result = self.render(context, nested=True)
         if self.asvar:
             context[self.asvar] = result
-            return ''
+            return ""
         else:
             return result
 
@@ -221,8 +231,10 @@ def do_get_available_languages(parser, token):
     """
     # token.split_contents() isn't useful here because this tag doesn't accept variable as arguments
     args = token.contents.split()
-    if len(args) != 3 or args[1] != 'as':
-        raise TemplateSyntaxError("'get_available_languages' requires 'as variable' (got %r)" % args)
+    if len(args) != 3 or args[1] != "as":
+        raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+            "'get_available_languages' requires 'as variable' (got %r)" % args
+        )
     return GetAvailableLanguagesNode(args[2])
 
 
@@ -242,8 +254,10 @@ def do_get_language_info(parser, token):
         {{ l.bidi|yesno:"bi-directional,uni-directional" }}
     """
     args = token.split_contents()
-    if len(args) != 5 or args[1] != 'for' or args[3] != 'as':
-        raise TemplateSyntaxError("'%s' requires 'for string as variable' (got %r)" % (args[0], args[1:]))
+    if len(args) != 5 or args[1] != "for" or args[3] != "as":
+        raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+            "'%s' requires 'for string as variable' (got %r)" % (args[0], args[1:])
+        )
     return GetLanguageInfoNode(parser.compile_filter(args[2]), args[4])
 
 
@@ -267,30 +281,32 @@ def do_get_language_info_list(parser, token):
         {% endfor %}
     """
     args = token.split_contents()
-    if len(args) != 5 or args[1] != 'for' or args[3] != 'as':
-        raise TemplateSyntaxError("'%s' requires 'for sequence as variable' (got %r)" % (args[0], args[1:]))
+    if len(args) != 5 or args[1] != "for" or args[3] != "as":
+        raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+            "'%s' requires 'for sequence as variable' (got %r)" % (args[0], args[1:])
+        )
     return GetLanguageInfoListNode(parser.compile_filter(args[2]), args[4])
 
 
 @register.filter
 def language_name(lang_code):
-    return translation.get_language_info(lang_code)['name']
+    return translation.get_language_info(lang_code)["name"]
 
 
 @register.filter
 def language_name_translated(lang_code):
-    english_name = translation.get_language_info(lang_code)['name']
+    english_name = translation.get_language_info(lang_code)["name"]
     return translation.gettext(english_name)
 
 
 @register.filter
 def language_name_local(lang_code):
-    return translation.get_language_info(lang_code)['name_local']
+    return translation.get_language_info(lang_code)["name_local"]
 
 
 @register.filter
 def language_bidi(lang_code):
-    return translation.get_language_info(lang_code)['bidi']
+    return translation.get_language_info(lang_code)["bidi"]
 
 
 @register.tag("get_current_language")
@@ -307,8 +323,10 @@ def do_get_current_language(parser, token):
     """
     # token.split_contents() isn't useful here because this tag doesn't accept variable as arguments
     args = token.contents.split()
-    if len(args) != 3 or args[1] != 'as':
-        raise TemplateSyntaxError("'get_current_language' requires 'as variable' (got %r)" % args)
+    if len(args) != 3 or args[1] != "as":
+        raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+            "'get_current_language' requires 'as variable' (got %r)" % args
+        )
     return GetCurrentLanguageNode(args[2])
 
 
@@ -327,8 +345,10 @@ def do_get_current_language_bidi(parser, token):
     """
     # token.split_contents() isn't useful here because this tag doesn't accept variable as arguments
     args = token.contents.split()
-    if len(args) != 3 or args[1] != 'as':
-        raise TemplateSyntaxError("'get_current_language_bidi' requires 'as variable' (got %r)" % args)
+    if len(args) != 3 or args[1] != "as":
+        raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+            "'get_current_language_bidi' requires 'as variable' (got %r)" % args
+        )
     return GetCurrentLanguageBidiNode(args[2])
 
 
@@ -384,7 +404,7 @@ def do_translate(parser, token):
     asvar = None
     message_context = None
     seen = set()
-    invalid_context = {'as', 'noop'}
+    invalid_context = {"as", "noop"}
 
     while remaining:
         option = remaining.pop(0)
@@ -392,21 +412,23 @@ def do_translate(parser, token):
             raise TemplateSyntaxError(
                 "The '%s' option was specified more than once." % option,
             )
-        elif option == 'noop':
+        elif option == "noop":
             noop = True
-        elif option == 'context':
+        elif option == "context":
             try:
                 value = remaining.pop(0)
             except IndexError:
                 raise TemplateSyntaxError(
-                    "No argument provided to the '%s' tag for the context option." % bits[0]
+                    "No argument provided to the '%s' tag for the context option."
+                    % bits[0]
                 )
             if value in invalid_context:
                 raise TemplateSyntaxError(
-                    "Invalid argument '%s' provided to the '%s' tag for the context option" % (value, bits[0]),
+                    "Invalid argument '%s' provided to the '%s' tag for the context option"
+                    % (value, bits[0]),
                 )
             message_context = parser.compile_filter(value)
-        elif option == 'as':
+        elif option == "as":
             try:
                 value = remaining.pop(0)
             except IndexError:
@@ -417,8 +439,10 @@ def do_translate(parser, token):
         else:
             raise TemplateSyntaxError(
                 "Unknown argument for '%s' tag: '%s'. The only options "
-                "available are 'noop', 'context' \"xxx\", and 'as VAR'." % (
-                    bits[0], option,
+                "available are 'noop', 'context' \"xxx\", and 'as VAR'."
+                % (
+                    bits[0],
+                    option,
                 )
             )
         seen.add(option)
@@ -478,19 +502,21 @@ def do_block_translate(parser, token):
         option = remaining_bits.pop(0)
         if option in options:
             raise TemplateSyntaxError(
-                'The %r option was specified more than once.' % option
+                "The %r option was specified more than once." % option
             )
-        if option == 'with':
+        if option == "with":
             value = token_kwargs(remaining_bits, parser, support_legacy=True)
             if not value:
                 raise TemplateSyntaxError(
                     '"with" in %r tag needs at least one keyword argument.' % bits[0]
                 )
-        elif option == 'count':
+        elif option == "count":
             value = token_kwargs(remaining_bits, parser, support_legacy=True)
             if len(value) != 1:
-                raise TemplateSyntaxError('"count" in %r tag expected exactly '
-                                          'one keyword argument.' % bits[0])
+                raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+                    '"count" in %r tag expected exactly '
+                    "one keyword argument." % bits[0]
+                )
         elif option == "context":
             try:
                 value = remaining_bits.pop(0)
@@ -506,23 +532,25 @@ def do_block_translate(parser, token):
                 value = remaining_bits.pop(0)
             except IndexError:
                 raise TemplateSyntaxError(
-                    "No argument provided to the '%s' tag for the asvar option." % bits[0]
+                    "No argument provided to the '%s' tag for the asvar option."
+                    % bits[0]
                 )
             asvar = value
         else:
-            raise TemplateSyntaxError('Unknown argument for %r tag: %r.' %
-                                      (bits[0], option))
+            raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+                "Unknown argument for %r tag: %r." % (bits[0], option)
+            )
         options[option] = value
 
-    if 'count' in options:
-        countervar, counter = next(iter(options['count'].items()))
+    if "count" in options:
+        countervar, counter = next(iter(options["count"].items()))
     else:
         countervar, counter = None, None
-    if 'context' in options:
-        message_context = options['context']
+    if "context" in options:
+        message_context = options["context"]
     else:
         message_context = None
-    extra_context = options.get('with', {})
+    extra_context = options.get("with", {})
 
     trimmed = options.get("trimmed", False)
 
@@ -535,21 +563,34 @@ def do_block_translate(parser, token):
         else:
             break
     if countervar and counter:
-        if token.contents.strip() != 'plural':
-            raise TemplateSyntaxError("%r doesn't allow other block tags inside it" % bits[0])
+        if token.contents.strip() != "plural":
+            raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+                "%r doesn't allow other block tags inside it" % bits[0]
+            )
         while parser.tokens:
             token = parser.next_token()
             if token.token_type in (TokenType.VAR, TokenType.TEXT):
                 plural.append(token)
             else:
                 break
-    end_tag_name = 'end%s' % bits[0]
+    end_tag_name = "end%s" % bits[0]
     if token.contents.strip() != end_tag_name:
-        raise TemplateSyntaxError("%r doesn't allow other block tags (seen %r) inside it" % (bits[0], token.contents))
+        raise TemplateSyntaxError(
+            "%r doesn't allow other block tags (seen %r) inside it"
+            % (bits[0], token.contents)
+        )
 
-    return BlockTranslateNode(extra_context, singular, plural, countervar,
-                              counter, message_context, trimmed=trimmed,
-                              asvar=asvar, tag_name=bits[0])
+    return BlockTranslateNode(
+        extra_context,
+        singular,
+        plural,
+        countervar,
+        counter,
+        message_context,
+        trimmed=trimmed,
+        asvar=asvar,
+        tag_name=bits[0],
+    )
 
 
 @register.tag
@@ -567,6 +608,6 @@ def language(parser, token):
     if len(bits) != 2:
         raise TemplateSyntaxError("'%s' takes one argument (language)" % bits[0])
     language = parser.compile_filter(bits[1])
-    nodelist = parser.parse(('endlanguage',))
+    nodelist = parser.parse(("endlanguage",))
     parser.delete_first_token()
     return LanguageNode(nodelist, language)
diff --git a/django/templatetags/l10n.py b/django/templatetags/l10n.py
index 9212753286..45e9a6ac50 100644
--- a/django/templatetags/l10n.py
+++ b/django/templatetags/l10n.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class LocalizeNode(Node):
         self.use_l10n = use_l10n
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s>' % self.__class__.__name__
+        return "<%s>" % self.__class__.__name__
 
     def render(self, context):
         old_setting = context.use_l10n
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class LocalizeNode(Node):
         return output
 
 
-@register.tag('localize')
+@register.tag("localize")
 def localize_tag(parser, token):
     """
     Force or prevents localization of values, regardless of the value of
@@ -54,10 +54,10 @@ def localize_tag(parser, token):
     bits = list(token.split_contents())
     if len(bits) == 1:
         use_l10n = True
-    elif len(bits) > 2 or bits[1] not in ('on', 'off'):
+    elif len(bits) > 2 or bits[1] not in ("on", "off"):
         raise TemplateSyntaxError("%r argument should be 'on' or 'off'" % bits[0])
     else:
-        use_l10n = bits[1] == 'on'
-    nodelist = parser.parse(('endlocalize',))
+        use_l10n = bits[1] == "on"
+    nodelist = parser.parse(("endlocalize",))
     parser.delete_first_token()
     return LocalizeNode(nodelist, use_l10n)
diff --git a/django/templatetags/static.py b/django/templatetags/static.py
index 4d1a05ee03..7a5147a0dd 100644
--- a/django/templatetags/static.py
+++ b/django/templatetags/static.py
@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ register = template.Library()
 
 
 class PrefixNode(template.Node):
-
     def __repr__(self):
         return "<PrefixNode for %r>" % self.name
 
     def __init__(self, varname=None, name=None):
         if name is None:
             raise template.TemplateSyntaxError(
-                "Prefix nodes must be given a name to return.")
+                "Prefix nodes must be given a name to return."
+            )
         self.varname = varname
         self.name = name
 
@@ -27,9 +27,10 @@ class PrefixNode(template.Node):
         """
         # token.split_contents() isn't useful here because tags using this method don't accept variable as arguments
         tokens = token.contents.split()
-        if len(tokens) > 1 and tokens[1] != 'as':
+        if len(tokens) > 1 and tokens[1] != "as":
             raise template.TemplateSyntaxError(
-                "First argument in '%s' must be 'as'" % tokens[0])
+                "First argument in '%s' must be 'as'" % tokens[0]
+            )
         if len(tokens) > 1:
             varname = tokens[2]
         else:
@@ -41,9 +42,9 @@ class PrefixNode(template.Node):
         try:
             from django.conf import settings
         except ImportError:
-            prefix = ''
+            prefix = ""
         else:
-            prefix = iri_to_uri(getattr(settings, name, ''))
+            prefix = iri_to_uri(getattr(settings, name, ""))
         return prefix
 
     def render(self, context):
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ class PrefixNode(template.Node):
         if self.varname is None:
             return prefix
         context[self.varname] = prefix
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
 
 @register.tag
@@ -96,13 +97,14 @@ class StaticNode(template.Node):
     def __init__(self, varname=None, path=None):
         if path is None:
             raise template.TemplateSyntaxError(
-                "Static template nodes must be given a path to return.")
+                "Static template nodes must be given a path to return."
+            )
         self.path = path
         self.varname = varname
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return (
-            f'{self.__class__.__name__}(varname={self.varname!r}, path={self.path!r})'
+            f"{self.__class__.__name__}(varname={self.varname!r}, path={self.path!r})"
         )
 
     def url(self, context):
@@ -116,12 +118,13 @@ class StaticNode(template.Node):
         if self.varname is None:
             return url
         context[self.varname] = url
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
     @classmethod
     def handle_simple(cls, path):
-        if apps.is_installed('django.contrib.staticfiles'):
+        if apps.is_installed("django.contrib.staticfiles"):
             from django.contrib.staticfiles.storage import staticfiles_storage
+
             return staticfiles_storage.url(path)
         else:
             return urljoin(PrefixNode.handle_simple("STATIC_URL"), quote(path))
@@ -135,11 +138,12 @@ class StaticNode(template.Node):
 
         if len(bits) < 2:
             raise template.TemplateSyntaxError(
-                "'%s' takes at least one argument (path to file)" % bits[0])
+                "'%s' takes at least one argument (path to file)" % bits[0]
+            )
 
         path = parser.compile_filter(bits[1])
 
-        if len(bits) >= 2 and bits[-2] == 'as':
+        if len(bits) >= 2 and bits[-2] == "as":
             varname = bits[3]
         else:
             varname = None
@@ -147,7 +151,7 @@ class StaticNode(template.Node):
         return cls(varname, path)
 
 
-@register.tag('static')
+@register.tag("static")
 def do_static(parser, token):
     """
     Join the given path with the STATIC_URL setting.
diff --git a/django/templatetags/tz.py b/django/templatetags/tz.py
index 489391a267..50810cece6 100644
--- a/django/templatetags/tz.py
+++ b/django/templatetags/tz.py
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ class UnknownTimezoneException(BaseException):
 def timezone_constructor(tzname):
     if settings.USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ:
         import pytz
+
         try:
             return pytz.timezone(tzname)
         except pytz.UnknownTimeZoneError:
@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@ class datetimeobject(datetime):
 
 # Template filters
 
+
 @register.filter
 def localtime(value):
     """
@@ -58,7 +60,7 @@ def utc(value):
     return do_timezone(value, timezone.utc)
 
 
-@register.filter('timezone')
+@register.filter("timezone")
 def do_timezone(value, arg):
     """
     Convert a datetime to local time in a given time zone.
@@ -68,7 +70,7 @@ def do_timezone(value, arg):
     Naive datetimes are assumed to be in local time in the default time zone.
     """
     if not isinstance(value, datetime):
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
     # Obtain a timezone-aware datetime
     try:
@@ -78,7 +80,7 @@ def do_timezone(value, arg):
     # Filters must never raise exceptions, and pytz' exceptions inherit
     # Exception directly, not a specific subclass. So catch everything.
     except Exception:
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
     # Obtain a tzinfo instance
     if isinstance(arg, tzinfo):
@@ -87,27 +89,36 @@ def do_timezone(value, arg):
         try:
             tz = timezone_constructor(arg)
         except UnknownTimezoneException:
-            return ''
+            return ""
     else:
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
     result = timezone.localtime(value, tz)
 
     # HACK: the convert_to_local_time flag will prevent
     #       automatic conversion of the value to local time.
-    result = datetimeobject(result.year, result.month, result.day,
-                            result.hour, result.minute, result.second,
-                            result.microsecond, result.tzinfo)
+    result = datetimeobject(
+        result.year,
+        result.month,
+        result.day,
+        result.hour,
+        result.minute,
+        result.second,
+        result.microsecond,
+        result.tzinfo,
+    )
     result.convert_to_local_time = False
     return result
 
 
 # Template tags
 
+
 class LocalTimeNode(Node):
     """
     Template node class used by ``localtime_tag``.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, nodelist, use_tz):
         self.nodelist = nodelist
         self.use_tz = use_tz
@@ -124,6 +135,7 @@ class TimezoneNode(Node):
     """
     Template node class used by ``timezone_tag``.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, nodelist, tz):
         self.nodelist = nodelist
         self.tz = tz
@@ -138,15 +150,16 @@ class GetCurrentTimezoneNode(Node):
     """
     Template node class used by ``get_current_timezone_tag``.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, variable):
         self.variable = variable
 
     def render(self, context):
         context[self.variable] = timezone.get_current_timezone_name()
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
 
-@register.tag('localtime')
+@register.tag("localtime")
 def localtime_tag(parser, token):
     """
     Force or prevent conversion of datetime objects to local time,
@@ -159,17 +172,16 @@ def localtime_tag(parser, token):
     bits = token.split_contents()
     if len(bits) == 1:
         use_tz = True
-    elif len(bits) > 2 or bits[1] not in ('on', 'off'):
-        raise TemplateSyntaxError("%r argument should be 'on' or 'off'" %
-                                  bits[0])
+    elif len(bits) > 2 or bits[1] not in ("on", "off"):
+        raise TemplateSyntaxError("%r argument should be 'on' or 'off'" % bits[0])
     else:
-        use_tz = bits[1] == 'on'
-    nodelist = parser.parse(('endlocaltime',))
+        use_tz = bits[1] == "on"
+    nodelist = parser.parse(("endlocaltime",))
     parser.delete_first_token()
     return LocalTimeNode(nodelist, use_tz)
 
 
-@register.tag('timezone')
+@register.tag("timezone")
 def timezone_tag(parser, token):
     """
     Enable a given time zone just for this block.
@@ -186,10 +198,9 @@ def timezone_tag(parser, token):
     """
     bits = token.split_contents()
     if len(bits) != 2:
-        raise TemplateSyntaxError("'%s' takes one argument (timezone)" %
-                                  bits[0])
+        raise TemplateSyntaxError("'%s' takes one argument (timezone)" % bits[0])
     tz = parser.compile_filter(bits[1])
-    nodelist = parser.parse(('endtimezone',))
+    nodelist = parser.parse(("endtimezone",))
     parser.delete_first_token()
     return TimezoneNode(nodelist, tz)
 
@@ -208,7 +219,7 @@ def get_current_timezone_tag(parser, token):
     """
     # token.split_contents() isn't useful here because this tag doesn't accept variable as arguments
     args = token.contents.split()
-    if len(args) != 3 or args[1] != 'as':
+    if len(args) != 3 or args[1] != "as":
         raise TemplateSyntaxError(
             "'get_current_timezone' requires 'as variable' (got %r)" % args
         )
diff --git a/django/test/__init__.py b/django/test/__init__.py
index d1f953a8dd..485298e8e7 100644
--- a/django/test/__init__.py
+++ b/django/test/__init__.py
@@ -1,21 +1,38 @@
 """Django Unit Test framework."""
 
-from django.test.client import (
-    AsyncClient, AsyncRequestFactory, Client, RequestFactory,
-)
+from django.test.client import AsyncClient, AsyncRequestFactory, Client, RequestFactory
 from django.test.testcases import (
-    LiveServerTestCase, SimpleTestCase, TestCase, TransactionTestCase,
-    skipIfDBFeature, skipUnlessAnyDBFeature, skipUnlessDBFeature,
+    LiveServerTestCase,
+    SimpleTestCase,
+    TestCase,
+    TransactionTestCase,
+    skipIfDBFeature,
+    skipUnlessAnyDBFeature,
+    skipUnlessDBFeature,
 )
 from django.test.utils import (
-    ignore_warnings, modify_settings, override_settings,
-    override_system_checks, tag,
+    ignore_warnings,
+    modify_settings,
+    override_settings,
+    override_system_checks,
+    tag,
 )
 
 __all__ = [
-    'AsyncClient', 'AsyncRequestFactory', 'Client', 'RequestFactory',
-    'TestCase', 'TransactionTestCase', 'SimpleTestCase', 'LiveServerTestCase',
-    'skipIfDBFeature', 'skipUnlessAnyDBFeature', 'skipUnlessDBFeature',
-    'ignore_warnings', 'modify_settings', 'override_settings',
-    'override_system_checks', 'tag',
+    "AsyncClient",
+    "AsyncRequestFactory",
+    "Client",
+    "RequestFactory",
+    "TestCase",
+    "TransactionTestCase",
+    "SimpleTestCase",
+    "LiveServerTestCase",
+    "skipIfDBFeature",
+    "skipUnlessAnyDBFeature",
+    "skipUnlessDBFeature",
+    "ignore_warnings",
+    "modify_settings",
+    "override_settings",
+    "override_system_checks",
+    "tag",
 ]
diff --git a/django/test/client.py b/django/test/client.py
index af1090a740..a38e7dae13 100644
--- a/django/test/client.py
+++ b/django/test/client.py
@@ -16,9 +16,7 @@ from django.core.handlers.asgi import ASGIRequest
 from django.core.handlers.base import BaseHandler
 from django.core.handlers.wsgi import WSGIRequest
 from django.core.serializers.json import DjangoJSONEncoder
-from django.core.signals import (
-    got_request_exception, request_finished, request_started,
-)
+from django.core.signals import got_request_exception, request_finished, request_started
 from django.db import close_old_connections
 from django.http import HttpRequest, QueryDict, SimpleCookie
 from django.test import signals
@@ -31,20 +29,26 @@ from django.utils.itercompat import is_iterable
 from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 
 __all__ = (
-    'AsyncClient', 'AsyncRequestFactory', 'Client', 'RedirectCycleError',
-    'RequestFactory', 'encode_file', 'encode_multipart',
+    "AsyncClient",
+    "AsyncRequestFactory",
+    "Client",
+    "RedirectCycleError",
+    "RequestFactory",
+    "encode_file",
+    "encode_multipart",
 )
 
 
-BOUNDARY = 'BoUnDaRyStRiNg'
-MULTIPART_CONTENT = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % BOUNDARY
-CONTENT_TYPE_RE = _lazy_re_compile(r'.*; charset=([\w-]+);?')
+BOUNDARY = "BoUnDaRyStRiNg"
+MULTIPART_CONTENT = "multipart/form-data; boundary=%s" % BOUNDARY
+CONTENT_TYPE_RE = _lazy_re_compile(r".*; charset=([\w-]+);?")
 # Structured suffix spec: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6838#section-4.2.8
-JSON_CONTENT_TYPE_RE = _lazy_re_compile(r'^application\/(.+\+)?json')
+JSON_CONTENT_TYPE_RE = _lazy_re_compile(r"^application\/(.+\+)?json")
 
 
 class RedirectCycleError(Exception):
     """The test client has been asked to follow a redirect loop."""
+
     def __init__(self, message, last_response):
         super().__init__(message)
         self.last_response = last_response
@@ -58,6 +62,7 @@ class FakePayload:
     length. This makes sure that views can't do anything under the test client
     that wouldn't work in real life.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, content=None):
         self.__content = BytesIO()
         self.__len = 0
@@ -74,7 +79,9 @@ class FakePayload:
             self.read_started = True
         if num_bytes is None:
             num_bytes = self.__len or 0
-        assert self.__len >= num_bytes, "Cannot read more than the available bytes from the HTTP incoming data."
+        assert (
+            self.__len >= num_bytes
+        ), "Cannot read more than the available bytes from the HTTP incoming data."
         content = self.__content.read(num_bytes)
         self.__len -= num_bytes
         return content
@@ -92,7 +99,7 @@ def closing_iterator_wrapper(iterable, close):
         yield from iterable
     finally:
         request_finished.disconnect(close_old_connections)
-        close()                                 # will fire request_finished
+        close()  # will fire request_finished
         request_finished.connect(close_old_connections)
 
 
@@ -106,12 +113,12 @@ def conditional_content_removal(request, response):
         if response.streaming:
             response.streaming_content = []
         else:
-            response.content = b''
-    if request.method == 'HEAD':
+            response.content = b""
+    if request.method == "HEAD":
         if response.streaming:
             response.streaming_content = []
         else:
-            response.content = b''
+            response.content = b""
     return response
 
 
@@ -121,6 +128,7 @@ class ClientHandler(BaseHandler):
     interface to compose requests, but return the raw HttpResponse object with
     the originating WSGIRequest attached to its ``wsgi_request`` attribute.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, enforce_csrf_checks=True, *args, **kwargs):
         self.enforce_csrf_checks = enforce_csrf_checks
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -154,10 +162,11 @@ class ClientHandler(BaseHandler):
         # Emulate a WSGI server by calling the close method on completion.
         if response.streaming:
             response.streaming_content = closing_iterator_wrapper(
-                response.streaming_content, response.close)
+                response.streaming_content, response.close
+            )
         else:
             request_finished.disconnect(close_old_connections)
-            response.close()                    # will fire request_finished
+            response.close()  # will fire request_finished
             request_finished.connect(close_old_connections)
 
         return response
@@ -165,6 +174,7 @@ class ClientHandler(BaseHandler):
 
 class AsyncClientHandler(BaseHandler):
     """An async version of ClientHandler."""
+
     def __init__(self, enforce_csrf_checks=True, *args, **kwargs):
         self.enforce_csrf_checks = enforce_csrf_checks
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -175,13 +185,15 @@ class AsyncClientHandler(BaseHandler):
         if self._middleware_chain is None:
             self.load_middleware(is_async=True)
         # Extract body file from the scope, if provided.
-        if '_body_file' in scope:
-            body_file = scope.pop('_body_file')
+        if "_body_file" in scope:
+            body_file = scope.pop("_body_file")
         else:
-            body_file = FakePayload('')
+            body_file = FakePayload("")
 
         request_started.disconnect(close_old_connections)
-        await sync_to_async(request_started.send, thread_sensitive=False)(sender=self.__class__, scope=scope)
+        await sync_to_async(request_started.send, thread_sensitive=False)(
+            sender=self.__class__, scope=scope
+        )
         request_started.connect(close_old_connections)
         request = ASGIRequest(scope, body_file)
         # Sneaky little hack so that we can easily get round
@@ -197,7 +209,9 @@ class AsyncClientHandler(BaseHandler):
         response.asgi_request = request
         # Emulate a server by calling the close method on completion.
         if response.streaming:
-            response.streaming_content = await sync_to_async(closing_iterator_wrapper, thread_sensitive=False)(
+            response.streaming_content = await sync_to_async(
+                closing_iterator_wrapper, thread_sensitive=False
+            )(
                 response.streaming_content,
                 response.close,
             )
@@ -216,10 +230,10 @@ def store_rendered_templates(store, signal, sender, template, context, **kwargs)
     The context is copied so that it is an accurate representation at the time
     of rendering.
     """
-    store.setdefault('templates', []).append(template)
-    if 'context' not in store:
-        store['context'] = ContextList()
-    store['context'].append(copy(context))
+    store.setdefault("templates", []).append(template)
+    if "context" not in store:
+        store["context"] = ContextList()
+    store["context"].append(copy(context))
 
 
 def encode_multipart(boundary, data):
@@ -255,25 +269,33 @@ def encode_multipart(boundary, data):
                 if is_file(item):
                     lines.extend(encode_file(boundary, key, item))
                 else:
-                    lines.extend(to_bytes(val) for val in [
-                        '--%s' % boundary,
-                        'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' % key,
-                        '',
-                        item
-                    ])
+                    lines.extend(
+                        to_bytes(val)
+                        for val in [
+                            "--%s" % boundary,
+                            'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' % key,
+                            "",
+                            item,
+                        ]
+                    )
         else:
-            lines.extend(to_bytes(val) for val in [
-                '--%s' % boundary,
-                'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' % key,
-                '',
-                value
-            ])
+            lines.extend(
+                to_bytes(val)
+                for val in [
+                    "--%s" % boundary,
+                    'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' % key,
+                    "",
+                    value,
+                ]
+            )
 
-    lines.extend([
-        to_bytes('--%s--' % boundary),
-        b'',
-    ])
-    return b'\r\n'.join(lines)
+    lines.extend(
+        [
+            to_bytes("--%s--" % boundary),
+            b"",
+        ]
+    )
+    return b"\r\n".join(lines)
 
 
 def encode_file(boundary, key, file):
@@ -282,10 +304,10 @@ def encode_file(boundary, key, file):
 
     # file.name might not be a string. For example, it's an int for
     # tempfile.TemporaryFile().
-    file_has_string_name = hasattr(file, 'name') and isinstance(file.name, str)
-    filename = os.path.basename(file.name) if file_has_string_name else ''
+    file_has_string_name = hasattr(file, "name") and isinstance(file.name, str)
+    filename = os.path.basename(file.name) if file_has_string_name else ""
 
-    if hasattr(file, 'content_type'):
+    if hasattr(file, "content_type"):
         content_type = file.content_type
     elif filename:
         content_type = mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0]
@@ -293,15 +315,16 @@ def encode_file(boundary, key, file):
         content_type = None
 
     if content_type is None:
-        content_type = 'application/octet-stream'
+        content_type = "application/octet-stream"
     filename = filename or key
     return [
-        to_bytes('--%s' % boundary),
-        to_bytes('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"; filename="%s"'
-                 % (key, filename)),
-        to_bytes('Content-Type: %s' % content_type),
-        b'',
-        to_bytes(file.read())
+        to_bytes("--%s" % boundary),
+        to_bytes(
+            'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"; filename="%s"' % (key, filename)
+        ),
+        to_bytes("Content-Type: %s" % content_type),
+        b"",
+        to_bytes(file.read()),
     ]
 
 
@@ -318,6 +341,7 @@ class RequestFactory:
     Once you have a request object you can pass it to any view function,
     just as if that view had been hooked up using a URLconf.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, *, json_encoder=DjangoJSONEncoder, **defaults):
         self.json_encoder = json_encoder
         self.defaults = defaults
@@ -333,24 +357,26 @@ class RequestFactory:
         # - REMOTE_ADDR: often useful, see #8551.
         # See https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3333/#environ-variables
         return {
-            'HTTP_COOKIE': '; '.join(sorted(
-                '%s=%s' % (morsel.key, morsel.coded_value)
-                for morsel in self.cookies.values()
-            )),
-            'PATH_INFO': '/',
-            'REMOTE_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET',
-            'SCRIPT_NAME': '',
-            'SERVER_NAME': 'testserver',
-            'SERVER_PORT': '80',
-            'SERVER_PROTOCOL': 'HTTP/1.1',
-            'wsgi.version': (1, 0),
-            'wsgi.url_scheme': 'http',
-            'wsgi.input': FakePayload(b''),
-            'wsgi.errors': self.errors,
-            'wsgi.multiprocess': True,
-            'wsgi.multithread': False,
-            'wsgi.run_once': False,
+            "HTTP_COOKIE": "; ".join(
+                sorted(
+                    "%s=%s" % (morsel.key, morsel.coded_value)
+                    for morsel in self.cookies.values()
+                )
+            ),
+            "PATH_INFO": "/",
+            "REMOTE_ADDR": "127.0.0.1",
+            "REQUEST_METHOD": "GET",
+            "SCRIPT_NAME": "",
+            "SERVER_NAME": "testserver",
+            "SERVER_PORT": "80",
+            "SERVER_PROTOCOL": "HTTP/1.1",
+            "wsgi.version": (1, 0),
+            "wsgi.url_scheme": "http",
+            "wsgi.input": FakePayload(b""),
+            "wsgi.errors": self.errors,
+            "wsgi.multiprocess": True,
+            "wsgi.multithread": False,
+            "wsgi.run_once": False,
             **self.defaults,
             **request,
         }
@@ -376,7 +402,9 @@ class RequestFactory:
         Return encoded JSON if data is a dict, list, or tuple and content_type
         is application/json.
         """
-        should_encode = JSON_CONTENT_TYPE_RE.match(content_type) and isinstance(data, (dict, list, tuple))
+        should_encode = JSON_CONTENT_TYPE_RE.match(content_type) and isinstance(
+            data, (dict, list, tuple)
+        )
         return json.dumps(data, cls=self.json_encoder) if should_encode else data
 
     def _get_path(self, parsed):
@@ -388,88 +416,128 @@ class RequestFactory:
         # Replace the behavior where non-ASCII values in the WSGI environ are
         # arbitrarily decoded with ISO-8859-1.
         # Refs comment in `get_bytes_from_wsgi()`.
-        return path.decode('iso-8859-1')
+        return path.decode("iso-8859-1")
 
     def get(self, path, data=None, secure=False, **extra):
         """Construct a GET request."""
         data = {} if data is None else data
-        return self.generic('GET', path, secure=secure, **{
-            'QUERY_STRING': urlencode(data, doseq=True),
-            **extra,
-        })
+        return self.generic(
+            "GET",
+            path,
+            secure=secure,
+            **{
+                "QUERY_STRING": urlencode(data, doseq=True),
+                **extra,
+            },
+        )
 
-    def post(self, path, data=None, content_type=MULTIPART_CONTENT,
-             secure=False, **extra):
+    def post(
+        self, path, data=None, content_type=MULTIPART_CONTENT, secure=False, **extra
+    ):
         """Construct a POST request."""
         data = self._encode_json({} if data is None else data, content_type)
         post_data = self._encode_data(data, content_type)
 
-        return self.generic('POST', path, post_data, content_type,
-                            secure=secure, **extra)
+        return self.generic(
+            "POST", path, post_data, content_type, secure=secure, **extra
+        )
 
     def head(self, path, data=None, secure=False, **extra):
         """Construct a HEAD request."""
         data = {} if data is None else data
-        return self.generic('HEAD', path, secure=secure, **{
-            'QUERY_STRING': urlencode(data, doseq=True),
-            **extra,
-        })
+        return self.generic(
+            "HEAD",
+            path,
+            secure=secure,
+            **{
+                "QUERY_STRING": urlencode(data, doseq=True),
+                **extra,
+            },
+        )
 
     def trace(self, path, secure=False, **extra):
         """Construct a TRACE request."""
-        return self.generic('TRACE', path, secure=secure, **extra)
+        return self.generic("TRACE", path, secure=secure, **extra)
 
-    def options(self, path, data='', content_type='application/octet-stream',
-                secure=False, **extra):
+    def options(
+        self,
+        path,
+        data="",
+        content_type="application/octet-stream",
+        secure=False,
+        **extra,
+    ):
         "Construct an OPTIONS request."
-        return self.generic('OPTIONS', path, data, content_type,
-                            secure=secure, **extra)
+        return self.generic("OPTIONS", path, data, content_type, secure=secure, **extra)
 
-    def put(self, path, data='', content_type='application/octet-stream',
-            secure=False, **extra):
+    def put(
+        self,
+        path,
+        data="",
+        content_type="application/octet-stream",
+        secure=False,
+        **extra,
+    ):
         """Construct a PUT request."""
         data = self._encode_json(data, content_type)
-        return self.generic('PUT', path, data, content_type,
-                            secure=secure, **extra)
+        return self.generic("PUT", path, data, content_type, secure=secure, **extra)
 
-    def patch(self, path, data='', content_type='application/octet-stream',
-              secure=False, **extra):
+    def patch(
+        self,
+        path,
+        data="",
+        content_type="application/octet-stream",
+        secure=False,
+        **extra,
+    ):
         """Construct a PATCH request."""
         data = self._encode_json(data, content_type)
-        return self.generic('PATCH', path, data, content_type,
-                            secure=secure, **extra)
+        return self.generic("PATCH", path, data, content_type, secure=secure, **extra)
 
-    def delete(self, path, data='', content_type='application/octet-stream',
-               secure=False, **extra):
+    def delete(
+        self,
+        path,
+        data="",
+        content_type="application/octet-stream",
+        secure=False,
+        **extra,
+    ):
         """Construct a DELETE request."""
         data = self._encode_json(data, content_type)
-        return self.generic('DELETE', path, data, content_type,
-                            secure=secure, **extra)
+        return self.generic("DELETE", path, data, content_type, secure=secure, **extra)
 
-    def generic(self, method, path, data='',
-                content_type='application/octet-stream', secure=False,
-                **extra):
+    def generic(
+        self,
+        method,
+        path,
+        data="",
+        content_type="application/octet-stream",
+        secure=False,
+        **extra,
+    ):
         """Construct an arbitrary HTTP request."""
         parsed = urlparse(str(path))  # path can be lazy
         data = force_bytes(data, settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET)
         r = {
-            'PATH_INFO': self._get_path(parsed),
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': method,
-            'SERVER_PORT': '443' if secure else '80',
-            'wsgi.url_scheme': 'https' if secure else 'http',
+            "PATH_INFO": self._get_path(parsed),
+            "REQUEST_METHOD": method,
+            "SERVER_PORT": "443" if secure else "80",
+            "wsgi.url_scheme": "https" if secure else "http",
         }
         if data:
-            r.update({
-                'CONTENT_LENGTH': str(len(data)),
-                'CONTENT_TYPE': content_type,
-                'wsgi.input': FakePayload(data),
-            })
+            r.update(
+                {
+                    "CONTENT_LENGTH": str(len(data)),
+                    "CONTENT_TYPE": content_type,
+                    "wsgi.input": FakePayload(data),
+                }
+            )
         r.update(extra)
         # If QUERY_STRING is absent or empty, we want to extract it from the URL.
-        if not r.get('QUERY_STRING'):
+        if not r.get("QUERY_STRING"):
             # WSGI requires latin-1 encoded strings. See get_path_info().
-            query_string = parsed[4].encode().decode('iso-8859-1')
-            r['QUERY_STRING'] = query_string
+            query_string = parsed[4].encode().decode("iso-8859-1")
+            r["QUERY_STRING"] = query_string
         return self.request(**r)
 
 
@@ -487,30 +555,35 @@ class AsyncRequestFactory(RequestFactory):
     a) this makes ASGIRequest subclasses, and
     b) AsyncTestClient can subclass it.
     """
+
     def _base_scope(self, **request):
         """The base scope for a request."""
         # This is a minimal valid ASGI scope, plus:
         # - headers['cookie'] for cookie support,
         # - 'client' often useful, see #8551.
         scope = {
-            'asgi': {'version': '3.0'},
-            'type': 'http',
-            'http_version': '1.1',
-            'client': ['127.0.0.1', 0],
-            'server': ('testserver', '80'),
-            'scheme': 'http',
-            'method': 'GET',
-            'headers': [],
+            "asgi": {"version": "3.0"},
+            "type": "http",
+            "http_version": "1.1",
+            "client": ["127.0.0.1", 0],
+            "server": ("testserver", "80"),
+            "scheme": "http",
+            "method": "GET",
+            "headers": [],
             **self.defaults,
             **request,
         }
-        scope['headers'].append((
-            b'cookie',
-            b'; '.join(sorted(
-                ('%s=%s' % (morsel.key, morsel.coded_value)).encode('ascii')
-                for morsel in self.cookies.values()
-            )),
-        ))
+        scope["headers"].append(
+            (
+                b"cookie",
+                b"; ".join(
+                    sorted(
+                        ("%s=%s" % (morsel.key, morsel.coded_value)).encode("ascii")
+                        for morsel in self.cookies.values()
+                    )
+                ),
+            )
+        )
         return scope
 
     def request(self, **request):
@@ -518,45 +591,52 @@ class AsyncRequestFactory(RequestFactory):
         # This is synchronous, which means all methods on this class are.
         # AsyncClient, however, has an async request function, which makes all
         # its methods async.
-        if '_body_file' in request:
-            body_file = request.pop('_body_file')
+        if "_body_file" in request:
+            body_file = request.pop("_body_file")
         else:
-            body_file = FakePayload('')
+            body_file = FakePayload("")
         return ASGIRequest(self._base_scope(**request), body_file)
 
     def generic(
-        self, method, path, data='', content_type='application/octet-stream',
-        secure=False, **extra,
+        self,
+        method,
+        path,
+        data="",
+        content_type="application/octet-stream",
+        secure=False,
+        **extra,
     ):
         """Construct an arbitrary HTTP request."""
         parsed = urlparse(str(path))  # path can be lazy.
         data = force_bytes(data, settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET)
         s = {
-            'method': method,
-            'path': self._get_path(parsed),
-            'server': ('127.0.0.1', '443' if secure else '80'),
-            'scheme': 'https' if secure else 'http',
-            'headers': [(b'host', b'testserver')],
+            "method": method,
+            "path": self._get_path(parsed),
+            "server": ("127.0.0.1", "443" if secure else "80"),
+            "scheme": "https" if secure else "http",
+            "headers": [(b"host", b"testserver")],
         }
         if data:
-            s['headers'].extend([
-                (b'content-length', str(len(data)).encode('ascii')),
-                (b'content-type', content_type.encode('ascii')),
-            ])
-            s['_body_file'] = FakePayload(data)
-        follow = extra.pop('follow', None)
+            s["headers"].extend(
+                [
+                    (b"content-length", str(len(data)).encode("ascii")),
+                    (b"content-type", content_type.encode("ascii")),
+                ]
+            )
+            s["_body_file"] = FakePayload(data)
+        follow = extra.pop("follow", None)
         if follow is not None:
-            s['follow'] = follow
-        if query_string := extra.pop('QUERY_STRING', None):
-            s['query_string'] = query_string
-        s['headers'] += [
-            (key.lower().encode('ascii'), value.encode('latin1'))
+            s["follow"] = follow
+        if query_string := extra.pop("QUERY_STRING", None):
+            s["query_string"] = query_string
+        s["headers"] += [
+            (key.lower().encode("ascii"), value.encode("latin1"))
             for key, value in extra.items()
         ]
         # If QUERY_STRING is absent or empty, we want to extract it from the
         # URL.
-        if not s.get('query_string'):
-            s['query_string'] = parsed[4]
+        if not s.get("query_string"):
+            s["query_string"] = parsed[4]
         return self.request(**s)
 
 
@@ -564,6 +644,7 @@ class ClientMixin:
     """
     Mixin with common methods between Client and AsyncClient.
     """
+
     def store_exc_info(self, **kwargs):
         """Store exceptions when they are generated by a view."""
         self.exc_info = sys.exc_info()
@@ -601,6 +682,7 @@ class ClientMixin:
         are incorrect.
         """
         from django.contrib.auth import authenticate
+
         user = authenticate(**credentials)
         if user:
             self._login(user)
@@ -610,9 +692,10 @@ class ClientMixin:
     def force_login(self, user, backend=None):
         def get_backend():
             from django.contrib.auth import load_backend
+
             for backend_path in settings.AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS:
                 backend = load_backend(backend_path)
-                if hasattr(backend, 'get_user'):
+                if hasattr(backend, "get_user"):
                     return backend_path
 
         if backend is None:
@@ -637,17 +720,18 @@ class ClientMixin:
         session_cookie = settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME
         self.cookies[session_cookie] = request.session.session_key
         cookie_data = {
-            'max-age': None,
-            'path': '/',
-            'domain': settings.SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN,
-            'secure': settings.SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE or None,
-            'expires': None,
+            "max-age": None,
+            "path": "/",
+            "domain": settings.SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN,
+            "secure": settings.SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE or None,
+            "expires": None,
         }
         self.cookies[session_cookie].update(cookie_data)
 
     def logout(self):
         """Log out the user by removing the cookies and session object."""
         from django.contrib.auth import get_user, logout
+
         request = HttpRequest()
         if self.session:
             request.session = self.session
@@ -659,13 +743,15 @@ class ClientMixin:
         self.cookies = SimpleCookie()
 
     def _parse_json(self, response, **extra):
-        if not hasattr(response, '_json'):
-            if not JSON_CONTENT_TYPE_RE.match(response.get('Content-Type')):
+        if not hasattr(response, "_json"):
+            if not JSON_CONTENT_TYPE_RE.match(response.get("Content-Type")):
                 raise ValueError(
                     'Content-Type header is "%s", not "application/json"'
-                    % response.get('Content-Type')
+                    % response.get("Content-Type")
                 )
-            response._json = json.loads(response.content.decode(response.charset), **extra)
+            response._json = json.loads(
+                response.content.decode(response.charset), **extra
+            )
         return response._json
 
 
@@ -687,7 +773,10 @@ class Client(ClientMixin, RequestFactory):
     contexts and templates produced by a view, rather than the
     HTML rendered to the end-user.
     """
-    def __init__(self, enforce_csrf_checks=False, raise_request_exception=True, **defaults):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, enforce_csrf_checks=False, raise_request_exception=True, **defaults
+    ):
         super().__init__(**defaults)
         self.handler = ClientHandler(enforce_csrf_checks)
         self.raise_request_exception = raise_request_exception
@@ -723,13 +812,13 @@ class Client(ClientMixin, RequestFactory):
         response.client = self
         response.request = request
         # Add any rendered template detail to the response.
-        response.templates = data.get('templates', [])
-        response.context = data.get('context')
+        response.templates = data.get("templates", [])
+        response.context = data.get("context")
         response.json = partial(self._parse_json, response)
         # Attach the ResolverMatch instance to the response.
-        urlconf = getattr(response.wsgi_request, 'urlconf', None)
+        urlconf = getattr(response.wsgi_request, "urlconf", None)
         response.resolver_match = SimpleLazyObject(
-            lambda: resolve(request['PATH_INFO'], urlconf=urlconf),
+            lambda: resolve(request["PATH_INFO"], urlconf=urlconf),
         )
         # Flatten a single context. Not really necessary anymore thanks to the
         # __getattr__ flattening in ContextList, but has some edge case
@@ -749,13 +838,24 @@ class Client(ClientMixin, RequestFactory):
             response = self._handle_redirects(response, data=data, **extra)
         return response
 
-    def post(self, path, data=None, content_type=MULTIPART_CONTENT,
-             follow=False, secure=False, **extra):
+    def post(
+        self,
+        path,
+        data=None,
+        content_type=MULTIPART_CONTENT,
+        follow=False,
+        secure=False,
+        **extra,
+    ):
         """Request a response from the server using POST."""
         self.extra = extra
-        response = super().post(path, data=data, content_type=content_type, secure=secure, **extra)
+        response = super().post(
+            path, data=data, content_type=content_type, secure=secure, **extra
+        )
         if follow:
-            response = self._handle_redirects(response, data=data, content_type=content_type, **extra)
+            response = self._handle_redirects(
+                response, data=data, content_type=content_type, **extra
+            )
         return response
 
     def head(self, path, data=None, follow=False, secure=False, **extra):
@@ -766,43 +866,87 @@ class Client(ClientMixin, RequestFactory):
             response = self._handle_redirects(response, data=data, **extra)
         return response
 
-    def options(self, path, data='', content_type='application/octet-stream',
-                follow=False, secure=False, **extra):
+    def options(
+        self,
+        path,
+        data="",
+        content_type="application/octet-stream",
+        follow=False,
+        secure=False,
+        **extra,
+    ):
         """Request a response from the server using OPTIONS."""
         self.extra = extra
-        response = super().options(path, data=data, content_type=content_type, secure=secure, **extra)
+        response = super().options(
+            path, data=data, content_type=content_type, secure=secure, **extra
+        )
         if follow:
-            response = self._handle_redirects(response, data=data, content_type=content_type, **extra)
+            response = self._handle_redirects(
+                response, data=data, content_type=content_type, **extra
+            )
         return response
 
-    def put(self, path, data='', content_type='application/octet-stream',
-            follow=False, secure=False, **extra):
+    def put(
+        self,
+        path,
+        data="",
+        content_type="application/octet-stream",
+        follow=False,
+        secure=False,
+        **extra,
+    ):
         """Send a resource to the server using PUT."""
         self.extra = extra
-        response = super().put(path, data=data, content_type=content_type, secure=secure, **extra)
+        response = super().put(
+            path, data=data, content_type=content_type, secure=secure, **extra
+        )
         if follow:
-            response = self._handle_redirects(response, data=data, content_type=content_type, **extra)
+            response = self._handle_redirects(
+                response, data=data, content_type=content_type, **extra
+            )
         return response
 
-    def patch(self, path, data='', content_type='application/octet-stream',
-              follow=False, secure=False, **extra):
+    def patch(
+        self,
+        path,
+        data="",
+        content_type="application/octet-stream",
+        follow=False,
+        secure=False,
+        **extra,
+    ):
         """Send a resource to the server using PATCH."""
         self.extra = extra
-        response = super().patch(path, data=data, content_type=content_type, secure=secure, **extra)
+        response = super().patch(
+            path, data=data, content_type=content_type, secure=secure, **extra
+        )
         if follow:
-            response = self._handle_redirects(response, data=data, content_type=content_type, **extra)
+            response = self._handle_redirects(
+                response, data=data, content_type=content_type, **extra
+            )
         return response
 
-    def delete(self, path, data='', content_type='application/octet-stream',
-               follow=False, secure=False, **extra):
+    def delete(
+        self,
+        path,
+        data="",
+        content_type="application/octet-stream",
+        follow=False,
+        secure=False,
+        **extra,
+    ):
         """Send a DELETE request to the server."""
         self.extra = extra
-        response = super().delete(path, data=data, content_type=content_type, secure=secure, **extra)
+        response = super().delete(
+            path, data=data, content_type=content_type, secure=secure, **extra
+        )
         if follow:
-            response = self._handle_redirects(response, data=data, content_type=content_type, **extra)
+            response = self._handle_redirects(
+                response, data=data, content_type=content_type, **extra
+            )
         return response
 
-    def trace(self, path, data='', follow=False, secure=False, **extra):
+    def trace(self, path, data="", follow=False, secure=False, **extra):
         """Send a TRACE request to the server."""
         self.extra = extra
         response = super().trace(path, data=data, secure=secure, **extra)
@@ -810,7 +954,7 @@ class Client(ClientMixin, RequestFactory):
             response = self._handle_redirects(response, data=data, **extra)
         return response
 
-    def _handle_redirects(self, response, data='', content_type='', **extra):
+    def _handle_redirects(self, response, data="", content_type="", **extra):
         """
         Follow any redirects by requesting responses from the server using GET.
         """
@@ -829,39 +973,46 @@ class Client(ClientMixin, RequestFactory):
 
             url = urlsplit(response_url)
             if url.scheme:
-                extra['wsgi.url_scheme'] = url.scheme
+                extra["wsgi.url_scheme"] = url.scheme
             if url.hostname:
-                extra['SERVER_NAME'] = url.hostname
+                extra["SERVER_NAME"] = url.hostname
             if url.port:
-                extra['SERVER_PORT'] = str(url.port)
+                extra["SERVER_PORT"] = str(url.port)
 
             path = url.path
             # RFC 2616: bare domains without path are treated as the root.
             if not path and url.netloc:
-                path = '/'
+                path = "/"
             # Prepend the request path to handle relative path redirects
-            if not path.startswith('/'):
-                path = urljoin(response.request['PATH_INFO'], path)
+            if not path.startswith("/"):
+                path = urljoin(response.request["PATH_INFO"], path)
 
-            if response.status_code in (HTTPStatus.TEMPORARY_REDIRECT, HTTPStatus.PERMANENT_REDIRECT):
+            if response.status_code in (
+                HTTPStatus.TEMPORARY_REDIRECT,
+                HTTPStatus.PERMANENT_REDIRECT,
+            ):
                 # Preserve request method and query string (if needed)
                 # post-redirect for 307/308 responses.
-                request_method = response.request['REQUEST_METHOD'].lower()
-                if request_method not in ('get', 'head'):
-                    extra['QUERY_STRING'] = url.query
+                request_method = response.request["REQUEST_METHOD"].lower()
+                if request_method not in ("get", "head"):
+                    extra["QUERY_STRING"] = url.query
                 request_method = getattr(self, request_method)
             else:
                 request_method = self.get
                 data = QueryDict(url.query)
                 content_type = None
 
-            response = request_method(path, data=data, content_type=content_type, follow=False, **extra)
+            response = request_method(
+                path, data=data, content_type=content_type, follow=False, **extra
+            )
             response.redirect_chain = redirect_chain
 
             if redirect_chain[-1] in redirect_chain[:-1]:
                 # Check that we're not redirecting to somewhere we've already
                 # been to, to prevent loops.
-                raise RedirectCycleError("Redirect loop detected.", last_response=response)
+                raise RedirectCycleError(
+                    "Redirect loop detected.", last_response=response
+                )
             if len(redirect_chain) > 20:
                 # Such a lengthy chain likely also means a loop, but one with
                 # a growing path, changing view, or changing query argument;
@@ -878,7 +1029,10 @@ class AsyncClient(ClientMixin, AsyncRequestFactory):
 
     Does not currently support "follow" on its methods.
     """
-    def __init__(self, enforce_csrf_checks=False, raise_request_exception=True, **defaults):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, enforce_csrf_checks=False, raise_request_exception=True, **defaults
+    ):
         super().__init__(**defaults)
         self.handler = AsyncClientHandler(enforce_csrf_checks)
         self.raise_request_exception = raise_request_exception
@@ -892,19 +1046,19 @@ class AsyncClient(ClientMixin, AsyncRequestFactory):
         query environment, which can be overridden using the arguments to the
         request.
         """
-        if 'follow' in request:
+        if "follow" in request:
             raise NotImplementedError(
-                'AsyncClient request methods do not accept the follow parameter.'
+                "AsyncClient request methods do not accept the follow parameter."
             )
         scope = self._base_scope(**request)
         # Curry a data dictionary into an instance of the template renderer
         # callback function.
         data = {}
         on_template_render = partial(store_rendered_templates, data)
-        signal_uid = 'template-render-%s' % id(request)
+        signal_uid = "template-render-%s" % id(request)
         signals.template_rendered.connect(on_template_render, dispatch_uid=signal_uid)
         # Capture exceptions created by the handler.
-        exception_uid = 'request-exception-%s' % id(request)
+        exception_uid = "request-exception-%s" % id(request)
         got_request_exception.connect(self.store_exc_info, dispatch_uid=exception_uid)
         try:
             response = await self.handler(scope)
@@ -917,13 +1071,13 @@ class AsyncClient(ClientMixin, AsyncRequestFactory):
         response.client = self
         response.request = request
         # Add any rendered template detail to the response.
-        response.templates = data.get('templates', [])
-        response.context = data.get('context')
+        response.templates = data.get("templates", [])
+        response.context = data.get("context")
         response.json = partial(self._parse_json, response)
         # Attach the ResolverMatch instance to the response.
-        urlconf = getattr(response.asgi_request, 'urlconf', None)
+        urlconf = getattr(response.asgi_request, "urlconf", None)
         response.resolver_match = SimpleLazyObject(
-            lambda: resolve(request['path'], urlconf=urlconf),
+            lambda: resolve(request["path"], urlconf=urlconf),
         )
         # Flatten a single context. Not really necessary anymore thanks to the
         # __getattr__ flattening in ContextList, but has some edge case
diff --git a/django/test/html.py b/django/test/html.py
index 07e986439b..87e213d651 100644
--- a/django/test/html.py
+++ b/django/test/html.py
@@ -7,32 +7,52 @@ from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 # ASCII whitespace is U+0009 TAB, U+000A LF, U+000C FF, U+000D CR, or U+0020
 # SPACE.
 # https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#ascii-whitespace
-ASCII_WHITESPACE = _lazy_re_compile(r'[\t\n\f\r ]+')
+ASCII_WHITESPACE = _lazy_re_compile(r"[\t\n\f\r ]+")
 
 # https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#attributes-3
 BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES = {
-    'allowfullscreen', 'async', 'autofocus', 'autoplay', 'checked', 'controls',
-    'default', 'defer ', 'disabled', 'formnovalidate', 'hidden', 'ismap',
-    'itemscope', 'loop', 'multiple', 'muted', 'nomodule', 'novalidate', 'open',
-    'playsinline', 'readonly', 'required', 'reversed', 'selected',
+    "allowfullscreen",
+    "async",
+    "autofocus",
+    "autoplay",
+    "checked",
+    "controls",
+    "default",
+    "defer ",
+    "disabled",
+    "formnovalidate",
+    "hidden",
+    "ismap",
+    "itemscope",
+    "loop",
+    "multiple",
+    "muted",
+    "nomodule",
+    "novalidate",
+    "open",
+    "playsinline",
+    "readonly",
+    "required",
+    "reversed",
+    "selected",
     # Attributes for deprecated tags.
-    'truespeed',
+    "truespeed",
 }
 
 
 def normalize_whitespace(string):
-    return ASCII_WHITESPACE.sub(' ', string)
+    return ASCII_WHITESPACE.sub(" ", string)
 
 
 def normalize_attributes(attributes):
     normalized = []
     for name, value in attributes:
-        if name == 'class' and value:
+        if name == "class" and value:
             # Special case handling of 'class' attribute, so that comparisons
             # of DOM instances are not sensitive to ordering of classes.
-            value = ' '.join(sorted(
-                value for value in ASCII_WHITESPACE.split(value) if value
-            ))
+            value = " ".join(
+                sorted(value for value in ASCII_WHITESPACE.split(value) if value)
+            )
         # Boolean attributes without a value is same as attribute with value
         # that equals the attributes name. For example:
         #   <input checked> == <input checked="checked">
@@ -40,7 +60,7 @@ def normalize_attributes(attributes):
             if not value or value == name:
                 value = None
         elif value is None:
-            value = ''
+            value = ""
         normalized.append((name, value))
     return normalized
 
@@ -80,11 +100,11 @@ class Element:
         for i, child in enumerate(self.children):
             if isinstance(child, str):
                 self.children[i] = child.strip()
-            elif hasattr(child, 'finalize'):
+            elif hasattr(child, "finalize"):
                 child.finalize()
 
     def __eq__(self, element):
-        if not hasattr(element, 'name') or self.name != element.name:
+        if not hasattr(element, "name") or self.name != element.name:
             return False
         if self.attributes != element.attributes:
             return False
@@ -142,21 +162,23 @@ class Element:
         return self.children[key]
 
     def __str__(self):
-        output = '<%s' % self.name
+        output = "<%s" % self.name
         for key, value in self.attributes:
             if value is not None:
                 output += ' %s="%s"' % (key, value)
             else:
-                output += ' %s' % key
+                output += " %s" % key
         if self.children:
-            output += '>\n'
-            output += ''.join([
-                html.escape(c) if isinstance(c, str) else str(c)
-                for c in self.children
-            ])
-            output += '\n</%s>' % self.name
+            output += ">\n"
+            output += "".join(
+                [
+                    html.escape(c) if isinstance(c, str) else str(c)
+                    for c in self.children
+                ]
+            )
+            output += "\n</%s>" % self.name
         else:
-            output += '>'
+            output += ">"
         return output
 
     def __repr__(self):
@@ -168,10 +190,9 @@ class RootElement(Element):
         super().__init__(None, ())
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return ''.join([
-            html.escape(c) if isinstance(c, str) else str(c)
-            for c in self.children
-        ])
+        return "".join(
+            [html.escape(c) if isinstance(c, str) else str(c) for c in self.children]
+        )
 
 
 class HTMLParseError(Exception):
@@ -181,10 +202,23 @@ class HTMLParseError(Exception):
 class Parser(HTMLParser):
     # https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#void-elements
     SELF_CLOSING_TAGS = {
-        'area', 'base', 'br', 'col', 'embed', 'hr', 'img', 'input', 'link', 'meta',
-        'param', 'source', 'track', 'wbr',
+        "area",
+        "base",
+        "br",
+        "col",
+        "embed",
+        "hr",
+        "img",
+        "input",
+        "link",
+        "meta",
+        "param",
+        "source",
+        "track",
+        "wbr",
         # Deprecated tags
-        'frame', 'spacer',
+        "frame",
+        "spacer",
     }
 
     def __init__(self):
@@ -201,9 +235,9 @@ class Parser(HTMLParser):
             position = self.element_positions[element]
         if position is None:
             position = self.getpos()
-        if hasattr(position, 'lineno'):
+        if hasattr(position, "lineno"):
             position = position.lineno, position.offset
-        return 'Line %d, Column %d' % position
+        return "Line %d, Column %d" % position
 
     @property
     def current(self):
@@ -227,13 +261,13 @@ class Parser(HTMLParser):
 
     def handle_endtag(self, tag):
         if not self.open_tags:
-            self.error("Unexpected end tag `%s` (%s)" % (
-                tag, self.format_position()))
+            self.error("Unexpected end tag `%s` (%s)" % (tag, self.format_position()))
         element = self.open_tags.pop()
         while element.name != tag:
             if not self.open_tags:
-                self.error("Unexpected end tag `%s` (%s)" % (
-                    tag, self.format_position()))
+                self.error(
+                    "Unexpected end tag `%s` (%s)" % (tag, self.format_position())
+                )
             element = self.open_tags.pop()
 
     def handle_data(self, data):
diff --git a/django/test/runner.py b/django/test/runner.py
index 2e36514922..113d5216a6 100644
--- a/django/test/runner.py
+++ b/django/test/runner.py
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ from io import StringIO
 from django.core.management import call_command
 from django.db import connections
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase
-from django.test.utils import (
-    NullTimeKeeper, TimeKeeper, iter_test_cases,
-    setup_databases as _setup_databases, setup_test_environment,
-    teardown_databases as _teardown_databases, teardown_test_environment,
-)
+from django.test.utils import NullTimeKeeper, TimeKeeper, iter_test_cases
+from django.test.utils import setup_databases as _setup_databases
+from django.test.utils import setup_test_environment
+from django.test.utils import teardown_databases as _teardown_databases
+from django.test.utils import teardown_test_environment
 from django.utils.crypto import new_hash
 from django.utils.datastructures import OrderedSet
 from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango50Warning
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ except ImportError:
 
 class DebugSQLTextTestResult(unittest.TextTestResult):
     def __init__(self, stream, descriptions, verbosity):
-        self.logger = logging.getLogger('django.db.backends')
+        self.logger = logging.getLogger("django.db.backends")
         self.logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
         self.debug_sql_stream = None
         super().__init__(stream, descriptions, verbosity)
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class DebugSQLTextTestResult(unittest.TextTestResult):
         super().addError(test, err)
         if self.debug_sql_stream is None:
             # Error before tests e.g. in setUpTestData().
-            sql = ''
+            sql = ""
         else:
             self.debug_sql_stream.seek(0)
             sql = self.debug_sql_stream.read()
@@ -80,7 +80,11 @@ class DebugSQLTextTestResult(unittest.TextTestResult):
         super().addSubTest(test, subtest, err)
         if err is not None:
             self.debug_sql_stream.seek(0)
-            errors = self.failures if issubclass(err[0], test.failureException) else self.errors
+            errors = (
+                self.failures
+                if issubclass(err[0], test.failureException)
+                else self.errors
+            )
             errors[-1] = errors[-1] + (self.debug_sql_stream.read(),)
 
     def printErrorList(self, flavour, errors):
@@ -124,6 +128,7 @@ class DummyList:
     """
     Dummy list class for faking storage of results in unittest.TestResult.
     """
+
     __slots__ = ()
 
     def append(self, item):
@@ -157,10 +162,10 @@ class RemoteTestResult(unittest.TestResult):
         # attributes. This is possible since they aren't used after unpickling
         # after being sent to ParallelTestSuite.
         state = self.__dict__.copy()
-        state.pop('_stdout_buffer', None)
-        state.pop('_stderr_buffer', None)
-        state.pop('_original_stdout', None)
-        state.pop('_original_stderr', None)
+        state.pop("_stdout_buffer", None)
+        state.pop("_stderr_buffer", None)
+        state.pop("_original_stdout", None)
+        state.pop("_original_stderr", None)
         return state
 
     @property
@@ -176,7 +181,8 @@ class RemoteTestResult(unittest.TestResult):
         pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(obj))
 
     def _print_unpicklable_subtest(self, test, subtest, pickle_exc):
-        print("""
+        print(
+            """
 Subtest failed:
 
     test: {}
@@ -189,7 +195,10 @@ test runner cannot handle it cleanly. Here is the pickling error:
 
 You should re-run this test with --parallel=1 to reproduce the failure
 with a cleaner failure message.
-""".format(test, subtest, pickle_exc))
+""".format(
+                test, subtest, pickle_exc
+            )
+        )
 
     def check_picklable(self, test, err):
         # Ensure that sys.exc_info() tuples are picklable. This displays a
@@ -202,11 +211,16 @@ with a cleaner failure message.
             self._confirm_picklable(err)
         except Exception as exc:
             original_exc_txt = repr(err[1])
-            original_exc_txt = textwrap.fill(original_exc_txt, 75, initial_indent='    ', subsequent_indent='    ')
+            original_exc_txt = textwrap.fill(
+                original_exc_txt, 75, initial_indent="    ", subsequent_indent="    "
+            )
             pickle_exc_txt = repr(exc)
-            pickle_exc_txt = textwrap.fill(pickle_exc_txt, 75, initial_indent='    ', subsequent_indent='    ')
+            pickle_exc_txt = textwrap.fill(
+                pickle_exc_txt, 75, initial_indent="    ", subsequent_indent="    "
+            )
             if tblib is None:
-                print("""
+                print(
+                    """
 
 {} failed:
 
@@ -218,9 +232,13 @@ parallel test runner to handle this exception cleanly.
 In order to see the traceback, you should install tblib:
 
     python -m pip install tblib
-""".format(test, original_exc_txt))
+""".format(
+                        test, original_exc_txt
+                    )
+                )
             else:
-                print("""
+                print(
+                    """
 
 {} failed:
 
@@ -235,7 +253,10 @@ Here's the error encountered while trying to pickle the exception:
 
 You should re-run this test with the --parallel=1 option to reproduce the
 failure and get a correct traceback.
-""".format(test, original_exc_txt, pickle_exc_txt))
+""".format(
+                        test, original_exc_txt, pickle_exc_txt
+                    )
+                )
             raise
 
     def check_subtest_picklable(self, test, subtest):
@@ -247,28 +268,28 @@ failure and get a correct traceback.
 
     def startTestRun(self):
         super().startTestRun()
-        self.events.append(('startTestRun',))
+        self.events.append(("startTestRun",))
 
     def stopTestRun(self):
         super().stopTestRun()
-        self.events.append(('stopTestRun',))
+        self.events.append(("stopTestRun",))
 
     def startTest(self, test):
         super().startTest(test)
-        self.events.append(('startTest', self.test_index))
+        self.events.append(("startTest", self.test_index))
 
     def stopTest(self, test):
         super().stopTest(test)
-        self.events.append(('stopTest', self.test_index))
+        self.events.append(("stopTest", self.test_index))
 
     def addError(self, test, err):
         self.check_picklable(test, err)
-        self.events.append(('addError', self.test_index, err))
+        self.events.append(("addError", self.test_index, err))
         super().addError(test, err)
 
     def addFailure(self, test, err):
         self.check_picklable(test, err)
-        self.events.append(('addFailure', self.test_index, err))
+        self.events.append(("addFailure", self.test_index, err))
         super().addFailure(test, err)
 
     def addSubTest(self, test, subtest, err):
@@ -279,15 +300,15 @@ failure and get a correct traceback.
             # check_picklable() performs the tblib check.
             self.check_picklable(test, err)
             self.check_subtest_picklable(test, subtest)
-            self.events.append(('addSubTest', self.test_index, subtest, err))
+            self.events.append(("addSubTest", self.test_index, subtest, err))
         super().addSubTest(test, subtest, err)
 
     def addSuccess(self, test):
-        self.events.append(('addSuccess', self.test_index))
+        self.events.append(("addSuccess", self.test_index))
         super().addSuccess(test)
 
     def addSkip(self, test, reason):
-        self.events.append(('addSkip', self.test_index, reason))
+        self.events.append(("addSkip", self.test_index, reason))
         super().addSkip(test, reason)
 
     def addExpectedFailure(self, test, err):
@@ -298,23 +319,23 @@ failure and get a correct traceback.
         if tblib is None:
             err = err[0], err[1], None
         self.check_picklable(test, err)
-        self.events.append(('addExpectedFailure', self.test_index, err))
+        self.events.append(("addExpectedFailure", self.test_index, err))
         super().addExpectedFailure(test, err)
 
     def addUnexpectedSuccess(self, test):
-        self.events.append(('addUnexpectedSuccess', self.test_index))
+        self.events.append(("addUnexpectedSuccess", self.test_index))
         super().addUnexpectedSuccess(test)
 
     def wasSuccessful(self):
         """Tells whether or not this result was a success."""
-        failure_types = {'addError', 'addFailure', 'addSubTest', 'addUnexpectedSuccess'}
+        failure_types = {"addError", "addFailure", "addSubTest", "addUnexpectedSuccess"}
         return all(e[0] not in failure_types for e in self.events)
 
     def _exc_info_to_string(self, err, test):
         # Make this method no-op. It only powers the default unittest behavior
         # for recording errors, but this class pickles errors into 'events'
         # instead.
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
 
 class RemoteTestRunner:
@@ -347,17 +368,17 @@ def get_max_test_processes():
     """
     # The current implementation of the parallel test runner requires
     # multiprocessing to start subprocesses with fork().
-    if multiprocessing.get_start_method() != 'fork':
+    if multiprocessing.get_start_method() != "fork":
         return 1
     try:
-        return int(os.environ['DJANGO_TEST_PROCESSES'])
+        return int(os.environ["DJANGO_TEST_PROCESSES"])
     except KeyError:
         return multiprocessing.cpu_count()
 
 
 def parallel_type(value):
     """Parse value passed to the --parallel option."""
-    if value == 'auto':
+    if value == "auto":
         return value
     try:
         return int(value)
@@ -505,30 +526,30 @@ class Shuffler:
     """
 
     # This doesn't need to be cryptographically strong, so use what's fastest.
-    hash_algorithm = 'md5'
+    hash_algorithm = "md5"
 
     @classmethod
     def _hash_text(cls, text):
         h = new_hash(cls.hash_algorithm, usedforsecurity=False)
-        h.update(text.encode('utf-8'))
+        h.update(text.encode("utf-8"))
         return h.hexdigest()
 
     def __init__(self, seed=None):
         if seed is None:
             # Limit seeds to 10 digits for simpler output.
             seed = random.randint(0, 10**10 - 1)
-            seed_source = 'generated'
+            seed_source = "generated"
         else:
-            seed_source = 'given'
+            seed_source = "given"
         self.seed = seed
         self.seed_source = seed_source
 
     @property
     def seed_display(self):
-        return f'{self.seed!r} ({self.seed_source})'
+        return f"{self.seed!r} ({self.seed_source})"
 
     def _hash_item(self, item, key):
-        text = '{}{}'.format(self.seed, key(item))
+        text = "{}{}".format(self.seed, key(item))
         return self._hash_text(text)
 
     def shuffle(self, items, key):
@@ -544,8 +565,10 @@ class Shuffler:
         for item in items:
             hashed = self._hash_item(item, key)
             if hashed in hashes:
-                msg = 'item {!r} has same hash {!r} as item {!r}'.format(
-                    item, hashed, hashes[hashed],
+                msg = "item {!r} has same hash {!r} as item {!r}".format(
+                    item,
+                    hashed,
+                    hashes[hashed],
                 )
                 raise RuntimeError(msg)
             hashes[hashed] = item
@@ -561,12 +584,29 @@ class DiscoverRunner:
     test_loader = unittest.defaultTestLoader
     reorder_by = (TestCase, SimpleTestCase)
 
-    def __init__(self, pattern=None, top_level=None, verbosity=1,
-                 interactive=True, failfast=False, keepdb=False,
-                 reverse=False, debug_mode=False, debug_sql=False, parallel=0,
-                 tags=None, exclude_tags=None, test_name_patterns=None,
-                 pdb=False, buffer=False, enable_faulthandler=True,
-                 timing=False, shuffle=False, logger=None, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        pattern=None,
+        top_level=None,
+        verbosity=1,
+        interactive=True,
+        failfast=False,
+        keepdb=False,
+        reverse=False,
+        debug_mode=False,
+        debug_sql=False,
+        parallel=0,
+        tags=None,
+        exclude_tags=None,
+        test_name_patterns=None,
+        pdb=False,
+        buffer=False,
+        enable_faulthandler=True,
+        timing=False,
+        shuffle=False,
+        logger=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
 
         self.pattern = pattern
         self.top_level = top_level
@@ -587,7 +627,9 @@ class DiscoverRunner:
                 faulthandler.enable(file=sys.__stderr__.fileno())
         self.pdb = pdb
         if self.pdb and self.parallel > 1:
-            raise ValueError('You cannot use --pdb with parallel tests; pass --parallel=1 to use it.')
+            raise ValueError(
+                "You cannot use --pdb with parallel tests; pass --parallel=1 to use it."
+            )
         self.buffer = buffer
         self.test_name_patterns = None
         self.time_keeper = TimeKeeper() if timing else NullTimeKeeper()
@@ -595,7 +637,7 @@ class DiscoverRunner:
             # unittest does not export the _convert_select_pattern function
             # that converts command-line arguments to patterns.
             self.test_name_patterns = {
-                pattern if '*' in pattern else '*%s*' % pattern
+                pattern if "*" in pattern else "*%s*" % pattern
                 for pattern in test_name_patterns
             }
         self.shuffle = shuffle
@@ -605,73 +647,99 @@ class DiscoverRunner:
     @classmethod
     def add_arguments(cls, parser):
         parser.add_argument(
-            '-t', '--top-level-directory', dest='top_level',
-            help='Top level of project for unittest discovery.',
+            "-t",
+            "--top-level-directory",
+            dest="top_level",
+            help="Top level of project for unittest discovery.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '-p', '--pattern', default="test*.py",
-            help='The test matching pattern. Defaults to test*.py.',
+            "-p",
+            "--pattern",
+            default="test*.py",
+            help="The test matching pattern. Defaults to test*.py.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--keepdb', action='store_true',
-            help='Preserves the test DB between runs.'
+            "--keepdb", action="store_true", help="Preserves the test DB between runs."
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--shuffle', nargs='?', default=False, type=int, metavar='SEED',
-            help='Shuffles test case order.',
+            "--shuffle",
+            nargs="?",
+            default=False,
+            type=int,
+            metavar="SEED",
+            help="Shuffles test case order.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '-r', '--reverse', action='store_true',
-            help='Reverses test case order.',
+            "-r",
+            "--reverse",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Reverses test case order.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--debug-mode', action='store_true',
-            help='Sets settings.DEBUG to True.',
+            "--debug-mode",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Sets settings.DEBUG to True.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '-d', '--debug-sql', action='store_true',
-            help='Prints logged SQL queries on failure.',
+            "-d",
+            "--debug-sql",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Prints logged SQL queries on failure.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--parallel', nargs='?', const='auto', default=0,
-            type=parallel_type, metavar='N',
+            "--parallel",
+            nargs="?",
+            const="auto",
+            default=0,
+            type=parallel_type,
+            metavar="N",
             help=(
-                'Run tests using up to N parallel processes. Use the value '
+                "Run tests using up to N parallel processes. Use the value "
                 '"auto" to run one test process for each processor core.'
             ),
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--tag', action='append', dest='tags',
-            help='Run only tests with the specified tag. Can be used multiple times.',
+            "--tag",
+            action="append",
+            dest="tags",
+            help="Run only tests with the specified tag. Can be used multiple times.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--exclude-tag', action='append', dest='exclude_tags',
-            help='Do not run tests with the specified tag. Can be used multiple times.',
+            "--exclude-tag",
+            action="append",
+            dest="exclude_tags",
+            help="Do not run tests with the specified tag. Can be used multiple times.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--pdb', action='store_true',
-            help='Runs a debugger (pdb, or ipdb if installed) on error or failure.'
+            "--pdb",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Runs a debugger (pdb, or ipdb if installed) on error or failure.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '-b', '--buffer', action='store_true',
-            help='Discard output from passing tests.',
+            "-b",
+            "--buffer",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Discard output from passing tests.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--no-faulthandler', action='store_false', dest='enable_faulthandler',
-            help='Disables the Python faulthandler module during tests.',
+            "--no-faulthandler",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="enable_faulthandler",
+            help="Disables the Python faulthandler module during tests.",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--timing', action='store_true',
+            "--timing",
+            action="store_true",
+            help=("Output timings, including database set up and total run time."),
+        )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "-k",
+            action="append",
+            dest="test_name_patterns",
             help=(
-                'Output timings, including database set up and total run time.'
-            ),
-        )
-        parser.add_argument(
-            '-k', action='append', dest='test_name_patterns',
-            help=(
-                'Only run test methods and classes that match the pattern '
-                'or substring. Can be used multiple times. Same as '
-                'unittest -k option.'
+                "Only run test methods and classes that match the pattern "
+                "or substring. Can be used multiple times. Same as "
+                "unittest -k option."
             ),
         )
 
@@ -693,9 +761,7 @@ class DiscoverRunner:
         if level is None:
             level = logging.INFO
         if self.logger is None:
-            if self.verbosity <= 0 or (
-                self.verbosity == 1 and level < logging.INFO
-            ):
+            if self.verbosity <= 0 or (self.verbosity == 1 and level < logging.INFO):
                 return
             print(msg)
         else:
@@ -709,7 +775,7 @@ class DiscoverRunner:
         if self.shuffle is False:
             return
         shuffler = Shuffler(seed=self.shuffle)
-        self.log(f'Using shuffle seed: {shuffler.seed_display}')
+        self.log(f"Using shuffle seed: {shuffler.seed_display}")
         self._shuffler = shuffler
 
     @contextmanager
@@ -741,15 +807,15 @@ class DiscoverRunner:
             if os.path.exists(label_as_path):
                 assert tests is None
                 raise RuntimeError(
-                    f'One of the test labels is a path to a file: {label!r}, '
-                    f'which is not supported. Use a dotted module name or '
-                    f'path to a directory instead.'
+                    f"One of the test labels is a path to a file: {label!r}, "
+                    f"which is not supported. Use a dotted module name or "
+                    f"path to a directory instead."
                 )
             return tests
 
         kwargs = discover_kwargs.copy()
         if os.path.isdir(label_as_path) and not self.top_level:
-            kwargs['top_level_dir'] = find_top_level(label_as_path)
+            kwargs["top_level_dir"] = find_top_level(label_as_path)
 
         with self.load_with_patterns():
             tests = self.test_loader.discover(start_dir=label, **kwargs)
@@ -762,18 +828,18 @@ class DiscoverRunner:
     def build_suite(self, test_labels=None, extra_tests=None, **kwargs):
         if extra_tests is not None:
             warnings.warn(
-                'The extra_tests argument is deprecated.',
+                "The extra_tests argument is deprecated.",
                 RemovedInDjango50Warning,
                 stacklevel=2,
             )
-        test_labels = test_labels or ['.']
+        test_labels = test_labels or ["."]
         extra_tests = extra_tests or []
 
         discover_kwargs = {}
         if self.pattern is not None:
-            discover_kwargs['pattern'] = self.pattern
+            discover_kwargs["pattern"] = self.pattern
         if self.top_level is not None:
-            discover_kwargs['top_level_dir'] = self.top_level
+            discover_kwargs["top_level_dir"] = self.top_level
         self.setup_shuffler()
 
         all_tests = []
@@ -786,12 +852,12 @@ class DiscoverRunner:
         if self.tags or self.exclude_tags:
             if self.tags:
                 self.log(
-                    'Including test tag(s): %s.' % ', '.join(sorted(self.tags)),
+                    "Including test tag(s): %s." % ", ".join(sorted(self.tags)),
                     level=logging.DEBUG,
                 )
             if self.exclude_tags:
                 self.log(
-                    'Excluding test tag(s): %s.' % ', '.join(sorted(self.exclude_tags)),
+                    "Excluding test tag(s): %s." % ", ".join(sorted(self.exclude_tags)),
                     level=logging.DEBUG,
                 )
             all_tests = filter_tests_by_tags(all_tests, self.tags, self.exclude_tags)
@@ -800,13 +866,15 @@ class DiscoverRunner:
         # _FailedTest objects include things like test modules that couldn't be
         # found or that couldn't be loaded due to syntax errors.
         test_types = (unittest.loader._FailedTest, *self.reorder_by)
-        all_tests = list(reorder_tests(
-            all_tests,
-            test_types,
-            shuffler=self._shuffler,
-            reverse=self.reverse,
-        ))
-        self.log('Found %d test(s).' % len(all_tests))
+        all_tests = list(
+            reorder_tests(
+                all_tests,
+                test_types,
+                shuffler=self._shuffler,
+                reverse=self.reverse,
+            )
+        )
+        self.log("Found %d test(s)." % len(all_tests))
         suite = self.test_suite(all_tests)
 
         if self.parallel > 1:
@@ -828,8 +896,13 @@ class DiscoverRunner:
 
     def setup_databases(self, **kwargs):
         return _setup_databases(
-            self.verbosity, self.interactive, time_keeper=self.time_keeper, keepdb=self.keepdb,
-            debug_sql=self.debug_sql, parallel=self.parallel, **kwargs
+            self.verbosity,
+            self.interactive,
+            time_keeper=self.time_keeper,
+            keepdb=self.keepdb,
+            debug_sql=self.debug_sql,
+            parallel=self.parallel,
+            **kwargs,
         )
 
     def get_resultclass(self):
@@ -840,16 +913,16 @@ class DiscoverRunner:
 
     def get_test_runner_kwargs(self):
         return {
-            'failfast': self.failfast,
-            'resultclass': self.get_resultclass(),
-            'verbosity': self.verbosity,
-            'buffer': self.buffer,
+            "failfast": self.failfast,
+            "resultclass": self.get_resultclass(),
+            "verbosity": self.verbosity,
+            "buffer": self.buffer,
         }
 
     def run_checks(self, databases):
         # Checks are run after database creation since some checks require
         # database access.
-        call_command('check', verbosity=self.verbosity, databases=databases)
+        call_command("check", verbosity=self.verbosity, databases=databases)
 
     def run_suite(self, suite, **kwargs):
         kwargs = self.get_test_runner_kwargs()
@@ -859,7 +932,7 @@ class DiscoverRunner:
         finally:
             if self._shuffler is not None:
                 seed_display = self._shuffler.seed_display
-                self.log(f'Used shuffle seed: {seed_display}')
+                self.log(f"Used shuffle seed: {seed_display}")
 
     def teardown_databases(self, old_config, **kwargs):
         """Destroy all the non-mirror databases."""
@@ -875,16 +948,18 @@ class DiscoverRunner:
         teardown_test_environment()
 
     def suite_result(self, suite, result, **kwargs):
-        return len(result.failures) + len(result.errors) + len(result.unexpectedSuccesses)
+        return (
+            len(result.failures) + len(result.errors) + len(result.unexpectedSuccesses)
+        )
 
     def _get_databases(self, suite):
         databases = {}
         for test in iter_test_cases(suite):
-            test_databases = getattr(test, 'databases', None)
-            if test_databases == '__all__':
+            test_databases = getattr(test, "databases", None)
+            if test_databases == "__all__":
                 test_databases = connections
             if test_databases:
-                serialized_rollback = getattr(test, 'serialized_rollback', False)
+                serialized_rollback = getattr(test, "serialized_rollback", False)
                 databases.update(
                     (alias, serialized_rollback or databases.get(alias, False))
                     for alias in test_databases
@@ -896,7 +971,8 @@ class DiscoverRunner:
         unused_databases = [alias for alias in connections if alias not in databases]
         if unused_databases:
             self.log(
-                'Skipping setup of unused database(s): %s.' % ', '.join(sorted(unused_databases)),
+                "Skipping setup of unused database(s): %s."
+                % ", ".join(sorted(unused_databases)),
                 level=logging.DEBUG,
             )
         return databases
@@ -912,7 +988,7 @@ class DiscoverRunner:
         """
         if extra_tests is not None:
             warnings.warn(
-                'The extra_tests argument is deprecated.',
+                "The extra_tests argument is deprecated.",
                 RemovedInDjango50Warning,
                 stacklevel=2,
             )
@@ -920,10 +996,9 @@ class DiscoverRunner:
         suite = self.build_suite(test_labels, extra_tests)
         databases = self.get_databases(suite)
         serialized_aliases = set(
-            alias
-            for alias, serialize in databases.items() if serialize
+            alias for alias, serialize in databases.items() if serialize
         )
-        with self.time_keeper.timed('Total database setup'):
+        with self.time_keeper.timed("Total database setup"):
             old_config = self.setup_databases(
                 aliases=databases,
                 serialized_aliases=serialized_aliases,
@@ -937,7 +1012,7 @@ class DiscoverRunner:
             raise
         finally:
             try:
-                with self.time_keeper.timed('Total database teardown'):
+                with self.time_keeper.timed("Total database teardown"):
                     self.teardown_databases(old_config)
                 self.teardown_test_environment()
             except Exception:
@@ -960,7 +1035,7 @@ def try_importing(label):
     except (ImportError, TypeError):
         return (False, False)
 
-    return (True, hasattr(mod, '__path__'))
+    return (True, hasattr(mod, "__path__"))
 
 
 def find_top_level(top_level):
@@ -976,7 +1051,7 @@ def find_top_level(top_level):
     # top-level module or as a directory path, unittest unfortunately prefers
     # the latter.
     while True:
-        init_py = os.path.join(top_level, '__init__.py')
+        init_py = os.path.join(top_level, "__init__.py")
         if not os.path.exists(init_py):
             break
         try_next = os.path.dirname(top_level)
@@ -988,7 +1063,7 @@ def find_top_level(top_level):
 
 
 def _class_shuffle_key(cls):
-    return f'{cls.__module__}.{cls.__qualname__}'
+    return f"{cls.__module__}.{cls.__qualname__}"
 
 
 def shuffle_tests(tests, shuffler):
@@ -1073,9 +1148,7 @@ def partition_suite_by_case(suite):
     """Partition a test suite by test case, preserving the order of tests."""
     suite_class = type(suite)
     all_tests = iter_test_cases(suite)
-    return [
-        suite_class(tests) for _, tests in itertools.groupby(all_tests, type)
-    ]
+    return [suite_class(tests) for _, tests in itertools.groupby(all_tests, type)]
 
 
 def test_match_tags(test, tags, exclude_tags):
@@ -1083,11 +1156,11 @@ def test_match_tags(test, tags, exclude_tags):
         # Tests that couldn't load always match to prevent tests from falsely
         # passing due e.g. to syntax errors.
         return True
-    test_tags = set(getattr(test, 'tags', []))
-    test_fn_name = getattr(test, '_testMethodName', str(test))
+    test_tags = set(getattr(test, "tags", []))
+    test_fn_name = getattr(test, "_testMethodName", str(test))
     if hasattr(test, test_fn_name):
         test_fn = getattr(test, test_fn_name)
-        test_fn_tags = list(getattr(test_fn, 'tags', []))
+        test_fn_tags = list(getattr(test_fn, "tags", []))
         test_tags = test_tags.union(test_fn_tags)
     if tags and test_tags.isdisjoint(tags):
         return False
diff --git a/django/test/selenium.py b/django/test/selenium.py
index 97a7840fea..aa714ad365 100644
--- a/django/test/selenium.py
+++ b/django/test/selenium.py
@@ -27,7 +27,9 @@ class SeleniumTestCaseBase(type(LiveServerTestCase)):
         """
         test_class = super().__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)
         # If the test class is either browser-specific or a test base, return it.
-        if test_class.browser or not any(name.startswith('test') and callable(value) for name, value in attrs.items()):
+        if test_class.browser or not any(
+            name.startswith("test") and callable(value) for name, value in attrs.items()
+        ):
             return test_class
         elif test_class.browsers:
             # Reuse the created test class to make it browser-specific.
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ class SeleniumTestCaseBase(type(LiveServerTestCase)):
             first_browser = test_class.browsers[0]
             test_class.browser = first_browser
             # Listen on an external interface if using a selenium hub.
-            host = test_class.host if not test_class.selenium_hub else '0.0.0.0'
+            host = test_class.host if not test_class.selenium_hub else "0.0.0.0"
             test_class.host = host
             test_class.external_host = cls.external_host
             # Create subclasses for each of the remaining browsers and expose
@@ -49,16 +51,16 @@ class SeleniumTestCaseBase(type(LiveServerTestCase)):
                     "%s%s" % (capfirst(browser), name),
                     (test_class,),
                     {
-                        'browser': browser,
-                        'host': host,
-                        'external_host': cls.external_host,
-                        '__module__': test_class.__module__,
-                    }
+                        "browser": browser,
+                        "host": host,
+                        "external_host": cls.external_host,
+                        "__module__": test_class.__module__,
+                    },
                 )
                 setattr(module, browser_test_class.__name__, browser_test_class)
             return test_class
         # If no browsers were specified, skip this class (it'll still be discovered).
-        return unittest.skip('No browsers specified.')(test_class)
+        return unittest.skip("No browsers specified.")(test_class)
 
     @classmethod
     def import_webdriver(cls, browser):
@@ -66,13 +68,12 @@ class SeleniumTestCaseBase(type(LiveServerTestCase)):
 
     @classmethod
     def import_options(cls, browser):
-        return import_string('selenium.webdriver.%s.options.Options' % browser)
+        return import_string("selenium.webdriver.%s.options.Options" % browser)
 
     @classmethod
     def get_capability(cls, browser):
-        from selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities import (
-            DesiredCapabilities,
-        )
+        from selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities import DesiredCapabilities
+
         return getattr(DesiredCapabilities, browser.upper())
 
     def create_options(self):
@@ -87,6 +88,7 @@ class SeleniumTestCaseBase(type(LiveServerTestCase)):
     def create_webdriver(self):
         if self.selenium_hub:
             from selenium import webdriver
+
             return webdriver.Remote(
                 command_executor=self.selenium_hub,
                 desired_capabilities=self.get_capability(self.browser),
@@ -94,14 +96,14 @@ class SeleniumTestCaseBase(type(LiveServerTestCase)):
         return self.import_webdriver(self.browser)(options=self.create_options())
 
 
-@tag('selenium')
+@tag("selenium")
 class SeleniumTestCase(LiveServerTestCase, metaclass=SeleniumTestCaseBase):
     implicit_wait = 10
     external_host = None
 
     @classproperty
     def live_server_url(cls):
-        return 'http://%s:%s' % (cls.external_host or cls.host, cls.server_thread.port)
+        return "http://%s:%s" % (cls.external_host or cls.host, cls.server_thread.port)
 
     @classproperty
     def allowed_host(cls):
@@ -118,7 +120,7 @@ class SeleniumTestCase(LiveServerTestCase, metaclass=SeleniumTestCaseBase):
         # quit() the WebDriver before attempting to terminate and join the
         # single-threaded LiveServerThread to avoid a dead lock if the browser
         # kept a connection alive.
-        if hasattr(cls, 'selenium'):
+        if hasattr(cls, "selenium"):
             cls.selenium.quit()
         super()._tearDownClassInternal()
 
diff --git a/django/test/signals.py b/django/test/signals.py
index c82b95013d..c874f220df 100644
--- a/django/test/signals.py
+++ b/django/test/signals.py
@@ -20,13 +20,14 @@ template_rendered = Signal()
 # except for cases where the receiver is related to a contrib app.
 
 # Settings that may not work well when using 'override_settings' (#19031)
-COMPLEX_OVERRIDE_SETTINGS = {'DATABASES'}
+COMPLEX_OVERRIDE_SETTINGS = {"DATABASES"}
 
 
 @receiver(setting_changed)
 def clear_cache_handlers(*, setting, **kwargs):
-    if setting == 'CACHES':
+    if setting == "CACHES":
         from django.core.cache import caches, close_caches
+
         close_caches()
         caches._settings = caches.settings = caches.configure_settings(None)
         caches._connections = Local()
@@ -34,37 +35,41 @@ def clear_cache_handlers(*, setting, **kwargs):
 
 @receiver(setting_changed)
 def update_installed_apps(*, setting, **kwargs):
-    if setting == 'INSTALLED_APPS':
+    if setting == "INSTALLED_APPS":
         # Rebuild any AppDirectoriesFinder instance.
         from django.contrib.staticfiles.finders import get_finder
+
         get_finder.cache_clear()
         # Rebuild management commands cache
         from django.core.management import get_commands
+
         get_commands.cache_clear()
         # Rebuild get_app_template_dirs cache.
         from django.template.utils import get_app_template_dirs
+
         get_app_template_dirs.cache_clear()
         # Rebuild translations cache.
         from django.utils.translation import trans_real
+
         trans_real._translations = {}
 
 
 @receiver(setting_changed)
 def update_connections_time_zone(*, setting, **kwargs):
-    if setting == 'TIME_ZONE':
+    if setting == "TIME_ZONE":
         # Reset process time zone
-        if hasattr(time, 'tzset'):
-            if kwargs['value']:
-                os.environ['TZ'] = kwargs['value']
+        if hasattr(time, "tzset"):
+            if kwargs["value"]:
+                os.environ["TZ"] = kwargs["value"]
             else:
-                os.environ.pop('TZ', None)
+                os.environ.pop("TZ", None)
             time.tzset()
 
         # Reset local time zone cache
         timezone.get_default_timezone.cache_clear()
 
     # Reset the database connections' time zone
-    if setting in {'TIME_ZONE', 'USE_TZ'}:
+    if setting in {"TIME_ZONE", "USE_TZ"}:
         for conn in connections.all():
             try:
                 del conn.timezone
@@ -79,18 +84,19 @@ def update_connections_time_zone(*, setting, **kwargs):
 
 @receiver(setting_changed)
 def clear_routers_cache(*, setting, **kwargs):
-    if setting == 'DATABASE_ROUTERS':
+    if setting == "DATABASE_ROUTERS":
         router.routers = ConnectionRouter().routers
 
 
 @receiver(setting_changed)
 def reset_template_engines(*, setting, **kwargs):
     if setting in {
-        'TEMPLATES',
-        'DEBUG',
-        'INSTALLED_APPS',
+        "TEMPLATES",
+        "DEBUG",
+        "INSTALLED_APPS",
     }:
         from django.template import engines
+
         try:
             del engines.templates
         except AttributeError:
@@ -98,40 +104,46 @@ def reset_template_engines(*, setting, **kwargs):
         engines._templates = None
         engines._engines = {}
         from django.template.engine import Engine
+
         Engine.get_default.cache_clear()
         from django.forms.renderers import get_default_renderer
+
         get_default_renderer.cache_clear()
 
 
 @receiver(setting_changed)
 def clear_serializers_cache(*, setting, **kwargs):
-    if setting == 'SERIALIZATION_MODULES':
+    if setting == "SERIALIZATION_MODULES":
         from django.core import serializers
+
         serializers._serializers = {}
 
 
 @receiver(setting_changed)
 def language_changed(*, setting, **kwargs):
-    if setting in {'LANGUAGES', 'LANGUAGE_CODE', 'LOCALE_PATHS'}:
+    if setting in {"LANGUAGES", "LANGUAGE_CODE", "LOCALE_PATHS"}:
         from django.utils.translation import trans_real
+
         trans_real._default = None
         trans_real._active = Local()
-    if setting in {'LANGUAGES', 'LOCALE_PATHS'}:
+    if setting in {"LANGUAGES", "LOCALE_PATHS"}:
         from django.utils.translation import trans_real
+
         trans_real._translations = {}
         trans_real.check_for_language.cache_clear()
 
 
 @receiver(setting_changed)
 def localize_settings_changed(*, setting, **kwargs):
-    if setting in FORMAT_SETTINGS or setting == 'USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR':
+    if setting in FORMAT_SETTINGS or setting == "USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR":
         reset_format_cache()
 
 
 @receiver(setting_changed)
 def file_storage_changed(*, setting, **kwargs):
-    if setting == 'DEFAULT_FILE_STORAGE':
+    if setting == "DEFAULT_FILE_STORAGE":
         from django.core.files.storage import default_storage
+
         default_storage._wrapped = empty
 
 
@@ -141,15 +153,16 @@ def complex_setting_changed(*, enter, setting, **kwargs):
         # Considering the current implementation of the signals framework,
         # this stacklevel shows the line containing the override_settings call.
         warnings.warn(
-            f'Overriding setting {setting} can lead to unexpected behavior.',
+            f"Overriding setting {setting} can lead to unexpected behavior.",
             stacklevel=6,
         )
 
 
 @receiver(setting_changed)
 def root_urlconf_changed(*, setting, **kwargs):
-    if setting == 'ROOT_URLCONF':
+    if setting == "ROOT_URLCONF":
         from django.urls import clear_url_caches, set_urlconf
+
         clear_url_caches()
         set_urlconf(None)
 
@@ -157,55 +170,64 @@ def root_urlconf_changed(*, setting, **kwargs):
 @receiver(setting_changed)
 def static_storage_changed(*, setting, **kwargs):
     if setting in {
-        'STATICFILES_STORAGE',
-        'STATIC_ROOT',
-        'STATIC_URL',
+        "STATICFILES_STORAGE",
+        "STATIC_ROOT",
+        "STATIC_URL",
     }:
         from django.contrib.staticfiles.storage import staticfiles_storage
+
         staticfiles_storage._wrapped = empty
 
 
 @receiver(setting_changed)
 def static_finders_changed(*, setting, **kwargs):
     if setting in {
-        'STATICFILES_DIRS',
-        'STATIC_ROOT',
+        "STATICFILES_DIRS",
+        "STATIC_ROOT",
     }:
         from django.contrib.staticfiles.finders import get_finder
+
         get_finder.cache_clear()
 
 
 @receiver(setting_changed)
 def auth_password_validators_changed(*, setting, **kwargs):
-    if setting == 'AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS':
+    if setting == "AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS":
         from django.contrib.auth.password_validation import (
             get_default_password_validators,
         )
+
         get_default_password_validators.cache_clear()
 
 
 @receiver(setting_changed)
 def user_model_swapped(*, setting, **kwargs):
-    if setting == 'AUTH_USER_MODEL':
+    if setting == "AUTH_USER_MODEL":
         apps.clear_cache()
         try:
             from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
+
             UserModel = get_user_model()
         except ImproperlyConfigured:
             # Some tests set an invalid AUTH_USER_MODEL.
             pass
         else:
             from django.contrib.auth import backends
+
             backends.UserModel = UserModel
 
             from django.contrib.auth import forms
+
             forms.UserModel = UserModel
 
             from django.contrib.auth.handlers import modwsgi
+
             modwsgi.UserModel = UserModel
 
             from django.contrib.auth.management.commands import changepassword
+
             changepassword.UserModel = UserModel
 
             from django.contrib.auth import views
+
             views.UserModel = UserModel
diff --git a/django/test/testcases.py b/django/test/testcases.py
index d24a065790..d514d06c7a 100644
--- a/django/test/testcases.py
+++ b/django/test/testcases.py
@@ -15,7 +15,13 @@ from functools import wraps
 from unittest.suite import _DebugResult
 from unittest.util import safe_repr
 from urllib.parse import (
-    parse_qsl, unquote, urlencode, urljoin, urlparse, urlsplit, urlunparse,
+    parse_qsl,
+    unquote,
+    urlencode,
+    urljoin,
+    urlparse,
+    urlsplit,
+    urlunparse,
 )
 from urllib.request import url2pathname
 
@@ -40,7 +46,10 @@ from django.test.client import AsyncClient, Client
 from django.test.html import HTMLParseError, parse_html
 from django.test.signals import template_rendered
 from django.test.utils import (
-    CaptureQueriesContext, ContextList, compare_xml, modify_settings,
+    CaptureQueriesContext,
+    ContextList,
+    compare_xml,
+    modify_settings,
     override_settings,
 )
 from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango50Warning
@@ -48,8 +57,13 @@ from django.utils.functional import classproperty
 from django.utils.version import PY310
 from django.views.static import serve
 
-__all__ = ('TestCase', 'TransactionTestCase',
-           'SimpleTestCase', 'skipIfDBFeature', 'skipUnlessDBFeature')
+__all__ = (
+    "TestCase",
+    "TransactionTestCase",
+    "SimpleTestCase",
+    "skipIfDBFeature",
+    "skipUnlessDBFeature",
+)
 
 
 def to_list(value):
@@ -63,7 +77,7 @@ def assert_and_parse_html(self, html, user_msg, msg):
     try:
         dom = parse_html(html)
     except HTMLParseError as e:
-        standardMsg = '%s\n%s' % (msg, e)
+        standardMsg = "%s\n%s" % (msg, e)
         self.fail(self._formatMessage(user_msg, standardMsg))
     return dom
 
@@ -80,18 +94,22 @@ class _AssertNumQueriesContext(CaptureQueriesContext):
             return
         executed = len(self)
         self.test_case.assertEqual(
-            executed, self.num,
-            "%d queries executed, %d expected\nCaptured queries were:\n%s" % (
-                executed, self.num,
-                '\n'.join(
-                    '%d. %s' % (i, query['sql']) for i, query in enumerate(self.captured_queries, start=1)
-                )
-            )
+            executed,
+            self.num,
+            "%d queries executed, %d expected\nCaptured queries were:\n%s"
+            % (
+                executed,
+                self.num,
+                "\n".join(
+                    "%d. %s" % (i, query["sql"])
+                    for i, query in enumerate(self.captured_queries, start=1)
+                ),
+            ),
         )
 
 
 class _AssertTemplateUsedContext:
-    def __init__(self, test_case, template_name, msg_prefix='', count=None):
+    def __init__(self, test_case, template_name, msg_prefix="", count=None):
         self.test_case = test_case
         self.template_name = template_name
         self.msg_prefix = msg_prefix
@@ -108,7 +126,9 @@ class _AssertTemplateUsedContext:
 
     def test(self):
         self.test_case._assert_template_used(
-            self.template_name, self.rendered_template_names, self.msg_prefix,
+            self.template_name,
+            self.rendered_template_names,
+            self.msg_prefix,
             self.count,
         )
 
@@ -128,7 +148,7 @@ class _AssertTemplateNotUsedContext(_AssertTemplateUsedContext):
         self.test_case.assertFalse(
             self.template_name in self.rendered_template_names,
             f"{self.msg_prefix}Template '{self.template_name}' was used "
-            f"unexpectedly in rendering the response"
+            f"unexpectedly in rendering the response",
         )
 
 
@@ -156,16 +176,16 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     databases = set()
     _disallowed_database_msg = (
-        'Database %(operation)s to %(alias)r are not allowed in SimpleTestCase '
-        'subclasses. Either subclass TestCase or TransactionTestCase to ensure '
-        'proper test isolation or add %(alias)r to %(test)s.databases to silence '
-        'this failure.'
+        "Database %(operation)s to %(alias)r are not allowed in SimpleTestCase "
+        "subclasses. Either subclass TestCase or TransactionTestCase to ensure "
+        "proper test isolation or add %(alias)r to %(test)s.databases to silence "
+        "this failure."
     )
     _disallowed_connection_methods = [
-        ('connect', 'connections'),
-        ('temporary_connection', 'connections'),
-        ('cursor', 'queries'),
-        ('chunked_cursor', 'queries'),
+        ("connect", "connections"),
+        ("temporary_connection", "connections"),
+        ("cursor", "queries"),
+        ("chunked_cursor", "queries"),
     ]
 
     @classmethod
@@ -184,18 +204,21 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def _validate_databases(cls):
-        if cls.databases == '__all__':
+        if cls.databases == "__all__":
             return frozenset(connections)
         for alias in cls.databases:
             if alias not in connections:
-                message = '%s.%s.databases refers to %r which is not defined in settings.DATABASES.' % (
-                    cls.__module__,
-                    cls.__qualname__,
-                    alias,
+                message = (
+                    "%s.%s.databases refers to %r which is not defined in settings.DATABASES."
+                    % (
+                        cls.__module__,
+                        cls.__qualname__,
+                        alias,
+                    )
                 )
                 close_matches = get_close_matches(alias, list(connections))
                 if close_matches:
-                    message += ' Did you mean %r?' % close_matches[0]
+                    message += " Did you mean %r?" % close_matches[0]
                 raise ImproperlyConfigured(message)
         return frozenset(cls.databases)
 
@@ -208,9 +231,9 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             connection = connections[alias]
             for name, operation in cls._disallowed_connection_methods:
                 message = cls._disallowed_database_msg % {
-                    'test': '%s.%s' % (cls.__module__, cls.__qualname__),
-                    'alias': alias,
-                    'operation': operation,
+                    "test": "%s.%s" % (cls.__module__, cls.__qualname__),
+                    "alias": alias,
+                    "operation": operation,
                 }
                 method = getattr(connection, name)
                 setattr(connection, name, _DatabaseFailure(method, message))
@@ -247,9 +270,8 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         instead of __call__() to run the test.
         """
         testMethod = getattr(self, self._testMethodName)
-        skipped = (
-            getattr(self.__class__, "__unittest_skip__", False) or
-            getattr(testMethod, "__unittest_skip__", False)
+        skipped = getattr(self.__class__, "__unittest_skip__", False) or getattr(
+            testMethod, "__unittest_skip__", False
         )
 
         # Convert async test methods.
@@ -305,9 +327,15 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         """
         return modify_settings(**kwargs)
 
-    def assertRedirects(self, response, expected_url, status_code=302,
-                        target_status_code=200, msg_prefix='',
-                        fetch_redirect_response=True):
+    def assertRedirects(
+        self,
+        response,
+        expected_url,
+        status_code=302,
+        target_status_code=200,
+        msg_prefix="",
+        fetch_redirect_response=True,
+    ):
         """
         Assert that a response redirected to a specific URL and that the
         redirect URL can be loaded.
@@ -319,43 +347,50 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         if msg_prefix:
             msg_prefix += ": "
 
-        if hasattr(response, 'redirect_chain'):
+        if hasattr(response, "redirect_chain"):
             # The request was a followed redirect
             self.assertTrue(
                 response.redirect_chain,
-                msg_prefix + "Response didn't redirect as expected: Response code was %d (expected %d)"
-                % (response.status_code, status_code)
+                msg_prefix
+                + "Response didn't redirect as expected: Response code was %d (expected %d)"
+                % (response.status_code, status_code),
             )
 
             self.assertEqual(
-                response.redirect_chain[0][1], status_code,
-                msg_prefix + "Initial response didn't redirect as expected: Response code was %d (expected %d)"
-                % (response.redirect_chain[0][1], status_code)
+                response.redirect_chain[0][1],
+                status_code,
+                msg_prefix
+                + "Initial response didn't redirect as expected: Response code was %d (expected %d)"
+                % (response.redirect_chain[0][1], status_code),
             )
 
             url, status_code = response.redirect_chain[-1]
 
             self.assertEqual(
-                response.status_code, target_status_code,
-                msg_prefix + "Response didn't redirect as expected: Final Response code was %d (expected %d)"
-                % (response.status_code, target_status_code)
+                response.status_code,
+                target_status_code,
+                msg_prefix
+                + "Response didn't redirect as expected: Final Response code was %d (expected %d)"
+                % (response.status_code, target_status_code),
             )
 
         else:
             # Not a followed redirect
             self.assertEqual(
-                response.status_code, status_code,
-                msg_prefix + "Response didn't redirect as expected: Response code was %d (expected %d)"
-                % (response.status_code, status_code)
+                response.status_code,
+                status_code,
+                msg_prefix
+                + "Response didn't redirect as expected: Response code was %d (expected %d)"
+                % (response.status_code, status_code),
             )
 
             url = response.url
             scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment = urlsplit(url)
 
             # Prepend the request path to handle relative path redirects.
-            if not path.startswith('/'):
-                url = urljoin(response.request['PATH_INFO'], url)
-                path = urljoin(response.request['PATH_INFO'], path)
+            if not path.startswith("/"):
+                url = urljoin(response.request["PATH_INFO"], url)
+                path = urljoin(response.request["PATH_INFO"], path)
 
             if fetch_redirect_response:
                 # netloc might be empty, or in cases where Django tests the
@@ -375,21 +410,25 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                 redirect_response = response.client.get(
                     path,
                     QueryDict(query),
-                    secure=(scheme == 'https'),
+                    secure=(scheme == "https"),
                     **extra,
                 )
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    redirect_response.status_code, target_status_code,
-                    msg_prefix + "Couldn't retrieve redirection page '%s': response code was %d (expected %d)"
-                    % (path, redirect_response.status_code, target_status_code)
+                    redirect_response.status_code,
+                    target_status_code,
+                    msg_prefix
+                    + "Couldn't retrieve redirection page '%s': response code was %d (expected %d)"
+                    % (path, redirect_response.status_code, target_status_code),
                 )
 
         self.assertURLEqual(
-            url, expected_url,
-            msg_prefix + "Response redirected to '%s', expected '%s'" % (url, expected_url)
+            url,
+            expected_url,
+            msg_prefix
+            + "Response redirected to '%s', expected '%s'" % (url, expected_url),
         )
 
-    def assertURLEqual(self, url1, url2, msg_prefix=''):
+    def assertURLEqual(self, url1, url2, msg_prefix=""):
         """
         Assert that two URLs are the same, ignoring the order of query string
         parameters except for parameters with the same name.
@@ -397,35 +436,44 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         For example, /path/?x=1&y=2 is equal to /path/?y=2&x=1, but
         /path/?a=1&a=2 isn't equal to /path/?a=2&a=1.
         """
+
         def normalize(url):
             """Sort the URL's query string parameters."""
             url = str(url)  # Coerce reverse_lazy() URLs.
             scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = urlparse(url)
             query_parts = sorted(parse_qsl(query))
-            return urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, params, urlencode(query_parts), fragment))
+            return urlunparse(
+                (scheme, netloc, path, params, urlencode(query_parts), fragment)
+            )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            normalize(url1), normalize(url2),
-            msg_prefix + "Expected '%s' to equal '%s'." % (url1, url2)
+            normalize(url1),
+            normalize(url2),
+            msg_prefix + "Expected '%s' to equal '%s'." % (url1, url2),
         )
 
     def _assert_contains(self, response, text, status_code, msg_prefix, html):
         # If the response supports deferred rendering and hasn't been rendered
         # yet, then ensure that it does get rendered before proceeding further.
-        if hasattr(response, 'render') and callable(response.render) and not response.is_rendered:
+        if (
+            hasattr(response, "render")
+            and callable(response.render)
+            and not response.is_rendered
+        ):
             response.render()
 
         if msg_prefix:
             msg_prefix += ": "
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            response.status_code, status_code,
+            response.status_code,
+            status_code,
             msg_prefix + "Couldn't retrieve content: Response code was %d"
-            " (expected %d)" % (response.status_code, status_code)
+            " (expected %d)" % (response.status_code, status_code),
         )
 
         if response.streaming:
-            content = b''.join(response.streaming_content)
+            content = b"".join(response.streaming_content)
         else:
             content = response.content
         if not isinstance(text, bytes) or html:
@@ -435,12 +483,18 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         else:
             text_repr = repr(text)
         if html:
-            content = assert_and_parse_html(self, content, None, "Response's content is not valid HTML:")
-            text = assert_and_parse_html(self, text, None, "Second argument is not valid HTML:")
+            content = assert_and_parse_html(
+                self, content, None, "Response's content is not valid HTML:"
+            )
+            text = assert_and_parse_html(
+                self, text, None, "Second argument is not valid HTML:"
+            )
         real_count = content.count(text)
         return (text_repr, real_count, msg_prefix)
 
-    def assertContains(self, response, text, count=None, status_code=200, msg_prefix='', html=False):
+    def assertContains(
+        self, response, text, count=None, status_code=200, msg_prefix="", html=False
+    ):
         """
         Assert that a response indicates that some content was retrieved
         successfully, (i.e., the HTTP status code was as expected) and that
@@ -449,26 +503,37 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         if the text occurs at least once in the response.
         """
         text_repr, real_count, msg_prefix = self._assert_contains(
-            response, text, status_code, msg_prefix, html)
+            response, text, status_code, msg_prefix, html
+        )
 
         if count is not None:
             self.assertEqual(
-                real_count, count,
-                msg_prefix + "Found %d instances of %s in response (expected %d)" % (real_count, text_repr, count)
+                real_count,
+                count,
+                msg_prefix
+                + "Found %d instances of %s in response (expected %d)"
+                % (real_count, text_repr, count),
             )
         else:
-            self.assertTrue(real_count != 0, msg_prefix + "Couldn't find %s in response" % text_repr)
+            self.assertTrue(
+                real_count != 0, msg_prefix + "Couldn't find %s in response" % text_repr
+            )
 
-    def assertNotContains(self, response, text, status_code=200, msg_prefix='', html=False):
+    def assertNotContains(
+        self, response, text, status_code=200, msg_prefix="", html=False
+    ):
         """
         Assert that a response indicates that some content was retrieved
         successfully, (i.e., the HTTP status code was as expected) and that
         ``text`` doesn't occur in the content of the response.
         """
         text_repr, real_count, msg_prefix = self._assert_contains(
-            response, text, status_code, msg_prefix, html)
+            response, text, status_code, msg_prefix, html
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual(real_count, 0, msg_prefix + "Response should not contain %s" % text_repr)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            real_count, 0, msg_prefix + "Response should not contain %s" % text_repr
+        )
 
     def _check_test_client_response(self, response, attribute, method_name):
         """
@@ -481,24 +546,26 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                 "the Django test Client."
             )
 
-    def assertFormError(self, response, form, field, errors, msg_prefix=''):
+    def assertFormError(self, response, form, field, errors, msg_prefix=""):
         """
         Assert that a form used to render the response has a specific field
         error.
         """
-        self._check_test_client_response(response, 'context', 'assertFormError')
+        self._check_test_client_response(response, "context", "assertFormError")
         if msg_prefix:
             msg_prefix += ": "
 
         # Put context(s) into a list to simplify processing.
         contexts = [] if response.context is None else to_list(response.context)
         if not contexts:
-            self.fail(msg_prefix + "Response did not use any contexts to render the response")
+            self.fail(
+                msg_prefix + "Response did not use any contexts to render the response"
+            )
 
         if errors is None:
             warnings.warn(
-                'Passing errors=None to assertFormError() is deprecated, use '
-                'errors=[] instead.',
+                "Passing errors=None to assertFormError() is deprecated, use "
+                "errors=[] instead.",
                 RemovedInDjango50Warning,
                 stacklevel=2,
             )
@@ -520,18 +587,20 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                             err in field_errors,
                             msg_prefix + "The field '%s' on form '%s' in"
                             " context %d does not contain the error '%s'"
-                            " (actual errors: %s)" %
-                            (field, form, i, err, repr(field_errors))
+                            " (actual errors: %s)"
+                            % (field, form, i, err, repr(field_errors)),
                         )
                     elif field in context[form].fields:
                         self.fail(
-                            msg_prefix + "The field '%s' on form '%s' in context %d contains no errors" %
-                            (field, form, i)
+                            msg_prefix
+                            + "The field '%s' on form '%s' in context %d contains no errors"
+                            % (field, form, i)
                         )
                     else:
                         self.fail(
-                            msg_prefix + "The form '%s' in context %d does not contain the field '%s'" %
-                            (form, i, field)
+                            msg_prefix
+                            + "The form '%s' in context %d does not contain the field '%s'"
+                            % (form, i, field)
                         )
                 else:
                     non_field_errors = context[form].non_field_errors()
@@ -539,14 +608,17 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                         err in non_field_errors,
                         msg_prefix + "The form '%s' in context %d does not"
                         " contain the non-field error '%s'"
-                        " (actual errors: %s)" %
-                        (form, i, err, non_field_errors or 'none')
+                        " (actual errors: %s)"
+                        % (form, i, err, non_field_errors or "none"),
                     )
         if not found_form:
-            self.fail(msg_prefix + "The form '%s' was not used to render the response" % form)
+            self.fail(
+                msg_prefix + "The form '%s' was not used to render the response" % form
+            )
 
-    def assertFormsetError(self, response, formset, form_index, field, errors,
-                           msg_prefix=''):
+    def assertFormsetError(
+        self, response, formset, form_index, field, errors, msg_prefix=""
+    ):
         """
         Assert that a formset used to render the response has a specific error.
 
@@ -556,7 +628,7 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         For non-form errors, specify ``form_index`` as None and the ``field``
         as None.
         """
-        self._check_test_client_response(response, 'context', 'assertFormsetError')
+        self._check_test_client_response(response, "context", "assertFormsetError")
         # Add punctuation to msg_prefix
         if msg_prefix:
             msg_prefix += ": "
@@ -564,13 +636,15 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         # Put context(s) into a list to simplify processing.
         contexts = [] if response.context is None else to_list(response.context)
         if not contexts:
-            self.fail(msg_prefix + 'Response did not use any contexts to '
-                      'render the response')
+            self.fail(
+                msg_prefix + "Response did not use any contexts to "
+                "render the response"
+            )
 
         if errors is None:
             warnings.warn(
-                'Passing errors=None to assertFormsetError() is deprecated, '
-                'use errors=[] instead.',
+                "Passing errors=None to assertFormsetError() is deprecated, "
+                "use errors=[] instead.",
                 RemovedInDjango50Warning,
                 stacklevel=2,
             )
@@ -581,7 +655,7 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         # Search all contexts for the error.
         found_formset = False
         for i, context in enumerate(contexts):
-            if formset not in context or not hasattr(context[formset], 'forms'):
+            if formset not in context or not hasattr(context[formset], "forms"):
                 continue
             found_formset = True
             for err in errors:
@@ -592,60 +666,68 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                             err in field_errors,
                             msg_prefix + "The field '%s' on formset '%s', "
                             "form %d in context %d does not contain the "
-                            "error '%s' (actual errors: %s)" %
-                            (field, formset, form_index, i, err, repr(field_errors))
+                            "error '%s' (actual errors: %s)"
+                            % (field, formset, form_index, i, err, repr(field_errors)),
                         )
                     elif field in context[formset].forms[form_index].fields:
                         self.fail(
-                            msg_prefix + "The field '%s' on formset '%s', form %d in context %d contains no errors"
+                            msg_prefix
+                            + "The field '%s' on formset '%s', form %d in context %d contains no errors"
                             % (field, formset, form_index, i)
                         )
                     else:
                         self.fail(
-                            msg_prefix + "The formset '%s', form %d in context %d does not contain the field '%s'"
+                            msg_prefix
+                            + "The formset '%s', form %d in context %d does not contain the field '%s'"
                             % (formset, form_index, i, field)
                         )
                 elif form_index is not None:
-                    non_field_errors = context[formset].forms[form_index].non_field_errors()
+                    non_field_errors = (
+                        context[formset].forms[form_index].non_field_errors()
+                    )
                     self.assertFalse(
                         not non_field_errors,
                         msg_prefix + "The formset '%s', form %d in context %d "
-                        "does not contain any non-field errors." % (formset, form_index, i)
+                        "does not contain any non-field errors."
+                        % (formset, form_index, i),
                     )
                     self.assertTrue(
                         err in non_field_errors,
                         msg_prefix + "The formset '%s', form %d in context %d "
                         "does not contain the non-field error '%s' (actual errors: %s)"
-                        % (formset, form_index, i, err, repr(non_field_errors))
+                        % (formset, form_index, i, err, repr(non_field_errors)),
                     )
                 else:
                     non_form_errors = context[formset].non_form_errors()
                     self.assertFalse(
                         not non_form_errors,
                         msg_prefix + "The formset '%s' in context %d does not "
-                        "contain any non-form errors." % (formset, i)
+                        "contain any non-form errors." % (formset, i),
                     )
                     self.assertTrue(
                         err in non_form_errors,
                         msg_prefix + "The formset '%s' in context %d does not "
                         "contain the non-form error '%s' (actual errors: %s)"
-                        % (formset, i, err, repr(non_form_errors))
+                        % (formset, i, err, repr(non_form_errors)),
                     )
         if not found_formset:
-            self.fail(msg_prefix + "The formset '%s' was not used to render the response" % formset)
+            self.fail(
+                msg_prefix
+                + "The formset '%s' was not used to render the response" % formset
+            )
 
     def _get_template_used(self, response, template_name, msg_prefix, method_name):
 
         if response is None and template_name is None:
-            raise TypeError('response and/or template_name argument must be provided')
+            raise TypeError("response and/or template_name argument must be provided")
 
         if msg_prefix:
             msg_prefix += ": "
 
         if template_name is not None and response is not None:
-            self._check_test_client_response(response, 'templates', method_name)
+            self._check_test_client_response(response, "templates", method_name)
 
-        if not hasattr(response, 'templates') or (response is None and template_name):
+        if not hasattr(response, "templates") or (response is None and template_name):
             if response:
                 template_name = response
                 response = None
@@ -662,38 +744,49 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             template_name in template_names,
             msg_prefix + "Template '%s' was not a template used to render"
             " the response. Actual template(s) used: %s"
-            % (template_name, ', '.join(template_names))
+            % (template_name, ", ".join(template_names)),
         )
 
         if count is not None:
             self.assertEqual(
-                template_names.count(template_name), count,
+                template_names.count(template_name),
+                count,
                 msg_prefix + "Template '%s' was expected to be rendered %d "
                 "time(s) but was actually rendered %d time(s)."
-                % (template_name, count, template_names.count(template_name))
+                % (template_name, count, template_names.count(template_name)),
             )
 
-    def assertTemplateUsed(self, response=None, template_name=None, msg_prefix='', count=None):
+    def assertTemplateUsed(
+        self, response=None, template_name=None, msg_prefix="", count=None
+    ):
         """
         Assert that the template with the provided name was used in rendering
         the response. Also usable as context manager.
         """
         context_mgr_template, template_names, msg_prefix = self._get_template_used(
-            response, template_name, msg_prefix, 'assertTemplateUsed',
+            response,
+            template_name,
+            msg_prefix,
+            "assertTemplateUsed",
         )
         if context_mgr_template:
             # Use assertTemplateUsed as context manager.
-            return _AssertTemplateUsedContext(self, context_mgr_template, msg_prefix, count)
+            return _AssertTemplateUsedContext(
+                self, context_mgr_template, msg_prefix, count
+            )
 
         self._assert_template_used(template_name, template_names, msg_prefix, count)
 
-    def assertTemplateNotUsed(self, response=None, template_name=None, msg_prefix=''):
+    def assertTemplateNotUsed(self, response=None, template_name=None, msg_prefix=""):
         """
         Assert that the template with the provided name was NOT used in
         rendering the response. Also usable as context manager.
         """
         context_mgr_template, template_names, msg_prefix = self._get_template_used(
-            response, template_name, msg_prefix, 'assertTemplateNotUsed',
+            response,
+            template_name,
+            msg_prefix,
+            "assertTemplateNotUsed",
         )
         if context_mgr_template:
             # Use assertTemplateNotUsed as context manager.
@@ -701,20 +794,28 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         self.assertFalse(
             template_name in template_names,
-            msg_prefix + "Template '%s' was used unexpectedly in rendering the response" % template_name
+            msg_prefix
+            + "Template '%s' was used unexpectedly in rendering the response"
+            % template_name,
         )
 
     @contextmanager
-    def _assert_raises_or_warns_cm(self, func, cm_attr, expected_exception, expected_message):
+    def _assert_raises_or_warns_cm(
+        self, func, cm_attr, expected_exception, expected_message
+    ):
         with func(expected_exception) as cm:
             yield cm
         self.assertIn(expected_message, str(getattr(cm, cm_attr)))
 
-    def _assertFooMessage(self, func, cm_attr, expected_exception, expected_message, *args, **kwargs):
+    def _assertFooMessage(
+        self, func, cm_attr, expected_exception, expected_message, *args, **kwargs
+    ):
         callable_obj = None
         if args:
             callable_obj, *args = args
-        cm = self._assert_raises_or_warns_cm(func, cm_attr, expected_exception, expected_message)
+        cm = self._assert_raises_or_warns_cm(
+            func, cm_attr, expected_exception, expected_message
+        )
         # Assertion used in context manager fashion.
         if callable_obj is None:
             return cm
@@ -722,7 +823,9 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         with cm:
             callable_obj(*args, **kwargs)
 
-    def assertRaisesMessage(self, expected_exception, expected_message, *args, **kwargs):
+    def assertRaisesMessage(
+        self, expected_exception, expected_message, *args, **kwargs
+    ):
         """
         Assert that expected_message is found in the message of a raised
         exception.
@@ -734,8 +837,12 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             kwargs: Extra kwargs.
         """
         return self._assertFooMessage(
-            self.assertRaises, 'exception', expected_exception, expected_message,
-            *args, **kwargs
+            self.assertRaises,
+            "exception",
+            expected_exception,
+            expected_message,
+            *args,
+            **kwargs,
         )
 
     def assertWarnsMessage(self, expected_warning, expected_message, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -744,12 +851,17 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         assertRaises().
         """
         return self._assertFooMessage(
-            self.assertWarns, 'warning', expected_warning, expected_message,
-            *args, **kwargs
+            self.assertWarns,
+            "warning",
+            expected_warning,
+            expected_message,
+            *args,
+            **kwargs,
         )
 
     # A similar method is available in Python 3.10+.
     if not PY310:
+
         @contextmanager
         def assertNoLogs(self, logger, level=None):
             """
@@ -759,20 +871,29 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             if isinstance(level, int):
                 level = logging.getLevelName(level)
             elif level is None:
-                level = 'INFO'
+                level = "INFO"
             try:
                 with self.assertLogs(logger, level) as cm:
                     yield
             except AssertionError as e:
                 msg = e.args[0]
-                expected_msg = f'no logs of level {level} or higher triggered on {logger}'
+                expected_msg = (
+                    f"no logs of level {level} or higher triggered on {logger}"
+                )
                 if msg != expected_msg:
                     raise e
             else:
-                self.fail(f'Unexpected logs found: {cm.output!r}')
+                self.fail(f"Unexpected logs found: {cm.output!r}")
 
-    def assertFieldOutput(self, fieldclass, valid, invalid, field_args=None,
-                          field_kwargs=None, empty_value=''):
+    def assertFieldOutput(
+        self,
+        fieldclass,
+        valid,
+        invalid,
+        field_args=None,
+        field_kwargs=None,
+        empty_value="",
+    ):
         """
         Assert that a form field behaves correctly with various inputs.
 
@@ -791,7 +912,7 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         if field_kwargs is None:
             field_kwargs = {}
         required = fieldclass(*field_args, **field_kwargs)
-        optional = fieldclass(*field_args, **{**field_kwargs, 'required': False})
+        optional = fieldclass(*field_args, **{**field_kwargs, "required": False})
         # test valid inputs
         for input, output in valid.items():
             self.assertEqual(required.clean(input), output)
@@ -806,7 +927,7 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                 optional.clean(input)
             self.assertEqual(context_manager.exception.messages, errors)
         # test required inputs
-        error_required = [required.error_messages['required']]
+        error_required = [required.error_messages["required"]]
         for e in required.empty_values:
             with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as context_manager:
                 required.clean(e)
@@ -814,7 +935,7 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(optional.clean(e), empty_value)
         # test that max_length and min_length are always accepted
         if issubclass(fieldclass, CharField):
-            field_kwargs.update({'min_length': 2, 'max_length': 20})
+            field_kwargs.update({"min_length": 2, "max_length": 20})
             self.assertIsInstance(fieldclass(*field_args, **field_kwargs), fieldclass)
 
     def assertHTMLEqual(self, html1, html2, msg=None):
@@ -823,39 +944,57 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         Whitespace in most cases is ignored, and attribute ordering is not
         significant. The arguments must be valid HTML.
         """
-        dom1 = assert_and_parse_html(self, html1, msg, 'First argument is not valid HTML:')
-        dom2 = assert_and_parse_html(self, html2, msg, 'Second argument is not valid HTML:')
+        dom1 = assert_and_parse_html(
+            self, html1, msg, "First argument is not valid HTML:"
+        )
+        dom2 = assert_and_parse_html(
+            self, html2, msg, "Second argument is not valid HTML:"
+        )
 
         if dom1 != dom2:
-            standardMsg = '%s != %s' % (
-                safe_repr(dom1, True), safe_repr(dom2, True))
-            diff = ('\n' + '\n'.join(difflib.ndiff(
-                str(dom1).splitlines(), str(dom2).splitlines(),
-            )))
+            standardMsg = "%s != %s" % (safe_repr(dom1, True), safe_repr(dom2, True))
+            diff = "\n" + "\n".join(
+                difflib.ndiff(
+                    str(dom1).splitlines(),
+                    str(dom2).splitlines(),
+                )
+            )
             standardMsg = self._truncateMessage(standardMsg, diff)
             self.fail(self._formatMessage(msg, standardMsg))
 
     def assertHTMLNotEqual(self, html1, html2, msg=None):
         """Assert that two HTML snippets are not semantically equivalent."""
-        dom1 = assert_and_parse_html(self, html1, msg, 'First argument is not valid HTML:')
-        dom2 = assert_and_parse_html(self, html2, msg, 'Second argument is not valid HTML:')
+        dom1 = assert_and_parse_html(
+            self, html1, msg, "First argument is not valid HTML:"
+        )
+        dom2 = assert_and_parse_html(
+            self, html2, msg, "Second argument is not valid HTML:"
+        )
 
         if dom1 == dom2:
-            standardMsg = '%s == %s' % (
-                safe_repr(dom1, True), safe_repr(dom2, True))
+            standardMsg = "%s == %s" % (safe_repr(dom1, True), safe_repr(dom2, True))
             self.fail(self._formatMessage(msg, standardMsg))
 
-    def assertInHTML(self, needle, haystack, count=None, msg_prefix=''):
-        needle = assert_and_parse_html(self, needle, None, 'First argument is not valid HTML:')
-        haystack = assert_and_parse_html(self, haystack, None, 'Second argument is not valid HTML:')
+    def assertInHTML(self, needle, haystack, count=None, msg_prefix=""):
+        needle = assert_and_parse_html(
+            self, needle, None, "First argument is not valid HTML:"
+        )
+        haystack = assert_and_parse_html(
+            self, haystack, None, "Second argument is not valid HTML:"
+        )
         real_count = haystack.count(needle)
         if count is not None:
             self.assertEqual(
-                real_count, count,
-                msg_prefix + "Found %d instances of '%s' in response (expected %d)" % (real_count, needle, count)
+                real_count,
+                count,
+                msg_prefix
+                + "Found %d instances of '%s' in response (expected %d)"
+                % (real_count, needle, count),
             )
         else:
-            self.assertTrue(real_count != 0, msg_prefix + "Couldn't find '%s' in response" % needle)
+            self.assertTrue(
+                real_count != 0, msg_prefix + "Couldn't find '%s' in response" % needle
+            )
 
     def assertJSONEqual(self, raw, expected_data, msg=None):
         """
@@ -900,14 +1039,17 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         try:
             result = compare_xml(xml1, xml2)
         except Exception as e:
-            standardMsg = 'First or second argument is not valid XML\n%s' % e
+            standardMsg = "First or second argument is not valid XML\n%s" % e
             self.fail(self._formatMessage(msg, standardMsg))
         else:
             if not result:
-                standardMsg = '%s != %s' % (safe_repr(xml1, True), safe_repr(xml2, True))
-                diff = ('\n' + '\n'.join(
+                standardMsg = "%s != %s" % (
+                    safe_repr(xml1, True),
+                    safe_repr(xml2, True),
+                )
+                diff = "\n" + "\n".join(
                     difflib.ndiff(xml1.splitlines(), xml2.splitlines())
-                ))
+                )
                 standardMsg = self._truncateMessage(standardMsg, diff)
                 self.fail(self._formatMessage(msg, standardMsg))
 
@@ -920,11 +1062,14 @@ class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         try:
             result = compare_xml(xml1, xml2)
         except Exception as e:
-            standardMsg = 'First or second argument is not valid XML\n%s' % e
+            standardMsg = "First or second argument is not valid XML\n%s" % e
             self.fail(self._formatMessage(msg, standardMsg))
         else:
             if result:
-                standardMsg = '%s == %s' % (safe_repr(xml1, True), safe_repr(xml2, True))
+                standardMsg = "%s == %s" % (
+                    safe_repr(xml1, True),
+                    safe_repr(xml2, True),
+                )
                 self.fail(self._formatMessage(msg, standardMsg))
 
 
@@ -942,9 +1087,9 @@ class TransactionTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 
     databases = {DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS}
     _disallowed_database_msg = (
-        'Database %(operation)s to %(alias)r are not allowed in this test. '
-        'Add %(alias)r to %(test)s.databases to ensure proper test isolation '
-        'and silence this failure.'
+        "Database %(operation)s to %(alias)r are not allowed in this test. "
+        "Add %(alias)r to %(test)s.databases to ensure proper test isolation "
+        "and silence this failure."
     )
 
     # If transactions aren't available, Django will serialize the database
@@ -966,7 +1111,7 @@ class TransactionTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             apps.set_available_apps(self.available_apps)
             setting_changed.send(
                 sender=settings._wrapped.__class__,
-                setting='INSTALLED_APPS',
+                setting="INSTALLED_APPS",
                 value=self.available_apps,
                 enter=True,
             )
@@ -979,7 +1124,7 @@ class TransactionTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
                 apps.unset_available_apps()
                 setting_changed.send(
                     sender=settings._wrapped.__class__,
-                    setting='INSTALLED_APPS',
+                    setting="INSTALLED_APPS",
                     value=settings.INSTALLED_APPS,
                     enter=False,
                 )
@@ -994,9 +1139,12 @@ class TransactionTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
     def _databases_names(cls, include_mirrors=True):
         # Only consider allowed database aliases, including mirrors or not.
         return [
-            alias for alias in connections
-            if alias in cls.databases and (
-                include_mirrors or not connections[alias].settings_dict['TEST']['MIRROR']
+            alias
+            for alias in connections
+            if alias in cls.databases
+            and (
+                include_mirrors
+                or not connections[alias].settings_dict["TEST"]["MIRROR"]
             )
         ]
 
@@ -1004,7 +1152,8 @@ class TransactionTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         conn = connections[db_name]
         if conn.features.supports_sequence_reset:
             sql_list = conn.ops.sequence_reset_by_name_sql(
-                no_style(), conn.introspection.sequence_list())
+                no_style(), conn.introspection.sequence_list()
+            )
             if sql_list:
                 with transaction.atomic(using=db_name):
                     with conn.cursor() as cursor:
@@ -1018,7 +1167,9 @@ class TransactionTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
                 self._reset_sequences(db_name)
 
             # Provide replica initial data from migrated apps, if needed.
-            if self.serialized_rollback and hasattr(connections[db_name], "_test_serialized_contents"):
+            if self.serialized_rollback and hasattr(
+                connections[db_name], "_test_serialized_contents"
+            ):
                 if self.available_apps is not None:
                     apps.unset_available_apps()
                 connections[db_name].creation.deserialize_db_from_string(
@@ -1030,8 +1181,9 @@ class TransactionTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             if self.fixtures:
                 # We have to use this slightly awkward syntax due to the fact
                 # that we're using *args and **kwargs together.
-                call_command('loaddata', *self.fixtures,
-                             **{'verbosity': 0, 'database': db_name})
+                call_command(
+                    "loaddata", *self.fixtures, **{"verbosity": 0, "database": db_name}
+                )
 
     def _should_reload_connections(self):
         return True
@@ -1058,10 +1210,12 @@ class TransactionTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         finally:
             if self.available_apps is not None:
                 apps.unset_available_apps()
-                setting_changed.send(sender=settings._wrapped.__class__,
-                                     setting='INSTALLED_APPS',
-                                     value=settings.INSTALLED_APPS,
-                                     enter=False)
+                setting_changed.send(
+                    sender=settings._wrapped.__class__,
+                    setting="INSTALLED_APPS",
+                    value=settings.INSTALLED_APPS,
+                    enter=False,
+                )
 
     def _fixture_teardown(self):
         # Allow TRUNCATE ... CASCADE and don't emit the post_migrate signal
@@ -1069,17 +1223,22 @@ class TransactionTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         for db_name in self._databases_names(include_mirrors=False):
             # Flush the database
             inhibit_post_migrate = (
-                self.available_apps is not None or
-                (   # Inhibit the post_migrate signal when using serialized
+                self.available_apps is not None
+                or (  # Inhibit the post_migrate signal when using serialized
                     # rollback to avoid trying to recreate the serialized data.
-                    self.serialized_rollback and
-                    hasattr(connections[db_name], '_test_serialized_contents')
+                    self.serialized_rollback
+                    and hasattr(connections[db_name], "_test_serialized_contents")
                 )
             )
-            call_command('flush', verbosity=0, interactive=False,
-                         database=db_name, reset_sequences=False,
-                         allow_cascade=self.available_apps is not None,
-                         inhibit_post_migrate=inhibit_post_migrate)
+            call_command(
+                "flush",
+                verbosity=0,
+                interactive=False,
+                database=db_name,
+                reset_sequences=False,
+                allow_cascade=self.available_apps is not None,
+                inhibit_post_migrate=inhibit_post_migrate,
+            )
 
     def assertQuerysetEqual(self, qs, values, transform=None, ordered=True, msg=None):
         values = list(values)
@@ -1090,10 +1249,10 @@ class TransactionTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             return self.assertDictEqual(Counter(items), Counter(values), msg=msg)
         # For example qs.iterator() could be passed as qs, but it does not
         # have 'ordered' attribute.
-        if len(values) > 1 and hasattr(qs, 'ordered') and not qs.ordered:
+        if len(values) > 1 and hasattr(qs, "ordered") and not qs.ordered:
             raise ValueError(
-                'Trying to compare non-ordered queryset against more than one '
-                'ordered value.'
+                "Trying to compare non-ordered queryset against more than one "
+                "ordered value."
             )
         return self.assertEqual(list(items), values, msg=msg)
 
@@ -1113,7 +1272,11 @@ def connections_support_transactions(aliases=None):
     Return whether or not all (or specified) connections support
     transactions.
     """
-    conns = connections.all() if aliases is None else (connections[alias] for alias in aliases)
+    conns = (
+        connections.all()
+        if aliases is None
+        else (connections[alias] for alias in aliases)
+    )
     return all(conn.features.supports_transactions for conn in conns)
 
 
@@ -1128,7 +1291,8 @@ class TestData:
     Objects are deep copied using a memo kept on the test case instance in
     order to maintain their original relationships.
     """
-    memo_attr = '_testdata_memo'
+
+    memo_attr = "_testdata_memo"
 
     def __init__(self, name, data):
         self.name = name
@@ -1151,7 +1315,7 @@ class TestData:
         return data
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<TestData: name=%r, data=%r>' % (self.name, self.data)
+        return "<TestData: name=%r, data=%r>" % (self.name, self.data)
 
 
 class TestCase(TransactionTestCase):
@@ -1167,6 +1331,7 @@ class TestCase(TransactionTestCase):
     On database backends with no transaction support, TestCase behaves as
     TransactionTestCase.
     """
+
     @classmethod
     def _enter_atomics(cls):
         """Open atomic blocks for multiple databases."""
@@ -1199,7 +1364,11 @@ class TestCase(TransactionTestCase):
         if cls.fixtures:
             for db_name in cls._databases_names(include_mirrors=False):
                 try:
-                    call_command('loaddata', *cls.fixtures, **{'verbosity': 0, 'database': db_name})
+                    call_command(
+                        "loaddata",
+                        *cls.fixtures,
+                        **{"verbosity": 0, "database": db_name},
+                    )
                 except Exception:
                     cls._rollback_atomics(cls.cls_atomics)
                     raise
@@ -1239,7 +1408,7 @@ class TestCase(TransactionTestCase):
             return super()._fixture_setup()
 
         if self.reset_sequences:
-            raise TypeError('reset_sequences cannot be used on TestCase instances')
+            raise TypeError("reset_sequences cannot be used on TestCase instances")
         self.atomics = self._enter_atomics()
 
     def _fixture_teardown(self):
@@ -1254,8 +1423,9 @@ class TestCase(TransactionTestCase):
 
     def _should_check_constraints(self, connection):
         return (
-            connection.features.can_defer_constraint_checks and
-            not connection.needs_rollback and connection.is_usable()
+            connection.features.can_defer_constraint_checks
+            and not connection.needs_rollback
+            and connection.is_usable()
         )
 
     @classmethod
@@ -1281,6 +1451,7 @@ class TestCase(TransactionTestCase):
 
 class CheckCondition:
     """Descriptor class for deferred condition checking."""
+
     def __init__(self, *conditions):
         self.conditions = conditions
 
@@ -1289,7 +1460,7 @@ class CheckCondition:
 
     def __get__(self, instance, cls=None):
         # Trigger access for all bases.
-        if any(getattr(base, '__unittest_skip__', False) for base in cls.__bases__):
+        if any(getattr(base, "__unittest_skip__", False) for base in cls.__bases__):
             return True
         for condition, reason in self.conditions:
             if condition():
@@ -1303,15 +1474,21 @@ class CheckCondition:
 def _deferredSkip(condition, reason, name):
     def decorator(test_func):
         nonlocal condition
-        if not (isinstance(test_func, type) and
-                issubclass(test_func, unittest.TestCase)):
+        if not (
+            isinstance(test_func, type) and issubclass(test_func, unittest.TestCase)
+        ):
+
             @wraps(test_func)
             def skip_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
-                if (args and isinstance(args[0], unittest.TestCase) and
-                        connection.alias not in getattr(args[0], 'databases', {})):
+                if (
+                    args
+                    and isinstance(args[0], unittest.TestCase)
+                    and connection.alias not in getattr(args[0], "databases", {})
+                ):
                     raise ValueError(
                         "%s cannot be used on %s as %s doesn't allow queries "
-                        "against the %r database." % (
+                        "against the %r database."
+                        % (
                             name,
                             args[0],
                             args[0].__class__.__qualname__,
@@ -1321,55 +1498,67 @@ def _deferredSkip(condition, reason, name):
                 if condition():
                     raise unittest.SkipTest(reason)
                 return test_func(*args, **kwargs)
+
             test_item = skip_wrapper
         else:
             # Assume a class is decorated
             test_item = test_func
-            databases = getattr(test_item, 'databases', None)
+            databases = getattr(test_item, "databases", None)
             if not databases or connection.alias not in databases:
                 # Defer raising to allow importing test class's module.
                 def condition():
                     raise ValueError(
                         "%s cannot be used on %s as it doesn't allow queries "
-                        "against the '%s' database." % (
-                            name, test_item, connection.alias,
+                        "against the '%s' database."
+                        % (
+                            name,
+                            test_item,
+                            connection.alias,
                         )
                     )
+
             # Retrieve the possibly existing value from the class's dict to
             # avoid triggering the descriptor.
-            skip = test_func.__dict__.get('__unittest_skip__')
+            skip = test_func.__dict__.get("__unittest_skip__")
             if isinstance(skip, CheckCondition):
                 test_item.__unittest_skip__ = skip.add_condition(condition, reason)
             elif skip is not True:
                 test_item.__unittest_skip__ = CheckCondition((condition, reason))
         return test_item
+
     return decorator
 
 
 def skipIfDBFeature(*features):
     """Skip a test if a database has at least one of the named features."""
     return _deferredSkip(
-        lambda: any(getattr(connection.features, feature, False) for feature in features),
+        lambda: any(
+            getattr(connection.features, feature, False) for feature in features
+        ),
         "Database has feature(s) %s" % ", ".join(features),
-        'skipIfDBFeature',
+        "skipIfDBFeature",
     )
 
 
 def skipUnlessDBFeature(*features):
     """Skip a test unless a database has all the named features."""
     return _deferredSkip(
-        lambda: not all(getattr(connection.features, feature, False) for feature in features),
+        lambda: not all(
+            getattr(connection.features, feature, False) for feature in features
+        ),
         "Database doesn't support feature(s): %s" % ", ".join(features),
-        'skipUnlessDBFeature',
+        "skipUnlessDBFeature",
     )
 
 
 def skipUnlessAnyDBFeature(*features):
     """Skip a test unless a database has any of the named features."""
     return _deferredSkip(
-        lambda: not any(getattr(connection.features, feature, False) for feature in features),
+        lambda: not any(
+            getattr(connection.features, feature, False) for feature in features
+        ),
         "Database doesn't support any of the feature(s): %s" % ", ".join(features),
-        'skipUnlessAnyDBFeature',
+        "skipUnlessAnyDBFeature",
     )
 
 
@@ -1378,6 +1567,7 @@ class QuietWSGIRequestHandler(WSGIRequestHandler):
     A WSGIRequestHandler that doesn't log to standard output any of the
     requests received, so as to not clutter the test result output.
     """
+
     def log_message(*args):
         pass
 
@@ -1387,6 +1577,7 @@ class FSFilesHandler(WSGIHandler):
     WSGI middleware that intercepts calls to a directory, as defined by one of
     the *_ROOT settings, and serves those files, publishing them under *_URL.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, application):
         self.application = application
         self.base_url = urlparse(self.get_base_url())
@@ -1402,7 +1593,7 @@ class FSFilesHandler(WSGIHandler):
 
     def file_path(self, url):
         """Return the relative path to the file on disk for the given URL."""
-        relative_url = url[len(self.base_url[2]):]
+        relative_url = url[len(self.base_url[2]) :]
         return url2pathname(relative_url)
 
     def get_response(self, request):
@@ -1421,7 +1612,7 @@ class FSFilesHandler(WSGIHandler):
         # Emulate behavior of django.contrib.staticfiles.views.serve() when it
         # invokes staticfiles' finders functionality.
         # TODO: Modify if/when that internal API is refactored
-        final_rel_path = os_rel_path.replace('\\', '/').lstrip('/')
+        final_rel_path = os_rel_path.replace("\\", "/").lstrip("/")
         return serve(request, final_rel_path, document_root=self.get_base_dir())
 
     def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
@@ -1435,6 +1626,7 @@ class _StaticFilesHandler(FSFilesHandler):
     Handler for serving static files. A private class that is meant to be used
     solely as a convenience by LiveServerThread.
     """
+
     def get_base_dir(self):
         return settings.STATIC_ROOT
 
@@ -1447,6 +1639,7 @@ class _MediaFilesHandler(FSFilesHandler):
     Handler for serving the media files. A private class that is meant to be
     used solely as a convenience by LiveServerThread.
     """
+
     def get_base_dir(self):
         return settings.MEDIA_ROOT
 
@@ -1503,7 +1696,7 @@ class LiveServerThread(threading.Thread):
         )
 
     def terminate(self):
-        if hasattr(self, 'httpd'):
+        if hasattr(self, "httpd"):
             # Stop the WSGI server
             self.httpd.shutdown()
             self.httpd.server_close()
@@ -1521,14 +1714,15 @@ class LiveServerTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
     and each thread needs to commit all their transactions so that the other
     thread can see the changes.
     """
-    host = 'localhost'
+
+    host = "localhost"
     port = 0
     server_thread_class = LiveServerThread
     static_handler = _StaticFilesHandler
 
     @classproperty
     def live_server_url(cls):
-        return 'http://%s:%s' % (cls.host, cls.server_thread.port)
+        return "http://%s:%s" % (cls.host, cls.server_thread.port)
 
     @classproperty
     def allowed_host(cls):
@@ -1540,7 +1734,7 @@ class LiveServerTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
         for conn in connections.all():
             # If using in-memory sqlite databases, pass the connections to
             # the server thread.
-            if conn.vendor == 'sqlite' and conn.is_in_memory_db():
+            if conn.vendor == "sqlite" and conn.is_in_memory_db():
                 connections_override[conn.alias] = conn
         return connections_override
 
@@ -1548,7 +1742,7 @@ class LiveServerTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
     def setUpClass(cls):
         super().setUpClass()
         cls._live_server_modified_settings = modify_settings(
-            ALLOWED_HOSTS={'append': cls.allowed_host},
+            ALLOWED_HOSTS={"append": cls.allowed_host},
         )
         cls._live_server_modified_settings.enable()
         cls.addClassCleanup(cls._live_server_modified_settings.disable)
@@ -1598,6 +1792,7 @@ class SerializeMixin:
 
     Place it early in the MRO in order to isolate setUpClass()/tearDownClass().
     """
+
     lockfile = None
 
     def __init_subclass__(cls, /, **kwargs):
@@ -1605,7 +1800,8 @@ class SerializeMixin:
         if cls.lockfile is None:
             raise ValueError(
                 "{}.lockfile isn't set. Set it to a unique value "
-                "in the base class.".format(cls.__name__))
+                "in the base class.".format(cls.__name__)
+            )
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
diff --git a/django/test/utils.py b/django/test/utils.py
index 6c2f566909..ac0fc34b08 100644
--- a/django/test/utils.py
+++ b/django/test/utils.py
@@ -35,15 +35,24 @@ except ImportError:
 
 
 __all__ = (
-    'Approximate', 'ContextList', 'isolate_lru_cache', 'get_runner',
-    'CaptureQueriesContext',
-    'ignore_warnings', 'isolate_apps', 'modify_settings', 'override_settings',
-    'override_system_checks', 'tag',
-    'requires_tz_support',
-    'setup_databases', 'setup_test_environment', 'teardown_test_environment',
+    "Approximate",
+    "ContextList",
+    "isolate_lru_cache",
+    "get_runner",
+    "CaptureQueriesContext",
+    "ignore_warnings",
+    "isolate_apps",
+    "modify_settings",
+    "override_settings",
+    "override_system_checks",
+    "tag",
+    "requires_tz_support",
+    "setup_databases",
+    "setup_test_environment",
+    "teardown_test_environment",
 )
 
-TZ_SUPPORT = hasattr(time, 'tzset')
+TZ_SUPPORT = hasattr(time, "tzset")
 
 
 class Approximate:
@@ -63,6 +72,7 @@ class ContextList(list):
     A wrapper that provides direct key access to context items contained
     in a list of context objects.
     """
+
     def __getitem__(self, key):
         if isinstance(key, str):
             for subcontext in self:
@@ -110,7 +120,7 @@ def setup_test_environment(debug=None):
     Perform global pre-test setup, such as installing the instrumented template
     renderer and setting the email backend to the locmem email backend.
     """
-    if hasattr(_TestState, 'saved_data'):
+    if hasattr(_TestState, "saved_data"):
         # Executing this function twice would overwrite the saved values.
         raise RuntimeError(
             "setup_test_environment() was already called and can't be called "
@@ -125,13 +135,13 @@ def setup_test_environment(debug=None):
 
     saved_data.allowed_hosts = settings.ALLOWED_HOSTS
     # Add the default host of the test client.
-    settings.ALLOWED_HOSTS = [*settings.ALLOWED_HOSTS, 'testserver']
+    settings.ALLOWED_HOSTS = [*settings.ALLOWED_HOSTS, "testserver"]
 
     saved_data.debug = settings.DEBUG
     settings.DEBUG = debug
 
     saved_data.email_backend = settings.EMAIL_BACKEND
-    settings.EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.locmem.EmailBackend'
+    settings.EMAIL_BACKEND = "django.core.mail.backends.locmem.EmailBackend"
 
     saved_data.template_render = Template._render
     Template._render = instrumented_test_render
@@ -191,18 +201,17 @@ def setup_databases(
                     # replace with:
                     # serialize_alias = serialized_aliases is None or alias in serialized_aliases
                     try:
-                        serialize_alias = connection.settings_dict['TEST']['SERIALIZE']
+                        serialize_alias = connection.settings_dict["TEST"]["SERIALIZE"]
                     except KeyError:
                         serialize_alias = (
-                            serialized_aliases is None or
-                            alias in serialized_aliases
+                            serialized_aliases is None or alias in serialized_aliases
                         )
                     else:
                         warnings.warn(
-                            'The SERIALIZE test database setting is '
-                            'deprecated as it can be inferred from the '
-                            'TestCase/TransactionTestCase.databases that '
-                            'enable the serialized_rollback feature.',
+                            "The SERIALIZE test database setting is "
+                            "deprecated as it can be inferred from the "
+                            "TestCase/TransactionTestCase.databases that "
+                            "enable the serialized_rollback feature.",
                             category=RemovedInDjango50Warning,
                         )
                     connection.creation.create_test_db(
@@ -221,12 +230,15 @@ def setup_databases(
                             )
             # Configure all other connections as mirrors of the first one
             else:
-                connections[alias].creation.set_as_test_mirror(connections[first_alias].settings_dict)
+                connections[alias].creation.set_as_test_mirror(
+                    connections[first_alias].settings_dict
+                )
 
     # Configure the test mirrors.
     for alias, mirror_alias in mirrored_aliases.items():
         connections[alias].creation.set_as_test_mirror(
-            connections[mirror_alias].settings_dict)
+            connections[mirror_alias].settings_dict
+        )
 
     if debug_sql:
         for alias in connections:
@@ -246,8 +258,8 @@ def iter_test_cases(tests):
             # Prevent an unfriendly RecursionError that can happen with
             # strings.
             raise TypeError(
-                f'Test {test!r} must be a test case or test suite not string '
-                f'(was found in {tests!r}).'
+                f"Test {test!r} must be a test case or test suite not string "
+                f"(was found in {tests!r})."
             )
         if isinstance(test, TestCase):
             yield test
@@ -319,18 +331,18 @@ def get_unique_databases_and_mirrors(aliases=None):
 
     for alias in connections:
         connection = connections[alias]
-        test_settings = connection.settings_dict['TEST']
+        test_settings = connection.settings_dict["TEST"]
 
-        if test_settings['MIRROR']:
+        if test_settings["MIRROR"]:
             # If the database is marked as a test mirror, save the alias.
-            mirrored_aliases[alias] = test_settings['MIRROR']
+            mirrored_aliases[alias] = test_settings["MIRROR"]
         elif alias in aliases:
             # Store a tuple with DB parameters that uniquely identify it.
             # If we have two aliases with the same values for that tuple,
             # we only need to create the test database once.
             item = test_databases.setdefault(
                 connection.creation.test_db_signature(),
-                (connection.settings_dict['NAME'], []),
+                (connection.settings_dict["NAME"], []),
             )
             # The default database must be the first because data migrations
             # use the default alias by default.
@@ -339,11 +351,16 @@ def get_unique_databases_and_mirrors(aliases=None):
             else:
                 item[1].append(alias)
 
-            if 'DEPENDENCIES' in test_settings:
-                dependencies[alias] = test_settings['DEPENDENCIES']
+            if "DEPENDENCIES" in test_settings:
+                dependencies[alias] = test_settings["DEPENDENCIES"]
             else:
-                if alias != DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS and connection.creation.test_db_signature() != default_sig:
-                    dependencies[alias] = test_settings.get('DEPENDENCIES', [DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS])
+                if (
+                    alias != DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS
+                    and connection.creation.test_db_signature() != default_sig
+                ):
+                    dependencies[alias] = test_settings.get(
+                        "DEPENDENCIES", [DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS]
+                    )
 
     test_databases = dict(dependency_ordered(test_databases.items(), dependencies))
     return test_databases, mirrored_aliases
@@ -365,12 +382,12 @@ def teardown_databases(old_config, verbosity, parallel=0, keepdb=False):
 
 def get_runner(settings, test_runner_class=None):
     test_runner_class = test_runner_class or settings.TEST_RUNNER
-    test_path = test_runner_class.split('.')
+    test_path = test_runner_class.split(".")
     # Allow for relative paths
     if len(test_path) > 1:
-        test_module_name = '.'.join(test_path[:-1])
+        test_module_name = ".".join(test_path[:-1])
     else:
-        test_module_name = '.'
+        test_module_name = "."
     test_module = __import__(test_module_name, {}, {}, test_path[-1])
     return getattr(test_module, test_path[-1])
 
@@ -387,6 +404,7 @@ class TestContextDecorator:
     `kwarg_name`: keyword argument passing the return value of enable() if
                   used as a function decorator.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, attr_name=None, kwarg_name=None):
         self.attr_name = attr_name
         self.kwarg_name = kwarg_name
@@ -416,7 +434,7 @@ class TestContextDecorator:
 
             cls.setUp = setUp
             return cls
-        raise TypeError('Can only decorate subclasses of unittest.TestCase')
+        raise TypeError("Can only decorate subclasses of unittest.TestCase")
 
     def decorate_callable(self, func):
         if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(func):
@@ -428,13 +446,16 @@ class TestContextDecorator:
                     if self.kwarg_name:
                         kwargs[self.kwarg_name] = context
                     return await func(*args, **kwargs)
+
         else:
+
             @wraps(func)
             def inner(*args, **kwargs):
                 with self as context:
                     if self.kwarg_name:
                         kwargs[self.kwarg_name] = context
                     return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
         return inner
 
     def __call__(self, decorated):
@@ -442,7 +463,7 @@ class TestContextDecorator:
             return self.decorate_class(decorated)
         elif callable(decorated):
             return self.decorate_callable(decorated)
-        raise TypeError('Cannot decorate object of type %s' % type(decorated))
+        raise TypeError("Cannot decorate object of type %s" % type(decorated))
 
 
 class override_settings(TestContextDecorator):
@@ -452,6 +473,7 @@ class override_settings(TestContextDecorator):
     with the ``with`` statement. In either event, entering/exiting are called
     before and after, respectively, the function/block is executed.
     """
+
     enable_exception = None
 
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
@@ -461,9 +483,9 @@ class override_settings(TestContextDecorator):
     def enable(self):
         # Keep this code at the beginning to leave the settings unchanged
         # in case it raises an exception because INSTALLED_APPS is invalid.
-        if 'INSTALLED_APPS' in self.options:
+        if "INSTALLED_APPS" in self.options:
             try:
-                apps.set_installed_apps(self.options['INSTALLED_APPS'])
+                apps.set_installed_apps(self.options["INSTALLED_APPS"])
             except Exception:
                 apps.unset_installed_apps()
                 raise
@@ -476,14 +498,16 @@ class override_settings(TestContextDecorator):
             try:
                 setting_changed.send(
                     sender=settings._wrapped.__class__,
-                    setting=key, value=new_value, enter=True,
+                    setting=key,
+                    value=new_value,
+                    enter=True,
                 )
             except Exception as exc:
                 self.enable_exception = exc
                 self.disable()
 
     def disable(self):
-        if 'INSTALLED_APPS' in self.options:
+        if "INSTALLED_APPS" in self.options:
             apps.unset_installed_apps()
         settings._wrapped = self.wrapped
         del self.wrapped
@@ -492,7 +516,9 @@ class override_settings(TestContextDecorator):
             new_value = getattr(settings, key, None)
             responses_for_setting = setting_changed.send_robust(
                 sender=settings._wrapped.__class__,
-                setting=key, value=new_value, enter=False,
+                setting=key,
+                value=new_value,
+                enter=False,
             )
             responses.extend(responses_for_setting)
         if self.enable_exception is not None:
@@ -515,10 +541,12 @@ class override_settings(TestContextDecorator):
 
     def decorate_class(self, cls):
         from django.test import SimpleTestCase
+
         if not issubclass(cls, SimpleTestCase):
             raise ValueError(
                 "Only subclasses of Django SimpleTestCase can be decorated "
-                "with override_settings")
+                "with override_settings"
+            )
         self.save_options(cls)
         return cls
 
@@ -528,6 +556,7 @@ class modify_settings(override_settings):
     Like override_settings, but makes it possible to append, prepend, or remove
     items instead of redefining the entire list.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         if args:
             # Hack used when instantiating from SimpleTestCase.setUpClass.
@@ -543,8 +572,9 @@ class modify_settings(override_settings):
             test_func._modified_settings = self.operations
         else:
             # Duplicate list to prevent subclasses from altering their parent.
-            test_func._modified_settings = list(
-                test_func._modified_settings) + self.operations
+            test_func._modified_settings = (
+                list(test_func._modified_settings) + self.operations
+            )
 
     def enable(self):
         self.options = {}
@@ -559,11 +589,11 @@ class modify_settings(override_settings):
                 # items my be a single value or an iterable.
                 if isinstance(items, str):
                     items = [items]
-                if action == 'append':
+                if action == "append":
                     value = value + [item for item in items if item not in value]
-                elif action == 'prepend':
+                elif action == "prepend":
                     value = [item for item in items if item not in value] + value
-                elif action == 'remove':
+                elif action == "remove":
                     value = [item for item in value if item not in items]
                 else:
                     raise ValueError("Unsupported action: %s" % action)
@@ -577,8 +607,10 @@ class override_system_checks(TestContextDecorator):
     Useful when you override `INSTALLED_APPS`, e.g. if you exclude `auth` app,
     you also need to exclude its system checks.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, new_checks, deployment_checks=None):
         from django.core.checks.registry import registry
+
         self.registry = registry
         self.new_checks = new_checks
         self.deployment_checks = deployment_checks
@@ -588,12 +620,12 @@ class override_system_checks(TestContextDecorator):
         self.old_checks = self.registry.registered_checks
         self.registry.registered_checks = set()
         for check in self.new_checks:
-            self.registry.register(check, *getattr(check, 'tags', ()))
+            self.registry.register(check, *getattr(check, "tags", ()))
         self.old_deployment_checks = self.registry.deployment_checks
         if self.deployment_checks is not None:
             self.registry.deployment_checks = set()
             for check in self.deployment_checks:
-                self.registry.register(check, *getattr(check, 'tags', ()), deploy=True)
+                self.registry.register(check, *getattr(check, "tags", ()), deploy=True)
 
     def disable(self):
         self.registry.registered_checks = self.old_checks
@@ -609,18 +641,18 @@ def compare_xml(want, got):
 
     Based on https://github.com/lxml/lxml/blob/master/src/lxml/doctestcompare.py
     """
-    _norm_whitespace_re = re.compile(r'[ \t\n][ \t\n]+')
+    _norm_whitespace_re = re.compile(r"[ \t\n][ \t\n]+")
 
     def norm_whitespace(v):
-        return _norm_whitespace_re.sub(' ', v)
+        return _norm_whitespace_re.sub(" ", v)
 
     def child_text(element):
-        return ''.join(c.data for c in element.childNodes
-                       if c.nodeType == Node.TEXT_NODE)
+        return "".join(
+            c.data for c in element.childNodes if c.nodeType == Node.TEXT_NODE
+        )
 
     def children(element):
-        return [c for c in element.childNodes
-                if c.nodeType == Node.ELEMENT_NODE]
+        return [c for c in element.childNodes if c.nodeType == Node.ELEMENT_NODE]
 
     def norm_child_text(element):
         return norm_whitespace(child_text(element))
@@ -639,7 +671,9 @@ def compare_xml(want, got):
         got_children = children(got_element)
         if len(want_children) != len(got_children):
             return False
-        return all(check_element(want, got) for want, got in zip(want_children, got_children))
+        return all(
+            check_element(want, got) for want, got in zip(want_children, got_children)
+        )
 
     def first_node(document):
         for node in document.childNodes:
@@ -650,13 +684,13 @@ def compare_xml(want, got):
             ):
                 return node
 
-    want = want.strip().replace('\\n', '\n')
-    got = got.strip().replace('\\n', '\n')
+    want = want.strip().replace("\\n", "\n")
+    got = got.strip().replace("\\n", "\n")
 
     # If the string is not a complete xml document, we may need to add a
     # root element. This allow us to compare fragments, like "<foo/><bar/>"
-    if not want.startswith('<?xml'):
-        wrapper = '<root>%s</root>'
+    if not want.startswith("<?xml"):
+        wrapper = "<root>%s</root>"
         want = wrapper % want
         got = wrapper % got
 
@@ -671,6 +705,7 @@ class CaptureQueriesContext:
     """
     Context manager that captures queries executed by the specified connection.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, connection):
         self.connection = connection
 
@@ -685,7 +720,7 @@ class CaptureQueriesContext:
 
     @property
     def captured_queries(self):
-        return self.connection.queries[self.initial_queries:self.final_queries]
+        return self.connection.queries[self.initial_queries : self.final_queries]
 
     def __enter__(self):
         self.force_debug_cursor = self.connection.force_debug_cursor
@@ -709,7 +744,7 @@ class CaptureQueriesContext:
 class ignore_warnings(TestContextDecorator):
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
         self.ignore_kwargs = kwargs
-        if 'message' in self.ignore_kwargs or 'module' in self.ignore_kwargs:
+        if "message" in self.ignore_kwargs or "module" in self.ignore_kwargs:
             self.filter_func = warnings.filterwarnings
         else:
             self.filter_func = warnings.simplefilter
@@ -718,7 +753,7 @@ class ignore_warnings(TestContextDecorator):
     def enable(self):
         self.catch_warnings = warnings.catch_warnings()
         self.catch_warnings.__enter__()
-        self.filter_func('ignore', **self.ignore_kwargs)
+        self.filter_func("ignore", **self.ignore_kwargs)
 
     def disable(self):
         self.catch_warnings.__exit__(*sys.exc_info())
@@ -732,7 +767,7 @@ class ignore_warnings(TestContextDecorator):
 requires_tz_support = skipUnless(
     TZ_SUPPORT,
     "This test relies on the ability to run a program in an arbitrary "
-    "time zone, but your operating system isn't able to do that."
+    "time zone, but your operating system isn't able to do that.",
 )
 
 
@@ -775,9 +810,9 @@ def captured_output(stream_name):
 def captured_stdout():
     """Capture the output of sys.stdout:
 
-       with captured_stdout() as stdout:
-           print("hello")
-       self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue(), "hello\n")
+    with captured_stdout() as stdout:
+        print("hello")
+    self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue(), "hello\n")
     """
     return captured_output("stdout")
 
@@ -785,9 +820,9 @@ def captured_stdout():
 def captured_stderr():
     """Capture the output of sys.stderr:
 
-       with captured_stderr() as stderr:
-           print("hello", file=sys.stderr)
-       self.assertEqual(stderr.getvalue(), "hello\n")
+    with captured_stderr() as stderr:
+        print("hello", file=sys.stderr)
+    self.assertEqual(stderr.getvalue(), "hello\n")
     """
     return captured_output("stderr")
 
@@ -795,12 +830,12 @@ def captured_stderr():
 def captured_stdin():
     """Capture the input to sys.stdin:
 
-       with captured_stdin() as stdin:
-           stdin.write('hello\n')
-           stdin.seek(0)
-           # call test code that consumes from sys.stdin
-           captured = input()
-       self.assertEqual(captured, "hello")
+    with captured_stdin() as stdin:
+        stdin.write('hello\n')
+        stdin.seek(0)
+        # call test code that consumes from sys.stdin
+        captured = input()
+    self.assertEqual(captured, "hello")
     """
     return captured_output("stdin")
 
@@ -828,18 +863,24 @@ def require_jinja2(test_func):
     Django template engine for a test or skip it if Jinja2 isn't available.
     """
     test_func = skipIf(jinja2 is None, "this test requires jinja2")(test_func)
-    return override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'APP_DIRS': True,
-    }, {
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.jinja2.Jinja2',
-        'APP_DIRS': True,
-        'OPTIONS': {'keep_trailing_newline': True},
-    }])(test_func)
+    return override_settings(
+        TEMPLATES=[
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                "APP_DIRS": True,
+            },
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.jinja2.Jinja2",
+                "APP_DIRS": True,
+                "OPTIONS": {"keep_trailing_newline": True},
+            },
+        ]
+    )(test_func)
 
 
 class override_script_prefix(TestContextDecorator):
     """Decorator or context manager to temporary override the script prefix."""
+
     def __init__(self, prefix):
         self.prefix = prefix
         super().__init__()
@@ -857,8 +898,9 @@ class LoggingCaptureMixin:
     Capture the output from the 'django' logger and store it on the class's
     logger_output attribute.
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
-        self.logger = logging.getLogger('django')
+        self.logger = logging.getLogger("django")
         self.old_stream = self.logger.handlers[0].stream
         self.logger_output = StringIO()
         self.logger.handlers[0].stream = self.logger_output
@@ -883,6 +925,7 @@ class isolate_apps(TestContextDecorator):
     `kwarg_name`: keyword argument passing the isolated registry if used as a
                   function decorator.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, *installed_apps, **kwargs):
         self.installed_apps = installed_apps
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
@@ -890,11 +933,11 @@ class isolate_apps(TestContextDecorator):
     def enable(self):
         self.old_apps = Options.default_apps
         apps = Apps(self.installed_apps)
-        setattr(Options, 'default_apps', apps)
+        setattr(Options, "default_apps", apps)
         return apps
 
     def disable(self):
-        setattr(Options, 'default_apps', self.old_apps)
+        setattr(Options, "default_apps", self.old_apps)
 
 
 class TimeKeeper:
@@ -914,7 +957,7 @@ class TimeKeeper:
     def print_results(self):
         for name, end_times in self.records.items():
             for record_time in end_times:
-                record = '%s took %.3fs' % (name, record_time)
+                record = "%s took %.3fs" % (name, record_time)
                 sys.stderr.write(record + os.linesep)
 
 
@@ -929,12 +972,14 @@ class NullTimeKeeper:
 
 def tag(*tags):
     """Decorator to add tags to a test class or method."""
+
     def decorator(obj):
-        if hasattr(obj, 'tags'):
+        if hasattr(obj, "tags"):
             obj.tags = obj.tags.union(tags)
         else:
-            setattr(obj, 'tags', set(tags))
+            setattr(obj, "tags", set(tags))
         return obj
+
     return decorator
 
 
diff --git a/django/urls/__init__.py b/django/urls/__init__.py
index e9e32ac5b9..9aaf4814f2 100644
--- a/django/urls/__init__.py
+++ b/django/urls/__init__.py
@@ -1,23 +1,53 @@
 from .base import (
-    clear_script_prefix, clear_url_caches, get_script_prefix, get_urlconf,
-    is_valid_path, resolve, reverse, reverse_lazy, set_script_prefix,
-    set_urlconf, translate_url,
+    clear_script_prefix,
+    clear_url_caches,
+    get_script_prefix,
+    get_urlconf,
+    is_valid_path,
+    resolve,
+    reverse,
+    reverse_lazy,
+    set_script_prefix,
+    set_urlconf,
+    translate_url,
 )
 from .conf import include, path, re_path
 from .converters import register_converter
 from .exceptions import NoReverseMatch, Resolver404
 from .resolvers import (
-    LocalePrefixPattern, ResolverMatch, URLPattern, URLResolver,
-    get_ns_resolver, get_resolver,
+    LocalePrefixPattern,
+    ResolverMatch,
+    URLPattern,
+    URLResolver,
+    get_ns_resolver,
+    get_resolver,
 )
 from .utils import get_callable, get_mod_func
 
 __all__ = [
-    'LocalePrefixPattern', 'NoReverseMatch', 'URLPattern',
-    'URLResolver', 'Resolver404', 'ResolverMatch', 'clear_script_prefix',
-    'clear_url_caches', 'get_callable', 'get_mod_func', 'get_ns_resolver',
-    'get_resolver', 'get_script_prefix', 'get_urlconf', 'include',
-    'is_valid_path', 'path', 're_path', 'register_converter', 'resolve',
-    'reverse', 'reverse_lazy', 'set_script_prefix', 'set_urlconf',
-    'translate_url',
+    "LocalePrefixPattern",
+    "NoReverseMatch",
+    "URLPattern",
+    "URLResolver",
+    "Resolver404",
+    "ResolverMatch",
+    "clear_script_prefix",
+    "clear_url_caches",
+    "get_callable",
+    "get_mod_func",
+    "get_ns_resolver",
+    "get_resolver",
+    "get_script_prefix",
+    "get_urlconf",
+    "include",
+    "is_valid_path",
+    "path",
+    "re_path",
+    "register_converter",
+    "resolve",
+    "reverse",
+    "reverse_lazy",
+    "set_script_prefix",
+    "set_urlconf",
+    "translate_url",
 ]
diff --git a/django/urls/base.py b/django/urls/base.py
index 8c26a3880b..647ef3e2de 100644
--- a/django/urls/base.py
+++ b/django/urls/base.py
@@ -36,16 +36,16 @@ def reverse(viewname, urlconf=None, args=None, kwargs=None, current_app=None):
     if not isinstance(viewname, str):
         view = viewname
     else:
-        *path, view = viewname.split(':')
+        *path, view = viewname.split(":")
 
         if current_app:
-            current_path = current_app.split(':')
+            current_path = current_app.split(":")
             current_path.reverse()
         else:
             current_path = None
 
         resolved_path = []
-        ns_pattern = ''
+        ns_pattern = ""
         ns_converters = {}
         for ns in path:
             current_ns = current_path.pop() if current_path else None
@@ -75,13 +75,15 @@ def reverse(viewname, urlconf=None, args=None, kwargs=None, current_app=None):
             except KeyError as key:
                 if resolved_path:
                     raise NoReverseMatch(
-                        "%s is not a registered namespace inside '%s'" %
-                        (key, ':'.join(resolved_path))
+                        "%s is not a registered namespace inside '%s'"
+                        % (key, ":".join(resolved_path))
                     )
                 else:
                     raise NoReverseMatch("%s is not a registered namespace" % key)
         if ns_pattern:
-            resolver = get_ns_resolver(ns_pattern, resolver, tuple(ns_converters.items()))
+            resolver = get_ns_resolver(
+                ns_pattern, resolver, tuple(ns_converters.items())
+            )
 
     return resolver._reverse_with_prefix(view, prefix, *args, **kwargs)
 
@@ -99,8 +101,8 @@ def set_script_prefix(prefix):
     """
     Set the script prefix for the current thread.
     """
-    if not prefix.endswith('/'):
-        prefix += '/'
+    if not prefix.endswith("/"):
+        prefix += "/"
     _prefixes.value = prefix
 
 
@@ -110,7 +112,7 @@ def get_script_prefix():
     wishes to construct their own URLs manually (although accessing the request
     instance is normally going to be a lot cleaner).
     """
-    return getattr(_prefixes, "value", '/')
+    return getattr(_prefixes, "value", "/")
 
 
 def clear_script_prefix():
@@ -168,12 +170,18 @@ def translate_url(url, lang_code):
     except Resolver404:
         pass
     else:
-        to_be_reversed = "%s:%s" % (match.namespace, match.url_name) if match.namespace else match.url_name
+        to_be_reversed = (
+            "%s:%s" % (match.namespace, match.url_name)
+            if match.namespace
+            else match.url_name
+        )
         with override(lang_code):
             try:
                 url = reverse(to_be_reversed, args=match.args, kwargs=match.kwargs)
             except NoReverseMatch:
                 pass
             else:
-                url = urlunsplit((parsed.scheme, parsed.netloc, url, parsed.query, parsed.fragment))
+                url = urlunsplit(
+                    (parsed.scheme, parsed.netloc, url, parsed.query, parsed.fragment)
+                )
     return url
diff --git a/django/urls/conf.py b/django/urls/conf.py
index 40990d10f5..40708028a3 100644
--- a/django/urls/conf.py
+++ b/django/urls/conf.py
@@ -5,7 +5,11 @@ from importlib import import_module
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 
 from .resolvers import (
-    LocalePrefixPattern, RegexPattern, RoutePattern, URLPattern, URLResolver,
+    LocalePrefixPattern,
+    RegexPattern,
+    RoutePattern,
+    URLPattern,
+    URLResolver,
 )
 
 
@@ -18,13 +22,13 @@ def include(arg, namespace=None):
         except ValueError:
             if namespace:
                 raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                    'Cannot override the namespace for a dynamic module that '
-                    'provides a namespace.'
+                    "Cannot override the namespace for a dynamic module that "
+                    "provides a namespace."
                 )
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                'Passing a %d-tuple to include() is not supported. Pass a '
-                '2-tuple containing the list of patterns and app_name, and '
-                'provide the namespace argument to include() instead.' % len(arg)
+                "Passing a %d-tuple to include() is not supported. Pass a "
+                "2-tuple containing the list of patterns and app_name, and "
+                "provide the namespace argument to include() instead." % len(arg)
             )
     else:
         # No namespace hint - use manually provided namespace.
@@ -32,24 +36,24 @@ def include(arg, namespace=None):
 
     if isinstance(urlconf_module, str):
         urlconf_module = import_module(urlconf_module)
-    patterns = getattr(urlconf_module, 'urlpatterns', urlconf_module)
-    app_name = getattr(urlconf_module, 'app_name', app_name)
+    patterns = getattr(urlconf_module, "urlpatterns", urlconf_module)
+    app_name = getattr(urlconf_module, "app_name", app_name)
     if namespace and not app_name:
         raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-            'Specifying a namespace in include() without providing an app_name '
-            'is not supported. Set the app_name attribute in the included '
-            'module, or pass a 2-tuple containing the list of patterns and '
-            'app_name instead.',
+            "Specifying a namespace in include() without providing an app_name "
+            "is not supported. Set the app_name attribute in the included "
+            "module, or pass a 2-tuple containing the list of patterns and "
+            "app_name instead.",
         )
     namespace = namespace or app_name
     # Make sure the patterns can be iterated through (without this, some
     # testcases will break).
     if isinstance(patterns, (list, tuple)):
         for url_pattern in patterns:
-            pattern = getattr(url_pattern, 'pattern', None)
+            pattern = getattr(url_pattern, "pattern", None)
             if isinstance(pattern, LocalePrefixPattern):
                 raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                    'Using i18n_patterns in an included URLconf is not allowed.'
+                    "Using i18n_patterns in an included URLconf is not allowed."
                 )
     return (urlconf_module, app_name, namespace)
 
@@ -59,7 +63,7 @@ def _path(route, view, kwargs=None, name=None, Pattern=None):
 
     if kwargs is not None and not isinstance(kwargs, dict):
         raise TypeError(
-            f'kwargs argument must be a dict, but got {kwargs.__class__.__name__}.'
+            f"kwargs argument must be a dict, but got {kwargs.__class__.__name__}."
         )
     if isinstance(view, (list, tuple)):
         # For include(...) processing.
@@ -78,11 +82,13 @@ def _path(route, view, kwargs=None, name=None, Pattern=None):
     elif isinstance(view, View):
         view_cls_name = view.__class__.__name__
         raise TypeError(
-            f'view must be a callable, pass {view_cls_name}.as_view(), not '
-            f'{view_cls_name}().'
+            f"view must be a callable, pass {view_cls_name}.as_view(), not "
+            f"{view_cls_name}()."
         )
     else:
-        raise TypeError('view must be a callable or a list/tuple in the case of include().')
+        raise TypeError(
+            "view must be a callable or a list/tuple in the case of include()."
+        )
 
 
 path = partial(_path, Pattern=RoutePattern)
diff --git a/django/urls/converters.py b/django/urls/converters.py
index bb8478e32f..8af3cbab25 100644
--- a/django/urls/converters.py
+++ b/django/urls/converters.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from functools import lru_cache
 
 
 class IntConverter:
-    regex = '[0-9]+'
+    regex = "[0-9]+"
 
     def to_python(self, value):
         return int(value)
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class IntConverter:
 
 
 class StringConverter:
-    regex = '[^/]+'
+    regex = "[^/]+"
 
     def to_python(self, value):
         return value
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class StringConverter:
 
 
 class UUIDConverter:
-    regex = '[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12}'
+    regex = "[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12}"
 
     def to_python(self, value):
         return uuid.UUID(value)
@@ -33,19 +33,19 @@ class UUIDConverter:
 
 
 class SlugConverter(StringConverter):
-    regex = '[-a-zA-Z0-9_]+'
+    regex = "[-a-zA-Z0-9_]+"
 
 
 class PathConverter(StringConverter):
-    regex = '.+'
+    regex = ".+"
 
 
 DEFAULT_CONVERTERS = {
-    'int': IntConverter(),
-    'path': PathConverter(),
-    'slug': SlugConverter(),
-    'str': StringConverter(),
-    'uuid': UUIDConverter(),
+    "int": IntConverter(),
+    "path": PathConverter(),
+    "slug": SlugConverter(),
+    "str": StringConverter(),
+    "uuid": UUIDConverter(),
 }
 
 
diff --git a/django/urls/resolvers.py b/django/urls/resolvers.py
index 2ef173c2c8..fee8ae9750 100644
--- a/django/urls/resolvers.py
+++ b/django/urls/resolvers.py
@@ -31,7 +31,17 @@ from .utils import get_callable
 
 
 class ResolverMatch:
-    def __init__(self, func, args, kwargs, url_name=None, app_names=None, namespaces=None, route=None, tried=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        func,
+        args,
+        kwargs,
+        url_name=None,
+        app_names=None,
+        namespaces=None,
+        route=None,
+        tried=None,
+    ):
         self.func = func
         self.args = args
         self.kwargs = kwargs
@@ -42,21 +52,21 @@ class ResolverMatch:
         # If a URLRegexResolver doesn't have a namespace or app_name, it passes
         # in an empty value.
         self.app_names = [x for x in app_names if x] if app_names else []
-        self.app_name = ':'.join(self.app_names)
+        self.app_name = ":".join(self.app_names)
         self.namespaces = [x for x in namespaces if x] if namespaces else []
-        self.namespace = ':'.join(self.namespaces)
+        self.namespace = ":".join(self.namespaces)
 
-        if hasattr(func, 'view_class'):
+        if hasattr(func, "view_class"):
             func = func.view_class
-        if not hasattr(func, '__name__'):
+        if not hasattr(func, "__name__"):
             # A class-based view
-            self._func_path = func.__class__.__module__ + '.' + func.__class__.__name__
+            self._func_path = func.__class__.__module__ + "." + func.__class__.__name__
         else:
             # A function-based view
-            self._func_path = func.__module__ + '.' + func.__name__
+            self._func_path = func.__module__ + "." + func.__name__
 
         view_path = url_name or self._func_path
-        self.view_name = ':'.join(self.namespaces + [view_path])
+        self.view_name = ":".join(self.namespaces + [view_path])
 
     def __getitem__(self, index):
         return (self.func, self.args, self.kwargs)[index]
@@ -67,15 +77,21 @@ class ResolverMatch:
         else:
             func = self._func_path
         return (
-            'ResolverMatch(func=%s, args=%r, kwargs=%r, url_name=%r, '
-            'app_names=%r, namespaces=%r, route=%r)' % (
-                func, self.args, self.kwargs, self.url_name,
-                self.app_names, self.namespaces, self.route,
+            "ResolverMatch(func=%s, args=%r, kwargs=%r, url_name=%r, "
+            "app_names=%r, namespaces=%r, route=%r)"
+            % (
+                func,
+                self.args,
+                self.kwargs,
+                self.url_name,
+                self.app_names,
+                self.namespaces,
+                self.route,
             )
         )
 
     def __reduce_ex__(self, protocol):
-        raise PicklingError(f'Cannot pickle {self.__class__.__qualname__}.')
+        raise PicklingError(f"Cannot pickle {self.__class__.__qualname__}.")
 
 
 def get_resolver(urlconf=None):
@@ -86,7 +102,7 @@ def get_resolver(urlconf=None):
 
 @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
 def _get_cached_resolver(urlconf=None):
-    return URLResolver(RegexPattern(r'^/'), urlconf)
+    return URLResolver(RegexPattern(r"^/"), urlconf)
 
 
 @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
@@ -97,7 +113,7 @@ def get_ns_resolver(ns_pattern, resolver, converters):
     pattern = RegexPattern(ns_pattern)
     pattern.converters = dict(converters)
     ns_resolver = URLResolver(pattern, resolver.url_patterns)
-    return URLResolver(RegexPattern(r'^/'), [ns_resolver])
+    return URLResolver(RegexPattern(r"^/"), [ns_resolver])
 
 
 class LocaleRegexDescriptor:
@@ -115,8 +131,8 @@ class LocaleRegexDescriptor:
         # avoid per-language compilation.
         pattern = getattr(instance, self.attr)
         if isinstance(pattern, str):
-            instance.__dict__['regex'] = instance._compile(pattern)
-            return instance.__dict__['regex']
+            instance.__dict__["regex"] = instance._compile(pattern)
+            return instance.__dict__["regex"]
         language_code = get_language()
         if language_code not in instance._regex_dict:
             instance._regex_dict[language_code] = instance._compile(str(pattern))
@@ -142,7 +158,9 @@ class CheckURLMixin:
             # Skip check as it can be useful to start a URL pattern with a slash
             # when APPEND_SLASH=False.
             return []
-        if regex_pattern.startswith(('/', '^/', '^\\/')) and not regex_pattern.endswith('/'):
+        if regex_pattern.startswith(("/", "^/", "^\\/")) and not regex_pattern.endswith(
+            "/"
+        ):
             warning = Warning(
                 "Your URL pattern {} has a route beginning with a '/'. Remove this "
                 "slash as it is unnecessary. If this pattern is targeted in an "
@@ -157,7 +175,7 @@ class CheckURLMixin:
 
 
 class RegexPattern(CheckURLMixin):
-    regex = LocaleRegexDescriptor('_regex')
+    regex = LocaleRegexDescriptor("_regex")
 
     def __init__(self, regex, name=None, is_endpoint=False):
         self._regex = regex
@@ -169,7 +187,7 @@ class RegexPattern(CheckURLMixin):
     def match(self, path):
         match = (
             self.regex.fullmatch(path)
-            if self._is_endpoint and self.regex.pattern.endswith('$')
+            if self._is_endpoint and self.regex.pattern.endswith("$")
             else self.regex.search(path)
         )
         if match:
@@ -179,7 +197,7 @@ class RegexPattern(CheckURLMixin):
             kwargs = match.groupdict()
             args = () if kwargs else match.groups()
             kwargs = {k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if v is not None}
-            return path[match.end():], args, kwargs
+            return path[match.end() :], args, kwargs
         return None
 
     def check(self):
@@ -191,13 +209,15 @@ class RegexPattern(CheckURLMixin):
 
     def _check_include_trailing_dollar(self):
         regex_pattern = self.regex.pattern
-        if regex_pattern.endswith('$') and not regex_pattern.endswith(r'\$'):
-            return [Warning(
-                "Your URL pattern {} uses include with a route ending with a '$'. "
-                "Remove the dollar from the route to avoid problems including "
-                "URLs.".format(self.describe()),
-                id='urls.W001',
-            )]
+        if regex_pattern.endswith("$") and not regex_pattern.endswith(r"\$"):
+            return [
+                Warning(
+                    "Your URL pattern {} uses include with a route ending with a '$'. "
+                    "Remove the dollar from the route to avoid problems including "
+                    "URLs.".format(self.describe()),
+                    id="urls.W001",
+                )
+            ]
         else:
             return []
 
@@ -215,7 +235,7 @@ class RegexPattern(CheckURLMixin):
 
 
 _PATH_PARAMETER_COMPONENT_RE = _lazy_re_compile(
-    r'<(?:(?P<converter>[^>:]+):)?(?P<parameter>[^>]+)>'
+    r"<(?:(?P<converter>[^>:]+):)?(?P<parameter>[^>]+)>"
 )
 
 
@@ -227,7 +247,7 @@ def _route_to_regex(route, is_endpoint=False):
     and {'pk': <django.urls.converters.IntConverter>}.
     """
     original_route = route
-    parts = ['^']
+    parts = ["^"]
     converters = {}
     while True:
         match = _PATH_PARAMETER_COMPONENT_RE.search(route)
@@ -239,34 +259,34 @@ def _route_to_regex(route, is_endpoint=False):
                 "URL route '%s' cannot contain whitespace in angle brackets "
                 "<…>." % original_route
             )
-        parts.append(re.escape(route[:match.start()]))
-        route = route[match.end():]
-        parameter = match['parameter']
+        parts.append(re.escape(route[: match.start()]))
+        route = route[match.end() :]
+        parameter = match["parameter"]
         if not parameter.isidentifier():
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                 "URL route '%s' uses parameter name %r which isn't a valid "
                 "Python identifier." % (original_route, parameter)
             )
-        raw_converter = match['converter']
+        raw_converter = match["converter"]
         if raw_converter is None:
             # If a converter isn't specified, the default is `str`.
-            raw_converter = 'str'
+            raw_converter = "str"
         try:
             converter = get_converter(raw_converter)
         except KeyError as e:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                'URL route %r uses invalid converter %r.'
+                "URL route %r uses invalid converter %r."
                 % (original_route, raw_converter)
             ) from e
         converters[parameter] = converter
-        parts.append('(?P<' + parameter + '>' + converter.regex + ')')
+        parts.append("(?P<" + parameter + ">" + converter.regex + ")")
     if is_endpoint:
-        parts.append(r'\Z')
-    return ''.join(parts), converters
+        parts.append(r"\Z")
+    return "".join(parts), converters
 
 
 class RoutePattern(CheckURLMixin):
-    regex = LocaleRegexDescriptor('_route')
+    regex = LocaleRegexDescriptor("_route")
 
     def __init__(self, route, name=None, is_endpoint=False):
         self._route = route
@@ -286,19 +306,21 @@ class RoutePattern(CheckURLMixin):
                     kwargs[key] = converter.to_python(value)
                 except ValueError:
                     return None
-            return path[match.end():], (), kwargs
+            return path[match.end() :], (), kwargs
         return None
 
     def check(self):
         warnings = self._check_pattern_startswith_slash()
         route = self._route
-        if '(?P<' in route or route.startswith('^') or route.endswith('$'):
-            warnings.append(Warning(
-                "Your URL pattern {} has a route that contains '(?P<', begins "
-                "with a '^', or ends with a '$'. This was likely an oversight "
-                "when migrating to django.urls.path().".format(self.describe()),
-                id='2_0.W001',
-            ))
+        if "(?P<" in route or route.startswith("^") or route.endswith("$"):
+            warnings.append(
+                Warning(
+                    "Your URL pattern {} has a route that contains '(?P<', begins "
+                    "with a '^', or ends with a '$'. This was likely an oversight "
+                    "when migrating to django.urls.path().".format(self.describe()),
+                    id="2_0.W001",
+                )
+            )
         return warnings
 
     def _compile(self, route):
@@ -322,14 +344,14 @@ class LocalePrefixPattern:
     def language_prefix(self):
         language_code = get_language() or settings.LANGUAGE_CODE
         if language_code == settings.LANGUAGE_CODE and not self.prefix_default_language:
-            return ''
+            return ""
         else:
-            return '%s/' % language_code
+            return "%s/" % language_code
 
     def match(self, path):
         language_prefix = self.language_prefix
         if path.startswith(language_prefix):
-            return path[len(language_prefix):], (), {}
+            return path[len(language_prefix) :], (), {}
         return None
 
     def check(self):
@@ -350,7 +372,7 @@ class URLPattern:
         self.name = name
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.pattern.describe())
+        return "<%s %s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.pattern.describe())
 
     def check(self):
         warnings = self._check_pattern_name()
@@ -377,15 +399,18 @@ class URLPattern:
 
         view = self.callback
         if inspect.isclass(view) and issubclass(view, View):
-            return [Error(
-                'Your URL pattern %s has an invalid view, pass %s.as_view() '
-                'instead of %s.' % (
-                    self.pattern.describe(),
-                    view.__name__,
-                    view.__name__,
-                ),
-                id='urls.E009',
-            )]
+            return [
+                Error(
+                    "Your URL pattern %s has an invalid view, pass %s.as_view() "
+                    "instead of %s."
+                    % (
+                        self.pattern.describe(),
+                        view.__name__,
+                        view.__name__,
+                    ),
+                    id="urls.E009",
+                )
+            ]
         return []
 
     def resolve(self, path):
@@ -394,7 +419,9 @@ class URLPattern:
             new_path, args, kwargs = match
             # Pass any extra_kwargs as **kwargs.
             kwargs.update(self.default_args)
-            return ResolverMatch(self.callback, args, kwargs, self.pattern.name, route=str(self.pattern))
+            return ResolverMatch(
+                self.callback, args, kwargs, self.pattern.name, route=str(self.pattern)
+            )
 
     @cached_property
     def lookup_str(self):
@@ -405,15 +432,17 @@ class URLPattern:
         callback = self.callback
         if isinstance(callback, functools.partial):
             callback = callback.func
-        if hasattr(callback, 'view_class'):
+        if hasattr(callback, "view_class"):
             callback = callback.view_class
-        elif not hasattr(callback, '__name__'):
+        elif not hasattr(callback, "__name__"):
             return callback.__module__ + "." + callback.__class__.__name__
         return callback.__module__ + "." + callback.__qualname__
 
 
 class URLResolver:
-    def __init__(self, pattern, urlconf_name, default_kwargs=None, app_name=None, namespace=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self, pattern, urlconf_name, default_kwargs=None, app_name=None, namespace=None
+    ):
         self.pattern = pattern
         # urlconf_name is the dotted Python path to the module defining
         # urlpatterns. It may also be an object with an urlpatterns attribute
@@ -435,12 +464,15 @@ class URLResolver:
     def __repr__(self):
         if isinstance(self.urlconf_name, list) and self.urlconf_name:
             # Don't bother to output the whole list, it can be huge
-            urlconf_repr = '<%s list>' % self.urlconf_name[0].__class__.__name__
+            urlconf_repr = "<%s list>" % self.urlconf_name[0].__class__.__name__
         else:
             urlconf_repr = repr(self.urlconf_name)
-        return '<%s %s (%s:%s) %s>' % (
-            self.__class__.__name__, urlconf_repr, self.app_name,
-            self.namespace, self.pattern.describe(),
+        return "<%s %s (%s:%s) %s>" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            urlconf_repr,
+            self.app_name,
+            self.namespace,
+            self.pattern.describe(),
         )
 
     def check(self):
@@ -458,11 +490,11 @@ class URLResolver:
             try:
                 handler = self.resolve_error_handler(status_code)
             except (ImportError, ViewDoesNotExist) as e:
-                path = getattr(self.urlconf_module, 'handler%s' % status_code)
+                path = getattr(self.urlconf_module, "handler%s" % status_code)
                 msg = (
                     "The custom handler{status_code} view '{path}' could not be imported."
                 ).format(status_code=status_code, path=path)
-                messages.append(Error(msg, hint=str(e), id='urls.E008'))
+                messages.append(Error(msg, hint=str(e), id="urls.E008"))
                 continue
             signature = inspect.signature(handler)
             args = [None] * num_parameters
@@ -474,10 +506,10 @@ class URLResolver:
                     "take the correct number of arguments ({args})."
                 ).format(
                     status_code=status_code,
-                    path=handler.__module__ + '.' + handler.__qualname__,
-                    args='request, exception' if num_parameters == 2 else 'request',
+                    path=handler.__module__ + "." + handler.__qualname__,
+                    args="request, exception" if num_parameters == 2 else "request",
                 )
-                messages.append(Error(msg, id='urls.E007'))
+                messages.append(Error(msg, id="urls.E007"))
         return messages
 
     def _populate(self):
@@ -485,7 +517,7 @@ class URLResolver:
         # infinite recursion. Concurrent threads may call this at the same
         # time and will need to continue, so set 'populating' on a
         # thread-local variable.
-        if getattr(self._local, 'populating', False):
+        if getattr(self._local, "populating", False):
             return
         try:
             self._local.populating = True
@@ -495,28 +527,45 @@ class URLResolver:
             language_code = get_language()
             for url_pattern in reversed(self.url_patterns):
                 p_pattern = url_pattern.pattern.regex.pattern
-                if p_pattern.startswith('^'):
+                if p_pattern.startswith("^"):
                     p_pattern = p_pattern[1:]
                 if isinstance(url_pattern, URLPattern):
                     self._callback_strs.add(url_pattern.lookup_str)
                     bits = normalize(url_pattern.pattern.regex.pattern)
                     lookups.appendlist(
                         url_pattern.callback,
-                        (bits, p_pattern, url_pattern.default_args, url_pattern.pattern.converters)
+                        (
+                            bits,
+                            p_pattern,
+                            url_pattern.default_args,
+                            url_pattern.pattern.converters,
+                        ),
                     )
                     if url_pattern.name is not None:
                         lookups.appendlist(
                             url_pattern.name,
-                            (bits, p_pattern, url_pattern.default_args, url_pattern.pattern.converters)
+                            (
+                                bits,
+                                p_pattern,
+                                url_pattern.default_args,
+                                url_pattern.pattern.converters,
+                            ),
                         )
                 else:  # url_pattern is a URLResolver.
                     url_pattern._populate()
                     if url_pattern.app_name:
-                        apps.setdefault(url_pattern.app_name, []).append(url_pattern.namespace)
+                        apps.setdefault(url_pattern.app_name, []).append(
+                            url_pattern.namespace
+                        )
                         namespaces[url_pattern.namespace] = (p_pattern, url_pattern)
                     else:
                         for name in url_pattern.reverse_dict:
-                            for matches, pat, defaults, converters in url_pattern.reverse_dict.getlist(name):
+                            for (
+                                matches,
+                                pat,
+                                defaults,
+                                converters,
+                            ) in url_pattern.reverse_dict.getlist(name):
                                 new_matches = normalize(p_pattern + pat)
                                 lookups.appendlist(
                                     name,
@@ -524,10 +573,17 @@ class URLResolver:
                                         new_matches,
                                         p_pattern + pat,
                                         {**defaults, **url_pattern.default_kwargs},
-                                        {**self.pattern.converters, **url_pattern.pattern.converters, **converters}
-                                    )
+                                        {
+                                            **self.pattern.converters,
+                                            **url_pattern.pattern.converters,
+                                            **converters,
+                                        },
+                                    ),
                                 )
-                        for namespace, (prefix, sub_pattern) in url_pattern.namespace_dict.items():
+                        for namespace, (
+                            prefix,
+                            sub_pattern,
+                        ) in url_pattern.namespace_dict.items():
                             current_converters = url_pattern.pattern.converters
                             sub_pattern.pattern.converters.update(current_converters)
                             namespaces[namespace] = (p_pattern + prefix, sub_pattern)
@@ -574,7 +630,7 @@ class URLResolver:
         """Join two routes, without the starting ^ in the second route."""
         if not route1:
             return route2
-        if route2.startswith('^'):
+        if route2.startswith("^"):
             route2 = route2[1:]
         return route1 + route2
 
@@ -593,7 +649,7 @@ class URLResolver:
                 try:
                     sub_match = pattern.resolve(new_path)
                 except Resolver404 as e:
-                    self._extend_tried(tried, pattern, e.args[0].get('tried'))
+                    self._extend_tried(tried, pattern, e.args[0].get("tried"))
                 else:
                     if sub_match:
                         # Merge captured arguments in match with submatch
@@ -605,7 +661,11 @@ class URLResolver:
                         sub_match_args = sub_match.args
                         if not sub_match_dict:
                             sub_match_args = args + sub_match.args
-                        current_route = '' if isinstance(pattern, URLPattern) else str(pattern.pattern)
+                        current_route = (
+                            ""
+                            if isinstance(pattern, URLPattern)
+                            else str(pattern.pattern)
+                        )
                         self._extend_tried(tried, pattern, sub_match.tried)
                         return ResolverMatch(
                             sub_match.func,
@@ -618,8 +678,8 @@ class URLResolver:
                             tried,
                         )
                     tried.append([pattern])
-            raise Resolver404({'tried': tried, 'path': new_path})
-        raise Resolver404({'path': path})
+            raise Resolver404({"tried": tried, "path": new_path})
+        raise Resolver404({"path": path})
 
     @cached_property
     def urlconf_module(self):
@@ -645,16 +705,17 @@ class URLResolver:
         return patterns
 
     def resolve_error_handler(self, view_type):
-        callback = getattr(self.urlconf_module, 'handler%s' % view_type, None)
+        callback = getattr(self.urlconf_module, "handler%s" % view_type, None)
         if not callback:
             # No handler specified in file; use lazy import, since
             # django.conf.urls imports this file.
             from django.conf import urls
-            callback = getattr(urls, 'handler%s' % view_type)
+
+            callback = getattr(urls, "handler%s" % view_type)
         return get_callable(callback)
 
     def reverse(self, lookup_view, *args, **kwargs):
-        return self._reverse_with_prefix(lookup_view, '', *args, **kwargs)
+        return self._reverse_with_prefix(lookup_view, "", *args, **kwargs)
 
     def _reverse_with_prefix(self, lookup_view, _prefix, *args, **kwargs):
         if args and kwargs:
@@ -696,16 +757,22 @@ class URLResolver:
                 # without quoting to build a decoded URL and look for a match.
                 # Then, if we have a match, redo the substitution with quoted
                 # arguments in order to return a properly encoded URL.
-                candidate_pat = _prefix.replace('%', '%%') + result
-                if re.search('^%s%s' % (re.escape(_prefix), pattern), candidate_pat % text_candidate_subs):
+                candidate_pat = _prefix.replace("%", "%%") + result
+                if re.search(
+                    "^%s%s" % (re.escape(_prefix), pattern),
+                    candidate_pat % text_candidate_subs,
+                ):
                     # safe characters from `pchar` definition of RFC 3986
-                    url = quote(candidate_pat % text_candidate_subs, safe=RFC3986_SUBDELIMS + '/~:@')
+                    url = quote(
+                        candidate_pat % text_candidate_subs,
+                        safe=RFC3986_SUBDELIMS + "/~:@",
+                    )
                     # Don't allow construction of scheme relative urls.
                     return escape_leading_slashes(url)
         # lookup_view can be URL name or callable, but callables are not
         # friendly in error messages.
-        m = getattr(lookup_view, '__module__', None)
-        n = getattr(lookup_view, '__name__', None)
+        m = getattr(lookup_view, "__module__", None)
+        n = getattr(lookup_view, "__name__", None)
         if m is not None and n is not None:
             lookup_view_s = "%s.%s" % (m, n)
         else:
@@ -719,13 +786,15 @@ class URLResolver:
                 arg_msg = "keyword arguments '%s'" % kwargs
             else:
                 arg_msg = "no arguments"
-            msg = (
-                "Reverse for '%s' with %s not found. %d pattern(s) tried: %s" %
-                (lookup_view_s, arg_msg, len(patterns), patterns)
+            msg = "Reverse for '%s' with %s not found. %d pattern(s) tried: %s" % (
+                lookup_view_s,
+                arg_msg,
+                len(patterns),
+                patterns,
             )
         else:
             msg = (
                 "Reverse for '%(view)s' not found. '%(view)s' is not "
-                "a valid view function or pattern name." % {'view': lookup_view_s}
+                "a valid view function or pattern name." % {"view": lookup_view_s}
             )
         raise NoReverseMatch(msg)
diff --git a/django/urls/utils.py b/django/urls/utils.py
index e59ab9fdbd..60b46d9050 100644
--- a/django/urls/utils.py
+++ b/django/urls/utils.py
@@ -18,11 +18,15 @@ def get_callable(lookup_view):
         return lookup_view
 
     if not isinstance(lookup_view, str):
-        raise ViewDoesNotExist("'%s' is not a callable or a dot-notation path" % lookup_view)
+        raise ViewDoesNotExist(
+            "'%s' is not a callable or a dot-notation path" % lookup_view
+        )
 
     mod_name, func_name = get_mod_func(lookup_view)
     if not func_name:  # No '.' in lookup_view
-        raise ImportError("Could not import '%s'. The path must be fully qualified." % lookup_view)
+        raise ImportError(
+            "Could not import '%s'. The path must be fully qualified." % lookup_view
+        )
 
     try:
         mod = import_module(mod_name)
@@ -30,8 +34,8 @@ def get_callable(lookup_view):
         parentmod, submod = get_mod_func(mod_name)
         if submod and not module_has_submodule(import_module(parentmod), submod):
             raise ViewDoesNotExist(
-                "Could not import '%s'. Parent module %s does not exist." %
-                (lookup_view, mod_name)
+                "Could not import '%s'. Parent module %s does not exist."
+                % (lookup_view, mod_name)
             )
         else:
             raise
@@ -40,14 +44,14 @@ def get_callable(lookup_view):
             view_func = getattr(mod, func_name)
         except AttributeError:
             raise ViewDoesNotExist(
-                "Could not import '%s'. View does not exist in module %s." %
-                (lookup_view, mod_name)
+                "Could not import '%s'. View does not exist in module %s."
+                % (lookup_view, mod_name)
             )
         else:
             if not callable(view_func):
                 raise ViewDoesNotExist(
-                    "Could not import '%s.%s'. View is not callable." %
-                    (mod_name, func_name)
+                    "Could not import '%s.%s'. View is not callable."
+                    % (mod_name, func_name)
                 )
             return view_func
 
@@ -56,7 +60,7 @@ def get_mod_func(callback):
     # Convert 'django.views.news.stories.story_detail' to
     # ['django.views.news.stories', 'story_detail']
     try:
-        dot = callback.rindex('.')
+        dot = callback.rindex(".")
     except ValueError:
-        return callback, ''
-    return callback[:dot], callback[dot + 1:]
+        return callback, ""
+    return callback[:dot], callback[dot + 1 :]
diff --git a/django/utils/_os.py b/django/utils/_os.py
index b2a2a9d426..f85fe09248 100644
--- a/django/utils/_os.py
+++ b/django/utils/_os.py
@@ -23,12 +23,15 @@ def safe_join(base, *paths):
     #     safe_join("/dir", "/../d"))
     #  b) The final path must be the same as the base path.
     #  c) The base path must be the most root path (meaning either "/" or "C:\\")
-    if (not normcase(final_path).startswith(normcase(base_path + sep)) and
-            normcase(final_path) != normcase(base_path) and
-            dirname(normcase(base_path)) != normcase(base_path)):
+    if (
+        not normcase(final_path).startswith(normcase(base_path + sep))
+        and normcase(final_path) != normcase(base_path)
+        and dirname(normcase(base_path)) != normcase(base_path)
+    ):
         raise SuspiciousFileOperation(
-            'The joined path ({}) is located outside of the base path '
-            'component ({})'.format(final_path, base_path))
+            "The joined path ({}) is located outside of the base path "
+            "component ({})".format(final_path, base_path)
+        )
     return final_path
 
 
@@ -39,8 +42,8 @@ def symlinks_supported():
     permissions).
     """
     with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as temp_dir:
-        original_path = os.path.join(temp_dir, 'original')
-        symlink_path = os.path.join(temp_dir, 'symlink')
+        original_path = os.path.join(temp_dir, "original")
+        symlink_path = os.path.join(temp_dir, "symlink")
         os.makedirs(original_path)
         try:
             os.symlink(original_path, symlink_path)
@@ -55,5 +58,5 @@ def to_path(value):
     if isinstance(value, Path):
         return value
     elif not isinstance(value, str):
-        raise TypeError('Invalid path type: %s' % type(value).__name__)
+        raise TypeError("Invalid path type: %s" % type(value).__name__)
     return Path(value)
diff --git a/django/utils/archive.py b/django/utils/archive.py
index d5a0cf0446..71ec2d0015 100644
--- a/django/utils/archive.py
+++ b/django/utils/archive.py
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ class Archive:
     """
     The external API class that encapsulates an archive implementation.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, file):
         self._archive = self._archive_cls(file)(file)
 
@@ -68,7 +69,8 @@ class Archive:
                 filename = file.name
             except AttributeError:
                 raise UnrecognizedArchiveFormat(
-                    "File object not a recognized archive format.")
+                    "File object not a recognized archive format."
+                )
         base, tail_ext = os.path.splitext(filename.lower())
         cls = extension_map.get(tail_ext)
         if not cls:
@@ -76,7 +78,8 @@ class Archive:
             cls = extension_map.get(ext)
         if not cls:
             raise UnrecognizedArchiveFormat(
-                "Path not a recognized archive format: %s" % filename)
+                "Path not a recognized archive format: %s" % filename
+            )
         return cls
 
     def __enter__(self):
@@ -99,6 +102,7 @@ class BaseArchive:
     """
     Base Archive class.  Implementations should inherit this class.
     """
+
     @staticmethod
     def _copy_permissions(mode, filename):
         """
@@ -111,13 +115,15 @@ class BaseArchive:
 
     def split_leading_dir(self, path):
         path = str(path)
-        path = path.lstrip('/').lstrip('\\')
-        if '/' in path and (('\\' in path and path.find('/') < path.find('\\')) or '\\' not in path):
-            return path.split('/', 1)
-        elif '\\' in path:
-            return path.split('\\', 1)
+        path = path.lstrip("/").lstrip("\\")
+        if "/" in path and (
+            ("\\" in path and path.find("/") < path.find("\\")) or "\\" not in path
+        ):
+            return path.split("/", 1)
+        elif "\\" in path:
+            return path.split("\\", 1)
         else:
-            return path, ''
+            return path, ""
 
     def has_leading_dir(self, paths):
         """
@@ -143,14 +149,17 @@ class BaseArchive:
         return filename
 
     def extract(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseArchive must provide an extract() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseArchive must provide an extract() method"
+        )
 
     def list(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseArchive must provide a list() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseArchive must provide a list() method"
+        )
 
 
 class TarArchive(BaseArchive):
-
     def __init__(self, file):
         self._archive = tarfile.open(file)
 
@@ -174,13 +183,15 @@ class TarArchive(BaseArchive):
                 except (KeyError, AttributeError) as exc:
                     # Some corrupt tar files seem to produce this
                     # (specifically bad symlinks)
-                    print("In the tar file %s the member %s is invalid: %s" %
-                          (name, member.name, exc))
+                    print(
+                        "In the tar file %s the member %s is invalid: %s"
+                        % (name, member.name, exc)
+                    )
                 else:
                     dirname = os.path.dirname(filename)
                     if dirname:
                         os.makedirs(dirname, exist_ok=True)
-                    with open(filename, 'wb') as outfile:
+                    with open(filename, "wb") as outfile:
                         shutil.copyfileobj(extracted, outfile)
                         self._copy_permissions(member.mode, filename)
                 finally:
@@ -192,7 +203,6 @@ class TarArchive(BaseArchive):
 
 
 class ZipArchive(BaseArchive):
-
     def __init__(self, file):
         self._archive = zipfile.ZipFile(file)
 
@@ -210,14 +220,14 @@ class ZipArchive(BaseArchive):
             if not name:
                 continue
             filename = self.target_filename(to_path, name)
-            if name.endswith(('/', '\\')):
+            if name.endswith(("/", "\\")):
                 # A directory
                 os.makedirs(filename, exist_ok=True)
             else:
                 dirname = os.path.dirname(filename)
                 if dirname:
                     os.makedirs(dirname, exist_ok=True)
-                with open(filename, 'wb') as outfile:
+                with open(filename, "wb") as outfile:
                     outfile.write(data)
                 # Convert ZipInfo.external_attr to mode
                 mode = info.external_attr >> 16
@@ -227,11 +237,21 @@ class ZipArchive(BaseArchive):
         self._archive.close()
 
 
-extension_map = dict.fromkeys((
-    '.tar',
-    '.tar.bz2', '.tbz2', '.tbz', '.tz2',
-    '.tar.gz', '.tgz', '.taz',
-    '.tar.lzma', '.tlz',
-    '.tar.xz', '.txz',
-), TarArchive)
-extension_map['.zip'] = ZipArchive
+extension_map = dict.fromkeys(
+    (
+        ".tar",
+        ".tar.bz2",
+        ".tbz2",
+        ".tbz",
+        ".tz2",
+        ".tar.gz",
+        ".tgz",
+        ".taz",
+        ".tar.lzma",
+        ".tlz",
+        ".tar.xz",
+        ".txz",
+    ),
+    TarArchive,
+)
+extension_map[".zip"] = ZipArchive
diff --git a/django/utils/asyncio.py b/django/utils/asyncio.py
index b8e14f1f68..7e0b439db2 100644
--- a/django/utils/asyncio.py
+++ b/django/utils/asyncio.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ def async_unsafe(message):
     Decorator to mark functions as async-unsafe. Someone trying to access
     the function while in an async context will get an error message.
     """
+
     def decorator(func):
         @wraps(func)
         def inner(*args, **kwargs):
@@ -19,15 +20,17 @@ def async_unsafe(message):
             except RuntimeError:
                 pass
             else:
-                if not os.environ.get('DJANGO_ALLOW_ASYNC_UNSAFE'):
+                if not os.environ.get("DJANGO_ALLOW_ASYNC_UNSAFE"):
                     raise SynchronousOnlyOperation(message)
             # Pass onward.
             return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
         return inner
+
     # If the message is actually a function, then be a no-arguments decorator.
     if callable(message):
         func = message
-        message = 'You cannot call this from an async context - use a thread or sync_to_async.'
+        message = "You cannot call this from an async context - use a thread or sync_to_async."
         return decorator(func)
     else:
         return decorator
diff --git a/django/utils/autoreload.py b/django/utils/autoreload.py
index 583c2be647..7b9219f4c1 100644
--- a/django/utils/autoreload.py
+++ b/django/utils/autoreload.py
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ from django.utils.version import get_version_tuple
 autoreload_started = Signal()
 file_changed = Signal()
 
-DJANGO_AUTORELOAD_ENV = 'RUN_MAIN'
+DJANGO_AUTORELOAD_ENV = "RUN_MAIN"
 
-logger = logging.getLogger('django.utils.autoreload')
+logger = logging.getLogger("django.utils.autoreload")
 
 # If an error is raised while importing a file, it's not placed in sys.modules.
 # This means that any future modifications aren't caught. Keep a list of these
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ except ImportError:
 
 def is_django_module(module):
     """Return True if the given module is nested under Django."""
-    return module.__name__.startswith('django.')
+    return module.__name__.startswith("django.")
 
 
 def is_django_path(path):
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ def check_errors(fn):
 
             et, ev, tb = _exception
 
-            if getattr(ev, 'filename', None) is None:
+            if getattr(ev, "filename", None) is None:
                 # get the filename from the last item in the stack
                 filename = traceback.extract_tb(tb)[-1][0]
             else:
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ def ensure_echo_on():
     attr_list = termios.tcgetattr(sys.stdin)
     if not attr_list[3] & termios.ECHO:
         attr_list[3] |= termios.ECHO
-        if hasattr(signal, 'SIGTTOU'):
+        if hasattr(signal, "SIGTTOU"):
             old_handler = signal.signal(signal.SIGTTOU, signal.SIG_IGN)
         else:
             old_handler = None
@@ -112,7 +112,11 @@ def iter_all_python_module_files():
     # This ensures cached results are returned in the usual case that modules
     # aren't loaded on the fly.
     keys = sorted(sys.modules)
-    modules = tuple(m for m in map(sys.modules.__getitem__, keys) if not isinstance(m, weakref.ProxyTypes))
+    modules = tuple(
+        m
+        for m in map(sys.modules.__getitem__, keys)
+        if not isinstance(m, weakref.ProxyTypes)
+    )
     return iter_modules_and_files(modules, frozenset(_error_files))
 
 
@@ -126,21 +130,25 @@ def iter_modules_and_files(modules, extra_files):
         # cause issues here.
         if not isinstance(module, ModuleType):
             continue
-        if module.__name__ == '__main__':
+        if module.__name__ == "__main__":
             # __main__ (usually manage.py) doesn't always have a __spec__ set.
             # Handle this by falling back to using __file__, resolved below.
             # See https://docs.python.org/reference/import.html#main-spec
             # __file__ may not exists, e.g. when running ipdb debugger.
-            if hasattr(module, '__file__'):
+            if hasattr(module, "__file__"):
                 sys_file_paths.append(module.__file__)
             continue
-        if getattr(module, '__spec__', None) is None:
+        if getattr(module, "__spec__", None) is None:
             continue
         spec = module.__spec__
         # Modules could be loaded from places without a concrete location. If
         # this is the case, skip them.
         if spec.has_location:
-            origin = spec.loader.archive if isinstance(spec.loader, zipimporter) else spec.origin
+            origin = (
+                spec.loader.archive
+                if isinstance(spec.loader, zipimporter)
+                else spec.origin
+            )
             sys_file_paths.append(origin)
 
     results = set()
@@ -217,49 +225,50 @@ def get_child_arguments():
     on reloading.
     """
     import __main__
+
     py_script = Path(sys.argv[0])
 
-    args = [sys.executable] + ['-W%s' % o for o in sys.warnoptions]
-    if sys.implementation.name == 'cpython':
+    args = [sys.executable] + ["-W%s" % o for o in sys.warnoptions]
+    if sys.implementation.name == "cpython":
         args.extend(
-            f'-X{key}' if value is True else f'-X{key}={value}'
+            f"-X{key}" if value is True else f"-X{key}={value}"
             for key, value in sys._xoptions.items()
         )
     # __spec__ is set when the server was started with the `-m` option,
     # see https://docs.python.org/3/reference/import.html#main-spec
     # __spec__ may not exist, e.g. when running in a Conda env.
-    if getattr(__main__, '__spec__', None) is not None:
+    if getattr(__main__, "__spec__", None) is not None:
         spec = __main__.__spec__
-        if (spec.name == '__main__' or spec.name.endswith('.__main__')) and spec.parent:
+        if (spec.name == "__main__" or spec.name.endswith(".__main__")) and spec.parent:
             name = spec.parent
         else:
             name = spec.name
-        args += ['-m', name]
+        args += ["-m", name]
         args += sys.argv[1:]
     elif not py_script.exists():
         # sys.argv[0] may not exist for several reasons on Windows.
         # It may exist with a .exe extension or have a -script.py suffix.
-        exe_entrypoint = py_script.with_suffix('.exe')
+        exe_entrypoint = py_script.with_suffix(".exe")
         if exe_entrypoint.exists():
             # Should be executed directly, ignoring sys.executable.
             return [exe_entrypoint, *sys.argv[1:]]
-        script_entrypoint = py_script.with_name('%s-script.py' % py_script.name)
+        script_entrypoint = py_script.with_name("%s-script.py" % py_script.name)
         if script_entrypoint.exists():
             # Should be executed as usual.
             return [*args, script_entrypoint, *sys.argv[1:]]
-        raise RuntimeError('Script %s does not exist.' % py_script)
+        raise RuntimeError("Script %s does not exist." % py_script)
     else:
         args += sys.argv
     return args
 
 
 def trigger_reload(filename):
-    logger.info('%s changed, reloading.', filename)
+    logger.info("%s changed, reloading.", filename)
     sys.exit(3)
 
 
 def restart_with_reloader():
-    new_environ = {**os.environ, DJANGO_AUTORELOAD_ENV: 'true'}
+    new_environ = {**os.environ, DJANGO_AUTORELOAD_ENV: "true"}
     args = get_child_arguments()
     while True:
         p = subprocess.run(args, env=new_environ, close_fds=False)
@@ -279,12 +288,12 @@ class BaseReloader:
             path = path.absolute()
         except FileNotFoundError:
             logger.debug(
-                'Unable to watch directory %s as it cannot be resolved.',
+                "Unable to watch directory %s as it cannot be resolved.",
                 path,
                 exc_info=True,
             )
             return
-        logger.debug('Watching dir %s with glob %s.', path, glob)
+        logger.debug("Watching dir %s with glob %s.", path, glob)
         self.directory_globs[path].add(glob)
 
     def watched_files(self, include_globs=True):
@@ -314,11 +323,11 @@ class BaseReloader:
             if app_reg.ready_event.wait(timeout=0.1):
                 return True
         else:
-            logger.debug('Main Django thread has terminated before apps are ready.')
+            logger.debug("Main Django thread has terminated before apps are ready.")
             return False
 
     def run(self, django_main_thread):
-        logger.debug('Waiting for apps ready_event.')
+        logger.debug("Waiting for apps ready_event.")
         self.wait_for_apps_ready(apps, django_main_thread)
         from django.urls import get_resolver
 
@@ -330,7 +339,7 @@ class BaseReloader:
             # Loading the urlconf can result in errors during development.
             # If this occurs then swallow the error and continue.
             pass
-        logger.debug('Apps ready_event triggered. Sending autoreload_started signal.')
+        logger.debug("Apps ready_event triggered. Sending autoreload_started signal.")
         autoreload_started.send(sender=self)
         self.run_loop()
 
@@ -351,15 +360,15 @@ class BaseReloader:
         testability of the reloader implementations by decoupling the work they
         do from the loop.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses must implement tick().')
+        raise NotImplementedError("subclasses must implement tick().")
 
     @classmethod
     def check_availability(cls):
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses must implement check_availability().')
+        raise NotImplementedError("subclasses must implement check_availability().")
 
     def notify_file_changed(self, path):
         results = file_changed.send(sender=self, file_path=path)
-        logger.debug('%s notified as changed. Signal results: %s.', path, results)
+        logger.debug("%s notified as changed. Signal results: %s.", path, results)
         if not any(res[1] for res in results):
             trigger_reload(path)
 
@@ -382,10 +391,15 @@ class StatReloader(BaseReloader):
                 old_time = mtimes.get(filepath)
                 mtimes[filepath] = mtime
                 if old_time is None:
-                    logger.debug('File %s first seen with mtime %s', filepath, mtime)
+                    logger.debug("File %s first seen with mtime %s", filepath, mtime)
                     continue
                 elif mtime > old_time:
-                    logger.debug('File %s previous mtime: %s, current mtime: %s', filepath, old_time, mtime)
+                    logger.debug(
+                        "File %s previous mtime: %s, current mtime: %s",
+                        filepath,
+                        old_time,
+                        mtime,
+                    )
                     self.notify_file_changed(filepath)
 
             time.sleep(self.SLEEP_TIME)
@@ -418,7 +432,7 @@ class WatchmanReloader(BaseReloader):
     def __init__(self):
         self.roots = defaultdict(set)
         self.processed_request = threading.Event()
-        self.client_timeout = int(os.environ.get('DJANGO_WATCHMAN_TIMEOUT', 5))
+        self.client_timeout = int(os.environ.get("DJANGO_WATCHMAN_TIMEOUT", 5))
         super().__init__()
 
     @cached_property
@@ -437,52 +451,63 @@ class WatchmanReloader(BaseReloader):
         # now, watching its parent, if possible, is sufficient.
         if not root.exists():
             if not root.parent.exists():
-                logger.warning('Unable to watch root dir %s as neither it or its parent exist.', root)
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Unable to watch root dir %s as neither it or its parent exist.",
+                    root,
+                )
                 return
             root = root.parent
-        result = self.client.query('watch-project', str(root.absolute()))
-        if 'warning' in result:
-            logger.warning('Watchman warning: %s', result['warning'])
-        logger.debug('Watchman watch-project result: %s', result)
-        return result['watch'], result.get('relative_path')
+        result = self.client.query("watch-project", str(root.absolute()))
+        if "warning" in result:
+            logger.warning("Watchman warning: %s", result["warning"])
+        logger.debug("Watchman watch-project result: %s", result)
+        return result["watch"], result.get("relative_path")
 
     @functools.lru_cache
     def _get_clock(self, root):
-        return self.client.query('clock', root)['clock']
+        return self.client.query("clock", root)["clock"]
 
     def _subscribe(self, directory, name, expression):
         root, rel_path = self._watch_root(directory)
         # Only receive notifications of files changing, filtering out other types
         # like special files: https://facebook.github.io/watchman/docs/type
         only_files_expression = [
-            'allof',
-            ['anyof', ['type', 'f'], ['type', 'l']],
-            expression
+            "allof",
+            ["anyof", ["type", "f"], ["type", "l"]],
+            expression,
         ]
         query = {
-            'expression': only_files_expression,
-            'fields': ['name'],
-            'since': self._get_clock(root),
-            'dedup_results': True,
+            "expression": only_files_expression,
+            "fields": ["name"],
+            "since": self._get_clock(root),
+            "dedup_results": True,
         }
         if rel_path:
-            query['relative_root'] = rel_path
-        logger.debug('Issuing watchman subscription %s, for root %s. Query: %s', name, root, query)
-        self.client.query('subscribe', root, name, query)
+            query["relative_root"] = rel_path
+        logger.debug(
+            "Issuing watchman subscription %s, for root %s. Query: %s",
+            name,
+            root,
+            query,
+        )
+        self.client.query("subscribe", root, name, query)
 
     def _subscribe_dir(self, directory, filenames):
         if not directory.exists():
             if not directory.parent.exists():
-                logger.warning('Unable to watch directory %s as neither it or its parent exist.', directory)
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Unable to watch directory %s as neither it or its parent exist.",
+                    directory,
+                )
                 return
-            prefix = 'files-parent-%s' % directory.name
-            filenames = ['%s/%s' % (directory.name, filename) for filename in filenames]
+            prefix = "files-parent-%s" % directory.name
+            filenames = ["%s/%s" % (directory.name, filename) for filename in filenames]
             directory = directory.parent
-            expression = ['name', filenames, 'wholename']
+            expression = ["name", filenames, "wholename"]
         else:
-            prefix = 'files'
-            expression = ['name', filenames]
-        self._subscribe(directory, '%s:%s' % (prefix, directory), expression)
+            prefix = "files"
+            expression = ["name", filenames]
+        self._subscribe(directory, "%s:%s" % (prefix, directory), expression)
 
     def _watch_glob(self, directory, patterns):
         """
@@ -493,19 +518,22 @@ class WatchmanReloader(BaseReloader):
         overwrite the named subscription, so it must include all possible glob
         expressions.
         """
-        prefix = 'glob'
+        prefix = "glob"
         if not directory.exists():
             if not directory.parent.exists():
-                logger.warning('Unable to watch directory %s as neither it or its parent exist.', directory)
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Unable to watch directory %s as neither it or its parent exist.",
+                    directory,
+                )
                 return
-            prefix = 'glob-parent-%s' % directory.name
-            patterns = ['%s/%s' % (directory.name, pattern) for pattern in patterns]
+            prefix = "glob-parent-%s" % directory.name
+            patterns = ["%s/%s" % (directory.name, pattern) for pattern in patterns]
             directory = directory.parent
 
-        expression = ['anyof']
+        expression = ["anyof"]
         for pattern in patterns:
-            expression.append(['match', pattern, 'wholename'])
-        self._subscribe(directory, '%s:%s' % (prefix, directory), expression)
+            expression.append(["match", pattern, "wholename"])
+        self._subscribe(directory, "%s:%s" % (prefix, directory), expression)
 
     def watched_roots(self, watched_files):
         extra_directories = self.directory_globs.keys()
@@ -516,8 +544,8 @@ class WatchmanReloader(BaseReloader):
     def _update_watches(self):
         watched_files = list(self.watched_files(include_globs=False))
         found_roots = common_roots(self.watched_roots(watched_files))
-        logger.debug('Watching %s files', len(watched_files))
-        logger.debug('Found common roots: %s', found_roots)
+        logger.debug("Watching %s files", len(watched_files))
+        logger.debug("Found common roots: %s", found_roots)
         # Setup initial roots for performance, shortest roots first.
         for root in sorted(found_roots):
             self._watch_root(root)
@@ -527,7 +555,9 @@ class WatchmanReloader(BaseReloader):
         sorted_files = sorted(watched_files, key=lambda p: p.parent)
         for directory, group in itertools.groupby(sorted_files, key=lambda p: p.parent):
             # These paths need to be relative to the parent directory.
-            self._subscribe_dir(directory, [str(p.relative_to(directory)) for p in group])
+            self._subscribe_dir(
+                directory, [str(p.relative_to(directory)) for p in group]
+            )
 
     def update_watches(self):
         try:
@@ -541,19 +571,19 @@ class WatchmanReloader(BaseReloader):
         subscription = self.client.getSubscription(sub)
         if not subscription:
             return
-        logger.debug('Watchman subscription %s has results.', sub)
+        logger.debug("Watchman subscription %s has results.", sub)
         for result in subscription:
             # When using watch-project, it's not simple to get the relative
             # directory without storing some specific state. Store the full
             # path to the directory in the subscription name, prefixed by its
             # type (glob, files).
-            root_directory = Path(result['subscription'].split(':', 1)[1])
-            logger.debug('Found root directory %s', root_directory)
-            for file in result.get('files', []):
+            root_directory = Path(result["subscription"].split(":", 1)[1])
+            logger.debug("Found root directory %s", root_directory)
+            for file in result.get("files", []):
                 self.notify_file_changed(root_directory / file)
 
     def request_processed(self, **kwargs):
-        logger.debug('Request processed. Setting update_watches event.')
+        logger.debug("Request processed. Setting update_watches event.")
         self.processed_request.set()
 
     def tick(self):
@@ -568,7 +598,7 @@ class WatchmanReloader(BaseReloader):
             except pywatchman.SocketTimeout:
                 pass
             except pywatchman.WatchmanError as ex:
-                logger.debug('Watchman error: %s, checking server status.', ex)
+                logger.debug("Watchman error: %s, checking server status.", ex)
                 self.check_server_status(ex)
             else:
                 for sub in list(self.client.subs.keys()):
@@ -584,7 +614,7 @@ class WatchmanReloader(BaseReloader):
     def check_server_status(self, inner_ex=None):
         """Return True if the server is available."""
         try:
-            self.client.query('version')
+            self.client.query("version")
         except Exception:
             raise WatchmanUnavailable(str(inner_ex)) from inner_ex
         return True
@@ -592,19 +622,19 @@ class WatchmanReloader(BaseReloader):
     @classmethod
     def check_availability(cls):
         if not pywatchman:
-            raise WatchmanUnavailable('pywatchman not installed.')
+            raise WatchmanUnavailable("pywatchman not installed.")
         client = pywatchman.client(timeout=0.1)
         try:
             result = client.capabilityCheck()
         except Exception:
             # The service is down?
-            raise WatchmanUnavailable('Cannot connect to the watchman service.')
-        version = get_version_tuple(result['version'])
+            raise WatchmanUnavailable("Cannot connect to the watchman service.")
+        version = get_version_tuple(result["version"])
         # Watchman 4.9 includes multiple improvements to watching project
         # directories as well as case insensitive filesystems.
-        logger.debug('Watchman version %s', version)
+        logger.debug("Watchman version %s", version)
         if version < (4, 9):
-            raise WatchmanUnavailable('Watchman 4.9 or later is required.')
+            raise WatchmanUnavailable("Watchman 4.9 or later is required.")
 
 
 def get_reloader():
@@ -620,7 +650,9 @@ def start_django(reloader, main_func, *args, **kwargs):
     ensure_echo_on()
 
     main_func = check_errors(main_func)
-    django_main_thread = threading.Thread(target=main_func, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, name='django-main-thread')
+    django_main_thread = threading.Thread(
+        target=main_func, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, name="django-main-thread"
+    )
     django_main_thread.daemon = True
     django_main_thread.start()
 
@@ -631,16 +663,20 @@ def start_django(reloader, main_func, *args, **kwargs):
             # It's possible that the watchman service shuts down or otherwise
             # becomes unavailable. In that case, use the StatReloader.
             reloader = StatReloader()
-            logger.error('Error connecting to Watchman: %s', ex)
-            logger.info('Watching for file changes with %s', reloader.__class__.__name__)
+            logger.error("Error connecting to Watchman: %s", ex)
+            logger.info(
+                "Watching for file changes with %s", reloader.__class__.__name__
+            )
 
 
 def run_with_reloader(main_func, *args, **kwargs):
     signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, lambda *args: sys.exit(0))
     try:
-        if os.environ.get(DJANGO_AUTORELOAD_ENV) == 'true':
+        if os.environ.get(DJANGO_AUTORELOAD_ENV) == "true":
             reloader = get_reloader()
-            logger.info('Watching for file changes with %s', reloader.__class__.__name__)
+            logger.info(
+                "Watching for file changes with %s", reloader.__class__.__name__
+            )
             start_django(reloader, main_func, *args, **kwargs)
         else:
             exit_code = restart_with_reloader()
diff --git a/django/utils/baseconv.py b/django/utils/baseconv.py
index 21f1fb3b91..fcaab23f53 100644
--- a/django/utils/baseconv.py
+++ b/django/utils/baseconv.py
@@ -42,33 +42,37 @@ import warnings
 from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango50Warning
 
 warnings.warn(
-    'The django.utils.baseconv module is deprecated.',
+    "The django.utils.baseconv module is deprecated.",
     category=RemovedInDjango50Warning,
     stacklevel=2,
 )
 
-BASE2_ALPHABET = '01'
-BASE16_ALPHABET = '0123456789ABCDEF'
-BASE56_ALPHABET = '23456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnpqrstuvwxyz'
-BASE36_ALPHABET = '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
-BASE62_ALPHABET = '0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
-BASE64_ALPHABET = BASE62_ALPHABET + '-_'
+BASE2_ALPHABET = "01"
+BASE16_ALPHABET = "0123456789ABCDEF"
+BASE56_ALPHABET = "23456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnpqrstuvwxyz"
+BASE36_ALPHABET = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+BASE62_ALPHABET = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+BASE64_ALPHABET = BASE62_ALPHABET + "-_"
 
 
 class BaseConverter:
-    decimal_digits = '0123456789'
+    decimal_digits = "0123456789"
 
-    def __init__(self, digits, sign='-'):
+    def __init__(self, digits, sign="-"):
         self.sign = sign
         self.digits = digits
         if sign in self.digits:
-            raise ValueError('Sign character found in converter base digits.')
+            raise ValueError("Sign character found in converter base digits.")
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "<%s: base%s (%s)>" % (self.__class__.__name__, len(self.digits), self.digits)
+        return "<%s: base%s (%s)>" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            len(self.digits),
+            self.digits,
+        )
 
     def encode(self, i):
-        neg, value = self.convert(i, self.decimal_digits, self.digits, '-')
+        neg, value = self.convert(i, self.decimal_digits, self.digits, "-")
         if neg:
             return self.sign + value
         return value
@@ -76,7 +80,7 @@ class BaseConverter:
     def decode(self, s):
         neg, value = self.convert(s, self.digits, self.decimal_digits, self.sign)
         if neg:
-            value = '-' + value
+            value = "-" + value
         return int(value)
 
     def convert(self, number, from_digits, to_digits, sign):
@@ -95,7 +99,7 @@ class BaseConverter:
         if x == 0:
             res = to_digits[0]
         else:
-            res = ''
+            res = ""
             while x > 0:
                 digit = x % len(to_digits)
                 res = to_digits[digit] + res
@@ -108,4 +112,4 @@ base16 = BaseConverter(BASE16_ALPHABET)
 base36 = BaseConverter(BASE36_ALPHABET)
 base56 = BaseConverter(BASE56_ALPHABET)
 base62 = BaseConverter(BASE62_ALPHABET)
-base64 = BaseConverter(BASE64_ALPHABET, sign='$')
+base64 = BaseConverter(BASE64_ALPHABET, sign="$")
diff --git a/django/utils/cache.py b/django/utils/cache.py
index c0e47e0e42..90292ce4da 100644
--- a/django/utils/cache.py
+++ b/django/utils/cache.py
@@ -23,15 +23,13 @@ from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.cache import caches
 from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseNotModified
 from django.utils.crypto import md5
-from django.utils.http import (
-    http_date, parse_etags, parse_http_date_safe, quote_etag,
-)
+from django.utils.http import http_date, parse_etags, parse_http_date_safe, quote_etag
 from django.utils.log import log_response
 from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 from django.utils.timezone import get_current_timezone_name
 from django.utils.translation import get_language
 
-cc_delim_re = _lazy_re_compile(r'\s*,\s*')
+cc_delim_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"\s*,\s*")
 
 
 def patch_cache_control(response, **kwargs):
@@ -46,8 +44,9 @@ def patch_cache_control(response, **kwargs):
     * All other parameters are added with their value, after applying
       str() to it.
     """
+
     def dictitem(s):
-        t = s.split('=', 1)
+        t = s.split("=", 1)
         if len(t) > 1:
             return (t[0].lower(), t[1])
         else:
@@ -57,13 +56,13 @@ def patch_cache_control(response, **kwargs):
         if t[1] is True:
             return t[0]
         else:
-            return '%s=%s' % (t[0], t[1])
+            return "%s=%s" % (t[0], t[1])
 
     cc = defaultdict(set)
-    if response.get('Cache-Control'):
-        for field in cc_delim_re.split(response.headers['Cache-Control']):
+    if response.get("Cache-Control"):
+        for field in cc_delim_re.split(response.headers["Cache-Control"]):
             directive, value = dictitem(field)
-            if directive == 'no-cache':
+            if directive == "no-cache":
                 # no-cache supports multiple field names.
                 cc[directive].add(value)
             else:
@@ -72,18 +71,18 @@ def patch_cache_control(response, **kwargs):
     # If there's already a max-age header but we're being asked to set a new
     # max-age, use the minimum of the two ages. In practice this happens when
     # a decorator and a piece of middleware both operate on a given view.
-    if 'max-age' in cc and 'max_age' in kwargs:
-        kwargs['max_age'] = min(int(cc['max-age']), kwargs['max_age'])
+    if "max-age" in cc and "max_age" in kwargs:
+        kwargs["max_age"] = min(int(cc["max-age"]), kwargs["max_age"])
 
     # Allow overriding private caching and vice versa
-    if 'private' in cc and 'public' in kwargs:
-        del cc['private']
-    elif 'public' in cc and 'private' in kwargs:
-        del cc['public']
+    if "private" in cc and "public" in kwargs:
+        del cc["private"]
+    elif "public" in cc and "private" in kwargs:
+        del cc["public"]
 
     for (k, v) in kwargs.items():
-        directive = k.replace('_', '-')
-        if directive == 'no-cache':
+        directive = k.replace("_", "-")
+        if directive == "no-cache":
             # no-cache supports multiple field names.
             cc[directive].add(v)
         else:
@@ -98,8 +97,8 @@ def patch_cache_control(response, **kwargs):
             directives.extend([dictvalue(directive, value) for value in values])
         else:
             directives.append(dictvalue(directive, values))
-    cc = ', '.join(directives)
-    response.headers['Cache-Control'] = cc
+    cc = ", ".join(directives)
+    response.headers["Cache-Control"] = cc
 
 
 def get_max_age(response):
@@ -107,18 +106,20 @@ def get_max_age(response):
     Return the max-age from the response Cache-Control header as an integer,
     or None if it wasn't found or wasn't an integer.
     """
-    if not response.has_header('Cache-Control'):
+    if not response.has_header("Cache-Control"):
         return
-    cc = dict(_to_tuple(el) for el in cc_delim_re.split(response.headers['Cache-Control']))
+    cc = dict(
+        _to_tuple(el) for el in cc_delim_re.split(response.headers["Cache-Control"])
+    )
     try:
-        return int(cc['max-age'])
+        return int(cc["max-age"])
     except (ValueError, TypeError, KeyError):
         pass
 
 
 def set_response_etag(response):
     if not response.streaming and response.content:
-        response.headers['ETag'] = quote_etag(
+        response.headers["ETag"] = quote_etag(
             md5(response.content, usedforsecurity=False).hexdigest(),
         )
     return response
@@ -127,7 +128,8 @@ def set_response_etag(response):
 def _precondition_failed(request):
     response = HttpResponse(status=412)
     log_response(
-        'Precondition Failed: %s', request.path,
+        "Precondition Failed: %s",
+        request.path,
         response=response,
         request=request,
     )
@@ -139,7 +141,15 @@ def _not_modified(request, response=None):
     if response:
         # Preserve the headers required by Section 4.1 of RFC 7232, as well as
         # Last-Modified.
-        for header in ('Cache-Control', 'Content-Location', 'Date', 'ETag', 'Expires', 'Last-Modified', 'Vary'):
+        for header in (
+            "Cache-Control",
+            "Content-Location",
+            "Date",
+            "ETag",
+            "Expires",
+            "Last-Modified",
+            "Vary",
+        ):
             if header in response:
                 new_response.headers[header] = response.headers[header]
 
@@ -158,11 +168,13 @@ def get_conditional_response(request, etag=None, last_modified=None, response=No
         return response
 
     # Get HTTP request headers.
-    if_match_etags = parse_etags(request.META.get('HTTP_IF_MATCH', ''))
-    if_unmodified_since = request.META.get('HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE')
-    if_unmodified_since = if_unmodified_since and parse_http_date_safe(if_unmodified_since)
-    if_none_match_etags = parse_etags(request.META.get('HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH', ''))
-    if_modified_since = request.META.get('HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE')
+    if_match_etags = parse_etags(request.META.get("HTTP_IF_MATCH", ""))
+    if_unmodified_since = request.META.get("HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE")
+    if_unmodified_since = if_unmodified_since and parse_http_date_safe(
+        if_unmodified_since
+    )
+    if_none_match_etags = parse_etags(request.META.get("HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH", ""))
+    if_modified_since = request.META.get("HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE")
     if_modified_since = if_modified_since and parse_http_date_safe(if_modified_since)
 
     # Step 1 of section 6 of RFC 7232: Test the If-Match precondition.
@@ -170,23 +182,26 @@ def get_conditional_response(request, etag=None, last_modified=None, response=No
         return _precondition_failed(request)
 
     # Step 2: Test the If-Unmodified-Since precondition.
-    if (not if_match_etags and if_unmodified_since and
-            not _if_unmodified_since_passes(last_modified, if_unmodified_since)):
+    if (
+        not if_match_etags
+        and if_unmodified_since
+        and not _if_unmodified_since_passes(last_modified, if_unmodified_since)
+    ):
         return _precondition_failed(request)
 
     # Step 3: Test the If-None-Match precondition.
     if if_none_match_etags and not _if_none_match_passes(etag, if_none_match_etags):
-        if request.method in ('GET', 'HEAD'):
+        if request.method in ("GET", "HEAD"):
             return _not_modified(request, response)
         else:
             return _precondition_failed(request)
 
     # Step 4: Test the If-Modified-Since precondition.
     if (
-        not if_none_match_etags and
-        if_modified_since and
-        not _if_modified_since_passes(last_modified, if_modified_since) and
-        request.method in ('GET', 'HEAD')
+        not if_none_match_etags
+        and if_modified_since
+        and not _if_modified_since_passes(last_modified, if_modified_since)
+        and request.method in ("GET", "HEAD")
     ):
         return _not_modified(request, response)
 
@@ -202,12 +217,12 @@ def _if_match_passes(target_etag, etags):
     if not target_etag:
         # If there isn't an ETag, then there can't be a match.
         return False
-    elif etags == ['*']:
+    elif etags == ["*"]:
         # The existence of an ETag means that there is "a current
         # representation for the target resource", even if the ETag is weak,
         # so there is a match to '*'.
         return True
-    elif target_etag.startswith('W/'):
+    elif target_etag.startswith("W/"):
         # A weak ETag can never strongly match another ETag.
         return False
     else:
@@ -231,15 +246,15 @@ def _if_none_match_passes(target_etag, etags):
     if not target_etag:
         # If there isn't an ETag, then there isn't a match.
         return True
-    elif etags == ['*']:
+    elif etags == ["*"]:
         # The existence of an ETag means that there is "a current
         # representation for the target resource", so there is a match to '*'.
         return False
     else:
         # The comparison should be weak, so look for a match after stripping
         # off any weak indicators.
-        target_etag = target_etag.strip('W/')
-        etags = (etag.strip('W/') for etag in etags)
+        target_etag = target_etag.strip("W/")
+        etags = (etag.strip("W/") for etag in etags)
         return target_etag not in etags
 
 
@@ -264,8 +279,8 @@ def patch_response_headers(response, cache_timeout=None):
         cache_timeout = settings.CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_SECONDS
     if cache_timeout < 0:
         cache_timeout = 0  # Can't have max-age negative
-    if not response.has_header('Expires'):
-        response.headers['Expires'] = http_date(time.time() + cache_timeout)
+    if not response.has_header("Expires"):
+        response.headers["Expires"] = http_date(time.time() + cache_timeout)
     patch_cache_control(response, max_age=cache_timeout)
 
 
@@ -274,7 +289,9 @@ def add_never_cache_headers(response):
     Add headers to a response to indicate that a page should never be cached.
     """
     patch_response_headers(response, cache_timeout=-1)
-    patch_cache_control(response, no_cache=True, no_store=True, must_revalidate=True, private=True)
+    patch_cache_control(
+        response, no_cache=True, no_store=True, must_revalidate=True, private=True
+    )
 
 
 def patch_vary_headers(response, newheaders):
@@ -287,28 +304,31 @@ def patch_vary_headers(response, newheaders):
     # Note that we need to keep the original order intact, because cache
     # implementations may rely on the order of the Vary contents in, say,
     # computing an MD5 hash.
-    if response.has_header('Vary'):
-        vary_headers = cc_delim_re.split(response.headers['Vary'])
+    if response.has_header("Vary"):
+        vary_headers = cc_delim_re.split(response.headers["Vary"])
     else:
         vary_headers = []
     # Use .lower() here so we treat headers as case-insensitive.
     existing_headers = {header.lower() for header in vary_headers}
-    additional_headers = [newheader for newheader in newheaders
-                          if newheader.lower() not in existing_headers]
+    additional_headers = [
+        newheader
+        for newheader in newheaders
+        if newheader.lower() not in existing_headers
+    ]
     vary_headers += additional_headers
-    if '*' in vary_headers:
-        response.headers['Vary'] = '*'
+    if "*" in vary_headers:
+        response.headers["Vary"] = "*"
     else:
-        response.headers['Vary'] = ', '.join(vary_headers)
+        response.headers["Vary"] = ", ".join(vary_headers)
 
 
 def has_vary_header(response, header_query):
     """
     Check to see if the response has a given header name in its Vary header.
     """
-    if not response.has_header('Vary'):
+    if not response.has_header("Vary"):
         return False
-    vary_headers = cc_delim_re.split(response.headers['Vary'])
+    vary_headers = cc_delim_re.split(response.headers["Vary"])
     existing_headers = {header.lower() for header in vary_headers}
     return header_query.lower() in existing_headers
 
@@ -319,9 +339,9 @@ def _i18n_cache_key_suffix(request, cache_key):
         # first check if LocaleMiddleware or another middleware added
         # LANGUAGE_CODE to request, then fall back to the active language
         # which in turn can also fall back to settings.LANGUAGE_CODE
-        cache_key += '.%s' % getattr(request, 'LANGUAGE_CODE', get_language())
+        cache_key += ".%s" % getattr(request, "LANGUAGE_CODE", get_language())
     if settings.USE_TZ:
-        cache_key += '.%s' % get_current_timezone_name()
+        cache_key += ".%s" % get_current_timezone_name()
     return cache_key
 
 
@@ -332,21 +352,27 @@ def _generate_cache_key(request, method, headerlist, key_prefix):
         value = request.META.get(header)
         if value is not None:
             ctx.update(value.encode())
-    url = md5(request.build_absolute_uri().encode('ascii'), usedforsecurity=False)
-    cache_key = 'views.decorators.cache.cache_page.%s.%s.%s.%s' % (
-        key_prefix, method, url.hexdigest(), ctx.hexdigest())
+    url = md5(request.build_absolute_uri().encode("ascii"), usedforsecurity=False)
+    cache_key = "views.decorators.cache.cache_page.%s.%s.%s.%s" % (
+        key_prefix,
+        method,
+        url.hexdigest(),
+        ctx.hexdigest(),
+    )
     return _i18n_cache_key_suffix(request, cache_key)
 
 
 def _generate_cache_header_key(key_prefix, request):
     """Return a cache key for the header cache."""
-    url = md5(request.build_absolute_uri().encode('ascii'), usedforsecurity=False)
-    cache_key = 'views.decorators.cache.cache_header.%s.%s' % (
-        key_prefix, url.hexdigest())
+    url = md5(request.build_absolute_uri().encode("ascii"), usedforsecurity=False)
+    cache_key = "views.decorators.cache.cache_header.%s.%s" % (
+        key_prefix,
+        url.hexdigest(),
+    )
     return _i18n_cache_key_suffix(request, cache_key)
 
 
-def get_cache_key(request, key_prefix=None, method='GET', cache=None):
+def get_cache_key(request, key_prefix=None, method="GET", cache=None):
     """
     Return a cache key based on the request URL and query. It can be used
     in the request phase because it pulls the list of headers to take into
@@ -388,17 +414,17 @@ def learn_cache_key(request, response, cache_timeout=None, key_prefix=None, cach
     cache_key = _generate_cache_header_key(key_prefix, request)
     if cache is None:
         cache = caches[settings.CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_ALIAS]
-    if response.has_header('Vary'):
+    if response.has_header("Vary"):
         is_accept_language_redundant = settings.USE_I18N
         # If i18n is used, the generated cache key will be suffixed with the
         # current locale. Adding the raw value of Accept-Language is redundant
         # in that case and would result in storing the same content under
         # multiple keys in the cache. See #18191 for details.
         headerlist = []
-        for header in cc_delim_re.split(response.headers['Vary']):
-            header = header.upper().replace('-', '_')
-            if header != 'ACCEPT_LANGUAGE' or not is_accept_language_redundant:
-                headerlist.append('HTTP_' + header)
+        for header in cc_delim_re.split(response.headers["Vary"]):
+            header = header.upper().replace("-", "_")
+            if header != "ACCEPT_LANGUAGE" or not is_accept_language_redundant:
+                headerlist.append("HTTP_" + header)
         headerlist.sort()
         cache.set(cache_key, headerlist, cache_timeout)
         return _generate_cache_key(request, request.method, headerlist, key_prefix)
@@ -410,7 +436,7 @@ def learn_cache_key(request, response, cache_timeout=None, key_prefix=None, cach
 
 
 def _to_tuple(s):
-    t = s.split('=', 1)
+    t = s.split("=", 1)
     if len(t) == 2:
         return t[0].lower(), t[1]
     return t[0].lower(), True
diff --git a/django/utils/connection.py b/django/utils/connection.py
index 72a02143fe..1b5895e8d3 100644
--- a/django/utils/connection.py
+++ b/django/utils/connection.py
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ class ConnectionProxy:
     """Proxy for accessing a connection object's attributes."""
 
     def __init__(self, connections, alias):
-        self.__dict__['_connections'] = connections
-        self.__dict__['_alias'] = alias
+        self.__dict__["_connections"] = connections
+        self.__dict__["_alias"] = alias
 
     def __getattr__(self, item):
         return getattr(self._connections[self._alias], item)
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class BaseConnectionHandler:
         return settings
 
     def create_connection(self, alias):
-        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement create_connection().')
+        raise NotImplementedError("Subclasses must implement create_connection().")
 
     def __getitem__(self, alias):
         try:
diff --git a/django/utils/crypto.py b/django/utils/crypto.py
index 2af58fda6e..341cb742c1 100644
--- a/django/utils/crypto.py
+++ b/django/utils/crypto.py
@@ -12,10 +12,11 @@ from django.utils.inspect import func_supports_parameter
 
 class InvalidAlgorithm(ValueError):
     """Algorithm is not supported by hashlib."""
+
     pass
 
 
-def salted_hmac(key_salt, value, secret=None, *, algorithm='sha1'):
+def salted_hmac(key_salt, value, secret=None, *, algorithm="sha1"):
     """
     Return the HMAC of 'value', using a key generated from key_salt and a
     secret (which defaults to settings.SECRET_KEY). Default algorithm is SHA1,
@@ -32,8 +33,7 @@ def salted_hmac(key_salt, value, secret=None, *, algorithm='sha1'):
         hasher = getattr(hashlib, algorithm)
     except AttributeError as e:
         raise InvalidAlgorithm(
-            '%r is not an algorithm accepted by the hashlib module.'
-            % algorithm
+            "%r is not an algorithm accepted by the hashlib module." % algorithm
         ) from e
     # We need to generate a derived key from our base key.  We can do this by
     # passing the key_salt and our base key through a pseudo-random function.
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ def salted_hmac(key_salt, value, secret=None, *, algorithm='sha1'):
     return hmac.new(key, msg=force_bytes(value), digestmod=hasher)
 
 
-RANDOM_STRING_CHARS = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789'
+RANDOM_STRING_CHARS = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789"
 
 
 def get_random_string(length, allowed_chars=RANDOM_STRING_CHARS):
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ def get_random_string(length, allowed_chars=RANDOM_STRING_CHARS):
       * length: 12, bit length =~ 71 bits
       * length: 22, bit length =~ 131 bits
     """
-    return ''.join(secrets.choice(allowed_chars) for i in range(length))
+    return "".join(secrets.choice(allowed_chars) for i in range(length))
 
 
 def constant_time_compare(val1, val2):
@@ -81,11 +81,12 @@ def pbkdf2(password, salt, iterations, dklen=0, digest=None):
 # detect whether the usedforsecurity argument is available as this fix may also
 # have been applied by downstream package maintainers to other versions in
 # their repositories.
-if func_supports_parameter(hashlib.md5, 'usedforsecurity'):
+if func_supports_parameter(hashlib.md5, "usedforsecurity"):
     md5 = hashlib.md5
     new_hash = hashlib.new
 else:
-    def md5(data=b'', *, usedforsecurity=True):
+
+    def md5(data=b"", *, usedforsecurity=True):
         return hashlib.md5(data)
 
     def new_hash(hash_algorithm, *, usedforsecurity=True):
diff --git a/django/utils/datastructures.py b/django/utils/datastructures.py
index 18c91aa5e8..b5858b8076 100644
--- a/django/utils/datastructures.py
+++ b/django/utils/datastructures.py
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ class OrderedSet:
         return len(self.dict)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        data = repr(list(self.dict)) if self.dict else ''
-        return f'{self.__class__.__qualname__}({data})'
+        data = repr(list(self.dict)) if self.dict else ""
+        return f"{self.__class__.__qualname__}({data})"
 
 
 class MultiValueDictKeyError(KeyError):
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ class MultiValueDict(dict):
     which returns a list for every key, even though most web forms submit
     single name-value pairs.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, key_to_list_mapping=()):
         super().__init__(key_to_list_mapping)
 
@@ -92,24 +93,22 @@ class MultiValueDict(dict):
         super().__setitem__(key, [value])
 
     def __copy__(self):
-        return self.__class__([
-            (k, v[:])
-            for k, v in self.lists()
-        ])
+        return self.__class__([(k, v[:]) for k, v in self.lists()])
 
     def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
         result = self.__class__()
         memo[id(self)] = result
         for key, value in dict.items(self):
-            dict.__setitem__(result, copy.deepcopy(key, memo),
-                             copy.deepcopy(value, memo))
+            dict.__setitem__(
+                result, copy.deepcopy(key, memo), copy.deepcopy(value, memo)
+            )
         return result
 
     def __getstate__(self):
-        return {**self.__dict__, '_data': {k: self._getlist(k) for k in self}}
+        return {**self.__dict__, "_data": {k: self._getlist(k) for k in self}}
 
     def __setstate__(self, obj_dict):
-        data = obj_dict.pop('_data', {})
+        data = obj_dict.pop("_data", {})
         for k, v in data.items():
             self.setlist(k, v)
         self.__dict__.update(obj_dict)
@@ -231,7 +230,7 @@ class ImmutableList(tuple):
         AttributeError: You cannot mutate this.
     """
 
-    def __new__(cls, *args, warning='ImmutableList object is immutable.', **kwargs):
+    def __new__(cls, *args, warning="ImmutableList object is immutable.", **kwargs):
         self = tuple.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
         self.warning = warning
         return self
@@ -264,6 +263,7 @@ class DictWrapper(dict):
     Used by the SQL construction code to ensure that values are correctly
     quoted before being used.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, data, func, prefix):
         super().__init__(data)
         self.func = func
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ class DictWrapper(dict):
         """
         use_func = key.startswith(self.prefix)
         if use_func:
-            key = key[len(self.prefix):]
+            key = key[len(self.prefix) :]
         value = super().__getitem__(key)
         if use_func:
             return self.func(value)
@@ -314,9 +314,7 @@ class CaseInsensitiveMapping(Mapping):
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return isinstance(other, Mapping) and {
             k.lower(): v for k, v in self.items()
-        } == {
-            k.lower(): v for k, v in other.items()
-        }
+        } == {k.lower(): v for k, v in other.items()}
 
     def __iter__(self):
         return (original_key for original_key, value in self._store.values())
@@ -335,11 +333,11 @@ class CaseInsensitiveMapping(Mapping):
         for i, elem in enumerate(data):
             if len(elem) != 2:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'dictionary update sequence element #{} has length {}; '
-                    '2 is required.'.format(i, len(elem))
+                    "dictionary update sequence element #{} has length {}; "
+                    "2 is required.".format(i, len(elem))
                 )
             if not isinstance(elem[0], str):
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'Element key %r invalid, only strings are allowed' % elem[0]
+                    "Element key %r invalid, only strings are allowed" % elem[0]
                 )
             yield elem
diff --git a/django/utils/dateformat.py b/django/utils/dateformat.py
index 70bfb32e01..541b8f8688 100644
--- a/django/utils/dateformat.py
+++ b/django/utils/dateformat.py
@@ -15,17 +15,24 @@ import datetime
 from email.utils import format_datetime as format_datetime_rfc5322
 
 from django.utils.dates import (
-    MONTHS, MONTHS_3, MONTHS_ALT, MONTHS_AP, WEEKDAYS, WEEKDAYS_ABBR,
+    MONTHS,
+    MONTHS_3,
+    MONTHS_ALT,
+    MONTHS_AP,
+    WEEKDAYS,
+    WEEKDAYS_ABBR,
 )
 from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 from django.utils.timezone import (
-    _datetime_ambiguous_or_imaginary, get_default_timezone, is_naive,
+    _datetime_ambiguous_or_imaginary,
+    get_default_timezone,
+    is_naive,
     make_aware,
 )
 from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
 
-re_formatchars = _lazy_re_compile(r'(?<!\\)([aAbcdDeEfFgGhHiIjlLmMnNoOPrsStTUuwWyYzZ])')
-re_escaped = _lazy_re_compile(r'\\(.)')
+re_formatchars = _lazy_re_compile(r"(?<!\\)([aAbcdDeEfFgGhHiIjlLmMnNoOPrsStTUuwWyYzZ])")
+re_escaped = _lazy_re_compile(r"\\(.)")
 
 
 class Formatter:
@@ -40,12 +47,11 @@ class Formatter:
                     )
                 pieces.append(str(getattr(self, piece)()))
             elif piece:
-                pieces.append(re_escaped.sub(r'\1', piece))
-        return ''.join(pieces)
+                pieces.append(re_escaped.sub(r"\1", piece))
+        return "".join(pieces)
 
 
 class TimeFormat(Formatter):
-
     def __init__(self, obj):
         self.data = obj
         self.timezone = None
@@ -61,22 +67,21 @@ class TimeFormat(Formatter):
 
     @property
     def _no_timezone_or_datetime_is_ambiguous_or_imaginary(self):
-        return (
-            not self.timezone or
-            _datetime_ambiguous_or_imaginary(self.data, self.timezone)
+        return not self.timezone or _datetime_ambiguous_or_imaginary(
+            self.data, self.timezone
         )
 
     def a(self):
         "'a.m.' or 'p.m.'"
         if self.data.hour > 11:
-            return _('p.m.')
-        return _('a.m.')
+            return _("p.m.")
+        return _("a.m.")
 
     def A(self):
         "'AM' or 'PM'"
         if self.data.hour > 11:
-            return _('PM')
-        return _('AM')
+            return _("PM")
+        return _("AM")
 
     def e(self):
         """
@@ -88,8 +93,8 @@ class TimeFormat(Formatter):
             return ""
 
         try:
-            if hasattr(self.data, 'tzinfo') and self.data.tzinfo:
-                return self.data.tzname() or ''
+            if hasattr(self.data, "tzinfo") and self.data.tzinfo:
+                return self.data.tzname() or ""
         except NotImplementedError:
             pass
         return ""
@@ -103,7 +108,7 @@ class TimeFormat(Formatter):
         """
         hour = self.data.hour % 12 or 12
         minute = self.data.minute
-        return '%d:%02d' % (hour, minute) if minute else hour
+        return "%d:%02d" % (hour, minute) if minute else hour
 
     def g(self):
         "Hour, 12-hour format without leading zeros; i.e. '1' to '12'"
@@ -115,15 +120,15 @@ class TimeFormat(Formatter):
 
     def h(self):
         "Hour, 12-hour format; i.e. '01' to '12'"
-        return '%02d' % (self.data.hour % 12 or 12)
+        return "%02d" % (self.data.hour % 12 or 12)
 
     def H(self):
         "Hour, 24-hour format; i.e. '00' to '23'"
-        return '%02d' % self.data.hour
+        return "%02d" % self.data.hour
 
     def i(self):
         "Minutes; i.e. '00' to '59'"
-        return '%02d' % self.data.minute
+        return "%02d" % self.data.minute
 
     def O(self):  # NOQA: E743, E741
         """
@@ -135,7 +140,7 @@ class TimeFormat(Formatter):
             return ""
 
         seconds = self.Z()
-        sign = '-' if seconds < 0 else '+'
+        sign = "-" if seconds < 0 else "+"
         seconds = abs(seconds)
         return "%s%02d%02d" % (sign, seconds // 3600, (seconds // 60) % 60)
 
@@ -147,14 +152,14 @@ class TimeFormat(Formatter):
         Proprietary extension.
         """
         if self.data.minute == 0 and self.data.hour == 0:
-            return _('midnight')
+            return _("midnight")
         if self.data.minute == 0 and self.data.hour == 12:
-            return _('noon')
-        return '%s %s' % (self.f(), self.a())
+            return _("noon")
+        return "%s %s" % (self.f(), self.a())
 
     def s(self):
         "Seconds; i.e. '00' to '59'"
-        return '%02d' % self.data.second
+        return "%02d" % self.data.second
 
     def T(self):
         """
@@ -169,7 +174,7 @@ class TimeFormat(Formatter):
 
     def u(self):
         "Microseconds; i.e. '000000' to '999999'"
-        return '%06d' % self.data.microsecond
+        return "%06d" % self.data.microsecond
 
     def Z(self):
         """
@@ -205,7 +210,7 @@ class DateFormat(TimeFormat):
 
     def d(self):
         "Day of the month, 2 digits with leading zeros; i.e. '01' to '31'"
-        return '%02d' % self.data.day
+        return "%02d" % self.data.day
 
     def D(self):
         "Day of the week, textual, 3 letters; e.g. 'Fri'"
@@ -222,8 +227,8 @@ class DateFormat(TimeFormat):
     def I(self):  # NOQA: E743, E741
         "'1' if daylight saving time, '0' otherwise."
         if self._no_timezone_or_datetime_is_ambiguous_or_imaginary:
-            return ''
-        return '1' if self.timezone.dst(self.data) else '0'
+            return ""
+        return "1" if self.timezone.dst(self.data) else "0"
 
     def j(self):
         "Day of the month without leading zeros; i.e. '1' to '31'"
@@ -239,7 +244,7 @@ class DateFormat(TimeFormat):
 
     def m(self):
         "Month; i.e. '01' to '12'"
-        return '%02d' % self.data.month
+        return "%02d" % self.data.month
 
     def M(self):
         "Month, textual, 3 letters; e.g. 'Jan'"
@@ -273,19 +278,19 @@ class DateFormat(TimeFormat):
     def S(self):
         "English ordinal suffix for the day of the month, 2 characters; i.e. 'st', 'nd', 'rd' or 'th'"
         if self.data.day in (11, 12, 13):  # Special case
-            return 'th'
+            return "th"
         last = self.data.day % 10
         if last == 1:
-            return 'st'
+            return "st"
         if last == 2:
-            return 'nd'
+            return "nd"
         if last == 3:
-            return 'rd'
-        return 'th'
+            return "rd"
+        return "th"
 
     def t(self):
         "Number of days in the given month; i.e. '28' to '31'"
-        return '%02d' % calendar.monthrange(self.data.year, self.data.month)[1]
+        return "%02d" % calendar.monthrange(self.data.year, self.data.month)[1]
 
     def U(self):
         "Seconds since the Unix epoch (January 1 1970 00:00:00 GMT)"
@@ -304,11 +309,11 @@ class DateFormat(TimeFormat):
 
     def y(self):
         """Year, 2 digits with leading zeros; e.g. '99'."""
-        return '%02d' % (self.data.year % 100)
+        return "%02d" % (self.data.year % 100)
 
     def Y(self):
         """Year, 4 digits with leading zeros; e.g. '1999'."""
-        return '%04d' % self.data.year
+        return "%04d" % self.data.year
 
     def z(self):
         """Day of the year, i.e. 1 to 366."""
diff --git a/django/utils/dateparse.py b/django/utils/dateparse.py
index a137031b3f..2e6a260a4f 100644
--- a/django/utils/dateparse.py
+++ b/django/utils/dateparse.py
@@ -10,59 +10,57 @@ import datetime
 from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 from django.utils.timezone import get_fixed_timezone, utc
 
-date_re = _lazy_re_compile(
-    r'(?P<year>\d{4})-(?P<month>\d{1,2})-(?P<day>\d{1,2})$'
-)
+date_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"(?P<year>\d{4})-(?P<month>\d{1,2})-(?P<day>\d{1,2})$")
 
 time_re = _lazy_re_compile(
-    r'(?P<hour>\d{1,2}):(?P<minute>\d{1,2})'
-    r'(?::(?P<second>\d{1,2})(?:[\.,](?P<microsecond>\d{1,6})\d{0,6})?)?$'
+    r"(?P<hour>\d{1,2}):(?P<minute>\d{1,2})"
+    r"(?::(?P<second>\d{1,2})(?:[\.,](?P<microsecond>\d{1,6})\d{0,6})?)?$"
 )
 
 datetime_re = _lazy_re_compile(
-    r'(?P<year>\d{4})-(?P<month>\d{1,2})-(?P<day>\d{1,2})'
-    r'[T ](?P<hour>\d{1,2}):(?P<minute>\d{1,2})'
-    r'(?::(?P<second>\d{1,2})(?:[\.,](?P<microsecond>\d{1,6})\d{0,6})?)?'
-    r'\s*(?P<tzinfo>Z|[+-]\d{2}(?::?\d{2})?)?$'
+    r"(?P<year>\d{4})-(?P<month>\d{1,2})-(?P<day>\d{1,2})"
+    r"[T ](?P<hour>\d{1,2}):(?P<minute>\d{1,2})"
+    r"(?::(?P<second>\d{1,2})(?:[\.,](?P<microsecond>\d{1,6})\d{0,6})?)?"
+    r"\s*(?P<tzinfo>Z|[+-]\d{2}(?::?\d{2})?)?$"
 )
 
 standard_duration_re = _lazy_re_compile(
-    r'^'
-    r'(?:(?P<days>-?\d+) (days?, )?)?'
-    r'(?P<sign>-?)'
-    r'((?:(?P<hours>\d+):)(?=\d+:\d+))?'
-    r'(?:(?P<minutes>\d+):)?'
-    r'(?P<seconds>\d+)'
-    r'(?:[\.,](?P<microseconds>\d{1,6})\d{0,6})?'
-    r'$'
+    r"^"
+    r"(?:(?P<days>-?\d+) (days?, )?)?"
+    r"(?P<sign>-?)"
+    r"((?:(?P<hours>\d+):)(?=\d+:\d+))?"
+    r"(?:(?P<minutes>\d+):)?"
+    r"(?P<seconds>\d+)"
+    r"(?:[\.,](?P<microseconds>\d{1,6})\d{0,6})?"
+    r"$"
 )
 
 # Support the sections of ISO 8601 date representation that are accepted by
 # timedelta
 iso8601_duration_re = _lazy_re_compile(
-    r'^(?P<sign>[-+]?)'
-    r'P'
-    r'(?:(?P<days>\d+([\.,]\d+)?)D)?'
-    r'(?:T'
-    r'(?:(?P<hours>\d+([\.,]\d+)?)H)?'
-    r'(?:(?P<minutes>\d+([\.,]\d+)?)M)?'
-    r'(?:(?P<seconds>\d+([\.,]\d+)?)S)?'
-    r')?'
-    r'$'
+    r"^(?P<sign>[-+]?)"
+    r"P"
+    r"(?:(?P<days>\d+([\.,]\d+)?)D)?"
+    r"(?:T"
+    r"(?:(?P<hours>\d+([\.,]\d+)?)H)?"
+    r"(?:(?P<minutes>\d+([\.,]\d+)?)M)?"
+    r"(?:(?P<seconds>\d+([\.,]\d+)?)S)?"
+    r")?"
+    r"$"
 )
 
 # Support PostgreSQL's day-time interval format, e.g. "3 days 04:05:06". The
 # year-month and mixed intervals cannot be converted to a timedelta and thus
 # aren't accepted.
 postgres_interval_re = _lazy_re_compile(
-    r'^'
-    r'(?:(?P<days>-?\d+) (days? ?))?'
-    r'(?:(?P<sign>[-+])?'
-    r'(?P<hours>\d+):'
-    r'(?P<minutes>\d\d):'
-    r'(?P<seconds>\d\d)'
-    r'(?:\.(?P<microseconds>\d{1,6}))?'
-    r')?$'
+    r"^"
+    r"(?:(?P<days>-?\d+) (days? ?))?"
+    r"(?:(?P<sign>[-+])?"
+    r"(?P<hours>\d+):"
+    r"(?P<minutes>\d\d):"
+    r"(?P<seconds>\d\d)"
+    r"(?:\.(?P<microseconds>\d{1,6}))?"
+    r")?$"
 )
 
 
@@ -98,7 +96,7 @@ def parse_time(value):
     except ValueError:
         if match := time_re.match(value):
             kw = match.groupdict()
-            kw['microsecond'] = kw['microsecond'] and kw['microsecond'].ljust(6, '0')
+            kw["microsecond"] = kw["microsecond"] and kw["microsecond"].ljust(6, "0")
             kw = {k: int(v) for k, v in kw.items() if v is not None}
             return datetime.time(**kw)
 
@@ -117,14 +115,14 @@ def parse_datetime(value):
     except ValueError:
         if match := datetime_re.match(value):
             kw = match.groupdict()
-            kw['microsecond'] = kw['microsecond'] and kw['microsecond'].ljust(6, '0')
-            tzinfo = kw.pop('tzinfo')
-            if tzinfo == 'Z':
+            kw["microsecond"] = kw["microsecond"] and kw["microsecond"].ljust(6, "0")
+            tzinfo = kw.pop("tzinfo")
+            if tzinfo == "Z":
                 tzinfo = utc
             elif tzinfo is not None:
                 offset_mins = int(tzinfo[-2:]) if len(tzinfo) > 3 else 0
                 offset = 60 * int(tzinfo[1:3]) + offset_mins
-                if tzinfo[0] == '-':
+                if tzinfo[0] == "-":
                     offset = -offset
                 tzinfo = get_fixed_timezone(offset)
             kw = {k: int(v) for k, v in kw.items() if v is not None}
@@ -140,17 +138,17 @@ def parse_duration(value):
     format.
     """
     match = (
-        standard_duration_re.match(value) or
-        iso8601_duration_re.match(value) or
-        postgres_interval_re.match(value)
+        standard_duration_re.match(value)
+        or iso8601_duration_re.match(value)
+        or postgres_interval_re.match(value)
     )
     if match:
         kw = match.groupdict()
-        sign = -1 if kw.pop('sign', '+') == '-' else 1
-        if kw.get('microseconds'):
-            kw['microseconds'] = kw['microseconds'].ljust(6, '0')
-        kw = {k: float(v.replace(',', '.')) for k, v in kw.items() if v is not None}
-        days = datetime.timedelta(kw.pop('days', .0) or .0)
+        sign = -1 if kw.pop("sign", "+") == "-" else 1
+        if kw.get("microseconds"):
+            kw["microseconds"] = kw["microseconds"].ljust(6, "0")
+        kw = {k: float(v.replace(",", ".")) for k, v in kw.items() if v is not None}
+        days = datetime.timedelta(kw.pop("days", 0.0) or 0.0)
         if match.re == iso8601_duration_re:
             days *= sign
         return days + sign * datetime.timedelta(**kw)
diff --git a/django/utils/dates.py b/django/utils/dates.py
index d2e769db84..05ac3293df 100644
--- a/django/utils/dates.py
+++ b/django/utils/dates.py
@@ -1,49 +1,79 @@
 "Commonly-used date structures"
 
-from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _, pgettext_lazy
+from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
+from django.utils.translation import pgettext_lazy
 
 WEEKDAYS = {
-    0: _('Monday'), 1: _('Tuesday'), 2: _('Wednesday'), 3: _('Thursday'), 4: _('Friday'),
-    5: _('Saturday'), 6: _('Sunday')
+    0: _("Monday"),
+    1: _("Tuesday"),
+    2: _("Wednesday"),
+    3: _("Thursday"),
+    4: _("Friday"),
+    5: _("Saturday"),
+    6: _("Sunday"),
 }
 WEEKDAYS_ABBR = {
-    0: _('Mon'), 1: _('Tue'), 2: _('Wed'), 3: _('Thu'), 4: _('Fri'),
-    5: _('Sat'), 6: _('Sun')
+    0: _("Mon"),
+    1: _("Tue"),
+    2: _("Wed"),
+    3: _("Thu"),
+    4: _("Fri"),
+    5: _("Sat"),
+    6: _("Sun"),
 }
 MONTHS = {
-    1: _('January'), 2: _('February'), 3: _('March'), 4: _('April'), 5: _('May'), 6: _('June'),
-    7: _('July'), 8: _('August'), 9: _('September'), 10: _('October'), 11: _('November'),
-    12: _('December')
+    1: _("January"),
+    2: _("February"),
+    3: _("March"),
+    4: _("April"),
+    5: _("May"),
+    6: _("June"),
+    7: _("July"),
+    8: _("August"),
+    9: _("September"),
+    10: _("October"),
+    11: _("November"),
+    12: _("December"),
 }
 MONTHS_3 = {
-    1: _('jan'), 2: _('feb'), 3: _('mar'), 4: _('apr'), 5: _('may'), 6: _('jun'),
-    7: _('jul'), 8: _('aug'), 9: _('sep'), 10: _('oct'), 11: _('nov'), 12: _('dec')
+    1: _("jan"),
+    2: _("feb"),
+    3: _("mar"),
+    4: _("apr"),
+    5: _("may"),
+    6: _("jun"),
+    7: _("jul"),
+    8: _("aug"),
+    9: _("sep"),
+    10: _("oct"),
+    11: _("nov"),
+    12: _("dec"),
 }
 MONTHS_AP = {  # month names in Associated Press style
-    1: pgettext_lazy('abbrev. month', 'Jan.'),
-    2: pgettext_lazy('abbrev. month', 'Feb.'),
-    3: pgettext_lazy('abbrev. month', 'March'),
-    4: pgettext_lazy('abbrev. month', 'April'),
-    5: pgettext_lazy('abbrev. month', 'May'),
-    6: pgettext_lazy('abbrev. month', 'June'),
-    7: pgettext_lazy('abbrev. month', 'July'),
-    8: pgettext_lazy('abbrev. month', 'Aug.'),
-    9: pgettext_lazy('abbrev. month', 'Sept.'),
-    10: pgettext_lazy('abbrev. month', 'Oct.'),
-    11: pgettext_lazy('abbrev. month', 'Nov.'),
-    12: pgettext_lazy('abbrev. month', 'Dec.')
+    1: pgettext_lazy("abbrev. month", "Jan."),
+    2: pgettext_lazy("abbrev. month", "Feb."),
+    3: pgettext_lazy("abbrev. month", "March"),
+    4: pgettext_lazy("abbrev. month", "April"),
+    5: pgettext_lazy("abbrev. month", "May"),
+    6: pgettext_lazy("abbrev. month", "June"),
+    7: pgettext_lazy("abbrev. month", "July"),
+    8: pgettext_lazy("abbrev. month", "Aug."),
+    9: pgettext_lazy("abbrev. month", "Sept."),
+    10: pgettext_lazy("abbrev. month", "Oct."),
+    11: pgettext_lazy("abbrev. month", "Nov."),
+    12: pgettext_lazy("abbrev. month", "Dec."),
 }
 MONTHS_ALT = {  # required for long date representation by some locales
-    1: pgettext_lazy('alt. month', 'January'),
-    2: pgettext_lazy('alt. month', 'February'),
-    3: pgettext_lazy('alt. month', 'March'),
-    4: pgettext_lazy('alt. month', 'April'),
-    5: pgettext_lazy('alt. month', 'May'),
-    6: pgettext_lazy('alt. month', 'June'),
-    7: pgettext_lazy('alt. month', 'July'),
-    8: pgettext_lazy('alt. month', 'August'),
-    9: pgettext_lazy('alt. month', 'September'),
-    10: pgettext_lazy('alt. month', 'October'),
-    11: pgettext_lazy('alt. month', 'November'),
-    12: pgettext_lazy('alt. month', 'December')
+    1: pgettext_lazy("alt. month", "January"),
+    2: pgettext_lazy("alt. month", "February"),
+    3: pgettext_lazy("alt. month", "March"),
+    4: pgettext_lazy("alt. month", "April"),
+    5: pgettext_lazy("alt. month", "May"),
+    6: pgettext_lazy("alt. month", "June"),
+    7: pgettext_lazy("alt. month", "July"),
+    8: pgettext_lazy("alt. month", "August"),
+    9: pgettext_lazy("alt. month", "September"),
+    10: pgettext_lazy("alt. month", "October"),
+    11: pgettext_lazy("alt. month", "November"),
+    12: pgettext_lazy("alt. month", "December"),
 }
diff --git a/django/utils/datetime_safe.py b/django/utils/datetime_safe.py
index e06887b706..817ddcf0fa 100644
--- a/django/utils/datetime_safe.py
+++ b/django/utils/datetime_safe.py
@@ -9,13 +9,14 @@
 
 import time
 import warnings
-from datetime import date as real_date, datetime as real_datetime
+from datetime import date as real_date
+from datetime import datetime as real_datetime
 
 from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango50Warning
 from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 
 warnings.warn(
-    'The django.utils.datetime_safe module is deprecated.',
+    "The django.utils.datetime_safe module is deprecated.",
     category=RemovedInDjango50Warning,
     stacklevel=2,
 )
@@ -32,9 +33,16 @@ class datetime(real_datetime):
 
     @classmethod
     def combine(cls, date, time):
-        return cls(date.year, date.month, date.day,
-                   time.hour, time.minute, time.second,
-                   time.microsecond, time.tzinfo)
+        return cls(
+            date.year,
+            date.month,
+            date.day,
+            time.hour,
+            time.minute,
+            time.second,
+            time.microsecond,
+            time.tzinfo,
+        )
 
     def date(self):
         return date(self.year, self.month, self.day)
@@ -78,7 +86,9 @@ def strftime(dt, fmt):
         return super(type(dt), dt).strftime(fmt)
     illegal_formatting = _illegal_formatting.search(fmt)
     if illegal_formatting:
-        raise TypeError('strftime of dates before 1000 does not handle ' + illegal_formatting[0])
+        raise TypeError(
+            "strftime of dates before 1000 does not handle " + illegal_formatting[0]
+        )
 
     year = dt.year
     # For every non-leap year century, advance by
@@ -104,5 +114,5 @@ def strftime(dt, fmt):
     s = s1
     syear = "%04d" % dt.year
     for site in sites:
-        s = s[:site] + syear + s[site + 4:]
+        s = s[:site] + syear + s[site + 4 :]
     return s
diff --git a/django/utils/deconstruct.py b/django/utils/deconstruct.py
index 9d073902f3..ca87f7ecc9 100644
--- a/django/utils/deconstruct.py
+++ b/django/utils/deconstruct.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ def deconstructible(*args, path=None):
 
     The `path` kwarg specifies the import path.
     """
+
     def decorator(klass):
         def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
             # We capture the arguments to make returning them trivial
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ def deconstructible(*args, path=None):
             """
             # Fallback version
             if path and type(obj) is klass:
-                module_name, _, name = path.rpartition('.')
+                module_name, _, name = path.rpartition(".")
             else:
                 module_name = obj.__module__
                 name = obj.__class__.__name__
@@ -38,11 +39,12 @@ def deconstructible(*args, path=None):
                     "body to use migrations.\n"
                     "For more information, see "
                     "https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/%s/topics/migrations/#serializing-values"
-                    % (name, module_name, get_docs_version()))
+                    % (name, module_name, get_docs_version())
+                )
             return (
                 path
                 if path and type(obj) is klass
-                else f'{obj.__class__.__module__}.{name}',
+                else f"{obj.__class__.__module__}.{name}",
                 obj._constructor_args[0],
                 obj._constructor_args[1],
             )
diff --git a/django/utils/decorators.py b/django/utils/decorators.py
index 69aca10a4d..e412bb15e1 100644
--- a/django/utils/decorators.py
+++ b/django/utils/decorators.py
@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ from functools import partial, update_wrapper, wraps
 class classonlymethod(classmethod):
     def __get__(self, instance, cls=None):
         if instance is not None:
-            raise AttributeError("This method is available only on the class, not on instances.")
+            raise AttributeError(
+                "This method is available only on the class, not on instances."
+            )
         return super().__get__(instance, cls)
 
 
@@ -16,6 +18,7 @@ def _update_method_wrapper(_wrapper, decorator):
     @decorator
     def dummy(*args, **kwargs):
         pass
+
     update_wrapper(_wrapper, dummy)
 
 
@@ -24,7 +27,7 @@ def _multi_decorate(decorators, method):
     Decorate `method` with one or more function decorators. `decorators` can be
     a single decorator or an iterable of decorators.
     """
-    if hasattr(decorators, '__iter__'):
+    if hasattr(decorators, "__iter__"):
         # Apply a list/tuple of decorators if 'decorators' is one. Decorator
         # functions are applied so that the call order is the same as the
         # order in which they appear in the iterable.
@@ -50,7 +53,7 @@ def _multi_decorate(decorators, method):
     return _wrapper
 
 
-def method_decorator(decorator, name=''):
+def method_decorator(decorator, name=""):
     """
     Convert a function decorator into a method decorator
     """
@@ -78,11 +81,11 @@ def method_decorator(decorator, name=''):
 
     # Don't worry about making _dec look similar to a list/tuple as it's rather
     # meaningless.
-    if not hasattr(decorator, '__iter__'):
+    if not hasattr(decorator, "__iter__"):
         update_wrapper(_dec, decorator)
     # Change the name to aid debugging.
-    obj = decorator if hasattr(decorator, '__name__') else decorator.__class__
-    _dec.__name__ = 'method_decorator(%s)' % obj.__name__
+    obj = decorator if hasattr(decorator, "__name__") else decorator.__class__
+    _dec.__name__ = "method_decorator(%s)" % obj.__name__
     return _dec
 
 
@@ -118,37 +121,44 @@ def make_middleware_decorator(middleware_class):
 
             @wraps(view_func)
             def _wrapped_view(request, *args, **kwargs):
-                if hasattr(middleware, 'process_request'):
+                if hasattr(middleware, "process_request"):
                     result = middleware.process_request(request)
                     if result is not None:
                         return result
-                if hasattr(middleware, 'process_view'):
+                if hasattr(middleware, "process_view"):
                     result = middleware.process_view(request, view_func, args, kwargs)
                     if result is not None:
                         return result
                 try:
                     response = view_func(request, *args, **kwargs)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    if hasattr(middleware, 'process_exception'):
+                    if hasattr(middleware, "process_exception"):
                         result = middleware.process_exception(request, e)
                         if result is not None:
                             return result
                     raise
-                if hasattr(response, 'render') and callable(response.render):
-                    if hasattr(middleware, 'process_template_response'):
-                        response = middleware.process_template_response(request, response)
+                if hasattr(response, "render") and callable(response.render):
+                    if hasattr(middleware, "process_template_response"):
+                        response = middleware.process_template_response(
+                            request, response
+                        )
                     # Defer running of process_response until after the template
                     # has been rendered:
-                    if hasattr(middleware, 'process_response'):
+                    if hasattr(middleware, "process_response"):
+
                         def callback(response):
                             return middleware.process_response(request, response)
+
                         response.add_post_render_callback(callback)
                 else:
-                    if hasattr(middleware, 'process_response'):
+                    if hasattr(middleware, "process_response"):
                         return middleware.process_response(request, response)
                 return response
+
             return _wrapped_view
+
         return _decorator
+
     return _make_decorator
 
 
diff --git a/django/utils/deprecation.py b/django/utils/deprecation.py
index 48209bcdf1..528783a5c1 100644
--- a/django/utils/deprecation.py
+++ b/django/utils/deprecation.py
@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@ class RemovedInDjango50Warning(PendingDeprecationWarning):
 
 
 class warn_about_renamed_method:
-    def __init__(self, class_name, old_method_name, new_method_name, deprecation_warning):
+    def __init__(
+        self, class_name, old_method_name, new_method_name, deprecation_warning
+    ):
         self.class_name = class_name
         self.old_method_name = old_method_name
         self.new_method_name = new_method_name
@@ -23,10 +25,13 @@ class warn_about_renamed_method:
     def __call__(self, f):
         def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
             warnings.warn(
-                "`%s.%s` is deprecated, use `%s` instead." %
-                (self.class_name, self.old_method_name, self.new_method_name),
-                self.deprecation_warning, 2)
+                "`%s.%s` is deprecated, use `%s` instead."
+                % (self.class_name, self.old_method_name, self.new_method_name),
+                self.deprecation_warning,
+                2,
+            )
             return f(*args, **kwargs)
+
         return wrapped
 
 
@@ -60,9 +65,11 @@ class RenameMethodsBase(type):
                 # Define the new method if missing and complain about it
                 if not new_method and old_method:
                     warnings.warn(
-                        "`%s.%s` method should be renamed `%s`." %
-                        (class_name, old_method_name, new_method_name),
-                        deprecation_warning, 2)
+                        "`%s.%s` method should be renamed `%s`."
+                        % (class_name, old_method_name, new_method_name),
+                        deprecation_warning,
+                        2,
+                    )
                     setattr(base, new_method_name, old_method)
                     setattr(base, old_method_name, wrapper(old_method))
 
@@ -77,7 +84,8 @@ class DeprecationInstanceCheck(type):
     def __instancecheck__(self, instance):
         warnings.warn(
             "`%s` is deprecated, use `%s` instead." % (self.__name__, self.alternative),
-            self.deprecation_warning, 2
+            self.deprecation_warning,
+            2,
         )
         return super().__instancecheck__(instance)
 
@@ -88,17 +96,17 @@ class MiddlewareMixin:
 
     def __init__(self, get_response):
         if get_response is None:
-            raise ValueError('get_response must be provided.')
+            raise ValueError("get_response must be provided.")
         self.get_response = get_response
         self._async_check()
         super().__init__()
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s get_response=%s>' % (
+        return "<%s get_response=%s>" % (
             self.__class__.__qualname__,
             getattr(
                 self.get_response,
-                '__qualname__',
+                "__qualname__",
                 self.get_response.__class__.__name__,
             ),
         )
@@ -120,10 +128,10 @@ class MiddlewareMixin:
         if self._is_coroutine:
             return self.__acall__(request)
         response = None
-        if hasattr(self, 'process_request'):
+        if hasattr(self, "process_request"):
             response = self.process_request(request)
         response = response or self.get_response(request)
-        if hasattr(self, 'process_response'):
+        if hasattr(self, "process_response"):
             response = self.process_response(request, response)
         return response
 
@@ -133,13 +141,13 @@ class MiddlewareMixin:
         is running.
         """
         response = None
-        if hasattr(self, 'process_request'):
+        if hasattr(self, "process_request"):
             response = await sync_to_async(
                 self.process_request,
                 thread_sensitive=True,
             )(request)
         response = response or await self.get_response(request)
-        if hasattr(self, 'process_response'):
+        if hasattr(self, "process_response"):
             response = await sync_to_async(
                 self.process_response,
                 thread_sensitive=True,
diff --git a/django/utils/duration.py b/django/utils/duration.py
index 466603d46c..8495af3fa8 100644
--- a/django/utils/duration.py
+++ b/django/utils/duration.py
@@ -19,25 +19,27 @@ def duration_string(duration):
     """Version of str(timedelta) which is not English specific."""
     days, hours, minutes, seconds, microseconds = _get_duration_components(duration)
 
-    string = '{:02d}:{:02d}:{:02d}'.format(hours, minutes, seconds)
+    string = "{:02d}:{:02d}:{:02d}".format(hours, minutes, seconds)
     if days:
-        string = '{} '.format(days) + string
+        string = "{} ".format(days) + string
     if microseconds:
-        string += '.{:06d}'.format(microseconds)
+        string += ".{:06d}".format(microseconds)
 
     return string
 
 
 def duration_iso_string(duration):
     if duration < datetime.timedelta(0):
-        sign = '-'
+        sign = "-"
         duration *= -1
     else:
-        sign = ''
+        sign = ""
 
     days, hours, minutes, seconds, microseconds = _get_duration_components(duration)
-    ms = '.{:06d}'.format(microseconds) if microseconds else ""
-    return '{}P{}DT{:02d}H{:02d}M{:02d}{}S'.format(sign, days, hours, minutes, seconds, ms)
+    ms = ".{:06d}".format(microseconds) if microseconds else ""
+    return "{}P{}DT{:02d}H{:02d}M{:02d}{}S".format(
+        sign, days, hours, minutes, seconds, ms
+    )
 
 
 def duration_microseconds(delta):
diff --git a/django/utils/encoding.py b/django/utils/encoding.py
index 19eb150ad7..89eac79dd4 100644
--- a/django/utils/encoding.py
+++ b/django/utils/encoding.py
@@ -13,10 +13,14 @@ class DjangoUnicodeDecodeError(UnicodeDecodeError):
         super().__init__(*args)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s. You passed in %r (%s)' % (super().__str__(), self.obj, type(self.obj))
+        return "%s. You passed in %r (%s)" % (
+            super().__str__(),
+            self.obj,
+            type(self.obj),
+        )
 
 
-def smart_str(s, encoding='utf-8', strings_only=False, errors='strict'):
+def smart_str(s, encoding="utf-8", strings_only=False, errors="strict"):
     """
     Return a string representing 's'. Treat bytestrings using the 'encoding'
     codec.
@@ -30,7 +34,13 @@ def smart_str(s, encoding='utf-8', strings_only=False, errors='strict'):
 
 
 _PROTECTED_TYPES = (
-    type(None), int, float, Decimal, datetime.datetime, datetime.date, datetime.time,
+    type(None),
+    int,
+    float,
+    Decimal,
+    datetime.datetime,
+    datetime.date,
+    datetime.time,
 )
 
 
@@ -43,7 +53,7 @@ def is_protected_type(obj):
     return isinstance(obj, _PROTECTED_TYPES)
 
 
-def force_str(s, encoding='utf-8', strings_only=False, errors='strict'):
+def force_str(s, encoding="utf-8", strings_only=False, errors="strict"):
     """
     Similar to smart_str(), except that lazy instances are resolved to
     strings, rather than kept as lazy objects.
@@ -65,7 +75,7 @@ def force_str(s, encoding='utf-8', strings_only=False, errors='strict'):
     return s
 
 
-def smart_bytes(s, encoding='utf-8', strings_only=False, errors='strict'):
+def smart_bytes(s, encoding="utf-8", strings_only=False, errors="strict"):
     """
     Return a bytestring version of 's', encoded as specified in 'encoding'.
 
@@ -77,7 +87,7 @@ def smart_bytes(s, encoding='utf-8', strings_only=False, errors='strict'):
     return force_bytes(s, encoding, strings_only, errors)
 
 
-def force_bytes(s, encoding='utf-8', strings_only=False, errors='strict'):
+def force_bytes(s, encoding="utf-8", strings_only=False, errors="strict"):
     """
     Similar to smart_bytes, except that lazy instances are resolved to
     strings, rather than kept as lazy objects.
@@ -86,10 +96,10 @@ def force_bytes(s, encoding='utf-8', strings_only=False, errors='strict'):
     """
     # Handle the common case first for performance reasons.
     if isinstance(s, bytes):
-        if encoding == 'utf-8':
+        if encoding == "utf-8":
             return s
         else:
-            return s.decode('utf-8', errors).encode(encoding, errors)
+            return s.decode("utf-8", errors).encode(encoding, errors)
     if strings_only and is_protected_type(s):
         return s
     if isinstance(s, memoryview):
@@ -136,15 +146,14 @@ _hextobyte = {
     (fmt % char).encode(): bytes((char,))
     for ascii_range in _ascii_ranges
     for char in ascii_range
-    for fmt in ['%02x', '%02X']
+    for fmt in ["%02x", "%02X"]
 }
 # And then everything above 128, because bytes ≥ 128 are part of multibyte
 # Unicode characters.
-_hexdig = '0123456789ABCDEFabcdef'
-_hextobyte.update({
-    (a + b).encode(): bytes.fromhex(a + b)
-    for a in _hexdig[8:] for b in _hexdig
-})
+_hexdig = "0123456789ABCDEFabcdef"
+_hextobyte.update(
+    {(a + b).encode(): bytes.fromhex(a + b) for a in _hexdig[8:] for b in _hexdig}
+)
 
 
 def uri_to_iri(uri):
@@ -164,7 +173,7 @@ def uri_to_iri(uri):
     # second block, decode the first 2 bytes if they represent a hex code to
     # decode. The rest of the block is the part after '%AB', not containing
     # any '%'. Add that to the output without further processing.
-    bits = uri.split(b'%')
+    bits = uri.split(b"%")
     if len(bits) == 1:
         iri = uri
     else:
@@ -177,9 +186,9 @@ def uri_to_iri(uri):
                 append(hextobyte[item[:2]])
                 append(item[2:])
             else:
-                append(b'%')
+                append(b"%")
                 append(item)
-        iri = b''.join(parts)
+        iri = b"".join(parts)
     return repercent_broken_unicode(iri).decode()
 
 
@@ -202,7 +211,7 @@ def escape_uri_path(path):
 
 def punycode(domain):
     """Return the Punycode of the given domain if it's non-ASCII."""
-    return domain.encode('idna').decode('ascii')
+    return domain.encode("idna").decode("ascii")
 
 
 def repercent_broken_unicode(path):
@@ -217,8 +226,8 @@ def repercent_broken_unicode(path):
         except UnicodeDecodeError as e:
             # CVE-2019-14235: A recursion shouldn't be used since the exception
             # handling uses massive amounts of memory
-            repercent = quote(path[e.start:e.end], safe=b"/#%[]=:;$&()+,!?*@'~")
-            path = path[:e.start] + repercent.encode() + path[e.end:]
+            repercent = quote(path[e.start : e.end], safe=b"/#%[]=:;$&()+,!?*@'~")
+            path = path[: e.start] + repercent.encode() + path[e.end :]
         else:
             return path
 
@@ -245,10 +254,10 @@ def get_system_encoding():
     #10335 and #5846.
     """
     try:
-        encoding = locale.getdefaultlocale()[1] or 'ascii'
+        encoding = locale.getdefaultlocale()[1] or "ascii"
         codecs.lookup(encoding)
     except Exception:
-        encoding = 'ascii'
+        encoding = "ascii"
     return encoding
 
 
diff --git a/django/utils/feedgenerator.py b/django/utils/feedgenerator.py
index 857beff13a..a8f6bc5c06 100644
--- a/django/utils/feedgenerator.py
+++ b/django/utils/feedgenerator.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def rfc2822_date(date):
 def rfc3339_date(date):
     if not isinstance(date, datetime.datetime):
         date = datetime.datetime.combine(date, datetime.time())
-    return date.isoformat() + ('Z' if date.utcoffset() is None else '')
+    return date.isoformat() + ("Z" if date.utcoffset() is None else "")
 
 
 def get_tag_uri(url, date):
@@ -50,68 +50,103 @@ def get_tag_uri(url, date):
     See https://web.archive.org/web/20110514113830/http://diveintomark.org/archives/2004/05/28/howto-atom-id
     """
     bits = urlparse(url)
-    d = ''
+    d = ""
     if date is not None:
-        d = ',%s' % date.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
-    return 'tag:%s%s:%s/%s' % (bits.hostname, d, bits.path, bits.fragment)
+        d = ",%s" % date.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
+    return "tag:%s%s:%s/%s" % (bits.hostname, d, bits.path, bits.fragment)
 
 
 class SyndicationFeed:
     "Base class for all syndication feeds. Subclasses should provide write()"
-    def __init__(self, title, link, description, language=None, author_email=None,
-                 author_name=None, author_link=None, subtitle=None, categories=None,
-                 feed_url=None, feed_copyright=None, feed_guid=None, ttl=None, **kwargs):
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        title,
+        link,
+        description,
+        language=None,
+        author_email=None,
+        author_name=None,
+        author_link=None,
+        subtitle=None,
+        categories=None,
+        feed_url=None,
+        feed_copyright=None,
+        feed_guid=None,
+        ttl=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
         def to_str(s):
             return str(s) if s is not None else s
+
         categories = categories and [str(c) for c in categories]
         self.feed = {
-            'title': to_str(title),
-            'link': iri_to_uri(link),
-            'description': to_str(description),
-            'language': to_str(language),
-            'author_email': to_str(author_email),
-            'author_name': to_str(author_name),
-            'author_link': iri_to_uri(author_link),
-            'subtitle': to_str(subtitle),
-            'categories': categories or (),
-            'feed_url': iri_to_uri(feed_url),
-            'feed_copyright': to_str(feed_copyright),
-            'id': feed_guid or link,
-            'ttl': to_str(ttl),
+            "title": to_str(title),
+            "link": iri_to_uri(link),
+            "description": to_str(description),
+            "language": to_str(language),
+            "author_email": to_str(author_email),
+            "author_name": to_str(author_name),
+            "author_link": iri_to_uri(author_link),
+            "subtitle": to_str(subtitle),
+            "categories": categories or (),
+            "feed_url": iri_to_uri(feed_url),
+            "feed_copyright": to_str(feed_copyright),
+            "id": feed_guid or link,
+            "ttl": to_str(ttl),
             **kwargs,
         }
         self.items = []
 
-    def add_item(self, title, link, description, author_email=None,
-                 author_name=None, author_link=None, pubdate=None, comments=None,
-                 unique_id=None, unique_id_is_permalink=None, categories=(),
-                 item_copyright=None, ttl=None, updateddate=None, enclosures=None, **kwargs):
+    def add_item(
+        self,
+        title,
+        link,
+        description,
+        author_email=None,
+        author_name=None,
+        author_link=None,
+        pubdate=None,
+        comments=None,
+        unique_id=None,
+        unique_id_is_permalink=None,
+        categories=(),
+        item_copyright=None,
+        ttl=None,
+        updateddate=None,
+        enclosures=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
         """
         Add an item to the feed. All args are expected to be strings except
         pubdate and updateddate, which are datetime.datetime objects, and
         enclosures, which is an iterable of instances of the Enclosure class.
         """
+
         def to_str(s):
             return str(s) if s is not None else s
+
         categories = categories and [to_str(c) for c in categories]
-        self.items.append({
-            'title': to_str(title),
-            'link': iri_to_uri(link),
-            'description': to_str(description),
-            'author_email': to_str(author_email),
-            'author_name': to_str(author_name),
-            'author_link': iri_to_uri(author_link),
-            'pubdate': pubdate,
-            'updateddate': updateddate,
-            'comments': to_str(comments),
-            'unique_id': to_str(unique_id),
-            'unique_id_is_permalink': unique_id_is_permalink,
-            'enclosures': enclosures or (),
-            'categories': categories or (),
-            'item_copyright': to_str(item_copyright),
-            'ttl': to_str(ttl),
-            **kwargs,
-        })
+        self.items.append(
+            {
+                "title": to_str(title),
+                "link": iri_to_uri(link),
+                "description": to_str(description),
+                "author_email": to_str(author_email),
+                "author_name": to_str(author_name),
+                "author_link": iri_to_uri(author_link),
+                "pubdate": pubdate,
+                "updateddate": updateddate,
+                "comments": to_str(comments),
+                "unique_id": to_str(unique_id),
+                "unique_id_is_permalink": unique_id_is_permalink,
+                "enclosures": enclosures or (),
+                "categories": categories or (),
+                "item_copyright": to_str(item_copyright),
+                "ttl": to_str(ttl),
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+        )
 
     def num_items(self):
         return len(self.items)
@@ -147,7 +182,9 @@ class SyndicationFeed:
         Output the feed in the given encoding to outfile, which is a file-like
         object. Subclasses should override this.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of SyndicationFeed must provide a write() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of SyndicationFeed must provide a write() method"
+        )
 
     def writeString(self, encoding):
         """
@@ -163,7 +200,7 @@ class SyndicationFeed:
         have either of these attributes this return the current UTC date/time.
         """
         latest_date = None
-        date_keys = ('updateddate', 'pubdate')
+        date_keys = ("updateddate", "pubdate")
 
         for item in self.items:
             for date_key in date_keys:
@@ -177,6 +214,7 @@ class SyndicationFeed:
 
 class Enclosure:
     """An RSS enclosure"""
+
     def __init__(self, url, length, mime_type):
         "All args are expected to be strings"
         self.length, self.mime_type = length, mime_type
@@ -184,7 +222,7 @@ class Enclosure:
 
 
 class RssFeed(SyndicationFeed):
-    content_type = 'application/rss+xml; charset=utf-8'
+    content_type = "application/rss+xml; charset=utf-8"
 
     def write(self, outfile, encoding):
         handler = SimplerXMLGenerator(outfile, encoding, short_empty_elements=True)
@@ -198,31 +236,33 @@ class RssFeed(SyndicationFeed):
 
     def rss_attributes(self):
         return {
-            'version': self._version,
-            'xmlns:atom': 'http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom',
+            "version": self._version,
+            "xmlns:atom": "http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom",
         }
 
     def write_items(self, handler):
         for item in self.items:
-            handler.startElement('item', self.item_attributes(item))
+            handler.startElement("item", self.item_attributes(item))
             self.add_item_elements(handler, item)
             handler.endElement("item")
 
     def add_root_elements(self, handler):
-        handler.addQuickElement("title", self.feed['title'])
-        handler.addQuickElement("link", self.feed['link'])
-        handler.addQuickElement("description", self.feed['description'])
-        if self.feed['feed_url'] is not None:
-            handler.addQuickElement("atom:link", None, {"rel": "self", "href": self.feed['feed_url']})
-        if self.feed['language'] is not None:
-            handler.addQuickElement("language", self.feed['language'])
-        for cat in self.feed['categories']:
+        handler.addQuickElement("title", self.feed["title"])
+        handler.addQuickElement("link", self.feed["link"])
+        handler.addQuickElement("description", self.feed["description"])
+        if self.feed["feed_url"] is not None:
+            handler.addQuickElement(
+                "atom:link", None, {"rel": "self", "href": self.feed["feed_url"]}
+            )
+        if self.feed["language"] is not None:
+            handler.addQuickElement("language", self.feed["language"])
+        for cat in self.feed["categories"]:
             handler.addQuickElement("category", cat)
-        if self.feed['feed_copyright'] is not None:
-            handler.addQuickElement("copyright", self.feed['feed_copyright'])
+        if self.feed["feed_copyright"] is not None:
+            handler.addQuickElement("copyright", self.feed["feed_copyright"])
         handler.addQuickElement("lastBuildDate", rfc2822_date(self.latest_post_date()))
-        if self.feed['ttl'] is not None:
-            handler.addQuickElement("ttl", self.feed['ttl'])
+        if self.feed["ttl"] is not None:
+            handler.addQuickElement("ttl", self.feed["ttl"])
 
     def endChannelElement(self, handler):
         handler.endElement("channel")
@@ -232,10 +272,10 @@ class RssUserland091Feed(RssFeed):
     _version = "0.91"
 
     def add_item_elements(self, handler, item):
-        handler.addQuickElement("title", item['title'])
-        handler.addQuickElement("link", item['link'])
-        if item['description'] is not None:
-            handler.addQuickElement("description", item['description'])
+        handler.addQuickElement("title", item["title"])
+        handler.addQuickElement("link", item["link"])
+        if item["description"] is not None:
+            handler.addQuickElement("description", item["description"])
 
 
 class Rss201rev2Feed(RssFeed):
@@ -243,93 +283,105 @@ class Rss201rev2Feed(RssFeed):
     _version = "2.0"
 
     def add_item_elements(self, handler, item):
-        handler.addQuickElement("title", item['title'])
-        handler.addQuickElement("link", item['link'])
-        if item['description'] is not None:
-            handler.addQuickElement("description", item['description'])
+        handler.addQuickElement("title", item["title"])
+        handler.addQuickElement("link", item["link"])
+        if item["description"] is not None:
+            handler.addQuickElement("description", item["description"])
 
         # Author information.
         if item["author_name"] and item["author_email"]:
-            handler.addQuickElement("author", "%s (%s)" % (item['author_email'], item['author_name']))
+            handler.addQuickElement(
+                "author", "%s (%s)" % (item["author_email"], item["author_name"])
+            )
         elif item["author_email"]:
             handler.addQuickElement("author", item["author_email"])
         elif item["author_name"]:
             handler.addQuickElement(
-                "dc:creator", item["author_name"], {"xmlns:dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"}
+                "dc:creator",
+                item["author_name"],
+                {"xmlns:dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"},
             )
 
-        if item['pubdate'] is not None:
-            handler.addQuickElement("pubDate", rfc2822_date(item['pubdate']))
-        if item['comments'] is not None:
-            handler.addQuickElement("comments", item['comments'])
-        if item['unique_id'] is not None:
+        if item["pubdate"] is not None:
+            handler.addQuickElement("pubDate", rfc2822_date(item["pubdate"]))
+        if item["comments"] is not None:
+            handler.addQuickElement("comments", item["comments"])
+        if item["unique_id"] is not None:
             guid_attrs = {}
-            if isinstance(item.get('unique_id_is_permalink'), bool):
-                guid_attrs['isPermaLink'] = str(item['unique_id_is_permalink']).lower()
-            handler.addQuickElement("guid", item['unique_id'], guid_attrs)
-        if item['ttl'] is not None:
-            handler.addQuickElement("ttl", item['ttl'])
+            if isinstance(item.get("unique_id_is_permalink"), bool):
+                guid_attrs["isPermaLink"] = str(item["unique_id_is_permalink"]).lower()
+            handler.addQuickElement("guid", item["unique_id"], guid_attrs)
+        if item["ttl"] is not None:
+            handler.addQuickElement("ttl", item["ttl"])
 
         # Enclosure.
-        if item['enclosures']:
-            enclosures = list(item['enclosures'])
+        if item["enclosures"]:
+            enclosures = list(item["enclosures"])
             if len(enclosures) > 1:
                 raise ValueError(
                     "RSS feed items may only have one enclosure, see "
                     "http://www.rssboard.org/rss-profile#element-channel-item-enclosure"
                 )
             enclosure = enclosures[0]
-            handler.addQuickElement('enclosure', '', {
-                'url': enclosure.url,
-                'length': enclosure.length,
-                'type': enclosure.mime_type,
-            })
+            handler.addQuickElement(
+                "enclosure",
+                "",
+                {
+                    "url": enclosure.url,
+                    "length": enclosure.length,
+                    "type": enclosure.mime_type,
+                },
+            )
 
         # Categories.
-        for cat in item['categories']:
+        for cat in item["categories"]:
             handler.addQuickElement("category", cat)
 
 
 class Atom1Feed(SyndicationFeed):
     # Spec: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4287
-    content_type = 'application/atom+xml; charset=utf-8'
+    content_type = "application/atom+xml; charset=utf-8"
     ns = "http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
 
     def write(self, outfile, encoding):
         handler = SimplerXMLGenerator(outfile, encoding, short_empty_elements=True)
         handler.startDocument()
-        handler.startElement('feed', self.root_attributes())
+        handler.startElement("feed", self.root_attributes())
         self.add_root_elements(handler)
         self.write_items(handler)
         handler.endElement("feed")
 
     def root_attributes(self):
-        if self.feed['language'] is not None:
-            return {"xmlns": self.ns, "xml:lang": self.feed['language']}
+        if self.feed["language"] is not None:
+            return {"xmlns": self.ns, "xml:lang": self.feed["language"]}
         else:
             return {"xmlns": self.ns}
 
     def add_root_elements(self, handler):
-        handler.addQuickElement("title", self.feed['title'])
-        handler.addQuickElement("link", "", {"rel": "alternate", "href": self.feed['link']})
-        if self.feed['feed_url'] is not None:
-            handler.addQuickElement("link", "", {"rel": "self", "href": self.feed['feed_url']})
-        handler.addQuickElement("id", self.feed['id'])
+        handler.addQuickElement("title", self.feed["title"])
+        handler.addQuickElement(
+            "link", "", {"rel": "alternate", "href": self.feed["link"]}
+        )
+        if self.feed["feed_url"] is not None:
+            handler.addQuickElement(
+                "link", "", {"rel": "self", "href": self.feed["feed_url"]}
+            )
+        handler.addQuickElement("id", self.feed["id"])
         handler.addQuickElement("updated", rfc3339_date(self.latest_post_date()))
-        if self.feed['author_name'] is not None:
+        if self.feed["author_name"] is not None:
             handler.startElement("author", {})
-            handler.addQuickElement("name", self.feed['author_name'])
-            if self.feed['author_email'] is not None:
-                handler.addQuickElement("email", self.feed['author_email'])
-            if self.feed['author_link'] is not None:
-                handler.addQuickElement("uri", self.feed['author_link'])
+            handler.addQuickElement("name", self.feed["author_name"])
+            if self.feed["author_email"] is not None:
+                handler.addQuickElement("email", self.feed["author_email"])
+            if self.feed["author_link"] is not None:
+                handler.addQuickElement("uri", self.feed["author_link"])
             handler.endElement("author")
-        if self.feed['subtitle'] is not None:
-            handler.addQuickElement("subtitle", self.feed['subtitle'])
-        for cat in self.feed['categories']:
+        if self.feed["subtitle"] is not None:
+            handler.addQuickElement("subtitle", self.feed["subtitle"])
+        for cat in self.feed["categories"]:
             handler.addQuickElement("category", "", {"term": cat})
-        if self.feed['feed_copyright'] is not None:
-            handler.addQuickElement("rights", self.feed['feed_copyright'])
+        if self.feed["feed_copyright"] is not None:
+            handler.addQuickElement("rights", self.feed["feed_copyright"])
 
     def write_items(self, handler):
         for item in self.items:
@@ -338,52 +390,56 @@ class Atom1Feed(SyndicationFeed):
             handler.endElement("entry")
 
     def add_item_elements(self, handler, item):
-        handler.addQuickElement("title", item['title'])
-        handler.addQuickElement("link", "", {"href": item['link'], "rel": "alternate"})
+        handler.addQuickElement("title", item["title"])
+        handler.addQuickElement("link", "", {"href": item["link"], "rel": "alternate"})
 
-        if item['pubdate'] is not None:
-            handler.addQuickElement('published', rfc3339_date(item['pubdate']))
+        if item["pubdate"] is not None:
+            handler.addQuickElement("published", rfc3339_date(item["pubdate"]))
 
-        if item['updateddate'] is not None:
-            handler.addQuickElement('updated', rfc3339_date(item['updateddate']))
+        if item["updateddate"] is not None:
+            handler.addQuickElement("updated", rfc3339_date(item["updateddate"]))
 
         # Author information.
-        if item['author_name'] is not None:
+        if item["author_name"] is not None:
             handler.startElement("author", {})
-            handler.addQuickElement("name", item['author_name'])
-            if item['author_email'] is not None:
-                handler.addQuickElement("email", item['author_email'])
-            if item['author_link'] is not None:
-                handler.addQuickElement("uri", item['author_link'])
+            handler.addQuickElement("name", item["author_name"])
+            if item["author_email"] is not None:
+                handler.addQuickElement("email", item["author_email"])
+            if item["author_link"] is not None:
+                handler.addQuickElement("uri", item["author_link"])
             handler.endElement("author")
 
         # Unique ID.
-        if item['unique_id'] is not None:
-            unique_id = item['unique_id']
+        if item["unique_id"] is not None:
+            unique_id = item["unique_id"]
         else:
-            unique_id = get_tag_uri(item['link'], item['pubdate'])
+            unique_id = get_tag_uri(item["link"], item["pubdate"])
         handler.addQuickElement("id", unique_id)
 
         # Summary.
-        if item['description'] is not None:
-            handler.addQuickElement("summary", item['description'], {"type": "html"})
+        if item["description"] is not None:
+            handler.addQuickElement("summary", item["description"], {"type": "html"})
 
         # Enclosures.
-        for enclosure in item['enclosures']:
-            handler.addQuickElement('link', '', {
-                'rel': 'enclosure',
-                'href': enclosure.url,
-                'length': enclosure.length,
-                'type': enclosure.mime_type,
-            })
+        for enclosure in item["enclosures"]:
+            handler.addQuickElement(
+                "link",
+                "",
+                {
+                    "rel": "enclosure",
+                    "href": enclosure.url,
+                    "length": enclosure.length,
+                    "type": enclosure.mime_type,
+                },
+            )
 
         # Categories.
-        for cat in item['categories']:
+        for cat in item["categories"]:
             handler.addQuickElement("category", "", {"term": cat})
 
         # Rights.
-        if item['item_copyright'] is not None:
-            handler.addQuickElement("rights", item['item_copyright'])
+        if item["item_copyright"] is not None:
+            handler.addQuickElement("rights", item["item_copyright"])
 
 
 # This isolates the decision of what the system default is, so calling code can
diff --git a/django/utils/formats.py b/django/utils/formats.py
index 3aef3bc23c..50b58445e4 100644
--- a/django/utils/formats.py
+++ b/django/utils/formats.py
@@ -8,9 +8,7 @@ from importlib import import_module
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.utils import dateformat, numberformat
 from django.utils.functional import lazy
-from django.utils.translation import (
-    check_for_language, get_language, to_locale,
-)
+from django.utils.translation import check_for_language, get_language, to_locale
 
 # format_cache is a mapping from (format_type, lang) to the format string.
 # By using the cache, it is possible to avoid running get_format_modules
@@ -19,33 +17,35 @@ _format_cache = {}
 _format_modules_cache = {}
 
 ISO_INPUT_FORMATS = {
-    'DATE_INPUT_FORMATS': ['%Y-%m-%d'],
-    'TIME_INPUT_FORMATS': ['%H:%M:%S', '%H:%M:%S.%f', '%H:%M'],
-    'DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS': [
-        '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',
-        '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',
-        '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',
-        '%Y-%m-%d'
+    "DATE_INPUT_FORMATS": ["%Y-%m-%d"],
+    "TIME_INPUT_FORMATS": ["%H:%M:%S", "%H:%M:%S.%f", "%H:%M"],
+    "DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS": [
+        "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
+        "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
+        "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",
+        "%Y-%m-%d",
     ],
 }
 
 
-FORMAT_SETTINGS = frozenset([
-    'DECIMAL_SEPARATOR',
-    'THOUSAND_SEPARATOR',
-    'NUMBER_GROUPING',
-    'FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK',
-    'MONTH_DAY_FORMAT',
-    'TIME_FORMAT',
-    'DATE_FORMAT',
-    'DATETIME_FORMAT',
-    'SHORT_DATE_FORMAT',
-    'SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT',
-    'YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT',
-    'DATE_INPUT_FORMATS',
-    'TIME_INPUT_FORMATS',
-    'DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS',
-])
+FORMAT_SETTINGS = frozenset(
+    [
+        "DECIMAL_SEPARATOR",
+        "THOUSAND_SEPARATOR",
+        "NUMBER_GROUPING",
+        "FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK",
+        "MONTH_DAY_FORMAT",
+        "TIME_FORMAT",
+        "DATE_FORMAT",
+        "DATETIME_FORMAT",
+        "SHORT_DATE_FORMAT",
+        "SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT",
+        "YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT",
+        "DATE_INPUT_FORMATS",
+        "TIME_INPUT_FORMATS",
+        "DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS",
+    ]
+)
 
 
 def reset_format_cache():
@@ -72,16 +72,16 @@ def iter_format_modules(lang, format_module_path=None):
         if isinstance(format_module_path, str):
             format_module_path = [format_module_path]
         for path in format_module_path:
-            format_locations.append(path + '.%s')
-    format_locations.append('django.conf.locale.%s')
+            format_locations.append(path + ".%s")
+    format_locations.append("django.conf.locale.%s")
     locale = to_locale(lang)
     locales = [locale]
-    if '_' in locale:
-        locales.append(locale.split('_')[0])
+    if "_" in locale:
+        locales.append(locale.split("_")[0])
     for location in format_locations:
         for loc in locales:
             try:
-                yield import_module('%s.formats' % (location % loc))
+                yield import_module("%s.formats" % (location % loc))
             except ImportError:
                 pass
 
@@ -91,7 +91,9 @@ def get_format_modules(lang=None):
     if lang is None:
         lang = get_language()
     if lang not in _format_modules_cache:
-        _format_modules_cache[lang] = list(iter_format_modules(lang, settings.FORMAT_MODULE_PATH))
+        _format_modules_cache[lang] = list(
+            iter_format_modules(lang, settings.FORMAT_MODULE_PATH)
+        )
     return _format_modules_cache[lang]
 
 
@@ -104,11 +106,14 @@ def get_format(format_type, lang=None, use_l10n=None):
     If use_l10n is provided and is not None, it forces the value to
     be localized (or not), overriding the value of settings.USE_L10N.
     """
-    use_l10n = use_l10n or (use_l10n is None and (
-        settings._USE_L10N_INTERNAL
-        if hasattr(settings, '_USE_L10N_INTERNAL')
-        else settings.USE_L10N
-    ))
+    use_l10n = use_l10n or (
+        use_l10n is None
+        and (
+            settings._USE_L10N_INTERNAL
+            if hasattr(settings, "_USE_L10N_INTERNAL")
+            else settings.USE_L10N
+        )
+    )
     if use_l10n and lang is None:
         lang = get_language()
     cache_key = (format_type, lang)
@@ -152,7 +157,9 @@ def date_format(value, format=None, use_l10n=None):
     If use_l10n is provided and is not None, that will force the value to
     be localized (or not), overriding the value of settings.USE_L10N.
     """
-    return dateformat.format(value, get_format(format or 'DATE_FORMAT', use_l10n=use_l10n))
+    return dateformat.format(
+        value, get_format(format or "DATE_FORMAT", use_l10n=use_l10n)
+    )
 
 
 def time_format(value, format=None, use_l10n=None):
@@ -162,7 +169,9 @@ def time_format(value, format=None, use_l10n=None):
     If use_l10n is provided and is not None, it forces the value to
     be localized (or not), overriding the value of settings.USE_L10N.
     """
-    return dateformat.time_format(value, get_format(format or 'TIME_FORMAT', use_l10n=use_l10n))
+    return dateformat.time_format(
+        value, get_format(format or "TIME_FORMAT", use_l10n=use_l10n)
+    )
 
 
 def number_format(value, decimal_pos=None, use_l10n=None, force_grouping=False):
@@ -172,18 +181,21 @@ def number_format(value, decimal_pos=None, use_l10n=None, force_grouping=False):
     If use_l10n is provided and is not None, it forces the value to
     be localized (or not), overriding the value of settings.USE_L10N.
     """
-    use_l10n = use_l10n or (use_l10n is None and (
-        settings._USE_L10N_INTERNAL
-        if hasattr(settings, '_USE_L10N_INTERNAL')
-        else settings.USE_L10N
-    ))
+    use_l10n = use_l10n or (
+        use_l10n is None
+        and (
+            settings._USE_L10N_INTERNAL
+            if hasattr(settings, "_USE_L10N_INTERNAL")
+            else settings.USE_L10N
+        )
+    )
     lang = get_language() if use_l10n else None
     return numberformat.format(
         value,
-        get_format('DECIMAL_SEPARATOR', lang, use_l10n=use_l10n),
+        get_format("DECIMAL_SEPARATOR", lang, use_l10n=use_l10n),
         decimal_pos,
-        get_format('NUMBER_GROUPING', lang, use_l10n=use_l10n),
-        get_format('THOUSAND_SEPARATOR', lang, use_l10n=use_l10n),
+        get_format("NUMBER_GROUPING", lang, use_l10n=use_l10n),
+        get_format("THOUSAND_SEPARATOR", lang, use_l10n=use_l10n),
         force_grouping=force_grouping,
         use_l10n=use_l10n,
     )
@@ -206,11 +218,11 @@ def localize(value, use_l10n=None):
             return str(value)
         return number_format(value, use_l10n=use_l10n)
     elif isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
-        return date_format(value, 'DATETIME_FORMAT', use_l10n=use_l10n)
+        return date_format(value, "DATETIME_FORMAT", use_l10n=use_l10n)
     elif isinstance(value, datetime.date):
         return date_format(value, use_l10n=use_l10n)
     elif isinstance(value, datetime.time):
-        return time_format(value, 'TIME_FORMAT', use_l10n=use_l10n)
+        return time_format(value, "TIME_FORMAT", use_l10n=use_l10n)
     return value
 
 
@@ -226,15 +238,15 @@ def localize_input(value, default=None):
     elif isinstance(value, (decimal.Decimal, float, int)):
         return number_format(value)
     elif isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
-        format = default or get_format('DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS')[0]
+        format = default or get_format("DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS")[0]
         format = sanitize_strftime_format(format)
         return value.strftime(format)
     elif isinstance(value, datetime.date):
-        format = default or get_format('DATE_INPUT_FORMATS')[0]
+        format = default or get_format("DATE_INPUT_FORMATS")[0]
         format = sanitize_strftime_format(format)
         return value.strftime(format)
     elif isinstance(value, datetime.time):
-        format = default or get_format('TIME_INPUT_FORMATS')[0]
+        format = default or get_format("TIME_INPUT_FORMATS")[0]
         return value.strftime(format)
     return value
 
@@ -262,12 +274,12 @@ def sanitize_strftime_format(fmt):
 
     See https://bugs.python.org/issue13305 for more details.
     """
-    if datetime.date(1, 1, 1).strftime('%Y') == '0001':
+    if datetime.date(1, 1, 1).strftime("%Y") == "0001":
         return fmt
-    mapping = {'C': 2, 'F': 10, 'G': 4, 'Y': 4}
+    mapping = {"C": 2, "F": 10, "G": 4, "Y": 4}
     return re.sub(
-        r'((?:^|[^%])(?:%%)*)%([CFGY])',
-        lambda m: r'%s%%0%s%s' % (m[1], mapping[m[2]], m[2]),
+        r"((?:^|[^%])(?:%%)*)%([CFGY])",
+        lambda m: r"%s%%0%s%s" % (m[1], mapping[m[2]], m[2]),
         fmt,
     )
 
@@ -279,19 +291,25 @@ def sanitize_separators(value):
     """
     if isinstance(value, str):
         parts = []
-        decimal_separator = get_format('DECIMAL_SEPARATOR')
+        decimal_separator = get_format("DECIMAL_SEPARATOR")
         if decimal_separator in value:
             value, decimals = value.split(decimal_separator, 1)
             parts.append(decimals)
         if settings.USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR:
-            thousand_sep = get_format('THOUSAND_SEPARATOR')
-            if thousand_sep == '.' and value.count('.') == 1 and len(value.split('.')[-1]) != 3:
+            thousand_sep = get_format("THOUSAND_SEPARATOR")
+            if (
+                thousand_sep == "."
+                and value.count(".") == 1
+                and len(value.split(".")[-1]) != 3
+            ):
                 # Special case where we suspect a dot meant decimal separator (see #22171)
                 pass
             else:
                 for replacement in {
-                        thousand_sep, unicodedata.normalize('NFKD', thousand_sep)}:
-                    value = value.replace(replacement, '')
+                    thousand_sep,
+                    unicodedata.normalize("NFKD", thousand_sep),
+                }:
+                    value = value.replace(replacement, "")
         parts.append(value)
-        value = '.'.join(reversed(parts))
+        value = ".".join(reversed(parts))
     return value
diff --git a/django/utils/functional.py b/django/utils/functional.py
index ea46cff20f..9e1be0fe0f 100644
--- a/django/utils/functional.py
+++ b/django/utils/functional.py
@@ -13,13 +13,14 @@ class cached_property:
     A cached property can be made out of an existing method:
     (e.g. ``url = cached_property(get_absolute_url)``).
     """
+
     name = None
 
     @staticmethod
     def func(instance):
         raise TypeError(
-            'Cannot use cached_property instance without calling '
-            '__set_name__() on it.'
+            "Cannot use cached_property instance without calling "
+            "__set_name__() on it."
         )
 
     def __init__(self, func, name=None):
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ class cached_property:
                 stacklevel=2,
             )
         self.real_func = func
-        self.__doc__ = getattr(func, '__doc__')
+        self.__doc__ = getattr(func, "__doc__")
 
     def __set_name__(self, owner, name):
         if self.name is None:
@@ -62,6 +63,7 @@ class classproperty:
     Decorator that converts a method with a single cls argument into a property
     that can be accessed directly from the class.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, method=None):
         self.fget = method
 
@@ -78,6 +80,7 @@ class Promise:
     Base class for the proxy class created in the closure of the lazy function.
     It's used to recognize promises in code.
     """
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -96,6 +99,7 @@ def lazy(func, *resultclasses):
         called on the result of that function. The function is not evaluated
         until one of the methods on the result is called.
         """
+
         __prepared = False
 
         def __init__(self, args, kw):
@@ -108,7 +112,7 @@ def lazy(func, *resultclasses):
         def __reduce__(self):
             return (
                 _lazy_proxy_unpickle,
-                (func, self.__args, self.__kw) + resultclasses
+                (func, self.__args, self.__kw) + resultclasses,
             )
 
         def __repr__(self):
@@ -129,7 +133,7 @@ def lazy(func, *resultclasses):
             cls._delegate_text = str in resultclasses
             if cls._delegate_bytes and cls._delegate_text:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'Cannot call lazy() with both bytes and text return types.'
+                    "Cannot call lazy() with both bytes and text return types."
                 )
             if cls._delegate_text:
                 cls.__str__ = cls.__text_cast
@@ -144,6 +148,7 @@ def lazy(func, *resultclasses):
                 # applies the given magic method of the result type.
                 res = func(*self.__args, **self.__kw)
                 return getattr(res, method_name)(*args, **kw)
+
             return __wrapper__
 
         def __text_cast(self):
@@ -233,10 +238,15 @@ def keep_lazy(*resultclasses):
 
         @wraps(func)
         def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
-            if any(isinstance(arg, Promise) for arg in itertools.chain(args, kwargs.values())):
+            if any(
+                isinstance(arg, Promise)
+                for arg in itertools.chain(args, kwargs.values())
+            ):
                 return lazy_func(*args, **kwargs)
             return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
         return wrapper
+
     return decorator
 
 
@@ -255,6 +265,7 @@ def new_method_proxy(func):
         if self._wrapped is empty:
             self._setup()
         return func(self._wrapped, *args)
+
     return inner
 
 
@@ -297,7 +308,9 @@ class LazyObject:
         """
         Must be implemented by subclasses to initialize the wrapped object.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of LazyObject must provide a _setup() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of LazyObject must provide a _setup() method"
+        )
 
     # Because we have messed with __class__ below, we confuse pickle as to what
     # class we are pickling. We're going to have to initialize the wrapped
@@ -376,6 +389,7 @@ class SimpleLazyObject(LazyObject):
     Designed for compound objects of unknown type. For builtins or objects of
     known type, use django.utils.functional.lazy.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, func):
         """
         Pass in a callable that returns the object to be wrapped.
@@ -385,7 +399,7 @@ class SimpleLazyObject(LazyObject):
         callable can be safely run more than once and will return the same
         value.
         """
-        self.__dict__['_setupfunc'] = func
+        self.__dict__["_setupfunc"] = func
         super().__init__()
 
     def _setup(self):
@@ -398,7 +412,7 @@ class SimpleLazyObject(LazyObject):
             repr_attr = self._setupfunc
         else:
             repr_attr = self._wrapped
-        return '<%s: %r>' % (type(self).__name__, repr_attr)
+        return "<%s: %r>" % (type(self).__name__, repr_attr)
 
     def __copy__(self):
         if self._wrapped is empty:
diff --git a/django/utils/hashable.py b/django/utils/hashable.py
index 7d137ccc2f..042e1a4373 100644
--- a/django/utils/hashable.py
+++ b/django/utils/hashable.py
@@ -8,10 +8,12 @@ def make_hashable(value):
     The returned value should generate the same hash for equal values.
     """
     if isinstance(value, dict):
-        return tuple([
-            (key, make_hashable(nested_value))
-            for key, nested_value in sorted(value.items())
-        ])
+        return tuple(
+            [
+                (key, make_hashable(nested_value))
+                for key, nested_value in sorted(value.items())
+            ]
+        )
     # Try hash to avoid converting a hashable iterable (e.g. string, frozenset)
     # to a tuple.
     try:
diff --git a/django/utils/html.py b/django/utils/html.py
index be9f22312e..d228e4c7bc 100644
--- a/django/utils/html.py
+++ b/django/utils/html.py
@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@ import html
 import json
 import re
 from html.parser import HTMLParser
-from urllib.parse import (
-    parse_qsl, quote, unquote, urlencode, urlsplit, urlunsplit,
-)
+from urllib.parse import parse_qsl, quote, unquote, urlencode, urlsplit, urlunsplit
 
 from django.utils.encoding import punycode
 from django.utils.functional import Promise, keep_lazy, keep_lazy_text
@@ -30,22 +28,22 @@ def escape(text):
 
 
 _js_escapes = {
-    ord('\\'): '\\u005C',
-    ord('\''): '\\u0027',
-    ord('"'): '\\u0022',
-    ord('>'): '\\u003E',
-    ord('<'): '\\u003C',
-    ord('&'): '\\u0026',
-    ord('='): '\\u003D',
-    ord('-'): '\\u002D',
-    ord(';'): '\\u003B',
-    ord('`'): '\\u0060',
-    ord('\u2028'): '\\u2028',
-    ord('\u2029'): '\\u2029'
+    ord("\\"): "\\u005C",
+    ord("'"): "\\u0027",
+    ord('"'): "\\u0022",
+    ord(">"): "\\u003E",
+    ord("<"): "\\u003C",
+    ord("&"): "\\u0026",
+    ord("="): "\\u003D",
+    ord("-"): "\\u002D",
+    ord(";"): "\\u003B",
+    ord("`"): "\\u0060",
+    ord("\u2028"): "\\u2028",
+    ord("\u2029"): "\\u2029",
 }
 
 # Escape every ASCII character with a value less than 32.
-_js_escapes.update((ord('%c' % z), '\\u%04X' % z) for z in range(32))
+_js_escapes.update((ord("%c" % z), "\\u%04X" % z) for z in range(32))
 
 
 @keep_lazy(str, SafeString)
@@ -55,9 +53,9 @@ def escapejs(value):
 
 
 _json_script_escapes = {
-    ord('>'): '\\u003E',
-    ord('<'): '\\u003C',
-    ord('&'): '\\u0026',
+    ord(">"): "\\u003E",
+    ord("<"): "\\u003C",
+    ord("&"): "\\u0026",
 }
 
 
@@ -68,6 +66,7 @@ def json_script(value, element_id=None):
     the escaped JSON in a script tag.
     """
     from django.core.serializers.json import DjangoJSONEncoder
+
     json_str = json.dumps(value, cls=DjangoJSONEncoder).translate(_json_script_escapes)
     if element_id:
         template = '<script id="{}" type="application/json">{}</script>'
@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ def conditional_escape(text):
     """
     if isinstance(text, Promise):
         text = str(text)
-    if hasattr(text, '__html__'):
+    if hasattr(text, "__html__"):
         return text.__html__()
     else:
         return escape(text)
@@ -118,22 +117,23 @@ def format_html_join(sep, format_string, args_generator):
       format_html_join('\n', "<li>{} {}</li>", ((u.first_name, u.last_name)
                                                   for u in users))
     """
-    return mark_safe(conditional_escape(sep).join(
-        format_html(format_string, *args)
-        for args in args_generator
-    ))
+    return mark_safe(
+        conditional_escape(sep).join(
+            format_html(format_string, *args) for args in args_generator
+        )
+    )
 
 
 @keep_lazy_text
 def linebreaks(value, autoescape=False):
     """Convert newlines into <p> and <br>s."""
     value = normalize_newlines(value)
-    paras = re.split('\n{2,}', str(value))
+    paras = re.split("\n{2,}", str(value))
     if autoescape:
-        paras = ['<p>%s</p>' % escape(p).replace('\n', '<br>') for p in paras]
+        paras = ["<p>%s</p>" % escape(p).replace("\n", "<br>") for p in paras]
     else:
-        paras = ['<p>%s</p>' % p.replace('\n', '<br>') for p in paras]
-    return '\n\n'.join(paras)
+        paras = ["<p>%s</p>" % p.replace("\n", "<br>") for p in paras]
+    return "\n\n".join(paras)
 
 
 class MLStripper(HTMLParser):
@@ -146,13 +146,13 @@ class MLStripper(HTMLParser):
         self.fed.append(d)
 
     def handle_entityref(self, name):
-        self.fed.append('&%s;' % name)
+        self.fed.append("&%s;" % name)
 
     def handle_charref(self, name):
-        self.fed.append('&#%s;' % name)
+        self.fed.append("&#%s;" % name)
 
     def get_data(self):
-        return ''.join(self.fed)
+        return "".join(self.fed)
 
 
 def _strip_once(value):
@@ -171,9 +171,9 @@ def strip_tags(value):
     # Note: in typical case this loop executes _strip_once once. Loop condition
     # is redundant, but helps to reduce number of executions of _strip_once.
     value = str(value)
-    while '<' in value and '>' in value:
+    while "<" in value and ">" in value:
         new_value = _strip_once(value)
-        if value.count('<') == new_value.count('<'):
+        if value.count("<") == new_value.count("<"):
             # _strip_once wasn't able to detect more tags.
             break
         value = new_value
@@ -183,17 +183,18 @@ def strip_tags(value):
 @keep_lazy_text
 def strip_spaces_between_tags(value):
     """Return the given HTML with spaces between tags removed."""
-    return re.sub(r'>\s+<', '><', str(value))
+    return re.sub(r">\s+<", "><", str(value))
 
 
 def smart_urlquote(url):
     """Quote a URL if it isn't already quoted."""
+
     def unquote_quote(segment):
         segment = unquote(segment)
         # Tilde is part of RFC3986 Unreserved Characters
         # https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-2.3
         # See also https://bugs.python.org/issue16285
-        return quote(segment, safe=RFC3986_SUBDELIMS + RFC3986_GENDELIMS + '~')
+        return quote(segment, safe=RFC3986_SUBDELIMS + RFC3986_GENDELIMS + "~")
 
     # Handle IDN before quoting.
     try:
@@ -210,8 +211,10 @@ def smart_urlquote(url):
     if query:
         # Separately unquoting key/value, so as to not mix querystring separators
         # included in query values. See #22267.
-        query_parts = [(unquote(q[0]), unquote(q[1]))
-                       for q in parse_qsl(query, keep_blank_values=True)]
+        query_parts = [
+            (unquote(q[0]), unquote(q[1]))
+            for q in parse_qsl(query, keep_blank_values=True)
+        ]
         # urlencode will take care of quoting
         query = urlencode(query_parts)
 
@@ -230,17 +233,17 @@ class Urlizer:
     Links can have trailing punctuation (periods, commas, close-parens) and
     leading punctuation (opening parens) and it'll still do the right thing.
     """
-    trailing_punctuation_chars = '.,:;!'
-    wrapping_punctuation = [('(', ')'), ('[', ']')]
 
-    simple_url_re = _lazy_re_compile(r'^https?://\[?\w', re.IGNORECASE)
+    trailing_punctuation_chars = ".,:;!"
+    wrapping_punctuation = [("(", ")"), ("[", "]")]
+
+    simple_url_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"^https?://\[?\w", re.IGNORECASE)
     simple_url_2_re = _lazy_re_compile(
-        r'^www\.|^(?!http)\w[^@]+\.(com|edu|gov|int|mil|net|org)($|/.*)$',
-        re.IGNORECASE
+        r"^www\.|^(?!http)\w[^@]+\.(com|edu|gov|int|mil|net|org)($|/.*)$", re.IGNORECASE
     )
-    word_split_re = _lazy_re_compile(r'''([\s<>"']+)''')
+    word_split_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"""([\s<>"']+)""")
 
-    mailto_template = 'mailto:{local}@{domain}'
+    mailto_template = "mailto:{local}@{domain}"
     url_template = '<a href="{href}"{attrs}>{url}</a>'
 
     def __call__(self, text, trim_url_limit=None, nofollow=False, autoescape=False):
@@ -256,39 +259,48 @@ class Urlizer:
         safe_input = isinstance(text, SafeData)
 
         words = self.word_split_re.split(str(text))
-        return ''.join([
-            self.handle_word(
-                word,
-                safe_input=safe_input,
-                trim_url_limit=trim_url_limit,
-                nofollow=nofollow,
-                autoescape=autoescape,
-            ) for word in words
-        ])
+        return "".join(
+            [
+                self.handle_word(
+                    word,
+                    safe_input=safe_input,
+                    trim_url_limit=trim_url_limit,
+                    nofollow=nofollow,
+                    autoescape=autoescape,
+                )
+                for word in words
+            ]
+        )
 
     def handle_word(
-        self, word, *, safe_input, trim_url_limit=None, nofollow=False, autoescape=False,
+        self,
+        word,
+        *,
+        safe_input,
+        trim_url_limit=None,
+        nofollow=False,
+        autoescape=False,
     ):
-        if '.' in word or '@' in word or ':' in word:
+        if "." in word or "@" in word or ":" in word:
             # lead: Punctuation trimmed from the beginning of the word.
             # middle: State of the word.
             # trail: Punctuation trimmed from the end of the word.
             lead, middle, trail = self.trim_punctuation(word)
             # Make URL we want to point to.
             url = None
-            nofollow_attr = ' rel="nofollow"' if nofollow else ''
+            nofollow_attr = ' rel="nofollow"' if nofollow else ""
             if self.simple_url_re.match(middle):
                 url = smart_urlquote(html.unescape(middle))
             elif self.simple_url_2_re.match(middle):
-                url = smart_urlquote('http://%s' % html.unescape(middle))
-            elif ':' not in middle and self.is_email_simple(middle):
-                local, domain = middle.rsplit('@', 1)
+                url = smart_urlquote("http://%s" % html.unescape(middle))
+            elif ":" not in middle and self.is_email_simple(middle):
+                local, domain = middle.rsplit("@", 1)
                 try:
                     domain = punycode(domain)
                 except UnicodeError:
                     return word
                 url = self.mailto_template.format(local=local, domain=domain)
-                nofollow_attr = ''
+                nofollow_attr = ""
             # Make link.
             if url:
                 trimmed = self.trim_url(middle, limit=trim_url_limit)
@@ -300,7 +312,7 @@ class Urlizer:
                     attrs=nofollow_attr,
                     url=trimmed,
                 )
-                return mark_safe(f'{lead}{middle}{trail}')
+                return mark_safe(f"{lead}{middle}{trail}")
             else:
                 if safe_input:
                     return mark_safe(word)
@@ -315,14 +327,14 @@ class Urlizer:
     def trim_url(self, x, *, limit):
         if limit is None or len(x) <= limit:
             return x
-        return '%s…' % x[:max(0, limit - 1)]
+        return "%s…" % x[: max(0, limit - 1)]
 
     def trim_punctuation(self, word):
         """
         Trim trailing and wrapping punctuation from `word`. Return the items of
         the new state.
         """
-        lead, middle, trail = '', word, ''
+        lead, middle, trail = "", word, ""
         # Continue trimming until middle remains unchanged.
         trimmed_something = True
         while trimmed_something:
@@ -330,15 +342,15 @@ class Urlizer:
             # Trim wrapping punctuation.
             for opening, closing in self.wrapping_punctuation:
                 if middle.startswith(opening):
-                    middle = middle[len(opening):]
+                    middle = middle[len(opening) :]
                     lead += opening
                     trimmed_something = True
                 # Keep parentheses at the end only if they're balanced.
                 if (
-                    middle.endswith(closing) and
-                    middle.count(closing) == middle.count(opening) + 1
+                    middle.endswith(closing)
+                    and middle.count(closing) == middle.count(opening) + 1
                 ):
-                    middle = middle[:-len(closing)]
+                    middle = middle[: -len(closing)]
                     trail = closing + trail
                     trimmed_something = True
             # Trim trailing punctuation (after trimming wrapping punctuation,
@@ -357,15 +369,15 @@ class Urlizer:
     def is_email_simple(value):
         """Return True if value looks like an email address."""
         # An @ must be in the middle of the value.
-        if '@' not in value or value.startswith('@') or value.endswith('@'):
+        if "@" not in value or value.startswith("@") or value.endswith("@"):
             return False
         try:
-            p1, p2 = value.split('@')
+            p1, p2 = value.split("@")
         except ValueError:
             # value contains more than one @.
             return False
         # Dot must be in p2 (e.g. example.com)
-        if '.' not in p2 or p2.startswith('.'):
+        if "." not in p2 or p2.startswith("."):
             return False
         return True
 
@@ -375,7 +387,9 @@ urlizer = Urlizer()
 
 @keep_lazy_text
 def urlize(text, trim_url_limit=None, nofollow=False, autoescape=False):
-    return urlizer(text, trim_url_limit=trim_url_limit, nofollow=nofollow, autoescape=autoescape)
+    return urlizer(
+        text, trim_url_limit=trim_url_limit, nofollow=nofollow, autoescape=autoescape
+    )
 
 
 def avoid_wrapping(value):
@@ -391,12 +405,12 @@ def html_safe(klass):
     A decorator that defines the __html__ method. This helps non-Django
     templates to detect classes whose __str__ methods return SafeString.
     """
-    if '__html__' in klass.__dict__:
+    if "__html__" in klass.__dict__:
         raise ValueError(
             "can't apply @html_safe to %s because it defines "
             "__html__()." % klass.__name__
         )
-    if '__str__' not in klass.__dict__:
+    if "__str__" not in klass.__dict__:
         raise ValueError(
             "can't apply @html_safe to %s because it doesn't "
             "define __str__()." % klass.__name__
diff --git a/django/utils/http.py b/django/utils/http.py
index ab90f1e377..0292713235 100644
--- a/django/utils/http.py
+++ b/django/utils/http.py
@@ -5,33 +5,42 @@ import unicodedata
 from binascii import Error as BinasciiError
 from email.utils import formatdate
 from urllib.parse import (
-    ParseResult, SplitResult, _coerce_args, _splitnetloc, _splitparams,
-    scheme_chars, urlencode as original_urlencode, uses_params,
+    ParseResult,
+    SplitResult,
+    _coerce_args,
+    _splitnetloc,
+    _splitparams,
+    scheme_chars,
 )
+from urllib.parse import urlencode as original_urlencode
+from urllib.parse import uses_params
 
 from django.utils.datastructures import MultiValueDict
 from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 
 # based on RFC 7232, Appendix C
-ETAG_MATCH = _lazy_re_compile(r'''
+ETAG_MATCH = _lazy_re_compile(
+    r"""
     \A(      # start of string and capture group
     (?:W/)?  # optional weak indicator
     "        # opening quote
     [^"]*    # any sequence of non-quote characters
     "        # end quote
     )\Z      # end of string and capture group
-''', re.X)
+""",
+    re.X,
+)
 
-MONTHS = 'jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec'.split()
-__D = r'(?P<day>[0-9]{2})'
-__D2 = r'(?P<day>[ 0-9][0-9])'
-__M = r'(?P<mon>\w{3})'
-__Y = r'(?P<year>[0-9]{4})'
-__Y2 = r'(?P<year>[0-9]{2})'
-__T = r'(?P<hour>[0-9]{2}):(?P<min>[0-9]{2}):(?P<sec>[0-9]{2})'
-RFC1123_DATE = _lazy_re_compile(r'^\w{3}, %s %s %s %s GMT$' % (__D, __M, __Y, __T))
-RFC850_DATE = _lazy_re_compile(r'^\w{6,9}, %s-%s-%s %s GMT$' % (__D, __M, __Y2, __T))
-ASCTIME_DATE = _lazy_re_compile(r'^\w{3} %s %s %s %s$' % (__M, __D2, __T, __Y))
+MONTHS = "jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec".split()
+__D = r"(?P<day>[0-9]{2})"
+__D2 = r"(?P<day>[ 0-9][0-9])"
+__M = r"(?P<mon>\w{3})"
+__Y = r"(?P<year>[0-9]{4})"
+__Y2 = r"(?P<year>[0-9]{2})"
+__T = r"(?P<hour>[0-9]{2}):(?P<min>[0-9]{2}):(?P<sec>[0-9]{2})"
+RFC1123_DATE = _lazy_re_compile(r"^\w{3}, %s %s %s %s GMT$" % (__D, __M, __Y, __T))
+RFC850_DATE = _lazy_re_compile(r"^\w{6,9}, %s-%s-%s %s GMT$" % (__D, __M, __Y2, __T))
+ASCTIME_DATE = _lazy_re_compile(r"^\w{3} %s %s %s %s$" % (__M, __D2, __T, __Y))
 
 RFC3986_GENDELIMS = ":/?#[]@"
 RFC3986_SUBDELIMS = "!$&'()*+,;="
@@ -44,7 +53,7 @@ def urlencode(query, doseq=False):
     """
     if isinstance(query, MultiValueDict):
         query = query.lists()
-    elif hasattr(query, 'items'):
+    elif hasattr(query, "items"):
         query = query.items()
     query_params = []
     for key, value in query:
@@ -112,7 +121,7 @@ def parse_http_date(date):
         raise ValueError("%r is not in a valid HTTP date format" % date)
     try:
         tz = datetime.timezone.utc
-        year = int(m['year'])
+        year = int(m["year"])
         if year < 100:
             current_year = datetime.datetime.now(tz=tz).year
             current_century = current_year - (current_year % 100)
@@ -122,11 +131,11 @@ def parse_http_date(date):
                 year += current_century - 100
             else:
                 year += current_century
-        month = MONTHS.index(m['mon'].lower()) + 1
-        day = int(m['day'])
-        hour = int(m['hour'])
-        min = int(m['min'])
-        sec = int(m['sec'])
+        month = MONTHS.index(m["mon"].lower()) + 1
+        day = int(m["day"])
+        hour = int(m["hour"])
+        min = int(m["min"])
+        sec = int(m["sec"])
         result = datetime.datetime(year, month, day, hour, min, sec, tzinfo=tz)
         return int(result.timestamp())
     except Exception as exc:
@@ -145,6 +154,7 @@ def parse_http_date_safe(date):
 
 # Base 36 functions: useful for generating compact URLs
 
+
 def base36_to_int(s):
     """
     Convert a base 36 string to an int. Raise ValueError if the input won't fit
@@ -160,12 +170,12 @@ def base36_to_int(s):
 
 def int_to_base36(i):
     """Convert an integer to a base36 string."""
-    char_set = '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
+    char_set = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
     if i < 0:
         raise ValueError("Negative base36 conversion input.")
     if i < 36:
         return char_set[i]
-    b36 = ''
+    b36 = ""
     while i != 0:
         i, n = divmod(i, 36)
         b36 = char_set[n] + b36
@@ -177,7 +187,7 @@ def urlsafe_base64_encode(s):
     Encode a bytestring to a base64 string for use in URLs. Strip any trailing
     equal signs.
     """
-    return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(s).rstrip(b'\n=').decode('ascii')
+    return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(s).rstrip(b"\n=").decode("ascii")
 
 
 def urlsafe_base64_decode(s):
@@ -187,7 +197,7 @@ def urlsafe_base64_decode(s):
     """
     s = s.encode()
     try:
-        return base64.urlsafe_b64decode(s.ljust(len(s) + len(s) % 4, b'='))
+        return base64.urlsafe_b64decode(s.ljust(len(s) + len(s) % 4, b"="))
     except (LookupError, BinasciiError) as e:
         raise ValueError(e)
 
@@ -198,11 +208,11 @@ def parse_etags(etag_str):
     defined by RFC 7232. Return a list of quoted ETags, or ['*'] if all ETags
     should be matched.
     """
-    if etag_str.strip() == '*':
-        return ['*']
+    if etag_str.strip() == "*":
+        return ["*"]
     else:
         # Parse each ETag individually, and return any that are valid.
-        etag_matches = (ETAG_MATCH.match(etag.strip()) for etag in etag_str.split(','))
+        etag_matches = (ETAG_MATCH.match(etag.strip()) for etag in etag_str.split(","))
         return [match[1] for match in etag_matches if match]
 
 
@@ -231,8 +241,9 @@ def is_same_domain(host, pattern):
 
     pattern = pattern.lower()
     return (
-        pattern[0] == '.' and (host.endswith(pattern) or host == pattern[1:]) or
-        pattern == host
+        pattern[0] == "."
+        and (host.endswith(pattern) or host == pattern[1:])
+        or pattern == host
     )
 
 
@@ -259,14 +270,15 @@ def url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(url, allowed_hosts, require_https=False):
         allowed_hosts = {allowed_hosts}
     # Chrome treats \ completely as / in paths but it could be part of some
     # basic auth credentials so we need to check both URLs.
-    return (
-        _url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(url, allowed_hosts, require_https=require_https) and
-        _url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(url.replace('\\', '/'), allowed_hosts, require_https=require_https)
+    return _url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(
+        url, allowed_hosts, require_https=require_https
+    ) and _url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(
+        url.replace("\\", "/"), allowed_hosts, require_https=require_https
     )
 
 
 # Copied from urllib.parse.urlparse() but uses fixed urlsplit() function.
-def _urlparse(url, scheme='', allow_fragments=True):
+def _urlparse(url, scheme="", allow_fragments=True):
     """Parse a URL into 6 components:
     <scheme>://<netloc>/<path>;<params>?<query>#<fragment>
     Return a 6-tuple: (scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment).
@@ -275,41 +287,42 @@ def _urlparse(url, scheme='', allow_fragments=True):
     url, scheme, _coerce_result = _coerce_args(url, scheme)
     splitresult = _urlsplit(url, scheme, allow_fragments)
     scheme, netloc, url, query, fragment = splitresult
-    if scheme in uses_params and ';' in url:
+    if scheme in uses_params and ";" in url:
         url, params = _splitparams(url)
     else:
-        params = ''
+        params = ""
     result = ParseResult(scheme, netloc, url, params, query, fragment)
     return _coerce_result(result)
 
 
 # Copied from urllib.parse.urlsplit() with
 # https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/661 applied.
-def _urlsplit(url, scheme='', allow_fragments=True):
+def _urlsplit(url, scheme="", allow_fragments=True):
     """Parse a URL into 5 components:
     <scheme>://<netloc>/<path>?<query>#<fragment>
     Return a 5-tuple: (scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment).
     Note that we don't break the components up in smaller bits
     (e.g. netloc is a single string) and we don't expand % escapes."""
     url, scheme, _coerce_result = _coerce_args(url, scheme)
-    netloc = query = fragment = ''
-    i = url.find(':')
+    netloc = query = fragment = ""
+    i = url.find(":")
     if i > 0:
         for c in url[:i]:
             if c not in scheme_chars:
                 break
         else:
-            scheme, url = url[:i].lower(), url[i + 1:]
+            scheme, url = url[:i].lower(), url[i + 1 :]
 
-    if url[:2] == '//':
+    if url[:2] == "//":
         netloc, url = _splitnetloc(url, 2)
-        if (('[' in netloc and ']' not in netloc) or
-                (']' in netloc and '[' not in netloc)):
+        if ("[" in netloc and "]" not in netloc) or (
+            "]" in netloc and "[" not in netloc
+        ):
             raise ValueError("Invalid IPv6 URL")
-    if allow_fragments and '#' in url:
-        url, fragment = url.split('#', 1)
-    if '?' in url:
-        url, query = url.split('?', 1)
+    if allow_fragments and "#" in url:
+        url, fragment = url.split("#", 1)
+    if "?" in url:
+        url, query = url.split("?", 1)
     v = SplitResult(scheme, netloc, url, query, fragment)
     return _coerce_result(v)
 
@@ -317,7 +330,7 @@ def _urlsplit(url, scheme='', allow_fragments=True):
 def _url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(url, allowed_hosts, require_https=False):
     # Chrome considers any URL with more than two slashes to be absolute, but
     # urlparse is not so flexible. Treat any url with three slashes as unsafe.
-    if url.startswith('///'):
+    if url.startswith("///"):
         return False
     try:
         url_info = _urlparse(url)
@@ -332,15 +345,16 @@ def _url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(url, allowed_hosts, require_https=False):
     # Forbid URLs that start with control characters. Some browsers (like
     # Chrome) ignore quite a few control characters at the start of a
     # URL and might consider the URL as scheme relative.
-    if unicodedata.category(url[0])[0] == 'C':
+    if unicodedata.category(url[0])[0] == "C":
         return False
     scheme = url_info.scheme
     # Consider URLs without a scheme (e.g. //example.com/p) to be http.
     if not url_info.scheme and url_info.netloc:
-        scheme = 'http'
-    valid_schemes = ['https'] if require_https else ['http', 'https']
-    return ((not url_info.netloc or url_info.netloc in allowed_hosts) and
-            (not scheme or scheme in valid_schemes))
+        scheme = "http"
+    valid_schemes = ["https"] if require_https else ["http", "https"]
+    return (not url_info.netloc or url_info.netloc in allowed_hosts) and (
+        not scheme or scheme in valid_schemes
+    )
 
 
 def escape_leading_slashes(url):
@@ -349,6 +363,6 @@ def escape_leading_slashes(url):
     escaped to prevent browsers from handling the path as schemaless and
     redirecting to another host.
     """
-    if url.startswith('//'):
-        url = '/%2F{}'.format(url[2:])
+    if url.startswith("//"):
+        url = "/%2F{}".format(url[2:])
     return url
diff --git a/django/utils/inspect.py b/django/utils/inspect.py
index 7e062244e5..28418f7312 100644
--- a/django/utils/inspect.py
+++ b/django/utils/inspect.py
@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@ def _get_callable_parameters(meth_or_func):
 def get_func_args(func):
     params = _get_callable_parameters(func)
     return [
-        param.name for param in params
+        param.name
+        for param in params
         if param.kind == inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD
     ]
 
@@ -35,12 +36,12 @@ def get_func_full_args(func):
     for param in params:
         name = param.name
         # Ignore 'self'
-        if name == 'self':
+        if name == "self":
             continue
         if param.kind == inspect.Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL:
-            name = '*' + name
+            name = "*" + name
         elif param.kind == inspect.Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD:
-            name = '**' + name
+            name = "**" + name
         if param.default != inspect.Parameter.empty:
             args.append((name, param.default))
         else:
@@ -50,28 +51,21 @@ def get_func_full_args(func):
 
 def func_accepts_kwargs(func):
     """Return True if function 'func' accepts keyword arguments **kwargs."""
-    return any(
-        p for p in _get_callable_parameters(func)
-        if p.kind == p.VAR_KEYWORD
-    )
+    return any(p for p in _get_callable_parameters(func) if p.kind == p.VAR_KEYWORD)
 
 
 def func_accepts_var_args(func):
     """
     Return True if function 'func' accepts positional arguments *args.
     """
-    return any(
-        p for p in _get_callable_parameters(func)
-        if p.kind == p.VAR_POSITIONAL
-    )
+    return any(p for p in _get_callable_parameters(func) if p.kind == p.VAR_POSITIONAL)
 
 
 def method_has_no_args(meth):
     """Return True if a method only accepts 'self'."""
-    count = len([
-        p for p in _get_callable_parameters(meth)
-        if p.kind == p.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD
-    ])
+    count = len(
+        [p for p in _get_callable_parameters(meth) if p.kind == p.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD]
+    )
     return count == 0 if inspect.ismethod(meth) else count == 1
 
 
diff --git a/django/utils/ipv6.py b/django/utils/ipv6.py
index ddb8c8091d..88dd6ecb4b 100644
--- a/django/utils/ipv6.py
+++ b/django/utils/ipv6.py
@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@ from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 
-def clean_ipv6_address(ip_str, unpack_ipv4=False,
-                       error_message=_("This is not a valid IPv6 address.")):
+def clean_ipv6_address(
+    ip_str, unpack_ipv4=False, error_message=_("This is not a valid IPv6 address.")
+):
     """
     Clean an IPv6 address string.
 
@@ -25,12 +26,12 @@ def clean_ipv6_address(ip_str, unpack_ipv4=False,
     try:
         addr = ipaddress.IPv6Address(int(ipaddress.IPv6Address(ip_str)))
     except ValueError:
-        raise ValidationError(error_message, code='invalid')
+        raise ValidationError(error_message, code="invalid")
 
     if unpack_ipv4 and addr.ipv4_mapped:
         return str(addr.ipv4_mapped)
     elif addr.ipv4_mapped:
-        return '::ffff:%s' % str(addr.ipv4_mapped)
+        return "::ffff:%s" % str(addr.ipv4_mapped)
 
     return str(addr)
 
diff --git a/django/utils/jslex.py b/django/utils/jslex.py
index 8abf5f1126..93a1a2e972 100644
--- a/django/utils/jslex.py
+++ b/django/utils/jslex.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ class Tok:
     """
     A specification for a token class.
     """
+
     num = 0
 
     def __init__(self, name, regex, next=None):
@@ -101,21 +102,34 @@ class JsLexer(Lexer):
         Tok("comment", r"/\*(.|\n)*?\*/"),
         Tok("linecomment", r"//.*?$"),
         Tok("ws", r"\s+"),
-        Tok("keyword", literals("""
+        Tok(
+            "keyword",
+            literals(
+                """
                            break case catch class const continue debugger
                            default delete do else enum export extends
                            finally for function if import in instanceof
                            new return super switch this throw try typeof
                            var void while with
-                           """, suffix=r"\b"), next='reg'),
-        Tok("reserved", literals("null true false", suffix=r"\b"), next='div'),
-        Tok("id", r"""
+                           """,
+                suffix=r"\b",
+            ),
+            next="reg",
+        ),
+        Tok("reserved", literals("null true false", suffix=r"\b"), next="div"),
+        Tok(
+            "id",
+            r"""
                   ([a-zA-Z_$   ]|\\u[0-9a-fA-Z]{4})   # first char
                   ([a-zA-Z_$0-9]|\\u[0-9a-fA-F]{4})*  # rest chars
-                  """, next='div'),
-        Tok("hnum", r"0[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+", next='div'),
+                  """,
+            next="div",
+        ),
+        Tok("hnum", r"0[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+", next="div"),
         Tok("onum", r"0[0-7]+"),
-        Tok("dnum", r"""
+        Tok(
+            "dnum",
+            r"""
                     (   (0|[1-9][0-9]*)     # DecimalIntegerLiteral
                         \.                  # dot
                         [0-9]*              # DecimalDigits-opt
@@ -128,15 +142,23 @@ class JsLexer(Lexer):
                         (0|[1-9][0-9]*)     # DecimalIntegerLiteral
                         ([eE][-+]?[0-9]+)?  # ExponentPart-opt
                     )
-                    """, next='div'),
-        Tok("punct", literals("""
+                    """,
+            next="div",
+        ),
+        Tok(
+            "punct",
+            literals(
+                """
                          >>>= === !== >>> <<= >>= <= >= == != << >> &&
                          || += -= *= %= &= |= ^=
-                         """), next="reg"),
-        Tok("punct", literals("++ -- ) ]"), next='div'),
-        Tok("punct", literals("{ } ( [ . ; , < > + - * % & | ^ ! ~ ? : ="), next='reg'),
-        Tok("string", r'"([^"\\]|(\\(.|\n)))*?"', next='div'),
-        Tok("string", r"'([^'\\]|(\\(.|\n)))*?'", next='div'),
+                         """
+            ),
+            next="reg",
+        ),
+        Tok("punct", literals("++ -- ) ]"), next="div"),
+        Tok("punct", literals("{ } ( [ . ; , < > + - * % & | ^ ! ~ ? : ="), next="reg"),
+        Tok("string", r'"([^"\\]|(\\(.|\n)))*?"', next="div"),
+        Tok("string", r"'([^'\\]|(\\(.|\n)))*?'", next="div"),
     ]
 
     both_after = [
@@ -145,13 +167,16 @@ class JsLexer(Lexer):
 
     states = {
         # slash will mean division
-        'div': both_before + [
-            Tok("punct", literals("/= /"), next='reg'),
-        ] + both_after,
-
+        "div": both_before
+        + [
+            Tok("punct", literals("/= /"), next="reg"),
+        ]
+        + both_after,
         # slash will mean regex
-        'reg': both_before + [
-            Tok("regex",
+        "reg": both_before
+        + [
+            Tok(
+                "regex",
                 r"""
                     /                       # opening slash
                     # First character is..
@@ -174,12 +199,15 @@ class JsLexer(Lexer):
                     )*                      # many times
                     /                       # closing slash
                     [a-zA-Z0-9]*            # trailing flags
-                """, next='div'),
-        ] + both_after,
+                """,
+                next="div",
+            ),
+        ]
+        + both_after,
     }
 
     def __init__(self):
-        super().__init__(self.states, 'reg')
+        super().__init__(self.states, "reg")
 
 
 def prepare_js_for_gettext(js):
@@ -190,31 +218,32 @@ def prepare_js_for_gettext(js):
     What actually happens is that all the regex literals are replaced with
     "REGEX".
     """
+
     def escape_quotes(m):
         """Used in a regex to properly escape double quotes."""
         s = m[0]
         if s == '"':
-            return r'\"'
+            return r"\""
         else:
             return s
 
     lexer = JsLexer()
     c = []
     for name, tok in lexer.lex(js):
-        if name == 'regex':
+        if name == "regex":
             # C doesn't grok regexes, and they aren't needed for gettext,
             # so just output a string instead.
             tok = '"REGEX"'
-        elif name == 'string':
+        elif name == "string":
             # C doesn't have single-quoted strings, so make all strings
             # double-quoted.
             if tok.startswith("'"):
                 guts = re.sub(r"\\.|.", escape_quotes, tok[1:-1])
                 tok = '"' + guts + '"'
-        elif name == 'id':
+        elif name == "id":
             # C can't deal with Unicode escapes in identifiers.  We don't
             # need them for gettext anyway, so replace them with something
             # innocuous
             tok = tok.replace("\\", "U")
         c.append(tok)
-    return ''.join(c)
+    return "".join(c)
diff --git a/django/utils/log.py b/django/utils/log.py
index 5a5decd531..fd0cc1bdc1 100644
--- a/django/utils/log.py
+++ b/django/utils/log.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from django.core.mail import get_connection
 from django.core.management.color import color_style
 from django.utils.module_loading import import_string
 
-request_logger = logging.getLogger('django.request')
+request_logger = logging.getLogger("django.request")
 
 # Default logging for Django. This sends an email to the site admins on every
 # HTTP 500 error. Depending on DEBUG, all other log records are either sent to
@@ -16,51 +16,51 @@ request_logger = logging.getLogger('django.request')
 # require_debug_true filter. This configuration is quoted in
 # docs/ref/logging.txt; please amend it there if edited here.
 DEFAULT_LOGGING = {
-    'version': 1,
-    'disable_existing_loggers': False,
-    'filters': {
-        'require_debug_false': {
-            '()': 'django.utils.log.RequireDebugFalse',
+    "version": 1,
+    "disable_existing_loggers": False,
+    "filters": {
+        "require_debug_false": {
+            "()": "django.utils.log.RequireDebugFalse",
         },
-        'require_debug_true': {
-            '()': 'django.utils.log.RequireDebugTrue',
+        "require_debug_true": {
+            "()": "django.utils.log.RequireDebugTrue",
         },
     },
-    'formatters': {
-        'django.server': {
-            '()': 'django.utils.log.ServerFormatter',
-            'format': '[{server_time}] {message}',
-            'style': '{',
+    "formatters": {
+        "django.server": {
+            "()": "django.utils.log.ServerFormatter",
+            "format": "[{server_time}] {message}",
+            "style": "{",
         }
     },
-    'handlers': {
-        'console': {
-            'level': 'INFO',
-            'filters': ['require_debug_true'],
-            'class': 'logging.StreamHandler',
+    "handlers": {
+        "console": {
+            "level": "INFO",
+            "filters": ["require_debug_true"],
+            "class": "logging.StreamHandler",
         },
-        'django.server': {
-            'level': 'INFO',
-            'class': 'logging.StreamHandler',
-            'formatter': 'django.server',
+        "django.server": {
+            "level": "INFO",
+            "class": "logging.StreamHandler",
+            "formatter": "django.server",
+        },
+        "mail_admins": {
+            "level": "ERROR",
+            "filters": ["require_debug_false"],
+            "class": "django.utils.log.AdminEmailHandler",
         },
-        'mail_admins': {
-            'level': 'ERROR',
-            'filters': ['require_debug_false'],
-            'class': 'django.utils.log.AdminEmailHandler'
-        }
     },
-    'loggers': {
-        'django': {
-            'handlers': ['console', 'mail_admins'],
-            'level': 'INFO',
+    "loggers": {
+        "django": {
+            "handlers": ["console", "mail_admins"],
+            "level": "INFO",
         },
-        'django.server': {
-            'handlers': ['django.server'],
-            'level': 'INFO',
-            'propagate': False,
+        "django.server": {
+            "handlers": ["django.server"],
+            "level": "INFO",
+            "propagate": False,
         },
-    }
+    },
 }
 
 
@@ -87,22 +87,24 @@ class AdminEmailHandler(logging.Handler):
         super().__init__()
         self.include_html = include_html
         self.email_backend = email_backend
-        self.reporter_class = import_string(reporter_class or settings.DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER)
+        self.reporter_class = import_string(
+            reporter_class or settings.DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER
+        )
 
     def emit(self, record):
         try:
             request = record.request
-            subject = '%s (%s IP): %s' % (
+            subject = "%s (%s IP): %s" % (
                 record.levelname,
-                ('internal' if request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR') in settings.INTERNAL_IPS
-                 else 'EXTERNAL'),
-                record.getMessage()
+                (
+                    "internal"
+                    if request.META.get("REMOTE_ADDR") in settings.INTERNAL_IPS
+                    else "EXTERNAL"
+                ),
+                record.getMessage(),
             )
         except Exception:
-            subject = '%s: %s' % (
-                record.levelname,
-                record.getMessage()
-            )
+            subject = "%s: %s" % (record.levelname, record.getMessage())
             request = None
         subject = self.format_subject(subject)
 
@@ -118,12 +120,17 @@ class AdminEmailHandler(logging.Handler):
             exc_info = (None, record.getMessage(), None)
 
         reporter = self.reporter_class(request, is_email=True, *exc_info)
-        message = "%s\n\n%s" % (self.format(no_exc_record), reporter.get_traceback_text())
+        message = "%s\n\n%s" % (
+            self.format(no_exc_record),
+            reporter.get_traceback_text(),
+        )
         html_message = reporter.get_traceback_html() if self.include_html else None
         self.send_mail(subject, message, fail_silently=True, html_message=html_message)
 
     def send_mail(self, subject, message, *args, **kwargs):
-        mail.mail_admins(subject, message, *args, connection=self.connection(), **kwargs)
+        mail.mail_admins(
+            subject, message, *args, connection=self.connection(), **kwargs
+        )
 
     def connection(self):
         return get_connection(backend=self.email_backend, fail_silently=True)
@@ -132,7 +139,7 @@ class AdminEmailHandler(logging.Handler):
         """
         Escape CR and LF characters.
         """
-        return subject.replace('\n', '\\n').replace('\r', '\\r')
+        return subject.replace("\n", "\\n").replace("\r", "\\r")
 
 
 class CallbackFilter(logging.Filter):
@@ -141,6 +148,7 @@ class CallbackFilter(logging.Filter):
     takes the record-to-be-logged as its only parameter) to decide whether to
     log a record.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, callback):
         self.callback = callback
 
@@ -161,7 +169,7 @@ class RequireDebugTrue(logging.Filter):
 
 
 class ServerFormatter(logging.Formatter):
-    default_time_format = '%d/%b/%Y %H:%M:%S'
+    default_time_format = "%d/%b/%Y %H:%M:%S"
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         self.style = color_style()
@@ -169,7 +177,7 @@ class ServerFormatter(logging.Formatter):
 
     def format(self, record):
         msg = record.msg
-        status_code = getattr(record, 'status_code', None)
+        status_code = getattr(record, "status_code", None)
 
         if status_code:
             if 200 <= status_code < 300:
@@ -189,17 +197,25 @@ class ServerFormatter(logging.Formatter):
                 # Any 5XX, or any other status code
                 msg = self.style.HTTP_SERVER_ERROR(msg)
 
-        if self.uses_server_time() and not hasattr(record, 'server_time'):
+        if self.uses_server_time() and not hasattr(record, "server_time"):
             record.server_time = self.formatTime(record, self.datefmt)
 
         record.msg = msg
         return super().format(record)
 
     def uses_server_time(self):
-        return self._fmt.find('{server_time}') >= 0
+        return self._fmt.find("{server_time}") >= 0
 
 
-def log_response(message, *args, response=None, request=None, logger=request_logger, level=None, exception=None):
+def log_response(
+    message,
+    *args,
+    response=None,
+    request=None,
+    logger=request_logger,
+    level=None,
+    exception=None,
+):
     """
     Log errors based on HttpResponse status.
 
@@ -211,22 +227,23 @@ def log_response(message, *args, response=None, request=None, logger=request_log
     # the same response can be received in some cases, e.g., when the
     # response is the result of an exception and is logged when the exception
     # is caught, to record the exception.
-    if getattr(response, '_has_been_logged', False):
+    if getattr(response, "_has_been_logged", False):
         return
 
     if level is None:
         if response.status_code >= 500:
-            level = 'error'
+            level = "error"
         elif response.status_code >= 400:
-            level = 'warning'
+            level = "warning"
         else:
-            level = 'info'
+            level = "info"
 
     getattr(logger, level)(
-        message, *args,
+        message,
+        *args,
         extra={
-            'status_code': response.status_code,
-            'request': request,
+            "status_code": response.status_code,
+            "request": request,
         },
         exc_info=exception,
     )
diff --git a/django/utils/lorem_ipsum.py b/django/utils/lorem_ipsum.py
index cfa675d70a..5cbc4e5a60 100644
--- a/django/utils/lorem_ipsum.py
+++ b/django/utils/lorem_ipsum.py
@@ -5,51 +5,220 @@ Utility functions for generating "lorem ipsum" Latin text.
 import random
 
 COMMON_P = (
-    'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod '
-    'tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim '
-    'veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea '
-    'commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate '
-    'velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint '
-    'occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt '
-    'mollit anim id est laborum.'
+    "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod "
+    "tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim "
+    "veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea "
+    "commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate "
+    "velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint "
+    "occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt "
+    "mollit anim id est laborum."
 )
 
 WORDS = (
-    'exercitationem', 'perferendis', 'perspiciatis', 'laborum', 'eveniet',
-    'sunt', 'iure', 'nam', 'nobis', 'eum', 'cum', 'officiis', 'excepturi',
-    'odio', 'consectetur', 'quasi', 'aut', 'quisquam', 'vel', 'eligendi',
-    'itaque', 'non', 'odit', 'tempore', 'quaerat', 'dignissimos',
-    'facilis', 'neque', 'nihil', 'expedita', 'vitae', 'vero', 'ipsum',
-    'nisi', 'animi', 'cumque', 'pariatur', 'velit', 'modi', 'natus',
-    'iusto', 'eaque', 'sequi', 'illo', 'sed', 'ex', 'et', 'voluptatibus',
-    'tempora', 'veritatis', 'ratione', 'assumenda', 'incidunt', 'nostrum',
-    'placeat', 'aliquid', 'fuga', 'provident', 'praesentium', 'rem',
-    'necessitatibus', 'suscipit', 'adipisci', 'quidem', 'possimus',
-    'voluptas', 'debitis', 'sint', 'accusantium', 'unde', 'sapiente',
-    'voluptate', 'qui', 'aspernatur', 'laudantium', 'soluta', 'amet',
-    'quo', 'aliquam', 'saepe', 'culpa', 'libero', 'ipsa', 'dicta',
-    'reiciendis', 'nesciunt', 'doloribus', 'autem', 'impedit', 'minima',
-    'maiores', 'repudiandae', 'ipsam', 'obcaecati', 'ullam', 'enim',
-    'totam', 'delectus', 'ducimus', 'quis', 'voluptates', 'dolores',
-    'molestiae', 'harum', 'dolorem', 'quia', 'voluptatem', 'molestias',
-    'magni', 'distinctio', 'omnis', 'illum', 'dolorum', 'voluptatum', 'ea',
-    'quas', 'quam', 'corporis', 'quae', 'blanditiis', 'atque', 'deserunt',
-    'laboriosam', 'earum', 'consequuntur', 'hic', 'cupiditate',
-    'quibusdam', 'accusamus', 'ut', 'rerum', 'error', 'minus', 'eius',
-    'ab', 'ad', 'nemo', 'fugit', 'officia', 'at', 'in', 'id', 'quos',
-    'reprehenderit', 'numquam', 'iste', 'fugiat', 'sit', 'inventore',
-    'beatae', 'repellendus', 'magnam', 'recusandae', 'quod', 'explicabo',
-    'doloremque', 'aperiam', 'consequatur', 'asperiores', 'commodi',
-    'optio', 'dolor', 'labore', 'temporibus', 'repellat', 'veniam',
-    'architecto', 'est', 'esse', 'mollitia', 'nulla', 'a', 'similique',
-    'eos', 'alias', 'dolore', 'tenetur', 'deleniti', 'porro', 'facere',
-    'maxime', 'corrupti',
+    "exercitationem",
+    "perferendis",
+    "perspiciatis",
+    "laborum",
+    "eveniet",
+    "sunt",
+    "iure",
+    "nam",
+    "nobis",
+    "eum",
+    "cum",
+    "officiis",
+    "excepturi",
+    "odio",
+    "consectetur",
+    "quasi",
+    "aut",
+    "quisquam",
+    "vel",
+    "eligendi",
+    "itaque",
+    "non",
+    "odit",
+    "tempore",
+    "quaerat",
+    "dignissimos",
+    "facilis",
+    "neque",
+    "nihil",
+    "expedita",
+    "vitae",
+    "vero",
+    "ipsum",
+    "nisi",
+    "animi",
+    "cumque",
+    "pariatur",
+    "velit",
+    "modi",
+    "natus",
+    "iusto",
+    "eaque",
+    "sequi",
+    "illo",
+    "sed",
+    "ex",
+    "et",
+    "voluptatibus",
+    "tempora",
+    "veritatis",
+    "ratione",
+    "assumenda",
+    "incidunt",
+    "nostrum",
+    "placeat",
+    "aliquid",
+    "fuga",
+    "provident",
+    "praesentium",
+    "rem",
+    "necessitatibus",
+    "suscipit",
+    "adipisci",
+    "quidem",
+    "possimus",
+    "voluptas",
+    "debitis",
+    "sint",
+    "accusantium",
+    "unde",
+    "sapiente",
+    "voluptate",
+    "qui",
+    "aspernatur",
+    "laudantium",
+    "soluta",
+    "amet",
+    "quo",
+    "aliquam",
+    "saepe",
+    "culpa",
+    "libero",
+    "ipsa",
+    "dicta",
+    "reiciendis",
+    "nesciunt",
+    "doloribus",
+    "autem",
+    "impedit",
+    "minima",
+    "maiores",
+    "repudiandae",
+    "ipsam",
+    "obcaecati",
+    "ullam",
+    "enim",
+    "totam",
+    "delectus",
+    "ducimus",
+    "quis",
+    "voluptates",
+    "dolores",
+    "molestiae",
+    "harum",
+    "dolorem",
+    "quia",
+    "voluptatem",
+    "molestias",
+    "magni",
+    "distinctio",
+    "omnis",
+    "illum",
+    "dolorum",
+    "voluptatum",
+    "ea",
+    "quas",
+    "quam",
+    "corporis",
+    "quae",
+    "blanditiis",
+    "atque",
+    "deserunt",
+    "laboriosam",
+    "earum",
+    "consequuntur",
+    "hic",
+    "cupiditate",
+    "quibusdam",
+    "accusamus",
+    "ut",
+    "rerum",
+    "error",
+    "minus",
+    "eius",
+    "ab",
+    "ad",
+    "nemo",
+    "fugit",
+    "officia",
+    "at",
+    "in",
+    "id",
+    "quos",
+    "reprehenderit",
+    "numquam",
+    "iste",
+    "fugiat",
+    "sit",
+    "inventore",
+    "beatae",
+    "repellendus",
+    "magnam",
+    "recusandae",
+    "quod",
+    "explicabo",
+    "doloremque",
+    "aperiam",
+    "consequatur",
+    "asperiores",
+    "commodi",
+    "optio",
+    "dolor",
+    "labore",
+    "temporibus",
+    "repellat",
+    "veniam",
+    "architecto",
+    "est",
+    "esse",
+    "mollitia",
+    "nulla",
+    "a",
+    "similique",
+    "eos",
+    "alias",
+    "dolore",
+    "tenetur",
+    "deleniti",
+    "porro",
+    "facere",
+    "maxime",
+    "corrupti",
 )
 
 COMMON_WORDS = (
-    'lorem', 'ipsum', 'dolor', 'sit', 'amet', 'consectetur',
-    'adipisicing', 'elit', 'sed', 'do', 'eiusmod', 'tempor', 'incididunt',
-    'ut', 'labore', 'et', 'dolore', 'magna', 'aliqua',
+    "lorem",
+    "ipsum",
+    "dolor",
+    "sit",
+    "amet",
+    "consectetur",
+    "adipisicing",
+    "elit",
+    "sed",
+    "do",
+    "eiusmod",
+    "tempor",
+    "incididunt",
+    "ut",
+    "labore",
+    "et",
+    "dolore",
+    "magna",
+    "aliqua",
 )
 
 
@@ -62,10 +231,13 @@ def sentence():
     """
     # Determine the number of comma-separated sections and number of words in
     # each section for this sentence.
-    sections = [' '.join(random.sample(WORDS, random.randint(3, 12))) for i in range(random.randint(1, 5))]
-    s = ', '.join(sections)
+    sections = [
+        " ".join(random.sample(WORDS, random.randint(3, 12)))
+        for i in range(random.randint(1, 5))
+    ]
+    s = ", ".join(sections)
     # Convert to sentence case and add end punctuation.
-    return '%s%s%s' % (s[0].upper(), s[1:], random.choice('?.'))
+    return "%s%s%s" % (s[0].upper(), s[1:], random.choice("?."))
 
 
 def paragraph():
@@ -74,7 +246,7 @@ def paragraph():
 
     The paragraph consists of between 1 and 4 sentences, inclusive.
     """
-    return ' '.join(sentence() for i in range(random.randint(1, 4)))
+    return " ".join(sentence() for i in range(random.randint(1, 4)))
 
 
 def paragraphs(count, common=True):
@@ -111,4 +283,4 @@ def words(count, common=True):
             word_list += random.sample(WORDS, c)
     else:
         word_list = word_list[:count]
-    return ' '.join(word_list)
+    return " ".join(word_list)
diff --git a/django/utils/module_loading.py b/django/utils/module_loading.py
index bf099cba96..cb579e7f8c 100644
--- a/django/utils/module_loading.py
+++ b/django/utils/module_loading.py
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ from importlib.util import find_spec as importlib_find
 def cached_import(module_path, class_name):
     # Check whether module is loaded and fully initialized.
     if not (
-        (module := sys.modules.get(module_path)) and
-        (spec := getattr(module, '__spec__', None)) and
-        getattr(spec, '_initializing', False) is False
+        (module := sys.modules.get(module_path))
+        and (spec := getattr(module, "__spec__", None))
+        and getattr(spec, "_initializing", False) is False
     ):
         module = import_module(module_path)
     return getattr(module, class_name)
@@ -22,15 +22,16 @@ def import_string(dotted_path):
     last name in the path. Raise ImportError if the import failed.
     """
     try:
-        module_path, class_name = dotted_path.rsplit('.', 1)
+        module_path, class_name = dotted_path.rsplit(".", 1)
     except ValueError as err:
         raise ImportError("%s doesn't look like a module path" % dotted_path) from err
 
     try:
         return cached_import(module_path, class_name)
     except AttributeError as err:
-        raise ImportError('Module "%s" does not define a "%s" attribute/class' % (
-            module_path, class_name)
+        raise ImportError(
+            'Module "%s" does not define a "%s" attribute/class'
+            % (module_path, class_name)
         ) from err
 
 
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ def autodiscover_modules(*args, **kwargs):
     """
     from django.apps import apps
 
-    register_to = kwargs.get('register_to')
+    register_to = kwargs.get("register_to")
     for app_config in apps.get_app_configs():
         for module_to_search in args:
             # Attempt to import the app's module.
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ def autodiscover_modules(*args, **kwargs):
                 if register_to:
                     before_import_registry = copy.copy(register_to._registry)
 
-                import_module('%s.%s' % (app_config.name, module_to_search))
+                import_module("%s.%s" % (app_config.name, module_to_search))
             except Exception:
                 # Reset the registry to the state before the last import
                 # as this import will have to reoccur on the next request and
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ def module_has_submodule(package, module_name):
         # package isn't a package.
         return False
 
-    full_module_name = package_name + '.' + module_name
+    full_module_name = package_name + "." + module_name
     try:
         return importlib_find(full_module_name, package_path) is not None
     except ModuleNotFoundError:
@@ -96,11 +97,11 @@ def module_dir(module):
     over several directories.
     """
     # Convert to list because __path__ may not support indexing.
-    paths = list(getattr(module, '__path__', []))
+    paths = list(getattr(module, "__path__", []))
     if len(paths) == 1:
         return paths[0]
     else:
-        filename = getattr(module, '__file__', None)
+        filename = getattr(module, "__file__", None)
         if filename is not None:
             return os.path.dirname(filename)
     raise ValueError("Cannot determine directory containing %s" % module)
diff --git a/django/utils/numberformat.py b/django/utils/numberformat.py
index 3bfdb2ea52..488d6a77cd 100644
--- a/django/utils/numberformat.py
+++ b/django/utils/numberformat.py
@@ -4,8 +4,15 @@ from django.conf import settings
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
 
 
-def format(number, decimal_sep, decimal_pos=None, grouping=0, thousand_sep='',
-           force_grouping=False, use_l10n=None):
+def format(
+    number,
+    decimal_sep,
+    decimal_pos=None,
+    grouping=0,
+    thousand_sep="",
+    force_grouping=False,
+    use_l10n=None,
+):
     """
     Get a number (as a number or string), and return it as a string,
     using formats defined as arguments:
@@ -18,54 +25,61 @@ def format(number, decimal_sep, decimal_pos=None, grouping=0, thousand_sep='',
         module in locale.localeconv() LC_NUMERIC grouping (e.g. (3, 2, 0)).
     * thousand_sep: Thousand separator symbol (for example ",")
     """
-    use_grouping = (use_l10n or (use_l10n is None and settings.USE_L10N)) and settings.USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR
+    use_grouping = (
+        use_l10n or (use_l10n is None and settings.USE_L10N)
+    ) and settings.USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR
     use_grouping = use_grouping or force_grouping
     use_grouping = use_grouping and grouping != 0
     # Make the common case fast
     if isinstance(number, int) and not use_grouping and not decimal_pos:
         return mark_safe(number)
     # sign
-    sign = ''
+    sign = ""
     # Treat potentially very large/small floats as Decimals.
-    if isinstance(number, float) and 'e' in str(number).lower():
+    if isinstance(number, float) and "e" in str(number).lower():
         number = Decimal(str(number))
     if isinstance(number, Decimal):
 
         if decimal_pos is not None:
             # If the provided number is too small to affect any of the visible
             # decimal places, consider it equal to '0'.
-            cutoff = Decimal('0.' + '1'.rjust(decimal_pos, '0'))
+            cutoff = Decimal("0." + "1".rjust(decimal_pos, "0"))
             if abs(number) < cutoff:
-                number = Decimal('0')
+                number = Decimal("0")
 
         # Format values with more than 200 digits (an arbitrary cutoff) using
         # scientific notation to avoid high memory usage in {:f}'.format().
         _, digits, exponent = number.as_tuple()
         if abs(exponent) + len(digits) > 200:
-            number = '{:e}'.format(number)
-            coefficient, exponent = number.split('e')
+            number = "{:e}".format(number)
+            coefficient, exponent = number.split("e")
             # Format the coefficient.
             coefficient = format(
-                coefficient, decimal_sep, decimal_pos, grouping,
-                thousand_sep, force_grouping, use_l10n,
+                coefficient,
+                decimal_sep,
+                decimal_pos,
+                grouping,
+                thousand_sep,
+                force_grouping,
+                use_l10n,
             )
-            return '{}e{}'.format(coefficient, exponent)
+            return "{}e{}".format(coefficient, exponent)
         else:
-            str_number = '{:f}'.format(number)
+            str_number = "{:f}".format(number)
     else:
         str_number = str(number)
-    if str_number[0] == '-':
-        sign = '-'
+    if str_number[0] == "-":
+        sign = "-"
         str_number = str_number[1:]
     # decimal part
-    if '.' in str_number:
-        int_part, dec_part = str_number.split('.')
+    if "." in str_number:
+        int_part, dec_part = str_number.split(".")
         if decimal_pos is not None:
             dec_part = dec_part[:decimal_pos]
     else:
-        int_part, dec_part = str_number, ''
+        int_part, dec_part = str_number, ""
     if decimal_pos is not None:
-        dec_part = dec_part + ('0' * (decimal_pos - len(dec_part)))
+        dec_part = dec_part + ("0" * (decimal_pos - len(dec_part)))
     dec_part = dec_part and decimal_sep + dec_part
     # grouping
     if use_grouping:
@@ -76,7 +90,7 @@ def format(number, decimal_sep, decimal_pos=None, grouping=0, thousand_sep='',
             # grouping is a single value
             intervals = [grouping, 0]
         active_interval = intervals.pop(0)
-        int_part_gd = ''
+        int_part_gd = ""
         cnt = 0
         for digit in int_part[::-1]:
             if cnt and cnt == active_interval:
diff --git a/django/utils/regex_helper.py b/django/utils/regex_helper.py
index 8612475b96..9ee82e1a9b 100644
--- a/django/utils/regex_helper.py
+++ b/django/utils/regex_helper.py
@@ -73,23 +73,23 @@ def normalize(pattern):
     try:
         ch, escaped = next(pattern_iter)
     except StopIteration:
-        return [('', [])]
+        return [("", [])]
 
     try:
         while True:
             if escaped:
                 result.append(ch)
-            elif ch == '.':
+            elif ch == ".":
                 # Replace "any character" with an arbitrary representative.
                 result.append(".")
-            elif ch == '|':
+            elif ch == "|":
                 # FIXME: One day we'll should do this, but not in 1.0.
-                raise NotImplementedError('Awaiting Implementation')
+                raise NotImplementedError("Awaiting Implementation")
             elif ch == "^":
                 pass
-            elif ch == '$':
+            elif ch == "$":
                 break
-            elif ch == ')':
+            elif ch == ")":
                 # This can only be the end of a non-capturing group, since all
                 # other unescaped parentheses are handled by the grouping
                 # section later (and the full group is handled there).
@@ -99,17 +99,17 @@ def normalize(pattern):
                 start = non_capturing_groups.pop()
                 inner = NonCapture(result[start:])
                 result = result[:start] + [inner]
-            elif ch == '[':
+            elif ch == "[":
                 # Replace ranges with the first character in the range.
                 ch, escaped = next(pattern_iter)
                 result.append(ch)
                 ch, escaped = next(pattern_iter)
-                while escaped or ch != ']':
+                while escaped or ch != "]":
                     ch, escaped = next(pattern_iter)
-            elif ch == '(':
+            elif ch == "(":
                 # Some kind of group.
                 ch, escaped = next(pattern_iter)
-                if ch != '?' or escaped:
+                if ch != "?" or escaped:
                     # A positional group
                     name = "_%d" % num_args
                     num_args += 1
@@ -117,37 +117,39 @@ def normalize(pattern):
                     walk_to_end(ch, pattern_iter)
                 else:
                     ch, escaped = next(pattern_iter)
-                    if ch in '!=<':
+                    if ch in "!=<":
                         # All of these are ignorable. Walk to the end of the
                         # group.
                         walk_to_end(ch, pattern_iter)
-                    elif ch == ':':
+                    elif ch == ":":
                         # Non-capturing group
                         non_capturing_groups.append(len(result))
-                    elif ch != 'P':
+                    elif ch != "P":
                         # Anything else, other than a named group, is something
                         # we cannot reverse.
                         raise ValueError("Non-reversible reg-exp portion: '(?%s'" % ch)
                     else:
                         ch, escaped = next(pattern_iter)
-                        if ch not in ('<', '='):
-                            raise ValueError("Non-reversible reg-exp portion: '(?P%s'" % ch)
+                        if ch not in ("<", "="):
+                            raise ValueError(
+                                "Non-reversible reg-exp portion: '(?P%s'" % ch
+                            )
                         # We are in a named capturing group. Extra the name and
                         # then skip to the end.
-                        if ch == '<':
-                            terminal_char = '>'
+                        if ch == "<":
+                            terminal_char = ">"
                         # We are in a named backreference.
                         else:
-                            terminal_char = ')'
+                            terminal_char = ")"
                         name = []
                         ch, escaped = next(pattern_iter)
                         while ch != terminal_char:
                             name.append(ch)
                             ch, escaped = next(pattern_iter)
-                        param = ''.join(name)
+                        param = "".join(name)
                         # Named backreferences have already consumed the
                         # parenthesis.
-                        if terminal_char != ')':
+                        if terminal_char != ")":
                             result.append(Group((("%%(%s)s" % param), param)))
                             walk_to_end(ch, pattern_iter)
                         else:
@@ -185,7 +187,7 @@ def normalize(pattern):
         pass
     except NotImplementedError:
         # A case of using the disjunctive form. No results for you!
-        return [('', [])]
+        return [("", [])]
 
     return list(zip(*flatten_result(result)))
 
@@ -201,7 +203,7 @@ def next_char(input_iter):
     raw (unescaped) character or not.
     """
     for ch in input_iter:
-        if ch != '\\':
+        if ch != "\\":
             yield ch, False
             continue
         ch = next(input_iter)
@@ -217,16 +219,16 @@ def walk_to_end(ch, input_iter):
     this group, skipping over any nested groups and handling escaped
     parentheses correctly.
     """
-    if ch == '(':
+    if ch == "(":
         nesting = 1
     else:
         nesting = 0
     for ch, escaped in input_iter:
         if escaped:
             continue
-        elif ch == '(':
+        elif ch == "(":
             nesting += 1
-        elif ch == ')':
+        elif ch == ")":
             if not nesting:
                 return
             nesting -= 1
@@ -241,30 +243,30 @@ def get_quantifier(ch, input_iter):
     either None or the next character from the input_iter if the next character
     is not part of the quantifier.
     """
-    if ch in '*?+':
+    if ch in "*?+":
         try:
             ch2, escaped = next(input_iter)
         except StopIteration:
             ch2 = None
-        if ch2 == '?':
+        if ch2 == "?":
             ch2 = None
-        if ch == '+':
+        if ch == "+":
             return 1, ch2
         return 0, ch2
 
     quant = []
-    while ch != '}':
+    while ch != "}":
         ch, escaped = next(input_iter)
         quant.append(ch)
     quant = quant[:-1]
-    values = ''.join(quant).split(',')
+    values = "".join(quant).split(",")
 
     # Consume the trailing '?', if necessary.
     try:
         ch, escaped = next(input_iter)
     except StopIteration:
         ch = None
-    if ch == '?':
+    if ch == "?":
         ch = None
     return int(values[0]), ch
 
@@ -290,20 +292,20 @@ def flatten_result(source):
     Each of the two lists will be of the same length.
     """
     if source is None:
-        return [''], [[]]
+        return [""], [[]]
     if isinstance(source, Group):
         if source[1] is None:
             params = []
         else:
             params = [source[1]]
         return [source[0]], [params]
-    result = ['']
+    result = [""]
     result_args = [[]]
     pos = last = 0
     for pos, elt in enumerate(source):
         if isinstance(elt, str):
             continue
-        piece = ''.join(source[last:pos])
+        piece = "".join(source[last:pos])
         if isinstance(elt, Group):
             piece += elt[0]
             param = elt[1]
@@ -331,7 +333,7 @@ def flatten_result(source):
             result = new_result
             result_args = new_args
     if pos >= last:
-        piece = ''.join(source[last:])
+        piece = "".join(source[last:])
         for i in range(len(result)):
             result[i] += piece
     return result, result_args
@@ -339,13 +341,13 @@ def flatten_result(source):
 
 def _lazy_re_compile(regex, flags=0):
     """Lazily compile a regex with flags."""
+
     def _compile():
         # Compile the regex if it was not passed pre-compiled.
         if isinstance(regex, (str, bytes)):
             return re.compile(regex, flags)
         else:
-            assert not flags, (
-                'flags must be empty if regex is passed pre-compiled'
-            )
+            assert not flags, "flags must be empty if regex is passed pre-compiled"
             return regex
+
     return SimpleLazyObject(_compile)
diff --git a/django/utils/safestring.py b/django/utils/safestring.py
index c061717889..b7d1adff62 100644
--- a/django/utils/safestring.py
+++ b/django/utils/safestring.py
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ def _safety_decorator(safety_marker, func):
     @wraps(func)
     def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
         return safety_marker(func(*args, **kwargs))
+
     return wrapped
 
 
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ def mark_safe(s):
 
     Can be called multiple times on a single string.
     """
-    if hasattr(s, '__html__'):
+    if hasattr(s, "__html__"):
         return s
     if callable(s):
         return _safety_decorator(mark_safe, s)
diff --git a/django/utils/termcolors.py b/django/utils/termcolors.py
index 089ae63ef0..3d1eee6e41 100644
--- a/django/utils/termcolors.py
+++ b/django/utils/termcolors.py
@@ -2,15 +2,21 @@
 termcolors.py
 """
 
-color_names = ('black', 'red', 'green', 'yellow', 'blue', 'magenta', 'cyan', 'white')
-foreground = {color_names[x]: '3%s' % x for x in range(8)}
-background = {color_names[x]: '4%s' % x for x in range(8)}
+color_names = ("black", "red", "green", "yellow", "blue", "magenta", "cyan", "white")
+foreground = {color_names[x]: "3%s" % x for x in range(8)}
+background = {color_names[x]: "4%s" % x for x in range(8)}
 
-RESET = '0'
-opt_dict = {'bold': '1', 'underscore': '4', 'blink': '5', 'reverse': '7', 'conceal': '8'}
+RESET = "0"
+opt_dict = {
+    "bold": "1",
+    "underscore": "4",
+    "blink": "5",
+    "reverse": "7",
+    "conceal": "8",
+}
 
 
-def colorize(text='', opts=(), **kwargs):
+def colorize(text="", opts=(), **kwargs):
     """
     Return your text, enclosed in ANSI graphics codes.
 
@@ -40,19 +46,19 @@ def colorize(text='', opts=(), **kwargs):
         print('this should not be red')
     """
     code_list = []
-    if text == '' and len(opts) == 1 and opts[0] == 'reset':
-        return '\x1b[%sm' % RESET
+    if text == "" and len(opts) == 1 and opts[0] == "reset":
+        return "\x1b[%sm" % RESET
     for k, v in kwargs.items():
-        if k == 'fg':
+        if k == "fg":
             code_list.append(foreground[v])
-        elif k == 'bg':
+        elif k == "bg":
             code_list.append(background[v])
     for o in opts:
         if o in opt_dict:
             code_list.append(opt_dict[o])
-    if 'noreset' not in opts:
-        text = '%s\x1b[%sm' % (text or '', RESET)
-    return '%s%s' % (('\x1b[%sm' % ';'.join(code_list)), text or '')
+    if "noreset" not in opts:
+        text = "%s\x1b[%sm" % (text or "", RESET)
+    return "%s%s" % (("\x1b[%sm" % ";".join(code_list)), text or "")
 
 
 def make_style(opts=(), **kwargs):
@@ -68,68 +74,68 @@ def make_style(opts=(), **kwargs):
     return lambda text: colorize(text, opts, **kwargs)
 
 
-NOCOLOR_PALETTE = 'nocolor'
-DARK_PALETTE = 'dark'
-LIGHT_PALETTE = 'light'
+NOCOLOR_PALETTE = "nocolor"
+DARK_PALETTE = "dark"
+LIGHT_PALETTE = "light"
 
 PALETTES = {
     NOCOLOR_PALETTE: {
-        'ERROR': {},
-        'SUCCESS': {},
-        'WARNING': {},
-        'NOTICE': {},
-        'SQL_FIELD': {},
-        'SQL_COLTYPE': {},
-        'SQL_KEYWORD': {},
-        'SQL_TABLE': {},
-        'HTTP_INFO': {},
-        'HTTP_SUCCESS': {},
-        'HTTP_REDIRECT': {},
-        'HTTP_NOT_MODIFIED': {},
-        'HTTP_BAD_REQUEST': {},
-        'HTTP_NOT_FOUND': {},
-        'HTTP_SERVER_ERROR': {},
-        'MIGRATE_HEADING': {},
-        'MIGRATE_LABEL': {},
+        "ERROR": {},
+        "SUCCESS": {},
+        "WARNING": {},
+        "NOTICE": {},
+        "SQL_FIELD": {},
+        "SQL_COLTYPE": {},
+        "SQL_KEYWORD": {},
+        "SQL_TABLE": {},
+        "HTTP_INFO": {},
+        "HTTP_SUCCESS": {},
+        "HTTP_REDIRECT": {},
+        "HTTP_NOT_MODIFIED": {},
+        "HTTP_BAD_REQUEST": {},
+        "HTTP_NOT_FOUND": {},
+        "HTTP_SERVER_ERROR": {},
+        "MIGRATE_HEADING": {},
+        "MIGRATE_LABEL": {},
     },
     DARK_PALETTE: {
-        'ERROR': {'fg': 'red', 'opts': ('bold',)},
-        'SUCCESS': {'fg': 'green', 'opts': ('bold',)},
-        'WARNING': {'fg': 'yellow', 'opts': ('bold',)},
-        'NOTICE': {'fg': 'red'},
-        'SQL_FIELD': {'fg': 'green', 'opts': ('bold',)},
-        'SQL_COLTYPE': {'fg': 'green'},
-        'SQL_KEYWORD': {'fg': 'yellow'},
-        'SQL_TABLE': {'opts': ('bold',)},
-        'HTTP_INFO': {'opts': ('bold',)},
-        'HTTP_SUCCESS': {},
-        'HTTP_REDIRECT': {'fg': 'green'},
-        'HTTP_NOT_MODIFIED': {'fg': 'cyan'},
-        'HTTP_BAD_REQUEST': {'fg': 'red', 'opts': ('bold',)},
-        'HTTP_NOT_FOUND': {'fg': 'yellow'},
-        'HTTP_SERVER_ERROR': {'fg': 'magenta', 'opts': ('bold',)},
-        'MIGRATE_HEADING': {'fg': 'cyan', 'opts': ('bold',)},
-        'MIGRATE_LABEL': {'opts': ('bold',)},
+        "ERROR": {"fg": "red", "opts": ("bold",)},
+        "SUCCESS": {"fg": "green", "opts": ("bold",)},
+        "WARNING": {"fg": "yellow", "opts": ("bold",)},
+        "NOTICE": {"fg": "red"},
+        "SQL_FIELD": {"fg": "green", "opts": ("bold",)},
+        "SQL_COLTYPE": {"fg": "green"},
+        "SQL_KEYWORD": {"fg": "yellow"},
+        "SQL_TABLE": {"opts": ("bold",)},
+        "HTTP_INFO": {"opts": ("bold",)},
+        "HTTP_SUCCESS": {},
+        "HTTP_REDIRECT": {"fg": "green"},
+        "HTTP_NOT_MODIFIED": {"fg": "cyan"},
+        "HTTP_BAD_REQUEST": {"fg": "red", "opts": ("bold",)},
+        "HTTP_NOT_FOUND": {"fg": "yellow"},
+        "HTTP_SERVER_ERROR": {"fg": "magenta", "opts": ("bold",)},
+        "MIGRATE_HEADING": {"fg": "cyan", "opts": ("bold",)},
+        "MIGRATE_LABEL": {"opts": ("bold",)},
     },
     LIGHT_PALETTE: {
-        'ERROR': {'fg': 'red', 'opts': ('bold',)},
-        'SUCCESS': {'fg': 'green', 'opts': ('bold',)},
-        'WARNING': {'fg': 'yellow', 'opts': ('bold',)},
-        'NOTICE': {'fg': 'red'},
-        'SQL_FIELD': {'fg': 'green', 'opts': ('bold',)},
-        'SQL_COLTYPE': {'fg': 'green'},
-        'SQL_KEYWORD': {'fg': 'blue'},
-        'SQL_TABLE': {'opts': ('bold',)},
-        'HTTP_INFO': {'opts': ('bold',)},
-        'HTTP_SUCCESS': {},
-        'HTTP_REDIRECT': {'fg': 'green', 'opts': ('bold',)},
-        'HTTP_NOT_MODIFIED': {'fg': 'green'},
-        'HTTP_BAD_REQUEST': {'fg': 'red', 'opts': ('bold',)},
-        'HTTP_NOT_FOUND': {'fg': 'red'},
-        'HTTP_SERVER_ERROR': {'fg': 'magenta', 'opts': ('bold',)},
-        'MIGRATE_HEADING': {'fg': 'cyan', 'opts': ('bold',)},
-        'MIGRATE_LABEL': {'opts': ('bold',)},
-    }
+        "ERROR": {"fg": "red", "opts": ("bold",)},
+        "SUCCESS": {"fg": "green", "opts": ("bold",)},
+        "WARNING": {"fg": "yellow", "opts": ("bold",)},
+        "NOTICE": {"fg": "red"},
+        "SQL_FIELD": {"fg": "green", "opts": ("bold",)},
+        "SQL_COLTYPE": {"fg": "green"},
+        "SQL_KEYWORD": {"fg": "blue"},
+        "SQL_TABLE": {"opts": ("bold",)},
+        "HTTP_INFO": {"opts": ("bold",)},
+        "HTTP_SUCCESS": {},
+        "HTTP_REDIRECT": {"fg": "green", "opts": ("bold",)},
+        "HTTP_NOT_MODIFIED": {"fg": "green"},
+        "HTTP_BAD_REQUEST": {"fg": "red", "opts": ("bold",)},
+        "HTTP_NOT_FOUND": {"fg": "red"},
+        "HTTP_SERVER_ERROR": {"fg": "magenta", "opts": ("bold",)},
+        "MIGRATE_HEADING": {"fg": "cyan", "opts": ("bold",)},
+        "MIGRATE_LABEL": {"opts": ("bold",)},
+    },
 }
 DEFAULT_PALETTE = DARK_PALETTE
 
@@ -169,39 +175,39 @@ def parse_color_setting(config_string):
         return PALETTES[DEFAULT_PALETTE]
 
     # Split the color configuration into parts
-    parts = config_string.lower().split(';')
+    parts = config_string.lower().split(";")
     palette = PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE].copy()
     for part in parts:
         if part in PALETTES:
             # A default palette has been specified
             palette.update(PALETTES[part])
-        elif '=' in part:
+        elif "=" in part:
             # Process a palette defining string
             definition = {}
 
             # Break the definition into the role,
             # plus the list of specific instructions.
             # The role must be in upper case
-            role, instructions = part.split('=')
+            role, instructions = part.split("=")
             role = role.upper()
 
-            styles = instructions.split(',')
+            styles = instructions.split(",")
             styles.reverse()
 
             # The first instruction can contain a slash
             # to break apart fg/bg.
-            colors = styles.pop().split('/')
+            colors = styles.pop().split("/")
             colors.reverse()
             fg = colors.pop()
             if fg in color_names:
-                definition['fg'] = fg
+                definition["fg"] = fg
             if colors and colors[-1] in color_names:
-                definition['bg'] = colors[-1]
+                definition["bg"] = colors[-1]
 
             # All remaining instructions are options
             opts = tuple(s for s in styles if s in opt_dict)
             if opts:
-                definition['opts'] = opts
+                definition["opts"] = opts
 
             # The nocolor palette has all available roles.
             # Use that palette as the basis for determining
diff --git a/django/utils/text.py b/django/utils/text.py
index 915da50483..dcfe3fba0e 100644
--- a/django/utils/text.py
+++ b/django/utils/text.py
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 import re
 import unicodedata
-from gzip import GzipFile, compress as gzip_compress
+from gzip import GzipFile
+from gzip import compress as gzip_compress
 from io import BytesIO
 
 from django.core.exceptions import SuspiciousFileOperation
 from django.utils.functional import SimpleLazyObject, keep_lazy_text, lazy
 from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
-from django.utils.translation import gettext as _, gettext_lazy, pgettext
+from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
+from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy, pgettext
 
 
 @keep_lazy_text
@@ -20,11 +22,11 @@ def capfirst(x):
 
 
 # Set up regular expressions
-re_words = _lazy_re_compile(r'<[^>]+?>|([^<>\s]+)', re.S)
-re_chars = _lazy_re_compile(r'<[^>]+?>|(.)', re.S)
-re_tag = _lazy_re_compile(r'<(/)?(\S+?)(?:(\s*/)|\s.*?)?>', re.S)
-re_newlines = _lazy_re_compile(r'\r\n|\r')  # Used in normalize_newlines
-re_camel_case = _lazy_re_compile(r'(((?<=[a-z])[A-Z])|([A-Z](?![A-Z]|$)))')
+re_words = _lazy_re_compile(r"<[^>]+?>|([^<>\s]+)", re.S)
+re_chars = _lazy_re_compile(r"<[^>]+?>|(.)", re.S)
+re_tag = _lazy_re_compile(r"<(/)?(\S+?)(?:(\s*/)|\s.*?)?>", re.S)
+re_newlines = _lazy_re_compile(r"\r\n|\r")  # Used in normalize_newlines
+re_camel_case = _lazy_re_compile(r"(((?<=[a-z])[A-Z])|([A-Z](?![A-Z]|$)))")
 
 
 @keep_lazy_text
@@ -39,46 +41,49 @@ def wrap(text, width):
     Don't wrap long words, thus the output text may have lines longer than
     ``width``.
     """
+
     def _generator():
         for line in text.splitlines(True):  # True keeps trailing linebreaks
-            max_width = min((line.endswith('\n') and width + 1 or width), width)
+            max_width = min((line.endswith("\n") and width + 1 or width), width)
             while len(line) > max_width:
-                space = line[:max_width + 1].rfind(' ') + 1
+                space = line[: max_width + 1].rfind(" ") + 1
                 if space == 0:
-                    space = line.find(' ') + 1
+                    space = line.find(" ") + 1
                     if space == 0:
                         yield line
-                        line = ''
+                        line = ""
                         break
-                yield '%s\n' % line[:space - 1]
+                yield "%s\n" % line[: space - 1]
                 line = line[space:]
-                max_width = min((line.endswith('\n') and width + 1 or width), width)
+                max_width = min((line.endswith("\n") and width + 1 or width), width)
             if line:
                 yield line
-    return ''.join(_generator())
+
+    return "".join(_generator())
 
 
 class Truncator(SimpleLazyObject):
     """
     An object used to truncate text, either by characters or words.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, text):
         super().__init__(lambda: str(text))
 
     def add_truncation_text(self, text, truncate=None):
         if truncate is None:
             truncate = pgettext(
-                'String to return when truncating text',
-                '%(truncated_text)s…')
-        if '%(truncated_text)s' in truncate:
-            return truncate % {'truncated_text': text}
+                "String to return when truncating text", "%(truncated_text)s…"
+            )
+        if "%(truncated_text)s" in truncate:
+            return truncate % {"truncated_text": text}
         # The truncation text didn't contain the %(truncated_text)s string
         # replacement argument so just append it to the text.
         if text.endswith(truncate):
             # But don't append the truncation text if the current text already
             # ends in this.
             return text
-        return '%s%s' % (text, truncate)
+        return "%s%s" % (text, truncate)
 
     def chars(self, num, truncate=None, html=False):
         """
@@ -90,11 +95,11 @@ class Truncator(SimpleLazyObject):
         """
         self._setup()
         length = int(num)
-        text = unicodedata.normalize('NFC', self._wrapped)
+        text = unicodedata.normalize("NFC", self._wrapped)
 
         # Calculate the length to truncate to (max length - end_text length)
         truncate_len = length
-        for char in self.add_truncation_text('', truncate):
+        for char in self.add_truncation_text("", truncate):
             if not unicodedata.combining(char):
                 truncate_len -= 1
                 if truncate_len == 0:
@@ -117,8 +122,7 @@ class Truncator(SimpleLazyObject):
                 end_index = i
             if s_len > length:
                 # Return the truncated string
-                return self.add_truncation_text(text[:end_index or 0],
-                                                truncate)
+                return self.add_truncation_text(text[: end_index or 0], truncate)
 
         # Return the original string since no truncation was necessary
         return text
@@ -144,8 +148,8 @@ class Truncator(SimpleLazyObject):
         words = self._wrapped.split()
         if len(words) > length:
             words = words[:length]
-            return self.add_truncation_text(' '.join(words), truncate)
-        return ' '.join(words)
+            return self.add_truncation_text(" ".join(words), truncate)
+        return " ".join(words)
 
     def _truncate_html(self, length, truncate, text, truncate_len, words):
         """
@@ -156,11 +160,18 @@ class Truncator(SimpleLazyObject):
         Preserve newlines in the HTML.
         """
         if words and length <= 0:
-            return ''
+            return ""
 
         html4_singlets = (
-            'br', 'col', 'link', 'base', 'img',
-            'param', 'area', 'hr', 'input'
+            "br",
+            "col",
+            "link",
+            "base",
+            "img",
+            "param",
+            "area",
+            "hr",
+            "input",
         )
 
         # Count non-HTML chars/words and keep note of open tags
@@ -202,7 +213,7 @@ class Truncator(SimpleLazyObject):
                 else:
                     # SGML: An end tag closes, back to the matching start tag,
                     # all unclosed intervening start tags with omitted end tags
-                    open_tags = open_tags[i + 1:]
+                    open_tags = open_tags[i + 1 :]
             else:
                 # Add it to the start of the open tags list
                 open_tags.insert(0, tagname)
@@ -210,12 +221,12 @@ class Truncator(SimpleLazyObject):
         if current_len <= length:
             return text
         out = text[:end_text_pos]
-        truncate_text = self.add_truncation_text('', truncate)
+        truncate_text = self.add_truncation_text("", truncate)
         if truncate_text:
             out += truncate_text
         # Close any tags still open
         for tag in open_tags:
-            out += '</%s>' % tag
+            out += "</%s>" % tag
         # Return string
         return out
 
@@ -230,15 +241,15 @@ def get_valid_filename(name):
     >>> get_valid_filename("john's portrait in 2004.jpg")
     'johns_portrait_in_2004.jpg'
     """
-    s = str(name).strip().replace(' ', '_')
-    s = re.sub(r'(?u)[^-\w.]', '', s)
-    if s in {'', '.', '..'}:
+    s = str(name).strip().replace(" ", "_")
+    s = re.sub(r"(?u)[^-\w.]", "", s)
+    if s in {"", ".", ".."}:
         raise SuspiciousFileOperation("Could not derive file name from '%s'" % name)
     return s
 
 
 @keep_lazy_text
-def get_text_list(list_, last_word=gettext_lazy('or')):
+def get_text_list(list_, last_word=gettext_lazy("or")):
     """
     >>> get_text_list(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
     'a, b, c or d'
@@ -252,31 +263,55 @@ def get_text_list(list_, last_word=gettext_lazy('or')):
     ''
     """
     if not list_:
-        return ''
+        return ""
     if len(list_) == 1:
         return str(list_[0])
-    return '%s %s %s' % (
+    return "%s %s %s" % (
         # Translators: This string is used as a separator between list elements
-        _(', ').join(str(i) for i in list_[:-1]), str(last_word), str(list_[-1])
+        _(", ").join(str(i) for i in list_[:-1]),
+        str(last_word),
+        str(list_[-1]),
     )
 
 
 @keep_lazy_text
 def normalize_newlines(text):
     """Normalize CRLF and CR newlines to just LF."""
-    return re_newlines.sub('\n', str(text))
+    return re_newlines.sub("\n", str(text))
 
 
 @keep_lazy_text
 def phone2numeric(phone):
     """Convert a phone number with letters into its numeric equivalent."""
     char2number = {
-        'a': '2', 'b': '2', 'c': '2', 'd': '3', 'e': '3', 'f': '3', 'g': '4',
-        'h': '4', 'i': '4', 'j': '5', 'k': '5', 'l': '5', 'm': '6', 'n': '6',
-        'o': '6', 'p': '7', 'q': '7', 'r': '7', 's': '7', 't': '8', 'u': '8',
-        'v': '8', 'w': '9', 'x': '9', 'y': '9', 'z': '9',
+        "a": "2",
+        "b": "2",
+        "c": "2",
+        "d": "3",
+        "e": "3",
+        "f": "3",
+        "g": "4",
+        "h": "4",
+        "i": "4",
+        "j": "5",
+        "k": "5",
+        "l": "5",
+        "m": "6",
+        "n": "6",
+        "o": "6",
+        "p": "7",
+        "q": "7",
+        "r": "7",
+        "s": "7",
+        "t": "8",
+        "u": "8",
+        "v": "8",
+        "w": "9",
+        "x": "9",
+        "y": "9",
+        "z": "9",
     }
-    return ''.join(char2number.get(c, c) for c in phone.lower())
+    return "".join(char2number.get(c, c) for c in phone.lower())
 
 
 def compress_string(s):
@@ -294,7 +329,7 @@ class StreamingBuffer(BytesIO):
 # Like compress_string, but for iterators of strings.
 def compress_sequence(sequence):
     buf = StreamingBuffer()
-    with GzipFile(mode='wb', compresslevel=6, fileobj=buf, mtime=0) as zfile:
+    with GzipFile(mode="wb", compresslevel=6, fileobj=buf, mtime=0) as zfile:
         # Output headers...
         yield buf.read()
         for item in sequence:
@@ -307,7 +342,8 @@ def compress_sequence(sequence):
 
 # Expression to match some_token and some_token="with spaces" (and similarly
 # for single-quoted strings).
-smart_split_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"""
+smart_split_re = _lazy_re_compile(
+    r"""
     ((?:
         [^\s'"]*
         (?:
@@ -315,7 +351,9 @@ smart_split_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"""
             [^\s'"]*
         )+
     ) | \S+)
-""", re.VERBOSE)
+""",
+    re.VERBOSE,
+)
 
 
 def smart_split(text):
@@ -355,7 +393,7 @@ def unescape_string_literal(s):
     if not s or s[0] not in "\"'" or s[-1] != s[0]:
         raise ValueError("Not a string literal: %r" % s)
     quote = s[0]
-    return s[1:-1].replace(r'\%s' % quote, quote).replace(r'\\', '\\')
+    return s[1:-1].replace(r"\%s" % quote, quote).replace(r"\\", "\\")
 
 
 @keep_lazy_text
@@ -368,18 +406,22 @@ def slugify(value, allow_unicode=False):
     """
     value = str(value)
     if allow_unicode:
-        value = unicodedata.normalize('NFKC', value)
+        value = unicodedata.normalize("NFKC", value)
     else:
-        value = unicodedata.normalize('NFKD', value).encode('ascii', 'ignore').decode('ascii')
-    value = re.sub(r'[^\w\s-]', '', value.lower())
-    return re.sub(r'[-\s]+', '-', value).strip('-_')
+        value = (
+            unicodedata.normalize("NFKD", value)
+            .encode("ascii", "ignore")
+            .decode("ascii")
+        )
+    value = re.sub(r"[^\w\s-]", "", value.lower())
+    return re.sub(r"[-\s]+", "-", value).strip("-_")
 
 
 def camel_case_to_spaces(value):
     """
     Split CamelCase and convert to lowercase. Strip surrounding whitespace.
     """
-    return re_camel_case.sub(r' \1', value).strip().lower()
+    return re_camel_case.sub(r" \1", value).strip().lower()
 
 
 def _format_lazy(format_string, *args, **kwargs):
diff --git a/django/utils/timesince.py b/django/utils/timesince.py
index 157dcb72c2..8a8ffb8151 100644
--- a/django/utils/timesince.py
+++ b/django/utils/timesince.py
@@ -6,21 +6,21 @@ from django.utils.timezone import is_aware, utc
 from django.utils.translation import gettext, ngettext_lazy
 
 TIME_STRINGS = {
-    'year': ngettext_lazy('%(num)d year', '%(num)d years', 'num'),
-    'month': ngettext_lazy('%(num)d month', '%(num)d months', 'num'),
-    'week': ngettext_lazy('%(num)d week', '%(num)d weeks', 'num'),
-    'day': ngettext_lazy('%(num)d day', '%(num)d days', 'num'),
-    'hour': ngettext_lazy('%(num)d hour', '%(num)d hours', 'num'),
-    'minute': ngettext_lazy('%(num)d minute', '%(num)d minutes', 'num'),
+    "year": ngettext_lazy("%(num)d year", "%(num)d years", "num"),
+    "month": ngettext_lazy("%(num)d month", "%(num)d months", "num"),
+    "week": ngettext_lazy("%(num)d week", "%(num)d weeks", "num"),
+    "day": ngettext_lazy("%(num)d day", "%(num)d days", "num"),
+    "hour": ngettext_lazy("%(num)d hour", "%(num)d hours", "num"),
+    "minute": ngettext_lazy("%(num)d minute", "%(num)d minutes", "num"),
 }
 
 TIMESINCE_CHUNKS = (
-    (60 * 60 * 24 * 365, 'year'),
-    (60 * 60 * 24 * 30, 'month'),
-    (60 * 60 * 24 * 7, 'week'),
-    (60 * 60 * 24, 'day'),
-    (60 * 60, 'hour'),
-    (60, 'minute'),
+    (60 * 60 * 24 * 365, "year"),
+    (60 * 60 * 24 * 30, "month"),
+    (60 * 60 * 24 * 7, "week"),
+    (60 * 60 * 24, "day"),
+    (60 * 60, "hour"),
+    (60, "minute"),
 )
 
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def timesince(d, now=None, reversed=False, time_strings=None, depth=2):
     if time_strings is None:
         time_strings = TIME_STRINGS
     if depth <= 0:
-        raise ValueError('depth must be greater than 0.')
+        raise ValueError("depth must be greater than 0.")
     # Convert datetime.date to datetime.datetime for comparison.
     if not isinstance(d, datetime.datetime):
         d = datetime.datetime(d.year, d.month, d.day)
@@ -73,13 +73,13 @@ def timesince(d, now=None, reversed=False, time_strings=None, depth=2):
     since = delta.days * 24 * 60 * 60 + delta.seconds
     if since <= 0:
         # d is in the future compared to now, stop processing.
-        return avoid_wrapping(time_strings['minute'] % {'num': 0})
+        return avoid_wrapping(time_strings["minute"] % {"num": 0})
     for i, (seconds, name) in enumerate(TIMESINCE_CHUNKS):
         count = since // seconds
         if count != 0:
             break
     else:
-        return avoid_wrapping(time_strings['minute'] % {'num': 0})
+        return avoid_wrapping(time_strings["minute"] % {"num": 0})
     result = []
     current_depth = 0
     while i < len(TIMESINCE_CHUNKS) and current_depth < depth:
@@ -87,11 +87,11 @@ def timesince(d, now=None, reversed=False, time_strings=None, depth=2):
         count = since // seconds
         if count == 0:
             break
-        result.append(avoid_wrapping(time_strings[name] % {'num': count}))
+        result.append(avoid_wrapping(time_strings[name] % {"num": count}))
         since -= seconds * count
         current_depth += 1
         i += 1
-    return gettext(', ').join(result)
+    return gettext(", ").join(result)
 
 
 def timeuntil(d, now=None, time_strings=None, depth=2):
diff --git a/django/utils/timezone.py b/django/utils/timezone.py
index 9572c99bac..71b160448e 100644
--- a/django/utils/timezone.py
+++ b/django/utils/timezone.py
@@ -20,12 +20,21 @@ from django.conf import settings
 from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango50Warning
 
 __all__ = [
-    'utc', 'get_fixed_timezone',
-    'get_default_timezone', 'get_default_timezone_name',
-    'get_current_timezone', 'get_current_timezone_name',
-    'activate', 'deactivate', 'override',
-    'localtime', 'now',
-    'is_aware', 'is_naive', 'make_aware', 'make_naive',
+    "utc",
+    "get_fixed_timezone",
+    "get_default_timezone",
+    "get_default_timezone_name",
+    "get_current_timezone",
+    "get_current_timezone_name",
+    "activate",
+    "deactivate",
+    "override",
+    "localtime",
+    "now",
+    "is_aware",
+    "is_naive",
+    "make_aware",
+    "make_naive",
 ]
 
 # RemovedInDjango50Warning: sentinel for deprecation of is_dst parameters.
@@ -39,8 +48,8 @@ def get_fixed_timezone(offset):
     """Return a tzinfo instance with a fixed offset from UTC."""
     if isinstance(offset, timedelta):
         offset = offset.total_seconds() // 60
-    sign = '-' if offset < 0 else '+'
-    hhmm = '%02d%02d' % divmod(abs(offset), 60)
+    sign = "-" if offset < 0 else "+"
+    hhmm = "%02d%02d" % divmod(abs(offset), 60)
     name = sign + hhmm
     return timezone(timedelta(minutes=offset), name)
 
@@ -56,6 +65,7 @@ def get_default_timezone():
     """
     if settings.USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ:
         import pytz
+
         return pytz.timezone(settings.TIME_ZONE)
     return zoneinfo.ZoneInfo(settings.TIME_ZONE)
 
@@ -86,6 +96,7 @@ def _get_timezone_name(timezone):
     """
     return timezone.tzname(None) or str(timezone)
 
+
 # Timezone selection functions.
 
 # These functions don't change os.environ['TZ'] and call time.tzset()
@@ -104,6 +115,7 @@ def activate(timezone):
     elif isinstance(timezone, str):
         if settings.USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ:
             import pytz
+
             _active.value = pytz.timezone(timezone)
         else:
             _active.value = zoneinfo.ZoneInfo(timezone)
@@ -133,11 +145,12 @@ class override(ContextDecorator):
     time zone name, or ``None``. If it is ``None``, Django enables the default
     time zone.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, timezone):
         self.timezone = timezone
 
     def __enter__(self):
-        self.old_timezone = getattr(_active, 'value', None)
+        self.old_timezone = getattr(_active, "value", None)
         if self.timezone is None:
             deactivate()
         else:
@@ -152,6 +165,7 @@ class override(ContextDecorator):
 
 # Templates
 
+
 def template_localtime(value, use_tz=None):
     """
     Check if value is a datetime and converts it to local time if necessary.
@@ -162,16 +176,17 @@ def template_localtime(value, use_tz=None):
     This function is designed for use by the template engine.
     """
     should_convert = (
-        isinstance(value, datetime) and
-        (settings.USE_TZ if use_tz is None else use_tz) and
-        not is_naive(value) and
-        getattr(value, 'convert_to_local_time', True)
+        isinstance(value, datetime)
+        and (settings.USE_TZ if use_tz is None else use_tz)
+        and not is_naive(value)
+        and getattr(value, "convert_to_local_time", True)
     )
     return localtime(value) if should_convert else value
 
 
 # Utilities
 
+
 def localtime(value=None, timezone=None):
     """
     Convert an aware datetime.datetime to local time.
@@ -215,6 +230,7 @@ def now():
 # By design, these four functions don't perform any checks on their arguments.
 # The caller should ensure that they don't receive an invalid value like None.
 
+
 def is_aware(value):
     """
     Determine if a given datetime.datetime is aware.
@@ -247,9 +263,9 @@ def make_aware(value, timezone=None, is_dst=NOT_PASSED):
         is_dst = None
     else:
         warnings.warn(
-            'The is_dst argument to make_aware(), used by the Trunc() '
-            'database functions and QuerySet.datetimes(), is deprecated as it '
-            'has no effect with zoneinfo time zones.',
+            "The is_dst argument to make_aware(), used by the Trunc() "
+            "database functions and QuerySet.datetimes(), is deprecated as it "
+            "has no effect with zoneinfo time zones.",
             RemovedInDjango50Warning,
         )
     if timezone is None:
@@ -260,8 +276,7 @@ def make_aware(value, timezone=None, is_dst=NOT_PASSED):
     else:
         # Check that we won't overwrite the timezone of an aware datetime.
         if is_aware(value):
-            raise ValueError(
-                "make_aware expects a naive datetime, got %s" % value)
+            raise ValueError("make_aware expects a naive datetime, got %s" % value)
         # This may be wrong around DST changes!
         return value.replace(tzinfo=timezone)
 
@@ -315,6 +330,7 @@ def _is_pytz_zone(tz):
 def _datetime_ambiguous_or_imaginary(dt, tz):
     if _is_pytz_zone(tz):
         import pytz
+
         try:
             tz.utcoffset(dt)
         except (pytz.AmbiguousTimeError, pytz.NonExistentTimeError):
diff --git a/django/utils/topological_sort.py b/django/utils/topological_sort.py
index f7ce0e0d1d..66b6866ec8 100644
--- a/django/utils/topological_sort.py
+++ b/django/utils/topological_sort.py
@@ -17,14 +17,20 @@ def topological_sort_as_sets(dependency_graph):
         current = {node for node, deps in todo.items() if not deps}
 
         if not current:
-            raise CyclicDependencyError('Cyclic dependency in graph: {}'.format(
-                ', '.join(repr(x) for x in todo.items())))
+            raise CyclicDependencyError(
+                "Cyclic dependency in graph: {}".format(
+                    ", ".join(repr(x) for x in todo.items())
+                )
+            )
 
         yield current
 
         # remove current from todo's nodes & dependencies
-        todo = {node: (dependencies - current) for node, dependencies in
-                todo.items() if node not in current}
+        todo = {
+            node: (dependencies - current)
+            for node, dependencies in todo.items()
+            if node not in current
+        }
 
 
 def stable_topological_sort(nodes, dependency_graph):
diff --git a/django/utils/translation/__init__.py b/django/utils/translation/__init__.py
index 29ac60ad1d..6b8cc73d5c 100644
--- a/django/utils/translation/__init__.py
+++ b/django/utils/translation/__init__.py
@@ -9,14 +9,27 @@ from django.utils.functional import lazy
 from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 
 __all__ = [
-    'activate', 'deactivate', 'override', 'deactivate_all',
-    'get_language', 'get_language_from_request',
-    'get_language_info', 'get_language_bidi',
-    'check_for_language', 'to_language', 'to_locale', 'templatize',
-    'gettext', 'gettext_lazy', 'gettext_noop',
-    'ngettext', 'ngettext_lazy',
-    'pgettext', 'pgettext_lazy',
-    'npgettext', 'npgettext_lazy',
+    "activate",
+    "deactivate",
+    "override",
+    "deactivate_all",
+    "get_language",
+    "get_language_from_request",
+    "get_language_info",
+    "get_language_bidi",
+    "check_for_language",
+    "to_language",
+    "to_locale",
+    "templatize",
+    "gettext",
+    "gettext_lazy",
+    "gettext_noop",
+    "ngettext",
+    "ngettext_lazy",
+    "pgettext",
+    "pgettext_lazy",
+    "npgettext",
+    "npgettext_lazy",
 ]
 
 
@@ -32,6 +45,7 @@ class TranslatorCommentWarning(SyntaxWarning):
 # replace the functions with their real counterparts (once we do access the
 # settings).
 
+
 class Trans:
     """
     The purpose of this class is to store the actual translation function upon
@@ -47,13 +61,20 @@ class Trans:
 
     def __getattr__(self, real_name):
         from django.conf import settings
+
         if settings.USE_I18N:
             from django.utils.translation import trans_real as trans
             from django.utils.translation.reloader import (
-                translation_file_changed, watch_for_translation_changes,
+                translation_file_changed,
+                watch_for_translation_changes,
+            )
+
+            autoreload_started.connect(
+                watch_for_translation_changes, dispatch_uid="translation_file_changed"
+            )
+            file_changed.connect(
+                translation_file_changed, dispatch_uid="translation_file_changed"
             )
-            autoreload_started.connect(watch_for_translation_changes, dispatch_uid='translation_file_changed')
-            file_changed.connect(translation_file_changed, dispatch_uid='translation_file_changed')
         else:
             from django.utils.translation import trans_null as trans
         setattr(self, real_name, getattr(trans, real_name))
@@ -92,31 +113,33 @@ pgettext_lazy = lazy(pgettext, str)
 
 def lazy_number(func, resultclass, number=None, **kwargs):
     if isinstance(number, int):
-        kwargs['number'] = number
+        kwargs["number"] = number
         proxy = lazy(func, resultclass)(**kwargs)
     else:
         original_kwargs = kwargs.copy()
 
         class NumberAwareString(resultclass):
             def __bool__(self):
-                return bool(kwargs['singular'])
+                return bool(kwargs["singular"])
 
             def _get_number_value(self, values):
                 try:
                     return values[number]
                 except KeyError:
                     raise KeyError(
-                        "Your dictionary lacks key '%s\'. Please provide "
+                        "Your dictionary lacks key '%s'. Please provide "
                         "it, because it is required to determine whether "
                         "string is singular or plural." % number
                     )
 
             def _translate(self, number_value):
-                kwargs['number'] = number_value
+                kwargs["number"] = number_value
                 return func(**kwargs)
 
             def format(self, *args, **kwargs):
-                number_value = self._get_number_value(kwargs) if kwargs and number else args[0]
+                number_value = (
+                    self._get_number_value(kwargs) if kwargs and number else args[0]
+                )
                 return self._translate(number_value).format(*args, **kwargs)
 
             def __mod__(self, rhs):
@@ -133,7 +156,10 @@ def lazy_number(func, resultclass, number=None, **kwargs):
                 return translated
 
         proxy = lazy(lambda **kwargs: NumberAwareString(), NumberAwareString)(**kwargs)
-        proxy.__reduce__ = lambda: (_lazy_number_unpickle, (func, resultclass, number, original_kwargs))
+        proxy.__reduce__ = lambda: (
+            _lazy_number_unpickle,
+            (func, resultclass, number, original_kwargs),
+        )
     return proxy
 
 
@@ -146,7 +172,9 @@ def ngettext_lazy(singular, plural, number=None):
 
 
 def npgettext_lazy(context, singular, plural, number=None):
-    return lazy_number(npgettext, str, context=context, singular=singular, plural=plural, number=number)
+    return lazy_number(
+        npgettext, str, context=context, singular=singular, plural=plural, number=number
+    )
 
 
 def activate(language):
@@ -192,27 +220,27 @@ def check_for_language(lang_code):
 
 def to_language(locale):
     """Turn a locale name (en_US) into a language name (en-us)."""
-    p = locale.find('_')
+    p = locale.find("_")
     if p >= 0:
-        return locale[:p].lower() + '-' + locale[p + 1:].lower()
+        return locale[:p].lower() + "-" + locale[p + 1 :].lower()
     else:
         return locale.lower()
 
 
 def to_locale(language):
     """Turn a language name (en-us) into a locale name (en_US)."""
-    lang, _, country = language.lower().partition('-')
+    lang, _, country = language.lower().partition("-")
     if not country:
         return language[:3].lower() + language[3:]
     # A language with > 2 characters after the dash only has its first
     # character after the dash capitalized; e.g. sr-latn becomes sr_Latn.
     # A language with 2 characters after the dash has both characters
     # capitalized; e.g. en-us becomes en_US.
-    country, _, tail = country.partition('-')
+    country, _, tail = country.partition("-")
     country = country.title() if len(country) > 2 else country.upper()
     if tail:
-        country += '-' + tail
-    return lang + '_' + country
+        country += "-" + tail
+    return lang + "_" + country
 
 
 def get_language_from_request(request, check_path=False):
@@ -229,6 +257,7 @@ def get_supported_language_variant(lang_code, *, strict=False):
 
 def templatize(src, **kwargs):
     from .template import templatize
+
     return templatize(src, **kwargs)
 
 
@@ -238,32 +267,35 @@ def deactivate_all():
 
 def get_language_info(lang_code):
     from django.conf.locale import LANG_INFO
+
     try:
         lang_info = LANG_INFO[lang_code]
-        if 'fallback' in lang_info and 'name' not in lang_info:
-            info = get_language_info(lang_info['fallback'][0])
+        if "fallback" in lang_info and "name" not in lang_info:
+            info = get_language_info(lang_info["fallback"][0])
         else:
             info = lang_info
     except KeyError:
-        if '-' not in lang_code:
+        if "-" not in lang_code:
             raise KeyError("Unknown language code %s." % lang_code)
-        generic_lang_code = lang_code.split('-')[0]
+        generic_lang_code = lang_code.split("-")[0]
         try:
             info = LANG_INFO[generic_lang_code]
         except KeyError:
-            raise KeyError("Unknown language code %s and %s." % (lang_code, generic_lang_code))
+            raise KeyError(
+                "Unknown language code %s and %s." % (lang_code, generic_lang_code)
+            )
 
     if info:
-        info['name_translated'] = gettext_lazy(info['name'])
+        info["name_translated"] = gettext_lazy(info["name"])
     return info
 
 
-trim_whitespace_re = _lazy_re_compile(r'\s*\n\s*')
+trim_whitespace_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"\s*\n\s*")
 
 
 def trim_whitespace(s):
-    return trim_whitespace_re.sub(' ', s.strip())
+    return trim_whitespace_re.sub(" ", s.strip())
 
 
 def round_away_from_one(value):
-    return int(Decimal(value - 1).quantize(Decimal('0'), rounding=ROUND_UP)) + 1
+    return int(Decimal(value - 1).quantize(Decimal("0"), rounding=ROUND_UP)) + 1
diff --git a/django/utils/translation/reloader.py b/django/utils/translation/reloader.py
index d8afa89270..be05ccc860 100644
--- a/django/utils/translation/reloader.py
+++ b/django/utils/translation/reloader.py
@@ -11,23 +11,24 @@ def watch_for_translation_changes(sender, **kwargs):
     from django.conf import settings
 
     if settings.USE_I18N:
-        directories = [Path('locale')]
+        directories = [Path("locale")]
         directories.extend(
-            Path(config.path) / 'locale'
+            Path(config.path) / "locale"
             for config in apps.get_app_configs()
             if not is_django_module(config.module)
         )
         directories.extend(Path(p) for p in settings.LOCALE_PATHS)
         for path in directories:
-            sender.watch_dir(path, '**/*.mo')
+            sender.watch_dir(path, "**/*.mo")
 
 
 def translation_file_changed(sender, file_path, **kwargs):
     """Clear the internal translations cache if a .mo file is modified."""
-    if file_path.suffix == '.mo':
+    if file_path.suffix == ".mo":
         import gettext
 
         from django.utils.translation import trans_real
+
         gettext._translations = {}
         trans_real._translations = {}
         trans_real._default = None
diff --git a/django/utils/translation/template.py b/django/utils/translation/template.py
index 588f538cb2..d7353a3028 100644
--- a/django/utils/translation/template.py
+++ b/django/utils/translation/template.py
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 
 from . import TranslatorCommentWarning, trim_whitespace
 
-TRANSLATOR_COMMENT_MARK = 'Translators'
+TRANSLATOR_COMMENT_MARK = "Translators"
 
-dot_re = _lazy_re_compile(r'\S')
+dot_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"\S")
 
 
 def blankout(src, char):
@@ -28,7 +28,9 @@ inline_re = _lazy_re_compile(
     # Match the optional context part
     r"""(\s+.*context\s+((?:"[^"]*?")|(?:'[^']*?')))?\s*"""
 )
-block_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"""^\s*blocktrans(?:late)?(\s+.*context\s+((?:"[^"]*?")|(?:'[^']*?')))?(?:\s+|$)""")
+block_re = _lazy_re_compile(
+    r"""^\s*blocktrans(?:late)?(\s+.*context\s+((?:"[^"]*?")|(?:'[^']*?')))?(?:\s+|$)"""
+)
 endblock_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"""^\s*endblocktrans(?:late)?$""")
 plural_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"""^\s*plural$""")
 constant_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"""_\(((?:".*?")|(?:'.*?'))\)""")
@@ -40,7 +42,7 @@ def templatize(src, origin=None):
     does so by translating the Django translation tags into standard gettext
     function invocations.
     """
-    out = StringIO('')
+    out = StringIO("")
     message_context = None
     intrans = False
     inplural = False
@@ -52,27 +54,30 @@ def templatize(src, origin=None):
     lineno_comment_map = {}
     comment_lineno_cache = None
     # Adding the u prefix allows gettext to recognize the string (#26093).
-    raw_prefix = 'u'
+    raw_prefix = "u"
 
     def join_tokens(tokens, trim=False):
-        message = ''.join(tokens)
+        message = "".join(tokens)
         if trim:
             message = trim_whitespace(message)
         return message
 
     for t in Lexer(src).tokenize():
         if incomment:
-            if t.token_type == TokenType.BLOCK and t.contents == 'endcomment':
-                content = ''.join(comment)
+            if t.token_type == TokenType.BLOCK and t.contents == "endcomment":
+                content = "".join(comment)
                 translators_comment_start = None
                 for lineno, line in enumerate(content.splitlines(True)):
                     if line.lstrip().startswith(TRANSLATOR_COMMENT_MARK):
                         translators_comment_start = lineno
                 for lineno, line in enumerate(content.splitlines(True)):
-                    if translators_comment_start is not None and lineno >= translators_comment_start:
-                        out.write(' # %s' % line)
+                    if (
+                        translators_comment_start is not None
+                        and lineno >= translators_comment_start
+                    ):
+                        out.write(" # %s" % line)
                     else:
-                        out.write(' #\n')
+                        out.write(" #\n")
                 incomment = False
                 comment = []
             else:
@@ -84,36 +89,44 @@ def templatize(src, origin=None):
                 if endbmatch:
                     if inplural:
                         if message_context:
-                            out.write(' npgettext({p}{!r}, {p}{!r}, {p}{!r},count) '.format(
-                                message_context,
-                                join_tokens(singular, trimmed),
-                                join_tokens(plural, trimmed),
-                                p=raw_prefix,
-                            ))
+                            out.write(
+                                " npgettext({p}{!r}, {p}{!r}, {p}{!r},count) ".format(
+                                    message_context,
+                                    join_tokens(singular, trimmed),
+                                    join_tokens(plural, trimmed),
+                                    p=raw_prefix,
+                                )
+                            )
                         else:
-                            out.write(' ngettext({p}{!r}, {p}{!r}, count) '.format(
-                                join_tokens(singular, trimmed),
-                                join_tokens(plural, trimmed),
-                                p=raw_prefix,
-                            ))
+                            out.write(
+                                " ngettext({p}{!r}, {p}{!r}, count) ".format(
+                                    join_tokens(singular, trimmed),
+                                    join_tokens(plural, trimmed),
+                                    p=raw_prefix,
+                                )
+                            )
                         for part in singular:
-                            out.write(blankout(part, 'S'))
+                            out.write(blankout(part, "S"))
                         for part in plural:
-                            out.write(blankout(part, 'P'))
+                            out.write(blankout(part, "P"))
                     else:
                         if message_context:
-                            out.write(' pgettext({p}{!r}, {p}{!r}) '.format(
-                                message_context,
-                                join_tokens(singular, trimmed),
-                                p=raw_prefix,
-                            ))
+                            out.write(
+                                " pgettext({p}{!r}, {p}{!r}) ".format(
+                                    message_context,
+                                    join_tokens(singular, trimmed),
+                                    p=raw_prefix,
+                                )
+                            )
                         else:
-                            out.write(' gettext({p}{!r}) '.format(
-                                join_tokens(singular, trimmed),
-                                p=raw_prefix,
-                            ))
+                            out.write(
+                                " gettext({p}{!r}) ".format(
+                                    join_tokens(singular, trimmed),
+                                    p=raw_prefix,
+                                )
+                            )
                         for part in singular:
-                            out.write(blankout(part, 'S'))
+                            out.write(blankout(part, "S"))
                     message_context = None
                     intrans = False
                     inplural = False
@@ -122,20 +135,20 @@ def templatize(src, origin=None):
                 elif pluralmatch:
                     inplural = True
                 else:
-                    filemsg = ''
+                    filemsg = ""
                     if origin:
-                        filemsg = 'file %s, ' % origin
+                        filemsg = "file %s, " % origin
                     raise SyntaxError(
                         "Translation blocks must not include other block tags: "
                         "%s (%sline %d)" % (t.contents, filemsg, t.lineno)
                     )
             elif t.token_type == TokenType.VAR:
                 if inplural:
-                    plural.append('%%(%s)s' % t.contents)
+                    plural.append("%%(%s)s" % t.contents)
                 else:
-                    singular.append('%%(%s)s' % t.contents)
+                    singular.append("%%(%s)s" % t.contents)
             elif t.token_type == TokenType.TEXT:
-                contents = t.contents.replace('%', '%%')
+                contents = t.contents.replace("%", "%%")
                 if inplural:
                     plural.append(contents)
                 else:
@@ -144,13 +157,13 @@ def templatize(src, origin=None):
             # Handle comment tokens (`{# ... #}`) plus other constructs on
             # the same line:
             if comment_lineno_cache is not None:
-                cur_lineno = t.lineno + t.contents.count('\n')
+                cur_lineno = t.lineno + t.contents.count("\n")
                 if comment_lineno_cache == cur_lineno:
                     if t.token_type != TokenType.COMMENT:
                         for c in lineno_comment_map[comment_lineno_cache]:
-                            filemsg = ''
+                            filemsg = ""
                             if origin:
-                                filemsg = 'file %s, ' % origin
+                                filemsg = "file %s, " % origin
                             warn_msg = (
                                 "The translator-targeted comment '%s' "
                                 "(%sline %d) was ignored, because it wasn't "
@@ -159,7 +172,9 @@ def templatize(src, origin=None):
                             warnings.warn(warn_msg, TranslatorCommentWarning)
                         lineno_comment_map[comment_lineno_cache] = []
                 else:
-                    out.write('# %s' % ' | '.join(lineno_comment_map[comment_lineno_cache]))
+                    out.write(
+                        "# %s" % " | ".join(lineno_comment_map[comment_lineno_cache])
+                    )
                 comment_lineno_cache = None
 
             if t.token_type == TokenType.BLOCK:
@@ -172,7 +187,7 @@ def templatize(src, origin=None):
                         g = g.strip('"')
                     elif g[0] == "'":
                         g = g.strip("'")
-                    g = g.replace('%', '%%')
+                    g = g.replace("%", "%%")
                     if imatch[2]:
                         # A context is provided
                         context_match = context_re.match(imatch[2])
@@ -181,15 +196,17 @@ def templatize(src, origin=None):
                             message_context = message_context.strip('"')
                         elif message_context[0] == "'":
                             message_context = message_context.strip("'")
-                        out.write(' pgettext({p}{!r}, {p}{!r}) '.format(
-                            message_context, g, p=raw_prefix
-                        ))
+                        out.write(
+                            " pgettext({p}{!r}, {p}{!r}) ".format(
+                                message_context, g, p=raw_prefix
+                            )
+                        )
                         message_context = None
                     else:
-                        out.write(' gettext({p}{!r}) '.format(g, p=raw_prefix))
+                        out.write(" gettext({p}{!r}) ".format(g, p=raw_prefix))
                 elif bmatch:
                     for fmatch in constant_re.findall(t.contents):
-                        out.write(' _(%s) ' % fmatch)
+                        out.write(" _(%s) " % fmatch)
                     if bmatch[1]:
                         # A context is provided
                         context_match = context_re.match(bmatch[1])
@@ -200,30 +217,30 @@ def templatize(src, origin=None):
                             message_context = message_context.strip("'")
                     intrans = True
                     inplural = False
-                    trimmed = 'trimmed' in t.split_contents()
+                    trimmed = "trimmed" in t.split_contents()
                     singular = []
                     plural = []
                 elif cmatches:
                     for cmatch in cmatches:
-                        out.write(' _(%s) ' % cmatch)
-                elif t.contents == 'comment':
+                        out.write(" _(%s) " % cmatch)
+                elif t.contents == "comment":
                     incomment = True
                 else:
-                    out.write(blankout(t.contents, 'B'))
+                    out.write(blankout(t.contents, "B"))
             elif t.token_type == TokenType.VAR:
-                parts = t.contents.split('|')
+                parts = t.contents.split("|")
                 cmatch = constant_re.match(parts[0])
                 if cmatch:
-                    out.write(' _(%s) ' % cmatch[1])
+                    out.write(" _(%s) " % cmatch[1])
                 for p in parts[1:]:
-                    if p.find(':_(') >= 0:
-                        out.write(' %s ' % p.split(':', 1)[1])
+                    if p.find(":_(") >= 0:
+                        out.write(" %s " % p.split(":", 1)[1])
                     else:
-                        out.write(blankout(p, 'F'))
+                        out.write(blankout(p, "F"))
             elif t.token_type == TokenType.COMMENT:
                 if t.contents.lstrip().startswith(TRANSLATOR_COMMENT_MARK):
                     lineno_comment_map.setdefault(t.lineno, []).append(t.contents)
                     comment_lineno_cache = t.lineno
             else:
-                out.write(blankout(t.contents, 'X'))
+                out.write(blankout(t.contents, "X"))
     return out.getvalue()
diff --git a/django/utils/translation/trans_real.py b/django/utils/translation/trans_real.py
index 97efd40c6d..52110af83a 100644
--- a/django/utils/translation/trans_real.py
+++ b/django/utils/translation/trans_real.py
@@ -32,18 +32,20 @@ CONTEXT_SEPARATOR = "\x04"
 
 # Format of Accept-Language header values. From RFC 2616, section 14.4 and 3.9
 # and RFC 3066, section 2.1
-accept_language_re = _lazy_re_compile(r'''
+accept_language_re = _lazy_re_compile(
+    r"""
         ([A-Za-z]{1,8}(?:-[A-Za-z0-9]{1,8})*|\*)         # "en", "en-au", "x-y-z", "es-419", "*"
         (?:\s*;\s*q=(0(?:\.[0-9]{,3})?|1(?:\.0{,3})?))?  # Optional "q=1.00", "q=0.8"
         (?:\s*,\s*|$)                                    # Multiple accepts per header.
-        ''', re.VERBOSE)
-
-language_code_re = _lazy_re_compile(
-    r'^[a-z]{1,8}(?:-[a-z0-9]{1,8})*(?:@[a-z0-9]{1,20})?$',
-    re.IGNORECASE
+        """,
+    re.VERBOSE,
 )
 
-language_code_prefix_re = _lazy_re_compile(r'^/(\w+([@-]\w+){0,2})(/|$)')
+language_code_re = _lazy_re_compile(
+    r"^[a-z]{1,8}(?:-[a-z0-9]{1,8})*(?:@[a-z0-9]{1,20})?$", re.IGNORECASE
+)
+
+language_code_prefix_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"^/(\w+([@-]\w+){0,2})(/|$)")
 
 
 @receiver(setting_changed)
@@ -52,7 +54,7 @@ def reset_cache(*, setting, **kwargs):
     Reset global state when LANGUAGES setting has been changed, as some
     languages should no longer be accepted.
     """
-    if setting in ('LANGUAGES', 'LANGUAGE_CODE'):
+    if setting in ("LANGUAGES", "LANGUAGE_CODE"):
         check_for_language.cache_clear()
         get_languages.cache_clear()
         get_supported_language_variant.cache_clear()
@@ -63,6 +65,7 @@ class TranslationCatalog:
     Simulate a dict for DjangoTranslation._catalog so as multiple catalogs
     with different plural equations are kept separate.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, trans=None):
         self._catalogs = [trans._catalog.copy()] if trans else [{}]
         self._plurals = [trans.plural] if trans else [lambda n: int(n != 1)]
@@ -124,7 +127,8 @@ class DjangoTranslation(gettext_module.GNUTranslations):
     requested language and add a fallback to the default language, if it's
     different from the requested language.
     """
-    domain = 'django'
+
+    domain = "django"
 
     def __init__(self, language, domain=None, localedirs=None):
         """Create a GNUTranslations() using many locale directories"""
@@ -140,10 +144,12 @@ class DjangoTranslation(gettext_module.GNUTranslations):
         # pluralization: anything except one is pluralized.
         self.plural = lambda n: int(n != 1)
 
-        if self.domain == 'django':
+        if self.domain == "django":
             if localedirs is not None:
                 # A module-level cache is used for caching 'django' translations
-                warnings.warn("localedirs is ignored when domain is 'django'.", RuntimeWarning)
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "localedirs is ignored when domain is 'django'.", RuntimeWarning
+                )
                 localedirs = None
             self._init_translation_catalog()
 
@@ -155,9 +161,16 @@ class DjangoTranslation(gettext_module.GNUTranslations):
             self._add_installed_apps_translations()
 
         self._add_local_translations()
-        if self.__language == settings.LANGUAGE_CODE and self.domain == 'django' and self._catalog is None:
+        if (
+            self.__language == settings.LANGUAGE_CODE
+            and self.domain == "django"
+            and self._catalog is None
+        ):
             # default lang should have at least one translation file available.
-            raise OSError('No translation files found for default language %s.' % settings.LANGUAGE_CODE)
+            raise OSError(
+                "No translation files found for default language %s."
+                % settings.LANGUAGE_CODE
+            )
         self._add_fallback(localedirs)
         if self._catalog is None:
             # No catalogs found for this language, set an empty catalog.
@@ -184,7 +197,7 @@ class DjangoTranslation(gettext_module.GNUTranslations):
     def _init_translation_catalog(self):
         """Create a base catalog using global django translations."""
         settingsfile = sys.modules[settings.__module__].__file__
-        localedir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(settingsfile), 'locale')
+        localedir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(settingsfile), "locale")
         translation = self._new_gnu_trans(localedir)
         self.merge(translation)
 
@@ -196,9 +209,10 @@ class DjangoTranslation(gettext_module.GNUTranslations):
             raise AppRegistryNotReady(
                 "The translation infrastructure cannot be initialized before the "
                 "apps registry is ready. Check that you don't make non-lazy "
-                "gettext calls at import time.")
+                "gettext calls at import time."
+            )
         for app_config in app_configs:
-            localedir = os.path.join(app_config.path, 'locale')
+            localedir = os.path.join(app_config.path, "locale")
             if os.path.exists(localedir):
                 translation = self._new_gnu_trans(localedir)
                 self.merge(translation)
@@ -213,9 +227,11 @@ class DjangoTranslation(gettext_module.GNUTranslations):
         """Set the GNUTranslations() fallback with the default language."""
         # Don't set a fallback for the default language or any English variant
         # (as it's empty, so it'll ALWAYS fall back to the default language)
-        if self.__language == settings.LANGUAGE_CODE or self.__language.startswith('en'):
+        if self.__language == settings.LANGUAGE_CODE or self.__language.startswith(
+            "en"
+        ):
             return
-        if self.domain == 'django':
+        if self.domain == "django":
             # Get from cache
             default_translation = translation(settings.LANGUAGE_CODE)
         else:
@@ -226,7 +242,7 @@ class DjangoTranslation(gettext_module.GNUTranslations):
 
     def merge(self, other):
         """Merge another translation into this catalog."""
-        if not getattr(other, '_catalog', None):
+        if not getattr(other, "_catalog", None):
             return  # NullTranslations() has no _catalog
         if self._catalog is None:
             # Take plural and _info from first catalog found (generally Django's).
@@ -321,7 +337,7 @@ def get_language_bidi():
     if lang is None:
         return False
     else:
-        base_lang = get_language().split('-')[0]
+        base_lang = get_language().split("-")[0]
         return base_lang in settings.LANGUAGES_BIDI
 
 
@@ -349,7 +365,7 @@ def gettext(message):
     """
     global _default
 
-    eol_message = message.replace('\r\n', '\n').replace('\r', '\n')
+    eol_message = message.replace("\r\n", "\n").replace("\r", "\n")
 
     if eol_message:
         _default = _default or translation(settings.LANGUAGE_CODE)
@@ -359,7 +375,7 @@ def gettext(message):
     else:
         # Return an empty value of the corresponding type if an empty message
         # is given, instead of metadata, which is the default gettext behavior.
-        result = type(message)('')
+        result = type(message)("")
 
     if isinstance(message, SafeData):
         return mark_safe(result)
@@ -404,13 +420,15 @@ def ngettext(singular, plural, number):
     Return a string of the translation of either the singular or plural,
     based on the number.
     """
-    return do_ntranslate(singular, plural, number, 'ngettext')
+    return do_ntranslate(singular, plural, number, "ngettext")
 
 
 def npgettext(context, singular, plural, number):
-    msgs_with_ctxt = ("%s%s%s" % (context, CONTEXT_SEPARATOR, singular),
-                      "%s%s%s" % (context, CONTEXT_SEPARATOR, plural),
-                      number)
+    msgs_with_ctxt = (
+        "%s%s%s" % (context, CONTEXT_SEPARATOR, singular),
+        "%s%s%s" % (context, CONTEXT_SEPARATOR, plural),
+        number,
+    )
     result = ngettext(*msgs_with_ctxt)
     if CONTEXT_SEPARATOR in result:
         # Translation not found
@@ -423,10 +441,11 @@ def all_locale_paths():
     Return a list of paths to user-provides languages files.
     """
     globalpath = os.path.join(
-        os.path.dirname(sys.modules[settings.__module__].__file__), 'locale')
+        os.path.dirname(sys.modules[settings.__module__].__file__), "locale"
+    )
     app_paths = []
     for app_config in apps.get_app_configs():
-        locale_path = os.path.join(app_config.path, 'locale')
+        locale_path = os.path.join(app_config.path, "locale")
         if os.path.exists(locale_path):
             app_paths.append(locale_path)
     return [globalpath, *settings.LOCALE_PATHS, *app_paths]
@@ -447,7 +466,7 @@ def check_for_language(lang_code):
     if lang_code is None or not language_code_re.search(lang_code):
         return False
     return any(
-        gettext_module.find('django', path, [to_locale(lang_code)]) is not None
+        gettext_module.find("django", path, [to_locale(lang_code)]) is not None
         for path in all_locale_paths()
     )
 
@@ -478,11 +497,11 @@ def get_supported_language_variant(lang_code, strict=False):
         # language codes i.e. 'zh-hant' and 'zh'.
         possible_lang_codes = [lang_code]
         try:
-            possible_lang_codes.extend(LANG_INFO[lang_code]['fallback'])
+            possible_lang_codes.extend(LANG_INFO[lang_code]["fallback"])
         except KeyError:
             pass
         i = None
-        while (i := lang_code.rfind('-', 0, i)) > -1:
+        while (i := lang_code.rfind("-", 0, i)) > -1:
             possible_lang_codes.append(lang_code[:i])
         generic_lang_code = possible_lang_codes[-1]
         supported_lang_codes = get_languages()
@@ -493,7 +512,7 @@ def get_supported_language_variant(lang_code, strict=False):
         if not strict:
             # if fr-fr is not supported, try fr-ca.
             for supported_code in supported_lang_codes:
-                if supported_code.startswith(generic_lang_code + '-'):
+                if supported_code.startswith(generic_lang_code + "-"):
                     return supported_code
     raise LookupError(lang_code)
 
@@ -531,7 +550,11 @@ def get_language_from_request(request, check_path=False):
             return lang_code
 
     lang_code = request.COOKIES.get(settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME)
-    if lang_code is not None and lang_code in get_languages() and check_for_language(lang_code):
+    if (
+        lang_code is not None
+        and lang_code in get_languages()
+        and check_for_language(lang_code)
+    ):
         return lang_code
 
     try:
@@ -539,9 +562,9 @@ def get_language_from_request(request, check_path=False):
     except LookupError:
         pass
 
-    accept = request.META.get('HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE', '')
+    accept = request.META.get("HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE", "")
     for accept_lang, unused in parse_accept_lang_header(accept):
-        if accept_lang == '*':
+        if accept_lang == "*":
             break
 
         if not language_code_re.search(accept_lang):
@@ -571,7 +594,7 @@ def parse_accept_lang_header(lang_string):
     if pieces[-1]:
         return ()
     for i in range(0, len(pieces) - 1, 3):
-        first, lang, priority = pieces[i:i + 3]
+        first, lang, priority = pieces[i : i + 3]
         if first:
             return ()
         if priority:
diff --git a/django/utils/tree.py b/django/utils/tree.py
index a56442c32d..f67c90eae4 100644
--- a/django/utils/tree.py
+++ b/django/utils/tree.py
@@ -14,9 +14,10 @@ class Node:
     connection (the root) with the children being either leaf nodes or other
     Node instances.
     """
+
     # Standard connector type. Clients usually won't use this at all and
     # subclasses will usually override the value.
-    default = 'DEFAULT'
+    default = "DEFAULT"
 
     def __init__(self, children=None, connector=None, negated=False):
         """Construct a new Node. If no connector is given, use the default."""
@@ -41,8 +42,8 @@ class Node:
         return obj
 
     def __str__(self):
-        template = '(NOT (%s: %s))' if self.negated else '(%s: %s)'
-        return template % (self.connector, ', '.join(str(c) for c in self.children))
+        template = "(NOT (%s: %s))" if self.negated else "(%s: %s)"
+        return template % (self.connector, ", ".join(str(c) for c in self.children))
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "<%s: %s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self)
@@ -67,14 +68,21 @@ class Node:
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return (
-            self.__class__ == other.__class__ and
-            self.connector == other.connector and
-            self.negated == other.negated and
-            self.children == other.children
+            self.__class__ == other.__class__
+            and self.connector == other.connector
+            and self.negated == other.negated
+            and self.children == other.children
         )
 
     def __hash__(self):
-        return hash((self.__class__, self.connector, self.negated, *make_hashable(self.children)))
+        return hash(
+            (
+                self.__class__,
+                self.connector,
+                self.negated,
+                *make_hashable(self.children),
+            )
+        )
 
     def add(self, data, conn_type):
         """
@@ -94,9 +102,9 @@ class Node:
             self.children = [obj, data]
             return data
         elif (
-            isinstance(data, Node) and
-            not data.negated and
-            (data.connector == conn_type or len(data) == 1)
+            isinstance(data, Node)
+            and not data.negated
+            and (data.connector == conn_type or len(data) == 1)
         ):
             # We can squash the other node's children directly into this node.
             # We are just doing (AB)(CD) == (ABCD) here, with the addition that
diff --git a/django/utils/version.py b/django/utils/version.py
index 7f4e9e3cce..1e20a86563 100644
--- a/django/utils/version.py
+++ b/django/utils/version.py
@@ -28,14 +28,14 @@ def get_version(version=None):
 
     main = get_main_version(version)
 
-    sub = ''
-    if version[3] == 'alpha' and version[4] == 0:
+    sub = ""
+    if version[3] == "alpha" and version[4] == 0:
         git_changeset = get_git_changeset()
         if git_changeset:
-            sub = '.dev%s' % git_changeset
+            sub = ".dev%s" % git_changeset
 
-    elif version[3] != 'final':
-        mapping = {'alpha': 'a', 'beta': 'b', 'rc': 'rc'}
+    elif version[3] != "final":
+        mapping = {"alpha": "a", "beta": "b", "rc": "rc"}
         sub = mapping[version[3]] + str(version[4])
 
     return main + sub
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ def get_main_version(version=None):
     """Return main version (X.Y[.Z]) from VERSION."""
     version = get_complete_version(version)
     parts = 2 if version[2] == 0 else 3
-    return '.'.join(str(x) for x in version[:parts])
+    return ".".join(str(x) for x in version[:parts])
 
 
 def get_complete_version(version=None):
@@ -57,17 +57,17 @@ def get_complete_version(version=None):
         from django import VERSION as version
     else:
         assert len(version) == 5
-        assert version[3] in ('alpha', 'beta', 'rc', 'final')
+        assert version[3] in ("alpha", "beta", "rc", "final")
 
     return version
 
 
 def get_docs_version(version=None):
     version = get_complete_version(version)
-    if version[3] != 'final':
-        return 'dev'
+    if version[3] != "final":
+        return "dev"
     else:
-        return '%d.%d' % version[:2]
+        return "%d.%d" % version[:2]
 
 
 @functools.lru_cache
@@ -80,12 +80,15 @@ def get_git_changeset():
     """
     # Repository may not be found if __file__ is undefined, e.g. in a frozen
     # module.
-    if '__file__' not in globals():
+    if "__file__" not in globals():
         return None
     repo_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
     git_log = subprocess.run(
-        'git log --pretty=format:%ct --quiet -1 HEAD',
-        capture_output=True, shell=True, cwd=repo_dir, text=True,
+        "git log --pretty=format:%ct --quiet -1 HEAD",
+        capture_output=True,
+        shell=True,
+        cwd=repo_dir,
+        text=True,
     )
     timestamp = git_log.stdout
     tz = datetime.timezone.utc
@@ -93,10 +96,10 @@ def get_git_changeset():
         timestamp = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(int(timestamp), tz=tz)
     except ValueError:
         return None
-    return timestamp.strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S')
+    return timestamp.strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%S")
 
 
-version_component_re = _lazy_re_compile(r'(\d+|[a-z]+|\.)')
+version_component_re = _lazy_re_compile(r"(\d+|[a-z]+|\.)")
 
 
 def get_version_tuple(version):
@@ -106,7 +109,7 @@ def get_version_tuple(version):
     """
     version_numbers = []
     for item in version_component_re.split(version):
-        if item and item != '.':
+        if item and item != ".":
             try:
                 component = int(item)
             except ValueError:
diff --git a/django/utils/xmlutils.py b/django/utils/xmlutils.py
index e4607b9865..c3eb3ba6a3 100644
--- a/django/utils/xmlutils.py
+++ b/django/utils/xmlutils.py
@@ -21,10 +21,12 @@ class SimplerXMLGenerator(XMLGenerator):
         self.endElement(name)
 
     def characters(self, content):
-        if content and re.search(r'[\x00-\x08\x0B-\x0C\x0E-\x1F]', content):
+        if content and re.search(r"[\x00-\x08\x0B-\x0C\x0E-\x1F]", content):
             # Fail loudly when content has control chars (unsupported in XML 1.0)
             # See https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-controls
-            raise UnserializableContentError("Control characters are not supported in XML 1.0")
+            raise UnserializableContentError(
+                "Control characters are not supported in XML 1.0"
+            )
         XMLGenerator.characters(self, content)
 
     def startElement(self, name, attrs):
diff --git a/django/views/__init__.py b/django/views/__init__.py
index 95b0c6b865..1440d43345 100644
--- a/django/views/__init__.py
+++ b/django/views/__init__.py
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 from django.views.generic.base import View
 
-__all__ = ['View']
+__all__ = ["View"]
diff --git a/django/views/csrf.py b/django/views/csrf.py
index f40f776701..ec3c6d5d91 100644
--- a/django/views/csrf.py
+++ b/django/views/csrf.py
@@ -106,40 +106,46 @@ def csrf_failure(request, reason="", template_name=CSRF_FAILURE_TEMPLATE_NAME):
     Default view used when request fails CSRF protection
     """
     from django.middleware.csrf import REASON_NO_CSRF_COOKIE, REASON_NO_REFERER
+
     c = {
-        'title': _("Forbidden"),
-        'main': _("CSRF verification failed. Request aborted."),
-        'reason': reason,
-        'no_referer': reason == REASON_NO_REFERER,
-        'no_referer1': _(
-            'You are seeing this message because this HTTPS site requires a '
-            '“Referer header” to be sent by your web browser, but none was '
-            'sent. This header is required for security reasons, to ensure '
-            'that your browser is not being hijacked by third parties.'),
-        'no_referer2': _(
-            'If you have configured your browser to disable “Referer” headers, '
-            'please re-enable them, at least for this site, or for HTTPS '
-            'connections, or for “same-origin” requests.'),
-        'no_referer3': _(
+        "title": _("Forbidden"),
+        "main": _("CSRF verification failed. Request aborted."),
+        "reason": reason,
+        "no_referer": reason == REASON_NO_REFERER,
+        "no_referer1": _(
+            "You are seeing this message because this HTTPS site requires a "
+            "“Referer header” to be sent by your web browser, but none was "
+            "sent. This header is required for security reasons, to ensure "
+            "that your browser is not being hijacked by third parties."
+        ),
+        "no_referer2": _(
+            "If you have configured your browser to disable “Referer” headers, "
+            "please re-enable them, at least for this site, or for HTTPS "
+            "connections, or for “same-origin” requests."
+        ),
+        "no_referer3": _(
             'If you are using the <meta name="referrer" '
-            'content=\"no-referrer\"> tag or including the “Referrer-Policy: '
-            'no-referrer” header, please remove them. The CSRF protection '
-            'requires the “Referer” header to do strict referer checking. If '
-            'you’re concerned about privacy, use alternatives like '
-            '<a rel=\"noreferrer\" …> for links to third-party sites.'),
-        'no_cookie': reason == REASON_NO_CSRF_COOKIE,
-        'no_cookie1': _(
+            'content="no-referrer"> tag or including the “Referrer-Policy: '
+            "no-referrer” header, please remove them. The CSRF protection "
+            "requires the “Referer” header to do strict referer checking. If "
+            "you’re concerned about privacy, use alternatives like "
+            '<a rel="noreferrer" …> for links to third-party sites.'
+        ),
+        "no_cookie": reason == REASON_NO_CSRF_COOKIE,
+        "no_cookie1": _(
             "You are seeing this message because this site requires a CSRF "
             "cookie when submitting forms. This cookie is required for "
             "security reasons, to ensure that your browser is not being "
-            "hijacked by third parties."),
-        'no_cookie2': _(
-            'If you have configured your browser to disable cookies, please '
-            're-enable them, at least for this site, or for “same-origin” '
-            'requests.'),
-        'DEBUG': settings.DEBUG,
-        'docs_version': get_docs_version(),
-        'more': _("More information is available with DEBUG=True."),
+            "hijacked by third parties."
+        ),
+        "no_cookie2": _(
+            "If you have configured your browser to disable cookies, please "
+            "re-enable them, at least for this site, or for “same-origin” "
+            "requests."
+        ),
+        "DEBUG": settings.DEBUG,
+        "docs_version": get_docs_version(),
+        "more": _("More information is available with DEBUG=True."),
     }
     try:
         t = loader.get_template(template_name)
@@ -151,4 +157,4 @@ def csrf_failure(request, reason="", template_name=CSRF_FAILURE_TEMPLATE_NAME):
         else:
             # Raise if a developer-specified template doesn't exist.
             raise
-    return HttpResponseForbidden(t.render(c), content_type='text/html')
+    return HttpResponseForbidden(t.render(c), content_type="text/html")
diff --git a/django/views/debug.py b/django/views/debug.py
index 34bd57b33d..e30fd65095 100644
--- a/django/views/debug.py
+++ b/django/views/debug.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ from django.utils.version import get_docs_version
 # works even if the template loader is broken.
 DEBUG_ENGINE = Engine(
     debug=True,
-    libraries={'i18n': 'django.templatetags.i18n'},
+    libraries={"i18n": "django.templatetags.i18n"},
 )
 
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ def builtin_template_path(name):
     Avoid calling this function at the module level or in a class-definition
     because __file__ may not exist, e.g. in frozen environments.
     """
-    return Path(__file__).parent / 'templates' / name
+    return Path(__file__).parent / "templates" / name
 
 
 class ExceptionCycleWarning(UserWarning):
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ class CallableSettingWrapper:
     * Not to break the debug page if the callable forbidding to set attributes
       (#23070).
     """
+
     def __init__(self, callable_setting):
         self._wrapped = callable_setting
 
@@ -61,12 +62,14 @@ def technical_500_response(request, exc_type, exc_value, tb, status_code=500):
     the values returned from sys.exc_info() and friends.
     """
     reporter = get_exception_reporter_class(request)(request, exc_type, exc_value, tb)
-    if request.accepts('text/html'):
+    if request.accepts("text/html"):
         html = reporter.get_traceback_html()
-        return HttpResponse(html, status=status_code, content_type='text/html')
+        return HttpResponse(html, status=status_code, content_type="text/html")
     else:
         text = reporter.get_traceback_text()
-        return HttpResponse(text, status=status_code, content_type='text/plain; charset=utf-8')
+        return HttpResponse(
+            text, status=status_code, content_type="text/plain; charset=utf-8"
+        )
 
 
 @functools.lru_cache
@@ -77,12 +80,16 @@ def get_default_exception_reporter_filter():
 
 def get_exception_reporter_filter(request):
     default_filter = get_default_exception_reporter_filter()
-    return getattr(request, 'exception_reporter_filter', default_filter)
+    return getattr(request, "exception_reporter_filter", default_filter)
 
 
 def get_exception_reporter_class(request):
-    default_exception_reporter_class = import_string(settings.DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER)
-    return getattr(request, 'exception_reporter_class', default_exception_reporter_class)
+    default_exception_reporter_class = import_string(
+        settings.DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER
+    )
+    return getattr(
+        request, "exception_reporter_class", default_exception_reporter_class
+    )
 
 
 def get_caller(request):
@@ -92,7 +99,7 @@ def get_caller(request):
             resolver_match = resolve(request.path)
         except Http404:
             pass
-    return '' if resolver_match is None else resolver_match._func_path
+    return "" if resolver_match is None else resolver_match._func_path
 
 
 class SafeExceptionReporterFilter:
@@ -100,8 +107,11 @@ class SafeExceptionReporterFilter:
     Use annotations made by the sensitive_post_parameters and
     sensitive_variables decorators to filter out sensitive information.
     """
-    cleansed_substitute = '********************'
-    hidden_settings = _lazy_re_compile('API|TOKEN|KEY|SECRET|PASS|SIGNATURE', flags=re.I)
+
+    cleansed_substitute = "********************"
+    hidden_settings = _lazy_re_compile(
+        "API|TOKEN|KEY|SECRET|PASS|SIGNATURE", flags=re.I
+    )
 
     def cleanse_setting(self, key, value):
         """
@@ -118,9 +128,9 @@ class SafeExceptionReporterFilter:
         elif isinstance(value, dict):
             cleansed = {k: self.cleanse_setting(k, v) for k, v in value.items()}
         elif isinstance(value, list):
-            cleansed = [self.cleanse_setting('', v) for v in value]
+            cleansed = [self.cleanse_setting("", v) for v in value]
         elif isinstance(value, tuple):
-            cleansed = tuple([self.cleanse_setting('', v) for v in value])
+            cleansed = tuple([self.cleanse_setting("", v) for v in value])
         else:
             cleansed = value
 
@@ -144,7 +154,7 @@ class SafeExceptionReporterFilter:
         """
         Return a dictionary of request.META with sensitive values redacted.
         """
-        if not hasattr(request, 'META'):
+        if not hasattr(request, "META"):
             return {}
         return {k: self.cleanse_setting(k, v) for k, v in request.META.items()}
 
@@ -163,7 +173,7 @@ class SafeExceptionReporterFilter:
         This mitigates leaking sensitive POST parameters if something like
         request.POST['nonexistent_key'] throws an exception (#21098).
         """
-        sensitive_post_parameters = getattr(request, 'sensitive_post_parameters', [])
+        sensitive_post_parameters = getattr(request, "sensitive_post_parameters", [])
         if self.is_active(request) and sensitive_post_parameters:
             multivaluedict = multivaluedict.copy()
             for param in sensitive_post_parameters:
@@ -179,10 +189,12 @@ class SafeExceptionReporterFilter:
         if request is None:
             return {}
         else:
-            sensitive_post_parameters = getattr(request, 'sensitive_post_parameters', [])
+            sensitive_post_parameters = getattr(
+                request, "sensitive_post_parameters", []
+            )
             if self.is_active(request) and sensitive_post_parameters:
                 cleansed = request.POST.copy()
-                if sensitive_post_parameters == '__ALL__':
+                if sensitive_post_parameters == "__ALL__":
                     # Cleanse all parameters.
                     for k in cleansed:
                         cleansed[k] = self.cleansed_substitute
@@ -203,7 +215,7 @@ class SafeExceptionReporterFilter:
             # MultiValueDicts will have a return value.
             is_multivalue_dict = isinstance(value, MultiValueDict)
         except Exception as e:
-            return '{!r} while evaluating {!r}'.format(e, value)
+            return "{!r} while evaluating {!r}".format(e, value)
 
         if is_multivalue_dict:
             # Cleanse MultiValueDicts (request.POST is the one we usually care about)
@@ -220,18 +232,20 @@ class SafeExceptionReporterFilter:
         current_frame = tb_frame.f_back
         sensitive_variables = None
         while current_frame is not None:
-            if (current_frame.f_code.co_name == 'sensitive_variables_wrapper' and
-                    'sensitive_variables_wrapper' in current_frame.f_locals):
+            if (
+                current_frame.f_code.co_name == "sensitive_variables_wrapper"
+                and "sensitive_variables_wrapper" in current_frame.f_locals
+            ):
                 # The sensitive_variables decorator was used, so we take note
                 # of the sensitive variables' names.
-                wrapper = current_frame.f_locals['sensitive_variables_wrapper']
-                sensitive_variables = getattr(wrapper, 'sensitive_variables', None)
+                wrapper = current_frame.f_locals["sensitive_variables_wrapper"]
+                sensitive_variables = getattr(wrapper, "sensitive_variables", None)
                 break
             current_frame = current_frame.f_back
 
         cleansed = {}
         if self.is_active(request) and sensitive_variables:
-            if sensitive_variables == '__ALL__':
+            if sensitive_variables == "__ALL__":
                 # Cleanse all variables
                 for name in tb_frame.f_locals:
                     cleansed[name] = self.cleansed_substitute
@@ -249,14 +263,16 @@ class SafeExceptionReporterFilter:
             for name, value in tb_frame.f_locals.items():
                 cleansed[name] = self.cleanse_special_types(request, value)
 
-        if (tb_frame.f_code.co_name == 'sensitive_variables_wrapper' and
-                'sensitive_variables_wrapper' in tb_frame.f_locals):
+        if (
+            tb_frame.f_code.co_name == "sensitive_variables_wrapper"
+            and "sensitive_variables_wrapper" in tb_frame.f_locals
+        ):
             # For good measure, obfuscate the decorated function's arguments in
             # the sensitive_variables decorator's frame, in case the variables
             # associated with those arguments were meant to be obfuscated from
             # the decorated function's frame.
-            cleansed['func_args'] = self.cleansed_substitute
-            cleansed['func_kwargs'] = self.cleansed_substitute
+            cleansed["func_args"] = self.cleansed_substitute
+            cleansed["func_kwargs"] = self.cleansed_substitute
 
         return cleansed.items()
 
@@ -266,11 +282,11 @@ class ExceptionReporter:
 
     @property
     def html_template_path(self):
-        return builtin_template_path('technical_500.html')
+        return builtin_template_path("technical_500.html")
 
     @property
     def text_template_path(self):
-        return builtin_template_path('technical_500.txt')
+        return builtin_template_path("technical_500.txt")
 
     def __init__(self, request, exc_type, exc_value, tb, is_email=False):
         self.request = request
@@ -280,7 +296,7 @@ class ExceptionReporter:
         self.tb = tb
         self.is_email = is_email
 
-        self.template_info = getattr(self.exc_value, 'template_debug', None)
+        self.template_info = getattr(self.exc_value, "template_debug", None)
         self.template_does_not_exist = False
         self.postmortem = None
 
@@ -289,7 +305,7 @@ class ExceptionReporter:
         Return an absolute URI from variables available in this request. Skip
         allowed hosts protection, so may return insecure URI.
         """
-        return '{scheme}://{host}{path}'.format(
+        return "{scheme}://{host}{path}".format(
             scheme=self.request.scheme,
             host=self.request._get_raw_host(),
             path=self.request.get_full_path(),
@@ -303,26 +319,27 @@ class ExceptionReporter:
 
         frames = self.get_traceback_frames()
         for i, frame in enumerate(frames):
-            if 'vars' in frame:
+            if "vars" in frame:
                 frame_vars = []
-                for k, v in frame['vars']:
+                for k, v in frame["vars"]:
                     v = pprint(v)
                     # Trim large blobs of data
                     if len(v) > 4096:
-                        v = '%s… <trimmed %d bytes string>' % (v[0:4096], len(v))
+                        v = "%s… <trimmed %d bytes string>" % (v[0:4096], len(v))
                     frame_vars.append((k, v))
-                frame['vars'] = frame_vars
+                frame["vars"] = frame_vars
             frames[i] = frame
 
-        unicode_hint = ''
+        unicode_hint = ""
         if self.exc_type and issubclass(self.exc_type, UnicodeError):
-            start = getattr(self.exc_value, 'start', None)
-            end = getattr(self.exc_value, 'end', None)
+            start = getattr(self.exc_value, "start", None)
+            end = getattr(self.exc_value, "end", None)
             if start is not None and end is not None:
                 unicode_str = self.exc_value.args[1]
                 unicode_hint = force_str(
-                    unicode_str[max(start - 5, 0):min(end + 5, len(unicode_str))],
-                    'ascii', errors='replace'
+                    unicode_str[max(start - 5, 0) : min(end + 5, len(unicode_str))],
+                    "ascii",
+                    errors="replace",
                 )
         from django import get_version
 
@@ -334,59 +351,61 @@ class ExceptionReporter:
             except Exception:
                 # request.user may raise OperationalError if the database is
                 # unavailable, for example.
-                user_str = '[unable to retrieve the current user]'
+                user_str = "[unable to retrieve the current user]"
 
         c = {
-            'is_email': self.is_email,
-            'unicode_hint': unicode_hint,
-            'frames': frames,
-            'request': self.request,
-            'request_meta': self.filter.get_safe_request_meta(self.request),
-            'user_str': user_str,
-            'filtered_POST_items': list(self.filter.get_post_parameters(self.request).items()),
-            'settings': self.filter.get_safe_settings(),
-            'sys_executable': sys.executable,
-            'sys_version_info': '%d.%d.%d' % sys.version_info[0:3],
-            'server_time': timezone.now(),
-            'django_version_info': get_version(),
-            'sys_path': sys.path,
-            'template_info': self.template_info,
-            'template_does_not_exist': self.template_does_not_exist,
-            'postmortem': self.postmortem,
+            "is_email": self.is_email,
+            "unicode_hint": unicode_hint,
+            "frames": frames,
+            "request": self.request,
+            "request_meta": self.filter.get_safe_request_meta(self.request),
+            "user_str": user_str,
+            "filtered_POST_items": list(
+                self.filter.get_post_parameters(self.request).items()
+            ),
+            "settings": self.filter.get_safe_settings(),
+            "sys_executable": sys.executable,
+            "sys_version_info": "%d.%d.%d" % sys.version_info[0:3],
+            "server_time": timezone.now(),
+            "django_version_info": get_version(),
+            "sys_path": sys.path,
+            "template_info": self.template_info,
+            "template_does_not_exist": self.template_does_not_exist,
+            "postmortem": self.postmortem,
         }
         if self.request is not None:
-            c['request_GET_items'] = self.request.GET.items()
-            c['request_FILES_items'] = self.request.FILES.items()
-            c['request_COOKIES_items'] = self.request.COOKIES.items()
-            c['request_insecure_uri'] = self._get_raw_insecure_uri()
-            c['raising_view_name'] = get_caller(self.request)
+            c["request_GET_items"] = self.request.GET.items()
+            c["request_FILES_items"] = self.request.FILES.items()
+            c["request_COOKIES_items"] = self.request.COOKIES.items()
+            c["request_insecure_uri"] = self._get_raw_insecure_uri()
+            c["raising_view_name"] = get_caller(self.request)
 
         # Check whether exception info is available
         if self.exc_type:
-            c['exception_type'] = self.exc_type.__name__
+            c["exception_type"] = self.exc_type.__name__
         if self.exc_value:
-            c['exception_value'] = str(self.exc_value)
+            c["exception_value"] = str(self.exc_value)
         if frames:
-            c['lastframe'] = frames[-1]
+            c["lastframe"] = frames[-1]
         return c
 
     def get_traceback_html(self):
         """Return HTML version of debug 500 HTTP error page."""
-        with self.html_template_path.open(encoding='utf-8') as fh:
+        with self.html_template_path.open(encoding="utf-8") as fh:
             t = DEBUG_ENGINE.from_string(fh.read())
         c = Context(self.get_traceback_data(), use_l10n=False)
         return t.render(c)
 
     def get_traceback_text(self):
         """Return plain text version of debug 500 HTTP error page."""
-        with self.text_template_path.open(encoding='utf-8') as fh:
+        with self.text_template_path.open(encoding="utf-8") as fh:
             t = DEBUG_ENGINE.from_string(fh.read())
         c = Context(self.get_traceback_data(), autoescape=False, use_l10n=False)
         return t.render(c)
 
     def _get_source(self, filename, loader, module_name):
         source = None
-        if hasattr(loader, 'get_source'):
+        if hasattr(loader, "get_source"):
             try:
                 source = loader.get_source(module_name)
             except ImportError:
@@ -395,13 +414,15 @@ class ExceptionReporter:
                 source = source.splitlines()
         if source is None:
             try:
-                with open(filename, 'rb') as fp:
+                with open(filename, "rb") as fp:
                     source = fp.read().splitlines()
             except OSError:
                 pass
         return source
 
-    def _get_lines_from_file(self, filename, lineno, context_lines, loader=None, module_name=None):
+    def _get_lines_from_file(
+        self, filename, lineno, context_lines, loader=None, module_name=None
+    ):
         """
         Return context_lines before and after lineno from file.
         Return (pre_context_lineno, pre_context, context_line, post_context).
@@ -414,15 +435,15 @@ class ExceptionReporter:
         # apply tokenize.detect_encoding to decode the source into a
         # string, then we should do that ourselves.
         if isinstance(source[0], bytes):
-            encoding = 'ascii'
+            encoding = "ascii"
             for line in source[:2]:
                 # File coding may be specified. Match pattern from PEP-263
                 # (https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0263/)
-                match = re.search(br'coding[:=]\s*([-\w.]+)', line)
+                match = re.search(rb"coding[:=]\s*([-\w.]+)", line)
                 if match:
-                    encoding = match[1].decode('ascii')
+                    encoding = match[1].decode("ascii")
                     break
-            source = [str(sline, encoding, 'replace') for sline in source]
+            source = [str(sline, encoding, "replace") for sline in source]
 
         lower_bound = max(0, lineno - context_lines)
         upper_bound = lineno + context_lines
@@ -430,15 +451,15 @@ class ExceptionReporter:
         try:
             pre_context = source[lower_bound:lineno]
             context_line = source[lineno]
-            post_context = source[lineno + 1:upper_bound]
+            post_context = source[lineno + 1 : upper_bound]
         except IndexError:
             return None, [], None, []
         return lower_bound, pre_context, context_line, post_context
 
     def _get_explicit_or_implicit_cause(self, exc_value):
-        explicit = getattr(exc_value, '__cause__', None)
-        suppress_context = getattr(exc_value, '__suppress_context__', None)
-        implicit = getattr(exc_value, '__context__', None)
+        explicit = getattr(exc_value, "__cause__", None)
+        suppress_context = getattr(exc_value, "__suppress_context__", None)
+        implicit = getattr(exc_value, "__context__", None)
         return explicit or (None if suppress_context else implicit)
 
     def get_traceback_frames(self):
@@ -476,47 +497,58 @@ class ExceptionReporter:
 
     def get_exception_traceback_frames(self, exc_value, tb):
         exc_cause = self._get_explicit_or_implicit_cause(exc_value)
-        exc_cause_explicit = getattr(exc_value, '__cause__', True)
+        exc_cause_explicit = getattr(exc_value, "__cause__", True)
         if tb is None:
             yield {
-                'exc_cause': exc_cause,
-                'exc_cause_explicit': exc_cause_explicit,
-                'tb': None,
-                'type': 'user',
+                "exc_cause": exc_cause,
+                "exc_cause_explicit": exc_cause_explicit,
+                "tb": None,
+                "type": "user",
             }
         while tb is not None:
             # Support for __traceback_hide__ which is used by a few libraries
             # to hide internal frames.
-            if tb.tb_frame.f_locals.get('__traceback_hide__'):
+            if tb.tb_frame.f_locals.get("__traceback_hide__"):
                 tb = tb.tb_next
                 continue
             filename = tb.tb_frame.f_code.co_filename
             function = tb.tb_frame.f_code.co_name
             lineno = tb.tb_lineno - 1
-            loader = tb.tb_frame.f_globals.get('__loader__')
-            module_name = tb.tb_frame.f_globals.get('__name__') or ''
-            pre_context_lineno, pre_context, context_line, post_context = self._get_lines_from_file(
-                filename, lineno, 7, loader, module_name,
+            loader = tb.tb_frame.f_globals.get("__loader__")
+            module_name = tb.tb_frame.f_globals.get("__name__") or ""
+            (
+                pre_context_lineno,
+                pre_context,
+                context_line,
+                post_context,
+            ) = self._get_lines_from_file(
+                filename,
+                lineno,
+                7,
+                loader,
+                module_name,
             )
             if pre_context_lineno is None:
                 pre_context_lineno = lineno
                 pre_context = []
-                context_line = '<source code not available>'
+                context_line = "<source code not available>"
                 post_context = []
             yield {
-                'exc_cause': exc_cause,
-                'exc_cause_explicit': exc_cause_explicit,
-                'tb': tb,
-                'type': 'django' if module_name.startswith('django.') else 'user',
-                'filename': filename,
-                'function': function,
-                'lineno': lineno + 1,
-                'vars': self.filter.get_traceback_frame_variables(self.request, tb.tb_frame),
-                'id': id(tb),
-                'pre_context': pre_context,
-                'context_line': context_line,
-                'post_context': post_context,
-                'pre_context_lineno': pre_context_lineno + 1,
+                "exc_cause": exc_cause,
+                "exc_cause_explicit": exc_cause_explicit,
+                "tb": tb,
+                "type": "django" if module_name.startswith("django.") else "user",
+                "filename": filename,
+                "function": function,
+                "lineno": lineno + 1,
+                "vars": self.filter.get_traceback_frame_variables(
+                    self.request, tb.tb_frame
+                ),
+                "id": id(tb),
+                "pre_context": pre_context,
+                "context_line": context_line,
+                "post_context": post_context,
+                "pre_context_lineno": pre_context_lineno + 1,
             }
             tb = tb.tb_next
 
@@ -524,52 +556,58 @@ class ExceptionReporter:
 def technical_404_response(request, exception):
     """Create a technical 404 error response. `exception` is the Http404."""
     try:
-        error_url = exception.args[0]['path']
+        error_url = exception.args[0]["path"]
     except (IndexError, TypeError, KeyError):
         error_url = request.path_info[1:]  # Trim leading slash
 
     try:
-        tried = exception.args[0]['tried']
+        tried = exception.args[0]["tried"]
     except (IndexError, TypeError, KeyError):
         resolved = True
         tried = request.resolver_match.tried if request.resolver_match else None
     else:
         resolved = False
-        if (not tried or (                  # empty URLconf
-            request.path == '/' and
-            len(tried) == 1 and             # default URLconf
-            len(tried[0]) == 1 and
-            getattr(tried[0][0], 'app_name', '') == getattr(tried[0][0], 'namespace', '') == 'admin'
-        )):
+        if not tried or (  # empty URLconf
+            request.path == "/"
+            and len(tried) == 1
+            and len(tried[0]) == 1  # default URLconf
+            and getattr(tried[0][0], "app_name", "")
+            == getattr(tried[0][0], "namespace", "")
+            == "admin"
+        ):
             return default_urlconf(request)
 
-    urlconf = getattr(request, 'urlconf', settings.ROOT_URLCONF)
+    urlconf = getattr(request, "urlconf", settings.ROOT_URLCONF)
     if isinstance(urlconf, types.ModuleType):
         urlconf = urlconf.__name__
 
-    with builtin_template_path('technical_404.html').open(encoding='utf-8') as fh:
+    with builtin_template_path("technical_404.html").open(encoding="utf-8") as fh:
         t = DEBUG_ENGINE.from_string(fh.read())
     reporter_filter = get_default_exception_reporter_filter()
-    c = Context({
-        'urlconf': urlconf,
-        'root_urlconf': settings.ROOT_URLCONF,
-        'request_path': error_url,
-        'urlpatterns': tried,
-        'resolved': resolved,
-        'reason': str(exception),
-        'request': request,
-        'settings': reporter_filter.get_safe_settings(),
-        'raising_view_name': get_caller(request),
-    })
-    return HttpResponseNotFound(t.render(c), content_type='text/html')
+    c = Context(
+        {
+            "urlconf": urlconf,
+            "root_urlconf": settings.ROOT_URLCONF,
+            "request_path": error_url,
+            "urlpatterns": tried,
+            "resolved": resolved,
+            "reason": str(exception),
+            "request": request,
+            "settings": reporter_filter.get_safe_settings(),
+            "raising_view_name": get_caller(request),
+        }
+    )
+    return HttpResponseNotFound(t.render(c), content_type="text/html")
 
 
 def default_urlconf(request):
     """Create an empty URLconf 404 error response."""
-    with builtin_template_path('default_urlconf.html').open(encoding='utf-8') as fh:
+    with builtin_template_path("default_urlconf.html").open(encoding="utf-8") as fh:
         t = DEBUG_ENGINE.from_string(fh.read())
-    c = Context({
-        'version': get_docs_version(),
-    })
+    c = Context(
+        {
+            "version": get_docs_version(),
+        }
+    )
 
-    return HttpResponse(t.render(c), content_type='text/html')
+    return HttpResponse(t.render(c), content_type="text/html")
diff --git a/django/views/decorators/cache.py b/django/views/decorators/cache.py
index 417f3614f8..de61b6fe26 100644
--- a/django/views/decorators/cache.py
+++ b/django/views/decorators/cache.py
@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ def cache_page(timeout, *, cache=None, key_prefix=None):
     into account on caching -- just like the middleware does.
     """
     return decorator_from_middleware_with_args(CacheMiddleware)(
-        page_timeout=timeout, cache_alias=cache, key_prefix=key_prefix,
+        page_timeout=timeout,
+        cache_alias=cache,
+        key_prefix=key_prefix,
     )
 
 
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ def cache_control(**kwargs):
         @wraps(viewfunc)
         def _cache_controlled(request, *args, **kw):
             # Ensure argument looks like a request.
-            if not hasattr(request, 'META'):
+            if not hasattr(request, "META"):
                 raise TypeError(
                     "cache_control didn't receive an HttpRequest. If you are "
                     "decorating a classmethod, be sure to use "
@@ -38,7 +40,9 @@ def cache_control(**kwargs):
             response = viewfunc(request, *args, **kw)
             patch_cache_control(response, **kwargs)
             return response
+
         return _cache_controlled
+
     return _cache_controller
 
 
@@ -46,10 +50,11 @@ def never_cache(view_func):
     """
     Decorator that adds headers to a response so that it will never be cached.
     """
+
     @wraps(view_func)
     def _wrapped_view_func(request, *args, **kwargs):
         # Ensure argument looks like a request.
-        if not hasattr(request, 'META'):
+        if not hasattr(request, "META"):
             raise TypeError(
                 "never_cache didn't receive an HttpRequest. If you are "
                 "decorating a classmethod, be sure to use @method_decorator."
@@ -57,4 +62,5 @@ def never_cache(view_func):
         response = view_func(request, *args, **kwargs)
         add_never_cache_headers(response)
         return response
+
     return _wrapped_view_func
diff --git a/django/views/decorators/clickjacking.py b/django/views/decorators/clickjacking.py
index f8fc2d2b95..c59f4f2098 100644
--- a/django/views/decorators/clickjacking.py
+++ b/django/views/decorators/clickjacking.py
@@ -11,11 +11,13 @@ def xframe_options_deny(view_func):
     def some_view(request):
         ...
     """
+
     def wrapped_view(*args, **kwargs):
         resp = view_func(*args, **kwargs)
-        if resp.get('X-Frame-Options') is None:
-            resp['X-Frame-Options'] = 'DENY'
+        if resp.get("X-Frame-Options") is None:
+            resp["X-Frame-Options"] = "DENY"
         return resp
+
     return wraps(view_func)(wrapped_view)
 
 
@@ -29,11 +31,13 @@ def xframe_options_sameorigin(view_func):
     def some_view(request):
         ...
     """
+
     def wrapped_view(*args, **kwargs):
         resp = view_func(*args, **kwargs)
-        if resp.get('X-Frame-Options') is None:
-            resp['X-Frame-Options'] = 'SAMEORIGIN'
+        if resp.get("X-Frame-Options") is None:
+            resp["X-Frame-Options"] = "SAMEORIGIN"
         return resp
+
     return wraps(view_func)(wrapped_view)
 
 
@@ -46,8 +50,10 @@ def xframe_options_exempt(view_func):
     def some_view(request):
         ...
     """
+
     def wrapped_view(*args, **kwargs):
         resp = view_func(*args, **kwargs)
         resp.xframe_options_exempt = True
         return resp
+
     return wraps(view_func)(wrapped_view)
diff --git a/django/views/decorators/common.py b/django/views/decorators/common.py
index 34b0e5a50e..8c84688122 100644
--- a/django/views/decorators/common.py
+++ b/django/views/decorators/common.py
@@ -10,5 +10,6 @@ def no_append_slash(view_func):
     # nicer if they don't have side effects, so return a new function.
     def wrapped_view(*args, **kwargs):
         return view_func(*args, **kwargs)
+
     wrapped_view.should_append_slash = False
     return wraps(view_func)(wrapped_view)
diff --git a/django/views/decorators/csrf.py b/django/views/decorators/csrf.py
index 19d439a55a..4841089ca8 100644
--- a/django/views/decorators/csrf.py
+++ b/django/views/decorators/csrf.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class _EnsureCsrfToken(CsrfViewMiddleware):
 
 
 requires_csrf_token = decorator_from_middleware(_EnsureCsrfToken)
-requires_csrf_token.__name__ = 'requires_csrf_token'
+requires_csrf_token.__name__ = "requires_csrf_token"
 requires_csrf_token.__doc__ = """
 Use this decorator on views that need a correct csrf_token available to
 RequestContext, but without the CSRF protection that csrf_protect
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class _EnsureCsrfCookie(CsrfViewMiddleware):
 
 
 ensure_csrf_cookie = decorator_from_middleware(_EnsureCsrfCookie)
-ensure_csrf_cookie.__name__ = 'ensure_csrf_cookie'
+ensure_csrf_cookie.__name__ = "ensure_csrf_cookie"
 ensure_csrf_cookie.__doc__ = """
 Use this decorator to ensure that a view sets a CSRF cookie, whether or not it
 uses the csrf_token template tag, or the CsrfViewMiddleware is used.
@@ -52,5 +52,6 @@ def csrf_exempt(view_func):
     # if they don't have side effects, so return a new function.
     def wrapped_view(*args, **kwargs):
         return view_func(*args, **kwargs)
+
     wrapped_view.csrf_exempt = True
     return wraps(view_func)(wrapped_view)
diff --git a/django/views/decorators/debug.py b/django/views/decorators/debug.py
index 312269baba..5cf8db891f 100644
--- a/django/views/decorators/debug.py
+++ b/django/views/decorators/debug.py
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ def sensitive_variables(*variables):
     """
     if len(variables) == 1 and callable(variables[0]):
         raise TypeError(
-            'sensitive_variables() must be called to use it as a decorator, '
-            'e.g., use @sensitive_variables(), not @sensitive_variables.'
+            "sensitive_variables() must be called to use it as a decorator, "
+            "e.g., use @sensitive_variables(), not @sensitive_variables."
         )
 
     def decorator(func):
@@ -38,9 +38,11 @@ def sensitive_variables(*variables):
             if variables:
                 sensitive_variables_wrapper.sensitive_variables = variables
             else:
-                sensitive_variables_wrapper.sensitive_variables = '__ALL__'
+                sensitive_variables_wrapper.sensitive_variables = "__ALL__"
             return func(*func_args, **func_kwargs)
+
         return sensitive_variables_wrapper
+
     return decorator
 
 
@@ -69,9 +71,9 @@ def sensitive_post_parameters(*parameters):
     """
     if len(parameters) == 1 and callable(parameters[0]):
         raise TypeError(
-            'sensitive_post_parameters() must be called to use it as a '
-            'decorator, e.g., use @sensitive_post_parameters(), not '
-            '@sensitive_post_parameters.'
+            "sensitive_post_parameters() must be called to use it as a "
+            "decorator, e.g., use @sensitive_post_parameters(), not "
+            "@sensitive_post_parameters."
         )
 
     def decorator(view):
@@ -86,7 +88,9 @@ def sensitive_post_parameters(*parameters):
             if parameters:
                 request.sensitive_post_parameters = parameters
             else:
-                request.sensitive_post_parameters = '__ALL__'
+                request.sensitive_post_parameters = "__ALL__"
             return view(request, *args, **kwargs)
+
         return sensitive_post_parameters_wrapper
+
     return decorator
diff --git a/django/views/decorators/http.py b/django/views/decorators/http.py
index 28da8dd921..6f7578ef31 100644
--- a/django/views/decorators/http.py
+++ b/django/views/decorators/http.py
@@ -26,19 +26,24 @@ def require_http_methods(request_method_list):
 
     Note that request methods should be in uppercase.
     """
+
     def decorator(func):
         @wraps(func)
         def inner(request, *args, **kwargs):
             if request.method not in request_method_list:
                 response = HttpResponseNotAllowed(request_method_list)
                 log_response(
-                    'Method Not Allowed (%s): %s', request.method, request.path,
+                    "Method Not Allowed (%s): %s",
+                    request.method,
+                    request.path,
                     response=response,
                     request=request,
                 )
                 return response
             return func(request, *args, **kwargs)
+
         return inner
+
     return decorator
 
 
@@ -49,7 +54,9 @@ require_POST = require_http_methods(["POST"])
 require_POST.__doc__ = "Decorator to require that a view only accepts the POST method."
 
 require_safe = require_http_methods(["GET", "HEAD"])
-require_safe.__doc__ = "Decorator to require that a view only accepts safe methods: GET and HEAD."
+require_safe.__doc__ = (
+    "Decorator to require that a view only accepts safe methods: GET and HEAD."
+)
 
 
 def condition(etag_func=None, last_modified_func=None):
@@ -74,6 +81,7 @@ def condition(etag_func=None, last_modified_func=None):
     will add the generated ETag and Last-Modified headers to the response if
     the headers aren't already set and if the request's method is safe.
     """
+
     def decorator(func):
         @wraps(func)
         def inner(request, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -102,15 +110,16 @@ def condition(etag_func=None, last_modified_func=None):
 
             # Set relevant headers on the response if they don't already exist
             # and if the request method is safe.
-            if request.method in ('GET', 'HEAD'):
-                if res_last_modified and not response.has_header('Last-Modified'):
-                    response.headers['Last-Modified'] = http_date(res_last_modified)
+            if request.method in ("GET", "HEAD"):
+                if res_last_modified and not response.has_header("Last-Modified"):
+                    response.headers["Last-Modified"] = http_date(res_last_modified)
                 if res_etag:
-                    response.headers.setdefault('ETag', res_etag)
+                    response.headers.setdefault("ETag", res_etag)
 
             return response
 
         return inner
+
     return decorator
 
 
diff --git a/django/views/decorators/vary.py b/django/views/decorators/vary.py
index 68b783ed3a..6098a0fbc0 100644
--- a/django/views/decorators/vary.py
+++ b/django/views/decorators/vary.py
@@ -14,13 +14,16 @@ def vary_on_headers(*headers):
 
     Note that the header names are not case-sensitive.
     """
+
     def decorator(func):
         @wraps(func)
         def inner_func(*args, **kwargs):
             response = func(*args, **kwargs)
             patch_vary_headers(response, headers)
             return response
+
         return inner_func
+
     return decorator
 
 
@@ -33,9 +36,11 @@ def vary_on_cookie(func):
         def index(request):
             ...
     """
+
     @wraps(func)
     def inner_func(*args, **kwargs):
         response = func(*args, **kwargs)
-        patch_vary_headers(response, ('Cookie',))
+        patch_vary_headers(response, ("Cookie",))
         return response
+
     return inner_func
diff --git a/django/views/defaults.py b/django/views/defaults.py
index e3d2c3dd29..273d5fa7d5 100644
--- a/django/views/defaults.py
+++ b/django/views/defaults.py
@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
 from urllib.parse import quote
 
 from django.http import (
-    HttpResponseBadRequest, HttpResponseForbidden, HttpResponseNotFound,
+    HttpResponseBadRequest,
+    HttpResponseForbidden,
+    HttpResponseNotFound,
     HttpResponseServerError,
 )
 from django.template import Context, Engine, TemplateDoesNotExist, loader
 from django.views.decorators.csrf import requires_csrf_token
 
-ERROR_404_TEMPLATE_NAME = '404.html'
-ERROR_403_TEMPLATE_NAME = '403.html'
-ERROR_400_TEMPLATE_NAME = '400.html'
-ERROR_500_TEMPLATE_NAME = '500.html'
+ERROR_404_TEMPLATE_NAME = "404.html"
+ERROR_403_TEMPLATE_NAME = "403.html"
+ERROR_400_TEMPLATE_NAME = "400.html"
+ERROR_500_TEMPLATE_NAME = "500.html"
 ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE = """
 <!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
@@ -54,13 +56,13 @@ def page_not_found(request, exception, template_name=ERROR_404_TEMPLATE_NAME):
         if isinstance(message, str):
             exception_repr = message
     context = {
-        'request_path': quote(request.path),
-        'exception': exception_repr,
+        "request_path": quote(request.path),
+        "exception": exception_repr,
     }
     try:
         template = loader.get_template(template_name)
         body = template.render(context, request)
-        content_type = None             # Django will use 'text/html'.
+        content_type = None  # Django will use 'text/html'.
     except TemplateDoesNotExist:
         if template_name != ERROR_404_TEMPLATE_NAME:
             # Reraise if it's a missing custom template.
@@ -68,13 +70,14 @@ def page_not_found(request, exception, template_name=ERROR_404_TEMPLATE_NAME):
         # Render template (even though there are no substitutions) to allow
         # inspecting the context in tests.
         template = Engine().from_string(
-            ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE % {
-                'title': 'Not Found',
-                'details': 'The requested resource was not found on this server.',
+            ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE
+            % {
+                "title": "Not Found",
+                "details": "The requested resource was not found on this server.",
             },
         )
         body = template.render(Context(context))
-        content_type = 'text/html'
+        content_type = "text/html"
     return HttpResponseNotFound(body, content_type=content_type)
 
 
@@ -93,8 +96,8 @@ def server_error(request, template_name=ERROR_500_TEMPLATE_NAME):
             # Reraise if it's a missing custom template.
             raise
         return HttpResponseServerError(
-            ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE % {'title': 'Server Error (500)', 'details': ''},
-            content_type='text/html',
+            ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE % {"title": "Server Error (500)", "details": ""},
+            content_type="text/html",
         )
     return HttpResponseServerError(template.render())
 
@@ -114,8 +117,8 @@ def bad_request(request, exception, template_name=ERROR_400_TEMPLATE_NAME):
             # Reraise if it's a missing custom template.
             raise
         return HttpResponseBadRequest(
-            ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE % {'title': 'Bad Request (400)', 'details': ''},
-            content_type='text/html',
+            ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE % {"title": "Bad Request (400)", "details": ""},
+            content_type="text/html",
         )
     # No exception content is passed to the template, to not disclose any sensitive information.
     return HttpResponseBadRequest(template.render())
@@ -142,9 +145,9 @@ def permission_denied(request, exception, template_name=ERROR_403_TEMPLATE_NAME)
             # Reraise if it's a missing custom template.
             raise
         return HttpResponseForbidden(
-            ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE % {'title': '403 Forbidden', 'details': ''},
-            content_type='text/html',
+            ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE % {"title": "403 Forbidden", "details": ""},
+            content_type="text/html",
         )
     return HttpResponseForbidden(
-        template.render(request=request, context={'exception': str(exception)})
+        template.render(request=request, context={"exception": str(exception)})
     )
diff --git a/django/views/generic/__init__.py b/django/views/generic/__init__.py
index bc32403fc7..8514bae515 100644
--- a/django/views/generic/__init__.py
+++ b/django/views/generic/__init__.py
@@ -1,22 +1,39 @@
 from django.views.generic.base import RedirectView, TemplateView, View
 from django.views.generic.dates import (
-    ArchiveIndexView, DateDetailView, DayArchiveView, MonthArchiveView,
-    TodayArchiveView, WeekArchiveView, YearArchiveView,
+    ArchiveIndexView,
+    DateDetailView,
+    DayArchiveView,
+    MonthArchiveView,
+    TodayArchiveView,
+    WeekArchiveView,
+    YearArchiveView,
 )
 from django.views.generic.detail import DetailView
-from django.views.generic.edit import (
-    CreateView, DeleteView, FormView, UpdateView,
-)
+from django.views.generic.edit import CreateView, DeleteView, FormView, UpdateView
 from django.views.generic.list import ListView
 
 __all__ = [
-    'View', 'TemplateView', 'RedirectView', 'ArchiveIndexView',
-    'YearArchiveView', 'MonthArchiveView', 'WeekArchiveView', 'DayArchiveView',
-    'TodayArchiveView', 'DateDetailView', 'DetailView', 'FormView',
-    'CreateView', 'UpdateView', 'DeleteView', 'ListView', 'GenericViewError',
+    "View",
+    "TemplateView",
+    "RedirectView",
+    "ArchiveIndexView",
+    "YearArchiveView",
+    "MonthArchiveView",
+    "WeekArchiveView",
+    "DayArchiveView",
+    "TodayArchiveView",
+    "DateDetailView",
+    "DetailView",
+    "FormView",
+    "CreateView",
+    "UpdateView",
+    "DeleteView",
+    "ListView",
+    "GenericViewError",
 ]
 
 
 class GenericViewError(Exception):
     """A problem in a generic view."""
+
     pass
diff --git a/django/views/generic/base.py b/django/views/generic/base.py
index ca14156510..d45b1762e6 100644
--- a/django/views/generic/base.py
+++ b/django/views/generic/base.py
@@ -2,14 +2,17 @@ import logging
 
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.http import (
-    HttpResponse, HttpResponseGone, HttpResponseNotAllowed,
-    HttpResponsePermanentRedirect, HttpResponseRedirect,
+    HttpResponse,
+    HttpResponseGone,
+    HttpResponseNotAllowed,
+    HttpResponsePermanentRedirect,
+    HttpResponseRedirect,
 )
 from django.template.response import TemplateResponse
 from django.urls import reverse
 from django.utils.decorators import classonlymethod
 
-logger = logging.getLogger('django.request')
+logger = logging.getLogger("django.request")
 
 
 class ContextMixin:
@@ -17,10 +20,11 @@ class ContextMixin:
     A default context mixin that passes the keyword arguments received by
     get_context_data() as the template context.
     """
+
     extra_context = None
 
     def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
-        kwargs.setdefault('view', self)
+        kwargs.setdefault("view", self)
         if self.extra_context is not None:
             kwargs.update(self.extra_context)
         return kwargs
@@ -32,7 +36,16 @@ class View:
     dispatch-by-method and simple sanity checking.
     """
 
-    http_method_names = ['get', 'post', 'put', 'patch', 'delete', 'head', 'options', 'trace']
+    http_method_names = [
+        "get",
+        "post",
+        "put",
+        "patch",
+        "delete",
+        "head",
+        "options",
+        "trace",
+    ]
 
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
         """
@@ -50,23 +63,26 @@ class View:
         for key in initkwargs:
             if key in cls.http_method_names:
                 raise TypeError(
-                    'The method name %s is not accepted as a keyword argument '
-                    'to %s().' % (key, cls.__name__)
+                    "The method name %s is not accepted as a keyword argument "
+                    "to %s()." % (key, cls.__name__)
                 )
             if not hasattr(cls, key):
-                raise TypeError("%s() received an invalid keyword %r. as_view "
-                                "only accepts arguments that are already "
-                                "attributes of the class." % (cls.__name__, key))
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "%s() received an invalid keyword %r. as_view "
+                    "only accepts arguments that are already "
+                    "attributes of the class." % (cls.__name__, key)
+                )
 
         def view(request, *args, **kwargs):
             self = cls(**initkwargs)
             self.setup(request, *args, **kwargs)
-            if not hasattr(self, 'request'):
+            if not hasattr(self, "request"):
                 raise AttributeError(
                     "%s instance has no 'request' attribute. Did you override "
                     "setup() and forget to call super()?" % cls.__name__
                 )
             return self.dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
+
         view.view_class = cls
         view.view_initkwargs = initkwargs
 
@@ -84,7 +100,7 @@ class View:
 
     def setup(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
         """Initialize attributes shared by all view methods."""
-        if hasattr(self, 'get') and not hasattr(self, 'head'):
+        if hasattr(self, "get") and not hasattr(self, "head"):
             self.head = self.get
         self.request = request
         self.args = args
@@ -95,23 +111,27 @@ class View:
         # defer to the error handler. Also defer to the error handler if the
         # request method isn't on the approved list.
         if request.method.lower() in self.http_method_names:
-            handler = getattr(self, request.method.lower(), self.http_method_not_allowed)
+            handler = getattr(
+                self, request.method.lower(), self.http_method_not_allowed
+            )
         else:
             handler = self.http_method_not_allowed
         return handler(request, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def http_method_not_allowed(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
         logger.warning(
-            'Method Not Allowed (%s): %s', request.method, request.path,
-            extra={'status_code': 405, 'request': request}
+            "Method Not Allowed (%s): %s",
+            request.method,
+            request.path,
+            extra={"status_code": 405, "request": request},
         )
         return HttpResponseNotAllowed(self._allowed_methods())
 
     def options(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
         """Handle responding to requests for the OPTIONS HTTP verb."""
         response = HttpResponse()
-        response.headers['Allow'] = ', '.join(self._allowed_methods())
-        response.headers['Content-Length'] = '0'
+        response.headers["Allow"] = ", ".join(self._allowed_methods())
+        response.headers["Content-Length"] = "0"
         return response
 
     def _allowed_methods(self):
@@ -120,6 +140,7 @@ class View:
 
 class TemplateResponseMixin:
     """A mixin that can be used to render a template."""
+
     template_name = None
     template_engine = None
     response_class = TemplateResponse
@@ -132,13 +153,13 @@ class TemplateResponseMixin:
 
         Pass response_kwargs to the constructor of the response class.
         """
-        response_kwargs.setdefault('content_type', self.content_type)
+        response_kwargs.setdefault("content_type", self.content_type)
         return self.response_class(
             request=self.request,
             template=self.get_template_names(),
             context=context,
             using=self.template_engine,
-            **response_kwargs
+            **response_kwargs,
         )
 
     def get_template_names(self):
@@ -149,7 +170,8 @@ class TemplateResponseMixin:
         if self.template_name is None:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                 "TemplateResponseMixin requires either a definition of "
-                "'template_name' or an implementation of 'get_template_names()'")
+                "'template_name' or an implementation of 'get_template_names()'"
+            )
         else:
             return [self.template_name]
 
@@ -158,6 +180,7 @@ class TemplateView(TemplateResponseMixin, ContextMixin, View):
     """
     Render a template. Pass keyword arguments from the URLconf to the context.
     """
+
     def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
         context = self.get_context_data(**kwargs)
         return self.render_to_response(context)
@@ -165,6 +188,7 @@ class TemplateView(TemplateResponseMixin, ContextMixin, View):
 
 class RedirectView(View):
     """Provide a redirect on any GET request."""
+
     permanent = False
     url = None
     pattern_name = None
@@ -183,7 +207,7 @@ class RedirectView(View):
         else:
             return None
 
-        args = self.request.META.get('QUERY_STRING', '')
+        args = self.request.META.get("QUERY_STRING", "")
         if args and self.query_string:
             url = "%s?%s" % (url, args)
         return url
@@ -197,8 +221,7 @@ class RedirectView(View):
                 return HttpResponseRedirect(url)
         else:
             logger.warning(
-                'Gone: %s', request.path,
-                extra={'status_code': 410, 'request': request}
+                "Gone: %s", request.path, extra={"status_code": 410, "request": request}
             )
             return HttpResponseGone()
 
diff --git a/django/views/generic/dates.py b/django/views/generic/dates.py
index 63151dd5a5..d2b776c122 100644
--- a/django/views/generic/dates.py
+++ b/django/views/generic/dates.py
@@ -9,16 +9,19 @@ from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
 from django.views.generic.base import View
 from django.views.generic.detail import (
-    BaseDetailView, SingleObjectTemplateResponseMixin,
+    BaseDetailView,
+    SingleObjectTemplateResponseMixin,
 )
 from django.views.generic.list import (
-    MultipleObjectMixin, MultipleObjectTemplateResponseMixin,
+    MultipleObjectMixin,
+    MultipleObjectTemplateResponseMixin,
 )
 
 
 class YearMixin:
     """Mixin for views manipulating year-based data."""
-    year_format = '%Y'
+
+    year_format = "%Y"
     year = None
 
     def get_year_format(self):
@@ -33,21 +36,21 @@ class YearMixin:
         year = self.year
         if year is None:
             try:
-                year = self.kwargs['year']
+                year = self.kwargs["year"]
             except KeyError:
                 try:
-                    year = self.request.GET['year']
+                    year = self.request.GET["year"]
                 except KeyError:
                     raise Http404(_("No year specified"))
         return year
 
     def get_next_year(self, date):
         """Get the next valid year."""
-        return _get_next_prev(self, date, is_previous=False, period='year')
+        return _get_next_prev(self, date, is_previous=False, period="year")
 
     def get_previous_year(self, date):
         """Get the previous valid year."""
-        return _get_next_prev(self, date, is_previous=True, period='year')
+        return _get_next_prev(self, date, is_previous=True, period="year")
 
     def _get_next_year(self, date):
         """
@@ -67,7 +70,8 @@ class YearMixin:
 
 class MonthMixin:
     """Mixin for views manipulating month-based data."""
-    month_format = '%b'
+
+    month_format = "%b"
     month = None
 
     def get_month_format(self):
@@ -82,21 +86,21 @@ class MonthMixin:
         month = self.month
         if month is None:
             try:
-                month = self.kwargs['month']
+                month = self.kwargs["month"]
             except KeyError:
                 try:
-                    month = self.request.GET['month']
+                    month = self.request.GET["month"]
                 except KeyError:
                     raise Http404(_("No month specified"))
         return month
 
     def get_next_month(self, date):
         """Get the next valid month."""
-        return _get_next_prev(self, date, is_previous=False, period='month')
+        return _get_next_prev(self, date, is_previous=False, period="month")
 
     def get_previous_month(self, date):
         """Get the previous valid month."""
-        return _get_next_prev(self, date, is_previous=True, period='month')
+        return _get_next_prev(self, date, is_previous=True, period="month")
 
     def _get_next_month(self, date):
         """
@@ -119,7 +123,8 @@ class MonthMixin:
 
 class DayMixin:
     """Mixin for views manipulating day-based data."""
-    day_format = '%d'
+
+    day_format = "%d"
     day = None
 
     def get_day_format(self):
@@ -134,21 +139,21 @@ class DayMixin:
         day = self.day
         if day is None:
             try:
-                day = self.kwargs['day']
+                day = self.kwargs["day"]
             except KeyError:
                 try:
-                    day = self.request.GET['day']
+                    day = self.request.GET["day"]
                 except KeyError:
                     raise Http404(_("No day specified"))
         return day
 
     def get_next_day(self, date):
         """Get the next valid day."""
-        return _get_next_prev(self, date, is_previous=False, period='day')
+        return _get_next_prev(self, date, is_previous=False, period="day")
 
     def get_previous_day(self, date):
         """Get the previous valid day."""
-        return _get_next_prev(self, date, is_previous=True, period='day')
+        return _get_next_prev(self, date, is_previous=True, period="day")
 
     def _get_next_day(self, date):
         """
@@ -165,7 +170,8 @@ class DayMixin:
 
 class WeekMixin:
     """Mixin for views manipulating week-based data."""
-    week_format = '%U'
+
+    week_format = "%U"
     week = None
 
     def get_week_format(self):
@@ -180,21 +186,21 @@ class WeekMixin:
         week = self.week
         if week is None:
             try:
-                week = self.kwargs['week']
+                week = self.kwargs["week"]
             except KeyError:
                 try:
-                    week = self.request.GET['week']
+                    week = self.request.GET["week"]
                 except KeyError:
                     raise Http404(_("No week specified"))
         return week
 
     def get_next_week(self, date):
         """Get the next valid week."""
-        return _get_next_prev(self, date, is_previous=False, period='week')
+        return _get_next_prev(self, date, is_previous=False, period="week")
 
     def get_previous_week(self, date):
         """Get the previous valid week."""
-        return _get_next_prev(self, date, is_previous=True, period='week')
+        return _get_next_prev(self, date, is_previous=True, period="week")
 
     def _get_next_week(self, date):
         """
@@ -218,9 +224,9 @@ class WeekMixin:
         The first day according to the week format is 0 and the last day is 6.
         """
         week_format = self.get_week_format()
-        if week_format in {'%W', '%V'}:         # week starts on Monday
+        if week_format in {"%W", "%V"}:  # week starts on Monday
             return date.weekday()
-        elif week_format == '%U':               # week starts on Sunday
+        elif week_format == "%U":  # week starts on Sunday
             return (date.weekday() + 1) % 7
         else:
             raise ValueError("unknown week format: %s" % week_format)
@@ -228,13 +234,16 @@ class WeekMixin:
 
 class DateMixin:
     """Mixin class for views manipulating date-based data."""
+
     date_field = None
     allow_future = False
 
     def get_date_field(self):
         """Get the name of the date field to be used to filter by."""
         if self.date_field is None:
-            raise ImproperlyConfigured("%s.date_field is required." % self.__class__.__name__)
+            raise ImproperlyConfigured(
+                "%s.date_field is required." % self.__class__.__name__
+            )
         return self.date_field
 
     def get_allow_future(self):
@@ -282,8 +291,8 @@ class DateMixin:
             since = self._make_date_lookup_arg(date)
             until = self._make_date_lookup_arg(date + datetime.timedelta(days=1))
             return {
-                '%s__gte' % date_field: since,
-                '%s__lt' % date_field: until,
+                "%s__gte" % date_field: since,
+                "%s__lt" % date_field: until,
             }
         else:
             # Skip self._make_date_lookup_arg, it's a no-op in this branch.
@@ -292,28 +301,29 @@ class DateMixin:
 
 class BaseDateListView(MultipleObjectMixin, DateMixin, View):
     """Abstract base class for date-based views displaying a list of objects."""
+
     allow_empty = False
-    date_list_period = 'year'
+    date_list_period = "year"
 
     def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
         self.date_list, self.object_list, extra_context = self.get_dated_items()
         context = self.get_context_data(
-            object_list=self.object_list,
-            date_list=self.date_list,
-            **extra_context
+            object_list=self.object_list, date_list=self.date_list, **extra_context
         )
         return self.render_to_response(context)
 
     def get_dated_items(self):
         """Obtain the list of dates and items."""
-        raise NotImplementedError('A DateView must provide an implementation of get_dated_items()')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "A DateView must provide an implementation of get_dated_items()"
+        )
 
     def get_ordering(self):
         """
         Return the field or fields to use for ordering the queryset; use the
         date field by default.
         """
-        return '-%s' % self.get_date_field() if self.ordering is None else self.ordering
+        return "-%s" % self.get_date_field() if self.ordering is None else self.ordering
 
     def get_dated_queryset(self, **lookup):
         """
@@ -328,16 +338,19 @@ class BaseDateListView(MultipleObjectMixin, DateMixin, View):
 
         if not allow_future:
             now = timezone.now() if self.uses_datetime_field else timezone_today()
-            qs = qs.filter(**{'%s__lte' % date_field: now})
+            qs = qs.filter(**{"%s__lte" % date_field: now})
 
         if not allow_empty:
             # When pagination is enabled, it's better to do a cheap query
             # than to load the unpaginated queryset in memory.
             is_empty = not qs if paginate_by is None else not qs.exists()
             if is_empty:
-                raise Http404(_("No %(verbose_name_plural)s available") % {
-                    'verbose_name_plural': qs.model._meta.verbose_name_plural,
-                })
+                raise Http404(
+                    _("No %(verbose_name_plural)s available")
+                    % {
+                        "verbose_name_plural": qs.model._meta.verbose_name_plural,
+                    }
+                )
 
         return qs
 
@@ -348,7 +361,7 @@ class BaseDateListView(MultipleObjectMixin, DateMixin, View):
         """
         return self.date_list_period
 
-    def get_date_list(self, queryset, date_type=None, ordering='ASC'):
+    def get_date_list(self, queryset, date_type=None, ordering="ASC"):
         """
         Get a date list by calling `queryset.dates/datetimes()`, checking
         along the way for empty lists that aren't allowed.
@@ -364,8 +377,9 @@ class BaseDateListView(MultipleObjectMixin, DateMixin, View):
             date_list = queryset.dates(date_field, date_type, ordering)
         if date_list is not None and not date_list and not allow_empty:
             raise Http404(
-                _("No %(verbose_name_plural)s available") % {
-                    'verbose_name_plural': queryset.model._meta.verbose_name_plural,
+                _("No %(verbose_name_plural)s available")
+                % {
+                    "verbose_name_plural": queryset.model._meta.verbose_name_plural,
                 }
             )
 
@@ -376,12 +390,13 @@ class BaseArchiveIndexView(BaseDateListView):
     """
     Base class for archives of date-based items. Requires a response mixin.
     """
-    context_object_name = 'latest'
+
+    context_object_name = "latest"
 
     def get_dated_items(self):
         """Return (date_list, items, extra_context) for this request."""
         qs = self.get_dated_queryset()
-        date_list = self.get_date_list(qs, ordering='DESC')
+        date_list = self.get_date_list(qs, ordering="DESC")
 
         if not date_list:
             qs = qs.none()
@@ -391,12 +406,14 @@ class BaseArchiveIndexView(BaseDateListView):
 
 class ArchiveIndexView(MultipleObjectTemplateResponseMixin, BaseArchiveIndexView):
     """Top-level archive of date-based items."""
-    template_name_suffix = '_archive'
+
+    template_name_suffix = "_archive"
 
 
 class BaseYearArchiveView(YearMixin, BaseDateListView):
     """List of objects published in a given year."""
-    date_list_period = 'month'
+
+    date_list_period = "month"
     make_object_list = False
 
     def get_dated_items(self):
@@ -409,8 +426,8 @@ class BaseYearArchiveView(YearMixin, BaseDateListView):
         since = self._make_date_lookup_arg(date)
         until = self._make_date_lookup_arg(self._get_next_year(date))
         lookup_kwargs = {
-            '%s__gte' % date_field: since,
-            '%s__lt' % date_field: until,
+            "%s__gte" % date_field: since,
+            "%s__lt" % date_field: until,
         }
 
         qs = self.get_dated_queryset(**lookup_kwargs)
@@ -421,11 +438,15 @@ class BaseYearArchiveView(YearMixin, BaseDateListView):
             # to find information about the model.
             qs = qs.none()
 
-        return (date_list, qs, {
-            'year': date,
-            'next_year': self.get_next_year(date),
-            'previous_year': self.get_previous_year(date),
-        })
+        return (
+            date_list,
+            qs,
+            {
+                "year": date,
+                "next_year": self.get_next_year(date),
+                "previous_year": self.get_previous_year(date),
+            },
+        )
 
     def get_make_object_list(self):
         """
@@ -437,12 +458,14 @@ class BaseYearArchiveView(YearMixin, BaseDateListView):
 
 class YearArchiveView(MultipleObjectTemplateResponseMixin, BaseYearArchiveView):
     """List of objects published in a given year."""
-    template_name_suffix = '_archive_year'
+
+    template_name_suffix = "_archive_year"
 
 
 class BaseMonthArchiveView(YearMixin, MonthMixin, BaseDateListView):
     """List of objects published in a given month."""
-    date_list_period = 'day'
+
+    date_list_period = "day"
 
     def get_dated_items(self):
         """Return (date_list, items, extra_context) for this request."""
@@ -450,29 +473,35 @@ class BaseMonthArchiveView(YearMixin, MonthMixin, BaseDateListView):
         month = self.get_month()
 
         date_field = self.get_date_field()
-        date = _date_from_string(year, self.get_year_format(),
-                                 month, self.get_month_format())
+        date = _date_from_string(
+            year, self.get_year_format(), month, self.get_month_format()
+        )
 
         since = self._make_date_lookup_arg(date)
         until = self._make_date_lookup_arg(self._get_next_month(date))
         lookup_kwargs = {
-            '%s__gte' % date_field: since,
-            '%s__lt' % date_field: until,
+            "%s__gte" % date_field: since,
+            "%s__lt" % date_field: until,
         }
 
         qs = self.get_dated_queryset(**lookup_kwargs)
         date_list = self.get_date_list(qs)
 
-        return (date_list, qs, {
-            'month': date,
-            'next_month': self.get_next_month(date),
-            'previous_month': self.get_previous_month(date),
-        })
+        return (
+            date_list,
+            qs,
+            {
+                "month": date,
+                "next_month": self.get_next_month(date),
+                "previous_month": self.get_previous_month(date),
+            },
+        )
 
 
 class MonthArchiveView(MultipleObjectTemplateResponseMixin, BaseMonthArchiveView):
     """List of objects published in a given month."""
-    template_name_suffix = '_archive_month'
+
+    template_name_suffix = "_archive_month"
 
 
 class BaseWeekArchiveView(YearMixin, WeekMixin, BaseDateListView):
@@ -485,55 +514,71 @@ class BaseWeekArchiveView(YearMixin, WeekMixin, BaseDateListView):
 
         date_field = self.get_date_field()
         week_format = self.get_week_format()
-        week_choices = {'%W': '1', '%U': '0', '%V': '1'}
+        week_choices = {"%W": "1", "%U": "0", "%V": "1"}
         try:
             week_start = week_choices[week_format]
         except KeyError:
-            raise ValueError('Unknown week format %r. Choices are: %s' % (
-                week_format,
-                ', '.join(sorted(week_choices)),
-            ))
-        year_format = self.get_year_format()
-        if week_format == '%V' and year_format != '%G':
             raise ValueError(
-                "ISO week directive '%s' is incompatible with the year "
-                "directive '%s'. Use the ISO year '%%G' instead." % (
-                    week_format, year_format,
+                "Unknown week format %r. Choices are: %s"
+                % (
+                    week_format,
+                    ", ".join(sorted(week_choices)),
                 )
             )
-        date = _date_from_string(year, year_format, week_start, '%w', week, week_format)
+        year_format = self.get_year_format()
+        if week_format == "%V" and year_format != "%G":
+            raise ValueError(
+                "ISO week directive '%s' is incompatible with the year "
+                "directive '%s'. Use the ISO year '%%G' instead."
+                % (
+                    week_format,
+                    year_format,
+                )
+            )
+        date = _date_from_string(year, year_format, week_start, "%w", week, week_format)
         since = self._make_date_lookup_arg(date)
         until = self._make_date_lookup_arg(self._get_next_week(date))
         lookup_kwargs = {
-            '%s__gte' % date_field: since,
-            '%s__lt' % date_field: until,
+            "%s__gte" % date_field: since,
+            "%s__lt" % date_field: until,
         }
 
         qs = self.get_dated_queryset(**lookup_kwargs)
 
-        return (None, qs, {
-            'week': date,
-            'next_week': self.get_next_week(date),
-            'previous_week': self.get_previous_week(date),
-        })
+        return (
+            None,
+            qs,
+            {
+                "week": date,
+                "next_week": self.get_next_week(date),
+                "previous_week": self.get_previous_week(date),
+            },
+        )
 
 
 class WeekArchiveView(MultipleObjectTemplateResponseMixin, BaseWeekArchiveView):
     """List of objects published in a given week."""
-    template_name_suffix = '_archive_week'
+
+    template_name_suffix = "_archive_week"
 
 
 class BaseDayArchiveView(YearMixin, MonthMixin, DayMixin, BaseDateListView):
     """List of objects published on a given day."""
+
     def get_dated_items(self):
         """Return (date_list, items, extra_context) for this request."""
         year = self.get_year()
         month = self.get_month()
         day = self.get_day()
 
-        date = _date_from_string(year, self.get_year_format(),
-                                 month, self.get_month_format(),
-                                 day, self.get_day_format())
+        date = _date_from_string(
+            year,
+            self.get_year_format(),
+            month,
+            self.get_month_format(),
+            day,
+            self.get_day_format(),
+        )
 
         return self._get_dated_items(date)
 
@@ -545,17 +590,22 @@ class BaseDayArchiveView(YearMixin, MonthMixin, DayMixin, BaseDateListView):
         lookup_kwargs = self._make_single_date_lookup(date)
         qs = self.get_dated_queryset(**lookup_kwargs)
 
-        return (None, qs, {
-            'day': date,
-            'previous_day': self.get_previous_day(date),
-            'next_day': self.get_next_day(date),
-            'previous_month': self.get_previous_month(date),
-            'next_month': self.get_next_month(date)
-        })
+        return (
+            None,
+            qs,
+            {
+                "day": date,
+                "previous_day": self.get_previous_day(date),
+                "next_day": self.get_next_day(date),
+                "previous_month": self.get_previous_month(date),
+                "next_month": self.get_next_month(date),
+            },
+        )
 
 
 class DayArchiveView(MultipleObjectTemplateResponseMixin, BaseDayArchiveView):
     """List of objects published on a given day."""
+
     template_name_suffix = "_archive_day"
 
 
@@ -569,6 +619,7 @@ class BaseTodayArchiveView(BaseDayArchiveView):
 
 class TodayArchiveView(MultipleObjectTemplateResponseMixin, BaseTodayArchiveView):
     """List of objects published today."""
+
     template_name_suffix = "_archive_day"
 
 
@@ -577,26 +628,35 @@ class BaseDateDetailView(YearMixin, MonthMixin, DayMixin, DateMixin, BaseDetailV
     Detail view of a single object on a single date; this differs from the
     standard DetailView by accepting a year/month/day in the URL.
     """
+
     def get_object(self, queryset=None):
         """Get the object this request displays."""
         year = self.get_year()
         month = self.get_month()
         day = self.get_day()
-        date = _date_from_string(year, self.get_year_format(),
-                                 month, self.get_month_format(),
-                                 day, self.get_day_format())
+        date = _date_from_string(
+            year,
+            self.get_year_format(),
+            month,
+            self.get_month_format(),
+            day,
+            self.get_day_format(),
+        )
 
         # Use a custom queryset if provided
         qs = self.get_queryset() if queryset is None else queryset
 
         if not self.get_allow_future() and date > datetime.date.today():
-            raise Http404(_(
-                "Future %(verbose_name_plural)s not available because "
-                "%(class_name)s.allow_future is False."
-            ) % {
-                'verbose_name_plural': qs.model._meta.verbose_name_plural,
-                'class_name': self.__class__.__name__,
-            })
+            raise Http404(
+                _(
+                    "Future %(verbose_name_plural)s not available because "
+                    "%(class_name)s.allow_future is False."
+                )
+                % {
+                    "verbose_name_plural": qs.model._meta.verbose_name_plural,
+                    "class_name": self.__class__.__name__,
+                }
+            )
 
         # Filter down a queryset from self.queryset using the date from the
         # URL. This'll get passed as the queryset to DetailView.get_object,
@@ -612,10 +672,13 @@ class DateDetailView(SingleObjectTemplateResponseMixin, BaseDateDetailView):
     Detail view of a single object on a single date; this differs from the
     standard DetailView by accepting a year/month/day in the URL.
     """
-    template_name_suffix = '_detail'
+
+    template_name_suffix = "_detail"
 
 
-def _date_from_string(year, year_format, month='', month_format='', day='', day_format='', delim='__'):
+def _date_from_string(
+    year, year_format, month="", month_format="", day="", day_format="", delim="__"
+):
     """
     Get a datetime.date object given a format string and a year, month, and day
     (only year is mandatory). Raise a 404 for an invalid date.
@@ -625,10 +688,13 @@ def _date_from_string(year, year_format, month='', month_format='', day='', day_
     try:
         return datetime.datetime.strptime(datestr, format).date()
     except ValueError:
-        raise Http404(_('Invalid date string “%(datestr)s” given format “%(format)s”') % {
-            'datestr': datestr,
-            'format': format,
-        })
+        raise Http404(
+            _("Invalid date string “%(datestr)s” given format “%(format)s”")
+            % {
+                "datestr": datestr,
+                "format": format,
+            }
+        )
 
 
 def _get_next_prev(generic_view, date, is_previous, period):
@@ -661,8 +727,8 @@ def _get_next_prev(generic_view, date, is_previous, period):
     allow_empty = generic_view.get_allow_empty()
     allow_future = generic_view.get_allow_future()
 
-    get_current = getattr(generic_view, '_get_current_%s' % period)
-    get_next = getattr(generic_view, '_get_next_%s' % period)
+    get_current = getattr(generic_view, "_get_current_%s" % period)
+    get_next = getattr(generic_view, "_get_next_%s" % period)
 
     # Bounds of the current interval
     start, end = get_current(date), get_next(date)
@@ -686,10 +752,10 @@ def _get_next_prev(generic_view, date, is_previous, period):
         # Construct a lookup and an ordering depending on whether we're doing
         # a previous date or a next date lookup.
         if is_previous:
-            lookup = {'%s__lt' % date_field: generic_view._make_date_lookup_arg(start)}
-            ordering = '-%s' % date_field
+            lookup = {"%s__lt" % date_field: generic_view._make_date_lookup_arg(start)}
+            ordering = "-%s" % date_field
         else:
-            lookup = {'%s__gte' % date_field: generic_view._make_date_lookup_arg(end)}
+            lookup = {"%s__gte" % date_field: generic_view._make_date_lookup_arg(end)}
             ordering = date_field
 
         # Filter out objects in the future if appropriate.
@@ -700,7 +766,7 @@ def _get_next_prev(generic_view, date, is_previous, period):
                 now = timezone.now()
             else:
                 now = timezone_today()
-            lookup['%s__lte' % date_field] = now
+            lookup["%s__lte" % date_field] = now
 
         qs = generic_view.get_queryset().filter(**lookup).order_by(ordering)
 
diff --git a/django/views/generic/detail.py b/django/views/generic/detail.py
index 1922114598..e4428c8036 100644
--- a/django/views/generic/detail.py
+++ b/django/views/generic/detail.py
@@ -9,12 +9,13 @@ class SingleObjectMixin(ContextMixin):
     """
     Provide the ability to retrieve a single object for further manipulation.
     """
+
     model = None
     queryset = None
-    slug_field = 'slug'
+    slug_field = "slug"
     context_object_name = None
-    slug_url_kwarg = 'slug'
-    pk_url_kwarg = 'pk'
+    slug_url_kwarg = "slug"
+    pk_url_kwarg = "pk"
     query_pk_and_slug = False
 
     def get_object(self, queryset=None):
@@ -51,8 +52,10 @@ class SingleObjectMixin(ContextMixin):
             # Get the single item from the filtered queryset
             obj = queryset.get()
         except queryset.model.DoesNotExist:
-            raise Http404(_("No %(verbose_name)s found matching the query") %
-                          {'verbose_name': queryset.model._meta.verbose_name})
+            raise Http404(
+                _("No %(verbose_name)s found matching the query")
+                % {"verbose_name": queryset.model._meta.verbose_name}
+            )
         return obj
 
     def get_queryset(self):
@@ -69,9 +72,7 @@ class SingleObjectMixin(ContextMixin):
                 raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                     "%(cls)s is missing a QuerySet. Define "
                     "%(cls)s.model, %(cls)s.queryset, or override "
-                    "%(cls)s.get_queryset()." % {
-                        'cls': self.__class__.__name__
-                    }
+                    "%(cls)s.get_queryset()." % {"cls": self.__class__.__name__}
                 )
         return self.queryset.all()
 
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ class SingleObjectMixin(ContextMixin):
         """Insert the single object into the context dict."""
         context = {}
         if self.object:
-            context['object'] = self.object
+            context["object"] = self.object
             context_object_name = self.get_context_object_name(self.object)
             if context_object_name:
                 context[context_object_name] = self.object
@@ -102,6 +103,7 @@ class SingleObjectMixin(ContextMixin):
 
 class BaseDetailView(SingleObjectMixin, View):
     """A base view for displaying a single object."""
+
     def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
         self.object = self.get_object()
         context = self.get_context_data(object=self.object)
@@ -110,7 +112,7 @@ class BaseDetailView(SingleObjectMixin, View):
 
 class SingleObjectTemplateResponseMixin(TemplateResponseMixin):
     template_name_field = None
-    template_name_suffix = '_detail'
+    template_name_suffix = "_detail"
 
     def get_template_names(self):
         """
@@ -141,17 +143,25 @@ class SingleObjectTemplateResponseMixin(TemplateResponseMixin):
             # only use this if the object in question is a model.
             if isinstance(self.object, models.Model):
                 object_meta = self.object._meta
-                names.append("%s/%s%s.html" % (
-                    object_meta.app_label,
-                    object_meta.model_name,
-                    self.template_name_suffix
-                ))
-            elif getattr(self, 'model', None) is not None and issubclass(self.model, models.Model):
-                names.append("%s/%s%s.html" % (
-                    self.model._meta.app_label,
-                    self.model._meta.model_name,
-                    self.template_name_suffix
-                ))
+                names.append(
+                    "%s/%s%s.html"
+                    % (
+                        object_meta.app_label,
+                        object_meta.model_name,
+                        self.template_name_suffix,
+                    )
+                )
+            elif getattr(self, "model", None) is not None and issubclass(
+                self.model, models.Model
+            ):
+                names.append(
+                    "%s/%s%s.html"
+                    % (
+                        self.model._meta.app_label,
+                        self.model._meta.model_name,
+                        self.template_name_suffix,
+                    )
+                )
 
             # If we still haven't managed to find any template names, we should
             # re-raise the ImproperlyConfigured to alert the user.
diff --git a/django/views/generic/edit.py b/django/views/generic/edit.py
index 8cbdeb8d13..e1f37bc593 100644
--- a/django/views/generic/edit.py
+++ b/django/views/generic/edit.py
@@ -1,16 +1,20 @@
 import warnings
 
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
-from django.forms import Form, models as model_forms
+from django.forms import Form
+from django.forms import models as model_forms
 from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
 from django.views.generic.base import ContextMixin, TemplateResponseMixin, View
 from django.views.generic.detail import (
-    BaseDetailView, SingleObjectMixin, SingleObjectTemplateResponseMixin,
+    BaseDetailView,
+    SingleObjectMixin,
+    SingleObjectTemplateResponseMixin,
 )
 
 
 class FormMixin(ContextMixin):
     """Provide a way to show and handle a form in a request."""
+
     initial = {}
     form_class = None
     success_url = None
@@ -37,15 +41,17 @@ class FormMixin(ContextMixin):
     def get_form_kwargs(self):
         """Return the keyword arguments for instantiating the form."""
         kwargs = {
-            'initial': self.get_initial(),
-            'prefix': self.get_prefix(),
+            "initial": self.get_initial(),
+            "prefix": self.get_prefix(),
         }
 
-        if self.request.method in ('POST', 'PUT'):
-            kwargs.update({
-                'data': self.request.POST,
-                'files': self.request.FILES,
-            })
+        if self.request.method in ("POST", "PUT"):
+            kwargs.update(
+                {
+                    "data": self.request.POST,
+                    "files": self.request.FILES,
+                }
+            )
         return kwargs
 
     def get_success_url(self):
@@ -64,13 +70,14 @@ class FormMixin(ContextMixin):
 
     def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
         """Insert the form into the context dict."""
-        if 'form' not in kwargs:
-            kwargs['form'] = self.get_form()
+        if "form" not in kwargs:
+            kwargs["form"] = self.get_form()
         return super().get_context_data(**kwargs)
 
 
 class ModelFormMixin(FormMixin, SingleObjectMixin):
     """Provide a way to show and handle a ModelForm in a request."""
+
     fields = None
 
     def get_form_class(self):
@@ -85,7 +92,7 @@ class ModelFormMixin(FormMixin, SingleObjectMixin):
             if self.model is not None:
                 # If a model has been explicitly provided, use it
                 model = self.model
-            elif getattr(self, 'object', None) is not None:
+            elif getattr(self, "object", None) is not None:
                 # If this view is operating on a single object, use
                 # the class of that object
                 model = self.object.__class__
@@ -105,8 +112,8 @@ class ModelFormMixin(FormMixin, SingleObjectMixin):
     def get_form_kwargs(self):
         """Return the keyword arguments for instantiating the form."""
         kwargs = super().get_form_kwargs()
-        if hasattr(self, 'object'):
-            kwargs.update({'instance': self.object})
+        if hasattr(self, "object"):
+            kwargs.update({"instance": self.object})
         return kwargs
 
     def get_success_url(self):
@@ -119,7 +126,8 @@ class ModelFormMixin(FormMixin, SingleObjectMixin):
             except AttributeError:
                 raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                     "No URL to redirect to.  Either provide a url or define"
-                    " a get_absolute_url method on the Model.")
+                    " a get_absolute_url method on the Model."
+                )
         return url
 
     def form_valid(self, form):
@@ -130,6 +138,7 @@ class ModelFormMixin(FormMixin, SingleObjectMixin):
 
 class ProcessFormView(View):
     """Render a form on GET and processes it on POST."""
+
     def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
         """Handle GET requests: instantiate a blank version of the form."""
         return self.render_to_response(self.get_context_data())
@@ -165,6 +174,7 @@ class BaseCreateView(ModelFormMixin, ProcessFormView):
 
     Using this base class requires subclassing to provide a response mixin.
     """
+
     def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
         self.object = None
         return super().get(request, *args, **kwargs)
@@ -178,7 +188,8 @@ class CreateView(SingleObjectTemplateResponseMixin, BaseCreateView):
     """
     View for creating a new object, with a response rendered by a template.
     """
-    template_name_suffix = '_form'
+
+    template_name_suffix = "_form"
 
 
 class BaseUpdateView(ModelFormMixin, ProcessFormView):
@@ -187,6 +198,7 @@ class BaseUpdateView(ModelFormMixin, ProcessFormView):
 
     Using this base class requires subclassing to provide a response mixin.
     """
+
     def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
         self.object = self.get_object()
         return super().get(request, *args, **kwargs)
@@ -198,11 +210,13 @@ class BaseUpdateView(ModelFormMixin, ProcessFormView):
 
 class UpdateView(SingleObjectTemplateResponseMixin, BaseUpdateView):
     """View for updating an object, with a response rendered by a template."""
-    template_name_suffix = '_form'
+
+    template_name_suffix = "_form"
 
 
 class DeletionMixin:
     """Provide the ability to delete objects."""
+
     success_url = None
 
     def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -223,8 +237,7 @@ class DeletionMixin:
         if self.success_url:
             return self.success_url.format(**self.object.__dict__)
         else:
-            raise ImproperlyConfigured(
-                "No URL to redirect to. Provide a success_url.")
+            raise ImproperlyConfigured("No URL to redirect to. Provide a success_url.")
 
 
 # RemovedInDjango50Warning.
@@ -238,16 +251,17 @@ class BaseDeleteView(DeletionMixin, FormMixin, BaseDetailView):
 
     Using this base class requires subclassing to provide a response mixin.
     """
+
     form_class = Form
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         # RemovedInDjango50Warning.
         if self.__class__.delete is not DeletionMixin.delete:
             warnings.warn(
-                f'DeleteView uses FormMixin to handle POST requests. As a '
-                f'consequence, any custom deletion logic in '
-                f'{self.__class__.__name__}.delete() handler should be moved '
-                f'to form_valid().',
+                f"DeleteView uses FormMixin to handle POST requests. As a "
+                f"consequence, any custom deletion logic in "
+                f"{self.__class__.__name__}.delete() handler should be moved "
+                f"to form_valid().",
                 DeleteViewCustomDeleteWarning,
                 stacklevel=2,
             )
@@ -276,4 +290,5 @@ class DeleteView(SingleObjectTemplateResponseMixin, BaseDeleteView):
     View for deleting an object retrieved with self.get_object(), with a
     response rendered by a template.
     """
-    template_name_suffix = '_confirm_delete'
+
+    template_name_suffix = "_confirm_delete"
diff --git a/django/views/generic/list.py b/django/views/generic/list.py
index 65bae2b498..830a8df630 100644
--- a/django/views/generic/list.py
+++ b/django/views/generic/list.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ from django.views.generic.base import ContextMixin, TemplateResponseMixin, View
 
 class MultipleObjectMixin(ContextMixin):
     """A mixin for views manipulating multiple objects."""
+
     allow_empty = True
     queryset = None
     model = None
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ class MultipleObjectMixin(ContextMixin):
     paginate_orphans = 0
     context_object_name = None
     paginator_class = Paginator
-    page_kwarg = 'page'
+    page_kwarg = "page"
     ordering = None
 
     def get_queryset(self):
@@ -35,9 +36,7 @@ class MultipleObjectMixin(ContextMixin):
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                 "%(cls)s is missing a QuerySet. Define "
                 "%(cls)s.model, %(cls)s.queryset, or override "
-                "%(cls)s.get_queryset()." % {
-                    'cls': self.__class__.__name__
-                }
+                "%(cls)s.get_queryset()." % {"cls": self.__class__.__name__}
             )
         ordering = self.get_ordering()
         if ordering:
@@ -54,25 +53,30 @@ class MultipleObjectMixin(ContextMixin):
     def paginate_queryset(self, queryset, page_size):
         """Paginate the queryset, if needed."""
         paginator = self.get_paginator(
-            queryset, page_size, orphans=self.get_paginate_orphans(),
-            allow_empty_first_page=self.get_allow_empty())
+            queryset,
+            page_size,
+            orphans=self.get_paginate_orphans(),
+            allow_empty_first_page=self.get_allow_empty(),
+        )
         page_kwarg = self.page_kwarg
         page = self.kwargs.get(page_kwarg) or self.request.GET.get(page_kwarg) or 1
         try:
             page_number = int(page)
         except ValueError:
-            if page == 'last':
+            if page == "last":
                 page_number = paginator.num_pages
             else:
-                raise Http404(_('Page is not “last”, nor can it be converted to an int.'))
+                raise Http404(
+                    _("Page is not “last”, nor can it be converted to an int.")
+                )
         try:
             page = paginator.page(page_number)
             return (paginator, page, page.object_list, page.has_other_pages())
         except InvalidPage as e:
-            raise Http404(_('Invalid page (%(page_number)s): %(message)s') % {
-                'page_number': page_number,
-                'message': str(e)
-            })
+            raise Http404(
+                _("Invalid page (%(page_number)s): %(message)s")
+                % {"page_number": page_number, "message": str(e)}
+            )
 
     def get_paginate_by(self, queryset):
         """
@@ -80,12 +84,17 @@ class MultipleObjectMixin(ContextMixin):
         """
         return self.paginate_by
 
-    def get_paginator(self, queryset, per_page, orphans=0,
-                      allow_empty_first_page=True, **kwargs):
+    def get_paginator(
+        self, queryset, per_page, orphans=0, allow_empty_first_page=True, **kwargs
+    ):
         """Return an instance of the paginator for this view."""
         return self.paginator_class(
-            queryset, per_page, orphans=orphans,
-            allow_empty_first_page=allow_empty_first_page, **kwargs)
+            queryset,
+            per_page,
+            orphans=orphans,
+            allow_empty_first_page=allow_empty_first_page,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
 
     def get_paginate_orphans(self):
         """
@@ -105,8 +114,8 @@ class MultipleObjectMixin(ContextMixin):
         """Get the name of the item to be used in the context."""
         if self.context_object_name:
             return self.context_object_name
-        elif hasattr(object_list, 'model'):
-            return '%s_list' % object_list.model._meta.model_name
+        elif hasattr(object_list, "model"):
+            return "%s_list" % object_list.model._meta.model_name
         else:
             return None
 
@@ -116,19 +125,21 @@ class MultipleObjectMixin(ContextMixin):
         page_size = self.get_paginate_by(queryset)
         context_object_name = self.get_context_object_name(queryset)
         if page_size:
-            paginator, page, queryset, is_paginated = self.paginate_queryset(queryset, page_size)
+            paginator, page, queryset, is_paginated = self.paginate_queryset(
+                queryset, page_size
+            )
             context = {
-                'paginator': paginator,
-                'page_obj': page,
-                'is_paginated': is_paginated,
-                'object_list': queryset
+                "paginator": paginator,
+                "page_obj": page,
+                "is_paginated": is_paginated,
+                "object_list": queryset,
             }
         else:
             context = {
-                'paginator': None,
-                'page_obj': None,
-                'is_paginated': False,
-                'object_list': queryset
+                "paginator": None,
+                "page_obj": None,
+                "is_paginated": False,
+                "object_list": queryset,
             }
         if context_object_name is not None:
             context[context_object_name] = queryset
@@ -138,6 +149,7 @@ class MultipleObjectMixin(ContextMixin):
 
 class BaseListView(MultipleObjectMixin, View):
     """A base view for displaying a list of objects."""
+
     def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
         self.object_list = self.get_queryset()
         allow_empty = self.get_allow_empty()
@@ -146,21 +158,27 @@ class BaseListView(MultipleObjectMixin, View):
             # When pagination is enabled and object_list is a queryset,
             # it's better to do a cheap query than to load the unpaginated
             # queryset in memory.
-            if self.get_paginate_by(self.object_list) is not None and hasattr(self.object_list, 'exists'):
+            if self.get_paginate_by(self.object_list) is not None and hasattr(
+                self.object_list, "exists"
+            ):
                 is_empty = not self.object_list.exists()
             else:
                 is_empty = not self.object_list
             if is_empty:
-                raise Http404(_('Empty list and “%(class_name)s.allow_empty” is False.') % {
-                    'class_name': self.__class__.__name__,
-                })
+                raise Http404(
+                    _("Empty list and “%(class_name)s.allow_empty” is False.")
+                    % {
+                        "class_name": self.__class__.__name__,
+                    }
+                )
         context = self.get_context_data()
         return self.render_to_response(context)
 
 
 class MultipleObjectTemplateResponseMixin(TemplateResponseMixin):
     """Mixin for responding with a template and list of objects."""
-    template_name_suffix = '_list'
+
+    template_name_suffix = "_list"
 
     def get_template_names(self):
         """
@@ -178,14 +196,18 @@ class MultipleObjectTemplateResponseMixin(TemplateResponseMixin):
         # app and model name. This name gets put at the end of the template
         # name list so that user-supplied names override the automatically-
         # generated ones.
-        if hasattr(self.object_list, 'model'):
+        if hasattr(self.object_list, "model"):
             opts = self.object_list.model._meta
-            names.append("%s/%s%s.html" % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name, self.template_name_suffix))
+            names.append(
+                "%s/%s%s.html"
+                % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name, self.template_name_suffix)
+            )
         elif not names:
             raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                 "%(cls)s requires either a 'template_name' attribute "
-                "or a get_queryset() method that returns a QuerySet." % {
-                    'cls': self.__class__.__name__,
+                "or a get_queryset() method that returns a QuerySet."
+                % {
+                    "cls": self.__class__.__name__,
                 }
             )
         return names
diff --git a/django/views/i18n.py b/django/views/i18n.py
index 3a93c30d0a..b7eca510aa 100644
--- a/django/views/i18n.py
+++ b/django/views/i18n.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from django.utils.translation import check_for_language, get_language
 from django.utils.translation.trans_real import DjangoTranslation
 from django.views.generic import View
 
-LANGUAGE_QUERY_PARAMETER = 'language'
+LANGUAGE_QUERY_PARAMETER = "language"
 
 
 def set_language(request):
@@ -28,24 +28,23 @@ def set_language(request):
     redirect to the page in the request (the 'next' parameter) without changing
     any state.
     """
-    next_url = request.POST.get('next', request.GET.get('next'))
+    next_url = request.POST.get("next", request.GET.get("next"))
     if (
-        (next_url or request.accepts('text/html')) and
-        not url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(
-            url=next_url,
-            allowed_hosts={request.get_host()},
-            require_https=request.is_secure(),
-        )
+        next_url or request.accepts("text/html")
+    ) and not url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(
+        url=next_url,
+        allowed_hosts={request.get_host()},
+        require_https=request.is_secure(),
     ):
-        next_url = request.META.get('HTTP_REFERER')
+        next_url = request.META.get("HTTP_REFERER")
         if not url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(
             url=next_url,
             allowed_hosts={request.get_host()},
             require_https=request.is_secure(),
         ):
-            next_url = '/'
+            next_url = "/"
     response = HttpResponseRedirect(next_url) if next_url else HttpResponse(status=204)
-    if request.method == 'POST':
+    if request.method == "POST":
         lang_code = request.POST.get(LANGUAGE_QUERY_PARAMETER)
         if lang_code and check_for_language(lang_code):
             if next_url:
@@ -53,7 +52,8 @@ def set_language(request):
                 if next_trans != next_url:
                     response = HttpResponseRedirect(next_trans)
             response.set_cookie(
-                settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME, lang_code,
+                settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME,
+                lang_code,
                 max_age=settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_AGE,
                 path=settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_PATH,
                 domain=settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_DOMAIN,
@@ -67,11 +67,20 @@ def set_language(request):
 def get_formats():
     """Return all formats strings required for i18n to work."""
     FORMAT_SETTINGS = (
-        'DATE_FORMAT', 'DATETIME_FORMAT', 'TIME_FORMAT',
-        'YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT', 'MONTH_DAY_FORMAT', 'SHORT_DATE_FORMAT',
-        'SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT', 'FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK', 'DECIMAL_SEPARATOR',
-        'THOUSAND_SEPARATOR', 'NUMBER_GROUPING',
-        'DATE_INPUT_FORMATS', 'TIME_INPUT_FORMATS', 'DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS'
+        "DATE_FORMAT",
+        "DATETIME_FORMAT",
+        "TIME_FORMAT",
+        "YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT",
+        "MONTH_DAY_FORMAT",
+        "SHORT_DATE_FORMAT",
+        "SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT",
+        "FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK",
+        "DECIMAL_SEPARATOR",
+        "THOUSAND_SEPARATOR",
+        "NUMBER_GROUPING",
+        "DATE_INPUT_FORMATS",
+        "TIME_INPUT_FORMATS",
+        "DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS",
     )
     return {attr: get_format(attr) for attr in FORMAT_SETTINGS}
 
@@ -194,31 +203,37 @@ class JavaScriptCatalog(View):
     want to do that as JavaScript messages go to the djangojs domain. This
     might be needed if you deliver your JavaScript source from Django templates.
     """
-    domain = 'djangojs'
+
+    domain = "djangojs"
     packages = None
 
     def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
         locale = get_language()
-        domain = kwargs.get('domain', self.domain)
+        domain = kwargs.get("domain", self.domain)
         # If packages are not provided, default to all installed packages, as
         # DjangoTranslation without localedirs harvests them all.
-        packages = kwargs.get('packages', '')
-        packages = packages.split('+') if packages else self.packages
+        packages = kwargs.get("packages", "")
+        packages = packages.split("+") if packages else self.packages
         paths = self.get_paths(packages) if packages else None
         self.translation = DjangoTranslation(locale, domain=domain, localedirs=paths)
         context = self.get_context_data(**kwargs)
         return self.render_to_response(context)
 
     def get_paths(self, packages):
-        allowable_packages = {app_config.name: app_config for app_config in apps.get_app_configs()}
-        app_configs = [allowable_packages[p] for p in packages if p in allowable_packages]
+        allowable_packages = {
+            app_config.name: app_config for app_config in apps.get_app_configs()
+        }
+        app_configs = [
+            allowable_packages[p] for p in packages if p in allowable_packages
+        ]
         if len(app_configs) < len(packages):
             excluded = [p for p in packages if p not in allowable_packages]
             raise ValueError(
-                'Invalid package(s) provided to JavaScriptCatalog: %s' % ','.join(excluded)
+                "Invalid package(s) provided to JavaScriptCatalog: %s"
+                % ",".join(excluded)
             )
         # paths of requested packages
-        return [os.path.join(app.path, 'locale') for app in app_configs]
+        return [os.path.join(app.path, "locale") for app in app_configs]
 
     @property
     def _num_plurals(self):
@@ -226,7 +241,7 @@ class JavaScriptCatalog(View):
         Return the number of plurals for this catalog language, or 2 if no
         plural string is available.
         """
-        match = re.search(r'nplurals=\s*(\d+)', self._plural_string or '')
+        match = re.search(r"nplurals=\s*(\d+)", self._plural_string or "")
         if match:
             return int(match[1])
         return 2
@@ -237,10 +252,10 @@ class JavaScriptCatalog(View):
         Return the plural string (including nplurals) for this catalog language,
         or None if no plural string is available.
         """
-        if '' in self.translation._catalog:
-            for line in self.translation._catalog[''].split('\n'):
-                if line.startswith('Plural-Forms:'):
-                    return line.split(':', 1)[1].strip()
+        if "" in self.translation._catalog:
+            for line in self.translation._catalog[""].split("\n"):
+                if line.startswith("Plural-Forms:"):
+                    return line.split(":", 1)[1].strip()
         return None
 
     def get_plural(self):
@@ -249,7 +264,11 @@ class JavaScriptCatalog(View):
             # This should be a compiled function of a typical plural-form:
             # Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 :
             #               n%10>=2 && n%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2;
-            plural = [el.strip() for el in plural.split(';') if el.strip().startswith('plural=')][0].split('=', 1)[1]
+            plural = [
+                el.strip()
+                for el in plural.split(";")
+                if el.strip().startswith("plural=")
+            ][0].split("=", 1)[1]
         return plural
 
     def get_catalog(self):
@@ -257,10 +276,14 @@ class JavaScriptCatalog(View):
         num_plurals = self._num_plurals
         catalog = {}
         trans_cat = self.translation._catalog
-        trans_fallback_cat = self.translation._fallback._catalog if self.translation._fallback else {}
+        trans_fallback_cat = (
+            self.translation._fallback._catalog if self.translation._fallback else {}
+        )
         seen_keys = set()
-        for key, value in itertools.chain(trans_cat.items(), trans_fallback_cat.items()):
-            if key == '' or key in seen_keys:
+        for key, value in itertools.chain(
+            trans_cat.items(), trans_fallback_cat.items()
+        ):
+            if key == "" or key in seen_keys:
                 continue
             if isinstance(key, str):
                 catalog[key] = value
@@ -271,27 +294,33 @@ class JavaScriptCatalog(View):
                 raise TypeError(key)
             seen_keys.add(key)
         for k, v in pdict.items():
-            catalog[k] = [v.get(i, '') for i in range(num_plurals)]
+            catalog[k] = [v.get(i, "") for i in range(num_plurals)]
         return catalog
 
     def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
         return {
-            'catalog': self.get_catalog(),
-            'formats': get_formats(),
-            'plural': self.get_plural(),
+            "catalog": self.get_catalog(),
+            "formats": get_formats(),
+            "plural": self.get_plural(),
         }
 
     def render_to_response(self, context, **response_kwargs):
         def indent(s):
-            return s.replace('\n', '\n  ')
+            return s.replace("\n", "\n  ")
 
         template = Engine().from_string(js_catalog_template)
-        context['catalog_str'] = indent(
-            json.dumps(context['catalog'], sort_keys=True, indent=2)
-        ) if context['catalog'] else None
-        context['formats_str'] = indent(json.dumps(context['formats'], sort_keys=True, indent=2))
+        context["catalog_str"] = (
+            indent(json.dumps(context["catalog"], sort_keys=True, indent=2))
+            if context["catalog"]
+            else None
+        )
+        context["formats_str"] = indent(
+            json.dumps(context["formats"], sort_keys=True, indent=2)
+        )
 
-        return HttpResponse(template.render(Context(context)), 'text/javascript; charset="utf-8"')
+        return HttpResponse(
+            template.render(Context(context)), 'text/javascript; charset="utf-8"'
+        )
 
 
 class JSONCatalog(JavaScriptCatalog):
@@ -311,5 +340,6 @@ class JSONCatalog(JavaScriptCatalog):
             "plural": '...'  # Expression for plural forms, or null.
         }
     """
+
     def render_to_response(self, context, **response_kwargs):
         return JsonResponse(context)
diff --git a/django/views/static.py b/django/views/static.py
index 1d4900b1da..1c558a53ff 100644
--- a/django/views/static.py
+++ b/django/views/static.py
@@ -7,13 +7,12 @@ import posixpath
 import re
 from pathlib import Path
 
-from django.http import (
-    FileResponse, Http404, HttpResponse, HttpResponseNotModified,
-)
+from django.http import FileResponse, Http404, HttpResponse, HttpResponseNotModified
 from django.template import Context, Engine, TemplateDoesNotExist, loader
 from django.utils._os import safe_join
 from django.utils.http import http_date, parse_http_date
-from django.utils.translation import gettext as _, gettext_lazy
+from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
+from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy
 
 
 def serve(request, path, document_root=None, show_indexes=False):
@@ -32,22 +31,23 @@ def serve(request, path, document_root=None, show_indexes=False):
     but if you'd like to override it, you can create a template called
     ``static/directory_index.html``.
     """
-    path = posixpath.normpath(path).lstrip('/')
+    path = posixpath.normpath(path).lstrip("/")
     fullpath = Path(safe_join(document_root, path))
     if fullpath.is_dir():
         if show_indexes:
             return directory_index(path, fullpath)
         raise Http404(_("Directory indexes are not allowed here."))
     if not fullpath.exists():
-        raise Http404(_('“%(path)s” does not exist') % {'path': fullpath})
+        raise Http404(_("“%(path)s” does not exist") % {"path": fullpath})
     # Respect the If-Modified-Since header.
     statobj = fullpath.stat()
-    if not was_modified_since(request.META.get('HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE'),
-                              statobj.st_mtime, statobj.st_size):
+    if not was_modified_since(
+        request.META.get("HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE"), statobj.st_mtime, statobj.st_size
+    ):
         return HttpResponseNotModified()
     content_type, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(str(fullpath))
-    content_type = content_type or 'application/octet-stream'
-    response = FileResponse(fullpath.open('rb'), content_type=content_type)
+    content_type = content_type or "application/octet-stream"
+    response = FileResponse(fullpath.open("rb"), content_type=content_type)
     response.headers["Last-Modified"] = http_date(statobj.st_mtime)
     if encoding:
         response.headers["Content-Encoding"] = encoding
@@ -82,26 +82,32 @@ template_translatable = gettext_lazy("Index of %(directory)s")
 
 def directory_index(path, fullpath):
     try:
-        t = loader.select_template([
-            'static/directory_index.html',
-            'static/directory_index',
-        ])
+        t = loader.select_template(
+            [
+                "static/directory_index.html",
+                "static/directory_index",
+            ]
+        )
     except TemplateDoesNotExist:
-        t = Engine(libraries={'i18n': 'django.templatetags.i18n'}).from_string(DEFAULT_DIRECTORY_INDEX_TEMPLATE)
+        t = Engine(libraries={"i18n": "django.templatetags.i18n"}).from_string(
+            DEFAULT_DIRECTORY_INDEX_TEMPLATE
+        )
         c = Context()
     else:
         c = {}
     files = []
     for f in fullpath.iterdir():
-        if not f.name.startswith('.'):
+        if not f.name.startswith("."):
             url = str(f.relative_to(fullpath))
             if f.is_dir():
-                url += '/'
+                url += "/"
             files.append(url)
-    c.update({
-        'directory': path + '/',
-        'file_list': files,
-    })
+    c.update(
+        {
+            "directory": path + "/",
+            "file_list": files,
+        }
+    )
     return HttpResponse(t.render(c))
 
 
@@ -122,8 +128,7 @@ def was_modified_since(header=None, mtime=0, size=0):
     try:
         if header is None:
             raise ValueError
-        matches = re.match(r"^([^;]+)(; length=([0-9]+))?$", header,
-                           re.IGNORECASE)
+        matches = re.match(r"^([^;]+)(; length=([0-9]+))?$", header, re.IGNORECASE)
         header_mtime = parse_http_date(matches[1])
         header_len = matches[3]
         if header_len and int(header_len) != size:
diff --git a/docs/_ext/djangodocs.py b/docs/_ext/djangodocs.py
index 2829d581cd..f3c4321499 100644
--- a/docs/_ext/djangodocs.py
+++ b/docs/_ext/djangodocs.py
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ import re
 from docutils import nodes
 from docutils.parsers.rst import Directive
 from docutils.statemachine import ViewList
-from sphinx import addnodes, version_info as sphinx_version
+from sphinx import addnodes
+from sphinx import version_info as sphinx_version
 from sphinx.builders.html import StandaloneHTMLBuilder
 from sphinx.directives.code import CodeBlock
 from sphinx.domains.std import Cmdoption
@@ -19,8 +20,7 @@ from sphinx.writers.html import HTMLTranslator
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 # RE for option descriptions without a '--' prefix
-simple_option_desc_re = re.compile(
-    r'([-_a-zA-Z0-9]+)(\s*.*?)(?=,\s+(?:/|-|--)|$)')
+simple_option_desc_re = re.compile(r"([-_a-zA-Z0-9]+)(\s*.*?)(?=,\s+(?:/|-|--)|$)")
 
 
 def setup(app):
@@ -32,12 +32,12 @@ def setup(app):
     app.add_crossref_type(
         directivename="templatetag",
         rolename="ttag",
-        indextemplate="pair: %s; template tag"
+        indextemplate="pair: %s; template tag",
     )
     app.add_crossref_type(
         directivename="templatefilter",
         rolename="tfilter",
-        indextemplate="pair: %s; template filter"
+        indextemplate="pair: %s; template filter",
     )
     app.add_crossref_type(
         directivename="fieldlookup",
@@ -50,13 +50,13 @@ def setup(app):
         indextemplate="pair: %s; django-admin command",
         parse_node=parse_django_admin_node,
     )
-    app.add_directive('django-admin-option', Cmdoption)
-    app.add_config_value('django_next_version', '0.0', True)
-    app.add_directive('versionadded', VersionDirective)
-    app.add_directive('versionchanged', VersionDirective)
+    app.add_directive("django-admin-option", Cmdoption)
+    app.add_config_value("django_next_version", "0.0", True)
+    app.add_directive("versionadded", VersionDirective)
+    app.add_directive("versionchanged", VersionDirective)
     app.add_builder(DjangoStandaloneHTMLBuilder)
-    app.set_translator('djangohtml', DjangoHTMLTranslator)
-    app.set_translator('json', DjangoHTMLTranslator)
+    app.set_translator("djangohtml", DjangoHTMLTranslator)
+    app.set_translator("json", DjangoHTMLTranslator)
     app.add_node(
         ConsoleNode,
         html=(visit_console_html, None),
@@ -65,10 +65,10 @@ def setup(app):
         text=(visit_console_dummy, depart_console_dummy),
         texinfo=(visit_console_dummy, depart_console_dummy),
     )
-    app.add_directive('console', ConsoleDirective)
-    app.connect('html-page-context', html_page_context_hook)
-    app.add_role('default-role-error', default_role_error)
-    return {'parallel_read_safe': True}
+    app.add_directive("console", ConsoleDirective)
+    app.connect("html-page-context", html_page_context_hook)
+    app.add_role("default-role-error", default_role_error)
+    return {"parallel_read_safe": True}
 
 
 class VersionDirective(Directive):
@@ -82,7 +82,9 @@ class VersionDirective(Directive):
         if len(self.arguments) > 1:
             msg = """Only one argument accepted for directive '{directive_name}::'.
             Comments should be provided as content,
-            not as an extra argument.""".format(directive_name=self.name)
+            not as an extra argument.""".format(
+                directive_name=self.name
+            )
             raise self.error(msg)
 
         env = self.state.document.settings.env
@@ -91,18 +93,18 @@ class VersionDirective(Directive):
         ret.append(node)
 
         if self.arguments[0] == env.config.django_next_version:
-            node['version'] = "Development version"
+            node["version"] = "Development version"
         else:
-            node['version'] = self.arguments[0]
+            node["version"] = self.arguments[0]
 
-        node['type'] = self.name
+        node["type"] = self.name
         if self.content:
             self.state.nested_parse(self.content, self.content_offset, node)
         try:
-            env.get_domain('changeset').note_changeset(node)
+            env.get_domain("changeset").note_changeset(node)
         except ExtensionError:
             # Sphinx < 1.8: Domain 'changeset' is not registered
-            env.note_versionchange(node['type'], node['version'], node, self.lineno)
+            env.note_versionchange(node["type"], node["version"], node, self.lineno)
         return ret
 
 
@@ -120,23 +122,25 @@ class DjangoHTMLTranslator(HTMLTranslator):
             self._table_row_indices.append(0)
         else:
             self._table_row_index = 0
-        self.body.append(self.starttag(node, 'table', CLASS='docutils'))
+        self.body.append(self.starttag(node, "table", CLASS="docutils"))
 
     def depart_table(self, node):
         self.compact_p = self.context.pop()
         if sphinx_version >= (4, 3):
             self._table_row_indices.pop()
-        self.body.append('</table>\n')
+        self.body.append("</table>\n")
 
     def visit_desc_parameterlist(self, node):
-        self.body.append('(')  # by default sphinx puts <big> around the "("
+        self.body.append("(")  # by default sphinx puts <big> around the "("
         self.first_param = 1
         self.optional_param_level = 0
         self.param_separator = node.child_text_separator
-        self.required_params_left = sum(isinstance(c, addnodes.desc_parameter) for c in node.children)
+        self.required_params_left = sum(
+            isinstance(c, addnodes.desc_parameter) for c in node.children
+        )
 
     def depart_desc_parameterlist(self, node):
-        self.body.append(')')
+        self.body.append(")")
 
     #
     # Turn the "new in version" stuff (versionadded/versionchanged) into a
@@ -148,20 +152,15 @@ class DjangoHTMLTranslator(HTMLTranslator):
     # that work.
     #
     version_text = {
-        'versionchanged': 'Changed in Django %s',
-        'versionadded': 'New in Django %s',
+        "versionchanged": "Changed in Django %s",
+        "versionadded": "New in Django %s",
     }
 
     def visit_versionmodified(self, node):
-        self.body.append(
-            self.starttag(node, 'div', CLASS=node['type'])
-        )
-        version_text = self.version_text.get(node['type'])
+        self.body.append(self.starttag(node, "div", CLASS=node["type"]))
+        version_text = self.version_text.get(node["type"])
         if version_text:
-            title = "%s%s" % (
-                version_text % node['version'],
-                ":" if len(node) else "."
-            )
+            title = "%s%s" % (version_text % node["version"], ":" if len(node) else ".")
             self.body.append('<span class="title">%s</span> ' % title)
 
     def depart_versionmodified(self, node):
@@ -169,16 +168,16 @@ class DjangoHTMLTranslator(HTMLTranslator):
 
     # Give each section a unique ID -- nice for custom CSS hooks
     def visit_section(self, node):
-        old_ids = node.get('ids', [])
-        node['ids'] = ['s-' + i for i in old_ids]
-        node['ids'].extend(old_ids)
+        old_ids = node.get("ids", [])
+        node["ids"] = ["s-" + i for i in old_ids]
+        node["ids"].extend(old_ids)
         super().visit_section(node)
-        node['ids'] = old_ids
+        node["ids"] = old_ids
 
 
 def parse_django_admin_node(env, sig, signode):
-    command = sig.split(' ')[0]
-    env.ref_context['std:program'] = command
+    command = sig.split(" ")[0]
+    env.ref_context["std:program"] = command
     title = "django-admin %s" % sig
     signode += addnodes.desc_name(title, title)
     return command
@@ -189,7 +188,7 @@ class DjangoStandaloneHTMLBuilder(StandaloneHTMLBuilder):
     Subclass to add some extra things we need.
     """
 
-    name = 'djangohtml'
+    name = "djangohtml"
 
     def finish(self):
         super().finish()
@@ -197,19 +196,21 @@ class DjangoStandaloneHTMLBuilder(StandaloneHTMLBuilder):
         xrefs = self.env.domaindata["std"]["objects"]
         templatebuiltins = {
             "ttags": [
-                n for ((t, n), (k, a)) in xrefs.items()
+                n
+                for ((t, n), (k, a)) in xrefs.items()
                 if t == "templatetag" and k == "ref/templates/builtins"
             ],
             "tfilters": [
-                n for ((t, n), (k, a)) in xrefs.items()
+                n
+                for ((t, n), (k, a)) in xrefs.items()
                 if t == "templatefilter" and k == "ref/templates/builtins"
             ],
         }
         outfilename = os.path.join(self.outdir, "templatebuiltins.js")
-        with open(outfilename, 'w') as fp:
-            fp.write('var django_template_builtins = ')
+        with open(outfilename, "w") as fp:
+            fp.write("var django_template_builtins = ")
             json.dump(templatebuiltins, fp)
-            fp.write(';\n')
+            fp.write(";\n")
 
 
 class ConsoleNode(nodes.literal_block):
@@ -217,13 +218,14 @@ class ConsoleNode(nodes.literal_block):
     Custom node to override the visit/depart event handlers at registration
     time. Wrap a literal_block object and defer to it.
     """
-    tagname = 'ConsoleNode'
+
+    tagname = "ConsoleNode"
 
     def __init__(self, litblk_obj):
         self.wrapped = litblk_obj
 
     def __getattr__(self, attr):
-        if attr == 'wrapped':
+        if attr == "wrapped":
             return self.__dict__.wrapped
         return getattr(self.wrapped, attr)
 
@@ -240,38 +242,43 @@ def depart_console_dummy(self, node):
 
 def visit_console_html(self, node):
     """Generate HTML for the console directive."""
-    if self.builder.name in ('djangohtml', 'json') and node['win_console_text']:
+    if self.builder.name in ("djangohtml", "json") and node["win_console_text"]:
         # Put a mark on the document object signaling the fact the directive
         # has been used on it.
         self.document._console_directive_used_flag = True
-        uid = node['uid']
-        self.body.append('''\
+        uid = node["uid"]
+        self.body.append(
+            """\
 <div class="console-block" id="console-block-%(id)s">
 <input class="c-tab-unix" id="c-tab-%(id)s-unix" type="radio" name="console-%(id)s" checked>
 <label for="c-tab-%(id)s-unix" title="Linux/macOS">&#xf17c/&#xf179</label>
 <input class="c-tab-win" id="c-tab-%(id)s-win" type="radio" name="console-%(id)s">
 <label for="c-tab-%(id)s-win" title="Windows">&#xf17a</label>
-<section class="c-content-unix" id="c-content-%(id)s-unix">\n''' % {'id': uid})
+<section class="c-content-unix" id="c-content-%(id)s-unix">\n"""
+            % {"id": uid}
+        )
         try:
             self.visit_literal_block(node)
         except nodes.SkipNode:
             pass
-        self.body.append('</section>\n')
+        self.body.append("</section>\n")
 
-        self.body.append('<section class="c-content-win" id="c-content-%(id)s-win">\n' % {'id': uid})
-        win_text = node['win_console_text']
-        highlight_args = {'force': True}
-        linenos = node.get('linenos', False)
+        self.body.append(
+            '<section class="c-content-win" id="c-content-%(id)s-win">\n' % {"id": uid}
+        )
+        win_text = node["win_console_text"]
+        highlight_args = {"force": True}
+        linenos = node.get("linenos", False)
 
         def warner(msg):
             self.builder.warn(msg, (self.builder.current_docname, node.line))
 
         highlighted = self.highlighter.highlight_block(
-            win_text, 'doscon', warn=warner, linenos=linenos, **highlight_args
+            win_text, "doscon", warn=warner, linenos=linenos, **highlight_args
         )
         self.body.append(highlighted)
-        self.body.append('</section>\n')
-        self.body.append('</div>\n')
+        self.body.append("</section>\n")
+        self.body.append("</div>\n")
         raise nodes.SkipNode
     else:
         self.visit_literal_block(node)
@@ -283,54 +290,54 @@ class ConsoleDirective(CodeBlock):
     the second tab shows a Windows command line equivalent of the usual
     Unix-oriented examples.
     """
+
     required_arguments = 0
     # The 'doscon' Pygments formatter needs a prompt like this. '>' alone
     # won't do it because then it simply paints the whole command line as a
     # gray comment with no highlighting at all.
-    WIN_PROMPT = r'...\> '
+    WIN_PROMPT = r"...\> "
 
     def run(self):
-
         def args_to_win(cmdline):
             changed = False
             out = []
             for token in cmdline.split():
-                if token[:2] == './':
+                if token[:2] == "./":
                     token = token[2:]
                     changed = True
-                elif token[:2] == '~/':
-                    token = '%HOMEPATH%\\' + token[2:]
+                elif token[:2] == "~/":
+                    token = "%HOMEPATH%\\" + token[2:]
                     changed = True
-                elif token == 'make':
-                    token = 'make.bat'
+                elif token == "make":
+                    token = "make.bat"
                     changed = True
-                if '://' not in token and 'git' not in cmdline:
-                    out.append(token.replace('/', '\\'))
+                if "://" not in token and "git" not in cmdline:
+                    out.append(token.replace("/", "\\"))
                     changed = True
                 else:
                     out.append(token)
             if changed:
-                return ' '.join(out)
+                return " ".join(out)
             return cmdline
 
         def cmdline_to_win(line):
-            if line.startswith('# '):
-                return 'REM ' + args_to_win(line[2:])
-            if line.startswith('$ # '):
-                return 'REM ' + args_to_win(line[4:])
-            if line.startswith('$ ./manage.py'):
-                return 'manage.py ' + args_to_win(line[13:])
-            if line.startswith('$ manage.py'):
-                return 'manage.py ' + args_to_win(line[11:])
-            if line.startswith('$ ./runtests.py'):
-                return 'runtests.py ' + args_to_win(line[15:])
-            if line.startswith('$ ./'):
+            if line.startswith("# "):
+                return "REM " + args_to_win(line[2:])
+            if line.startswith("$ # "):
+                return "REM " + args_to_win(line[4:])
+            if line.startswith("$ ./manage.py"):
+                return "manage.py " + args_to_win(line[13:])
+            if line.startswith("$ manage.py"):
+                return "manage.py " + args_to_win(line[11:])
+            if line.startswith("$ ./runtests.py"):
+                return "runtests.py " + args_to_win(line[15:])
+            if line.startswith("$ ./"):
                 return args_to_win(line[4:])
-            if line.startswith('$ python3'):
-                return 'py ' + args_to_win(line[9:])
-            if line.startswith('$ python'):
-                return 'py ' + args_to_win(line[8:])
-            if line.startswith('$ '):
+            if line.startswith("$ python3"):
+                return "py " + args_to_win(line[9:])
+            if line.startswith("$ python"):
+                return "py " + args_to_win(line[8:])
+            if line.startswith("$ "):
                 return args_to_win(line[2:])
             return None
 
@@ -349,23 +356,23 @@ class ConsoleDirective(CodeBlock):
             return None
 
         env = self.state.document.settings.env
-        self.arguments = ['console']
+        self.arguments = ["console"]
         lit_blk_obj = super().run()[0]
 
         # Only do work when the djangohtml HTML Sphinx builder is being used,
         # invoke the default behavior for the rest.
-        if env.app.builder.name not in ('djangohtml', 'json'):
+        if env.app.builder.name not in ("djangohtml", "json"):
             return [lit_blk_obj]
 
-        lit_blk_obj['uid'] = str(env.new_serialno('console'))
+        lit_blk_obj["uid"] = str(env.new_serialno("console"))
         # Only add the tabbed UI if there is actually a Windows-specific
         # version of the CLI example.
         win_content = code_block_to_win(self.content)
         if win_content is None:
-            lit_blk_obj['win_console_text'] = None
+            lit_blk_obj["win_console_text"] = None
         else:
             self.content = win_content
-            lit_blk_obj['win_console_text'] = super().run()[0].rawsource
+            lit_blk_obj["win_console_text"] = super().run()[0].rawsource
 
         # Replace the literal_node object returned by Sphinx's CodeBlock with
         # the ConsoleNode wrapper.
@@ -377,7 +384,9 @@ def html_page_context_hook(app, pagename, templatename, context, doctree):
     # control inclusion of console-tabs.css and activation of the JavaScript.
     # This way it's include only from HTML files rendered from reST files where
     # the ConsoleDirective is used.
-    context['include_console_assets'] = getattr(doctree, '_console_directive_used_flag', False)
+    context["include_console_assets"] = getattr(
+        doctree, "_console_directive_used_flag", False
+    )
 
 
 def default_role_error(
@@ -385,8 +394,7 @@ def default_role_error(
 ):
     msg = (
         "Default role used (`single backticks`): %s. Did you mean to use two "
-        "backticks for ``code``, or miss an underscore for a `link`_ ?"
-        % rawtext
+        "backticks for ``code``, or miss an underscore for a `link`_ ?" % rawtext
     )
     logger.warning(msg, location=(inliner.document.current_source, lineno))
     return [nodes.Text(text)], []
diff --git a/docs/conf.py b/docs/conf.py
index 81a8ce4a2a..41301337ee 100644
--- a/docs/conf.py
+++ b/docs/conf.py
@@ -32,13 +32,13 @@ sys.path.append(abspath(join(dirname(__file__), "_ext")))
 # -- General configuration -----------------------------------------------------
 
 # If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
-needs_sphinx = '1.6.0'
+needs_sphinx = "1.6.0"
 
 # Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be extensions
 # coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom ones.
 extensions = [
     "djangodocs",
-    'sphinx.ext.extlinks',
+    "sphinx.ext.extlinks",
     "sphinx.ext.intersphinx",
     "sphinx.ext.viewcode",
     "sphinx.ext.autosectionlabel",
@@ -53,35 +53,35 @@ autosectionlabel_maxdepth = 2
 # Linkcheck settings.
 linkcheck_ignore = [
     # Special-use addresses and domain names. (RFC 6761/6890)
-    r'^https?://(?:127\.0\.0\.1|\[::1\])(?::\d+)?/',
-    r'^https?://(?:[^/\.]+\.)*example\.(?:com|net|org)(?::\d+)?/',
-    r'^https?://(?:[^/\.]+\.)*(?:example|invalid|localhost|test)(?::\d+)?/',
+    r"^https?://(?:127\.0\.0\.1|\[::1\])(?::\d+)?/",
+    r"^https?://(?:[^/\.]+\.)*example\.(?:com|net|org)(?::\d+)?/",
+    r"^https?://(?:[^/\.]+\.)*(?:example|invalid|localhost|test)(?::\d+)?/",
     # Pages that are inaccessible because they require authentication.
-    r'^https://github\.com/[^/]+/[^/]+/fork',
-    r'^https://code\.djangoproject\.com/github/login',
-    r'^https://code\.djangoproject\.com/newticket',
-    r'^https://(?:code|www)\.djangoproject\.com/admin/',
-    r'^https://www\.djangoproject\.com/community/add/blogs/',
-    r'^https://www\.google\.com/webmasters/tools/ping',
-    r'^https://search\.google\.com/search-console/welcome',
+    r"^https://github\.com/[^/]+/[^/]+/fork",
+    r"^https://code\.djangoproject\.com/github/login",
+    r"^https://code\.djangoproject\.com/newticket",
+    r"^https://(?:code|www)\.djangoproject\.com/admin/",
+    r"^https://www\.djangoproject\.com/community/add/blogs/",
+    r"^https://www\.google\.com/webmasters/tools/ping",
+    r"^https://search\.google\.com/search-console/welcome",
     # Fragments used to dynamically switch content or populate fields.
-    r'^https://web\.libera\.chat/#',
-    r'^https://github\.com/[^#]+#L\d+-L\d+$',
-    r'^https://help\.apple\.com/itc/podcasts_connect/#/itc',
+    r"^https://web\.libera\.chat/#",
+    r"^https://github\.com/[^#]+#L\d+-L\d+$",
+    r"^https://help\.apple\.com/itc/podcasts_connect/#/itc",
     # Anchors on certain pages with missing a[name] attributes.
-    r'^https://tools\.ietf\.org/html/rfc1123\.html#section-',
+    r"^https://tools\.ietf\.org/html/rfc1123\.html#section-",
 ]
 
 # Spelling check needs an additional module that is not installed by default.
 # Add it only if spelling check is requested so docs can be generated without it.
-if 'spelling' in sys.argv:
+if "spelling" in sys.argv:
     extensions.append("sphinxcontrib.spelling")
 
 # Spelling language.
-spelling_lang = 'en_US'
+spelling_lang = "en_US"
 
 # Location of word list.
-spelling_word_list_filename = 'spelling_wordlist'
+spelling_word_list_filename = "spelling_wordlist"
 
 spelling_warning = True
 
@@ -89,17 +89,17 @@ spelling_warning = True
 # templates_path = []
 
 # The suffix of source filenames.
-source_suffix = '.txt'
+source_suffix = ".txt"
 
 # The encoding of source files.
 # source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
 
 # The master toctree document.
-master_doc = 'contents'
+master_doc = "contents"
 
 # General substitutions.
-project = 'Django'
-copyright = 'Django Software Foundation and contributors'
+project = "Django"
+copyright = "Django Software Foundation and contributors"
 
 
 # The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
@@ -107,31 +107,32 @@ copyright = 'Django Software Foundation and contributors'
 # built documents.
 #
 # The short X.Y version.
-version = '4.1'
+version = "4.1"
 # The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
 try:
     from django import VERSION, get_version
 except ImportError:
     release = version
 else:
+
     def django_release():
         pep440ver = get_version()
-        if VERSION[3:5] == ('alpha', 0) and 'dev' not in pep440ver:
-            return pep440ver + '.dev'
+        if VERSION[3:5] == ("alpha", 0) and "dev" not in pep440ver:
+            return pep440ver + ".dev"
         return pep440ver
 
     release = django_release()
 
 # The "development version" of Django
-django_next_version = '4.1'
+django_next_version = "4.1"
 
 extlinks = {
-    'bpo': ('https://bugs.python.org/issue%s', 'bpo-'),
-    'commit': ('https://github.com/django/django/commit/%s', ''),
-    'cve': ('https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-%s', 'CVE-'),
+    "bpo": ("https://bugs.python.org/issue%s", "bpo-"),
+    "commit": ("https://github.com/django/django/commit/%s", ""),
+    "cve": ("https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-%s", "CVE-"),
     # A file or directory. GitHub redirects from blob to tree if needed.
-    'source': ('https://github.com/django/django/blob/main/%s', ''),
-    'ticket': ('https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/%s', '#'),
+    "source": ("https://github.com/django/django/blob/main/%s", ""),
+    "ticket": ("https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/%s", "#"),
 }
 
 # The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
@@ -139,17 +140,17 @@ extlinks = {
 # language = None
 
 # Location for .po/.mo translation files used when language is set
-locale_dirs = ['locale/']
+locale_dirs = ["locale/"]
 
 # There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
 # non-false value, then it is used:
 # today = ''
 # Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
-today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
+today_fmt = "%B %d, %Y"
 
 # List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
 # directories to ignore when looking for source files.
-exclude_patterns = ['_build', '_theme', 'requirements.txt']
+exclude_patterns = ["_build", "_theme", "requirements.txt"]
 
 # The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all documents.
 default_role = "default-role-error"
@@ -166,21 +167,21 @@ add_module_names = False
 show_authors = False
 
 # The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
-pygments_style = 'trac'
+pygments_style = "trac"
 
 # Links to Python's docs should reference the most recent version of the 3.x
 # branch, which is located at this URL.
 intersphinx_mapping = {
-    'python': ('https://docs.python.org/3/', None),
-    'sphinx': ('https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/', None),
-    'psycopg2': ('https://www.psycopg.org/docs/', None),
+    "python": ("https://docs.python.org/3/", None),
+    "sphinx": ("https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/", None),
+    "psycopg2": ("https://www.psycopg.org/docs/", None),
 }
 
 # Python's docs don't change every week.
 intersphinx_cache_limit = 90  # days
 
 # The 'versionadded' and 'versionchanged' directives are overridden.
-suppress_warnings = ['app.add_directive']
+suppress_warnings = ["app.add_directive"]
 
 # -- Options for HTML output ---------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -219,7 +220,7 @@ html_theme_path = ["_theme"]
 
 # If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom,
 # using the given strftime format.
-html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
+html_last_updated_fmt = "%b %d, %Y"
 
 # Content template for the index page.
 # html_index = ''
@@ -258,7 +259,7 @@ html_additional_pages = {}
 # html_file_suffix = None
 
 # Output file base name for HTML help builder.
-htmlhelp_basename = 'Djangodoc'
+htmlhelp_basename = "Djangodoc"
 
 modindex_common_prefix = ["django."]
 
@@ -273,14 +274,14 @@ rst_epilog = """
 # -- Options for LaTeX output --------------------------------------------------
 
 # Use XeLaTeX for Unicode support.
-latex_engine = 'xelatex'
+latex_engine = "xelatex"
 latex_use_xindy = False
 # Set font for CJK and fallbacks for unicode characters.
 latex_elements = {
-    'fontpkg': r"""
+    "fontpkg": r"""
         \setmainfont{Symbola}
     """,
-    'preamble': r"""
+    "preamble": r"""
         \usepackage{newunicodechar}
         \usepackage[UTF8]{ctex}
         \newunicodechar{π}{\ensuremath{\pi}}
@@ -295,8 +296,13 @@ latex_elements = {
 # (source start file, target name, title, author, document class [howto/manual]).
 # latex_documents = []
 latex_documents = [
-    ('contents', 'django.tex', 'Django Documentation',
-     'Django Software Foundation', 'manual'),
+    (
+        "contents",
+        "django.tex",
+        "Django Documentation",
+        "Django Software Foundation",
+        "manual",
+    ),
 ]
 
 # The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
@@ -324,31 +330,41 @@ latex_documents = [
 
 # One entry per manual page. List of tuples
 # (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
-man_pages = [(
-    'ref/django-admin',
-    'django-admin',
-    'Utility script for the Django web framework',
-    ['Django Software Foundation'],
-    1
-)]
+man_pages = [
+    (
+        "ref/django-admin",
+        "django-admin",
+        "Utility script for the Django web framework",
+        ["Django Software Foundation"],
+        1,
+    )
+]
 
 
 # -- Options for Texinfo output ------------------------------------------------
 
 # List of tuples (startdocname, targetname, title, author, dir_entry,
 # description, category, toctree_only)
-texinfo_documents = [(
-    master_doc, "django", "", "", "Django",
-    "Documentation of the Django framework", "Web development", False
-)]
+texinfo_documents = [
+    (
+        master_doc,
+        "django",
+        "",
+        "",
+        "Django",
+        "Documentation of the Django framework",
+        "Web development",
+        False,
+    )
+]
 
 
 # -- Options for Epub output ---------------------------------------------------
 
 # Bibliographic Dublin Core info.
 epub_title = project
-epub_author = 'Django Software Foundation'
-epub_publisher = 'Django Software Foundation'
+epub_author = "Django Software Foundation"
+epub_publisher = "Django Software Foundation"
 epub_copyright = copyright
 
 # The basename for the epub file. It defaults to the project name.
@@ -358,7 +374,7 @@ epub_copyright = copyright
 # for small screen space, using the same theme for HTML and epub output is
 # usually not wise. This defaults to 'epub', a theme designed to save visual
 # space.
-epub_theme = 'djangodocs-epub'
+epub_theme = "djangodocs-epub"
 
 # The language of the text. It defaults to the language option
 # or en if the language is not set.
@@ -375,7 +391,7 @@ epub_theme = 'djangodocs-epub'
 # epub_uid = ''
 
 # A tuple containing the cover image and cover page html template filenames.
-epub_cover = ('', 'epub-cover.html')
+epub_cover = ("", "epub-cover.html")
 
 # A sequence of (type, uri, title) tuples for the guide element of content.opf.
 # epub_guide = ()
diff --git a/scripts/manage_translations.py b/scripts/manage_translations.py
index fd394e10ab..5b82011f20 100644
--- a/scripts/manage_translations.py
+++ b/scripts/manage_translations.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import django
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.management import call_command
 
-HAVE_JS = ['admin']
+HAVE_JS = ["admin"]
 
 
 def _get_locale_dirs(resources, include_core=True):
@@ -35,33 +35,35 @@ def _get_locale_dirs(resources, include_core=True):
     optionally including the django core catalog.
     If resources list is not None, filter directories matching resources content.
     """
-    contrib_dir = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'django', 'contrib')
+    contrib_dir = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "django", "contrib")
     dirs = []
 
     # Collect all locale directories
     for contrib_name in os.listdir(contrib_dir):
-        path = os.path.join(contrib_dir, contrib_name, 'locale')
+        path = os.path.join(contrib_dir, contrib_name, "locale")
         if os.path.isdir(path):
             dirs.append((contrib_name, path))
             if contrib_name in HAVE_JS:
                 dirs.append(("%s-js" % contrib_name, path))
     if include_core:
-        dirs.insert(0, ('core', os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'django', 'conf', 'locale')))
+        dirs.insert(0, ("core", os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "django", "conf", "locale")))
 
     # Filter by resources, if any
     if resources is not None:
         res_names = [d[0] for d in dirs]
         dirs = [ld for ld in dirs if ld[0] in resources]
         if len(resources) > len(dirs):
-            print("You have specified some unknown resources. "
-                  "Available resource names are: %s" % (', '.join(res_names),))
+            print(
+                "You have specified some unknown resources. "
+                "Available resource names are: %s" % (", ".join(res_names),)
+            )
             exit(1)
     return dirs
 
 
 def _tx_resource_for_name(name):
-    """ Return the Transifex resource name """
-    if name == 'core':
+    """Return the Transifex resource name"""
+    if name == "core":
         return "django.core"
     else:
         return "django.contrib-%s" % name
@@ -71,10 +73,15 @@ def _check_diff(cat_name, base_path):
     """
     Output the approximate number of changed/added strings in the en catalog.
     """
-    po_path = '%(path)s/en/LC_MESSAGES/django%(ext)s.po' % {
-        'path': base_path, 'ext': 'js' if cat_name.endswith('-js') else ''}
-    p = run("git diff -U0 %s | egrep '^[-+]msgid' | wc -l" % po_path,
-            capture_output=True, shell=True)
+    po_path = "%(path)s/en/LC_MESSAGES/django%(ext)s.po" % {
+        "path": base_path,
+        "ext": "js" if cat_name.endswith("-js") else "",
+    }
+    p = run(
+        "git diff -U0 %s | egrep '^[-+]msgid' | wc -l" % po_path,
+        capture_output=True,
+        shell=True,
+    )
     num_changes = int(p.stdout.strip())
     print("%d changed/added messages in '%s' catalog." % (num_changes, cat_name))
 
@@ -90,14 +97,14 @@ def update_catalogs(resources=None, languages=None):
         print("`update_catalogs` will always process all resources.")
     contrib_dirs = _get_locale_dirs(None, include_core=False)
 
-    os.chdir(os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'django'))
+    os.chdir(os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "django"))
     print("Updating en catalogs for Django and contrib apps...")
-    call_command('makemessages', locale=['en'])
+    call_command("makemessages", locale=["en"])
     print("Updating en JS catalogs for Django and contrib apps...")
-    call_command('makemessages', locale=['en'], domain='djangojs')
+    call_command("makemessages", locale=["en"], domain="djangojs")
 
     # Output changed stats
-    _check_diff('core', os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'conf', 'locale'))
+    _check_diff("core", os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "conf", "locale"))
     for name, dir_ in contrib_dirs:
         _check_diff(name, dir_)
 
@@ -113,26 +120,26 @@ def lang_stats(resources=None, languages=None):
 
     for name, dir_ in locale_dirs:
         print("\nShowing translations stats for '%s':" % name)
-        langs = sorted(d for d in os.listdir(dir_) if not d.startswith('_'))
+        langs = sorted(d for d in os.listdir(dir_) if not d.startswith("_"))
         for lang in langs:
             if languages and lang not in languages:
                 continue
             # TODO: merge first with the latest en catalog
-            po_path = '{path}/{lang}/LC_MESSAGES/django{ext}.po'.format(
-                path=dir_, lang=lang, ext='js' if name.endswith('-js') else ''
+            po_path = "{path}/{lang}/LC_MESSAGES/django{ext}.po".format(
+                path=dir_, lang=lang, ext="js" if name.endswith("-js") else ""
             )
             p = run(
-                ['msgfmt', '-vc', '-o', '/dev/null', po_path],
+                ["msgfmt", "-vc", "-o", "/dev/null", po_path],
                 capture_output=True,
-                env={'LANG': 'C'},
-                encoding='utf-8',
+                env={"LANG": "C"},
+                encoding="utf-8",
             )
             if p.returncode == 0:
                 # msgfmt output stats on stderr
-                print('%s: %s' % (lang, p.stderr.strip()))
+                print("%s: %s" % (lang, p.stderr.strip()))
             else:
                 print(
-                    'Errors happened when checking %s translation for %s:\n%s'
+                    "Errors happened when checking %s translation for %s:\n%s"
                     % (lang, name, p.stderr)
                 )
 
@@ -147,23 +154,40 @@ def fetch(resources=None, languages=None):
     for name, dir_ in locale_dirs:
         # Transifex pull
         if languages is None:
-            run(['tx', 'pull', '-r', _tx_resource_for_name(name), '-a', '-f', '--minimum-perc=5'])
-            target_langs = sorted(d for d in os.listdir(dir_) if not d.startswith('_') and d != 'en')
+            run(
+                [
+                    "tx",
+                    "pull",
+                    "-r",
+                    _tx_resource_for_name(name),
+                    "-a",
+                    "-f",
+                    "--minimum-perc=5",
+                ]
+            )
+            target_langs = sorted(
+                d for d in os.listdir(dir_) if not d.startswith("_") and d != "en"
+            )
         else:
             for lang in languages:
-                run(['tx', 'pull', '-r', _tx_resource_for_name(name), '-f', '-l', lang])
+                run(["tx", "pull", "-r", _tx_resource_for_name(name), "-f", "-l", lang])
             target_langs = languages
 
         # msgcat to wrap lines and msgfmt for compilation of .mo file
         for lang in target_langs:
-            po_path = '%(path)s/%(lang)s/LC_MESSAGES/django%(ext)s.po' % {
-                'path': dir_, 'lang': lang, 'ext': 'js' if name.endswith('-js') else ''}
+            po_path = "%(path)s/%(lang)s/LC_MESSAGES/django%(ext)s.po" % {
+                "path": dir_,
+                "lang": lang,
+                "ext": "js" if name.endswith("-js") else "",
+            }
             if not os.path.exists(po_path):
-                print("No %(lang)s translation for resource %(name)s" % {
-                    'lang': lang, 'name': name})
+                print(
+                    "No %(lang)s translation for resource %(name)s"
+                    % {"lang": lang, "name": name}
+                )
                 continue
-            run(['msgcat', '--no-location', '-o', po_path, po_path])
-            msgfmt = run(['msgfmt', '-c', '-o', '%s.mo' % po_path[:-3], po_path])
+            run(["msgcat", "--no-location", "-o", po_path, po_path])
+            msgfmt = run(["msgfmt", "-c", "-o", "%s.mo" % po_path[:-3], po_path])
             if msgfmt.returncode != 0:
                 errors.append((name, lang))
     if errors:
@@ -174,12 +198,22 @@ def fetch(resources=None, languages=None):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    RUNABLE_SCRIPTS = ('update_catalogs', 'lang_stats', 'fetch')
+    RUNABLE_SCRIPTS = ("update_catalogs", "lang_stats", "fetch")
 
     parser = ArgumentParser()
-    parser.add_argument('cmd', nargs=1, choices=RUNABLE_SCRIPTS)
-    parser.add_argument("-r", "--resources", action='append', help="limit operation to the specified resources")
-    parser.add_argument("-l", "--languages", action='append', help="limit operation to the specified languages")
+    parser.add_argument("cmd", nargs=1, choices=RUNABLE_SCRIPTS)
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-r",
+        "--resources",
+        action="append",
+        help="limit operation to the specified resources",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-l",
+        "--languages",
+        action="append",
+        help="limit operation to the specified languages",
+    )
     options = parser.parse_args()
 
     eval(options.cmd[0])(options.resources, options.languages)
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 43a5f69365..ef91130d47 100644
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from setuptools import setup
 
 # Allow editable install into user site directory.
 # See https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/7953.
-site.ENABLE_USER_SITE = '--user' in sys.argv[1:]
+site.ENABLE_USER_SITE = "--user" in sys.argv[1:]
 
 # Warn if we are installing over top of an existing installation. This can
 # cause issues where files that were deleted from a more recent Django are
@@ -32,7 +32,8 @@ setup()
 
 
 if overlay_warning:
-    sys.stderr.write("""
+    sys.stderr.write(
+        """
 
 ========
 WARNING!
@@ -49,4 +50,6 @@ should manually remove the
 
 directory and re-install Django.
 
-""" % {"existing_path": existing_path})
+"""
+        % {"existing_path": existing_path}
+    )
diff --git a/tests/absolute_url_overrides/tests.py b/tests/absolute_url_overrides/tests.py
index 6879283083..b9a7e4cd64 100644
--- a/tests/absolute_url_overrides/tests.py
+++ b/tests/absolute_url_overrides/tests.py
@@ -3,35 +3,39 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.test.utils import isolate_apps
 
 
-@isolate_apps('absolute_url_overrides')
+@isolate_apps("absolute_url_overrides")
 class AbsoluteUrlOverrideTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_get_absolute_url(self):
         """
         get_absolute_url() functions as a normal method.
         """
-        def get_absolute_url(o):
-            return '/test-a/%s/' % o.pk
-        TestA = self._create_model_class('TestA', get_absolute_url)
 
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(TestA, 'get_absolute_url'))
-        obj = TestA(pk=1, name='Foo')
-        self.assertEqual('/test-a/%s/' % obj.pk, obj.get_absolute_url())
+        def get_absolute_url(o):
+            return "/test-a/%s/" % o.pk
+
+        TestA = self._create_model_class("TestA", get_absolute_url)
+
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(TestA, "get_absolute_url"))
+        obj = TestA(pk=1, name="Foo")
+        self.assertEqual("/test-a/%s/" % obj.pk, obj.get_absolute_url())
 
     def test_override_get_absolute_url(self):
         """
         ABSOLUTE_URL_OVERRIDES should override get_absolute_url().
         """
+
         def get_absolute_url(o):
-            return '/test-b/%s/' % o.pk
+            return "/test-b/%s/" % o.pk
+
         with self.settings(
             ABSOLUTE_URL_OVERRIDES={
-                'absolute_url_overrides.testb': lambda o: '/overridden-test-b/%s/' % o.pk,
+                "absolute_url_overrides.testb": lambda o: "/overridden-test-b/%s/"
+                % o.pk,
             },
         ):
-            TestB = self._create_model_class('TestB', get_absolute_url)
-            obj = TestB(pk=1, name='Foo')
-            self.assertEqual('/overridden-test-b/%s/' % obj.pk, obj.get_absolute_url())
+            TestB = self._create_model_class("TestB", get_absolute_url)
+            obj = TestB(pk=1, name="Foo")
+            self.assertEqual("/overridden-test-b/%s/" % obj.pk, obj.get_absolute_url())
 
     def test_insert_get_absolute_url(self):
         """
@@ -40,19 +44,19 @@ class AbsoluteUrlOverrideTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         with self.settings(
             ABSOLUTE_URL_OVERRIDES={
-                'absolute_url_overrides.testc': lambda o: '/test-c/%s/' % o.pk,
+                "absolute_url_overrides.testc": lambda o: "/test-c/%s/" % o.pk,
             },
         ):
-            TestC = self._create_model_class('TestC')
-            obj = TestC(pk=1, name='Foo')
-            self.assertEqual('/test-c/%s/' % obj.pk, obj.get_absolute_url())
+            TestC = self._create_model_class("TestC")
+            obj = TestC(pk=1, name="Foo")
+            self.assertEqual("/test-c/%s/" % obj.pk, obj.get_absolute_url())
 
     def _create_model_class(self, class_name, get_absolute_url_method=None):
         attrs = {
-            'name': models.CharField(max_length=50),
-            '__module__': 'absolute_url_overrides',
+            "name": models.CharField(max_length=50),
+            "__module__": "absolute_url_overrides",
         }
         if get_absolute_url_method:
-            attrs['get_absolute_url'] = get_absolute_url_method
+            attrs["get_absolute_url"] = get_absolute_url_method
 
         return type(class_name, (models.Model,), attrs)
diff --git a/tests/admin_autodiscover/tests.py b/tests/admin_autodiscover/tests.py
index b15060ade8..66de74f2a5 100644
--- a/tests/admin_autodiscover/tests.py
+++ b/tests/admin_autodiscover/tests.py
@@ -7,11 +7,12 @@ class AdminAutoDiscoverTests(SimpleTestCase):
     Test for bug #8245 - don't raise an AlreadyRegistered exception when using
     autodiscover() and an admin.py module contains an error.
     """
+
     def test_double_call_autodiscover(self):
         # The first time autodiscover is called, we should get our real error.
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(Exception, 'Bad admin module'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(Exception, "Bad admin module"):
             admin.autodiscover()
         # Calling autodiscover again should raise the very same error it did
         # the first time, not an AlreadyRegistered error.
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(Exception, 'Bad admin module'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(Exception, "Bad admin module"):
             admin.autodiscover()
diff --git a/tests/admin_changelist/admin.py b/tests/admin_changelist/admin.py
index 929539ea88..67187f5b79 100644
--- a/tests/admin_changelist/admin.py
+++ b/tests/admin_changelist/admin.py
@@ -12,12 +12,14 @@ site.register(User, UserAdmin)
 
 class CustomPaginator(Paginator):
     def __init__(self, queryset, page_size, orphans=0, allow_empty_first_page=True):
-        super().__init__(queryset, 5, orphans=2, allow_empty_first_page=allow_empty_first_page)
+        super().__init__(
+            queryset, 5, orphans=2, allow_empty_first_page=allow_empty_first_page
+        )
 
 
 class EventAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    date_hierarchy = 'date'
-    list_display = ['event_date_func']
+    date_hierarchy = "date"
+    list_display = ["event_date_func"]
 
     @admin.display
     def event_date_func(self, event):
@@ -31,21 +33,21 @@ site.register(Event, EventAdmin)
 
 
 class ParentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_filter = ['child__name']
-    search_fields = ['child__name']
-    list_select_related = ['child']
+    list_filter = ["child__name"]
+    search_fields = ["child__name"]
+    list_select_related = ["child"]
 
 
 class ParentAdminTwoSearchFields(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_filter = ['child__name']
-    search_fields = ['child__name', 'child__age']
-    list_select_related = ['child']
+    list_filter = ["child__name"]
+    search_fields = ["child__name", "child__age"]
+    list_select_related = ["child"]
 
 
 class ChildAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ['name', 'parent']
+    list_display = ["name", "parent"]
     list_per_page = 10
-    list_filter = ['parent', 'age']
+    list_filter = ["parent", "age"]
 
     def get_queryset(self, request):
         return super().get_queryset(request).select_related("parent")
@@ -56,32 +58,32 @@ class CustomPaginationAdmin(ChildAdmin):
 
 
 class FilteredChildAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ['name', 'parent']
+    list_display = ["name", "parent"]
     list_per_page = 10
 
     def get_queryset(self, request):
-        return super().get_queryset(request).filter(name__contains='filtered')
+        return super().get_queryset(request).filter(name__contains="filtered")
 
 
 class BandAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_filter = ['genres']
+    list_filter = ["genres"]
 
 
 class NrOfMembersFilter(admin.SimpleListFilter):
-    title = 'number of members'
-    parameter_name = 'nr_of_members_partition'
+    title = "number of members"
+    parameter_name = "nr_of_members_partition"
 
     def lookups(self, request, model_admin):
         return [
-            ('5', '0 - 5'),
-            ('more', 'more than 5'),
+            ("5", "0 - 5"),
+            ("more", "more than 5"),
         ]
 
     def queryset(self, request, queryset):
         value = self.value()
-        if value == '5':
+        if value == "5":
             return queryset.filter(nr_of_members__lte=5)
-        if value == 'more':
+        if value == "more":
             return queryset.filter(nr_of_members__gt=5)
 
 
@@ -93,44 +95,44 @@ site.register(Band, BandCallableFilterAdmin)
 
 
 class GroupAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_filter = ['members']
+    list_filter = ["members"]
 
 
 class ConcertAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_filter = ['group__members']
-    search_fields = ['group__members__name']
+    list_filter = ["group__members"]
+    search_fields = ["group__members__name"]
 
 
 class QuartetAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_filter = ['members']
+    list_filter = ["members"]
 
 
 class ChordsBandAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_filter = ['members']
+    list_filter = ["members"]
 
 
 class InvitationAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('band', 'player')
-    list_select_related = ('player',)
+    list_display = ("band", "player")
+    list_select_related = ("player",)
 
 
 class DynamicListDisplayChildAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('parent', 'name', 'age')
+    list_display = ("parent", "name", "age")
 
     def get_list_display(self, request):
         my_list_display = super().get_list_display(request)
-        if request.user.username == 'noparents':
+        if request.user.username == "noparents":
             my_list_display = list(my_list_display)
-            my_list_display.remove('parent')
+            my_list_display.remove("parent")
         return my_list_display
 
 
 class DynamicListDisplayLinksChildAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('parent', 'name', 'age')
-    list_display_links = ['parent', 'name']
+    list_display = ("parent", "name", "age")
+    list_display_links = ["parent", "name"]
 
     def get_list_display_links(self, request, list_display):
-        return ['age']
+        return ["age"]
 
 
 site.register(Child, DynamicListDisplayChildAdmin)
@@ -138,8 +140,8 @@ site.register(Child, DynamicListDisplayChildAdmin)
 
 class NoListDisplayLinksParentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     list_display_links = None
-    list_display = ['name']
-    list_editable = ['name']
+    list_display = ["name"]
+    list_editable = ["name"]
     actions_on_bottom = True
 
 
@@ -148,8 +150,8 @@ site.register(Parent, NoListDisplayLinksParentAdmin)
 
 class SwallowAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     actions = None  # prevent ['action_checkbox'] + list(list_display)
-    list_display = ('origin', 'load', 'speed', 'swallowonetoone')
-    list_editable = ['load', 'speed']
+    list_display = ("origin", "load", "speed", "swallowonetoone")
+    list_editable = ["load", "speed"]
     list_per_page = 3
 
 
@@ -157,29 +159,29 @@ site.register(Swallow, SwallowAdmin)
 
 
 class DynamicListFilterChildAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_filter = ('parent', 'name', 'age')
+    list_filter = ("parent", "name", "age")
 
     def get_list_filter(self, request):
         my_list_filter = super().get_list_filter(request)
-        if request.user.username == 'noparents':
+        if request.user.username == "noparents":
             my_list_filter = list(my_list_filter)
-            my_list_filter.remove('parent')
+            my_list_filter.remove("parent")
         return my_list_filter
 
 
 class DynamicSearchFieldsChildAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    search_fields = ('name',)
+    search_fields = ("name",)
 
     def get_search_fields(self, request):
         search_fields = super().get_search_fields(request)
-        search_fields += ('age',)
+        search_fields += ("age",)
         return search_fields
 
 
 class EmptyValueChildAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    empty_value_display = '-empty-'
-    list_display = ('name', 'age_display', 'age')
+    empty_value_display = "-empty-"
+    list_display = ("name", "age_display", "age")
 
-    @admin.display(empty_value='&dagger;')
+    @admin.display(empty_value="&dagger;")
     def age_display(self, obj):
         return obj.age
diff --git a/tests/admin_changelist/models.py b/tests/admin_changelist/models.py
index 81d7fdfb3a..180c38428a 100644
--- a/tests/admin_changelist/models.py
+++ b/tests/admin_changelist/models.py
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class Musician(models.Model):
 
 class Group(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
-    members = models.ManyToManyField(Musician, through='Membership')
+    members = models.ManyToManyField(Musician, through="Membership")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class ChordsMusician(Musician):
 
 class ChordsBand(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
-    members = models.ManyToManyField(ChordsMusician, through='Invitation')
+    members = models.ManyToManyField(ChordsMusician, through="Invitation")
 
 
 class Invitation(models.Model):
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class Swallow(models.Model):
     speed = models.FloatField()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('speed', 'load')
+        ordering = ("speed", "load")
 
 
 class SwallowOneToOne(models.Model):
@@ -93,12 +93,13 @@ class UnorderedObject(models.Model):
     Model without any defined `Meta.ordering`.
     Refs #17198.
     """
+
     bool = models.BooleanField(default=True)
 
 
 class OrderedObjectManager(models.Manager):
     def get_queryset(self):
-        return super().get_queryset().order_by('number')
+        return super().get_queryset().order_by("number")
 
 
 class OrderedObject(models.Model):
@@ -106,9 +107,10 @@ class OrderedObject(models.Model):
     Model with Manager that defines a default order.
     Refs #17198.
     """
+
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
     bool = models.BooleanField(default=True)
-    number = models.IntegerField(default=0, db_column='number_val')
+    number = models.IntegerField(default=0, db_column="number_val")
 
     objects = OrderedObjectManager()
 
diff --git a/tests/admin_changelist/test_date_hierarchy.py b/tests/admin_changelist/test_date_hierarchy.py
index a321650b32..a8c10f7cd8 100644
--- a/tests/admin_changelist/test_date_hierarchy.py
+++ b/tests/admin_changelist/test_date_hierarchy.py
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.test import RequestFactory, TestCase
 from django.utils.timezone import make_aware
 
-from .admin import EventAdmin, site as custom_site
+from .admin import EventAdmin
+from .admin import site as custom_site
 from .models import Event
 
 
@@ -14,34 +15,48 @@ class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', email='a@b.com', password='xxx')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", email="a@b.com", password="xxx"
+        )
 
     def assertDateParams(self, query, expected_from_date, expected_to_date):
-        query = {'date__%s' % field: val for field, val in query.items()}
-        request = self.factory.get('/', query)
+        query = {"date__%s" % field: val for field, val in query.items()}
+        request = self.factory.get("/", query)
         request.user = self.superuser
         changelist = EventAdmin(Event, custom_site).get_changelist_instance(request)
         _, _, lookup_params, *_ = changelist.get_filters(request)
-        self.assertEqual(lookup_params['date__gte'], expected_from_date)
-        self.assertEqual(lookup_params['date__lt'], expected_to_date)
+        self.assertEqual(lookup_params["date__gte"], expected_from_date)
+        self.assertEqual(lookup_params["date__lt"], expected_to_date)
 
     def test_bounded_params(self):
         tests = (
-            ({'year': 2017}, datetime(2017, 1, 1), datetime(2018, 1, 1)),
-            ({'year': 2017, 'month': 2}, datetime(2017, 2, 1), datetime(2017, 3, 1)),
-            ({'year': 2017, 'month': 12}, datetime(2017, 12, 1), datetime(2018, 1, 1)),
-            ({'year': 2017, 'month': 12, 'day': 15}, datetime(2017, 12, 15), datetime(2017, 12, 16)),
-            ({'year': 2017, 'month': 12, 'day': 31}, datetime(2017, 12, 31), datetime(2018, 1, 1)),
-            ({'year': 2017, 'month': 2, 'day': 28}, datetime(2017, 2, 28), datetime(2017, 3, 1)),
+            ({"year": 2017}, datetime(2017, 1, 1), datetime(2018, 1, 1)),
+            ({"year": 2017, "month": 2}, datetime(2017, 2, 1), datetime(2017, 3, 1)),
+            ({"year": 2017, "month": 12}, datetime(2017, 12, 1), datetime(2018, 1, 1)),
+            (
+                {"year": 2017, "month": 12, "day": 15},
+                datetime(2017, 12, 15),
+                datetime(2017, 12, 16),
+            ),
+            (
+                {"year": 2017, "month": 12, "day": 31},
+                datetime(2017, 12, 31),
+                datetime(2018, 1, 1),
+            ),
+            (
+                {"year": 2017, "month": 2, "day": 28},
+                datetime(2017, 2, 28),
+                datetime(2017, 3, 1),
+            ),
         )
         for query, expected_from_date, expected_to_date in tests:
             with self.subTest(query=query):
                 self.assertDateParams(query, expected_from_date, expected_to_date)
 
     def test_bounded_params_with_time_zone(self):
-        with self.settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE='Asia/Jerusalem'):
+        with self.settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE="Asia/Jerusalem"):
             self.assertDateParams(
-                {'year': 2017, 'month': 2, 'day': 28},
+                {"year": 2017, "month": 2, "day": 28},
                 make_aware(datetime(2017, 2, 28)),
                 make_aware(datetime(2017, 3, 1)),
             )
@@ -49,31 +64,33 @@ class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
     def test_bounded_params_with_dst_time_zone(self):
         tests = [
             # Northern hemisphere.
-            ('Asia/Jerusalem', 3),
-            ('Asia/Jerusalem', 10),
+            ("Asia/Jerusalem", 3),
+            ("Asia/Jerusalem", 10),
             # Southern hemisphere.
-            ('Pacific/Chatham', 4),
-            ('Pacific/Chatham', 9),
+            ("Pacific/Chatham", 4),
+            ("Pacific/Chatham", 9),
         ]
         for time_zone, month in tests:
             with self.subTest(time_zone=time_zone, month=month):
                 with self.settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE=time_zone):
                     self.assertDateParams(
-                        {'year': 2019, 'month': month},
+                        {"year": 2019, "month": month},
                         make_aware(datetime(2019, month, 1)),
                         make_aware(datetime(2019, month + 1, 1)),
                     )
 
     def test_invalid_params(self):
         tests = (
-            {'year': 'x'},
-            {'year': 2017, 'month': 'x'},
-            {'year': 2017, 'month': 12, 'day': 'x'},
-            {'year': 2017, 'month': 13},
-            {'year': 2017, 'month': 12, 'day': 32},
-            {'year': 2017, 'month': 0},
-            {'year': 2017, 'month': 12, 'day': 0},
+            {"year": "x"},
+            {"year": 2017, "month": "x"},
+            {"year": 2017, "month": 12, "day": "x"},
+            {"year": 2017, "month": 13},
+            {"year": 2017, "month": 12, "day": 32},
+            {"year": 2017, "month": 0},
+            {"year": 2017, "month": 12, "day": 0},
         )
         for invalid_query in tests:
-            with self.subTest(query=invalid_query), self.assertRaises(IncorrectLookupParameters):
+            with self.subTest(query=invalid_query), self.assertRaises(
+                IncorrectLookupParameters
+            ):
                 self.assertDateParams(invalid_query, None, None)
diff --git a/tests/admin_changelist/tests.py b/tests/admin_changelist/tests.py
index 86fcab531a..7d6deced7e 100644
--- a/tests/admin_changelist/tests.py
+++ b/tests/admin_changelist/tests.py
@@ -6,7 +6,12 @@ from django.contrib.admin.options import IncorrectLookupParameters
 from django.contrib.admin.templatetags.admin_list import pagination
 from django.contrib.admin.tests import AdminSeleniumTestCase
 from django.contrib.admin.views.main import (
-    ALL_VAR, IS_POPUP_VAR, ORDER_VAR, PAGE_VAR, SEARCH_VAR, TO_FIELD_VAR,
+    ALL_VAR,
+    IS_POPUP_VAR,
+    ORDER_VAR,
+    PAGE_VAR,
+    SEARCH_VAR,
+    TO_FIELD_VAR,
 )
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
@@ -18,36 +23,64 @@ from django.db.models.lookups import Contains, Exact
 from django.template import Context, Template, TemplateSyntaxError
 from django.test import TestCase, override_settings
 from django.test.client import RequestFactory
-from django.test.utils import (
-    CaptureQueriesContext, isolate_apps, register_lookup,
-)
+from django.test.utils import CaptureQueriesContext, isolate_apps, register_lookup
 from django.urls import reverse
 from django.utils import formats
 
 from .admin import (
-    BandAdmin, ChildAdmin, ChordsBandAdmin, ConcertAdmin,
-    CustomPaginationAdmin, CustomPaginator, DynamicListDisplayChildAdmin,
-    DynamicListDisplayLinksChildAdmin, DynamicListFilterChildAdmin,
-    DynamicSearchFieldsChildAdmin, EmptyValueChildAdmin, EventAdmin,
-    FilteredChildAdmin, GroupAdmin, InvitationAdmin,
-    NoListDisplayLinksParentAdmin, ParentAdmin, ParentAdminTwoSearchFields,
-    QuartetAdmin, SwallowAdmin, site as custom_site,
+    BandAdmin,
+    ChildAdmin,
+    ChordsBandAdmin,
+    ConcertAdmin,
+    CustomPaginationAdmin,
+    CustomPaginator,
+    DynamicListDisplayChildAdmin,
+    DynamicListDisplayLinksChildAdmin,
+    DynamicListFilterChildAdmin,
+    DynamicSearchFieldsChildAdmin,
+    EmptyValueChildAdmin,
+    EventAdmin,
+    FilteredChildAdmin,
+    GroupAdmin,
+    InvitationAdmin,
+    NoListDisplayLinksParentAdmin,
+    ParentAdmin,
+    ParentAdminTwoSearchFields,
+    QuartetAdmin,
+    SwallowAdmin,
 )
+from .admin import site as custom_site
 from .models import (
-    Band, CharPK, Child, ChordsBand, ChordsMusician, Concert, CustomIdUser,
-    Event, Genre, Group, Invitation, Membership, Musician, OrderedObject,
-    Parent, Quartet, Swallow, SwallowOneToOne, UnorderedObject,
+    Band,
+    CharPK,
+    Child,
+    ChordsBand,
+    ChordsMusician,
+    Concert,
+    CustomIdUser,
+    Event,
+    Genre,
+    Group,
+    Invitation,
+    Membership,
+    Musician,
+    OrderedObject,
+    Parent,
+    Quartet,
+    Swallow,
+    SwallowOneToOne,
+    UnorderedObject,
 )
 
 
 def build_tbody_html(pk, href, extra_fields):
     return (
-        '<tbody><tr>'
+        "<tbody><tr>"
         '<td class="action-checkbox">'
         '<input type="checkbox" name="_selected_action" value="{}" '
         'class="action-select"></td>'
         '<th class="field-name"><a href="{}">name</a></th>'
-        '{}</tr></tbody>'
+        "{}</tr></tbody>"
     ).format(pk, href, extra_fields)
 
 
@@ -57,10 +90,14 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', email='a@b.com', password='xxx')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", email="a@b.com", password="xxx"
+        )
 
     def _create_superuser(self, username):
-        return User.objects.create_superuser(username=username, email='a@b.com', password='xxx')
+        return User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username=username, email="a@b.com", password="xxx"
+        )
 
     def _mocked_authenticated_request(self, url, user):
         request = self.factory.get(url)
@@ -69,36 +106,36 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_repr(self):
         m = ChildAdmin(Child, custom_site)
-        request = self.factory.get('/child/')
+        request = self.factory.get("/child/")
         request.user = self.superuser
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
-        self.assertEqual(repr(cl), '<ChangeList: model=Child model_admin=ChildAdmin>')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(cl), "<ChangeList: model=Child model_admin=ChildAdmin>")
 
     def test_specified_ordering_by_f_expression(self):
         class OrderedByFBandAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            list_display = ['name', 'genres', 'nr_of_members']
+            list_display = ["name", "genres", "nr_of_members"]
             ordering = (
-                F('nr_of_members').desc(nulls_last=True),
-                Upper(F('name')).asc(),
-                F('genres').asc(),
+                F("nr_of_members").desc(nulls_last=True),
+                Upper(F("name")).asc(),
+                F("genres").asc(),
             )
 
         m = OrderedByFBandAdmin(Band, custom_site)
-        request = self.factory.get('/band/')
+        request = self.factory.get("/band/")
         request.user = self.superuser
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
-        self.assertEqual(cl.get_ordering_field_columns(), {3: 'desc', 2: 'asc'})
+        self.assertEqual(cl.get_ordering_field_columns(), {3: "desc", 2: "asc"})
 
     def test_specified_ordering_by_f_expression_without_asc_desc(self):
         class OrderedByFBandAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            list_display = ['name', 'genres', 'nr_of_members']
-            ordering = (F('nr_of_members'), Upper('name'), F('genres'))
+            list_display = ["name", "genres", "nr_of_members"]
+            ordering = (F("nr_of_members"), Upper("name"), F("genres"))
 
         m = OrderedByFBandAdmin(Band, custom_site)
-        request = self.factory.get('/band/')
+        request = self.factory.get("/band/")
         request.user = self.superuser
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
-        self.assertEqual(cl.get_ordering_field_columns(), {3: 'asc', 2: 'asc'})
+        self.assertEqual(cl.get_ordering_field_columns(), {3: "asc", 2: "asc"})
 
     def test_select_related_preserved(self):
         """
@@ -106,85 +143,85 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         overwrite a custom select_related provided by ModelAdmin.get_queryset().
         """
         m = ChildAdmin(Child, custom_site)
-        request = self.factory.get('/child/')
+        request = self.factory.get("/child/")
         request.user = self.superuser
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
-        self.assertEqual(cl.queryset.query.select_related, {'parent': {}})
+        self.assertEqual(cl.queryset.query.select_related, {"parent": {}})
 
     def test_select_related_preserved_when_multi_valued_in_search_fields(self):
-        parent = Parent.objects.create(name='Mary')
-        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Danielle')
-        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Daniel')
+        parent = Parent.objects.create(name="Mary")
+        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name="Danielle")
+        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name="Daniel")
 
         m = ParentAdmin(Parent, custom_site)
-        request = self.factory.get('/parent/', data={SEARCH_VAR: 'daniel'})
+        request = self.factory.get("/parent/", data={SEARCH_VAR: "daniel"})
         request.user = self.superuser
 
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
         self.assertEqual(cl.queryset.count(), 1)
         # select_related is preserved.
-        self.assertEqual(cl.queryset.query.select_related, {'child': {}})
+        self.assertEqual(cl.queryset.query.select_related, {"child": {}})
 
     def test_select_related_as_tuple(self):
         ia = InvitationAdmin(Invitation, custom_site)
-        request = self.factory.get('/invitation/')
+        request = self.factory.get("/invitation/")
         request.user = self.superuser
         cl = ia.get_changelist_instance(request)
-        self.assertEqual(cl.queryset.query.select_related, {'player': {}})
+        self.assertEqual(cl.queryset.query.select_related, {"player": {}})
 
     def test_select_related_as_empty_tuple(self):
         ia = InvitationAdmin(Invitation, custom_site)
         ia.list_select_related = ()
-        request = self.factory.get('/invitation/')
+        request = self.factory.get("/invitation/")
         request.user = self.superuser
         cl = ia.get_changelist_instance(request)
         self.assertIs(cl.queryset.query.select_related, False)
 
     def test_get_select_related_custom_method(self):
         class GetListSelectRelatedAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            list_display = ('band', 'player')
+            list_display = ("band", "player")
 
             def get_list_select_related(self, request):
-                return ('band', 'player')
+                return ("band", "player")
 
         ia = GetListSelectRelatedAdmin(Invitation, custom_site)
-        request = self.factory.get('/invitation/')
+        request = self.factory.get("/invitation/")
         request.user = self.superuser
         cl = ia.get_changelist_instance(request)
-        self.assertEqual(cl.queryset.query.select_related, {'player': {}, 'band': {}})
+        self.assertEqual(cl.queryset.query.select_related, {"player": {}, "band": {}})
 
     def test_many_search_terms(self):
-        parent = Parent.objects.create(name='Mary')
-        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Danielle')
-        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Daniel')
+        parent = Parent.objects.create(name="Mary")
+        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name="Danielle")
+        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name="Daniel")
 
         m = ParentAdmin(Parent, custom_site)
-        request = self.factory.get('/parent/', data={SEARCH_VAR: 'daniel ' * 80})
+        request = self.factory.get("/parent/", data={SEARCH_VAR: "daniel " * 80})
         request.user = self.superuser
 
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as context:
             object_count = cl.queryset.count()
         self.assertEqual(object_count, 1)
-        self.assertEqual(context.captured_queries[0]['sql'].count('JOIN'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(context.captured_queries[0]["sql"].count("JOIN"), 1)
 
     def test_related_field_multiple_search_terms(self):
         """
         Searches over multi-valued relationships return rows from related
         models only when all searched fields match that row.
         """
-        parent = Parent.objects.create(name='Mary')
-        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Danielle', age=18)
-        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Daniel', age=19)
+        parent = Parent.objects.create(name="Mary")
+        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name="Danielle", age=18)
+        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name="Daniel", age=19)
 
         m = ParentAdminTwoSearchFields(Parent, custom_site)
 
-        request = self.factory.get('/parent/', data={SEARCH_VAR: 'danielle 19'})
+        request = self.factory.get("/parent/", data={SEARCH_VAR: "danielle 19"})
         request.user = self.superuser
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
         self.assertEqual(cl.queryset.count(), 0)
 
-        request = self.factory.get('/parent/', data={SEARCH_VAR: 'daniel 19'})
+        request = self.factory.get("/parent/", data={SEARCH_VAR: "daniel 19"})
         request.user = self.superuser
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
         self.assertEqual(cl.queryset.count(), 1)
@@ -194,78 +231,108 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         Regression test for #14982: EMPTY_CHANGELIST_VALUE should be honored
         for relationship fields
         """
-        new_child = Child.objects.create(name='name', parent=None)
-        request = self.factory.get('/child/')
+        new_child = Child.objects.create(name="name", parent=None)
+        request = self.factory.get("/child/")
         request.user = self.superuser
         m = ChildAdmin(Child, custom_site)
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
         cl.formset = None
-        template = Template('{% load admin_list %}{% spaceless %}{% result_list cl %}{% endspaceless %}')
-        context = Context({'cl': cl, 'opts': Child._meta})
+        template = Template(
+            "{% load admin_list %}{% spaceless %}{% result_list cl %}{% endspaceless %}"
+        )
+        context = Context({"cl": cl, "opts": Child._meta})
         table_output = template.render(context)
-        link = reverse('admin:admin_changelist_child_change', args=(new_child.id,))
-        row_html = build_tbody_html(new_child.id, link, '<td class="field-parent nowrap">-</td>')
-        self.assertNotEqual(table_output.find(row_html), -1, 'Failed to find expected row element: %s' % table_output)
+        link = reverse("admin:admin_changelist_child_change", args=(new_child.id,))
+        row_html = build_tbody_html(
+            new_child.id, link, '<td class="field-parent nowrap">-</td>'
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            table_output.find(row_html),
+            -1,
+            "Failed to find expected row element: %s" % table_output,
+        )
 
     def test_result_list_set_empty_value_display_on_admin_site(self):
         """
         Empty value display can be set on AdminSite.
         """
-        new_child = Child.objects.create(name='name', parent=None)
-        request = self.factory.get('/child/')
+        new_child = Child.objects.create(name="name", parent=None)
+        request = self.factory.get("/child/")
         request.user = self.superuser
         # Set a new empty display value on AdminSite.
-        admin.site.empty_value_display = '???'
+        admin.site.empty_value_display = "???"
         m = ChildAdmin(Child, admin.site)
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
         cl.formset = None
-        template = Template('{% load admin_list %}{% spaceless %}{% result_list cl %}{% endspaceless %}')
-        context = Context({'cl': cl, 'opts': Child._meta})
+        template = Template(
+            "{% load admin_list %}{% spaceless %}{% result_list cl %}{% endspaceless %}"
+        )
+        context = Context({"cl": cl, "opts": Child._meta})
         table_output = template.render(context)
-        link = reverse('admin:admin_changelist_child_change', args=(new_child.id,))
-        row_html = build_tbody_html(new_child.id, link, '<td class="field-parent nowrap">???</td>')
-        self.assertNotEqual(table_output.find(row_html), -1, 'Failed to find expected row element: %s' % table_output)
+        link = reverse("admin:admin_changelist_child_change", args=(new_child.id,))
+        row_html = build_tbody_html(
+            new_child.id, link, '<td class="field-parent nowrap">???</td>'
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            table_output.find(row_html),
+            -1,
+            "Failed to find expected row element: %s" % table_output,
+        )
 
     def test_result_list_set_empty_value_display_in_model_admin(self):
         """
         Empty value display can be set in ModelAdmin or individual fields.
         """
-        new_child = Child.objects.create(name='name', parent=None)
-        request = self.factory.get('/child/')
+        new_child = Child.objects.create(name="name", parent=None)
+        request = self.factory.get("/child/")
         request.user = self.superuser
         m = EmptyValueChildAdmin(Child, admin.site)
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
         cl.formset = None
-        template = Template('{% load admin_list %}{% spaceless %}{% result_list cl %}{% endspaceless %}')
-        context = Context({'cl': cl, 'opts': Child._meta})
+        template = Template(
+            "{% load admin_list %}{% spaceless %}{% result_list cl %}{% endspaceless %}"
+        )
+        context = Context({"cl": cl, "opts": Child._meta})
         table_output = template.render(context)
-        link = reverse('admin:admin_changelist_child_change', args=(new_child.id,))
+        link = reverse("admin:admin_changelist_child_change", args=(new_child.id,))
         row_html = build_tbody_html(
             new_child.id,
             link,
             '<td class="field-age_display">&amp;dagger;</td>'
-            '<td class="field-age">-empty-</td>'
+            '<td class="field-age">-empty-</td>',
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            table_output.find(row_html),
+            -1,
+            "Failed to find expected row element: %s" % table_output,
         )
-        self.assertNotEqual(table_output.find(row_html), -1, 'Failed to find expected row element: %s' % table_output)
 
     def test_result_list_html(self):
         """
         Inclusion tag result_list generates a table when with default
         ModelAdmin settings.
         """
-        new_parent = Parent.objects.create(name='parent')
-        new_child = Child.objects.create(name='name', parent=new_parent)
-        request = self.factory.get('/child/')
+        new_parent = Parent.objects.create(name="parent")
+        new_child = Child.objects.create(name="name", parent=new_parent)
+        request = self.factory.get("/child/")
         request.user = self.superuser
         m = ChildAdmin(Child, custom_site)
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
         cl.formset = None
-        template = Template('{% load admin_list %}{% spaceless %}{% result_list cl %}{% endspaceless %}')
-        context = Context({'cl': cl, 'opts': Child._meta})
+        template = Template(
+            "{% load admin_list %}{% spaceless %}{% result_list cl %}{% endspaceless %}"
+        )
+        context = Context({"cl": cl, "opts": Child._meta})
         table_output = template.render(context)
-        link = reverse('admin:admin_changelist_child_change', args=(new_child.id,))
-        row_html = build_tbody_html(new_child.id, link, '<td class="field-parent nowrap">%s</td>' % new_parent)
-        self.assertNotEqual(table_output.find(row_html), -1, 'Failed to find expected row element: %s' % table_output)
+        link = reverse("admin:admin_changelist_child_change", args=(new_child.id,))
+        row_html = build_tbody_html(
+            new_child.id, link, '<td class="field-parent nowrap">%s</td>' % new_parent
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            table_output.find(row_html),
+            -1,
+            "Failed to find expected row element: %s" % table_output,
+        )
 
     def test_result_list_editable_html(self):
         """
@@ -276,29 +343,33 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         when list_editable is enabled are rendered in a div outside the
         table.
         """
-        new_parent = Parent.objects.create(name='parent')
-        new_child = Child.objects.create(name='name', parent=new_parent)
-        request = self.factory.get('/child/')
+        new_parent = Parent.objects.create(name="parent")
+        new_child = Child.objects.create(name="name", parent=new_parent)
+        request = self.factory.get("/child/")
         request.user = self.superuser
         m = ChildAdmin(Child, custom_site)
 
         # Test with list_editable fields
-        m.list_display = ['id', 'name', 'parent']
-        m.list_display_links = ['id']
-        m.list_editable = ['name']
+        m.list_display = ["id", "name", "parent"]
+        m.list_display_links = ["id"]
+        m.list_editable = ["name"]
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
         FormSet = m.get_changelist_formset(request)
         cl.formset = FormSet(queryset=cl.result_list)
-        template = Template('{% load admin_list %}{% spaceless %}{% result_list cl %}{% endspaceless %}')
-        context = Context({'cl': cl, 'opts': Child._meta})
+        template = Template(
+            "{% load admin_list %}{% spaceless %}{% result_list cl %}{% endspaceless %}"
+        )
+        context = Context({"cl": cl, "opts": Child._meta})
         table_output = template.render(context)
         # make sure that hidden fields are in the correct place
         hiddenfields_div = (
             '<div class="hiddenfields">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-id" value="%d" id="id_form-0-id">'
-            '</div>'
+            "</div>"
         ) % new_child.id
-        self.assertInHTML(hiddenfields_div, table_output, msg_prefix='Failed to find hidden fields')
+        self.assertInHTML(
+            hiddenfields_div, table_output, msg_prefix="Failed to find hidden fields"
+        )
 
         # make sure that list editable fields are rendered in divs correctly
         editable_name_field = (
@@ -315,26 +386,26 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         """
         Regression test for #14312: list_editable with pagination
         """
-        new_parent = Parent.objects.create(name='parent')
+        new_parent = Parent.objects.create(name="parent")
         for i in range(1, 201):
-            Child.objects.create(name='name %s' % i, parent=new_parent)
-        request = self.factory.get('/child/', data={'p': -1})  # Anything outside range
+            Child.objects.create(name="name %s" % i, parent=new_parent)
+        request = self.factory.get("/child/", data={"p": -1})  # Anything outside range
         request.user = self.superuser
         m = ChildAdmin(Child, custom_site)
 
         # Test with list_editable fields
-        m.list_display = ['id', 'name', 'parent']
-        m.list_display_links = ['id']
-        m.list_editable = ['name']
+        m.list_display = ["id", "name", "parent"]
+        m.list_display_links = ["id"]
+        m.list_editable = ["name"]
         with self.assertRaises(IncorrectLookupParameters):
             m.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
     def test_custom_paginator(self):
-        new_parent = Parent.objects.create(name='parent')
+        new_parent = Parent.objects.create(name="parent")
         for i in range(1, 201):
-            Child.objects.create(name='name %s' % i, parent=new_parent)
+            Child.objects.create(name="name %s" % i, parent=new_parent)
 
-        request = self.factory.get('/child/')
+        request = self.factory.get("/child/")
         request.user = self.superuser
         m = CustomPaginationAdmin(Child, custom_site)
 
@@ -347,14 +418,14 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         Regression test for #13902: When using a ManyToMany in list_filter,
         results shouldn't appear more than once. Basic ManyToMany.
         """
-        blues = Genre.objects.create(name='Blues')
-        band = Band.objects.create(name='B.B. King Review', nr_of_members=11)
+        blues = Genre.objects.create(name="Blues")
+        band = Band.objects.create(name="B.B. King Review", nr_of_members=11)
 
         band.genres.add(blues)
         band.genres.add(blues)
 
         m = BandAdmin(Band, custom_site)
-        request = self.factory.get('/band/', data={'genres': blues.pk})
+        request = self.factory.get("/band/", data={"genres": blues.pk})
         request.user = self.superuser
 
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
@@ -372,13 +443,13 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         Regression test for #13902: When using a ManyToMany in list_filter,
         results shouldn't appear more than once. With an intermediate model.
         """
-        lead = Musician.objects.create(name='Vox')
-        band = Group.objects.create(name='The Hype')
-        Membership.objects.create(group=band, music=lead, role='lead voice')
-        Membership.objects.create(group=band, music=lead, role='bass player')
+        lead = Musician.objects.create(name="Vox")
+        band = Group.objects.create(name="The Hype")
+        Membership.objects.create(group=band, music=lead, role="lead voice")
+        Membership.objects.create(group=band, music=lead, role="bass player")
 
         m = GroupAdmin(Group, custom_site)
-        request = self.factory.get('/group/', data={'members': lead.pk})
+        request = self.factory.get("/group/", data={"members": lead.pk})
         request.user = self.superuser
 
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
@@ -396,14 +467,14 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         When using a ManyToMany in list_filter at the second level behind a
         ForeignKey, results shouldn't appear more than once.
         """
-        lead = Musician.objects.create(name='Vox')
-        band = Group.objects.create(name='The Hype')
-        Concert.objects.create(name='Woodstock', group=band)
-        Membership.objects.create(group=band, music=lead, role='lead voice')
-        Membership.objects.create(group=band, music=lead, role='bass player')
+        lead = Musician.objects.create(name="Vox")
+        band = Group.objects.create(name="The Hype")
+        Concert.objects.create(name="Woodstock", group=band)
+        Membership.objects.create(group=band, music=lead, role="lead voice")
+        Membership.objects.create(group=band, music=lead, role="bass player")
 
         m = ConcertAdmin(Concert, custom_site)
-        request = self.factory.get('/concert/', data={'group__members': lead.pk})
+        request = self.factory.get("/concert/", data={"group__members": lead.pk})
         request.user = self.superuser
 
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
@@ -422,13 +493,13 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         results shouldn't appear more than once. Model managed in the
         admin inherits from the one that defines the relationship.
         """
-        lead = Musician.objects.create(name='John')
-        four = Quartet.objects.create(name='The Beatles')
-        Membership.objects.create(group=four, music=lead, role='lead voice')
-        Membership.objects.create(group=four, music=lead, role='guitar player')
+        lead = Musician.objects.create(name="John")
+        four = Quartet.objects.create(name="The Beatles")
+        Membership.objects.create(group=four, music=lead, role="lead voice")
+        Membership.objects.create(group=four, music=lead, role="guitar player")
 
         m = QuartetAdmin(Quartet, custom_site)
-        request = self.factory.get('/quartet/', data={'members': lead.pk})
+        request = self.factory.get("/quartet/", data={"members": lead.pk})
         request.user = self.superuser
 
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
@@ -447,13 +518,13 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         results shouldn't appear more than once. Target of the relationship
         inherits from another.
         """
-        lead = ChordsMusician.objects.create(name='Player A')
-        three = ChordsBand.objects.create(name='The Chords Trio')
-        Invitation.objects.create(band=three, player=lead, instrument='guitar')
-        Invitation.objects.create(band=three, player=lead, instrument='bass')
+        lead = ChordsMusician.objects.create(name="Player A")
+        three = ChordsBand.objects.create(name="The Chords Trio")
+        Invitation.objects.create(band=three, player=lead, instrument="guitar")
+        Invitation.objects.create(band=three, player=lead, instrument="bass")
 
         m = ChordsBandAdmin(ChordsBand, custom_site)
-        request = self.factory.get('/chordsband/', data={'members': lead.pk})
+        request = self.factory.get("/chordsband/", data={"members": lead.pk})
         request.user = self.superuser
 
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
@@ -471,13 +542,13 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         Regressions tests for #15819: If a field listed in list_filters is a
         non-unique related object, results shouldn't appear more than once.
         """
-        parent = Parent.objects.create(name='Mary')
+        parent = Parent.objects.create(name="Mary")
         # Two children with the same name
-        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Daniel')
-        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Daniel')
+        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name="Daniel")
+        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name="Daniel")
 
         m = ParentAdmin(Parent, custom_site)
-        request = self.factory.get('/parent/', data={'child__name': 'Daniel'})
+        request = self.factory.get("/parent/", data={"child__name": "Daniel"})
         request.user = self.superuser
 
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
@@ -491,12 +562,12 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
     def test_changelist_search_form_validation(self):
         m = ConcertAdmin(Concert, custom_site)
         tests = [
-            ({SEARCH_VAR: '\x00'}, 'Null characters are not allowed.'),
-            ({SEARCH_VAR: 'some\x00thing'}, 'Null characters are not allowed.'),
+            ({SEARCH_VAR: "\x00"}, "Null characters are not allowed."),
+            ({SEARCH_VAR: "some\x00thing"}, "Null characters are not allowed."),
         ]
         for case, error in tests:
             with self.subTest(case=case):
-                request = self.factory.get('/concert/', case)
+                request = self.factory.get("/concert/", case)
                 request.user = self.superuser
                 request._messages = CookieStorage(request)
                 m.get_changelist_instance(request)
@@ -509,12 +580,12 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         Regressions tests for #15819: If a field listed in search_fields
         is a non-unique related object, Exists() must be applied.
         """
-        parent = Parent.objects.create(name='Mary')
-        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Danielle')
-        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Daniel')
+        parent = Parent.objects.create(name="Mary")
+        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name="Danielle")
+        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name="Daniel")
 
         m = ParentAdmin(Parent, custom_site)
-        request = self.factory.get('/parent/', data={SEARCH_VAR: 'daniel'})
+        request = self.factory.get("/parent/", data={SEARCH_VAR: "daniel"})
         request.user = self.superuser
 
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
@@ -531,14 +602,14 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         ForeignKey, Exists() must be applied and results shouldn't appear more
         than once.
         """
-        lead = Musician.objects.create(name='Vox')
-        band = Group.objects.create(name='The Hype')
-        Concert.objects.create(name='Woodstock', group=band)
-        Membership.objects.create(group=band, music=lead, role='lead voice')
-        Membership.objects.create(group=band, music=lead, role='bass player')
+        lead = Musician.objects.create(name="Vox")
+        band = Group.objects.create(name="The Hype")
+        Concert.objects.create(name="Woodstock", group=band)
+        Membership.objects.create(group=band, music=lead, role="lead voice")
+        Membership.objects.create(group=band, music=lead, role="bass player")
 
         m = ConcertAdmin(Concert, custom_site)
-        request = self.factory.get('/concert/', data={SEARCH_VAR: 'vox'})
+        request = self.factory.get("/concert/", data={SEARCH_VAR: "vox"})
         request.user = self.superuser
 
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
@@ -554,139 +625,143 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         All rows containing each of the searched words are returned, where each
         word must be in one of search_fields.
         """
-        band_duo = Group.objects.create(name='Duo')
-        band_hype = Group.objects.create(name='The Hype')
-        mary = Musician.objects.create(name='Mary Halvorson')
-        jonathan = Musician.objects.create(name='Jonathan Finlayson')
+        band_duo = Group.objects.create(name="Duo")
+        band_hype = Group.objects.create(name="The Hype")
+        mary = Musician.objects.create(name="Mary Halvorson")
+        jonathan = Musician.objects.create(name="Jonathan Finlayson")
         band_duo.members.set([mary, jonathan])
-        Concert.objects.create(name='Tiny desk concert', group=band_duo)
-        Concert.objects.create(name='Woodstock concert', group=band_hype)
+        Concert.objects.create(name="Tiny desk concert", group=band_duo)
+        Concert.objects.create(name="Woodstock concert", group=band_hype)
         # FK lookup.
         concert_model_admin = ConcertAdmin(Concert, custom_site)
-        concert_model_admin.search_fields = ['group__name', 'name']
+        concert_model_admin.search_fields = ["group__name", "name"]
         # Reverse FK lookup.
         group_model_admin = GroupAdmin(Group, custom_site)
-        group_model_admin.search_fields = ['name', 'concert__name', 'members__name']
+        group_model_admin.search_fields = ["name", "concert__name", "members__name"]
         for search_string, result_count in (
-            ('Duo Concert', 1),
-            ('Tiny Desk Concert', 1),
-            ('Concert', 2),
-            ('Other Concert', 0),
-            ('Duo Woodstock', 0),
+            ("Duo Concert", 1),
+            ("Tiny Desk Concert", 1),
+            ("Concert", 2),
+            ("Other Concert", 0),
+            ("Duo Woodstock", 0),
         ):
             with self.subTest(search_string=search_string):
                 # FK lookup.
-                request = self.factory.get('/concert/', data={SEARCH_VAR: search_string})
+                request = self.factory.get(
+                    "/concert/", data={SEARCH_VAR: search_string}
+                )
                 request.user = self.superuser
-                concert_changelist = concert_model_admin.get_changelist_instance(request)
+                concert_changelist = concert_model_admin.get_changelist_instance(
+                    request
+                )
                 self.assertEqual(concert_changelist.queryset.count(), result_count)
                 # Reverse FK lookup.
-                request = self.factory.get('/group/', data={SEARCH_VAR: search_string})
+                request = self.factory.get("/group/", data={SEARCH_VAR: search_string})
                 request.user = self.superuser
                 group_changelist = group_model_admin.get_changelist_instance(request)
                 self.assertEqual(group_changelist.queryset.count(), result_count)
         # Many-to-many lookup.
         for search_string, result_count in (
-            ('Finlayson Duo Tiny', 1),
-            ('Finlayson', 1),
-            ('Finlayson Hype', 0),
-            ('Jonathan Finlayson Duo', 1),
-            ('Mary Jonathan Duo', 0),
-            ('Oscar Finlayson Duo', 0),
+            ("Finlayson Duo Tiny", 1),
+            ("Finlayson", 1),
+            ("Finlayson Hype", 0),
+            ("Jonathan Finlayson Duo", 1),
+            ("Mary Jonathan Duo", 0),
+            ("Oscar Finlayson Duo", 0),
         ):
             with self.subTest(search_string=search_string):
-                request = self.factory.get('/group/', data={SEARCH_VAR: search_string})
+                request = self.factory.get("/group/", data={SEARCH_VAR: search_string})
                 request.user = self.superuser
                 group_changelist = group_model_admin.get_changelist_instance(request)
                 self.assertEqual(group_changelist.queryset.count(), result_count)
 
     def test_pk_in_search_fields(self):
-        band = Group.objects.create(name='The Hype')
-        Concert.objects.create(name='Woodstock', group=band)
+        band = Group.objects.create(name="The Hype")
+        Concert.objects.create(name="Woodstock", group=band)
 
         m = ConcertAdmin(Concert, custom_site)
-        m.search_fields = ['group__pk']
+        m.search_fields = ["group__pk"]
 
-        request = self.factory.get('/concert/', data={SEARCH_VAR: band.pk})
+        request = self.factory.get("/concert/", data={SEARCH_VAR: band.pk})
         request.user = self.superuser
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
         self.assertEqual(cl.queryset.count(), 1)
 
-        request = self.factory.get('/concert/', data={SEARCH_VAR: band.pk + 5})
+        request = self.factory.get("/concert/", data={SEARCH_VAR: band.pk + 5})
         request.user = self.superuser
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
         self.assertEqual(cl.queryset.count(), 0)
 
     def test_builtin_lookup_in_search_fields(self):
-        band = Group.objects.create(name='The Hype')
-        concert = Concert.objects.create(name='Woodstock', group=band)
+        band = Group.objects.create(name="The Hype")
+        concert = Concert.objects.create(name="Woodstock", group=band)
 
         m = ConcertAdmin(Concert, custom_site)
-        m.search_fields = ['name__iexact']
+        m.search_fields = ["name__iexact"]
 
-        request = self.factory.get('/', data={SEARCH_VAR: 'woodstock'})
+        request = self.factory.get("/", data={SEARCH_VAR: "woodstock"})
         request.user = self.superuser
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
         self.assertCountEqual(cl.queryset, [concert])
 
-        request = self.factory.get('/', data={SEARCH_VAR: 'wood'})
+        request = self.factory.get("/", data={SEARCH_VAR: "wood"})
         request.user = self.superuser
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
         self.assertCountEqual(cl.queryset, [])
 
     def test_custom_lookup_in_search_fields(self):
-        band = Group.objects.create(name='The Hype')
-        concert = Concert.objects.create(name='Woodstock', group=band)
+        band = Group.objects.create(name="The Hype")
+        concert = Concert.objects.create(name="Woodstock", group=band)
 
         m = ConcertAdmin(Concert, custom_site)
-        m.search_fields = ['group__name__cc']
-        with register_lookup(Field, Contains, lookup_name='cc'):
-            request = self.factory.get('/', data={SEARCH_VAR: 'Hype'})
+        m.search_fields = ["group__name__cc"]
+        with register_lookup(Field, Contains, lookup_name="cc"):
+            request = self.factory.get("/", data={SEARCH_VAR: "Hype"})
             request.user = self.superuser
             cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
             self.assertCountEqual(cl.queryset, [concert])
 
-            request = self.factory.get('/', data={SEARCH_VAR: 'Woodstock'})
+            request = self.factory.get("/", data={SEARCH_VAR: "Woodstock"})
             request.user = self.superuser
             cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
             self.assertCountEqual(cl.queryset, [])
 
     def test_spanning_relations_with_custom_lookup_in_search_fields(self):
-        hype = Group.objects.create(name='The Hype')
-        concert = Concert.objects.create(name='Woodstock', group=hype)
-        vox = Musician.objects.create(name='Vox', age=20)
+        hype = Group.objects.create(name="The Hype")
+        concert = Concert.objects.create(name="Woodstock", group=hype)
+        vox = Musician.objects.create(name="Vox", age=20)
         Membership.objects.create(music=vox, group=hype)
         # Register a custom lookup on IntegerField to ensure that field
         # traversing logic in ModelAdmin.get_search_results() works.
-        with register_lookup(IntegerField, Exact, lookup_name='exactly'):
+        with register_lookup(IntegerField, Exact, lookup_name="exactly"):
             m = ConcertAdmin(Concert, custom_site)
-            m.search_fields = ['group__members__age__exactly']
+            m.search_fields = ["group__members__age__exactly"]
 
-            request = self.factory.get('/', data={SEARCH_VAR: '20'})
+            request = self.factory.get("/", data={SEARCH_VAR: "20"})
             request.user = self.superuser
             cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
             self.assertCountEqual(cl.queryset, [concert])
 
-            request = self.factory.get('/', data={SEARCH_VAR: '21'})
+            request = self.factory.get("/", data={SEARCH_VAR: "21"})
             request.user = self.superuser
             cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
             self.assertCountEqual(cl.queryset, [])
 
     def test_custom_lookup_with_pk_shortcut(self):
-        self.assertEqual(CharPK._meta.pk.name, 'char_pk')  # Not equal to 'pk'.
+        self.assertEqual(CharPK._meta.pk.name, "char_pk")  # Not equal to 'pk'.
         m = admin.ModelAdmin(CustomIdUser, custom_site)
 
-        abc = CharPK.objects.create(char_pk='abc')
-        abcd = CharPK.objects.create(char_pk='abcd')
+        abc = CharPK.objects.create(char_pk="abc")
+        abcd = CharPK.objects.create(char_pk="abcd")
         m = admin.ModelAdmin(CharPK, custom_site)
-        m.search_fields = ['pk__exact']
+        m.search_fields = ["pk__exact"]
 
-        request = self.factory.get('/', data={SEARCH_VAR: 'abc'})
+        request = self.factory.get("/", data={SEARCH_VAR: "abc"})
         request.user = self.superuser
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
         self.assertCountEqual(cl.queryset, [abc])
 
-        request = self.factory.get('/', data={SEARCH_VAR: 'abcd'})
+        request = self.factory.get("/", data={SEARCH_VAR: "abcd"})
         request.user = self.superuser
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
         self.assertCountEqual(cl.queryset, [abcd])
@@ -697,29 +772,29 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         the changelist's query shouldn't have Exists().
         """
         m = BandAdmin(Band, custom_site)
-        for lookup_params in ({}, {'name': 'test'}):
-            request = self.factory.get('/band/', lookup_params)
+        for lookup_params in ({}, {"name": "test"}):
+            request = self.factory.get("/band/", lookup_params)
             request.user = self.superuser
             cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
-            self.assertNotIn(' EXISTS', str(cl.queryset.query))
+            self.assertNotIn(" EXISTS", str(cl.queryset.query))
 
         # A ManyToManyField in params does have Exists() applied.
-        request = self.factory.get('/band/', {'genres': '0'})
+        request = self.factory.get("/band/", {"genres": "0"})
         request.user = self.superuser
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
-        self.assertIn(' EXISTS', str(cl.queryset.query))
+        self.assertIn(" EXISTS", str(cl.queryset.query))
 
     def test_pagination(self):
         """
         Regression tests for #12893: Pagination in admins changelist doesn't
         use queryset set by modeladmin.
         """
-        parent = Parent.objects.create(name='anything')
+        parent = Parent.objects.create(name="anything")
         for i in range(1, 31):
-            Child.objects.create(name='name %s' % i, parent=parent)
-            Child.objects.create(name='filtered %s' % i, parent=parent)
+            Child.objects.create(name="name %s" % i, parent=parent)
+            Child.objects.create(name="filtered %s" % i, parent=parent)
 
-        request = self.factory.get('/child/')
+        request = self.factory.get("/child/")
         request.user = self.superuser
 
         # Test default queryset
@@ -743,7 +818,7 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         """
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
         event = Event.objects.create(date=datetime.date.today())
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_changelist_event_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_changelist_event_changelist"))
         self.assertContains(response, formats.localize(event.date))
         self.assertNotContains(response, str(event.date))
 
@@ -751,52 +826,52 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         """
         Regression tests for #14206: dynamic list_display support.
         """
-        parent = Parent.objects.create(name='parent')
+        parent = Parent.objects.create(name="parent")
         for i in range(10):
-            Child.objects.create(name='child %s' % i, parent=parent)
+            Child.objects.create(name="child %s" % i, parent=parent)
 
-        user_noparents = self._create_superuser('noparents')
-        user_parents = self._create_superuser('parents')
+        user_noparents = self._create_superuser("noparents")
+        user_parents = self._create_superuser("parents")
 
         # Test with user 'noparents'
         m = custom_site._registry[Child]
-        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request('/child/', user_noparents)
+        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request("/child/", user_noparents)
         response = m.changelist_view(request)
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Parent object')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Parent object")
 
         list_display = m.get_list_display(request)
         list_display_links = m.get_list_display_links(request, list_display)
-        self.assertEqual(list_display, ['name', 'age'])
-        self.assertEqual(list_display_links, ['name'])
+        self.assertEqual(list_display, ["name", "age"])
+        self.assertEqual(list_display_links, ["name"])
 
         # Test with user 'parents'
         m = DynamicListDisplayChildAdmin(Child, custom_site)
-        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request('/child/', user_parents)
+        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request("/child/", user_parents)
         response = m.changelist_view(request)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Parent object')
+        self.assertContains(response, "Parent object")
 
         custom_site.unregister(Child)
 
         list_display = m.get_list_display(request)
         list_display_links = m.get_list_display_links(request, list_display)
-        self.assertEqual(list_display, ('parent', 'name', 'age'))
-        self.assertEqual(list_display_links, ['parent'])
+        self.assertEqual(list_display, ("parent", "name", "age"))
+        self.assertEqual(list_display_links, ["parent"])
 
         # Test default implementation
         custom_site.register(Child, ChildAdmin)
         m = custom_site._registry[Child]
-        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request('/child/', user_noparents)
+        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request("/child/", user_noparents)
         response = m.changelist_view(request)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Parent object')
+        self.assertContains(response, "Parent object")
 
     def test_show_all(self):
-        parent = Parent.objects.create(name='anything')
+        parent = Parent.objects.create(name="anything")
         for i in range(1, 31):
-            Child.objects.create(name='name %s' % i, parent=parent)
-            Child.objects.create(name='filtered %s' % i, parent=parent)
+            Child.objects.create(name="name %s" % i, parent=parent)
+            Child.objects.create(name="filtered %s" % i, parent=parent)
 
         # Add "show all" parameter to request
-        request = self.factory.get('/child/', data={ALL_VAR: ''})
+        request = self.factory.get("/child/", data={ALL_VAR: ""})
         request.user = self.superuser
 
         # Test valid "show all" request (number of total objects is under max)
@@ -820,52 +895,52 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         """
         Regression tests for #16257: dynamic list_display_links support.
         """
-        parent = Parent.objects.create(name='parent')
+        parent = Parent.objects.create(name="parent")
         for i in range(1, 10):
-            Child.objects.create(id=i, name='child %s' % i, parent=parent, age=i)
+            Child.objects.create(id=i, name="child %s" % i, parent=parent, age=i)
 
         m = DynamicListDisplayLinksChildAdmin(Child, custom_site)
-        superuser = self._create_superuser('superuser')
-        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request('/child/', superuser)
+        superuser = self._create_superuser("superuser")
+        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request("/child/", superuser)
         response = m.changelist_view(request)
         for i in range(1, 10):
-            link = reverse('admin:admin_changelist_child_change', args=(i,))
+            link = reverse("admin:admin_changelist_child_change", args=(i,))
             self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s">%s</a>' % (link, i))
 
         list_display = m.get_list_display(request)
         list_display_links = m.get_list_display_links(request, list_display)
-        self.assertEqual(list_display, ('parent', 'name', 'age'))
-        self.assertEqual(list_display_links, ['age'])
+        self.assertEqual(list_display, ("parent", "name", "age"))
+        self.assertEqual(list_display_links, ["age"])
 
     def test_no_list_display_links(self):
         """#15185 -- Allow no links from the 'change list' view grid."""
-        p = Parent.objects.create(name='parent')
+        p = Parent.objects.create(name="parent")
         m = NoListDisplayLinksParentAdmin(Parent, custom_site)
-        superuser = self._create_superuser('superuser')
-        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request('/parent/', superuser)
+        superuser = self._create_superuser("superuser")
+        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request("/parent/", superuser)
         response = m.changelist_view(request)
-        link = reverse('admin:admin_changelist_parent_change', args=(p.pk,))
+        link = reverse("admin:admin_changelist_parent_change", args=(p.pk,))
         self.assertNotContains(response, '<a href="%s">' % link)
 
     def test_clear_all_filters_link(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
-        url = reverse('admin:auth_user_changelist')
+        url = reverse("admin:auth_user_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertNotContains(response, '&#10006; Clear all filters')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "&#10006; Clear all filters")
         link = '<a href="%s">&#10006; Clear all filters</a>'
         for data, href in (
-            ({'is_staff__exact': '0'}, '?'),
+            ({"is_staff__exact": "0"}, "?"),
             (
-                {'is_staff__exact': '0', 'username__startswith': 'test'},
-                '?username__startswith=test',
+                {"is_staff__exact": "0", "username__startswith": "test"},
+                "?username__startswith=test",
             ),
             (
-                {'is_staff__exact': '0', SEARCH_VAR: 'test'},
-                '?%s=test' % SEARCH_VAR,
+                {"is_staff__exact": "0", SEARCH_VAR: "test"},
+                "?%s=test" % SEARCH_VAR,
             ),
             (
-                {'is_staff__exact': '0', IS_POPUP_VAR: 'id'},
-                '?%s=id' % IS_POPUP_VAR,
+                {"is_staff__exact": "0", IS_POPUP_VAR: "id"},
+                "?%s=id" % IS_POPUP_VAR,
             ),
         ):
             with self.subTest(data=data):
@@ -874,19 +949,19 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_clear_all_filters_link_callable_filter(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_changelist_band_changelist')
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_changelist_band_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertNotContains(response, '&#10006; Clear all filters')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "&#10006; Clear all filters")
         link = '<a href="%s">&#10006; Clear all filters</a>'
         for data, href in (
-            ({'nr_of_members_partition': '5'}, '?'),
+            ({"nr_of_members_partition": "5"}, "?"),
             (
-                {'nr_of_members_partition': 'more', 'name__startswith': 'test'},
-                '?name__startswith=test',
+                {"nr_of_members_partition": "more", "name__startswith": "test"},
+                "?name__startswith=test",
             ),
             (
-                {'nr_of_members_partition': '5', IS_POPUP_VAR: 'id'},
-                '?%s=id' % IS_POPUP_VAR,
+                {"nr_of_members_partition": "5", IS_POPUP_VAR: "id"},
+                "?%s=id" % IS_POPUP_VAR,
             ),
         ):
             with self.subTest(data=data):
@@ -895,28 +970,28 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_no_clear_all_filters_link(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
-        url = reverse('admin:auth_user_changelist')
-        link = '>&#10006; Clear all filters</a>'
+        url = reverse("admin:auth_user_changelist")
+        link = ">&#10006; Clear all filters</a>"
         for data in (
-            {SEARCH_VAR: 'test'},
-            {ORDER_VAR: '-1'},
-            {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'id'},
-            {PAGE_VAR: '1'},
-            {IS_POPUP_VAR: '1'},
-            {'username__startswith': 'test'},
+            {SEARCH_VAR: "test"},
+            {ORDER_VAR: "-1"},
+            {TO_FIELD_VAR: "id"},
+            {PAGE_VAR: "1"},
+            {IS_POPUP_VAR: "1"},
+            {"username__startswith": "test"},
         ):
             with self.subTest(data=data):
                 response = self.client.get(url, data=data)
                 self.assertNotContains(response, link)
 
     def test_tuple_list_display(self):
-        swallow = Swallow.objects.create(origin='Africa', load='12.34', speed='22.2')
-        swallow2 = Swallow.objects.create(origin='Africa', load='12.34', speed='22.2')
+        swallow = Swallow.objects.create(origin="Africa", load="12.34", speed="22.2")
+        swallow2 = Swallow.objects.create(origin="Africa", load="12.34", speed="22.2")
         swallow_o2o = SwallowOneToOne.objects.create(swallow=swallow2)
 
         model_admin = SwallowAdmin(Swallow, custom_site)
-        superuser = self._create_superuser('superuser')
-        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request('/swallow/', superuser)
+        superuser = self._create_superuser("superuser")
+        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request("/swallow/", superuser)
         response = model_admin.changelist_view(request)
         # just want to ensure it doesn't blow up during rendering
         self.assertContains(response, str(swallow.origin))
@@ -924,7 +999,9 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(response, str(swallow.speed))
         # Reverse one-to-one relations should work.
         self.assertContains(response, '<td class="field-swallowonetoone">-</td>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<td class="field-swallowonetoone">%s</td>' % swallow_o2o)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<td class="field-swallowonetoone">%s</td>' % swallow_o2o
+        )
 
     def test_multiuser_edit(self):
         """
@@ -945,150 +1022,152 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
 
         # Setup the test to reflect the DB state after step 2 where User2 has
         # edited the first swallow object's speed from '4' to '1'.
-        a = Swallow.objects.create(origin='Swallow A', load=4, speed=1)
-        b = Swallow.objects.create(origin='Swallow B', load=2, speed=2)
-        c = Swallow.objects.create(origin='Swallow C', load=5, speed=5)
-        d = Swallow.objects.create(origin='Swallow D', load=9, speed=9)
+        a = Swallow.objects.create(origin="Swallow A", load=4, speed=1)
+        b = Swallow.objects.create(origin="Swallow B", load=2, speed=2)
+        c = Swallow.objects.create(origin="Swallow C", load=5, speed=5)
+        d = Swallow.objects.create(origin="Swallow D", load=9, speed=9)
 
-        superuser = self._create_superuser('superuser')
+        superuser = self._create_superuser("superuser")
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        changelist_url = reverse('admin:admin_changelist_swallow_changelist')
+        changelist_url = reverse("admin:admin_changelist_swallow_changelist")
 
         # Send the POST from User1 for step 3. It's still using the changelist
         # ordering from before User2's edits in step 2.
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '3',
-            'form-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '1000',
-            'form-0-uuid': str(d.pk),
-            'form-1-uuid': str(c.pk),
-            'form-2-uuid': str(a.pk),
-            'form-0-load': '9.0',
-            'form-0-speed': '9.0',
-            'form-1-load': '5.0',
-            'form-1-speed': '5.0',
-            'form-2-load': '5.0',
-            'form-2-speed': '4.0',
-            '_save': 'Save',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
+            "form-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "1000",
+            "form-0-uuid": str(d.pk),
+            "form-1-uuid": str(c.pk),
+            "form-2-uuid": str(a.pk),
+            "form-0-load": "9.0",
+            "form-0-speed": "9.0",
+            "form-1-load": "5.0",
+            "form-1-speed": "5.0",
+            "form-2-load": "5.0",
+            "form-2-speed": "4.0",
+            "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(changelist_url, data, follow=True, extra={'o': '-2'})
+        response = self.client.post(
+            changelist_url, data, follow=True, extra={"o": "-2"}
+        )
 
         # The object User1 edited in step 3 is displayed on the changelist and
         # has the correct edits applied.
-        self.assertContains(response, '1 swallow was changed successfully.')
+        self.assertContains(response, "1 swallow was changed successfully.")
         self.assertContains(response, a.origin)
         a.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(a.load, float(data['form-2-load']))
-        self.assertEqual(a.speed, float(data['form-2-speed']))
+        self.assertEqual(a.load, float(data["form-2-load"]))
+        self.assertEqual(a.speed, float(data["form-2-speed"]))
         b.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertEqual(b.load, 2)
         self.assertEqual(b.speed, 2)
         c.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(c.load, float(data['form-1-load']))
-        self.assertEqual(c.speed, float(data['form-1-speed']))
+        self.assertEqual(c.load, float(data["form-1-load"]))
+        self.assertEqual(c.speed, float(data["form-1-speed"]))
         d.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(d.load, float(data['form-0-load']))
-        self.assertEqual(d.speed, float(data['form-0-speed']))
+        self.assertEqual(d.load, float(data["form-0-load"]))
+        self.assertEqual(d.speed, float(data["form-0-speed"]))
         # No new swallows were created.
         self.assertEqual(len(Swallow.objects.all()), 4)
 
     def test_get_edited_object_ids(self):
-        a = Swallow.objects.create(origin='Swallow A', load=4, speed=1)
-        b = Swallow.objects.create(origin='Swallow B', load=2, speed=2)
-        c = Swallow.objects.create(origin='Swallow C', load=5, speed=5)
-        superuser = self._create_superuser('superuser')
+        a = Swallow.objects.create(origin="Swallow A", load=4, speed=1)
+        b = Swallow.objects.create(origin="Swallow B", load=2, speed=2)
+        c = Swallow.objects.create(origin="Swallow C", load=5, speed=5)
+        superuser = self._create_superuser("superuser")
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        changelist_url = reverse('admin:admin_changelist_swallow_changelist')
+        changelist_url = reverse("admin:admin_changelist_swallow_changelist")
         m = SwallowAdmin(Swallow, custom_site)
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '3',
-            'form-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '1000',
-            'form-0-uuid': str(a.pk),
-            'form-1-uuid': str(b.pk),
-            'form-2-uuid': str(c.pk),
-            'form-0-load': '9.0',
-            'form-0-speed': '9.0',
-            'form-1-load': '5.0',
-            'form-1-speed': '5.0',
-            'form-2-load': '5.0',
-            'form-2-speed': '4.0',
-            '_save': 'Save',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
+            "form-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "1000",
+            "form-0-uuid": str(a.pk),
+            "form-1-uuid": str(b.pk),
+            "form-2-uuid": str(c.pk),
+            "form-0-load": "9.0",
+            "form-0-speed": "9.0",
+            "form-1-load": "5.0",
+            "form-1-speed": "5.0",
+            "form-2-load": "5.0",
+            "form-2-speed": "4.0",
+            "_save": "Save",
         }
         request = self.factory.post(changelist_url, data=data)
-        pks = m._get_edited_object_pks(request, prefix='form')
+        pks = m._get_edited_object_pks(request, prefix="form")
         self.assertEqual(sorted(pks), sorted([str(a.pk), str(b.pk), str(c.pk)]))
 
     def test_get_list_editable_queryset(self):
-        a = Swallow.objects.create(origin='Swallow A', load=4, speed=1)
-        Swallow.objects.create(origin='Swallow B', load=2, speed=2)
+        a = Swallow.objects.create(origin="Swallow A", load=4, speed=1)
+        Swallow.objects.create(origin="Swallow B", load=2, speed=2)
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '1000',
-            'form-0-uuid': str(a.pk),
-            'form-0-load': '10',
-            '_save': 'Save',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "1000",
+            "form-0-uuid": str(a.pk),
+            "form-0-load": "10",
+            "_save": "Save",
         }
-        superuser = self._create_superuser('superuser')
+        superuser = self._create_superuser("superuser")
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        changelist_url = reverse('admin:admin_changelist_swallow_changelist')
+        changelist_url = reverse("admin:admin_changelist_swallow_changelist")
         m = SwallowAdmin(Swallow, custom_site)
         request = self.factory.post(changelist_url, data=data)
-        queryset = m._get_list_editable_queryset(request, prefix='form')
+        queryset = m._get_list_editable_queryset(request, prefix="form")
         self.assertEqual(queryset.count(), 1)
-        data['form-0-uuid'] = 'INVALD_PRIMARY_KEY'
+        data["form-0-uuid"] = "INVALD_PRIMARY_KEY"
         # The unfiltered queryset is returned if there's invalid data.
         request = self.factory.post(changelist_url, data=data)
-        queryset = m._get_list_editable_queryset(request, prefix='form')
+        queryset = m._get_list_editable_queryset(request, prefix="form")
         self.assertEqual(queryset.count(), 2)
 
     def test_get_list_editable_queryset_with_regex_chars_in_prefix(self):
-        a = Swallow.objects.create(origin='Swallow A', load=4, speed=1)
-        Swallow.objects.create(origin='Swallow B', load=2, speed=2)
+        a = Swallow.objects.create(origin="Swallow A", load=4, speed=1)
+        Swallow.objects.create(origin="Swallow B", load=2, speed=2)
         data = {
-            'form$-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form$-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form$-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'form$-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '1000',
-            'form$-0-uuid': str(a.pk),
-            'form$-0-load': '10',
-            '_save': 'Save',
+            "form$-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form$-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form$-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "form$-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "1000",
+            "form$-0-uuid": str(a.pk),
+            "form$-0-load": "10",
+            "_save": "Save",
         }
-        superuser = self._create_superuser('superuser')
+        superuser = self._create_superuser("superuser")
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        changelist_url = reverse('admin:admin_changelist_swallow_changelist')
+        changelist_url = reverse("admin:admin_changelist_swallow_changelist")
         m = SwallowAdmin(Swallow, custom_site)
         request = self.factory.post(changelist_url, data=data)
-        queryset = m._get_list_editable_queryset(request, prefix='form$')
+        queryset = m._get_list_editable_queryset(request, prefix="form$")
         self.assertEqual(queryset.count(), 1)
 
     def test_changelist_view_list_editable_changed_objects_uses_filter(self):
         """list_editable edits use a filtered queryset to limit memory usage."""
-        a = Swallow.objects.create(origin='Swallow A', load=4, speed=1)
-        Swallow.objects.create(origin='Swallow B', load=2, speed=2)
+        a = Swallow.objects.create(origin="Swallow A", load=4, speed=1)
+        Swallow.objects.create(origin="Swallow B", load=2, speed=2)
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '1000',
-            'form-0-uuid': str(a.pk),
-            'form-0-load': '10',
-            '_save': 'Save',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "1000",
+            "form-0-uuid": str(a.pk),
+            "form-0-load": "10",
+            "_save": "Save",
         }
-        superuser = self._create_superuser('superuser')
+        superuser = self._create_superuser("superuser")
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        changelist_url = reverse('admin:admin_changelist_swallow_changelist')
+        changelist_url = reverse("admin:admin_changelist_swallow_changelist")
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as context:
             response = self.client.post(changelist_url, data=data)
             self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-            self.assertIn('WHERE', context.captured_queries[4]['sql'])
-            self.assertIn('IN', context.captured_queries[4]['sql'])
+            self.assertIn("WHERE", context.captured_queries[4]["sql"])
+            self.assertIn("IN", context.captured_queries[4]["sql"])
             # Check only the first few characters since the UUID may have dashes.
-            self.assertIn(str(a.pk)[:8], context.captured_queries[4]['sql'])
+            self.assertIn(str(a.pk)[:8], context.captured_queries[4]["sql"])
 
     def test_deterministic_order_for_unordered_model(self):
         """
@@ -1096,7 +1175,7 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         guarantee a deterministic order, even when the model doesn't have any
         default ordering defined (#17198).
         """
-        superuser = self._create_superuser('superuser')
+        superuser = self._create_superuser("superuser")
 
         for counter in range(1, 51):
             UnorderedObject.objects.create(id=counter, bool=True)
@@ -1109,9 +1188,11 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
             model_admin = UnorderedObjectAdmin(UnorderedObject, custom_site)
             counter = 0 if ascending else 51
             for page in range(1, 6):
-                request = self._mocked_authenticated_request('/unorderedobject/?p=%s' % page, superuser)
+                request = self._mocked_authenticated_request(
+                    "/unorderedobject/?p=%s" % page, superuser
+                )
                 response = model_admin.changelist_view(request)
-                for result in response.context_data['cl'].result_list:
+                for result in response.context_data["cl"].result_list:
                     counter += 1 if ascending else -1
                     self.assertEqual(result.id, counter)
             custom_site.unregister(UnorderedObject)
@@ -1121,17 +1202,17 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
 
         # When an order field is defined but multiple records have the same
         # value for that field, make sure everything gets ordered by -pk as well.
-        UnorderedObjectAdmin.ordering = ['bool']
+        UnorderedObjectAdmin.ordering = ["bool"]
         check_results_order()
 
         # When order fields are defined, including the pk itself, use them.
-        UnorderedObjectAdmin.ordering = ['bool', '-pk']
+        UnorderedObjectAdmin.ordering = ["bool", "-pk"]
         check_results_order()
-        UnorderedObjectAdmin.ordering = ['bool', 'pk']
+        UnorderedObjectAdmin.ordering = ["bool", "pk"]
         check_results_order(ascending=True)
-        UnorderedObjectAdmin.ordering = ['-id', 'bool']
+        UnorderedObjectAdmin.ordering = ["-id", "bool"]
         check_results_order()
-        UnorderedObjectAdmin.ordering = ['id', 'bool']
+        UnorderedObjectAdmin.ordering = ["id", "bool"]
         check_results_order(ascending=True)
 
     def test_deterministic_order_for_model_ordered_by_its_manager(self):
@@ -1140,7 +1221,7 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         guarantee a deterministic order, even when the model has a manager that
         defines a default ordering (#17198).
         """
-        superuser = self._create_superuser('superuser')
+        superuser = self._create_superuser("superuser")
 
         for counter in range(1, 51):
             OrderedObject.objects.create(id=counter, bool=True, number=counter)
@@ -1153,9 +1234,11 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
             model_admin = OrderedObjectAdmin(OrderedObject, custom_site)
             counter = 0 if ascending else 51
             for page in range(1, 6):
-                request = self._mocked_authenticated_request('/orderedobject/?p=%s' % page, superuser)
+                request = self._mocked_authenticated_request(
+                    "/orderedobject/?p=%s" % page, superuser
+                )
                 response = model_admin.changelist_view(request)
-                for result in response.context_data['cl'].result_list:
+                for result in response.context_data["cl"].result_list:
                     counter += 1 if ascending else -1
                     self.assertEqual(result.id, counter)
             custom_site.unregister(OrderedObject)
@@ -1165,26 +1248,26 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
 
         # When an order field is defined but multiple records have the same
         # value for that field, make sure everything gets ordered by -pk as well.
-        OrderedObjectAdmin.ordering = ['bool']
+        OrderedObjectAdmin.ordering = ["bool"]
         check_results_order()
 
         # When order fields are defined, including the pk itself, use them.
-        OrderedObjectAdmin.ordering = ['bool', '-pk']
+        OrderedObjectAdmin.ordering = ["bool", "-pk"]
         check_results_order()
-        OrderedObjectAdmin.ordering = ['bool', 'pk']
+        OrderedObjectAdmin.ordering = ["bool", "pk"]
         check_results_order(ascending=True)
-        OrderedObjectAdmin.ordering = ['-id', 'bool']
+        OrderedObjectAdmin.ordering = ["-id", "bool"]
         check_results_order()
-        OrderedObjectAdmin.ordering = ['id', 'bool']
+        OrderedObjectAdmin.ordering = ["id", "bool"]
         check_results_order(ascending=True)
 
-    @isolate_apps('admin_changelist')
+    @isolate_apps("admin_changelist")
     def test_total_ordering_optimization(self):
         class Related(models.Model):
             unique_field = models.BooleanField(unique=True)
 
             class Meta:
-                ordering = ('unique_field',)
+                ordering = ("unique_field",)
 
         class Model(models.Model):
             unique_field = models.BooleanField(unique=True)
@@ -1198,64 +1281,69 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
 
             class Meta:
                 unique_together = {
-                    ('field', 'other_field'),
-                    ('field', 'null_field'),
-                    ('related', 'other_related_id'),
+                    ("field", "other_field"),
+                    ("field", "null_field"),
+                    ("related", "other_related_id"),
                 }
 
         class ModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
             def get_queryset(self, request):
                 return Model.objects.none()
 
-        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request('/', self.superuser)
-        site = admin.AdminSite(name='admin')
+        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request("/", self.superuser)
+        site = admin.AdminSite(name="admin")
         model_admin = ModelAdmin(Model, site)
         change_list = model_admin.get_changelist_instance(request)
         tests = (
-            ([], ['-pk']),
+            ([], ["-pk"]),
             # Unique non-nullable field.
-            (['unique_field'], ['unique_field']),
-            (['-unique_field'], ['-unique_field']),
+            (["unique_field"], ["unique_field"]),
+            (["-unique_field"], ["-unique_field"]),
             # Unique nullable field.
-            (['unique_nullable_field'], ['unique_nullable_field', '-pk']),
+            (["unique_nullable_field"], ["unique_nullable_field", "-pk"]),
             # Field.
-            (['field'], ['field', '-pk']),
+            (["field"], ["field", "-pk"]),
             # Related field introspection is not implemented.
-            (['related__unique_field'], ['related__unique_field', '-pk']),
+            (["related__unique_field"], ["related__unique_field", "-pk"]),
             # Related attname unique.
-            (['related_unique_id'], ['related_unique_id']),
+            (["related_unique_id"], ["related_unique_id"]),
             # Related ordering introspection is not implemented.
-            (['related_unique'], ['related_unique', '-pk']),
+            (["related_unique"], ["related_unique", "-pk"]),
             # Composite unique.
-            (['field', '-other_field'], ['field', '-other_field']),
+            (["field", "-other_field"], ["field", "-other_field"]),
             # Composite unique nullable.
-            (['-field', 'null_field'], ['-field', 'null_field', '-pk']),
+            (["-field", "null_field"], ["-field", "null_field", "-pk"]),
             # Composite unique and nullable.
-            (['-field', 'null_field', 'other_field'], ['-field', 'null_field', 'other_field']),
+            (
+                ["-field", "null_field", "other_field"],
+                ["-field", "null_field", "other_field"],
+            ),
             # Composite unique attnames.
-            (['related_id', '-other_related_id'], ['related_id', '-other_related_id']),
+            (["related_id", "-other_related_id"], ["related_id", "-other_related_id"]),
             # Composite unique names.
-            (['related', '-other_related_id'], ['related', '-other_related_id', '-pk']),
+            (["related", "-other_related_id"], ["related", "-other_related_id", "-pk"]),
         )
         # F() objects composite unique.
-        total_ordering = [F('field'), F('other_field').desc(nulls_last=True)]
+        total_ordering = [F("field"), F("other_field").desc(nulls_last=True)]
         # F() objects composite unique nullable.
-        non_total_ordering = [F('field'), F('null_field').desc(nulls_last=True)]
+        non_total_ordering = [F("field"), F("null_field").desc(nulls_last=True)]
         tests += (
             (total_ordering, total_ordering),
-            (non_total_ordering, non_total_ordering + ['-pk']),
+            (non_total_ordering, non_total_ordering + ["-pk"]),
         )
         for ordering, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(ordering=ordering):
-                self.assertEqual(change_list._get_deterministic_ordering(ordering), expected)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    change_list._get_deterministic_ordering(ordering), expected
+                )
 
-    @isolate_apps('admin_changelist')
+    @isolate_apps("admin_changelist")
     def test_total_ordering_optimization_meta_constraints(self):
         class Related(models.Model):
             unique_field = models.BooleanField(unique=True)
 
             class Meta:
-                ordering = ('unique_field',)
+                ordering = ("unique_field",)
 
         class Model(models.Model):
             field_1 = models.BooleanField()
@@ -1274,28 +1362,28 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
                     *[
-                        models.UniqueConstraint(fields=fields, name=''.join(fields))
+                        models.UniqueConstraint(fields=fields, name="".join(fields))
                         for fields in (
-                            ['field_1'],
-                            ['nullable_1'],
-                            ['related_1'],
-                            ['related_2_id'],
-                            ['field_2', 'field_3'],
-                            ['field_2', 'nullable_2'],
-                            ['field_2', 'related_3'],
-                            ['field_3', 'related_4_id'],
+                            ["field_1"],
+                            ["nullable_1"],
+                            ["related_1"],
+                            ["related_2_id"],
+                            ["field_2", "field_3"],
+                            ["field_2", "nullable_2"],
+                            ["field_2", "related_3"],
+                            ["field_3", "related_4_id"],
                         )
                     ],
-                    models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(id__gt=0), name='foo'),
+                    models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(id__gt=0), name="foo"),
                     models.UniqueConstraint(
-                        fields=['field_5'],
+                        fields=["field_5"],
                         condition=models.Q(id__gt=10),
-                        name='total_ordering_1',
+                        name="total_ordering_1",
                     ),
                     models.UniqueConstraint(
-                        fields=['field_6'],
+                        fields=["field_6"],
                         condition=models.Q(),
-                        name='total_ordering',
+                        name="total_ordering",
                     ),
                 ]
 
@@ -1303,73 +1391,77 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
             def get_queryset(self, request):
                 return Model.objects.none()
 
-        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request('/', self.superuser)
-        site = admin.AdminSite(name='admin')
+        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request("/", self.superuser)
+        site = admin.AdminSite(name="admin")
         model_admin = ModelAdmin(Model, site)
         change_list = model_admin.get_changelist_instance(request)
         tests = (
             # Unique non-nullable field.
-            (['field_1'], ['field_1']),
+            (["field_1"], ["field_1"]),
             # Unique nullable field.
-            (['nullable_1'], ['nullable_1', '-pk']),
+            (["nullable_1"], ["nullable_1", "-pk"]),
             # Related attname unique.
-            (['related_1_id'], ['related_1_id']),
-            (['related_2_id'], ['related_2_id']),
+            (["related_1_id"], ["related_1_id"]),
+            (["related_2_id"], ["related_2_id"]),
             # Related ordering introspection is not implemented.
-            (['related_1'], ['related_1', '-pk']),
+            (["related_1"], ["related_1", "-pk"]),
             # Composite unique.
-            (['-field_2', 'field_3'], ['-field_2', 'field_3']),
+            (["-field_2", "field_3"], ["-field_2", "field_3"]),
             # Composite unique nullable.
-            (['field_2', '-nullable_2'], ['field_2', '-nullable_2', '-pk']),
+            (["field_2", "-nullable_2"], ["field_2", "-nullable_2", "-pk"]),
             # Composite unique and nullable.
             (
-                ['field_2', '-nullable_2', 'field_3'],
-                ['field_2', '-nullable_2', 'field_3'],
+                ["field_2", "-nullable_2", "field_3"],
+                ["field_2", "-nullable_2", "field_3"],
             ),
             # Composite field and related field name.
-            (['field_2', '-related_3'], ['field_2', '-related_3', '-pk']),
-            (['field_3', 'related_4'], ['field_3', 'related_4', '-pk']),
+            (["field_2", "-related_3"], ["field_2", "-related_3", "-pk"]),
+            (["field_3", "related_4"], ["field_3", "related_4", "-pk"]),
             # Composite field and related field attname.
-            (['field_2', 'related_3_id'], ['field_2', 'related_3_id']),
-            (['field_3', '-related_4_id'], ['field_3', '-related_4_id']),
+            (["field_2", "related_3_id"], ["field_2", "related_3_id"]),
+            (["field_3", "-related_4_id"], ["field_3", "-related_4_id"]),
             # Partial unique constraint is ignored.
-            (['field_5'], ['field_5', '-pk']),
+            (["field_5"], ["field_5", "-pk"]),
             # Unique constraint with an empty condition.
-            (['field_6'], ['field_6']),
+            (["field_6"], ["field_6"]),
         )
         for ordering, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(ordering=ordering):
-                self.assertEqual(change_list._get_deterministic_ordering(ordering), expected)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    change_list._get_deterministic_ordering(ordering), expected
+                )
 
     def test_dynamic_list_filter(self):
         """
         Regression tests for ticket #17646: dynamic list_filter support.
         """
-        parent = Parent.objects.create(name='parent')
+        parent = Parent.objects.create(name="parent")
         for i in range(10):
-            Child.objects.create(name='child %s' % i, parent=parent)
+            Child.objects.create(name="child %s" % i, parent=parent)
 
-        user_noparents = self._create_superuser('noparents')
-        user_parents = self._create_superuser('parents')
+        user_noparents = self._create_superuser("noparents")
+        user_parents = self._create_superuser("parents")
 
         # Test with user 'noparents'
         m = DynamicListFilterChildAdmin(Child, custom_site)
-        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request('/child/', user_noparents)
+        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request("/child/", user_noparents)
         response = m.changelist_view(request)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context_data['cl'].list_filter, ['name', 'age'])
+        self.assertEqual(response.context_data["cl"].list_filter, ["name", "age"])
 
         # Test with user 'parents'
         m = DynamicListFilterChildAdmin(Child, custom_site)
-        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request('/child/', user_parents)
+        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request("/child/", user_parents)
         response = m.changelist_view(request)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context_data['cl'].list_filter, ('parent', 'name', 'age'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.context_data["cl"].list_filter, ("parent", "name", "age")
+        )
 
     def test_dynamic_search_fields(self):
-        child = self._create_superuser('child')
+        child = self._create_superuser("child")
         m = DynamicSearchFieldsChildAdmin(Child, custom_site)
-        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request('/child/', child)
+        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request("/child/", child)
         response = m.changelist_view(request)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context_data['cl'].search_fields, ('name', 'age'))
+        self.assertEqual(response.context_data["cl"].search_fields, ("name", "age"))
 
     def test_pagination_page_range(self):
         """
@@ -1378,7 +1470,7 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         """
         # instantiating and setting up ChangeList object
         m = GroupAdmin(Group, custom_site)
-        request = self.factory.get('/group/')
+        request = self.factory.get("/group/")
         request.user = self.superuser
         cl = m.get_changelist_instance(request)
         cl.list_per_page = 10
@@ -1401,144 +1493,148 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
                 # assuming exactly `pages * cl.list_per_page` objects
                 Group.objects.all().delete()
                 for i in range(pages * cl.list_per_page):
-                    Group.objects.create(name='test band')
+                    Group.objects.create(name="test band")
 
                 # setting page number and calculating page range
                 cl.page_num = number
                 cl.get_results(request)
-                self.assertEqual(list(pagination(cl)['page_range']), expected)
+                self.assertEqual(list(pagination(cl)["page_range"]), expected)
 
     def test_object_tools_displayed_no_add_permission(self):
         """
         When ModelAdmin.has_add_permission() returns False, the object-tools
         block is still shown.
         """
-        superuser = self._create_superuser('superuser')
+        superuser = self._create_superuser("superuser")
         m = EventAdmin(Event, custom_site)
-        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request('/event/', superuser)
+        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request("/event/", superuser)
         self.assertFalse(m.has_add_permission(request))
         response = m.changelist_view(request)
         self.assertIn('<ul class="object-tools">', response.rendered_content)
         # The "Add" button inside the object-tools shouldn't appear.
-        self.assertNotIn('Add ', response.rendered_content)
+        self.assertNotIn("Add ", response.rendered_content)
 
     def test_search_help_text(self):
-        superuser = self._create_superuser('superuser')
+        superuser = self._create_superuser("superuser")
         m = BandAdmin(Band, custom_site)
         # search_fields without search_help_text.
-        m.search_fields = ['name']
-        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request('/band/', superuser)
+        m.search_fields = ["name"]
+        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request("/band/", superuser)
         response = m.changelist_view(request)
-        self.assertIsNone(response.context_data['cl'].search_help_text)
+        self.assertIsNone(response.context_data["cl"].search_help_text)
         self.assertNotContains(response, '<div class="help">')
         # search_fields with search_help_text.
-        m.search_help_text = 'Search help text'
-        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request('/band/', superuser)
+        m.search_help_text = "Search help text"
+        request = self._mocked_authenticated_request("/band/", superuser)
         response = m.changelist_view(request)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context_data['cl'].search_help_text, 'Search help text')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.context_data["cl"].search_help_text, "Search help text"
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="help">Search help text</div>')
 
 
 class GetAdminLogTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_custom_user_pk_not_named_id(self):
         """
         {% get_admin_log %} works if the user model's primary key isn't named
         'id'.
         """
-        context = Context({'user': CustomIdUser()})
-        template = Template('{% load log %}{% get_admin_log 10 as admin_log for_user user %}')
+        context = Context({"user": CustomIdUser()})
+        template = Template(
+            "{% load log %}{% get_admin_log 10 as admin_log for_user user %}"
+        )
         # This template tag just logs.
-        self.assertEqual(template.render(context), '')
+        self.assertEqual(template.render(context), "")
 
     def test_no_user(self):
         """{% get_admin_log %} works without specifying a user."""
-        user = User(username='jondoe', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        user = User(username="jondoe", password="secret", email="super@example.com")
         user.save()
         ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(User)
         LogEntry.objects.log_action(user.pk, ct.pk, user.pk, repr(user), 1)
         t = Template(
-            '{% load log %}'
-            '{% get_admin_log 100 as admin_log %}'
-            '{% for entry in admin_log %}'
-            '{{ entry|safe }}'
-            '{% endfor %}'
+            "{% load log %}"
+            "{% get_admin_log 100 as admin_log %}"
+            "{% for entry in admin_log %}"
+            "{{ entry|safe }}"
+            "{% endfor %}"
         )
-        self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), 'Added “<User: jondoe>”.')
+        self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), "Added “<User: jondoe>”.")
 
     def test_missing_args(self):
         msg = "'get_admin_log' statements require two arguments"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            Template('{% load log %}{% get_admin_log 10 as %}')
+            Template("{% load log %}{% get_admin_log 10 as %}")
 
     def test_non_integer_limit(self):
         msg = "First argument to 'get_admin_log' must be an integer"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            Template('{% load log %}{% get_admin_log "10" as admin_log for_user user %}')
+            Template(
+                '{% load log %}{% get_admin_log "10" as admin_log for_user user %}'
+            )
 
     def test_without_as(self):
         msg = "Second argument to 'get_admin_log' must be 'as'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            Template('{% load log %}{% get_admin_log 10 ad admin_log for_user user %}')
+            Template("{% load log %}{% get_admin_log 10 ad admin_log for_user user %}")
 
     def test_without_for_user(self):
         msg = "Fourth argument to 'get_admin_log' must be 'for_user'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            Template('{% load log %}{% get_admin_log 10 as admin_log foruser user %}')
+            Template("{% load log %}{% get_admin_log 10 as admin_log foruser user %}")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_changelist.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_changelist.urls")
 class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['admin_changelist'] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
+    available_apps = ["admin_changelist"] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
 
     def setUp(self):
-        User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email=None)
+        User.objects.create_superuser(username="super", password="secret", email=None)
 
     def test_add_row_selection(self):
         """
         The status line for selected rows gets updated correctly (#22038).
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:auth_user_changelist'))
 
-        form_id = '#changelist-form'
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret")
+        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:auth_user_changelist"))
+
+        form_id = "#changelist-form"
 
         # Test amount of rows in the Changelist
         rows = self.selenium.find_elements(
-            By.CSS_SELECTOR,
-            '%s #result_list tbody tr' % form_id
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, "%s #result_list tbody tr" % form_id
         )
         self.assertEqual(len(rows), 1)
         row = rows[0]
 
         selection_indicator = self.selenium.find_element(
-            By.CSS_SELECTOR,
-            '%s .action-counter' % form_id
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, "%s .action-counter" % form_id
         )
-        all_selector = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'action-toggle')
+        all_selector = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "action-toggle")
         row_selector = self.selenium.find_element(
             By.CSS_SELECTOR,
-            '%s #result_list tbody tr:first-child .action-select' % form_id
+            "%s #result_list tbody tr:first-child .action-select" % form_id,
         )
 
         # Test current selection
         self.assertEqual(selection_indicator.text, "0 of 1 selected")
-        self.assertIs(all_selector.get_property('checked'), False)
-        self.assertEqual(row.get_attribute('class'), '')
+        self.assertIs(all_selector.get_property("checked"), False)
+        self.assertEqual(row.get_attribute("class"), "")
 
         # Select a row and check again
         row_selector.click()
         self.assertEqual(selection_indicator.text, "1 of 1 selected")
-        self.assertIs(all_selector.get_property('checked'), True)
-        self.assertEqual(row.get_attribute('class'), 'selected')
+        self.assertIs(all_selector.get_property("checked"), True)
+        self.assertEqual(row.get_attribute("class"), "selected")
 
         # Deselect a row and check again
         row_selector.click()
         self.assertEqual(selection_indicator.text, "0 of 1 selected")
-        self.assertIs(all_selector.get_property('checked'), False)
-        self.assertEqual(row.get_attribute('class'), '')
+        self.assertIs(all_selector.get_property("checked"), False)
+        self.assertEqual(row.get_attribute("class"), "")
 
     def test_modifier_allows_multiple_section(self):
         """
@@ -1549,89 +1645,105 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
 
-        Parent.objects.bulk_create([Parent(name='parent%d' % i) for i in range(5)])
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_changelist_parent_changelist'))
-        checkboxes = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'tr input.action-select')
+        Parent.objects.bulk_create([Parent(name="parent%d" % i) for i in range(5)])
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret")
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_changelist_parent_changelist")
+        )
+        checkboxes = self.selenium.find_elements(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, "tr input.action-select"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(len(checkboxes), 5)
         for c in checkboxes:
-            self.assertIs(c.get_property('checked'), False)
+            self.assertIs(c.get_property("checked"), False)
         # Check first row. Hold-shift and check next-to-last row.
         checkboxes[0].click()
-        ActionChains(self.selenium).key_down(Keys.SHIFT).click(checkboxes[-2]).key_up(Keys.SHIFT).perform()
+        ActionChains(self.selenium).key_down(Keys.SHIFT).click(checkboxes[-2]).key_up(
+            Keys.SHIFT
+        ).perform()
         for c in checkboxes[:-2]:
-            self.assertIs(c.get_property('checked'), True)
-        self.assertIs(checkboxes[-1].get_property('checked'), False)
+            self.assertIs(c.get_property("checked"), True)
+        self.assertIs(checkboxes[-1].get_property("checked"), False)
 
     def test_select_all_across_pages(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        Parent.objects.bulk_create([Parent(name='parent%d' % i) for i in range(101)])
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_changelist_parent_changelist'))
 
-        selection_indicator = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.action-counter')
-        select_all_indicator = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.actions .all')
-        question = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.actions > .question')
-        clear = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.actions > .clear')
-        select_all = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'action-toggle')
-        select_across = self.selenium.find_elements(By.NAME, 'select_across')
+        Parent.objects.bulk_create([Parent(name="parent%d" % i) for i in range(101)])
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret")
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_changelist_parent_changelist")
+        )
+
+        selection_indicator = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".action-counter"
+        )
+        select_all_indicator = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".actions .all"
+        )
+        question = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".actions > .question")
+        clear = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".actions > .clear")
+        select_all = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "action-toggle")
+        select_across = self.selenium.find_elements(By.NAME, "select_across")
 
         self.assertIs(question.is_displayed(), False)
         self.assertIs(clear.is_displayed(), False)
-        self.assertIs(select_all.get_property('checked'), False)
+        self.assertIs(select_all.get_property("checked"), False)
         for hidden_input in select_across:
-            self.assertEqual(hidden_input.get_property('value'), '0')
+            self.assertEqual(hidden_input.get_property("value"), "0")
         self.assertIs(selection_indicator.is_displayed(), True)
-        self.assertEqual(selection_indicator.text, '0 of 100 selected')
+        self.assertEqual(selection_indicator.text, "0 of 100 selected")
         self.assertIs(select_all_indicator.is_displayed(), False)
 
         select_all.click()
         self.assertIs(question.is_displayed(), True)
         self.assertIs(clear.is_displayed(), False)
-        self.assertIs(select_all.get_property('checked'), True)
+        self.assertIs(select_all.get_property("checked"), True)
         for hidden_input in select_across:
-            self.assertEqual(hidden_input.get_property('value'), '0')
+            self.assertEqual(hidden_input.get_property("value"), "0")
         self.assertIs(selection_indicator.is_displayed(), True)
-        self.assertEqual(selection_indicator.text, '100 of 100 selected')
+        self.assertEqual(selection_indicator.text, "100 of 100 selected")
         self.assertIs(select_all_indicator.is_displayed(), False)
 
         question.click()
         self.assertIs(question.is_displayed(), False)
         self.assertIs(clear.is_displayed(), True)
-        self.assertIs(select_all.get_property('checked'), True)
+        self.assertIs(select_all.get_property("checked"), True)
         for hidden_input in select_across:
-            self.assertEqual(hidden_input.get_property('value'), '1')
+            self.assertEqual(hidden_input.get_property("value"), "1")
         self.assertIs(selection_indicator.is_displayed(), False)
         self.assertIs(select_all_indicator.is_displayed(), True)
 
         clear.click()
         self.assertIs(question.is_displayed(), False)
         self.assertIs(clear.is_displayed(), False)
-        self.assertIs(select_all.get_property('checked'), False)
+        self.assertIs(select_all.get_property("checked"), False)
         for hidden_input in select_across:
-            self.assertEqual(hidden_input.get_property('value'), '0')
+            self.assertEqual(hidden_input.get_property("value"), "0")
         self.assertIs(selection_indicator.is_displayed(), True)
-        self.assertEqual(selection_indicator.text, '0 of 100 selected')
+        self.assertEqual(selection_indicator.text, "0 of 100 selected")
         self.assertIs(select_all_indicator.is_displayed(), False)
 
     def test_actions_warn_on_pending_edits(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        Parent.objects.create(name='foo')
 
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_changelist_parent_changelist'))
+        Parent.objects.create(name="foo")
 
-        name_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_form-0-name')
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret")
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_changelist_parent_changelist")
+        )
+
+        name_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_form-0-name")
         name_input.clear()
-        name_input.send_keys('bar')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'action-toggle').click()
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'index').click()  # Go
+        name_input.send_keys("bar")
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "action-toggle").click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "index").click()  # Go
         alert = self.selenium.switch_to.alert
         try:
             self.assertEqual(
                 alert.text,
-                'You have unsaved changes on individual editable fields. If you '
-                'run an action, your unsaved changes will be lost.'
+                "You have unsaved changes on individual editable fields. If you "
+                "run an action, your unsaved changes will be lost.",
             )
         finally:
             alert.dismiss()
@@ -1640,25 +1752,27 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
 
-        Parent.objects.create(name='parent')
+        Parent.objects.create(name="parent")
 
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_changelist_parent_changelist'))
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret")
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_changelist_parent_changelist")
+        )
 
-        name_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_form-0-name')
+        name_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_form-0-name")
         name_input.clear()
-        name_input.send_keys('other name')
-        Select(
-            self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'action')
-        ).select_by_value('delete_selected')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, '_save').click()
+        name_input.send_keys("other name")
+        Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "action")).select_by_value(
+            "delete_selected"
+        )
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "_save").click()
         alert = self.selenium.switch_to.alert
         try:
             self.assertEqual(
                 alert.text,
-                'You have selected an action, but you haven’t saved your '
-                'changes to individual fields yet. Please click OK to save. '
-                'You’ll need to re-run the action.',
+                "You have selected an action, but you haven’t saved your "
+                "changes to individual fields yet. Please click OK to save. "
+                "You’ll need to re-run the action.",
             )
         finally:
             alert.dismiss()
@@ -1667,22 +1781,24 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
 
-        Parent.objects.create(name='parent')
+        Parent.objects.create(name="parent")
 
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_changelist_parent_changelist'))
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret")
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_changelist_parent_changelist")
+        )
 
-        Select(
-            self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'action')
-        ).select_by_value('delete_selected')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, '_save').click()
+        Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "action")).select_by_value(
+            "delete_selected"
+        )
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "_save").click()
         alert = self.selenium.switch_to.alert
         try:
             self.assertEqual(
                 alert.text,
-                'You have selected an action, and you haven’t made any '
-                'changes on individual fields. You’re probably looking for '
-                'the Go button rather than the Save button.',
+                "You have selected an action, and you haven’t made any "
+                "changes on individual fields. You’re probably looking for "
+                "the Go button rather than the Save button.",
             )
         finally:
             alert.dismiss()
diff --git a/tests/admin_changelist/urls.py b/tests/admin_changelist/urls.py
index be569cdca5..ad9b44c9fc 100644
--- a/tests/admin_changelist/urls.py
+++ b/tests/admin_changelist/urls.py
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ from django.urls import path
 from . import admin
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
+    path("admin/", admin.site.urls),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/admin_checks/models.py b/tests/admin_checks/models.py
index 3336ce878e..b9140206f1 100644
--- a/tests/admin_checks/models.py
+++ b/tests/admin_checks/models.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class Song(models.Model):
     original_release = models.DateField(editable=False)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('title',)
+        ordering = ("title",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.title
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class Book(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     subtitle = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     price = models.FloatField()
-    authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author, through='AuthorsBooks')
+    authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author, through="AuthorsBooks")
 
 
 class AuthorsBooks(models.Model):
@@ -63,4 +63,4 @@ class Influence(models.Model):
 
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE)
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-    content_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
+    content_object = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")
diff --git a/tests/admin_checks/tests.py b/tests/admin_checks/tests.py
index 67625c7c86..a2372ba0d2 100644
--- a/tests/admin_checks/tests.py
+++ b/tests/admin_checks/tests.py
@@ -9,9 +9,7 @@ from django.contrib.sessions.middleware import SessionMiddleware
 from django.core import checks
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 
-from .models import (
-    Album, Author, Book, City, Influence, Song, State, TwoAlbumFKAndAnE,
-)
+from .models import Album, Author, Book, City, Influence, Song, State, TwoAlbumFKAndAnE
 
 
 class SongForm(forms.ModelForm):
@@ -20,25 +18,29 @@ class SongForm(forms.ModelForm):
 
 class ValidFields(admin.ModelAdmin):
     form = SongForm
-    fields = ['title']
+    fields = ["title"]
 
 
 class ValidFormFieldsets(admin.ModelAdmin):
     def get_form(self, request, obj=None, **kwargs):
         class ExtraFieldForm(SongForm):
             name = forms.CharField(max_length=50)
+
         return ExtraFieldForm
 
     fieldsets = (
-        (None, {
-            'fields': ('name',),
-        }),
+        (
+            None,
+            {
+                "fields": ("name",),
+            },
+        ),
     )
 
 
 class MyAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     def check(self, **kwargs):
-        return ['error!']
+        return ["error!"]
 
 
 class AuthenticationMiddlewareSubclass(AuthenticationMiddleware):
@@ -58,27 +60,26 @@ class SessionMiddlewareSubclass(SessionMiddleware):
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    SILENCED_SYSTEM_CHECKS=['fields.W342'],  # ForeignKey(unique=True)
+    SILENCED_SYSTEM_CHECKS=["fields.W342"],  # ForeignKey(unique=True)
     INSTALLED_APPS=[
-        'django.contrib.admin',
-        'django.contrib.auth',
-        'django.contrib.contenttypes',
-        'django.contrib.messages',
-        'admin_checks',
+        "django.contrib.admin",
+        "django.contrib.auth",
+        "django.contrib.contenttypes",
+        "django.contrib.messages",
+        "admin_checks",
     ],
 )
 class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_checks_are_performed(self):
         admin.site.register(Song, MyAdmin)
         try:
             errors = checks.run_checks()
-            expected = ['error!']
+            expected = ["error!"]
             self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
         finally:
             admin.site.unregister(Song)
 
-    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['django.contrib.admin'])
+    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["django.contrib.admin"])
     def test_apps_dependencies(self):
         errors = admin.checks.check_dependencies()
         expected = [
@@ -90,36 +91,41 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             checks.Error(
                 "'django.contrib.auth' must be in INSTALLED_APPS in order "
                 "to use the admin application.",
-                id='admin.E405',
+                id="admin.E405",
             ),
             checks.Error(
                 "'django.contrib.messages' must be in INSTALLED_APPS in order "
                 "to use the admin application.",
-                id='admin.E406',
+                id="admin.E406",
             ),
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
 
     @override_settings(TEMPLATES=[])
     def test_no_template_engines(self):
-        self.assertEqual(admin.checks.check_dependencies(), [
-            checks.Error(
-                "A 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates' "
-                "instance must be configured in TEMPLATES in order to use "
-                "the admin application.",
-                id='admin.E403',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            admin.checks.check_dependencies(),
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "A 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates' "
+                    "instance must be configured in TEMPLATES in order to use "
+                    "the admin application.",
+                    id="admin.E403",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     @override_settings(
-        TEMPLATES=[{
-            'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-            'DIRS': [],
-            'APP_DIRS': True,
-            'OPTIONS': {
-                'context_processors': [],
-            },
-        }],
+        TEMPLATES=[
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                "DIRS": [],
+                "APP_DIRS": True,
+                "OPTIONS": {
+                    "context_processors": [],
+                },
+            }
+        ],
     )
     def test_context_processor_dependencies(self):
         expected = [
@@ -127,20 +133,20 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
                 "'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth' must be "
                 "enabled in DjangoTemplates (TEMPLATES) if using the default "
                 "auth backend in order to use the admin application.",
-                id='admin.E402',
+                id="admin.E402",
             ),
             checks.Error(
                 "'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages' must "
                 "be enabled in DjangoTemplates (TEMPLATES) in order to use "
                 "the admin application.",
-                id='admin.E404',
+                id="admin.E404",
             ),
             checks.Warning(
                 "'django.template.context_processors.request' must be enabled "
                 "in DjangoTemplates (TEMPLATES) in order to use the admin "
                 "navigation sidebar.",
-                id='admin.W411',
-            )
+                id="admin.W411",
+            ),
         ]
         self.assertEqual(admin.checks.check_dependencies(), expected)
         # The first error doesn't happen if
@@ -150,45 +156,50 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             self.assertEqual(admin.checks.check_dependencies(), expected[1:])
 
     @override_settings(
-        AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=['admin_checks.tests.ModelBackendSubclass'],
-        TEMPLATES=[{
-            'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-            'DIRS': [],
-            'APP_DIRS': True,
-            'OPTIONS': {
-                'context_processors': [
-                    'django.template.context_processors.request',
-                    'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
-                ],
-            },
-        }],
+        AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=["admin_checks.tests.ModelBackendSubclass"],
+        TEMPLATES=[
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                "DIRS": [],
+                "APP_DIRS": True,
+                "OPTIONS": {
+                    "context_processors": [
+                        "django.template.context_processors.request",
+                        "django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages",
+                    ],
+                },
+            }
+        ],
     )
     def test_context_processor_dependencies_model_backend_subclass(self):
-        self.assertEqual(admin.checks.check_dependencies(), [
-            checks.Error(
-                "'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth' must be "
-                "enabled in DjangoTemplates (TEMPLATES) if using the default "
-                "auth backend in order to use the admin application.",
-                id='admin.E402',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            admin.checks.check_dependencies(),
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth' must be "
+                    "enabled in DjangoTemplates (TEMPLATES) if using the default "
+                    "auth backend in order to use the admin application.",
+                    id="admin.E402",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     @override_settings(
         TEMPLATES=[
             {
-                'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.dummy.TemplateStrings',
-                'DIRS': [],
-                'APP_DIRS': True,
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.dummy.TemplateStrings",
+                "DIRS": [],
+                "APP_DIRS": True,
             },
             {
-                'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-                'DIRS': [],
-                'APP_DIRS': True,
-                'OPTIONS': {
-                    'context_processors': [
-                        'django.template.context_processors.request',
-                        'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
-                        'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                "DIRS": [],
+                "APP_DIRS": True,
+                "OPTIONS": {
+                    "context_processors": [
+                        "django.template.context_processors.request",
+                        "django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth",
+                        "django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages",
                     ],
                 },
             },
@@ -204,12 +215,12 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             checks.Error(
                 "'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware' "
                 "must be in MIDDLEWARE in order to use the admin application.",
-                id='admin.E408',
+                id="admin.E408",
             ),
             checks.Error(
                 "'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware' "
                 "must be in MIDDLEWARE in order to use the admin application.",
-                id='admin.E409',
+                id="admin.E409",
             ),
             checks.Error(
                 "'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware' "
@@ -220,25 +231,29 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
                     "before "
                     "'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware'."
                 ),
-                id='admin.E410',
+                id="admin.E410",
             ),
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'admin_checks.tests.AuthenticationMiddlewareSubclass',
-        'admin_checks.tests.MessageMiddlewareSubclass',
-        'admin_checks.tests.SessionMiddlewareSubclass',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=[
+            "admin_checks.tests.AuthenticationMiddlewareSubclass",
+            "admin_checks.tests.MessageMiddlewareSubclass",
+            "admin_checks.tests.SessionMiddlewareSubclass",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_middleware_subclasses(self):
         self.assertEqual(admin.checks.check_dependencies(), [])
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'django.contrib.does.not.Exist',
-        'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
-        'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
-        'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=[
+            "django.contrib.does.not.Exist",
+            "django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware",
+            "django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware",
+            "django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_admin_check_ignores_import_error_in_middleware(self):
         self.assertEqual(admin.checks.check_dependencies(), [])
 
@@ -250,7 +265,7 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         custom_site.register(Song, MyAdmin)
         try:
             errors = checks.run_checks()
-            expected = ['error!']
+            expected = ["error!"]
             self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
         finally:
             custom_site.unregister(Song)
@@ -261,7 +276,7 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
                 errors = super().check(**kwargs)
                 author_admin = self.admin_site._registry.get(Author)
                 if author_admin is None:
-                    errors.append('AuthorAdmin missing!')
+                    errors.append("AuthorAdmin missing!")
                 return errors
 
         class MyAuthorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -285,35 +300,41 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
                 "The value of 'list_editable[0]' refers to 'original_release', "
                 "which is not contained in 'list_display'.",
                 obj=SongAdmin,
-                id='admin.E122',
+                id="admin.E122",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
 
     def test_list_editable_not_a_list_or_tuple(self):
         class SongAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            list_editable = 'test'
+            list_editable = "test"
 
-        self.assertEqual(SongAdmin(Song, AdminSite()).check(), [
-            checks.Error(
-                "The value of 'list_editable' must be a list or tuple.",
-                obj=SongAdmin,
-                id='admin.E120',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            SongAdmin(Song, AdminSite()).check(),
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "The value of 'list_editable' must be a list or tuple.",
+                    obj=SongAdmin,
+                    id="admin.E120",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_list_editable_missing_field(self):
         class SongAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            list_editable = ('test',)
+            list_editable = ("test",)
 
-        self.assertEqual(SongAdmin(Song, AdminSite()).check(), [
-            checks.Error(
-                "The value of 'list_editable[0]' refers to 'test', which is "
-                "not a field of 'admin_checks.Song'.",
-                obj=SongAdmin,
-                id='admin.E121',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            SongAdmin(Song, AdminSite()).check(),
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "The value of 'list_editable[0]' refers to 'test', which is "
+                    "not a field of 'admin_checks.Song'.",
+                    obj=SongAdmin,
+                    id="admin.E121",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_readonly_and_editable(self):
         class SongAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -321,17 +342,21 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             list_display = ["pk", "original_release"]
             list_editable = ["original_release"]
             fieldsets = [
-                (None, {
-                    "fields": ["title", "original_release"],
-                }),
+                (
+                    None,
+                    {
+                        "fields": ["title", "original_release"],
+                    },
+                ),
             ]
+
         errors = SongAdmin(Song, AdminSite()).check()
         expected = [
             checks.Error(
                 "The value of 'list_editable[0]' refers to 'original_release', "
                 "which is not editable through the admin.",
                 obj=SongAdmin,
-                id='admin.E125',
+                id="admin.E125",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
@@ -341,9 +366,12 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             list_display = ["pk", "title"]
             list_editable = ["title"]
             fieldsets = [
-                (None, {
-                    "fields": ["title", "original_release"],
-                }),
+                (
+                    None,
+                    {
+                        "fields": ["title", "original_release"],
+                    },
+                ),
             ]
 
         errors = SongAdmin(Song, AdminSite()).check()
@@ -368,13 +396,12 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         The first fieldset's fields must be a list/tuple.
         """
+
         class NotATupleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
             list_display = ["pk", "title"]
             list_editable = ["title"]
             fieldsets = [
-                (None, {
-                    "fields": "title"  # not a tuple
-                }),
+                (None, {"fields": "title"}),  # not a tuple
             ]
 
         errors = NotATupleAdmin(Song, AdminSite()).check()
@@ -382,7 +409,7 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             checks.Error(
                 "The value of 'fieldsets[0][1]['fields']' must be a list or tuple.",
                 obj=NotATupleAdmin,
-                id='admin.E008',
+                id="admin.E008",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
@@ -391,14 +418,11 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         The second fieldset's fields must be a list/tuple.
         """
+
         class NotATupleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
             fieldsets = [
-                (None, {
-                    "fields": ("title",)
-                }),
-                ('foo', {
-                    "fields": "author"  # not a tuple
-                }),
+                (None, {"fields": ("title",)}),
+                ("foo", {"fields": "author"}),  # not a tuple
             ]
 
         errors = NotATupleAdmin(Song, AdminSite()).check()
@@ -406,7 +430,7 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             checks.Error(
                 "The value of 'fieldsets[1][1]['fields']' must be a list or tuple.",
                 obj=NotATupleAdmin,
-                id='admin.E008',
+                id="admin.E008",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
@@ -415,29 +439,30 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         Tests for basic system checks of 'exclude' option values (#12689)
         """
+
         class ExcludedFields1(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            exclude = 'foo'
+            exclude = "foo"
 
         errors = ExcludedFields1(Book, AdminSite()).check()
         expected = [
             checks.Error(
                 "The value of 'exclude' must be a list or tuple.",
                 obj=ExcludedFields1,
-                id='admin.E014',
+                id="admin.E014",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
 
     def test_exclude_duplicate_values(self):
         class ExcludedFields2(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            exclude = ('name', 'name')
+            exclude = ("name", "name")
 
         errors = ExcludedFields2(Book, AdminSite()).check()
         expected = [
             checks.Error(
                 "The value of 'exclude' contains duplicate field(s).",
                 obj=ExcludedFields2,
-                id='admin.E015',
+                id="admin.E015",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
@@ -445,7 +470,7 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_exclude_in_inline(self):
         class ExcludedFieldsInline(admin.TabularInline):
             model = Song
-            exclude = 'foo'
+            exclude = "foo"
 
         class ExcludedFieldsAlbumAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
             model = Album
@@ -456,7 +481,7 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             checks.Error(
                 "The value of 'exclude' must be a list or tuple.",
                 obj=ExcludedFieldsInline,
-                id='admin.E014',
+                id="admin.E014",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
@@ -466,9 +491,10 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         Regression test for #9932 - exclude in InlineModelAdmin should not
         contain the ForeignKey field used in ModelAdmin.model
         """
+
         class SongInline(admin.StackedInline):
             model = Song
-            exclude = ['album']
+            exclude = ["album"]
 
         class AlbumAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
             model = Album
@@ -480,7 +506,7 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
                 "Cannot exclude the field 'album', because it is the foreign key "
                 "to the parent model 'admin_checks.Album'.",
                 obj=SongInline,
-                id='admin.E201',
+                id="admin.E201",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
@@ -490,6 +516,7 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         Regression test for #22034 - check that generic inlines don't look for
         normal ForeignKey relations.
         """
+
         class InfluenceInline(GenericStackedInline):
             model = Influence
 
@@ -504,6 +531,7 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         A model without a GenericForeignKey raises problems if it's included
         in a GenericInlineModelAdmin definition.
         """
+
         class BookInline(GenericStackedInline):
             model = Book
 
@@ -515,7 +543,7 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             checks.Error(
                 "'admin_checks.Book' has no GenericForeignKey.",
                 obj=BookInline,
-                id='admin.E301',
+                id="admin.E301",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
@@ -525,9 +553,10 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         A GenericInlineModelAdmin errors if the ct_field points to a
         nonexistent field.
         """
+
         class InfluenceInline(GenericStackedInline):
             model = Influence
-            ct_field = 'nonexistent'
+            ct_field = "nonexistent"
 
         class SongAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
             inlines = [InfluenceInline]
@@ -537,7 +566,7 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             checks.Error(
                 "'ct_field' references 'nonexistent', which is not a field on 'admin_checks.Influence'.",
                 obj=InfluenceInline,
-                id='admin.E302',
+                id="admin.E302",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
@@ -547,9 +576,10 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         A GenericInlineModelAdmin errors if the ct_fk_field points to a
         nonexistent field.
         """
+
         class InfluenceInline(GenericStackedInline):
             model = Influence
-            ct_fk_field = 'nonexistent'
+            ct_fk_field = "nonexistent"
 
         class SongAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
             inlines = [InfluenceInline]
@@ -559,7 +589,7 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             checks.Error(
                 "'ct_fk_field' references 'nonexistent', which is not a field on 'admin_checks.Influence'.",
                 obj=InfluenceInline,
-                id='admin.E303',
+                id="admin.E303",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
@@ -569,9 +599,10 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         A GenericInlineModelAdmin raises problems if the ct_field points to a
         field that isn't part of a GenericForeignKey.
         """
+
         class InfluenceInline(GenericStackedInline):
             model = Influence
-            ct_field = 'name'
+            ct_field = "name"
 
         class SongAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
             inlines = [InfluenceInline]
@@ -582,7 +613,7 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
                 "'admin_checks.Influence' has no GenericForeignKey using "
                 "content type field 'name' and object ID field 'object_id'.",
                 obj=InfluenceInline,
-                id='admin.E304',
+                id="admin.E304",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
@@ -592,9 +623,10 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         A GenericInlineModelAdmin raises problems if the ct_fk_field points to
         a field that isn't part of a GenericForeignKey.
         """
+
         class InfluenceInline(GenericStackedInline):
             model = Influence
-            ct_fk_field = 'name'
+            ct_fk_field = "name"
 
         class SongAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
             inlines = [InfluenceInline]
@@ -605,14 +637,14 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
                 "'admin_checks.Influence' has no GenericForeignKey using "
                 "content type field 'content_type' and object ID field 'name'.",
                 obj=InfluenceInline,
-                id='admin.E304',
+                id="admin.E304",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
 
     def test_app_label_in_admin_checks(self):
         class RawIdNonexistentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            raw_id_fields = ('nonexistent',)
+            raw_id_fields = ("nonexistent",)
 
         errors = RawIdNonexistentAdmin(Album, AdminSite()).check()
         expected = [
@@ -620,7 +652,7 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
                 "The value of 'raw_id_fields[0]' refers to 'nonexistent', "
                 "which is not a field of 'admin_checks.Album'.",
                 obj=RawIdNonexistentAdmin,
-                id='admin.E002',
+                id="admin.E002",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
@@ -631,6 +663,7 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         given) make sure fk_name is honored or things blow up when there is more
         than one fk to the parent model.
         """
+
         class TwoAlbumFKAndAnEInline(admin.TabularInline):
             model = TwoAlbumFKAndAnE
             exclude = ("e",)
@@ -656,7 +689,7 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
                 "to 'admin_checks.Album'. You must specify a 'fk_name' "
                 "attribute.",
                 obj=TwoAlbumFKAndAnEInline,
-                id='admin.E202',
+                id="admin.E202",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
@@ -719,9 +752,11 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 
             def __getattr__(self, item):
                 if item == "dynamic_method":
+
                     @admin.display
                     def method(obj):
                         pass
+
                     return method
                 raise AttributeError
 
@@ -745,7 +780,7 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
                 "The value of 'readonly_fields[1]' is not a callable, an attribute "
                 "of 'SongAdmin', or an attribute of 'admin_checks.Song'.",
                 obj=SongAdmin,
-                id='admin.E035',
+                id="admin.E035",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
@@ -753,7 +788,7 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_nonexistent_field_on_inline(self):
         class CityInline(admin.TabularInline):
             model = City
-            readonly_fields = ['i_dont_exist']  # Missing attribute
+            readonly_fields = ["i_dont_exist"]  # Missing attribute
 
         errors = CityInline(State, AdminSite()).check()
         expected = [
@@ -761,22 +796,25 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
                 "The value of 'readonly_fields[0]' is not a callable, an attribute "
                 "of 'CityInline', or an attribute of 'admin_checks.City'.",
                 obj=CityInline,
-                id='admin.E035',
+                id="admin.E035",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
 
     def test_readonly_fields_not_list_or_tuple(self):
         class SongAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            readonly_fields = 'test'
+            readonly_fields = "test"
 
-        self.assertEqual(SongAdmin(Song, AdminSite()).check(), [
-            checks.Error(
-                "The value of 'readonly_fields' must be a list or tuple.",
-                obj=SongAdmin,
-                id='admin.E034',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            SongAdmin(Song, AdminSite()).check(),
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "The value of 'readonly_fields' must be a list or tuple.",
+                    obj=SongAdmin,
+                    id="admin.E034",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_extra(self):
         class SongAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -802,8 +840,9 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         specifies the 'through' option is included in the 'fields' or the 'fieldsets'
         ModelAdmin options.
         """
+
         class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            fields = ['authors']
+            fields = ["authors"]
 
         errors = BookAdmin(Book, AdminSite()).check()
         expected = [
@@ -811,7 +850,7 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
                 "The value of 'fields' cannot include the ManyToManyField 'authors', "
                 "because that field manually specifies a relationship model.",
                 obj=BookAdmin,
-                id='admin.E013',
+                id="admin.E013",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
@@ -819,8 +858,8 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_cannot_include_through(self):
         class FieldsetBookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
             fieldsets = (
-                ('Header 1', {'fields': ('name',)}),
-                ('Header 2', {'fields': ('authors',)}),
+                ("Header 1", {"fields": ("name",)}),
+                ("Header 2", {"fields": ("authors",)}),
             )
 
         errors = FieldsetBookAdmin(Book, AdminSite()).check()
@@ -829,23 +868,21 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
                 "The value of 'fieldsets[1][1][\"fields\"]' cannot include the ManyToManyField "
                 "'authors', because that field manually specifies a relationship model.",
                 obj=FieldsetBookAdmin,
-                id='admin.E013',
+                id="admin.E013",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
 
     def test_nested_fields(self):
         class NestedFieldsAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            fields = ('price', ('name', 'subtitle'))
+            fields = ("price", ("name", "subtitle"))
 
         errors = NestedFieldsAdmin(Book, AdminSite()).check()
         self.assertEqual(errors, [])
 
     def test_nested_fieldsets(self):
         class NestedFieldsetAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            fieldsets = (
-                ('Main', {'fields': ('price', ('name', 'subtitle'))}),
-            )
+            fieldsets = (("Main", {"fields": ("price", ("name", "subtitle"))}),)
 
         errors = NestedFieldsetAdmin(Book, AdminSite()).check()
         self.assertEqual(errors, [])
@@ -856,6 +893,7 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         is specified as a string, the admin should still be able use
         Model.m2m_field.through
         """
+
         class AuthorsInline(admin.TabularInline):
             model = Book.authors.through
 
@@ -870,12 +908,13 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         Regression for ensuring ModelAdmin.fields can contain non-model fields
         that broke with r11737
         """
+
         class SongForm(forms.ModelForm):
             extra_data = forms.CharField()
 
         class FieldsOnFormOnlyAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
             form = SongForm
-            fields = ['title', 'extra_data']
+            fields = ["title", "extra_data"]
 
         errors = FieldsOnFormOnlyAdmin(Song, AdminSite()).check()
         self.assertEqual(errors, [])
@@ -885,30 +924,31 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         Regression for ensuring ModelAdmin.field can handle first elem being a
         non-model field (test fix for UnboundLocalError introduced with r16225).
         """
+
         class SongForm(forms.ModelForm):
             extra_data = forms.CharField()
 
             class Meta:
                 model = Song
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
         class FieldsOnFormOnlyAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
             form = SongForm
-            fields = ['extra_data', 'title']
+            fields = ["extra_data", "title"]
 
         errors = FieldsOnFormOnlyAdmin(Song, AdminSite()).check()
         self.assertEqual(errors, [])
 
     def test_check_sublists_for_duplicates(self):
         class MyModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            fields = ['state', ['state']]
+            fields = ["state", ["state"]]
 
         errors = MyModelAdmin(Song, AdminSite()).check()
         expected = [
             checks.Error(
                 "The value of 'fields' contains duplicate field(s).",
                 obj=MyModelAdmin,
-                id='admin.E006'
+                id="admin.E006",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
@@ -916,9 +956,7 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_check_fieldset_sublists_for_duplicates(self):
         class MyModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
             fieldsets = [
-                (None, {
-                    'fields': ['title', 'album', ('title', 'album')]
-                }),
+                (None, {"fields": ["title", "album", ("title", "album")]}),
             ]
 
         errors = MyModelAdmin(Song, AdminSite()).check()
@@ -926,7 +964,7 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             checks.Error(
                 "There are duplicate field(s) in 'fieldsets[0][1]'.",
                 obj=MyModelAdmin,
-                id='admin.E012'
+                id="admin.E012",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
@@ -936,8 +974,9 @@ class SystemChecksTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         Ensure list_filter can access reverse fields even when the app registry
         is not ready; refs #24146.
         """
+
         class BookAdminWithListFilter(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            list_filter = ['authorsbooks__featured']
+            list_filter = ["authorsbooks__featured"]
 
         # Temporarily pretending apps are not ready yet. This issue can happen
         # if the value of 'list_filter' refers to a 'through__field'.
diff --git a/tests/admin_custom_urls/models.py b/tests/admin_custom_urls/models.py
index 8b91383b0f..ea3ea61f8b 100644
--- a/tests/admin_custom_urls/models.py
+++ b/tests/admin_custom_urls/models.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class ActionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     The Action model has a CharField PK.
     """
 
-    list_display = ('name', 'description')
+    list_display = ("name", "description")
 
     def remove_url(self, name):
         """
@@ -38,14 +38,15 @@ class ActionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
         def wrap(view):
             def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
                 return self.admin_site.admin_view(view)(*args, **kwargs)
+
             return update_wrapper(wrapper, view)
 
         info = self.model._meta.app_label, self.model._meta.model_name
 
-        view_name = '%s_%s_add' % info
+        view_name = "%s_%s_add" % info
 
         return [
-            re_path('^!add/$', wrap(self.add_view), name=view_name),
+            re_path("^!add/$", wrap(self.add_view), name=view_name),
         ] + self.remove_url(view_name)
 
 
@@ -54,14 +55,15 @@ class Person(models.Model):
 
 
 class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-
     def response_post_save_add(self, request, obj):
         return HttpResponseRedirect(
-            reverse('admin:admin_custom_urls_person_history', args=[obj.pk]))
+            reverse("admin:admin_custom_urls_person_history", args=[obj.pk])
+        )
 
     def response_post_save_change(self, request, obj):
         return HttpResponseRedirect(
-            reverse('admin:admin_custom_urls_person_delete', args=[obj.pk]))
+            reverse("admin:admin_custom_urls_person_delete", args=[obj.pk])
+        )
 
 
 class Car(models.Model):
@@ -69,15 +71,17 @@ class Car(models.Model):
 
 
 class CarAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-
     def response_add(self, request, obj, post_url_continue=None):
         return super().response_add(
-            request, obj,
-            post_url_continue=reverse('admin:admin_custom_urls_car_history', args=[obj.pk]),
+            request,
+            obj,
+            post_url_continue=reverse(
+                "admin:admin_custom_urls_car_history", args=[obj.pk]
+            ),
         )
 
 
-site = admin.AdminSite(name='admin_custom_urls')
+site = admin.AdminSite(name="admin_custom_urls")
 site.register(Action, ActionAdmin)
 site.register(Person, PersonAdmin)
 site.register(Car, CarAdmin)
diff --git a/tests/admin_custom_urls/tests.py b/tests/admin_custom_urls/tests.py
index ebd3291f2c..d401976ebb 100644
--- a/tests/admin_custom_urls/tests.py
+++ b/tests/admin_custom_urls/tests.py
@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@ from django.urls import reverse
 from .models import Action, Car, Person
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_custom_urls.urls',)
+@override_settings(
+    ROOT_URLCONF="admin_custom_urls.urls",
+)
 class AdminCustomUrlsTest(TestCase):
     """
     Remember that:
@@ -19,18 +21,22 @@ class AdminCustomUrlsTest(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        Action.objects.create(name='delete', description='Remove things.')
-        Action.objects.create(name='rename', description='Gives things other names.')
-        Action.objects.create(name='add', description='Add things.')
-        Action.objects.create(name='path/to/file/', description="An action with '/' in its name.")
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        Action.objects.create(name="delete", description="Remove things.")
+        Action.objects.create(name="rename", description="Gives things other names.")
+        Action.objects.create(name="add", description="Add things.")
         Action.objects.create(
-            name='path/to/html/document.html',
-            description='An action with a name similar to a HTML doc path.'
+            name="path/to/file/", description="An action with '/' in its name."
         )
         Action.objects.create(
-            name='javascript:alert(\'Hello world\');">Click here</a>',
-            description='An action with a name suspected of being a XSS attempt'
+            name="path/to/html/document.html",
+            description="An action with a name similar to a HTML doc path.",
+        )
+        Action.objects.create(
+            name="javascript:alert('Hello world');\">Click here</a>",
+            description="An action with a name suspected of being a XSS attempt",
         )
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -40,8 +46,8 @@ class AdminCustomUrlsTest(TestCase):
         """
         Ensure GET on the add_view works.
         """
-        add_url = reverse('admin_custom_urls:admin_custom_urls_action_add')
-        self.assertTrue(add_url.endswith('/!add/'))
+        add_url = reverse("admin_custom_urls:admin_custom_urls_action_add")
+        self.assertTrue(add_url.endswith("/!add/"))
         response = self.client.get(add_url)
         self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
@@ -51,7 +57,10 @@ class AdminCustomUrlsTest(TestCase):
         Ensure GET on the add_view plus specifying a field value in the query
         string works.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin_custom_urls:admin_custom_urls_action_add'), {'name': 'My Action'})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin_custom_urls:admin_custom_urls_action_add"),
+            {"name": "My Action"},
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, 'value="My Action"')
 
     def test_basic_add_POST(self):
@@ -59,28 +68,33 @@ class AdminCustomUrlsTest(TestCase):
         Ensure POST on add_view works.
         """
         post_data = {
-            IS_POPUP_VAR: '1',
-            "name": 'Action added through a popup',
+            IS_POPUP_VAR: "1",
+            "name": "Action added through a popup",
             "description": "Description of added action",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin_custom_urls:admin_custom_urls_action_add'), post_data)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Action added through a popup')
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin_custom_urls:admin_custom_urls_action_add"), post_data
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "Action added through a popup")
 
     def test_admin_URLs_no_clash(self):
         # Should get the change_view for model instance with PK 'add', not show
         # the add_view
-        url = reverse('admin_custom_urls:%s_action_change' % Action._meta.app_label, args=(quote('add'),))
+        url = reverse(
+            "admin_custom_urls:%s_action_change" % Action._meta.app_label,
+            args=(quote("add"),),
+        )
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Change action')
+        self.assertContains(response, "Change action")
 
         # Should correctly get the change_view for the model instance with the
         # funny-looking PK (the one with a 'path/to/html/document.html' value)
         url = reverse(
-            'admin_custom_urls:%s_action_change' % Action._meta.app_label,
-            args=(quote("path/to/html/document.html"),)
+            "admin_custom_urls:%s_action_change" % Action._meta.app_label,
+            args=(quote("path/to/html/document.html"),),
         )
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Change action')
+        self.assertContains(response, "Change action")
         self.assertContains(response, 'value="path/to/html/document.html"')
 
     def test_post_save_add_redirect(self):
@@ -88,12 +102,16 @@ class AdminCustomUrlsTest(TestCase):
         ModelAdmin.response_post_save_add() controls the redirection after
         the 'Save' button has been pressed when adding a new object.
         """
-        post_data = {'name': 'John Doe'}
+        post_data = {"name": "John Doe"}
         self.assertEqual(Person.objects.count(), 0)
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin_custom_urls:admin_custom_urls_person_add'), post_data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin_custom_urls:admin_custom_urls_person_add"), post_data
+        )
         persons = Person.objects.all()
         self.assertEqual(len(persons), 1)
-        redirect_url = reverse('admin_custom_urls:admin_custom_urls_person_history', args=[persons[0].pk])
+        redirect_url = reverse(
+            "admin_custom_urls:admin_custom_urls_person_history", args=[persons[0].pk]
+        )
         self.assertRedirects(response, redirect_url)
 
     def test_post_save_change_redirect(self):
@@ -101,21 +119,35 @@ class AdminCustomUrlsTest(TestCase):
         ModelAdmin.response_post_save_change() controls the redirection after
         the 'Save' button has been pressed when editing an existing object.
         """
-        Person.objects.create(name='John Doe')
+        Person.objects.create(name="John Doe")
         self.assertEqual(Person.objects.count(), 1)
         person = Person.objects.all()[0]
-        post_url = reverse('admin_custom_urls:admin_custom_urls_person_change', args=[person.pk])
-        response = self.client.post(post_url, {'name': 'Jack Doe'})
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin_custom_urls:admin_custom_urls_person_delete', args=[person.pk]))
+        post_url = reverse(
+            "admin_custom_urls:admin_custom_urls_person_change", args=[person.pk]
+        )
+        response = self.client.post(post_url, {"name": "Jack Doe"})
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response,
+            reverse(
+                "admin_custom_urls:admin_custom_urls_person_delete", args=[person.pk]
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_post_url_continue(self):
         """
         The ModelAdmin.response_add()'s parameter `post_url_continue` controls
         the redirection after an object has been created.
         """
-        post_data = {'name': 'SuperFast', '_continue': '1'}
+        post_data = {"name": "SuperFast", "_continue": "1"}
         self.assertEqual(Car.objects.count(), 0)
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin_custom_urls:admin_custom_urls_car_add'), post_data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin_custom_urls:admin_custom_urls_car_add"), post_data
+        )
         cars = Car.objects.all()
         self.assertEqual(len(cars), 1)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin_custom_urls:admin_custom_urls_car_history', args=[cars[0].pk]))
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response,
+            reverse(
+                "admin_custom_urls:admin_custom_urls_car_history", args=[cars[0].pk]
+            ),
+        )
diff --git a/tests/admin_custom_urls/urls.py b/tests/admin_custom_urls/urls.py
index ade49b3957..9dd7574792 100644
--- a/tests/admin_custom_urls/urls.py
+++ b/tests/admin_custom_urls/urls.py
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ from django.urls import path
 from .models import site
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('admin/', site.urls),
+    path("admin/", site.urls),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/admin_default_site/apps.py b/tests/admin_default_site/apps.py
index 92743c18d4..d2dde8784f 100644
--- a/tests/admin_default_site/apps.py
+++ b/tests/admin_default_site/apps.py
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ from django.contrib.admin.apps import SimpleAdminConfig
 
 
 class MyCustomAdminConfig(SimpleAdminConfig):
-    verbose_name = 'My custom default admin site.'
-    default_site = 'admin_default_site.sites.CustomAdminSite'
+    verbose_name = "My custom default admin site."
+    default_site = "admin_default_site.sites.CustomAdminSite"
diff --git a/tests/admin_default_site/tests.py b/tests/admin_default_site/tests.py
index 9ce087549f..0566306668 100644
--- a/tests/admin_default_site/tests.py
+++ b/tests/admin_default_site/tests.py
@@ -5,16 +5,17 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 from .sites import CustomAdminSite
 
 
-@override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=[
-    'admin_default_site.apps.MyCustomAdminConfig',
-    'django.contrib.auth',
-    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
-    'django.contrib.sessions',
-    'django.contrib.messages',
-    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
-])
+@override_settings(
+    INSTALLED_APPS=[
+        "admin_default_site.apps.MyCustomAdminConfig",
+        "django.contrib.auth",
+        "django.contrib.contenttypes",
+        "django.contrib.sessions",
+        "django.contrib.messages",
+        "django.contrib.staticfiles",
+    ]
+)
 class CustomAdminSiteTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         # Reset admin.site since it may have already been instantiated by
         # another test app.
@@ -25,12 +26,12 @@ class CustomAdminSiteTests(SimpleTestCase):
         admin.site = sites.site = self._old_site
 
     def test_use_custom_admin_site(self):
-        self.assertEqual(admin.site.__class__.__name__, 'CustomAdminSite')
+        self.assertEqual(admin.site.__class__.__name__, "CustomAdminSite")
 
 
 class DefaultAdminSiteTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_use_default_admin_site(self):
-        self.assertEqual(admin.site.__class__.__name__, 'AdminSite')
+        self.assertEqual(admin.site.__class__.__name__, "AdminSite")
 
     def test_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(str(admin.site), "AdminSite(name='admin')")
@@ -39,5 +40,5 @@ class DefaultAdminSiteTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 class AdminSiteTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_repr(self):
-        admin_site = CustomAdminSite(name='other')
+        admin_site = CustomAdminSite(name="other")
         self.assertEqual(repr(admin_site), "CustomAdminSite(name='other')")
diff --git a/tests/admin_docs/models.py b/tests/admin_docs/models.py
index 06569d5c4c..7ae1ed8f95 100644
--- a/tests/admin_docs/models.py
+++ b/tests/admin_docs/models.py
@@ -36,10 +36,11 @@ class Person(models.Model):
 
     .. include:: admin_docs/evilfile.txt
     """
+
     first_name = models.CharField(max_length=200, help_text="The person's first name")
     last_name = models.CharField(max_length=200, help_text="The person's last name")
     company = models.ForeignKey(Company, models.CASCADE, help_text="place of work")
-    family = models.ForeignKey(Family, models.SET_NULL, related_name='+', null=True)
+    family = models.ForeignKey(Family, models.SET_NULL, related_name="+", null=True)
     groups = models.ManyToManyField(Group, help_text="has membership")
 
     def _get_full_name(self):
@@ -55,13 +56,13 @@ class Person(models.Model):
 
     @property
     def a_property(self):
-        return 'a_property'
+        return "a_property"
 
     @cached_property
     def a_cached_property(self):
-        return 'a_cached_property'
+        return "a_cached_property"
 
-    def suffix_company_name(self, suffix='ltd'):
+    def suffix_company_name(self, suffix="ltd"):
         return self.company.name + suffix
 
     def add_image(self):
diff --git a/tests/admin_docs/namespace_urls.py b/tests/admin_docs/namespace_urls.py
index 719bf0ddf5..b8eb0351f2 100644
--- a/tests/admin_docs/namespace_urls.py
+++ b/tests/admin_docs/namespace_urls.py
@@ -3,12 +3,15 @@ from django.urls import include, path
 
 from . import views
 
-backend_urls = ([
-    path('something/', views.XViewClass.as_view(), name='something'),
-], 'backend')
+backend_urls = (
+    [
+        path("something/", views.XViewClass.as_view(), name="something"),
+    ],
+    "backend",
+)
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('admin/doc/', include('django.contrib.admindocs.urls')),
-    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
-    path('api/backend/', include(backend_urls, namespace='backend')),
+    path("admin/doc/", include("django.contrib.admindocs.urls")),
+    path("admin/", admin.site.urls),
+    path("api/backend/", include(backend_urls, namespace="backend")),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/admin_docs/test_middleware.py b/tests/admin_docs/test_middleware.py
index 5d737f1bfd..3095074ee6 100644
--- a/tests/admin_docs/test_middleware.py
+++ b/tests/admin_docs/test_middleware.py
@@ -6,47 +6,48 @@ from .tests import AdminDocsTestCase, TestDataMixin
 
 
 class XViewMiddlewareTest(TestDataMixin, AdminDocsTestCase):
-
     def test_xview_func(self):
-        user = User.objects.get(username='super')
-        response = self.client.head('/xview/func/')
-        self.assertNotIn('X-View', response)
+        user = User.objects.get(username="super")
+        response = self.client.head("/xview/func/")
+        self.assertNotIn("X-View", response)
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
-        response = self.client.head('/xview/func/')
-        self.assertIn('X-View', response)
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['X-View'], 'admin_docs.views.xview')
+        response = self.client.head("/xview/func/")
+        self.assertIn("X-View", response)
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["X-View"], "admin_docs.views.xview")
         user.is_staff = False
         user.save()
-        response = self.client.head('/xview/func/')
-        self.assertNotIn('X-View', response)
+        response = self.client.head("/xview/func/")
+        self.assertNotIn("X-View", response)
         user.is_staff = True
         user.is_active = False
         user.save()
-        response = self.client.head('/xview/func/')
-        self.assertNotIn('X-View', response)
+        response = self.client.head("/xview/func/")
+        self.assertNotIn("X-View", response)
 
     def test_xview_class(self):
-        user = User.objects.get(username='super')
-        response = self.client.head('/xview/class/')
-        self.assertNotIn('X-View', response)
+        user = User.objects.get(username="super")
+        response = self.client.head("/xview/class/")
+        self.assertNotIn("X-View", response)
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
-        response = self.client.head('/xview/class/')
-        self.assertIn('X-View', response)
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['X-View'], 'admin_docs.views.XViewClass')
+        response = self.client.head("/xview/class/")
+        self.assertIn("X-View", response)
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["X-View"], "admin_docs.views.XViewClass")
         user.is_staff = False
         user.save()
-        response = self.client.head('/xview/class/')
-        self.assertNotIn('X-View', response)
+        response = self.client.head("/xview/class/")
+        self.assertNotIn("X-View", response)
         user.is_staff = True
         user.is_active = False
         user.save()
-        response = self.client.head('/xview/class/')
-        self.assertNotIn('X-View', response)
+        response = self.client.head("/xview/class/")
+        self.assertNotIn("X-View", response)
 
     def test_callable_object_view(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
-        response = self.client.head('/xview/callable_object/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['X-View'], 'admin_docs.views.XViewCallableObject')
+        response = self.client.head("/xview/callable_object/")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.headers["X-View"], "admin_docs.views.XViewCallableObject"
+        )
 
     @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[])
     def test_no_auth_middleware(self):
@@ -56,4 +57,4 @@ class XViewMiddlewareTest(TestDataMixin, AdminDocsTestCase):
             "'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware'."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            self.client.head('/xview/func/')
+            self.client.head("/xview/func/")
diff --git a/tests/admin_docs/test_utils.py b/tests/admin_docs/test_utils.py
index 9ffc25392c..18c6769fad 100644
--- a/tests/admin_docs/test_utils.py
+++ b/tests/admin_docs/test_utils.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 import unittest
 
 from django.contrib.admindocs.utils import (
-    docutils_is_available, parse_docstring, parse_rst,
+    docutils_is_available,
+    parse_docstring,
+    parse_rst,
 )
 from django.test.utils import captured_stderr
 
@@ -29,41 +31,42 @@ class TestUtils(AdminDocsSimpleTestCase):
 
     some_metadata: some data
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         self.docstring = self.__doc__
 
     def test_parse_docstring(self):
         title, description, metadata = parse_docstring(self.docstring)
         docstring_title = (
-            'This __doc__ output is required for testing. I copied this example from\n'
-            '`admindocs` documentation. (TITLE)'
+            "This __doc__ output is required for testing. I copied this example from\n"
+            "`admindocs` documentation. (TITLE)"
         )
         docstring_description = (
-            'Display an individual :model:`myapp.MyModel`.\n\n'
-            '**Context**\n\n``RequestContext``\n\n``mymodel``\n'
-            '    An instance of :model:`myapp.MyModel`.\n\n'
-            '**Template:**\n\n:template:`myapp/my_template.html` '
-            '(DESCRIPTION)'
+            "Display an individual :model:`myapp.MyModel`.\n\n"
+            "**Context**\n\n``RequestContext``\n\n``mymodel``\n"
+            "    An instance of :model:`myapp.MyModel`.\n\n"
+            "**Template:**\n\n:template:`myapp/my_template.html` "
+            "(DESCRIPTION)"
         )
         self.assertEqual(title, docstring_title)
         self.assertEqual(description, docstring_description)
-        self.assertEqual(metadata, {'some_metadata': 'some data'})
+        self.assertEqual(metadata, {"some_metadata": "some data"})
 
     def test_title_output(self):
         title, description, metadata = parse_docstring(self.docstring)
-        title_output = parse_rst(title, 'model', 'model:admindocs')
-        self.assertIn('TITLE', title_output)
+        title_output = parse_rst(title, "model", "model:admindocs")
+        self.assertIn("TITLE", title_output)
         title_rendered = (
-            '<p>This __doc__ output is required for testing. I copied this '
+            "<p>This __doc__ output is required for testing. I copied this "
             'example from\n<a class="reference external" '
             'href="/admindocs/models/admindocs/">admindocs</a> documentation. '
-            '(TITLE)</p>\n'
+            "(TITLE)</p>\n"
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(title_output, title_rendered)
 
     def test_description_output(self):
         title, description, metadata = parse_docstring(self.docstring)
-        description_output = parse_rst(description, 'model', 'model:admindocs')
+        description_output = parse_rst(description, "model", "model:admindocs")
         description_rendered = (
             '<p>Display an individual <a class="reference external" '
             'href="/admindocs/models/myapp.mymodel/">myapp.MyModel</a>.</p>\n'
@@ -71,35 +74,35 @@ class TestUtils(AdminDocsSimpleTestCase):
             'RequestContext</tt></p>\n<dl class="docutils">\n<dt><tt class="'
             'docutils literal">mymodel</tt></dt>\n<dd>An instance of <a class="'
             'reference external" href="/admindocs/models/myapp.mymodel/">'
-            'myapp.MyModel</a>.</dd>\n</dl>\n<p><strong>Template:</strong></p>'
+            "myapp.MyModel</a>.</dd>\n</dl>\n<p><strong>Template:</strong></p>"
             '\n<p><a class="reference external" href="/admindocs/templates/'
             'myapp/my_template.html/">myapp/my_template.html</a> (DESCRIPTION)'
-            '</p>\n'
+            "</p>\n"
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(description_output, description_rendered)
 
     def test_initial_header_level(self):
-        header = 'should be h3...\n\nHeader\n------\n'
-        output = parse_rst(header, 'header')
-        self.assertIn('<h3>Header</h3>', output)
+        header = "should be h3...\n\nHeader\n------\n"
+        output = parse_rst(header, "header")
+        self.assertIn("<h3>Header</h3>", output)
 
     def test_parse_rst(self):
         """
         parse_rst() should use `cmsreference` as the default role.
         """
         markup = '<p><a class="reference external" href="/admindocs/%s">title</a></p>\n'
-        self.assertEqual(parse_rst('`title`', 'model'), markup % 'models/title/')
-        self.assertEqual(parse_rst('`title`', 'view'), markup % 'views/title/')
-        self.assertEqual(parse_rst('`title`', 'template'), markup % 'templates/title/')
-        self.assertEqual(parse_rst('`title`', 'filter'), markup % 'filters/#title')
-        self.assertEqual(parse_rst('`title`', 'tag'), markup % 'tags/#title')
+        self.assertEqual(parse_rst("`title`", "model"), markup % "models/title/")
+        self.assertEqual(parse_rst("`title`", "view"), markup % "views/title/")
+        self.assertEqual(parse_rst("`title`", "template"), markup % "templates/title/")
+        self.assertEqual(parse_rst("`title`", "filter"), markup % "filters/#title")
+        self.assertEqual(parse_rst("`title`", "tag"), markup % "tags/#title")
 
     def test_parse_rst_with_docstring_no_leading_line_feed(self):
-        title, body, _ = parse_docstring('firstline\n\n    second line')
+        title, body, _ = parse_docstring("firstline\n\n    second line")
         with captured_stderr() as stderr:
-            self.assertEqual(parse_rst(title, ''), '<p>firstline</p>\n')
-            self.assertEqual(parse_rst(body, ''), '<p>second line</p>\n')
-        self.assertEqual(stderr.getvalue(), '')
+            self.assertEqual(parse_rst(title, ""), "<p>firstline</p>\n")
+            self.assertEqual(parse_rst(body, ""), "<p>second line</p>\n")
+        self.assertEqual(stderr.getvalue(), "")
 
     def test_publish_parts(self):
         """
@@ -108,8 +111,11 @@ class TestUtils(AdminDocsSimpleTestCase):
         ``cmsreference`` (#6681).
         """
         import docutils
-        self.assertNotEqual(docutils.parsers.rst.roles.DEFAULT_INTERPRETED_ROLE, 'cmsreference')
-        source = 'reST, `interpreted text`, default role.'
-        markup = '<p>reST, <cite>interpreted text</cite>, default role.</p>\n'
+
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            docutils.parsers.rst.roles.DEFAULT_INTERPRETED_ROLE, "cmsreference"
+        )
+        source = "reST, `interpreted text`, default role."
+        markup = "<p>reST, <cite>interpreted text</cite>, default role.</p>\n"
         parts = docutils.core.publish_parts(source=source, writer_name="html4css1")
-        self.assertEqual(parts['fragment'], markup)
+        self.assertEqual(parts["fragment"], markup)
diff --git a/tests/admin_docs/test_views.py b/tests/admin_docs/test_views.py
index b786fb1930..c11b8f71c2 100644
--- a/tests/admin_docs/test_views.py
+++ b/tests/admin_docs/test_views.py
@@ -19,44 +19,50 @@ from .tests import AdminDocsTestCase, TestDataMixin
 
 @unittest.skipUnless(utils.docutils_is_available, "no docutils installed.")
 class AdminDocViewTests(TestDataMixin, AdminDocsTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_index(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('django-admindocs-docroot'))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Documentation</h1>', html=True)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1 id="site-name"><a href="/admin/">Django administration</a></h1>')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("django-admindocs-docroot"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>Documentation</h1>", html=True)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<h1 id="site-name"><a href="/admin/">Django administration</a></h1>',
+        )
         self.client.logout()
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('django-admindocs-docroot'), follow=True)
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("django-admindocs-docroot"), follow=True)
         # Should display the login screen
-        self.assertContains(response, '<input type="hidden" name="next" value="/admindocs/">', html=True)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<input type="hidden" name="next" value="/admindocs/">', html=True
+        )
 
     def test_bookmarklets(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('django-admindocs-bookmarklets'))
-        self.assertContains(response, '/admindocs/views/')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("django-admindocs-bookmarklets"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "/admindocs/views/")
 
     def test_templatetag_index(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('django-admindocs-tags'))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h3 id="built_in-extends">extends</h3>', html=True)
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("django-admindocs-tags"))
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<h3 id="built_in-extends">extends</h3>', html=True
+        )
 
     def test_templatefilter_index(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('django-admindocs-filters'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("django-admindocs-filters"))
         self.assertContains(response, '<h3 id="built_in-first">first</h3>', html=True)
 
     def test_view_index(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('django-admindocs-views-index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("django-admindocs-views-index"))
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<h3><a href="/admindocs/views/django.contrib.admindocs.views.BaseAdminDocsView/">/admindocs/</a></h3>',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Views by namespace test')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Name: <code>test:func</code>.')
+        self.assertContains(response, "Views by namespace test")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Name: <code>test:func</code>.")
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<h3><a href="/admindocs/views/admin_docs.views.XViewCallableObject/">'
-            '/xview/callable_object_without_xview/</a></h3>',
+            "/xview/callable_object_without_xview/</a></h3>",
             html=True,
         )
 
@@ -64,27 +70,35 @@ class AdminDocViewTests(TestDataMixin, AdminDocsTestCase):
         """
         Views that are methods are listed correctly.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('django-admindocs-views-index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("django-admindocs-views-index"))
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<h3><a href="/admindocs/views/django.contrib.admin.sites.AdminSite.index/">/admin/</a></h3>',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
 
     def test_view_detail(self):
-        url = reverse('django-admindocs-views-detail', args=['django.contrib.admindocs.views.BaseAdminDocsView'])
+        url = reverse(
+            "django-admindocs-views-detail",
+            args=["django.contrib.admindocs.views.BaseAdminDocsView"],
+        )
         response = self.client.get(url)
         # View docstring
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Base view for admindocs views.')
+        self.assertContains(response, "Base view for admindocs views.")
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_docs.namespace_urls')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_docs.namespace_urls")
     def test_namespaced_view_detail(self):
-        url = reverse('django-admindocs-views-detail', args=['admin_docs.views.XViewClass'])
+        url = reverse(
+            "django-admindocs-views-detail", args=["admin_docs.views.XViewClass"]
+        )
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>admin_docs.views.XViewClass</h1>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>admin_docs.views.XViewClass</h1>")
 
     def test_view_detail_illegal_import(self):
-        url = reverse('django-admindocs-views-detail', args=['urlpatterns_reverse.nonimported_module.view'])
+        url = reverse(
+            "django-admindocs-views-detail",
+            args=["urlpatterns_reverse.nonimported_module.view"],
+        )
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
         self.assertNotIn("urlpatterns_reverse.nonimported_module", sys.modules)
@@ -93,41 +107,55 @@ class AdminDocViewTests(TestDataMixin, AdminDocsTestCase):
         """
         Views that are methods can be displayed.
         """
-        url = reverse('django-admindocs-views-detail', args=['django.contrib.admin.sites.AdminSite.index'])
+        url = reverse(
+            "django-admindocs-views-detail",
+            args=["django.contrib.admin.sites.AdminSite.index"],
+        )
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_model_index(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('django-admindocs-models-index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("django-admindocs-models-index"))
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<h2 id="app-auth">Authentication and Authorization (django.contrib.auth)</h2>',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
 
     def test_template_detail(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('django-admindocs-templates', args=['admin_doc/template_detail.html']))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Template: <q>admin_doc/template_detail.html</q></h1>', html=True)
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse(
+                "django-admindocs-templates", args=["admin_doc/template_detail.html"]
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            "<h1>Template: <q>admin_doc/template_detail.html</q></h1>",
+            html=True,
+        )
 
     def test_missing_docutils(self):
         utils.docutils_is_available = False
         try:
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('django-admindocs-docroot'))
+            response = self.client.get(reverse("django-admindocs-docroot"))
             self.assertContains(
                 response,
-                '<h3>The admin documentation system requires Python’s '
+                "<h3>The admin documentation system requires Python’s "
                 '<a href="https://docutils.sourceforge.io/">docutils</a> '
-                'library.</h3>'
-                '<p>Please ask your administrators to install '
+                "library.</h3>"
+                "<p>Please ask your administrators to install "
                 '<a href="https://docutils.sourceforge.io/">docutils</a>.</p>',
-                html=True
+                html=True,
+            )
+            self.assertContains(
+                response,
+                '<h1 id="site-name"><a href="/admin/">Django administration</a></h1>',
             )
-            self.assertContains(response, '<h1 id="site-name"><a href="/admin/">Django administration</a></h1>')
         finally:
             utils.docutils_is_available = True
 
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'remove': 'django.contrib.sites'})
-    @override_settings(SITE_ID=None)    # will restore SITE_ID after the test
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"remove": "django.contrib.sites"})
+    @override_settings(SITE_ID=None)  # will restore SITE_ID after the test
     def test_no_sites_framework(self):
         """
         Without the sites framework, should not access SITE_ID or Site
@@ -135,73 +163,78 @@ class AdminDocViewTests(TestDataMixin, AdminDocsTestCase):
         """
         Site.objects.all().delete()
         del settings.SITE_ID
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('django-admindocs-views-index'))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'View documentation')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("django-admindocs-views-index"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "View documentation")
 
     def test_callable_urlconf(self):
         """
         Index view should correctly resolve view patterns when ROOT_URLCONF is
         not a string.
         """
+
         def urlpatterns():
             return (
-                path('admin/doc/', include('django.contrib.admindocs.urls')),
-                path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
+                path("admin/doc/", include("django.contrib.admindocs.urls")),
+                path("admin/", admin.site.urls),
             )
 
         with self.settings(ROOT_URLCONF=SimpleLazyObject(urlpatterns)):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('django-admindocs-views-index'))
+            response = self.client.get(reverse("django-admindocs-views-index"))
             self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(utils.docutils_is_available, 'no docutils installed.')
+@unittest.skipUnless(utils.docutils_is_available, "no docutils installed.")
 class AdminDocViewDefaultEngineOnly(TestDataMixin, AdminDocsTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_template_detail_path_traversal(self):
-        cases = ['/etc/passwd', '../passwd']
+        cases = ["/etc/passwd", "../passwd"]
         for fpath in cases:
             with self.subTest(path=fpath):
                 response = self.client.get(
-                    reverse('django-admindocs-templates', args=[fpath]),
+                    reverse("django-admindocs-templates", args=[fpath]),
                 )
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
 
 
-@override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{
-    'NAME': 'ONE',
-    'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-    'APP_DIRS': True,
-}, {
-    'NAME': 'TWO',
-    'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-    'APP_DIRS': True,
-}])
+@override_settings(
+    TEMPLATES=[
+        {
+            "NAME": "ONE",
+            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            "APP_DIRS": True,
+        },
+        {
+            "NAME": "TWO",
+            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            "APP_DIRS": True,
+        },
+    ]
+)
 @unittest.skipUnless(utils.docutils_is_available, "no docutils installed.")
 class AdminDocViewWithMultipleEngines(AdminDocViewTests):
-
     def test_templatefilter_index(self):
         # Overridden because non-trivial TEMPLATES settings aren't supported
         # but the page shouldn't crash (#24125).
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('django-admindocs-filters'))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<title>Template filters</title>', html=True)
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("django-admindocs-filters"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "<title>Template filters</title>", html=True)
 
     def test_templatetag_index(self):
         # Overridden because non-trivial TEMPLATES settings aren't supported
         # but the page shouldn't crash (#24125).
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('django-admindocs-tags'))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<title>Template tags</title>', html=True)
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("django-admindocs-tags"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "<title>Template tags</title>", html=True)
 
 
 @unittest.skipUnless(utils.docutils_is_available, "no docutils installed.")
 class TestModelDetailView(TestDataMixin, AdminDocsTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
         with captured_stderr() as self.docutils_stderr:
-            self.response = self.client.get(reverse('django-admindocs-models-detail', args=['admin_docs', 'Person']))
+            self.response = self.client.get(
+                reverse("django-admindocs-models-detail", args=["admin_docs", "Person"])
+            )
 
     def test_method_excludes(self):
         """
@@ -235,42 +268,52 @@ class TestModelDetailView(TestDataMixin, AdminDocsTestCase):
         """
         Methods with keyword arguments should have their arguments displayed.
         """
-        self.assertContains(self.response, '<td>suffix=&#x27;ltd&#x27;</td>')
+        self.assertContains(self.response, "<td>suffix=&#x27;ltd&#x27;</td>")
 
     def test_methods_with_multiple_arguments_display_arguments(self):
         """
         Methods with multiple arguments should have all their arguments
         displayed, but omitting 'self'.
         """
-        self.assertContains(self.response, "<td>baz, rox, *some_args, **some_kwargs</td>")
+        self.assertContains(
+            self.response, "<td>baz, rox, *some_args, **some_kwargs</td>"
+        )
 
     def test_instance_of_property_methods_are_displayed(self):
         """Model properties are displayed as fields."""
-        self.assertContains(self.response, '<td>a_property</td>')
+        self.assertContains(self.response, "<td>a_property</td>")
 
     def test_instance_of_cached_property_methods_are_displayed(self):
         """Model cached properties are displayed as fields."""
-        self.assertContains(self.response, '<td>a_cached_property</td>')
+        self.assertContains(self.response, "<td>a_cached_property</td>")
 
     def test_method_data_types(self):
         company = Company.objects.create(name="Django")
-        person = Person.objects.create(first_name="Human", last_name="User", company=company)
-        self.assertEqual(get_return_data_type(person.get_status_count.__name__), 'Integer')
-        self.assertEqual(get_return_data_type(person.get_groups_list.__name__), 'List')
+        person = Person.objects.create(
+            first_name="Human", last_name="User", company=company
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            get_return_data_type(person.get_status_count.__name__), "Integer"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(get_return_data_type(person.get_groups_list.__name__), "List")
 
     def test_descriptions_render_correctly(self):
         """
         The ``description`` field should render correctly for each field type.
         """
         # help text in fields
-        self.assertContains(self.response, "<td>first name - The person's first name</td>")
-        self.assertContains(self.response, "<td>last name - The person's last name</td>")
+        self.assertContains(
+            self.response, "<td>first name - The person's first name</td>"
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            self.response, "<td>last name - The person's last name</td>"
+        )
 
         # method docstrings
         self.assertContains(self.response, "<p>Get the full name of the person</p>")
 
         link = '<a class="reference external" href="/admindocs/models/%s/">%s</a>'
-        markup = '<p>the related %s object</p>'
+        markup = "<p>the related %s object</p>"
         company_markup = markup % (link % ("admin_docs.company", "admin_docs.Company"))
 
         # foreign keys
@@ -282,18 +325,28 @@ class TestModelDetailView(TestDataMixin, AdminDocsTestCase):
         # many to many fields
         self.assertContains(
             self.response,
-            "number of related %s objects" % (link % ("admin_docs.group", "admin_docs.Group"))
+            "number of related %s objects"
+            % (link % ("admin_docs.group", "admin_docs.Group")),
         )
         self.assertContains(
             self.response,
-            "all related %s objects" % (link % ("admin_docs.group", "admin_docs.Group"))
+            "all related %s objects"
+            % (link % ("admin_docs.group", "admin_docs.Group")),
         )
 
         # "raw" and "include" directives are disabled
-        self.assertContains(self.response, '<p>&quot;raw&quot; directive disabled.</p>',)
-        self.assertContains(self.response, '.. raw:: html\n    :file: admin_docs/evilfile.txt')
-        self.assertContains(self.response, '<p>&quot;include&quot; directive disabled.</p>',)
-        self.assertContains(self.response, '.. include:: admin_docs/evilfile.txt')
+        self.assertContains(
+            self.response,
+            "<p>&quot;raw&quot; directive disabled.</p>",
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            self.response, ".. raw:: html\n    :file: admin_docs/evilfile.txt"
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            self.response,
+            "<p>&quot;include&quot; directive disabled.</p>",
+        )
+        self.assertContains(self.response, ".. include:: admin_docs/evilfile.txt")
         out = self.docutils_stderr.getvalue()
         self.assertIn('"raw" directive disabled', out)
         self.assertIn('"include" directive disabled', out)
@@ -301,15 +354,17 @@ class TestModelDetailView(TestDataMixin, AdminDocsTestCase):
     def test_model_with_many_to_one(self):
         link = '<a class="reference external" href="/admindocs/models/%s/">%s</a>'
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('django-admindocs-models-detail', args=['admin_docs', 'company'])
+            reverse("django-admindocs-models-detail", args=["admin_docs", "company"])
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            "number of related %s objects" % (link % ("admin_docs.person", "admin_docs.Person"))
+            "number of related %s objects"
+            % (link % ("admin_docs.person", "admin_docs.Person")),
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            "all related %s objects" % (link % ("admin_docs.person", "admin_docs.Person"))
+            "all related %s objects"
+            % (link % ("admin_docs.person", "admin_docs.Person")),
         )
 
     def test_model_with_no_backward_relations_render_only_relevant_fields(self):
@@ -317,8 +372,10 @@ class TestModelDetailView(TestDataMixin, AdminDocsTestCase):
         A model with ``related_name`` of `+` shouldn't show backward
         relationship links.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('django-admindocs-models-detail', args=['admin_docs', 'family']))
-        fields = response.context_data.get('fields')
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("django-admindocs-models-detail", args=["admin_docs", "family"])
+        )
+        fields = response.context_data.get("fields")
         self.assertEqual(len(fields), 2)
 
     def test_model_docstring_renders_correctly(self):
@@ -326,31 +383,40 @@ class TestModelDetailView(TestDataMixin, AdminDocsTestCase):
             '<h2 class="subhead"><p>Stores information about a person, related to <a class="reference external" '
             'href="/admindocs/models/myapp.company/">myapp.Company</a>.</p></h2>'
         )
-        subheading = '<p><strong>Notes</strong></p>'
+        subheading = "<p><strong>Notes</strong></p>"
         body = '<p>Use <tt class="docutils literal">save_changes()</tt> when saving this object.</p>'
         model_body = (
             '<dl class="docutils"><dt><tt class="'
             'docutils literal">company</tt></dt><dd>Field storing <a class="'
             'reference external" href="/admindocs/models/myapp.company/">'
-            'myapp.Company</a> where the person works.</dd></dl>'
+            "myapp.Company</a> where the person works.</dd></dl>"
         )
-        self.assertContains(self.response, 'DESCRIPTION')
+        self.assertContains(self.response, "DESCRIPTION")
         self.assertContains(self.response, summary, html=True)
         self.assertContains(self.response, subheading, html=True)
         self.assertContains(self.response, body, html=True)
         self.assertContains(self.response, model_body, html=True)
 
     def test_model_detail_title(self):
-        self.assertContains(self.response, '<h1>admin_docs.Person</h1>', html=True)
+        self.assertContains(self.response, "<h1>admin_docs.Person</h1>", html=True)
 
     def test_app_not_found(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('django-admindocs-models-detail', args=['doesnotexist', 'Person']))
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['exception'], "App 'doesnotexist' not found")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("django-admindocs-models-detail", args=["doesnotexist", "Person"])
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["exception"], "App 'doesnotexist' not found")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_model_not_found(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('django-admindocs-models-detail', args=['admin_docs', 'doesnotexist']))
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['exception'], "Model 'doesnotexist' not found in app 'admin_docs'")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse(
+                "django-admindocs-models-detail", args=["admin_docs", "doesnotexist"]
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.context["exception"],
+            "Model 'doesnotexist' not found in app 'admin_docs'",
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
 
@@ -370,123 +436,124 @@ class TestFieldType(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_builtin_fields(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             views.get_readable_field_data_type(fields.BooleanField()),
-            'Boolean (Either True or False)'
+            "Boolean (Either True or False)",
         )
 
     def test_custom_fields(self):
-        self.assertEqual(views.get_readable_field_data_type(CustomField()), 'A custom field type')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            views.get_readable_field_data_type(CustomField()), "A custom field type"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             views.get_readable_field_data_type(DescriptionLackingField()),
-            'Field of type: DescriptionLackingField'
+            "Field of type: DescriptionLackingField",
         )
 
 
 class AdminDocViewFunctionsTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_simplify_regex(self):
         tests = (
             # Named and unnamed groups.
-            (r'^(?P<a>\w+)/b/(?P<c>\w+)/$', '/<a>/b/<c>/'),
-            (r'^(?P<a>\w+)/b/(?P<c>\w+)$', '/<a>/b/<c>'),
-            (r'^(?P<a>\w+)/b/(?P<c>\w+)', '/<a>/b/<c>'),
-            (r'^(?P<a>\w+)/b/(\w+)$', '/<a>/b/<var>'),
-            (r'^(?P<a>\w+)/b/(\w+)', '/<a>/b/<var>'),
-            (r'^(?P<a>\w+)/b/((x|y)\w+)$', '/<a>/b/<var>'),
-            (r'^(?P<a>\w+)/b/((x|y)\w+)', '/<a>/b/<var>'),
-            (r'^(?P<a>(x|y))/b/(?P<c>\w+)$', '/<a>/b/<c>'),
-            (r'^(?P<a>(x|y))/b/(?P<c>\w+)', '/<a>/b/<c>'),
-            (r'^(?P<a>(x|y))/b/(?P<c>\w+)ab', '/<a>/b/<c>ab'),
-            (r'^(?P<a>(x|y)(\(|\)))/b/(?P<c>\w+)ab', '/<a>/b/<c>ab'),
+            (r"^(?P<a>\w+)/b/(?P<c>\w+)/$", "/<a>/b/<c>/"),
+            (r"^(?P<a>\w+)/b/(?P<c>\w+)$", "/<a>/b/<c>"),
+            (r"^(?P<a>\w+)/b/(?P<c>\w+)", "/<a>/b/<c>"),
+            (r"^(?P<a>\w+)/b/(\w+)$", "/<a>/b/<var>"),
+            (r"^(?P<a>\w+)/b/(\w+)", "/<a>/b/<var>"),
+            (r"^(?P<a>\w+)/b/((x|y)\w+)$", "/<a>/b/<var>"),
+            (r"^(?P<a>\w+)/b/((x|y)\w+)", "/<a>/b/<var>"),
+            (r"^(?P<a>(x|y))/b/(?P<c>\w+)$", "/<a>/b/<c>"),
+            (r"^(?P<a>(x|y))/b/(?P<c>\w+)", "/<a>/b/<c>"),
+            (r"^(?P<a>(x|y))/b/(?P<c>\w+)ab", "/<a>/b/<c>ab"),
+            (r"^(?P<a>(x|y)(\(|\)))/b/(?P<c>\w+)ab", "/<a>/b/<c>ab"),
             # Non-capturing groups.
-            (r'^a(?:\w+)b', '/ab'),
-            (r'^a(?:(x|y))', '/a'),
-            (r'^(?:\w+(?:\w+))a', '/a'),
-            (r'^a(?:\w+)/b(?:\w+)', '/a/b'),
-            (r'(?P<a>\w+)/b/(?:\w+)c(?:\w+)', '/<a>/b/c'),
-            (r'(?P<a>\w+)/b/(\w+)/(?:\w+)c(?:\w+)', '/<a>/b/<var>/c'),
+            (r"^a(?:\w+)b", "/ab"),
+            (r"^a(?:(x|y))", "/a"),
+            (r"^(?:\w+(?:\w+))a", "/a"),
+            (r"^a(?:\w+)/b(?:\w+)", "/a/b"),
+            (r"(?P<a>\w+)/b/(?:\w+)c(?:\w+)", "/<a>/b/c"),
+            (r"(?P<a>\w+)/b/(\w+)/(?:\w+)c(?:\w+)", "/<a>/b/<var>/c"),
             # Single and repeated metacharacters.
-            (r'^a', '/a'),
-            (r'^^a', '/a'),
-            (r'^^^a', '/a'),
-            (r'a$', '/a'),
-            (r'a$$', '/a'),
-            (r'a$$$', '/a'),
-            (r'a?', '/a'),
-            (r'a??', '/a'),
-            (r'a???', '/a'),
-            (r'a*', '/a'),
-            (r'a**', '/a'),
-            (r'a***', '/a'),
-            (r'a+', '/a'),
-            (r'a++', '/a'),
-            (r'a+++', '/a'),
-            (r'\Aa', '/a'),
-            (r'\A\Aa', '/a'),
-            (r'\A\A\Aa', '/a'),
-            (r'a\Z', '/a'),
-            (r'a\Z\Z', '/a'),
-            (r'a\Z\Z\Z', '/a'),
-            (r'\ba', '/a'),
-            (r'\b\ba', '/a'),
-            (r'\b\b\ba', '/a'),
-            (r'a\B', '/a'),
-            (r'a\B\B', '/a'),
-            (r'a\B\B\B', '/a'),
+            (r"^a", "/a"),
+            (r"^^a", "/a"),
+            (r"^^^a", "/a"),
+            (r"a$", "/a"),
+            (r"a$$", "/a"),
+            (r"a$$$", "/a"),
+            (r"a?", "/a"),
+            (r"a??", "/a"),
+            (r"a???", "/a"),
+            (r"a*", "/a"),
+            (r"a**", "/a"),
+            (r"a***", "/a"),
+            (r"a+", "/a"),
+            (r"a++", "/a"),
+            (r"a+++", "/a"),
+            (r"\Aa", "/a"),
+            (r"\A\Aa", "/a"),
+            (r"\A\A\Aa", "/a"),
+            (r"a\Z", "/a"),
+            (r"a\Z\Z", "/a"),
+            (r"a\Z\Z\Z", "/a"),
+            (r"\ba", "/a"),
+            (r"\b\ba", "/a"),
+            (r"\b\b\ba", "/a"),
+            (r"a\B", "/a"),
+            (r"a\B\B", "/a"),
+            (r"a\B\B\B", "/a"),
             # Multiple mixed metacharacters.
-            (r'^a/?$', '/a/'),
-            (r'\Aa\Z', '/a'),
-            (r'\ba\B', '/a'),
+            (r"^a/?$", "/a/"),
+            (r"\Aa\Z", "/a"),
+            (r"\ba\B", "/a"),
             # Escaped single metacharacters.
-            (r'\^a', r'/^a'),
-            (r'\\^a', r'/\\a'),
-            (r'\\\^a', r'/\\^a'),
-            (r'\\\\^a', r'/\\\\a'),
-            (r'\\\\\^a', r'/\\\\^a'),
-            (r'a\$', r'/a$'),
-            (r'a\\$', r'/a\\'),
-            (r'a\\\$', r'/a\\$'),
-            (r'a\\\\$', r'/a\\\\'),
-            (r'a\\\\\$', r'/a\\\\$'),
-            (r'a\?', r'/a?'),
-            (r'a\\?', r'/a\\'),
-            (r'a\\\?', r'/a\\?'),
-            (r'a\\\\?', r'/a\\\\'),
-            (r'a\\\\\?', r'/a\\\\?'),
-            (r'a\*', r'/a*'),
-            (r'a\\*', r'/a\\'),
-            (r'a\\\*', r'/a\\*'),
-            (r'a\\\\*', r'/a\\\\'),
-            (r'a\\\\\*', r'/a\\\\*'),
-            (r'a\+', r'/a+'),
-            (r'a\\+', r'/a\\'),
-            (r'a\\\+', r'/a\\+'),
-            (r'a\\\\+', r'/a\\\\'),
-            (r'a\\\\\+', r'/a\\\\+'),
-            (r'\\Aa', r'/\Aa'),
-            (r'\\\Aa', r'/\\a'),
-            (r'\\\\Aa', r'/\\\Aa'),
-            (r'\\\\\Aa', r'/\\\\a'),
-            (r'\\\\\\Aa', r'/\\\\\Aa'),
-            (r'a\\Z', r'/a\Z'),
-            (r'a\\\Z', r'/a\\'),
-            (r'a\\\\Z', r'/a\\\Z'),
-            (r'a\\\\\Z', r'/a\\\\'),
-            (r'a\\\\\\Z', r'/a\\\\\Z'),
+            (r"\^a", r"/^a"),
+            (r"\\^a", r"/\\a"),
+            (r"\\\^a", r"/\\^a"),
+            (r"\\\\^a", r"/\\\\a"),
+            (r"\\\\\^a", r"/\\\\^a"),
+            (r"a\$", r"/a$"),
+            (r"a\\$", r"/a\\"),
+            (r"a\\\$", r"/a\\$"),
+            (r"a\\\\$", r"/a\\\\"),
+            (r"a\\\\\$", r"/a\\\\$"),
+            (r"a\?", r"/a?"),
+            (r"a\\?", r"/a\\"),
+            (r"a\\\?", r"/a\\?"),
+            (r"a\\\\?", r"/a\\\\"),
+            (r"a\\\\\?", r"/a\\\\?"),
+            (r"a\*", r"/a*"),
+            (r"a\\*", r"/a\\"),
+            (r"a\\\*", r"/a\\*"),
+            (r"a\\\\*", r"/a\\\\"),
+            (r"a\\\\\*", r"/a\\\\*"),
+            (r"a\+", r"/a+"),
+            (r"a\\+", r"/a\\"),
+            (r"a\\\+", r"/a\\+"),
+            (r"a\\\\+", r"/a\\\\"),
+            (r"a\\\\\+", r"/a\\\\+"),
+            (r"\\Aa", r"/\Aa"),
+            (r"\\\Aa", r"/\\a"),
+            (r"\\\\Aa", r"/\\\Aa"),
+            (r"\\\\\Aa", r"/\\\\a"),
+            (r"\\\\\\Aa", r"/\\\\\Aa"),
+            (r"a\\Z", r"/a\Z"),
+            (r"a\\\Z", r"/a\\"),
+            (r"a\\\\Z", r"/a\\\Z"),
+            (r"a\\\\\Z", r"/a\\\\"),
+            (r"a\\\\\\Z", r"/a\\\\\Z"),
             # Escaped mixed metacharacters.
-            (r'^a\?$', r'/a?'),
-            (r'^a\\?$', r'/a\\'),
-            (r'^a\\\?$', r'/a\\?'),
-            (r'^a\\\\?$', r'/a\\\\'),
-            (r'^a\\\\\?$', r'/a\\\\?'),
+            (r"^a\?$", r"/a?"),
+            (r"^a\\?$", r"/a\\"),
+            (r"^a\\\?$", r"/a\\?"),
+            (r"^a\\\\?$", r"/a\\\\"),
+            (r"^a\\\\\?$", r"/a\\\\?"),
             # Adjacent escaped metacharacters.
-            (r'^a\?\$', r'/a?$'),
-            (r'^a\\?\\$', r'/a\\\\'),
-            (r'^a\\\?\\\$', r'/a\\?\\$'),
-            (r'^a\\\\?\\\\$', r'/a\\\\\\\\'),
-            (r'^a\\\\\?\\\\\$', r'/a\\\\?\\\\$'),
+            (r"^a\?\$", r"/a?$"),
+            (r"^a\\?\\$", r"/a\\\\"),
+            (r"^a\\\?\\\$", r"/a\\?\\$"),
+            (r"^a\\\\?\\\\$", r"/a\\\\\\\\"),
+            (r"^a\\\\\?\\\\\$", r"/a\\\\?\\\\$"),
             # Complex examples with metacharacters and (un)named groups.
-            (r'^\b(?P<slug>\w+)\B/(\w+)?', '/<slug>/<var>'),
-            (r'^\A(?P<slug>\w+)\Z', '/<slug>'),
+            (r"^\b(?P<slug>\w+)\B/(\w+)?", "/<slug>/<var>"),
+            (r"^\A(?P<slug>\w+)\Z", "/<slug>"),
         )
         for pattern, output in tests:
             with self.subTest(pattern=pattern):
diff --git a/tests/admin_docs/tests.py b/tests/admin_docs/tests.py
index d53cb80c94..3ab2970b90 100644
--- a/tests/admin_docs/tests.py
+++ b/tests/admin_docs/tests.py
@@ -1,23 +1,22 @@
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
-from django.test import (
-    SimpleTestCase, TestCase, modify_settings, override_settings,
-)
+from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase, modify_settings, override_settings
 
 
 class TestDataMixin:
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_docs.urls')
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.admindocs'})
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_docs.urls")
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.admindocs"})
 class AdminDocsSimpleTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
     pass
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_docs.urls')
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.admindocs'})
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_docs.urls")
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.admindocs"})
 class AdminDocsTestCase(TestCase):
     pass
diff --git a/tests/admin_docs/urls.py b/tests/admin_docs/urls.py
index f535afc9f2..de23d9baf5 100644
--- a/tests/admin_docs/urls.py
+++ b/tests/admin_docs/urls.py
@@ -3,16 +3,19 @@ from django.urls import include, path
 
 from . import views
 
-ns_patterns = ([
-    path('xview/func/', views.xview_dec(views.xview), name='func'),
-], 'test')
+ns_patterns = (
+    [
+        path("xview/func/", views.xview_dec(views.xview), name="func"),
+    ],
+    "test",
+)
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
-    path('admindocs/', include('django.contrib.admindocs.urls')),
-    path('', include(ns_patterns, namespace='test')),
-    path('xview/func/', views.xview_dec(views.xview)),
-    path('xview/class/', views.xview_dec(views.XViewClass.as_view())),
-    path('xview/callable_object/', views.xview_dec(views.XViewCallableObject())),
-    path('xview/callable_object_without_xview/', views.XViewCallableObject()),
+    path("admin/", admin.site.urls),
+    path("admindocs/", include("django.contrib.admindocs.urls")),
+    path("", include(ns_patterns, namespace="test")),
+    path("xview/func/", views.xview_dec(views.xview)),
+    path("xview/class/", views.xview_dec(views.XViewClass.as_view())),
+    path("xview/callable_object/", views.xview_dec(views.XViewCallableObject())),
+    path("xview/callable_object_without_xview/", views.XViewCallableObject()),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/admin_filters/models.py b/tests/admin_filters/models.py
index 90b9cab2ac..53b471dd90 100644
--- a/tests/admin_filters/models.py
+++ b/tests/admin_filters/models.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.db import models
 
@@ -13,30 +11,35 @@ class Book(models.Model):
         User,
         models.SET_NULL,
         verbose_name="Verbose Author",
-        related_name='books_authored',
-        blank=True, null=True,
+        related_name="books_authored",
+        blank=True,
+        null=True,
     )
     contributors = models.ManyToManyField(
         User,
         verbose_name="Verbose Contributors",
-        related_name='books_contributed',
+        related_name="books_contributed",
         blank=True,
     )
     employee = models.ForeignKey(
-        'Employee',
+        "Employee",
         models.SET_NULL,
-        verbose_name='Employee',
-        blank=True, null=True,
+        verbose_name="Employee",
+        blank=True,
+        null=True,
     )
     is_best_seller = models.BooleanField(default=0, null=True)
     date_registered = models.DateField(null=True)
-    availability = models.BooleanField(choices=(
-        (False, 'Paid'),
-        (True, 'Free'),
-        (None, 'Obscure'),
-    ), null=True)
+    availability = models.BooleanField(
+        choices=(
+            (False, "Paid"),
+            (True, "Free"),
+            (None, "Obscure"),
+        ),
+        null=True,
+    )
     # This field name is intentionally 2 characters long (#16080).
-    no = models.IntegerField(verbose_name='number', blank=True, null=True)
+    no = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="number", blank=True, null=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.title
@@ -64,9 +67,11 @@ class Employee(models.Model):
 
 class TaggedItem(models.Model):
     tag = models.SlugField()
-    content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE, related_name='tagged_items')
+    content_type = models.ForeignKey(
+        ContentType, models.CASCADE, related_name="tagged_items"
+    )
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-    content_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
+    content_object = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.tag
@@ -77,11 +82,13 @@ class Bookmark(models.Model):
     tags = GenericRelation(TaggedItem)
 
     CHOICES = [
-        ('a', 'A'),
-        (None, 'None'),
-        ('', '-'),
+        ("a", "A"),
+        (None, "None"),
+        ("", "-"),
     ]
-    none_or_null = models.CharField(max_length=20, choices=CHOICES, blank=True, null=True)
+    none_or_null = models.CharField(
+        max_length=20, choices=CHOICES, blank=True, null=True
+    )
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.url
diff --git a/tests/admin_filters/tests.py b/tests/admin_filters/tests.py
index 4f1ff26048..14cfb757b5 100644
--- a/tests/admin_filters/tests.py
+++ b/tests/admin_filters/tests.py
@@ -3,8 +3,13 @@ import sys
 import unittest
 
 from django.contrib.admin import (
-    AllValuesFieldListFilter, BooleanFieldListFilter, EmptyFieldListFilter,
-    FieldListFilter, ModelAdmin, RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter, SimpleListFilter,
+    AllValuesFieldListFilter,
+    BooleanFieldListFilter,
+    EmptyFieldListFilter,
+    FieldListFilter,
+    ModelAdmin,
+    RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter,
+    SimpleListFilter,
     site,
 )
 from django.contrib.admin.options import IncorrectLookupParameters
@@ -13,9 +18,7 @@ from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.test import RequestFactory, TestCase, override_settings
 
-from .models import (
-    Book, Bookmark, Department, Employee, ImprovedBook, TaggedItem,
-)
+from .models import Book, Bookmark, Department, Employee, ImprovedBook, TaggedItem
 
 
 def select_by(dictlist, key, value):
@@ -23,22 +26,21 @@ def select_by(dictlist, key, value):
 
 
 class DecadeListFilter(SimpleListFilter):
-
     def lookups(self, request, model_admin):
         return (
-            ('the 80s', "the 1980's"),
-            ('the 90s', "the 1990's"),
-            ('the 00s', "the 2000's"),
-            ('other', "other decades"),
+            ("the 80s", "the 1980's"),
+            ("the 90s", "the 1990's"),
+            ("the 00s", "the 2000's"),
+            ("other", "other decades"),
         )
 
     def queryset(self, request, queryset):
         decade = self.value()
-        if decade == 'the 80s':
+        if decade == "the 80s":
             return queryset.filter(year__gte=1980, year__lte=1989)
-        if decade == 'the 90s':
+        if decade == "the 90s":
             return queryset.filter(year__gte=1990, year__lte=1999)
-        if decade == 'the 00s':
+        if decade == "the 00s":
             return queryset.filter(year__gte=2000, year__lte=2009)
 
 
@@ -47,100 +49,103 @@ class NotNinetiesListFilter(SimpleListFilter):
     parameter_name = "book_year"
 
     def lookups(self, request, model_admin):
-        return (
-            ('the 90s', "the 1990's"),
-        )
+        return (("the 90s", "the 1990's"),)
 
     def queryset(self, request, queryset):
-        if self.value() == 'the 90s':
+        if self.value() == "the 90s":
             return queryset.filter(year__gte=1990, year__lte=1999)
         else:
             return queryset.exclude(year__gte=1990, year__lte=1999)
 
 
 class DecadeListFilterWithTitleAndParameter(DecadeListFilter):
-    title = 'publication decade'
-    parameter_name = 'publication-decade'
+    title = "publication decade"
+    parameter_name = "publication-decade"
 
 
 class DecadeListFilterWithoutTitle(DecadeListFilter):
-    parameter_name = 'publication-decade'
+    parameter_name = "publication-decade"
 
 
 class DecadeListFilterWithoutParameter(DecadeListFilter):
-    title = 'publication decade'
+    title = "publication decade"
 
 
 class DecadeListFilterWithNoneReturningLookups(DecadeListFilterWithTitleAndParameter):
-
     def lookups(self, request, model_admin):
         pass
 
 
 class DecadeListFilterWithFailingQueryset(DecadeListFilterWithTitleAndParameter):
-
     def queryset(self, request, queryset):
         raise 1 / 0
 
 
 class DecadeListFilterWithQuerysetBasedLookups(DecadeListFilterWithTitleAndParameter):
-
     def lookups(self, request, model_admin):
         qs = model_admin.get_queryset(request)
         if qs.filter(year__gte=1980, year__lte=1989).exists():
-            yield ('the 80s', "the 1980's")
+            yield ("the 80s", "the 1980's")
         if qs.filter(year__gte=1990, year__lte=1999).exists():
-            yield ('the 90s', "the 1990's")
+            yield ("the 90s", "the 1990's")
         if qs.filter(year__gte=2000, year__lte=2009).exists():
-            yield ('the 00s', "the 2000's")
+            yield ("the 00s", "the 2000's")
 
 
 class DecadeListFilterParameterEndsWith__In(DecadeListFilter):
-    title = 'publication decade'
-    parameter_name = 'decade__in'  # Ends with '__in"
+    title = "publication decade"
+    parameter_name = "decade__in"  # Ends with '__in"
 
 
 class DecadeListFilterParameterEndsWith__Isnull(DecadeListFilter):
-    title = 'publication decade'
-    parameter_name = 'decade__isnull'  # Ends with '__isnull"
+    title = "publication decade"
+    parameter_name = "decade__isnull"  # Ends with '__isnull"
 
 
 class DepartmentListFilterLookupWithNonStringValue(SimpleListFilter):
-    title = 'department'
-    parameter_name = 'department'
+    title = "department"
+    parameter_name = "department"
 
     def lookups(self, request, model_admin):
-        return sorted({
-            (employee.department.id,  # Intentionally not a string (Refs #19318)
-             employee.department.code)
-            for employee in model_admin.get_queryset(request).all()
-        })
+        return sorted(
+            {
+                (
+                    employee.department.id,  # Intentionally not a string (Refs #19318)
+                    employee.department.code,
+                )
+                for employee in model_admin.get_queryset(request).all()
+            }
+        )
 
     def queryset(self, request, queryset):
         if self.value():
             return queryset.filter(department__id=self.value())
 
 
-class DepartmentListFilterLookupWithUnderscoredParameter(DepartmentListFilterLookupWithNonStringValue):
-    parameter_name = 'department__whatever'
+class DepartmentListFilterLookupWithUnderscoredParameter(
+    DepartmentListFilterLookupWithNonStringValue
+):
+    parameter_name = "department__whatever"
 
 
 class DepartmentListFilterLookupWithDynamicValue(DecadeListFilterWithTitleAndParameter):
-
     def lookups(self, request, model_admin):
-        if self.value() == 'the 80s':
-            return (('the 90s', "the 1990's"),)
-        elif self.value() == 'the 90s':
-            return (('the 80s', "the 1980's"),)
+        if self.value() == "the 80s":
+            return (("the 90s", "the 1990's"),)
+        elif self.value() == "the 90s":
+            return (("the 80s", "the 1980's"),)
         else:
-            return (('the 80s', "the 1980's"), ('the 90s', "the 1990's"),)
+            return (
+                ("the 80s", "the 1980's"),
+                ("the 90s", "the 1990's"),
+            )
 
 
 class EmployeeNameCustomDividerFilter(FieldListFilter):
-    list_separator = '|'
+    list_separator = "|"
 
     def __init__(self, field, request, params, model, model_admin, field_path):
-        self.lookup_kwarg = '%s__in' % field_path
+        self.lookup_kwarg = "%s__in" % field_path
         super().__init__(field, request, params, model, model_admin, field_path)
 
     def expected_parameters(self):
@@ -148,44 +153,51 @@ class EmployeeNameCustomDividerFilter(FieldListFilter):
 
 
 class CustomUserAdmin(UserAdmin):
-    list_filter = ('books_authored', 'books_contributed')
+    list_filter = ("books_authored", "books_contributed")
 
 
 class BookAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-    list_filter = ('year', 'author', 'contributors', 'is_best_seller', 'date_registered', 'no', 'availability')
-    ordering = ('-id',)
+    list_filter = (
+        "year",
+        "author",
+        "contributors",
+        "is_best_seller",
+        "date_registered",
+        "no",
+        "availability",
+    )
+    ordering = ("-id",)
 
 
 class BookAdminWithTupleBooleanFilter(BookAdmin):
     list_filter = (
-        'year',
-        'author',
-        'contributors',
-        ('is_best_seller', BooleanFieldListFilter),
-        'date_registered',
-        'no',
-        ('availability', BooleanFieldListFilter),
+        "year",
+        "author",
+        "contributors",
+        ("is_best_seller", BooleanFieldListFilter),
+        "date_registered",
+        "no",
+        ("availability", BooleanFieldListFilter),
     )
 
 
 class BookAdminWithUnderscoreLookupAndTuple(BookAdmin):
     list_filter = (
-        'year',
-        ('author__email', AllValuesFieldListFilter),
-        'contributors',
-        'is_best_seller',
-        'date_registered',
-        'no',
+        "year",
+        ("author__email", AllValuesFieldListFilter),
+        "contributors",
+        "is_best_seller",
+        "date_registered",
+        "no",
     )
 
 
 class BookAdminWithCustomQueryset(ModelAdmin):
-
     def __init__(self, user, *args, **kwargs):
         self.user = user
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
-    list_filter = ('year',)
+    list_filter = ("year",)
 
     def get_queryset(self, request):
         return super().get_queryset(request).filter(author=self.user)
@@ -193,17 +205,20 @@ class BookAdminWithCustomQueryset(ModelAdmin):
 
 class BookAdminRelatedOnlyFilter(ModelAdmin):
     list_filter = (
-        'year', 'is_best_seller', 'date_registered', 'no',
-        ('author', RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter),
-        ('contributors', RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter),
-        ('employee__department', RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter),
+        "year",
+        "is_best_seller",
+        "date_registered",
+        "no",
+        ("author", RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter),
+        ("contributors", RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter),
+        ("employee__department", RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter),
     )
-    ordering = ('-id',)
+    ordering = ("-id",)
 
 
 class DecadeFilterBookAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-    list_filter = ('author', DecadeListFilterWithTitleAndParameter)
-    ordering = ('-id',)
+    list_filter = ("author", DecadeListFilterWithTitleAndParameter)
+    ordering = ("-id",)
 
 
 class NotNinetiesListFilterAdmin(ModelAdmin):
@@ -239,13 +254,13 @@ class DecadeFilterBookAdminParameterEndsWith__Isnull(ModelAdmin):
 
 
 class EmployeeAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ['name', 'department']
-    list_filter = ['department']
+    list_display = ["name", "department"]
+    list_filter = ["department"]
 
 
 class EmployeeCustomDividerFilterAdmin(EmployeeAdmin):
     list_filter = [
-        ('name', EmployeeNameCustomDividerFilter),
+        ("name", EmployeeNameCustomDividerFilter),
     ]
 
 
@@ -262,21 +277,21 @@ class DepartmentFilterDynamicValueBookAdmin(EmployeeAdmin):
 
 
 class BookmarkAdminGenericRelation(ModelAdmin):
-    list_filter = ['tags__tag']
+    list_filter = ["tags__tag"]
 
 
 class BookAdminWithEmptyFieldListFilter(ModelAdmin):
     list_filter = [
-        ('author', EmptyFieldListFilter),
-        ('title', EmptyFieldListFilter),
-        ('improvedbook', EmptyFieldListFilter),
+        ("author", EmptyFieldListFilter),
+        ("title", EmptyFieldListFilter),
+        ("improvedbook", EmptyFieldListFilter),
     ]
 
 
 class DepartmentAdminWithEmptyFieldListFilter(ModelAdmin):
     list_filter = [
-        ('description', EmptyFieldListFilter),
-        ('employee', EmptyFieldListFilter),
+        ("description", EmptyFieldListFilter),
+        ("employee", EmptyFieldListFilter),
     ]
 
 
@@ -295,68 +310,83 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         cls.next_year = cls.today.replace(year=cls.today.year + 1, month=1, day=1)
 
         # Users
-        cls.alfred = User.objects.create_superuser('alfred', 'alfred@example.com', 'password')
-        cls.bob = User.objects.create_user('bob', 'bob@example.com')
-        cls.lisa = User.objects.create_user('lisa', 'lisa@example.com')
+        cls.alfred = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            "alfred", "alfred@example.com", "password"
+        )
+        cls.bob = User.objects.create_user("bob", "bob@example.com")
+        cls.lisa = User.objects.create_user("lisa", "lisa@example.com")
 
         # Books
         cls.djangonaut_book = Book.objects.create(
-            title='Djangonaut: an art of living', year=2009,
-            author=cls.alfred, is_best_seller=True, date_registered=cls.today,
+            title="Djangonaut: an art of living",
+            year=2009,
+            author=cls.alfred,
+            is_best_seller=True,
+            date_registered=cls.today,
             availability=True,
         )
         cls.bio_book = Book.objects.create(
-            title='Django: a biography', year=1999, author=cls.alfred,
-            is_best_seller=False, no=207,
+            title="Django: a biography",
+            year=1999,
+            author=cls.alfred,
+            is_best_seller=False,
+            no=207,
             availability=False,
         )
         cls.django_book = Book.objects.create(
-            title='The Django Book', year=None, author=cls.bob,
-            is_best_seller=None, date_registered=cls.today, no=103,
+            title="The Django Book",
+            year=None,
+            author=cls.bob,
+            is_best_seller=None,
+            date_registered=cls.today,
+            no=103,
             availability=True,
         )
         cls.guitar_book = Book.objects.create(
-            title='Guitar for dummies', year=2002, is_best_seller=True,
+            title="Guitar for dummies",
+            year=2002,
+            is_best_seller=True,
             date_registered=cls.one_week_ago,
             availability=None,
         )
         cls.guitar_book.contributors.set([cls.bob, cls.lisa])
 
         # Departments
-        cls.dev = Department.objects.create(code='DEV', description='Development')
-        cls.design = Department.objects.create(code='DSN', description='Design')
+        cls.dev = Department.objects.create(code="DEV", description="Development")
+        cls.design = Department.objects.create(code="DSN", description="Design")
 
         # Employees
-        cls.john = Employee.objects.create(name='John Blue', department=cls.dev)
-        cls.jack = Employee.objects.create(name='Jack Red', department=cls.design)
+        cls.john = Employee.objects.create(name="John Blue", department=cls.dev)
+        cls.jack = Employee.objects.create(name="Jack Red", department=cls.design)
 
     def test_choicesfieldlistfilter_has_none_choice(self):
         """
         The last choice is for the None value.
         """
+
         class BookmarkChoicesAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_display = ['none_or_null']
-            list_filter = ['none_or_null']
+            list_display = ["none_or_null"]
+            list_filter = ["none_or_null"]
 
         modeladmin = BookmarkChoicesAdmin(Bookmark, site)
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][0]
         choices = list(filterspec.choices(changelist))
-        self.assertEqual(choices[-1]['display'], 'None')
-        self.assertEqual(choices[-1]['query_string'], '?none_or_null__isnull=True')
+        self.assertEqual(choices[-1]["display"], "None")
+        self.assertEqual(choices[-1]["query_string"], "?none_or_null__isnull=True")
 
     def test_datefieldlistfilter(self):
         modeladmin = BookAdmin(Book, site)
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist(request)
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {
-            'date_registered__gte': self.today,
-            'date_registered__lt': self.tomorrow},
+        request = self.request_factory.get(
+            "/",
+            {"date_registered__gte": self.today, "date_registered__lt": self.tomorrow},
         )
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
@@ -367,48 +397,62 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
 
         # Make sure the correct choice is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][4]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'date registered')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "date registered")
         choice = select_by(filterspec.choices(changelist), "display", "Today")
-        self.assertIs(choice['selected'], True)
+        self.assertIs(choice["selected"], True)
         self.assertEqual(
-            choice['query_string'],
-            '?date_registered__gte=%s&date_registered__lt=%s' % (
+            choice["query_string"],
+            "?date_registered__gte=%s&date_registered__lt=%s"
+            % (
                 self.today,
                 self.tomorrow,
-            )
+            ),
         )
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {
-            'date_registered__gte': self.today.replace(day=1),
-            'date_registered__lt': self.next_month},
+        request = self.request_factory.get(
+            "/",
+            {
+                "date_registered__gte": self.today.replace(day=1),
+                "date_registered__lt": self.next_month,
+            },
         )
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
         # Make sure the correct queryset is returned
         queryset = changelist.get_queryset(request)
-        if (self.today.year, self.today.month) == (self.one_week_ago.year, self.one_week_ago.month):
+        if (self.today.year, self.today.month) == (
+            self.one_week_ago.year,
+            self.one_week_ago.month,
+        ):
             # In case one week ago is in the same month.
-            self.assertEqual(list(queryset), [self.guitar_book, self.django_book, self.djangonaut_book])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                list(queryset),
+                [self.guitar_book, self.django_book, self.djangonaut_book],
+            )
         else:
             self.assertEqual(list(queryset), [self.django_book, self.djangonaut_book])
 
         # Make sure the correct choice is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][4]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'date registered')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "date registered")
         choice = select_by(filterspec.choices(changelist), "display", "This month")
-        self.assertIs(choice['selected'], True)
+        self.assertIs(choice["selected"], True)
         self.assertEqual(
-            choice['query_string'],
-            '?date_registered__gte=%s&date_registered__lt=%s' % (
+            choice["query_string"],
+            "?date_registered__gte=%s&date_registered__lt=%s"
+            % (
                 self.today.replace(day=1),
                 self.next_month,
-            )
+            ),
         )
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {
-            'date_registered__gte': self.today.replace(month=1, day=1),
-            'date_registered__lt': self.next_year},
+        request = self.request_factory.get(
+            "/",
+            {
+                "date_registered__gte": self.today.replace(month=1, day=1),
+                "date_registered__lt": self.next_year,
+            },
         )
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
@@ -417,49 +461,59 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         queryset = changelist.get_queryset(request)
         if self.today.year == self.one_week_ago.year:
             # In case one week ago is in the same year.
-            self.assertEqual(list(queryset), [self.guitar_book, self.django_book, self.djangonaut_book])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                list(queryset),
+                [self.guitar_book, self.django_book, self.djangonaut_book],
+            )
         else:
             self.assertEqual(list(queryset), [self.django_book, self.djangonaut_book])
 
         # Make sure the correct choice is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][4]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'date registered')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "date registered")
         choice = select_by(filterspec.choices(changelist), "display", "This year")
-        self.assertIs(choice['selected'], True)
+        self.assertIs(choice["selected"], True)
         self.assertEqual(
-            choice['query_string'],
-            '?date_registered__gte=%s&date_registered__lt=%s' % (
+            choice["query_string"],
+            "?date_registered__gte=%s&date_registered__lt=%s"
+            % (
                 self.today.replace(month=1, day=1),
                 self.next_year,
-            )
+            ),
         )
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {
-            'date_registered__gte': str(self.one_week_ago),
-            'date_registered__lt': str(self.tomorrow),
-        })
+        request = self.request_factory.get(
+            "/",
+            {
+                "date_registered__gte": str(self.one_week_ago),
+                "date_registered__lt": str(self.tomorrow),
+            },
+        )
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
         # Make sure the correct queryset is returned
         queryset = changelist.get_queryset(request)
-        self.assertEqual(list(queryset), [self.guitar_book, self.django_book, self.djangonaut_book])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(queryset), [self.guitar_book, self.django_book, self.djangonaut_book]
+        )
 
         # Make sure the correct choice is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][4]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'date registered')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "date registered")
         choice = select_by(filterspec.choices(changelist), "display", "Past 7 days")
-        self.assertIs(choice['selected'], True)
+        self.assertIs(choice["selected"], True)
         self.assertEqual(
-            choice['query_string'],
-            '?date_registered__gte=%s&date_registered__lt=%s' % (
+            choice["query_string"],
+            "?date_registered__gte=%s&date_registered__lt=%s"
+            % (
                 str(self.one_week_ago),
                 str(self.tomorrow),
-            )
+            ),
         )
 
         # Null/not null queries
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'date_registered__isnull': 'True'})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"date_registered__isnull": "True"})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
@@ -470,31 +524,33 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
 
         # Make sure the correct choice is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][4]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'date registered')
-        choice = select_by(filterspec.choices(changelist), 'display', 'No date')
-        self.assertIs(choice['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choice['query_string'], '?date_registered__isnull=True')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "date registered")
+        choice = select_by(filterspec.choices(changelist), "display", "No date")
+        self.assertIs(choice["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choice["query_string"], "?date_registered__isnull=True")
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'date_registered__isnull': 'False'})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"date_registered__isnull": "False"})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
         # Make sure the correct queryset is returned
         queryset = changelist.get_queryset(request)
         self.assertEqual(queryset.count(), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(list(queryset), [self.guitar_book, self.django_book, self.djangonaut_book])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(queryset), [self.guitar_book, self.django_book, self.djangonaut_book]
+        )
 
         # Make sure the correct choice is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][4]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'date registered')
-        choice = select_by(filterspec.choices(changelist), 'display', 'Has date')
-        self.assertIs(choice['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choice['query_string'], '?date_registered__isnull=False')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "date registered")
+        choice = select_by(filterspec.choices(changelist), "display", "Has date")
+        self.assertIs(choice["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choice["query_string"], "?date_registered__isnull=False")
 
     @unittest.skipIf(
-        sys.platform == 'win32',
+        sys.platform == "win32",
         "Windows doesn't support setting a timezone that differs from the "
-        "system timezone."
+        "system timezone.",
     )
     @override_settings(USE_TZ=True)
     def test_datefieldlistfilter_with_time_zone_support(self):
@@ -504,7 +560,7 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
     def test_allvaluesfieldlistfilter(self):
         modeladmin = BookAdmin(Book, site)
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'year__isnull': 'True'})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"year__isnull": "True"})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
@@ -514,26 +570,26 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
 
         # Make sure the last choice is None and is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][0]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'year')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "year")
         choices = list(filterspec.choices(changelist))
-        self.assertIs(choices[-1]['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[-1]['query_string'], '?year__isnull=True')
+        self.assertIs(choices[-1]["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[-1]["query_string"], "?year__isnull=True")
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'year': '2002'})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"year": "2002"})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
         # Make sure the correct choice is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][0]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'year')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "year")
         choices = list(filterspec.choices(changelist))
-        self.assertIs(choices[2]['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[2]['query_string'], '?year=2002')
+        self.assertIs(choices[2]["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[2]["query_string"], "?year=2002")
 
     def test_allvaluesfieldlistfilter_custom_qs(self):
         # Make sure that correct filters are returned with custom querysets
         modeladmin = BookAdminWithCustomQueryset(self.alfred, Book, site)
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
@@ -543,23 +599,27 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         # books written by alfred (which is the filtering criteria set by
         # BookAdminWithCustomQueryset.get_queryset())
         self.assertEqual(3, len(choices))
-        self.assertEqual(choices[0]['query_string'], '?')
-        self.assertEqual(choices[1]['query_string'], '?year=1999')
-        self.assertEqual(choices[2]['query_string'], '?year=2009')
+        self.assertEqual(choices[0]["query_string"], "?")
+        self.assertEqual(choices[1]["query_string"], "?year=1999")
+        self.assertEqual(choices[2]["query_string"], "?year=2009")
 
     def test_relatedfieldlistfilter_foreignkey(self):
         modeladmin = BookAdmin(Book, site)
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
         # Make sure that all users are present in the author's list filter
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][1]
-        expected = [(self.alfred.pk, 'alfred'), (self.bob.pk, 'bob'), (self.lisa.pk, 'lisa')]
+        expected = [
+            (self.alfred.pk, "alfred"),
+            (self.bob.pk, "bob"),
+            (self.lisa.pk, "lisa"),
+        ]
         self.assertEqual(sorted(filterspec.lookup_choices), sorted(expected))
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'author__isnull': 'True'})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"author__isnull": "True"})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
@@ -569,119 +629,133 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
 
         # Make sure the last choice is None and is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][1]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'Verbose Author')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "Verbose Author")
         choices = list(filterspec.choices(changelist))
-        self.assertIs(choices[-1]['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[-1]['query_string'], '?author__isnull=True')
+        self.assertIs(choices[-1]["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[-1]["query_string"], "?author__isnull=True")
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'author__id__exact': self.alfred.pk})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"author__id__exact": self.alfred.pk})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
         # Make sure the correct choice is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][1]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'Verbose Author')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "Verbose Author")
         # order of choices depends on User model, which has no order
         choice = select_by(filterspec.choices(changelist), "display", "alfred")
-        self.assertIs(choice['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choice['query_string'], '?author__id__exact=%d' % self.alfred.pk)
+        self.assertIs(choice["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            choice["query_string"], "?author__id__exact=%d" % self.alfred.pk
+        )
 
     def test_relatedfieldlistfilter_foreignkey_ordering(self):
         """RelatedFieldListFilter ordering respects ModelAdmin.ordering."""
+
         class EmployeeAdminWithOrdering(ModelAdmin):
-            ordering = ('name',)
+            ordering = ("name",)
 
         class BookAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_filter = ('employee',)
+            list_filter = ("employee",)
 
         site.register(Employee, EmployeeAdminWithOrdering)
         self.addCleanup(lambda: site.unregister(Employee))
         modeladmin = BookAdmin(Book, site)
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][0]
-        expected = [(self.jack.pk, 'Jack Red'), (self.john.pk, 'John Blue')]
+        expected = [(self.jack.pk, "Jack Red"), (self.john.pk, "John Blue")]
         self.assertEqual(filterspec.lookup_choices, expected)
 
     def test_relatedfieldlistfilter_foreignkey_ordering_reverse(self):
         class EmployeeAdminWithOrdering(ModelAdmin):
-            ordering = ('-name',)
+            ordering = ("-name",)
 
         class BookAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_filter = ('employee',)
+            list_filter = ("employee",)
 
         site.register(Employee, EmployeeAdminWithOrdering)
         self.addCleanup(lambda: site.unregister(Employee))
         modeladmin = BookAdmin(Book, site)
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][0]
-        expected = [(self.john.pk, 'John Blue'), (self.jack.pk, 'Jack Red')]
+        expected = [(self.john.pk, "John Blue"), (self.jack.pk, "Jack Red")]
         self.assertEqual(filterspec.lookup_choices, expected)
 
     def test_relatedfieldlistfilter_foreignkey_default_ordering(self):
         """RelatedFieldListFilter ordering respects Model.ordering."""
-        class BookAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_filter = ('employee',)
 
-        self.addCleanup(setattr, Employee._meta, 'ordering', Employee._meta.ordering)
-        Employee._meta.ordering = ('name',)
+        class BookAdmin(ModelAdmin):
+            list_filter = ("employee",)
+
+        self.addCleanup(setattr, Employee._meta, "ordering", Employee._meta.ordering)
+        Employee._meta.ordering = ("name",)
         modeladmin = BookAdmin(Book, site)
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][0]
-        expected = [(self.jack.pk, 'Jack Red'), (self.john.pk, 'John Blue')]
+        expected = [(self.jack.pk, "Jack Red"), (self.john.pk, "John Blue")]
         self.assertEqual(filterspec.lookup_choices, expected)
 
     def test_relatedfieldlistfilter_manytomany(self):
         modeladmin = BookAdmin(Book, site)
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
         # Make sure that all users are present in the contrib's list filter
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][2]
-        expected = [(self.alfred.pk, 'alfred'), (self.bob.pk, 'bob'), (self.lisa.pk, 'lisa')]
+        expected = [
+            (self.alfred.pk, "alfred"),
+            (self.bob.pk, "bob"),
+            (self.lisa.pk, "lisa"),
+        ]
         self.assertEqual(sorted(filterspec.lookup_choices), sorted(expected))
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'contributors__isnull': 'True'})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"contributors__isnull": "True"})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
         # Make sure the correct queryset is returned
         queryset = changelist.get_queryset(request)
-        self.assertEqual(list(queryset), [self.django_book, self.bio_book, self.djangonaut_book])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(queryset), [self.django_book, self.bio_book, self.djangonaut_book]
+        )
 
         # Make sure the last choice is None and is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][2]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'Verbose Contributors')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "Verbose Contributors")
         choices = list(filterspec.choices(changelist))
-        self.assertIs(choices[-1]['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[-1]['query_string'], '?contributors__isnull=True')
+        self.assertIs(choices[-1]["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[-1]["query_string"], "?contributors__isnull=True")
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'contributors__id__exact': self.bob.pk})
+        request = self.request_factory.get(
+            "/", {"contributors__id__exact": self.bob.pk}
+        )
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
         # Make sure the correct choice is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][2]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'Verbose Contributors')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "Verbose Contributors")
         choice = select_by(filterspec.choices(changelist), "display", "bob")
-        self.assertIs(choice['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choice['query_string'], '?contributors__id__exact=%d' % self.bob.pk)
+        self.assertIs(choice["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            choice["query_string"], "?contributors__id__exact=%d" % self.bob.pk
+        )
 
     def test_relatedfieldlistfilter_reverse_relationships(self):
         modeladmin = CustomUserAdmin(User, site)
 
         # FK relationship -----
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'books_authored__isnull': 'True'})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"books_authored__isnull": "True"})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
@@ -691,24 +765,30 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
 
         # Make sure the last choice is None and is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][0]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'book')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "book")
         choices = list(filterspec.choices(changelist))
-        self.assertIs(choices[-1]['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[-1]['query_string'], '?books_authored__isnull=True')
+        self.assertIs(choices[-1]["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[-1]["query_string"], "?books_authored__isnull=True")
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'books_authored__id__exact': self.bio_book.pk})
+        request = self.request_factory.get(
+            "/", {"books_authored__id__exact": self.bio_book.pk}
+        )
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
         # Make sure the correct choice is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][0]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'book')
-        choice = select_by(filterspec.choices(changelist), "display", self.bio_book.title)
-        self.assertIs(choice['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choice['query_string'], '?books_authored__id__exact=%d' % self.bio_book.pk)
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "book")
+        choice = select_by(
+            filterspec.choices(changelist), "display", self.bio_book.title
+        )
+        self.assertIs(choice["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            choice["query_string"], "?books_authored__id__exact=%d" % self.bio_book.pk
+        )
 
         # M2M relationship -----
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'books_contributed__isnull': 'True'})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"books_contributed__isnull": "True"})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
@@ -718,21 +798,28 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
 
         # Make sure the last choice is None and is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][1]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'book')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "book")
         choices = list(filterspec.choices(changelist))
-        self.assertIs(choices[-1]['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[-1]['query_string'], '?books_contributed__isnull=True')
+        self.assertIs(choices[-1]["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[-1]["query_string"], "?books_contributed__isnull=True")
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'books_contributed__id__exact': self.django_book.pk})
+        request = self.request_factory.get(
+            "/", {"books_contributed__id__exact": self.django_book.pk}
+        )
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
         # Make sure the correct choice is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][1]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'book')
-        choice = select_by(filterspec.choices(changelist), "display", self.django_book.title)
-        self.assertIs(choice['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choice['query_string'], '?books_contributed__id__exact=%d' % self.django_book.pk)
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "book")
+        choice = select_by(
+            filterspec.choices(changelist), "display", self.django_book.title
+        )
+        self.assertIs(choice["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            choice["query_string"],
+            "?books_contributed__id__exact=%d" % self.django_book.pk,
+        )
 
         # With one book, the list filter should appear because there is also a
         # (None) option.
@@ -745,39 +832,37 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(len(filterspec), 0)
 
     def test_relatedfieldlistfilter_reverse_relationships_default_ordering(self):
-        self.addCleanup(setattr, Book._meta, 'ordering', Book._meta.ordering)
-        Book._meta.ordering = ('title',)
+        self.addCleanup(setattr, Book._meta, "ordering", Book._meta.ordering)
+        Book._meta.ordering = ("title",)
         modeladmin = CustomUserAdmin(User, site)
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][0]
         expected = [
-            (self.bio_book.pk, 'Django: a biography'),
-            (self.djangonaut_book.pk, 'Djangonaut: an art of living'),
-            (self.guitar_book.pk, 'Guitar for dummies'),
-            (self.django_book.pk, 'The Django Book')
+            (self.bio_book.pk, "Django: a biography"),
+            (self.djangonaut_book.pk, "Djangonaut: an art of living"),
+            (self.guitar_book.pk, "Guitar for dummies"),
+            (self.django_book.pk, "The Django Book"),
         ]
         self.assertEqual(filterspec.lookup_choices, expected)
 
     def test_relatedonlyfieldlistfilter_foreignkey(self):
         modeladmin = BookAdminRelatedOnlyFilter(Book, site)
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
         # Make sure that only actual authors are present in author's list filter
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][4]
-        expected = [(self.alfred.pk, 'alfred'), (self.bob.pk, 'bob')]
+        expected = [(self.alfred.pk, "alfred"), (self.bob.pk, "bob")]
         self.assertEqual(sorted(filterspec.lookup_choices), sorted(expected))
 
     def test_relatedonlyfieldlistfilter_foreignkey_reverse_relationships(self):
         class EmployeeAdminReverseRelationship(ModelAdmin):
-            list_filter = (
-                ('book', RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter),
-            )
+            list_filter = (("book", RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter),)
 
         self.djangonaut_book.employee = self.john
         self.djangonaut_book.save()
@@ -785,42 +870,42 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         self.django_book.save()
 
         modeladmin = EmployeeAdminReverseRelationship(Employee, site)
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
-        request.user = self.alfred
-        changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
-        filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][0]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.lookup_choices, [
-            (self.djangonaut_book.pk, 'Djangonaut: an art of living'),
-            (self.django_book.pk, 'The Django Book'),
-        ])
-
-    def test_relatedonlyfieldlistfilter_manytomany_reverse_relationships(self):
-        class UserAdminReverseRelationship(ModelAdmin):
-            list_filter = (
-                ('books_contributed', RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter),
-            )
-
-        modeladmin = UserAdminReverseRelationship(User, site)
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][0]
         self.assertEqual(
             filterspec.lookup_choices,
-            [(self.guitar_book.pk, 'Guitar for dummies')],
+            [
+                (self.djangonaut_book.pk, "Djangonaut: an art of living"),
+                (self.django_book.pk, "The Django Book"),
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def test_relatedonlyfieldlistfilter_manytomany_reverse_relationships(self):
+        class UserAdminReverseRelationship(ModelAdmin):
+            list_filter = (("books_contributed", RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter),)
+
+        modeladmin = UserAdminReverseRelationship(User, site)
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
+        request.user = self.alfred
+        changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
+        filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][0]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            filterspec.lookup_choices,
+            [(self.guitar_book.pk, "Guitar for dummies")],
         )
 
     def test_relatedonlyfieldlistfilter_foreignkey_ordering(self):
         """RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter ordering respects ModelAdmin.ordering."""
+
         class EmployeeAdminWithOrdering(ModelAdmin):
-            ordering = ('name',)
+            ordering = ("name",)
 
         class BookAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_filter = (
-                ('employee', RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter),
-            )
+            list_filter = (("employee", RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter),)
 
-        albert = Employee.objects.create(name='Albert Green', department=self.dev)
+        albert = Employee.objects.create(name="Albert Green", department=self.dev)
         self.djangonaut_book.employee = albert
         self.djangonaut_book.save()
         self.bio_book.employee = self.jack
@@ -830,46 +915,45 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         self.addCleanup(lambda: site.unregister(Employee))
         modeladmin = BookAdmin(Book, site)
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][0]
-        expected = [(albert.pk, 'Albert Green'), (self.jack.pk, 'Jack Red')]
+        expected = [(albert.pk, "Albert Green"), (self.jack.pk, "Jack Red")]
         self.assertEqual(filterspec.lookup_choices, expected)
 
     def test_relatedonlyfieldlistfilter_foreignkey_default_ordering(self):
         """RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter ordering respects Meta.ordering."""
-        class BookAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_filter = (
-                ('employee', RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter),
-            )
 
-        albert = Employee.objects.create(name='Albert Green', department=self.dev)
+        class BookAdmin(ModelAdmin):
+            list_filter = (("employee", RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter),)
+
+        albert = Employee.objects.create(name="Albert Green", department=self.dev)
         self.djangonaut_book.employee = albert
         self.djangonaut_book.save()
         self.bio_book.employee = self.jack
         self.bio_book.save()
 
-        self.addCleanup(setattr, Employee._meta, 'ordering', Employee._meta.ordering)
-        Employee._meta.ordering = ('name',)
+        self.addCleanup(setattr, Employee._meta, "ordering", Employee._meta.ordering)
+        Employee._meta.ordering = ("name",)
         modeladmin = BookAdmin(Book, site)
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][0]
-        expected = [(albert.pk, 'Albert Green'), (self.jack.pk, 'Jack Red')]
+        expected = [(albert.pk, "Albert Green"), (self.jack.pk, "Jack Red")]
         self.assertEqual(filterspec.lookup_choices, expected)
 
     def test_relatedonlyfieldlistfilter_underscorelookup_foreignkey(self):
-        Department.objects.create(code='TEST', description='Testing')
+        Department.objects.create(code="TEST", description="Testing")
         self.djangonaut_book.employee = self.john
         self.djangonaut_book.save()
         self.bio_book.employee = self.jack
         self.bio_book.save()
 
         modeladmin = BookAdminRelatedOnlyFilter(Book, site)
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
@@ -885,27 +969,27 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
     def test_relatedonlyfieldlistfilter_manytomany(self):
         modeladmin = BookAdminRelatedOnlyFilter(Book, site)
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
         # Make sure that only actual contributors are present in contrib's list filter
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][5]
-        expected = [(self.bob.pk, 'bob'), (self.lisa.pk, 'lisa')]
+        expected = [(self.bob.pk, "bob"), (self.lisa.pk, "lisa")]
         self.assertEqual(sorted(filterspec.lookup_choices), sorted(expected))
 
     def test_listfilter_genericrelation(self):
-        django_bookmark = Bookmark.objects.create(url='https://www.djangoproject.com/')
-        python_bookmark = Bookmark.objects.create(url='https://www.python.org/')
-        kernel_bookmark = Bookmark.objects.create(url='https://www.kernel.org/')
+        django_bookmark = Bookmark.objects.create(url="https://www.djangoproject.com/")
+        python_bookmark = Bookmark.objects.create(url="https://www.python.org/")
+        kernel_bookmark = Bookmark.objects.create(url="https://www.kernel.org/")
 
-        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=django_bookmark, tag='python')
-        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=python_bookmark, tag='python')
-        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=kernel_bookmark, tag='linux')
+        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=django_bookmark, tag="python")
+        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=python_bookmark, tag="python")
+        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=kernel_bookmark, tag="linux")
 
         modeladmin = BookmarkAdminGenericRelation(Bookmark, site)
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'tags__tag': 'python'})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"tags__tag": "python"})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
         queryset = changelist.get_queryset(request)
@@ -922,11 +1006,11 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         self.verify_booleanfieldlistfilter(modeladmin)
 
     def verify_booleanfieldlistfilter(self, modeladmin):
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'is_best_seller__exact': 0})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"is_best_seller__exact": 0})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
@@ -936,12 +1020,12 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
 
         # Make sure the correct choice is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][3]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'is best seller')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "is best seller")
         choice = select_by(filterspec.choices(changelist), "display", "No")
-        self.assertIs(choice['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choice['query_string'], '?is_best_seller__exact=0')
+        self.assertIs(choice["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choice["query_string"], "?is_best_seller__exact=0")
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'is_best_seller__exact': 1})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"is_best_seller__exact": 1})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
@@ -951,12 +1035,12 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
 
         # Make sure the correct choice is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][3]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'is best seller')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "is best seller")
         choice = select_by(filterspec.choices(changelist), "display", "Yes")
-        self.assertIs(choice['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choice['query_string'], '?is_best_seller__exact=1')
+        self.assertIs(choice["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choice["query_string"], "?is_best_seller__exact=1")
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'is_best_seller__isnull': 'True'})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"is_best_seller__isnull": "True"})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
@@ -966,10 +1050,10 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
 
         # Make sure the correct choice is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][3]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'is best seller')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "is best seller")
         choice = select_by(filterspec.choices(changelist), "display", "Unknown")
-        self.assertIs(choice['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choice['query_string'], '?is_best_seller__isnull=True')
+        self.assertIs(choice["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choice["query_string"], "?is_best_seller__isnull=True")
 
     def test_booleanfieldlistfilter_choices(self):
         modeladmin = BookAdmin(Book, site)
@@ -981,40 +1065,40 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
 
     def verify_booleanfieldlistfilter_choices(self, modeladmin):
         # False.
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'availability__exact': 0})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"availability__exact": 0})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
         queryset = changelist.get_queryset(request)
         self.assertEqual(list(queryset), [self.bio_book])
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][6]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'availability')
-        choice = select_by(filterspec.choices(changelist), 'display', 'Paid')
-        self.assertIs(choice['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choice['query_string'], '?availability__exact=0')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "availability")
+        choice = select_by(filterspec.choices(changelist), "display", "Paid")
+        self.assertIs(choice["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choice["query_string"], "?availability__exact=0")
         # True.
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'availability__exact': 1})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"availability__exact": 1})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
         queryset = changelist.get_queryset(request)
         self.assertEqual(list(queryset), [self.django_book, self.djangonaut_book])
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][6]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'availability')
-        choice = select_by(filterspec.choices(changelist), 'display', 'Free')
-        self.assertIs(choice['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choice['query_string'], '?availability__exact=1')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "availability")
+        choice = select_by(filterspec.choices(changelist), "display", "Free")
+        self.assertIs(choice["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choice["query_string"], "?availability__exact=1")
         # None.
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'availability__isnull': 'True'})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"availability__isnull": "True"})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
         queryset = changelist.get_queryset(request)
         self.assertEqual(list(queryset), [self.guitar_book])
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][6]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'availability')
-        choice = select_by(filterspec.choices(changelist), 'display', 'Obscure')
-        self.assertIs(choice['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choice['query_string'], '?availability__isnull=True')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "availability")
+        choice = select_by(filterspec.choices(changelist), "display", "Obscure")
+        self.assertIs(choice["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choice["query_string"], "?availability__isnull=True")
         # All.
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
         queryset = changelist.get_queryset(request)
@@ -1023,10 +1107,10 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
             [self.guitar_book, self.django_book, self.bio_book, self.djangonaut_book],
         )
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][6]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'availability')
-        choice = select_by(filterspec.choices(changelist), 'display', 'All')
-        self.assertIs(choice['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choice['query_string'], '?')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "availability")
+        choice = select_by(filterspec.choices(changelist), "display", "All")
+        self.assertIs(choice["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choice["query_string"], "?")
 
     def test_fieldlistfilter_underscorelookup_tuple(self):
         """
@@ -1034,11 +1118,11 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         when fieldpath contains double underscore in value (#19182).
         """
         modeladmin = BookAdminWithUnderscoreLookupAndTuple(Book, site)
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'author__email': 'alfred@example.com'})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"author__email": "alfred@example.com"})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
@@ -1049,7 +1133,9 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
     def test_fieldlistfilter_invalid_lookup_parameters(self):
         """Filtering by an invalid value."""
         modeladmin = BookAdmin(Book, site)
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'author__id__exact': 'StringNotInteger!'})
+        request = self.request_factory.get(
+            "/", {"author__id__exact": "StringNotInteger!"}
+        )
         request.user = self.alfred
         with self.assertRaises(IncorrectLookupParameters):
             modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
@@ -1058,24 +1144,24 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         modeladmin = DecadeFilterBookAdmin(Book, site)
 
         # Make sure that the first option is 'All' ---------------------------
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
         # Make sure the correct queryset is returned
         queryset = changelist.get_queryset(request)
-        self.assertEqual(list(queryset), list(Book.objects.all().order_by('-id')))
+        self.assertEqual(list(queryset), list(Book.objects.all().order_by("-id")))
 
         # Make sure the correct choice is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][1]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'publication decade')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "publication decade")
         choices = list(filterspec.choices(changelist))
-        self.assertEqual(choices[0]['display'], 'All')
-        self.assertIs(choices[0]['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[0]['query_string'], '?')
+        self.assertEqual(choices[0]["display"], "All")
+        self.assertIs(choices[0]["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[0]["query_string"], "?")
 
         # Look for books in the 1980s ----------------------------------------
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'publication-decade': 'the 80s'})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"publication-decade": "the 80s"})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
@@ -1085,14 +1171,14 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
 
         # Make sure the correct choice is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][1]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'publication decade')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "publication decade")
         choices = list(filterspec.choices(changelist))
-        self.assertEqual(choices[1]['display'], 'the 1980\'s')
-        self.assertIs(choices[1]['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[1]['query_string'], '?publication-decade=the+80s')
+        self.assertEqual(choices[1]["display"], "the 1980's")
+        self.assertIs(choices[1]["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[1]["query_string"], "?publication-decade=the+80s")
 
         # Look for books in the 1990s ----------------------------------------
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'publication-decade': 'the 90s'})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"publication-decade": "the 90s"})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
@@ -1102,14 +1188,14 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
 
         # Make sure the correct choice is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][1]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'publication decade')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "publication decade")
         choices = list(filterspec.choices(changelist))
-        self.assertEqual(choices[2]['display'], 'the 1990\'s')
-        self.assertIs(choices[2]['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[2]['query_string'], '?publication-decade=the+90s')
+        self.assertEqual(choices[2]["display"], "the 1990's")
+        self.assertIs(choices[2]["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[2]["query_string"], "?publication-decade=the+90s")
 
         # Look for books in the 2000s ----------------------------------------
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'publication-decade': 'the 00s'})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"publication-decade": "the 00s"})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
@@ -1119,14 +1205,16 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
 
         # Make sure the correct choice is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][1]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'publication decade')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "publication decade")
         choices = list(filterspec.choices(changelist))
-        self.assertEqual(choices[3]['display'], 'the 2000\'s')
-        self.assertIs(choices[3]['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[3]['query_string'], '?publication-decade=the+00s')
+        self.assertEqual(choices[3]["display"], "the 2000's")
+        self.assertIs(choices[3]["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[3]["query_string"], "?publication-decade=the+00s")
 
         # Combine multiple filters -------------------------------------------
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'publication-decade': 'the 00s', 'author__id__exact': self.alfred.pk})
+        request = self.request_factory.get(
+            "/", {"publication-decade": "the 00s", "author__id__exact": self.alfred.pk}
+        )
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
@@ -1136,29 +1224,34 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
 
         # Make sure the correct choices are selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][1]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'publication decade')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "publication decade")
         choices = list(filterspec.choices(changelist))
-        self.assertEqual(choices[3]['display'], 'the 2000\'s')
-        self.assertIs(choices[3]['selected'], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[3]["display"], "the 2000's")
+        self.assertIs(choices[3]["selected"], True)
         self.assertEqual(
-            choices[3]['query_string'],
-            '?author__id__exact=%s&publication-decade=the+00s' % self.alfred.pk
+            choices[3]["query_string"],
+            "?author__id__exact=%s&publication-decade=the+00s" % self.alfred.pk,
         )
 
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][0]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'Verbose Author')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "Verbose Author")
         choice = select_by(filterspec.choices(changelist), "display", "alfred")
-        self.assertIs(choice['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choice['query_string'], '?author__id__exact=%s&publication-decade=the+00s' % self.alfred.pk)
+        self.assertIs(choice["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            choice["query_string"],
+            "?author__id__exact=%s&publication-decade=the+00s" % self.alfred.pk,
+        )
 
     def test_listfilter_without_title(self):
         """
         Any filter must define a title.
         """
         modeladmin = DecadeFilterBookAdminWithoutTitle(Book, site)
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {})
         request.user = self.alfred
-        msg = "The list filter 'DecadeListFilterWithoutTitle' does not specify a 'title'."
+        msg = (
+            "The list filter 'DecadeListFilterWithoutTitle' does not specify a 'title'."
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
             modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
@@ -1167,7 +1260,7 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         Any SimpleListFilter must define a parameter_name.
         """
         modeladmin = DecadeFilterBookAdminWithoutParameter(Book, site)
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {})
         request.user = self.alfred
         msg = "The list filter 'DecadeListFilterWithoutParameter' does not specify a 'parameter_name'."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
@@ -1179,7 +1272,7 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         filter completely.
         """
         modeladmin = DecadeFilterBookAdminWithNoneReturningLookups(Book, site)
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0]
@@ -1191,40 +1284,40 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         the corresponding exception doesn't get swallowed (#17828).
         """
         modeladmin = DecadeFilterBookAdminWithFailingQueryset(Book, site)
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {})
         request.user = self.alfred
         with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
             modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
     def test_simplelistfilter_with_queryset_based_lookups(self):
         modeladmin = DecadeFilterBookAdminWithQuerysetBasedLookups(Book, site)
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][0]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'publication decade')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "publication decade")
         choices = list(filterspec.choices(changelist))
         self.assertEqual(len(choices), 3)
 
-        self.assertEqual(choices[0]['display'], 'All')
-        self.assertIs(choices[0]['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[0]['query_string'], '?')
+        self.assertEqual(choices[0]["display"], "All")
+        self.assertIs(choices[0]["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[0]["query_string"], "?")
 
-        self.assertEqual(choices[1]['display'], 'the 1990\'s')
-        self.assertIs(choices[1]['selected'], False)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[1]['query_string'], '?publication-decade=the+90s')
+        self.assertEqual(choices[1]["display"], "the 1990's")
+        self.assertIs(choices[1]["selected"], False)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[1]["query_string"], "?publication-decade=the+90s")
 
-        self.assertEqual(choices[2]['display'], 'the 2000\'s')
-        self.assertIs(choices[2]['selected'], False)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[2]['query_string'], '?publication-decade=the+00s')
+        self.assertEqual(choices[2]["display"], "the 2000's")
+        self.assertIs(choices[2]["selected"], False)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[2]["query_string"], "?publication-decade=the+00s")
 
     def test_two_characters_long_field(self):
         """
         list_filter works with two-characters long field names (#16080).
         """
         modeladmin = BookAdmin(Book, site)
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'no': '207'})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"no": "207"})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
@@ -1233,10 +1326,10 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(list(queryset), [self.bio_book])
 
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][5]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'number')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "number")
         choices = list(filterspec.choices(changelist))
-        self.assertIs(choices[2]['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[2]['query_string'], '?no=207')
+        self.assertIs(choices[2]["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[2]["query_string"], "?no=207")
 
     def test_parameter_ends_with__in__or__isnull(self):
         """
@@ -1245,7 +1338,7 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         """
         # When it ends with '__in' -----------------------------------------
         modeladmin = DecadeFilterBookAdminParameterEndsWith__In(Book, site)
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'decade__in': 'the 90s'})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"decade__in": "the 90s"})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
@@ -1255,15 +1348,15 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
 
         # Make sure the correct choice is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][0]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'publication decade')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "publication decade")
         choices = list(filterspec.choices(changelist))
-        self.assertEqual(choices[2]['display'], 'the 1990\'s')
-        self.assertIs(choices[2]['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[2]['query_string'], '?decade__in=the+90s')
+        self.assertEqual(choices[2]["display"], "the 1990's")
+        self.assertIs(choices[2]["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[2]["query_string"], "?decade__in=the+90s")
 
         # When it ends with '__isnull' ---------------------------------------
         modeladmin = DecadeFilterBookAdminParameterEndsWith__Isnull(Book, site)
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'decade__isnull': 'the 90s'})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"decade__isnull": "the 90s"})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
@@ -1273,11 +1366,11 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
 
         # Make sure the correct choice is selected
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][0]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'publication decade')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "publication decade")
         choices = list(filterspec.choices(changelist))
-        self.assertEqual(choices[2]['display'], 'the 1990\'s')
-        self.assertIs(choices[2]['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[2]['query_string'], '?decade__isnull=the+90s')
+        self.assertEqual(choices[2]["display"], "the 1990's")
+        self.assertIs(choices[2]["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[2]["query_string"], "?decade__isnull=the+90s")
 
     def test_lookup_with_non_string_value(self):
         """
@@ -1285,7 +1378,7 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         for lookups in SimpleListFilters (#19318).
         """
         modeladmin = DepartmentFilterEmployeeAdmin(Employee, site)
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'department': self.john.department.pk})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"department": self.john.department.pk})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
@@ -1294,11 +1387,13 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(list(queryset), [self.john])
 
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][-1]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'department')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "department")
         choices = list(filterspec.choices(changelist))
-        self.assertEqual(choices[1]['display'], 'DEV')
-        self.assertIs(choices[1]['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[1]['query_string'], '?department=%s' % self.john.department.pk)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[1]["display"], "DEV")
+        self.assertIs(choices[1]["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            choices[1]["query_string"], "?department=%s" % self.john.department.pk
+        )
 
     def test_lookup_with_non_string_value_underscored(self):
         """
@@ -1306,7 +1401,9 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         parameter_name attribute contains double-underscore value (#19182).
         """
         modeladmin = DepartmentFilterUnderscoredEmployeeAdmin(Employee, site)
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'department__whatever': self.john.department.pk})
+        request = self.request_factory.get(
+            "/", {"department__whatever": self.john.department.pk}
+        )
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
@@ -1315,11 +1412,14 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(list(queryset), [self.john])
 
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][-1]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'department')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "department")
         choices = list(filterspec.choices(changelist))
-        self.assertEqual(choices[1]['display'], 'DEV')
-        self.assertIs(choices[1]['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[1]['query_string'], '?department__whatever=%s' % self.john.department.pk)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[1]["display"], "DEV")
+        self.assertIs(choices[1]["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            choices[1]["query_string"],
+            "?department__whatever=%s" % self.john.department.pk,
+        )
 
     def test_fk_with_to_field(self):
         """
@@ -1327,7 +1427,7 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         """
         modeladmin = EmployeeAdmin(Employee, site)
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
@@ -1336,24 +1436,24 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(list(queryset), [self.jack, self.john])
 
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][-1]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'department')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "department")
         choices = list(filterspec.choices(changelist))
 
-        self.assertEqual(choices[0]['display'], 'All')
-        self.assertIs(choices[0]['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[0]['query_string'], '?')
+        self.assertEqual(choices[0]["display"], "All")
+        self.assertIs(choices[0]["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[0]["query_string"], "?")
 
-        self.assertEqual(choices[1]['display'], 'Development')
-        self.assertIs(choices[1]['selected'], False)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[1]['query_string'], '?department__code__exact=DEV')
+        self.assertEqual(choices[1]["display"], "Development")
+        self.assertIs(choices[1]["selected"], False)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[1]["query_string"], "?department__code__exact=DEV")
 
-        self.assertEqual(choices[2]['display'], 'Design')
-        self.assertIs(choices[2]['selected'], False)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[2]['query_string'], '?department__code__exact=DSN')
+        self.assertEqual(choices[2]["display"], "Design")
+        self.assertIs(choices[2]["selected"], False)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[2]["query_string"], "?department__code__exact=DSN")
 
         # Filter by Department=='Development' --------------------------------
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'department__code__exact': 'DEV'})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"department__code__exact": "DEV"})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
 
@@ -1362,20 +1462,20 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(list(queryset), [self.john])
 
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][-1]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'department')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "department")
         choices = list(filterspec.choices(changelist))
 
-        self.assertEqual(choices[0]['display'], 'All')
-        self.assertIs(choices[0]['selected'], False)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[0]['query_string'], '?')
+        self.assertEqual(choices[0]["display"], "All")
+        self.assertIs(choices[0]["selected"], False)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[0]["query_string"], "?")
 
-        self.assertEqual(choices[1]['display'], 'Development')
-        self.assertIs(choices[1]['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[1]['query_string'], '?department__code__exact=DEV')
+        self.assertEqual(choices[1]["display"], "Development")
+        self.assertIs(choices[1]["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[1]["query_string"], "?department__code__exact=DEV")
 
-        self.assertEqual(choices[2]['display'], 'Design')
-        self.assertIs(choices[2]['selected'], False)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[2]['query_string'], '?department__code__exact=DSN')
+        self.assertEqual(choices[2]["display"], "Design")
+        self.assertIs(choices[2]["selected"], False)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[2]["query_string"], "?department__code__exact=DSN")
 
     def test_lookup_with_dynamic_value(self):
         """
@@ -1387,18 +1487,23 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
             request.user = self.alfred
             changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
             filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][0]
-            self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'publication decade')
-            choices = tuple(c['display'] for c in filterspec.choices(changelist))
+            self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "publication decade")
+            choices = tuple(c["display"] for c in filterspec.choices(changelist))
             self.assertEqual(choices, expected_displays)
 
-        _test_choices(self.request_factory.get('/', {}),
-                      ("All", "the 1980's", "the 1990's"))
+        _test_choices(
+            self.request_factory.get("/", {}), ("All", "the 1980's", "the 1990's")
+        )
 
-        _test_choices(self.request_factory.get('/', {'publication-decade': 'the 80s'}),
-                      ("All", "the 1990's"))
+        _test_choices(
+            self.request_factory.get("/", {"publication-decade": "the 80s"}),
+            ("All", "the 1990's"),
+        )
 
-        _test_choices(self.request_factory.get('/', {'publication-decade': 'the 90s'}),
-                      ("All", "the 1980's"))
+        _test_choices(
+            self.request_factory.get("/", {"publication-decade": "the 90s"}),
+            ("All", "the 1980's"),
+        )
 
     def test_list_filter_queryset_filtered_by_default(self):
         """
@@ -1406,16 +1511,16 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         full_result_count.
         """
         modeladmin = NotNinetiesListFilterAdmin(Book, site)
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
         changelist.get_results(request)
         self.assertEqual(changelist.full_result_count, 4)
 
     def test_emptylistfieldfilter(self):
-        empty_description = Department.objects.create(code='EMPT', description='')
-        none_description = Department.objects.create(code='NONE', description=None)
-        empty_title = Book.objects.create(title='', author=self.alfred)
+        empty_description = Department.objects.create(code="EMPT", description="")
+        none_description = Department.objects.create(code="NONE", description=None)
+        empty_title = Book.objects.create(title="", author=self.alfred)
 
         department_admin = DepartmentAdminWithEmptyFieldListFilter(Department, site)
         book_admin = BookAdminWithEmptyFieldListFilter(Book, site)
@@ -1424,27 +1529,32 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
             # Allows nulls and empty strings.
             (
                 department_admin,
-                {'description__isempty': '1'},
+                {"description__isempty": "1"},
                 [empty_description, none_description],
             ),
             (
                 department_admin,
-                {'description__isempty': '0'},
+                {"description__isempty": "0"},
                 [self.dev, self.design],
             ),
             # Allows nulls.
-            (book_admin, {'author__isempty': '1'}, [self.guitar_book]),
+            (book_admin, {"author__isempty": "1"}, [self.guitar_book]),
             (
                 book_admin,
-                {'author__isempty': '0'},
+                {"author__isempty": "0"},
                 [self.django_book, self.bio_book, self.djangonaut_book, empty_title],
             ),
             # Allows empty strings.
-            (book_admin, {'title__isempty': '1'}, [empty_title]),
+            (book_admin, {"title__isempty": "1"}, [empty_title]),
             (
                 book_admin,
-                {'title__isempty': '0'},
-                [self.django_book, self.bio_book, self.djangonaut_book, self.guitar_book],
+                {"title__isempty": "0"},
+                [
+                    self.django_book,
+                    self.bio_book,
+                    self.djangonaut_book,
+                    self.guitar_book,
+                ],
             ),
         ]
         for modeladmin, query_string, expected_result in tests:
@@ -1452,7 +1562,7 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
                 modeladmin=modeladmin.__class__.__name__,
                 query_string=query_string,
             ):
-                request = self.request_factory.get('/', query_string)
+                request = self.request_factory.get("/", query_string)
                 request.user = self.alfred
                 changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
                 queryset = changelist.get_queryset(request)
@@ -1460,12 +1570,10 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_emptylistfieldfilter_reverse_relationships(self):
         class UserAdminReverseRelationship(UserAdmin):
-            list_filter = (
-                ('books_contributed', EmptyFieldListFilter),
-            )
+            list_filter = (("books_contributed", EmptyFieldListFilter),)
 
         ImprovedBook.objects.create(book=self.guitar_book)
-        no_employees = Department.objects.create(code='NONE', description=None)
+        no_employees = Department.objects.create(code="NONE", description=None)
 
         book_admin = BookAdminWithEmptyFieldListFilter(Book, site)
         department_admin = DepartmentAdminWithEmptyFieldListFilter(Department, site)
@@ -1475,23 +1583,23 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
             # Reverse one-to-one relationship.
             (
                 book_admin,
-                {'improvedbook__isempty': '1'},
+                {"improvedbook__isempty": "1"},
                 [self.django_book, self.bio_book, self.djangonaut_book],
             ),
-            (book_admin, {'improvedbook__isempty': '0'}, [self.guitar_book]),
+            (book_admin, {"improvedbook__isempty": "0"}, [self.guitar_book]),
             # Reverse foreign key relationship.
-            (department_admin, {'employee__isempty': '1'}, [no_employees]),
-            (department_admin, {'employee__isempty': '0'}, [self.dev, self.design]),
+            (department_admin, {"employee__isempty": "1"}, [no_employees]),
+            (department_admin, {"employee__isempty": "0"}, [self.dev, self.design]),
             # Reverse many-to-many relationship.
-            (user_admin, {'books_contributed__isempty': '1'}, [self.alfred]),
-            (user_admin, {'books_contributed__isempty': '0'}, [self.bob, self.lisa]),
+            (user_admin, {"books_contributed__isempty": "1"}, [self.alfred]),
+            (user_admin, {"books_contributed__isempty": "0"}, [self.bob, self.lisa]),
         ]
         for modeladmin, query_string, expected_result in tests:
             with self.subTest(
                 modeladmin=modeladmin.__class__.__name__,
                 query_string=query_string,
             ):
-                request = self.request_factory.get('/', query_string)
+                request = self.request_factory.get("/", query_string)
                 request.user = self.alfred
                 changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
                 queryset = changelist.get_queryset(request)
@@ -1499,25 +1607,23 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_emptylistfieldfilter_genericrelation(self):
         class BookmarkGenericRelation(ModelAdmin):
-            list_filter = (
-                ('tags', EmptyFieldListFilter),
-            )
+            list_filter = (("tags", EmptyFieldListFilter),)
 
         modeladmin = BookmarkGenericRelation(Bookmark, site)
 
-        django_bookmark = Bookmark.objects.create(url='https://www.djangoproject.com/')
-        python_bookmark = Bookmark.objects.create(url='https://www.python.org/')
-        none_tags = Bookmark.objects.create(url='https://www.kernel.org/')
-        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=django_bookmark, tag='python')
-        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=python_bookmark, tag='python')
+        django_bookmark = Bookmark.objects.create(url="https://www.djangoproject.com/")
+        python_bookmark = Bookmark.objects.create(url="https://www.python.org/")
+        none_tags = Bookmark.objects.create(url="https://www.kernel.org/")
+        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=django_bookmark, tag="python")
+        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=python_bookmark, tag="python")
 
         tests = [
-            ({'tags__isempty': '1'}, [none_tags]),
-            ({'tags__isempty': '0'}, [django_bookmark, python_bookmark]),
+            ({"tags__isempty": "1"}, [none_tags]),
+            ({"tags__isempty": "0"}, [django_bookmark, python_bookmark]),
         ]
         for query_string, expected_result in tests:
             with self.subTest(query_string=query_string):
-                request = self.request_factory.get('/', query_string)
+                request = self.request_factory.get("/", query_string)
                 request.user = self.alfred
                 changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
                 queryset = changelist.get_queryset(request)
@@ -1525,32 +1631,32 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_emptylistfieldfilter_choices(self):
         modeladmin = BookAdminWithEmptyFieldListFilter(Book, site)
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
         filterspec = changelist.get_filters(request)[0][0]
-        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, 'Verbose Author')
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec.title, "Verbose Author")
         choices = list(filterspec.choices(changelist))
         self.assertEqual(len(choices), 3)
 
-        self.assertEqual(choices[0]['display'], 'All')
-        self.assertIs(choices[0]['selected'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[0]['query_string'], '?')
+        self.assertEqual(choices[0]["display"], "All")
+        self.assertIs(choices[0]["selected"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[0]["query_string"], "?")
 
-        self.assertEqual(choices[1]['display'], 'Empty')
-        self.assertIs(choices[1]['selected'], False)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[1]['query_string'], '?author__isempty=1')
+        self.assertEqual(choices[1]["display"], "Empty")
+        self.assertIs(choices[1]["selected"], False)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[1]["query_string"], "?author__isempty=1")
 
-        self.assertEqual(choices[2]['display'], 'Not empty')
-        self.assertIs(choices[2]['selected'], False)
-        self.assertEqual(choices[2]['query_string'], '?author__isempty=0')
+        self.assertEqual(choices[2]["display"], "Not empty")
+        self.assertIs(choices[2]["selected"], False)
+        self.assertEqual(choices[2]["query_string"], "?author__isempty=0")
 
     def test_emptylistfieldfilter_non_empty_field(self):
         class EmployeeAdminWithEmptyFieldListFilter(ModelAdmin):
-            list_filter = [('department', EmptyFieldListFilter)]
+            list_filter = [("department", EmptyFieldListFilter)]
 
         modeladmin = EmployeeAdminWithEmptyFieldListFilter(Employee, site)
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         request.user = self.alfred
         msg = (
             "The list filter 'EmptyFieldListFilter' cannot be used with field "
@@ -1561,7 +1667,7 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_emptylistfieldfilter_invalid_lookup_parameters(self):
         modeladmin = BookAdminWithEmptyFieldListFilter(Book, site)
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'author__isempty': 42})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"author__isempty": 42})
         request.user = self.alfred
         with self.assertRaises(IncorrectLookupParameters):
             modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
@@ -1570,12 +1676,12 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         """
         Filter __in lookups with a custom divider.
         """
-        jane = Employee.objects.create(name='Jane,Green', department=self.design)
+        jane = Employee.objects.create(name="Jane,Green", department=self.design)
         modeladmin = EmployeeCustomDividerFilterAdmin(Employee, site)
         employees = [jane, self.jack]
 
         request = self.request_factory.get(
-            '/', {'name__in': "|".join(e.name for e in employees)}
+            "/", {"name__in": "|".join(e.name for e in employees)}
         )
         # test for lookup with custom divider
         request.user = self.alfred
@@ -1585,7 +1691,7 @@ class ListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(list(queryset), employees)
 
         # test for lookup with comma in the lookup string
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/', {'name': jane.name})
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/", {"name": jane.name})
         request.user = self.alfred
         changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
         # Make sure the correct queryset is returned
diff --git a/tests/admin_inlines/admin.py b/tests/admin_inlines/admin.py
index 116556db7e..0ec56d71b3 100644
--- a/tests/admin_inlines/admin.py
+++ b/tests/admin_inlines/admin.py
@@ -4,16 +4,57 @@ from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 from django.db import models
 
 from .models import (
-    Author, BinaryTree, CapoFamiglia, Chapter, Child, ChildModel1, ChildModel2,
-    Class, Consigliere, Course, CourseProxy, CourseProxy1, CourseProxy2,
-    EditablePKBook, ExtraTerrestrial, Fashionista, FootNote, Holder, Holder2,
-    Holder3, Holder4, Holder5, Inner, Inner2, Inner3, Inner4Stacked,
-    Inner4Tabular, Inner5Stacked, Inner5Tabular, NonAutoPKBook,
-    NonAutoPKBookChild, Novel, NovelReadonlyChapter, OutfitItem,
-    ParentModelWithCustomPk, Person, Poll, Profile, ProfileCollection,
-    Question, ReadOnlyInline, ShoppingWeakness, ShowInlineChild,
-    ShowInlineParent, Sighting, SomeChildModel, SomeParentModel, SottoCapo,
-    Teacher, Title, TitleCollection,
+    Author,
+    BinaryTree,
+    CapoFamiglia,
+    Chapter,
+    Child,
+    ChildModel1,
+    ChildModel2,
+    Class,
+    Consigliere,
+    Course,
+    CourseProxy,
+    CourseProxy1,
+    CourseProxy2,
+    EditablePKBook,
+    ExtraTerrestrial,
+    Fashionista,
+    FootNote,
+    Holder,
+    Holder2,
+    Holder3,
+    Holder4,
+    Holder5,
+    Inner,
+    Inner2,
+    Inner3,
+    Inner4Stacked,
+    Inner4Tabular,
+    Inner5Stacked,
+    Inner5Tabular,
+    NonAutoPKBook,
+    NonAutoPKBookChild,
+    Novel,
+    NovelReadonlyChapter,
+    OutfitItem,
+    ParentModelWithCustomPk,
+    Person,
+    Poll,
+    Profile,
+    ProfileCollection,
+    Question,
+    ReadOnlyInline,
+    ShoppingWeakness,
+    ShowInlineChild,
+    ShowInlineParent,
+    Sighting,
+    SomeChildModel,
+    SomeParentModel,
+    SottoCapo,
+    Teacher,
+    Title,
+    TitleCollection,
 )
 
 site = admin.AdminSite(name="admin")
@@ -25,17 +66,17 @@ class BookInline(admin.TabularInline):
 
 class NonAutoPKBookTabularInline(admin.TabularInline):
     model = NonAutoPKBook
-    classes = ('collapse',)
+    classes = ("collapse",)
 
 
 class NonAutoPKBookChildTabularInline(admin.TabularInline):
     model = NonAutoPKBookChild
-    classes = ('collapse',)
+    classes = ("collapse",)
 
 
 class NonAutoPKBookStackedInline(admin.StackedInline):
     model = NonAutoPKBook
-    classes = ('collapse',)
+    classes = ("collapse",)
 
 
 class EditablePKBookTabularInline(admin.TabularInline):
@@ -48,8 +89,11 @@ class EditablePKBookStackedInline(admin.StackedInline):
 
 class AuthorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     inlines = [
-        BookInline, NonAutoPKBookTabularInline, NonAutoPKBookStackedInline,
-        EditablePKBookTabularInline, EditablePKBookStackedInline,
+        BookInline,
+        NonAutoPKBookTabularInline,
+        NonAutoPKBookStackedInline,
+        EditablePKBookTabularInline,
+        EditablePKBookStackedInline,
         NonAutoPKBookChildTabularInline,
     ]
 
@@ -57,25 +101,24 @@ class AuthorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 class InnerInline(admin.StackedInline):
     model = Inner
     can_delete = False
-    readonly_fields = ('readonly',)  # For bug #13174 tests.
+    readonly_fields = ("readonly",)  # For bug #13174 tests.
 
 
 class HolderAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-
     class Media:
-        js = ('my_awesome_admin_scripts.js',)
+        js = ("my_awesome_admin_scripts.js",)
 
 
 class ReadOnlyInlineInline(admin.TabularInline):
     model = ReadOnlyInline
-    readonly_fields = ['name']
+    readonly_fields = ["name"]
 
 
 class InnerInline2(admin.StackedInline):
     model = Inner2
 
     class Media:
-        js = ('my_awesome_inline_scripts.js',)
+        js = ("my_awesome_inline_scripts.js",)
 
 
 class InnerInline2Tabular(admin.TabularInline):
@@ -84,17 +127,17 @@ class InnerInline2Tabular(admin.TabularInline):
 
 class CustomNumberWidget(forms.NumberInput):
     class Media:
-        js = ('custom_number.js',)
+        js = ("custom_number.js",)
 
 
 class InnerInline3(admin.StackedInline):
     model = Inner3
     formfield_overrides = {
-        models.IntegerField: {'widget': CustomNumberWidget},
+        models.IntegerField: {"widget": CustomNumberWidget},
     }
 
     class Media:
-        js = ('my_awesome_inline_scripts.js',)
+        js = ("my_awesome_inline_scripts.js",)
 
 
 class TitleForm(forms.ModelForm):
@@ -131,12 +174,12 @@ class Holder4Admin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
 class Inner5StackedInline(admin.StackedInline):
     model = Inner5Stacked
-    classes = ('collapse',)
+    classes = ("collapse",)
 
 
 class Inner5TabularInline(admin.TabularInline):
     model = Inner5Tabular
-    classes = ('collapse',)
+    classes = ("collapse",)
 
 
 class Holder5Admin(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -153,7 +196,7 @@ class WeaknessForm(forms.ModelForm):
 
     class Meta:
         model = ShoppingWeakness
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class WeaknessInlineCustomForm(admin.TabularInline):
@@ -166,7 +209,7 @@ class FootNoteForm(forms.ModelForm):
 
     class Meta:
         model = FootNote
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class FootNoteNonEditableInlineCustomForm(admin.TabularInline):
@@ -179,25 +222,25 @@ class FootNoteNonEditableInlineCustomForm(admin.TabularInline):
 
 class QuestionInline(admin.TabularInline):
     model = Question
-    readonly_fields = ['call_me']
+    readonly_fields = ["call_me"]
 
     def call_me(self, obj):
-        return 'Callable in QuestionInline'
+        return "Callable in QuestionInline"
 
 
 class PollAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     inlines = [QuestionInline]
 
     def call_me(self, obj):
-        return 'Callable in PollAdmin'
+        return "Callable in PollAdmin"
 
 
 class ChapterInline(admin.TabularInline):
     model = Chapter
-    readonly_fields = ['call_me']
+    readonly_fields = ["call_me"]
 
     def call_me(self, obj):
-        return 'Callable in ChapterInline'
+        return "Callable in ChapterInline"
 
 
 class NovelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -261,32 +304,31 @@ class SightingInline(admin.TabularInline):
 
 # admin and form for #18263
 class SomeChildModelForm(forms.ModelForm):
-
     class Meta:
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
         model = SomeChildModel
         widgets = {
-            'position': forms.HiddenInput,
+            "position": forms.HiddenInput,
         }
-        labels = {'readonly_field': 'Label from ModelForm.Meta'}
-        help_texts = {'readonly_field': 'Help text from ModelForm.Meta'}
+        labels = {"readonly_field": "Label from ModelForm.Meta"}
+        help_texts = {"readonly_field": "Help text from ModelForm.Meta"}
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-        self.fields['name'].label = 'new label'
+        self.fields["name"].label = "new label"
 
 
 class SomeChildModelInline(admin.TabularInline):
     model = SomeChildModel
     form = SomeChildModelForm
-    readonly_fields = ('readonly_field',)
+    readonly_fields = ("readonly_field",)
 
 
 class StudentInline(admin.StackedInline):
     model = Child
     extra = 1
     fieldsets = [
-        ('Name', {'fields': ('name',), 'classes': ('collapse',)}),
+        ("Name", {"fields": ("name",), "classes": ("collapse",)}),
     ]
 
 
@@ -306,7 +348,7 @@ class FashonistaStackedInline(admin.StackedInline):
 class ClassStackedHorizontal(admin.StackedInline):
     model = Class
     extra = 1
-    filter_horizontal = ['person']
+    filter_horizontal = ["person"]
 
 
 class ClassAdminStackedHorizontal(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -316,7 +358,7 @@ class ClassAdminStackedHorizontal(admin.ModelAdmin):
 class ClassTabularHorizontal(admin.TabularInline):
     model = Class
     extra = 1
-    filter_horizontal = ['person']
+    filter_horizontal = ["person"]
 
 
 class ClassAdminTabularHorizontal(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -326,7 +368,7 @@ class ClassAdminTabularHorizontal(admin.ModelAdmin):
 class ClassTabularVertical(admin.TabularInline):
     model = Class
     extra = 1
-    filter_vertical = ['person']
+    filter_vertical = ["person"]
 
 
 class ClassAdminTabularVertical(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -336,7 +378,7 @@ class ClassAdminTabularVertical(admin.ModelAdmin):
 class ClassStackedVertical(admin.StackedInline):
     model = Class
     extra = 1
-    filter_vertical = ['person']
+    filter_vertical = ["person"]
 
 
 class ClassAdminStackedVertical(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -346,13 +388,13 @@ class ClassAdminStackedVertical(admin.ModelAdmin):
 class ChildHiddenFieldForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = SomeChildModel
-        fields = ['name', 'position', 'parent']
-        widgets = {'position': forms.HiddenInput}
+        fields = ["name", "position", "parent"]
+        widgets = {"position": forms.HiddenInput}
 
     def _post_clean(self):
         super()._post_clean()
         if self.instance is not None and self.instance.position == 1:
-            self.add_error(None, ValidationError('A non-field error'))
+            self.add_error(None, ValidationError("A non-field error"))
 
 
 class ChildHiddenFieldTabularInline(admin.TabularInline):
@@ -363,13 +405,13 @@ class ChildHiddenFieldTabularInline(admin.TabularInline):
 class ChildHiddenFieldInFieldsGroupStackedInline(admin.StackedInline):
     model = SomeChildModel
     form = ChildHiddenFieldForm
-    fields = [('name', 'position')]
+    fields = [("name", "position")]
 
 
 class ChildHiddenFieldOnSingleLineStackedInline(admin.StackedInline):
     model = SomeChildModel
     form = ChildHiddenFieldForm
-    fields = ('name', 'position')
+    fields = ("name", "position")
 
 
 class ShowInlineChildInline(admin.StackedInline):
@@ -399,7 +441,9 @@ site.register(Fashionista, inlines=[InlineWeakness])
 site.register(Holder4, Holder4Admin)
 site.register(Holder5, Holder5Admin)
 site.register(Author, AuthorAdmin)
-site.register(CapoFamiglia, inlines=[ConsigliereInline, SottoCapoInline, ReadOnlyInlineInline])
+site.register(
+    CapoFamiglia, inlines=[ConsigliereInline, SottoCapoInline, ReadOnlyInlineInline]
+)
 site.register(ProfileCollection, inlines=[ProfileInline])
 site.register(ParentModelWithCustomPk, inlines=[ChildModel1Inline, ChildModel2Inline])
 site.register(BinaryTree, inlines=[BinaryTreeAdmin])
@@ -416,9 +460,9 @@ site.register(CourseProxy1, ClassAdminTabularVertical)
 site.register(CourseProxy2, ClassAdminTabularHorizontal)
 site.register(ShowInlineParent, ShowInlineParentAdmin)
 # Used to test hidden fields in tabular and stacked inlines.
-site2 = admin.AdminSite(name='tabular_inline_hidden_field_admin')
+site2 = admin.AdminSite(name="tabular_inline_hidden_field_admin")
 site2.register(SomeParentModel, inlines=[ChildHiddenFieldTabularInline])
-site3 = admin.AdminSite(name='stacked_inline_hidden_field_in_group_admin')
+site3 = admin.AdminSite(name="stacked_inline_hidden_field_in_group_admin")
 site3.register(SomeParentModel, inlines=[ChildHiddenFieldInFieldsGroupStackedInline])
-site4 = admin.AdminSite(name='stacked_inline_hidden_field_on_single_line_admin')
+site4 = admin.AdminSite(name="stacked_inline_hidden_field_on_single_line_admin")
 site4.register(SomeParentModel, inlines=[ChildHiddenFieldOnSingleLineStackedInline])
diff --git a/tests/admin_inlines/models.py b/tests/admin_inlines/models.py
index 6125e06c28..47c5b91828 100644
--- a/tests/admin_inlines/models.py
+++ b/tests/admin_inlines/models.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class Child(models.Model):
     parent = GenericForeignKey()
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return 'I am %s, a child of %s' % (self.name, self.parent)
+        return "I am %s, a child of %s" % (self.name, self.parent)
 
 
 class Book(models.Model):
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class Book(models.Model):
 class Author(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     books = models.ManyToManyField(Book)
-    person = models.OneToOneField('Person', models.CASCADE, null=True)
+    person = models.OneToOneField("Person", models.CASCADE, null=True)
 
 
 class NonAutoPKBook(models.Model):
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class Inner(models.Model):
     readonly = models.CharField("Inner readonly label", max_length=1)
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
-        return '/inner/'
+        return "/inner/"
 
 
 class Holder2(models.Model):
@@ -100,6 +100,7 @@ class Inner3(models.Model):
     dummy = models.IntegerField()
     holder = models.ForeignKey(Holder3, models.CASCADE)
 
+
 # Models for ticket #8190
 
 
@@ -113,7 +114,9 @@ class Inner4Stacked(models.Model):
 
     class Meta:
         constraints = [
-            models.UniqueConstraint(fields=['dummy', 'holder'], name='unique_stacked_dummy_per_holder')
+            models.UniqueConstraint(
+                fields=["dummy", "holder"], name="unique_stacked_dummy_per_holder"
+            )
         ]
 
 
@@ -123,9 +126,12 @@ class Inner4Tabular(models.Model):
 
     class Meta:
         constraints = [
-            models.UniqueConstraint(fields=['dummy', 'holder'], name='unique_tabular_dummy_per_holder')
+            models.UniqueConstraint(
+                fields=["dummy", "holder"], name="unique_tabular_dummy_per_holder"
+            )
         ]
 
+
 # Models for ticket #31441
 
 
@@ -135,7 +141,7 @@ class Holder5(models.Model):
 
 class Inner5Stacked(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
-    select = models.CharField(choices=(('1', 'One'), ('2', 'Two')), max_length=10)
+    select = models.CharField(choices=(("1", "One"), ("2", "Two")), max_length=10)
     text = models.TextField()
     dummy = models.IntegerField()
     holder = models.ForeignKey(Holder5, models.CASCADE)
@@ -143,7 +149,7 @@ class Inner5Stacked(models.Model):
 
 class Inner5Tabular(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
-    select = models.CharField(choices=(('1', 'One'), ('2', 'Two')), max_length=10)
+    select = models.CharField(choices=(("1", "One"), ("2", "Two")), max_length=10)
     text = models.TextField()
     dummy = models.IntegerField()
     holder = models.ForeignKey(Holder5, models.CASCADE)
@@ -162,13 +168,16 @@ class OutfitItem(models.Model):
 
 class Fashionista(models.Model):
     person = models.OneToOneField(Person, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True)
-    weaknesses = models.ManyToManyField(OutfitItem, through='ShoppingWeakness', blank=True)
+    weaknesses = models.ManyToManyField(
+        OutfitItem, through="ShoppingWeakness", blank=True
+    )
 
 
 class ShoppingWeakness(models.Model):
     fashionista = models.ForeignKey(Fashionista, models.CASCADE)
     item = models.ForeignKey(OutfitItem, models.CASCADE)
 
+
 # Models for #13510
 
 
@@ -177,10 +186,13 @@ class TitleCollection(models.Model):
 
 
 class Title(models.Model):
-    collection = models.ForeignKey(TitleCollection, models.SET_NULL, blank=True, null=True)
+    collection = models.ForeignKey(
+        TitleCollection, models.SET_NULL, blank=True, null=True
+    )
     title1 = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     title2 = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
+
 # Models for #15424
 
 
@@ -198,7 +210,6 @@ class Novel(models.Model):
 
 
 class NovelReadonlyChapter(Novel):
-
     class Meta:
         proxy = True
 
@@ -212,9 +223,11 @@ class FootNote(models.Model):
     """
     Model added for ticket 19838
     """
+
     chapter = models.ForeignKey(Chapter, models.PROTECT)
     note = models.CharField(max_length=40)
 
+
 # Models for #16838
 
 
@@ -223,22 +236,23 @@ class CapoFamiglia(models.Model):
 
 
 class Consigliere(models.Model):
-    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, help_text='Help text for Consigliere')
-    capo_famiglia = models.ForeignKey(CapoFamiglia, models.CASCADE, related_name='+')
+    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, help_text="Help text for Consigliere")
+    capo_famiglia = models.ForeignKey(CapoFamiglia, models.CASCADE, related_name="+")
 
 
 class SottoCapo(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
-    capo_famiglia = models.ForeignKey(CapoFamiglia, models.CASCADE, related_name='+')
+    capo_famiglia = models.ForeignKey(CapoFamiglia, models.CASCADE, related_name="+")
 
 
 class ReadOnlyInline(models.Model):
-    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, help_text='Help text for ReadOnlyInline')
+    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, help_text="Help text for ReadOnlyInline")
     capo_famiglia = models.ForeignKey(CapoFamiglia, models.CASCADE)
 
 
 # Models for #18433
 
+
 class ParentModelWithCustomPk(models.Model):
     my_own_pk = models.CharField(max_length=100, primary_key=True)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
@@ -250,7 +264,7 @@ class ChildModel1(models.Model):
     parent = models.ForeignKey(ParentModelWithCustomPk, models.CASCADE)
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
-        return '/child_model1/'
+        return "/child_model1/"
 
 
 class ChildModel2(models.Model):
@@ -259,13 +273,14 @@ class ChildModel2(models.Model):
     parent = models.ForeignKey(ParentModelWithCustomPk, models.CASCADE)
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
-        return '/child_model2/'
+        return "/child_model2/"
 
 
 # Models for #19425
 class BinaryTree(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
-    parent = models.ForeignKey('self', models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True)
+    parent = models.ForeignKey("self", models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True)
+
 
 # Models for #19524
 
@@ -304,24 +319,21 @@ class Course(models.Model):
 
 
 class Class(models.Model):
-    person = models.ManyToManyField(Person, verbose_name='attendant')
+    person = models.ManyToManyField(Person, verbose_name="attendant")
     course = models.ForeignKey(Course, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
 
 
 class CourseProxy(Course):
-
     class Meta:
         proxy = True
 
 
 class CourseProxy1(Course):
-
     class Meta:
         proxy = True
 
 
 class CourseProxy2(Course):
-
     class Meta:
         proxy = True
 
@@ -340,22 +352,24 @@ class ProfileCollection(models.Model):
 
 
 class Profile(models.Model):
-    collection = models.ForeignKey(ProfileCollection, models.SET_NULL, blank=True, null=True)
+    collection = models.ForeignKey(
+        ProfileCollection, models.SET_NULL, blank=True, null=True
+    )
     first_name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     last_name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
 
 class VerboseNameProfile(Profile):
     class Meta:
-        verbose_name = 'Model with verbose name only'
+        verbose_name = "Model with verbose name only"
 
 
 class VerboseNamePluralProfile(Profile):
     class Meta:
-        verbose_name_plural = 'Model with verbose name plural only'
+        verbose_name_plural = "Model with verbose name plural only"
 
 
 class BothVerboseNameProfile(Profile):
     class Meta:
-        verbose_name = 'Model with both - name'
-        verbose_name_plural = 'Model with both - plural name'
+        verbose_name = "Model with both - name"
+        verbose_name_plural = "Model with both - plural name"
diff --git a/tests/admin_inlines/test_templates.py b/tests/admin_inlines/test_templates.py
index 5c8d7ce0c1..9ed4d65944 100644
--- a/tests/admin_inlines/test_templates.py
+++ b/tests/admin_inlines/test_templates.py
@@ -7,17 +7,19 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 class TestTemplates(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_javascript_escaping(self):
         context = {
-            'inline_admin_formset': {
-                'inline_formset_data': json.dumps({
-                    'formset': {'prefix': 'my-prefix'},
-                    'opts': {'verbose_name': 'verbose name\\'},
-                }),
+            "inline_admin_formset": {
+                "inline_formset_data": json.dumps(
+                    {
+                        "formset": {"prefix": "my-prefix"},
+                        "opts": {"verbose_name": "verbose name\\"},
+                    }
+                ),
             },
         }
-        output = render_to_string('admin/edit_inline/stacked.html', context)
-        self.assertIn('&quot;prefix&quot;: &quot;my-prefix&quot;', output)
-        self.assertIn('&quot;verbose_name&quot;: &quot;verbose name\\\\&quot;', output)
+        output = render_to_string("admin/edit_inline/stacked.html", context)
+        self.assertIn("&quot;prefix&quot;: &quot;my-prefix&quot;", output)
+        self.assertIn("&quot;verbose_name&quot;: &quot;verbose name\\\\&quot;", output)
 
-        output = render_to_string('admin/edit_inline/tabular.html', context)
-        self.assertIn('&quot;prefix&quot;: &quot;my-prefix&quot;', output)
-        self.assertIn('&quot;verbose_name&quot;: &quot;verbose name\\\\&quot;', output)
+        output = render_to_string("admin/edit_inline/tabular.html", context)
+        self.assertIn("&quot;prefix&quot;: &quot;my-prefix&quot;", output)
+        self.assertIn("&quot;verbose_name&quot;: &quot;verbose name\\\\&quot;", output)
diff --git a/tests/admin_inlines/tests.py b/tests/admin_inlines/tests.py
index 54bbec28aa..7db86f5663 100644
--- a/tests/admin_inlines/tests.py
+++ b/tests/admin_inlines/tests.py
@@ -6,27 +6,58 @@ from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.test import RequestFactory, TestCase, override_settings
 from django.urls import reverse
 
-from .admin import InnerInline, site as admin_site
+from .admin import InnerInline
+from .admin import site as admin_site
 from .models import (
-    Author, BinaryTree, Book, BothVerboseNameProfile, Chapter, Child,
-    ChildModel1, ChildModel2, Fashionista, FootNote, Holder, Holder2, Holder3,
-    Holder4, Inner, Inner2, Inner3, Inner4Stacked, Inner4Tabular, Novel,
-    OutfitItem, Parent, ParentModelWithCustomPk, Person, Poll, Profile,
-    ProfileCollection, Question, ShowInlineParent, Sighting, SomeChildModel,
-    SomeParentModel, Teacher, VerboseNamePluralProfile, VerboseNameProfile,
+    Author,
+    BinaryTree,
+    Book,
+    BothVerboseNameProfile,
+    Chapter,
+    Child,
+    ChildModel1,
+    ChildModel2,
+    Fashionista,
+    FootNote,
+    Holder,
+    Holder2,
+    Holder3,
+    Holder4,
+    Inner,
+    Inner2,
+    Inner3,
+    Inner4Stacked,
+    Inner4Tabular,
+    Novel,
+    OutfitItem,
+    Parent,
+    ParentModelWithCustomPk,
+    Person,
+    Poll,
+    Profile,
+    ProfileCollection,
+    Question,
+    ShowInlineParent,
+    Sighting,
+    SomeChildModel,
+    SomeParentModel,
+    Teacher,
+    VerboseNamePluralProfile,
+    VerboseNameProfile,
 )
 
 INLINE_CHANGELINK_HTML = 'class="inlinechangelink">Change</a>'
 
 
 class TestDataMixin:
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', email='super@example.com', password='secret')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", email="super@example.com", password="secret"
+        )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_inlines.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_inlines.urls")
 class TestInline(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
     factory = RequestFactory()
 
@@ -36,22 +67,24 @@ class TestInline(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         cls.holder = Holder.objects.create(dummy=13)
         Inner.objects.create(dummy=42, holder=cls.holder)
 
-        cls.parent = SomeParentModel.objects.create(name='a')
-        SomeChildModel.objects.create(name='b', position='0', parent=cls.parent)
-        SomeChildModel.objects.create(name='c', position='1', parent=cls.parent)
+        cls.parent = SomeParentModel.objects.create(name="a")
+        SomeChildModel.objects.create(name="b", position="0", parent=cls.parent)
+        SomeChildModel.objects.create(name="c", position="1", parent=cls.parent)
 
         cls.view_only_user = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='user', password='pwd', is_staff=True,
+            username="user",
+            password="pwd",
+            is_staff=True,
         )
         parent_ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(SomeParentModel)
         child_ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(SomeChildModel)
         permission = Permission.objects.get(
-            codename='view_someparentmodel',
+            codename="view_someparentmodel",
             content_type=parent_ct,
         )
         cls.view_only_user.user_permissions.add(permission)
         permission = Permission.objects.get(
-            codename='view_somechildmodel',
+            codename="view_somechildmodel",
             content_type=child_ct,
         )
         cls.view_only_user.user_permissions.add(permission)
@@ -64,61 +97,65 @@ class TestInline(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         can_delete should be passed to inlineformset factory.
         """
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder_change', args=(self.holder.id,))
+            reverse("admin:admin_inlines_holder_change", args=(self.holder.id,))
         )
-        inner_formset = response.context['inline_admin_formsets'][0].formset
+        inner_formset = response.context["inline_admin_formsets"][0].formset
         expected = InnerInline.can_delete
         actual = inner_formset.can_delete
-        self.assertEqual(expected, actual, 'can_delete must be equal')
+        self.assertEqual(expected, actual, "can_delete must be equal")
 
     def test_readonly_stacked_inline_label(self):
         """Bug #13174."""
         holder = Holder.objects.create(dummy=42)
-        Inner.objects.create(holder=holder, dummy=42, readonly='')
+        Inner.objects.create(holder=holder, dummy=42, readonly="")
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder_change', args=(holder.id,))
+            reverse("admin:admin_inlines_holder_change", args=(holder.id,))
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, '<label>Inner readonly label:</label>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<label>Inner readonly label:</label>")
 
     def test_many_to_many_inlines(self):
         "Autogenerated many-to-many inlines are displayed correctly (#13407)"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_author_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_author_add"))
         # The heading for the m2m inline block uses the right text
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Author-book relationships</h2>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Author-book relationships</h2>")
         # The "add another" label is correct
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Add another Author-book relationship')
+        self.assertContains(response, "Add another Author-book relationship")
         # The '+' is dropped from the autogenerated form prefix (Author_books+)
         self.assertContains(response, 'id="id_Author_books-TOTAL_FORMS"')
 
     def test_inline_primary(self):
-        person = Person.objects.create(firstname='Imelda')
-        item = OutfitItem.objects.create(name='Shoes')
+        person = Person.objects.create(firstname="Imelda")
+        item = OutfitItem.objects.create(name="Shoes")
         # Imelda likes shoes, but can't carry her own bags.
         data = {
-            'shoppingweakness_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 1,
-            'shoppingweakness_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 0,
-            'shoppingweakness_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': 0,
-            '_save': 'Save',
-            'person': person.id,
-            'max_weight': 0,
-            'shoppingweakness_set-0-item': item.id,
+            "shoppingweakness_set-TOTAL_FORMS": 1,
+            "shoppingweakness_set-INITIAL_FORMS": 0,
+            "shoppingweakness_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": 0,
+            "_save": "Save",
+            "person": person.id,
+            "max_weight": 0,
+            "shoppingweakness_set-0-item": item.id,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_fashionista_add'), data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_inlines_fashionista_add"), data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Fashionista.objects.filter(person__firstname='Imelda')), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Fashionista.objects.filter(person__firstname="Imelda")), 1)
 
     def test_tabular_inline_column_css_class(self):
         """
         Field names are included in the context to output a field-specific
         CSS class name in the column headers.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_poll_add'))
-        text_field, call_me_field = list(response.context['inline_admin_formset'].fields())
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_poll_add"))
+        text_field, call_me_field = list(
+            response.context["inline_admin_formset"].fields()
+        )
         # Editable field.
-        self.assertEqual(text_field['name'], 'text')
+        self.assertEqual(text_field["name"], "text")
         self.assertContains(response, '<th class="column-text required">')
         # Read-only field.
-        self.assertEqual(call_me_field['name'], 'call_me')
+        self.assertEqual(call_me_field["name"], "call_me")
         self.assertContains(response, '<th class="column-call_me">')
 
     def test_custom_form_tabular_inline_label(self):
@@ -126,28 +163,32 @@ class TestInline(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         A model form with a form field specified (TitleForm.title1) should have
         its label rendered in the tabular inline.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_titlecollection_add'))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<th class="column-title1 required">Title1</th>', html=True)
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_titlecollection_add"))
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<th class="column-title1 required">Title1</th>', html=True
+        )
 
     def test_custom_form_tabular_inline_extra_field_label(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_outfititem_add'))
-        _, extra_field = list(response.context['inline_admin_formset'].fields())
-        self.assertEqual(extra_field['label'], 'Extra field')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_outfititem_add"))
+        _, extra_field = list(response.context["inline_admin_formset"].fields())
+        self.assertEqual(extra_field["label"], "Extra field")
 
     def test_non_editable_custom_form_tabular_inline_extra_field_label(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_chapter_add'))
-        _, extra_field = list(response.context['inline_admin_formset'].fields())
-        self.assertEqual(extra_field['label'], 'Extra field')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_chapter_add"))
+        _, extra_field = list(response.context["inline_admin_formset"].fields())
+        self.assertEqual(extra_field["label"], "Extra field")
 
     def test_custom_form_tabular_inline_overridden_label(self):
         """
         SomeChildModelForm.__init__() overrides the label of a form field.
         That label is displayed in the TabularInline.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_someparentmodel_add'))
-        field = list(response.context['inline_admin_formset'].fields())[0]
-        self.assertEqual(field['label'], 'new label')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<th class="column-name required">New label</th>', html=True)
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_someparentmodel_add"))
+        field = list(response.context["inline_admin_formset"].fields())[0]
+        self.assertEqual(field["label"], "new label")
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<th class="column-name required">New label</th>', html=True
+        )
 
     def test_tabular_non_field_errors(self):
         """
@@ -155,68 +196,72 @@ class TestInline(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         for colspan.
         """
         data = {
-            'title_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 1,
-            'title_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 0,
-            'title_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': 0,
-            '_save': 'Save',
-            'title_set-0-title1': 'a title',
-            'title_set-0-title2': 'a different title',
+            "title_set-TOTAL_FORMS": 1,
+            "title_set-INITIAL_FORMS": 0,
+            "title_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": 0,
+            "_save": "Save",
+            "title_set-0-title1": "a title",
+            "title_set-0-title2": "a different title",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_titlecollection_add'), data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_inlines_titlecollection_add"), data
+        )
         # Here colspan is "4": two fields (title1 and title2), one hidden field and the delete checkbox.
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<tr class="row-form-errors"><td colspan="4"><ul class="errorlist nonfield">'
-            '<li>The two titles must be the same</li></ul></td></tr>'
+            "<li>The two titles must be the same</li></ul></td></tr>",
         )
 
     def test_no_parent_callable_lookup(self):
         """Admin inline `readonly_field` shouldn't invoke parent ModelAdmin callable"""
         # Identically named callable isn't present in the parent ModelAdmin,
         # rendering of the add view shouldn't explode
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_novel_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_novel_add"))
         # View should have the child inlines section
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<div class="js-inline-admin-formset inline-group" id="chapter_set-group"'
+            '<div class="js-inline-admin-formset inline-group" id="chapter_set-group"',
         )
 
     def test_callable_lookup(self):
         """Admin inline should invoke local callable when its name is listed in readonly_fields"""
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_poll_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_poll_add"))
         # Add parent object view should have the child inlines section
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<div class="js-inline-admin-formset inline-group" id="question_set-group"'
+            '<div class="js-inline-admin-formset inline-group" id="question_set-group"',
         )
         # The right callable should be used for the inline readonly_fields
         # column cells
-        self.assertContains(response, '<p>Callable in QuestionInline</p>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<p>Callable in QuestionInline</p>")
 
     def test_help_text(self):
         """
         The inlines' model field help texts are displayed when using both the
         stacked and tabular layouts.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder4_add'))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<div class="help">Awesome stacked help text is awesome.</div>', 4)
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_holder4_add"))
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<div class="help">Awesome stacked help text is awesome.</div>', 4
+        )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<img src="/static/admin/img/icon-unknown.svg" '
             'class="help help-tooltip" width="10" height="10" '
             'alt="(Awesome tabular help text is awesome.)" '
             'title="Awesome tabular help text is awesome.">',
-            1
+            1,
         )
         # ReadOnly fields
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_capofamiglia_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_capofamiglia_add"))
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<img src="/static/admin/img/icon-unknown.svg" '
             'class="help help-tooltip" width="10" height="10" '
             'alt="(Help text for ReadOnlyInline)" '
             'title="Help text for ReadOnlyInline">',
-            1
+            1,
         )
 
     def test_tabular_model_form_meta_readonly_field(self):
@@ -224,22 +269,24 @@ class TestInline(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         Tabular inlines use ModelForm.Meta.help_texts and labels for read-only
         fields.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_someparentmodel_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_someparentmodel_add"))
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<img src="/static/admin/img/icon-unknown.svg" '
             'class="help help-tooltip" width="10" height="10" '
             'alt="(Help text from ModelForm.Meta)" '
-            'title="Help text from ModelForm.Meta">'
+            'title="Help text from ModelForm.Meta">',
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Label from ModelForm.Meta')
+        self.assertContains(response, "Label from ModelForm.Meta")
 
     def test_inline_hidden_field_no_column(self):
         """#18263 -- Make sure hidden fields don't get a column in tabular inlines"""
-        parent = SomeParentModel.objects.create(name='a')
-        SomeChildModel.objects.create(name='b', position='0', parent=parent)
-        SomeChildModel.objects.create(name='c', position='1', parent=parent)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_someparentmodel_change', args=(parent.pk,)))
+        parent = SomeParentModel.objects.create(name="a")
+        SomeChildModel.objects.create(name="b", position="0", parent=parent)
+        SomeChildModel.objects.create(name="c", position="1", parent=parent)
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_inlines_someparentmodel_change", args=(parent.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertNotContains(response, '<td class="field-position">')
         self.assertInHTML(
             '<input id="id_somechildmodel_set-1-position" '
@@ -254,13 +301,20 @@ class TestInline(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         """
         self.client.force_login(self.view_only_user)
         url = reverse(
-            'tabular_inline_hidden_field_admin:admin_inlines_someparentmodel_change',
+            "tabular_inline_hidden_field_admin:admin_inlines_someparentmodel_change",
             args=(self.parent.pk,),
         )
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertInHTML('<th class="column-position hidden">Position</th>', response.rendered_content)
-        self.assertInHTML('<td class="field-position hidden"><p>0</p></td>', response.rendered_content)
-        self.assertInHTML('<td class="field-position hidden"><p>1</p></td>', response.rendered_content)
+        self.assertInHTML(
+            '<th class="column-position hidden">Position</th>',
+            response.rendered_content,
+        )
+        self.assertInHTML(
+            '<td class="field-position hidden"><p>0</p></td>', response.rendered_content
+        )
+        self.assertInHTML(
+            '<td class="field-position hidden"><p>1</p></td>', response.rendered_content
+        )
 
     def test_stacked_inline_hidden_field_with_view_only_permissions(self):
         """
@@ -269,12 +323,14 @@ class TestInline(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         """
         self.client.force_login(self.view_only_user)
         url = reverse(
-            'stacked_inline_hidden_field_in_group_admin:admin_inlines_someparentmodel_change',
+            "stacked_inline_hidden_field_in_group_admin:admin_inlines_someparentmodel_change",
             args=(self.parent.pk,),
         )
         response = self.client.get(url)
         # The whole line containing name + position fields is not hidden.
-        self.assertContains(response, '<div class="form-row field-name field-position">')
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<div class="form-row field-name field-position">'
+        )
         # The div containing the position field is hidden.
         self.assertInHTML(
             '<div class="fieldBox field-position hidden">'
@@ -289,54 +345,58 @@ class TestInline(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
             response.rendered_content,
         )
 
-    def test_stacked_inline_single_hidden_field_in_line_with_view_only_permissions(self):
+    def test_stacked_inline_single_hidden_field_in_line_with_view_only_permissions(
+        self,
+    ):
         """
         Content of hidden field is not visible in stacked inline when user has
         view-only permission and the field is grouped on a separate line.
         """
         self.client.force_login(self.view_only_user)
         url = reverse(
-            'stacked_inline_hidden_field_on_single_line_admin:admin_inlines_someparentmodel_change',
+            "stacked_inline_hidden_field_on_single_line_admin:admin_inlines_someparentmodel_change",
             args=(self.parent.pk,),
         )
         response = self.client.get(url)
         # The whole line containing position field is hidden.
         self.assertInHTML(
             '<div class="form-row hidden field-position">'
-            '<div><label>Position:</label>'
+            "<div><label>Position:</label>"
             '<div class="readonly">0</div></div></div>',
             response.rendered_content,
         )
         self.assertInHTML(
             '<div class="form-row hidden field-position">'
-            '<div><label>Position:</label>'
+            "<div><label>Position:</label>"
             '<div class="readonly">1</div></div></div>',
             response.rendered_content,
         )
 
-    def test_tabular_inline_with_hidden_field_non_field_errors_has_correct_colspan(self):
+    def test_tabular_inline_with_hidden_field_non_field_errors_has_correct_colspan(
+        self,
+    ):
         """
         In tabular inlines, when a form has non-field errors, those errors
         are rendered in a table line with a single cell spanning the whole
         table width. Colspan must be equal to the number of visible columns.
         """
-        parent = SomeParentModel.objects.create(name='a')
-        child = SomeChildModel.objects.create(name='b', position='0', parent=parent)
+        parent = SomeParentModel.objects.create(name="a")
+        child = SomeChildModel.objects.create(name="b", position="0", parent=parent)
         url = reverse(
-            'tabular_inline_hidden_field_admin:admin_inlines_someparentmodel_change',
+            "tabular_inline_hidden_field_admin:admin_inlines_someparentmodel_change",
             args=(parent.id,),
         )
         data = {
-            'name': parent.name,
-            'somechildmodel_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 1,
-            'somechildmodel_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 1,
-            'somechildmodel_set-MIN_NUM_FORMS': 0,
-            'somechildmodel_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': 1000,
-            '_save': 'Save',
-            'somechildmodel_set-0-id': child.id,
-            'somechildmodel_set-0-parent': parent.id,
-            'somechildmodel_set-0-name': child.name,
-            'somechildmodel_set-0-position': 1,
+            "name": parent.name,
+            "somechildmodel_set-TOTAL_FORMS": 1,
+            "somechildmodel_set-INITIAL_FORMS": 1,
+            "somechildmodel_set-MIN_NUM_FORMS": 0,
+            "somechildmodel_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": 1000,
+            "_save": "Save",
+            "somechildmodel_set-0-id": child.id,
+            "somechildmodel_set-0-parent": parent.id,
+            "somechildmodel_set-0-name": child.name,
+            "somechildmodel_set-0-position": 1,
         }
         response = self.client.post(url, data)
         # Form has 3 visible columns and 1 hidden column.
@@ -344,7 +404,7 @@ class TestInline(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
             '<thead><tr><th class="original"></th>'
             '<th class="column-name required">Name</th>'
             '<th class="column-position required hidden">Position</th>'
-            '<th>Delete?</th></tr></thead>',
+            "<th>Delete?</th></tr></thead>",
             response.rendered_content,
         )
         # The non-field error must be spanned on 3 (visible) columns.
@@ -358,28 +418,32 @@ class TestInline(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         """
         Multiple inlines with related_name='+' have correct form prefixes.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_capofamiglia_add'))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<input type="hidden" name="-1-0-id" id="id_-1-0-id">', html=True)
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_capofamiglia_add"))
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<input type="hidden" name="-1-0-id" id="id_-1-0-id">', html=True
+        )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<input type="hidden" name="-1-0-capo_famiglia" id="id_-1-0-capo_famiglia">',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<input id="id_-1-0-name" type="text" class="vTextField" name="-1-0-name" maxlength="100">',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<input type="hidden" name="-2-0-id" id="id_-2-0-id">', html=True
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, '<input type="hidden" name="-2-0-id" id="id_-2-0-id">', html=True)
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<input type="hidden" name="-2-0-capo_famiglia" id="id_-2-0-capo_famiglia">',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<input id="id_-2-0-name" type="text" class="vTextField" name="-2-0-name" maxlength="100">',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
 
     @override_settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True)
@@ -389,9 +453,14 @@ class TestInline(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         separators.
         """
         holder = Holder.objects.create(pk=123456789, dummy=42)
-        inner = Inner.objects.create(pk=987654321, holder=holder, dummy=42, readonly='')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder_change', args=(holder.id,)))
-        inner_shortcut = 'r/%s/%s/' % (ContentType.objects.get_for_model(inner).pk, inner.pk)
+        inner = Inner.objects.create(pk=987654321, holder=holder, dummy=42, readonly="")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_inlines_holder_change", args=(holder.id,))
+        )
+        inner_shortcut = "r/%s/%s/" % (
+            ContentType.objects.get_for_model(inner).pk,
+            inner.pk,
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, inner_shortcut)
 
     def test_custom_pk_shortcut(self):
@@ -402,9 +471,17 @@ class TestInline(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         parent = ParentModelWithCustomPk.objects.create(my_own_pk="foo", name="Foo")
         child1 = ChildModel1.objects.create(my_own_pk="bar", name="Bar", parent=parent)
         child2 = ChildModel2.objects.create(my_own_pk="baz", name="Baz", parent=parent)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_parentmodelwithcustompk_change', args=('foo',)))
-        child1_shortcut = 'r/%s/%s/' % (ContentType.objects.get_for_model(child1).pk, child1.pk)
-        child2_shortcut = 'r/%s/%s/' % (ContentType.objects.get_for_model(child2).pk, child2.pk)
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_inlines_parentmodelwithcustompk_change", args=("foo",))
+        )
+        child1_shortcut = "r/%s/%s/" % (
+            ContentType.objects.get_for_model(child1).pk,
+            child1.pk,
+        )
+        child2_shortcut = "r/%s/%s/" % (
+            ContentType.objects.get_for_model(child2).pk,
+            child2.pk,
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, child1_shortcut)
         self.assertContains(response, child2_shortcut)
 
@@ -413,16 +490,18 @@ class TestInline(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         An object can be created with inlines when it inherits another class.
         """
         data = {
-            'name': 'Martian',
-            'sighting_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 1,
-            'sighting_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 0,
-            'sighting_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': 0,
-            'sighting_set-0-place': 'Zone 51',
-            '_save': 'Save',
+            "name": "Martian",
+            "sighting_set-TOTAL_FORMS": 1,
+            "sighting_set-INITIAL_FORMS": 0,
+            "sighting_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": 0,
+            "sighting_set-0-place": "Zone 51",
+            "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_extraterrestrial_add'), data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_inlines_extraterrestrial_add"), data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(Sighting.objects.filter(et__name='Martian').count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(Sighting.objects.filter(et__name="Martian").count(), 1)
 
     def test_custom_get_extra_form(self):
         bt_head = BinaryTree.objects.create(name="Tree Head")
@@ -438,11 +517,13 @@ class TestInline(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
             '<input id="id_binarytree_set-TOTAL_FORMS" '
             'name="binarytree_set-TOTAL_FORMS" type="hidden" value="2">'
         )
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_binarytree_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_binarytree_add"))
         self.assertInHTML(max_forms_input % 3, response.rendered_content)
         self.assertInHTML(total_forms_hidden, response.rendered_content)
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_binarytree_change', args=(bt_head.id,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_inlines_binarytree_change", args=(bt_head.id,))
+        )
         self.assertInHTML(max_forms_input % 2, response.rendered_content)
         self.assertInHTML(total_forms_hidden, response.rendered_content)
 
@@ -450,6 +531,7 @@ class TestInline(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         """
         min_num and extra determine number of forms.
         """
+
         class MinNumInline(TabularInline):
             model = BinaryTree
             min_num = 2
@@ -465,8 +547,8 @@ class TestInline(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
             '<input id="id_binarytree_set-TOTAL_FORMS" '
             'name="binarytree_set-TOTAL_FORMS" type="hidden" value="5">'
         )
-        request = self.factory.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_binarytree_add'))
-        request.user = User(username='super', is_superuser=True)
+        request = self.factory.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_binarytree_add"))
+        request.user = User(username="super", is_superuser=True)
         response = modeladmin.changeform_view(request)
         self.assertInHTML(min_forms, response.rendered_content)
         self.assertInHTML(total_forms, response.rendered_content)
@@ -494,76 +576,80 @@ class TestInline(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
             '<input id="id_binarytree_set-TOTAL_FORMS" '
             'name="binarytree_set-TOTAL_FORMS" type="hidden" value="%d">'
         )
-        request = self.factory.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_binarytree_add'))
-        request.user = User(username='super', is_superuser=True)
+        request = self.factory.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_binarytree_add"))
+        request.user = User(username="super", is_superuser=True)
         response = modeladmin.changeform_view(request)
         self.assertInHTML(min_forms % 2, response.rendered_content)
         self.assertInHTML(total_forms % 5, response.rendered_content)
 
-        request = self.factory.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_binarytree_change', args=(bt_head.id,)))
-        request.user = User(username='super', is_superuser=True)
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_inlines_binarytree_change", args=(bt_head.id,))
+        )
+        request.user = User(username="super", is_superuser=True)
         response = modeladmin.changeform_view(request, object_id=str(bt_head.id))
         self.assertInHTML(min_forms % 5, response.rendered_content)
         self.assertInHTML(total_forms % 8, response.rendered_content)
 
     def test_inline_nonauto_noneditable_pk(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_author_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_author_add"))
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<input id="id_nonautopkbook_set-0-rand_pk" '
             'name="nonautopkbook_set-0-rand_pk" type="hidden">',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<input id="id_nonautopkbook_set-2-0-rand_pk" '
             'name="nonautopkbook_set-2-0-rand_pk" type="hidden">',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
 
     def test_inline_nonauto_noneditable_inherited_pk(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_author_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_author_add"))
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<input id="id_nonautopkbookchild_set-0-nonautopkbook_ptr" '
             'name="nonautopkbookchild_set-0-nonautopkbook_ptr" type="hidden">',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<input id="id_nonautopkbookchild_set-2-nonautopkbook_ptr" '
             'name="nonautopkbookchild_set-2-nonautopkbook_ptr" type="hidden">',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
 
     def test_inline_editable_pk(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_author_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_author_add"))
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<input class="vIntegerField" id="id_editablepkbook_set-0-manual_pk" '
             'name="editablepkbook_set-0-manual_pk" type="number">',
-            html=True, count=1
+            html=True,
+            count=1,
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<input class="vIntegerField" id="id_editablepkbook_set-2-0-manual_pk" '
             'name="editablepkbook_set-2-0-manual_pk" type="number">',
-            html=True, count=1
+            html=True,
+            count=1,
         )
 
     def test_stacked_inline_edit_form_contains_has_original_class(self):
         holder = Holder.objects.create(dummy=1)
         holder.inner_set.create(dummy=1)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder_change', args=(holder.pk,)))
-        self.assertContains(
-            response,
-            '<div class="inline-related has_original" id="inner_set-0">',
-            count=1
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_inlines_holder_change", args=(holder.pk,))
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<div class="inline-related" id="inner_set-1">',
-            count=1
+            '<div class="inline-related has_original" id="inner_set-0">',
+            count=1,
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<div class="inline-related" id="inner_set-1">', count=1
         )
 
     def test_inlines_show_change_link_registered(self):
@@ -572,60 +658,76 @@ class TestInline(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         item1 = Inner4Stacked.objects.create(dummy=1, holder=holder)
         item2 = Inner4Tabular.objects.create(dummy=1, holder=holder)
         items = (
-            ('inner4stacked', item1.pk),
-            ('inner4tabular', item2.pk),
+            ("inner4stacked", item1.pk),
+            ("inner4tabular", item2.pk),
+        )
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_inlines_holder4_change", args=(holder.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            response.context["inline_admin_formset"].opts.has_registered_model
         )
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder4_change', args=(holder.pk,)))
-        self.assertTrue(response.context['inline_admin_formset'].opts.has_registered_model)
         for model, pk in items:
-            url = reverse('admin:admin_inlines_%s_change' % model, args=(pk,))
-            self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s" %s' % (url, INLINE_CHANGELINK_HTML))
+            url = reverse("admin:admin_inlines_%s_change" % model, args=(pk,))
+            self.assertContains(
+                response, '<a href="%s" %s' % (url, INLINE_CHANGELINK_HTML)
+            )
 
     def test_inlines_show_change_link_unregistered(self):
         "Inlines `show_change_link` disabled for unregistered models."
         parent = ParentModelWithCustomPk.objects.create(my_own_pk="foo", name="Foo")
         ChildModel1.objects.create(my_own_pk="bar", name="Bar", parent=parent)
         ChildModel2.objects.create(my_own_pk="baz", name="Baz", parent=parent)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_parentmodelwithcustompk_change', args=('foo',)))
-        self.assertFalse(response.context['inline_admin_formset'].opts.has_registered_model)
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_inlines_parentmodelwithcustompk_change", args=("foo",))
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(
+            response.context["inline_admin_formset"].opts.has_registered_model
+        )
         self.assertNotContains(response, INLINE_CHANGELINK_HTML)
 
     def test_tabular_inline_show_change_link_false_registered(self):
         "Inlines `show_change_link` disabled by default."
         poll = Poll.objects.create(name="New poll")
         Question.objects.create(poll=poll)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_poll_change', args=(poll.pk,)))
-        self.assertTrue(response.context['inline_admin_formset'].opts.has_registered_model)
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_inlines_poll_change", args=(poll.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            response.context["inline_admin_formset"].opts.has_registered_model
+        )
         self.assertNotContains(response, INLINE_CHANGELINK_HTML)
 
     def test_noneditable_inline_has_field_inputs(self):
         """Inlines without change permission shows field inputs on add form."""
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_novelreadonlychapter_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_inlines_novelreadonlychapter_add")
+        )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<input type="text" name="chapter_set-0-name" '
             'class="vTextField" maxlength="40" id="id_chapter_set-0-name">',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
 
     def test_inlines_plural_heading_foreign_key(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder4_add'))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Inner4 stackeds</h2>', html=True)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Inner4 tabulars</h2>', html=True)
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_holder4_add"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Inner4 stackeds</h2>", html=True)
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Inner4 tabulars</h2>", html=True)
 
     def test_inlines_singular_heading_one_to_one(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_person_add'))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Author</h2>', html=True)  # Tabular.
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Fashionista</h2>', html=True)  # Stacked.
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_person_add"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Author</h2>", html=True)  # Tabular.
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Fashionista</h2>", html=True)  # Stacked.
 
     def test_inlines_based_on_model_state(self):
         parent = ShowInlineParent.objects.create(show_inlines=False)
         data = {
-            'show_inlines': 'on',
-            '_save': 'Save',
+            "show_inlines": "on",
+            "_save": "Save",
         }
         change_url = reverse(
-            'admin:admin_inlines_showinlineparent_change',
+            "admin:admin_inlines_showinlineparent_change",
             args=(parent.id,),
         )
         response = self.client.post(change_url, data)
@@ -634,9 +736,8 @@ class TestInline(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         self.assertIs(parent.show_inlines, True)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_inlines.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_inlines.urls")
 class TestInlineMedia(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
@@ -644,41 +745,40 @@ class TestInlineMedia(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         holder = Holder(dummy=13)
         holder.save()
         Inner(dummy=42, holder=holder).save()
-        change_url = reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder_change', args=(holder.id,))
+        change_url = reverse("admin:admin_inlines_holder_change", args=(holder.id,))
         response = self.client.get(change_url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'my_awesome_admin_scripts.js')
+        self.assertContains(response, "my_awesome_admin_scripts.js")
 
     def test_inline_media_only_inline(self):
         holder = Holder3(dummy=13)
         holder.save()
         Inner3(dummy=42, holder=holder).save()
-        change_url = reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder3_change', args=(holder.id,))
+        change_url = reverse("admin:admin_inlines_holder3_change", args=(holder.id,))
         response = self.client.get(change_url)
         self.assertEqual(
-            response.context['inline_admin_formsets'][0].media._js,
+            response.context["inline_admin_formsets"][0].media._js,
             [
-                'admin/js/vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js',
-                'my_awesome_inline_scripts.js',
-                'custom_number.js',
-                'admin/js/jquery.init.js',
-                'admin/js/inlines.js',
-            ]
+                "admin/js/vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js",
+                "my_awesome_inline_scripts.js",
+                "custom_number.js",
+                "admin/js/jquery.init.js",
+                "admin/js/inlines.js",
+            ],
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, 'my_awesome_inline_scripts.js')
+        self.assertContains(response, "my_awesome_inline_scripts.js")
 
     def test_all_inline_media(self):
         holder = Holder2(dummy=13)
         holder.save()
         Inner2(dummy=42, holder=holder).save()
-        change_url = reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder2_change', args=(holder.id,))
+        change_url = reverse("admin:admin_inlines_holder2_change", args=(holder.id,))
         response = self.client.get(change_url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'my_awesome_admin_scripts.js')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'my_awesome_inline_scripts.js')
+        self.assertContains(response, "my_awesome_admin_scripts.js")
+        self.assertContains(response, "my_awesome_inline_scripts.js")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_inlines.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_inlines.urls")
 class TestInlineAdminForm(TestCase):
-
     def test_immutable_content_type(self):
         """Regression for #9362
         The problem depends only on InlineAdminForm and its "original"
@@ -686,46 +786,48 @@ class TestInlineAdminForm(TestCase):
         need to check that the content_type argument of Child isn't altered by
         the internals of the inline form."""
 
-        sally = Teacher.objects.create(name='Sally')
-        john = Parent.objects.create(name='John')
-        joe = Child.objects.create(name='Joe', teacher=sally, parent=john)
+        sally = Teacher.objects.create(name="Sally")
+        john = Parent.objects.create(name="John")
+        joe = Child.objects.create(name="Joe", teacher=sally, parent=john)
 
         iaf = InlineAdminForm(None, None, {}, {}, joe)
         parent_ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Parent)
         self.assertEqual(iaf.original.content_type, parent_ct)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_inlines.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_inlines.urls")
 class TestInlineProtectedOnDelete(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_deleting_inline_with_protected_delete_does_not_validate(self):
-        lotr = Novel.objects.create(name='Lord of the rings')
-        chapter = Chapter.objects.create(novel=lotr, name='Many Meetings')
-        foot_note = FootNote.objects.create(chapter=chapter, note='yadda yadda')
+        lotr = Novel.objects.create(name="Lord of the rings")
+        chapter = Chapter.objects.create(novel=lotr, name="Many Meetings")
+        foot_note = FootNote.objects.create(chapter=chapter, note="yadda yadda")
 
-        change_url = reverse('admin:admin_inlines_novel_change', args=(lotr.id,))
+        change_url = reverse("admin:admin_inlines_novel_change", args=(lotr.id,))
         response = self.client.get(change_url)
         data = {
-            'name': lotr.name,
-            'chapter_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 1,
-            'chapter_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 1,
-            'chapter_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': 1000,
-            '_save': 'Save',
-            'chapter_set-0-id': chapter.id,
-            'chapter_set-0-name': chapter.name,
-            'chapter_set-0-novel': lotr.id,
-            'chapter_set-0-DELETE': 'on'
+            "name": lotr.name,
+            "chapter_set-TOTAL_FORMS": 1,
+            "chapter_set-INITIAL_FORMS": 1,
+            "chapter_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": 1000,
+            "_save": "Save",
+            "chapter_set-0-id": chapter.id,
+            "chapter_set-0-name": chapter.name,
+            "chapter_set-0-novel": lotr.id,
+            "chapter_set-0-DELETE": "on",
         }
         response = self.client.post(change_url, data)
-        self.assertContains(response, "Deleting chapter %s would require deleting "
-                            "the following protected related objects: foot note %s"
-                            % (chapter, foot_note))
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            "Deleting chapter %s would require deleting "
+            "the following protected related objects: foot note %s"
+            % (chapter, foot_note),
+        )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_inlines.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_inlines.urls")
 class TestInlinePermissions(TestCase):
     """
     Make sure the admin respects permissions for objects that are edited
@@ -734,8 +836,8 @@ class TestInlinePermissions(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.user = User(username='admin', is_staff=True, is_active=True)
-        cls.user.set_password('secret')
+        cls.user = User(username="admin", is_staff=True, is_active=True)
+        cls.user.set_password("secret")
         cls.user.save()
 
         cls.author_ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Author)
@@ -746,115 +848,159 @@ class TestInlinePermissions(TestCase):
         # User always has permissions to add and change Authors, and Holders,
         # the main (parent) models of the inlines. Permissions on the inlines
         # vary per test.
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='add_author', content_type=cls.author_ct)
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(
+            codename="add_author", content_type=cls.author_ct
+        )
         cls.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='change_author', content_type=cls.author_ct)
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(
+            codename="change_author", content_type=cls.author_ct
+        )
         cls.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='add_holder2', content_type=cls.holder_ct)
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(
+            codename="add_holder2", content_type=cls.holder_ct
+        )
         cls.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='change_holder2', content_type=cls.holder_ct)
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(
+            codename="change_holder2", content_type=cls.holder_ct
+        )
         cls.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
 
-        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name='The Author')
-        cls.book = author.books.create(name='The inline Book')
-        cls.author_change_url = reverse('admin:admin_inlines_author_change', args=(author.id,))
+        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name="The Author")
+        cls.book = author.books.create(name="The inline Book")
+        cls.author_change_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_inlines_author_change", args=(author.id,)
+        )
         # Get the ID of the automatically created intermediate model for the Author-Book m2m
-        author_book_auto_m2m_intermediate = Author.books.through.objects.get(author=author, book=cls.book)
+        author_book_auto_m2m_intermediate = Author.books.through.objects.get(
+            author=author, book=cls.book
+        )
         cls.author_book_auto_m2m_intermediate_id = author_book_auto_m2m_intermediate.pk
 
         cls.holder = Holder2.objects.create(dummy=13)
         cls.inner2 = Inner2.objects.create(dummy=42, holder=cls.holder)
 
     def setUp(self):
-        self.holder_change_url = reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder2_change', args=(self.holder.id,))
+        self.holder_change_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_inlines_holder2_change", args=(self.holder.id,)
+        )
         self.client.force_login(self.user)
 
     def test_inline_add_m2m_noperm(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_author_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_author_add"))
         # No change permission on books, so no inline
-        self.assertNotContains(response, '<h2>Author-book relationships</h2>')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Add another Author-Book Relationship')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "<h2>Author-book relationships</h2>")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Add another Author-Book Relationship")
         self.assertNotContains(response, 'id="id_Author_books-TOTAL_FORMS"')
 
     def test_inline_add_fk_noperm(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder2_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_holder2_add"))
         # No permissions on Inner2s, so no inline
-        self.assertNotContains(response, '<h2>Inner2s</h2>')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Add another Inner2')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "<h2>Inner2s</h2>")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Add another Inner2")
         self.assertNotContains(response, 'id="id_inner2_set-TOTAL_FORMS"')
 
     def test_inline_change_m2m_noperm(self):
         response = self.client.get(self.author_change_url)
         # No change permission on books, so no inline
-        self.assertNotContains(response, '<h2>Author-book relationships</h2>')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Add another Author-Book Relationship')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "<h2>Author-book relationships</h2>")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Add another Author-Book Relationship")
         self.assertNotContains(response, 'id="id_Author_books-TOTAL_FORMS"')
 
     def test_inline_change_fk_noperm(self):
         response = self.client.get(self.holder_change_url)
         # No permissions on Inner2s, so no inline
-        self.assertNotContains(response, '<h2>Inner2s</h2>')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Add another Inner2')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "<h2>Inner2s</h2>")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Add another Inner2")
         self.assertNotContains(response, 'id="id_inner2_set-TOTAL_FORMS"')
 
     def test_inline_add_m2m_view_only_perm(self):
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='view_book', content_type=self.book_ct)
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(
+            codename="view_book", content_type=self.book_ct
+        )
         self.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_author_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_author_add"))
         # View-only inlines. (It could be nicer to hide the empty, non-editable
         # inlines on the add page.)
-        self.assertIs(response.context['inline_admin_formset'].has_view_permission, True)
-        self.assertIs(response.context['inline_admin_formset'].has_add_permission, False)
-        self.assertIs(response.context['inline_admin_formset'].has_change_permission, False)
-        self.assertIs(response.context['inline_admin_formset'].has_delete_permission, False)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Author-book relationships</h2>')
+        self.assertIs(
+            response.context["inline_admin_formset"].has_view_permission, True
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            response.context["inline_admin_formset"].has_add_permission, False
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            response.context["inline_admin_formset"].has_change_permission, False
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            response.context["inline_admin_formset"].has_delete_permission, False
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Author-book relationships</h2>")
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<input type="hidden" name="Author_books-TOTAL_FORMS" value="0" '
             'id="id_Author_books-TOTAL_FORMS">',
             html=True,
         )
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Add another Author-Book Relationship')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Add another Author-Book Relationship")
 
     def test_inline_add_m2m_add_perm(self):
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='add_book', content_type=self.book_ct)
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(
+            codename="add_book", content_type=self.book_ct
+        )
         self.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_author_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_author_add"))
         # No change permission on Books, so no inline
-        self.assertNotContains(response, '<h2>Author-book relationships</h2>')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Add another Author-Book Relationship')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "<h2>Author-book relationships</h2>")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Add another Author-Book Relationship")
         self.assertNotContains(response, 'id="id_Author_books-TOTAL_FORMS"')
 
     def test_inline_add_fk_add_perm(self):
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='add_inner2', content_type=self.inner_ct)
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(
+            codename="add_inner2", content_type=self.inner_ct
+        )
         self.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder2_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_inlines_holder2_add"))
         # Add permission on inner2s, so we get the inline
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Inner2s</h2>')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Add another Inner2')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<input type="hidden" id="id_inner2_set-TOTAL_FORMS" '
-                            'value="3" name="inner2_set-TOTAL_FORMS">', html=True)
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Inner2s</h2>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Add another Inner2")
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<input type="hidden" id="id_inner2_set-TOTAL_FORMS" '
+            'value="3" name="inner2_set-TOTAL_FORMS">',
+            html=True,
+        )
 
     def test_inline_change_m2m_add_perm(self):
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='add_book', content_type=self.book_ct)
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(
+            codename="add_book", content_type=self.book_ct
+        )
         self.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
         response = self.client.get(self.author_change_url)
         # No change permission on books, so no inline
-        self.assertNotContains(response, '<h2>Author-book relationships</h2>')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Add another Author-Book Relationship')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "<h2>Author-book relationships</h2>")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Add another Author-Book Relationship")
         self.assertNotContains(response, 'id="id_Author_books-TOTAL_FORMS"')
         self.assertNotContains(response, 'id="id_Author_books-0-DELETE"')
 
     def test_inline_change_m2m_view_only_perm(self):
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='view_book', content_type=self.book_ct)
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(
+            codename="view_book", content_type=self.book_ct
+        )
         self.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
         response = self.client.get(self.author_change_url)
         # View-only inlines.
-        self.assertIs(response.context['inline_admin_formset'].has_view_permission, True)
-        self.assertIs(response.context['inline_admin_formset'].has_add_permission, False)
-        self.assertIs(response.context['inline_admin_formset'].has_change_permission, False)
-        self.assertIs(response.context['inline_admin_formset'].has_delete_permission, False)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Author-book relationships</h2>')
+        self.assertIs(
+            response.context["inline_admin_formset"].has_view_permission, True
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            response.context["inline_admin_formset"].has_add_permission, False
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            response.context["inline_admin_formset"].has_change_permission, False
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            response.context["inline_admin_formset"].has_delete_permission, False
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Author-book relationships</h2>")
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<input type="hidden" name="Author_books-TOTAL_FORMS" value="1" '
@@ -862,7 +1008,7 @@ class TestInlinePermissions(TestCase):
             html=True,
         )
         # The field in the inline is read-only.
-        self.assertContains(response, '<p>%s</p>' % self.book)
+        self.assertContains(response, "<p>%s</p>" % self.book)
         self.assertNotContains(
             response,
             '<input type="checkbox" name="Author_books-0-DELETE" id="id_Author_books-0-DELETE">',
@@ -870,70 +1016,91 @@ class TestInlinePermissions(TestCase):
         )
 
     def test_inline_change_m2m_change_perm(self):
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='change_book', content_type=self.book_ct)
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(
+            codename="change_book", content_type=self.book_ct
+        )
         self.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
         response = self.client.get(self.author_change_url)
         # We have change perm on books, so we can add/change/delete inlines
-        self.assertIs(response.context['inline_admin_formset'].has_view_permission, True)
-        self.assertIs(response.context['inline_admin_formset'].has_add_permission, True)
-        self.assertIs(response.context['inline_admin_formset'].has_change_permission, True)
-        self.assertIs(response.context['inline_admin_formset'].has_delete_permission, True)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Author-book relationships</h2>')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Add another Author-book relationship')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<input type="hidden" id="id_Author_books-TOTAL_FORMS" '
-                            'value="4" name="Author_books-TOTAL_FORMS">', html=True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            response.context["inline_admin_formset"].has_view_permission, True
+        )
+        self.assertIs(response.context["inline_admin_formset"].has_add_permission, True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            response.context["inline_admin_formset"].has_change_permission, True
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            response.context["inline_admin_formset"].has_delete_permission, True
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Author-book relationships</h2>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Add another Author-book relationship")
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<input type="hidden" id="id_Author_books-TOTAL_FORMS" '
+            'value="4" name="Author_books-TOTAL_FORMS">',
+            html=True,
+        )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<input type="hidden" id="id_Author_books-0-id" value="%i" '
             'name="Author_books-0-id">' % self.author_book_auto_m2m_intermediate_id,
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
         self.assertContains(response, 'id="id_Author_books-0-DELETE"')
 
     def test_inline_change_fk_add_perm(self):
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='add_inner2', content_type=self.inner_ct)
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(
+            codename="add_inner2", content_type=self.inner_ct
+        )
         self.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
         response = self.client.get(self.holder_change_url)
         # Add permission on inner2s, so we can add but not modify existing
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Inner2s</h2>')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Add another Inner2')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Inner2s</h2>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Add another Inner2")
         # 3 extra forms only, not the existing instance form
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<input type="hidden" id="id_inner2_set-TOTAL_FORMS" value="3" '
             'name="inner2_set-TOTAL_FORMS">',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
         self.assertNotContains(
             response,
-            '<input type="hidden" id="id_inner2_set-0-id" value="%i" name="inner2_set-0-id">' % self.inner2.id,
-            html=True
+            '<input type="hidden" id="id_inner2_set-0-id" value="%i" name="inner2_set-0-id">'
+            % self.inner2.id,
+            html=True,
         )
 
     def test_inline_change_fk_change_perm(self):
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='change_inner2', content_type=self.inner_ct)
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(
+            codename="change_inner2", content_type=self.inner_ct
+        )
         self.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
         response = self.client.get(self.holder_change_url)
         # Change permission on inner2s, so we can change existing but not add new
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Inner2s</h2>', count=2)
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Inner2s</h2>", count=2)
         # Just the one form for existing instances
         self.assertContains(
-            response, '<input type="hidden" id="id_inner2_set-TOTAL_FORMS" value="1" name="inner2_set-TOTAL_FORMS">',
-            html=True
+            response,
+            '<input type="hidden" id="id_inner2_set-TOTAL_FORMS" value="1" name="inner2_set-TOTAL_FORMS">',
+            html=True,
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<input type="hidden" id="id_inner2_set-0-id" value="%i" name="inner2_set-0-id">' % self.inner2.id,
-            html=True
+            '<input type="hidden" id="id_inner2_set-0-id" value="%i" name="inner2_set-0-id">'
+            % self.inner2.id,
+            html=True,
         )
         # max-num 0 means we can't add new ones
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<input type="hidden" id="id_inner2_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS" value="0" name="inner2_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS">',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
         # TabularInline
-        self.assertContains(response, '<th class="column-dummy required">Dummy</th>', html=True)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<th class="column-dummy required">Dummy</th>', html=True
+        )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<input type="number" name="inner2_set-2-0-dummy" value="%s" '
@@ -942,69 +1109,89 @@ class TestInlinePermissions(TestCase):
         )
 
     def test_inline_change_fk_add_change_perm(self):
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='add_inner2', content_type=self.inner_ct)
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(
+            codename="add_inner2", content_type=self.inner_ct
+        )
         self.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='change_inner2', content_type=self.inner_ct)
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(
+            codename="change_inner2", content_type=self.inner_ct
+        )
         self.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
         response = self.client.get(self.holder_change_url)
         # Add/change perm, so we can add new and change existing
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Inner2s</h2>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Inner2s</h2>")
         # One form for existing instance and three extra for new
         self.assertContains(
-            response, '<input type="hidden" id="id_inner2_set-TOTAL_FORMS" value="4" name="inner2_set-TOTAL_FORMS">',
-            html=True
+            response,
+            '<input type="hidden" id="id_inner2_set-TOTAL_FORMS" value="4" name="inner2_set-TOTAL_FORMS">',
+            html=True,
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<input type="hidden" id="id_inner2_set-0-id" value="%i" name="inner2_set-0-id">' % self.inner2.id,
-            html=True
+            '<input type="hidden" id="id_inner2_set-0-id" value="%i" name="inner2_set-0-id">'
+            % self.inner2.id,
+            html=True,
         )
 
     def test_inline_change_fk_change_del_perm(self):
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='change_inner2', content_type=self.inner_ct)
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(
+            codename="change_inner2", content_type=self.inner_ct
+        )
         self.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='delete_inner2', content_type=self.inner_ct)
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(
+            codename="delete_inner2", content_type=self.inner_ct
+        )
         self.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
         response = self.client.get(self.holder_change_url)
         # Change/delete perm on inner2s, so we can change/delete existing
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Inner2s</h2>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Inner2s</h2>")
         # One form for existing instance only, no new
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<input type="hidden" id="id_inner2_set-TOTAL_FORMS" value="1" name="inner2_set-TOTAL_FORMS">',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<input type="hidden" id="id_inner2_set-0-id" value="%i" name="inner2_set-0-id">' % self.inner2.id,
-            html=True
+            '<input type="hidden" id="id_inner2_set-0-id" value="%i" name="inner2_set-0-id">'
+            % self.inner2.id,
+            html=True,
         )
         self.assertContains(response, 'id="id_inner2_set-0-DELETE"')
 
     def test_inline_change_fk_all_perms(self):
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='add_inner2', content_type=self.inner_ct)
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(
+            codename="add_inner2", content_type=self.inner_ct
+        )
         self.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='change_inner2', content_type=self.inner_ct)
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(
+            codename="change_inner2", content_type=self.inner_ct
+        )
         self.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='delete_inner2', content_type=self.inner_ct)
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(
+            codename="delete_inner2", content_type=self.inner_ct
+        )
         self.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
         response = self.client.get(self.holder_change_url)
         # All perms on inner2s, so we can add/change/delete
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Inner2s</h2>', count=2)
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Inner2s</h2>", count=2)
         # One form for existing instance only, three for new
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<input type="hidden" id="id_inner2_set-TOTAL_FORMS" value="4" name="inner2_set-TOTAL_FORMS">',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<input type="hidden" id="id_inner2_set-0-id" value="%i" name="inner2_set-0-id">' % self.inner2.id,
-            html=True
+            '<input type="hidden" id="id_inner2_set-0-id" value="%i" name="inner2_set-0-id">'
+            % self.inner2.id,
+            html=True,
         )
         self.assertContains(response, 'id="id_inner2_set-0-DELETE"')
         # TabularInline
-        self.assertContains(response, '<th class="column-dummy required">Dummy</th>', html=True)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<th class="column-dummy required">Dummy</th>', html=True
+        )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<input type="number" name="inner2_set-2-0-dummy" value="%s" '
@@ -1013,24 +1200,29 @@ class TestInlinePermissions(TestCase):
         )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_inlines.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_inlines.urls")
 class TestReadOnlyChangeViewInlinePermissions(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.user = User.objects.create_user('testing', password='password', is_staff=True)
+        cls.user = User.objects.create_user(
+            "testing", password="password", is_staff=True
+        )
         cls.user.user_permissions.add(
-            Permission.objects.get(codename='view_poll', content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Poll))
+            Permission.objects.get(
+                codename="view_poll",
+                content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Poll),
+            )
         )
         cls.user.user_permissions.add(
             *Permission.objects.filter(
-                codename__endswith="question", content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Question)
-            ).values_list('pk', flat=True)
+                codename__endswith="question",
+                content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Question),
+            ).values_list("pk", flat=True)
         )
 
         cls.poll = Poll.objects.create(name="Survey")
-        cls.add_url = reverse('admin:admin_inlines_poll_add')
-        cls.change_url = reverse('admin:admin_inlines_poll_change', args=(cls.poll.id,))
+        cls.add_url = reverse("admin:admin_inlines_poll_add")
+        cls.change_url = reverse("admin:admin_inlines_poll_change", args=(cls.poll.id,))
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.user)
@@ -1053,24 +1245,18 @@ class TestReadOnlyChangeViewInlinePermissions(TestCase):
     def test_main_model_is_rendered_as_read_only(self):
         response = self.client.get(self.change_url)
         self.assertContains(
-            response,
-            '<div class="readonly">%s</div>' % self.poll.name,
-            html=True
+            response, '<div class="readonly">%s</div>' % self.poll.name, html=True
         )
         input = '<input type="text" name="name" value="%s" class="vTextField" maxlength="40" required id="id_name">'
-        self.assertNotContains(
-            response,
-            input % self.poll.name,
-            html=True
-        )
+        self.assertNotContains(response, input % self.poll.name, html=True)
 
     def test_inlines_are_rendered_as_read_only(self):
-        question = Question.objects.create(text="How will this be rendered?", poll=self.poll)
+        question = Question.objects.create(
+            text="How will this be rendered?", poll=self.poll
+        )
         response = self.client.get(self.change_url)
         self.assertContains(
-            response,
-            '<td class="field-text"><p>%s</p></td>' % question.text,
-            html=True
+            response, '<td class="field-text"><p>%s</p></td>' % question.text, html=True
         )
         self.assertNotContains(response, 'id="id_question_set-0-text"')
         self.assertNotContains(response, 'id="id_related_objs-0-DELETE"')
@@ -1080,16 +1266,18 @@ class TestReadOnlyChangeViewInlinePermissions(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<a href="/admin/admin_inlines/poll/" class="closelink">Close</a>',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
         delete_link = '<p class="deletelink-box"><a href="/admin/admin_inlines/poll/%s/delete/" class="deletelink">Delete</a></p>'  # noqa
+        self.assertNotContains(response, delete_link % self.poll.id, html=True)
         self.assertNotContains(
             response,
-            delete_link % self.poll.id,
-            html=True
+            '<input type="submit" value="Save and add another" name="_addanother">',
+        )
+        self.assertNotContains(
+            response,
+            '<input type="submit" value="Save and continue editing" name="_continue">',
         )
-        self.assertNotContains(response, '<input type="submit" value="Save and add another" name="_addanother">')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, '<input type="submit" value="Save and continue editing" name="_continue">')
 
     def test_inline_delete_buttons_are_not_shown(self):
         Question.objects.create(text="How will this be rendered?", poll=self.poll)
@@ -1097,7 +1285,7 @@ class TestReadOnlyChangeViewInlinePermissions(TestCase):
         self.assertNotContains(
             response,
             '<input type="checkbox" name="question_set-0-DELETE" id="id_question_set-0-DELETE">',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
 
     def test_extra_inlines_are_not_shown(self):
@@ -1105,26 +1293,26 @@ class TestReadOnlyChangeViewInlinePermissions(TestCase):
         self.assertNotContains(response, 'id="id_question_set-0-text"')
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_inlines.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_inlines.urls")
 class TestVerboseNameInlineForms(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
     factory = RequestFactory()
 
     def test_verbose_name_inline(self):
         class NonVerboseProfileInline(TabularInline):
             model = Profile
-            verbose_name = 'Non-verbose childs'
+            verbose_name = "Non-verbose childs"
 
         class VerboseNameProfileInline(TabularInline):
             model = VerboseNameProfile
-            verbose_name = 'Childs with verbose name'
+            verbose_name = "Childs with verbose name"
 
         class VerboseNamePluralProfileInline(TabularInline):
             model = VerboseNamePluralProfile
-            verbose_name = 'Childs with verbose name plural'
+            verbose_name = "Childs with verbose name plural"
 
         class BothVerboseNameProfileInline(TabularInline):
             model = BothVerboseNameProfile
-            verbose_name = 'Childs with both verbose names'
+            verbose_name = "Childs with both verbose names"
 
         modeladmin = ModelAdmin(ProfileCollection, admin_site)
         modeladmin.inlines = [
@@ -1134,46 +1322,46 @@ class TestVerboseNameInlineForms(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
             BothVerboseNameProfileInline,
         ]
         obj = ProfileCollection.objects.create()
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_inlines_profilecollection_change', args=(obj.pk,))
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_inlines_profilecollection_change", args=(obj.pk,))
         request = self.factory.get(url)
         request.user = self.superuser
         response = modeladmin.changeform_view(request)
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Add another Profile')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Add another Profile")
         # Non-verbose model.
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Non-verbose childss</h2>')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Add another Non-verbose child')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, '<h2>Profiles</h2>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Non-verbose childss</h2>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Add another Non-verbose child")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "<h2>Profiles</h2>")
         # Model with verbose name.
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Childs with verbose names</h2>')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Add another Childs with verbose name')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, '<h2>Model with verbose name onlys</h2>')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Add another Model with verbose name only')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Childs with verbose names</h2>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Add another Childs with verbose name")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "<h2>Model with verbose name onlys</h2>")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Add another Model with verbose name only")
         # Model with verbose name plural.
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Childs with verbose name plurals</h2>')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Add another Childs with verbose name plural')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, '<h2>Model with verbose name plural only</h2>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Childs with verbose name plurals</h2>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Add another Childs with verbose name plural")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "<h2>Model with verbose name plural only</h2>")
         # Model with both verbose names.
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Childs with both verbose namess</h2>')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Add another Childs with both verbose names')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, '<h2>Model with both - plural name</h2>')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Add another Model with both - name')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Childs with both verbose namess</h2>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Add another Childs with both verbose names")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "<h2>Model with both - plural name</h2>")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Add another Model with both - name")
 
     def test_verbose_name_plural_inline(self):
         class NonVerboseProfileInline(TabularInline):
             model = Profile
-            verbose_name_plural = 'Non-verbose childs'
+            verbose_name_plural = "Non-verbose childs"
 
         class VerboseNameProfileInline(TabularInline):
             model = VerboseNameProfile
-            verbose_name_plural = 'Childs with verbose name'
+            verbose_name_plural = "Childs with verbose name"
 
         class VerboseNamePluralProfileInline(TabularInline):
             model = VerboseNamePluralProfile
-            verbose_name_plural = 'Childs with verbose name plural'
+            verbose_name_plural = "Childs with verbose name plural"
 
         class BothVerboseNameProfileInline(TabularInline):
             model = BothVerboseNameProfile
-            verbose_name_plural = 'Childs with both verbose names'
+            verbose_name_plural = "Childs with both verbose names"
 
         modeladmin = ModelAdmin(ProfileCollection, admin_site)
         modeladmin.inlines = [
@@ -1183,47 +1371,47 @@ class TestVerboseNameInlineForms(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
             BothVerboseNameProfileInline,
         ]
         obj = ProfileCollection.objects.create()
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_inlines_profilecollection_change', args=(obj.pk,))
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_inlines_profilecollection_change", args=(obj.pk,))
         request = self.factory.get(url)
         request.user = self.superuser
         response = modeladmin.changeform_view(request)
         # Non-verbose model.
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Non-verbose childs</h2>')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Add another Profile')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, '<h2>Profiles</h2>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Non-verbose childs</h2>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Add another Profile")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "<h2>Profiles</h2>")
         # Model with verbose name.
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Childs with verbose name</h2>')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Add another Model with verbose name only')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, '<h2>Model with verbose name onlys</h2>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Childs with verbose name</h2>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Add another Model with verbose name only")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "<h2>Model with verbose name onlys</h2>")
         # Model with verbose name plural.
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Childs with verbose name plural</h2>')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Add another Profile')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, '<h2>Model with verbose name plural only</h2>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Childs with verbose name plural</h2>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Add another Profile")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "<h2>Model with verbose name plural only</h2>")
         # Model with both verbose names.
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Childs with both verbose names</h2>')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Add another Model with both - name')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, '<h2>Model with both - plural name</h2>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Childs with both verbose names</h2>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Add another Model with both - name")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "<h2>Model with both - plural name</h2>")
 
     def test_both_verbose_names_inline(self):
         class NonVerboseProfileInline(TabularInline):
             model = Profile
-            verbose_name = 'Non-verbose childs - name'
-            verbose_name_plural = 'Non-verbose childs - plural name'
+            verbose_name = "Non-verbose childs - name"
+            verbose_name_plural = "Non-verbose childs - plural name"
 
         class VerboseNameProfileInline(TabularInline):
             model = VerboseNameProfile
-            verbose_name = 'Childs with verbose name - name'
-            verbose_name_plural = 'Childs with verbose name - plural name'
+            verbose_name = "Childs with verbose name - name"
+            verbose_name_plural = "Childs with verbose name - plural name"
 
         class VerboseNamePluralProfileInline(TabularInline):
             model = VerboseNamePluralProfile
-            verbose_name = 'Childs with verbose name plural - name'
-            verbose_name_plural = 'Childs with verbose name plural - plural name'
+            verbose_name = "Childs with verbose name plural - name"
+            verbose_name_plural = "Childs with verbose name plural - plural name"
 
         class BothVerboseNameProfileInline(TabularInline):
             model = BothVerboseNameProfile
-            verbose_name = 'Childs with both - name'
-            verbose_name_plural = 'Childs with both - plural name'
+            verbose_name = "Childs with both - name"
+            verbose_name_plural = "Childs with both - plural name"
 
         modeladmin = ModelAdmin(ProfileCollection, admin_site)
         modeladmin.inlines = [
@@ -1233,76 +1421,90 @@ class TestVerboseNameInlineForms(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
             BothVerboseNameProfileInline,
         ]
         obj = ProfileCollection.objects.create()
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_inlines_profilecollection_change', args=(obj.pk,))
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_inlines_profilecollection_change", args=(obj.pk,))
         request = self.factory.get(url)
         request.user = self.superuser
         response = modeladmin.changeform_view(request)
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Add another Profile')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Add another Profile")
         # Non-verbose model.
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Non-verbose childs - plural name</h2>')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Add another Non-verbose childs - name')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, '<h2>Profiles</h2>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Non-verbose childs - plural name</h2>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Add another Non-verbose childs - name")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "<h2>Profiles</h2>")
         # Model with verbose name.
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Childs with verbose name - plural name</h2>')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Add another Childs with verbose name - name')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, '<h2>Model with verbose name onlys</h2>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Childs with verbose name - plural name</h2>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Add another Childs with verbose name - name")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "<h2>Model with verbose name onlys</h2>")
         # Model with verbose name plural.
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<h2>Childs with verbose name plural - plural name</h2>',
+            "<h2>Childs with verbose name plural - plural name</h2>",
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            'Add another Childs with verbose name plural - name',
+            "Add another Childs with verbose name plural - name",
         )
-        self.assertNotContains(response, '<h2>Model with verbose name plural only</h2>')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "<h2>Model with verbose name plural only</h2>")
         # Model with both verbose names.
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Childs with both - plural name</h2>')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Add another Childs with both - name')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, '<h2>Model with both - plural name</h2>')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Add another Model with both - name')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Childs with both - plural name</h2>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Add another Childs with both - name")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "<h2>Model with both - plural name</h2>")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Add another Model with both - name")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_inlines.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_inlines.urls")
 class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['admin_inlines'] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
+    available_apps = ["admin_inlines"] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
 
     def setUp(self):
-        User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def test_add_stackeds(self):
         """
         The "Add another XXX" link correctly adds items to the stacked formset.
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder4_add'))
 
-        inline_id = '#inner4stacked_set-group'
-        rows_selector = '%s .dynamic-inner4stacked_set' % inline_id
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret")
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_inlines_holder4_add")
+        )
+
+        inline_id = "#inner4stacked_set-group"
+        rows_selector = "%s .dynamic-inner4stacked_set" % inline_id
 
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(rows_selector, 3)
-        add_button = self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Inner4 stacked')
+        add_button = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.LINK_TEXT, "Add another Inner4 stacked"
+        )
         add_button.click()
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(rows_selector, 4)
 
     def test_delete_stackeds(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder4_add'))
 
-        inline_id = '#inner4stacked_set-group'
-        rows_selector = '%s .dynamic-inner4stacked_set' % inline_id
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret")
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_inlines_holder4_add")
+        )
+
+        inline_id = "#inner4stacked_set-group"
+        rows_selector = "%s .dynamic-inner4stacked_set" % inline_id
 
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(rows_selector, 3)
 
-        add_button = self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Inner4 stacked')
+        add_button = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.LINK_TEXT, "Add another Inner4 stacked"
+        )
         add_button.click()
         add_button.click()
 
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(rows_selector, 5)
-        for delete_link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '%s .inline-deletelink' % inline_id):
+        for delete_link in self.selenium.find_elements(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, "%s .inline-deletelink" % inline_id
+        ):
             delete_link.click()
         with self.disable_implicit_wait():
             self.assertCountSeleniumElements(rows_selector, 0)
@@ -1310,29 +1512,42 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
     def test_delete_invalid_stacked_inlines(self):
         from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder4_add'))
 
-        inline_id = '#inner4stacked_set-group'
-        rows_selector = '%s .dynamic-inner4stacked_set' % inline_id
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret")
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_inlines_holder4_add")
+        )
+
+        inline_id = "#inner4stacked_set-group"
+        rows_selector = "%s .dynamic-inner4stacked_set" % inline_id
 
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(rows_selector, 3)
 
         add_button = self.selenium.find_element(
             By.LINK_TEXT,
-            'Add another Inner4 stacked',
+            "Add another Inner4 stacked",
         )
         add_button.click()
         add_button.click()
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('#id_inner4stacked_set-4-dummy', 1)
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements("#id_inner4stacked_set-4-dummy", 1)
 
         # Enter some data and click 'Save'.
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'dummy').send_keys('1')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'inner4stacked_set-0-dummy').send_keys('100')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'inner4stacked_set-1-dummy').send_keys('101')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'inner4stacked_set-2-dummy').send_keys('222')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'inner4stacked_set-3-dummy').send_keys('103')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'inner4stacked_set-4-dummy').send_keys('222')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "dummy").send_keys("1")
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "inner4stacked_set-0-dummy").send_keys(
+            "100"
+        )
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "inner4stacked_set-1-dummy").send_keys(
+            "101"
+        )
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "inner4stacked_set-2-dummy").send_keys(
+            "222"
+        )
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "inner4stacked_set-3-dummy").send_keys(
+            "103"
+        )
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "inner4stacked_set-4-dummy").send_keys(
+            "222"
+        )
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
             self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
 
@@ -1340,14 +1555,19 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(rows_selector, 5)
         errorlist = self.selenium.find_element(
             By.CSS_SELECTOR,
-            '%s .dynamic-inner4stacked_set .errorlist li' % inline_id,
+            "%s .dynamic-inner4stacked_set .errorlist li" % inline_id,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual("Please correct the duplicate values below.", errorlist.text)
+        delete_link = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#inner4stacked_set-4 .inline-deletelink"
         )
-        self.assertEqual('Please correct the duplicate values below.', errorlist.text)
-        delete_link = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#inner4stacked_set-4 .inline-deletelink')
         delete_link.click()
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(rows_selector, 4)
         with self.disable_implicit_wait(), self.assertRaises(NoSuchElementException):
-            self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '%s .dynamic-inner4stacked_set .errorlist li' % inline_id)
+            self.selenium.find_element(
+                By.CSS_SELECTOR,
+                "%s .dynamic-inner4stacked_set .errorlist li" % inline_id,
+            )
 
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
             self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
@@ -1358,29 +1578,41 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
     def test_delete_invalid_tabular_inlines(self):
         from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder4_add'))
 
-        inline_id = '#inner4tabular_set-group'
-        rows_selector = '%s .dynamic-inner4tabular_set' % inline_id
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret")
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_inlines_holder4_add")
+        )
+
+        inline_id = "#inner4tabular_set-group"
+        rows_selector = "%s .dynamic-inner4tabular_set" % inline_id
 
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(rows_selector, 3)
 
         add_button = self.selenium.find_element(
-            By.LINK_TEXT,
-            'Add another Inner4 tabular'
+            By.LINK_TEXT, "Add another Inner4 tabular"
         )
         add_button.click()
         add_button.click()
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('#id_inner4tabular_set-4-dummy', 1)
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements("#id_inner4tabular_set-4-dummy", 1)
 
         # Enter some data and click 'Save'.
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'dummy').send_keys('1')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'inner4tabular_set-0-dummy').send_keys('100')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'inner4tabular_set-1-dummy').send_keys('101')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'inner4tabular_set-2-dummy').send_keys('222')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'inner4tabular_set-3-dummy').send_keys('103')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'inner4tabular_set-4-dummy').send_keys('222')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "dummy").send_keys("1")
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "inner4tabular_set-0-dummy").send_keys(
+            "100"
+        )
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "inner4tabular_set-1-dummy").send_keys(
+            "101"
+        )
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "inner4tabular_set-2-dummy").send_keys(
+            "222"
+        )
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "inner4tabular_set-3-dummy").send_keys(
+            "103"
+        )
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "inner4tabular_set-4-dummy").send_keys(
+            "222"
+        )
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
             self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
 
@@ -1391,15 +1623,20 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         # tr#inner4tabular_set-3:
         errorlist = self.selenium.find_element(
             By.CSS_SELECTOR,
-            '%s #inner4tabular_set-3 + .row-form-errors .errorlist li' % inline_id
+            "%s #inner4tabular_set-3 + .row-form-errors .errorlist li" % inline_id,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual("Please correct the duplicate values below.", errorlist.text)
+        delete_link = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#inner4tabular_set-4 .inline-deletelink"
         )
-        self.assertEqual('Please correct the duplicate values below.', errorlist.text)
-        delete_link = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#inner4tabular_set-4 .inline-deletelink')
         delete_link.click()
 
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(rows_selector, 4)
         with self.disable_implicit_wait(), self.assertRaises(NoSuchElementException):
-            self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '%s .dynamic-inner4tabular_set .errorlist li' % inline_id)
+            self.selenium.find_element(
+                By.CSS_SELECTOR,
+                "%s .dynamic-inner4tabular_set .errorlist li" % inline_id,
+            )
 
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
             self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
@@ -1412,47 +1649,80 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         The "Add another XXX" link correctly adds items to the inline form.
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_inlines_profilecollection_add'))
+
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret")
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_inlines_profilecollection_add")
+        )
 
         # There's only one inline to start with and it has the correct ID.
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.dynamic-profile_set', 1)
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(".dynamic-profile_set", 1)
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.dynamic-profile_set')[0].get_attribute('id'),
-            'profile_set-0',
+            self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".dynamic-profile_set")[
+                0
+            ].get_attribute("id"),
+            "profile_set-0",
+        )
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            ".dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-0 input[name=profile_set-0-first_name]", 1
+        )
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            ".dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-0 input[name=profile_set-0-last_name]", 1
         )
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-0 input[name=profile_set-0-first_name]', 1)
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-0 input[name=profile_set-0-last_name]', 1)
 
         # Add an inline
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Profile').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Add another Profile").click()
 
         # The inline has been added, it has the right id, and it contains the
         # correct fields.
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.dynamic-profile_set', 2)
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(".dynamic-profile_set", 2)
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.dynamic-profile_set')[1].get_attribute('id'),
-            'profile_set-1',
+            self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".dynamic-profile_set")[
+                1
+            ].get_attribute("id"),
+            "profile_set-1",
+        )
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            ".dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-1 input[name=profile_set-1-first_name]", 1
+        )
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            ".dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-1 input[name=profile_set-1-last_name]", 1
         )
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-1 input[name=profile_set-1-first_name]', 1)
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-1 input[name=profile_set-1-last_name]', 1)
         # Let's add another one to be sure
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Profile').click()
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.dynamic-profile_set', 3)
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Add another Profile").click()
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(".dynamic-profile_set", 3)
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.dynamic-profile_set')[2].get_attribute('id'),
-            'profile_set-2',
+            self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".dynamic-profile_set")[
+                2
+            ].get_attribute("id"),
+            "profile_set-2",
+        )
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            ".dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-2 input[name=profile_set-2-first_name]", 1
+        )
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            ".dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-2 input[name=profile_set-2-last_name]", 1
         )
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-2 input[name=profile_set-2-first_name]', 1)
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-2 input[name=profile_set-2-last_name]', 1)
 
         # Enter some data and click 'Save'
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'profile_set-0-first_name').send_keys('0 first name 1')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'profile_set-0-last_name').send_keys('0 last name 2')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'profile_set-1-first_name').send_keys('1 first name 1')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'profile_set-1-last_name').send_keys('1 last name 2')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'profile_set-2-first_name').send_keys('2 first name 1')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, 'profile_set-2-last_name').send_keys('2 last name 2')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "profile_set-0-first_name").send_keys(
+            "0 first name 1"
+        )
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "profile_set-0-last_name").send_keys(
+            "0 last name 2"
+        )
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "profile_set-1-first_name").send_keys(
+            "1 first name 1"
+        )
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "profile_set-1-last_name").send_keys(
+            "1 last name 2"
+        )
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "profile_set-2-first_name").send_keys(
+            "2 first name 1"
+        )
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "profile_set-2-last_name").send_keys(
+            "2 last name 2"
+        )
 
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
             self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
@@ -1464,69 +1734,102 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
     def test_add_inline_link_absent_for_view_only_parent_model(self):
         from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        user = User.objects.create_user('testing', password='password', is_staff=True)
+
+        user = User.objects.create_user("testing", password="password", is_staff=True)
         user.user_permissions.add(
-            Permission.objects.get(codename='view_poll', content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Poll))
+            Permission.objects.get(
+                codename="view_poll",
+                content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Poll),
+            )
         )
         user.user_permissions.add(
             *Permission.objects.filter(
-                codename__endswith="question", content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Question)
-            ).values_list('pk', flat=True)
+                codename__endswith="question",
+                content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Question),
+            ).values_list("pk", flat=True)
         )
-        self.admin_login(username='testing', password='password')
+        self.admin_login(username="testing", password="password")
         poll = Poll.objects.create(name="Survey")
-        change_url = reverse('admin:admin_inlines_poll_change', args=(poll.id,))
+        change_url = reverse("admin:admin_inlines_poll_change", args=(poll.id,))
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + change_url)
         with self.disable_implicit_wait():
             with self.assertRaises(NoSuchElementException):
-                self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Question')
+                self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Add another Question")
 
     def test_delete_inlines(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_inlines_profilecollection_add'))
+
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret")
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_inlines_profilecollection_add")
+        )
 
         # Add a few inlines
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Profile').click()
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Profile').click()
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Profile').click()
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Profile').click()
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('#profile_set-group table tr.dynamic-profile_set', 5)
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-0', 1)
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-1', 1)
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-2', 1)
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-3', 1)
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-4', 1)
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Add another Profile").click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Add another Profile").click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Add another Profile").click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Add another Profile").click()
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            "#profile_set-group table tr.dynamic-profile_set", 5
+        )
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            "form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-0", 1
+        )
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            "form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-1", 1
+        )
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            "form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-2", 1
+        )
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            "form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-3", 1
+        )
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            "form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-4", 1
+        )
         # Click on a few delete buttons
         self.selenium.find_element(
             By.CSS_SELECTOR,
-            'form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-1 td.delete a',
+            "form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-1 td.delete a",
         ).click()
         self.selenium.find_element(
             By.CSS_SELECTOR,
-            'form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-2 td.delete a',
+            "form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-2 td.delete a",
         ).click()
         # The rows are gone and the IDs have been re-sequenced
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('#profile_set-group table tr.dynamic-profile_set', 3)
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-0', 1)
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-1', 1)
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-2', 1)
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            "#profile_set-group table tr.dynamic-profile_set", 3
+        )
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            "form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-0", 1
+        )
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            "form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-1", 1
+        )
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            "form#profilecollection_form tr.dynamic-profile_set#profile_set-2", 1
+        )
 
     def test_collapsed_inlines(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
         # Collapsed inlines have SHOW/HIDE links.
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_inlines_author_add'))
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret")
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_inlines_author_add")
+        )
         # One field is in a stacked inline, other in a tabular one.
-        test_fields = ['#id_nonautopkbook_set-0-title', '#id_nonautopkbook_set-2-0-title']
-        show_links = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'SHOW')
+        test_fields = [
+            "#id_nonautopkbook_set-0-title",
+            "#id_nonautopkbook_set-2-0-title",
+        ]
+        show_links = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, "SHOW")
         self.assertEqual(len(show_links), 3)
         for show_index, field_name in enumerate(test_fields, 0):
             self.wait_until_invisible(field_name)
             show_links[show_index].click()
             self.wait_until_visible(field_name)
-        hide_links = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'HIDE')
+        hide_links = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, "HIDE")
         self.assertEqual(len(hide_links), 2)
         for hide_index, field_name in enumerate(test_fields, 0):
             self.wait_until_visible(field_name)
@@ -1535,17 +1838,20 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
 
     def test_added_stacked_inline_with_collapsed_fields(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_inlines_teacher_add'))
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Child').click()
-        test_fields = ['#id_child_set-0-name', '#id_child_set-1-name']
-        show_links = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'SHOW')
+
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret")
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_inlines_teacher_add")
+        )
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Add another Child").click()
+        test_fields = ["#id_child_set-0-name", "#id_child_set-1-name"]
+        show_links = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, "SHOW")
         self.assertEqual(len(show_links), 2)
         for show_index, field_name in enumerate(test_fields, 0):
             self.wait_until_invisible(field_name)
             show_links[show_index].click()
             self.wait_until_visible(field_name)
-        hide_links = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'HIDE')
+        hide_links = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, "HIDE")
         self.assertEqual(len(hide_links), 2)
         for hide_index, field_name in enumerate(test_fields, 0):
             self.wait_until_visible(field_name)
@@ -1553,101 +1859,123 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
             self.wait_until_invisible(field_name)
 
     def assertBorder(self, element, border):
-        width, style, color = border.split(' ')
+        width, style, color = border.split(" ")
         border_properties = [
-            'border-bottom-%s',
-            'border-left-%s',
-            'border-right-%s',
-            'border-top-%s',
+            "border-bottom-%s",
+            "border-left-%s",
+            "border-right-%s",
+            "border-top-%s",
         ]
         for prop in border_properties:
-            prop = prop % 'width'
+            prop = prop % "width"
             self.assertEqual(element.value_of_css_property(prop), width)
         for prop in border_properties:
-            prop = prop % 'style'
+            prop = prop % "style"
             self.assertEqual(element.value_of_css_property(prop), style)
         # Convert hex color to rgb.
-        self.assertRegex(color, '#[0-9a-f]{6}')
+        self.assertRegex(color, "#[0-9a-f]{6}")
         r, g, b = int(color[1:3], 16), int(color[3:5], 16), int(color[5:], 16)
         # The value may be expressed as either rgb() or rgba() depending on the
         # browser.
         colors = [
-            'rgb(%d, %d, %d)' % (r, g, b),
-            'rgba(%d, %d, %d, 1)' % (r, g, b),
+            "rgb(%d, %d, %d)" % (r, g, b),
+            "rgba(%d, %d, %d, 1)" % (r, g, b),
         ]
         for prop in border_properties:
-            prop = prop % 'color'
+            prop = prop % "color"
             self.assertIn(element.value_of_css_property(prop), colors)
 
     def test_inline_formset_error_input_border(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder5_add'))
-        self.wait_until_visible('#id_dummy')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_dummy').send_keys(1)
-        fields = ['id_inner5stacked_set-0-dummy', 'id_inner5tabular_set-0-dummy']
-        show_links = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'SHOW')
+
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret")
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_inlines_holder5_add")
+        )
+        self.wait_until_visible("#id_dummy")
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_dummy").send_keys(1)
+        fields = ["id_inner5stacked_set-0-dummy", "id_inner5tabular_set-0-dummy"]
+        show_links = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, "SHOW")
         for show_index, field_name in enumerate(fields):
             show_links[show_index].click()
-            self.wait_until_visible('#' + field_name)
+            self.wait_until_visible("#" + field_name)
             self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, field_name).send_keys(1)
 
         # Before save all inputs have default border
-        for inline in ('stacked', 'tabular'):
-            for field_name in ('name', 'select', 'text'):
-                element_id = 'id_inner5%s_set-0-%s' % (inline, field_name)
+        for inline in ("stacked", "tabular"):
+            for field_name in ("name", "select", "text"):
+                element_id = "id_inner5%s_set-0-%s" % (inline, field_name)
                 self.assertBorder(
                     self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, element_id),
-                    '1px solid #cccccc',
+                    "1px solid #cccccc",
                 )
         self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         # Test the red border around inputs by css selectors
-        stacked_selectors = ['.errors input', '.errors select', '.errors textarea']
+        stacked_selectors = [".errors input", ".errors select", ".errors textarea"]
         for selector in stacked_selectors:
             self.assertBorder(
                 self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, selector),
-                '1px solid #ba2121',
+                "1px solid #ba2121",
             )
         tabular_selectors = [
-            'td ul.errorlist + input', 'td ul.errorlist + select', 'td ul.errorlist + textarea'
+            "td ul.errorlist + input",
+            "td ul.errorlist + select",
+            "td ul.errorlist + textarea",
         ]
         for selector in tabular_selectors:
             self.assertBorder(
                 self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, selector),
-                '1px solid #ba2121',
+                "1px solid #ba2121",
             )
 
     def test_inline_formset_error(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_inlines_holder5_add'))
-        stacked_inline_formset_selector = 'div#inner5stacked_set-group fieldset.module.collapse'
-        tabular_inline_formset_selector = 'div#inner5tabular_set-group fieldset.module.collapse'
+
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret")
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_inlines_holder5_add")
+        )
+        stacked_inline_formset_selector = (
+            "div#inner5stacked_set-group fieldset.module.collapse"
+        )
+        tabular_inline_formset_selector = (
+            "div#inner5tabular_set-group fieldset.module.collapse"
+        )
         # Inlines without errors, both inlines collapsed
         self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(stacked_inline_formset_selector + '.collapsed', 1)
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(tabular_inline_formset_selector + '.collapsed', 1)
-        show_links = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'SHOW')
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            stacked_inline_formset_selector + ".collapsed", 1
+        )
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            tabular_inline_formset_selector + ".collapsed", 1
+        )
+        show_links = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, "SHOW")
         self.assertEqual(len(show_links), 2)
 
         # Inlines with errors, both inlines expanded
-        test_fields = ['#id_inner5stacked_set-0-dummy', '#id_inner5tabular_set-0-dummy']
+        test_fields = ["#id_inner5stacked_set-0-dummy", "#id_inner5tabular_set-0-dummy"]
         for show_index, field_name in enumerate(test_fields):
             show_links[show_index].click()
             self.wait_until_visible(field_name)
             self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, field_name[1:]).send_keys(1)
-        hide_links = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'HIDE')
+        hide_links = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, "HIDE")
         self.assertEqual(len(hide_links), 2)
         for hide_index, field_name in enumerate(test_fields):
             hide_link = hide_links[hide_index]
-            self.selenium.execute_script('window.scrollTo(0, %s);' % hide_link.location['y'])
+            self.selenium.execute_script(
+                "window.scrollTo(0, %s);" % hide_link.location["y"]
+            )
             hide_link.click()
             self.wait_until_invisible(field_name)
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
             self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         with self.disable_implicit_wait():
-            self.assertCountSeleniumElements(stacked_inline_formset_selector + '.collapsed', 0)
-            self.assertCountSeleniumElements(tabular_inline_formset_selector + '.collapsed', 0)
+            self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+                stacked_inline_formset_selector + ".collapsed", 0
+            )
+            self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+                tabular_inline_formset_selector + ".collapsed", 0
+            )
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(stacked_inline_formset_selector, 1)
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(tabular_inline_formset_selector, 1)
 
@@ -1657,35 +1985,46 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         verbose_name in the inline form.
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret')
+
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret")
         # Hide sidebar.
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_inlines_course_add'))
-        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#toggle-nav-sidebar')
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_inlines_course_add")
+        )
+        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#toggle-nav-sidebar"
+        )
         toggle_button.click()
         # Each combination of horizontal/vertical filter with stacked/tabular
         # inlines.
         tests = [
-            'admin:admin_inlines_course_add',
-            'admin:admin_inlines_courseproxy_add',
-            'admin:admin_inlines_courseproxy1_add',
-            'admin:admin_inlines_courseproxy2_add',
+            "admin:admin_inlines_course_add",
+            "admin:admin_inlines_courseproxy_add",
+            "admin:admin_inlines_courseproxy1_add",
+            "admin:admin_inlines_courseproxy2_add",
         ]
-        css_selector = '.dynamic-class_set#class_set-%s h2'
+        css_selector = ".dynamic-class_set#class_set-%s h2"
 
         for url_name in tests:
             with self.subTest(url=url_name):
                 self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse(url_name))
                 # First inline shows the verbose_name.
-                available, chosen = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, css_selector % 0)
-                self.assertEqual(available.text, 'AVAILABLE ATTENDANT')
-                self.assertEqual(chosen.text, 'CHOSEN ATTENDANT')
+                available, chosen = self.selenium.find_elements(
+                    By.CSS_SELECTOR, css_selector % 0
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(available.text, "AVAILABLE ATTENDANT")
+                self.assertEqual(chosen.text, "CHOSEN ATTENDANT")
                 # Added inline should also have the correct verbose_name.
-                self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Class').click()
-                available, chosen = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, css_selector % 1)
-                self.assertEqual(available.text, 'AVAILABLE ATTENDANT')
-                self.assertEqual(chosen.text, 'CHOSEN ATTENDANT')
+                self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Add another Class").click()
+                available, chosen = self.selenium.find_elements(
+                    By.CSS_SELECTOR, css_selector % 1
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(available.text, "AVAILABLE ATTENDANT")
+                self.assertEqual(chosen.text, "CHOSEN ATTENDANT")
                 # Third inline should also have the correct verbose_name.
-                self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Class').click()
-                available, chosen = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, css_selector % 2)
-                self.assertEqual(available.text, 'AVAILABLE ATTENDANT')
-                self.assertEqual(chosen.text, 'CHOSEN ATTENDANT')
+                self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Add another Class").click()
+                available, chosen = self.selenium.find_elements(
+                    By.CSS_SELECTOR, css_selector % 2
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(available.text, "AVAILABLE ATTENDANT")
+                self.assertEqual(chosen.text, "CHOSEN ATTENDANT")
diff --git a/tests/admin_inlines/urls.py b/tests/admin_inlines/urls.py
index 5345386917..7427c84bf9 100644
--- a/tests/admin_inlines/urls.py
+++ b/tests/admin_inlines/urls.py
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ from django.urls import path
 from . import admin
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
-    path('admin2/', admin.site2.urls),
-    path('admin3/', admin.site3.urls),
-    path('admin4/', admin.site4.urls),
+    path("admin/", admin.site.urls),
+    path("admin2/", admin.site2.urls),
+    path("admin3/", admin.site3.urls),
+    path("admin4/", admin.site4.urls),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/admin_ordering/models.py b/tests/admin_ordering/models.py
index fbddeaa283..ef72dd43d9 100644
--- a/tests/admin_ordering/models.py
+++ b/tests/admin_ordering/models.py
@@ -8,17 +8,17 @@ class Band(models.Model):
     rank = models.IntegerField()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
 
 class Song(models.Model):
     band = models.ForeignKey(Band, models.CASCADE)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     duration = models.IntegerField()
-    other_interpreters = models.ManyToManyField(Band, related_name='covers')
+    other_interpreters = models.ManyToManyField(Band, related_name="covers")
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
 
 class SongInlineDefaultOrdering(admin.StackedInline):
@@ -27,13 +27,12 @@ class SongInlineDefaultOrdering(admin.StackedInline):
 
 class SongInlineNewOrdering(admin.StackedInline):
     model = Song
-    ordering = ('duration',)
+    ordering = ("duration",)
 
 
 class DynOrderingBandAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-
     def get_ordering(self, request):
         if request.user.is_superuser:
-            return ['rank']
+            return ["rank"]
         else:
-            return ['name']
+            return ["name"]
diff --git a/tests/admin_ordering/tests.py b/tests/admin_ordering/tests.py
index d47cf16d46..d79e747765 100644
--- a/tests/admin_ordering/tests.py
+++ b/tests/admin_ordering/tests.py
@@ -5,7 +5,10 @@ from django.db.models import F
 from django.test import RequestFactory, TestCase
 
 from .models import (
-    Band, DynOrderingBandAdmin, Song, SongInlineDefaultOrdering,
+    Band,
+    DynOrderingBandAdmin,
+    Song,
+    SongInlineDefaultOrdering,
     SongInlineNewOrdering,
 )
 
@@ -34,15 +37,18 @@ class TestAdminOrdering(TestCase):
     in ModelAdmin rather that ordering defined in the model's inner Meta
     class.
     """
+
     request_factory = RequestFactory()
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        Band.objects.bulk_create([
-            Band(name='Aerosmith', bio='', rank=3),
-            Band(name='Radiohead', bio='', rank=1),
-            Band(name='Van Halen', bio='', rank=2),
-        ])
+        Band.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Band(name="Aerosmith", bio="", rank=3),
+                Band(name="Radiohead", bio="", rank=1),
+                Band(name="Van Halen", bio="", rank=2),
+            ]
+        )
 
     def test_default_ordering(self):
         """
@@ -51,40 +57,43 @@ class TestAdminOrdering(TestCase):
         """
         ma = ModelAdmin(Band, site)
         names = [b.name for b in ma.get_queryset(request)]
-        self.assertEqual(['Aerosmith', 'Radiohead', 'Van Halen'], names)
+        self.assertEqual(["Aerosmith", "Radiohead", "Van Halen"], names)
 
     def test_specified_ordering(self):
         """
         Let's use a custom ModelAdmin that changes the ordering, and make sure
         it actually changes.
         """
+
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            ordering = ('rank',)  # default ordering is ('name',)
+            ordering = ("rank",)  # default ordering is ('name',)
+
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, site)
         names = [b.name for b in ma.get_queryset(request)]
-        self.assertEqual(['Radiohead', 'Van Halen', 'Aerosmith'], names)
+        self.assertEqual(["Radiohead", "Van Halen", "Aerosmith"], names)
 
     def test_specified_ordering_by_f_expression(self):
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            ordering = (F('rank').desc(nulls_last=True),)
+            ordering = (F("rank").desc(nulls_last=True),)
+
         band_admin = BandAdmin(Band, site)
         names = [b.name for b in band_admin.get_queryset(request)]
-        self.assertEqual(['Aerosmith', 'Van Halen', 'Radiohead'], names)
+        self.assertEqual(["Aerosmith", "Van Halen", "Radiohead"], names)
 
     def test_dynamic_ordering(self):
         """
         Let's use a custom ModelAdmin that changes the ordering dynamically.
         """
-        super_user = User.objects.create(username='admin', is_superuser=True)
-        other_user = User.objects.create(username='other')
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        super_user = User.objects.create(username="admin", is_superuser=True)
+        other_user = User.objects.create(username="other")
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         request.user = super_user
         ma = DynOrderingBandAdmin(Band, site)
         names = [b.name for b in ma.get_queryset(request)]
-        self.assertEqual(['Radiohead', 'Van Halen', 'Aerosmith'], names)
+        self.assertEqual(["Radiohead", "Van Halen", "Aerosmith"], names)
         request.user = other_user
         names = [b.name for b in ma.get_queryset(request)]
-        self.assertEqual(['Aerosmith', 'Radiohead', 'Van Halen'], names)
+        self.assertEqual(["Aerosmith", "Radiohead", "Van Halen"], names)
 
 
 class TestInlineModelAdminOrdering(TestCase):
@@ -95,12 +104,14 @@ class TestInlineModelAdminOrdering(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.band = Band.objects.create(name='Aerosmith', bio='', rank=3)
-        Song.objects.bulk_create([
-            Song(band=cls.band, name='Pink', duration=235),
-            Song(band=cls.band, name='Dude (Looks Like a Lady)', duration=264),
-            Song(band=cls.band, name='Jaded', duration=214),
-        ])
+        cls.band = Band.objects.create(name="Aerosmith", bio="", rank=3)
+        Song.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Song(band=cls.band, name="Pink", duration=235),
+                Song(band=cls.band, name="Dude (Looks Like a Lady)", duration=264),
+                Song(band=cls.band, name="Jaded", duration=214),
+            ]
+        )
 
     def test_default_ordering(self):
         """
@@ -109,7 +120,7 @@ class TestInlineModelAdminOrdering(TestCase):
         """
         inline = SongInlineDefaultOrdering(self.band, site)
         names = [s.name for s in inline.get_queryset(request)]
-        self.assertEqual(['Dude (Looks Like a Lady)', 'Jaded', 'Pink'], names)
+        self.assertEqual(["Dude (Looks Like a Lady)", "Jaded", "Pink"], names)
 
     def test_specified_ordering(self):
         """
@@ -117,14 +128,14 @@ class TestInlineModelAdminOrdering(TestCase):
         """
         inline = SongInlineNewOrdering(self.band, site)
         names = [s.name for s in inline.get_queryset(request)]
-        self.assertEqual(['Jaded', 'Pink', 'Dude (Looks Like a Lady)'], names)
+        self.assertEqual(["Jaded", "Pink", "Dude (Looks Like a Lady)"], names)
 
 
 class TestRelatedFieldsAdminOrdering(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.b1 = Band.objects.create(name='Pink Floyd', bio='', rank=1)
-        cls.b2 = Band.objects.create(name='Foo Fighters', bio='', rank=5)
+        cls.b1 = Band.objects.create(name="Pink Floyd", bio="", rank=1)
+        cls.b2 = Band.objects.create(name="Foo Fighters", bio="", rank=5)
 
     def setUp(self):
         # we need to register a custom ModelAdmin (instead of just using
@@ -132,6 +143,7 @@ class TestRelatedFieldsAdminOrdering(TestCase):
         # for the related model
         class SongAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
             pass
+
         site.register(Song, SongAdmin)
 
     def tearDown(self):
@@ -140,8 +152,12 @@ class TestRelatedFieldsAdminOrdering(TestCase):
             site.unregister(Band)
 
     def check_ordering_of_field_choices(self, correct_ordering):
-        fk_field = site._registry[Song].formfield_for_foreignkey(Song.band.field, request=None)
-        m2m_field = site._registry[Song].formfield_for_manytomany(Song.other_interpreters.field, request=None)
+        fk_field = site._registry[Song].formfield_for_foreignkey(
+            Song.band.field, request=None
+        )
+        m2m_field = site._registry[Song].formfield_for_manytomany(
+            Song.other_interpreters.field, request=None
+        )
         self.assertEqual(list(fk_field.queryset), correct_ordering)
         self.assertEqual(list(m2m_field.queryset), correct_ordering)
 
@@ -152,6 +168,7 @@ class TestRelatedFieldsAdminOrdering(TestCase):
     def test_admin_with_no_ordering_fallback_to_model_ordering(self):
         class NoOrderingBandAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
             pass
+
         site.register(Band, NoOrderingBandAdmin)
 
         # should be ordered by name (as defined by the model)
@@ -159,7 +176,8 @@ class TestRelatedFieldsAdminOrdering(TestCase):
 
     def test_admin_ordering_beats_model_ordering(self):
         class StaticOrderingBandAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            ordering = ('rank',)
+            ordering = ("rank",)
+
         site.register(Band, StaticOrderingBandAdmin)
 
         # should be ordered by rank (defined by the ModelAdmin)
@@ -167,20 +185,21 @@ class TestRelatedFieldsAdminOrdering(TestCase):
 
     def test_custom_queryset_still_wins(self):
         """Custom queryset has still precedence (#21405)"""
+
         class SongAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
             # Exclude one of the two Bands from the querysets
             def formfield_for_foreignkey(self, db_field, request, **kwargs):
-                if db_field.name == 'band':
+                if db_field.name == "band":
                     kwargs["queryset"] = Band.objects.filter(rank__gt=2)
                 return super().formfield_for_foreignkey(db_field, request, **kwargs)
 
             def formfield_for_manytomany(self, db_field, request, **kwargs):
-                if db_field.name == 'other_interpreters':
+                if db_field.name == "other_interpreters":
                     kwargs["queryset"] = Band.objects.filter(rank__gt=2)
                 return super().formfield_for_foreignkey(db_field, request, **kwargs)
 
         class StaticOrderingBandAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            ordering = ('rank',)
+            ordering = ("rank",)
 
         site.unregister(Song)
         site.register(Song, SongAdmin)
diff --git a/tests/admin_registration/tests.py b/tests/admin_registration/tests.py
index d165ee93b2..12fc98b1cc 100644
--- a/tests/admin_registration/tests.py
+++ b/tests/admin_registration/tests.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from .models import Location, Person, Place, Traveler
 
 
 class NameAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ['name']
+    list_display = ["name"]
     save_on_top = True
 
 
@@ -48,26 +48,28 @@ class TestRegistration(SimpleTestCase):
             self.site.register(Person, PersonAdmin)
 
     def test_unregister_unregistered_model(self):
-        msg = 'The model Person is not registered'
+        msg = "The model Person is not registered"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(admin.sites.NotRegistered, msg):
             self.site.unregister(Person)
 
     def test_registration_with_star_star_options(self):
-        self.site.register(Person, search_fields=['name'])
-        self.assertEqual(self.site._registry[Person].search_fields, ['name'])
+        self.site.register(Person, search_fields=["name"])
+        self.assertEqual(self.site._registry[Person].search_fields, ["name"])
 
     def test_star_star_overrides(self):
-        self.site.register(Person, NameAdmin, search_fields=["name"], list_display=['__str__'])
-        self.assertEqual(self.site._registry[Person].search_fields, ['name'])
-        self.assertEqual(self.site._registry[Person].list_display, ['__str__'])
+        self.site.register(
+            Person, NameAdmin, search_fields=["name"], list_display=["__str__"]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(self.site._registry[Person].search_fields, ["name"])
+        self.assertEqual(self.site._registry[Person].list_display, ["__str__"])
         self.assertTrue(self.site._registry[Person].save_on_top)
 
     def test_iterable_registration(self):
-        self.site.register([Person, Place], search_fields=['name'])
+        self.site.register([Person, Place], search_fields=["name"])
         self.assertIsInstance(self.site._registry[Person], admin.ModelAdmin)
-        self.assertEqual(self.site._registry[Person].search_fields, ['name'])
+        self.assertEqual(self.site._registry[Person].search_fields, ["name"])
         self.assertIsInstance(self.site._registry[Place], admin.ModelAdmin)
-        self.assertEqual(self.site._registry[Place].search_fields, ['name'])
+        self.assertEqual(self.site._registry[Place].search_fields, ["name"])
         self.site.unregister([Person, Place])
         self.assertEqual(self.site._registry, {})
 
@@ -76,7 +78,7 @@ class TestRegistration(SimpleTestCase):
         Exception is raised when trying to register an abstract model.
         Refs #12004.
         """
-        msg = 'The model Location is abstract, so it cannot be registered with admin.'
+        msg = "The model Location is abstract, so it cannot be registered with admin."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
             self.site.register(Location)
 
@@ -104,6 +106,7 @@ class TestRegistrationDecorator(SimpleTestCase):
 
         AuthorAdmin = register(Person)(AuthorAdmin)
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         self.default_site = site
         self.custom_site = CustomSite()
@@ -125,13 +128,17 @@ class TestRegistrationDecorator(SimpleTestCase):
         self.default_site.unregister(Place)
 
     def test_wrapped_class_not_a_model_admin(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Wrapped class must subclass ModelAdmin.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Wrapped class must subclass ModelAdmin."
+        ):
             register(Person)(CustomSite)
 
     def test_custom_site_not_an_admin_site(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'site must subclass AdminSite'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "site must subclass AdminSite"):
             register(Person, site=Traveler)(NameAdmin)
 
     def test_empty_models_list_registration_fails(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'At least one model must be passed to register.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "At least one model must be passed to register."
+        ):
             register()(NameAdmin)
diff --git a/tests/admin_scripts/another_app_waiting_migration/migrations/0001_initial.py b/tests/admin_scripts/another_app_waiting_migration/migrations/0001_initial.py
index d5fce1af36..fc3acf7f5a 100644
--- a/tests/admin_scripts/another_app_waiting_migration/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/admin_scripts/another_app_waiting_migration/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -5,15 +5,22 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     initial = True
 
-    dependencies = [
-    ]
+    dependencies = []
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Foo',
+            name="Foo",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
-                ('name', models.CharField(max_length=255)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                        serialize=False,
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/admin_scripts/another_app_waiting_migration/models.py b/tests/admin_scripts/another_app_waiting_migration/models.py
index c089cb64e6..be73590caa 100644
--- a/tests/admin_scripts/another_app_waiting_migration/models.py
+++ b/tests/admin_scripts/another_app_waiting_migration/models.py
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@ class Foo(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
 
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'another_app_waiting_migration'
+        app_label = "another_app_waiting_migration"
diff --git a/tests/admin_scripts/app_raising_messages/models.py b/tests/admin_scripts/app_raising_messages/models.py
index 400fc8f907..eb3b605b02 100644
--- a/tests/admin_scripts/app_raising_messages/models.py
+++ b/tests/admin_scripts/app_raising_messages/models.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ class ModelRaisingMessages(models.Model):
     @classmethod
     def check(self, **kwargs):
         return [
-            checks.Warning('First warning', hint='Hint', obj='obj'),
-            checks.Warning('Second warning', obj='a'),
-            checks.Error('An error', hint='Error hint'),
+            checks.Warning("First warning", hint="Hint", obj="obj"),
+            checks.Warning("Second warning", obj="a"),
+            checks.Error("An error", hint="Error hint"),
         ]
diff --git a/tests/admin_scripts/app_raising_warning/models.py b/tests/admin_scripts/app_raising_warning/models.py
index bc9b3b380f..5cd525ab07 100644
--- a/tests/admin_scripts/app_raising_warning/models.py
+++ b/tests/admin_scripts/app_raising_warning/models.py
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@ from django.db import models
 class ModelRaisingMessages(models.Model):
     @classmethod
     def check(self, **kwargs):
-        return [checks.Warning('A warning')]
+        return [checks.Warning("A warning")]
diff --git a/tests/admin_scripts/app_waiting_migration/migrations/0001_initial.py b/tests/admin_scripts/app_waiting_migration/migrations/0001_initial.py
index aa47c4d474..7de6e2001b 100644
--- a/tests/admin_scripts/app_waiting_migration/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/admin_scripts/app_waiting_migration/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -5,15 +5,22 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     initial = True
 
-    dependencies = [
-    ]
+    dependencies = []
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Bar',
+            name="Bar",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
-                ('name', models.CharField(max_length=255)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                        serialize=False,
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/admin_scripts/app_waiting_migration/models.py b/tests/admin_scripts/app_waiting_migration/models.py
index 46fee9c857..5bc8ef5685 100644
--- a/tests/admin_scripts/app_waiting_migration/models.py
+++ b/tests/admin_scripts/app_waiting_migration/models.py
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@ class Bar(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
 
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'app_waiting_migration'
+        app_label = "app_waiting_migration"
diff --git a/tests/admin_scripts/complex_app/management/commands/duplicate.py b/tests/admin_scripts/complex_app/management/commands/duplicate.py
index f217620ab9..839ce59666 100644
--- a/tests/admin_scripts/complex_app/management/commands/duplicate.py
+++ b/tests/admin_scripts/complex_app/management/commands/duplicate.py
@@ -2,6 +2,5 @@ from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
-
     def handle(self, **options):
-        self.stdout.write('complex_app')
+        self.stdout.write("complex_app")
diff --git a/tests/admin_scripts/complex_app/models/__init__.py b/tests/admin_scripts/complex_app/models/__init__.py
index 7b647e74b1..cb0c126300 100644
--- a/tests/admin_scripts/complex_app/models/__init__.py
+++ b/tests/admin_scripts/complex_app/models/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 from .bar import Bar
 from .foo import Foo
 
-__all__ = ['Foo', 'Bar']
+__all__ = ["Foo", "Bar"]
diff --git a/tests/admin_scripts/complex_app/models/bar.py b/tests/admin_scripts/complex_app/models/bar.py
index 8db46f4f57..85535bcd39 100644
--- a/tests/admin_scripts/complex_app/models/bar.py
+++ b/tests/admin_scripts/complex_app/models/bar.py
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@ class Bar(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=5)
 
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'complex_app'
+        app_label = "complex_app"
diff --git a/tests/admin_scripts/complex_app/models/foo.py b/tests/admin_scripts/complex_app/models/foo.py
index 707c8982b0..3480a4ffec 100644
--- a/tests/admin_scripts/complex_app/models/foo.py
+++ b/tests/admin_scripts/complex_app/models/foo.py
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@ class Foo(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=5)
 
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'complex_app'
+        app_label = "complex_app"
diff --git a/tests/admin_scripts/configured_dynamic_settings_manage.py b/tests/admin_scripts/configured_dynamic_settings_manage.py
index b4a9cf83fb..36693a81c5 100644
--- a/tests/admin_scripts/configured_dynamic_settings_manage.py
+++ b/tests/admin_scripts/configured_dynamic_settings_manage.py
@@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line
 
 class Settings:
     def __getattr__(self, name):
-        if name == 'FOO':
-            return 'bar'
+        if name == "FOO":
+            return "bar"
         return getattr(global_settings, name)
 
     def __dir__(self):
-        return super().__dir__() + dir(global_settings) + ['FOO']
+        return super().__dir__() + dir(global_settings) + ["FOO"]
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     settings.configure(Settings())
     execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
diff --git a/tests/admin_scripts/configured_settings_manage.py b/tests/admin_scripts/configured_settings_manage.py
index e057e70810..d0e0264f74 100644
--- a/tests/admin_scripts/configured_settings_manage.py
+++ b/tests/admin_scripts/configured_settings_manage.py
@@ -4,6 +4,6 @@ import sys
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     settings.configure(DEBUG=True, CUSTOM=1)
     execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
diff --git a/tests/admin_scripts/management/commands/app_command.py b/tests/admin_scripts/management/commands/app_command.py
index e5272dd6be..61631853ef 100644
--- a/tests/admin_scripts/management/commands/app_command.py
+++ b/tests/admin_scripts/management/commands/app_command.py
@@ -2,8 +2,11 @@ from django.core.management.base import AppCommand
 
 
 class Command(AppCommand):
-    help = 'Test Application-based commands'
+    help = "Test Application-based commands"
     requires_system_checks = []
 
     def handle_app_config(self, app_config, **options):
-        print('EXECUTE:AppCommand name=%s, options=%s' % (app_config.name, sorted(options.items())))
+        print(
+            "EXECUTE:AppCommand name=%s, options=%s"
+            % (app_config.name, sorted(options.items()))
+        )
diff --git a/tests/admin_scripts/management/commands/base_command.py b/tests/admin_scripts/management/commands/base_command.py
index 940f04d018..26f4089963 100644
--- a/tests/admin_scripts/management/commands/base_command.py
+++ b/tests/admin_scripts/management/commands/base_command.py
@@ -2,14 +2,17 @@ from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
-    help = 'Test basic commands'
+    help = "Test basic commands"
     requires_system_checks = []
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('args', nargs='*')
-        parser.add_argument('--option_a', '-a', default='1')
-        parser.add_argument('--option_b', '-b', default='2')
-        parser.add_argument('--option_c', '-c', default='3')
+        parser.add_argument("args", nargs="*")
+        parser.add_argument("--option_a", "-a", default="1")
+        parser.add_argument("--option_b", "-b", default="2")
+        parser.add_argument("--option_c", "-c", default="3")
 
     def handle(self, *labels, **options):
-        print('EXECUTE:BaseCommand labels=%s, options=%s' % (labels, sorted(options.items())))
+        print(
+            "EXECUTE:BaseCommand labels=%s, options=%s"
+            % (labels, sorted(options.items()))
+        )
diff --git a/tests/admin_scripts/management/commands/custom_startproject.py b/tests/admin_scripts/management/commands/custom_startproject.py
index b258e4b80d..f0507a1090 100644
--- a/tests/admin_scripts/management/commands/custom_startproject.py
+++ b/tests/admin_scripts/management/commands/custom_startproject.py
@@ -4,4 +4,6 @@ from django.core.management.commands.startproject import Command as BaseCommand
 class Command(BaseCommand):
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         super().add_arguments(parser)
-        parser.add_argument('--extra', help='An arbitrary extra value passed to the context')
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "--extra", help="An arbitrary extra value passed to the context"
+        )
diff --git a/tests/admin_scripts/management/commands/label_command.py b/tests/admin_scripts/management/commands/label_command.py
index 981b88ade4..87312b200e 100644
--- a/tests/admin_scripts/management/commands/label_command.py
+++ b/tests/admin_scripts/management/commands/label_command.py
@@ -6,4 +6,7 @@ class Command(LabelCommand):
     requires_system_checks = []
 
     def handle_label(self, label, **options):
-        print('EXECUTE:LabelCommand label=%s, options=%s' % (label, sorted(options.items())))
+        print(
+            "EXECUTE:LabelCommand label=%s, options=%s"
+            % (label, sorted(options.items()))
+        )
diff --git a/tests/admin_scripts/management/commands/noargs_command.py b/tests/admin_scripts/management/commands/noargs_command.py
index 65ee370ab7..1a16dd8086 100644
--- a/tests/admin_scripts/management/commands/noargs_command.py
+++ b/tests/admin_scripts/management/commands/noargs_command.py
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     requires_system_checks = []
 
     def handle(self, **options):
-        print('EXECUTE: noargs_command options=%s' % sorted(options.items()))
+        print("EXECUTE: noargs_command options=%s" % sorted(options.items()))
diff --git a/tests/admin_scripts/management/commands/suppress_base_options_command.py b/tests/admin_scripts/management/commands/suppress_base_options_command.py
index 769ef3178c..24df0f4dd7 100644
--- a/tests/admin_scripts/management/commands/suppress_base_options_command.py
+++ b/tests/admin_scripts/management/commands/suppress_base_options_command.py
@@ -3,22 +3,22 @@ from django.core.management import BaseCommand
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
 
-    help = 'Test suppress base options command.'
+    help = "Test suppress base options command."
     requires_system_checks = []
     suppressed_base_arguments = {
-        '-v',
-        '--traceback',
-        '--settings',
-        '--pythonpath',
-        '--no-color',
-        '--force-color',
-        '--version',
-        'file',
+        "-v",
+        "--traceback",
+        "--settings",
+        "--pythonpath",
+        "--no-color",
+        "--force-color",
+        "--version",
+        "file",
     }
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         super().add_arguments(parser)
-        self.add_base_argument(parser, 'file', nargs='?', help='input file')
+        self.add_base_argument(parser, "file", nargs="?", help="input file")
 
     def handle(self, *labels, **options):
-        print('EXECUTE:SuppressBaseOptionsCommand options=%s' % sorted(options.items()))
+        print("EXECUTE:SuppressBaseOptionsCommand options=%s" % sorted(options.items()))
diff --git a/tests/admin_scripts/simple_app/management/commands/duplicate.py b/tests/admin_scripts/simple_app/management/commands/duplicate.py
index 18cd0aab08..aed15bc9f6 100644
--- a/tests/admin_scripts/simple_app/management/commands/duplicate.py
+++ b/tests/admin_scripts/simple_app/management/commands/duplicate.py
@@ -2,6 +2,5 @@ from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
-
     def handle(self, **options):
-        self.stdout.write('simple_app')
+        self.stdout.write("simple_app")
diff --git a/tests/admin_scripts/simple_app/models.py b/tests/admin_scripts/simple_app/models.py
index d555ad80ea..5fa1d667f5 100644
--- a/tests/admin_scripts/simple_app/models.py
+++ b/tests/admin_scripts/simple_app/models.py
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 from ..complex_app.models.bar import Bar
 
-__all__ = ['Bar']
+__all__ = ["Bar"]
diff --git a/tests/admin_scripts/tests.py b/tests/admin_scripts/tests.py
index c8d81e1fc0..55880802c2 100644
--- a/tests/admin_scripts/tests.py
+++ b/tests/admin_scripts/tests.py
@@ -18,20 +18,18 @@ from unittest import mock
 from django import conf, get_version
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.management import (
-    BaseCommand, CommandError, call_command, color, execute_from_command_line,
+    BaseCommand,
+    CommandError,
+    call_command,
+    color,
+    execute_from_command_line,
 )
 from django.core.management.commands.loaddata import Command as LoaddataCommand
-from django.core.management.commands.runserver import (
-    Command as RunserverCommand,
-)
-from django.core.management.commands.testserver import (
-    Command as TestserverCommand,
-)
+from django.core.management.commands.runserver import Command as RunserverCommand
+from django.core.management.commands.testserver import Command as TestserverCommand
 from django.db import ConnectionHandler, connection
 from django.db.migrations.recorder import MigrationRecorder
-from django.test import (
-    LiveServerTestCase, SimpleTestCase, TestCase, override_settings,
-)
+from django.test import LiveServerTestCase, SimpleTestCase, TestCase, override_settings
 from django.test.utils import captured_stderr, captured_stdout
 from django.urls import path
 from django.utils.version import PY39
@@ -39,9 +37,9 @@ from django.views.static import serve
 
 from . import urls
 
-custom_templates_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'custom_templates')
+custom_templates_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "custom_templates")
 
-SYSTEM_CHECK_MSG = 'System check identified no issues'
+SYSTEM_CHECK_MSG = "System check identified no issues"
 
 
 class AdminScriptTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -50,27 +48,29 @@ class AdminScriptTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         self.addCleanup(tmpdir.cleanup)
         # os.path.realpath() is required for temporary directories on macOS,
         # where `/var` is a symlink to `/private/var`.
-        self.test_dir = os.path.realpath(os.path.join(tmpdir.name, 'test_project'))
+        self.test_dir = os.path.realpath(os.path.join(tmpdir.name, "test_project"))
         os.mkdir(self.test_dir)
 
     def write_settings(self, filename, apps=None, is_dir=False, sdict=None, extra=None):
         if is_dir:
             settings_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, filename)
             os.mkdir(settings_dir)
-            settings_file_path = os.path.join(settings_dir, '__init__.py')
+            settings_file_path = os.path.join(settings_dir, "__init__.py")
         else:
             settings_file_path = os.path.join(self.test_dir, filename)
 
-        with open(settings_file_path, 'w') as settings_file:
-            settings_file.write('# Settings file automatically generated by admin_scripts test case\n')
+        with open(settings_file_path, "w") as settings_file:
+            settings_file.write(
+                "# Settings file automatically generated by admin_scripts test case\n"
+            )
             if extra:
                 settings_file.write("%s\n" % extra)
             exports = [
-                'DATABASES',
-                'DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD',
-                'ROOT_URLCONF',
-                'SECRET_KEY',
-                'USE_TZ',
+                "DATABASES",
+                "DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD",
+                "ROOT_URLCONF",
+                "SECRET_KEY",
+                "USE_TZ",
             ]
             for s in exports:
                 if hasattr(settings, s):
@@ -80,7 +80,11 @@ class AdminScriptTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
                     settings_file.write("%s = %s\n" % (s, o))
 
             if apps is None:
-                apps = ['django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'admin_scripts']
+                apps = [
+                    "django.contrib.auth",
+                    "django.contrib.contenttypes",
+                    "admin_scripts",
+                ]
 
             settings_file.write("INSTALLED_APPS = %s\n" % apps)
 
@@ -94,8 +98,8 @@ class AdminScriptTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         paths = []
         for backend in settings.DATABASES.values():
-            package = backend['ENGINE'].split('.')[0]
-            if package != 'django':
+            package = backend["ENGINE"].split(".")[0]
+            if package != "django":
                 backend_pkg = __import__(package)
                 backend_dir = os.path.dirname(backend_pkg.__file__)
                 paths.append(os.path.dirname(backend_dir))
@@ -116,13 +120,13 @@ class AdminScriptTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 
         # Set the test environment
         if settings_file:
-            test_environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = settings_file
-        elif 'DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE' in test_environ:
-            del test_environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE']
+            test_environ["DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE"] = settings_file
+        elif "DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE" in test_environ:
+            del test_environ["DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE"]
         python_path = [base_dir, django_dir, tests_dir]
         python_path.extend(ext_backend_base_dirs)
-        test_environ['PYTHONPATH'] = os.pathsep.join(python_path)
-        test_environ['PYTHONWARNINGS'] = ''
+        test_environ["PYTHONPATH"] = os.pathsep.join(python_path)
+        test_environ["PYTHONWARNINGS"] = ""
 
         p = subprocess.run(
             [sys.executable, *args],
@@ -131,48 +135,60 @@ class AdminScriptTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             env=test_environ,
             text=True,
             # subprocess.run()'s umask was added in Python 3.9.
-            **({'umask': umask} if umask and PY39 else {}),
+            **({"umask": umask} if umask and PY39 else {}),
         )
         return p.stdout, p.stderr
 
     def run_django_admin(self, args, settings_file=None, umask=None):
-        return self.run_test(['-m', 'django', *args], settings_file, umask=umask)
+        return self.run_test(["-m", "django", *args], settings_file, umask=umask)
 
     def run_manage(self, args, settings_file=None, manage_py=None):
         template_manage_py = (
             os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), manage_py)
-            if manage_py else
-            os.path.join(os.path.dirname(conf.__file__), 'project_template', 'manage.py-tpl')
+            if manage_py
+            else os.path.join(
+                os.path.dirname(conf.__file__), "project_template", "manage.py-tpl"
+            )
         )
-        test_manage_py = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'manage.py')
+        test_manage_py = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "manage.py")
         shutil.copyfile(template_manage_py, test_manage_py)
 
         with open(test_manage_py) as fp:
             manage_py_contents = fp.read()
         manage_py_contents = manage_py_contents.replace(
-            "{{ project_name }}", "test_project")
-        with open(test_manage_py, 'w') as fp:
+            "{{ project_name }}", "test_project"
+        )
+        with open(test_manage_py, "w") as fp:
             fp.write(manage_py_contents)
 
-        return self.run_test(['./manage.py', *args], settings_file)
+        return self.run_test(["./manage.py", *args], settings_file)
 
     def assertNoOutput(self, stream):
         "Utility assertion: assert that the given stream is empty"
-        self.assertEqual(len(stream), 0, "Stream should be empty: actually contains '%s'" % stream)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(stream), 0, "Stream should be empty: actually contains '%s'" % stream
+        )
 
     def assertOutput(self, stream, msg, regex=False):
         "Utility assertion: assert that the given message exists in the output"
         if regex:
             self.assertIsNotNone(
                 re.search(msg, stream),
-                "'%s' does not match actual output text '%s'" % (msg, stream)
+                "'%s' does not match actual output text '%s'" % (msg, stream),
             )
         else:
-            self.assertIn(msg, stream, "'%s' does not match actual output text '%s'" % (msg, stream))
+            self.assertIn(
+                msg,
+                stream,
+                "'%s' does not match actual output text '%s'" % (msg, stream),
+            )
 
     def assertNotInOutput(self, stream, msg):
         "Utility assertion: assert that the given message doesn't exist in the output"
-        self.assertNotIn(msg, stream, "'%s' matches actual output text '%s'" % (msg, stream))
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            msg, stream, "'%s' matches actual output text '%s'" % (msg, stream)
+        )
+
 
 ##########################################################################
 # DJANGO ADMIN TESTS
@@ -186,22 +202,22 @@ class DjangoAdminNoSettings(AdminScriptTestCase):
 
     def test_builtin_command(self):
         "no settings: django-admin builtin commands fail with an error when no settings provided"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
-        self.assertOutput(err, 'settings are not configured')
+        self.assertOutput(err, "settings are not configured")
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_settings(self):
         "no settings: django-admin builtin commands fail if settings file (from argument) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', '--settings=bad_settings', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "--settings=bad_settings", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_environment(self):
         "no settings: django-admin builtin commands fail if settings file (from environment) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, 'bad_settings')
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, "bad_settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
@@ -210,8 +226,8 @@ class DjangoAdminNoSettings(AdminScriptTestCase):
         Commands that don't require settings succeed if the settings file
         doesn't exist.
         """
-        args = ['startproject']
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, settings_file='bad_settings')
+        args = ["startproject"]
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, settings_file="bad_settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "You must provide a project name", regex=True)
 
@@ -221,48 +237,49 @@ class DjangoAdminDefaultSettings(AdminScriptTestCase):
     A series of tests for django-admin when using a settings.py file that
     contains the test application.
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        self.write_settings('settings.py')
+        self.write_settings("settings.py")
 
     def test_builtin_command(self):
         "default: django-admin builtin commands fail with an error when no settings provided"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
-        self.assertOutput(err, 'settings are not configured')
+        self.assertOutput(err, "settings are not configured")
 
     def test_builtin_with_settings(self):
         "default: django-admin builtin commands succeed if settings are provided as argument"
-        args = ['check', '--settings=test_project.settings', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "--settings=test_project.settings", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, SYSTEM_CHECK_MSG)
 
     def test_builtin_with_environment(self):
         "default: django-admin builtin commands succeed if settings are provided in the environment"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, 'test_project.settings')
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, "test_project.settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, SYSTEM_CHECK_MSG)
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_settings(self):
         "default: django-admin builtin commands fail if settings file (from argument) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', '--settings=bad_settings', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "--settings=bad_settings", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_environment(self):
         "default: django-admin builtin commands fail if settings file (from environment) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, 'bad_settings')
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, "bad_settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
     def test_custom_command(self):
         "default: django-admin can't execute user commands if it isn't provided settings"
-        args = ['noargs_command']
+        args = ["noargs_command"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No Django settings specified")
@@ -270,15 +287,15 @@ class DjangoAdminDefaultSettings(AdminScriptTestCase):
 
     def test_custom_command_with_settings(self):
         "default: django-admin can execute user commands if settings are provided as argument"
-        args = ['noargs_command', '--settings=test_project.settings']
+        args = ["noargs_command", "--settings=test_project.settings"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "EXECUTE: noargs_command")
 
     def test_custom_command_with_environment(self):
         "default: django-admin can execute user commands if settings are provided in environment"
-        args = ['noargs_command']
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, 'test_project.settings')
+        args = ["noargs_command"]
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, "test_project.settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "EXECUTE: noargs_command")
 
@@ -288,49 +305,57 @@ class DjangoAdminFullPathDefaultSettings(AdminScriptTestCase):
     A series of tests for django-admin when using a settings.py file that
     contains the test application specified using a full path.
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        self.write_settings('settings.py', ['django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes',
-                                            'admin_scripts', 'admin_scripts.complex_app'])
+        self.write_settings(
+            "settings.py",
+            [
+                "django.contrib.auth",
+                "django.contrib.contenttypes",
+                "admin_scripts",
+                "admin_scripts.complex_app",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_builtin_command(self):
         "fulldefault: django-admin builtin commands fail with an error when no settings provided"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
-        self.assertOutput(err, 'settings are not configured')
+        self.assertOutput(err, "settings are not configured")
 
     def test_builtin_with_settings(self):
         "fulldefault: django-admin builtin commands succeed if a settings file is provided"
-        args = ['check', '--settings=test_project.settings', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "--settings=test_project.settings", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, SYSTEM_CHECK_MSG)
 
     def test_builtin_with_environment(self):
         "fulldefault: django-admin builtin commands succeed if the environment contains settings"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, 'test_project.settings')
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, "test_project.settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, SYSTEM_CHECK_MSG)
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_settings(self):
         "fulldefault: django-admin builtin commands fail if settings file (from argument) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', '--settings=bad_settings', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "--settings=bad_settings", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_environment(self):
         "fulldefault: django-admin builtin commands fail if settings file (from environment) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, 'bad_settings')
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, "bad_settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
     def test_custom_command(self):
         "fulldefault: django-admin can't execute user commands unless settings are provided"
-        args = ['noargs_command']
+        args = ["noargs_command"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No Django settings specified")
@@ -338,15 +363,15 @@ class DjangoAdminFullPathDefaultSettings(AdminScriptTestCase):
 
     def test_custom_command_with_settings(self):
         "fulldefault: django-admin can execute user commands if settings are provided as argument"
-        args = ['noargs_command', '--settings=test_project.settings']
+        args = ["noargs_command", "--settings=test_project.settings"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "EXECUTE: noargs_command")
 
     def test_custom_command_with_environment(self):
         "fulldefault: django-admin can execute user commands if settings are provided in environment"
-        args = ['noargs_command']
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, 'test_project.settings')
+        args = ["noargs_command"]
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, "test_project.settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "EXECUTE: noargs_command")
 
@@ -356,48 +381,51 @@ class DjangoAdminMinimalSettings(AdminScriptTestCase):
     A series of tests for django-admin when using a settings.py file that
     doesn't contain the test application.
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        self.write_settings('settings.py', apps=['django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes'])
+        self.write_settings(
+            "settings.py", apps=["django.contrib.auth", "django.contrib.contenttypes"]
+        )
 
     def test_builtin_command(self):
         "minimal: django-admin builtin commands fail with an error when no settings provided"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
-        self.assertOutput(err, 'settings are not configured')
+        self.assertOutput(err, "settings are not configured")
 
     def test_builtin_with_settings(self):
         "minimal: django-admin builtin commands fail if settings are provided as argument"
-        args = ['check', '--settings=test_project.settings', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "--settings=test_project.settings", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No installed app with label 'admin_scripts'.")
 
     def test_builtin_with_environment(self):
         "minimal: django-admin builtin commands fail if settings are provided in the environment"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, 'test_project.settings')
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, "test_project.settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No installed app with label 'admin_scripts'.")
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_settings(self):
         "minimal: django-admin builtin commands fail if settings file (from argument) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', '--settings=bad_settings', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "--settings=bad_settings", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_environment(self):
         "minimal: django-admin builtin commands fail if settings file (from environment) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, 'bad_settings')
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, "bad_settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
     def test_custom_command(self):
         "minimal: django-admin can't execute user commands unless settings are provided"
-        args = ['noargs_command']
+        args = ["noargs_command"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No Django settings specified")
@@ -405,15 +433,15 @@ class DjangoAdminMinimalSettings(AdminScriptTestCase):
 
     def test_custom_command_with_settings(self):
         "minimal: django-admin can't execute user commands, even if settings are provided as argument"
-        args = ['noargs_command', '--settings=test_project.settings']
+        args = ["noargs_command", "--settings=test_project.settings"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "Unknown command: 'noargs_command'")
 
     def test_custom_command_with_environment(self):
         "minimal: django-admin can't execute user commands, even if settings are provided in environment"
-        args = ['noargs_command']
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, 'test_project.settings')
+        args = ["noargs_command"]
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, "test_project.settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "Unknown command: 'noargs_command'")
 
@@ -423,48 +451,49 @@ class DjangoAdminAlternateSettings(AdminScriptTestCase):
     A series of tests for django-admin when using a settings file with a name
     other than 'settings.py'.
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        self.write_settings('alternate_settings.py')
+        self.write_settings("alternate_settings.py")
 
     def test_builtin_command(self):
         "alternate: django-admin builtin commands fail with an error when no settings provided"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
-        self.assertOutput(err, 'settings are not configured')
+        self.assertOutput(err, "settings are not configured")
 
     def test_builtin_with_settings(self):
         "alternate: django-admin builtin commands succeed if settings are provided as argument"
-        args = ['check', '--settings=test_project.alternate_settings', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "--settings=test_project.alternate_settings", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, SYSTEM_CHECK_MSG)
 
     def test_builtin_with_environment(self):
         "alternate: django-admin builtin commands succeed if settings are provided in the environment"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, 'test_project.alternate_settings')
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, "test_project.alternate_settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, SYSTEM_CHECK_MSG)
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_settings(self):
         "alternate: django-admin builtin commands fail if settings file (from argument) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', '--settings=bad_settings', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "--settings=bad_settings", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_environment(self):
         "alternate: django-admin builtin commands fail if settings file (from environment) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, 'bad_settings')
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, "bad_settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
     def test_custom_command(self):
         "alternate: django-admin can't execute user commands unless settings are provided"
-        args = ['noargs_command']
+        args = ["noargs_command"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No Django settings specified")
@@ -472,15 +501,15 @@ class DjangoAdminAlternateSettings(AdminScriptTestCase):
 
     def test_custom_command_with_settings(self):
         "alternate: django-admin can execute user commands if settings are provided as argument"
-        args = ['noargs_command', '--settings=test_project.alternate_settings']
+        args = ["noargs_command", "--settings=test_project.alternate_settings"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "EXECUTE: noargs_command")
 
     def test_custom_command_with_environment(self):
         "alternate: django-admin can execute user commands if settings are provided in environment"
-        args = ['noargs_command']
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, 'test_project.alternate_settings')
+        args = ["noargs_command"]
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, "test_project.alternate_settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "EXECUTE: noargs_command")
 
@@ -492,48 +521,51 @@ class DjangoAdminMultipleSettings(AdminScriptTestCase):
     file is insufficient for performing the operations described, so the
     alternate settings must be used by the running script.
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        self.write_settings('settings.py', apps=['django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes'])
-        self.write_settings('alternate_settings.py')
+        self.write_settings(
+            "settings.py", apps=["django.contrib.auth", "django.contrib.contenttypes"]
+        )
+        self.write_settings("alternate_settings.py")
 
     def test_builtin_command(self):
         "alternate: django-admin builtin commands fail with an error when no settings provided"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
-        self.assertOutput(err, 'settings are not configured')
+        self.assertOutput(err, "settings are not configured")
 
     def test_builtin_with_settings(self):
         "alternate: django-admin builtin commands succeed if settings are provided as argument"
-        args = ['check', '--settings=test_project.alternate_settings', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "--settings=test_project.alternate_settings", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, SYSTEM_CHECK_MSG)
 
     def test_builtin_with_environment(self):
         "alternate: django-admin builtin commands succeed if settings are provided in the environment"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, 'test_project.alternate_settings')
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, "test_project.alternate_settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, SYSTEM_CHECK_MSG)
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_settings(self):
         "alternate: django-admin builtin commands fail if settings file (from argument) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', '--settings=bad_settings', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "--settings=bad_settings", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_environment(self):
         "alternate: django-admin builtin commands fail if settings file (from environment) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, 'bad_settings')
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, "bad_settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
     def test_custom_command(self):
         "alternate: django-admin can't execute user commands unless settings are provided"
-        args = ['noargs_command']
+        args = ["noargs_command"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No Django settings specified")
@@ -541,15 +573,15 @@ class DjangoAdminMultipleSettings(AdminScriptTestCase):
 
     def test_custom_command_with_settings(self):
         "alternate: django-admin can execute user commands if settings are provided as argument"
-        args = ['noargs_command', '--settings=test_project.alternate_settings']
+        args = ["noargs_command", "--settings=test_project.alternate_settings"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "EXECUTE: noargs_command")
 
     def test_custom_command_with_environment(self):
         "alternate: django-admin can execute user commands if settings are provided in environment"
-        args = ['noargs_command']
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, 'test_project.alternate_settings')
+        args = ["noargs_command"]
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, "test_project.alternate_settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "EXECUTE: noargs_command")
 
@@ -562,65 +594,65 @@ class DjangoAdminSettingsDirectory(AdminScriptTestCase):
 
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        self.write_settings('settings', is_dir=True)
+        self.write_settings("settings", is_dir=True)
 
     def test_setup_environ(self):
         "directory: startapp creates the correct directory"
-        args = ['startapp', 'settings_test']
-        app_path = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'settings_test')
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, 'test_project.settings')
+        args = ["startapp", "settings_test"]
+        app_path = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "settings_test")
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, "test_project.settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(app_path))
-        with open(os.path.join(app_path, 'apps.py')) as f:
+        with open(os.path.join(app_path, "apps.py")) as f:
             content = f.read()
             self.assertIn("class SettingsTestConfig(AppConfig)", content)
             self.assertIn("name = 'settings_test'", content)
 
     def test_setup_environ_custom_template(self):
         "directory: startapp creates the correct directory with a custom template"
-        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, 'app_template')
-        args = ['startapp', '--template', template_path, 'custom_settings_test']
-        app_path = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'custom_settings_test')
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, 'test_project.settings')
+        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, "app_template")
+        args = ["startapp", "--template", template_path, "custom_settings_test"]
+        app_path = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "custom_settings_test")
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, "test_project.settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(app_path))
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(app_path, 'api.py')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(app_path, "api.py")))
 
     def test_startapp_unicode_name(self):
         """startapp creates the correct directory with Unicode characters."""
-        args = ['startapp', 'こんにちは']
-        app_path = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'こんにちは')
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, 'test_project.settings')
+        args = ["startapp", "こんにちは"]
+        app_path = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "こんにちは")
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, "test_project.settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(app_path))
-        with open(os.path.join(app_path, 'apps.py'), encoding='utf8') as f:
+        with open(os.path.join(app_path, "apps.py"), encoding="utf8") as f:
             content = f.read()
             self.assertIn("class こんにちはConfig(AppConfig)", content)
             self.assertIn("name = 'こんにちは'", content)
 
     def test_builtin_command(self):
         "directory: django-admin builtin commands fail with an error when no settings provided"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
-        self.assertOutput(err, 'settings are not configured')
+        self.assertOutput(err, "settings are not configured")
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_settings(self):
         "directory: django-admin builtin commands fail if settings file (from argument) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', '--settings=bad_settings', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "--settings=bad_settings", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_environment(self):
         "directory: django-admin builtin commands fail if settings file (from environment) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, 'bad_settings')
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, "bad_settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
     def test_custom_command(self):
         "directory: django-admin can't execute user commands unless settings are provided"
-        args = ['noargs_command']
+        args = ["noargs_command"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No Django settings specified")
@@ -628,15 +660,15 @@ class DjangoAdminSettingsDirectory(AdminScriptTestCase):
 
     def test_builtin_with_settings(self):
         "directory: django-admin builtin commands succeed if settings are provided as argument"
-        args = ['check', '--settings=test_project.settings', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "--settings=test_project.settings", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, SYSTEM_CHECK_MSG)
 
     def test_builtin_with_environment(self):
         "directory: django-admin builtin commands succeed if settings are provided in the environment"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, 'test_project.settings')
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, "test_project.settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, SYSTEM_CHECK_MSG)
 
@@ -647,13 +679,17 @@ class DjangoAdminSettingsDirectory(AdminScriptTestCase):
 # of the generated manage.py script
 ##########################################################################
 
+
 class ManageManuallyConfiguredSettings(AdminScriptTestCase):
     """Customized manage.py calling settings.configure()."""
+
     def test_non_existent_command_output(self):
-        out, err = self.run_manage(['invalid_command'], manage_py='configured_settings_manage.py')
+        out, err = self.run_manage(
+            ["invalid_command"], manage_py="configured_settings_manage.py"
+        )
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "Unknown command: 'invalid_command'")
-        self.assertNotInOutput(err, 'No Django settings specified')
+        self.assertNotInOutput(err, "No Django settings specified")
 
 
 class ManageNoSettings(AdminScriptTestCase):
@@ -661,22 +697,24 @@ class ManageNoSettings(AdminScriptTestCase):
 
     def test_builtin_command(self):
         "no settings: manage.py builtin commands fail with an error when no settings provided"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
-        self.assertOutput(err, r"No module named '?(test_project\.)?settings'?", regex=True)
+        self.assertOutput(
+            err, r"No module named '?(test_project\.)?settings'?", regex=True
+        )
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_settings(self):
         "no settings: manage.py builtin commands fail if settings file (from argument) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', '--settings=bad_settings', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "--settings=bad_settings", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_environment(self):
         "no settings: manage.py builtin commands fail if settings file (from environment) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
-        out, err = self.run_manage(args, 'bad_settings')
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
+        out, err = self.run_manage(args, "bad_settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
@@ -685,63 +723,64 @@ class ManageDefaultSettings(AdminScriptTestCase):
     """A series of tests for manage.py when using a settings.py file that
     contains the test application.
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        self.write_settings('settings.py')
+        self.write_settings("settings.py")
 
     def test_builtin_command(self):
         "default: manage.py builtin commands succeed when default settings are appropriate"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, SYSTEM_CHECK_MSG)
 
     def test_builtin_with_settings(self):
         "default: manage.py builtin commands succeed if settings are provided as argument"
-        args = ['check', '--settings=test_project.settings', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "--settings=test_project.settings", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, SYSTEM_CHECK_MSG)
 
     def test_builtin_with_environment(self):
         "default: manage.py builtin commands succeed if settings are provided in the environment"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
-        out, err = self.run_manage(args, 'test_project.settings')
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
+        out, err = self.run_manage(args, "test_project.settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, SYSTEM_CHECK_MSG)
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_settings(self):
         "default: manage.py builtin commands succeed if settings file (from argument) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', '--settings=bad_settings', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "--settings=bad_settings", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_environment(self):
         "default: manage.py builtin commands fail if settings file (from environment) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
-        out, err = self.run_manage(args, 'bad_settings')
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
+        out, err = self.run_manage(args, "bad_settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
     def test_custom_command(self):
         "default: manage.py can execute user commands when default settings are appropriate"
-        args = ['noargs_command']
+        args = ["noargs_command"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "EXECUTE: noargs_command")
 
     def test_custom_command_with_settings(self):
         "default: manage.py can execute user commands when settings are provided as argument"
-        args = ['noargs_command', '--settings=test_project.settings']
+        args = ["noargs_command", "--settings=test_project.settings"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "EXECUTE: noargs_command")
 
     def test_custom_command_with_environment(self):
         "default: manage.py can execute user commands when settings are provided in environment"
-        args = ['noargs_command']
-        out, err = self.run_manage(args, 'test_project.settings')
+        args = ["noargs_command"]
+        out, err = self.run_manage(args, "test_project.settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "EXECUTE: noargs_command")
 
@@ -750,63 +789,67 @@ class ManageFullPathDefaultSettings(AdminScriptTestCase):
     """A series of tests for manage.py when using a settings.py file that
     contains the test application specified using a full path.
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        self.write_settings('settings.py', ['django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'admin_scripts'])
+        self.write_settings(
+            "settings.py",
+            ["django.contrib.auth", "django.contrib.contenttypes", "admin_scripts"],
+        )
 
     def test_builtin_command(self):
         "fulldefault: manage.py builtin commands succeed when default settings are appropriate"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, SYSTEM_CHECK_MSG)
 
     def test_builtin_with_settings(self):
         "fulldefault: manage.py builtin commands succeed if settings are provided as argument"
-        args = ['check', '--settings=test_project.settings', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "--settings=test_project.settings", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, SYSTEM_CHECK_MSG)
 
     def test_builtin_with_environment(self):
         "fulldefault: manage.py builtin commands succeed if settings are provided in the environment"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
-        out, err = self.run_manage(args, 'test_project.settings')
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
+        out, err = self.run_manage(args, "test_project.settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, SYSTEM_CHECK_MSG)
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_settings(self):
         "fulldefault: manage.py builtin commands succeed if settings file (from argument) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', '--settings=bad_settings', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "--settings=bad_settings", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_environment(self):
         "fulldefault: manage.py builtin commands fail if settings file (from environment) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
-        out, err = self.run_manage(args, 'bad_settings')
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
+        out, err = self.run_manage(args, "bad_settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
     def test_custom_command(self):
         "fulldefault: manage.py can execute user commands when default settings are appropriate"
-        args = ['noargs_command']
+        args = ["noargs_command"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "EXECUTE: noargs_command")
 
     def test_custom_command_with_settings(self):
         "fulldefault: manage.py can execute user commands when settings are provided as argument"
-        args = ['noargs_command', '--settings=test_project.settings']
+        args = ["noargs_command", "--settings=test_project.settings"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "EXECUTE: noargs_command")
 
     def test_custom_command_with_environment(self):
         "fulldefault: manage.py can execute user commands when settings are provided in environment"
-        args = ['noargs_command']
-        out, err = self.run_manage(args, 'test_project.settings')
+        args = ["noargs_command"]
+        out, err = self.run_manage(args, "test_project.settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "EXECUTE: noargs_command")
 
@@ -815,63 +858,66 @@ class ManageMinimalSettings(AdminScriptTestCase):
     """A series of tests for manage.py when using a settings.py file that
     doesn't contain the test application.
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        self.write_settings('settings.py', apps=['django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes'])
+        self.write_settings(
+            "settings.py", apps=["django.contrib.auth", "django.contrib.contenttypes"]
+        )
 
     def test_builtin_command(self):
         "minimal: manage.py builtin commands fail with an error when no settings provided"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No installed app with label 'admin_scripts'.")
 
     def test_builtin_with_settings(self):
         "minimal: manage.py builtin commands fail if settings are provided as argument"
-        args = ['check', '--settings=test_project.settings', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "--settings=test_project.settings", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No installed app with label 'admin_scripts'.")
 
     def test_builtin_with_environment(self):
         "minimal: manage.py builtin commands fail if settings are provided in the environment"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
-        out, err = self.run_manage(args, 'test_project.settings')
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
+        out, err = self.run_manage(args, "test_project.settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No installed app with label 'admin_scripts'.")
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_settings(self):
         "minimal: manage.py builtin commands fail if settings file (from argument) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', '--settings=bad_settings', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "--settings=bad_settings", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_environment(self):
         "minimal: manage.py builtin commands fail if settings file (from environment) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
-        out, err = self.run_manage(args, 'bad_settings')
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
+        out, err = self.run_manage(args, "bad_settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
     def test_custom_command(self):
         "minimal: manage.py can't execute user commands without appropriate settings"
-        args = ['noargs_command']
+        args = ["noargs_command"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "Unknown command: 'noargs_command'")
 
     def test_custom_command_with_settings(self):
         "minimal: manage.py can't execute user commands, even if settings are provided as argument"
-        args = ['noargs_command', '--settings=test_project.settings']
+        args = ["noargs_command", "--settings=test_project.settings"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "Unknown command: 'noargs_command'")
 
     def test_custom_command_with_environment(self):
         "minimal: manage.py can't execute user commands, even if settings are provided in environment"
-        args = ['noargs_command']
-        out, err = self.run_manage(args, 'test_project.settings')
+        args = ["noargs_command"]
+        out, err = self.run_manage(args, "test_project.settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "Unknown command: 'noargs_command'")
 
@@ -880,85 +926,90 @@ class ManageAlternateSettings(AdminScriptTestCase):
     """A series of tests for manage.py when using a settings file
     with a name other than 'settings.py'.
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        self.write_settings('alternate_settings.py')
+        self.write_settings("alternate_settings.py")
 
     def test_builtin_command(self):
         "alternate: manage.py builtin commands fail with an error when no default settings provided"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
-        self.assertOutput(err, r"No module named '?(test_project\.)?settings'?", regex=True)
+        self.assertOutput(
+            err, r"No module named '?(test_project\.)?settings'?", regex=True
+        )
 
     def test_builtin_with_settings(self):
         "alternate: manage.py builtin commands work with settings provided as argument"
-        args = ['check', '--settings=alternate_settings', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "--settings=alternate_settings", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertOutput(out, SYSTEM_CHECK_MSG)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
 
     def test_builtin_with_environment(self):
         "alternate: manage.py builtin commands work if settings are provided in the environment"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
-        out, err = self.run_manage(args, 'alternate_settings')
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
+        out, err = self.run_manage(args, "alternate_settings")
         self.assertOutput(out, SYSTEM_CHECK_MSG)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_settings(self):
         "alternate: manage.py builtin commands fail if settings file (from argument) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', '--settings=bad_settings', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "--settings=bad_settings", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_environment(self):
         "alternate: manage.py builtin commands fail if settings file (from environment) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
-        out, err = self.run_manage(args, 'bad_settings')
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
+        out, err = self.run_manage(args, "bad_settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
     def test_custom_command(self):
         "alternate: manage.py can't execute user commands without settings"
-        args = ['noargs_command']
+        args = ["noargs_command"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
-        self.assertOutput(err, r"No module named '?(test_project\.)?settings'?", regex=True)
+        self.assertOutput(
+            err, r"No module named '?(test_project\.)?settings'?", regex=True
+        )
 
     def test_custom_command_with_settings(self):
         "alternate: manage.py can execute user commands if settings are provided as argument"
-        args = ['noargs_command', '--settings=alternate_settings']
+        args = ["noargs_command", "--settings=alternate_settings"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertOutput(
             out,
             "EXECUTE: noargs_command options=[('force_color', False), "
             "('no_color', False), ('pythonpath', None), ('settings', "
-            "'alternate_settings'), ('traceback', False), ('verbosity', 1)]"
+            "'alternate_settings'), ('traceback', False), ('verbosity', 1)]",
         )
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
 
     def test_custom_command_with_environment(self):
         "alternate: manage.py can execute user commands if settings are provided in environment"
-        args = ['noargs_command']
-        out, err = self.run_manage(args, 'alternate_settings')
+        args = ["noargs_command"]
+        out, err = self.run_manage(args, "alternate_settings")
         self.assertOutput(
             out,
             "EXECUTE: noargs_command options=[('force_color', False), "
             "('no_color', False), ('pythonpath', None), ('settings', None), "
-            "('traceback', False), ('verbosity', 1)]"
+            "('traceback', False), ('verbosity', 1)]",
         )
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
 
     def test_custom_command_output_color(self):
         "alternate: manage.py output syntax color can be deactivated with the `--no-color` option"
-        args = ['noargs_command', '--no-color', '--settings=alternate_settings']
+        args = ["noargs_command", "--no-color", "--settings=alternate_settings"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertOutput(
             out,
             "EXECUTE: noargs_command options=[('force_color', False), "
             "('no_color', True), ('pythonpath', None), ('settings', "
-            "'alternate_settings'), ('traceback', False), ('verbosity', 1)]"
+            "'alternate_settings'), ('traceback', False), ('verbosity', 1)]",
         )
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
 
@@ -969,64 +1020,67 @@ class ManageMultipleSettings(AdminScriptTestCase):
     file is insufficient for performing the operations described, so the
     alternate settings must be used by the running script.
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        self.write_settings('settings.py', apps=['django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes'])
-        self.write_settings('alternate_settings.py')
+        self.write_settings(
+            "settings.py", apps=["django.contrib.auth", "django.contrib.contenttypes"]
+        )
+        self.write_settings("alternate_settings.py")
 
     def test_builtin_command(self):
         "multiple: manage.py builtin commands fail with an error when no settings provided"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No installed app with label 'admin_scripts'.")
 
     def test_builtin_with_settings(self):
         "multiple: manage.py builtin commands succeed if settings are provided as argument"
-        args = ['check', '--settings=alternate_settings', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "--settings=alternate_settings", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, SYSTEM_CHECK_MSG)
 
     def test_builtin_with_environment(self):
         "multiple: manage.py can execute builtin commands if settings are provided in the environment"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
-        out, err = self.run_manage(args, 'alternate_settings')
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
+        out, err = self.run_manage(args, "alternate_settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, SYSTEM_CHECK_MSG)
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_settings(self):
         "multiple: manage.py builtin commands fail if settings file (from argument) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', '--settings=bad_settings', 'admin_scripts']
+        args = ["check", "--settings=bad_settings", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
     def test_builtin_with_bad_environment(self):
         "multiple: manage.py builtin commands fail if settings file (from environment) doesn't exist"
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
-        out, err = self.run_manage(args, 'bad_settings')
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
+        out, err = self.run_manage(args, "bad_settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named '?bad_settings'?", regex=True)
 
     def test_custom_command(self):
         "multiple: manage.py can't execute user commands using default settings"
-        args = ['noargs_command']
+        args = ["noargs_command"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "Unknown command: 'noargs_command'")
 
     def test_custom_command_with_settings(self):
         "multiple: manage.py can execute user commands if settings are provided as argument"
-        args = ['noargs_command', '--settings=alternate_settings']
+        args = ["noargs_command", "--settings=alternate_settings"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "EXECUTE: noargs_command")
 
     def test_custom_command_with_environment(self):
         "multiple: manage.py can execute user commands if settings are provided in environment"
-        args = ['noargs_command']
-        out, err = self.run_manage(args, 'alternate_settings')
+        args = ["noargs_command"]
+        out, err = self.run_manage(args, "alternate_settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "EXECUTE: noargs_command")
 
@@ -1036,19 +1090,24 @@ class ManageSettingsWithSettingsErrors(AdminScriptTestCase):
     Tests for manage.py when using the default settings.py file containing
     runtime errors.
     """
+
     def write_settings_with_import_error(self, filename):
         settings_file_path = os.path.join(self.test_dir, filename)
-        with open(settings_file_path, 'w') as settings_file:
-            settings_file.write('# Settings file automatically generated by admin_scripts test case\n')
-            settings_file.write('# The next line will cause an import error:\nimport foo42bar\n')
+        with open(settings_file_path, "w") as settings_file:
+            settings_file.write(
+                "# Settings file automatically generated by admin_scripts test case\n"
+            )
+            settings_file.write(
+                "# The next line will cause an import error:\nimport foo42bar\n"
+            )
 
     def test_import_error(self):
         """
         import error: manage.py builtin commands shows useful diagnostic info
         when settings with import errors is provided (#14130).
         """
-        self.write_settings_with_import_error('settings.py')
-        args = ['check', 'admin_scripts']
+        self.write_settings_with_import_error("settings.py")
+        args = ["check", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No module named")
@@ -1059,15 +1118,15 @@ class ManageSettingsWithSettingsErrors(AdminScriptTestCase):
         manage.py builtin commands does not swallow attribute error due to bad
         settings (#18845).
         """
-        self.write_settings('settings.py', sdict={'BAD_VAR': 'INSTALLED_APPS.crash'})
-        args = ['collectstatic', 'admin_scripts']
+        self.write_settings("settings.py", sdict={"BAD_VAR": "INSTALLED_APPS.crash"})
+        args = ["collectstatic", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute 'crash'")
 
     def test_key_error(self):
-        self.write_settings('settings.py', sdict={'BAD_VAR': 'DATABASES["blah"]'})
-        args = ['collectstatic', 'admin_scripts']
+        self.write_settings("settings.py", sdict={"BAD_VAR": 'DATABASES["blah"]'})
+        args = ["collectstatic", "admin_scripts"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "KeyError: 'blah'")
@@ -1078,13 +1137,13 @@ class ManageSettingsWithSettingsErrors(AdminScriptTestCase):
         available.
         """
         self.write_settings(
-            'settings.py',
-            extra='from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured\n'
-                  'raise ImproperlyConfigured()',
+            "settings.py",
+            extra="from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured\n"
+            "raise ImproperlyConfigured()",
         )
-        args = ['help']
+        args = ["help"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
-        self.assertOutput(out, 'only Django core commands are listed')
+        self.assertOutput(out, "only Django core commands are listed")
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
 
 
@@ -1092,101 +1151,101 @@ class ManageCheck(AdminScriptTestCase):
     def test_nonexistent_app(self):
         """check reports an error on a nonexistent app in INSTALLED_APPS."""
         self.write_settings(
-            'settings.py',
-            apps=['admin_scriptz.broken_app'],
-            sdict={'USE_I18N': False},
+            "settings.py",
+            apps=["admin_scriptz.broken_app"],
+            sdict={"USE_I18N": False},
         )
-        args = ['check']
+        args = ["check"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
-        self.assertOutput(err, 'ModuleNotFoundError')
-        self.assertOutput(err, 'No module named')
-        self.assertOutput(err, 'admin_scriptz')
+        self.assertOutput(err, "ModuleNotFoundError")
+        self.assertOutput(err, "No module named")
+        self.assertOutput(err, "admin_scriptz")
 
     def test_broken_app(self):
-        """ manage.py check reports an ImportError if an app's models.py
-        raises one on import """
+        """manage.py check reports an ImportError if an app's models.py
+        raises one on import"""
 
-        self.write_settings('settings.py', apps=['admin_scripts.broken_app'])
-        args = ['check']
+        self.write_settings("settings.py", apps=["admin_scripts.broken_app"])
+        args = ["check"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
-        self.assertOutput(err, 'ImportError')
+        self.assertOutput(err, "ImportError")
 
     def test_complex_app(self):
-        """ manage.py check does not raise an ImportError validating a
-        complex app with nested calls to load_app """
+        """manage.py check does not raise an ImportError validating a
+        complex app with nested calls to load_app"""
 
         self.write_settings(
-            'settings.py',
+            "settings.py",
             apps=[
-                'admin_scripts.complex_app',
-                'admin_scripts.simple_app',
-                'django.contrib.admin.apps.SimpleAdminConfig',
-                'django.contrib.auth',
-                'django.contrib.contenttypes',
-                'django.contrib.messages',
+                "admin_scripts.complex_app",
+                "admin_scripts.simple_app",
+                "django.contrib.admin.apps.SimpleAdminConfig",
+                "django.contrib.auth",
+                "django.contrib.contenttypes",
+                "django.contrib.messages",
             ],
             sdict={
-                'DEBUG': True,
-                'MIDDLEWARE': [
-                    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
-                    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
-                    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
+                "DEBUG": True,
+                "MIDDLEWARE": [
+                    "django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware",
+                    "django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware",
+                    "django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware",
                 ],
-                'TEMPLATES': [
+                "TEMPLATES": [
                     {
-                        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-                        'DIRS': [],
-                        'APP_DIRS': True,
-                        'OPTIONS': {
-                            'context_processors': [
-                                'django.template.context_processors.request',
-                                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
-                                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
+                        "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                        "DIRS": [],
+                        "APP_DIRS": True,
+                        "OPTIONS": {
+                            "context_processors": [
+                                "django.template.context_processors.request",
+                                "django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth",
+                                "django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages",
                             ],
                         },
                     },
                 ],
-            }
+            },
         )
-        args = ['check']
+        args = ["check"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
-        self.assertEqual(out, 'System check identified no issues (0 silenced).\n')
+        self.assertEqual(out, "System check identified no issues (0 silenced).\n")
 
     def test_app_with_import(self):
-        """ manage.py check does not raise errors when an app imports a base
-        class that itself has an abstract base. """
+        """manage.py check does not raise errors when an app imports a base
+        class that itself has an abstract base."""
 
         self.write_settings(
-            'settings.py',
+            "settings.py",
             apps=[
-                'admin_scripts.app_with_import',
-                'django.contrib.auth',
-                'django.contrib.contenttypes',
-                'django.contrib.sites',
+                "admin_scripts.app_with_import",
+                "django.contrib.auth",
+                "django.contrib.contenttypes",
+                "django.contrib.sites",
             ],
-            sdict={'DEBUG': True},
+            sdict={"DEBUG": True},
         )
-        args = ['check']
+        args = ["check"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
-        self.assertEqual(out, 'System check identified no issues (0 silenced).\n')
+        self.assertEqual(out, "System check identified no issues (0 silenced).\n")
 
     def test_output_format(self):
-        """ All errors/warnings should be sorted by level and by message. """
+        """All errors/warnings should be sorted by level and by message."""
 
         self.write_settings(
-            'settings.py',
+            "settings.py",
             apps=[
-                'admin_scripts.app_raising_messages',
-                'django.contrib.auth',
-                'django.contrib.contenttypes',
+                "admin_scripts.app_raising_messages",
+                "django.contrib.auth",
+                "django.contrib.contenttypes",
             ],
-            sdict={'DEBUG': True},
+            sdict={"DEBUG": True},
         )
-        args = ['check']
+        args = ["check"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         expected_err = (
             "SystemCheckError: System check identified some issues:\n"
@@ -1215,15 +1274,15 @@ class ManageCheck(AdminScriptTestCase):
         """
 
         self.write_settings(
-            'settings.py',
+            "settings.py",
             apps=[
-                'admin_scripts.app_raising_warning',
-                'django.contrib.auth',
-                'django.contrib.contenttypes',
+                "admin_scripts.app_raising_warning",
+                "django.contrib.auth",
+                "django.contrib.contenttypes",
             ],
-            sdict={'DEBUG': True},
+            sdict={"DEBUG": True},
         )
-        args = ['check']
+        args = ["check"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         expected_err = (
             "System check identified some issues:\n"  # No "CommandError: " part
@@ -1254,101 +1313,104 @@ class ManageRunserver(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_runserver_addrport(self):
         call_command(self.cmd)
-        self.assertServerSettings('127.0.0.1', '8000')
+        self.assertServerSettings("127.0.0.1", "8000")
 
         call_command(self.cmd, addrport="1.2.3.4:8000")
-        self.assertServerSettings('1.2.3.4', '8000')
+        self.assertServerSettings("1.2.3.4", "8000")
 
         call_command(self.cmd, addrport="7000")
-        self.assertServerSettings('127.0.0.1', '7000')
+        self.assertServerSettings("127.0.0.1", "7000")
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(socket.has_ipv6, "platform doesn't support IPv6")
     def test_runner_addrport_ipv6(self):
         call_command(self.cmd, addrport="", use_ipv6=True)
-        self.assertServerSettings('::1', '8000', ipv6=True, raw_ipv6=True)
+        self.assertServerSettings("::1", "8000", ipv6=True, raw_ipv6=True)
 
         call_command(self.cmd, addrport="7000", use_ipv6=True)
-        self.assertServerSettings('::1', '7000', ipv6=True, raw_ipv6=True)
+        self.assertServerSettings("::1", "7000", ipv6=True, raw_ipv6=True)
 
         call_command(self.cmd, addrport="[2001:0db8:1234:5678::9]:7000")
-        self.assertServerSettings('2001:0db8:1234:5678::9', '7000', ipv6=True, raw_ipv6=True)
+        self.assertServerSettings(
+            "2001:0db8:1234:5678::9", "7000", ipv6=True, raw_ipv6=True
+        )
 
     def test_runner_hostname(self):
         call_command(self.cmd, addrport="localhost:8000")
-        self.assertServerSettings('localhost', '8000')
+        self.assertServerSettings("localhost", "8000")
 
         call_command(self.cmd, addrport="test.domain.local:7000")
-        self.assertServerSettings('test.domain.local', '7000')
+        self.assertServerSettings("test.domain.local", "7000")
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(socket.has_ipv6, "platform doesn't support IPv6")
     def test_runner_hostname_ipv6(self):
         call_command(self.cmd, addrport="test.domain.local:7000", use_ipv6=True)
-        self.assertServerSettings('test.domain.local', '7000', ipv6=True)
+        self.assertServerSettings("test.domain.local", "7000", ipv6=True)
 
     def test_runner_custom_defaults(self):
-        self.cmd.default_addr = '0.0.0.0'
-        self.cmd.default_port = '5000'
+        self.cmd.default_addr = "0.0.0.0"
+        self.cmd.default_port = "5000"
         call_command(self.cmd)
-        self.assertServerSettings('0.0.0.0', '5000')
+        self.assertServerSettings("0.0.0.0", "5000")
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(socket.has_ipv6, "platform doesn't support IPv6")
     def test_runner_custom_defaults_ipv6(self):
-        self.cmd.default_addr_ipv6 = '::'
+        self.cmd.default_addr_ipv6 = "::"
         call_command(self.cmd, use_ipv6=True)
-        self.assertServerSettings('::', '8000', ipv6=True, raw_ipv6=True)
+        self.assertServerSettings("::", "8000", ipv6=True, raw_ipv6=True)
 
     def test_runner_ambiguous(self):
         # Only 4 characters, all of which could be in an ipv6 address
         call_command(self.cmd, addrport="beef:7654")
-        self.assertServerSettings('beef', '7654')
+        self.assertServerSettings("beef", "7654")
 
         # Uses only characters that could be in an ipv6 address
         call_command(self.cmd, addrport="deadbeef:7654")
-        self.assertServerSettings('deadbeef', '7654')
+        self.assertServerSettings("deadbeef", "7654")
 
     def test_no_database(self):
         """
         Ensure runserver.check_migrations doesn't choke on empty DATABASES.
         """
         tested_connections = ConnectionHandler({})
-        with mock.patch('django.core.management.base.connections', new=tested_connections):
+        with mock.patch(
+            "django.core.management.base.connections", new=tested_connections
+        ):
             self.cmd.check_migrations()
 
     def test_readonly_database(self):
         """
         runserver.check_migrations() doesn't choke when a database is read-only.
         """
-        with mock.patch.object(MigrationRecorder, 'has_table', return_value=False):
+        with mock.patch.object(MigrationRecorder, "has_table", return_value=False):
             self.cmd.check_migrations()
         # You have # ...
-        self.assertIn('unapplied migration(s)', self.output.getvalue())
+        self.assertIn("unapplied migration(s)", self.output.getvalue())
 
-    @mock.patch('django.core.management.commands.runserver.run')
-    @mock.patch('django.core.management.base.BaseCommand.check_migrations')
-    @mock.patch('django.core.management.base.BaseCommand.check')
+    @mock.patch("django.core.management.commands.runserver.run")
+    @mock.patch("django.core.management.base.BaseCommand.check_migrations")
+    @mock.patch("django.core.management.base.BaseCommand.check")
     def test_skip_checks(self, mocked_check, *mocked_objects):
         call_command(
-            'runserver',
+            "runserver",
             use_reloader=False,
             skip_checks=True,
             stdout=self.output,
         )
-        self.assertNotIn('Performing system checks...', self.output.getvalue())
+        self.assertNotIn("Performing system checks...", self.output.getvalue())
         mocked_check.assert_not_called()
 
         self.output.truncate(0)
         call_command(
-            'runserver',
+            "runserver",
             use_reloader=False,
             skip_checks=False,
             stdout=self.output,
         )
-        self.assertIn('Performing system checks...', self.output.getvalue())
+        self.assertIn("Performing system checks...", self.output.getvalue())
         mocked_check.assert_called()
 
 
 class ManageRunserverMigrationWarning(TestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.stdout = StringIO()
         self.runserver_command = RunserverCommand(stdout=self.stdout)
@@ -1357,8 +1419,8 @@ class ManageRunserverMigrationWarning(TestCase):
     def test_migration_warning_one_app(self):
         self.runserver_command.check_migrations()
         output = self.stdout.getvalue()
-        self.assertIn('You have 1 unapplied migration(s)', output)
-        self.assertIn('apply the migrations for app(s): app_waiting_migration.', output)
+        self.assertIn("You have 1 unapplied migration(s)", output)
+        self.assertIn("apply the migrations for app(s): app_waiting_migration.", output)
 
     @override_settings(
         INSTALLED_APPS=[
@@ -1369,56 +1431,71 @@ class ManageRunserverMigrationWarning(TestCase):
     def test_migration_warning_multiple_apps(self):
         self.runserver_command.check_migrations()
         output = self.stdout.getvalue()
-        self.assertIn('You have 2 unapplied migration(s)', output)
+        self.assertIn("You have 2 unapplied migration(s)", output)
         self.assertIn(
-            'apply the migrations for app(s): another_app_waiting_migration, '
-            'app_waiting_migration.', output
+            "apply the migrations for app(s): another_app_waiting_migration, "
+            "app_waiting_migration.",
+            output,
         )
 
 
 class ManageRunserverEmptyAllowedHosts(AdminScriptTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        self.write_settings('settings.py', sdict={
-            'ALLOWED_HOSTS': [],
-            'DEBUG': False,
-        })
+        self.write_settings(
+            "settings.py",
+            sdict={
+                "ALLOWED_HOSTS": [],
+                "DEBUG": False,
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_empty_allowed_hosts_error(self):
-        out, err = self.run_manage(['runserver'])
+        out, err = self.run_manage(["runserver"])
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
-        self.assertOutput(err, 'CommandError: You must set settings.ALLOWED_HOSTS if DEBUG is False.')
+        self.assertOutput(
+            err, "CommandError: You must set settings.ALLOWED_HOSTS if DEBUG is False."
+        )
 
 
 class ManageRunserverHelpOutput(AdminScriptTestCase):
     def test_suppressed_options(self):
         """runserver doesn't support --verbosity and --trackback options."""
-        out, err = self.run_manage(['runserver', '--help'])
-        self.assertNotInOutput(out, '--verbosity')
-        self.assertNotInOutput(out, '--trackback')
-        self.assertOutput(out, '--settings')
+        out, err = self.run_manage(["runserver", "--help"])
+        self.assertNotInOutput(out, "--verbosity")
+        self.assertNotInOutput(out, "--trackback")
+        self.assertOutput(out, "--settings")
 
 
 class ManageTestserver(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @mock.patch.object(TestserverCommand, 'handle', return_value='')
+    @mock.patch.object(TestserverCommand, "handle", return_value="")
     def test_testserver_handle_params(self, mock_handle):
         out = StringIO()
-        call_command('testserver', 'blah.json', stdout=out)
+        call_command("testserver", "blah.json", stdout=out)
         mock_handle.assert_called_with(
-            'blah.json',
-            stdout=out, settings=None, pythonpath=None, verbosity=1,
-            traceback=False, addrport='', no_color=False, use_ipv6=False,
-            skip_checks=True, interactive=True, force_color=False,
+            "blah.json",
+            stdout=out,
+            settings=None,
+            pythonpath=None,
+            verbosity=1,
+            traceback=False,
+            addrport="",
+            no_color=False,
+            use_ipv6=False,
+            skip_checks=True,
+            interactive=True,
+            force_color=False,
         )
 
-    @mock.patch('django.db.connection.creation.create_test_db', return_value='test_db')
-    @mock.patch.object(LoaddataCommand, 'handle', return_value='')
-    @mock.patch.object(RunserverCommand, 'handle', return_value='')
-    def test_params_to_runserver(self, mock_runserver_handle, mock_loaddata_handle, mock_create_test_db):
-        call_command('testserver', 'blah.json')
+    @mock.patch("django.db.connection.creation.create_test_db", return_value="test_db")
+    @mock.patch.object(LoaddataCommand, "handle", return_value="")
+    @mock.patch.object(RunserverCommand, "handle", return_value="")
+    def test_params_to_runserver(
+        self, mock_runserver_handle, mock_loaddata_handle, mock_create_test_db
+    ):
+        call_command("testserver", "blah.json")
         mock_runserver_handle.assert_called_with(
-            addrport='',
+            addrport="",
             force_color=False,
             insecure_serving=False,
             no_color=False,
@@ -1447,113 +1524,118 @@ class ColorCommand(BaseCommand):
     requires_system_checks = []
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
-        self.stdout.write('Hello, world!', self.style.ERROR)
-        self.stderr.write('Hello, world!', self.style.ERROR)
+        self.stdout.write("Hello, world!", self.style.ERROR)
+        self.stderr.write("Hello, world!", self.style.ERROR)
 
 
 class CommandTypes(AdminScriptTestCase):
     "Tests for the various types of base command types that can be defined."
+
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        self.write_settings('settings.py')
+        self.write_settings("settings.py")
 
     def test_version(self):
         "version is handled as a special case"
-        args = ['version']
+        args = ["version"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, get_version())
 
     def test_version_alternative(self):
         "--version is equivalent to version"
-        args1, args2 = ['version'], ['--version']
+        args1, args2 = ["version"], ["--version"]
         # It's possible one outputs on stderr and the other on stdout, hence the set
         self.assertEqual(set(self.run_manage(args1)), set(self.run_manage(args2)))
 
     def test_help(self):
         "help is handled as a special case"
-        args = ['help']
+        args = ["help"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
-        self.assertOutput(out, "Type 'manage.py help <subcommand>' for help on a specific subcommand.")
-        self.assertOutput(out, '[django]')
-        self.assertOutput(out, 'startapp')
-        self.assertOutput(out, 'startproject')
+        self.assertOutput(
+            out, "Type 'manage.py help <subcommand>' for help on a specific subcommand."
+        )
+        self.assertOutput(out, "[django]")
+        self.assertOutput(out, "startapp")
+        self.assertOutput(out, "startproject")
 
     def test_help_commands(self):
         "help --commands shows the list of all available commands"
-        args = ['help', '--commands']
+        args = ["help", "--commands"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
-        self.assertNotInOutput(out, 'usage:')
-        self.assertNotInOutput(out, 'Options:')
-        self.assertNotInOutput(out, '[django]')
-        self.assertOutput(out, 'startapp')
-        self.assertOutput(out, 'startproject')
-        self.assertNotInOutput(out, '\n\n')
+        self.assertNotInOutput(out, "usage:")
+        self.assertNotInOutput(out, "Options:")
+        self.assertNotInOutput(out, "[django]")
+        self.assertOutput(out, "startapp")
+        self.assertOutput(out, "startproject")
+        self.assertNotInOutput(out, "\n\n")
 
     def test_help_alternative(self):
         "--help is equivalent to help"
-        args1, args2 = ['help'], ['--help']
+        args1, args2 = ["help"], ["--help"]
         self.assertEqual(self.run_manage(args1), self.run_manage(args2))
 
     def test_help_short_altert(self):
         "-h is handled as a short form of --help"
-        args1, args2 = ['--help'], ['-h']
+        args1, args2 = ["--help"], ["-h"]
         self.assertEqual(self.run_manage(args1), self.run_manage(args2))
 
     def test_specific_help(self):
         "--help can be used on a specific command"
-        args = ['check', '--help']
+        args = ["check", "--help"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         # Command-specific options like --tag appear before options common to
         # all commands like --version.
-        tag_location = out.find('--tag')
-        version_location = out.find('--version')
+        tag_location = out.find("--tag")
+        version_location = out.find("--version")
         self.assertNotEqual(tag_location, -1)
         self.assertNotEqual(version_location, -1)
         self.assertLess(tag_location, version_location)
-        self.assertOutput(out, "Checks the entire Django project for potential problems.")
+        self.assertOutput(
+            out, "Checks the entire Django project for potential problems."
+        )
 
     def test_help_default_options_with_custom_arguments(self):
-        args = ['base_command', '--help']
+        args = ["base_command", "--help"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         expected_options = [
-            '-h',
-            '--option_a OPTION_A',
-            '--option_b OPTION_B',
-            '--option_c OPTION_C',
-            '--version',
-            '-v {0,1,2,3}',
-            '--settings SETTINGS',
-            '--pythonpath PYTHONPATH',
-            '--traceback',
-            '--no-color',
-            '--force-color',
-            'args ...',
+            "-h",
+            "--option_a OPTION_A",
+            "--option_b OPTION_B",
+            "--option_c OPTION_C",
+            "--version",
+            "-v {0,1,2,3}",
+            "--settings SETTINGS",
+            "--pythonpath PYTHONPATH",
+            "--traceback",
+            "--no-color",
+            "--force-color",
+            "args ...",
         ]
         for option in expected_options:
-            self.assertOutput(out, f'[{option}]')
-        self.assertOutput(out, '--option_a OPTION_A, -a OPTION_A')
-        self.assertOutput(out, '--option_b OPTION_B, -b OPTION_B')
-        self.assertOutput(out, '--option_c OPTION_C, -c OPTION_C')
-        self.assertOutput(out, '-v {0,1,2,3}, --verbosity {0,1,2,3}')
+            self.assertOutput(out, f"[{option}]")
+        self.assertOutput(out, "--option_a OPTION_A, -a OPTION_A")
+        self.assertOutput(out, "--option_b OPTION_B, -b OPTION_B")
+        self.assertOutput(out, "--option_c OPTION_C, -c OPTION_C")
+        self.assertOutput(out, "-v {0,1,2,3}, --verbosity {0,1,2,3}")
 
     def test_color_style(self):
         style = color.no_style()
-        self.assertEqual(style.ERROR('Hello, world!'), 'Hello, world!')
+        self.assertEqual(style.ERROR("Hello, world!"), "Hello, world!")
 
-        style = color.make_style('nocolor')
-        self.assertEqual(style.ERROR('Hello, world!'), 'Hello, world!')
+        style = color.make_style("nocolor")
+        self.assertEqual(style.ERROR("Hello, world!"), "Hello, world!")
 
-        style = color.make_style('dark')
-        self.assertIn('Hello, world!', style.ERROR('Hello, world!'))
-        self.assertNotEqual(style.ERROR('Hello, world!'), 'Hello, world!')
+        style = color.make_style("dark")
+        self.assertIn("Hello, world!", style.ERROR("Hello, world!"))
+        self.assertNotEqual(style.ERROR("Hello, world!"), "Hello, world!")
 
         # Default palette has color.
-        style = color.make_style('')
-        self.assertIn('Hello, world!', style.ERROR('Hello, world!'))
-        self.assertNotEqual(style.ERROR('Hello, world!'), 'Hello, world!')
+        style = color.make_style("")
+        self.assertIn("Hello, world!", style.ERROR("Hello, world!"))
+        self.assertNotEqual(style.ERROR("Hello, world!"), "Hello, world!")
 
     def test_command_color(self):
         out = StringIO()
@@ -1561,13 +1643,13 @@ class CommandTypes(AdminScriptTestCase):
         command = ColorCommand(stdout=out, stderr=err)
         call_command(command)
         if color.supports_color():
-            self.assertIn('Hello, world!\n', out.getvalue())
-            self.assertIn('Hello, world!\n', err.getvalue())
-            self.assertNotEqual(out.getvalue(), 'Hello, world!\n')
-            self.assertNotEqual(err.getvalue(), 'Hello, world!\n')
+            self.assertIn("Hello, world!\n", out.getvalue())
+            self.assertIn("Hello, world!\n", err.getvalue())
+            self.assertNotEqual(out.getvalue(), "Hello, world!\n")
+            self.assertNotEqual(err.getvalue(), "Hello, world!\n")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'Hello, world!\n')
-            self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), 'Hello, world!\n')
+            self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), "Hello, world!\n")
+            self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), "Hello, world!\n")
 
     def test_command_no_color(self):
         "--no-color prevent colorization of the output"
@@ -1575,33 +1657,33 @@ class CommandTypes(AdminScriptTestCase):
         err = StringIO()
         command = ColorCommand(stdout=out, stderr=err, no_color=True)
         call_command(command)
-        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'Hello, world!\n')
-        self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), 'Hello, world!\n')
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), "Hello, world!\n")
+        self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), "Hello, world!\n")
 
         out = StringIO()
         err = StringIO()
         command = ColorCommand(stdout=out, stderr=err)
         call_command(command, no_color=True)
-        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'Hello, world!\n')
-        self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), 'Hello, world!\n')
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), "Hello, world!\n")
+        self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), "Hello, world!\n")
 
     def test_force_color_execute(self):
         out = StringIO()
         err = StringIO()
-        with mock.patch.object(sys.stdout, 'isatty', lambda: False):
+        with mock.patch.object(sys.stdout, "isatty", lambda: False):
             command = ColorCommand(stdout=out, stderr=err)
             call_command(command, force_color=True)
-        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), '\x1b[31;1mHello, world!\n\x1b[0m')
-        self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), '\x1b[31;1mHello, world!\n\x1b[0m')
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), "\x1b[31;1mHello, world!\n\x1b[0m")
+        self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), "\x1b[31;1mHello, world!\n\x1b[0m")
 
     def test_force_color_command_init(self):
         out = StringIO()
         err = StringIO()
-        with mock.patch.object(sys.stdout, 'isatty', lambda: False):
+        with mock.patch.object(sys.stdout, "isatty", lambda: False):
             command = ColorCommand(stdout=out, stderr=err, force_color=True)
             call_command(command)
-        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), '\x1b[31;1mHello, world!\n\x1b[0m')
-        self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), '\x1b[31;1mHello, world!\n\x1b[0m')
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), "\x1b[31;1mHello, world!\n\x1b[0m")
+        self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), "\x1b[31;1mHello, world!\n\x1b[0m")
 
     def test_no_color_force_color_mutually_exclusive_execute(self):
         msg = "The --no-color and --force-color options can't be used together."
@@ -1649,37 +1731,37 @@ class CommandTypes(AdminScriptTestCase):
 
     def test_base_command(self):
         "User BaseCommands can execute when a label is provided"
-        args = ['base_command', 'testlabel']
+        args = ["base_command", "testlabel"]
         expected_labels = "('testlabel',)"
         self._test_base_command(args, expected_labels)
 
     def test_base_command_no_label(self):
         "User BaseCommands can execute when no labels are provided"
-        args = ['base_command']
+        args = ["base_command"]
         expected_labels = "()"
         self._test_base_command(args, expected_labels)
 
     def test_base_command_multiple_label(self):
         "User BaseCommands can execute when no labels are provided"
-        args = ['base_command', 'testlabel', 'anotherlabel']
+        args = ["base_command", "testlabel", "anotherlabel"]
         expected_labels = "('testlabel', 'anotherlabel')"
         self._test_base_command(args, expected_labels)
 
     def test_base_command_with_option(self):
         "User BaseCommands can execute with options when a label is provided"
-        args = ['base_command', 'testlabel', '--option_a=x']
+        args = ["base_command", "testlabel", "--option_a=x"]
         expected_labels = "('testlabel',)"
         self._test_base_command(args, expected_labels, option_a="'x'")
 
     def test_base_command_with_options(self):
         "User BaseCommands can execute with multiple options when a label is provided"
-        args = ['base_command', 'testlabel', '-a', 'x', '--option_b=y']
+        args = ["base_command", "testlabel", "-a", "x", "--option_b=y"]
         expected_labels = "('testlabel',)"
         self._test_base_command(args, expected_labels, option_a="'x'", option_b="'y'")
 
     def test_base_command_with_wrong_option(self):
         "User BaseCommands outputs command usage when wrong option is specified"
-        args = ['base_command', '--invalid']
+        args = ["base_command", "--invalid"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "usage: manage.py base_command")
@@ -1693,7 +1775,8 @@ class CommandTypes(AdminScriptTestCase):
             "options=[('force_color', False), ('no_color', False), "
             "('option_a', %s), ('option_b', %s), ('option_c', '3'), "
             "('pythonpath', None), ('settings', None), ('traceback', False), "
-            "('verbosity', 1)]") % (labels, option_a, option_b)
+            "('verbosity', 1)]"
+        ) % (labels, option_a, option_b)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, expected_out)
 
@@ -1713,7 +1796,7 @@ class CommandTypes(AdminScriptTestCase):
         # If the Exception is not CommandError it should always
         # raise the original exception.
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            command.run_from_argv(['', ''])
+            command.run_from_argv(["", ""])
 
         # If the Exception is CommandError and --traceback is not present
         # this command should raise a SystemExit and don't print any
@@ -1721,7 +1804,7 @@ class CommandTypes(AdminScriptTestCase):
         command.execute = raise_command_error
         err.truncate(0)
         with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
-            command.run_from_argv(['', ''])
+            command.run_from_argv(["", ""])
         err_message = err.getvalue()
         self.assertNotIn("Traceback", err_message)
         self.assertIn("CommandError", err_message)
@@ -1731,13 +1814,14 @@ class CommandTypes(AdminScriptTestCase):
         # were not a CommandError.
         err.truncate(0)
         with self.assertRaises(CommandError):
-            command.run_from_argv(['', '', '--traceback'])
+            command.run_from_argv(["", "", "--traceback"])
 
     def test_run_from_argv_non_ascii_error(self):
         """
         Non-ASCII message of CommandError does not raise any
         UnicodeDecodeError in run_from_argv.
         """
+
         def raise_command_error(*args, **kwargs):
             raise CommandError("Erreur personnalisée")
 
@@ -1745,7 +1829,7 @@ class CommandTypes(AdminScriptTestCase):
         command.execute = raise_command_error
 
         with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
-            command.run_from_argv(['', ''])
+            command.run_from_argv(["", ""])
 
     def test_run_from_argv_closes_connections(self):
         """
@@ -1755,32 +1839,32 @@ class CommandTypes(AdminScriptTestCase):
         command = BaseCommand()
         command.check = lambda: []
         command.handle = lambda *args, **kwargs: args
-        with mock.patch('django.core.management.base.connections') as mock_connections:
-            command.run_from_argv(['', ''])
+        with mock.patch("django.core.management.base.connections") as mock_connections:
+            command.run_from_argv(["", ""])
         # Test connections have been closed
         self.assertTrue(mock_connections.close_all.called)
 
     def test_noargs(self):
         "NoArg Commands can be executed"
-        args = ['noargs_command']
+        args = ["noargs_command"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(
             out,
             "EXECUTE: noargs_command options=[('force_color', False), "
             "('no_color', False), ('pythonpath', None), ('settings', None), "
-            "('traceback', False), ('verbosity', 1)]"
+            "('traceback', False), ('verbosity', 1)]",
         )
 
     def test_noargs_with_args(self):
         "NoArg Commands raise an error if an argument is provided"
-        args = ['noargs_command', 'argument']
+        args = ["noargs_command", "argument"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertOutput(err, "error: unrecognized arguments: argument")
 
     def test_app_command(self):
         "User AppCommands can execute when a single app name is provided"
-        args = ['app_command', 'auth']
+        args = ["app_command", "auth"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "EXECUTE:AppCommand name=django.contrib.auth, options=")
@@ -1788,18 +1872,18 @@ class CommandTypes(AdminScriptTestCase):
             out,
             ", options=[('force_color', False), ('no_color', False), "
             "('pythonpath', None), ('settings', None), ('traceback', False), "
-            "('verbosity', 1)]"
+            "('verbosity', 1)]",
         )
 
     def test_app_command_no_apps(self):
         "User AppCommands raise an error when no app name is provided"
-        args = ['app_command']
+        args = ["app_command"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
-        self.assertOutput(err, 'error: Enter at least one application label.')
+        self.assertOutput(err, "error: Enter at least one application label.")
 
     def test_app_command_multiple_apps(self):
         "User AppCommands raise an error when multiple app names are provided"
-        args = ['app_command', 'auth', 'contenttypes']
+        args = ["app_command", "auth", "contenttypes"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "EXECUTE:AppCommand name=django.contrib.auth, options=")
@@ -1807,82 +1891,84 @@ class CommandTypes(AdminScriptTestCase):
             out,
             ", options=[('force_color', False), ('no_color', False), "
             "('pythonpath', None), ('settings', None), ('traceback', False), "
-            "('verbosity', 1)]"
+            "('verbosity', 1)]",
+        )
+        self.assertOutput(
+            out, "EXECUTE:AppCommand name=django.contrib.contenttypes, options="
         )
-        self.assertOutput(out, "EXECUTE:AppCommand name=django.contrib.contenttypes, options=")
         self.assertOutput(
             out,
             ", options=[('force_color', False), ('no_color', False), "
             "('pythonpath', None), ('settings', None), ('traceback', False), "
-            "('verbosity', 1)]"
+            "('verbosity', 1)]",
         )
 
     def test_app_command_invalid_app_label(self):
         "User AppCommands can execute when a single app name is provided"
-        args = ['app_command', 'NOT_AN_APP']
+        args = ["app_command", "NOT_AN_APP"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No installed app with label 'NOT_AN_APP'.")
 
     def test_app_command_some_invalid_app_labels(self):
         "User AppCommands can execute when some of the provided app names are invalid"
-        args = ['app_command', 'auth', 'NOT_AN_APP']
+        args = ["app_command", "auth", "NOT_AN_APP"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertOutput(err, "No installed app with label 'NOT_AN_APP'.")
 
     def test_label_command(self):
         "User LabelCommands can execute when a label is provided"
-        args = ['label_command', 'testlabel']
+        args = ["label_command", "testlabel"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(
             out,
             "EXECUTE:LabelCommand label=testlabel, options=[('force_color', "
             "False), ('no_color', False), ('pythonpath', None), ('settings', "
-            "None), ('traceback', False), ('verbosity', 1)]"
+            "None), ('traceback', False), ('verbosity', 1)]",
         )
 
     def test_label_command_no_label(self):
         "User LabelCommands raise an error if no label is provided"
-        args = ['label_command']
+        args = ["label_command"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
-        self.assertOutput(err, 'Enter at least one label')
+        self.assertOutput(err, "Enter at least one label")
 
     def test_label_command_multiple_label(self):
         "User LabelCommands are executed multiple times if multiple labels are provided"
-        args = ['label_command', 'testlabel', 'anotherlabel']
+        args = ["label_command", "testlabel", "anotherlabel"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(
             out,
             "EXECUTE:LabelCommand label=testlabel, options=[('force_color', "
             "False), ('no_color', False), ('pythonpath', None), "
-            "('settings', None), ('traceback', False), ('verbosity', 1)]"
+            "('settings', None), ('traceback', False), ('verbosity', 1)]",
         )
         self.assertOutput(
             out,
             "EXECUTE:LabelCommand label=anotherlabel, options=[('force_color', "
             "False), ('no_color', False), ('pythonpath', None), "
-            "('settings', None), ('traceback', False), ('verbosity', 1)]"
+            "('settings', None), ('traceback', False), ('verbosity', 1)]",
         )
 
     def test_suppress_base_options_command_help(self):
-        args = ['suppress_base_options_command', '--help']
+        args = ["suppress_base_options_command", "--help"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
-        self.assertOutput(out, 'Test suppress base options command.')
-        self.assertNotInOutput(out, 'input file')
-        self.assertOutput(out, '-h, --help')
-        self.assertNotInOutput(out, '--version')
-        self.assertNotInOutput(out, '--verbosity')
-        self.assertNotInOutput(out, '-v {0,1,2,3}')
-        self.assertNotInOutput(out, '--settings')
-        self.assertNotInOutput(out, '--pythonpath')
-        self.assertNotInOutput(out, '--traceback')
-        self.assertNotInOutput(out, '--no-color')
-        self.assertNotInOutput(out, '--force-color')
+        self.assertOutput(out, "Test suppress base options command.")
+        self.assertNotInOutput(out, "input file")
+        self.assertOutput(out, "-h, --help")
+        self.assertNotInOutput(out, "--version")
+        self.assertNotInOutput(out, "--verbosity")
+        self.assertNotInOutput(out, "-v {0,1,2,3}")
+        self.assertNotInOutput(out, "--settings")
+        self.assertNotInOutput(out, "--pythonpath")
+        self.assertNotInOutput(out, "--traceback")
+        self.assertNotInOutput(out, "--no-color")
+        self.assertNotInOutput(out, "--force-color")
 
     def test_suppress_base_options_command_defaults(self):
-        args = ['suppress_base_options_command']
+        args = ["suppress_base_options_command"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(
@@ -1890,30 +1976,37 @@ class CommandTypes(AdminScriptTestCase):
             "EXECUTE:SuppressBaseOptionsCommand options=[('file', None), "
             "('force_color', False), ('no_color', False), "
             "('pythonpath', None), ('settings', None), "
-            "('traceback', False), ('verbosity', 1)]"
+            "('traceback', False), ('verbosity', 1)]",
         )
 
 
 class Discovery(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_precedence(self):
         """
         Apps listed first in INSTALLED_APPS have precedence.
         """
-        with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['admin_scripts.complex_app',
-                                           'admin_scripts.simple_app',
-                                           'django.contrib.auth',
-                                           'django.contrib.contenttypes']):
+        with self.settings(
+            INSTALLED_APPS=[
+                "admin_scripts.complex_app",
+                "admin_scripts.simple_app",
+                "django.contrib.auth",
+                "django.contrib.contenttypes",
+            ]
+        ):
             out = StringIO()
-            call_command('duplicate', stdout=out)
-            self.assertEqual(out.getvalue().strip(), 'complex_app')
-        with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['admin_scripts.simple_app',
-                                           'admin_scripts.complex_app',
-                                           'django.contrib.auth',
-                                           'django.contrib.contenttypes']):
+            call_command("duplicate", stdout=out)
+            self.assertEqual(out.getvalue().strip(), "complex_app")
+        with self.settings(
+            INSTALLED_APPS=[
+                "admin_scripts.simple_app",
+                "admin_scripts.complex_app",
+                "django.contrib.auth",
+                "django.contrib.contenttypes",
+            ]
+        ):
             out = StringIO()
-            call_command('duplicate', stdout=out)
-            self.assertEqual(out.getvalue().strip(), 'simple_app')
+            call_command("duplicate", stdout=out)
+            self.assertEqual(out.getvalue().strip(), "simple_app")
 
 
 class ArgumentOrder(AdminScriptTestCase):
@@ -1925,35 +2018,54 @@ class ArgumentOrder(AdminScriptTestCase):
     passed to the command parser, which extracts commands of interest to the
     individual command.
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        self.write_settings('settings.py', apps=['django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes'])
-        self.write_settings('alternate_settings.py')
+        self.write_settings(
+            "settings.py", apps=["django.contrib.auth", "django.contrib.contenttypes"]
+        )
+        self.write_settings("alternate_settings.py")
 
     def test_setting_then_option(self):
-        """ Options passed after settings are correctly handled. """
-        args = ['base_command', 'testlabel', '--settings=alternate_settings', '--option_a=x']
+        """Options passed after settings are correctly handled."""
+        args = [
+            "base_command",
+            "testlabel",
+            "--settings=alternate_settings",
+            "--option_a=x",
+        ]
         self._test(args)
 
     def test_setting_then_short_option(self):
-        """ Short options passed after settings are correctly handled. """
-        args = ['base_command', 'testlabel', '--settings=alternate_settings', '-a', 'x']
+        """Short options passed after settings are correctly handled."""
+        args = ["base_command", "testlabel", "--settings=alternate_settings", "-a", "x"]
         self._test(args)
 
     def test_option_then_setting(self):
-        """ Options passed before settings are correctly handled. """
-        args = ['base_command', 'testlabel', '--option_a=x', '--settings=alternate_settings']
+        """Options passed before settings are correctly handled."""
+        args = [
+            "base_command",
+            "testlabel",
+            "--option_a=x",
+            "--settings=alternate_settings",
+        ]
         self._test(args)
 
     def test_short_option_then_setting(self):
-        """ Short options passed before settings are correctly handled. """
-        args = ['base_command', 'testlabel', '-a', 'x', '--settings=alternate_settings']
+        """Short options passed before settings are correctly handled."""
+        args = ["base_command", "testlabel", "-a", "x", "--settings=alternate_settings"]
         self._test(args)
 
     def test_option_then_setting_then_option(self):
-        """ Options are correctly handled when they are passed before and after
-        a setting. """
-        args = ['base_command', 'testlabel', '--option_a=x', '--settings=alternate_settings', '--option_b=y']
+        """Options are correctly handled when they are passed before and after
+        a setting."""
+        args = [
+            "base_command",
+            "testlabel",
+            "--option_a=x",
+            "--settings=alternate_settings",
+            "--option_b=y",
+        ]
         self._test(args, option_b="'y'")
 
     def _test(self, args, option_b="'2'"):
@@ -1965,7 +2077,7 @@ class ArgumentOrder(AdminScriptTestCase):
             "('force_color', False), ('no_color', False), ('option_a', 'x'), "
             "('option_b', %s), ('option_c', '3'), ('pythonpath', None), "
             "('settings', 'alternate_settings'), ('traceback', False), "
-            "('verbosity', 1)]" % option_b
+            "('verbosity', 1)]" % option_b,
         )
 
 
@@ -1975,35 +2087,35 @@ class ExecuteFromCommandLine(SimpleTestCase):
         Program name is computed from the execute_from_command_line()'s argv
         argument, not sys.argv.
         """
-        args = ['help', 'shell']
+        args = ["help", "shell"]
         with captured_stdout() as out, captured_stderr() as err:
-            with mock.patch('sys.argv', [None] + args):
-                execute_from_command_line(['django-admin'] + args)
-        self.assertIn('usage: django-admin shell', out.getvalue())
-        self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), '')
+            with mock.patch("sys.argv", [None] + args):
+                execute_from_command_line(["django-admin"] + args)
+        self.assertIn("usage: django-admin shell", out.getvalue())
+        self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), "")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_scripts.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_scripts.urls")
 class StartProject(LiveServerTestCase, AdminScriptTestCase):
 
     available_apps = [
-        'admin_scripts',
-        'django.contrib.auth',
-        'django.contrib.contenttypes',
-        'django.contrib.sessions',
+        "admin_scripts",
+        "django.contrib.auth",
+        "django.contrib.contenttypes",
+        "django.contrib.sessions",
     ]
 
     def test_wrong_args(self):
         "Make sure passing the wrong kinds of arguments outputs an error and prints usage"
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(['startproject'])
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(["startproject"])
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "usage:")
         self.assertOutput(err, "You must provide a project name.")
 
     def test_simple_project(self):
         "Make sure the startproject management command creates a project"
-        args = ['startproject', 'testproject']
-        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'testproject')
+        args = ["startproject", "testproject"]
+        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "testproject")
 
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
@@ -2021,16 +2133,16 @@ class StartProject(LiveServerTestCase, AdminScriptTestCase):
 
     def test_invalid_project_name(self):
         "Make sure the startproject management command validates a project name"
-        for bad_name in ('7testproject', '../testproject'):
+        for bad_name in ("7testproject", "../testproject"):
             with self.subTest(project_name=bad_name):
-                args = ['startproject', bad_name]
+                args = ["startproject", bad_name]
                 testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, bad_name)
 
                 out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
                 self.assertOutput(
                     err,
                     "Error: '%s' is not a valid project name. Please make "
-                    "sure the name is a valid identifier." % bad_name
+                    "sure the name is a valid identifier." % bad_name,
                 )
                 self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(testproject_dir))
 
@@ -2039,8 +2151,8 @@ class StartProject(LiveServerTestCase, AdminScriptTestCase):
         startproject validates that project name doesn't clash with existing
         Python modules.
         """
-        bad_name = 'os'
-        args = ['startproject', bad_name]
+        bad_name = "os"
+        args = ["startproject", bad_name]
         testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, bad_name)
 
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
@@ -2048,19 +2160,19 @@ class StartProject(LiveServerTestCase, AdminScriptTestCase):
             err,
             "CommandError: 'os' conflicts with the name of an existing "
             "Python module and cannot be used as a project name. Please try "
-            "another name."
+            "another name.",
         )
         self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(testproject_dir))
 
     def test_simple_project_different_directory(self):
         "Make sure the startproject management command creates a project in a specific directory"
-        args = ['startproject', 'testproject', 'othertestproject']
-        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'othertestproject')
+        args = ["startproject", "testproject", "othertestproject"]
+        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "othertestproject")
         os.mkdir(testproject_dir)
 
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(testproject_dir, 'manage.py')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(testproject_dir, "manage.py")))
 
         # running again..
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
@@ -2068,133 +2180,160 @@ class StartProject(LiveServerTestCase, AdminScriptTestCase):
         self.assertOutput(
             err,
             "already exists. Overlaying a project into an existing directory "
-            "won't replace conflicting files."
+            "won't replace conflicting files.",
         )
 
     def test_custom_project_template(self):
         "Make sure the startproject management command is able to use a different project template"
-        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, 'project_template')
-        args = ['startproject', '--template', template_path, 'customtestproject']
-        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'customtestproject')
+        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, "project_template")
+        args = ["startproject", "--template", template_path, "customtestproject"]
+        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "customtestproject")
 
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(testproject_dir))
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(testproject_dir, 'additional_dir')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(testproject_dir, "additional_dir")))
 
     def test_template_dir_with_trailing_slash(self):
         "Ticket 17475: Template dir passed has a trailing path separator"
-        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, 'project_template' + os.sep)
-        args = ['startproject', '--template', template_path, 'customtestproject']
-        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'customtestproject')
+        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, "project_template" + os.sep)
+        args = ["startproject", "--template", template_path, "customtestproject"]
+        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "customtestproject")
 
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(testproject_dir))
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(testproject_dir, 'additional_dir')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(testproject_dir, "additional_dir")))
 
     def test_custom_project_template_from_tarball_by_path(self):
         "Make sure the startproject management command is able to use a different project template from a tarball"
-        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, 'project_template.tgz')
-        args = ['startproject', '--template', template_path, 'tarballtestproject']
-        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'tarballtestproject')
+        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, "project_template.tgz")
+        args = ["startproject", "--template", template_path, "tarballtestproject"]
+        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "tarballtestproject")
 
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(testproject_dir))
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(testproject_dir, 'run.py')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(testproject_dir, "run.py")))
 
     def test_custom_project_template_from_tarball_to_alternative_location(self):
         "Startproject can use a project template from a tarball and create it in a specified location"
-        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, 'project_template.tgz')
-        args = ['startproject', '--template', template_path, 'tarballtestproject', 'altlocation']
-        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'altlocation')
+        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, "project_template.tgz")
+        args = [
+            "startproject",
+            "--template",
+            template_path,
+            "tarballtestproject",
+            "altlocation",
+        ]
+        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "altlocation")
         os.mkdir(testproject_dir)
 
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(testproject_dir))
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(testproject_dir, 'run.py')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(testproject_dir, "run.py")))
 
     def test_custom_project_template_from_tarball_by_url(self):
         """
         The startproject management command is able to use a different project
         template from a tarball via a URL.
         """
-        template_url = '%s/custom_templates/project_template.tgz' % self.live_server_url
+        template_url = "%s/custom_templates/project_template.tgz" % self.live_server_url
 
-        args = ['startproject', '--template', template_url, 'urltestproject']
-        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'urltestproject')
+        args = ["startproject", "--template", template_url, "urltestproject"]
+        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "urltestproject")
 
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(testproject_dir))
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(testproject_dir, 'run.py')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(testproject_dir, "run.py")))
 
     def test_custom_project_template_from_tarball_by_url_django_user_agent(self):
         user_agent = None
 
         def serve_template(request, *args, **kwargs):
             nonlocal user_agent
-            user_agent = request.headers['User-Agent']
+            user_agent = request.headers["User-Agent"]
             return serve(request, *args, **kwargs)
 
         old_urlpatterns = urls.urlpatterns[:]
         try:
             urls.urlpatterns += [
                 path(
-                    'user_agent_check/<path:path>',
+                    "user_agent_check/<path:path>",
                     serve_template,
-                    {'document_root': os.path.join(urls.here, 'custom_templates')},
+                    {"document_root": os.path.join(urls.here, "custom_templates")},
                 ),
             ]
 
-            template_url = f'{self.live_server_url}/user_agent_check/project_template.tgz'
-            args = ['startproject', '--template', template_url, 'urltestproject']
+            template_url = (
+                f"{self.live_server_url}/user_agent_check/project_template.tgz"
+            )
+            args = ["startproject", "--template", template_url, "urltestproject"]
             _, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
 
             self.assertNoOutput(err)
-            self.assertIn('Django/%s' % get_version(), user_agent)
+            self.assertIn("Django/%s" % get_version(), user_agent)
         finally:
             urls.urlpatterns = old_urlpatterns
 
     def test_project_template_tarball_url(self):
         "Startproject management command handles project template tar/zip balls from non-canonical urls"
-        template_url = '%s/custom_templates/project_template.tgz/' % self.live_server_url
+        template_url = (
+            "%s/custom_templates/project_template.tgz/" % self.live_server_url
+        )
 
-        args = ['startproject', '--template', template_url, 'urltestproject']
-        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'urltestproject')
+        args = ["startproject", "--template", template_url, "urltestproject"]
+        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "urltestproject")
 
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(testproject_dir))
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(testproject_dir, 'run.py')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(testproject_dir, "run.py")))
 
     def test_file_without_extension(self):
         "Make sure the startproject management command is able to render custom files"
-        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, 'project_template')
-        args = ['startproject', '--template', template_path, 'customtestproject', '-e', 'txt', '-n', 'Procfile']
-        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'customtestproject')
+        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, "project_template")
+        args = [
+            "startproject",
+            "--template",
+            template_path,
+            "customtestproject",
+            "-e",
+            "txt",
+            "-n",
+            "Procfile",
+        ]
+        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "customtestproject")
 
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(testproject_dir))
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(testproject_dir, 'additional_dir')))
-        base_path = os.path.join(testproject_dir, 'additional_dir')
-        for f in ('Procfile', 'additional_file.py', 'requirements.txt'):
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(testproject_dir, "additional_dir")))
+        base_path = os.path.join(testproject_dir, "additional_dir")
+        for f in ("Procfile", "additional_file.py", "requirements.txt"):
             self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(base_path, f)))
             with open(os.path.join(base_path, f)) as fh:
-                self.assertEqual(fh.read().strip(), '# some file for customtestproject test project')
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    fh.read().strip(), "# some file for customtestproject test project"
+                )
 
     def test_custom_project_template_context_variables(self):
         "Make sure template context variables are rendered with proper values"
-        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, 'project_template')
-        args = ['startproject', '--template', template_path, 'another_project', 'project_dir']
-        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'project_dir')
+        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, "project_template")
+        args = [
+            "startproject",
+            "--template",
+            template_path,
+            "another_project",
+            "project_dir",
+        ]
+        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "project_dir")
         os.mkdir(testproject_dir)
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
-        test_manage_py = os.path.join(testproject_dir, 'manage.py')
+        test_manage_py = os.path.join(testproject_dir, "manage.py")
         with open(test_manage_py) as fp:
             content = fp.read()
             self.assertIn("project_name = 'another_project'", content)
@@ -2203,18 +2342,23 @@ class StartProject(LiveServerTestCase, AdminScriptTestCase):
     def test_no_escaping_of_project_variables(self):
         "Make sure template context variables are not html escaped"
         # We're using a custom command so we need the alternate settings
-        self.write_settings('alternate_settings.py')
-        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, 'project_template')
+        self.write_settings("alternate_settings.py")
+        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, "project_template")
         args = [
-            'custom_startproject', '--template', template_path,
-            'another_project', 'project_dir', '--extra', '<&>',
-            '--settings=alternate_settings',
+            "custom_startproject",
+            "--template",
+            template_path,
+            "another_project",
+            "project_dir",
+            "--extra",
+            "<&>",
+            "--settings=alternate_settings",
         ]
-        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'project_dir')
+        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "project_dir")
         os.mkdir(testproject_dir)
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
-        test_manage_py = os.path.join(testproject_dir, 'additional_dir', 'extra.py')
+        test_manage_py = os.path.join(testproject_dir, "additional_dir", "extra.py")
         with open(test_manage_py) as fp:
             content = fp.read()
             self.assertIn("<&>", content)
@@ -2224,12 +2368,22 @@ class StartProject(LiveServerTestCase, AdminScriptTestCase):
         Make sure an exception is raised when the provided
         destination directory doesn't exist
         """
-        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, 'project_template')
-        args = ['startproject', '--template', template_path, 'yet_another_project', 'project_dir2']
-        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'project_dir2')
+        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, "project_template")
+        args = [
+            "startproject",
+            "--template",
+            template_path,
+            "yet_another_project",
+            "project_dir2",
+        ]
+        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "project_dir2")
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
-        self.assertOutput(err, "Destination directory '%s' does not exist, please create it first." % testproject_dir)
+        self.assertOutput(
+            err,
+            "Destination directory '%s' does not exist, please create it first."
+            % testproject_dir,
+        )
         self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(testproject_dir))
 
     def test_custom_project_template_with_non_ascii_templates(self):
@@ -2237,35 +2391,42 @@ class StartProject(LiveServerTestCase, AdminScriptTestCase):
         The startproject management command is able to render templates with
         non-ASCII content.
         """
-        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, 'project_template')
-        args = ['startproject', '--template', template_path, '--extension=txt', 'customtestproject']
-        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'customtestproject')
+        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, "project_template")
+        args = [
+            "startproject",
+            "--template",
+            template_path,
+            "--extension=txt",
+            "customtestproject",
+        ]
+        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "customtestproject")
 
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(testproject_dir))
-        path = os.path.join(testproject_dir, 'ticket-18091-non-ascii-template.txt')
-        with open(path, encoding='utf-8') as f:
-            self.assertEqual(f.read().splitlines(False), [
-                'Some non-ASCII text for testing ticket #18091:',
-                'üäö €'])
+        path = os.path.join(testproject_dir, "ticket-18091-non-ascii-template.txt")
+        with open(path, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            self.assertEqual(
+                f.read().splitlines(False),
+                ["Some non-ASCII text for testing ticket #18091:", "üäö €"],
+            )
 
     def test_custom_project_template_hidden_directory_default_excluded(self):
         """Hidden directories are excluded by default."""
-        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, 'project_template')
+        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, "project_template")
         args = [
-            'startproject',
-            '--template',
+            "startproject",
+            "--template",
             template_path,
-            'custom_project_template_hidden_directories',
-            'project_dir',
+            "custom_project_template_hidden_directories",
+            "project_dir",
         ]
-        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'project_dir')
+        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "project_dir")
         os.mkdir(testproject_dir)
 
         _, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
-        hidden_dir = os.path.join(testproject_dir, '.hidden')
+        hidden_dir = os.path.join(testproject_dir, ".hidden")
         self.assertIs(os.path.exists(hidden_dir), False)
 
     def test_custom_project_template_hidden_directory_included(self):
@@ -2273,25 +2434,25 @@ class StartProject(LiveServerTestCase, AdminScriptTestCase):
         Template context variables in hidden directories are rendered, if not
         excluded.
         """
-        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, 'project_template')
-        project_name = 'custom_project_template_hidden_directories_included'
+        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, "project_template")
+        project_name = "custom_project_template_hidden_directories_included"
         args = [
-            'startproject',
-            '--template',
+            "startproject",
+            "--template",
             template_path,
             project_name,
-            'project_dir',
-            '--exclude',
+            "project_dir",
+            "--exclude",
         ]
-        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'project_dir')
+        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "project_dir")
         os.mkdir(testproject_dir)
 
         _, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
-        render_py_path = os.path.join(testproject_dir, '.hidden', 'render.py')
+        render_py_path = os.path.join(testproject_dir, ".hidden", "render.py")
         with open(render_py_path) as fp:
             self.assertIn(
-                f'# The {project_name} should be rendered.',
+                f"# The {project_name} should be rendered.",
                 fp.read(),
             )
 
@@ -2300,29 +2461,29 @@ class StartProject(LiveServerTestCase, AdminScriptTestCase):
         Excluded directories (in addition to .git and __pycache__) are not
         included in the project.
         """
-        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, 'project_template')
-        project_name = 'custom_project_with_excluded_directories'
+        template_path = os.path.join(custom_templates_dir, "project_template")
+        project_name = "custom_project_with_excluded_directories"
         args = [
-            'startproject',
-            '--template',
+            "startproject",
+            "--template",
             template_path,
             project_name,
-            'project_dir',
-            '--exclude',
-            'additional_dir',
-            '-x',
-            '.hidden',
+            "project_dir",
+            "--exclude",
+            "additional_dir",
+            "-x",
+            ".hidden",
         ]
-        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'project_dir')
+        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "project_dir")
         os.mkdir(testproject_dir)
 
         _, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         excluded_directories = [
-            '.hidden',
-            'additional_dir',
-            '.git',
-            '__pycache__',
+            ".hidden",
+            "additional_dir",
+            ".git",
+            "__pycache__",
         ]
         for directory in excluded_directories:
             self.assertIs(
@@ -2333,19 +2494,19 @@ class StartProject(LiveServerTestCase, AdminScriptTestCase):
         self.assertIs(os.path.exists(not_excluded), True)
 
     @unittest.skipIf(
-        sys.platform == 'win32',
-        'Windows only partially supports umasks and chmod.',
+        sys.platform == "win32",
+        "Windows only partially supports umasks and chmod.",
     )
     @unittest.skipUnless(PY39, "subprocess.run()'s umask was added in Python 3.9.")
     def test_honor_umask(self):
-        _, err = self.run_django_admin(['startproject', 'testproject'], umask=0o077)
+        _, err = self.run_django_admin(["startproject", "testproject"], umask=0o077)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
-        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'testproject')
+        testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "testproject")
         self.assertIs(os.path.isdir(testproject_dir), True)
         tests = [
-            (['manage.py'], 0o700),
-            (['testproject'], 0o700),
-            (['testproject', 'settings.py'], 0o600),
+            (["manage.py"], 0o700),
+            (["testproject"], 0o700),
+            (["testproject", "settings.py"], 0o600),
         ]
         for paths, expected_mode in tests:
             file_path = os.path.join(testproject_dir, *paths)
@@ -2357,19 +2518,18 @@ class StartProject(LiveServerTestCase, AdminScriptTestCase):
 
 
 class StartApp(AdminScriptTestCase):
-
     def test_invalid_name(self):
         """startapp validates that app name is a valid Python identifier."""
-        for bad_name in ('7testproject', '../testproject'):
+        for bad_name in ("7testproject", "../testproject"):
             with self.subTest(app_name=bad_name):
-                args = ['startapp', bad_name]
+                args = ["startapp", bad_name]
                 testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, bad_name)
 
                 out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
                 self.assertOutput(
                     err,
                     "CommandError: '{}' is not a valid app name. Please make "
-                    "sure the name is a valid identifier.".format(bad_name)
+                    "sure the name is a valid identifier.".format(bad_name),
                 )
                 self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(testproject_dir))
 
@@ -2378,8 +2538,8 @@ class StartApp(AdminScriptTestCase):
         startapp validates that app name doesn't clash with existing Python
         modules.
         """
-        bad_name = 'os'
-        args = ['startapp', bad_name]
+        bad_name = "os"
+        args = ["startapp", bad_name]
         testproject_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, bad_name)
 
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
@@ -2387,55 +2547,61 @@ class StartApp(AdminScriptTestCase):
             err,
             "CommandError: 'os' conflicts with the name of an existing "
             "Python module and cannot be used as an app name. Please try "
-            "another name."
+            "another name.",
         )
         self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(testproject_dir))
 
     def test_invalid_target_name(self):
-        for bad_target in ('invalid.dir_name', '7invalid_dir_name', '.invalid_dir_name'):
+        for bad_target in (
+            "invalid.dir_name",
+            "7invalid_dir_name",
+            ".invalid_dir_name",
+        ):
             with self.subTest(bad_target):
-                _, err = self.run_django_admin(['startapp', 'app', bad_target])
+                _, err = self.run_django_admin(["startapp", "app", bad_target])
                 self.assertOutput(
                     err,
                     "CommandError: '%s' is not a valid app directory. Please "
-                    "make sure the directory is a valid identifier." % bad_target
+                    "make sure the directory is a valid identifier." % bad_target,
                 )
 
     def test_importable_target_name(self):
-        _, err = self.run_django_admin(['startapp', 'app', 'os'])
+        _, err = self.run_django_admin(["startapp", "app", "os"])
         self.assertOutput(
             err,
             "CommandError: 'os' conflicts with the name of an existing Python "
             "module and cannot be used as an app directory. Please try "
-            "another directory."
+            "another directory.",
         )
 
     def test_trailing_slash_in_target_app_directory_name(self):
-        app_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'apps', 'app1')
+        app_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "apps", "app1")
         os.makedirs(app_dir)
-        _, err = self.run_django_admin(['startapp', 'app', os.path.join('apps', 'app1', '')])
+        _, err = self.run_django_admin(
+            ["startapp", "app", os.path.join("apps", "app1", "")]
+        )
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
-        self.assertIs(os.path.exists(os.path.join(app_dir, 'apps.py')), True)
+        self.assertIs(os.path.exists(os.path.join(app_dir, "apps.py")), True)
 
     def test_overlaying_app(self):
         # Use a subdirectory so it is outside the PYTHONPATH.
-        os.makedirs(os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'apps/app1'))
-        self.run_django_admin(['startapp', 'app1', 'apps/app1'])
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(['startapp', 'app2', 'apps/app1'])
+        os.makedirs(os.path.join(self.test_dir, "apps/app1"))
+        self.run_django_admin(["startapp", "app1", "apps/app1"])
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(["startapp", "app2", "apps/app1"])
         self.assertOutput(
             err,
             "already exists. Overlaying an app into an existing directory "
-            "won't replace conflicting files."
+            "won't replace conflicting files.",
         )
 
     def test_template(self):
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(['startapp', 'new_app'])
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(["startapp", "new_app"])
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
-        app_path = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'new_app')
+        app_path = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "new_app")
         self.assertIs(os.path.exists(app_path), True)
-        with open(os.path.join(app_path, 'apps.py')) as f:
+        with open(os.path.join(app_path, "apps.py")) as f:
             content = f.read()
-            self.assertIn('class NewAppConfig(AppConfig)', content)
+            self.assertIn("class NewAppConfig(AppConfig)", content)
             self.assertIn(
                 "default_auto_field = 'django.db.models.BigAutoField'",
                 content,
@@ -2448,31 +2614,35 @@ class DiffSettings(AdminScriptTestCase):
 
     def test_basic(self):
         """Runs without error and emits settings diff."""
-        self.write_settings('settings_to_diff.py', sdict={'FOO': '"bar"'})
-        args = ['diffsettings', '--settings=settings_to_diff']
+        self.write_settings("settings_to_diff.py", sdict={"FOO": '"bar"'})
+        args = ["diffsettings", "--settings=settings_to_diff"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "FOO = 'bar'  ###")
         # Attributes from django.conf.Settings don't appear.
-        self.assertNotInOutput(out, 'is_overridden = ')
+        self.assertNotInOutput(out, "is_overridden = ")
 
     def test_settings_configured(self):
-        out, err = self.run_manage(['diffsettings'], manage_py='configured_settings_manage.py')
+        out, err = self.run_manage(
+            ["diffsettings"], manage_py="configured_settings_manage.py"
+        )
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
-        self.assertOutput(out, 'CUSTOM = 1  ###\nDEBUG = True')
+        self.assertOutput(out, "CUSTOM = 1  ###\nDEBUG = True")
         # Attributes from django.conf.UserSettingsHolder don't appear.
-        self.assertNotInOutput(out, 'default_settings = ')
+        self.assertNotInOutput(out, "default_settings = ")
 
     def test_dynamic_settings_configured(self):
         # Custom default settings appear.
-        out, err = self.run_manage(['diffsettings'], manage_py='configured_dynamic_settings_manage.py')
+        out, err = self.run_manage(
+            ["diffsettings"], manage_py="configured_dynamic_settings_manage.py"
+        )
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "FOO = 'bar'  ###")
 
     def test_all(self):
         """The all option also shows settings with the default value."""
-        self.write_settings('settings_to_diff.py', sdict={'STATIC_URL': 'None'})
-        args = ['diffsettings', '--settings=settings_to_diff', '--all']
+        self.write_settings("settings_to_diff.py", sdict={"STATIC_URL": "None"})
+        args = ["diffsettings", "--settings=settings_to_diff", "--all"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "### STATIC_URL = None")
@@ -2482,17 +2652,27 @@ class DiffSettings(AdminScriptTestCase):
         The --default option specifies an alternate settings module for
         comparison.
         """
-        self.write_settings('settings_default.py', sdict={'FOO': '"foo"', 'BAR': '"bar1"'})
-        self.write_settings('settings_to_diff.py', sdict={'FOO': '"foo"', 'BAR': '"bar2"'})
-        out, err = self.run_manage(['diffsettings', '--settings=settings_to_diff', '--default=settings_default'])
+        self.write_settings(
+            "settings_default.py", sdict={"FOO": '"foo"', "BAR": '"bar1"'}
+        )
+        self.write_settings(
+            "settings_to_diff.py", sdict={"FOO": '"foo"', "BAR": '"bar2"'}
+        )
+        out, err = self.run_manage(
+            [
+                "diffsettings",
+                "--settings=settings_to_diff",
+                "--default=settings_default",
+            ]
+        )
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertNotInOutput(out, "FOO")
         self.assertOutput(out, "BAR = 'bar2'")
 
     def test_unified(self):
         """--output=unified emits settings diff in unified mode."""
-        self.write_settings('settings_to_diff.py', sdict={'FOO': '"bar"'})
-        args = ['diffsettings', '--settings=settings_to_diff', '--output=unified']
+        self.write_settings("settings_to_diff.py", sdict={"FOO": '"bar"'})
+        args = ["diffsettings", "--settings=settings_to_diff", "--output=unified"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "+ FOO = 'bar'")
@@ -2505,8 +2685,13 @@ class DiffSettings(AdminScriptTestCase):
         --output=unified --all emits settings diff in unified mode and includes
         settings with the default value.
         """
-        self.write_settings('settings_to_diff.py', sdict={'FOO': '"bar"'})
-        args = ['diffsettings', '--settings=settings_to_diff', '--output=unified', '--all']
+        self.write_settings("settings_to_diff.py", sdict={"FOO": '"bar"'})
+        args = [
+            "diffsettings",
+            "--settings=settings_to_diff",
+            "--output=unified",
+            "--all",
+        ]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "  APPEND_SLASH = True")
@@ -2519,14 +2704,14 @@ class Dumpdata(AdminScriptTestCase):
 
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        self.write_settings('settings.py')
+        self.write_settings("settings.py")
 
     def test_pks_parsing(self):
         """Regression for #20509
 
         Test would raise an exception rather than printing an error message.
         """
-        args = ['dumpdata', '--pks=1']
+        args = ["dumpdata", "--pks=1"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertOutput(err, "You can only use --pks option with one model")
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
@@ -2536,23 +2721,26 @@ class MainModule(AdminScriptTestCase):
     """python -m django works like django-admin."""
 
     def test_program_name_in_help(self):
-        out, err = self.run_test(['-m', 'django', 'help'])
-        self.assertOutput(out, "Type 'python -m django help <subcommand>' for help on a specific subcommand.")
+        out, err = self.run_test(["-m", "django", "help"])
+        self.assertOutput(
+            out,
+            "Type 'python -m django help <subcommand>' for help on a specific subcommand.",
+        )
 
 
 class DjangoAdminSuggestions(AdminScriptTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        self.write_settings('settings.py')
+        self.write_settings("settings.py")
 
     def test_suggestions(self):
-        args = ['rnserver', '--settings=test_project.settings']
+        args = ["rnserver", "--settings=test_project.settings"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
         self.assertOutput(err, "Unknown command: 'rnserver'. Did you mean runserver?")
 
     def test_no_suggestions(self):
-        args = ['abcdef', '--settings=test_project.settings']
+        args = ["abcdef", "--settings=test_project.settings"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
-        self.assertNotInOutput(err, 'Did you mean')
+        self.assertNotInOutput(err, "Did you mean")
diff --git a/tests/admin_scripts/urls.py b/tests/admin_scripts/urls.py
index b5bb443926..a6cc7fe1b5 100644
--- a/tests/admin_scripts/urls.py
+++ b/tests/admin_scripts/urls.py
@@ -6,6 +6,9 @@ from django.views.static import serve
 here = os.path.dirname(__file__)
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('custom_templates/<path:path>', serve, {
-         'document_root': os.path.join(here, 'custom_templates')}),
+    path(
+        "custom_templates/<path:path>",
+        serve,
+        {"document_root": os.path.join(here, "custom_templates")},
+    ),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/admin_utils/admin.py b/tests/admin_utils/admin.py
index 33c791769b..967f37faf3 100644
--- a/tests/admin_utils/admin.py
+++ b/tests/admin_utils/admin.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ class ArticleAdminForm(forms.ModelForm):
 
     class Meta:
         model = Article
-        fields = ['title']
+        fields = ["title"]
 
     @property
     def changed_data(self):
@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ class ArticleAdminForm(forms.ModelForm):
         if data:
             # Add arbitrary name to changed_data to test
             # change message construction.
-            return data + ['not_a_form_field']
+            return data + ["not_a_form_field"]
         return data
 
 
 class ArticleInline(admin.TabularInline):
     model = Article
-    fields = ['title']
+    fields = ["title"]
     form = ArticleAdminForm
 
 
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class SiteAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     inlines = [ArticleInline]
 
 
-site = admin.AdminSite(name='admin')
+site = admin.AdminSite(name="admin")
 site.register(Article)
 site.register(ArticleProxy)
 site.register(Site, SiteAdmin)
diff --git a/tests/admin_utils/models.py b/tests/admin_utils/models.py
index e57c3926b5..243f314b03 100644
--- a/tests/admin_utils/models.py
+++ b/tests/admin_utils/models.py
@@ -14,12 +14,13 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     """
     A simple Article model for testing
     """
+
     site = models.ForeignKey(Site, models.CASCADE, related_name="admin_articles")
     title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     hist = models.CharField(
         max_length=100,
-        verbose_name=_('History'),
-        help_text=_('History help text'),
+        verbose_name=_("History"),
+        help_text=_("History help text"),
     )
     created = models.DateTimeField(null=True)
 
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     def test_from_model(self):
         return "nothing"
 
-    @admin.display(description='not What you Expect')
+    @admin.display(description="not What you Expect")
     def test_from_model_with_override(self):
         return "nothing"
 
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ class ArticleProxy(Article):
 
 class Count(models.Model):
     num = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
-    parent = models.ForeignKey('self', models.CASCADE, null=True)
+    parent = models.ForeignKey("self", models.CASCADE, null=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return str(self.num)
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ class Event(models.Model):
 
 
 class Location(models.Model):
-    event = models.OneToOneField(Event, models.CASCADE, verbose_name='awesome event')
+    event = models.OneToOneField(Event, models.CASCADE, verbose_name="awesome event")
 
 
 class Guest(models.Model):
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ class VehicleMixin(Vehicle):
         Vehicle,
         models.CASCADE,
         parent_link=True,
-        related_name='vehicle_%(app_label)s_%(class)s',
+        related_name="vehicle_%(app_label)s_%(class)s",
     )
 
     class Meta:
diff --git a/tests/admin_utils/test_logentry.py b/tests/admin_utils/test_logentry.py
index 8d8f4ef9ee..c9f080c334 100644
--- a/tests/admin_utils/test_logentry.py
+++ b/tests/admin_utils/test_logentry.py
@@ -13,12 +13,14 @@ from django.utils.html import escape
 from .models import Article, ArticleProxy, Site
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_utils.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_utils.urls")
 class LogEntryTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.user = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.site = Site.objects.create(domain='example.org')
+        cls.user = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.site = Site.objects.create(domain="example.org")
         cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
             site=cls.site,
             title="Title",
@@ -26,8 +28,12 @@ class LogEntryTests(TestCase):
         )
         content_type_pk = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Article).pk
         LogEntry.objects.log_action(
-            cls.user.pk, content_type_pk, cls.a1.pk, repr(cls.a1), CHANGE,
-            change_message='Changed something'
+            cls.user.pk,
+            content_type_pk,
+            cls.a1.pk,
+            repr(cls.a1),
+            CHANGE,
+            change_message="Changed something",
         )
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -49,29 +55,40 @@ class LogEntryTests(TestCase):
         to get the message dynamically translated at display time.
         """
         post_data = {
-            'site': self.site.pk, 'title': 'Changed', 'hist': 'Some content',
-            'created_0': '2008-03-12', 'created_1': '11:54',
+            "site": self.site.pk,
+            "title": "Changed",
+            "hist": "Some content",
+            "created_0": "2008-03-12",
+            "created_1": "11:54",
         }
-        change_url = reverse('admin:admin_utils_article_change', args=[quote(self.a1.pk)])
+        change_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_utils_article_change", args=[quote(self.a1.pk)]
+        )
         response = self.client.post(change_url, post_data)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_utils_article_changelist'))
-        logentry = LogEntry.objects.filter(content_type__model__iexact='article').latest('id')
-        self.assertEqual(logentry.get_change_message(), 'Changed Title and History.')
-        with translation.override('fr'):
-            self.assertEqual(logentry.get_change_message(), 'Modification de Title et Historique.')
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:admin_utils_article_changelist"))
+        logentry = LogEntry.objects.filter(
+            content_type__model__iexact="article"
+        ).latest("id")
+        self.assertEqual(logentry.get_change_message(), "Changed Title and History.")
+        with translation.override("fr"):
+            self.assertEqual(
+                logentry.get_change_message(), "Modification de Title et Historique."
+            )
 
-        add_url = reverse('admin:admin_utils_article_add')
-        post_data['title'] = 'New'
+        add_url = reverse("admin:admin_utils_article_add")
+        post_data["title"] = "New"
         response = self.client.post(add_url, post_data)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_utils_article_changelist'))
-        logentry = LogEntry.objects.filter(content_type__model__iexact='article').latest('id')
-        self.assertEqual(logentry.get_change_message(), 'Added.')
-        with translation.override('fr'):
-            self.assertEqual(logentry.get_change_message(), 'Ajout.')
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:admin_utils_article_changelist"))
+        logentry = LogEntry.objects.filter(
+            content_type__model__iexact="article"
+        ).latest("id")
+        self.assertEqual(logentry.get_change_message(), "Added.")
+        with translation.override("fr"):
+            self.assertEqual(logentry.get_change_message(), "Ajout.")
 
     def test_logentry_change_message_not_json(self):
         """LogEntry.change_message was a string before Django 1.10."""
-        logentry = LogEntry(change_message='non-JSON string')
+        logentry = LogEntry(change_message="non-JSON string")
         self.assertEqual(logentry.get_change_message(), logentry.change_message)
 
     def test_logentry_change_message_localized_datetime_input(self):
@@ -79,15 +96,24 @@ class LogEntryTests(TestCase):
         Localized date/time inputs shouldn't affect changed form data detection.
         """
         post_data = {
-            'site': self.site.pk, 'title': 'Changed', 'hist': 'Some content',
-            'created_0': '12/03/2008', 'created_1': '11:54',
+            "site": self.site.pk,
+            "title": "Changed",
+            "hist": "Some content",
+            "created_0": "12/03/2008",
+            "created_1": "11:54",
         }
-        with translation.override('fr'):
-            change_url = reverse('admin:admin_utils_article_change', args=[quote(self.a1.pk)])
+        with translation.override("fr"):
+            change_url = reverse(
+                "admin:admin_utils_article_change", args=[quote(self.a1.pk)]
+            )
             response = self.client.post(change_url, post_data)
-            self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_utils_article_changelist'))
-        logentry = LogEntry.objects.filter(content_type__model__iexact='article').latest('id')
-        self.assertEqual(logentry.get_change_message(), 'Changed Title and History.')
+            self.assertRedirects(
+                response, reverse("admin:admin_utils_article_changelist")
+            )
+        logentry = LogEntry.objects.filter(
+            content_type__model__iexact="article"
+        ).latest("id")
+        self.assertEqual(logentry.get_change_message(), "Changed Title and History.")
 
     def test_logentry_change_message_formsets(self):
         """
@@ -99,52 +125,62 @@ class LogEntryTests(TestCase):
             created=datetime(2012, 3, 18, 11, 54),
         )
         post_data = {
-            'domain': 'example.com',  # domain changed
-            'admin_articles-TOTAL_FORMS': '5',
-            'admin_articles-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'admin_articles-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'admin_articles-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '1000',
+            "domain": "example.com",  # domain changed
+            "admin_articles-TOTAL_FORMS": "5",
+            "admin_articles-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "admin_articles-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "admin_articles-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "1000",
             # Changed title for 1st article
-            'admin_articles-0-id': str(self.a1.pk),
-            'admin_articles-0-site': str(self.site.pk),
-            'admin_articles-0-title': 'Changed Title',
+            "admin_articles-0-id": str(self.a1.pk),
+            "admin_articles-0-site": str(self.site.pk),
+            "admin_articles-0-title": "Changed Title",
             # Second article is deleted
-            'admin_articles-1-id': str(a2.pk),
-            'admin_articles-1-site': str(self.site.pk),
-            'admin_articles-1-title': 'Title second article',
-            'admin_articles-1-DELETE': 'on',
+            "admin_articles-1-id": str(a2.pk),
+            "admin_articles-1-site": str(self.site.pk),
+            "admin_articles-1-title": "Title second article",
+            "admin_articles-1-DELETE": "on",
             # A new article is added
-            'admin_articles-2-site': str(self.site.pk),
-            'admin_articles-2-title': 'Added article',
+            "admin_articles-2-site": str(self.site.pk),
+            "admin_articles-2-title": "Added article",
         }
-        change_url = reverse('admin:admin_utils_site_change', args=[quote(self.site.pk)])
+        change_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_utils_site_change", args=[quote(self.site.pk)]
+        )
         response = self.client.post(change_url, post_data)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_utils_site_changelist'))
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:admin_utils_site_changelist"))
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.filter(pk=a2.pk), [])
-        logentry = LogEntry.objects.filter(content_type__model__iexact='site').latest('action_time')
+        logentry = LogEntry.objects.filter(content_type__model__iexact="site").latest(
+            "action_time"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             json.loads(logentry.change_message),
             [
                 {"changed": {"fields": ["Domain"]}},
                 {"added": {"object": "Added article", "name": "article"}},
-                {"changed": {"fields": ["Title", "not_a_form_field"], "object": "Changed Title", "name": "article"}},
+                {
+                    "changed": {
+                        "fields": ["Title", "not_a_form_field"],
+                        "object": "Changed Title",
+                        "name": "article",
+                    }
+                },
                 {"deleted": {"object": "Title second article", "name": "article"}},
-            ]
+            ],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             logentry.get_change_message(),
-            'Changed Domain. Added article “Added article”. '
-            'Changed Title and not_a_form_field for article “Changed Title”. '
-            'Deleted article “Title second article”.'
+            "Changed Domain. Added article “Added article”. "
+            "Changed Title and not_a_form_field for article “Changed Title”. "
+            "Deleted article “Title second article”.",
         )
 
-        with translation.override('fr'):
+        with translation.override("fr"):
             self.assertEqual(
                 logentry.get_change_message(),
                 "Modification de Domain. Ajout de article « Added article ». "
                 "Modification de Title et not_a_form_field pour l'objet "
                 "article « Changed Title ». "
-                "Suppression de article « Title second article »."
+                "Suppression de article « Title second article ».",
             )
 
     def test_logentry_get_edited_object(self):
@@ -161,10 +197,12 @@ class LogEntryTests(TestCase):
         LogEntry.get_admin_url returns a URL to edit the entry's object or
         None for nonexistent (possibly deleted) models.
         """
-        logentry = LogEntry.objects.get(content_type__model__iexact='article')
-        expected_url = reverse('admin:admin_utils_article_change', args=(quote(self.a1.pk),))
+        logentry = LogEntry.objects.get(content_type__model__iexact="article")
+        expected_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_utils_article_change", args=(quote(self.a1.pk),)
+        )
         self.assertEqual(logentry.get_admin_url(), expected_url)
-        self.assertIn('article/%d/change/' % self.a1.pk, logentry.get_admin_url())
+        self.assertIn("article/%d/change/" % self.a1.pk, logentry.get_admin_url())
 
         logentry.content_type.model = "nonexistent"
         self.assertIsNone(logentry.get_admin_url())
@@ -173,17 +211,17 @@ class LogEntryTests(TestCase):
         log_entry = LogEntry()
 
         log_entry.action_flag = ADDITION
-        self.assertTrue(str(log_entry).startswith('Added '))
+        self.assertTrue(str(log_entry).startswith("Added "))
 
         log_entry.action_flag = CHANGE
-        self.assertTrue(str(log_entry).startswith('Changed '))
+        self.assertTrue(str(log_entry).startswith("Changed "))
 
         log_entry.action_flag = DELETION
-        self.assertTrue(str(log_entry).startswith('Deleted '))
+        self.assertTrue(str(log_entry).startswith("Deleted "))
 
         # Make sure custom action_flags works
         log_entry.action_flag = 4
-        self.assertEqual(str(log_entry), 'LogEntry Object')
+        self.assertEqual(str(log_entry), "LogEntry Object")
 
     def test_logentry_repr(self):
         logentry = LogEntry.objects.first()
@@ -192,23 +230,30 @@ class LogEntryTests(TestCase):
     def test_log_action(self):
         content_type_pk = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Article).pk
         log_entry = LogEntry.objects.log_action(
-            self.user.pk, content_type_pk, self.a1.pk, repr(self.a1), CHANGE,
-            change_message='Changed something else',
+            self.user.pk,
+            content_type_pk,
+            self.a1.pk,
+            repr(self.a1),
+            CHANGE,
+            change_message="Changed something else",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(log_entry, LogEntry.objects.latest('id'))
+        self.assertEqual(log_entry, LogEntry.objects.latest("id"))
 
     def test_recentactions_without_content_type(self):
         """
         If a LogEntry is missing content_type it will not display it in span
         tag under the hyperlink.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:index'))
-        link = reverse('admin:admin_utils_article_change', args=(quote(self.a1.pk),))
-        should_contain = """<a href="%s">%s</a>""" % (escape(link), escape(repr(self.a1)))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:index"))
+        link = reverse("admin:admin_utils_article_change", args=(quote(self.a1.pk),))
+        should_contain = """<a href="%s">%s</a>""" % (
+            escape(link),
+            escape(repr(self.a1)),
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
         should_contain = "Article"
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
-        logentry = LogEntry.objects.get(content_type__model__iexact='article')
+        logentry = LogEntry.objects.get(content_type__model__iexact="article")
         # If the log entry doesn't have a content type it should still be
         # possible to view the Recent Actions part (#10275).
         logentry.content_type = None
@@ -216,7 +261,7 @@ class LogEntryTests(TestCase):
 
         should_contain = should_contain.encode()
         counted_presence_before = response.content.count(should_contain)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:index"))
         counted_presence_after = response.content.count(should_contain)
         self.assertEqual(counted_presence_before - 1, counted_presence_after)
 
@@ -225,41 +270,50 @@ class LogEntryTests(TestCase):
         Log entries for proxy models should have the proxy model's contenttype
         (#21084).
         """
-        proxy_content_type = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ArticleProxy, for_concrete_model=False)
+        proxy_content_type = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(
+            ArticleProxy, for_concrete_model=False
+        )
         post_data = {
-            'site': self.site.pk, 'title': "Foo", 'hist': "Bar",
-            'created_0': '2015-12-25', 'created_1': '00:00',
+            "site": self.site.pk,
+            "title": "Foo",
+            "hist": "Bar",
+            "created_0": "2015-12-25",
+            "created_1": "00:00",
         }
-        changelist_url = reverse('admin:admin_utils_articleproxy_changelist')
+        changelist_url = reverse("admin:admin_utils_articleproxy_changelist")
 
         # add
-        proxy_add_url = reverse('admin:admin_utils_articleproxy_add')
+        proxy_add_url = reverse("admin:admin_utils_articleproxy_add")
         response = self.client.post(proxy_add_url, post_data)
         self.assertRedirects(response, changelist_url)
-        proxy_addition_log = LogEntry.objects.latest('id')
+        proxy_addition_log = LogEntry.objects.latest("id")
         self.assertEqual(proxy_addition_log.action_flag, ADDITION)
         self.assertEqual(proxy_addition_log.content_type, proxy_content_type)
 
         # change
         article_id = proxy_addition_log.object_id
-        proxy_change_url = reverse('admin:admin_utils_articleproxy_change', args=(article_id,))
-        post_data['title'] = 'New'
+        proxy_change_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_utils_articleproxy_change", args=(article_id,)
+        )
+        post_data["title"] = "New"
         response = self.client.post(proxy_change_url, post_data)
         self.assertRedirects(response, changelist_url)
-        proxy_change_log = LogEntry.objects.latest('id')
+        proxy_change_log = LogEntry.objects.latest("id")
         self.assertEqual(proxy_change_log.action_flag, CHANGE)
         self.assertEqual(proxy_change_log.content_type, proxy_content_type)
 
         # delete
-        proxy_delete_url = reverse('admin:admin_utils_articleproxy_delete', args=(article_id,))
-        response = self.client.post(proxy_delete_url, {'post': 'yes'})
+        proxy_delete_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_utils_articleproxy_delete", args=(article_id,)
+        )
+        response = self.client.post(proxy_delete_url, {"post": "yes"})
         self.assertRedirects(response, changelist_url)
-        proxy_delete_log = LogEntry.objects.latest('id')
+        proxy_delete_log = LogEntry.objects.latest("id")
         self.assertEqual(proxy_delete_log.action_flag, DELETION)
         self.assertEqual(proxy_delete_log.content_type, proxy_content_type)
 
     def test_action_flag_choices(self):
-        tests = ((1, 'Addition'), (2, 'Change'), (3, 'Deletion'))
+        tests = ((1, "Addition"), (2, "Change"), (3, "Deletion"))
         for action_flag, display_name in tests:
             with self.subTest(action_flag=action_flag):
                 log = LogEntry(action_flag=action_flag)
diff --git a/tests/admin_utils/tests.py b/tests/admin_utils/tests.py
index 77db318693..27fe049274 100644
--- a/tests/admin_utils/tests.py
+++ b/tests/admin_utils/tests.py
@@ -6,8 +6,14 @@ from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib import admin
 from django.contrib.admin import helpers
 from django.contrib.admin.utils import (
-    NestedObjects, display_for_field, display_for_value, flatten,
-    flatten_fieldsets, help_text_for_field, label_for_field, lookup_field,
+    NestedObjects,
+    display_for_field,
+    display_for_value,
+    flatten,
+    flatten_fieldsets,
+    help_text_for_field,
+    label_for_field,
+    lookup_field,
     quote,
 )
 from django.db import DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, models
@@ -15,15 +21,14 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase, override_settings
 from django.utils.formats import localize
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
 
-from .models import (
-    Article, Car, Count, Event, EventGuide, Location, Site, Vehicle,
-)
+from .models import Article, Car, Count, Event, EventGuide, Location, Site, Vehicle
 
 
 class NestedObjectsTests(TestCase):
     """
     Tests for ``NestedObject`` utility collection.
     """
+
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.n = NestedObjects(using=DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS)
@@ -95,18 +100,18 @@ class NestedObjectsTests(TestCase):
 
 class UtilsTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
-    empty_value = '-empty-'
+    empty_value = "-empty-"
 
     def test_values_from_lookup_field(self):
         """
         Regression test for #12654: lookup_field
         """
-        SITE_NAME = 'example.com'
-        TITLE_TEXT = 'Some title'
+        SITE_NAME = "example.com"
+        TITLE_TEXT = "Some title"
         CREATED_DATE = datetime.min
-        ADMIN_METHOD = 'admin method'
-        SIMPLE_FUNCTION = 'function'
-        INSTANCE_ATTRIBUTE = 'attr'
+        ADMIN_METHOD = "admin method"
+        SIMPLE_FUNCTION = "function"
+        INSTANCE_ATTRIBUTE = "attr"
 
         class MockModelAdmin:
             def get_admin_value(self, obj):
@@ -124,13 +129,13 @@ class UtilsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         article.non_field = INSTANCE_ATTRIBUTE
 
         verifications = (
-            ('site', SITE_NAME),
-            ('created', localize(CREATED_DATE)),
-            ('title', TITLE_TEXT),
-            ('get_admin_value', ADMIN_METHOD),
+            ("site", SITE_NAME),
+            ("created", localize(CREATED_DATE)),
+            ("title", TITLE_TEXT),
+            ("get_admin_value", ADMIN_METHOD),
             (simple_function, SIMPLE_FUNCTION),
-            ('test_from_model', article.test_from_model()),
-            ('non_field', INSTANCE_ATTRIBUTE)
+            ("test_from_model", article.test_from_model()),
+            ("non_field", INSTANCE_ATTRIBUTE),
         )
 
         mock_admin = MockModelAdmin()
@@ -138,7 +143,9 @@ class UtilsTests(SimpleTestCase):
             field, attr, resolved_value = lookup_field(name, article, mock_admin)
 
             if field is not None:
-                resolved_value = display_for_field(resolved_value, field, self.empty_value)
+                resolved_value = display_for_field(
+                    resolved_value, field, self.empty_value
+                )
 
             self.assertEqual(value, resolved_value)
 
@@ -150,11 +157,9 @@ class UtilsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         display_value = display_for_field(None, models.CharField(), self.empty_value)
         self.assertEqual(display_value, self.empty_value)
 
-        display_value = display_for_field(None, models.CharField(
-            choices=(
-                (None, "test_none"),
-            )
-        ), self.empty_value)
+        display_value = display_for_field(
+            None, models.CharField(choices=((None, "test_none"),)), self.empty_value
+        )
         self.assertEqual(display_value, "test_none")
 
         display_value = display_for_field(None, models.DateField(), self.empty_value)
@@ -163,8 +168,13 @@ class UtilsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         display_value = display_for_field(None, models.TimeField(), self.empty_value)
         self.assertEqual(display_value, self.empty_value)
 
-        display_value = display_for_field(None, models.BooleanField(null=True), self.empty_value)
-        expected = '<img src="%sadmin/img/icon-unknown.svg" alt="None" />' % settings.STATIC_URL
+        display_value = display_for_field(
+            None, models.BooleanField(null=True), self.empty_value
+        )
+        expected = (
+            '<img src="%sadmin/img/icon-unknown.svg" alt="None" />'
+            % settings.STATIC_URL
+        )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(display_value, expected)
 
         display_value = display_for_field(None, models.DecimalField(), self.empty_value)
@@ -178,11 +188,11 @@ class UtilsTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_json_display_for_field(self):
         tests = [
-            ({'a': {'b': 'c'}}, '{"a": {"b": "c"}}'),
-            (['a', 'b'], '["a", "b"]'),
-            ('a', '"a"'),
-            ({'a': '你好 世界'}, '{"a": "你好 世界"}'),
-            ({('a', 'b'): 'c'}, "{('a', 'b'): 'c'}"),  # Invalid JSON.
+            ({"a": {"b": "c"}}, '{"a": {"b": "c"}}'),
+            (["a", "b"], '["a", "b"]'),
+            ("a", '"a"'),
+            ({"a": "你好 世界"}, '{"a": "你好 世界"}'),
+            ({("a", "b"): "c"}, "{('a', 'b'): 'c'}"),  # Invalid JSON.
         ]
         for value, display_value in tests:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
@@ -192,113 +202,113 @@ class UtilsTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 )
 
     def test_number_formats_display_for_field(self):
-        display_value = display_for_field(12345.6789, models.FloatField(), self.empty_value)
-        self.assertEqual(display_value, '12345.6789')
+        display_value = display_for_field(
+            12345.6789, models.FloatField(), self.empty_value
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(display_value, "12345.6789")
 
-        display_value = display_for_field(Decimal('12345.6789'), models.DecimalField(), self.empty_value)
-        self.assertEqual(display_value, '12345.6789')
+        display_value = display_for_field(
+            Decimal("12345.6789"), models.DecimalField(), self.empty_value
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(display_value, "12345.6789")
 
-        display_value = display_for_field(12345, models.IntegerField(), self.empty_value)
-        self.assertEqual(display_value, '12345')
+        display_value = display_for_field(
+            12345, models.IntegerField(), self.empty_value
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(display_value, "12345")
 
     @override_settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True)
     def test_number_formats_with_thousand_separator_display_for_field(self):
-        display_value = display_for_field(12345.6789, models.FloatField(), self.empty_value)
-        self.assertEqual(display_value, '12,345.6789')
+        display_value = display_for_field(
+            12345.6789, models.FloatField(), self.empty_value
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(display_value, "12,345.6789")
 
-        display_value = display_for_field(Decimal('12345.6789'), models.DecimalField(), self.empty_value)
-        self.assertEqual(display_value, '12,345.6789')
+        display_value = display_for_field(
+            Decimal("12345.6789"), models.DecimalField(), self.empty_value
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(display_value, "12,345.6789")
 
-        display_value = display_for_field(12345, models.IntegerField(), self.empty_value)
-        self.assertEqual(display_value, '12,345')
+        display_value = display_for_field(
+            12345, models.IntegerField(), self.empty_value
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(display_value, "12,345")
 
     def test_list_display_for_value(self):
         display_value = display_for_value([1, 2, 3], self.empty_value)
-        self.assertEqual(display_value, '1, 2, 3')
+        self.assertEqual(display_value, "1, 2, 3")
 
-        display_value = display_for_value([1, 2, 'buckle', 'my', 'shoe'], self.empty_value)
-        self.assertEqual(display_value, '1, 2, buckle, my, shoe')
+        display_value = display_for_value(
+            [1, 2, "buckle", "my", "shoe"], self.empty_value
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(display_value, "1, 2, buckle, my, shoe")
 
     @override_settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True)
     def test_list_display_for_value_boolean(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            display_for_value(True, '', boolean=True),
-            '<img src="/static/admin/img/icon-yes.svg" alt="True">'
+            display_for_value(True, "", boolean=True),
+            '<img src="/static/admin/img/icon-yes.svg" alt="True">',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            display_for_value(False, '', boolean=True),
-            '<img src="/static/admin/img/icon-no.svg" alt="False">'
+            display_for_value(False, "", boolean=True),
+            '<img src="/static/admin/img/icon-no.svg" alt="False">',
         )
-        self.assertEqual(display_for_value(True, ''), 'True')
-        self.assertEqual(display_for_value(False, ''), 'False')
+        self.assertEqual(display_for_value(True, ""), "True")
+        self.assertEqual(display_for_value(False, ""), "False")
 
     def test_label_for_field(self):
         """
         Tests for label_for_field
         """
+        self.assertEqual(label_for_field("title", Article), "title")
+        self.assertEqual(label_for_field("hist", Article), "History")
         self.assertEqual(
-            label_for_field("title", Article),
-            "title"
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            label_for_field("hist", Article),
-            "History"
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            label_for_field("hist", Article, return_attr=True),
-            ("History", None)
+            label_for_field("hist", Article, return_attr=True), ("History", None)
         )
 
-        self.assertEqual(
-            label_for_field("__str__", Article),
-            "article"
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(label_for_field("__str__", Article), "article")
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, "Unable to lookup 'unknown' on Article"):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            AttributeError, "Unable to lookup 'unknown' on Article"
+        ):
             label_for_field("unknown", Article)
 
         def test_callable(obj):
             return "nothing"
-        self.assertEqual(
-            label_for_field(test_callable, Article),
-            "Test callable"
-        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(label_for_field(test_callable, Article), "Test callable")
         self.assertEqual(
             label_for_field(test_callable, Article, return_attr=True),
-            ("Test callable", test_callable)
+            ("Test callable", test_callable),
         )
 
-        self.assertEqual(
-            label_for_field("test_from_model", Article),
-            "Test from model"
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(label_for_field("test_from_model", Article), "Test from model")
         self.assertEqual(
             label_for_field("test_from_model", Article, return_attr=True),
-            ("Test from model", Article.test_from_model)
+            ("Test from model", Article.test_from_model),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             label_for_field("test_from_model_with_override", Article),
-            "not What you Expect"
+            "not What you Expect",
         )
 
-        self.assertEqual(
-            label_for_field(lambda x: "nothing", Article),
-            "--"
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(label_for_field('site_id', Article), 'Site id')
+        self.assertEqual(label_for_field(lambda x: "nothing", Article), "--")
+        self.assertEqual(label_for_field("site_id", Article), "Site id")
 
         class MockModelAdmin:
-            @admin.display(description='not Really the Model')
+            @admin.display(description="not Really the Model")
             def test_from_model(self, obj):
                 return "nothing"
 
         self.assertEqual(
             label_for_field("test_from_model", Article, model_admin=MockModelAdmin),
-            "not Really the Model"
+            "not Really the Model",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            label_for_field("test_from_model", Article, model_admin=MockModelAdmin, return_attr=True),
-            ("not Really the Model", MockModelAdmin.test_from_model)
+            label_for_field(
+                "test_from_model", Article, model_admin=MockModelAdmin, return_attr=True
+            ),
+            ("not Really the Model", MockModelAdmin.test_from_model),
         )
 
     def test_label_for_field_form_argument(self):
@@ -306,34 +316,34 @@ class UtilsTests(SimpleTestCase):
             extra_form_field = forms.BooleanField()
 
             class Meta:
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
                 model = Article
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            label_for_field('extra_form_field', Article, form=ArticleForm()),
-            'Extra form field'
+            label_for_field("extra_form_field", Article, form=ArticleForm()),
+            "Extra form field",
         )
         msg = "Unable to lookup 'nonexistent' on Article or ArticleForm"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, msg):
-            label_for_field('nonexistent', Article, form=ArticleForm()),
+            label_for_field("nonexistent", Article, form=ArticleForm()),
 
     def test_label_for_property(self):
         class MockModelAdmin:
             @property
-            @admin.display(description='property short description')
+            @admin.display(description="property short description")
             def test_from_property(self):
                 return "this if from property"
 
         self.assertEqual(
             label_for_field("test_from_property", Article, model_admin=MockModelAdmin),
-            'property short description'
+            "property short description",
         )
 
     def test_help_text_for_field(self):
         tests = [
-            ('article', ''),
-            ('unknown', ''),
-            ('hist', 'History help text'),
+            ("article", ""),
+            ("unknown", ""),
+            ("hist", "History help text"),
         ]
         for name, help_text in tests:
             with self.subTest(name=name):
@@ -344,48 +354,56 @@ class UtilsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Regression test for #13963
         """
         self.assertEqual(
-            label_for_field('location', Event, return_attr=True),
-            ('location', None),
+            label_for_field("location", Event, return_attr=True),
+            ("location", None),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            label_for_field('event', Location, return_attr=True),
-            ('awesome event', None),
+            label_for_field("event", Location, return_attr=True),
+            ("awesome event", None),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            label_for_field('guest', Event, return_attr=True),
-            ('awesome guest', None),
+            label_for_field("guest", Event, return_attr=True),
+            ("awesome guest", None),
         )
 
     def test_safestring_in_field_label(self):
         # safestring should not be escaped
         class MyForm(forms.Form):
-            text = forms.CharField(label=mark_safe('<i>text</i>'))
-            cb = forms.BooleanField(label=mark_safe('<i>cb</i>'))
+            text = forms.CharField(label=mark_safe("<i>text</i>"))
+            cb = forms.BooleanField(label=mark_safe("<i>cb</i>"))
 
         form = MyForm()
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(helpers.AdminField(form, 'text', is_first=False).label_tag(),
-                             '<label for="id_text" class="required inline"><i>text</i>:</label>')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(helpers.AdminField(form, 'cb', is_first=False).label_tag(),
-                             '<label for="id_cb" class="vCheckboxLabel required inline"><i>cb</i></label>')
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            helpers.AdminField(form, "text", is_first=False).label_tag(),
+            '<label for="id_text" class="required inline"><i>text</i>:</label>',
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            helpers.AdminField(form, "cb", is_first=False).label_tag(),
+            '<label for="id_cb" class="vCheckboxLabel required inline"><i>cb</i></label>',
+        )
 
         # normal strings needs to be escaped
         class MyForm(forms.Form):
-            text = forms.CharField(label='&text')
-            cb = forms.BooleanField(label='&cb')
+            text = forms.CharField(label="&text")
+            cb = forms.BooleanField(label="&cb")
 
         form = MyForm()
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(helpers.AdminField(form, 'text', is_first=False).label_tag(),
-                             '<label for="id_text" class="required inline">&amp;text:</label>')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(helpers.AdminField(form, 'cb', is_first=False).label_tag(),
-                             '<label for="id_cb" class="vCheckboxLabel required inline">&amp;cb</label>')
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            helpers.AdminField(form, "text", is_first=False).label_tag(),
+            '<label for="id_text" class="required inline">&amp;text:</label>',
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            helpers.AdminField(form, "cb", is_first=False).label_tag(),
+            '<label for="id_cb" class="vCheckboxLabel required inline">&amp;cb</label>',
+        )
 
     def test_flatten(self):
-        flat_all = ['url', 'title', 'content', 'sites']
+        flat_all = ["url", "title", "content", "sites"]
         inputs = (
             ((), []),
-            (('url', 'title', ('content', 'sites')), flat_all),
-            (('url', 'title', 'content', 'sites'), flat_all),
-            ((('url', 'title'), ('content', 'sites')), flat_all)
+            (("url", "title", ("content", "sites")), flat_all),
+            (("url", "title", "content", "sites"), flat_all),
+            ((("url", "title"), ("content", "sites")), flat_all),
         )
         for orig, expected in inputs:
             self.assertEqual(flatten(orig), expected)
@@ -394,19 +412,15 @@ class UtilsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         Regression test for #18051
         """
-        fieldsets = (
-            (None, {
-                'fields': ('url', 'title', ('content', 'sites'))
-            }),
+        fieldsets = ((None, {"fields": ("url", "title", ("content", "sites"))}),)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            flatten_fieldsets(fieldsets), ["url", "title", "content", "sites"]
         )
-        self.assertEqual(flatten_fieldsets(fieldsets), ['url', 'title', 'content', 'sites'])
 
-        fieldsets = (
-            (None, {
-                'fields': ('url', 'title', ['content', 'sites'])
-            }),
+        fieldsets = ((None, {"fields": ("url", "title", ["content", "sites"])}),)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            flatten_fieldsets(fieldsets), ["url", "title", "content", "sites"]
         )
-        self.assertEqual(flatten_fieldsets(fieldsets), ['url', 'title', 'content', 'sites'])
 
     def test_quote(self):
-        self.assertEqual(quote('something\nor\nother'), 'something_0Aor_0Aother')
+        self.assertEqual(quote("something\nor\nother"), "something_0Aor_0Aother")
diff --git a/tests/admin_utils/urls.py b/tests/admin_utils/urls.py
index 2e472fc575..1b6a97e4bd 100644
--- a/tests/admin_utils/urls.py
+++ b/tests/admin_utils/urls.py
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ from django.urls import path
 from .admin import site
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('test_admin/admin/', site.urls),
+    path("test_admin/admin/", site.urls),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/admin.py b/tests/admin_views/admin.py
index 9cd078074b..b78746c0ff 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/admin.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/admin.py
@@ -20,33 +20,127 @@ from django.views.decorators.common import no_append_slash
 
 from .forms import MediaActionForm
 from .models import (
-    Actor, AdminOrderedAdminMethod, AdminOrderedCallable, AdminOrderedField,
-    AdminOrderedModelMethod, Album, Answer, Answer2, Article, BarAccount, Book,
-    Bookmark, Box, Category, Chapter, ChapterXtra1, Child, ChildOfReferer,
-    Choice, City, Collector, Color, Color2, ComplexSortedPerson, CoverLetter,
-    CustomArticle, CyclicOne, CyclicTwo, DependentChild, DooHickey, EmptyModel,
-    EmptyModelHidden, EmptyModelMixin, EmptyModelVisible, ExplicitlyProvidedPK,
-    ExternalSubscriber, Fabric, FancyDoodad, FieldOverridePost,
-    FilteredManager, FooAccount, FoodDelivery, FunkyTag, Gadget, Gallery,
-    GenRelReference, Grommet, ImplicitlyGeneratedPK, Ingredient,
-    InlineReference, InlineReferer, Inquisition, Language, Link,
-    MainPrepopulated, ModelWithStringPrimaryKey, NotReferenced, OldSubscriber,
-    OtherStory, Paper, Parent, ParentWithDependentChildren, ParentWithUUIDPK,
-    Person, Persona, Picture, Pizza, Plot, PlotDetails, PlotProxy,
-    PluggableSearchPerson, Podcast, Post, PrePopulatedPost,
-    PrePopulatedPostLargeSlug, PrePopulatedSubPost, Promo, Question,
-    ReadablePizza, ReadOnlyPizza, ReadOnlyRelatedField, Recipe, Recommendation,
-    Recommender, ReferencedByGenRel, ReferencedByInline, ReferencedByParent,
-    RelatedPrepopulated, RelatedWithUUIDPKModel, Report, Reservation,
-    Restaurant, RowLevelChangePermissionModel, Section, ShortMessage, Simple,
-    Sketch, Song, State, Story, StumpJoke, Subscriber, SuperVillain, Telegram,
-    Thing, Topping, UnchangeableObject, UndeletableObject, UnorderedObject,
-    UserMessenger, UserProxy, Villain, Vodcast, Whatsit, Widget, Worker,
+    Actor,
+    AdminOrderedAdminMethod,
+    AdminOrderedCallable,
+    AdminOrderedField,
+    AdminOrderedModelMethod,
+    Album,
+    Answer,
+    Answer2,
+    Article,
+    BarAccount,
+    Book,
+    Bookmark,
+    Box,
+    Category,
+    Chapter,
+    ChapterXtra1,
+    Child,
+    ChildOfReferer,
+    Choice,
+    City,
+    Collector,
+    Color,
+    Color2,
+    ComplexSortedPerson,
+    CoverLetter,
+    CustomArticle,
+    CyclicOne,
+    CyclicTwo,
+    DependentChild,
+    DooHickey,
+    EmptyModel,
+    EmptyModelHidden,
+    EmptyModelMixin,
+    EmptyModelVisible,
+    ExplicitlyProvidedPK,
+    ExternalSubscriber,
+    Fabric,
+    FancyDoodad,
+    FieldOverridePost,
+    FilteredManager,
+    FooAccount,
+    FoodDelivery,
+    FunkyTag,
+    Gadget,
+    Gallery,
+    GenRelReference,
+    Grommet,
+    ImplicitlyGeneratedPK,
+    Ingredient,
+    InlineReference,
+    InlineReferer,
+    Inquisition,
+    Language,
+    Link,
+    MainPrepopulated,
+    ModelWithStringPrimaryKey,
+    NotReferenced,
+    OldSubscriber,
+    OtherStory,
+    Paper,
+    Parent,
+    ParentWithDependentChildren,
+    ParentWithUUIDPK,
+    Person,
+    Persona,
+    Picture,
+    Pizza,
+    Plot,
+    PlotDetails,
+    PlotProxy,
+    PluggableSearchPerson,
+    Podcast,
+    Post,
+    PrePopulatedPost,
+    PrePopulatedPostLargeSlug,
+    PrePopulatedSubPost,
+    Promo,
+    Question,
+    ReadablePizza,
+    ReadOnlyPizza,
+    ReadOnlyRelatedField,
+    Recipe,
+    Recommendation,
+    Recommender,
+    ReferencedByGenRel,
+    ReferencedByInline,
+    ReferencedByParent,
+    RelatedPrepopulated,
+    RelatedWithUUIDPKModel,
+    Report,
+    Reservation,
+    Restaurant,
+    RowLevelChangePermissionModel,
+    Section,
+    ShortMessage,
+    Simple,
+    Sketch,
+    Song,
+    State,
+    Story,
+    StumpJoke,
+    Subscriber,
+    SuperVillain,
+    Telegram,
+    Thing,
+    Topping,
+    UnchangeableObject,
+    UndeletableObject,
+    UnorderedObject,
+    UserMessenger,
+    UserProxy,
+    Villain,
+    Vodcast,
+    Whatsit,
+    Widget,
+    Worker,
     WorkHour,
 )
 
 
-@admin.display(ordering='date')
+@admin.display(ordering="date")
 def callable_year(dt_value):
     try:
         return dt_value.year
@@ -56,19 +150,11 @@ def callable_year(dt_value):
 
 class ArticleInline(admin.TabularInline):
     model = Article
-    fk_name = 'section'
-    prepopulated_fields = {
-        'title': ('content',)
-    }
+    fk_name = "section"
+    prepopulated_fields = {"title": ("content",)}
     fieldsets = (
-        ('Some fields', {
-            'classes': ('collapse',),
-            'fields': ('title', 'content')
-        }),
-        ('Some other fields', {
-            'classes': ('wide',),
-            'fields': ('date', 'section')
-        })
+        ("Some fields", {"classes": ("collapse",), "fields": ("title", "content")}),
+        ("Some other fields", {"classes": ("wide",), "fields": ("date", "section")}),
     )
 
 
@@ -78,13 +164,13 @@ class ChapterInline(admin.TabularInline):
 
 class ChapterXtra1Admin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     list_filter = (
-        'chap',
-        'chap__title',
-        'chap__book',
-        'chap__book__name',
-        'chap__book__promo',
-        'chap__book__promo__name',
-        'guest_author__promo__book',
+        "chap",
+        "chap__title",
+        "chap__book",
+        "chap__book__name",
+        "chap__book__promo",
+        "chap__book__promo__name",
+        "guest_author__promo__book",
     )
 
 
@@ -92,7 +178,7 @@ class ArticleForm(forms.ModelForm):
     extra_form_field = forms.BooleanField(required=False)
 
     class Meta:
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
         model = Article
 
 
@@ -100,7 +186,11 @@ class ArticleAdminWithExtraUrl(admin.ModelAdmin):
     def get_urls(self):
         urlpatterns = super().get_urls()
         urlpatterns.append(
-            path('extra.json', self.admin_site.admin_view(self.extra_json), name='article_extra_json')
+            path(
+                "extra.json",
+                self.admin_site.admin_view(self.extra_json),
+                name="article_extra_json",
+            )
         )
         return urlpatterns
 
@@ -110,76 +200,87 @@ class ArticleAdminWithExtraUrl(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
 class ArticleAdmin(ArticleAdminWithExtraUrl):
     list_display = (
-        'content', 'date', callable_year, 'model_year', 'modeladmin_year',
-        'model_year_reversed', 'section', lambda obj: obj.title,
-        'order_by_expression', 'model_property_year', 'model_month',
-        'order_by_f_expression', 'order_by_orderby_expression',
+        "content",
+        "date",
+        callable_year,
+        "model_year",
+        "modeladmin_year",
+        "model_year_reversed",
+        "section",
+        lambda obj: obj.title,
+        "order_by_expression",
+        "model_property_year",
+        "model_month",
+        "order_by_f_expression",
+        "order_by_orderby_expression",
     )
-    list_editable = ('section',)
-    list_filter = ('date', 'section')
-    autocomplete_fields = ('section',)
+    list_editable = ("section",)
+    list_filter = ("date", "section")
+    autocomplete_fields = ("section",)
     view_on_site = False
     form = ArticleForm
     fieldsets = (
-        ('Some fields', {
-            'classes': ('collapse',),
-            'fields': ('title', 'content', 'extra_form_field'),
-        }),
-        ('Some other fields', {
-            'classes': ('wide',),
-            'fields': ('date', 'section', 'sub_section')
-        })
+        (
+            "Some fields",
+            {
+                "classes": ("collapse",),
+                "fields": ("title", "content", "extra_form_field"),
+            },
+        ),
+        (
+            "Some other fields",
+            {"classes": ("wide",), "fields": ("date", "section", "sub_section")},
+        ),
     )
 
     # These orderings aren't particularly useful but show that expressions can
     # be used for admin_order_field.
-    @admin.display(ordering=models.F('date') + datetime.timedelta(days=3))
+    @admin.display(ordering=models.F("date") + datetime.timedelta(days=3))
     def order_by_expression(self, obj):
         return obj.model_year
 
-    @admin.display(ordering=models.F('date'))
+    @admin.display(ordering=models.F("date"))
     def order_by_f_expression(self, obj):
         return obj.model_year
 
-    @admin.display(ordering=models.F('date').asc(nulls_last=True))
+    @admin.display(ordering=models.F("date").asc(nulls_last=True))
     def order_by_orderby_expression(self, obj):
         return obj.model_year
 
     def changelist_view(self, request):
-        return super().changelist_view(request, extra_context={'extra_var': 'Hello!'})
+        return super().changelist_view(request, extra_context={"extra_var": "Hello!"})
 
-    @admin.display(ordering='date', description=None)
+    @admin.display(ordering="date", description=None)
     def modeladmin_year(self, obj):
         return obj.date.year
 
     def delete_model(self, request, obj):
         EmailMessage(
-            'Greetings from a deleted object',
-            'I hereby inform you that some user deleted me',
-            'from@example.com',
-            ['to@example.com']
+            "Greetings from a deleted object",
+            "I hereby inform you that some user deleted me",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
         ).send()
         return super().delete_model(request, obj)
 
     def save_model(self, request, obj, form, change=True):
         EmailMessage(
-            'Greetings from a created object',
-            'I hereby inform you that some user created me',
-            'from@example.com',
-            ['to@example.com']
+            "Greetings from a created object",
+            "I hereby inform you that some user created me",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
         ).send()
         return super().save_model(request, obj, form, change)
 
 
 class ArticleAdmin2(admin.ModelAdmin):
-
     def has_module_permission(self, request):
         return False
 
 
 class RowLevelChangePermissionModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     def has_change_permission(self, request, obj=None):
-        """ Only allow changing objects with even id number """
+        """Only allow changing objects with even id number"""
         return request.user.is_staff and (obj is not None) and (obj.id % 2 == 0)
 
     def has_view_permission(self, request, obj=None):
@@ -191,63 +292,68 @@ class CustomArticleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     """
     Tests various hooks for using custom templates and contexts.
     """
-    change_list_template = 'custom_admin/change_list.html'
-    change_form_template = 'custom_admin/change_form.html'
-    add_form_template = 'custom_admin/add_form.html'
-    object_history_template = 'custom_admin/object_history.html'
-    delete_confirmation_template = 'custom_admin/delete_confirmation.html'
-    delete_selected_confirmation_template = 'custom_admin/delete_selected_confirmation.html'
-    popup_response_template = 'custom_admin/popup_response.html'
+
+    change_list_template = "custom_admin/change_list.html"
+    change_form_template = "custom_admin/change_form.html"
+    add_form_template = "custom_admin/add_form.html"
+    object_history_template = "custom_admin/object_history.html"
+    delete_confirmation_template = "custom_admin/delete_confirmation.html"
+    delete_selected_confirmation_template = (
+        "custom_admin/delete_selected_confirmation.html"
+    )
+    popup_response_template = "custom_admin/popup_response.html"
 
     def changelist_view(self, request):
-        return super().changelist_view(request, extra_context={'extra_var': 'Hello!'})
+        return super().changelist_view(request, extra_context={"extra_var": "Hello!"})
 
 
 class ThingAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_filter = ('color', 'color__warm', 'color__value', 'pub_date')
+    list_filter = ("color", "color__warm", "color__value", "pub_date")
 
 
 class InquisitionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('leader', 'country', 'expected', 'sketch')
+    list_display = ("leader", "country", "expected", "sketch")
 
     @admin.display
     def sketch(self, obj):
         # A method with the same name as a reverse accessor.
-        return 'list-display-sketch'
+        return "list-display-sketch"
 
 
 class SketchAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    raw_id_fields = ('inquisition', 'defendant0', 'defendant1')
+    raw_id_fields = ("inquisition", "defendant0", "defendant1")
 
 
 class FabricAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('surface',)
-    list_filter = ('surface',)
+    list_display = ("surface",)
+    list_filter = ("surface",)
 
 
 class BasePersonModelFormSet(BaseModelFormSet):
     def clean(self):
         for person_dict in self.cleaned_data:
-            person = person_dict.get('id')
-            alive = person_dict.get('alive')
+            person = person_dict.get("id")
+            alive = person_dict.get("alive")
             if person and alive and person.name == "Grace Hopper":
                 raise ValidationError("Grace is not a Zombie")
 
 
 class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('name', 'gender', 'alive')
-    list_editable = ('gender', 'alive')
-    list_filter = ('gender',)
-    search_fields = ('^name',)
+    list_display = ("name", "gender", "alive")
+    list_editable = ("gender", "alive")
+    list_filter = ("gender",)
+    search_fields = ("^name",)
     save_as = True
 
     def get_changelist_formset(self, request, **kwargs):
-        return super().get_changelist_formset(request, formset=BasePersonModelFormSet, **kwargs)
+        return super().get_changelist_formset(
+            request, formset=BasePersonModelFormSet, **kwargs
+        )
 
     def get_queryset(self, request):
         # Order by a field that isn't in list display, to be able to test
         # whether ordering is preserved.
-        return super().get_queryset(request).order_by('age')
+        return super().get_queryset(request).order_by("age")
 
 
 class FooAccountAdmin(admin.StackedInline):
@@ -261,14 +367,11 @@ class BarAccountAdmin(admin.StackedInline):
 
 
 class PersonaAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    inlines = (
-        FooAccountAdmin,
-        BarAccountAdmin
-    )
+    inlines = (FooAccountAdmin, BarAccountAdmin)
 
 
 class SubscriberAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    actions = ['mail_admin']
+    actions = ["mail_admin"]
     action_form = MediaActionForm
 
     def delete_queryset(self, request, queryset):
@@ -278,38 +381,39 @@ class SubscriberAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     @admin.action
     def mail_admin(self, request, selected):
         EmailMessage(
-            'Greetings from a ModelAdmin action',
-            'This is the test email from an admin action',
-            'from@example.com',
-            ['to@example.com']
+            "Greetings from a ModelAdmin action",
+            "This is the test email from an admin action",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
         ).send()
 
 
-@admin.action(description='External mail (Another awesome action)')
+@admin.action(description="External mail (Another awesome action)")
 def external_mail(modeladmin, request, selected):
     EmailMessage(
-        'Greetings from a function action',
-        'This is the test email from a function action',
-        'from@example.com',
-        ['to@example.com']
+        "Greetings from a function action",
+        "This is the test email from a function action",
+        "from@example.com",
+        ["to@example.com"],
     ).send()
 
 
-@admin.action(description='Redirect to (Awesome action)')
+@admin.action(description="Redirect to (Awesome action)")
 def redirect_to(modeladmin, request, selected):
     from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
-    return HttpResponseRedirect('/some-where-else/')
+
+    return HttpResponseRedirect("/some-where-else/")
 
 
-@admin.action(description='Download subscription')
+@admin.action(description="Download subscription")
 def download(modeladmin, request, selected):
-    buf = StringIO('This is the content of the file')
+    buf = StringIO("This is the content of the file")
     return StreamingHttpResponse(FileWrapper(buf))
 
 
-@admin.action(description='No permission to run')
+@admin.action(description="No permission to run")
 def no_perm(modeladmin, request, selected):
-    return HttpResponse(content='No permission to perform this action', status=403)
+    return HttpResponse(content="No permission to perform this action", status=403)
 
 
 class ExternalSubscriberAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -317,17 +421,17 @@ class ExternalSubscriberAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
 
 class PodcastAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('name', 'release_date')
-    list_editable = ('release_date',)
-    date_hierarchy = 'release_date'
-    ordering = ('name',)
+    list_display = ("name", "release_date")
+    list_editable = ("release_date",)
+    date_hierarchy = "release_date"
+    ordering = ("name",)
 
 
 class VodcastAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('name', 'released')
-    list_editable = ('released',)
+    list_display = ("name", "released")
+    list_editable = ("released",)
 
-    ordering = ('name',)
+    ordering = ("name",)
 
 
 class ChildInline(admin.StackedInline):
@@ -338,16 +442,19 @@ class ParentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     model = Parent
     inlines = [ChildInline]
     save_as = True
-    list_display = ('id', 'name',)
-    list_display_links = ('id',)
-    list_editable = ('name',)
+    list_display = (
+        "id",
+        "name",
+    )
+    list_display_links = ("id",)
+    list_editable = ("name",)
 
     def save_related(self, request, form, formsets, change):
         super().save_related(request, form, formsets, change)
         first_name, last_name = form.instance.name.split()
         for child in form.instance.child_set.all():
             if len(child.name.split()) < 2:
-                child.name = child.name + ' ' + last_name
+                child.name = child.name + " " + last_name
                 child.save()
 
 
@@ -374,13 +481,16 @@ class PictureAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
 
 class LanguageAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ['iso', 'shortlist', 'english_name', 'name']
-    list_editable = ['shortlist']
+    list_display = ["iso", "shortlist", "english_name", "name"]
+    list_editable = ["shortlist"]
 
 
 class RecommendationAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     show_full_result_count = False
-    search_fields = ('=titletranslation__text', '=the_recommender__titletranslation__text',)
+    search_fields = (
+        "=titletranslation__text",
+        "=the_recommender__titletranslation__text",
+    )
 
 
 class WidgetInline(admin.StackedInline):
@@ -404,8 +514,8 @@ class FancyDoodadInline(admin.StackedInline):
 
 
 class CategoryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('id', 'collector', 'order')
-    list_editable = ('order',)
+    list_display = ("id", "collector", "order")
+    list_editable = ("order",)
 
 
 class CategoryInline(admin.StackedInline):
@@ -414,8 +524,12 @@ class CategoryInline(admin.StackedInline):
 
 class CollectorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     inlines = [
-        WidgetInline, DooHickeyInline, GrommetInline, WhatsitInline,
-        FancyDoodadInline, CategoryInline
+        WidgetInline,
+        DooHickeyInline,
+        GrommetInline,
+        WhatsitInline,
+        FancyDoodadInline,
+        CategoryInline,
     ]
 
 
@@ -433,13 +547,11 @@ class LinkInline(admin.TabularInline):
 class SubPostInline(admin.TabularInline):
     model = PrePopulatedSubPost
 
-    prepopulated_fields = {
-        'subslug': ('subtitle',)
-    }
+    prepopulated_fields = {"subslug": ("subtitle",)}
 
     def get_readonly_fields(self, request, obj=None):
         if obj and obj.published:
-            return ('subslug',)
+            return ("subslug",)
         return self.readonly_fields
 
     def get_prepopulated_fields(self, request, obj=None):
@@ -449,16 +561,14 @@ class SubPostInline(admin.TabularInline):
 
 
 class PrePopulatedPostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ['title', 'slug']
-    prepopulated_fields = {
-        'slug': ('title',)
-    }
+    list_display = ["title", "slug"]
+    prepopulated_fields = {"slug": ("title",)}
 
     inlines = [SubPostInline]
 
     def get_readonly_fields(self, request, obj=None):
         if obj and obj.published:
-            return ('slug',)
+            return ("slug",)
         return self.readonly_fields
 
     def get_prepopulated_fields(self, request, obj=None):
@@ -468,23 +578,26 @@ class PrePopulatedPostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
 
 class PrePopulatedPostReadOnlyAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    prepopulated_fields = {'slug': ('title',)}
+    prepopulated_fields = {"slug": ("title",)}
 
     def has_change_permission(self, *args, **kwargs):
         return False
 
 
 class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ['title', 'public']
+    list_display = ["title", "public"]
     readonly_fields = (
-        'posted', 'awesomeness_level', 'coolness', 'value',
-        'multiline', 'multiline_html', lambda obj: "foo",
-        'readonly_content',
+        "posted",
+        "awesomeness_level",
+        "coolness",
+        "value",
+        "multiline",
+        "multiline_html",
+        lambda obj: "foo",
+        "readonly_content",
     )
 
-    inlines = [
-        LinkInline
-    ]
+    inlines = [LinkInline]
 
     @admin.display
     def coolness(self, instance):
@@ -493,7 +606,7 @@ class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
         else:
             return "Unknown coolness."
 
-    @admin.display(description='Value in $US')
+    @admin.display(description="Value in $US")
     def value(self, instance):
         return 1000
 
@@ -511,10 +624,10 @@ class FieldOverridePostForm(forms.ModelForm):
 
     class Meta:
         help_texts = {
-            'posted': 'Overridden help text for the date',
+            "posted": "Overridden help text for the date",
         }
         labels = {
-            'public': 'Overridden public label',
+            "public": "Overridden public label",
         }
 
 
@@ -524,7 +637,7 @@ class FieldOverridePostAdmin(PostAdmin):
 
 class CustomChangeList(ChangeList):
     def get_queryset(self, request):
-        return self.root_queryset.order_by('pk').filter(pk=9999)  # Doesn't exist
+        return self.root_queryset.order_by("pk").filter(pk=9999)  # Doesn't exist
 
 
 class GadgetAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -533,23 +646,23 @@ class GadgetAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
 
 class ToppingAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    readonly_fields = ('pizzas',)
+    readonly_fields = ("pizzas",)
 
 
 class PizzaAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    readonly_fields = ('toppings',)
+    readonly_fields = ("toppings",)
 
 
 class ReadOnlyRelatedFieldAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    readonly_fields = ('chapter', 'language', 'user')
+    readonly_fields = ("chapter", "language", "user")
 
 
 class StudentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    search_fields = ('name',)
+    search_fields = ("name",)
 
 
 class ReadOnlyPizzaAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    readonly_fields = ('name', 'toppings')
+    readonly_fields = ("name", "toppings")
 
     def has_add_permission(self, request):
         return False
@@ -562,13 +675,13 @@ class ReadOnlyPizzaAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
 
 class WorkHourAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('datum', 'employee')
-    list_filter = ('employee',)
+    list_display = ("datum", "employee")
+    list_filter = ("employee",)
 
 
 class FoodDeliveryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('reference', 'driver', 'restaurant')
-    list_editable = ('driver', 'restaurant')
+    list_display = ("reference", "driver", "restaurant")
+    list_editable = ("driver", "restaurant")
 
 
 class CoverLetterAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -580,7 +693,7 @@ class CoverLetterAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     """
 
     def get_queryset(self, request):
-        return super().get_queryset(request).defer('date_written')
+        return super().get_queryset(request).defer("date_written")
 
 
 class PaperAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -592,7 +705,7 @@ class PaperAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     """
 
     def get_queryset(self, request):
-        return super().get_queryset(request).only('title')
+        return super().get_queryset(request).only("title")
 
 
 class ShortMessageAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -604,7 +717,7 @@ class ShortMessageAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     """
 
     def get_queryset(self, request):
-        return super().get_queryset(request).defer('timestamp')
+        return super().get_queryset(request).defer("timestamp")
 
 
 class TelegramAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -616,45 +729,47 @@ class TelegramAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     """
 
     def get_queryset(self, request):
-        return super().get_queryset(request).only('title')
+        return super().get_queryset(request).only("title")
 
 
 class StoryForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
-        widgets = {'title': forms.HiddenInput}
+        widgets = {"title": forms.HiddenInput}
 
 
 class StoryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('id', 'title', 'content')
-    list_display_links = ('title',)  # 'id' not in list_display_links
-    list_editable = ('content',)
+    list_display = ("id", "title", "content")
+    list_display_links = ("title",)  # 'id' not in list_display_links
+    list_editable = ("content",)
     form = StoryForm
-    ordering = ['-id']
+    ordering = ["-id"]
 
 
 class OtherStoryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('id', 'title', 'content')
-    list_display_links = ('title', 'id')  # 'id' in list_display_links
-    list_editable = ('content',)
-    ordering = ['-id']
+    list_display = ("id", "title", "content")
+    list_display_links = ("title", "id")  # 'id' in list_display_links
+    list_editable = ("content",)
+    ordering = ["-id"]
 
 
 class ComplexSortedPersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('name', 'age', 'is_employee', 'colored_name')
-    ordering = ('name',)
+    list_display = ("name", "age", "is_employee", "colored_name")
+    ordering = ("name",)
 
-    @admin.display(ordering='name')
+    @admin.display(ordering="name")
     def colored_name(self, obj):
         return format_html('<span style="color: #ff00ff;">{}</span>', obj.name)
 
 
 class PluggableSearchPersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('name', 'age')
-    search_fields = ('name',)
+    list_display = ("name", "age")
+    search_fields = ("name",)
 
     def get_search_results(self, request, queryset, search_term):
         queryset, may_have_duplicates = super().get_search_results(
-            request, queryset, search_term,
+            request,
+            queryset,
+            search_term,
         )
         try:
             search_term_as_int = int(search_term)
@@ -666,51 +781,50 @@ class PluggableSearchPersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
 
 class AlbumAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_filter = ['title']
+    list_filter = ["title"]
 
 
 class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    ordering = ['-posted']
-    search_fields = ['question']
-    autocomplete_fields = ['related_questions']
+    ordering = ["-posted"]
+    search_fields = ["question"]
+    autocomplete_fields = ["related_questions"]
 
 
 class AnswerAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    autocomplete_fields = ['question']
+    autocomplete_fields = ["question"]
 
 
 class PrePopulatedPostLargeSlugAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    prepopulated_fields = {
-        'slug': ('title',)
-    }
+    prepopulated_fields = {"slug": ("title",)}
 
 
 class AdminOrderedFieldAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    ordering = ('order',)
-    list_display = ('stuff', 'order')
+    ordering = ("order",)
+    list_display = ("stuff", "order")
 
 
 class AdminOrderedModelMethodAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    ordering = ('order',)
-    list_display = ('stuff', 'some_order')
+    ordering = ("order",)
+    list_display = ("stuff", "some_order")
 
 
 class AdminOrderedAdminMethodAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    @admin.display(ordering='order')
+    @admin.display(ordering="order")
     def some_admin_order(self, obj):
         return obj.order
-    ordering = ('order',)
-    list_display = ('stuff', 'some_admin_order')
+
+    ordering = ("order",)
+    list_display = ("stuff", "some_admin_order")
 
 
-@admin.display(ordering='order')
+@admin.display(ordering="order")
 def admin_ordered_callable(obj):
     return obj.order
 
 
 class AdminOrderedCallableAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    ordering = ('order',)
-    list_display = ('stuff', admin_ordered_callable)
+    ordering = ("order",)
+    list_display = ("stuff", admin_ordered_callable)
 
 
 class ReportAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -719,60 +833,67 @@ class ReportAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
     def get_urls(self):
         # Corner case: Don't call parent implementation
-        return [path('extra/', self.extra, name='cable_extra')]
+        return [path("extra/", self.extra, name="cable_extra")]
 
 
 class CustomTemplateBooleanFieldListFilter(BooleanFieldListFilter):
-    template = 'custom_filter_template.html'
+    template = "custom_filter_template.html"
 
 
 class CustomTemplateFilterColorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_filter = (('warm', CustomTemplateBooleanFieldListFilter),)
+    list_filter = (("warm", CustomTemplateBooleanFieldListFilter),)
 
 
 # For Selenium Prepopulated tests -------------------------------------
 class RelatedPrepopulatedInline1(admin.StackedInline):
     fieldsets = (
-        (None, {
-            'fields': (
-                ('fk', 'm2m'),
-                ('pubdate', 'status'),
-                ('name', 'slug1', 'slug2',),
-            ),
-        }),
+        (
+            None,
+            {
+                "fields": (
+                    ("fk", "m2m"),
+                    ("pubdate", "status"),
+                    (
+                        "name",
+                        "slug1",
+                        "slug2",
+                    ),
+                ),
+            },
+        ),
     )
-    formfield_overrides = {models.CharField: {'strip': False}}
+    formfield_overrides = {models.CharField: {"strip": False}}
     model = RelatedPrepopulated
     extra = 1
-    autocomplete_fields = ['fk', 'm2m']
+    autocomplete_fields = ["fk", "m2m"]
     prepopulated_fields = {
-        'slug1': ['name', 'pubdate'],
-        'slug2': ['status', 'name'],
+        "slug1": ["name", "pubdate"],
+        "slug2": ["status", "name"],
     }
 
 
 class RelatedPrepopulatedInline2(admin.TabularInline):
     model = RelatedPrepopulated
     extra = 1
-    autocomplete_fields = ['fk', 'm2m']
+    autocomplete_fields = ["fk", "m2m"]
     prepopulated_fields = {
-        'slug1': ['name', 'pubdate'],
-        'slug2': ['status', 'name'],
+        "slug1": ["name", "pubdate"],
+        "slug2": ["status", "name"],
     }
 
 
 class RelatedPrepopulatedInline3(admin.TabularInline):
     model = RelatedPrepopulated
     extra = 0
-    autocomplete_fields = ['fk', 'm2m']
+    autocomplete_fields = ["fk", "m2m"]
 
 
 class RelatedPrepopulatedStackedInlineNoFieldsets(admin.StackedInline):
     model = RelatedPrepopulated
     extra = 1
     prepopulated_fields = {
-        'slug1': ['name', 'pubdate'],
-        'slug2': ['status'],
+        "slug1": ["name", "pubdate"],
+        "slug2": ["status"],
     }
 
 
@@ -784,28 +905,29 @@ class MainPrepopulatedAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
         RelatedPrepopulatedStackedInlineNoFieldsets,
     ]
     fieldsets = (
-        (None, {
-            'fields': (('pubdate', 'status'), ('name', 'slug1', 'slug2', 'slug3'))
-        }),
+        (
+            None,
+            {"fields": (("pubdate", "status"), ("name", "slug1", "slug2", "slug3"))},
+        ),
     )
-    formfield_overrides = {models.CharField: {'strip': False}}
+    formfield_overrides = {models.CharField: {"strip": False}}
     prepopulated_fields = {
-        'slug1': ['name', 'pubdate'],
-        'slug2': ['status', 'name'],
-        'slug3': ['name'],
+        "slug1": ["name", "pubdate"],
+        "slug2": ["status", "name"],
+        "slug3": ["name"],
     }
 
 
 class UnorderedObjectAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ['id', 'name']
-    list_display_links = ['id']
-    list_editable = ['name']
+    list_display = ["id", "name"]
+    list_display_links = ["id"]
+    list_editable = ["name"]
     list_per_page = 2
 
 
 class UndeletableObjectAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     def change_view(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        kwargs['extra_context'] = {'show_delete': False}
+        kwargs["extra_context"] = {"show_delete": False}
         return super().change_view(*args, **kwargs)
 
 
@@ -831,8 +953,14 @@ class CustomManagerAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
 
 class MessageTestingAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    actions = ["message_debug", "message_info", "message_success",
-               "message_warning", "message_error", "message_extra_tags"]
+    actions = [
+        "message_debug",
+        "message_info",
+        "message_success",
+        "message_warning",
+        "message_error",
+        "message_extra_tags",
+    ]
 
     @admin.action
     def message_debug(self, request, selected):
@@ -860,9 +988,9 @@ class MessageTestingAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
 
 class ChoiceList(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ['choice']
-    readonly_fields = ['choice']
-    fields = ['choice']
+    list_display = ["choice"]
+    readonly_fields = ["choice"]
+    fields = ["choice"]
 
 
 class DependentChildAdminForm(forms.ModelForm):
@@ -870,11 +998,16 @@ class DependentChildAdminForm(forms.ModelForm):
     Issue #20522
     Form to test child dependency on parent object's validation
     """
+
     def clean(self):
-        parent = self.cleaned_data.get('parent')
-        if parent.family_name and parent.family_name != self.cleaned_data.get('family_name'):
-            raise ValidationError("Children must share a family name with their parents " +
-                                  "in this contrived test case")
+        parent = self.cleaned_data.get("parent")
+        if parent.family_name and parent.family_name != self.cleaned_data.get(
+            "family_name"
+        ):
+            raise ValidationError(
+                "Children must share a family name with their parents "
+                + "in this contrived test case"
+            )
         return super().clean()
 
 
@@ -889,6 +1022,7 @@ class ParentWithDependentChildrenAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
 # Tests for ticket 11277 ----------------------------------
 
+
 class FormWithoutHiddenField(forms.ModelForm):
     first = forms.CharField()
     second = forms.CharField()
@@ -907,9 +1041,12 @@ class FormWithVisibleAndHiddenField(forms.ModelForm):
 class EmptyModelVisibleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     form = FormWithoutHiddenField
     fieldsets = (
-        (None, {
-            'fields': (('first', 'second'),),
-        }),
+        (
+            None,
+            {
+                "fields": (("first", "second"),),
+            },
+        ),
     )
 
 
@@ -933,8 +1070,8 @@ class StateAdminForm(forms.ModelForm):
 
     class Meta:
         model = State
-        fields = '__all__'
-        labels = {'name': 'State name (from form’s Meta.labels)'}
+        fields = "__all__"
+        labels = {"name": "State name (from form’s Meta.labels)"}
 
     @property
     def changed_data(self):
@@ -942,7 +1079,7 @@ class StateAdminForm(forms.ModelForm):
         if data:
             # Add arbitrary name to changed_data to test
             # change message construction.
-            return data + ['not_a_form_field']
+            return data + ["not_a_form_field"]
         return data
 
 
@@ -963,20 +1100,20 @@ class CityAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     def get_formset_kwargs(self, request, obj, inline, prefix):
         return {
             **super().get_formset_kwargs(request, obj, inline, prefix),
-            'form_kwargs': {'initial': {'name': 'overridden_name'}},
+            "form_kwargs": {"initial": {"name": "overridden_name"}},
         }
 
 
 class WorkerAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     def view_on_site(self, obj):
-        return '/worker/%s/%s/' % (obj.surname, obj.name)
+        return "/worker/%s/%s/" % (obj.surname, obj.name)
 
 
 class WorkerInlineAdmin(admin.TabularInline):
     model = Worker
 
     def view_on_site(self, obj):
-        return '/worker_inline/%s/%s/' % (obj.surname, obj.name)
+        return "/worker_inline/%s/%s/" % (obj.surname, obj.name)
 
 
 class RestaurantAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -984,11 +1121,11 @@ class RestaurantAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     view_on_site = False
 
     def get_changeform_initial_data(self, request):
-        return {'name': 'overridden_value'}
+        return {"name": "overridden_value"}
 
 
 class FunkyTagAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('name', 'content_object')
+    list_display = ("name", "content_object")
 
 
 class InlineReferenceInline(admin.TabularInline):
@@ -1000,11 +1137,11 @@ class InlineRefererAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
 
 class PlotReadonlyAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    readonly_fields = ('plotdetails',)
+    readonly_fields = ("plotdetails",)
 
 
 class GetFormsetsArgumentCheckingAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    fields = ['name']
+    fields = ["name"]
 
     def add_view(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
         request.is_add_view = True
@@ -1016,19 +1153,26 @@ class GetFormsetsArgumentCheckingAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
     def get_formsets_with_inlines(self, request, obj=None):
         if request.is_add_view and obj is not None:
-            raise Exception("'obj' passed to get_formsets_with_inlines wasn't None during add_view")
+            raise Exception(
+                "'obj' passed to get_formsets_with_inlines wasn't None during add_view"
+            )
         if not request.is_add_view and obj is None:
-            raise Exception("'obj' passed to get_formsets_with_inlines was None during change_view")
+            raise Exception(
+                "'obj' passed to get_formsets_with_inlines was None during change_view"
+            )
         return super().get_formsets_with_inlines(request, obj)
 
 
 site = admin.AdminSite(name="admin")
-site.site_url = '/my-site-url/'
+site.site_url = "/my-site-url/"
 site.register(Article, ArticleAdmin)
 site.register(CustomArticle, CustomArticleAdmin)
 site.register(
-    Section, save_as=True, inlines=[ArticleInline],
-    readonly_fields=['name_property'], search_fields=['name'],
+    Section,
+    save_as=True,
+    inlines=[ArticleInline],
+    readonly_fields=["name_property"],
+    search_fields=["name"],
 )
 site.register(ModelWithStringPrimaryKey)
 site.register(Color)
@@ -1091,7 +1235,7 @@ site.register(InlineReferer, InlineRefererAdmin)
 site.register(ReferencedByGenRel)
 site.register(GenRelReference)
 site.register(ParentWithUUIDPK)
-site.register(RelatedPrepopulated, search_fields=['name'])
+site.register(RelatedPrepopulated, search_fields=["name"])
 site.register(RelatedWithUUIDPKModel)
 site.register(ReadOnlyRelatedField, ReadOnlyRelatedFieldAdmin)
 
@@ -1113,8 +1257,8 @@ site.register(Topping, ToppingAdmin)
 site.register(Album, AlbumAdmin)
 site.register(Song)
 site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)
-site.register(Answer, AnswerAdmin, date_hierarchy='question__posted')
-site.register(Answer2, date_hierarchy='question__expires')
+site.register(Answer, AnswerAdmin, date_hierarchy="question__posted")
+site.register(Answer2, date_hierarchy="question__expires")
 site.register(PrePopulatedPost, PrePopulatedPostAdmin)
 site.register(ComplexSortedPerson, ComplexSortedPersonAdmin)
 site.register(FilteredManager, CustomManagerAdmin)
@@ -1152,9 +1296,9 @@ site2.register(Group, GroupAdmin)
 site2.register(ParentWithUUIDPK)
 site2.register(
     RelatedWithUUIDPKModel,
-    list_display=['pk', 'parent'],
-    list_editable=['parent'],
-    raw_id_fields=['parent'],
+    list_display=["pk", "parent"],
+    list_editable=["parent"],
+    raw_id_fields=["parent"],
 )
 site2.register(Person, save_as_continue=False)
 site2.register(ReadOnlyRelatedField, ReadOnlyRelatedFieldAdmin)
@@ -1166,21 +1310,27 @@ site7.register(Section)
 site7.register(PrePopulatedPost, PrePopulatedPostReadOnlyAdmin)
 site7.register(
     Pizza,
-    filter_horizontal=['toppings'],
+    filter_horizontal=["toppings"],
     fieldsets=(
-        ('Collapsible', {
-            'classes': ['collapse'],
-            'fields': ['toppings'],
-        }),
+        (
+            "Collapsible",
+            {
+                "classes": ["collapse"],
+                "fields": ["toppings"],
+            },
+        ),
     ),
 )
 site7.register(
     Question,
-    filter_horizontal=['related_questions'],
+    filter_horizontal=["related_questions"],
     fieldsets=(
-        ('Not collapsible', {
-            'fields': ['related_questions'],
-        }),
+        (
+            "Not collapsible",
+            {
+                "fields": ["related_questions"],
+            },
+        ),
     ),
 )
 
@@ -1188,37 +1338,42 @@ site7.register(
 # Used to test ModelAdmin.sortable_by and get_sortable_by().
 class ArticleAdmin6(admin.ModelAdmin):
     list_display = (
-        'content', 'date', callable_year, 'model_year', 'modeladmin_year',
-        'model_year_reversed', 'section',
+        "content",
+        "date",
+        callable_year,
+        "model_year",
+        "modeladmin_year",
+        "model_year_reversed",
+        "section",
     )
-    sortable_by = ('date', callable_year)
+    sortable_by = ("date", callable_year)
 
-    @admin.display(ordering='date')
+    @admin.display(ordering="date")
     def modeladmin_year(self, obj):
         return obj.date.year
 
 
 class ActorAdmin6(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('name', 'age')
-    sortable_by = ('name',)
+    list_display = ("name", "age")
+    sortable_by = ("name",)
 
     def get_sortable_by(self, request):
-        return ('age',)
+        return ("age",)
 
 
 class ChapterAdmin6(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('title', 'book')
+    list_display = ("title", "book")
     sortable_by = ()
 
 
 class ColorAdmin6(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('value',)
+    list_display = ("value",)
 
     def get_sortable_by(self, request):
         return ()
 
 
-site6 = admin.AdminSite(name='admin6')
+site6 = admin.AdminSite(name="admin6")
 site6.register(Article, ArticleAdmin6)
 site6.register(Actor, ActorAdmin6)
 site6.register(Chapter, ChapterAdmin6)
@@ -1240,10 +1395,10 @@ class ActorAdmin9(admin.ModelAdmin):
         return urls
 
 
-site9 = admin.AdminSite(name='admin9')
+site9 = admin.AdminSite(name="admin9")
 site9.register(Article, ArticleAdmin9)
 site9.register(Actor, ActorAdmin9)
 
-site10 = admin.AdminSite(name='admin10')
+site10 = admin.AdminSite(name="admin10")
 site10.final_catch_all_view = False
 site10.register(Article, ArticleAdminWithExtraUrl)
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/custom_has_permission_admin.py b/tests/admin_views/custom_has_permission_admin.py
index 354f6a2418..6dc2011b24 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/custom_has_permission_admin.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/custom_has_permission_admin.py
@@ -6,24 +6,26 @@ from django.contrib.auth import get_permission_codename
 from django.contrib.auth.forms import AuthenticationForm
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 
-from . import admin as base_admin, models
+from . import admin as base_admin
+from . import models
 
-PERMISSION_NAME = 'admin_views.%s' % get_permission_codename('change', models.Article._meta)
+PERMISSION_NAME = "admin_views.%s" % get_permission_codename(
+    "change", models.Article._meta
+)
 
 
 class PermissionAdminAuthenticationForm(AuthenticationForm):
     def confirm_login_allowed(self, user):
         if not user.is_active or not (user.is_staff or user.has_perm(PERMISSION_NAME)):
-            raise ValidationError('permission denied')
+            raise ValidationError("permission denied")
 
 
 class HasPermissionAdmin(admin.AdminSite):
     login_form = PermissionAdminAuthenticationForm
 
     def has_permission(self, request):
-        return (
-            request.user.is_active and
-            (request.user.is_staff or request.user.has_perm(PERMISSION_NAME))
+        return request.user.is_active and (
+            request.user.is_staff or request.user.has_perm(PERMISSION_NAME)
         )
 
 
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/customadmin.py b/tests/admin_views/customadmin.py
index a9d8a060b9..f9e1f6fe1a 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/customadmin.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/customadmin.py
@@ -7,32 +7,33 @@ from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.http import HttpResponse
 from django.urls import path
 
-from . import admin as base_admin, forms, models
+from . import admin as base_admin
+from . import forms, models
 
 
 class Admin2(admin.AdminSite):
-    app_index_template = 'custom_admin/app_index.html'
+    app_index_template = "custom_admin/app_index.html"
     login_form = forms.CustomAdminAuthenticationForm
-    login_template = 'custom_admin/login.html'
-    logout_template = 'custom_admin/logout.html'
-    index_template = ['custom_admin/index.html']  # a list, to test fix for #18697
-    password_change_template = 'custom_admin/password_change_form.html'
-    password_change_done_template = 'custom_admin/password_change_done.html'
+    login_template = "custom_admin/login.html"
+    logout_template = "custom_admin/logout.html"
+    index_template = ["custom_admin/index.html"]  # a list, to test fix for #18697
+    password_change_template = "custom_admin/password_change_form.html"
+    password_change_done_template = "custom_admin/password_change_done.html"
 
     # A custom index view.
     def index(self, request, extra_context=None):
-        return super().index(request, {'foo': '*bar*'})
+        return super().index(request, {"foo": "*bar*"})
 
     def get_urls(self):
         return [
-            path('my_view/', self.admin_view(self.my_view), name='my_view'),
+            path("my_view/", self.admin_view(self.my_view), name="my_view"),
         ] + super().get_urls()
 
     def my_view(self, request):
         return HttpResponse("Django is a magical pony!")
 
     def password_change(self, request, extra_context=None):
-        return super().password_change(request, {'spam': 'eggs'})
+        return super().password_change(request, {"spam": "eggs"})
 
 
 class UserLimitedAdmin(UserAdmin):
@@ -43,19 +44,23 @@ class UserLimitedAdmin(UserAdmin):
 
 
 class CustomPwdTemplateUserAdmin(UserAdmin):
-    change_user_password_template = ['admin/auth/user/change_password.html']  # a list, to test fix for #18697
+    change_user_password_template = [
+        "admin/auth/user/change_password.html"
+    ]  # a list, to test fix for #18697
 
 
 class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     def get_deleted_objects(self, objs, request):
-        return ['a deletable object'], {'books': 1}, set(), []
+        return ["a deletable object"], {"books": 1}, set(), []
 
 
 site = Admin2(name="admin2")
 
 site.register(models.Article, base_admin.ArticleAdmin)
 site.register(models.Book, BookAdmin)
-site.register(models.Section, inlines=[base_admin.ArticleInline], search_fields=['name'])
+site.register(
+    models.Section, inlines=[base_admin.ArticleInline], search_fields=["name"]
+)
 site.register(models.Thing, base_admin.ThingAdmin)
 site.register(models.Fabric, base_admin.FabricAdmin)
 site.register(models.ChapterXtra1, base_admin.ChapterXtra1Admin)
@@ -63,5 +68,5 @@ site.register(User, UserLimitedAdmin)
 site.register(models.UndeletableObject, base_admin.UndeletableObjectAdmin)
 site.register(models.Simple, base_admin.AttributeErrorRaisingAdmin)
 
-simple_site = Admin2(name='admin4')
+simple_site = Admin2(name="admin4")
 simple_site.register(User, CustomPwdTemplateUserAdmin)
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/forms.py b/tests/admin_views/forms.py
index b25e49246a..e9d9c0a8a5 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/forms.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/forms.py
@@ -4,17 +4,16 @@ from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 
 
 class CustomAdminAuthenticationForm(AdminAuthenticationForm):
-
     class Media:
-        css = {'all': ('path/to/media.css',)}
+        css = {"all": ("path/to/media.css",)}
 
     def clean_username(self):
-        username = self.cleaned_data.get('username')
-        if username == 'customform':
-            raise ValidationError('custom form error')
+        username = self.cleaned_data.get("username")
+        if username == "customform":
+            raise ValidationError("custom form error")
         return username
 
 
 class MediaActionForm(ActionForm):
     class Media:
-        js = ['path/to/media.js']
+        js = ["path/to/media.js"]
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/models.py b/tests/admin_views/models.py
index c2972e0940..f6632816e8 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/models.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/models.py
@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@ import uuid
 
 from django.contrib import admin
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 from django.core.files.storage import FileSystemStorage
@@ -18,6 +16,7 @@ class Section(models.Model):
     A simple section that links to articles, to test linking to related items
     in admin views.
     """
+
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -35,26 +34,31 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     """
     A simple article to test admin views. Test backwards compatibility.
     """
+
     title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     content = models.TextField()
     date = models.DateTimeField()
     section = models.ForeignKey(Section, models.CASCADE, null=True, blank=True)
-    another_section = models.ForeignKey(Section, models.CASCADE, null=True, blank=True, related_name='+')
-    sub_section = models.ForeignKey(Section, models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True, related_name='+')
+    another_section = models.ForeignKey(
+        Section, models.CASCADE, null=True, blank=True, related_name="+"
+    )
+    sub_section = models.ForeignKey(
+        Section, models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True, related_name="+"
+    )
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
-    @admin.display(ordering='date', description='')
+    @admin.display(ordering="date", description="")
     def model_year(self):
         return self.date.year
 
-    @admin.display(ordering='-date', description='')
+    @admin.display(ordering="-date", description="")
     def model_year_reversed(self):
         return self.date.year
 
     @property
-    @admin.display(ordering='date')
+    @admin.display(ordering="date")
     def model_property_year(self):
         return self.date.year
 
@@ -67,14 +71,15 @@ class Book(models.Model):
     """
     A simple book that has chapters.
     """
-    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='¿Name?')
+
+    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="¿Name?")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
 class Promo(models.Model):
-    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='¿Name?')
+    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="¿Name?")
     book = models.ForeignKey(Book, models.CASCADE)
     author = models.ForeignKey(User, models.SET_NULL, blank=True, null=True)
 
@@ -83,33 +88,33 @@ class Promo(models.Model):
 
 
 class Chapter(models.Model):
-    title = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='¿Title?')
+    title = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="¿Title?")
     content = models.TextField()
     book = models.ForeignKey(Book, models.CASCADE)
 
     class Meta:
         # Use a utf-8 bytestring to ensure it works (see #11710)
-        verbose_name = '¿Chapter?'
+        verbose_name = "¿Chapter?"
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
 
 class ChapterXtra1(models.Model):
-    chap = models.OneToOneField(Chapter, models.CASCADE, verbose_name='¿Chap?')
-    xtra = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='¿Xtra?')
+    chap = models.OneToOneField(Chapter, models.CASCADE, verbose_name="¿Chap?")
+    xtra = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="¿Xtra?")
     guest_author = models.ForeignKey(User, models.SET_NULL, blank=True, null=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '¿Xtra1: %s' % self.xtra
+        return "¿Xtra1: %s" % self.xtra
 
 
 class ChapterXtra2(models.Model):
-    chap = models.OneToOneField(Chapter, models.CASCADE, verbose_name='¿Chap?')
-    xtra = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='¿Xtra?')
+    chap = models.OneToOneField(Chapter, models.CASCADE, verbose_name="¿Chap?")
+    xtra = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="¿Xtra?")
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '¿Xtra2: %s' % self.xtra
+        return "¿Xtra2: %s" % self.xtra
 
 
 class RowLevelChangePermissionModel(models.Model):
@@ -128,7 +133,7 @@ class ModelWithStringPrimaryKey(models.Model):
         return self.string_pk
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
-        return '/dummy/%s/' % self.string_pk
+        return "/dummy/%s/" % self.string_pk
 
 
 class Color(models.Model):
@@ -147,7 +152,7 @@ class Color2(Color):
 
 class Thing(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=20)
-    color = models.ForeignKey(Color, models.CASCADE, limit_choices_to={'warm': True})
+    color = models.ForeignKey(Color, models.CASCADE, limit_choices_to={"warm": True})
     pub_date = models.DateField(blank=True, null=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -178,22 +183,22 @@ class Sketch(models.Model):
         Inquisition,
         models.CASCADE,
         limit_choices_to={
-            'leader__name': 'Palin',
-            'leader__age': 27,
-            'expected': False,
+            "leader__name": "Palin",
+            "leader__age": 27,
+            "expected": False,
         },
     )
     defendant0 = models.ForeignKey(
         Actor,
         models.CASCADE,
-        limit_choices_to={'title__isnull': False},
-        related_name='as_defendant0',
+        limit_choices_to={"title__isnull": False},
+        related_name="as_defendant0",
     )
     defendant1 = models.ForeignKey(
         Actor,
         models.CASCADE,
-        limit_choices_to={'title__isnull': True},
-        related_name='as_defendant1',
+        limit_choices_to={"title__isnull": True},
+        related_name="as_defendant1",
     )
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -224,7 +229,9 @@ class StumpJoke(models.Model):
         limit_choices_to=today_callable_dict,
         related_name="+",
     )
-    has_fooled_today = models.ManyToManyField(Character, limit_choices_to=today_callable_q, related_name="+")
+    has_fooled_today = models.ManyToManyField(
+        Character, limit_choices_to=today_callable_q, related_name="+"
+    )
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.variation
@@ -232,11 +239,14 @@ class StumpJoke(models.Model):
 
 class Fabric(models.Model):
     NG_CHOICES = (
-        ('Textured', (
-            ('x', 'Horizontal'),
-            ('y', 'Vertical'),
-        )),
-        ('plain', 'Smooth'),
+        (
+            "Textured",
+            (
+                ("x", "Horizontal"),
+                ("y", "Vertical"),
+            ),
+        ),
+        ("plain", "Smooth"),
     )
     surface = models.CharField(max_length=20, choices=NG_CHOICES)
 
@@ -260,6 +270,7 @@ class Persona(models.Model):
     A simple persona associated with accounts, to test inlining of related
     accounts which inherit from a common accounts class.
     """
+
     name = models.CharField(blank=False, max_length=80)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -271,9 +282,10 @@ class Account(models.Model):
     A simple, generic account encapsulating the information shared by all
     types of accounts.
     """
+
     username = models.CharField(blank=False, max_length=80)
     persona = models.ForeignKey(Persona, models.CASCADE, related_name="accounts")
-    servicename = 'generic service'
+    servicename = "generic service"
 
     def __str__(self):
         return "%s: %s" % (self.servicename, self.username)
@@ -281,12 +293,14 @@ class Account(models.Model):
 
 class FooAccount(Account):
     """A service-specific account of type Foo."""
-    servicename = 'foo'
+
+    servicename = "foo"
 
 
 class BarAccount(Account):
     """A service-specific account of type Bar."""
-    servicename = 'bar'
+
+    servicename = "bar"
 
 
 class Subscriber(models.Model):
@@ -313,11 +327,13 @@ class Podcast(Media):
     release_date = models.DateField()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('release_date',)  # overridden in PodcastAdmin
+        ordering = ("release_date",)  # overridden in PodcastAdmin
 
 
 class Vodcast(Media):
-    media = models.OneToOneField(Media, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True, parent_link=True)
+    media = models.OneToOneField(
+        Media, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True, parent_link=True
+    )
     released = models.BooleanField(default=False)
 
 
@@ -325,8 +341,8 @@ class Parent(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
 
     def clean(self):
-        if self.name == '_invalid':
-            raise ValidationError('invalid')
+        if self.name == "_invalid":
+            raise ValidationError("invalid")
 
 
 class Child(models.Model):
@@ -334,19 +350,20 @@ class Child(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=30, blank=True)
 
     def clean(self):
-        if self.name == '_invalid':
-            raise ValidationError('invalid')
+        if self.name == "_invalid":
+            raise ValidationError("invalid")
 
 
 class PKChild(models.Model):
     """
     Used to check autocomplete to_field resolution when ForeignKey is PK.
     """
+
     parent = models.ForeignKey(Parent, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['parent']
+        ordering = ["parent"]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -370,7 +387,7 @@ class Gallery(models.Model):
 
 class Picture(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
-    image = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to='test_upload')
+    image = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to="test_upload")
     gallery = models.ForeignKey(Gallery, models.CASCADE, related_name="pictures")
 
 
@@ -384,7 +401,7 @@ class Language(models.Model):
         return self.iso
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('iso',)
+        ordering = ("iso",)
 
 
 # a base class for Recommender and Recommendation
@@ -446,10 +463,10 @@ class Category(models.Model):
     order = models.PositiveIntegerField()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('order',)
+        ordering = ("order",)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s:o%s' % (self.id, self.order)
+        return "%s:o%s" % (self.id, self.order)
 
 
 def link_posted_default():
@@ -476,12 +493,16 @@ class PrePopulatedSubPost(models.Model):
 
 
 class Post(models.Model):
-    title = models.CharField(max_length=100, help_text='Some help text for the title (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)')
-    content = models.TextField(help_text='Some help text for the content (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)')
+    title = models.CharField(
+        max_length=100, help_text="Some help text for the title (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)"
+    )
+    content = models.TextField(
+        help_text="Some help text for the content (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)"
+    )
     readonly_content = models.TextField()
     posted = models.DateField(
         default=datetime.date.today,
-        help_text='Some help text for the date (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)',
+        help_text="Some help text for the date (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)",
     )
     public = models.BooleanField(null=True, blank=True)
 
@@ -519,7 +540,7 @@ class FunkyTag(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=25)
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE)
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-    content_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
+    content_object = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -527,8 +548,8 @@ class FunkyTag(models.Model):
 
 class Plot(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
-    team_leader = models.ForeignKey(Villain, models.CASCADE, related_name='lead_plots')
-    contact = models.ForeignKey(Villain, models.CASCADE, related_name='contact_plots')
+    team_leader = models.ForeignKey(Villain, models.CASCADE, related_name="lead_plots")
+    contact = models.ForeignKey(Villain, models.CASCADE, related_name="contact_plots")
     tags = GenericRelation(FunkyTag)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -549,7 +570,8 @@ class PlotProxy(Plot):
 
 
 class SecretHideout(models.Model):
-    """ Secret! Not registered with the admin! """
+    """Secret! Not registered with the admin!"""
+
     location = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     villain = models.ForeignKey(Villain, models.CASCADE)
 
@@ -558,7 +580,8 @@ class SecretHideout(models.Model):
 
 
 class SuperSecretHideout(models.Model):
-    """ Secret! Not registered with the admin! """
+    """Secret! Not registered with the admin!"""
+
     location = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     supervillain = models.ForeignKey(SuperVillain, models.CASCADE)
 
@@ -568,7 +591,7 @@ class SuperSecretHideout(models.Model):
 
 class Bookmark(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=60)
-    tag = GenericRelation(FunkyTag, related_query_name='bookmark')
+    tag = GenericRelation(FunkyTag, related_query_name="bookmark")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -576,7 +599,7 @@ class Bookmark(models.Model):
 
 class CyclicOne(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=25)
-    two = models.ForeignKey('CyclicTwo', models.CASCADE)
+    two = models.ForeignKey("CyclicTwo", models.CASCADE)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -599,7 +622,7 @@ class Topping(models.Model):
 
 class Pizza(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
-    toppings = models.ManyToManyField('Topping', related_name='pizzas')
+    toppings = models.ManyToManyField("Topping", related_name="pizzas")
 
 
 # Pizza's ModelAdmin has readonly_fields = ['toppings'].
@@ -634,7 +657,7 @@ class Employee(Person):
     code = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['name']
+        ordering = ["name"]
 
 
 class WorkHour(models.Model):
@@ -646,6 +669,7 @@ class Manager(Employee):
     """
     A multi-layer MTI child.
     """
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -658,7 +682,7 @@ class Question(models.Model):
     question = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     posted = models.DateField(default=datetime.date.today)
     expires = models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)
-    related_questions = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+    related_questions = models.ManyToManyField("self")
     uuid = models.UUIDField(default=uuid.uuid4, unique=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -668,12 +692,15 @@ class Question(models.Model):
 class Answer(models.Model):
     question = models.ForeignKey(Question, models.PROTECT)
     question_with_to_field = models.ForeignKey(
-        Question, models.SET_NULL,
-        blank=True, null=True, to_field='uuid',
-        related_name='uuid_answers',
-        limit_choices_to=~models.Q(question__istartswith='not'),
+        Question,
+        models.SET_NULL,
+        blank=True,
+        null=True,
+        to_field="uuid",
+        related_name="uuid_answers",
+        limit_choices_to=~models.Q(question__istartswith="not"),
     )
-    related_answers = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+    related_answers = models.ManyToManyField("self")
     answer = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -692,17 +719,19 @@ class Reservation(models.Model):
 
 class FoodDelivery(models.Model):
     DRIVER_CHOICES = (
-        ('bill', 'Bill G'),
-        ('steve', 'Steve J'),
+        ("bill", "Bill G"),
+        ("steve", "Steve J"),
     )
     RESTAURANT_CHOICES = (
-        ('indian', 'A Taste of India'),
-        ('thai', 'Thai Pography'),
-        ('pizza', 'Pizza Mama'),
+        ("indian", "A Taste of India"),
+        ("thai", "Thai Pography"),
+        ("pizza", "Pizza Mama"),
     )
     reference = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     driver = models.CharField(max_length=100, choices=DRIVER_CHOICES, blank=True)
-    restaurant = models.CharField(max_length=100, choices=RESTAURANT_CHOICES, blank=True)
+    restaurant = models.CharField(
+        max_length=100, choices=RESTAURANT_CHOICES, blank=True
+    )
 
     class Meta:
         unique_together = (("driver", "restaurant"),)
@@ -761,6 +790,7 @@ class PrePopulatedPostLargeSlug(models.Model):
     be localized in prepopulated_fields_js.html or it might end up breaking
     the JavaScript (ie, using THOUSAND_SEPARATOR ends up with maxLength=1,000)
     """
+
     title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     published = models.BooleanField(default=False)
     # `db_index=False` because MySQL cannot index large CharField (#21196).
@@ -776,7 +806,7 @@ class AdminOrderedModelMethod(models.Model):
     order = models.IntegerField()
     stuff = models.CharField(max_length=200)
 
-    @admin.display(ordering='order')
+    @admin.display(ordering="order")
     def some_order(self):
         return self.order
 
@@ -803,8 +833,8 @@ class MainPrepopulated(models.Model):
     pubdate = models.DateField()
     status = models.CharField(
         max_length=20,
-        choices=(('option one', 'Option One'),
-                 ('option two', 'Option Two')))
+        choices=(("option one", "Option One"), ("option two", "Option Two")),
+    )
     slug1 = models.SlugField(blank=True)
     slug2 = models.SlugField(blank=True)
     slug3 = models.SlugField(blank=True, allow_unicode=True)
@@ -813,13 +843,13 @@ class MainPrepopulated(models.Model):
 class RelatedPrepopulated(models.Model):
     parent = models.ForeignKey(MainPrepopulated, models.CASCADE)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=75)
-    fk = models.ForeignKey('self', models.CASCADE, blank=True, null=True)
-    m2m = models.ManyToManyField('self', blank=True)
+    fk = models.ForeignKey("self", models.CASCADE, blank=True, null=True)
+    m2m = models.ManyToManyField("self", blank=True)
     pubdate = models.DateField()
     status = models.CharField(
         max_length=20,
-        choices=(('option one', 'Option One'),
-                 ('option two', 'Option Two')))
+        choices=(("option one", "Option One"), ("option two", "Option Two")),
+    )
     slug1 = models.SlugField(max_length=50)
     slug2 = models.SlugField(max_length=60)
 
@@ -829,6 +859,7 @@ class UnorderedObject(models.Model):
     Model without any defined `Meta.ordering`.
     Refs #16819.
     """
+
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
     bool = models.BooleanField(default=True)
 
@@ -838,6 +869,7 @@ class UndeletableObject(models.Model):
     Model whose show_delete in admin change_view has been disabled
     Refs #10057.
     """
+
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
 
 
@@ -862,8 +894,9 @@ class Simple(models.Model):
 
 class Choice(models.Model):
     choice = models.IntegerField(
-        blank=True, null=True,
-        choices=((1, 'Yes'), (0, 'No'), (None, 'No opinion')),
+        blank=True,
+        null=True,
+        choices=((1, "Yes"), (0, "No"), (None, "No opinion")),
     )
 
 
@@ -873,6 +906,7 @@ class ParentWithDependentChildren(models.Model):
     Model where the validation of child foreign-key relationships depends
     on validation of the parent
     """
+
     some_required_info = models.PositiveIntegerField()
     family_name = models.CharField(max_length=255, blank=False)
 
@@ -883,6 +917,7 @@ class DependentChild(models.Model):
     Model that depends on validation of the parent class for one of its
     fields to validate during clean
     """
+
     parent = models.ForeignKey(ParentWithDependentChildren, models.CASCADE)
     family_name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
 
@@ -901,27 +936,27 @@ class FilteredManager(models.Model):
 
 
 class EmptyModelVisible(models.Model):
-    """ See ticket #11277. """
+    """See ticket #11277."""
 
 
 class EmptyModelHidden(models.Model):
-    """ See ticket #11277. """
+    """See ticket #11277."""
 
 
 class EmptyModelMixin(models.Model):
-    """ See ticket #11277. """
+    """See ticket #11277."""
 
 
 class State(models.Model):
-    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='State verbose_name')
+    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="State verbose_name")
 
 
 class City(models.Model):
     state = models.ForeignKey(State, models.CASCADE)
-    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='City verbose_name')
+    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="City verbose_name")
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
-        return '/dummy/%s/' % self.pk
+        return "/dummy/%s/" % self.pk
 
 
 class Restaurant(models.Model):
@@ -929,7 +964,7 @@ class Restaurant(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
-        return '/dummy/%s/' % self.pk
+        return "/dummy/%s/" % self.pk
 
 
 class Worker(models.Model):
@@ -947,8 +982,8 @@ class ParentWithFK(models.Model):
     fk = models.ForeignKey(
         ReferencedByParent,
         models.CASCADE,
-        to_field='name',
-        related_name='hidden+',
+        to_field="name",
+        related_name="hidden+",
     )
 
 
@@ -970,8 +1005,8 @@ class InlineReference(models.Model):
     fk = models.ForeignKey(
         ReferencedByInline,
         models.CASCADE,
-        to_field='name',
-        related_name='hidden+',
+        to_field="name",
+        related_name="hidden+",
     )
 
 
@@ -981,12 +1016,12 @@ class Recipe(models.Model):
 
 class Ingredient(models.Model):
     iname = models.CharField(max_length=20, unique=True)
-    recipes = models.ManyToManyField(Recipe, through='RecipeIngredient')
+    recipes = models.ManyToManyField(Recipe, through="RecipeIngredient")
 
 
 class RecipeIngredient(models.Model):
-    ingredient = models.ForeignKey(Ingredient, models.CASCADE, to_field='iname')
-    recipe = models.ForeignKey(Recipe, models.CASCADE, to_field='rname')
+    ingredient = models.ForeignKey(Ingredient, models.CASCADE, to_field="iname")
+    recipe = models.ForeignKey(Recipe, models.CASCADE, to_field="rname")
 
 
 # Model for #23839
@@ -1008,7 +1043,7 @@ class ImplicitlyGeneratedPK(models.Model):
 class ReferencedByGenRel(models.Model):
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-    content_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
+    content_object = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")
 
 
 class GenRelReference(models.Model):
@@ -1024,7 +1059,9 @@ class ParentWithUUIDPK(models.Model):
 
 
 class RelatedWithUUIDPKModel(models.Model):
-    parent = models.ForeignKey(ParentWithUUIDPK, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True)
+    parent = models.ForeignKey(
+        ParentWithUUIDPK, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True
+    )
 
 
 class Author(models.Model):
@@ -1038,6 +1075,7 @@ class Authorship(models.Model):
 
 class UserProxy(User):
     """Proxy a model with a different app_label."""
+
     class Meta:
         proxy = True
 
@@ -1054,5 +1092,9 @@ class Héllo(models.Model):
 
 class Box(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
-    next_box = models.ForeignKey("self", null=True, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, blank=True)
-    next_box = models.ForeignKey("self", null=True, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, blank=True)
+    next_box = models.ForeignKey(
+        "self", null=True, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, blank=True
+    )
+    next_box = models.ForeignKey(
+        "self", null=True, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, blank=True
+    )
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/test_actions.py b/tests/admin_views/test_actions.py
index 6c5aa5ad53..2bdcff44ae 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/test_actions.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/test_actions.py
@@ -12,19 +12,29 @@ from django.urls import reverse
 from .admin import SubscriberAdmin
 from .forms import MediaActionForm
 from .models import (
-    Actor, Answer, Book, ExternalSubscriber, Question, Subscriber,
+    Actor,
+    Answer,
+    Book,
+    ExternalSubscriber,
+    Question,
+    Subscriber,
     UnchangeableObject,
 )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminActionsTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.s1 = ExternalSubscriber.objects.create(name='John Doe', email='john@example.org')
-        cls.s2 = Subscriber.objects.create(name='Max Mustermann', email='max@example.org')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.s1 = ExternalSubscriber.objects.create(
+            name="John Doe", email="john@example.org"
+        )
+        cls.s2 = Subscriber.objects.create(
+            name="Max Mustermann", email="max@example.org"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -33,44 +43,56 @@ class AdminActionsTest(TestCase):
         """A custom action defined in a ModelAdmin method."""
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
-            'action': 'mail_admin',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "mail_admin",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'), action_data)
+        self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, 'Greetings from a ModelAdmin action')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, "Greetings from a ModelAdmin action")
 
     def test_model_admin_default_delete_action(self):
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk, self.s2.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "index": 0,
         }
         delete_confirmation_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk, self.s2.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'post': 'yes',
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "post": "yes",
         }
-        confirmation = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'), action_data)
+        confirmation = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         self.assertIsInstance(confirmation, TemplateResponse)
-        self.assertContains(confirmation, 'Are you sure you want to delete the selected subscribers?')
-        self.assertContains(confirmation, '<h2>Summary</h2>')
-        self.assertContains(confirmation, '<li>Subscribers: 2</li>')
-        self.assertContains(confirmation, '<li>External subscribers: 1</li>')
+        self.assertContains(
+            confirmation, "Are you sure you want to delete the selected subscribers?"
+        )
+        self.assertContains(confirmation, "<h2>Summary</h2>")
+        self.assertContains(confirmation, "<li>Subscribers: 2</li>")
+        self.assertContains(confirmation, "<li>External subscribers: 1</li>")
         self.assertContains(confirmation, ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME, count=2)
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'), delete_confirmation_data)
+        self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"), delete_confirmation_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(Subscriber.objects.count(), 0)
 
     def test_default_delete_action_nonexistent_pk(self):
         self.assertFalse(Subscriber.objects.filter(id=9998).exists())
         action_data = {
-            ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: ['9998'],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'index': 0,
+            ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: ["9998"],
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'), action_data)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Are you sure you want to delete the selected subscribers?')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<ul></ul>', html=True)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "Are you sure you want to delete the selected subscribers?"
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "<ul></ul>", html=True)
 
     @override_settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True, NUMBER_GROUPING=3)
     def test_non_localized_pk(self):
@@ -81,11 +103,13 @@ class AdminActionsTest(TestCase):
         s = ExternalSubscriber.objects.create(id=9999)
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [s.pk, self.s2.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'), action_data)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'admin/delete_selected_confirmation.html')
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "admin/delete_selected_confirmation.html")
         self.assertContains(response, 'value="9999"')  # Instead of 9,999
         self.assertContains(response, 'value="%s"' % self.s2.pk)
 
@@ -94,33 +118,43 @@ class AdminActionsTest(TestCase):
         The default delete action where some related objects are protected
         from deletion.
         """
-        q1 = Question.objects.create(question='Why?')
-        a1 = Answer.objects.create(question=q1, answer='Because.')
-        a2 = Answer.objects.create(question=q1, answer='Yes.')
-        q2 = Question.objects.create(question='Wherefore?')
+        q1 = Question.objects.create(question="Why?")
+        a1 = Answer.objects.create(question=q1, answer="Because.")
+        a2 = Answer.objects.create(question=q1, answer="Yes.")
+        q2 = Question.objects.create(question="Wherefore?")
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [q1.pk, q2.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "index": 0,
         }
         delete_confirmation_data = action_data.copy()
-        delete_confirmation_data['post'] = 'yes'
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_question_changelist'), action_data)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'would require deleting the following protected related objects')
+        delete_confirmation_data["post"] = "yes"
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_question_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         self.assertContains(
-            response,
-            '<li>Answer: <a href="%s">Because.</a></li>' % reverse('admin:admin_views_answer_change', args=(a1.pk,)),
-            html=True
+            response, "would require deleting the following protected related objects"
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<li>Answer: <a href="%s">Yes.</a></li>' % reverse('admin:admin_views_answer_change', args=(a2.pk,)),
-            html=True
+            '<li>Answer: <a href="%s">Because.</a></li>'
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_answer_change", args=(a1.pk,)),
+            html=True,
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<li>Answer: <a href="%s">Yes.</a></li>'
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_answer_change", args=(a2.pk,)),
+            html=True,
         )
         # A POST request to delete protected objects displays the page which
         # says the deletion is prohibited.
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_question_changelist'), delete_confirmation_data)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'would require deleting the following protected related objects')
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_question_changelist"), delete_confirmation_data
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "would require deleting the following protected related objects"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(Question.objects.count(), 2)
 
     def test_model_admin_default_delete_action_no_change_url(self):
@@ -131,58 +165,68 @@ class AdminActionsTest(TestCase):
         obj = UnchangeableObject.objects.create()
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: obj.pk,
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'index': '0',
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "index": "0",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_unchangeableobject_changelist'), action_data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_unchangeableobject_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         # No 500 caused by NoReverseMatch. The page doesn't display a link to
         # the nonexistent change page.
-        self.assertContains(response, '<li>Unchangeable object: %s</li>' % obj, 1, html=True)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "<li>Unchangeable object: %s</li>" % obj, 1, html=True
+        )
 
     def test_delete_queryset_hook(self):
         delete_confirmation_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk, self.s2.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'post': 'yes',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "post": "yes",
+            "index": 0,
         }
         SubscriberAdmin.overridden = False
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'), delete_confirmation_data)
+        self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"), delete_confirmation_data
+        )
         # SubscriberAdmin.delete_queryset() sets overridden to True.
         self.assertIs(SubscriberAdmin.overridden, True)
         self.assertEqual(Subscriber.objects.all().count(), 0)
 
     def test_delete_selected_uses_get_deleted_objects(self):
         """The delete_selected action uses ModelAdmin.get_deleted_objects()."""
-        book = Book.objects.create(name='Test Book')
+        book = Book.objects.create(name="Test Book")
         data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [book.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin2:admin_views_book_changelist'), data)
+        response = self.client.post(reverse("admin2:admin_views_book_changelist"), data)
         # BookAdmin.get_deleted_objects() returns custom text.
-        self.assertContains(response, 'a deletable object')
+        self.assertContains(response, "a deletable object")
 
     def test_custom_function_mail_action(self):
         """A custom action may be defined in a function."""
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
-            'action': 'external_mail',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "external_mail",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist'), action_data)
+        self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, 'Greetings from a function action')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, "Greetings from a function action")
 
     def test_custom_function_action_with_redirect(self):
         """Another custom action defined in a function."""
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
-            'action': 'redirect_to',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "redirect_to",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist'), action_data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
 
     def test_default_redirect(self):
@@ -192,10 +236,10 @@ class AdminActionsTest(TestCase):
         """
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
-            'action': 'external_mail',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "external_mail",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist') + '?o=1'
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist") + "?o=1"
         response = self.client.post(url, action_data)
         self.assertRedirects(response, url)
 
@@ -203,29 +247,37 @@ class AdminActionsTest(TestCase):
         """A custom action may return a StreamingHttpResponse."""
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
-            'action': 'download',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "download",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist'), action_data)
-        content = b''.join(response.streaming_content)
-        self.assertEqual(content, b'This is the content of the file')
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
+        content = b"".join(response.streaming_content)
+        self.assertEqual(content, b"This is the content of the file")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_custom_function_action_no_perm_response(self):
         """A custom action may returns an HttpResponse with a 403 code."""
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
-            'action': 'no_perm',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "no_perm",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist'), action_data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'No permission to perform this action')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"No permission to perform this action")
 
     def test_actions_ordering(self):
         """Actions are ordered as expected."""
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist'))
-        self.assertContains(response, '''<label>Action: <select name="action" required>
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist")
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            """<label>Action: <select name="action" required>
 <option value="" selected>---------</option>
 <option value="delete_selected">Delete selected external
 subscribers</option>
@@ -234,15 +286,20 @@ subscribers</option>
 action)</option>
 <option value="download">Download subscription</option>
 <option value="no_perm">No permission to run</option>
-</select>''', html=True)
+</select>""",
+            html=True,
+        )
 
     def test_model_without_action(self):
         """A ModelAdmin might not have any actions."""
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_oldsubscriber_changelist'))
-        self.assertIsNone(response.context['action_form'])
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_oldsubscriber_changelist")
+        )
+        self.assertIsNone(response.context["action_form"])
         self.assertNotContains(
-            response, '<input type="checkbox" class="action-select"',
-            msg_prefix='Found an unexpected action toggle checkboxbox in response'
+            response,
+            '<input type="checkbox" class="action-select"',
+            msg_prefix="Found an unexpected action toggle checkboxbox in response",
         )
         self.assertNotContains(response, '<input type="checkbox" class="action-select"')
 
@@ -250,18 +307,21 @@ action)</option>
         """
         A ModelAdmin without any actions still has jQuery included on the page.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_oldsubscriber_changelist'))
-        self.assertIsNone(response.context['action_form'])
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_oldsubscriber_changelist")
+        )
+        self.assertIsNone(response.context["action_form"])
         self.assertContains(
-            response, 'jquery.min.js',
-            msg_prefix='jQuery missing from admin pages for model with no admin actions'
+            response,
+            "jquery.min.js",
+            msg_prefix="jQuery missing from admin pages for model with no admin actions",
         )
 
     def test_action_column_class(self):
         """The checkbox column class is present in the response."""
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'))
-        self.assertIsNotNone(response.context['action_form'])
-        self.assertContains(response, 'action-checkbox-column')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"))
+        self.assertIsNotNone(response.context["action_form"])
+        self.assertContains(response, "action-checkbox-column")
 
     def test_multiple_actions_form(self):
         """
@@ -270,24 +330,26 @@ action)</option>
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
             # Two different actions selected on the two forms...
-            'action': ['external_mail', 'delete_selected'],
+            "action": ["external_mail", "delete_selected"],
             # ...but "go" was clicked on the top form.
-            'index': 0
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist'), action_data)
+        self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         # The action sends mail rather than deletes.
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, 'Greetings from a function action')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, "Greetings from a function action")
 
     def test_media_from_actions_form(self):
         """
         The action form's media is included in the changelist view's media.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"))
         media_path = MediaActionForm.Media.js[0]
-        self.assertIsInstance(response.context['action_form'], MediaActionForm)
-        self.assertIn('media', response.context)
-        self.assertIn(media_path, response.context['media']._js)
+        self.assertIsInstance(response.context["action_form"], MediaActionForm)
+        self.assertIn("media", response.context)
+        self.assertIn(media_path, response.context["media"]._js)
         self.assertContains(response, media_path)
 
     def test_user_message_on_none_selected(self):
@@ -296,14 +358,14 @@ action)</option>
         """
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist')
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist")
         response = self.client.post(url, action_data)
         self.assertRedirects(response, url, fetch_redirect_response=False)
         response = self.client.get(response.url)
-        msg = 'Items must be selected in order to perform actions on them. No items have been changed.'
+        msg = "Items must be selected in order to perform actions on them. No items have been changed."
         self.assertContains(response, msg)
         self.assertEqual(Subscriber.objects.count(), 2)
 
@@ -313,28 +375,28 @@ action)</option>
         """
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk, self.s2.pk],
-            'action': '',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist')
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist")
         response = self.client.post(url, action_data)
         self.assertRedirects(response, url, fetch_redirect_response=False)
         response = self.client.get(response.url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'No action selected.')
+        self.assertContains(response, "No action selected.")
         self.assertEqual(Subscriber.objects.count(), 2)
 
     def test_selection_counter(self):
         """The selection counter is there."""
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'))
-        self.assertContains(response, '0 of 2 selected')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "0 of 2 selected")
 
     def test_popup_actions(self):
-        """ Actions aren't shown in popups."""
-        changelist_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist')
+        """Actions aren't shown in popups."""
+        changelist_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(changelist_url)
-        self.assertIsNotNone(response.context['action_form'])
-        response = self.client.get(changelist_url + '?%s' % IS_POPUP_VAR)
-        self.assertIsNone(response.context['action_form'])
+        self.assertIsNotNone(response.context["action_form"])
+        response = self.client.get(changelist_url + "?%s" % IS_POPUP_VAR)
+        self.assertIsNone(response.context["action_form"])
 
     def test_popup_template_response_on_add(self):
         """
@@ -342,78 +404,90 @@ action)</option>
         easy customization.
         """
         response = self.client.post(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_actor_add') + '?%s=1' % IS_POPUP_VAR,
-            {'name': 'Troy McClure', 'age': '55', IS_POPUP_VAR: '1'}
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_actor_add") + "?%s=1" % IS_POPUP_VAR,
+            {"name": "Troy McClure", "age": "55", IS_POPUP_VAR: "1"},
         )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.template_name, [
-            'admin/admin_views/actor/popup_response.html',
-            'admin/admin_views/popup_response.html',
-            'admin/popup_response.html',
-        ])
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'admin/popup_response.html')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.template_name,
+            [
+                "admin/admin_views/actor/popup_response.html",
+                "admin/admin_views/popup_response.html",
+                "admin/popup_response.html",
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "admin/popup_response.html")
 
     def test_popup_template_response_on_change(self):
-        instance = Actor.objects.create(name='David Tennant', age=45)
+        instance = Actor.objects.create(name="David Tennant", age=45)
         response = self.client.post(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_actor_change', args=(instance.pk,)) + '?%s=1' % IS_POPUP_VAR,
-            {'name': 'David Tennant', 'age': '46', IS_POPUP_VAR: '1'}
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_actor_change", args=(instance.pk,))
+            + "?%s=1" % IS_POPUP_VAR,
+            {"name": "David Tennant", "age": "46", IS_POPUP_VAR: "1"},
         )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.template_name, [
-            'admin/admin_views/actor/popup_response.html',
-            'admin/admin_views/popup_response.html',
-            'admin/popup_response.html',
-        ])
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'admin/popup_response.html')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.template_name,
+            [
+                "admin/admin_views/actor/popup_response.html",
+                "admin/admin_views/popup_response.html",
+                "admin/popup_response.html",
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "admin/popup_response.html")
 
     def test_popup_template_response_on_delete(self):
-        instance = Actor.objects.create(name='David Tennant', age=45)
+        instance = Actor.objects.create(name="David Tennant", age=45)
         response = self.client.post(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_actor_delete', args=(instance.pk,)) + '?%s=1' % IS_POPUP_VAR,
-            {IS_POPUP_VAR: '1'}
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_actor_delete", args=(instance.pk,))
+            + "?%s=1" % IS_POPUP_VAR,
+            {IS_POPUP_VAR: "1"},
         )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.template_name, [
-            'admin/admin_views/actor/popup_response.html',
-            'admin/admin_views/popup_response.html',
-            'admin/popup_response.html',
-        ])
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'admin/popup_response.html')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.template_name,
+            [
+                "admin/admin_views/actor/popup_response.html",
+                "admin/admin_views/popup_response.html",
+                "admin/popup_response.html",
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "admin/popup_response.html")
 
     def test_popup_template_escaping(self):
-        popup_response_data = json.dumps({
-            'new_value': 'new_value\\',
-            'obj': 'obj\\',
-            'value': 'value\\',
-        })
+        popup_response_data = json.dumps(
+            {
+                "new_value": "new_value\\",
+                "obj": "obj\\",
+                "value": "value\\",
+            }
+        )
         context = {
-            'popup_response_data': popup_response_data,
+            "popup_response_data": popup_response_data,
         }
-        output = render_to_string('admin/popup_response.html', context)
-        self.assertIn(
-            r'&quot;value\\&quot;', output
-        )
-        self.assertIn(
-            r'&quot;new_value\\&quot;', output
-        )
-        self.assertIn(
-            r'&quot;obj\\&quot;', output
-        )
+        output = render_to_string("admin/popup_response.html", context)
+        self.assertIn(r"&quot;value\\&quot;", output)
+        self.assertIn(r"&quot;new_value\\&quot;", output)
+        self.assertIn(r"&quot;obj\\&quot;", output)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminActionsPermissionTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.s1 = ExternalSubscriber.objects.create(name='John Doe', email='john@example.org')
-        cls.s2 = Subscriber.objects.create(name='Max Mustermann', email='max@example.org')
+        cls.s1 = ExternalSubscriber.objects.create(
+            name="John Doe", email="john@example.org"
+        )
+        cls.s2 = Subscriber.objects.create(
+            name="Max Mustermann", email="max@example.org"
+        )
         cls.user = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='user', password='secret', email='user@example.com',
+            username="user",
+            password="secret",
+            email="user@example.com",
             is_staff=True,
         )
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='change_subscriber')
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename="change_subscriber")
         cls.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -426,25 +500,27 @@ class AdminActionsPermissionTests(TestCase):
         """
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
+            "action": "delete_selected",
         }
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist')
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist")
         response = self.client.post(url, action_data)
         self.assertRedirects(response, url, fetch_redirect_response=False)
         response = self.client.get(response.url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'No action selected.')
+        self.assertContains(response, "No action selected.")
 
     def test_model_admin_no_delete_permission_externalsubscriber(self):
         """
         Permission is denied if the user doesn't have delete permission for a
         related model (ExternalSubscriber).
         """
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='delete_subscriber')
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename="delete_subscriber")
         self.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
         delete_confirmation_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk, self.s2.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'post': 'yes',
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "post": "yes",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'), delete_confirmation_data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"), delete_confirmation_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/test_adminsite.py b/tests/admin_views/test_adminsite.py
index 4874bc48c8..68a32567d8 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/test_adminsite.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/test_adminsite.py
@@ -12,71 +12,76 @@ site.register(User)
 site.register(Article)
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('test_admin/admin/', site.urls),
+    path("test_admin/admin/", site.urls),
 ]
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.test_adminsite')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.test_adminsite")
 class SiteEachContextTest(TestCase):
     """
     Check each_context contains the documented variables and that available_apps context
     variable structure is the expected one.
     """
+
     request_factory = RequestFactory()
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.u1 = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.u1 = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
-        request = self.request_factory.get(reverse('test_adminsite:index'))
+        request = self.request_factory.get(reverse("test_adminsite:index"))
         request.user = self.u1
         self.ctx = site.each_context(request)
 
     def test_each_context(self):
         ctx = self.ctx
-        self.assertEqual(ctx['site_header'], 'Django administration')
-        self.assertEqual(ctx['site_title'], 'Django site admin')
-        self.assertEqual(ctx['site_url'], '/')
-        self.assertIs(ctx['has_permission'], True)
+        self.assertEqual(ctx["site_header"], "Django administration")
+        self.assertEqual(ctx["site_title"], "Django site admin")
+        self.assertEqual(ctx["site_url"], "/")
+        self.assertIs(ctx["has_permission"], True)
 
     def test_each_context_site_url_with_script_name(self):
-        request = self.request_factory.get(reverse('test_adminsite:index'), SCRIPT_NAME='/my-script-name/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get(
+            reverse("test_adminsite:index"), SCRIPT_NAME="/my-script-name/"
+        )
         request.user = self.u1
-        self.assertEqual(site.each_context(request)['site_url'], '/my-script-name/')
+        self.assertEqual(site.each_context(request)["site_url"], "/my-script-name/")
 
     def test_available_apps(self):
         ctx = self.ctx
-        apps = ctx['available_apps']
+        apps = ctx["available_apps"]
         # we have registered two models from two different apps
         self.assertEqual(len(apps), 2)
 
         # admin_views.Article
         admin_views = apps[0]
-        self.assertEqual(admin_views['app_label'], 'admin_views')
-        self.assertEqual(len(admin_views['models']), 1)
-        article = admin_views['models'][0]
-        self.assertEqual(article['object_name'], 'Article')
-        self.assertEqual(article['model'], Article)
+        self.assertEqual(admin_views["app_label"], "admin_views")
+        self.assertEqual(len(admin_views["models"]), 1)
+        article = admin_views["models"][0]
+        self.assertEqual(article["object_name"], "Article")
+        self.assertEqual(article["model"], Article)
 
         # auth.User
         auth = apps[1]
-        self.assertEqual(auth['app_label'], 'auth')
-        self.assertEqual(len(auth['models']), 1)
-        user = auth['models'][0]
-        self.assertEqual(user['object_name'], 'User')
-        self.assertEqual(user['model'], User)
+        self.assertEqual(auth["app_label"], "auth")
+        self.assertEqual(len(auth["models"]), 1)
+        user = auth["models"][0]
+        self.assertEqual(user["object_name"], "User")
+        self.assertEqual(user["model"], User)
 
-        self.assertEqual(auth['app_url'], '/test_admin/admin/auth/')
-        self.assertIs(auth['has_module_perms'], True)
+        self.assertEqual(auth["app_url"], "/test_admin/admin/auth/")
+        self.assertIs(auth["has_module_perms"], True)
 
-        self.assertIn('perms', user)
-        self.assertIs(user['perms']['add'], True)
-        self.assertIs(user['perms']['change'], True)
-        self.assertIs(user['perms']['delete'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(user['admin_url'], '/test_admin/admin/auth/user/')
-        self.assertEqual(user['add_url'], '/test_admin/admin/auth/user/add/')
-        self.assertEqual(user['name'], 'Users')
+        self.assertIn("perms", user)
+        self.assertIs(user["perms"]["add"], True)
+        self.assertIs(user["perms"]["change"], True)
+        self.assertIs(user["perms"]["delete"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(user["admin_url"], "/test_admin/admin/auth/user/")
+        self.assertEqual(user["add_url"], "/test_admin/admin/auth/user/add/")
+        self.assertEqual(user["name"], "Users")
 
 
 class SiteActionsTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -86,11 +91,12 @@ class SiteActionsTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_add_action(self):
         def test_action():
             pass
+
         self.site.add_action(test_action)
-        self.assertEqual(self.site.get_action('test_action'), test_action)
+        self.assertEqual(self.site.get_action("test_action"), test_action)
 
     def test_disable_action(self):
-        action_name = 'delete_selected'
+        action_name = "delete_selected"
         self.assertEqual(self.site._actions[action_name], delete_selected)
         self.site.disable_action(action_name)
         with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
@@ -98,7 +104,7 @@ class SiteActionsTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_get_action(self):
         """AdminSite.get_action() returns an action even if it's disabled."""
-        action_name = 'delete_selected'
+        action_name = "delete_selected"
         self.assertEqual(self.site.get_action(action_name), delete_selected)
         self.site.disable_action(action_name)
         self.assertEqual(self.site.get_action(action_name), delete_selected)
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/test_autocomplete_view.py b/tests/admin_views/test_autocomplete_view.py
index dfaba42009..febddc1547 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/test_autocomplete_view.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/test_autocomplete_view.py
@@ -14,8 +14,18 @@ from django.urls import reverse, reverse_lazy
 
 from .admin import AnswerAdmin, QuestionAdmin
 from .models import (
-    Answer, Author, Authorship, Bonus, Book, Employee, Manager, Parent,
-    PKChild, Question, Toy, WorkHour,
+    Answer,
+    Author,
+    Authorship,
+    Bonus,
+    Book,
+    Employee,
+    Manager,
+    Parent,
+    PKChild,
+    Question,
+    Toy,
+    WorkHour,
 )
 from .tests import AdminViewBasicTestCase
 
@@ -23,30 +33,30 @@ PAGINATOR_SIZE = AutocompleteJsonView.paginate_by
 
 
 class AuthorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    ordering = ['id']
-    search_fields = ['id']
+    ordering = ["id"]
+    search_fields = ["id"]
 
 
 class AuthorshipInline(admin.TabularInline):
     model = Authorship
-    autocomplete_fields = ['author']
+    autocomplete_fields = ["author"]
 
 
 class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     inlines = [AuthorshipInline]
 
 
-site = admin.AdminSite(name='autocomplete_admin')
+site = admin.AdminSite(name="autocomplete_admin")
 site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)
 site.register(Answer, AnswerAdmin)
 site.register(Author, AuthorAdmin)
 site.register(Book, BookAdmin)
-site.register(Employee, search_fields=['name'])
-site.register(WorkHour, autocomplete_fields=['employee'])
-site.register(Manager, search_fields=['name'])
-site.register(Bonus, autocomplete_fields=['recipient'])
-site.register(PKChild, search_fields=['name'])
-site.register(Toy, autocomplete_fields=['child'])
+site.register(Employee, search_fields=["name"])
+site.register(WorkHour, autocomplete_fields=["employee"])
+site.register(Manager, search_fields=["name"])
+site.register(Bonus, autocomplete_fields=["recipient"])
+site.register(PKChild, search_fields=["name"])
+site.register(Toy, autocomplete_fields=["child"])
 
 
 @contextmanager
@@ -63,70 +73,87 @@ def model_admin(model, model_admin, admin_site=site):
 
 
 class AutocompleteJsonViewTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
-    as_view_args = {'admin_site': site}
+    as_view_args = {"admin_site": site}
     opts = {
-        'app_label': Answer._meta.app_label,
-        'model_name': Answer._meta.model_name,
-        'field_name': 'question'
+        "app_label": Answer._meta.app_label,
+        "model_name": Answer._meta.model_name,
+        "field_name": "question",
     }
     factory = RequestFactory()
-    url = reverse_lazy('autocomplete_admin:autocomplete')
+    url = reverse_lazy("autocomplete_admin:autocomplete")
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.user = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='user', password='secret',
-            email='user@example.com', is_staff=True,
+            username="user",
+            password="secret",
+            email="user@example.com",
+            is_staff=True,
         )
         super().setUpTestData()
 
     def test_success(self):
-        q = Question.objects.create(question='Is this a question?')
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **self.opts})
+        q = Question.objects.create(question="Is this a question?")
+        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "is", **self.opts})
         request.user = self.superuser
         response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'results': [{'id': str(q.pk), 'text': q.question}],
-            'pagination': {'more': False},
-        })
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data,
+            {
+                "results": [{"id": str(q.pk), "text": q.question}],
+                "pagination": {"more": False},
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_custom_to_field(self):
-        q = Question.objects.create(question='Is this a question?')
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **self.opts, 'field_name': 'question_with_to_field'})
+        q = Question.objects.create(question="Is this a question?")
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            self.url,
+            {"term": "is", **self.opts, "field_name": "question_with_to_field"},
+        )
         request.user = self.superuser
         response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'results': [{'id': str(q.uuid), 'text': q.question}],
-            'pagination': {'more': False},
-        })
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data,
+            {
+                "results": [{"id": str(q.uuid), "text": q.question}],
+                "pagination": {"more": False},
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_custom_to_field_permission_denied(self):
-        Question.objects.create(question='Is this a question?')
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **self.opts, 'field_name': 'question_with_to_field'})
+        Question.objects.create(question="Is this a question?")
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            self.url,
+            {"term": "is", **self.opts, "field_name": "question_with_to_field"},
+        )
         request.user = self.user
         with self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied):
             AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
 
     def test_custom_to_field_custom_pk(self):
-        q = Question.objects.create(question='Is this a question?')
+        q = Question.objects.create(question="Is this a question?")
         opts = {
-            'app_label': Question._meta.app_label,
-            'model_name': Question._meta.model_name,
-            'field_name': 'related_questions',
+            "app_label": Question._meta.app_label,
+            "model_name": Question._meta.model_name,
+            "field_name": "related_questions",
         }
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **opts})
+        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "is", **opts})
         request.user = self.superuser
         response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'results': [{'id': str(q.big_id), 'text': q.question}],
-            'pagination': {'more': False},
-        })
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data,
+            {
+                "results": [{"id": str(q.big_id), "text": q.question}],
+                "pagination": {"more": False},
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_to_field_resolution_with_mti(self):
         """
@@ -134,59 +161,75 @@ class AutocompleteJsonViewTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         MTI. Tests for single and multi-level cases.
         """
         tests = [
-            (Employee, WorkHour, 'employee'),
-            (Manager, Bonus, 'recipient'),
+            (Employee, WorkHour, "employee"),
+            (Manager, Bonus, "recipient"),
         ]
         for Target, Remote, related_name in tests:
-            with self.subTest(target_model=Target, remote_model=Remote, related_name=related_name):
-                o = Target.objects.create(name="Frida Kahlo", gender=2, code="painter", alive=False)
+            with self.subTest(
+                target_model=Target, remote_model=Remote, related_name=related_name
+            ):
+                o = Target.objects.create(
+                    name="Frida Kahlo", gender=2, code="painter", alive=False
+                )
                 opts = {
-                    'app_label': Remote._meta.app_label,
-                    'model_name': Remote._meta.model_name,
-                    'field_name': related_name,
+                    "app_label": Remote._meta.app_label,
+                    "model_name": Remote._meta.model_name,
+                    "field_name": related_name,
                 }
-                request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'frida', **opts})
+                request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "frida", **opts})
                 request.user = self.superuser
                 response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-                data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-                self.assertEqual(data, {
-                    'results': [{'id': str(o.pk), 'text': o.name}],
-                    'pagination': {'more': False},
-                })
+                data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    data,
+                    {
+                        "results": [{"id": str(o.pk), "text": o.name}],
+                        "pagination": {"more": False},
+                    },
+                )
 
     def test_to_field_resolution_with_fk_pk(self):
         p = Parent.objects.create(name="Bertie")
         c = PKChild.objects.create(parent=p, name="Anna")
         opts = {
-            'app_label': Toy._meta.app_label,
-            'model_name': Toy._meta.model_name,
-            'field_name': 'child',
+            "app_label": Toy._meta.app_label,
+            "model_name": Toy._meta.model_name,
+            "field_name": "child",
         }
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'anna', **opts})
+        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "anna", **opts})
         request.user = self.superuser
         response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'results': [{'id': str(c.pk), 'text': c.name}],
-            'pagination': {'more': False},
-        })
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data,
+            {
+                "results": [{"id": str(c.pk), "text": c.name}],
+                "pagination": {"more": False},
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_field_does_not_exist(self):
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **self.opts, 'field_name': 'does_not_exist'})
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            self.url, {"term": "is", **self.opts, "field_name": "does_not_exist"}
+        )
         request.user = self.superuser
         with self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied):
             AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
 
     def test_field_no_related_field(self):
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **self.opts, 'field_name': 'answer'})
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            self.url, {"term": "is", **self.opts, "field_name": "answer"}
+        )
         request.user = self.superuser
         with self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied):
             AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
 
     def test_field_does_not_allowed(self):
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **self.opts, 'field_name': 'related_questions'})
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            self.url, {"term": "is", **self.opts, "field_name": "related_questions"}
+        )
         request.user = self.superuser
         with self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied):
             AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
@@ -194,23 +237,29 @@ class AutocompleteJsonViewTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
     def test_limit_choices_to(self):
         # Answer.question_with_to_field defines limit_choices_to to "those not
         # starting with 'not'".
-        q = Question.objects.create(question='Is this a question?')
-        Question.objects.create(question='Not a question.')
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **self.opts, 'field_name': 'question_with_to_field'})
+        q = Question.objects.create(question="Is this a question?")
+        Question.objects.create(question="Not a question.")
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            self.url,
+            {"term": "is", **self.opts, "field_name": "question_with_to_field"},
+        )
         request.user = self.superuser
         response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'results': [{'id': str(q.uuid), 'text': q.question}],
-            'pagination': {'more': False},
-        })
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data,
+            {
+                "results": [{"id": str(q.uuid), "text": q.question}],
+                "pagination": {"more": False},
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_must_be_logged_in(self):
-        response = self.client.get(self.url, {'term': '', **self.opts})
+        response = self.client.get(self.url, {"term": "", **self.opts})
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.client.logout()
-        response = self.client.get(self.url, {'term': '', **self.opts})
+        response = self.client.get(self.url, {"term": "", **self.opts})
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
 
     def test_has_view_or_change_permission_required(self):
@@ -218,16 +267,16 @@ class AutocompleteJsonViewTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         Users require the change permission for the related model to the
         autocomplete view for it.
         """
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **self.opts})
+        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "is", **self.opts})
         request.user = self.user
         with self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied):
             AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
-        for permission in ('view', 'change'):
+        for permission in ("view", "change"):
             with self.subTest(permission=permission):
                 self.user.user_permissions.clear()
                 p = Permission.objects.get(
                     content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Question),
-                    codename='%s_question' % permission,
+                    codename="%s_question" % permission,
                 )
                 self.user.user_permissions.add(p)
                 request.user = User.objects.get(pk=self.user.pk)
@@ -239,106 +288,134 @@ class AutocompleteJsonViewTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         Searching across model relations use QuerySet.distinct() to avoid
         duplicates.
         """
-        q1 = Question.objects.create(question='question 1')
-        q2 = Question.objects.create(question='question 2')
+        q1 = Question.objects.create(question="question 1")
+        q2 = Question.objects.create(question="question 2")
         q2.related_questions.add(q1)
-        q3 = Question.objects.create(question='question 3')
+        q3 = Question.objects.create(question="question 3")
         q3.related_questions.add(q1)
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'question', **self.opts})
+        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "question", **self.opts})
         request.user = self.superuser
 
         class DistinctQuestionAdmin(QuestionAdmin):
-            search_fields = ['related_questions__question', 'question']
+            search_fields = ["related_questions__question", "question"]
 
         with model_admin(Question, DistinctQuestionAdmin):
             response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(len(data['results']), 3)
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(len(data["results"]), 3)
 
     def test_missing_search_fields(self):
         class EmptySearchAdmin(QuestionAdmin):
             search_fields = []
 
         with model_admin(Question, EmptySearchAdmin):
-            msg = 'EmptySearchAdmin must have search_fields for the autocomplete_view.'
+            msg = "EmptySearchAdmin must have search_fields for the autocomplete_view."
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(Http404, msg):
-                site.autocomplete_view(self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': '', **self.opts}))
+                site.autocomplete_view(
+                    self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "", **self.opts})
+                )
 
     def test_get_paginator(self):
         """Search results are paginated."""
-        class PKOrderingQuestionAdmin(QuestionAdmin):
-            ordering = ['pk']
 
-        Question.objects.bulk_create(Question(question=str(i)) for i in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 10))
+        class PKOrderingQuestionAdmin(QuestionAdmin):
+            ordering = ["pk"]
+
+        Question.objects.bulk_create(
+            Question(question=str(i)) for i in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 10)
+        )
         # The first page of results.
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': '', **self.opts})
+        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "", **self.opts})
         request.user = self.superuser
         with model_admin(Question, PKOrderingQuestionAdmin):
             response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'results': [{'id': str(q.pk), 'text': q.question} for q in Question.objects.all()[:PAGINATOR_SIZE]],
-            'pagination': {'more': True},
-        })
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data,
+            {
+                "results": [
+                    {"id": str(q.pk), "text": q.question}
+                    for q in Question.objects.all()[:PAGINATOR_SIZE]
+                ],
+                "pagination": {"more": True},
+            },
+        )
         # The second page of results.
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': '', 'page': '2', **self.opts})
+        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "", "page": "2", **self.opts})
         request.user = self.superuser
         with model_admin(Question, PKOrderingQuestionAdmin):
             response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'results': [{'id': str(q.pk), 'text': q.question} for q in Question.objects.all()[PAGINATOR_SIZE:]],
-            'pagination': {'more': False},
-        })
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data,
+            {
+                "results": [
+                    {"id": str(q.pk), "text": q.question}
+                    for q in Question.objects.all()[PAGINATOR_SIZE:]
+                ],
+                "pagination": {"more": False},
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_serialize_result(self):
         class AutocompleteJsonSerializeResultView(AutocompleteJsonView):
             def serialize_result(self, obj, to_field_name):
                 return {
                     **super().serialize_result(obj, to_field_name),
-                    'posted': str(obj.posted),
+                    "posted": str(obj.posted),
                 }
 
-        Question.objects.create(question='Question 1', posted=datetime.date(2021, 8, 9))
-        Question.objects.create(question='Question 2', posted=datetime.date(2021, 8, 7))
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'question', **self.opts})
+        Question.objects.create(question="Question 1", posted=datetime.date(2021, 8, 9))
+        Question.objects.create(question="Question 2", posted=datetime.date(2021, 8, 7))
+        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "question", **self.opts})
         request.user = self.superuser
-        response = AutocompleteJsonSerializeResultView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
+        response = AutocompleteJsonSerializeResultView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(
+            request
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'results': [
-                {'id': str(q.pk), 'text': q.question, 'posted': str(q.posted)}
-                for q in Question.objects.order_by('-posted')
-            ],
-            'pagination': {'more': False},
-        })
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data,
+            {
+                "results": [
+                    {"id": str(q.pk), "text": q.question, "posted": str(q.posted)}
+                    for q in Question.objects.order_by("-posted")
+                ],
+                "pagination": {"more": False},
+            },
+        )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['admin_views'] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
+    available_apps = ["admin_views"] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
-            username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com',
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            email="super@example.com",
+        )
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            login_url=reverse("autocomplete_admin:index"),
         )
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('autocomplete_admin:index'))
 
     @contextmanager
     def select2_ajax_wait(self, timeout=10):
         from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as ec
+
         yield
         with self.disable_implicit_wait():
             try:
                 loading_element = self.selenium.find_element(
-                    By.CSS_SELECTOR,
-                    'li.select2-results__option.loading-results'
+                    By.CSS_SELECTOR, "li.select2-results__option.loading-results"
                 )
             except NoSuchElementException:
                 pass
@@ -349,109 +426,146 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('autocomplete_admin:admin_views_answer_add'))
-        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-selection')
+
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("autocomplete_admin:admin_views_answer_add")
+        )
+        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-selection")
         elem.click()  # Open the autocomplete dropdown.
-        results = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results')
+        results = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-results")
         self.assertTrue(results.is_displayed())
-        option = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results__option')
-        self.assertEqual(option.text, 'No results found')
+        option = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-results__option")
+        self.assertEqual(option.text, "No results found")
         elem.click()  # Close the autocomplete dropdown.
-        q1 = Question.objects.create(question='Who am I?')
-        Question.objects.bulk_create(Question(question=str(i)) for i in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 10))
+        q1 = Question.objects.create(question="Who am I?")
+        Question.objects.bulk_create(
+            Question(question=str(i)) for i in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 10)
+        )
         elem.click()  # Reopen the dropdown now that some objects exist.
-        result_container = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results')
+        result_container = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-results"
+        )
         self.assertTrue(result_container.is_displayed())
         # PAGINATOR_SIZE results and "Loading more results".
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.select2-results__option', PAGINATOR_SIZE + 1, root_element=result_container)
-        search = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-search__field')
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            ".select2-results__option",
+            PAGINATOR_SIZE + 1,
+            root_element=result_container,
+        )
+        search = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-search__field")
         # Load next page of results by scrolling to the bottom of the list.
         with self.select2_ajax_wait():
             for _ in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 1):
                 search.send_keys(Keys.ARROW_DOWN)
         # All objects are now loaded.
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
-            '.select2-results__option',
+            ".select2-results__option",
             PAGINATOR_SIZE + 11,
             root_element=result_container,
         )
         # Limit the results with the search field.
         with self.select2_ajax_wait():
-            search.send_keys('Who')
+            search.send_keys("Who")
             # Ajax request is delayed.
             self.assertTrue(result_container.is_displayed())
             self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
-                '.select2-results__option',
+                ".select2-results__option",
                 PAGINATOR_SIZE + 12,
                 root_element=result_container,
             )
         self.assertTrue(result_container.is_displayed())
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.select2-results__option', 1, root_element=result_container)
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            ".select2-results__option", 1, root_element=result_container
+        )
         # Select the result.
         search.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_question'))
-        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), str(q1.pk))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_question"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            select.first_selected_option.get_attribute("value"), str(q1.pk)
+        )
 
     def test_select_multiple(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('autocomplete_admin:admin_views_question_add'))
-        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-selection')
+
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url
+            + reverse("autocomplete_admin:admin_views_question_add")
+        )
+        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-selection")
         elem.click()  # Open the autocomplete dropdown.
-        results = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results')
+        results = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-results")
         self.assertTrue(results.is_displayed())
-        option = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results__option')
-        self.assertEqual(option.text, 'No results found')
+        option = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-results__option")
+        self.assertEqual(option.text, "No results found")
         elem.click()  # Close the autocomplete dropdown.
-        Question.objects.create(question='Who am I?')
-        Question.objects.bulk_create(Question(question=str(i)) for i in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 10))
+        Question.objects.create(question="Who am I?")
+        Question.objects.bulk_create(
+            Question(question=str(i)) for i in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 10)
+        )
         elem.click()  # Reopen the dropdown now that some objects exist.
-        result_container = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results')
+        result_container = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-results"
+        )
         self.assertTrue(result_container.is_displayed())
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.select2-results__option', PAGINATOR_SIZE + 1, root_element=result_container)
-        search = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-search__field')
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            ".select2-results__option",
+            PAGINATOR_SIZE + 1,
+            root_element=result_container,
+        )
+        search = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-search__field")
         # Load next page of results by scrolling to the bottom of the list.
         with self.select2_ajax_wait():
             for _ in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 1):
                 search.send_keys(Keys.ARROW_DOWN)
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.select2-results__option', 31, root_element=result_container)
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            ".select2-results__option", 31, root_element=result_container
+        )
         # Limit the results with the search field.
         with self.select2_ajax_wait():
-            search.send_keys('Who')
+            search.send_keys("Who")
             # Ajax request is delayed.
             self.assertTrue(result_container.is_displayed())
-            self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.select2-results__option', 32, root_element=result_container)
+            self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+                ".select2-results__option", 32, root_element=result_container
+            )
         self.assertTrue(result_container.is_displayed())
 
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.select2-results__option', 1, root_element=result_container)
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            ".select2-results__option", 1, root_element=result_container
+        )
         # Select the result.
         search.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)
         # Reopen the dropdown and add the first result to the selection.
         elem.click()
         search.send_keys(Keys.ARROW_DOWN)
         search.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_related_questions'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_related_questions"))
         self.assertEqual(len(select.all_selected_options), 2)
 
     def test_inline_add_another_widgets(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
         def assertNoResults(row):
-            elem = row.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-selection')
+            elem = row.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-selection")
             elem.click()  # Open the autocomplete dropdown.
-            results = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results')
+            results = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-results")
             self.assertTrue(results.is_displayed())
-            option = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results__option')
-            self.assertEqual(option.text, 'No results found')
+            option = self.selenium.find_element(
+                By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-results__option"
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(option.text, "No results found")
 
         # Autocomplete works in rows present when the page loads.
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('autocomplete_admin:admin_views_book_add'))
-        rows = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.dynamic-authorship_set')
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("autocomplete_admin:admin_views_book_add")
+        )
+        rows = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".dynamic-authorship_set")
         self.assertEqual(len(rows), 3)
         assertNoResults(rows[0])
         # Autocomplete works in rows added using the "Add another" button.
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Authorship').click()
-        rows = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.dynamic-authorship_set')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Add another Authorship").click()
+        rows = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".dynamic-authorship_set")
         self.assertEqual(len(rows), 4)
         assertNoResults(rows[-1])
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/test_forms.py b/tests/admin_views/test_forms.py
index f9a56c02af..91d504b4f9 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/test_forms.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/test_forms.py
@@ -8,28 +8,35 @@ from .admin import ArticleForm
 
 # To verify that the login form rejects inactive users, use an authentication
 # backend that allows them.
-@override_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=['django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend'])
+@override_settings(
+    AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=["django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend"]
+)
 class AdminAuthenticationFormTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        User.objects.create_user(username='inactive', password='password', is_active=False)
+        User.objects.create_user(
+            username="inactive", password="password", is_active=False
+        )
 
     def test_inactive_user(self):
         data = {
-            'username': 'inactive',
-            'password': 'password',
+            "username": "inactive",
+            "password": "password",
         }
         form = AdminAuthenticationForm(None, data)
-        self.assertEqual(form.non_field_errors(), ['This account is inactive.'])
+        self.assertEqual(form.non_field_errors(), ["This account is inactive."])
 
 
 class AdminFormTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_repr(self):
         fieldsets = (
-            ('My fields', {
-                'classes': ['collapse'],
-                'fields': ('url', 'title', 'content', 'sites'),
-            }),
+            (
+                "My fields",
+                {
+                    "classes": ["collapse"],
+                    "fields": ("url", "title", "content", "sites"),
+                },
+            ),
         )
         form = ArticleForm()
         admin_form = AdminForm(form, fieldsets, {})
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/test_history_view.py b/tests/admin_views/test_history_view.py
index c8d678476f..ddfdd56ca6 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/test_history_view.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/test_history_view.py
@@ -9,13 +9,14 @@ from django.urls import reverse
 from .models import City, State
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminHistoryViewTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
-            username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com',
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            email="super@example.com",
         )
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -26,35 +27,39 @@ class AdminHistoryViewTests(TestCase):
         Admin's model history change messages use form labels instead of
         field names.
         """
-        state = State.objects.create(name='My State Name')
-        city = City.objects.create(name='My City Name', state=state)
+        state = State.objects.create(name="My State Name")
+        city = City.objects.create(name="My City Name", state=state)
         change_dict = {
-            'name': 'My State Name 2',
-            'nolabel_form_field': True,
-            'city_set-0-name': 'My City name 2',
-            'city_set-0-id': city.pk,
-            'city_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',
-            'city_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'city_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
+            "name": "My State Name 2",
+            "nolabel_form_field": True,
+            "city_set-0-name": "My City name 2",
+            "city_set-0-id": city.pk,
+            "city_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
+            "city_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "city_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
         }
-        state_change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_state_change', args=(state.pk,))
+        state_change_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_state_change", args=(state.pk,))
         self.client.post(state_change_url, change_dict)
-        logentry = LogEntry.objects.filter(content_type__model__iexact='state').latest('id')
+        logentry = LogEntry.objects.filter(content_type__model__iexact="state").latest(
+            "id"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             logentry.get_change_message(),
-            'Changed State name (from form’s Meta.labels), '
-            'nolabel_form_field and not_a_form_field. '
-            'Changed City verbose_name for city “%s”.' % city
+            "Changed State name (from form’s Meta.labels), "
+            "nolabel_form_field and not_a_form_field. "
+            "Changed City verbose_name for city “%s”." % city,
         )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['admin_views'] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
+    available_apps = ["admin_views"] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
-            username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com',
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            email="super@example.com",
         )
         content_type_pk = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(User).pk
         for i in range(1, 1101):
@@ -64,34 +69,38 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
                 self.superuser.pk,
                 repr(self.superuser),
                 CHANGE,
-                change_message=f'Changed something {i}',
+                change_message=f"Changed something {i}",
             )
         self.admin_login(
-            username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'),
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            login_url=reverse("admin:index"),
         )
 
     def test_pagination(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
-        user_history_url = reverse('admin:auth_user_history', args=(self.superuser.pk,))
+        user_history_url = reverse("admin:auth_user_history", args=(self.superuser.pk,))
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + user_history_url)
 
-        paginator = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.paginator')
+        paginator = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".paginator")
         self.assertTrue(paginator.is_displayed())
-        self.assertIn('%s entries' % LogEntry.objects.count(), paginator.text)
+        self.assertIn("%s entries" % LogEntry.objects.count(), paginator.text)
         self.assertIn(str(Paginator.ELLIPSIS), paginator.text)
         # The current page.
-        current_page_link = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'span.this-page')
-        self.assertEqual(current_page_link.text, '1')
+        current_page_link = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, "span.this-page"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(current_page_link.text, "1")
         # The last page.
-        last_page_link = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.end')
-        self.assertTrue(last_page_link.text, '20')
+        last_page_link = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".end")
+        self.assertTrue(last_page_link.text, "20")
         # Select the second page.
-        pages = paginator.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, 'a')
+        pages = paginator.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, "a")
         second_page_link = pages[0]
-        self.assertEqual(second_page_link.text, '2')
+        self.assertEqual(second_page_link.text, "2")
         second_page_link.click()
-        self.assertIn('?p=2', self.selenium.current_url)
-        rows = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#change-history tbody tr')
-        self.assertIn('Changed something 101', rows[0].text)
-        self.assertIn('Changed something 200', rows[-1].text)
+        self.assertIn("?p=2", self.selenium.current_url)
+        rows = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#change-history tbody tr")
+        self.assertIn("Changed something 101", rows[0].text)
+        self.assertIn("Changed something 200", rows[-1].text)
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/test_multidb.py b/tests/admin_views/test_multidb.py
index 7ff1f7f663..da5b6b9a59 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/test_multidb.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/test_multidb.py
@@ -17,17 +17,17 @@ class Router:
     db_for_write = db_for_read
 
 
-site = admin.AdminSite(name='test_adminsite')
+site = admin.AdminSite(name="test_adminsite")
 site.register(Book)
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('admin/', site.urls),
+    path("admin/", site.urls),
 ]
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF=__name__, DATABASE_ROUTERS=['%s.Router' % __name__])
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF=__name__, DATABASE_ROUTERS=["%s.Router" % __name__])
 class MultiDatabaseTests(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
@@ -36,44 +36,52 @@ class MultiDatabaseTests(TestCase):
         for db in cls.databases:
             Router.target_db = db
             cls.superusers[db] = User.objects.create_superuser(
-                username='admin', password='something', email='test@test.org',
+                username="admin",
+                password="something",
+                email="test@test.org",
             )
-            b = Book(name='Test Book')
+            b = Book(name="Test Book")
             b.save(using=db)
             cls.test_book_ids[db] = b.id
 
-    @mock.patch('django.contrib.admin.options.transaction')
+    @mock.patch("django.contrib.admin.options.transaction")
     def test_add_view(self, mock):
         for db in self.databases:
             with self.subTest(db=db):
                 Router.target_db = db
                 self.client.force_login(self.superusers[db])
                 self.client.post(
-                    reverse('test_adminsite:admin_views_book_add'),
-                    {'name': 'Foobar: 5th edition'},
+                    reverse("test_adminsite:admin_views_book_add"),
+                    {"name": "Foobar: 5th edition"},
                 )
                 mock.atomic.assert_called_with(using=db)
 
-    @mock.patch('django.contrib.admin.options.transaction')
+    @mock.patch("django.contrib.admin.options.transaction")
     def test_change_view(self, mock):
         for db in self.databases:
             with self.subTest(db=db):
                 Router.target_db = db
                 self.client.force_login(self.superusers[db])
                 self.client.post(
-                    reverse('test_adminsite:admin_views_book_change', args=[self.test_book_ids[db]]),
-                    {'name': 'Test Book 2: Test more'},
+                    reverse(
+                        "test_adminsite:admin_views_book_change",
+                        args=[self.test_book_ids[db]],
+                    ),
+                    {"name": "Test Book 2: Test more"},
                 )
                 mock.atomic.assert_called_with(using=db)
 
-    @mock.patch('django.contrib.admin.options.transaction')
+    @mock.patch("django.contrib.admin.options.transaction")
     def test_delete_view(self, mock):
         for db in self.databases:
             with self.subTest(db=db):
                 Router.target_db = db
                 self.client.force_login(self.superusers[db])
                 self.client.post(
-                    reverse('test_adminsite:admin_views_book_delete', args=[self.test_book_ids[db]]),
-                    {'post': 'yes'},
+                    reverse(
+                        "test_adminsite:admin_views_book_delete",
+                        args=[self.test_book_ids[db]],
+                    ),
+                    {"post": "yes"},
                 )
                 mock.atomic.assert_called_with(using=db)
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/test_nav_sidebar.py b/tests/admin_views/test_nav_sidebar.py
index 329fe34b28..a58193c550 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/test_nav_sidebar.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/test_nav_sidebar.py
@@ -15,165 +15,204 @@ class AdminSiteWithoutSidebar(admin.AdminSite):
     enable_nav_sidebar = False
 
 
-site_with_sidebar = AdminSiteWithSidebar(name='test_with_sidebar')
-site_without_sidebar = AdminSiteWithoutSidebar(name='test_without_sidebar')
+site_with_sidebar = AdminSiteWithSidebar(name="test_with_sidebar")
+site_without_sidebar = AdminSiteWithoutSidebar(name="test_without_sidebar")
 
 site_with_sidebar.register(User)
 site_with_sidebar.register(Héllo)
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('test_sidebar/admin/', site_with_sidebar.urls),
-    path('test_wihout_sidebar/admin/', site_without_sidebar.urls),
+    path("test_sidebar/admin/", site_with_sidebar.urls),
+    path("test_wihout_sidebar/admin/", site_without_sidebar.urls),
 ]
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.test_nav_sidebar')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.test_nav_sidebar")
 class AdminSidebarTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
-            username='super',
-            password='secret',
-            email='super@example.com',
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            email="super@example.com",
         )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_sidebar_not_on_index(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('test_with_sidebar:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("test_with_sidebar:index"))
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="main" id="main">')
         self.assertNotContains(response, '<nav class="sticky" id="nav-sidebar">')
 
     def test_sidebar_disabled(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('test_without_sidebar:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("test_without_sidebar:index"))
         self.assertNotContains(response, '<nav class="sticky" id="nav-sidebar">')
 
     def test_sidebar_unauthenticated(self):
         self.client.logout()
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('test_with_sidebar:login'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("test_with_sidebar:login"))
         self.assertNotContains(response, '<nav class="sticky" id="nav-sidebar">')
 
     def test_sidebar_aria_current_page(self):
-        url = reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist')
+        url = reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertContains(response, '<nav class="sticky" id="nav-sidebar">')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s" aria-current="page">Users</a>' % url)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<a href="%s" aria-current="page">Users</a>' % url
+        )
 
     @override_settings(
-        TEMPLATES=[{
-            'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-            'DIRS': [],
-            'APP_DIRS': True,
-            'OPTIONS': {
-                'context_processors': [
-                    'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
-                    'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
-                ],
-            },
-        }]
+        TEMPLATES=[
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                "DIRS": [],
+                "APP_DIRS": True,
+                "OPTIONS": {
+                    "context_processors": [
+                        "django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth",
+                        "django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages",
+                    ],
+                },
+            }
+        ]
     )
     def test_sidebar_aria_current_page_missing_without_request_context_processor(self):
-        url = reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist')
+        url = reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertContains(response, '<nav class="sticky" id="nav-sidebar">')
         # Does not include aria-current attribute.
         self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s">Users</a>' % url)
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'aria-current')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "aria-current")
 
     @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
     def test_included_app_list_template_context_fully_set(self):
         # All context variables should be set when rendering the sidebar.
-        url = reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist')
-        with self.assertNoLogs('django.template', 'DEBUG'):
+        url = reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
+        with self.assertNoLogs("django.template", "DEBUG"):
             self.client.get(url)
 
     def test_sidebar_model_name_non_ascii(self):
-        url = reverse('test_with_sidebar:admin_views_héllo_changelist')
+        url = reverse("test_with_sidebar:admin_views_héllo_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<div class="app-admin_views module current-app">')
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<div class="app-admin_views module current-app">'
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, '<tr class="model-héllo current-model">')
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<th scope="row">'
             '<a href="/test_sidebar/admin/admin_views/h%C3%A9llo/" aria-current="page">'
-            'Héllos</a></th>'
+            "Héllos</a></th>",
         )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.test_nav_sidebar')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.test_nav_sidebar")
 class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['admin_views'] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
+    available_apps = ["admin_views"] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
-            username='super',
-            password='secret',
-            email='super@example.com',
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            email="super@example.com",
+        )
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            login_url=reverse("test_with_sidebar:index"),
+        )
+        self.selenium.execute_script(
+            "localStorage.removeItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')"
         )
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('test_with_sidebar:index'))
-        self.selenium.execute_script("localStorage.removeItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')")
 
     def test_sidebar_starts_open(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist'))
-        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#main')
-        self.assertIn('shifted', main_element.get_attribute('class').split())
+
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
+        )
+        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#main")
+        self.assertIn("shifted", main_element.get_attribute("class").split())
 
     def test_sidebar_can_be_closed(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist'))
-        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#toggle-nav-sidebar')
-        self.assertEqual(toggle_button.tag_name, 'button')
-        self.assertEqual(toggle_button.get_attribute('aria-label'), 'Toggle navigation')
-        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#nav-sidebar a'):
-            self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute('tabIndex'), '0')
+
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
+        )
+        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#toggle-nav-sidebar"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(toggle_button.tag_name, "button")
+        self.assertEqual(toggle_button.get_attribute("aria-label"), "Toggle navigation")
+        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#nav-sidebar a"):
+            self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute("tabIndex"), "0")
         toggle_button.click()
         # Hidden sidebar is not reachable via keyboard navigation.
-        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#nav-sidebar a'):
-            self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute('tabIndex'), '-1')
-        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#main')
-        self.assertNotIn('shifted', main_element.get_attribute('class').split())
+        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#nav-sidebar a"):
+            self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute("tabIndex"), "-1")
+        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#main")
+        self.assertNotIn("shifted", main_element.get_attribute("class").split())
 
     def test_sidebar_state_persists(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist'))
-        self.assertIsNone(self.selenium.execute_script("return localStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')"))
-        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#toggle-nav-sidebar')
-        toggle_button.click()
-        self.assertEqual(
-            self.selenium.execute_script("return localStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')"),
-            'false',
-        )
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist'))
-        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#main')
-        self.assertNotIn('shifted', main_element.get_attribute('class').split())
 
-        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#toggle-nav-sidebar')
-        # Hidden sidebar is not reachable via keyboard navigation.
-        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#nav-sidebar a'):
-            self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute('tabIndex'), '-1')
-        toggle_button.click()
-        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#nav-sidebar a'):
-            self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute('tabIndex'), '0')
-        self.assertEqual(
-            self.selenium.execute_script("return localStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')"),
-            'true',
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
         )
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist'))
-        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#main')
-        self.assertIn('shifted', main_element.get_attribute('class').split())
+        self.assertIsNone(
+            self.selenium.execute_script(
+                "return localStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')"
+            )
+        )
+        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#toggle-nav-sidebar"
+        )
+        toggle_button.click()
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.selenium.execute_script(
+                "return localStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')"
+            ),
+            "false",
+        )
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
+        )
+        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#main")
+        self.assertNotIn("shifted", main_element.get_attribute("class").split())
+
+        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#toggle-nav-sidebar"
+        )
+        # Hidden sidebar is not reachable via keyboard navigation.
+        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#nav-sidebar a"):
+            self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute("tabIndex"), "-1")
+        toggle_button.click()
+        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#nav-sidebar a"):
+            self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute("tabIndex"), "0")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.selenium.execute_script(
+                "return localStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')"
+            ),
+            "true",
+        )
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
+        )
+        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#main")
+        self.assertIn("shifted", main_element.get_attribute("class").split())
 
     def test_sidebar_filter_persists(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
         self.selenium.get(
-            self.live_server_url +
-            reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist')
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
         )
         filter_value_script = (
             "return sessionStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarFilterValue')"
         )
         self.assertIsNone(self.selenium.execute_script(filter_value_script))
-        filter_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#nav-filter')
-        filter_input.send_keys('users')
-        self.assertEqual(self.selenium.execute_script(filter_value_script), 'users')
+        filter_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#nav-filter")
+        filter_input.send_keys("users")
+        self.assertEqual(self.selenium.execute_script(filter_value_script), "users")
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/test_templatetags.py b/tests/admin_views/test_templatetags.py
index 14c3fcead5..a13133095b 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/test_templatetags.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/test_templatetags.py
@@ -20,24 +20,28 @@ class AdminTemplateTagsTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         """
         submit_row template tag should pass whole context.
         """
-        request = self.request_factory.get(reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=[self.superuser.pk]))
+        request = self.request_factory.get(
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_change", args=[self.superuser.pk])
+        )
         request.user = self.superuser
         admin = UserAdmin(User, site)
-        extra_context = {'extra': True}
-        response = admin.change_view(request, str(self.superuser.pk), extra_context=extra_context)
+        extra_context = {"extra": True}
+        response = admin.change_view(
+            request, str(self.superuser.pk), extra_context=extra_context
+        )
         template_context = submit_row(response.context_data)
-        self.assertIs(template_context['extra'], True)
-        self.assertIs(template_context['show_save'], True)
+        self.assertIs(template_context["extra"], True)
+        self.assertIs(template_context["show_save"], True)
 
     def test_override_show_save_and_add_another(self):
         request = self.request_factory.get(
-            reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=[self.superuser.pk]),
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_change", args=[self.superuser.pk]),
         )
         request.user = self.superuser
         admin = UserAdmin(User, site)
         for extra_context, expected_flag in (
             ({}, True),  # Default.
-            ({'show_save_and_add_another': False}, False),
+            ({"show_save_and_add_another": False}, False),
         ):
             with self.subTest(show_save_and_add_another=expected_flag):
                 response = admin.change_view(
@@ -46,7 +50,9 @@ class AdminTemplateTagsTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
                     extra_context=extra_context,
                 )
                 template_context = submit_row(response.context_data)
-                self.assertIs(template_context['show_save_and_add_another'], expected_flag)
+                self.assertIs(
+                    template_context["show_save_and_add_another"], expected_flag
+                )
 
     def test_override_change_form_template_tags(self):
         """
@@ -54,37 +60,43 @@ class AdminTemplateTagsTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         admin/app_label/model/template.html.
         """
         article = Article.objects.all()[0]
-        request = self.request_factory.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=[article.pk]))
+        request = self.request_factory.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_change", args=[article.pk])
+        )
         request.user = self.superuser
         admin = ArticleAdmin(Article, site)
-        extra_context = {'show_publish': True, 'extra': True}
-        response = admin.change_view(request, str(article.pk), extra_context=extra_context)
+        extra_context = {"show_publish": True, "extra": True}
+        response = admin.change_view(
+            request, str(article.pk), extra_context=extra_context
+        )
         response.render()
-        self.assertIs(response.context_data['show_publish'], True)
-        self.assertIs(response.context_data['extra'], True)
+        self.assertIs(response.context_data["show_publish"], True)
+        self.assertIs(response.context_data["extra"], True)
         self.assertContains(response, 'name="_save"')
         self.assertContains(response, 'name="_publish"')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'override-change_form_object_tools')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'override-prepopulated_fields_js')
+        self.assertContains(response, "override-change_form_object_tools")
+        self.assertContains(response, "override-prepopulated_fields_js")
 
     def test_override_change_list_template_tags(self):
         """
         admin_list template tags follow the standard search pattern
         admin/app_label/model/template.html.
         """
-        request = self.request_factory.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'))
+        request = self.request_factory.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")
+        )
         request.user = self.superuser
         admin = ArticleAdmin(Article, site)
-        admin.date_hierarchy = 'date'
-        admin.search_fields = ('title', 'content')
+        admin.date_hierarchy = "date"
+        admin.search_fields = ("title", "content")
         response = admin.changelist_view(request)
         response.render()
-        self.assertContains(response, 'override-actions')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'override-change_list_object_tools')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'override-change_list_results')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'override-date_hierarchy')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'override-pagination')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'override-search_form')
+        self.assertContains(response, "override-actions")
+        self.assertContains(response, "override-change_list_object_tools")
+        self.assertContains(response, "override-change_list_results")
+        self.assertContains(response, "override-date_hierarchy")
+        self.assertContains(response, "override-pagination")
+        self.assertContains(response, "override-search_form")
 
 
 class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
@@ -92,11 +104,13 @@ class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def test_choice_links(self):
         modeladmin = ModelAdmin(Question, site)
-        modeladmin.date_hierarchy = 'posted'
+        modeladmin.date_hierarchy = "posted"
 
         posted_dates = (
             datetime.date(2017, 10, 1),
@@ -106,67 +120,82 @@ class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
             datetime.date(2017, 12, 31),
             datetime.date(2018, 2, 1),
         )
-        Question.objects.bulk_create(Question(question='q', posted=posted) for posted in posted_dates)
+        Question.objects.bulk_create(
+            Question(question="q", posted=posted) for posted in posted_dates
+        )
 
         tests = (
-            ({}, [['year=2017'], ['year=2018']]),
-            ({'year': 2016}, []),
-            ({'year': 2017}, [['month=10', 'year=2017'], ['month=12', 'year=2017']]),
-            ({'year': 2017, 'month': 9}, []),
-            ({'year': 2017, 'month': 12}, [['day=15', 'month=12', 'year=2017'], ['day=31', 'month=12', 'year=2017']]),
+            ({}, [["year=2017"], ["year=2018"]]),
+            ({"year": 2016}, []),
+            ({"year": 2017}, [["month=10", "year=2017"], ["month=12", "year=2017"]]),
+            ({"year": 2017, "month": 9}, []),
+            (
+                {"year": 2017, "month": 12},
+                [
+                    ["day=15", "month=12", "year=2017"],
+                    ["day=31", "month=12", "year=2017"],
+                ],
+            ),
         )
         for query, expected_choices in tests:
             with self.subTest(query=query):
-                query = {'posted__%s' % q: val for q, val in query.items()}
-                request = self.factory.get('/', query)
+                query = {"posted__%s" % q: val for q, val in query.items()}
+                request = self.factory.get("/", query)
                 request.user = self.superuser
                 changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
                 spec = date_hierarchy(changelist)
-                choices = [choice['link'] for choice in spec['choices']]
+                choices = [choice["link"] for choice in spec["choices"]]
                 expected_choices = [
-                    '&'.join('posted__%s' % c for c in choice) for choice in expected_choices
+                    "&".join("posted__%s" % c for c in choice)
+                    for choice in expected_choices
+                ]
+                expected_choices = [
+                    ("?" + choice) if choice else "" for choice in expected_choices
                 ]
-                expected_choices = [('?' + choice) if choice else '' for choice in expected_choices]
                 self.assertEqual(choices, expected_choices)
 
     def test_choice_links_datetime(self):
         modeladmin = ModelAdmin(Question, site)
-        modeladmin.date_hierarchy = 'expires'
-        Question.objects.bulk_create([
-            Question(question='q1', expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 1)),
-            Question(question='q2', expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 1)),
-            Question(question='q3', expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 12, 15)),
-            Question(question='q4', expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 12, 15)),
-            Question(question='q5', expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 12, 31)),
-            Question(question='q6', expires=datetime.datetime(2018, 2, 1)),
-        ])
+        modeladmin.date_hierarchy = "expires"
+        Question.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Question(question="q1", expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 1)),
+                Question(question="q2", expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 1)),
+                Question(question="q3", expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 12, 15)),
+                Question(question="q4", expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 12, 15)),
+                Question(question="q5", expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 12, 31)),
+                Question(question="q6", expires=datetime.datetime(2018, 2, 1)),
+            ]
+        )
         tests = [
-            ({}, [['year=2017'], ['year=2018']]),
-            ({'year': 2016}, []),
+            ({}, [["year=2017"], ["year=2018"]]),
+            ({"year": 2016}, []),
             (
-                {'year': 2017}, [
-                    ['month=10', 'year=2017'],
-                    ['month=12', 'year=2017'],
+                {"year": 2017},
+                [
+                    ["month=10", "year=2017"],
+                    ["month=12", "year=2017"],
                 ],
             ),
-            ({'year': 2017, 'month': 9}, []),
+            ({"year": 2017, "month": 9}, []),
             (
-                {'year': 2017, 'month': 12}, [
-                    ['day=15', 'month=12', 'year=2017'],
-                    ['day=31', 'month=12', 'year=2017'],
+                {"year": 2017, "month": 12},
+                [
+                    ["day=15", "month=12", "year=2017"],
+                    ["day=31", "month=12", "year=2017"],
                 ],
             ),
         ]
         for query, expected_choices in tests:
             with self.subTest(query=query):
-                query = {'expires__%s' % q: val for q, val in query.items()}
-                request = self.factory.get('/', query)
+                query = {"expires__%s" % q: val for q, val in query.items()}
+                request = self.factory.get("/", query)
                 request.user = self.superuser
                 changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
                 spec = date_hierarchy(changelist)
-                choices = [choice['link'] for choice in spec['choices']]
+                choices = [choice["link"] for choice in spec["choices"]]
                 expected_choices = [
-                    '?' + '&'.join('expires__%s' % c for c in choice)
+                    "?" + "&".join("expires__%s" % c for c in choice)
                     for choice in expected_choices
                 ]
                 self.assertEqual(choices, expected_choices)
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/tests.py b/tests/admin_views/tests.py
index 6d73d56625..4935b58823 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/tests.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/tests.py
@@ -33,7 +33,10 @@ from django.core.files import temp as tempfile
 from django.forms.utils import ErrorList
 from django.template.response import TemplateResponse
 from django.test import (
-    TestCase, modify_settings, override_settings, skipUnlessDBFeature,
+    TestCase,
+    modify_settings,
+    override_settings,
+    skipUnlessDBFeature,
 )
 from django.test.utils import override_script_prefix
 from django.urls import NoReverseMatch, resolve, reverse
@@ -46,23 +49,101 @@ from django.utils.http import urlencode
 from . import customadmin
 from .admin import CityAdmin, site, site2
 from .models import (
-    Actor, AdminOrderedAdminMethod, AdminOrderedCallable, AdminOrderedField,
-    AdminOrderedModelMethod, Album, Answer, Answer2, Article, BarAccount, Book,
-    Bookmark, Box, Category, Chapter, ChapterXtra1, ChapterXtra2, Character,
-    Child, Choice, City, Collector, Color, ComplexSortedPerson, CoverLetter,
-    CustomArticle, CyclicOne, CyclicTwo, DooHickey, Employee, EmptyModel,
-    Fabric, FancyDoodad, FieldOverridePost, FilteredManager, FooAccount,
-    FoodDelivery, FunkyTag, Gallery, Grommet, Inquisition, Language, Link,
-    MainPrepopulated, Media, ModelWithStringPrimaryKey, OtherStory, Paper,
-    Parent, ParentWithDependentChildren, ParentWithUUIDPK, Person, Persona,
-    Picture, Pizza, Plot, PlotDetails, PluggableSearchPerson, Podcast, Post,
-    PrePopulatedPost, Promo, Question, ReadablePizza, ReadOnlyPizza,
-    ReadOnlyRelatedField, Recommendation, Recommender, RelatedPrepopulated,
-    RelatedWithUUIDPKModel, Report, Restaurant, RowLevelChangePermissionModel,
-    SecretHideout, Section, ShortMessage, Simple, Song, State, Story,
-    SuperSecretHideout, SuperVillain, Telegram, TitleTranslation, Topping,
-    UnchangeableObject, UndeletableObject, UnorderedObject, UserProxy, Villain,
-    Vodcast, Whatsit, Widget, Worker, WorkHour,
+    Actor,
+    AdminOrderedAdminMethod,
+    AdminOrderedCallable,
+    AdminOrderedField,
+    AdminOrderedModelMethod,
+    Album,
+    Answer,
+    Answer2,
+    Article,
+    BarAccount,
+    Book,
+    Bookmark,
+    Box,
+    Category,
+    Chapter,
+    ChapterXtra1,
+    ChapterXtra2,
+    Character,
+    Child,
+    Choice,
+    City,
+    Collector,
+    Color,
+    ComplexSortedPerson,
+    CoverLetter,
+    CustomArticle,
+    CyclicOne,
+    CyclicTwo,
+    DooHickey,
+    Employee,
+    EmptyModel,
+    Fabric,
+    FancyDoodad,
+    FieldOverridePost,
+    FilteredManager,
+    FooAccount,
+    FoodDelivery,
+    FunkyTag,
+    Gallery,
+    Grommet,
+    Inquisition,
+    Language,
+    Link,
+    MainPrepopulated,
+    Media,
+    ModelWithStringPrimaryKey,
+    OtherStory,
+    Paper,
+    Parent,
+    ParentWithDependentChildren,
+    ParentWithUUIDPK,
+    Person,
+    Persona,
+    Picture,
+    Pizza,
+    Plot,
+    PlotDetails,
+    PluggableSearchPerson,
+    Podcast,
+    Post,
+    PrePopulatedPost,
+    Promo,
+    Question,
+    ReadablePizza,
+    ReadOnlyPizza,
+    ReadOnlyRelatedField,
+    Recommendation,
+    Recommender,
+    RelatedPrepopulated,
+    RelatedWithUUIDPKModel,
+    Report,
+    Restaurant,
+    RowLevelChangePermissionModel,
+    SecretHideout,
+    Section,
+    ShortMessage,
+    Simple,
+    Song,
+    State,
+    Story,
+    SuperSecretHideout,
+    SuperVillain,
+    Telegram,
+    TitleTranslation,
+    Topping,
+    UnchangeableObject,
+    UndeletableObject,
+    UnorderedObject,
+    UserProxy,
+    Villain,
+    Vodcast,
+    Whatsit,
+    Widget,
+    Worker,
+    WorkHour,
 )
 
 ERROR_MESSAGE = "Please enter the correct username and password \
@@ -83,12 +164,13 @@ class AdminFieldExtractionMixin:
     """
     Helper methods for extracting data from AdminForm.
     """
+
     def get_admin_form_fields(self, response):
         """
         Return a list of AdminFields for the AdminForm in the response.
         """
         fields = []
-        for fieldset in response.context['adminform']:
+        for fieldset in response.context["adminform"]:
             for field_line in fieldset:
                 fields.extend(field_line)
         return fields
@@ -105,51 +187,64 @@ class AdminFieldExtractionMixin:
         """
         admin_readonly_fields = self.get_admin_readonly_fields(response)
         for field in admin_readonly_fields:
-            if field.field['name'] == field_name:
+            if field.field["name"] == field_name:
                 return field
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls', USE_I18N=True, LANGUAGE_CODE='en')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls", USE_I18N=True, LANGUAGE_CODE="en")
 class AdminViewBasicTestCase(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
         cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Middle content</p>',
+            content="<p>Middle content</p>",
             date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
             section=cls.s1,
-            title='Article 1',
+            title="Article 1",
         )
         cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Oldest content</p>',
+            content="<p>Oldest content</p>",
             date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
             section=cls.s1,
-            title='Article 2',
+            title="Article 2",
         )
         cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Newest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
-        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
-        cls.color1 = Color.objects.create(value='Red', warm=True)
-        cls.color2 = Color.objects.create(value='Orange', warm=True)
-        cls.color3 = Color.objects.create(value='Blue', warm=False)
-        cls.color4 = Color.objects.create(value='Green', warm=False)
-        cls.fab1 = Fabric.objects.create(surface='x')
-        cls.fab2 = Fabric.objects.create(surface='y')
-        cls.fab3 = Fabric.objects.create(surface='plain')
-        cls.b1 = Book.objects.create(name='Book 1')
-        cls.b2 = Book.objects.create(name='Book 2')
-        cls.pro1 = Promo.objects.create(name='Promo 1', book=cls.b1)
-        cls.pro1 = Promo.objects.create(name='Promo 2', book=cls.b2)
-        cls.chap1 = Chapter.objects.create(title='Chapter 1', content='[ insert contents here ]', book=cls.b1)
-        cls.chap2 = Chapter.objects.create(title='Chapter 2', content='[ insert contents here ]', book=cls.b1)
-        cls.chap3 = Chapter.objects.create(title='Chapter 1', content='[ insert contents here ]', book=cls.b2)
-        cls.chap4 = Chapter.objects.create(title='Chapter 2', content='[ insert contents here ]', book=cls.b2)
-        cls.cx1 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(chap=cls.chap1, xtra='ChapterXtra1 1')
-        cls.cx2 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(chap=cls.chap3, xtra='ChapterXtra1 2')
-        Actor.objects.create(name='Palin', age=27)
+        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
+            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
+        )
+        cls.color1 = Color.objects.create(value="Red", warm=True)
+        cls.color2 = Color.objects.create(value="Orange", warm=True)
+        cls.color3 = Color.objects.create(value="Blue", warm=False)
+        cls.color4 = Color.objects.create(value="Green", warm=False)
+        cls.fab1 = Fabric.objects.create(surface="x")
+        cls.fab2 = Fabric.objects.create(surface="y")
+        cls.fab3 = Fabric.objects.create(surface="plain")
+        cls.b1 = Book.objects.create(name="Book 1")
+        cls.b2 = Book.objects.create(name="Book 2")
+        cls.pro1 = Promo.objects.create(name="Promo 1", book=cls.b1)
+        cls.pro1 = Promo.objects.create(name="Promo 2", book=cls.b2)
+        cls.chap1 = Chapter.objects.create(
+            title="Chapter 1", content="[ insert contents here ]", book=cls.b1
+        )
+        cls.chap2 = Chapter.objects.create(
+            title="Chapter 2", content="[ insert contents here ]", book=cls.b1
+        )
+        cls.chap3 = Chapter.objects.create(
+            title="Chapter 1", content="[ insert contents here ]", book=cls.b2
+        )
+        cls.chap4 = Chapter.objects.create(
+            title="Chapter 2", content="[ insert contents here ]", book=cls.b2
+        )
+        cls.cx1 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(chap=cls.chap1, xtra="ChapterXtra1 1")
+        cls.cx2 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(chap=cls.chap3, xtra="ChapterXtra1 2")
+        Actor.objects.create(name="Palin", age=27)
 
         # Post data for edit inline
         cls.inline_post_data = {
@@ -204,7 +299,9 @@ class AdminViewBasicTestCase(TestCase):
         self.assertLess(
             response.content.index(text1.encode()),
             response.content.index(text2.encode()),
-            (failing_msg or '') + '\nResponse:\n' + response.content.decode(response.charset)
+            (failing_msg or "")
+            + "\nResponse:\n"
+            + response.content.decode(response.charset),
         )
 
 
@@ -213,7 +310,7 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         """
         If you leave off the trailing slash, app should redirect and add it.
         """
-        add_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add')
+        add_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add")
         response = self.client.get(add_url[:-1])
         self.assertRedirects(response, add_url, status_code=301)
 
@@ -221,22 +318,27 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         """
         A smoke test to ensure GET on the add_view works.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"))
         self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_add_with_GET_args(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'), {'name': 'My Section'})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"), {"name": "My Section"}
+        )
         self.assertContains(
-            response, 'value="My Section"',
-            msg_prefix="Couldn't find an input with the right value in the response"
+            response,
+            'value="My Section"',
+            msg_prefix="Couldn't find an input with the right value in the response",
         )
 
     def test_basic_edit_GET(self):
         """
         A smoke test to ensure GET on the change_view works.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
@@ -246,11 +348,14 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         model with an integer PK field) redirects to the index page with a
         message saying the object doesn't exist.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(quote("abc/<b>"),)), follow=True)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(quote("abc/<b>"),)),
+            follow=True,
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:index"))
         self.assertEqual(
-            [m.message for m in response.context['messages']],
-            ['section with ID “abc/<b>” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?']
+            [m.message for m in response.context["messages"]],
+            ["section with ID “abc/<b>” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?"],
         )
 
     def test_basic_edit_GET_old_url_redirect(self):
@@ -258,20 +363,26 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         The change URL changed in Django 1.9, but the old one still redirects.
         """
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)).replace('change/', '')
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,)).replace(
+                "change/", ""
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,))
         )
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
 
     def test_basic_inheritance_GET_string_PK(self):
         """
         GET on the change_view (for inherited models) redirects to the index
         page with a message saying the object doesn't exist.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_supervillain_change', args=('abc',)), follow=True)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_supervillain_change", args=("abc",)), follow=True
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:index"))
         self.assertEqual(
-            [m.message for m in response.context['messages']],
-            ['super villain with ID “abc” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?']
+            [m.message for m in response.context["messages"]],
+            ["super villain with ID “abc” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?"],
         )
 
     def test_basic_add_POST(self):
@@ -285,26 +396,26 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
             "article_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
             "article_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'), post_data)
+        response = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"), post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # redirect somewhere
 
     def test_popup_add_POST(self):
         """HTTP response from a popup is properly escaped."""
         post_data = {
-            IS_POPUP_VAR: '1',
-            'title': 'title with a new\nline',
-            'content': 'some content',
-            'date_0': '2010-09-10',
-            'date_1': '14:55:39',
+            IS_POPUP_VAR: "1",
+            "title": "title with a new\nline",
+            "content": "some content",
+            "date_0": "2010-09-10",
+            "date_1": "14:55:39",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'), post_data)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'title with a new\\nline')
+        response = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"), post_data)
+        self.assertContains(response, "title with a new\\nline")
 
     def test_basic_edit_POST(self):
         """
         A smoke test to ensure POST on edit_view works.
         """
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,))
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,))
         response = self.client.post(url, self.inline_post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # redirect somewhere
 
@@ -313,15 +424,19 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         Test "save as".
         """
         post_data = self.inline_post_data.copy()
-        post_data.update({
-            '_saveasnew': 'Save+as+new',
-            "article_set-1-section": "1",
-            "article_set-2-section": "1",
-            "article_set-3-section": "1",
-            "article_set-4-section": "1",
-            "article_set-5-section": "1",
-        })
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)), post_data)
+        post_data.update(
+            {
+                "_saveasnew": "Save+as+new",
+                "article_set-1-section": "1",
+                "article_set-2-section": "1",
+                "article_set-3-section": "1",
+                "article_set-4-section": "1",
+                "article_set-5-section": "1",
+            }
+        )
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,)), post_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # redirect somewhere
 
     def test_edit_save_as_delete_inline(self):
@@ -329,40 +444,50 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         Should be able to "Save as new" while also deleting an inline.
         """
         post_data = self.inline_post_data.copy()
-        post_data.update({
-            '_saveasnew': 'Save+as+new',
-            "article_set-1-section": "1",
-            "article_set-2-section": "1",
-            "article_set-2-DELETE": "1",
-            "article_set-3-section": "1",
-        })
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)), post_data)
+        post_data.update(
+            {
+                "_saveasnew": "Save+as+new",
+                "article_set-1-section": "1",
+                "article_set-2-section": "1",
+                "article_set-2-DELETE": "1",
+                "article_set-3-section": "1",
+            }
+        )
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,)), post_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         # started with 3 articles, one was deleted.
-        self.assertEqual(Section.objects.latest('id').article_set.count(), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(Section.objects.latest("id").article_set.count(), 2)
 
     def test_change_list_column_field_classes(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"))
         # callables display the callable name.
-        self.assertContains(response, 'column-callable_year')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'field-callable_year')
+        self.assertContains(response, "column-callable_year")
+        self.assertContains(response, "field-callable_year")
         # lambdas display as "lambda" + index that they appear in list_display.
-        self.assertContains(response, 'column-lambda8')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'field-lambda8')
+        self.assertContains(response, "column-lambda8")
+        self.assertContains(response, "field-lambda8")
 
     def test_change_list_sorting_callable(self):
         """
         Ensure we can sort on a list_display field that is a callable
         (column 2 is callable_year in ArticleAdmin)
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'), {'o': 2})
-        self.assertContentBefore(
-            response, 'Oldest content', 'Middle content',
-            "Results of sorting on callable are out of order."
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"), {"o": 2}
         )
         self.assertContentBefore(
-            response, 'Middle content', 'Newest content',
-            "Results of sorting on callable are out of order."
+            response,
+            "Oldest content",
+            "Middle content",
+            "Results of sorting on callable are out of order.",
+        )
+        self.assertContentBefore(
+            response,
+            "Middle content",
+            "Newest content",
+            "Results of sorting on callable are out of order.",
         )
 
     def test_change_list_sorting_property(self):
@@ -370,61 +495,71 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         Sort on a list_display field that is a property (column 10 is
         a property in Article model).
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'), {'o': 10})
-        self.assertContentBefore(
-            response,
-            'Oldest content',
-            'Middle content',
-            'Results of sorting on property are out of order.',
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"), {"o": 10}
         )
         self.assertContentBefore(
             response,
-            'Middle content',
-            'Newest content',
-            'Results of sorting on property are out of order.',
+            "Oldest content",
+            "Middle content",
+            "Results of sorting on property are out of order.",
+        )
+        self.assertContentBefore(
+            response,
+            "Middle content",
+            "Newest content",
+            "Results of sorting on property are out of order.",
         )
 
     def test_change_list_sorting_callable_query_expression(self):
         """Query expressions may be used for admin_order_field."""
         tests = [
-            ('order_by_expression', 9),
-            ('order_by_f_expression', 12),
-            ('order_by_orderby_expression', 13),
+            ("order_by_expression", 9),
+            ("order_by_f_expression", 12),
+            ("order_by_orderby_expression", 13),
         ]
         for admin_order_field, index in tests:
             with self.subTest(admin_order_field):
                 response = self.client.get(
-                    reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'),
-                    {'o': index},
+                    reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"),
+                    {"o": index},
                 )
                 self.assertContentBefore(
-                    response, 'Oldest content', 'Middle content',
-                    'Results of sorting on callable are out of order.'
+                    response,
+                    "Oldest content",
+                    "Middle content",
+                    "Results of sorting on callable are out of order.",
                 )
                 self.assertContentBefore(
-                    response, 'Middle content', 'Newest content',
-                    'Results of sorting on callable are out of order.'
+                    response,
+                    "Middle content",
+                    "Newest content",
+                    "Results of sorting on callable are out of order.",
                 )
 
     def test_change_list_sorting_callable_query_expression_reverse(self):
         tests = [
-            ('order_by_expression', -9),
-            ('order_by_f_expression', -12),
-            ('order_by_orderby_expression', -13),
+            ("order_by_expression", -9),
+            ("order_by_f_expression", -12),
+            ("order_by_orderby_expression", -13),
         ]
         for admin_order_field, index in tests:
             with self.subTest(admin_order_field):
                 response = self.client.get(
-                    reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'),
-                    {'o': index},
+                    reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"),
+                    {"o": index},
                 )
                 self.assertContentBefore(
-                    response, 'Middle content', 'Oldest content',
-                    'Results of sorting on callable are out of order.'
+                    response,
+                    "Middle content",
+                    "Oldest content",
+                    "Results of sorting on callable are out of order.",
                 )
                 self.assertContentBefore(
-                    response, 'Newest content', 'Middle content',
-                    'Results of sorting on callable are out of order.'
+                    response,
+                    "Newest content",
+                    "Middle content",
+                    "Results of sorting on callable are out of order.",
                 )
 
     def test_change_list_sorting_model(self):
@@ -432,14 +567,20 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         Ensure we can sort on a list_display field that is a Model method
         (column 3 is 'model_year' in ArticleAdmin)
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'), {'o': '-3'})
-        self.assertContentBefore(
-            response, 'Newest content', 'Middle content',
-            "Results of sorting on Model method are out of order."
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"), {"o": "-3"}
         )
         self.assertContentBefore(
-            response, 'Middle content', 'Oldest content',
-            "Results of sorting on Model method are out of order."
+            response,
+            "Newest content",
+            "Middle content",
+            "Results of sorting on Model method are out of order.",
+        )
+        self.assertContentBefore(
+            response,
+            "Middle content",
+            "Oldest content",
+            "Results of sorting on Model method are out of order.",
         )
 
     def test_change_list_sorting_model_admin(self):
@@ -447,14 +588,20 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         Ensure we can sort on a list_display field that is a ModelAdmin method
         (column 4 is 'modeladmin_year' in ArticleAdmin)
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'), {'o': '4'})
-        self.assertContentBefore(
-            response, 'Oldest content', 'Middle content',
-            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order."
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"), {"o": "4"}
         )
         self.assertContentBefore(
-            response, 'Middle content', 'Newest content',
-            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order."
+            response,
+            "Oldest content",
+            "Middle content",
+            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order.",
+        )
+        self.assertContentBefore(
+            response,
+            "Middle content",
+            "Newest content",
+            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order.",
         )
 
     def test_change_list_sorting_model_admin_reverse(self):
@@ -465,42 +612,58 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         """
         td = '<td class="field-model_property_year">%s</td>'
         td_2000, td_2008, td_2009 = td % 2000, td % 2008, td % 2009
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'), {'o': '6'})
-        self.assertContentBefore(
-            response, td_2009, td_2008,
-            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order."
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"), {"o": "6"}
         )
         self.assertContentBefore(
-            response, td_2008, td_2000,
-            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order."
+            response,
+            td_2009,
+            td_2008,
+            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order.",
+        )
+        self.assertContentBefore(
+            response,
+            td_2008,
+            td_2000,
+            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order.",
         )
         # Let's make sure the ordering is right and that we don't get a
         # FieldError when we change to descending order
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'), {'o': '-6'})
-        self.assertContentBefore(
-            response, td_2000, td_2008,
-            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order."
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"), {"o": "-6"}
         )
         self.assertContentBefore(
-            response, td_2008, td_2009,
-            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order."
+            response,
+            td_2000,
+            td_2008,
+            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order.",
+        )
+        self.assertContentBefore(
+            response,
+            td_2008,
+            td_2009,
+            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order.",
         )
 
     def test_change_list_sorting_multiple(self):
         p1 = Person.objects.create(name="Chris", gender=1, alive=True)
         p2 = Person.objects.create(name="Chris", gender=2, alive=True)
         p3 = Person.objects.create(name="Bob", gender=1, alive=True)
-        link1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(p1.pk,))
-        link2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(p2.pk,))
-        link3 = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(p3.pk,))
+        link1 = reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(p1.pk,))
+        link2 = reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(p2.pk,))
+        link3 = reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(p3.pk,))
 
         # Sort by name, gender
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'), {'o': '1.2'})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"), {"o": "1.2"}
+        )
         self.assertContentBefore(response, link3, link1)
         self.assertContentBefore(response, link1, link2)
 
         # Sort by gender descending, name
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'), {'o': '-2.1'})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"), {"o": "-2.1"}
+        )
         self.assertContentBefore(response, link2, link3)
         self.assertContentBefore(response, link3, link1)
 
@@ -514,27 +677,29 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         p1 = Person.objects.create(name="Amy", gender=1, alive=True, age=80)
         p2 = Person.objects.create(name="Bob", gender=1, alive=True, age=70)
         p3 = Person.objects.create(name="Chris", gender=2, alive=False, age=60)
-        link1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(p1.pk,))
-        link2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(p2.pk,))
-        link3 = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(p3.pk,))
+        link1 = reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(p1.pk,))
+        link2 = reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(p2.pk,))
+        link3 = reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(p3.pk,))
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'), {})
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"), {})
         self.assertContentBefore(response, link3, link2)
         self.assertContentBefore(response, link2, link1)
 
     def test_change_list_sorting_model_meta(self):
         # Test ordering on Model Meta is respected
 
-        l1 = Language.objects.create(iso='ur', name='Urdu')
-        l2 = Language.objects.create(iso='ar', name='Arabic')
-        link1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_language_change', args=(quote(l1.pk),))
-        link2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_language_change', args=(quote(l2.pk),))
+        l1 = Language.objects.create(iso="ur", name="Urdu")
+        l2 = Language.objects.create(iso="ar", name="Arabic")
+        link1 = reverse("admin:admin_views_language_change", args=(quote(l1.pk),))
+        link2 = reverse("admin:admin_views_language_change", args=(quote(l2.pk),))
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_language_changelist'), {})
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_language_changelist"), {})
         self.assertContentBefore(response, link2, link1)
 
         # Test we can override with query string
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_language_changelist'), {'o': '-1'})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_language_changelist"), {"o": "-1"}
+        )
         self.assertContentBefore(response, link1, link2)
 
     def test_change_list_sorting_override_model_admin(self):
@@ -542,10 +707,10 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         dt = datetime.datetime.now()
         p1 = Podcast.objects.create(name="A", release_date=dt)
         p2 = Podcast.objects.create(name="B", release_date=dt - datetime.timedelta(10))
-        link1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_change', args=(p1.pk,))
-        link2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_change', args=(p2.pk,))
+        link1 = reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_change", args=(p1.pk,))
+        link2 = reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_change", args=(p2.pk,))
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist'), {})
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist"), {})
         self.assertContentBefore(response, link1, link2)
 
     def test_multiple_sort_same_field(self):
@@ -554,26 +719,28 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         dt = datetime.datetime.now()
         p1 = Podcast.objects.create(name="A", release_date=dt)
         p2 = Podcast.objects.create(name="B", release_date=dt - datetime.timedelta(10))
-        link1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_change', args=(quote(p1.pk),))
-        link2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_change', args=(quote(p2.pk),))
+        link1 = reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_change", args=(quote(p1.pk),))
+        link2 = reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_change", args=(quote(p2.pk),))
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist'), {})
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist"), {})
         self.assertContentBefore(response, link1, link2)
 
         p1 = ComplexSortedPerson.objects.create(name="Bob", age=10)
         p2 = ComplexSortedPerson.objects.create(name="Amy", age=20)
-        link1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_complexsortedperson_change', args=(p1.pk,))
-        link2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_complexsortedperson_change', args=(p2.pk,))
+        link1 = reverse("admin:admin_views_complexsortedperson_change", args=(p1.pk,))
+        link2 = reverse("admin:admin_views_complexsortedperson_change", args=(p2.pk,))
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_complexsortedperson_changelist'), {})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_complexsortedperson_changelist"), {}
+        )
         # Should have 5 columns (including action checkbox col)
         self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col"', count=5)
 
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Name')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Colored name')
+        self.assertContains(response, "Name")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Colored name")
 
         # Check order
-        self.assertContentBefore(response, 'Name', 'Colored name')
+        self.assertContentBefore(response, "Name", "Colored name")
 
         # Check sorting - should be by name
         self.assertContentBefore(response, link2, link1)
@@ -584,146 +751,170 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         fields: field names, method on the model admin and model itself, and
         other callables. See #17252.
         """
-        models = [(AdminOrderedField, 'adminorderedfield'),
-                  (AdminOrderedModelMethod, 'adminorderedmodelmethod'),
-                  (AdminOrderedAdminMethod, 'adminorderedadminmethod'),
-                  (AdminOrderedCallable, 'adminorderedcallable')]
+        models = [
+            (AdminOrderedField, "adminorderedfield"),
+            (AdminOrderedModelMethod, "adminorderedmodelmethod"),
+            (AdminOrderedAdminMethod, "adminorderedadminmethod"),
+            (AdminOrderedCallable, "adminorderedcallable"),
+        ]
         for model, url in models:
-            model.objects.create(stuff='The Last Item', order=3)
-            model.objects.create(stuff='The First Item', order=1)
-            model.objects.create(stuff='The Middle Item', order=2)
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_%s_changelist' % url), {})
+            model.objects.create(stuff="The Last Item", order=3)
+            model.objects.create(stuff="The First Item", order=1)
+            model.objects.create(stuff="The Middle Item", order=2)
+            response = self.client.get(
+                reverse("admin:admin_views_%s_changelist" % url), {}
+            )
             # Should have 3 columns including action checkbox col.
             self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col"', count=3, msg_prefix=url)
             # Check if the correct column was selected. 2 is the index of the
             # 'order' column in the model admin's 'list_display' with 0 being
             # the implicit 'action_checkbox' and 1 being the column 'stuff'.
-            self.assertEqual(response.context['cl'].get_ordering_field_columns(), {2: 'asc'})
+            self.assertEqual(
+                response.context["cl"].get_ordering_field_columns(), {2: "asc"}
+            )
             # Check order of records.
-            self.assertContentBefore(response, 'The First Item', 'The Middle Item')
-            self.assertContentBefore(response, 'The Middle Item', 'The Last Item')
+            self.assertContentBefore(response, "The First Item", "The Middle Item")
+            self.assertContentBefore(response, "The Middle Item", "The Last Item")
 
     def test_has_related_field_in_list_display_fk(self):
         """Joins shouldn't be performed for <FK>_id fields in list display."""
-        state = State.objects.create(name='Karnataka')
-        City.objects.create(state=state, name='Bangalore')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_city_changelist'), {})
+        state = State.objects.create(name="Karnataka")
+        City.objects.create(state=state, name="Bangalore")
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_city_changelist"), {})
 
-        response.context['cl'].list_display = ['id', 'name', 'state']
-        self.assertIs(response.context['cl'].has_related_field_in_list_display(), True)
+        response.context["cl"].list_display = ["id", "name", "state"]
+        self.assertIs(response.context["cl"].has_related_field_in_list_display(), True)
 
-        response.context['cl'].list_display = ['id', 'name', 'state_id']
-        self.assertIs(response.context['cl'].has_related_field_in_list_display(), False)
+        response.context["cl"].list_display = ["id", "name", "state_id"]
+        self.assertIs(response.context["cl"].has_related_field_in_list_display(), False)
 
     def test_has_related_field_in_list_display_o2o(self):
         """Joins shouldn't be performed for <O2O>_id fields in list display."""
-        media = Media.objects.create(name='Foo')
+        media = Media.objects.create(name="Foo")
         Vodcast.objects.create(media=media)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_vodcast_changelist'), {})
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_vodcast_changelist"), {})
 
-        response.context['cl'].list_display = ['media']
-        self.assertIs(response.context['cl'].has_related_field_in_list_display(), True)
+        response.context["cl"].list_display = ["media"]
+        self.assertIs(response.context["cl"].has_related_field_in_list_display(), True)
 
-        response.context['cl'].list_display = ['media_id']
-        self.assertIs(response.context['cl'].has_related_field_in_list_display(), False)
+        response.context["cl"].list_display = ["media_id"]
+        self.assertIs(response.context["cl"].has_related_field_in_list_display(), False)
 
     def test_limited_filter(self):
         """Ensure admin changelist filters do not contain objects excluded via limit_choices_to.
         This also tests relation-spanning filters (e.g. 'color__value').
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_thing_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_thing_changelist"))
         self.assertContains(
-            response, '<div id="changelist-filter">',
-            msg_prefix="Expected filter not found in changelist view"
+            response,
+            '<div id="changelist-filter">',
+            msg_prefix="Expected filter not found in changelist view",
         )
         self.assertNotContains(
-            response, '<a href="?color__id__exact=3">Blue</a>',
-            msg_prefix="Changelist filter not correctly limited by limit_choices_to"
+            response,
+            '<a href="?color__id__exact=3">Blue</a>',
+            msg_prefix="Changelist filter not correctly limited by limit_choices_to",
         )
 
     def test_relation_spanning_filters(self):
-        changelist_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_chapterxtra1_changelist')
+        changelist_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_chapterxtra1_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(changelist_url)
         self.assertContains(response, '<div id="changelist-filter">')
         filters = {
-            'chap__id__exact': {
-                'values': [c.id for c in Chapter.objects.all()],
-                'test': lambda obj, value: obj.chap.id == value,
+            "chap__id__exact": {
+                "values": [c.id for c in Chapter.objects.all()],
+                "test": lambda obj, value: obj.chap.id == value,
             },
-            'chap__title': {
-                'values': [c.title for c in Chapter.objects.all()],
-                'test': lambda obj, value: obj.chap.title == value,
+            "chap__title": {
+                "values": [c.title for c in Chapter.objects.all()],
+                "test": lambda obj, value: obj.chap.title == value,
             },
-            'chap__book__id__exact': {
-                'values': [b.id for b in Book.objects.all()],
-                'test': lambda obj, value: obj.chap.book.id == value,
+            "chap__book__id__exact": {
+                "values": [b.id for b in Book.objects.all()],
+                "test": lambda obj, value: obj.chap.book.id == value,
             },
-            'chap__book__name': {
-                'values': [b.name for b in Book.objects.all()],
-                'test': lambda obj, value: obj.chap.book.name == value,
+            "chap__book__name": {
+                "values": [b.name for b in Book.objects.all()],
+                "test": lambda obj, value: obj.chap.book.name == value,
             },
-            'chap__book__promo__id__exact': {
-                'values': [p.id for p in Promo.objects.all()],
-                'test': lambda obj, value: obj.chap.book.promo_set.filter(id=value).exists(),
+            "chap__book__promo__id__exact": {
+                "values": [p.id for p in Promo.objects.all()],
+                "test": lambda obj, value: obj.chap.book.promo_set.filter(
+                    id=value
+                ).exists(),
             },
-            'chap__book__promo__name': {
-                'values': [p.name for p in Promo.objects.all()],
-                'test': lambda obj, value: obj.chap.book.promo_set.filter(name=value).exists(),
+            "chap__book__promo__name": {
+                "values": [p.name for p in Promo.objects.all()],
+                "test": lambda obj, value: obj.chap.book.promo_set.filter(
+                    name=value
+                ).exists(),
             },
             # A forward relation (book) after a reverse relation (promo).
-            'guest_author__promo__book__id__exact': {
-                'values': [p.id for p in Book.objects.all()],
-                'test': lambda obj, value: obj.guest_author.promo_set.filter(book=value).exists(),
+            "guest_author__promo__book__id__exact": {
+                "values": [p.id for p in Book.objects.all()],
+                "test": lambda obj, value: obj.guest_author.promo_set.filter(
+                    book=value
+                ).exists(),
             },
         }
         for filter_path, params in filters.items():
-            for value in params['values']:
+            for value in params["values"]:
                 query_string = urlencode({filter_path: value})
                 # ensure filter link exists
                 self.assertContains(response, '<a href="?%s"' % query_string)
                 # ensure link works
-                filtered_response = self.client.get('%s?%s' % (changelist_url, query_string))
+                filtered_response = self.client.get(
+                    "%s?%s" % (changelist_url, query_string)
+                )
                 self.assertEqual(filtered_response.status_code, 200)
                 # ensure changelist contains only valid objects
-                for obj in filtered_response.context['cl'].queryset.all():
-                    self.assertTrue(params['test'](obj, value))
+                for obj in filtered_response.context["cl"].queryset.all():
+                    self.assertTrue(params["test"](obj, value))
 
     def test_incorrect_lookup_parameters(self):
         """Ensure incorrect lookup parameters are handled gracefully."""
-        changelist_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_thing_changelist')
-        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {'notarealfield': '5'})
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?e=1' % changelist_url)
+        changelist_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_thing_changelist")
+        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {"notarealfield": "5"})
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "%s?e=1" % changelist_url)
 
         # Spanning relationships through a nonexistent related object (Refs #16716)
-        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {'notarealfield__whatever': '5'})
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?e=1' % changelist_url)
+        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {"notarealfield__whatever": "5"})
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "%s?e=1" % changelist_url)
 
-        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {'color__id__exact': 'StringNotInteger!'})
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?e=1' % changelist_url)
+        response = self.client.get(
+            changelist_url, {"color__id__exact": "StringNotInteger!"}
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "%s?e=1" % changelist_url)
 
         # Regression test for #18530
-        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {'pub_date__gte': 'foo'})
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?e=1' % changelist_url)
+        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {"pub_date__gte": "foo"})
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "%s?e=1" % changelist_url)
 
     def test_isnull_lookups(self):
         """Ensure is_null is handled correctly."""
-        Article.objects.create(title="I Could Go Anywhere", content="Versatile", date=datetime.datetime.now())
-        changelist_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
+        Article.objects.create(
+            title="I Could Go Anywhere",
+            content="Versatile",
+            date=datetime.datetime.now(),
+        )
+        changelist_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(changelist_url)
-        self.assertContains(response, '4 articles')
-        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {'section__isnull': 'false'})
-        self.assertContains(response, '3 articles')
-        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {'section__isnull': '0'})
-        self.assertContains(response, '3 articles')
-        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {'section__isnull': 'true'})
-        self.assertContains(response, '1 article')
-        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {'section__isnull': '1'})
-        self.assertContains(response, '1 article')
+        self.assertContains(response, "4 articles")
+        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {"section__isnull": "false"})
+        self.assertContains(response, "3 articles")
+        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {"section__isnull": "0"})
+        self.assertContains(response, "3 articles")
+        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {"section__isnull": "true"})
+        self.assertContains(response, "1 article")
+        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {"section__isnull": "1"})
+        self.assertContains(response, "1 article")
 
     def test_logout_and_password_change_URLs(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s">' % reverse('admin:logout'))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s">' % reverse('admin:password_change'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"))
+        self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s">' % reverse("admin:logout"))
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<a href="%s">' % reverse("admin:password_change")
+        )
 
     def test_named_group_field_choices_change_list(self):
         """
@@ -731,49 +922,64 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         for rows corresponding to instances of a model in which a named group
         has been used in the choices option of a field.
         """
-        link1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_fabric_change', args=(self.fab1.pk,))
-        link2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_fabric_change', args=(self.fab2.pk,))
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_fabric_changelist'))
+        link1 = reverse("admin:admin_views_fabric_change", args=(self.fab1.pk,))
+        link2 = reverse("admin:admin_views_fabric_change", args=(self.fab2.pk,))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_fabric_changelist"))
         fail_msg = (
             "Changelist table isn't showing the right human-readable values "
             "set by a model field 'choices' option named group."
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s">Horizontal</a>' % link1, msg_prefix=fail_msg, html=True)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s">Vertical</a>' % link2, msg_prefix=fail_msg, html=True)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<a href="%s">Horizontal</a>' % link1,
+            msg_prefix=fail_msg,
+            html=True,
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<a href="%s">Vertical</a>' % link2,
+            msg_prefix=fail_msg,
+            html=True,
+        )
 
     def test_named_group_field_choices_filter(self):
         """
         Ensures the filter UI shows correctly when at least one named group has
         been used in the choices option of a model field.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_fabric_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_fabric_changelist"))
         fail_msg = (
             "Changelist filter isn't showing options contained inside a model "
             "field 'choices' option named group."
         )
         self.assertContains(response, '<div id="changelist-filter">')
         self.assertContains(
-            response, '<a href="?surface__exact=x">Horizontal</a>',
-            msg_prefix=fail_msg, html=True
+            response,
+            '<a href="?surface__exact=x">Horizontal</a>',
+            msg_prefix=fail_msg,
+            html=True,
         )
         self.assertContains(
-            response, '<a href="?surface__exact=y">Vertical</a>',
-            msg_prefix=fail_msg, html=True
+            response,
+            '<a href="?surface__exact=y">Vertical</a>',
+            msg_prefix=fail_msg,
+            html=True,
         )
 
     def test_change_list_null_boolean_display(self):
         Post.objects.create(public=None)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_post_changelist'))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'icon-unknown.svg')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_post_changelist"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "icon-unknown.svg")
 
     def test_display_decorator_with_boolean_and_empty_value(self):
         msg = (
-            'The boolean and empty_value arguments to the @display decorator '
-            'are mutually exclusive.'
+            "The boolean and empty_value arguments to the @display decorator "
+            "are mutually exclusive."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
+
             class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-                @admin.display(boolean=True, empty_value='(Missing)')
+                @admin.display(boolean=True, empty_value="(Missing)")
                 def is_published(self, obj):
                     return obj.publish_date is not None
 
@@ -783,21 +989,21 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         if the default language is non-English but the selected language
         is English. See #13388 and #3594 for more details.
         """
-        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='fr'), translation.override('en-us'):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:jsi18n'))
-            self.assertNotContains(response, 'Choisir une heure')
+        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="fr"), translation.override("en-us"):
+            response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:jsi18n"))
+            self.assertNotContains(response, "Choisir une heure")
 
     def test_i18n_language_non_english_fallback(self):
         """
         Makes sure that the fallback language is still working properly
         in cases where the selected language cannot be found.
         """
-        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='fr'), translation.override('none'):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:jsi18n'))
-            self.assertContains(response, 'Choisir une heure')
+        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="fr"), translation.override("none"):
+            response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:jsi18n"))
+            self.assertContains(response, "Choisir une heure")
 
     def test_jsi18n_with_context(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin-extra-context:jsi18n'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin-extra-context:jsi18n"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_jsi18n_format_fallback(self):
@@ -805,96 +1011,125 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         The JavaScript i18n view doesn't return localized date/time formats
         when the selected language cannot be found.
         """
-        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='ru'), translation.override('none'):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:jsi18n'))
-            self.assertNotContains(response, '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S')
-            self.assertContains(response, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
+        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="ru"), translation.override("none"):
+            response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:jsi18n"))
+            self.assertNotContains(response, "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S")
+            self.assertContains(response, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
 
     def test_disallowed_filtering(self):
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.DisallowedModelAdminLookup', 'ERROR'):
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.DisallowedModelAdminLookup", "ERROR"):
             response = self.client.get(
-                "%s?owner__email__startswith=fuzzy" % reverse('admin:admin_views_album_changelist')
+                "%s?owner__email__startswith=fuzzy"
+                % reverse("admin:admin_views_album_changelist")
             )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
 
         # Filters are allowed if explicitly included in list_filter
-        response = self.client.get("%s?color__value__startswith=red" % reverse('admin:admin_views_thing_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            "%s?color__value__startswith=red"
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_thing_changelist")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        response = self.client.get("%s?color__value=red" % reverse('admin:admin_views_thing_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            "%s?color__value=red" % reverse("admin:admin_views_thing_changelist")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
         # Filters should be allowed if they involve a local field without the
         # need to allow them in list_filter or date_hierarchy.
-        response = self.client.get("%s?age__gt=30" % reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            "%s?age__gt=30" % reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
-        e1 = Employee.objects.create(name='Anonymous', gender=1, age=22, alive=True, code='123')
-        e2 = Employee.objects.create(name='Visitor', gender=2, age=19, alive=True, code='124')
+        e1 = Employee.objects.create(
+            name="Anonymous", gender=1, age=22, alive=True, code="123"
+        )
+        e2 = Employee.objects.create(
+            name="Visitor", gender=2, age=19, alive=True, code="124"
+        )
         WorkHour.objects.create(datum=datetime.datetime.now(), employee=e1)
         WorkHour.objects.create(datum=datetime.datetime.now(), employee=e2)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_workhour_changelist'))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'employee__person_ptr__exact')
-        response = self.client.get("%s?employee__person_ptr__exact=%d" % (
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_workhour_changelist'), e1.pk)
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_workhour_changelist"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "employee__person_ptr__exact")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            "%s?employee__person_ptr__exact=%d"
+            % (reverse("admin:admin_views_workhour_changelist"), e1.pk)
         )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_disallowed_to_field(self):
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_section_changelist')
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField', 'ERROR'):
-            response = self.client.get(url, {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'missing_field'})
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_section_changelist")
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField", "ERROR"):
+            response = self.client.get(url, {TO_FIELD_VAR: "missing_field"})
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
 
         # Specifying a field that is not referred by any other model registered
         # to this admin site should raise an exception.
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField', 'ERROR'):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_changelist'), {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'name'})
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField", "ERROR"):
+            response = self.client.get(
+                reverse("admin:admin_views_section_changelist"), {TO_FIELD_VAR: "name"}
+            )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
 
         # #23839 - Primary key should always be allowed, even if the referenced model isn't registered.
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_notreferenced_changelist'), {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'id'})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_notreferenced_changelist"), {TO_FIELD_VAR: "id"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
         # #23915 - Specifying a field referenced by another model though a m2m should be allowed.
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_recipe_changelist'), {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'rname'})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_recipe_changelist"), {TO_FIELD_VAR: "rname"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
         # #23604, #23915 - Specifying a field referenced through a reverse m2m relationship should be allowed.
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_ingredient_changelist'), {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'iname'})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_ingredient_changelist"), {TO_FIELD_VAR: "iname"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
         # #23329 - Specifying a field that is not referred by any other model directly registered
         # to this admin site but registered through inheritance should be allowed.
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_referencedbyparent_changelist'), {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'name'})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_referencedbyparent_changelist"),
+            {TO_FIELD_VAR: "name"},
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
         # #23431 - Specifying a field that is only referred to by a inline of a registered
         # model should be allowed.
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_referencedbyinline_changelist'), {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'name'})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_referencedbyinline_changelist"),
+            {TO_FIELD_VAR: "name"},
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
         # #25622 - Specifying a field of a model only referred by a generic
         # relation should raise DisallowedModelAdminToField.
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_referencedbygenrel_changelist')
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField', 'ERROR'):
-            response = self.client.get(url, {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'object_id'})
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_referencedbygenrel_changelist")
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField", "ERROR"):
+            response = self.client.get(url, {TO_FIELD_VAR: "object_id"})
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
 
         # We also want to prevent the add, change, and delete views from
         # leaking a disallowed field value.
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField', 'ERROR'):
-            response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'), {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'name'})
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField", "ERROR"):
+            response = self.client.post(
+                reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"), {TO_FIELD_VAR: "name"}
+            )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
 
         section = Section.objects.create()
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(section.pk,))
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField', 'ERROR'):
-            response = self.client.post(url, {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'name'})
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(section.pk,))
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField", "ERROR"):
+            response = self.client.post(url, {TO_FIELD_VAR: "name"})
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
 
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_section_delete', args=(section.pk,))
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField', 'ERROR'):
-            response = self.client.post(url, {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'name'})
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_section_delete", args=(section.pk,))
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField", "ERROR"):
+            response = self.client.post(url, {TO_FIELD_VAR: "name"})
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
 
     def test_allowed_filtering_15103(self):
@@ -904,7 +1139,9 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         can break.
         """
         # Filters should be allowed if they are defined on a ForeignKey pointing to this model
-        url = "%s?leader__name=Palin&leader__age=27" % reverse('admin:admin_views_inquisition_changelist')
+        url = "%s?leader__name=Palin&leader__age=27" % reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_inquisition_changelist"
+        )
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
@@ -913,7 +1150,9 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         Regression test for ticket 20664 - ensure the pk is properly quoted.
         """
         actor = Actor.objects.create(name="Palin", age=27)
-        response = self.client.get("%s?%s" % (reverse('admin:admin_views_actor_changelist'), IS_POPUP_VAR))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            "%s?%s" % (reverse("admin:admin_views_actor_changelist"), IS_POPUP_VAR)
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, 'data-popup-opener="%s"' % actor.pk)
 
     def test_hide_change_password(self):
@@ -922,14 +1161,15 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         does not have a usable password set.
         (against 9bea85795705d015cdadc82c68b99196a8554f5c)
         """
-        user = User.objects.get(username='super')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="super")
         user.set_unusable_password()
         user.save()
         self.client.force_login(user)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:index"))
         self.assertNotContains(
-            response, reverse('admin:password_change'),
-            msg_prefix='The "change password" link should not be displayed if a user does not have a usable password.'
+            response,
+            reverse("admin:password_change"),
+            msg_prefix='The "change password" link should not be displayed if a user does not have a usable password.',
         )
 
     def test_change_view_with_show_delete_extra_context(self):
@@ -937,20 +1177,31 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         The 'show_delete' context variable in the admin's change view controls
         the display of the delete button.
         """
-        instance = UndeletableObject.objects.create(name='foo')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_undeletableobject_change', args=(instance.pk,)))
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'deletelink')
+        instance = UndeletableObject.objects.create(name="foo")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_undeletableobject_change", args=(instance.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "deletelink")
 
     def test_change_view_logs_m2m_field_changes(self):
         """Changes to ManyToManyFields are included in the object's history."""
-        pizza = ReadablePizza.objects.create(name='Cheese')
-        cheese = Topping.objects.create(name='cheese')
-        post_data = {'name': pizza.name, 'toppings': [cheese.pk]}
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_readablepizza_change', args=(pizza.pk,)), post_data)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_readablepizza_changelist'))
-        pizza_ctype = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ReadablePizza, for_concrete_model=False)
-        log = LogEntry.objects.filter(content_type=pizza_ctype, object_id=pizza.pk).first()
-        self.assertEqual(log.get_change_message(), 'Changed Toppings.')
+        pizza = ReadablePizza.objects.create(name="Cheese")
+        cheese = Topping.objects.create(name="cheese")
+        post_data = {"name": pizza.name, "toppings": [cheese.pk]}
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_readablepizza_change", args=(pizza.pk,)),
+            post_data,
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, reverse("admin:admin_views_readablepizza_changelist")
+        )
+        pizza_ctype = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(
+            ReadablePizza, for_concrete_model=False
+        )
+        log = LogEntry.objects.filter(
+            content_type=pizza_ctype, object_id=pizza.pk
+        ).first()
+        self.assertEqual(log.get_change_message(), "Changed Toppings.")
 
     def test_allows_attributeerror_to_bubble_up(self):
         """
@@ -960,7 +1211,7 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         """
         Simple.objects.create()
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_simple_changelist'))
+            self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_simple_changelist"))
 
     def test_changelist_with_no_change_url(self):
         """
@@ -968,282 +1219,337 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         for change_view is removed from get_urls (#20934).
         """
         o = UnchangeableObject.objects.create()
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_unchangeableobject_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_unchangeableobject_changelist")
+        )
         # Check the format of the shown object -- shouldn't contain a change link
-        self.assertContains(response, '<th class="field-__str__">%s</th>' % o, html=True)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<th class="field-__str__">%s</th>' % o, html=True
+        )
 
     def test_invalid_appindex_url(self):
         """
         #21056 -- URL reversing shouldn't work for nonexistent apps.
         """
-        good_url = '/test_admin/admin/admin_views/'
-        confirm_good_url = reverse('admin:app_list',
-                                   kwargs={'app_label': 'admin_views'})
+        good_url = "/test_admin/admin/admin_views/"
+        confirm_good_url = reverse(
+            "admin:app_list", kwargs={"app_label": "admin_views"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(good_url, confirm_good_url)
 
         with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
-            reverse('admin:app_list', kwargs={'app_label': 'this_should_fail'})
+            reverse("admin:app_list", kwargs={"app_label": "this_should_fail"})
         with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
-            reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views2',))
+            reverse("admin:app_list", args=("admin_views2",))
 
     def test_resolve_admin_views(self):
-        index_match = resolve('/test_admin/admin4/')
-        list_match = resolve('/test_admin/admin4/auth/user/')
+        index_match = resolve("/test_admin/admin4/")
+        list_match = resolve("/test_admin/admin4/auth/user/")
         self.assertIs(index_match.func.admin_site, customadmin.simple_site)
-        self.assertIsInstance(list_match.func.model_admin, customadmin.CustomPwdTemplateUserAdmin)
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            list_match.func.model_admin, customadmin.CustomPwdTemplateUserAdmin
+        )
 
     def test_adminsite_display_site_url(self):
         """
         #13749 - Admin should display link to front-end site 'View site'
         """
-        url = reverse('admin:index')
+        url = reverse("admin:index")
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['site_url'], '/my-site-url/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["site_url"], "/my-site-url/")
         self.assertContains(response, '<a href="/my-site-url/">View site</a>')
 
     def test_date_hierarchy_empty_queryset(self):
         self.assertIs(Question.objects.exists(), False)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_answer2_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_answer2_changelist"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
-    @override_settings(TIME_ZONE='America/Sao_Paulo', USE_TZ=True)
+    @override_settings(TIME_ZONE="America/Sao_Paulo", USE_TZ=True)
     def test_date_hierarchy_timezone_dst(self):
         # This datetime doesn't exist in this timezone due to DST.
-        for date in make_aware_datetimes(datetime.datetime(2016, 10, 16, 15), 'America/Sao_Paulo'):
+        for date in make_aware_datetimes(
+            datetime.datetime(2016, 10, 16, 15), "America/Sao_Paulo"
+        ):
             with self.subTest(repr(date.tzinfo)):
-                q = Question.objects.create(question='Why?', expires=date)
-                Answer2.objects.create(question=q, answer='Because.')
-                response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_answer2_changelist'))
-                self.assertContains(response, 'question__expires__day=16')
-                self.assertContains(response, 'question__expires__month=10')
-                self.assertContains(response, 'question__expires__year=2016')
+                q = Question.objects.create(question="Why?", expires=date)
+                Answer2.objects.create(question=q, answer="Because.")
+                response = self.client.get(
+                    reverse("admin:admin_views_answer2_changelist")
+                )
+                self.assertContains(response, "question__expires__day=16")
+                self.assertContains(response, "question__expires__month=10")
+                self.assertContains(response, "question__expires__year=2016")
 
-    @override_settings(TIME_ZONE='America/Los_Angeles', USE_TZ=True)
+    @override_settings(TIME_ZONE="America/Los_Angeles", USE_TZ=True)
     def test_date_hierarchy_local_date_differ_from_utc(self):
         # This datetime is 2017-01-01 in UTC.
-        for date in make_aware_datetimes(datetime.datetime(2016, 12, 31, 16), 'America/Los_Angeles'):
+        for date in make_aware_datetimes(
+            datetime.datetime(2016, 12, 31, 16), "America/Los_Angeles"
+        ):
             with self.subTest(repr(date.tzinfo)):
-                q = Question.objects.create(question='Why?', expires=date)
-                Answer2.objects.create(question=q, answer='Because.')
-                response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_answer2_changelist'))
-                self.assertContains(response, 'question__expires__day=31')
-                self.assertContains(response, 'question__expires__month=12')
-                self.assertContains(response, 'question__expires__year=2016')
+                q = Question.objects.create(question="Why?", expires=date)
+                Answer2.objects.create(question=q, answer="Because.")
+                response = self.client.get(
+                    reverse("admin:admin_views_answer2_changelist")
+                )
+                self.assertContains(response, "question__expires__day=31")
+                self.assertContains(response, "question__expires__month=12")
+                self.assertContains(response, "question__expires__year=2016")
 
     def test_sortable_by_columns_subset(self):
-        expected_sortable_fields = ('date', 'callable_year')
+        expected_sortable_fields = ("date", "callable_year")
         expected_not_sortable_fields = (
-            'content', 'model_year', 'modeladmin_year', 'model_year_reversed',
-            'section',
+            "content",
+            "model_year",
+            "modeladmin_year",
+            "model_year_reversed",
+            "section",
         )
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin6:admin_views_article_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin6:admin_views_article_changelist"))
         for field_name in expected_sortable_fields:
-            self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col" class="sortable column-%s">' % field_name)
+            self.assertContains(
+                response, '<th scope="col" class="sortable column-%s">' % field_name
+            )
         for field_name in expected_not_sortable_fields:
-            self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col" class="column-%s">' % field_name)
+            self.assertContains(
+                response, '<th scope="col" class="column-%s">' % field_name
+            )
 
     def test_get_sortable_by_columns_subset(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin6:admin_views_actor_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin6:admin_views_actor_changelist"))
         self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col" class="sortable column-age">')
         self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col" class="column-name">')
 
     def test_sortable_by_no_column(self):
-        expected_not_sortable_fields = ('title', 'book')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin6:admin_views_chapter_changelist'))
+        expected_not_sortable_fields = ("title", "book")
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin6:admin_views_chapter_changelist"))
         for field_name in expected_not_sortable_fields:
-            self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col" class="column-%s">' % field_name)
+            self.assertContains(
+                response, '<th scope="col" class="column-%s">' % field_name
+            )
         self.assertNotContains(response, '<th scope="col" class="sortable column')
 
     def test_get_sortable_by_no_column(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin6:admin_views_color_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin6:admin_views_color_changelist"))
         self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col" class="column-value">')
         self.assertNotContains(response, '<th scope="col" class="sortable column')
 
     def test_app_index_context(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:app_list", args=("admin_views",)))
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<title>Admin_Views administration | Django site admin</title>',
+            "<title>Admin_Views administration | Django site admin</title>",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['title'], 'Admin_Views administration')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['app_label'], 'admin_views')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["title"], "Admin_Views administration")
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["app_label"], "admin_views")
 
     def test_change_view_subtitle_per_object(self):
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=(self.a1.pk,)),
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_change", args=(self.a1.pk,)),
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<title>Article 1 | Change article | Django site admin</title>',
+            "<title>Article 1 | Change article | Django site admin</title>",
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Change article</h1>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Article 1</h2>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>Change article</h1>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Article 1</h2>")
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=(self.a2.pk,)),
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_change", args=(self.a2.pk,)),
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<title>Article 2 | Change article | Django site admin</title>',
+            "<title>Article 2 | Change article | Django site admin</title>",
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Change article</h1>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Article 2</h2>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>Change article</h1>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Article 2</h2>")
 
     def test_view_subtitle_per_object(self):
         viewuser = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='viewuser', password='secret', is_staff=True,
+            username="viewuser",
+            password="secret",
+            is_staff=True,
         )
         viewuser.user_permissions.add(
-            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('view', Article._meta)),
+            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("view", Article._meta)),
         )
         self.client.force_login(viewuser)
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=(self.a1.pk,)),
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_change", args=(self.a1.pk,)),
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<title>Article 1 | View article | Django site admin</title>',
+            "<title>Article 1 | View article | Django site admin</title>",
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>View article</h1>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Article 1</h2>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>View article</h1>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Article 1</h2>")
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=(self.a2.pk,)),
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_change", args=(self.a2.pk,)),
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<title>Article 2 | View article | Django site admin</title>',
+            "<title>Article 2 | View article | Django site admin</title>",
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>View article</h1>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Article 2</h2>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>View article</h1>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Article 2</h2>")
 
     def test_formset_kwargs_can_be_overridden(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_city_add'))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'overridden_name')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_city_add"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "overridden_name")
 
     def test_render_views_no_subtitle(self):
         tests = [
-            reverse('admin:index'),
-            reverse('admin:password_change'),
-            reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views',)),
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_article_delete', args=(self.a1.pk,)),
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_article_history', args=(self.a1.pk,)),
+            reverse("admin:index"),
+            reverse("admin:password_change"),
+            reverse("admin:app_list", args=("admin_views",)),
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_delete", args=(self.a1.pk,)),
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_history", args=(self.a1.pk,)),
             # Login must be after logout.
-            reverse('admin:logout'),
-            reverse('admin:login'),
+            reverse("admin:logout"),
+            reverse("admin:login"),
         ]
         for url in tests:
             with self.subTest(url=url):
-                with self.assertNoLogs('django.template', 'DEBUG'):
+                with self.assertNoLogs("django.template", "DEBUG"):
                     self.client.get(url)
 
     def test_render_delete_selected_confirmation_no_subtitle(self):
         post_data = {
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'selected_across': '0',
-            'index': '0',
-            '_selected_action': self.a1.pk,
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "selected_across": "0",
+            "index": "0",
+            "_selected_action": self.a1.pk,
         }
-        with self.assertNoLogs('django.template', 'DEBUG'):
-            self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'), post_data)
+        with self.assertNoLogs("django.template", "DEBUG"):
+            self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"), post_data)
 
 
-@override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{
-    'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-    # Put this app's and the shared tests templates dirs in DIRS to take precedence
-    # over the admin's templates dir.
-    'DIRS': [
-        os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'templates'),
-        os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)), 'templates'),
-    ],
-    'APP_DIRS': True,
-    'OPTIONS': {
-        'context_processors': [
-            'django.template.context_processors.debug',
-            'django.template.context_processors.request',
-            'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
-            'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
-        ],
-    },
-}])
+@override_settings(
+    TEMPLATES=[
+        {
+            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            # Put this app's and the shared tests templates dirs in DIRS to take precedence
+            # over the admin's templates dir.
+            "DIRS": [
+                os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "templates"),
+                os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)), "templates"),
+            ],
+            "APP_DIRS": True,
+            "OPTIONS": {
+                "context_processors": [
+                    "django.template.context_processors.debug",
+                    "django.template.context_processors.request",
+                    "django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth",
+                    "django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages",
+                ],
+            },
+        }
+    ]
+)
 class AdminCustomTemplateTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
     def test_custom_model_admin_templates(self):
         # Test custom change list template with custom extra context
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_changelist")
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, "var hello = 'Hello!';")
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/change_list.html')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/change_list.html")
 
         # Test custom add form template
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_add'))
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/add_form.html')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_add"))
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/add_form.html")
 
         # Add an article so we can test delete, change, and history views
-        post = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_add'), {
-            'content': '<p>great article</p>',
-            'date_0': '2008-03-18',
-            'date_1': '10:54:39'
-        })
-        self.assertRedirects(post, reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_changelist'))
+        post = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_add"),
+            {
+                "content": "<p>great article</p>",
+                "date_0": "2008-03-18",
+                "date_1": "10:54:39",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            post, reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_changelist")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(CustomArticle.objects.all().count(), 1)
         article_pk = CustomArticle.objects.all()[0].pk
 
         # Test custom delete, change, and object history templates
         # Test custom change form template
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_change', args=(article_pk,)))
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/change_form.html')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_delete', args=(article_pk,)))
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/delete_confirmation.html')
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_changelist'), data={
-            'index': 0,
-            'action': ['delete_selected'],
-            '_selected_action': ['1'],
-        })
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/delete_selected_confirmation.html')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_history', args=(article_pk,)))
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/object_history.html')
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_change", args=(article_pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/change_form.html")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_delete", args=(article_pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/delete_confirmation.html")
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_changelist"),
+            data={
+                "index": 0,
+                "action": ["delete_selected"],
+                "_selected_action": ["1"],
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(
+            response, "custom_admin/delete_selected_confirmation.html"
+        )
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_history", args=(article_pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/object_history.html")
 
         # A custom popup response template may be specified by
         # ModelAdmin.popup_response_template.
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_add') + '?%s=1' % IS_POPUP_VAR, {
-            'content': '<p>great article</p>',
-            'date_0': '2008-03-18',
-            'date_1': '10:54:39',
-            IS_POPUP_VAR: '1'
-        })
-        self.assertEqual(response.template_name, 'custom_admin/popup_response.html')
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_add") + "?%s=1" % IS_POPUP_VAR,
+            {
+                "content": "<p>great article</p>",
+                "date_0": "2008-03-18",
+                "date_1": "10:54:39",
+                IS_POPUP_VAR: "1",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(response.template_name, "custom_admin/popup_response.html")
 
     def test_extended_bodyclass_template_change_form(self):
         """
         The admin/change_form.html template uses block.super in the
         bodyclass block.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'bodyclass_consistency_check ')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "bodyclass_consistency_check ")
 
     def test_change_password_template(self):
-        user = User.objects.get(username='super')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:auth_user_password_change', args=(user.id,)))
+        user = User.objects.get(username="super")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_password_change", args=(user.id,))
+        )
         # The auth/user/change_password.html template uses super in the
         # bodyclass block.
-        self.assertContains(response, 'bodyclass_consistency_check ')
+        self.assertContains(response, "bodyclass_consistency_check ")
 
         # When a site has multiple passwords in the browser's password manager,
         # a browser pop up asks which user the new password is for. To prevent
         # this, the username is added to the change password form.
-        self.assertContains(response, '<input type="text" name="username" value="super" class="hidden">')
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<input type="text" name="username" value="super" class="hidden">'
+        )
 
     def test_extended_bodyclass_template_index(self):
         """
         The admin/index.html template uses block.super in the bodyclass block.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:index'))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'bodyclass_consistency_check ')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:index"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "bodyclass_consistency_check ")
 
     def test_extended_bodyclass_change_list(self):
         """
         The admin/change_list.html' template uses block.super
         in the bodyclass block.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'bodyclass_consistency_check ')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "bodyclass_consistency_check ")
 
     def test_extended_bodyclass_template_login(self):
         """
@@ -1251,8 +1557,8 @@ class AdminCustomTemplateTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         bodyclass block.
         """
         self.client.logout()
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:login'))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'bodyclass_consistency_check ')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:login"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "bodyclass_consistency_check ")
 
     def test_extended_bodyclass_template_delete_confirmation(self):
         """
@@ -1260,8 +1566,8 @@ class AdminCustomTemplateTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         block.super in the bodyclass block.
         """
         group = Group.objects.create(name="foogroup")
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:auth_group_delete', args=(group.id,)))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'bodyclass_consistency_check ')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:auth_group_delete", args=(group.id,)))
+        self.assertContains(response, "bodyclass_consistency_check ")
 
     def test_extended_bodyclass_template_delete_selected_confirmation(self):
         """
@@ -1270,41 +1576,51 @@ class AdminCustomTemplateTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         """
         group = Group.objects.create(name="foogroup")
         post_data = {
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'selected_across': '0',
-            'index': '0',
-            '_selected_action': group.id
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "selected_across": "0",
+            "index": "0",
+            "_selected_action": group.id,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:auth_group_changelist'), post_data)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['site_header'], 'Django administration')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'bodyclass_consistency_check ')
+        response = self.client.post(reverse("admin:auth_group_changelist"), post_data)
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["site_header"], "Django administration")
+        self.assertContains(response, "bodyclass_consistency_check ")
 
     def test_filter_with_custom_template(self):
         """
         A custom template can be used to render an admin filter.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_color2_changelist'))
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_filter_template.html')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_color2_changelist"))
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_filter_template.html")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminViewFormUrlTest(TestCase):
     current_app = "admin3"
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
         cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Middle content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Middle content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Oldest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Oldest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Newest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
+        )
+        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
+            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
         )
-        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -1314,10 +1630,16 @@ class AdminViewFormUrlTest(TestCase):
         change_view has form_url in response.context
         """
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,), current_app=self.current_app)
+            reverse(
+                "admin:admin_views_section_change",
+                args=(self.s1.pk,),
+                current_app=self.current_app,
+            )
         )
-        self.assertIn('form_url', response.context, msg='form_url not present in response.context')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['form_url'], 'pony')
+        self.assertIn(
+            "form_url", response.context, msg="form_url not present in response.context"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["form_url"], "pony")
 
     def test_initial_data_can_be_overridden(self):
         """
@@ -1325,8 +1647,8 @@ class AdminViewFormUrlTest(TestCase):
         ModelAdmin class. Usually, the initial value is set via the GET params.
         """
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_restaurant_add', current_app=self.current_app),
-            {'name': 'test_value'}
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_restaurant_add", current_app=self.current_app),
+            {"name": "test_value"},
         )
         # this would be the usual behaviour
         self.assertNotContains(response, 'value="test_value"')
@@ -1334,12 +1656,13 @@ class AdminViewFormUrlTest(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(response, 'value="overridden_value"')
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminJavaScriptTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -1349,54 +1672,66 @@ class AdminJavaScriptTest(TestCase):
         The minified versions of the JS files are only used when DEBUG is False.
         """
         with override_settings(DEBUG=False):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'))
-            self.assertNotContains(response, 'vendor/jquery/jquery.js')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'prepopulate.js')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'actions.js')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'collapse.js')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'inlines.js')
+            response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"))
+            self.assertNotContains(response, "vendor/jquery/jquery.js")
+            self.assertContains(response, "vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js")
+            self.assertContains(response, "prepopulate.js")
+            self.assertContains(response, "actions.js")
+            self.assertContains(response, "collapse.js")
+            self.assertContains(response, "inlines.js")
         with override_settings(DEBUG=True):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'))
-            self.assertContains(response, 'vendor/jquery/jquery.js')
-            self.assertNotContains(response, 'vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'prepopulate.js')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'actions.js')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'collapse.js')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'inlines.js')
+            response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"))
+            self.assertContains(response, "vendor/jquery/jquery.js")
+            self.assertNotContains(response, "vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js")
+            self.assertContains(response, "prepopulate.js")
+            self.assertContains(response, "actions.js")
+            self.assertContains(response, "collapse.js")
+            self.assertContains(response, "inlines.js")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class SaveAsTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.per1 = Person.objects.create(name='John Mauchly', gender=1, alive=True)
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.per1 = Person.objects.create(name="John Mauchly", gender=1, alive=True)
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_save_as_duplication(self):
         """'save as' creates a new person"""
-        post_data = {'_saveasnew': '', 'name': 'John M', 'gender': 1, 'age': 42}
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(self.per1.pk,)), post_data)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Person.objects.filter(name='John M')), 1)
+        post_data = {"_saveasnew": "", "name": "John M", "gender": 1, "age": 42}
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(self.per1.pk,)), post_data
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(Person.objects.filter(name="John M")), 1)
         self.assertEqual(len(Person.objects.filter(id=self.per1.pk)), 1)
-        new_person = Person.objects.latest('id')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(new_person.pk,)))
+        new_person = Person.objects.latest("id")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(new_person.pk,))
+        )
 
     def test_save_as_continue_false(self):
         """
         Saving a new object using "Save as new" redirects to the changelist
         instead of the change view when ModelAdmin.save_as_continue=False.
         """
-        post_data = {'_saveasnew': '', 'name': 'John M', 'gender': 1, 'age': 42}
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(self.per1.pk,), current_app=site2.name)
+        post_data = {"_saveasnew": "", "name": "John M", "gender": 1, "age": 42}
+        url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_person_change",
+            args=(self.per1.pk,),
+            current_app=site2.name,
+        )
         response = self.client.post(url, post_data)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Person.objects.filter(name='John M')), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Person.objects.filter(name="John M")), 1)
         self.assertEqual(len(Person.objects.filter(id=self.per1.pk)), 1)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist', current_app=site2.name))
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response,
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist", current_app=site2.name),
+        )
 
     def test_save_as_new_with_validation_errors(self):
         """
@@ -1404,124 +1739,142 @@ class SaveAsTests(TestCase):
         you only see the "Save as new" button and not the other save buttons,
         and that only the "Save as" button is visible.
         """
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(self.per1.pk,)), {
-            '_saveasnew': '',
-            'gender': 'invalid',
-            '_addanother': 'fail',
-        })
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Please correct the errors below.')
-        self.assertFalse(response.context['show_save_and_add_another'])
-        self.assertFalse(response.context['show_save_and_continue'])
-        self.assertTrue(response.context['show_save_as_new'])
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(self.per1.pk,)),
+            {
+                "_saveasnew": "",
+                "gender": "invalid",
+                "_addanother": "fail",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "Please correct the errors below.")
+        self.assertFalse(response.context["show_save_and_add_another"])
+        self.assertFalse(response.context["show_save_and_continue"])
+        self.assertTrue(response.context["show_save_as_new"])
 
     def test_save_as_new_with_validation_errors_with_inlines(self):
-        parent = Parent.objects.create(name='Father')
-        child = Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Child')
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_parent_change', args=(parent.pk,)), {
-            '_saveasnew': 'Save as new',
-            'child_set-0-parent': parent.pk,
-            'child_set-0-id': child.pk,
-            'child_set-0-name': 'Child',
-            'child_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 1,
-            'child_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': 1000,
-            'child_set-MIN_NUM_FORMS': 0,
-            'child_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 4,
-            'name': '_invalid',
-        })
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Please correct the error below.')
-        self.assertFalse(response.context['show_save_and_add_another'])
-        self.assertFalse(response.context['show_save_and_continue'])
-        self.assertTrue(response.context['show_save_as_new'])
+        parent = Parent.objects.create(name="Father")
+        child = Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name="Child")
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_parent_change", args=(parent.pk,)),
+            {
+                "_saveasnew": "Save as new",
+                "child_set-0-parent": parent.pk,
+                "child_set-0-id": child.pk,
+                "child_set-0-name": "Child",
+                "child_set-INITIAL_FORMS": 1,
+                "child_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": 1000,
+                "child_set-MIN_NUM_FORMS": 0,
+                "child_set-TOTAL_FORMS": 4,
+                "name": "_invalid",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "Please correct the error below.")
+        self.assertFalse(response.context["show_save_and_add_another"])
+        self.assertFalse(response.context["show_save_and_continue"])
+        self.assertTrue(response.context["show_save_as_new"])
 
     def test_save_as_new_with_inlines_with_validation_errors(self):
-        parent = Parent.objects.create(name='Father')
-        child = Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Child')
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_parent_change', args=(parent.pk,)), {
-            '_saveasnew': 'Save as new',
-            'child_set-0-parent': parent.pk,
-            'child_set-0-id': child.pk,
-            'child_set-0-name': '_invalid',
-            'child_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 1,
-            'child_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': 1000,
-            'child_set-MIN_NUM_FORMS': 0,
-            'child_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 4,
-            'name': 'Father',
-        })
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Please correct the error below.')
-        self.assertFalse(response.context['show_save_and_add_another'])
-        self.assertFalse(response.context['show_save_and_continue'])
-        self.assertTrue(response.context['show_save_as_new'])
+        parent = Parent.objects.create(name="Father")
+        child = Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name="Child")
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_parent_change", args=(parent.pk,)),
+            {
+                "_saveasnew": "Save as new",
+                "child_set-0-parent": parent.pk,
+                "child_set-0-id": child.pk,
+                "child_set-0-name": "_invalid",
+                "child_set-INITIAL_FORMS": 1,
+                "child_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": 1000,
+                "child_set-MIN_NUM_FORMS": 0,
+                "child_set-TOTAL_FORMS": 4,
+                "name": "Father",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "Please correct the error below.")
+        self.assertFalse(response.context["show_save_and_add_another"])
+        self.assertFalse(response.context["show_save_and_continue"])
+        self.assertTrue(response.context["show_save_as_new"])
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class CustomModelAdminTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
-
     def test_custom_admin_site_login_form(self):
         self.client.logout()
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:index'), follow=True)
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:index"), follow=True)
         self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        login = self.client.post(reverse('admin2:login'), {
-            REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: reverse('admin2:index'),
-            'username': 'customform',
-            'password': 'secret',
-        }, follow=True)
+        login = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin2:login"),
+            {
+                REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: reverse("admin2:index"),
+                "username": "customform",
+                "password": "secret",
+            },
+            follow=True,
+        )
         self.assertIsInstance(login, TemplateResponse)
-        self.assertContains(login, 'custom form error')
-        self.assertContains(login, 'path/to/media.css')
+        self.assertContains(login, "custom form error")
+        self.assertContains(login, "path/to/media.css")
 
     def test_custom_admin_site_login_template(self):
         self.client.logout()
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:index'), follow=True)
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:index"), follow=True)
         self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/login.html')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Hello from a custom login template')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/login.html")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Hello from a custom login template")
 
     def test_custom_admin_site_logout_template(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:logout'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:logout"))
         self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/logout.html')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Hello from a custom logout template')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/logout.html")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Hello from a custom logout template")
 
     def test_custom_admin_site_index_view_and_template(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:index"))
         self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/index.html')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Hello from a custom index template *bar*')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/index.html")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Hello from a custom index template *bar*")
 
     def test_custom_admin_site_app_index_view_and_template(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:app_list", args=("admin_views",)))
         self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/app_index.html')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Hello from a custom app_index template')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/app_index.html")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Hello from a custom app_index template")
 
     def test_custom_admin_site_password_change_template(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:password_change'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:password_change"))
         self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/password_change_form.html')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Hello from a custom password change form template')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/password_change_form.html")
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "Hello from a custom password change form template"
+        )
 
     def test_custom_admin_site_password_change_with_extra_context(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:password_change'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:password_change"))
         self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/password_change_form.html')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'eggs')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/password_change_form.html")
+        self.assertContains(response, "eggs")
 
     def test_custom_admin_site_password_change_done_template(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:password_change_done'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:password_change_done"))
         self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/password_change_done.html')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Hello from a custom password change done template')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/password_change_done.html")
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "Hello from a custom password change done template"
+        )
 
     def test_custom_admin_site_view(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:my_view'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:my_view"))
         self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Django is a magical pony!")
 
     def test_pwd_change_custom_template(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
-        su = User.objects.get(username='super')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin4:auth_user_password_change', args=(su.pk,)))
+        su = User.objects.get(username="super")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin4:auth_user_password_change", args=(su.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
 
@@ -1532,110 +1885,146 @@ def get_perm(Model, codename):
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls',
+    ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls",
     # Test with the admin's documented list of required context processors.
-    TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'APP_DIRS': True,
-        'OPTIONS': {
-            'context_processors': [
-                'django.template.context_processors.request',
-                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
-                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
-            ],
-        },
-    }],
+    TEMPLATES=[
+        {
+            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            "APP_DIRS": True,
+            "OPTIONS": {
+                "context_processors": [
+                    "django.template.context_processors.request",
+                    "django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth",
+                    "django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages",
+                ],
+            },
+        }
+    ],
 )
 class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
     """Tests for Admin Views Permissions."""
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.viewuser = User.objects.create_user(username='viewuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
-        cls.adduser = User.objects.create_user(username='adduser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
-        cls.changeuser = User.objects.create_user(username='changeuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
-        cls.deleteuser = User.objects.create_user(username='deleteuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
-        cls.joepublicuser = User.objects.create_user(username='joepublic', password='secret')
-        cls.nostaffuser = User.objects.create_user(username='nostaff', password='secret')
-        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.viewuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="viewuser", password="secret", is_staff=True
+        )
+        cls.adduser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="adduser", password="secret", is_staff=True
+        )
+        cls.changeuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="changeuser", password="secret", is_staff=True
+        )
+        cls.deleteuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="deleteuser", password="secret", is_staff=True
+        )
+        cls.joepublicuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="joepublic", password="secret"
+        )
+        cls.nostaffuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="nostaff", password="secret"
+        )
+        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
         cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Middle content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1,
+            content="<p>Middle content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
             another_section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Oldest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Oldest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Newest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
+        )
+        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
+            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
         )
-        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
 
         # Setup permissions, for our users who can add, change, and delete.
         opts = Article._meta
 
         # User who can view Articles
-        cls.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('view', opts)))
+        cls.viewuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("view", opts))
+        )
         # User who can add Articles
-        cls.adduser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('add', opts)))
+        cls.adduser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("add", opts))
+        )
         # User who can change Articles
-        cls.changeuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('change', opts)))
-        cls.nostaffuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('change', opts)))
+        cls.changeuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("change", opts))
+        )
+        cls.nostaffuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("change", opts))
+        )
 
         # User who can delete Articles
-        cls.deleteuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('delete', opts)))
-        cls.deleteuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename('delete', Section._meta)))
+        cls.deleteuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("delete", opts))
+        )
+        cls.deleteuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename("delete", Section._meta))
+        )
 
         # login POST dicts
-        cls.index_url = reverse('admin:index')
+        cls.index_url = reverse("admin:index")
         cls.super_login = {
             REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
-            'username': 'super',
-            'password': 'secret',
+            "username": "super",
+            "password": "secret",
         }
         cls.super_email_login = {
             REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
-            'username': 'super@example.com',
-            'password': 'secret',
+            "username": "super@example.com",
+            "password": "secret",
         }
         cls.super_email_bad_login = {
             REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
-            'username': 'super@example.com',
-            'password': 'notsecret',
+            "username": "super@example.com",
+            "password": "notsecret",
         }
         cls.adduser_login = {
             REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
-            'username': 'adduser',
-            'password': 'secret',
+            "username": "adduser",
+            "password": "secret",
         }
         cls.changeuser_login = {
             REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
-            'username': 'changeuser',
-            'password': 'secret',
+            "username": "changeuser",
+            "password": "secret",
         }
         cls.deleteuser_login = {
             REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
-            'username': 'deleteuser',
-            'password': 'secret',
+            "username": "deleteuser",
+            "password": "secret",
         }
         cls.nostaff_login = {
-            REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: reverse('has_permission_admin:index'),
-            'username': 'nostaff',
-            'password': 'secret',
+            REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: reverse("has_permission_admin:index"),
+            "username": "nostaff",
+            "password": "secret",
         }
         cls.joepublic_login = {
             REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
-            'username': 'joepublic',
-            'password': 'secret',
+            "username": "joepublic",
+            "password": "secret",
         }
         cls.viewuser_login = {
             REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
-            'username': 'viewuser',
-            'password': 'secret',
+            "username": "viewuser",
+            "password": "secret",
         }
         cls.no_username_login = {
             REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
-            'password': 'secret',
+            "password": "secret",
         }
 
     def test_login(self):
@@ -1646,14 +2035,14 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         Unsuccessful attempts will continue to render the login page with
         a 200 status code.
         """
-        login_url = '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), reverse('admin:index'))
+        login_url = "%s?next=%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), reverse("admin:index"))
         # Super User
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
         self.assertRedirects(response, login_url)
         login = self.client.post(login_url, self.super_login)
         self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
         self.assertFalse(login.context)
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # Test if user enters email address
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
@@ -1663,7 +2052,7 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         # only correct passwords get a username hint
         login = self.client.post(login_url, self.super_email_bad_login)
         self.assertContains(login, ERROR_MESSAGE)
-        new_user = User(username='jondoe', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        new_user = User(username="jondoe", password="secret", email="super@example.com")
         new_user.save()
         # check to ensure if there are multiple email addresses a user doesn't get a 500
         login = self.client.post(login_url, self.super_email_login)
@@ -1675,7 +2064,7 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         login = self.client.post(login_url, self.viewuser_login)
         self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
         self.assertFalse(login.context)
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # Add User
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
@@ -1683,7 +2072,7 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         login = self.client.post(login_url, self.adduser_login)
         self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
         self.assertFalse(login.context)
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # Change User
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
@@ -1691,7 +2080,7 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         login = self.client.post(login_url, self.changeuser_login)
         self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
         self.assertFalse(login.context)
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # Delete User
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
@@ -1699,7 +2088,7 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         login = self.client.post(login_url, self.deleteuser_login)
         self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
         self.assertFalse(login.context)
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # Regular User should not be able to login.
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
@@ -1712,60 +2101,67 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         login = self.client.post(login_url, self.no_username_login)
         self.assertEqual(login.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertFormError(login, 'form', 'username', ['This field is required.'])
+        self.assertFormError(login, "form", "username", ["This field is required."])
 
     def test_login_redirect_for_direct_get(self):
         """
         Login redirect should be to the admin index page when going directly to
         /admin/login/.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:login'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:login"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context[REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME], reverse('admin:index'))
+        self.assertEqual(response.context[REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME], reverse("admin:index"))
 
     def test_login_has_permission(self):
         # Regular User should not be able to login.
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('has_permission_admin:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("has_permission_admin:index"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        login = self.client.post(reverse('has_permission_admin:login'), self.joepublic_login)
-        self.assertContains(login, 'permission denied')
+        login = self.client.post(
+            reverse("has_permission_admin:login"), self.joepublic_login
+        )
+        self.assertContains(login, "permission denied")
 
         # User with permissions should be able to login.
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('has_permission_admin:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("has_permission_admin:index"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        login = self.client.post(reverse('has_permission_admin:login'), self.nostaff_login)
-        self.assertRedirects(login, reverse('has_permission_admin:index'))
+        login = self.client.post(
+            reverse("has_permission_admin:login"), self.nostaff_login
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(login, reverse("has_permission_admin:index"))
         self.assertFalse(login.context)
-        self.client.get(reverse('has_permission_admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("has_permission_admin:logout"))
 
         # Staff should be able to login.
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('has_permission_admin:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("has_permission_admin:index"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        login = self.client.post(reverse('has_permission_admin:login'), {
-            REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: reverse('has_permission_admin:index'),
-            'username': 'deleteuser',
-            'password': 'secret',
-        })
-        self.assertRedirects(login, reverse('has_permission_admin:index'))
+        login = self.client.post(
+            reverse("has_permission_admin:login"),
+            {
+                REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: reverse("has_permission_admin:index"),
+                "username": "deleteuser",
+                "password": "secret",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(login, reverse("has_permission_admin:index"))
         self.assertFalse(login.context)
-        self.client.get(reverse('has_permission_admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("has_permission_admin:logout"))
 
     def test_login_successfully_redirects_to_original_URL(self):
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        query_string = 'the-answer=42'
-        redirect_url = '%s?%s' % (self.index_url, query_string)
+        query_string = "the-answer=42"
+        redirect_url = "%s?%s" % (self.index_url, query_string)
         new_next = {REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: redirect_url}
         post_data = self.super_login.copy()
         post_data.pop(REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME)
         login = self.client.post(
-            '%s?%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), urlencode(new_next)),
-            post_data)
+            "%s?%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), urlencode(new_next)), post_data
+        )
         self.assertRedirects(login, redirect_url)
 
     def test_double_login_is_not_allowed(self):
         """Regression test for #19327"""
-        login_url = '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), reverse('admin:index'))
+        login_url = "%s?next=%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), reverse("admin:index"))
 
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
@@ -1788,7 +2184,7 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         login = self.client.post(login_url, self.super_login)
         self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
         self.assertFalse(login.context)
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
     def test_login_page_notice_for_non_staff_users(self):
         """
@@ -1796,76 +2192,93 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         presented with the login page and a hint indicating that the current
         user doesn't have access to it.
         """
-        hint_template = 'You are authenticated as {}'
+        hint_template = "You are authenticated as {}"
 
         # Anonymous user should not be shown the hint
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url, follow=True)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'login-form')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, hint_template.format(''), status_code=200)
+        self.assertContains(response, "login-form")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, hint_template.format(""), status_code=200)
 
         # Non-staff user should be shown the hint
         self.client.force_login(self.nostaffuser)
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url, follow=True)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'login-form')
-        self.assertContains(response, hint_template.format(self.nostaffuser.username), status_code=200)
+        self.assertContains(response, "login-form")
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, hint_template.format(self.nostaffuser.username), status_code=200
+        )
 
     def test_add_view(self):
         """Test add view restricts access and actually adds items."""
         add_dict = {
-            'title': 'Døm ikke',
-            'content': '<p>great article</p>',
-            'date_0': '2008-03-18', 'date_1': '10:54:39',
-            'section': self.s1.pk,
+            "title": "Døm ikke",
+            "content": "<p>great article</p>",
+            "date_0": "2008-03-18",
+            "date_1": "10:54:39",
+            "section": self.s1.pk,
         }
         # Change User should not have access to add articles
         self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
         # make sure the view removes test cookie
         self.assertIs(self.client.session.test_cookie_worked(), False)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
         # Try POST just to make sure
-        post = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'), add_dict)
+        post = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"), add_dict)
         self.assertEqual(post.status_code, 403)
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 3)
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # View User should not have access to add articles
         self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
         # Try POST just to make sure
-        post = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'), add_dict)
+        post = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"), add_dict)
         self.assertEqual(post.status_code, 403)
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 3)
         # Now give the user permission to add but not change.
-        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('add', Article._meta)))
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'))
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['title'], 'Add article')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<title>Add article | Django site admin</title>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<input type="submit" value="Save and view" name="_continue">')
-        post = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'), add_dict, follow=False)
+        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("add", Article._meta))
+        )
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"))
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["title"], "Add article")
+        self.assertContains(response, "<title>Add article | Django site admin</title>")
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<input type="submit" value="Save and view" name="_continue">'
+        )
+        post = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"), add_dict, follow=False
+        )
         self.assertEqual(post.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 4)
-        article = Article.objects.latest('pk')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=(article.pk,)))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<li class="success">The article “Døm ikke” was added successfully.</li>')
+        article = Article.objects.latest("pk")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_change", args=(article.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<li class="success">The article “Døm ikke” was added successfully.</li>',
+        )
         article.delete()
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # Add user may login and POST to add view, then redirect to admin root
         self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
-        addpage = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'))
-        change_list_link = '&rsaquo; <a href="%s">Articles</a>' % reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
-        self.assertNotContains(
-            addpage, change_list_link,
-            msg_prefix='User restricted to add permission is given link to change list view in breadcrumbs.'
+        addpage = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"))
+        change_list_link = '&rsaquo; <a href="%s">Articles</a>' % reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_article_changelist"
         )
-        post = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'), add_dict)
+        self.assertNotContains(
+            addpage,
+            change_list_link,
+            msg_prefix="User restricted to add permission is given link to change list view in breadcrumbs.",
+        )
+        post = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"), add_dict)
         self.assertRedirects(post, self.index_url)
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 4)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, 'Greetings from a created object')
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, "Greetings from a created object")
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # The addition was logged correctly
         addition_log = LogEntry.objects.all()[0]
@@ -1880,15 +2293,16 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
 
         # Super can add too, but is redirected to the change list view
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
-        addpage = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'))
+        addpage = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"))
         self.assertContains(
-            addpage, change_list_link,
-            msg_prefix='Unrestricted user is not given link to change list view in breadcrumbs.'
+            addpage,
+            change_list_link,
+            msg_prefix="Unrestricted user is not given link to change list view in breadcrumbs.",
         )
-        post = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'), add_dict)
-        self.assertRedirects(post, reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'))
+        post = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"), add_dict)
+        self.assertRedirects(post, reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"))
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 5)
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # 8509 - if a normal user is already logged in, it is possible
         # to change user into the superuser without error
@@ -1898,34 +2312,42 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         # make sure the view removes test cookie
         self.assertIs(self.client.session.test_cookie_worked(), False)
 
-    @mock.patch('django.contrib.admin.options.InlineModelAdmin.has_change_permission')
+    @mock.patch("django.contrib.admin.options.InlineModelAdmin.has_change_permission")
     def test_add_view_with_view_only_inlines(self, has_change_permission):
         """User with add permission to a section but view-only for inlines."""
-        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename('add', Section._meta)))
+        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename("add", Section._meta))
+        )
         self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
         # Valid POST creates a new section.
         data = {
-            'name': 'New obj',
-            'article_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 0,
-            'article_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 0,
+            "name": "New obj",
+            "article_set-TOTAL_FORMS": 0,
+            "article_set-INITIAL_FORMS": 0,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'), data)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:index'))
-        self.assertEqual(Section.objects.latest('id').name, data['name'])
+        response = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"), data)
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:index"))
+        self.assertEqual(Section.objects.latest("id").name, data["name"])
         # InlineModelAdmin.has_change_permission()'s obj argument is always
         # None during object add.
-        self.assertEqual([obj for (request, obj), _ in has_change_permission.call_args_list], [None, None])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [obj for (request, obj), _ in has_change_permission.call_args_list],
+            [None, None],
+        )
 
     def test_change_view(self):
         """Change view should restrict access and allow users to edit items."""
         change_dict = {
-            'title': 'Ikke fordømt',
-            'content': '<p>edited article</p>',
-            'date_0': '2008-03-18', 'date_1': '10:54:39',
-            'section': self.s1.pk,
+            "title": "Ikke fordømt",
+            "content": "<p>edited article</p>",
+            "date_0": "2008-03-18",
+            "date_1": "10:54:39",
+            "section": self.s1.pk,
         }
-        article_change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=(self.a1.pk,))
-        article_changelist_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
+        article_change_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_article_change", args=(self.a1.pk,)
+        )
+        article_changelist_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")
 
         # add user should not be able to view the list of article or change any of them
         self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
@@ -1935,127 +2357,170 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
         post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict)
         self.assertEqual(post.status_code, 403)
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # view user can view articles but not make changes.
         self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
         response = self.client.get(article_changelist_url)
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<title>Select article to view | Django site admin</title>',
+            "<title>Select article to view | Django site admin</title>",
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Select article to view</h1>')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['title'], 'Select article to view')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>Select article to view</h1>")
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["title"], "Select article to view")
         response = self.client.get(article_change_url)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<title>View article | Django site admin</title>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>View article</h1>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<label>Extra form field:</label>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<a href="/test_admin/admin/admin_views/article/" class="closelink">Close</a>')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['title'], 'View article')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<title>View article | Django site admin</title>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>View article</h1>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "<label>Extra form field:</label>")
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<a href="/test_admin/admin/admin_views/article/" class="closelink">Close</a>',
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["title"], "View article")
         post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict)
         self.assertEqual(post.status_code, 403)
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(pk=self.a1.pk).content, '<p>Middle content</p>')
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.get(pk=self.a1.pk).content, "<p>Middle content</p>"
+        )
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # change user can view all items and edit them
         self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
         response = self.client.get(article_changelist_url)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['title'], 'Select article to change')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["title"], "Select article to change")
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<title>Select article to change | Django site admin</title>',
+            "<title>Select article to change | Django site admin</title>",
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Select article to change</h1>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>Select article to change</h1>")
         response = self.client.get(article_change_url)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['title'], 'Change article')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["title"], "Change article")
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<title>Change article | Django site admin</title>',
+            "<title>Change article | Django site admin</title>",
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Change article</h1>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>Change article</h1>")
         post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict)
         self.assertRedirects(post, article_changelist_url)
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(pk=self.a1.pk).content, '<p>edited article</p>')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.get(pk=self.a1.pk).content, "<p>edited article</p>"
+        )
 
         # one error in form should produce singular error message, multiple errors plural
-        change_dict['title'] = ''
+        change_dict["title"] = ""
         post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict)
         self.assertContains(
-            post, 'Please correct the error below.',
-            msg_prefix='Singular error message not found in response to post with one error'
+            post,
+            "Please correct the error below.",
+            msg_prefix="Singular error message not found in response to post with one error",
         )
 
-        change_dict['content'] = ''
+        change_dict["content"] = ""
         post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict)
         self.assertContains(
-            post, 'Please correct the errors below.',
-            msg_prefix='Plural error message not found in response to post with multiple errors'
+            post,
+            "Please correct the errors below.",
+            msg_prefix="Plural error message not found in response to post with multiple errors",
         )
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # Test redirection when using row-level change permissions. Refs #11513.
         r1 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=1, name="odd id")
         r2 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=2, name="even id")
-        r3 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=3, name='odd id mult 3')
-        r6 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=6, name='even id mult 3')
-        change_url_1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_change', args=(r1.pk,))
-        change_url_2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_change', args=(r2.pk,))
-        change_url_3 = reverse('admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_change', args=(r3.pk,))
-        change_url_6 = reverse('admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_change', args=(r6.pk,))
-        logins = [self.superuser, self.viewuser, self.adduser, self.changeuser, self.deleteuser]
+        r3 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=3, name="odd id mult 3")
+        r6 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=6, name="even id mult 3")
+        change_url_1 = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_change", args=(r1.pk,)
+        )
+        change_url_2 = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_change", args=(r2.pk,)
+        )
+        change_url_3 = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_change", args=(r3.pk,)
+        )
+        change_url_6 = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_change", args=(r6.pk,)
+        )
+        logins = [
+            self.superuser,
+            self.viewuser,
+            self.adduser,
+            self.changeuser,
+            self.deleteuser,
+        ]
         for login_user in logins:
             with self.subTest(login_user.username):
                 self.client.force_login(login_user)
                 response = self.client.get(change_url_1)
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
-                response = self.client.post(change_url_1, {'name': 'changed'})
-                self.assertEqual(RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=1).name, 'odd id')
+                response = self.client.post(change_url_1, {"name": "changed"})
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=1).name, "odd id"
+                )
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
                 response = self.client.get(change_url_2)
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-                response = self.client.post(change_url_2, {'name': 'changed'})
-                self.assertEqual(RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=2).name, 'changed')
+                response = self.client.post(change_url_2, {"name": "changed"})
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=2).name, "changed"
+                )
                 self.assertRedirects(response, self.index_url)
                 response = self.client.get(change_url_3)
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-                response = self.client.post(change_url_3, {'name': 'changed'})
+                response = self.client.post(change_url_3, {"name": "changed"})
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
-                self.assertEqual(RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=3).name, 'odd id mult 3')
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=3).name,
+                    "odd id mult 3",
+                )
                 response = self.client.get(change_url_6)
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-                response = self.client.post(change_url_6, {'name': 'changed'})
-                self.assertEqual(RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=6).name, 'changed')
+                response = self.client.post(change_url_6, {"name": "changed"})
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=6).name, "changed"
+                )
                 self.assertRedirects(response, self.index_url)
 
-                self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+                self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         for login_user in [self.joepublicuser, self.nostaffuser]:
             with self.subTest(login_user.username):
                 self.client.force_login(login_user)
                 response = self.client.get(change_url_1, follow=True)
-                self.assertContains(response, 'login-form')
-                response = self.client.post(change_url_1, {'name': 'changed'}, follow=True)
-                self.assertEqual(RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=1).name, 'odd id')
-                self.assertContains(response, 'login-form')
+                self.assertContains(response, "login-form")
+                response = self.client.post(
+                    change_url_1, {"name": "changed"}, follow=True
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=1).name, "odd id"
+                )
+                self.assertContains(response, "login-form")
                 response = self.client.get(change_url_2, follow=True)
-                self.assertContains(response, 'login-form')
-                response = self.client.post(change_url_2, {'name': 'changed again'}, follow=True)
-                self.assertEqual(RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=2).name, 'changed')
-                self.assertContains(response, 'login-form')
-                self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+                self.assertContains(response, "login-form")
+                response = self.client.post(
+                    change_url_2, {"name": "changed again"}, follow=True
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=2).name, "changed"
+                )
+                self.assertContains(response, "login-form")
+                self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
     def test_change_view_without_object_change_permission(self):
         """
         The object should be read-only if the user has permission to view it
         and change objects of that type but not to change the current object.
         """
-        change_url = reverse('admin9:admin_views_article_change', args=(self.a1.pk,))
+        change_url = reverse("admin9:admin_views_article_change", args=(self.a1.pk,))
         self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
         response = self.client.get(change_url)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['title'], 'View article')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<title>View article | Django site admin</title>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>View article</h1>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<a href="/test_admin/admin9/admin_views/article/" class="closelink">Close</a>')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["title"], "View article")
+        self.assertContains(response, "<title>View article | Django site admin</title>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>View article</h1>")
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<a href="/test_admin/admin9/admin_views/article/" class="closelink">Close</a>',
+        )
 
     def test_change_view_save_as_new(self):
         """
@@ -2063,13 +2528,16 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         permission.
         """
         change_dict_save_as_new = {
-            '_saveasnew': 'Save as new',
-            'title': 'Ikke fordømt',
-            'content': '<p>edited article</p>',
-            'date_0': '2008-03-18', 'date_1': '10:54:39',
-            'section': self.s1.pk,
+            "_saveasnew": "Save as new",
+            "title": "Ikke fordømt",
+            "content": "<p>edited article</p>",
+            "date_0": "2008-03-18",
+            "date_1": "10:54:39",
+            "section": self.s1.pk,
         }
-        article_change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=(self.a1.pk,))
+        article_change_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_article_change", args=(self.a1.pk,)
+        )
 
         # Add user can perform "Save as new".
         article_count = Article.objects.count()
@@ -2092,103 +2560,131 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
         post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict_save_as_new)
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), article_count + 1)
-        new_article = Article.objects.latest('id')
-        self.assertRedirects(post, reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=(new_article.pk,)))
+        new_article = Article.objects.latest("id")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            post, reverse("admin:admin_views_article_change", args=(new_article.pk,))
+        )
 
     def test_change_view_with_view_only_inlines(self):
         """
         User with change permission to a section but view-only for inlines.
         """
-        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename('change', Section._meta)))
+        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename("change", Section._meta))
+        )
         self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
         # GET shows inlines.
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
-        self.assertEqual(len(response.context['inline_admin_formsets']), 1)
-        formset = response.context['inline_admin_formsets'][0]
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(response.context["inline_admin_formsets"]), 1)
+        formset = response.context["inline_admin_formsets"][0]
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 3)
         # Valid POST changes the name.
         data = {
-            'name': 'Can edit name with view-only inlines',
-            'article_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 3,
-            'article_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 3
+            "name": "Can edit name with view-only inlines",
+            "article_set-TOTAL_FORMS": 3,
+            "article_set-INITIAL_FORMS": 3,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)), data)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_section_changelist'))
-        self.assertEqual(Section.objects.get(pk=self.s1.pk).name, data['name'])
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,)), data
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:admin_views_section_changelist"))
+        self.assertEqual(Section.objects.get(pk=self.s1.pk).name, data["name"])
         # Invalid POST reshows inlines.
-        del data['name']
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)), data)
+        del data["name"]
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,)), data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(len(response.context['inline_admin_formsets']), 1)
-        formset = response.context['inline_admin_formsets'][0]
+        self.assertEqual(len(response.context["inline_admin_formsets"]), 1)
+        formset = response.context["inline_admin_formsets"][0]
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 3)
 
     def test_change_view_with_view_and_add_inlines(self):
         """User has view and add permissions on the inline model."""
-        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename('change', Section._meta)))
-        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('add', Article._meta)))
+        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename("change", Section._meta))
+        )
+        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("add", Article._meta))
+        )
         self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
         # GET shows inlines.
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
-        self.assertEqual(len(response.context['inline_admin_formsets']), 1)
-        formset = response.context['inline_admin_formsets'][0]
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(response.context["inline_admin_formsets"]), 1)
+        formset = response.context["inline_admin_formsets"][0]
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 6)
         # Valid POST creates a new article.
         data = {
-            'name': 'Can edit name with view-only inlines',
-            'article_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 6,
-            'article_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 3,
-            'article_set-3-id': [''],
-            'article_set-3-title': ['A title'],
-            'article_set-3-content': ['Added content'],
-            'article_set-3-date_0': ['2008-3-18'],
-            'article_set-3-date_1': ['11:54:58'],
-            'article_set-3-section': [str(self.s1.pk)],
+            "name": "Can edit name with view-only inlines",
+            "article_set-TOTAL_FORMS": 6,
+            "article_set-INITIAL_FORMS": 3,
+            "article_set-3-id": [""],
+            "article_set-3-title": ["A title"],
+            "article_set-3-content": ["Added content"],
+            "article_set-3-date_0": ["2008-3-18"],
+            "article_set-3-date_1": ["11:54:58"],
+            "article_set-3-section": [str(self.s1.pk)],
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)), data)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_section_changelist'))
-        self.assertEqual(Section.objects.get(pk=self.s1.pk).name, data['name'])
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,)), data
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:admin_views_section_changelist"))
+        self.assertEqual(Section.objects.get(pk=self.s1.pk).name, data["name"])
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 4)
         # Invalid POST reshows inlines.
-        del data['name']
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)), data)
+        del data["name"]
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,)), data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(len(response.context['inline_admin_formsets']), 1)
-        formset = response.context['inline_admin_formsets'][0]
+        self.assertEqual(len(response.context["inline_admin_formsets"]), 1)
+        formset = response.context["inline_admin_formsets"][0]
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 6)
 
     def test_change_view_with_view_and_delete_inlines(self):
         """User has view and delete permissions on the inline model."""
-        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename('change', Section._meta)))
+        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename("change", Section._meta))
+        )
         self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
         data = {
-            'name': 'Name is required.',
-            'article_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 6,
-            'article_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 3,
-            'article_set-0-id': [str(self.a1.pk)],
-            'article_set-0-DELETE': ['on'],
+            "name": "Name is required.",
+            "article_set-TOTAL_FORMS": 6,
+            "article_set-INITIAL_FORMS": 3,
+            "article_set-0-id": [str(self.a1.pk)],
+            "article_set-0-DELETE": ["on"],
         }
         # Inline POST details are ignored without delete permission.
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)), data)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_section_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,)), data
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:admin_views_section_changelist"))
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 3)
         # Deletion successful when delete permission is added.
-        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('delete', Article._meta)))
+        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("delete", Article._meta))
+        )
         data = {
-            'name': 'Name is required.',
-            'article_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 6,
-            'article_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 3,
-            'article_set-0-id': [str(self.a1.pk)],
-            'article_set-0-DELETE': ['on'],
+            "name": "Name is required.",
+            "article_set-TOTAL_FORMS": 6,
+            "article_set-INITIAL_FORMS": 3,
+            "article_set-0-id": [str(self.a1.pk)],
+            "article_set-0-DELETE": ["on"],
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)), data)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_section_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,)), data
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:admin_views_section_changelist"))
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 2)
 
     def test_delete_view(self):
         """Delete view should restrict access and actually delete items."""
-        delete_dict = {'post': 'yes'}
-        delete_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_delete', args=(self.a1.pk,))
+        delete_dict = {"post": "yes"}
+        delete_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_delete", args=(self.a1.pk,))
 
         # add user should not be able to delete articles
         self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
@@ -2210,7 +2706,9 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
 
         # Delete user can delete
         self.client.force_login(self.deleteuser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_delete', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_delete", args=(self.s1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Summary</h2>")
         self.assertContains(response, "<li>Articles: 3</li>")
         # test response contains link to related Article
@@ -2224,7 +2722,7 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         self.assertRedirects(post, self.index_url)
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 2)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, 'Greetings from a deleted object')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, "Greetings from a deleted object")
         article_ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Article)
         logged = LogEntry.objects.get(content_type=article_ct, action_flag=DELETION)
         self.assertEqual(logged.object_id, str(self.a1.pk))
@@ -2234,82 +2732,110 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         The delete view allows users to delete collected objects without a
         'delete' permission (ReadOnlyPizza.Meta.default_permissions is empty).
         """
-        pizza = ReadOnlyPizza.objects.create(name='Double Cheese')
-        delete_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_readonlypizza_delete', args=(pizza.pk,))
+        pizza = ReadOnlyPizza.objects.create(name="Double Cheese")
+        delete_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_readonlypizza_delete", args=(pizza.pk,))
         self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
         response = self.client.get(delete_url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'admin_views/readonlypizza/%s/' % pizza.pk)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Summary</h2>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<li>Read only pizzas: 1</li>')
-        post = self.client.post(delete_url, {'post': 'yes'})
-        self.assertRedirects(post, reverse('admin:admin_views_readonlypizza_changelist'))
+        self.assertContains(response, "admin_views/readonlypizza/%s/" % pizza.pk)
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Summary</h2>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "<li>Read only pizzas: 1</li>")
+        post = self.client.post(delete_url, {"post": "yes"})
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            post, reverse("admin:admin_views_readonlypizza_changelist")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(ReadOnlyPizza.objects.count(), 0)
 
     def test_delete_view_nonexistent_obj(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.deleteuser)
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_delete', args=('nonexistent',))
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_delete", args=("nonexistent",))
         response = self.client.get(url, follow=True)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:index'))
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:index"))
         self.assertEqual(
-            [m.message for m in response.context['messages']],
-            ['article with ID “nonexistent” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?']
+            [m.message for m in response.context["messages"]],
+            ["article with ID “nonexistent” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?"],
         )
 
     def test_history_view(self):
         """History view should restrict access."""
         # add user should not be able to view the list of article or change any of them
         self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_history', args=(self.a1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_history", args=(self.a1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # view user can view all items
         self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_history', args=(self.a1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_history", args=(self.a1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # change user can view all items and edit them
         self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_history', args=(self.a1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_history", args=(self.a1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
         # Test redirection when using row-level change permissions. Refs #11513.
         rl1 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=1, name="odd id")
         rl2 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=2, name="even id")
-        logins = [self.superuser, self.viewuser, self.adduser, self.changeuser, self.deleteuser]
+        logins = [
+            self.superuser,
+            self.viewuser,
+            self.adduser,
+            self.changeuser,
+            self.deleteuser,
+        ]
         for login_user in logins:
             with self.subTest(login_user.username):
                 self.client.force_login(login_user)
-                url = reverse('admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_history', args=(rl1.pk,))
+                url = reverse(
+                    "admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_history",
+                    args=(rl1.pk,),
+                )
                 response = self.client.get(url)
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
 
-                url = reverse('admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_history', args=(rl2.pk,))
+                url = reverse(
+                    "admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_history",
+                    args=(rl2.pk,),
+                )
                 response = self.client.get(url)
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
-                self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+                self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         for login_user in [self.joepublicuser, self.nostaffuser]:
             with self.subTest(login_user.username):
                 self.client.force_login(login_user)
-                url = reverse('admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_history', args=(rl1.pk,))
+                url = reverse(
+                    "admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_history",
+                    args=(rl1.pk,),
+                )
                 response = self.client.get(url, follow=True)
-                self.assertContains(response, 'login-form')
-                url = reverse('admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_history', args=(rl2.pk,))
+                self.assertContains(response, "login-form")
+                url = reverse(
+                    "admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_history",
+                    args=(rl2.pk,),
+                )
                 response = self.client.get(url, follow=True)
-                self.assertContains(response, 'login-form')
+                self.assertContains(response, "login-form")
 
-                self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+                self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
     def test_history_view_bad_url(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_history', args=('foo',)), follow=True)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_history", args=("foo",)), follow=True
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:index"))
         self.assertEqual(
-            [m.message for m in response.context['messages']],
-            ['article with ID “foo” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?']
+            [m.message for m in response.context["messages"]],
+            ["article with ID “foo” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?"],
         )
 
     def test_conditionally_show_add_section_link(self):
@@ -2319,13 +2845,13 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         """
         self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
         # The user can't add sections yet, so they shouldn't see the "add section" link.
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add')
-        add_link_text = 'add_id_section'
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add")
+        add_link_text = "add_id_section"
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertNotContains(response, add_link_text)
         # Allow the user to add sections too. Now they can see the "add section" link.
-        user = User.objects.get(username='adduser')
-        perm = get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename('add', Section._meta))
+        user = User.objects.get(username="adduser")
+        perm = get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename("add", Section._meta))
         user.user_permissions.add(perm)
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertContains(response, add_link_text)
@@ -2335,19 +2861,24 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         The foreign key widget should only show the "change related" button if
         the user has permission to change that related item.
         """
+
         def get_change_related(response):
-            return response.context['adminform'].form.fields['section'].widget.can_change_related
+            return (
+                response.context["adminform"]
+                .form.fields["section"]
+                .widget.can_change_related
+            )
 
         self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
         # The user can't change sections yet, so they shouldn't see the "change section" link.
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add')
-        change_link_text = 'change_id_section'
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add")
+        change_link_text = "change_id_section"
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertFalse(get_change_related(response))
         self.assertNotContains(response, change_link_text)
         # Allow the user to change sections too. Now they can see the "change section" link.
-        user = User.objects.get(username='adduser')
-        perm = get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename('change', Section._meta))
+        user = User.objects.get(username="adduser")
+        perm = get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename("change", Section._meta))
         user.user_permissions.add(perm)
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertTrue(get_change_related(response))
@@ -2358,19 +2889,24 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         The foreign key widget should only show the "delete related" button if
         the user has permission to delete that related item.
         """
+
         def get_delete_related(response):
-            return response.context['adminform'].form.fields['sub_section'].widget.can_delete_related
+            return (
+                response.context["adminform"]
+                .form.fields["sub_section"]
+                .widget.can_delete_related
+            )
 
         self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
         # The user can't delete sections yet, so they shouldn't see the "delete section" link.
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add')
-        delete_link_text = 'delete_id_sub_section'
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add")
+        delete_link_text = "delete_id_sub_section"
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertFalse(get_delete_related(response))
         self.assertNotContains(response, delete_link_text)
         # Allow the user to delete sections too. Now they can see the "delete section" link.
-        user = User.objects.get(username='adduser')
-        perm = get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename('delete', Section._meta))
+        user = User.objects.get(username="adduser")
+        perm = get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename("delete", Section._meta))
         user.user_permissions.add(perm)
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertTrue(get_delete_related(response))
@@ -2378,28 +2914,28 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
 
     def test_disabled_permissions_when_logged_in(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
-        superuser = User.objects.get(username='super')
+        superuser = User.objects.get(username="super")
         superuser.is_active = False
         superuser.save()
 
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url, follow=True)
         self.assertContains(response, 'id="login-form"')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Log out')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Log out")
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('secure_view'), follow=True)
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("secure_view"), follow=True)
         self.assertContains(response, 'id="login-form"')
 
     def test_disabled_staff_permissions_when_logged_in(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
-        superuser = User.objects.get(username='super')
+        superuser = User.objects.get(username="super")
         superuser.is_staff = False
         superuser.save()
 
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url, follow=True)
         self.assertContains(response, 'id="login-form"')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Log out')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Log out")
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('secure_view'), follow=True)
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("secure_view"), follow=True)
         self.assertContains(response, 'id="login-form"')
 
     def test_app_list_permissions(self):
@@ -2407,19 +2943,19 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         If a user has no module perms, the app list returns a 404.
         """
         opts = Article._meta
-        change_user = User.objects.get(username='changeuser')
-        permission = get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('change', opts))
+        change_user = User.objects.get(username="changeuser")
+        permission = get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("change", opts))
 
         self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
 
         # the user has no module permissions
         change_user.user_permissions.remove(permission)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:app_list", args=("admin_views",)))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
         # the user now has module permissions
         change_user.user_permissions.add(permission)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:app_list", args=("admin_views",)))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_shortcut_view_only_available_to_staff(self):
@@ -2427,12 +2963,12 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         Only admin users should be able to use the admin shortcut view.
         """
         model_ctype = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ModelWithStringPrimaryKey)
-        obj = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey.objects.create(string_pk='foo')
-        shortcut_url = reverse('admin:view_on_site', args=(model_ctype.pk, obj.pk))
+        obj = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey.objects.create(string_pk="foo")
+        shortcut_url = reverse("admin:view_on_site", args=(model_ctype.pk, obj.pk))
 
         # Not logged in: we should see the login page.
         response = self.client.get(shortcut_url, follow=True)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'admin/login.html')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "admin/login.html")
 
         # Logged in? Redirect.
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -2440,7 +2976,7 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         # Can't use self.assertRedirects() because User.get_absolute_url() is silly.
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         # Domain may depend on contrib.sites tests also run
-        self.assertRegex(response.url, 'http://(testserver|example.com)/dummy/foo/')
+        self.assertRegex(response.url, "http://(testserver|example.com)/dummy/foo/")
 
     def test_has_module_permission(self):
         """
@@ -2450,32 +2986,32 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         """
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'admin_views')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Articles')
+        self.assertContains(response, "admin_views")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Articles")
         self.client.logout()
 
         self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'admin_views')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Articles')
+        self.assertContains(response, "admin_views")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Articles")
         self.client.logout()
 
         self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'admin_views')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Articles')
+        self.assertContains(response, "admin_views")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Articles")
         self.client.logout()
 
         self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'admin_views')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Articles')
+        self.assertContains(response, "admin_views")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Articles")
         self.client.logout()
 
         self.client.force_login(self.deleteuser)
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'admin_views')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Articles')
+        self.assertContains(response, "admin_views")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Articles")
 
     def test_overriding_has_module_permission(self):
         """
@@ -2484,7 +3020,7 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         """
         articles = Article._meta.verbose_name_plural.title()
         sections = Section._meta.verbose_name_plural.title()
-        index_url = reverse('admin7:index')
+        index_url = reverse("admin7:index")
 
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
         response = self.client.get(index_url)
@@ -2494,19 +3030,19 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
 
         self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
         response = self.client.get(index_url)
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'admin_views')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "admin_views")
         self.assertNotContains(response, articles)
         self.client.logout()
 
         self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
         response = self.client.get(index_url)
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'admin_views')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "admin_views")
         self.assertNotContains(response, articles)
         self.client.logout()
 
         self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
         response = self.client.get(index_url)
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'admin_views')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "admin_views")
         self.assertNotContains(response, articles)
         self.client.logout()
 
@@ -2517,7 +3053,7 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         # The app list displays Sections but not Articles as the latter has
         # ModelAdmin.has_module_permission() = False.
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin7:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin7:app_list", args=("admin_views",)))
         self.assertContains(response, sections)
         self.assertNotContains(response, articles)
 
@@ -2535,140 +3071,195 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
             "date_1": "16:35:00",
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'), post_data, follow=True)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"), post_data, follow=True
+        )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<li class="success">The article “Fun &amp; games” was added successfully.</li>',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls',
-    TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'APP_DIRS': True,
-        'OPTIONS': {
-            'context_processors': [
-                'django.template.context_processors.request',
-                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
-                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
-            ],
-        },
-    }],
+    ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls",
+    TEMPLATES=[
+        {
+            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            "APP_DIRS": True,
+            "OPTIONS": {
+                "context_processors": [
+                    "django.template.context_processors.request",
+                    "django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth",
+                    "django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages",
+                ],
+            },
+        }
+    ],
 )
 class AdminViewProxyModelPermissionsTests(TestCase):
     """Tests for proxy models permissions in the admin."""
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.viewuser = User.objects.create_user(username='viewuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
-        cls.adduser = User.objects.create_user(username='adduser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
-        cls.changeuser = User.objects.create_user(username='changeuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
-        cls.deleteuser = User.objects.create_user(username='deleteuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
+        cls.viewuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="viewuser", password="secret", is_staff=True
+        )
+        cls.adduser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="adduser", password="secret", is_staff=True
+        )
+        cls.changeuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="changeuser", password="secret", is_staff=True
+        )
+        cls.deleteuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="deleteuser", password="secret", is_staff=True
+        )
         # Setup permissions.
         opts = UserProxy._meta
-        cls.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(UserProxy, get_permission_codename('view', opts)))
-        cls.adduser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(UserProxy, get_permission_codename('add', opts)))
-        cls.changeuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(UserProxy, get_permission_codename('change', opts)))
-        cls.deleteuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(UserProxy, get_permission_codename('delete', opts)))
+        cls.viewuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(UserProxy, get_permission_codename("view", opts))
+        )
+        cls.adduser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(UserProxy, get_permission_codename("add", opts))
+        )
+        cls.changeuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(UserProxy, get_permission_codename("change", opts))
+        )
+        cls.deleteuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(UserProxy, get_permission_codename("delete", opts))
+        )
         # UserProxy instances.
-        cls.user_proxy = UserProxy.objects.create(username='user_proxy', password='secret')
+        cls.user_proxy = UserProxy.objects.create(
+            username="user_proxy", password="secret"
+        )
 
     def test_add(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_userproxy_add')
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_userproxy_add")
         data = {
-            'username': 'can_add',
-            'password': 'secret',
-            'date_joined_0': '2019-01-15',
-            'date_joined_1': '16:59:10',
+            "username": "can_add",
+            "password": "secret",
+            "date_joined_0": "2019-01-15",
+            "date_joined_1": "16:59:10",
         }
         response = self.client.post(url, data, follow=True)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertTrue(UserProxy.objects.filter(username='can_add').exists())
+        self.assertTrue(UserProxy.objects.filter(username="can_add").exists())
 
     def test_view(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_userproxy_changelist'))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Select user proxy to view</h1>')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_userproxy_change', args=(self.user_proxy.pk,)))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>View user proxy</h1>')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_userproxy_changelist"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>Select user proxy to view</h1>")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_userproxy_change", args=(self.user_proxy.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>View user proxy</h1>")
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="readonly">user_proxy</div>')
 
     def test_change(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
         data = {
-            'password': self.user_proxy.password,
-            'username': self.user_proxy.username,
-            'date_joined_0': self.user_proxy.date_joined.strftime('%Y-%m-%d'),
-            'date_joined_1': self.user_proxy.date_joined.strftime('%H:%M:%S'),
-            'first_name': 'first_name',
+            "password": self.user_proxy.password,
+            "username": self.user_proxy.username,
+            "date_joined_0": self.user_proxy.date_joined.strftime("%Y-%m-%d"),
+            "date_joined_1": self.user_proxy.date_joined.strftime("%H:%M:%S"),
+            "first_name": "first_name",
         }
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_userproxy_change', args=(self.user_proxy.pk,))
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_userproxy_change", args=(self.user_proxy.pk,))
         response = self.client.post(url, data)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_userproxy_changelist'))
-        self.assertEqual(UserProxy.objects.get(pk=self.user_proxy.pk).first_name, 'first_name')
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, reverse("admin:admin_views_userproxy_changelist")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            UserProxy.objects.get(pk=self.user_proxy.pk).first_name, "first_name"
+        )
 
     def test_delete(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.deleteuser)
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_userproxy_delete', args=(self.user_proxy.pk,))
-        response = self.client.post(url, {'post': 'yes'}, follow=True)
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_userproxy_delete", args=(self.user_proxy.pk,))
+        response = self.client.post(url, {"post": "yes"}, follow=True)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertFalse(UserProxy.objects.filter(pk=self.user_proxy.pk).exists())
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminViewsNoUrlTest(TestCase):
     """Regression test for #17333"""
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         # User who can change Reports
-        cls.changeuser = User.objects.create_user(username='changeuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
-        cls.changeuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Report, get_permission_codename('change', Report._meta)))
+        cls.changeuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="changeuser", password="secret", is_staff=True
+        )
+        cls.changeuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Report, get_permission_codename("change", Report._meta))
+        )
 
     def test_no_standard_modeladmin_urls(self):
         """Admin index views don't break when user's ModelAdmin removes standard urls"""
         self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
-        r = self.client.get(reverse('admin:index'))
+        r = self.client.get(reverse("admin:index"))
         # we shouldn't get a 500 error caused by a NoReverseMatch
         self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 200)
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
 
-@skipUnlessDBFeature('can_defer_constraint_checks')
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@skipUnlessDBFeature("can_defer_constraint_checks")
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminViewDeletedObjectsTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.deleteuser = User.objects.create_user(username='deleteuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
-        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.deleteuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="deleteuser", password="secret", is_staff=True
+        )
+        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
         cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Middle content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Middle content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Oldest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Oldest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Newest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
+        )
+        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
+            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
         )
-        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
 
-        cls.v1 = Villain.objects.create(name='Adam')
-        cls.v2 = Villain.objects.create(name='Sue')
-        cls.sv1 = SuperVillain.objects.create(name='Bob')
-        cls.pl1 = Plot.objects.create(name='World Domination', team_leader=cls.v1, contact=cls.v2)
-        cls.pl2 = Plot.objects.create(name='World Peace', team_leader=cls.v2, contact=cls.v2)
-        cls.pl3 = Plot.objects.create(name='Corn Conspiracy', team_leader=cls.v1, contact=cls.v1)
-        cls.pd1 = PlotDetails.objects.create(details='almost finished', plot=cls.pl1)
-        cls.sh1 = SecretHideout.objects.create(location='underground bunker', villain=cls.v1)
-        cls.sh2 = SecretHideout.objects.create(location='floating castle', villain=cls.sv1)
-        cls.ssh1 = SuperSecretHideout.objects.create(location='super floating castle!', supervillain=cls.sv1)
-        cls.cy1 = CyclicOne.objects.create(name='I am recursive', two_id=1)
-        cls.cy2 = CyclicTwo.objects.create(name='I am recursive too', one_id=1)
+        cls.v1 = Villain.objects.create(name="Adam")
+        cls.v2 = Villain.objects.create(name="Sue")
+        cls.sv1 = SuperVillain.objects.create(name="Bob")
+        cls.pl1 = Plot.objects.create(
+            name="World Domination", team_leader=cls.v1, contact=cls.v2
+        )
+        cls.pl2 = Plot.objects.create(
+            name="World Peace", team_leader=cls.v2, contact=cls.v2
+        )
+        cls.pl3 = Plot.objects.create(
+            name="Corn Conspiracy", team_leader=cls.v1, contact=cls.v1
+        )
+        cls.pd1 = PlotDetails.objects.create(details="almost finished", plot=cls.pl1)
+        cls.sh1 = SecretHideout.objects.create(
+            location="underground bunker", villain=cls.v1
+        )
+        cls.sh2 = SecretHideout.objects.create(
+            location="floating castle", villain=cls.sv1
+        )
+        cls.ssh1 = SuperSecretHideout.objects.create(
+            location="super floating castle!", supervillain=cls.sv1
+        )
+        cls.cy1 = CyclicOne.objects.create(name="I am recursive", two_id=1)
+        cls.cy2 = CyclicTwo.objects.create(name="I am recursive too", one_id=1)
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -2680,12 +3271,15 @@ class AdminViewDeletedObjectsTest(TestCase):
         """
         pattern = re.compile(
             r'<li>Plot: <a href="%s">World Domination</a>\s*<ul>\s*'
-            r'<li>Plot details: <a href="%s">almost finished</a>' % (
-                reverse('admin:admin_views_plot_change', args=(self.pl1.pk,)),
-                reverse('admin:admin_views_plotdetails_change', args=(self.pd1.pk,)),
+            r'<li>Plot details: <a href="%s">almost finished</a>'
+            % (
+                reverse("admin:admin_views_plot_change", args=(self.pl1.pk,)),
+                reverse("admin:admin_views_plotdetails_change", args=(self.pd1.pk,)),
             )
         )
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_villain_delete', args=(self.v1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_villain_delete", args=(self.v1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertRegex(response.content.decode(), pattern)
 
     def test_cyclic(self):
@@ -2694,24 +3288,33 @@ class AdminViewDeletedObjectsTest(TestCase):
         listed once.
         """
         one = '<li>Cyclic one: <a href="%s">I am recursive</a>' % (
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_cyclicone_change', args=(self.cy1.pk,)),
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_cyclicone_change", args=(self.cy1.pk,)),
         )
         two = '<li>Cyclic two: <a href="%s">I am recursive too</a>' % (
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_cyclictwo_change', args=(self.cy2.pk,)),
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_cyclictwo_change", args=(self.cy2.pk,)),
+        )
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_cyclicone_delete", args=(self.cy1.pk,))
         )
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_cyclicone_delete', args=(self.cy1.pk,)))
 
         self.assertContains(response, one, 1)
         self.assertContains(response, two, 1)
 
     def test_perms_needed(self):
         self.client.logout()
-        delete_user = User.objects.get(username='deleteuser')
-        delete_user.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Plot, get_permission_codename('delete', Plot._meta)))
+        delete_user = User.objects.get(username="deleteuser")
+        delete_user.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Plot, get_permission_codename("delete", Plot._meta))
+        )
 
         self.client.force_login(self.deleteuser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_plot_delete', args=(self.pl1.pk,)))
-        self.assertContains(response, "your account doesn't have permission to delete the following types of objects")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_plot_delete", args=(self.pl1.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            "your account doesn't have permission to delete the following types of objects",
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, "<li>plot details</li>")
 
     def test_protected(self):
@@ -2719,15 +3322,21 @@ class AdminViewDeletedObjectsTest(TestCase):
         a1 = Answer.objects.create(question=q, answer="Because.")
         a2 = Answer.objects.create(question=q, answer="Yes.")
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_question_delete', args=(q.pk,)))
-        self.assertContains(response, "would require deleting the following protected related objects")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_question_delete", args=(q.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertContains(
-            response,
-            '<li>Answer: <a href="%s">Because.</a></li>' % reverse('admin:admin_views_answer_change', args=(a1.pk,))
+            response, "would require deleting the following protected related objects"
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<li>Answer: <a href="%s">Yes.</a></li>' % reverse('admin:admin_views_answer_change', args=(a2.pk,))
+            '<li>Answer: <a href="%s">Because.</a></li>'
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_answer_change", args=(a1.pk,)),
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<li>Answer: <a href="%s">Yes.</a></li>'
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_answer_change", args=(a2.pk,)),
         )
 
     def test_post_delete_protected(self):
@@ -2735,43 +3344,51 @@ class AdminViewDeletedObjectsTest(TestCase):
         A POST request to delete protected objects should display the page
         which says the deletion is prohibited.
         """
-        q = Question.objects.create(question='Why?')
-        Answer.objects.create(question=q, answer='Because.')
+        q = Question.objects.create(question="Why?")
+        Answer.objects.create(question=q, answer="Because.")
 
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_question_delete', args=(q.pk,)), {'post': 'yes'})
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_question_delete", args=(q.pk,)), {"post": "yes"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(Question.objects.count(), 1)
-        self.assertContains(response, "would require deleting the following protected related objects")
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "would require deleting the following protected related objects"
+        )
 
     def test_restricted(self):
-        album = Album.objects.create(title='Amaryllis')
-        song = Song.objects.create(album=album, name='Unity')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_album_delete', args=(album.pk,)))
+        album = Album.objects.create(title="Amaryllis")
+        song = Song.objects.create(album=album, name="Unity")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_album_delete", args=(album.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            'would require deleting the following protected related objects',
+            "would require deleting the following protected related objects",
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<li>Song: <a href="%s">Unity</a></li>'
-            % reverse('admin:admin_views_song_change', args=(song.pk,))
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_song_change", args=(song.pk,)),
         )
 
     def test_post_delete_restricted(self):
-        album = Album.objects.create(title='Amaryllis')
-        Song.objects.create(album=album, name='Unity')
+        album = Album.objects.create(title="Amaryllis")
+        Song.objects.create(album=album, name="Unity")
         response = self.client.post(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_album_delete', args=(album.pk,)),
-            {'post': 'yes'},
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_album_delete", args=(album.pk,)),
+            {"post": "yes"},
         )
         self.assertEqual(Album.objects.count(), 1)
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            'would require deleting the following protected related objects',
+            "would require deleting the following protected related objects",
         )
 
     def test_not_registered(self):
         should_contain = """<li>Secret hideout: underground bunker"""
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_villain_delete', args=(self.v1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_villain_delete", args=(self.v1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain, 1)
 
     def test_multiple_fkeys_to_same_model(self):
@@ -2781,11 +3398,15 @@ class AdminViewDeletedObjectsTest(TestCase):
         objects to delete.
         """
         should_contain = '<li>Plot: <a href="%s">World Domination</a>' % reverse(
-            'admin:admin_views_plot_change', args=(self.pl1.pk,)
+            "admin:admin_views_plot_change", args=(self.pl1.pk,)
+        )
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_villain_delete", args=(self.v1.pk,))
         )
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_villain_delete', args=(self.v1.pk,)))
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_villain_delete', args=(self.v2.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_villain_delete", args=(self.v2.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
 
     def test_multiple_fkeys_to_same_instance(self):
@@ -2795,9 +3416,11 @@ class AdminViewDeletedObjectsTest(TestCase):
         once.
         """
         should_contain = '<li>Plot: <a href="%s">World Peace</a></li>' % reverse(
-            'admin:admin_views_plot_change', args=(self.pl2.pk,)
+            "admin:admin_views_plot_change", args=(self.pl2.pk,)
+        )
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_villain_delete", args=(self.v2.pk,))
         )
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_villain_delete', args=(self.v2.pk,)))
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain, 1)
 
     def test_inheritance(self):
@@ -2807,17 +3430,21 @@ class AdminViewDeletedObjectsTest(TestCase):
         for deletion, as well as any relationships they have.
         """
         should_contain = [
-            '<li>Villain: <a href="%s">Bob</a>' % reverse('admin:admin_views_villain_change', args=(self.sv1.pk,)),
-            '<li>Super villain: <a href="%s">Bob</a>' % reverse(
-                'admin:admin_views_supervillain_change', args=(self.sv1.pk,)
-            ),
-            '<li>Secret hideout: floating castle',
-            '<li>Super secret hideout: super floating castle!',
+            '<li>Villain: <a href="%s">Bob</a>'
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_villain_change", args=(self.sv1.pk,)),
+            '<li>Super villain: <a href="%s">Bob</a>'
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_supervillain_change", args=(self.sv1.pk,)),
+            "<li>Secret hideout: floating castle",
+            "<li>Super secret hideout: super floating castle!",
         ]
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_villain_delete', args=(self.sv1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_villain_delete", args=(self.sv1.pk,))
+        )
         for should in should_contain:
             self.assertContains(response, should, 1)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_supervillain_delete', args=(self.sv1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_supervillain_delete", args=(self.sv1.pk,))
+        )
         for should in should_contain:
             self.assertContains(response, should, 1)
 
@@ -2827,10 +3454,13 @@ class AdminViewDeletedObjectsTest(TestCase):
         those objects should be listed for deletion.
         """
         plot = self.pl3
-        tag = FunkyTag.objects.create(content_object=plot, name='hott')
+        tag = FunkyTag.objects.create(content_object=plot, name="hott")
         should_contain = '<li>Funky tag: <a href="%s">hott' % reverse(
-            'admin:admin_views_funkytag_change', args=(tag.id,))
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_plot_delete', args=(plot.pk,)))
+            "admin:admin_views_funkytag_change", args=(tag.id,)
+        )
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_plot_delete", args=(plot.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
 
     def test_generic_relations_with_related_query_name(self):
@@ -2839,64 +3469,89 @@ class AdminViewDeletedObjectsTest(TestCase):
         GenericRelation(related_query_name='...') pointing to it, those objects
         should be listed for deletion.
         """
-        bookmark = Bookmark.objects.create(name='djangoproject')
-        tag = FunkyTag.objects.create(content_object=bookmark, name='django')
-        tag_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_funkytag_change', args=(tag.id,))
+        bookmark = Bookmark.objects.create(name="djangoproject")
+        tag = FunkyTag.objects.create(content_object=bookmark, name="django")
+        tag_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_funkytag_change", args=(tag.id,))
         should_contain = '<li>Funky tag: <a href="%s">django' % tag_url
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_bookmark_delete', args=(bookmark.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_bookmark_delete", args=(bookmark.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
 
     def test_delete_view_uses_get_deleted_objects(self):
         """The delete view uses ModelAdmin.get_deleted_objects()."""
-        book = Book.objects.create(name='Test Book')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:admin_views_book_delete', args=(book.pk,)))
+        book = Book.objects.create(name="Test Book")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin2:admin_views_book_delete", args=(book.pk,))
+        )
         # BookAdmin.get_deleted_objects() returns custom text.
-        self.assertContains(response, 'a deletable object')
+        self.assertContains(response, "a deletable object")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class TestGenericRelations(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.v1 = Villain.objects.create(name='Adam')
-        cls.pl3 = Plot.objects.create(name='Corn Conspiracy', team_leader=cls.v1, contact=cls.v1)
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.v1 = Villain.objects.create(name="Adam")
+        cls.pl3 = Plot.objects.create(
+            name="Corn Conspiracy", team_leader=cls.v1, contact=cls.v1
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_generic_content_object_in_list_display(self):
-        FunkyTag.objects.create(content_object=self.pl3, name='hott')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_funkytag_changelist'))
+        FunkyTag.objects.create(content_object=self.pl3, name="hott")
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_funkytag_changelist"))
         self.assertContains(response, "%s</td>" % self.pl3)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminViewStringPrimaryKeyTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
         cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Middle content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Middle content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Oldest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Oldest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Newest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
+        )
+        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
+            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
         )
-        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
         cls.pk = (
             "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890 "
             r"""-_.!~*'() ;/?:@&=+$, <>#%" {}|\^[]`"""
         )
         cls.m1 = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey.objects.create(string_pk=cls.pk)
-        content_type_pk = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ModelWithStringPrimaryKey).pk
+        content_type_pk = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(
+            ModelWithStringPrimaryKey
+        ).pk
         user_pk = cls.superuser.pk
-        LogEntry.objects.log_action(user_pk, content_type_pk, cls.pk, cls.pk, 2, change_message='Changed something')
+        LogEntry.objects.log_action(
+            user_pk,
+            content_type_pk,
+            cls.pk,
+            cls.pk,
+            2,
+            change_message="Changed something",
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -2907,57 +3562,82 @@ class AdminViewStringPrimaryKeyTest(TestCase):
         key should work.
         Refs #12349, #18550.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_history', args=(self.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse(
+                "admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_history", args=(self.pk,)
+            )
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, escape(self.pk))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Changed something')
+        self.assertContains(response, "Changed something")
 
     def test_get_change_view(self):
         "Retrieving the object using urlencoded form of primary key should work"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=(self.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse(
+                "admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change", args=(self.pk,)
+            )
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, escape(self.pk))
 
     def test_changelist_to_changeform_link(self):
         "Link to the changeform of the object in changelist should use reverse() and be quoted -- #18072"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_changelist")
+        )
         # this URL now comes through reverse(), thus url quoting and iri_to_uri encoding
         pk_final_url = escape(iri_to_uri(quote(self.pk)))
         change_url = reverse(
-            'admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=('__fk__',)
-        ).replace('__fk__', pk_final_url)
-        should_contain = '<th class="field-__str__"><a href="%s">%s</a></th>' % (change_url, escape(self.pk))
+            "admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change", args=("__fk__",)
+        ).replace("__fk__", pk_final_url)
+        should_contain = '<th class="field-__str__"><a href="%s">%s</a></th>' % (
+            change_url,
+            escape(self.pk),
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
 
     def test_recentactions_link(self):
         "The link from the recent actions list referring to the changeform of the object should be quoted"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:index'))
-        link = reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=(quote(self.pk),))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:index"))
+        link = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change", args=(quote(self.pk),)
+        )
         should_contain = """<a href="%s">%s</a>""" % (escape(link), escape(self.pk))
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
 
     def test_deleteconfirmation_link(self):
         "The link from the delete confirmation page referring back to the changeform of the object should be quoted"
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_delete', args=(quote(self.pk),))
+        url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_delete", args=(quote(self.pk),)
+        )
         response = self.client.get(url)
         # this URL now comes through reverse(), thus url quoting and iri_to_uri encoding
         change_url = reverse(
-            'admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=('__fk__',)
-        ).replace('__fk__', escape(iri_to_uri(quote(self.pk))))
+            "admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change", args=("__fk__",)
+        ).replace("__fk__", escape(iri_to_uri(quote(self.pk))))
         should_contain = '<a href="%s">%s</a>' % (change_url, escape(self.pk))
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
 
     def test_url_conflicts_with_add(self):
         "A model with a primary key that ends with add or is `add` should be visible"
-        add_model = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey.objects.create(pk="i have something to add")
+        add_model = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey.objects.create(
+            pk="i have something to add"
+        )
         add_model.save()
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=(quote(add_model.pk),))
+            reverse(
+                "admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change",
+                args=(quote(add_model.pk),),
+            )
         )
         should_contain = """<h1>Change model with string primary key</h1>"""
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
 
         add_model2 = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey.objects.create(pk="add")
-        add_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_add')
-        change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=(quote(add_model2.pk),))
+        add_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_add")
+        change_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change",
+            args=(quote(add_model2.pk),),
+        )
         self.assertNotEqual(add_url, change_url)
 
     def test_url_conflicts_with_delete(self):
@@ -2965,7 +3645,10 @@ class AdminViewStringPrimaryKeyTest(TestCase):
         delete_model = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey(pk="delete")
         delete_model.save()
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=(quote(delete_model.pk),))
+            reverse(
+                "admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change",
+                args=(quote(delete_model.pk),),
+            )
         )
         should_contain = """<h1>Change model with string primary key</h1>"""
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
@@ -2975,17 +3658,23 @@ class AdminViewStringPrimaryKeyTest(TestCase):
         history_model = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey(pk="history")
         history_model.save()
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=(quote(history_model.pk),))
+            reverse(
+                "admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change",
+                args=(quote(history_model.pk),),
+            )
         )
         should_contain = """<h1>Change model with string primary key</h1>"""
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
 
     def test_shortcut_view_with_escaping(self):
         "'View on site should' work properly with char fields"
-        model = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey(pk='abc_123')
+        model = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey(pk="abc_123")
         model.save()
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=(quote(model.pk),))
+            reverse(
+                "admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change",
+                args=(quote(model.pk),),
+            )
         )
         should_contain = '/%s/" class="viewsitelink">' % model.pk
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
@@ -2993,16 +3682,20 @@ class AdminViewStringPrimaryKeyTest(TestCase):
     def test_change_view_history_link(self):
         """Object history button link should work and contain the pk value quoted."""
         url = reverse(
-            'admin:%s_modelwithstringprimarykey_change' % ModelWithStringPrimaryKey._meta.app_label,
-            args=(quote(self.pk),)
+            "admin:%s_modelwithstringprimarykey_change"
+            % ModelWithStringPrimaryKey._meta.app_label,
+            args=(quote(self.pk),),
         )
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         expected_link = reverse(
-            'admin:%s_modelwithstringprimarykey_history' % ModelWithStringPrimaryKey._meta.app_label,
-            args=(quote(self.pk),)
+            "admin:%s_modelwithstringprimarykey_history"
+            % ModelWithStringPrimaryKey._meta.app_label,
+            args=(quote(self.pk),),
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<a href="%s" class="historylink"' % escape(expected_link)
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s" class="historylink"' % escape(expected_link))
 
     def test_redirect_on_add_view_continue_button(self):
         """As soon as an object is added using "Save and continue editing"
@@ -3012,29 +3705,31 @@ class AdminViewStringPrimaryKeyTest(TestCase):
         like slash or underscore, these characters must be escaped (see #22266)
         """
         response = self.client.post(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_add'),
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_add"),
             {
-                'string_pk': '123/history',
+                "string_pk": "123/history",
                 "_continue": "1",  # Save and continue editing
-            }
+            },
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # temporary redirect
-        self.assertIn('/123_2Fhistory/', response.headers['location'])  # PK is quoted
+        self.assertIn("/123_2Fhistory/", response.headers["location"])  # PK is quoted
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class SecureViewTests(TestCase):
     """
     Test behavior of a view protected by the staff_member_required decorator.
     """
 
     def test_secure_view_shows_login_if_not_logged_in(self):
-        secure_url = reverse('secure_view')
+        secure_url = reverse("secure_view")
         response = self.client.get(secure_url)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), secure_url))
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "%s?next=%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), secure_url)
+        )
         response = self.client.get(secure_url, follow=True)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'admin/login.html')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "admin/login.html")
         self.assertEqual(response.context[REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME], secure_url)
 
     def test_staff_member_required_decorator_works_with_argument(self):
@@ -3042,32 +3737,53 @@ class SecureViewTests(TestCase):
         Staff_member_required decorator works with an argument
         (redirect_field_name).
         """
-        secure_url = '/test_admin/admin/secure-view2/'
+        secure_url = "/test_admin/admin/secure-view2/"
         response = self.client.get(secure_url)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?myfield=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), secure_url))
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "%s?myfield=%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), secure_url)
+        )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminViewUnicodeTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.b1 = Book.objects.create(name='Lærdommer')
-        cls.p1 = Promo.objects.create(name='<Promo for Lærdommer>', book=cls.b1)
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.b1 = Book.objects.create(name="Lærdommer")
+        cls.p1 = Promo.objects.create(name="<Promo for Lærdommer>", book=cls.b1)
         cls.chap1 = Chapter.objects.create(
-            title='Norske bostaver æøå skaper problemer', content='<p>Svært frustrerende med UnicodeDecodeErro</p>',
-            book=cls.b1
+            title="Norske bostaver æøå skaper problemer",
+            content="<p>Svært frustrerende med UnicodeDecodeErro</p>",
+            book=cls.b1,
         )
         cls.chap2 = Chapter.objects.create(
-            title='Kjærlighet', content='<p>La kjærligheten til de lidende seire.</p>', book=cls.b1)
-        cls.chap3 = Chapter.objects.create(title='Kjærlighet', content='<p>Noe innhold</p>', book=cls.b1)
-        cls.chap4 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(chap=cls.chap1, xtra='<Xtra(1) Norske bostaver æøå skaper problemer>')
-        cls.chap5 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(chap=cls.chap2, xtra='<Xtra(1) Kjærlighet>')
-        cls.chap6 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(chap=cls.chap3, xtra='<Xtra(1) Kjærlighet>')
-        cls.chap7 = ChapterXtra2.objects.create(chap=cls.chap1, xtra='<Xtra(2) Norske bostaver æøå skaper problemer>')
-        cls.chap8 = ChapterXtra2.objects.create(chap=cls.chap2, xtra='<Xtra(2) Kjærlighet>')
-        cls.chap9 = ChapterXtra2.objects.create(chap=cls.chap3, xtra='<Xtra(2) Kjærlighet>')
+            title="Kjærlighet",
+            content="<p>La kjærligheten til de lidende seire.</p>",
+            book=cls.b1,
+        )
+        cls.chap3 = Chapter.objects.create(
+            title="Kjærlighet", content="<p>Noe innhold</p>", book=cls.b1
+        )
+        cls.chap4 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(
+            chap=cls.chap1, xtra="<Xtra(1) Norske bostaver æøå skaper problemer>"
+        )
+        cls.chap5 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(
+            chap=cls.chap2, xtra="<Xtra(1) Kjærlighet>"
+        )
+        cls.chap6 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(
+            chap=cls.chap3, xtra="<Xtra(1) Kjærlighet>"
+        )
+        cls.chap7 = ChapterXtra2.objects.create(
+            chap=cls.chap1, xtra="<Xtra(2) Norske bostaver æøå skaper problemer>"
+        )
+        cls.chap8 = ChapterXtra2.objects.create(
+            chap=cls.chap2, xtra="<Xtra(2) Kjærlighet>"
+        )
+        cls.chap9 = ChapterXtra2.objects.create(
+            chap=cls.chap3, xtra="<Xtra(2) Kjærlighet>"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -3102,62 +3818,75 @@ class AdminViewUnicodeTest(TestCase):
             "chapter_set-5-content": "",
         }
 
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_book_change', args=(self.b1.pk,)), post_data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_book_change", args=(self.b1.pk,)), post_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # redirect somewhere
 
     def test_unicode_delete(self):
         """
         The delete_view handles non-ASCII characters
         """
-        delete_dict = {'post': 'yes'}
-        delete_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_book_delete', args=(self.b1.pk,))
+        delete_dict = {"post": "yes"}
+        delete_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_book_delete", args=(self.b1.pk,))
         response = self.client.get(delete_url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         response = self.client.post(delete_url, delete_dict)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_book_changelist'))
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:admin_views_book_changelist"))
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
         cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Middle content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Middle content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Oldest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Oldest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Newest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
-        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
-        cls.per1 = Person.objects.create(name='John Mauchly', gender=1, alive=True)
-        cls.per2 = Person.objects.create(name='Grace Hopper', gender=1, alive=False)
-        cls.per3 = Person.objects.create(name='Guido van Rossum', gender=1, alive=True)
+        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
+            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
+        )
+        cls.per1 = Person.objects.create(name="John Mauchly", gender=1, alive=True)
+        cls.per2 = Person.objects.create(name="Grace Hopper", gender=1, alive=False)
+        cls.per3 = Person.objects.create(name="Guido van Rossum", gender=1, alive=True)
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_inheritance(self):
-        Podcast.objects.create(name="This Week in Django", release_date=datetime.date.today())
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist'))
+        Podcast.objects.create(
+            name="This Week in Django", release_date=datetime.date.today()
+        )
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_inheritance_2(self):
         Vodcast.objects.create(name="This Week in Django", released=True)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_vodcast_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_vodcast_changelist"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_custom_pk(self):
-        Language.objects.create(iso='en', name='English', english_name='English')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_language_changelist'))
+        Language.objects.create(iso="en", name="English", english_name="English")
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_language_changelist"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_changelist_input_html(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"))
         # 2 inputs per object(the field and the hidden id field) = 6
         # 4 management hidden fields = 4
         # 4 action inputs (3 regular checkboxes, 1 checkbox to select all)
@@ -3177,42 +3906,35 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
             "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
             "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
             "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "form-0-gender": "1",
             "form-0-id": str(self.per1.pk),
-
             "form-1-gender": "2",
             "form-1-id": str(self.per2.pk),
-
             "form-2-alive": "checked",
             "form-2-gender": "1",
             "form-2-id": str(self.per3.pk),
-
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'),
-                                    data, follow=True)
-        self.assertEqual(len(response.context['messages']), 1)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"), data, follow=True
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(response.context["messages"]), 1)
 
     def test_post_submission(self):
         data = {
             "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
             "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
             "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "form-0-gender": "1",
             "form-0-id": str(self.per1.pk),
-
             "form-1-gender": "2",
             "form-1-id": str(self.per2.pk),
-
             "form-2-alive": "checked",
             "form-2-gender": "1",
             "form-2-id": str(self.per3.pk),
-
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'), data)
+        self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"), data)
 
         self.assertIs(Person.objects.get(name="John Mauchly").alive, False)
         self.assertEqual(Person.objects.get(name="Grace Hopper").gender, 2)
@@ -3222,18 +3944,17 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
             "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
             "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",
             "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "form-0-id": str(self.per1.pk),
             "form-0-gender": "1",
             "form-0-alive": "checked",
-
             "form-1-id": str(self.per3.pk),
             "form-1-gender": "1",
             "form-1-alive": "checked",
-
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?gender__exact=1', data)
+        self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist") + "?gender__exact=1", data
+        )
 
         self.assertIs(Person.objects.get(name="John Mauchly").alive, True)
 
@@ -3242,13 +3963,13 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
             "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
             "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
             "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "form-0-id": str(self.per1.pk),
             "form-0-gender": "1",
-
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?q=john', data)
+        self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist") + "?q=john", data
+        )
 
         self.assertIs(Person.objects.get(name="John Mauchly").alive, False)
 
@@ -3257,73 +3978,75 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
         Non-field errors are displayed for each of the forms in the
         changelist's formset.
         """
-        fd1 = FoodDelivery.objects.create(reference='123', driver='bill', restaurant='thai')
-        fd2 = FoodDelivery.objects.create(reference='456', driver='bill', restaurant='india')
-        fd3 = FoodDelivery.objects.create(reference='789', driver='bill', restaurant='pizza')
-
-        data = {
-            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
-            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
-            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
-            "form-0-id": str(fd1.id),
-            "form-0-reference": "123",
-            "form-0-driver": "bill",
-            "form-0-restaurant": "thai",
-
-            # Same data as above: Forbidden because of unique_together!
-            "form-1-id": str(fd2.id),
-            "form-1-reference": "456",
-            "form-1-driver": "bill",
-            "form-1-restaurant": "thai",
-
-            "form-2-id": str(fd3.id),
-            "form-2-reference": "789",
-            "form-2-driver": "bill",
-            "form-2-restaurant": "pizza",
-
-            "_save": "Save",
-        }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_fooddelivery_changelist'), data)
-        self.assertContains(
-            response,
-            '<tr><td colspan="4"><ul class="errorlist nonfield"><li>Food delivery '
-            'with this Driver and Restaurant already exists.</li></ul></td></tr>',
-            1,
-            html=True
+        fd1 = FoodDelivery.objects.create(
+            reference="123", driver="bill", restaurant="thai"
+        )
+        fd2 = FoodDelivery.objects.create(
+            reference="456", driver="bill", restaurant="india"
+        )
+        fd3 = FoodDelivery.objects.create(
+            reference="789", driver="bill", restaurant="pizza"
         )
 
         data = {
             "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
             "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
             "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "form-0-id": str(fd1.id),
             "form-0-reference": "123",
             "form-0-driver": "bill",
             "form-0-restaurant": "thai",
-
             # Same data as above: Forbidden because of unique_together!
             "form-1-id": str(fd2.id),
             "form-1-reference": "456",
             "form-1-driver": "bill",
             "form-1-restaurant": "thai",
+            "form-2-id": str(fd3.id),
+            "form-2-reference": "789",
+            "form-2-driver": "bill",
+            "form-2-restaurant": "pizza",
+            "_save": "Save",
+        }
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_fooddelivery_changelist"), data
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<tr><td colspan="4"><ul class="errorlist nonfield"><li>Food delivery '
+            "with this Driver and Restaurant already exists.</li></ul></td></tr>",
+            1,
+            html=True,
+        )
 
+        data = {
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-0-id": str(fd1.id),
+            "form-0-reference": "123",
+            "form-0-driver": "bill",
+            "form-0-restaurant": "thai",
+            # Same data as above: Forbidden because of unique_together!
+            "form-1-id": str(fd2.id),
+            "form-1-reference": "456",
+            "form-1-driver": "bill",
+            "form-1-restaurant": "thai",
             # Same data also.
             "form-2-id": str(fd3.id),
             "form-2-reference": "789",
             "form-2-driver": "bill",
             "form-2-restaurant": "thai",
-
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_fooddelivery_changelist'), data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_fooddelivery_changelist"), data
+        )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<tr><td colspan="4"><ul class="errorlist nonfield"><li>Food delivery '
-            'with this Driver and Restaurant already exists.</li></ul></td></tr>',
+            "with this Driver and Restaurant already exists.</li></ul></td></tr>",
             2,
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
 
     def test_non_form_errors(self):
@@ -3332,16 +4055,16 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
             "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
             "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
             "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "form-0-id": str(self.per2.pk),
             "form-0-alive": "1",
             "form-0-gender": "2",
-
             # The form processing understands this as a list_editable "Save"
             # and not an action "Go".
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'), data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"), data
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, "Grace is not a Zombie")
 
     def test_non_form_errors_is_errorlist(self):
@@ -3350,19 +4073,19 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
             "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
             "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
             "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "form-0-id": str(self.per2.pk),
             "form-0-alive": "1",
             "form-0-gender": "2",
-
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'), data)
-        non_form_errors = response.context['cl'].formset.non_form_errors()
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"), data
+        )
+        non_form_errors = response.context["cl"].formset.non_form_errors()
         self.assertIsInstance(non_form_errors, ErrorList)
         self.assertEqual(
             str(non_form_errors),
-            str(ErrorList(['Grace is not a Zombie'], error_class='nonform')),
+            str(ErrorList(["Grace is not a Zombie"], error_class="nonform")),
         )
 
     def test_list_editable_ordering(self):
@@ -3378,28 +4101,25 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
             "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "4",
             "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "4",
             "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "form-0-order": "14",
             "form-0-id": "1",
             "form-0-collector": "1",
-
             "form-1-order": "13",
             "form-1-id": "2",
             "form-1-collector": "1",
-
             "form-2-order": "1",
             "form-2-id": "3",
             "form-2-collector": "1",
-
             "form-3-order": "0",
             "form-3-id": "4",
             "form-3-collector": "1",
-
             # The form processing understands this as a list_editable "Save"
             # and not an action "Go".
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_category_changelist'), data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_category_changelist"), data
+        )
         # Successful post will redirect
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
 
@@ -3413,17 +4133,21 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
         """
         Pagination works for list_editable items.
         """
-        UnorderedObject.objects.create(id=1, name='Unordered object #1')
-        UnorderedObject.objects.create(id=2, name='Unordered object #2')
-        UnorderedObject.objects.create(id=3, name='Unordered object #3')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_unorderedobject_changelist'))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Unordered object #3')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Unordered object #2')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Unordered object #1')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_unorderedobject_changelist') + '?p=2')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Unordered object #3')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Unordered object #2')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Unordered object #1')
+        UnorderedObject.objects.create(id=1, name="Unordered object #1")
+        UnorderedObject.objects.create(id=2, name="Unordered object #2")
+        UnorderedObject.objects.create(id=3, name="Unordered object #3")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_unorderedobject_changelist")
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "Unordered object #3")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Unordered object #2")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Unordered object #1")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_unorderedobject_changelist") + "?p=2"
+        )
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Unordered object #3")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Unordered object #2")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Unordered object #1")
 
     def test_list_editable_action_submit(self):
         # List editable changes should not be executed if the action "Go" button is
@@ -3432,22 +4156,18 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
             "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
             "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
             "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "form-0-gender": "1",
             "form-0-id": "1",
-
             "form-1-gender": "2",
             "form-1-id": "2",
-
             "form-2-alive": "checked",
             "form-2-gender": "1",
             "form-2-id": "3",
-
             "index": "0",
-            "_selected_action": ['3'],
-            "action": ['', 'delete_selected'],
+            "_selected_action": ["3"],
+            "action": ["", "delete_selected"],
         }
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'), data)
+        self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"), data)
 
         self.assertIs(Person.objects.get(name="John Mauchly").alive, True)
         self.assertEqual(Person.objects.get(name="Grace Hopper").gender, 1)
@@ -3459,22 +4179,18 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
             "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
             "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
             "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "form-0-gender": "1",
             "form-0-id": str(self.per1.pk),
-
             "form-1-gender": "2",
             "form-1-id": str(self.per2.pk),
-
             "form-2-alive": "checked",
             "form-2-gender": "1",
             "form-2-id": str(self.per3.pk),
-
             "_save": "Save",
-            "_selected_action": ['1'],
-            "action": ['', 'delete_selected'],
+            "_selected_action": ["1"],
+            "action": ["", "delete_selected"],
         }
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'), data)
+        self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"), data)
 
         self.assertIs(Person.objects.get(name="John Mauchly").alive, False)
         self.assertEqual(Person.objects.get(name="Grace Hopper").gender, 2)
@@ -3483,10 +4199,12 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
         """
         Fields should not be list-editable in popups.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'))
-        self.assertNotEqual(response.context['cl'].list_editable, ())
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?%s' % IS_POPUP_VAR)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['cl'].list_editable, ())
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"))
+        self.assertNotEqual(response.context["cl"].list_editable, ())
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist") + "?%s" % IS_POPUP_VAR
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["cl"].list_editable, ())
 
     def test_pk_hidden_fields(self):
         """
@@ -3494,12 +4212,14 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
         corresponding human-readable value is displayed instead. The hidden pk
         fields are displayed but separately (not in the table) and only once.
         """
-        story1 = Story.objects.create(title='The adventures of Guido', content='Once upon a time in Djangoland...')
-        story2 = Story.objects.create(
-            title='Crouching Tiger, Hidden Python',
-            content='The Python was sneaking into...',
+        story1 = Story.objects.create(
+            title="The adventures of Guido", content="Once upon a time in Djangoland..."
         )
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_story_changelist'))
+        story2 = Story.objects.create(
+            title="Crouching Tiger, Hidden Python",
+            content="The Python was sneaking into...",
+        )
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_story_changelist"))
         # Only one hidden field, in a separate place than the table.
         self.assertContains(response, 'id="id_form-0-id"', 1)
         self.assertContains(response, 'id="id_form-1-id"', 1)
@@ -3509,27 +4229,27 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
             '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-id" value="%d" id="id_form-0-id">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="form-1-id" value="%d" id="id_form-1-id">\n</div>'
             % (story2.id, story1.id),
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
         self.assertContains(response, '<td class="field-id">%d</td>' % story1.id, 1)
         self.assertContains(response, '<td class="field-id">%d</td>' % story2.id, 1)
 
     def test_pk_hidden_fields_with_list_display_links(self):
-        """ Similarly as test_pk_hidden_fields, but when the hidden pk fields are
-            referenced in list_display_links.
-            Refs #12475.
+        """Similarly as test_pk_hidden_fields, but when the hidden pk fields are
+        referenced in list_display_links.
+        Refs #12475.
         """
         story1 = OtherStory.objects.create(
-            title='The adventures of Guido',
-            content='Once upon a time in Djangoland...',
+            title="The adventures of Guido",
+            content="Once upon a time in Djangoland...",
         )
         story2 = OtherStory.objects.create(
-            title='Crouching Tiger, Hidden Python',
-            content='The Python was sneaking into...',
+            title="Crouching Tiger, Hidden Python",
+            content="The Python was sneaking into...",
         )
-        link1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_otherstory_change', args=(story1.pk,))
-        link2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_otherstory_change', args=(story2.pk,))
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_otherstory_changelist'))
+        link1 = reverse("admin:admin_views_otherstory_change", args=(story1.pk,))
+        link2 = reverse("admin:admin_views_otherstory_change", args=(story2.pk,))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_otherstory_changelist"))
         # Only one hidden field, in a separate place than the table.
         self.assertContains(response, 'id="id_form-0-id"', 1)
         self.assertContains(response, 'id="id_form-1-id"', 1)
@@ -3539,35 +4259,54 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
             '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-id" value="%d" id="id_form-0-id">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="form-1-id" value="%d" id="id_form-1-id">\n</div>'
             % (story2.id, story1.id),
-            html=True
+            html=True,
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<th class="field-id"><a href="%s">%d</a></th>' % (link1, story1.id),
+            1,
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<th class="field-id"><a href="%s">%d</a></th>' % (link2, story2.id),
+            1,
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, '<th class="field-id"><a href="%s">%d</a></th>' % (link1, story1.id), 1)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<th class="field-id"><a href="%s">%d</a></th>' % (link2, story2.id), 1)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminSearchTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.joepublicuser = User.objects.create_user(username='joepublic', password='secret')
-        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.joepublicuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="joepublic", password="secret"
+        )
+        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
         cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Middle content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Middle content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Oldest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Oldest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Newest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
+        )
+        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
+            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
         )
-        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
 
-        cls.per1 = Person.objects.create(name='John Mauchly', gender=1, alive=True)
-        cls.per2 = Person.objects.create(name='Grace Hopper', gender=1, alive=False)
-        cls.per3 = Person.objects.create(name='Guido van Rossum', gender=1, alive=True)
-        Person.objects.create(name='John Doe', gender=1)
+        cls.per1 = Person.objects.create(name="John Mauchly", gender=1, alive=True)
+        cls.per2 = Person.objects.create(name="Grace Hopper", gender=1, alive=False)
+        cls.per3 = Person.objects.create(name="Guido van Rossum", gender=1, alive=True)
+        Person.objects.create(name="John Doe", gender=1)
         Person.objects.create(name='John O"Hara', gender=1)
         Person.objects.create(name="John O'Hara", gender=1)
 
@@ -3576,17 +4315,19 @@ class AdminSearchTest(TestCase):
         cls.t3 = Recommender.objects.create()
         cls.t4 = Recommendation.objects.create(the_recommender=cls.t3)
 
-        cls.tt1 = TitleTranslation.objects.create(title=cls.t1, text='Bar')
-        cls.tt2 = TitleTranslation.objects.create(title=cls.t2, text='Foo')
-        cls.tt3 = TitleTranslation.objects.create(title=cls.t3, text='Few')
-        cls.tt4 = TitleTranslation.objects.create(title=cls.t4, text='Bas')
+        cls.tt1 = TitleTranslation.objects.create(title=cls.t1, text="Bar")
+        cls.tt2 = TitleTranslation.objects.create(title=cls.t2, text="Foo")
+        cls.tt3 = TitleTranslation.objects.create(title=cls.t3, text="Few")
+        cls.tt4 = TitleTranslation.objects.create(title=cls.t4, text="Bas")
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_search_on_sibling_models(self):
         "A search that mentions sibling models"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_recommendation_changelist') + '?q=bar')
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_recommendation_changelist") + "?q=bar"
+        )
         # confirm the search returned 1 object
         self.assertContains(response, "\n1 recommendation\n")
 
@@ -3595,26 +4336,40 @@ class AdminSearchTest(TestCase):
         The to_field GET parameter is preserved when a search is performed.
         Refs #10918.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:auth_user_changelist') + '?q=joe&%s=id' % TO_FIELD_VAR)
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_changelist") + "?q=joe&%s=id" % TO_FIELD_VAR
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, "\n1 user\n")
-        self.assertContains(response, '<input type="hidden" name="%s" value="id">' % TO_FIELD_VAR, html=True)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<input type="hidden" name="%s" value="id">' % TO_FIELD_VAR,
+            html=True,
+        )
 
     def test_exact_matches(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_recommendation_changelist') + '?q=bar')
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_recommendation_changelist") + "?q=bar"
+        )
         # confirm the search returned one object
         self.assertContains(response, "\n1 recommendation\n")
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_recommendation_changelist') + '?q=ba')
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_recommendation_changelist") + "?q=ba"
+        )
         # confirm the search returned zero objects
         self.assertContains(response, "\n0 recommendations\n")
 
     def test_beginning_matches(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?q=Gui')
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist") + "?q=Gui"
+        )
         # confirm the search returned one object
         self.assertContains(response, "\n1 person\n")
         self.assertContains(response, "Guido")
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?q=uido')
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist") + "?q=uido"
+        )
         # confirm the search returned zero objects
         self.assertContains(response, "\n0 persons\n")
         self.assertNotContains(response, "Guido")
@@ -3623,12 +4378,16 @@ class AdminSearchTest(TestCase):
         PluggableSearchPerson.objects.create(name="Bob", age=10)
         PluggableSearchPerson.objects.create(name="Amy", age=20)
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_pluggablesearchperson_changelist') + '?q=Bob')
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_pluggablesearchperson_changelist") + "?q=Bob"
+        )
         # confirm the search returned one object
         self.assertContains(response, "\n1 pluggable search person\n")
         self.assertContains(response, "Bob")
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_pluggablesearchperson_changelist') + '?q=20')
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_pluggablesearchperson_changelist") + "?q=20"
+        )
         # confirm the search returned one object
         self.assertContains(response, "\n1 pluggable search person\n")
         self.assertContains(response, "Amy")
@@ -3641,11 +4400,13 @@ class AdminSearchTest(TestCase):
         # + 1 for filtered result + 1 for filtered count
         # + 1 for total count
         with self.assertNumQueries(5):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?q=Gui')
+            response = self.client.get(
+                reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist") + "?q=Gui"
+            )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             """<span class="small quiet">1 result (<a href="?">6 total</a>)</span>""",
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
 
     def test_no_total_count(self):
@@ -3656,42 +4417,45 @@ class AdminSearchTest(TestCase):
         #   1 query for session + 1 for fetching user
         # + 1 for filtered result + 1 for filtered count
         with self.assertNumQueries(4):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_recommendation_changelist') + '?q=bar')
+            response = self.client.get(
+                reverse("admin:admin_views_recommendation_changelist") + "?q=bar"
+            )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             """<span class="small quiet">1 result (<a href="?">Show all</a>)</span>""",
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
-        self.assertTrue(response.context['cl'].show_admin_actions)
+        self.assertTrue(response.context["cl"].show_admin_actions)
 
     def test_search_with_spaces(self):
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?q=%s'
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist") + "?q=%s"
         tests = [
             ('"John Doe"', 1),
             ("'John Doe'", 1),
-            ('John Doe', 0),
+            ("John Doe", 0),
             ('"John Doe" John', 1),
             ("'John Doe' John", 1),
             ("John Doe John", 0),
             ('"John Do"', 1),
             ("'John Do'", 1),
-            ("'John O\'Hara'", 0),
+            ("'John O'Hara'", 0),
             ("'John O\\'Hara'", 1),
-            ('"John O\"Hara"', 0),
+            ('"John O"Hara"', 0),
             ('"John O\\"Hara"', 1),
         ]
         for search, hits in tests:
             with self.subTest(search=search):
                 response = self.client.get(url % search)
-                self.assertContains(response, '\n%s person' % hits)
+                self.assertContains(response, "\n%s person" % hits)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminInheritedInlinesTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -3706,7 +4470,7 @@ class AdminInheritedInlinesTest(TestCase):
         name_re = re.compile(b'name="(.*?)"')
 
         # test the add case
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_persona_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_persona_add"))
         names = name_re.findall(response.content)
         # make sure we have no duplicate HTML names
         self.assertEqual(len(names), len(set(names)))
@@ -3725,7 +4489,7 @@ class AdminInheritedInlinesTest(TestCase):
             "accounts-2-0-username": bar_user,
         }
 
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_persona_add'), post_data)
+        response = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_persona_add"), post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # redirect somewhere
         self.assertEqual(Persona.objects.count(), 1)
         self.assertEqual(FooAccount.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -3740,31 +4504,31 @@ class AdminInheritedInlinesTest(TestCase):
 
         # test the edit case
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_persona_change', args=(persona_id,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_persona_change", args=(persona_id,))
+        )
         names = name_re.findall(response.content)
         # make sure we have no duplicate HTML names
         self.assertEqual(len(names), len(set(names)))
 
         post_data = {
             "name": "Test Name",
-
             "accounts-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
             "accounts-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
             "accounts-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "accounts-0-username": "%s-1" % foo_user,
             "accounts-0-account_ptr": str(foo_id),
             "accounts-0-persona": str(persona_id),
-
             "accounts-2-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
             "accounts-2-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
             "accounts-2-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "accounts-2-0-username": "%s-1" % bar_user,
             "accounts-2-0-account_ptr": str(bar_id),
             "accounts-2-0-persona": str(persona_id),
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_persona_change', args=(persona_id,)), post_data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_persona_change", args=(persona_id,)), post_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Persona.objects.count(), 1)
         self.assertEqual(FooAccount.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -3774,12 +4538,13 @@ class AdminInheritedInlinesTest(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(Persona.objects.all()[0].accounts.count(), 2)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class TestCustomChangeList(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -3790,21 +4555,22 @@ class TestCustomChangeList(TestCase):
         """
         # Insert some data
         post_data = {"name": "First Gadget"}
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_gadget_add'), post_data)
+        response = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_gadget_add"), post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # redirect somewhere
         # Hit the page once to get messages out of the queue message list
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_gadget_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_gadget_changelist"))
         # Data is still not visible on the page
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_gadget_changelist'))
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'First Gadget')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_gadget_changelist"))
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "First Gadget")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class TestInlineNotEditable(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -3813,73 +4579,74 @@ class TestInlineNotEditable(TestCase):
         """
         InlineModelAdmin broken?
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_parent_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_parent_add"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
         cls.pks = [EmptyModel.objects.create().id for i in range(3)]
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
         self.super_login = {
-            REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: reverse('admin:index'),
-            'username': 'super',
-            'password': 'secret',
+            REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: reverse("admin:index"),
+            "username": "super",
+            "password": "secret",
         }
 
     def test_changelist_view(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_emptymodel_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_emptymodel_changelist"))
         for i in self.pks:
             if i > 1:
-                self.assertContains(response, 'Primary key = %s' % i)
+                self.assertContains(response, "Primary key = %s" % i)
             else:
-                self.assertNotContains(response, 'Primary key = %s' % i)
+                self.assertNotContains(response, "Primary key = %s" % i)
 
     def test_changelist_view_count_queries(self):
         # create 2 Person objects
-        Person.objects.create(name='person1', gender=1)
-        Person.objects.create(name='person2', gender=2)
-        changelist_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist')
+        Person.objects.create(name="person1", gender=1)
+        Person.objects.create(name="person2", gender=2)
+        changelist_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist")
 
         # 5 queries are expected: 1 for the session, 1 for the user,
         # 2 for the counts and 1 for the objects on the page
         with self.assertNumQueries(5):
             resp = self.client.get(changelist_url)
-            self.assertEqual(resp.context['selection_note'], '0 of 2 selected')
-            self.assertEqual(resp.context['selection_note_all'], 'All 2 selected')
+            self.assertEqual(resp.context["selection_note"], "0 of 2 selected")
+            self.assertEqual(resp.context["selection_note_all"], "All 2 selected")
         with self.assertNumQueries(5):
-            extra = {'q': 'not_in_name'}
+            extra = {"q": "not_in_name"}
             resp = self.client.get(changelist_url, extra)
-            self.assertEqual(resp.context['selection_note'], '0 of 0 selected')
-            self.assertEqual(resp.context['selection_note_all'], 'All 0 selected')
+            self.assertEqual(resp.context["selection_note"], "0 of 0 selected")
+            self.assertEqual(resp.context["selection_note_all"], "All 0 selected")
         with self.assertNumQueries(5):
-            extra = {'q': 'person'}
+            extra = {"q": "person"}
             resp = self.client.get(changelist_url, extra)
-            self.assertEqual(resp.context['selection_note'], '0 of 2 selected')
-            self.assertEqual(resp.context['selection_note_all'], 'All 2 selected')
+            self.assertEqual(resp.context["selection_note"], "0 of 2 selected")
+            self.assertEqual(resp.context["selection_note_all"], "All 2 selected")
         with self.assertNumQueries(5):
-            extra = {'gender__exact': '1'}
+            extra = {"gender__exact": "1"}
             resp = self.client.get(changelist_url, extra)
-            self.assertEqual(resp.context['selection_note'], '0 of 1 selected')
-            self.assertEqual(resp.context['selection_note_all'], '1 selected')
+            self.assertEqual(resp.context["selection_note"], "0 of 1 selected")
+            self.assertEqual(resp.context["selection_note_all"], "1 selected")
 
     def test_change_view(self):
         for i in self.pks:
-            url = reverse('admin:admin_views_emptymodel_change', args=(i,))
+            url = reverse("admin:admin_views_emptymodel_change", args=(i,))
             response = self.client.get(url, follow=True)
             if i > 1:
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
             else:
-                self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:index'))
+                self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:index"))
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    [m.message for m in response.context['messages']],
-                    ['empty model with ID “1” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?']
+                    [m.message for m in response.context["messages"]],
+                    ["empty model with ID “1” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?"],
                 )
 
     def test_add_model_modeladmin_defer_qs(self):
@@ -3892,7 +4659,9 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
             "author": "Candidate, Best",
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_coverletter_add'), post_data, follow=True)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_coverletter_add"), post_data, follow=True
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(CoverLetter.objects.count(), 1)
         # Message should contain non-ugly model verbose name
@@ -3900,8 +4669,9 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<li class="success">The cover letter “<a href="%s">'
-            'Candidate, Best</a>” was added successfully.</li>' %
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_coverletter_change', args=(pk,)), html=True
+            "Candidate, Best</a>” was added successfully.</li>"
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_coverletter_change", args=(pk,)),
+            html=True,
         )
 
         # model has no __str__ method
@@ -3911,7 +4681,9 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
             "content": "What's this SMS thing?",
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_shortmessage_add'), post_data, follow=True)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_shortmessage_add"), post_data, follow=True
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(ShortMessage.objects.count(), 1)
         # Message should contain non-ugly model verbose name
@@ -3919,8 +4691,9 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<li class="success">The short message “<a href="%s">'
-            '%s</a>” was added successfully.</li>' %
-            (reverse('admin:admin_views_shortmessage_change', args=(sm.pk,)), sm), html=True
+            "%s</a>” was added successfully.</li>"
+            % (reverse("admin:admin_views_shortmessage_change", args=(sm.pk,)), sm),
+            html=True,
         )
 
     def test_add_model_modeladmin_only_qs(self):
@@ -3933,7 +4706,9 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
             "title": "Urgent telegram",
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_telegram_add'), post_data, follow=True)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_telegram_add"), post_data, follow=True
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(Telegram.objects.count(), 1)
         # Message should contain non-ugly model verbose name
@@ -3941,8 +4716,9 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<li class="success">The telegram “<a href="%s">'
-            'Urgent telegram</a>” was added successfully.</li>' %
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_telegram_change', args=(pk,)), html=True
+            "Urgent telegram</a>” was added successfully.</li>"
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_telegram_change", args=(pk,)),
+            html=True,
         )
 
         # model has no __str__ method
@@ -3952,7 +4728,9 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
             "title": "My Modified Paper Title",
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_paper_add'), post_data, follow=True)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_paper_add"), post_data, follow=True
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(Paper.objects.count(), 1)
         # Message should contain non-ugly model verbose name
@@ -3960,8 +4738,9 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<li class="success">The paper “<a href="%s">'
-            '%s</a>” was added successfully.</li>' %
-            (reverse('admin:admin_views_paper_change', args=(p.pk,)), p), html=True
+            "%s</a>” was added successfully.</li>"
+            % (reverse("admin:admin_views_paper_change", args=(p.pk,)), p),
+            html=True,
         )
 
     def test_edit_model_modeladmin_defer_qs(self):
@@ -3970,14 +4749,16 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
         # model has __str__ method
         cl = CoverLetter.objects.create(author="John Doe")
         self.assertEqual(CoverLetter.objects.count(), 1)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_coverletter_change', args=(cl.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_coverletter_change", args=(cl.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         # Emulate model instance edit via the admin
         post_data = {
             "author": "John Doe II",
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_coverletter_change', args=(cl.pk,))
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_coverletter_change", args=(cl.pk,))
         response = self.client.post(url, post_data, follow=True)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(CoverLetter.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -3986,21 +4767,24 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<li class="success">The cover letter “<a href="%s">'
-            'John Doe II</a>” was changed successfully.</li>' %
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_coverletter_change', args=(cl.pk,)), html=True
+            "John Doe II</a>” was changed successfully.</li>"
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_coverletter_change", args=(cl.pk,)),
+            html=True,
         )
 
         # model has no __str__ method
         sm = ShortMessage.objects.create(content="This is expensive")
         self.assertEqual(ShortMessage.objects.count(), 1)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_shortmessage_change', args=(sm.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_shortmessage_change", args=(sm.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         # Emulate model instance edit via the admin
         post_data = {
             "content": "Too expensive",
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_shortmessage_change', args=(sm.pk,))
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_shortmessage_change", args=(sm.pk,))
         response = self.client.post(url, post_data, follow=True)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(ShortMessage.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -4009,8 +4793,9 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<li class="success">The short message “<a href="%s">'
-            '%s</a>” was changed successfully.</li>' %
-            (reverse('admin:admin_views_shortmessage_change', args=(sm.pk,)), sm), html=True
+            "%s</a>” was changed successfully.</li>"
+            % (reverse("admin:admin_views_shortmessage_change", args=(sm.pk,)), sm),
+            html=True,
         )
 
     def test_edit_model_modeladmin_only_qs(self):
@@ -4019,14 +4804,20 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
         # model has __str__ method
         t = Telegram.objects.create(title="First Telegram")
         self.assertEqual(Telegram.objects.count(), 1)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_telegram_change', args=(t.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_telegram_change", args=(t.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         # Emulate model instance edit via the admin
         post_data = {
             "title": "Telegram without typo",
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_telegram_change', args=(t.pk,)), post_data, follow=True)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_telegram_change", args=(t.pk,)),
+            post_data,
+            follow=True,
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(Telegram.objects.count(), 1)
         # Message should contain non-ugly model verbose name. The instance
@@ -4034,21 +4825,28 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<li class="success">The telegram “<a href="%s">'
-            'Telegram without typo</a>” was changed successfully.</li>' %
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_telegram_change', args=(t.pk,)), html=True
+            "Telegram without typo</a>” was changed successfully.</li>"
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_telegram_change", args=(t.pk,)),
+            html=True,
         )
 
         # model has no __str__ method
         p = Paper.objects.create(title="My Paper Title")
         self.assertEqual(Paper.objects.count(), 1)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_paper_change', args=(p.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_paper_change", args=(p.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         # Emulate model instance edit via the admin
         post_data = {
             "title": "My Modified Paper Title",
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_paper_change', args=(p.pk,)), post_data, follow=True)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_paper_change", args=(p.pk,)),
+            post_data,
+            follow=True,
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(Paper.objects.count(), 1)
         # Message should contain non-ugly model verbose name. The ugly(!)
@@ -4056,41 +4854,51 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<li class="success">The paper “<a href="%s">'
-            '%s</a>” was changed successfully.</li>' %
-            (reverse('admin:admin_views_paper_change', args=(p.pk,)), p), html=True
+            "%s</a>” was changed successfully.</li>"
+            % (reverse("admin:admin_views_paper_change", args=(p.pk,)), p),
+            html=True,
         )
 
     def test_history_view_custom_qs(self):
         """
         Custom querysets are considered for the admin history view.
         """
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:login'), self.super_login)
+        self.client.post(reverse("admin:login"), self.super_login)
         FilteredManager.objects.create(pk=1)
         FilteredManager.objects.create(pk=2)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_filteredmanager_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_filteredmanager_changelist")
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, "PK=1")
         self.assertContains(response, "PK=2")
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_filteredmanager_history', args=(1,))).status_code, 200
+            self.client.get(
+                reverse("admin:admin_views_filteredmanager_history", args=(1,))
+            ).status_code,
+            200,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_filteredmanager_history', args=(2,))).status_code, 200
+            self.client.get(
+                reverse("admin:admin_views_filteredmanager_history", args=(2,))
+            ).status_code,
+            200,
         )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminInlineFileUploadTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
         file1 = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".file1")
-        file1.write(b'a' * (2 ** 21))
+        file1.write(b"a" * (2**21))
         filename = file1.name
         file1.close()
-        cls.gallery = Gallery.objects.create(name='Test Gallery')
+        cls.gallery = Gallery.objects.create(name="Test Gallery")
         cls.picture = Picture.objects.create(
-            name='Test Picture',
+            name="Test Picture",
             image=filename,
             gallery=cls.gallery,
         )
@@ -4100,9 +4908,9 @@ class AdminInlineFileUploadTest(TestCase):
 
     def test_form_has_multipart_enctype(self):
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_gallery_change', args=(self.gallery.id,))
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_gallery_change", args=(self.gallery.id,))
         )
-        self.assertIs(response.context['has_file_field'], True)
+        self.assertIs(response.context["has_file_field"], True)
         self.assertContains(response, MULTIPART_ENCTYPE)
 
     def test_inline_file_upload_edit_validation_error_post(self):
@@ -4124,23 +4932,24 @@ class AdminInlineFileUploadTest(TestCase):
             "pictures-1-image": "",
         }
         response = self.client.post(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_gallery_change', args=(self.gallery.id,)), post_data
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_gallery_change", args=(self.gallery.id,)),
+            post_data,
         )
         self.assertContains(response, b"Currently")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.collector = Collector.objects.create(pk=1, name='John Fowles')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.collector = Collector.objects.create(pk=1, name="John Fowles")
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.post_data = {
             "name": "Test Name",
-
             "widget_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
             "widget_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
             "widget_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
@@ -4153,7 +4962,6 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
             "widget_set-2-id": "",
             "widget_set-2-owner": "1",
             "widget_set-2-name": "",
-
             "doohickey_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
             "doohickey_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
             "doohickey_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
@@ -4166,7 +4974,6 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
             "doohickey_set-2-owner": "1",
             "doohickey_set-2-code": "",
             "doohickey_set-2-name": "",
-
             "grommet_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
             "grommet_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
             "grommet_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
@@ -4179,7 +4986,6 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
             "grommet_set-2-code": "",
             "grommet_set-2-owner": "1",
             "grommet_set-2-name": "",
-
             "whatsit_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
             "whatsit_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
             "whatsit_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
@@ -4192,7 +4998,6 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
             "whatsit_set-2-owner": "1",
             "whatsit_set-2-index": "",
             "whatsit_set-2-name": "",
-
             "fancydoodad_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
             "fancydoodad_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
             "fancydoodad_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
@@ -4208,7 +5013,6 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
             "fancydoodad_set-2-owner": "1",
             "fancydoodad_set-2-name": "",
             "fancydoodad_set-2-expensive": "on",
-
             "category_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
             "category_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
             "category_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
@@ -4228,8 +5032,10 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
     def test_simple_inline(self):
         "A simple model can be saved as inlines"
         # First add a new inline
-        self.post_data['widget_set-0-name'] = "Widget 1"
-        collector_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_collector_change', args=(self.collector.pk,))
+        self.post_data["widget_set-0-name"] = "Widget 1"
+        collector_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_collector_change", args=(self.collector.pk,)
+        )
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Widget.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -4241,22 +5047,22 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(response, 'name="widget_set-0-id"')
 
         # No file or image fields, no enctype on the forms
-        self.assertIs(response.context['has_file_field'], False)
+        self.assertIs(response.context["has_file_field"], False)
         self.assertNotContains(response, MULTIPART_ENCTYPE)
 
         # Now resave that inline
-        self.post_data['widget_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
-        self.post_data['widget_set-0-id'] = str(widget_id)
-        self.post_data['widget_set-0-name'] = "Widget 1"
+        self.post_data["widget_set-INITIAL_FORMS"] = "1"
+        self.post_data["widget_set-0-id"] = str(widget_id)
+        self.post_data["widget_set-0-name"] = "Widget 1"
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Widget.objects.count(), 1)
         self.assertEqual(Widget.objects.all()[0].name, "Widget 1")
 
         # Now modify that inline
-        self.post_data['widget_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
-        self.post_data['widget_set-0-id'] = str(widget_id)
-        self.post_data['widget_set-0-name'] = "Widget 1 Updated"
+        self.post_data["widget_set-INITIAL_FORMS"] = "1"
+        self.post_data["widget_set-0-id"] = str(widget_id)
+        self.post_data["widget_set-0-name"] = "Widget 1 Updated"
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Widget.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -4265,8 +5071,10 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
     def test_explicit_autofield_inline(self):
         "A model with an explicit autofield primary key can be saved as inlines. Regression for #8093"
         # First add a new inline
-        self.post_data['grommet_set-0-name'] = "Grommet 1"
-        collector_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_collector_change', args=(self.collector.pk,))
+        self.post_data["grommet_set-0-name"] = "Grommet 1"
+        collector_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_collector_change", args=(self.collector.pk,)
+        )
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Grommet.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -4277,18 +5085,18 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(response, 'name="grommet_set-0-code"')
 
         # Now resave that inline
-        self.post_data['grommet_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
-        self.post_data['grommet_set-0-code'] = str(Grommet.objects.all()[0].code)
-        self.post_data['grommet_set-0-name'] = "Grommet 1"
+        self.post_data["grommet_set-INITIAL_FORMS"] = "1"
+        self.post_data["grommet_set-0-code"] = str(Grommet.objects.all()[0].code)
+        self.post_data["grommet_set-0-name"] = "Grommet 1"
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Grommet.objects.count(), 1)
         self.assertEqual(Grommet.objects.all()[0].name, "Grommet 1")
 
         # Now modify that inline
-        self.post_data['grommet_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
-        self.post_data['grommet_set-0-code'] = str(Grommet.objects.all()[0].code)
-        self.post_data['grommet_set-0-name'] = "Grommet 1 Updated"
+        self.post_data["grommet_set-INITIAL_FORMS"] = "1"
+        self.post_data["grommet_set-0-code"] = str(Grommet.objects.all()[0].code)
+        self.post_data["grommet_set-0-name"] = "Grommet 1 Updated"
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Grommet.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -4297,9 +5105,11 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
     def test_char_pk_inline(self):
         "A model with a character PK can be saved as inlines. Regression for #10992"
         # First add a new inline
-        self.post_data['doohickey_set-0-code'] = "DH1"
-        self.post_data['doohickey_set-0-name'] = "Doohickey 1"
-        collector_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_collector_change', args=(self.collector.pk,))
+        self.post_data["doohickey_set-0-code"] = "DH1"
+        self.post_data["doohickey_set-0-name"] = "Doohickey 1"
+        collector_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_collector_change", args=(self.collector.pk,)
+        )
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(DooHickey.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -4310,18 +5120,18 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(response, 'name="doohickey_set-0-code"')
 
         # Now resave that inline
-        self.post_data['doohickey_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
-        self.post_data['doohickey_set-0-code'] = "DH1"
-        self.post_data['doohickey_set-0-name'] = "Doohickey 1"
+        self.post_data["doohickey_set-INITIAL_FORMS"] = "1"
+        self.post_data["doohickey_set-0-code"] = "DH1"
+        self.post_data["doohickey_set-0-name"] = "Doohickey 1"
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(DooHickey.objects.count(), 1)
         self.assertEqual(DooHickey.objects.all()[0].name, "Doohickey 1")
 
         # Now modify that inline
-        self.post_data['doohickey_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
-        self.post_data['doohickey_set-0-code'] = "DH1"
-        self.post_data['doohickey_set-0-name'] = "Doohickey 1 Updated"
+        self.post_data["doohickey_set-INITIAL_FORMS"] = "1"
+        self.post_data["doohickey_set-0-code"] = "DH1"
+        self.post_data["doohickey_set-0-name"] = "Doohickey 1 Updated"
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(DooHickey.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -4330,9 +5140,11 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
     def test_integer_pk_inline(self):
         "A model with an integer PK can be saved as inlines. Regression for #10992"
         # First add a new inline
-        self.post_data['whatsit_set-0-index'] = "42"
-        self.post_data['whatsit_set-0-name'] = "Whatsit 1"
-        collector_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_collector_change', args=(self.collector.pk,))
+        self.post_data["whatsit_set-0-index"] = "42"
+        self.post_data["whatsit_set-0-name"] = "Whatsit 1"
+        collector_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_collector_change", args=(self.collector.pk,)
+        )
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Whatsit.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -4343,18 +5155,18 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(response, 'name="whatsit_set-0-index"')
 
         # Now resave that inline
-        self.post_data['whatsit_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
-        self.post_data['whatsit_set-0-index'] = "42"
-        self.post_data['whatsit_set-0-name'] = "Whatsit 1"
+        self.post_data["whatsit_set-INITIAL_FORMS"] = "1"
+        self.post_data["whatsit_set-0-index"] = "42"
+        self.post_data["whatsit_set-0-name"] = "Whatsit 1"
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Whatsit.objects.count(), 1)
         self.assertEqual(Whatsit.objects.all()[0].name, "Whatsit 1")
 
         # Now modify that inline
-        self.post_data['whatsit_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
-        self.post_data['whatsit_set-0-index'] = "42"
-        self.post_data['whatsit_set-0-name'] = "Whatsit 1 Updated"
+        self.post_data["whatsit_set-INITIAL_FORMS"] = "1"
+        self.post_data["whatsit_set-0-index"] = "42"
+        self.post_data["whatsit_set-0-name"] = "Whatsit 1 Updated"
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Whatsit.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -4363,8 +5175,10 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
     def test_inherited_inline(self):
         "An inherited model can be saved as inlines. Regression for #11042"
         # First add a new inline
-        self.post_data['fancydoodad_set-0-name'] = "Fancy Doodad 1"
-        collector_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_collector_change', args=(self.collector.pk,))
+        self.post_data["fancydoodad_set-0-name"] = "Fancy Doodad 1"
+        collector_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_collector_change", args=(self.collector.pk,)
+        )
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(FancyDoodad.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -4376,18 +5190,18 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(response, 'name="fancydoodad_set-0-doodad_ptr"')
 
         # Now resave that inline
-        self.post_data['fancydoodad_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
-        self.post_data['fancydoodad_set-0-doodad_ptr'] = str(doodad_pk)
-        self.post_data['fancydoodad_set-0-name'] = "Fancy Doodad 1"
+        self.post_data["fancydoodad_set-INITIAL_FORMS"] = "1"
+        self.post_data["fancydoodad_set-0-doodad_ptr"] = str(doodad_pk)
+        self.post_data["fancydoodad_set-0-name"] = "Fancy Doodad 1"
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(FancyDoodad.objects.count(), 1)
         self.assertEqual(FancyDoodad.objects.all()[0].name, "Fancy Doodad 1")
 
         # Now modify that inline
-        self.post_data['fancydoodad_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
-        self.post_data['fancydoodad_set-0-doodad_ptr'] = str(doodad_pk)
-        self.post_data['fancydoodad_set-0-name'] = "Fancy Doodad 1 Updated"
+        self.post_data["fancydoodad_set-INITIAL_FORMS"] = "1"
+        self.post_data["fancydoodad_set-0-doodad_ptr"] = str(doodad_pk)
+        self.post_data["fancydoodad_set-0-name"] = "Fancy Doodad 1 Updated"
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(FancyDoodad.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -4404,42 +5218,38 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
         Category.objects.create(id=4, order=0, collector=self.collector)
 
         # NB: The order values must be changed so that the items are reordered.
-        self.post_data.update({
-            "name": "Frederick Clegg",
-
-            "category_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "7",
-            "category_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "4",
-            "category_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
-            "category_set-0-order": "14",
-            "category_set-0-id": "1",
-            "category_set-0-collector": "1",
-
-            "category_set-1-order": "13",
-            "category_set-1-id": "2",
-            "category_set-1-collector": "1",
-
-            "category_set-2-order": "1",
-            "category_set-2-id": "3",
-            "category_set-2-collector": "1",
-
-            "category_set-3-order": "0",
-            "category_set-3-id": "4",
-            "category_set-3-collector": "1",
-
-            "category_set-4-order": "",
-            "category_set-4-id": "",
-            "category_set-4-collector": "1",
-
-            "category_set-5-order": "",
-            "category_set-5-id": "",
-            "category_set-5-collector": "1",
-
-            "category_set-6-order": "",
-            "category_set-6-id": "",
-            "category_set-6-collector": "1",
-        })
-        collector_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_collector_change', args=(self.collector.pk,))
+        self.post_data.update(
+            {
+                "name": "Frederick Clegg",
+                "category_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "7",
+                "category_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "4",
+                "category_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+                "category_set-0-order": "14",
+                "category_set-0-id": "1",
+                "category_set-0-collector": "1",
+                "category_set-1-order": "13",
+                "category_set-1-id": "2",
+                "category_set-1-collector": "1",
+                "category_set-2-order": "1",
+                "category_set-2-id": "3",
+                "category_set-2-collector": "1",
+                "category_set-3-order": "0",
+                "category_set-3-id": "4",
+                "category_set-3-collector": "1",
+                "category_set-4-order": "",
+                "category_set-4-id": "",
+                "category_set-4-collector": "1",
+                "category_set-5-order": "",
+                "category_set-5-id": "",
+                "category_set-5-collector": "1",
+                "category_set-6-order": "",
+                "category_set-6-id": "",
+                "category_set-6-collector": "1",
+            }
+        )
+        collector_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_collector_change", args=(self.collector.pk,)
+        )
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         # Successful post will redirect
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
@@ -4452,105 +5262,124 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(Category.objects.get(id=4).order, 0)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class NeverCacheTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_admin_index(self):
         "Check the never-cache status of the main index"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:index"))
         self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
 
     def test_app_index(self):
         "Check the never-cache status of an application index"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:app_list", args=("admin_views",)))
         self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
 
     def test_model_index(self):
         "Check the never-cache status of a model index"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_fabric_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_fabric_changelist"))
         self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
 
     def test_model_add(self):
         "Check the never-cache status of a model add page"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_fabric_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_fabric_add"))
         self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
 
     def test_model_view(self):
         "Check the never-cache status of a model edit page"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
 
     def test_model_history(self):
         "Check the never-cache status of a model history page"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_history', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_history", args=(self.s1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
 
     def test_model_delete(self):
         "Check the never-cache status of a model delete page"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_delete', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_delete", args=(self.s1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
 
     def test_login(self):
         "Check the never-cache status of login views"
         self.client.logout()
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:index"))
         self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
 
     def test_logout(self):
         "Check the never-cache status of logout view"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
         self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
 
     def test_password_change(self):
         "Check the never-cache status of the password change view"
         self.client.logout()
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:password_change'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:password_change"))
         self.assertIsNone(get_max_age(response))
 
     def test_password_change_done(self):
         "Check the never-cache status of the password change done view"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:password_change_done'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:password_change_done"))
         self.assertIsNone(get_max_age(response))
 
     def test_JS_i18n(self):
         "Check the never-cache status of the JavaScript i18n view"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:jsi18n'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:jsi18n"))
         self.assertIsNone(get_max_age(response))
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class PrePopulatedTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
+            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_prepopulated_on(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_prepopulatedpost_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_prepopulatedpost_add"))
         self.assertContains(response, "&quot;id&quot;: &quot;#id_slug&quot;")
-        self.assertContains(response, "&quot;dependency_ids&quot;: [&quot;#id_title&quot;]")
-        self.assertContains(response, "&quot;id&quot;: &quot;#id_prepopulatedsubpost_set-0-subslug&quot;")
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "&quot;dependency_ids&quot;: [&quot;#id_title&quot;]"
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            "&quot;id&quot;: &quot;#id_prepopulatedsubpost_set-0-subslug&quot;",
+        )
 
     def test_prepopulated_off(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_prepopulatedpost_change', args=(self.p1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_prepopulatedpost_change", args=(self.p1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, "A Long Title")
         self.assertNotContains(response, "&quot;id&quot;: &quot;#id_slug&quot;")
-        self.assertNotContains(response, "&quot;dependency_ids&quot;: [&quot;#id_title&quot;]")
+        self.assertNotContains(
+            response, "&quot;dependency_ids&quot;: [&quot;#id_title&quot;]"
+        )
         self.assertNotContains(
             response,
-            "&quot;id&quot;: &quot;#id_prepopulatedsubpost_set-0-subslug&quot;"
+            "&quot;id&quot;: &quot;#id_prepopulatedsubpost_set-0-subslug&quot;",
         )
 
     @override_settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True)
@@ -4559,7 +5388,9 @@ class PrePopulatedTest(TestCase):
         Regression test for #15938: if USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR is set, make sure
         that maxLength (in the JavaScript) is rendered without separators.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_prepopulatedpostlargeslug_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_prepopulatedpostlargeslug_add")
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, "&quot;maxLength&quot;: 1000")  # instead of 1,000
 
     def test_view_only_add_form(self):
@@ -4568,38 +5399,44 @@ class PrePopulatedTest(TestCase):
         which is present in the add view, even if the
         ModelAdmin.has_change_permission() returns False.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin7:admin_views_prepopulatedpost_add'))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'data-prepopulated-fields=')
-        self.assertContains(response, '&quot;id&quot;: &quot;#id_slug&quot;')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin7:admin_views_prepopulatedpost_add"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "data-prepopulated-fields=")
+        self.assertContains(response, "&quot;id&quot;: &quot;#id_slug&quot;")
 
     def test_view_only_change_form(self):
         """
         PrePopulatedPostReadOnlyAdmin.prepopulated_fields includes 'slug'. That
         doesn't break a view-only change view.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin7:admin_views_prepopulatedpost_change', args=(self.p1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin7:admin_views_prepopulatedpost_change", args=(self.p1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, 'data-prepopulated-fields="[]"')
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="readonly">%s</div>' % self.p1.slug)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['admin_views'] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
+    available_apps = ["admin_views"] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
 
     def setUp(self):
-        self.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        self.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
+        self.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        self.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
+            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
+        )
 
     def test_login_button_centered(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:login'))
-        button = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.submit-row input')
-        offset_left = button.get_property('offsetLeft')
-        offset_right = (
-            button.get_property('offsetParent').get_property('offsetWidth') -
-            (offset_left + button.get_property('offsetWidth'))
-        )
+
+        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:login"))
+        button = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".submit-row input")
+        offset_left = button.get_property("offsetLeft")
+        offset_right = button.get_property("offsetParent").get_property(
+            "offsetWidth"
+        ) - (offset_left + button.get_property("offsetWidth"))
         # Use assertAlmostEqual to avoid pixel rounding errors.
         self.assertAlmostEqual(offset_left, offset_right, delta=3)
 
@@ -4610,164 +5447,221 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         Refs #13068, #9264, #9983, #9784.
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_mainprepopulated_add'))
-        self.wait_for('.select2')
+
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_views_mainprepopulated_add")
+        )
+        self.wait_for(".select2")
 
         # Main form ----------------------------------------------------------
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_pubdate').send_keys('2012-02-18')
-        self.select_option('#id_status', 'option two')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name').send_keys(' the mAin nÀMë and it\'s awεšomeıııİ')
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug2').get_attribute('value')
-        slug3 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug3').get_attribute('value')
-        self.assertEqual(slug1, 'the-main-name-and-its-awesomeiiii-2012-02-18')
-        self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-two-the-main-name-and-its-awesomeiiii')
-        self.assertEqual(slug3, 'the-main-n\xe0m\xeb-and-its-aw\u03b5\u0161ome\u0131\u0131\u0131i')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_pubdate").send_keys("2012-02-18")
+        self.select_option("#id_status", "option two")
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_name").send_keys(
+            " the mAin nÀMë and it's awεšomeıııİ"
+        )
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_slug1").get_attribute("value")
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_slug2").get_attribute("value")
+        slug3 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_slug3").get_attribute("value")
+        self.assertEqual(slug1, "the-main-name-and-its-awesomeiiii-2012-02-18")
+        self.assertEqual(slug2, "option-two-the-main-name-and-its-awesomeiiii")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            slug3, "the-main-n\xe0m\xeb-and-its-aw\u03b5\u0161ome\u0131\u0131\u0131i"
+        )
 
         # Stacked inlines with fieldsets -------------------------------------
         # Initial inline
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-pubdate').send_keys('2011-12-17')
-        self.select_option('#id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-status', 'option one')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-name').send_keys(
-            ' here is a sŤāÇkeð   inline !  '
+        self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-pubdate"
+        ).send_keys("2011-12-17")
+        self.select_option("#id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-status", "option one")
+        self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-name"
+        ).send_keys(" here is a sŤāÇkeð   inline !  ")
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-slug1"
+        ).get_attribute("value")
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-slug2"
+        ).get_attribute("value")
+        self.assertEqual(slug1, "here-is-a-stacked-inline-2011-12-17")
+        self.assertEqual(slug2, "option-one-here-is-a-stacked-inline")
+        initial_select2_inputs = self.selenium.find_elements(
+            By.CLASS_NAME, "select2-selection"
         )
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-slug2').get_attribute('value')
-        self.assertEqual(slug1, 'here-is-a-stacked-inline-2011-12-17')
-        self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-one-here-is-a-stacked-inline')
-        initial_select2_inputs = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, 'select2-selection')
         # Inline formsets have empty/invisible forms.
         # Only the 4 visible select2 inputs are initialized.
         num_initial_select2_inputs = len(initial_select2_inputs)
         self.assertEqual(num_initial_select2_inputs, 4)
 
         # Add an inline
-        self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Related prepopulated')[0].click()
+        self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, "Add another Related prepopulated")[
+            0
+        ].click()
         self.assertEqual(
-            len(self.selenium.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, 'select2-selection')),
-            num_initial_select2_inputs + 2
+            len(self.selenium.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, "select2-selection")),
+            num_initial_select2_inputs + 2,
         )
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-pubdate').send_keys('1999-01-25')
-        self.select_option('#id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-status', 'option two')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-name').send_keys(
-            ' now you haVe anöther   sŤāÇkeð  inline with a very ... '
-            'loooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooog text... '
+        self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-pubdate"
+        ).send_keys("1999-01-25")
+        self.select_option("#id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-status", "option two")
+        self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-name"
+        ).send_keys(
+            " now you haVe anöther   sŤāÇkeð  inline with a very ... "
+            "loooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooog text... "
         )
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-slug2').get_attribute('value')
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-slug1"
+        ).get_attribute("value")
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-slug2"
+        ).get_attribute("value")
         # 50 characters maximum for slug1 field
-        self.assertEqual(slug1, 'now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-lo')
+        self.assertEqual(slug1, "now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-lo")
         # 60 characters maximum for slug2 field
-        self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-two-now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-l')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            slug2, "option-two-now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-l"
+        )
 
         # Tabular inlines ----------------------------------------------------
         # Initial inline
-        element = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-status')
-        self.selenium.execute_script('window.scrollTo(0, %s);' % element.location['y'])
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-pubdate').send_keys('1234-12-07')
-        self.select_option('#id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-status', 'option two')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-name').send_keys(
-            'And now, with a tÃbűlaŘ inline !!!'
+        element = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-status"
         )
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-slug2').get_attribute('value')
-        self.assertEqual(slug1, 'and-now-with-a-tabular-inline-1234-12-07')
-        self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-two-and-now-with-a-tabular-inline')
+        self.selenium.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0, %s);" % element.location["y"])
+        self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-pubdate"
+        ).send_keys("1234-12-07")
+        self.select_option("#id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-status", "option two")
+        self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-name"
+        ).send_keys("And now, with a tÃbűlaŘ inline !!!")
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-slug1"
+        ).get_attribute("value")
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-slug2"
+        ).get_attribute("value")
+        self.assertEqual(slug1, "and-now-with-a-tabular-inline-1234-12-07")
+        self.assertEqual(slug2, "option-two-and-now-with-a-tabular-inline")
 
         # Add an inline
         # Button may be outside the browser frame.
-        element = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Related prepopulated')[1]
-        self.selenium.execute_script('window.scrollTo(0, %s);' % element.location['y'])
+        element = self.selenium.find_elements(
+            By.LINK_TEXT, "Add another Related prepopulated"
+        )[1]
+        self.selenium.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0, %s);" % element.location["y"])
         element.click()
         self.assertEqual(
-            len(self.selenium.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, 'select2-selection')),
-            num_initial_select2_inputs + 4
+            len(self.selenium.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, "select2-selection")),
+            num_initial_select2_inputs + 4,
         )
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-pubdate').send_keys('1981-08-22')
-        self.select_option('#id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-status', 'option one')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-name').send_keys(
-            r'tÃbűlaŘ inline with ignored ;"&*^\%$#@-/`~ characters'
-        )
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-slug2').get_attribute('value')
-        self.assertEqual(slug1, 'tabular-inline-with-ignored-characters-1981-08-22')
-        self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-one-tabular-inline-with-ignored-characters')
+        self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-pubdate"
+        ).send_keys("1981-08-22")
+        self.select_option("#id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-status", "option one")
+        self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-name"
+        ).send_keys(r'tÃbűlaŘ inline with ignored ;"&*^\%$#@-/`~ characters')
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-slug1"
+        ).get_attribute("value")
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-slug2"
+        ).get_attribute("value")
+        self.assertEqual(slug1, "tabular-inline-with-ignored-characters-1981-08-22")
+        self.assertEqual(slug2, "option-one-tabular-inline-with-ignored-characters")
         # Add an inline without an initial inline.
         # The button is outside of the browser frame.
         self.selenium.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight);")
-        self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Related prepopulated')[2].click()
+        self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, "Add another Related prepopulated")[
+            2
+        ].click()
         self.assertEqual(
-            len(self.selenium.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, 'select2-selection')),
-            num_initial_select2_inputs + 6
+            len(self.selenium.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, "select2-selection")),
+            num_initial_select2_inputs + 6,
         )
         # Stacked Inlines without fieldsets ----------------------------------
         # Initial inline.
-        row_id = 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-4-0-'
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f'{row_id}pubdate').send_keys('2011-12-12')
-        self.select_option(f'#{row_id}status', 'option one')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f'{row_id}name').send_keys(' sŤāÇkeð  inline !  ')
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f'{row_id}slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f'{row_id}slug2').get_attribute('value')
-        self.assertEqual(slug1, 'stacked-inline-2011-12-12')
-        self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-one')
+        row_id = "id_relatedprepopulated_set-4-0-"
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f"{row_id}pubdate").send_keys("2011-12-12")
+        self.select_option(f"#{row_id}status", "option one")
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f"{row_id}name").send_keys(
+            " sŤāÇkeð  inline !  "
+        )
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f"{row_id}slug1").get_attribute(
+            "value"
+        )
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f"{row_id}slug2").get_attribute(
+            "value"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(slug1, "stacked-inline-2011-12-12")
+        self.assertEqual(slug2, "option-one")
         # Add inline.
         self.selenium.find_elements(
             By.LINK_TEXT,
-            'Add another Related prepopulated',
+            "Add another Related prepopulated",
         )[3].click()
-        row_id = 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-4-1-'
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f'{row_id}pubdate').send_keys('1999-01-20')
-        self.select_option(f'#{row_id}status', 'option two')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f'{row_id}name').send_keys(
-            ' now you haVe anöther   sŤāÇkeð  inline with a very loooong '
+        row_id = "id_relatedprepopulated_set-4-1-"
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f"{row_id}pubdate").send_keys("1999-01-20")
+        self.select_option(f"#{row_id}status", "option two")
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f"{row_id}name").send_keys(
+            " now you haVe anöther   sŤāÇkeð  inline with a very loooong "
         )
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f'{row_id}slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f'{row_id}slug2').get_attribute('value')
-        self.assertEqual(slug1, 'now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-lo')
-        self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-two')
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f"{row_id}slug1").get_attribute(
+            "value"
+        )
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f"{row_id}slug2").get_attribute(
+            "value"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(slug1, "now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-lo")
+        self.assertEqual(slug2, "option-two")
 
         # Save and check that everything is properly stored in the database
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
             self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.assertEqual(MainPrepopulated.objects.all().count(), 1)
         MainPrepopulated.objects.get(
-            name=' the mAin nÀMë and it\'s awεšomeıııİ',
-            pubdate='2012-02-18',
-            status='option two',
-            slug1='the-main-name-and-its-awesomeiiii-2012-02-18',
-            slug2='option-two-the-main-name-and-its-awesomeiiii',
-            slug3='the-main-nàmë-and-its-awεšomeıııi',
+            name=" the mAin nÀMë and it's awεšomeıııİ",
+            pubdate="2012-02-18",
+            status="option two",
+            slug1="the-main-name-and-its-awesomeiiii-2012-02-18",
+            slug2="option-two-the-main-name-and-its-awesomeiiii",
+            slug3="the-main-nàmë-and-its-awεšomeıııi",
         )
         self.assertEqual(RelatedPrepopulated.objects.all().count(), 6)
         RelatedPrepopulated.objects.get(
-            name=' here is a sŤāÇkeð   inline !  ',
-            pubdate='2011-12-17',
-            status='option one',
-            slug1='here-is-a-stacked-inline-2011-12-17',
-            slug2='option-one-here-is-a-stacked-inline',
+            name=" here is a sŤāÇkeð   inline !  ",
+            pubdate="2011-12-17",
+            status="option one",
+            slug1="here-is-a-stacked-inline-2011-12-17",
+            slug2="option-one-here-is-a-stacked-inline",
         )
         RelatedPrepopulated.objects.get(
             # 75 characters in name field
-            name=' now you haVe anöther   sŤāÇkeð  inline with a very ... loooooooooooooooooo',
-            pubdate='1999-01-25',
-            status='option two',
-            slug1='now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-lo',
-            slug2='option-two-now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-l',
+            name=" now you haVe anöther   sŤāÇkeð  inline with a very ... loooooooooooooooooo",
+            pubdate="1999-01-25",
+            status="option two",
+            slug1="now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-lo",
+            slug2="option-two-now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-l",
         )
         RelatedPrepopulated.objects.get(
-            name='And now, with a tÃbűlaŘ inline !!!',
-            pubdate='1234-12-07',
-            status='option two',
-            slug1='and-now-with-a-tabular-inline-1234-12-07',
-            slug2='option-two-and-now-with-a-tabular-inline',
+            name="And now, with a tÃbűlaŘ inline !!!",
+            pubdate="1234-12-07",
+            status="option two",
+            slug1="and-now-with-a-tabular-inline-1234-12-07",
+            slug2="option-two-and-now-with-a-tabular-inline",
         )
         RelatedPrepopulated.objects.get(
             name=r'tÃbűlaŘ inline with ignored ;"&*^\%$#@-/`~ characters',
-            pubdate='1981-08-22',
-            status='option one',
-            slug1='tabular-inline-with-ignored-characters-1981-08-22',
-            slug2='option-one-tabular-inline-with-ignored-characters',
+            pubdate="1981-08-22",
+            status="option one",
+            slug1="tabular-inline-with-ignored-characters-1981-08-22",
+            slug2="option-one-tabular-inline-with-ignored-characters",
         )
 
     def test_populate_existing_object(self):
@@ -4779,37 +5673,41 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
 
         # Slugs are empty to start with.
         item = MainPrepopulated.objects.create(
-            name=' this is the mAin nÀMë',
-            pubdate='2012-02-18',
-            status='option two',
-            slug1='',
-            slug2='',
+            name=" this is the mAin nÀMë",
+            pubdate="2012-02-18",
+            status="option two",
+            slug1="",
+            slug2="",
+        )
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
         )
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
 
-        object_url = self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_mainprepopulated_change', args=(item.id,))
+        object_url = self.live_server_url + reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_mainprepopulated_change", args=(item.id,)
+        )
 
         self.selenium.get(object_url)
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name').send_keys(' the best')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_name").send_keys(" the best")
 
         # The slugs got prepopulated since they were originally empty
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug2').get_attribute('value')
-        self.assertEqual(slug1, 'this-is-the-main-name-the-best-2012-02-18')
-        self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-two-this-is-the-main-name-the-best')
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_slug1").get_attribute("value")
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_slug2").get_attribute("value")
+        self.assertEqual(slug1, "this-is-the-main-name-the-best-2012-02-18")
+        self.assertEqual(slug2, "option-two-this-is-the-main-name-the-best")
 
         # Save the object
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
             self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
 
         self.selenium.get(object_url)
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name').send_keys(' hello')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_name").send_keys(" hello")
 
         # The slugs got prepopulated didn't change since they were originally not empty
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug2').get_attribute('value')
-        self.assertEqual(slug1, 'this-is-the-main-name-the-best-2012-02-18')
-        self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-two-this-is-the-main-name-the-best')
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_slug1").get_attribute("value")
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_slug2").get_attribute("value")
+        self.assertEqual(slug1, "this-is-the-main-name-the-best-2012-02-18")
+        self.assertEqual(slug2, "option-two-this-is-the-main-name-the-best")
 
     def test_collapsible_fieldset(self):
         """
@@ -4817,32 +5715,39 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         show/hide the appropriate field section.
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'))
-        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').is_displayed())
-        self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Show')[0].click()
-        self.assertTrue(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').is_displayed())
-        self.assertEqual(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'fieldsetcollapser0').text, "Hide")
+
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add")
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_title").is_displayed())
+        self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, "Show")[0].click()
+        self.assertTrue(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_title").is_displayed())
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "fieldsetcollapser0").text, "Hide"
+        )
 
     def test_selectbox_height_collapsible_fieldset(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
         self.admin_login(
-            username='super',
-            password='secret',
-            login_url=reverse('admin7:index'),
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            login_url=reverse("admin7:index"),
         )
-        url = self.live_server_url + reverse('admin7:admin_views_pizza_add')
+        url = self.live_server_url + reverse("admin7:admin_views_pizza_add")
         self.selenium.get(url)
-        self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Show')[0].click()
-        filter_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_toppings_filter')
-        from_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_toppings_from')
-        to_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_toppings_to')
+        self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, "Show")[0].click()
+        filter_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_toppings_filter")
+        from_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_toppings_from")
+        to_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_toppings_to")
         self.assertEqual(
-            to_box.get_property('offsetHeight'),
+            to_box.get_property("offsetHeight"),
             (
-                filter_box.get_property('offsetHeight') +
-                from_box.get_property('offsetHeight')
+                filter_box.get_property("offsetHeight")
+                + from_box.get_property("offsetHeight")
             ),
         )
 
@@ -4850,20 +5755,20 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
         self.admin_login(
-            username='super',
-            password='secret',
-            login_url=reverse('admin7:index'),
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            login_url=reverse("admin7:index"),
         )
-        url = self.live_server_url + reverse('admin7:admin_views_question_add')
+        url = self.live_server_url + reverse("admin7:admin_views_question_add")
         self.selenium.get(url)
-        filter_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_related_questions_filter')
-        from_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_related_questions_from')
-        to_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_related_questions_to')
+        filter_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_related_questions_filter")
+        from_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_related_questions_from")
+        to_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_related_questions_to")
         self.assertEqual(
-            to_box.get_property('offsetHeight'),
+            to_box.get_property("offsetHeight"),
             (
-                filter_box.get_property('offsetHeight') +
-                from_box.get_property('offsetHeight')
+                filter_box.get_property("offsetHeight")
+                + from_box.get_property("offsetHeight")
             ),
         )
 
@@ -4872,35 +5777,44 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
         # First form field has a single widget
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
-            self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_picture_add'))
+            self.selenium.get(
+                self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_views_picture_add")
+            )
         self.assertEqual(
             self.selenium.switch_to.active_element,
-            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name')
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_name"),
         )
 
         # First form field has a MultiWidget
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
-            self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_reservation_add'))
+            self.selenium.get(
+                self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_views_reservation_add")
+            )
         self.assertEqual(
             self.selenium.switch_to.active_element,
-            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_start_date_0')
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_start_date_0"),
         )
 
     def test_cancel_delete_confirmation(self):
         "Cancelling the deletion of an object takes the user back one page."
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
         pizza = Pizza.objects.create(name="Double Cheese")
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_pizza_change', args=(pizza.id,))
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_pizza_change", args=(pizza.id,))
         full_url = self.live_server_url + url
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
         self.selenium.get(full_url)
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'deletelink').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "deletelink").click()
         # Click 'cancel' on the delete page.
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'cancel-link').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "cancel-link").click()
         # Wait until we're back on the change page.
-        self.wait_for_text('#content h1', 'Change pizza')
+        self.wait_for_text("#content h1", "Change pizza")
         self.assertEqual(self.selenium.current_url, full_url)
         self.assertEqual(Pizza.objects.count(), 1)
 
@@ -4910,19 +5824,22 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         one page.
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
         pizza = Pizza.objects.create(name="Double Cheese")
         topping1 = Topping.objects.create(name="Cheddar")
         topping2 = Topping.objects.create(name="Mozzarella")
         pizza.toppings.add(topping1, topping2)
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_pizza_change', args=(pizza.id,))
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_pizza_change", args=(pizza.id,))
         full_url = self.live_server_url + url
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
         self.selenium.get(full_url)
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'deletelink').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "deletelink").click()
         # Click 'cancel' on the delete page.
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'cancel-link').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "cancel-link").click()
         # Wait until we're back on the change page.
-        self.wait_for_text('#content h1', 'Change pizza')
+        self.wait_for_text("#content h1", "Change pizza")
         self.assertEqual(self.selenium.current_url, full_url)
         self.assertEqual(Pizza.objects.count(), 1)
         self.assertEqual(Topping.objects.count(), 2)
@@ -4933,104 +5850,141 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
-        s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
+
+        s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
         Article.objects.create(
-            title='foo',
-            content='<p>Middle content</p>',
+            title="foo",
+            content="<p>Middle content</p>",
             date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
             section=s1,
         )
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'))
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")
+        )
         # Change popup
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'change_id_form-0-section').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "change_id_form-0-section").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
-        self.wait_for_text('#content h1', 'Change section')
-        name_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name')
+        self.wait_for_text("#content h1", "Change section")
+        name_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_name")
         name_input.clear()
-        name_input.send_keys('<i>edited section</i>')
+        name_input.send_keys("<i>edited section</i>")
         self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
         # Hide sidebar.
-        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#toggle-nav-sidebar')
+        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#toggle-nav-sidebar"
+        )
         toggle_button.click()
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_form-0-section'))
-        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, '<i>edited section</i>')
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_form-0-section"))
+        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, "<i>edited section</i>")
         # Rendered select2 input.
-        select2_display = self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'select2-selection__rendered')
+        select2_display = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CLASS_NAME, "select2-selection__rendered"
+        )
         # Clear button (×\n) is included in text.
-        self.assertEqual(select2_display.text, '×\n<i>edited section</i>')
+        self.assertEqual(select2_display.text, "×\n<i>edited section</i>")
 
         # Add popup
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_form-0-section').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "add_id_form-0-section").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
-        self.wait_for_text('#content h1', 'Add section')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name').send_keys('new section')
+        self.wait_for_text("#content h1", "Add section")
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_name").send_keys("new section")
         self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_form-0-section'))
-        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, 'new section')
-        select2_display = self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'select2-selection__rendered')
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_form-0-section"))
+        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, "new section")
+        select2_display = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CLASS_NAME, "select2-selection__rendered"
+        )
         # Clear button (×\n) is included in text.
-        self.assertEqual(select2_display.text, '×\nnew section')
+        self.assertEqual(select2_display.text, "×\nnew section")
 
     def test_inline_uuid_pk_edit_with_popup(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
-        parent = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title='test')
+
+        parent = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title="test")
         related_with_parent = RelatedWithUUIDPKModel.objects.create(parent=parent)
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
-        change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_change', args=(related_with_parent.id,))
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
+        change_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_change",
+            args=(related_with_parent.id,),
+        )
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + change_url)
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'change_id_parent').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "change_id_parent").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
         self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_parent'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_parent"))
         self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, str(parent.id))
-        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), str(parent.id))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            select.first_selected_option.get_attribute("value"), str(parent.id)
+        )
 
     def test_inline_uuid_pk_add_with_popup(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_add'))
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_parent').click()
+
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url
+            + reverse("admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_add")
+        )
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "add_id_parent").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').send_keys('test')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_title").send_keys("test")
         self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_parent'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_parent"))
         uuid_id = str(ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.first().id)
         self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, uuid_id)
-        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), uuid_id)
+        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute("value"), uuid_id)
 
     def test_inline_uuid_pk_delete_with_popup(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
-        parent = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title='test')
+
+        parent = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title="test")
         related_with_parent = RelatedWithUUIDPKModel.objects.create(parent=parent)
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
-        change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_change', args=(related_with_parent.id,))
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
+        change_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_change",
+            args=(related_with_parent.id,),
+        )
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + change_url)
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'delete_id_parent').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "delete_id_parent").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
         self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Yes, I’m sure"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_parent'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_parent"))
         self.assertEqual(ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.count(), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, '---------')
-        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, "---------")
+        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute("value"), "")
 
     def test_inline_with_popup_cancel_delete(self):
         """Clicking ""No, take me back" on a delete popup closes the window."""
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        parent = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title='test')
+
+        parent = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title="test")
         related_with_parent = RelatedWithUUIDPKModel.objects.create(parent=parent)
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
-        change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_change', args=(related_with_parent.id,))
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
+        change_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_change",
+            args=(related_with_parent.id,),
+        )
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + change_url)
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'delete_id_parent').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "delete_id_parent").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
         self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//a[text()="No, take me back"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
@@ -5038,19 +5992,27 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
 
     def test_list_editable_raw_id_fields(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        parent = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title='test')
-        parent2 = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title='test2')
+
+        parent = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title="test")
+        parent2 = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title="test2")
         RelatedWithUUIDPKModel.objects.create(parent=parent)
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
-        change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_changelist', current_app=site2.name)
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
+        change_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_changelist",
+            current_app=site2.name,
+        )
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + change_url)
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'lookup_id_form-0-parent').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "lookup_id_form-0-parent").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
         # Select "parent2" in the popup.
         self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, str(parent2.pk)).click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
         # The newly selected pk should appear in the raw id input.
-        value = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_form-0-parent').get_attribute('value')
+        value = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_form-0-parent").get_attribute(
+            "value"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(value, str(parent2.pk))
 
     def test_input_element_font(self):
@@ -5059,27 +6021,31 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         adds additional CSS to handle this.
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:login'))
-        element = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_username')
+
+        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:login"))
+        element = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_username")
         # Some browsers quotes the fonts, some don't.
         fonts = [
             font.strip().strip('"')
-            for font in element.value_of_css_property('font-family').split(',')
+            for font in element.value_of_css_property("font-family").split(",")
         ]
         self.assertEqual(
             fonts,
-            ['Roboto', 'Lucida Grande', 'Verdana', 'Arial', 'sans-serif'],
+            ["Roboto", "Lucida Grande", "Verdana", "Arial", "sans-serif"],
         )
 
     def test_search_input_filtered_page(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        Person.objects.create(name='Guido van Rossum', gender=1, alive=True)
-        Person.objects.create(name='Grace Hopper', gender=1, alive=False)
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
-        person_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?q=Gui'
+
+        Person.objects.create(name="Guido van Rossum", gender=1, alive=True)
+        Person.objects.create(name="Grace Hopper", gender=1, alive=False)
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
+        person_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist") + "?q=Gui"
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + person_url)
         self.assertGreater(
-            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'searchbar').rect['width'],
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "searchbar").rect["width"],
             50,
         )
 
@@ -5089,63 +6055,75 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
-        add_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_box_add', current_app=site.name)
+
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
+        add_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_box_add", current_app=site.name)
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + add_url)
 
         base_window = self.selenium.current_window_handle
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_next_box').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "add_id_next_box").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
 
         popup_window_test = self.selenium.current_window_handle
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').send_keys('test')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_next_box').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_title").send_keys("test")
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "add_id_next_box").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup(num_windows=3)
 
         popup_window_test2 = self.selenium.current_window_handle
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').send_keys('test2')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_next_box').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_title").send_keys("test2")
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "add_id_next_box").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup(num_windows=4)
 
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').send_keys('test3')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_title").send_keys("test3")
         self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(popup_window_test2)
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_next_box'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_next_box"))
         next_box_id = str(Box.objects.get(title="test3").id)
-        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), next_box_id)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            select.first_selected_option.get_attribute("value"), next_box_id
+        )
 
         self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(popup_window_test)
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_next_box'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_next_box"))
         next_box_id = str(Box.objects.get(title="test2").id)
-        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), next_box_id)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            select.first_selected_option.get_attribute("value"), next_box_id
+        )
 
         self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(base_window)
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_next_box'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_next_box"))
         next_box_id = str(Box.objects.get(title="test").id)
-        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), next_box_id)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            select.first_selected_option.get_attribute("value"), next_box_id
+        )
 
     def test_related_popup_incorrect_close(self):
         """
         Cleanup child popups when closing a parent popup.
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
-        add_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_box_add', current_app=site.name)
+
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
+        add_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_box_add", current_app=site.name)
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + add_url)
 
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_next_box').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "add_id_next_box").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
 
         test_window = self.selenium.current_window_handle
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').send_keys('test')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_next_box').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_title").send_keys("test")
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "add_id_next_box").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup(num_windows=3)
 
         test2_window = self.selenium.current_window_handle
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').send_keys('test2')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_next_box').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_title").send_keys("test2")
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "add_id_next_box").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup(num_windows=4)
         self.assertEqual(len(self.selenium.window_handles), 4)
 
@@ -5164,12 +6142,12 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
         self.admin_login(
-            username='super',
-            password='secret',
-            login_url=reverse('admin:index'),
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            login_url=reverse("admin:index"),
         )
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_story_add'))
-        field_title = self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'field-title')
+        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_views_story_add"))
+        field_title = self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "field-title")
         current_size = self.selenium.get_window_size()
         try:
             self.selenium.set_window_size(1024, 768)
@@ -5177,21 +6155,22 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
             self.selenium.set_window_size(767, 575)
             self.assertIs(field_title.is_displayed(), False)
         finally:
-            self.selenium.set_window_size(current_size['width'], current_size['height'])
+            self.selenium.set_window_size(current_size["width"], current_size["height"])
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class ReadonlyTest(AdminFieldExtractionMixin, TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_readonly_get(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_post_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_post_add"))
         self.assertNotContains(response, 'name="posted"')
         # 3 fields + 2 submit buttons + 5 inline management form fields, + 2
         # hidden fields for inlines + 1 field for the inline + 2 empty form
@@ -5203,11 +6182,18 @@ class ReadonlyTest(AdminFieldExtractionMixin, TestCase):
         self.assertContains(response, "foo")
 
         # Multiline text in a readonly field gets <br> tags
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Multiline<br>test<br>string')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<div class="readonly">Multiline<br>html<br>content</div>', html=True)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'InlineMultiline<br>test<br>string')
+        self.assertContains(response, "Multiline<br>test<br>string")
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<div class="readonly">Multiline<br>html<br>content</div>',
+            html=True,
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "InlineMultiline<br>test<br>string")
 
-        self.assertContains(response, formats.localize(datetime.date.today() - datetime.timedelta(days=7)))
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            formats.localize(datetime.date.today() - datetime.timedelta(days=7)),
+        )
 
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="form-row field-coolness">')
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="form-row field-awesomeness_level">')
@@ -5218,37 +6204,45 @@ class ReadonlyTest(AdminFieldExtractionMixin, TestCase):
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<div class="help">Some help text for the title (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)</div>',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<div class="help">Some help text for the content (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)</div>',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<div class="help">Some help text for the date (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)</div>',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
 
-        p = Post.objects.create(title="I worked on readonly_fields", content="Its good stuff")
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_post_change', args=(p.pk,)))
+        p = Post.objects.create(
+            title="I worked on readonly_fields", content="Its good stuff"
+        )
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_post_change", args=(p.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, "%d amount of cool" % p.pk)
 
     def test_readonly_text_field(self):
         p = Post.objects.create(
-            title="Readonly test", content="test",
-            readonly_content='test\r\n\r\ntest\r\n\r\ntest\r\n\r\ntest',
+            title="Readonly test",
+            content="test",
+            readonly_content="test\r\n\r\ntest\r\n\r\ntest\r\n\r\ntest",
         )
         Link.objects.create(
-            url="http://www.djangoproject.com", post=p,
+            url="http://www.djangoproject.com",
+            post=p,
             readonly_link_content="test\r\nlink",
         )
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_post_change', args=(p.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_post_change", args=(p.pk,))
+        )
         # Checking readonly field.
-        self.assertContains(response, 'test<br><br>test<br><br>test<br><br>test')
+        self.assertContains(response, "test<br><br>test<br><br>test<br><br>test")
         # Checking readonly field in inline.
-        self.assertContains(response, 'test<br>link')
+        self.assertContains(response, "test<br>link")
 
     def test_readonly_post(self):
         data = {
@@ -5258,27 +6252,29 @@ class ReadonlyTest(AdminFieldExtractionMixin, TestCase):
             "link_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
             "link_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_post_add'), data)
+        response = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_post_add"), data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Post.objects.count(), 1)
         p = Post.objects.get()
         self.assertEqual(p.posted, datetime.date.today())
 
         data["posted"] = "10-8-1990"  # some date that's not today
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_post_add'), data)
+        response = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_post_add"), data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Post.objects.count(), 2)
-        p = Post.objects.order_by('-id')[0]
+        p = Post.objects.order_by("-id")[0]
         self.assertEqual(p.posted, datetime.date.today())
 
     def test_readonly_manytomany(self):
         "Regression test for #13004"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_pizza_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_pizza_add"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_user_password_change_limited_queryset(self):
         su = User.objects.filter(is_superuser=True)[0]
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:auth_user_password_change', args=(su.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin2:auth_user_password_change", args=(su.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_change_form_renders_correct_null_choice_value(self):
@@ -5286,8 +6282,12 @@ class ReadonlyTest(AdminFieldExtractionMixin, TestCase):
         Regression test for #17911.
         """
         choice = Choice.objects.create(choice=None)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_choice_change', args=(choice.pk,)))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<div class="readonly">No opinion</div>', html=True)
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_choice_change", args=(choice.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<div class="readonly">No opinion</div>', html=True
+        )
 
     def _test_readonly_foreignkey_links(self, admin_site):
         """
@@ -5295,21 +6295,23 @@ class ReadonlyTest(AdminFieldExtractionMixin, TestCase):
         registered in admin.
         """
         chapter = Chapter.objects.create(
-            title='Chapter 1',
-            content='content',
-            book=Book.objects.create(name='Book 1'),
+            title="Chapter 1",
+            content="content",
+            book=Book.objects.create(name="Book 1"),
         )
-        language = Language.objects.create(iso='_40', name='Test')
+        language = Language.objects.create(iso="_40", name="Test")
         obj = ReadOnlyRelatedField.objects.create(
             chapter=chapter,
             language=language,
             user=self.superuser,
         )
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse(f'{admin_site}:admin_views_readonlyrelatedfield_change', args=(obj.pk,)),
+            reverse(
+                f"{admin_site}:admin_views_readonlyrelatedfield_change", args=(obj.pk,)
+            ),
         )
         # Related ForeignKey object registered in admin.
-        user_url = reverse(f'{admin_site}:auth_user_change', args=(self.superuser.pk,))
+        user_url = reverse(f"{admin_site}:auth_user_change", args=(self.superuser.pk,))
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<div class="readonly"><a href="%s">super</a></div>' % user_url,
@@ -5317,7 +6319,7 @@ class ReadonlyTest(AdminFieldExtractionMixin, TestCase):
         )
         # Related ForeignKey with the string primary key registered in admin.
         language_url = reverse(
-            f'{admin_site}:admin_views_language_change',
+            f"{admin_site}:admin_views_language_change",
             args=(quote(language.pk),),
         )
         self.assertContains(
@@ -5326,53 +6328,61 @@ class ReadonlyTest(AdminFieldExtractionMixin, TestCase):
             html=True,
         )
         # Related ForeignKey object not registered in admin.
-        self.assertContains(response, '<div class="readonly">Chapter 1</div>', html=True)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<div class="readonly">Chapter 1</div>', html=True
+        )
 
     def test_readonly_foreignkey_links_default_admin_site(self):
-        self._test_readonly_foreignkey_links('admin')
+        self._test_readonly_foreignkey_links("admin")
 
     def test_readonly_foreignkey_links_custom_admin_site(self):
-        self._test_readonly_foreignkey_links('namespaced_admin')
+        self._test_readonly_foreignkey_links("namespaced_admin")
 
     def test_readonly_manytomany_backwards_ref(self):
         """
         Regression test for #16433 - backwards references for related objects
         broke if the related field is read-only due to the help_text attribute
         """
-        topping = Topping.objects.create(name='Salami')
-        pizza = Pizza.objects.create(name='Americano')
+        topping = Topping.objects.create(name="Salami")
+        pizza = Pizza.objects.create(name="Americano")
         pizza.toppings.add(topping)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_topping_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_topping_add"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_readonly_manytomany_forwards_ref(self):
-        topping = Topping.objects.create(name='Salami')
-        pizza = Pizza.objects.create(name='Americano')
+        topping = Topping.objects.create(name="Salami")
+        pizza = Pizza.objects.create(name="Americano")
         pizza.toppings.add(topping)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_pizza_change', args=(pizza.pk,)))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<label>Toppings:</label>', html=True)
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_pizza_change", args=(pizza.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "<label>Toppings:</label>", html=True)
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="readonly">Salami</div>', html=True)
 
     def test_readonly_onetoone_backwards_ref(self):
         """
         Can reference a reverse OneToOneField in ModelAdmin.readonly_fields.
         """
-        v1 = Villain.objects.create(name='Adam')
-        pl = Plot.objects.create(name='Test Plot', team_leader=v1, contact=v1)
-        pd = PlotDetails.objects.create(details='Brand New Plot', plot=pl)
+        v1 = Villain.objects.create(name="Adam")
+        pl = Plot.objects.create(name="Test Plot", team_leader=v1, contact=v1)
+        pd = PlotDetails.objects.create(details="Brand New Plot", plot=pl)
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_plotproxy_change', args=(pl.pk,)))
-        field = self.get_admin_readonly_field(response, 'plotdetails')
-        pd_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_plotdetails_change', args=(pd.pk,))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_plotproxy_change", args=(pl.pk,))
+        )
+        field = self.get_admin_readonly_field(response, "plotdetails")
+        pd_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_plotdetails_change", args=(pd.pk,))
         self.assertEqual(field.contents(), '<a href="%s">Brand New Plot</a>' % pd_url)
 
         # The reverse relation also works if the OneToOneField is null.
         pd.plot = None
         pd.save()
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_plotproxy_change', args=(pl.pk,)))
-        field = self.get_admin_readonly_field(response, 'plotdetails')
-        self.assertEqual(field.contents(), '-')  # default empty value
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_plotproxy_change", args=(pl.pk,))
+        )
+        field = self.get_admin_readonly_field(response, "plotdetails")
+        self.assertEqual(field.contents(), "-")  # default empty value
 
     def test_readonly_field_overrides(self):
         """
@@ -5380,34 +6390,47 @@ class ReadonlyTest(AdminFieldExtractionMixin, TestCase):
         AdminReadonlyField
         """
         p = FieldOverridePost.objects.create(title="Test Post", content="Test Content")
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_fieldoverridepost_change', args=(p.pk,)))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<div class="help">Overridden help text for the date</div>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<label for="id_public">Overridden public label:</label>', html=True)
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Some help text for the date (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)')
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_fieldoverridepost_change", args=(p.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<div class="help">Overridden help text for the date</div>'
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<label for="id_public">Overridden public label:</label>',
+            html=True,
+        )
+        self.assertNotContains(
+            response, "Some help text for the date (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)"
+        )
 
     def test_correct_autoescaping(self):
         """
         Make sure that non-field readonly elements are properly autoescaped (#24461)
         """
-        section = Section.objects.create(name='<a>evil</a>')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(section.pk,)))
+        section = Section.objects.create(name="<a>evil</a>")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(section.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertNotContains(response, "<a>evil</a>", status_code=200)
         self.assertContains(response, "&lt;a&gt;evil&lt;/a&gt;", status_code=200)
 
     def test_label_suffix_translated(self):
-        pizza = Pizza.objects.create(name='Americano')
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_pizza_change', args=(pizza.pk,))
-        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='fr'):
+        pizza = Pizza.objects.create(name="Americano")
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_pizza_change", args=(pizza.pk,))
+        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="fr"):
             response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<label>Toppings\u00A0:</label>', html=True)
+        self.assertContains(response, "<label>Toppings\u00A0:</label>", html=True)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class LimitChoicesToInAdminTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -5415,25 +6438,26 @@ class LimitChoicesToInAdminTest(TestCase):
     def test_limit_choices_to_as_callable(self):
         """Test for ticket 2445 changes to admin."""
         threepwood = Character.objects.create(
-            username='threepwood',
+            username="threepwood",
             last_action=datetime.datetime.today() + datetime.timedelta(days=1),
         )
         marley = Character.objects.create(
-            username='marley',
+            username="marley",
             last_action=datetime.datetime.today() - datetime.timedelta(days=1),
         )
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_stumpjoke_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_stumpjoke_add"))
         # The allowed option should appear twice; the limited option should not appear.
         self.assertContains(response, threepwood.username, count=2)
         self.assertNotContains(response, marley.username)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class RawIdFieldsTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -5441,20 +6465,18 @@ class RawIdFieldsTest(TestCase):
     def test_limit_choices_to(self):
         """Regression test for 14880"""
         actor = Actor.objects.create(name="Palin", age=27)
-        Inquisition.objects.create(expected=True,
-                                   leader=actor,
-                                   country="England")
-        Inquisition.objects.create(expected=False,
-                                   leader=actor,
-                                   country="Spain")
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_sketch_add'))
+        Inquisition.objects.create(expected=True, leader=actor, country="England")
+        Inquisition.objects.create(expected=False, leader=actor, country="Spain")
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_sketch_add"))
         # Find the link
-        m = re.search(br'<a href="([^"]*)"[^>]* id="lookup_id_inquisition"', response.content)
+        m = re.search(
+            rb'<a href="([^"]*)"[^>]* id="lookup_id_inquisition"', response.content
+        )
         self.assertTrue(m)  # Got a match
-        popup_url = m[1].decode().replace('&amp;', '&')
+        popup_url = m[1].decode().replace("&amp;", "&")
 
         # Handle relative links
-        popup_url = urljoin(response.request['PATH_INFO'], popup_url)
+        popup_url = urljoin(response.request["PATH_INFO"], popup_url)
         # Get the popup and verify the correct objects show up in the resulting
         # page. This step also tests integers, strings and booleans in the
         # lookup query string; in model we define inquisition field to have a
@@ -5470,14 +6492,16 @@ class RawIdFieldsTest(TestCase):
         """Regression test for 20182"""
         Actor.objects.create(name="Palin", age=27)
         Actor.objects.create(name="Kilbraken", age=50, title="Judge")
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_sketch_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_sketch_add"))
         # Find the link
-        m = re.search(br'<a href="([^"]*)"[^>]* id="lookup_id_defendant0"', response.content)
+        m = re.search(
+            rb'<a href="([^"]*)"[^>]* id="lookup_id_defendant0"', response.content
+        )
         self.assertTrue(m)  # Got a match
-        popup_url = m[1].decode().replace('&amp;', '&')
+        popup_url = m[1].decode().replace("&amp;", "&")
 
         # Handle relative links
-        popup_url = urljoin(response.request['PATH_INFO'], popup_url)
+        popup_url = urljoin(response.request["PATH_INFO"], popup_url)
         # Get the popup and verify the correct objects show up in the resulting
         # page. This step tests field__isnull=0 gets parsed correctly from the
         # lookup query string; in model we define defendant0 field to have a
@@ -5490,14 +6514,16 @@ class RawIdFieldsTest(TestCase):
         """Regression test for 20182"""
         Actor.objects.create(name="Palin", age=27)
         Actor.objects.create(name="Kilbraken", age=50, title="Judge")
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_sketch_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_sketch_add"))
         # Find the link
-        m = re.search(br'<a href="([^"]*)"[^>]* id="lookup_id_defendant1"', response.content)
+        m = re.search(
+            rb'<a href="([^"]*)"[^>]* id="lookup_id_defendant1"', response.content
+        )
         self.assertTrue(m)  # Got a match
-        popup_url = m[1].decode().replace('&amp;', '&')
+        popup_url = m[1].decode().replace("&amp;", "&")
 
         # Handle relative links
-        popup_url = urljoin(response.request['PATH_INFO'], popup_url)
+        popup_url = urljoin(response.request["PATH_INFO"], popup_url)
         # Get the popup and verify the correct objects show up in the resulting
         # page. This step tests field__isnull=1 gets parsed correctly from the
         # lookup query string; in model we define defendant1 field to have a
@@ -5513,11 +6539,11 @@ class RawIdFieldsTest(TestCase):
         """
         actor = Actor.objects.create(name="Palin", age=27)
         Inquisition.objects.create(expected=True, leader=actor, country="England")
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_inquisition_changelist'))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'list-display-sketch')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_inquisition_changelist"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "list-display-sketch")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class UserAdminTest(TestCase):
     """
     Tests user CRUD functionality.
@@ -5525,50 +6551,72 @@ class UserAdminTest(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.adduser = User.objects.create_user(username='adduser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
-        cls.changeuser = User.objects.create_user(username='changeuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
-        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.adduser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="adduser", password="secret", is_staff=True
+        )
+        cls.changeuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="changeuser", password="secret", is_staff=True
+        )
+        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
         cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Middle content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Middle content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Oldest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Oldest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Newest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
+        )
+        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
+            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
         )
-        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
 
-        cls.per1 = Person.objects.create(name='John Mauchly', gender=1, alive=True)
-        cls.per2 = Person.objects.create(name='Grace Hopper', gender=1, alive=False)
-        cls.per3 = Person.objects.create(name='Guido van Rossum', gender=1, alive=True)
+        cls.per1 = Person.objects.create(name="John Mauchly", gender=1, alive=True)
+        cls.per2 = Person.objects.create(name="Grace Hopper", gender=1, alive=False)
+        cls.per3 = Person.objects.create(name="Guido van Rossum", gender=1, alive=True)
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_save_button(self):
         user_count = User.objects.count()
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:auth_user_add'), {
-            'username': 'newuser',
-            'password1': 'newpassword',
-            'password2': 'newpassword',
-        })
-        new_user = User.objects.get(username='newuser')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=(new_user.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_add"),
+            {
+                "username": "newuser",
+                "password1": "newpassword",
+                "password2": "newpassword",
+            },
+        )
+        new_user = User.objects.get(username="newuser")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, reverse("admin:auth_user_change", args=(new_user.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(User.objects.count(), user_count + 1)
         self.assertTrue(new_user.has_usable_password())
 
     def test_save_continue_editing_button(self):
         user_count = User.objects.count()
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:auth_user_add'), {
-            'username': 'newuser',
-            'password1': 'newpassword',
-            'password2': 'newpassword',
-            '_continue': '1',
-        })
-        new_user = User.objects.get(username='newuser')
-        new_user_url = reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=(new_user.pk,))
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_add"),
+            {
+                "username": "newuser",
+                "password1": "newpassword",
+                "password2": "newpassword",
+                "_continue": "1",
+            },
+        )
+        new_user = User.objects.get(username="newuser")
+        new_user_url = reverse("admin:auth_user_change", args=(new_user.pk,))
         self.assertRedirects(response, new_user_url, fetch_redirect_response=False)
         self.assertEqual(User.objects.count(), user_count + 1)
         self.assertTrue(new_user.has_usable_password())
@@ -5576,90 +6624,122 @@ class UserAdminTest(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<li class="success">The user “<a href="%s">'
-            '%s</a>” was added successfully. You may edit it again below.</li>'
+            "%s</a>” was added successfully. You may edit it again below.</li>"
             % (new_user_url, new_user),
             html=True,
         )
 
     def test_password_mismatch(self):
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:auth_user_add'), {
-            'username': 'newuser',
-            'password1': 'newpassword',
-            'password2': 'mismatch',
-        })
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_add"),
+            {
+                "username": "newuser",
+                "password1": "newpassword",
+                "password2": "mismatch",
+            },
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertFormError(response, 'adminform', 'password', [])
-        self.assertFormError(response, 'adminform', 'password2', ['The two password fields didn’t match.'])
+        self.assertFormError(response, "adminform", "password", [])
+        self.assertFormError(
+            response,
+            "adminform",
+            "password2",
+            ["The two password fields didn’t match."],
+        )
 
     def test_user_fk_add_popup(self):
         """User addition through a FK popup should return the appropriate JavaScript response."""
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_album_add'))
-        self.assertContains(response, reverse('admin:auth_user_add'))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'class="related-widget-wrapper-link add-related" id="add_id_owner"')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:auth_user_add') + '?%s=1' % IS_POPUP_VAR)
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_album_add"))
+        self.assertContains(response, reverse("admin:auth_user_add"))
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            'class="related-widget-wrapper-link add-related" id="add_id_owner"',
+        )
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_add") + "?%s=1" % IS_POPUP_VAR
+        )
         self.assertNotContains(response, 'name="_continue"')
         self.assertNotContains(response, 'name="_addanother"')
         data = {
-            'username': 'newuser',
-            'password1': 'newpassword',
-            'password2': 'newpassword',
-            IS_POPUP_VAR: '1',
-            '_save': '1',
+            "username": "newuser",
+            "password1": "newpassword",
+            "password2": "newpassword",
+            IS_POPUP_VAR: "1",
+            "_save": "1",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:auth_user_add') + '?%s=1' % IS_POPUP_VAR, data, follow=True)
-        self.assertContains(response, '&quot;obj&quot;: &quot;newuser&quot;')
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_add") + "?%s=1" % IS_POPUP_VAR, data, follow=True
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "&quot;obj&quot;: &quot;newuser&quot;")
 
     def test_user_fk_change_popup(self):
         """User change through a FK popup should return the appropriate JavaScript response."""
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_album_add'))
-        self.assertContains(response, reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=('__fk__',)))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'class="related-widget-wrapper-link change-related" id="change_id_owner"')
-        user = User.objects.get(username='changeuser')
-        url = reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=(user.pk,)) + '?%s=1' % IS_POPUP_VAR
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_album_add"))
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, reverse("admin:auth_user_change", args=("__fk__",))
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            'class="related-widget-wrapper-link change-related" id="change_id_owner"',
+        )
+        user = User.objects.get(username="changeuser")
+        url = (
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_change", args=(user.pk,)) + "?%s=1" % IS_POPUP_VAR
+        )
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertNotContains(response, 'name="_continue"')
         self.assertNotContains(response, 'name="_addanother"')
         data = {
-            'username': 'newuser',
-            'password1': 'newpassword',
-            'password2': 'newpassword',
-            'last_login_0': '2007-05-30',
-            'last_login_1': '13:20:10',
-            'date_joined_0': '2007-05-30',
-            'date_joined_1': '13:20:10',
-            IS_POPUP_VAR: '1',
-            '_save': '1',
+            "username": "newuser",
+            "password1": "newpassword",
+            "password2": "newpassword",
+            "last_login_0": "2007-05-30",
+            "last_login_1": "13:20:10",
+            "date_joined_0": "2007-05-30",
+            "date_joined_1": "13:20:10",
+            IS_POPUP_VAR: "1",
+            "_save": "1",
         }
         response = self.client.post(url, data, follow=True)
-        self.assertContains(response, '&quot;obj&quot;: &quot;newuser&quot;')
-        self.assertContains(response, '&quot;action&quot;: &quot;change&quot;')
+        self.assertContains(response, "&quot;obj&quot;: &quot;newuser&quot;")
+        self.assertContains(response, "&quot;action&quot;: &quot;change&quot;")
 
     def test_user_fk_delete_popup(self):
         """User deletion through a FK popup should return the appropriate JavaScript response."""
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_album_add'))
-        self.assertContains(response, reverse('admin:auth_user_delete', args=('__fk__',)))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'class="related-widget-wrapper-link change-related" id="change_id_owner"')
-        user = User.objects.get(username='changeuser')
-        url = reverse('admin:auth_user_delete', args=(user.pk,)) + '?%s=1' % IS_POPUP_VAR
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_album_add"))
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, reverse("admin:auth_user_delete", args=("__fk__",))
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            'class="related-widget-wrapper-link change-related" id="change_id_owner"',
+        )
+        user = User.objects.get(username="changeuser")
+        url = (
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_delete", args=(user.pk,)) + "?%s=1" % IS_POPUP_VAR
+        )
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         data = {
-            'post': 'yes',
-            IS_POPUP_VAR: '1',
+            "post": "yes",
+            IS_POPUP_VAR: "1",
         }
         response = self.client.post(url, data, follow=True)
-        self.assertContains(response, '&quot;action&quot;: &quot;delete&quot;')
+        self.assertContains(response, "&quot;action&quot;: &quot;delete&quot;")
 
     def test_save_add_another_button(self):
         user_count = User.objects.count()
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:auth_user_add'), {
-            'username': 'newuser',
-            'password1': 'newpassword',
-            'password2': 'newpassword',
-            '_addanother': '1',
-        })
-        new_user = User.objects.order_by('-id')[0]
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:auth_user_add'))
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_add"),
+            {
+                "username": "newuser",
+                "password1": "newpassword",
+                "password2": "newpassword",
+                "_addanother": "1",
+            },
+        )
+        new_user = User.objects.order_by("-id")[0]
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:auth_user_add"))
         self.assertEqual(User.objects.count(), user_count + 1)
         self.assertTrue(new_user.has_usable_password())
 
@@ -5670,17 +6750,19 @@ class UserAdminTest(TestCase):
         ContentType.objects.clear_cache()
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(10):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=(u.pk,)))
+            response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:auth_user_change", args=(u.pk,)))
             self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_form_url_present_in_context(self):
         u = User.objects.all()[0]
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin3:auth_user_password_change', args=(u.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin3:auth_user_password_change", args=(u.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['form_url'], 'pony')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["form_url"], "pony")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class GroupAdminTest(TestCase):
     """
     Tests group CRUD functionality.
@@ -5688,19 +6770,24 @@ class GroupAdminTest(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_save_button(self):
         group_count = Group.objects.count()
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:auth_group_add'), {
-            'name': 'newgroup',
-        })
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:auth_group_add"),
+            {
+                "name": "newgroup",
+            },
+        )
 
-        Group.objects.order_by('-id')[0]
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:auth_group_changelist'))
+        Group.objects.order_by("-id")[0]
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:auth_group_changelist"))
         self.assertEqual(Group.objects.count(), group_count + 1)
 
     def test_group_permission_performance(self):
@@ -5710,27 +6797,36 @@ class GroupAdminTest(TestCase):
         ContentType.objects.clear_cache()
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(8):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:auth_group_change', args=(g.pk,)))
+            response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:auth_group_change", args=(g.pk,)))
             self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class CSSTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
         cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Middle content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Middle content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Oldest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Oldest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Newest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
+        )
+        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
+            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
         )
-        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -5739,7 +6835,7 @@ class CSSTest(TestCase):
         """
         Fields have a CSS class name with a 'field-' prefix.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_post_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_post_add"))
 
         # The main form
         self.assertContains(response, 'class="form-row field-title"')
@@ -5760,13 +6856,13 @@ class CSSTest(TestCase):
         pages (#17050).
         """
         # General index page
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:index"))
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="app-admin_views module')
         self.assertContains(response, '<tr class="model-actor">')
         self.assertContains(response, '<tr class="model-album">')
 
         # App index page
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:app_list", args=("admin_views",)))
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="app-admin_views module')
         self.assertContains(response, '<tr class="model-actor">')
         self.assertContains(response, '<tr class="model-album">')
@@ -5775,14 +6871,14 @@ class CSSTest(TestCase):
         """
         Ensure app and model tag are correctly read by change_form template
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"))
         self.assertContains(response, '<body class=" app-admin_views model-section ')
 
     def test_app_model_in_list_body_class(self):
         """
         Ensure app and model tag are correctly read by change_list template
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_section_changelist"))
         self.assertContains(response, '<body class=" app-admin_views model-section ')
 
     def test_app_model_in_delete_confirmation_body_class(self):
@@ -5790,14 +6886,16 @@ class CSSTest(TestCase):
         Ensure app and model tag are correctly read by delete_confirmation
         template
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_delete', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_delete", args=(self.s1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, '<body class=" app-admin_views model-section ')
 
     def test_app_model_in_app_index_body_class(self):
         """
         Ensure app and model tag are correctly read by app_index template
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:app_list", args=("admin_views",)))
         self.assertContains(response, '<body class=" dashboard app-admin_views')
 
     def test_app_model_in_delete_selected_confirmation_body_class(self):
@@ -5807,10 +6905,12 @@ class CSSTest(TestCase):
         """
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_changelist'), action_data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, '<body class=" app-admin_views model-section ')
 
     def test_changelist_field_classes(self):
@@ -5819,7 +6919,7 @@ class CSSTest(TestCase):
         Refs #11195.
         """
         Podcast.objects.create(name="Django Dose", release_date=datetime.date.today())
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist"))
         self.assertContains(response, '<th class="field-name">')
         self.assertContains(response, '<td class="field-release_date nowrap">')
         self.assertContains(response, '<td class="action-checkbox">')
@@ -5832,86 +6932,113 @@ except ImportError:
 
 
 @unittest.skipUnless(docutils, "no docutils installed.")
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': ['django.contrib.admindocs', 'django.contrib.flatpages']})
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
+@modify_settings(
+    INSTALLED_APPS={"append": ["django.contrib.admindocs", "django.contrib.flatpages"]}
+)
 class AdminDocsTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_tags(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('django-admindocs-tags'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("django-admindocs-tags"))
 
         # The builtin tag group exists
         self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Built-in tags</h2>", count=2, html=True)
 
         # A builtin tag exists in both the index and detail
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h3 id="built_in-autoescape">autoescape</h3>', html=True)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<li><a href="#built_in-autoescape">autoescape</a></li>', html=True)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<h3 id="built_in-autoescape">autoescape</h3>', html=True
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<li><a href="#built_in-autoescape">autoescape</a></li>',
+            html=True,
+        )
 
         # An app tag exists in both the index and detail
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h3 id="flatpages-get_flatpages">get_flatpages</h3>', html=True)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<li><a href="#flatpages-get_flatpages">get_flatpages</a></li>', html=True)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<h3 id="flatpages-get_flatpages">get_flatpages</h3>', html=True
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<li><a href="#flatpages-get_flatpages">get_flatpages</a></li>',
+            html=True,
+        )
 
         # The admin list tag group exists
         self.assertContains(response, "<h2>admin_list</h2>", count=2, html=True)
 
         # An admin list tag exists in both the index and detail
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h3 id="admin_list-admin_actions">admin_actions</h3>', html=True)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<li><a href="#admin_list-admin_actions">admin_actions</a></li>', html=True)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<h3 id="admin_list-admin_actions">admin_actions</h3>', html=True
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<li><a href="#admin_list-admin_actions">admin_actions</a></li>',
+            html=True,
+        )
 
     def test_filters(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('django-admindocs-filters'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("django-admindocs-filters"))
 
         # The builtin filter group exists
         self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Built-in filters</h2>", count=2, html=True)
 
         # A builtin filter exists in both the index and detail
         self.assertContains(response, '<h3 id="built_in-add">add</h3>', html=True)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<li><a href="#built_in-add">add</a></li>', html=True)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<li><a href="#built_in-add">add</a></li>', html=True
+        )
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls',
-    TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'APP_DIRS': True,
-        'OPTIONS': {
-            'context_processors': [
-                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
-                'django.template.context_processors.request',
-                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
-                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
-            ],
-        },
-    }],
+    ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls",
+    TEMPLATES=[
+        {
+            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            "APP_DIRS": True,
+            "OPTIONS": {
+                "context_processors": [
+                    "django.template.context_processors.debug",
+                    "django.template.context_processors.request",
+                    "django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth",
+                    "django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages",
+                ],
+            },
+        }
+    ],
 )
 class ValidXHTMLTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_lang_name_present(self):
         with translation.override(None):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
+            response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:app_list", args=("admin_views",)))
             self.assertNotContains(response, ' lang=""')
             self.assertNotContains(response, ' xml:lang=""')
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls', USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True)
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls", USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True)
 class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -5927,24 +7054,27 @@ class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
 
     def assert_contains_month_link(self, response, date):
         self.assertContains(
-            response, '?release_date__month=%d&amp;release_date__year=%d"' % (
-                date.month, date.year))
+            response,
+            '?release_date__month=%d&amp;release_date__year=%d"'
+            % (date.month, date.year),
+        )
 
     def assert_contains_day_link(self, response, date):
         self.assertContains(
-            response, '?release_date__day=%d&amp;'
-            'release_date__month=%d&amp;release_date__year=%d"' % (
-                date.day, date.month, date.year))
+            response,
+            "?release_date__day=%d&amp;"
+            'release_date__month=%d&amp;release_date__year=%d"'
+            % (date.day, date.month, date.year),
+        )
 
     def test_empty(self):
         """
         No date hierarchy links display with empty changelist.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist'))
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'release_date__year=')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'release_date__month=')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'release_date__day=')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist"))
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "release_date__year=")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "release_date__month=")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "release_date__day=")
 
     def test_single(self):
         """
@@ -5952,7 +7082,7 @@ class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
         """
         DATE = datetime.date(2000, 6, 30)
         Podcast.objects.create(release_date=DATE)
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist')
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assert_contains_day_link(response, DATE)
         self.assert_non_localized_year(response, 2000)
@@ -5961,12 +7091,14 @@ class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
         """
         day-level links appear for changelist within single month.
         """
-        DATES = (datetime.date(2000, 6, 30),
-                 datetime.date(2000, 6, 15),
-                 datetime.date(2000, 6, 3))
+        DATES = (
+            datetime.date(2000, 6, 30),
+            datetime.date(2000, 6, 15),
+            datetime.date(2000, 6, 3),
+        )
         for date in DATES:
             Podcast.objects.create(release_date=date)
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist')
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(url)
         for date in DATES:
             self.assert_contains_day_link(response, date)
@@ -5976,15 +7108,17 @@ class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
         """
         month-level links appear for changelist within single year.
         """
-        DATES = (datetime.date(2000, 1, 30),
-                 datetime.date(2000, 3, 15),
-                 datetime.date(2000, 5, 3))
+        DATES = (
+            datetime.date(2000, 1, 30),
+            datetime.date(2000, 3, 15),
+            datetime.date(2000, 5, 3),
+        )
         for date in DATES:
             Podcast.objects.create(release_date=date)
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist')
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(url)
         # no day-level links
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'release_date__day=')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "release_date__day=")
         for date in DATES:
             self.assert_contains_month_link(response, date)
         self.assert_non_localized_year(response, 2000)
@@ -5993,33 +7127,37 @@ class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
         """
         year-level links appear for year-spanning changelist.
         """
-        DATES = (datetime.date(2001, 1, 30),
-                 datetime.date(2003, 3, 15),
-                 datetime.date(2005, 5, 3))
+        DATES = (
+            datetime.date(2001, 1, 30),
+            datetime.date(2003, 3, 15),
+            datetime.date(2005, 5, 3),
+        )
         for date in DATES:
             Podcast.objects.create(release_date=date)
-        response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist"))
         # no day/month-level links
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'release_date__day=')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'release_date__month=')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "release_date__day=")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "release_date__month=")
         for date in DATES:
             self.assert_contains_year_link(response, date)
 
         # and make sure GET parameters still behave correctly
         for date in DATES:
-            url = '%s?release_date__year=%d' % (
-                  reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist'),
-                  date.year)
+            url = "%s?release_date__year=%d" % (
+                reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist"),
+                date.year,
+            )
             response = self.client.get(url)
             self.assert_contains_month_link(response, date)
             self.assert_non_localized_year(response, 2000)
             self.assert_non_localized_year(response, 2003)
             self.assert_non_localized_year(response, 2005)
 
-            url = '%s?release_date__year=%d&release_date__month=%d' % (
-                  reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist'),
-                  date.year, date.month)
+            url = "%s?release_date__year=%d&release_date__month=%d" % (
+                reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist"),
+                date.year,
+                date.month,
+            )
             response = self.client.get(url)
             self.assert_contains_day_link(response, date)
             self.assert_non_localized_year(response, 2000)
@@ -6038,7 +7176,7 @@ class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
             for i in range(answer_count):
                 question.answer_set.create()
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_answer_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_answer_changelist"))
         for date, answer_count in questions_data:
             link = '?question__posted__year=%d"' % date.year
             if answer_count > 0:
@@ -6047,7 +7185,7 @@ class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
                 self.assertNotContains(response, link)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminCustomSaveRelatedTests(TestCase):
     """
     One can easily customize the way related objects are saved.
@@ -6056,104 +7194,120 @@ class AdminCustomSaveRelatedTests(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_should_be_able_to_edit_related_objects_on_add_view(self):
         post = {
-            'child_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',
-            'child_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'name': 'Josh Stone',
-            'child_set-0-name': 'Paul',
-            'child_set-1-name': 'Catherine',
+            "child_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
+            "child_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "name": "Josh Stone",
+            "child_set-0-name": "Paul",
+            "child_set-1-name": "Catherine",
         }
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_parent_add'), post)
+        self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_parent_add"), post)
         self.assertEqual(1, Parent.objects.count())
         self.assertEqual(2, Child.objects.count())
 
-        children_names = list(Child.objects.order_by('name').values_list('name', flat=True))
+        children_names = list(
+            Child.objects.order_by("name").values_list("name", flat=True)
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual('Josh Stone', Parent.objects.latest('id').name)
-        self.assertEqual(['Catherine Stone', 'Paul Stone'], children_names)
+        self.assertEqual("Josh Stone", Parent.objects.latest("id").name)
+        self.assertEqual(["Catherine Stone", "Paul Stone"], children_names)
 
     def test_should_be_able_to_edit_related_objects_on_change_view(self):
-        parent = Parent.objects.create(name='Josh Stone')
-        paul = Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Paul')
-        catherine = Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Catherine')
+        parent = Parent.objects.create(name="Josh Stone")
+        paul = Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name="Paul")
+        catherine = Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name="Catherine")
         post = {
-            'child_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '5',
-            'child_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'name': 'Josh Stone',
-            'child_set-0-name': 'Paul',
-            'child_set-0-id': paul.id,
-            'child_set-1-name': 'Catherine',
-            'child_set-1-id': catherine.id,
+            "child_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "5",
+            "child_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "name": "Josh Stone",
+            "child_set-0-name": "Paul",
+            "child_set-0-id": paul.id,
+            "child_set-1-name": "Catherine",
+            "child_set-1-id": catherine.id,
         }
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_parent_change', args=(parent.id,)), post)
+        self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_parent_change", args=(parent.id,)), post
+        )
 
-        children_names = list(Child.objects.order_by('name').values_list('name', flat=True))
+        children_names = list(
+            Child.objects.order_by("name").values_list("name", flat=True)
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual('Josh Stone', Parent.objects.latest('id').name)
-        self.assertEqual(['Catherine Stone', 'Paul Stone'], children_names)
+        self.assertEqual("Josh Stone", Parent.objects.latest("id").name)
+        self.assertEqual(["Catherine Stone", "Paul Stone"], children_names)
 
     def test_should_be_able_to_edit_related_objects_on_changelist_view(self):
-        parent = Parent.objects.create(name='Josh Rock')
-        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Paul')
-        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Catherine')
+        parent = Parent.objects.create(name="Josh Rock")
+        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name="Paul")
+        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name="Catherine")
         post = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-0-id': parent.id,
-            'form-0-name': 'Josh Stone',
-            '_save': 'Save'
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-0-id": parent.id,
+            "form-0-name": "Josh Stone",
+            "_save": "Save",
         }
 
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_parent_changelist'), post)
-        children_names = list(Child.objects.order_by('name').values_list('name', flat=True))
+        self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_parent_changelist"), post)
+        children_names = list(
+            Child.objects.order_by("name").values_list("name", flat=True)
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual('Josh Stone', Parent.objects.latest('id').name)
-        self.assertEqual(['Catherine Stone', 'Paul Stone'], children_names)
+        self.assertEqual("Josh Stone", Parent.objects.latest("id").name)
+        self.assertEqual(["Catherine Stone", "Paul Stone"], children_names)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminViewLogoutTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def test_logout(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'registration/logged_out.html')
-        self.assertEqual(response.request['PATH_INFO'], reverse('admin:logout'))
-        self.assertFalse(response.context['has_permission'])
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'user-tools')  # user-tools div shouldn't visible.
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "registration/logged_out.html")
+        self.assertEqual(response.request["PATH_INFO"], reverse("admin:logout"))
+        self.assertFalse(response.context["has_permission"])
+        self.assertNotContains(
+            response, "user-tools"
+        )  # user-tools div shouldn't visible.
 
     def test_client_logout_url_can_be_used_to_login(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
-        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # we should be redirected to the login page.
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.status_code, 302
+        )  # we should be redirected to the login page.
 
         # follow the redirect and test results.
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'), follow=True)
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"), follow=True)
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<input type="hidden" name="next" value="%s">' % reverse('admin:index'),
+            '<input type="hidden" name="next" value="%s">' % reverse("admin:index"),
         )
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'admin/login.html')
-        self.assertEqual(response.request['PATH_INFO'], reverse('admin:login'))
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "admin/login.html")
+        self.assertEqual(response.request["PATH_INFO"], reverse("admin:login"))
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminUserMessageTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -6165,59 +7319,69 @@ class AdminUserMessageTest(TestCase):
         """
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [1],
-            'action': 'message_%s' % level,
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "message_%s" % level,
+            "index": 0,
         }
 
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_usermessenger_changelist'),
-                                    action_data, follow=True)
-        self.assertContains(response,
-                            '<li class="%s">Test %s</li>' % (level, level),
-                            html=True)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_usermessenger_changelist"),
+            action_data,
+            follow=True,
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<li class="%s">Test %s</li>' % (level, level), html=True
+        )
 
     @override_settings(MESSAGE_LEVEL=10)  # Set to DEBUG for this request
     def test_message_debug(self):
-        self.send_message('debug')
+        self.send_message("debug")
 
     def test_message_info(self):
-        self.send_message('info')
+        self.send_message("info")
 
     def test_message_success(self):
-        self.send_message('success')
+        self.send_message("success")
 
     def test_message_warning(self):
-        self.send_message('warning')
+        self.send_message("warning")
 
     def test_message_error(self):
-        self.send_message('error')
+        self.send_message("error")
 
     def test_message_extra_tags(self):
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [1],
-            'action': 'message_extra_tags',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "message_extra_tags",
+            "index": 0,
         }
 
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_usermessenger_changelist'),
-                                    action_data, follow=True)
-        self.assertContains(response,
-                            '<li class="extra_tag info">Test tags</li>',
-                            html=True)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_usermessenger_changelist"),
+            action_data,
+            follow=True,
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<li class="extra_tag info">Test tags</li>', html=True
+        )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminKeepChangeListFiltersTests(TestCase):
     admin_site = site
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.joepublicuser = User.objects.create_user(username='joepublic', password='secret')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.joepublicuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="joepublic", password="secret"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
-    def assertURLEqual(self, url1, url2, msg_prefix=''):
+    def assertURLEqual(self, url1, url2, msg_prefix=""):
         """
         Assert that two URLs are equal despite the ordering
         of their querystring. Refs #22360.
@@ -6231,101 +7395,117 @@ class AdminKeepChangeListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         parsed_qs2 = dict(parse_qsl(parsed_url2.query))
 
         for parsed_qs in [parsed_qs1, parsed_qs2]:
-            if '_changelist_filters' in parsed_qs:
-                changelist_filters = parsed_qs['_changelist_filters']
+            if "_changelist_filters" in parsed_qs:
+                changelist_filters = parsed_qs["_changelist_filters"]
                 parsed_filters = dict(parse_qsl(changelist_filters))
-                parsed_qs['_changelist_filters'] = parsed_filters
+                parsed_qs["_changelist_filters"] = parsed_filters
 
         self.assertEqual(path1, path2)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_qs1, parsed_qs2)
 
     def test_assert_url_equal(self):
         # Test equality.
-        change_user_url = reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=(self.joepublicuser.pk,))
+        change_user_url = reverse(
+            "admin:auth_user_change", args=(self.joepublicuser.pk,)
+        )
         self.assertURLEqual(
-            'http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0'.format(
+            "http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0".format(
                 change_user_url
             ),
-            'http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0'.format(
+            "http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0".format(
                 change_user_url
-            )
+            ),
         )
 
         # Test inequality.
         with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
             self.assertURLEqual(
-                'http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0'.format(
+                "http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0".format(
                     change_user_url
                 ),
-                'http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D1%26is_superuser__exact%3D1'.format(
+                "http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D1%26is_superuser__exact%3D1".format(
                     change_user_url
-                )
+                ),
             )
 
         # Ignore scheme and host.
         self.assertURLEqual(
-            'http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0'.format(
+            "http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0".format(
+                change_user_url
+            ),
+            "{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0".format(
                 change_user_url
             ),
-            '{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0'.format(change_user_url)
         )
 
         # Ignore ordering of querystring.
         self.assertURLEqual(
-            '{}?is_staff__exact=0&is_superuser__exact=0'.format(reverse('admin:auth_user_changelist')),
-            '{}?is_superuser__exact=0&is_staff__exact=0'.format(reverse('admin:auth_user_changelist'))
+            "{}?is_staff__exact=0&is_superuser__exact=0".format(
+                reverse("admin:auth_user_changelist")
+            ),
+            "{}?is_superuser__exact=0&is_staff__exact=0".format(
+                reverse("admin:auth_user_changelist")
+            ),
         )
 
         # Ignore ordering of _changelist_filters.
         self.assertURLEqual(
-            '{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0'.format(change_user_url),
-            '{}?_changelist_filters=is_superuser__exact%3D0%26is_staff__exact%3D0'.format(change_user_url)
+            "{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0".format(
+                change_user_url
+            ),
+            "{}?_changelist_filters=is_superuser__exact%3D0%26is_staff__exact%3D0".format(
+                change_user_url
+            ),
         )
 
     def get_changelist_filters(self):
         return {
-            'is_superuser__exact': 0,
-            'is_staff__exact': 0,
+            "is_superuser__exact": 0,
+            "is_staff__exact": 0,
         }
 
     def get_changelist_filters_querystring(self):
         return urlencode(self.get_changelist_filters())
 
     def get_preserved_filters_querystring(self):
-        return urlencode({
-            '_changelist_filters': self.get_changelist_filters_querystring()
-        })
+        return urlencode(
+            {"_changelist_filters": self.get_changelist_filters_querystring()}
+        )
 
     def get_sample_user_id(self):
         return self.joepublicuser.pk
 
     def get_changelist_url(self):
-        return '%s?%s' % (
-            reverse('admin:auth_user_changelist',
-                    current_app=self.admin_site.name),
+        return "%s?%s" % (
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_changelist", current_app=self.admin_site.name),
             self.get_changelist_filters_querystring(),
         )
 
     def get_add_url(self, add_preserved_filters=True):
-        url = reverse('admin:auth_user_add', current_app=self.admin_site.name)
+        url = reverse("admin:auth_user_add", current_app=self.admin_site.name)
         if add_preserved_filters:
-            url = '%s?%s' % (url, self.get_preserved_filters_querystring())
+            url = "%s?%s" % (url, self.get_preserved_filters_querystring())
         return url
 
     def get_change_url(self, user_id=None, add_preserved_filters=True):
         if user_id is None:
             user_id = self.get_sample_user_id()
-        url = reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=(user_id,), current_app=self.admin_site.name)
+        url = reverse(
+            "admin:auth_user_change", args=(user_id,), current_app=self.admin_site.name
+        )
         if add_preserved_filters:
-            url = '%s?%s' % (url, self.get_preserved_filters_querystring())
+            url = "%s?%s" % (url, self.get_preserved_filters_querystring())
         return url
 
     def get_history_url(self, user_id=None):
         if user_id is None:
             user_id = self.get_sample_user_id()
         return "%s?%s" % (
-            reverse('admin:auth_user_history', args=(user_id,),
-                    current_app=self.admin_site.name),
+            reverse(
+                "admin:auth_user_history",
+                args=(user_id,),
+                current_app=self.admin_site.name,
+            ),
             self.get_preserved_filters_querystring(),
         )
 
@@ -6333,8 +7513,11 @@ class AdminKeepChangeListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         if user_id is None:
             user_id = self.get_sample_user_id()
         return "%s?%s" % (
-            reverse('admin:auth_user_delete', args=(user_id,),
-                    current_app=self.admin_site.name),
+            reverse(
+                "admin:auth_user_delete",
+                args=(user_id,),
+                current_app=self.admin_site.name,
+            ),
             self.get_preserved_filters_querystring(),
         )
 
@@ -6345,7 +7528,7 @@ class AdminKeepChangeListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         # Check the `change_view` link has the correct querystring.
         detail_link = re.search(
             '<a href="(.*?)">{}</a>'.format(self.joepublicuser.username),
-            response.content.decode()
+            response.content.decode(),
         )
         self.assertURLEqual(detail_link[1], self.get_change_url())
 
@@ -6357,49 +7540,49 @@ class AdminKeepChangeListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         # Check the form action.
         form_action = re.search(
             '<form action="(.*?)" method="post" id="user_form" novalidate>',
-            response.content.decode()
+            response.content.decode(),
+        )
+        self.assertURLEqual(
+            form_action[1], "?%s" % self.get_preserved_filters_querystring()
         )
-        self.assertURLEqual(form_action[1], '?%s' % self.get_preserved_filters_querystring())
 
         # Check the history link.
         history_link = re.search(
-            '<a href="(.*?)" class="historylink">History</a>',
-            response.content.decode()
+            '<a href="(.*?)" class="historylink">History</a>', response.content.decode()
         )
         self.assertURLEqual(history_link[1], self.get_history_url())
 
         # Check the delete link.
         delete_link = re.search(
-            '<a href="(.*?)" class="deletelink">Delete</a>',
-            response.content.decode()
+            '<a href="(.*?)" class="deletelink">Delete</a>', response.content.decode()
         )
         self.assertURLEqual(delete_link[1], self.get_delete_url())
 
         # Test redirect on "Save".
         post_data = {
-            'username': 'joepublic',
-            'last_login_0': '2007-05-30',
-            'last_login_1': '13:20:10',
-            'date_joined_0': '2007-05-30',
-            'date_joined_1': '13:20:10',
+            "username": "joepublic",
+            "last_login_0": "2007-05-30",
+            "last_login_1": "13:20:10",
+            "date_joined_0": "2007-05-30",
+            "date_joined_1": "13:20:10",
         }
 
-        post_data['_save'] = 1
+        post_data["_save"] = 1
         response = self.client.post(self.get_change_url(), data=post_data)
         self.assertRedirects(response, self.get_changelist_url())
-        post_data.pop('_save')
+        post_data.pop("_save")
 
         # Test redirect on "Save and continue".
-        post_data['_continue'] = 1
+        post_data["_continue"] = 1
         response = self.client.post(self.get_change_url(), data=post_data)
         self.assertRedirects(response, self.get_change_url())
-        post_data.pop('_continue')
+        post_data.pop("_continue")
 
         # Test redirect on "Save and add new".
-        post_data['_addanother'] = 1
+        post_data["_addanother"] = 1
         response = self.client.post(self.get_change_url(), data=post_data)
         self.assertRedirects(response, self.get_add_url())
-        post_data.pop('_addanother')
+        post_data.pop("_addanother")
 
     def test_change_view_without_preserved_filters(self):
         response = self.client.get(self.get_change_url(add_preserved_filters=False))
@@ -6414,35 +7597,41 @@ class AdminKeepChangeListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         # Check the form action.
         form_action = re.search(
             '<form action="(.*?)" method="post" id="user_form" novalidate>',
-            response.content.decode()
+            response.content.decode(),
+        )
+        self.assertURLEqual(
+            form_action[1], "?%s" % self.get_preserved_filters_querystring()
         )
-        self.assertURLEqual(form_action[1], '?%s' % self.get_preserved_filters_querystring())
 
         post_data = {
-            'username': 'dummy',
-            'password1': 'test',
-            'password2': 'test',
+            "username": "dummy",
+            "password1": "test",
+            "password2": "test",
         }
 
         # Test redirect on "Save".
-        post_data['_save'] = 1
+        post_data["_save"] = 1
         response = self.client.post(self.get_add_url(), data=post_data)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, self.get_change_url(User.objects.get(username='dummy').pk))
-        post_data.pop('_save')
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, self.get_change_url(User.objects.get(username="dummy").pk)
+        )
+        post_data.pop("_save")
 
         # Test redirect on "Save and continue".
-        post_data['username'] = 'dummy2'
-        post_data['_continue'] = 1
+        post_data["username"] = "dummy2"
+        post_data["_continue"] = 1
         response = self.client.post(self.get_add_url(), data=post_data)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, self.get_change_url(User.objects.get(username='dummy2').pk))
-        post_data.pop('_continue')
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, self.get_change_url(User.objects.get(username="dummy2").pk)
+        )
+        post_data.pop("_continue")
 
         # Test redirect on "Save and add new".
-        post_data['username'] = 'dummy3'
-        post_data['_addanother'] = 1
+        post_data["username"] = "dummy3"
+        post_data["_addanother"] = 1
         response = self.client.post(self.get_add_url(), data=post_data)
         self.assertRedirects(response, self.get_add_url())
-        post_data.pop('_addanother')
+        post_data.pop("_addanother")
 
     def test_add_view_without_preserved_filters(self):
         response = self.client.get(self.get_add_url(add_preserved_filters=False))
@@ -6451,18 +7640,20 @@ class AdminKeepChangeListFiltersTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_delete_view(self):
         # Test redirect on "Delete".
-        response = self.client.post(self.get_delete_url(), {'post': 'yes'})
+        response = self.client.post(self.get_delete_url(), {"post": "yes"})
         self.assertRedirects(response, self.get_changelist_url())
 
     def test_url_prefix(self):
         context = {
-            'preserved_filters': self.get_preserved_filters_querystring(),
-            'opts': User._meta,
+            "preserved_filters": self.get_preserved_filters_querystring(),
+            "opts": User._meta,
         }
-        prefixes = ('', '/prefix/', '/後台/')
+        prefixes = ("", "/prefix/", "/後台/")
         for prefix in prefixes:
             with self.subTest(prefix=prefix), override_script_prefix(prefix):
-                url = reverse('admin:auth_user_changelist', current_app=self.admin_site.name)
+                url = reverse(
+                    "admin:auth_user_changelist", current_app=self.admin_site.name
+                )
                 self.assertURLEqual(
                     self.get_changelist_url(),
                     add_preserved_filters(context, url),
@@ -6473,40 +7664,44 @@ class NamespacedAdminKeepChangeListFiltersTests(AdminKeepChangeListFiltersTests)
     admin_site = site2
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class TestLabelVisibility(TestCase):
-    """ #11277 -Labels of hidden fields in admin were not hidden. """
+    """#11277 -Labels of hidden fields in admin were not hidden."""
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_all_fields_visible(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_emptymodelvisible_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_emptymodelvisible_add"))
         self.assert_fieldline_visible(response)
-        self.assert_field_visible(response, 'first')
-        self.assert_field_visible(response, 'second')
+        self.assert_field_visible(response, "first")
+        self.assert_field_visible(response, "second")
 
     def test_all_fields_hidden(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_emptymodelhidden_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_emptymodelhidden_add"))
         self.assert_fieldline_hidden(response)
-        self.assert_field_hidden(response, 'first')
-        self.assert_field_hidden(response, 'second')
+        self.assert_field_hidden(response, "first")
+        self.assert_field_hidden(response, "second")
 
     def test_mixin(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_emptymodelmixin_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_emptymodelmixin_add"))
         self.assert_fieldline_visible(response)
-        self.assert_field_hidden(response, 'first')
-        self.assert_field_visible(response, 'second')
+        self.assert_field_hidden(response, "first")
+        self.assert_field_visible(response, "second")
 
     def assert_field_visible(self, response, field_name):
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="fieldBox field-%s">' % field_name)
 
     def assert_field_hidden(self, response, field_name):
-        self.assertContains(response, '<div class="fieldBox field-%s hidden">' % field_name)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<div class="fieldBox field-%s hidden">' % field_name
+        )
 
     def assert_fieldline_visible(self, response):
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="form-row field-first field-second">')
@@ -6515,28 +7710,31 @@ class TestLabelVisibility(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="form-row hidden')
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminViewOnSiteTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
-        cls.s1 = State.objects.create(name='New York')
-        cls.s2 = State.objects.create(name='Illinois')
-        cls.s3 = State.objects.create(name='California')
-        cls.c1 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s1, name='New York')
-        cls.c2 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s2, name='Chicago')
-        cls.c3 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s3, name='San Francisco')
-        cls.r1 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c1, name='Italian Pizza')
-        cls.r2 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c1, name='Boulevard')
-        cls.r3 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name='Chinese Dinner')
-        cls.r4 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name='Angels')
-        cls.r5 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name='Take Away')
-        cls.r6 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c3, name='The Unknown Restaurant')
-        cls.w1 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name='Mario', surname='Rossi')
-        cls.w2 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name='Antonio', surname='Bianchi')
-        cls.w3 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name='John', surname='Doe')
+        cls.s1 = State.objects.create(name="New York")
+        cls.s2 = State.objects.create(name="Illinois")
+        cls.s3 = State.objects.create(name="California")
+        cls.c1 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s1, name="New York")
+        cls.c2 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s2, name="Chicago")
+        cls.c3 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s3, name="San Francisco")
+        cls.r1 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c1, name="Italian Pizza")
+        cls.r2 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c1, name="Boulevard")
+        cls.r3 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name="Chinese Dinner")
+        cls.r4 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name="Angels")
+        cls.r5 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name="Take Away")
+        cls.r6 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c3, name="The Unknown Restaurant")
+        cls.w1 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name="Mario", surname="Rossi")
+        cls.w2 = Worker.objects.create(
+            work_at=cls.r1, name="Antonio", surname="Bianchi"
+        )
+        cls.w3 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name="John", surname="Doe")
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -6553,26 +7751,37 @@ class AdminViewOnSiteTests(TestCase):
         # not included on the parent form, and the family_name of the parent
         # does not match that of the child
         post_data = {
-            'family_name': 'Test1',
-            'dependentchild_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'dependentchild_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'dependentchild_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '1',
-            'dependentchild_set-0-id': '',
-            'dependentchild_set-0-parent': '',
-            'dependentchild_set-0-family_name': 'Test2',
+            "family_name": "Test1",
+            "dependentchild_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "dependentchild_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "dependentchild_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "1",
+            "dependentchild_set-0-id": "",
+            "dependentchild_set-0-parent": "",
+            "dependentchild_set-0-family_name": "Test2",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_parentwithdependentchildren_add'), post_data)
-        self.assertFormError(response, 'adminform', 'some_required_info', ['This field is required.'])
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_parentwithdependentchildren_add"), post_data
+        )
+        self.assertFormError(
+            response, "adminform", "some_required_info", ["This field is required."]
+        )
         msg = "The form 'adminform' in context 0 does not contain the non-field error 'Error'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertFormError(response, 'adminform', None, ['Error'])
+            self.assertFormError(response, "adminform", None, ["Error"])
         self.assertFormsetError(
-            response, 'inline_admin_formset', 0, None,
-            ['Children must share a family name with their parents in this contrived test case']
+            response,
+            "inline_admin_formset",
+            0,
+            None,
+            [
+                "Children must share a family name with their parents in this contrived test case"
+            ],
         )
         msg = "The formset 'inline_admin_formset' in context 22 does not contain any non-form errors."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertFormsetError(response, 'inline_admin_formset', None, None, ['Error'])
+            self.assertFormsetError(
+                response, "inline_admin_formset", None, None, ["Error"]
+            )
 
     def test_change_view_form_and_formsets_run_validation(self):
         """
@@ -6580,26 +7789,38 @@ class AdminViewOnSiteTests(TestCase):
         Verifying that if the parent form fails validation, the inlines also
         run validation even if validation is contingent on parent form data
         """
-        pwdc = ParentWithDependentChildren.objects.create(some_required_info=6, family_name='Test1')
+        pwdc = ParentWithDependentChildren.objects.create(
+            some_required_info=6, family_name="Test1"
+        )
         # The form validation should fail because 'some_required_info' is
         # not included on the parent form, and the family_name of the parent
         # does not match that of the child
         post_data = {
-            'family_name': 'Test2',
-            'dependentchild_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'dependentchild_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'dependentchild_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '1',
-            'dependentchild_set-0-id': '',
-            'dependentchild_set-0-parent': str(pwdc.id),
-            'dependentchild_set-0-family_name': 'Test1',
+            "family_name": "Test2",
+            "dependentchild_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "dependentchild_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "dependentchild_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "1",
+            "dependentchild_set-0-id": "",
+            "dependentchild_set-0-parent": str(pwdc.id),
+            "dependentchild_set-0-family_name": "Test1",
         }
         response = self.client.post(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_parentwithdependentchildren_change', args=(pwdc.id,)), post_data
+            reverse(
+                "admin:admin_views_parentwithdependentchildren_change", args=(pwdc.id,)
+            ),
+            post_data,
+        )
+        self.assertFormError(
+            response, "adminform", "some_required_info", ["This field is required."]
         )
-        self.assertFormError(response, 'adminform', 'some_required_info', ['This field is required.'])
         self.assertFormsetError(
-            response, 'inline_admin_formset', 0, None,
-            ['Children must share a family name with their parents in this contrived test case']
+            response,
+            "inline_admin_formset",
+            0,
+            None,
+            [
+                "Children must share a family name with their parents in this contrived test case"
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_check(self):
@@ -6613,33 +7834,48 @@ class AdminViewOnSiteTests(TestCase):
             CityAdmin.view_on_site = lambda obj: obj.get_absolute_url()
             self.assertEqual(admin.check(), [])
             CityAdmin.view_on_site = []
-            self.assertEqual(admin.check(), [
-                Error(
-                    "The value of 'view_on_site' must be a callable or a boolean value.",
-                    obj=CityAdmin,
-                    id='admin.E025',
-                ),
-            ])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                admin.check(),
+                [
+                    Error(
+                        "The value of 'view_on_site' must be a callable or a boolean value.",
+                        obj=CityAdmin,
+                        id="admin.E025",
+                    ),
+                ],
+            )
         finally:
             # Restore the original values for the benefit of other tests.
             CityAdmin.view_on_site = True
 
     def test_false(self):
         "The 'View on site' button is not displayed if view_on_site is False"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_restaurant_change', args=(self.r1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_restaurant_change", args=(self.r1.pk,))
+        )
         content_type_pk = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Restaurant).pk
-        self.assertNotContains(response, reverse('admin:view_on_site', args=(content_type_pk, 1)))
+        self.assertNotContains(
+            response, reverse("admin:view_on_site", args=(content_type_pk, 1))
+        )
 
     def test_true(self):
         "The default behavior is followed if view_on_site is True"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_city_change', args=(self.c1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_city_change", args=(self.c1.pk,))
+        )
         content_type_pk = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(City).pk
-        self.assertContains(response, reverse('admin:view_on_site', args=(content_type_pk, self.c1.pk)))
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, reverse("admin:view_on_site", args=(content_type_pk, self.c1.pk))
+        )
 
     def test_callable(self):
         "The right link is displayed if view_on_site is a callable"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_worker_change', args=(self.w1.pk,)))
-        self.assertContains(response, '"/worker/%s/%s/"' % (self.w1.surname, self.w1.name))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_worker_change", args=(self.w1.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '"/worker/%s/%s/"' % (self.w1.surname, self.w1.name)
+        )
 
     def test_missing_get_absolute_url(self):
         "None is returned if model doesn't have get_absolute_url"
@@ -6647,51 +7883,66 @@ class AdminViewOnSiteTests(TestCase):
         self.assertIsNone(model_admin.get_view_on_site_url(Worker()))
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class InlineAdminViewOnSiteTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
-        cls.s1 = State.objects.create(name='New York')
-        cls.s2 = State.objects.create(name='Illinois')
-        cls.s3 = State.objects.create(name='California')
-        cls.c1 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s1, name='New York')
-        cls.c2 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s2, name='Chicago')
-        cls.c3 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s3, name='San Francisco')
-        cls.r1 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c1, name='Italian Pizza')
-        cls.r2 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c1, name='Boulevard')
-        cls.r3 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name='Chinese Dinner')
-        cls.r4 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name='Angels')
-        cls.r5 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name='Take Away')
-        cls.r6 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c3, name='The Unknown Restaurant')
-        cls.w1 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name='Mario', surname='Rossi')
-        cls.w2 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name='Antonio', surname='Bianchi')
-        cls.w3 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name='John', surname='Doe')
+        cls.s1 = State.objects.create(name="New York")
+        cls.s2 = State.objects.create(name="Illinois")
+        cls.s3 = State.objects.create(name="California")
+        cls.c1 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s1, name="New York")
+        cls.c2 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s2, name="Chicago")
+        cls.c3 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s3, name="San Francisco")
+        cls.r1 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c1, name="Italian Pizza")
+        cls.r2 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c1, name="Boulevard")
+        cls.r3 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name="Chinese Dinner")
+        cls.r4 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name="Angels")
+        cls.r5 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name="Take Away")
+        cls.r6 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c3, name="The Unknown Restaurant")
+        cls.w1 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name="Mario", surname="Rossi")
+        cls.w2 = Worker.objects.create(
+            work_at=cls.r1, name="Antonio", surname="Bianchi"
+        )
+        cls.w3 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name="John", surname="Doe")
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_false(self):
         "The 'View on site' button is not displayed if view_on_site is False"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_state_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_state_change", args=(self.s1.pk,))
+        )
         content_type_pk = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(City).pk
-        self.assertNotContains(response, reverse('admin:view_on_site', args=(content_type_pk, self.c1.pk)))
+        self.assertNotContains(
+            response, reverse("admin:view_on_site", args=(content_type_pk, self.c1.pk))
+        )
 
     def test_true(self):
         "The 'View on site' button is displayed if view_on_site is True"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_city_change', args=(self.c1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_city_change", args=(self.c1.pk,))
+        )
         content_type_pk = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Restaurant).pk
-        self.assertContains(response, reverse('admin:view_on_site', args=(content_type_pk, self.r1.pk)))
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, reverse("admin:view_on_site", args=(content_type_pk, self.r1.pk))
+        )
 
     def test_callable(self):
         "The right link is displayed if view_on_site is a callable"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_restaurant_change', args=(self.r1.pk,)))
-        self.assertContains(response, '"/worker_inline/%s/%s/"' % (self.w1.surname, self.w1.name))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_restaurant_change", args=(self.r1.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '"/worker_inline/%s/%s/"' % (self.w1.surname, self.w1.name)
+        )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class GetFormsetsWithInlinesArgumentTest(TestCase):
     """
     #23934 - When adding a new model instance in the admin, the 'obj' argument
@@ -6703,31 +7954,43 @@ class GetFormsetsWithInlinesArgumentTest(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_explicitly_provided_pk(self):
-        post_data = {'name': '1'}
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_explicitlyprovidedpk_add'), post_data)
+        post_data = {"name": "1"}
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_explicitlyprovidedpk_add"), post_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
 
-        post_data = {'name': '2'}
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_explicitlyprovidedpk_change', args=(1,)), post_data)
+        post_data = {"name": "2"}
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_explicitlyprovidedpk_change", args=(1,)),
+            post_data,
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
 
     def test_implicitly_generated_pk(self):
-        post_data = {'name': '1'}
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_implicitlygeneratedpk_add'), post_data)
+        post_data = {"name": "1"}
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_implicitlygeneratedpk_add"), post_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
 
-        post_data = {'name': '2'}
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_implicitlygeneratedpk_change', args=(1,)), post_data)
+        post_data = {"name": "2"}
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_implicitlygeneratedpk_change", args=(1,)),
+            post_data,
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminSiteFinalCatchAllPatternTests(TestCase):
     """
     Verifies the behaviour of the admin catch-all view.
@@ -6738,107 +8001,116 @@ class AdminSiteFinalCatchAllPatternTests(TestCase):
     * Otherwise Http404.
     * Catch-all view disabled via AdminSite.final_catch_all_view.
     """
+
     def test_unknown_url_redirects_login_if_not_authenticated(self):
-        unknown_url = '/test_admin/admin/unknown/'
+        unknown_url = "/test_admin/admin/unknown/"
         response = self.client.get(unknown_url)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), unknown_url))
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "%s?next=%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), unknown_url)
+        )
 
     def test_unknown_url_404_if_authenticated(self):
         superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
-            username='super',
-            password='secret',
-            email='super@example.com',
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            email="super@example.com",
         )
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        unknown_url = '/test_admin/admin/unknown/'
+        unknown_url = "/test_admin/admin/unknown/"
         response = self.client.get(unknown_url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_known_url_redirects_login_if_not_authenticated(self):
-        known_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
+        known_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(known_url)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), known_url))
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "%s?next=%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), known_url)
+        )
 
     def test_known_url_missing_slash_redirects_login_if_not_authenticated(self):
-        known_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')[:-1]
+        known_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")[:-1]
         response = self.client.get(known_url)
         # Redirects with the next URL also missing the slash.
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), known_url))
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "%s?next=%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), known_url)
+        )
 
     def test_non_admin_url_shares_url_prefix(self):
-        url = reverse('non_admin')[:-1]
+        url = reverse("non_admin")[:-1]
         response = self.client.get(url)
         # Redirects with the next URL also missing the slash.
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), url))
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "%s?next=%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), url))
 
     def test_url_without_trailing_slash_if_not_authenticated(self):
-        url = reverse('admin:article_extra_json')
+        url = reverse("admin:article_extra_json")
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), url))
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "%s?next=%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), url))
 
     def test_unkown_url_without_trailing_slash_if_not_authenticated(self):
-        url = reverse('admin:article_extra_json')[:-1]
+        url = reverse("admin:article_extra_json")[:-1]
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), url))
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "%s?next=%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), url))
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
     def test_missing_slash_append_slash_true_unknown_url(self):
         superuser = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='staff',
-            password='secret',
-            email='staff@example.com',
+            username="staff",
+            password="secret",
+            email="staff@example.com",
             is_staff=True,
         )
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        unknown_url = '/test_admin/admin/unknown/'
+        unknown_url = "/test_admin/admin/unknown/"
         response = self.client.get(unknown_url[:-1])
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
     def test_missing_slash_append_slash_true(self):
         superuser = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='staff',
-            password='secret',
-            email='staff@example.com',
+            username="staff",
+            password="secret",
+            email="staff@example.com",
             is_staff=True,
         )
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        known_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
+        known_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1])
-        self.assertRedirects(response, known_url, status_code=301, target_status_code=403)
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, known_url, status_code=301, target_status_code=403
+        )
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
     def test_missing_slash_append_slash_true_script_name(self):
         superuser = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='staff',
-            password='secret',
-            email='staff@example.com',
+            username="staff",
+            password="secret",
+            email="staff@example.com",
             is_staff=True,
         )
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        known_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
-        response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1], SCRIPT_NAME='/prefix/')
+        known_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")
+        response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1], SCRIPT_NAME="/prefix/")
         self.assertRedirects(
             response,
-            '/prefix' + known_url,
+            "/prefix" + known_url,
             status_code=301,
             fetch_redirect_response=False,
         )
 
-    @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True, FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME='/prefix/')
+    @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True, FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME="/prefix/")
     def test_missing_slash_append_slash_true_force_script_name(self):
         superuser = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='staff',
-            password='secret',
-            email='staff@example.com',
+            username="staff",
+            password="secret",
+            email="staff@example.com",
             is_staff=True,
         )
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        known_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
+        known_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1])
         self.assertRedirects(
             response,
-            '/prefix' + known_url,
+            "/prefix" + known_url,
             status_code=301,
             fetch_redirect_response=False,
         )
@@ -6846,129 +8118,150 @@ class AdminSiteFinalCatchAllPatternTests(TestCase):
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
     def test_missing_slash_append_slash_true_non_staff_user(self):
         user = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='user',
-            password='secret',
-            email='user@example.com',
+            username="user",
+            password="secret",
+            email="user@example.com",
             is_staff=False,
         )
         self.client.force_login(user)
-        known_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
+        known_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1])
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/test_admin/admin/login/?next=/test_admin/admin/admin_views/article')
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response,
+            "/test_admin/admin/login/?next=/test_admin/admin/admin_views/article",
+        )
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=False)
     def test_missing_slash_append_slash_false(self):
         superuser = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='staff',
-            password='secret',
-            email='staff@example.com',
+            username="staff",
+            password="secret",
+            email="staff@example.com",
             is_staff=True,
         )
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        known_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
+        known_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1])
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
     def test_single_model_no_append_slash(self):
         superuser = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='staff',
-            password='secret',
-            email='staff@example.com',
+            username="staff",
+            password="secret",
+            email="staff@example.com",
             is_staff=True,
         )
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        known_url = reverse('admin9:admin_views_actor_changelist')
+        known_url = reverse("admin9:admin_views_actor_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1])
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     # Same tests above with final_catch_all_view=False.
 
     def test_unknown_url_404_if_not_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
-        unknown_url = '/test_admin/admin10/unknown/'
+        unknown_url = "/test_admin/admin10/unknown/"
         response = self.client.get(unknown_url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_unknown_url_404_if_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
         superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
-            username='super',
-            password='secret',
-            email='super@example.com',
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            email="super@example.com",
         )
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        unknown_url = '/test_admin/admin10/unknown/'
+        unknown_url = "/test_admin/admin10/unknown/"
         response = self.client.get(unknown_url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
-    def test_known_url_redirects_login_if_not_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
-        known_url = reverse('admin10:admin_views_article_changelist')
+    def test_known_url_redirects_login_if_not_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(
+        self,
+    ):
+        known_url = reverse("admin10:admin_views_article_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(known_url)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin10:login'), known_url))
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "%s?next=%s" % (reverse("admin10:login"), known_url)
+        )
 
-    def test_known_url_missing_slash_redirects_with_slash_if_not_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
-        known_url = reverse('admin10:admin_views_article_changelist')
+    def test_known_url_missing_slash_redirects_with_slash_if_not_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(
+        self,
+    ):
+        known_url = reverse("admin10:admin_views_article_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1])
-        self.assertRedirects(response, known_url, status_code=301, fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, known_url, status_code=301, fetch_redirect_response=False
+        )
 
     def test_non_admin_url_shares_url_prefix_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
-        url = reverse('non_admin10')
+        url = reverse("non_admin10")
         response = self.client.get(url[:-1])
         self.assertRedirects(response, url, status_code=301)
 
-    def test_url_without_trailing_slash_if_not_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
-        url = reverse('admin10:article_extra_json')
+    def test_url_without_trailing_slash_if_not_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(
+        self,
+    ):
+        url = reverse("admin10:article_extra_json")
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin10:login'), url))
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "%s?next=%s" % (reverse("admin10:login"), url))
 
-    def test_unkown_url_without_trailing_slash_if_not_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
-        url = reverse('admin10:article_extra_json')[:-1]
+    def test_unkown_url_without_trailing_slash_if_not_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(
+        self,
+    ):
+        url = reverse("admin10:article_extra_json")[:-1]
         response = self.client.get(url)
         # Matches test_admin/admin10/admin_views/article/<path:object_id>/
-        self.assertRedirects(response, url + '/', status_code=301, fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, url + "/", status_code=301, fetch_redirect_response=False
+        )
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
-    def test_missing_slash_append_slash_true_unknown_url_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
+    def test_missing_slash_append_slash_true_unknown_url_without_final_catch_all_view(
+        self,
+    ):
         superuser = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='staff',
-            password='secret',
-            email='staff@example.com',
+            username="staff",
+            password="secret",
+            email="staff@example.com",
             is_staff=True,
         )
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        unknown_url = '/test_admin/admin10/unknown/'
+        unknown_url = "/test_admin/admin10/unknown/"
         response = self.client.get(unknown_url[:-1])
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
     def test_missing_slash_append_slash_true_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
         superuser = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='staff',
-            password='secret',
-            email='staff@example.com',
+            username="staff",
+            password="secret",
+            email="staff@example.com",
             is_staff=True,
         )
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        known_url = reverse('admin10:admin_views_article_changelist')
+        known_url = reverse("admin10:admin_views_article_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1])
-        self.assertRedirects(response, known_url, status_code=301, target_status_code=403)
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, known_url, status_code=301, target_status_code=403
+        )
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=False)
     def test_missing_slash_append_slash_false_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
         superuser = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='staff',
-            password='secret',
-            email='staff@example.com',
+            username="staff",
+            password="secret",
+            email="staff@example.com",
             is_staff=True,
         )
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        known_url = reverse('admin10:admin_views_article_changelist')
+        known_url = reverse("admin10:admin_views_article_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1])
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     # Outside admin.
 
     def test_non_admin_url_404_if_not_authenticated(self):
-        unknown_url = '/unknown/'
+        unknown_url = "/unknown/"
         response = self.client.get(unknown_url)
         # Does not redirect to the admin login.
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/urls.py b/tests/admin_views/urls.py
index 355e082b68..c1e673d811 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/urls.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/urls.py
@@ -10,23 +10,31 @@ def non_admin_view(request):
 
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('test_admin/admin/doc/', include('django.contrib.admindocs.urls')),
-    path('test_admin/admin/secure-view/', views.secure_view, name='secure_view'),
-    path('test_admin/admin/secure-view2/', views.secure_view2, name='secure_view2'),
-    path('test_admin/admin/', admin.site.urls),
-    path('test_admin/admin2/', customadmin.site.urls),
-    path('test_admin/admin3/', (admin.site.get_urls(), 'admin', 'admin3'), {'form_url': 'pony'}),
-    path('test_admin/admin4/', customadmin.simple_site.urls),
-    path('test_admin/admin5/', admin.site2.urls),
-    path('test_admin/admin6/', admin.site6.urls),
-    path('test_admin/admin7/', admin.site7.urls),
+    path("test_admin/admin/doc/", include("django.contrib.admindocs.urls")),
+    path("test_admin/admin/secure-view/", views.secure_view, name="secure_view"),
+    path("test_admin/admin/secure-view2/", views.secure_view2, name="secure_view2"),
+    path("test_admin/admin/", admin.site.urls),
+    path("test_admin/admin2/", customadmin.site.urls),
+    path(
+        "test_admin/admin3/",
+        (admin.site.get_urls(), "admin", "admin3"),
+        {"form_url": "pony"},
+    ),
+    path("test_admin/admin4/", customadmin.simple_site.urls),
+    path("test_admin/admin5/", admin.site2.urls),
+    path("test_admin/admin6/", admin.site6.urls),
+    path("test_admin/admin7/", admin.site7.urls),
     # All admin views accept `extra_context` to allow adding it like this:
-    path('test_admin/admin8/', (admin.site.get_urls(), 'admin', 'admin-extra-context'), {'extra_context': {}}),
-    path('test_admin/admin9/', admin.site9.urls),
-    path('test_admin/admin10/', admin.site10.urls),
-    path('test_admin/has_permission_admin/', custom_has_permission_admin.site.urls),
-    path('test_admin/autocomplete_admin/', autocomplete_site.urls),
+    path(
+        "test_admin/admin8/",
+        (admin.site.get_urls(), "admin", "admin-extra-context"),
+        {"extra_context": {}},
+    ),
+    path("test_admin/admin9/", admin.site9.urls),
+    path("test_admin/admin10/", admin.site10.urls),
+    path("test_admin/has_permission_admin/", custom_has_permission_admin.site.urls),
+    path("test_admin/autocomplete_admin/", autocomplete_site.urls),
     # Shares the admin URL prefix.
-    path('test_admin/admin/non_admin_view/', non_admin_view, name='non_admin'),
-    path('test_admin/admin10/non_admin_view/', non_admin_view, name='non_admin10'),
+    path("test_admin/admin/non_admin_view/", non_admin_view, name="non_admin"),
+    path("test_admin/admin10/non_admin_view/", non_admin_view, name="non_admin10"),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/views.py b/tests/admin_views/views.py
index 430f084693..e3dd549ca4 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/views.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/views.py
@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ def secure_view(request):
     return HttpResponse(str(request.POST))
 
 
-@staff_member_required(redirect_field_name='myfield')
+@staff_member_required(redirect_field_name="myfield")
 def secure_view2(request):
     return HttpResponse(str(request.POST))
diff --git a/tests/admin_widgets/models.py b/tests/admin_widgets/models.py
index 85ba6c4f36..15d7a3022e 100644
--- a/tests/admin_widgets/models.py
+++ b/tests/admin_widgets/models.py
@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ class MyFileField(models.FileField):
 class Member(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     birthdate = models.DateTimeField(blank=True, null=True)
-    gender = models.CharField(max_length=1, blank=True, choices=[('M', 'Male'), ('F', 'Female')])
+    gender = models.CharField(
+        max_length=1, blank=True, choices=[("M", "Male"), ("F", "Female")]
+    )
     email = models.EmailField(blank=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -36,16 +38,16 @@ class UnsafeLimitChoicesTo(models.Model):
     band = models.ForeignKey(
         Band,
         models.CASCADE,
-        limit_choices_to={'name': '"&><escapeme'},
+        limit_choices_to={"name": '"&><escapeme'},
     )
 
 
 class Album(models.Model):
-    band = models.ForeignKey(Band, models.CASCADE, to_field='uuid')
-    featuring = models.ManyToManyField(Band, related_name='featured')
+    band = models.ForeignKey(Band, models.CASCADE, to_field="uuid")
+    featuring = models.ManyToManyField(Band, related_name="featured")
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
-    cover_art = models.FileField(upload_to='albums')
-    backside_art = MyFileField(upload_to='albums_back', null=True)
+    cover_art = models.FileField(upload_to="albums")
+    backside_art = MyFileField(upload_to="albums_back", null=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -56,11 +58,12 @@ class ReleaseEvent(models.Model):
     Used to check that autocomplete widget correctly resolves attname for FK as
     PK example.
     """
+
     album = models.ForeignKey(Album, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['name']
+        ordering = ["name"]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -77,7 +80,9 @@ class HiddenInventoryManager(models.Manager):
 
 class Inventory(models.Model):
     barcode = models.PositiveIntegerField(unique=True)
-    parent = models.ForeignKey('self', models.SET_NULL, to_field='barcode', blank=True, null=True)
+    parent = models.ForeignKey(
+        "self", models.SET_NULL, to_field="barcode", blank=True, null=True
+    )
     name = models.CharField(blank=False, max_length=20)
     hidden = models.BooleanField(default=False)
 
@@ -94,13 +99,13 @@ class Event(models.Model):
         Band,
         models.CASCADE,
         limit_choices_to=models.Q(pk__gt=0),
-        related_name='events_main_band_at',
+        related_name="events_main_band_at",
     )
     supporting_bands = models.ManyToManyField(
         Band,
         blank=True,
-        related_name='events_supporting_band_at',
-        help_text='Supporting Bands.',
+        related_name="events_supporting_band_at",
+        help_text="Supporting Bands.",
     )
     start_date = models.DateField(blank=True, null=True)
     start_time = models.TimeField(blank=True, null=True)
@@ -122,6 +127,7 @@ class CarTire(models.Model):
     """
     A single car tire. This to test that a user can only select their own cars.
     """
+
     car = models.ForeignKey(Car, models.CASCADE)
 
 
@@ -136,6 +142,7 @@ class Bee(models.Model):
     (Honeycomb) so the corresponding raw ID widget won't have a magnifying
     glass link to select related honeycomb instances.
     """
+
     honeycomb = models.ForeignKey(Honeycomb, models.CASCADE)
 
 
@@ -145,9 +152,12 @@ class Individual(models.Model):
     corresponding raw ID widget won't have a magnifying glass link to select
     related instances (rendering will be called programmatically in this case).
     """
+
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
-    parent = models.ForeignKey('self', models.SET_NULL, null=True)
-    soulmate = models.ForeignKey('self', models.CASCADE, null=True, related_name='soulmates')
+    parent = models.ForeignKey("self", models.SET_NULL, null=True)
+    soulmate = models.ForeignKey(
+        "self", models.CASCADE, null=True, related_name="soulmates"
+    )
 
 
 class Company(models.Model):
@@ -160,6 +170,7 @@ class Advisor(models.Model):
     (Company) so the corresponding raw ID widget won't have a magnifying
     glass link to select related company instances.
     """
+
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     companies = models.ManyToManyField(Company)
 
@@ -168,7 +179,7 @@ class Student(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -176,15 +187,15 @@ class Student(models.Model):
 
 class School(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
-    students = models.ManyToManyField(Student, related_name='current_schools')
-    alumni = models.ManyToManyField(Student, related_name='previous_schools')
+    students = models.ManyToManyField(Student, related_name="current_schools")
+    alumni = models.ManyToManyField(Student, related_name="previous_schools")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
 class Profile(models.Model):
-    user = models.ForeignKey('auth.User', models.CASCADE, to_field='username')
+    user = models.ForeignKey("auth.User", models.CASCADE, to_field="username")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.user.username
diff --git a/tests/admin_widgets/test_autocomplete_widget.py b/tests/admin_widgets/test_autocomplete_widget.py
index a1c6e0ad7b..c7bcbd1d13 100644
--- a/tests/admin_widgets/test_autocomplete_widget.py
+++ b/tests/admin_widgets/test_autocomplete_widget.py
@@ -11,24 +11,26 @@ from .models import Album, Band, ReleaseEvent, VideoStream
 class AlbumForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = Album
-        fields = ['band', 'featuring']
+        fields = ["band", "featuring"]
         widgets = {
-            'band': AutocompleteSelect(
-                Album._meta.get_field('band'),
+            "band": AutocompleteSelect(
+                Album._meta.get_field("band"),
                 admin.site,
-                attrs={'class': 'my-class'},
+                attrs={"class": "my-class"},
             ),
-            'featuring': AutocompleteSelect(
-                Album._meta.get_field('featuring'),
+            "featuring": AutocompleteSelect(
+                Album._meta.get_field("featuring"),
                 admin.site,
-            )
+            ),
         }
 
 
 class NotRequiredBandForm(forms.Form):
     band = ModelChoiceField(
         queryset=Album.objects.all(),
-        widget=AutocompleteSelect(Album._meta.get_field('band').remote_field, admin.site),
+        widget=AutocompleteSelect(
+            Album._meta.get_field("band").remote_field, admin.site
+        ),
         required=False,
     )
 
@@ -36,7 +38,9 @@ class NotRequiredBandForm(forms.Form):
 class RequiredBandForm(forms.Form):
     band = ModelChoiceField(
         queryset=Album.objects.all(),
-        widget=AutocompleteSelect(Album._meta.get_field('band').remote_field, admin.site),
+        widget=AutocompleteSelect(
+            Album._meta.get_field("band").remote_field, admin.site
+        ),
         required=True,
     )
 
@@ -44,73 +48,84 @@ class RequiredBandForm(forms.Form):
 class VideoStreamForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = VideoStream
-        fields = ['release_event']
+        fields = ["release_event"]
         widgets = {
-            'release_event': AutocompleteSelect(
-                VideoStream._meta.get_field('release_event'),
+            "release_event": AutocompleteSelect(
+                VideoStream._meta.get_field("release_event"),
                 admin.site,
             ),
         }
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_widgets.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_widgets.urls")
 class AutocompleteMixinTests(TestCase):
     empty_option = '<option value=""></option>'
     maxDiff = 1000
 
     def test_build_attrs(self):
         form = AlbumForm()
-        attrs = form['band'].field.widget.get_context(name='my_field', value=None, attrs={})['widget']['attrs']
-        self.assertEqual(attrs, {
-            'class': 'my-class admin-autocomplete',
-            'data-ajax--cache': 'true',
-            'data-ajax--delay': 250,
-            'data-ajax--type': 'GET',
-            'data-ajax--url': '/autocomplete/',
-            'data-theme': 'admin-autocomplete',
-            'data-allow-clear': 'false',
-            'data-app-label': 'admin_widgets',
-            'data-field-name': 'band',
-            'data-model-name': 'album',
-            'data-placeholder': '',
-            'lang': 'en',
-        })
+        attrs = form["band"].field.widget.get_context(
+            name="my_field", value=None, attrs={}
+        )["widget"]["attrs"]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            attrs,
+            {
+                "class": "my-class admin-autocomplete",
+                "data-ajax--cache": "true",
+                "data-ajax--delay": 250,
+                "data-ajax--type": "GET",
+                "data-ajax--url": "/autocomplete/",
+                "data-theme": "admin-autocomplete",
+                "data-allow-clear": "false",
+                "data-app-label": "admin_widgets",
+                "data-field-name": "band",
+                "data-model-name": "album",
+                "data-placeholder": "",
+                "lang": "en",
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_build_attrs_no_custom_class(self):
         form = AlbumForm()
-        attrs = form['featuring'].field.widget.get_context(name='name', value=None, attrs={})['widget']['attrs']
-        self.assertEqual(attrs['class'], 'admin-autocomplete')
+        attrs = form["featuring"].field.widget.get_context(
+            name="name", value=None, attrs={}
+        )["widget"]["attrs"]
+        self.assertEqual(attrs["class"], "admin-autocomplete")
 
     def test_build_attrs_not_required_field(self):
         form = NotRequiredBandForm()
-        attrs = form['band'].field.widget.build_attrs({})
-        self.assertJSONEqual(attrs['data-allow-clear'], True)
+        attrs = form["band"].field.widget.build_attrs({})
+        self.assertJSONEqual(attrs["data-allow-clear"], True)
 
     def test_build_attrs_required_field(self):
         form = RequiredBandForm()
-        attrs = form['band'].field.widget.build_attrs({})
-        self.assertJSONEqual(attrs['data-allow-clear'], False)
+        attrs = form["band"].field.widget.build_attrs({})
+        self.assertJSONEqual(attrs["data-allow-clear"], False)
 
     def test_get_url(self):
-        rel = Album._meta.get_field('band')
+        rel = Album._meta.get_field("band")
         w = AutocompleteSelect(rel, admin.site)
         url = w.get_url()
-        self.assertEqual(url, '/autocomplete/')
+        self.assertEqual(url, "/autocomplete/")
 
     def test_render_options(self):
-        beatles = Band.objects.create(name='The Beatles', style='rock')
-        who = Band.objects.create(name='The Who', style='rock')
+        beatles = Band.objects.create(name="The Beatles", style="rock")
+        who = Band.objects.create(name="The Who", style="rock")
         # With 'band', a ForeignKey.
-        form = AlbumForm(initial={'band': beatles.uuid})
+        form = AlbumForm(initial={"band": beatles.uuid})
         output = form.as_table()
-        selected_option = '<option value="%s" selected>The Beatles</option>' % beatles.uuid
+        selected_option = (
+            '<option value="%s" selected>The Beatles</option>' % beatles.uuid
+        )
         option = '<option value="%s">The Who</option>' % who.uuid
         self.assertIn(selected_option, output)
         self.assertNotIn(option, output)
         # With 'featuring', a ManyToManyField.
-        form = AlbumForm(initial={'featuring': [beatles.pk, who.pk]})
+        form = AlbumForm(initial={"featuring": [beatles.pk, who.pk]})
         output = form.as_table()
-        selected_option = '<option value="%s" selected>The Beatles</option>' % beatles.pk
+        selected_option = (
+            '<option value="%s" selected>The Beatles</option>' % beatles.pk
+        )
         option = '<option value="%s" selected>The Who</option>' % who.pk
         self.assertIn(selected_option, output)
         self.assertIn(option, output)
@@ -128,41 +143,48 @@ class AutocompleteMixinTests(TestCase):
         self.assertNotIn(self.empty_option, output)
 
     def test_render_options_fk_as_pk(self):
-        beatles = Band.objects.create(name='The Beatles', style='rock')
-        rubber_soul = Album.objects.create(name='Rubber Soul', band=beatles)
-        release_event = ReleaseEvent.objects.create(name='Test Target', album=rubber_soul)
-        form = VideoStreamForm(initial={'release_event': release_event.pk})
+        beatles = Band.objects.create(name="The Beatles", style="rock")
+        rubber_soul = Album.objects.create(name="Rubber Soul", band=beatles)
+        release_event = ReleaseEvent.objects.create(
+            name="Test Target", album=rubber_soul
+        )
+        form = VideoStreamForm(initial={"release_event": release_event.pk})
         output = form.as_table()
-        selected_option = '<option value="%s" selected>Test Target</option>' % release_event.pk
+        selected_option = (
+            '<option value="%s" selected>Test Target</option>' % release_event.pk
+        )
         self.assertIn(selected_option, output)
 
     def test_media(self):
-        rel = Album._meta.get_field('band').remote_field
+        rel = Album._meta.get_field("band").remote_field
         base_files = (
-            'admin/js/vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js',
-            'admin/js/vendor/select2/select2.full.min.js',
+            "admin/js/vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js",
+            "admin/js/vendor/select2/select2.full.min.js",
             # Language file is inserted here.
-            'admin/js/jquery.init.js',
-            'admin/js/autocomplete.js',
+            "admin/js/jquery.init.js",
+            "admin/js/autocomplete.js",
         )
         languages = (
-            ('de', 'de'),
+            ("de", "de"),
             # Language with code 00 does not exist.
-            ('00', None),
+            ("00", None),
             # Language files are case sensitive.
-            ('sr-cyrl', 'sr-Cyrl'),
-            ('zh-hans', 'zh-CN'),
-            ('zh-hant', 'zh-TW'),
+            ("sr-cyrl", "sr-Cyrl"),
+            ("zh-hans", "zh-CN"),
+            ("zh-hant", "zh-TW"),
         )
         for lang, select_lang in languages:
             with self.subTest(lang=lang):
                 if select_lang:
                     expected_files = (
-                        base_files[:2] +
-                        (('admin/js/vendor/select2/i18n/%s.js' % select_lang),) +
-                        base_files[2:]
+                        base_files[:2]
+                        + (("admin/js/vendor/select2/i18n/%s.js" % select_lang),)
+                        + base_files[2:]
                     )
                 else:
                     expected_files = base_files
                 with translation.override(lang):
-                    self.assertEqual(AutocompleteSelect(rel, admin.site).media._js, list(expected_files))
+                    self.assertEqual(
+                        AutocompleteSelect(rel, admin.site).media._js,
+                        list(expected_files),
+                    )
diff --git a/tests/admin_widgets/tests.py b/tests/admin_widgets/tests.py
index 677ee18cff..35563653b0 100644
--- a/tests/admin_widgets/tests.py
+++ b/tests/admin_widgets/tests.py
@@ -18,28 +18,48 @@ from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.core.files.storage import default_storage
 from django.core.files.uploadedfile import SimpleUploadedFile
 from django.db.models import (
-    CharField, DateField, DateTimeField, ManyToManyField, UUIDField,
+    CharField,
+    DateField,
+    DateTimeField,
+    ManyToManyField,
+    UUIDField,
 )
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase, override_settings
 from django.urls import reverse
 from django.utils import translation
 
 from .models import (
-    Advisor, Album, Band, Bee, Car, Company, Event, Honeycomb, Individual,
-    Inventory, Member, MyFileField, Profile, ReleaseEvent, School, Student,
-    UnsafeLimitChoicesTo, VideoStream,
+    Advisor,
+    Album,
+    Band,
+    Bee,
+    Car,
+    Company,
+    Event,
+    Honeycomb,
+    Individual,
+    Inventory,
+    Member,
+    MyFileField,
+    Profile,
+    ReleaseEvent,
+    School,
+    Student,
+    UnsafeLimitChoicesTo,
+    VideoStream,
 )
 from .widgetadmin import site as widget_admin_site
 
 
 class TestDataMixin:
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email=None)
-        cls.u2 = User.objects.create_user(username='testser', password='secret')
-        Car.objects.create(owner=cls.superuser, make='Volkswagen', model='Passat')
-        Car.objects.create(owner=cls.u2, make='BMW', model='M3')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email=None
+        )
+        cls.u2 = User.objects.create_user(username="testser", password="secret")
+        Car.objects.create(owner=cls.superuser, make="Volkswagen", model="Passat")
+        Car.objects.create(owner=cls.u2, make="BMW", model="M3")
 
 
 class AdminFormfieldForDBFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -55,6 +75,7 @@ class AdminFormfieldForDBFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # Override any settings on the model admin
         class MyModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
             pass
+
         for k in admin_overrides:
             setattr(MyModelAdmin, k, admin_overrides[k])
 
@@ -74,75 +95,91 @@ class AdminFormfieldForDBFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
         return ff
 
     def test_DateField(self):
-        self.assertFormfield(Event, 'start_date', widgets.AdminDateWidget)
+        self.assertFormfield(Event, "start_date", widgets.AdminDateWidget)
 
     def test_DateTimeField(self):
-        self.assertFormfield(Member, 'birthdate', widgets.AdminSplitDateTime)
+        self.assertFormfield(Member, "birthdate", widgets.AdminSplitDateTime)
 
     def test_TimeField(self):
-        self.assertFormfield(Event, 'start_time', widgets.AdminTimeWidget)
+        self.assertFormfield(Event, "start_time", widgets.AdminTimeWidget)
 
     def test_TextField(self):
-        self.assertFormfield(Event, 'description', widgets.AdminTextareaWidget)
+        self.assertFormfield(Event, "description", widgets.AdminTextareaWidget)
 
     def test_URLField(self):
-        self.assertFormfield(Event, 'link', widgets.AdminURLFieldWidget)
+        self.assertFormfield(Event, "link", widgets.AdminURLFieldWidget)
 
     def test_IntegerField(self):
-        self.assertFormfield(Event, 'min_age', widgets.AdminIntegerFieldWidget)
+        self.assertFormfield(Event, "min_age", widgets.AdminIntegerFieldWidget)
 
     def test_CharField(self):
-        self.assertFormfield(Member, 'name', widgets.AdminTextInputWidget)
+        self.assertFormfield(Member, "name", widgets.AdminTextInputWidget)
 
     def test_EmailField(self):
-        self.assertFormfield(Member, 'email', widgets.AdminEmailInputWidget)
+        self.assertFormfield(Member, "email", widgets.AdminEmailInputWidget)
 
     def test_FileField(self):
-        self.assertFormfield(Album, 'cover_art', widgets.AdminFileWidget)
+        self.assertFormfield(Album, "cover_art", widgets.AdminFileWidget)
 
     def test_ForeignKey(self):
-        self.assertFormfield(Event, 'main_band', forms.Select)
+        self.assertFormfield(Event, "main_band", forms.Select)
 
     def test_raw_id_ForeignKey(self):
-        self.assertFormfield(Event, 'main_band', widgets.ForeignKeyRawIdWidget,
-                             raw_id_fields=['main_band'])
+        self.assertFormfield(
+            Event,
+            "main_band",
+            widgets.ForeignKeyRawIdWidget,
+            raw_id_fields=["main_band"],
+        )
 
     def test_radio_fields_ForeignKey(self):
-        ff = self.assertFormfield(Event, 'main_band', widgets.AdminRadioSelect,
-                                  radio_fields={'main_band': admin.VERTICAL})
+        ff = self.assertFormfield(
+            Event,
+            "main_band",
+            widgets.AdminRadioSelect,
+            radio_fields={"main_band": admin.VERTICAL},
+        )
         self.assertIsNone(ff.empty_label)
 
     def test_many_to_many(self):
-        self.assertFormfield(Band, 'members', forms.SelectMultiple)
+        self.assertFormfield(Band, "members", forms.SelectMultiple)
 
     def test_raw_id_many_to_many(self):
-        self.assertFormfield(Band, 'members', widgets.ManyToManyRawIdWidget,
-                             raw_id_fields=['members'])
+        self.assertFormfield(
+            Band, "members", widgets.ManyToManyRawIdWidget, raw_id_fields=["members"]
+        )
 
     def test_filtered_many_to_many(self):
-        self.assertFormfield(Band, 'members', widgets.FilteredSelectMultiple,
-                             filter_vertical=['members'])
+        self.assertFormfield(
+            Band, "members", widgets.FilteredSelectMultiple, filter_vertical=["members"]
+        )
 
     def test_formfield_overrides(self):
-        self.assertFormfield(Event, 'start_date', forms.TextInput,
-                             formfield_overrides={DateField: {'widget': forms.TextInput}})
+        self.assertFormfield(
+            Event,
+            "start_date",
+            forms.TextInput,
+            formfield_overrides={DateField: {"widget": forms.TextInput}},
+        )
 
     def test_formfield_overrides_widget_instances(self):
         """
         Widget instances in formfield_overrides are not shared between
         different fields. (#19423)
         """
+
         class BandAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
             formfield_overrides = {
-                CharField: {'widget': forms.TextInput(attrs={'size': '10'})}
+                CharField: {"widget": forms.TextInput(attrs={"size": "10"})}
             }
+
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, admin.site)
-        f1 = ma.formfield_for_dbfield(Band._meta.get_field('name'), request=None)
-        f2 = ma.formfield_for_dbfield(Band._meta.get_field('style'), request=None)
+        f1 = ma.formfield_for_dbfield(Band._meta.get_field("name"), request=None)
+        f2 = ma.formfield_for_dbfield(Band._meta.get_field("style"), request=None)
         self.assertNotEqual(f1.widget, f2.widget)
-        self.assertEqual(f1.widget.attrs['maxlength'], '100')
-        self.assertEqual(f2.widget.attrs['maxlength'], '20')
-        self.assertEqual(f2.widget.attrs['size'], '10')
+        self.assertEqual(f1.widget.attrs["maxlength"], "100")
+        self.assertEqual(f2.widget.attrs["maxlength"], "20")
+        self.assertEqual(f2.widget.attrs["size"], "10")
 
     def test_formfield_overrides_m2m_filter_widget(self):
         """
@@ -150,13 +187,15 @@ class AdminFormfieldForDBFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
         filter_horizontal widgets for ManyToManyFields may be overridden by
         specifying a widget in formfield_overrides.
         """
+
         class BandAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            filter_vertical = ['members']
+            filter_vertical = ["members"]
             formfield_overrides = {
-                ManyToManyField: {'widget': forms.CheckboxSelectMultiple},
+                ManyToManyField: {"widget": forms.CheckboxSelectMultiple},
             }
+
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, admin.site)
-        field = ma.formfield_for_dbfield(Band._meta.get_field('members'), request=None)
+        field = ma.formfield_for_dbfield(Band._meta.get_field("members"), request=None)
         self.assertIsInstance(field.widget.widget, forms.CheckboxSelectMultiple)
 
     def test_formfield_overrides_for_datetime_field(self):
@@ -164,10 +203,14 @@ class AdminFormfieldForDBFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Overriding the widget for DateTimeField doesn't overrides the default
         form_class for that field (#26449).
         """
+
         class MemberAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            formfield_overrides = {DateTimeField: {'widget': widgets.AdminSplitDateTime}}
+            formfield_overrides = {
+                DateTimeField: {"widget": widgets.AdminSplitDateTime}
+            }
+
         ma = MemberAdmin(Member, admin.site)
-        f1 = ma.formfield_for_dbfield(Member._meta.get_field('birthdate'), request=None)
+        f1 = ma.formfield_for_dbfield(Member._meta.get_field("birthdate"), request=None)
         self.assertIsInstance(f1.widget, widgets.AdminSplitDateTime)
         self.assertIsInstance(f1, forms.SplitDateTimeField)
 
@@ -175,69 +218,79 @@ class AdminFormfieldForDBFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         formfield_overrides works for a custom field class.
         """
+
         class AlbumAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            formfield_overrides = {MyFileField: {'widget': forms.TextInput()}}
+            formfield_overrides = {MyFileField: {"widget": forms.TextInput()}}
+
         ma = AlbumAdmin(Member, admin.site)
-        f1 = ma.formfield_for_dbfield(Album._meta.get_field('backside_art'), request=None)
+        f1 = ma.formfield_for_dbfield(
+            Album._meta.get_field("backside_art"), request=None
+        )
         self.assertIsInstance(f1.widget, forms.TextInput)
 
     def test_field_with_choices(self):
-        self.assertFormfield(Member, 'gender', forms.Select)
+        self.assertFormfield(Member, "gender", forms.Select)
 
     def test_choices_with_radio_fields(self):
-        self.assertFormfield(Member, 'gender', widgets.AdminRadioSelect,
-                             radio_fields={'gender': admin.VERTICAL})
+        self.assertFormfield(
+            Member,
+            "gender",
+            widgets.AdminRadioSelect,
+            radio_fields={"gender": admin.VERTICAL},
+        )
 
     def test_inheritance(self):
-        self.assertFormfield(Album, 'backside_art', widgets.AdminFileWidget)
+        self.assertFormfield(Album, "backside_art", widgets.AdminFileWidget)
 
     def test_m2m_widgets(self):
         """m2m fields help text as it applies to admin app (#9321)."""
-        class AdvisorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            filter_vertical = ['companies']
 
-        self.assertFormfield(Advisor, 'companies', widgets.FilteredSelectMultiple,
-                             filter_vertical=['companies'])
+        class AdvisorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
+            filter_vertical = ["companies"]
+
+        self.assertFormfield(
+            Advisor,
+            "companies",
+            widgets.FilteredSelectMultiple,
+            filter_vertical=["companies"],
+        )
         ma = AdvisorAdmin(Advisor, admin.site)
-        f = ma.formfield_for_dbfield(Advisor._meta.get_field('companies'), request=None)
+        f = ma.formfield_for_dbfield(Advisor._meta.get_field("companies"), request=None)
         self.assertEqual(
             f.help_text,
-            'Hold down “Control”, or “Command” on a Mac, to select more than one.'
+            "Hold down “Control”, or “Command” on a Mac, to select more than one.",
         )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_widgets.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_widgets.urls")
 class AdminFormfieldForDBFieldWithRequestTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def test_filter_choices_by_request_user(self):
         """
         Ensure the user can only see their own cars in the foreign key dropdown.
         """
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_widgets_cartire_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_widgets_cartire_add"))
         self.assertNotContains(response, "BMW M3")
         self.assertContains(response, "Volkswagen Passat")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_widgets.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_widgets.urls")
 class AdminForeignKeyWidgetChangeList(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_changelist_ForeignKey(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_widgets_car_changelist'))
-        self.assertContains(response, '/auth/user/add/')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_widgets_car_changelist"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "/auth/user/add/")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_widgets.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_widgets.urls")
 class AdminForeignKeyRawIdWidget(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_nonexistent_target_id(self):
-        band = Band.objects.create(name='Bogey Blues')
+        band = Band.objects.create(name="Bogey Blues")
         pk = band.pk
         band.delete()
         post_data = {
@@ -245,54 +298,63 @@ class AdminForeignKeyRawIdWidget(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         }
         # Try posting with a nonexistent pk in a raw id field: this
         # should result in an error message, not a server exception.
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_widgets_event_add'), post_data)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Select a valid choice. That choice is not one of the available choices.')
+        response = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_widgets_event_add"), post_data)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            "Select a valid choice. That choice is not one of the available choices.",
+        )
 
     def test_invalid_target_id(self):
 
-        for test_str in ('Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn', "1234'", -1234):
+        for test_str in ("Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn", "1234'", -1234):
             # This should result in an error message, not a server exception.
-            response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_widgets_event_add'), {"main_band": test_str})
+            response = self.client.post(
+                reverse("admin:admin_widgets_event_add"), {"main_band": test_str}
+            )
 
-            self.assertContains(response, 'Select a valid choice. That choice is not one of the available choices.')
+            self.assertContains(
+                response,
+                "Select a valid choice. That choice is not one of the available choices.",
+            )
 
     def test_url_params_from_lookup_dict_any_iterable(self):
-        lookup1 = widgets.url_params_from_lookup_dict({'color__in': ('red', 'blue')})
-        lookup2 = widgets.url_params_from_lookup_dict({'color__in': ['red', 'blue']})
-        self.assertEqual(lookup1, {'color__in': 'red,blue'})
+        lookup1 = widgets.url_params_from_lookup_dict({"color__in": ("red", "blue")})
+        lookup2 = widgets.url_params_from_lookup_dict({"color__in": ["red", "blue"]})
+        self.assertEqual(lookup1, {"color__in": "red,blue"})
         self.assertEqual(lookup1, lookup2)
 
     def test_url_params_from_lookup_dict_callable(self):
         def my_callable():
-            return 'works'
-        lookup1 = widgets.url_params_from_lookup_dict({'myfield': my_callable})
-        lookup2 = widgets.url_params_from_lookup_dict({'myfield': my_callable()})
+            return "works"
+
+        lookup1 = widgets.url_params_from_lookup_dict({"myfield": my_callable})
+        lookup2 = widgets.url_params_from_lookup_dict({"myfield": my_callable()})
         self.assertEqual(lookup1, lookup2)
 
     def test_label_and_url_for_value_invalid_uuid(self):
-        field = Bee._meta.get_field('honeycomb')
+        field = Bee._meta.get_field("honeycomb")
         self.assertIsInstance(field.target_field, UUIDField)
         widget = widgets.ForeignKeyRawIdWidget(field.remote_field, admin.site)
-        self.assertEqual(widget.label_and_url_for_value('invalid-uuid'), ('', ''))
+        self.assertEqual(widget.label_and_url_for_value("invalid-uuid"), ("", ""))
 
 
 class FilteredSelectMultipleWidgetTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_render(self):
         # Backslash in verbose_name to ensure it is JavaScript escaped.
-        w = widgets.FilteredSelectMultiple('test\\', False)
+        w = widgets.FilteredSelectMultiple("test\\", False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('test', 'test'),
+            w.render("test", "test"),
             '<select multiple name="test" class="selectfilter" '
-            'data-field-name="test\\" data-is-stacked="0">\n</select>'
+            'data-field-name="test\\" data-is-stacked="0">\n</select>',
         )
 
     def test_stacked_render(self):
         # Backslash in verbose_name to ensure it is JavaScript escaped.
-        w = widgets.FilteredSelectMultiple('test\\', True)
+        w = widgets.FilteredSelectMultiple("test\\", True)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('test', 'test'),
+            w.render("test", "test"),
             '<select multiple name="test" class="selectfilterstacked" '
-            'data-field-name="test\\" data-is-stacked="1">\n</select>'
+            'data-field-name="test\\" data-is-stacked="1">\n</select>',
         )
 
 
@@ -300,13 +362,13 @@ class AdminDateWidgetTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_attrs(self):
         w = widgets.AdminDateWidget()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('test', datetime(2007, 12, 1, 9, 30)),
+            w.render("test", datetime(2007, 12, 1, 9, 30)),
             '<input value="2007-12-01" type="text" class="vDateField" name="test" size="10">',
         )
         # pass attrs to widget
-        w = widgets.AdminDateWidget(attrs={'size': 20, 'class': 'myDateField'})
+        w = widgets.AdminDateWidget(attrs={"size": 20, "class": "myDateField"})
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('test', datetime(2007, 12, 1, 9, 30)),
+            w.render("test", datetime(2007, 12, 1, 9, 30)),
             '<input value="2007-12-01" type="text" class="myDateField" name="test" size="20">',
         )
 
@@ -315,13 +377,13 @@ class AdminTimeWidgetTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_attrs(self):
         w = widgets.AdminTimeWidget()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('test', datetime(2007, 12, 1, 9, 30)),
+            w.render("test", datetime(2007, 12, 1, 9, 30)),
             '<input value="09:30:00" type="text" class="vTimeField" name="test" size="8">',
         )
         # pass attrs to widget
-        w = widgets.AdminTimeWidget(attrs={'size': 20, 'class': 'myTimeField'})
+        w = widgets.AdminTimeWidget(attrs={"size": 20, "class": "myTimeField"})
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('test', datetime(2007, 12, 1, 9, 30)),
+            w.render("test", datetime(2007, 12, 1, 9, 30)),
             '<input value="09:30:00" type="text" class="myTimeField" name="test" size="20">',
         )
 
@@ -330,59 +392,58 @@ class AdminSplitDateTimeWidgetTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_render(self):
         w = widgets.AdminSplitDateTime()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('test', datetime(2007, 12, 1, 9, 30)),
+            w.render("test", datetime(2007, 12, 1, 9, 30)),
             '<p class="datetime">'
             'Date: <input value="2007-12-01" type="text" class="vDateField" '
             'name="test_0" size="10"><br>'
             'Time: <input value="09:30:00" type="text" class="vTimeField" '
-            'name="test_1" size="8"></p>'
+            'name="test_1" size="8"></p>',
         )
 
     def test_localization(self):
         w = widgets.AdminSplitDateTime()
 
-        with translation.override('de-at'):
+        with translation.override("de-at"):
             w.is_localized = True
             self.assertHTMLEqual(
-                w.render('test', datetime(2007, 12, 1, 9, 30)),
+                w.render("test", datetime(2007, 12, 1, 9, 30)),
                 '<p class="datetime">'
                 'Datum: <input value="01.12.2007" type="text" '
                 'class="vDateField" name="test_0"size="10"><br>'
                 'Zeit: <input value="09:30:00" type="text" class="vTimeField" '
-                'name="test_1" size="8"></p>'
+                'name="test_1" size="8"></p>',
             )
 
 
 class AdminURLWidgetTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_get_context_validates_url(self):
         w = widgets.AdminURLFieldWidget()
-        for invalid in ['', '/not/a/full/url/', 'javascript:alert("Danger XSS!")']:
+        for invalid in ["", "/not/a/full/url/", 'javascript:alert("Danger XSS!")']:
             with self.subTest(url=invalid):
-                self.assertFalse(w.get_context('name', invalid, {})['url_valid'])
-        self.assertTrue(w.get_context('name', 'http://example.com', {})['url_valid'])
+                self.assertFalse(w.get_context("name", invalid, {})["url_valid"])
+        self.assertTrue(w.get_context("name", "http://example.com", {})["url_valid"])
 
     def test_render(self):
         w = widgets.AdminURLFieldWidget()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('test', ''),
-            '<input class="vURLField" name="test" type="url">'
+            w.render("test", ""), '<input class="vURLField" name="test" type="url">'
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('test', 'http://example.com'),
+            w.render("test", "http://example.com"),
             '<p class="url">Currently:<a href="http://example.com">'
-            'http://example.com</a><br>'
+            "http://example.com</a><br>"
             'Change:<input class="vURLField" name="test" type="url" '
-            'value="http://example.com"></p>'
+            'value="http://example.com"></p>',
         )
 
     def test_render_idn(self):
         w = widgets.AdminURLFieldWidget()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('test', 'http://example-äüö.com'),
+            w.render("test", "http://example-äüö.com"),
             '<p class="url">Currently: <a href="http://xn--example--7za4pnc.com">'
-            'http://example-äüö.com</a><br>'
+            "http://example-äüö.com</a><br>"
             'Change:<input class="vURLField" name="test" type="url" '
-            'value="http://example-äüö.com"></p>'
+            'value="http://example-äüö.com"></p>',
         )
 
     def test_render_quoting(self):
@@ -392,47 +453,49 @@ class AdminURLWidgetTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         HREF_RE = re.compile('href="([^"]+)"')
         VALUE_RE = re.compile('value="([^"]+)"')
-        TEXT_RE = re.compile('<a[^>]+>([^>]+)</a>')
+        TEXT_RE = re.compile("<a[^>]+>([^>]+)</a>")
         w = widgets.AdminURLFieldWidget()
-        output = w.render('test', 'http://example.com/<sometag>some-text</sometag>')
+        output = w.render("test", "http://example.com/<sometag>some-text</sometag>")
         self.assertEqual(
             HREF_RE.search(output)[1],
-            'http://example.com/%3Csometag%3Esome-text%3C/sometag%3E',
+            "http://example.com/%3Csometag%3Esome-text%3C/sometag%3E",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             TEXT_RE.search(output)[1],
-            'http://example.com/&lt;sometag&gt;some-text&lt;/sometag&gt;',
+            "http://example.com/&lt;sometag&gt;some-text&lt;/sometag&gt;",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             VALUE_RE.search(output)[1],
-            'http://example.com/&lt;sometag&gt;some-text&lt;/sometag&gt;',
+            "http://example.com/&lt;sometag&gt;some-text&lt;/sometag&gt;",
         )
-        output = w.render('test', 'http://example-äüö.com/<sometag>some-text</sometag>')
+        output = w.render("test", "http://example-äüö.com/<sometag>some-text</sometag>")
         self.assertEqual(
             HREF_RE.search(output)[1],
-            'http://xn--example--7za4pnc.com/%3Csometag%3Esome-text%3C/sometag%3E',
+            "http://xn--example--7za4pnc.com/%3Csometag%3Esome-text%3C/sometag%3E",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             TEXT_RE.search(output)[1],
-            'http://example-äüö.com/&lt;sometag&gt;some-text&lt;/sometag&gt;',
+            "http://example-äüö.com/&lt;sometag&gt;some-text&lt;/sometag&gt;",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             VALUE_RE.search(output)[1],
-            'http://example-äüö.com/&lt;sometag&gt;some-text&lt;/sometag&gt;',
+            "http://example-äüö.com/&lt;sometag&gt;some-text&lt;/sometag&gt;",
+        )
+        output = w.render(
+            "test", 'http://www.example.com/%C3%A4"><script>alert("XSS!")</script>"'
         )
-        output = w.render('test', 'http://www.example.com/%C3%A4"><script>alert("XSS!")</script>"')
         self.assertEqual(
             HREF_RE.search(output)[1],
-            'http://www.example.com/%C3%A4%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ealert(%22XSS!%22)%3C/script%3E%22',
+            "http://www.example.com/%C3%A4%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ealert(%22XSS!%22)%3C/script%3E%22",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             TEXT_RE.search(output)[1],
-            'http://www.example.com/%C3%A4&quot;&gt;&lt;script&gt;'
-            'alert(&quot;XSS!&quot;)&lt;/script&gt;&quot;'
+            "http://www.example.com/%C3%A4&quot;&gt;&lt;script&gt;"
+            "alert(&quot;XSS!&quot;)&lt;/script&gt;&quot;",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             VALUE_RE.search(output)[1],
-            'http://www.example.com/%C3%A4&quot;&gt;&lt;script&gt;alert(&quot;XSS!&quot;)&lt;/script&gt;&quot;',
+            "http://www.example.com/%C3%A4&quot;&gt;&lt;script&gt;alert(&quot;XSS!&quot;)&lt;/script&gt;&quot;",
         )
 
 
@@ -440,42 +503,42 @@ class AdminUUIDWidgetTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_attrs(self):
         w = widgets.AdminUUIDInputWidget()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('test', '550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000'),
+            w.render("test", "550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000"),
             '<input value="550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000" type="text" class="vUUIDField" name="test">',
         )
-        w = widgets.AdminUUIDInputWidget(attrs={'class': 'myUUIDInput'})
+        w = widgets.AdminUUIDInputWidget(attrs={"class": "myUUIDInput"})
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('test', '550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000'),
+            w.render("test", "550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000"),
             '<input value="550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000" type="text" class="myUUIDInput" name="test">',
         )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_widgets.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_widgets.urls")
 class AdminFileWidgetTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         super().setUpTestData()
-        band = Band.objects.create(name='Linkin Park')
+        band = Band.objects.create(name="Linkin Park")
         cls.album = band.album_set.create(
-            name='Hybrid Theory', cover_art=r'albums\hybrid_theory.jpg'
+            name="Hybrid Theory", cover_art=r"albums\hybrid_theory.jpg"
         )
 
     def test_render(self):
         w = widgets.AdminFileWidget()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('test', self.album.cover_art),
+            w.render("test", self.album.cover_art),
             '<p class="file-upload">Currently: <a href="%(STORAGE_URL)salbums/'
             r'hybrid_theory.jpg">albums\hybrid_theory.jpg</a> '
             '<span class="clearable-file-input">'
             '<input type="checkbox" name="test-clear" id="test-clear_id"> '
             '<label for="test-clear_id">Clear</label></span><br>'
-            'Change: <input type="file" name="test"></p>' % {
-                'STORAGE_URL': default_storage.url(''),
+            'Change: <input type="file" name="test"></p>'
+            % {
+                "STORAGE_URL": default_storage.url(""),
             },
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('test', SimpleUploadedFile('test', b'content')),
+            w.render("test", SimpleUploadedFile("test", b"content")),
             '<input type="file" name="test">',
         )
 
@@ -483,25 +546,27 @@ class AdminFileWidgetTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         widget = widgets.AdminFileWidget()
         widget.is_required = True
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            widget.render('test', self.album.cover_art),
+            widget.render("test", self.album.cover_art),
             '<p class="file-upload">Currently: <a href="%(STORAGE_URL)salbums/'
             r'hybrid_theory.jpg">albums\hybrid_theory.jpg</a><br>'
-            'Change: <input type="file" name="test"></p>' % {
-                'STORAGE_URL': default_storage.url(''),
+            'Change: <input type="file" name="test"></p>'
+            % {
+                "STORAGE_URL": default_storage.url(""),
             },
         )
 
     def test_render_disabled(self):
-        widget = widgets.AdminFileWidget(attrs={'disabled': True})
+        widget = widgets.AdminFileWidget(attrs={"disabled": True})
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            widget.render('test', self.album.cover_art),
+            widget.render("test", self.album.cover_art),
             '<p class="file-upload">Currently: <a href="%(STORAGE_URL)salbums/'
             r'hybrid_theory.jpg">albums\hybrid_theory.jpg</a> '
             '<span class="clearable-file-input">'
             '<input type="checkbox" name="test-clear" id="test-clear_id" disabled>'
             '<label for="test-clear_id">Clear</label></span><br>'
-            'Change: <input type="file" name="test" disabled></p>' % {
-                'STORAGE_URL': default_storage.url(''),
+            'Change: <input type="file" name="test" disabled></p>'
+            % {
+                "STORAGE_URL": default_storage.url(""),
             },
         )
 
@@ -510,11 +575,14 @@ class AdminFileWidgetTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         File widgets should render as a link when they're marked "read only."
         """
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_widgets_album_change', args=(self.album.id,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_widgets_album_change", args=(self.album.id,))
+        )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<div class="readonly"><a href="%(STORAGE_URL)salbums/hybrid_theory.jpg">'
-            r'albums\hybrid_theory.jpg</a></div>' % {'STORAGE_URL': default_storage.url('')},
+            r"albums\hybrid_theory.jpg</a></div>"
+            % {"STORAGE_URL": default_storage.url("")},
             html=True,
         )
         self.assertNotContains(
@@ -522,7 +590,7 @@ class AdminFileWidgetTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
             '<input type="file" name="cover_art" id="id_cover_art">',
             html=True,
         )
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_widgets_album_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_widgets_album_add"))
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<div class="readonly"></div>',
@@ -530,30 +598,29 @@ class AdminFileWidgetTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_widgets.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_widgets.urls")
 class ForeignKeyRawIdWidgetTest(TestCase):
-
     def test_render(self):
-        band = Band.objects.create(name='Linkin Park')
+        band = Band.objects.create(name="Linkin Park")
         band.album_set.create(
-            name='Hybrid Theory', cover_art=r'albums\hybrid_theory.jpg'
+            name="Hybrid Theory", cover_art=r"albums\hybrid_theory.jpg"
         )
-        rel_uuid = Album._meta.get_field('band').remote_field
+        rel_uuid = Album._meta.get_field("band").remote_field
         w = widgets.ForeignKeyRawIdWidget(rel_uuid, widget_admin_site)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('test', band.uuid, attrs={}),
+            w.render("test", band.uuid, attrs={}),
             '<input type="text" name="test" value="%(banduuid)s" '
             'class="vForeignKeyRawIdAdminField vUUIDField">'
             '<a href="/admin_widgets/band/?_to_field=uuid" class="related-lookup" '
             'id="lookup_id_test" title="Lookup"></a>&nbsp;<strong>'
             '<a href="/admin_widgets/band/%(bandpk)s/change/">Linkin Park</a>'
-            '</strong>' % {'banduuid': band.uuid, 'bandpk': band.pk}
+            "</strong>" % {"banduuid": band.uuid, "bandpk": band.pk},
         )
 
-        rel_id = ReleaseEvent._meta.get_field('album').remote_field
+        rel_id = ReleaseEvent._meta.get_field("album").remote_field
         w = widgets.ForeignKeyRawIdWidget(rel_id, widget_admin_site)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('test', None, attrs={}),
+            w.render("test", None, attrs={}),
             '<input type="text" name="test" class="vForeignKeyRawIdAdminField">'
             '<a href="/admin_widgets/album/?_to_field=id" class="related-lookup" '
             'id="lookup_id_test" title="Lookup"></a>',
@@ -562,156 +629,159 @@ class ForeignKeyRawIdWidgetTest(TestCase):
     def test_relations_to_non_primary_key(self):
         # ForeignKeyRawIdWidget works with fields which aren't related to
         # the model's primary key.
-        apple = Inventory.objects.create(barcode=86, name='Apple')
-        Inventory.objects.create(barcode=22, name='Pear')
-        core = Inventory.objects.create(
-            barcode=87, name='Core', parent=apple
-        )
-        rel = Inventory._meta.get_field('parent').remote_field
+        apple = Inventory.objects.create(barcode=86, name="Apple")
+        Inventory.objects.create(barcode=22, name="Pear")
+        core = Inventory.objects.create(barcode=87, name="Core", parent=apple)
+        rel = Inventory._meta.get_field("parent").remote_field
         w = widgets.ForeignKeyRawIdWidget(rel, widget_admin_site)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('test', core.parent_id, attrs={}),
+            w.render("test", core.parent_id, attrs={}),
             '<input type="text" name="test" value="86" '
             'class="vForeignKeyRawIdAdminField">'
             '<a href="/admin_widgets/inventory/?_to_field=barcode" '
             'class="related-lookup" id="lookup_id_test" title="Lookup"></a>'
             '&nbsp;<strong><a href="/admin_widgets/inventory/%(pk)s/change/">'
-            'Apple</a></strong>' % {'pk': apple.pk}
+            "Apple</a></strong>" % {"pk": apple.pk},
         )
 
     def test_fk_related_model_not_in_admin(self):
         # FK to a model not registered with admin site. Raw ID widget should
         # have no magnifying glass link. See #16542
-        big_honeycomb = Honeycomb.objects.create(location='Old tree')
+        big_honeycomb = Honeycomb.objects.create(location="Old tree")
         big_honeycomb.bee_set.create()
-        rel = Bee._meta.get_field('honeycomb').remote_field
+        rel = Bee._meta.get_field("honeycomb").remote_field
 
         w = widgets.ForeignKeyRawIdWidget(rel, widget_admin_site)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('honeycomb_widget', big_honeycomb.pk, attrs={}),
+            w.render("honeycomb_widget", big_honeycomb.pk, attrs={}),
             '<input type="text" name="honeycomb_widget" value="%(hcombpk)s">'
-            '&nbsp;<strong>%(hcomb)s</strong>'
-            % {'hcombpk': big_honeycomb.pk, 'hcomb': big_honeycomb}
+            "&nbsp;<strong>%(hcomb)s</strong>"
+            % {"hcombpk": big_honeycomb.pk, "hcomb": big_honeycomb},
         )
 
     def test_fk_to_self_model_not_in_admin(self):
         # FK to self, not registered with admin site. Raw ID widget should have
         # no magnifying glass link. See #16542
-        subject1 = Individual.objects.create(name='Subject #1')
-        Individual.objects.create(name='Child', parent=subject1)
-        rel = Individual._meta.get_field('parent').remote_field
+        subject1 = Individual.objects.create(name="Subject #1")
+        Individual.objects.create(name="Child", parent=subject1)
+        rel = Individual._meta.get_field("parent").remote_field
 
         w = widgets.ForeignKeyRawIdWidget(rel, widget_admin_site)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('individual_widget', subject1.pk, attrs={}),
+            w.render("individual_widget", subject1.pk, attrs={}),
             '<input type="text" name="individual_widget" value="%(subj1pk)s">'
-            '&nbsp;<strong>%(subj1)s</strong>'
-            % {'subj1pk': subject1.pk, 'subj1': subject1}
+            "&nbsp;<strong>%(subj1)s</strong>"
+            % {"subj1pk": subject1.pk, "subj1": subject1},
         )
 
     def test_proper_manager_for_label_lookup(self):
         # see #9258
-        rel = Inventory._meta.get_field('parent').remote_field
+        rel = Inventory._meta.get_field("parent").remote_field
         w = widgets.ForeignKeyRawIdWidget(rel, widget_admin_site)
 
-        hidden = Inventory.objects.create(
-            barcode=93, name='Hidden', hidden=True
-        )
+        hidden = Inventory.objects.create(barcode=93, name="Hidden", hidden=True)
         child_of_hidden = Inventory.objects.create(
-            barcode=94, name='Child of hidden', parent=hidden
+            barcode=94, name="Child of hidden", parent=hidden
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('test', child_of_hidden.parent_id, attrs={}),
+            w.render("test", child_of_hidden.parent_id, attrs={}),
             '<input type="text" name="test" value="93" class="vForeignKeyRawIdAdminField">'
             '<a href="/admin_widgets/inventory/?_to_field=barcode" '
             'class="related-lookup" id="lookup_id_test" title="Lookup"></a>'
             '&nbsp;<strong><a href="/admin_widgets/inventory/%(pk)s/change/">'
-            'Hidden</a></strong>' % {'pk': hidden.pk}
+            "Hidden</a></strong>" % {"pk": hidden.pk},
         )
 
     def test_render_unsafe_limit_choices_to(self):
-        rel = UnsafeLimitChoicesTo._meta.get_field('band').remote_field
+        rel = UnsafeLimitChoicesTo._meta.get_field("band").remote_field
         w = widgets.ForeignKeyRawIdWidget(rel, widget_admin_site)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('test', None),
+            w.render("test", None),
             '<input type="text" name="test" class="vForeignKeyRawIdAdminField">\n'
             '<a href="/admin_widgets/band/?name=%22%26%3E%3Cescapeme&amp;_to_field=artist_ptr" '
-            'class="related-lookup" id="lookup_id_test" title="Lookup"></a>'
+            'class="related-lookup" id="lookup_id_test" title="Lookup"></a>',
         )
 
     def test_render_fk_as_pk_model(self):
-        rel = VideoStream._meta.get_field('release_event').remote_field
+        rel = VideoStream._meta.get_field("release_event").remote_field
         w = widgets.ForeignKeyRawIdWidget(rel, widget_admin_site)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('test', None),
+            w.render("test", None),
             '<input type="text" name="test" class="vForeignKeyRawIdAdminField">\n'
             '<a href="/admin_widgets/releaseevent/?_to_field=album" '
-            'class="related-lookup" id="lookup_id_test" title="Lookup"></a>'
+            'class="related-lookup" id="lookup_id_test" title="Lookup"></a>',
         )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_widgets.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_widgets.urls")
 class ManyToManyRawIdWidgetTest(TestCase):
-
     def test_render(self):
-        band = Band.objects.create(name='Linkin Park')
+        band = Band.objects.create(name="Linkin Park")
 
-        m1 = Member.objects.create(name='Chester')
-        m2 = Member.objects.create(name='Mike')
+        m1 = Member.objects.create(name="Chester")
+        m2 = Member.objects.create(name="Mike")
         band.members.add(m1, m2)
-        rel = Band._meta.get_field('members').remote_field
+        rel = Band._meta.get_field("members").remote_field
 
         w = widgets.ManyToManyRawIdWidget(rel, widget_admin_site)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('test', [m1.pk, m2.pk], attrs={}), (
+            w.render("test", [m1.pk, m2.pk], attrs={}),
+            (
                 '<input type="text" name="test" value="%(m1pk)s,%(m2pk)s" class="vManyToManyRawIdAdminField">'
                 '<a href="/admin_widgets/member/" class="related-lookup" id="lookup_id_test" title="Lookup"></a>'
-            ) % {'m1pk': m1.pk, 'm2pk': m2.pk}
+            )
+            % {"m1pk": m1.pk, "m2pk": m2.pk},
         )
 
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('test', [m1.pk]), (
+            w.render("test", [m1.pk]),
+            (
                 '<input type="text" name="test" value="%(m1pk)s" class="vManyToManyRawIdAdminField">'
                 '<a href="/admin_widgets/member/" class="related-lookup" id="lookup_id_test" title="Lookup"></a>'
-            ) % {'m1pk': m1.pk}
+            )
+            % {"m1pk": m1.pk},
         )
 
     def test_m2m_related_model_not_in_admin(self):
         # M2M relationship with model not registered with admin site. Raw ID
         # widget should have no magnifying glass link. See #16542
-        consultor1 = Advisor.objects.create(name='Rockstar Techie')
+        consultor1 = Advisor.objects.create(name="Rockstar Techie")
 
-        c1 = Company.objects.create(name='Doodle')
-        c2 = Company.objects.create(name='Pear')
+        c1 = Company.objects.create(name="Doodle")
+        c2 = Company.objects.create(name="Pear")
         consultor1.companies.add(c1, c2)
-        rel = Advisor._meta.get_field('companies').remote_field
+        rel = Advisor._meta.get_field("companies").remote_field
 
         w = widgets.ManyToManyRawIdWidget(rel, widget_admin_site)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('company_widget1', [c1.pk, c2.pk], attrs={}),
-            '<input type="text" name="company_widget1" value="%(c1pk)s,%(c2pk)s">' % {'c1pk': c1.pk, 'c2pk': c2.pk}
+            w.render("company_widget1", [c1.pk, c2.pk], attrs={}),
+            '<input type="text" name="company_widget1" value="%(c1pk)s,%(c2pk)s">'
+            % {"c1pk": c1.pk, "c2pk": c2.pk},
         )
 
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('company_widget2', [c1.pk]),
-            '<input type="text" name="company_widget2" value="%(c1pk)s">' % {'c1pk': c1.pk}
+            w.render("company_widget2", [c1.pk]),
+            '<input type="text" name="company_widget2" value="%(c1pk)s">'
+            % {"c1pk": c1.pk},
         )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_widgets.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_widgets.urls")
 class RelatedFieldWidgetWrapperTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_no_can_add_related(self):
-        rel = Individual._meta.get_field('parent').remote_field
+        rel = Individual._meta.get_field("parent").remote_field
         w = widgets.AdminRadioSelect()
         # Used to fail with a name error.
         w = widgets.RelatedFieldWidgetWrapper(w, rel, widget_admin_site)
         self.assertFalse(w.can_add_related)
 
     def test_select_multiple_widget_cant_change_delete_related(self):
-        rel = Individual._meta.get_field('parent').remote_field
+        rel = Individual._meta.get_field("parent").remote_field
         widget = forms.SelectMultiple()
         wrapper = widgets.RelatedFieldWidgetWrapper(
-            widget, rel, widget_admin_site,
+            widget,
+            rel,
+            widget_admin_site,
             can_add_related=True,
             can_change_related=True,
             can_delete_related=True,
@@ -721,10 +791,12 @@ class RelatedFieldWidgetWrapperTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertFalse(wrapper.can_delete_related)
 
     def test_on_delete_cascade_rel_cant_delete_related(self):
-        rel = Individual._meta.get_field('soulmate').remote_field
+        rel = Individual._meta.get_field("soulmate").remote_field
         widget = forms.Select()
         wrapper = widgets.RelatedFieldWidgetWrapper(
-            widget, rel, widget_admin_site,
+            widget,
+            rel,
+            widget_admin_site,
             can_add_related=True,
             can_change_related=True,
             can_delete_related=True,
@@ -736,62 +808,67 @@ class RelatedFieldWidgetWrapperTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_custom_widget_render(self):
         class CustomWidget(forms.Select):
             def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
-                return 'custom render output'
-        rel = Album._meta.get_field('band').remote_field
+                return "custom render output"
+
+        rel = Album._meta.get_field("band").remote_field
         widget = CustomWidget()
         wrapper = widgets.RelatedFieldWidgetWrapper(
-            widget, rel, widget_admin_site,
+            widget,
+            rel,
+            widget_admin_site,
             can_add_related=True,
             can_change_related=True,
             can_delete_related=True,
         )
-        output = wrapper.render('name', 'value')
-        self.assertIn('custom render output', output)
+        output = wrapper.render("name", "value")
+        self.assertIn("custom render output", output)
 
     def test_widget_delegates_value_omitted_from_data(self):
         class CustomWidget(forms.Select):
             def value_omitted_from_data(self, data, files, name):
                 return False
-        rel = Album._meta.get_field('band').remote_field
+
+        rel = Album._meta.get_field("band").remote_field
         widget = CustomWidget()
         wrapper = widgets.RelatedFieldWidgetWrapper(widget, rel, widget_admin_site)
-        self.assertIs(wrapper.value_omitted_from_data({}, {}, 'band'), False)
+        self.assertIs(wrapper.value_omitted_from_data({}, {}, "band"), False)
 
     def test_widget_is_hidden(self):
-        rel = Album._meta.get_field('band').remote_field
+        rel = Album._meta.get_field("band").remote_field
         widget = forms.HiddenInput()
         widget.choices = ()
         wrapper = widgets.RelatedFieldWidgetWrapper(widget, rel, widget_admin_site)
         self.assertIs(wrapper.is_hidden, True)
-        context = wrapper.get_context('band', None, {})
-        self.assertIs(context['is_hidden'], True)
-        output = wrapper.render('name', 'value')
+        context = wrapper.get_context("band", None, {})
+        self.assertIs(context["is_hidden"], True)
+        output = wrapper.render("name", "value")
         # Related item links are hidden.
-        self.assertNotIn('<a ', output)
+        self.assertNotIn("<a ", output)
 
     def test_widget_is_not_hidden(self):
-        rel = Album._meta.get_field('band').remote_field
+        rel = Album._meta.get_field("band").remote_field
         widget = forms.Select()
         wrapper = widgets.RelatedFieldWidgetWrapper(widget, rel, widget_admin_site)
         self.assertIs(wrapper.is_hidden, False)
-        context = wrapper.get_context('band', None, {})
-        self.assertIs(context['is_hidden'], False)
-        output = wrapper.render('name', 'value')
+        context = wrapper.get_context("band", None, {})
+        self.assertIs(context["is_hidden"], False)
+        output = wrapper.render("name", "value")
         # Related item links are present.
-        self.assertIn('<a ', output)
+        self.assertIn("<a ", output)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_widgets.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_widgets.urls")
 class AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['admin_widgets'] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
+    available_apps = ["admin_widgets"] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
 
     def setUp(self):
-        self.u1 = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        self.u1 = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
 
 class DateTimePickerSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
-
     def test_show_hide_date_time_picker_widgets(self):
         """
         Pressing the ESC key or clicking on a widget value closes the date and
@@ -800,57 +877,69 @@ class DateTimePickerSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
 
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url='/')
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret", login_url="/")
         # Open a page that has a date and time picker widgets
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_widgets_member_add'))
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_widgets_member_add")
+        )
 
         # First, with the date picker widget ---------------------------------
-        cal_icon = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'calendarlink0')
+        cal_icon = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "calendarlink0")
         # The date picker is hidden
-        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'calendarbox0').is_displayed())
+        self.assertFalse(
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "calendarbox0").is_displayed()
+        )
         # Click the calendar icon
         cal_icon.click()
         # The date picker is visible
-        self.assertTrue(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'calendarbox0').is_displayed())
+        self.assertTrue(
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "calendarbox0").is_displayed()
+        )
         # Press the ESC key
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'body').send_keys([Keys.ESCAPE])
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "body").send_keys([Keys.ESCAPE])
         # The date picker is hidden again
-        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'calendarbox0').is_displayed())
+        self.assertFalse(
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "calendarbox0").is_displayed()
+        )
         # Click the calendar icon, then on the 15th of current month
         cal_icon.click()
         self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, "//a[contains(text(), '15')]").click()
-        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'calendarbox0').is_displayed())
+        self.assertFalse(
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "calendarbox0").is_displayed()
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_birthdate_0').get_attribute('value'),
-            datetime.today().strftime('%Y-%m-') + '15',
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_birthdate_0").get_attribute("value"),
+            datetime.today().strftime("%Y-%m-") + "15",
         )
 
         # Then, with the time picker widget ----------------------------------
-        time_icon = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'clocklink0')
+        time_icon = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "clocklink0")
         # The time picker is hidden
-        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'clockbox0').is_displayed())
+        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "clockbox0").is_displayed())
         # Click the time icon
         time_icon.click()
         # The time picker is visible
-        self.assertTrue(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'clockbox0').is_displayed())
+        self.assertTrue(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "clockbox0").is_displayed())
         self.assertEqual(
             [
-                x.text for x in
-                self.selenium.find_elements(By.XPATH, "//ul[@class='timelist']/li/a")
+                x.text
+                for x in self.selenium.find_elements(
+                    By.XPATH, "//ul[@class='timelist']/li/a"
+                )
             ],
-            ['Now', 'Midnight', '6 a.m.', 'Noon', '6 p.m.']
+            ["Now", "Midnight", "6 a.m.", "Noon", "6 p.m."],
         )
         # Press the ESC key
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'body').send_keys([Keys.ESCAPE])
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "body").send_keys([Keys.ESCAPE])
         # The time picker is hidden again
-        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'clockbox0').is_displayed())
+        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "clockbox0").is_displayed())
         # Click the time icon, then select the 'Noon' value
         time_icon.click()
         self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, "//a[contains(text(), 'Noon')]").click()
-        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'clockbox0').is_displayed())
+        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "clockbox0").is_displayed())
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_birthdate_1').get_attribute('value'),
-            '12:00:00',
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_birthdate_1").get_attribute("value"),
+            "12:00:00",
         )
 
     def test_calendar_nonday_class(self):
@@ -859,23 +948,26 @@ class DateTimePickerSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         Refs #4574.
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url='/')
+
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret", login_url="/")
         # Open a page that has a date and time picker widgets
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_widgets_member_add'))
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_widgets_member_add")
+        )
 
         # fill in the birth date.
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_birthdate_0').send_keys('2013-06-01')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_birthdate_0").send_keys("2013-06-01")
 
         # Click the calendar icon
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'calendarlink0').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "calendarlink0").click()
 
         # get all the tds within the calendar
-        calendar0 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'calendarin0')
-        tds = calendar0.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, 'td')
+        calendar0 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "calendarin0")
+        tds = calendar0.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, "td")
 
         # make sure the first and last 6 cells have class nonday
         for td in tds[:6] + tds[-6:]:
-            self.assertEqual(td.get_attribute('class'), 'nonday')
+            self.assertEqual(td.get_attribute("class"), "nonday")
 
     def test_calendar_selected_class(self):
         """
@@ -883,25 +975,28 @@ class DateTimePickerSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         Refs #4574.
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url='/')
+
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret", login_url="/")
         # Open a page that has a date and time picker widgets
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_widgets_member_add'))
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_widgets_member_add")
+        )
 
         # fill in the birth date.
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_birthdate_0').send_keys('2013-06-01')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_birthdate_0").send_keys("2013-06-01")
 
         # Click the calendar icon
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'calendarlink0').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "calendarlink0").click()
 
         # get all the tds within the calendar
-        calendar0 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'calendarin0')
-        tds = calendar0.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, 'td')
+        calendar0 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "calendarin0")
+        tds = calendar0.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, "td")
 
         # verify the selected cell
         selected = tds[6]
-        self.assertEqual(selected.get_attribute('class'), 'selected')
+        self.assertEqual(selected.get_attribute("class"), "selected")
 
-        self.assertEqual(selected.text, '1')
+        self.assertEqual(selected.text, "1")
 
     def test_calendar_no_selected_class(self):
         """
@@ -909,19 +1004,22 @@ class DateTimePickerSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         Refs #4574.
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url='/')
+
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret", login_url="/")
         # Open a page that has a date and time picker widgets
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_widgets_member_add'))
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_widgets_member_add")
+        )
 
         # Click the calendar icon
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'calendarlink0').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "calendarlink0").click()
 
         # get all the tds within the calendar
-        calendar0 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'calendarin0')
-        tds = calendar0.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, 'td')
+        calendar0 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "calendarin0")
+        tds = calendar0.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, "td")
 
         # verify there are no cells with the selected class
-        selected = [td for td in tds if td.get_attribute('class') == 'selected']
+        selected = [td for td in tds if td.get_attribute("class") == "selected"]
 
         self.assertEqual(len(selected), 0)
 
@@ -931,18 +1029,23 @@ class DateTimePickerSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         supported by Django.
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
         self.selenium.set_window_size(1024, 768)
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url='/')
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret", login_url="/")
 
         # Enter test data
-        member = Member.objects.create(name='Bob', birthdate=datetime(1984, 5, 15), gender='M')
+        member = Member.objects.create(
+            name="Bob", birthdate=datetime(1984, 5, 15), gender="M"
+        )
 
         # Get month name translations for every locale
-        month_string = 'May'
-        path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(import_module('django.contrib.admin').__file__), 'locale')
+        month_string = "May"
+        path = os.path.join(
+            os.path.dirname(import_module("django.contrib.admin").__file__), "locale"
+        )
         for language_code, language_name in settings.LANGUAGES:
             try:
-                catalog = gettext.translation('djangojs', path, [language_code])
+                catalog = gettext.translation("djangojs", path, [language_code])
             except OSError:
                 continue
             if month_string in catalog._catalog:
@@ -952,23 +1055,22 @@ class DateTimePickerSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
 
             # Get the expected caption
             may_translation = month_name
-            expected_caption = '{:s} {:d}'.format(may_translation.upper(), 1984)
+            expected_caption = "{:s} {:d}".format(may_translation.upper(), 1984)
 
             # Test with every locale
             with override_settings(LANGUAGE_CODE=language_code):
 
                 # Open a page that has a date picker widget
-                url = reverse('admin:admin_widgets_member_change', args=(member.pk,))
+                url = reverse("admin:admin_widgets_member_change", args=(member.pk,))
                 self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + url)
                 # Click on the calendar icon
-                self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'calendarlink0').click()
+                self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "calendarlink0").click()
                 # Make sure that the right month and year are displayed
-                self.wait_for_text('#calendarin0 caption', expected_caption)
+                self.wait_for_text("#calendarin0 caption", expected_caption)
 
 
-@override_settings(TIME_ZONE='Asia/Singapore')
+@override_settings(TIME_ZONE="Asia/Singapore")
 class DateTimePickerShortcutsSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
-
     def test_date_time_picker_shortcuts(self):
         """
         date/time/datetime picker shortcuts work in the current time zone.
@@ -979,142 +1081,175 @@ class DateTimePickerShortcutsSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         the time zone to "Asia/Singapore".
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url='/')
+
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret", login_url="/")
 
         error_margin = timedelta(seconds=10)
 
         # If we are neighbouring a DST, we add an hour of error margin.
-        tz = zoneinfo.ZoneInfo('America/Chicago')
-        utc_now = datetime.now(zoneinfo.ZoneInfo('UTC'))
+        tz = zoneinfo.ZoneInfo("America/Chicago")
+        utc_now = datetime.now(zoneinfo.ZoneInfo("UTC"))
         tz_yesterday = (utc_now - timedelta(days=1)).astimezone(tz).tzname()
         tz_tomorrow = (utc_now + timedelta(days=1)).astimezone(tz).tzname()
         if tz_yesterday != tz_tomorrow:
             error_margin += timedelta(hours=1)
 
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_widgets_member_add'))
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_widgets_member_add")
+        )
 
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name').send_keys('test')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_name").send_keys("test")
 
         # Click on the "today" and "now" shortcuts.
-        shortcuts = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.field-birthdate .datetimeshortcuts')
+        shortcuts = self.selenium.find_elements(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".field-birthdate .datetimeshortcuts"
+        )
 
         now = datetime.now()
         for shortcut in shortcuts:
-            shortcut.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'a').click()
+            shortcut.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "a").click()
 
         # There is a time zone mismatch warning.
         # Warning: This would effectively fail if the TIME_ZONE defined in the
         # settings has the same UTC offset as "Asia/Singapore" because the
         # mismatch warning would be rightfully missing from the page.
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.field-birthdate .timezonewarning', 1)
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(".field-birthdate .timezonewarning", 1)
 
         # Submit the form.
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
-            self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, '_save').click()
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.NAME, "_save").click()
 
         # Make sure that "now" in JavaScript is within 10 seconds
         # from "now" on the server side.
-        member = Member.objects.get(name='test')
+        member = Member.objects.get(name="test")
         self.assertGreater(member.birthdate, now - error_margin)
         self.assertLess(member.birthdate, now + error_margin)
 
 
 # The above tests run with Asia/Singapore which are on the positive side of
 # UTC. Here we test with a timezone on the negative side.
-@override_settings(TIME_ZONE='US/Eastern')
+@override_settings(TIME_ZONE="US/Eastern")
 class DateTimePickerAltTimezoneSeleniumTests(DateTimePickerShortcutsSeleniumTests):
     pass
 
 
 class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        self.lisa = Student.objects.create(name='Lisa')
-        self.john = Student.objects.create(name='John')
-        self.bob = Student.objects.create(name='Bob')
-        self.peter = Student.objects.create(name='Peter')
-        self.jenny = Student.objects.create(name='Jenny')
-        self.jason = Student.objects.create(name='Jason')
-        self.cliff = Student.objects.create(name='Cliff')
-        self.arthur = Student.objects.create(name='Arthur')
-        self.school = School.objects.create(name='School of Awesome')
+        self.lisa = Student.objects.create(name="Lisa")
+        self.john = Student.objects.create(name="John")
+        self.bob = Student.objects.create(name="Bob")
+        self.peter = Student.objects.create(name="Peter")
+        self.jenny = Student.objects.create(name="Jenny")
+        self.jason = Student.objects.create(name="Jason")
+        self.cliff = Student.objects.create(name="Cliff")
+        self.arthur = Student.objects.create(name="Arthur")
+        self.school = School.objects.create(name="School of Awesome")
 
-    def assertActiveButtons(self, mode, field_name, choose, remove, choose_all=None, remove_all=None):
-        choose_link = '#id_%s_add_link' % field_name
-        choose_all_link = '#id_%s_add_all_link' % field_name
-        remove_link = '#id_%s_remove_link' % field_name
-        remove_all_link = '#id_%s_remove_all_link' % field_name
-        self.assertEqual(self.has_css_class(choose_link, 'active'), choose)
-        self.assertEqual(self.has_css_class(remove_link, 'active'), remove)
-        if mode == 'horizontal':
-            self.assertEqual(self.has_css_class(choose_all_link, 'active'), choose_all)
-            self.assertEqual(self.has_css_class(remove_all_link, 'active'), remove_all)
+    def assertActiveButtons(
+        self, mode, field_name, choose, remove, choose_all=None, remove_all=None
+    ):
+        choose_link = "#id_%s_add_link" % field_name
+        choose_all_link = "#id_%s_add_all_link" % field_name
+        remove_link = "#id_%s_remove_link" % field_name
+        remove_all_link = "#id_%s_remove_all_link" % field_name
+        self.assertEqual(self.has_css_class(choose_link, "active"), choose)
+        self.assertEqual(self.has_css_class(remove_link, "active"), remove)
+        if mode == "horizontal":
+            self.assertEqual(self.has_css_class(choose_all_link, "active"), choose_all)
+            self.assertEqual(self.has_css_class(remove_all_link, "active"), remove_all)
 
     def execute_basic_operations(self, mode, field_name):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
         original_url = self.selenium.current_url
 
-        from_box = '#id_%s_from' % field_name
-        to_box = '#id_%s_to' % field_name
-        choose_link = 'id_%s_add_link' % field_name
-        choose_all_link = 'id_%s_add_all_link' % field_name
-        remove_link = 'id_%s_remove_link' % field_name
-        remove_all_link = 'id_%s_remove_all_link' % field_name
+        from_box = "#id_%s_from" % field_name
+        to_box = "#id_%s_to" % field_name
+        choose_link = "id_%s_add_link" % field_name
+        choose_all_link = "id_%s_add_all_link" % field_name
+        remove_link = "id_%s_remove_link" % field_name
+        remove_all_link = "id_%s_remove_all_link" % field_name
 
         # Initial positions ---------------------------------------------------
-        self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [
-            str(self.arthur.id), str(self.bob.id),
-            str(self.cliff.id), str(self.jason.id),
-            str(self.jenny.id), str(self.john.id),
-        ])
+        self.assertSelectOptions(
+            from_box,
+            [
+                str(self.arthur.id),
+                str(self.bob.id),
+                str(self.cliff.id),
+                str(self.jason.id),
+                str(self.jenny.id),
+                str(self.john.id),
+            ],
+        )
         self.assertSelectOptions(to_box, [str(self.lisa.id), str(self.peter.id)])
         self.assertActiveButtons(mode, field_name, False, False, True, True)
 
         # Click 'Choose all' --------------------------------------------------
-        if mode == 'horizontal':
+        if mode == "horizontal":
             self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, choose_all_link).click()
-        elif mode == 'vertical':
+        elif mode == "vertical":
             # There 's no 'Choose all' button in vertical mode, so individually
             # select all options and click 'Choose'.
-            for option in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, from_box + ' > option'):
+            for option in self.selenium.find_elements(
+                By.CSS_SELECTOR, from_box + " > option"
+            ):
                 option.click()
             self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, choose_link).click()
         self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [])
-        self.assertSelectOptions(to_box, [
-            str(self.lisa.id), str(self.peter.id),
-            str(self.arthur.id), str(self.bob.id),
-            str(self.cliff.id), str(self.jason.id),
-            str(self.jenny.id), str(self.john.id),
-        ])
+        self.assertSelectOptions(
+            to_box,
+            [
+                str(self.lisa.id),
+                str(self.peter.id),
+                str(self.arthur.id),
+                str(self.bob.id),
+                str(self.cliff.id),
+                str(self.jason.id),
+                str(self.jenny.id),
+                str(self.john.id),
+            ],
+        )
         self.assertActiveButtons(mode, field_name, False, False, False, True)
 
         # Click 'Remove all' --------------------------------------------------
-        if mode == 'horizontal':
+        if mode == "horizontal":
             self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, remove_all_link).click()
-        elif mode == 'vertical':
+        elif mode == "vertical":
             # There 's no 'Remove all' button in vertical mode, so individually
             # select all options and click 'Remove'.
-            for option in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, to_box + ' > option'):
+            for option in self.selenium.find_elements(
+                By.CSS_SELECTOR, to_box + " > option"
+            ):
                 option.click()
             self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, remove_link).click()
-        self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [
-            str(self.lisa.id), str(self.peter.id),
-            str(self.arthur.id), str(self.bob.id),
-            str(self.cliff.id), str(self.jason.id),
-            str(self.jenny.id), str(self.john.id),
-        ])
+        self.assertSelectOptions(
+            from_box,
+            [
+                str(self.lisa.id),
+                str(self.peter.id),
+                str(self.arthur.id),
+                str(self.bob.id),
+                str(self.cliff.id),
+                str(self.jason.id),
+                str(self.jenny.id),
+                str(self.john.id),
+            ],
+        )
         self.assertSelectOptions(to_box, [])
         self.assertActiveButtons(mode, field_name, False, False, True, False)
 
         # Choose some options ------------------------------------------------
         from_lisa_select_option = self.selenium.find_element(
-            By.CSS_SELECTOR,
-            '{} > option[value="{}"]'.format(from_box, self.lisa.id)
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, '{} > option[value="{}"]'.format(from_box, self.lisa.id)
         )
 
         # Check the title attribute is there for tool tips: ticket #20821
-        self.assertEqual(from_lisa_select_option.get_attribute('title'), from_lisa_select_option.get_attribute('text'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            from_lisa_select_option.get_attribute("title"),
+            from_lisa_select_option.get_attribute("text"),
+        )
 
         self.select_option(from_box, str(self.lisa.id))
         self.select_option(from_box, str(self.jason.id))
@@ -1124,21 +1259,33 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, choose_link).click()
         self.assertActiveButtons(mode, field_name, False, False, True, True)
 
-        self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [
-            str(self.peter.id), str(self.arthur.id),
-            str(self.cliff.id), str(self.jenny.id),
-        ])
-        self.assertSelectOptions(to_box, [
-            str(self.lisa.id), str(self.bob.id),
-            str(self.jason.id), str(self.john.id),
-        ])
+        self.assertSelectOptions(
+            from_box,
+            [
+                str(self.peter.id),
+                str(self.arthur.id),
+                str(self.cliff.id),
+                str(self.jenny.id),
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertSelectOptions(
+            to_box,
+            [
+                str(self.lisa.id),
+                str(self.bob.id),
+                str(self.jason.id),
+                str(self.john.id),
+            ],
+        )
 
         # Check the tooltip is still there after moving: ticket #20821
         to_lisa_select_option = self.selenium.find_element(
-            By.CSS_SELECTOR,
-            '{} > option[value="{}"]'.format(to_box, self.lisa.id)
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, '{} > option[value="{}"]'.format(to_box, self.lisa.id)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            to_lisa_select_option.get_attribute("title"),
+            to_lisa_select_option.get_attribute("text"),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(to_lisa_select_option.get_attribute('title'), to_lisa_select_option.get_attribute('text'))
 
         # Remove some options -------------------------------------------------
         self.select_option(to_box, str(self.lisa.id))
@@ -1147,11 +1294,17 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, remove_link).click()
         self.assertActiveButtons(mode, field_name, False, False, True, True)
 
-        self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [
-            str(self.peter.id), str(self.arthur.id),
-            str(self.cliff.id), str(self.jenny.id),
-            str(self.lisa.id), str(self.bob.id)
-        ])
+        self.assertSelectOptions(
+            from_box,
+            [
+                str(self.peter.id),
+                str(self.arthur.id),
+                str(self.cliff.id),
+                str(self.jenny.id),
+                str(self.lisa.id),
+                str(self.bob.id),
+            ],
+        )
         self.assertSelectOptions(to_box, [str(self.jason.id), str(self.john.id)])
 
         # Choose some more options --------------------------------------------
@@ -1159,14 +1312,24 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         self.select_option(from_box, str(self.cliff.id))
         self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, choose_link).click()
 
-        self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [
-            str(self.peter.id), str(self.jenny.id),
-            str(self.lisa.id), str(self.bob.id),
-        ])
-        self.assertSelectOptions(to_box, [
-            str(self.jason.id), str(self.john.id),
-            str(self.arthur.id), str(self.cliff.id),
-        ])
+        self.assertSelectOptions(
+            from_box,
+            [
+                str(self.peter.id),
+                str(self.jenny.id),
+                str(self.lisa.id),
+                str(self.bob.id),
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertSelectOptions(
+            to_box,
+            [
+                str(self.jason.id),
+                str(self.john.id),
+                str(self.arthur.id),
+                str(self.cliff.id),
+            ],
+        )
 
         # Choose some more options --------------------------------------------
         self.select_option(from_box, str(self.peter.id))
@@ -1199,23 +1362,33 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
 
     def test_basic(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
         self.selenium.set_window_size(1024, 768)
         self.school.students.set([self.lisa, self.peter])
         self.school.alumni.set([self.lisa, self.peter])
 
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url='/')
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_widgets_school_change', args=(self.school.id,)))
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret", login_url="/")
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url
+            + reverse("admin:admin_widgets_school_change", args=(self.school.id,))
+        )
 
         self.wait_page_ready()
-        self.execute_basic_operations('vertical', 'students')
-        self.execute_basic_operations('horizontal', 'alumni')
+        self.execute_basic_operations("vertical", "students")
+        self.execute_basic_operations("horizontal", "alumni")
 
         # Save and check that everything is properly stored in the database ---
         self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.wait_page_ready()
         self.school = School.objects.get(id=self.school.id)  # Reload from database
-        self.assertEqual(list(self.school.students.all()), [self.arthur, self.cliff, self.jason, self.john])
-        self.assertEqual(list(self.school.alumni.all()), [self.arthur, self.cliff, self.jason, self.john])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(self.school.students.all()),
+            [self.arthur, self.cliff, self.jason, self.john],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(self.school.alumni.all()),
+            [self.arthur, self.cliff, self.jason, self.john],
+        )
 
     def test_filter(self):
         """
@@ -1229,49 +1402,75 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         self.school.students.set([self.lisa, self.peter])
         self.school.alumni.set([self.lisa, self.peter])
 
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url='/')
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_widgets_school_change', args=(self.school.id,)))
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret", login_url="/")
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url
+            + reverse("admin:admin_widgets_school_change", args=(self.school.id,))
+        )
 
-        for field_name in ['students', 'alumni']:
-            from_box = '#id_%s_from' % field_name
-            to_box = '#id_%s_to' % field_name
-            choose_link = 'id_%s_add_link' % field_name
-            remove_link = 'id_%s_remove_link' % field_name
-            input = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_%s_input' % field_name)
+        for field_name in ["students", "alumni"]:
+            from_box = "#id_%s_from" % field_name
+            to_box = "#id_%s_to" % field_name
+            choose_link = "id_%s_add_link" % field_name
+            remove_link = "id_%s_remove_link" % field_name
+            input = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_%s_input" % field_name)
 
             # Initial values
-            self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [
-                str(self.arthur.id), str(self.bob.id),
-                str(self.cliff.id), str(self.jason.id),
-                str(self.jenny.id), str(self.john.id),
-            ])
+            self.assertSelectOptions(
+                from_box,
+                [
+                    str(self.arthur.id),
+                    str(self.bob.id),
+                    str(self.cliff.id),
+                    str(self.jason.id),
+                    str(self.jenny.id),
+                    str(self.john.id),
+                ],
+            )
 
             # Typing in some characters filters out non-matching options
-            input.send_keys('a')
-            self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [str(self.arthur.id), str(self.jason.id)])
-            input.send_keys('R')
+            input.send_keys("a")
+            self.assertSelectOptions(
+                from_box, [str(self.arthur.id), str(self.jason.id)]
+            )
+            input.send_keys("R")
             self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [str(self.arthur.id)])
 
             # Clearing the text box makes the other options reappear
             input.send_keys([Keys.BACK_SPACE])
-            self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [str(self.arthur.id), str(self.jason.id)])
+            self.assertSelectOptions(
+                from_box, [str(self.arthur.id), str(self.jason.id)]
+            )
             input.send_keys([Keys.BACK_SPACE])
-            self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [
-                str(self.arthur.id), str(self.bob.id),
-                str(self.cliff.id), str(self.jason.id),
-                str(self.jenny.id), str(self.john.id),
-            ])
+            self.assertSelectOptions(
+                from_box,
+                [
+                    str(self.arthur.id),
+                    str(self.bob.id),
+                    str(self.cliff.id),
+                    str(self.jason.id),
+                    str(self.jenny.id),
+                    str(self.john.id),
+                ],
+            )
 
             # -----------------------------------------------------------------
             # Choosing a filtered option sends it properly to the 'to' box.
-            input.send_keys('a')
-            self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [str(self.arthur.id), str(self.jason.id)])
+            input.send_keys("a")
+            self.assertSelectOptions(
+                from_box, [str(self.arthur.id), str(self.jason.id)]
+            )
             self.select_option(from_box, str(self.jason.id))
             self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, choose_link).click()
             self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [str(self.arthur.id)])
-            self.assertSelectOptions(to_box, [
-                str(self.lisa.id), str(self.peter.id), str(self.jason.id),
-            ])
+            self.assertSelectOptions(
+                to_box,
+                [
+                    str(self.lisa.id),
+                    str(self.peter.id),
+                    str(self.jason.id),
+                ],
+            )
 
             self.select_option(to_box, str(self.lisa.id))
             self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, remove_link).click()
@@ -1279,11 +1478,17 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
             self.assertSelectOptions(to_box, [str(self.peter.id), str(self.jason.id)])
 
             input.send_keys([Keys.BACK_SPACE])  # Clear text box
-            self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [
-                str(self.arthur.id), str(self.bob.id),
-                str(self.cliff.id), str(self.jenny.id),
-                str(self.john.id), str(self.lisa.id),
-            ])
+            self.assertSelectOptions(
+                from_box,
+                [
+                    str(self.arthur.id),
+                    str(self.bob.id),
+                    str(self.cliff.id),
+                    str(self.jenny.id),
+                    str(self.john.id),
+                    str(self.lisa.id),
+                ],
+            )
             self.assertSelectOptions(to_box, [str(self.peter.id), str(self.jason.id)])
 
             # -----------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1291,7 +1496,7 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
             # the 'to' box.
             self.select_option(to_box, str(self.jason.id))
             self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, remove_link).click()
-            input.send_keys('ja')
+            input.send_keys("ja")
             self.assertSelectOptions(from_box, [str(self.jason.id)])
             input.send_keys([Keys.ENTER])
             self.assertSelectOptions(to_box, [str(self.peter.id), str(self.jason.id)])
@@ -1311,24 +1516,31 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         filter_horizontal/filter_vertical widgets (#13614).
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
         self.school.students.set([self.lisa, self.peter])
         self.school.alumni.set([self.lisa, self.peter])
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url='/')
-        change_url = reverse('admin:admin_widgets_school_change', args=(self.school.id,))
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret", login_url="/")
+        change_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_widgets_school_change", args=(self.school.id,)
+        )
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + change_url)
         # Navigate away and go back to the change form page.
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Home').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Home").click()
         self.selenium.back()
         expected_unselected_values = [
-            str(self.arthur.id), str(self.bob.id), str(self.cliff.id),
-            str(self.jason.id), str(self.jenny.id), str(self.john.id),
+            str(self.arthur.id),
+            str(self.bob.id),
+            str(self.cliff.id),
+            str(self.jason.id),
+            str(self.jenny.id),
+            str(self.john.id),
         ]
         expected_selected_values = [str(self.lisa.id), str(self.peter.id)]
         # Everything is still in place
-        self.assertSelectOptions('#id_students_from', expected_unselected_values)
-        self.assertSelectOptions('#id_students_to', expected_selected_values)
-        self.assertSelectOptions('#id_alumni_from', expected_unselected_values)
-        self.assertSelectOptions('#id_alumni_to', expected_selected_values)
+        self.assertSelectOptions("#id_students_from", expected_unselected_values)
+        self.assertSelectOptions("#id_students_to", expected_selected_values)
+        self.assertSelectOptions("#id_alumni_from", expected_unselected_values)
+        self.assertSelectOptions("#id_alumni_to", expected_selected_values)
 
     def test_refresh_page(self):
         """
@@ -1338,11 +1550,13 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         self.school.students.add(self.arthur, self.jason)
         self.school.alumni.add(self.arthur, self.jason)
 
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url='/')
-        change_url = reverse('admin:admin_widgets_school_change', args=(self.school.id,))
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret", login_url="/")
+        change_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_widgets_school_change", args=(self.school.id,)
+        )
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + change_url)
 
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('#id_students_to > option', 2)
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements("#id_students_to > option", 2)
 
         # self.selenium.refresh() or send_keys(Keys.F5) does hard reload and
         # doesn't replicate what happens when a user clicks the browser's
@@ -1350,126 +1564,146 @@ class HorizontalVerticalFilterSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
             self.selenium.execute_script("location.reload()")
 
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('#id_students_to > option', 2)
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements("#id_students_to > option", 2)
 
 
 class AdminRawIdWidgetSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        Band.objects.create(id=42, name='Bogey Blues')
-        Band.objects.create(id=98, name='Green Potatoes')
+        Band.objects.create(id=42, name="Bogey Blues")
+        Band.objects.create(id=98, name="Green Potatoes")
 
     def test_ForeignKey(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url='/')
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_widgets_event_add'))
+
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret", login_url="/")
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_widgets_event_add")
+        )
         main_window = self.selenium.current_window_handle
 
         # No value has been selected yet
-        self.assertEqual(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_main_band').get_attribute('value'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_main_band").get_attribute("value"), ""
+        )
 
         # Open the popup window and click on a band
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'lookup_id_main_band').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "lookup_id_main_band").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
-        link = self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Bogey Blues')
-        self.assertIn('/band/42/', link.get_attribute('href'))
+        link = self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Bogey Blues")
+        self.assertIn("/band/42/", link.get_attribute("href"))
         link.click()
 
         # The field now contains the selected band's id
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(main_window)
-        self.wait_for_value('#id_main_band', '42')
+        self.wait_for_value("#id_main_band", "42")
 
         # Reopen the popup window and click on another band
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'lookup_id_main_band').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "lookup_id_main_band").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
-        link = self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Green Potatoes')
-        self.assertIn('/band/98/', link.get_attribute('href'))
+        link = self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Green Potatoes")
+        self.assertIn("/band/98/", link.get_attribute("href"))
         link.click()
 
         # The field now contains the other selected band's id
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(main_window)
-        self.wait_for_value('#id_main_band', '98')
+        self.wait_for_value("#id_main_band", "98")
 
     def test_many_to_many(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url='/')
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_widgets_event_add'))
+
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret", login_url="/")
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_widgets_event_add")
+        )
         main_window = self.selenium.current_window_handle
 
         # No value has been selected yet
-        self.assertEqual(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_supporting_bands').get_attribute('value'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_supporting_bands").get_attribute(
+                "value"
+            ),
+            "",
+        )
 
         # Help text for the field is displayed
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.field-supporting_bands div.help').text,
-            'Supporting Bands.'
+            self.selenium.find_element(
+                By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".field-supporting_bands div.help"
+            ).text,
+            "Supporting Bands.",
         )
 
         # Open the popup window and click on a band
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'lookup_id_supporting_bands').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "lookup_id_supporting_bands").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
-        link = self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Bogey Blues')
-        self.assertIn('/band/42/', link.get_attribute('href'))
+        link = self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Bogey Blues")
+        self.assertIn("/band/42/", link.get_attribute("href"))
         link.click()
 
         # The field now contains the selected band's id
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(main_window)
-        self.wait_for_value('#id_supporting_bands', '42')
+        self.wait_for_value("#id_supporting_bands", "42")
 
         # Reopen the popup window and click on another band
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'lookup_id_supporting_bands').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "lookup_id_supporting_bands").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
-        link = self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Green Potatoes')
-        self.assertIn('/band/98/', link.get_attribute('href'))
+        link = self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Green Potatoes")
+        self.assertIn("/band/98/", link.get_attribute("href"))
         link.click()
 
         # The field now contains the two selected bands' ids
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(main_window)
-        self.wait_for_value('#id_supporting_bands', '42,98')
+        self.wait_for_value("#id_supporting_bands", "42,98")
 
 
 class RelatedFieldWidgetSeleniumTests(AdminWidgetSeleniumTestCase):
-
     def test_ForeignKey_using_to_field(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url='/')
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_widgets_profile_add'))
+
+        self.admin_login(username="super", password="secret", login_url="/")
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_widgets_profile_add")
+        )
 
         main_window = self.selenium.current_window_handle
         # Click the Add User button to add new
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_user').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "add_id_user").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
-        password_field = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_password')
-        password_field.send_keys('password')
+        password_field = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_password")
+        password_field.send_keys("password")
 
-        username_field = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_username')
-        username_value = 'newuser'
+        username_field = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_username")
+        username_value = "newuser"
         username_field.send_keys(username_value)
 
-        save_button_css_selector = '.submit-row > input[type=submit]'
+        save_button_css_selector = ".submit-row > input[type=submit]"
         self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, save_button_css_selector).click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(main_window)
         # The field now contains the new user
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#id_user option[value=newuser]')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#id_user option[value=newuser]")
 
         # Click the Change User button to change it
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'change_id_user').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "change_id_user").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
 
-        username_field = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_username')
-        username_value = 'changednewuser'
+        username_field = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_username")
+        username_value = "changednewuser"
         username_field.clear()
         username_field.send_keys(username_value)
 
-        save_button_css_selector = '.submit-row > input[type=submit]'
+        save_button_css_selector = ".submit-row > input[type=submit]"
         self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, save_button_css_selector).click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(main_window)
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#id_user option[value=changednewuser]')
+        self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#id_user option[value=changednewuser]"
+        )
 
         # Go ahead and submit the form to make sure it works
         self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, save_button_css_selector).click()
-        self.wait_for_text('li.success', 'The profile “changednewuser” was added successfully.')
+        self.wait_for_text(
+            "li.success", "The profile “changednewuser” was added successfully."
+        )
         profiles = Profile.objects.all()
         self.assertEqual(len(profiles), 1)
         self.assertEqual(profiles[0].user.username, username_value)
diff --git a/tests/admin_widgets/urls.py b/tests/admin_widgets/urls.py
index d9372ac756..76012ddd85 100644
--- a/tests/admin_widgets/urls.py
+++ b/tests/admin_widgets/urls.py
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ from django.urls import path
 from . import widgetadmin
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('', widgetadmin.site.urls),
+    path("", widgetadmin.site.urls),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/admin_widgets/widgetadmin.py b/tests/admin_widgets/widgetadmin.py
index a025bc82a7..d7bb62be99 100644
--- a/tests/admin_widgets/widgetadmin.py
+++ b/tests/admin_widgets/widgetadmin.py
@@ -1,8 +1,20 @@
 from django.contrib import admin
 
 from .models import (
-    Advisor, Album, Band, Bee, Car, CarTire, Event, Inventory, Member, Profile,
-    ReleaseEvent, School, User, VideoStream,
+    Advisor,
+    Album,
+    Band,
+    Bee,
+    Car,
+    CarTire,
+    Event,
+    Inventory,
+    Member,
+    Profile,
+    ReleaseEvent,
+    School,
+    User,
+    VideoStream,
 )
 
 
@@ -11,8 +23,8 @@ class WidgetAdmin(admin.AdminSite):
 
 
 class CarAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ['make', 'model', 'owner']
-    list_editable = ['owner']
+    list_display = ["make", "model", "owner"]
+    list_editable = ["owner"]
 
 
 class CarTireAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -24,20 +36,23 @@ class CarTireAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
 
 class EventAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    raw_id_fields = ['main_band', 'supporting_bands']
+    raw_id_fields = ["main_band", "supporting_bands"]
 
 
 class AlbumAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    fields = ('name', 'cover_art',)
-    readonly_fields = ('cover_art',)
+    fields = (
+        "name",
+        "cover_art",
+    )
+    readonly_fields = ("cover_art",)
 
 
 class SchoolAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    filter_vertical = ('students',)
-    filter_horizontal = ('alumni',)
+    filter_vertical = ("students",)
+    filter_horizontal = ("alumni",)
 
 
-site = WidgetAdmin(name='widget-admin')
+site = WidgetAdmin(name="widget-admin")
 
 site.register(User)
 site.register(Car, CarAdmin)
@@ -47,8 +62,8 @@ site.register(Member)
 site.register(Band)
 site.register(Event, EventAdmin)
 site.register(Album, AlbumAdmin)
-site.register(ReleaseEvent, search_fields=['name'])
-site.register(VideoStream, autocomplete_fields=['release_event'])
+site.register(ReleaseEvent, search_fields=["name"])
+site.register(VideoStream, autocomplete_fields=["release_event"])
 
 site.register(Inventory)
 
diff --git a/tests/aggregation/models.py b/tests/aggregation/models.py
index cfc261abcc..0d3a8a2713 100644
--- a/tests/aggregation/models.py
+++ b/tests/aggregation/models.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from django.db import models
 class Author(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     age = models.IntegerField()
-    friends = models.ManyToManyField('self', blank=True)
+    friends = models.ManyToManyField("self", blank=True)
     rating = models.FloatField(null=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class Book(models.Model):
     rating = models.FloatField()
     price = models.DecimalField(decimal_places=2, max_digits=6)
     authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author)
-    contact = models.ForeignKey(Author, models.CASCADE, related_name='book_contact_set')
+    contact = models.ForeignKey(Author, models.CASCADE, related_name="book_contact_set")
     publisher = models.ForeignKey(Publisher, models.CASCADE)
     pubdate = models.DateField()
 
diff --git a/tests/aggregation/test_filter_argument.py b/tests/aggregation/test_filter_argument.py
index 32494cc84f..f55e06dfa0 100644
--- a/tests/aggregation/test_filter_argument.py
+++ b/tests/aggregation/test_filter_argument.py
@@ -2,8 +2,19 @@ import datetime
 from decimal import Decimal
 
 from django.db.models import (
-    Avg, Case, Count, Exists, F, Max, OuterRef, Q, StdDev, Subquery, Sum,
-    Variance, When,
+    Avg,
+    Case,
+    Count,
+    Exists,
+    F,
+    Max,
+    OuterRef,
+    Q,
+    StdDev,
+    Subquery,
+    Sum,
+    Variance,
+    When,
 )
 from django.test import TestCase
 from django.test.utils import Approximate
@@ -14,23 +25,40 @@ from .models import Author, Book, Publisher
 class FilteredAggregateTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.a1 = Author.objects.create(name='test', age=40)
-        cls.a2 = Author.objects.create(name='test2', age=60)
-        cls.a3 = Author.objects.create(name='test3', age=100)
-        cls.p1 = Publisher.objects.create(name='Apress', num_awards=3, duration=datetime.timedelta(days=1))
+        cls.a1 = Author.objects.create(name="test", age=40)
+        cls.a2 = Author.objects.create(name="test2", age=60)
+        cls.a3 = Author.objects.create(name="test3", age=100)
+        cls.p1 = Publisher.objects.create(
+            name="Apress", num_awards=3, duration=datetime.timedelta(days=1)
+        )
         cls.b1 = Book.objects.create(
-            isbn='159059725', name='The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right',
-            pages=447, rating=4.5, price=Decimal('30.00'), contact=cls.a1, publisher=cls.p1,
+            isbn="159059725",
+            name="The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right",
+            pages=447,
+            rating=4.5,
+            price=Decimal("30.00"),
+            contact=cls.a1,
+            publisher=cls.p1,
             pubdate=datetime.date(2007, 12, 6),
         )
         cls.b2 = Book.objects.create(
-            isbn='067232959', name='Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours',
-            pages=528, rating=3.0, price=Decimal('23.09'), contact=cls.a2, publisher=cls.p1,
+            isbn="067232959",
+            name="Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours",
+            pages=528,
+            rating=3.0,
+            price=Decimal("23.09"),
+            contact=cls.a2,
+            publisher=cls.p1,
             pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 3, 3),
         )
         cls.b3 = Book.objects.create(
-            isbn='159059996', name='Practical Django Projects',
-            pages=600, rating=4.5, price=Decimal('29.69'), contact=cls.a3, publisher=cls.p1,
+            isbn="159059996",
+            name="Practical Django Projects",
+            pages=600,
+            rating=4.5,
+            price=Decimal("29.69"),
+            contact=cls.a3,
+            publisher=cls.p1,
             pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 6, 23),
         )
         cls.a1.friends.add(cls.a2)
@@ -41,8 +69,8 @@ class FilteredAggregateTests(TestCase):
         cls.b3.authors.add(cls.a3)
 
     def test_filtered_aggregates(self):
-        agg = Sum('age', filter=Q(name__startswith='test'))
-        self.assertEqual(Author.objects.aggregate(age=agg)['age'], 200)
+        agg = Sum("age", filter=Q(name__startswith="test"))
+        self.assertEqual(Author.objects.aggregate(age=agg)["age"], 200)
 
     def test_filtered_numerical_aggregates(self):
         for aggregate, expected_result in (
@@ -51,101 +79,116 @@ class FilteredAggregateTests(TestCase):
             (Variance, Approximate(622.2, 1)),
         ):
             with self.subTest(aggregate=aggregate.__name__):
-                agg = aggregate('age', filter=Q(name__startswith='test'))
-                self.assertEqual(Author.objects.aggregate(age=agg)['age'], expected_result)
+                agg = aggregate("age", filter=Q(name__startswith="test"))
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    Author.objects.aggregate(age=agg)["age"], expected_result
+                )
 
     def test_double_filtered_aggregates(self):
-        agg = Sum('age', filter=Q(Q(name='test2') & ~Q(name='test')))
-        self.assertEqual(Author.objects.aggregate(age=agg)['age'], 60)
+        agg = Sum("age", filter=Q(Q(name="test2") & ~Q(name="test")))
+        self.assertEqual(Author.objects.aggregate(age=agg)["age"], 60)
 
     def test_excluded_aggregates(self):
-        agg = Sum('age', filter=~Q(name='test2'))
-        self.assertEqual(Author.objects.aggregate(age=agg)['age'], 140)
+        agg = Sum("age", filter=~Q(name="test2"))
+        self.assertEqual(Author.objects.aggregate(age=agg)["age"], 140)
 
     def test_related_aggregates_m2m(self):
-        agg = Sum('friends__age', filter=~Q(friends__name='test'))
-        self.assertEqual(Author.objects.filter(name='test').aggregate(age=agg)['age'], 160)
+        agg = Sum("friends__age", filter=~Q(friends__name="test"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Author.objects.filter(name="test").aggregate(age=agg)["age"], 160
+        )
 
     def test_related_aggregates_m2m_and_fk(self):
-        q = Q(friends__book__publisher__name='Apress') & ~Q(friends__name='test3')
-        agg = Sum('friends__book__pages', filter=q)
-        self.assertEqual(Author.objects.filter(name='test').aggregate(pages=agg)['pages'], 528)
+        q = Q(friends__book__publisher__name="Apress") & ~Q(friends__name="test3")
+        agg = Sum("friends__book__pages", filter=q)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Author.objects.filter(name="test").aggregate(pages=agg)["pages"], 528
+        )
 
     def test_plain_annotate(self):
-        agg = Sum('book__pages', filter=Q(book__rating__gt=3))
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(pages=agg).order_by('pk')
+        agg = Sum("book__pages", filter=Q(book__rating__gt=3))
+        qs = Author.objects.annotate(pages=agg).order_by("pk")
         self.assertSequenceEqual([a.pages for a in qs], [447, None, 1047])
 
     def test_filtered_aggregate_on_annotate(self):
-        pages_annotate = Sum('book__pages', filter=Q(book__rating__gt=3))
-        age_agg = Sum('age', filter=Q(total_pages__gte=400))
-        aggregated = Author.objects.annotate(total_pages=pages_annotate).aggregate(summed_age=age_agg)
-        self.assertEqual(aggregated, {'summed_age': 140})
+        pages_annotate = Sum("book__pages", filter=Q(book__rating__gt=3))
+        age_agg = Sum("age", filter=Q(total_pages__gte=400))
+        aggregated = Author.objects.annotate(total_pages=pages_annotate).aggregate(
+            summed_age=age_agg
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(aggregated, {"summed_age": 140})
 
     def test_case_aggregate(self):
         agg = Sum(
-            Case(When(friends__age=40, then=F('friends__age'))),
-            filter=Q(friends__name__startswith='test'),
+            Case(When(friends__age=40, then=F("friends__age"))),
+            filter=Q(friends__name__startswith="test"),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(Author.objects.aggregate(age=agg)['age'], 80)
+        self.assertEqual(Author.objects.aggregate(age=agg)["age"], 80)
 
     def test_sum_star_exception(self):
-        msg = 'Star cannot be used with filter. Please specify a field.'
+        msg = "Star cannot be used with filter. Please specify a field."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Count('*', filter=Q(age=40))
+            Count("*", filter=Q(age=40))
 
     def test_filtered_reused_subquery(self):
         qs = Author.objects.annotate(
-            older_friends_count=Count('friends', filter=Q(friends__age__gt=F('age'))),
+            older_friends_count=Count("friends", filter=Q(friends__age__gt=F("age"))),
         ).filter(
             older_friends_count__gte=2,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(qs.get(pk__in=qs.values('pk')), self.a1)
+        self.assertEqual(qs.get(pk__in=qs.values("pk")), self.a1)
 
     def test_filtered_aggregate_ref_annotation(self):
-        aggs = Author.objects.annotate(
-            double_age=F('age') * 2,
-        ).aggregate(
-            cnt=Count('pk', filter=Q(double_age__gt=100)),
+        aggs = Author.objects.annotate(double_age=F("age") * 2,).aggregate(
+            cnt=Count("pk", filter=Q(double_age__gt=100)),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(aggs['cnt'], 2)
+        self.assertEqual(aggs["cnt"], 2)
 
     def test_filtered_aggregate_ref_subquery_annotation(self):
         aggs = Author.objects.annotate(
             earliest_book_year=Subquery(
                 Book.objects.filter(
-                    contact__pk=OuterRef('pk'),
-                ).order_by('pubdate').values('pubdate__year')[:1]
+                    contact__pk=OuterRef("pk"),
+                )
+                .order_by("pubdate")
+                .values("pubdate__year")[:1]
             ),
         ).aggregate(
-            cnt=Count('pk', filter=Q(earliest_book_year=2008)),
+            cnt=Count("pk", filter=Q(earliest_book_year=2008)),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(aggs['cnt'], 2)
+        self.assertEqual(aggs["cnt"], 2)
 
     def test_filtered_aggregate_ref_multiple_subquery_annotation(self):
-        aggregate = Book.objects.values('publisher').annotate(
-            has_authors=Exists(
-                Book.authors.through.objects.filter(book=OuterRef('pk')),
-            ),
-            authors_have_other_books=Exists(
-                Book.objects.filter(
-                    authors__in=Author.objects.filter(
-                        book_contact_set=OuterRef(OuterRef('pk')),
-                    )
-                ).exclude(pk=OuterRef('pk')),
-            ),
-        ).aggregate(
-            max_rating=Max(
-                'rating',
-                filter=Q(has_authors=True, authors_have_other_books=False),
+        aggregate = (
+            Book.objects.values("publisher")
+            .annotate(
+                has_authors=Exists(
+                    Book.authors.through.objects.filter(book=OuterRef("pk")),
+                ),
+                authors_have_other_books=Exists(
+                    Book.objects.filter(
+                        authors__in=Author.objects.filter(
+                            book_contact_set=OuterRef(OuterRef("pk")),
+                        )
+                    ).exclude(pk=OuterRef("pk")),
+                ),
+            )
+            .aggregate(
+                max_rating=Max(
+                    "rating",
+                    filter=Q(has_authors=True, authors_have_other_books=False),
+                )
             )
         )
-        self.assertEqual(aggregate, {'max_rating': 4.5})
+        self.assertEqual(aggregate, {"max_rating": 4.5})
 
     def test_filtered_aggregate_on_exists(self):
-        aggregate = Book.objects.values('publisher').aggregate(
-            max_rating=Max('rating', filter=Exists(
-                Book.authors.through.objects.filter(book=OuterRef('pk')),
-            )),
+        aggregate = Book.objects.values("publisher").aggregate(
+            max_rating=Max(
+                "rating",
+                filter=Exists(
+                    Book.authors.through.objects.filter(book=OuterRef("pk")),
+                ),
+            ),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(aggregate, {'max_rating': 4.5})
+        self.assertEqual(aggregate, {"max_rating": 4.5})
diff --git a/tests/aggregation/tests.py b/tests/aggregation/tests.py
index 5c9aa5d534..de63b375d4 100644
--- a/tests/aggregation/tests.py
+++ b/tests/aggregation/tests.py
@@ -6,13 +6,38 @@ from decimal import Decimal
 from django.core.exceptions import FieldError
 from django.db import connection
 from django.db.models import (
-    Avg, Case, Count, DateField, DateTimeField, DecimalField, DurationField,
-    Exists, F, FloatField, IntegerField, Max, Min, OuterRef, Q, StdDev,
-    Subquery, Sum, TimeField, Value, Variance, When,
+    Avg,
+    Case,
+    Count,
+    DateField,
+    DateTimeField,
+    DecimalField,
+    DurationField,
+    Exists,
+    F,
+    FloatField,
+    IntegerField,
+    Max,
+    Min,
+    OuterRef,
+    Q,
+    StdDev,
+    Subquery,
+    Sum,
+    TimeField,
+    Value,
+    Variance,
+    When,
 )
 from django.db.models.expressions import Func, RawSQL
 from django.db.models.functions import (
-    Cast, Coalesce, Greatest, Now, Pi, TruncDate, TruncHour,
+    Cast,
+    Coalesce,
+    Greatest,
+    Now,
+    Pi,
+    TruncDate,
+    TruncHour,
 )
 from django.test import TestCase
 from django.test.testcases import skipUnlessDBFeature
@@ -23,28 +48,27 @@ from .models import Author, Book, Publisher, Store
 
 
 class NowUTC(Now):
-    template = 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'
+    template = "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
     output_field = DateTimeField()
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         if connection.features.test_now_utc_template:
-            extra_context['template'] = connection.features.test_now_utc_template
+            extra_context["template"] = connection.features.test_now_utc_template
         return super().as_sql(compiler, connection, **extra_context)
 
 
 class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.a1 = Author.objects.create(name='Adrian Holovaty', age=34)
-        cls.a2 = Author.objects.create(name='Jacob Kaplan-Moss', age=35)
-        cls.a3 = Author.objects.create(name='Brad Dayley', age=45)
-        cls.a4 = Author.objects.create(name='James Bennett', age=29)
-        cls.a5 = Author.objects.create(name='Jeffrey Forcier', age=37)
-        cls.a6 = Author.objects.create(name='Paul Bissex', age=29)
-        cls.a7 = Author.objects.create(name='Wesley J. Chun', age=25)
-        cls.a8 = Author.objects.create(name='Peter Norvig', age=57)
-        cls.a9 = Author.objects.create(name='Stuart Russell', age=46)
+        cls.a1 = Author.objects.create(name="Adrian Holovaty", age=34)
+        cls.a2 = Author.objects.create(name="Jacob Kaplan-Moss", age=35)
+        cls.a3 = Author.objects.create(name="Brad Dayley", age=45)
+        cls.a4 = Author.objects.create(name="James Bennett", age=29)
+        cls.a5 = Author.objects.create(name="Jeffrey Forcier", age=37)
+        cls.a6 = Author.objects.create(name="Paul Bissex", age=29)
+        cls.a7 = Author.objects.create(name="Wesley J. Chun", age=25)
+        cls.a8 = Author.objects.create(name="Peter Norvig", age=57)
+        cls.a9 = Author.objects.create(name="Stuart Russell", age=46)
         cls.a1.friends.add(cls.a2, cls.a4)
         cls.a2.friends.add(cls.a1, cls.a7)
         cls.a4.friends.add(cls.a1)
@@ -54,41 +78,75 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
         cls.a8.friends.add(cls.a9)
         cls.a9.friends.add(cls.a8)
 
-        cls.p1 = Publisher.objects.create(name='Apress', num_awards=3, duration=datetime.timedelta(days=1))
-        cls.p2 = Publisher.objects.create(name='Sams', num_awards=1, duration=datetime.timedelta(days=2))
-        cls.p3 = Publisher.objects.create(name='Prentice Hall', num_awards=7)
-        cls.p4 = Publisher.objects.create(name='Morgan Kaufmann', num_awards=9)
+        cls.p1 = Publisher.objects.create(
+            name="Apress", num_awards=3, duration=datetime.timedelta(days=1)
+        )
+        cls.p2 = Publisher.objects.create(
+            name="Sams", num_awards=1, duration=datetime.timedelta(days=2)
+        )
+        cls.p3 = Publisher.objects.create(name="Prentice Hall", num_awards=7)
+        cls.p4 = Publisher.objects.create(name="Morgan Kaufmann", num_awards=9)
         cls.p5 = Publisher.objects.create(name="Jonno's House of Books", num_awards=0)
 
         cls.b1 = Book.objects.create(
-            isbn='159059725', name='The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right',
-            pages=447, rating=4.5, price=Decimal('30.00'), contact=cls.a1, publisher=cls.p1,
-            pubdate=datetime.date(2007, 12, 6)
+            isbn="159059725",
+            name="The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right",
+            pages=447,
+            rating=4.5,
+            price=Decimal("30.00"),
+            contact=cls.a1,
+            publisher=cls.p1,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(2007, 12, 6),
         )
         cls.b2 = Book.objects.create(
-            isbn='067232959', name='Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours',
-            pages=528, rating=3.0, price=Decimal('23.09'), contact=cls.a3, publisher=cls.p2,
-            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 3, 3)
+            isbn="067232959",
+            name="Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours",
+            pages=528,
+            rating=3.0,
+            price=Decimal("23.09"),
+            contact=cls.a3,
+            publisher=cls.p2,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 3, 3),
         )
         cls.b3 = Book.objects.create(
-            isbn='159059996', name='Practical Django Projects',
-            pages=300, rating=4.0, price=Decimal('29.69'), contact=cls.a4, publisher=cls.p1,
-            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 6, 23)
+            isbn="159059996",
+            name="Practical Django Projects",
+            pages=300,
+            rating=4.0,
+            price=Decimal("29.69"),
+            contact=cls.a4,
+            publisher=cls.p1,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 6, 23),
         )
         cls.b4 = Book.objects.create(
-            isbn='013235613', name='Python Web Development with Django',
-            pages=350, rating=4.0, price=Decimal('29.69'), contact=cls.a5, publisher=cls.p3,
-            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 11, 3)
+            isbn="013235613",
+            name="Python Web Development with Django",
+            pages=350,
+            rating=4.0,
+            price=Decimal("29.69"),
+            contact=cls.a5,
+            publisher=cls.p3,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 11, 3),
         )
         cls.b5 = Book.objects.create(
-            isbn='013790395', name='Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach',
-            pages=1132, rating=4.0, price=Decimal('82.80'), contact=cls.a8, publisher=cls.p3,
-            pubdate=datetime.date(1995, 1, 15)
+            isbn="013790395",
+            name="Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach",
+            pages=1132,
+            rating=4.0,
+            price=Decimal("82.80"),
+            contact=cls.a8,
+            publisher=cls.p3,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(1995, 1, 15),
         )
         cls.b6 = Book.objects.create(
-            isbn='155860191', name='Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp',
-            pages=946, rating=5.0, price=Decimal('75.00'), contact=cls.a8, publisher=cls.p4,
-            pubdate=datetime.date(1991, 10, 15)
+            isbn="155860191",
+            name="Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp",
+            pages=946,
+            rating=5.0,
+            price=Decimal("75.00"),
+            contact=cls.a8,
+            publisher=cls.p4,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(1991, 10, 15),
         )
         cls.b1.authors.add(cls.a1, cls.a2)
         cls.b2.authors.add(cls.a3)
@@ -98,19 +156,19 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
         cls.b6.authors.add(cls.a8)
 
         s1 = Store.objects.create(
-            name='Amazon.com',
+            name="Amazon.com",
             original_opening=datetime.datetime(1994, 4, 23, 9, 17, 42),
-            friday_night_closing=datetime.time(23, 59, 59)
+            friday_night_closing=datetime.time(23, 59, 59),
         )
         s2 = Store.objects.create(
-            name='Books.com',
+            name="Books.com",
             original_opening=datetime.datetime(2001, 3, 15, 11, 23, 37),
-            friday_night_closing=datetime.time(23, 59, 59)
+            friday_night_closing=datetime.time(23, 59, 59),
         )
         s3 = Store.objects.create(
             name="Mamma and Pappa's Books",
             original_opening=datetime.datetime(1945, 4, 25, 16, 24, 14),
-            friday_night_closing=datetime.time(21, 30)
+            friday_night_closing=datetime.time(21, 30),
         )
         s1.books.add(cls.b1, cls.b2, cls.b3, cls.b4, cls.b5, cls.b6)
         s2.books.add(cls.b1, cls.b3, cls.b5, cls.b6)
@@ -121,11 +179,11 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
 
     def test_aggregate_in_order_by(self):
         msg = (
-            'Using an aggregate in order_by() without also including it in '
-            'annotate() is not allowed: Avg(F(book__rating)'
+            "Using an aggregate in order_by() without also including it in "
+            "annotate() is not allowed: Avg(F(book__rating)"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
-            Author.objects.values('age').order_by(Avg('book__rating'))
+            Author.objects.values("age").order_by(Avg("book__rating"))
 
     def test_single_aggregate(self):
         vals = Author.objects.aggregate(Avg("age"))
@@ -133,178 +191,228 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
 
     def test_multiple_aggregates(self):
         vals = Author.objects.aggregate(Sum("age"), Avg("age"))
-        self.assertEqual(vals, {"age__sum": 337, "age__avg": Approximate(37.4, places=1)})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            vals, {"age__sum": 337, "age__avg": Approximate(37.4, places=1)}
+        )
 
     def test_filter_aggregate(self):
         vals = Author.objects.filter(age__gt=29).aggregate(Sum("age"))
-        self.assertEqual(vals, {'age__sum': 254})
+        self.assertEqual(vals, {"age__sum": 254})
 
     def test_related_aggregate(self):
         vals = Author.objects.aggregate(Avg("friends__age"))
-        self.assertEqual(vals, {'friends__age__avg': Approximate(34.07, places=2)})
+        self.assertEqual(vals, {"friends__age__avg": Approximate(34.07, places=2)})
 
         vals = Book.objects.filter(rating__lt=4.5).aggregate(Avg("authors__age"))
-        self.assertEqual(vals, {'authors__age__avg': Approximate(38.2857, places=2)})
+        self.assertEqual(vals, {"authors__age__avg": Approximate(38.2857, places=2)})
 
-        vals = Author.objects.all().filter(name__contains="a").aggregate(Avg("book__rating"))
-        self.assertEqual(vals, {'book__rating__avg': 4.0})
+        vals = (
+            Author.objects.all()
+            .filter(name__contains="a")
+            .aggregate(Avg("book__rating"))
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(vals, {"book__rating__avg": 4.0})
 
         vals = Book.objects.aggregate(Sum("publisher__num_awards"))
-        self.assertEqual(vals, {'publisher__num_awards__sum': 30})
+        self.assertEqual(vals, {"publisher__num_awards__sum": 30})
 
         vals = Publisher.objects.aggregate(Sum("book__price"))
-        self.assertEqual(vals, {'book__price__sum': Decimal('270.27')})
+        self.assertEqual(vals, {"book__price__sum": Decimal("270.27")})
 
     def test_aggregate_multi_join(self):
         vals = Store.objects.aggregate(Max("books__authors__age"))
-        self.assertEqual(vals, {'books__authors__age__max': 57})
+        self.assertEqual(vals, {"books__authors__age__max": 57})
 
         vals = Author.objects.aggregate(Min("book__publisher__num_awards"))
-        self.assertEqual(vals, {'book__publisher__num_awards__min': 1})
+        self.assertEqual(vals, {"book__publisher__num_awards__min": 1})
 
     def test_aggregate_alias(self):
-        vals = Store.objects.filter(name="Amazon.com").aggregate(amazon_mean=Avg("books__rating"))
-        self.assertEqual(vals, {'amazon_mean': Approximate(4.08, places=2)})
+        vals = Store.objects.filter(name="Amazon.com").aggregate(
+            amazon_mean=Avg("books__rating")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(vals, {"amazon_mean": Approximate(4.08, places=2)})
 
     def test_aggregate_transform(self):
-        vals = Store.objects.aggregate(min_month=Min('original_opening__month'))
-        self.assertEqual(vals, {'min_month': 3})
+        vals = Store.objects.aggregate(min_month=Min("original_opening__month"))
+        self.assertEqual(vals, {"min_month": 3})
 
     def test_aggregate_join_transform(self):
-        vals = Publisher.objects.aggregate(min_year=Min('book__pubdate__year'))
-        self.assertEqual(vals, {'min_year': 1991})
+        vals = Publisher.objects.aggregate(min_year=Min("book__pubdate__year"))
+        self.assertEqual(vals, {"min_year": 1991})
 
     def test_annotate_basic(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Book.objects.annotate().order_by('pk'), [
+            Book.objects.annotate().order_by("pk"),
+            [
                 "The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right",
                 "Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours",
                 "Practical Django Projects",
                 "Python Web Development with Django",
                 "Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach",
-                "Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp"
+                "Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp",
             ],
-            lambda b: b.name
+            lambda b: b.name,
         )
 
         books = Book.objects.annotate(mean_age=Avg("authors__age"))
         b = books.get(pk=self.b1.pk)
         self.assertEqual(
-            b.name,
-            'The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right'
+            b.name, "The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right"
         )
         self.assertEqual(b.mean_age, 34.5)
 
     def test_annotate_defer(self):
-        qs = Book.objects.annotate(
-            page_sum=Sum("pages")).defer('name').filter(pk=self.b1.pk)
+        qs = (
+            Book.objects.annotate(page_sum=Sum("pages"))
+            .defer("name")
+            .filter(pk=self.b1.pk)
+        )
 
         rows = [
-            (self.b1.id, "159059725", 447, "The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right")
+            (
+                self.b1.id,
+                "159059725",
+                447,
+                "The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right",
+            )
         ]
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs.order_by('pk'), rows,
-            lambda r: (r.id, r.isbn, r.page_sum, r.name)
+            qs.order_by("pk"), rows, lambda r: (r.id, r.isbn, r.page_sum, r.name)
         )
 
     def test_annotate_defer_select_related(self):
-        qs = Book.objects.select_related('contact').annotate(
-            page_sum=Sum("pages")).defer('name').filter(pk=self.b1.pk)
+        qs = (
+            Book.objects.select_related("contact")
+            .annotate(page_sum=Sum("pages"))
+            .defer("name")
+            .filter(pk=self.b1.pk)
+        )
 
         rows = [
-            (self.b1.id, "159059725", 447, "Adrian Holovaty",
-             "The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right")
+            (
+                self.b1.id,
+                "159059725",
+                447,
+                "Adrian Holovaty",
+                "The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right",
+            )
         ]
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs.order_by('pk'), rows,
-            lambda r: (r.id, r.isbn, r.page_sum, r.contact.name, r.name)
+            qs.order_by("pk"),
+            rows,
+            lambda r: (r.id, r.isbn, r.page_sum, r.contact.name, r.name),
         )
 
     def test_annotate_m2m(self):
-        books = Book.objects.filter(rating__lt=4.5).annotate(Avg("authors__age")).order_by("name")
+        books = (
+            Book.objects.filter(rating__lt=4.5)
+            .annotate(Avg("authors__age"))
+            .order_by("name")
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            books, [
-                ('Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach', 51.5),
-                ('Practical Django Projects', 29.0),
-                ('Python Web Development with Django', Approximate(30.3, places=1)),
-                ('Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours', 45.0)
+            books,
+            [
+                ("Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach", 51.5),
+                ("Practical Django Projects", 29.0),
+                ("Python Web Development with Django", Approximate(30.3, places=1)),
+                ("Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours", 45.0),
             ],
             lambda b: (b.name, b.authors__age__avg),
         )
 
         books = Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count("authors")).order_by("name")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            books, [
-                ('Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach', 2),
-                ('Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp', 1),
-                ('Practical Django Projects', 1),
-                ('Python Web Development with Django', 3),
-                ('Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours', 1),
-                ('The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right', 2)
+            books,
+            [
+                ("Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach", 2),
+                (
+                    "Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp",
+                    1,
+                ),
+                ("Practical Django Projects", 1),
+                ("Python Web Development with Django", 3),
+                ("Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours", 1),
+                ("The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right", 2),
             ],
-            lambda b: (b.name, b.num_authors)
+            lambda b: (b.name, b.num_authors),
         )
 
     def test_backwards_m2m_annotate(self):
-        authors = Author.objects.filter(name__contains="a").annotate(Avg("book__rating")).order_by("name")
+        authors = (
+            Author.objects.filter(name__contains="a")
+            .annotate(Avg("book__rating"))
+            .order_by("name")
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors, [
-                ('Adrian Holovaty', 4.5),
-                ('Brad Dayley', 3.0),
-                ('Jacob Kaplan-Moss', 4.5),
-                ('James Bennett', 4.0),
-                ('Paul Bissex', 4.0),
-                ('Stuart Russell', 4.0)
+            authors,
+            [
+                ("Adrian Holovaty", 4.5),
+                ("Brad Dayley", 3.0),
+                ("Jacob Kaplan-Moss", 4.5),
+                ("James Bennett", 4.0),
+                ("Paul Bissex", 4.0),
+                ("Stuart Russell", 4.0),
             ],
-            lambda a: (a.name, a.book__rating__avg)
+            lambda a: (a.name, a.book__rating__avg),
         )
 
         authors = Author.objects.annotate(num_books=Count("book")).order_by("name")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors, [
-                ('Adrian Holovaty', 1),
-                ('Brad Dayley', 1),
-                ('Jacob Kaplan-Moss', 1),
-                ('James Bennett', 1),
-                ('Jeffrey Forcier', 1),
-                ('Paul Bissex', 1),
-                ('Peter Norvig', 2),
-                ('Stuart Russell', 1),
-                ('Wesley J. Chun', 1)
+            authors,
+            [
+                ("Adrian Holovaty", 1),
+                ("Brad Dayley", 1),
+                ("Jacob Kaplan-Moss", 1),
+                ("James Bennett", 1),
+                ("Jeffrey Forcier", 1),
+                ("Paul Bissex", 1),
+                ("Peter Norvig", 2),
+                ("Stuart Russell", 1),
+                ("Wesley J. Chun", 1),
             ],
-            lambda a: (a.name, a.num_books)
+            lambda a: (a.name, a.num_books),
         )
 
     def test_reverse_fkey_annotate(self):
         books = Book.objects.annotate(Sum("publisher__num_awards")).order_by("name")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            books, [
-                ('Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach', 7),
-                ('Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp', 9),
-                ('Practical Django Projects', 3),
-                ('Python Web Development with Django', 7),
-                ('Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours', 1),
-                ('The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right', 3)
+            books,
+            [
+                ("Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach", 7),
+                (
+                    "Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp",
+                    9,
+                ),
+                ("Practical Django Projects", 3),
+                ("Python Web Development with Django", 7),
+                ("Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours", 1),
+                ("The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right", 3),
             ],
-            lambda b: (b.name, b.publisher__num_awards__sum)
+            lambda b: (b.name, b.publisher__num_awards__sum),
         )
 
         publishers = Publisher.objects.annotate(Sum("book__price")).order_by("name")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            publishers, [
-                ('Apress', Decimal("59.69")),
+            publishers,
+            [
+                ("Apress", Decimal("59.69")),
                 ("Jonno's House of Books", None),
-                ('Morgan Kaufmann', Decimal("75.00")),
-                ('Prentice Hall', Decimal("112.49")),
-                ('Sams', Decimal("23.09"))
+                ("Morgan Kaufmann", Decimal("75.00")),
+                ("Prentice Hall", Decimal("112.49")),
+                ("Sams", Decimal("23.09")),
             ],
-            lambda p: (p.name, p.book__price__sum)
+            lambda p: (p.name, p.book__price__sum),
         )
 
     def test_annotate_values(self):
-        books = list(Book.objects.filter(pk=self.b1.pk).annotate(mean_age=Avg("authors__age")).values())
+        books = list(
+            Book.objects.filter(pk=self.b1.pk)
+            .annotate(mean_age=Avg("authors__age"))
+            .values()
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
-            books, [
+            books,
+            [
                 {
                     "contact_id": self.a1.id,
                     "id": self.b1.id,
@@ -317,34 +425,43 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
                     "publisher_id": self.p1.id,
                     "rating": 4.5,
                 }
-            ]
+            ],
         )
 
         books = (
-            Book.objects
-            .filter(pk=self.b1.pk)
-            .annotate(mean_age=Avg('authors__age'))
-            .values('pk', 'isbn', 'mean_age')
+            Book.objects.filter(pk=self.b1.pk)
+            .annotate(mean_age=Avg("authors__age"))
+            .values("pk", "isbn", "mean_age")
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(books), [
+            list(books),
+            [
                 {
                     "pk": self.b1.pk,
                     "isbn": "159059725",
                     "mean_age": 34.5,
                 }
-            ]
+            ],
         )
 
-        books = Book.objects.filter(pk=self.b1.pk).annotate(mean_age=Avg("authors__age")).values("name")
+        books = (
+            Book.objects.filter(pk=self.b1.pk)
+            .annotate(mean_age=Avg("authors__age"))
+            .values("name")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             list(books),
-            [{'name': 'The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right'}],
+            [{"name": "The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right"}],
         )
 
-        books = Book.objects.filter(pk=self.b1.pk).values().annotate(mean_age=Avg('authors__age'))
+        books = (
+            Book.objects.filter(pk=self.b1.pk)
+            .values()
+            .annotate(mean_age=Avg("authors__age"))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(books), [
+            list(books),
+            [
                 {
                     "contact_id": self.a1.id,
                     "id": self.b1.id,
@@ -357,17 +474,17 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
                     "publisher_id": self.p1.id,
                     "rating": 4.5,
                 }
-            ]
+            ],
         )
 
         books = (
-            Book.objects
-            .values("rating")
+            Book.objects.values("rating")
             .annotate(n_authors=Count("authors__id"), mean_age=Avg("authors__age"))
             .order_by("rating")
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(books), [
+            list(books),
+            [
                 {
                     "rating": 3.0,
                     "n_authors": 1,
@@ -376,7 +493,7 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
                 {
                     "rating": 4.0,
                     "n_authors": 6,
-                    "mean_age": Approximate(37.16, places=1)
+                    "mean_age": Approximate(37.16, places=1),
                 },
                 {
                     "rating": 4.5,
@@ -387,24 +504,25 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
                     "rating": 5.0,
                     "n_authors": 1,
                     "mean_age": 57.0,
-                }
-            ]
+                },
+            ],
         )
 
         authors = Author.objects.annotate(Avg("friends__age")).order_by("name")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors, [
-                ('Adrian Holovaty', 32.0),
-                ('Brad Dayley', None),
-                ('Jacob Kaplan-Moss', 29.5),
-                ('James Bennett', 34.0),
-                ('Jeffrey Forcier', 27.0),
-                ('Paul Bissex', 31.0),
-                ('Peter Norvig', 46.0),
-                ('Stuart Russell', 57.0),
-                ('Wesley J. Chun', Approximate(33.66, places=1))
+            authors,
+            [
+                ("Adrian Holovaty", 32.0),
+                ("Brad Dayley", None),
+                ("Jacob Kaplan-Moss", 29.5),
+                ("James Bennett", 34.0),
+                ("Jeffrey Forcier", 27.0),
+                ("Paul Bissex", 31.0),
+                ("Peter Norvig", 46.0),
+                ("Stuart Russell", 57.0),
+                ("Wesley J. Chun", Approximate(33.66, places=1)),
             ],
-            lambda a: (a.name, a.friends__age__avg)
+            lambda a: (a.name, a.friends__age__avg),
         )
 
     def test_count(self):
@@ -414,14 +532,16 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
     def test_count_star(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1) as ctx:
             Book.objects.aggregate(n=Count("*"))
-        sql = ctx.captured_queries[0]['sql']
-        self.assertIn('SELECT COUNT(*) ', sql)
+        sql = ctx.captured_queries[0]["sql"]
+        self.assertIn("SELECT COUNT(*) ", sql)
 
     def test_count_distinct_expression(self):
         aggs = Book.objects.aggregate(
-            distinct_ratings=Count(Case(When(pages__gt=300, then='rating')), distinct=True),
+            distinct_ratings=Count(
+                Case(When(pages__gt=300, then="rating")), distinct=True
+            ),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(aggs['distinct_ratings'], 4)
+        self.assertEqual(aggs["distinct_ratings"], 4)
 
     def test_distinct_on_aggregate(self):
         for aggregate, expected_result in (
@@ -430,8 +550,10 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
             (Sum, 16.5),
         ):
             with self.subTest(aggregate=aggregate.__name__):
-                books = Book.objects.aggregate(ratings=aggregate('rating', distinct=True))
-                self.assertEqual(books['ratings'], expected_result)
+                books = Book.objects.aggregate(
+                    ratings=aggregate("rating", distinct=True)
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(books["ratings"], expected_result)
 
     def test_non_grouped_annotation_not_in_group_by(self):
         """
@@ -439,10 +561,14 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
         excluded from the group by clause.
         """
         qs = (
-            Book.objects.annotate(xprice=F('price')).filter(rating=4.0).values('rating')
-                .annotate(count=Count('publisher_id', distinct=True)).values('count', 'rating').order_by('count')
+            Book.objects.annotate(xprice=F("price"))
+            .filter(rating=4.0)
+            .values("rating")
+            .annotate(count=Count("publisher_id", distinct=True))
+            .values("count", "rating")
+            .order_by("count")
         )
-        self.assertEqual(list(qs), [{'rating': 4.0, 'count': 2}])
+        self.assertEqual(list(qs), [{"rating": 4.0, "count": 2}])
 
     def test_grouped_annotation_in_group_by(self):
         """
@@ -450,62 +576,79 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
         included in the group by clause.
         """
         qs = (
-            Book.objects.annotate(xprice=F('price')).filter(rating=4.0).values('rating', 'xprice')
-                .annotate(count=Count('publisher_id', distinct=True)).values('count', 'rating').order_by('count')
+            Book.objects.annotate(xprice=F("price"))
+            .filter(rating=4.0)
+            .values("rating", "xprice")
+            .annotate(count=Count("publisher_id", distinct=True))
+            .values("count", "rating")
+            .order_by("count")
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(qs), [
-                {'rating': 4.0, 'count': 1},
-                {'rating': 4.0, 'count': 2},
-            ]
+            list(qs),
+            [
+                {"rating": 4.0, "count": 1},
+                {"rating": 4.0, "count": 2},
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_fkey_aggregate(self):
-        explicit = list(Author.objects.annotate(Count('book__id')))
-        implicit = list(Author.objects.annotate(Count('book')))
+        explicit = list(Author.objects.annotate(Count("book__id")))
+        implicit = list(Author.objects.annotate(Count("book")))
         self.assertCountEqual(explicit, implicit)
 
     def test_annotate_ordering(self):
-        books = Book.objects.values('rating').annotate(oldest=Max('authors__age')).order_by('oldest', 'rating')
+        books = (
+            Book.objects.values("rating")
+            .annotate(oldest=Max("authors__age"))
+            .order_by("oldest", "rating")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(books), [
-                {'rating': 4.5, 'oldest': 35},
-                {'rating': 3.0, 'oldest': 45},
-                {'rating': 4.0, 'oldest': 57},
-                {'rating': 5.0, 'oldest': 57},
-            ]
+            list(books),
+            [
+                {"rating": 4.5, "oldest": 35},
+                {"rating": 3.0, "oldest": 45},
+                {"rating": 4.0, "oldest": 57},
+                {"rating": 5.0, "oldest": 57},
+            ],
         )
 
-        books = Book.objects.values("rating").annotate(oldest=Max("authors__age")).order_by("-oldest", "-rating")
+        books = (
+            Book.objects.values("rating")
+            .annotate(oldest=Max("authors__age"))
+            .order_by("-oldest", "-rating")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(books), [
-                {'rating': 5.0, 'oldest': 57},
-                {'rating': 4.0, 'oldest': 57},
-                {'rating': 3.0, 'oldest': 45},
-                {'rating': 4.5, 'oldest': 35},
-            ]
+            list(books),
+            [
+                {"rating": 5.0, "oldest": 57},
+                {"rating": 4.0, "oldest": 57},
+                {"rating": 3.0, "oldest": 45},
+                {"rating": 4.5, "oldest": 35},
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_aggregate_annotation(self):
-        vals = Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count("authors__id")).aggregate(Avg("num_authors"))
+        vals = Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count("authors__id")).aggregate(
+            Avg("num_authors")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(vals, {"num_authors__avg": Approximate(1.66, places=1)})
 
     def test_avg_duration_field(self):
         # Explicit `output_field`.
         self.assertEqual(
-            Publisher.objects.aggregate(Avg('duration', output_field=DurationField())),
-            {'duration__avg': datetime.timedelta(days=1, hours=12)}
+            Publisher.objects.aggregate(Avg("duration", output_field=DurationField())),
+            {"duration__avg": datetime.timedelta(days=1, hours=12)},
         )
         # Implicit `output_field`.
         self.assertEqual(
-            Publisher.objects.aggregate(Avg('duration')),
-            {'duration__avg': datetime.timedelta(days=1, hours=12)}
+            Publisher.objects.aggregate(Avg("duration")),
+            {"duration__avg": datetime.timedelta(days=1, hours=12)},
         )
 
     def test_sum_duration_field(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            Publisher.objects.aggregate(Sum('duration', output_field=DurationField())),
-            {'duration__sum': datetime.timedelta(days=3)}
+            Publisher.objects.aggregate(Sum("duration", output_field=DurationField())),
+            {"duration__sum": datetime.timedelta(days=3)},
         )
 
     def test_sum_distinct_aggregate(self):
@@ -519,247 +662,290 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(distinct_authors.count(), 2)
 
         # Selected author ages are 57 and 46
-        age_sum = distinct_authors.aggregate(Sum('age'))
-        self.assertEqual(age_sum['age__sum'], 103)
+        age_sum = distinct_authors.aggregate(Sum("age"))
+        self.assertEqual(age_sum["age__sum"], 103)
 
     def test_filtering(self):
-        p = Publisher.objects.create(name='Expensive Publisher', num_awards=0)
+        p = Publisher.objects.create(name="Expensive Publisher", num_awards=0)
         Book.objects.create(
-            name='ExpensiveBook1',
+            name="ExpensiveBook1",
             pages=1,
-            isbn='111',
+            isbn="111",
             rating=3.5,
             price=Decimal("1000"),
             publisher=p,
             contact_id=self.a1.id,
-            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 12, 1)
+            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 12, 1),
         )
         Book.objects.create(
-            name='ExpensiveBook2',
+            name="ExpensiveBook2",
             pages=1,
-            isbn='222',
+            isbn="222",
             rating=4.0,
             price=Decimal("1000"),
             publisher=p,
             contact_id=self.a1.id,
-            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 12, 2)
+            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 12, 2),
         )
         Book.objects.create(
-            name='ExpensiveBook3',
+            name="ExpensiveBook3",
             pages=1,
-            isbn='333',
+            isbn="333",
             rating=4.5,
             price=Decimal("35"),
             publisher=p,
             contact_id=self.a1.id,
-            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 12, 3)
+            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 12, 3),
         )
 
-        publishers = Publisher.objects.annotate(num_books=Count("book__id")).filter(num_books__gt=1).order_by("pk")
+        publishers = (
+            Publisher.objects.annotate(num_books=Count("book__id"))
+            .filter(num_books__gt=1)
+            .order_by("pk")
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             publishers,
-            ['Apress', 'Prentice Hall', 'Expensive Publisher'],
+            ["Apress", "Prentice Hall", "Expensive Publisher"],
             lambda p: p.name,
         )
 
-        publishers = Publisher.objects.filter(book__price__lt=Decimal("40.0")).order_by("pk")
+        publishers = Publisher.objects.filter(book__price__lt=Decimal("40.0")).order_by(
+            "pk"
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            publishers, [
+            publishers,
+            [
                 "Apress",
                 "Apress",
                 "Sams",
                 "Prentice Hall",
                 "Expensive Publisher",
             ],
-            lambda p: p.name
+            lambda p: p.name,
         )
 
         publishers = (
-            Publisher.objects
-            .annotate(num_books=Count("book__id"))
+            Publisher.objects.annotate(num_books=Count("book__id"))
             .filter(num_books__gt=1, book__price__lt=Decimal("40.0"))
             .order_by("pk")
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             publishers,
-            ['Apress', 'Prentice Hall', 'Expensive Publisher'],
+            ["Apress", "Prentice Hall", "Expensive Publisher"],
             lambda p: p.name,
         )
 
         publishers = (
-            Publisher.objects
-            .filter(book__price__lt=Decimal("40.0"))
+            Publisher.objects.filter(book__price__lt=Decimal("40.0"))
             .annotate(num_books=Count("book__id"))
             .filter(num_books__gt=1)
             .order_by("pk")
         )
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(publishers, ['Apress'], lambda p: p.name)
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(publishers, ["Apress"], lambda p: p.name)
 
-        publishers = Publisher.objects.annotate(num_books=Count("book")).filter(num_books__range=[1, 3]).order_by("pk")
+        publishers = (
+            Publisher.objects.annotate(num_books=Count("book"))
+            .filter(num_books__range=[1, 3])
+            .order_by("pk")
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            publishers, [
+            publishers,
+            [
                 "Apress",
                 "Sams",
                 "Prentice Hall",
                 "Morgan Kaufmann",
                 "Expensive Publisher",
             ],
-            lambda p: p.name
-        )
-
-        publishers = Publisher.objects.annotate(num_books=Count("book")).filter(num_books__range=[1, 2]).order_by("pk")
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            publishers,
-            ['Apress', 'Sams', 'Prentice Hall', 'Morgan Kaufmann'],
-            lambda p: p.name
-        )
-
-        publishers = Publisher.objects.annotate(num_books=Count("book")).filter(num_books__in=[1, 3]).order_by("pk")
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            publishers,
-            ['Sams', 'Morgan Kaufmann', 'Expensive Publisher'],
             lambda p: p.name,
         )
 
-        publishers = Publisher.objects.annotate(num_books=Count("book")).filter(num_books__isnull=True)
+        publishers = (
+            Publisher.objects.annotate(num_books=Count("book"))
+            .filter(num_books__range=[1, 2])
+            .order_by("pk")
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            publishers,
+            ["Apress", "Sams", "Prentice Hall", "Morgan Kaufmann"],
+            lambda p: p.name,
+        )
+
+        publishers = (
+            Publisher.objects.annotate(num_books=Count("book"))
+            .filter(num_books__in=[1, 3])
+            .order_by("pk")
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            publishers,
+            ["Sams", "Morgan Kaufmann", "Expensive Publisher"],
+            lambda p: p.name,
+        )
+
+        publishers = Publisher.objects.annotate(num_books=Count("book")).filter(
+            num_books__isnull=True
+        )
         self.assertEqual(len(publishers), 0)
 
     def test_annotation(self):
         vals = Author.objects.filter(pk=self.a1.pk).aggregate(Count("friends__id"))
         self.assertEqual(vals, {"friends__id__count": 2})
 
-        books = Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count("authors__name")).filter(num_authors__exact=2).order_by("pk")
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            books, [
-                "The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right",
-                "Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach",
-            ],
-            lambda b: b.name
-        )
-
-        authors = (
-            Author.objects
-            .annotate(num_friends=Count("friends__id", distinct=True))
-            .filter(num_friends=0)
-            .order_by("pk")
-        )
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(authors, ['Brad Dayley'], lambda a: a.name)
-
-        publishers = Publisher.objects.annotate(num_books=Count("book__id")).filter(num_books__gt=1).order_by("pk")
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(publishers, ['Apress', 'Prentice Hall'], lambda p: p.name)
-
-        publishers = (
-            Publisher.objects
-            .filter(book__price__lt=Decimal("40.0"))
-            .annotate(num_books=Count("book__id"))
-            .filter(num_books__gt=1)
-        )
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(publishers, ['Apress'], lambda p: p.name)
-
         books = (
-            Book.objects
-            .annotate(num_authors=Count("authors__id"))
-            .filter(authors__name__contains="Norvig", num_authors__gt=1)
+            Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count("authors__name"))
+            .filter(num_authors__exact=2)
+            .order_by("pk")
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             books,
-            ['Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach'],
-            lambda b: b.name
+            [
+                "The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right",
+                "Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach",
+            ],
+            lambda b: b.name,
+        )
+
+        authors = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(num_friends=Count("friends__id", distinct=True))
+            .filter(num_friends=0)
+            .order_by("pk")
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(authors, ["Brad Dayley"], lambda a: a.name)
+
+        publishers = (
+            Publisher.objects.annotate(num_books=Count("book__id"))
+            .filter(num_books__gt=1)
+            .order_by("pk")
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            publishers, ["Apress", "Prentice Hall"], lambda p: p.name
+        )
+
+        publishers = (
+            Publisher.objects.filter(book__price__lt=Decimal("40.0"))
+            .annotate(num_books=Count("book__id"))
+            .filter(num_books__gt=1)
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(publishers, ["Apress"], lambda p: p.name)
+
+        books = Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count("authors__id")).filter(
+            authors__name__contains="Norvig", num_authors__gt=1
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            books, ["Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach"], lambda b: b.name
         )
 
     def test_more_aggregation(self):
-        a = Author.objects.get(name__contains='Norvig')
-        b = Book.objects.get(name__contains='Done Right')
+        a = Author.objects.get(name__contains="Norvig")
+        b = Book.objects.get(name__contains="Done Right")
         b.authors.add(a)
         b.save()
 
         vals = (
-            Book.objects
-            .annotate(num_authors=Count("authors__id"))
+            Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count("authors__id"))
             .filter(authors__name__contains="Norvig", num_authors__gt=1)
             .aggregate(Avg("rating"))
         )
         self.assertEqual(vals, {"rating__avg": 4.25})
 
     def test_even_more_aggregate(self):
-        publishers = Publisher.objects.annotate(
-            earliest_book=Min("book__pubdate"),
-        ).exclude(earliest_book=None).order_by("earliest_book").values(
-            'earliest_book',
-            'num_awards',
-            'id',
-            'name',
+        publishers = (
+            Publisher.objects.annotate(
+                earliest_book=Min("book__pubdate"),
+            )
+            .exclude(earliest_book=None)
+            .order_by("earliest_book")
+            .values(
+                "earliest_book",
+                "num_awards",
+                "id",
+                "name",
+            )
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(publishers), [
+            list(publishers),
+            [
                 {
-                    'earliest_book': datetime.date(1991, 10, 15),
-                    'num_awards': 9,
-                    'id': self.p4.id,
-                    'name': 'Morgan Kaufmann'
+                    "earliest_book": datetime.date(1991, 10, 15),
+                    "num_awards": 9,
+                    "id": self.p4.id,
+                    "name": "Morgan Kaufmann",
                 },
                 {
-                    'earliest_book': datetime.date(1995, 1, 15),
-                    'num_awards': 7,
-                    'id': self.p3.id,
-                    'name': 'Prentice Hall'
+                    "earliest_book": datetime.date(1995, 1, 15),
+                    "num_awards": 7,
+                    "id": self.p3.id,
+                    "name": "Prentice Hall",
                 },
                 {
-                    'earliest_book': datetime.date(2007, 12, 6),
-                    'num_awards': 3,
-                    'id': self.p1.id,
-                    'name': 'Apress'
+                    "earliest_book": datetime.date(2007, 12, 6),
+                    "num_awards": 3,
+                    "id": self.p1.id,
+                    "name": "Apress",
                 },
                 {
-                    'earliest_book': datetime.date(2008, 3, 3),
-                    'num_awards': 1,
-                    'id': self.p2.id,
-                    'name': 'Sams'
-                }
-            ]
+                    "earliest_book": datetime.date(2008, 3, 3),
+                    "num_awards": 1,
+                    "id": self.p2.id,
+                    "name": "Sams",
+                },
+            ],
         )
 
-        vals = Store.objects.aggregate(Max("friday_night_closing"), Min("original_opening"))
+        vals = Store.objects.aggregate(
+            Max("friday_night_closing"), Min("original_opening")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             vals,
             {
                 "friday_night_closing__max": datetime.time(23, 59, 59),
                 "original_opening__min": datetime.datetime(1945, 4, 25, 16, 24, 14),
-            }
+            },
         )
 
     def test_annotate_values_list(self):
         books = (
-            Book.objects
-            .filter(pk=self.b1.pk)
+            Book.objects.filter(pk=self.b1.pk)
             .annotate(mean_age=Avg("authors__age"))
             .values_list("pk", "isbn", "mean_age")
         )
-        self.assertEqual(list(books), [(self.b1.id, '159059725', 34.5)])
+        self.assertEqual(list(books), [(self.b1.id, "159059725", 34.5)])
 
-        books = Book.objects.filter(pk=self.b1.pk).annotate(mean_age=Avg("authors__age")).values_list("isbn")
-        self.assertEqual(list(books), [('159059725',)])
+        books = (
+            Book.objects.filter(pk=self.b1.pk)
+            .annotate(mean_age=Avg("authors__age"))
+            .values_list("isbn")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(list(books), [("159059725",)])
 
-        books = Book.objects.filter(pk=self.b1.pk).annotate(mean_age=Avg("authors__age")).values_list("mean_age")
+        books = (
+            Book.objects.filter(pk=self.b1.pk)
+            .annotate(mean_age=Avg("authors__age"))
+            .values_list("mean_age")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(list(books), [(34.5,)])
 
         books = (
-            Book.objects
-            .filter(pk=self.b1.pk)
+            Book.objects.filter(pk=self.b1.pk)
             .annotate(mean_age=Avg("authors__age"))
             .values_list("mean_age", flat=True)
         )
         self.assertEqual(list(books), [34.5])
 
-        books = Book.objects.values_list("price").annotate(count=Count("price")).order_by("-count", "price")
+        books = (
+            Book.objects.values_list("price")
+            .annotate(count=Count("price"))
+            .order_by("-count", "price")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(books), [
+            list(books),
+            [
                 (Decimal("29.69"), 2),
-                (Decimal('23.09'), 1),
-                (Decimal('30'), 1),
-                (Decimal('75'), 1),
-                (Decimal('82.8'), 1),
-            ]
+                (Decimal("23.09"), 1),
+                (Decimal("30"), 1),
+                (Decimal("75"), 1),
+                (Decimal("82.8"), 1),
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_dates_with_aggregation(self):
@@ -772,9 +958,12 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
         returned twice because there are books from 2008 with a different
         number of authors.
         """
-        dates = Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count("authors")).dates('pubdate', 'year')
+        dates = Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count("authors")).dates(
+            "pubdate", "year"
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            dates, [
+            dates,
+            [
                 datetime.date(1991, 1, 1),
                 datetime.date(1995, 1, 1),
                 datetime.date(2007, 1, 1),
@@ -784,21 +973,21 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
 
     def test_values_aggregation(self):
         # Refs #20782
-        max_rating = Book.objects.values('rating').aggregate(max_rating=Max('rating'))
-        self.assertEqual(max_rating['max_rating'], 5)
-        max_books_per_rating = Book.objects.values('rating').annotate(
-            books_per_rating=Count('id')
-        ).aggregate(Max('books_per_rating'))
-        self.assertEqual(
-            max_books_per_rating,
-            {'books_per_rating__max': 3})
+        max_rating = Book.objects.values("rating").aggregate(max_rating=Max("rating"))
+        self.assertEqual(max_rating["max_rating"], 5)
+        max_books_per_rating = (
+            Book.objects.values("rating")
+            .annotate(books_per_rating=Count("id"))
+            .aggregate(Max("books_per_rating"))
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(max_books_per_rating, {"books_per_rating__max": 3})
 
     def test_ticket17424(self):
         """
         Doing exclude() on a foreign model after annotate() doesn't crash.
         """
-        all_books = list(Book.objects.values_list('pk', flat=True).order_by('pk'))
-        annotated_books = Book.objects.order_by('pk').annotate(one=Count("id"))
+        all_books = list(Book.objects.values_list("pk", flat=True).order_by("pk"))
+        annotated_books = Book.objects.order_by("pk").annotate(one=Count("id"))
 
         # The value doesn't matter, we just need any negative
         # constraint on a related model that's a noop.
@@ -817,8 +1006,8 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
         """
         Aggregation over sliced queryset works correctly.
         """
-        qs = Book.objects.all().order_by('-rating')[0:3]
-        vals = qs.aggregate(average_top3_rating=Avg('rating'))['average_top3_rating']
+        qs = Book.objects.all().order_by("-rating")[0:3]
+        vals = qs.aggregate(average_top3_rating=Avg("rating"))["average_top3_rating"]
         self.assertAlmostEqual(vals, 4.5, places=2)
 
     def test_ticket11881(self):
@@ -826,24 +1015,29 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
         Subqueries do not needlessly contain ORDER BY, SELECT FOR UPDATE or
         select_related() stuff.
         """
-        qs = Book.objects.all().select_for_update().order_by(
-            'pk').select_related('publisher').annotate(max_pk=Max('pk'))
+        qs = (
+            Book.objects.all()
+            .select_for_update()
+            .order_by("pk")
+            .select_related("publisher")
+            .annotate(max_pk=Max("pk"))
+        )
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
-            qs.aggregate(avg_pk=Avg('max_pk'))
+            qs.aggregate(avg_pk=Avg("max_pk"))
             self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 1)
-            qstr = captured_queries[0]['sql'].lower()
-            self.assertNotIn('for update', qstr)
+            qstr = captured_queries[0]["sql"].lower()
+            self.assertNotIn("for update", qstr)
             forced_ordering = connection.ops.force_no_ordering()
             if forced_ordering:
                 # If the backend needs to force an ordering we make sure it's
                 # the only "ORDER BY" clause present in the query.
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    re.findall(r'order by (\w+)', qstr),
-                    [', '.join(f[1][0] for f in forced_ordering).lower()]
+                    re.findall(r"order by (\w+)", qstr),
+                    [", ".join(f[1][0] for f in forced_ordering).lower()],
                 )
             else:
-                self.assertNotIn('order by', qstr)
-            self.assertEqual(qstr.count(' join '), 0)
+                self.assertNotIn("order by", qstr)
+            self.assertEqual(qstr.count(" join "), 0)
 
     def test_decimal_max_digits_has_no_effect(self):
         Book.objects.all().delete()
@@ -852,202 +1046,234 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
         thedate = timezone.now()
         for i in range(10):
             Book.objects.create(
-                isbn="abcde{}".format(i), name="none", pages=10, rating=4.0,
-                price=9999.98, contact=a1, publisher=p1, pubdate=thedate)
+                isbn="abcde{}".format(i),
+                name="none",
+                pages=10,
+                rating=4.0,
+                price=9999.98,
+                contact=a1,
+                publisher=p1,
+                pubdate=thedate,
+            )
 
-        book = Book.objects.aggregate(price_sum=Sum('price'))
-        self.assertEqual(book['price_sum'], Decimal("99999.80"))
+        book = Book.objects.aggregate(price_sum=Sum("price"))
+        self.assertEqual(book["price_sum"], Decimal("99999.80"))
 
     def test_nonaggregate_aggregation_throws(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, 'fail is not an aggregate expression'):
-            Book.objects.aggregate(fail=F('price'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, "fail is not an aggregate expression"):
+            Book.objects.aggregate(fail=F("price"))
 
     def test_nonfield_annotation(self):
         book = Book.objects.annotate(val=Max(Value(2))).first()
         self.assertEqual(book.val, 2)
-        book = Book.objects.annotate(val=Max(Value(2), output_field=IntegerField())).first()
+        book = Book.objects.annotate(
+            val=Max(Value(2), output_field=IntegerField())
+        ).first()
         self.assertEqual(book.val, 2)
         book = Book.objects.annotate(val=Max(2, output_field=IntegerField())).first()
         self.assertEqual(book.val, 2)
 
     def test_annotation_expressions(self):
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(combined_ages=Sum(F('age') + F('friends__age'))).order_by('name')
-        authors2 = Author.objects.annotate(combined_ages=Sum('age') + Sum('friends__age')).order_by('name')
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(
+            combined_ages=Sum(F("age") + F("friends__age"))
+        ).order_by("name")
+        authors2 = Author.objects.annotate(
+            combined_ages=Sum("age") + Sum("friends__age")
+        ).order_by("name")
         for qs in (authors, authors2):
             self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-                qs, [
-                    ('Adrian Holovaty', 132),
-                    ('Brad Dayley', None),
-                    ('Jacob Kaplan-Moss', 129),
-                    ('James Bennett', 63),
-                    ('Jeffrey Forcier', 128),
-                    ('Paul Bissex', 120),
-                    ('Peter Norvig', 103),
-                    ('Stuart Russell', 103),
-                    ('Wesley J. Chun', 176)
+                qs,
+                [
+                    ("Adrian Holovaty", 132),
+                    ("Brad Dayley", None),
+                    ("Jacob Kaplan-Moss", 129),
+                    ("James Bennett", 63),
+                    ("Jeffrey Forcier", 128),
+                    ("Paul Bissex", 120),
+                    ("Peter Norvig", 103),
+                    ("Stuart Russell", 103),
+                    ("Wesley J. Chun", 176),
                 ],
-                lambda a: (a.name, a.combined_ages)
+                lambda a: (a.name, a.combined_ages),
             )
 
     def test_aggregation_expressions(self):
-        a1 = Author.objects.aggregate(av_age=Sum('age') / Count('*'))
-        a2 = Author.objects.aggregate(av_age=Sum('age') / Count('age'))
-        a3 = Author.objects.aggregate(av_age=Avg('age'))
-        self.assertEqual(a1, {'av_age': 37})
-        self.assertEqual(a2, {'av_age': 37})
-        self.assertEqual(a3, {'av_age': Approximate(37.4, places=1)})
+        a1 = Author.objects.aggregate(av_age=Sum("age") / Count("*"))
+        a2 = Author.objects.aggregate(av_age=Sum("age") / Count("age"))
+        a3 = Author.objects.aggregate(av_age=Avg("age"))
+        self.assertEqual(a1, {"av_age": 37})
+        self.assertEqual(a2, {"av_age": 37})
+        self.assertEqual(a3, {"av_age": Approximate(37.4, places=1)})
 
     def test_avg_decimal_field(self):
-        v = Book.objects.filter(rating=4).aggregate(avg_price=(Avg('price')))['avg_price']
+        v = Book.objects.filter(rating=4).aggregate(avg_price=(Avg("price")))[
+            "avg_price"
+        ]
         self.assertIsInstance(v, Decimal)
-        self.assertEqual(v, Approximate(Decimal('47.39'), places=2))
+        self.assertEqual(v, Approximate(Decimal("47.39"), places=2))
 
     def test_order_of_precedence(self):
-        p1 = Book.objects.filter(rating=4).aggregate(avg_price=(Avg('price') + 2) * 3)
-        self.assertEqual(p1, {'avg_price': Approximate(Decimal('148.18'), places=2)})
+        p1 = Book.objects.filter(rating=4).aggregate(avg_price=(Avg("price") + 2) * 3)
+        self.assertEqual(p1, {"avg_price": Approximate(Decimal("148.18"), places=2)})
 
-        p2 = Book.objects.filter(rating=4).aggregate(avg_price=Avg('price') + 2 * 3)
-        self.assertEqual(p2, {'avg_price': Approximate(Decimal('53.39'), places=2)})
+        p2 = Book.objects.filter(rating=4).aggregate(avg_price=Avg("price") + 2 * 3)
+        self.assertEqual(p2, {"avg_price": Approximate(Decimal("53.39"), places=2)})
 
     def test_combine_different_types(self):
         msg = (
-            'Expression contains mixed types: FloatField, DecimalField. '
-            'You must set output_field.'
+            "Expression contains mixed types: FloatField, DecimalField. "
+            "You must set output_field."
         )
-        qs = Book.objects.annotate(sums=Sum('rating') + Sum('pages') + Sum('price'))
+        qs = Book.objects.annotate(sums=Sum("rating") + Sum("pages") + Sum("price"))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
             qs.first()
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
             qs.first()
 
-        b1 = Book.objects.annotate(sums=Sum(F('rating') + F('pages') + F('price'),
-                                   output_field=IntegerField())).get(pk=self.b4.pk)
+        b1 = Book.objects.annotate(
+            sums=Sum(F("rating") + F("pages") + F("price"), output_field=IntegerField())
+        ).get(pk=self.b4.pk)
         self.assertEqual(b1.sums, 383)
 
-        b2 = Book.objects.annotate(sums=Sum(F('rating') + F('pages') + F('price'),
-                                   output_field=FloatField())).get(pk=self.b4.pk)
+        b2 = Book.objects.annotate(
+            sums=Sum(F("rating") + F("pages") + F("price"), output_field=FloatField())
+        ).get(pk=self.b4.pk)
         self.assertEqual(b2.sums, 383.69)
 
-        b3 = Book.objects.annotate(sums=Sum(F('rating') + F('pages') + F('price'),
-                                   output_field=DecimalField())).get(pk=self.b4.pk)
+        b3 = Book.objects.annotate(
+            sums=Sum(F("rating") + F("pages") + F("price"), output_field=DecimalField())
+        ).get(pk=self.b4.pk)
         self.assertEqual(b3.sums, Approximate(Decimal("383.69"), places=2))
 
     def test_complex_aggregations_require_kwarg(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, 'Complex annotations require an alias'):
-            Author.objects.annotate(Sum(F('age') + F('friends__age')))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, 'Complex aggregates require an alias'):
-            Author.objects.aggregate(Sum('age') / Count('age'))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, 'Complex aggregates require an alias'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TypeError, "Complex annotations require an alias"
+        ):
+            Author.objects.annotate(Sum(F("age") + F("friends__age")))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, "Complex aggregates require an alias"):
+            Author.objects.aggregate(Sum("age") / Count("age"))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, "Complex aggregates require an alias"):
             Author.objects.aggregate(Sum(1))
 
     def test_aggregate_over_complex_annotation(self):
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(
-            combined_ages=Sum(F('age') + F('friends__age')))
+        qs = Author.objects.annotate(combined_ages=Sum(F("age") + F("friends__age")))
 
-        age = qs.aggregate(max_combined_age=Max('combined_ages'))
-        self.assertEqual(age['max_combined_age'], 176)
+        age = qs.aggregate(max_combined_age=Max("combined_ages"))
+        self.assertEqual(age["max_combined_age"], 176)
 
-        age = qs.aggregate(max_combined_age_doubled=Max('combined_ages') * 2)
-        self.assertEqual(age['max_combined_age_doubled'], 176 * 2)
+        age = qs.aggregate(max_combined_age_doubled=Max("combined_ages") * 2)
+        self.assertEqual(age["max_combined_age_doubled"], 176 * 2)
 
         age = qs.aggregate(
-            max_combined_age_doubled=Max('combined_ages') + Max('combined_ages'))
-        self.assertEqual(age['max_combined_age_doubled'], 176 * 2)
+            max_combined_age_doubled=Max("combined_ages") + Max("combined_ages")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(age["max_combined_age_doubled"], 176 * 2)
 
         age = qs.aggregate(
-            max_combined_age_doubled=Max('combined_ages') + Max('combined_ages'),
-            sum_combined_age=Sum('combined_ages'))
-        self.assertEqual(age['max_combined_age_doubled'], 176 * 2)
-        self.assertEqual(age['sum_combined_age'], 954)
+            max_combined_age_doubled=Max("combined_ages") + Max("combined_ages"),
+            sum_combined_age=Sum("combined_ages"),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(age["max_combined_age_doubled"], 176 * 2)
+        self.assertEqual(age["sum_combined_age"], 954)
 
         age = qs.aggregate(
-            max_combined_age_doubled=Max('combined_ages') + Max('combined_ages'),
-            sum_combined_age_doubled=Sum('combined_ages') + Sum('combined_ages'))
-        self.assertEqual(age['max_combined_age_doubled'], 176 * 2)
-        self.assertEqual(age['sum_combined_age_doubled'], 954 * 2)
+            max_combined_age_doubled=Max("combined_ages") + Max("combined_ages"),
+            sum_combined_age_doubled=Sum("combined_ages") + Sum("combined_ages"),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(age["max_combined_age_doubled"], 176 * 2)
+        self.assertEqual(age["sum_combined_age_doubled"], 954 * 2)
 
     def test_values_annotation_with_expression(self):
         # ensure the F() is promoted to the group by clause
-        qs = Author.objects.values('name').annotate(another_age=Sum('age') + F('age'))
+        qs = Author.objects.values("name").annotate(another_age=Sum("age") + F("age"))
         a = qs.get(name="Adrian Holovaty")
-        self.assertEqual(a['another_age'], 68)
+        self.assertEqual(a["another_age"], 68)
 
-        qs = qs.annotate(friend_count=Count('friends'))
+        qs = qs.annotate(friend_count=Count("friends"))
         a = qs.get(name="Adrian Holovaty")
-        self.assertEqual(a['friend_count'], 2)
+        self.assertEqual(a["friend_count"], 2)
 
-        qs = qs.annotate(combined_age=Sum('age') + F('friends__age')).filter(
-            name="Adrian Holovaty").order_by('-combined_age')
+        qs = (
+            qs.annotate(combined_age=Sum("age") + F("friends__age"))
+            .filter(name="Adrian Holovaty")
+            .order_by("-combined_age")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(qs), [
+            list(qs),
+            [
                 {
-                    "name": 'Adrian Holovaty',
+                    "name": "Adrian Holovaty",
                     "another_age": 68,
                     "friend_count": 1,
-                    "combined_age": 69
+                    "combined_age": 69,
                 },
                 {
-                    "name": 'Adrian Holovaty',
+                    "name": "Adrian Holovaty",
                     "another_age": 68,
                     "friend_count": 1,
-                    "combined_age": 63
-                }
-            ]
+                    "combined_age": 63,
+                },
+            ],
         )
 
-        vals = qs.values('name', 'combined_age')
+        vals = qs.values("name", "combined_age")
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(vals), [
-                {'name': 'Adrian Holovaty', 'combined_age': 69},
-                {'name': 'Adrian Holovaty', 'combined_age': 63},
-            ]
+            list(vals),
+            [
+                {"name": "Adrian Holovaty", "combined_age": 69},
+                {"name": "Adrian Holovaty", "combined_age": 63},
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_annotate_values_aggregate(self):
-        alias_age = Author.objects.annotate(
-            age_alias=F('age')
-        ).values(
-            'age_alias',
-        ).aggregate(sum_age=Sum('age_alias'))
+        alias_age = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(age_alias=F("age"))
+            .values(
+                "age_alias",
+            )
+            .aggregate(sum_age=Sum("age_alias"))
+        )
 
-        age = Author.objects.values('age').aggregate(sum_age=Sum('age'))
+        age = Author.objects.values("age").aggregate(sum_age=Sum("age"))
 
-        self.assertEqual(alias_age['sum_age'], age['sum_age'])
+        self.assertEqual(alias_age["sum_age"], age["sum_age"])
 
     def test_annotate_over_annotate(self):
-        author = Author.objects.annotate(
-            age_alias=F('age')
-        ).annotate(
-            sum_age=Sum('age_alias')
-        ).get(name="Adrian Holovaty")
+        author = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(age_alias=F("age"))
+            .annotate(sum_age=Sum("age_alias"))
+            .get(name="Adrian Holovaty")
+        )
 
-        other_author = Author.objects.annotate(
-            sum_age=Sum('age')
-        ).get(name="Adrian Holovaty")
+        other_author = Author.objects.annotate(sum_age=Sum("age")).get(
+            name="Adrian Holovaty"
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(author.sum_age, other_author.sum_age)
 
     def test_aggregate_over_aggregate(self):
         msg = "Cannot compute Avg('age'): 'age' is an aggregate"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
-            Author.objects.annotate(
-                age_alias=F('age'),
-            ).aggregate(
-                age=Sum(F('age')),
-                avg_age=Avg(F('age')),
+            Author.objects.annotate(age_alias=F("age"),).aggregate(
+                age=Sum(F("age")),
+                avg_age=Avg(F("age")),
             )
 
     def test_annotated_aggregate_over_annotated_aggregate(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, "Cannot compute Sum('id__max'): 'id__max' is an aggregate"):
-            Book.objects.annotate(Max('id')).annotate(Sum('id__max'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldError, "Cannot compute Sum('id__max'): 'id__max' is an aggregate"
+        ):
+            Book.objects.annotate(Max("id")).annotate(Sum("id__max"))
 
         class MyMax(Max):
             def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
                 self.set_source_expressions(self.get_source_expressions()[0:1])
                 return super().as_sql(compiler, connection)
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, "Cannot compute Max('id__max'): 'id__max' is an aggregate"):
-            Book.objects.annotate(Max('id')).annotate(my_max=MyMax('id__max', 'price'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldError, "Cannot compute Max('id__max'): 'id__max' is an aggregate"
+        ):
+            Book.objects.annotate(Max("id")).annotate(my_max=MyMax("id__max", "price"))
 
     def test_multi_arg_aggregate(self):
         class MyMax(Max):
@@ -1058,13 +1284,15 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
                 copy.set_source_expressions(copy.get_source_expressions()[0:1])
                 return super(MyMax, copy).as_sql(compiler, connection)
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, 'Complex aggregates require an alias'):
-            Book.objects.aggregate(MyMax('pages', 'price'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, "Complex aggregates require an alias"):
+            Book.objects.aggregate(MyMax("pages", "price"))
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, 'Complex annotations require an alias'):
-            Book.objects.annotate(MyMax('pages', 'price'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TypeError, "Complex annotations require an alias"
+        ):
+            Book.objects.annotate(MyMax("pages", "price"))
 
-        Book.objects.aggregate(max_field=MyMax('pages', 'price'))
+        Book.objects.aggregate(max_field=MyMax("pages", "price"))
 
     def test_add_implementation(self):
         class MySum(Sum):
@@ -1073,173 +1301,224 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
         # test completely changing how the output is rendered
         def lower_case_function_override(self, compiler, connection):
             sql, params = compiler.compile(self.source_expressions[0])
-            substitutions = {'function': self.function.lower(), 'expressions': sql, 'distinct': ''}
+            substitutions = {
+                "function": self.function.lower(),
+                "expressions": sql,
+                "distinct": "",
+            }
             substitutions.update(self.extra)
             return self.template % substitutions, params
-        setattr(MySum, 'as_' + connection.vendor, lower_case_function_override)
+
+        setattr(MySum, "as_" + connection.vendor, lower_case_function_override)
 
         qs = Book.objects.annotate(
-            sums=MySum(F('rating') + F('pages') + F('price'), output_field=IntegerField())
+            sums=MySum(
+                F("rating") + F("pages") + F("price"), output_field=IntegerField()
+            )
         )
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('sum('), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("sum("), 1)
         b1 = qs.get(pk=self.b4.pk)
         self.assertEqual(b1.sums, 383)
 
         # test changing the dict and delegating
         def lower_case_function_super(self, compiler, connection):
-            self.extra['function'] = self.function.lower()
+            self.extra["function"] = self.function.lower()
             return super(MySum, self).as_sql(compiler, connection)
-        setattr(MySum, 'as_' + connection.vendor, lower_case_function_super)
+
+        setattr(MySum, "as_" + connection.vendor, lower_case_function_super)
 
         qs = Book.objects.annotate(
-            sums=MySum(F('rating') + F('pages') + F('price'), output_field=IntegerField())
+            sums=MySum(
+                F("rating") + F("pages") + F("price"), output_field=IntegerField()
+            )
         )
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('sum('), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("sum("), 1)
         b1 = qs.get(pk=self.b4.pk)
         self.assertEqual(b1.sums, 383)
 
         # test overriding all parts of the template
         def be_evil(self, compiler, connection):
-            substitutions = {'function': 'MAX', 'expressions': '2', 'distinct': ''}
+            substitutions = {"function": "MAX", "expressions": "2", "distinct": ""}
             substitutions.update(self.extra)
             return self.template % substitutions, ()
-        setattr(MySum, 'as_' + connection.vendor, be_evil)
+
+        setattr(MySum, "as_" + connection.vendor, be_evil)
 
         qs = Book.objects.annotate(
-            sums=MySum(F('rating') + F('pages') + F('price'), output_field=IntegerField())
+            sums=MySum(
+                F("rating") + F("pages") + F("price"), output_field=IntegerField()
+            )
         )
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('MAX('), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("MAX("), 1)
         b1 = qs.get(pk=self.b4.pk)
         self.assertEqual(b1.sums, 2)
 
     def test_complex_values_aggregation(self):
-        max_rating = Book.objects.values('rating').aggregate(
-            double_max_rating=Max('rating') + Max('rating'))
-        self.assertEqual(max_rating['double_max_rating'], 5 * 2)
+        max_rating = Book.objects.values("rating").aggregate(
+            double_max_rating=Max("rating") + Max("rating")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(max_rating["double_max_rating"], 5 * 2)
 
-        max_books_per_rating = Book.objects.values('rating').annotate(
-            books_per_rating=Count('id') + 5
-        ).aggregate(Max('books_per_rating'))
-        self.assertEqual(
-            max_books_per_rating,
-            {'books_per_rating__max': 3 + 5})
+        max_books_per_rating = (
+            Book.objects.values("rating")
+            .annotate(books_per_rating=Count("id") + 5)
+            .aggregate(Max("books_per_rating"))
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(max_books_per_rating, {"books_per_rating__max": 3 + 5})
 
     def test_expression_on_aggregation(self):
-        qs = Publisher.objects.annotate(
-            price_or_median=Greatest(Avg('book__rating', output_field=DecimalField()), Avg('book__price'))
-        ).filter(price_or_median__gte=F('num_awards')).order_by('num_awards')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs, [1, 3, 7, 9], lambda v: v.num_awards)
+        qs = (
+            Publisher.objects.annotate(
+                price_or_median=Greatest(
+                    Avg("book__rating", output_field=DecimalField()), Avg("book__price")
+                )
+            )
+            .filter(price_or_median__gte=F("num_awards"))
+            .order_by("num_awards")
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [1, 3, 7, 9], lambda v: v.num_awards)
 
-        qs2 = Publisher.objects.annotate(
-            rating_or_num_awards=Greatest(Avg('book__rating'), F('num_awards'),
-                                          output_field=FloatField())
-        ).filter(rating_or_num_awards__gt=F('num_awards')).order_by('num_awards')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs2, [1, 3], lambda v: v.num_awards)
+        qs2 = (
+            Publisher.objects.annotate(
+                rating_or_num_awards=Greatest(
+                    Avg("book__rating"), F("num_awards"), output_field=FloatField()
+                )
+            )
+            .filter(rating_or_num_awards__gt=F("num_awards"))
+            .order_by("num_awards")
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs2, [1, 3], lambda v: v.num_awards)
 
     def test_arguments_must_be_expressions(self):
-        msg = 'QuerySet.aggregate() received non-expression(s): %s.'
+        msg = "QuerySet.aggregate() received non-expression(s): %s."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg % FloatField()):
             Book.objects.aggregate(FloatField())
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg % True):
             Book.objects.aggregate(is_book=True)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg % ', '.join([str(FloatField()), 'True'])):
-            Book.objects.aggregate(FloatField(), Avg('price'), is_book=True)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TypeError, msg % ", ".join([str(FloatField()), "True"])
+        ):
+            Book.objects.aggregate(FloatField(), Avg("price"), is_book=True)
 
     def test_aggregation_subquery_annotation(self):
         """Subquery annotations are excluded from the GROUP BY if they are
         not explicitly grouped against."""
-        latest_book_pubdate_qs = Book.objects.filter(
-            publisher=OuterRef('pk')
-        ).order_by('-pubdate').values('pubdate')[:1]
+        latest_book_pubdate_qs = (
+            Book.objects.filter(publisher=OuterRef("pk"))
+            .order_by("-pubdate")
+            .values("pubdate")[:1]
+        )
         publisher_qs = Publisher.objects.annotate(
             latest_book_pubdate=Subquery(latest_book_pubdate_qs),
-        ).annotate(count=Count('book'))
+        ).annotate(count=Count("book"))
         with self.assertNumQueries(1) as ctx:
             list(publisher_qs)
-        self.assertEqual(ctx[0]['sql'].count('SELECT'), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(ctx[0]["sql"].count("SELECT"), 2)
         # The GROUP BY should not be by alias either.
-        self.assertEqual(ctx[0]['sql'].lower().count('latest_book_pubdate'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(ctx[0]["sql"].lower().count("latest_book_pubdate"), 1)
 
     def test_aggregation_subquery_annotation_exists(self):
-        latest_book_pubdate_qs = Book.objects.filter(
-            publisher=OuterRef('pk')
-        ).order_by('-pubdate').values('pubdate')[:1]
+        latest_book_pubdate_qs = (
+            Book.objects.filter(publisher=OuterRef("pk"))
+            .order_by("-pubdate")
+            .values("pubdate")[:1]
+        )
         publisher_qs = Publisher.objects.annotate(
             latest_book_pubdate=Subquery(latest_book_pubdate_qs),
-            count=Count('book'),
+            count=Count("book"),
         )
         self.assertTrue(publisher_qs.exists())
 
     def test_aggregation_exists_annotation(self):
-        published_books = Book.objects.filter(publisher=OuterRef('pk'))
+        published_books = Book.objects.filter(publisher=OuterRef("pk"))
         publisher_qs = Publisher.objects.annotate(
             published_book=Exists(published_books),
-            count=Count('book'),
-        ).values_list('name', flat=True)
-        self.assertCountEqual(list(publisher_qs), [
-            'Apress',
-            'Morgan Kaufmann',
-            "Jonno's House of Books",
-            'Prentice Hall',
-            'Sams',
-        ])
+            count=Count("book"),
+        ).values_list("name", flat=True)
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            list(publisher_qs),
+            [
+                "Apress",
+                "Morgan Kaufmann",
+                "Jonno's House of Books",
+                "Prentice Hall",
+                "Sams",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_aggregation_subquery_annotation_values(self):
         """
         Subquery annotations and external aliases are excluded from the GROUP
         BY if they are not selected.
         """
-        books_qs = Book.objects.annotate(
-            first_author_the_same_age=Subquery(
-                Author.objects.filter(
-                    age=OuterRef('contact__friends__age'),
-                ).order_by('age').values('id')[:1],
+        books_qs = (
+            Book.objects.annotate(
+                first_author_the_same_age=Subquery(
+                    Author.objects.filter(
+                        age=OuterRef("contact__friends__age"),
+                    )
+                    .order_by("age")
+                    .values("id")[:1],
+                )
             )
-        ).filter(
-            publisher=self.p1,
-            first_author_the_same_age__isnull=False,
-        ).annotate(
-            min_age=Min('contact__friends__age'),
-        ).values('name', 'min_age').order_by('name')
-        self.assertEqual(list(books_qs), [
-            {'name': 'Practical Django Projects', 'min_age': 34},
-            {
-                'name': 'The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right',
-                'min_age': 29,
-            },
-        ])
+            .filter(
+                publisher=self.p1,
+                first_author_the_same_age__isnull=False,
+            )
+            .annotate(
+                min_age=Min("contact__friends__age"),
+            )
+            .values("name", "min_age")
+            .order_by("name")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(books_qs),
+            [
+                {"name": "Practical Django Projects", "min_age": 34},
+                {
+                    "name": "The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right",
+                    "min_age": 29,
+                },
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_aggregation_subquery_annotation_values_collision(self):
         books_rating_qs = Book.objects.filter(
-            publisher=OuterRef('pk'),
-            price=Decimal('29.69'),
-        ).values('rating')
-        publisher_qs = Publisher.objects.filter(
-            book__contact__age__gt=20,
-            name=self.p1.name,
-        ).annotate(
-            rating=Subquery(books_rating_qs),
-            contacts_count=Count('book__contact'),
-        ).values('rating').annotate(total_count=Count('rating'))
-        self.assertEqual(list(publisher_qs), [
-            {'rating': 4.0, 'total_count': 2},
-        ])
+            publisher=OuterRef("pk"),
+            price=Decimal("29.69"),
+        ).values("rating")
+        publisher_qs = (
+            Publisher.objects.filter(
+                book__contact__age__gt=20,
+                name=self.p1.name,
+            )
+            .annotate(
+                rating=Subquery(books_rating_qs),
+                contacts_count=Count("book__contact"),
+            )
+            .values("rating")
+            .annotate(total_count=Count("rating"))
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(publisher_qs),
+            [
+                {"rating": 4.0, "total_count": 2},
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_subqueries_in_group_by')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_subqueries_in_group_by")
     def test_aggregation_subquery_annotation_multivalued(self):
         """
         Subquery annotations must be included in the GROUP BY if they use
         potentially multivalued relations (contain the LOOKUP_SEP).
         """
         subquery_qs = Author.objects.filter(
-            pk=OuterRef('pk'),
-            book__name=OuterRef('book__name'),
-        ).values('pk')
+            pk=OuterRef("pk"),
+            book__name=OuterRef("book__name"),
+        ).values("pk")
         author_qs = Author.objects.annotate(
             subquery_id=Subquery(subquery_qs),
-        ).annotate(count=Count('book'))
+        ).annotate(count=Count("book"))
         self.assertEqual(author_qs.count(), Author.objects.count())
 
     def test_aggregation_order_by_not_selected_annotation_values(self):
@@ -1253,33 +1532,41 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
         ]
         result_desc = result_asc[::-1]
         tests = [
-            ('min_related_age', result_asc),
-            ('-min_related_age', result_desc),
-            (F('min_related_age'), result_asc),
-            (F('min_related_age').asc(), result_asc),
-            (F('min_related_age').desc(), result_desc),
+            ("min_related_age", result_asc),
+            ("-min_related_age", result_desc),
+            (F("min_related_age"), result_asc),
+            (F("min_related_age").asc(), result_asc),
+            (F("min_related_age").desc(), result_desc),
         ]
         for ordering, expected_result in tests:
             with self.subTest(ordering=ordering):
-                books_qs = Book.objects.annotate(
-                    min_age=Min('authors__age'),
-                ).annotate(
-                    min_related_age=Coalesce('min_age', 'contact__age'),
-                ).order_by(ordering).values_list('pk', flat=True)
+                books_qs = (
+                    Book.objects.annotate(
+                        min_age=Min("authors__age"),
+                    )
+                    .annotate(
+                        min_related_age=Coalesce("min_age", "contact__age"),
+                    )
+                    .order_by(ordering)
+                    .values_list("pk", flat=True)
+                )
                 self.assertEqual(list(books_qs), expected_result)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_subqueries_in_group_by')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_subqueries_in_group_by")
     def test_group_by_subquery_annotation(self):
         """
         Subquery annotations are included in the GROUP BY if they are
         grouped against.
         """
-        long_books_count_qs = Book.objects.filter(
-            publisher=OuterRef('pk'),
-            pages__gt=400,
-        ).values(
-            'publisher'
-        ).annotate(count=Count('pk')).values('count')
+        long_books_count_qs = (
+            Book.objects.filter(
+                publisher=OuterRef("pk"),
+                pages__gt=400,
+            )
+            .values("publisher")
+            .annotate(count=Count("pk"))
+            .values("count")
+        )
         groups = [
             Subquery(long_books_count_qs),
             long_books_count_qs,
@@ -1289,43 +1576,52 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
             with self.subTest(group=group.__class__.__name__):
                 long_books_count_breakdown = Publisher.objects.values_list(
                     group,
-                ).annotate(total=Count('*'))
+                ).annotate(total=Count("*"))
                 self.assertEqual(dict(long_books_count_breakdown), {None: 1, 1: 4})
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_subqueries_in_group_by')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_subqueries_in_group_by")
     def test_group_by_exists_annotation(self):
         """
         Exists annotations are included in the GROUP BY if they are
         grouped against.
         """
         long_books_qs = Book.objects.filter(
-            publisher=OuterRef('pk'),
+            publisher=OuterRef("pk"),
             pages__gt=800,
         )
         has_long_books_breakdown = Publisher.objects.values_list(
             Exists(long_books_qs),
-        ).annotate(total=Count('*'))
+        ).annotate(total=Count("*"))
         self.assertEqual(dict(has_long_books_breakdown), {True: 2, False: 3})
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_subqueries_in_group_by')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_subqueries_in_group_by")
     def test_aggregation_subquery_annotation_related_field(self):
         publisher = Publisher.objects.create(name=self.a9.name, num_awards=2)
         book = Book.objects.create(
-            isbn='159059999', name='Test book.', pages=819, rating=2.5,
-            price=Decimal('14.44'), contact=self.a9, publisher=publisher,
+            isbn="159059999",
+            name="Test book.",
+            pages=819,
+            rating=2.5,
+            price=Decimal("14.44"),
+            contact=self.a9,
+            publisher=publisher,
             pubdate=datetime.date(2019, 12, 6),
         )
         book.authors.add(self.a5, self.a6, self.a7)
-        books_qs = Book.objects.annotate(
-            contact_publisher=Subquery(
-                Publisher.objects.filter(
-                    pk=OuterRef('publisher'),
-                    name=OuterRef('contact__name'),
-                ).values('name')[:1],
+        books_qs = (
+            Book.objects.annotate(
+                contact_publisher=Subquery(
+                    Publisher.objects.filter(
+                        pk=OuterRef("publisher"),
+                        name=OuterRef("contact__name"),
+                    ).values("name")[:1],
+                )
             )
-        ).filter(
-            contact_publisher__isnull=False,
-        ).annotate(count=Count('authors'))
+            .filter(
+                contact_publisher__isnull=False,
+            )
+            .annotate(count=Count("authors"))
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(books_qs, [book])
         # FIXME: GROUP BY doesn't need to include a subquery with
         # non-multivalued JOINs, see Col.possibly_multivalued (refs #31150):
@@ -1333,19 +1629,19 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
         #     self.assertSequenceEqual(books_qs, [book])
         # self.assertEqual(ctx[0]['sql'].count('SELECT'), 2)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_subqueries_in_group_by')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_subqueries_in_group_by")
     def test_aggregation_nested_subquery_outerref(self):
         publisher_with_same_name = Publisher.objects.filter(
             id__in=Subquery(
                 Publisher.objects.filter(
-                    name=OuterRef(OuterRef('publisher__name')),
-                ).values('id'),
+                    name=OuterRef(OuterRef("publisher__name")),
+                ).values("id"),
             ),
-        ).values(publisher_count=Count('id'))[:1]
+        ).values(publisher_count=Count("id"))[:1]
         books_breakdown = Book.objects.annotate(
             publisher_count=Subquery(publisher_with_same_name),
-            authors_count=Count('authors'),
-        ).values_list('publisher_count', flat=True)
+            authors_count=Count("authors"),
+        ).values_list("publisher_count", flat=True)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(books_breakdown, [1] * 6)
 
     def test_filter_in_subquery_or_aggregation(self):
@@ -1361,75 +1657,80 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
         subquery itself as the latter might return multiple rows.
         """
         authors = Author.objects.annotate(
-            Count('book'),
-        ).filter(
-            Q(book__count__gt=0) | Q(pk__in=Book.objects.values('authors'))
-        )
+            Count("book"),
+        ).filter(Q(book__count__gt=0) | Q(pk__in=Book.objects.values("authors")))
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(authors, Author.objects.all(), ordered=False)
 
     def test_aggregation_random_ordering(self):
         """Random() is not included in the GROUP BY when used for ordering."""
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(contact_count=Count('book')).order_by('?')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(authors, [
-            ('Adrian Holovaty', 1),
-            ('Jacob Kaplan-Moss', 1),
-            ('Brad Dayley', 1),
-            ('James Bennett', 1),
-            ('Jeffrey Forcier', 1),
-            ('Paul Bissex', 1),
-            ('Wesley J. Chun', 1),
-            ('Stuart Russell', 1),
-            ('Peter Norvig', 2),
-        ], lambda a: (a.name, a.contact_count), ordered=False)
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(contact_count=Count("book")).order_by("?")
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            authors,
+            [
+                ("Adrian Holovaty", 1),
+                ("Jacob Kaplan-Moss", 1),
+                ("Brad Dayley", 1),
+                ("James Bennett", 1),
+                ("Jeffrey Forcier", 1),
+                ("Paul Bissex", 1),
+                ("Wesley J. Chun", 1),
+                ("Stuart Russell", 1),
+                ("Peter Norvig", 2),
+            ],
+            lambda a: (a.name, a.contact_count),
+            ordered=False,
+        )
 
     def test_empty_result_optimization(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             self.assertEqual(
                 Publisher.objects.none().aggregate(
-                    sum_awards=Sum('num_awards'),
-                    books_count=Count('book'),
-                ), {
-                    'sum_awards': None,
-                    'books_count': 0,
-                }
+                    sum_awards=Sum("num_awards"),
+                    books_count=Count("book"),
+                ),
+                {
+                    "sum_awards": None,
+                    "books_count": 0,
+                },
             )
         # Expression without empty_result_set_value forces queries to be
         # executed even if they would return an empty result set.
-        raw_books_count = Func('book', function='COUNT')
+        raw_books_count = Func("book", function="COUNT")
         raw_books_count.contains_aggregate = True
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             self.assertEqual(
                 Publisher.objects.none().aggregate(
-                    sum_awards=Sum('num_awards'),
+                    sum_awards=Sum("num_awards"),
                     books_count=raw_books_count,
-                ), {
-                    'sum_awards': None,
-                    'books_count': 0,
-                }
+                ),
+                {
+                    "sum_awards": None,
+                    "books_count": 0,
+                },
             )
 
     def test_coalesced_empty_result_set(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             self.assertEqual(
                 Publisher.objects.none().aggregate(
-                    sum_awards=Coalesce(Sum('num_awards'), 0),
-                )['sum_awards'],
+                    sum_awards=Coalesce(Sum("num_awards"), 0),
+                )["sum_awards"],
                 0,
             )
         # Multiple expressions.
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             self.assertEqual(
                 Publisher.objects.none().aggregate(
-                    sum_awards=Coalesce(Sum('num_awards'), None, 0),
-                )['sum_awards'],
+                    sum_awards=Coalesce(Sum("num_awards"), None, 0),
+                )["sum_awards"],
                 0,
             )
         # Nested coalesce.
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             self.assertEqual(
                 Publisher.objects.none().aggregate(
-                    sum_awards=Coalesce(Coalesce(Sum('num_awards'), None), 0),
-                )['sum_awards'],
+                    sum_awards=Coalesce(Coalesce(Sum("num_awards"), None), 0),
+                )["sum_awards"],
                 0,
             )
         # Expression coalesce.
@@ -1437,221 +1738,312 @@ class AggregateTestCase(TestCase):
             self.assertIsInstance(
                 Store.objects.none().aggregate(
                     latest_opening=Coalesce(
-                        Max('original_opening'), RawSQL('CURRENT_TIMESTAMP', []),
+                        Max("original_opening"),
+                        RawSQL("CURRENT_TIMESTAMP", []),
                     ),
-                )['latest_opening'],
+                )["latest_opening"],
                 datetime.datetime,
             )
 
     def test_aggregation_default_unsupported_by_count(self):
-        msg = 'Count does not allow default.'
+        msg = "Count does not allow default."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            Count('age', default=0)
+            Count("age", default=0)
 
     def test_aggregation_default_unset(self):
         for Aggregate in [Avg, Max, Min, StdDev, Sum, Variance]:
             with self.subTest(Aggregate):
                 result = Author.objects.filter(age__gt=100).aggregate(
-                    value=Aggregate('age'),
+                    value=Aggregate("age"),
                 )
-                self.assertIsNone(result['value'])
+                self.assertIsNone(result["value"])
 
     def test_aggregation_default_zero(self):
         for Aggregate in [Avg, Max, Min, StdDev, Sum, Variance]:
             with self.subTest(Aggregate):
                 result = Author.objects.filter(age__gt=100).aggregate(
-                    value=Aggregate('age', default=0),
+                    value=Aggregate("age", default=0),
                 )
-                self.assertEqual(result['value'], 0)
+                self.assertEqual(result["value"], 0)
 
     def test_aggregation_default_integer(self):
         for Aggregate in [Avg, Max, Min, StdDev, Sum, Variance]:
             with self.subTest(Aggregate):
                 result = Author.objects.filter(age__gt=100).aggregate(
-                    value=Aggregate('age', default=21),
+                    value=Aggregate("age", default=21),
                 )
-                self.assertEqual(result['value'], 21)
+                self.assertEqual(result["value"], 21)
 
     def test_aggregation_default_expression(self):
         for Aggregate in [Avg, Max, Min, StdDev, Sum, Variance]:
             with self.subTest(Aggregate):
                 result = Author.objects.filter(age__gt=100).aggregate(
-                    value=Aggregate('age', default=Value(5) * Value(7)),
+                    value=Aggregate("age", default=Value(5) * Value(7)),
                 )
-                self.assertEqual(result['value'], 35)
+                self.assertEqual(result["value"], 35)
 
     def test_aggregation_default_group_by(self):
-        qs = Publisher.objects.values('name').annotate(
-            books=Count('book'),
-            pages=Sum('book__pages', default=0),
-        ).filter(books=0)
+        qs = (
+            Publisher.objects.values("name")
+            .annotate(
+                books=Count("book"),
+                pages=Sum("book__pages", default=0),
+            )
+            .filter(books=0)
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             qs,
-            [{'name': "Jonno's House of Books", 'books': 0, 'pages': 0}],
+            [{"name": "Jonno's House of Books", "books": 0, "pages": 0}],
         )
 
     def test_aggregation_default_compound_expression(self):
         # Scale rating to a percentage; default to 50% if no books published.
-        formula = Avg('book__rating', default=2.5) * 20.0
-        queryset = Publisher.objects.annotate(rating=formula).order_by('name')
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(queryset.values('name', 'rating'), [
-            {'name': 'Apress', 'rating': 85.0},
-            {'name': "Jonno's House of Books", 'rating': 50.0},
-            {'name': 'Morgan Kaufmann', 'rating': 100.0},
-            {'name': 'Prentice Hall', 'rating': 80.0},
-            {'name': 'Sams', 'rating': 60.0},
-        ])
+        formula = Avg("book__rating", default=2.5) * 20.0
+        queryset = Publisher.objects.annotate(rating=formula).order_by("name")
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            queryset.values("name", "rating"),
+            [
+                {"name": "Apress", "rating": 85.0},
+                {"name": "Jonno's House of Books", "rating": 50.0},
+                {"name": "Morgan Kaufmann", "rating": 100.0},
+                {"name": "Prentice Hall", "rating": 80.0},
+                {"name": "Sams", "rating": 60.0},
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_aggregation_default_using_time_from_python(self):
         expr = Min(
-            'store__friday_night_closing',
-            filter=~Q(store__name='Amazon.com'),
+            "store__friday_night_closing",
+            filter=~Q(store__name="Amazon.com"),
             default=datetime.time(17),
         )
-        if connection.vendor == 'mysql':
+        if connection.vendor == "mysql":
             # Workaround for #30224 for MySQL 8.0+ & MariaDB.
             expr.default = Cast(expr.default, TimeField())
-        queryset = Book.objects.annotate(oldest_store_opening=expr).order_by('isbn')
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(queryset.values('isbn', 'oldest_store_opening'), [
-            {'isbn': '013235613', 'oldest_store_opening': datetime.time(21, 30)},
-            {'isbn': '013790395', 'oldest_store_opening': datetime.time(23, 59, 59)},
-            {'isbn': '067232959', 'oldest_store_opening': datetime.time(17)},
-            {'isbn': '155860191', 'oldest_store_opening': datetime.time(21, 30)},
-            {'isbn': '159059725', 'oldest_store_opening': datetime.time(23, 59, 59)},
-            {'isbn': '159059996', 'oldest_store_opening': datetime.time(21, 30)},
-        ])
+        queryset = Book.objects.annotate(oldest_store_opening=expr).order_by("isbn")
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            queryset.values("isbn", "oldest_store_opening"),
+            [
+                {"isbn": "013235613", "oldest_store_opening": datetime.time(21, 30)},
+                {
+                    "isbn": "013790395",
+                    "oldest_store_opening": datetime.time(23, 59, 59),
+                },
+                {"isbn": "067232959", "oldest_store_opening": datetime.time(17)},
+                {"isbn": "155860191", "oldest_store_opening": datetime.time(21, 30)},
+                {
+                    "isbn": "159059725",
+                    "oldest_store_opening": datetime.time(23, 59, 59),
+                },
+                {"isbn": "159059996", "oldest_store_opening": datetime.time(21, 30)},
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_aggregation_default_using_time_from_database(self):
         now = timezone.now().astimezone(timezone.utc)
         expr = Min(
-            'store__friday_night_closing',
-            filter=~Q(store__name='Amazon.com'),
+            "store__friday_night_closing",
+            filter=~Q(store__name="Amazon.com"),
             default=TruncHour(NowUTC(), output_field=TimeField()),
         )
-        queryset = Book.objects.annotate(oldest_store_opening=expr).order_by('isbn')
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(queryset.values('isbn', 'oldest_store_opening'), [
-            {'isbn': '013235613', 'oldest_store_opening': datetime.time(21, 30)},
-            {'isbn': '013790395', 'oldest_store_opening': datetime.time(23, 59, 59)},
-            {'isbn': '067232959', 'oldest_store_opening': datetime.time(now.hour)},
-            {'isbn': '155860191', 'oldest_store_opening': datetime.time(21, 30)},
-            {'isbn': '159059725', 'oldest_store_opening': datetime.time(23, 59, 59)},
-            {'isbn': '159059996', 'oldest_store_opening': datetime.time(21, 30)},
-        ])
+        queryset = Book.objects.annotate(oldest_store_opening=expr).order_by("isbn")
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            queryset.values("isbn", "oldest_store_opening"),
+            [
+                {"isbn": "013235613", "oldest_store_opening": datetime.time(21, 30)},
+                {
+                    "isbn": "013790395",
+                    "oldest_store_opening": datetime.time(23, 59, 59),
+                },
+                {"isbn": "067232959", "oldest_store_opening": datetime.time(now.hour)},
+                {"isbn": "155860191", "oldest_store_opening": datetime.time(21, 30)},
+                {
+                    "isbn": "159059725",
+                    "oldest_store_opening": datetime.time(23, 59, 59),
+                },
+                {"isbn": "159059996", "oldest_store_opening": datetime.time(21, 30)},
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_aggregation_default_using_date_from_python(self):
-        expr = Min('book__pubdate', default=datetime.date(1970, 1, 1))
-        if connection.vendor == 'mysql':
+        expr = Min("book__pubdate", default=datetime.date(1970, 1, 1))
+        if connection.vendor == "mysql":
             # Workaround for #30224 for MySQL 5.7+ & MariaDB.
             expr.default = Cast(expr.default, DateField())
-        queryset = Publisher.objects.annotate(earliest_pubdate=expr).order_by('name')
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(queryset.values('name', 'earliest_pubdate'), [
-            {'name': 'Apress', 'earliest_pubdate': datetime.date(2007, 12, 6)},
-            {'name': "Jonno's House of Books", 'earliest_pubdate': datetime.date(1970, 1, 1)},
-            {'name': 'Morgan Kaufmann', 'earliest_pubdate': datetime.date(1991, 10, 15)},
-            {'name': 'Prentice Hall', 'earliest_pubdate': datetime.date(1995, 1, 15)},
-            {'name': 'Sams', 'earliest_pubdate': datetime.date(2008, 3, 3)},
-        ])
+        queryset = Publisher.objects.annotate(earliest_pubdate=expr).order_by("name")
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            queryset.values("name", "earliest_pubdate"),
+            [
+                {"name": "Apress", "earliest_pubdate": datetime.date(2007, 12, 6)},
+                {
+                    "name": "Jonno's House of Books",
+                    "earliest_pubdate": datetime.date(1970, 1, 1),
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Morgan Kaufmann",
+                    "earliest_pubdate": datetime.date(1991, 10, 15),
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Prentice Hall",
+                    "earliest_pubdate": datetime.date(1995, 1, 15),
+                },
+                {"name": "Sams", "earliest_pubdate": datetime.date(2008, 3, 3)},
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_aggregation_default_using_date_from_database(self):
         now = timezone.now().astimezone(timezone.utc)
-        expr = Min('book__pubdate', default=TruncDate(NowUTC()))
-        queryset = Publisher.objects.annotate(earliest_pubdate=expr).order_by('name')
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(queryset.values('name', 'earliest_pubdate'), [
-            {'name': 'Apress', 'earliest_pubdate': datetime.date(2007, 12, 6)},
-            {'name': "Jonno's House of Books", 'earliest_pubdate': now.date()},
-            {'name': 'Morgan Kaufmann', 'earliest_pubdate': datetime.date(1991, 10, 15)},
-            {'name': 'Prentice Hall', 'earliest_pubdate': datetime.date(1995, 1, 15)},
-            {'name': 'Sams', 'earliest_pubdate': datetime.date(2008, 3, 3)},
-        ])
+        expr = Min("book__pubdate", default=TruncDate(NowUTC()))
+        queryset = Publisher.objects.annotate(earliest_pubdate=expr).order_by("name")
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            queryset.values("name", "earliest_pubdate"),
+            [
+                {"name": "Apress", "earliest_pubdate": datetime.date(2007, 12, 6)},
+                {"name": "Jonno's House of Books", "earliest_pubdate": now.date()},
+                {
+                    "name": "Morgan Kaufmann",
+                    "earliest_pubdate": datetime.date(1991, 10, 15),
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "Prentice Hall",
+                    "earliest_pubdate": datetime.date(1995, 1, 15),
+                },
+                {"name": "Sams", "earliest_pubdate": datetime.date(2008, 3, 3)},
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_aggregation_default_using_datetime_from_python(self):
         expr = Min(
-            'store__original_opening',
-            filter=~Q(store__name='Amazon.com'),
+            "store__original_opening",
+            filter=~Q(store__name="Amazon.com"),
             default=datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1),
         )
-        if connection.vendor == 'mysql':
+        if connection.vendor == "mysql":
             # Workaround for #30224 for MySQL 8.0+ & MariaDB.
             expr.default = Cast(expr.default, DateTimeField())
-        queryset = Book.objects.annotate(oldest_store_opening=expr).order_by('isbn')
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(queryset.values('isbn', 'oldest_store_opening'), [
-            {'isbn': '013235613', 'oldest_store_opening': datetime.datetime(1945, 4, 25, 16, 24, 14)},
-            {'isbn': '013790395', 'oldest_store_opening': datetime.datetime(2001, 3, 15, 11, 23, 37)},
-            {'isbn': '067232959', 'oldest_store_opening': datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1)},
-            {'isbn': '155860191', 'oldest_store_opening': datetime.datetime(1945, 4, 25, 16, 24, 14)},
-            {'isbn': '159059725', 'oldest_store_opening': datetime.datetime(2001, 3, 15, 11, 23, 37)},
-            {'isbn': '159059996', 'oldest_store_opening': datetime.datetime(1945, 4, 25, 16, 24, 14)},
-        ])
+        queryset = Book.objects.annotate(oldest_store_opening=expr).order_by("isbn")
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            queryset.values("isbn", "oldest_store_opening"),
+            [
+                {
+                    "isbn": "013235613",
+                    "oldest_store_opening": datetime.datetime(1945, 4, 25, 16, 24, 14),
+                },
+                {
+                    "isbn": "013790395",
+                    "oldest_store_opening": datetime.datetime(2001, 3, 15, 11, 23, 37),
+                },
+                {
+                    "isbn": "067232959",
+                    "oldest_store_opening": datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1),
+                },
+                {
+                    "isbn": "155860191",
+                    "oldest_store_opening": datetime.datetime(1945, 4, 25, 16, 24, 14),
+                },
+                {
+                    "isbn": "159059725",
+                    "oldest_store_opening": datetime.datetime(2001, 3, 15, 11, 23, 37),
+                },
+                {
+                    "isbn": "159059996",
+                    "oldest_store_opening": datetime.datetime(1945, 4, 25, 16, 24, 14),
+                },
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_aggregation_default_using_datetime_from_database(self):
         now = timezone.now().astimezone(timezone.utc)
         expr = Min(
-            'store__original_opening',
-            filter=~Q(store__name='Amazon.com'),
+            "store__original_opening",
+            filter=~Q(store__name="Amazon.com"),
             default=TruncHour(NowUTC(), output_field=DateTimeField()),
         )
-        queryset = Book.objects.annotate(oldest_store_opening=expr).order_by('isbn')
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(queryset.values('isbn', 'oldest_store_opening'), [
-            {'isbn': '013235613', 'oldest_store_opening': datetime.datetime(1945, 4, 25, 16, 24, 14)},
-            {'isbn': '013790395', 'oldest_store_opening': datetime.datetime(2001, 3, 15, 11, 23, 37)},
-            {'isbn': '067232959', 'oldest_store_opening': now.replace(minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0, tzinfo=None)},
-            {'isbn': '155860191', 'oldest_store_opening': datetime.datetime(1945, 4, 25, 16, 24, 14)},
-            {'isbn': '159059725', 'oldest_store_opening': datetime.datetime(2001, 3, 15, 11, 23, 37)},
-            {'isbn': '159059996', 'oldest_store_opening': datetime.datetime(1945, 4, 25, 16, 24, 14)},
-        ])
+        queryset = Book.objects.annotate(oldest_store_opening=expr).order_by("isbn")
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            queryset.values("isbn", "oldest_store_opening"),
+            [
+                {
+                    "isbn": "013235613",
+                    "oldest_store_opening": datetime.datetime(1945, 4, 25, 16, 24, 14),
+                },
+                {
+                    "isbn": "013790395",
+                    "oldest_store_opening": datetime.datetime(2001, 3, 15, 11, 23, 37),
+                },
+                {
+                    "isbn": "067232959",
+                    "oldest_store_opening": now.replace(
+                        minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0, tzinfo=None
+                    ),
+                },
+                {
+                    "isbn": "155860191",
+                    "oldest_store_opening": datetime.datetime(1945, 4, 25, 16, 24, 14),
+                },
+                {
+                    "isbn": "159059725",
+                    "oldest_store_opening": datetime.datetime(2001, 3, 15, 11, 23, 37),
+                },
+                {
+                    "isbn": "159059996",
+                    "oldest_store_opening": datetime.datetime(1945, 4, 25, 16, 24, 14),
+                },
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_aggregation_default_using_duration_from_python(self):
         result = Publisher.objects.filter(num_awards__gt=3).aggregate(
-            value=Sum('duration', default=datetime.timedelta(0)),
+            value=Sum("duration", default=datetime.timedelta(0)),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(result['value'], datetime.timedelta(0))
+        self.assertEqual(result["value"], datetime.timedelta(0))
 
     def test_aggregation_default_using_duration_from_database(self):
         result = Publisher.objects.filter(num_awards__gt=3).aggregate(
-            value=Sum('duration', default=Now() - Now()),
+            value=Sum("duration", default=Now() - Now()),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(result['value'], datetime.timedelta(0))
+        self.assertEqual(result["value"], datetime.timedelta(0))
 
     def test_aggregation_default_using_decimal_from_python(self):
         result = Book.objects.filter(rating__lt=3.0).aggregate(
-            value=Sum('price', default=Decimal('0.00')),
+            value=Sum("price", default=Decimal("0.00")),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(result['value'], Decimal('0.00'))
+        self.assertEqual(result["value"], Decimal("0.00"))
 
     def test_aggregation_default_using_decimal_from_database(self):
         result = Book.objects.filter(rating__lt=3.0).aggregate(
-            value=Sum('price', default=Pi()),
+            value=Sum("price", default=Pi()),
         )
-        self.assertAlmostEqual(result['value'], Decimal.from_float(math.pi), places=6)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(result["value"], Decimal.from_float(math.pi), places=6)
 
     def test_aggregation_default_passed_another_aggregate(self):
         result = Book.objects.aggregate(
-            value=Sum('price', filter=Q(rating__lt=3.0), default=Avg('pages') / 10.0),
+            value=Sum("price", filter=Q(rating__lt=3.0), default=Avg("pages") / 10.0),
         )
-        self.assertAlmostEqual(result['value'], Decimal('61.72'), places=2)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(result["value"], Decimal("61.72"), places=2)
 
     def test_aggregation_default_after_annotation(self):
         result = Publisher.objects.annotate(
-            double_num_awards=F('num_awards') * 2,
-        ).aggregate(value=Sum('double_num_awards', default=0))
-        self.assertEqual(result['value'], 40)
+            double_num_awards=F("num_awards") * 2,
+        ).aggregate(value=Sum("double_num_awards", default=0))
+        self.assertEqual(result["value"], 40)
 
     def test_aggregation_default_not_in_aggregate(self):
         result = Publisher.objects.annotate(
-            avg_rating=Avg('book__rating', default=2.5),
-        ).aggregate(Sum('num_awards'))
-        self.assertEqual(result['num_awards__sum'], 20)
+            avg_rating=Avg("book__rating", default=2.5),
+        ).aggregate(Sum("num_awards"))
+        self.assertEqual(result["num_awards__sum"], 20)
 
     def test_exists_none_with_aggregate(self):
         qs = Book.objects.all().annotate(
-            count=Count('id'),
+            count=Count("id"),
             exists=Exists(Author.objects.none()),
         )
         self.assertEqual(len(qs), 6)
 
     def test_exists_extra_where_with_aggregate(self):
         qs = Book.objects.all().annotate(
-            count=Count('id'),
-            exists=Exists(Author.objects.extra(where=['1=0'])),
+            count=Count("id"),
+            exists=Exists(Author.objects.extra(where=["1=0"])),
         )
         self.assertEqual(len(qs), 6)
diff --git a/tests/aggregation_regress/models.py b/tests/aggregation_regress/models.py
index f7b42a229e..2687cb4840 100644
--- a/tests/aggregation_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/aggregation_regress/models.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.db import models
 
@@ -8,7 +6,7 @@ from django.db import models
 class Author(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     age = models.IntegerField()
-    friends = models.ManyToManyField('self', blank=True)
+    friends = models.ManyToManyField("self", blank=True)
 
 
 class Publisher(models.Model):
@@ -20,7 +18,7 @@ class ItemTag(models.Model):
     tag = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE)
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-    content_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
+    content_object = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")
 
 
 class Book(models.Model):
@@ -30,13 +28,13 @@ class Book(models.Model):
     rating = models.FloatField()
     price = models.DecimalField(decimal_places=2, max_digits=6)
     authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author)
-    contact = models.ForeignKey(Author, models.CASCADE, related_name='book_contact_set')
+    contact = models.ForeignKey(Author, models.CASCADE, related_name="book_contact_set")
     publisher = models.ForeignKey(Publisher, models.CASCADE)
     pubdate = models.DateField()
     tags = GenericRelation(ItemTag)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
 
 class Store(models.Model):
@@ -47,14 +45,16 @@ class Store(models.Model):
 
 
 class Entries(models.Model):
-    EntryID = models.AutoField(primary_key=True, db_column='Entry ID')
+    EntryID = models.AutoField(primary_key=True, db_column="Entry ID")
     Entry = models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=50)
     Exclude = models.BooleanField(default=False)
 
 
 class Clues(models.Model):
     ID = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
-    EntryID = models.ForeignKey(Entries, models.CASCADE, verbose_name='Entry', db_column='Entry ID')
+    EntryID = models.ForeignKey(
+        Entries, models.CASCADE, verbose_name="Entry", db_column="Entry ID"
+    )
     Clue = models.CharField(max_length=150)
 
 
@@ -86,4 +86,6 @@ class Charlie(models.Model):
 
 class SelfRefFK(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
-    parent = models.ForeignKey('self', models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True, related_name='children')
+    parent = models.ForeignKey(
+        "self", models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True, related_name="children"
+    )
diff --git a/tests/aggregation_regress/tests.py b/tests/aggregation_regress/tests.py
index 5d841b166a..ae7e4a0be5 100644
--- a/tests/aggregation_regress/tests.py
+++ b/tests/aggregation_regress/tests.py
@@ -8,31 +8,53 @@ from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.core.exceptions import FieldError
 from django.db import connection
 from django.db.models import (
-    Aggregate, Avg, Case, Count, DecimalField, F, IntegerField, Max, Q, StdDev,
-    Sum, Value, Variance, When,
+    Aggregate,
+    Avg,
+    Case,
+    Count,
+    DecimalField,
+    F,
+    IntegerField,
+    Max,
+    Q,
+    StdDev,
+    Sum,
+    Value,
+    Variance,
+    When,
 )
 from django.test import TestCase, skipUnlessAnyDBFeature, skipUnlessDBFeature
 from django.test.utils import Approximate
 
 from .models import (
-    Alfa, Author, Book, Bravo, Charlie, Clues, Entries, HardbackBook, ItemTag,
-    Publisher, SelfRefFK, Store, WithManualPK,
+    Alfa,
+    Author,
+    Book,
+    Bravo,
+    Charlie,
+    Clues,
+    Entries,
+    HardbackBook,
+    ItemTag,
+    Publisher,
+    SelfRefFK,
+    Store,
+    WithManualPK,
 )
 
 
 class AggregationTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.a1 = Author.objects.create(name='Adrian Holovaty', age=34)
-        cls.a2 = Author.objects.create(name='Jacob Kaplan-Moss', age=35)
-        cls.a3 = Author.objects.create(name='Brad Dayley', age=45)
-        cls.a4 = Author.objects.create(name='James Bennett', age=29)
-        cls.a5 = Author.objects.create(name='Jeffrey Forcier', age=37)
-        cls.a6 = Author.objects.create(name='Paul Bissex', age=29)
-        cls.a7 = Author.objects.create(name='Wesley J. Chun', age=25)
-        cls.a8 = Author.objects.create(name='Peter Norvig', age=57)
-        cls.a9 = Author.objects.create(name='Stuart Russell', age=46)
+        cls.a1 = Author.objects.create(name="Adrian Holovaty", age=34)
+        cls.a2 = Author.objects.create(name="Jacob Kaplan-Moss", age=35)
+        cls.a3 = Author.objects.create(name="Brad Dayley", age=45)
+        cls.a4 = Author.objects.create(name="James Bennett", age=29)
+        cls.a5 = Author.objects.create(name="Jeffrey Forcier", age=37)
+        cls.a6 = Author.objects.create(name="Paul Bissex", age=29)
+        cls.a7 = Author.objects.create(name="Wesley J. Chun", age=25)
+        cls.a8 = Author.objects.create(name="Peter Norvig", age=57)
+        cls.a9 = Author.objects.create(name="Stuart Russell", age=46)
         cls.a1.friends.add(cls.a2, cls.a4)
         cls.a2.friends.add(cls.a1, cls.a7)
         cls.a4.friends.add(cls.a1)
@@ -42,40 +64,74 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
         cls.a8.friends.add(cls.a9)
         cls.a9.friends.add(cls.a8)
 
-        cls.p1 = Publisher.objects.create(name='Apress', num_awards=3)
-        cls.p2 = Publisher.objects.create(name='Sams', num_awards=1)
-        cls.p3 = Publisher.objects.create(name='Prentice Hall', num_awards=7)
-        cls.p4 = Publisher.objects.create(name='Morgan Kaufmann', num_awards=9)
+        cls.p1 = Publisher.objects.create(name="Apress", num_awards=3)
+        cls.p2 = Publisher.objects.create(name="Sams", num_awards=1)
+        cls.p3 = Publisher.objects.create(name="Prentice Hall", num_awards=7)
+        cls.p4 = Publisher.objects.create(name="Morgan Kaufmann", num_awards=9)
         cls.p5 = Publisher.objects.create(name="Jonno's House of Books", num_awards=0)
 
         cls.b1 = Book.objects.create(
-            isbn='159059725', name='The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right',
-            pages=447, rating=4.5, price=Decimal('30.00'), contact=cls.a1, publisher=cls.p1,
-            pubdate=datetime.date(2007, 12, 6)
+            isbn="159059725",
+            name="The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right",
+            pages=447,
+            rating=4.5,
+            price=Decimal("30.00"),
+            contact=cls.a1,
+            publisher=cls.p1,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(2007, 12, 6),
         )
         cls.b2 = Book.objects.create(
-            isbn='067232959', name='Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours',
-            pages=528, rating=3.0, price=Decimal('23.09'), contact=cls.a3, publisher=cls.p2,
-            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 3, 3)
+            isbn="067232959",
+            name="Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours",
+            pages=528,
+            rating=3.0,
+            price=Decimal("23.09"),
+            contact=cls.a3,
+            publisher=cls.p2,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 3, 3),
         )
         cls.b3 = Book.objects.create(
-            isbn='159059996', name='Practical Django Projects',
-            pages=300, rating=4.0, price=Decimal('29.69'), contact=cls.a4, publisher=cls.p1,
-            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 6, 23)
+            isbn="159059996",
+            name="Practical Django Projects",
+            pages=300,
+            rating=4.0,
+            price=Decimal("29.69"),
+            contact=cls.a4,
+            publisher=cls.p1,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 6, 23),
         )
         cls.b4 = Book.objects.create(
-            isbn='013235613', name='Python Web Development with Django',
-            pages=350, rating=4.0, price=Decimal('29.69'), contact=cls.a5, publisher=cls.p3,
-            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 11, 3)
+            isbn="013235613",
+            name="Python Web Development with Django",
+            pages=350,
+            rating=4.0,
+            price=Decimal("29.69"),
+            contact=cls.a5,
+            publisher=cls.p3,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 11, 3),
         )
         cls.b5 = HardbackBook.objects.create(
-            isbn='013790395', name='Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach',
-            pages=1132, rating=4.0, price=Decimal('82.80'), contact=cls.a8, publisher=cls.p3,
-            pubdate=datetime.date(1995, 1, 15), weight=4.5)
+            isbn="013790395",
+            name="Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach",
+            pages=1132,
+            rating=4.0,
+            price=Decimal("82.80"),
+            contact=cls.a8,
+            publisher=cls.p3,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(1995, 1, 15),
+            weight=4.5,
+        )
         cls.b6 = HardbackBook.objects.create(
-            isbn='155860191', name='Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp',
-            pages=946, rating=5.0, price=Decimal('75.00'), contact=cls.a8, publisher=cls.p4,
-            pubdate=datetime.date(1991, 10, 15), weight=3.7)
+            isbn="155860191",
+            name="Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp",
+            pages=946,
+            rating=5.0,
+            price=Decimal("75.00"),
+            contact=cls.a8,
+            publisher=cls.p4,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(1991, 10, 15),
+            weight=3.7,
+        )
         cls.b1.authors.add(cls.a1, cls.a2)
         cls.b2.authors.add(cls.a3)
         cls.b3.authors.add(cls.a4)
@@ -84,19 +140,19 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
         cls.b6.authors.add(cls.a8)
 
         s1 = Store.objects.create(
-            name='Amazon.com',
+            name="Amazon.com",
             original_opening=datetime.datetime(1994, 4, 23, 9, 17, 42),
-            friday_night_closing=datetime.time(23, 59, 59)
+            friday_night_closing=datetime.time(23, 59, 59),
         )
         s2 = Store.objects.create(
-            name='Books.com',
+            name="Books.com",
             original_opening=datetime.datetime(2001, 3, 15, 11, 23, 37),
-            friday_night_closing=datetime.time(23, 59, 59)
+            friday_night_closing=datetime.time(23, 59, 59),
         )
         s3 = Store.objects.create(
             name="Mamma and Pappa's Books",
             original_opening=datetime.datetime(1945, 4, 25, 16, 24, 14),
-            friday_night_closing=datetime.time(21, 30)
+            friday_night_closing=datetime.time(21, 30),
         )
         s1.books.add(cls.b1, cls.b2, cls.b3, cls.b4, cls.b5, cls.b6)
         s2.books.add(cls.b1, cls.b3, cls.b5, cls.b6)
@@ -107,16 +163,21 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(getattr(obj, attr), value)
 
     def test_annotation_with_value(self):
-        values = Book.objects.filter(
-            name='Practical Django Projects',
-        ).annotate(
-            discount_price=F('price') * 2,
-        ).values(
-            'discount_price',
-        ).annotate(sum_discount=Sum('discount_price'))
+        values = (
+            Book.objects.filter(
+                name="Practical Django Projects",
+            )
+            .annotate(
+                discount_price=F("price") * 2,
+            )
+            .values(
+                "discount_price",
+            )
+            .annotate(sum_discount=Sum("discount_price"))
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             values,
-            [{'discount_price': Decimal('59.38'), 'sum_discount': Decimal('59.38')}]
+            [{"discount_price": Decimal("59.38"), "sum_discount": Decimal("59.38")}],
         )
 
     def test_aggregates_in_where_clause(self):
@@ -130,11 +191,11 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
         Before the corresponding fix for this bug, this test passed in 1.1 and
         failed in 1.2-beta (trunk).
         """
-        qs = Book.objects.values('contact').annotate(Max('id'))
-        qs = qs.order_by('contact').values_list('id__max', flat=True)
+        qs = Book.objects.values("contact").annotate(Max("id"))
+        qs = qs.order_by("contact").values_list("id__max", flat=True)
         # don't do anything with the queryset (qs) before including it as a
         # subquery
-        books = Book.objects.order_by('id')
+        books = Book.objects.order_by("id")
         qs1 = books.filter(id__in=qs)
         qs2 = books.filter(id__in=list(qs))
         self.assertEqual(list(qs1), list(qs2))
@@ -150,17 +211,17 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
         Before the corresponding fix for this bug, this test failed in both
         1.1 and 1.2-beta (trunk).
         """
-        qs = Book.objects.values('contact').annotate(Max('id'))
-        qs = qs.order_by('contact').values_list('id__max', flat=True)
+        qs = Book.objects.values("contact").annotate(Max("id"))
+        qs = qs.order_by("contact").values_list("id__max", flat=True)
         # force the queryset (qs) for the subquery to be evaluated in its
         # current state
         list(qs)
-        books = Book.objects.order_by('id')
+        books = Book.objects.order_by("id")
         qs1 = books.filter(id__in=qs)
         qs2 = books.filter(id__in=list(qs))
         self.assertEqual(list(qs1), list(qs2))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_subqueries_in_group_by')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_subqueries_in_group_by")
     def test_annotate_with_extra(self):
         """
         Regression test for #11916: Extra params + aggregation creates
@@ -176,9 +237,11 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
         """
         # tests that this query does not raise a DatabaseError due to the full
         # subselect being (erroneously) added to the GROUP BY parameters
-        qs = Publisher.objects.extra(select={
-            'name_of_shortest_book': shortest_book_sql,
-        }).annotate(total_books=Count('book'))
+        qs = Publisher.objects.extra(
+            select={
+                "name_of_shortest_book": shortest_book_sql,
+            }
+        ).annotate(total_books=Count("book"))
         # force execution of the query
         list(qs)
 
@@ -186,7 +249,7 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
         # Ordering requests are ignored
         self.assertEqual(
             Author.objects.order_by("name").aggregate(Avg("age")),
-            {"age__avg": Approximate(37.444, places=1)}
+            {"age__avg": Approximate(37.444, places=1)},
         )
 
         # Implicit ordering is also ignored
@@ -197,153 +260,208 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
 
         # Baseline results
         self.assertEqual(
-            Book.objects.aggregate(Sum('pages'), Avg('pages')),
-            {'pages__sum': 3703, 'pages__avg': Approximate(617.166, places=2)}
+            Book.objects.aggregate(Sum("pages"), Avg("pages")),
+            {"pages__sum": 3703, "pages__avg": Approximate(617.166, places=2)},
         )
 
         # Empty values query doesn't affect grouping or results
         self.assertEqual(
-            Book.objects.values().aggregate(Sum('pages'), Avg('pages')),
-            {'pages__sum': 3703, 'pages__avg': Approximate(617.166, places=2)}
+            Book.objects.values().aggregate(Sum("pages"), Avg("pages")),
+            {"pages__sum": 3703, "pages__avg": Approximate(617.166, places=2)},
         )
 
         # Aggregate overrides extra selected column
         self.assertEqual(
-            Book.objects.extra(select={'price_per_page': 'price / pages'}).aggregate(Sum('pages')),
-            {'pages__sum': 3703}
+            Book.objects.extra(select={"price_per_page": "price / pages"}).aggregate(
+                Sum("pages")
+            ),
+            {"pages__sum": 3703},
         )
 
     def test_annotation(self):
         # Annotations get combined with extra select clauses
-        obj = Book.objects.annotate(mean_auth_age=Avg("authors__age")).extra(
-            select={"manufacture_cost": "price * .5"}).get(pk=self.b2.pk)
+        obj = (
+            Book.objects.annotate(mean_auth_age=Avg("authors__age"))
+            .extra(select={"manufacture_cost": "price * .5"})
+            .get(pk=self.b2.pk)
+        )
         self.assertObjectAttrs(
             obj,
             contact_id=self.a3.id,
-            isbn='067232959',
+            isbn="067232959",
             mean_auth_age=45.0,
-            name='Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours',
+            name="Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours",
             pages=528,
             price=Decimal("23.09"),
             pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 3, 3),
             publisher_id=self.p2.id,
-            rating=3.0
+            rating=3.0,
         )
         # Different DB backends return different types for the extra select computation
-        self.assertIn(obj.manufacture_cost, (11.545, Decimal('11.545')))
+        self.assertIn(obj.manufacture_cost, (11.545, Decimal("11.545")))
 
         # Order of the annotate/extra in the query doesn't matter
-        obj = Book.objects.extra(select={'manufacture_cost': 'price * .5'}).annotate(
-            mean_auth_age=Avg('authors__age')).get(pk=self.b2.pk)
+        obj = (
+            Book.objects.extra(select={"manufacture_cost": "price * .5"})
+            .annotate(mean_auth_age=Avg("authors__age"))
+            .get(pk=self.b2.pk)
+        )
         self.assertObjectAttrs(
             obj,
             contact_id=self.a3.id,
-            isbn='067232959',
+            isbn="067232959",
             mean_auth_age=45.0,
-            name='Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours',
+            name="Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours",
             pages=528,
             price=Decimal("23.09"),
             pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 3, 3),
             publisher_id=self.p2.id,
-            rating=3.0
+            rating=3.0,
         )
         # Different DB backends return different types for the extra select computation
-        self.assertIn(obj.manufacture_cost, (11.545, Decimal('11.545')))
+        self.assertIn(obj.manufacture_cost, (11.545, Decimal("11.545")))
 
         # Values queries can be combined with annotate and extra
-        obj = Book.objects.annotate(mean_auth_age=Avg('authors__age')).extra(
-            select={'manufacture_cost': 'price * .5'}).values().get(pk=self.b2.pk)
-        manufacture_cost = obj['manufacture_cost']
-        self.assertIn(manufacture_cost, (11.545, Decimal('11.545')))
-        del obj['manufacture_cost']
-        self.assertEqual(obj, {
-            'id': self.b2.id,
-            'contact_id': self.a3.id,
-            'isbn': '067232959',
-            'mean_auth_age': 45.0,
-            'name': 'Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours',
-            'pages': 528,
-            'price': Decimal('23.09'),
-            'pubdate': datetime.date(2008, 3, 3),
-            'publisher_id': self.p2.id,
-            'rating': 3.0,
-        })
+        obj = (
+            Book.objects.annotate(mean_auth_age=Avg("authors__age"))
+            .extra(select={"manufacture_cost": "price * .5"})
+            .values()
+            .get(pk=self.b2.pk)
+        )
+        manufacture_cost = obj["manufacture_cost"]
+        self.assertIn(manufacture_cost, (11.545, Decimal("11.545")))
+        del obj["manufacture_cost"]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            obj,
+            {
+                "id": self.b2.id,
+                "contact_id": self.a3.id,
+                "isbn": "067232959",
+                "mean_auth_age": 45.0,
+                "name": "Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours",
+                "pages": 528,
+                "price": Decimal("23.09"),
+                "pubdate": datetime.date(2008, 3, 3),
+                "publisher_id": self.p2.id,
+                "rating": 3.0,
+            },
+        )
 
         # The order of the (empty) values, annotate and extra clauses doesn't
         # matter
-        obj = Book.objects.values().annotate(mean_auth_age=Avg('authors__age')).extra(
-            select={'manufacture_cost': 'price * .5'}).get(pk=self.b2.pk)
-        manufacture_cost = obj['manufacture_cost']
-        self.assertIn(manufacture_cost, (11.545, Decimal('11.545')))
-        del obj['manufacture_cost']
-        self.assertEqual(obj, {
-            'id': self.b2.id,
-            'contact_id': self.a3.id,
-            'isbn': '067232959',
-            'mean_auth_age': 45.0,
-            'name': 'Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours',
-            'pages': 528,
-            'price': Decimal('23.09'),
-            'pubdate': datetime.date(2008, 3, 3),
-            'publisher_id': self.p2.id,
-            'rating': 3.0
-        })
+        obj = (
+            Book.objects.values()
+            .annotate(mean_auth_age=Avg("authors__age"))
+            .extra(select={"manufacture_cost": "price * .5"})
+            .get(pk=self.b2.pk)
+        )
+        manufacture_cost = obj["manufacture_cost"]
+        self.assertIn(manufacture_cost, (11.545, Decimal("11.545")))
+        del obj["manufacture_cost"]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            obj,
+            {
+                "id": self.b2.id,
+                "contact_id": self.a3.id,
+                "isbn": "067232959",
+                "mean_auth_age": 45.0,
+                "name": "Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours",
+                "pages": 528,
+                "price": Decimal("23.09"),
+                "pubdate": datetime.date(2008, 3, 3),
+                "publisher_id": self.p2.id,
+                "rating": 3.0,
+            },
+        )
 
         # If the annotation precedes the values clause, it won't be included
         # unless it is explicitly named
-        obj = Book.objects.annotate(mean_auth_age=Avg('authors__age')).extra(
-            select={'price_per_page': 'price / pages'}).values('name').get(pk=self.b1.pk)
-        self.assertEqual(obj, {
-            "name": 'The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right',
-        })
+        obj = (
+            Book.objects.annotate(mean_auth_age=Avg("authors__age"))
+            .extra(select={"price_per_page": "price / pages"})
+            .values("name")
+            .get(pk=self.b1.pk)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            obj,
+            {
+                "name": "The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right",
+            },
+        )
 
-        obj = Book.objects.annotate(mean_auth_age=Avg('authors__age')).extra(
-            select={'price_per_page': 'price / pages'}).values('name', 'mean_auth_age').get(pk=self.b1.pk)
-        self.assertEqual(obj, {
-            'mean_auth_age': 34.5,
-            'name': 'The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right',
-        })
+        obj = (
+            Book.objects.annotate(mean_auth_age=Avg("authors__age"))
+            .extra(select={"price_per_page": "price / pages"})
+            .values("name", "mean_auth_age")
+            .get(pk=self.b1.pk)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            obj,
+            {
+                "mean_auth_age": 34.5,
+                "name": "The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right",
+            },
+        )
 
         # If an annotation isn't included in the values, it can still be used
         # in a filter
-        qs = Book.objects.annotate(n_authors=Count('authors')).values('name').filter(n_authors__gt=2)
+        qs = (
+            Book.objects.annotate(n_authors=Count("authors"))
+            .values("name")
+            .filter(n_authors__gt=2)
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            qs, [
-                {"name": 'Python Web Development with Django'}
-            ],
+            qs,
+            [{"name": "Python Web Development with Django"}],
         )
 
         # The annotations are added to values output if values() precedes
         # annotate()
-        obj = Book.objects.values('name').annotate(mean_auth_age=Avg('authors__age')).extra(
-            select={'price_per_page': 'price / pages'}).get(pk=self.b1.pk)
-        self.assertEqual(obj, {
-            'mean_auth_age': 34.5,
-            'name': 'The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right',
-        })
+        obj = (
+            Book.objects.values("name")
+            .annotate(mean_auth_age=Avg("authors__age"))
+            .extra(select={"price_per_page": "price / pages"})
+            .get(pk=self.b1.pk)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            obj,
+            {
+                "mean_auth_age": 34.5,
+                "name": "The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right",
+            },
+        )
 
         # All of the objects are getting counted (allow_nulls) and that values
         # respects the amount of objects
-        self.assertEqual(
-            len(Author.objects.annotate(Avg('friends__age')).values()),
-            9
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(Author.objects.annotate(Avg("friends__age")).values()), 9)
 
         # Consecutive calls to annotate accumulate in the query
         qs = (
-            Book.objects
-            .values('price')
-            .annotate(oldest=Max('authors__age'))
-            .order_by('oldest', 'price')
-            .annotate(Max('publisher__num_awards'))
+            Book.objects.values("price")
+            .annotate(oldest=Max("authors__age"))
+            .order_by("oldest", "price")
+            .annotate(Max("publisher__num_awards"))
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            qs, [
-                {'price': Decimal("30"), 'oldest': 35, 'publisher__num_awards__max': 3},
-                {'price': Decimal("29.69"), 'oldest': 37, 'publisher__num_awards__max': 7},
-                {'price': Decimal("23.09"), 'oldest': 45, 'publisher__num_awards__max': 1},
-                {'price': Decimal("75"), 'oldest': 57, 'publisher__num_awards__max': 9},
-                {'price': Decimal("82.8"), 'oldest': 57, 'publisher__num_awards__max': 7}
+            qs,
+            [
+                {"price": Decimal("30"), "oldest": 35, "publisher__num_awards__max": 3},
+                {
+                    "price": Decimal("29.69"),
+                    "oldest": 37,
+                    "publisher__num_awards__max": 7,
+                },
+                {
+                    "price": Decimal("23.09"),
+                    "oldest": 45,
+                    "publisher__num_awards__max": 1,
+                },
+                {"price": Decimal("75"), "oldest": 57, "publisher__num_awards__max": 9},
+                {
+                    "price": Decimal("82.8"),
+                    "oldest": 57,
+                    "publisher__num_awards__max": 7,
+                },
             ],
         )
 
@@ -351,68 +469,90 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
         # Aggregates can be composed over annotations.
         # The return type is derived from the composed aggregate
         vals = (
-            Book.objects
-            .all()
-            .annotate(num_authors=Count('authors__id'))
-            .aggregate(Max('pages'), Max('price'), Sum('num_authors'), Avg('num_authors'))
+            Book.objects.all()
+            .annotate(num_authors=Count("authors__id"))
+            .aggregate(
+                Max("pages"), Max("price"), Sum("num_authors"), Avg("num_authors")
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            vals,
+            {
+                "num_authors__sum": 10,
+                "num_authors__avg": Approximate(1.666, places=2),
+                "pages__max": 1132,
+                "price__max": Decimal("82.80"),
+            },
         )
-        self.assertEqual(vals, {
-            'num_authors__sum': 10,
-            'num_authors__avg': Approximate(1.666, places=2),
-            'pages__max': 1132,
-            'price__max': Decimal("82.80")
-        })
 
         # Regression for #15624 - Missing SELECT columns when using values, annotate
         # and aggregate in a single query
         self.assertEqual(
-            Book.objects.annotate(c=Count('authors')).values('c').aggregate(Max('c')),
-            {'c__max': 3}
+            Book.objects.annotate(c=Count("authors")).values("c").aggregate(Max("c")),
+            {"c__max": 3},
         )
 
     def test_conditional_aggregate(self):
         # Conditional aggregation of a grouped queryset.
         self.assertEqual(
-            Book.objects.annotate(c=Count('authors')).values('pk').aggregate(test=Sum(
-                Case(When(c__gt=1, then=1))
-            ))['test'],
-            3
+            Book.objects.annotate(c=Count("authors"))
+            .values("pk")
+            .aggregate(test=Sum(Case(When(c__gt=1, then=1))))["test"],
+            3,
         )
 
     def test_sliced_conditional_aggregate(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            Author.objects.all()[:5].aggregate(test=Sum(Case(
-                When(age__lte=35, then=1)
-            )))['test'],
-            3
+            Author.objects.all()[:5].aggregate(
+                test=Sum(Case(When(age__lte=35, then=1)))
+            )["test"],
+            3,
         )
 
     def test_annotated_conditional_aggregate(self):
-        annotated_qs = Book.objects.annotate(discount_price=F('price') * Decimal('0.75'))
+        annotated_qs = Book.objects.annotate(
+            discount_price=F("price") * Decimal("0.75")
+        )
         self.assertAlmostEqual(
-            annotated_qs.aggregate(test=Avg(Case(
-                When(pages__lt=400, then='discount_price'),
-                output_field=DecimalField()
-            )))['test'],
-            Decimal('22.27'), places=2
+            annotated_qs.aggregate(
+                test=Avg(
+                    Case(
+                        When(pages__lt=400, then="discount_price"),
+                        output_field=DecimalField(),
+                    )
+                )
+            )["test"],
+            Decimal("22.27"),
+            places=2,
         )
 
     def test_distinct_conditional_aggregate(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            Book.objects.distinct().aggregate(test=Avg(Case(
-                When(price=Decimal('29.69'), then='pages'),
-                output_field=IntegerField()
-            )))['test'],
-            325
+            Book.objects.distinct().aggregate(
+                test=Avg(
+                    Case(
+                        When(price=Decimal("29.69"), then="pages"),
+                        output_field=IntegerField(),
+                    )
+                )
+            )["test"],
+            325,
         )
 
     def test_conditional_aggregate_on_complex_condition(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            Book.objects.distinct().aggregate(test=Avg(Case(
-                When(Q(price__gte=Decimal('29')) & Q(price__lt=Decimal('30')), then='pages'),
-                output_field=IntegerField()
-            )))['test'],
-            325
+            Book.objects.distinct().aggregate(
+                test=Avg(
+                    Case(
+                        When(
+                            Q(price__gte=Decimal("29")) & Q(price__lt=Decimal("30")),
+                            then="pages",
+                        ),
+                        output_field=IntegerField(),
+                    )
+                )
+            )["test"],
+            325,
         )
 
     def test_decimal_aggregate_annotation_filter(self):
@@ -421,12 +561,20 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
         Requires special handling on SQLite (#18247).
         """
         self.assertEqual(
-            len(Author.objects.annotate(sum=Sum('book_contact_set__price')).filter(sum__gt=Decimal(40))),
-            1
+            len(
+                Author.objects.annotate(sum=Sum("book_contact_set__price")).filter(
+                    sum__gt=Decimal(40)
+                )
+            ),
+            1,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            len(Author.objects.annotate(sum=Sum('book_contact_set__price')).filter(sum__lte=Decimal(40))),
-            4
+            len(
+                Author.objects.annotate(sum=Sum("book_contact_set__price")).filter(
+                    sum__lte=Decimal(40)
+                )
+            ),
+            4,
         )
 
     def test_field_error(self):
@@ -437,10 +585,10 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
             "pubdate, publisher, publisher_id, rating, store, tags"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
-            Book.objects.all().aggregate(num_authors=Count('foo'))
+            Book.objects.all().aggregate(num_authors=Count("foo"))
 
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
-            Book.objects.all().annotate(num_authors=Count('foo'))
+            Book.objects.all().annotate(num_authors=Count("foo"))
 
         msg = (
             "Cannot resolve keyword 'foo' into field. Choices are: authors, "
@@ -448,167 +596,169 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
             "pages, price, pubdate, publisher, publisher_id, rating, store, tags"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
-            Book.objects.all().annotate(num_authors=Count('authors__id')).aggregate(Max('foo'))
+            Book.objects.all().annotate(num_authors=Count("authors__id")).aggregate(
+                Max("foo")
+            )
 
     def test_more(self):
         # Old-style count aggregations can be mixed with new-style
-        self.assertEqual(
-            Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count('authors')).count(),
-            6
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count("authors")).count(), 6)
 
         # Non-ordinal, non-computed Aggregates over annotations correctly
         # inherit the annotation's internal type if the annotation is ordinal
         # or computed
-        vals = Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count('authors')).aggregate(Max('num_authors'))
-        self.assertEqual(
-            vals,
-            {'num_authors__max': 3}
+        vals = Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count("authors")).aggregate(
+            Max("num_authors")
         )
+        self.assertEqual(vals, {"num_authors__max": 3})
 
-        vals = Publisher.objects.annotate(avg_price=Avg('book__price')).aggregate(Max('avg_price'))
-        self.assertEqual(
-            vals,
-            {'avg_price__max': 75.0}
+        vals = Publisher.objects.annotate(avg_price=Avg("book__price")).aggregate(
+            Max("avg_price")
         )
+        self.assertEqual(vals, {"avg_price__max": 75.0})
 
         # Aliases are quoted to protected aliases that might be reserved names
-        vals = Book.objects.aggregate(number=Max('pages'), select=Max('pages'))
-        self.assertEqual(
-            vals,
-            {'number': 1132, 'select': 1132}
-        )
+        vals = Book.objects.aggregate(number=Max("pages"), select=Max("pages"))
+        self.assertEqual(vals, {"number": 1132, "select": 1132})
 
         # Regression for #10064: select_related() plays nice with aggregates
-        obj = Book.objects.select_related('publisher').annotate(
-            num_authors=Count('authors')).values().get(isbn='013790395')
-        self.assertEqual(obj, {
-            'contact_id': self.a8.id,
-            'id': self.b5.id,
-            'isbn': '013790395',
-            'name': 'Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach',
-            'num_authors': 2,
-            'pages': 1132,
-            'price': Decimal("82.8"),
-            'pubdate': datetime.date(1995, 1, 15),
-            'publisher_id': self.p3.id,
-            'rating': 4.0,
-        })
+        obj = (
+            Book.objects.select_related("publisher")
+            .annotate(num_authors=Count("authors"))
+            .values()
+            .get(isbn="013790395")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            obj,
+            {
+                "contact_id": self.a8.id,
+                "id": self.b5.id,
+                "isbn": "013790395",
+                "name": "Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach",
+                "num_authors": 2,
+                "pages": 1132,
+                "price": Decimal("82.8"),
+                "pubdate": datetime.date(1995, 1, 15),
+                "publisher_id": self.p3.id,
+                "rating": 4.0,
+            },
+        )
 
         # Regression for #10010: exclude on an aggregate field is correctly
         # negated
+        self.assertEqual(len(Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count("authors"))), 6)
         self.assertEqual(
-            len(Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count('authors'))),
-            6
+            len(
+                Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count("authors")).filter(
+                    num_authors__gt=2
+                )
+            ),
+            1,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            len(Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count('authors')).filter(num_authors__gt=2)),
-            1
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            len(Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count('authors')).exclude(num_authors__gt=2)),
-            5
+            len(
+                Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count("authors")).exclude(
+                    num_authors__gt=2
+                )
+            ),
+            5,
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
             len(
-                Book.objects
-                .annotate(num_authors=Count('authors'))
+                Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count("authors"))
                 .filter(num_authors__lt=3)
                 .exclude(num_authors__lt=2)
             ),
-            2
+            2,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             len(
-                Book.objects
-                .annotate(num_authors=Count('authors'))
+                Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count("authors"))
                 .exclude(num_authors__lt=2)
                 .filter(num_authors__lt=3)
             ),
-            2
+            2,
         )
 
     def test_aggregate_fexpr(self):
         # Aggregates can be used with F() expressions
         # ... where the F() is pushed into the HAVING clause
         qs = (
-            Publisher.objects
-            .annotate(num_books=Count('book'))
-            .filter(num_books__lt=F('num_awards') / 2)
-            .order_by('name')
-            .values('name', 'num_books', 'num_awards')
+            Publisher.objects.annotate(num_books=Count("book"))
+            .filter(num_books__lt=F("num_awards") / 2)
+            .order_by("name")
+            .values("name", "num_books", "num_awards")
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            qs, [
-                {'num_books': 1, 'name': 'Morgan Kaufmann', 'num_awards': 9},
-                {'num_books': 2, 'name': 'Prentice Hall', 'num_awards': 7}
+            qs,
+            [
+                {"num_books": 1, "name": "Morgan Kaufmann", "num_awards": 9},
+                {"num_books": 2, "name": "Prentice Hall", "num_awards": 7},
             ],
         )
 
         qs = (
-            Publisher.objects
-            .annotate(num_books=Count('book'))
-            .exclude(num_books__lt=F('num_awards') / 2)
-            .order_by('name')
-            .values('name', 'num_books', 'num_awards')
+            Publisher.objects.annotate(num_books=Count("book"))
+            .exclude(num_books__lt=F("num_awards") / 2)
+            .order_by("name")
+            .values("name", "num_books", "num_awards")
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            qs, [
-                {'num_books': 2, 'name': 'Apress', 'num_awards': 3},
-                {'num_books': 0, 'name': "Jonno's House of Books", 'num_awards': 0},
-                {'num_books': 1, 'name': 'Sams', 'num_awards': 1}
+            qs,
+            [
+                {"num_books": 2, "name": "Apress", "num_awards": 3},
+                {"num_books": 0, "name": "Jonno's House of Books", "num_awards": 0},
+                {"num_books": 1, "name": "Sams", "num_awards": 1},
             ],
         )
 
         # ... and where the F() references an aggregate
         qs = (
-            Publisher.objects
-            .annotate(num_books=Count('book'))
-            .filter(num_awards__gt=2 * F('num_books'))
-            .order_by('name')
-            .values('name', 'num_books', 'num_awards')
+            Publisher.objects.annotate(num_books=Count("book"))
+            .filter(num_awards__gt=2 * F("num_books"))
+            .order_by("name")
+            .values("name", "num_books", "num_awards")
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            qs, [
-                {'num_books': 1, 'name': 'Morgan Kaufmann', 'num_awards': 9},
-                {'num_books': 2, 'name': 'Prentice Hall', 'num_awards': 7}
+            qs,
+            [
+                {"num_books": 1, "name": "Morgan Kaufmann", "num_awards": 9},
+                {"num_books": 2, "name": "Prentice Hall", "num_awards": 7},
             ],
         )
 
         qs = (
-            Publisher.objects
-            .annotate(num_books=Count('book'))
-            .exclude(num_books__lt=F('num_awards') / 2)
-            .order_by('name')
-            .values('name', 'num_books', 'num_awards')
+            Publisher.objects.annotate(num_books=Count("book"))
+            .exclude(num_books__lt=F("num_awards") / 2)
+            .order_by("name")
+            .values("name", "num_books", "num_awards")
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            qs, [
-                {'num_books': 2, 'name': 'Apress', 'num_awards': 3},
-                {'num_books': 0, 'name': "Jonno's House of Books", 'num_awards': 0},
-                {'num_books': 1, 'name': 'Sams', 'num_awards': 1}
+            qs,
+            [
+                {"num_books": 2, "name": "Apress", "num_awards": 3},
+                {"num_books": 0, "name": "Jonno's House of Books", "num_awards": 0},
+                {"num_books": 1, "name": "Sams", "num_awards": 1},
             ],
         )
 
     def test_db_col_table(self):
         # Tests on fields with non-default table and column names.
-        qs = (
-            Clues.objects
-            .values('EntryID__Entry')
-            .annotate(Appearances=Count('EntryID'), Distinct_Clues=Count('Clue', distinct=True))
+        qs = Clues.objects.values("EntryID__Entry").annotate(
+            Appearances=Count("EntryID"), Distinct_Clues=Count("Clue", distinct=True)
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [])
 
-        qs = Entries.objects.annotate(clue_count=Count('clues__ID'))
+        qs = Entries.objects.annotate(clue_count=Count("clues__ID"))
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [])
 
     def test_boolean_conversion(self):
         # Aggregates mixed up ordering of columns for backend's convert_values
         # method. Refs #21126.
-        e = Entries.objects.create(Entry='foo')
-        c = Clues.objects.create(EntryID=e, Clue='bar')
-        qs = Clues.objects.select_related('EntryID').annotate(Count('ID'))
+        e = Entries.objects.create(Entry="foo")
+        c = Clues.objects.create(EntryID=e, Clue="bar")
+        qs = Clues.objects.select_related("EntryID").annotate(Count("ID"))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [c])
         self.assertEqual(qs[0].EntryID, e)
         self.assertIs(qs[0].EntryID.Exclude, False)
@@ -616,50 +766,51 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
     def test_empty(self):
         # Regression for #10089: Check handling of empty result sets with
         # aggregates
-        self.assertEqual(
-            Book.objects.filter(id__in=[]).count(),
-            0
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.filter(id__in=[]).count(), 0)
 
-        vals = (
-            Book.objects
-            .filter(id__in=[])
-            .aggregate(
-                num_authors=Count('authors'),
-                avg_authors=Avg('authors'),
-                max_authors=Max('authors'),
-                max_price=Max('price'),
-                max_rating=Max('rating'),
-            )
+        vals = Book.objects.filter(id__in=[]).aggregate(
+            num_authors=Count("authors"),
+            avg_authors=Avg("authors"),
+            max_authors=Max("authors"),
+            max_price=Max("price"),
+            max_rating=Max("rating"),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             vals,
-            {'max_authors': None, 'max_rating': None, 'num_authors': 0, 'avg_authors': None, 'max_price': None}
+            {
+                "max_authors": None,
+                "max_rating": None,
+                "num_authors": 0,
+                "avg_authors": None,
+                "max_price": None,
+            },
         )
 
         qs = (
-            Publisher.objects
-            .filter(name="Jonno's House of Books")
+            Publisher.objects.filter(name="Jonno's House of Books")
             .annotate(
-                num_authors=Count('book__authors'),
-                avg_authors=Avg('book__authors'),
-                max_authors=Max('book__authors'),
-                max_price=Max('book__price'),
-                max_rating=Max('book__rating'),
-            ).values()
+                num_authors=Count("book__authors"),
+                avg_authors=Avg("book__authors"),
+                max_authors=Max("book__authors"),
+                max_price=Max("book__price"),
+                max_rating=Max("book__rating"),
+            )
+            .values()
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             qs,
-            [{
-                'max_authors': None,
-                'name': "Jonno's House of Books",
-                'num_awards': 0,
-                'max_price': None,
-                'num_authors': 0,
-                'max_rating': None,
-                'id': self.p5.id,
-                'avg_authors': None,
-            }],
+            [
+                {
+                    "max_authors": None,
+                    "name": "Jonno's House of Books",
+                    "num_awards": 0,
+                    "max_price": None,
+                    "num_authors": 0,
+                    "max_rating": None,
+                    "id": self.p5.id,
+                    "avg_authors": None,
+                }
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_more_more(self):
@@ -667,7 +818,10 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
         # included in the GROUP BY. This only becomes a problem when the
         # order_by introduces a new join.
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count('authors')).order_by('publisher__name', 'name'), [
+            Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count("authors")).order_by(
+                "publisher__name", "name"
+            ),
+            [
                 "Practical Django Projects",
                 "The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right",
                 "Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp",
@@ -675,76 +829,97 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
                 "Python Web Development with Django",
                 "Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours",
             ],
-            lambda b: b.name
+            lambda b: b.name,
         )
 
         # Regression for #10127 - Empty select_related() works with annotate
-        qs = Book.objects.filter(rating__lt=4.5).select_related().annotate(Avg('authors__age')).order_by('name')
+        qs = (
+            Book.objects.filter(rating__lt=4.5)
+            .select_related()
+            .annotate(Avg("authors__age"))
+            .order_by("name")
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             qs,
             [
-                ('Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach', 51.5, 'Prentice Hall', 'Peter Norvig'),
-                ('Practical Django Projects', 29.0, 'Apress', 'James Bennett'),
                 (
-                    'Python Web Development with Django',
-                    Approximate(30.333, places=2),
-                    'Prentice Hall',
-                    'Jeffrey Forcier',
+                    "Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach",
+                    51.5,
+                    "Prentice Hall",
+                    "Peter Norvig",
                 ),
-                ('Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours', 45.0, 'Sams', 'Brad Dayley')
+                ("Practical Django Projects", 29.0, "Apress", "James Bennett"),
+                (
+                    "Python Web Development with Django",
+                    Approximate(30.333, places=2),
+                    "Prentice Hall",
+                    "Jeffrey Forcier",
+                ),
+                ("Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours", 45.0, "Sams", "Brad Dayley"),
             ],
-            lambda b: (b.name, b.authors__age__avg, b.publisher.name, b.contact.name)
+            lambda b: (b.name, b.authors__age__avg, b.publisher.name, b.contact.name),
         )
 
         # Regression for #10132 - If the values() clause only mentioned extra
         # (select=) columns, those columns are used for grouping
-        qs = Book.objects.extra(select={'pub': 'publisher_id'}).values('pub').annotate(Count('id')).order_by('pub')
+        qs = (
+            Book.objects.extra(select={"pub": "publisher_id"})
+            .values("pub")
+            .annotate(Count("id"))
+            .order_by("pub")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            qs, [
-                {'pub': self.p1.id, 'id__count': 2},
-                {'pub': self.p2.id, 'id__count': 1},
-                {'pub': self.p3.id, 'id__count': 2},
-                {'pub': self.p4.id, 'id__count': 1},
+            qs,
+            [
+                {"pub": self.p1.id, "id__count": 2},
+                {"pub": self.p2.id, "id__count": 1},
+                {"pub": self.p3.id, "id__count": 2},
+                {"pub": self.p4.id, "id__count": 1},
             ],
         )
 
         qs = (
-            Book.objects
-            .extra(select={'pub': 'publisher_id', 'foo': 'pages'})
-            .values('pub')
-            .annotate(Count('id'))
-            .order_by('pub')
+            Book.objects.extra(select={"pub": "publisher_id", "foo": "pages"})
+            .values("pub")
+            .annotate(Count("id"))
+            .order_by("pub")
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            qs, [
-                {'pub': self.p1.id, 'id__count': 2},
-                {'pub': self.p2.id, 'id__count': 1},
-                {'pub': self.p3.id, 'id__count': 2},
-                {'pub': self.p4.id, 'id__count': 1}
+            qs,
+            [
+                {"pub": self.p1.id, "id__count": 2},
+                {"pub": self.p2.id, "id__count": 1},
+                {"pub": self.p3.id, "id__count": 2},
+                {"pub": self.p4.id, "id__count": 1},
             ],
         )
 
         # Regression for #10182 - Queries with aggregate calls are correctly
         # realiased when used in a subquery
         ids = (
-            Book.objects
-            .filter(pages__gt=100)
-            .annotate(n_authors=Count('authors'))
+            Book.objects.filter(pages__gt=100)
+            .annotate(n_authors=Count("authors"))
             .filter(n_authors__gt=2)
-            .order_by('n_authors')
+            .order_by("n_authors")
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Book.objects.filter(id__in=ids), [
+            Book.objects.filter(id__in=ids),
+            [
                 "Python Web Development with Django",
             ],
-            lambda b: b.name
+            lambda b: b.name,
         )
 
         # Regression for #15709 - Ensure each group_by field only exists once
         # per query
-        qstr = str(Book.objects.values('publisher').annotate(max_pages=Max('pages')).order_by().query)
+        qstr = str(
+            Book.objects.values("publisher")
+            .annotate(max_pages=Max("pages"))
+            .order_by()
+            .query
+        )
         # There is just one GROUP BY clause (zero commas means at most one clause).
-        self.assertEqual(qstr[qstr.index('GROUP BY'):].count(', '), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(qstr[qstr.index("GROUP BY") :].count(", "), 0)
 
     def test_duplicate_alias(self):
         # Regression for #11256 - duplicating a default alias raises ValueError.
@@ -753,60 +928,74 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
             "the default name for another annotation."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Book.objects.all().annotate(Avg('authors__age'), authors__age__avg=Avg('authors__age'))
+            Book.objects.all().annotate(
+                Avg("authors__age"), authors__age__avg=Avg("authors__age")
+            )
 
     def test_field_name_conflict(self):
         # Regression for #11256 - providing an aggregate name
         # that conflicts with a field name on the model raises ValueError
         msg = "The annotation 'age' conflicts with a field on the model."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Author.objects.annotate(age=Avg('friends__age'))
+            Author.objects.annotate(age=Avg("friends__age"))
 
     def test_m2m_name_conflict(self):
         # Regression for #11256 - providing an aggregate name
         # that conflicts with an m2m name on the model raises ValueError
         msg = "The annotation 'friends' conflicts with a field on the model."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Author.objects.annotate(friends=Count('friends'))
+            Author.objects.annotate(friends=Count("friends"))
 
     def test_fk_attname_conflict(self):
         msg = "The annotation 'contact_id' conflicts with a field on the model."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Book.objects.annotate(contact_id=F('publisher_id'))
+            Book.objects.annotate(contact_id=F("publisher_id"))
 
     def test_values_queryset_non_conflict(self):
         # Regression for #14707 -- If you're using a values query set, some potential conflicts are avoided.
 
         # age is a field on Author, so it shouldn't be allowed as an aggregate.
         # But age isn't included in values(), so it is.
-        results = Author.objects.values('name').annotate(age=Count('book_contact_set')).order_by('name')
+        results = (
+            Author.objects.values("name")
+            .annotate(age=Count("book_contact_set"))
+            .order_by("name")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(len(results), 9)
-        self.assertEqual(results[0]['name'], 'Adrian Holovaty')
-        self.assertEqual(results[0]['age'], 1)
+        self.assertEqual(results[0]["name"], "Adrian Holovaty")
+        self.assertEqual(results[0]["age"], 1)
 
         # Same problem, but aggregating over m2m fields
-        results = Author.objects.values('name').annotate(age=Avg('friends__age')).order_by('name')
+        results = (
+            Author.objects.values("name")
+            .annotate(age=Avg("friends__age"))
+            .order_by("name")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(len(results), 9)
-        self.assertEqual(results[0]['name'], 'Adrian Holovaty')
-        self.assertEqual(results[0]['age'], 32.0)
+        self.assertEqual(results[0]["name"], "Adrian Holovaty")
+        self.assertEqual(results[0]["age"], 32.0)
 
         # Same problem, but colliding with an m2m field
-        results = Author.objects.values('name').annotate(friends=Count('friends')).order_by('name')
+        results = (
+            Author.objects.values("name")
+            .annotate(friends=Count("friends"))
+            .order_by("name")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(len(results), 9)
-        self.assertEqual(results[0]['name'], 'Adrian Holovaty')
-        self.assertEqual(results[0]['friends'], 2)
+        self.assertEqual(results[0]["name"], "Adrian Holovaty")
+        self.assertEqual(results[0]["friends"], 2)
 
     def test_reverse_relation_name_conflict(self):
         # Regression for #11256 - providing an aggregate name
         # that conflicts with a reverse-related name on the model raises ValueError
         msg = "The annotation 'book_contact_set' conflicts with a field on the model."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Author.objects.annotate(book_contact_set=Avg('friends__age'))
+            Author.objects.annotate(book_contact_set=Avg("friends__age"))
 
     def test_pickle(self):
         # Regression for #10197 -- Queries with aggregates can be pickled.
         # First check that pickling is possible at all. No crash = success
-        qs = Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count('authors'))
+        qs = Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count("authors"))
         pickle.dumps(qs)
 
         # Then check that the round trip works.
@@ -823,21 +1012,27 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
         books = Book.objects.all()
         books.aggregate(Avg("authors__age"))
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            books.all(), [
-                'Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach',
-                'Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp',
-                'Practical Django Projects',
-                'Python Web Development with Django',
-                'Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours',
-                'The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right'
+            books.all(),
+            [
+                "Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach",
+                "Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp",
+                "Practical Django Projects",
+                "Python Web Development with Django",
+                "Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours",
+                "The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right",
             ],
-            lambda b: b.name
+            lambda b: b.name,
         )
 
         # Regression for #10248 - Annotations work with dates()
-        qs = Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count('authors')).filter(num_authors=2).dates('pubdate', 'day')
+        qs = (
+            Book.objects.annotate(num_authors=Count("authors"))
+            .filter(num_authors=2)
+            .dates("pubdate", "day")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            qs, [
+            qs,
+            [
                 datetime.date(1995, 1, 15),
                 datetime.date(2007, 12, 6),
             ],
@@ -846,116 +1041,90 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
         # Regression for #10290 - extra selects with parameters can be used for
         # grouping.
         qs = (
-            Book.objects
-            .annotate(mean_auth_age=Avg('authors__age'))
-            .extra(select={'sheets': '(pages + %s) / %s'}, select_params=[1, 2])
-            .order_by('sheets')
-            .values('sheets')
+            Book.objects.annotate(mean_auth_age=Avg("authors__age"))
+            .extra(select={"sheets": "(pages + %s) / %s"}, select_params=[1, 2])
+            .order_by("sheets")
+            .values("sheets")
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs, [
-                150,
-                175,
-                224,
-                264,
-                473,
-                566
-            ],
-            lambda b: int(b["sheets"])
+            qs, [150, 175, 224, 264, 473, 566], lambda b: int(b["sheets"])
         )
 
         # Regression for 10425 - annotations don't get in the way of a count()
         # clause
         self.assertEqual(
-            Book.objects.values('publisher').annotate(Count('publisher')).count(),
-            4
+            Book.objects.values("publisher").annotate(Count("publisher")).count(), 4
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            Book.objects.annotate(Count('publisher')).values('publisher').count(),
-            6
+            Book.objects.annotate(Count("publisher")).values("publisher").count(), 6
         )
 
         # Note: intentionally no order_by(), that case needs tests, too.
         publishers = Publisher.objects.filter(id__in=[self.p1.id, self.p2.id])
-        self.assertEqual(
-            sorted(p.name for p in publishers),
-            [
-                "Apress",
-                "Sams"
-            ]
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(p.name for p in publishers), ["Apress", "Sams"])
 
         publishers = publishers.annotate(n_books=Count("book"))
         sorted_publishers = sorted(publishers, key=lambda x: x.name)
-        self.assertEqual(
-            sorted_publishers[0].n_books,
-            2
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            sorted_publishers[1].n_books,
-            1
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(sorted_publishers[0].n_books, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(sorted_publishers[1].n_books, 1)
 
-        self.assertEqual(
-            sorted(p.name for p in publishers),
-            [
-                "Apress",
-                "Sams"
-            ]
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(p.name for p in publishers), ["Apress", "Sams"])
 
         books = Book.objects.filter(publisher__in=publishers)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            books, [
+            books,
+            [
                 "Practical Django Projects",
                 "Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours",
                 "The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right",
             ],
-            lambda b: b.name
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            sorted(p.name for p in publishers),
-            [
-                "Apress",
-                "Sams"
-            ]
+            lambda b: b.name,
         )
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(p.name for p in publishers), ["Apress", "Sams"])
 
         # Regression for 10666 - inherited fields work with annotations and
         # aggregations
         self.assertEqual(
-            HardbackBook.objects.aggregate(n_pages=Sum('book_ptr__pages')),
-            {'n_pages': 2078}
+            HardbackBook.objects.aggregate(n_pages=Sum("book_ptr__pages")),
+            {"n_pages": 2078},
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            HardbackBook.objects.aggregate(n_pages=Sum('pages')),
-            {'n_pages': 2078},
+            HardbackBook.objects.aggregate(n_pages=Sum("pages")),
+            {"n_pages": 2078},
         )
 
-        qs = HardbackBook.objects.annotate(
-            n_authors=Count('book_ptr__authors'),
-        ).values('name', 'n_authors').order_by('name')
+        qs = (
+            HardbackBook.objects.annotate(
+                n_authors=Count("book_ptr__authors"),
+            )
+            .values("name", "n_authors")
+            .order_by("name")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             qs,
             [
-                {'n_authors': 2, 'name': 'Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach'},
+                {"n_authors": 2, "name": "Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach"},
                 {
-                    'n_authors': 1,
-                    'name': 'Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp'
-                }
+                    "n_authors": 1,
+                    "name": "Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp",
+                },
             ],
         )
 
-        qs = HardbackBook.objects.annotate(n_authors=Count('authors')).values('name', 'n_authors').order_by('name')
+        qs = (
+            HardbackBook.objects.annotate(n_authors=Count("authors"))
+            .values("name", "n_authors")
+            .order_by("name")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             qs,
             [
-                {'n_authors': 2, 'name': 'Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach'},
+                {"n_authors": 2, "name": "Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach"},
                 {
-                    'n_authors': 1,
-                    'name': 'Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp'
-                }
+                    "n_authors": 1,
+                    "name": "Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp",
+                },
             ],
         )
 
@@ -963,65 +1132,72 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
         # fields in an aggregate() call.
         msg = "Cannot compute Avg('mean_age'): 'mean_age' is an aggregate"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
-            Book.objects.annotate(mean_age=Avg('authors__age')).annotate(Avg('mean_age'))
+            Book.objects.annotate(mean_age=Avg("authors__age")).annotate(
+                Avg("mean_age")
+            )
 
     def test_empty_filter_count(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            Author.objects.filter(id__in=[]).annotate(Count("friends")).count(),
-            0
+            Author.objects.filter(id__in=[]).annotate(Count("friends")).count(), 0
         )
 
     def test_empty_filter_aggregate(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            Author.objects.filter(id__in=[]).annotate(Count("friends")).aggregate(Count("pk")),
-            {"pk__count": 0}
+            Author.objects.filter(id__in=[])
+            .annotate(Count("friends"))
+            .aggregate(Count("pk")),
+            {"pk__count": 0},
         )
 
     def test_none_call_before_aggregate(self):
         # Regression for #11789
         self.assertEqual(
-            Author.objects.none().aggregate(Avg('age')),
-            {'age__avg': None}
+            Author.objects.none().aggregate(Avg("age")), {"age__avg": None}
         )
 
     def test_annotate_and_join(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            Author.objects.annotate(c=Count("friends__name")).exclude(friends__name="Joe").count(),
-            Author.objects.count()
+            Author.objects.annotate(c=Count("friends__name"))
+            .exclude(friends__name="Joe")
+            .count(),
+            Author.objects.count(),
         )
 
     def test_f_expression_annotation(self):
         # Books with less than 200 pages per author.
-        qs = Book.objects.values("name").annotate(
-            n_authors=Count("authors")
-        ).filter(
-            pages__lt=F("n_authors") * 200
-        ).values_list("pk")
+        qs = (
+            Book.objects.values("name")
+            .annotate(n_authors=Count("authors"))
+            .filter(pages__lt=F("n_authors") * 200)
+            .values_list("pk")
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Book.objects.filter(pk__in=qs), [
-                "Python Web Development with Django"
-            ],
-            attrgetter("name")
+            Book.objects.filter(pk__in=qs),
+            ["Python Web Development with Django"],
+            attrgetter("name"),
         )
 
     def test_values_annotate_values(self):
-        qs = Book.objects.values("name").annotate(
-            n_authors=Count("authors")
-        ).values_list("pk", flat=True).order_by('name')
+        qs = (
+            Book.objects.values("name")
+            .annotate(n_authors=Count("authors"))
+            .values_list("pk", flat=True)
+            .order_by("name")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(list(qs), list(Book.objects.values_list("pk", flat=True)))
 
     def test_having_group_by(self):
         # When a field occurs on the LHS of a HAVING clause that it
         # appears correctly in the GROUP BY clause
-        qs = Book.objects.values_list("name").annotate(
-            n_authors=Count("authors")
-        ).filter(
-            pages__gt=F("n_authors")
-        ).values_list("name", flat=True).order_by('name')
-        # Results should be the same, all Books have more pages than authors
-        self.assertEqual(
-            list(qs), list(Book.objects.values_list("name", flat=True))
+        qs = (
+            Book.objects.values_list("name")
+            .annotate(n_authors=Count("authors"))
+            .filter(pages__gt=F("n_authors"))
+            .values_list("name", flat=True)
+            .order_by("name")
         )
+        # Results should be the same, all Books have more pages than authors
+        self.assertEqual(list(qs), list(Book.objects.values_list("name", flat=True)))
 
     def test_values_list_annotation_args_ordering(self):
         """
@@ -1029,144 +1205,157 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
         **kwargs comes after *args.
         Regression test for #23659.
         """
-        books = Book.objects.values_list("publisher__name").annotate(
-            Count("id"), Avg("price"), Avg("authors__age"), avg_pgs=Avg("pages")
-        ).order_by("-publisher__name")
-        self.assertEqual(books[0], ('Sams', 1, Decimal('23.09'), 45.0, 528.0))
+        books = (
+            Book.objects.values_list("publisher__name")
+            .annotate(
+                Count("id"), Avg("price"), Avg("authors__age"), avg_pgs=Avg("pages")
+            )
+            .order_by("-publisher__name")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(books[0], ("Sams", 1, Decimal("23.09"), 45.0, 528.0))
 
     def test_annotation_disjunction(self):
-        qs = Book.objects.annotate(n_authors=Count("authors")).filter(
-            Q(n_authors=2) | Q(name="Python Web Development with Django")
-        ).order_by('name')
+        qs = (
+            Book.objects.annotate(n_authors=Count("authors"))
+            .filter(Q(n_authors=2) | Q(name="Python Web Development with Django"))
+            .order_by("name")
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs, [
+            qs,
+            [
                 "Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach",
                 "Python Web Development with Django",
                 "The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right",
             ],
-            attrgetter("name")
+            attrgetter("name"),
         )
 
         qs = (
-            Book.objects
-            .annotate(n_authors=Count("authors"))
-            .filter(
-                Q(name="The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right") |
-                (Q(name="Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach") & Q(n_authors=3))
+            Book.objects.annotate(n_authors=Count("authors")).filter(
+                Q(name="The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right")
+                | (
+                    Q(name="Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach")
+                    & Q(n_authors=3)
+                )
             )
-        ).order_by('name')
+        ).order_by("name")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             qs,
             [
                 "The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right",
             ],
-            attrgetter("name")
+            attrgetter("name"),
         )
 
-        qs = Publisher.objects.annotate(
-            rating_sum=Sum("book__rating"),
-            book_count=Count("book")
-        ).filter(
-            Q(rating_sum__gt=5.5) | Q(rating_sum__isnull=True)
-        ).order_by('pk')
+        qs = (
+            Publisher.objects.annotate(
+                rating_sum=Sum("book__rating"), book_count=Count("book")
+            )
+            .filter(Q(rating_sum__gt=5.5) | Q(rating_sum__isnull=True))
+            .order_by("pk")
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs, [
+            qs,
+            [
                 "Apress",
                 "Prentice Hall",
                 "Jonno's House of Books",
             ],
-            attrgetter("name")
+            attrgetter("name"),
         )
 
-        qs = Publisher.objects.annotate(
-            rating_sum=Sum("book__rating"),
-            book_count=Count("book")
-        ).filter(
-            Q(rating_sum__gt=F("book_count")) | Q(rating_sum=None)
-        ).order_by("num_awards")
+        qs = (
+            Publisher.objects.annotate(
+                rating_sum=Sum("book__rating"), book_count=Count("book")
+            )
+            .filter(Q(rating_sum__gt=F("book_count")) | Q(rating_sum=None))
+            .order_by("num_awards")
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs, [
+            qs,
+            [
                 "Jonno's House of Books",
                 "Sams",
                 "Apress",
                 "Prentice Hall",
-                "Morgan Kaufmann"
+                "Morgan Kaufmann",
             ],
-            attrgetter("name")
+            attrgetter("name"),
         )
 
     def test_quoting_aggregate_order_by(self):
-        qs = Book.objects.filter(
-            name="Python Web Development with Django"
-        ).annotate(
-            authorCount=Count("authors")
-        ).order_by("authorCount")
+        qs = (
+            Book.objects.filter(name="Python Web Development with Django")
+            .annotate(authorCount=Count("authors"))
+            .order_by("authorCount")
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs, [
+            qs,
+            [
                 ("Python Web Development with Django", 3),
             ],
-            lambda b: (b.name, b.authorCount)
+            lambda b: (b.name, b.authorCount),
         )
 
     def test_stddev(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            Book.objects.aggregate(StdDev('pages')),
-            {'pages__stddev': Approximate(311.46, 1)}
+            Book.objects.aggregate(StdDev("pages")),
+            {"pages__stddev": Approximate(311.46, 1)},
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            Book.objects.aggregate(StdDev('rating')),
-            {'rating__stddev': Approximate(0.60, 1)}
+            Book.objects.aggregate(StdDev("rating")),
+            {"rating__stddev": Approximate(0.60, 1)},
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            Book.objects.aggregate(StdDev('price')),
-            {'price__stddev': Approximate(Decimal('24.16'), 2)}
+            Book.objects.aggregate(StdDev("price")),
+            {"price__stddev": Approximate(Decimal("24.16"), 2)},
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            Book.objects.aggregate(StdDev('pages', sample=True)),
-            {'pages__stddev': Approximate(341.19, 2)}
+            Book.objects.aggregate(StdDev("pages", sample=True)),
+            {"pages__stddev": Approximate(341.19, 2)},
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            Book.objects.aggregate(StdDev('rating', sample=True)),
-            {'rating__stddev': Approximate(0.66, 2)}
+            Book.objects.aggregate(StdDev("rating", sample=True)),
+            {"rating__stddev": Approximate(0.66, 2)},
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            Book.objects.aggregate(StdDev('price', sample=True)),
-            {'price__stddev': Approximate(Decimal('26.46'), 1)}
+            Book.objects.aggregate(StdDev("price", sample=True)),
+            {"price__stddev": Approximate(Decimal("26.46"), 1)},
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            Book.objects.aggregate(Variance('pages')),
-            {'pages__variance': Approximate(97010.80, 1)}
+            Book.objects.aggregate(Variance("pages")),
+            {"pages__variance": Approximate(97010.80, 1)},
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            Book.objects.aggregate(Variance('rating')),
-            {'rating__variance': Approximate(0.36, 1)}
+            Book.objects.aggregate(Variance("rating")),
+            {"rating__variance": Approximate(0.36, 1)},
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            Book.objects.aggregate(Variance('price')),
-            {'price__variance': Approximate(Decimal('583.77'), 1)}
+            Book.objects.aggregate(Variance("price")),
+            {"price__variance": Approximate(Decimal("583.77"), 1)},
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            Book.objects.aggregate(Variance('pages', sample=True)),
-            {'pages__variance': Approximate(116412.96, 1)}
+            Book.objects.aggregate(Variance("pages", sample=True)),
+            {"pages__variance": Approximate(116412.96, 1)},
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            Book.objects.aggregate(Variance('rating', sample=True)),
-            {'rating__variance': Approximate(0.44, 2)}
+            Book.objects.aggregate(Variance("rating", sample=True)),
+            {"rating__variance": Approximate(0.44, 2)},
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            Book.objects.aggregate(Variance('price', sample=True)),
-            {'price__variance': Approximate(Decimal('700.53'), 2)}
+            Book.objects.aggregate(Variance("price", sample=True)),
+            {"price__variance": Approximate(Decimal("700.53"), 2)},
         )
 
     def test_filtering_by_annotation_name(self):
@@ -1174,31 +1363,31 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
 
         # The name of the explicitly provided annotation name in this case
         # poses no problem
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(book_cnt=Count('book')).filter(book_cnt=2).order_by('name')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs,
-            ['Peter Norvig'],
-            lambda b: b.name
+        qs = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(book_cnt=Count("book"))
+            .filter(book_cnt=2)
+            .order_by("name")
         )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, ["Peter Norvig"], lambda b: b.name)
         # Neither in this case
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(book_count=Count('book')).filter(book_count=2).order_by('name')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs,
-            ['Peter Norvig'],
-            lambda b: b.name
+        qs = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(book_count=Count("book"))
+            .filter(book_count=2)
+            .order_by("name")
         )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, ["Peter Norvig"], lambda b: b.name)
         # This case used to fail because the ORM couldn't resolve the
         # automatically generated annotation name `book__count`
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(Count('book')).filter(book__count=2).order_by('name')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs,
-            ['Peter Norvig'],
-            lambda b: b.name
+        qs = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(Count("book"))
+            .filter(book__count=2)
+            .order_by("name")
         )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, ["Peter Norvig"], lambda b: b.name)
         # Referencing the auto-generated name in an aggregate() also works.
         self.assertEqual(
-            Author.objects.annotate(Count('book')).aggregate(Max('book__count')),
-            {'book__count__max': 2}
+            Author.objects.annotate(Count("book")).aggregate(Max("book__count")),
+            {"book__count__max": 2},
         )
 
     def test_annotate_joins(self):
@@ -1207,152 +1396,180 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
         cause the query generation to fail if there is an exclude() for fk-field
         in the query, too. Refs #19087.
         """
-        qs = Book.objects.annotate(n=Count('pk'))
-        self.assertIs(qs.query.alias_map['aggregation_regress_book'].join_type, None)
+        qs = Book.objects.annotate(n=Count("pk"))
+        self.assertIs(qs.query.alias_map["aggregation_regress_book"].join_type, None)
         # The query executes without problems.
         self.assertEqual(len(qs.exclude(publisher=-1)), 6)
 
-    @skipUnlessAnyDBFeature('allows_group_by_pk', 'allows_group_by_selected_pks')
+    @skipUnlessAnyDBFeature("allows_group_by_pk", "allows_group_by_selected_pks")
     def test_aggregate_duplicate_columns(self):
         # Regression test for #17144
 
-        results = Author.objects.annotate(num_contacts=Count('book_contact_set'))
+        results = Author.objects.annotate(num_contacts=Count("book_contact_set"))
 
         # There should only be one GROUP BY clause, for the `id` column.
         # `name` and `age` should not be grouped on.
-        _, _, group_by = results.query.get_compiler(using='default').pre_sql_setup()
+        _, _, group_by = results.query.get_compiler(using="default").pre_sql_setup()
         self.assertEqual(len(group_by), 1)
-        self.assertIn('id', group_by[0][0])
-        self.assertNotIn('name', group_by[0][0])
-        self.assertNotIn('age', group_by[0][0])
+        self.assertIn("id", group_by[0][0])
+        self.assertNotIn("name", group_by[0][0])
+        self.assertNotIn("age", group_by[0][0])
         self.assertEqual(
-            [(a.name, a.num_contacts) for a in results.order_by('name')],
+            [(a.name, a.num_contacts) for a in results.order_by("name")],
             [
-                ('Adrian Holovaty', 1),
-                ('Brad Dayley', 1),
-                ('Jacob Kaplan-Moss', 0),
-                ('James Bennett', 1),
-                ('Jeffrey Forcier', 1),
-                ('Paul Bissex', 0),
-                ('Peter Norvig', 2),
-                ('Stuart Russell', 0),
-                ('Wesley J. Chun', 0),
-            ]
+                ("Adrian Holovaty", 1),
+                ("Brad Dayley", 1),
+                ("Jacob Kaplan-Moss", 0),
+                ("James Bennett", 1),
+                ("Jeffrey Forcier", 1),
+                ("Paul Bissex", 0),
+                ("Peter Norvig", 2),
+                ("Stuart Russell", 0),
+                ("Wesley J. Chun", 0),
+            ],
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessAnyDBFeature('allows_group_by_pk', 'allows_group_by_selected_pks')
+    @skipUnlessAnyDBFeature("allows_group_by_pk", "allows_group_by_selected_pks")
     def test_aggregate_duplicate_columns_only(self):
         # Works with only() too.
-        results = Author.objects.only('id', 'name').annotate(num_contacts=Count('book_contact_set'))
-        _, _, grouping = results.query.get_compiler(using='default').pre_sql_setup()
+        results = Author.objects.only("id", "name").annotate(
+            num_contacts=Count("book_contact_set")
+        )
+        _, _, grouping = results.query.get_compiler(using="default").pre_sql_setup()
         self.assertEqual(len(grouping), 1)
-        self.assertIn('id', grouping[0][0])
-        self.assertNotIn('name', grouping[0][0])
-        self.assertNotIn('age', grouping[0][0])
+        self.assertIn("id", grouping[0][0])
+        self.assertNotIn("name", grouping[0][0])
+        self.assertNotIn("age", grouping[0][0])
         self.assertEqual(
-            [(a.name, a.num_contacts) for a in results.order_by('name')],
+            [(a.name, a.num_contacts) for a in results.order_by("name")],
             [
-                ('Adrian Holovaty', 1),
-                ('Brad Dayley', 1),
-                ('Jacob Kaplan-Moss', 0),
-                ('James Bennett', 1),
-                ('Jeffrey Forcier', 1),
-                ('Paul Bissex', 0),
-                ('Peter Norvig', 2),
-                ('Stuart Russell', 0),
-                ('Wesley J. Chun', 0),
-            ]
+                ("Adrian Holovaty", 1),
+                ("Brad Dayley", 1),
+                ("Jacob Kaplan-Moss", 0),
+                ("James Bennett", 1),
+                ("Jeffrey Forcier", 1),
+                ("Paul Bissex", 0),
+                ("Peter Norvig", 2),
+                ("Stuart Russell", 0),
+                ("Wesley J. Chun", 0),
+            ],
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessAnyDBFeature('allows_group_by_pk', 'allows_group_by_selected_pks')
+    @skipUnlessAnyDBFeature("allows_group_by_pk", "allows_group_by_selected_pks")
     def test_aggregate_duplicate_columns_select_related(self):
         # And select_related()
-        results = Book.objects.select_related('contact').annotate(
-            num_authors=Count('authors'))
-        _, _, grouping = results.query.get_compiler(using='default').pre_sql_setup()
+        results = Book.objects.select_related("contact").annotate(
+            num_authors=Count("authors")
+        )
+        _, _, grouping = results.query.get_compiler(using="default").pre_sql_setup()
         # In the case of `group_by_selected_pks` we also group by contact.id because of the select_related.
-        self.assertEqual(len(grouping), 1 if connection.features.allows_group_by_pk else 2)
-        self.assertIn('id', grouping[0][0])
-        self.assertNotIn('name', grouping[0][0])
-        self.assertNotIn('contact', grouping[0][0])
         self.assertEqual(
-            [(b.name, b.num_authors) for b in results.order_by('name')],
+            len(grouping), 1 if connection.features.allows_group_by_pk else 2
+        )
+        self.assertIn("id", grouping[0][0])
+        self.assertNotIn("name", grouping[0][0])
+        self.assertNotIn("contact", grouping[0][0])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [(b.name, b.num_authors) for b in results.order_by("name")],
             [
-                ('Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach', 2),
-                ('Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp', 1),
-                ('Practical Django Projects', 1),
-                ('Python Web Development with Django', 3),
-                ('Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours', 1),
-                ('The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right', 2)
-            ]
+                ("Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach", 2),
+                (
+                    "Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp",
+                    1,
+                ),
+                ("Practical Django Projects", 1),
+                ("Python Web Development with Django", 3),
+                ("Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours", 1),
+                ("The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right", 2),
+            ],
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('allows_group_by_selected_pks')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("allows_group_by_selected_pks")
     def test_aggregate_unmanaged_model_columns(self):
         """
         Unmanaged models are sometimes used to represent database views which
         may not allow grouping by selected primary key.
         """
+
         def assertQuerysetResults(queryset):
             self.assertEqual(
-                [(b.name, b.num_authors) for b in queryset.order_by('name')],
+                [(b.name, b.num_authors) for b in queryset.order_by("name")],
                 [
-                    ('Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach', 2),
-                    ('Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp', 1),
-                    ('Practical Django Projects', 1),
-                    ('Python Web Development with Django', 3),
-                    ('Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours', 1),
-                    ('The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right', 2),
-                ]
+                    ("Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach", 2),
+                    (
+                        "Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp",
+                        1,
+                    ),
+                    ("Practical Django Projects", 1),
+                    ("Python Web Development with Django", 3),
+                    ("Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours", 1),
+                    ("The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right", 2),
+                ],
             )
-        queryset = Book.objects.select_related('contact').annotate(num_authors=Count('authors'))
+
+        queryset = Book.objects.select_related("contact").annotate(
+            num_authors=Count("authors")
+        )
         # Unmanaged origin model.
-        with mock.patch.object(Book._meta, 'managed', False):
-            _, _, grouping = queryset.query.get_compiler(using='default').pre_sql_setup()
+        with mock.patch.object(Book._meta, "managed", False):
+            _, _, grouping = queryset.query.get_compiler(
+                using="default"
+            ).pre_sql_setup()
             self.assertEqual(len(grouping), len(Book._meta.fields) + 1)
             for index, field in enumerate(Book._meta.fields):
                 self.assertIn(field.name, grouping[index][0])
             self.assertIn(Author._meta.pk.name, grouping[-1][0])
             assertQuerysetResults(queryset)
         # Unmanaged related model.
-        with mock.patch.object(Author._meta, 'managed', False):
-            _, _, grouping = queryset.query.get_compiler(using='default').pre_sql_setup()
+        with mock.patch.object(Author._meta, "managed", False):
+            _, _, grouping = queryset.query.get_compiler(
+                using="default"
+            ).pre_sql_setup()
             self.assertEqual(len(grouping), len(Author._meta.fields) + 1)
             self.assertIn(Book._meta.pk.name, grouping[0][0])
             for index, field in enumerate(Author._meta.fields):
                 self.assertIn(field.name, grouping[index + 1][0])
             assertQuerysetResults(queryset)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('allows_group_by_selected_pks')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("allows_group_by_selected_pks")
     def test_aggregate_unmanaged_model_as_tables(self):
-        qs = Book.objects.select_related('contact').annotate(num_authors=Count('authors'))
+        qs = Book.objects.select_related("contact").annotate(
+            num_authors=Count("authors")
+        )
         # Force treating unmanaged models as tables.
         with mock.patch(
-            'django.db.connection.features.allows_group_by_selected_pks_on_model',
+            "django.db.connection.features.allows_group_by_selected_pks_on_model",
             return_value=True,
         ):
-            with mock.patch.object(Book._meta, 'managed', False), \
-                    mock.patch.object(Author._meta, 'managed', False):
-                _, _, grouping = qs.query.get_compiler(using='default').pre_sql_setup()
+            with mock.patch.object(Book._meta, "managed", False), mock.patch.object(
+                Author._meta, "managed", False
+            ):
+                _, _, grouping = qs.query.get_compiler(using="default").pre_sql_setup()
                 self.assertEqual(len(grouping), 2)
-                self.assertIn('id', grouping[0][0])
-                self.assertIn('id', grouping[1][0])
+                self.assertIn("id", grouping[0][0])
+                self.assertIn("id", grouping[1][0])
                 self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-                    qs.order_by('name'),
+                    qs.order_by("name"),
                     [
-                        ('Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach', 2),
-                        ('Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp', 1),
-                        ('Practical Django Projects', 1),
-                        ('Python Web Development with Django', 3),
-                        ('Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours', 1),
-                        ('The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right', 2),
+                        ("Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach", 2),
+                        (
+                            "Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp",
+                            1,
+                        ),
+                        ("Practical Django Projects", 1),
+                        ("Python Web Development with Django", 3),
+                        ("Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours", 1),
+                        (
+                            "The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right",
+                            2,
+                        ),
                     ],
-                    attrgetter('name', 'num_authors'),
+                    attrgetter("name", "num_authors"),
                 )
 
     def test_reverse_join_trimming(self):
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(Count('book_contact_set__contact'))
-        self.assertIn(' JOIN ', str(qs.query))
+        qs = Author.objects.annotate(Count("book_contact_set__contact"))
+        self.assertIn(" JOIN ", str(qs.query))
 
     def test_aggregation_with_generic_reverse_relation(self):
         """
@@ -1361,13 +1578,15 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
 
         tests aggregations with generic reverse relations
         """
-        django_book = Book.objects.get(name='Practical Django Projects')
+        django_book = Book.objects.get(name="Practical Django Projects")
         ItemTag.objects.create(
-            object_id=django_book.id, tag='intermediate',
+            object_id=django_book.id,
+            tag="intermediate",
             content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(django_book),
         )
         ItemTag.objects.create(
-            object_id=django_book.id, tag='django',
+            object_id=django_book.id,
+            tag="django",
             content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(django_book),
         )
         # Assign a tag to model with same PK as the book above. If the JOIN
@@ -1375,84 +1594,89 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
         # condition the annotation will also count the 'hi mom' tag for b.
         wmpk = WithManualPK.objects.create(id=django_book.pk)
         ItemTag.objects.create(
-            object_id=wmpk.id, tag='hi mom',
+            object_id=wmpk.id,
+            tag="hi mom",
             content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(wmpk),
         )
-        ai_book = Book.objects.get(name__startswith='Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence')
+        ai_book = Book.objects.get(
+            name__startswith="Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence"
+        )
         ItemTag.objects.create(
-            object_id=ai_book.id, tag='intermediate',
+            object_id=ai_book.id,
+            tag="intermediate",
             content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ai_book),
         )
 
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.aggregate(Count('tags')), {'tags__count': 3})
-        results = Book.objects.annotate(Count('tags')).order_by('-tags__count', 'name')
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.aggregate(Count("tags")), {"tags__count": 3})
+        results = Book.objects.annotate(Count("tags")).order_by("-tags__count", "name")
         self.assertEqual(
             [(b.name, b.tags__count) for b in results],
             [
-                ('Practical Django Projects', 2),
-                ('Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp', 1),
-                ('Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach', 0),
-                ('Python Web Development with Django', 0),
-                ('Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours', 0),
-                ('The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right', 0)
-            ]
+                ("Practical Django Projects", 2),
+                (
+                    "Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp",
+                    1,
+                ),
+                ("Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach", 0),
+                ("Python Web Development with Django", 0),
+                ("Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours", 0),
+                ("The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right", 0),
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_negated_aggregation(self):
         expected_results = Author.objects.exclude(
-            pk__in=Author.objects.annotate(book_cnt=Count('book')).filter(book_cnt=2)
-        ).order_by('name')
+            pk__in=Author.objects.annotate(book_cnt=Count("book")).filter(book_cnt=2)
+        ).order_by("name")
         expected_results = [a.name for a in expected_results]
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(book_cnt=Count('book')).exclude(
-            Q(book_cnt=2), Q(book_cnt=2)).order_by('name')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs,
-            expected_results,
-            lambda b: b.name
+        qs = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(book_cnt=Count("book"))
+            .exclude(Q(book_cnt=2), Q(book_cnt=2))
+            .order_by("name")
         )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, expected_results, lambda b: b.name)
         expected_results = Author.objects.exclude(
-            pk__in=Author.objects.annotate(book_cnt=Count('book')).filter(book_cnt=2)
-        ).order_by('name')
+            pk__in=Author.objects.annotate(book_cnt=Count("book")).filter(book_cnt=2)
+        ).order_by("name")
         expected_results = [a.name for a in expected_results]
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(book_cnt=Count('book')).exclude(Q(book_cnt=2) | Q(book_cnt=2)).order_by('name')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs,
-            expected_results,
-            lambda b: b.name
+        qs = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(book_cnt=Count("book"))
+            .exclude(Q(book_cnt=2) | Q(book_cnt=2))
+            .order_by("name")
         )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, expected_results, lambda b: b.name)
 
     def test_name_filters(self):
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(Count('book')).filter(
-            Q(book__count__exact=2) | Q(name='Adrian Holovaty')
-        ).order_by('name')
+        qs = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(Count("book"))
+            .filter(Q(book__count__exact=2) | Q(name="Adrian Holovaty"))
+            .order_by("name")
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs,
-            ['Adrian Holovaty', 'Peter Norvig'],
-            lambda b: b.name
+            qs, ["Adrian Holovaty", "Peter Norvig"], lambda b: b.name
         )
 
     def test_name_expressions(self):
         # Aggregates are spotted correctly from F objects.
         # Note that Adrian's age is 34 in the fixtures, and he has one book
         # so both conditions match one author.
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(Count('book')).filter(
-            Q(name='Peter Norvig') | Q(age=F('book__count') + 33)
-        ).order_by('name')
+        qs = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(Count("book"))
+            .filter(Q(name="Peter Norvig") | Q(age=F("book__count") + 33))
+            .order_by("name")
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs,
-            ['Adrian Holovaty', 'Peter Norvig'],
-            lambda b: b.name
+            qs, ["Adrian Holovaty", "Peter Norvig"], lambda b: b.name
         )
 
     def test_ticket_11293(self):
         q1 = Q(price__gt=50)
         q2 = Q(authors__count__gt=1)
-        query = Book.objects.annotate(Count('authors')).filter(
-            q1 | q2).order_by('pk')
+        query = Book.objects.annotate(Count("authors")).filter(q1 | q2).order_by("pk")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             query,
             [self.b1.pk, self.b4.pk, self.b5.pk, self.b6.pk],
-            attrgetter('pk'),
+            attrgetter("pk"),
         )
 
     def test_ticket_11293_q_immutable(self):
@@ -1460,9 +1684,9 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
         Splitting a q object to parts for where/having doesn't alter
         the original q-object.
         """
-        q1 = Q(isbn='')
+        q1 = Q(isbn="")
         q2 = Q(authors__count__gt=1)
-        query = Book.objects.annotate(Count('authors'))
+        query = Book.objects.annotate(Count("authors"))
         query.filter(q1 | q2)
         self.assertEqual(len(q2.children), 1)
 
@@ -1470,65 +1694,80 @@ class AggregationTests(TestCase):
         """
         An F() object referring to related column works correctly in group by.
         """
-        qs = Book.objects.annotate(
-            account=Count('authors')
-        ).filter(
-            account=F('publisher__num_awards')
+        qs = Book.objects.annotate(account=Count("authors")).filter(
+            account=F("publisher__num_awards")
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs, ['Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours'],
-            lambda b: b.name)
+            qs, ["Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours"], lambda b: b.name
+        )
 
     def test_annotate_reserved_word(self):
         """
         Regression #18333 - Ensure annotated column name is properly quoted.
         """
-        vals = Book.objects.annotate(select=Count('authors__id')).aggregate(Sum('select'), Avg('select'))
-        self.assertEqual(vals, {
-            'select__sum': 10,
-            'select__avg': Approximate(1.666, places=2),
-        })
+        vals = Book.objects.annotate(select=Count("authors__id")).aggregate(
+            Sum("select"), Avg("select")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            vals,
+            {
+                "select__sum": 10,
+                "select__avg": Approximate(1.666, places=2),
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_annotate_on_relation(self):
-        book = Book.objects.annotate(avg_price=Avg('price'), publisher_name=F('publisher__name')).get(pk=self.b1.pk)
+        book = Book.objects.annotate(
+            avg_price=Avg("price"), publisher_name=F("publisher__name")
+        ).get(pk=self.b1.pk)
         self.assertEqual(book.avg_price, 30.00)
         self.assertEqual(book.publisher_name, "Apress")
 
     def test_aggregate_on_relation(self):
         # A query with an existing annotation aggregation on a relation should
         # succeed.
-        qs = Book.objects.annotate(avg_price=Avg('price')).aggregate(
-            publisher_awards=Sum('publisher__num_awards')
+        qs = Book.objects.annotate(avg_price=Avg("price")).aggregate(
+            publisher_awards=Sum("publisher__num_awards")
         )
-        self.assertEqual(qs['publisher_awards'], 30)
+        self.assertEqual(qs["publisher_awards"], 30)
 
     def test_annotate_distinct_aggregate(self):
         # There are three books with rating of 4.0 and two of the books have
         # the same price. Hence, the distinct removes one rating of 4.0
         # from the results.
-        vals1 = Book.objects.values('rating', 'price').distinct().aggregate(result=Sum('rating'))
-        vals2 = Book.objects.aggregate(result=Sum('rating') - Value(4.0))
+        vals1 = (
+            Book.objects.values("rating", "price")
+            .distinct()
+            .aggregate(result=Sum("rating"))
+        )
+        vals2 = Book.objects.aggregate(result=Sum("rating") - Value(4.0))
         self.assertEqual(vals1, vals2)
 
     def test_annotate_values_list_flat(self):
         """Find ages that are shared by at least two authors."""
-        qs = Author.objects.values_list('age', flat=True).annotate(age_count=Count('age')).filter(age_count__gt=1)
+        qs = (
+            Author.objects.values_list("age", flat=True)
+            .annotate(age_count=Count("age"))
+            .filter(age_count__gt=1)
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [29])
 
     def test_allow_distinct(self):
         class MyAggregate(Aggregate):
             pass
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, 'MyAggregate does not allow distinct'):
-            MyAggregate('foo', distinct=True)
+
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, "MyAggregate does not allow distinct"):
+            MyAggregate("foo", distinct=True)
 
         class DistinctAggregate(Aggregate):
             allow_distinct = True
-        DistinctAggregate('foo', distinct=True)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_subqueries_in_group_by')
+        DistinctAggregate("foo", distinct=True)
+
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_subqueries_in_group_by")
     def test_having_subquery_select(self):
         authors = Author.objects.filter(pk=self.a1.pk)
-        books = Book.objects.annotate(Count('authors')).filter(
+        books = Book.objects.annotate(Count("authors")).filter(
             Q(authors__in=authors) | Q(authors__count__gt=2)
         )
         self.assertEqual(set(books), {self.b1, self.b4})
@@ -1538,7 +1777,7 @@ class JoinPromotionTests(TestCase):
     def test_ticket_21150(self):
         b = Bravo.objects.create()
         c = Charlie.objects.create(bravo=b)
-        qs = Charlie.objects.select_related('alfa').annotate(Count('bravo__charlie'))
+        qs = Charlie.objects.select_related("alfa").annotate(Count("bravo__charlie"))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [c])
         self.assertIs(qs[0].alfa, None)
         a = Alfa.objects.create()
@@ -1551,28 +1790,32 @@ class JoinPromotionTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_existing_join_not_promoted(self):
         # No promotion for existing joins
-        qs = Charlie.objects.filter(alfa__name__isnull=False).annotate(Count('alfa__name'))
-        self.assertIn(' INNER JOIN ', str(qs.query))
+        qs = Charlie.objects.filter(alfa__name__isnull=False).annotate(
+            Count("alfa__name")
+        )
+        self.assertIn(" INNER JOIN ", str(qs.query))
         # Also, the existing join is unpromoted when doing filtering for already
         # promoted join.
-        qs = Charlie.objects.annotate(Count('alfa__name')).filter(alfa__name__isnull=False)
-        self.assertIn(' INNER JOIN ', str(qs.query))
+        qs = Charlie.objects.annotate(Count("alfa__name")).filter(
+            alfa__name__isnull=False
+        )
+        self.assertIn(" INNER JOIN ", str(qs.query))
         # But, as the join is nullable first use by annotate will be LOUTER
-        qs = Charlie.objects.annotate(Count('alfa__name'))
-        self.assertIn(' LEFT OUTER JOIN ', str(qs.query))
+        qs = Charlie.objects.annotate(Count("alfa__name"))
+        self.assertIn(" LEFT OUTER JOIN ", str(qs.query))
 
     def test_non_nullable_fk_not_promoted(self):
-        qs = Book.objects.annotate(Count('contact__name'))
-        self.assertIn(' INNER JOIN ', str(qs.query))
+        qs = Book.objects.annotate(Count("contact__name"))
+        self.assertIn(" INNER JOIN ", str(qs.query))
 
 
 class SelfReferentialFKTests(TestCase):
     def test_ticket_24748(self):
-        t1 = SelfRefFK.objects.create(name='t1')
-        SelfRefFK.objects.create(name='t2', parent=t1)
-        SelfRefFK.objects.create(name='t3', parent=t1)
+        t1 = SelfRefFK.objects.create(name="t1")
+        SelfRefFK.objects.create(name="t2", parent=t1)
+        SelfRefFK.objects.create(name="t3", parent=t1)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            SelfRefFK.objects.annotate(num_children=Count('children')).order_by('name'),
-            [('t1', 2), ('t2', 0), ('t3', 0)],
-            lambda x: (x.name, x.num_children)
+            SelfRefFK.objects.annotate(num_children=Count("children")).order_by("name"),
+            [("t1", 2), ("t2", 0), ("t3", 0)],
+            lambda x: (x.name, x.num_children),
         )
diff --git a/tests/annotations/models.py b/tests/annotations/models.py
index 500240df9b..fbb9ca6988 100644
--- a/tests/annotations/models.py
+++ b/tests/annotations/models.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from django.db import models
 class Author(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     age = models.IntegerField()
-    friends = models.ManyToManyField('self', blank=True)
+    friends = models.ManyToManyField("self", blank=True)
 
 
 class Publisher(models.Model):
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class Book(models.Model):
     rating = models.FloatField()
     price = models.DecimalField(decimal_places=2, max_digits=6)
     authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author)
-    contact = models.ForeignKey(Author, models.CASCADE, related_name='book_contact_set')
+    contact = models.ForeignKey(Author, models.CASCADE, related_name="book_contact_set")
     publisher = models.ForeignKey(Publisher, models.CASCADE)
     pubdate = models.DateField()
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class Store(models.Model):
     books = models.ManyToManyField(Book)
     original_opening = models.DateTimeField()
     friday_night_closing = models.TimeField()
-    area = models.IntegerField(null=True, db_column='surface')
+    area = models.IntegerField(null=True, db_column="surface")
 
 
 class DepartmentStore(Store):
diff --git a/tests/annotations/tests.py b/tests/annotations/tests.py
index 1755a9f435..b4954684aa 100644
--- a/tests/annotations/tests.py
+++ b/tests/annotations/tests.py
@@ -3,35 +3,55 @@ from decimal import Decimal
 
 from django.core.exceptions import FieldDoesNotExist, FieldError
 from django.db.models import (
-    BooleanField, Case, CharField, Count, DateTimeField, DecimalField, Exists,
-    ExpressionWrapper, F, FloatField, Func, IntegerField, Max, OuterRef, Q,
-    Subquery, Sum, Value, When,
+    BooleanField,
+    Case,
+    CharField,
+    Count,
+    DateTimeField,
+    DecimalField,
+    Exists,
+    ExpressionWrapper,
+    F,
+    FloatField,
+    Func,
+    IntegerField,
+    Max,
+    OuterRef,
+    Q,
+    Subquery,
+    Sum,
+    Value,
+    When,
 )
 from django.db.models.expressions import RawSQL
-from django.db.models.functions import (
-    Coalesce, ExtractYear, Floor, Length, Lower, Trim,
-)
+from django.db.models.functions import Coalesce, ExtractYear, Floor, Length, Lower, Trim
 from django.test import TestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
 from django.test.utils import register_lookup
 
 from .models import (
-    Author, Book, Company, DepartmentStore, Employee, Publisher, Store, Ticket,
+    Author,
+    Book,
+    Company,
+    DepartmentStore,
+    Employee,
+    Publisher,
+    Store,
+    Ticket,
 )
 
 
 class NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.a1 = Author.objects.create(name='Adrian Holovaty', age=34)
-        cls.a2 = Author.objects.create(name='Jacob Kaplan-Moss', age=35)
-        cls.a3 = Author.objects.create(name='Brad Dayley', age=45)
-        cls.a4 = Author.objects.create(name='James Bennett', age=29)
-        cls.a5 = Author.objects.create(name='Jeffrey Forcier', age=37)
-        cls.a6 = Author.objects.create(name='Paul Bissex', age=29)
-        cls.a7 = Author.objects.create(name='Wesley J. Chun', age=25)
-        cls.a8 = Author.objects.create(name='Peter Norvig', age=57)
-        cls.a9 = Author.objects.create(name='Stuart Russell', age=46)
+        cls.a1 = Author.objects.create(name="Adrian Holovaty", age=34)
+        cls.a2 = Author.objects.create(name="Jacob Kaplan-Moss", age=35)
+        cls.a3 = Author.objects.create(name="Brad Dayley", age=45)
+        cls.a4 = Author.objects.create(name="James Bennett", age=29)
+        cls.a5 = Author.objects.create(name="Jeffrey Forcier", age=37)
+        cls.a6 = Author.objects.create(name="Paul Bissex", age=29)
+        cls.a7 = Author.objects.create(name="Wesley J. Chun", age=25)
+        cls.a8 = Author.objects.create(name="Peter Norvig", age=57)
+        cls.a9 = Author.objects.create(name="Stuart Russell", age=46)
         cls.a1.friends.add(cls.a2, cls.a4)
         cls.a2.friends.add(cls.a1, cls.a7)
         cls.a4.friends.add(cls.a1)
@@ -41,41 +61,71 @@ class NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase(TestCase):
         cls.a8.friends.add(cls.a9)
         cls.a9.friends.add(cls.a8)
 
-        cls.p1 = Publisher.objects.create(name='Apress', num_awards=3)
-        cls.p2 = Publisher.objects.create(name='Sams', num_awards=1)
-        cls.p3 = Publisher.objects.create(name='Prentice Hall', num_awards=7)
-        cls.p4 = Publisher.objects.create(name='Morgan Kaufmann', num_awards=9)
+        cls.p1 = Publisher.objects.create(name="Apress", num_awards=3)
+        cls.p2 = Publisher.objects.create(name="Sams", num_awards=1)
+        cls.p3 = Publisher.objects.create(name="Prentice Hall", num_awards=7)
+        cls.p4 = Publisher.objects.create(name="Morgan Kaufmann", num_awards=9)
         cls.p5 = Publisher.objects.create(name="Jonno's House of Books", num_awards=0)
 
         cls.b1 = Book.objects.create(
-            isbn='159059725', name='The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right',
-            pages=447, rating=4.5, price=Decimal('30.00'), contact=cls.a1, publisher=cls.p1,
-            pubdate=datetime.date(2007, 12, 6)
+            isbn="159059725",
+            name="The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right",
+            pages=447,
+            rating=4.5,
+            price=Decimal("30.00"),
+            contact=cls.a1,
+            publisher=cls.p1,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(2007, 12, 6),
         )
         cls.b2 = Book.objects.create(
-            isbn='067232959', name='Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours',
-            pages=528, rating=3.0, price=Decimal('23.09'), contact=cls.a3, publisher=cls.p2,
-            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 3, 3)
+            isbn="067232959",
+            name="Sams Teach Yourself Django in 24 Hours",
+            pages=528,
+            rating=3.0,
+            price=Decimal("23.09"),
+            contact=cls.a3,
+            publisher=cls.p2,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 3, 3),
         )
         cls.b3 = Book.objects.create(
-            isbn='159059996', name='Practical Django Projects',
-            pages=300, rating=4.0, price=Decimal('29.69'), contact=cls.a4, publisher=cls.p1,
-            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 6, 23)
+            isbn="159059996",
+            name="Practical Django Projects",
+            pages=300,
+            rating=4.0,
+            price=Decimal("29.69"),
+            contact=cls.a4,
+            publisher=cls.p1,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 6, 23),
         )
         cls.b4 = Book.objects.create(
-            isbn='013235613', name='Python Web Development with Django',
-            pages=350, rating=4.0, price=Decimal('29.69'), contact=cls.a5, publisher=cls.p3,
-            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 11, 3)
+            isbn="013235613",
+            name="Python Web Development with Django",
+            pages=350,
+            rating=4.0,
+            price=Decimal("29.69"),
+            contact=cls.a5,
+            publisher=cls.p3,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 11, 3),
         )
         cls.b5 = Book.objects.create(
-            isbn='013790395', name='Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach',
-            pages=1132, rating=4.0, price=Decimal('82.80'), contact=cls.a8, publisher=cls.p3,
-            pubdate=datetime.date(1995, 1, 15)
+            isbn="013790395",
+            name="Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach",
+            pages=1132,
+            rating=4.0,
+            price=Decimal("82.80"),
+            contact=cls.a8,
+            publisher=cls.p3,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(1995, 1, 15),
         )
         cls.b6 = Book.objects.create(
-            isbn='155860191', name='Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp',
-            pages=946, rating=5.0, price=Decimal('75.00'), contact=cls.a8, publisher=cls.p4,
-            pubdate=datetime.date(1991, 10, 15)
+            isbn="155860191",
+            name="Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp",
+            pages=946,
+            rating=5.0,
+            price=Decimal("75.00"),
+            contact=cls.a8,
+            publisher=cls.p4,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(1991, 10, 15),
         )
         cls.b1.authors.add(cls.a1, cls.a2)
         cls.b2.authors.add(cls.a3)
@@ -85,19 +135,19 @@ class NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase(TestCase):
         cls.b6.authors.add(cls.a8)
 
         cls.s1 = Store.objects.create(
-            name='Amazon.com',
+            name="Amazon.com",
             original_opening=datetime.datetime(1994, 4, 23, 9, 17, 42),
-            friday_night_closing=datetime.time(23, 59, 59)
+            friday_night_closing=datetime.time(23, 59, 59),
         )
         cls.s2 = Store.objects.create(
-            name='Books.com',
+            name="Books.com",
             original_opening=datetime.datetime(2001, 3, 15, 11, 23, 37),
-            friday_night_closing=datetime.time(23, 59, 59)
+            friday_night_closing=datetime.time(23, 59, 59),
         )
         cls.s3 = Store.objects.create(
             name="Mamma and Pappa's Books",
             original_opening=datetime.datetime(1945, 4, 25, 16, 24, 14),
-            friday_night_closing=datetime.time(21, 30)
+            friday_night_closing=datetime.time(21, 30),
         )
         cls.s1.books.add(cls.b1, cls.b2, cls.b3, cls.b4, cls.b5, cls.b6)
         cls.s2.books.add(cls.b1, cls.b3, cls.b5, cls.b6)
@@ -109,42 +159,45 @@ class NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase(TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(book.is_book, 1)
 
     def test_basic_f_annotation(self):
-        books = Book.objects.annotate(another_rating=F('rating'))
+        books = Book.objects.annotate(another_rating=F("rating"))
         for book in books:
             self.assertEqual(book.another_rating, book.rating)
 
     def test_joined_annotation(self):
-        books = Book.objects.select_related('publisher').annotate(
-            num_awards=F('publisher__num_awards'))
+        books = Book.objects.select_related("publisher").annotate(
+            num_awards=F("publisher__num_awards")
+        )
         for book in books:
             self.assertEqual(book.num_awards, book.publisher.num_awards)
 
     def test_joined_transformed_annotation(self):
-        Employee.objects.bulk_create([
-            Employee(
-                first_name='John',
-                last_name='Doe',
-                age=18,
-                store=self.s1,
-                salary=15000,
-            ),
-            Employee(
-                first_name='Jane',
-                last_name='Jones',
-                age=30,
-                store=self.s2,
-                salary=30000,
-            ),
-            Employee(
-                first_name='Jo',
-                last_name='Smith',
-                age=55,
-                store=self.s3,
-                salary=50000,
-            ),
-        ])
+        Employee.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Employee(
+                    first_name="John",
+                    last_name="Doe",
+                    age=18,
+                    store=self.s1,
+                    salary=15000,
+                ),
+                Employee(
+                    first_name="Jane",
+                    last_name="Jones",
+                    age=30,
+                    store=self.s2,
+                    salary=30000,
+                ),
+                Employee(
+                    first_name="Jo",
+                    last_name="Smith",
+                    age=55,
+                    store=self.s3,
+                    salary=50000,
+                ),
+            ]
+        )
         employees = Employee.objects.annotate(
-            store_opened_year=F('store__original_opening__year'),
+            store_opened_year=F("store__original_opening__year"),
         )
         for employee in employees:
             self.assertEqual(
@@ -154,28 +207,31 @@ class NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase(TestCase):
 
     def test_custom_transform_annotation(self):
         with register_lookup(DecimalField, Floor):
-            books = Book.objects.annotate(floor_price=F('price__floor'))
+            books = Book.objects.annotate(floor_price=F("price__floor"))
 
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(books.values_list('pk', 'floor_price'), [
-            (self.b1.pk, 30),
-            (self.b2.pk, 23),
-            (self.b3.pk, 29),
-            (self.b4.pk, 29),
-            (self.b5.pk, 82),
-            (self.b6.pk, 75),
-        ])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            books.values_list("pk", "floor_price"),
+            [
+                (self.b1.pk, 30),
+                (self.b2.pk, 23),
+                (self.b3.pk, 29),
+                (self.b4.pk, 29),
+                (self.b5.pk, 82),
+                (self.b6.pk, 75),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_chaining_transforms(self):
-        Company.objects.create(name=' Django Software Foundation  ')
-        Company.objects.create(name='Yahoo')
+        Company.objects.create(name=" Django Software Foundation  ")
+        Company.objects.create(name="Yahoo")
         with register_lookup(CharField, Trim), register_lookup(CharField, Length):
-            for expr in [Length('name__trim'), F('name__trim__length')]:
+            for expr in [Length("name__trim"), F("name__trim__length")]:
                 with self.subTest(expr=expr):
                     self.assertCountEqual(
-                        Company.objects.annotate(length=expr).values('name', 'length'),
+                        Company.objects.annotate(length=expr).values("name", "length"),
                         [
-                            {'name': ' Django Software Foundation  ', 'length': 26},
-                            {'name': 'Yahoo', 'length': 5},
+                            {"name": " Django Software Foundation  ", "length": 26},
+                            {"name": "Yahoo", "length": 5},
                         ],
                     )
 
@@ -185,14 +241,18 @@ class NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase(TestCase):
         expires = datetime.datetime(2015, 3, 20, 14, 0, 0) + duration
         Ticket.objects.create(active_at=active, duration=duration)
         t = Ticket.objects.annotate(
-            expires=ExpressionWrapper(F('active_at') + F('duration'), output_field=DateTimeField())
+            expires=ExpressionWrapper(
+                F("active_at") + F("duration"), output_field=DateTimeField()
+            )
         ).first()
         self.assertEqual(t.expires, expires)
 
     def test_mixed_type_annotation_numbers(self):
         test = self.b1
         b = Book.objects.annotate(
-            combined=ExpressionWrapper(F('pages') + F('rating'), output_field=IntegerField())
+            combined=ExpressionWrapper(
+                F("pages") + F("rating"), output_field=IntegerField()
+            )
         ).get(isbn=test.isbn)
         combined = int(test.pages + test.rating)
         self.assertEqual(b.combined, combined)
@@ -205,7 +265,9 @@ class NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase(TestCase):
         self.assertTrue(all(not book.selected for book in books))
 
         books = Book.objects.annotate(
-            selected=ExpressionWrapper(Q(pk__in=Book.objects.none()), output_field=BooleanField())
+            selected=ExpressionWrapper(
+                Q(pk__in=Book.objects.none()), output_field=BooleanField()
+            )
         )
         self.assertEqual(len(books), Book.objects.count())
         self.assertTrue(all(not book.selected for book in books))
@@ -218,112 +280,137 @@ class NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase(TestCase):
         self.assertTrue(all(book.selected for book in books))
 
     def test_full_expression_annotation_with_aggregation(self):
-        qs = Book.objects.filter(isbn='159059725').annotate(
+        qs = Book.objects.filter(isbn="159059725").annotate(
             selected=ExpressionWrapper(~Q(pk__in=[]), output_field=BooleanField()),
-            rating_count=Count('rating'),
+            rating_count=Count("rating"),
         )
         self.assertEqual([book.rating_count for book in qs], [1])
 
     def test_aggregate_over_full_expression_annotation(self):
         qs = Book.objects.annotate(
             selected=ExpressionWrapper(~Q(pk__in=[]), output_field=BooleanField()),
-        ).aggregate(Sum('selected'))
-        self.assertEqual(qs['selected__sum'], Book.objects.count())
+        ).aggregate(Sum("selected"))
+        self.assertEqual(qs["selected__sum"], Book.objects.count())
 
     def test_empty_queryset_annotation(self):
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(
-            empty=Subquery(Author.objects.values('id').none())
-        )
+        qs = Author.objects.annotate(empty=Subquery(Author.objects.values("id").none()))
         self.assertIsNone(qs.first().empty)
 
     def test_annotate_with_aggregation(self):
-        books = Book.objects.annotate(is_book=Value(1), rating_count=Count('rating'))
+        books = Book.objects.annotate(is_book=Value(1), rating_count=Count("rating"))
         for book in books:
             self.assertEqual(book.is_book, 1)
             self.assertEqual(book.rating_count, 1)
 
     def test_combined_expression_annotation_with_aggregation(self):
         book = Book.objects.annotate(
-            combined=ExpressionWrapper(Value(3) * Value(4), output_field=IntegerField()),
-            rating_count=Count('rating'),
+            combined=ExpressionWrapper(
+                Value(3) * Value(4), output_field=IntegerField()
+            ),
+            rating_count=Count("rating"),
         ).first()
         self.assertEqual(book.combined, 12)
         self.assertEqual(book.rating_count, 1)
 
     def test_combined_f_expression_annotation_with_aggregation(self):
-        book = Book.objects.filter(isbn='159059725').annotate(
-            combined=ExpressionWrapper(F('price') * F('pages'), output_field=FloatField()),
-            rating_count=Count('rating'),
-        ).first()
+        book = (
+            Book.objects.filter(isbn="159059725")
+            .annotate(
+                combined=ExpressionWrapper(
+                    F("price") * F("pages"), output_field=FloatField()
+                ),
+                rating_count=Count("rating"),
+            )
+            .first()
+        )
         self.assertEqual(book.combined, 13410.0)
         self.assertEqual(book.rating_count, 1)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_boolean_expr_in_select_clause')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_boolean_expr_in_select_clause")
     def test_q_expression_annotation_with_aggregation(self):
-        book = Book.objects.filter(isbn='159059725').annotate(
-            isnull_pubdate=ExpressionWrapper(
-                Q(pubdate__isnull=True),
-                output_field=BooleanField(),
-            ),
-            rating_count=Count('rating'),
-        ).first()
+        book = (
+            Book.objects.filter(isbn="159059725")
+            .annotate(
+                isnull_pubdate=ExpressionWrapper(
+                    Q(pubdate__isnull=True),
+                    output_field=BooleanField(),
+                ),
+                rating_count=Count("rating"),
+            )
+            .first()
+        )
         self.assertIs(book.isnull_pubdate, False)
         self.assertEqual(book.rating_count, 1)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_boolean_expr_in_select_clause')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_boolean_expr_in_select_clause")
     def test_grouping_by_q_expression_annotation(self):
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(
-            under_40=ExpressionWrapper(Q(age__lt=40), output_field=BooleanField()),
-        ).values('under_40').annotate(
-            count_id=Count('id'),
-        ).values('under_40', 'count_id')
-        self.assertCountEqual(authors, [
-            {'under_40': False, 'count_id': 3},
-            {'under_40': True, 'count_id': 6},
-        ])
+        authors = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(
+                under_40=ExpressionWrapper(Q(age__lt=40), output_field=BooleanField()),
+            )
+            .values("under_40")
+            .annotate(
+                count_id=Count("id"),
+            )
+            .values("under_40", "count_id")
+        )
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            authors,
+            [
+                {"under_40": False, "count_id": 3},
+                {"under_40": True, "count_id": 6},
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_aggregate_over_annotation(self):
-        agg = Author.objects.annotate(other_age=F('age')).aggregate(otherage_sum=Sum('other_age'))
-        other_agg = Author.objects.aggregate(age_sum=Sum('age'))
-        self.assertEqual(agg['otherage_sum'], other_agg['age_sum'])
+        agg = Author.objects.annotate(other_age=F("age")).aggregate(
+            otherage_sum=Sum("other_age")
+        )
+        other_agg = Author.objects.aggregate(age_sum=Sum("age"))
+        self.assertEqual(agg["otherage_sum"], other_agg["age_sum"])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_distinct_on_fields')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_distinct_on_fields")
     def test_distinct_on_with_annotation(self):
         store = Store.objects.create(
-            name='test store',
+            name="test store",
             original_opening=datetime.datetime.now(),
             friday_night_closing=datetime.time(21, 00, 00),
         )
         names = [
-            'Theodore Roosevelt',
-            'Eleanor Roosevelt',
-            'Franklin Roosevelt',
-            'Ned Stark',
-            'Catelyn Stark',
+            "Theodore Roosevelt",
+            "Eleanor Roosevelt",
+            "Franklin Roosevelt",
+            "Ned Stark",
+            "Catelyn Stark",
         ]
         for name in names:
             Employee.objects.create(
                 store=store,
                 first_name=name.split()[0],
                 last_name=name.split()[1],
-                age=30, salary=2000,
+                age=30,
+                salary=2000,
             )
 
         people = Employee.objects.annotate(
-            name_lower=Lower('last_name'),
-        ).distinct('name_lower')
+            name_lower=Lower("last_name"),
+        ).distinct("name_lower")
 
-        self.assertEqual({p.last_name for p in people}, {'Stark', 'Roosevelt'})
+        self.assertEqual({p.last_name for p in people}, {"Stark", "Roosevelt"})
         self.assertEqual(len(people), 2)
 
         people2 = Employee.objects.annotate(
-            test_alias=F('store__name'),
-        ).distinct('test_alias')
+            test_alias=F("store__name"),
+        ).distinct("test_alias")
         self.assertEqual(len(people2), 1)
 
-        lengths = Employee.objects.annotate(
-            name_len=Length('first_name'),
-        ).distinct('name_len').values_list('name_len', flat=True)
+        lengths = (
+            Employee.objects.annotate(
+                name_len=Length("first_name"),
+            )
+            .distinct("name_len")
+            .values_list("name_len", flat=True)
+        )
         self.assertCountEqual(lengths, [3, 7, 8])
 
     def test_filter_annotation(self):
@@ -332,83 +419,104 @@ class NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase(TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(book.is_book, 1)
 
     def test_filter_annotation_with_f(self):
-        books = Book.objects.annotate(
-            other_rating=F('rating')
-        ).filter(other_rating=3.5)
+        books = Book.objects.annotate(other_rating=F("rating")).filter(other_rating=3.5)
         for book in books:
             self.assertEqual(book.other_rating, 3.5)
 
     def test_filter_annotation_with_double_f(self):
-        books = Book.objects.annotate(
-            other_rating=F('rating')
-        ).filter(other_rating=F('rating'))
+        books = Book.objects.annotate(other_rating=F("rating")).filter(
+            other_rating=F("rating")
+        )
         for book in books:
             self.assertEqual(book.other_rating, book.rating)
 
     def test_filter_agg_with_double_f(self):
-        books = Book.objects.annotate(
-            sum_rating=Sum('rating')
-        ).filter(sum_rating=F('sum_rating'))
+        books = Book.objects.annotate(sum_rating=Sum("rating")).filter(
+            sum_rating=F("sum_rating")
+        )
         for book in books:
             self.assertEqual(book.sum_rating, book.rating)
 
     def test_filter_wrong_annotation(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, "Cannot resolve keyword 'nope' into field."):
-            list(Book.objects.annotate(
-                sum_rating=Sum('rating')
-            ).filter(sum_rating=F('nope')))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldError, "Cannot resolve keyword 'nope' into field."
+        ):
+            list(
+                Book.objects.annotate(sum_rating=Sum("rating")).filter(
+                    sum_rating=F("nope")
+                )
+            )
 
     def test_decimal_annotation(self):
-        salary = Decimal(10) ** -Employee._meta.get_field('salary').decimal_places
+        salary = Decimal(10) ** -Employee._meta.get_field("salary").decimal_places
         Employee.objects.create(
-            first_name='Max',
-            last_name='Paine',
+            first_name="Max",
+            last_name="Paine",
             store=Store.objects.first(),
             age=23,
             salary=salary,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            Employee.objects.annotate(new_salary=F('salary') / 10).get().new_salary,
+            Employee.objects.annotate(new_salary=F("salary") / 10).get().new_salary,
             salary / 10,
         )
 
     def test_filter_decimal_annotation(self):
-        qs = Book.objects.annotate(new_price=F('price') + 1).filter(new_price=Decimal(31)).values_list('new_price')
+        qs = (
+            Book.objects.annotate(new_price=F("price") + 1)
+            .filter(new_price=Decimal(31))
+            .values_list("new_price")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(qs.get(), (Decimal(31),))
 
     def test_combined_annotation_commutative(self):
-        book1 = Book.objects.annotate(adjusted_rating=F('rating') + 2).get(pk=self.b1.pk)
-        book2 = Book.objects.annotate(adjusted_rating=2 + F('rating')).get(pk=self.b1.pk)
+        book1 = Book.objects.annotate(adjusted_rating=F("rating") + 2).get(
+            pk=self.b1.pk
+        )
+        book2 = Book.objects.annotate(adjusted_rating=2 + F("rating")).get(
+            pk=self.b1.pk
+        )
         self.assertEqual(book1.adjusted_rating, book2.adjusted_rating)
-        book1 = Book.objects.annotate(adjusted_rating=F('rating') + None).get(pk=self.b1.pk)
-        book2 = Book.objects.annotate(adjusted_rating=None + F('rating')).get(pk=self.b1.pk)
+        book1 = Book.objects.annotate(adjusted_rating=F("rating") + None).get(
+            pk=self.b1.pk
+        )
+        book2 = Book.objects.annotate(adjusted_rating=None + F("rating")).get(
+            pk=self.b1.pk
+        )
         self.assertEqual(book1.adjusted_rating, book2.adjusted_rating)
 
     def test_update_with_annotation(self):
         book_preupdate = Book.objects.get(pk=self.b2.pk)
-        Book.objects.annotate(other_rating=F('rating') - 1).update(rating=F('other_rating'))
+        Book.objects.annotate(other_rating=F("rating") - 1).update(
+            rating=F("other_rating")
+        )
         book_postupdate = Book.objects.get(pk=self.b2.pk)
         self.assertEqual(book_preupdate.rating - 1, book_postupdate.rating)
 
     def test_annotation_with_m2m(self):
-        books = Book.objects.annotate(author_age=F('authors__age')).filter(pk=self.b1.pk).order_by('author_age')
+        books = (
+            Book.objects.annotate(author_age=F("authors__age"))
+            .filter(pk=self.b1.pk)
+            .order_by("author_age")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(books[0].author_age, 34)
         self.assertEqual(books[1].author_age, 35)
 
     def test_annotation_reverse_m2m(self):
-        books = Book.objects.annotate(
-            store_name=F('store__name'),
-        ).filter(
-            name='Practical Django Projects',
-        ).order_by('store_name')
+        books = (
+            Book.objects.annotate(
+                store_name=F("store__name"),
+            )
+            .filter(
+                name="Practical Django Projects",
+            )
+            .order_by("store_name")
+        )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            books, [
-                'Amazon.com',
-                'Books.com',
-                'Mamma and Pappa\'s Books'
-            ],
-            lambda b: b.store_name
+            books,
+            ["Amazon.com", "Books.com", "Mamma and Pappa's Books"],
+            lambda b: b.store_name,
         )
 
     def test_values_annotation(self):
@@ -417,33 +525,39 @@ class NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase(TestCase):
         and contribute to an existing values clause.
         """
         # annotate references a field in values()
-        qs = Book.objects.values('rating').annotate(other_rating=F('rating') - 1)
+        qs = Book.objects.values("rating").annotate(other_rating=F("rating") - 1)
         book = qs.get(pk=self.b1.pk)
-        self.assertEqual(book['rating'] - 1, book['other_rating'])
+        self.assertEqual(book["rating"] - 1, book["other_rating"])
 
         # filter refs the annotated value
         book = qs.get(other_rating=4)
-        self.assertEqual(book['other_rating'], 4)
+        self.assertEqual(book["other_rating"], 4)
 
         # can annotate an existing values with a new field
-        book = qs.annotate(other_isbn=F('isbn')).get(other_rating=4)
-        self.assertEqual(book['other_rating'], 4)
-        self.assertEqual(book['other_isbn'], '155860191')
+        book = qs.annotate(other_isbn=F("isbn")).get(other_rating=4)
+        self.assertEqual(book["other_rating"], 4)
+        self.assertEqual(book["other_isbn"], "155860191")
 
     def test_values_with_pk_annotation(self):
         # annotate references a field in values() with pk
-        publishers = Publisher.objects.values('id', 'book__rating').annotate(total=Sum('book__rating'))
+        publishers = Publisher.objects.values("id", "book__rating").annotate(
+            total=Sum("book__rating")
+        )
         for publisher in publishers.filter(pk=self.p1.pk):
-            self.assertEqual(publisher['book__rating'], publisher['total'])
+            self.assertEqual(publisher["book__rating"], publisher["total"])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('allows_group_by_pk')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("allows_group_by_pk")
     def test_rawsql_group_by_collapse(self):
-        raw = RawSQL('SELECT MIN(id) FROM annotations_book', [])
-        qs = Author.objects.values('id').annotate(
-            min_book_id=raw,
-            count_friends=Count('friends'),
-        ).order_by()
-        _, _, group_by = qs.query.get_compiler(using='default').pre_sql_setup()
+        raw = RawSQL("SELECT MIN(id) FROM annotations_book", [])
+        qs = (
+            Author.objects.values("id")
+            .annotate(
+                min_book_id=raw,
+                count_friends=Count("friends"),
+            )
+            .order_by()
+        )
+        _, _, group_by = qs.query.get_compiler(using="default").pre_sql_setup()
         self.assertEqual(len(group_by), 1)
         self.assertNotEqual(raw, group_by[0])
 
@@ -452,15 +566,17 @@ class NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase(TestCase):
         Deferred attributes can be referenced by an annotation,
         but they are not themselves deferred, and cannot be deferred.
         """
-        qs = Book.objects.defer('rating').annotate(other_rating=F('rating') - 1)
+        qs = Book.objects.defer("rating").annotate(other_rating=F("rating") - 1)
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
             book = qs.get(other_rating=4)
             self.assertEqual(book.rating, 5)
             self.assertEqual(book.other_rating, 4)
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldDoesNotExist, "Book has no field named 'other_rating'"):
-            book = qs.defer('other_rating').get(other_rating=4)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldDoesNotExist, "Book has no field named 'other_rating'"
+        ):
+            book = qs.defer("other_rating").get(other_rating=4)
 
     def test_mti_annotations(self):
         """
@@ -468,80 +584,108 @@ class NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase(TestCase):
         annotated field.
         """
         d = DepartmentStore.objects.create(
-            name='Angus & Robinson',
+            name="Angus & Robinson",
             original_opening=datetime.date(2014, 3, 8),
             friday_night_closing=datetime.time(21, 00, 00),
-            chain='Westfield'
+            chain="Westfield",
         )
 
         books = Book.objects.filter(rating__gt=4)
         for b in books:
             d.books.add(b)
 
-        qs = DepartmentStore.objects.annotate(
-            other_name=F('name'),
-            other_chain=F('chain'),
-            is_open=Value(True, BooleanField()),
-            book_isbn=F('books__isbn')
-        ).order_by('book_isbn').filter(chain='Westfield')
+        qs = (
+            DepartmentStore.objects.annotate(
+                other_name=F("name"),
+                other_chain=F("chain"),
+                is_open=Value(True, BooleanField()),
+                book_isbn=F("books__isbn"),
+            )
+            .order_by("book_isbn")
+            .filter(chain="Westfield")
+        )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs, [
-                ('Angus & Robinson', 'Westfield', True, '155860191'),
-                ('Angus & Robinson', 'Westfield', True, '159059725')
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Angus & Robinson", "Westfield", True, "155860191"),
+                ("Angus & Robinson", "Westfield", True, "159059725"),
             ],
-            lambda d: (d.other_name, d.other_chain, d.is_open, d.book_isbn)
+            lambda d: (d.other_name, d.other_chain, d.is_open, d.book_isbn),
         )
 
     def test_null_annotation(self):
         """
         Annotating None onto a model round-trips
         """
-        book = Book.objects.annotate(no_value=Value(None, output_field=IntegerField())).first()
+        book = Book.objects.annotate(
+            no_value=Value(None, output_field=IntegerField())
+        ).first()
         self.assertIsNone(book.no_value)
 
     def test_order_by_annotation(self):
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(other_age=F('age')).order_by('other_age')
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(other_age=F("age")).order_by("other_age")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors, [
-                25, 29, 29, 34, 35, 37, 45, 46, 57,
+            authors,
+            [
+                25,
+                29,
+                29,
+                34,
+                35,
+                37,
+                45,
+                46,
+                57,
             ],
-            lambda a: a.other_age
+            lambda a: a.other_age,
         )
 
     def test_order_by_aggregate(self):
-        authors = Author.objects.values('age').annotate(age_count=Count('age')).order_by('age_count', 'age')
+        authors = (
+            Author.objects.values("age")
+            .annotate(age_count=Count("age"))
+            .order_by("age_count", "age")
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors, [
-                (25, 1), (34, 1), (35, 1), (37, 1), (45, 1), (46, 1), (57, 1), (29, 2),
+            authors,
+            [
+                (25, 1),
+                (34, 1),
+                (35, 1),
+                (37, 1),
+                (45, 1),
+                (46, 1),
+                (57, 1),
+                (29, 2),
             ],
-            lambda a: (a['age'], a['age_count'])
+            lambda a: (a["age"], a["age_count"]),
         )
 
     def test_raw_sql_with_inherited_field(self):
         DepartmentStore.objects.create(
-            name='Angus & Robinson',
+            name="Angus & Robinson",
             original_opening=datetime.date(2014, 3, 8),
             friday_night_closing=datetime.time(21),
-            chain='Westfield',
+            chain="Westfield",
             area=123,
         )
         tests = (
-            ('name', 'Angus & Robinson'),
-            ('surface', 123),
-            ("case when name='Angus & Robinson' then chain else name end", 'Westfield'),
+            ("name", "Angus & Robinson"),
+            ("surface", 123),
+            ("case when name='Angus & Robinson' then chain else name end", "Westfield"),
         )
         for sql, expected_result in tests:
             with self.subTest(sql=sql):
                 self.assertSequenceEqual(
                     DepartmentStore.objects.annotate(
                         annotation=RawSQL(sql, ()),
-                    ).values_list('annotation', flat=True),
+                    ).values_list("annotation", flat=True),
                     [expected_result],
                 )
 
     def test_annotate_exists(self):
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(c=Count('id')).filter(c__gt=1)
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(c=Count("id")).filter(c__gt=1)
         self.assertFalse(authors.exists())
 
     def test_column_field_ordering(self):
@@ -555,111 +699,203 @@ class NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase(TestCase):
         4. model_related_fields
         """
         store = Store.objects.first()
-        Employee.objects.create(id=1, first_name='Max', manager=True, last_name='Paine',
-                                store=store, age=23, salary=Decimal(50000.00))
-        Employee.objects.create(id=2, first_name='Buffy', manager=False, last_name='Summers',
-                                store=store, age=18, salary=Decimal(40000.00))
+        Employee.objects.create(
+            id=1,
+            first_name="Max",
+            manager=True,
+            last_name="Paine",
+            store=store,
+            age=23,
+            salary=Decimal(50000.00),
+        )
+        Employee.objects.create(
+            id=2,
+            first_name="Buffy",
+            manager=False,
+            last_name="Summers",
+            store=store,
+            age=18,
+            salary=Decimal(40000.00),
+        )
 
-        qs = Employee.objects.extra(
-            select={'random_value': '42'}
-        ).select_related('store').annotate(
-            annotated_value=Value(17),
+        qs = (
+            Employee.objects.extra(select={"random_value": "42"})
+            .select_related("store")
+            .annotate(
+                annotated_value=Value(17),
+            )
         )
 
         rows = [
-            (1, 'Max', True, 42, 'Paine', 23, Decimal(50000.00), store.name, 17),
-            (2, 'Buffy', False, 42, 'Summers', 18, Decimal(40000.00), store.name, 17)
+            (1, "Max", True, 42, "Paine", 23, Decimal(50000.00), store.name, 17),
+            (2, "Buffy", False, 42, "Summers", 18, Decimal(40000.00), store.name, 17),
         ]
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs.order_by('id'), rows,
+            qs.order_by("id"),
+            rows,
             lambda e: (
-                e.id, e.first_name, e.manager, e.random_value, e.last_name, e.age,
-                e.salary, e.store.name, e.annotated_value))
+                e.id,
+                e.first_name,
+                e.manager,
+                e.random_value,
+                e.last_name,
+                e.age,
+                e.salary,
+                e.store.name,
+                e.annotated_value,
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_column_field_ordering_with_deferred(self):
         store = Store.objects.first()
-        Employee.objects.create(id=1, first_name='Max', manager=True, last_name='Paine',
-                                store=store, age=23, salary=Decimal(50000.00))
-        Employee.objects.create(id=2, first_name='Buffy', manager=False, last_name='Summers',
-                                store=store, age=18, salary=Decimal(40000.00))
+        Employee.objects.create(
+            id=1,
+            first_name="Max",
+            manager=True,
+            last_name="Paine",
+            store=store,
+            age=23,
+            salary=Decimal(50000.00),
+        )
+        Employee.objects.create(
+            id=2,
+            first_name="Buffy",
+            manager=False,
+            last_name="Summers",
+            store=store,
+            age=18,
+            salary=Decimal(40000.00),
+        )
 
-        qs = Employee.objects.extra(
-            select={'random_value': '42'}
-        ).select_related('store').annotate(
-            annotated_value=Value(17),
+        qs = (
+            Employee.objects.extra(select={"random_value": "42"})
+            .select_related("store")
+            .annotate(
+                annotated_value=Value(17),
+            )
         )
 
         rows = [
-            (1, 'Max', True, 42, 'Paine', 23, Decimal(50000.00), store.name, 17),
-            (2, 'Buffy', False, 42, 'Summers', 18, Decimal(40000.00), store.name, 17)
+            (1, "Max", True, 42, "Paine", 23, Decimal(50000.00), store.name, 17),
+            (2, "Buffy", False, 42, "Summers", 18, Decimal(40000.00), store.name, 17),
         ]
 
         # and we respect deferred columns!
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs.defer('age').order_by('id'), rows,
+            qs.defer("age").order_by("id"),
+            rows,
             lambda e: (
-                e.id, e.first_name, e.manager, e.random_value, e.last_name, e.age,
-                e.salary, e.store.name, e.annotated_value))
+                e.id,
+                e.first_name,
+                e.manager,
+                e.random_value,
+                e.last_name,
+                e.age,
+                e.salary,
+                e.store.name,
+                e.annotated_value,
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_custom_functions(self):
-        Company(name='Apple', motto=None, ticker_name='APPL', description='Beautiful Devices').save()
-        Company(name='Django Software Foundation', motto=None, ticker_name=None, description=None).save()
-        Company(name='Google', motto='Do No Evil', ticker_name='GOOG', description='Internet Company').save()
-        Company(name='Yahoo', motto=None, ticker_name=None, description='Internet Company').save()
+        Company(
+            name="Apple",
+            motto=None,
+            ticker_name="APPL",
+            description="Beautiful Devices",
+        ).save()
+        Company(
+            name="Django Software Foundation",
+            motto=None,
+            ticker_name=None,
+            description=None,
+        ).save()
+        Company(
+            name="Google",
+            motto="Do No Evil",
+            ticker_name="GOOG",
+            description="Internet Company",
+        ).save()
+        Company(
+            name="Yahoo", motto=None, ticker_name=None, description="Internet Company"
+        ).save()
 
         qs = Company.objects.annotate(
             tagline=Func(
-                F('motto'),
-                F('ticker_name'),
-                F('description'),
-                Value('No Tag'),
-                function='COALESCE'
+                F("motto"),
+                F("ticker_name"),
+                F("description"),
+                Value("No Tag"),
+                function="COALESCE",
             )
-        ).order_by('name')
+        ).order_by("name")
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs, [
-                ('Apple', 'APPL'),
-                ('Django Software Foundation', 'No Tag'),
-                ('Google', 'Do No Evil'),
-                ('Yahoo', 'Internet Company')
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Apple", "APPL"),
+                ("Django Software Foundation", "No Tag"),
+                ("Google", "Do No Evil"),
+                ("Yahoo", "Internet Company"),
             ],
-            lambda c: (c.name, c.tagline)
+            lambda c: (c.name, c.tagline),
         )
 
     def test_custom_functions_can_ref_other_functions(self):
-        Company(name='Apple', motto=None, ticker_name='APPL', description='Beautiful Devices').save()
-        Company(name='Django Software Foundation', motto=None, ticker_name=None, description=None).save()
-        Company(name='Google', motto='Do No Evil', ticker_name='GOOG', description='Internet Company').save()
-        Company(name='Yahoo', motto=None, ticker_name=None, description='Internet Company').save()
+        Company(
+            name="Apple",
+            motto=None,
+            ticker_name="APPL",
+            description="Beautiful Devices",
+        ).save()
+        Company(
+            name="Django Software Foundation",
+            motto=None,
+            ticker_name=None,
+            description=None,
+        ).save()
+        Company(
+            name="Google",
+            motto="Do No Evil",
+            ticker_name="GOOG",
+            description="Internet Company",
+        ).save()
+        Company(
+            name="Yahoo", motto=None, ticker_name=None, description="Internet Company"
+        ).save()
 
         class Lower(Func):
-            function = 'LOWER'
+            function = "LOWER"
 
-        qs = Company.objects.annotate(
-            tagline=Func(
-                F('motto'),
-                F('ticker_name'),
-                F('description'),
-                Value('No Tag'),
-                function='COALESCE',
+        qs = (
+            Company.objects.annotate(
+                tagline=Func(
+                    F("motto"),
+                    F("ticker_name"),
+                    F("description"),
+                    Value("No Tag"),
+                    function="COALESCE",
+                )
             )
-        ).annotate(
-            tagline_lower=Lower(F('tagline')),
-        ).order_by('name')
+            .annotate(
+                tagline_lower=Lower(F("tagline")),
+            )
+            .order_by("name")
+        )
 
         # LOWER function supported by:
         # oracle, postgres, mysql, sqlite, sqlserver
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs, [
-                ('Apple', 'APPL'.lower()),
-                ('Django Software Foundation', 'No Tag'.lower()),
-                ('Google', 'Do No Evil'.lower()),
-                ('Yahoo', 'Internet Company'.lower())
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Apple", "APPL".lower()),
+                ("Django Software Foundation", "No Tag".lower()),
+                ("Google", "Do No Evil".lower()),
+                ("Yahoo", "Internet Company".lower()),
             ],
-            lambda c: (c.name, c.tagline_lower)
+            lambda c: (c.name, c.tagline_lower),
         )
 
     def test_boolean_value_annotation(self):
@@ -678,148 +914,214 @@ class NonAggregateAnnotationTestCase(TestCase):
         qs = (
             Publisher.objects.annotate(multiplier=Value(3))
             # group by option => sum of value * multiplier
-            .values('name')
-            .annotate(multiplied_value_sum=Sum(F('multiplier') * F('num_awards')))
+            .values("name")
+            .annotate(multiplied_value_sum=Sum(F("multiplier") * F("num_awards")))
             .order_by()
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            qs, [
-                {'multiplied_value_sum': 9, 'name': 'Apress'},
-                {'multiplied_value_sum': 0, 'name': "Jonno's House of Books"},
-                {'multiplied_value_sum': 27, 'name': 'Morgan Kaufmann'},
-                {'multiplied_value_sum': 21, 'name': 'Prentice Hall'},
-                {'multiplied_value_sum': 3, 'name': 'Sams'},
-            ]
+            qs,
+            [
+                {"multiplied_value_sum": 9, "name": "Apress"},
+                {"multiplied_value_sum": 0, "name": "Jonno's House of Books"},
+                {"multiplied_value_sum": 27, "name": "Morgan Kaufmann"},
+                {"multiplied_value_sum": 21, "name": "Prentice Hall"},
+                {"multiplied_value_sum": 3, "name": "Sams"},
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_arguments_must_be_expressions(self):
-        msg = 'QuerySet.annotate() received non-expression(s): %s.'
+        msg = "QuerySet.annotate() received non-expression(s): %s."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg % BooleanField()):
             Book.objects.annotate(BooleanField())
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg % True):
             Book.objects.annotate(is_book=True)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg % ', '.join([str(BooleanField()), 'True'])):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TypeError, msg % ", ".join([str(BooleanField()), "True"])
+        ):
             Book.objects.annotate(BooleanField(), Value(False), is_book=True)
 
     def test_chaining_annotation_filter_with_m2m(self):
-        qs = Author.objects.filter(
-            name='Adrian Holovaty',
-            friends__age=35,
-        ).annotate(
-            jacob_name=F('friends__name'),
-        ).filter(
-            friends__age=29,
-        ).annotate(
-            james_name=F('friends__name'),
-        ).values('jacob_name', 'james_name')
+        qs = (
+            Author.objects.filter(
+                name="Adrian Holovaty",
+                friends__age=35,
+            )
+            .annotate(
+                jacob_name=F("friends__name"),
+            )
+            .filter(
+                friends__age=29,
+            )
+            .annotate(
+                james_name=F("friends__name"),
+            )
+            .values("jacob_name", "james_name")
+        )
         self.assertCountEqual(
             qs,
-            [{'jacob_name': 'Jacob Kaplan-Moss', 'james_name': 'James Bennett'}],
+            [{"jacob_name": "Jacob Kaplan-Moss", "james_name": "James Bennett"}],
         )
 
     def test_annotation_filter_with_subquery(self):
-        long_books_qs = Book.objects.filter(
-            publisher=OuterRef('pk'),
-            pages__gt=400,
-        ).values('publisher').annotate(count=Count('pk')).values('count')
-        publisher_books_qs = Publisher.objects.annotate(
-            total_books=Count('book'),
-        ).filter(
-            total_books=Subquery(long_books_qs, output_field=IntegerField()),
-        ).values('name')
-        self.assertCountEqual(publisher_books_qs, [{'name': 'Sams'}, {'name': 'Morgan Kaufmann'}])
+        long_books_qs = (
+            Book.objects.filter(
+                publisher=OuterRef("pk"),
+                pages__gt=400,
+            )
+            .values("publisher")
+            .annotate(count=Count("pk"))
+            .values("count")
+        )
+        publisher_books_qs = (
+            Publisher.objects.annotate(
+                total_books=Count("book"),
+            )
+            .filter(
+                total_books=Subquery(long_books_qs, output_field=IntegerField()),
+            )
+            .values("name")
+        )
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            publisher_books_qs, [{"name": "Sams"}, {"name": "Morgan Kaufmann"}]
+        )
 
     def test_annotation_exists_aggregate_values_chaining(self):
-        qs = Book.objects.values('publisher').annotate(
-            has_authors=Exists(Book.authors.through.objects.filter(book=OuterRef('pk'))),
-            max_pubdate=Max('pubdate'),
-        ).values_list('max_pubdate', flat=True).order_by('max_pubdate')
-        self.assertCountEqual(qs, [
-            datetime.date(1991, 10, 15),
-            datetime.date(2008, 3, 3),
-            datetime.date(2008, 6, 23),
-            datetime.date(2008, 11, 3),
-        ])
+        qs = (
+            Book.objects.values("publisher")
+            .annotate(
+                has_authors=Exists(
+                    Book.authors.through.objects.filter(book=OuterRef("pk"))
+                ),
+                max_pubdate=Max("pubdate"),
+            )
+            .values_list("max_pubdate", flat=True)
+            .order_by("max_pubdate")
+        )
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                datetime.date(1991, 10, 15),
+                datetime.date(2008, 3, 3),
+                datetime.date(2008, 6, 23),
+                datetime.date(2008, 11, 3),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_subqueries_in_group_by')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_subqueries_in_group_by")
     def test_annotation_subquery_and_aggregate_values_chaining(self):
-        qs = Book.objects.annotate(
-            pub_year=ExtractYear('pubdate')
-        ).values('pub_year').annotate(
-            top_rating=Subquery(
-                Book.objects.filter(
-                    pubdate__year=OuterRef('pub_year')
-                ).order_by('-rating').values('rating')[:1]
-            ),
-            total_pages=Sum('pages'),
-        ).values('pub_year', 'total_pages', 'top_rating')
-        self.assertCountEqual(qs, [
-            {'pub_year': 1991, 'top_rating': 5.0, 'total_pages': 946},
-            {'pub_year': 1995, 'top_rating': 4.0, 'total_pages': 1132},
-            {'pub_year': 2007, 'top_rating': 4.5, 'total_pages': 447},
-            {'pub_year': 2008, 'top_rating': 4.0, 'total_pages': 1178},
-        ])
+        qs = (
+            Book.objects.annotate(pub_year=ExtractYear("pubdate"))
+            .values("pub_year")
+            .annotate(
+                top_rating=Subquery(
+                    Book.objects.filter(pubdate__year=OuterRef("pub_year"))
+                    .order_by("-rating")
+                    .values("rating")[:1]
+                ),
+                total_pages=Sum("pages"),
+            )
+            .values("pub_year", "total_pages", "top_rating")
+        )
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                {"pub_year": 1991, "top_rating": 5.0, "total_pages": 946},
+                {"pub_year": 1995, "top_rating": 4.0, "total_pages": 1132},
+                {"pub_year": 2007, "top_rating": 4.5, "total_pages": 447},
+                {"pub_year": 2008, "top_rating": 4.0, "total_pages": 1178},
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_annotation_subquery_outerref_transform(self):
         qs = Book.objects.annotate(
             top_rating_year=Subquery(
-                Book.objects.filter(
-                    pubdate__year=OuterRef('pubdate__year')
-                ).order_by('-rating').values('rating')[:1]
+                Book.objects.filter(pubdate__year=OuterRef("pubdate__year"))
+                .order_by("-rating")
+                .values("rating")[:1]
             ),
-        ).values('pubdate__year', 'top_rating_year')
-        self.assertCountEqual(qs, [
-            {'pubdate__year': 1991, 'top_rating_year': 5.0},
-            {'pubdate__year': 1995, 'top_rating_year': 4.0},
-            {'pubdate__year': 2007, 'top_rating_year': 4.5},
-            {'pubdate__year': 2008, 'top_rating_year': 4.0},
-            {'pubdate__year': 2008, 'top_rating_year': 4.0},
-            {'pubdate__year': 2008, 'top_rating_year': 4.0},
-        ])
+        ).values("pubdate__year", "top_rating_year")
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                {"pubdate__year": 1991, "top_rating_year": 5.0},
+                {"pubdate__year": 1995, "top_rating_year": 4.0},
+                {"pubdate__year": 2007, "top_rating_year": 4.5},
+                {"pubdate__year": 2008, "top_rating_year": 4.0},
+                {"pubdate__year": 2008, "top_rating_year": 4.0},
+                {"pubdate__year": 2008, "top_rating_year": 4.0},
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_annotation_aggregate_with_m2o(self):
-        qs = Author.objects.filter(age__lt=30).annotate(
-            max_pages=Case(
-                When(book_contact_set__isnull=True, then=Value(0)),
-                default=Max(F('book__pages')),
-            ),
-        ).values('name', 'max_pages')
-        self.assertCountEqual(qs, [
-            {'name': 'James Bennett', 'max_pages': 300},
-            {'name': 'Paul Bissex', 'max_pages': 0},
-            {'name': 'Wesley J. Chun', 'max_pages': 0},
-        ])
+        qs = (
+            Author.objects.filter(age__lt=30)
+            .annotate(
+                max_pages=Case(
+                    When(book_contact_set__isnull=True, then=Value(0)),
+                    default=Max(F("book__pages")),
+                ),
+            )
+            .values("name", "max_pages")
+        )
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                {"name": "James Bennett", "max_pages": 300},
+                {"name": "Paul Bissex", "max_pages": 0},
+                {"name": "Wesley J. Chun", "max_pages": 0},
+            ],
+        )
 
 
 class AliasTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.a1 = Author.objects.create(name='Adrian Holovaty', age=34)
-        cls.a2 = Author.objects.create(name='Jacob Kaplan-Moss', age=35)
-        cls.a3 = Author.objects.create(name='James Bennett', age=34)
-        cls.a4 = Author.objects.create(name='Peter Norvig', age=57)
-        cls.a5 = Author.objects.create(name='Stuart Russell', age=46)
-        p1 = Publisher.objects.create(name='Apress', num_awards=3)
+        cls.a1 = Author.objects.create(name="Adrian Holovaty", age=34)
+        cls.a2 = Author.objects.create(name="Jacob Kaplan-Moss", age=35)
+        cls.a3 = Author.objects.create(name="James Bennett", age=34)
+        cls.a4 = Author.objects.create(name="Peter Norvig", age=57)
+        cls.a5 = Author.objects.create(name="Stuart Russell", age=46)
+        p1 = Publisher.objects.create(name="Apress", num_awards=3)
 
         cls.b1 = Book.objects.create(
-            isbn='159059725', pages=447, rating=4.5, price=Decimal('30.00'),
-            contact=cls.a1, publisher=p1, pubdate=datetime.date(2007, 12, 6),
-            name='The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right',
+            isbn="159059725",
+            pages=447,
+            rating=4.5,
+            price=Decimal("30.00"),
+            contact=cls.a1,
+            publisher=p1,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(2007, 12, 6),
+            name="The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right",
         )
         cls.b2 = Book.objects.create(
-            isbn='159059996', pages=300, rating=4.0, price=Decimal('29.69'),
-            contact=cls.a3, publisher=p1, pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 6, 23),
-            name='Practical Django Projects',
+            isbn="159059996",
+            pages=300,
+            rating=4.0,
+            price=Decimal("29.69"),
+            contact=cls.a3,
+            publisher=p1,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 6, 23),
+            name="Practical Django Projects",
         )
         cls.b3 = Book.objects.create(
-            isbn='013790395', pages=1132, rating=4.0, price=Decimal('82.80'),
-            contact=cls.a4, publisher=p1, pubdate=datetime.date(1995, 1, 15),
-            name='Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach',
+            isbn="013790395",
+            pages=1132,
+            rating=4.0,
+            price=Decimal("82.80"),
+            contact=cls.a4,
+            publisher=p1,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(1995, 1, 15),
+            name="Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach",
         )
         cls.b4 = Book.objects.create(
-            isbn='155860191', pages=946, rating=5.0, price=Decimal('75.00'),
-            contact=cls.a4, publisher=p1, pubdate=datetime.date(1991, 10, 15),
-            name='Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp',
+            isbn="155860191",
+            pages=946,
+            rating=5.0,
+            price=Decimal("75.00"),
+            contact=cls.a4,
+            publisher=p1,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(1991, 10, 15),
+            name="Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp",
         )
         cls.b1.authors.add(cls.a1, cls.a2)
         cls.b2.authors.add(cls.a3)
@@ -827,43 +1129,43 @@ class AliasTests(TestCase):
         cls.b4.authors.add(cls.a4)
 
         Store.objects.create(
-            name='Amazon.com',
+            name="Amazon.com",
             original_opening=datetime.datetime(1994, 4, 23, 9, 17, 42),
-            friday_night_closing=datetime.time(23, 59, 59)
+            friday_night_closing=datetime.time(23, 59, 59),
         )
         Store.objects.create(
-            name='Books.com',
+            name="Books.com",
             original_opening=datetime.datetime(2001, 3, 15, 11, 23, 37),
-            friday_night_closing=datetime.time(23, 59, 59)
+            friday_night_closing=datetime.time(23, 59, 59),
         )
 
     def test_basic_alias(self):
         qs = Book.objects.alias(is_book=Value(1))
-        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), 'is_book'), False)
+        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), "is_book"), False)
 
     def test_basic_alias_annotation(self):
         qs = Book.objects.alias(
             is_book_alias=Value(1),
-        ).annotate(is_book=F('is_book_alias'))
-        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), 'is_book_alias'), False)
+        ).annotate(is_book=F("is_book_alias"))
+        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), "is_book_alias"), False)
         for book in qs:
             with self.subTest(book=book):
                 self.assertEqual(book.is_book, 1)
 
     def test_basic_alias_f_annotation(self):
-        qs = Book.objects.alias(
-            another_rating_alias=F('rating')
-        ).annotate(another_rating=F('another_rating_alias'))
-        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), 'another_rating_alias'), False)
+        qs = Book.objects.alias(another_rating_alias=F("rating")).annotate(
+            another_rating=F("another_rating_alias")
+        )
+        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), "another_rating_alias"), False)
         for book in qs:
             with self.subTest(book=book):
                 self.assertEqual(book.another_rating, book.rating)
 
     def test_basic_alias_f_transform_annotation(self):
         qs = Book.objects.alias(
-            pubdate_alias=F('pubdate'),
-        ).annotate(pubdate_year=F('pubdate_alias__year'))
-        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), 'pubdate_alias'), False)
+            pubdate_alias=F("pubdate"),
+        ).annotate(pubdate_year=F("pubdate_alias__year"))
+        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), "pubdate_alias"), False)
         for book in qs:
             with self.subTest(book=book):
                 self.assertEqual(book.pubdate_year, book.pubdate.year)
@@ -871,17 +1173,17 @@ class AliasTests(TestCase):
     def test_alias_after_annotation(self):
         qs = Book.objects.annotate(
             is_book=Value(1),
-        ).alias(is_book_alias=F('is_book'))
+        ).alias(is_book_alias=F("is_book"))
         book = qs.first()
-        self.assertIs(hasattr(book, 'is_book'), True)
-        self.assertIs(hasattr(book, 'is_book_alias'), False)
+        self.assertIs(hasattr(book, "is_book"), True)
+        self.assertIs(hasattr(book, "is_book_alias"), False)
 
     def test_overwrite_annotation_with_alias(self):
-        qs = Book.objects.annotate(is_book=Value(1)).alias(is_book=F('is_book'))
-        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), 'is_book'), False)
+        qs = Book.objects.annotate(is_book=Value(1)).alias(is_book=F("is_book"))
+        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), "is_book"), False)
 
     def test_overwrite_alias_with_annotation(self):
-        qs = Book.objects.alias(is_book=Value(1)).annotate(is_book=F('is_book'))
+        qs = Book.objects.alias(is_book=Value(1)).annotate(is_book=F("is_book"))
         for book in qs:
             with self.subTest(book=book):
                 self.assertEqual(book.is_book, 1)
@@ -889,24 +1191,28 @@ class AliasTests(TestCase):
     def test_alias_annotation_expression(self):
         qs = Book.objects.alias(
             is_book_alias=Value(1),
-        ).annotate(is_book=Coalesce('is_book_alias', 0))
-        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), 'is_book_alias'), False)
+        ).annotate(is_book=Coalesce("is_book_alias", 0))
+        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), "is_book_alias"), False)
         for book in qs:
             with self.subTest(book=book):
                 self.assertEqual(book.is_book, 1)
 
     def test_alias_default_alias_expression(self):
         qs = Author.objects.alias(
-            Sum('book__pages'),
+            Sum("book__pages"),
         ).filter(book__pages__sum__gt=2000)
-        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), 'book__pages__sum'), False)
+        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), "book__pages__sum"), False)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.a4])
 
     def test_joined_alias_annotation(self):
-        qs = Book.objects.select_related('publisher').alias(
-            num_awards_alias=F('publisher__num_awards'),
-        ).annotate(num_awards=F('num_awards_alias'))
-        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), 'num_awards_alias'), False)
+        qs = (
+            Book.objects.select_related("publisher")
+            .alias(
+                num_awards_alias=F("publisher__num_awards"),
+            )
+            .annotate(num_awards=F("num_awards_alias"))
+        )
+        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), "num_awards_alias"), False)
         for book in qs:
             with self.subTest(book=book):
                 self.assertEqual(book.num_awards, book.publisher.num_awards)
@@ -914,14 +1220,14 @@ class AliasTests(TestCase):
     def test_alias_annotate_with_aggregation(self):
         qs = Book.objects.alias(
             is_book_alias=Value(1),
-            rating_count_alias=Count('rating'),
+            rating_count_alias=Count("rating"),
         ).annotate(
-            is_book=F('is_book_alias'),
-            rating_count=F('rating_count_alias'),
+            is_book=F("is_book_alias"),
+            rating_count=F("rating_count_alias"),
         )
         book = qs.first()
-        self.assertIs(hasattr(book, 'is_book_alias'), False)
-        self.assertIs(hasattr(book, 'rating_count_alias'), False)
+        self.assertIs(hasattr(book, "is_book_alias"), False)
+        self.assertIs(hasattr(book, "rating_count_alias"), False)
         for book in qs:
             with self.subTest(book=book):
                 self.assertEqual(book.is_book, 1)
@@ -929,61 +1235,71 @@ class AliasTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_filter_alias_with_f(self):
         qs = Book.objects.alias(
-            other_rating=F('rating'),
+            other_rating=F("rating"),
         ).filter(other_rating=4.5)
-        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), 'other_rating'), False)
+        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), "other_rating"), False)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.b1])
 
     def test_filter_alias_with_double_f(self):
         qs = Book.objects.alias(
-            other_rating=F('rating'),
-        ).filter(other_rating=F('rating'))
-        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), 'other_rating'), False)
+            other_rating=F("rating"),
+        ).filter(other_rating=F("rating"))
+        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), "other_rating"), False)
         self.assertEqual(qs.count(), Book.objects.count())
 
     def test_filter_alias_agg_with_double_f(self):
         qs = Book.objects.alias(
-            sum_rating=Sum('rating'),
-        ).filter(sum_rating=F('sum_rating'))
-        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), 'sum_rating'), False)
+            sum_rating=Sum("rating"),
+        ).filter(sum_rating=F("sum_rating"))
+        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), "sum_rating"), False)
         self.assertEqual(qs.count(), Book.objects.count())
 
     def test_update_with_alias(self):
         Book.objects.alias(
-            other_rating=F('rating') - 1,
-        ).update(rating=F('other_rating'))
+            other_rating=F("rating") - 1,
+        ).update(rating=F("other_rating"))
         self.b1.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertEqual(self.b1.rating, 3.5)
 
     def test_order_by_alias(self):
-        qs = Author.objects.alias(other_age=F('age')).order_by('other_age')
-        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), 'other_age'), False)
+        qs = Author.objects.alias(other_age=F("age")).order_by("other_age")
+        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), "other_age"), False)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [34, 34, 35, 46, 57], lambda a: a.age)
 
     def test_order_by_alias_aggregate(self):
-        qs = Author.objects.values('age').alias(age_count=Count('age')).order_by('age_count', 'age')
-        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), 'age_count'), False)
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [35, 46, 57, 34], lambda a: a['age'])
+        qs = (
+            Author.objects.values("age")
+            .alias(age_count=Count("age"))
+            .order_by("age_count", "age")
+        )
+        self.assertIs(hasattr(qs.first(), "age_count"), False)
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [35, 46, 57, 34], lambda a: a["age"])
 
     def test_dates_alias(self):
         qs = Book.objects.alias(
-            pubdate_alias=F('pubdate'),
-        ).dates('pubdate_alias', 'month')
-        self.assertCountEqual(qs, [
-            datetime.date(1991, 10, 1),
-            datetime.date(1995, 1, 1),
-            datetime.date(2007, 12, 1),
-            datetime.date(2008, 6, 1),
-        ])
+            pubdate_alias=F("pubdate"),
+        ).dates("pubdate_alias", "month")
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                datetime.date(1991, 10, 1),
+                datetime.date(1995, 1, 1),
+                datetime.date(2007, 12, 1),
+                datetime.date(2008, 6, 1),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_datetimes_alias(self):
         qs = Store.objects.alias(
-            original_opening_alias=F('original_opening'),
-        ).datetimes('original_opening_alias', 'year')
-        self.assertCountEqual(qs, [
-            datetime.datetime(1994, 1, 1),
-            datetime.datetime(2001, 1, 1),
-        ])
+            original_opening_alias=F("original_opening"),
+        ).datetimes("original_opening_alias", "year")
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                datetime.datetime(1994, 1, 1),
+                datetime.datetime(2001, 1, 1),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_aggregate_alias(self):
         msg = (
@@ -991,28 +1307,28 @@ class AliasTests(TestCase):
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
             Author.objects.alias(
-                other_age=F('age'),
-            ).aggregate(otherage_sum=Sum('other_age'))
+                other_age=F("age"),
+            ).aggregate(otherage_sum=Sum("other_age"))
 
     def test_defer_only_alias(self):
-        qs = Book.objects.alias(rating_alias=F('rating') - 1)
+        qs = Book.objects.alias(rating_alias=F("rating") - 1)
         msg = "Book has no field named 'rating_alias'"
-        for operation in ['defer', 'only']:
+        for operation in ["defer", "only"]:
             with self.subTest(operation=operation):
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldDoesNotExist, msg):
-                    getattr(qs, operation)('rating_alias').first()
+                    getattr(qs, operation)("rating_alias").first()
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_distinct_on_fields')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_distinct_on_fields")
     def test_distinct_on_alias(self):
-        qs = Book.objects.alias(rating_alias=F('rating') - 1)
+        qs = Book.objects.alias(rating_alias=F("rating") - 1)
         msg = "Cannot resolve keyword 'rating_alias' into field."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
-            qs.distinct('rating_alias').first()
+            qs.distinct("rating_alias").first()
 
     def test_values_alias(self):
-        qs = Book.objects.alias(rating_alias=F('rating') - 1)
+        qs = Book.objects.alias(rating_alias=F("rating") - 1)
         msg = "Cannot select the 'rating_alias' alias. Use annotate() to promote it."
-        for operation in ['values', 'values_list']:
+        for operation in ["values", "values_list"]:
             with self.subTest(operation=operation):
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
-                    getattr(qs, operation)('rating_alias')
+                    getattr(qs, operation)("rating_alias")
diff --git a/tests/app_loading/not_installed/models.py b/tests/app_loading/not_installed/models.py
index 44a9d93c98..8a881a9996 100644
--- a/tests/app_loading/not_installed/models.py
+++ b/tests/app_loading/not_installed/models.py
@@ -2,22 +2,19 @@ from django.db import models
 
 
 class NotInstalledModel(models.Model):
-
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'not_installed'
+        app_label = "not_installed"
 
 
 class RelatedModel(models.Model):
-
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'not_installed'
+        app_label = "not_installed"
 
     not_installed = models.ForeignKey(NotInstalledModel, models.CASCADE)
 
 
 class M2MRelatedModel(models.Model):
-
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'not_installed'
+        app_label = "not_installed"
 
     not_installed = models.ManyToManyField(NotInstalledModel)
diff --git a/tests/app_loading/tests.py b/tests/app_loading/tests.py
index 698ce56381..e28b8dce07 100644
--- a/tests/app_loading/tests.py
+++ b/tests/app_loading/tests.py
@@ -6,61 +6,61 @@ from django.test.utils import extend_sys_path
 
 
 class EggLoadingTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
-        self.egg_dir = '%s/eggs' % os.path.dirname(__file__)
+        self.egg_dir = "%s/eggs" % os.path.dirname(__file__)
 
     def tearDown(self):
         apps.clear_cache()
 
     def test_egg1(self):
         """Models module can be loaded from an app in an egg"""
-        egg_name = '%s/modelapp.egg' % self.egg_dir
+        egg_name = "%s/modelapp.egg" % self.egg_dir
         with extend_sys_path(egg_name):
-            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['app_with_models']):
-                models_module = apps.get_app_config('app_with_models').models_module
+            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["app_with_models"]):
+                models_module = apps.get_app_config("app_with_models").models_module
                 self.assertIsNotNone(models_module)
-        del apps.all_models['app_with_models']
+        del apps.all_models["app_with_models"]
 
     def test_egg2(self):
         """Loading an app from an egg that has no models returns no models (and no error)"""
-        egg_name = '%s/nomodelapp.egg' % self.egg_dir
+        egg_name = "%s/nomodelapp.egg" % self.egg_dir
         with extend_sys_path(egg_name):
-            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['app_no_models']):
-                models_module = apps.get_app_config('app_no_models').models_module
+            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["app_no_models"]):
+                models_module = apps.get_app_config("app_no_models").models_module
                 self.assertIsNone(models_module)
-        del apps.all_models['app_no_models']
+        del apps.all_models["app_no_models"]
 
     def test_egg3(self):
         """Models module can be loaded from an app located under an egg's top-level package"""
-        egg_name = '%s/omelet.egg' % self.egg_dir
+        egg_name = "%s/omelet.egg" % self.egg_dir
         with extend_sys_path(egg_name):
-            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['omelet.app_with_models']):
-                models_module = apps.get_app_config('app_with_models').models_module
+            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["omelet.app_with_models"]):
+                models_module = apps.get_app_config("app_with_models").models_module
                 self.assertIsNotNone(models_module)
-        del apps.all_models['app_with_models']
+        del apps.all_models["app_with_models"]
 
     def test_egg4(self):
         """Loading an app with no models from under the top-level egg package generates no error"""
-        egg_name = '%s/omelet.egg' % self.egg_dir
+        egg_name = "%s/omelet.egg" % self.egg_dir
         with extend_sys_path(egg_name):
-            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['omelet.app_no_models']):
-                models_module = apps.get_app_config('app_no_models').models_module
+            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["omelet.app_no_models"]):
+                models_module = apps.get_app_config("app_no_models").models_module
                 self.assertIsNone(models_module)
-        del apps.all_models['app_no_models']
+        del apps.all_models["app_no_models"]
 
     def test_egg5(self):
         """Loading an app from an egg that has an import error in its models module raises that error"""
-        egg_name = '%s/brokenapp.egg' % self.egg_dir
+        egg_name = "%s/brokenapp.egg" % self.egg_dir
         with extend_sys_path(egg_name):
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImportError, 'modelz'):
-                with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['broken_app']):
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImportError, "modelz"):
+                with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["broken_app"]):
                     pass
 
 
 class GetModelsTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         from .not_installed import models
+
         self.not_installed_module = models
 
     def test_get_model_only_returns_installed_models(self):
@@ -68,6 +68,4 @@ class GetModelsTest(SimpleTestCase):
             apps.get_model("not_installed", "NotInstalledModel")
 
     def test_get_models_only_returns_installed_models(self):
-        self.assertNotIn(
-            "NotInstalledModel",
-            [m.__name__ for m in apps.get_models()])
+        self.assertNotIn("NotInstalledModel", [m.__name__ for m in apps.get_models()])
diff --git a/tests/apps/apps.py b/tests/apps/apps.py
index efd2983779..ec1c0a639f 100644
--- a/tests/apps/apps.py
+++ b/tests/apps/apps.py
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ from django.apps import AppConfig
 
 
 class MyAdmin(AppConfig):
-    name = 'django.contrib.admin'
+    name = "django.contrib.admin"
     verbose_name = "Admin sweet admin."
 
 
 class MyAuth(AppConfig):
-    name = 'django.contrib.auth'
-    label = 'myauth'
+    name = "django.contrib.auth"
+    label = "myauth"
     verbose_name = "All your password are belong to us."
 
 
@@ -17,22 +17,22 @@ class BadConfig(AppConfig):
 
 
 class NotAConfig:
-    name = 'apps'
+    name = "apps"
 
 
 class NoSuchApp(AppConfig):
-    name = 'there is no such app'
+    name = "there is no such app"
 
 
 class PlainAppsConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'apps'
+    name = "apps"
 
 
 class RelabeledAppsConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'apps'
-    label = 'relabeled'
+    name = "apps"
+    label = "relabeled"
 
 
 class ModelPKAppsConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'apps'
-    default_auto_field = 'django.db.models.BigAutoField'
+    name = "apps"
+    default_auto_field = "django.db.models.BigAutoField"
diff --git a/tests/apps/models.py b/tests/apps/models.py
index f5f5926ea6..06ab455409 100644
--- a/tests/apps/models.py
+++ b/tests/apps/models.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from django.db import models
 
 # We're testing app registry presence on load, so this is handy.
 
-new_apps = Apps(['apps'])
+new_apps = Apps(["apps"])
 
 
 class TotallyNormal(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/apps/namespace_package_base/nsapp/apps.py b/tests/apps/namespace_package_base/nsapp/apps.py
index a81362e5b2..d728aeebc7 100644
--- a/tests/apps/namespace_package_base/nsapp/apps.py
+++ b/tests/apps/namespace_package_base/nsapp/apps.py
@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@ from django.apps import AppConfig
 
 class NSAppConfig(AppConfig):
     default = False
-    name = 'nsapp'
+    name = "nsapp"
     path = os.path.dirname(__file__)
diff --git a/tests/apps/one_config_app/apps.py b/tests/apps/one_config_app/apps.py
index 8b44796e42..0fbf5efd3b 100644
--- a/tests/apps/one_config_app/apps.py
+++ b/tests/apps/one_config_app/apps.py
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ from django.apps import AppConfig
 
 
 class OneConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'apps.one_config_app'
+    name = "apps.one_config_app"
diff --git a/tests/apps/tests.py b/tests/apps/tests.py
index 46f118ab04..efb60d187e 100644
--- a/tests/apps/tests.py
+++ b/tests/apps/tests.py
@@ -16,24 +16,23 @@ from .two_configs_one_default_app.apps import TwoConfig
 # Intentionally not in alphabetical order to check if the order is preserved.
 
 SOME_INSTALLED_APPS = [
-    'apps.apps.MyAdmin',
-    'apps.apps.MyAuth',
-    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
-    'django.contrib.sessions',
-    'django.contrib.messages',
-    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
+    "apps.apps.MyAdmin",
+    "apps.apps.MyAuth",
+    "django.contrib.contenttypes",
+    "django.contrib.sessions",
+    "django.contrib.messages",
+    "django.contrib.staticfiles",
 ]
 
 SOME_INSTALLED_APPS_NAMES = [
-    'django.contrib.admin',
-    'django.contrib.auth',
+    "django.contrib.admin",
+    "django.contrib.auth",
 ] + SOME_INSTALLED_APPS[2:]
 
 HERE = os.path.dirname(__file__)
 
 
 class AppsTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_singleton_master(self):
         """
         Only one master registry can exist.
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ class AppsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         msg = "'apps.apps.BadConfig' must supply a name attribute."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['apps.apps.BadConfig']):
+            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["apps.apps.BadConfig"]):
                 pass
 
     def test_not_an_app_config(self):
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ class AppsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         msg = "'apps.apps.NotAConfig' isn't a subclass of AppConfig."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['apps.apps.NotAConfig']):
+            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["apps.apps.NotAConfig"]):
                 pass
 
     def test_no_such_app(self):
@@ -77,17 +76,17 @@ class AppsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         directly or via an app config.
         """
         with self.assertRaises(ImportError):
-            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['there is no such app']):
+            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["there is no such app"]):
                 pass
         msg = "Cannot import 'there is no such app'. Check that 'apps.apps.NoSuchApp.name' is correct."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['apps.apps.NoSuchApp']):
+            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["apps.apps.NoSuchApp"]):
                 pass
 
     def test_no_such_app_config(self):
         msg = "Module 'apps' does not contain a 'NoSuchConfig' class."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImportError, msg):
-            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['apps.NoSuchConfig']):
+            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["apps.NoSuchConfig"]):
                 pass
 
     def test_no_such_app_config_with_choices(self):
@@ -97,25 +96,25 @@ class AppsTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "'MyAuth', 'NoSuchApp', 'PlainAppsConfig', 'RelabeledAppsConfig'."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImportError, msg):
-            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['apps.apps.NoSuchConfig']):
+            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["apps.apps.NoSuchConfig"]):
                 pass
 
     def test_no_config_app(self):
         """Load an app that doesn't provide an AppConfig class."""
-        with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['apps.no_config_app']):
-            config = apps.get_app_config('no_config_app')
+        with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["apps.no_config_app"]):
+            config = apps.get_app_config("no_config_app")
         self.assertIsInstance(config, AppConfig)
 
     def test_one_config_app(self):
         """Load an app that provides an AppConfig class."""
-        with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['apps.one_config_app']):
-            config = apps.get_app_config('one_config_app')
+        with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["apps.one_config_app"]):
+            config = apps.get_app_config("one_config_app")
         self.assertIsInstance(config, OneConfig)
 
     def test_two_configs_app(self):
         """Load an app that provides two AppConfig classes."""
-        with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['apps.two_configs_app']):
-            config = apps.get_app_config('two_configs_app')
+        with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["apps.two_configs_app"]):
+            config = apps.get_app_config("two_configs_app")
         self.assertIsInstance(config, AppConfig)
 
     def test_two_default_configs_app(self):
@@ -125,15 +124,15 @@ class AppsTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "default AppConfig: 'TwoConfig', 'TwoConfigBis'."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, msg):
-            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['apps.two_default_configs_app']):
+            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["apps.two_default_configs_app"]):
                 pass
 
     def test_two_configs_one_default_app(self):
         """
         Load an app that provides two AppConfig classes, one being the default.
         """
-        with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['apps.two_configs_one_default_app']):
-            config = apps.get_app_config('two_configs_one_default_app')
+        with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["apps.two_configs_one_default_app"]):
+            config = apps.get_app_config("two_configs_one_default_app")
         self.assertIsInstance(config, TwoConfig)
 
     @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=SOME_INSTALLED_APPS)
@@ -142,69 +141,77 @@ class AppsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Tests apps.get_app_configs().
         """
         app_configs = apps.get_app_configs()
-        self.assertEqual([app_config.name for app_config in app_configs], SOME_INSTALLED_APPS_NAMES)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [app_config.name for app_config in app_configs], SOME_INSTALLED_APPS_NAMES
+        )
 
     @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=SOME_INSTALLED_APPS)
     def test_get_app_config(self):
         """
         Tests apps.get_app_config().
         """
-        app_config = apps.get_app_config('admin')
-        self.assertEqual(app_config.name, 'django.contrib.admin')
+        app_config = apps.get_app_config("admin")
+        self.assertEqual(app_config.name, "django.contrib.admin")
 
-        app_config = apps.get_app_config('staticfiles')
-        self.assertEqual(app_config.name, 'django.contrib.staticfiles')
+        app_config = apps.get_app_config("staticfiles")
+        self.assertEqual(app_config.name, "django.contrib.staticfiles")
 
         with self.assertRaises(LookupError):
-            apps.get_app_config('admindocs')
+            apps.get_app_config("admindocs")
 
         msg = "No installed app with label 'django.contrib.auth'. Did you mean 'myauth'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(LookupError, msg):
-            apps.get_app_config('django.contrib.auth')
+            apps.get_app_config("django.contrib.auth")
 
     @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=SOME_INSTALLED_APPS)
     def test_is_installed(self):
         """
         Tests apps.is_installed().
         """
-        self.assertIs(apps.is_installed('django.contrib.admin'), True)
-        self.assertIs(apps.is_installed('django.contrib.auth'), True)
-        self.assertIs(apps.is_installed('django.contrib.staticfiles'), True)
-        self.assertIs(apps.is_installed('django.contrib.admindocs'), False)
+        self.assertIs(apps.is_installed("django.contrib.admin"), True)
+        self.assertIs(apps.is_installed("django.contrib.auth"), True)
+        self.assertIs(apps.is_installed("django.contrib.staticfiles"), True)
+        self.assertIs(apps.is_installed("django.contrib.admindocs"), False)
 
     @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=SOME_INSTALLED_APPS)
     def test_get_model(self):
         """
         Tests apps.get_model().
         """
-        self.assertEqual(apps.get_model('admin', 'LogEntry'), LogEntry)
+        self.assertEqual(apps.get_model("admin", "LogEntry"), LogEntry)
         with self.assertRaises(LookupError):
-            apps.get_model('admin', 'LogExit')
+            apps.get_model("admin", "LogExit")
 
         # App label is case-sensitive, Model name is case-insensitive.
-        self.assertEqual(apps.get_model('admin', 'loGentrY'), LogEntry)
+        self.assertEqual(apps.get_model("admin", "loGentrY"), LogEntry)
         with self.assertRaises(LookupError):
-            apps.get_model('Admin', 'LogEntry')
+            apps.get_model("Admin", "LogEntry")
 
         # A single argument is accepted.
-        self.assertEqual(apps.get_model('admin.LogEntry'), LogEntry)
+        self.assertEqual(apps.get_model("admin.LogEntry"), LogEntry)
         with self.assertRaises(LookupError):
-            apps.get_model('admin.LogExit')
+            apps.get_model("admin.LogExit")
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            apps.get_model('admin_LogEntry')
+            apps.get_model("admin_LogEntry")
 
-    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['apps.apps.RelabeledAppsConfig'])
+    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["apps.apps.RelabeledAppsConfig"])
     def test_relabeling(self):
-        self.assertEqual(apps.get_app_config('relabeled').name, 'apps')
+        self.assertEqual(apps.get_app_config("relabeled").name, "apps")
 
     def test_duplicate_labels(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, "Application labels aren't unique"):
-            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['apps.apps.PlainAppsConfig', 'apps']):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ImproperlyConfigured, "Application labels aren't unique"
+        ):
+            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["apps.apps.PlainAppsConfig", "apps"]):
                 pass
 
     def test_duplicate_names(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, "Application names aren't unique"):
-            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['apps.apps.RelabeledAppsConfig', 'apps']):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ImproperlyConfigured, "Application names aren't unique"
+        ):
+            with self.settings(
+                INSTALLED_APPS=["apps.apps.RelabeledAppsConfig", "apps"]
+            ):
                 pass
 
     def test_import_exception_is_not_masked(self):
@@ -212,7 +219,7 @@ class AppsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         App discovery should preserve stack traces. Regression test for #22920.
         """
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImportError, "Oops"):
-            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['import_error_package']):
+            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["import_error_package"]):
                 pass
 
     def test_models_py(self):
@@ -235,7 +242,9 @@ class AppsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         try:
             # The cache must be cleared to trigger the exception.
             apps.get_models.cache_clear()
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(AppRegistryNotReady, "Models aren't loaded yet."):
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                AppRegistryNotReady, "Models aren't loaded yet."
+            ):
                 apps.get_models()
         finally:
             apps.models_ready = True
@@ -249,12 +258,12 @@ class AppsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         body = {}
         new_apps = Apps(["apps"])
         meta_contents = {
-            'app_label': "apps",
-            'apps': new_apps,
+            "app_label": "apps",
+            "apps": new_apps,
         }
         meta = type("Meta", (), meta_contents)
-        body['Meta'] = meta
-        body['__module__'] = TotallyNormal.__module__
+        body["Meta"] = meta
+        body["__module__"] = TotallyNormal.__module__
         temp_model = type("SouthPonies", (models.Model,), body)
         # Make sure it appeared in the right place!
         self.assertEqual(list(apps.get_app_config("apps").get_models()), old_models)
@@ -268,21 +277,21 @@ class AppsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         new_apps = Apps(["apps"])
         meta_contents = {
-            'app_label': "apps",
-            'apps': new_apps,
+            "app_label": "apps",
+            "apps": new_apps,
         }
 
         body = {}
-        body['Meta'] = type("Meta", (), meta_contents)
-        body['__module__'] = TotallyNormal.__module__
+        body["Meta"] = type("Meta", (), meta_contents)
+        body["__module__"] = TotallyNormal.__module__
         type("SouthPonies", (models.Model,), body)
 
         # When __name__ and __module__ match we assume the module
         # was reloaded and issue a warning. This use-case is
         # useful for REPL. Refs #23621.
         body = {}
-        body['Meta'] = type("Meta", (), meta_contents)
-        body['__module__'] = TotallyNormal.__module__
+        body["Meta"] = type("Meta", (), meta_contents)
+        body["__module__"] = TotallyNormal.__module__
         msg = (
             "Model 'apps.southponies' was already registered. "
             "Reloading models is not advised as it can lead to inconsistencies, "
@@ -294,9 +303,11 @@ class AppsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # If it doesn't appear to be a reloaded module then we expect
         # a RuntimeError.
         body = {}
-        body['Meta'] = type("Meta", (), meta_contents)
-        body['__module__'] = TotallyNormal.__module__ + '.whatever'
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, "Conflicting 'southponies' models in application 'apps':"):
+        body["Meta"] = type("Meta", (), meta_contents)
+        body["__module__"] = TotallyNormal.__module__ + ".whatever"
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            RuntimeError, "Conflicting 'southponies' models in application 'apps':"
+        ):
             type("SouthPonies", (models.Model,), body)
 
     def test_get_containing_app_config_apps_not_ready(self):
@@ -306,12 +317,14 @@ class AppsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         apps.apps_ready = False
         try:
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(AppRegistryNotReady, "Apps aren't loaded yet"):
-                apps.get_containing_app_config('foo')
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                AppRegistryNotReady, "Apps aren't loaded yet"
+            ):
+                apps.get_containing_app_config("foo")
         finally:
             apps.apps_ready = True
 
-    @isolate_apps('apps', kwarg_name='apps')
+    @isolate_apps("apps", kwarg_name="apps")
     def test_lazy_model_operation(self, apps):
         """
         Tests apps.lazy_model_operation().
@@ -326,15 +339,20 @@ class AppsTests(SimpleTestCase):
             pass
 
         # Test models appearing twice, and models appearing consecutively
-        model_keys = [('apps', model_name) for model_name in ['lazya', 'lazyb', 'lazyb', 'lazyc', 'lazya']]
+        model_keys = [
+            ("apps", model_name)
+            for model_name in ["lazya", "lazyb", "lazyb", "lazyc", "lazya"]
+        ]
         apps.lazy_model_operation(test_func, *model_keys)
 
         # LazyModelA shouldn't be waited on since it's already registered,
         # and LazyModelC shouldn't be waited on until LazyModelB exists.
-        self.assertEqual(set(apps._pending_operations) - initial_pending, {('apps', 'lazyb')})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            set(apps._pending_operations) - initial_pending, {("apps", "lazyb")}
+        )
 
         # Multiple operations can wait on the same model
-        apps.lazy_model_operation(test_func, ('apps', 'lazyb'))
+        apps.lazy_model_operation(test_func, ("apps", "lazyb"))
 
         class LazyB(models.Model):
             pass
@@ -342,7 +360,9 @@ class AppsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(model_classes, [LazyB])
 
         # Now we are just waiting on LazyModelC.
-        self.assertEqual(set(apps._pending_operations) - initial_pending, {('apps', 'lazyc')})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            set(apps._pending_operations) - initial_pending, {("apps", "lazyc")}
+        )
 
         class LazyC(models.Model):
             pass
@@ -358,104 +378,107 @@ class Stub:
 
 class AppConfigTests(SimpleTestCase):
     """Unit tests for AppConfig class."""
+
     def test_path_set_explicitly(self):
         """If subclass sets path as class attr, no module attributes needed."""
+
         class MyAppConfig(AppConfig):
-            path = 'foo'
+            path = "foo"
 
-        ac = MyAppConfig('label', Stub())
+        ac = MyAppConfig("label", Stub())
 
-        self.assertEqual(ac.path, 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(ac.path, "foo")
 
     def test_explicit_path_overrides(self):
         """If path set as class attr, overrides __path__ and __file__."""
+
         class MyAppConfig(AppConfig):
-            path = 'foo'
+            path = "foo"
 
-        ac = MyAppConfig('label', Stub(__path__=['a'], __file__='b/__init__.py'))
+        ac = MyAppConfig("label", Stub(__path__=["a"], __file__="b/__init__.py"))
 
-        self.assertEqual(ac.path, 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(ac.path, "foo")
 
     def test_dunder_path(self):
         """If single element in __path__, use it (in preference to __file__)."""
-        ac = AppConfig('label', Stub(__path__=['a'], __file__='b/__init__.py'))
+        ac = AppConfig("label", Stub(__path__=["a"], __file__="b/__init__.py"))
 
-        self.assertEqual(ac.path, 'a')
+        self.assertEqual(ac.path, "a")
 
     def test_no_dunder_path_fallback_to_dunder_file(self):
         """If there is no __path__ attr, use __file__."""
-        ac = AppConfig('label', Stub(__file__='b/__init__.py'))
+        ac = AppConfig("label", Stub(__file__="b/__init__.py"))
 
-        self.assertEqual(ac.path, 'b')
+        self.assertEqual(ac.path, "b")
 
     def test_empty_dunder_path_fallback_to_dunder_file(self):
         """If the __path__ attr is empty, use __file__ if set."""
-        ac = AppConfig('label', Stub(__path__=[], __file__='b/__init__.py'))
+        ac = AppConfig("label", Stub(__path__=[], __file__="b/__init__.py"))
 
-        self.assertEqual(ac.path, 'b')
+        self.assertEqual(ac.path, "b")
 
     def test_multiple_dunder_path_fallback_to_dunder_file(self):
         """If the __path__ attr is length>1, use __file__ if set."""
-        ac = AppConfig('label', Stub(__path__=['a', 'b'], __file__='c/__init__.py'))
+        ac = AppConfig("label", Stub(__path__=["a", "b"], __file__="c/__init__.py"))
 
-        self.assertEqual(ac.path, 'c')
+        self.assertEqual(ac.path, "c")
 
     def test_no_dunder_path_or_dunder_file(self):
         """If there is no __path__ or __file__, raise ImproperlyConfigured."""
         with self.assertRaises(ImproperlyConfigured):
-            AppConfig('label', Stub())
+            AppConfig("label", Stub())
 
     def test_empty_dunder_path_no_dunder_file(self):
         """If the __path__ attr is empty and there is no __file__, raise."""
         with self.assertRaises(ImproperlyConfigured):
-            AppConfig('label', Stub(__path__=[]))
+            AppConfig("label", Stub(__path__=[]))
 
     def test_multiple_dunder_path_no_dunder_file(self):
         """If the __path__ attr is length>1 and there is no __file__, raise."""
         with self.assertRaises(ImproperlyConfigured):
-            AppConfig('label', Stub(__path__=['a', 'b']))
+            AppConfig("label", Stub(__path__=["a", "b"]))
 
     def test_duplicate_dunder_path_no_dunder_file(self):
         """
         If the __path__ attr contains duplicate paths and there is no
         __file__, they duplicates should be deduplicated (#25246).
         """
-        ac = AppConfig('label', Stub(__path__=['a', 'a']))
-        self.assertEqual(ac.path, 'a')
+        ac = AppConfig("label", Stub(__path__=["a", "a"]))
+        self.assertEqual(ac.path, "a")
 
     def test_repr(self):
-        ac = AppConfig('label', Stub(__path__=['a']))
-        self.assertEqual(repr(ac), '<AppConfig: label>')
+        ac = AppConfig("label", Stub(__path__=["a"]))
+        self.assertEqual(repr(ac), "<AppConfig: label>")
 
     def test_invalid_label(self):
         class MyAppConfig(AppConfig):
-            label = 'invalid.label'
+            label = "invalid.label"
 
         msg = "The app label 'invalid.label' is not a valid Python identifier."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            MyAppConfig('test_app', Stub())
+            MyAppConfig("test_app", Stub())
 
     @override_settings(
-        INSTALLED_APPS=['apps.apps.ModelPKAppsConfig'],
-        DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD='django.db.models.SmallAutoField',
+        INSTALLED_APPS=["apps.apps.ModelPKAppsConfig"],
+        DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD="django.db.models.SmallAutoField",
     )
     def test_app_default_auto_field(self):
-        apps_config = apps.get_app_config('apps')
+        apps_config = apps.get_app_config("apps")
         self.assertEqual(
             apps_config.default_auto_field,
-            'django.db.models.BigAutoField',
+            "django.db.models.BigAutoField",
         )
         self.assertIs(apps_config._is_default_auto_field_overridden, True)
 
     @override_settings(
-        INSTALLED_APPS=['apps.apps.PlainAppsConfig'],
-        DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD='django.db.models.SmallAutoField',
+        INSTALLED_APPS=["apps.apps.PlainAppsConfig"],
+        DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD="django.db.models.SmallAutoField",
     )
     def test_default_auto_field_setting(self):
-        apps_config = apps.get_app_config('apps')
+        apps_config = apps.get_app_config("apps")
         self.assertEqual(
             apps_config.default_auto_field,
-            'django.db.models.SmallAutoField',
+            "django.db.models.SmallAutoField",
         )
         self.assertIs(apps_config._is_default_auto_field_overridden, False)
 
@@ -465,17 +488,17 @@ class NamespacePackageAppTests(SimpleTestCase):
     # location for it (if its inside a normal package with an __init__.py that
     # isn't possible). In order to avoid cluttering the already-full tests/ dir
     # (which is on sys.path), we add these new entries to sys.path temporarily.
-    base_location = os.path.join(HERE, 'namespace_package_base')
-    other_location = os.path.join(HERE, 'namespace_package_other_base')
-    app_path = os.path.join(base_location, 'nsapp')
+    base_location = os.path.join(HERE, "namespace_package_base")
+    other_location = os.path.join(HERE, "namespace_package_other_base")
+    app_path = os.path.join(base_location, "nsapp")
 
     def test_single_path(self):
         """
         A Py3.3+ namespace package can be an app if it has only one path.
         """
         with extend_sys_path(self.base_location):
-            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['nsapp']):
-                app_config = apps.get_app_config('nsapp')
+            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["nsapp"]):
+                app_config = apps.get_app_config("nsapp")
                 self.assertEqual(app_config.path, self.app_path)
 
     def test_multiple_paths(self):
@@ -489,7 +512,7 @@ class NamespacePackageAppTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # components of the "nsapp" package.
         with extend_sys_path(self.base_location, self.other_location):
             with self.assertRaises(ImproperlyConfigured):
-                with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['nsapp']):
+                with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["nsapp"]):
                     pass
 
     def test_multiple_paths_explicit_path(self):
@@ -499,6 +522,6 @@ class NamespacePackageAppTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # Temporarily add two directories to sys.path that both contain
         # components of the "nsapp" package.
         with extend_sys_path(self.base_location, self.other_location):
-            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['nsapp.apps.NSAppConfig']):
-                app_config = apps.get_app_config('nsapp')
+            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["nsapp.apps.NSAppConfig"]):
+                app_config = apps.get_app_config("nsapp")
                 self.assertEqual(app_config.path, self.app_path)
diff --git a/tests/apps/two_configs_app/apps.py b/tests/apps/two_configs_app/apps.py
index dd2eac9ad1..c75a7c1314 100644
--- a/tests/apps/two_configs_app/apps.py
+++ b/tests/apps/two_configs_app/apps.py
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ from django.apps import AppConfig
 
 
 class TwoConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'apps.two_configs_app'
+    name = "apps.two_configs_app"
 
 
 class TwoConfigBis(AppConfig):
-    name = 'apps.two_configs_app'
+    name = "apps.two_configs_app"
diff --git a/tests/apps/two_configs_one_default_app/apps.py b/tests/apps/two_configs_one_default_app/apps.py
index 489eb0f88f..1aa3c56ad0 100644
--- a/tests/apps/two_configs_one_default_app/apps.py
+++ b/tests/apps/two_configs_one_default_app/apps.py
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ from django.apps import AppConfig
 
 class TwoConfig(AppConfig):
     default = True
-    name = 'apps.two_configs_one_default_app'
+    name = "apps.two_configs_one_default_app"
 
 
 class TwoConfigAlt(AppConfig):
-    name = 'apps.two_configs_one_default_app'
+    name = "apps.two_configs_one_default_app"
diff --git a/tests/apps/two_default_configs_app/apps.py b/tests/apps/two_default_configs_app/apps.py
index 3cbcc411b0..483e50092e 100644
--- a/tests/apps/two_default_configs_app/apps.py
+++ b/tests/apps/two_default_configs_app/apps.py
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ from django.apps import AppConfig
 
 class TwoConfig(AppConfig):
     default = True
-    name = 'apps.two_default_configs_app'
+    name = "apps.two_default_configs_app"
 
 
 class TwoConfigBis(AppConfig):
     default = True
-    name = 'apps.two_default_configs_app'
+    name = "apps.two_default_configs_app"
diff --git a/tests/asgi/tests.py b/tests/asgi/tests.py
index 7eb35724df..f8d284e9a3 100644
--- a/tests/asgi/tests.py
+++ b/tests/asgi/tests.py
@@ -11,17 +11,23 @@ from django.core.asgi import get_asgi_application
 from django.core.signals import request_finished, request_started
 from django.db import close_old_connections
 from django.test import (
-    AsyncRequestFactory, SimpleTestCase, modify_settings, override_settings,
+    AsyncRequestFactory,
+    SimpleTestCase,
+    modify_settings,
+    override_settings,
 )
 from django.utils.http import http_date
 
 from .urls import sync_waiter, test_filename
 
-TEST_STATIC_ROOT = Path(__file__).parent / 'project' / 'static'
+TEST_STATIC_ROOT = Path(__file__).parent / "project" / "static"
 
 
-@skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32' and (3, 8, 0) < sys.version_info < (3, 8, 1), 'https://bugs.python.org/issue38563')
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='asgi.urls')
+@skipIf(
+    sys.platform == "win32" and (3, 8, 0) < sys.version_info < (3, 8, 1),
+    "https://bugs.python.org/issue38563",
+)
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="asgi.urls")
 class ASGITest(SimpleTestCase):
     async_request_factory = AsyncRequestFactory()
 
@@ -37,23 +43,23 @@ class ASGITest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         application = get_asgi_application()
         # Construct HTTP request.
-        scope = self.async_request_factory._base_scope(path='/')
+        scope = self.async_request_factory._base_scope(path="/")
         communicator = ApplicationCommunicator(application, scope)
-        await communicator.send_input({'type': 'http.request'})
+        await communicator.send_input({"type": "http.request"})
         # Read the response.
         response_start = await communicator.receive_output()
-        self.assertEqual(response_start['type'], 'http.response.start')
-        self.assertEqual(response_start['status'], 200)
+        self.assertEqual(response_start["type"], "http.response.start")
+        self.assertEqual(response_start["status"], 200)
         self.assertEqual(
-            set(response_start['headers']),
+            set(response_start["headers"]),
             {
-                (b'Content-Length', b'12'),
-                (b'Content-Type', b'text/html; charset=utf-8'),
+                (b"Content-Length", b"12"),
+                (b"Content-Type", b"text/html; charset=utf-8"),
             },
         )
         response_body = await communicator.receive_output()
-        self.assertEqual(response_body['type'], 'http.response.body')
-        self.assertEqual(response_body['body'], b'Hello World!')
+        self.assertEqual(response_body["type"], "http.response.body")
+        self.assertEqual(response_body["body"], b"Hello World!")
 
     async def test_file_response(self):
         """
@@ -61,22 +67,22 @@ class ASGITest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         application = get_asgi_application()
         # Construct HTTP request.
-        scope = self.async_request_factory._base_scope(path='/file/')
+        scope = self.async_request_factory._base_scope(path="/file/")
         communicator = ApplicationCommunicator(application, scope)
-        await communicator.send_input({'type': 'http.request'})
+        await communicator.send_input({"type": "http.request"})
         # Get the file content.
-        with open(test_filename, 'rb') as test_file:
+        with open(test_filename, "rb") as test_file:
             test_file_contents = test_file.read()
         # Read the response.
         response_start = await communicator.receive_output()
-        self.assertEqual(response_start['type'], 'http.response.start')
-        self.assertEqual(response_start['status'], 200)
-        headers = response_start['headers']
+        self.assertEqual(response_start["type"], "http.response.start")
+        self.assertEqual(response_start["status"], 200)
+        headers = response_start["headers"]
         self.assertEqual(len(headers), 3)
         expected_headers = {
-            b'Content-Length': str(len(test_file_contents)).encode('ascii'),
-            b'Content-Type': b'text/x-python',
-            b'Content-Disposition': b'inline; filename="urls.py"',
+            b"Content-Length": str(len(test_file_contents)).encode("ascii"),
+            b"Content-Type": b"text/x-python",
+            b"Content-Disposition": b'inline; filename="urls.py"',
         }
         for key, value in headers:
             try:
@@ -84,52 +90,52 @@ class ASGITest(SimpleTestCase):
             except AssertionError:
                 # Windows registry may not be configured with correct
                 # mimetypes.
-                if sys.platform == 'win32' and key == b'Content-Type':
-                    self.assertEqual(value, b'text/plain')
+                if sys.platform == "win32" and key == b"Content-Type":
+                    self.assertEqual(value, b"text/plain")
                 else:
                     raise
         response_body = await communicator.receive_output()
-        self.assertEqual(response_body['type'], 'http.response.body')
-        self.assertEqual(response_body['body'], test_file_contents)
+        self.assertEqual(response_body["type"], "http.response.body")
+        self.assertEqual(response_body["body"], test_file_contents)
         # Allow response.close() to finish.
         await communicator.wait()
 
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.staticfiles'})
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.staticfiles"})
     @override_settings(
-        STATIC_URL='static/',
+        STATIC_URL="static/",
         STATIC_ROOT=TEST_STATIC_ROOT,
         STATICFILES_DIRS=[TEST_STATIC_ROOT],
         STATICFILES_FINDERS=[
-            'django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder',
+            "django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder",
         ],
     )
     async def test_static_file_response(self):
         application = ASGIStaticFilesHandler(get_asgi_application())
         # Construct HTTP request.
-        scope = self.async_request_factory._base_scope(path='/static/file.txt')
+        scope = self.async_request_factory._base_scope(path="/static/file.txt")
         communicator = ApplicationCommunicator(application, scope)
-        await communicator.send_input({'type': 'http.request'})
+        await communicator.send_input({"type": "http.request"})
         # Get the file content.
-        file_path = TEST_STATIC_ROOT / 'file.txt'
-        with open(file_path, 'rb') as test_file:
+        file_path = TEST_STATIC_ROOT / "file.txt"
+        with open(file_path, "rb") as test_file:
             test_file_contents = test_file.read()
         # Read the response.
         stat = file_path.stat()
         response_start = await communicator.receive_output()
-        self.assertEqual(response_start['type'], 'http.response.start')
-        self.assertEqual(response_start['status'], 200)
+        self.assertEqual(response_start["type"], "http.response.start")
+        self.assertEqual(response_start["status"], 200)
         self.assertEqual(
-            set(response_start['headers']),
+            set(response_start["headers"]),
             {
-                (b'Content-Length', str(len(test_file_contents)).encode('ascii')),
-                (b'Content-Type', b'text/plain'),
-                (b'Content-Disposition', b'inline; filename="file.txt"'),
-                (b'Last-Modified', http_date(stat.st_mtime).encode('ascii')),
+                (b"Content-Length", str(len(test_file_contents)).encode("ascii")),
+                (b"Content-Type", b"text/plain"),
+                (b"Content-Disposition", b'inline; filename="file.txt"'),
+                (b"Last-Modified", http_date(stat.st_mtime).encode("ascii")),
             },
         )
         response_body = await communicator.receive_output()
-        self.assertEqual(response_body['type'], 'http.response.body')
-        self.assertEqual(response_body['body'], test_file_contents)
+        self.assertEqual(response_body["type"], "http.response.body")
+        self.assertEqual(response_body["body"], test_file_contents)
         # Allow response.close() to finish.
         await communicator.wait()
 
@@ -138,79 +144,80 @@ class ASGITest(SimpleTestCase):
         communicator = ApplicationCommunicator(
             application,
             self.async_request_factory._base_scope(
-                path='/meta/',
+                path="/meta/",
                 headers=[
-                    [b'content-type', b'text/plain; charset=utf-8'],
-                    [b'content-length', b'77'],
-                    [b'referer', b'Scotland'],
-                    [b'referer', b'Wales'],
+                    [b"content-type", b"text/plain; charset=utf-8"],
+                    [b"content-length", b"77"],
+                    [b"referer", b"Scotland"],
+                    [b"referer", b"Wales"],
                 ],
             ),
         )
-        await communicator.send_input({'type': 'http.request'})
+        await communicator.send_input({"type": "http.request"})
         response_start = await communicator.receive_output()
-        self.assertEqual(response_start['type'], 'http.response.start')
-        self.assertEqual(response_start['status'], 200)
+        self.assertEqual(response_start["type"], "http.response.start")
+        self.assertEqual(response_start["status"], 200)
         self.assertEqual(
-            set(response_start['headers']),
+            set(response_start["headers"]),
             {
-                (b'Content-Length', b'19'),
-                (b'Content-Type', b'text/plain; charset=utf-8'),
+                (b"Content-Length", b"19"),
+                (b"Content-Type", b"text/plain; charset=utf-8"),
             },
         )
         response_body = await communicator.receive_output()
-        self.assertEqual(response_body['type'], 'http.response.body')
-        self.assertEqual(response_body['body'], b'From Scotland,Wales')
+        self.assertEqual(response_body["type"], "http.response.body")
+        self.assertEqual(response_body["body"], b"From Scotland,Wales")
 
     async def test_get_query_string(self):
         application = get_asgi_application()
-        for query_string in (b'name=Andrew', 'name=Andrew'):
+        for query_string in (b"name=Andrew", "name=Andrew"):
             with self.subTest(query_string=query_string):
                 scope = self.async_request_factory._base_scope(
-                    path='/',
+                    path="/",
                     query_string=query_string,
                 )
                 communicator = ApplicationCommunicator(application, scope)
-                await communicator.send_input({'type': 'http.request'})
+                await communicator.send_input({"type": "http.request"})
                 response_start = await communicator.receive_output()
-                self.assertEqual(response_start['type'], 'http.response.start')
-                self.assertEqual(response_start['status'], 200)
+                self.assertEqual(response_start["type"], "http.response.start")
+                self.assertEqual(response_start["status"], 200)
                 response_body = await communicator.receive_output()
-                self.assertEqual(response_body['type'], 'http.response.body')
-                self.assertEqual(response_body['body'], b'Hello Andrew!')
+                self.assertEqual(response_body["type"], "http.response.body")
+                self.assertEqual(response_body["body"], b"Hello Andrew!")
 
     async def test_disconnect(self):
         application = get_asgi_application()
-        scope = self.async_request_factory._base_scope(path='/')
+        scope = self.async_request_factory._base_scope(path="/")
         communicator = ApplicationCommunicator(application, scope)
-        await communicator.send_input({'type': 'http.disconnect'})
+        await communicator.send_input({"type": "http.disconnect"})
         with self.assertRaises(asyncio.TimeoutError):
             await communicator.receive_output()
 
     async def test_wrong_connection_type(self):
         application = get_asgi_application()
-        scope = self.async_request_factory._base_scope(path='/', type='other')
+        scope = self.async_request_factory._base_scope(path="/", type="other")
         communicator = ApplicationCommunicator(application, scope)
-        await communicator.send_input({'type': 'http.request'})
-        msg = 'Django can only handle ASGI/HTTP connections, not other.'
+        await communicator.send_input({"type": "http.request"})
+        msg = "Django can only handle ASGI/HTTP connections, not other."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             await communicator.receive_output()
 
     async def test_non_unicode_query_string(self):
         application = get_asgi_application()
-        scope = self.async_request_factory._base_scope(path='/', query_string=b'\xff')
+        scope = self.async_request_factory._base_scope(path="/", query_string=b"\xff")
         communicator = ApplicationCommunicator(application, scope)
-        await communicator.send_input({'type': 'http.request'})
+        await communicator.send_input({"type": "http.request"})
         response_start = await communicator.receive_output()
-        self.assertEqual(response_start['type'], 'http.response.start')
-        self.assertEqual(response_start['status'], 400)
+        self.assertEqual(response_start["type"], "http.response.start")
+        self.assertEqual(response_start["status"], 400)
         response_body = await communicator.receive_output()
-        self.assertEqual(response_body['type'], 'http.response.body')
-        self.assertEqual(response_body['body'], b'')
+        self.assertEqual(response_body["type"], "http.response.body")
+        self.assertEqual(response_body["body"], b"")
 
     async def test_request_lifecycle_signals_dispatched_with_thread_sensitive(self):
         class SignalHandler:
             """Track threads handler is dispatched on."""
+
             threads = []
 
             def __call__(self, **kwargs):
@@ -222,15 +229,15 @@ class ASGITest(SimpleTestCase):
 
         # Perform a basic request.
         application = get_asgi_application()
-        scope = self.async_request_factory._base_scope(path='/')
+        scope = self.async_request_factory._base_scope(path="/")
         communicator = ApplicationCommunicator(application, scope)
-        await communicator.send_input({'type': 'http.request'})
+        await communicator.send_input({"type": "http.request"})
         response_start = await communicator.receive_output()
-        self.assertEqual(response_start['type'], 'http.response.start')
-        self.assertEqual(response_start['status'], 200)
+        self.assertEqual(response_start["type"], "http.response.start")
+        self.assertEqual(response_start["status"], 200)
         response_body = await communicator.receive_output()
-        self.assertEqual(response_body['type'], 'http.response.body')
-        self.assertEqual(response_body['body'], b'Hello World!')
+        self.assertEqual(response_body["type"], "http.response.body")
+        self.assertEqual(response_body["body"], b"Hello World!")
         # Give response.close() time to finish.
         await communicator.wait()
 
@@ -245,22 +252,22 @@ class ASGITest(SimpleTestCase):
 
         # Send 2 requests concurrently
         application = get_asgi_application()
-        scope = self.async_request_factory._base_scope(path='/wait/')
+        scope = self.async_request_factory._base_scope(path="/wait/")
         communicators = []
         for _ in range(2):
             communicators.append(ApplicationCommunicator(application, scope))
-            await communicators[-1].send_input({'type': 'http.request'})
+            await communicators[-1].send_input({"type": "http.request"})
 
         # Each request must complete with a status code of 200
         # If requests aren't scheduled concurrently, the barrier in the
         # sync_wait view will time out, resulting in a 500 status code.
         for communicator in communicators:
             response_start = await communicator.receive_output()
-            self.assertEqual(response_start['type'], 'http.response.start')
-            self.assertEqual(response_start['status'], 200)
+            self.assertEqual(response_start["type"], "http.response.start")
+            self.assertEqual(response_start["status"], 200)
             response_body = await communicator.receive_output()
-            self.assertEqual(response_body['type'], 'http.response.body')
-            self.assertEqual(response_body['body'], b'Hello World!')
+            self.assertEqual(response_body["type"], "http.response.body")
+            self.assertEqual(response_body["body"], b"Hello World!")
             # Give response.close() time to finish.
             await communicator.wait()
 
diff --git a/tests/asgi/urls.py b/tests/asgi/urls.py
index 22d85604d1..e6c74ab488 100644
--- a/tests/asgi/urls.py
+++ b/tests/asgi/urls.py
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ from django.urls import path
 
 
 def hello(request):
-    name = request.GET.get('name') or 'World'
-    return HttpResponse('Hello %s!' % name)
+    name = request.GET.get("name") or "World"
+    return HttpResponse("Hello %s!" % name)
 
 
 def hello_meta(request):
     return HttpResponse(
-        'From %s' % request.META.get('HTTP_REFERER') or '',
-        content_type=request.META.get('CONTENT_TYPE'),
+        "From %s" % request.META.get("HTTP_REFERER") or "",
+        content_type=request.META.get("CONTENT_TYPE"),
     )
 
 
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ test_filename = __file__
 
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('', hello),
-    path('file/', lambda x: FileResponse(open(test_filename, 'rb'))),
-    path('meta/', hello_meta),
-    path('wait/', sync_waiter),
+    path("", hello),
+    path("file/", lambda x: FileResponse(open(test_filename, "rb"))),
+    path("meta/", hello_meta),
+    path("wait/", sync_waiter),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/async/tests.py b/tests/async/tests.py
index 783fbdd080..be3e4e2576 100644
--- a/tests/async/tests.py
+++ b/tests/async/tests.py
@@ -12,7 +12,10 @@ from django.utils.asyncio import async_unsafe
 from .models import SimpleModel
 
 
-@skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32' and (3, 8, 0) < sys.version_info < (3, 8, 1), 'https://bugs.python.org/issue38563')
+@skipIf(
+    sys.platform == "win32" and (3, 8, 0) < sys.version_info < (3, 8, 1),
+    "https://bugs.python.org/issue38563",
+)
 class CacheTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_caches_local(self):
         @async_to_sync
@@ -24,20 +27,28 @@ class CacheTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIs(cache_1, cache_2)
 
 
-@skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32' and (3, 8, 0) < sys.version_info < (3, 8, 1), 'https://bugs.python.org/issue38563')
+@skipIf(
+    sys.platform == "win32" and (3, 8, 0) < sys.version_info < (3, 8, 1),
+    "https://bugs.python.org/issue38563",
+)
 class DatabaseConnectionTest(SimpleTestCase):
     """A database connection cannot be used in an async context."""
+
     async def test_get_async_connection(self):
         with self.assertRaises(SynchronousOnlyOperation):
             list(SimpleModel.objects.all())
 
 
-@skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32' and (3, 8, 0) < sys.version_info < (3, 8, 1), 'https://bugs.python.org/issue38563')
+@skipIf(
+    sys.platform == "win32" and (3, 8, 0) < sys.version_info < (3, 8, 1),
+    "https://bugs.python.org/issue38563",
+)
 class AsyncUnsafeTest(SimpleTestCase):
     """
     async_unsafe decorator should work correctly and returns the correct
     message.
     """
+
     @async_unsafe
     def dangerous_method(self):
         return True
@@ -46,13 +57,13 @@ class AsyncUnsafeTest(SimpleTestCase):
         # async_unsafe decorator catches bad access and returns the right
         # message.
         msg = (
-            'You cannot call this from an async context - use a thread or '
-            'sync_to_async.'
+            "You cannot call this from an async context - use a thread or "
+            "sync_to_async."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(SynchronousOnlyOperation, msg):
             self.dangerous_method()
 
-    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {'DJANGO_ALLOW_ASYNC_UNSAFE': 'true'})
+    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {"DJANGO_ALLOW_ASYNC_UNSAFE": "true"})
     @async_to_sync  # mock.patch() is not async-aware.
     async def test_async_unsafe_suppressed(self):
         # Decorator doesn't trigger check when the environment variable to
@@ -60,4 +71,4 @@ class AsyncUnsafeTest(SimpleTestCase):
         try:
             self.dangerous_method()
         except SynchronousOnlyOperation:
-            self.fail('SynchronousOnlyOperation should not be raised.')
+            self.fail("SynchronousOnlyOperation should not be raised.")
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/backend_alias.py b/tests/auth_tests/backend_alias.py
index ae14d1538c..fe398d1674 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/backend_alias.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/backend_alias.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # For testing that auth backends can be referenced using a convenience import
 from .test_auth_backends import ImportedModelBackend
 
-__all__ = ['ImportedModelBackend']
+__all__ = ["ImportedModelBackend"]
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/client.py b/tests/auth_tests/client.py
index c2ce1102ce..7426f93e6e 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/client.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/client.py
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 import re
 
 from django.contrib.auth.views import (
-    INTERNAL_RESET_SESSION_TOKEN, PasswordResetConfirmView,
+    INTERNAL_RESET_SESSION_TOKEN,
+    PasswordResetConfirmView,
 )
 from django.test import Client
 
 
 def extract_token_from_url(url):
-    token_search = re.search(r'/reset/.*/(.+?)/', url)
+    token_search = re.search(r"/reset/.*/(.+?)/", url)
     if token_search:
         return token_search[1]
 
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ class PasswordResetConfirmClient(Client):
     >>> client = PasswordResetConfirmClient()
     >>> client.get('/reset/bla/my-token/')
     """
+
     reset_url_token = PasswordResetConfirmView.reset_url_token
 
     def _get_password_reset_confirm_redirect_url(self, url):
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/models/__init__.py b/tests/auth_tests/models/__init__.py
index b3e06cd7b8..bce5edf883 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/models/__init__.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/models/__init__.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 from .custom_permissions import CustomPermissionsUser
-from .custom_user import (
-    CustomUser, CustomUserWithoutIsActiveField, ExtensionUser,
-)
+from .custom_user import CustomUser, CustomUserWithoutIsActiveField, ExtensionUser
 from .invalid_models import CustomUserNonUniqueUsername
 from .is_active import IsActiveTestUser1
 from .minimal import MinimalUser
@@ -12,15 +10,26 @@ from .with_custom_email_field import CustomEmailField
 from .with_foreign_key import CustomUserWithFK, Email
 from .with_integer_username import IntegerUsernameUser
 from .with_last_login_attr import UserWithDisabledLastLoginField
-from .with_many_to_many import (
-    CustomUserWithM2M, CustomUserWithM2MThrough, Organization,
-)
+from .with_many_to_many import CustomUserWithM2M, CustomUserWithM2MThrough, Organization
 
 __all__ = (
-    'CustomEmailField', 'CustomPermissionsUser', 'CustomUser',
-    'CustomUserNonUniqueUsername', 'CustomUserWithFK', 'CustomUserWithM2M',
-    'CustomUserWithM2MThrough', 'CustomUserWithoutIsActiveField', 'Email',
-    'ExtensionUser', 'IntegerUsernameUser', 'IsActiveTestUser1', 'MinimalUser',
-    'NoPasswordUser', 'Organization', 'Proxy', 'UUIDUser', 'UserProxy',
-    'UserWithDisabledLastLoginField',
+    "CustomEmailField",
+    "CustomPermissionsUser",
+    "CustomUser",
+    "CustomUserNonUniqueUsername",
+    "CustomUserWithFK",
+    "CustomUserWithM2M",
+    "CustomUserWithM2MThrough",
+    "CustomUserWithoutIsActiveField",
+    "Email",
+    "ExtensionUser",
+    "IntegerUsernameUser",
+    "IsActiveTestUser1",
+    "MinimalUser",
+    "NoPasswordUser",
+    "Organization",
+    "Proxy",
+    "UUIDUser",
+    "UserProxy",
+    "UserWithDisabledLastLoginField",
 )
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/models/custom_permissions.py b/tests/auth_tests/models/custom_permissions.py
index bddcfde2eb..52d28bd276 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/models/custom_permissions.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/models/custom_permissions.py
@@ -18,14 +18,17 @@ class CustomPermissionsUserManager(CustomUserManager):
 
 
 with RemoveGroupsAndPermissions():
+
     class CustomPermissionsUser(AbstractBaseUser, PermissionsMixin):
-        email = models.EmailField(verbose_name='email address', max_length=255, unique=True)
+        email = models.EmailField(
+            verbose_name="email address", max_length=255, unique=True
+        )
         date_of_birth = models.DateField()
 
         custom_objects = CustomPermissionsUserManager()
 
-        USERNAME_FIELD = 'email'
-        REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['date_of_birth']
+        USERNAME_FIELD = "email"
+        REQUIRED_FIELDS = ["date_of_birth"]
 
         def __str__(self):
             return self.email
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/models/custom_user.py b/tests/auth_tests/models/custom_user.py
index a46f1d5a9c..b9938681ca 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/models/custom_user.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/models/custom_user.py
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 from django.contrib.auth.models import (
-    AbstractBaseUser, AbstractUser, BaseUserManager, Group, Permission,
-    PermissionsMixin, UserManager,
+    AbstractBaseUser,
+    AbstractUser,
+    BaseUserManager,
+    Group,
+    Permission,
+    PermissionsMixin,
+    UserManager,
 )
 from django.db import models
 
@@ -14,12 +19,10 @@ class CustomUserManager(BaseUserManager):
         Creates and saves a User with the given email and password.
         """
         if not email:
-            raise ValueError('Users must have an email address')
+            raise ValueError("Users must have an email address")
 
         user = self.model(
-            email=self.normalize_email(email),
-            date_of_birth=date_of_birth,
-            **fields
+            email=self.normalize_email(email), date_of_birth=date_of_birth, **fields
         )
 
         user.set_password(password)
@@ -27,14 +30,16 @@ class CustomUserManager(BaseUserManager):
         return user
 
     def create_superuser(self, email, password, date_of_birth, **fields):
-        u = self.create_user(email, password=password, date_of_birth=date_of_birth, **fields)
+        u = self.create_user(
+            email, password=password, date_of_birth=date_of_birth, **fields
+        )
         u.is_admin = True
         u.save(using=self._db)
         return u
 
 
 class CustomUser(AbstractBaseUser):
-    email = models.EmailField(verbose_name='email address', max_length=255, unique=True)
+    email = models.EmailField(verbose_name="email address", max_length=255, unique=True)
     is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)
     is_admin = models.BooleanField(default=False)
     date_of_birth = models.DateField()
@@ -42,8 +47,8 @@ class CustomUser(AbstractBaseUser):
 
     custom_objects = CustomUserManager()
 
-    USERNAME_FIELD = 'email'
-    REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['date_of_birth', 'first_name']
+    USERNAME_FIELD = "email"
+    REQUIRED_FIELDS = ["date_of_birth", "first_name"]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.email
@@ -76,6 +81,7 @@ class RemoveGroupsAndPermissions:
     fields from the AbstractUser class, so they don't clash with the
     related_name sets.
     """
+
     def __enter__(self):
         self._old_au_local_m2m = AbstractUser._meta.local_many_to_many
         self._old_pm_local_m2m = PermissionsMixin._meta.local_many_to_many
@@ -97,16 +103,17 @@ class CustomUserWithoutIsActiveField(AbstractBaseUser):
 
     objects = UserManager()
 
-    USERNAME_FIELD = 'username'
+    USERNAME_FIELD = "username"
 
 
 # The extension user is a simple extension of the built-in user class,
 # adding a required date_of_birth field. This allows us to check for
 # any hard references to the name "User" in forms/handlers etc.
 with RemoveGroupsAndPermissions():
+
     class ExtensionUser(AbstractUser):
         date_of_birth = models.DateField()
 
         custom_objects = UserManager()
 
-        REQUIRED_FIELDS = AbstractUser.REQUIRED_FIELDS + ['date_of_birth']
+        REQUIRED_FIELDS = AbstractUser.REQUIRED_FIELDS + ["date_of_birth"]
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/models/invalid_models.py b/tests/auth_tests/models/invalid_models.py
index 123ed4d865..280c690faa 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/models/invalid_models.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/models/invalid_models.py
@@ -9,12 +9,13 @@ class CustomUserNonUniqueUsername(AbstractBaseUser):
     This model is not invalid if it is used with a custom authentication
     backend which supports non-unique usernames.
     """
+
     username = models.CharField(max_length=30)
     email = models.EmailField(blank=True)
     is_staff = models.BooleanField(default=False)
     is_superuser = models.BooleanField(default=False)
 
-    USERNAME_FIELD = 'username'
-    REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['email']
+    USERNAME_FIELD = "username"
+    REQUIRED_FIELDS = ["email"]
 
     objects = UserManager()
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/models/is_active.py b/tests/auth_tests/models/is_active.py
index 4c3144ffdc..cc91b8b97e 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/models/is_active.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/models/is_active.py
@@ -6,10 +6,11 @@ class IsActiveTestUser1(AbstractBaseUser):
     """
     This test user class and derivatives test the default is_active behavior
     """
+
     username = models.CharField(max_length=30, unique=True)
 
     custom_objects = BaseUserManager()
 
-    USERNAME_FIELD = 'username'
+    USERNAME_FIELD = "username"
 
     # the is_active attr is provided by AbstractBaseUser
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/models/minimal.py b/tests/auth_tests/models/minimal.py
index 7b8931b231..6fd986848c 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/models/minimal.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/models/minimal.py
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@ from django.db import models
 
 class MinimalUser(models.Model):
     REQUIRED_FIELDS = ()
-    USERNAME_FIELD = 'id'
+    USERNAME_FIELD = "id"
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/models/no_password.py b/tests/auth_tests/models/no_password.py
index c7c40f76f6..33c08b4692 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/models/no_password.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/models/no_password.py
@@ -17,5 +17,5 @@ class NoPasswordUser(AbstractBaseUser):
     last_login = None
     username = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique=True)
 
-    USERNAME_FIELD = 'username'
+    USERNAME_FIELD = "username"
     objects = UserManager()
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/models/proxy.py b/tests/auth_tests/models/proxy.py
index 9e82a398c2..ddcdfd582c 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/models/proxy.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/models/proxy.py
@@ -9,14 +9,10 @@ class Concrete(models.Model):
 class Proxy(Concrete):
     class Meta:
         proxy = True
-        permissions = (
-            ('display_proxys', 'May display proxys information'),
-        )
+        permissions = (("display_proxys", "May display proxys information"),)
 
 
 class UserProxy(User):
     class Meta:
         proxy = True
-        permissions = (
-            ('use_different_app_label', 'May use a different app label'),
-        )
+        permissions = (("use_different_app_label", "May use a different app label"),)
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/models/uuid_pk.py b/tests/auth_tests/models/uuid_pk.py
index 87a4ee0658..d753660cbe 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/models/uuid_pk.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/models/uuid_pk.py
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ from django.db import models
 from .custom_user import RemoveGroupsAndPermissions
 
 with RemoveGroupsAndPermissions():
+
     class UUIDUser(AbstractUser):
         """A user with a UUID as primary key"""
+
         id = models.UUIDField(default=uuid.uuid4, primary_key=True)
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/models/with_custom_email_field.py b/tests/auth_tests/models/with_custom_email_field.py
index 278cd137a4..3cba8802d9 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/models/with_custom_email_field.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/models/with_custom_email_field.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class CustomEmailField(AbstractBaseUser):
     email_address = models.EmailField(null=True)
     is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)
 
-    EMAIL_FIELD = 'email_address'
-    USERNAME_FIELD = 'username'
+    EMAIL_FIELD = "email_address"
+    USERNAME_FIELD = "username"
 
     objects = CustomEmailFieldUserManager()
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/models/with_foreign_key.py b/tests/auth_tests/models/with_foreign_key.py
index d16329a04b..13100accff 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/models/with_foreign_key.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/models/with_foreign_key.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from django.db import models
 
 
 class Email(models.Model):
-    email = models.EmailField(verbose_name='email address', max_length=255, unique=True)
+    email = models.EmailField(verbose_name="email address", max_length=255, unique=True)
 
 
 class CustomUserWithFKManager(BaseUserManager):
@@ -15,11 +15,13 @@ class CustomUserWithFKManager(BaseUserManager):
 
 
 class CustomUserWithFK(AbstractBaseUser):
-    username = models.ForeignKey(Email, models.CASCADE, related_name='primary')
-    email = models.ForeignKey(Email, models.CASCADE, to_field='email', related_name='secondary')
+    username = models.ForeignKey(Email, models.CASCADE, related_name="primary")
+    email = models.ForeignKey(
+        Email, models.CASCADE, to_field="email", related_name="secondary"
+    )
     group = models.ForeignKey(Group, models.CASCADE)
 
     custom_objects = CustomUserWithFKManager()
 
-    USERNAME_FIELD = 'username'
-    REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['email', 'group']
+    USERNAME_FIELD = "username"
+    REQUIRED_FIELDS = ["email", "group"]
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/models/with_integer_username.py b/tests/auth_tests/models/with_integer_username.py
index fc3728d798..8d99bee13a 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/models/with_integer_username.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/models/with_integer_username.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class IntegerUsernameUser(AbstractBaseUser):
     username = models.IntegerField()
     password = models.CharField(max_length=255)
 
-    USERNAME_FIELD = 'username'
-    REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['username', 'password']
+    USERNAME_FIELD = "username"
+    REQUIRED_FIELDS = ["username", "password"]
 
     objects = IntegerUsernameUserManager()
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/models/with_many_to_many.py b/tests/auth_tests/models/with_many_to_many.py
index 82142048ec..0c51365143 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/models/with_many_to_many.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/models/with_many_to_many.py
@@ -21,18 +21,18 @@ class CustomUserWithM2M(AbstractBaseUser):
 
     custom_objects = CustomUserWithM2MManager()
 
-    USERNAME_FIELD = 'username'
-    REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['orgs']
+    USERNAME_FIELD = "username"
+    REQUIRED_FIELDS = ["orgs"]
 
 
 class CustomUserWithM2MThrough(AbstractBaseUser):
     username = models.CharField(max_length=30, unique=True)
-    orgs = models.ManyToManyField(Organization, through='Membership')
+    orgs = models.ManyToManyField(Organization, through="Membership")
 
     custom_objects = CustomUserWithM2MManager()
 
-    USERNAME_FIELD = 'username'
-    REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['orgs']
+    USERNAME_FIELD = "username"
+    REQUIRED_FIELDS = ["orgs"]
 
 
 class Membership(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/settings.py b/tests/auth_tests/settings.py
index 5de7f3be45..9cf7855d44 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/settings.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/settings.py
@@ -1,19 +1,21 @@
 import os
 
 AUTH_MIDDLEWARE = [
-    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
-    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
+    "django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware",
+    "django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware",
 ]
 
-AUTH_TEMPLATES = [{
-    'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-    'DIRS': [os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'templates')],
-    'APP_DIRS': True,
-    'OPTIONS': {
-        'context_processors': [
-            'django.template.context_processors.request',
-            'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
-            'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
-        ],
-    },
-}]
+AUTH_TEMPLATES = [
+    {
+        "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+        "DIRS": [os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "templates")],
+        "APP_DIRS": True,
+        "OPTIONS": {
+            "context_processors": [
+                "django.template.context_processors.request",
+                "django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth",
+                "django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages",
+            ],
+        },
+    }
+]
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/test_admin_multidb.py b/tests/auth_tests/test_admin_multidb.py
index fac2c0fc7e..20faab25d8 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/test_admin_multidb.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/test_admin_multidb.py
@@ -16,17 +16,17 @@ class Router:
     db_for_write = db_for_read
 
 
-site = admin.AdminSite(name='test_adminsite')
+site = admin.AdminSite(name="test_adminsite")
 site.register(User, admin_class=UserAdmin)
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('admin/', site.urls),
+    path("admin/", site.urls),
 ]
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF=__name__, DATABASE_ROUTERS=['%s.Router' % __name__])
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF=__name__, DATABASE_ROUTERS=["%s.Router" % __name__])
 class MultiDatabaseTests(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
@@ -34,18 +34,23 @@ class MultiDatabaseTests(TestCase):
         for db in cls.databases:
             Router.target_db = db
             cls.superusers[db] = User.objects.create_superuser(
-                username='admin', password='something', email='test@test.org',
+                username="admin",
+                password="something",
+                email="test@test.org",
             )
 
-    @mock.patch('django.contrib.auth.admin.transaction')
+    @mock.patch("django.contrib.auth.admin.transaction")
     def test_add_view(self, mock):
         for db in self.databases:
             with self.subTest(db_connection=db):
                 Router.target_db = db
                 self.client.force_login(self.superusers[db])
-                self.client.post(reverse('test_adminsite:auth_user_add'), {
-                    'username': 'some_user',
-                    'password1': 'helloworld',
-                    'password2': 'helloworld',
-                })
+                self.client.post(
+                    reverse("test_adminsite:auth_user_add"),
+                    {
+                        "username": "some_user",
+                        "password1": "helloworld",
+                        "password2": "helloworld",
+                    },
+                )
                 mock.atomic.assert_called_with(using=db)
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/test_auth_backends.py b/tests/auth_tests/test_auth_backends.py
index d1471466d7..a535f329d2 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/test_auth_backends.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/test_auth_backends.py
@@ -3,8 +3,12 @@ from datetime import date
 from unittest import mock
 
 from django.contrib.auth import (
-    BACKEND_SESSION_KEY, SESSION_KEY, _clean_credentials, authenticate,
-    get_user, signals,
+    BACKEND_SESSION_KEY,
+    SESSION_KEY,
+    _clean_credentials,
+    authenticate,
+    get_user,
+    signals,
 )
 from django.contrib.auth.backends import BaseBackend, ModelBackend
 from django.contrib.auth.hashers import MD5PasswordHasher
@@ -13,50 +17,58 @@ from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured, PermissionDenied
 from django.http import HttpRequest
 from django.test import (
-    RequestFactory, SimpleTestCase, TestCase, modify_settings,
+    RequestFactory,
+    SimpleTestCase,
+    TestCase,
+    modify_settings,
     override_settings,
 )
 from django.views.debug import technical_500_response
 from django.views.decorators.debug import sensitive_variables
 
 from .models import (
-    CustomPermissionsUser, CustomUser, CustomUserWithoutIsActiveField,
-    ExtensionUser, UUIDUser,
+    CustomPermissionsUser,
+    CustomUser,
+    CustomUserWithoutIsActiveField,
+    ExtensionUser,
+    UUIDUser,
 )
 
 
 class SimpleBackend(BaseBackend):
     def get_user_permissions(self, user_obj, obj=None):
-        return ['user_perm']
+        return ["user_perm"]
 
     def get_group_permissions(self, user_obj, obj=None):
-        return ['group_perm']
+        return ["group_perm"]
 
 
-@override_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=['auth_tests.test_auth_backends.SimpleBackend'])
+@override_settings(
+    AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=["auth_tests.test_auth_backends.SimpleBackend"]
+)
 class BaseBackendTest(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.user = User.objects.create_user('test', 'test@example.com', 'test')
+        cls.user = User.objects.create_user("test", "test@example.com", "test")
 
     def test_get_user_permissions(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.user.get_user_permissions(), {'user_perm'})
+        self.assertEqual(self.user.get_user_permissions(), {"user_perm"})
 
     def test_get_group_permissions(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.user.get_group_permissions(), {'group_perm'})
+        self.assertEqual(self.user.get_group_permissions(), {"group_perm"})
 
     def test_get_all_permissions(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.user.get_all_permissions(), {'user_perm', 'group_perm'})
+        self.assertEqual(self.user.get_all_permissions(), {"user_perm", "group_perm"})
 
     def test_has_perm(self):
-        self.assertIs(self.user.has_perm('user_perm'), True)
-        self.assertIs(self.user.has_perm('group_perm'), True)
-        self.assertIs(self.user.has_perm('other_perm', TestObj()), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.user.has_perm("user_perm"), True)
+        self.assertIs(self.user.has_perm("group_perm"), True)
+        self.assertIs(self.user.has_perm("other_perm", TestObj()), False)
 
     def test_has_perms_perm_list_invalid(self):
-        msg = 'perm_list must be an iterable of permissions.'
+        msg = "perm_list must be an iterable of permissions."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            self.user.has_perms('user_perm')
+            self.user.has_perms("user_perm")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             self.user.has_perms(object())
 
@@ -78,11 +90,12 @@ class BaseModelBackendTest:
     level UserModel attribute, and a create_users() method to
     construct two users for test purposes.
     """
-    backend = 'django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend'
+
+    backend = "django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend"
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.patched_settings = modify_settings(
-            AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS={'append': self.backend},
+            AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS={"append": self.backend},
         )
         self.patched_settings.enable()
         self.create_users()
@@ -96,72 +109,84 @@ class BaseModelBackendTest:
 
     def test_has_perm(self):
         user = self.UserModel._default_manager.get(pk=self.user.pk)
-        self.assertIs(user.has_perm('auth.test'), False)
+        self.assertIs(user.has_perm("auth.test"), False)
 
         user.is_staff = True
         user.save()
-        self.assertIs(user.has_perm('auth.test'), False)
+        self.assertIs(user.has_perm("auth.test"), False)
 
         user.is_superuser = True
         user.save()
-        self.assertIs(user.has_perm('auth.test'), True)
+        self.assertIs(user.has_perm("auth.test"), True)
 
         user.is_staff = True
         user.is_superuser = True
         user.is_active = False
         user.save()
-        self.assertIs(user.has_perm('auth.test'), False)
+        self.assertIs(user.has_perm("auth.test"), False)
 
     def test_custom_perms(self):
         user = self.UserModel._default_manager.get(pk=self.user.pk)
         content_type = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Group)
-        perm = Permission.objects.create(name='test', content_type=content_type, codename='test')
+        perm = Permission.objects.create(
+            name="test", content_type=content_type, codename="test"
+        )
         user.user_permissions.add(perm)
 
         # reloading user to purge the _perm_cache
         user = self.UserModel._default_manager.get(pk=self.user.pk)
-        self.assertEqual(user.get_all_permissions(), {'auth.test'})
-        self.assertEqual(user.get_user_permissions(), {'auth.test'})
+        self.assertEqual(user.get_all_permissions(), {"auth.test"})
+        self.assertEqual(user.get_user_permissions(), {"auth.test"})
         self.assertEqual(user.get_group_permissions(), set())
-        self.assertIs(user.has_module_perms('Group'), False)
-        self.assertIs(user.has_module_perms('auth'), True)
+        self.assertIs(user.has_module_perms("Group"), False)
+        self.assertIs(user.has_module_perms("auth"), True)
 
-        perm = Permission.objects.create(name='test2', content_type=content_type, codename='test2')
+        perm = Permission.objects.create(
+            name="test2", content_type=content_type, codename="test2"
+        )
         user.user_permissions.add(perm)
-        perm = Permission.objects.create(name='test3', content_type=content_type, codename='test3')
+        perm = Permission.objects.create(
+            name="test3", content_type=content_type, codename="test3"
+        )
         user.user_permissions.add(perm)
         user = self.UserModel._default_manager.get(pk=self.user.pk)
-        expected_user_perms = {'auth.test2', 'auth.test', 'auth.test3'}
+        expected_user_perms = {"auth.test2", "auth.test", "auth.test3"}
         self.assertEqual(user.get_all_permissions(), expected_user_perms)
-        self.assertIs(user.has_perm('test'), False)
-        self.assertIs(user.has_perm('auth.test'), True)
-        self.assertIs(user.has_perms(['auth.test2', 'auth.test3']), True)
+        self.assertIs(user.has_perm("test"), False)
+        self.assertIs(user.has_perm("auth.test"), True)
+        self.assertIs(user.has_perms(["auth.test2", "auth.test3"]), True)
 
-        perm = Permission.objects.create(name='test_group', content_type=content_type, codename='test_group')
-        group = Group.objects.create(name='test_group')
+        perm = Permission.objects.create(
+            name="test_group", content_type=content_type, codename="test_group"
+        )
+        group = Group.objects.create(name="test_group")
         group.permissions.add(perm)
         user.groups.add(group)
         user = self.UserModel._default_manager.get(pk=self.user.pk)
-        self.assertEqual(user.get_all_permissions(), {*expected_user_perms, 'auth.test_group'})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            user.get_all_permissions(), {*expected_user_perms, "auth.test_group"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(user.get_user_permissions(), expected_user_perms)
-        self.assertEqual(user.get_group_permissions(), {'auth.test_group'})
-        self.assertIs(user.has_perms(['auth.test3', 'auth.test_group']), True)
+        self.assertEqual(user.get_group_permissions(), {"auth.test_group"})
+        self.assertIs(user.has_perms(["auth.test3", "auth.test_group"]), True)
 
         user = AnonymousUser()
-        self.assertIs(user.has_perm('test'), False)
-        self.assertIs(user.has_perms(['auth.test2', 'auth.test3']), False)
+        self.assertIs(user.has_perm("test"), False)
+        self.assertIs(user.has_perms(["auth.test2", "auth.test3"]), False)
 
     def test_has_no_object_perm(self):
         """Regressiontest for #12462"""
         user = self.UserModel._default_manager.get(pk=self.user.pk)
         content_type = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Group)
-        perm = Permission.objects.create(name='test', content_type=content_type, codename='test')
+        perm = Permission.objects.create(
+            name="test", content_type=content_type, codename="test"
+        )
         user.user_permissions.add(perm)
 
-        self.assertIs(user.has_perm('auth.test', 'object'), False)
-        self.assertEqual(user.get_all_permissions('object'), set())
-        self.assertIs(user.has_perm('auth.test'), True)
-        self.assertEqual(user.get_all_permissions(), {'auth.test'})
+        self.assertIs(user.has_perm("auth.test", "object"), False)
+        self.assertEqual(user.get_all_permissions("object"), set())
+        self.assertIs(user.has_perm("auth.test"), True)
+        self.assertEqual(user.get_all_permissions(), {"auth.test"})
 
     def test_anonymous_has_no_permissions(self):
         """
@@ -172,19 +197,25 @@ class BaseModelBackendTest:
 
         user = self.UserModel._default_manager.get(pk=self.user.pk)
         content_type = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Group)
-        user_perm = Permission.objects.create(name='test', content_type=content_type, codename='test_user')
-        group_perm = Permission.objects.create(name='test2', content_type=content_type, codename='test_group')
+        user_perm = Permission.objects.create(
+            name="test", content_type=content_type, codename="test_user"
+        )
+        group_perm = Permission.objects.create(
+            name="test2", content_type=content_type, codename="test_group"
+        )
         user.user_permissions.add(user_perm)
 
-        group = Group.objects.create(name='test_group')
+        group = Group.objects.create(name="test_group")
         user.groups.add(group)
         group.permissions.add(group_perm)
 
-        self.assertEqual(backend.get_all_permissions(user), {'auth.test_user', 'auth.test_group'})
-        self.assertEqual(backend.get_user_permissions(user), {'auth.test_user'})
-        self.assertEqual(backend.get_group_permissions(user), {'auth.test_group'})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            backend.get_all_permissions(user), {"auth.test_user", "auth.test_group"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(backend.get_user_permissions(user), {"auth.test_user"})
+        self.assertEqual(backend.get_group_permissions(user), {"auth.test_group"})
 
-        with mock.patch.object(self.UserModel, 'is_anonymous', True):
+        with mock.patch.object(self.UserModel, "is_anonymous", True):
             self.assertEqual(backend.get_all_permissions(user), set())
             self.assertEqual(backend.get_user_permissions(user), set())
             self.assertEqual(backend.get_group_permissions(user), set())
@@ -198,17 +229,23 @@ class BaseModelBackendTest:
 
         user = self.UserModel._default_manager.get(pk=self.user.pk)
         content_type = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Group)
-        user_perm = Permission.objects.create(name='test', content_type=content_type, codename='test_user')
-        group_perm = Permission.objects.create(name='test2', content_type=content_type, codename='test_group')
+        user_perm = Permission.objects.create(
+            name="test", content_type=content_type, codename="test_user"
+        )
+        group_perm = Permission.objects.create(
+            name="test2", content_type=content_type, codename="test_group"
+        )
         user.user_permissions.add(user_perm)
 
-        group = Group.objects.create(name='test_group')
+        group = Group.objects.create(name="test_group")
         user.groups.add(group)
         group.permissions.add(group_perm)
 
-        self.assertEqual(backend.get_all_permissions(user), {'auth.test_user', 'auth.test_group'})
-        self.assertEqual(backend.get_user_permissions(user), {'auth.test_user'})
-        self.assertEqual(backend.get_group_permissions(user), {'auth.test_group'})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            backend.get_all_permissions(user), {"auth.test_user", "auth.test_group"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(backend.get_user_permissions(user), {"auth.test_user"})
+        self.assertEqual(backend.get_group_permissions(user), {"auth.test_group"})
 
         user.is_active = False
         user.save()
@@ -222,29 +259,33 @@ class BaseModelBackendTest:
         user = self.UserModel._default_manager.get(pk=self.superuser.pk)
         self.assertEqual(len(user.get_all_permissions()), len(Permission.objects.all()))
 
-    @override_settings(PASSWORD_HASHERS=['auth_tests.test_auth_backends.CountingMD5PasswordHasher'])
+    @override_settings(
+        PASSWORD_HASHERS=["auth_tests.test_auth_backends.CountingMD5PasswordHasher"]
+    )
     def test_authentication_timing(self):
         """Hasher is run once regardless of whether the user exists. Refs #20760."""
         # Re-set the password, because this tests overrides PASSWORD_HASHERS
-        self.user.set_password('test')
+        self.user.set_password("test")
         self.user.save()
 
         CountingMD5PasswordHasher.calls = 0
         username = getattr(self.user, self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD)
-        authenticate(username=username, password='test')
+        authenticate(username=username, password="test")
         self.assertEqual(CountingMD5PasswordHasher.calls, 1)
 
         CountingMD5PasswordHasher.calls = 0
-        authenticate(username='no_such_user', password='test')
+        authenticate(username="no_such_user", password="test")
         self.assertEqual(CountingMD5PasswordHasher.calls, 1)
 
-    @override_settings(PASSWORD_HASHERS=['auth_tests.test_auth_backends.CountingMD5PasswordHasher'])
+    @override_settings(
+        PASSWORD_HASHERS=["auth_tests.test_auth_backends.CountingMD5PasswordHasher"]
+    )
     def test_authentication_without_credentials(self):
         CountingMD5PasswordHasher.calls = 0
         for credentials in (
             {},
-            {'username': getattr(self.user, self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD)},
-            {'password': 'test'},
+            {"username": getattr(self.user, self.UserModel.USERNAME_FIELD)},
+            {"password": "test"},
         ):
             with self.subTest(credentials=credentials):
                 with self.assertNumQueries(0):
@@ -256,15 +297,18 @@ class ModelBackendTest(BaseModelBackendTest, TestCase):
     """
     Tests for the ModelBackend using the default User model.
     """
+
     UserModel = User
-    user_credentials = {'username': 'test', 'password': 'test'}
+    user_credentials = {"username": "test", "password": "test"}
 
     def create_users(self):
-        self.user = User.objects.create_user(email='test@example.com', **self.user_credentials)
+        self.user = User.objects.create_user(
+            email="test@example.com", **self.user_credentials
+        )
         self.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
-            username='test2',
-            email='test2@example.com',
-            password='test',
+            username="test2",
+            email="test2@example.com",
+            password="test",
         )
 
     def test_authenticate_inactive(self):
@@ -276,18 +320,20 @@ class ModelBackendTest(BaseModelBackendTest, TestCase):
         self.user.save()
         self.assertIsNone(authenticate(**self.user_credentials))
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUserWithoutIsActiveField')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUserWithoutIsActiveField")
     def test_authenticate_user_without_is_active_field(self):
         """
         A custom user without an `is_active` field is allowed to authenticate.
         """
         user = CustomUserWithoutIsActiveField.objects._create_user(
-            username='test', email='test@example.com', password='test',
+            username="test",
+            email="test@example.com",
+            password="test",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(authenticate(username='test', password='test'), user)
+        self.assertEqual(authenticate(username="test", password="test"), user)
 
 
-@override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.ExtensionUser')
+@override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.ExtensionUser")
 class ExtensionUserModelBackendTest(BaseModelBackendTest, TestCase):
     """
     Tests for the ModelBackend using the custom ExtensionUser model.
@@ -309,20 +355,20 @@ class ExtensionUserModelBackendTest(BaseModelBackendTest, TestCase):
 
     def create_users(self):
         self.user = ExtensionUser._default_manager.create_user(
-            username='test',
-            email='test@example.com',
-            password='test',
-            date_of_birth=date(2006, 4, 25)
+            username="test",
+            email="test@example.com",
+            password="test",
+            date_of_birth=date(2006, 4, 25),
         )
         self.superuser = ExtensionUser._default_manager.create_superuser(
-            username='test2',
-            email='test2@example.com',
-            password='test',
-            date_of_birth=date(1976, 11, 8)
+            username="test2",
+            email="test2@example.com",
+            password="test",
+            date_of_birth=date(1976, 11, 8),
         )
 
 
-@override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomPermissionsUser')
+@override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomPermissionsUser")
 class CustomPermissionsUserModelBackendTest(BaseModelBackendTest, TestCase):
     """
     Tests for the ModelBackend using the CustomPermissionsUser model.
@@ -336,18 +382,14 @@ class CustomPermissionsUserModelBackendTest(BaseModelBackendTest, TestCase):
 
     def create_users(self):
         self.user = CustomPermissionsUser._default_manager.create_user(
-            email='test@example.com',
-            password='test',
-            date_of_birth=date(2006, 4, 25)
+            email="test@example.com", password="test", date_of_birth=date(2006, 4, 25)
         )
         self.superuser = CustomPermissionsUser._default_manager.create_superuser(
-            email='test2@example.com',
-            password='test',
-            date_of_birth=date(1976, 11, 8)
+            email="test2@example.com", password="test", date_of_birth=date(1976, 11, 8)
         )
 
 
-@override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUser')
+@override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUser")
 class CustomUserModelBackendAuthenticateTest(TestCase):
     """
     The model backend can accept a credentials kwarg labeled with
@@ -356,24 +398,23 @@ class CustomUserModelBackendAuthenticateTest(TestCase):
 
     def test_authenticate(self):
         test_user = CustomUser._default_manager.create_user(
-            email='test@example.com',
-            password='test',
-            date_of_birth=date(2006, 4, 25)
+            email="test@example.com", password="test", date_of_birth=date(2006, 4, 25)
         )
-        authenticated_user = authenticate(email='test@example.com', password='test')
+        authenticated_user = authenticate(email="test@example.com", password="test")
         self.assertEqual(test_user, authenticated_user)
 
 
-@override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.UUIDUser')
+@override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.UUIDUser")
 class UUIDUserTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_login(self):
         """
         A custom user with a UUID primary key should be able to login.
         """
-        user = UUIDUser.objects.create_user(username='uuid', password='test')
-        self.assertTrue(self.client.login(username='uuid', password='test'))
-        self.assertEqual(UUIDUser.objects.get(pk=self.client.session[SESSION_KEY]), user)
+        user = UUIDUser.objects.create_user(username="uuid", password="test")
+        self.assertTrue(self.client.login(username="uuid", password="test"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            UUIDUser.objects.get(pk=self.client.session[SESSION_KEY]), user
+        )
 
 
 class TestObj:
@@ -386,47 +427,49 @@ class SimpleRowlevelBackend:
             return  # We only support row level perms
 
         if isinstance(obj, TestObj):
-            if user.username == 'test2':
+            if user.username == "test2":
                 return True
-            elif user.is_anonymous and perm == 'anon':
+            elif user.is_anonymous and perm == "anon":
                 return True
-            elif not user.is_active and perm == 'inactive':
+            elif not user.is_active and perm == "inactive":
                 return True
         return False
 
     def has_module_perms(self, user, app_label):
-        return (user.is_anonymous or user.is_active) and app_label == 'app1'
+        return (user.is_anonymous or user.is_active) and app_label == "app1"
 
     def get_all_permissions(self, user, obj=None):
         if not obj:
             return []  # We only support row level perms
 
         if not isinstance(obj, TestObj):
-            return ['none']
+            return ["none"]
 
         if user.is_anonymous:
-            return ['anon']
-        if user.username == 'test2':
-            return ['simple', 'advanced']
+            return ["anon"]
+        if user.username == "test2":
+            return ["simple", "advanced"]
         else:
-            return ['simple']
+            return ["simple"]
 
     def get_group_permissions(self, user, obj=None):
         if not obj:
             return  # We only support row level perms
 
         if not isinstance(obj, TestObj):
-            return ['none']
+            return ["none"]
 
-        if 'test_group' in [group.name for group in user.groups.all()]:
-            return ['group_perm']
+        if "test_group" in [group.name for group in user.groups.all()]:
+            return ["group_perm"]
         else:
-            return ['none']
+            return ["none"]
 
 
-@modify_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS={
-    'append': 'auth_tests.test_auth_backends.SimpleRowlevelBackend',
-})
+@modify_settings(
+    AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS={
+        "append": "auth_tests.test_auth_backends.SimpleRowlevelBackend",
+    }
+)
 class RowlevelBackendTest(TestCase):
     """
     Tests for auth backend that supports object level permissions
@@ -434,9 +477,9 @@ class RowlevelBackendTest(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.user1 = User.objects.create_user('test', 'test@example.com', 'test')
-        cls.user2 = User.objects.create_user('test2', 'test2@example.com', 'test')
-        cls.user3 = User.objects.create_user('test3', 'test3@example.com', 'test')
+        cls.user1 = User.objects.create_user("test", "test@example.com", "test")
+        cls.user2 = User.objects.create_user("test2", "test2@example.com", "test")
+        cls.user3 = User.objects.create_user("test3", "test3@example.com", "test")
 
     def tearDown(self):
         # The get_group_permissions test messes with ContentTypes, which will
@@ -445,27 +488,29 @@ class RowlevelBackendTest(TestCase):
         ContentType.objects.clear_cache()
 
     def test_has_perm(self):
-        self.assertIs(self.user1.has_perm('perm', TestObj()), False)
-        self.assertIs(self.user2.has_perm('perm', TestObj()), True)
-        self.assertIs(self.user2.has_perm('perm'), False)
-        self.assertIs(self.user2.has_perms(['simple', 'advanced'], TestObj()), True)
-        self.assertIs(self.user3.has_perm('perm', TestObj()), False)
-        self.assertIs(self.user3.has_perm('anon', TestObj()), False)
-        self.assertIs(self.user3.has_perms(['simple', 'advanced'], TestObj()), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.user1.has_perm("perm", TestObj()), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.user2.has_perm("perm", TestObj()), True)
+        self.assertIs(self.user2.has_perm("perm"), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.user2.has_perms(["simple", "advanced"], TestObj()), True)
+        self.assertIs(self.user3.has_perm("perm", TestObj()), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.user3.has_perm("anon", TestObj()), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.user3.has_perms(["simple", "advanced"], TestObj()), False)
 
     def test_get_all_permissions(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.user1.get_all_permissions(TestObj()), {'simple'})
-        self.assertEqual(self.user2.get_all_permissions(TestObj()), {'simple', 'advanced'})
+        self.assertEqual(self.user1.get_all_permissions(TestObj()), {"simple"})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.user2.get_all_permissions(TestObj()), {"simple", "advanced"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(self.user2.get_all_permissions(), set())
 
     def test_get_group_permissions(self):
-        group = Group.objects.create(name='test_group')
+        group = Group.objects.create(name="test_group")
         self.user3.groups.add(group)
-        self.assertEqual(self.user3.get_group_permissions(TestObj()), {'group_perm'})
+        self.assertEqual(self.user3.get_group_permissions(TestObj()), {"group_perm"})
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=['auth_tests.test_auth_backends.SimpleRowlevelBackend'],
+    AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=["auth_tests.test_auth_backends.SimpleRowlevelBackend"],
 )
 class AnonymousUserBackendTest(SimpleTestCase):
     """
@@ -476,17 +521,17 @@ class AnonymousUserBackendTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.user1 = AnonymousUser()
 
     def test_has_perm(self):
-        self.assertIs(self.user1.has_perm('perm', TestObj()), False)
-        self.assertIs(self.user1.has_perm('anon', TestObj()), True)
+        self.assertIs(self.user1.has_perm("perm", TestObj()), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.user1.has_perm("anon", TestObj()), True)
 
     def test_has_perms(self):
-        self.assertIs(self.user1.has_perms(['anon'], TestObj()), True)
-        self.assertIs(self.user1.has_perms(['anon', 'perm'], TestObj()), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.user1.has_perms(["anon"], TestObj()), True)
+        self.assertIs(self.user1.has_perms(["anon", "perm"], TestObj()), False)
 
     def test_has_perms_perm_list_invalid(self):
-        msg = 'perm_list must be an iterable of permissions.'
+        msg = "perm_list must be an iterable of permissions."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            self.user1.has_perms('perm')
+            self.user1.has_perms("perm")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             self.user1.has_perms(object())
 
@@ -495,7 +540,7 @@ class AnonymousUserBackendTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIs(self.user1.has_module_perms("app2"), False)
 
     def test_get_all_permissions(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.user1.get_all_permissions(TestObj()), {'anon'})
+        self.assertEqual(self.user1.get_all_permissions(TestObj()), {"anon"})
 
 
 @override_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=[])
@@ -503,20 +548,23 @@ class NoBackendsTest(TestCase):
     """
     An appropriate error is raised if no auth backends are provided.
     """
+
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.user = User.objects.create_user('test', 'test@example.com', 'test')
+        cls.user = User.objects.create_user("test", "test@example.com", "test")
 
     def test_raises_exception(self):
         msg = (
-            'No authentication backends have been defined. '
-            'Does AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS contain anything?'
+            "No authentication backends have been defined. "
+            "Does AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS contain anything?"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            self.user.has_perm(('perm', TestObj()))
+            self.user.has_perm(("perm", TestObj()))
 
 
-@override_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=['auth_tests.test_auth_backends.SimpleRowlevelBackend'])
+@override_settings(
+    AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=["auth_tests.test_auth_backends.SimpleRowlevelBackend"]
+)
 class InActiveUserBackendTest(TestCase):
     """
     Tests for an inactive user
@@ -524,13 +572,13 @@ class InActiveUserBackendTest(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.user1 = User.objects.create_user('test', 'test@example.com', 'test')
+        cls.user1 = User.objects.create_user("test", "test@example.com", "test")
         cls.user1.is_active = False
         cls.user1.save()
 
     def test_has_perm(self):
-        self.assertIs(self.user1.has_perm('perm', TestObj()), False)
-        self.assertIs(self.user1.has_perm('inactive', TestObj()), True)
+        self.assertIs(self.user1.has_perm("perm", TestObj()), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.user1.has_perm("inactive", TestObj()), True)
 
     def test_has_module_perms(self):
         self.assertIs(self.user1.has_module_perms("app1"), False)
@@ -556,11 +604,12 @@ class PermissionDeniedBackendTest(TestCase):
     """
     Other backends are not checked once a backend raises PermissionDenied
     """
-    backend = 'auth_tests.test_auth_backends.PermissionDeniedBackend'
+
+    backend = "auth_tests.test_auth_backends.PermissionDeniedBackend"
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.user1 = User.objects.create_user('test', 'test@example.com', 'test')
+        cls.user1 = User.objects.create_user("test", "test@example.com", "test")
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.user_login_failed = []
@@ -572,34 +621,41 @@ class PermissionDeniedBackendTest(TestCase):
     def user_login_failed_listener(self, sender, credentials, **kwargs):
         self.user_login_failed.append(credentials)
 
-    @modify_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS={'prepend': backend})
+    @modify_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS={"prepend": backend})
     def test_permission_denied(self):
         "user is not authenticated after a backend raises permission denied #2550"
-        self.assertIsNone(authenticate(username='test', password='test'))
+        self.assertIsNone(authenticate(username="test", password="test"))
         # user_login_failed signal is sent.
-        self.assertEqual(self.user_login_failed, [{'password': '********************', 'username': 'test'}])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.user_login_failed,
+            [{"password": "********************", "username": "test"}],
+        )
 
-    @modify_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS={'append': backend})
+    @modify_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS={"append": backend})
     def test_authenticates(self):
-        self.assertEqual(authenticate(username='test', password='test'), self.user1)
+        self.assertEqual(authenticate(username="test", password="test"), self.user1)
 
-    @modify_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS={'prepend': backend})
+    @modify_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS={"prepend": backend})
     def test_has_perm_denied(self):
         content_type = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Group)
-        perm = Permission.objects.create(name='test', content_type=content_type, codename='test')
+        perm = Permission.objects.create(
+            name="test", content_type=content_type, codename="test"
+        )
         self.user1.user_permissions.add(perm)
 
-        self.assertIs(self.user1.has_perm('auth.test'), False)
-        self.assertIs(self.user1.has_module_perms('auth'), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.user1.has_perm("auth.test"), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.user1.has_module_perms("auth"), False)
 
-    @modify_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS={'append': backend})
+    @modify_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS={"append": backend})
     def test_has_perm(self):
         content_type = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Group)
-        perm = Permission.objects.create(name='test', content_type=content_type, codename='test')
+        perm = Permission.objects.create(
+            name="test", content_type=content_type, codename="test"
+        )
         self.user1.user_permissions.add(perm)
 
-        self.assertIs(self.user1.has_perm('auth.test'), True)
-        self.assertIs(self.user1.has_module_perms('auth'), True)
+        self.assertIs(self.user1.has_perm("auth.test"), True)
+        self.assertIs(self.user1.has_module_perms("auth"), True)
 
 
 class NewModelBackend(ModelBackend):
@@ -610,11 +666,12 @@ class ChangedBackendSettingsTest(TestCase):
     """
     Tests for changes in the settings.AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS
     """
-    backend = 'auth_tests.test_auth_backends.NewModelBackend'
 
-    TEST_USERNAME = 'test_user'
-    TEST_PASSWORD = 'test_password'
-    TEST_EMAIL = 'test@example.com'
+    backend = "auth_tests.test_auth_backends.NewModelBackend"
+
+    TEST_USERNAME = "test_user"
+    TEST_PASSWORD = "test_password"
+    TEST_EMAIL = "test@example.com"
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
@@ -627,16 +684,19 @@ class ChangedBackendSettingsTest(TestCase):
         logged-in users disconnect.
         """
         # Get a session for the test user
-        self.assertTrue(self.client.login(
-            username=self.TEST_USERNAME,
-            password=self.TEST_PASSWORD,
-        ))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            self.client.login(
+                username=self.TEST_USERNAME,
+                password=self.TEST_PASSWORD,
+            )
+        )
         # Prepare a request object
         request = HttpRequest()
         request.session = self.client.session
         # Remove NewModelBackend
-        with self.settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=[
-                'django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend']):
+        with self.settings(
+            AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=["django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend"]
+        ):
             # Get the user from the request
             user = get_user(request)
 
@@ -651,7 +711,7 @@ class TypeErrorBackend:
     Always raises TypeError.
     """
 
-    @sensitive_variables('password')
+    @sensitive_variables("password")
     def authenticate(self, request, username=None, password=None):
         raise TypeError
 
@@ -671,31 +731,35 @@ class SkippedBackendWithDecoratedMethod:
 class AuthenticateTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.user1 = User.objects.create_user('test', 'test@example.com', 'test')
+        cls.user1 = User.objects.create_user("test", "test@example.com", "test")
 
     def setUp(self):
-        self.sensitive_password = 'mypassword'
+        self.sensitive_password = "mypassword"
 
-    @override_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=['auth_tests.test_auth_backends.TypeErrorBackend'])
+    @override_settings(
+        AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=["auth_tests.test_auth_backends.TypeErrorBackend"]
+    )
     def test_type_error_raised(self):
         """A TypeError within a backend is propagated properly (#18171)."""
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            authenticate(username='test', password='test')
+            authenticate(username="test", password="test")
 
-    @override_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=['auth_tests.test_auth_backends.TypeErrorBackend'])
+    @override_settings(
+        AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=["auth_tests.test_auth_backends.TypeErrorBackend"]
+    )
     def test_authenticate_sensitive_variables(self):
         try:
-            authenticate(username='testusername', password=self.sensitive_password)
+            authenticate(username="testusername", password=self.sensitive_password)
         except TypeError:
             exc_info = sys.exc_info()
         rf = RequestFactory()
-        response = technical_500_response(rf.get('/'), *exc_info)
+        response = technical_500_response(rf.get("/"), *exc_info)
         self.assertNotContains(response, self.sensitive_password, status_code=500)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'TypeErrorBackend', status_code=500)
+        self.assertContains(response, "TypeErrorBackend", status_code=500)
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<tr><td>credentials</td><td class="code">'
-            '<pre>&#39;********************&#39;</pre></td></tr>',
+            "<pre>&#39;********************&#39;</pre></td></tr>",
             html=True,
             status_code=500,
         )
@@ -707,33 +771,37 @@ class AuthenticateTests(TestCase):
         except TypeError:
             exc_info = sys.exc_info()
         rf = RequestFactory()
-        response = technical_500_response(rf.get('/'), *exc_info)
+        response = technical_500_response(rf.get("/"), *exc_info)
         self.assertNotContains(response, self.sensitive_password, status_code=500)
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<tr><td>credentials</td><td class="code">'
-            '<pre>&#39;********************&#39;</pre></td></tr>',
+            "<pre>&#39;********************&#39;</pre></td></tr>",
             html=True,
             status_code=500,
         )
 
-    @override_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=(
-        'auth_tests.test_auth_backends.SkippedBackend',
-        'django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend',
-    ))
+    @override_settings(
+        AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=(
+            "auth_tests.test_auth_backends.SkippedBackend",
+            "django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend",
+        )
+    )
     def test_skips_backends_without_arguments(self):
         """
         A backend (SkippedBackend) is ignored if it doesn't accept the
         credentials as arguments.
         """
-        self.assertEqual(authenticate(username='test', password='test'), self.user1)
+        self.assertEqual(authenticate(username="test", password="test"), self.user1)
 
-    @override_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=(
-        'auth_tests.test_auth_backends.SkippedBackendWithDecoratedMethod',
-        'django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend',
-    ))
+    @override_settings(
+        AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=(
+            "auth_tests.test_auth_backends.SkippedBackendWithDecoratedMethod",
+            "django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend",
+        )
+    )
     def test_skips_backends_with_decorated_method(self):
-        self.assertEqual(authenticate(username='test', password='test'), self.user1)
+        self.assertEqual(authenticate(username="test", password="test"), self.user1)
 
 
 class ImproperlyConfiguredUserModelTest(TestCase):
@@ -741,14 +809,15 @@ class ImproperlyConfiguredUserModelTest(TestCase):
     An exception from within get_user_model() is propagated and doesn't
     raise an UnboundLocalError (#21439).
     """
+
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.user1 = User.objects.create_user('test', 'test@example.com', 'test')
+        cls.user1 = User.objects.create_user("test", "test@example.com", "test")
 
     def setUp(self):
-        self.client.login(username='test', password='test')
+        self.client.login(username="test", password="test")
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='thismodel.doesntexist')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="thismodel.doesntexist")
     def test_does_not_shadow_exception(self):
         # Prepare a request object
         request = HttpRequest()
@@ -780,13 +849,13 @@ class ImportedBackendTests(TestCase):
     as the one defined in AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS setting.
     """
 
-    backend = 'auth_tests.backend_alias.ImportedModelBackend'
+    backend = "auth_tests.backend_alias.ImportedModelBackend"
 
     @override_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=[backend])
     def test_backend_path(self):
-        username = 'username'
-        password = 'password'
-        User.objects.create_user(username, 'email', password)
+        username = "username"
+        password = "password"
+        User.objects.create_user(username, "email", password)
         self.assertTrue(self.client.login(username=username, password=password))
         request = HttpRequest()
         request.session = self.client.session
@@ -794,10 +863,10 @@ class ImportedBackendTests(TestCase):
 
 
 class SelectingBackendTests(TestCase):
-    backend = 'auth_tests.test_auth_backends.CustomModelBackend'
-    other_backend = 'auth_tests.test_auth_backends.OtherModelBackend'
-    username = 'username'
-    password = 'password'
+    backend = "auth_tests.test_auth_backends.CustomModelBackend"
+    other_backend = "auth_tests.test_auth_backends.OtherModelBackend"
+    username = "username"
+    password = "password"
 
     def assertBackendInSession(self, backend):
         request = HttpRequest()
@@ -806,49 +875,51 @@ class SelectingBackendTests(TestCase):
 
     @override_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=[backend])
     def test_backend_path_login_without_authenticate_single_backend(self):
-        user = User.objects.create_user(self.username, 'email', self.password)
+        user = User.objects.create_user(self.username, "email", self.password)
         self.client._login(user)
         self.assertBackendInSession(self.backend)
 
     @override_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=[backend, other_backend])
     def test_backend_path_login_without_authenticate_multiple_backends(self):
-        user = User.objects.create_user(self.username, 'email', self.password)
+        user = User.objects.create_user(self.username, "email", self.password)
         expected_message = (
-            'You have multiple authentication backends configured and '
-            'therefore must provide the `backend` argument or set the '
-            '`backend` attribute on the user.'
+            "You have multiple authentication backends configured and "
+            "therefore must provide the `backend` argument or set the "
+            "`backend` attribute on the user."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, expected_message):
             self.client._login(user)
 
     def test_non_string_backend(self):
-        user = User.objects.create_user(self.username, 'email', self.password)
+        user = User.objects.create_user(self.username, "email", self.password)
         expected_message = (
-            'backend must be a dotted import path string (got '
-            '<class \'django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend\'>).'
+            "backend must be a dotted import path string (got "
+            "<class 'django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend'>)."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, expected_message):
             self.client._login(user, backend=ModelBackend)
 
     @override_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=[backend, other_backend])
     def test_backend_path_login_with_explicit_backends(self):
-        user = User.objects.create_user(self.username, 'email', self.password)
+        user = User.objects.create_user(self.username, "email", self.password)
         self.client._login(user, self.other_backend)
         self.assertBackendInSession(self.other_backend)
 
 
-@override_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=['django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend'])
+@override_settings(
+    AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=["django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend"]
+)
 class AllowAllUsersModelBackendTest(TestCase):
     """
     Inactive users may authenticate with the AllowAllUsersModelBackend.
     """
-    user_credentials = {'username': 'test', 'password': 'test'}
+
+    user_credentials = {"username": "test", "password": "test"}
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.user = User.objects.create_user(
-            email='test@example.com', is_active=False,
-            **cls.user_credentials
+            email="test@example.com", is_active=False, **cls.user_credentials
         )
 
     def test_authenticate(self):
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/test_basic.py b/tests/auth_tests/test_basic.py
index 4cba35eb41..4b491e521e 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/test_basic.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/test_basic.py
@@ -12,23 +12,23 @@ from .models import CustomUser
 class BasicTestCase(TestCase):
     def test_user(self):
         "Users can be created and can set their password"
-        u = User.objects.create_user('testuser', 'test@example.com', 'testpw')
+        u = User.objects.create_user("testuser", "test@example.com", "testpw")
         self.assertTrue(u.has_usable_password())
-        self.assertFalse(u.check_password('bad'))
-        self.assertTrue(u.check_password('testpw'))
+        self.assertFalse(u.check_password("bad"))
+        self.assertTrue(u.check_password("testpw"))
 
         # Check we can manually set an unusable password
         u.set_unusable_password()
         u.save()
-        self.assertFalse(u.check_password('testpw'))
+        self.assertFalse(u.check_password("testpw"))
         self.assertFalse(u.has_usable_password())
-        u.set_password('testpw')
-        self.assertTrue(u.check_password('testpw'))
+        u.set_password("testpw")
+        self.assertTrue(u.check_password("testpw"))
         u.set_password(None)
         self.assertFalse(u.has_usable_password())
 
         # Check username getter
-        self.assertEqual(u.get_username(), 'testuser')
+        self.assertEqual(u.get_username(), "testuser")
 
         # Check authentication/permissions
         self.assertFalse(u.is_anonymous)
@@ -38,15 +38,15 @@ class BasicTestCase(TestCase):
         self.assertFalse(u.is_superuser)
 
         # Check API-based user creation with no password
-        u2 = User.objects.create_user('testuser2', 'test2@example.com')
+        u2 = User.objects.create_user("testuser2", "test2@example.com")
         self.assertFalse(u2.has_usable_password())
 
     def test_unicode_username(self):
-        User.objects.create_user('jörg')
-        User.objects.create_user('Григорий')
+        User.objects.create_user("jörg")
+        User.objects.create_user("Григорий")
         # Two equivalent Unicode normalized usernames are duplicates.
-        omega_username = 'iamtheΩ'  # U+03A9 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA
-        ohm_username = 'iamtheΩ'  # U+2126 OHM SIGN
+        omega_username = "iamtheΩ"  # U+03A9 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA
+        ohm_username = "iamtheΩ"  # U+2126 OHM SIGN
         User.objects.create_user(ohm_username)
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
             User.objects.create_user(omega_username)
@@ -55,20 +55,17 @@ class BasicTestCase(TestCase):
         "Users can be created without an email"
         cases = [
             {},
-            {'email': ''},
-            {'email': None},
+            {"email": ""},
+            {"email": None},
         ]
         for i, kwargs in enumerate(cases):
             with self.subTest(**kwargs):
-                u = User.objects.create_user(
-                    'testuser{}'.format(i),
-                    **kwargs
-                )
-                self.assertEqual(u.email, '')
+                u = User.objects.create_user("testuser{}".format(i), **kwargs)
+                self.assertEqual(u.email, "")
 
     def test_superuser(self):
         "Check the creation and properties of a superuser"
-        super = User.objects.create_superuser('super', 'super@example.com', 'super')
+        super = User.objects.create_superuser("super", "super@example.com", "super")
         self.assertTrue(super.is_superuser)
         self.assertTrue(super.is_active)
         self.assertTrue(super.is_staff)
@@ -76,38 +73,35 @@ class BasicTestCase(TestCase):
     def test_superuser_no_email_or_password(self):
         cases = [
             {},
-            {'email': ''},
-            {'email': None},
-            {'password': None},
+            {"email": ""},
+            {"email": None},
+            {"password": None},
         ]
         for i, kwargs in enumerate(cases):
             with self.subTest(**kwargs):
-                superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
-                    'super{}'.format(i),
-                    **kwargs
-                )
-                self.assertEqual(superuser.email, '')
+                superuser = User.objects.create_superuser("super{}".format(i), **kwargs)
+                self.assertEqual(superuser.email, "")
                 self.assertFalse(superuser.has_usable_password())
 
     def test_get_user_model(self):
         "The current user model can be retrieved"
         self.assertEqual(get_user_model(), User)
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUser')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUser")
     def test_swappable_user(self):
         "The current user model can be swapped out for another"
         self.assertEqual(get_user_model(), CustomUser)
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
             User.objects.all()
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='badsetting')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="badsetting")
     def test_swappable_user_bad_setting(self):
         "The alternate user setting must point to something in the format app.model"
         msg = "AUTH_USER_MODEL must be of the form 'app_label.model_name'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
             get_user_model()
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='thismodel.doesntexist')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="thismodel.doesntexist")
     def test_swappable_user_nonexistent_model(self):
         "The current user model must point to an installed model"
         msg = (
@@ -119,16 +113,15 @@ class BasicTestCase(TestCase):
 
     def test_user_verbose_names_translatable(self):
         "Default User model verbose names are translatable (#19945)"
-        with translation.override('en'):
-            self.assertEqual(User._meta.verbose_name, 'user')
-            self.assertEqual(User._meta.verbose_name_plural, 'users')
-        with translation.override('es'):
-            self.assertEqual(User._meta.verbose_name, 'usuario')
-            self.assertEqual(User._meta.verbose_name_plural, 'usuarios')
+        with translation.override("en"):
+            self.assertEqual(User._meta.verbose_name, "user")
+            self.assertEqual(User._meta.verbose_name_plural, "users")
+        with translation.override("es"):
+            self.assertEqual(User._meta.verbose_name, "usuario")
+            self.assertEqual(User._meta.verbose_name_plural, "usuarios")
 
 
 class TestGetUser(TestCase):
-
     def test_get_user_anonymous(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
         request.session = self.client.session
@@ -136,8 +129,10 @@ class TestGetUser(TestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(user, AnonymousUser)
 
     def test_get_user(self):
-        created_user = User.objects.create_user('testuser', 'test@example.com', 'testpw')
-        self.client.login(username='testuser', password='testpw')
+        created_user = User.objects.create_user(
+            "testuser", "test@example.com", "testpw"
+        )
+        self.client.login(username="testuser", password="testpw")
         request = HttpRequest()
         request.session = self.client.session
         user = get_user(request)
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/test_checks.py b/tests/auth_tests/test_checks.py
index 4dc1ef4aec..cd19fbcc9b 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/test_checks.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/test_checks.py
@@ -1,154 +1,171 @@
-from django.contrib.auth.checks import (
-    check_models_permissions, check_user_model,
-)
+from django.contrib.auth.checks import check_models_permissions, check_user_model
 from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractBaseUser
 from django.core import checks
 from django.db import models
 from django.db.models import Q, UniqueConstraint
-from django.test import (
-    SimpleTestCase, override_settings, override_system_checks,
-)
+from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings, override_system_checks
 from django.test.utils import isolate_apps
 
 from .models import CustomUserNonUniqueUsername
 
 
-@isolate_apps('auth_tests', attr_name='apps')
+@isolate_apps("auth_tests", attr_name="apps")
 @override_system_checks([check_user_model])
 class UserModelChecksTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUserNonListRequiredFields')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUserNonListRequiredFields")
     def test_required_fields_is_list(self):
         """REQUIRED_FIELDS should be a list."""
+
         class CustomUserNonListRequiredFields(AbstractBaseUser):
             username = models.CharField(max_length=30, unique=True)
             date_of_birth = models.DateField()
 
-            USERNAME_FIELD = 'username'
-            REQUIRED_FIELDS = 'date_of_birth'
+            USERNAME_FIELD = "username"
+            REQUIRED_FIELDS = "date_of_birth"
 
         errors = checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs())
-        self.assertEqual(errors, [
-            checks.Error(
-                "'REQUIRED_FIELDS' must be a list or tuple.",
-                obj=CustomUserNonListRequiredFields,
-                id='auth.E001',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            errors,
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "'REQUIRED_FIELDS' must be a list or tuple.",
+                    obj=CustomUserNonListRequiredFields,
+                    id="auth.E001",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUserBadRequiredFields')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUserBadRequiredFields")
     def test_username_not_in_required_fields(self):
         """USERNAME_FIELD should not appear in REQUIRED_FIELDS."""
+
         class CustomUserBadRequiredFields(AbstractBaseUser):
             username = models.CharField(max_length=30, unique=True)
             date_of_birth = models.DateField()
 
-            USERNAME_FIELD = 'username'
-            REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['username', 'date_of_birth']
+            USERNAME_FIELD = "username"
+            REQUIRED_FIELDS = ["username", "date_of_birth"]
 
         errors = checks.run_checks(self.apps.get_app_configs())
-        self.assertEqual(errors, [
-            checks.Error(
-                "The field named as the 'USERNAME_FIELD' for a custom user model "
-                "must not be included in 'REQUIRED_FIELDS'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "The 'USERNAME_FIELD' is currently set to 'username', you "
-                    "should remove 'username' from the 'REQUIRED_FIELDS'."
+        self.assertEqual(
+            errors,
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "The field named as the 'USERNAME_FIELD' for a custom user model "
+                    "must not be included in 'REQUIRED_FIELDS'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "The 'USERNAME_FIELD' is currently set to 'username', you "
+                        "should remove 'username' from the 'REQUIRED_FIELDS'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=CustomUserBadRequiredFields,
+                    id="auth.E002",
                 ),
-                obj=CustomUserBadRequiredFields,
-                id='auth.E002',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUserNonUniqueUsername')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUserNonUniqueUsername")
     def test_username_non_unique(self):
         """
         A non-unique USERNAME_FIELD raises an error only if the default
         authentication backend is used. Otherwise, a warning is raised.
         """
         errors = checks.run_checks()
-        self.assertEqual(errors, [
-            checks.Error(
-                "'CustomUserNonUniqueUsername.username' must be "
-                "unique because it is named as the 'USERNAME_FIELD'.",
-                obj=CustomUserNonUniqueUsername,
-                id='auth.E003',
-            ),
-        ])
-        with self.settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=['my.custom.backend']):
-            errors = checks.run_checks()
-            self.assertEqual(errors, [
-                checks.Warning(
-                    "'CustomUserNonUniqueUsername.username' is named as "
-                    "the 'USERNAME_FIELD', but it is not unique.",
-                    hint='Ensure that your authentication backend(s) can handle non-unique usernames.',
+        self.assertEqual(
+            errors,
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "'CustomUserNonUniqueUsername.username' must be "
+                    "unique because it is named as the 'USERNAME_FIELD'.",
                     obj=CustomUserNonUniqueUsername,
-                    id='auth.W004',
+                    id="auth.E003",
                 ),
-            ])
+            ],
+        )
+        with self.settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=["my.custom.backend"]):
+            errors = checks.run_checks()
+            self.assertEqual(
+                errors,
+                [
+                    checks.Warning(
+                        "'CustomUserNonUniqueUsername.username' is named as "
+                        "the 'USERNAME_FIELD', but it is not unique.",
+                        hint="Ensure that your authentication backend(s) can handle non-unique usernames.",
+                        obj=CustomUserNonUniqueUsername,
+                        id="auth.W004",
+                    ),
+                ],
+            )
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUserPartiallyUnique')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUserPartiallyUnique")
     def test_username_partially_unique(self):
         class CustomUserPartiallyUnique(AbstractBaseUser):
             username = models.CharField(max_length=30)
-            USERNAME_FIELD = 'username'
+            USERNAME_FIELD = "username"
 
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
                     UniqueConstraint(
-                        fields=['username'],
-                        name='partial_username_unique',
+                        fields=["username"],
+                        name="partial_username_unique",
                         condition=Q(password__isnull=False),
                     ),
                 ]
 
         errors = checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs())
-        self.assertEqual(errors, [
-            checks.Error(
-                "'CustomUserPartiallyUnique.username' must be unique because "
-                "it is named as the 'USERNAME_FIELD'.",
-                obj=CustomUserPartiallyUnique,
-                id='auth.E003',
-            ),
-        ])
-        with self.settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=['my.custom.backend']):
-            errors = checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs())
-            self.assertEqual(errors, [
-                checks.Warning(
-                    "'CustomUserPartiallyUnique.username' is named as the "
-                    "'USERNAME_FIELD', but it is not unique.",
-                    hint=(
-                        'Ensure that your authentication backend(s) can '
-                        'handle non-unique usernames.'
-                    ),
+        self.assertEqual(
+            errors,
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "'CustomUserPartiallyUnique.username' must be unique because "
+                    "it is named as the 'USERNAME_FIELD'.",
                     obj=CustomUserPartiallyUnique,
-                    id='auth.W004',
+                    id="auth.E003",
                 ),
-            ])
+            ],
+        )
+        with self.settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=["my.custom.backend"]):
+            errors = checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs())
+            self.assertEqual(
+                errors,
+                [
+                    checks.Warning(
+                        "'CustomUserPartiallyUnique.username' is named as the "
+                        "'USERNAME_FIELD', but it is not unique.",
+                        hint=(
+                            "Ensure that your authentication backend(s) can "
+                            "handle non-unique usernames."
+                        ),
+                        obj=CustomUserPartiallyUnique,
+                        id="auth.W004",
+                    ),
+                ],
+            )
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUserUniqueConstraint')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUserUniqueConstraint")
     def test_username_unique_with_model_constraint(self):
         class CustomUserUniqueConstraint(AbstractBaseUser):
             username = models.CharField(max_length=30)
-            USERNAME_FIELD = 'username'
+            USERNAME_FIELD = "username"
 
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
-                    UniqueConstraint(fields=['username'], name='username_unique'),
+                    UniqueConstraint(fields=["username"], name="username_unique"),
                 ]
 
         self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()), [])
-        with self.settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=['my.custom.backend']):
+        with self.settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=["my.custom.backend"]):
             errors = checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs())
             self.assertEqual(errors, [])
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.BadUser')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.BadUser")
     def test_is_anonymous_authenticated_methods(self):
         """
         <User Model>.is_anonymous/is_authenticated must not be methods.
         """
+
         class BadUser(AbstractBaseUser):
             username = models.CharField(max_length=30, unique=True)
-            USERNAME_FIELD = 'username'
+            USERNAME_FIELD = "username"
 
             def is_anonymous(self):
                 return True
@@ -157,50 +174,56 @@ class UserModelChecksTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 return True
 
         errors = checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs())
-        self.assertEqual(errors, [
-            checks.Critical(
-                '%s.is_anonymous must be an attribute or property rather than '
-                'a method. Ignoring this is a security issue as anonymous '
-                'users will be treated as authenticated!' % BadUser,
-                obj=BadUser,
-                id='auth.C009',
-            ),
-            checks.Critical(
-                '%s.is_authenticated must be an attribute or property rather '
-                'than a method. Ignoring this is a security issue as anonymous '
-                'users will be treated as authenticated!' % BadUser,
-                obj=BadUser,
-                id='auth.C010',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            errors,
+            [
+                checks.Critical(
+                    "%s.is_anonymous must be an attribute or property rather than "
+                    "a method. Ignoring this is a security issue as anonymous "
+                    "users will be treated as authenticated!" % BadUser,
+                    obj=BadUser,
+                    id="auth.C009",
+                ),
+                checks.Critical(
+                    "%s.is_authenticated must be an attribute or property rather "
+                    "than a method. Ignoring this is a security issue as anonymous "
+                    "users will be treated as authenticated!" % BadUser,
+                    obj=BadUser,
+                    id="auth.C010",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
 
-@isolate_apps('auth_tests', attr_name='apps')
+@isolate_apps("auth_tests", attr_name="apps")
 @override_system_checks([check_models_permissions])
 class ModelsPermissionsChecksTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_clashing_default_permissions(self):
         class Checked(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                permissions = [
-                    ('change_checked', 'Can edit permission (duplicate)')
-                ]
+                permissions = [("change_checked", "Can edit permission (duplicate)")]
+
         errors = checks.run_checks(self.apps.get_app_configs())
-        self.assertEqual(errors, [
-            checks.Error(
-                "The permission codenamed 'change_checked' clashes with a builtin "
-                "permission for model 'auth_tests.Checked'.",
-                obj=Checked,
-                id='auth.E005',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            errors,
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "The permission codenamed 'change_checked' clashes with a builtin "
+                    "permission for model 'auth_tests.Checked'.",
+                    obj=Checked,
+                    id="auth.E005",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_non_clashing_custom_permissions(self):
         class Checked(models.Model):
             class Meta:
                 permissions = [
-                    ('my_custom_permission', 'Some permission'),
-                    ('other_one', 'Some other permission'),
+                    ("my_custom_permission", "Some permission"),
+                    ("other_one", "Some other permission"),
                 ]
+
         errors = checks.run_checks(self.apps.get_app_configs())
         self.assertEqual(errors, [])
 
@@ -208,84 +231,109 @@ class ModelsPermissionsChecksTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class Checked(models.Model):
             class Meta:
                 permissions = [
-                    ('my_custom_permission', 'Some permission'),
-                    ('other_one', 'Some other permission'),
-                    ('my_custom_permission', 'Some permission with duplicate permission code'),
+                    ("my_custom_permission", "Some permission"),
+                    ("other_one", "Some other permission"),
+                    (
+                        "my_custom_permission",
+                        "Some permission with duplicate permission code",
+                    ),
                 ]
+
         errors = checks.run_checks(self.apps.get_app_configs())
-        self.assertEqual(errors, [
-            checks.Error(
-                "The permission codenamed 'my_custom_permission' is duplicated for "
-                "model 'auth_tests.Checked'.",
-                obj=Checked,
-                id='auth.E006',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            errors,
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "The permission codenamed 'my_custom_permission' is duplicated for "
+                    "model 'auth_tests.Checked'.",
+                    obj=Checked,
+                    id="auth.E006",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_verbose_name_max_length(self):
         class Checked(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                verbose_name = 'some ridiculously long verbose name that is out of control' * 5
+                verbose_name = (
+                    "some ridiculously long verbose name that is out of control" * 5
+                )
+
         errors = checks.run_checks(self.apps.get_app_configs())
-        self.assertEqual(errors, [
-            checks.Error(
-                "The verbose_name of model 'auth_tests.Checked' must be at most 244 "
-                "characters for its builtin permission names to be at most 255 characters.",
-                obj=Checked,
-                id='auth.E007',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            errors,
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "The verbose_name of model 'auth_tests.Checked' must be at most 244 "
+                    "characters for its builtin permission names to be at most 255 characters.",
+                    obj=Checked,
+                    id="auth.E007",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_model_name_max_length(self):
-        model_name = 'X' * 94
-        model = type(model_name, (models.Model,), {'__module__': self.__module__})
+        model_name = "X" * 94
+        model = type(model_name, (models.Model,), {"__module__": self.__module__})
         errors = checks.run_checks(self.apps.get_app_configs())
-        self.assertEqual(errors, [
-            checks.Error(
-                "The name of model 'auth_tests.%s' must be at most 93 "
-                "characters for its builtin permission codenames to be at "
-                "most 100 characters." % model_name,
-                obj=model,
-                id='auth.E011',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            errors,
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "The name of model 'auth_tests.%s' must be at most 93 "
+                    "characters for its builtin permission codenames to be at "
+                    "most 100 characters." % model_name,
+                    obj=model,
+                    id="auth.E011",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_custom_permission_name_max_length(self):
-        custom_permission_name = 'some ridiculously long verbose name that is out of control' * 5
+        custom_permission_name = (
+            "some ridiculously long verbose name that is out of control" * 5
+        )
 
         class Checked(models.Model):
             class Meta:
                 permissions = [
-                    ('my_custom_permission', custom_permission_name),
+                    ("my_custom_permission", custom_permission_name),
                 ]
+
         errors = checks.run_checks(self.apps.get_app_configs())
-        self.assertEqual(errors, [
-            checks.Error(
-                "The permission named '%s' of model 'auth_tests.Checked' is longer "
-                "than 255 characters." % custom_permission_name,
-                obj=Checked,
-                id='auth.E008',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            errors,
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "The permission named '%s' of model 'auth_tests.Checked' is longer "
+                    "than 255 characters." % custom_permission_name,
+                    obj=Checked,
+                    id="auth.E008",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_custom_permission_codename_max_length(self):
-        custom_permission_codename = 'x' * 101
+        custom_permission_codename = "x" * 101
 
         class Checked(models.Model):
             class Meta:
                 permissions = [
-                    (custom_permission_codename, 'Custom permission'),
+                    (custom_permission_codename, "Custom permission"),
                 ]
 
         errors = checks.run_checks(self.apps.get_app_configs())
-        self.assertEqual(errors, [
-            checks.Error(
-                "The permission codenamed '%s' of model 'auth_tests.Checked' "
-                "is longer than 100 characters." % custom_permission_codename,
-                obj=Checked,
-                id='auth.E012',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            errors,
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "The permission codenamed '%s' of model 'auth_tests.Checked' "
+                    "is longer than 100 characters." % custom_permission_codename,
+                    obj=Checked,
+                    id="auth.E012",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_empty_default_permissions(self):
         class Checked(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/test_context_processors.py b/tests/auth_tests/test_context_processors.py
index 98e51a62d9..ab621313e8 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/test_context_processors.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/test_context_processors.py
@@ -10,23 +10,25 @@ from .settings import AUTH_MIDDLEWARE, AUTH_TEMPLATES
 
 class MockUser:
     def __repr__(self):
-        return 'MockUser()'
+        return "MockUser()"
 
     def has_module_perms(self, perm):
-        return perm == 'mockapp'
+        return perm == "mockapp"
 
     def has_perm(self, perm, obj=None):
-        return perm == 'mockapp.someperm'
+        return perm == "mockapp.someperm"
 
 
 class PermWrapperTests(SimpleTestCase):
     """
     Test some details of the PermWrapper implementation.
     """
+
     class EQLimiterObject:
         """
         This object makes sure __eq__ will not be called endlessly.
         """
+
         def __init__(self):
             self.eq_calls = 0
 
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ class PermWrapperTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_repr(self):
         perms = PermWrapper(MockUser())
-        self.assertEqual(repr(perms), 'PermWrapper(MockUser())')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(perms), "PermWrapper(MockUser())")
 
     def test_permwrapper_in(self):
         """
@@ -46,25 +48,25 @@ class PermWrapperTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         perms = PermWrapper(MockUser())
         # Works for modules and full permissions.
-        self.assertIn('mockapp', perms)
-        self.assertNotIn('nonexistent', perms)
-        self.assertIn('mockapp.someperm', perms)
-        self.assertNotIn('mockapp.nonexistent', perms)
+        self.assertIn("mockapp", perms)
+        self.assertNotIn("nonexistent", perms)
+        self.assertIn("mockapp.someperm", perms)
+        self.assertNotIn("mockapp.nonexistent", perms)
 
     def test_permlookupdict_in(self):
         """
         No endless loops if accessed with 'in' - refs #18979.
         """
-        pldict = PermLookupDict(MockUser(), 'mockapp')
+        pldict = PermLookupDict(MockUser(), "mockapp")
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             self.EQLimiterObject() in pldict
 
     def test_iter(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, 'PermWrapper is not iterable.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, "PermWrapper is not iterable."):
             iter(PermWrapper(MockUser()))
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='auth_tests.urls', TEMPLATES=AUTH_TEMPLATES)
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="auth_tests.urls", TEMPLATES=AUTH_TEMPLATES)
 class AuthContextProcessorTests(TestCase):
     """
     Tests for the ``django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth`` processor
@@ -72,7 +74,9 @@ class AuthContextProcessorTests(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=AUTH_MIDDLEWARE)
     def test_session_not_accessed(self):
@@ -80,7 +84,7 @@ class AuthContextProcessorTests(TestCase):
         The session is not accessed simply by including
         the auth context processor
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/auth_processor_no_attr_access/')
+        response = self.client.get("/auth_processor_no_attr_access/")
         self.assertContains(response, "Session not accessed")
 
     @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=AUTH_MIDDLEWARE)
@@ -89,36 +93,40 @@ class AuthContextProcessorTests(TestCase):
         The session is accessed if the auth context processor
         is used and relevant attributes accessed.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/auth_processor_attr_access/')
+        response = self.client.get("/auth_processor_attr_access/")
         self.assertContains(response, "Session accessed")
 
     def test_perms_attrs(self):
-        u = User.objects.create_user(username='normal', password='secret')
+        u = User.objects.create_user(username="normal", password="secret")
         u.user_permissions.add(
             Permission.objects.get(
                 content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Permission),
-                codename='add_permission'))
+                codename="add_permission",
+            )
+        )
         self.client.force_login(u)
-        response = self.client.get('/auth_processor_perms/')
+        response = self.client.get("/auth_processor_perms/")
         self.assertContains(response, "Has auth permissions")
         self.assertContains(response, "Has auth.add_permission permissions")
         self.assertNotContains(response, "nonexistent")
 
     def test_perm_in_perms_attrs(self):
-        u = User.objects.create_user(username='normal', password='secret')
+        u = User.objects.create_user(username="normal", password="secret")
         u.user_permissions.add(
             Permission.objects.get(
                 content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Permission),
-                codename='add_permission'))
-        self.client.login(username='normal', password='secret')
-        response = self.client.get('/auth_processor_perm_in_perms/')
+                codename="add_permission",
+            )
+        )
+        self.client.login(username="normal", password="secret")
+        response = self.client.get("/auth_processor_perm_in_perms/")
         self.assertContains(response, "Has auth permissions")
         self.assertContains(response, "Has auth.add_permission permissions")
         self.assertNotContains(response, "nonexistent")
 
     def test_message_attrs(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
-        response = self.client.get('/auth_processor_messages/')
+        response = self.client.get("/auth_processor_messages/")
         self.assertContains(response, "Message 1")
 
     def test_user_attrs(self):
@@ -128,9 +136,9 @@ class AuthContextProcessorTests(TestCase):
         # These are 'functional' level tests for common use cases.  Direct
         # testing of the implementation (SimpleLazyObject) is in the 'utils'
         # tests.
-        self.client.login(username='super', password='secret')
-        user = authenticate(username='super', password='secret')
-        response = self.client.get('/auth_processor_user/')
+        self.client.login(username="super", password="secret")
+        user = authenticate(username="super", password="secret")
+        response = self.client.get("/auth_processor_user/")
         self.assertContains(response, "unicode: super")
         self.assertContains(response, "id: %d" % self.superuser.pk)
         self.assertContains(response, "username: super")
@@ -138,10 +146,10 @@ class AuthContextProcessorTests(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(response, "url: /userpage/super/")
 
         # A Q() comparing a user and with another Q() (in an AND or OR fashion).
-        Q(user=response.context['user']) & Q(someflag=True)
+        Q(user=response.context["user"]) & Q(someflag=True)
 
         # Tests for user equality.  This is hard because User defines
         # equality in a non-duck-typing way
         # See bug #12060
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'], user)
-        self.assertEqual(user, response.context['user'])
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["user"], user)
+        self.assertEqual(user, response.context["user"])
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/test_decorators.py b/tests/auth_tests/test_decorators.py
index 469b1ad0ac..ae43adcb0a 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/test_decorators.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/test_decorators.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from django.test.client import RequestFactory
 from .test_views import AuthViewsTestCase
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='auth_tests.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="auth_tests.urls")
 class LoginRequiredTestCase(AuthViewsTestCase):
     """
     Tests the login_required decorators
@@ -19,20 +19,24 @@ class LoginRequiredTestCase(AuthViewsTestCase):
         """
         login_required is assignable to callable objects.
         """
+
         class CallableView:
             def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
                 pass
+
         login_required(CallableView())
 
     def test_view(self):
         """
         login_required is assignable to normal views.
         """
+
         def normal_view(request):
             pass
+
         login_required(normal_view)
 
-    def test_login_required(self, view_url='/login_required/', login_url=None):
+    def test_login_required(self, view_url="/login_required/", login_url=None):
         """
         login_required works on a simple view wrapped in a login_required
         decorator.
@@ -51,70 +55,90 @@ class LoginRequiredTestCase(AuthViewsTestCase):
         login_required works on a simple view wrapped in a login_required
         decorator with a login_url set.
         """
-        self.test_login_required(view_url='/login_required_login_url/', login_url='/somewhere/')
+        self.test_login_required(
+            view_url="/login_required_login_url/", login_url="/somewhere/"
+        )
 
 
 class PermissionsRequiredDecoratorTest(TestCase):
     """
     Tests for the permission_required decorator
     """
+
     factory = RequestFactory()
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.user = models.User.objects.create(username='joe', password='qwerty')
+        cls.user = models.User.objects.create(username="joe", password="qwerty")
         # Add permissions auth.add_customuser and auth.change_customuser
-        perms = models.Permission.objects.filter(codename__in=('add_customuser', 'change_customuser'))
+        perms = models.Permission.objects.filter(
+            codename__in=("add_customuser", "change_customuser")
+        )
         cls.user.user_permissions.add(*perms)
 
     def test_many_permissions_pass(self):
-
-        @permission_required(['auth_tests.add_customuser', 'auth_tests.change_customuser'])
+        @permission_required(
+            ["auth_tests.add_customuser", "auth_tests.change_customuser"]
+        )
         def a_view(request):
             return HttpResponse()
-        request = self.factory.get('/rand')
+
+        request = self.factory.get("/rand")
         request.user = self.user
         resp = a_view(request)
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_many_permissions_in_set_pass(self):
-
-        @permission_required({'auth_tests.add_customuser', 'auth_tests.change_customuser'})
+        @permission_required(
+            {"auth_tests.add_customuser", "auth_tests.change_customuser"}
+        )
         def a_view(request):
             return HttpResponse()
-        request = self.factory.get('/rand')
+
+        request = self.factory.get("/rand")
         request.user = self.user
         resp = a_view(request)
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_single_permission_pass(self):
-
-        @permission_required('auth_tests.add_customuser')
+        @permission_required("auth_tests.add_customuser")
         def a_view(request):
             return HttpResponse()
-        request = self.factory.get('/rand')
+
+        request = self.factory.get("/rand")
         request.user = self.user
         resp = a_view(request)
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_permissioned_denied_redirect(self):
-
-        @permission_required(['auth_tests.add_customuser', 'auth_tests.change_customuser', 'nonexistent-permission'])
+        @permission_required(
+            [
+                "auth_tests.add_customuser",
+                "auth_tests.change_customuser",
+                "nonexistent-permission",
+            ]
+        )
         def a_view(request):
             return HttpResponse()
-        request = self.factory.get('/rand')
+
+        request = self.factory.get("/rand")
         request.user = self.user
         resp = a_view(request)
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 302)
 
     def test_permissioned_denied_exception_raised(self):
-
-        @permission_required([
-            'auth_tests.add_customuser', 'auth_tests.change_customuser', 'nonexistent-permission'
-        ], raise_exception=True)
+        @permission_required(
+            [
+                "auth_tests.add_customuser",
+                "auth_tests.change_customuser",
+                "nonexistent-permission",
+            ],
+            raise_exception=True,
+        )
         def a_view(request):
             return HttpResponse()
-        request = self.factory.get('/rand')
+
+        request = self.factory.get("/rand")
         request.user = self.user
         with self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied):
             a_view(request)
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/test_forms.py b/tests/auth_tests/test_forms.py
index e208305fc6..1713d367c3 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/test_forms.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/test_forms.py
@@ -3,9 +3,15 @@ import re
 from unittest import mock
 
 from django.contrib.auth.forms import (
-    AdminPasswordChangeForm, AuthenticationForm, PasswordChangeForm,
-    PasswordResetForm, ReadOnlyPasswordHashField, ReadOnlyPasswordHashWidget,
-    SetPasswordForm, UserChangeForm, UserCreationForm,
+    AdminPasswordChangeForm,
+    AuthenticationForm,
+    PasswordChangeForm,
+    PasswordResetForm,
+    ReadOnlyPasswordHashField,
+    ReadOnlyPasswordHashWidget,
+    SetPasswordForm,
+    UserChangeForm,
+    UserCreationForm,
 )
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.contrib.auth.signals import user_login_failed
@@ -21,7 +27,9 @@ from django.utils.text import capfirst
 from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
 
 from .models.custom_user import (
-    CustomUser, CustomUserWithoutIsActiveField, ExtensionUser,
+    CustomUser,
+    CustomUserWithoutIsActiveField,
+    ExtensionUser,
 )
 from .models.with_custom_email_field import CustomEmailField
 from .models.with_integer_username import IntegerUsernameUser
@@ -29,75 +37,84 @@ from .settings import AUTH_TEMPLATES
 
 
 class TestDataMixin:
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.u1 = User.objects.create_user(username='testclient', password='password', email='testclient@example.com')
-        cls.u2 = User.objects.create_user(username='inactive', password='password', is_active=False)
-        cls.u3 = User.objects.create_user(username='staff', password='password')
-        cls.u4 = User.objects.create(username='empty_password', password='')
-        cls.u5 = User.objects.create(username='unmanageable_password', password='$')
-        cls.u6 = User.objects.create(username='unknown_password', password='foo$bar')
+        cls.u1 = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="testclient", password="password", email="testclient@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.u2 = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="inactive", password="password", is_active=False
+        )
+        cls.u3 = User.objects.create_user(username="staff", password="password")
+        cls.u4 = User.objects.create(username="empty_password", password="")
+        cls.u5 = User.objects.create(username="unmanageable_password", password="$")
+        cls.u6 = User.objects.create(username="unknown_password", password="foo$bar")
 
 
 class UserCreationFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def test_user_already_exists(self):
         data = {
-            'username': 'testclient',
-            'password1': 'test123',
-            'password2': 'test123',
+            "username": "testclient",
+            "password1": "test123",
+            "password2": "test123",
         }
         form = UserCreationForm(data)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form["username"].errors,
-                         [str(User._meta.get_field('username').error_messages['unique'])])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form["username"].errors,
+            [str(User._meta.get_field("username").error_messages["unique"])],
+        )
 
     def test_invalid_data(self):
         data = {
-            'username': 'jsmith!',
-            'password1': 'test123',
-            'password2': 'test123',
+            "username": "jsmith!",
+            "password1": "test123",
+            "password2": "test123",
         }
         form = UserCreationForm(data)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        validator = next(v for v in User._meta.get_field('username').validators if v.code == 'invalid')
+        validator = next(
+            v
+            for v in User._meta.get_field("username").validators
+            if v.code == "invalid"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(form["username"].errors, [str(validator.message)])
 
     def test_password_verification(self):
         # The verification password is incorrect.
         data = {
-            'username': 'jsmith',
-            'password1': 'test123',
-            'password2': 'test',
+            "username": "jsmith",
+            "password1": "test123",
+            "password2": "test",
         }
         form = UserCreationForm(data)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form["password2"].errors,
-                         [str(form.error_messages['password_mismatch'])])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form["password2"].errors, [str(form.error_messages["password_mismatch"])]
+        )
 
     def test_both_passwords(self):
         # One (or both) passwords weren't given
-        data = {'username': 'jsmith'}
+        data = {"username": "jsmith"}
         form = UserCreationForm(data)
-        required_error = [str(Field.default_error_messages['required'])]
+        required_error = [str(Field.default_error_messages["required"])]
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form['password1'].errors, required_error)
-        self.assertEqual(form['password2'].errors, required_error)
+        self.assertEqual(form["password1"].errors, required_error)
+        self.assertEqual(form["password2"].errors, required_error)
 
-        data['password2'] = 'test123'
+        data["password2"] = "test123"
         form = UserCreationForm(data)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form['password1'].errors, required_error)
-        self.assertEqual(form['password2'].errors, [])
+        self.assertEqual(form["password1"].errors, required_error)
+        self.assertEqual(form["password2"].errors, [])
 
-    @mock.patch('django.contrib.auth.password_validation.password_changed')
+    @mock.patch("django.contrib.auth.password_validation.password_changed")
     def test_success(self, password_changed):
         # The success case.
         data = {
-            'username': 'jsmith@example.com',
-            'password1': 'test123',
-            'password2': 'test123',
+            "username": "jsmith@example.com",
+            "password1": "test123",
+            "password2": "test123",
         }
         form = UserCreationForm(data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
@@ -105,33 +122,33 @@ class UserCreationFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(password_changed.call_count, 0)
         u = form.save()
         self.assertEqual(password_changed.call_count, 1)
-        self.assertEqual(repr(u), '<User: jsmith@example.com>')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(u), "<User: jsmith@example.com>")
 
     def test_unicode_username(self):
         data = {
-            'username': '宝',
-            'password1': 'test123',
-            'password2': 'test123',
+            "username": "宝",
+            "password1": "test123",
+            "password2": "test123",
         }
         form = UserCreationForm(data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         u = form.save()
-        self.assertEqual(u.username, '宝')
+        self.assertEqual(u.username, "宝")
 
     def test_normalize_username(self):
         # The normalization happens in AbstractBaseUser.clean() and ModelForm
         # validation calls Model.clean().
-        ohm_username = 'testΩ'  # U+2126 OHM SIGN
+        ohm_username = "testΩ"  # U+2126 OHM SIGN
         data = {
-            'username': ohm_username,
-            'password1': 'pwd2',
-            'password2': 'pwd2',
+            "username": ohm_username,
+            "password1": "pwd2",
+            "password2": "pwd2",
         }
         form = UserCreationForm(data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         user = form.save()
         self.assertNotEqual(user.username, ohm_username)
-        self.assertEqual(user.username, 'testΩ')  # U+03A9 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA
+        self.assertEqual(user.username, "testΩ")  # U+03A9 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA
 
     def test_duplicate_normalized_unicode(self):
         """
@@ -139,53 +156,62 @@ class UserCreationFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         by their unicode code points only, Unicode NFKC normalization should
         make appear them equal to Django.
         """
-        omega_username = 'iamtheΩ'  # U+03A9 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA
-        ohm_username = 'iamtheΩ'  # U+2126 OHM SIGN
+        omega_username = "iamtheΩ"  # U+03A9 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA
+        ohm_username = "iamtheΩ"  # U+2126 OHM SIGN
         self.assertNotEqual(omega_username, ohm_username)
-        User.objects.create_user(username=omega_username, password='pwd')
+        User.objects.create_user(username=omega_username, password="pwd")
         data = {
-            'username': ohm_username,
-            'password1': 'pwd2',
-            'password2': 'pwd2',
+            "username": ohm_username,
+            "password1": "pwd2",
+            "password2": "pwd2",
         }
         form = UserCreationForm(data)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(
-            form.errors['username'], ["A user with that username already exists."]
+            form.errors["username"], ["A user with that username already exists."]
         )
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS=[
-        {'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator'},
-        {'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator', 'OPTIONS': {
-            'min_length': 12,
-        }},
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS=[
+            {
+                "NAME": "django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator"
+            },
+            {
+                "NAME": "django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator",
+                "OPTIONS": {
+                    "min_length": 12,
+                },
+            },
+        ]
+    )
     def test_validates_password(self):
         data = {
-            'username': 'testclient',
-            'password1': 'testclient',
-            'password2': 'testclient',
+            "username": "testclient",
+            "password1": "testclient",
+            "password2": "testclient",
         }
         form = UserCreationForm(data)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(len(form['password2'].errors), 2)
-        self.assertIn('The password is too similar to the username.', form['password2'].errors)
+        self.assertEqual(len(form["password2"].errors), 2)
         self.assertIn(
-            'This password is too short. It must contain at least 12 characters.',
-            form['password2'].errors
+            "The password is too similar to the username.", form["password2"].errors
+        )
+        self.assertIn(
+            "This password is too short. It must contain at least 12 characters.",
+            form["password2"].errors,
         )
 
     def test_custom_form(self):
         class CustomUserCreationForm(UserCreationForm):
             class Meta(UserCreationForm.Meta):
                 model = ExtensionUser
-                fields = UserCreationForm.Meta.fields + ('date_of_birth',)
+                fields = UserCreationForm.Meta.fields + ("date_of_birth",)
 
         data = {
-            'username': 'testclient',
-            'password1': 'testclient',
-            'password2': 'testclient',
-            'date_of_birth': '1988-02-24',
+            "username": "testclient",
+            "password1": "testclient",
+            "password2": "testclient",
+            "date_of_birth": "1988-02-24",
         }
         form = CustomUserCreationForm(data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
@@ -194,13 +220,13 @@ class UserCreationFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         class CustomUserCreationForm(UserCreationForm):
             class Meta(UserCreationForm.Meta):
                 model = CustomUser
-                fields = ('email', 'date_of_birth')
+                fields = ("email", "date_of_birth")
 
         data = {
-            'email': 'test@client222.com',
-            'password1': 'testclient',
-            'password2': 'testclient',
-            'date_of_birth': '1988-02-24',
+            "email": "test@client222.com",
+            "password1": "testclient",
+            "password2": "testclient",
+            "date_of_birth": "1988-02-24",
         }
         form = CustomUserCreationForm(data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
@@ -209,123 +235,144 @@ class UserCreationFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         class CustomUserCreationForm(UserCreationForm):
             class Meta(UserCreationForm.Meta):
                 model = CustomUserWithoutIsActiveField
-                fields = ('email',)  # without USERNAME_FIELD
+                fields = ("email",)  # without USERNAME_FIELD
 
         data = {
-            'email': 'testclient@example.com',
-            'password1': 'testclient',
-            'password2': 'testclient',
+            "email": "testclient@example.com",
+            "password1": "testclient",
+            "password2": "testclient",
         }
         form = CustomUserCreationForm(data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
 
     def test_password_whitespace_not_stripped(self):
         data = {
-            'username': 'testuser',
-            'password1': '   testpassword   ',
-            'password2': '   testpassword   ',
+            "username": "testuser",
+            "password1": "   testpassword   ",
+            "password2": "   testpassword   ",
         }
         form = UserCreationForm(data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['password1'], data['password1'])
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['password2'], data['password2'])
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data["password1"], data["password1"])
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data["password2"], data["password2"])
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS=[
-        {'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator'},
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS=[
+            {
+                "NAME": "django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator"
+            },
+        ]
+    )
     def test_password_help_text(self):
         form = UserCreationForm()
         self.assertEqual(
-            form.fields['password1'].help_text,
-            '<ul><li>Your password can’t be too similar to your other personal information.</li></ul>'
+            form.fields["password1"].help_text,
+            "<ul><li>Your password can’t be too similar to your other personal information.</li></ul>",
         )
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS=[
-        {'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator'},
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS=[
+            {
+                "NAME": "django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator"
+            },
+        ]
+    )
     def test_user_create_form_validates_password_with_all_data(self):
         """UserCreationForm password validation uses all of the form's data."""
+
         class CustomUserCreationForm(UserCreationForm):
             class Meta(UserCreationForm.Meta):
                 model = User
-                fields = ('username', 'email', 'first_name', 'last_name')
-        form = CustomUserCreationForm({
-            'username': 'testuser',
-            'password1': 'testpassword',
-            'password2': 'testpassword',
-            'first_name': 'testpassword',
-            'last_name': 'lastname',
-        })
+                fields = ("username", "email", "first_name", "last_name")
+
+        form = CustomUserCreationForm(
+            {
+                "username": "testuser",
+                "password1": "testpassword",
+                "password2": "testpassword",
+                "first_name": "testpassword",
+                "last_name": "lastname",
+            }
+        )
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(
-            form.errors['password2'],
-            ['The password is too similar to the first name.'],
+            form.errors["password2"],
+            ["The password is too similar to the first name."],
         )
 
     def test_username_field_autocapitalize_none(self):
         form = UserCreationForm()
-        self.assertEqual(form.fields['username'].widget.attrs.get('autocapitalize'), 'none')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.fields["username"].widget.attrs.get("autocapitalize"), "none"
+        )
 
     def test_html_autocomplete_attributes(self):
         form = UserCreationForm()
         tests = (
-            ('username', 'username'),
-            ('password1', 'new-password'),
-            ('password2', 'new-password'),
+            ("username", "username"),
+            ("password1", "new-password"),
+            ("password2", "new-password"),
         )
         for field_name, autocomplete in tests:
             with self.subTest(field_name=field_name, autocomplete=autocomplete):
-                self.assertEqual(form.fields[field_name].widget.attrs['autocomplete'], autocomplete)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    form.fields[field_name].widget.attrs["autocomplete"], autocomplete
+                )
 
 
 # To verify that the login form rejects inactive users, use an authentication
 # backend that allows them.
-@override_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=['django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend'])
+@override_settings(
+    AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=["django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend"]
+)
 class AuthenticationFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def test_invalid_username(self):
         # The user submits an invalid username.
 
         data = {
-            'username': 'jsmith_does_not_exist',
-            'password': 'test123',
+            "username": "jsmith_does_not_exist",
+            "password": "test123",
         }
         form = AuthenticationForm(None, data)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(
-            form.non_field_errors(), [
-                form.error_messages['invalid_login'] % {
-                    'username': User._meta.get_field('username').verbose_name
-                }
-            ]
+            form.non_field_errors(),
+            [
+                form.error_messages["invalid_login"]
+                % {"username": User._meta.get_field("username").verbose_name}
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_inactive_user(self):
         # The user is inactive.
         data = {
-            'username': 'inactive',
-            'password': 'password',
-        }
-        form = AuthenticationForm(None, data)
-        self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.non_field_errors(), [str(form.error_messages['inactive'])])
-
-    # Use an authentication backend that rejects inactive users.
-    @override_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=['django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend'])
-    def test_inactive_user_incorrect_password(self):
-        """An invalid login doesn't leak the inactive status of a user."""
-        data = {
-            'username': 'inactive',
-            'password': 'incorrect',
+            "username": "inactive",
+            "password": "password",
         }
         form = AuthenticationForm(None, data)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(
-            form.non_field_errors(), [
-                form.error_messages['invalid_login'] % {
-                    'username': User._meta.get_field('username').verbose_name
-                }
-            ]
+            form.non_field_errors(), [str(form.error_messages["inactive"])]
+        )
+
+    # Use an authentication backend that rejects inactive users.
+    @override_settings(
+        AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=["django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend"]
+    )
+    def test_inactive_user_incorrect_password(self):
+        """An invalid login doesn't leak the inactive status of a user."""
+        data = {
+            "username": "inactive",
+            "password": "incorrect",
+        }
+        form = AuthenticationForm(None, data)
+        self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.non_field_errors(),
+            [
+                form.error_messages["invalid_login"]
+                % {"username": User._meta.get_field("username").verbose_name}
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_login_failed(self):
@@ -337,33 +384,44 @@ class AuthenticationFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         user_login_failed.connect(signal_handler)
         fake_request = object()
         try:
-            form = AuthenticationForm(fake_request, {
-                'username': 'testclient',
-                'password': 'incorrect',
-            })
+            form = AuthenticationForm(
+                fake_request,
+                {
+                    "username": "testclient",
+                    "password": "incorrect",
+                },
+            )
             self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-            self.assertIs(signal_calls[0]['request'], fake_request)
+            self.assertIs(signal_calls[0]["request"], fake_request)
         finally:
             user_login_failed.disconnect(signal_handler)
 
     def test_inactive_user_i18n(self):
-        with self.settings(USE_I18N=True), translation.override('pt-br', deactivate=True):
+        with self.settings(USE_I18N=True), translation.override(
+            "pt-br", deactivate=True
+        ):
             # The user is inactive.
             data = {
-                'username': 'inactive',
-                'password': 'password',
+                "username": "inactive",
+                "password": "password",
             }
             form = AuthenticationForm(None, data)
             self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-            self.assertEqual(form.non_field_errors(), [str(form.error_messages['inactive'])])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                form.non_field_errors(), [str(form.error_messages["inactive"])]
+            )
 
     # Use an authentication backend that allows inactive users.
-    @override_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=['django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend'])
+    @override_settings(
+        AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=[
+            "django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend"
+        ]
+    )
     def test_custom_login_allowed_policy(self):
         # The user is inactive, but our custom form policy allows them to log in.
         data = {
-            'username': 'inactive',
-            'password': 'password',
+            "username": "inactive",
+            "password": "password",
         }
 
         class AuthenticationFormWithInactiveUsersOkay(AuthenticationForm):
@@ -383,11 +441,11 @@ class AuthenticationFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
 
         form = PickyAuthenticationForm(None, data)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.non_field_errors(), ['This user is disallowed.'])
+        self.assertEqual(form.non_field_errors(), ["This user is disallowed."])
 
         data = {
-            'username': 'testclient',
-            'password': 'password',
+            "username": "testclient",
+            "password": "password",
         }
         form = PickyAuthenticationForm(None, data)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
@@ -396,102 +454,103 @@ class AuthenticationFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
     def test_success(self):
         # The success case
         data = {
-            'username': 'testclient',
-            'password': 'password',
+            "username": "testclient",
+            "password": "password",
         }
         form = AuthenticationForm(None, data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(form.non_field_errors(), [])
 
     def test_unicode_username(self):
-        User.objects.create_user(username='Σαρα', password='pwd')
+        User.objects.create_user(username="Σαρα", password="pwd")
         data = {
-            'username': 'Σαρα',
-            'password': 'pwd',
+            "username": "Σαρα",
+            "password": "pwd",
         }
         form = AuthenticationForm(None, data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(form.non_field_errors(), [])
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomEmailField')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomEmailField")
     def test_username_field_max_length_matches_user_model(self):
-        self.assertEqual(CustomEmailField._meta.get_field('username').max_length, 255)
+        self.assertEqual(CustomEmailField._meta.get_field("username").max_length, 255)
         data = {
-            'username': 'u' * 255,
-            'password': 'pwd',
-            'email': 'test@example.com',
+            "username": "u" * 255,
+            "password": "pwd",
+            "email": "test@example.com",
         }
         CustomEmailField.objects.create_user(**data)
         form = AuthenticationForm(None, data)
-        self.assertEqual(form.fields['username'].max_length, 255)
-        self.assertEqual(form.fields['username'].widget.attrs.get('maxlength'), 255)
+        self.assertEqual(form.fields["username"].max_length, 255)
+        self.assertEqual(form.fields["username"].widget.attrs.get("maxlength"), 255)
         self.assertEqual(form.errors, {})
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.IntegerUsernameUser')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.IntegerUsernameUser")
     def test_username_field_max_length_defaults_to_254(self):
-        self.assertIsNone(IntegerUsernameUser._meta.get_field('username').max_length)
+        self.assertIsNone(IntegerUsernameUser._meta.get_field("username").max_length)
         data = {
-            'username': '0123456',
-            'password': 'password',
+            "username": "0123456",
+            "password": "password",
         }
         IntegerUsernameUser.objects.create_user(**data)
         form = AuthenticationForm(None, data)
-        self.assertEqual(form.fields['username'].max_length, 254)
-        self.assertEqual(form.fields['username'].widget.attrs.get('maxlength'), 254)
+        self.assertEqual(form.fields["username"].max_length, 254)
+        self.assertEqual(form.fields["username"].widget.attrs.get("maxlength"), 254)
         self.assertEqual(form.errors, {})
 
     def test_username_field_label(self):
-
         class CustomAuthenticationForm(AuthenticationForm):
             username = CharField(label="Name", max_length=75)
 
         form = CustomAuthenticationForm()
-        self.assertEqual(form['username'].label, "Name")
+        self.assertEqual(form["username"].label, "Name")
 
     def test_username_field_label_not_set(self):
-
         class CustomAuthenticationForm(AuthenticationForm):
             username = CharField()
 
         form = CustomAuthenticationForm()
         username_field = User._meta.get_field(User.USERNAME_FIELD)
-        self.assertEqual(form.fields['username'].label, capfirst(username_field.verbose_name))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.fields["username"].label, capfirst(username_field.verbose_name)
+        )
 
     def test_username_field_autocapitalize_none(self):
         form = AuthenticationForm()
-        self.assertEqual(form.fields['username'].widget.attrs.get('autocapitalize'), 'none')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.fields["username"].widget.attrs.get("autocapitalize"), "none"
+        )
 
     def test_username_field_label_empty_string(self):
-
         class CustomAuthenticationForm(AuthenticationForm):
-            username = CharField(label='')
+            username = CharField(label="")
 
         form = CustomAuthenticationForm()
-        self.assertEqual(form.fields['username'].label, "")
+        self.assertEqual(form.fields["username"].label, "")
 
     def test_password_whitespace_not_stripped(self):
         data = {
-            'username': 'testuser',
-            'password': ' pass ',
+            "username": "testuser",
+            "password": " pass ",
         }
         form = AuthenticationForm(None, data)
         form.is_valid()  # Not necessary to have valid credentails for the test.
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['password'], data['password'])
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data["password"], data["password"])
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.IntegerUsernameUser')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.IntegerUsernameUser")
     def test_integer_username(self):
         class CustomAuthenticationForm(AuthenticationForm):
             username = IntegerField()
 
-        user = IntegerUsernameUser.objects.create_user(username=0, password='pwd')
+        user = IntegerUsernameUser.objects.create_user(username=0, password="pwd")
         data = {
-            'username': 0,
-            'password': 'pwd',
+            "username": 0,
+            "password": "pwd",
         }
         form = CustomAuthenticationForm(None, data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['username'], data['username'])
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['password'], data['password'])
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data["username"], data["username"])
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data["password"], data["password"])
         self.assertEqual(form.errors, {})
         self.assertEqual(form.user_cache, user)
 
@@ -500,45 +559,46 @@ class AuthenticationFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(error, ValidationError)
         self.assertEqual(
             error.message,
-            'Please enter a correct %(username)s and password. Note that both '
-            'fields may be case-sensitive.',
+            "Please enter a correct %(username)s and password. Note that both "
+            "fields may be case-sensitive.",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(error.code, 'invalid_login')
-        self.assertEqual(error.params, {'username': 'username'})
+        self.assertEqual(error.code, "invalid_login")
+        self.assertEqual(error.params, {"username": "username"})
 
     def test_html_autocomplete_attributes(self):
         form = AuthenticationForm()
         tests = (
-            ('username', 'username'),
-            ('password', 'current-password'),
+            ("username", "username"),
+            ("password", "current-password"),
         )
         for field_name, autocomplete in tests:
             with self.subTest(field_name=field_name, autocomplete=autocomplete):
-                self.assertEqual(form.fields[field_name].widget.attrs['autocomplete'], autocomplete)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    form.fields[field_name].widget.attrs["autocomplete"], autocomplete
+                )
 
 
 class SetPasswordFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def test_password_verification(self):
         # The two new passwords do not match.
-        user = User.objects.get(username='testclient')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="testclient")
         data = {
-            'new_password1': 'abc123',
-            'new_password2': 'abc',
+            "new_password1": "abc123",
+            "new_password2": "abc",
         }
         form = SetPasswordForm(user, data)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(
             form["new_password2"].errors,
-            [str(form.error_messages['password_mismatch'])]
+            [str(form.error_messages["password_mismatch"])],
         )
 
-    @mock.patch('django.contrib.auth.password_validation.password_changed')
+    @mock.patch("django.contrib.auth.password_validation.password_changed")
     def test_success(self, password_changed):
-        user = User.objects.get(username='testclient')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="testclient")
         data = {
-            'new_password1': 'abc123',
-            'new_password2': 'abc123',
+            "new_password1": "abc123",
+            "new_password2": "abc123",
         }
         form = SetPasswordForm(user, data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
@@ -547,51 +607,67 @@ class SetPasswordFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         form.save()
         self.assertEqual(password_changed.call_count, 1)
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS=[
-        {'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator'},
-        {'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator', 'OPTIONS': {
-            'min_length': 12,
-        }},
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS=[
+            {
+                "NAME": "django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator"
+            },
+            {
+                "NAME": "django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator",
+                "OPTIONS": {
+                    "min_length": 12,
+                },
+            },
+        ]
+    )
     def test_validates_password(self):
-        user = User.objects.get(username='testclient')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="testclient")
         data = {
-            'new_password1': 'testclient',
-            'new_password2': 'testclient',
+            "new_password1": "testclient",
+            "new_password2": "testclient",
         }
         form = SetPasswordForm(user, data)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(len(form["new_password2"].errors), 2)
-        self.assertIn('The password is too similar to the username.', form["new_password2"].errors)
         self.assertIn(
-            'This password is too short. It must contain at least 12 characters.',
-            form["new_password2"].errors
+            "The password is too similar to the username.", form["new_password2"].errors
+        )
+        self.assertIn(
+            "This password is too short. It must contain at least 12 characters.",
+            form["new_password2"].errors,
         )
 
     def test_password_whitespace_not_stripped(self):
-        user = User.objects.get(username='testclient')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="testclient")
         data = {
-            'new_password1': '   password   ',
-            'new_password2': '   password   ',
+            "new_password1": "   password   ",
+            "new_password2": "   password   ",
         }
         form = SetPasswordForm(user, data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['new_password1'], data['new_password1'])
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['new_password2'], data['new_password2'])
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data["new_password1"], data["new_password1"])
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data["new_password2"], data["new_password2"])
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS=[
-        {'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator'},
-        {'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator', 'OPTIONS': {
-            'min_length': 12,
-        }},
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS=[
+            {
+                "NAME": "django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator"
+            },
+            {
+                "NAME": "django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator",
+                "OPTIONS": {
+                    "min_length": 12,
+                },
+            },
+        ]
+    )
     def test_help_text_translation(self):
         french_help_texts = [
-            'Votre mot de passe ne peut pas trop ressembler à vos autres informations personnelles.',
-            'Votre mot de passe doit contenir au minimum 12 caractères.',
+            "Votre mot de passe ne peut pas trop ressembler à vos autres informations personnelles.",
+            "Votre mot de passe doit contenir au minimum 12 caractères.",
         ]
         form = SetPasswordForm(self.u1)
-        with translation.override('fr'):
+        with translation.override("fr"):
             html = form.as_p()
             for french_text in french_help_texts:
                 self.assertIn(french_text, html)
@@ -599,47 +675,54 @@ class SetPasswordFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
     def test_html_autocomplete_attributes(self):
         form = SetPasswordForm(self.u1)
         tests = (
-            ('new_password1', 'new-password'),
-            ('new_password2', 'new-password'),
+            ("new_password1", "new-password"),
+            ("new_password2", "new-password"),
         )
         for field_name, autocomplete in tests:
             with self.subTest(field_name=field_name, autocomplete=autocomplete):
-                self.assertEqual(form.fields[field_name].widget.attrs['autocomplete'], autocomplete)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    form.fields[field_name].widget.attrs["autocomplete"], autocomplete
+                )
 
 
 class PasswordChangeFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def test_incorrect_password(self):
-        user = User.objects.get(username='testclient')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="testclient")
         data = {
-            'old_password': 'test',
-            'new_password1': 'abc123',
-            'new_password2': 'abc123',
+            "old_password": "test",
+            "new_password1": "abc123",
+            "new_password2": "abc123",
         }
         form = PasswordChangeForm(user, data)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form["old_password"].errors, [str(form.error_messages['password_incorrect'])])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form["old_password"].errors,
+            [str(form.error_messages["password_incorrect"])],
+        )
 
     def test_password_verification(self):
         # The two new passwords do not match.
-        user = User.objects.get(username='testclient')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="testclient")
         data = {
-            'old_password': 'password',
-            'new_password1': 'abc123',
-            'new_password2': 'abc',
+            "old_password": "password",
+            "new_password1": "abc123",
+            "new_password2": "abc",
         }
         form = PasswordChangeForm(user, data)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form["new_password2"].errors, [str(form.error_messages['password_mismatch'])])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form["new_password2"].errors,
+            [str(form.error_messages["password_mismatch"])],
+        )
 
-    @mock.patch('django.contrib.auth.password_validation.password_changed')
+    @mock.patch("django.contrib.auth.password_validation.password_changed")
     def test_success(self, password_changed):
         # The success case.
-        user = User.objects.get(username='testclient')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="testclient")
         data = {
-            'old_password': 'password',
-            'new_password1': 'abc123',
-            'new_password2': 'abc123',
+            "old_password": "password",
+            "new_password1": "abc123",
+            "new_password2": "abc123",
         }
         form = PasswordChangeForm(user, data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
@@ -650,37 +733,45 @@ class PasswordChangeFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
 
     def test_field_order(self):
         # Regression test - check the order of fields:
-        user = User.objects.get(username='testclient')
-        self.assertEqual(list(PasswordChangeForm(user, {}).fields), ['old_password', 'new_password1', 'new_password2'])
+        user = User.objects.get(username="testclient")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(PasswordChangeForm(user, {}).fields),
+            ["old_password", "new_password1", "new_password2"],
+        )
 
     def test_password_whitespace_not_stripped(self):
-        user = User.objects.get(username='testclient')
-        user.set_password('   oldpassword   ')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="testclient")
+        user.set_password("   oldpassword   ")
         data = {
-            'old_password': '   oldpassword   ',
-            'new_password1': ' pass ',
-            'new_password2': ' pass ',
+            "old_password": "   oldpassword   ",
+            "new_password1": " pass ",
+            "new_password2": " pass ",
         }
         form = PasswordChangeForm(user, data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['old_password'], data['old_password'])
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['new_password1'], data['new_password1'])
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['new_password2'], data['new_password2'])
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data["old_password"], data["old_password"])
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data["new_password1"], data["new_password1"])
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data["new_password2"], data["new_password2"])
 
     def test_html_autocomplete_attributes(self):
-        user = User.objects.get(username='testclient')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="testclient")
         form = PasswordChangeForm(user)
-        self.assertEqual(form.fields['old_password'].widget.attrs['autocomplete'], 'current-password')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.fields["old_password"].widget.attrs["autocomplete"], "current-password"
+        )
 
 
 class UserChangeFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def test_username_validity(self):
-        user = User.objects.get(username='testclient')
-        data = {'username': 'not valid'}
+        user = User.objects.get(username="testclient")
+        data = {"username": "not valid"}
         form = UserChangeForm(data, instance=user)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        validator = next(v for v in User._meta.get_field('username').validators if v.code == 'invalid')
+        validator = next(
+            v
+            for v in User._meta.get_field("username").validators
+            if v.code == "invalid"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(form["username"].errors, [str(validator.message)])
 
     def test_bug_14242(self):
@@ -690,40 +781,46 @@ class UserChangeFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         class MyUserForm(UserChangeForm):
             def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
                 super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-                self.fields['groups'].help_text = 'These groups give users different permissions'
+                self.fields[
+                    "groups"
+                ].help_text = "These groups give users different permissions"
 
             class Meta(UserChangeForm.Meta):
-                fields = ('groups',)
+                fields = ("groups",)
 
         # Just check we can create it
         MyUserForm({})
 
     def test_unusable_password(self):
-        user = User.objects.get(username='empty_password')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="empty_password")
         user.set_unusable_password()
         user.save()
         form = UserChangeForm(instance=user)
         self.assertIn(_("No password set."), form.as_table())
 
     def test_bug_17944_empty_password(self):
-        user = User.objects.get(username='empty_password')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="empty_password")
         form = UserChangeForm(instance=user)
         self.assertIn(_("No password set."), form.as_table())
 
     def test_bug_17944_unmanageable_password(self):
-        user = User.objects.get(username='unmanageable_password')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="unmanageable_password")
         form = UserChangeForm(instance=user)
-        self.assertIn(_("Invalid password format or unknown hashing algorithm."), form.as_table())
+        self.assertIn(
+            _("Invalid password format or unknown hashing algorithm."), form.as_table()
+        )
 
     def test_bug_17944_unknown_password_algorithm(self):
-        user = User.objects.get(username='unknown_password')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="unknown_password")
         form = UserChangeForm(instance=user)
-        self.assertIn(_("Invalid password format or unknown hashing algorithm."), form.as_table())
+        self.assertIn(
+            _("Invalid password format or unknown hashing algorithm."), form.as_table()
+        )
 
     def test_bug_19133(self):
         "The change form does not return the password value"
         # Use the form to construct the POST data
-        user = User.objects.get(username='testclient')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="testclient")
         form_for_data = UserChangeForm(instance=user)
         post_data = form_for_data.initial
 
@@ -731,38 +828,42 @@ class UserChangeFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         # posted here should be ignored; the form will be
         # valid, and give back the 'initial' value for the
         # password field.
-        post_data['password'] = 'new password'
+        post_data["password"] = "new password"
         form = UserChangeForm(instance=user, data=post_data)
 
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         # original hashed password contains $
-        self.assertIn('$', form.cleaned_data['password'])
+        self.assertIn("$", form.cleaned_data["password"])
 
     def test_bug_19349_bound_password_field(self):
-        user = User.objects.get(username='testclient')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="testclient")
         form = UserChangeForm(data={}, instance=user)
         # When rendering the bound password field,
         # ReadOnlyPasswordHashWidget needs the initial
         # value to render correctly
-        self.assertEqual(form.initial['password'], form['password'].value())
+        self.assertEqual(form.initial["password"], form["password"].value())
 
     def test_custom_form(self):
         class CustomUserChangeForm(UserChangeForm):
             class Meta(UserChangeForm.Meta):
                 model = ExtensionUser
-                fields = ('username', 'password', 'date_of_birth',)
+                fields = (
+                    "username",
+                    "password",
+                    "date_of_birth",
+                )
 
-        user = User.objects.get(username='testclient')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="testclient")
         data = {
-            'username': 'testclient',
-            'password': 'testclient',
-            'date_of_birth': '1998-02-24',
+            "username": "testclient",
+            "password": "testclient",
+            "date_of_birth": "1998-02-24",
         }
         form = CustomUserChangeForm(data, instance=user)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         form.save()
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['username'], 'testclient')
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['date_of_birth'], datetime.date(1998, 2, 24))
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data["username"], "testclient")
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data["date_of_birth"], datetime.date(1998, 2, 24))
 
     def test_password_excluded(self):
         class UserChangeFormWithoutPassword(UserChangeForm):
@@ -770,19 +871,20 @@ class UserChangeFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
 
             class Meta:
                 model = User
-                exclude = ['password']
+                exclude = ["password"]
 
         form = UserChangeFormWithoutPassword()
-        self.assertNotIn('password', form.fields)
+        self.assertNotIn("password", form.fields)
 
     def test_username_field_autocapitalize_none(self):
         form = UserChangeForm()
-        self.assertEqual(form.fields['username'].widget.attrs.get('autocapitalize'), 'none')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.fields["username"].widget.attrs.get("autocapitalize"), "none"
+        )
 
 
 @override_settings(TEMPLATES=AUTH_TEMPLATES)
 class PasswordResetFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         super().setUpClass()
@@ -794,48 +896,48 @@ class PasswordResetFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         """
         Create a user and return a tuple (user_object, username, email).
         """
-        username = 'jsmith'
-        email = 'jsmith@example.com'
-        user = User.objects.create_user(username, email, 'test123')
+        username = "jsmith"
+        email = "jsmith@example.com"
+        user = User.objects.create_user(username, email, "test123")
         return (user, username, email)
 
     def test_invalid_email(self):
-        data = {'email': 'not valid'}
+        data = {"email": "not valid"}
         form = PasswordResetForm(data)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form['email'].errors, [_('Enter a valid email address.')])
+        self.assertEqual(form["email"].errors, [_("Enter a valid email address.")])
 
     def test_user_email_unicode_collision(self):
-        User.objects.create_user('mike123', 'mike@example.org', 'test123')
-        User.objects.create_user('mike456', 'mıke@example.org', 'test123')
-        data = {'email': 'mıke@example.org'}
+        User.objects.create_user("mike123", "mike@example.org", "test123")
+        User.objects.create_user("mike456", "mıke@example.org", "test123")
+        data = {"email": "mıke@example.org"}
         form = PasswordResetForm(data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         form.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].to, ['mıke@example.org'])
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].to, ["mıke@example.org"])
 
     def test_user_email_domain_unicode_collision(self):
-        User.objects.create_user('mike123', 'mike@ixample.org', 'test123')
-        User.objects.create_user('mike456', 'mike@ıxample.org', 'test123')
-        data = {'email': 'mike@ıxample.org'}
+        User.objects.create_user("mike123", "mike@ixample.org", "test123")
+        User.objects.create_user("mike456", "mike@ıxample.org", "test123")
+        data = {"email": "mike@ıxample.org"}
         form = PasswordResetForm(data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         form.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].to, ['mike@ıxample.org'])
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].to, ["mike@ıxample.org"])
 
     def test_user_email_unicode_collision_nonexistent(self):
-        User.objects.create_user('mike123', 'mike@example.org', 'test123')
-        data = {'email': 'mıke@example.org'}
+        User.objects.create_user("mike123", "mike@example.org", "test123")
+        data = {"email": "mıke@example.org"}
         form = PasswordResetForm(data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         form.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 0)
 
     def test_user_email_domain_unicode_collision_nonexistent(self):
-        User.objects.create_user('mike123', 'mike@ixample.org', 'test123')
-        data = {'email': 'mike@ıxample.org'}
+        User.objects.create_user("mike123", "mike@ixample.org", "test123")
+        data = {"email": "mike@ıxample.org"}
         form = PasswordResetForm(data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         form.save()
@@ -846,44 +948,51 @@ class PasswordResetFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         Test nonexistent email address. This should not fail because it would
         expose information about registered users.
         """
-        data = {'email': 'foo@bar.com'}
+        data = {"email": "foo@bar.com"}
         form = PasswordResetForm(data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 0)
 
     def test_cleaned_data(self):
         (user, username, email) = self.create_dummy_user()
-        data = {'email': email}
+        data = {"email": email}
         form = PasswordResetForm(data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        form.save(domain_override='example.com')
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['email'], email)
+        form.save(domain_override="example.com")
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data["email"], email)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
 
     def test_custom_email_subject(self):
-        data = {'email': 'testclient@example.com'}
+        data = {"email": "testclient@example.com"}
         form = PasswordResetForm(data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         # Since we're not providing a request object, we must provide a
         # domain_override to prevent the save operation from failing in the
         # potential case where contrib.sites is not installed. Refs #16412.
-        form.save(domain_override='example.com')
+        form.save(domain_override="example.com")
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, 'Custom password reset on example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, "Custom password reset on example.com")
 
     def test_custom_email_constructor(self):
-        data = {'email': 'testclient@example.com'}
+        data = {"email": "testclient@example.com"}
 
         class CustomEmailPasswordResetForm(PasswordResetForm):
-            def send_mail(self, subject_template_name, email_template_name,
-                          context, from_email, to_email,
-                          html_email_template_name=None):
+            def send_mail(
+                self,
+                subject_template_name,
+                email_template_name,
+                context,
+                from_email,
+                to_email,
+                html_email_template_name=None,
+            ):
                 EmailMultiAlternatives(
                     "Forgot your password?",
                     "Sorry to hear you forgot your password.",
-                    None, [to_email],
-                    ['site_monitor@example.com'],
-                    headers={'Reply-To': 'webmaster@example.com'},
+                    None,
+                    [to_email],
+                    ["site_monitor@example.com"],
+                    headers={"Reply-To": "webmaster@example.com"},
                     alternatives=[
                         ("Really sorry to hear you forgot your password.", "text/html")
                     ],
@@ -894,10 +1003,10 @@ class PasswordResetFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         # Since we're not providing a request object, we must provide a
         # domain_override to prevent the save operation from failing in the
         # potential case where contrib.sites is not installed. Refs #16412.
-        form.save(domain_override='example.com')
+        form.save(domain_override="example.com")
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, 'Forgot your password?')
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].bcc, ['site_monitor@example.com'])
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, "Forgot your password?")
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].bcc, ["site_monitor@example.com"])
         self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].content_subtype, "plain")
 
     def test_preserve_username_case(self):
@@ -905,10 +1014,10 @@ class PasswordResetFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         Preserve the case of the user name (before the @ in the email address)
         when creating a user (#5605).
         """
-        user = User.objects.create_user('forms_test2', 'tesT@EXAMple.com', 'test')
-        self.assertEqual(user.email, 'tesT@example.com')
-        user = User.objects.create_user('forms_test3', 'tesT', 'test')
-        self.assertEqual(user.email, 'tesT')
+        user = User.objects.create_user("forms_test2", "tesT@EXAMple.com", "test")
+        self.assertEqual(user.email, "tesT@example.com")
+        user = User.objects.create_user("forms_test3", "tesT", "test")
+        self.assertEqual(user.email, "tesT")
 
     def test_inactive_user(self):
         """
@@ -917,13 +1026,13 @@ class PasswordResetFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         (user, username, email) = self.create_dummy_user()
         user.is_active = False
         user.save()
-        form = PasswordResetForm({'email': email})
+        form = PasswordResetForm({"email": email})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         form.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 0)
 
     def test_unusable_password(self):
-        user = User.objects.create_user('testuser', 'test@example.com', 'test')
+        user = User.objects.create_user("testuser", "test@example.com", "test")
         data = {"email": "test@example.com"}
         form = PasswordResetForm(data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
@@ -948,11 +1057,13 @@ class PasswordResetFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
         message = mail.outbox[0].message()
         self.assertFalse(message.is_multipart())
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_content_type(), 'text/plain')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('subject'), 'Custom password reset on example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_content_type(), "text/plain")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("subject"), "Custom password reset on example.com")
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox[0].alternatives), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_all('to'), [email])
-        self.assertTrue(re.match(r'^http://example.com/reset/[\w+/-]', message.get_payload()))
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_all("to"), [email])
+        self.assertTrue(
+            re.match(r"^http://example.com/reset/[\w+/-]", message.get_payload())
+        )
 
     def test_save_html_email_template_name(self):
         """
@@ -964,53 +1075,63 @@ class PasswordResetFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         (user, username, email) = self.create_dummy_user()
         form = PasswordResetForm({"email": email})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        form.save(html_email_template_name='registration/html_password_reset_email.html')
+        form.save(
+            html_email_template_name="registration/html_password_reset_email.html"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox[0].alternatives), 1)
         message = mail.outbox[0].message()
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('subject'), 'Custom password reset on example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("subject"), "Custom password reset on example.com")
         self.assertEqual(len(message.get_payload()), 2)
         self.assertTrue(message.is_multipart())
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(0).get_content_type(), 'text/plain')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(1).get_content_type(), 'text/html')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_all('to'), [email])
-        self.assertTrue(re.match(r'^http://example.com/reset/[\w/-]+', message.get_payload(0).get_payload()))
-        self.assertTrue(re.match(
-            r'^<html><a href="http://example.com/reset/[\w/-]+/">Link</a></html>$',
-            message.get_payload(1).get_payload()
-        ))
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(0).get_content_type(), "text/plain")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(1).get_content_type(), "text/html")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_all("to"), [email])
+        self.assertTrue(
+            re.match(
+                r"^http://example.com/reset/[\w/-]+",
+                message.get_payload(0).get_payload(),
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            re.match(
+                r'^<html><a href="http://example.com/reset/[\w/-]+/">Link</a></html>$',
+                message.get_payload(1).get_payload(),
+            )
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomEmailField')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomEmailField")
     def test_custom_email_field(self):
-        email = 'test@mail.com'
-        CustomEmailField.objects.create_user('test name', 'test password', email)
-        form = PasswordResetForm({'email': email})
+        email = "test@mail.com"
+        CustomEmailField.objects.create_user("test name", "test password", email)
+        form = PasswordResetForm({"email": email})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         form.save()
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['email'], email)
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data["email"], email)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
         self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].to, [email])
 
     def test_html_autocomplete_attributes(self):
         form = PasswordResetForm()
-        self.assertEqual(form.fields['email'].widget.attrs['autocomplete'], 'email')
+        self.assertEqual(form.fields["email"].widget.attrs["autocomplete"], "email")
 
 
 class ReadOnlyPasswordHashTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_bug_19349_render_with_none_value(self):
         # Rendering the widget with value set to None
         # mustn't raise an exception.
         widget = ReadOnlyPasswordHashWidget()
-        html = widget.render(name='password', value=None, attrs={})
+        html = widget.render(name="password", value=None, attrs={})
         self.assertIn(_("No password set."), html)
 
-    @override_settings(PASSWORD_HASHERS=['django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2PasswordHasher'])
+    @override_settings(
+        PASSWORD_HASHERS=["django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2PasswordHasher"]
+    )
     def test_render(self):
         widget = ReadOnlyPasswordHashWidget()
-        value = 'pbkdf2_sha256$100000$a6Pucb1qSFcD$WmCkn9Hqidj48NVe5x0FEM6A9YiOqQcl/83m2Z5udm0='
+        value = "pbkdf2_sha256$100000$a6Pucb1qSFcD$WmCkn9Hqidj48NVe5x0FEM6A9YiOqQcl/83m2Z5udm0="
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            widget.render('name', value, {'id': 'id_password'}),
+            widget.render("name", value, {"id": "id_password"}),
             """
             <div id="id_password">
                 <strong>algorithm</strong>: pbkdf2_sha256
@@ -1018,35 +1139,35 @@ class ReadOnlyPasswordHashTest(SimpleTestCase):
                 <strong>salt</strong>: a6Pucb******
                 <strong>hash</strong>: WmCkn9**************************************
             </div>
-            """
+            """,
         )
 
     def test_readonly_field_has_changed(self):
         field = ReadOnlyPasswordHashField()
         self.assertIs(field.disabled, True)
-        self.assertFalse(field.has_changed('aaa', 'bbb'))
+        self.assertFalse(field.has_changed("aaa", "bbb"))
 
     def test_label(self):
         """
         ReadOnlyPasswordHashWidget doesn't contain a for attribute in the
         <label> because it doesn't have any labelable elements.
         """
+
         class TestForm(forms.Form):
             hash_field = ReadOnlyPasswordHashField()
 
-        bound_field = TestForm()['hash_field']
-        self.assertIsNone(bound_field.field.widget.id_for_label('id'))
-        self.assertEqual(bound_field.label_tag(), '<label>Hash field:</label>')
+        bound_field = TestForm()["hash_field"]
+        self.assertIsNone(bound_field.field.widget.id_for_label("id"))
+        self.assertEqual(bound_field.label_tag(), "<label>Hash field:</label>")
 
 
 class AdminPasswordChangeFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
-    @mock.patch('django.contrib.auth.password_validation.password_changed')
+    @mock.patch("django.contrib.auth.password_validation.password_changed")
     def test_success(self, password_changed):
-        user = User.objects.get(username='testclient')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="testclient")
         data = {
-            'password1': 'test123',
-            'password2': 'test123',
+            "password1": "test123",
+            "password2": "test123",
         }
         form = AdminPasswordChangeForm(user, data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
@@ -1056,47 +1177,51 @@ class AdminPasswordChangeFormTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(password_changed.call_count, 1)
 
     def test_password_whitespace_not_stripped(self):
-        user = User.objects.get(username='testclient')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="testclient")
         data = {
-            'password1': ' pass ',
-            'password2': ' pass ',
+            "password1": " pass ",
+            "password2": " pass ",
         }
         form = AdminPasswordChangeForm(user, data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['password1'], data['password1'])
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['password2'], data['password2'])
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data["password1"], data["password1"])
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data["password2"], data["password2"])
 
     def test_non_matching_passwords(self):
-        user = User.objects.get(username='testclient')
-        data = {'password1': 'password1', 'password2': 'password2'}
+        user = User.objects.get(username="testclient")
+        data = {"password1": "password1", "password2": "password2"}
         form = AdminPasswordChangeForm(user, data)
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors['password2'], [form.error_messages['password_mismatch']])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.errors["password2"], [form.error_messages["password_mismatch"]]
+        )
 
     def test_missing_passwords(self):
-        user = User.objects.get(username='testclient')
-        data = {'password1': '', 'password2': ''}
+        user = User.objects.get(username="testclient")
+        data = {"password1": "", "password2": ""}
         form = AdminPasswordChangeForm(user, data)
-        required_error = [Field.default_error_messages['required']]
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors['password1'], required_error)
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors['password2'], required_error)
+        required_error = [Field.default_error_messages["required"]]
+        self.assertEqual(form.errors["password1"], required_error)
+        self.assertEqual(form.errors["password2"], required_error)
 
     def test_one_password(self):
-        user = User.objects.get(username='testclient')
-        form1 = AdminPasswordChangeForm(user, {'password1': '', 'password2': 'test'})
-        required_error = [Field.default_error_messages['required']]
-        self.assertEqual(form1.errors['password1'], required_error)
-        self.assertNotIn('password2', form1.errors)
-        form2 = AdminPasswordChangeForm(user, {'password1': 'test', 'password2': ''})
-        self.assertEqual(form2.errors['password2'], required_error)
-        self.assertNotIn('password1', form2.errors)
+        user = User.objects.get(username="testclient")
+        form1 = AdminPasswordChangeForm(user, {"password1": "", "password2": "test"})
+        required_error = [Field.default_error_messages["required"]]
+        self.assertEqual(form1.errors["password1"], required_error)
+        self.assertNotIn("password2", form1.errors)
+        form2 = AdminPasswordChangeForm(user, {"password1": "test", "password2": ""})
+        self.assertEqual(form2.errors["password2"], required_error)
+        self.assertNotIn("password1", form2.errors)
 
     def test_html_autocomplete_attributes(self):
-        user = User.objects.get(username='testclient')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="testclient")
         form = AdminPasswordChangeForm(user)
         tests = (
-            ('password1', 'new-password'),
-            ('password2', 'new-password'),
+            ("password1", "new-password"),
+            ("password2", "new-password"),
         )
         for field_name, autocomplete in tests:
             with self.subTest(field_name=field_name, autocomplete=autocomplete):
-                self.assertEqual(form.fields[field_name].widget.attrs['autocomplete'], autocomplete)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    form.fields[field_name].widget.attrs["autocomplete"], autocomplete
+                )
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/test_handlers.py b/tests/auth_tests/test_handlers.py
index 57a43f877f..a6b53a9ef1 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/test_handlers.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/test_handlers.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-from django.contrib.auth.handlers.modwsgi import (
-    check_password, groups_for_user,
-)
+from django.contrib.auth.handlers.modwsgi import check_password, groups_for_user
 from django.contrib.auth.models import Group, User
 from django.test import TransactionTestCase, override_settings
 
@@ -15,9 +13,9 @@ class ModWsgiHandlerTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
     """
 
     available_apps = [
-        'django.contrib.auth',
-        'django.contrib.contenttypes',
-        'auth_tests',
+        "django.contrib.auth",
+        "django.contrib.contenttypes",
+        "auth_tests",
     ]
 
     def test_check_password(self):
@@ -25,51 +23,53 @@ class ModWsgiHandlerTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
         check_password() returns the correct values as per
         https://modwsgi.readthedocs.io/en/develop/user-guides/access-control-mechanisms.html#apache-authentication-provider
         """
-        User.objects.create_user('test', 'test@example.com', 'test')
+        User.objects.create_user("test", "test@example.com", "test")
 
         # User not in database
-        self.assertIsNone(check_password({}, 'unknown', ''))
+        self.assertIsNone(check_password({}, "unknown", ""))
 
         # Valid user with correct password
-        self.assertTrue(check_password({}, 'test', 'test'))
+        self.assertTrue(check_password({}, "test", "test"))
 
         # correct password, but user is inactive
-        User.objects.filter(username='test').update(is_active=False)
-        self.assertFalse(check_password({}, 'test', 'test'))
+        User.objects.filter(username="test").update(is_active=False)
+        self.assertFalse(check_password({}, "test", "test"))
 
         # Valid user with incorrect password
-        self.assertFalse(check_password({}, 'test', 'incorrect'))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password({}, "test", "incorrect"))
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUser')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUser")
     def test_check_password_custom_user(self):
         """
         check_password() returns the correct values as per
         https://modwsgi.readthedocs.io/en/develop/user-guides/access-control-mechanisms.html#apache-authentication-provider
         with a custom user installed.
         """
-        CustomUser._default_manager.create_user('test@example.com', '1990-01-01', 'test')
+        CustomUser._default_manager.create_user(
+            "test@example.com", "1990-01-01", "test"
+        )
 
         # User not in database
-        self.assertIsNone(check_password({}, 'unknown', ''))
+        self.assertIsNone(check_password({}, "unknown", ""))
 
         # Valid user with correct password'
-        self.assertTrue(check_password({}, 'test@example.com', 'test'))
+        self.assertTrue(check_password({}, "test@example.com", "test"))
 
         # Valid user with incorrect password
-        self.assertFalse(check_password({}, 'test@example.com', 'incorrect'))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password({}, "test@example.com", "incorrect"))
 
     def test_groups_for_user(self):
         """
         groups_for_user() returns correct values as per
         https://modwsgi.readthedocs.io/en/develop/user-guides/access-control-mechanisms.html#apache-group-authorisation
         """
-        user1 = User.objects.create_user('test', 'test@example.com', 'test')
-        User.objects.create_user('test1', 'test1@example.com', 'test1')
-        group = Group.objects.create(name='test_group')
+        user1 = User.objects.create_user("test", "test@example.com", "test")
+        User.objects.create_user("test1", "test1@example.com", "test1")
+        group = Group.objects.create(name="test_group")
         user1.groups.add(group)
 
         # User not in database
-        self.assertEqual(groups_for_user({}, 'unknown'), [])
+        self.assertEqual(groups_for_user({}, "unknown"), [])
 
-        self.assertEqual(groups_for_user({}, 'test'), [b'test_group'])
-        self.assertEqual(groups_for_user({}, 'test1'), [])
+        self.assertEqual(groups_for_user({}, "test"), [b"test_group"])
+        self.assertEqual(groups_for_user({}, "test1"), [])
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/test_hashers.py b/tests/auth_tests/test_hashers.py
index 2b8b953026..7650548d2b 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/test_hashers.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/test_hashers.py
@@ -2,11 +2,21 @@ from unittest import mock, skipUnless
 
 from django.conf.global_settings import PASSWORD_HASHERS
 from django.contrib.auth.hashers import (
-    UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_PREFIX, UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_SUFFIX_LENGTH,
-    BasePasswordHasher, BCryptPasswordHasher, BCryptSHA256PasswordHasher,
-    MD5PasswordHasher, PBKDF2PasswordHasher, PBKDF2SHA1PasswordHasher,
-    ScryptPasswordHasher, SHA1PasswordHasher, check_password, get_hasher,
-    identify_hasher, is_password_usable, make_password,
+    UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_PREFIX,
+    UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_SUFFIX_LENGTH,
+    BasePasswordHasher,
+    BCryptPasswordHasher,
+    BCryptSHA256PasswordHasher,
+    MD5PasswordHasher,
+    PBKDF2PasswordHasher,
+    PBKDF2SHA1PasswordHasher,
+    ScryptPasswordHasher,
+    SHA1PasswordHasher,
+    check_password,
+    get_hasher,
+    identify_hasher,
+    is_password_usable,
+    make_password,
 )
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.test.utils import override_settings
@@ -17,7 +27,7 @@ except ImportError:
     crypt = None
 else:
     # On some platforms (e.g. OpenBSD), crypt.crypt() always return None.
-    if crypt.crypt('') is None:
+    if crypt.crypt("") is None:
         crypt = None
 
 try:
@@ -37,262 +47,291 @@ class PBKDF2SingleIterationHasher(PBKDF2PasswordHasher):
 
 @override_settings(PASSWORD_HASHERS=PASSWORD_HASHERS)
 class TestUtilsHashPass(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_simple(self):
-        encoded = make_password('lètmein')
-        self.assertTrue(encoded.startswith('pbkdf2_sha256$'))
+        encoded = make_password("lètmein")
+        self.assertTrue(encoded.startswith("pbkdf2_sha256$"))
         self.assertTrue(is_password_usable(encoded))
-        self.assertTrue(check_password('lètmein', encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password('lètmeinz', encoded))
+        self.assertTrue(check_password("lètmein", encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password("lètmeinz", encoded))
         # Blank passwords
-        blank_encoded = make_password('')
-        self.assertTrue(blank_encoded.startswith('pbkdf2_sha256$'))
+        blank_encoded = make_password("")
+        self.assertTrue(blank_encoded.startswith("pbkdf2_sha256$"))
         self.assertTrue(is_password_usable(blank_encoded))
-        self.assertTrue(check_password('', blank_encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password(' ', blank_encoded))
+        self.assertTrue(check_password("", blank_encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password(" ", blank_encoded))
 
     def test_bytes(self):
-        encoded = make_password(b'bytes_password')
-        self.assertTrue(encoded.startswith('pbkdf2_sha256$'))
+        encoded = make_password(b"bytes_password")
+        self.assertTrue(encoded.startswith("pbkdf2_sha256$"))
         self.assertIs(is_password_usable(encoded), True)
-        self.assertIs(check_password(b'bytes_password', encoded), True)
+        self.assertIs(check_password(b"bytes_password", encoded), True)
 
     def test_invalid_password(self):
-        msg = 'Password must be a string or bytes, got int.'
+        msg = "Password must be a string or bytes, got int."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             make_password(1)
 
     def test_pbkdf2(self):
-        encoded = make_password('lètmein', 'seasalt', 'pbkdf2_sha256')
-        self.assertEqual(encoded, 'pbkdf2_sha256$390000$seasalt$8xBlGd3jVgvJ+92hWPxi5ww0uuAuAnKgC45eudxro7c=')
+        encoded = make_password("lètmein", "seasalt", "pbkdf2_sha256")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            encoded,
+            "pbkdf2_sha256$390000$seasalt$8xBlGd3jVgvJ+92hWPxi5ww0uuAuAnKgC45eudxro7c=",
+        )
         self.assertTrue(is_password_usable(encoded))
-        self.assertTrue(check_password('lètmein', encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password('lètmeinz', encoded))
+        self.assertTrue(check_password("lètmein", encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password("lètmeinz", encoded))
         self.assertEqual(identify_hasher(encoded).algorithm, "pbkdf2_sha256")
         # Blank passwords
-        blank_encoded = make_password('', 'seasalt', 'pbkdf2_sha256')
-        self.assertTrue(blank_encoded.startswith('pbkdf2_sha256$'))
+        blank_encoded = make_password("", "seasalt", "pbkdf2_sha256")
+        self.assertTrue(blank_encoded.startswith("pbkdf2_sha256$"))
         self.assertTrue(is_password_usable(blank_encoded))
-        self.assertTrue(check_password('', blank_encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password(' ', blank_encoded))
+        self.assertTrue(check_password("", blank_encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password(" ", blank_encoded))
         # Salt entropy check.
-        hasher = get_hasher('pbkdf2_sha256')
-        encoded_weak_salt = make_password('lètmein', 'iodizedsalt', 'pbkdf2_sha256')
-        encoded_strong_salt = make_password('lètmein', hasher.salt(), 'pbkdf2_sha256')
+        hasher = get_hasher("pbkdf2_sha256")
+        encoded_weak_salt = make_password("lètmein", "iodizedsalt", "pbkdf2_sha256")
+        encoded_strong_salt = make_password("lètmein", hasher.salt(), "pbkdf2_sha256")
         self.assertIs(hasher.must_update(encoded_weak_salt), True)
         self.assertIs(hasher.must_update(encoded_strong_salt), False)
 
-    @override_settings(PASSWORD_HASHERS=['django.contrib.auth.hashers.SHA1PasswordHasher'])
+    @override_settings(
+        PASSWORD_HASHERS=["django.contrib.auth.hashers.SHA1PasswordHasher"]
+    )
     def test_sha1(self):
-        encoded = make_password('lètmein', 'seasalt', 'sha1')
-        self.assertEqual(encoded, 'sha1$seasalt$cff36ea83f5706ce9aa7454e63e431fc726b2dc8')
+        encoded = make_password("lètmein", "seasalt", "sha1")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            encoded, "sha1$seasalt$cff36ea83f5706ce9aa7454e63e431fc726b2dc8"
+        )
         self.assertTrue(is_password_usable(encoded))
-        self.assertTrue(check_password('lètmein', encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password('lètmeinz', encoded))
+        self.assertTrue(check_password("lètmein", encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password("lètmeinz", encoded))
         self.assertEqual(identify_hasher(encoded).algorithm, "sha1")
         # Blank passwords
-        blank_encoded = make_password('', 'seasalt', 'sha1')
-        self.assertTrue(blank_encoded.startswith('sha1$'))
+        blank_encoded = make_password("", "seasalt", "sha1")
+        self.assertTrue(blank_encoded.startswith("sha1$"))
         self.assertTrue(is_password_usable(blank_encoded))
-        self.assertTrue(check_password('', blank_encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password(' ', blank_encoded))
+        self.assertTrue(check_password("", blank_encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password(" ", blank_encoded))
         # Salt entropy check.
-        hasher = get_hasher('sha1')
-        encoded_weak_salt = make_password('lètmein', 'iodizedsalt', 'sha1')
-        encoded_strong_salt = make_password('lètmein', hasher.salt(), 'sha1')
+        hasher = get_hasher("sha1")
+        encoded_weak_salt = make_password("lètmein", "iodizedsalt", "sha1")
+        encoded_strong_salt = make_password("lètmein", hasher.salt(), "sha1")
         self.assertIs(hasher.must_update(encoded_weak_salt), True)
         self.assertIs(hasher.must_update(encoded_strong_salt), False)
 
-    @override_settings(PASSWORD_HASHERS=['django.contrib.auth.hashers.MD5PasswordHasher'])
+    @override_settings(
+        PASSWORD_HASHERS=["django.contrib.auth.hashers.MD5PasswordHasher"]
+    )
     def test_md5(self):
-        encoded = make_password('lètmein', 'seasalt', 'md5')
-        self.assertEqual(encoded, 'md5$seasalt$3f86d0d3d465b7b458c231bf3555c0e3')
+        encoded = make_password("lètmein", "seasalt", "md5")
+        self.assertEqual(encoded, "md5$seasalt$3f86d0d3d465b7b458c231bf3555c0e3")
         self.assertTrue(is_password_usable(encoded))
-        self.assertTrue(check_password('lètmein', encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password('lètmeinz', encoded))
+        self.assertTrue(check_password("lètmein", encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password("lètmeinz", encoded))
         self.assertEqual(identify_hasher(encoded).algorithm, "md5")
         # Blank passwords
-        blank_encoded = make_password('', 'seasalt', 'md5')
-        self.assertTrue(blank_encoded.startswith('md5$'))
+        blank_encoded = make_password("", "seasalt", "md5")
+        self.assertTrue(blank_encoded.startswith("md5$"))
         self.assertTrue(is_password_usable(blank_encoded))
-        self.assertTrue(check_password('', blank_encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password(' ', blank_encoded))
+        self.assertTrue(check_password("", blank_encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password(" ", blank_encoded))
         # Salt entropy check.
-        hasher = get_hasher('md5')
-        encoded_weak_salt = make_password('lètmein', 'iodizedsalt', 'md5')
-        encoded_strong_salt = make_password('lètmein', hasher.salt(), 'md5')
+        hasher = get_hasher("md5")
+        encoded_weak_salt = make_password("lètmein", "iodizedsalt", "md5")
+        encoded_strong_salt = make_password("lètmein", hasher.salt(), "md5")
         self.assertIs(hasher.must_update(encoded_weak_salt), True)
         self.assertIs(hasher.must_update(encoded_strong_salt), False)
 
-    @override_settings(PASSWORD_HASHERS=['django.contrib.auth.hashers.UnsaltedMD5PasswordHasher'])
+    @override_settings(
+        PASSWORD_HASHERS=["django.contrib.auth.hashers.UnsaltedMD5PasswordHasher"]
+    )
     def test_unsalted_md5(self):
-        encoded = make_password('lètmein', '', 'unsalted_md5')
-        self.assertEqual(encoded, '88a434c88cca4e900f7874cd98123f43')
+        encoded = make_password("lètmein", "", "unsalted_md5")
+        self.assertEqual(encoded, "88a434c88cca4e900f7874cd98123f43")
         self.assertTrue(is_password_usable(encoded))
-        self.assertTrue(check_password('lètmein', encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password('lètmeinz', encoded))
+        self.assertTrue(check_password("lètmein", encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password("lètmeinz", encoded))
         self.assertEqual(identify_hasher(encoded).algorithm, "unsalted_md5")
         # Alternate unsalted syntax
         alt_encoded = "md5$$%s" % encoded
         self.assertTrue(is_password_usable(alt_encoded))
-        self.assertTrue(check_password('lètmein', alt_encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password('lètmeinz', alt_encoded))
+        self.assertTrue(check_password("lètmein", alt_encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password("lètmeinz", alt_encoded))
         # Blank passwords
-        blank_encoded = make_password('', '', 'unsalted_md5')
+        blank_encoded = make_password("", "", "unsalted_md5")
         self.assertTrue(is_password_usable(blank_encoded))
-        self.assertTrue(check_password('', blank_encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password(' ', blank_encoded))
+        self.assertTrue(check_password("", blank_encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password(" ", blank_encoded))
 
-    @override_settings(PASSWORD_HASHERS=['django.contrib.auth.hashers.UnsaltedMD5PasswordHasher'])
+    @override_settings(
+        PASSWORD_HASHERS=["django.contrib.auth.hashers.UnsaltedMD5PasswordHasher"]
+    )
     def test_unsalted_md5_encode_invalid_salt(self):
-        hasher = get_hasher('unsalted_md5')
-        msg = 'salt must be empty.'
+        hasher = get_hasher("unsalted_md5")
+        msg = "salt must be empty."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            hasher.encode('password', salt='salt')
+            hasher.encode("password", salt="salt")
 
-    @override_settings(PASSWORD_HASHERS=['django.contrib.auth.hashers.UnsaltedSHA1PasswordHasher'])
+    @override_settings(
+        PASSWORD_HASHERS=["django.contrib.auth.hashers.UnsaltedSHA1PasswordHasher"]
+    )
     def test_unsalted_sha1(self):
-        encoded = make_password('lètmein', '', 'unsalted_sha1')
-        self.assertEqual(encoded, 'sha1$$6d138ca3ae545631b3abd71a4f076ce759c5700b')
+        encoded = make_password("lètmein", "", "unsalted_sha1")
+        self.assertEqual(encoded, "sha1$$6d138ca3ae545631b3abd71a4f076ce759c5700b")
         self.assertTrue(is_password_usable(encoded))
-        self.assertTrue(check_password('lètmein', encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password('lètmeinz', encoded))
+        self.assertTrue(check_password("lètmein", encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password("lètmeinz", encoded))
         self.assertEqual(identify_hasher(encoded).algorithm, "unsalted_sha1")
         # Raw SHA1 isn't acceptable
         alt_encoded = encoded[6:]
-        self.assertFalse(check_password('lètmein', alt_encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password("lètmein", alt_encoded))
         # Blank passwords
-        blank_encoded = make_password('', '', 'unsalted_sha1')
-        self.assertTrue(blank_encoded.startswith('sha1$'))
+        blank_encoded = make_password("", "", "unsalted_sha1")
+        self.assertTrue(blank_encoded.startswith("sha1$"))
         self.assertTrue(is_password_usable(blank_encoded))
-        self.assertTrue(check_password('', blank_encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password(' ', blank_encoded))
+        self.assertTrue(check_password("", blank_encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password(" ", blank_encoded))
 
-    @override_settings(PASSWORD_HASHERS=['django.contrib.auth.hashers.UnsaltedSHA1PasswordHasher'])
+    @override_settings(
+        PASSWORD_HASHERS=["django.contrib.auth.hashers.UnsaltedSHA1PasswordHasher"]
+    )
     def test_unsalted_sha1_encode_invalid_salt(self):
-        hasher = get_hasher('unsalted_sha1')
-        msg = 'salt must be empty.'
+        hasher = get_hasher("unsalted_sha1")
+        msg = "salt must be empty."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            hasher.encode('password', salt='salt')
+            hasher.encode("password", salt="salt")
 
     @skipUnless(crypt, "no crypt module to generate password.")
-    @override_settings(PASSWORD_HASHERS=['django.contrib.auth.hashers.CryptPasswordHasher'])
+    @override_settings(
+        PASSWORD_HASHERS=["django.contrib.auth.hashers.CryptPasswordHasher"]
+    )
     def test_crypt(self):
-        encoded = make_password('lètmei', 'ab', 'crypt')
-        self.assertEqual(encoded, 'crypt$$ab1Hv2Lg7ltQo')
+        encoded = make_password("lètmei", "ab", "crypt")
+        self.assertEqual(encoded, "crypt$$ab1Hv2Lg7ltQo")
         self.assertTrue(is_password_usable(encoded))
-        self.assertTrue(check_password('lètmei', encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password('lètmeiz', encoded))
+        self.assertTrue(check_password("lètmei", encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password("lètmeiz", encoded))
         self.assertEqual(identify_hasher(encoded).algorithm, "crypt")
         # Blank passwords
-        blank_encoded = make_password('', 'ab', 'crypt')
-        self.assertTrue(blank_encoded.startswith('crypt$'))
+        blank_encoded = make_password("", "ab", "crypt")
+        self.assertTrue(blank_encoded.startswith("crypt$"))
         self.assertTrue(is_password_usable(blank_encoded))
-        self.assertTrue(check_password('', blank_encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password(' ', blank_encoded))
+        self.assertTrue(check_password("", blank_encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password(" ", blank_encoded))
 
-    @skipUnless(crypt, 'no crypt module to generate password.')
-    @override_settings(PASSWORD_HASHERS=['django.contrib.auth.hashers.CryptPasswordHasher'])
+    @skipUnless(crypt, "no crypt module to generate password.")
+    @override_settings(
+        PASSWORD_HASHERS=["django.contrib.auth.hashers.CryptPasswordHasher"]
+    )
     def test_crypt_encode_invalid_salt(self):
-        hasher = get_hasher('crypt')
-        msg = 'salt must be of length 2.'
+        hasher = get_hasher("crypt")
+        msg = "salt must be of length 2."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            hasher.encode('password', salt='a')
+            hasher.encode("password", salt="a")
 
-    @skipUnless(crypt, 'no crypt module to generate password.')
-    @override_settings(PASSWORD_HASHERS=['django.contrib.auth.hashers.CryptPasswordHasher'])
+    @skipUnless(crypt, "no crypt module to generate password.")
+    @override_settings(
+        PASSWORD_HASHERS=["django.contrib.auth.hashers.CryptPasswordHasher"]
+    )
     def test_crypt_encode_invalid_hash(self):
-        hasher = get_hasher('crypt')
-        msg = 'hash must be provided.'
-        with mock.patch('crypt.crypt', return_value=None):
+        hasher = get_hasher("crypt")
+        msg = "hash must be provided."
+        with mock.patch("crypt.crypt", return_value=None):
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-                hasher.encode('password', salt='ab')
+                hasher.encode("password", salt="ab")
 
     @skipUnless(bcrypt, "bcrypt not installed")
     def test_bcrypt_sha256(self):
-        encoded = make_password('lètmein', hasher='bcrypt_sha256')
+        encoded = make_password("lètmein", hasher="bcrypt_sha256")
         self.assertTrue(is_password_usable(encoded))
-        self.assertTrue(encoded.startswith('bcrypt_sha256$'))
-        self.assertTrue(check_password('lètmein', encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password('lètmeinz', encoded))
+        self.assertTrue(encoded.startswith("bcrypt_sha256$"))
+        self.assertTrue(check_password("lètmein", encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password("lètmeinz", encoded))
         self.assertEqual(identify_hasher(encoded).algorithm, "bcrypt_sha256")
 
         # password truncation no longer works
         password = (
-            'VSK0UYV6FFQVZ0KG88DYN9WADAADZO1CTSIVDJUNZSUML6IBX7LN7ZS3R5'
-            'JGB3RGZ7VI7G7DJQ9NI8BQFSRPTG6UWTTVESA5ZPUN'
+            "VSK0UYV6FFQVZ0KG88DYN9WADAADZO1CTSIVDJUNZSUML6IBX7LN7ZS3R5"
+            "JGB3RGZ7VI7G7DJQ9NI8BQFSRPTG6UWTTVESA5ZPUN"
         )
-        encoded = make_password(password, hasher='bcrypt_sha256')
+        encoded = make_password(password, hasher="bcrypt_sha256")
         self.assertTrue(check_password(password, encoded))
         self.assertFalse(check_password(password[:72], encoded))
         # Blank passwords
-        blank_encoded = make_password('', hasher='bcrypt_sha256')
-        self.assertTrue(blank_encoded.startswith('bcrypt_sha256$'))
+        blank_encoded = make_password("", hasher="bcrypt_sha256")
+        self.assertTrue(blank_encoded.startswith("bcrypt_sha256$"))
         self.assertTrue(is_password_usable(blank_encoded))
-        self.assertTrue(check_password('', blank_encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password(' ', blank_encoded))
+        self.assertTrue(check_password("", blank_encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password(" ", blank_encoded))
 
     @skipUnless(bcrypt, "bcrypt not installed")
-    @override_settings(PASSWORD_HASHERS=['django.contrib.auth.hashers.BCryptPasswordHasher'])
+    @override_settings(
+        PASSWORD_HASHERS=["django.contrib.auth.hashers.BCryptPasswordHasher"]
+    )
     def test_bcrypt(self):
-        encoded = make_password('lètmein', hasher='bcrypt')
+        encoded = make_password("lètmein", hasher="bcrypt")
         self.assertTrue(is_password_usable(encoded))
-        self.assertTrue(encoded.startswith('bcrypt$'))
-        self.assertTrue(check_password('lètmein', encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password('lètmeinz', encoded))
+        self.assertTrue(encoded.startswith("bcrypt$"))
+        self.assertTrue(check_password("lètmein", encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password("lètmeinz", encoded))
         self.assertEqual(identify_hasher(encoded).algorithm, "bcrypt")
         # Blank passwords
-        blank_encoded = make_password('', hasher='bcrypt')
-        self.assertTrue(blank_encoded.startswith('bcrypt$'))
+        blank_encoded = make_password("", hasher="bcrypt")
+        self.assertTrue(blank_encoded.startswith("bcrypt$"))
         self.assertTrue(is_password_usable(blank_encoded))
-        self.assertTrue(check_password('', blank_encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password(' ', blank_encoded))
+        self.assertTrue(check_password("", blank_encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password(" ", blank_encoded))
 
     @skipUnless(bcrypt, "bcrypt not installed")
-    @override_settings(PASSWORD_HASHERS=['django.contrib.auth.hashers.BCryptPasswordHasher'])
+    @override_settings(
+        PASSWORD_HASHERS=["django.contrib.auth.hashers.BCryptPasswordHasher"]
+    )
     def test_bcrypt_upgrade(self):
-        hasher = get_hasher('bcrypt')
-        self.assertEqual('bcrypt', hasher.algorithm)
+        hasher = get_hasher("bcrypt")
+        self.assertEqual("bcrypt", hasher.algorithm)
         self.assertNotEqual(hasher.rounds, 4)
 
         old_rounds = hasher.rounds
         try:
             # Generate a password with 4 rounds.
             hasher.rounds = 4
-            encoded = make_password('letmein', hasher='bcrypt')
-            rounds = hasher.safe_summary(encoded)['work factor']
+            encoded = make_password("letmein", hasher="bcrypt")
+            rounds = hasher.safe_summary(encoded)["work factor"]
             self.assertEqual(rounds, 4)
 
-            state = {'upgraded': False}
+            state = {"upgraded": False}
 
             def setter(password):
-                state['upgraded'] = True
+                state["upgraded"] = True
 
             # No upgrade is triggered.
-            self.assertTrue(check_password('letmein', encoded, setter, 'bcrypt'))
-            self.assertFalse(state['upgraded'])
+            self.assertTrue(check_password("letmein", encoded, setter, "bcrypt"))
+            self.assertFalse(state["upgraded"])
 
             # Revert to the old rounds count and ...
             hasher.rounds = old_rounds
 
             # ... check if the password would get updated to the new count.
-            self.assertTrue(check_password('letmein', encoded, setter, 'bcrypt'))
-            self.assertTrue(state['upgraded'])
+            self.assertTrue(check_password("letmein", encoded, setter, "bcrypt"))
+            self.assertTrue(state["upgraded"])
         finally:
             hasher.rounds = old_rounds
 
     @skipUnless(bcrypt, "bcrypt not installed")
-    @override_settings(PASSWORD_HASHERS=['django.contrib.auth.hashers.BCryptPasswordHasher'])
+    @override_settings(
+        PASSWORD_HASHERS=["django.contrib.auth.hashers.BCryptPasswordHasher"]
+    )
     def test_bcrypt_harden_runtime(self):
-        hasher = get_hasher('bcrypt')
-        self.assertEqual('bcrypt', hasher.algorithm)
+        hasher = get_hasher("bcrypt")
+        self.assertEqual("bcrypt", hasher.algorithm)
 
-        with mock.patch.object(hasher, 'rounds', 4):
-            encoded = make_password('letmein', hasher='bcrypt')
+        with mock.patch.object(hasher, "rounds", 4):
+            encoded = make_password("letmein", hasher="bcrypt")
 
-        with mock.patch.object(hasher, 'rounds', 6), \
-                mock.patch.object(hasher, 'encode', side_effect=hasher.encode):
-            hasher.harden_runtime('wrong_password', encoded)
+        with mock.patch.object(hasher, "rounds", 6), mock.patch.object(
+            hasher, "encode", side_effect=hasher.encode
+        ):
+            hasher.harden_runtime("wrong_password", encoded)
 
             # Increasing rounds from 4 to 6 means an increase of 4 in workload,
             # therefore hardening should run 3 times to make the timing the
@@ -300,21 +339,24 @@ class TestUtilsHashPass(SimpleTestCase):
             self.assertEqual(hasher.encode.call_count, 3)
 
             # Get the original salt (includes the original workload factor)
-            algorithm, data = encoded.split('$', 1)
-            expected_call = (('wrong_password', data[:29].encode()),)
+            algorithm, data = encoded.split("$", 1)
+            expected_call = (("wrong_password", data[:29].encode()),)
             self.assertEqual(hasher.encode.call_args_list, [expected_call] * 3)
 
     def test_unusable(self):
         encoded = make_password(None)
-        self.assertEqual(len(encoded), len(UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_PREFIX) + UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_SUFFIX_LENGTH)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(encoded),
+            len(UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_PREFIX) + UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_SUFFIX_LENGTH,
+        )
         self.assertFalse(is_password_usable(encoded))
         self.assertFalse(check_password(None, encoded))
         self.assertFalse(check_password(encoded, encoded))
         self.assertFalse(check_password(UNUSABLE_PASSWORD_PREFIX, encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password('', encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password('lètmein', encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password('lètmeinz', encoded))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Unknown password hashing algorith'):
+        self.assertFalse(check_password("", encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password("lètmein", encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password("lètmeinz", encoded))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Unknown password hashing algorith"):
             identify_hasher(encoded)
         # Assert that the unusable passwords actually contain a random part.
         # This might fail one day due to a hash collision.
@@ -325,185 +367,199 @@ class TestUtilsHashPass(SimpleTestCase):
         Makes sure specifying no plain password with a valid encoded password
         returns `False`.
         """
-        self.assertFalse(check_password(None, make_password('lètmein')))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password(None, make_password("lètmein")))
 
     def test_bad_algorithm(self):
         msg = (
             "Unknown password hashing algorithm '%s'. Did you specify it in "
             "the PASSWORD_HASHERS setting?"
         )
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg % 'lolcat'):
-            make_password('lètmein', hasher='lolcat')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg % 'lolcat'):
-            identify_hasher('lolcat$salt$hash')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg % "lolcat"):
+            make_password("lètmein", hasher="lolcat")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg % "lolcat"):
+            identify_hasher("lolcat$salt$hash")
 
     def test_is_password_usable(self):
-        passwords = ('lètmein_badencoded', '', None)
+        passwords = ("lètmein_badencoded", "", None)
         for password in passwords:
             with self.subTest(password=password):
                 self.assertIs(is_password_usable(password), True)
 
     def test_low_level_pbkdf2(self):
         hasher = PBKDF2PasswordHasher()
-        encoded = hasher.encode('lètmein', 'seasalt2')
-        self.assertEqual(encoded, 'pbkdf2_sha256$390000$seasalt2$geC/uZ92nRXDSjSxeoiBqYyRcrLzMm8xK3ro1QS1uo8=')
-        self.assertTrue(hasher.verify('lètmein', encoded))
+        encoded = hasher.encode("lètmein", "seasalt2")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            encoded,
+            "pbkdf2_sha256$390000$seasalt2$geC/uZ92nRXDSjSxeoiBqYyRcrLzMm8xK3ro1QS1uo8=",
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(hasher.verify("lètmein", encoded))
 
     def test_low_level_pbkdf2_sha1(self):
         hasher = PBKDF2SHA1PasswordHasher()
-        encoded = hasher.encode('lètmein', 'seasalt2')
-        self.assertEqual(encoded, 'pbkdf2_sha1$390000$seasalt2$aDapRanzW8aHTz97v2TcfHzWD+I=')
-        self.assertTrue(hasher.verify('lètmein', encoded))
+        encoded = hasher.encode("lètmein", "seasalt2")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            encoded, "pbkdf2_sha1$390000$seasalt2$aDapRanzW8aHTz97v2TcfHzWD+I="
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(hasher.verify("lètmein", encoded))
 
-    @skipUnless(bcrypt, 'bcrypt not installed')
+    @skipUnless(bcrypt, "bcrypt not installed")
     def test_bcrypt_salt_check(self):
         hasher = BCryptPasswordHasher()
-        encoded = hasher.encode('lètmein', hasher.salt())
+        encoded = hasher.encode("lètmein", hasher.salt())
         self.assertIs(hasher.must_update(encoded), False)
 
-    @skipUnless(bcrypt, 'bcrypt not installed')
+    @skipUnless(bcrypt, "bcrypt not installed")
     def test_bcryptsha256_salt_check(self):
         hasher = BCryptSHA256PasswordHasher()
-        encoded = hasher.encode('lètmein', hasher.salt())
+        encoded = hasher.encode("lètmein", hasher.salt())
         self.assertIs(hasher.must_update(encoded), False)
 
     @override_settings(
         PASSWORD_HASHERS=[
-            'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2PasswordHasher',
-            'django.contrib.auth.hashers.SHA1PasswordHasher',
-            'django.contrib.auth.hashers.MD5PasswordHasher',
+            "django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2PasswordHasher",
+            "django.contrib.auth.hashers.SHA1PasswordHasher",
+            "django.contrib.auth.hashers.MD5PasswordHasher",
         ],
     )
     def test_upgrade(self):
-        self.assertEqual('pbkdf2_sha256', get_hasher('default').algorithm)
-        for algo in ('sha1', 'md5'):
+        self.assertEqual("pbkdf2_sha256", get_hasher("default").algorithm)
+        for algo in ("sha1", "md5"):
             with self.subTest(algo=algo):
-                encoded = make_password('lètmein', hasher=algo)
-                state = {'upgraded': False}
+                encoded = make_password("lètmein", hasher=algo)
+                state = {"upgraded": False}
 
                 def setter(password):
-                    state['upgraded'] = True
-                self.assertTrue(check_password('lètmein', encoded, setter))
-                self.assertTrue(state['upgraded'])
+                    state["upgraded"] = True
+
+                self.assertTrue(check_password("lètmein", encoded, setter))
+                self.assertTrue(state["upgraded"])
 
     def test_no_upgrade(self):
-        encoded = make_password('lètmein')
-        state = {'upgraded': False}
+        encoded = make_password("lètmein")
+        state = {"upgraded": False}
 
         def setter():
-            state['upgraded'] = True
-        self.assertFalse(check_password('WRONG', encoded, setter))
-        self.assertFalse(state['upgraded'])
+            state["upgraded"] = True
+
+        self.assertFalse(check_password("WRONG", encoded, setter))
+        self.assertFalse(state["upgraded"])
 
     @override_settings(
         PASSWORD_HASHERS=[
-            'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2PasswordHasher',
-            'django.contrib.auth.hashers.SHA1PasswordHasher',
-            'django.contrib.auth.hashers.MD5PasswordHasher',
+            "django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2PasswordHasher",
+            "django.contrib.auth.hashers.SHA1PasswordHasher",
+            "django.contrib.auth.hashers.MD5PasswordHasher",
         ],
     )
     def test_no_upgrade_on_incorrect_pass(self):
-        self.assertEqual('pbkdf2_sha256', get_hasher('default').algorithm)
-        for algo in ('sha1', 'md5'):
+        self.assertEqual("pbkdf2_sha256", get_hasher("default").algorithm)
+        for algo in ("sha1", "md5"):
             with self.subTest(algo=algo):
-                encoded = make_password('lètmein', hasher=algo)
-                state = {'upgraded': False}
+                encoded = make_password("lètmein", hasher=algo)
+                state = {"upgraded": False}
 
                 def setter():
-                    state['upgraded'] = True
-                self.assertFalse(check_password('WRONG', encoded, setter))
-                self.assertFalse(state['upgraded'])
+                    state["upgraded"] = True
+
+                self.assertFalse(check_password("WRONG", encoded, setter))
+                self.assertFalse(state["upgraded"])
 
     def test_pbkdf2_upgrade(self):
-        hasher = get_hasher('default')
-        self.assertEqual('pbkdf2_sha256', hasher.algorithm)
+        hasher = get_hasher("default")
+        self.assertEqual("pbkdf2_sha256", hasher.algorithm)
         self.assertNotEqual(hasher.iterations, 1)
 
         old_iterations = hasher.iterations
         try:
             # Generate a password with 1 iteration.
             hasher.iterations = 1
-            encoded = make_password('letmein')
-            algo, iterations, salt, hash = encoded.split('$', 3)
-            self.assertEqual(iterations, '1')
+            encoded = make_password("letmein")
+            algo, iterations, salt, hash = encoded.split("$", 3)
+            self.assertEqual(iterations, "1")
 
-            state = {'upgraded': False}
+            state = {"upgraded": False}
 
             def setter(password):
-                state['upgraded'] = True
+                state["upgraded"] = True
 
             # No upgrade is triggered
-            self.assertTrue(check_password('letmein', encoded, setter))
-            self.assertFalse(state['upgraded'])
+            self.assertTrue(check_password("letmein", encoded, setter))
+            self.assertFalse(state["upgraded"])
 
             # Revert to the old iteration count and ...
             hasher.iterations = old_iterations
 
             # ... check if the password would get updated to the new iteration count.
-            self.assertTrue(check_password('letmein', encoded, setter))
-            self.assertTrue(state['upgraded'])
+            self.assertTrue(check_password("letmein", encoded, setter))
+            self.assertTrue(state["upgraded"])
         finally:
             hasher.iterations = old_iterations
 
     def test_pbkdf2_harden_runtime(self):
-        hasher = get_hasher('default')
-        self.assertEqual('pbkdf2_sha256', hasher.algorithm)
+        hasher = get_hasher("default")
+        self.assertEqual("pbkdf2_sha256", hasher.algorithm)
 
-        with mock.patch.object(hasher, 'iterations', 1):
-            encoded = make_password('letmein')
+        with mock.patch.object(hasher, "iterations", 1):
+            encoded = make_password("letmein")
 
-        with mock.patch.object(hasher, 'iterations', 6), \
-                mock.patch.object(hasher, 'encode', side_effect=hasher.encode):
-            hasher.harden_runtime('wrong_password', encoded)
+        with mock.patch.object(hasher, "iterations", 6), mock.patch.object(
+            hasher, "encode", side_effect=hasher.encode
+        ):
+            hasher.harden_runtime("wrong_password", encoded)
 
             # Encode should get called once ...
             self.assertEqual(hasher.encode.call_count, 1)
 
             # ... with the original salt and 5 iterations.
-            algorithm, iterations, salt, hash = encoded.split('$', 3)
-            expected_call = (('wrong_password', salt, 5),)
+            algorithm, iterations, salt, hash = encoded.split("$", 3)
+            expected_call = (("wrong_password", salt, 5),)
             self.assertEqual(hasher.encode.call_args, expected_call)
 
     def test_pbkdf2_upgrade_new_hasher(self):
-        hasher = get_hasher('default')
-        self.assertEqual('pbkdf2_sha256', hasher.algorithm)
+        hasher = get_hasher("default")
+        self.assertEqual("pbkdf2_sha256", hasher.algorithm)
         self.assertNotEqual(hasher.iterations, 1)
 
-        state = {'upgraded': False}
+        state = {"upgraded": False}
 
         def setter(password):
-            state['upgraded'] = True
+            state["upgraded"] = True
 
-        with self.settings(PASSWORD_HASHERS=[
-                'auth_tests.test_hashers.PBKDF2SingleIterationHasher']):
-            encoded = make_password('letmein')
-            algo, iterations, salt, hash = encoded.split('$', 3)
-            self.assertEqual(iterations, '1')
+        with self.settings(
+            PASSWORD_HASHERS=["auth_tests.test_hashers.PBKDF2SingleIterationHasher"]
+        ):
+            encoded = make_password("letmein")
+            algo, iterations, salt, hash = encoded.split("$", 3)
+            self.assertEqual(iterations, "1")
 
             # No upgrade is triggered
-            self.assertTrue(check_password('letmein', encoded, setter))
-            self.assertFalse(state['upgraded'])
+            self.assertTrue(check_password("letmein", encoded, setter))
+            self.assertFalse(state["upgraded"])
 
         # Revert to the old iteration count and check if the password would get
         # updated to the new iteration count.
-        with self.settings(PASSWORD_HASHERS=[
-                'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2PasswordHasher',
-                'auth_tests.test_hashers.PBKDF2SingleIterationHasher']):
-            self.assertTrue(check_password('letmein', encoded, setter))
-            self.assertTrue(state['upgraded'])
+        with self.settings(
+            PASSWORD_HASHERS=[
+                "django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2PasswordHasher",
+                "auth_tests.test_hashers.PBKDF2SingleIterationHasher",
+            ]
+        ):
+            self.assertTrue(check_password("letmein", encoded, setter))
+            self.assertTrue(state["upgraded"])
 
     def test_check_password_calls_harden_runtime(self):
-        hasher = get_hasher('default')
-        encoded = make_password('letmein')
+        hasher = get_hasher("default")
+        encoded = make_password("letmein")
 
-        with mock.patch.object(hasher, 'harden_runtime'), \
-                mock.patch.object(hasher, 'must_update', return_value=True):
+        with mock.patch.object(hasher, "harden_runtime"), mock.patch.object(
+            hasher, "must_update", return_value=True
+        ):
             # Correct password supplied, no hardening needed
-            check_password('letmein', encoded)
+            check_password("letmein", encoded)
             self.assertEqual(hasher.harden_runtime.call_count, 0)
 
             # Wrong password supplied, hardening needed
-            check_password('wrong_password', encoded)
+            check_password("wrong_password", encoded)
             self.assertEqual(hasher.harden_runtime.call_count, 1)
 
     def test_encode_invalid_salt(self):
@@ -514,13 +570,13 @@ class TestUtilsHashPass(SimpleTestCase):
             ScryptPasswordHasher,
             SHA1PasswordHasher,
         ]
-        msg = 'salt must be provided and cannot contain $.'
+        msg = "salt must be provided and cannot contain $."
         for hasher_class in hasher_classes:
             hasher = hasher_class()
-            for salt in [None, '', 'sea$salt']:
+            for salt in [None, "", "sea$salt"]:
                 with self.subTest(hasher_class.__name__, salt=salt):
                     with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-                        hasher.encode('password', salt)
+                        hasher.encode("password", salt)
 
     def test_encode_password_required(self):
         hasher_classes = [
@@ -530,16 +586,16 @@ class TestUtilsHashPass(SimpleTestCase):
             ScryptPasswordHasher,
             SHA1PasswordHasher,
         ]
-        msg = 'password must be provided.'
+        msg = "password must be provided."
         for hasher_class in hasher_classes:
             hasher = hasher_class()
             with self.subTest(hasher_class.__name__):
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-                    hasher.encode(None, 'seasalt')
+                    hasher.encode(None, "seasalt")
 
 
 class BasePasswordHasherTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    not_implemented_msg = 'subclasses of BasePasswordHasher must provide %s() method'
+    not_implemented_msg = "subclasses of BasePasswordHasher must provide %s() method"
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.hasher = BasePasswordHasher()
@@ -550,7 +606,11 @@ class BasePasswordHasherTests(SimpleTestCase):
             self.hasher._load_library()
 
     def test_load_library_importerror(self):
-        PlainHasher = type('PlainHasher', (BasePasswordHasher,), {'algorithm': 'plain', 'library': 'plain'})
+        PlainHasher = type(
+            "PlainHasher",
+            (BasePasswordHasher,),
+            {"algorithm": "plain", "library": "plain"},
+        )
         msg = "Couldn't load 'PlainHasher' algorithm library: No module named 'plain'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             PlainHasher()._load_library()
@@ -560,96 +620,95 @@ class BasePasswordHasherTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIsNone(self.hasher.library)
 
     def test_encode(self):
-        msg = self.not_implemented_msg % 'an encode'
+        msg = self.not_implemented_msg % "an encode"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
-            self.hasher.encode('password', 'salt')
+            self.hasher.encode("password", "salt")
 
     def test_decode(self):
-        msg = self.not_implemented_msg % 'a decode'
+        msg = self.not_implemented_msg % "a decode"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
-            self.hasher.decode('encoded')
+            self.hasher.decode("encoded")
 
     def test_harden_runtime(self):
-        msg = 'subclasses of BasePasswordHasher should provide a harden_runtime() method'
+        msg = (
+            "subclasses of BasePasswordHasher should provide a harden_runtime() method"
+        )
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(Warning, msg):
-            self.hasher.harden_runtime('password', 'encoded')
+            self.hasher.harden_runtime("password", "encoded")
 
     def test_must_update(self):
-        self.assertIs(self.hasher.must_update('encoded'), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.hasher.must_update("encoded"), False)
 
     def test_safe_summary(self):
-        msg = self.not_implemented_msg % 'a safe_summary'
+        msg = self.not_implemented_msg % "a safe_summary"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
-            self.hasher.safe_summary('encoded')
+            self.hasher.safe_summary("encoded")
 
     def test_verify(self):
-        msg = self.not_implemented_msg % 'a verify'
+        msg = self.not_implemented_msg % "a verify"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
-            self.hasher.verify('password', 'encoded')
+            self.hasher.verify("password", "encoded")
 
 
 @skipUnless(argon2, "argon2-cffi not installed")
 @override_settings(PASSWORD_HASHERS=PASSWORD_HASHERS)
 class TestUtilsHashPassArgon2(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_argon2(self):
-        encoded = make_password('lètmein', hasher='argon2')
+        encoded = make_password("lètmein", hasher="argon2")
         self.assertTrue(is_password_usable(encoded))
-        self.assertTrue(encoded.startswith('argon2$argon2id$'))
-        self.assertTrue(check_password('lètmein', encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password('lètmeinz', encoded))
-        self.assertEqual(identify_hasher(encoded).algorithm, 'argon2')
+        self.assertTrue(encoded.startswith("argon2$argon2id$"))
+        self.assertTrue(check_password("lètmein", encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password("lètmeinz", encoded))
+        self.assertEqual(identify_hasher(encoded).algorithm, "argon2")
         # Blank passwords
-        blank_encoded = make_password('', hasher='argon2')
-        self.assertTrue(blank_encoded.startswith('argon2$argon2id$'))
+        blank_encoded = make_password("", hasher="argon2")
+        self.assertTrue(blank_encoded.startswith("argon2$argon2id$"))
         self.assertTrue(is_password_usable(blank_encoded))
-        self.assertTrue(check_password('', blank_encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password(' ', blank_encoded))
+        self.assertTrue(check_password("", blank_encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password(" ", blank_encoded))
         # Old hashes without version attribute
         encoded = (
-            'argon2$argon2i$m=8,t=1,p=1$c29tZXNhbHQ$gwQOXSNhxiOxPOA0+PY10P9QFO'
-            '4NAYysnqRt1GSQLE55m+2GYDt9FEjPMHhP2Cuf0nOEXXMocVrsJAtNSsKyfg'
+            "argon2$argon2i$m=8,t=1,p=1$c29tZXNhbHQ$gwQOXSNhxiOxPOA0+PY10P9QFO"
+            "4NAYysnqRt1GSQLE55m+2GYDt9FEjPMHhP2Cuf0nOEXXMocVrsJAtNSsKyfg"
         )
-        self.assertTrue(check_password('secret', encoded))
-        self.assertFalse(check_password('wrong', encoded))
+        self.assertTrue(check_password("secret", encoded))
+        self.assertFalse(check_password("wrong", encoded))
         # Old hashes with version attribute.
-        encoded = (
-            'argon2$argon2i$v=19$m=8,t=1,p=1$c2FsdHNhbHQ$YC9+jJCrQhs5R6db7LlN8Q'
-        )
-        self.assertIs(check_password('secret', encoded), True)
-        self.assertIs(check_password('wrong', encoded), False)
+        encoded = "argon2$argon2i$v=19$m=8,t=1,p=1$c2FsdHNhbHQ$YC9+jJCrQhs5R6db7LlN8Q"
+        self.assertIs(check_password("secret", encoded), True)
+        self.assertIs(check_password("wrong", encoded), False)
         # Salt entropy check.
-        hasher = get_hasher('argon2')
-        encoded_weak_salt = make_password('lètmein', 'iodizedsalt', 'argon2')
-        encoded_strong_salt = make_password('lètmein', hasher.salt(), 'argon2')
+        hasher = get_hasher("argon2")
+        encoded_weak_salt = make_password("lètmein", "iodizedsalt", "argon2")
+        encoded_strong_salt = make_password("lètmein", hasher.salt(), "argon2")
         self.assertIs(hasher.must_update(encoded_weak_salt), True)
         self.assertIs(hasher.must_update(encoded_strong_salt), False)
 
     def test_argon2_decode(self):
-        salt = 'abcdefghijk'
-        encoded = make_password('lètmein', salt=salt, hasher='argon2')
-        hasher = get_hasher('argon2')
+        salt = "abcdefghijk"
+        encoded = make_password("lètmein", salt=salt, hasher="argon2")
+        hasher = get_hasher("argon2")
         decoded = hasher.decode(encoded)
-        self.assertEqual(decoded['memory_cost'], hasher.memory_cost)
-        self.assertEqual(decoded['parallelism'], hasher.parallelism)
-        self.assertEqual(decoded['salt'], salt)
-        self.assertEqual(decoded['time_cost'], hasher.time_cost)
+        self.assertEqual(decoded["memory_cost"], hasher.memory_cost)
+        self.assertEqual(decoded["parallelism"], hasher.parallelism)
+        self.assertEqual(decoded["salt"], salt)
+        self.assertEqual(decoded["time_cost"], hasher.time_cost)
 
     def test_argon2_upgrade(self):
-        self._test_argon2_upgrade('time_cost', 'time cost', 1)
-        self._test_argon2_upgrade('memory_cost', 'memory cost', 64)
-        self._test_argon2_upgrade('parallelism', 'parallelism', 1)
+        self._test_argon2_upgrade("time_cost", "time cost", 1)
+        self._test_argon2_upgrade("memory_cost", "memory cost", 64)
+        self._test_argon2_upgrade("parallelism", "parallelism", 1)
 
     def test_argon2_version_upgrade(self):
-        hasher = get_hasher('argon2')
-        state = {'upgraded': False}
+        hasher = get_hasher("argon2")
+        state = {"upgraded": False}
         encoded = (
-            'argon2$argon2id$v=19$m=102400,t=2,p=8$Y041dExhNkljRUUy$TMa6A8fPJh'
-            'CAUXRhJXCXdw'
+            "argon2$argon2id$v=19$m=102400,t=2,p=8$Y041dExhNkljRUUy$TMa6A8fPJh"
+            "CAUXRhJXCXdw"
         )
 
         def setter(password):
-            state['upgraded'] = True
+            state["upgraded"] = True
 
         old_m = hasher.memory_cost
         old_t = hasher.time_cost
@@ -658,114 +717,113 @@ class TestUtilsHashPassArgon2(SimpleTestCase):
             hasher.memory_cost = 8
             hasher.time_cost = 1
             hasher.parallelism = 1
-            self.assertTrue(check_password('secret', encoded, setter, 'argon2'))
-            self.assertTrue(state['upgraded'])
+            self.assertTrue(check_password("secret", encoded, setter, "argon2"))
+            self.assertTrue(state["upgraded"])
         finally:
             hasher.memory_cost = old_m
             hasher.time_cost = old_t
             hasher.parallelism = old_p
 
     def _test_argon2_upgrade(self, attr, summary_key, new_value):
-        hasher = get_hasher('argon2')
-        self.assertEqual('argon2', hasher.algorithm)
+        hasher = get_hasher("argon2")
+        self.assertEqual("argon2", hasher.algorithm)
         self.assertNotEqual(getattr(hasher, attr), new_value)
 
         old_value = getattr(hasher, attr)
         try:
             # Generate hash with attr set to 1
             setattr(hasher, attr, new_value)
-            encoded = make_password('letmein', hasher='argon2')
+            encoded = make_password("letmein", hasher="argon2")
             attr_value = hasher.safe_summary(encoded)[summary_key]
             self.assertEqual(attr_value, new_value)
 
-            state = {'upgraded': False}
+            state = {"upgraded": False}
 
             def setter(password):
-                state['upgraded'] = True
+                state["upgraded"] = True
 
             # No upgrade is triggered.
-            self.assertTrue(check_password('letmein', encoded, setter, 'argon2'))
-            self.assertFalse(state['upgraded'])
+            self.assertTrue(check_password("letmein", encoded, setter, "argon2"))
+            self.assertFalse(state["upgraded"])
 
             # Revert to the old rounds count and ...
             setattr(hasher, attr, old_value)
 
             # ... check if the password would get updated to the new count.
-            self.assertTrue(check_password('letmein', encoded, setter, 'argon2'))
-            self.assertTrue(state['upgraded'])
+            self.assertTrue(check_password("letmein", encoded, setter, "argon2"))
+            self.assertTrue(state["upgraded"])
         finally:
             setattr(hasher, attr, old_value)
 
 
 @override_settings(PASSWORD_HASHERS=PASSWORD_HASHERS)
 class TestUtilsHashPassScrypt(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_scrypt(self):
-        encoded = make_password('lètmein', 'seasalt', 'scrypt')
+        encoded = make_password("lètmein", "seasalt", "scrypt")
         self.assertEqual(
             encoded,
-            'scrypt$16384$seasalt$8$1$Qj3+9PPyRjSJIebHnG81TMjsqtaIGxNQG/aEB/NY'
-            'afTJ7tibgfYz71m0ldQESkXFRkdVCBhhY8mx7rQwite/Pw=='
+            "scrypt$16384$seasalt$8$1$Qj3+9PPyRjSJIebHnG81TMjsqtaIGxNQG/aEB/NY"
+            "afTJ7tibgfYz71m0ldQESkXFRkdVCBhhY8mx7rQwite/Pw==",
         )
         self.assertIs(is_password_usable(encoded), True)
-        self.assertIs(check_password('lètmein', encoded), True)
-        self.assertIs(check_password('lètmeinz', encoded), False)
+        self.assertIs(check_password("lètmein", encoded), True)
+        self.assertIs(check_password("lètmeinz", encoded), False)
         self.assertEqual(identify_hasher(encoded).algorithm, "scrypt")
         # Blank passwords.
-        blank_encoded = make_password('', 'seasalt', 'scrypt')
-        self.assertIs(blank_encoded.startswith('scrypt$'), True)
+        blank_encoded = make_password("", "seasalt", "scrypt")
+        self.assertIs(blank_encoded.startswith("scrypt$"), True)
         self.assertIs(is_password_usable(blank_encoded), True)
-        self.assertIs(check_password('', blank_encoded), True)
-        self.assertIs(check_password(' ', blank_encoded), False)
+        self.assertIs(check_password("", blank_encoded), True)
+        self.assertIs(check_password(" ", blank_encoded), False)
 
     def test_scrypt_decode(self):
-        encoded = make_password('lètmein', 'seasalt', 'scrypt')
-        hasher = get_hasher('scrypt')
+        encoded = make_password("lètmein", "seasalt", "scrypt")
+        hasher = get_hasher("scrypt")
         decoded = hasher.decode(encoded)
         tests = [
-            ('block_size', hasher.block_size),
-            ('parallelism', hasher.parallelism),
-            ('salt', 'seasalt'),
-            ('work_factor', hasher.work_factor),
+            ("block_size", hasher.block_size),
+            ("parallelism", hasher.parallelism),
+            ("salt", "seasalt"),
+            ("work_factor", hasher.work_factor),
         ]
         for key, excepted in tests:
             with self.subTest(key=key):
                 self.assertEqual(decoded[key], excepted)
 
     def _test_scrypt_upgrade(self, attr, summary_key, new_value):
-        hasher = get_hasher('scrypt')
-        self.assertEqual(hasher.algorithm, 'scrypt')
+        hasher = get_hasher("scrypt")
+        self.assertEqual(hasher.algorithm, "scrypt")
         self.assertNotEqual(getattr(hasher, attr), new_value)
 
         old_value = getattr(hasher, attr)
         try:
             # Generate hash with attr set to the new value.
             setattr(hasher, attr, new_value)
-            encoded = make_password('lètmein', 'seasalt', 'scrypt')
+            encoded = make_password("lètmein", "seasalt", "scrypt")
             attr_value = hasher.safe_summary(encoded)[summary_key]
             self.assertEqual(attr_value, new_value)
 
-            state = {'upgraded': False}
+            state = {"upgraded": False}
 
             def setter(password):
-                state['upgraded'] = True
+                state["upgraded"] = True
 
             # No update is triggered.
-            self.assertIs(check_password('lètmein', encoded, setter, 'scrypt'), True)
-            self.assertIs(state['upgraded'], False)
+            self.assertIs(check_password("lètmein", encoded, setter, "scrypt"), True)
+            self.assertIs(state["upgraded"], False)
             # Revert to the old value.
             setattr(hasher, attr, old_value)
             # Password is updated.
-            self.assertIs(check_password('lètmein', encoded, setter, 'scrypt'), True)
-            self.assertIs(state['upgraded'], True)
+            self.assertIs(check_password("lètmein", encoded, setter, "scrypt"), True)
+            self.assertIs(state["upgraded"], True)
         finally:
             setattr(hasher, attr, old_value)
 
     def test_scrypt_upgrade(self):
         tests = [
-            ('work_factor', 'work factor', 2 ** 11),
-            ('block_size', 'block size', 10),
-            ('parallelism', 'parallelism', 2),
+            ("work_factor", "work factor", 2**11),
+            ("block_size", "block size", 10),
+            ("parallelism", "parallelism", 2),
         ]
         for attr, summary_key, new_value in tests:
             with self.subTest(attr=attr):
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/test_management.py b/tests/auth_tests/test_management.py
index 16da9eb4ad..41596a2210 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/test_management.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/test_management.py
@@ -8,12 +8,8 @@ from unittest import mock
 
 from django.apps import apps
 from django.contrib.auth import get_permission_codename, management
-from django.contrib.auth.management import (
-    create_permissions, get_default_username,
-)
-from django.contrib.auth.management.commands import (
-    changepassword, createsuperuser,
-)
+from django.contrib.auth.management import create_permissions, get_default_username
+from django.contrib.auth.management.commands import changepassword, createsuperuser
 from django.contrib.auth.models import Group, Permission, User
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.core.management import call_command
@@ -23,17 +19,25 @@ from django.test import TestCase, override_settings
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 from .models import (
-    CustomUser, CustomUserNonUniqueUsername, CustomUserWithFK,
-    CustomUserWithM2M, Email, Organization, UserProxy,
+    CustomUser,
+    CustomUserNonUniqueUsername,
+    CustomUserWithFK,
+    CustomUserWithM2M,
+    Email,
+    Organization,
+    UserProxy,
 )
 
 MOCK_INPUT_KEY_TO_PROMPTS = {
     # @mock_inputs dict key: [expected prompt messages],
-    'bypass': ['Bypass password validation and create user anyway? [y/N]: '],
-    'email': ['Email address: '],
-    'date_of_birth': ['Date of birth: '],
-    'first_name': ['First name: '],
-    'username': ['Username: ', lambda: "Username (leave blank to use '%s'): " % get_default_username()],
+    "bypass": ["Bypass password validation and create user anyway? [y/N]: "],
+    "email": ["Email address: "],
+    "date_of_birth": ["Date of birth: "],
+    "first_name": ["First name: "],
+    "username": [
+        "Username: ",
+        lambda: "Username (leave blank to use '%s'): " % get_default_username(),
+    ],
 }
 
 
@@ -42,26 +46,29 @@ def mock_inputs(inputs):
     Decorator to temporarily replace input/getpass to allow interactive
     createsuperuser.
     """
+
     def inner(test_func):
         def wrapped(*args):
             class mock_getpass:
                 @staticmethod
-                def getpass(prompt=b'Password: ', stream=None):
-                    if callable(inputs['password']):
-                        return inputs['password']()
-                    return inputs['password']
+                def getpass(prompt=b"Password: ", stream=None):
+                    if callable(inputs["password"]):
+                        return inputs["password"]()
+                    return inputs["password"]
 
             def mock_input(prompt):
-                assert '__proxy__' not in prompt
+                assert "__proxy__" not in prompt
                 response = None
                 for key, val in inputs.items():
-                    if val == 'KeyboardInterrupt':
+                    if val == "KeyboardInterrupt":
                         raise KeyboardInterrupt
                     # get() fallback because sometimes 'key' is the actual
                     # prompt rather than a shortcut name.
                     prompt_msgs = MOCK_INPUT_KEY_TO_PROMPTS.get(key, key)
                     if isinstance(prompt_msgs, list):
-                        prompt_msgs = [msg() if callable(msg) else msg for msg in prompt_msgs]
+                        prompt_msgs = [
+                            msg() if callable(msg) else msg for msg in prompt_msgs
+                        ]
                     if prompt in prompt_msgs:
                         if callable(val):
                             response = val()
@@ -69,7 +76,7 @@ def mock_inputs(inputs):
                             response = val
                         break
                 if response is None:
-                    raise ValueError('Mock input for %r not found.' % prompt)
+                    raise ValueError("Mock input for %r not found." % prompt)
                 return response
 
             old_getpass = createsuperuser.getpass
@@ -81,7 +88,9 @@ def mock_inputs(inputs):
             finally:
                 createsuperuser.getpass = old_getpass
                 builtins.input = old_input
+
         return wrapped
+
     return inner
 
 
@@ -90,19 +99,22 @@ class MockTTY:
     A fake stdin object that pretends to be a TTY to be used in conjunction
     with mock_inputs.
     """
+
     def isatty(self):
         return True
 
 
 class MockInputTests(TestCase):
-    @mock_inputs({'username': 'alice'})
+    @mock_inputs({"username": "alice"})
     def test_input_not_found(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Mock input for 'Email address: ' not found."):
-            call_command('createsuperuser', stdin=MockTTY())
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Mock input for 'Email address: ' not found."
+        ):
+            call_command("createsuperuser", stdin=MockTTY())
 
 
 class GetDefaultUsernameTestCase(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.old_get_system_username = management.get_system_username
@@ -114,39 +126,39 @@ class GetDefaultUsernameTestCase(TestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(management.get_system_username(), str)
 
     def test_simple(self):
-        management.get_system_username = lambda: 'joe'
-        self.assertEqual(management.get_default_username(), 'joe')
+        management.get_system_username = lambda: "joe"
+        self.assertEqual(management.get_default_username(), "joe")
 
     def test_existing(self):
-        User.objects.create(username='joe')
-        management.get_system_username = lambda: 'joe'
-        self.assertEqual(management.get_default_username(), '')
-        self.assertEqual(
-            management.get_default_username(check_db=False), 'joe')
+        User.objects.create(username="joe")
+        management.get_system_username = lambda: "joe"
+        self.assertEqual(management.get_default_username(), "")
+        self.assertEqual(management.get_default_username(check_db=False), "joe")
 
     def test_i18n(self):
         # 'Julia' with accented 'u':
-        management.get_system_username = lambda: 'J\xfalia'
-        self.assertEqual(management.get_default_username(), 'julia')
+        management.get_system_username = lambda: "J\xfalia"
+        self.assertEqual(management.get_default_username(), "julia")
 
     def test_with_database(self):
-        User.objects.create(username='joe')
-        management.get_system_username = lambda: 'joe'
-        self.assertEqual(management.get_default_username(), '')
-        self.assertEqual(management.get_default_username(database='other'), 'joe')
+        User.objects.create(username="joe")
+        management.get_system_username = lambda: "joe"
+        self.assertEqual(management.get_default_username(), "")
+        self.assertEqual(management.get_default_username(database="other"), "joe")
 
-        User.objects.using('other').create(username='joe')
-        self.assertEqual(management.get_default_username(database='other'), '')
+        User.objects.using("other").create(username="joe")
+        self.assertEqual(management.get_default_username(database="other"), "")
 
 
-@override_settings(AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS=[
-    {'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator'},
-])
+@override_settings(
+    AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS=[
+        {"NAME": "django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator"},
+    ]
+)
 class ChangepasswordManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.user = User.objects.create_user(username='joe', password='qwerty')
+        cls.user = User.objects.create_user(username="joe", password="qwerty")
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.stdout = StringIO()
@@ -156,43 +168,47 @@ class ChangepasswordManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
         self.stdout.close()
         self.stderr.close()
 
-    @mock.patch.object(getpass, 'getpass', return_value='password')
+    @mock.patch.object(getpass, "getpass", return_value="password")
     def test_get_pass(self, mock_get_pass):
-        call_command('changepassword', username='joe', stdout=self.stdout)
-        self.assertIs(User.objects.get(username='joe').check_password('password'), True)
+        call_command("changepassword", username="joe", stdout=self.stdout)
+        self.assertIs(User.objects.get(username="joe").check_password("password"), True)
 
-    @mock.patch.object(getpass, 'getpass', return_value='')
+    @mock.patch.object(getpass, "getpass", return_value="")
     def test_get_pass_no_input(self, mock_get_pass):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, 'aborted'):
-            call_command('changepassword', username='joe', stdout=self.stdout)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, "aborted"):
+            call_command("changepassword", username="joe", stdout=self.stdout)
 
-    @mock.patch.object(changepassword.Command, '_get_pass', return_value='new_password')
+    @mock.patch.object(changepassword.Command, "_get_pass", return_value="new_password")
     def test_system_username(self, mock_get_pass):
         """The system username is used if --username isn't provided."""
         username = getpass.getuser()
-        User.objects.create_user(username=username, password='qwerty')
-        call_command('changepassword', stdout=self.stdout)
-        self.assertIs(User.objects.get(username=username).check_password('new_password'), True)
+        User.objects.create_user(username=username, password="qwerty")
+        call_command("changepassword", stdout=self.stdout)
+        self.assertIs(
+            User.objects.get(username=username).check_password("new_password"), True
+        )
 
     def test_nonexistent_username(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, "user 'test' does not exist"):
-            call_command('changepassword', username='test', stdout=self.stdout)
+            call_command("changepassword", username="test", stdout=self.stdout)
 
-    @mock.patch.object(changepassword.Command, '_get_pass', return_value='not qwerty')
+    @mock.patch.object(changepassword.Command, "_get_pass", return_value="not qwerty")
     def test_that_changepassword_command_changes_joes_password(self, mock_get_pass):
         "Executing the changepassword management command should change joe's password"
-        self.assertTrue(self.user.check_password('qwerty'))
+        self.assertTrue(self.user.check_password("qwerty"))
 
-        call_command('changepassword', username='joe', stdout=self.stdout)
+        call_command("changepassword", username="joe", stdout=self.stdout)
         command_output = self.stdout.getvalue().strip()
 
         self.assertEqual(
             command_output,
-            "Changing password for user 'joe'\nPassword changed successfully for user 'joe'"
+            "Changing password for user 'joe'\nPassword changed successfully for user 'joe'",
         )
         self.assertTrue(User.objects.get(username="joe").check_password("not qwerty"))
 
-    @mock.patch.object(changepassword.Command, '_get_pass', side_effect=lambda *args: str(args))
+    @mock.patch.object(
+        changepassword.Command, "_get_pass", side_effect=lambda *args: str(args)
+    )
     def test_that_max_tries_exits_1(self, mock_get_pass):
         """
         A CommandError should be thrown by handle() if the user enters in
@@ -200,9 +216,11 @@ class ChangepasswordManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
         """
         msg = "Aborting password change for user 'joe' after 3 attempts"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
-            call_command('changepassword', username='joe', stdout=self.stdout, stderr=self.stderr)
+            call_command(
+                "changepassword", username="joe", stdout=self.stdout, stderr=self.stderr
+            )
 
-    @mock.patch.object(changepassword.Command, '_get_pass', return_value='1234567890')
+    @mock.patch.object(changepassword.Command, "_get_pass", return_value="1234567890")
     def test_password_validation(self, mock_get_pass):
         """
         A CommandError should be raised if the user enters in passwords which
@@ -210,52 +228,67 @@ class ChangepasswordManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
         """
         abort_msg = "Aborting password change for user 'joe' after 3 attempts"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, abort_msg):
-            call_command('changepassword', username='joe', stdout=self.stdout, stderr=self.stderr)
-        self.assertIn('This password is entirely numeric.', self.stderr.getvalue())
+            call_command(
+                "changepassword", username="joe", stdout=self.stdout, stderr=self.stderr
+            )
+        self.assertIn("This password is entirely numeric.", self.stderr.getvalue())
 
-    @mock.patch.object(changepassword.Command, '_get_pass', return_value='not qwerty')
-    def test_that_changepassword_command_works_with_nonascii_output(self, mock_get_pass):
+    @mock.patch.object(changepassword.Command, "_get_pass", return_value="not qwerty")
+    def test_that_changepassword_command_works_with_nonascii_output(
+        self, mock_get_pass
+    ):
         """
         #21627 -- Executing the changepassword management command should allow
         non-ASCII characters from the User object representation.
         """
         # 'Julia' with accented 'u':
-        User.objects.create_user(username='J\xfalia', password='qwerty')
-        call_command('changepassword', username='J\xfalia', stdout=self.stdout)
+        User.objects.create_user(username="J\xfalia", password="qwerty")
+        call_command("changepassword", username="J\xfalia", stdout=self.stdout)
 
 
 class MultiDBChangepasswordManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
-    @mock.patch.object(changepassword.Command, '_get_pass', return_value='not qwerty')
-    def test_that_changepassword_command_with_database_option_uses_given_db(self, mock_get_pass):
+    @mock.patch.object(changepassword.Command, "_get_pass", return_value="not qwerty")
+    def test_that_changepassword_command_with_database_option_uses_given_db(
+        self, mock_get_pass
+    ):
         """
         changepassword --database should operate on the specified DB.
         """
-        user = User.objects.db_manager('other').create_user(username='joe', password='qwerty')
-        self.assertTrue(user.check_password('qwerty'))
+        user = User.objects.db_manager("other").create_user(
+            username="joe", password="qwerty"
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(user.check_password("qwerty"))
 
         out = StringIO()
-        call_command('changepassword', username='joe', database='other', stdout=out)
+        call_command("changepassword", username="joe", database="other", stdout=out)
         command_output = out.getvalue().strip()
 
         self.assertEqual(
             command_output,
-            "Changing password for user 'joe'\nPassword changed successfully for user 'joe'"
+            "Changing password for user 'joe'\nPassword changed successfully for user 'joe'",
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            User.objects.using("other").get(username="joe").check_password("not qwerty")
         )
-        self.assertTrue(User.objects.using('other').get(username="joe").check_password('not qwerty'))
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    SILENCED_SYSTEM_CHECKS=['fields.W342'],  # ForeignKey(unique=True)
-    AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS=[{'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator'}],
+    SILENCED_SYSTEM_CHECKS=["fields.W342"],  # ForeignKey(unique=True)
+    AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS=[
+        {"NAME": "django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator"}
+    ],
 )
 class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
-
     def test_no_email_argument(self):
         new_io = StringIO()
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, 'You must use --email with --noinput.'):
-            call_command('createsuperuser', interactive=False, username='joe', stdout=new_io)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            CommandError, "You must use --email with --noinput."
+        ):
+            call_command(
+                "createsuperuser", interactive=False, username="joe", stdout=new_io
+            )
 
     def test_basic_usage(self):
         "Check the operation of the createsuperuser management command"
@@ -266,26 +299,29 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
             interactive=False,
             username="joe",
             email="joe@somewhere.org",
-            stdout=new_io
+            stdout=new_io,
         )
         command_output = new_io.getvalue().strip()
-        self.assertEqual(command_output, 'Superuser created successfully.')
+        self.assertEqual(command_output, "Superuser created successfully.")
         u = User.objects.get(username="joe")
-        self.assertEqual(u.email, 'joe@somewhere.org')
+        self.assertEqual(u.email, "joe@somewhere.org")
 
         # created password should be unusable
         self.assertFalse(u.has_usable_password())
 
     def test_non_ascii_verbose_name(self):
-        @mock_inputs({
-            'password': "nopasswd",
-            "Uživatel (leave blank to use '%s'): " % get_default_username(): 'foo',  # username (cz)
-            'email': 'nolocale@somewhere.org',
-        })
+        @mock_inputs(
+            {
+                "password": "nopasswd",
+                "Uživatel (leave blank to use '%s'): "
+                % get_default_username(): "foo",  # username (cz)
+                "email": "nolocale@somewhere.org",
+            }
+        )
         def test(self):
-            username_field = User._meta.get_field('username')
+            username_field = User._meta.get_field("username")
             old_verbose_name = username_field.verbose_name
-            username_field.verbose_name = _('u\u017eivatel')
+            username_field.verbose_name = _("u\u017eivatel")
             new_io = StringIO()
             try:
                 call_command(
@@ -298,7 +334,7 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
                 username_field.verbose_name = old_verbose_name
 
             command_output = new_io.getvalue().strip()
-            self.assertEqual(command_output, 'Superuser created successfully.')
+            self.assertEqual(command_output, "Superuser created successfully.")
 
         test(self)
 
@@ -311,12 +347,12 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
             username="joe2",
             email="joe2@somewhere.org",
             verbosity=0,
-            stdout=new_io
+            stdout=new_io,
         )
         command_output = new_io.getvalue().strip()
-        self.assertEqual(command_output, '')
+        self.assertEqual(command_output, "")
         u = User.objects.get(username="joe2")
-        self.assertEqual(u.email, 'joe2@somewhere.org')
+        self.assertEqual(u.email, "joe2@somewhere.org")
         self.assertFalse(u.has_usable_password())
 
     def test_email_in_username(self):
@@ -328,10 +364,10 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
             verbosity=0,
         )
         u = User._default_manager.get(username="joe+admin@somewhere.org")
-        self.assertEqual(u.email, 'joe@somewhere.org')
+        self.assertEqual(u.email, "joe@somewhere.org")
         self.assertFalse(u.has_usable_password())
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUser')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUser")
     def test_swappable_user(self):
         "A superuser can be created when a custom user model is in use"
         # We can use the management command to create a superuser
@@ -343,25 +379,27 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
             interactive=False,
             email="joe@somewhere.org",
             date_of_birth="1976-04-01",
-            first_name='Joe',
+            first_name="Joe",
             stdout=new_io,
         )
         command_output = new_io.getvalue().strip()
-        self.assertEqual(command_output, 'Superuser created successfully.')
+        self.assertEqual(command_output, "Superuser created successfully.")
         u = CustomUser._default_manager.get(email="joe@somewhere.org")
         self.assertEqual(u.date_of_birth, date(1976, 4, 1))
 
         # created password should be unusable
         self.assertFalse(u.has_usable_password())
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUser')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUser")
     def test_swappable_user_missing_required_field(self):
         "A Custom superuser won't be created when a required field isn't provided"
         # We can use the management command to create a superuser
         # We skip validation because the temporary substitution of the
         # swappable User model messes with validation.
         new_io = StringIO()
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, 'You must use --email with --noinput.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            CommandError, "You must use --email with --noinput."
+        ):
             call_command(
                 "createsuperuser",
                 interactive=False,
@@ -372,14 +410,16 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(CustomUser._default_manager.count(), 0)
 
     @override_settings(
-        AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUserNonUniqueUsername',
-        AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=['my.custom.backend'],
+        AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUserNonUniqueUsername",
+        AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=["my.custom.backend"],
     )
     def test_swappable_user_username_non_unique(self):
-        @mock_inputs({
-            'username': 'joe',
-            'password': 'nopasswd',
-        })
+        @mock_inputs(
+            {
+                "username": "joe",
+                "password": "nopasswd",
+            }
+        )
         def createsuperuser():
             new_io = StringIO()
             call_command(
@@ -390,7 +430,7 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
                 stdin=MockTTY(),
             )
             command_output = new_io.getvalue().strip()
-            self.assertEqual(command_output, 'Superuser created successfully.')
+            self.assertEqual(command_output, "Superuser created successfully.")
 
         for i in range(2):
             createsuperuser()
@@ -403,8 +443,10 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
         If the command is not called from a TTY, it should be skipped and a
         message should be displayed (#7423).
         """
+
         class FakeStdin:
             """A fake stdin object that has isatty() return False."""
+
             def isatty(self):
                 return False
 
@@ -432,8 +474,8 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
             stdin=sentinel,
             interactive=False,
             verbosity=0,
-            username='janet',
-            email='janet@example.com',
+            username="janet",
+            email="janet@example.com",
         )
         self.assertIs(command.stdin, sentinel)
 
@@ -442,18 +484,18 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
             command,
             interactive=False,
             verbosity=0,
-            username='joe',
-            email='joe@example.com',
+            username="joe",
+            email="joe@example.com",
         )
         self.assertIs(command.stdin, sys.stdin)
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUserWithFK')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUserWithFK")
     def test_fields_with_fk(self):
         new_io = StringIO()
-        group = Group.objects.create(name='mygroup')
-        email = Email.objects.create(email='mymail@gmail.com')
+        group = Group.objects.create(name="mygroup")
+        email = Email.objects.create(email="mymail@gmail.com")
         call_command(
-            'createsuperuser',
+            "createsuperuser",
             interactive=False,
             username=email.pk,
             email=email.email,
@@ -461,60 +503,62 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
             stdout=new_io,
         )
         command_output = new_io.getvalue().strip()
-        self.assertEqual(command_output, 'Superuser created successfully.')
+        self.assertEqual(command_output, "Superuser created successfully.")
         u = CustomUserWithFK._default_manager.get(email=email)
         self.assertEqual(u.username, email)
         self.assertEqual(u.group, group)
 
-        non_existent_email = 'mymail2@gmail.com'
-        msg = 'email instance with email %r does not exist.' % non_existent_email
+        non_existent_email = "mymail2@gmail.com"
+        msg = "email instance with email %r does not exist." % non_existent_email
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
             call_command(
-                'createsuperuser',
+                "createsuperuser",
                 interactive=False,
                 username=email.pk,
                 email=non_existent_email,
                 stdout=new_io,
             )
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUserWithFK')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUserWithFK")
     def test_fields_with_fk_interactive(self):
         new_io = StringIO()
-        group = Group.objects.create(name='mygroup')
-        email = Email.objects.create(email='mymail@gmail.com')
+        group = Group.objects.create(name="mygroup")
+        email = Email.objects.create(email="mymail@gmail.com")
 
-        @mock_inputs({
-            'password': 'nopasswd',
-            'Username (Email.id): ': email.pk,
-            'Email (Email.email): ': email.email,
-            'Group (Group.id): ': group.pk,
-        })
+        @mock_inputs(
+            {
+                "password": "nopasswd",
+                "Username (Email.id): ": email.pk,
+                "Email (Email.email): ": email.email,
+                "Group (Group.id): ": group.pk,
+            }
+        )
         def test(self):
             call_command(
-                'createsuperuser',
+                "createsuperuser",
                 interactive=True,
                 stdout=new_io,
                 stdin=MockTTY(),
             )
 
             command_output = new_io.getvalue().strip()
-            self.assertEqual(command_output, 'Superuser created successfully.')
+            self.assertEqual(command_output, "Superuser created successfully.")
             u = CustomUserWithFK._default_manager.get(email=email)
             self.assertEqual(u.username, email)
             self.assertEqual(u.group, group)
 
         test(self)
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUserWithFK')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUserWithFK")
     def test_fields_with_fk_via_option_interactive(self):
         new_io = StringIO()
-        group = Group.objects.create(name='mygroup')
-        email = Email.objects.create(email='mymail@gmail.com')
+        group = Group.objects.create(name="mygroup")
+        email = Email.objects.create(email="mymail@gmail.com")
 
-        @mock_inputs({'password': 'nopasswd'})
+        @mock_inputs({"password": "nopasswd"})
         def test(self):
             call_command(
-                'createsuperuser',
+                "createsuperuser",
                 interactive=True,
                 username=email.pk,
                 email=email.email,
@@ -524,23 +568,23 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
             )
 
             command_output = new_io.getvalue().strip()
-            self.assertEqual(command_output, 'Superuser created successfully.')
+            self.assertEqual(command_output, "Superuser created successfully.")
             u = CustomUserWithFK._default_manager.get(email=email)
             self.assertEqual(u.username, email)
             self.assertEqual(u.group, group)
 
         test(self)
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUserWithFK')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUserWithFK")
     def test_validate_fk(self):
-        email = Email.objects.create(email='mymail@gmail.com')
+        email = Email.objects.create(email="mymail@gmail.com")
         Group.objects.all().delete()
         nonexistent_group_id = 1
-        msg = f'group instance with id {nonexistent_group_id} does not exist.'
+        msg = f"group instance with id {nonexistent_group_id} does not exist."
 
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
             call_command(
-                'createsuperuser',
+                "createsuperuser",
                 interactive=False,
                 username=email.pk,
                 email=email.email,
@@ -548,42 +592,44 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
                 verbosity=0,
             )
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUserWithFK')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUserWithFK")
     def test_validate_fk_environment_variable(self):
-        email = Email.objects.create(email='mymail@gmail.com')
+        email = Email.objects.create(email="mymail@gmail.com")
         Group.objects.all().delete()
         nonexistent_group_id = 1
-        msg = f'group instance with id {nonexistent_group_id} does not exist.'
+        msg = f"group instance with id {nonexistent_group_id} does not exist."
 
         with mock.patch.dict(
             os.environ,
-            {'DJANGO_SUPERUSER_GROUP': str(nonexistent_group_id)},
+            {"DJANGO_SUPERUSER_GROUP": str(nonexistent_group_id)},
         ):
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
                 call_command(
-                    'createsuperuser',
+                    "createsuperuser",
                     interactive=False,
                     username=email.pk,
                     email=email.email,
                     verbosity=0,
                 )
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUserWithFK')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUserWithFK")
     def test_validate_fk_via_option_interactive(self):
-        email = Email.objects.create(email='mymail@gmail.com')
+        email = Email.objects.create(email="mymail@gmail.com")
         Group.objects.all().delete()
         nonexistent_group_id = 1
-        msg = f'group instance with id {nonexistent_group_id} does not exist.'
+        msg = f"group instance with id {nonexistent_group_id} does not exist."
 
-        @mock_inputs({
-            'password': 'nopasswd',
-            'Username (Email.id): ': email.pk,
-            'Email (Email.email): ': email.email,
-        })
+        @mock_inputs(
+            {
+                "password": "nopasswd",
+                "Username (Email.id): ": email.pk,
+                "Email (Email.email): ": email.email,
+            }
+        )
         def test(self):
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
                 call_command(
-                    'createsuperuser',
+                    "createsuperuser",
                     group=nonexistent_group_id,
                     stdin=MockTTY(),
                     verbosity=0,
@@ -591,65 +637,69 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
 
         test(self)
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUserWithM2m')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUserWithM2m")
     def test_fields_with_m2m(self):
         new_io = StringIO()
-        org_id_1 = Organization.objects.create(name='Organization 1').pk
-        org_id_2 = Organization.objects.create(name='Organization 2').pk
+        org_id_1 = Organization.objects.create(name="Organization 1").pk
+        org_id_2 = Organization.objects.create(name="Organization 2").pk
         call_command(
-            'createsuperuser',
+            "createsuperuser",
             interactive=False,
-            username='joe',
+            username="joe",
             orgs=[org_id_1, org_id_2],
             stdout=new_io,
         )
         command_output = new_io.getvalue().strip()
-        self.assertEqual(command_output, 'Superuser created successfully.')
-        user = CustomUserWithM2M._default_manager.get(username='joe')
+        self.assertEqual(command_output, "Superuser created successfully.")
+        user = CustomUserWithM2M._default_manager.get(username="joe")
         self.assertEqual(user.orgs.count(), 2)
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUserWithM2M')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUserWithM2M")
     def test_fields_with_m2m_interactive(self):
         new_io = StringIO()
-        org_id_1 = Organization.objects.create(name='Organization 1').pk
-        org_id_2 = Organization.objects.create(name='Organization 2').pk
+        org_id_1 = Organization.objects.create(name="Organization 1").pk
+        org_id_2 = Organization.objects.create(name="Organization 2").pk
 
-        @mock_inputs({
-            'password': 'nopasswd',
-            'Username: ': 'joe',
-            'Orgs (Organization.id): ': '%s, %s' % (org_id_1, org_id_2),
-        })
+        @mock_inputs(
+            {
+                "password": "nopasswd",
+                "Username: ": "joe",
+                "Orgs (Organization.id): ": "%s, %s" % (org_id_1, org_id_2),
+            }
+        )
         def test(self):
             call_command(
-                'createsuperuser',
+                "createsuperuser",
                 interactive=True,
                 stdout=new_io,
                 stdin=MockTTY(),
             )
             command_output = new_io.getvalue().strip()
-            self.assertEqual(command_output, 'Superuser created successfully.')
-            user = CustomUserWithM2M._default_manager.get(username='joe')
+            self.assertEqual(command_output, "Superuser created successfully.")
+            user = CustomUserWithM2M._default_manager.get(username="joe")
             self.assertEqual(user.orgs.count(), 2)
 
         test(self)
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUserWithM2M')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUserWithM2M")
     def test_fields_with_m2m_interactive_blank(self):
         new_io = StringIO()
-        org_id = Organization.objects.create(name='Organization').pk
-        entered_orgs = [str(org_id), ' ']
+        org_id = Organization.objects.create(name="Organization").pk
+        entered_orgs = [str(org_id), " "]
 
         def return_orgs():
             return entered_orgs.pop()
 
-        @mock_inputs({
-            'password': 'nopasswd',
-            'Username: ': 'joe',
-            'Orgs (Organization.id): ': return_orgs,
-        })
+        @mock_inputs(
+            {
+                "password": "nopasswd",
+                "Username: ": "joe",
+                "Orgs (Organization.id): ": return_orgs,
+            }
+        )
         def test(self):
             call_command(
-                'createsuperuser',
+                "createsuperuser",
                 interactive=True,
                 stdout=new_io,
                 stderr=new_io,
@@ -657,41 +707,43 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
             )
             self.assertEqual(
                 new_io.getvalue().strip(),
-                'Error: This field cannot be blank.\n'
-                'Superuser created successfully.',
+                "Error: This field cannot be blank.\n"
+                "Superuser created successfully.",
             )
 
         test(self)
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUserWithM2MThrough')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUserWithM2MThrough")
     def test_fields_with_m2m_and_through(self):
         msg = (
             "Required field 'orgs' specifies a many-to-many relation through "
             "model, which is not supported."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
-            call_command('createsuperuser')
+            call_command("createsuperuser")
 
     def test_default_username(self):
         """createsuperuser uses a default username when one isn't provided."""
         # Get the default username before creating a user.
         default_username = get_default_username()
         new_io = StringIO()
-        entered_passwords = ['password', 'password']
+        entered_passwords = ["password", "password"]
 
         def return_passwords():
             return entered_passwords.pop(0)
 
-        @mock_inputs({'password': return_passwords, 'username': '', 'email': ''})
+        @mock_inputs({"password": return_passwords, "username": "", "email": ""})
         def test(self):
             call_command(
-                'createsuperuser',
+                "createsuperuser",
                 interactive=True,
                 stdin=MockTTY(),
                 stdout=new_io,
                 stderr=new_io,
             )
-            self.assertEqual(new_io.getvalue().strip(), 'Superuser created successfully.')
+            self.assertEqual(
+                new_io.getvalue().strip(), "Superuser created successfully."
+            )
             self.assertTrue(User.objects.filter(username=default_username).exists())
 
         test(self)
@@ -701,17 +753,19 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
         Creation should fail if the password fails validation.
         """
         new_io = StringIO()
-        entered_passwords = ['1234567890', '1234567890', 'password', 'password']
+        entered_passwords = ["1234567890", "1234567890", "password", "password"]
 
         def bad_then_good_password():
             return entered_passwords.pop(0)
 
-        @mock_inputs({
-            'password': bad_then_good_password,
-            'username': 'joe1234567890',
-            'email': '',
-            'bypass': 'n',
-        })
+        @mock_inputs(
+            {
+                "password": bad_then_good_password,
+                "username": "joe1234567890",
+                "email": "",
+                "bypass": "n",
+            }
+        )
         def test(self):
             call_command(
                 "createsuperuser",
@@ -723,31 +777,42 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(
                 new_io.getvalue().strip(),
                 "This password is entirely numeric.\n"
-                "Superuser created successfully."
+                "Superuser created successfully.",
             )
 
         test(self)
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS=[
-        {'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator'},
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS=[
+            {
+                "NAME": "django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator"
+            },
+        ]
+    )
     def test_validate_password_against_username(self):
         new_io = StringIO()
-        username = 'supremelycomplex'
-        entered_passwords = [username, username, 'superduperunguessablepassword', 'superduperunguessablepassword']
+        username = "supremelycomplex"
+        entered_passwords = [
+            username,
+            username,
+            "superduperunguessablepassword",
+            "superduperunguessablepassword",
+        ]
 
         def bad_then_good_password():
             return entered_passwords.pop(0)
 
-        @mock_inputs({
-            'password': bad_then_good_password,
-            'username': username,
-            'email': '',
-            'bypass': 'n',
-        })
+        @mock_inputs(
+            {
+                "password": bad_then_good_password,
+                "username": username,
+                "email": "",
+                "bypass": "n",
+            }
+        )
         def test(self):
             call_command(
-                'createsuperuser',
+                "createsuperuser",
                 interactive=True,
                 stdin=MockTTY(),
                 stdout=new_io,
@@ -755,37 +820,46 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
             )
             self.assertEqual(
                 new_io.getvalue().strip(),
-                'The password is too similar to the username.\n'
-                'Superuser created successfully.'
+                "The password is too similar to the username.\n"
+                "Superuser created successfully.",
             )
 
         test(self)
 
     @override_settings(
-        AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUser',
+        AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUser",
         AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS=[
-            {'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator'},
-        ]
+            {
+                "NAME": "django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator"
+            },
+        ],
     )
     def test_validate_password_against_required_fields(self):
         new_io = StringIO()
-        first_name = 'josephine'
-        entered_passwords = [first_name, first_name, 'superduperunguessablepassword', 'superduperunguessablepassword']
+        first_name = "josephine"
+        entered_passwords = [
+            first_name,
+            first_name,
+            "superduperunguessablepassword",
+            "superduperunguessablepassword",
+        ]
 
         def bad_then_good_password():
             return entered_passwords.pop(0)
 
-        @mock_inputs({
-            'password': bad_then_good_password,
-            'username': 'whatever',
-            'first_name': first_name,
-            'date_of_birth': '1970-01-01',
-            'email': 'joey@example.com',
-            'bypass': 'n',
-        })
+        @mock_inputs(
+            {
+                "password": bad_then_good_password,
+                "username": "whatever",
+                "first_name": first_name,
+                "date_of_birth": "1970-01-01",
+                "email": "joey@example.com",
+                "bypass": "n",
+            }
+        )
         def test(self):
             call_command(
-                'createsuperuser',
+                "createsuperuser",
                 interactive=True,
                 stdin=MockTTY(),
                 stdout=new_io,
@@ -794,47 +868,53 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(
                 new_io.getvalue().strip(),
                 "The password is too similar to the first name.\n"
-                "Superuser created successfully."
+                "Superuser created successfully.",
             )
 
         test(self)
 
     @override_settings(
-        AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUser',
+        AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUser",
         AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS=[
-            {'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator'},
-        ]
+            {
+                "NAME": "django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator"
+            },
+        ],
     )
     def test_validate_password_against_required_fields_via_option(self):
         new_io = StringIO()
-        first_name = 'josephine'
+        first_name = "josephine"
         entered_passwords = [
-            first_name, first_name,
-            'superduperunguessablepassword', 'superduperunguessablepassword',
+            first_name,
+            first_name,
+            "superduperunguessablepassword",
+            "superduperunguessablepassword",
         ]
 
         def bad_then_good_password():
             return entered_passwords.pop(0)
 
-        @mock_inputs({
-            'password': bad_then_good_password,
-            'bypass': 'n',
-        })
+        @mock_inputs(
+            {
+                "password": bad_then_good_password,
+                "bypass": "n",
+            }
+        )
         def test(self):
             call_command(
-                'createsuperuser',
+                "createsuperuser",
                 interactive=True,
                 first_name=first_name,
-                date_of_birth='1970-01-01',
-                email='joey@example.com',
+                date_of_birth="1970-01-01",
+                email="joey@example.com",
                 stdin=MockTTY(),
                 stdout=new_io,
                 stderr=new_io,
             )
             self.assertEqual(
                 new_io.getvalue().strip(),
-                'The password is too similar to the first name.\n'
-                'Superuser created successfully.'
+                "The password is too similar to the first name.\n"
+                "Superuser created successfully.",
             )
 
         test(self)
@@ -842,10 +922,10 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
     def test_blank_username(self):
         """Creation fails if --username is blank."""
         new_io = StringIO()
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, 'Username cannot be blank.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, "Username cannot be blank."):
             call_command(
-                'createsuperuser',
-                username='',
+                "createsuperuser",
+                username="",
                 stdin=MockTTY(),
                 stdout=new_io,
                 stderr=new_io,
@@ -853,10 +933,10 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
 
     def test_blank_username_non_interactive(self):
         new_io = StringIO()
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, 'Username cannot be blank.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, "Username cannot be blank."):
             call_command(
-                'createsuperuser',
-                username='',
+                "createsuperuser",
+                username="",
                 interactive=False,
                 stdin=MockTTY(),
                 stdout=new_io,
@@ -869,15 +949,17 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
         """
         new_io = StringIO()
 
-        @mock_inputs({
-            'password': '1234567890',
-            'username': 'joe1234567890',
-            'email': '',
-            'bypass': 'y',
-        })
+        @mock_inputs(
+            {
+                "password": "1234567890",
+                "username": "joe1234567890",
+                "email": "",
+                "bypass": "y",
+            }
+        )
         def test(self):
             call_command(
-                'createsuperuser',
+                "createsuperuser",
                 interactive=True,
                 stdin=MockTTY(),
                 stdout=new_io,
@@ -885,8 +967,8 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
             )
             self.assertEqual(
                 new_io.getvalue().strip(),
-                'This password is entirely numeric.\n'
-                'Superuser created successfully.'
+                "This password is entirely numeric.\n"
+                "Superuser created successfully.",
             )
 
         test(self)
@@ -895,10 +977,10 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
         """Creation fails if the username fails validation."""
         user_field = User._meta.get_field(User.USERNAME_FIELD)
         new_io = StringIO()
-        entered_passwords = ['password', 'password']
+        entered_passwords = ["password", "password"]
         # Enter an invalid (too long) username first and then a valid one.
-        invalid_username = ('x' * user_field.max_length) + 'y'
-        entered_usernames = [invalid_username, 'janet']
+        invalid_username = ("x" * user_field.max_length) + "y"
+        entered_usernames = [invalid_username, "janet"]
 
         def return_passwords():
             return entered_passwords.pop(0)
@@ -906,10 +988,12 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
         def return_usernames():
             return entered_usernames.pop(0)
 
-        @mock_inputs({'password': return_passwords, 'username': return_usernames, 'email': ''})
+        @mock_inputs(
+            {"password": return_passwords, "username": return_usernames, "email": ""}
+        )
         def test(self):
             call_command(
-                'createsuperuser',
+                "createsuperuser",
                 interactive=True,
                 stdin=MockTTY(),
                 stdout=new_io,
@@ -917,32 +1001,33 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
             )
             self.assertEqual(
                 new_io.getvalue().strip(),
-                'Error: Ensure this value has at most %s characters (it has %s).\n'
-                'Superuser created successfully.' % (user_field.max_length, len(invalid_username))
+                "Error: Ensure this value has at most %s characters (it has %s).\n"
+                "Superuser created successfully."
+                % (user_field.max_length, len(invalid_username)),
             )
 
         test(self)
 
-    @mock_inputs({'username': 'KeyboardInterrupt'})
+    @mock_inputs({"username": "KeyboardInterrupt"})
     def test_keyboard_interrupt(self):
         new_io = StringIO()
         with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
             call_command(
-                'createsuperuser',
+                "createsuperuser",
                 interactive=True,
                 stdin=MockTTY(),
                 stdout=new_io,
                 stderr=new_io,
             )
-        self.assertEqual(new_io.getvalue(), '\nOperation cancelled.\n')
+        self.assertEqual(new_io.getvalue(), "\nOperation cancelled.\n")
 
     def test_existing_username(self):
         """Creation fails if the username already exists."""
-        user = User.objects.create(username='janet')
+        user = User.objects.create(username="janet")
         new_io = StringIO()
-        entered_passwords = ['password', 'password']
+        entered_passwords = ["password", "password"]
         # Enter the existing username first and then a new one.
-        entered_usernames = [user.username, 'joe']
+        entered_usernames = [user.username, "joe"]
 
         def return_passwords():
             return entered_passwords.pop(0)
@@ -950,10 +1035,12 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
         def return_usernames():
             return entered_usernames.pop(0)
 
-        @mock_inputs({'password': return_passwords, 'username': return_usernames, 'email': ''})
+        @mock_inputs(
+            {"password": return_passwords, "username": return_usernames, "email": ""}
+        )
         def test(self):
             call_command(
-                'createsuperuser',
+                "createsuperuser",
                 interactive=True,
                 stdin=MockTTY(),
                 stdout=new_io,
@@ -961,21 +1048,23 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
             )
             self.assertEqual(
                 new_io.getvalue().strip(),
-                'Error: That username is already taken.\n'
-                'Superuser created successfully.'
+                "Error: That username is already taken.\n"
+                "Superuser created successfully.",
             )
 
         test(self)
 
     def test_existing_username_non_interactive(self):
         """Creation fails if the username already exists."""
-        User.objects.create(username='janet')
+        User.objects.create(username="janet")
         new_io = StringIO()
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, "Error: That username is already taken."):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            CommandError, "Error: That username is already taken."
+        ):
             call_command(
-                'createsuperuser',
-                username='janet',
-                email='',
+                "createsuperuser",
+                username="janet",
+                email="",
                 interactive=False,
                 stdout=new_io,
             )
@@ -983,27 +1072,29 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
     def test_existing_username_provided_via_option_and_interactive(self):
         """call_command() gets username='janet' and interactive=True."""
         new_io = StringIO()
-        entered_passwords = ['password', 'password']
-        User.objects.create(username='janet')
+        entered_passwords = ["password", "password"]
+        User.objects.create(username="janet")
 
         def return_passwords():
             return entered_passwords.pop(0)
 
-        @mock_inputs({
-            'password': return_passwords,
-            'username': 'janet1',
-            'email': 'test@test.com'
-        })
+        @mock_inputs(
+            {
+                "password": return_passwords,
+                "username": "janet1",
+                "email": "test@test.com",
+            }
+        )
         def test(self):
             call_command(
-                'createsuperuser',
-                username='janet',
+                "createsuperuser",
+                username="janet",
                 interactive=True,
                 stdin=MockTTY(),
                 stdout=new_io,
                 stderr=new_io,
             )
-            msg = 'Error: That username is already taken.\nSuperuser created successfully.'
+            msg = "Error: That username is already taken.\nSuperuser created successfully."
             self.assertEqual(new_io.getvalue().strip(), msg)
 
         test(self)
@@ -1021,11 +1112,13 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
         def mismatched_passwords_then_matched():
             return entered_passwords.pop(0)
 
-        @mock_inputs({
-            'password': mismatched_passwords_then_matched,
-            'username': 'joe1234567890',
-            'email': '',
-        })
+        @mock_inputs(
+            {
+                "password": mismatched_passwords_then_matched,
+                "username": "joe1234567890",
+                "email": "",
+            }
+        )
         def test(self):
             call_command(
                 "createsuperuser",
@@ -1037,7 +1130,7 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(
                 new_io.getvalue().strip(),
                 "Error: Your passwords didn't match.\n"
-                "Superuser created successfully."
+                "Superuser created successfully.",
             )
 
         test(self)
@@ -1055,11 +1148,13 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
         def blank_passwords_then_valid():
             return entered_passwords.pop(0)
 
-        @mock_inputs({
-            'password': blank_passwords_then_valid,
-            'username': 'joe1234567890',
-            'email': '',
-        })
+        @mock_inputs(
+            {
+                "password": blank_passwords_then_valid,
+                "username": "joe1234567890",
+                "email": "",
+            }
+        )
         def test(self):
             call_command(
                 "createsuperuser",
@@ -1071,118 +1166,132 @@ class CreatesuperuserManagementCommandTestCase(TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(
                 new_io.getvalue().strip(),
                 "Error: Blank passwords aren't allowed.\n"
-                "Superuser created successfully."
+                "Superuser created successfully.",
             )
 
         test(self)
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.NoPasswordUser')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.NoPasswordUser")
     def test_usermodel_without_password(self):
         new_io = StringIO()
         call_command(
-            'createsuperuser',
+            "createsuperuser",
             interactive=False,
             stdin=MockTTY(),
             stdout=new_io,
             stderr=new_io,
-            username='username',
+            username="username",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(new_io.getvalue().strip(), 'Superuser created successfully.')
+        self.assertEqual(new_io.getvalue().strip(), "Superuser created successfully.")
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.NoPasswordUser')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.NoPasswordUser")
     def test_usermodel_without_password_interactive(self):
         new_io = StringIO()
 
-        @mock_inputs({'username': 'username'})
+        @mock_inputs({"username": "username"})
         def test(self):
             call_command(
-                'createsuperuser',
+                "createsuperuser",
                 interactive=True,
                 stdin=MockTTY(),
                 stdout=new_io,
                 stderr=new_io,
             )
-            self.assertEqual(new_io.getvalue().strip(), 'Superuser created successfully.')
+            self.assertEqual(
+                new_io.getvalue().strip(), "Superuser created successfully."
+            )
 
         test(self)
 
-    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {
-        'DJANGO_SUPERUSER_PASSWORD': 'test_password',
-        'DJANGO_SUPERUSER_USERNAME': 'test_superuser',
-        'DJANGO_SUPERUSER_EMAIL': 'joe@somewhere.org',
-        'DJANGO_SUPERUSER_FIRST_NAME': 'ignored_first_name',
-    })
+    @mock.patch.dict(
+        os.environ,
+        {
+            "DJANGO_SUPERUSER_PASSWORD": "test_password",
+            "DJANGO_SUPERUSER_USERNAME": "test_superuser",
+            "DJANGO_SUPERUSER_EMAIL": "joe@somewhere.org",
+            "DJANGO_SUPERUSER_FIRST_NAME": "ignored_first_name",
+        },
+    )
     def test_environment_variable_non_interactive(self):
-        call_command('createsuperuser', interactive=False, verbosity=0)
-        user = User.objects.get(username='test_superuser')
-        self.assertEqual(user.email, 'joe@somewhere.org')
-        self.assertTrue(user.check_password('test_password'))
+        call_command("createsuperuser", interactive=False, verbosity=0)
+        user = User.objects.get(username="test_superuser")
+        self.assertEqual(user.email, "joe@somewhere.org")
+        self.assertTrue(user.check_password("test_password"))
         # Environment variables are ignored for non-required fields.
-        self.assertEqual(user.first_name, '')
+        self.assertEqual(user.first_name, "")
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUserWithM2m')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUserWithM2m")
     def test_environment_variable_m2m_non_interactive(self):
         new_io = StringIO()
-        org_id_1 = Organization.objects.create(name='Organization 1').pk
-        org_id_2 = Organization.objects.create(name='Organization 2').pk
-        with mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {
-            'DJANGO_SUPERUSER_ORGS': f'{org_id_1},{org_id_2}',
-        }):
+        org_id_1 = Organization.objects.create(name="Organization 1").pk
+        org_id_2 = Organization.objects.create(name="Organization 2").pk
+        with mock.patch.dict(
+            os.environ,
+            {
+                "DJANGO_SUPERUSER_ORGS": f"{org_id_1},{org_id_2}",
+            },
+        ):
             call_command(
-                'createsuperuser',
+                "createsuperuser",
                 interactive=False,
-                username='joe',
+                username="joe",
                 stdout=new_io,
             )
         command_output = new_io.getvalue().strip()
-        self.assertEqual(command_output, 'Superuser created successfully.')
-        user = CustomUserWithM2M._default_manager.get(username='joe')
+        self.assertEqual(command_output, "Superuser created successfully.")
+        user = CustomUserWithM2M._default_manager.get(username="joe")
         self.assertEqual(user.orgs.count(), 2)
 
-    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {
-        'DJANGO_SUPERUSER_USERNAME': 'test_superuser',
-        'DJANGO_SUPERUSER_EMAIL': 'joe@somewhere.org',
-    })
+    @mock.patch.dict(
+        os.environ,
+        {
+            "DJANGO_SUPERUSER_USERNAME": "test_superuser",
+            "DJANGO_SUPERUSER_EMAIL": "joe@somewhere.org",
+        },
+    )
     def test_ignore_environment_variable_non_interactive(self):
         # Environment variables are ignored in non-interactive mode, if
         # provided by a command line arguments.
         call_command(
-            'createsuperuser',
+            "createsuperuser",
             interactive=False,
-            username='cmd_superuser',
-            email='cmd@somewhere.org',
+            username="cmd_superuser",
+            email="cmd@somewhere.org",
             verbosity=0,
         )
-        user = User.objects.get(username='cmd_superuser')
-        self.assertEqual(user.email, 'cmd@somewhere.org')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="cmd_superuser")
+        self.assertEqual(user.email, "cmd@somewhere.org")
         self.assertFalse(user.has_usable_password())
 
-    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {
-        'DJANGO_SUPERUSER_PASSWORD': 'test_password',
-        'DJANGO_SUPERUSER_USERNAME': 'test_superuser',
-        'DJANGO_SUPERUSER_EMAIL': 'joe@somewhere.org',
-    })
+    @mock.patch.dict(
+        os.environ,
+        {
+            "DJANGO_SUPERUSER_PASSWORD": "test_password",
+            "DJANGO_SUPERUSER_USERNAME": "test_superuser",
+            "DJANGO_SUPERUSER_EMAIL": "joe@somewhere.org",
+        },
+    )
     def test_ignore_environment_variable_interactive(self):
         # Environment variables are ignored in interactive mode.
-        @mock_inputs({'password': 'cmd_password'})
+        @mock_inputs({"password": "cmd_password"})
         def test(self):
             call_command(
-                'createsuperuser',
+                "createsuperuser",
                 interactive=True,
-                username='cmd_superuser',
-                email='cmd@somewhere.org',
+                username="cmd_superuser",
+                email="cmd@somewhere.org",
                 stdin=MockTTY(),
                 verbosity=0,
             )
-            user = User.objects.get(username='cmd_superuser')
-            self.assertEqual(user.email, 'cmd@somewhere.org')
-            self.assertTrue(user.check_password('cmd_password'))
+            user = User.objects.get(username="cmd_superuser")
+            self.assertEqual(user.email, "cmd@somewhere.org")
+            self.assertTrue(user.check_password("cmd_password"))
 
         test(self)
 
 
 class MultiDBCreatesuperuserTestCase(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     def test_createsuperuser_command_with_database_option(self):
         """
@@ -1190,55 +1299,54 @@ class MultiDBCreatesuperuserTestCase(TestCase):
         """
         new_io = StringIO()
         call_command(
-            'createsuperuser',
+            "createsuperuser",
             interactive=False,
-            username='joe',
-            email='joe@somewhere.org',
-            database='other',
+            username="joe",
+            email="joe@somewhere.org",
+            database="other",
             stdout=new_io,
         )
         command_output = new_io.getvalue().strip()
-        self.assertEqual(command_output, 'Superuser created successfully.')
-        user = User.objects.using('other').get(username='joe')
-        self.assertEqual(user.email, 'joe@somewhere.org')
+        self.assertEqual(command_output, "Superuser created successfully.")
+        user = User.objects.using("other").get(username="joe")
+        self.assertEqual(user.email, "joe@somewhere.org")
 
     def test_createsuperuser_command_suggested_username_with_database_option(self):
-        default_username = get_default_username(database='other')
-        qs = User.objects.using('other')
+        default_username = get_default_username(database="other")
+        qs = User.objects.using("other")
 
-        @mock_inputs({'password': 'nopasswd', 'username': '', 'email': ''})
+        @mock_inputs({"password": "nopasswd", "username": "", "email": ""})
         def test_other_create_with_suggested_username(self):
             call_command(
-                'createsuperuser',
+                "createsuperuser",
                 interactive=True,
                 stdin=MockTTY(),
                 verbosity=0,
-                database='other',
+                database="other",
             )
             self.assertIs(qs.filter(username=default_username).exists(), True)
 
         test_other_create_with_suggested_username(self)
 
-        @mock_inputs({'password': 'nopasswd', 'Username: ': 'other', 'email': ''})
+        @mock_inputs({"password": "nopasswd", "Username: ": "other", "email": ""})
         def test_other_no_suggestion(self):
             call_command(
-                'createsuperuser',
+                "createsuperuser",
                 interactive=True,
                 stdin=MockTTY(),
                 verbosity=0,
-                database='other',
+                database="other",
             )
-            self.assertIs(qs.filter(username='other').exists(), True)
+            self.assertIs(qs.filter(username="other").exists(), True)
 
         test_other_no_suggestion(self)
 
 
 class CreatePermissionsTests(TestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self._original_permissions = Permission._meta.permissions[:]
         self._original_default_permissions = Permission._meta.default_permissions
-        self.app_config = apps.get_app_config('auth')
+        self.app_config = apps.get_app_config("auth")
 
     def tearDown(self):
         Permission._meta.permissions = self._original_permissions
@@ -1246,25 +1354,33 @@ class CreatePermissionsTests(TestCase):
         ContentType.objects.clear_cache()
 
     def test_default_permissions(self):
-        permission_content_type = ContentType.objects.get_by_natural_key('auth', 'permission')
+        permission_content_type = ContentType.objects.get_by_natural_key(
+            "auth", "permission"
+        )
         Permission._meta.permissions = [
-            ('my_custom_permission', 'Some permission'),
+            ("my_custom_permission", "Some permission"),
         ]
         create_permissions(self.app_config, verbosity=0)
 
         # view/add/change/delete permission by default + custom permission
-        self.assertEqual(Permission.objects.filter(
-            content_type=permission_content_type,
-        ).count(), 5)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Permission.objects.filter(
+                content_type=permission_content_type,
+            ).count(),
+            5,
+        )
 
         Permission.objects.filter(content_type=permission_content_type).delete()
         Permission._meta.default_permissions = []
         create_permissions(self.app_config, verbosity=0)
 
         # custom permission only since default permissions is empty
-        self.assertEqual(Permission.objects.filter(
-            content_type=permission_content_type,
-        ).count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Permission.objects.filter(
+                content_type=permission_content_type,
+            ).count(),
+            1,
+        )
 
     def test_unavailable_models(self):
         """
@@ -1276,7 +1392,7 @@ class CreatePermissionsTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             create_permissions(self.app_config, verbosity=0, apps=state.apps)
         # Unavailable auth.Permission
-        state = migrations.state.ProjectState(real_apps={'contenttypes'})
+        state = migrations.state.ProjectState(real_apps={"contenttypes"})
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             create_permissions(self.app_config, verbosity=0, apps=state.apps)
 
@@ -1288,9 +1404,9 @@ class CreatePermissionsTests(TestCase):
         # Warm the manager cache.
         ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Group)
         # Apply a deletion as if e.g. a database 'flush' had been executed.
-        ContentType.objects.filter(app_label='auth', model='group').delete()
+        ContentType.objects.filter(app_label="auth", model="group").delete()
         # This fails with a foreign key constraint without the fix.
-        create_permissions(apps.get_app_config('auth'), interactive=False, verbosity=0)
+        create_permissions(apps.get_app_config("auth"), interactive=False, verbosity=0)
 
     def test_permission_with_proxy_content_type_created(self):
         """
@@ -1298,7 +1414,7 @@ class CreatePermissionsTests(TestCase):
         content type of the concrete model.
         """
         opts = UserProxy._meta
-        codename = get_permission_codename('add', opts)
+        codename = get_permission_codename("add", opts)
         self.assertTrue(
             Permission.objects.filter(
                 content_type__model=opts.model_name,
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/test_middleware.py b/tests/auth_tests/test_middleware.py
index 79856bb8b0..3d2d0fcb48 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/test_middleware.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/test_middleware.py
@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@ from django.test import TestCase
 class TestAuthenticationMiddleware(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.user = User.objects.create_user('test_user', 'test@example.com', 'test_password')
+        cls.user = User.objects.create_user(
+            "test_user", "test@example.com", "test_password"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.middleware = AuthenticationMiddleware(lambda req: HttpResponse())
@@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ class TestAuthenticationMiddleware(TestCase):
 
     def test_changed_password_invalidates_session(self):
         # After password change, user should be anonymous
-        self.user.set_password('new_password')
+        self.user.set_password("new_password")
         self.user.save()
         self.middleware(self.request)
         self.assertIsNotNone(self.request.user)
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/test_migrations.py b/tests/auth_tests/test_migrations.py
index a91b9a9146..7fa0487029 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/test_migrations.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/test_migrations.py
@@ -9,14 +9,16 @@ from django.test.utils import captured_stdout
 
 from .models import Proxy, UserProxy
 
-update_proxy_permissions = import_module('django.contrib.auth.migrations.0011_update_proxy_permissions')
+update_proxy_permissions = import_module(
+    "django.contrib.auth.migrations.0011_update_proxy_permissions"
+)
 
 
 class ProxyModelWithDifferentAppLabelTests(TransactionTestCase):
     available_apps = [
-        'auth_tests',
-        'django.contrib.auth',
-        'django.contrib.contenttypes',
+        "auth_tests",
+        "django.contrib.auth",
+        "django.contrib.contenttypes",
     ]
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -29,19 +31,25 @@ class ProxyModelWithDifferentAppLabelTests(TransactionTestCase):
         self.concrete_content_type = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(UserProxy)
         self.default_permission = Permission.objects.create(
             content_type=self.concrete_content_type,
-            codename='add_userproxy',
-            name='Can add userproxy',
+            codename="add_userproxy",
+            name="Can add userproxy",
         )
         self.custom_permission = Permission.objects.create(
             content_type=self.concrete_content_type,
-            codename='use_different_app_label',
-            name='May use a different app label',
+            codename="use_different_app_label",
+            name="May use a different app label",
         )
 
     def test_proxy_model_permissions_contenttype(self):
-        proxy_model_content_type = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(UserProxy, for_concrete_model=False)
-        self.assertEqual(self.default_permission.content_type, self.concrete_content_type)
-        self.assertEqual(self.custom_permission.content_type, self.concrete_content_type)
+        proxy_model_content_type = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(
+            UserProxy, for_concrete_model=False
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.default_permission.content_type, self.concrete_content_type
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.custom_permission.content_type, self.concrete_content_type
+        )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             update_proxy_permissions.update_proxy_model_permissions(apps, editor)
         self.default_permission.refresh_from_db()
@@ -54,47 +62,51 @@ class ProxyModelWithDifferentAppLabelTests(TransactionTestCase):
         user.user_permissions.add(self.default_permission)
         user.user_permissions.add(self.custom_permission)
         for permission in [self.default_permission, self.custom_permission]:
-            self.assertTrue(user.has_perm('auth.' + permission.codename))
-            self.assertFalse(user.has_perm('auth_tests.' + permission.codename))
+            self.assertTrue(user.has_perm("auth." + permission.codename))
+            self.assertFalse(user.has_perm("auth_tests." + permission.codename))
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             update_proxy_permissions.update_proxy_model_permissions(apps, editor)
         # Reload user to purge the _perm_cache.
         user = User._default_manager.get(pk=user.pk)
         for permission in [self.default_permission, self.custom_permission]:
-            self.assertFalse(user.has_perm('auth.' + permission.codename))
-            self.assertTrue(user.has_perm('auth_tests.' + permission.codename))
+            self.assertFalse(user.has_perm("auth." + permission.codename))
+            self.assertTrue(user.has_perm("auth_tests." + permission.codename))
 
     def test_migrate_backwards(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             update_proxy_permissions.update_proxy_model_permissions(apps, editor)
             update_proxy_permissions.revert_proxy_model_permissions(apps, editor)
         self.default_permission.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(self.default_permission.content_type, self.concrete_content_type)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.default_permission.content_type, self.concrete_content_type
+        )
         self.custom_permission.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(self.custom_permission.content_type, self.concrete_content_type)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.custom_permission.content_type, self.concrete_content_type
+        )
 
     def test_user_keeps_same_permissions_after_migrating_backward(self):
         user = User.objects.create()
         user.user_permissions.add(self.default_permission)
         user.user_permissions.add(self.custom_permission)
         for permission in [self.default_permission, self.custom_permission]:
-            self.assertTrue(user.has_perm('auth.' + permission.codename))
-            self.assertFalse(user.has_perm('auth_tests.' + permission.codename))
+            self.assertTrue(user.has_perm("auth." + permission.codename))
+            self.assertFalse(user.has_perm("auth_tests." + permission.codename))
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             update_proxy_permissions.update_proxy_model_permissions(apps, editor)
             update_proxy_permissions.revert_proxy_model_permissions(apps, editor)
         # Reload user to purge the _perm_cache.
         user = User._default_manager.get(pk=user.pk)
         for permission in [self.default_permission, self.custom_permission]:
-            self.assertTrue(user.has_perm('auth.' + permission.codename))
-            self.assertFalse(user.has_perm('auth_tests.' + permission.codename))
+            self.assertTrue(user.has_perm("auth." + permission.codename))
+            self.assertFalse(user.has_perm("auth_tests." + permission.codename))
 
 
 class ProxyModelWithSameAppLabelTests(TransactionTestCase):
     available_apps = [
-        'auth_tests',
-        'django.contrib.auth',
-        'django.contrib.contenttypes',
+        "auth_tests",
+        "django.contrib.auth",
+        "django.contrib.contenttypes",
     ]
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -107,19 +119,25 @@ class ProxyModelWithSameAppLabelTests(TransactionTestCase):
         self.concrete_content_type = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Proxy)
         self.default_permission = Permission.objects.create(
             content_type=self.concrete_content_type,
-            codename='add_proxy',
-            name='Can add proxy',
+            codename="add_proxy",
+            name="Can add proxy",
         )
         self.custom_permission = Permission.objects.create(
             content_type=self.concrete_content_type,
-            codename='display_proxys',
-            name='May display proxys information',
+            codename="display_proxys",
+            name="May display proxys information",
         )
 
     def test_proxy_model_permissions_contenttype(self):
-        proxy_model_content_type = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Proxy, for_concrete_model=False)
-        self.assertEqual(self.default_permission.content_type, self.concrete_content_type)
-        self.assertEqual(self.custom_permission.content_type, self.concrete_content_type)
+        proxy_model_content_type = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(
+            Proxy, for_concrete_model=False
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.default_permission.content_type, self.concrete_content_type
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.custom_permission.content_type, self.concrete_content_type
+        )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             update_proxy_permissions.update_proxy_model_permissions(apps, editor)
         self.default_permission.refresh_from_db()
@@ -132,36 +150,40 @@ class ProxyModelWithSameAppLabelTests(TransactionTestCase):
         user.user_permissions.add(self.default_permission)
         user.user_permissions.add(self.custom_permission)
         for permission in [self.default_permission, self.custom_permission]:
-            self.assertTrue(user.has_perm('auth_tests.' + permission.codename))
+            self.assertTrue(user.has_perm("auth_tests." + permission.codename))
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             update_proxy_permissions.update_proxy_model_permissions(apps, editor)
         # Reload user to purge the _perm_cache.
         user = User._default_manager.get(pk=user.pk)
         for permission in [self.default_permission, self.custom_permission]:
-            self.assertTrue(user.has_perm('auth_tests.' + permission.codename))
+            self.assertTrue(user.has_perm("auth_tests." + permission.codename))
 
     def test_migrate_backwards(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             update_proxy_permissions.update_proxy_model_permissions(apps, editor)
             update_proxy_permissions.revert_proxy_model_permissions(apps, editor)
         self.default_permission.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(self.default_permission.content_type, self.concrete_content_type)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.default_permission.content_type, self.concrete_content_type
+        )
         self.custom_permission.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(self.custom_permission.content_type, self.concrete_content_type)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.custom_permission.content_type, self.concrete_content_type
+        )
 
     def test_user_keeps_same_permissions_after_migrating_backward(self):
         user = User.objects.create()
         user.user_permissions.add(self.default_permission)
         user.user_permissions.add(self.custom_permission)
         for permission in [self.default_permission, self.custom_permission]:
-            self.assertTrue(user.has_perm('auth_tests.' + permission.codename))
+            self.assertTrue(user.has_perm("auth_tests." + permission.codename))
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             update_proxy_permissions.update_proxy_model_permissions(apps, editor)
             update_proxy_permissions.revert_proxy_model_permissions(apps, editor)
         # Reload user to purge the _perm_cache.
         user = User._default_manager.get(pk=user.pk)
         for permission in [self.default_permission, self.custom_permission]:
-            self.assertTrue(user.has_perm('auth_tests.' + permission.codename))
+            self.assertTrue(user.has_perm("auth_tests." + permission.codename))
 
     def test_migrate_with_existing_target_permission(self):
         """
@@ -172,48 +194,52 @@ class ProxyModelWithSameAppLabelTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
         Output a reminder to audit relevant permissions.
         """
-        proxy_model_content_type = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Proxy, for_concrete_model=False)
-        Permission.objects.create(
-            content_type=proxy_model_content_type,
-            codename='add_proxy',
-            name='Can add proxy',
+        proxy_model_content_type = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(
+            Proxy, for_concrete_model=False
         )
         Permission.objects.create(
             content_type=proxy_model_content_type,
-            codename='display_proxys',
-            name='May display proxys information',
+            codename="add_proxy",
+            name="Can add proxy",
+        )
+        Permission.objects.create(
+            content_type=proxy_model_content_type,
+            codename="display_proxys",
+            name="May display proxys information",
         )
         with captured_stdout() as stdout:
             with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                 update_proxy_permissions.update_proxy_model_permissions(apps, editor)
-        self.assertIn('A problem arose migrating proxy model permissions', stdout.getvalue())
+        self.assertIn(
+            "A problem arose migrating proxy model permissions", stdout.getvalue()
+        )
 
 
 class MultiDBProxyModelAppLabelTests(TransactionTestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
     available_apps = [
-        'auth_tests',
-        'django.contrib.auth',
-        'django.contrib.contenttypes',
+        "auth_tests",
+        "django.contrib.auth",
+        "django.contrib.contenttypes",
     ]
 
     def setUp(self):
         ContentType.objects.all().delete()
-        Permission.objects.using('other').delete()
-        concrete_content_type = ContentType.objects.db_manager(
-            'other'
-        ).get_for_model(Proxy)
-        self.permission = Permission.objects.using('other').create(
+        Permission.objects.using("other").delete()
+        concrete_content_type = ContentType.objects.db_manager("other").get_for_model(
+            Proxy
+        )
+        self.permission = Permission.objects.using("other").create(
             content_type=concrete_content_type,
-            codename='add_proxy',
-            name='Can add proxy',
+            codename="add_proxy",
+            name="Can add proxy",
         )
 
     def test_migrate_other_database(self):
         proxy_model_content_type = ContentType.objects.db_manager(
-            'other'
+            "other"
         ).get_for_model(Proxy, for_concrete_model=False)
-        with connections['other'].schema_editor() as editor:
+        with connections["other"].schema_editor() as editor:
             update_proxy_permissions.update_proxy_model_permissions(apps, editor)
         self.permission.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertEqual(self.permission.content_type, proxy_model_content_type)
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/test_mixins.py b/tests/auth_tests/test_mixins.py
index 4f396fc208..fc92175f38 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/test_mixins.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/test_mixins.py
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ from unittest import mock
 
 from django.contrib.auth import models
 from django.contrib.auth.mixins import (
-    LoginRequiredMixin, PermissionRequiredMixin, UserPassesTestMixin,
+    LoginRequiredMixin,
+    PermissionRequiredMixin,
+    UserPassesTestMixin,
 )
 from django.contrib.auth.models import AnonymousUser
 from django.core.exceptions import PermissionDenied
@@ -12,13 +14,11 @@ from django.views.generic import View
 
 
 class AlwaysTrueMixin(UserPassesTestMixin):
-
     def test_func(self):
         return True
 
 
 class AlwaysFalseMixin(UserPassesTestMixin):
-
     def test_func(self):
         return False
 
@@ -36,13 +36,17 @@ class AlwaysFalseView(AlwaysFalseMixin, EmptyResponseView):
     pass
 
 
-class StackedMixinsView1(LoginRequiredMixin, PermissionRequiredMixin, EmptyResponseView):
-    permission_required = ['auth_tests.add_customuser', 'auth_tests.change_customuser']
+class StackedMixinsView1(
+    LoginRequiredMixin, PermissionRequiredMixin, EmptyResponseView
+):
+    permission_required = ["auth_tests.add_customuser", "auth_tests.change_customuser"]
     raise_exception = True
 
 
-class StackedMixinsView2(PermissionRequiredMixin, LoginRequiredMixin, EmptyResponseView):
-    permission_required = ['auth_tests.add_customuser', 'auth_tests.change_customuser']
+class StackedMixinsView2(
+    PermissionRequiredMixin, LoginRequiredMixin, EmptyResponseView
+):
+    permission_required = ["auth_tests.add_customuser", "auth_tests.change_customuser"]
     raise_exception = True
 
 
@@ -51,10 +55,12 @@ class AccessMixinTests(TestCase):
     factory = RequestFactory()
 
     def test_stacked_mixins_success(self):
-        user = models.User.objects.create(username='joe', password='qwerty')
-        perms = models.Permission.objects.filter(codename__in=('add_customuser', 'change_customuser'))
+        user = models.User.objects.create(username="joe", password="qwerty")
+        perms = models.Permission.objects.filter(
+            codename__in=("add_customuser", "change_customuser")
+        )
         user.user_permissions.add(*perms)
-        request = self.factory.get('/rand')
+        request = self.factory.get("/rand")
         request.user = user
 
         view = StackedMixinsView1.as_view()
@@ -66,10 +72,10 @@ class AccessMixinTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_stacked_mixins_missing_permission(self):
-        user = models.User.objects.create(username='joe', password='qwerty')
-        perms = models.Permission.objects.filter(codename__in=('add_customuser',))
+        user = models.User.objects.create(username="joe", password="qwerty")
+        perms = models.Permission.objects.filter(codename__in=("add_customuser",))
         user.user_permissions.add(*perms)
-        request = self.factory.get('/rand')
+        request = self.factory.get("/rand")
         request.user = user
 
         view = StackedMixinsView1.as_view()
@@ -81,9 +87,9 @@ class AccessMixinTests(TestCase):
             view(request)
 
     def test_access_mixin_permission_denied_response(self):
-        user = models.User.objects.create(username='joe', password='qwerty')
+        user = models.User.objects.create(username="joe", password="qwerty")
         # Authenticated users receive PermissionDenied.
-        request = self.factory.get('/rand')
+        request = self.factory.get("/rand")
         request.user = user
         view = AlwaysFalseView.as_view()
         with self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied):
@@ -92,28 +98,30 @@ class AccessMixinTests(TestCase):
         request.user = AnonymousUser()
         response = view(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(response.url, '/accounts/login/?next=/rand')
+        self.assertEqual(response.url, "/accounts/login/?next=/rand")
 
     def test_access_mixin_permission_denied_remote_login_url(self):
         class AView(AlwaysFalseView):
-            login_url = 'https://www.remote.example.com/login'
+            login_url = "https://www.remote.example.com/login"
 
         view = AView.as_view()
-        request = self.factory.get('/rand')
+        request = self.factory.get("/rand")
         request.user = AnonymousUser()
         response = view(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(
             response.url,
-            'https://www.remote.example.com/login?next=http%3A//testserver/rand',
+            "https://www.remote.example.com/login?next=http%3A//testserver/rand",
         )
 
-    @mock.patch.object(models.User, 'is_authenticated', False)
+    @mock.patch.object(models.User, "is_authenticated", False)
     def test_stacked_mixins_not_logged_in(self):
-        user = models.User.objects.create(username='joe', password='qwerty')
-        perms = models.Permission.objects.filter(codename__in=('add_customuser', 'change_customuser'))
+        user = models.User.objects.create(username="joe", password="qwerty")
+        perms = models.Permission.objects.filter(
+            codename__in=("add_customuser", "change_customuser")
+        )
         user.user_permissions.add(*perms)
-        request = self.factory.get('/rand')
+        request = self.factory.get("/rand")
         request.user = user
 
         view = StackedMixinsView1.as_view()
@@ -129,10 +137,10 @@ class UserPassesTestTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     factory = RequestFactory()
 
-    def _test_redirect(self, view=None, url='/accounts/login/?next=/rand'):
+    def _test_redirect(self, view=None, url="/accounts/login/?next=/rand"):
         if not view:
             view = AlwaysFalseView.as_view()
-        request = self.factory.get('/rand')
+        request = self.factory.get("/rand")
         request.user = AnonymousUser()
         response = view(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
@@ -143,27 +151,27 @@ class UserPassesTestTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_custom_redirect_url(self):
         class AView(AlwaysFalseView):
-            login_url = '/login/'
+            login_url = "/login/"
 
-        self._test_redirect(AView.as_view(), '/login/?next=/rand')
+        self._test_redirect(AView.as_view(), "/login/?next=/rand")
 
     def test_custom_redirect_parameter(self):
         class AView(AlwaysFalseView):
-            redirect_field_name = 'goto'
+            redirect_field_name = "goto"
 
-        self._test_redirect(AView.as_view(), '/accounts/login/?goto=/rand')
+        self._test_redirect(AView.as_view(), "/accounts/login/?goto=/rand")
 
     def test_no_redirect_parameter(self):
         class AView(AlwaysFalseView):
             redirect_field_name = None
 
-        self._test_redirect(AView.as_view(), '/accounts/login/')
+        self._test_redirect(AView.as_view(), "/accounts/login/")
 
     def test_raise_exception(self):
         class AView(AlwaysFalseView):
             raise_exception = True
 
-        request = self.factory.get('/rand')
+        request = self.factory.get("/rand")
         request.user = AnonymousUser()
         with self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied):
             AView.as_view()(request)
@@ -175,7 +183,7 @@ class UserPassesTestTests(SimpleTestCase):
             raise_exception = True
             permission_denied_message = msg
 
-        request = self.factory.get('/rand')
+        request = self.factory.get("/rand")
         request.user = AnonymousUser()
         view = AView.as_view()
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(PermissionDenied, msg):
@@ -190,7 +198,7 @@ class UserPassesTestTests(SimpleTestCase):
             def get_permission_denied_message(self):
                 return msg
 
-        request = self.factory.get('/rand')
+        request = self.factory.get("/rand")
         request.user = AnonymousUser()
         view = AView.as_view()
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(PermissionDenied, msg):
@@ -198,7 +206,7 @@ class UserPassesTestTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_user_passes(self):
         view = AlwaysTrueView.as_view()
-        request = self.factory.get('/rand')
+        request = self.factory.get("/rand")
         request.user = AnonymousUser()
         response = view(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
@@ -210,24 +218,25 @@ class LoginRequiredMixinTests(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.user = models.User.objects.create(username='joe', password='qwerty')
+        cls.user = models.User.objects.create(username="joe", password="qwerty")
 
     def test_login_required(self):
         """
         login_required works on a simple view wrapped in a login_required
         decorator.
         """
+
         class AView(LoginRequiredMixin, EmptyResponseView):
             pass
 
         view = AView.as_view()
 
-        request = self.factory.get('/rand')
+        request = self.factory.get("/rand")
         request.user = AnonymousUser()
         response = view(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual('/accounts/login/?next=/rand', response.url)
-        request = self.factory.get('/rand')
+        self.assertEqual("/accounts/login/?next=/rand", response.url)
+        request = self.factory.get("/rand")
         request.user = self.user
         response = view(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
@@ -239,24 +248,29 @@ class PermissionsRequiredMixinTests(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.user = models.User.objects.create(username='joe', password='qwerty')
-        perms = models.Permission.objects.filter(codename__in=('add_customuser', 'change_customuser'))
+        cls.user = models.User.objects.create(username="joe", password="qwerty")
+        perms = models.Permission.objects.filter(
+            codename__in=("add_customuser", "change_customuser")
+        )
         cls.user.user_permissions.add(*perms)
 
     def test_many_permissions_pass(self):
         class AView(PermissionRequiredMixin, EmptyResponseView):
-            permission_required = ['auth_tests.add_customuser', 'auth_tests.change_customuser']
+            permission_required = [
+                "auth_tests.add_customuser",
+                "auth_tests.change_customuser",
+            ]
 
-        request = self.factory.get('/rand')
+        request = self.factory.get("/rand")
         request.user = self.user
         resp = AView.as_view()(request)
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_single_permission_pass(self):
         class AView(PermissionRequiredMixin, EmptyResponseView):
-            permission_required = 'auth_tests.add_customuser'
+            permission_required = "auth_tests.add_customuser"
 
-        request = self.factory.get('/rand')
+        request = self.factory.get("/rand")
         request.user = self.user
         resp = AView.as_view()(request)
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 200)
@@ -264,11 +278,13 @@ class PermissionsRequiredMixinTests(TestCase):
     def test_permissioned_denied_redirect(self):
         class AView(PermissionRequiredMixin, EmptyResponseView):
             permission_required = [
-                'auth_tests.add_customuser', 'auth_tests.change_customuser', 'nonexistent-permission',
+                "auth_tests.add_customuser",
+                "auth_tests.change_customuser",
+                "nonexistent-permission",
             ]
 
         # Authenticated users receive PermissionDenied.
-        request = self.factory.get('/rand')
+        request = self.factory.get("/rand")
         request.user = self.user
         with self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied):
             AView.as_view()(request)
@@ -280,11 +296,13 @@ class PermissionsRequiredMixinTests(TestCase):
     def test_permissioned_denied_exception_raised(self):
         class AView(PermissionRequiredMixin, EmptyResponseView):
             permission_required = [
-                'auth_tests.add_customuser', 'auth_tests.change_customuser', 'nonexistent-permission',
+                "auth_tests.add_customuser",
+                "auth_tests.change_customuser",
+                "nonexistent-permission",
             ]
             raise_exception = True
 
-        request = self.factory.get('/rand')
+        request = self.factory.get("/rand")
         request.user = self.user
         with self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied):
             AView.as_view()(request)
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/test_models.py b/tests/auth_tests/test_models.py
index 01f523fdf2..f3fe553c66 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/test_models.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/test_models.py
@@ -6,73 +6,74 @@ from django.contrib.auth.backends import ModelBackend
 from django.contrib.auth.base_user import AbstractBaseUser
 from django.contrib.auth.hashers import get_hasher
 from django.contrib.auth.models import (
-    AnonymousUser, Group, Permission, User, UserManager,
+    AnonymousUser,
+    Group,
+    Permission,
+    User,
+    UserManager,
 )
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.core import mail
 from django.db import connection, migrations
 from django.db.migrations.state import ModelState, ProjectState
 from django.db.models.signals import post_save
-from django.test import (
-    SimpleTestCase, TestCase, TransactionTestCase, override_settings,
-)
+from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase, TransactionTestCase, override_settings
 
 from .models import CustomEmailField, IntegerUsernameUser
 
 
 class NaturalKeysTestCase(TestCase):
-
     def test_user_natural_key(self):
-        staff_user = User.objects.create_user(username='staff')
-        self.assertEqual(User.objects.get_by_natural_key('staff'), staff_user)
-        self.assertEqual(staff_user.natural_key(), ('staff',))
+        staff_user = User.objects.create_user(username="staff")
+        self.assertEqual(User.objects.get_by_natural_key("staff"), staff_user)
+        self.assertEqual(staff_user.natural_key(), ("staff",))
 
     def test_group_natural_key(self):
-        users_group = Group.objects.create(name='users')
-        self.assertEqual(Group.objects.get_by_natural_key('users'), users_group)
+        users_group = Group.objects.create(name="users")
+        self.assertEqual(Group.objects.get_by_natural_key("users"), users_group)
 
 
 class LoadDataWithoutNaturalKeysTestCase(TestCase):
-    fixtures = ['regular.json']
+    fixtures = ["regular.json"]
 
     def test_user_is_created_and_added_to_group(self):
-        user = User.objects.get(username='my_username')
-        group = Group.objects.get(name='my_group')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="my_username")
+        group = Group.objects.get(name="my_group")
         self.assertEqual(group, user.groups.get())
 
 
 class LoadDataWithNaturalKeysTestCase(TestCase):
-    fixtures = ['natural.json']
+    fixtures = ["natural.json"]
 
     def test_user_is_created_and_added_to_group(self):
-        user = User.objects.get(username='my_username')
-        group = Group.objects.get(name='my_group')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="my_username")
+        group = Group.objects.get(name="my_group")
         self.assertEqual(group, user.groups.get())
 
 
 class LoadDataWithNaturalKeysAndMultipleDatabasesTestCase(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     def test_load_data_with_user_permissions(self):
         # Create test contenttypes for both databases
         default_objects = [
-            ContentType.objects.db_manager('default').create(
-                model='examplemodela',
-                app_label='app_a',
+            ContentType.objects.db_manager("default").create(
+                model="examplemodela",
+                app_label="app_a",
             ),
-            ContentType.objects.db_manager('default').create(
-                model='examplemodelb',
-                app_label='app_b',
+            ContentType.objects.db_manager("default").create(
+                model="examplemodelb",
+                app_label="app_b",
             ),
         ]
         other_objects = [
-            ContentType.objects.db_manager('other').create(
-                model='examplemodelb',
-                app_label='app_b',
+            ContentType.objects.db_manager("other").create(
+                model="examplemodelb",
+                app_label="app_b",
             ),
-            ContentType.objects.db_manager('other').create(
-                model='examplemodela',
-                app_label='app_a',
+            ContentType.objects.db_manager("other").create(
+                model="examplemodela",
+                app_label="app_a",
             ),
         ]
 
@@ -89,15 +90,15 @@ class LoadDataWithNaturalKeysAndMultipleDatabasesTestCase(TestCase):
         )
 
         perm_default = Permission.objects.get_by_natural_key(
-            'delete_examplemodelb',
-            'app_b',
-            'examplemodelb',
+            "delete_examplemodelb",
+            "app_b",
+            "examplemodelb",
         )
 
-        perm_other = Permission.objects.db_manager('other').get_by_natural_key(
-            'delete_examplemodelb',
-            'app_b',
-            'examplemodelb',
+        perm_other = Permission.objects.db_manager("other").get_by_natural_key(
+            "delete_examplemodelb",
+            "app_b",
+            "examplemodelb",
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(perm_default.content_type_id, default_objects[1].id)
@@ -106,59 +107,65 @@ class LoadDataWithNaturalKeysAndMultipleDatabasesTestCase(TestCase):
 
 class UserManagerTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
     available_apps = [
-        'auth_tests',
-        'django.contrib.auth',
-        'django.contrib.contenttypes',
+        "auth_tests",
+        "django.contrib.auth",
+        "django.contrib.contenttypes",
     ]
 
     def test_create_user(self):
-        email_lowercase = 'normal@normal.com'
-        user = User.objects.create_user('user', email_lowercase)
+        email_lowercase = "normal@normal.com"
+        user = User.objects.create_user("user", email_lowercase)
         self.assertEqual(user.email, email_lowercase)
-        self.assertEqual(user.username, 'user')
+        self.assertEqual(user.username, "user")
         self.assertFalse(user.has_usable_password())
 
     def test_create_user_email_domain_normalize_rfc3696(self):
         # According to https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3696#section-3
         # the "@" symbol can be part of the local part of an email address
-        returned = UserManager.normalize_email(r'Abc\@DEF@EXAMPLE.com')
-        self.assertEqual(returned, r'Abc\@DEF@example.com')
+        returned = UserManager.normalize_email(r"Abc\@DEF@EXAMPLE.com")
+        self.assertEqual(returned, r"Abc\@DEF@example.com")
 
     def test_create_user_email_domain_normalize(self):
-        returned = UserManager.normalize_email('normal@DOMAIN.COM')
-        self.assertEqual(returned, 'normal@domain.com')
+        returned = UserManager.normalize_email("normal@DOMAIN.COM")
+        self.assertEqual(returned, "normal@domain.com")
 
     def test_create_user_email_domain_normalize_with_whitespace(self):
-        returned = UserManager.normalize_email(r'email\ with_whitespace@D.COM')
-        self.assertEqual(returned, r'email\ with_whitespace@d.com')
+        returned = UserManager.normalize_email(r"email\ with_whitespace@D.COM")
+        self.assertEqual(returned, r"email\ with_whitespace@d.com")
 
     def test_empty_username(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'The given username must be set'):
-            User.objects.create_user(username='')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "The given username must be set"):
+            User.objects.create_user(username="")
 
     def test_create_user_is_staff(self):
-        email = 'normal@normal.com'
-        user = User.objects.create_user('user', email, is_staff=True)
+        email = "normal@normal.com"
+        user = User.objects.create_user("user", email, is_staff=True)
         self.assertEqual(user.email, email)
-        self.assertEqual(user.username, 'user')
+        self.assertEqual(user.username, "user")
         self.assertTrue(user.is_staff)
 
     def test_create_super_user_raises_error_on_false_is_superuser(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Superuser must have is_superuser=True.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Superuser must have is_superuser=True."
+        ):
             User.objects.create_superuser(
-                username='test', email='test@test.com',
-                password='test', is_superuser=False,
+                username="test",
+                email="test@test.com",
+                password="test",
+                is_superuser=False,
             )
 
     def test_create_superuser_raises_error_on_false_is_staff(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Superuser must have is_staff=True.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Superuser must have is_staff=True."):
             User.objects.create_superuser(
-                username='test', email='test@test.com',
-                password='test', is_staff=False,
+                username="test",
+                email="test@test.com",
+                password="test",
+                is_staff=False,
             )
 
     def test_make_random_password(self):
-        allowed_chars = 'abcdefg'
+        allowed_chars = "abcdefg"
         password = UserManager().make_random_password(5, allowed_chars)
         self.assertEqual(len(password), 5)
         for char in password:
@@ -166,8 +173,8 @@ class UserManagerTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
 
     def test_runpython_manager_methods(self):
         def forwards(apps, schema_editor):
-            UserModel = apps.get_model('auth', 'User')
-            user = UserModel.objects.create_user('user1', password='secure')
+            UserModel = apps.get_model("auth", "User")
+            user = UserModel.objects.create_user("user1", password="secure")
             self.assertIsInstance(user, UserModel)
 
         operation = migrations.RunPython(forwards, migrations.RunPython.noop)
@@ -178,47 +185,48 @@ class UserManagerTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
         project_state.add_model(ModelState.from_model(ContentType))
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.state_forwards('test_manager_methods', new_state)
+            operation.state_forwards("test_manager_methods", new_state)
             operation.database_forwards(
-                'test_manager_methods',
+                "test_manager_methods",
                 editor,
                 project_state,
                 new_state,
             )
-        user = User.objects.get(username='user1')
-        self.assertTrue(user.check_password('secure'))
+        user = User.objects.get(username="user1")
+        self.assertTrue(user.check_password("secure"))
 
 
 class AbstractBaseUserTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_has_usable_password(self):
         """
         Passwords are usable even if they don't correspond to a hasher in
         settings.PASSWORD_HASHERS.
         """
-        self.assertIs(User(password='some-gibbberish').has_usable_password(), True)
+        self.assertIs(User(password="some-gibbberish").has_usable_password(), True)
 
     def test_normalize_username(self):
         self.assertEqual(IntegerUsernameUser().normalize_username(123), 123)
 
     def test_clean_normalize_username(self):
         # The normalization happens in AbstractBaseUser.clean()
-        ohm_username = 'iamtheΩ'  # U+2126 OHM SIGN
-        for model in ('auth.User', 'auth_tests.CustomUser'):
+        ohm_username = "iamtheΩ"  # U+2126 OHM SIGN
+        for model in ("auth.User", "auth_tests.CustomUser"):
             with self.subTest(model=model), self.settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL=model):
                 User = get_user_model()
-                user = User(**{User.USERNAME_FIELD: ohm_username, 'password': 'foo'})
+                user = User(**{User.USERNAME_FIELD: ohm_username, "password": "foo"})
                 user.clean()
                 username = user.get_username()
                 self.assertNotEqual(username, ohm_username)
-                self.assertEqual(username, 'iamtheΩ')  # U+03A9 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    username, "iamtheΩ"
+                )  # U+03A9 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA
 
     def test_default_email(self):
-        self.assertEqual(AbstractBaseUser.get_email_field_name(), 'email')
+        self.assertEqual(AbstractBaseUser.get_email_field_name(), "email")
 
     def test_custom_email(self):
         user = CustomEmailField()
-        self.assertEqual(user.get_email_field_name(), 'email_address')
+        self.assertEqual(user.get_email_field_name(), "email_address")
 
 
 class AbstractUserTestCase(TestCase):
@@ -231,12 +239,12 @@ class AbstractUserTestCase(TestCase):
             "connection": None,
             "html_message": None,
         }
-        user = User(email='foo@bar.com')
+        user = User(email="foo@bar.com")
         user.email_user(
             subject="Subject here",
             message="This is a message",
             from_email="from@domain.com",
-            **kwargs
+            **kwargs,
         )
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
         message = mail.outbox[0]
@@ -246,24 +254,26 @@ class AbstractUserTestCase(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(message.to, [user.email])
 
     def test_last_login_default(self):
-        user1 = User.objects.create(username='user1')
+        user1 = User.objects.create(username="user1")
         self.assertIsNone(user1.last_login)
 
-        user2 = User.objects.create_user(username='user2')
+        user2 = User.objects.create_user(username="user2")
         self.assertIsNone(user2.last_login)
 
     def test_user_clean_normalize_email(self):
-        user = User(username='user', password='foo', email='foo@BAR.com')
+        user = User(username="user", password="foo", email="foo@BAR.com")
         user.clean()
-        self.assertEqual(user.email, 'foo@bar.com')
+        self.assertEqual(user.email, "foo@bar.com")
 
     def test_user_double_save(self):
         """
         Calling user.save() twice should trigger password_changed() once.
         """
-        user = User.objects.create_user(username='user', password='foo')
-        user.set_password('bar')
-        with mock.patch('django.contrib.auth.password_validation.password_changed') as pw_changed:
+        user = User.objects.create_user(username="user", password="foo")
+        user.set_password("bar")
+        with mock.patch(
+            "django.contrib.auth.password_validation.password_changed"
+        ) as pw_changed:
             user.save()
             self.assertEqual(pw_changed.call_count, 1)
             user.save()
@@ -275,18 +285,20 @@ class AbstractUserTestCase(TestCase):
         password_changed() shouldn't be called if User.check_password()
         triggers a hash iteration upgrade.
         """
-        user = User.objects.create_user(username='user', password='foo')
+        user = User.objects.create_user(username="user", password="foo")
         initial_password = user.password
-        self.assertTrue(user.check_password('foo'))
-        hasher = get_hasher('default')
-        self.assertEqual('pbkdf2_sha256', hasher.algorithm)
+        self.assertTrue(user.check_password("foo"))
+        hasher = get_hasher("default")
+        self.assertEqual("pbkdf2_sha256", hasher.algorithm)
 
         old_iterations = hasher.iterations
         try:
             # Upgrade the password iterations
             hasher.iterations = old_iterations + 1
-            with mock.patch('django.contrib.auth.password_validation.password_changed') as pw_changed:
-                user.check_password('foo')
+            with mock.patch(
+                "django.contrib.auth.password_validation.password_changed"
+            ) as pw_changed:
+                user.check_password("foo")
                 self.assertEqual(pw_changed.call_count, 0)
             self.assertNotEqual(initial_password, user.password)
         finally:
@@ -294,137 +306,154 @@ class AbstractUserTestCase(TestCase):
 
 
 class CustomModelBackend(ModelBackend):
-    def with_perm(self, perm, is_active=True, include_superusers=True, backend=None, obj=None):
-        if obj is not None and obj.username == 'charliebrown':
+    def with_perm(
+        self, perm, is_active=True, include_superusers=True, backend=None, obj=None
+    ):
+        if obj is not None and obj.username == "charliebrown":
             return User.objects.filter(pk=obj.pk)
-        return User.objects.filter(username__startswith='charlie')
+        return User.objects.filter(username__startswith="charlie")
 
 
 class UserWithPermTestCase(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         content_type = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Group)
         cls.permission = Permission.objects.create(
-            name='test', content_type=content_type, codename='test',
+            name="test",
+            content_type=content_type,
+            codename="test",
         )
         # User with permission.
-        cls.user1 = User.objects.create_user('user 1', 'foo@example.com')
+        cls.user1 = User.objects.create_user("user 1", "foo@example.com")
         cls.user1.user_permissions.add(cls.permission)
         # User with group permission.
-        group1 = Group.objects.create(name='group 1')
+        group1 = Group.objects.create(name="group 1")
         group1.permissions.add(cls.permission)
-        group2 = Group.objects.create(name='group 2')
+        group2 = Group.objects.create(name="group 2")
         group2.permissions.add(cls.permission)
-        cls.user2 = User.objects.create_user('user 2', 'bar@example.com')
+        cls.user2 = User.objects.create_user("user 2", "bar@example.com")
         cls.user2.groups.add(group1, group2)
         # Users without permissions.
-        cls.user_charlie = User.objects.create_user('charlie', 'charlie@example.com')
-        cls.user_charlie_b = User.objects.create_user('charliebrown', 'charlie@brown.com')
+        cls.user_charlie = User.objects.create_user("charlie", "charlie@example.com")
+        cls.user_charlie_b = User.objects.create_user(
+            "charliebrown", "charlie@brown.com"
+        )
         # Superuser.
         cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
-            'superuser', 'superuser@example.com', 'superpassword',
+            "superuser",
+            "superuser@example.com",
+            "superpassword",
         )
         # Inactive user with permission.
         cls.inactive_user = User.objects.create_user(
-            'inactive_user', 'baz@example.com', is_active=False,
+            "inactive_user",
+            "baz@example.com",
+            is_active=False,
         )
         cls.inactive_user.user_permissions.add(cls.permission)
 
     def test_invalid_permission_name(self):
-        msg = 'Permission name should be in the form app_label.permission_codename.'
-        for perm in ('nodots', 'too.many.dots', '...', ''):
+        msg = "Permission name should be in the form app_label.permission_codename."
+        for perm in ("nodots", "too.many.dots", "...", ""):
             with self.subTest(perm), self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
                 User.objects.with_perm(perm)
 
     def test_invalid_permission_type(self):
-        msg = 'The `perm` argument must be a string or a permission instance.'
-        for perm in (b'auth.test', object(), None):
+        msg = "The `perm` argument must be a string or a permission instance."
+        for perm in (b"auth.test", object(), None):
             with self.subTest(perm), self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
                 User.objects.with_perm(perm)
 
     def test_invalid_backend_type(self):
-        msg = 'backend must be a dotted import path string (got %r).'
-        for backend in (b'auth_tests.CustomModelBackend', object()):
+        msg = "backend must be a dotted import path string (got %r)."
+        for backend in (b"auth_tests.CustomModelBackend", object()):
             with self.subTest(backend):
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg % backend):
-                    User.objects.with_perm('auth.test', backend=backend)
+                    User.objects.with_perm("auth.test", backend=backend)
 
     def test_basic(self):
         active_users = [self.user1, self.user2]
         tests = [
             ({}, [*active_users, self.superuser]),
-            ({'obj': self.user1}, []),
+            ({"obj": self.user1}, []),
             # Only inactive users.
-            ({'is_active': False}, [self.inactive_user]),
+            ({"is_active": False}, [self.inactive_user]),
             # All users.
-            ({'is_active': None}, [*active_users, self.superuser, self.inactive_user]),
+            ({"is_active": None}, [*active_users, self.superuser, self.inactive_user]),
             # Exclude superusers.
-            ({'include_superusers': False}, active_users),
+            ({"include_superusers": False}, active_users),
             (
-                {'include_superusers': False, 'is_active': False},
+                {"include_superusers": False, "is_active": False},
                 [self.inactive_user],
             ),
             (
-                {'include_superusers': False, 'is_active': None},
+                {"include_superusers": False, "is_active": None},
                 [*active_users, self.inactive_user],
             ),
         ]
         for kwargs, expected_users in tests:
-            for perm in ('auth.test', self.permission):
+            for perm in ("auth.test", self.permission):
                 with self.subTest(perm=perm, **kwargs):
                     self.assertCountEqual(
                         User.objects.with_perm(perm, **kwargs),
                         expected_users,
                     )
 
-    @override_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=['django.contrib.auth.backends.BaseBackend'])
+    @override_settings(
+        AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=["django.contrib.auth.backends.BaseBackend"]
+    )
     def test_backend_without_with_perm(self):
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(User.objects.with_perm('auth.test'), [])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(User.objects.with_perm("auth.test"), [])
 
     def test_nonexistent_permission(self):
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(User.objects.with_perm('auth.perm'), [self.superuser])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(User.objects.with_perm("auth.perm"), [self.superuser])
 
     def test_nonexistent_backend(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ImportError):
             User.objects.with_perm(
-                'auth.test',
-                backend='invalid.backend.CustomModelBackend',
+                "auth.test",
+                backend="invalid.backend.CustomModelBackend",
             )
 
-    @override_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=['auth_tests.test_models.CustomModelBackend'])
+    @override_settings(
+        AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=["auth_tests.test_models.CustomModelBackend"]
+    )
     def test_custom_backend(self):
-        for perm in ('auth.test', self.permission):
+        for perm in ("auth.test", self.permission):
             with self.subTest(perm):
                 self.assertCountEqual(
                     User.objects.with_perm(perm),
                     [self.user_charlie, self.user_charlie_b],
                 )
 
-    @override_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=['auth_tests.test_models.CustomModelBackend'])
+    @override_settings(
+        AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=["auth_tests.test_models.CustomModelBackend"]
+    )
     def test_custom_backend_pass_obj(self):
-        for perm in ('auth.test', self.permission):
+        for perm in ("auth.test", self.permission):
             with self.subTest(perm):
                 self.assertSequenceEqual(
                     User.objects.with_perm(perm, obj=self.user_charlie_b),
                     [self.user_charlie_b],
                 )
 
-    @override_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=[
-        'auth_tests.test_models.CustomModelBackend',
-        'django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=[
+            "auth_tests.test_models.CustomModelBackend",
+            "django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_multiple_backends(self):
         msg = (
-            'You have multiple authentication backends configured and '
-            'therefore must provide the `backend` argument.'
+            "You have multiple authentication backends configured and "
+            "therefore must provide the `backend` argument."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            User.objects.with_perm('auth.test')
+            User.objects.with_perm("auth.test")
 
-        backend = 'auth_tests.test_models.CustomModelBackend'
+        backend = "auth_tests.test_models.CustomModelBackend"
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            User.objects.with_perm('auth.test', backend=backend),
+            User.objects.with_perm("auth.test", backend=backend),
             [self.user_charlie, self.user_charlie_b],
         )
 
@@ -435,7 +464,7 @@ class IsActiveTestCase(TestCase):
     """
 
     def test_builtin_user_isactive(self):
-        user = User.objects.create(username='foo', email='foo@bar.com')
+        user = User.objects.create(username="foo", email="foo@bar.com")
         # is_active is true by default
         self.assertIs(user.is_active, True)
         user.is_active = False
@@ -444,13 +473,13 @@ class IsActiveTestCase(TestCase):
         # the is_active flag is saved
         self.assertFalse(user_fetched.is_active)
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.IsActiveTestUser1')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.IsActiveTestUser1")
     def test_is_active_field_default(self):
         """
         tests that the default value for is_active is provided
         """
         UserModel = get_user_model()
-        user = UserModel(username='foo')
+        user = UserModel(username="foo")
         self.assertIs(user.is_active, True)
         # you can set the attribute - but it will not save
         user.is_active = False
@@ -465,6 +494,7 @@ class TestCreateSuperUserSignals(TestCase):
     """
     Simple test case for ticket #20541
     """
+
     def post_save_listener(self, *args, **kwargs):
         self.signals_count += 1
 
@@ -492,8 +522,8 @@ class AnonymousUserTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_properties(self):
         self.assertIsNone(self.user.pk)
-        self.assertEqual(self.user.username, '')
-        self.assertEqual(self.user.get_username(), '')
+        self.assertEqual(self.user.username, "")
+        self.assertEqual(self.user.get_username(), "")
         self.assertIs(self.user.is_anonymous, True)
         self.assertIs(self.user.is_authenticated, False)
         self.assertIs(self.user.is_staff, False)
@@ -505,19 +535,19 @@ class AnonymousUserTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(self.user.get_group_permissions(), set())
 
     def test_str(self):
-        self.assertEqual(str(self.user), 'AnonymousUser')
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.user), "AnonymousUser")
 
     def test_eq(self):
         self.assertEqual(self.user, AnonymousUser())
-        self.assertNotEqual(self.user, User('super', 'super@example.com', 'super'))
+        self.assertNotEqual(self.user, User("super", "super@example.com", "super"))
 
     def test_hash(self):
         self.assertEqual(hash(self.user), 1)
 
     def test_int(self):
         msg = (
-            'Cannot cast AnonymousUser to int. Are you trying to use it in '
-            'place of User?'
+            "Cannot cast AnonymousUser to int. Are you trying to use it in "
+            "place of User?"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             int(self.user)
@@ -532,20 +562,22 @@ class AnonymousUserTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_set_password(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, self.no_repr_msg):
-            self.user.set_password('password')
+            self.user.set_password("password")
 
     def test_check_password(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, self.no_repr_msg):
-            self.user.check_password('password')
+            self.user.check_password("password")
 
 
 class GroupTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_str(self):
-        g = Group(name='Users')
-        self.assertEqual(str(g), 'Users')
+        g = Group(name="Users")
+        self.assertEqual(str(g), "Users")
 
 
 class PermissionTests(TestCase):
     def test_str(self):
-        p = Permission.objects.get(codename='view_customemailfield')
-        self.assertEqual(str(p), 'auth_tests | custom email field | Can view custom email field')
+        p = Permission.objects.get(codename="view_customemailfield")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            str(p), "auth_tests | custom email field | Can view custom email field"
+        )
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/test_remote_user.py b/tests/auth_tests/test_remote_user.py
index 3756f557a2..bd974cb1d5 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/test_remote_user.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/test_remote_user.py
@@ -10,22 +10,22 @@ from django.test import Client, TestCase, modify_settings, override_settings
 from django.utils import timezone
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='auth_tests.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="auth_tests.urls")
 class RemoteUserTest(TestCase):
 
-    middleware = 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.RemoteUserMiddleware'
-    backend = 'django.contrib.auth.backends.RemoteUserBackend'
-    header = 'REMOTE_USER'
-    email_header = 'REMOTE_EMAIL'
+    middleware = "django.contrib.auth.middleware.RemoteUserMiddleware"
+    backend = "django.contrib.auth.backends.RemoteUserBackend"
+    header = "REMOTE_USER"
+    email_header = "REMOTE_EMAIL"
 
     # Usernames to be passed in REMOTE_USER for the test_known_user test case.
-    known_user = 'knownuser'
-    known_user2 = 'knownuser2'
+    known_user = "knownuser"
+    known_user2 = "knownuser2"
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.patched_settings = modify_settings(
-            AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS={'append': self.backend},
-            MIDDLEWARE={'append': self.middleware},
+            AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS={"append": self.backend},
+            MIDDLEWARE={"append": self.middleware},
         )
         self.patched_settings.enable()
 
@@ -36,16 +36,16 @@ class RemoteUserTest(TestCase):
         """Users are not created when remote user is not specified."""
         num_users = User.objects.count()
 
-        response = self.client.get('/remote_user/')
-        self.assertTrue(response.context['user'].is_anonymous)
+        response = self.client.get("/remote_user/")
+        self.assertTrue(response.context["user"].is_anonymous)
         self.assertEqual(User.objects.count(), num_users)
 
-        response = self.client.get('/remote_user/', **{self.header: None})
-        self.assertTrue(response.context['user'].is_anonymous)
+        response = self.client.get("/remote_user/", **{self.header: None})
+        self.assertTrue(response.context["user"].is_anonymous)
         self.assertEqual(User.objects.count(), num_users)
 
-        response = self.client.get('/remote_user/', **{self.header: ''})
-        self.assertTrue(response.context['user'].is_anonymous)
+        response = self.client.get("/remote_user/", **{self.header: ""})
+        self.assertTrue(response.context["user"].is_anonymous)
         self.assertEqual(User.objects.count(), num_users)
 
     def test_csrf_validation_passes_after_process_request_login(self):
@@ -58,14 +58,14 @@ class RemoteUserTest(TestCase):
         csrf_secret = _get_new_csrf_string()
         csrf_token = _mask_cipher_secret(csrf_secret)
         csrf_token_form = _mask_cipher_secret(csrf_secret)
-        headers = {self.header: 'fakeuser'}
-        data = {'csrfmiddlewaretoken': csrf_token_form}
+        headers = {self.header: "fakeuser"}
+        data = {"csrfmiddlewaretoken": csrf_token_form}
 
         # Verify that CSRF is configured for the view
         csrf_client.cookies.load({settings.CSRF_COOKIE_NAME: csrf_token})
-        response = csrf_client.post('/remote_user/', **headers)
+        response = csrf_client.post("/remote_user/", **headers)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
-        self.assertIn(b'CSRF verification failed.', response.content)
+        self.assertIn(b"CSRF verification failed.", response.content)
 
         # This request will call django.contrib.auth.login() which will call
         # django.middleware.csrf.rotate_token() thus changing the value of
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class RemoteUserTest(TestCase):
         # by rotate_token(). Csrf validation should still pass when the view is
         # later processed by CsrfViewMiddleware.process_view()
         csrf_client.cookies.load({settings.CSRF_COOKIE_NAME: csrf_token})
-        response = csrf_client.post('/remote_user/', data, **headers)
+        response = csrf_client.post("/remote_user/", data, **headers)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_unknown_user(self):
@@ -83,31 +83,29 @@ class RemoteUserTest(TestCase):
         as a User.
         """
         num_users = User.objects.count()
-        response = self.client.get('/remote_user/', **{self.header: 'newuser'})
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'newuser')
+        response = self.client.get("/remote_user/", **{self.header: "newuser"})
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["user"].username, "newuser")
         self.assertEqual(User.objects.count(), num_users + 1)
-        User.objects.get(username='newuser')
+        User.objects.get(username="newuser")
 
         # Another request with same user should not create any new users.
-        response = self.client.get('/remote_user/', **{self.header: 'newuser'})
+        response = self.client.get("/remote_user/", **{self.header: "newuser"})
         self.assertEqual(User.objects.count(), num_users + 1)
 
     def test_known_user(self):
         """
         Tests the case where the username passed in the header is a valid User.
         """
-        User.objects.create(username='knownuser')
-        User.objects.create(username='knownuser2')
+        User.objects.create(username="knownuser")
+        User.objects.create(username="knownuser2")
         num_users = User.objects.count()
-        response = self.client.get('/remote_user/',
-                                   **{self.header: self.known_user})
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'knownuser')
+        response = self.client.get("/remote_user/", **{self.header: self.known_user})
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["user"].username, "knownuser")
         self.assertEqual(User.objects.count(), num_users)
         # A different user passed in the headers causes the new user
         # to be logged in.
-        response = self.client.get('/remote_user/',
-                                   **{self.header: self.known_user2})
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'knownuser2')
+        response = self.client.get("/remote_user/", **{self.header: self.known_user2})
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["user"].username, "knownuser2")
         self.assertEqual(User.objects.count(), num_users)
 
     def test_last_login(self):
@@ -115,7 +113,7 @@ class RemoteUserTest(TestCase):
         A user's last_login is set the first time they make a
         request but not updated in subsequent requests with the same session.
         """
-        user = User.objects.create(username='knownuser')
+        user = User.objects.create(username="knownuser")
         # Set last_login to something so we can determine if it changes.
         default_login = datetime(2000, 1, 1)
         if settings.USE_TZ:
@@ -123,64 +121,60 @@ class RemoteUserTest(TestCase):
         user.last_login = default_login
         user.save()
 
-        response = self.client.get('/remote_user/',
-                                   **{self.header: self.known_user})
-        self.assertNotEqual(default_login, response.context['user'].last_login)
+        response = self.client.get("/remote_user/", **{self.header: self.known_user})
+        self.assertNotEqual(default_login, response.context["user"].last_login)
 
-        user = User.objects.get(username='knownuser')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="knownuser")
         user.last_login = default_login
         user.save()
-        response = self.client.get('/remote_user/',
-                                   **{self.header: self.known_user})
-        self.assertEqual(default_login, response.context['user'].last_login)
+        response = self.client.get("/remote_user/", **{self.header: self.known_user})
+        self.assertEqual(default_login, response.context["user"].last_login)
 
     def test_header_disappears(self):
         """
         A logged in user is logged out automatically when
         the REMOTE_USER header disappears during the same browser session.
         """
-        User.objects.create(username='knownuser')
+        User.objects.create(username="knownuser")
         # Known user authenticates
-        response = self.client.get('/remote_user/',
-                                   **{self.header: self.known_user})
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'knownuser')
+        response = self.client.get("/remote_user/", **{self.header: self.known_user})
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["user"].username, "knownuser")
         # During the session, the REMOTE_USER header disappears. Should trigger logout.
-        response = self.client.get('/remote_user/')
-        self.assertTrue(response.context['user'].is_anonymous)
+        response = self.client.get("/remote_user/")
+        self.assertTrue(response.context["user"].is_anonymous)
         # verify the remoteuser middleware will not remove a user
         # authenticated via another backend
-        User.objects.create_user(username='modeluser', password='foo')
-        self.client.login(username='modeluser', password='foo')
-        authenticate(username='modeluser', password='foo')
-        response = self.client.get('/remote_user/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'modeluser')
+        User.objects.create_user(username="modeluser", password="foo")
+        self.client.login(username="modeluser", password="foo")
+        authenticate(username="modeluser", password="foo")
+        response = self.client.get("/remote_user/")
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["user"].username, "modeluser")
 
     def test_user_switch_forces_new_login(self):
         """
         If the username in the header changes between requests
         that the original user is logged out
         """
-        User.objects.create(username='knownuser')
+        User.objects.create(username="knownuser")
         # Known user authenticates
-        response = self.client.get('/remote_user/',
-                                   **{self.header: self.known_user})
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'knownuser')
+        response = self.client.get("/remote_user/", **{self.header: self.known_user})
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["user"].username, "knownuser")
         # During the session, the REMOTE_USER changes to a different user.
-        response = self.client.get('/remote_user/',
-                                   **{self.header: "newnewuser"})
+        response = self.client.get("/remote_user/", **{self.header: "newnewuser"})
         # The current user is not the prior remote_user.
         # In backends that create a new user, username is "newnewuser"
         # In backends that do not create new users, it is '' (anonymous user)
-        self.assertNotEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'knownuser')
+        self.assertNotEqual(response.context["user"].username, "knownuser")
 
     def test_inactive_user(self):
-        User.objects.create(username='knownuser', is_active=False)
-        response = self.client.get('/remote_user/', **{self.header: 'knownuser'})
-        self.assertTrue(response.context['user'].is_anonymous)
+        User.objects.create(username="knownuser", is_active=False)
+        response = self.client.get("/remote_user/", **{self.header: "knownuser"})
+        self.assertTrue(response.context["user"].is_anonymous)
 
 
 class RemoteUserNoCreateBackend(RemoteUserBackend):
     """Backend that doesn't create unknown users."""
+
     create_unknown_user = False
 
 
@@ -190,23 +184,24 @@ class RemoteUserNoCreateTest(RemoteUserTest):
     class that doesn't create unknown users.
     """
 
-    backend = 'auth_tests.test_remote_user.RemoteUserNoCreateBackend'
+    backend = "auth_tests.test_remote_user.RemoteUserNoCreateBackend"
 
     def test_unknown_user(self):
         num_users = User.objects.count()
-        response = self.client.get('/remote_user/', **{self.header: 'newuser'})
-        self.assertTrue(response.context['user'].is_anonymous)
+        response = self.client.get("/remote_user/", **{self.header: "newuser"})
+        self.assertTrue(response.context["user"].is_anonymous)
         self.assertEqual(User.objects.count(), num_users)
 
 
 class AllowAllUsersRemoteUserBackendTest(RemoteUserTest):
     """Backend that allows inactive users."""
-    backend = 'django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersRemoteUserBackend'
+
+    backend = "django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersRemoteUserBackend"
 
     def test_inactive_user(self):
-        user = User.objects.create(username='knownuser', is_active=False)
-        response = self.client.get('/remote_user/', **{self.header: self.known_user})
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, user.username)
+        user = User.objects.create(username="knownuser", is_active=False)
+        response = self.client.get("/remote_user/", **{self.header: self.known_user})
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["user"].username, user.username)
 
 
 class CustomRemoteUserBackend(RemoteUserBackend):
@@ -218,13 +213,13 @@ class CustomRemoteUserBackend(RemoteUserBackend):
         """
         Grabs username before the @ character.
         """
-        return username.split('@')[0]
+        return username.split("@")[0]
 
     def configure_user(self, request, user):
         """
         Sets user's email address using the email specified in an HTTP header.
         """
-        user.email = request.META.get(RemoteUserTest.email_header, '')
+        user.email = request.META.get(RemoteUserTest.email_header, "")
         user.save()
         return user
 
@@ -235,11 +230,11 @@ class RemoteUserCustomTest(RemoteUserTest):
     and configure_user methods.
     """
 
-    backend = 'auth_tests.test_remote_user.CustomRemoteUserBackend'
+    backend = "auth_tests.test_remote_user.CustomRemoteUserBackend"
     # REMOTE_USER strings with email addresses for the custom backend to
     # clean.
-    known_user = 'knownuser@example.com'
-    known_user2 = 'knownuser2@example.com'
+    known_user = "knownuser@example.com"
+    known_user2 = "knownuser2@example.com"
 
     def test_known_user(self):
         """
@@ -247,8 +242,8 @@ class RemoteUserCustomTest(RemoteUserTest):
         should not have been configured with an email address.
         """
         super().test_known_user()
-        self.assertEqual(User.objects.get(username='knownuser').email, '')
-        self.assertEqual(User.objects.get(username='knownuser2').email, '')
+        self.assertEqual(User.objects.get(username="knownuser").email, "")
+        self.assertEqual(User.objects.get(username="knownuser2").email, "")
 
     def test_unknown_user(self):
         """
@@ -256,22 +251,26 @@ class RemoteUserCustomTest(RemoteUserTest):
         provided in the request header.
         """
         num_users = User.objects.count()
-        response = self.client.get('/remote_user/', **{
-            self.header: 'newuser',
-            self.email_header: 'user@example.com',
-        })
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'newuser')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].email, 'user@example.com')
+        response = self.client.get(
+            "/remote_user/",
+            **{
+                self.header: "newuser",
+                self.email_header: "user@example.com",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["user"].username, "newuser")
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["user"].email, "user@example.com")
         self.assertEqual(User.objects.count(), num_users + 1)
-        newuser = User.objects.get(username='newuser')
-        self.assertEqual(newuser.email, 'user@example.com')
+        newuser = User.objects.get(username="newuser")
+        self.assertEqual(newuser.email, "user@example.com")
 
 
 class CustomHeaderMiddleware(RemoteUserMiddleware):
     """
     Middleware that overrides custom HTTP auth user header.
     """
-    header = 'HTTP_AUTHUSER'
+
+    header = "HTTP_AUTHUSER"
 
 
 class CustomHeaderRemoteUserTest(RemoteUserTest):
@@ -279,10 +278,9 @@ class CustomHeaderRemoteUserTest(RemoteUserTest):
     Tests a custom RemoteUserMiddleware subclass with custom HTTP auth user
     header.
     """
-    middleware = (
-        'auth_tests.test_remote_user.CustomHeaderMiddleware'
-    )
-    header = 'HTTP_AUTHUSER'
+
+    middleware = "auth_tests.test_remote_user.CustomHeaderMiddleware"
+    header = "HTTP_AUTHUSER"
 
 
 class PersistentRemoteUserTest(RemoteUserTest):
@@ -290,7 +288,8 @@ class PersistentRemoteUserTest(RemoteUserTest):
     PersistentRemoteUserMiddleware keeps the user logged in even if the
     subsequent calls do not contain the header value.
     """
-    middleware = 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.PersistentRemoteUserMiddleware'
+
+    middleware = "django.contrib.auth.middleware.PersistentRemoteUserMiddleware"
     require_header = False
 
     def test_header_disappears(self):
@@ -298,11 +297,11 @@ class PersistentRemoteUserTest(RemoteUserTest):
         A logged in user is kept logged in even if the REMOTE_USER header
         disappears during the same browser session.
         """
-        User.objects.create(username='knownuser')
+        User.objects.create(username="knownuser")
         # Known user authenticates
-        response = self.client.get('/remote_user/', **{self.header: self.known_user})
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'knownuser')
+        response = self.client.get("/remote_user/", **{self.header: self.known_user})
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["user"].username, "knownuser")
         # Should stay logged in if the REMOTE_USER header disappears.
-        response = self.client.get('/remote_user/')
-        self.assertFalse(response.context['user'].is_anonymous)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'knownuser')
+        response = self.client.get("/remote_user/")
+        self.assertFalse(response.context["user"].is_anonymous)
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["user"].username, "knownuser")
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/test_signals.py b/tests/auth_tests/test_signals.py
index 93b6c82366..a573fcb9dc 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/test_signals.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/test_signals.py
@@ -8,13 +8,12 @@ from django.test.client import RequestFactory
 from .models import MinimalUser, UserWithDisabledLastLoginField
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='auth_tests.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="auth_tests.urls")
 class SignalTestCase(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.u1 = User.objects.create_user(username='testclient', password='password')
-        cls.u3 = User.objects.create_user(username='staff', password='password')
+        cls.u1 = User.objects.create_user(username="testclient", password="password")
+        cls.u3 = User.objects.create_user(username="staff", password="password")
 
     def listener_login(self, user, **kwargs):
         self.logged_in.append(user)
@@ -42,18 +41,18 @@ class SignalTestCase(TestCase):
 
     def test_login(self):
         # Only a successful login will trigger the success signal.
-        self.client.login(username='testclient', password='bad')
+        self.client.login(username="testclient", password="bad")
         self.assertEqual(len(self.logged_in), 0)
         self.assertEqual(len(self.login_failed), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(self.login_failed[0]['credentials']['username'], 'testclient')
+        self.assertEqual(self.login_failed[0]["credentials"]["username"], "testclient")
         # verify the password is cleansed
-        self.assertIn('***', self.login_failed[0]['credentials']['password'])
-        self.assertIn('request', self.login_failed[0])
+        self.assertIn("***", self.login_failed[0]["credentials"]["password"])
+        self.assertIn("request", self.login_failed[0])
 
         # Like this:
-        self.client.login(username='testclient', password='password')
+        self.client.login(username="testclient", password="password")
         self.assertEqual(len(self.logged_in), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(self.logged_in[0].username, 'testclient')
+        self.assertEqual(self.logged_in[0].username, "testclient")
 
         # Ensure there were no more failures.
         self.assertEqual(len(self.login_failed), 1)
@@ -61,15 +60,15 @@ class SignalTestCase(TestCase):
     def test_logout_anonymous(self):
         # The log_out function will still trigger the signal for anonymous
         # users.
-        self.client.get('/logout/next_page/')
+        self.client.get("/logout/next_page/")
         self.assertEqual(len(self.logged_out), 1)
         self.assertIsNone(self.logged_out[0])
 
     def test_logout(self):
-        self.client.login(username='testclient', password='password')
-        self.client.get('/logout/next_page/')
+        self.client.login(username="testclient", password="password")
+        self.client.get("/logout/next_page/")
         self.assertEqual(len(self.logged_out), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(self.logged_out[0].username, 'testclient')
+        self.assertEqual(self.logged_out[0].username, "testclient")
 
     def test_update_last_login(self):
         """Only `last_login` is updated in `update_last_login`"""
@@ -77,15 +76,15 @@ class SignalTestCase(TestCase):
         old_last_login = user.last_login
 
         user.username = "This username shouldn't get saved"
-        request = RequestFactory().get('/login')
+        request = RequestFactory().get("/login")
         signals.user_logged_in.send(sender=user.__class__, request=request, user=user)
         user = User.objects.get(pk=user.pk)
-        self.assertEqual(user.username, 'staff')
+        self.assertEqual(user.username, "staff")
         self.assertNotEqual(user.last_login, old_last_login)
 
     def test_failed_login_without_request(self):
-        authenticate(username='testclient', password='bad')
-        self.assertIsNone(self.login_failed[0]['request'])
+        authenticate(username="testclient", password="bad")
+        self.assertIsNone(self.login_failed[0]["request"])
 
     def test_login_with_custom_user_without_last_login_field(self):
         """
@@ -96,19 +95,21 @@ class SignalTestCase(TestCase):
         try:
             signals.user_logged_in.receivers = []
             with self.assertRaises(FieldDoesNotExist):
-                MinimalUser._meta.get_field('last_login')
-            with self.settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.MinimalUser'):
-                apps.get_app_config('auth').ready()
+                MinimalUser._meta.get_field("last_login")
+            with self.settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.MinimalUser"):
+                apps.get_app_config("auth").ready()
             self.assertEqual(signals.user_logged_in.receivers, [])
 
             # last_login is a property whose value is None.
             self.assertIsNone(UserWithDisabledLastLoginField().last_login)
-            with self.settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.UserWithDisabledLastLoginField'):
-                apps.get_app_config('auth').ready()
+            with self.settings(
+                AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.UserWithDisabledLastLoginField"
+            ):
+                apps.get_app_config("auth").ready()
             self.assertEqual(signals.user_logged_in.receivers, [])
 
-            with self.settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth.User'):
-                apps.get_app_config('auth').ready()
+            with self.settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth.User"):
+                apps.get_app_config("auth").ready()
             self.assertEqual(len(signals.user_logged_in.receivers), 1)
         finally:
             signals.user_logged_in.receivers = last_login_receivers
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/test_templates.py b/tests/auth_tests/test_templates.py
index 02f39a9cbf..ceecfa3325 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/test_templates.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/test_templates.py
@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@ from django.contrib.auth import authenticate
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.contrib.auth.tokens import PasswordResetTokenGenerator
 from django.contrib.auth.views import (
-    PasswordChangeDoneView, PasswordChangeView, PasswordResetCompleteView,
-    PasswordResetDoneView, PasswordResetView,
+    PasswordChangeDoneView,
+    PasswordChangeView,
+    PasswordResetCompleteView,
+    PasswordResetDoneView,
+    PasswordResetView,
 )
 from django.test import RequestFactory, TestCase, override_settings
 from django.urls import reverse
@@ -15,35 +18,43 @@ from .client import PasswordResetConfirmClient
 from .models import CustomUser
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='auth_tests.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="auth_tests.urls")
 class AuthTemplateTests(TestCase):
     request_factory = RequestFactory()
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        user = User.objects.create_user('jsmith', 'jsmith@example.com', 'pass')
-        user = authenticate(username=user.username, password='pass')
-        request = cls.request_factory.get('/somepath/')
+        user = User.objects.create_user("jsmith", "jsmith@example.com", "pass")
+        user = authenticate(username=user.username, password="pass")
+        request = cls.request_factory.get("/somepath/")
         request.user = user
         cls.user, cls.request = user, request
 
     def test_password_reset_view(self):
-        response = PasswordResetView.as_view(success_url='dummy/')(self.request)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<title>Password reset | Django site admin</title>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Password reset</h1>')
+        response = PasswordResetView.as_view(success_url="dummy/")(self.request)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "<title>Password reset | Django site admin</title>"
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>Password reset</h1>")
 
     def test_password_reset_done_view(self):
         response = PasswordResetDoneView.as_view()(self.request)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<title>Password reset sent | Django site admin</title>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Password reset sent</h1>')
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "<title>Password reset sent | Django site admin</title>"
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>Password reset sent</h1>")
 
     def test_password_reset_confirm_view_invalid_token(self):
         # PasswordResetConfirmView invalid token
         client = PasswordResetConfirmClient()
-        url = reverse('password_reset_confirm', kwargs={'uidb64': 'Bad', 'token': 'Bad-Token'})
+        url = reverse(
+            "password_reset_confirm", kwargs={"uidb64": "Bad", "token": "Bad-Token"}
+        )
         response = client.get(url)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<title>Password reset unsuccessful | Django site admin</title>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Password reset unsuccessful</h1>')
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "<title>Password reset unsuccessful | Django site admin</title>"
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>Password reset unsuccessful</h1>")
 
     def test_password_reset_confirm_view_valid_token(self):
         # PasswordResetConfirmView valid token
@@ -51,10 +62,14 @@ class AuthTemplateTests(TestCase):
         default_token_generator = PasswordResetTokenGenerator()
         token = default_token_generator.make_token(self.user)
         uidb64 = urlsafe_base64_encode(str(self.user.pk).encode())
-        url = reverse('password_reset_confirm', kwargs={'uidb64': uidb64, 'token': token})
+        url = reverse(
+            "password_reset_confirm", kwargs={"uidb64": uidb64, "token": token}
+        )
         response = client.get(url)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<title>Enter new password | Django site admin</title>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Enter new password</h1>')
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "<title>Enter new password | Django site admin</title>"
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>Enter new password</h1>")
         # The username is added to the password reset confirmation form to help
         # browser's password managers.
         self.assertContains(
@@ -62,24 +77,26 @@ class AuthTemplateTests(TestCase):
             '<input class="hidden" autocomplete="username" value="jsmith">',
         )
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUser')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUser")
     def test_password_reset_confirm_view_custom_username_hint(self):
         custom_user = CustomUser.custom_objects.create_user(
-            email='joe@example.com',
+            email="joe@example.com",
             date_of_birth=date(1986, 11, 11),
-            first_name='Joe',
+            first_name="Joe",
         )
         client = PasswordResetConfirmClient()
         default_token_generator = PasswordResetTokenGenerator()
         token = default_token_generator.make_token(custom_user)
         uidb64 = urlsafe_base64_encode(str(custom_user.pk).encode())
-        url = reverse('password_reset_confirm', kwargs={'uidb64': uidb64, 'token': token})
+        url = reverse(
+            "password_reset_confirm", kwargs={"uidb64": uidb64, "token": token}
+        )
         response = client.get(url)
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<title>Enter new password | Django site admin</title>',
+            "<title>Enter new password | Django site admin</title>",
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Enter new password</h1>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>Enter new password</h1>")
         # The username field is added to the password reset confirmation form
         # to help browser's password managers.
         self.assertContains(
@@ -89,15 +106,21 @@ class AuthTemplateTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_password_reset_complete_view(self):
         response = PasswordResetCompleteView.as_view()(self.request)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<title>Password reset complete | Django site admin</title>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Password reset complete</h1>')
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "<title>Password reset complete | Django site admin</title>"
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>Password reset complete</h1>")
 
     def test_password_reset_change_view(self):
-        response = PasswordChangeView.as_view(success_url='dummy/')(self.request)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<title>Password change | Django site admin</title>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Password change</h1>')
+        response = PasswordChangeView.as_view(success_url="dummy/")(self.request)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "<title>Password change | Django site admin</title>"
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>Password change</h1>")
 
     def test_password_change_done_view(self):
         response = PasswordChangeDoneView.as_view()(self.request)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<title>Password change successful | Django site admin</title>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Password change successful</h1>')
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "<title>Password change successful | Django site admin</title>"
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>Password change successful</h1>")
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/test_tokens.py b/tests/auth_tests/test_tokens.py
index 2f3f52aac6..fa82e642c5 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/test_tokens.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/test_tokens.py
@@ -20,9 +20,8 @@ class MockedPasswordResetTokenGenerator(PasswordResetTokenGenerator):
 
 
 class TokenGeneratorTest(TestCase):
-
     def test_make_token(self):
-        user = User.objects.create_user('tokentestuser', 'test2@example.com', 'testpw')
+        user = User.objects.create_user("tokentestuser", "test2@example.com", "testpw")
         p0 = PasswordResetTokenGenerator()
         tk1 = p0.make_token(user)
         self.assertIs(p0.check_token(user, tk1), True)
@@ -32,8 +31,8 @@ class TokenGeneratorTest(TestCase):
         The token generated for a user created in the same request
         will work correctly.
         """
-        user = User.objects.create_user('comebackkid', 'test3@example.com', 'testpw')
-        user_reload = User.objects.get(username='comebackkid')
+        user = User.objects.create_user("comebackkid", "test3@example.com", "testpw")
+        user_reload = User.objects.get(username="comebackkid")
         p0 = MockedPasswordResetTokenGenerator(datetime.now())
         tk1 = p0.make_token(user)
         tk2 = p0.make_token(user_reload)
@@ -43,20 +42,20 @@ class TokenGeneratorTest(TestCase):
         """Updating the user email address invalidates the token."""
         tests = [
             (CustomEmailField, None),
-            (CustomEmailField, 'test4@example.com'),
-            (User, 'test4@example.com'),
+            (CustomEmailField, "test4@example.com"),
+            (User, "test4@example.com"),
         ]
         for model, email in tests:
             with self.subTest(model=model.__qualname__, email=email):
                 user = model.objects.create_user(
-                    'changeemailuser',
+                    "changeemailuser",
                     email=email,
-                    password='testpw',
+                    password="testpw",
                 )
                 p0 = PasswordResetTokenGenerator()
                 tk1 = p0.make_token(user)
                 self.assertIs(p0.check_token(user, tk1), True)
-                setattr(user, user.get_email_field_name(), 'test4new@example.com')
+                setattr(user, user.get_email_field_name(), "test4new@example.com")
                 user.save()
                 self.assertIs(p0.check_token(user, tk1), False)
 
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ class TokenGeneratorTest(TestCase):
         """The token is valid after n seconds, but no greater."""
         # Uses a mocked version of PasswordResetTokenGenerator so we can change
         # the value of 'now'.
-        user = User.objects.create_user('tokentestuser', 'test2@example.com', 'testpw')
+        user = User.objects.create_user("tokentestuser", "test2@example.com", "testpw")
         now = datetime.now()
         p0 = MockedPasswordResetTokenGenerator(now)
         tk1 = p0.make_token(user)
@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ class TokenGeneratorTest(TestCase):
             self.assertIs(p4.check_token(user, tk1), False)
 
     def test_check_token_with_nonexistent_token_and_user(self):
-        user = User.objects.create_user('tokentestuser', 'test2@example.com', 'testpw')
+        user = User.objects.create_user("tokentestuser", "test2@example.com", "testpw")
         p0 = PasswordResetTokenGenerator()
         tk1 = p0.make_token(user)
         self.assertIs(p0.check_token(None, tk1), False)
@@ -98,8 +97,8 @@ class TokenGeneratorTest(TestCase):
         A valid token can be created with a secret other than SECRET_KEY by
         using the PasswordResetTokenGenerator.secret attribute.
         """
-        user = User.objects.create_user('tokentestuser', 'test2@example.com', 'testpw')
-        new_secret = 'abcdefghijkl'
+        user = User.objects.create_user("tokentestuser", "test2@example.com", "testpw")
+        new_secret = "abcdefghijkl"
         # Create and check a token with a different secret.
         p0 = PasswordResetTokenGenerator()
         p0.secret = new_secret
@@ -116,9 +115,9 @@ class TokenGeneratorTest(TestCase):
 
     def test_token_with_different_secret_subclass(self):
         class CustomPasswordResetTokenGenerator(PasswordResetTokenGenerator):
-            secret = 'test-secret'
+            secret = "test-secret"
 
-        user = User.objects.create_user('tokentestuser', 'test2@example.com', 'testpw')
+        user = User.objects.create_user("tokentestuser", "test2@example.com", "testpw")
         custom_password_generator = CustomPasswordResetTokenGenerator()
         tk_custom = custom_password_generator.make_token(user)
         self.assertIs(custom_password_generator.check_token(user, tk_custom), True)
@@ -134,44 +133,44 @@ class TokenGeneratorTest(TestCase):
         self.assertIs(custom_password_generator.check_token(user, tk_default), False)
         self.assertIs(default_password_generator.check_token(user, tk_custom), False)
 
-    @override_settings(SECRET_KEY='')
+    @override_settings(SECRET_KEY="")
     def test_secret_lazy_validation(self):
         default_token_generator = PasswordResetTokenGenerator()
-        msg = 'The SECRET_KEY setting must not be empty.'
+        msg = "The SECRET_KEY setting must not be empty."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
             default_token_generator.secret
 
     def test_check_token_secret_fallbacks(self):
-        user = User.objects.create_user('tokentestuser', 'test2@example.com', 'testpw')
+        user = User.objects.create_user("tokentestuser", "test2@example.com", "testpw")
         p1 = PasswordResetTokenGenerator()
-        p1.secret = 'secret'
+        p1.secret = "secret"
         tk = p1.make_token(user)
         p2 = PasswordResetTokenGenerator()
-        p2.secret = 'newsecret'
-        p2.secret_fallbacks = ['secret']
+        p2.secret = "newsecret"
+        p2.secret_fallbacks = ["secret"]
         self.assertIs(p1.check_token(user, tk), True)
         self.assertIs(p2.check_token(user, tk), True)
 
     @override_settings(
-        SECRET_KEY='secret',
-        SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS=['oldsecret'],
+        SECRET_KEY="secret",
+        SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS=["oldsecret"],
     )
     def test_check_token_secret_key_fallbacks(self):
-        user = User.objects.create_user('tokentestuser', 'test2@example.com', 'testpw')
+        user = User.objects.create_user("tokentestuser", "test2@example.com", "testpw")
         p1 = PasswordResetTokenGenerator()
-        p1.secret = 'oldsecret'
+        p1.secret = "oldsecret"
         tk = p1.make_token(user)
         p2 = PasswordResetTokenGenerator()
         self.assertIs(p2.check_token(user, tk), True)
 
     @override_settings(
-        SECRET_KEY='secret',
-        SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS=['oldsecret'],
+        SECRET_KEY="secret",
+        SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS=["oldsecret"],
     )
     def test_check_token_secret_key_fallbacks_override(self):
-        user = User.objects.create_user('tokentestuser', 'test2@example.com', 'testpw')
+        user = User.objects.create_user("tokentestuser", "test2@example.com", "testpw")
         p1 = PasswordResetTokenGenerator()
-        p1.secret = 'oldsecret'
+        p1.secret = "oldsecret"
         tk = p1.make_token(user)
         p2 = PasswordResetTokenGenerator()
         p2.secret_fallbacks = []
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/test_validators.py b/tests/auth_tests/test_validators.py
index f4aaf33052..727662c144 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/test_validators.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/test_validators.py
@@ -3,10 +3,15 @@ import os
 from django.contrib.auth import validators
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.contrib.auth.password_validation import (
-    CommonPasswordValidator, MinimumLengthValidator, NumericPasswordValidator,
-    UserAttributeSimilarityValidator, get_default_password_validators,
-    get_password_validators, password_changed,
-    password_validators_help_text_html, password_validators_help_texts,
+    CommonPasswordValidator,
+    MinimumLengthValidator,
+    NumericPasswordValidator,
+    UserAttributeSimilarityValidator,
+    get_default_password_validators,
+    get_password_validators,
+    password_changed,
+    password_validators_help_text_html,
+    password_validators_help_texts,
     validate_password,
 )
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
@@ -16,46 +21,57 @@ from django.test.utils import isolate_apps
 from django.utils.html import conditional_escape
 
 
-@override_settings(AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS=[
-    {'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator'},
-    {'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator', 'OPTIONS': {
-        'min_length': 12,
-    }},
-])
+@override_settings(
+    AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS=[
+        {"NAME": "django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator"},
+        {
+            "NAME": "django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator",
+            "OPTIONS": {
+                "min_length": 12,
+            },
+        },
+    ]
+)
 class PasswordValidationTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_get_default_password_validators(self):
         validators = get_default_password_validators()
         self.assertEqual(len(validators), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(validators[0].__class__.__name__, 'CommonPasswordValidator')
-        self.assertEqual(validators[1].__class__.__name__, 'MinimumLengthValidator')
+        self.assertEqual(validators[0].__class__.__name__, "CommonPasswordValidator")
+        self.assertEqual(validators[1].__class__.__name__, "MinimumLengthValidator")
         self.assertEqual(validators[1].min_length, 12)
 
     def test_get_password_validators_custom(self):
-        validator_config = [{'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator'}]
+        validator_config = [
+            {"NAME": "django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator"}
+        ]
         validators = get_password_validators(validator_config)
         self.assertEqual(len(validators), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(validators[0].__class__.__name__, 'CommonPasswordValidator')
+        self.assertEqual(validators[0].__class__.__name__, "CommonPasswordValidator")
 
         self.assertEqual(get_password_validators([]), [])
 
     def test_validate_password(self):
-        self.assertIsNone(validate_password('sufficiently-long'))
-        msg_too_short = 'This password is too short. It must contain at least 12 characters.'
+        self.assertIsNone(validate_password("sufficiently-long"))
+        msg_too_short = (
+            "This password is too short. It must contain at least 12 characters."
+        )
 
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as cm:
-            validate_password('django4242')
+            validate_password("django4242")
         self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages, [msg_too_short])
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.error_list[0].code, 'password_too_short')
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.error_list[0].code, "password_too_short")
 
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as cm:
-            validate_password('password')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages, ['This password is too common.', msg_too_short])
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.error_list[0].code, 'password_too_common')
+            validate_password("password")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cm.exception.messages, ["This password is too common.", msg_too_short]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.error_list[0].code, "password_too_common")
 
-        self.assertIsNone(validate_password('password', password_validators=[]))
+        self.assertIsNone(validate_password("password", password_validators=[]))
 
     def test_password_changed(self):
-        self.assertIsNone(password_changed('password'))
+        self.assertIsNone(password_changed("password"))
 
     def test_password_changed_with_custom_validator(self):
         class Validator:
@@ -65,139 +81,151 @@ class PasswordValidationTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
         user = object()
         validator = Validator()
-        password_changed('password', user=user, password_validators=(validator,))
+        password_changed("password", user=user, password_validators=(validator,))
         self.assertIs(validator.user, user)
-        self.assertEqual(validator.password, 'password')
+        self.assertEqual(validator.password, "password")
 
     def test_password_validators_help_texts(self):
         help_texts = password_validators_help_texts()
         self.assertEqual(len(help_texts), 2)
-        self.assertIn('12 characters', help_texts[1])
+        self.assertIn("12 characters", help_texts[1])
 
         self.assertEqual(password_validators_help_texts(password_validators=[]), [])
 
     def test_password_validators_help_text_html(self):
         help_text = password_validators_help_text_html()
-        self.assertEqual(help_text.count('<li>'), 2)
-        self.assertIn('12 characters', help_text)
+        self.assertEqual(help_text.count("<li>"), 2)
+        self.assertIn("12 characters", help_text)
 
     def test_password_validators_help_text_html_escaping(self):
         class AmpersandValidator:
             def get_help_text(self):
-                return 'Must contain &'
+                return "Must contain &"
+
         help_text = password_validators_help_text_html([AmpersandValidator()])
-        self.assertEqual(help_text, '<ul><li>Must contain &amp;</li></ul>')
+        self.assertEqual(help_text, "<ul><li>Must contain &amp;</li></ul>")
         # help_text is marked safe and therefore unchanged by conditional_escape().
         self.assertEqual(help_text, conditional_escape(help_text))
 
     @override_settings(AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS=[])
     def test_empty_password_validator_help_text_html(self):
-        self.assertEqual(password_validators_help_text_html(), '')
+        self.assertEqual(password_validators_help_text_html(), "")
 
 
 class MinimumLengthValidatorTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_validate(self):
-        expected_error = "This password is too short. It must contain at least %d characters."
-        self.assertIsNone(MinimumLengthValidator().validate('12345678'))
-        self.assertIsNone(MinimumLengthValidator(min_length=3).validate('123'))
+        expected_error = (
+            "This password is too short. It must contain at least %d characters."
+        )
+        self.assertIsNone(MinimumLengthValidator().validate("12345678"))
+        self.assertIsNone(MinimumLengthValidator(min_length=3).validate("123"))
 
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as cm:
-            MinimumLengthValidator().validate('1234567')
+            MinimumLengthValidator().validate("1234567")
         self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages, [expected_error % 8])
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.error_list[0].code, 'password_too_short')
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.error_list[0].code, "password_too_short")
 
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as cm:
-            MinimumLengthValidator(min_length=3).validate('12')
+            MinimumLengthValidator(min_length=3).validate("12")
         self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages, [expected_error % 3])
 
     def test_help_text(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             MinimumLengthValidator().get_help_text(),
-            "Your password must contain at least 8 characters."
+            "Your password must contain at least 8 characters.",
         )
 
 
 class UserAttributeSimilarityValidatorTest(TestCase):
     def test_validate(self):
         user = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='testclient', password='password', email='testclient@example.com',
-            first_name='Test', last_name='Client',
+            username="testclient",
+            password="password",
+            email="testclient@example.com",
+            first_name="Test",
+            last_name="Client",
         )
         expected_error = "The password is too similar to the %s."
 
-        self.assertIsNone(UserAttributeSimilarityValidator().validate('testclient'))
+        self.assertIsNone(UserAttributeSimilarityValidator().validate("testclient"))
 
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as cm:
-            UserAttributeSimilarityValidator().validate('testclient', user=user),
+            UserAttributeSimilarityValidator().validate("testclient", user=user),
         self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages, [expected_error % "username"])
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.error_list[0].code, 'password_too_similar')
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.error_list[0].code, "password_too_similar")
 
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as cm:
-            UserAttributeSimilarityValidator().validate('example.com', user=user),
+            UserAttributeSimilarityValidator().validate("example.com", user=user),
         self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages, [expected_error % "email address"])
 
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as cm:
             UserAttributeSimilarityValidator(
-                user_attributes=['first_name'],
+                user_attributes=["first_name"],
                 max_similarity=0.3,
-            ).validate('testclient', user=user)
+            ).validate("testclient", user=user)
         self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages, [expected_error % "first name"])
         # max_similarity=1 doesn't allow passwords that are identical to the
         # attribute's value.
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as cm:
             UserAttributeSimilarityValidator(
-                user_attributes=['first_name'],
+                user_attributes=["first_name"],
                 max_similarity=1,
             ).validate(user.first_name, user=user)
         self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages, [expected_error % "first name"])
         # Very low max_similarity is rejected.
-        msg = 'max_similarity must be at least 0.1'
+        msg = "max_similarity must be at least 0.1"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             UserAttributeSimilarityValidator(max_similarity=0.09)
         # Passes validation.
         self.assertIsNone(
-            UserAttributeSimilarityValidator(user_attributes=['first_name']).validate('testclient', user=user)
+            UserAttributeSimilarityValidator(user_attributes=["first_name"]).validate(
+                "testclient", user=user
+            )
         )
 
-    @isolate_apps('auth_tests')
+    @isolate_apps("auth_tests")
     def test_validate_property(self):
         class TestUser(models.Model):
             pass
 
             @property
             def username(self):
-                return 'foobar'
+                return "foobar"
 
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as cm:
-            UserAttributeSimilarityValidator().validate('foobar', user=TestUser()),
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages, ['The password is too similar to the username.'])
+            UserAttributeSimilarityValidator().validate("foobar", user=TestUser()),
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cm.exception.messages, ["The password is too similar to the username."]
+        )
 
     def test_help_text(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             UserAttributeSimilarityValidator().get_help_text(),
-            'Your password can’t be too similar to your other personal information.'
+            "Your password can’t be too similar to your other personal information.",
         )
 
 
 class CommonPasswordValidatorTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_validate(self):
         expected_error = "This password is too common."
-        self.assertIsNone(CommonPasswordValidator().validate('a-safe-password'))
+        self.assertIsNone(CommonPasswordValidator().validate("a-safe-password"))
 
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as cm:
-            CommonPasswordValidator().validate('godzilla')
+            CommonPasswordValidator().validate("godzilla")
         self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages, [expected_error])
 
     def test_validate_custom_list(self):
-        path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)), 'common-passwords-custom.txt')
+        path = os.path.join(
+            os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)), "common-passwords-custom.txt"
+        )
         validator = CommonPasswordValidator(password_list_path=path)
         expected_error = "This password is too common."
-        self.assertIsNone(validator.validate('a-safe-password'))
+        self.assertIsNone(validator.validate("a-safe-password"))
 
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as cm:
-            validator.validate('from-my-custom-list')
+            validator.validate("from-my-custom-list")
         self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages, [expected_error])
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.error_list[0].code, 'password_too_common')
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.error_list[0].code, "password_too_common")
 
     def test_validate_django_supplied_file(self):
         validator = CommonPasswordValidator()
@@ -207,34 +235,37 @@ class CommonPasswordValidatorTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_help_text(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             CommonPasswordValidator().get_help_text(),
-            'Your password can’t be a commonly used password.'
+            "Your password can’t be a commonly used password.",
         )
 
 
 class NumericPasswordValidatorTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_validate(self):
         expected_error = "This password is entirely numeric."
-        self.assertIsNone(NumericPasswordValidator().validate('a-safe-password'))
+        self.assertIsNone(NumericPasswordValidator().validate("a-safe-password"))
 
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as cm:
-            NumericPasswordValidator().validate('42424242')
+            NumericPasswordValidator().validate("42424242")
         self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages, [expected_error])
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.error_list[0].code, 'password_entirely_numeric')
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.error_list[0].code, "password_entirely_numeric")
 
     def test_help_text(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             NumericPasswordValidator().get_help_text(),
-            'Your password can’t be entirely numeric.'
+            "Your password can’t be entirely numeric.",
         )
 
 
 class UsernameValidatorsTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_unicode_validator(self):
-        valid_usernames = ['joe', 'René', 'ᴮᴵᴳᴮᴵᴿᴰ', 'أحمد']
+        valid_usernames = ["joe", "René", "ᴮᴵᴳᴮᴵᴿᴰ", "أحمد"]
         invalid_usernames = [
-            "o'connell", "عبد ال",
-            "zerowidth\u200Bspace", "nonbreaking\u00A0space",
-            "en\u2013dash", 'trailingnewline\u000A',
+            "o'connell",
+            "عبد ال",
+            "zerowidth\u200Bspace",
+            "nonbreaking\u00A0space",
+            "en\u2013dash",
+            "trailingnewline\u000A",
         ]
         v = validators.UnicodeUsernameValidator()
         for valid in valid_usernames:
@@ -246,8 +277,14 @@ class UsernameValidatorsTests(SimpleTestCase):
                     v(invalid)
 
     def test_ascii_validator(self):
-        valid_usernames = ['glenn', 'GLEnN', 'jean-marc']
-        invalid_usernames = ["o'connell", 'Éric', 'jean marc', "أحمد", 'trailingnewline\n']
+        valid_usernames = ["glenn", "GLEnN", "jean-marc"]
+        invalid_usernames = [
+            "o'connell",
+            "Éric",
+            "jean marc",
+            "أحمد",
+            "trailingnewline\n",
+        ]
         v = validators.ASCIIUsernameValidator()
         for valid in valid_usernames:
             with self.subTest(valid=valid):
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/test_views.py b/tests/auth_tests/test_views.py
index a572e2610f..5ba05e8a00 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/test_views.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/test_views.py
@@ -8,15 +8,17 @@ from urllib.parse import quote, urljoin
 from django.apps import apps
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib.admin.models import LogEntry
-from django.contrib.auth import (
-    BACKEND_SESSION_KEY, REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME, SESSION_KEY,
-)
+from django.contrib.auth import BACKEND_SESSION_KEY, REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME, SESSION_KEY
 from django.contrib.auth.forms import (
-    AuthenticationForm, PasswordChangeForm, SetPasswordForm,
+    AuthenticationForm,
+    PasswordChangeForm,
+    SetPasswordForm,
 )
 from django.contrib.auth.models import Permission, User
 from django.contrib.auth.views import (
-    INTERNAL_RESET_SESSION_TOKEN, LoginView, logout_then_login,
+    INTERNAL_RESET_SESSION_TOKEN,
+    LoginView,
+    logout_then_login,
     redirect_to_login,
 )
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
@@ -38,10 +40,10 @@ from .settings import AUTH_TEMPLATES
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    LANGUAGES=[('en', 'English')],
-    LANGUAGE_CODE='en',
+    LANGUAGES=[("en", "English")],
+    LANGUAGE_CODE="en",
     TEMPLATES=AUTH_TEMPLATES,
-    ROOT_URLCONF='auth_tests.urls',
+    ROOT_URLCONF="auth_tests.urls",
 )
 class AuthViewsTestCase(TestCase):
     """
@@ -50,71 +52,86 @@ class AuthViewsTestCase(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.u1 = User.objects.create_user(username='testclient', password='password', email='testclient@example.com')
-        cls.u3 = User.objects.create_user(username='staff', password='password', email='staffmember@example.com')
+        cls.u1 = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="testclient", password="password", email="testclient@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.u3 = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="staff", password="password", email="staffmember@example.com"
+        )
 
-    def login(self, username='testclient', password='password', url='/login/'):
-        response = self.client.post(url, {
-            'username': username,
-            'password': password,
-        })
+    def login(self, username="testclient", password="password", url="/login/"):
+        response = self.client.post(
+            url,
+            {
+                "username": username,
+                "password": password,
+            },
+        )
         self.assertIn(SESSION_KEY, self.client.session)
         return response
 
     def logout(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/admin/logout/')
+        response = self.client.get("/admin/logout/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertNotIn(SESSION_KEY, self.client.session)
 
     def assertFormError(self, response, error):
         """Assert that error is found in response.context['form'] errors"""
-        form_errors = list(itertools.chain(*response.context['form'].errors.values()))
+        form_errors = list(itertools.chain(*response.context["form"].errors.values()))
         self.assertIn(str(error), form_errors)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='django.contrib.auth.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="django.contrib.auth.urls")
 class AuthViewNamedURLTests(AuthViewsTestCase):
-
     def test_named_urls(self):
         "Named URLs should be reversible"
         expected_named_urls = [
-            ('login', [], {}),
-            ('logout', [], {}),
-            ('password_change', [], {}),
-            ('password_change_done', [], {}),
-            ('password_reset', [], {}),
-            ('password_reset_done', [], {}),
-            ('password_reset_confirm', [], {
-                'uidb64': 'aaaaaaa',
-                'token': '1111-aaaaa',
-            }),
-            ('password_reset_complete', [], {}),
+            ("login", [], {}),
+            ("logout", [], {}),
+            ("password_change", [], {}),
+            ("password_change_done", [], {}),
+            ("password_reset", [], {}),
+            ("password_reset_done", [], {}),
+            (
+                "password_reset_confirm",
+                [],
+                {
+                    "uidb64": "aaaaaaa",
+                    "token": "1111-aaaaa",
+                },
+            ),
+            ("password_reset_complete", [], {}),
         ]
         for name, args, kwargs in expected_named_urls:
             with self.subTest(name=name):
                 try:
                     reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs)
                 except NoReverseMatch:
-                    self.fail("Reversal of url named '%s' failed with NoReverseMatch" % name)
+                    self.fail(
+                        "Reversal of url named '%s' failed with NoReverseMatch" % name
+                    )
 
 
 class PasswordResetTest(AuthViewsTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.client = PasswordResetConfirmClient()
 
     def test_email_not_found(self):
         """If the provided email is not registered, don't raise any error but
         also don't send any email."""
-        response = self.client.get('/password_reset/')
+        response = self.client.get("/password_reset/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        response = self.client.post('/password_reset/', {'email': 'not_a_real_email@email.com'})
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/password_reset/", {"email": "not_a_real_email@email.com"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 0)
 
     def test_email_found(self):
         "Email is sent if a valid email address is provided for password reset"
-        response = self.client.post('/password_reset/', {'email': 'staffmember@example.com'})
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/password_reset/", {"email": "staffmember@example.com"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
         self.assertIn("http://", mail.outbox[0].body)
@@ -128,33 +145,37 @@ class PasswordResetTest(AuthViewsTestCase):
         extra_email_context should be available in the email template context.
         """
         response = self.client.post(
-            '/password_reset_extra_email_context/',
-            {'email': 'staffmember@example.com'},
+            "/password_reset_extra_email_context/",
+            {"email": "staffmember@example.com"},
         )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
         self.assertIn('Email email context: "Hello!"', mail.outbox[0].body)
-        self.assertIn('http://custom.example.com/reset/', mail.outbox[0].body)
+        self.assertIn("http://custom.example.com/reset/", mail.outbox[0].body)
 
     def test_html_mail_template(self):
         """
         A multipart email with text/plain and text/html is sent
         if the html_email_template parameter is passed to the view
         """
-        response = self.client.post('/password_reset/html_email_template/', {'email': 'staffmember@example.com'})
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/password_reset/html_email_template/", {"email": "staffmember@example.com"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
         message = mail.outbox[0].message()
         self.assertEqual(len(message.get_payload()), 2)
         self.assertTrue(message.is_multipart())
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(0).get_content_type(), 'text/plain')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(1).get_content_type(), 'text/html')
-        self.assertNotIn('<html>', message.get_payload(0).get_payload())
-        self.assertIn('<html>', message.get_payload(1).get_payload())
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(0).get_content_type(), "text/plain")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(1).get_content_type(), "text/html")
+        self.assertNotIn("<html>", message.get_payload(0).get_payload())
+        self.assertIn("<html>", message.get_payload(1).get_payload())
 
     def test_email_found_custom_from(self):
         "Email is sent if a valid email address is provided for password reset when a custom from_email is provided."
-        response = self.client.post('/password_reset_from_email/', {'email': 'staffmember@example.com'})
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/password_reset_from_email/", {"email": "staffmember@example.com"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
         self.assertEqual("staffmember@example.com", mail.outbox[0].from_email)
@@ -170,11 +191,11 @@ class PasswordResetTest(AuthViewsTestCase):
         # produce a meaningful reset URL, we need to be certain that the
         # HTTP_HOST header isn't poisoned. This is done as a check when get_host()
         # is invoked, but we check here as a practical consequence.
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.DisallowedHost', 'ERROR'):
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.DisallowedHost", "ERROR"):
             response = self.client.post(
-                '/password_reset/',
-                {'email': 'staffmember@example.com'},
-                HTTP_HOST='www.example:dr.frankenstein@evil.tld'
+                "/password_reset/",
+                {"email": "staffmember@example.com"},
+                HTTP_HOST="www.example:dr.frankenstein@evil.tld",
             )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 0)
@@ -183,18 +204,18 @@ class PasswordResetTest(AuthViewsTestCase):
     @override_settings(DEBUG_PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS=True)
     def test_poisoned_http_host_admin_site(self):
         "Poisoned HTTP_HOST headers can't be used for reset emails on admin views"
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.DisallowedHost', 'ERROR'):
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.DisallowedHost", "ERROR"):
             response = self.client.post(
-                '/admin_password_reset/',
-                {'email': 'staffmember@example.com'},
-                HTTP_HOST='www.example:dr.frankenstein@evil.tld'
+                "/admin_password_reset/",
+                {"email": "staffmember@example.com"},
+                HTTP_HOST="www.example:dr.frankenstein@evil.tld",
             )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 0)
 
     def _test_confirm_start(self):
         # Start by creating the email
-        self.client.post('/password_reset/', {'email': 'staffmember@example.com'})
+        self.client.post("/password_reset/", {"email": "staffmember@example.com"})
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
         return self._read_signup_email(mail.outbox[0])
 
@@ -220,12 +241,12 @@ class PasswordResetTest(AuthViewsTestCase):
 
     def test_confirm_invalid_user(self):
         # A nonexistent user returns a 200 response, not a 404.
-        response = self.client.get('/reset/123456/1-1/')
+        response = self.client.get("/reset/123456/1-1/")
         self.assertContains(response, "The password reset link was invalid")
 
     def test_confirm_overflow_user(self):
         # A base36 user id that overflows int returns a 200 response.
-        response = self.client.get('/reset/zzzzzzzzzzzzz/1-1/')
+        response = self.client.get("/reset/zzzzzzzzzzzzz/1-1/")
         self.assertContains(response, "The password reset link was invalid")
 
     def test_confirm_invalid_post(self):
@@ -233,36 +254,44 @@ class PasswordResetTest(AuthViewsTestCase):
         url, path = self._test_confirm_start()
         path = path[:-5] + ("0" * 4) + path[-1]
 
-        self.client.post(path, {
-            'new_password1': 'anewpassword',
-            'new_password2': ' anewpassword',
-        })
+        self.client.post(
+            path,
+            {
+                "new_password1": "anewpassword",
+                "new_password2": " anewpassword",
+            },
+        )
         # Check the password has not been changed
-        u = User.objects.get(email='staffmember@example.com')
+        u = User.objects.get(email="staffmember@example.com")
         self.assertTrue(not u.check_password("anewpassword"))
 
     def test_confirm_invalid_hash(self):
         """A POST with an invalid token is rejected."""
-        u = User.objects.get(email='staffmember@example.com')
+        u = User.objects.get(email="staffmember@example.com")
         original_password = u.password
         url, path = self._test_confirm_start()
-        path_parts = path.split('-')
-        path_parts[-1] = ("0") * 20 + '/'
-        path = '-'.join(path_parts)
+        path_parts = path.split("-")
+        path_parts[-1] = ("0") * 20 + "/"
+        path = "-".join(path_parts)
 
-        response = self.client.post(path, {
-            'new_password1': 'anewpassword',
-            'new_password2': 'anewpassword',
-        })
-        self.assertIs(response.context['validlink'], False)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            path,
+            {
+                "new_password1": "anewpassword",
+                "new_password2": "anewpassword",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertIs(response.context["validlink"], False)
         u.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertEqual(original_password, u.password)  # password hasn't changed
 
     def test_confirm_complete(self):
         url, path = self._test_confirm_start()
-        response = self.client.post(path, {'new_password1': 'anewpassword', 'new_password2': 'anewpassword'})
+        response = self.client.post(
+            path, {"new_password1": "anewpassword", "new_password2": "anewpassword"}
+        )
         # Check the password has been changed
-        u = User.objects.get(email='staffmember@example.com')
+        u = User.objects.get(email="staffmember@example.com")
         self.assertTrue(u.check_password("anewpassword"))
         # The reset token is deleted from the session.
         self.assertNotIn(INTERNAL_RESET_SESSION_TOKEN, self.client.session)
@@ -273,77 +302,106 @@ class PasswordResetTest(AuthViewsTestCase):
 
     def test_confirm_different_passwords(self):
         url, path = self._test_confirm_start()
-        response = self.client.post(path, {'new_password1': 'anewpassword', 'new_password2': 'x'})
-        self.assertFormError(response, SetPasswordForm.error_messages['password_mismatch'])
+        response = self.client.post(
+            path, {"new_password1": "anewpassword", "new_password2": "x"}
+        )
+        self.assertFormError(
+            response, SetPasswordForm.error_messages["password_mismatch"]
+        )
 
     def test_reset_redirect_default(self):
-        response = self.client.post('/password_reset/', {'email': 'staffmember@example.com'})
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/password_reset/done/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/password_reset/", {"email": "staffmember@example.com"}
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/password_reset/done/", fetch_redirect_response=False
+        )
 
     def test_reset_custom_redirect(self):
-        response = self.client.post('/password_reset/custom_redirect/', {'email': 'staffmember@example.com'})
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/custom/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/password_reset/custom_redirect/", {"email": "staffmember@example.com"}
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/custom/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
 
     def test_reset_custom_redirect_named(self):
-        response = self.client.post('/password_reset/custom_redirect/named/', {'email': 'staffmember@example.com'})
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/password_reset/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/password_reset/custom_redirect/named/",
+            {"email": "staffmember@example.com"},
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/password_reset/", fetch_redirect_response=False
+        )
 
     def test_confirm_redirect_default(self):
         url, path = self._test_confirm_start()
-        response = self.client.post(path, {'new_password1': 'anewpassword', 'new_password2': 'anewpassword'})
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/reset/done/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            path, {"new_password1": "anewpassword", "new_password2": "anewpassword"}
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/reset/done/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
 
     def test_confirm_redirect_custom(self):
         url, path = self._test_confirm_start()
-        path = path.replace('/reset/', '/reset/custom/')
-        response = self.client.post(path, {'new_password1': 'anewpassword', 'new_password2': 'anewpassword'})
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/custom/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        path = path.replace("/reset/", "/reset/custom/")
+        response = self.client.post(
+            path, {"new_password1": "anewpassword", "new_password2": "anewpassword"}
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/custom/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
 
     def test_confirm_redirect_custom_named(self):
         url, path = self._test_confirm_start()
-        path = path.replace('/reset/', '/reset/custom/named/')
-        response = self.client.post(path, {'new_password1': 'anewpassword', 'new_password2': 'anewpassword'})
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/password_reset/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        path = path.replace("/reset/", "/reset/custom/named/")
+        response = self.client.post(
+            path, {"new_password1": "anewpassword", "new_password2": "anewpassword"}
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/password_reset/", fetch_redirect_response=False
+        )
 
     def test_confirm_custom_reset_url_token(self):
         url, path = self._test_confirm_start()
-        path = path.replace('/reset/', '/reset/custom/token/')
-        self.client.reset_url_token = 'set-passwordcustom'
+        path = path.replace("/reset/", "/reset/custom/token/")
+        self.client.reset_url_token = "set-passwordcustom"
         response = self.client.post(
             path,
-            {'new_password1': 'anewpassword', 'new_password2': 'anewpassword'},
+            {"new_password1": "anewpassword", "new_password2": "anewpassword"},
         )
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/reset/done/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/reset/done/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
 
     def test_confirm_login_post_reset(self):
         url, path = self._test_confirm_start()
-        path = path.replace('/reset/', '/reset/post_reset_login/')
-        response = self.client.post(path, {'new_password1': 'anewpassword', 'new_password2': 'anewpassword'})
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/reset/done/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        path = path.replace("/reset/", "/reset/post_reset_login/")
+        response = self.client.post(
+            path, {"new_password1": "anewpassword", "new_password2": "anewpassword"}
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/reset/done/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
         self.assertIn(SESSION_KEY, self.client.session)
 
     @override_settings(
         AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=[
-            'django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend',
-            'django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend',
+            "django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend",
+            "django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend",
         ]
     )
     def test_confirm_login_post_reset_custom_backend(self):
         # This backend is specified in the URL pattern.
-        backend = 'django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend'
+        backend = "django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend"
         url, path = self._test_confirm_start()
-        path = path.replace('/reset/', '/reset/post_reset_login_custom_backend/')
-        response = self.client.post(path, {'new_password1': 'anewpassword', 'new_password2': 'anewpassword'})
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/reset/done/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        path = path.replace("/reset/", "/reset/post_reset_login_custom_backend/")
+        response = self.client.post(
+            path, {"new_password1": "anewpassword", "new_password2": "anewpassword"}
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/reset/done/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
         self.assertIn(SESSION_KEY, self.client.session)
         self.assertEqual(self.client.session[BACKEND_SESSION_KEY], backend)
 
     def test_confirm_login_post_reset_already_logged_in(self):
         url, path = self._test_confirm_start()
-        path = path.replace('/reset/', '/reset/post_reset_login/')
+        path = path.replace("/reset/", "/reset/post_reset_login/")
         self.login()
-        response = self.client.post(path, {'new_password1': 'anewpassword', 'new_password2': 'anewpassword'})
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/reset/done/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            path, {"new_password1": "anewpassword", "new_password2": "anewpassword"}
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/reset/done/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
         self.assertIn(SESSION_KEY, self.client.session)
 
     def test_confirm_display_user_from_form(self):
@@ -353,11 +411,11 @@ class PasswordResetTest(AuthViewsTestCase):
         # SetPasswordForm``, even on GET requests (#16919). For this test,
         # {{ form.user }}`` is rendered in the template
         # registration/password_reset_confirm.html.
-        username = User.objects.get(email='staffmember@example.com').username
+        username = User.objects.get(email="staffmember@example.com").username
         self.assertContains(response, "Hello, %s." % username)
         # However, the view should NOT pass any user object on a form if the
         # password reset link was invalid.
-        response = self.client.get('/reset/zzzzzzzzzzzzz/1-1/')
+        response = self.client.get("/reset/zzzzzzzzzzzzz/1-1/")
         self.assertContains(response, "Hello, .")
 
     def test_confirm_link_redirects_to_set_password_page(self):
@@ -366,44 +424,46 @@ class PasswordResetTest(AuthViewsTestCase):
         # automatically fetches the redirect page.
         client = Client()
         response = client.get(path)
-        token = response.resolver_match.kwargs['token']
-        uuidb64 = response.resolver_match.kwargs['uidb64']
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/reset/%s/set-password/' % uuidb64)
-        self.assertEqual(client.session['_password_reset_token'], token)
+        token = response.resolver_match.kwargs["token"]
+        uuidb64 = response.resolver_match.kwargs["uidb64"]
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/reset/%s/set-password/" % uuidb64)
+        self.assertEqual(client.session["_password_reset_token"], token)
 
     def test_confirm_custom_reset_url_token_link_redirects_to_set_password_page(self):
         url, path = self._test_confirm_start()
-        path = path.replace('/reset/', '/reset/custom/token/')
+        path = path.replace("/reset/", "/reset/custom/token/")
         client = Client()
         response = client.get(path)
-        token = response.resolver_match.kwargs['token']
-        uuidb64 = response.resolver_match.kwargs['uidb64']
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/reset/custom/token/%s/set-passwordcustom/' % uuidb64)
-        self.assertEqual(client.session['_password_reset_token'], token)
+        token = response.resolver_match.kwargs["token"]
+        uuidb64 = response.resolver_match.kwargs["uidb64"]
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/reset/custom/token/%s/set-passwordcustom/" % uuidb64
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(client.session["_password_reset_token"], token)
 
     def test_invalid_link_if_going_directly_to_the_final_reset_password_url(self):
         url, path = self._test_confirm_start()
-        _, uuidb64, _ = path.strip('/').split('/')
-        response = Client().get('/reset/%s/set-password/' % uuidb64)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'The password reset link was invalid')
+        _, uuidb64, _ = path.strip("/").split("/")
+        response = Client().get("/reset/%s/set-password/" % uuidb64)
+        self.assertContains(response, "The password reset link was invalid")
 
     def test_missing_kwargs(self):
         msg = "The URL path must contain 'uidb64' and 'token' parameters."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            self.client.get('/reset/missing_parameters/')
+            self.client.get("/reset/missing_parameters/")
 
 
-@override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.CustomUser')
+@override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.CustomUser")
 class CustomUserPasswordResetTest(AuthViewsTestCase):
-    user_email = 'staffmember@example.com'
+    user_email = "staffmember@example.com"
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.u1 = CustomUser.custom_objects.create(
-            email='staffmember@example.com',
+            email="staffmember@example.com",
             date_of_birth=datetime.date(1976, 11, 8),
         )
-        cls.u1.set_password('password')
+        cls.u1.set_password("password")
         cls.u1.save()
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -411,7 +471,7 @@ class CustomUserPasswordResetTest(AuthViewsTestCase):
 
     def _test_confirm_start(self):
         # Start by creating the email
-        response = self.client.post('/password_reset/', {'email': self.user_email})
+        response = self.client.post("/password_reset/", {"email": self.user_email})
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
         return self._read_signup_email(mail.outbox[0])
@@ -427,116 +487,159 @@ class CustomUserPasswordResetTest(AuthViewsTestCase):
         # redirect to a 'complete' page:
         self.assertContains(response, "Please enter your new password")
         # then submit a new password
-        response = self.client.post(path, {
-            'new_password1': 'anewpassword',
-            'new_password2': 'anewpassword',
-        })
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/reset/done/')
+        response = self.client.post(
+            path,
+            {
+                "new_password1": "anewpassword",
+                "new_password2": "anewpassword",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/reset/done/")
 
 
-@override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.UUIDUser')
+@override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.UUIDUser")
 class UUIDUserPasswordResetTest(CustomUserPasswordResetTest):
-
     def _test_confirm_start(self):
         # instead of fixture
         UUIDUser.objects.create_user(
             email=self.user_email,
-            username='foo',
-            password='foo',
+            username="foo",
+            password="foo",
         )
         return super()._test_confirm_start()
 
     def test_confirm_invalid_uuid(self):
         """A uidb64 that decodes to a non-UUID doesn't crash."""
         _, path = self._test_confirm_start()
-        invalid_uidb64 = urlsafe_base64_encode(b'INVALID_UUID')
-        first, _uuidb64_, second = path.strip('/').split('/')
-        response = self.client.get('/' + '/'.join((first, invalid_uidb64, second)) + '/')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'The password reset link was invalid')
+        invalid_uidb64 = urlsafe_base64_encode(b"INVALID_UUID")
+        first, _uuidb64_, second = path.strip("/").split("/")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            "/" + "/".join((first, invalid_uidb64, second)) + "/"
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "The password reset link was invalid")
 
 
 class ChangePasswordTest(AuthViewsTestCase):
-
     def fail_login(self):
-        response = self.client.post('/login/', {
-            'username': 'testclient',
-            'password': 'password',
-        })
-        self.assertFormError(response, AuthenticationForm.error_messages['invalid_login'] % {
-            'username': User._meta.get_field('username').verbose_name
-        })
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/login/",
+            {
+                "username": "testclient",
+                "password": "password",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertFormError(
+            response,
+            AuthenticationForm.error_messages["invalid_login"]
+            % {"username": User._meta.get_field("username").verbose_name},
+        )
 
     def logout(self):
-        self.client.get('/logout/')
+        self.client.get("/logout/")
 
     def test_password_change_fails_with_invalid_old_password(self):
         self.login()
-        response = self.client.post('/password_change/', {
-            'old_password': 'donuts',
-            'new_password1': 'password1',
-            'new_password2': 'password1',
-        })
-        self.assertFormError(response, PasswordChangeForm.error_messages['password_incorrect'])
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/password_change/",
+            {
+                "old_password": "donuts",
+                "new_password1": "password1",
+                "new_password2": "password1",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertFormError(
+            response, PasswordChangeForm.error_messages["password_incorrect"]
+        )
 
     def test_password_change_fails_with_mismatched_passwords(self):
         self.login()
-        response = self.client.post('/password_change/', {
-            'old_password': 'password',
-            'new_password1': 'password1',
-            'new_password2': 'donuts',
-        })
-        self.assertFormError(response, SetPasswordForm.error_messages['password_mismatch'])
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/password_change/",
+            {
+                "old_password": "password",
+                "new_password1": "password1",
+                "new_password2": "donuts",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertFormError(
+            response, SetPasswordForm.error_messages["password_mismatch"]
+        )
 
     def test_password_change_succeeds(self):
         self.login()
-        self.client.post('/password_change/', {
-            'old_password': 'password',
-            'new_password1': 'password1',
-            'new_password2': 'password1',
-        })
+        self.client.post(
+            "/password_change/",
+            {
+                "old_password": "password",
+                "new_password1": "password1",
+                "new_password2": "password1",
+            },
+        )
         self.fail_login()
-        self.login(password='password1')
+        self.login(password="password1")
 
     def test_password_change_done_succeeds(self):
         self.login()
-        response = self.client.post('/password_change/', {
-            'old_password': 'password',
-            'new_password1': 'password1',
-            'new_password2': 'password1',
-        })
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/password_change/done/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/password_change/",
+            {
+                "old_password": "password",
+                "new_password1": "password1",
+                "new_password2": "password1",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/password_change/done/", fetch_redirect_response=False
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(LOGIN_URL='/login/')
+    @override_settings(LOGIN_URL="/login/")
     def test_password_change_done_fails(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/password_change/done/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/login/?next=/password_change/done/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.client.get("/password_change/done/")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response,
+            "/login/?next=/password_change/done/",
+            fetch_redirect_response=False,
+        )
 
     def test_password_change_redirect_default(self):
         self.login()
-        response = self.client.post('/password_change/', {
-            'old_password': 'password',
-            'new_password1': 'password1',
-            'new_password2': 'password1',
-        })
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/password_change/done/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/password_change/",
+            {
+                "old_password": "password",
+                "new_password1": "password1",
+                "new_password2": "password1",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/password_change/done/", fetch_redirect_response=False
+        )
 
     def test_password_change_redirect_custom(self):
         self.login()
-        response = self.client.post('/password_change/custom/', {
-            'old_password': 'password',
-            'new_password1': 'password1',
-            'new_password2': 'password1',
-        })
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/custom/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/password_change/custom/",
+            {
+                "old_password": "password",
+                "new_password1": "password1",
+                "new_password2": "password1",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/custom/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
 
     def test_password_change_redirect_custom_named(self):
         self.login()
-        response = self.client.post('/password_change/custom/named/', {
-            'old_password': 'password',
-            'new_password1': 'password1',
-            'new_password2': 'password1',
-        })
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/password_reset/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/password_change/custom/named/",
+            {
+                "old_password": "password",
+                "new_password1": "password1",
+                "new_password2": "password1",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/password_reset/", fetch_redirect_response=False
+        )
 
 
 class SessionAuthenticationTests(AuthViewsTestCase):
@@ -547,94 +650,104 @@ class SessionAuthenticationTests(AuthViewsTestCase):
         """
         self.login()
         original_session_key = self.client.session.session_key
-        response = self.client.post('/password_change/', {
-            'old_password': 'password',
-            'new_password1': 'password1',
-            'new_password2': 'password1',
-        })
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/password_change/",
+            {
+                "old_password": "password",
+                "new_password1": "password1",
+                "new_password2": "password1",
+            },
+        )
         # if the hash isn't updated, retrieving the redirection page will fail.
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/password_change/done/')
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/password_change/done/")
         # The session key is rotated.
         self.assertNotEqual(original_session_key, self.client.session.session_key)
 
 
 class LoginTest(AuthViewsTestCase):
-
     def test_current_site_in_context_after_login(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('login'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("login"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        if apps.is_installed('django.contrib.sites'):
-            Site = apps.get_model('sites.Site')
+        if apps.is_installed("django.contrib.sites"):
+            Site = apps.get_model("sites.Site")
             site = Site.objects.get_current()
-            self.assertEqual(response.context['site'], site)
-            self.assertEqual(response.context['site_name'], site.name)
+            self.assertEqual(response.context["site"], site)
+            self.assertEqual(response.context["site_name"], site.name)
         else:
-            self.assertIsInstance(response.context['site'], RequestSite)
-        self.assertIsInstance(response.context['form'], AuthenticationForm)
+            self.assertIsInstance(response.context["site"], RequestSite)
+        self.assertIsInstance(response.context["form"], AuthenticationForm)
 
     def test_security_check(self):
-        login_url = reverse('login')
+        login_url = reverse("login")
 
         # These URLs should not pass the security check.
         bad_urls = (
-            'http://example.com',
-            'http:///example.com',
-            'https://example.com',
-            'ftp://example.com',
-            '///example.com',
-            '//example.com',
+            "http://example.com",
+            "http:///example.com",
+            "https://example.com",
+            "ftp://example.com",
+            "///example.com",
+            "//example.com",
             'javascript:alert("XSS")',
         )
         for bad_url in bad_urls:
             with self.subTest(bad_url=bad_url):
-                nasty_url = '%(url)s?%(next)s=%(bad_url)s' % {
-                    'url': login_url,
-                    'next': REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME,
-                    'bad_url': quote(bad_url),
+                nasty_url = "%(url)s?%(next)s=%(bad_url)s" % {
+                    "url": login_url,
+                    "next": REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME,
+                    "bad_url": quote(bad_url),
                 }
-                response = self.client.post(nasty_url, {
-                    'username': 'testclient',
-                    'password': 'password',
-                })
+                response = self.client.post(
+                    nasty_url,
+                    {
+                        "username": "testclient",
+                        "password": "password",
+                    },
+                )
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-                self.assertNotIn(bad_url, response.url, '%s should be blocked' % bad_url)
+                self.assertNotIn(
+                    bad_url, response.url, "%s should be blocked" % bad_url
+                )
 
         # These URLs should pass the security check.
         good_urls = (
-            '/view/?param=http://example.com',
-            '/view/?param=https://example.com',
-            '/view?param=ftp://example.com',
-            'view/?param=//example.com',
-            'https://testserver/',
-            'HTTPS://testserver/',
-            '//testserver/',
-            '/url%20with%20spaces/',
+            "/view/?param=http://example.com",
+            "/view/?param=https://example.com",
+            "/view?param=ftp://example.com",
+            "view/?param=//example.com",
+            "https://testserver/",
+            "HTTPS://testserver/",
+            "//testserver/",
+            "/url%20with%20spaces/",
         )
         for good_url in good_urls:
             with self.subTest(good_url=good_url):
-                safe_url = '%(url)s?%(next)s=%(good_url)s' % {
-                    'url': login_url,
-                    'next': REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME,
-                    'good_url': quote(good_url),
+                safe_url = "%(url)s?%(next)s=%(good_url)s" % {
+                    "url": login_url,
+                    "next": REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME,
+                    "good_url": quote(good_url),
                 }
-                response = self.client.post(safe_url, {
-                    'username': 'testclient',
-                    'password': 'password',
-                })
+                response = self.client.post(
+                    safe_url,
+                    {
+                        "username": "testclient",
+                        "password": "password",
+                    },
+                )
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-                self.assertIn(good_url, response.url, '%s should be allowed' % good_url)
+                self.assertIn(good_url, response.url, "%s should be allowed" % good_url)
 
     def test_security_check_https(self):
-        login_url = reverse('login')
-        non_https_next_url = 'http://testserver/path'
-        not_secured_url = '%(url)s?%(next)s=%(next_url)s' % {
-            'url': login_url,
-            'next': REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME,
-            'next_url': quote(non_https_next_url),
+        login_url = reverse("login")
+        non_https_next_url = "http://testserver/path"
+        not_secured_url = "%(url)s?%(next)s=%(next_url)s" % {
+            "url": login_url,
+            "next": REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME,
+            "next_url": quote(non_https_next_url),
         }
         post_data = {
-            'username': 'testclient',
-            'password': 'password',
+            "username": "testclient",
+            "password": "password",
         }
         response = self.client.post(not_secured_url, post_data, secure=True)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
@@ -644,17 +757,23 @@ class LoginTest(AuthViewsTestCase):
     def test_login_form_contains_request(self):
         # The custom authentication form for this login requires a request to
         # initialize it.
-        response = self.client.post('/custom_request_auth_login/', {
-            'username': 'testclient',
-            'password': 'password',
-        })
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/custom_request_auth_login/",
+            {
+                "username": "testclient",
+                "password": "password",
+            },
+        )
         # The login was successful.
-        self.assertRedirects(response, settings.LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL, fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, settings.LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL, fetch_redirect_response=False
+        )
 
     def test_login_csrf_rotate(self):
         """
         Makes sure that a login rotates the currently-used CSRF token.
         """
+
         def get_response(request):
             return HttpResponse()
 
@@ -672,12 +791,18 @@ class LoginTest(AuthViewsTestCase):
         req = HttpRequest()
         req.COOKIES[settings.CSRF_COOKIE_NAME] = token1
         req.method = "POST"
-        req.POST = {'username': 'testclient', 'password': 'password', 'csrfmiddlewaretoken': token1}
+        req.POST = {
+            "username": "testclient",
+            "password": "password",
+            "csrfmiddlewaretoken": token1,
+        }
 
         # Use POST request to log in
         SessionMiddleware(get_response).process_request(req)
         CsrfViewMiddleware(get_response).process_view(req, LoginView.as_view(), (), {})
-        req.META["SERVER_NAME"] = "testserver"  # Required to have redirect work in login view
+        req.META[
+            "SERVER_NAME"
+        ] = "testserver"  # Required to have redirect work in login view
         req.META["SERVER_PORT"] = 80
         resp = CsrfViewMiddleware(LoginView.as_view())(req)
         csrf_cookie = resp.cookies.get(settings.CSRF_COOKIE_NAME, None)
@@ -695,7 +820,7 @@ class LoginTest(AuthViewsTestCase):
         self.login()
         original_session_key = self.client.session.session_key
 
-        self.login(username='staff')
+        self.login(username="staff")
         self.assertNotEqual(original_session_key, self.client.session.session_key)
 
     def test_session_key_flushed_on_login_after_password_change(self):
@@ -709,11 +834,11 @@ class LoginTest(AuthViewsTestCase):
         self.login()
         self.assertEqual(original_session_key, self.client.session.session_key)
 
-        user = User.objects.get(username='testclient')
-        user.set_password('foobar')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="testclient")
+        user.set_password("foobar")
         user.save()
 
-        self.login(password='foobar')
+        self.login(password="foobar")
         self.assertNotEqual(original_session_key, self.client.session.session_key)
 
     def test_login_session_without_hash_session_key(self):
@@ -721,7 +846,7 @@ class LoginTest(AuthViewsTestCase):
         Session without django.contrib.auth.HASH_SESSION_KEY should login
         without an exception.
         """
-        user = User.objects.get(username='testclient')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="testclient")
         engine = import_module(settings.SESSION_ENGINE)
         session = engine.SessionStore()
         session[SESSION_KEY] = user.id
@@ -733,106 +858,111 @@ class LoginTest(AuthViewsTestCase):
         self.assertNotEqual(original_session_key, self.client.session.session_key)
 
     def test_login_get_default_redirect_url(self):
-        response = self.login(url='/login/get_default_redirect_url/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/custom/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.login(url="/login/get_default_redirect_url/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/custom/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
 
     def test_login_next_page(self):
-        response = self.login(url='/login/next_page/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/somewhere/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.login(url="/login/next_page/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/somewhere/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
 
     def test_login_named_next_page_named(self):
-        response = self.login(url='/login/next_page/named/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/password_reset/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.login(url="/login/next_page/named/")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/password_reset/", fetch_redirect_response=False
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL='/custom/')
+    @override_settings(LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL="/custom/")
     def test_login_next_page_overrides_login_redirect_url_setting(self):
-        response = self.login(url='/login/next_page/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/somewhere/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.login(url="/login/next_page/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/somewhere/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
 
     def test_login_redirect_url_overrides_next_page(self):
-        response = self.login(url='/login/next_page/?next=/test/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/test/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.login(url="/login/next_page/?next=/test/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/test/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
 
     def test_login_redirect_url_overrides_get_default_redirect_url(self):
-        response = self.login(url='/login/get_default_redirect_url/?next=/test/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/test/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.login(url="/login/get_default_redirect_url/?next=/test/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/test/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
 
 
 class LoginURLSettings(AuthViewsTestCase):
     """Tests for settings.LOGIN_URL."""
+
     def assertLoginURLEquals(self, url):
-        response = self.client.get('/login_required/')
+        response = self.client.get("/login_required/")
         self.assertRedirects(response, url, fetch_redirect_response=False)
 
-    @override_settings(LOGIN_URL='/login/')
+    @override_settings(LOGIN_URL="/login/")
     def test_standard_login_url(self):
-        self.assertLoginURLEquals('/login/?next=/login_required/')
+        self.assertLoginURLEquals("/login/?next=/login_required/")
 
-    @override_settings(LOGIN_URL='login')
+    @override_settings(LOGIN_URL="login")
     def test_named_login_url(self):
-        self.assertLoginURLEquals('/login/?next=/login_required/')
+        self.assertLoginURLEquals("/login/?next=/login_required/")
 
-    @override_settings(LOGIN_URL='http://remote.example.com/login')
+    @override_settings(LOGIN_URL="http://remote.example.com/login")
     def test_remote_login_url(self):
-        quoted_next = quote('http://testserver/login_required/')
-        expected = 'http://remote.example.com/login?next=%s' % quoted_next
+        quoted_next = quote("http://testserver/login_required/")
+        expected = "http://remote.example.com/login?next=%s" % quoted_next
         self.assertLoginURLEquals(expected)
 
-    @override_settings(LOGIN_URL='https:///login/')
+    @override_settings(LOGIN_URL="https:///login/")
     def test_https_login_url(self):
-        quoted_next = quote('http://testserver/login_required/')
-        expected = 'https:///login/?next=%s' % quoted_next
+        quoted_next = quote("http://testserver/login_required/")
+        expected = "https:///login/?next=%s" % quoted_next
         self.assertLoginURLEquals(expected)
 
-    @override_settings(LOGIN_URL='/login/?pretty=1')
+    @override_settings(LOGIN_URL="/login/?pretty=1")
     def test_login_url_with_querystring(self):
-        self.assertLoginURLEquals('/login/?pretty=1&next=/login_required/')
+        self.assertLoginURLEquals("/login/?pretty=1&next=/login_required/")
 
-    @override_settings(LOGIN_URL='http://remote.example.com/login/?next=/default/')
+    @override_settings(LOGIN_URL="http://remote.example.com/login/?next=/default/")
     def test_remote_login_url_with_next_querystring(self):
-        quoted_next = quote('http://testserver/login_required/')
-        expected = 'http://remote.example.com/login/?next=%s' % quoted_next
+        quoted_next = quote("http://testserver/login_required/")
+        expected = "http://remote.example.com/login/?next=%s" % quoted_next
         self.assertLoginURLEquals(expected)
 
-    @override_settings(LOGIN_URL=reverse_lazy('login'))
+    @override_settings(LOGIN_URL=reverse_lazy("login"))
     def test_lazy_login_url(self):
-        self.assertLoginURLEquals('/login/?next=/login_required/')
+        self.assertLoginURLEquals("/login/?next=/login_required/")
 
 
 class LoginRedirectUrlTest(AuthViewsTestCase):
     """Tests for settings.LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL."""
+
     def assertLoginRedirectURLEqual(self, url):
         response = self.login()
         self.assertRedirects(response, url, fetch_redirect_response=False)
 
     def test_default(self):
-        self.assertLoginRedirectURLEqual('/accounts/profile/')
+        self.assertLoginRedirectURLEqual("/accounts/profile/")
 
-    @override_settings(LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL='/custom/')
+    @override_settings(LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL="/custom/")
     def test_custom(self):
-        self.assertLoginRedirectURLEqual('/custom/')
+        self.assertLoginRedirectURLEqual("/custom/")
 
-    @override_settings(LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL='password_reset')
+    @override_settings(LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL="password_reset")
     def test_named(self):
-        self.assertLoginRedirectURLEqual('/password_reset/')
+        self.assertLoginRedirectURLEqual("/password_reset/")
 
-    @override_settings(LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL='http://remote.example.com/welcome/')
+    @override_settings(LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL="http://remote.example.com/welcome/")
     def test_remote(self):
-        self.assertLoginRedirectURLEqual('http://remote.example.com/welcome/')
+        self.assertLoginRedirectURLEqual("http://remote.example.com/welcome/")
 
 
 class RedirectToLoginTests(AuthViewsTestCase):
     """Tests for the redirect_to_login view"""
-    @override_settings(LOGIN_URL=reverse_lazy('login'))
+
+    @override_settings(LOGIN_URL=reverse_lazy("login"))
     def test_redirect_to_login_with_lazy(self):
-        login_redirect_response = redirect_to_login(next='/else/where/')
-        expected = '/login/?next=/else/where/'
+        login_redirect_response = redirect_to_login(next="/else/where/")
+        expected = "/login/?next=/else/where/"
         self.assertEqual(expected, login_redirect_response.url)
 
-    @override_settings(LOGIN_URL=reverse_lazy('login'))
+    @override_settings(LOGIN_URL=reverse_lazy("login"))
     def test_redirect_to_login_with_lazy_and_unicode(self):
-        login_redirect_response = redirect_to_login(next='/else/where/झ/')
-        expected = '/login/?next=/else/where/%E0%A4%9D/'
+        login_redirect_response = redirect_to_login(next="/else/where/झ/")
+        expected = "/login/?next=/else/where/%E0%A4%9D/"
         self.assertEqual(expected, login_redirect_response.url)
 
 
@@ -842,36 +972,36 @@ class LogoutThenLoginTests(AuthViewsTestCase):
     def confirm_logged_out(self):
         self.assertNotIn(SESSION_KEY, self.client.session)
 
-    @override_settings(LOGIN_URL='/login/')
+    @override_settings(LOGIN_URL="/login/")
     def test_default_logout_then_login(self):
         self.login()
         req = HttpRequest()
-        req.method = 'GET'
+        req.method = "GET"
         req.session = self.client.session
         response = logout_then_login(req)
         self.confirm_logged_out()
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/login/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/login/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
 
     def test_logout_then_login_with_custom_login(self):
         self.login()
         req = HttpRequest()
-        req.method = 'GET'
+        req.method = "GET"
         req.session = self.client.session
-        response = logout_then_login(req, login_url='/custom/')
+        response = logout_then_login(req, login_url="/custom/")
         self.confirm_logged_out()
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/custom/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/custom/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
 
 
 class LoginRedirectAuthenticatedUser(AuthViewsTestCase):
-    dont_redirect_url = '/login/redirect_authenticated_user_default/'
-    do_redirect_url = '/login/redirect_authenticated_user/'
+    dont_redirect_url = "/login/redirect_authenticated_user_default/"
+    do_redirect_url = "/login/redirect_authenticated_user/"
 
     def test_default(self):
         """Stay on the login page by default."""
         self.login()
         response = self.client.get(self.dont_redirect_url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['next'], '')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["next"], "")
 
     def test_guest(self):
         """If not logged in, stay on the same page."""
@@ -882,21 +1012,23 @@ class LoginRedirectAuthenticatedUser(AuthViewsTestCase):
         """If logged in, go to default redirected URL."""
         self.login()
         response = self.client.get(self.do_redirect_url)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/accounts/profile/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/accounts/profile/", fetch_redirect_response=False
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL='/custom/')
+    @override_settings(LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL="/custom/")
     def test_redirect_url(self):
         """If logged in, go to custom redirected URL."""
         self.login()
         response = self.client.get(self.do_redirect_url)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/custom/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/custom/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
 
     def test_redirect_param(self):
         """If next is specified as a GET parameter, go there."""
         self.login()
-        url = self.do_redirect_url + '?next=/custom_next/'
+        url = self.do_redirect_url + "?next=/custom_next/"
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/custom_next/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/custom_next/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
 
     def test_redirect_loop(self):
         """
@@ -912,7 +1044,7 @@ class LoginRedirectAuthenticatedUser(AuthViewsTestCase):
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
                 self.client.get(self.do_redirect_url)
 
-            url = self.do_redirect_url + '?bla=2'
+            url = self.do_redirect_url + "?bla=2"
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
                 self.client.get(url)
 
@@ -920,13 +1052,15 @@ class LoginRedirectAuthenticatedUser(AuthViewsTestCase):
         # Not logged in ...
         with self.settings(LOGIN_URL=self.do_redirect_url):
             # redirected to login.
-            response = self.client.get('/permission_required_redirect/', follow=True)
+            response = self.client.get("/permission_required_redirect/", follow=True)
             self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
             # exception raised.
-            response = self.client.get('/permission_required_exception/', follow=True)
+            response = self.client.get("/permission_required_exception/", follow=True)
             self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
             # redirected to login.
-            response = self.client.get('/login_and_permission_required_exception/', follow=True)
+            response = self.client.get(
+                "/login_and_permission_required_exception/", follow=True
+            )
             self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_permission_required_logged_in(self):
@@ -934,191 +1068,219 @@ class LoginRedirectAuthenticatedUser(AuthViewsTestCase):
         # Already logged in...
         with self.settings(LOGIN_URL=self.do_redirect_url):
             # redirect loop encountered.
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(RedirectCycleError, 'Redirect loop detected.'):
-                self.client.get('/permission_required_redirect/', follow=True)
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                RedirectCycleError, "Redirect loop detected."
+            ):
+                self.client.get("/permission_required_redirect/", follow=True)
             # exception raised.
-            response = self.client.get('/permission_required_exception/', follow=True)
+            response = self.client.get("/permission_required_exception/", follow=True)
             self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
             # exception raised.
-            response = self.client.get('/login_and_permission_required_exception/', follow=True)
+            response = self.client.get(
+                "/login_and_permission_required_exception/", follow=True
+            )
             self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
 
 
 class LoginSuccessURLAllowedHostsTest(AuthViewsTestCase):
     def test_success_url_allowed_hosts_same_host(self):
-        response = self.client.post('/login/allowed_hosts/', {
-            'username': 'testclient',
-            'password': 'password',
-            'next': 'https://testserver/home',
-        })
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/login/allowed_hosts/",
+            {
+                "username": "testclient",
+                "password": "password",
+                "next": "https://testserver/home",
+            },
+        )
         self.assertIn(SESSION_KEY, self.client.session)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, 'https://testserver/home', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "https://testserver/home", fetch_redirect_response=False
+        )
 
     def test_success_url_allowed_hosts_safe_host(self):
-        response = self.client.post('/login/allowed_hosts/', {
-            'username': 'testclient',
-            'password': 'password',
-            'next': 'https://otherserver/home',
-        })
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/login/allowed_hosts/",
+            {
+                "username": "testclient",
+                "password": "password",
+                "next": "https://otherserver/home",
+            },
+        )
         self.assertIn(SESSION_KEY, self.client.session)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, 'https://otherserver/home', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "https://otherserver/home", fetch_redirect_response=False
+        )
 
     def test_success_url_allowed_hosts_unsafe_host(self):
-        response = self.client.post('/login/allowed_hosts/', {
-            'username': 'testclient',
-            'password': 'password',
-            'next': 'https://evil/home',
-        })
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/login/allowed_hosts/",
+            {
+                "username": "testclient",
+                "password": "password",
+                "next": "https://evil/home",
+            },
+        )
         self.assertIn(SESSION_KEY, self.client.session)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/accounts/profile/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/accounts/profile/", fetch_redirect_response=False
+        )
 
 
 class LogoutTest(AuthViewsTestCase):
-
     def confirm_logged_out(self):
         self.assertNotIn(SESSION_KEY, self.client.session)
 
     def test_logout_default(self):
         "Logout without next_page option renders the default template"
         self.login()
-        response = self.client.get('/logout/')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Logged out')
+        response = self.client.get("/logout/")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Logged out")
         self.confirm_logged_out()
 
     def test_logout_with_post(self):
         self.login()
-        response = self.client.post('/logout/')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Logged out')
+        response = self.client.post("/logout/")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Logged out")
         self.confirm_logged_out()
 
     def test_14377(self):
         # Bug 14377
         self.login()
-        response = self.client.get('/logout/')
-        self.assertIn('site', response.context)
+        response = self.client.get("/logout/")
+        self.assertIn("site", response.context)
 
     def test_logout_doesnt_cache(self):
         """
         The logout() view should send "no-cache" headers for reasons described
         in #25490.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/logout/')
-        self.assertIn('no-store', response.headers['Cache-Control'])
+        response = self.client.get("/logout/")
+        self.assertIn("no-store", response.headers["Cache-Control"])
 
     def test_logout_with_overridden_redirect_url(self):
         # Bug 11223
         self.login()
-        response = self.client.get('/logout/next_page/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/somewhere/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.client.get("/logout/next_page/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/somewhere/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
 
-        response = self.client.get('/logout/next_page/?next=/login/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/login/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.client.get("/logout/next_page/?next=/login/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/login/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
 
         self.confirm_logged_out()
 
     def test_logout_with_next_page_specified(self):
         "Logout with next_page option given redirects to specified resource"
         self.login()
-        response = self.client.get('/logout/next_page/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/somewhere/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.client.get("/logout/next_page/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/somewhere/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
         self.confirm_logged_out()
 
     def test_logout_with_redirect_argument(self):
         "Logout with query string redirects to specified resource"
         self.login()
-        response = self.client.get('/logout/?next=/login/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/login/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.client.get("/logout/?next=/login/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/login/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
         self.confirm_logged_out()
 
     def test_logout_with_custom_redirect_argument(self):
         "Logout with custom query string redirects to specified resource"
         self.login()
-        response = self.client.get('/logout/custom_query/?follow=/somewhere/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/somewhere/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.client.get("/logout/custom_query/?follow=/somewhere/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/somewhere/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
         self.confirm_logged_out()
 
     def test_logout_with_named_redirect(self):
         "Logout resolves names or URLs passed as next_page."
         self.login()
-        response = self.client.get('/logout/next_page/named/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/password_reset/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.client.get("/logout/next_page/named/")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/password_reset/", fetch_redirect_response=False
+        )
         self.confirm_logged_out()
 
     def test_success_url_allowed_hosts_same_host(self):
         self.login()
-        response = self.client.get('/logout/allowed_hosts/?next=https://testserver/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, 'https://testserver/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.client.get("/logout/allowed_hosts/?next=https://testserver/")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "https://testserver/", fetch_redirect_response=False
+        )
         self.confirm_logged_out()
 
     def test_success_url_allowed_hosts_safe_host(self):
         self.login()
-        response = self.client.get('/logout/allowed_hosts/?next=https://otherserver/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, 'https://otherserver/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.client.get("/logout/allowed_hosts/?next=https://otherserver/")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "https://otherserver/", fetch_redirect_response=False
+        )
         self.confirm_logged_out()
 
     def test_success_url_allowed_hosts_unsafe_host(self):
         self.login()
-        response = self.client.get('/logout/allowed_hosts/?next=https://evil/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/logout/allowed_hosts/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.client.get("/logout/allowed_hosts/?next=https://evil/")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/logout/allowed_hosts/", fetch_redirect_response=False
+        )
         self.confirm_logged_out()
 
     def test_security_check(self):
-        logout_url = reverse('logout')
+        logout_url = reverse("logout")
 
         # These URLs should not pass the security check.
         bad_urls = (
-            'http://example.com',
-            'http:///example.com',
-            'https://example.com',
-            'ftp://example.com',
-            '///example.com',
-            '//example.com',
+            "http://example.com",
+            "http:///example.com",
+            "https://example.com",
+            "ftp://example.com",
+            "///example.com",
+            "//example.com",
             'javascript:alert("XSS")',
         )
         for bad_url in bad_urls:
             with self.subTest(bad_url=bad_url):
-                nasty_url = '%(url)s?%(next)s=%(bad_url)s' % {
-                    'url': logout_url,
-                    'next': REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME,
-                    'bad_url': quote(bad_url),
+                nasty_url = "%(url)s?%(next)s=%(bad_url)s" % {
+                    "url": logout_url,
+                    "next": REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME,
+                    "bad_url": quote(bad_url),
                 }
                 self.login()
                 response = self.client.get(nasty_url)
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-                self.assertNotIn(bad_url, response.url, '%s should be blocked' % bad_url)
+                self.assertNotIn(
+                    bad_url, response.url, "%s should be blocked" % bad_url
+                )
                 self.confirm_logged_out()
 
         # These URLs should pass the security check.
         good_urls = (
-            '/view/?param=http://example.com',
-            '/view/?param=https://example.com',
-            '/view?param=ftp://example.com',
-            'view/?param=//example.com',
-            'https://testserver/',
-            'HTTPS://testserver/',
-            '//testserver/',
-            '/url%20with%20spaces/',
+            "/view/?param=http://example.com",
+            "/view/?param=https://example.com",
+            "/view?param=ftp://example.com",
+            "view/?param=//example.com",
+            "https://testserver/",
+            "HTTPS://testserver/",
+            "//testserver/",
+            "/url%20with%20spaces/",
         )
         for good_url in good_urls:
             with self.subTest(good_url=good_url):
-                safe_url = '%(url)s?%(next)s=%(good_url)s' % {
-                    'url': logout_url,
-                    'next': REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME,
-                    'good_url': quote(good_url),
+                safe_url = "%(url)s?%(next)s=%(good_url)s" % {
+                    "url": logout_url,
+                    "next": REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME,
+                    "good_url": quote(good_url),
                 }
                 self.login()
                 response = self.client.get(safe_url)
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-                self.assertIn(good_url, response.url, '%s should be allowed' % good_url)
+                self.assertIn(good_url, response.url, "%s should be allowed" % good_url)
                 self.confirm_logged_out()
 
     def test_security_check_https(self):
-        logout_url = reverse('logout')
-        non_https_next_url = 'http://testserver/'
-        url = '%(url)s?%(next)s=%(next_url)s' % {
-            'url': logout_url,
-            'next': REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME,
-            'next_url': quote(non_https_next_url),
+        logout_url = reverse("logout")
+        non_https_next_url = "http://testserver/"
+        url = "%(url)s?%(next)s=%(next_url)s" % {
+            "url": logout_url,
+            "next": REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME,
+            "next_url": quote(non_https_next_url),
         }
         self.login()
         response = self.client.get(url, secure=True)
@@ -1128,22 +1290,22 @@ class LogoutTest(AuthViewsTestCase):
     def test_logout_preserve_language(self):
         """Language is preserved after logout."""
         self.login()
-        self.client.post('/setlang/', {'language': 'pl'})
-        self.assertEqual(self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, 'pl')
-        self.client.get('/logout/')
-        self.assertEqual(self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, 'pl')
+        self.client.post("/setlang/", {"language": "pl"})
+        self.assertEqual(self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, "pl")
+        self.client.get("/logout/")
+        self.assertEqual(self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, "pl")
 
-    @override_settings(LOGOUT_REDIRECT_URL='/custom/')
+    @override_settings(LOGOUT_REDIRECT_URL="/custom/")
     def test_logout_redirect_url_setting(self):
         self.login()
-        response = self.client.get('/logout/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/custom/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.client.get("/logout/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/custom/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
 
-    @override_settings(LOGOUT_REDIRECT_URL='logout')
+    @override_settings(LOGOUT_REDIRECT_URL="logout")
     def test_logout_redirect_url_named_setting(self):
         self.login()
-        response = self.client.get('/logout/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/logout/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.client.get("/logout/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/logout/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
 
 
 def get_perm(Model, perm):
@@ -1153,14 +1315,15 @@ def get_perm(Model, perm):
 
 # Redirect in test_user_change_password will fail if session auth hash
 # isn't updated after password change (#21649)
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='auth_tests.urls_admin')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="auth_tests.urls_admin")
 class ChangelistTests(AuthViewsTestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         super().setUpTestData()
         # Make me a superuser before logging in.
-        User.objects.filter(username='testclient').update(is_staff=True, is_superuser=True)
+        User.objects.filter(username="testclient").update(
+            is_staff=True, is_superuser=True
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.login()
@@ -1169,126 +1332,145 @@ class ChangelistTests(AuthViewsTestCase):
 
     def get_user_data(self, user):
         return {
-            'username': user.username,
-            'password': user.password,
-            'email': user.email,
-            'is_active': user.is_active,
-            'is_staff': user.is_staff,
-            'is_superuser': user.is_superuser,
-            'last_login_0': user.last_login.strftime('%Y-%m-%d'),
-            'last_login_1': user.last_login.strftime('%H:%M:%S'),
-            'initial-last_login_0': user.last_login.strftime('%Y-%m-%d'),
-            'initial-last_login_1': user.last_login.strftime('%H:%M:%S'),
-            'date_joined_0': user.date_joined.strftime('%Y-%m-%d'),
-            'date_joined_1': user.date_joined.strftime('%H:%M:%S'),
-            'initial-date_joined_0': user.date_joined.strftime('%Y-%m-%d'),
-            'initial-date_joined_1': user.date_joined.strftime('%H:%M:%S'),
-            'first_name': user.first_name,
-            'last_name': user.last_name,
+            "username": user.username,
+            "password": user.password,
+            "email": user.email,
+            "is_active": user.is_active,
+            "is_staff": user.is_staff,
+            "is_superuser": user.is_superuser,
+            "last_login_0": user.last_login.strftime("%Y-%m-%d"),
+            "last_login_1": user.last_login.strftime("%H:%M:%S"),
+            "initial-last_login_0": user.last_login.strftime("%Y-%m-%d"),
+            "initial-last_login_1": user.last_login.strftime("%H:%M:%S"),
+            "date_joined_0": user.date_joined.strftime("%Y-%m-%d"),
+            "date_joined_1": user.date_joined.strftime("%H:%M:%S"),
+            "initial-date_joined_0": user.date_joined.strftime("%Y-%m-%d"),
+            "initial-date_joined_1": user.date_joined.strftime("%H:%M:%S"),
+            "first_name": user.first_name,
+            "last_name": user.last_name,
         }
 
     # #20078 - users shouldn't be allowed to guess password hashes via
     # repeated password__startswith queries.
     def test_changelist_disallows_password_lookups(self):
         # A lookup that tries to filter on password isn't OK
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.DisallowedModelAdminLookup', 'ERROR'):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('auth_test_admin:auth_user_changelist') + '?password__startswith=sha1$')
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.DisallowedModelAdminLookup", "ERROR"):
+            response = self.client.get(
+                reverse("auth_test_admin:auth_user_changelist")
+                + "?password__startswith=sha1$"
+            )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
 
     def test_user_change_email(self):
         data = self.get_user_data(self.admin)
-        data['email'] = 'new_' + data['email']
+        data["email"] = "new_" + data["email"]
         response = self.client.post(
-            reverse('auth_test_admin:auth_user_change', args=(self.admin.pk,)),
-            data
+            reverse("auth_test_admin:auth_user_change", args=(self.admin.pk,)), data
         )
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('auth_test_admin:auth_user_changelist'))
-        row = LogEntry.objects.latest('id')
-        self.assertEqual(row.get_change_message(), 'Changed Email address.')
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("auth_test_admin:auth_user_changelist"))
+        row = LogEntry.objects.latest("id")
+        self.assertEqual(row.get_change_message(), "Changed Email address.")
 
     def test_user_not_change(self):
         response = self.client.post(
-            reverse('auth_test_admin:auth_user_change', args=(self.admin.pk,)),
-            self.get_user_data(self.admin)
+            reverse("auth_test_admin:auth_user_change", args=(self.admin.pk,)),
+            self.get_user_data(self.admin),
         )
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('auth_test_admin:auth_user_changelist'))
-        row = LogEntry.objects.latest('id')
-        self.assertEqual(row.get_change_message(), 'No fields changed.')
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("auth_test_admin:auth_user_changelist"))
+        row = LogEntry.objects.latest("id")
+        self.assertEqual(row.get_change_message(), "No fields changed.")
 
     def test_user_change_password(self):
-        user_change_url = reverse('auth_test_admin:auth_user_change', args=(self.admin.pk,))
-        password_change_url = reverse('auth_test_admin:auth_user_password_change', args=(self.admin.pk,))
+        user_change_url = reverse(
+            "auth_test_admin:auth_user_change", args=(self.admin.pk,)
+        )
+        password_change_url = reverse(
+            "auth_test_admin:auth_user_password_change", args=(self.admin.pk,)
+        )
 
         response = self.client.get(user_change_url)
         # Test the link inside password field help_text.
         rel_link = re.search(
             r'you can change the password using <a href="([^"]*)">this form</a>',
-            response.content.decode()
+            response.content.decode(),
         )[1]
         self.assertEqual(urljoin(user_change_url, rel_link), password_change_url)
 
         response = self.client.post(
             password_change_url,
             {
-                'password1': 'password1',
-                'password2': 'password1',
-            }
+                "password1": "password1",
+                "password2": "password1",
+            },
         )
         self.assertRedirects(response, user_change_url)
-        row = LogEntry.objects.latest('id')
-        self.assertEqual(row.get_change_message(), 'Changed password.')
+        row = LogEntry.objects.latest("id")
+        self.assertEqual(row.get_change_message(), "Changed password.")
         self.logout()
-        self.login(password='password1')
+        self.login(password="password1")
 
     def test_user_change_different_user_password(self):
-        u = User.objects.get(email='staffmember@example.com')
+        u = User.objects.get(email="staffmember@example.com")
         response = self.client.post(
-            reverse('auth_test_admin:auth_user_password_change', args=(u.pk,)),
+            reverse("auth_test_admin:auth_user_password_change", args=(u.pk,)),
             {
-                'password1': 'password1',
-                'password2': 'password1',
-            }
+                "password1": "password1",
+                "password2": "password1",
+            },
         )
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('auth_test_admin:auth_user_change', args=(u.pk,)))
-        row = LogEntry.objects.latest('id')
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, reverse("auth_test_admin:auth_user_change", args=(u.pk,))
+        )
+        row = LogEntry.objects.latest("id")
         self.assertEqual(row.user_id, self.admin.pk)
         self.assertEqual(row.object_id, str(u.pk))
-        self.assertEqual(row.get_change_message(), 'Changed password.')
+        self.assertEqual(row.get_change_message(), "Changed password.")
 
     def test_password_change_bad_url(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('auth_test_admin:auth_user_password_change', args=('foobar',)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("auth_test_admin:auth_user_password_change", args=("foobar",))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
-    @mock.patch('django.contrib.auth.admin.UserAdmin.has_change_permission')
-    def test_user_change_password_passes_user_to_has_change_permission(self, has_change_permission):
-        url = reverse('auth_test_admin:auth_user_password_change', args=(self.admin.pk,))
-        self.client.post(url, {'password1': 'password1', 'password2': 'password1'})
+    @mock.patch("django.contrib.auth.admin.UserAdmin.has_change_permission")
+    def test_user_change_password_passes_user_to_has_change_permission(
+        self, has_change_permission
+    ):
+        url = reverse(
+            "auth_test_admin:auth_user_password_change", args=(self.admin.pk,)
+        )
+        self.client.post(url, {"password1": "password1", "password2": "password1"})
         (_request, user), _kwargs = has_change_permission.call_args
         self.assertEqual(user.pk, self.admin.pk)
 
     def test_view_user_password_is_readonly(self):
-        u = User.objects.get(username='testclient')
+        u = User.objects.get(username="testclient")
         u.is_superuser = False
         u.save()
         original_password = u.password
-        u.user_permissions.add(get_perm(User, 'view_user'))
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('auth_test_admin:auth_user_change', args=(u.pk,)),)
-        algo, salt, hash_string = (u.password.split('$'))
+        u.user_permissions.add(get_perm(User, "view_user"))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("auth_test_admin:auth_user_change", args=(u.pk,)),
+        )
+        algo, salt, hash_string = u.password.split("$")
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="readonly">testclient</div>')
         # ReadOnlyPasswordHashWidget is used to render the field.
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<strong>algorithm</strong>: %s\n\n'
-            '<strong>salt</strong>: %s********************\n\n'
-            '<strong>hash</strong>: %s**************************\n\n' % (
-                algo, salt[:2], hash_string[:6],
+            "<strong>algorithm</strong>: %s\n\n"
+            "<strong>salt</strong>: %s********************\n\n"
+            "<strong>hash</strong>: %s**************************\n\n"
+            % (
+                algo,
+                salt[:2],
+                hash_string[:6],
             ),
             html=True,
         )
         # Value in POST data is ignored.
         data = self.get_user_data(u)
-        data['password'] = 'shouldnotchange'
-        change_url = reverse('auth_test_admin:auth_user_change', args=(u.pk,))
+        data["password"] = "shouldnotchange"
+        change_url = reverse("auth_test_admin:auth_user_change", args=(u.pk,))
         response = self.client.post(change_url, data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
         u.refresh_from_db()
@@ -1296,35 +1478,43 @@ class ChangelistTests(AuthViewsTestCase):
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    AUTH_USER_MODEL='auth_tests.UUIDUser',
-    ROOT_URLCONF='auth_tests.urls_custom_user_admin',
+    AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth_tests.UUIDUser",
+    ROOT_URLCONF="auth_tests.urls_custom_user_admin",
 )
 class UUIDUserTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_admin_password_change(self):
-        u = UUIDUser.objects.create_superuser(username='uuid', email='foo@bar.com', password='test')
-        self.assertTrue(self.client.login(username='uuid', password='test'))
+        u = UUIDUser.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="uuid", email="foo@bar.com", password="test"
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(self.client.login(username="uuid", password="test"))
 
-        user_change_url = reverse('custom_user_admin:auth_tests_uuiduser_change', args=(u.pk,))
+        user_change_url = reverse(
+            "custom_user_admin:auth_tests_uuiduser_change", args=(u.pk,)
+        )
         response = self.client.get(user_change_url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
-        password_change_url = reverse('custom_user_admin:auth_user_password_change', args=(u.pk,))
+        password_change_url = reverse(
+            "custom_user_admin:auth_user_password_change", args=(u.pk,)
+        )
         response = self.client.get(password_change_url)
         # The action attribute is omitted.
         self.assertContains(response, '<form method="post" id="uuiduser_form">')
 
         # A LogEntry is created with pk=1 which breaks a FK constraint on MySQL
         with connection.constraint_checks_disabled():
-            response = self.client.post(password_change_url, {
-                'password1': 'password1',
-                'password2': 'password1',
-            })
+            response = self.client.post(
+                password_change_url,
+                {
+                    "password1": "password1",
+                    "password2": "password1",
+                },
+            )
         self.assertRedirects(response, user_change_url)
-        row = LogEntry.objects.latest('id')
+        row = LogEntry.objects.latest("id")
         self.assertEqual(row.user_id, 1)  # hardcoded in CustomUserAdmin.log_change()
         self.assertEqual(row.object_id, str(u.pk))
-        self.assertEqual(row.get_change_message(), 'Changed password.')
+        self.assertEqual(row.get_change_message(), "Changed password.")
 
         # The LogEntry.user column isn't altered to a UUID type so it's set to
         # an integer manually in CustomUserAdmin to avoid an error. To avoid a
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/urls.py b/tests/auth_tests/urls.py
index 70857e866a..9f8cd14bdd 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/urls.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/urls.py
@@ -28,143 +28,175 @@ def remote_user_auth_view(request):
 
 
 def auth_processor_no_attr_access(request):
-    render(request, 'context_processors/auth_attrs_no_access.html')
+    render(request, "context_processors/auth_attrs_no_access.html")
     # *After* rendering, we check whether the session was accessed
-    return render(request,
-                  'context_processors/auth_attrs_test_access.html',
-                  {'session_accessed': request.session.accessed})
+    return render(
+        request,
+        "context_processors/auth_attrs_test_access.html",
+        {"session_accessed": request.session.accessed},
+    )
 
 
 def auth_processor_attr_access(request):
-    render(request, 'context_processors/auth_attrs_access.html')
-    return render(request,
-                  'context_processors/auth_attrs_test_access.html',
-                  {'session_accessed': request.session.accessed})
+    render(request, "context_processors/auth_attrs_access.html")
+    return render(
+        request,
+        "context_processors/auth_attrs_test_access.html",
+        {"session_accessed": request.session.accessed},
+    )
 
 
 def auth_processor_user(request):
-    return render(request, 'context_processors/auth_attrs_user.html')
+    return render(request, "context_processors/auth_attrs_user.html")
 
 
 def auth_processor_perms(request):
-    return render(request, 'context_processors/auth_attrs_perms.html')
+    return render(request, "context_processors/auth_attrs_perms.html")
 
 
 def auth_processor_perm_in_perms(request):
-    return render(request, 'context_processors/auth_attrs_perm_in_perms.html')
+    return render(request, "context_processors/auth_attrs_perm_in_perms.html")
 
 
 def auth_processor_messages(request):
     info(request, "Message 1")
-    return render(request, 'context_processors/auth_attrs_messages.html')
+    return render(request, "context_processors/auth_attrs_messages.html")
 
 
 def userpage(request):
     pass
 
 
-@permission_required('unknown.permission')
+@permission_required("unknown.permission")
 def permission_required_redirect(request):
     pass
 
 
-@permission_required('unknown.permission', raise_exception=True)
+@permission_required("unknown.permission", raise_exception=True)
 def permission_required_exception(request):
     pass
 
 
 @login_required
-@permission_required('unknown.permission', raise_exception=True)
+@permission_required("unknown.permission", raise_exception=True)
 def login_and_permission_required_exception(request):
     pass
 
 
 class CustomDefaultRedirectURLLoginView(LoginView):
     def get_default_redirect_url(self):
-        return '/custom/'
+        return "/custom/"
 
 
 # special urls for auth test cases
 urlpatterns = auth_urlpatterns + [
-    path('logout/custom_query/', views.LogoutView.as_view(redirect_field_name='follow')),
-    path('logout/next_page/', views.LogoutView.as_view(next_page='/somewhere/')),
-    path('logout/next_page/named/', views.LogoutView.as_view(next_page='password_reset')),
-    path('logout/allowed_hosts/', views.LogoutView.as_view(success_url_allowed_hosts={'otherserver'})),
-    path('remote_user/', remote_user_auth_view),
-
-    path('password_reset_from_email/', views.PasswordResetView.as_view(from_email='staffmember@example.com')),
     path(
-        'password_reset_extra_email_context/',
+        "logout/custom_query/", views.LogoutView.as_view(redirect_field_name="follow")
+    ),
+    path("logout/next_page/", views.LogoutView.as_view(next_page="/somewhere/")),
+    path(
+        "logout/next_page/named/", views.LogoutView.as_view(next_page="password_reset")
+    ),
+    path(
+        "logout/allowed_hosts/",
+        views.LogoutView.as_view(success_url_allowed_hosts={"otherserver"}),
+    ),
+    path("remote_user/", remote_user_auth_view),
+    path(
+        "password_reset_from_email/",
+        views.PasswordResetView.as_view(from_email="staffmember@example.com"),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "password_reset_extra_email_context/",
         views.PasswordResetView.as_view(
-            extra_email_context={'greeting': 'Hello!', 'domain': 'custom.example.com'},
+            extra_email_context={"greeting": "Hello!", "domain": "custom.example.com"},
         ),
     ),
     path(
-        'password_reset/custom_redirect/',
-        views.PasswordResetView.as_view(success_url='/custom/')),
+        "password_reset/custom_redirect/",
+        views.PasswordResetView.as_view(success_url="/custom/"),
+    ),
     path(
-        'password_reset/custom_redirect/named/',
-        views.PasswordResetView.as_view(success_url=reverse_lazy('password_reset'))),
+        "password_reset/custom_redirect/named/",
+        views.PasswordResetView.as_view(success_url=reverse_lazy("password_reset")),
+    ),
     path(
-        'password_reset/html_email_template/',
+        "password_reset/html_email_template/",
         views.PasswordResetView.as_view(
-            html_email_template_name='registration/html_password_reset_email.html'
-        )),
-    path(
-        'reset/custom/<uidb64>/<token>/',
-        views.PasswordResetConfirmView.as_view(success_url='/custom/'),
+            html_email_template_name="registration/html_password_reset_email.html"
+        ),
     ),
     path(
-        'reset/custom/named/<uidb64>/<token>/',
-        views.PasswordResetConfirmView.as_view(success_url=reverse_lazy('password_reset')),
+        "reset/custom/<uidb64>/<token>/",
+        views.PasswordResetConfirmView.as_view(success_url="/custom/"),
     ),
     path(
-        'reset/custom/token/<uidb64>/<token>/',
-        views.PasswordResetConfirmView.as_view(reset_url_token='set-passwordcustom'),
+        "reset/custom/named/<uidb64>/<token>/",
+        views.PasswordResetConfirmView.as_view(
+            success_url=reverse_lazy("password_reset")
+        ),
     ),
     path(
-        'reset/post_reset_login/<uidb64>/<token>/',
+        "reset/custom/token/<uidb64>/<token>/",
+        views.PasswordResetConfirmView.as_view(reset_url_token="set-passwordcustom"),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "reset/post_reset_login/<uidb64>/<token>/",
         views.PasswordResetConfirmView.as_view(post_reset_login=True),
     ),
     path(
-        'reset/post_reset_login_custom_backend/<uidb64>/<token>/',
+        "reset/post_reset_login_custom_backend/<uidb64>/<token>/",
         views.PasswordResetConfirmView.as_view(
             post_reset_login=True,
-            post_reset_login_backend='django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend',
+            post_reset_login_backend="django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend",
         ),
     ),
-    path('reset/missing_parameters/', views.PasswordResetConfirmView.as_view()),
-    path('password_change/custom/',
-         views.PasswordChangeView.as_view(success_url='/custom/')),
-    path('password_change/custom/named/',
-         views.PasswordChangeView.as_view(success_url=reverse_lazy('password_reset'))),
-    path('login_required/', login_required(views.PasswordResetView.as_view())),
-    path('login_required_login_url/', login_required(views.PasswordResetView.as_view(), login_url='/somewhere/')),
-
-    path('auth_processor_no_attr_access/', auth_processor_no_attr_access),
-    path('auth_processor_attr_access/', auth_processor_attr_access),
-    path('auth_processor_user/', auth_processor_user),
-    path('auth_processor_perms/', auth_processor_perms),
-    path('auth_processor_perm_in_perms/', auth_processor_perm_in_perms),
-    path('auth_processor_messages/', auth_processor_messages),
+    path("reset/missing_parameters/", views.PasswordResetConfirmView.as_view()),
     path(
-        'custom_request_auth_login/',
-        views.LoginView.as_view(authentication_form=CustomRequestAuthenticationForm)),
-    re_path('^userpage/(.+)/$', userpage, name='userpage'),
-    path('login/redirect_authenticated_user_default/', views.LoginView.as_view()),
-    path('login/redirect_authenticated_user/',
-         views.LoginView.as_view(redirect_authenticated_user=True)),
-    path('login/allowed_hosts/',
-         views.LoginView.as_view(success_url_allowed_hosts={'otherserver'})),
-    path('login/get_default_redirect_url/', CustomDefaultRedirectURLLoginView.as_view()),
-    path('login/next_page/', views.LoginView.as_view(next_page='/somewhere/')),
-    path('login/next_page/named/', views.LoginView.as_view(next_page='password_reset')),
-
-    path('permission_required_redirect/', permission_required_redirect),
-    path('permission_required_exception/', permission_required_exception),
-    path('login_and_permission_required_exception/', login_and_permission_required_exception),
-
-    path('setlang/', set_language, name='set_language'),
+        "password_change/custom/",
+        views.PasswordChangeView.as_view(success_url="/custom/"),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "password_change/custom/named/",
+        views.PasswordChangeView.as_view(success_url=reverse_lazy("password_reset")),
+    ),
+    path("login_required/", login_required(views.PasswordResetView.as_view())),
+    path(
+        "login_required_login_url/",
+        login_required(views.PasswordResetView.as_view(), login_url="/somewhere/"),
+    ),
+    path("auth_processor_no_attr_access/", auth_processor_no_attr_access),
+    path("auth_processor_attr_access/", auth_processor_attr_access),
+    path("auth_processor_user/", auth_processor_user),
+    path("auth_processor_perms/", auth_processor_perms),
+    path("auth_processor_perm_in_perms/", auth_processor_perm_in_perms),
+    path("auth_processor_messages/", auth_processor_messages),
+    path(
+        "custom_request_auth_login/",
+        views.LoginView.as_view(authentication_form=CustomRequestAuthenticationForm),
+    ),
+    re_path("^userpage/(.+)/$", userpage, name="userpage"),
+    path("login/redirect_authenticated_user_default/", views.LoginView.as_view()),
+    path(
+        "login/redirect_authenticated_user/",
+        views.LoginView.as_view(redirect_authenticated_user=True),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "login/allowed_hosts/",
+        views.LoginView.as_view(success_url_allowed_hosts={"otherserver"}),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "login/get_default_redirect_url/", CustomDefaultRedirectURLLoginView.as_view()
+    ),
+    path("login/next_page/", views.LoginView.as_view(next_page="/somewhere/")),
+    path("login/next_page/named/", views.LoginView.as_view(next_page="password_reset")),
+    path("permission_required_redirect/", permission_required_redirect),
+    path("permission_required_exception/", permission_required_exception),
+    path(
+        "login_and_permission_required_exception/",
+        login_and_permission_required_exception,
+    ),
+    path("setlang/", set_language, name="set_language"),
     # This line is only required to render the password reset with is_admin=True
-    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
+    path("admin/", admin.site.urls),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/urls_admin.py b/tests/auth_tests/urls_admin.py
index 21b0073210..a606402404 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/urls_admin.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/urls_admin.py
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ from django.contrib.auth.urls import urlpatterns
 from django.urls import path
 
 # Create a silo'd admin site for just the user/group admins.
-site = admin.AdminSite(name='auth_test_admin')
+site = admin.AdminSite(name="auth_test_admin")
 site.register(User, UserAdmin)
 site.register(Group, GroupAdmin)
 
 urlpatterns += [
-    path('admin/', site.urls),
+    path("admin/", site.urls),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/auth_tests/urls_custom_user_admin.py b/tests/auth_tests/urls_custom_user_admin.py
index e761662044..1c7ce1eb42 100644
--- a/tests/auth_tests/urls_custom_user_admin.py
+++ b/tests/auth_tests/urls_custom_user_admin.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
 from django.contrib.auth.admin import UserAdmin
 from django.urls import path
 
-site = admin.AdminSite(name='custom_user_admin')
+site = admin.AdminSite(name="custom_user_admin")
 
 
 class CustomUserAdmin(UserAdmin):
@@ -19,5 +19,5 @@ class CustomUserAdmin(UserAdmin):
 site.register(get_user_model(), CustomUserAdmin)
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('admin/', site.urls),
+    path("admin/", site.urls),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/backends/base/app_unmigrated/migrations/0001_initial.py b/tests/backends/base/app_unmigrated/migrations/0001_initial.py
index 2481756a5c..38ecc948e4 100644
--- a/tests/backends/base/app_unmigrated/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/backends/base/app_unmigrated/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -8,10 +8,18 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Foo',
+            name="Foo",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
-                ('name', models.CharField(max_length=255)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                        serialize=False,
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/backends/base/app_unmigrated/models.py b/tests/backends/base/app_unmigrated/models.py
index 0c1f64f61d..4bb6074a84 100644
--- a/tests/backends/base/app_unmigrated/models.py
+++ b/tests/backends/base/app_unmigrated/models.py
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@ class Foo(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
 
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'app_unmigrated'
+        app_label = "app_unmigrated"
diff --git a/tests/backends/base/test_base.py b/tests/backends/base/test_base.py
index b2ebea5829..00ef766d5d 100644
--- a/tests/backends/base/test_base.py
+++ b/tests/backends/base/test_base.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from ..models import Square
 
 
 class DatabaseWrapperTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_repr(self):
         conn = connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS]
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -25,12 +24,12 @@ class DatabaseWrapperTests(SimpleTestCase):
         conn = connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS]
         conn_class = type(conn)
         attr_names = [
-            ('client_class', 'client'),
-            ('creation_class', 'creation'),
-            ('features_class', 'features'),
-            ('introspection_class', 'introspection'),
-            ('ops_class', 'ops'),
-            ('validation_class', 'validation'),
+            ("client_class", "client"),
+            ("creation_class", "creation"),
+            ("features_class", "features"),
+            ("introspection_class", "introspection"),
+            ("ops_class", "ops"),
+            ("validation_class", "validation"),
         ]
         for class_attr_name, instance_attr_name in attr_names:
             class_attr_value = getattr(conn_class, class_attr_name)
@@ -39,23 +38,22 @@ class DatabaseWrapperTests(SimpleTestCase):
             self.assertIsInstance(instance_attr_value, class_attr_value)
 
     def test_initialization_display_name(self):
-        self.assertEqual(BaseDatabaseWrapper.display_name, 'unknown')
-        self.assertNotEqual(connection.display_name, 'unknown')
+        self.assertEqual(BaseDatabaseWrapper.display_name, "unknown")
+        self.assertNotEqual(connection.display_name, "unknown")
 
 
 class ExecuteWrapperTests(TestCase):
-
     @staticmethod
     def call_execute(connection, params=None):
-        ret_val = '1' if params is None else '%s'
-        sql = 'SELECT ' + ret_val + connection.features.bare_select_suffix
+        ret_val = "1" if params is None else "%s"
+        sql = "SELECT " + ret_val + connection.features.bare_select_suffix
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(sql, params)
 
     def call_executemany(self, connection, params=None):
         # executemany() must use an update query. Make sure it does nothing
         # by putting a false condition in the WHERE clause.
-        sql = 'DELETE FROM {} WHERE 0=1 AND 0=%s'.format(Square._meta.db_table)
+        sql = "DELETE FROM {} WHERE 0=1 AND 0=%s".format(Square._meta.db_table)
         if params is None:
             params = [(i,) for i in range(3)]
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
@@ -71,10 +69,10 @@ class ExecuteWrapperTests(TestCase):
             self.call_execute(connection)
         self.assertTrue(wrapper.called)
         (_, sql, params, many, context), _ = wrapper.call_args
-        self.assertIn('SELECT', sql)
+        self.assertIn("SELECT", sql)
         self.assertIsNone(params)
         self.assertIs(many, False)
-        self.assertEqual(context['connection'], connection)
+        self.assertEqual(context["connection"], connection)
 
     def test_wrapper_invoked_many(self):
         wrapper = self.mock_wrapper()
@@ -82,16 +80,16 @@ class ExecuteWrapperTests(TestCase):
             self.call_executemany(connection)
         self.assertTrue(wrapper.called)
         (_, sql, param_list, many, context), _ = wrapper.call_args
-        self.assertIn('DELETE', sql)
+        self.assertIn("DELETE", sql)
         self.assertIsInstance(param_list, (list, tuple))
         self.assertIs(many, True)
-        self.assertEqual(context['connection'], connection)
+        self.assertEqual(context["connection"], connection)
 
     def test_database_queried(self):
         wrapper = self.mock_wrapper()
         with connection.execute_wrapper(wrapper):
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                sql = 'SELECT 17' + connection.features.bare_select_suffix
+                sql = "SELECT 17" + connection.features.bare_select_suffix
                 cursor.execute(sql)
                 seventeen = cursor.fetchall()
                 self.assertEqual(list(seventeen), [(17,)])
@@ -100,7 +98,9 @@ class ExecuteWrapperTests(TestCase):
     def test_nested_wrapper_invoked(self):
         outer_wrapper = self.mock_wrapper()
         inner_wrapper = self.mock_wrapper()
-        with connection.execute_wrapper(outer_wrapper), connection.execute_wrapper(inner_wrapper):
+        with connection.execute_wrapper(outer_wrapper), connection.execute_wrapper(
+            inner_wrapper
+        ):
             self.call_execute(connection)
             self.assertEqual(inner_wrapper.call_count, 1)
             self.call_executemany(connection)
@@ -109,9 +109,12 @@ class ExecuteWrapperTests(TestCase):
     def test_outer_wrapper_blocks(self):
         def blocker(*args):
             pass
+
         wrapper = self.mock_wrapper()
         c = connection  # This alias shortens the next line.
-        with c.execute_wrapper(wrapper), c.execute_wrapper(blocker), c.execute_wrapper(wrapper):
+        with c.execute_wrapper(wrapper), c.execute_wrapper(blocker), c.execute_wrapper(
+            wrapper
+        ):
             with c.cursor() as cursor:
                 cursor.execute("The database never sees this")
                 self.assertEqual(wrapper.call_count, 1)
@@ -128,16 +131,16 @@ class ExecuteWrapperTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_wrapper_connection_specific(self):
         wrapper = self.mock_wrapper()
-        with connections['other'].execute_wrapper(wrapper):
-            self.assertEqual(connections['other'].execute_wrappers, [wrapper])
+        with connections["other"].execute_wrapper(wrapper):
+            self.assertEqual(connections["other"].execute_wrappers, [wrapper])
             self.call_execute(connection)
         self.assertFalse(wrapper.called)
         self.assertEqual(connection.execute_wrappers, [])
-        self.assertEqual(connections['other'].execute_wrappers, [])
+        self.assertEqual(connections["other"].execute_wrappers, [])
 
 
 class ConnectionHealthChecksTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    databases = {'default'}
+    databases = {"default"}
 
     def setUp(self):
         # All test cases here need newly configured and created connections.
@@ -146,25 +149,28 @@ class ConnectionHealthChecksTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.addCleanup(connection.close)
 
     def patch_settings_dict(self, conn_health_checks):
-        self.settings_dict_patcher = patch.dict(connection.settings_dict, {
-            **connection.settings_dict,
-            'CONN_MAX_AGE': None,
-            'CONN_HEALTH_CHECKS': conn_health_checks,
-        })
+        self.settings_dict_patcher = patch.dict(
+            connection.settings_dict,
+            {
+                **connection.settings_dict,
+                "CONN_MAX_AGE": None,
+                "CONN_HEALTH_CHECKS": conn_health_checks,
+            },
+        )
         self.settings_dict_patcher.start()
         self.addCleanup(self.settings_dict_patcher.stop)
 
     def run_query(self):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute('SELECT 42' + connection.features.bare_select_suffix)
+            cursor.execute("SELECT 42" + connection.features.bare_select_suffix)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('test_db_allows_multiple_connections')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("test_db_allows_multiple_connections")
     def test_health_checks_enabled(self):
         self.patch_settings_dict(conn_health_checks=True)
         self.assertIsNone(connection.connection)
         # Newly created connections are considered healthy without performing
         # the health check.
-        with patch.object(connection, 'is_usable', side_effect=AssertionError):
+        with patch.object(connection, "is_usable", side_effect=AssertionError):
             self.run_query()
 
         old_connection = connection.connection
@@ -173,7 +179,9 @@ class ConnectionHealthChecksTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIs(old_connection, connection.connection)
 
         # Simulate connection health check failing.
-        with patch.object(connection, 'is_usable', return_value=False) as mocked_is_usable:
+        with patch.object(
+            connection, "is_usable", return_value=False
+        ) as mocked_is_usable:
             self.run_query()
             new_connection = connection.connection
             # A new connection is established.
@@ -194,13 +202,13 @@ class ConnectionHealthChecksTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.run_query()
         self.assertIs(new_connection, connection.connection)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('test_db_allows_multiple_connections')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("test_db_allows_multiple_connections")
     def test_health_checks_enabled_errors_occurred(self):
         self.patch_settings_dict(conn_health_checks=True)
         self.assertIsNone(connection.connection)
         # Newly created connections are considered healthy without performing
         # the health check.
-        with patch.object(connection, 'is_usable', side_effect=AssertionError):
+        with patch.object(connection, "is_usable", side_effect=AssertionError):
             self.run_query()
 
         old_connection = connection.connection
@@ -213,16 +221,16 @@ class ConnectionHealthChecksTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # No additional health checks after the one in
         # close_if_unusable_or_obsolete() are executed during this "request"
         # when running queries.
-        with patch.object(connection, 'is_usable', side_effect=AssertionError):
+        with patch.object(connection, "is_usable", side_effect=AssertionError):
             self.run_query()
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('test_db_allows_multiple_connections')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("test_db_allows_multiple_connections")
     def test_health_checks_disabled(self):
         self.patch_settings_dict(conn_health_checks=False)
         self.assertIsNone(connection.connection)
         # Newly created connections are considered healthy without performing
         # the health check.
-        with patch.object(connection, 'is_usable', side_effect=AssertionError):
+        with patch.object(connection, "is_usable", side_effect=AssertionError):
             self.run_query()
 
         old_connection = connection.connection
@@ -231,7 +239,7 @@ class ConnectionHealthChecksTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # Persistent connections are enabled (connection is not).
         self.assertIs(old_connection, connection.connection)
         # Health checks are not performed.
-        with patch.object(connection, 'is_usable', side_effect=AssertionError):
+        with patch.object(connection, "is_usable", side_effect=AssertionError):
             self.run_query()
             # Health check wasn't performed and the connection is unchanged.
             self.assertIs(old_connection, connection.connection)
@@ -240,13 +248,13 @@ class ConnectionHealthChecksTests(SimpleTestCase):
             # the current "request".
             self.assertIs(old_connection, connection.connection)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('test_db_allows_multiple_connections')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("test_db_allows_multiple_connections")
     def test_set_autocommit_health_checks_enabled(self):
         self.patch_settings_dict(conn_health_checks=True)
         self.assertIsNone(connection.connection)
         # Newly created connections are considered healthy without performing
         # the health check.
-        with patch.object(connection, 'is_usable', side_effect=AssertionError):
+        with patch.object(connection, "is_usable", side_effect=AssertionError):
             # Simulate outermost atomic block: changing autocommit for
             # a connection.
             connection.set_autocommit(False)
@@ -261,7 +269,9 @@ class ConnectionHealthChecksTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIs(old_connection, connection.connection)
 
         # Simulate connection health check failing.
-        with patch.object(connection, 'is_usable', return_value=False) as mocked_is_usable:
+        with patch.object(
+            connection, "is_usable", return_value=False
+        ) as mocked_is_usable:
             # Simulate outermost atomic block: changing autocommit for
             # a connection.
             connection.set_autocommit(False)
diff --git a/tests/backends/base/test_client.py b/tests/backends/base/test_client.py
index d9e5cc8883..7ed0604c32 100644
--- a/tests/backends/base/test_client.py
+++ b/tests/backends/base/test_client.py
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ class SimpleDatabaseClientTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_settings_to_cmd_args_env(self):
         msg = (
-            'subclasses of BaseDatabaseClient must provide a '
-            'settings_to_cmd_args_env() method or override a runshell().'
+            "subclasses of BaseDatabaseClient must provide a "
+            "settings_to_cmd_args_env() method or override a runshell()."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
             self.client.settings_to_cmd_args_env(None, None)
@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ class SimpleDatabaseClientTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_runshell_use_environ(self):
         for env in [None, {}]:
             with self.subTest(env=env):
-                with mock.patch('subprocess.run') as run:
+                with mock.patch("subprocess.run") as run:
                     with mock.patch.object(
                         BaseDatabaseClient,
-                        'settings_to_cmd_args_env',
+                        "settings_to_cmd_args_env",
                         return_value=([], env),
                     ):
                         self.client.runshell(None)
diff --git a/tests/backends/base/test_creation.py b/tests/backends/base/test_creation.py
index 825fb872ed..9593e13462 100644
--- a/tests/backends/base/test_creation.py
+++ b/tests/backends/base/test_creation.py
@@ -4,14 +4,16 @@ import os
 from unittest import mock
 
 from django.db import DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, connection, connections
-from django.db.backends.base.creation import (
-    TEST_DATABASE_PREFIX, BaseDatabaseCreation,
-)
+from django.db.backends.base.creation import TEST_DATABASE_PREFIX, BaseDatabaseCreation
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TransactionTestCase
 from django.test.utils import override_settings
 
 from ..models import (
-    CircularA, CircularB, Object, ObjectReference, ObjectSelfReference,
+    CircularA,
+    CircularB,
+    Object,
+    ObjectReference,
+    ObjectSelfReference,
     SchoolClass,
 )
 
@@ -29,135 +31,146 @@ def get_connection_copy():
 class TestDbSignatureTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_default_name(self):
         # A test db name isn't set.
-        prod_name = 'hodor'
+        prod_name = "hodor"
         test_connection = get_connection_copy()
-        test_connection.settings_dict['NAME'] = prod_name
-        test_connection.settings_dict['TEST'] = {'NAME': None}
+        test_connection.settings_dict["NAME"] = prod_name
+        test_connection.settings_dict["TEST"] = {"NAME": None}
         signature = BaseDatabaseCreation(test_connection).test_db_signature()
         self.assertEqual(signature[3], TEST_DATABASE_PREFIX + prod_name)
 
     def test_custom_test_name(self):
         # A regular test db name is set.
-        test_name = 'hodor'
+        test_name = "hodor"
         test_connection = get_connection_copy()
-        test_connection.settings_dict['TEST'] = {'NAME': test_name}
+        test_connection.settings_dict["TEST"] = {"NAME": test_name}
         signature = BaseDatabaseCreation(test_connection).test_db_signature()
         self.assertEqual(signature[3], test_name)
 
     def test_custom_test_name_with_test_prefix(self):
         # A test db name prefixed with TEST_DATABASE_PREFIX is set.
-        test_name = TEST_DATABASE_PREFIX + 'hodor'
+        test_name = TEST_DATABASE_PREFIX + "hodor"
         test_connection = get_connection_copy()
-        test_connection.settings_dict['TEST'] = {'NAME': test_name}
+        test_connection.settings_dict["TEST"] = {"NAME": test_name}
         signature = BaseDatabaseCreation(test_connection).test_db_signature()
         self.assertEqual(signature[3], test_name)
 
 
-@override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['backends.base.app_unmigrated'])
-@mock.patch.object(connection, 'ensure_connection')
-@mock.patch.object(connection, 'prepare_database')
-@mock.patch('django.db.migrations.recorder.MigrationRecorder.has_table', return_value=False)
-@mock.patch('django.core.management.commands.migrate.Command.sync_apps')
+@override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["backends.base.app_unmigrated"])
+@mock.patch.object(connection, "ensure_connection")
+@mock.patch.object(connection, "prepare_database")
+@mock.patch(
+    "django.db.migrations.recorder.MigrationRecorder.has_table", return_value=False
+)
+@mock.patch("django.core.management.commands.migrate.Command.sync_apps")
 class TestDbCreationTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['backends.base.app_unmigrated']
+    available_apps = ["backends.base.app_unmigrated"]
 
-    @mock.patch('django.db.migrations.executor.MigrationExecutor.migrate')
-    def test_migrate_test_setting_false(self, mocked_migrate, mocked_sync_apps, *mocked_objects):
+    @mock.patch("django.db.migrations.executor.MigrationExecutor.migrate")
+    def test_migrate_test_setting_false(
+        self, mocked_migrate, mocked_sync_apps, *mocked_objects
+    ):
         test_connection = get_connection_copy()
-        test_connection.settings_dict['TEST']['MIGRATE'] = False
+        test_connection.settings_dict["TEST"]["MIGRATE"] = False
         creation = test_connection.creation_class(test_connection)
-        if connection.vendor == 'oracle':
+        if connection.vendor == "oracle":
             # Don't close connection on Oracle.
             creation.connection.close = mock.Mock()
-        old_database_name = test_connection.settings_dict['NAME']
+        old_database_name = test_connection.settings_dict["NAME"]
         try:
-            with mock.patch.object(creation, '_create_test_db'):
+            with mock.patch.object(creation, "_create_test_db"):
                 creation.create_test_db(verbosity=0, autoclobber=True, serialize=False)
             # Migrations don't run.
             mocked_migrate.assert_called()
             args, kwargs = mocked_migrate.call_args
             self.assertEqual(args, ([],))
-            self.assertEqual(kwargs['plan'], [])
+            self.assertEqual(kwargs["plan"], [])
             # App is synced.
             mocked_sync_apps.assert_called()
             mocked_args, _ = mocked_sync_apps.call_args
-            self.assertEqual(mocked_args[1], {'app_unmigrated'})
+            self.assertEqual(mocked_args[1], {"app_unmigrated"})
         finally:
-            with mock.patch.object(creation, '_destroy_test_db'):
+            with mock.patch.object(creation, "_destroy_test_db"):
                 creation.destroy_test_db(old_database_name, verbosity=0)
 
-    @mock.patch('django.db.migrations.executor.MigrationRecorder.ensure_schema')
+    @mock.patch("django.db.migrations.executor.MigrationRecorder.ensure_schema")
     def test_migrate_test_setting_false_ensure_schema(
-        self, mocked_ensure_schema, mocked_sync_apps, *mocked_objects,
+        self,
+        mocked_ensure_schema,
+        mocked_sync_apps,
+        *mocked_objects,
     ):
         test_connection = get_connection_copy()
-        test_connection.settings_dict['TEST']['MIGRATE'] = False
+        test_connection.settings_dict["TEST"]["MIGRATE"] = False
         creation = test_connection.creation_class(test_connection)
-        if connection.vendor == 'oracle':
+        if connection.vendor == "oracle":
             # Don't close connection on Oracle.
             creation.connection.close = mock.Mock()
-        old_database_name = test_connection.settings_dict['NAME']
+        old_database_name = test_connection.settings_dict["NAME"]
         try:
-            with mock.patch.object(creation, '_create_test_db'):
+            with mock.patch.object(creation, "_create_test_db"):
                 creation.create_test_db(verbosity=0, autoclobber=True, serialize=False)
             # The django_migrations table is not created.
             mocked_ensure_schema.assert_not_called()
             # App is synced.
             mocked_sync_apps.assert_called()
             mocked_args, _ = mocked_sync_apps.call_args
-            self.assertEqual(mocked_args[1], {'app_unmigrated'})
+            self.assertEqual(mocked_args[1], {"app_unmigrated"})
         finally:
-            with mock.patch.object(creation, '_destroy_test_db'):
+            with mock.patch.object(creation, "_destroy_test_db"):
                 creation.destroy_test_db(old_database_name, verbosity=0)
 
-    @mock.patch('django.db.migrations.executor.MigrationExecutor.migrate')
-    def test_migrate_test_setting_true(self, mocked_migrate, mocked_sync_apps, *mocked_objects):
+    @mock.patch("django.db.migrations.executor.MigrationExecutor.migrate")
+    def test_migrate_test_setting_true(
+        self, mocked_migrate, mocked_sync_apps, *mocked_objects
+    ):
         test_connection = get_connection_copy()
-        test_connection.settings_dict['TEST']['MIGRATE'] = True
+        test_connection.settings_dict["TEST"]["MIGRATE"] = True
         creation = test_connection.creation_class(test_connection)
-        if connection.vendor == 'oracle':
+        if connection.vendor == "oracle":
             # Don't close connection on Oracle.
             creation.connection.close = mock.Mock()
-        old_database_name = test_connection.settings_dict['NAME']
+        old_database_name = test_connection.settings_dict["NAME"]
         try:
-            with mock.patch.object(creation, '_create_test_db'):
+            with mock.patch.object(creation, "_create_test_db"):
                 creation.create_test_db(verbosity=0, autoclobber=True, serialize=False)
             # Migrations run.
             mocked_migrate.assert_called()
             args, kwargs = mocked_migrate.call_args
-            self.assertEqual(args, ([('app_unmigrated', '0001_initial')],))
-            self.assertEqual(len(kwargs['plan']), 1)
+            self.assertEqual(args, ([("app_unmigrated", "0001_initial")],))
+            self.assertEqual(len(kwargs["plan"]), 1)
             # App is not synced.
             mocked_sync_apps.assert_not_called()
         finally:
-            with mock.patch.object(creation, '_destroy_test_db'):
+            with mock.patch.object(creation, "_destroy_test_db"):
                 creation.destroy_test_db(old_database_name, verbosity=0)
 
-    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {'RUNNING_DJANGOS_TEST_SUITE': ''})
-    @mock.patch('django.db.migrations.executor.MigrationExecutor.migrate')
-    @mock.patch.object(BaseDatabaseCreation, 'mark_expected_failures_and_skips')
-    def test_mark_expected_failures_and_skips_call(self, mark_expected_failures_and_skips, *mocked_objects):
+    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {"RUNNING_DJANGOS_TEST_SUITE": ""})
+    @mock.patch("django.db.migrations.executor.MigrationExecutor.migrate")
+    @mock.patch.object(BaseDatabaseCreation, "mark_expected_failures_and_skips")
+    def test_mark_expected_failures_and_skips_call(
+        self, mark_expected_failures_and_skips, *mocked_objects
+    ):
         """
         mark_expected_failures_and_skips() isn't called unless
         RUNNING_DJANGOS_TEST_SUITE is 'true'.
         """
         test_connection = get_connection_copy()
         creation = test_connection.creation_class(test_connection)
-        if connection.vendor == 'oracle':
+        if connection.vendor == "oracle":
             # Don't close connection on Oracle.
             creation.connection.close = mock.Mock()
-        old_database_name = test_connection.settings_dict['NAME']
+        old_database_name = test_connection.settings_dict["NAME"]
         try:
-            with mock.patch.object(creation, '_create_test_db'):
+            with mock.patch.object(creation, "_create_test_db"):
                 creation.create_test_db(verbosity=0, autoclobber=True, serialize=False)
             self.assertIs(mark_expected_failures_and_skips.called, False)
         finally:
-            with mock.patch.object(creation, '_destroy_test_db'):
+            with mock.patch.object(creation, "_destroy_test_db"):
                 creation.destroy_test_db(old_database_name, verbosity=0)
 
 
 class TestDeserializeDbFromString(TransactionTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['backends']
+    available_apps = ["backends"]
 
     def test_circular_reference(self):
         # deserialize_db_from_string() handles circular references.
@@ -184,38 +197,38 @@ class TestDeserializeDbFromString(TransactionTestCase):
     def test_self_reference(self):
         # serialize_db_to_string() and deserialize_db_from_string() handles
         # self references.
-        obj_1 = ObjectSelfReference.objects.create(key='X')
-        obj_2 = ObjectSelfReference.objects.create(key='Y', obj=obj_1)
+        obj_1 = ObjectSelfReference.objects.create(key="X")
+        obj_2 = ObjectSelfReference.objects.create(key="Y", obj=obj_1)
         obj_1.obj = obj_2
         obj_1.save()
         # Serialize objects.
-        with mock.patch('django.db.migrations.loader.MigrationLoader') as loader:
+        with mock.patch("django.db.migrations.loader.MigrationLoader") as loader:
             # serialize_db_to_string() serializes only migrated apps, so mark
             # the backends app as migrated.
             loader_instance = loader.return_value
-            loader_instance.migrated_apps = {'backends'}
+            loader_instance.migrated_apps = {"backends"}
             data = connection.creation.serialize_db_to_string()
         ObjectSelfReference.objects.all().delete()
         # Deserialize objects.
         connection.creation.deserialize_db_from_string(data)
-        obj_1 = ObjectSelfReference.objects.get(key='X')
-        obj_2 = ObjectSelfReference.objects.get(key='Y')
+        obj_1 = ObjectSelfReference.objects.get(key="X")
+        obj_2 = ObjectSelfReference.objects.get(key="Y")
         self.assertEqual(obj_1.obj, obj_2)
         self.assertEqual(obj_2.obj, obj_1)
 
     def test_circular_reference_with_natural_key(self):
         # serialize_db_to_string() and deserialize_db_from_string() handles
         # circular references for models with natural keys.
-        obj_a = CircularA.objects.create(key='A')
-        obj_b = CircularB.objects.create(key='B', obj=obj_a)
+        obj_a = CircularA.objects.create(key="A")
+        obj_b = CircularB.objects.create(key="B", obj=obj_a)
         obj_a.obj = obj_b
         obj_a.save()
         # Serialize objects.
-        with mock.patch('django.db.migrations.loader.MigrationLoader') as loader:
+        with mock.patch("django.db.migrations.loader.MigrationLoader") as loader:
             # serialize_db_to_string() serializes only migrated apps, so mark
             # the backends app as migrated.
             loader_instance = loader.return_value
-            loader_instance.migrated_apps = {'backends'}
+            loader_instance.migrated_apps = {"backends"}
             data = connection.creation.serialize_db_to_string()
         CircularA.objects.all().delete()
         CircularB.objects.all().delete()
@@ -228,11 +241,11 @@ class TestDeserializeDbFromString(TransactionTestCase):
 
     def test_serialize_db_to_string_base_manager(self):
         SchoolClass.objects.create(year=1000, last_updated=datetime.datetime.now())
-        with mock.patch('django.db.migrations.loader.MigrationLoader') as loader:
+        with mock.patch("django.db.migrations.loader.MigrationLoader") as loader:
             # serialize_db_to_string() serializes only migrated apps, so mark
             # the backends app as migrated.
             loader_instance = loader.return_value
-            loader_instance.migrated_apps = {'backends'}
+            loader_instance.migrated_apps = {"backends"}
             data = connection.creation.serialize_db_to_string()
         self.assertIn('"model": "backends.schoolclass"', data)
         self.assertIn('"year": 1000', data)
@@ -256,14 +269,14 @@ class TestMarkTests(SimpleTestCase):
         test_connection = get_connection_copy()
         creation = BaseDatabaseCreation(test_connection)
         creation.connection.features.django_test_expected_failures = {
-            'backends.base.test_creation.expected_failure_test_function',
+            "backends.base.test_creation.expected_failure_test_function",
         }
         creation.connection.features.django_test_skips = {
-            'skip test class': {
-                'backends.base.test_creation.SkipTestClass',
+            "skip test class": {
+                "backends.base.test_creation.SkipTestClass",
             },
-            'skip test function': {
-                'backends.base.test_creation.skip_test_function',
+            "skip test function": {
+                "backends.base.test_creation.skip_test_function",
             },
         }
         creation.mark_expected_failures_and_skips()
@@ -274,10 +287,10 @@ class TestMarkTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIs(SkipTestClass.__unittest_skip__, True)
         self.assertEqual(
             SkipTestClass.__unittest_skip_why__,
-            'skip test class',
+            "skip test class",
         )
         self.assertIs(skip_test_function.__unittest_skip__, True)
         self.assertEqual(
             skip_test_function.__unittest_skip_why__,
-            'skip test function',
+            "skip test function",
         )
diff --git a/tests/backends/base/test_features.py b/tests/backends/base/test_features.py
index 9b67cfec47..f8a8e945e0 100644
--- a/tests/backends/base/test_features.py
+++ b/tests/backends/base/test_features.py
@@ -3,6 +3,5 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class TestDatabaseFeatures(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_nonexistent_feature(self):
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(connection.features, 'nonexistent'))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(connection.features, "nonexistent"))
diff --git a/tests/backends/base/test_introspection.py b/tests/backends/base/test_introspection.py
index 636d6683c0..284e98f2ae 100644
--- a/tests/backends/base/test_introspection.py
+++ b/tests/backends/base/test_introspection.py
@@ -5,33 +5,33 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 class SimpleDatabaseIntrospectionTests(SimpleTestCase):
     may_require_msg = (
-        'subclasses of BaseDatabaseIntrospection may require a %s() method'
+        "subclasses of BaseDatabaseIntrospection may require a %s() method"
     )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.introspection = BaseDatabaseIntrospection(connection=connection)
 
     def test_get_table_list(self):
-        msg = self.may_require_msg % 'get_table_list'
+        msg = self.may_require_msg % "get_table_list"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
             self.introspection.get_table_list(None)
 
     def test_get_table_description(self):
-        msg = self.may_require_msg % 'get_table_description'
+        msg = self.may_require_msg % "get_table_description"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
             self.introspection.get_table_description(None, None)
 
     def test_get_sequences(self):
-        msg = self.may_require_msg % 'get_sequences'
+        msg = self.may_require_msg % "get_sequences"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
             self.introspection.get_sequences(None, None)
 
     def test_get_relations(self):
-        msg = self.may_require_msg % 'get_relations'
+        msg = self.may_require_msg % "get_relations"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
             self.introspection.get_relations(None, None)
 
     def test_get_constraints(self):
-        msg = self.may_require_msg % 'get_constraints'
+        msg = self.may_require_msg % "get_constraints"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
             self.introspection.get_constraints(None, None)
diff --git a/tests/backends/base/test_operations.py b/tests/backends/base/test_operations.py
index 535cb20f41..b19b7ee558 100644
--- a/tests/backends/base/test_operations.py
+++ b/tests/backends/base/test_operations.py
@@ -5,7 +5,10 @@ from django.db import NotSupportedError, connection, transaction
 from django.db.backends.base.operations import BaseDatabaseOperations
 from django.db.models import DurationField, Value
 from django.test import (
-    SimpleTestCase, TestCase, TransactionTestCase, override_settings,
+    SimpleTestCase,
+    TestCase,
+    TransactionTestCase,
+    override_settings,
     skipIfDBFeature,
 )
 from django.utils import timezone
@@ -14,60 +17,70 @@ from ..models import Author, Book
 
 
 class SimpleDatabaseOperationTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    may_require_msg = 'subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a %s() method'
+    may_require_msg = "subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations may require a %s() method"
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.ops = BaseDatabaseOperations(connection=connection)
 
     def test_deferrable_sql(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.ops.deferrable_sql(), '')
+        self.assertEqual(self.ops.deferrable_sql(), "")
 
     def test_end_transaction_rollback(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.ops.end_transaction_sql(success=False), 'ROLLBACK;')
+        self.assertEqual(self.ops.end_transaction_sql(success=False), "ROLLBACK;")
 
     def test_no_limit_value(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, self.may_require_msg % 'no_limit_value'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            NotImplementedError, self.may_require_msg % "no_limit_value"
+        ):
             self.ops.no_limit_value()
 
     def test_quote_name(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, self.may_require_msg % 'quote_name'):
-            self.ops.quote_name('a')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            NotImplementedError, self.may_require_msg % "quote_name"
+        ):
+            self.ops.quote_name("a")
 
     def test_regex_lookup(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, self.may_require_msg % 'regex_lookup'):
-            self.ops.regex_lookup(lookup_type='regex')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            NotImplementedError, self.may_require_msg % "regex_lookup"
+        ):
+            self.ops.regex_lookup(lookup_type="regex")
 
     def test_set_time_zone_sql(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.ops.set_time_zone_sql(), '')
+        self.assertEqual(self.ops.set_time_zone_sql(), "")
 
     def test_sql_flush(self):
-        msg = 'subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations must provide an sql_flush() method'
+        msg = "subclasses of BaseDatabaseOperations must provide an sql_flush() method"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
             self.ops.sql_flush(None, None)
 
     def test_pk_default_value(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.ops.pk_default_value(), 'DEFAULT')
+        self.assertEqual(self.ops.pk_default_value(), "DEFAULT")
 
     def test_tablespace_sql(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.ops.tablespace_sql(None), '')
+        self.assertEqual(self.ops.tablespace_sql(None), "")
 
     def test_sequence_reset_by_name_sql(self):
         self.assertEqual(self.ops.sequence_reset_by_name_sql(None, []), [])
 
     def test_adapt_unknown_value_decimal(self):
-        value = decimal.Decimal('3.14')
+        value = decimal.Decimal("3.14")
         self.assertEqual(
             self.ops.adapt_unknown_value(value),
-            self.ops.adapt_decimalfield_value(value)
+            self.ops.adapt_decimalfield_value(value),
         )
 
     def test_adapt_unknown_value_date(self):
         value = timezone.now().date()
-        self.assertEqual(self.ops.adapt_unknown_value(value), self.ops.adapt_datefield_value(value))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.ops.adapt_unknown_value(value), self.ops.adapt_datefield_value(value)
+        )
 
     def test_adapt_unknown_value_time(self):
         value = timezone.now().time()
-        self.assertEqual(self.ops.adapt_unknown_value(value), self.ops.adapt_timefield_value(value))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.ops.adapt_unknown_value(value), self.ops.adapt_timefield_value(value)
+        )
 
     def test_adapt_timefield_value_none(self):
         self.assertIsNone(self.ops.adapt_timefield_value(None))
@@ -84,7 +97,7 @@ class SimpleDatabaseOperationTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(self.ops.adapt_datetimefield_value(value), value)
 
     def test_adapt_timefield_value(self):
-        msg = 'Django does not support timezone-aware times.'
+        msg = "Django does not support timezone-aware times."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             self.ops.adapt_timefield_value(timezone.make_aware(timezone.now()))
 
@@ -94,40 +107,56 @@ class SimpleDatabaseOperationTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(self.ops.adapt_timefield_value(now), str(now))
 
     def test_format_for_duration_arithmetic(self):
-        msg = self.may_require_msg % 'format_for_duration_arithmetic'
+        msg = self.may_require_msg % "format_for_duration_arithmetic"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
             self.ops.format_for_duration_arithmetic(None)
 
     def test_date_extract_sql(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, self.may_require_msg % 'date_extract_sql'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            NotImplementedError, self.may_require_msg % "date_extract_sql"
+        ):
             self.ops.date_extract_sql(None, None)
 
     def test_time_extract_sql(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, self.may_require_msg % 'date_extract_sql'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            NotImplementedError, self.may_require_msg % "date_extract_sql"
+        ):
             self.ops.time_extract_sql(None, None)
 
     def test_date_trunc_sql(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, self.may_require_msg % 'date_trunc_sql'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            NotImplementedError, self.may_require_msg % "date_trunc_sql"
+        ):
             self.ops.date_trunc_sql(None, None)
 
     def test_time_trunc_sql(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, self.may_require_msg % 'time_trunc_sql'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            NotImplementedError, self.may_require_msg % "time_trunc_sql"
+        ):
             self.ops.time_trunc_sql(None, None)
 
     def test_datetime_trunc_sql(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, self.may_require_msg % 'datetime_trunc_sql'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            NotImplementedError, self.may_require_msg % "datetime_trunc_sql"
+        ):
             self.ops.datetime_trunc_sql(None, None, None)
 
     def test_datetime_cast_date_sql(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, self.may_require_msg % 'datetime_cast_date_sql'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            NotImplementedError, self.may_require_msg % "datetime_cast_date_sql"
+        ):
             self.ops.datetime_cast_date_sql(None, None)
 
     def test_datetime_cast_time_sql(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, self.may_require_msg % 'datetime_cast_time_sql'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            NotImplementedError, self.may_require_msg % "datetime_cast_time_sql"
+        ):
             self.ops.datetime_cast_time_sql(None, None)
 
     def test_datetime_extract_sql(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, self.may_require_msg % 'datetime_extract_sql'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            NotImplementedError, self.may_require_msg % "datetime_extract_sql"
+        ):
             self.ops.datetime_extract_sql(None, None, None)
 
 
@@ -135,41 +164,41 @@ class DatabaseOperationTests(TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self.ops = BaseDatabaseOperations(connection=connection)
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_over_clause')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_over_clause")
     def test_window_frame_raise_not_supported_error(self):
-        msg = 'This backend does not support window expressions.'
+        msg = "This backend does not support window expressions."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
             self.ops.window_frame_rows_start_end()
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('can_distinct_on_fields')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("can_distinct_on_fields")
     def test_distinct_on_fields(self):
-        msg = 'DISTINCT ON fields is not supported by this database backend'
+        msg = "DISTINCT ON fields is not supported by this database backend"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
-            self.ops.distinct_sql(['a', 'b'], None)
+            self.ops.distinct_sql(["a", "b"], None)
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_temporal_subtraction')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_temporal_subtraction")
     def test_subtract_temporals(self):
         duration_field = DurationField()
         duration_field_internal_type = duration_field.get_internal_type()
         msg = (
-            'This backend does not support %s subtraction.' %
-            duration_field_internal_type
+            "This backend does not support %s subtraction."
+            % duration_field_internal_type
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
             self.ops.subtract_temporals(duration_field_internal_type, None, None)
 
 
 class SqlFlushTests(TransactionTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['backends']
+    available_apps = ["backends"]
 
     def test_sql_flush_no_tables(self):
         self.assertEqual(connection.ops.sql_flush(no_style(), []), [])
 
     def test_execute_sql_flush_statements(self):
         with transaction.atomic():
-            author = Author.objects.create(name='George Orwell')
+            author = Author.objects.create(name="George Orwell")
             Book.objects.create(author=author)
-            author = Author.objects.create(name='Harper Lee')
+            author = Author.objects.create(name="Harper Lee")
             Book.objects.create(author=author)
             Book.objects.create(author=author)
             self.assertIs(Author.objects.exists(), True)
@@ -187,7 +216,7 @@ class SqlFlushTests(TransactionTestCase):
             self.assertIs(Author.objects.exists(), False)
             self.assertIs(Book.objects.exists(), False)
             if connection.features.supports_sequence_reset:
-                author = Author.objects.create(name='F. Scott Fitzgerald')
+                author = Author.objects.create(name="F. Scott Fitzgerald")
                 self.assertEqual(author.pk, 1)
                 book = Book.objects.create(author=author)
                 self.assertEqual(book.pk, 1)
diff --git a/tests/backends/base/test_schema.py b/tests/backends/base/test_schema.py
index 2ecad098a6..5409789b13 100644
--- a/tests/backends/base/test_schema.py
+++ b/tests/backends/base/test_schema.py
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class SchemaEditorTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_effective_default_callable(self):
         """SchemaEditor.effective_default() shouldn't call callable defaults."""
+
         class MyStr(str):
             def __call__(self):
                 return self
diff --git a/tests/backends/models.py b/tests/backends/models.py
index 15c81052ea..99e9e86f44 100644
--- a/tests/backends/models.py
+++ b/tests/backends/models.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.db import models
 
@@ -18,7 +16,7 @@ class Person(models.Model):
     last_name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s %s' % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
+        return "%s %s" % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
 
 
 class SchoolClassManager(models.Manager):
@@ -35,25 +33,33 @@ class SchoolClass(models.Model):
 
 
 class VeryLongModelNameZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ(models.Model):
-    primary_key_is_quite_long_zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
-    charfield_is_quite_long_zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz = models.CharField(max_length=100)
-    m2m_also_quite_long_zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz = models.ManyToManyField(Person, blank=True)
+    primary_key_is_quite_long_zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz = models.AutoField(
+        primary_key=True
+    )
+    charfield_is_quite_long_zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz = models.CharField(
+        max_length=100
+    )
+    m2m_also_quite_long_zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz = (
+        models.ManyToManyField(Person, blank=True)
+    )
 
 
 class Tag(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
-    content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE, related_name='backend_tags')
+    content_type = models.ForeignKey(
+        ContentType, models.CASCADE, related_name="backend_tags"
+    )
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-    content_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
+    content_object = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")
 
 
 class Post(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
     text = models.TextField()
-    tags = GenericRelation('Tag')
+    tags = GenericRelation("Tag")
 
     class Meta:
-        db_table = 'CaseSensitive_Post'
+        db_table = "CaseSensitive_Post"
 
 
 class Reporter(models.Model):
@@ -77,7 +83,7 @@ class Article(models.Model):
         ReporterProxy,
         models.SET_NULL,
         null=True,
-        related_name='reporter_proxy',
+        related_name="reporter_proxy",
     )
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -95,8 +101,10 @@ class Item(models.Model):
 
 
 class Object(models.Model):
-    related_objects = models.ManyToManyField("self", db_constraint=False, symmetrical=False)
-    obj_ref = models.ForeignKey('ObjectReference', models.CASCADE, null=True)
+    related_objects = models.ManyToManyField(
+        "self", db_constraint=False, symmetrical=False
+    )
+    obj_ref = models.ForeignKey("ObjectReference", models.CASCADE, null=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return str(self.id)
@@ -111,12 +119,12 @@ class ObjectReference(models.Model):
 
 class ObjectSelfReference(models.Model):
     key = models.CharField(max_length=3, unique=True)
-    obj = models.ForeignKey('ObjectSelfReference', models.SET_NULL, null=True)
+    obj = models.ForeignKey("ObjectSelfReference", models.SET_NULL, null=True)
 
 
 class CircularA(models.Model):
     key = models.CharField(max_length=3, unique=True)
-    obj = models.ForeignKey('CircularB', models.SET_NULL, null=True)
+    obj = models.ForeignKey("CircularB", models.SET_NULL, null=True)
 
     def natural_key(self):
         return (self.key,)
@@ -124,7 +132,7 @@ class CircularA(models.Model):
 
 class CircularB(models.Model):
     key = models.CharField(max_length=3, unique=True)
-    obj = models.ForeignKey('CircularA', models.SET_NULL, null=True)
+    obj = models.ForeignKey("CircularA", models.SET_NULL, null=True)
 
     def natural_key(self):
         return (self.key,)
@@ -139,12 +147,12 @@ class Author(models.Model):
 
 
 class Book(models.Model):
-    author = models.ForeignKey(Author, models.CASCADE, to_field='name')
+    author = models.ForeignKey(Author, models.CASCADE, to_field="name")
 
 
 class SQLKeywordsModel(models.Model):
-    id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True, db_column='select')
-    reporter = models.ForeignKey(Reporter, models.CASCADE, db_column='where')
+    id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True, db_column="select")
+    reporter = models.ForeignKey(Reporter, models.CASCADE, db_column="where")
 
     class Meta:
-        db_table = 'order'
+        db_table = "order"
diff --git a/tests/backends/mysql/test_creation.py b/tests/backends/mysql/test_creation.py
index 0d3480adea..151d00ff3f 100644
--- a/tests/backends/mysql/test_creation.py
+++ b/tests/backends/mysql/test_creation.py
@@ -9,34 +9,39 @@ from django.db.backends.mysql.creation import DatabaseCreation
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'mysql', 'MySQL tests')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "mysql", "MySQL tests")
 class DatabaseCreationTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def _execute_raise_database_exists(self, cursor, parameters, keepdb=False):
-        raise DatabaseError(1007, "Can't create database '%s'; database exists" % parameters['dbname'])
+        raise DatabaseError(
+            1007, "Can't create database '%s'; database exists" % parameters["dbname"]
+        )
 
     def _execute_raise_access_denied(self, cursor, parameters, keepdb=False):
         raise DatabaseError(1044, "Access denied for user")
 
     def patch_test_db_creation(self, execute_create_test_db):
-        return mock.patch.object(BaseDatabaseCreation, '_execute_create_test_db', execute_create_test_db)
+        return mock.patch.object(
+            BaseDatabaseCreation, "_execute_create_test_db", execute_create_test_db
+        )
 
-    @mock.patch('sys.stdout', new_callable=StringIO)
-    @mock.patch('sys.stderr', new_callable=StringIO)
+    @mock.patch("sys.stdout", new_callable=StringIO)
+    @mock.patch("sys.stderr", new_callable=StringIO)
     def test_create_test_db_database_exists(self, *mocked_objects):
         # Simulate test database creation raising "database exists"
         creation = DatabaseCreation(connection)
         with self.patch_test_db_creation(self._execute_raise_database_exists):
-            with mock.patch('builtins.input', return_value='no'):
+            with mock.patch("builtins.input", return_value="no"):
                 with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
                     # SystemExit is raised if the user answers "no" to the
                     # prompt asking if it's okay to delete the test database.
-                    creation._create_test_db(verbosity=0, autoclobber=False, keepdb=False)
+                    creation._create_test_db(
+                        verbosity=0, autoclobber=False, keepdb=False
+                    )
             # "Database exists" shouldn't appear when keepdb is on
             creation._create_test_db(verbosity=0, autoclobber=False, keepdb=True)
 
-    @mock.patch('sys.stdout', new_callable=StringIO)
-    @mock.patch('sys.stderr', new_callable=StringIO)
+    @mock.patch("sys.stdout", new_callable=StringIO)
+    @mock.patch("sys.stderr", new_callable=StringIO)
     def test_create_test_db_unexpected_error(self, *mocked_objects):
         # Simulate test database creation raising unexpected error
         creation = DatabaseCreation(connection)
@@ -47,8 +52,8 @@ class DatabaseCreationTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_clone_test_db_database_exists(self):
         creation = DatabaseCreation(connection)
         with self.patch_test_db_creation(self._execute_raise_database_exists):
-            with mock.patch.object(DatabaseCreation, '_clone_db') as _clone_db:
-                creation._clone_test_db('suffix', verbosity=0, keepdb=True)
+            with mock.patch.object(DatabaseCreation, "_clone_db") as _clone_db:
+                creation._clone_test_db("suffix", verbosity=0, keepdb=True)
                 _clone_db.assert_not_called()
 
     def test_clone_test_db_options_ordering(self):
@@ -56,30 +61,32 @@ class DatabaseCreationTests(SimpleTestCase):
         try:
             saved_settings = connection.settings_dict
             connection.settings_dict = {
-                'NAME': 'source_db',
-                'USER': '',
-                'PASSWORD': '',
-                'PORT': '',
-                'HOST': '',
-                'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
-                'OPTIONS': {
-                    'read_default_file': 'my.cnf',
+                "NAME": "source_db",
+                "USER": "",
+                "PASSWORD": "",
+                "PORT": "",
+                "HOST": "",
+                "ENGINE": "django.db.backends.mysql",
+                "OPTIONS": {
+                    "read_default_file": "my.cnf",
                 },
             }
-            with mock.patch.object(subprocess, 'Popen') as mocked_popen:
-                creation._clone_db('source_db', 'target_db')
-                mocked_popen.assert_has_calls([
-                    mock.call(
-                        [
-                            'mysqldump',
-                            '--defaults-file=my.cnf',
-                            '--routines',
-                            '--events',
-                            'source_db',
-                        ],
-                        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                        env=None,
-                    ),
-                ])
+            with mock.patch.object(subprocess, "Popen") as mocked_popen:
+                creation._clone_db("source_db", "target_db")
+                mocked_popen.assert_has_calls(
+                    [
+                        mock.call(
+                            [
+                                "mysqldump",
+                                "--defaults-file=my.cnf",
+                                "--routines",
+                                "--events",
+                                "source_db",
+                            ],
+                            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                            env=None,
+                        ),
+                    ]
+                )
         finally:
             connection.settings_dict = saved_settings
diff --git a/tests/backends/mysql/test_features.py b/tests/backends/mysql/test_features.py
index 5d27890a5d..ec5bd442fb 100644
--- a/tests/backends/mysql/test_features.py
+++ b/tests/backends/mysql/test_features.py
@@ -5,17 +5,20 @@ from django.db.backends.mysql.features import DatabaseFeatures
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 
-@skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'mysql', 'MySQL tests')
+@skipUnless(connection.vendor == "mysql", "MySQL tests")
 class TestFeatures(TestCase):
-
     def test_supports_transactions(self):
         """
         All storage engines except MyISAM support transactions.
         """
-        with mock.patch('django.db.connection.features._mysql_storage_engine', 'InnoDB'):
+        with mock.patch(
+            "django.db.connection.features._mysql_storage_engine", "InnoDB"
+        ):
             self.assertTrue(connection.features.supports_transactions)
         del connection.features.supports_transactions
-        with mock.patch('django.db.connection.features._mysql_storage_engine', 'MyISAM'):
+        with mock.patch(
+            "django.db.connection.features._mysql_storage_engine", "MyISAM"
+        ):
             self.assertFalse(connection.features.supports_transactions)
         del connection.features.supports_transactions
 
@@ -35,6 +38,6 @@ class TestFeatures(TestCase):
 
     def test_allows_auto_pk_0(self):
         with mock.MagicMock() as _connection:
-            _connection.sql_mode = {'NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO'}
+            _connection.sql_mode = {"NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO"}
             database_features = DatabaseFeatures(_connection)
             self.assertIs(database_features.allows_auto_pk_0, True)
diff --git a/tests/backends/mysql/test_introspection.py b/tests/backends/mysql/test_introspection.py
index 4f13622eda..c1247de232 100644
--- a/tests/backends/mysql/test_introspection.py
+++ b/tests/backends/mysql/test_introspection.py
@@ -4,24 +4,24 @@ from django.db import connection, connections
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 
-@skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'mysql', 'MySQL tests')
+@skipUnless(connection.vendor == "mysql", "MySQL tests")
 class ParsingTests(TestCase):
     def test_parse_constraint_columns(self):
         _parse_constraint_columns = connection.introspection._parse_constraint_columns
         tests = (
-            ('`height` >= 0', ['height'], ['height']),
-            ('`cost` BETWEEN 1 AND 10', ['cost'], ['cost']),
-            ('`ref1` > `ref2`', ['id', 'ref1', 'ref2'], ['ref1', 'ref2']),
+            ("`height` >= 0", ["height"], ["height"]),
+            ("`cost` BETWEEN 1 AND 10", ["cost"], ["cost"]),
+            ("`ref1` > `ref2`", ["id", "ref1", "ref2"], ["ref1", "ref2"]),
             (
-                '`start` IS NULL OR `end` IS NULL OR `start` < `end`',
-                ['id', 'start', 'end'],
-                ['start', 'end'],
+                "`start` IS NULL OR `end` IS NULL OR `start` < `end`",
+                ["id", "start", "end"],
+                ["start", "end"],
             ),
-            ('JSON_VALID(`json_field`)', ['json_field'], ['json_field']),
-            ('CHAR_LENGTH(`name`) > 2', ['name'], ['name']),
-            ("lower(`ref1`) != 'test'", ['id', 'owe', 'ref1'], ['ref1']),
-            ("lower(`ref1`) != 'test'", ['id', 'lower', 'ref1'], ['ref1']),
-            ("`name` LIKE 'test%'", ['name'], ['name']),
+            ("JSON_VALID(`json_field`)", ["json_field"], ["json_field"]),
+            ("CHAR_LENGTH(`name`) > 2", ["name"], ["name"]),
+            ("lower(`ref1`) != 'test'", ["id", "owe", "ref1"], ["ref1"]),
+            ("lower(`ref1`) != 'test'", ["id", "lower", "ref1"], ["ref1"]),
+            ("`name` LIKE 'test%'", ["name"], ["name"]),
         )
         for check_clause, table_columns, expected_columns in tests:
             with self.subTest(check_clause):
@@ -29,28 +29,32 @@ class ParsingTests(TestCase):
                 self.assertEqual(list(check_columns), expected_columns)
 
 
-@skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'mysql', 'MySQL tests')
+@skipUnless(connection.vendor == "mysql", "MySQL tests")
 class StorageEngineTests(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     def test_get_storage_engine(self):
-        table_name = 'test_storage_engine'
-        create_sql = 'CREATE TABLE %s (id INTEGER) ENGINE = %%s' % table_name
-        drop_sql = 'DROP TABLE %s' % table_name
-        default_connection = connections['default']
-        other_connection = connections['other']
+        table_name = "test_storage_engine"
+        create_sql = "CREATE TABLE %s (id INTEGER) ENGINE = %%s" % table_name
+        drop_sql = "DROP TABLE %s" % table_name
+        default_connection = connections["default"]
+        other_connection = connections["other"]
         try:
             with default_connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                cursor.execute(create_sql % 'InnoDB')
+                cursor.execute(create_sql % "InnoDB")
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    default_connection.introspection.get_storage_engine(cursor, table_name),
-                    'InnoDB',
+                    default_connection.introspection.get_storage_engine(
+                        cursor, table_name
+                    ),
+                    "InnoDB",
                 )
             with other_connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                cursor.execute(create_sql % 'MyISAM')
+                cursor.execute(create_sql % "MyISAM")
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    other_connection.introspection.get_storage_engine(cursor, table_name),
-                    'MyISAM',
+                    other_connection.introspection.get_storage_engine(
+                        cursor, table_name
+                    ),
+                    "MyISAM",
                 )
         finally:
             with default_connection.cursor() as cursor:
diff --git a/tests/backends/mysql/test_operations.py b/tests/backends/mysql/test_operations.py
index a98e8963b7..bd6170f299 100644
--- a/tests/backends/mysql/test_operations.py
+++ b/tests/backends/mysql/test_operations.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from ..models import Person, Tag
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'mysql', 'MySQL tests.')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "mysql", "MySQL tests.")
 class MySQLOperationsTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_sql_flush(self):
         # allow_cascade doesn't change statements on MySQL.
@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ class MySQLOperationsTests(SimpleTestCase):
                         allow_cascade=allow_cascade,
                     ),
                     [
-                        'SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0;',
-                        'DELETE FROM `backends_person`;',
-                        'DELETE FROM `backends_tag`;',
-                        'SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1;',
+                        "SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0;",
+                        "DELETE FROM `backends_person`;",
+                        "DELETE FROM `backends_tag`;",
+                        "SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1;",
                     ],
                 )
 
@@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ class MySQLOperationsTests(SimpleTestCase):
                         allow_cascade=allow_cascade,
                     ),
                     [
-                        'SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0;',
-                        'TRUNCATE `backends_person`;',
-                        'TRUNCATE `backends_tag`;',
-                        'SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1;',
+                        "SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0;",
+                        "TRUNCATE `backends_person`;",
+                        "TRUNCATE `backends_tag`;",
+                        "SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1;",
                     ],
                 )
diff --git a/tests/backends/mysql/test_schema.py b/tests/backends/mysql/test_schema.py
index 44f4a07b18..2fb7fea9c5 100644
--- a/tests/backends/mysql/test_schema.py
+++ b/tests/backends/mysql/test_schema.py
@@ -4,18 +4,19 @@ from django.db import connection
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'mysql', 'MySQL tests')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "mysql", "MySQL tests")
 class SchemaEditorTests(TestCase):
     def test_quote_value(self):
         import MySQLdb
+
         editor = connection.schema_editor()
         tested_values = [
-            ('string', "'string'"),
-            ('¿Tú hablas inglés?', "'¿Tú hablas inglés?'"),
-            (b'bytes', b"'bytes'"),
-            (42, '42'),
-            (1.754, '1.754e0' if MySQLdb.version_info >= (1, 3, 14) else '1.754'),
-            (False, b'0' if MySQLdb.version_info >= (1, 4, 0) else '0'),
+            ("string", "'string'"),
+            ("¿Tú hablas inglés?", "'¿Tú hablas inglés?'"),
+            (b"bytes", b"'bytes'"),
+            (42, "42"),
+            (1.754, "1.754e0" if MySQLdb.version_info >= (1, 3, 14) else "1.754"),
+            (False, b"0" if MySQLdb.version_info >= (1, 4, 0) else "0"),
         ]
         for value, expected in tested_values:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
diff --git a/tests/backends/mysql/tests.py b/tests/backends/mysql/tests.py
index 02fc312abc..6ea289e151 100644
--- a/tests/backends/mysql/tests.py
+++ b/tests/backends/mysql/tests.py
@@ -14,20 +14,21 @@ def get_connection():
 
 
 @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'mysql', 'MySQL tests')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "mysql", "MySQL tests")
 class IsolationLevelTests(TestCase):
 
-    read_committed = 'read committed'
-    repeatable_read = 'repeatable read'
+    read_committed = "read committed"
+    repeatable_read = "repeatable read"
     isolation_values = {
-        level: level.upper()
-        for level in (read_committed, repeatable_read)
+        level: level.upper() for level in (read_committed, repeatable_read)
     }
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         super().setUpClass()
-        configured_isolation_level = connection.isolation_level or cls.isolation_values[cls.repeatable_read]
+        configured_isolation_level = (
+            connection.isolation_level or cls.isolation_values[cls.repeatable_read]
+        )
         cls.configured_isolation_level = configured_isolation_level.upper()
         cls.other_isolation_level = (
             cls.read_committed
@@ -38,50 +39,58 @@ class IsolationLevelTests(TestCase):
     @staticmethod
     def get_isolation_level(connection):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute("SHOW VARIABLES WHERE variable_name IN ('transaction_isolation', 'tx_isolation')")
-            return cursor.fetchone()[1].replace('-', ' ')
+            cursor.execute(
+                "SHOW VARIABLES WHERE variable_name IN ('transaction_isolation', 'tx_isolation')"
+            )
+            return cursor.fetchone()[1].replace("-", " ")
 
     def test_auto_is_null_auto_config(self):
-        query = 'set sql_auto_is_null = 0'
+        query = "set sql_auto_is_null = 0"
         connection.init_connection_state()
-        last_query = connection.queries[-1]['sql'].lower()
+        last_query = connection.queries[-1]["sql"].lower()
         if connection.features.is_sql_auto_is_null_enabled:
             self.assertIn(query, last_query)
         else:
             self.assertNotIn(query, last_query)
 
     def test_connect_isolation_level(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.get_isolation_level(connection), self.configured_isolation_level)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.get_isolation_level(connection), self.configured_isolation_level
+        )
 
     def test_setting_isolation_level(self):
         with get_connection() as new_connection:
-            new_connection.settings_dict['OPTIONS']['isolation_level'] = self.other_isolation_level
+            new_connection.settings_dict["OPTIONS"][
+                "isolation_level"
+            ] = self.other_isolation_level
             self.assertEqual(
                 self.get_isolation_level(new_connection),
-                self.isolation_values[self.other_isolation_level]
+                self.isolation_values[self.other_isolation_level],
             )
 
     def test_uppercase_isolation_level(self):
         # Upper case values are also accepted in 'isolation_level'.
         with get_connection() as new_connection:
-            new_connection.settings_dict['OPTIONS']['isolation_level'] = self.other_isolation_level.upper()
+            new_connection.settings_dict["OPTIONS"][
+                "isolation_level"
+            ] = self.other_isolation_level.upper()
             self.assertEqual(
                 self.get_isolation_level(new_connection),
-                self.isolation_values[self.other_isolation_level]
+                self.isolation_values[self.other_isolation_level],
             )
 
     def test_default_isolation_level(self):
         # If not specified in settings, the default is read committed.
         with get_connection() as new_connection:
-            new_connection.settings_dict['OPTIONS'].pop('isolation_level', None)
+            new_connection.settings_dict["OPTIONS"].pop("isolation_level", None)
             self.assertEqual(
                 self.get_isolation_level(new_connection),
-                self.isolation_values[self.read_committed]
+                self.isolation_values[self.read_committed],
             )
 
     def test_isolation_level_validation(self):
         new_connection = connection.copy()
-        new_connection.settings_dict['OPTIONS']['isolation_level'] = 'xxx'
+        new_connection.settings_dict["OPTIONS"]["isolation_level"] = "xxx"
         msg = (
             "Invalid transaction isolation level 'xxx' specified.\n"
             "Use one of 'read committed', 'read uncommitted', "
diff --git a/tests/backends/oracle/test_creation.py b/tests/backends/oracle/test_creation.py
index 930d2520e2..6f6b9fd233 100644
--- a/tests/backends/oracle/test_creation.py
+++ b/tests/backends/oracle/test_creation.py
@@ -7,16 +7,19 @@ from django.db.backends.oracle.creation import DatabaseCreation
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'oracle', 'Oracle tests')
-@mock.patch.object(DatabaseCreation, '_maindb_connection', return_value=connection)
-@mock.patch('sys.stdout', new_callable=StringIO)
-@mock.patch('sys.stderr', new_callable=StringIO)
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "oracle", "Oracle tests")
+@mock.patch.object(DatabaseCreation, "_maindb_connection", return_value=connection)
+@mock.patch("sys.stdout", new_callable=StringIO)
+@mock.patch("sys.stderr", new_callable=StringIO)
 class DatabaseCreationTests(TestCase):
-
-    def _execute_raise_user_already_exists(self, cursor, statements, parameters, verbosity, allow_quiet_fail=False):
+    def _execute_raise_user_already_exists(
+        self, cursor, statements, parameters, verbosity, allow_quiet_fail=False
+    ):
         # Raise "user already exists" only in test user creation
-        if statements and statements[0].startswith('CREATE USER'):
-            raise DatabaseError("ORA-01920: user name 'string' conflicts with another user or role name")
+        if statements and statements[0].startswith("CREATE USER"):
+            raise DatabaseError(
+                "ORA-01920: user name 'string' conflicts with another user or role name"
+            )
 
     def _execute_raise_tablespace_already_exists(
         self, cursor, statements, parameters, verbosity, allow_quiet_fail=False
@@ -30,17 +33,21 @@ class DatabaseCreationTests(TestCase):
 
     def _test_database_passwd(self):
         # Mocked to avoid test user password changed
-        return connection.settings_dict['SAVED_PASSWORD']
+        return connection.settings_dict["SAVED_PASSWORD"]
 
     def patch_execute_statements(self, execute_statements):
-        return mock.patch.object(DatabaseCreation, '_execute_statements', execute_statements)
+        return mock.patch.object(
+            DatabaseCreation, "_execute_statements", execute_statements
+        )
 
-    @mock.patch.object(DatabaseCreation, '_test_user_create', return_value=False)
+    @mock.patch.object(DatabaseCreation, "_test_user_create", return_value=False)
     def test_create_test_db(self, *mocked_objects):
         creation = DatabaseCreation(connection)
         # Simulate test database creation raising "tablespace already exists"
-        with self.patch_execute_statements(self._execute_raise_tablespace_already_exists):
-            with mock.patch('builtins.input', return_value='no'):
+        with self.patch_execute_statements(
+            self._execute_raise_tablespace_already_exists
+        ):
+            with mock.patch("builtins.input", return_value="no"):
                 with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
                     # SystemExit is raised if the user answers "no" to the
                     # prompt asking if it's okay to delete the test tablespace.
@@ -54,13 +61,15 @@ class DatabaseCreationTests(TestCase):
             with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
                 creation._create_test_db(verbosity=0, keepdb=True)
 
-    @mock.patch.object(DatabaseCreation, '_test_database_create', return_value=False)
+    @mock.patch.object(DatabaseCreation, "_test_database_create", return_value=False)
     def test_create_test_user(self, *mocked_objects):
         creation = DatabaseCreation(connection)
-        with mock.patch.object(DatabaseCreation, '_test_database_passwd', self._test_database_passwd):
+        with mock.patch.object(
+            DatabaseCreation, "_test_database_passwd", self._test_database_passwd
+        ):
             # Simulate test user creation raising "user already exists"
             with self.patch_execute_statements(self._execute_raise_user_already_exists):
-                with mock.patch('builtins.input', return_value='no'):
+                with mock.patch("builtins.input", return_value="no"):
                     with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
                         # SystemExit is raised if the user answers "no" to the
                         # prompt asking if it's okay to delete the test user.
@@ -68,27 +77,35 @@ class DatabaseCreationTests(TestCase):
                 # "User already exists" error is ignored when keepdb is on
                 creation._create_test_db(verbosity=0, keepdb=True)
             # Simulate test user creation raising unexpected error
-            with self.patch_execute_statements(self._execute_raise_insufficient_privileges):
+            with self.patch_execute_statements(
+                self._execute_raise_insufficient_privileges
+            ):
                 with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
                     creation._create_test_db(verbosity=0, keepdb=False)
                 with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
                     creation._create_test_db(verbosity=0, keepdb=True)
 
     def test_oracle_managed_files(self, *mocked_objects):
-        def _execute_capture_statements(self, cursor, statements, parameters, verbosity, allow_quiet_fail=False):
+        def _execute_capture_statements(
+            self, cursor, statements, parameters, verbosity, allow_quiet_fail=False
+        ):
             self.tblspace_sqls = statements
 
         creation = DatabaseCreation(connection)
         # Simulate test database creation with Oracle Managed File (OMF)
         # tablespaces.
-        with mock.patch.object(DatabaseCreation, '_test_database_oracle_managed_files', return_value=True):
+        with mock.patch.object(
+            DatabaseCreation, "_test_database_oracle_managed_files", return_value=True
+        ):
             with self.patch_execute_statements(_execute_capture_statements):
                 with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                    creation._execute_test_db_creation(cursor, creation._get_test_db_params(), verbosity=0)
+                    creation._execute_test_db_creation(
+                        cursor, creation._get_test_db_params(), verbosity=0
+                    )
                     tblspace_sql, tblspace_tmp_sql = creation.tblspace_sqls
                     # Datafile names shouldn't appear.
-                    self.assertIn('DATAFILE SIZE', tblspace_sql)
-                    self.assertIn('TEMPFILE SIZE', tblspace_tmp_sql)
+                    self.assertIn("DATAFILE SIZE", tblspace_sql)
+                    self.assertIn("TEMPFILE SIZE", tblspace_tmp_sql)
                     # REUSE cannot be used with OMF.
-                    self.assertNotIn('REUSE', tblspace_sql)
-                    self.assertNotIn('REUSE', tblspace_tmp_sql)
+                    self.assertNotIn("REUSE", tblspace_sql)
+                    self.assertNotIn("REUSE", tblspace_tmp_sql)
diff --git a/tests/backends/oracle/test_introspection.py b/tests/backends/oracle/test_introspection.py
index 6664dda3d3..c6a143eb2d 100644
--- a/tests/backends/oracle/test_introspection.py
+++ b/tests/backends/oracle/test_introspection.py
@@ -6,24 +6,30 @@ from django.test import TransactionTestCase
 from ..models import Square
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'oracle', 'Oracle tests')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "oracle", "Oracle tests")
 class DatabaseSequenceTests(TransactionTestCase):
     available_apps = []
 
     def test_get_sequences(self):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            seqs = connection.introspection.get_sequences(cursor, Square._meta.db_table, Square._meta.local_fields)
+            seqs = connection.introspection.get_sequences(
+                cursor, Square._meta.db_table, Square._meta.local_fields
+            )
             self.assertEqual(len(seqs), 1)
-            self.assertIsNotNone(seqs[0]['name'])
-            self.assertEqual(seqs[0]['table'], Square._meta.db_table)
-            self.assertEqual(seqs[0]['column'], 'id')
+            self.assertIsNotNone(seqs[0]["name"])
+            self.assertEqual(seqs[0]["table"], Square._meta.db_table)
+            self.assertEqual(seqs[0]["column"], "id")
 
     def test_get_sequences_manually_created_index(self):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-                editor._drop_identity(Square._meta.db_table, 'id')
-                seqs = connection.introspection.get_sequences(cursor, Square._meta.db_table, Square._meta.local_fields)
-                self.assertEqual(seqs, [{'table': Square._meta.db_table, 'column': 'id'}])
+                editor._drop_identity(Square._meta.db_table, "id")
+                seqs = connection.introspection.get_sequences(
+                    cursor, Square._meta.db_table, Square._meta.local_fields
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    seqs, [{"table": Square._meta.db_table, "column": "id"}]
+                )
                 # Recreate model, because adding identity is impossible.
                 editor.delete_model(Square)
                 editor.create_model(Square)
diff --git a/tests/backends/oracle/test_operations.py b/tests/backends/oracle/test_operations.py
index 54fe73139d..523bdcda8a 100644
--- a/tests/backends/oracle/test_operations.py
+++ b/tests/backends/oracle/test_operations.py
@@ -7,13 +7,15 @@ from django.test import TransactionTestCase
 from ..models import Person, Tag
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'oracle', 'Oracle tests')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "oracle", "Oracle tests")
 class OperationsTests(TransactionTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['backends']
+    available_apps = ["backends"]
 
     def test_sequence_name_truncation(self):
-        seq_name = connection.ops._get_no_autofield_sequence_name('schema_authorwithevenlongee869')
-        self.assertEqual(seq_name, 'SCHEMA_AUTHORWITHEVENLOB0B8_SQ')
+        seq_name = connection.ops._get_no_autofield_sequence_name(
+            "schema_authorwithevenlongee869"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(seq_name, "SCHEMA_AUTHORWITHEVENLOB0B8_SQ")
 
     def test_bulk_batch_size(self):
         # Oracle restricts the number of parameters in a query.
@@ -21,11 +23,11 @@ class OperationsTests(TransactionTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(connection.ops.bulk_batch_size([], objects), len(objects))
         # Each field is a parameter for each object.
         self.assertEqual(
-            connection.ops.bulk_batch_size(['id'], objects),
+            connection.ops.bulk_batch_size(["id"], objects),
             connection.features.max_query_params,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            connection.ops.bulk_batch_size(['id', 'other'], objects),
+            connection.ops.bulk_batch_size(["id", "other"], objects),
             connection.features.max_query_params // 2,
         )
 
@@ -105,8 +107,8 @@ class OperationsTests(TransactionTestCase):
         )
         # Sequences.
         self.assertEqual(len(statements[4:]), 2)
-        self.assertIn('BACKENDS_PERSON_SQ', statements[4])
-        self.assertIn('BACKENDS_TAG_SQ', statements[5])
+        self.assertIn("BACKENDS_PERSON_SQ", statements[4])
+        self.assertIn("BACKENDS_TAG_SQ", statements[5])
 
     def test_sql_flush_sequences_allow_cascade(self):
         statements = connection.ops.sql_flush(
@@ -136,6 +138,6 @@ class OperationsTests(TransactionTestCase):
         )
         # Sequences.
         self.assertEqual(len(statements[5:]), 3)
-        self.assertIn('BACKENDS_PERSON_SQ', statements[5])
-        self.assertIn('BACKENDS_VERYLONGMODELN7BE2_SQ', statements[6])
-        self.assertIn('BACKENDS_TAG_SQ', statements[7])
+        self.assertIn("BACKENDS_PERSON_SQ", statements[5])
+        self.assertIn("BACKENDS_VERYLONGMODELN7BE2_SQ", statements[6])
+        self.assertIn("BACKENDS_TAG_SQ", statements[7])
diff --git a/tests/backends/oracle/tests.py b/tests/backends/oracle/tests.py
index 6d31d33d57..a518db2c64 100644
--- a/tests/backends/oracle/tests.py
+++ b/tests/backends/oracle/tests.py
@@ -4,14 +4,11 @@ from django.db import DatabaseError, connection
 from django.db.models import BooleanField
 from django.test import TransactionTestCase
 
-from ..models import (
-    Square, VeryLongModelNameZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ,
-)
+from ..models import Square, VeryLongModelNameZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'oracle', 'Oracle tests')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "oracle", "Oracle tests")
 class Tests(unittest.TestCase):
-
     def test_quote_name(self):
         """'%' chars are escaped for query execution."""
         name = '"SOME%NAME"'
@@ -21,21 +18,24 @@ class Tests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_quote_name_db_table(self):
         model = VeryLongModelNameZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
         db_table = model._meta.db_table.upper()
-        self.assertEqual(f'"{db_table}"', connection.ops.quote_name(
-            'backends_verylongmodelnamezzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz',
-        ))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f'"{db_table}"',
+            connection.ops.quote_name(
+                "backends_verylongmodelnamezzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz",
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_dbms_session(self):
         """A stored procedure can be called through a cursor wrapper."""
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.callproc('DBMS_SESSION.SET_IDENTIFIER', ['_django_testing!'])
+            cursor.callproc("DBMS_SESSION.SET_IDENTIFIER", ["_django_testing!"])
 
     def test_cursor_var(self):
         """Cursor variables can be passed as query parameters."""
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             var = cursor.var(str)
             cursor.execute("BEGIN %s := 'X'; END; ", [var])
-            self.assertEqual(var.getvalue(), 'X')
+            self.assertEqual(var.getvalue(), "X")
 
     def test_order_of_nls_parameters(self):
         """
@@ -53,41 +53,46 @@ class Tests(unittest.TestCase):
         """Boolean fields have check constraints on their values."""
         for field in (BooleanField(), BooleanField(null=True)):
             with self.subTest(field=field):
-                field.set_attributes_from_name('is_nice')
+                field.set_attributes_from_name("is_nice")
                 self.assertIn('"IS_NICE" IN (0,1)', field.db_check(connection))
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'oracle', 'Oracle tests')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "oracle", "Oracle tests")
 class TransactionalTests(TransactionTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['backends']
+    available_apps = ["backends"]
 
     def test_hidden_no_data_found_exception(self):
         # "ORA-1403: no data found" exception is hidden by Oracle OCI library
         # when an INSERT statement is used with a RETURNING clause (see #28859).
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             # Create trigger that raises "ORA-1403: no data found".
-            cursor.execute("""
+            cursor.execute(
+                """
                 CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER "TRG_NO_DATA_FOUND"
                 AFTER INSERT ON "BACKENDS_SQUARE"
                 FOR EACH ROW
                 BEGIN
                     RAISE NO_DATA_FOUND;
                 END;
-            """)
+            """
+            )
         try:
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(DatabaseError, (
-                'The database did not return a new row id. Probably "ORA-1403: '
-                'no data found" was raised internally but was hidden by the '
-                'Oracle OCI library (see https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/28859).'
-            )):
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                DatabaseError,
+                (
+                    'The database did not return a new row id. Probably "ORA-1403: '
+                    'no data found" was raised internally but was hidden by the '
+                    "Oracle OCI library (see https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/28859)."
+                ),
+            ):
                 Square.objects.create(root=2, square=4)
         finally:
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
                 cursor.execute('DROP TRIGGER "TRG_NO_DATA_FOUND"')
 
     def test_password_with_at_sign(self):
-        old_password = connection.settings_dict['PASSWORD']
-        connection.settings_dict['PASSWORD'] = 'p@ssword'
+        old_password = connection.settings_dict["PASSWORD"]
+        connection.settings_dict["PASSWORD"] = "p@ssword"
         try:
             self.assertIn(
                 '/"p@ssword"@',
@@ -97,6 +102,6 @@ class TransactionalTests(TransactionTestCase):
                 connection.cursor()
             # Database exception: "ORA-01017: invalid username/password" is
             # expected.
-            self.assertIn('ORA-01017', context.exception.args[0].message)
+            self.assertIn("ORA-01017", context.exception.args[0].message)
         finally:
-            connection.settings_dict['PASSWORD'] = old_password
+            connection.settings_dict["PASSWORD"] = old_password
diff --git a/tests/backends/postgresql/test_creation.py b/tests/backends/postgresql/test_creation.py
index eb68c6e471..319029334d 100644
--- a/tests/backends/postgresql/test_creation.py
+++ b/tests/backends/postgresql/test_creation.py
@@ -18,12 +18,11 @@ else:
     from django.db.backends.postgresql.creation import DatabaseCreation
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'PostgreSQL tests')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL tests")
 class DatabaseCreationTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     @contextmanager
     def changed_test_settings(self, **kwargs):
-        settings = connection.settings_dict['TEST']
+        settings = connection.settings_dict["TEST"]
         saved_values = {}
         for name in kwargs:
             if name in settings:
@@ -47,66 +46,80 @@ class DatabaseCreationTests(SimpleTestCase):
             self.assertEqual(suffix, expected)
 
     def test_sql_table_creation_suffix_with_none_settings(self):
-        settings = {'CHARSET': None, 'TEMPLATE': None}
+        settings = {"CHARSET": None, "TEMPLATE": None}
         self.check_sql_table_creation_suffix(settings, "")
 
     def test_sql_table_creation_suffix_with_encoding(self):
-        settings = {'CHARSET': 'UTF8'}
+        settings = {"CHARSET": "UTF8"}
         self.check_sql_table_creation_suffix(settings, "WITH ENCODING 'UTF8'")
 
     def test_sql_table_creation_suffix_with_template(self):
-        settings = {'TEMPLATE': 'template0'}
+        settings = {"TEMPLATE": "template0"}
         self.check_sql_table_creation_suffix(settings, 'WITH TEMPLATE "template0"')
 
     def test_sql_table_creation_suffix_with_encoding_and_template(self):
-        settings = {'CHARSET': 'UTF8', 'TEMPLATE': 'template0'}
-        self.check_sql_table_creation_suffix(settings, '''WITH ENCODING 'UTF8' TEMPLATE "template0"''')
+        settings = {"CHARSET": "UTF8", "TEMPLATE": "template0"}
+        self.check_sql_table_creation_suffix(
+            settings, '''WITH ENCODING 'UTF8' TEMPLATE "template0"'''
+        )
 
     def test_sql_table_creation_raises_with_collation(self):
-        settings = {'COLLATION': 'test'}
+        settings = {"COLLATION": "test"}
         msg = (
-            'PostgreSQL does not support collation setting at database '
-            'creation time.'
+            "PostgreSQL does not support collation setting at database "
+            "creation time."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
             self.check_sql_table_creation_suffix(settings, None)
 
     def _execute_raise_database_already_exists(self, cursor, parameters, keepdb=False):
-        error = DatabaseError('database %s already exists' % parameters['dbname'])
+        error = DatabaseError("database %s already exists" % parameters["dbname"])
         error.pgcode = errorcodes.DUPLICATE_DATABASE
         raise DatabaseError() from error
 
     def _execute_raise_permission_denied(self, cursor, parameters, keepdb=False):
-        error = DatabaseError('permission denied to create database')
+        error = DatabaseError("permission denied to create database")
         error.pgcode = errorcodes.INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGE
         raise DatabaseError() from error
 
     def patch_test_db_creation(self, execute_create_test_db):
-        return mock.patch.object(BaseDatabaseCreation, '_execute_create_test_db', execute_create_test_db)
+        return mock.patch.object(
+            BaseDatabaseCreation, "_execute_create_test_db", execute_create_test_db
+        )
 
-    @mock.patch('sys.stdout', new_callable=StringIO)
-    @mock.patch('sys.stderr', new_callable=StringIO)
+    @mock.patch("sys.stdout", new_callable=StringIO)
+    @mock.patch("sys.stderr", new_callable=StringIO)
     def test_create_test_db(self, *mocked_objects):
         creation = DatabaseCreation(connection)
         # Simulate test database creation raising "database already exists"
         with self.patch_test_db_creation(self._execute_raise_database_already_exists):
-            with mock.patch('builtins.input', return_value='no'):
+            with mock.patch("builtins.input", return_value="no"):
                 with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
                     # SystemExit is raised if the user answers "no" to the
                     # prompt asking if it's okay to delete the test database.
-                    creation._create_test_db(verbosity=0, autoclobber=False, keepdb=False)
+                    creation._create_test_db(
+                        verbosity=0, autoclobber=False, keepdb=False
+                    )
             # "Database already exists" error is ignored when keepdb is on
             creation._create_test_db(verbosity=0, autoclobber=False, keepdb=True)
         # Simulate test database creation raising unexpected error
         with self.patch_test_db_creation(self._execute_raise_permission_denied):
-            with mock.patch.object(DatabaseCreation, '_database_exists', return_value=False):
+            with mock.patch.object(
+                DatabaseCreation, "_database_exists", return_value=False
+            ):
                 with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
-                    creation._create_test_db(verbosity=0, autoclobber=False, keepdb=False)
+                    creation._create_test_db(
+                        verbosity=0, autoclobber=False, keepdb=False
+                    )
                 with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
-                    creation._create_test_db(verbosity=0, autoclobber=False, keepdb=True)
+                    creation._create_test_db(
+                        verbosity=0, autoclobber=False, keepdb=True
+                    )
         # Simulate test database creation raising "insufficient privileges".
         # An error shouldn't appear when keepdb is on and the database already
         # exists.
         with self.patch_test_db_creation(self._execute_raise_permission_denied):
-            with mock.patch.object(DatabaseCreation, '_database_exists', return_value=True):
+            with mock.patch.object(
+                DatabaseCreation, "_database_exists", return_value=True
+            ):
                 creation._create_test_db(verbosity=0, autoclobber=False, keepdb=True)
diff --git a/tests/backends/postgresql/test_introspection.py b/tests/backends/postgresql/test_introspection.py
index 4dcadbd733..dc95d6ad23 100644
--- a/tests/backends/postgresql/test_introspection.py
+++ b/tests/backends/postgresql/test_introspection.py
@@ -6,18 +6,24 @@ from django.test import TestCase
 from ..models import Person
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', "Test only for PostgreSQL")
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "Test only for PostgreSQL")
 class DatabaseSequenceTests(TestCase):
     def test_get_sequences(self):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             seqs = connection.introspection.get_sequences(cursor, Person._meta.db_table)
             self.assertEqual(
                 seqs,
-                [{'table': Person._meta.db_table, 'column': 'id', 'name': 'backends_person_id_seq'}]
+                [
+                    {
+                        "table": Person._meta.db_table,
+                        "column": "id",
+                        "name": "backends_person_id_seq",
+                    }
+                ],
             )
-            cursor.execute('ALTER SEQUENCE backends_person_id_seq RENAME TO pers_seq')
+            cursor.execute("ALTER SEQUENCE backends_person_id_seq RENAME TO pers_seq")
             seqs = connection.introspection.get_sequences(cursor, Person._meta.db_table)
             self.assertEqual(
                 seqs,
-                [{'table': Person._meta.db_table, 'column': 'id', 'name': 'pers_seq'}]
+                [{"table": Person._meta.db_table, "column": "id", "name": "pers_seq"}],
             )
diff --git a/tests/backends/postgresql/test_operations.py b/tests/backends/postgresql/test_operations.py
index 821bb29cee..c2f2417923 100644
--- a/tests/backends/postgresql/test_operations.py
+++ b/tests/backends/postgresql/test_operations.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from ..models import Person, Tag
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'PostgreSQL tests.')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL tests.")
 class PostgreSQLOperationsTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_sql_flush(self):
         self.assertEqual(
diff --git a/tests/backends/postgresql/test_server_side_cursors.py b/tests/backends/postgresql/test_server_side_cursors.py
index 0cc3423a9b..705e798c23 100644
--- a/tests/backends/postgresql/test_server_side_cursors.py
+++ b/tests/backends/postgresql/test_server_side_cursors.py
@@ -9,19 +9,23 @@ from django.test import TestCase
 from ..models import Person
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'PostgreSQL tests')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL tests")
 class ServerSideCursorsPostgres(TestCase):
-    cursor_fields = 'name, statement, is_holdable, is_binary, is_scrollable, creation_time'
-    PostgresCursor = namedtuple('PostgresCursor', cursor_fields)
+    cursor_fields = (
+        "name, statement, is_holdable, is_binary, is_scrollable, creation_time"
+    )
+    PostgresCursor = namedtuple("PostgresCursor", cursor_fields)
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        Person.objects.create(first_name='a', last_name='a')
-        Person.objects.create(first_name='b', last_name='b')
+        Person.objects.create(first_name="a", last_name="a")
+        Person.objects.create(first_name="b", last_name="b")
 
     def inspect_cursors(self):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute('SELECT {fields} FROM pg_cursors;'.format(fields=self.cursor_fields))
+            cursor.execute(
+                "SELECT {fields} FROM pg_cursors;".format(fields=self.cursor_fields)
+            )
             cursors = cursor.fetchall()
         return [self.PostgresCursor._make(cursor) for cursor in cursors]
 
@@ -30,7 +34,9 @@ class ServerSideCursorsPostgres(TestCase):
         for setting in kwargs:
             original_value = connection.settings_dict.get(setting)
             if setting in connection.settings_dict:
-                self.addCleanup(operator.setitem, connection.settings_dict, setting, original_value)
+                self.addCleanup(
+                    operator.setitem, connection.settings_dict, setting, original_value
+                )
             else:
                 self.addCleanup(operator.delitem, connection.settings_dict, setting)
 
@@ -42,7 +48,7 @@ class ServerSideCursorsPostgres(TestCase):
         cursors = self.inspect_cursors()
         self.assertEqual(len(cursors), num_expected)
         for cursor in cursors:
-            self.assertIn('_django_curs_', cursor.name)
+            self.assertIn("_django_curs_", cursor.name)
             self.assertFalse(cursor.is_scrollable)
             self.assertFalse(cursor.is_holdable)
             self.assertFalse(cursor.is_binary)
@@ -54,17 +60,23 @@ class ServerSideCursorsPostgres(TestCase):
         self.assertUsesCursor(Person.objects.iterator())
 
     def test_values(self):
-        self.assertUsesCursor(Person.objects.values('first_name').iterator())
+        self.assertUsesCursor(Person.objects.values("first_name").iterator())
 
     def test_values_list(self):
-        self.assertUsesCursor(Person.objects.values_list('first_name').iterator())
+        self.assertUsesCursor(Person.objects.values_list("first_name").iterator())
 
     def test_values_list_flat(self):
-        self.assertUsesCursor(Person.objects.values_list('first_name', flat=True).iterator())
+        self.assertUsesCursor(
+            Person.objects.values_list("first_name", flat=True).iterator()
+        )
 
     def test_values_list_fields_not_equal_to_names(self):
-        expr = models.Count('id')
-        self.assertUsesCursor(Person.objects.annotate(id__count=expr).values_list(expr, 'id__count').iterator())
+        expr = models.Count("id")
+        self.assertUsesCursor(
+            Person.objects.annotate(id__count=expr)
+            .values_list(expr, "id__count")
+            .iterator()
+        )
 
     def test_server_side_cursor_many_cursors(self):
         persons = Person.objects.iterator()
diff --git a/tests/backends/postgresql/tests.py b/tests/backends/postgresql/tests.py
index 1905147f6f..af08f6f286 100644
--- a/tests/backends/postgresql/tests.py
+++ b/tests/backends/postgresql/tests.py
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ from django.db.backends.base.base import BaseDatabaseWrapper
 from django.test import TestCase, override_settings
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'PostgreSQL tests')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL tests")
 class Tests(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     def test_nodb_cursor(self):
         """
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ class Tests(TestCase):
         orig_connect = BaseDatabaseWrapper.connect
 
         def mocked_connect(self):
-            if self.settings_dict['NAME'] is None:
+            if self.settings_dict["NAME"] is None:
                 raise DatabaseError()
             return orig_connect(self)
 
         with connection._nodb_cursor() as cursor:
             self.assertIs(cursor.closed, False)
             self.assertIsNotNone(cursor.db.connection)
-            self.assertIsNone(cursor.db.settings_dict['NAME'])
+            self.assertIsNone(cursor.db.settings_dict["NAME"])
         self.assertIs(cursor.closed, True)
         self.assertIsNone(cursor.db.connection)
 
@@ -41,24 +41,29 @@ class Tests(TestCase):
             "database and will use the first PostgreSQL database instead."
         )
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(RuntimeWarning, msg):
-            with mock.patch('django.db.backends.base.base.BaseDatabaseWrapper.connect',
-                            side_effect=mocked_connect, autospec=True):
+            with mock.patch(
+                "django.db.backends.base.base.BaseDatabaseWrapper.connect",
+                side_effect=mocked_connect,
+                autospec=True,
+            ):
                 with mock.patch.object(
                     connection,
-                    'settings_dict',
-                    {**connection.settings_dict, 'NAME': 'postgres'},
+                    "settings_dict",
+                    {**connection.settings_dict, "NAME": "postgres"},
                 ):
                     with connection._nodb_cursor() as cursor:
                         self.assertIs(cursor.closed, False)
                         self.assertIsNotNone(cursor.db.connection)
         self.assertIs(cursor.closed, True)
         self.assertIsNone(cursor.db.connection)
-        self.assertIsNotNone(cursor.db.settings_dict['NAME'])
-        self.assertEqual(cursor.db.settings_dict['NAME'], connections['other'].settings_dict['NAME'])
+        self.assertIsNotNone(cursor.db.settings_dict["NAME"])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cursor.db.settings_dict["NAME"], connections["other"].settings_dict["NAME"]
+        )
         # Cursor is yielded only for the first PostgreSQL database.
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(RuntimeWarning, msg):
             with mock.patch(
-                'django.db.backends.base.base.BaseDatabaseWrapper.connect',
+                "django.db.backends.base.base.BaseDatabaseWrapper.connect",
                 side_effect=mocked_connect,
                 autospec=True,
             ):
@@ -71,13 +76,14 @@ class Tests(TestCase):
         _nodb_cursor() re-raises authentication failure to the 'postgres' db
         when other connection to the PostgreSQL database isn't available.
         """
+
         def mocked_connect(self):
             raise DatabaseError()
 
         def mocked_all(self):
             test_connection = copy.copy(connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS])
             test_connection.settings_dict = copy.deepcopy(connection.settings_dict)
-            test_connection.settings_dict['NAME'] = 'postgres'
+            test_connection.settings_dict["NAME"] = "postgres"
             return [test_connection]
 
         msg = (
@@ -89,12 +95,12 @@ class Tests(TestCase):
         )
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(RuntimeWarning, msg):
             mocker_connections_all = mock.patch(
-                'django.utils.connection.BaseConnectionHandler.all',
+                "django.utils.connection.BaseConnectionHandler.all",
                 side_effect=mocked_all,
                 autospec=True,
             )
             mocker_connect = mock.patch(
-                'django.db.backends.base.base.BaseDatabaseWrapper.connect',
+                "django.db.backends.base.base.BaseDatabaseWrapper.connect",
                 side_effect=mocked_connect,
                 autospec=True,
             )
@@ -104,27 +110,29 @@ class Tests(TestCase):
                         pass
 
     def test_nodb_cursor_reraise_exceptions(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(DatabaseError, 'exception'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(DatabaseError, "exception"):
             with connection._nodb_cursor():
-                raise DatabaseError('exception')
+                raise DatabaseError("exception")
 
     def test_database_name_too_long(self):
         from django.db.backends.postgresql.base import DatabaseWrapper
+
         settings = connection.settings_dict.copy()
         max_name_length = connection.ops.max_name_length()
-        settings['NAME'] = 'a' + (max_name_length * 'a')
+        settings["NAME"] = "a" + (max_name_length * "a")
         msg = (
             "The database name '%s' (%d characters) is longer than "
             "PostgreSQL's limit of %s characters. Supply a shorter NAME in "
             "settings.DATABASES."
-        ) % (settings['NAME'], max_name_length + 1, max_name_length)
+        ) % (settings["NAME"], max_name_length + 1, max_name_length)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
             DatabaseWrapper(settings).get_connection_params()
 
     def test_database_name_empty(self):
         from django.db.backends.postgresql.base import DatabaseWrapper
+
         settings = connection.settings_dict.copy()
-        settings['NAME'] = ''
+        settings["NAME"] = ""
         msg = (
             "settings.DATABASES is improperly configured. Please supply the "
             "NAME or OPTIONS['service'] value."
@@ -134,22 +142,24 @@ class Tests(TestCase):
 
     def test_service_name(self):
         from django.db.backends.postgresql.base import DatabaseWrapper
+
         settings = connection.settings_dict.copy()
-        settings['OPTIONS'] = {'service': 'my_service'}
-        settings['NAME'] = ''
+        settings["OPTIONS"] = {"service": "my_service"}
+        settings["NAME"] = ""
         params = DatabaseWrapper(settings).get_connection_params()
-        self.assertEqual(params['service'], 'my_service')
-        self.assertNotIn('database', params)
+        self.assertEqual(params["service"], "my_service")
+        self.assertNotIn("database", params)
 
     def test_service_name_default_db(self):
         # None is used to connect to the default 'postgres' db.
         from django.db.backends.postgresql.base import DatabaseWrapper
+
         settings = connection.settings_dict.copy()
-        settings['NAME'] = None
-        settings['OPTIONS'] = {'service': 'django_test'}
+        settings["NAME"] = None
+        settings["OPTIONS"] = {"service": "django_test"}
         params = DatabaseWrapper(settings).get_connection_params()
-        self.assertEqual(params['database'], 'postgres')
-        self.assertNotIn('service', params)
+        self.assertEqual(params["database"], "postgres")
+        self.assertNotIn("service", params)
 
     def test_connect_and_rollback(self):
         """
@@ -165,7 +175,7 @@ class Tests(TestCase):
                 cursor.execute("RESET TIMEZONE")
                 cursor.execute("SHOW TIMEZONE")
                 db_default_tz = cursor.fetchone()[0]
-            new_tz = 'Europe/Paris' if db_default_tz == 'UTC' else 'UTC'
+            new_tz = "Europe/Paris" if db_default_tz == "UTC" else "UTC"
             new_connection.close()
 
             # Invalidate timezone name cache, because the setting_changed
@@ -193,7 +203,7 @@ class Tests(TestCase):
         after setting the time zone when AUTOCOMMIT is False (#21452).
         """
         new_connection = connection.copy()
-        new_connection.settings_dict['AUTOCOMMIT'] = False
+        new_connection.settings_dict["AUTOCOMMIT"] = False
 
         try:
             # Open a database connection.
@@ -207,9 +217,7 @@ class Tests(TestCase):
         The transaction level can be configured with
         DATABASES ['OPTIONS']['isolation_level'].
         """
-        from psycopg2.extensions import (
-            ISOLATION_LEVEL_SERIALIZABLE as serializable,
-        )
+        from psycopg2.extensions import ISOLATION_LEVEL_SERIALIZABLE as serializable
 
         # Since this is a django.test.TestCase, a transaction is in progress
         # and the isolation level isn't reported as 0. This test assumes that
@@ -218,7 +226,7 @@ class Tests(TestCase):
         self.assertIsNone(connection.connection.isolation_level)
 
         new_connection = connection.copy()
-        new_connection.settings_dict['OPTIONS']['isolation_level'] = serializable
+        new_connection.settings_dict["OPTIONS"]["isolation_level"] = serializable
         try:
             # Start a transaction so the isolation level isn't reported as 0.
             new_connection.set_autocommit(False)
@@ -230,7 +238,7 @@ class Tests(TestCase):
     def test_connect_no_is_usable_checks(self):
         new_connection = connection.copy()
         try:
-            with mock.patch.object(new_connection, 'is_usable') as is_usable:
+            with mock.patch.object(new_connection, "is_usable") as is_usable:
                 new_connection.connect()
             is_usable.assert_not_called()
         finally:
@@ -238,49 +246,60 @@ class Tests(TestCase):
 
     def _select(self, val):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute('SELECT %s', (val,))
+            cursor.execute("SELECT %s", (val,))
             return cursor.fetchone()[0]
 
     def test_select_ascii_array(self):
-        a = ['awef']
+        a = ["awef"]
         b = self._select(a)
         self.assertEqual(a[0], b[0])
 
     def test_select_unicode_array(self):
-        a = ['ᄲawef']
+        a = ["ᄲawef"]
         b = self._select(a)
         self.assertEqual(a[0], b[0])
 
     def test_lookup_cast(self):
         from django.db.backends.postgresql.operations import DatabaseOperations
+
         do = DatabaseOperations(connection=None)
         lookups = (
-            'iexact', 'contains', 'icontains', 'startswith', 'istartswith',
-            'endswith', 'iendswith', 'regex', 'iregex',
+            "iexact",
+            "contains",
+            "icontains",
+            "startswith",
+            "istartswith",
+            "endswith",
+            "iendswith",
+            "regex",
+            "iregex",
         )
         for lookup in lookups:
             with self.subTest(lookup=lookup):
-                self.assertIn('::text', do.lookup_cast(lookup))
+                self.assertIn("::text", do.lookup_cast(lookup))
         for lookup in lookups:
-            for field_type in ('CICharField', 'CIEmailField', 'CITextField'):
+            for field_type in ("CICharField", "CIEmailField", "CITextField"):
                 with self.subTest(lookup=lookup, field_type=field_type):
-                    self.assertIn('::citext', do.lookup_cast(lookup, internal_type=field_type))
+                    self.assertIn(
+                        "::citext", do.lookup_cast(lookup, internal_type=field_type)
+                    )
 
     def test_correct_extraction_psycopg2_version(self):
         from django.db.backends.postgresql.base import psycopg2_version
-        with mock.patch('psycopg2.__version__', '4.2.1 (dt dec pq3 ext lo64)'):
+
+        with mock.patch("psycopg2.__version__", "4.2.1 (dt dec pq3 ext lo64)"):
             self.assertEqual(psycopg2_version(), (4, 2, 1))
-        with mock.patch('psycopg2.__version__', '4.2b0.dev1 (dt dec pq3 ext lo64)'):
+        with mock.patch("psycopg2.__version__", "4.2b0.dev1 (dt dec pq3 ext lo64)"):
             self.assertEqual(psycopg2_version(), (4, 2))
 
     @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
     def test_copy_cursors(self):
         out = StringIO()
-        copy_expert_sql = 'COPY django_session TO STDOUT (FORMAT CSV, HEADER)'
+        copy_expert_sql = "COPY django_session TO STDOUT (FORMAT CSV, HEADER)"
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.copy_expert(copy_expert_sql, out)
-            cursor.copy_to(out, 'django_session')
+            cursor.copy_to(out, "django_session")
         self.assertEqual(
-            [q['sql'] for q in connection.queries],
-            [copy_expert_sql, 'COPY django_session TO STDOUT'],
+            [q["sql"] for q in connection.queries],
+            [copy_expert_sql, "COPY django_session TO STDOUT"],
         )
diff --git a/tests/backends/sqlite/test_creation.py b/tests/backends/sqlite/test_creation.py
index 6ec4262f73..ab1640c04e 100644
--- a/tests/backends/sqlite/test_creation.py
+++ b/tests/backends/sqlite/test_creation.py
@@ -5,15 +5,17 @@ from django.db import DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, connection, connections
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'sqlite', 'SQLite tests')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "sqlite", "SQLite tests")
 class TestDbSignatureTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_custom_test_name(self):
         test_connection = copy.copy(connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS])
-        test_connection.settings_dict = copy.deepcopy(connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS].settings_dict)
-        test_connection.settings_dict['NAME'] = None
-        test_connection.settings_dict['TEST']['NAME'] = 'custom.sqlite.db'
+        test_connection.settings_dict = copy.deepcopy(
+            connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS].settings_dict
+        )
+        test_connection.settings_dict["NAME"] = None
+        test_connection.settings_dict["TEST"]["NAME"] = "custom.sqlite.db"
         signature = test_connection.creation_class(test_connection).test_db_signature()
-        self.assertEqual(signature, (None, 'custom.sqlite.db'))
+        self.assertEqual(signature, (None, "custom.sqlite.db"))
 
     def test_get_test_db_clone_settings_name(self):
         test_connection = copy.copy(connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS])
@@ -21,13 +23,13 @@ class TestDbSignatureTests(SimpleTestCase):
             connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS].settings_dict,
         )
         tests = [
-            ('test.sqlite3', 'test_1.sqlite3'),
-            ('test', 'test_1'),
+            ("test.sqlite3", "test_1.sqlite3"),
+            ("test", "test_1"),
         ]
         for test_db_name, expected_clone_name in tests:
             with self.subTest(test_db_name=test_db_name):
-                test_connection.settings_dict['NAME'] = test_db_name
-                test_connection.settings_dict['TEST']['NAME'] = test_db_name
+                test_connection.settings_dict["NAME"] = test_db_name
+                test_connection.settings_dict["TEST"]["NAME"] = test_db_name
                 creation_class = test_connection.creation_class(test_connection)
-                clone_settings_dict = creation_class.get_test_db_clone_settings('1')
-                self.assertEqual(clone_settings_dict['NAME'], expected_clone_name)
+                clone_settings_dict = creation_class.get_test_db_clone_settings("1")
+                self.assertEqual(clone_settings_dict["NAME"], expected_clone_name)
diff --git a/tests/backends/sqlite/test_features.py b/tests/backends/sqlite/test_features.py
index 9b74794408..50ccbbd3cc 100644
--- a/tests/backends/sqlite/test_features.py
+++ b/tests/backends/sqlite/test_features.py
@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@ from django.db import OperationalError, connection
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 
-@skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'sqlite', 'SQLite tests.')
+@skipUnless(connection.vendor == "sqlite", "SQLite tests.")
 class FeaturesTests(TestCase):
     def test_supports_json_field_operational_error(self):
-        if hasattr(connection.features, 'supports_json_field'):
+        if hasattr(connection.features, "supports_json_field"):
             del connection.features.supports_json_field
-        msg = 'unable to open database file'
+        msg = "unable to open database file"
         with mock.patch(
-            'django.db.backends.base.base.BaseDatabaseWrapper.cursor',
+            "django.db.backends.base.base.BaseDatabaseWrapper.cursor",
             side_effect=OperationalError(msg),
         ):
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(OperationalError, msg):
diff --git a/tests/backends/sqlite/test_functions.py b/tests/backends/sqlite/test_functions.py
index 0659717799..1102d5873e 100644
--- a/tests/backends/sqlite/test_functions.py
+++ b/tests/backends/sqlite/test_functions.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from django.db.backends.sqlite3._functions import (
-    _sqlite_date_trunc, _sqlite_datetime_trunc, _sqlite_time_trunc,
+    _sqlite_date_trunc,
+    _sqlite_datetime_trunc,
+    _sqlite_time_trunc,
 )
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
@@ -8,14 +10,14 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_sqlite_date_trunc(self):
         msg = "Unsupported lookup type: 'unknown-lookup'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            _sqlite_date_trunc('unknown-lookup', '2005-08-11', None, None)
+            _sqlite_date_trunc("unknown-lookup", "2005-08-11", None, None)
 
     def test_sqlite_datetime_trunc(self):
         msg = "Unsupported lookup type: 'unknown-lookup'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            _sqlite_datetime_trunc('unknown-lookup', '2005-08-11 1:00:00', None, None)
+            _sqlite_datetime_trunc("unknown-lookup", "2005-08-11 1:00:00", None, None)
 
     def test_sqlite_time_trunc(self):
         msg = "Unsupported lookup type: 'unknown-lookup'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            _sqlite_time_trunc('unknown-lookup', '2005-08-11 1:00:00', None, None)
+            _sqlite_time_trunc("unknown-lookup", "2005-08-11 1:00:00", None, None)
diff --git a/tests/backends/sqlite/test_introspection.py b/tests/backends/sqlite/test_introspection.py
index 9331b5bb1a..2997ac9595 100644
--- a/tests/backends/sqlite/test_introspection.py
+++ b/tests/backends/sqlite/test_introspection.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from django.db import connection
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'sqlite', 'SQLite tests')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "sqlite", "SQLite tests")
 class IntrospectionTests(TestCase):
     def test_get_primary_key_column(self):
         """
@@ -14,19 +14,26 @@ class IntrospectionTests(TestCase):
         quotation.
         """
         testable_column_strings = (
-            ('id', 'id'), ('[id]', 'id'), ('`id`', 'id'), ('"id"', 'id'),
-            ('[id col]', 'id col'), ('`id col`', 'id col'), ('"id col"', 'id col')
+            ("id", "id"),
+            ("[id]", "id"),
+            ("`id`", "id"),
+            ('"id"', "id"),
+            ("[id col]", "id col"),
+            ("`id col`", "id col"),
+            ('"id col"', "id col"),
         )
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             for column, expected_string in testable_column_strings:
-                sql = 'CREATE TABLE test_primary (%s int PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL)' % column
+                sql = "CREATE TABLE test_primary (%s int PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL)" % column
                 with self.subTest(column=column):
                     try:
                         cursor.execute(sql)
-                        field = connection.introspection.get_primary_key_column(cursor, 'test_primary')
+                        field = connection.introspection.get_primary_key_column(
+                            cursor, "test_primary"
+                        )
                         self.assertEqual(field, expected_string)
                     finally:
-                        cursor.execute('DROP TABLE test_primary')
+                        cursor.execute("DROP TABLE test_primary")
 
     def test_get_primary_key_column_pk_constraint(self):
         sql = """
@@ -41,38 +48,43 @@ class IntrospectionTests(TestCase):
                 cursor.execute(sql)
                 field = connection.introspection.get_primary_key_column(
                     cursor,
-                    'test_primary',
+                    "test_primary",
                 )
-                self.assertEqual(field, 'id')
+                self.assertEqual(field, "id")
             finally:
-                cursor.execute('DROP TABLE test_primary')
+                cursor.execute("DROP TABLE test_primary")
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'sqlite', 'SQLite tests')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "sqlite", "SQLite tests")
 class ParsingTests(TestCase):
     def parse_definition(self, sql, columns):
         """Parse a column or constraint definition."""
         statement = sqlparse.parse(sql)[0]
         tokens = (token for token in statement.flatten() if not token.is_whitespace)
         with connection.cursor():
-            return connection.introspection._parse_column_or_constraint_definition(tokens, set(columns))
+            return connection.introspection._parse_column_or_constraint_definition(
+                tokens, set(columns)
+            )
 
     def assertConstraint(self, constraint_details, cols, unique=False, check=False):
-        self.assertEqual(constraint_details, {
-            'unique': unique,
-            'columns': cols,
-            'primary_key': False,
-            'foreign_key': None,
-            'check': check,
-            'index': False,
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            constraint_details,
+            {
+                "unique": unique,
+                "columns": cols,
+                "primary_key": False,
+                "foreign_key": None,
+                "check": check,
+                "index": False,
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_unique_column(self):
         tests = (
-            ('"ref" integer UNIQUE,', ['ref']),
-            ('ref integer UNIQUE,', ['ref']),
-            ('"customname" integer UNIQUE,', ['customname']),
-            ('customname integer UNIQUE,', ['customname']),
+            ('"ref" integer UNIQUE,', ["ref"]),
+            ("ref integer UNIQUE,", ["ref"]),
+            ('"customname" integer UNIQUE,', ["customname"]),
+            ("customname integer UNIQUE,", ["customname"]),
         )
         for sql, columns in tests:
             with self.subTest(sql=sql):
@@ -83,10 +95,18 @@ class ParsingTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_unique_constraint(self):
         tests = (
-            ('CONSTRAINT "ref" UNIQUE ("ref"),', 'ref', ['ref']),
-            ('CONSTRAINT ref UNIQUE (ref),', 'ref', ['ref']),
-            ('CONSTRAINT "customname1" UNIQUE ("customname2"),', 'customname1', ['customname2']),
-            ('CONSTRAINT customname1 UNIQUE (customname2),', 'customname1', ['customname2']),
+            ('CONSTRAINT "ref" UNIQUE ("ref"),', "ref", ["ref"]),
+            ("CONSTRAINT ref UNIQUE (ref),", "ref", ["ref"]),
+            (
+                'CONSTRAINT "customname1" UNIQUE ("customname2"),',
+                "customname1",
+                ["customname2"],
+            ),
+            (
+                "CONSTRAINT customname1 UNIQUE (customname2),",
+                "customname1",
+                ["customname2"],
+            ),
         )
         for sql, constraint_name, columns in tests:
             with self.subTest(sql=sql):
@@ -97,8 +117,12 @@ class ParsingTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_unique_constraint_multicolumn(self):
         tests = (
-            ('CONSTRAINT "ref" UNIQUE ("ref", "customname"),', 'ref', ['ref', 'customname']),
-            ('CONSTRAINT ref UNIQUE (ref, customname),', 'ref', ['ref', 'customname']),
+            (
+                'CONSTRAINT "ref" UNIQUE ("ref", "customname"),',
+                "ref",
+                ["ref", "customname"],
+            ),
+            ("CONSTRAINT ref UNIQUE (ref, customname),", "ref", ["ref", "customname"]),
         )
         for sql, constraint_name, columns in tests:
             with self.subTest(sql=sql):
@@ -109,10 +133,16 @@ class ParsingTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_check_column(self):
         tests = (
-            ('"ref" varchar(255) CHECK ("ref" != \'test\'),', ['ref']),
-            ('ref varchar(255) CHECK (ref != \'test\'),', ['ref']),
-            ('"customname1" varchar(255) CHECK ("customname2" != \'test\'),', ['customname2']),
-            ('customname1 varchar(255) CHECK (customname2 != \'test\'),', ['customname2']),
+            ('"ref" varchar(255) CHECK ("ref" != \'test\'),', ["ref"]),
+            ("ref varchar(255) CHECK (ref != 'test'),", ["ref"]),
+            (
+                '"customname1" varchar(255) CHECK ("customname2" != \'test\'),',
+                ["customname2"],
+            ),
+            (
+                "customname1 varchar(255) CHECK (customname2 != 'test'),",
+                ["customname2"],
+            ),
         )
         for sql, columns in tests:
             with self.subTest(sql=sql):
@@ -123,10 +153,18 @@ class ParsingTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_check_constraint(self):
         tests = (
-            ('CONSTRAINT "ref" CHECK ("ref" != \'test\'),', 'ref', ['ref']),
-            ('CONSTRAINT ref CHECK (ref != \'test\'),', 'ref', ['ref']),
-            ('CONSTRAINT "customname1" CHECK ("customname2" != \'test\'),', 'customname1', ['customname2']),
-            ('CONSTRAINT customname1 CHECK (customname2 != \'test\'),', 'customname1', ['customname2']),
+            ('CONSTRAINT "ref" CHECK ("ref" != \'test\'),', "ref", ["ref"]),
+            ("CONSTRAINT ref CHECK (ref != 'test'),", "ref", ["ref"]),
+            (
+                'CONSTRAINT "customname1" CHECK ("customname2" != \'test\'),',
+                "customname1",
+                ["customname2"],
+            ),
+            (
+                "CONSTRAINT customname1 CHECK (customname2 != 'test'),",
+                "customname1",
+                ["customname2"],
+            ),
         )
         for sql, constraint_name, columns in tests:
             with self.subTest(sql=sql):
@@ -137,9 +175,12 @@ class ParsingTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_check_column_with_operators_and_functions(self):
         tests = (
-            ('"ref" integer CHECK ("ref" BETWEEN 1 AND 10),', ['ref']),
-            ('"ref" varchar(255) CHECK ("ref" LIKE \'test%\'),', ['ref']),
-            ('"ref" varchar(255) CHECK (LENGTH(ref) > "max_length"),', ['ref', 'max_length']),
+            ('"ref" integer CHECK ("ref" BETWEEN 1 AND 10),', ["ref"]),
+            ('"ref" varchar(255) CHECK ("ref" LIKE \'test%\'),', ["ref"]),
+            (
+                '"ref" varchar(255) CHECK (LENGTH(ref) > "max_length"),',
+                ["ref", "max_length"],
+            ),
         )
         for sql, columns in tests:
             with self.subTest(sql=sql):
@@ -150,8 +191,8 @@ class ParsingTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_check_and_unique_column(self):
         tests = (
-            ('"ref" varchar(255) CHECK ("ref" != \'test\') UNIQUE,', ['ref']),
-            ('ref varchar(255) UNIQUE CHECK (ref != \'test\'),', ['ref']),
+            ('"ref" varchar(255) CHECK ("ref" != \'test\') UNIQUE,', ["ref"]),
+            ("ref varchar(255) UNIQUE CHECK (ref != 'test'),", ["ref"]),
         )
         for sql, columns in tests:
             with self.subTest(sql=sql):
diff --git a/tests/backends/sqlite/test_operations.py b/tests/backends/sqlite/test_operations.py
index 863a978580..3ff055248d 100644
--- a/tests/backends/sqlite/test_operations.py
+++ b/tests/backends/sqlite/test_operations.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from django.test import TestCase
 from ..models import Person, Tag
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'sqlite', 'SQLite tests.')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "sqlite", "SQLite tests.")
 class SQLiteOperationsTests(TestCase):
     def test_sql_flush(self):
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class SQLiteOperationsTests(TestCase):
                 'DELETE FROM "backends_person";',
                 'DELETE FROM "backends_tag";',
                 'DELETE FROM "backends_verylongmodelnamezzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz'
-                'zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz_m2m_also_quite_long_zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz'
+                "zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz_m2m_also_quite_long_zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz"
                 'zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz";',
             ],
         )
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class SQLiteOperationsTests(TestCase):
                 'DELETE FROM "backends_person";',
                 'DELETE FROM "backends_tag";',
                 'UPDATE "sqlite_sequence" SET "seq" = 0 WHERE "name" IN '
-                '(\'backends_person\', \'backends_tag\');',
+                "('backends_person', 'backends_tag');",
             ],
         )
 
@@ -68,13 +68,16 @@ class SQLiteOperationsTests(TestCase):
                 'DELETE FROM "backends_person";',
                 'DELETE FROM "backends_tag";',
                 'DELETE FROM "backends_verylongmodelnamezzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz'
-                'zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz_m2m_also_quite_long_zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz'
+                "zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz_m2m_also_quite_long_zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz"
                 'zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz";',
             ],
         )
-        self.assertIs(statements[-1].startswith(
-            'UPDATE "sqlite_sequence" SET "seq" = 0 WHERE "name" IN ('
-        ), True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            statements[-1].startswith(
+                'UPDATE "sqlite_sequence" SET "seq" = 0 WHERE "name" IN ('
+            ),
+            True,
+        )
         self.assertIn("'backends_person'", statements[-1])
         self.assertIn("'backends_tag'", statements[-1])
         self.assertIn(
diff --git a/tests/backends/sqlite/tests.py b/tests/backends/sqlite/tests.py
index 07477a5c71..e167e09dcf 100644
--- a/tests/backends/sqlite/tests.py
+++ b/tests/backends/sqlite/tests.py
@@ -12,7 +12,10 @@ from django.db import NotSupportedError, connection, transaction
 from django.db.models import Aggregate, Avg, CharField, StdDev, Sum, Variance
 from django.db.utils import ConnectionHandler
 from django.test import (
-    TestCase, TransactionTestCase, override_settings, skipIfDBFeature,
+    TestCase,
+    TransactionTestCase,
+    override_settings,
+    skipIfDBFeature,
 )
 from django.test.utils import isolate_apps
 
@@ -25,35 +28,43 @@ except ImproperlyConfigured:
     pass
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'sqlite', 'SQLite tests')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "sqlite", "SQLite tests")
 class Tests(TestCase):
     longMessage = True
 
     def test_check_sqlite_version(self):
-        msg = 'SQLite 3.9.0 or later is required (found 3.8.11.1).'
-        with mock.patch.object(dbapi2, 'sqlite_version_info', (3, 8, 11, 1)), \
-                mock.patch.object(dbapi2, 'sqlite_version', '3.8.11.1'), \
-                self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
+        msg = "SQLite 3.9.0 or later is required (found 3.8.11.1)."
+        with mock.patch.object(
+            dbapi2, "sqlite_version_info", (3, 8, 11, 1)
+        ), mock.patch.object(
+            dbapi2, "sqlite_version", "3.8.11.1"
+        ), self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ImproperlyConfigured, msg
+        ):
             check_sqlite_version()
 
     def test_aggregation(self):
         """Raise NotSupportedError when aggregating on date/time fields."""
         for aggregate in (Sum, Avg, Variance, StdDev):
             with self.assertRaises(NotSupportedError):
-                Item.objects.all().aggregate(aggregate('time'))
+                Item.objects.all().aggregate(aggregate("time"))
             with self.assertRaises(NotSupportedError):
-                Item.objects.all().aggregate(aggregate('date'))
+                Item.objects.all().aggregate(aggregate("date"))
             with self.assertRaises(NotSupportedError):
-                Item.objects.all().aggregate(aggregate('last_modified'))
+                Item.objects.all().aggregate(aggregate("last_modified"))
             with self.assertRaises(NotSupportedError):
                 Item.objects.all().aggregate(
-                    **{'complex': aggregate('last_modified') + aggregate('last_modified')}
+                    **{
+                        "complex": aggregate("last_modified")
+                        + aggregate("last_modified")
+                    }
                 )
 
     def test_distinct_aggregation(self):
         class DistinctAggregate(Aggregate):
             allow_distinct = True
-        aggregate = DistinctAggregate('first', 'second', distinct=True)
+
+        aggregate = DistinctAggregate("first", "second", distinct=True)
         msg = (
             "SQLite doesn't support DISTINCT on aggregate functions accepting "
             "multiple arguments."
@@ -67,32 +78,36 @@ class Tests(TestCase):
         class DistinctAggregate(Aggregate):
             allow_distinct = True
 
-        aggregate = DistinctAggregate('first', 'second', distinct=False)
+        aggregate = DistinctAggregate("first", "second", distinct=False)
         connection.ops.check_expression_support(aggregate)
 
     def test_memory_db_test_name(self):
         """A named in-memory db should be allowed where supported."""
         from django.db.backends.sqlite3.base import DatabaseWrapper
+
         settings_dict = {
-            'TEST': {
-                'NAME': 'file:memorydb_test?mode=memory&cache=shared',
+            "TEST": {
+                "NAME": "file:memorydb_test?mode=memory&cache=shared",
             }
         }
         creation = DatabaseWrapper(settings_dict).creation
-        self.assertEqual(creation._get_test_db_name(), creation.connection.settings_dict['TEST']['NAME'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            creation._get_test_db_name(),
+            creation.connection.settings_dict["TEST"]["NAME"],
+        )
 
     def test_regexp_function(self):
         tests = (
-            ('test', r'[0-9]+', False),
-            ('test', r'[a-z]+', True),
-            ('test', None, None),
-            (None, r'[a-z]+', None),
+            ("test", r"[0-9]+", False),
+            ("test", r"[a-z]+", True),
+            ("test", None, None),
+            (None, r"[a-z]+", None),
             (None, None, None),
         )
         for string, pattern, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest((string, pattern)):
                 with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                    cursor.execute('SELECT %s REGEXP %s', [string, pattern])
+                    cursor.execute("SELECT %s REGEXP %s", [string, pattern])
                     value = cursor.fetchone()[0]
                 value = bool(value) if value in {0, 1} else value
                 self.assertIs(value, expected)
@@ -100,22 +115,22 @@ class Tests(TestCase):
     def test_pathlib_name(self):
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
             settings_dict = {
-                'default': {
-                    'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
-                    'NAME': Path(tmp) / 'test.db',
+                "default": {
+                    "ENGINE": "django.db.backends.sqlite3",
+                    "NAME": Path(tmp) / "test.db",
                 },
             }
             connections = ConnectionHandler(settings_dict)
-            connections['default'].ensure_connection()
-            connections['default'].close()
-            self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(tmp, 'test.db')))
+            connections["default"].ensure_connection()
+            connections["default"].close()
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(tmp, "test.db")))
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'sqlite', 'SQLite tests')
-@isolate_apps('backends')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "sqlite", "SQLite tests")
+@isolate_apps("backends")
 class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['backends']
+    available_apps = ["backends"]
 
     def test_autoincrement(self):
         """
@@ -128,9 +143,9 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         match = re.search('"id" ([^,]+),', statements[0])
         self.assertIsNotNone(match)
         self.assertEqual(
-            'integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT',
+            "integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT",
             match[1],
-            'Wrong SQL used to create an auto-increment column on SQLite'
+            "Wrong SQL used to create an auto-increment column on SQLite",
         )
 
     def test_disable_constraint_checking_failure_disallowed(self):
@@ -139,11 +154,11 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         foreign key constraint checks are not disabled beforehand.
         """
         msg = (
-            'SQLite schema editor cannot be used while foreign key '
-            'constraint checks are enabled. Make sure to disable them '
-            'before entering a transaction.atomic() context because '
-            'SQLite does not support disabling them in the middle of '
-            'a multi-statement transaction.'
+            "SQLite schema editor cannot be used while foreign key "
+            "constraint checks are enabled. Make sure to disable them "
+            "before entering a transaction.atomic() context because "
+            "SQLite does not support disabling them in the middle of "
+            "a multi-statement transaction."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
             with transaction.atomic(), connection.schema_editor(atomic=True):
@@ -154,23 +169,25 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         SQLite schema editor is usable within an outer transaction as long as
         foreign key constraints checks are disabled beforehand.
         """
+
         def constraint_checks_enabled():
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                return bool(cursor.execute('PRAGMA foreign_keys').fetchone()[0])
+                return bool(cursor.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys").fetchone()[0])
+
         with connection.constraint_checks_disabled(), transaction.atomic():
             with connection.schema_editor(atomic=True):
                 self.assertFalse(constraint_checks_enabled())
             self.assertFalse(constraint_checks_enabled())
         self.assertTrue(constraint_checks_enabled())
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_atomic_references_rename')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_atomic_references_rename")
     def test_field_rename_inside_atomic_block(self):
         """
         NotImplementedError is raised when a model field rename is attempted
         inside an atomic block.
         """
         new_field = CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('renamed')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("renamed")
         msg = (
             "Renaming the 'backends_author'.'name' column while in a "
             "transaction is not supported on SQLite < 3.26 because it would "
@@ -179,9 +196,9 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
             with connection.schema_editor(atomic=True) as editor:
-                editor.alter_field(Author, Author._meta.get_field('name'), new_field)
+                editor.alter_field(Author, Author._meta.get_field("name"), new_field)
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_atomic_references_rename')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_atomic_references_rename")
     def test_table_rename_inside_atomic_block(self):
         """
         NotImplementedError is raised when a table rename is attempted inside
@@ -197,16 +214,15 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
                 editor.alter_db_table(Author, "backends_author", "renamed_table")
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'sqlite', 'Test only for SQLite')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "sqlite", "Test only for SQLite")
 @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
 class LastExecutedQueryTest(TestCase):
-
     def test_no_interpolation(self):
         # This shouldn't raise an exception (#17158)
         query = "SELECT strftime('%Y', 'now');"
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(query)
-        self.assertEqual(connection.queries[-1]['sql'], query)
+        self.assertEqual(connection.queries[-1]["sql"], query)
 
     def test_parameter_quoting(self):
         # The implementation of last_executed_queries isn't optimal. It's
@@ -217,7 +233,7 @@ class LastExecutedQueryTest(TestCase):
             cursor.execute(query, params)
         # Note that the single quote is repeated
         substituted = "SELECT '\"''\\'"
-        self.assertEqual(connection.queries[-1]['sql'], substituted)
+        self.assertEqual(connection.queries[-1]["sql"], substituted)
 
     def test_large_number_of_parameters(self):
         # If SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER (default = 999) has been changed to be
@@ -230,12 +246,13 @@ class LastExecutedQueryTest(TestCase):
             cursor.db.ops.last_executed_query(cursor.cursor, sql, params)
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'sqlite', 'SQLite tests')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "sqlite", "SQLite tests")
 class EscapingChecks(TestCase):
     """
     All tests in this test case are also run with settings.DEBUG=True in
     EscapingChecksDebug test case, to also test CursorDebugWrapper.
     """
+
     def test_parameter_escaping(self):
         # '%s' escaping support for sqlite3 (#13648).
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
@@ -245,19 +262,20 @@ class EscapingChecks(TestCase):
         self.assertTrue(int(response))
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'sqlite', 'SQLite tests')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "sqlite", "SQLite tests")
 @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
 class EscapingChecksDebug(EscapingChecks):
     pass
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'sqlite', 'SQLite tests')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "sqlite", "SQLite tests")
 class ThreadSharing(TransactionTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['backends']
+    available_apps = ["backends"]
 
     def test_database_sharing_in_threads(self):
         def create_object():
             Object.objects.create()
+
         create_object()
         thread = threading.Thread(target=create_object)
         thread.start()
diff --git a/tests/backends/test_ddl_references.py b/tests/backends/test_ddl_references.py
index ab3ba6ccd2..86984ed3e8 100644
--- a/tests/backends/test_ddl_references.py
+++ b/tests/backends/test_ddl_references.py
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 from django.db import connection
 from django.db.backends.ddl_references import (
-    Columns, Expressions, ForeignKeyName, IndexName, Statement, Table,
+    Columns,
+    Expressions,
+    ForeignKeyName,
+    IndexName,
+    Statement,
+    Table,
 )
 from django.db.models import ExpressionList, F
 from django.db.models.functions import Upper
@@ -13,119 +18,150 @@ from .models import Person
 
 class TableTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
-        self.reference = Table('table', lambda table: table.upper())
+        self.reference = Table("table", lambda table: table.upper())
 
     def test_references_table(self):
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_table('table'), True)
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_table('other'), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_table("table"), True)
+        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_table("other"), False)
 
     def test_rename_table_references(self):
-        self.reference.rename_table_references('other', 'table')
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_table('table'), True)
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_table('other'), False)
-        self.reference.rename_table_references('table', 'other')
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_table('table'), False)
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_table('other'), True)
+        self.reference.rename_table_references("other", "table")
+        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_table("table"), True)
+        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_table("other"), False)
+        self.reference.rename_table_references("table", "other")
+        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_table("table"), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_table("other"), True)
 
     def test_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(repr(self.reference), "<Table 'TABLE'>")
 
     def test_str(self):
-        self.assertEqual(str(self.reference), 'TABLE')
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.reference), "TABLE")
 
 
 class ColumnsTests(TableTests):
     def setUp(self):
         self.reference = Columns(
-            'table', ['first_column', 'second_column'], lambda column: column.upper()
+            "table", ["first_column", "second_column"], lambda column: column.upper()
         )
 
     def test_references_column(self):
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column('other', 'first_column'), False)
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column('table', 'third_column'), False)
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column('table', 'first_column'), True)
+        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column("other", "first_column"), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column("table", "third_column"), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column("table", "first_column"), True)
 
     def test_rename_column_references(self):
-        self.reference.rename_column_references('other', 'first_column', 'third_column')
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column('table', 'first_column'), True)
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column('table', 'third_column'), False)
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column('other', 'third_column'), False)
-        self.reference.rename_column_references('table', 'third_column', 'first_column')
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column('table', 'first_column'), True)
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column('table', 'third_column'), False)
-        self.reference.rename_column_references('table', 'first_column', 'third_column')
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column('table', 'first_column'), False)
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column('table', 'third_column'), True)
+        self.reference.rename_column_references("other", "first_column", "third_column")
+        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column("table", "first_column"), True)
+        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column("table", "third_column"), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column("other", "third_column"), False)
+        self.reference.rename_column_references("table", "third_column", "first_column")
+        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column("table", "first_column"), True)
+        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column("table", "third_column"), False)
+        self.reference.rename_column_references("table", "first_column", "third_column")
+        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column("table", "first_column"), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column("table", "third_column"), True)
 
     def test_repr(self):
-        self.assertEqual(repr(self.reference), "<Columns 'FIRST_COLUMN, SECOND_COLUMN'>")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(self.reference), "<Columns 'FIRST_COLUMN, SECOND_COLUMN'>"
+        )
 
     def test_str(self):
-        self.assertEqual(str(self.reference), 'FIRST_COLUMN, SECOND_COLUMN')
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.reference), "FIRST_COLUMN, SECOND_COLUMN")
 
 
 class IndexNameTests(ColumnsTests):
     def setUp(self):
         def create_index_name(table_name, column_names, suffix):
-            return ', '.join("%s_%s_%s" % (table_name, column_name, suffix) for column_name in column_names)
+            return ", ".join(
+                "%s_%s_%s" % (table_name, column_name, suffix)
+                for column_name in column_names
+            )
+
         self.reference = IndexName(
-            'table', ['first_column', 'second_column'], 'suffix', create_index_name
+            "table", ["first_column", "second_column"], "suffix", create_index_name
         )
 
     def test_repr(self):
-        self.assertEqual(repr(self.reference), "<IndexName 'table_first_column_suffix, table_second_column_suffix'>")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(self.reference),
+            "<IndexName 'table_first_column_suffix, table_second_column_suffix'>",
+        )
 
     def test_str(self):
-        self.assertEqual(str(self.reference), 'table_first_column_suffix, table_second_column_suffix')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            str(self.reference), "table_first_column_suffix, table_second_column_suffix"
+        )
 
 
 class ForeignKeyNameTests(IndexNameTests):
     def setUp(self):
         def create_foreign_key_name(table_name, column_names, suffix):
-            return ', '.join("%s_%s_%s" % (table_name, column_name, suffix) for column_name in column_names)
+            return ", ".join(
+                "%s_%s_%s" % (table_name, column_name, suffix)
+                for column_name in column_names
+            )
+
         self.reference = ForeignKeyName(
-            'table', ['first_column', 'second_column'],
-            'to_table', ['to_first_column', 'to_second_column'],
-            '%(to_table)s_%(to_column)s_fk',
+            "table",
+            ["first_column", "second_column"],
+            "to_table",
+            ["to_first_column", "to_second_column"],
+            "%(to_table)s_%(to_column)s_fk",
             create_foreign_key_name,
         )
 
     def test_references_table(self):
         super().test_references_table()
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_table('to_table'), True)
+        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_table("to_table"), True)
 
     def test_references_column(self):
         super().test_references_column()
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column('to_table', 'second_column'), False)
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column('to_table', 'to_second_column'), True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            self.reference.references_column("to_table", "second_column"), False
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            self.reference.references_column("to_table", "to_second_column"), True
+        )
 
     def test_rename_table_references(self):
         super().test_rename_table_references()
-        self.reference.rename_table_references('to_table', 'other_to_table')
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_table('other_to_table'), True)
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_table('to_table'), False)
+        self.reference.rename_table_references("to_table", "other_to_table")
+        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_table("other_to_table"), True)
+        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_table("to_table"), False)
 
     def test_rename_column_references(self):
         super().test_rename_column_references()
-        self.reference.rename_column_references('to_table', 'second_column', 'third_column')
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column('table', 'second_column'), True)
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column('to_table', 'to_second_column'), True)
-        self.reference.rename_column_references('to_table', 'to_first_column', 'to_third_column')
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column('to_table', 'to_first_column'), False)
-        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column('to_table', 'to_third_column'), True)
+        self.reference.rename_column_references(
+            "to_table", "second_column", "third_column"
+        )
+        self.assertIs(self.reference.references_column("table", "second_column"), True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            self.reference.references_column("to_table", "to_second_column"), True
+        )
+        self.reference.rename_column_references(
+            "to_table", "to_first_column", "to_third_column"
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            self.reference.references_column("to_table", "to_first_column"), False
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            self.reference.references_column("to_table", "to_third_column"), True
+        )
 
     def test_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(self.reference),
             "<ForeignKeyName 'table_first_column_to_table_to_first_column_fk, "
-            "table_second_column_to_table_to_first_column_fk'>"
+            "table_second_column_to_table_to_first_column_fk'>",
         )
 
     def test_str(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             str(self.reference),
-            'table_first_column_to_table_to_first_column_fk, '
-            'table_second_column_to_table_to_first_column_fk'
+            "table_first_column_to_table_to_first_column_fk, "
+            "table_second_column_to_table_to_first_column_fk",
         )
 
 
@@ -158,36 +194,48 @@ class MockReference:
 
 class StatementTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_references_table(self):
-        statement = Statement('', reference=MockReference('', {'table'}, {}), non_reference='')
-        self.assertIs(statement.references_table('table'), True)
-        self.assertIs(statement.references_table('other'), False)
+        statement = Statement(
+            "", reference=MockReference("", {"table"}, {}), non_reference=""
+        )
+        self.assertIs(statement.references_table("table"), True)
+        self.assertIs(statement.references_table("other"), False)
 
     def test_references_column(self):
-        statement = Statement('', reference=MockReference('', {}, {('table', 'column')}), non_reference='')
-        self.assertIs(statement.references_column('table', 'column'), True)
-        self.assertIs(statement.references_column('other', 'column'), False)
+        statement = Statement(
+            "", reference=MockReference("", {}, {("table", "column")}), non_reference=""
+        )
+        self.assertIs(statement.references_column("table", "column"), True)
+        self.assertIs(statement.references_column("other", "column"), False)
 
     def test_rename_table_references(self):
-        reference = MockReference('', {'table'}, {})
-        statement = Statement('', reference=reference, non_reference='')
-        statement.rename_table_references('table', 'other')
-        self.assertEqual(reference.referenced_tables, {'other'})
+        reference = MockReference("", {"table"}, {})
+        statement = Statement("", reference=reference, non_reference="")
+        statement.rename_table_references("table", "other")
+        self.assertEqual(reference.referenced_tables, {"other"})
 
     def test_rename_column_references(self):
-        reference = MockReference('', {}, {('table', 'column')})
-        statement = Statement('', reference=reference, non_reference='')
-        statement.rename_column_references('table', 'column', 'other')
-        self.assertEqual(reference.referenced_columns, {('table', 'other')})
+        reference = MockReference("", {}, {("table", "column")})
+        statement = Statement("", reference=reference, non_reference="")
+        statement.rename_column_references("table", "column", "other")
+        self.assertEqual(reference.referenced_columns, {("table", "other")})
 
     def test_repr(self):
-        reference = MockReference('reference', {}, {})
-        statement = Statement("%(reference)s - %(non_reference)s", reference=reference, non_reference='non_reference')
+        reference = MockReference("reference", {}, {})
+        statement = Statement(
+            "%(reference)s - %(non_reference)s",
+            reference=reference,
+            non_reference="non_reference",
+        )
         self.assertEqual(repr(statement), "<Statement 'reference - non_reference'>")
 
     def test_str(self):
-        reference = MockReference('reference', {}, {})
-        statement = Statement("%(reference)s - %(non_reference)s", reference=reference, non_reference='non_reference')
-        self.assertEqual(str(statement), 'reference - non_reference')
+        reference = MockReference("reference", {}, {})
+        statement = Statement(
+            "%(reference)s - %(non_reference)s",
+            reference=reference,
+            non_reference="non_reference",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(str(statement), "reference - non_reference")
 
 
 class ExpressionsTests(TransactionTestCase):
@@ -199,9 +247,9 @@ class ExpressionsTests(TransactionTestCase):
         self.expressions = Expressions(
             table=Person._meta.db_table,
             expressions=ExpressionList(
-                IndexExpression(F('first_name')),
-                IndexExpression(F('last_name').desc()),
-                IndexExpression(Upper('last_name')),
+                IndexExpression(F("first_name")),
+                IndexExpression(F("last_name").desc()),
+                IndexExpression(Upper("last_name")),
             ).resolve_expression(compiler.query),
             compiler=compiler,
             quote_value=self.editor.quote_value,
@@ -209,23 +257,24 @@ class ExpressionsTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
     def test_references_table(self):
         self.assertIs(self.expressions.references_table(Person._meta.db_table), True)
-        self.assertIs(self.expressions.references_table('other'), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.expressions.references_table("other"), False)
 
     def test_references_column(self):
         table = Person._meta.db_table
-        self.assertIs(self.expressions.references_column(table, 'first_name'), True)
-        self.assertIs(self.expressions.references_column(table, 'last_name'), True)
-        self.assertIs(self.expressions.references_column(table, 'other'), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.expressions.references_column(table, "first_name"), True)
+        self.assertIs(self.expressions.references_column(table, "last_name"), True)
+        self.assertIs(self.expressions.references_column(table, "other"), False)
 
     def test_rename_table_references(self):
         table = Person._meta.db_table
-        self.expressions.rename_table_references(table, 'other')
+        self.expressions.rename_table_references(table, "other")
         self.assertIs(self.expressions.references_table(table), False)
-        self.assertIs(self.expressions.references_table('other'), True)
+        self.assertIs(self.expressions.references_table("other"), True)
         self.assertIn(
-            '%s.%s' % (
-                self.editor.quote_name('other'),
-                self.editor.quote_name('first_name'),
+            "%s.%s"
+            % (
+                self.editor.quote_name("other"),
+                self.editor.quote_name("first_name"),
             ),
             str(self.expressions),
         )
@@ -236,39 +285,39 @@ class ExpressionsTests(TransactionTestCase):
         expressions = Expressions(
             table=table,
             expressions=ExpressionList(
-                IndexExpression(Upper('last_name')),
-                IndexExpression(F('first_name')),
+                IndexExpression(Upper("last_name")),
+                IndexExpression(F("first_name")),
             ).resolve_expression(compiler.query),
             compiler=compiler,
             quote_value=self.editor.quote_value,
         )
-        expressions.rename_table_references(table, 'other')
+        expressions.rename_table_references(table, "other")
         self.assertIs(expressions.references_table(table), False)
-        self.assertIs(expressions.references_table('other'), True)
-        expected_str = '(UPPER(%s)), %s' % (
-            self.editor.quote_name('last_name'),
-            self.editor.quote_name('first_name'),
+        self.assertIs(expressions.references_table("other"), True)
+        expected_str = "(UPPER(%s)), %s" % (
+            self.editor.quote_name("last_name"),
+            self.editor.quote_name("first_name"),
         )
         self.assertEqual(str(expressions), expected_str)
 
     def test_rename_column_references(self):
         table = Person._meta.db_table
-        self.expressions.rename_column_references(table, 'first_name', 'other')
-        self.assertIs(self.expressions.references_column(table, 'other'), True)
-        self.assertIs(self.expressions.references_column(table, 'first_name'), False)
+        self.expressions.rename_column_references(table, "first_name", "other")
+        self.assertIs(self.expressions.references_column(table, "other"), True)
+        self.assertIs(self.expressions.references_column(table, "first_name"), False)
         self.assertIn(
-            '%s.%s' % (self.editor.quote_name(table), self.editor.quote_name('other')),
+            "%s.%s" % (self.editor.quote_name(table), self.editor.quote_name("other")),
             str(self.expressions),
         )
 
     def test_str(self):
         table_name = self.editor.quote_name(Person._meta.db_table)
-        expected_str = '%s.%s, %s.%s DESC, (UPPER(%s.%s))' % (
+        expected_str = "%s.%s, %s.%s DESC, (UPPER(%s.%s))" % (
             table_name,
-            self.editor.quote_name('first_name'),
+            self.editor.quote_name("first_name"),
             table_name,
-            self.editor.quote_name('last_name'),
+            self.editor.quote_name("last_name"),
             table_name,
-            self.editor.quote_name('last_name'),
+            self.editor.quote_name("last_name"),
         )
         self.assertEqual(str(self.expressions), expected_str)
diff --git a/tests/backends/test_utils.py b/tests/backends/test_utils.py
index 54819829fd..1b830eaced 100644
--- a/tests/backends/test_utils.py
+++ b/tests/backends/test_utils.py
@@ -3,72 +3,87 @@ from decimal import Decimal, Rounded
 
 from django.db import NotSupportedError, connection
 from django.db.backends.utils import (
-    format_number, split_identifier, split_tzname_delta, truncate_name,
+    format_number,
+    split_identifier,
+    split_tzname_delta,
+    truncate_name,
 )
 from django.test import (
-    SimpleTestCase, TransactionTestCase, skipIfDBFeature, skipUnlessDBFeature,
+    SimpleTestCase,
+    TransactionTestCase,
+    skipIfDBFeature,
+    skipUnlessDBFeature,
 )
 
 
 class TestUtils(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_truncate_name(self):
-        self.assertEqual(truncate_name('some_table', 10), 'some_table')
-        self.assertEqual(truncate_name('some_long_table', 10), 'some_la38a')
-        self.assertEqual(truncate_name('some_long_table', 10, 3), 'some_loa38')
-        self.assertEqual(truncate_name('some_long_table'), 'some_long_table')
+        self.assertEqual(truncate_name("some_table", 10), "some_table")
+        self.assertEqual(truncate_name("some_long_table", 10), "some_la38a")
+        self.assertEqual(truncate_name("some_long_table", 10, 3), "some_loa38")
+        self.assertEqual(truncate_name("some_long_table"), "some_long_table")
         # "user"."table" syntax
-        self.assertEqual(truncate_name('username"."some_table', 10), 'username"."some_table')
-        self.assertEqual(truncate_name('username"."some_long_table', 10), 'username"."some_la38a')
-        self.assertEqual(truncate_name('username"."some_long_table', 10, 3), 'username"."some_loa38')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            truncate_name('username"."some_table', 10), 'username"."some_table'
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            truncate_name('username"."some_long_table', 10), 'username"."some_la38a'
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            truncate_name('username"."some_long_table', 10, 3), 'username"."some_loa38'
+        )
 
     def test_split_identifier(self):
-        self.assertEqual(split_identifier('some_table'), ('', 'some_table'))
-        self.assertEqual(split_identifier('"some_table"'), ('', 'some_table'))
-        self.assertEqual(split_identifier('namespace"."some_table'), ('namespace', 'some_table'))
-        self.assertEqual(split_identifier('"namespace"."some_table"'), ('namespace', 'some_table'))
+        self.assertEqual(split_identifier("some_table"), ("", "some_table"))
+        self.assertEqual(split_identifier('"some_table"'), ("", "some_table"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            split_identifier('namespace"."some_table'), ("namespace", "some_table")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            split_identifier('"namespace"."some_table"'), ("namespace", "some_table")
+        )
 
     def test_format_number(self):
         def equal(value, max_d, places, result):
             self.assertEqual(format_number(Decimal(value), max_d, places), result)
 
-        equal('0', 12, 3, '0.000')
-        equal('0', 12, 8, '0.00000000')
-        equal('1', 12, 9, '1.000000000')
-        equal('0.00000000', 12, 8, '0.00000000')
-        equal('0.000000004', 12, 8, '0.00000000')
-        equal('0.000000008', 12, 8, '0.00000001')
-        equal('0.000000000000000000999', 10, 8, '0.00000000')
-        equal('0.1234567890', 12, 10, '0.1234567890')
-        equal('0.1234567890', 12, 9, '0.123456789')
-        equal('0.1234567890', 12, 8, '0.12345679')
-        equal('0.1234567890', 12, 5, '0.12346')
-        equal('0.1234567890', 12, 3, '0.123')
-        equal('0.1234567890', 12, 1, '0.1')
-        equal('0.1234567890', 12, 0, '0')
-        equal('0.1234567890', None, 0, '0')
-        equal('1234567890.1234567890', None, 0, '1234567890')
-        equal('1234567890.1234567890', None, 2, '1234567890.12')
-        equal('0.1234', 5, None, '0.1234')
-        equal('123.12', 5, None, '123.12')
+        equal("0", 12, 3, "0.000")
+        equal("0", 12, 8, "0.00000000")
+        equal("1", 12, 9, "1.000000000")
+        equal("0.00000000", 12, 8, "0.00000000")
+        equal("0.000000004", 12, 8, "0.00000000")
+        equal("0.000000008", 12, 8, "0.00000001")
+        equal("0.000000000000000000999", 10, 8, "0.00000000")
+        equal("0.1234567890", 12, 10, "0.1234567890")
+        equal("0.1234567890", 12, 9, "0.123456789")
+        equal("0.1234567890", 12, 8, "0.12345679")
+        equal("0.1234567890", 12, 5, "0.12346")
+        equal("0.1234567890", 12, 3, "0.123")
+        equal("0.1234567890", 12, 1, "0.1")
+        equal("0.1234567890", 12, 0, "0")
+        equal("0.1234567890", None, 0, "0")
+        equal("1234567890.1234567890", None, 0, "1234567890")
+        equal("1234567890.1234567890", None, 2, "1234567890.12")
+        equal("0.1234", 5, None, "0.1234")
+        equal("123.12", 5, None, "123.12")
 
         with self.assertRaises(Rounded):
-            equal('0.1234567890', 5, None, '0.12346')
+            equal("0.1234567890", 5, None, "0.12346")
         with self.assertRaises(Rounded):
-            equal('1234567890.1234', 5, None, '1234600000')
+            equal("1234567890.1234", 5, None, "1234600000")
 
     def test_split_tzname_delta(self):
         tests = [
-            ('Asia/Ust+Nera', ('Asia/Ust+Nera', None, None)),
-            ('Asia/Ust-Nera', ('Asia/Ust-Nera', None, None)),
-            ('Asia/Ust+Nera-02:00', ('Asia/Ust+Nera', '-', '02:00')),
-            ('Asia/Ust-Nera+05:00', ('Asia/Ust-Nera', '+', '05:00')),
-            ('America/Coral_Harbour-01:00', ('America/Coral_Harbour', '-', '01:00')),
-            ('America/Coral_Harbour+02:30', ('America/Coral_Harbour', '+', '02:30')),
-            ('UTC+15:00', ('UTC', '+', '15:00')),
-            ('UTC-04:43', ('UTC', '-', '04:43')),
-            ('UTC', ('UTC', None, None)),
-            ('UTC+1', ('UTC+1', None, None)),
+            ("Asia/Ust+Nera", ("Asia/Ust+Nera", None, None)),
+            ("Asia/Ust-Nera", ("Asia/Ust-Nera", None, None)),
+            ("Asia/Ust+Nera-02:00", ("Asia/Ust+Nera", "-", "02:00")),
+            ("Asia/Ust-Nera+05:00", ("Asia/Ust-Nera", "+", "05:00")),
+            ("America/Coral_Harbour-01:00", ("America/Coral_Harbour", "-", "01:00")),
+            ("America/Coral_Harbour+02:30", ("America/Coral_Harbour", "+", "02:30")),
+            ("UTC+15:00", ("UTC", "+", "15:00")),
+            ("UTC-04:43", ("UTC", "-", "04:43")),
+            ("UTC", ("UTC", None, None)),
+            ("UTC+1", ("UTC+1", None, None)),
         ]
         for tzname, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(tzname=tzname):
@@ -84,25 +99,38 @@ class CursorWrapperTests(TransactionTestCase):
         # Use a new cursor because in MySQL a procedure can't be used in the
         # same cursor in which it was created.
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.callproc('test_procedure', params, kparams)
+            cursor.callproc("test_procedure", params, kparams)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            editor.remove_procedure('test_procedure', param_types)
+            editor.remove_procedure("test_procedure", param_types)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('create_test_procedure_without_params_sql')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("create_test_procedure_without_params_sql")
     def test_callproc_without_params(self):
-        self._test_procedure(connection.features.create_test_procedure_without_params_sql, [], [])
+        self._test_procedure(
+            connection.features.create_test_procedure_without_params_sql, [], []
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('create_test_procedure_with_int_param_sql')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("create_test_procedure_with_int_param_sql")
     def test_callproc_with_int_params(self):
-        self._test_procedure(connection.features.create_test_procedure_with_int_param_sql, [1], ['INTEGER'])
+        self._test_procedure(
+            connection.features.create_test_procedure_with_int_param_sql,
+            [1],
+            ["INTEGER"],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('create_test_procedure_with_int_param_sql', 'supports_callproc_kwargs')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature(
+        "create_test_procedure_with_int_param_sql", "supports_callproc_kwargs"
+    )
     def test_callproc_kparams(self):
-        self._test_procedure(connection.features.create_test_procedure_with_int_param_sql, [], ['INTEGER'], {'P_I': 1})
+        self._test_procedure(
+            connection.features.create_test_procedure_with_int_param_sql,
+            [],
+            ["INTEGER"],
+            {"P_I": 1},
+        )
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_callproc_kwargs')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_callproc_kwargs")
     def test_unsupported_callproc_kparams_raises_error(self):
-        msg = 'Keyword parameters for callproc are not supported on this database backend.'
+        msg = "Keyword parameters for callproc are not supported on this database backend."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                cursor.callproc('test_procedure', [], {'P_I': 1})
+                cursor.callproc("test_procedure", [], {"P_I": 1})
diff --git a/tests/backends/tests.py b/tests/backends/tests.py
index 2291a76c75..c6c79b4bf7 100644
--- a/tests/backends/tests.py
+++ b/tests/backends/tests.py
@@ -7,27 +7,43 @@ from unittest import mock
 
 from django.core.management.color import no_style
 from django.db import (
-    DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, DatabaseError, IntegrityError, connection, connections,
-    reset_queries, transaction,
+    DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS,
+    DatabaseError,
+    IntegrityError,
+    connection,
+    connections,
+    reset_queries,
+    transaction,
 )
 from django.db.backends.base.base import BaseDatabaseWrapper
 from django.db.backends.signals import connection_created
 from django.db.backends.utils import CursorWrapper
 from django.db.models.sql.constants import CURSOR
 from django.test import (
-    TestCase, TransactionTestCase, override_settings, skipIfDBFeature,
+    TestCase,
+    TransactionTestCase,
+    override_settings,
+    skipIfDBFeature,
     skipUnlessDBFeature,
 )
 
 from .models import (
-    Article, Object, ObjectReference, Person, Post, RawData, Reporter,
-    ReporterProxy, SchoolClass, SQLKeywordsModel, Square,
+    Article,
+    Object,
+    ObjectReference,
+    Person,
+    Post,
+    RawData,
+    Reporter,
+    ReporterProxy,
+    SchoolClass,
+    SQLKeywordsModel,
+    Square,
     VeryLongModelNameZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ,
 )
 
 
 class DateQuotingTest(TestCase):
-
     def test_django_date_trunc(self):
         """
         Test the custom ``django_date_trunc method``, in particular against
@@ -35,7 +51,7 @@ class DateQuotingTest(TestCase):
         """
         updated = datetime.datetime(2010, 2, 20)
         SchoolClass.objects.create(year=2009, last_updated=updated)
-        years = SchoolClass.objects.dates('last_updated', 'year')
+        years = SchoolClass.objects.dates("last_updated", "year")
         self.assertEqual(list(years), [datetime.date(2010, 1, 1)])
 
     def test_django_date_extract(self):
@@ -51,26 +67,27 @@ class DateQuotingTest(TestCase):
 
 @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
 class LastExecutedQueryTest(TestCase):
-
     def test_last_executed_query_without_previous_query(self):
         """
         last_executed_query should not raise an exception even if no previous
         query has been run.
         """
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            connection.ops.last_executed_query(cursor, '', ())
+            connection.ops.last_executed_query(cursor, "", ())
 
     def test_debug_sql(self):
         list(Reporter.objects.filter(first_name="test"))
-        sql = connection.queries[-1]['sql'].lower()
+        sql = connection.queries[-1]["sql"].lower()
         self.assertIn("select", sql)
         self.assertIn(Reporter._meta.db_table, sql)
 
     def test_query_encoding(self):
         """last_executed_query() returns a string."""
-        data = RawData.objects.filter(raw_data=b'\x00\x46  \xFE').extra(select={'föö': 1})
+        data = RawData.objects.filter(raw_data=b"\x00\x46  \xFE").extra(
+            select={"föö": 1}
+        )
         sql, params = data.query.sql_with_params()
-        with data.query.get_compiler('default').execute_sql(CURSOR) as cursor:
+        with data.query.get_compiler("default").execute_sql(CURSOR) as cursor:
             last_sql = cursor.db.ops.last_executed_query(cursor, sql, params)
         self.assertIsInstance(last_sql, str)
 
@@ -92,16 +109,16 @@ class LastExecutedQueryTest(TestCase):
                     str(qs.query),
                 )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_paramstyle_pyformat')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_paramstyle_pyformat")
     def test_last_executed_query_dict(self):
         square_opts = Square._meta
-        sql = 'INSERT INTO %s (%s, %s) VALUES (%%(root)s, %%(square)s)' % (
+        sql = "INSERT INTO %s (%s, %s) VALUES (%%(root)s, %%(square)s)" % (
             connection.introspection.identifier_converter(square_opts.db_table),
-            connection.ops.quote_name(square_opts.get_field('root').column),
-            connection.ops.quote_name(square_opts.get_field('square').column),
+            connection.ops.quote_name(square_opts.get_field("root").column),
+            connection.ops.quote_name(square_opts.get_field("square").column),
         )
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            params = {'root': 2, 'square': 4}
+            params = {"root": 2, "square": 4}
             cursor.execute(sql, params)
             self.assertEqual(
                 cursor.db.ops.last_executed_query(cursor, sql, params),
@@ -110,15 +127,14 @@ class LastExecutedQueryTest(TestCase):
 
 
 class ParameterHandlingTest(TestCase):
-
     def test_bad_parameter_count(self):
         "An executemany call with too many/not enough parameters will raise an exception (Refs #12612)"
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            query = ('INSERT INTO %s (%s, %s) VALUES (%%s, %%s)' % (
-                connection.introspection.identifier_converter('backends_square'),
-                connection.ops.quote_name('root'),
-                connection.ops.quote_name('square')
-            ))
+            query = "INSERT INTO %s (%s, %s) VALUES (%%s, %%s)" % (
+                connection.introspection.identifier_converter("backends_square"),
+                connection.ops.quote_name("root"),
+                connection.ops.quote_name("square"),
+            )
             with self.assertRaises(Exception):
                 cursor.executemany(query, [(1, 2, 3)])
             with self.assertRaises(Exception):
@@ -132,7 +148,8 @@ class LongNameTest(TransactionTestCase):
     the correct sequence name in last_insert_id and other places, so
     check it is. Refs #8901.
     """
-    available_apps = ['backends']
+
+    available_apps = ["backends"]
 
     def test_sequence_name_length_limits_create(self):
         """Test creation of model with long name and long pk name doesn't error. Ref #8901"""
@@ -143,8 +160,10 @@ class LongNameTest(TransactionTestCase):
         An m2m save of a model with a long name and a long m2m field name
         doesn't error (#8901).
         """
-        obj = VeryLongModelNameZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.objects.create()
-        rel_obj = Person.objects.create(first_name='Django', last_name='Reinhardt')
+        obj = (
+            VeryLongModelNameZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.objects.create()
+        )
+        rel_obj = Person.objects.create(first_name="Django", last_name="Reinhardt")
         obj.m2m_also_quite_long_zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz.add(rel_obj)
 
     def test_sequence_name_length_limits_flush(self):
@@ -157,7 +176,9 @@ class LongNameTest(TransactionTestCase):
 
         # Some convenience aliases
         VLM = VeryLongModelNameZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
-        VLM_m2m = VLM.m2m_also_quite_long_zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz.through
+        VLM_m2m = (
+            VLM.m2m_also_quite_long_zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz.through
+        )
         tables = [
             VLM._meta.db_table,
             VLM_m2m._meta.db_table,
@@ -167,21 +188,22 @@ class LongNameTest(TransactionTestCase):
 
 
 class SequenceResetTest(TestCase):
-
     def test_generic_relation(self):
         "Sequence names are correct when resetting generic relations (Ref #13941)"
         # Create an object with a manually specified PK
-        Post.objects.create(id=10, name='1st post', text='hello world')
+        Post.objects.create(id=10, name="1st post", text="hello world")
 
         # Reset the sequences for the database
-        commands = connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS].ops.sequence_reset_sql(no_style(), [Post])
+        commands = connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS].ops.sequence_reset_sql(
+            no_style(), [Post]
+        )
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             for sql in commands:
                 cursor.execute(sql)
 
         # If we create a new object now, it should have a PK greater
         # than the PK we specified manually.
-        obj = Post.objects.create(name='New post', text='goodbye world')
+        obj = Post.objects.create(name="New post", text="goodbye world")
         self.assertGreater(obj.pk, 10)
 
 
@@ -193,7 +215,7 @@ class ConnectionCreatedSignalTest(TransactionTestCase):
 
     # Unfortunately with sqlite3 the in-memory test database cannot be closed,
     # and so it cannot be re-opened during testing.
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('test_db_allows_multiple_connections')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("test_db_allows_multiple_connections")
     def test_signal(self):
         data = {}
 
@@ -224,12 +246,12 @@ class EscapingChecks(TestCase):
     def test_paramless_no_escaping(self):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute("SELECT '%s'" + self.bare_select_suffix)
-            self.assertEqual(cursor.fetchall()[0][0], '%s')
+            self.assertEqual(cursor.fetchall()[0][0], "%s")
 
     def test_parameter_escaping(self):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute("SELECT '%%', %s" + self.bare_select_suffix, ('%d',))
-            self.assertEqual(cursor.fetchall()[0], ('%', '%d'))
+            cursor.execute("SELECT '%%', %s" + self.bare_select_suffix, ("%d",))
+            self.assertEqual(cursor.fetchall()[0], ("%", "%d"))
 
 
 @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
@@ -239,20 +261,24 @@ class EscapingChecksDebug(EscapingChecks):
 
 class BackendTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['backends']
+    available_apps = ["backends"]
 
     def create_squares_with_executemany(self, args):
-        self.create_squares(args, 'format', True)
+        self.create_squares(args, "format", True)
 
     def create_squares(self, args, paramstyle, multiple):
         opts = Square._meta
         tbl = connection.introspection.identifier_converter(opts.db_table)
-        f1 = connection.ops.quote_name(opts.get_field('root').column)
-        f2 = connection.ops.quote_name(opts.get_field('square').column)
-        if paramstyle == 'format':
-            query = 'INSERT INTO %s (%s, %s) VALUES (%%s, %%s)' % (tbl, f1, f2)
-        elif paramstyle == 'pyformat':
-            query = 'INSERT INTO %s (%s, %s) VALUES (%%(root)s, %%(square)s)' % (tbl, f1, f2)
+        f1 = connection.ops.quote_name(opts.get_field("root").column)
+        f2 = connection.ops.quote_name(opts.get_field("square").column)
+        if paramstyle == "format":
+            query = "INSERT INTO %s (%s, %s) VALUES (%%s, %%s)" % (tbl, f1, f2)
+        elif paramstyle == "pyformat":
+            query = "INSERT INTO %s (%s, %s) VALUES (%%(root)s, %%(square)s)" % (
+                tbl,
+                f1,
+                f2,
+            )
         else:
             raise ValueError("unsupported paramstyle in test")
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
@@ -263,12 +289,12 @@ class BackendTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
 
     def test_cursor_executemany(self):
         # Test cursor.executemany #4896
-        args = [(i, i ** 2) for i in range(-5, 6)]
+        args = [(i, i**2) for i in range(-5, 6)]
         self.create_squares_with_executemany(args)
         self.assertEqual(Square.objects.count(), 11)
         for i in range(-5, 6):
             square = Square.objects.get(root=i)
-            self.assertEqual(square.square, i ** 2)
+            self.assertEqual(square.square, i**2)
 
     def test_cursor_executemany_with_empty_params_list(self):
         # Test executemany with params=[] does nothing #4765
@@ -278,43 +304,43 @@ class BackendTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
 
     def test_cursor_executemany_with_iterator(self):
         # Test executemany accepts iterators #10320
-        args = ((i, i ** 2) for i in range(-3, 2))
+        args = ((i, i**2) for i in range(-3, 2))
         self.create_squares_with_executemany(args)
         self.assertEqual(Square.objects.count(), 5)
 
-        args = ((i, i ** 2) for i in range(3, 7))
+        args = ((i, i**2) for i in range(3, 7))
         with override_settings(DEBUG=True):
             # same test for DebugCursorWrapper
             self.create_squares_with_executemany(args)
         self.assertEqual(Square.objects.count(), 9)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_paramstyle_pyformat')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_paramstyle_pyformat")
     def test_cursor_execute_with_pyformat(self):
         # Support pyformat style passing of parameters #10070
-        args = {'root': 3, 'square': 9}
-        self.create_squares(args, 'pyformat', multiple=False)
+        args = {"root": 3, "square": 9}
+        self.create_squares(args, "pyformat", multiple=False)
         self.assertEqual(Square.objects.count(), 1)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_paramstyle_pyformat')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_paramstyle_pyformat")
     def test_cursor_executemany_with_pyformat(self):
         # Support pyformat style passing of parameters #10070
-        args = [{'root': i, 'square': i ** 2} for i in range(-5, 6)]
-        self.create_squares(args, 'pyformat', multiple=True)
+        args = [{"root": i, "square": i**2} for i in range(-5, 6)]
+        self.create_squares(args, "pyformat", multiple=True)
         self.assertEqual(Square.objects.count(), 11)
         for i in range(-5, 6):
             square = Square.objects.get(root=i)
-            self.assertEqual(square.square, i ** 2)
+            self.assertEqual(square.square, i**2)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_paramstyle_pyformat')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_paramstyle_pyformat")
     def test_cursor_executemany_with_pyformat_iterator(self):
-        args = ({'root': i, 'square': i ** 2} for i in range(-3, 2))
-        self.create_squares(args, 'pyformat', multiple=True)
+        args = ({"root": i, "square": i**2} for i in range(-3, 2))
+        self.create_squares(args, "pyformat", multiple=True)
         self.assertEqual(Square.objects.count(), 5)
 
-        args = ({'root': i, 'square': i ** 2} for i in range(3, 7))
+        args = ({"root": i, "square": i**2} for i in range(3, 7))
         with override_settings(DEBUG=True):
             # same test for DebugCursorWrapper
-            self.create_squares(args, 'pyformat', multiple=True)
+            self.create_squares(args, "pyformat", multiple=True)
         self.assertEqual(Square.objects.count(), 9)
 
     def test_unicode_fetches(self):
@@ -326,23 +352,28 @@ class BackendTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
         Person(first_name="Peter", last_name="Parker").save()
         Person(first_name="Clark", last_name="Kent").save()
         opts2 = Person._meta
-        f3, f4 = opts2.get_field('first_name'), opts2.get_field('last_name')
+        f3, f4 = opts2.get_field("first_name"), opts2.get_field("last_name")
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(
-                'SELECT %s, %s FROM %s ORDER BY %s' % (
+                "SELECT %s, %s FROM %s ORDER BY %s"
+                % (
                     qn(f3.column),
                     qn(f4.column),
                     connection.introspection.identifier_converter(opts2.db_table),
                     qn(f3.column),
                 )
             )
-            self.assertEqual(cursor.fetchone(), ('Clark', 'Kent'))
-            self.assertEqual(list(cursor.fetchmany(2)), [('Jane', 'Doe'), ('John', 'Doe')])
-            self.assertEqual(list(cursor.fetchall()), [('Mary', 'Agnelline'), ('Peter', 'Parker')])
+            self.assertEqual(cursor.fetchone(), ("Clark", "Kent"))
+            self.assertEqual(
+                list(cursor.fetchmany(2)), [("Jane", "Doe"), ("John", "Doe")]
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                list(cursor.fetchall()), [("Mary", "Agnelline"), ("Peter", "Parker")]
+            )
 
     def test_unicode_password(self):
-        old_password = connection.settings_dict['PASSWORD']
-        connection.settings_dict['PASSWORD'] = "françois"
+        old_password = connection.settings_dict["PASSWORD"]
+        connection.settings_dict["PASSWORD"] = "françois"
         try:
             with connection.cursor():
                 pass
@@ -350,14 +381,14 @@ class BackendTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
             # As password is probably wrong, a database exception is expected
             pass
         except Exception as e:
-            self.fail('Unexpected error raised with Unicode password: %s' % e)
+            self.fail("Unexpected error raised with Unicode password: %s" % e)
         finally:
-            connection.settings_dict['PASSWORD'] = old_password
+            connection.settings_dict["PASSWORD"] = old_password
 
     def test_database_operations_helper_class(self):
         # Ticket #13630
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(connection, 'ops'))
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(connection.ops, 'connection'))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(connection, "ops"))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(connection.ops, "connection"))
         self.assertEqual(connection, connection.ops.connection)
 
     def test_database_operations_init(self):
@@ -373,8 +404,8 @@ class BackendTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
         self.assertIn(connection.features.can_introspect_foreign_keys, (True, False))
 
     def test_duplicate_table_error(self):
-        """ Creating an existing table returns a DatabaseError """
-        query = 'CREATE TABLE %s (id INTEGER);' % Article._meta.db_table
+        """Creating an existing table returns a DatabaseError"""
+        query = "CREATE TABLE %s (id INTEGER);" % Article._meta.db_table
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             with self.assertRaises(DatabaseError):
                 cursor.execute(query)
@@ -392,8 +423,10 @@ class BackendTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
             # cursor should be closed, so no queries should be possible.
             cursor.execute("SELECT 1" + connection.features.bare_select_suffix)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql',
-                         "Psycopg2 specific cursor.closed attribute needed")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(
+        connection.vendor == "postgresql",
+        "Psycopg2 specific cursor.closed attribute needed",
+    )
     def test_cursor_contextmanager_closing(self):
         # There isn't a generic way to test that cursors are closed, but
         # psycopg2 offers us a way to check that by closed attribute.
@@ -403,7 +436,7 @@ class BackendTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
         self.assertTrue(cursor.closed)
 
     # Unfortunately with sqlite3 the in-memory test database cannot be closed.
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('test_db_allows_multiple_connections')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("test_db_allows_multiple_connections")
     def test_is_usable_after_database_disconnects(self):
         """
         is_usable() doesn't crash when the database disconnects (#21553).
@@ -429,34 +462,34 @@ class BackendTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
         """
         Test the documented API of connection.queries.
         """
-        sql = 'SELECT 1' + connection.features.bare_select_suffix
+        sql = "SELECT 1" + connection.features.bare_select_suffix
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             reset_queries()
             cursor.execute(sql)
         self.assertEqual(1, len(connection.queries))
         self.assertIsInstance(connection.queries, list)
         self.assertIsInstance(connection.queries[0], dict)
-        self.assertEqual(list(connection.queries[0]), ['sql', 'time'])
-        self.assertEqual(connection.queries[0]['sql'], sql)
+        self.assertEqual(list(connection.queries[0]), ["sql", "time"])
+        self.assertEqual(connection.queries[0]["sql"], sql)
 
         reset_queries()
         self.assertEqual(0, len(connection.queries))
 
-        sql = ('INSERT INTO %s (%s, %s) VALUES (%%s, %%s)' % (
-            connection.introspection.identifier_converter('backends_square'),
-            connection.ops.quote_name('root'),
-            connection.ops.quote_name('square'),
-        ))
+        sql = "INSERT INTO %s (%s, %s) VALUES (%%s, %%s)" % (
+            connection.introspection.identifier_converter("backends_square"),
+            connection.ops.quote_name("root"),
+            connection.ops.quote_name("square"),
+        )
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.executemany(sql, [(1, 1), (2, 4)])
         self.assertEqual(1, len(connection.queries))
         self.assertIsInstance(connection.queries, list)
         self.assertIsInstance(connection.queries[0], dict)
-        self.assertEqual(list(connection.queries[0]), ['sql', 'time'])
-        self.assertEqual(connection.queries[0]['sql'], '2 times: %s' % sql)
+        self.assertEqual(list(connection.queries[0]), ["sql", "time"])
+        self.assertEqual(connection.queries[0]["sql"], "2 times: %s" % sql)
 
     # Unfortunately with sqlite3 the in-memory test database cannot be closed.
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('test_db_allows_multiple_connections')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("test_db_allows_multiple_connections")
     @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
     def test_queries_limit(self):
         """
@@ -492,22 +525,22 @@ class BackendTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
             BaseDatabaseWrapper.queries_limit = old_queries_limit
             new_connection.close()
 
-    @mock.patch('django.db.backends.utils.logger')
+    @mock.patch("django.db.backends.utils.logger")
     @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
     def test_queries_logger(self, mocked_logger):
-        sql = 'SELECT 1' + connection.features.bare_select_suffix
+        sql = "SELECT 1" + connection.features.bare_select_suffix
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(sql)
         params, kwargs = mocked_logger.debug.call_args
-        self.assertIn('; alias=%s', params[0])
+        self.assertIn("; alias=%s", params[0])
         self.assertEqual(params[2], sql)
         self.assertIsNone(params[3])
         self.assertEqual(params[4], connection.alias)
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(kwargs['extra']),
-            ['duration', 'sql', 'params', 'alias'],
+            list(kwargs["extra"]),
+            ["duration", "sql", "params", "alias"],
         )
-        self.assertEqual(tuple(kwargs['extra'].values()), params[1:])
+        self.assertEqual(tuple(kwargs["extra"].values()), params[1:])
 
     def test_timezone_none_use_tz_false(self):
         connection.ensure_connection()
@@ -519,18 +552,22 @@ class BackendTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
 # between MySQL+InnoDB and MySQL+MYISAM (something we currently can't do).
 class FkConstraintsTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['backends']
+    available_apps = ["backends"]
 
     def setUp(self):
         # Create a Reporter.
-        self.r = Reporter.objects.create(first_name='John', last_name='Smith')
+        self.r = Reporter.objects.create(first_name="John", last_name="Smith")
 
     def test_integrity_checks_on_creation(self):
         """
         Try to create a model instance that violates a FK constraint. If it
         fails it should fail with IntegrityError.
         """
-        a1 = Article(headline="This is a test", pub_date=datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 27), reporter_id=30)
+        a1 = Article(
+            headline="This is a test",
+            pub_date=datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 27),
+            reporter_id=30,
+        )
         try:
             a1.save()
         except IntegrityError:
@@ -540,7 +577,8 @@ class FkConstraintsTests(TransactionTestCase):
         # Now that we know this backend supports integrity checks we make sure
         # constraints are also enforced for proxy  Refs #17519
         a2 = Article(
-            headline='This is another test', reporter=self.r,
+            headline="This is another test",
+            reporter=self.r,
             pub_date=datetime.datetime(2012, 8, 3),
             reporter_proxy_id=30,
         )
@@ -553,7 +591,11 @@ class FkConstraintsTests(TransactionTestCase):
         If it fails it should fail with IntegrityError.
         """
         # Create an Article.
-        Article.objects.create(headline="Test article", pub_date=datetime.datetime(2010, 9, 4), reporter=self.r)
+        Article.objects.create(
+            headline="Test article",
+            pub_date=datetime.datetime(2010, 9, 4),
+            reporter=self.r,
+        )
         # Retrieve it from the DB
         a1 = Article.objects.get(headline="Test article")
         a1.reporter_id = 30
@@ -568,12 +610,13 @@ class FkConstraintsTests(TransactionTestCase):
         # Create another article
         r_proxy = ReporterProxy.objects.get(pk=self.r.pk)
         Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Another article',
+            headline="Another article",
             pub_date=datetime.datetime(1988, 5, 15),
-            reporter=self.r, reporter_proxy=r_proxy,
+            reporter=self.r,
+            reporter_proxy=r_proxy,
         )
         # Retrieve the second article from the DB
-        a2 = Article.objects.get(headline='Another article')
+        a2 = Article.objects.get(headline="Another article")
         a2.reporter_proxy_id = 30
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
             a2.save()
@@ -651,13 +694,13 @@ class FkConstraintsTests(TransactionTestCase):
             with connection.constraint_checks_disabled():
                 obj.save()
                 with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
-                    connection.check_constraints(table_names=['order'])
+                    connection.check_constraints(table_names=["order"])
             transaction.set_rollback(True)
 
 
 class ThreadTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['backends']
+    available_apps = ["backends"]
 
     def test_default_connection_thread_local(self):
         """
@@ -675,6 +718,7 @@ class ThreadTests(TransactionTestCase):
             # Passing django.db.connection between threads doesn't work while
             # connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS] does.
             from django.db import connections
+
             connection = connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS]
             # Allow thread sharing so the connection can be closed by the
             # main thread.
@@ -682,13 +726,16 @@ class ThreadTests(TransactionTestCase):
             with connection.cursor():
                 pass
             connections_dict[id(connection)] = connection
+
         try:
             for x in range(2):
                 t = threading.Thread(target=runner)
                 t.start()
                 t.join()
             # Each created connection got different inner connection.
-            self.assertEqual(len({conn.connection for conn in connections_dict.values()}), 3)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                len({conn.connection for conn in connections_dict.values()}), 3
+            )
         finally:
             # Finish by closing the connections opened by the other threads
             # (the connection opened in the main thread will automatically be
@@ -710,11 +757,13 @@ class ThreadTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
         def runner():
             from django.db import connections
+
             for conn in connections.all():
                 # Allow thread sharing so the connection can be closed by the
                 # main thread.
                 conn.inc_thread_sharing()
                 connections_dict[id(conn)] = conn
+
         try:
             num_new_threads = 2
             for x in range(num_new_threads):
@@ -743,12 +792,14 @@ class ThreadTests(TransactionTestCase):
         def do_thread():
             def runner(main_thread_connection):
                 from django.db import connections
-                connections['default'] = main_thread_connection
+
+                connections["default"] = main_thread_connection
                 try:
                     Person.objects.get(first_name="John", last_name="Doe")
                 except Exception as e:
                     exceptions.append(e)
-            t = threading.Thread(target=runner, args=[connections['default']])
+
+            t = threading.Thread(target=runner, args=[connections["default"]])
             t.start()
             t.join()
 
@@ -757,17 +808,17 @@ class ThreadTests(TransactionTestCase):
         do_thread()
         # Forbidden!
         self.assertIsInstance(exceptions[0], DatabaseError)
-        connections['default'].close()
+        connections["default"].close()
 
         # After calling inc_thread_sharing() on the connection.
-        connections['default'].inc_thread_sharing()
+        connections["default"].inc_thread_sharing()
         try:
             exceptions = []
             do_thread()
             # All good
             self.assertEqual(exceptions, [])
         finally:
-            connections['default'].dec_thread_sharing()
+            connections["default"].dec_thread_sharing()
 
     def test_closing_non_shared_connections(self):
         """
@@ -783,9 +834,11 @@ class ThreadTests(TransactionTestCase):
                     other_thread_connection.close()
                 except DatabaseError as e:
                     exceptions.add(e)
-            t2 = threading.Thread(target=runner2, args=[connections['default']])
+
+            t2 = threading.Thread(target=runner2, args=[connections["default"]])
             t2.start()
             t2.join()
+
         t1 = threading.Thread(target=runner1)
         t1.start()
         t1.join()
@@ -801,14 +854,16 @@ class ThreadTests(TransactionTestCase):
                     other_thread_connection.close()
                 except DatabaseError as e:
                     exceptions.add(e)
+
             # Enable thread sharing
-            connections['default'].inc_thread_sharing()
+            connections["default"].inc_thread_sharing()
             try:
-                t2 = threading.Thread(target=runner2, args=[connections['default']])
+                t2 = threading.Thread(target=runner2, args=[connections["default"]])
                 t2.start()
                 t2.join()
             finally:
-                connections['default'].dec_thread_sharing()
+                connections["default"].dec_thread_sharing()
+
         t1 = threading.Thread(target=runner1)
         t1.start()
         t1.join()
@@ -825,7 +880,7 @@ class ThreadTests(TransactionTestCase):
         self.assertIs(connection.allow_thread_sharing, True)
         connection.dec_thread_sharing()
         self.assertIs(connection.allow_thread_sharing, False)
-        msg = 'Cannot decrement the thread sharing count below zero.'
+        msg = "Cannot decrement the thread sharing count below zero."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, msg):
             connection.dec_thread_sharing()
 
@@ -836,14 +891,14 @@ class MySQLPKZeroTests(TestCase):
     does not allow zero for autoincrement primary key if the
     NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO SQL mode is not enabled.
     """
-    @skipIfDBFeature('allows_auto_pk_0')
+
+    @skipIfDBFeature("allows_auto_pk_0")
     def test_zero_as_autoval(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             Square.objects.create(id=0, root=0, square=1)
 
 
 class DBConstraintTestCase(TestCase):
-
     def test_can_reference_existent(self):
         obj = Object.objects.create()
         ref = ObjectReference.objects.create(obj=obj)
@@ -867,7 +922,9 @@ class DBConstraintTestCase(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(Object.objects.count(), 2)
         self.assertEqual(obj.related_objects.count(), 1)
 
-        intermediary_model = Object._meta.get_field("related_objects").remote_field.through
+        intermediary_model = Object._meta.get_field(
+            "related_objects"
+        ).remote_field.through
         intermediary_model.objects.create(from_object_id=obj.id, to_object_id=12345)
         self.assertEqual(obj.related_objects.count(), 1)
         self.assertEqual(intermediary_model.objects.count(), 2)
diff --git a/tests/bash_completion/tests.py b/tests/bash_completion/tests.py
index 1d35e1f28e..856e351dfa 100644
--- a/tests/bash_completion/tests.py
+++ b/tests/bash_completion/tests.py
@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ class BashCompletionTests(unittest.TestCase):
     """
 
     def setUp(self):
-        self.old_DJANGO_AUTO_COMPLETE = os.environ.get('DJANGO_AUTO_COMPLETE')
-        os.environ['DJANGO_AUTO_COMPLETE'] = '1'
+        self.old_DJANGO_AUTO_COMPLETE = os.environ.get("DJANGO_AUTO_COMPLETE")
+        os.environ["DJANGO_AUTO_COMPLETE"] = "1"
 
     def tearDown(self):
         if self.old_DJANGO_AUTO_COMPLETE:
-            os.environ['DJANGO_AUTO_COMPLETE'] = self.old_DJANGO_AUTO_COMPLETE
+            os.environ["DJANGO_AUTO_COMPLETE"] = self.old_DJANGO_AUTO_COMPLETE
         else:
-            del os.environ['DJANGO_AUTO_COMPLETE']
+            del os.environ["DJANGO_AUTO_COMPLETE"]
 
     def _user_input(self, input_str):
         """
@@ -41,10 +41,10 @@ class BashCompletionTests(unittest.TestCase):
           * 'django-admin startproject' -> COMP_CWORD=1
           * 'django-admin startproject ' -> COMP_CWORD=2
         """
-        os.environ['COMP_WORDS'] = input_str
-        idx = len(input_str.split(' ')) - 1  # Index of the last word
-        comp_cword = idx + 1 if input_str.endswith(' ') else idx
-        os.environ['COMP_CWORD'] = str(comp_cword)
+        os.environ["COMP_WORDS"] = input_str
+        idx = len(input_str.split(" ")) - 1  # Index of the last word
+        comp_cword = idx + 1 if input_str.endswith(" ") else idx
+        os.environ["COMP_CWORD"] = str(comp_cword)
         sys.argv = input_str.split()
 
     def _run_autocomplete(self):
@@ -54,51 +54,52 @@ class BashCompletionTests(unittest.TestCase):
                 util.autocomplete()
             except SystemExit:
                 pass
-        return stdout.getvalue().strip().split('\n')
+        return stdout.getvalue().strip().split("\n")
 
     def test_django_admin_py(self):
         "django_admin.py will autocomplete option flags"
-        self._user_input('django-admin sqlmigrate --verb')
+        self._user_input("django-admin sqlmigrate --verb")
         output = self._run_autocomplete()
-        self.assertEqual(output, ['--verbosity='])
+        self.assertEqual(output, ["--verbosity="])
 
     def test_manage_py(self):
         "manage.py will autocomplete option flags"
-        self._user_input('manage.py sqlmigrate --verb')
+        self._user_input("manage.py sqlmigrate --verb")
         output = self._run_autocomplete()
-        self.assertEqual(output, ['--verbosity='])
+        self.assertEqual(output, ["--verbosity="])
 
     def test_custom_command(self):
         "A custom command can autocomplete option flags"
-        self._user_input('django-admin test_command --l')
+        self._user_input("django-admin test_command --l")
         output = self._run_autocomplete()
-        self.assertEqual(output, ['--list'])
+        self.assertEqual(output, ["--list"])
 
     def test_subcommands(self):
         "Subcommands can be autocompleted"
-        self._user_input('django-admin sql')
+        self._user_input("django-admin sql")
         output = self._run_autocomplete()
-        self.assertEqual(output, ['sqlflush sqlmigrate sqlsequencereset'])
+        self.assertEqual(output, ["sqlflush sqlmigrate sqlsequencereset"])
 
     def test_completed_subcommand(self):
         "Show option flags in case a subcommand is completed"
-        self._user_input('django-admin startproject ')  # Trailing whitespace
+        self._user_input("django-admin startproject ")  # Trailing whitespace
         output = self._run_autocomplete()
         for item in output:
-            self.assertTrue(item.startswith('--'))
+            self.assertTrue(item.startswith("--"))
 
     def test_help(self):
         "No errors, just an empty list if there are no autocomplete options"
-        self._user_input('django-admin help --')
+        self._user_input("django-admin help --")
         output = self._run_autocomplete()
-        self.assertEqual(output, [''])
+        self.assertEqual(output, [""])
 
     def test_app_completion(self):
         "Application names will be autocompleted for an AppCommand"
-        self._user_input('django-admin sqlmigrate a')
+        self._user_input("django-admin sqlmigrate a")
         output = self._run_autocomplete()
         a_labels = sorted(
-            app_config.label for app_config in apps.get_app_configs()
-            if app_config.label.startswith('a')
+            app_config.label
+            for app_config in apps.get_app_configs()
+            if app_config.label.startswith("a")
         )
         self.assertEqual(output, a_labels)
diff --git a/tests/basic/models.py b/tests/basic/models.py
index 6dcdfa90c0..59a6a8d67f 100644
--- a/tests/basic/models.py
+++ b/tests/basic/models.py
@@ -9,18 +9,18 @@ from django.db import models
 
 
 class Article(models.Model):
-    headline = models.CharField(max_length=100, default='Default headline')
+    headline = models.CharField(max_length=100, default="Default headline")
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('pub_date', 'headline')
+        ordering = ("pub_date", "headline")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
 
 
 class FeaturedArticle(models.Model):
-    article = models.OneToOneField(Article, models.CASCADE, related_name='featured')
+    article = models.OneToOneField(Article, models.CASCADE, related_name="featured")
 
 
 class ArticleSelectOnSave(Article):
@@ -31,10 +31,11 @@ class ArticleSelectOnSave(Article):
 
 class SelfRef(models.Model):
     selfref = models.ForeignKey(
-        'self',
+        "self",
         models.SET_NULL,
-        null=True, blank=True,
-        related_name='+',
+        null=True,
+        blank=True,
+        related_name="+",
     )
     article = models.ForeignKey(Article, models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True)
 
diff --git a/tests/basic/tests.py b/tests/basic/tests.py
index a3aab7baa7..4ff91388e6 100644
--- a/tests/basic/tests.py
+++ b/tests/basic/tests.py
@@ -7,22 +7,28 @@ from django.db import DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, DatabaseError, connections, models
 from django.db.models.manager import BaseManager
 from django.db.models.query import MAX_GET_RESULTS, EmptyQuerySet
 from django.test import (
-    SimpleTestCase, TestCase, TransactionTestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature,
+    SimpleTestCase,
+    TestCase,
+    TransactionTestCase,
+    skipUnlessDBFeature,
 )
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy
 
 from .models import (
-    Article, ArticleSelectOnSave, ChildPrimaryKeyWithDefault, FeaturedArticle,
-    PrimaryKeyWithDefault, SelfRef,
+    Article,
+    ArticleSelectOnSave,
+    ChildPrimaryKeyWithDefault,
+    FeaturedArticle,
+    PrimaryKeyWithDefault,
+    SelfRef,
 )
 
 
 class ModelInstanceCreationTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_object_is_not_written_to_database_until_save_was_called(self):
         a = Article(
             id=None,
-            headline='Parrot programs in Python',
+            headline="Parrot programs in Python",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28),
         )
         self.assertIsNone(a.id)
@@ -38,62 +44,68 @@ class ModelInstanceCreationTests(TestCase):
         You can initialize a model instance using positional arguments,
         which should match the field order as defined in the model.
         """
-        a = Article(None, 'Second article', datetime(2005, 7, 29))
+        a = Article(None, "Second article", datetime(2005, 7, 29))
         a.save()
 
-        self.assertEqual(a.headline, 'Second article')
+        self.assertEqual(a.headline, "Second article")
         self.assertEqual(a.pub_date, datetime(2005, 7, 29, 0, 0))
 
     def test_can_create_instance_using_kwargs(self):
         a = Article(
             id=None,
-            headline='Third article',
+            headline="Third article",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 30),
         )
         a.save()
-        self.assertEqual(a.headline, 'Third article')
+        self.assertEqual(a.headline, "Third article")
         self.assertEqual(a.pub_date, datetime(2005, 7, 30, 0, 0))
 
     def test_autofields_generate_different_values_for_each_instance(self):
-        a1 = Article.objects.create(headline='First', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 30, 0, 0))
-        a2 = Article.objects.create(headline='First', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 30, 0, 0))
-        a3 = Article.objects.create(headline='First', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 30, 0, 0))
+        a1 = Article.objects.create(
+            headline="First", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 30, 0, 0)
+        )
+        a2 = Article.objects.create(
+            headline="First", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 30, 0, 0)
+        )
+        a3 = Article.objects.create(
+            headline="First", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 30, 0, 0)
+        )
         self.assertNotEqual(a3.id, a1.id)
         self.assertNotEqual(a3.id, a2.id)
 
     def test_can_mix_and_match_position_and_kwargs(self):
         # You can also mix and match position and keyword arguments, but
         # be sure not to duplicate field information.
-        a = Article(None, 'Fourth article', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31))
+        a = Article(None, "Fourth article", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31))
         a.save()
-        self.assertEqual(a.headline, 'Fourth article')
+        self.assertEqual(a.headline, "Fourth article")
 
     def test_positional_and_keyword_args_for_the_same_field(self):
         msg = "Article() got both positional and keyword arguments for field '%s'."
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg % 'headline'):
-            Article(None, 'Fifth article', headline='Other headline.')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg % 'headline'):
-            Article(None, 'Sixth article', headline='')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg % 'pub_date'):
-            Article(None, 'Seventh article', datetime(2021, 3, 1), pub_date=None)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg % "headline"):
+            Article(None, "Fifth article", headline="Other headline.")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg % "headline"):
+            Article(None, "Sixth article", headline="")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg % "pub_date"):
+            Article(None, "Seventh article", datetime(2021, 3, 1), pub_date=None)
 
     def test_cannot_create_instance_with_invalid_kwargs(self):
         msg = "Article() got unexpected keyword arguments: 'foo'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             Article(
                 id=None,
-                headline='Some headline',
+                headline="Some headline",
                 pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31),
-                foo='bar',
+                foo="bar",
             )
         msg = "Article() got unexpected keyword arguments: 'foo', 'bar'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             Article(
                 id=None,
-                headline='Some headline',
+                headline="Some headline",
                 pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31),
-                foo='bar',
-                bar='baz',
+                foo="bar",
+                bar="baz",
             )
 
     def test_can_leave_off_value_for_autofield_and_it_gets_value_on_save(self):
@@ -101,51 +113,55 @@ class ModelInstanceCreationTests(TestCase):
         You can leave off the value for an AutoField when creating an
         object, because it'll get filled in automatically when you save().
         """
-        a = Article(headline='Article 5', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31))
+        a = Article(headline="Article 5", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31))
         a.save()
-        self.assertEqual(a.headline, 'Article 5')
+        self.assertEqual(a.headline, "Article 5")
         self.assertIsNotNone(a.id)
 
     def test_leaving_off_a_field_with_default_set_the_default_will_be_saved(self):
         a = Article(pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31))
         a.save()
-        self.assertEqual(a.headline, 'Default headline')
+        self.assertEqual(a.headline, "Default headline")
 
     def test_for_datetimefields_saves_as_much_precision_as_was_given(self):
         """as much precision in *seconds*"""
         a1 = Article(
-            headline='Article 7',
+            headline="Article 7",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30),
         )
         a1.save()
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(id__exact=a1.id).pub_date, datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.get(id__exact=a1.id).pub_date, datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30)
+        )
 
         a2 = Article(
-            headline='Article 8',
+            headline="Article 8",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45),
         )
         a2.save()
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(id__exact=a2.id).pub_date, datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.get(id__exact=a2.id).pub_date,
+            datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45),
+        )
 
     def test_saving_an_object_again_does_not_create_a_new_object(self):
-        a = Article(headline='original', pub_date=datetime(2014, 5, 16))
+        a = Article(headline="original", pub_date=datetime(2014, 5, 16))
         a.save()
         current_id = a.id
 
         a.save()
         self.assertEqual(a.id, current_id)
 
-        a.headline = 'Updated headline'
+        a.headline = "Updated headline"
         a.save()
         self.assertEqual(a.id, current_id)
 
     def test_querysets_checking_for_membership(self):
-        headlines = [
-            'Parrot programs in Python', 'Second article', 'Third article']
+        headlines = ["Parrot programs in Python", "Second article", "Third article"]
         some_pub_date = datetime(2014, 5, 16, 12, 1)
         for headline in headlines:
             Article(headline=headline, pub_date=some_pub_date).save()
-        a = Article(headline='Some headline', pub_date=some_pub_date)
+        a = Article(headline="Some headline", pub_date=some_pub_date)
         a.save()
 
         # You can use 'in' to test for membership...
@@ -167,52 +183,61 @@ class ModelInstanceCreationTests(TestCase):
 
 class ModelTest(TestCase):
     def test_objects_attribute_is_only_available_on_the_class_itself(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, "Manager isn't accessible via Article instances"):
-            getattr(Article(), "objects",)
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(Article(), 'objects'))
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(Article, 'objects'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            AttributeError, "Manager isn't accessible via Article instances"
+        ):
+            getattr(
+                Article(),
+                "objects",
+            )
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(Article(), "objects"))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(Article, "objects"))
 
     def test_queryset_delete_removes_all_items_in_that_queryset(self):
-        headlines = [
-            'An article', 'Article One', 'Amazing article', 'Boring article']
+        headlines = ["An article", "Article One", "Amazing article", "Boring article"]
         some_pub_date = datetime(2014, 5, 16, 12, 1)
         for headline in headlines:
             Article(headline=headline, pub_date=some_pub_date).save()
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.all().order_by('headline'),
+            Article.objects.all().order_by("headline"),
             sorted(headlines),
             transform=lambda a: a.headline,
         )
-        Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith='A').delete()
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get().headline, 'Boring article')
+        Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith="A").delete()
+        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get().headline, "Boring article")
 
     def test_not_equal_and_equal_operators_behave_as_expected_on_instances(self):
         some_pub_date = datetime(2014, 5, 16, 12, 1)
-        a1 = Article.objects.create(headline='First', pub_date=some_pub_date)
-        a2 = Article.objects.create(headline='Second', pub_date=some_pub_date)
+        a1 = Article.objects.create(headline="First", pub_date=some_pub_date)
+        a2 = Article.objects.create(headline="Second", pub_date=some_pub_date)
         self.assertNotEqual(a1, a2)
         self.assertEqual(a1, Article.objects.get(id__exact=a1.id))
 
-        self.assertNotEqual(Article.objects.get(id__exact=a1.id), Article.objects.get(id__exact=a2.id))
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            Article.objects.get(id__exact=a1.id), Article.objects.get(id__exact=a2.id)
+        )
 
     def test_microsecond_precision(self):
         a9 = Article(
-            headline='Article 9',
+            headline="Article 9",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45, 180),
         )
         a9.save()
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(pk=a9.pk).pub_date, datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45, 180))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.get(pk=a9.pk).pub_date,
+            datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45, 180),
+        )
 
     def test_manually_specify_primary_key(self):
         # You can manually specify the primary key when creating a new object.
         a101 = Article(
             id=101,
-            headline='Article 101',
+            headline="Article 101",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45),
         )
         a101.save()
         a101 = Article.objects.get(pk=101)
-        self.assertEqual(a101.headline, 'Article 101')
+        self.assertEqual(a101.headline, "Article 101")
 
     def test_create_method(self):
         # You can create saved objects in a single step
@@ -226,11 +251,11 @@ class ModelTest(TestCase):
         # Edge-case test: A year lookup should retrieve all objects in
         # the given year, including Jan. 1 and Dec. 31.
         a11 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Article 11',
+            headline="Article 11",
             pub_date=datetime(2008, 1, 1),
         )
         a12 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Article 12',
+            headline="Article 12",
             pub_date=datetime(2008, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999),
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
@@ -241,11 +266,13 @@ class ModelTest(TestCase):
     def test_unicode_data(self):
         # Unicode data works, too.
         a = Article(
-            headline='\u6797\u539f \u3081\u3050\u307f',
+            headline="\u6797\u539f \u3081\u3050\u307f",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28),
         )
         a.save()
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(pk=a.id).headline, '\u6797\u539f \u3081\u3050\u307f')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.get(pk=a.id).headline, "\u6797\u539f \u3081\u3050\u307f"
+        )
 
     def test_hash_function(self):
         # Model instances have a hash function, so they can be used in sets
@@ -256,44 +283,64 @@ class ModelTest(TestCase):
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45),
         )
         a11 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Article 11',
+            headline="Article 11",
             pub_date=datetime(2008, 1, 1),
         )
         a12 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Article 12',
+            headline="Article 12",
             pub_date=datetime(2008, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999),
         )
 
         s = {a10, a11, a12}
-        self.assertIn(Article.objects.get(headline='Article 11'), s)
+        self.assertIn(Article.objects.get(headline="Article 11"), s)
 
     def test_extra_method_select_argument_with_dashes_and_values(self):
         # The 'select' argument to extra() supports names with dashes in
         # them, as long as you use values().
-        Article.objects.bulk_create([
-            Article(headline='Article 10', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45)),
-            Article(headline='Article 11', pub_date=datetime(2008, 1, 1)),
-            Article(headline='Article 12', pub_date=datetime(2008, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999)),
-        ])
-        dicts = Article.objects.filter(
-            pub_date__year=2008).extra(
-            select={'dashed-value': '1'}).values('headline', 'dashed-value')
+        Article.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Article(
+                    headline="Article 10", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45)
+                ),
+                Article(headline="Article 11", pub_date=datetime(2008, 1, 1)),
+                Article(
+                    headline="Article 12",
+                    pub_date=datetime(2008, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999),
+                ),
+            ]
+        )
+        dicts = (
+            Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year=2008)
+            .extra(select={"dashed-value": "1"})
+            .values("headline", "dashed-value")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             [sorted(d.items()) for d in dicts],
-            [[('dashed-value', 1), ('headline', 'Article 11')], [('dashed-value', 1), ('headline', 'Article 12')]]
+            [
+                [("dashed-value", 1), ("headline", "Article 11")],
+                [("dashed-value", 1), ("headline", "Article 12")],
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_extra_method_select_argument_with_dashes(self):
         # If you use 'select' with extra() and names containing dashes on a
         # query that's *not* a values() query, those extra 'select' values
         # will silently be ignored.
-        Article.objects.bulk_create([
-            Article(headline='Article 10', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45)),
-            Article(headline='Article 11', pub_date=datetime(2008, 1, 1)),
-            Article(headline='Article 12', pub_date=datetime(2008, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999)),
-        ])
-        articles = Article.objects.filter(
-            pub_date__year=2008).extra(select={'dashed-value': '1', 'undashedvalue': '2'})
+        Article.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Article(
+                    headline="Article 10", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 31, 12, 30, 45)
+                ),
+                Article(headline="Article 11", pub_date=datetime(2008, 1, 1)),
+                Article(
+                    headline="Article 12",
+                    pub_date=datetime(2008, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999),
+                ),
+            ]
+        )
+        articles = Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year=2008).extra(
+            select={"dashed-value": "1", "undashedvalue": "2"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(articles[0].undashedvalue, 2)
 
     def test_create_relation_with_gettext_lazy(self):
@@ -301,7 +348,7 @@ class ModelTest(TestCase):
         gettext_lazy objects work when saving model instances
         through various methods. Refs #10498.
         """
-        notlazy = 'test'
+        notlazy = "test"
         lazy = gettext_lazy(notlazy)
         Article.objects.create(headline=lazy, pub_date=datetime.now())
         article = Article.objects.get()
@@ -325,23 +372,23 @@ class ModelTest(TestCase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             EmptyQuerySet()
         self.assertIsInstance(Article.objects.none(), EmptyQuerySet)
-        self.assertNotIsInstance('', EmptyQuerySet)
+        self.assertNotIsInstance("", EmptyQuerySet)
 
     def test_emptyqs_values(self):
         # test for #15959
-        Article.objects.create(headline='foo', pub_date=datetime.now())
+        Article.objects.create(headline="foo", pub_date=datetime.now())
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            qs = Article.objects.none().values_list('pk')
+            qs = Article.objects.none().values_list("pk")
             self.assertIsInstance(qs, EmptyQuerySet)
             self.assertEqual(len(qs), 0)
 
     def test_emptyqs_customqs(self):
         # A hacky test for custom QuerySet subclass - refs #17271
-        Article.objects.create(headline='foo', pub_date=datetime.now())
+        Article.objects.create(headline="foo", pub_date=datetime.now())
 
         class CustomQuerySet(models.QuerySet):
             def do_something(self):
-                return 'did something'
+                return "did something"
 
         qs = Article.objects.all()
         qs.__class__ = CustomQuerySet
@@ -349,23 +396,33 @@ class ModelTest(TestCase):
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             self.assertEqual(len(qs), 0)
             self.assertIsInstance(qs, EmptyQuerySet)
-            self.assertEqual(qs.do_something(), 'did something')
+            self.assertEqual(qs.do_something(), "did something")
 
     def test_emptyqs_values_order(self):
         # Tests for ticket #17712
-        Article.objects.create(headline='foo', pub_date=datetime.now())
+        Article.objects.create(headline="foo", pub_date=datetime.now())
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            self.assertEqual(len(Article.objects.none().values_list('id').order_by('id')), 0)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                len(Article.objects.none().values_list("id").order_by("id")), 0
+            )
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            self.assertEqual(len(Article.objects.none().filter(
-                id__in=Article.objects.values_list('id', flat=True))), 0)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                len(
+                    Article.objects.none().filter(
+                        id__in=Article.objects.values_list("id", flat=True)
+                    )
+                ),
+                0,
+            )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_distinct_on_fields')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_distinct_on_fields")
     def test_emptyqs_distinct(self):
         # Tests for #19426
-        Article.objects.create(headline='foo', pub_date=datetime.now())
+        Article.objects.create(headline="foo", pub_date=datetime.now())
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            self.assertEqual(len(Article.objects.none().distinct('headline', 'pub_date')), 0)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                len(Article.objects.none().distinct("headline", "pub_date")), 0
+            )
 
     def test_ticket_20278(self):
         sr = SelfRef.objects.create()
@@ -384,7 +441,7 @@ class ModelTest(TestCase):
     def test_hash(self):
         # Value based on PK
         self.assertEqual(hash(Article(id=1)), hash(1))
-        msg = 'Model instances without primary key value are unhashable'
+        msg = "Model instances without primary key value are unhashable"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             # No PK value -> unhashable (because save() would then change
             # hash)
@@ -410,34 +467,37 @@ class ModelTest(TestCase):
     def test_delete_and_access_field(self):
         # Accessing a field after it's deleted from a model reloads its value.
         pub_date = datetime.now()
-        article = Article.objects.create(headline='foo', pub_date=pub_date)
+        article = Article.objects.create(headline="foo", pub_date=pub_date)
         new_pub_date = article.pub_date + timedelta(days=10)
-        article.headline = 'bar'
+        article.headline = "bar"
         article.pub_date = new_pub_date
         del article.headline
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            self.assertEqual(article.headline, 'foo')
+            self.assertEqual(article.headline, "foo")
         # Fields that weren't deleted aren't reloaded.
         self.assertEqual(article.pub_date, new_pub_date)
 
     def test_multiple_objects_max_num_fetched(self):
         max_results = MAX_GET_RESULTS - 1
         Article.objects.bulk_create(
-            Article(headline='Area %s' % i, pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28))
+            Article(headline="Area %s" % i, pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28))
             for i in range(max_results)
         )
         self.assertRaisesMessage(
             MultipleObjectsReturned,
-            'get() returned more than one Article -- it returned %d!' % max_results,
+            "get() returned more than one Article -- it returned %d!" % max_results,
             Article.objects.get,
-            headline__startswith='Area',
+            headline__startswith="Area",
+        )
+        Article.objects.create(
+            headline="Area %s" % max_results, pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28)
         )
-        Article.objects.create(headline='Area %s' % max_results, pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28))
         self.assertRaisesMessage(
             MultipleObjectsReturned,
-            'get() returned more than one Article -- it returned more than %d!' % max_results,
+            "get() returned more than one Article -- it returned more than %d!"
+            % max_results,
             Article.objects.get,
-            headline__startswith='Area',
+            headline__startswith="Area",
         )
 
 
@@ -447,7 +507,7 @@ class ModelLookupTest(TestCase):
         # Create an Article.
         cls.a = Article(
             id=None,
-            headline='Swallow programs in Python',
+            headline="Swallow programs in Python",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28),
         )
         # Save it into the database. You have to call save() explicitly.
@@ -455,7 +515,7 @@ class ModelLookupTest(TestCase):
 
     def test_all_lookup(self):
         # Change values by changing the attributes, then calling save().
-        self.a.headline = 'Parrot programs in Python'
+        self.a.headline = "Parrot programs in Python"
         self.a.save()
 
         # Article.objects.all() returns all the articles in the database.
@@ -464,16 +524,25 @@ class ModelLookupTest(TestCase):
     def test_rich_lookup(self):
         # Django provides a rich database lookup API.
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(id__exact=self.a.id), self.a)
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(headline__startswith='Swallow'), self.a)
+        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(headline__startswith="Swallow"), self.a)
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(pub_date__year=2005), self.a)
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(pub_date__year=2005, pub_date__month=7), self.a)
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(pub_date__year=2005, pub_date__month=7, pub_date__day=28), self.a)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.get(pub_date__year=2005, pub_date__month=7), self.a
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.get(
+                pub_date__year=2005, pub_date__month=7, pub_date__day=28
+            ),
+            self.a,
+        )
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(pub_date__week_day=5), self.a)
 
     def test_equal_lookup(self):
         # The "__exact" lookup type can be omitted, as a shortcut.
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(id=self.a.id), self.a)
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(headline='Swallow programs in Python'), self.a)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.get(headline="Swallow programs in Python"), self.a
+        )
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year=2005),
@@ -500,14 +569,22 @@ class ModelLookupTest(TestCase):
     def test_does_not_exist(self):
         # Django raises an Article.DoesNotExist exception for get() if the
         # parameters don't match any object.
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ObjectDoesNotExist, "Article matching query does not exist."):
-            Article.objects.get(id__exact=2000,)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ObjectDoesNotExist, "Article matching query does not exist."
+        ):
+            Article.objects.get(
+                id__exact=2000,
+            )
         # To avoid dict-ordering related errors check only one lookup
         # in single assert.
         with self.assertRaises(ObjectDoesNotExist):
             Article.objects.get(pub_date__year=2005, pub_date__month=8)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ObjectDoesNotExist, "Article matching query does not exist."):
-            Article.objects.get(pub_date__week_day=6,)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ObjectDoesNotExist, "Article matching query does not exist."
+        ):
+            Article.objects.get(
+                pub_date__week_day=6,
+            )
 
     def test_lookup_by_primary_key(self):
         # Lookup by a primary key is the most common case, so Django
@@ -527,7 +604,7 @@ class ModelLookupTest(TestCase):
         # Create a very similar object
         a = Article(
             id=None,
-            headline='Swallow bites Python',
+            headline="Swallow bites Python",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28),
         )
         a.save()
@@ -538,24 +615,28 @@ class ModelLookupTest(TestCase):
         # lookup matches more than one object
         msg = "get() returned more than one Article -- it returned 2!"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(MultipleObjectsReturned, msg):
-            Article.objects.get(headline__startswith='Swallow',)
+            Article.objects.get(
+                headline__startswith="Swallow",
+            )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(MultipleObjectsReturned, msg):
-            Article.objects.get(pub_date__year=2005,)
+            Article.objects.get(
+                pub_date__year=2005,
+            )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(MultipleObjectsReturned, msg):
             Article.objects.get(pub_date__year=2005, pub_date__month=7)
 
 
 class ConcurrentSaveTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['basic']
+    available_apps = ["basic"]
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('test_db_allows_multiple_connections')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("test_db_allows_multiple_connections")
     def test_concurrent_delete_with_save(self):
         """
         Test fetching, deleting and finally saving an object - we should get
         an insert in this case.
         """
-        a = Article.objects.create(headline='foo', pub_date=datetime.now())
+        a = Article.objects.create(headline="foo", pub_date=datetime.now())
         exceptions = []
 
         def deleter():
@@ -566,60 +647,61 @@ class ConcurrentSaveTests(TransactionTestCase):
                 exceptions.append(e)
             finally:
                 connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS].close()
+
         self.assertEqual(len(exceptions), 0)
         t = threading.Thread(target=deleter)
         t.start()
         t.join()
         a.save()
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(pk=a.pk).headline, 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(pk=a.pk).headline, "foo")
 
 
 class ManagerTest(SimpleTestCase):
     QUERYSET_PROXY_METHODS = [
-        'none',
-        'count',
-        'dates',
-        'datetimes',
-        'distinct',
-        'extra',
-        'get',
-        'get_or_create',
-        'update_or_create',
-        'create',
-        'bulk_create',
-        'bulk_update',
-        'filter',
-        'aggregate',
-        'annotate',
-        'alias',
-        'complex_filter',
-        'exclude',
-        'in_bulk',
-        'iterator',
-        'earliest',
-        'latest',
-        'first',
-        'last',
-        'order_by',
-        'select_for_update',
-        'select_related',
-        'prefetch_related',
-        'values',
-        'values_list',
-        'update',
-        'reverse',
-        'defer',
-        'only',
-        'using',
-        'exists',
-        'contains',
-        'explain',
-        '_insert',
-        '_update',
-        'raw',
-        'union',
-        'intersection',
-        'difference',
+        "none",
+        "count",
+        "dates",
+        "datetimes",
+        "distinct",
+        "extra",
+        "get",
+        "get_or_create",
+        "update_or_create",
+        "create",
+        "bulk_create",
+        "bulk_update",
+        "filter",
+        "aggregate",
+        "annotate",
+        "alias",
+        "complex_filter",
+        "exclude",
+        "in_bulk",
+        "iterator",
+        "earliest",
+        "latest",
+        "first",
+        "last",
+        "order_by",
+        "select_for_update",
+        "select_related",
+        "prefetch_related",
+        "values",
+        "values_list",
+        "update",
+        "reverse",
+        "defer",
+        "only",
+        "using",
+        "exists",
+        "contains",
+        "explain",
+        "_insert",
+        "_update",
+        "raw",
+        "union",
+        "intersection",
+        "difference",
     ]
 
     def test_manager_methods(self):
@@ -648,7 +730,9 @@ class SelectOnSaveTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             asos.save(force_update=True)
         Article.objects.all().delete()
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(DatabaseError, 'Forced update did not affect any rows.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            DatabaseError, "Forced update did not affect any rows."
+        ):
             with self.assertNumQueries(1):
                 asos.save(force_update=True)
 
@@ -683,34 +767,35 @@ class SelectOnSaveTests(TestCase):
             # This is not wanted behavior, but this is how Django has always
             # behaved for databases that do not return correct information
             # about matched rows for UPDATE.
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(DatabaseError, 'Forced update did not affect any rows.'):
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                DatabaseError, "Forced update did not affect any rows."
+            ):
                 asos.save(force_update=True)
             msg = (
                 "An error occurred in the current transaction. You can't "
                 "execute queries until the end of the 'atomic' block."
             )
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(DatabaseError, msg):
-                asos.save(update_fields=['pub_date'])
+                asos.save(update_fields=["pub_date"])
         finally:
             Article._base_manager._queryset_class = orig_class
 
 
 class ModelRefreshTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_refresh(self):
         a = Article.objects.create(pub_date=datetime.now())
         Article.objects.create(pub_date=datetime.now())
-        Article.objects.filter(pk=a.pk).update(headline='new headline')
+        Article.objects.filter(pk=a.pk).update(headline="new headline")
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             a.refresh_from_db()
-            self.assertEqual(a.headline, 'new headline')
+            self.assertEqual(a.headline, "new headline")
 
         orig_pub_date = a.pub_date
         new_pub_date = a.pub_date + timedelta(10)
-        Article.objects.update(headline='new headline 2', pub_date=new_pub_date)
+        Article.objects.update(headline="new headline 2", pub_date=new_pub_date)
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            a.refresh_from_db(fields=['headline'])
-            self.assertEqual(a.headline, 'new headline 2')
+            a.refresh_from_db(fields=["headline"])
+            self.assertEqual(a.headline, "new headline 2")
             self.assertEqual(a.pub_date, orig_pub_date)
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             a.refresh_from_db()
@@ -726,7 +811,7 @@ class ModelRefreshTests(TestCase):
         s = SelfRef.objects.create()
         msg = 'Found "__" in fields argument. Relations and transforms are not allowed in fields.'
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            s.refresh_from_db(fields=['foo__bar'])
+            s.refresh_from_db(fields=["foo__bar"])
 
     def test_refresh_fk(self):
         s1 = SelfRef.objects.create()
@@ -742,7 +827,7 @@ class ModelRefreshTests(TestCase):
             # The old related instance was thrown away (the selfref_id has
             # changed). It needs to be reloaded on access, so one query
             # executed.
-            self.assertFalse(hasattr(s3_copy.selfref, 'touched'))
+            self.assertFalse(hasattr(s3_copy.selfref, "touched"))
             self.assertEqual(s3_copy.selfref, s2)
 
     def test_refresh_null_fk(self):
@@ -763,7 +848,7 @@ class ModelRefreshTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_refresh_fk_on_delete_set_null(self):
         a = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Parrot programs in Python',
+            headline="Parrot programs in Python",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28),
         )
         s1 = SelfRef.objects.create(article=a)
@@ -780,31 +865,31 @@ class ModelRefreshTests(TestCase):
     def test_refresh_clears_reverse_related(self):
         """refresh_from_db() clear cached reverse relations."""
         article = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Parrot programs in Python',
+            headline="Parrot programs in Python",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28),
         )
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(article, 'featured'))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(article, "featured"))
         FeaturedArticle.objects.create(article_id=article.pk)
         article.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(article, 'featured'))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(article, "featured"))
 
     def test_refresh_clears_one_to_one_field(self):
         article = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Parrot programs in Python',
+            headline="Parrot programs in Python",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28),
         )
         featured = FeaturedArticle.objects.create(article_id=article.pk)
-        self.assertEqual(featured.article.headline, 'Parrot programs in Python')
-        article.headline = 'Parrot programs in Python 2.0'
+        self.assertEqual(featured.article.headline, "Parrot programs in Python")
+        article.headline = "Parrot programs in Python 2.0"
         article.save()
         featured.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(featured.article.headline, 'Parrot programs in Python 2.0')
+        self.assertEqual(featured.article.headline, "Parrot programs in Python 2.0")
 
     def test_prefetched_cache_cleared(self):
         a = Article.objects.create(pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28))
         s = SelfRef.objects.create(article=a)
         # refresh_from_db() without fields=[...]
-        a1_prefetched = Article.objects.prefetch_related('selfref_set').first()
+        a1_prefetched = Article.objects.prefetch_related("selfref_set").first()
         self.assertCountEqual(a1_prefetched.selfref_set.all(), [s])
         s.article = None
         s.save()
@@ -814,12 +899,12 @@ class ModelRefreshTests(TestCase):
         # Cache was cleared and new results are available.
         self.assertCountEqual(a1_prefetched.selfref_set.all(), [])
         # refresh_from_db() with fields=[...]
-        a2_prefetched = Article.objects.prefetch_related('selfref_set').first()
+        a2_prefetched = Article.objects.prefetch_related("selfref_set").first()
         self.assertCountEqual(a2_prefetched.selfref_set.all(), [])
         s.article = a
         s.save()
         # Relation is added and prefetch cache is stale.
         self.assertCountEqual(a2_prefetched.selfref_set.all(), [])
-        a2_prefetched.refresh_from_db(fields=['selfref_set'])
+        a2_prefetched.refresh_from_db(fields=["selfref_set"])
         # Cache was cleared and new results are available.
         self.assertCountEqual(a2_prefetched.selfref_set.all(), [s])
diff --git a/tests/builtin_server/tests.py b/tests/builtin_server/tests.py
index 7c0a889432..2777db1e13 100644
--- a/tests/builtin_server/tests.py
+++ b/tests/builtin_server/tests.py
@@ -28,20 +28,20 @@ class ServerHandler(simple_server.ServerHandler):
 
         elif not self.headers_sent:
             # Before the first output, send the stored headers
-            self.bytes_sent = len(data)    # make sure we know content-length
+            self.bytes_sent = len(data)  # make sure we know content-length
             self.send_headers()
         else:
             self.bytes_sent += len(data)
 
         # XXX check Content-Length and truncate if too many bytes written?
         data = BytesIO(data)
-        for chunk in iter(lambda: data.read(MAX_SOCKET_CHUNK_SIZE), b''):
+        for chunk in iter(lambda: data.read(MAX_SOCKET_CHUNK_SIZE), b""):
             self._write(chunk)
             self._flush()
 
     def error_output(self, environ, start_response):
         super().error_output(environ, start_response)
-        return ['\n'.join(traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info()))]
+        return ["\n".join(traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info()))]
 
 
 class DummyHandler:
@@ -61,13 +61,13 @@ class FileWrapperHandler(ServerHandler):
 
 
 def wsgi_app(environ, start_response):
-    start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/plain')])
-    return [b'Hello World!']
+    start_response("200 OK", [("Content-Type", "text/plain")])
+    return [b"Hello World!"]
 
 
 def wsgi_app_file_wrapper(environ, start_response):
-    start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/plain')])
-    return environ['wsgi.file_wrapper'](BytesIO(b'foo'))
+    start_response("200 OK", [("Content-Type", "text/plain")])
+    return environ["wsgi.file_wrapper"](BytesIO(b"foo"))
 
 
 class WSGIFileWrapperTests(TestCase):
@@ -80,45 +80,45 @@ class WSGIFileWrapperTests(TestCase):
     """
 
     def test_file_wrapper_uses_sendfile(self):
-        env = {'SERVER_PROTOCOL': 'HTTP/1.0'}
+        env = {"SERVER_PROTOCOL": "HTTP/1.0"}
         handler = FileWrapperHandler(None, BytesIO(), BytesIO(), env)
         handler.run(wsgi_app_file_wrapper)
         self.assertTrue(handler._used_sendfile)
-        self.assertEqual(handler.stdout.getvalue(), b'')
-        self.assertEqual(handler.stderr.getvalue(), b'')
+        self.assertEqual(handler.stdout.getvalue(), b"")
+        self.assertEqual(handler.stderr.getvalue(), b"")
 
     def test_file_wrapper_no_sendfile(self):
-        env = {'SERVER_PROTOCOL': 'HTTP/1.0'}
+        env = {"SERVER_PROTOCOL": "HTTP/1.0"}
         handler = FileWrapperHandler(None, BytesIO(), BytesIO(), env)
         handler.run(wsgi_app)
         self.assertFalse(handler._used_sendfile)
-        self.assertEqual(handler.stdout.getvalue().splitlines()[-1], b'Hello World!')
-        self.assertEqual(handler.stderr.getvalue(), b'')
+        self.assertEqual(handler.stdout.getvalue().splitlines()[-1], b"Hello World!")
+        self.assertEqual(handler.stderr.getvalue(), b"")
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='builtin_server.urls')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="builtin_server.urls")
     def test_file_response_closing(self):
         """
         View returning a FileResponse properly closes the file and http
         response when file_wrapper is used.
         """
-        env = RequestFactory().get('/fileresponse/').environ
+        env = RequestFactory().get("/fileresponse/").environ
         handler = FileWrapperHandler(None, BytesIO(), BytesIO(), env)
         handler.run(get_internal_wsgi_application())
         # Sendfile is used only when file_wrapper has been used.
         self.assertTrue(handler._used_sendfile)
         # Fetch the original response object.
-        self.assertIn('response', FILE_RESPONSE_HOLDER)
-        response = FILE_RESPONSE_HOLDER['response']
+        self.assertIn("response", FILE_RESPONSE_HOLDER)
+        response = FILE_RESPONSE_HOLDER["response"]
         # The response and file buffers are closed.
         self.assertIs(response.closed, True)
-        buf1, buf2 = FILE_RESPONSE_HOLDER['buffers']
+        buf1, buf2 = FILE_RESPONSE_HOLDER["buffers"]
         self.assertIs(buf1.closed, True)
         self.assertIs(buf2.closed, True)
         FILE_RESPONSE_HOLDER.clear()
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='builtin_server.urls')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="builtin_server.urls")
     def test_file_response_call_request_finished(self):
-        env = RequestFactory().get('/fileresponse/').environ
+        env = RequestFactory().get("/fileresponse/").environ
         handler = FileWrapperHandler(None, BytesIO(), BytesIO(), env)
         with mock.MagicMock() as signal_handler:
             request_finished.connect(signal_handler)
@@ -149,9 +149,9 @@ class WriteChunkCounterHandler(ServerHandler):
 
 
 def send_big_data_app(environ, start_response):
-    start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/plain')])
+    start_response("200 OK", [("Content-Type", "text/plain")])
     # Return a blob of data that is 1.5 times the maximum chunk size.
-    return [b'x' * (MAX_SOCKET_CHUNK_SIZE + MAX_SOCKET_CHUNK_SIZE // 2)]
+    return [b"x" * (MAX_SOCKET_CHUNK_SIZE + MAX_SOCKET_CHUNK_SIZE // 2)]
 
 
 class ServerHandlerChunksProperly(TestCase):
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ class ServerHandlerChunksProperly(TestCase):
     """
 
     def test_chunked_data(self):
-        env = {'SERVER_PROTOCOL': 'HTTP/1.0'}
+        env = {"SERVER_PROTOCOL": "HTTP/1.0"}
         handler = WriteChunkCounterHandler(None, BytesIO(), BytesIO(), env)
         handler.run(send_big_data_app)
         self.assertEqual(handler.write_chunk_counter, 2)
diff --git a/tests/builtin_server/urls.py b/tests/builtin_server/urls.py
index c26366f1e6..e7654359e0 100644
--- a/tests/builtin_server/urls.py
+++ b/tests/builtin_server/urls.py
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ from django.urls import path
 from . import views
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('fileresponse/', views.file_response),
+    path("fileresponse/", views.file_response),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/builtin_server/views.py b/tests/builtin_server/views.py
index be7c7e94ab..fdadb04ccb 100644
--- a/tests/builtin_server/views.py
+++ b/tests/builtin_server/views.py
@@ -10,6 +10,6 @@ def file_response(request):
     f2 = BytesIO(b"test2")
     response = FileResponse(f1)
     response._resource_closers.append(f2.close)
-    FILE_RESPONSE_HOLDER['response'] = response
-    FILE_RESPONSE_HOLDER['buffers'] = (f1, f2)
+    FILE_RESPONSE_HOLDER["response"] = response
+    FILE_RESPONSE_HOLDER["buffers"] = (f1, f2)
     return response
diff --git a/tests/bulk_create/models.py b/tests/bulk_create/models.py
index f0db69932e..27abc416bd 100644
--- a/tests/bulk_create/models.py
+++ b/tests/bulk_create/models.py
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ class Country(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         constraints = [
             models.UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=['iso_two_letter', 'name'],
-                name='country_name_iso_unique',
+                fields=["iso_two_letter", "name"],
+                name="country_name_iso_unique",
             ),
         ]
 
@@ -90,33 +90,45 @@ class BigAutoFieldModel(models.Model):
 class NullableFields(models.Model):
     # Fields in db.backends.oracle.BulkInsertMapper
     big_int_filed = models.BigIntegerField(null=True, default=1)
-    binary_field = models.BinaryField(null=True, default=b'data')
+    binary_field = models.BinaryField(null=True, default=b"data")
     date_field = models.DateField(null=True, default=timezone.now)
     datetime_field = models.DateTimeField(null=True, default=timezone.now)
-    decimal_field = models.DecimalField(null=True, max_digits=2, decimal_places=1, default=Decimal('1.1'))
+    decimal_field = models.DecimalField(
+        null=True, max_digits=2, decimal_places=1, default=Decimal("1.1")
+    )
     duration_field = models.DurationField(null=True, default=datetime.timedelta(1))
     float_field = models.FloatField(null=True, default=3.2)
     integer_field = models.IntegerField(null=True, default=2)
     null_boolean_field = models.BooleanField(null=True, default=False)
-    positive_big_integer_field = models.PositiveBigIntegerField(null=True, default=2 ** 63 - 1)
+    positive_big_integer_field = models.PositiveBigIntegerField(
+        null=True, default=2**63 - 1
+    )
     positive_integer_field = models.PositiveIntegerField(null=True, default=3)
-    positive_small_integer_field = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField(null=True, default=4)
+    positive_small_integer_field = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField(
+        null=True, default=4
+    )
     small_integer_field = models.SmallIntegerField(null=True, default=5)
     time_field = models.TimeField(null=True, default=timezone.now)
     auto_field = models.ForeignKey(NoFields, on_delete=models.CASCADE, null=True)
-    small_auto_field = models.ForeignKey(SmallAutoFieldModel, on_delete=models.CASCADE, null=True)
-    big_auto_field = models.ForeignKey(BigAutoFieldModel, on_delete=models.CASCADE, null=True)
+    small_auto_field = models.ForeignKey(
+        SmallAutoFieldModel, on_delete=models.CASCADE, null=True
+    )
+    big_auto_field = models.ForeignKey(
+        BigAutoFieldModel, on_delete=models.CASCADE, null=True
+    )
     # Fields not required in BulkInsertMapper
-    char_field = models.CharField(null=True, max_length=4, default='char')
-    email_field = models.EmailField(null=True, default='user@example.com')
-    file_field = models.FileField(null=True, default='file.txt')
-    file_path_field = models.FilePathField(path='/tmp', null=True, default='file.txt')
-    generic_ip_address_field = models.GenericIPAddressField(null=True, default='127.0.0.1')
+    char_field = models.CharField(null=True, max_length=4, default="char")
+    email_field = models.EmailField(null=True, default="user@example.com")
+    file_field = models.FileField(null=True, default="file.txt")
+    file_path_field = models.FilePathField(path="/tmp", null=True, default="file.txt")
+    generic_ip_address_field = models.GenericIPAddressField(
+        null=True, default="127.0.0.1"
+    )
     if Image:
-        image_field = models.ImageField(null=True, default='image.jpg')
-    slug_field = models.SlugField(null=True, default='slug')
-    text_field = models.TextField(null=True, default='text')
-    url_field = models.URLField(null=True, default='/')
+        image_field = models.ImageField(null=True, default="image.jpg")
+    slug_field = models.SlugField(null=True, default="slug")
+    text_field = models.TextField(null=True, default="text")
+    url_field = models.URLField(null=True, default="/")
     uuid_field = models.UUIDField(null=True, default=uuid.uuid4)
 
 
diff --git a/tests/bulk_create/tests.py b/tests/bulk_create/tests.py
index 8040f16dcf..a01e50f4cb 100644
--- a/tests/bulk_create/tests.py
+++ b/tests/bulk_create/tests.py
@@ -3,19 +3,36 @@ from operator import attrgetter
 
 from django.core.exceptions import FieldDoesNotExist
 from django.db import (
-    IntegrityError, NotSupportedError, OperationalError, ProgrammingError,
+    IntegrityError,
+    NotSupportedError,
+    OperationalError,
+    ProgrammingError,
     connection,
 )
 from django.db.models import FileField, Value
 from django.db.models.functions import Lower
 from django.test import (
-    TestCase, override_settings, skipIfDBFeature, skipUnlessDBFeature,
+    TestCase,
+    override_settings,
+    skipIfDBFeature,
+    skipUnlessDBFeature,
 )
 
 from .models import (
-    BigAutoFieldModel, Country, NoFields, NullableFields, Pizzeria,
-    ProxyCountry, ProxyMultiCountry, ProxyMultiProxyCountry, ProxyProxyCountry,
-    RelatedModel, Restaurant, SmallAutoFieldModel, State, TwoFields,
+    BigAutoFieldModel,
+    Country,
+    NoFields,
+    NullableFields,
+    Pizzeria,
+    ProxyCountry,
+    ProxyMultiCountry,
+    ProxyMultiProxyCountry,
+    ProxyProxyCountry,
+    RelatedModel,
+    Restaurant,
+    SmallAutoFieldModel,
+    State,
+    TwoFields,
     UpsertConflict,
 )
 
@@ -26,142 +43,179 @@ class BulkCreateTests(TestCase):
             Country(name="United States of America", iso_two_letter="US"),
             Country(name="The Netherlands", iso_two_letter="NL"),
             Country(name="Germany", iso_two_letter="DE"),
-            Country(name="Czech Republic", iso_two_letter="CZ")
+            Country(name="Czech Republic", iso_two_letter="CZ"),
         ]
 
     def test_simple(self):
         created = Country.objects.bulk_create(self.data)
         self.assertEqual(created, self.data)
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Country.objects.order_by("-name"), [
-            "United States of America", "The Netherlands", "Germany", "Czech Republic"
-        ], attrgetter("name"))
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            Country.objects.order_by("-name"),
+            [
+                "United States of America",
+                "The Netherlands",
+                "Germany",
+                "Czech Republic",
+            ],
+            attrgetter("name"),
+        )
 
         created = Country.objects.bulk_create([])
         self.assertEqual(created, [])
         self.assertEqual(Country.objects.count(), 4)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_bulk_insert')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_bulk_insert")
     def test_efficiency(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             Country.objects.bulk_create(self.data)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_bulk_insert')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_bulk_insert")
     def test_long_non_ascii_text(self):
         """
         Inserting non-ASCII values with a length in the range 2001 to 4000
         characters, i.e. 4002 to 8000 bytes, must be set as a CLOB on Oracle
         (#22144).
         """
-        Country.objects.bulk_create([Country(description='Ж' * 3000)])
+        Country.objects.bulk_create([Country(description="Ж" * 3000)])
         self.assertEqual(Country.objects.count(), 1)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_bulk_insert')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_bulk_insert")
     def test_long_and_short_text(self):
-        Country.objects.bulk_create([
-            Country(description='a' * 4001, iso_two_letter='A'),
-            Country(description='a', iso_two_letter='B'),
-            Country(description='Ж' * 2001, iso_two_letter='C'),
-            Country(description='Ж', iso_two_letter='D'),
-        ])
+        Country.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Country(description="a" * 4001, iso_two_letter="A"),
+                Country(description="a", iso_two_letter="B"),
+                Country(description="Ж" * 2001, iso_two_letter="C"),
+                Country(description="Ж", iso_two_letter="D"),
+            ]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(Country.objects.count(), 4)
 
     def test_multi_table_inheritance_unsupported(self):
         expected_message = "Can't bulk create a multi-table inherited model"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, expected_message):
-            Pizzeria.objects.bulk_create([
-                Pizzeria(name="The Art of Pizza"),
-            ])
+            Pizzeria.objects.bulk_create(
+                [
+                    Pizzeria(name="The Art of Pizza"),
+                ]
+            )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, expected_message):
-            ProxyMultiCountry.objects.bulk_create([
-                ProxyMultiCountry(name="Fillory", iso_two_letter="FL"),
-            ])
+            ProxyMultiCountry.objects.bulk_create(
+                [
+                    ProxyMultiCountry(name="Fillory", iso_two_letter="FL"),
+                ]
+            )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, expected_message):
-            ProxyMultiProxyCountry.objects.bulk_create([
-                ProxyMultiProxyCountry(name="Fillory", iso_two_letter="FL"),
-            ])
+            ProxyMultiProxyCountry.objects.bulk_create(
+                [
+                    ProxyMultiProxyCountry(name="Fillory", iso_two_letter="FL"),
+                ]
+            )
 
     def test_proxy_inheritance_supported(self):
-        ProxyCountry.objects.bulk_create([
-            ProxyCountry(name="Qwghlm", iso_two_letter="QW"),
-            Country(name="Tortall", iso_two_letter="TA"),
-        ])
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(ProxyCountry.objects.all(), {
-            "Qwghlm", "Tortall"
-        }, attrgetter("name"), ordered=False)
+        ProxyCountry.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                ProxyCountry(name="Qwghlm", iso_two_letter="QW"),
+                Country(name="Tortall", iso_two_letter="TA"),
+            ]
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            ProxyCountry.objects.all(),
+            {"Qwghlm", "Tortall"},
+            attrgetter("name"),
+            ordered=False,
+        )
 
-        ProxyProxyCountry.objects.bulk_create([
-            ProxyProxyCountry(name="Netherlands", iso_two_letter="NT"),
-        ])
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(ProxyProxyCountry.objects.all(), {
-            "Qwghlm", "Tortall", "Netherlands",
-        }, attrgetter("name"), ordered=False)
+        ProxyProxyCountry.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                ProxyProxyCountry(name="Netherlands", iso_two_letter="NT"),
+            ]
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            ProxyProxyCountry.objects.all(),
+            {
+                "Qwghlm",
+                "Tortall",
+                "Netherlands",
+            },
+            attrgetter("name"),
+            ordered=False,
+        )
 
     def test_non_auto_increment_pk(self):
-        State.objects.bulk_create([
-            State(two_letter_code=s)
-            for s in ["IL", "NY", "CA", "ME"]
-        ])
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(State.objects.order_by("two_letter_code"), [
-            "CA", "IL", "ME", "NY",
-        ], attrgetter("two_letter_code"))
+        State.objects.bulk_create(
+            [State(two_letter_code=s) for s in ["IL", "NY", "CA", "ME"]]
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            State.objects.order_by("two_letter_code"),
+            [
+                "CA",
+                "IL",
+                "ME",
+                "NY",
+            ],
+            attrgetter("two_letter_code"),
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_bulk_insert')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_bulk_insert")
     def test_non_auto_increment_pk_efficiency(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            State.objects.bulk_create([
-                State(two_letter_code=s)
-                for s in ["IL", "NY", "CA", "ME"]
-            ])
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(State.objects.order_by("two_letter_code"), [
-            "CA", "IL", "ME", "NY",
-        ], attrgetter("two_letter_code"))
+            State.objects.bulk_create(
+                [State(two_letter_code=s) for s in ["IL", "NY", "CA", "ME"]]
+            )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            State.objects.order_by("two_letter_code"),
+            [
+                "CA",
+                "IL",
+                "ME",
+                "NY",
+            ],
+            attrgetter("two_letter_code"),
+        )
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('allows_auto_pk_0')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("allows_auto_pk_0")
     def test_zero_as_autoval(self):
         """
         Zero as id for AutoField should raise exception in MySQL, because MySQL
         does not allow zero for automatic primary key if the
         NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO SQL mode is not enabled.
         """
-        valid_country = Country(name='Germany', iso_two_letter='DE')
-        invalid_country = Country(id=0, name='Poland', iso_two_letter='PL')
-        msg = 'The database backend does not accept 0 as a value for AutoField.'
+        valid_country = Country(name="Germany", iso_two_letter="DE")
+        invalid_country = Country(id=0, name="Poland", iso_two_letter="PL")
+        msg = "The database backend does not accept 0 as a value for AutoField."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             Country.objects.bulk_create([valid_country, invalid_country])
 
     def test_batch_same_vals(self):
         # SQLite had a problem where all the same-valued models were
         # collapsed to one insert.
-        Restaurant.objects.bulk_create([
-            Restaurant(name='foo') for i in range(0, 2)
-        ])
+        Restaurant.objects.bulk_create([Restaurant(name="foo") for i in range(0, 2)])
         self.assertEqual(Restaurant.objects.count(), 2)
 
     def test_large_batch(self):
-        TwoFields.objects.bulk_create([
-            TwoFields(f1=i, f2=i + 1) for i in range(0, 1001)
-        ])
+        TwoFields.objects.bulk_create(
+            [TwoFields(f1=i, f2=i + 1) for i in range(0, 1001)]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(TwoFields.objects.count(), 1001)
         self.assertEqual(
-            TwoFields.objects.filter(f1__gte=450, f1__lte=550).count(),
-            101)
+            TwoFields.objects.filter(f1__gte=450, f1__lte=550).count(), 101
+        )
         self.assertEqual(TwoFields.objects.filter(f2__gte=901).count(), 101)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_bulk_insert')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_bulk_insert")
     def test_large_single_field_batch(self):
         # SQLite had a problem with more than 500 UNIONed selects in single
         # query.
-        Restaurant.objects.bulk_create([
-            Restaurant() for i in range(0, 501)
-        ])
+        Restaurant.objects.bulk_create([Restaurant() for i in range(0, 501)])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_bulk_insert')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_bulk_insert")
     def test_large_batch_efficiency(self):
         with override_settings(DEBUG=True):
             connection.queries_log.clear()
-            TwoFields.objects.bulk_create([
-                TwoFields(f1=i, f2=i + 1) for i in range(0, 1001)
-            ])
+            TwoFields.objects.bulk_create(
+                [TwoFields(f1=i, f2=i + 1) for i in range(0, 1001)]
+            )
             self.assertLess(len(connection.queries), 10)
 
     def test_large_batch_mixed(self):
@@ -169,10 +223,12 @@ class BulkCreateTests(TestCase):
         Test inserting a large batch with objects having primary key set
         mixed together with objects without PK set.
         """
-        TwoFields.objects.bulk_create([
-            TwoFields(id=i if i % 2 == 0 else None, f1=i, f2=i + 1)
-            for i in range(100000, 101000)
-        ])
+        TwoFields.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                TwoFields(id=i if i % 2 == 0 else None, f1=i, f2=i + 1)
+                for i in range(100000, 101000)
+            ]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(TwoFields.objects.count(), 1000)
         # We can't assume much about the ID's created, except that the above
         # created IDs must exist.
@@ -180,7 +236,7 @@ class BulkCreateTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(TwoFields.objects.filter(id__in=id_range).count(), 500)
         self.assertEqual(TwoFields.objects.exclude(id__in=id_range).count(), 500)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_bulk_insert')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_bulk_insert")
     def test_large_batch_mixed_efficiency(self):
         """
         Test inserting a large batch with objects having primary key set
@@ -188,9 +244,12 @@ class BulkCreateTests(TestCase):
         """
         with override_settings(DEBUG=True):
             connection.queries_log.clear()
-            TwoFields.objects.bulk_create([
-                TwoFields(id=i if i % 2 == 0 else None, f1=i, f2=i + 1)
-                for i in range(100000, 101000)])
+            TwoFields.objects.bulk_create(
+                [
+                    TwoFields(id=i if i % 2 == 0 else None, f1=i, f2=i + 1)
+                    for i in range(100000, 101000)
+                ]
+            )
             self.assertLess(len(connection.queries), 10)
 
     def test_explicit_batch_size(self):
@@ -212,7 +271,7 @@ class BulkCreateTests(TestCase):
         NoFields.objects.bulk_create([NoFields() for i in range(2)])
         self.assertEqual(NoFields.objects.count(), 2)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_bulk_insert')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_bulk_insert")
     def test_explicit_batch_size_efficiency(self):
         objs = [TwoFields(f1=i, f2=i) for i in range(0, 100)]
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
@@ -221,50 +280,59 @@ class BulkCreateTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             TwoFields.objects.bulk_create(objs, len(objs))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_bulk_insert')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_bulk_insert")
     def test_explicit_batch_size_respects_max_batch_size(self):
-        objs = [Country(name=f'Country {i}') for i in range(1000)]
-        fields = ['name', 'iso_two_letter', 'description']
+        objs = [Country(name=f"Country {i}") for i in range(1000)]
+        fields = ["name", "iso_two_letter", "description"]
         max_batch_size = max(connection.ops.bulk_batch_size(fields, objs), 1)
         with self.assertNumQueries(ceil(len(objs) / max_batch_size)):
             Country.objects.bulk_create(objs, batch_size=max_batch_size + 1)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_bulk_insert')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_bulk_insert")
     def test_bulk_insert_expressions(self):
-        Restaurant.objects.bulk_create([
-            Restaurant(name="Sam's Shake Shack"),
-            Restaurant(name=Lower(Value("Betty's Beetroot Bar")))
-        ])
+        Restaurant.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Restaurant(name="Sam's Shake Shack"),
+                Restaurant(name=Lower(Value("Betty's Beetroot Bar"))),
+            ]
+        )
         bbb = Restaurant.objects.filter(name="betty's beetroot bar")
         self.assertEqual(bbb.count(), 1)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_bulk_insert')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_bulk_insert")
     def test_bulk_insert_nullable_fields(self):
         fk_to_auto_fields = {
-            'auto_field': NoFields.objects.create(),
-            'small_auto_field': SmallAutoFieldModel.objects.create(),
-            'big_auto_field': BigAutoFieldModel.objects.create(),
+            "auto_field": NoFields.objects.create(),
+            "small_auto_field": SmallAutoFieldModel.objects.create(),
+            "big_auto_field": BigAutoFieldModel.objects.create(),
         }
         # NULL can be mixed with other values in nullable fields
-        nullable_fields = [field for field in NullableFields._meta.get_fields() if field.name != 'id']
-        NullableFields.objects.bulk_create([
-            NullableFields(**{**fk_to_auto_fields, field.name: None})
-            for field in nullable_fields
-        ])
+        nullable_fields = [
+            field for field in NullableFields._meta.get_fields() if field.name != "id"
+        ]
+        NullableFields.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                NullableFields(**{**fk_to_auto_fields, field.name: None})
+                for field in nullable_fields
+            ]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(NullableFields.objects.count(), len(nullable_fields))
         for field in nullable_fields:
             with self.subTest(field=field):
-                field_value = '' if isinstance(field, FileField) else None
-                self.assertEqual(NullableFields.objects.filter(**{field.name: field_value}).count(), 1)
+                field_value = "" if isinstance(field, FileField) else None
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    NullableFields.objects.filter(**{field.name: field_value}).count(),
+                    1,
+                )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert")
     def test_set_pk_and_insert_single_item(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             countries = Country.objects.bulk_create([self.data[0]])
         self.assertEqual(len(countries), 1)
         self.assertEqual(Country.objects.get(pk=countries[0].pk), countries[0])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert")
     def test_set_pk_and_query_efficiency(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             countries = Country.objects.bulk_create(self.data)
@@ -274,10 +342,10 @@ class BulkCreateTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(Country.objects.get(pk=countries[2].pk), countries[2])
         self.assertEqual(Country.objects.get(pk=countries[3].pk), countries[3])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert")
     def test_set_state(self):
-        country_nl = Country(name='Netherlands', iso_two_letter='NL')
-        country_be = Country(name='Belgium', iso_two_letter='BE')
+        country_nl = Country(name="Netherlands", iso_two_letter="NL")
+        country_be = Country(name="Belgium", iso_two_letter="BE")
         Country.objects.bulk_create([country_nl])
         country_be.save()
         # Objects save via bulk_create() and save() should have equal state.
@@ -285,21 +353,21 @@ class BulkCreateTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(country_nl._state.db, country_be._state.db)
 
     def test_set_state_with_pk_specified(self):
-        state_ca = State(two_letter_code='CA')
-        state_ny = State(two_letter_code='NY')
+        state_ca = State(two_letter_code="CA")
+        state_ny = State(two_letter_code="NY")
         State.objects.bulk_create([state_ca])
         state_ny.save()
         # Objects save via bulk_create() and save() should have equal state.
         self.assertEqual(state_ca._state.adding, state_ny._state.adding)
         self.assertEqual(state_ca._state.db, state_ny._state.db)
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_ignore_conflicts')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_ignore_conflicts")
     def test_ignore_conflicts_value_error(self):
-        message = 'This database backend does not support ignoring conflicts.'
+        message = "This database backend does not support ignoring conflicts."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, message):
             TwoFields.objects.bulk_create(self.data, ignore_conflicts=True)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_ignore_conflicts')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_ignore_conflicts")
     def test_ignore_conflicts_ignore(self):
         data = [
             TwoFields(f1=1, f2=1),
@@ -320,7 +388,9 @@ class BulkCreateTests(TestCase):
         self.assertIsNone(conflicting_objects[1].pk)
         # New objects are created and conflicts are ignored.
         new_object = TwoFields(f1=4, f2=4)
-        TwoFields.objects.bulk_create(conflicting_objects + [new_object], ignore_conflicts=True)
+        TwoFields.objects.bulk_create(
+            conflicting_objects + [new_object], ignore_conflicts=True
+        )
         self.assertEqual(TwoFields.objects.count(), 4)
         self.assertIsNone(new_object.pk)
         # Without ignore_conflicts=True, there's a problem.
@@ -335,7 +405,7 @@ class BulkCreateTests(TestCase):
         child = NullableFields.objects.get(integer_field=88)
         self.assertEqual(child.auto_field, parent)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert")
     def test_nullable_fk_after_parent_bulk_create(self):
         parent = NoFields()
         child = NullableFields(auto_field=parent, integer_field=88)
@@ -354,19 +424,19 @@ class BulkCreateTests(TestCase):
             NullableFields.objects.bulk_create([NullableFields(auto_field=parent)])
 
     def test_invalid_batch_size_exception(self):
-        msg = 'Batch size must be a positive integer.'
+        msg = "Batch size must be a positive integer."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             Country.objects.bulk_create([], batch_size=-1)
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_update_conflicts')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_update_conflicts")
     def test_update_conflicts_unsupported(self):
-        msg = 'This database backend does not support updating conflicts.'
+        msg = "This database backend does not support updating conflicts."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
             Country.objects.bulk_create(self.data, update_conflicts=True)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_ignore_conflicts', 'supports_update_conflicts')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_ignore_conflicts", "supports_update_conflicts")
     def test_ignore_update_conflicts_exclusive(self):
-        msg = 'ignore_conflicts and update_conflicts are mutually exclusive'
+        msg = "ignore_conflicts and update_conflicts are mutually exclusive"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             Country.objects.bulk_create(
                 self.data,
@@ -374,155 +444,166 @@ class BulkCreateTests(TestCase):
                 update_conflicts=True,
             )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_update_conflicts')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_update_conflicts")
     def test_update_conflicts_no_update_fields(self):
         msg = (
-            'Fields that will be updated when a row insertion fails on '
-            'conflicts must be provided.'
+            "Fields that will be updated when a row insertion fails on "
+            "conflicts must be provided."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             Country.objects.bulk_create(self.data, update_conflicts=True)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_update_conflicts')
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_update_conflicts_with_target')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_update_conflicts")
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_update_conflicts_with_target")
     def test_update_conflicts_unique_field_unsupported(self):
         msg = (
-            'This database backend does not support updating conflicts with '
-            'specifying unique fields that can trigger the upsert.'
+            "This database backend does not support updating conflicts with "
+            "specifying unique fields that can trigger the upsert."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
             TwoFields.objects.bulk_create(
                 [TwoFields(f1=1, f2=1), TwoFields(f1=2, f2=2)],
                 update_conflicts=True,
-                update_fields=['f2'],
-                unique_fields=['f1'],
+                update_fields=["f2"],
+                unique_fields=["f1"],
             )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_update_conflicts')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_update_conflicts")
     def test_update_conflicts_nonexistent_update_fields(self):
         unique_fields = None
         if connection.features.supports_update_conflicts_with_target:
-            unique_fields = ['f1']
+            unique_fields = ["f1"]
         msg = "TwoFields has no field named 'nonexistent'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldDoesNotExist, msg):
             TwoFields.objects.bulk_create(
                 [TwoFields(f1=1, f2=1), TwoFields(f1=2, f2=2)],
                 update_conflicts=True,
-                update_fields=['nonexistent'],
+                update_fields=["nonexistent"],
                 unique_fields=unique_fields,
             )
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature(
-        'supports_update_conflicts', 'supports_update_conflicts_with_target',
+        "supports_update_conflicts",
+        "supports_update_conflicts_with_target",
     )
     def test_update_conflicts_unique_fields_required(self):
-        msg = 'Unique fields that can trigger the upsert must be provided.'
+        msg = "Unique fields that can trigger the upsert must be provided."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             TwoFields.objects.bulk_create(
                 [TwoFields(f1=1, f2=1), TwoFields(f1=2, f2=2)],
                 update_conflicts=True,
-                update_fields=['f1'],
+                update_fields=["f1"],
             )
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature(
-        'supports_update_conflicts', 'supports_update_conflicts_with_target',
+        "supports_update_conflicts",
+        "supports_update_conflicts_with_target",
     )
     def test_update_conflicts_invalid_update_fields(self):
-        msg = (
-            'bulk_create() can only be used with concrete fields in update_fields.'
-        )
+        msg = "bulk_create() can only be used with concrete fields in update_fields."
         # Reverse one-to-one relationship.
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             Country.objects.bulk_create(
                 self.data,
                 update_conflicts=True,
-                update_fields=['relatedmodel'],
-                unique_fields=['pk'],
+                update_fields=["relatedmodel"],
+                unique_fields=["pk"],
             )
         # Many-to-many relationship.
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             RelatedModel.objects.bulk_create(
                 [RelatedModel(country=self.data[0])],
                 update_conflicts=True,
-                update_fields=['big_auto_fields'],
-                unique_fields=['country'],
+                update_fields=["big_auto_fields"],
+                unique_fields=["country"],
             )
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature(
-        'supports_update_conflicts', 'supports_update_conflicts_with_target',
+        "supports_update_conflicts",
+        "supports_update_conflicts_with_target",
     )
     def test_update_conflicts_pk_in_update_fields(self):
-        msg = 'bulk_create() cannot be used with primary keys in update_fields.'
+        msg = "bulk_create() cannot be used with primary keys in update_fields."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             BigAutoFieldModel.objects.bulk_create(
                 [BigAutoFieldModel()],
                 update_conflicts=True,
-                update_fields=['id'],
-                unique_fields=['id'],
+                update_fields=["id"],
+                unique_fields=["id"],
             )
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature(
-        'supports_update_conflicts', 'supports_update_conflicts_with_target',
+        "supports_update_conflicts",
+        "supports_update_conflicts_with_target",
     )
     def test_update_conflicts_invalid_unique_fields(self):
-        msg = (
-            'bulk_create() can only be used with concrete fields in unique_fields.'
-        )
+        msg = "bulk_create() can only be used with concrete fields in unique_fields."
         # Reverse one-to-one relationship.
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             Country.objects.bulk_create(
                 self.data,
                 update_conflicts=True,
-                update_fields=['name'],
-                unique_fields=['relatedmodel'],
+                update_fields=["name"],
+                unique_fields=["relatedmodel"],
             )
         # Many-to-many relationship.
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             RelatedModel.objects.bulk_create(
                 [RelatedModel(country=self.data[0])],
                 update_conflicts=True,
-                update_fields=['name'],
-                unique_fields=['big_auto_fields'],
+                update_fields=["name"],
+                unique_fields=["big_auto_fields"],
             )
 
     def _test_update_conflicts_two_fields(self, unique_fields):
-        TwoFields.objects.bulk_create([
-            TwoFields(f1=1, f2=1, name='a'),
-            TwoFields(f1=2, f2=2, name='b'),
-        ])
+        TwoFields.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                TwoFields(f1=1, f2=1, name="a"),
+                TwoFields(f1=2, f2=2, name="b"),
+            ]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(TwoFields.objects.count(), 2)
 
         conflicting_objects = [
-            TwoFields(f1=1, f2=1, name='c'),
-            TwoFields(f1=2, f2=2, name='d'),
+            TwoFields(f1=1, f2=1, name="c"),
+            TwoFields(f1=2, f2=2, name="d"),
         ]
         TwoFields.objects.bulk_create(
             conflicting_objects,
             update_conflicts=True,
             unique_fields=unique_fields,
-            update_fields=['name'],
+            update_fields=["name"],
         )
         self.assertEqual(TwoFields.objects.count(), 2)
-        self.assertCountEqual(TwoFields.objects.values('f1', 'f2', 'name'), [
-            {'f1': 1, 'f2': 1, 'name': 'c'},
-            {'f1': 2, 'f2': 2, 'name': 'd'},
-        ])
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            TwoFields.objects.values("f1", "f2", "name"),
+            [
+                {"f1": 1, "f2": 1, "name": "c"},
+                {"f1": 2, "f2": 2, "name": "d"},
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_update_conflicts', 'supports_update_conflicts_with_target')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature(
+        "supports_update_conflicts", "supports_update_conflicts_with_target"
+    )
     def test_update_conflicts_two_fields_unique_fields_first(self):
-        self._test_update_conflicts_two_fields(['f1'])
+        self._test_update_conflicts_two_fields(["f1"])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_update_conflicts', 'supports_update_conflicts_with_target')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature(
+        "supports_update_conflicts", "supports_update_conflicts_with_target"
+    )
     def test_update_conflicts_two_fields_unique_fields_second(self):
-        self._test_update_conflicts_two_fields(['f2'])
+        self._test_update_conflicts_two_fields(["f2"])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_update_conflicts', 'supports_update_conflicts_with_target')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature(
+        "supports_update_conflicts", "supports_update_conflicts_with_target"
+    )
     def test_update_conflicts_two_fields_unique_fields_both(self):
         with self.assertRaises((OperationalError, ProgrammingError)):
-            self._test_update_conflicts_two_fields(['f1', 'f2'])
+            self._test_update_conflicts_two_fields(["f1", "f2"])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_update_conflicts')
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_update_conflicts_with_target')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_update_conflicts")
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_update_conflicts_with_target")
     def test_update_conflicts_two_fields_no_unique_fields(self):
         self._test_update_conflicts_two_fields([])
 
@@ -532,99 +613,129 @@ class BulkCreateTests(TestCase):
 
         new_data = [
             # Conflicting countries.
-            Country(name='Germany', iso_two_letter='DE', description=(
-                'Germany is a country in Central Europe.'
-            )),
-            Country(name='Czech Republic', iso_two_letter='CZ', description=(
-                'The Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe.'
-            )),
+            Country(
+                name="Germany",
+                iso_two_letter="DE",
+                description=("Germany is a country in Central Europe."),
+            ),
+            Country(
+                name="Czech Republic",
+                iso_two_letter="CZ",
+                description=(
+                    "The Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe."
+                ),
+            ),
             # New countries.
-            Country(name='Australia', iso_two_letter='AU'),
-            Country(name='Japan', iso_two_letter='JP', description=(
-                'Japan is an island country in East Asia.'
-            )),
+            Country(name="Australia", iso_two_letter="AU"),
+            Country(
+                name="Japan",
+                iso_two_letter="JP",
+                description=("Japan is an island country in East Asia."),
+            ),
         ]
         Country.objects.bulk_create(
             new_data,
             update_conflicts=True,
-            update_fields=['description'],
+            update_fields=["description"],
             unique_fields=unique_fields,
         )
         self.assertEqual(Country.objects.count(), 6)
-        self.assertCountEqual(Country.objects.values('iso_two_letter', 'description'), [
-            {'iso_two_letter': 'US', 'description': ''},
-            {'iso_two_letter': 'NL', 'description': ''},
-            {'iso_two_letter': 'DE', 'description': (
-                'Germany is a country in Central Europe.'
-            )},
-            {'iso_two_letter': 'CZ', 'description': (
-                'The Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe.'
-            )},
-            {'iso_two_letter': 'AU', 'description': ''},
-            {'iso_two_letter': 'JP', 'description': (
-                'Japan is an island country in East Asia.'
-            )},
-        ])
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            Country.objects.values("iso_two_letter", "description"),
+            [
+                {"iso_two_letter": "US", "description": ""},
+                {"iso_two_letter": "NL", "description": ""},
+                {
+                    "iso_two_letter": "DE",
+                    "description": ("Germany is a country in Central Europe."),
+                },
+                {
+                    "iso_two_letter": "CZ",
+                    "description": (
+                        "The Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe."
+                    ),
+                },
+                {"iso_two_letter": "AU", "description": ""},
+                {
+                    "iso_two_letter": "JP",
+                    "description": ("Japan is an island country in East Asia."),
+                },
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_update_conflicts', 'supports_update_conflicts_with_target')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature(
+        "supports_update_conflicts", "supports_update_conflicts_with_target"
+    )
     def test_update_conflicts_unique_two_fields_unique_fields_both(self):
-        self._test_update_conflicts_unique_two_fields(['iso_two_letter', 'name'])
+        self._test_update_conflicts_unique_two_fields(["iso_two_letter", "name"])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_update_conflicts', 'supports_update_conflicts_with_target')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature(
+        "supports_update_conflicts", "supports_update_conflicts_with_target"
+    )
     def test_update_conflicts_unique_two_fields_unique_fields_one(self):
         with self.assertRaises((OperationalError, ProgrammingError)):
-            self._test_update_conflicts_unique_two_fields(['iso_two_letter'])
+            self._test_update_conflicts_unique_two_fields(["iso_two_letter"])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_update_conflicts')
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_update_conflicts_with_target')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_update_conflicts")
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_update_conflicts_with_target")
     def test_update_conflicts_unique_two_fields_unique_no_unique_fields(self):
         self._test_update_conflicts_unique_two_fields([])
 
     def _test_update_conflicts(self, unique_fields):
-        UpsertConflict.objects.bulk_create([
-            UpsertConflict(number=1, rank=1, name='John'),
-            UpsertConflict(number=2, rank=2, name='Mary'),
-            UpsertConflict(number=3, rank=3, name='Hannah'),
-        ])
+        UpsertConflict.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                UpsertConflict(number=1, rank=1, name="John"),
+                UpsertConflict(number=2, rank=2, name="Mary"),
+                UpsertConflict(number=3, rank=3, name="Hannah"),
+            ]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(UpsertConflict.objects.count(), 3)
 
         conflicting_objects = [
-            UpsertConflict(number=1, rank=4, name='Steve'),
-            UpsertConflict(number=2, rank=2, name='Olivia'),
-            UpsertConflict(number=3, rank=1, name='Hannah'),
+            UpsertConflict(number=1, rank=4, name="Steve"),
+            UpsertConflict(number=2, rank=2, name="Olivia"),
+            UpsertConflict(number=3, rank=1, name="Hannah"),
         ]
         UpsertConflict.objects.bulk_create(
             conflicting_objects,
             update_conflicts=True,
-            update_fields=['name', 'rank'],
+            update_fields=["name", "rank"],
             unique_fields=unique_fields,
         )
         self.assertEqual(UpsertConflict.objects.count(), 3)
-        self.assertCountEqual(UpsertConflict.objects.values('number', 'rank', 'name'), [
-            {'number': 1, 'rank': 4, 'name': 'Steve'},
-            {'number': 2, 'rank': 2, 'name': 'Olivia'},
-            {'number': 3, 'rank': 1, 'name': 'Hannah'},
-        ])
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            UpsertConflict.objects.values("number", "rank", "name"),
+            [
+                {"number": 1, "rank": 4, "name": "Steve"},
+                {"number": 2, "rank": 2, "name": "Olivia"},
+                {"number": 3, "rank": 1, "name": "Hannah"},
+            ],
+        )
 
         UpsertConflict.objects.bulk_create(
-            conflicting_objects + [UpsertConflict(number=4, rank=4, name='Mark')],
+            conflicting_objects + [UpsertConflict(number=4, rank=4, name="Mark")],
             update_conflicts=True,
-            update_fields=['name', 'rank'],
+            update_fields=["name", "rank"],
             unique_fields=unique_fields,
         )
         self.assertEqual(UpsertConflict.objects.count(), 4)
-        self.assertCountEqual(UpsertConflict.objects.values('number', 'rank', 'name'), [
-            {'number': 1, 'rank': 4, 'name': 'Steve'},
-            {'number': 2, 'rank': 2, 'name': 'Olivia'},
-            {'number': 3, 'rank': 1, 'name': 'Hannah'},
-            {'number': 4, 'rank': 4, 'name': 'Mark'},
-        ])
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            UpsertConflict.objects.values("number", "rank", "name"),
+            [
+                {"number": 1, "rank": 4, "name": "Steve"},
+                {"number": 2, "rank": 2, "name": "Olivia"},
+                {"number": 3, "rank": 1, "name": "Hannah"},
+                {"number": 4, "rank": 4, "name": "Mark"},
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_update_conflicts', 'supports_update_conflicts_with_target')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature(
+        "supports_update_conflicts", "supports_update_conflicts_with_target"
+    )
     def test_update_conflicts_unique_fields(self):
-        self._test_update_conflicts(unique_fields=['number'])
+        self._test_update_conflicts(unique_fields=["number"])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_update_conflicts')
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_update_conflicts_with_target')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_update_conflicts")
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_update_conflicts_with_target")
     def test_update_conflicts_no_unique_fields(self):
         self._test_update_conflicts([])
diff --git a/tests/cache/models.py b/tests/cache/models.py
index 349fd87473..e0aa6ab4df 100644
--- a/tests/cache/models.py
+++ b/tests/cache/models.py
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ def expensive_calculation():
 class Poll(models.Model):
     question = models.CharField(max_length=200)
     answer = models.CharField(max_length=200)
-    pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published', default=expensive_calculation)
+    pub_date = models.DateTimeField("date published", default=expensive_calculation)
diff --git a/tests/cache/tests.py b/tests/cache/tests.py
index 6327698dfa..d010bc0708 100644
--- a/tests/cache/tests.py
+++ b/tests/cache/tests.py
@@ -17,7 +17,11 @@ from unittest import mock, skipIf
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core import management, signals
 from django.core.cache import (
-    DEFAULT_CACHE_ALIAS, CacheHandler, CacheKeyWarning, InvalidCacheKey, cache,
+    DEFAULT_CACHE_ALIAS,
+    CacheHandler,
+    CacheKeyWarning,
+    InvalidCacheKey,
+    cache,
     caches,
 )
 from django.core.cache.backends.base import InvalidCacheBackendError
@@ -26,24 +30,35 @@ from django.core.cache.utils import make_template_fragment_key
 from django.db import close_old_connections, connection, connections
 from django.db.backends.utils import CursorWrapper
 from django.http import (
-    HttpRequest, HttpResponse, HttpResponseNotModified, StreamingHttpResponse,
+    HttpRequest,
+    HttpResponse,
+    HttpResponseNotModified,
+    StreamingHttpResponse,
 )
 from django.middleware.cache import (
-    CacheMiddleware, FetchFromCacheMiddleware, UpdateCacheMiddleware,
+    CacheMiddleware,
+    FetchFromCacheMiddleware,
+    UpdateCacheMiddleware,
 )
 from django.middleware.csrf import CsrfViewMiddleware
 from django.template import engines
 from django.template.context_processors import csrf
 from django.template.response import TemplateResponse
 from django.test import (
-    RequestFactory, SimpleTestCase, TestCase, TransactionTestCase,
+    RequestFactory,
+    SimpleTestCase,
+    TestCase,
+    TransactionTestCase,
     override_settings,
 )
 from django.test.signals import setting_changed
 from django.test.utils import CaptureQueriesContext
 from django.utils import timezone, translation
 from django.utils.cache import (
-    get_cache_key, learn_cache_key, patch_cache_control, patch_vary_headers,
+    get_cache_key,
+    learn_cache_key,
+    patch_cache_control,
+    patch_vary_headers,
 )
 from django.views.decorators.cache import cache_control, cache_page
 
@@ -70,15 +85,17 @@ def empty_response(request):
 
 
 KEY_ERRORS_WITH_MEMCACHED_MSG = (
-    'Cache key contains characters that will cause errors if used with memcached: %r'
+    "Cache key contains characters that will cause errors if used with memcached: %r"
 )
 
 
-@override_settings(CACHES={
-    'default': {
-        'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.dummy.DummyCache',
+@override_settings(
+    CACHES={
+        "default": {
+            "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.dummy.DummyCache",
+        }
     }
-})
+)
 class DummyCacheTests(SimpleTestCase):
     # The Dummy cache backend doesn't really behave like a test backend,
     # so it has its own test case.
@@ -101,18 +118,18 @@ class DummyCacheTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_get_many(self):
         "get_many returns nothing for the dummy cache backend"
-        cache.set_many({'a': 'a', 'b': 'b', 'c': 'c', 'd': 'd'})
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(['a', 'c', 'd']), {})
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(['a', 'b', 'e']), {})
+        cache.set_many({"a": "a", "b": "b", "c": "c", "d": "d"})
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(["a", "c", "d"]), {})
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(["a", "b", "e"]), {})
 
     def test_get_many_invalid_key(self):
-        msg = KEY_ERRORS_WITH_MEMCACHED_MSG % ':1:key with spaces'
+        msg = KEY_ERRORS_WITH_MEMCACHED_MSG % ":1:key with spaces"
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(CacheKeyWarning, msg):
-            cache.get_many(['key with spaces'])
+            cache.get_many(["key with spaces"])
 
     def test_delete(self):
         "Cache deletion is transparently ignored on the dummy cache backend"
-        cache.set_many({'key1': 'spam', 'key2': 'eggs'})
+        cache.set_many({"key1": "spam", "key2": "eggs"})
         self.assertIsNone(cache.get("key1"))
         self.assertIs(cache.delete("key1"), False)
         self.assertIsNone(cache.get("key1"))
@@ -132,39 +149,39 @@ class DummyCacheTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_incr(self):
         "Dummy cache values can't be incremented"
-        cache.set('answer', 42)
+        cache.set("answer", 42)
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            cache.incr('answer')
+            cache.incr("answer")
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            cache.incr('does_not_exist')
+            cache.incr("does_not_exist")
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            cache.incr('does_not_exist', -1)
+            cache.incr("does_not_exist", -1)
 
     def test_decr(self):
         "Dummy cache values can't be decremented"
-        cache.set('answer', 42)
+        cache.set("answer", 42)
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            cache.decr('answer')
+            cache.decr("answer")
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            cache.decr('does_not_exist')
+            cache.decr("does_not_exist")
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            cache.decr('does_not_exist', -1)
+            cache.decr("does_not_exist", -1)
 
     def test_touch(self):
         """Dummy cache can't do touch()."""
-        self.assertIs(cache.touch('whatever'), False)
+        self.assertIs(cache.touch("whatever"), False)
 
     def test_data_types(self):
         "All data types are ignored equally by the dummy cache"
         tests = {
-            'string': 'this is a string',
-            'int': 42,
-            'bool': True,
-            'list': [1, 2, 3, 4],
-            'tuple': (1, 2, 3, 4),
-            'dict': {'A': 1, 'B': 2},
-            'function': f,
-            'class': C,
+            "string": "this is a string",
+            "int": 42,
+            "bool": True,
+            "list": [1, 2, 3, 4],
+            "tuple": (1, 2, 3, 4),
+            "dict": {"A": 1, "B": 2},
+            "function": f,
+            "class": C,
         }
         for key, value in tests.items():
             with self.subTest(key=key):
@@ -173,9 +190,9 @@ class DummyCacheTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_expiration(self):
         "Expiration has no effect on the dummy cache"
-        cache.set('expire1', 'very quickly', 1)
-        cache.set('expire2', 'very quickly', 1)
-        cache.set('expire3', 'very quickly', 1)
+        cache.set("expire1", "very quickly", 1)
+        cache.set("expire2", "very quickly", 1)
+        cache.set("expire3", "very quickly", 1)
 
         time.sleep(2)
         self.assertIsNone(cache.get("expire1"))
@@ -187,10 +204,10 @@ class DummyCacheTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_unicode(self):
         "Unicode values are ignored by the dummy cache"
         stuff = {
-            'ascii': 'ascii_value',
-            'unicode_ascii': 'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn1',
-            'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn': 'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn2',
-            'ascii2': {'x': 1}
+            "ascii": "ascii_value",
+            "unicode_ascii": "Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn1",
+            "Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn": "Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn2",
+            "ascii2": {"x": 1},
         }
         for (key, value) in stuff.items():
             with self.subTest(key=key):
@@ -199,22 +216,22 @@ class DummyCacheTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_set_many(self):
         "set_many does nothing for the dummy cache backend"
-        self.assertEqual(cache.set_many({'a': 1, 'b': 2}), [])
-        self.assertEqual(cache.set_many({'a': 1, 'b': 2}, timeout=2, version='1'), [])
+        self.assertEqual(cache.set_many({"a": 1, "b": 2}), [])
+        self.assertEqual(cache.set_many({"a": 1, "b": 2}, timeout=2, version="1"), [])
 
     def test_set_many_invalid_key(self):
-        msg = KEY_ERRORS_WITH_MEMCACHED_MSG % ':1:key with spaces'
+        msg = KEY_ERRORS_WITH_MEMCACHED_MSG % ":1:key with spaces"
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(CacheKeyWarning, msg):
-            cache.set_many({'key with spaces': 'foo'})
+            cache.set_many({"key with spaces": "foo"})
 
     def test_delete_many(self):
         "delete_many does nothing for the dummy cache backend"
-        cache.delete_many(['a', 'b'])
+        cache.delete_many(["a", "b"])
 
     def test_delete_many_invalid_key(self):
-        msg = KEY_ERRORS_WITH_MEMCACHED_MSG % ':1:key with spaces'
+        msg = KEY_ERRORS_WITH_MEMCACHED_MSG % ":1:key with spaces"
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(CacheKeyWarning, msg):
-            cache.delete_many(['key with spaces'])
+            cache.delete_many(["key with spaces"])
 
     def test_clear(self):
         "clear does nothing for the dummy cache backend"
@@ -222,45 +239,45 @@ class DummyCacheTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_incr_version(self):
         "Dummy cache versions can't be incremented"
-        cache.set('answer', 42)
+        cache.set("answer", 42)
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            cache.incr_version('answer')
+            cache.incr_version("answer")
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            cache.incr_version('does_not_exist')
+            cache.incr_version("does_not_exist")
 
     def test_decr_version(self):
         "Dummy cache versions can't be decremented"
-        cache.set('answer', 42)
+        cache.set("answer", 42)
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            cache.decr_version('answer')
+            cache.decr_version("answer")
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            cache.decr_version('does_not_exist')
+            cache.decr_version("does_not_exist")
 
     def test_get_or_set(self):
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_or_set('mykey', 'default'), 'default')
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get_or_set('mykey', None))
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get_or_set("mykey", "default"), "default")
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get_or_set("mykey", None))
 
     def test_get_or_set_callable(self):
         def my_callable():
-            return 'default'
+            return "default"
 
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_or_set('mykey', my_callable), 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_or_set('mykey', my_callable()), 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get_or_set("mykey", my_callable), "default")
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get_or_set("mykey", my_callable()), "default")
 
 
 def custom_key_func(key, key_prefix, version):
     "A customized cache key function"
-    return 'CUSTOM-' + '-'.join([key_prefix, str(version), key])
+    return "CUSTOM-" + "-".join([key_prefix, str(version), key])
 
 
 _caches_setting_base = {
-    'default': {},
-    'prefix': {'KEY_PREFIX': 'cacheprefix{}'.format(os.getpid())},
-    'v2': {'VERSION': 2},
-    'custom_key': {'KEY_FUNCTION': custom_key_func},
-    'custom_key2': {'KEY_FUNCTION': 'cache.tests.custom_key_func'},
-    'cull': {'OPTIONS': {'MAX_ENTRIES': 30}},
-    'zero_cull': {'OPTIONS': {'CULL_FREQUENCY': 0, 'MAX_ENTRIES': 30}},
+    "default": {},
+    "prefix": {"KEY_PREFIX": "cacheprefix{}".format(os.getpid())},
+    "v2": {"VERSION": 2},
+    "custom_key": {"KEY_FUNCTION": custom_key_func},
+    "custom_key2": {"KEY_FUNCTION": "cache.tests.custom_key_func"},
+    "cull": {"OPTIONS": {"MAX_ENTRIES": 30}},
+    "zero_cull": {"OPTIONS": {"CULL_FREQUENCY": 0, "MAX_ENTRIES": 30}},
 }
 
 
@@ -299,8 +316,8 @@ class BaseCacheTests:
 
     def test_default_used_when_none_is_set(self):
         """If None is cached, get() returns it instead of the default."""
-        cache.set('key_default_none', None)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('key_default_none', default='default'))
+        cache.set("key_default_none", None)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("key_default_none", default="default"))
 
     def test_add(self):
         # A key can be added to a cache
@@ -310,15 +327,15 @@ class BaseCacheTests:
 
     def test_prefix(self):
         # Test for same cache key conflicts between shared backend
-        cache.set('somekey', 'value')
+        cache.set("somekey", "value")
 
         # should not be set in the prefixed cache
-        self.assertIs(caches['prefix'].has_key('somekey'), False)
+        self.assertIs(caches["prefix"].has_key("somekey"), False)
 
-        caches['prefix'].set('somekey', 'value2')
+        caches["prefix"].set("somekey", "value2")
 
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('somekey'), 'value')
-        self.assertEqual(caches['prefix'].get('somekey'), 'value2')
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("somekey"), "value")
+        self.assertEqual(caches["prefix"].get("somekey"), "value2")
 
     def test_non_existent(self):
         """Nonexistent cache keys return as None/default."""
@@ -327,23 +344,25 @@ class BaseCacheTests:
 
     def test_get_many(self):
         # Multiple cache keys can be returned using get_many
-        cache.set_many({'a': 'a', 'b': 'b', 'c': 'c', 'd': 'd'})
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(['a', 'c', 'd']), {'a': 'a', 'c': 'c', 'd': 'd'})
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(['a', 'b', 'e']), {'a': 'a', 'b': 'b'})
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(iter(['a', 'b', 'e'])), {'a': 'a', 'b': 'b'})
-        cache.set_many({'x': None, 'y': 1})
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(['x', 'y']), {'x': None, 'y': 1})
+        cache.set_many({"a": "a", "b": "b", "c": "c", "d": "d"})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cache.get_many(["a", "c", "d"]), {"a": "a", "c": "c", "d": "d"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(["a", "b", "e"]), {"a": "a", "b": "b"})
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(iter(["a", "b", "e"])), {"a": "a", "b": "b"})
+        cache.set_many({"x": None, "y": 1})
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(["x", "y"]), {"x": None, "y": 1})
 
     def test_delete(self):
         # Cache keys can be deleted
-        cache.set_many({'key1': 'spam', 'key2': 'eggs'})
+        cache.set_many({"key1": "spam", "key2": "eggs"})
         self.assertEqual(cache.get("key1"), "spam")
         self.assertIs(cache.delete("key1"), True)
         self.assertIsNone(cache.get("key1"))
         self.assertEqual(cache.get("key2"), "eggs")
 
     def test_delete_nonexistent(self):
-        self.assertIs(cache.delete('nonexistent_key'), False)
+        self.assertIs(cache.delete("nonexistent_key"), False)
 
     def test_has_key(self):
         # The cache can be inspected for cache keys
@@ -352,64 +371,64 @@ class BaseCacheTests:
         self.assertIs(cache.has_key("goodbye1"), False)
         cache.set("no_expiry", "here", None)
         self.assertIs(cache.has_key("no_expiry"), True)
-        cache.set('null', None)
-        self.assertIs(cache.has_key('null'), True)
+        cache.set("null", None)
+        self.assertIs(cache.has_key("null"), True)
 
     def test_in(self):
         # The in operator can be used to inspect cache contents
         cache.set("hello2", "goodbye2")
         self.assertIn("hello2", cache)
         self.assertNotIn("goodbye2", cache)
-        cache.set('null', None)
-        self.assertIn('null', cache)
+        cache.set("null", None)
+        self.assertIn("null", cache)
 
     def test_incr(self):
         # Cache values can be incremented
-        cache.set('answer', 41)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.incr('answer'), 42)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer'), 42)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.incr('answer', 10), 52)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer'), 52)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.incr('answer', -10), 42)
+        cache.set("answer", 41)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.incr("answer"), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer"), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.incr("answer", 10), 52)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer"), 52)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.incr("answer", -10), 42)
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            cache.incr('does_not_exist')
+            cache.incr("does_not_exist")
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            cache.incr('does_not_exist', -1)
-        cache.set('null', None)
+            cache.incr("does_not_exist", -1)
+        cache.set("null", None)
         with self.assertRaises(self.incr_decr_type_error):
-            cache.incr('null')
+            cache.incr("null")
 
     def test_decr(self):
         # Cache values can be decremented
-        cache.set('answer', 43)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.decr('answer'), 42)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer'), 42)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.decr('answer', 10), 32)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer'), 32)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.decr('answer', -10), 42)
+        cache.set("answer", 43)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.decr("answer"), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer"), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.decr("answer", 10), 32)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer"), 32)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.decr("answer", -10), 42)
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            cache.decr('does_not_exist')
+            cache.decr("does_not_exist")
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            cache.incr('does_not_exist', -1)
-        cache.set('null', None)
+            cache.incr("does_not_exist", -1)
+        cache.set("null", None)
         with self.assertRaises(self.incr_decr_type_error):
-            cache.decr('null')
+            cache.decr("null")
 
     def test_close(self):
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(cache, 'close'))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(cache, "close"))
         cache.close()
 
     def test_data_types(self):
         # Many different data types can be cached
         tests = {
-            'string': 'this is a string',
-            'int': 42,
-            'bool': True,
-            'list': [1, 2, 3, 4],
-            'tuple': (1, 2, 3, 4),
-            'dict': {'A': 1, 'B': 2},
-            'function': f,
-            'class': C,
+            "string": "this is a string",
+            "int": 42,
+            "bool": True,
+            "list": [1, 2, 3, 4],
+            "tuple": (1, 2, 3, 4),
+            "dict": {"A": 1, "B": 2},
+            "function": f,
+            "class": C,
         }
         for key, value in tests.items():
             with self.subTest(key=key):
@@ -423,8 +442,8 @@ class BaseCacheTests:
         my_poll = Poll.objects.create(question="Well?")
         self.assertEqual(Poll.objects.count(), 1)
         pub_date = my_poll.pub_date
-        cache.set('question', my_poll)
-        cached_poll = cache.get('question')
+        cache.set("question", my_poll)
+        cached_poll = cache.get("question")
         self.assertEqual(cached_poll.pub_date, pub_date)
         # We only want the default expensive calculation run once
         self.assertEqual(expensive_calculation.num_runs, 1)
@@ -435,10 +454,10 @@ class BaseCacheTests:
         Poll.objects.all().delete()
         Poll.objects.create(question="What?")
         self.assertEqual(expensive_calculation.num_runs, 1)
-        defer_qs = Poll.objects.all().defer('question')
+        defer_qs = Poll.objects.all().defer("question")
         self.assertEqual(defer_qs.count(), 1)
         self.assertEqual(expensive_calculation.num_runs, 1)
-        cache.set('deferred_queryset', defer_qs)
+        cache.set("deferred_queryset", defer_qs)
         # cache set should not re-evaluate default functions
         self.assertEqual(expensive_calculation.num_runs, 1)
 
@@ -448,20 +467,20 @@ class BaseCacheTests:
         Poll.objects.all().delete()
         Poll.objects.create(question="What?")
         self.assertEqual(expensive_calculation.num_runs, 1)
-        defer_qs = Poll.objects.all().defer('question')
+        defer_qs = Poll.objects.all().defer("question")
         self.assertEqual(defer_qs.count(), 1)
-        cache.set('deferred_queryset', defer_qs)
+        cache.set("deferred_queryset", defer_qs)
         self.assertEqual(expensive_calculation.num_runs, 1)
         runs_before_cache_read = expensive_calculation.num_runs
-        cache.get('deferred_queryset')
+        cache.get("deferred_queryset")
         # We only want the default expensive calculation run on creation and set
         self.assertEqual(expensive_calculation.num_runs, runs_before_cache_read)
 
     def test_expiration(self):
         # Cache values can be set to expire
-        cache.set('expire1', 'very quickly', 1)
-        cache.set('expire2', 'very quickly', 1)
-        cache.set('expire3', 'very quickly', 1)
+        cache.set("expire1", "very quickly", 1)
+        cache.set("expire2", "very quickly", 1)
+        cache.set("expire3", "very quickly", 1)
 
         time.sleep(2)
         self.assertIsNone(cache.get("expire1"))
@@ -472,27 +491,27 @@ class BaseCacheTests:
 
     def test_touch(self):
         # cache.touch() updates the timeout.
-        cache.set('expire1', 'very quickly', timeout=1)
-        self.assertIs(cache.touch('expire1', timeout=4), True)
+        cache.set("expire1", "very quickly", timeout=1)
+        self.assertIs(cache.touch("expire1", timeout=4), True)
         time.sleep(2)
-        self.assertIs(cache.has_key('expire1'), True)
+        self.assertIs(cache.has_key("expire1"), True)
         time.sleep(3)
-        self.assertIs(cache.has_key('expire1'), False)
+        self.assertIs(cache.has_key("expire1"), False)
         # cache.touch() works without the timeout argument.
-        cache.set('expire1', 'very quickly', timeout=1)
-        self.assertIs(cache.touch('expire1'), True)
+        cache.set("expire1", "very quickly", timeout=1)
+        self.assertIs(cache.touch("expire1"), True)
         time.sleep(2)
-        self.assertIs(cache.has_key('expire1'), True)
+        self.assertIs(cache.has_key("expire1"), True)
 
-        self.assertIs(cache.touch('nonexistent'), False)
+        self.assertIs(cache.touch("nonexistent"), False)
 
     def test_unicode(self):
         # Unicode values can be cached
         stuff = {
-            'ascii': 'ascii_value',
-            'unicode_ascii': 'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn1',
-            'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn': 'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn2',
-            'ascii2': {'x': 1}
+            "ascii": "ascii_value",
+            "unicode_ascii": "Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn1",
+            "Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn": "Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn2",
+            "ascii2": {"x": 1},
         }
         # Test `set`
         for (key, value) in stuff.items():
@@ -518,24 +537,25 @@ class BaseCacheTests:
     def test_binary_string(self):
         # Binary strings should be cacheable
         from zlib import compress, decompress
-        value = 'value_to_be_compressed'
+
+        value = "value_to_be_compressed"
         compressed_value = compress(value.encode())
 
         # Test set
-        cache.set('binary1', compressed_value)
-        compressed_result = cache.get('binary1')
+        cache.set("binary1", compressed_value)
+        compressed_result = cache.get("binary1")
         self.assertEqual(compressed_value, compressed_result)
         self.assertEqual(value, decompress(compressed_result).decode())
 
         # Test add
-        self.assertIs(cache.add('binary1-add', compressed_value), True)
-        compressed_result = cache.get('binary1-add')
+        self.assertIs(cache.add("binary1-add", compressed_value), True)
+        compressed_result = cache.get("binary1-add")
         self.assertEqual(compressed_value, compressed_result)
         self.assertEqual(value, decompress(compressed_result).decode())
 
         # Test set_many
-        cache.set_many({'binary1-set_many': compressed_value})
-        compressed_result = cache.get('binary1-set_many')
+        cache.set_many({"binary1-set_many": compressed_value})
+        compressed_result = cache.get("binary1-set_many")
         self.assertEqual(compressed_value, compressed_result)
         self.assertEqual(value, decompress(compressed_result).decode())
 
@@ -547,7 +567,7 @@ class BaseCacheTests:
 
     def test_set_many_returns_empty_list_on_success(self):
         """set_many() returns an empty list when all keys are inserted."""
-        failing_keys = cache.set_many({'key1': 'spam', 'key2': 'eggs'})
+        failing_keys = cache.set_many({"key1": "spam", "key2": "eggs"})
         self.assertEqual(failing_keys, [])
 
     def test_set_many_expiration(self):
@@ -559,7 +579,7 @@ class BaseCacheTests:
 
     def test_delete_many(self):
         # Multiple keys can be deleted using delete_many
-        cache.set_many({'key1': 'spam', 'key2': 'eggs', 'key3': 'ham'})
+        cache.set_many({"key1": "spam", "key2": "eggs", "key3": "ham"})
         cache.delete_many(["key1", "key2"])
         self.assertIsNone(cache.get("key1"))
         self.assertIsNone(cache.get("key2"))
@@ -567,7 +587,7 @@ class BaseCacheTests:
 
     def test_clear(self):
         # The cache can be emptied using clear
-        cache.set_many({'key1': 'spam', 'key2': 'eggs'})
+        cache.set_many({"key1": "spam", "key2": "eggs"})
         cache.clear()
         self.assertIsNone(cache.get("key1"))
         self.assertIsNone(cache.get("key2"))
@@ -578,54 +598,56 @@ class BaseCacheTests:
         treated as an absolute expiration timestamp instead of a relative
         offset (#12399).
         """
-        cache.set('key1', 'eggs', 60 * 60 * 24 * 30 + 1)  # 30 days + 1 second
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('key1'), 'eggs')
+        cache.set("key1", "eggs", 60 * 60 * 24 * 30 + 1)  # 30 days + 1 second
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("key1"), "eggs")
 
-        self.assertIs(cache.add('key2', 'ham', 60 * 60 * 24 * 30 + 1), True)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('key2'), 'ham')
+        self.assertIs(cache.add("key2", "ham", 60 * 60 * 24 * 30 + 1), True)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("key2"), "ham")
 
-        cache.set_many({'key3': 'sausage', 'key4': 'lobster bisque'}, 60 * 60 * 24 * 30 + 1)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('key3'), 'sausage')
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('key4'), 'lobster bisque')
+        cache.set_many(
+            {"key3": "sausage", "key4": "lobster bisque"}, 60 * 60 * 24 * 30 + 1
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("key3"), "sausage")
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("key4"), "lobster bisque")
 
     def test_forever_timeout(self):
         """
         Passing in None into timeout results in a value that is cached forever
         """
-        cache.set('key1', 'eggs', None)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('key1'), 'eggs')
+        cache.set("key1", "eggs", None)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("key1"), "eggs")
 
-        self.assertIs(cache.add('key2', 'ham', None), True)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('key2'), 'ham')
-        self.assertIs(cache.add('key1', 'new eggs', None), False)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('key1'), 'eggs')
+        self.assertIs(cache.add("key2", "ham", None), True)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("key2"), "ham")
+        self.assertIs(cache.add("key1", "new eggs", None), False)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("key1"), "eggs")
 
-        cache.set_many({'key3': 'sausage', 'key4': 'lobster bisque'}, None)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('key3'), 'sausage')
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('key4'), 'lobster bisque')
+        cache.set_many({"key3": "sausage", "key4": "lobster bisque"}, None)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("key3"), "sausage")
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("key4"), "lobster bisque")
 
-        cache.set('key5', 'belgian fries', timeout=1)
-        self.assertIs(cache.touch('key5', timeout=None), True)
+        cache.set("key5", "belgian fries", timeout=1)
+        self.assertIs(cache.touch("key5", timeout=None), True)
         time.sleep(2)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('key5'), 'belgian fries')
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("key5"), "belgian fries")
 
     def test_zero_timeout(self):
         """
         Passing in zero into timeout results in a value that is not cached
         """
-        cache.set('key1', 'eggs', 0)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('key1'))
+        cache.set("key1", "eggs", 0)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("key1"))
 
-        self.assertIs(cache.add('key2', 'ham', 0), True)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('key2'))
+        self.assertIs(cache.add("key2", "ham", 0), True)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("key2"))
 
-        cache.set_many({'key3': 'sausage', 'key4': 'lobster bisque'}, 0)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('key3'))
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('key4'))
+        cache.set_many({"key3": "sausage", "key4": "lobster bisque"}, 0)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("key3"))
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("key4"))
 
-        cache.set('key5', 'belgian fries', timeout=5)
-        self.assertIs(cache.touch('key5', timeout=0), True)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('key5'))
+        cache.set("key5", "belgian fries", timeout=5)
+        self.assertIs(cache.touch("key5", timeout=0), True)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("key5"))
 
     def test_float_timeout(self):
         # Make sure a timeout given as a float doesn't crash anything.
@@ -641,31 +663,31 @@ class BaseCacheTests:
         # Create initial cache key entries. This will overflow the cache,
         # causing a cull.
         for i in range(1, initial_count):
-            cull_cache.set('cull%d' % i, 'value', 1000)
+            cull_cache.set("cull%d" % i, "value", 1000)
         count = 0
         # Count how many keys are left in the cache.
         for i in range(1, initial_count):
-            if cull_cache.has_key('cull%d' % i):
+            if cull_cache.has_key("cull%d" % i):
                 count += 1
         self.assertEqual(count, final_count)
 
     def test_cull(self):
-        self._perform_cull_test('cull', 50, 29)
+        self._perform_cull_test("cull", 50, 29)
 
     def test_zero_cull(self):
-        self._perform_cull_test('zero_cull', 50, 19)
+        self._perform_cull_test("zero_cull", 50, 19)
 
     def test_cull_delete_when_store_empty(self):
         try:
-            cull_cache = caches['cull']
+            cull_cache = caches["cull"]
         except InvalidCacheBackendError:
             self.skipTest("Culling isn't implemented.")
         old_max_entries = cull_cache._max_entries
         # Force _cull to delete on first cached record.
         cull_cache._max_entries = -1
         try:
-            cull_cache.set('force_cull_delete', 'value', 1000)
-            self.assertIs(cull_cache.has_key('force_cull_delete'), True)
+            cull_cache.set("force_cull_delete", "value", 1000)
+            self.assertIs(cull_cache.has_key("force_cull_delete"), True)
         finally:
             cull_cache._max_entries = old_max_entries
 
@@ -685,16 +707,16 @@ class BaseCacheTests:
         cache.key_func = key_func or func
 
         tests = [
-            ('add', [key, 1]),
-            ('get', [key]),
-            ('set', [key, 1]),
-            ('incr', [key]),
-            ('decr', [key]),
-            ('touch', [key]),
-            ('delete', [key]),
-            ('get_many', [[key, 'b']]),
-            ('set_many', [{key: 1, 'b': 2}]),
-            ('delete_many', [[key, 'b']]),
+            ("add", [key, 1]),
+            ("get", [key]),
+            ("set", [key, 1]),
+            ("incr", [key]),
+            ("decr", [key]),
+            ("touch", [key]),
+            ("delete", [key]),
+            ("get_many", [[key, "b"]]),
+            ("set_many", [{key: 1, "b": 2}]),
+            ("delete_many", [[key, "b"]]),
         ]
         try:
             for operation, args in tests:
@@ -707,15 +729,15 @@ class BaseCacheTests:
 
     def test_invalid_key_characters(self):
         # memcached doesn't allow whitespace or control characters in keys.
-        key = 'key with spaces and 清'
+        key = "key with spaces and 清"
         self._perform_invalid_key_test(key, KEY_ERRORS_WITH_MEMCACHED_MSG % key)
 
     def test_invalid_key_length(self):
         # memcached limits key length to 250.
-        key = ('a' * 250) + '清'
+        key = ("a" * 250) + "清"
         expected_warning = (
-            'Cache key will cause errors if used with memcached: '
-            '%r (longer than %s)' % (key, 250)
+            "Cache key will cause errors if used with memcached: "
+            "%r (longer than %s)" % (key, 250)
         )
         self._perform_invalid_key_test(key, expected_warning)
 
@@ -723,296 +745,330 @@ class BaseCacheTests:
         # Custom make_key() that adds a version to the key and exceeds the
         # limit.
         def key_func(key, *args):
-            return key + ':1'
+            return key + ":1"
 
-        key = 'a' * 249
+        key = "a" * 249
         expected_warning = (
-            'Cache key will cause errors if used with memcached: '
-            '%r (longer than %s)' % (key_func(key), 250)
+            "Cache key will cause errors if used with memcached: "
+            "%r (longer than %s)" % (key_func(key), 250)
         )
         self._perform_invalid_key_test(key, expected_warning, key_func=key_func)
 
     def test_cache_versioning_get_set(self):
         # set, using default version = 1
-        cache.set('answer1', 42)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer1'), 42)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer1', version=1), 42)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer1', version=2))
+        cache.set("answer1", 42)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer1"), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer1", version=1), 42)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer1", version=2))
 
-        self.assertIsNone(caches['v2'].get('answer1'))
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].get('answer1', version=1), 42)
-        self.assertIsNone(caches['v2'].get('answer1', version=2))
+        self.assertIsNone(caches["v2"].get("answer1"))
+        self.assertEqual(caches["v2"].get("answer1", version=1), 42)
+        self.assertIsNone(caches["v2"].get("answer1", version=2))
 
         # set, default version = 1, but manually override version = 2
-        cache.set('answer2', 42, version=2)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer2'))
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer2', version=1))
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer2', version=2), 42)
+        cache.set("answer2", 42, version=2)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer2"))
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer2", version=1))
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer2", version=2), 42)
 
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].get('answer2'), 42)
-        self.assertIsNone(caches['v2'].get('answer2', version=1))
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].get('answer2', version=2), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(caches["v2"].get("answer2"), 42)
+        self.assertIsNone(caches["v2"].get("answer2", version=1))
+        self.assertEqual(caches["v2"].get("answer2", version=2), 42)
 
         # v2 set, using default version = 2
-        caches['v2'].set('answer3', 42)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer3'))
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer3', version=1))
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer3', version=2), 42)
+        caches["v2"].set("answer3", 42)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer3"))
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer3", version=1))
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer3", version=2), 42)
 
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].get('answer3'), 42)
-        self.assertIsNone(caches['v2'].get('answer3', version=1))
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].get('answer3', version=2), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(caches["v2"].get("answer3"), 42)
+        self.assertIsNone(caches["v2"].get("answer3", version=1))
+        self.assertEqual(caches["v2"].get("answer3", version=2), 42)
 
         # v2 set, default version = 2, but manually override version = 1
-        caches['v2'].set('answer4', 42, version=1)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer4'), 42)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer4', version=1), 42)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer4', version=2))
+        caches["v2"].set("answer4", 42, version=1)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer4"), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer4", version=1), 42)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer4", version=2))
 
-        self.assertIsNone(caches['v2'].get('answer4'))
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].get('answer4', version=1), 42)
-        self.assertIsNone(caches['v2'].get('answer4', version=2))
+        self.assertIsNone(caches["v2"].get("answer4"))
+        self.assertEqual(caches["v2"].get("answer4", version=1), 42)
+        self.assertIsNone(caches["v2"].get("answer4", version=2))
 
     def test_cache_versioning_add(self):
 
         # add, default version = 1, but manually override version = 2
-        self.assertIs(cache.add('answer1', 42, version=2), True)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer1', version=1))
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer1', version=2), 42)
+        self.assertIs(cache.add("answer1", 42, version=2), True)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer1", version=1))
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer1", version=2), 42)
 
-        self.assertIs(cache.add('answer1', 37, version=2), False)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer1', version=1))
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer1', version=2), 42)
+        self.assertIs(cache.add("answer1", 37, version=2), False)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer1", version=1))
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer1", version=2), 42)
 
-        self.assertIs(cache.add('answer1', 37, version=1), True)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer1', version=1), 37)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer1', version=2), 42)
+        self.assertIs(cache.add("answer1", 37, version=1), True)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer1", version=1), 37)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer1", version=2), 42)
 
         # v2 add, using default version = 2
-        self.assertIs(caches['v2'].add('answer2', 42), True)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer2', version=1))
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer2', version=2), 42)
+        self.assertIs(caches["v2"].add("answer2", 42), True)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer2", version=1))
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer2", version=2), 42)
 
-        self.assertIs(caches['v2'].add('answer2', 37), False)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer2', version=1))
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer2', version=2), 42)
+        self.assertIs(caches["v2"].add("answer2", 37), False)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer2", version=1))
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer2", version=2), 42)
 
-        self.assertIs(caches['v2'].add('answer2', 37, version=1), True)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer2', version=1), 37)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer2', version=2), 42)
+        self.assertIs(caches["v2"].add("answer2", 37, version=1), True)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer2", version=1), 37)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer2", version=2), 42)
 
         # v2 add, default version = 2, but manually override version = 1
-        self.assertIs(caches['v2'].add('answer3', 42, version=1), True)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer3', version=1), 42)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer3', version=2))
+        self.assertIs(caches["v2"].add("answer3", 42, version=1), True)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer3", version=1), 42)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer3", version=2))
 
-        self.assertIs(caches['v2'].add('answer3', 37, version=1), False)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer3', version=1), 42)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer3', version=2))
+        self.assertIs(caches["v2"].add("answer3", 37, version=1), False)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer3", version=1), 42)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer3", version=2))
 
-        self.assertIs(caches['v2'].add('answer3', 37), True)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer3', version=1), 42)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer3', version=2), 37)
+        self.assertIs(caches["v2"].add("answer3", 37), True)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer3", version=1), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer3", version=2), 37)
 
     def test_cache_versioning_has_key(self):
-        cache.set('answer1', 42)
+        cache.set("answer1", 42)
 
         # has_key
-        self.assertIs(cache.has_key('answer1'), True)
-        self.assertIs(cache.has_key('answer1', version=1), True)
-        self.assertIs(cache.has_key('answer1', version=2), False)
+        self.assertIs(cache.has_key("answer1"), True)
+        self.assertIs(cache.has_key("answer1", version=1), True)
+        self.assertIs(cache.has_key("answer1", version=2), False)
 
-        self.assertIs(caches['v2'].has_key('answer1'), False)
-        self.assertIs(caches['v2'].has_key('answer1', version=1), True)
-        self.assertIs(caches['v2'].has_key('answer1', version=2), False)
+        self.assertIs(caches["v2"].has_key("answer1"), False)
+        self.assertIs(caches["v2"].has_key("answer1", version=1), True)
+        self.assertIs(caches["v2"].has_key("answer1", version=2), False)
 
     def test_cache_versioning_delete(self):
-        cache.set('answer1', 37, version=1)
-        cache.set('answer1', 42, version=2)
-        self.assertIs(cache.delete('answer1'), True)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer1', version=1))
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer1', version=2), 42)
+        cache.set("answer1", 37, version=1)
+        cache.set("answer1", 42, version=2)
+        self.assertIs(cache.delete("answer1"), True)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer1", version=1))
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer1", version=2), 42)
 
-        cache.set('answer2', 37, version=1)
-        cache.set('answer2', 42, version=2)
-        self.assertIs(cache.delete('answer2', version=2), True)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer2', version=1), 37)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer2', version=2))
+        cache.set("answer2", 37, version=1)
+        cache.set("answer2", 42, version=2)
+        self.assertIs(cache.delete("answer2", version=2), True)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer2", version=1), 37)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer2", version=2))
 
-        cache.set('answer3', 37, version=1)
-        cache.set('answer3', 42, version=2)
-        self.assertIs(caches['v2'].delete('answer3'), True)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer3', version=1), 37)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer3', version=2))
+        cache.set("answer3", 37, version=1)
+        cache.set("answer3", 42, version=2)
+        self.assertIs(caches["v2"].delete("answer3"), True)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer3", version=1), 37)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer3", version=2))
 
-        cache.set('answer4', 37, version=1)
-        cache.set('answer4', 42, version=2)
-        self.assertIs(caches['v2'].delete('answer4', version=1), True)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer4', version=1))
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer4', version=2), 42)
+        cache.set("answer4", 37, version=1)
+        cache.set("answer4", 42, version=2)
+        self.assertIs(caches["v2"].delete("answer4", version=1), True)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer4", version=1))
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer4", version=2), 42)
 
     def test_cache_versioning_incr_decr(self):
-        cache.set('answer1', 37, version=1)
-        cache.set('answer1', 42, version=2)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.incr('answer1'), 38)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer1', version=1), 38)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer1', version=2), 42)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.decr('answer1'), 37)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer1', version=1), 37)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer1', version=2), 42)
+        cache.set("answer1", 37, version=1)
+        cache.set("answer1", 42, version=2)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.incr("answer1"), 38)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer1", version=1), 38)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer1", version=2), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.decr("answer1"), 37)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer1", version=1), 37)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer1", version=2), 42)
 
-        cache.set('answer2', 37, version=1)
-        cache.set('answer2', 42, version=2)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.incr('answer2', version=2), 43)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer2', version=1), 37)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer2', version=2), 43)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.decr('answer2', version=2), 42)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer2', version=1), 37)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer2', version=2), 42)
+        cache.set("answer2", 37, version=1)
+        cache.set("answer2", 42, version=2)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.incr("answer2", version=2), 43)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer2", version=1), 37)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer2", version=2), 43)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.decr("answer2", version=2), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer2", version=1), 37)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer2", version=2), 42)
 
-        cache.set('answer3', 37, version=1)
-        cache.set('answer3', 42, version=2)
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].incr('answer3'), 43)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer3', version=1), 37)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer3', version=2), 43)
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].decr('answer3'), 42)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer3', version=1), 37)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer3', version=2), 42)
+        cache.set("answer3", 37, version=1)
+        cache.set("answer3", 42, version=2)
+        self.assertEqual(caches["v2"].incr("answer3"), 43)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer3", version=1), 37)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer3", version=2), 43)
+        self.assertEqual(caches["v2"].decr("answer3"), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer3", version=1), 37)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer3", version=2), 42)
 
-        cache.set('answer4', 37, version=1)
-        cache.set('answer4', 42, version=2)
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].incr('answer4', version=1), 38)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer4', version=1), 38)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer4', version=2), 42)
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].decr('answer4', version=1), 37)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer4', version=1), 37)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer4', version=2), 42)
+        cache.set("answer4", 37, version=1)
+        cache.set("answer4", 42, version=2)
+        self.assertEqual(caches["v2"].incr("answer4", version=1), 38)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer4", version=1), 38)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer4", version=2), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(caches["v2"].decr("answer4", version=1), 37)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer4", version=1), 37)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer4", version=2), 42)
 
     def test_cache_versioning_get_set_many(self):
         # set, using default version = 1
-        cache.set_many({'ford1': 37, 'arthur1': 42})
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(['ford1', 'arthur1']), {'ford1': 37, 'arthur1': 42})
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(['ford1', 'arthur1'], version=1), {'ford1': 37, 'arthur1': 42})
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(['ford1', 'arthur1'], version=2), {})
+        cache.set_many({"ford1": 37, "arthur1": 42})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cache.get_many(["ford1", "arthur1"]), {"ford1": 37, "arthur1": 42}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cache.get_many(["ford1", "arthur1"], version=1),
+            {"ford1": 37, "arthur1": 42},
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(["ford1", "arthur1"], version=2), {})
 
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].get_many(['ford1', 'arthur1']), {})
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].get_many(['ford1', 'arthur1'], version=1), {'ford1': 37, 'arthur1': 42})
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].get_many(['ford1', 'arthur1'], version=2), {})
+        self.assertEqual(caches["v2"].get_many(["ford1", "arthur1"]), {})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            caches["v2"].get_many(["ford1", "arthur1"], version=1),
+            {"ford1": 37, "arthur1": 42},
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(caches["v2"].get_many(["ford1", "arthur1"], version=2), {})
 
         # set, default version = 1, but manually override version = 2
-        cache.set_many({'ford2': 37, 'arthur2': 42}, version=2)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(['ford2', 'arthur2']), {})
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(['ford2', 'arthur2'], version=1), {})
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(['ford2', 'arthur2'], version=2), {'ford2': 37, 'arthur2': 42})
+        cache.set_many({"ford2": 37, "arthur2": 42}, version=2)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(["ford2", "arthur2"]), {})
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(["ford2", "arthur2"], version=1), {})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cache.get_many(["ford2", "arthur2"], version=2),
+            {"ford2": 37, "arthur2": 42},
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].get_many(['ford2', 'arthur2']), {'ford2': 37, 'arthur2': 42})
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].get_many(['ford2', 'arthur2'], version=1), {})
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].get_many(['ford2', 'arthur2'], version=2), {'ford2': 37, 'arthur2': 42})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            caches["v2"].get_many(["ford2", "arthur2"]), {"ford2": 37, "arthur2": 42}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(caches["v2"].get_many(["ford2", "arthur2"], version=1), {})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            caches["v2"].get_many(["ford2", "arthur2"], version=2),
+            {"ford2": 37, "arthur2": 42},
+        )
 
         # v2 set, using default version = 2
-        caches['v2'].set_many({'ford3': 37, 'arthur3': 42})
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(['ford3', 'arthur3']), {})
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(['ford3', 'arthur3'], version=1), {})
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(['ford3', 'arthur3'], version=2), {'ford3': 37, 'arthur3': 42})
+        caches["v2"].set_many({"ford3": 37, "arthur3": 42})
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(["ford3", "arthur3"]), {})
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(["ford3", "arthur3"], version=1), {})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cache.get_many(["ford3", "arthur3"], version=2),
+            {"ford3": 37, "arthur3": 42},
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].get_many(['ford3', 'arthur3']), {'ford3': 37, 'arthur3': 42})
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].get_many(['ford3', 'arthur3'], version=1), {})
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].get_many(['ford3', 'arthur3'], version=2), {'ford3': 37, 'arthur3': 42})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            caches["v2"].get_many(["ford3", "arthur3"]), {"ford3": 37, "arthur3": 42}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(caches["v2"].get_many(["ford3", "arthur3"], version=1), {})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            caches["v2"].get_many(["ford3", "arthur3"], version=2),
+            {"ford3": 37, "arthur3": 42},
+        )
 
         # v2 set, default version = 2, but manually override version = 1
-        caches['v2'].set_many({'ford4': 37, 'arthur4': 42}, version=1)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(['ford4', 'arthur4']), {'ford4': 37, 'arthur4': 42})
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(['ford4', 'arthur4'], version=1), {'ford4': 37, 'arthur4': 42})
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(['ford4', 'arthur4'], version=2), {})
+        caches["v2"].set_many({"ford4": 37, "arthur4": 42}, version=1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cache.get_many(["ford4", "arthur4"]), {"ford4": 37, "arthur4": 42}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cache.get_many(["ford4", "arthur4"], version=1),
+            {"ford4": 37, "arthur4": 42},
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(["ford4", "arthur4"], version=2), {})
 
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].get_many(['ford4', 'arthur4']), {})
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].get_many(['ford4', 'arthur4'], version=1), {'ford4': 37, 'arthur4': 42})
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].get_many(['ford4', 'arthur4'], version=2), {})
+        self.assertEqual(caches["v2"].get_many(["ford4", "arthur4"]), {})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            caches["v2"].get_many(["ford4", "arthur4"], version=1),
+            {"ford4": 37, "arthur4": 42},
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(caches["v2"].get_many(["ford4", "arthur4"], version=2), {})
 
     def test_incr_version(self):
-        cache.set('answer', 42, version=2)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer'))
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer', version=1))
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer', version=2), 42)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer', version=3))
+        cache.set("answer", 42, version=2)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer"))
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer", version=1))
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer", version=2), 42)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer", version=3))
 
-        self.assertEqual(cache.incr_version('answer', version=2), 3)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer'))
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer', version=1))
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer', version=2))
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer', version=3), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.incr_version("answer", version=2), 3)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer"))
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer", version=1))
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer", version=2))
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer", version=3), 42)
 
-        caches['v2'].set('answer2', 42)
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].get('answer2'), 42)
-        self.assertIsNone(caches['v2'].get('answer2', version=1))
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].get('answer2', version=2), 42)
-        self.assertIsNone(caches['v2'].get('answer2', version=3))
+        caches["v2"].set("answer2", 42)
+        self.assertEqual(caches["v2"].get("answer2"), 42)
+        self.assertIsNone(caches["v2"].get("answer2", version=1))
+        self.assertEqual(caches["v2"].get("answer2", version=2), 42)
+        self.assertIsNone(caches["v2"].get("answer2", version=3))
 
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].incr_version('answer2'), 3)
-        self.assertIsNone(caches['v2'].get('answer2'))
-        self.assertIsNone(caches['v2'].get('answer2', version=1))
-        self.assertIsNone(caches['v2'].get('answer2', version=2))
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].get('answer2', version=3), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(caches["v2"].incr_version("answer2"), 3)
+        self.assertIsNone(caches["v2"].get("answer2"))
+        self.assertIsNone(caches["v2"].get("answer2", version=1))
+        self.assertIsNone(caches["v2"].get("answer2", version=2))
+        self.assertEqual(caches["v2"].get("answer2", version=3), 42)
 
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            cache.incr_version('does_not_exist')
+            cache.incr_version("does_not_exist")
 
-        cache.set('null', None)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.incr_version('null'), 2)
+        cache.set("null", None)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.incr_version("null"), 2)
 
     def test_decr_version(self):
-        cache.set('answer', 42, version=2)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer'))
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer', version=1))
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer', version=2), 42)
+        cache.set("answer", 42, version=2)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer"))
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer", version=1))
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer", version=2), 42)
 
-        self.assertEqual(cache.decr_version('answer', version=2), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer'), 42)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer', version=1), 42)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer', version=2))
+        self.assertEqual(cache.decr_version("answer", version=2), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer"), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer", version=1), 42)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer", version=2))
 
-        caches['v2'].set('answer2', 42)
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].get('answer2'), 42)
-        self.assertIsNone(caches['v2'].get('answer2', version=1))
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].get('answer2', version=2), 42)
+        caches["v2"].set("answer2", 42)
+        self.assertEqual(caches["v2"].get("answer2"), 42)
+        self.assertIsNone(caches["v2"].get("answer2", version=1))
+        self.assertEqual(caches["v2"].get("answer2", version=2), 42)
 
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].decr_version('answer2'), 1)
-        self.assertIsNone(caches['v2'].get('answer2'))
-        self.assertEqual(caches['v2'].get('answer2', version=1), 42)
-        self.assertIsNone(caches['v2'].get('answer2', version=2))
+        self.assertEqual(caches["v2"].decr_version("answer2"), 1)
+        self.assertIsNone(caches["v2"].get("answer2"))
+        self.assertEqual(caches["v2"].get("answer2", version=1), 42)
+        self.assertIsNone(caches["v2"].get("answer2", version=2))
 
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            cache.decr_version('does_not_exist', version=2)
+            cache.decr_version("does_not_exist", version=2)
 
-        cache.set('null', None, version=2)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.decr_version('null', version=2), 1)
+        cache.set("null", None, version=2)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.decr_version("null", version=2), 1)
 
     def test_custom_key_func(self):
         # Two caches with different key functions aren't visible to each other
-        cache.set('answer1', 42)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('answer1'), 42)
-        self.assertIsNone(caches['custom_key'].get('answer1'))
-        self.assertIsNone(caches['custom_key2'].get('answer1'))
+        cache.set("answer1", 42)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("answer1"), 42)
+        self.assertIsNone(caches["custom_key"].get("answer1"))
+        self.assertIsNone(caches["custom_key2"].get("answer1"))
 
-        caches['custom_key'].set('answer2', 42)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('answer2'))
-        self.assertEqual(caches['custom_key'].get('answer2'), 42)
-        self.assertEqual(caches['custom_key2'].get('answer2'), 42)
+        caches["custom_key"].set("answer2", 42)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("answer2"))
+        self.assertEqual(caches["custom_key"].get("answer2"), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(caches["custom_key2"].get("answer2"), 42)
 
     @override_settings(CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_ALIAS=DEFAULT_CACHE_ALIAS)
     def test_cache_write_unpicklable_object(self):
         fetch_middleware = FetchFromCacheMiddleware(empty_response)
 
-        request = self.factory.get('/cache/test')
+        request = self.factory.get("/cache/test")
         request._cache_update_cache = True
-        get_cache_data = FetchFromCacheMiddleware(empty_response).process_request(request)
+        get_cache_data = FetchFromCacheMiddleware(empty_response).process_request(
+            request
+        )
         self.assertIsNone(get_cache_data)
 
-        content = 'Testing cookie serialization.'
+        content = "Testing cookie serialization."
 
         def get_response(req):
             response = HttpResponse(content)
-            response.set_cookie('foo', 'bar')
+            response.set_cookie("foo", "bar")
             return response
 
         update_middleware = UpdateCacheMiddleware(get_response)
@@ -1032,59 +1088,63 @@ class BaseCacheTests:
     def test_add_fail_on_pickleerror(self):
         # Shouldn't fail silently if trying to cache an unpicklable type.
         with self.assertRaises(pickle.PickleError):
-            cache.add('unpicklable', Unpicklable())
+            cache.add("unpicklable", Unpicklable())
 
     def test_set_fail_on_pickleerror(self):
         with self.assertRaises(pickle.PickleError):
-            cache.set('unpicklable', Unpicklable())
+            cache.set("unpicklable", Unpicklable())
 
     def test_get_or_set(self):
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('projector'))
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_or_set('projector', 42), 42)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('projector'), 42)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get_or_set('null', None))
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("projector"))
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get_or_set("projector", 42), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("projector"), 42)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get_or_set("null", None))
         # Previous get_or_set() stores None in the cache.
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('null', 'default'))
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("null", "default"))
 
     def test_get_or_set_callable(self):
         def my_callable():
-            return 'value'
+            return "value"
 
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_or_set('mykey', my_callable), 'value')
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_or_set('mykey', my_callable()), 'value')
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get_or_set("mykey", my_callable), "value")
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get_or_set("mykey", my_callable()), "value")
 
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get_or_set('null', lambda: None))
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get_or_set("null", lambda: None))
         # Previous get_or_set() stores None in the cache.
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('null', 'default'))
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("null", "default"))
 
     def test_get_or_set_version(self):
         msg = "get_or_set() missing 1 required positional argument: 'default'"
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_or_set('brian', 1979, version=2), 1979)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get_or_set("brian", 1979, version=2), 1979)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            cache.get_or_set('brian')
+            cache.get_or_set("brian")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            cache.get_or_set('brian', version=1)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('brian', version=1))
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_or_set('brian', 42, version=1), 42)
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get_or_set('brian', 1979, version=2), 1979)
-        self.assertIsNone(cache.get('brian', version=3))
+            cache.get_or_set("brian", version=1)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("brian", version=1))
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get_or_set("brian", 42, version=1), 42)
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get_or_set("brian", 1979, version=2), 1979)
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get("brian", version=3))
 
     def test_get_or_set_racing(self):
-        with mock.patch('%s.%s' % (settings.CACHES['default']['BACKEND'], 'add')) as cache_add:
+        with mock.patch(
+            "%s.%s" % (settings.CACHES["default"]["BACKEND"], "add")
+        ) as cache_add:
             # Simulate cache.add() failing to add a value. In that case, the
             # default value should be returned.
             cache_add.return_value = False
-            self.assertEqual(cache.get_or_set('key', 'default'), 'default')
+            self.assertEqual(cache.get_or_set("key", "default"), "default")
 
 
-@override_settings(CACHES=caches_setting_for_tests(
-    BACKEND='django.core.cache.backends.db.DatabaseCache',
-    # Spaces are used in the table name to ensure quoting/escaping is working
-    LOCATION='test cache table'
-))
+@override_settings(
+    CACHES=caches_setting_for_tests(
+        BACKEND="django.core.cache.backends.db.DatabaseCache",
+        # Spaces are used in the table name to ensure quoting/escaping is working
+        LOCATION="test cache table",
+    )
+)
 class DBCacheTests(BaseCacheTests, TransactionTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['cache']
+    available_apps = ["cache"]
 
     def setUp(self):
         # The super calls needs to happen first for the settings override.
@@ -1097,26 +1157,26 @@ class DBCacheTests(BaseCacheTests, TransactionTestCase):
         self.drop_table()
 
     def create_table(self):
-        management.call_command('createcachetable', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("createcachetable", verbosity=0)
 
     def drop_table(self):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            table_name = connection.ops.quote_name('test cache table')
-            cursor.execute('DROP TABLE %s' % table_name)
+            table_name = connection.ops.quote_name("test cache table")
+            cursor.execute("DROP TABLE %s" % table_name)
 
     def test_get_many_num_queries(self):
-        cache.set_many({'a': 1, 'b': 2})
-        cache.set('expired', 'expired', 0.01)
+        cache.set_many({"a": 1, "b": 2})
+        cache.set("expired", "expired", 0.01)
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(['a', 'b']), {'a': 1, 'b': 2})
+            self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(["a", "b"]), {"a": 1, "b": 2})
         time.sleep(0.02)
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(['a', 'b', 'expired']), {'a': 1, 'b': 2})
+            self.assertEqual(cache.get_many(["a", "b", "expired"]), {"a": 1, "b": 2})
 
     def test_delete_many_num_queries(self):
-        cache.set_many({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3})
+        cache.set_many({"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3})
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            cache.delete_many(['a', 'b', 'c'])
+            cache.delete_many(["a", "b", "c"])
 
     def test_cull_queries(self):
         old_max_entries = cache._max_entries
@@ -1124,23 +1184,24 @@ class DBCacheTests(BaseCacheTests, TransactionTestCase):
         cache._max_entries = -1
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             try:
-                cache.set('force_cull', 'value', 1000)
+                cache.set("force_cull", "value", 1000)
             finally:
                 cache._max_entries = old_max_entries
-        num_count_queries = sum('COUNT' in query['sql'] for query in captured_queries)
+        num_count_queries = sum("COUNT" in query["sql"] for query in captured_queries)
         self.assertEqual(num_count_queries, 1)
         # Column names are quoted.
         for query in captured_queries:
-            sql = query['sql']
-            if 'expires' in sql:
-                self.assertIn(connection.ops.quote_name('expires'), sql)
-            if 'cache_key' in sql:
-                self.assertIn(connection.ops.quote_name('cache_key'), sql)
+            sql = query["sql"]
+            if "expires" in sql:
+                self.assertIn(connection.ops.quote_name("expires"), sql)
+            if "cache_key" in sql:
+                self.assertIn(connection.ops.quote_name("cache_key"), sql)
 
     def test_delete_cursor_rowcount(self):
         """
         The rowcount attribute should not be checked on a closed cursor.
         """
+
         class MockedCursorWrapper(CursorWrapper):
             is_closed = False
 
@@ -1151,29 +1212,34 @@ class DBCacheTests(BaseCacheTests, TransactionTestCase):
             @property
             def rowcount(self):
                 if self.is_closed:
-                    raise Exception('Cursor is closed.')
+                    raise Exception("Cursor is closed.")
                 return self.cursor.rowcount
 
-        cache.set_many({'a': 1, 'b': 2})
-        with mock.patch('django.db.backends.utils.CursorWrapper', MockedCursorWrapper):
-            self.assertIs(cache.delete('a'), True)
+        cache.set_many({"a": 1, "b": 2})
+        with mock.patch("django.db.backends.utils.CursorWrapper", MockedCursorWrapper):
+            self.assertIs(cache.delete("a"), True)
 
     def test_zero_cull(self):
-        self._perform_cull_test('zero_cull', 50, 18)
+        self._perform_cull_test("zero_cull", 50, 18)
 
     def test_second_call_doesnt_crash(self):
         out = io.StringIO()
-        management.call_command('createcachetable', stdout=out)
-        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), "Cache table 'test cache table' already exists.\n" * len(settings.CACHES))
+        management.call_command("createcachetable", stdout=out)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            out.getvalue(),
+            "Cache table 'test cache table' already exists.\n" * len(settings.CACHES),
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(CACHES=caches_setting_for_tests(
-        BACKEND='django.core.cache.backends.db.DatabaseCache',
-        # Use another table name to avoid the 'table already exists' message.
-        LOCATION='createcachetable_dry_run_mode'
-    ))
+    @override_settings(
+        CACHES=caches_setting_for_tests(
+            BACKEND="django.core.cache.backends.db.DatabaseCache",
+            # Use another table name to avoid the 'table already exists' message.
+            LOCATION="createcachetable_dry_run_mode",
+        )
+    )
     def test_createcachetable_dry_run_mode(self):
         out = io.StringIO()
-        management.call_command('createcachetable', dry_run=True, stdout=out)
+        management.call_command("createcachetable", dry_run=True, stdout=out)
         output = out.getvalue()
         self.assertTrue(output.startswith("CREATE TABLE"))
 
@@ -1185,8 +1251,8 @@ class DBCacheTests(BaseCacheTests, TransactionTestCase):
         self.drop_table()
         out = io.StringIO()
         management.call_command(
-            'createcachetable',
-            'test cache table',
+            "createcachetable",
+            "test cache table",
             verbosity=2,
             stdout=out,
         )
@@ -1194,12 +1260,12 @@ class DBCacheTests(BaseCacheTests, TransactionTestCase):
 
     def test_has_key_query_columns_quoted(self):
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
-            cache.has_key('key')
+            cache.has_key("key")
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 1)
-        sql = captured_queries[0]['sql']
+        sql = captured_queries[0]["sql"]
         # Column names are quoted.
-        self.assertIn(connection.ops.quote_name('expires'), sql)
-        self.assertIn(connection.ops.quote_name('cache_key'), sql)
+        self.assertIn(connection.ops.quote_name("expires"), sql)
+        self.assertIn(connection.ops.quote_name("cache_key"), sql)
 
 
 @override_settings(USE_TZ=True)
@@ -1211,37 +1277,37 @@ class DBCacheRouter:
     """A router that puts the cache table on the 'other' database."""
 
     def db_for_read(self, model, **hints):
-        if model._meta.app_label == 'django_cache':
-            return 'other'
+        if model._meta.app_label == "django_cache":
+            return "other"
         return None
 
     def db_for_write(self, model, **hints):
-        if model._meta.app_label == 'django_cache':
-            return 'other'
+        if model._meta.app_label == "django_cache":
+            return "other"
         return None
 
     def allow_migrate(self, db, app_label, **hints):
-        if app_label == 'django_cache':
-            return db == 'other'
+        if app_label == "django_cache":
+            return db == "other"
         return None
 
 
 @override_settings(
     CACHES={
-        'default': {
-            'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.db.DatabaseCache',
-            'LOCATION': 'my_cache_table',
+        "default": {
+            "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.db.DatabaseCache",
+            "LOCATION": "my_cache_table",
         },
     },
 )
 class CreateCacheTableForDBCacheTests(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     @override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[DBCacheRouter()])
     def test_createcachetable_observes_database_router(self):
         # cache table should not be created on 'default'
-        with self.assertNumQueries(0, using='default'):
-            management.call_command('createcachetable', database='default', verbosity=0)
+        with self.assertNumQueries(0, using="default"):
+            management.call_command("createcachetable", database="default", verbosity=0)
         # cache table should be created on 'other'
         # Queries:
         #   1: check table doesn't already exist
@@ -1249,13 +1315,12 @@ class CreateCacheTableForDBCacheTests(TestCase):
         #   3: create the table
         #   4: create the index
         #   5: release savepoint (if transactional DDL is supported)
-        num = 5 if connections['other'].features.can_rollback_ddl else 3
-        with self.assertNumQueries(num, using='other'):
-            management.call_command('createcachetable', database='other', verbosity=0)
+        num = 5 if connections["other"].features.can_rollback_ddl else 3
+        with self.assertNumQueries(num, using="other"):
+            management.call_command("createcachetable", database="other", verbosity=0)
 
 
 class PicklingSideEffect:
-
     def __init__(self, cache):
         self.cache = cache
         self.locked = False
@@ -1265,59 +1330,64 @@ class PicklingSideEffect:
         return {}
 
 
-limit_locmem_entries = override_settings(CACHES=caches_setting_for_tests(
-    BACKEND='django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache',
-    OPTIONS={'MAX_ENTRIES': 9},
-))
+limit_locmem_entries = override_settings(
+    CACHES=caches_setting_for_tests(
+        BACKEND="django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache",
+        OPTIONS={"MAX_ENTRIES": 9},
+    )
+)
 
 
-@override_settings(CACHES=caches_setting_for_tests(
-    BACKEND='django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache',
-))
+@override_settings(
+    CACHES=caches_setting_for_tests(
+        BACKEND="django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache",
+    )
+)
 class LocMemCacheTests(BaseCacheTests, TestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
 
         # LocMem requires a hack to make the other caches
         # share a data store with the 'normal' cache.
-        caches['prefix']._cache = cache._cache
-        caches['prefix']._expire_info = cache._expire_info
+        caches["prefix"]._cache = cache._cache
+        caches["prefix"]._expire_info = cache._expire_info
 
-        caches['v2']._cache = cache._cache
-        caches['v2']._expire_info = cache._expire_info
+        caches["v2"]._cache = cache._cache
+        caches["v2"]._expire_info = cache._expire_info
 
-        caches['custom_key']._cache = cache._cache
-        caches['custom_key']._expire_info = cache._expire_info
+        caches["custom_key"]._cache = cache._cache
+        caches["custom_key"]._expire_info = cache._expire_info
 
-        caches['custom_key2']._cache = cache._cache
-        caches['custom_key2']._expire_info = cache._expire_info
+        caches["custom_key2"]._cache = cache._cache
+        caches["custom_key2"]._expire_info = cache._expire_info
 
-    @override_settings(CACHES={
-        'default': {'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache'},
-        'other': {
-            'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache',
-            'LOCATION': 'other'
-        },
-    })
+    @override_settings(
+        CACHES={
+            "default": {"BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache"},
+            "other": {
+                "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache",
+                "LOCATION": "other",
+            },
+        }
+    )
     def test_multiple_caches(self):
         "Multiple locmem caches are isolated"
-        cache.set('value', 42)
-        self.assertEqual(caches['default'].get('value'), 42)
-        self.assertIsNone(caches['other'].get('value'))
+        cache.set("value", 42)
+        self.assertEqual(caches["default"].get("value"), 42)
+        self.assertIsNone(caches["other"].get("value"))
 
     def test_locking_on_pickle(self):
         """#20613/#18541 -- Ensures pickling is done outside of the lock."""
         bad_obj = PicklingSideEffect(cache)
-        cache.set('set', bad_obj)
+        cache.set("set", bad_obj)
         self.assertFalse(bad_obj.locked, "Cache was locked during pickling")
 
-        self.assertIs(cache.add('add', bad_obj), True)
+        self.assertIs(cache.add("add", bad_obj), True)
         self.assertFalse(bad_obj.locked, "Cache was locked during pickling")
 
     def test_incr_decr_timeout(self):
         """incr/decr does not modify expiry time (matches memcached behavior)"""
-        key = 'value'
+        key = "value"
         _key = cache.make_key(key)
         cache.set(key, 1, timeout=cache.default_timeout * 10)
         expire = cache._expire_info[_key]
@@ -1373,18 +1443,22 @@ class LocMemCacheTests(BaseCacheTests, TestCase):
 # one cache backend setting that points at your cache server.
 configured_caches = {}
 for _cache_params in settings.CACHES.values():
-    configured_caches[_cache_params['BACKEND']] = _cache_params
+    configured_caches[_cache_params["BACKEND"]] = _cache_params
 
-PyLibMCCache_params = configured_caches.get('django.core.cache.backends.memcached.PyLibMCCache')
-PyMemcacheCache_params = configured_caches.get('django.core.cache.backends.memcached.PyMemcacheCache')
+PyLibMCCache_params = configured_caches.get(
+    "django.core.cache.backends.memcached.PyLibMCCache"
+)
+PyMemcacheCache_params = configured_caches.get(
+    "django.core.cache.backends.memcached.PyMemcacheCache"
+)
 
 # The memcached backends don't support cull-related options like `MAX_ENTRIES`.
-memcached_excluded_caches = {'cull', 'zero_cull'}
+memcached_excluded_caches = {"cull", "zero_cull"}
 
-RedisCache_params = configured_caches.get('django.core.cache.backends.redis.RedisCache')
+RedisCache_params = configured_caches.get("django.core.cache.backends.redis.RedisCache")
 
 # The redis backend does not support cull-related options like `MAX_ENTRIES`.
-redis_excluded_caches = {'cull', 'zero_cull'}
+redis_excluded_caches = {"cull", "zero_cull"}
 
 
 class BaseMemcachedTests(BaseCacheTests):
@@ -1395,15 +1469,15 @@ class BaseMemcachedTests(BaseCacheTests):
 
     def test_location_multiple_servers(self):
         locations = [
-            ['server1.tld', 'server2:11211'],
-            'server1.tld;server2:11211',
-            'server1.tld,server2:11211',
+            ["server1.tld", "server2:11211"],
+            "server1.tld;server2:11211",
+            "server1.tld,server2:11211",
         ]
         for location in locations:
             with self.subTest(location=location):
-                params = {'BACKEND': self.base_params['BACKEND'], 'LOCATION': location}
-                with self.settings(CACHES={'default': params}):
-                    self.assertEqual(cache._servers, ['server1.tld', 'server2:11211'])
+                params = {"BACKEND": self.base_params["BACKEND"], "LOCATION": location}
+                with self.settings(CACHES={"default": params}):
+                    self.assertEqual(cache._servers, ["server1.tld", "server2:11211"])
 
     def _perform_invalid_key_test(self, key, expected_warning):
         """
@@ -1412,16 +1486,16 @@ class BaseMemcachedTests(BaseCacheTests):
         """
         msg = expected_warning.replace(key, cache.make_key(key))
         tests = [
-            ('add', [key, 1]),
-            ('get', [key]),
-            ('set', [key, 1]),
-            ('incr', [key]),
-            ('decr', [key]),
-            ('touch', [key]),
-            ('delete', [key]),
-            ('get_many', [[key, 'b']]),
-            ('set_many', [{key: 1, 'b': 2}]),
-            ('delete_many', [[key, 'b']]),
+            ("add", [key, 1]),
+            ("get", [key]),
+            ("set", [key, 1]),
+            ("incr", [key]),
+            ("decr", [key]),
+            ("touch", [key]),
+            ("delete", [key]),
+            ("get_many", [[key, "b"]]),
+            ("set_many", [{key: 1, "b": 2}]),
+            ("delete_many", [[key, "b"]]),
         ]
         for operation, args in tests:
             with self.subTest(operation=operation):
@@ -1431,44 +1505,48 @@ class BaseMemcachedTests(BaseCacheTests):
 
     def test_invalid_with_version_key_length(self):
         # make_key() adds a version to the key and exceeds the limit.
-        key = 'a' * 248
+        key = "a" * 248
         expected_warning = (
-            'Cache key will cause errors if used with memcached: '
-            '%r (longer than %s)' % (key, 250)
+            "Cache key will cause errors if used with memcached: "
+            "%r (longer than %s)" % (key, 250)
         )
         self._perform_invalid_key_test(key, expected_warning)
 
     def test_default_never_expiring_timeout(self):
         # Regression test for #22845
-        with self.settings(CACHES=caches_setting_for_tests(
-                base=self.base_params,
-                exclude=memcached_excluded_caches,
-                TIMEOUT=None)):
-            cache.set('infinite_foo', 'bar')
-            self.assertEqual(cache.get('infinite_foo'), 'bar')
+        with self.settings(
+            CACHES=caches_setting_for_tests(
+                base=self.base_params, exclude=memcached_excluded_caches, TIMEOUT=None
+            )
+        ):
+            cache.set("infinite_foo", "bar")
+            self.assertEqual(cache.get("infinite_foo"), "bar")
 
     def test_default_far_future_timeout(self):
         # Regression test for #22845
-        with self.settings(CACHES=caches_setting_for_tests(
+        with self.settings(
+            CACHES=caches_setting_for_tests(
                 base=self.base_params,
                 exclude=memcached_excluded_caches,
                 # 60*60*24*365, 1 year
-                TIMEOUT=31536000)):
-            cache.set('future_foo', 'bar')
-            self.assertEqual(cache.get('future_foo'), 'bar')
+                TIMEOUT=31536000,
+            )
+        ):
+            cache.set("future_foo", "bar")
+            self.assertEqual(cache.get("future_foo"), "bar")
 
     def test_memcached_deletes_key_on_failed_set(self):
         # By default memcached allows objects up to 1MB. For the cache_db session
         # backend to always use the current session, memcached needs to delete
         # the old key if it fails to set.
-        max_value_length = 2 ** 20
+        max_value_length = 2**20
 
-        cache.set('small_value', 'a')
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('small_value'), 'a')
+        cache.set("small_value", "a")
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("small_value"), "a")
 
-        large_value = 'a' * (max_value_length + 1)
+        large_value = "a" * (max_value_length + 1)
         try:
-            cache.set('small_value', large_value)
+            cache.set("small_value", large_value)
         except Exception:
             # Most clients (e.g. pymemcache or pylibmc) raise when the value is
             # too large. This test is primarily checking that the key was
@@ -1476,7 +1554,7 @@ class BaseMemcachedTests(BaseCacheTests):
             # not important.
             pass
         # small_value should be deleted, or set if configured to accept larger values
-        value = cache.get('small_value')
+        value = cache.get("small_value")
         self.assertTrue(value is None or value == large_value)
 
     def test_close(self):
@@ -1484,7 +1562,9 @@ class BaseMemcachedTests(BaseCacheTests):
         # connection is closed when the request is complete.
         signals.request_finished.disconnect(close_old_connections)
         try:
-            with mock.patch.object(cache._class, 'disconnect_all', autospec=True) as mock_disconnect:
+            with mock.patch.object(
+                cache._class, "disconnect_all", autospec=True
+            ) as mock_disconnect:
                 signals.request_finished.send(self.__class__)
                 self.assertIs(mock_disconnect.called, self.should_disconnect_on_close)
         finally:
@@ -1493,16 +1573,19 @@ class BaseMemcachedTests(BaseCacheTests):
     def test_set_many_returns_failing_keys(self):
         def fail_set_multi(mapping, *args, **kwargs):
             return mapping.keys()
-        with mock.patch.object(cache._class, 'set_multi', side_effect=fail_set_multi):
-            failing_keys = cache.set_many({'key': 'value'})
-            self.assertEqual(failing_keys, ['key'])
+
+        with mock.patch.object(cache._class, "set_multi", side_effect=fail_set_multi):
+            failing_keys = cache.set_many({"key": "value"})
+            self.assertEqual(failing_keys, ["key"])
 
 
 @unittest.skipUnless(PyLibMCCache_params, "PyLibMCCache backend not configured")
-@override_settings(CACHES=caches_setting_for_tests(
-    base=PyLibMCCache_params,
-    exclude=memcached_excluded_caches,
-))
+@override_settings(
+    CACHES=caches_setting_for_tests(
+        base=PyLibMCCache_params,
+        exclude=memcached_excluded_caches,
+    )
+)
 class PyLibMCCacheTests(BaseMemcachedTests, TestCase):
     base_params = PyLibMCCache_params
     # libmemcached manages its own connections.
@@ -1512,41 +1595,45 @@ class PyLibMCCacheTests(BaseMemcachedTests, TestCase):
     def incr_decr_type_error(self):
         return cache._lib.ClientError
 
-    @override_settings(CACHES=caches_setting_for_tests(
-        base=PyLibMCCache_params,
-        exclude=memcached_excluded_caches,
-        OPTIONS={
-            'binary': True,
-            'behaviors': {'tcp_nodelay': True},
-        },
-    ))
+    @override_settings(
+        CACHES=caches_setting_for_tests(
+            base=PyLibMCCache_params,
+            exclude=memcached_excluded_caches,
+            OPTIONS={
+                "binary": True,
+                "behaviors": {"tcp_nodelay": True},
+            },
+        )
+    )
     def test_pylibmc_options(self):
         self.assertTrue(cache._cache.binary)
-        self.assertEqual(cache._cache.behaviors['tcp_nodelay'], int(True))
+        self.assertEqual(cache._cache.behaviors["tcp_nodelay"], int(True))
 
     def test_pylibmc_client_servers(self):
-        backend = self.base_params['BACKEND']
+        backend = self.base_params["BACKEND"]
         tests = [
-            ('unix:/run/memcached/socket', '/run/memcached/socket'),
-            ('/run/memcached/socket', '/run/memcached/socket'),
-            ('localhost', 'localhost'),
-            ('localhost:11211', 'localhost:11211'),
-            ('[::1]', '[::1]'),
-            ('[::1]:11211', '[::1]:11211'),
-            ('127.0.0.1', '127.0.0.1'),
-            ('127.0.0.1:11211', '127.0.0.1:11211'),
+            ("unix:/run/memcached/socket", "/run/memcached/socket"),
+            ("/run/memcached/socket", "/run/memcached/socket"),
+            ("localhost", "localhost"),
+            ("localhost:11211", "localhost:11211"),
+            ("[::1]", "[::1]"),
+            ("[::1]:11211", "[::1]:11211"),
+            ("127.0.0.1", "127.0.0.1"),
+            ("127.0.0.1:11211", "127.0.0.1:11211"),
         ]
         for location, expected in tests:
-            settings = {'default': {'BACKEND': backend, 'LOCATION': location}}
+            settings = {"default": {"BACKEND": backend, "LOCATION": location}}
             with self.subTest(location), self.settings(CACHES=settings):
                 self.assertEqual(cache.client_servers, [expected])
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(PyMemcacheCache_params, 'PyMemcacheCache backend not configured')
-@override_settings(CACHES=caches_setting_for_tests(
-    base=PyMemcacheCache_params,
-    exclude=memcached_excluded_caches,
-))
+@unittest.skipUnless(PyMemcacheCache_params, "PyMemcacheCache backend not configured")
+@override_settings(
+    CACHES=caches_setting_for_tests(
+        base=PyMemcacheCache_params,
+        exclude=memcached_excluded_caches,
+    )
+)
 class PyMemcacheCacheTests(BaseMemcachedTests, TestCase):
     base_params = PyMemcacheCache_params
 
@@ -1556,29 +1643,35 @@ class PyMemcacheCacheTests(BaseMemcachedTests, TestCase):
 
     def test_pymemcache_highest_pickle_version(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            cache._cache.default_kwargs['serde']._serialize_func.keywords['pickle_version'],
+            cache._cache.default_kwargs["serde"]._serialize_func.keywords[
+                "pickle_version"
+            ],
             pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL,
         )
         for cache_key in settings.CACHES:
             for client_key, client in caches[cache_key]._cache.clients.items():
                 with self.subTest(cache_key=cache_key, server=client_key):
                     self.assertEqual(
-                        client.serde._serialize_func.keywords['pickle_version'],
+                        client.serde._serialize_func.keywords["pickle_version"],
                         pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL,
                     )
 
-    @override_settings(CACHES=caches_setting_for_tests(
-        base=PyMemcacheCache_params,
-        exclude=memcached_excluded_caches,
-        OPTIONS={'no_delay': True},
-    ))
+    @override_settings(
+        CACHES=caches_setting_for_tests(
+            base=PyMemcacheCache_params,
+            exclude=memcached_excluded_caches,
+            OPTIONS={"no_delay": True},
+        )
+    )
     def test_pymemcache_options(self):
-        self.assertIs(cache._cache.default_kwargs['no_delay'], True)
+        self.assertIs(cache._cache.default_kwargs["no_delay"], True)
 
 
-@override_settings(CACHES=caches_setting_for_tests(
-    BACKEND='django.core.cache.backends.filebased.FileBasedCache',
-))
+@override_settings(
+    CACHES=caches_setting_for_tests(
+        BACKEND="django.core.cache.backends.filebased.FileBasedCache",
+    )
+)
 class FileBasedCacheTests(BaseCacheTests, TestCase):
     """
     Specific test cases for the file-based cache.
@@ -1591,8 +1684,8 @@ class FileBasedCacheTests(BaseCacheTests, TestCase):
         # hence settings are manipulated directly here and the setting_changed signal
         # is triggered manually.
         for cache_params in settings.CACHES.values():
-            cache_params['LOCATION'] = self.dirname
-        setting_changed.send(self.__class__, setting='CACHES', enter=False)
+            cache_params["LOCATION"] = self.dirname
+        setting_changed.send(self.__class__, setting="CACHES", enter=False)
 
     def tearDown(self):
         super().tearDown()
@@ -1603,41 +1696,43 @@ class FileBasedCacheTests(BaseCacheTests, TestCase):
         return tempfile.mkdtemp()
 
     def test_ignores_non_cache_files(self):
-        fname = os.path.join(self.dirname, 'not-a-cache-file')
-        with open(fname, 'w'):
+        fname = os.path.join(self.dirname, "not-a-cache-file")
+        with open(fname, "w"):
             os.utime(fname, None)
         cache.clear()
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(fname),
-                        'Expected cache.clear to ignore non cache files')
+        self.assertTrue(
+            os.path.exists(fname), "Expected cache.clear to ignore non cache files"
+        )
         os.remove(fname)
 
     def test_clear_does_not_remove_cache_dir(self):
         cache.clear()
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.dirname),
-                        'Expected cache.clear to keep the cache dir')
+        self.assertTrue(
+            os.path.exists(self.dirname), "Expected cache.clear to keep the cache dir"
+        )
 
     def test_creates_cache_dir_if_nonexistent(self):
         os.rmdir(self.dirname)
-        cache.set('foo', 'bar')
+        cache.set("foo", "bar")
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.dirname))
 
     def test_get_ignores_enoent(self):
-        cache.set('foo', 'bar')
-        os.unlink(cache._key_to_file('foo'))
+        cache.set("foo", "bar")
+        os.unlink(cache._key_to_file("foo"))
         # Returns the default instead of erroring.
-        self.assertEqual(cache.get('foo', 'baz'), 'baz')
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get("foo", "baz"), "baz")
 
     @skipIf(
-        sys.platform == 'win32',
-        'Windows only partially supports umasks and chmod.',
+        sys.platform == "win32",
+        "Windows only partially supports umasks and chmod.",
     )
     def test_cache_dir_permissions(self):
         os.rmdir(self.dirname)
-        dir_path = Path(self.dirname) / 'nested' / 'filebasedcache'
+        dir_path = Path(self.dirname) / "nested" / "filebasedcache"
         for cache_params in settings.CACHES.values():
-            cache_params['LOCATION'] = dir_path
-        setting_changed.send(self.__class__, setting='CACHES', enter=False)
-        cache.set('foo', 'bar')
+            cache_params["LOCATION"] = dir_path
+        setting_changed.send(self.__class__, setting="CACHES", enter=False)
+        cache.set("foo", "bar")
         self.assertIs(dir_path.exists(), True)
         tests = [
             dir_path,
@@ -1650,27 +1745,29 @@ class FileBasedCacheTests(BaseCacheTests, TestCase):
                 self.assertEqual(dir_mode, 0o700)
 
     def test_get_does_not_ignore_non_filenotfound_exceptions(self):
-        with mock.patch('builtins.open', side_effect=OSError):
+        with mock.patch("builtins.open", side_effect=OSError):
             with self.assertRaises(OSError):
-                cache.get('foo')
+                cache.get("foo")
 
     def test_empty_cache_file_considered_expired(self):
-        cache_file = cache._key_to_file('foo')
-        with open(cache_file, 'wb') as fh:
-            fh.write(b'')
-        with open(cache_file, 'rb') as fh:
+        cache_file = cache._key_to_file("foo")
+        with open(cache_file, "wb") as fh:
+            fh.write(b"")
+        with open(cache_file, "rb") as fh:
             self.assertIs(cache._is_expired(fh), True)
 
 
 @unittest.skipUnless(RedisCache_params, "Redis backend not configured")
-@override_settings(CACHES=caches_setting_for_tests(
-    base=RedisCache_params,
-    exclude=redis_excluded_caches,
-))
+@override_settings(
+    CACHES=caches_setting_for_tests(
+        base=RedisCache_params,
+        exclude=redis_excluded_caches,
+    )
+)
 class RedisCacheTests(BaseCacheTests, TestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         import redis
+
         super().setUp()
         self.lib = redis
 
@@ -1718,7 +1815,7 @@ class RedisCacheTests(BaseCacheTests, TestCase):
     def test_serializer_dumps(self):
         self.assertEqual(cache._cache._serializer.dumps(123), 123)
         self.assertIsInstance(cache._cache._serializer.dumps(True), bytes)
-        self.assertIsInstance(cache._cache._serializer.dumps('abc'), bytes)
+        self.assertIsInstance(cache._cache._serializer.dumps("abc"), bytes)
 
 
 class FileBasedCachePathLibTests(FileBasedCacheTests):
@@ -1727,61 +1824,65 @@ class FileBasedCachePathLibTests(FileBasedCacheTests):
         return Path(tmp_dir)
 
 
-@override_settings(CACHES={
-    'default': {
-        'BACKEND': 'cache.liberal_backend.CacheClass',
-    },
-})
+@override_settings(
+    CACHES={
+        "default": {
+            "BACKEND": "cache.liberal_backend.CacheClass",
+        },
+    }
+)
 class CustomCacheKeyValidationTests(SimpleTestCase):
     """
     Tests for the ability to mixin a custom ``validate_key`` method to
     a custom cache backend that otherwise inherits from a builtin
     backend, and override the default key validation. Refs #6447.
     """
+
     def test_custom_key_validation(self):
         # this key is both longer than 250 characters, and has spaces
-        key = 'some key with spaces' * 15
-        val = 'a value'
+        key = "some key with spaces" * 15
+        val = "a value"
         cache.set(key, val)
         self.assertEqual(cache.get(key), val)
 
 
 @override_settings(
     CACHES={
-        'default': {
-            'BACKEND': 'cache.closeable_cache.CacheClass',
+        "default": {
+            "BACKEND": "cache.closeable_cache.CacheClass",
         }
     }
 )
 class CacheClosingTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_close(self):
         self.assertFalse(cache.closed)
         signals.request_finished.send(self.__class__)
         self.assertTrue(cache.closed)
 
     def test_close_only_initialized(self):
-        with self.settings(CACHES={
-            'cache_1': {
-                'BACKEND': 'cache.closeable_cache.CacheClass',
-            },
-            'cache_2': {
-                'BACKEND': 'cache.closeable_cache.CacheClass',
-            },
-        }):
+        with self.settings(
+            CACHES={
+                "cache_1": {
+                    "BACKEND": "cache.closeable_cache.CacheClass",
+                },
+                "cache_2": {
+                    "BACKEND": "cache.closeable_cache.CacheClass",
+                },
+            }
+        ):
             self.assertEqual(caches.all(initialized_only=True), [])
             signals.request_finished.send(self.__class__)
             self.assertEqual(caches.all(initialized_only=True), [])
 
 
 DEFAULT_MEMORY_CACHES_SETTINGS = {
-    'default': {
-        'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache',
-        'LOCATION': 'unique-snowflake',
+    "default": {
+        "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache",
+        "LOCATION": "unique-snowflake",
     }
 }
 NEVER_EXPIRING_CACHES_SETTINGS = copy.deepcopy(DEFAULT_MEMORY_CACHES_SETTINGS)
-NEVER_EXPIRING_CACHES_SETTINGS['default']['TIMEOUT'] = None
+NEVER_EXPIRING_CACHES_SETTINGS["default"]["TIMEOUT"] = None
 
 
 class DefaultNonExpiringCacheKeyTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -1789,6 +1890,7 @@ class DefaultNonExpiringCacheKeyTests(SimpleTestCase):
     Settings having Cache arguments with a TIMEOUT=None create Caches that will
     set non-expiring keys.
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         # The 5 minute (300 seconds) default expiration time for keys is
         # defined in the implementation of the initializer method of the
@@ -1796,7 +1898,7 @@ class DefaultNonExpiringCacheKeyTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = caches[DEFAULT_CACHE_ALIAS].default_timeout
 
     def tearDown(self):
-        del(self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT)
+        del self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
 
     def test_default_expiration_time_for_keys_is_5_minutes(self):
         """The default expiration time of a cache key is 5 minutes.
@@ -1850,53 +1952,71 @@ class DefaultNonExpiringCacheKeyTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_KEY_PREFIX='settingsprefix',
+    CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_KEY_PREFIX="settingsprefix",
     CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_SECONDS=1,
     CACHES={
-        'default': {
-            'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache',
+        "default": {
+            "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache",
         },
     },
     USE_I18N=False,
-    ALLOWED_HOSTS=['.example.com'],
+    ALLOWED_HOSTS=[".example.com"],
 )
 class CacheUtils(SimpleTestCase):
     """TestCase for django.utils.cache functions."""
-    host = 'www.example.com'
-    path = '/cache/test/'
+
+    host = "www.example.com"
+    path = "/cache/test/"
     factory = RequestFactory(HTTP_HOST=host)
 
     def tearDown(self):
         cache.clear()
 
-    def _get_request_cache(self, method='GET', query_string=None, update_cache=None):
-        request = self._get_request(self.host, self.path,
-                                    method, query_string=query_string)
+    def _get_request_cache(self, method="GET", query_string=None, update_cache=None):
+        request = self._get_request(
+            self.host, self.path, method, query_string=query_string
+        )
         request._cache_update_cache = update_cache if update_cache else True
         return request
 
     def test_patch_vary_headers(self):
         headers = (
             # Initial vary, new headers, resulting vary.
-            (None, ('Accept-Encoding',), 'Accept-Encoding'),
-            ('Accept-Encoding', ('accept-encoding',), 'Accept-Encoding'),
-            ('Accept-Encoding', ('ACCEPT-ENCODING',), 'Accept-Encoding'),
-            ('Cookie', ('Accept-Encoding',), 'Cookie, Accept-Encoding'),
-            ('Cookie, Accept-Encoding', ('Accept-Encoding',), 'Cookie, Accept-Encoding'),
-            ('Cookie, Accept-Encoding', ('Accept-Encoding', 'cookie'), 'Cookie, Accept-Encoding'),
-            (None, ('Accept-Encoding', 'COOKIE'), 'Accept-Encoding, COOKIE'),
-            ('Cookie,     Accept-Encoding', ('Accept-Encoding', 'cookie'), 'Cookie, Accept-Encoding'),
-            ('Cookie    ,     Accept-Encoding', ('Accept-Encoding', 'cookie'), 'Cookie, Accept-Encoding'),
-            ('*', ('Accept-Language', 'Cookie'), '*'),
-            ('Accept-Language, Cookie', ('*',), '*'),
+            (None, ("Accept-Encoding",), "Accept-Encoding"),
+            ("Accept-Encoding", ("accept-encoding",), "Accept-Encoding"),
+            ("Accept-Encoding", ("ACCEPT-ENCODING",), "Accept-Encoding"),
+            ("Cookie", ("Accept-Encoding",), "Cookie, Accept-Encoding"),
+            (
+                "Cookie, Accept-Encoding",
+                ("Accept-Encoding",),
+                "Cookie, Accept-Encoding",
+            ),
+            (
+                "Cookie, Accept-Encoding",
+                ("Accept-Encoding", "cookie"),
+                "Cookie, Accept-Encoding",
+            ),
+            (None, ("Accept-Encoding", "COOKIE"), "Accept-Encoding, COOKIE"),
+            (
+                "Cookie,     Accept-Encoding",
+                ("Accept-Encoding", "cookie"),
+                "Cookie, Accept-Encoding",
+            ),
+            (
+                "Cookie    ,     Accept-Encoding",
+                ("Accept-Encoding", "cookie"),
+                "Cookie, Accept-Encoding",
+            ),
+            ("*", ("Accept-Language", "Cookie"), "*"),
+            ("Accept-Language, Cookie", ("*",), "*"),
         )
         for initial_vary, newheaders, resulting_vary in headers:
             with self.subTest(initial_vary=initial_vary, newheaders=newheaders):
                 response = HttpResponse()
                 if initial_vary is not None:
-                    response.headers['Vary'] = initial_vary
+                    response.headers["Vary"] = initial_vary
                 patch_vary_headers(response, newheaders)
-                self.assertEqual(response.headers['Vary'], resulting_vary)
+                self.assertEqual(response.headers["Vary"], resulting_vary)
 
     def test_get_cache_key(self):
         request = self.factory.get(self.path)
@@ -1908,20 +2028,20 @@ class CacheUtils(SimpleTestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(
             get_cache_key(request),
-            'views.decorators.cache.cache_page.settingsprefix.GET.'
-            '18a03f9c9649f7d684af5db3524f5c99.d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e'
+            "views.decorators.cache.cache_page.settingsprefix.GET."
+            "18a03f9c9649f7d684af5db3524f5c99.d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e",
         )
         # A specified key_prefix is taken into account.
-        key_prefix = 'localprefix'
+        key_prefix = "localprefix"
         learn_cache_key(request, response, key_prefix=key_prefix)
         self.assertEqual(
             get_cache_key(request, key_prefix=key_prefix),
-            'views.decorators.cache.cache_page.localprefix.GET.'
-            '18a03f9c9649f7d684af5db3524f5c99.d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e'
+            "views.decorators.cache.cache_page.localprefix.GET."
+            "18a03f9c9649f7d684af5db3524f5c99.d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e",
         )
 
     def test_get_cache_key_with_query(self):
-        request = self.factory.get(self.path, {'test': 1})
+        request = self.factory.get(self.path, {"test": 1})
         response = HttpResponse()
         # Expect None if no headers have been set yet.
         self.assertIsNone(get_cache_key(request))
@@ -1930,76 +2050,92 @@ class CacheUtils(SimpleTestCase):
         # The querystring is taken into account.
         self.assertEqual(
             get_cache_key(request),
-            'views.decorators.cache.cache_page.settingsprefix.GET.'
-            'beaf87a9a99ee81c673ea2d67ccbec2a.d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e'
+            "views.decorators.cache.cache_page.settingsprefix.GET."
+            "beaf87a9a99ee81c673ea2d67ccbec2a.d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e",
         )
 
     def test_cache_key_varies_by_url(self):
         """
         get_cache_key keys differ by fully-qualified URL instead of path
         """
-        request1 = self.factory.get(self.path, HTTP_HOST='sub-1.example.com')
+        request1 = self.factory.get(self.path, HTTP_HOST="sub-1.example.com")
         learn_cache_key(request1, HttpResponse())
-        request2 = self.factory.get(self.path, HTTP_HOST='sub-2.example.com')
+        request2 = self.factory.get(self.path, HTTP_HOST="sub-2.example.com")
         learn_cache_key(request2, HttpResponse())
         self.assertNotEqual(get_cache_key(request1), get_cache_key(request2))
 
     def test_learn_cache_key(self):
         request = self.factory.head(self.path)
         response = HttpResponse()
-        response.headers['Vary'] = 'Pony'
+        response.headers["Vary"] = "Pony"
         # Make sure that the Vary header is added to the key hash
         learn_cache_key(request, response)
 
         self.assertEqual(
             get_cache_key(request),
-            'views.decorators.cache.cache_page.settingsprefix.GET.'
-            '18a03f9c9649f7d684af5db3524f5c99.d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e'
+            "views.decorators.cache.cache_page.settingsprefix.GET."
+            "18a03f9c9649f7d684af5db3524f5c99.d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e",
         )
 
     def test_patch_cache_control(self):
         tests = (
             # Initial Cache-Control, kwargs to patch_cache_control, expected Cache-Control parts
-            (None, {'private': True}, {'private'}),
-            ('', {'private': True}, {'private'}),
+            (None, {"private": True}, {"private"}),
+            ("", {"private": True}, {"private"}),
             # no-cache.
-            ('', {'no_cache': 'Set-Cookie'}, {'no-cache=Set-Cookie'}),
-            ('', {'no-cache': 'Set-Cookie'}, {'no-cache=Set-Cookie'}),
-            ('no-cache=Set-Cookie', {'no_cache': True}, {'no-cache'}),
-            ('no-cache=Set-Cookie,no-cache=Link', {'no_cache': True}, {'no-cache'}),
-            ('no-cache=Set-Cookie', {'no_cache': 'Link'}, {'no-cache=Set-Cookie', 'no-cache=Link'}),
+            ("", {"no_cache": "Set-Cookie"}, {"no-cache=Set-Cookie"}),
+            ("", {"no-cache": "Set-Cookie"}, {"no-cache=Set-Cookie"}),
+            ("no-cache=Set-Cookie", {"no_cache": True}, {"no-cache"}),
+            ("no-cache=Set-Cookie,no-cache=Link", {"no_cache": True}, {"no-cache"}),
             (
-                'no-cache=Set-Cookie,no-cache=Link',
-                {'no_cache': 'Custom'},
-                {'no-cache=Set-Cookie', 'no-cache=Link', 'no-cache=Custom'},
+                "no-cache=Set-Cookie",
+                {"no_cache": "Link"},
+                {"no-cache=Set-Cookie", "no-cache=Link"},
+            ),
+            (
+                "no-cache=Set-Cookie,no-cache=Link",
+                {"no_cache": "Custom"},
+                {"no-cache=Set-Cookie", "no-cache=Link", "no-cache=Custom"},
             ),
             # Test whether private/public attributes are mutually exclusive
-            ('private', {'private': True}, {'private'}),
-            ('private', {'public': True}, {'public'}),
-            ('public', {'public': True}, {'public'}),
-            ('public', {'private': True}, {'private'}),
-            ('must-revalidate,max-age=60,private', {'public': True}, {'must-revalidate', 'max-age=60', 'public'}),
-            ('must-revalidate,max-age=60,public', {'private': True}, {'must-revalidate', 'max-age=60', 'private'}),
-            ('must-revalidate,max-age=60', {'public': True}, {'must-revalidate', 'max-age=60', 'public'}),
+            ("private", {"private": True}, {"private"}),
+            ("private", {"public": True}, {"public"}),
+            ("public", {"public": True}, {"public"}),
+            ("public", {"private": True}, {"private"}),
+            (
+                "must-revalidate,max-age=60,private",
+                {"public": True},
+                {"must-revalidate", "max-age=60", "public"},
+            ),
+            (
+                "must-revalidate,max-age=60,public",
+                {"private": True},
+                {"must-revalidate", "max-age=60", "private"},
+            ),
+            (
+                "must-revalidate,max-age=60",
+                {"public": True},
+                {"must-revalidate", "max-age=60", "public"},
+            ),
         )
 
-        cc_delim_re = re.compile(r'\s*,\s*')
+        cc_delim_re = re.compile(r"\s*,\s*")
 
         for initial_cc, newheaders, expected_cc in tests:
             with self.subTest(initial_cc=initial_cc, newheaders=newheaders):
                 response = HttpResponse()
                 if initial_cc is not None:
-                    response.headers['Cache-Control'] = initial_cc
+                    response.headers["Cache-Control"] = initial_cc
                 patch_cache_control(response, **newheaders)
-                parts = set(cc_delim_re.split(response.headers['Cache-Control']))
+                parts = set(cc_delim_re.split(response.headers["Cache-Control"]))
                 self.assertEqual(parts, expected_cc)
 
 
 @override_settings(
     CACHES={
-        'default': {
-            'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache',
-            'KEY_PREFIX': 'cacheprefix',
+        "default": {
+            "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache",
+            "KEY_PREFIX": "cacheprefix",
         },
     },
 )
@@ -2009,15 +2145,15 @@ class PrefixedCacheUtils(CacheUtils):
 
 @override_settings(
     CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_SECONDS=60,
-    CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_KEY_PREFIX='test',
+    CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_KEY_PREFIX="test",
     CACHES={
-        'default': {
-            'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache',
+        "default": {
+            "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache",
         },
     },
 )
 class CacheHEADTest(SimpleTestCase):
-    path = '/cache/test/'
+    path = "/cache/test/"
     factory = RequestFactory()
 
     def tearDown(self):
@@ -2027,7 +2163,7 @@ class CacheHEADTest(SimpleTestCase):
         return UpdateCacheMiddleware(lambda req: HttpResponse(msg))(request)
 
     def test_head_caches_correctly(self):
-        test_content = 'test content'
+        test_content = "test content"
 
         request = self.factory.head(self.path)
         request._cache_update_cache = True
@@ -2035,37 +2171,41 @@ class CacheHEADTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
         request = self.factory.head(self.path)
         request._cache_update_cache = True
-        get_cache_data = FetchFromCacheMiddleware(empty_response).process_request(request)
+        get_cache_data = FetchFromCacheMiddleware(empty_response).process_request(
+            request
+        )
         self.assertIsNotNone(get_cache_data)
         self.assertEqual(test_content.encode(), get_cache_data.content)
 
     def test_head_with_cached_get(self):
-        test_content = 'test content'
+        test_content = "test content"
 
         request = self.factory.get(self.path)
         request._cache_update_cache = True
         self._set_cache(request, test_content)
 
         request = self.factory.head(self.path)
-        get_cache_data = FetchFromCacheMiddleware(empty_response).process_request(request)
+        get_cache_data = FetchFromCacheMiddleware(empty_response).process_request(
+            request
+        )
         self.assertIsNotNone(get_cache_data)
         self.assertEqual(test_content.encode(), get_cache_data.content)
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_KEY_PREFIX='settingsprefix',
+    CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_KEY_PREFIX="settingsprefix",
     CACHES={
-        'default': {
-            'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache',
+        "default": {
+            "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache",
         },
     },
     LANGUAGES=[
-        ('en', 'English'),
-        ('es', 'Spanish'),
+        ("en", "English"),
+        ("es", "Spanish"),
     ],
 )
 class CacheI18nTest(SimpleTestCase):
-    path = '/cache/test/'
+    path = "/cache/test/"
     factory = RequestFactory()
 
     def tearDown(self):
@@ -2077,16 +2217,20 @@ class CacheI18nTest(SimpleTestCase):
         lang = translation.get_language()
         response = HttpResponse()
         key = learn_cache_key(request, response)
-        self.assertIn(lang, key, "Cache keys should include the language name when translation is active")
+        self.assertIn(
+            lang,
+            key,
+            "Cache keys should include the language name when translation is active",
+        )
         key2 = get_cache_key(request)
         self.assertEqual(key, key2)
 
     def check_accept_language_vary(self, accept_language, vary, reference_key):
         request = self.factory.get(self.path)
-        request.META['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE'] = accept_language
-        request.META['HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING'] = 'gzip;q=1.0, identity; q=0.5, *;q=0'
+        request.META["HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE"] = accept_language
+        request.META["HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING"] = "gzip;q=1.0, identity; q=0.5, *;q=0"
         response = HttpResponse()
-        response.headers['Vary'] = vary
+        response.headers["Vary"] = vary
         key = learn_cache_key(request, response)
         key2 = get_cache_key(request)
         self.assertEqual(key, reference_key)
@@ -2095,57 +2239,47 @@ class CacheI18nTest(SimpleTestCase):
     @override_settings(USE_I18N=True, USE_TZ=False)
     def test_cache_key_i18n_translation_accept_language(self):
         lang = translation.get_language()
-        self.assertEqual(lang, 'en')
+        self.assertEqual(lang, "en")
         request = self.factory.get(self.path)
-        request.META['HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING'] = 'gzip;q=1.0, identity; q=0.5, *;q=0'
+        request.META["HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING"] = "gzip;q=1.0, identity; q=0.5, *;q=0"
         response = HttpResponse()
-        response.headers['Vary'] = 'accept-encoding'
+        response.headers["Vary"] = "accept-encoding"
         key = learn_cache_key(request, response)
-        self.assertIn(lang, key, "Cache keys should include the language name when translation is active")
-        self.check_accept_language_vary(
-            'en-us',
-            'cookie, accept-language, accept-encoding',
-            key
+        self.assertIn(
+            lang,
+            key,
+            "Cache keys should include the language name when translation is active",
         )
         self.check_accept_language_vary(
-            'en-US',
-            'cookie, accept-encoding, accept-language',
-            key
+            "en-us", "cookie, accept-language, accept-encoding", key
         )
         self.check_accept_language_vary(
-            'en-US,en;q=0.8',
-            'accept-encoding, accept-language, cookie',
-            key
+            "en-US", "cookie, accept-encoding, accept-language", key
         )
         self.check_accept_language_vary(
-            'en-US,en;q=0.8,ko;q=0.6',
-            'accept-language, cookie, accept-encoding',
-            key
+            "en-US,en;q=0.8", "accept-encoding, accept-language, cookie", key
         )
         self.check_accept_language_vary(
-            'ko-kr,ko;q=0.8,en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3 ',
-            'accept-encoding, cookie, accept-language',
-            key
+            "en-US,en;q=0.8,ko;q=0.6", "accept-language, cookie, accept-encoding", key
         )
         self.check_accept_language_vary(
-            'ko-KR,ko;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.6,en;q=0.4',
-            'accept-language, accept-encoding, cookie',
-            key
+            "ko-kr,ko;q=0.8,en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3 ",
+            "accept-encoding, cookie, accept-language",
+            key,
         )
         self.check_accept_language_vary(
-            'ko;q=1.0,en;q=0.5',
-            'cookie, accept-language, accept-encoding',
-            key
+            "ko-KR,ko;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.6,en;q=0.4",
+            "accept-language, accept-encoding, cookie",
+            key,
         )
         self.check_accept_language_vary(
-            'ko, en',
-            'cookie, accept-encoding, accept-language',
-            key
+            "ko;q=1.0,en;q=0.5", "cookie, accept-language, accept-encoding", key
         )
         self.check_accept_language_vary(
-            'ko-KR, en-US',
-            'accept-encoding, accept-language, cookie',
-            key
+            "ko, en", "cookie, accept-encoding, accept-language", key
+        )
+        self.check_accept_language_vary(
+            "ko-KR, en-US", "accept-encoding, accept-language, cookie", key
         )
 
     @override_settings(USE_I18N=False, USE_TZ=True)
@@ -2154,7 +2288,11 @@ class CacheI18nTest(SimpleTestCase):
         tz = timezone.get_current_timezone_name()
         response = HttpResponse()
         key = learn_cache_key(request, response)
-        self.assertIn(tz, key, "Cache keys should include the time zone name when time zones are active")
+        self.assertIn(
+            tz,
+            key,
+            "Cache keys should include the time zone name when time zones are active",
+        )
         key2 = get_cache_key(request)
         self.assertEqual(key, key2)
 
@@ -2165,8 +2303,16 @@ class CacheI18nTest(SimpleTestCase):
         tz = timezone.get_current_timezone_name()
         response = HttpResponse()
         key = learn_cache_key(request, response)
-        self.assertNotIn(lang, key, "Cache keys shouldn't include the language name when i18n isn't active")
-        self.assertNotIn(tz, key, "Cache keys shouldn't include the time zone name when i18n isn't active")
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            lang,
+            key,
+            "Cache keys shouldn't include the language name when i18n isn't active",
+        )
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            tz,
+            key,
+            "Cache keys shouldn't include the time zone name when i18n isn't active",
+        )
 
     @override_settings(
         CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_KEY_PREFIX="test",
@@ -2182,26 +2328,32 @@ class CacheI18nTest(SimpleTestCase):
             return UpdateCacheMiddleware(get_response)(request)
 
         # cache with non empty request.GET
-        request = self.factory.get(self.path, {'foo': 'bar', 'other': 'true'})
+        request = self.factory.get(self.path, {"foo": "bar", "other": "true"})
         request._cache_update_cache = True
 
-        get_cache_data = FetchFromCacheMiddleware(empty_response).process_request(request)
+        get_cache_data = FetchFromCacheMiddleware(empty_response).process_request(
+            request
+        )
         # first access, cache must return None
         self.assertIsNone(get_cache_data)
-        content = 'Check for cache with QUERY_STRING'
+        content = "Check for cache with QUERY_STRING"
 
         def get_response(req):
             return HttpResponse(content)
 
         UpdateCacheMiddleware(get_response)(request)
-        get_cache_data = FetchFromCacheMiddleware(empty_response).process_request(request)
+        get_cache_data = FetchFromCacheMiddleware(empty_response).process_request(
+            request
+        )
         # cache must return content
         self.assertIsNotNone(get_cache_data)
         self.assertEqual(get_cache_data.content, content.encode())
         # different QUERY_STRING, cache must be empty
-        request = self.factory.get(self.path, {'foo': 'bar', 'somethingelse': 'true'})
+        request = self.factory.get(self.path, {"foo": "bar", "somethingelse": "true"})
         request._cache_update_cache = True
-        get_cache_data = FetchFromCacheMiddleware(empty_response).process_request(request)
+        get_cache_data = FetchFromCacheMiddleware(empty_response).process_request(
+            request
+        )
         self.assertIsNone(get_cache_data)
 
         # i18n tests
@@ -2210,23 +2362,29 @@ class CacheI18nTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
         request = self.factory.get(self.path)
         request._cache_update_cache = True
-        set_cache(request, 'en', en_message)
-        get_cache_data = FetchFromCacheMiddleware(empty_response).process_request(request)
+        set_cache(request, "en", en_message)
+        get_cache_data = FetchFromCacheMiddleware(empty_response).process_request(
+            request
+        )
         # The cache can be recovered
         self.assertIsNotNone(get_cache_data)
         self.assertEqual(get_cache_data.content, en_message.encode())
         # change the session language and set content
         request = self.factory.get(self.path)
         request._cache_update_cache = True
-        set_cache(request, 'es', es_message)
+        set_cache(request, "es", es_message)
         # change again the language
-        translation.activate('en')
+        translation.activate("en")
         # retrieve the content from cache
-        get_cache_data = FetchFromCacheMiddleware(empty_response).process_request(request)
+        get_cache_data = FetchFromCacheMiddleware(empty_response).process_request(
+            request
+        )
         self.assertEqual(get_cache_data.content, en_message.encode())
         # change again the language
-        translation.activate('es')
-        get_cache_data = FetchFromCacheMiddleware(empty_response).process_request(request)
+        translation.activate("es")
+        get_cache_data = FetchFromCacheMiddleware(empty_response).process_request(
+            request
+        )
         self.assertEqual(get_cache_data.content, es_message.encode())
         # reset the language
         translation.deactivate()
@@ -2237,23 +2395,27 @@ class CacheI18nTest(SimpleTestCase):
     )
     def test_middleware_doesnt_cache_streaming_response(self):
         request = self.factory.get(self.path)
-        get_cache_data = FetchFromCacheMiddleware(empty_response).process_request(request)
+        get_cache_data = FetchFromCacheMiddleware(empty_response).process_request(
+            request
+        )
         self.assertIsNone(get_cache_data)
 
         def get_stream_response(req):
-            return StreamingHttpResponse(['Check for cache with streaming content.'])
+            return StreamingHttpResponse(["Check for cache with streaming content."])
 
         UpdateCacheMiddleware(get_stream_response)(request)
 
-        get_cache_data = FetchFromCacheMiddleware(empty_response).process_request(request)
+        get_cache_data = FetchFromCacheMiddleware(empty_response).process_request(
+            request
+        )
         self.assertIsNone(get_cache_data)
 
 
 @override_settings(
     CACHES={
-        'default': {
-            'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache',
-            'KEY_PREFIX': 'cacheprefix'
+        "default": {
+            "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache",
+            "KEY_PREFIX": "cacheprefix",
         },
     },
 )
@@ -2262,25 +2424,25 @@ class PrefixedCacheI18nTest(CacheI18nTest):
 
 
 def hello_world_view(request, value):
-    return HttpResponse('Hello World %s' % value)
+    return HttpResponse("Hello World %s" % value)
 
 
 def csrf_view(request):
-    return HttpResponse(csrf(request)['csrf_token'])
+    return HttpResponse(csrf(request)["csrf_token"])
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_ALIAS='other',
-    CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_KEY_PREFIX='middlewareprefix',
+    CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_ALIAS="other",
+    CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_KEY_PREFIX="middlewareprefix",
     CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_SECONDS=30,
     CACHES={
-        'default': {
-            'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache',
+        "default": {
+            "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache",
         },
-        'other': {
-            'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache',
-            'LOCATION': 'other',
-            'TIMEOUT': '1',
+        "other": {
+            "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache",
+            "LOCATION": "other",
+            "TIMEOUT": "1",
         },
     },
 )
@@ -2288,8 +2450,8 @@ class CacheMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
     factory = RequestFactory()
 
     def setUp(self):
-        self.default_cache = caches['default']
-        self.other_cache = caches['other']
+        self.default_cache = caches["default"]
+        self.other_cache = caches["other"]
 
     def tearDown(self):
         self.default_cache.clear()
@@ -2308,56 +2470,60 @@ class CacheMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
         # Now test object attributes against values defined in setUp above
         self.assertEqual(middleware.cache_timeout, 30)
-        self.assertEqual(middleware.key_prefix, 'middlewareprefix')
-        self.assertEqual(middleware.cache_alias, 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(middleware.key_prefix, "middlewareprefix")
+        self.assertEqual(middleware.cache_alias, "other")
         self.assertEqual(middleware.cache, self.other_cache)
 
         # If more arguments are being passed in construction, it's being used
         # as a decorator. First, test with "defaults":
-        as_view_decorator = CacheMiddleware(empty_response, cache_alias=None, key_prefix=None)
+        as_view_decorator = CacheMiddleware(
+            empty_response, cache_alias=None, key_prefix=None
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual(as_view_decorator.cache_timeout, 30)  # Timeout value for 'default' cache, i.e. 30
-        self.assertEqual(as_view_decorator.key_prefix, '')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            as_view_decorator.cache_timeout, 30
+        )  # Timeout value for 'default' cache, i.e. 30
+        self.assertEqual(as_view_decorator.key_prefix, "")
         # Value of DEFAULT_CACHE_ALIAS from django.core.cache
-        self.assertEqual(as_view_decorator.cache_alias, 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(as_view_decorator.cache_alias, "default")
         self.assertEqual(as_view_decorator.cache, self.default_cache)
 
         # Next, test with custom values:
         as_view_decorator_with_custom = CacheMiddleware(
-            hello_world_view, cache_timeout=60, cache_alias='other', key_prefix='foo'
+            hello_world_view, cache_timeout=60, cache_alias="other", key_prefix="foo"
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(as_view_decorator_with_custom.cache_timeout, 60)
-        self.assertEqual(as_view_decorator_with_custom.key_prefix, 'foo')
-        self.assertEqual(as_view_decorator_with_custom.cache_alias, 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(as_view_decorator_with_custom.key_prefix, "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(as_view_decorator_with_custom.cache_alias, "other")
         self.assertEqual(as_view_decorator_with_custom.cache, self.other_cache)
 
     def test_update_cache_middleware_constructor(self):
         middleware = UpdateCacheMiddleware(empty_response)
         self.assertEqual(middleware.cache_timeout, 30)
         self.assertIsNone(middleware.page_timeout)
-        self.assertEqual(middleware.key_prefix, 'middlewareprefix')
-        self.assertEqual(middleware.cache_alias, 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(middleware.key_prefix, "middlewareprefix")
+        self.assertEqual(middleware.cache_alias, "other")
         self.assertEqual(middleware.cache, self.other_cache)
 
     def test_fetch_cache_middleware_constructor(self):
         middleware = FetchFromCacheMiddleware(empty_response)
-        self.assertEqual(middleware.key_prefix, 'middlewareprefix')
-        self.assertEqual(middleware.cache_alias, 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(middleware.key_prefix, "middlewareprefix")
+        self.assertEqual(middleware.cache_alias, "other")
         self.assertEqual(middleware.cache, self.other_cache)
 
     def test_middleware(self):
         middleware = CacheMiddleware(hello_world_view)
-        prefix_middleware = CacheMiddleware(hello_world_view, key_prefix='prefix1')
+        prefix_middleware = CacheMiddleware(hello_world_view, key_prefix="prefix1")
         timeout_middleware = CacheMiddleware(hello_world_view, cache_timeout=1)
 
-        request = self.factory.get('/view/')
+        request = self.factory.get("/view/")
 
         # Put the request through the request middleware
         result = middleware.process_request(request)
         self.assertIsNone(result)
 
-        response = hello_world_view(request, '1')
+        response = hello_world_view(request, "1")
 
         # Now put the response through the response middleware
         response = middleware.process_response(request, response)
@@ -2365,7 +2531,7 @@ class CacheMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         # Repeating the request should result in a cache hit
         result = middleware.process_request(request)
         self.assertIsNotNone(result)
-        self.assertEqual(result.content, b'Hello World 1')
+        self.assertEqual(result.content, b"Hello World 1")
 
         # The same request through a different middleware won't hit
         result = prefix_middleware.process_request(request)
@@ -2374,84 +2540,88 @@ class CacheMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         # The same request with a timeout _will_ hit
         result = timeout_middleware.process_request(request)
         self.assertIsNotNone(result)
-        self.assertEqual(result.content, b'Hello World 1')
+        self.assertEqual(result.content, b"Hello World 1")
 
     def test_view_decorator(self):
         # decorate the same view with different cache decorators
         default_view = cache_page(3)(hello_world_view)
-        default_with_prefix_view = cache_page(3, key_prefix='prefix1')(hello_world_view)
+        default_with_prefix_view = cache_page(3, key_prefix="prefix1")(hello_world_view)
 
-        explicit_default_view = cache_page(3, cache='default')(hello_world_view)
-        explicit_default_with_prefix_view = cache_page(3, cache='default', key_prefix='prefix1')(hello_world_view)
+        explicit_default_view = cache_page(3, cache="default")(hello_world_view)
+        explicit_default_with_prefix_view = cache_page(
+            3, cache="default", key_prefix="prefix1"
+        )(hello_world_view)
 
-        other_view = cache_page(1, cache='other')(hello_world_view)
-        other_with_prefix_view = cache_page(1, cache='other', key_prefix='prefix2')(hello_world_view)
+        other_view = cache_page(1, cache="other")(hello_world_view)
+        other_with_prefix_view = cache_page(1, cache="other", key_prefix="prefix2")(
+            hello_world_view
+        )
 
-        request = self.factory.get('/view/')
+        request = self.factory.get("/view/")
 
         # Request the view once
-        response = default_view(request, '1')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Hello World 1')
+        response = default_view(request, "1")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Hello World 1")
 
         # Request again -- hit the cache
-        response = default_view(request, '2')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Hello World 1')
+        response = default_view(request, "2")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Hello World 1")
 
         # Requesting the same view with the explicit cache should yield the same result
-        response = explicit_default_view(request, '3')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Hello World 1')
+        response = explicit_default_view(request, "3")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Hello World 1")
 
         # Requesting with a prefix will hit a different cache key
-        response = explicit_default_with_prefix_view(request, '4')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Hello World 4')
+        response = explicit_default_with_prefix_view(request, "4")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Hello World 4")
 
         # Hitting the same view again gives a cache hit
-        response = explicit_default_with_prefix_view(request, '5')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Hello World 4')
+        response = explicit_default_with_prefix_view(request, "5")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Hello World 4")
 
         # And going back to the implicit cache will hit the same cache
-        response = default_with_prefix_view(request, '6')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Hello World 4')
+        response = default_with_prefix_view(request, "6")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Hello World 4")
 
         # Requesting from an alternate cache won't hit cache
-        response = other_view(request, '7')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Hello World 7')
+        response = other_view(request, "7")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Hello World 7")
 
         # But a repeated hit will hit cache
-        response = other_view(request, '8')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Hello World 7')
+        response = other_view(request, "8")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Hello World 7")
 
         # And prefixing the alternate cache yields yet another cache entry
-        response = other_with_prefix_view(request, '9')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Hello World 9')
+        response = other_with_prefix_view(request, "9")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Hello World 9")
 
         # But if we wait a couple of seconds...
         time.sleep(2)
 
         # ... the default cache will still hit
-        caches['default']
-        response = default_view(request, '11')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Hello World 1')
+        caches["default"]
+        response = default_view(request, "11")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Hello World 1")
 
         # ... the default cache with a prefix will still hit
-        response = default_with_prefix_view(request, '12')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Hello World 4')
+        response = default_with_prefix_view(request, "12")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Hello World 4")
 
         # ... the explicit default cache will still hit
-        response = explicit_default_view(request, '13')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Hello World 1')
+        response = explicit_default_view(request, "13")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Hello World 1")
 
         # ... the explicit default cache with a prefix will still hit
-        response = explicit_default_with_prefix_view(request, '14')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Hello World 4')
+        response = explicit_default_with_prefix_view(request, "14")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Hello World 4")
 
         # .. but a rapidly expiring cache won't hit
-        response = other_view(request, '15')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Hello World 15')
+        response = other_view(request, "15")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Hello World 15")
 
         # .. even if it has a prefix
-        response = other_with_prefix_view(request, '16')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Hello World 16')
+        response = other_with_prefix_view(request, "16")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Hello World 16")
 
     def test_cache_page_timeout(self):
         # Page timeout takes precedence over the "max-age" section of the
@@ -2465,32 +2635,34 @@ class CacheMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
                 view = cache_page(timeout=page_timeout)(
                     cache_control(max_age=max_age)(hello_world_view)
                 )
-                request = self.factory.get('/view/')
-                response = view(request, '1')
-                self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Hello World 1')
+                request = self.factory.get("/view/")
+                response = view(request, "1")
+                self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Hello World 1")
                 time.sleep(1)
-                response = view(request, '2')
+                response = view(request, "2")
                 self.assertEqual(
                     response.content,
-                    b'Hello World 1' if page_timeout > max_age else b'Hello World 2',
+                    b"Hello World 1" if page_timeout > max_age else b"Hello World 2",
                 )
             cache.clear()
 
     def test_cached_control_private_not_cached(self):
         """Responses with 'Cache-Control: private' are not cached."""
-        view_with_private_cache = cache_page(3)(cache_control(private=True)(hello_world_view))
-        request = self.factory.get('/view/')
-        response = view_with_private_cache(request, '1')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Hello World 1')
-        response = view_with_private_cache(request, '2')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Hello World 2')
+        view_with_private_cache = cache_page(3)(
+            cache_control(private=True)(hello_world_view)
+        )
+        request = self.factory.get("/view/")
+        response = view_with_private_cache(request, "1")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Hello World 1")
+        response = view_with_private_cache(request, "2")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Hello World 2")
 
     def test_sensitive_cookie_not_cached(self):
         """
         Django must prevent caching of responses that set a user-specific (and
         maybe security sensitive) cookie in response to a cookie-less request.
         """
-        request = self.factory.get('/view/')
+        request = self.factory.get("/view/")
         csrf_middleware = CsrfViewMiddleware(csrf_view)
         csrf_middleware.process_view(request, csrf_view, (), {})
         cache_middleware = CacheMiddleware(csrf_middleware)
@@ -2504,15 +2676,15 @@ class CacheMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_304_response_has_http_caching_headers_but_not_cached(self):
         original_view = mock.Mock(return_value=HttpResponseNotModified())
         view = cache_page(2)(original_view)
-        request = self.factory.get('/view/')
+        request = self.factory.get("/view/")
         # The view shouldn't be cached on the second call.
         view(request).close()
         response = view(request)
         response.close()
         self.assertEqual(original_view.call_count, 2)
         self.assertIsInstance(response, HttpResponseNotModified)
-        self.assertIn('Cache-Control', response)
-        self.assertIn('Expires', response)
+        self.assertIn("Cache-Control", response)
+        self.assertIn("Expires", response)
 
     def test_per_thread(self):
         """The cache instance is different for each thread."""
@@ -2531,11 +2703,11 @@ class CacheMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_KEY_PREFIX='settingsprefix',
+    CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_KEY_PREFIX="settingsprefix",
     CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_SECONDS=1,
     CACHES={
-        'default': {
-            'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache',
+        "default": {
+            "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache",
         },
     },
     USE_I18N=False,
@@ -2549,7 +2721,8 @@ class TestWithTemplateResponse(SimpleTestCase):
     content being complete (which is not necessarily always the case
     with a TemplateResponse)
     """
-    path = '/cache/test/'
+
+    path = "/cache/test/"
     factory = RequestFactory()
 
     def tearDown(self):
@@ -2558,30 +2731,46 @@ class TestWithTemplateResponse(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_patch_vary_headers(self):
         headers = (
             # Initial vary, new headers, resulting vary.
-            (None, ('Accept-Encoding',), 'Accept-Encoding'),
-            ('Accept-Encoding', ('accept-encoding',), 'Accept-Encoding'),
-            ('Accept-Encoding', ('ACCEPT-ENCODING',), 'Accept-Encoding'),
-            ('Cookie', ('Accept-Encoding',), 'Cookie, Accept-Encoding'),
-            ('Cookie, Accept-Encoding', ('Accept-Encoding',), 'Cookie, Accept-Encoding'),
-            ('Cookie, Accept-Encoding', ('Accept-Encoding', 'cookie'), 'Cookie, Accept-Encoding'),
-            (None, ('Accept-Encoding', 'COOKIE'), 'Accept-Encoding, COOKIE'),
-            ('Cookie,     Accept-Encoding', ('Accept-Encoding', 'cookie'), 'Cookie, Accept-Encoding'),
-            ('Cookie    ,     Accept-Encoding', ('Accept-Encoding', 'cookie'), 'Cookie, Accept-Encoding'),
+            (None, ("Accept-Encoding",), "Accept-Encoding"),
+            ("Accept-Encoding", ("accept-encoding",), "Accept-Encoding"),
+            ("Accept-Encoding", ("ACCEPT-ENCODING",), "Accept-Encoding"),
+            ("Cookie", ("Accept-Encoding",), "Cookie, Accept-Encoding"),
+            (
+                "Cookie, Accept-Encoding",
+                ("Accept-Encoding",),
+                "Cookie, Accept-Encoding",
+            ),
+            (
+                "Cookie, Accept-Encoding",
+                ("Accept-Encoding", "cookie"),
+                "Cookie, Accept-Encoding",
+            ),
+            (None, ("Accept-Encoding", "COOKIE"), "Accept-Encoding, COOKIE"),
+            (
+                "Cookie,     Accept-Encoding",
+                ("Accept-Encoding", "cookie"),
+                "Cookie, Accept-Encoding",
+            ),
+            (
+                "Cookie    ,     Accept-Encoding",
+                ("Accept-Encoding", "cookie"),
+                "Cookie, Accept-Encoding",
+            ),
         )
         for initial_vary, newheaders, resulting_vary in headers:
             with self.subTest(initial_vary=initial_vary, newheaders=newheaders):
-                template = engines['django'].from_string("This is a test")
+                template = engines["django"].from_string("This is a test")
                 response = TemplateResponse(HttpRequest(), template)
                 if initial_vary is not None:
-                    response.headers['Vary'] = initial_vary
+                    response.headers["Vary"] = initial_vary
                 patch_vary_headers(response, newheaders)
-                self.assertEqual(response.headers['Vary'], resulting_vary)
+                self.assertEqual(response.headers["Vary"], resulting_vary)
 
     def test_get_cache_key(self):
         request = self.factory.get(self.path)
-        template = engines['django'].from_string("This is a test")
+        template = engines["django"].from_string("This is a test")
         response = TemplateResponse(HttpRequest(), template)
-        key_prefix = 'localprefix'
+        key_prefix = "localprefix"
         # Expect None if no headers have been set yet.
         self.assertIsNone(get_cache_key(request))
         # Set headers to an empty list.
@@ -2589,20 +2778,20 @@ class TestWithTemplateResponse(SimpleTestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(
             get_cache_key(request),
-            'views.decorators.cache.cache_page.settingsprefix.GET.'
-            '58a0a05c8a5620f813686ff969c26853.d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e'
+            "views.decorators.cache.cache_page.settingsprefix.GET."
+            "58a0a05c8a5620f813686ff969c26853.d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e",
         )
         # A specified key_prefix is taken into account.
         learn_cache_key(request, response, key_prefix=key_prefix)
         self.assertEqual(
             get_cache_key(request, key_prefix=key_prefix),
-            'views.decorators.cache.cache_page.localprefix.GET.'
-            '58a0a05c8a5620f813686ff969c26853.d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e'
+            "views.decorators.cache.cache_page.localprefix.GET."
+            "58a0a05c8a5620f813686ff969c26853.d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e",
         )
 
     def test_get_cache_key_with_query(self):
-        request = self.factory.get(self.path, {'test': 1})
-        template = engines['django'].from_string("This is a test")
+        request = self.factory.get(self.path, {"test": 1})
+        template = engines["django"].from_string("This is a test")
         response = TemplateResponse(HttpRequest(), template)
         # Expect None if no headers have been set yet.
         self.assertIsNone(get_cache_key(request))
@@ -2611,39 +2800,41 @@ class TestWithTemplateResponse(SimpleTestCase):
         # The querystring is taken into account.
         self.assertEqual(
             get_cache_key(request),
-            'views.decorators.cache.cache_page.settingsprefix.GET.'
-            '0f1c2d56633c943073c4569d9a9502fe.d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e'
+            "views.decorators.cache.cache_page.settingsprefix.GET."
+            "0f1c2d56633c943073c4569d9a9502fe.d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e",
         )
 
 
 class TestMakeTemplateFragmentKey(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_without_vary_on(self):
-        key = make_template_fragment_key('a.fragment')
-        self.assertEqual(key, 'template.cache.a.fragment.d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e')
+        key = make_template_fragment_key("a.fragment")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            key, "template.cache.a.fragment.d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e"
+        )
 
     def test_with_one_vary_on(self):
-        key = make_template_fragment_key('foo', ['abc'])
-        self.assertEqual(key, 'template.cache.foo.493e283d571a73056196f1a68efd0f66')
+        key = make_template_fragment_key("foo", ["abc"])
+        self.assertEqual(key, "template.cache.foo.493e283d571a73056196f1a68efd0f66")
 
     def test_with_many_vary_on(self):
-        key = make_template_fragment_key('bar', ['abc', 'def'])
-        self.assertEqual(key, 'template.cache.bar.17c1a507a0cb58384f4c639067a93520')
+        key = make_template_fragment_key("bar", ["abc", "def"])
+        self.assertEqual(key, "template.cache.bar.17c1a507a0cb58384f4c639067a93520")
 
     def test_proper_escaping(self):
-        key = make_template_fragment_key('spam', ['abc:def%'])
-        self.assertEqual(key, 'template.cache.spam.06c8ae8e8c430b69fb0a6443504153dc')
+        key = make_template_fragment_key("spam", ["abc:def%"])
+        self.assertEqual(key, "template.cache.spam.06c8ae8e8c430b69fb0a6443504153dc")
 
     def test_with_ints_vary_on(self):
-        key = make_template_fragment_key('foo', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
-        self.assertEqual(key, 'template.cache.foo.7ae8fd2e0d25d651c683bdeebdb29461')
+        key = make_template_fragment_key("foo", [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+        self.assertEqual(key, "template.cache.foo.7ae8fd2e0d25d651c683bdeebdb29461")
 
     def test_with_unicode_vary_on(self):
-        key = make_template_fragment_key('foo', ['42º', '😀'])
-        self.assertEqual(key, 'template.cache.foo.7ced1c94e543668590ba39b3c08b0237')
+        key = make_template_fragment_key("foo", ["42º", "😀"])
+        self.assertEqual(key, "template.cache.foo.7ced1c94e543668590ba39b3c08b0237")
 
     def test_long_vary_on(self):
-        key = make_template_fragment_key('foo', ['x' * 10000])
-        self.assertEqual(key, 'template.cache.foo.3670b349b5124aa56bdb50678b02b23a')
+        key = make_template_fragment_key("foo", ["x" * 10000])
+        self.assertEqual(key, "template.cache.foo.3670b349b5124aa56bdb50678b02b23a")
 
 
 class CacheHandlerTest(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -2651,8 +2842,8 @@ class CacheHandlerTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         Attempting to retrieve the same alias should yield the same instance.
         """
-        cache1 = caches['default']
-        cache2 = caches['default']
+        cache1 = caches["default"]
+        cache2 = caches["default"]
 
         self.assertIs(cache1, cache2)
 
@@ -2664,7 +2855,7 @@ class CacheHandlerTest(SimpleTestCase):
         c = []
 
         def runner():
-            c.append(caches['default'])
+            c.append(caches["default"])
 
         for x in range(2):
             t = threading.Thread(target=runner)
@@ -2676,32 +2867,36 @@ class CacheHandlerTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_nonexistent_alias(self):
         msg = "The connection 'nonexistent' doesn't exist."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(InvalidCacheBackendError, msg):
-            caches['nonexistent']
+            caches["nonexistent"]
 
     def test_nonexistent_backend(self):
-        test_caches = CacheHandler({
-            'invalid_backend': {
-                'BACKEND': 'django.nonexistent.NonexistentBackend',
-            },
-        })
+        test_caches = CacheHandler(
+            {
+                "invalid_backend": {
+                    "BACKEND": "django.nonexistent.NonexistentBackend",
+                },
+            }
+        )
         msg = (
             "Could not find backend 'django.nonexistent.NonexistentBackend': "
             "No module named 'django.nonexistent'"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(InvalidCacheBackendError, msg):
-            test_caches['invalid_backend']
+            test_caches["invalid_backend"]
 
     def test_all(self):
-        test_caches = CacheHandler({
-            'cache_1': {
-                'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.dummy.DummyCache',
-            },
-            'cache_2': {
-                'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.dummy.DummyCache',
-            },
-        })
+        test_caches = CacheHandler(
+            {
+                "cache_1": {
+                    "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.dummy.DummyCache",
+                },
+                "cache_2": {
+                    "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.dummy.DummyCache",
+                },
+            }
+        )
         self.assertEqual(test_caches.all(initialized_only=True), [])
-        cache_1 = test_caches['cache_1']
+        cache_1 = test_caches["cache_1"]
         self.assertEqual(test_caches.all(initialized_only=True), [cache_1])
         self.assertEqual(len(test_caches.all()), 2)
         # .all() initializes all caches.
diff --git a/tests/cache/tests_async.py b/tests/cache/tests_async.py
index 4e84f35db2..3ac4e446e6 100644
--- a/tests/cache/tests_async.py
+++ b/tests/cache/tests_async.py
@@ -6,80 +6,83 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 from .tests import KEY_ERRORS_WITH_MEMCACHED_MSG
 
 
-@override_settings(CACHES={
-    'default': {
-        'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.dummy.DummyCache',
+@override_settings(
+    CACHES={
+        "default": {
+            "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.dummy.DummyCache",
+        }
     }
-})
+)
 class AsyncDummyCacheTests(SimpleTestCase):
     async def test_simple(self):
         """Dummy cache backend ignores cache set calls."""
-        await cache.aset('key', 'value')
-        self.assertIsNone(await cache.aget('key'))
+        await cache.aset("key", "value")
+        self.assertIsNone(await cache.aget("key"))
 
     async def test_aadd(self):
         """Add doesn't do anything in dummy cache backend."""
-        self.assertIs(await cache.aadd('key', 'value'), True)
-        self.assertIs(await cache.aadd('key', 'new_value'), True)
-        self.assertIsNone(await cache.aget('key'))
+        self.assertIs(await cache.aadd("key", "value"), True)
+        self.assertIs(await cache.aadd("key", "new_value"), True)
+        self.assertIsNone(await cache.aget("key"))
 
     async def test_non_existent(self):
         """Nonexistent keys aren't found in the dummy cache backend."""
-        self.assertIsNone(await cache.aget('does_not_exist'))
-        self.assertEqual(await cache.aget('does_not_exist', 'default'), 'default')
+        self.assertIsNone(await cache.aget("does_not_exist"))
+        self.assertEqual(await cache.aget("does_not_exist", "default"), "default")
 
     async def test_aget_many(self):
         """aget_many() returns nothing for the dummy cache backend."""
-        await cache.aset_many({'a': 'a', 'b': 'b', 'c': 'c', 'd': 'd'})
-        self.assertEqual(await cache.aget_many(['a', 'c', 'd']), {})
-        self.assertEqual(await cache.aget_many(['a', 'b', 'e']), {})
+        await cache.aset_many({"a": "a", "b": "b", "c": "c", "d": "d"})
+        self.assertEqual(await cache.aget_many(["a", "c", "d"]), {})
+        self.assertEqual(await cache.aget_many(["a", "b", "e"]), {})
 
     async def test_aget_many_invalid_key(self):
-        msg = KEY_ERRORS_WITH_MEMCACHED_MSG % ':1:key with spaces'
+        msg = KEY_ERRORS_WITH_MEMCACHED_MSG % ":1:key with spaces"
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(CacheKeyWarning, msg):
-            await cache.aget_many(['key with spaces'])
+            await cache.aget_many(["key with spaces"])
 
     async def test_adelete(self):
         """
         Cache deletion is transparently ignored on the dummy cache backend.
         """
-        await cache.aset_many({'key1': 'spam', 'key2': 'eggs'})
-        self.assertIsNone(await cache.aget('key1'))
-        self.assertIs(await cache.adelete('key1'), False)
-        self.assertIsNone(await cache.aget('key1'))
-        self.assertIsNone(await cache.aget('key2'))
+        await cache.aset_many({"key1": "spam", "key2": "eggs"})
+        self.assertIsNone(await cache.aget("key1"))
+        self.assertIs(await cache.adelete("key1"), False)
+        self.assertIsNone(await cache.aget("key1"))
+        self.assertIsNone(await cache.aget("key2"))
 
     async def test_ahas_key(self):
         """ahas_key() doesn't ever return True for the dummy cache backend."""
-        await cache.aset('hello1', 'goodbye1')
-        self.assertIs(await cache.ahas_key('hello1'), False)
-        self.assertIs(await cache.ahas_key('goodbye1'), False)
+        await cache.aset("hello1", "goodbye1")
+        self.assertIs(await cache.ahas_key("hello1"), False)
+        self.assertIs(await cache.ahas_key("goodbye1"), False)
 
     async def test_aincr(self):
         """Dummy cache values can't be incremented."""
-        await cache.aset('answer', 42)
+        await cache.aset("answer", 42)
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            await cache.aincr('answer')
+            await cache.aincr("answer")
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            await cache.aincr('does_not_exist')
+            await cache.aincr("does_not_exist")
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            await cache.aincr('does_not_exist', -1)
+            await cache.aincr("does_not_exist", -1)
 
     async def test_adecr(self):
         """Dummy cache values can't be decremented."""
-        await cache.aset('answer', 42)
+        await cache.aset("answer", 42)
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            await cache.adecr('answer')
+            await cache.adecr("answer")
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            await cache.adecr('does_not_exist')
+            await cache.adecr("does_not_exist")
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            await cache.adecr('does_not_exist', -1)
+            await cache.adecr("does_not_exist", -1)
 
     async def test_atouch(self):
-        self.assertIs(await cache.atouch('key'), False)
+        self.assertIs(await cache.atouch("key"), False)
 
     async def test_data_types(self):
         """All data types are ignored equally by the dummy cache."""
+
         def f():
             return 42
 
@@ -88,37 +91,37 @@ class AsyncDummyCacheTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 return 24
 
         data = {
-            'string': 'this is a string',
-            'int': 42,
-            'list': [1, 2, 3, 4],
-            'tuple': (1, 2, 3, 4),
-            'dict': {'A': 1, 'B': 2},
-            'function': f,
-            'class': C,
+            "string": "this is a string",
+            "int": 42,
+            "list": [1, 2, 3, 4],
+            "tuple": (1, 2, 3, 4),
+            "dict": {"A": 1, "B": 2},
+            "function": f,
+            "class": C,
         }
-        await cache.aset('data', data)
-        self.assertIsNone(await cache.aget('data'))
+        await cache.aset("data", data)
+        self.assertIsNone(await cache.aget("data"))
 
     async def test_expiration(self):
         """Expiration has no effect on the dummy cache."""
-        await cache.aset('expire1', 'very quickly', 1)
-        await cache.aset('expire2', 'very quickly', 1)
-        await cache.aset('expire3', 'very quickly', 1)
+        await cache.aset("expire1", "very quickly", 1)
+        await cache.aset("expire2", "very quickly", 1)
+        await cache.aset("expire3", "very quickly", 1)
 
         await asyncio.sleep(2)
-        self.assertIsNone(await cache.aget('expire1'))
+        self.assertIsNone(await cache.aget("expire1"))
 
-        self.assertIs(await cache.aadd('expire2', 'new_value'), True)
-        self.assertIsNone(await cache.aget('expire2'))
-        self.assertIs(await cache.ahas_key('expire3'), False)
+        self.assertIs(await cache.aadd("expire2", "new_value"), True)
+        self.assertIsNone(await cache.aget("expire2"))
+        self.assertIs(await cache.ahas_key("expire3"), False)
 
     async def test_unicode(self):
         """Unicode values are ignored by the dummy cache."""
         tests = {
-            'ascii': 'ascii_value',
-            'unicode_ascii': 'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn1',
-            'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn': 'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn2',
-            'ascii2': {'x': 1},
+            "ascii": "ascii_value",
+            "unicode_ascii": "Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn1",
+            "Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn": "Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn2",
+            "ascii2": {"x": 1},
         }
         for key, value in tests.items():
             with self.subTest(key=key):
@@ -127,25 +130,25 @@ class AsyncDummyCacheTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     async def test_aset_many(self):
         """aset_many() does nothing for the dummy cache backend."""
-        self.assertEqual(await cache.aset_many({'a': 1, 'b': 2}), [])
+        self.assertEqual(await cache.aset_many({"a": 1, "b": 2}), [])
         self.assertEqual(
-            await cache.aset_many({'a': 1, 'b': 2}, timeout=2, version='1'),
+            await cache.aset_many({"a": 1, "b": 2}, timeout=2, version="1"),
             [],
         )
 
     async def test_aset_many_invalid_key(self):
-        msg = KEY_ERRORS_WITH_MEMCACHED_MSG % ':1:key with spaces'
+        msg = KEY_ERRORS_WITH_MEMCACHED_MSG % ":1:key with spaces"
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(CacheKeyWarning, msg):
-            await cache.aset_many({'key with spaces': 'foo'})
+            await cache.aset_many({"key with spaces": "foo"})
 
     async def test_adelete_many(self):
         """adelete_many() does nothing for the dummy cache backend."""
-        await cache.adelete_many(['a', 'b'])
+        await cache.adelete_many(["a", "b"])
 
     async def test_adelete_many_invalid_key(self):
-        msg = KEY_ERRORS_WITH_MEMCACHED_MSG % ':1:key with spaces'
+        msg = KEY_ERRORS_WITH_MEMCACHED_MSG % ":1:key with spaces"
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(CacheKeyWarning, msg):
-            await cache.adelete_many({'key with spaces': 'foo'})
+            await cache.adelete_many({"key with spaces": "foo"})
 
     async def test_aclear(self):
         """aclear() does nothing for the dummy cache backend."""
@@ -157,31 +160,31 @@ class AsyncDummyCacheTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     async def test_aincr_version(self):
         """Dummy cache versions can't be incremented."""
-        await cache.aset('answer', 42)
+        await cache.aset("answer", 42)
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            await cache.aincr_version('answer')
+            await cache.aincr_version("answer")
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            await cache.aincr_version('answer', version=2)
+            await cache.aincr_version("answer", version=2)
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            await cache.aincr_version('does_not_exist')
+            await cache.aincr_version("does_not_exist")
 
     async def test_adecr_version(self):
         """Dummy cache versions can't be decremented."""
-        await cache.aset('answer', 42)
+        await cache.aset("answer", 42)
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            await cache.adecr_version('answer')
+            await cache.adecr_version("answer")
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            await cache.adecr_version('answer', version=2)
+            await cache.adecr_version("answer", version=2)
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            await cache.adecr_version('does_not_exist')
+            await cache.adecr_version("does_not_exist")
 
     async def test_aget_or_set(self):
-        self.assertEqual(await cache.aget_or_set('key', 'default'), 'default')
-        self.assertIsNone(await cache.aget_or_set('key', None))
+        self.assertEqual(await cache.aget_or_set("key", "default"), "default")
+        self.assertIsNone(await cache.aget_or_set("key", None))
 
     async def test_aget_or_set_callable(self):
         def my_callable():
-            return 'default'
+            return "default"
 
-        self.assertEqual(await cache.aget_or_set('key', my_callable), 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(await cache.aget_or_set('key', my_callable()), 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(await cache.aget_or_set("key", my_callable), "default")
+        self.assertEqual(await cache.aget_or_set("key", my_callable()), "default")
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/apps.py b/tests/check_framework/apps.py
index c57994f722..b78d603855 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/apps.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/apps.py
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ from django.apps import AppConfig
 
 
 class CheckDefaultPKConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'check_framework'
+    name = "check_framework"
 
 
 class CheckPKConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'check_framework'
-    default_auto_field = 'django.db.models.BigAutoField'
+    name = "check_framework"
+    default_auto_field = "django.db.models.BigAutoField"
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/models.py b/tests/check_framework/models.py
index f13010cc57..d8bbedb1a7 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/models.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/models.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class SimpleModel(models.Model):
     manager = models.manager.Manager()
 
 
-@register('tests')
+@register("tests")
 def my_check(app_configs, **kwargs):
     my_check.did_run = True
     return []
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/template_test_apps/different_tags_app/apps.py b/tests/check_framework/template_test_apps/different_tags_app/apps.py
index 90d54b3d50..bb6d57128c 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/template_test_apps/different_tags_app/apps.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/template_test_apps/different_tags_app/apps.py
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ from django.apps import AppConfig
 
 
 class DifferentTagsAppAppConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'check_framework.template_test_apps.different_tags_app'
+    name = "check_framework.template_test_apps.different_tags_app"
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/template_test_apps/same_tags_app_1/apps.py b/tests/check_framework/template_test_apps/same_tags_app_1/apps.py
index 44149177a0..7b82f48dc6 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/template_test_apps/same_tags_app_1/apps.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/template_test_apps/same_tags_app_1/apps.py
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ from django.apps import AppConfig
 
 
 class SameTagsApp1AppConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'check_framework.template_test_apps.same_tags_app_1'
+    name = "check_framework.template_test_apps.same_tags_app_1"
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/template_test_apps/same_tags_app_2/apps.py b/tests/check_framework/template_test_apps/same_tags_app_2/apps.py
index d90c800d1f..e94c0113a6 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/template_test_apps/same_tags_app_2/apps.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/template_test_apps/same_tags_app_2/apps.py
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ from django.apps import AppConfig
 
 
 class SameTagsApp2AppConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'check_framework.template_test_apps.same_tags_app_2'
+    name = "check_framework.template_test_apps.same_tags_app_2"
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/test_4_0_compatibility.py b/tests/check_framework/test_4_0_compatibility.py
index 9f288f252a..c0c1e5cacf 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/test_4_0_compatibility.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/test_4_0_compatibility.py
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
 from django.core.checks import Error
-from django.core.checks.compatibility.django_4_0 import (
-    check_csrf_trusted_origins,
-)
+from django.core.checks.compatibility.django_4_0 import check_csrf_trusted_origins
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.test.utils import override_settings
 
 
 class CheckCSRFTrustedOrigins(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @override_settings(CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS=['example.com'])
+    @override_settings(CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS=["example.com"])
     def test_invalid_url(self):
-        self.assertEqual(check_csrf_trusted_origins(None), [
-            Error(
-                'As of Django 4.0, the values in the CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS '
-                'setting must start with a scheme (usually http:// or '
-                'https://) but found example.com. See the release notes for '
-                'details.',
-                id='4_0.E001',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            check_csrf_trusted_origins(None),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "As of Django 4.0, the values in the CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS "
+                    "setting must start with a scheme (usually http:// or "
+                    "https://) but found example.com. See the release notes for "
+                    "details.",
+                    id="4_0.E001",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     @override_settings(
-        CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS=['http://example.com', 'https://example.com'],
+        CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS=["http://example.com", "https://example.com"],
     )
     def test_valid_urls(self):
         self.assertEqual(check_csrf_trusted_origins(None), [])
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/test_async_checks.py b/tests/check_framework/test_async_checks.py
index fa7f840172..a054503ca8 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/test_async_checks.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/test_async_checks.py
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class AsyncCheckTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {'DJANGO_ALLOW_ASYNC_UNSAFE': ''})
+    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {"DJANGO_ALLOW_ASYNC_UNSAFE": ""})
     def test_no_allowed_async_unsafe(self):
         self.assertEqual(check_async_unsafe(None), [])
 
-    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {'DJANGO_ALLOW_ASYNC_UNSAFE': 'true'})
+    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {"DJANGO_ALLOW_ASYNC_UNSAFE": "true"})
     def test_allowed_async_unsafe_set(self):
         self.assertEqual(check_async_unsafe(None), [E001])
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/test_caches.py b/tests/check_framework/test_caches.py
index 3b6b41d442..93d82e4164 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/test_caches.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/test_caches.py
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ import pathlib
 
 from django.core.checks import Warning
 from django.core.checks.caches import (
-    E001, check_cache_location_not_exposed, check_default_cache_is_configured,
+    E001,
+    check_cache_location_not_exposed,
+    check_default_cache_is_configured,
     check_file_based_cache_is_absolute,
 )
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
@@ -11,13 +13,13 @@ from django.test.utils import override_settings
 
 class CheckCacheSettingsAppDirsTest(SimpleTestCase):
     VALID_CACHES_CONFIGURATION = {
-        'default': {
-            'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache',
+        "default": {
+            "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache",
         },
     }
     INVALID_CACHES_CONFIGURATION = {
-        'other': {
-            'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache',
+        "other": {
+            "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache",
         },
     }
 
@@ -45,77 +47,89 @@ class CheckCacheLocationTest(SimpleTestCase):
     @staticmethod
     def get_settings(setting, cache_path, setting_path):
         return {
-            'CACHES': {
-                'default': {
-                    'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.filebased.FileBasedCache',
-                    'LOCATION': cache_path,
+            "CACHES": {
+                "default": {
+                    "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.filebased.FileBasedCache",
+                    "LOCATION": cache_path,
                 },
             },
-            setting: [setting_path] if setting == 'STATICFILES_DIRS' else setting_path,
+            setting: [setting_path] if setting == "STATICFILES_DIRS" else setting_path,
         }
 
     def test_cache_path_matches_media_static_setting(self):
         root = pathlib.Path.cwd()
-        for setting in ('MEDIA_ROOT', 'STATIC_ROOT', 'STATICFILES_DIRS'):
+        for setting in ("MEDIA_ROOT", "STATIC_ROOT", "STATICFILES_DIRS"):
             settings = self.get_settings(setting, root, root)
             with self.subTest(setting=setting), self.settings(**settings):
-                msg = self.warning_message % ('matches', setting)
-                self.assertEqual(check_cache_location_not_exposed(None), [
-                    Warning(msg, id='caches.W002'),
-                ])
+                msg = self.warning_message % ("matches", setting)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    check_cache_location_not_exposed(None),
+                    [
+                        Warning(msg, id="caches.W002"),
+                    ],
+                )
 
     def test_cache_path_inside_media_static_setting(self):
         root = pathlib.Path.cwd()
-        for setting in ('MEDIA_ROOT', 'STATIC_ROOT', 'STATICFILES_DIRS'):
-            settings = self.get_settings(setting, root / 'cache', root)
+        for setting in ("MEDIA_ROOT", "STATIC_ROOT", "STATICFILES_DIRS"):
+            settings = self.get_settings(setting, root / "cache", root)
             with self.subTest(setting=setting), self.settings(**settings):
-                msg = self.warning_message % ('is inside', setting)
-                self.assertEqual(check_cache_location_not_exposed(None), [
-                    Warning(msg, id='caches.W002'),
-                ])
+                msg = self.warning_message % ("is inside", setting)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    check_cache_location_not_exposed(None),
+                    [
+                        Warning(msg, id="caches.W002"),
+                    ],
+                )
 
     def test_cache_path_contains_media_static_setting(self):
         root = pathlib.Path.cwd()
-        for setting in ('MEDIA_ROOT', 'STATIC_ROOT', 'STATICFILES_DIRS'):
-            settings = self.get_settings(setting, root, root / 'other')
+        for setting in ("MEDIA_ROOT", "STATIC_ROOT", "STATICFILES_DIRS"):
+            settings = self.get_settings(setting, root, root / "other")
             with self.subTest(setting=setting), self.settings(**settings):
-                msg = self.warning_message % ('contains', setting)
-                self.assertEqual(check_cache_location_not_exposed(None), [
-                    Warning(msg, id='caches.W002'),
-                ])
+                msg = self.warning_message % ("contains", setting)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    check_cache_location_not_exposed(None),
+                    [
+                        Warning(msg, id="caches.W002"),
+                    ],
+                )
 
     def test_cache_path_not_conflict(self):
         root = pathlib.Path.cwd()
-        for setting in ('MEDIA_ROOT', 'STATIC_ROOT', 'STATICFILES_DIRS'):
-            settings = self.get_settings(setting, root / 'cache', root / 'other')
+        for setting in ("MEDIA_ROOT", "STATIC_ROOT", "STATICFILES_DIRS"):
+            settings = self.get_settings(setting, root / "cache", root / "other")
             with self.subTest(setting=setting), self.settings(**settings):
                 self.assertEqual(check_cache_location_not_exposed(None), [])
 
     def test_staticfiles_dirs_prefix(self):
         root = pathlib.Path.cwd()
         tests = [
-            (root, root, 'matches'),
-            (root / 'cache', root, 'is inside'),
-            (root, root / 'other', 'contains'),
+            (root, root, "matches"),
+            (root / "cache", root, "is inside"),
+            (root, root / "other", "contains"),
         ]
         for cache_path, setting_path, msg in tests:
             settings = self.get_settings(
-                'STATICFILES_DIRS',
+                "STATICFILES_DIRS",
                 cache_path,
-                ('prefix', setting_path),
+                ("prefix", setting_path),
             )
             with self.subTest(path=setting_path), self.settings(**settings):
-                msg = self.warning_message % (msg, 'STATICFILES_DIRS')
-                self.assertEqual(check_cache_location_not_exposed(None), [
-                    Warning(msg, id='caches.W002'),
-                ])
+                msg = self.warning_message % (msg, "STATICFILES_DIRS")
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    check_cache_location_not_exposed(None),
+                    [
+                        Warning(msg, id="caches.W002"),
+                    ],
+                )
 
     def test_staticfiles_dirs_prefix_not_conflict(self):
         root = pathlib.Path.cwd()
         settings = self.get_settings(
-            'STATICFILES_DIRS',
-            root / 'cache',
-            ('prefix', root / 'other'),
+            "STATICFILES_DIRS",
+            root / "cache",
+            ("prefix", root / "other"),
         )
         with self.settings(**settings):
             self.assertEqual(check_cache_location_not_exposed(None), [])
@@ -123,25 +137,32 @@ class CheckCacheLocationTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
 class CheckCacheAbsolutePath(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_absolute_path(self):
-        with self.settings(CACHES={
-            'default': {
-                'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.filebased.FileBasedCache',
-                'LOCATION': pathlib.Path.cwd() / 'cache',
-            },
-        }):
+        with self.settings(
+            CACHES={
+                "default": {
+                    "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.filebased.FileBasedCache",
+                    "LOCATION": pathlib.Path.cwd() / "cache",
+                },
+            }
+        ):
             self.assertEqual(check_file_based_cache_is_absolute(None), [])
 
     def test_relative_path(self):
-        with self.settings(CACHES={
-            'default': {
-                'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.filebased.FileBasedCache',
-                'LOCATION': 'cache',
-            },
-        }):
-            self.assertEqual(check_file_based_cache_is_absolute(None), [
-                Warning(
-                    "Your 'default' cache LOCATION path is relative. Use an "
-                    "absolute path instead.",
-                    id='caches.W003',
-                ),
-            ])
+        with self.settings(
+            CACHES={
+                "default": {
+                    "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.filebased.FileBasedCache",
+                    "LOCATION": "cache",
+                },
+            }
+        ):
+            self.assertEqual(
+                check_file_based_cache_is_absolute(None),
+                [
+                    Warning(
+                        "Your 'default' cache LOCATION path is relative. Use an "
+                        "absolute path instead.",
+                        id="caches.W003",
+                    ),
+                ],
+            )
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/test_database.py b/tests/check_framework/test_database.py
index c9bc8866e7..8f786474f3 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/test_database.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/test_database.py
@@ -7,46 +7,52 @@ from django.test import TestCase
 
 
 class DatabaseCheckTests(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
-    @mock.patch('django.db.backends.base.validation.BaseDatabaseValidation.check')
+    @mock.patch("django.db.backends.base.validation.BaseDatabaseValidation.check")
     def test_database_checks_called(self, mocked_check):
         check_database_backends()
         self.assertFalse(mocked_check.called)
         check_database_backends(databases=self.databases)
         self.assertTrue(mocked_check.called)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'mysql', 'Test only for MySQL')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "mysql", "Test only for MySQL")
     def test_mysql_strict_mode(self):
         def _clean_sql_mode():
             for alias in self.databases:
-                if hasattr(connections[alias], 'sql_mode'):
+                if hasattr(connections[alias], "sql_mode"):
                     del connections[alias].sql_mode
 
         _clean_sql_mode()
         good_sql_modes = [
-            'STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,STRICT_ALL_TABLES',
-            'STRICT_TRANS_TABLES',
-            'STRICT_ALL_TABLES',
+            "STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,STRICT_ALL_TABLES",
+            "STRICT_TRANS_TABLES",
+            "STRICT_ALL_TABLES",
         ]
         for sql_mode in good_sql_modes:
             with mock.patch.object(
-                connection, 'mysql_server_data', {'sql_mode': sql_mode},
+                connection,
+                "mysql_server_data",
+                {"sql_mode": sql_mode},
             ):
                 self.assertEqual(check_database_backends(databases=self.databases), [])
             _clean_sql_mode()
 
-        bad_sql_modes = ['', 'WHATEVER']
+        bad_sql_modes = ["", "WHATEVER"]
         for sql_mode in bad_sql_modes:
             mocker_default = mock.patch.object(
-                connection, 'mysql_server_data', {'sql_mode': sql_mode},
+                connection,
+                "mysql_server_data",
+                {"sql_mode": sql_mode},
             )
             mocker_other = mock.patch.object(
-                connections['other'], 'mysql_server_data', {'sql_mode': sql_mode},
+                connections["other"],
+                "mysql_server_data",
+                {"sql_mode": sql_mode},
             )
             with mocker_default, mocker_other:
                 # One warning for each database alias
                 result = check_database_backends(databases=self.databases)
                 self.assertEqual(len(result), 2)
-                self.assertEqual([r.id for r in result], ['mysql.W002', 'mysql.W002'])
+                self.assertEqual([r.id for r in result], ["mysql.W002", "mysql.W002"])
             _clean_sql_mode()
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/test_files.py b/tests/check_framework/test_files.py
index 6b30220e37..0672fba9eb 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/test_files.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/test_files.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ class FilesCheckTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_file_upload_temp_dir(self):
         tests = [
             None,
-            '',
+            "",
             Path.cwd(),
             str(Path.cwd()),
         ]
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class FilesCheckTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 self.assertEqual(check_setting_file_upload_temp_dir(None), [])
 
     def test_file_upload_temp_dir_nonexistent(self):
-        for setting in ['nonexistent', Path('nonexistent')]:
+        for setting in ["nonexistent", Path("nonexistent")]:
             with self.subTest(setting), self.settings(FILE_UPLOAD_TEMP_DIR=setting):
                 self.assertEqual(
                     check_setting_file_upload_temp_dir(None),
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class FilesCheckTests(SimpleTestCase):
                         Error(
                             "The FILE_UPLOAD_TEMP_DIR setting refers to the "
                             "nonexistent directory 'nonexistent'.",
-                            id='files.E001',
+                            id="files.E001",
                         ),
                     ],
                 )
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/test_model_checks.py b/tests/check_framework/test_model_checks.py
index 3a626038fd..3075a61be8 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/test_model_checks.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/test_model_checks.py
@@ -5,7 +5,10 @@ from django.core.checks import Error, Warning
 from django.db import models
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
 from django.test.utils import (
-    isolate_apps, modify_settings, override_settings, override_system_checks,
+    isolate_apps,
+    modify_settings,
+    override_settings,
+    override_system_checks,
 )
 
 
@@ -13,117 +16,133 @@ class EmptyRouter:
     pass
 
 
-@isolate_apps('check_framework', attr_name='apps')
+@isolate_apps("check_framework", attr_name="apps")
 @override_system_checks([checks.model_checks.check_all_models])
 class DuplicateDBTableTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_collision_in_same_app(self):
         class Model1(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                db_table = 'test_table'
+                db_table = "test_table"
 
         class Model2(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                db_table = 'test_table'
+                db_table = "test_table"
 
-        self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()), [
-            Error(
-                "db_table 'test_table' is used by multiple models: "
-                "check_framework.Model1, check_framework.Model2.",
-                obj='test_table',
-                id='models.E028',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "db_table 'test_table' is used by multiple models: "
+                    "check_framework.Model1, check_framework.Model2.",
+                    obj="test_table",
+                    id="models.E028",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=['check_framework.test_model_checks.EmptyRouter'])
+    @override_settings(
+        DATABASE_ROUTERS=["check_framework.test_model_checks.EmptyRouter"]
+    )
     def test_collision_in_same_app_database_routers_installed(self):
         class Model1(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                db_table = 'test_table'
+                db_table = "test_table"
 
         class Model2(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                db_table = 'test_table'
+                db_table = "test_table"
 
-        self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()), [
-            Warning(
-                "db_table 'test_table' is used by multiple models: "
-                "check_framework.Model1, check_framework.Model2.",
-                hint=(
-                    'You have configured settings.DATABASE_ROUTERS. Verify '
-                    'that check_framework.Model1, check_framework.Model2 are '
-                    'correctly routed to separate databases.'
-                ),
-                obj='test_table',
-                id='models.W035',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()),
+            [
+                Warning(
+                    "db_table 'test_table' is used by multiple models: "
+                    "check_framework.Model1, check_framework.Model2.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "You have configured settings.DATABASE_ROUTERS. Verify "
+                        "that check_framework.Model1, check_framework.Model2 are "
+                        "correctly routed to separate databases."
+                    ),
+                    obj="test_table",
+                    id="models.W035",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'basic'})
-    @isolate_apps('basic', 'check_framework', kwarg_name='apps')
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "basic"})
+    @isolate_apps("basic", "check_framework", kwarg_name="apps")
     def test_collision_across_apps(self, apps):
         class Model1(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'basic'
-                db_table = 'test_table'
+                app_label = "basic"
+                db_table = "test_table"
 
         class Model2(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'check_framework'
-                db_table = 'test_table'
+                app_label = "check_framework"
+                db_table = "test_table"
 
-        self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=apps.get_app_configs()), [
-            Error(
-                "db_table 'test_table' is used by multiple models: "
-                "basic.Model1, check_framework.Model2.",
-                obj='test_table',
-                id='models.E028',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            checks.run_checks(app_configs=apps.get_app_configs()),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "db_table 'test_table' is used by multiple models: "
+                    "basic.Model1, check_framework.Model2.",
+                    obj="test_table",
+                    id="models.E028",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'basic'})
-    @override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=['check_framework.test_model_checks.EmptyRouter'])
-    @isolate_apps('basic', 'check_framework', kwarg_name='apps')
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "basic"})
+    @override_settings(
+        DATABASE_ROUTERS=["check_framework.test_model_checks.EmptyRouter"]
+    )
+    @isolate_apps("basic", "check_framework", kwarg_name="apps")
     def test_collision_across_apps_database_routers_installed(self, apps):
         class Model1(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'basic'
-                db_table = 'test_table'
+                app_label = "basic"
+                db_table = "test_table"
 
         class Model2(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'check_framework'
-                db_table = 'test_table'
+                app_label = "check_framework"
+                db_table = "test_table"
 
-        self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=apps.get_app_configs()), [
-            Warning(
-                "db_table 'test_table' is used by multiple models: "
-                "basic.Model1, check_framework.Model2.",
-                hint=(
-                    'You have configured settings.DATABASE_ROUTERS. Verify '
-                    'that basic.Model1, check_framework.Model2 are correctly '
-                    'routed to separate databases.'
-                ),
-                obj='test_table',
-                id='models.W035',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            checks.run_checks(app_configs=apps.get_app_configs()),
+            [
+                Warning(
+                    "db_table 'test_table' is used by multiple models: "
+                    "basic.Model1, check_framework.Model2.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "You have configured settings.DATABASE_ROUTERS. Verify "
+                        "that basic.Model1, check_framework.Model2 are correctly "
+                        "routed to separate databases."
+                    ),
+                    obj="test_table",
+                    id="models.W035",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_no_collision_for_unmanaged_models(self):
         class Unmanaged(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                db_table = 'test_table'
+                db_table = "test_table"
                 managed = False
 
         class Managed(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                db_table = 'test_table'
+                db_table = "test_table"
 
         self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()), [])
 
     def test_no_collision_for_proxy_models(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                db_table = 'test_table'
+                db_table = "test_table"
 
         class ProxyModel(Model):
             class Meta:
@@ -133,25 +152,28 @@ class DuplicateDBTableTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()), [])
 
 
-@isolate_apps('check_framework', attr_name='apps')
+@isolate_apps("check_framework", attr_name="apps")
 @override_system_checks([checks.model_checks.check_all_models])
 class IndexNameTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_collision_in_same_model(self):
-        index = models.Index(fields=['id'], name='foo')
+        index = models.Index(fields=["id"], name="foo")
 
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
                 indexes = [index, index]
 
-        self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()), [
-            Error(
-                "index name 'foo' is not unique for model check_framework.Model.",
-                id='models.E029',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "index name 'foo' is not unique for model check_framework.Model.",
+                    id="models.E029",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_collision_in_different_models(self):
-        index = models.Index(fields=['id'], name='foo')
+        index = models.Index(fields=["id"], name="foo")
 
         class Model1(models.Model):
             class Meta:
@@ -161,18 +183,21 @@ class IndexNameTests(SimpleTestCase):
             class Meta:
                 indexes = [index]
 
-        self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()), [
-            Error(
-                "index name 'foo' is not unique among models: "
-                "check_framework.Model1, check_framework.Model2.",
-                id='models.E030',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "index name 'foo' is not unique among models: "
+                    "check_framework.Model1, check_framework.Model2.",
+                    id="models.E030",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_collision_abstract_model(self):
         class AbstractModel(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                indexes = [models.Index(fields=['id'], name='foo')]
+                indexes = [models.Index(fields=["id"], name="foo")]
                 abstract = True
 
         class Model1(AbstractModel):
@@ -181,20 +206,25 @@ class IndexNameTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class Model2(AbstractModel):
             pass
 
-        self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()), [
-            Error(
-                "index name 'foo' is not unique among models: "
-                "check_framework.Model1, check_framework.Model2.",
-                id='models.E030',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "index name 'foo' is not unique among models: "
+                    "check_framework.Model1, check_framework.Model2.",
+                    id="models.E030",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_no_collision_abstract_model_interpolation(self):
         class AbstractModel(models.Model):
             name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
             class Meta:
-                indexes = [models.Index(fields=['name'], name='%(app_label)s_%(class)s_foo')]
+                indexes = [
+                    models.Index(fields=["name"], name="%(app_label)s_%(class)s_foo")
+                ]
                 abstract = True
 
         class Model1(AbstractModel):
@@ -205,69 +235,75 @@ class IndexNameTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()), [])
 
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'basic'})
-    @isolate_apps('basic', 'check_framework', kwarg_name='apps')
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "basic"})
+    @isolate_apps("basic", "check_framework", kwarg_name="apps")
     def test_collision_across_apps(self, apps):
-        index = models.Index(fields=['id'], name='foo')
+        index = models.Index(fields=["id"], name="foo")
 
         class Model1(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'basic'
+                app_label = "basic"
                 indexes = [index]
 
         class Model2(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'check_framework'
+                app_label = "check_framework"
                 indexes = [index]
 
-        self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=apps.get_app_configs()), [
-            Error(
-                "index name 'foo' is not unique among models: basic.Model1, "
-                "check_framework.Model2.",
-                id='models.E030',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            checks.run_checks(app_configs=apps.get_app_configs()),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "index name 'foo' is not unique among models: basic.Model1, "
+                    "check_framework.Model2.",
+                    id="models.E030",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'basic'})
-    @isolate_apps('basic', 'check_framework', kwarg_name='apps')
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "basic"})
+    @isolate_apps("basic", "check_framework", kwarg_name="apps")
     def test_no_collision_across_apps_interpolation(self, apps):
-        index = models.Index(fields=['id'], name='%(app_label)s_%(class)s_foo')
+        index = models.Index(fields=["id"], name="%(app_label)s_%(class)s_foo")
 
         class Model1(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'basic'
+                app_label = "basic"
                 constraints = [index]
 
         class Model2(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'check_framework'
+                app_label = "check_framework"
                 constraints = [index]
 
         self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=apps.get_app_configs()), [])
 
 
-@isolate_apps('check_framework', attr_name='apps')
+@isolate_apps("check_framework", attr_name="apps")
 @override_system_checks([checks.model_checks.check_all_models])
-@skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_table_check_constraints')
+@skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_table_check_constraints")
 class ConstraintNameTests(TestCase):
     def test_collision_in_same_model(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
-                    models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(id__gt=0), name='foo'),
-                    models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(id__lt=100), name='foo'),
+                    models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(id__gt=0), name="foo"),
+                    models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(id__lt=100), name="foo"),
                 ]
 
-        self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()), [
-            Error(
-                "constraint name 'foo' is not unique for model "
-                "check_framework.Model.",
-                id='models.E031',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "constraint name 'foo' is not unique for model "
+                    "check_framework.Model.",
+                    id="models.E031",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_collision_in_different_models(self):
-        constraint = models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(id__gt=0), name='foo')
+        constraint = models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(id__gt=0), name="foo")
 
         class Model1(models.Model):
             class Meta:
@@ -277,18 +313,23 @@ class ConstraintNameTests(TestCase):
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [constraint]
 
-        self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()), [
-            Error(
-                "constraint name 'foo' is not unique among models: "
-                "check_framework.Model1, check_framework.Model2.",
-                id='models.E032',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "constraint name 'foo' is not unique among models: "
+                    "check_framework.Model1, check_framework.Model2.",
+                    id="models.E032",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_collision_abstract_model(self):
         class AbstractModel(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                constraints = [models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(id__gt=0), name='foo')]
+                constraints = [
+                    models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(id__gt=0), name="foo")
+                ]
                 abstract = True
 
         class Model1(AbstractModel):
@@ -297,19 +338,24 @@ class ConstraintNameTests(TestCase):
         class Model2(AbstractModel):
             pass
 
-        self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()), [
-            Error(
-                "constraint name 'foo' is not unique among models: "
-                "check_framework.Model1, check_framework.Model2.",
-                id='models.E032',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "constraint name 'foo' is not unique among models: "
+                    "check_framework.Model1, check_framework.Model2.",
+                    id="models.E032",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_no_collision_abstract_model_interpolation(self):
         class AbstractModel(models.Model):
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
-                    models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(id__gt=0), name='%(app_label)s_%(class)s_foo'),
+                    models.CheckConstraint(
+                        check=models.Q(id__gt=0), name="%(app_label)s_%(class)s_foo"
+                    ),
                 ]
                 abstract = True
 
@@ -321,42 +367,47 @@ class ConstraintNameTests(TestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()), [])
 
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'basic'})
-    @isolate_apps('basic', 'check_framework', kwarg_name='apps')
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "basic"})
+    @isolate_apps("basic", "check_framework", kwarg_name="apps")
     def test_collision_across_apps(self, apps):
-        constraint = models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(id__gt=0), name='foo')
+        constraint = models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(id__gt=0), name="foo")
 
         class Model1(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'basic'
+                app_label = "basic"
                 constraints = [constraint]
 
         class Model2(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'check_framework'
+                app_label = "check_framework"
                 constraints = [constraint]
 
-        self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=apps.get_app_configs()), [
-            Error(
-                "constraint name 'foo' is not unique among models: "
-                "basic.Model1, check_framework.Model2.",
-                id='models.E032',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            checks.run_checks(app_configs=apps.get_app_configs()),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "constraint name 'foo' is not unique among models: "
+                    "basic.Model1, check_framework.Model2.",
+                    id="models.E032",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'basic'})
-    @isolate_apps('basic', 'check_framework', kwarg_name='apps')
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "basic"})
+    @isolate_apps("basic", "check_framework", kwarg_name="apps")
     def test_no_collision_across_apps_interpolation(self, apps):
-        constraint = models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(id__gt=0), name='%(app_label)s_%(class)s_foo')
+        constraint = models.CheckConstraint(
+            check=models.Q(id__gt=0), name="%(app_label)s_%(class)s_foo"
+        )
 
         class Model1(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'basic'
+                app_label = "basic"
                 constraints = [constraint]
 
         class Model2(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'check_framework'
+                app_label = "check_framework"
                 constraints = [constraint]
 
         self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=apps.get_app_configs()), [])
@@ -366,14 +417,14 @@ def mocked_is_overridden(self, setting):
     # Force treating DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD = 'django.db.models.AutoField' as a not
     # overridden setting.
     return (
-        setting != 'DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD' or
-        self.DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD != 'django.db.models.AutoField'
+        setting != "DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD"
+        or self.DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD != "django.db.models.AutoField"
     )
 
 
-@mock.patch('django.conf.UserSettingsHolder.is_overridden', mocked_is_overridden)
-@override_settings(DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD='django.db.models.AutoField')
-@isolate_apps('check_framework.apps.CheckDefaultPKConfig', attr_name='apps')
+@mock.patch("django.conf.UserSettingsHolder.is_overridden", mocked_is_overridden)
+@override_settings(DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD="django.db.models.AutoField")
+@isolate_apps("check_framework.apps.CheckDefaultPKConfig", attr_name="apps")
 @override_system_checks([checks.model_checks.check_all_models])
 class ModelDefaultAutoFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
     msg = (
@@ -390,9 +441,12 @@ class ModelDefaultAutoFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class Model(models.Model):
             pass
 
-        self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()), [
-            Warning(self.msg, hint=self.hint, obj=Model, id='models.W042'),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()),
+            [
+                Warning(self.msg, hint=self.hint, obj=Model, id="models.W042"),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_explicit_inherited_pk(self):
         class Parent(models.Model):
@@ -406,7 +460,7 @@ class ModelDefaultAutoFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_skipped_on_model_with_invalid_app_label(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'invalid_app_label'
+                app_label = "invalid_app_label"
 
         self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [])
 
@@ -434,9 +488,12 @@ class ModelDefaultAutoFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class Child(Parent):
             pass
 
-        self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()), [
-            Warning(self.msg, hint=self.hint, obj=Parent, id='models.W042'),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()),
+            [
+                Warning(self.msg, hint=self.hint, obj=Parent, id="models.W042"),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_auto_created_inherited_parent_link(self):
         class Parent(models.Model):
@@ -445,9 +502,12 @@ class ModelDefaultAutoFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class Child(Parent):
             parent_ptr = models.OneToOneField(Parent, models.CASCADE, parent_link=True)
 
-        self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()), [
-            Warning(self.msg, hint=self.hint, obj=Parent, id='models.W042'),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()),
+            [
+                Warning(self.msg, hint=self.hint, obj=Parent, id="models.W042"),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_auto_created_pk_inherited_abstract_parent(self):
         class Parent(models.Model):
@@ -457,11 +517,14 @@ class ModelDefaultAutoFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class Child(Parent):
             pass
 
-        self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()), [
-            Warning(self.msg, hint=self.hint, obj=Child, id='models.W042'),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()),
+            [
+                Warning(self.msg, hint=self.hint, obj=Child, id="models.W042"),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD='django.db.models.BigAutoField')
+    @override_settings(DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD="django.db.models.BigAutoField")
     def test_default_auto_field_setting(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             pass
@@ -474,10 +537,10 @@ class ModelDefaultAutoFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs()), [])
 
-    @isolate_apps('check_framework.apps.CheckPKConfig', kwarg_name='apps')
+    @isolate_apps("check_framework.apps.CheckPKConfig", kwarg_name="apps")
     def test_app_default_auto_field(self, apps):
         class ModelWithPkViaAppConfig(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'check_framework.apps.CheckPKConfig'
+                app_label = "check_framework.apps.CheckPKConfig"
 
         self.assertEqual(checks.run_checks(app_configs=apps.get_app_configs()), [])
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/test_model_field_deprecation.py b/tests/check_framework/test_model_field_deprecation.py
index f1fe285d6d..668553c04e 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/test_model_field_deprecation.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/test_model_field_deprecation.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.test.utils import isolate_apps
 
 
-@isolate_apps('check_framework')
+@isolate_apps("check_framework")
 class TestDeprecatedField(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_default_details(self):
         class MyField(models.Field):
@@ -14,37 +14,43 @@ class TestDeprecatedField(SimpleTestCase):
             name = MyField()
 
         model = Model()
-        self.assertEqual(model.check(), [
-            checks.Warning(
-                msg='MyField has been deprecated.',
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('name'),
-                id='fields.WXXX',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            model.check(),
+            [
+                checks.Warning(
+                    msg="MyField has been deprecated.",
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("name"),
+                    id="fields.WXXX",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_user_specified_details(self):
         class MyField(models.Field):
             system_check_deprecated_details = {
-                'msg': 'This field is deprecated and will be removed soon.',
-                'hint': 'Use something else.',
-                'id': 'fields.W999',
+                "msg": "This field is deprecated and will be removed soon.",
+                "hint": "Use something else.",
+                "id": "fields.W999",
             }
 
         class Model(models.Model):
             name = MyField()
 
         model = Model()
-        self.assertEqual(model.check(), [
-            checks.Warning(
-                msg='This field is deprecated and will be removed soon.',
-                hint='Use something else.',
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('name'),
-                id='fields.W999',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            model.check(),
+            [
+                checks.Warning(
+                    msg="This field is deprecated and will be removed soon.",
+                    hint="Use something else.",
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("name"),
+                    id="fields.W999",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
 
-@isolate_apps('check_framework')
+@isolate_apps("check_framework")
 class TestRemovedField(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_default_details(self):
         class MyField(models.Field):
@@ -54,31 +60,37 @@ class TestRemovedField(SimpleTestCase):
             name = MyField()
 
         model = Model()
-        self.assertEqual(model.check(), [
-            checks.Error(
-                msg='MyField has been removed except for support in historical migrations.',
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('name'),
-                id='fields.EXXX',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            model.check(),
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    msg="MyField has been removed except for support in historical migrations.",
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("name"),
+                    id="fields.EXXX",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_user_specified_details(self):
         class MyField(models.Field):
             system_check_removed_details = {
-                'msg': 'Support for this field is gone.',
-                'hint': 'Use something else.',
-                'id': 'fields.E999',
+                "msg": "Support for this field is gone.",
+                "hint": "Use something else.",
+                "id": "fields.E999",
             }
 
         class Model(models.Model):
             name = MyField()
 
         model = Model()
-        self.assertEqual(model.check(), [
-            checks.Error(
-                msg='Support for this field is gone.',
-                hint='Use something else.',
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('name'),
-                id='fields.E999',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            model.check(),
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    msg="Support for this field is gone.",
+                    hint="Use something else.",
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("name"),
+                    id="fields.E999",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/test_multi_db.py b/tests/check_framework/test_multi_db.py
index 0697b3b94a..aca0a1f472 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/test_multi_db.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/test_multi_db.py
@@ -9,25 +9,25 @@ class TestRouter:
     """
     Routes to the 'other' database if the model name starts with 'Other'.
     """
+
     def allow_migrate(self, db, app_label, model_name=None, **hints):
-        return db == ('other' if model_name.startswith('other') else 'default')
+        return db == ("other" if model_name.startswith("other") else "default")
 
 
 @override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[TestRouter()])
-@isolate_apps('check_framework')
+@isolate_apps("check_framework")
 class TestMultiDBChecks(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def _patch_check_field_on(self, db):
-        return mock.patch.object(connections[db].validation, 'check_field')
+        return mock.patch.object(connections[db].validation, "check_field")
 
     def test_checks_called_on_the_default_database(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
         model = Model()
-        with self._patch_check_field_on('default') as mock_check_field_default:
-            with self._patch_check_field_on('other') as mock_check_field_other:
-                model.check(databases={'default', 'other'})
+        with self._patch_check_field_on("default") as mock_check_field_default:
+            with self._patch_check_field_on("other") as mock_check_field_other:
+                model.check(databases={"default", "other"})
                 self.assertTrue(mock_check_field_default.called)
                 self.assertFalse(mock_check_field_other.called)
 
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ class TestMultiDBChecks(SimpleTestCase):
             field = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
         model = OtherModel()
-        with self._patch_check_field_on('other') as mock_check_field_other:
-            with self._patch_check_field_on('default') as mock_check_field_default:
-                model.check(databases={'default', 'other'})
+        with self._patch_check_field_on("other") as mock_check_field_other:
+            with self._patch_check_field_on("default") as mock_check_field_default:
+                model.check(databases={"default", "other"})
                 self.assertTrue(mock_check_field_other.called)
                 self.assertFalse(mock_check_field_default.called)
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/test_security.py b/tests/check_framework/test_security.py
index 9002deefc5..413e2da1fa 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/test_security.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/test_security.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class CheckSessionCookieSecureTest(SimpleTestCase):
     @override_settings(
         SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE=False,
         INSTALLED_APPS=[],
-        MIDDLEWARE=['django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware'],
+        MIDDLEWARE=["django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware"],
     )
     def test_session_cookie_secure_with_middleware(self):
         """
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class CheckSessionCookieSecureTest(SimpleTestCase):
     @override_settings(
         SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE=False,
         INSTALLED_APPS=["django.contrib.sessions"],
-        MIDDLEWARE=['django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware'],
+        MIDDLEWARE=["django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware"],
     )
     def test_session_cookie_secure_both(self):
         """
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class CheckSessionCookieSecureTest(SimpleTestCase):
     @override_settings(
         SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE=True,
         INSTALLED_APPS=["django.contrib.sessions"],
-        MIDDLEWARE=['django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware'],
+        MIDDLEWARE=["django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware"],
     )
     def test_session_cookie_secure_true(self):
         """
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class CheckSessionCookieHttpOnlyTest(SimpleTestCase):
     @override_settings(
         SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY=False,
         INSTALLED_APPS=[],
-        MIDDLEWARE=['django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware'],
+        MIDDLEWARE=["django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware"],
     )
     def test_session_cookie_httponly_with_middleware(self):
         """
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class CheckSessionCookieHttpOnlyTest(SimpleTestCase):
     @override_settings(
         SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY=False,
         INSTALLED_APPS=["django.contrib.sessions"],
-        MIDDLEWARE=['django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware'],
+        MIDDLEWARE=["django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware"],
     )
     def test_session_cookie_httponly_both(self):
         """
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class CheckSessionCookieHttpOnlyTest(SimpleTestCase):
     @override_settings(
         SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY=True,
         INSTALLED_APPS=["django.contrib.sessions"],
-        MIDDLEWARE=['django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware'],
+        MIDDLEWARE=["django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware"],
     )
     def test_session_cookie_httponly_true(self):
         """
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ class CheckCSRFMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.assertEqual(csrf.check_csrf_middleware(None), [csrf.W003])
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=['django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware'])
+    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=["django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware"])
     def test_with_csrf_middleware(self):
         self.assertEqual(csrf.check_csrf_middleware(None), [])
 
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ class CheckSecurityMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.assertEqual(base.check_security_middleware(None), [base.W001])
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=['django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware'])
+    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=["django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware"])
     def test_with_security_middleware(self):
         self.assertEqual(base.check_security_middleware(None), [])
 
@@ -254,7 +254,9 @@ class CheckStrictTransportSecurityPreloadTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.assertEqual(base.check_sts_preload(None), [base.W021])
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[], SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD=False, SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS=3600)
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=[], SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD=False, SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS=3600
+    )
     def test_no_sts_preload_no_middleware(self):
         """
         Don't warn if SecurityMiddleware isn't installed.
@@ -289,7 +291,9 @@ class CheckXFrameOptionsMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.assertEqual(base.check_xframe_options_middleware(None), [base.W002])
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=["django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware"])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=["django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware"]
+    )
     def test_middleware_installed(self):
         self.assertEqual(base.check_xframe_options_middleware(None), [])
 
@@ -297,7 +301,7 @@ class CheckXFrameOptionsMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
 class CheckXFrameOptionsDenyTest(SimpleTestCase):
     @override_settings(
         MIDDLEWARE=["django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware"],
-        X_FRAME_OPTIONS='SAMEORIGIN',
+        X_FRAME_OPTIONS="SAMEORIGIN",
     )
     def test_x_frame_options_not_deny(self):
         """
@@ -306,7 +310,7 @@ class CheckXFrameOptionsDenyTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.assertEqual(base.check_xframe_deny(None), [base.W019])
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[], X_FRAME_OPTIONS='SAMEORIGIN')
+    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[], X_FRAME_OPTIONS="SAMEORIGIN")
     def test_middleware_not_installed(self):
         """
         No error if XFrameOptionsMiddleware isn't in MIDDLEWARE even if
@@ -316,7 +320,7 @@ class CheckXFrameOptionsDenyTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
     @override_settings(
         MIDDLEWARE=["django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware"],
-        X_FRAME_OPTIONS='DENY',
+        X_FRAME_OPTIONS="DENY",
     )
     def test_xframe_deny(self):
         self.assertEqual(base.check_xframe_deny(None), [])
@@ -377,13 +381,15 @@ class CheckSSLRedirectTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class CheckSecretKeyTest(SimpleTestCase):
-    @override_settings(SECRET_KEY=('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx' * 2) + 'ab')
+    @override_settings(SECRET_KEY=("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx" * 2) + "ab")
     def test_okay_secret_key(self):
         self.assertEqual(len(settings.SECRET_KEY), base.SECRET_KEY_MIN_LENGTH)
-        self.assertGreater(len(set(settings.SECRET_KEY)), base.SECRET_KEY_MIN_UNIQUE_CHARACTERS)
+        self.assertGreater(
+            len(set(settings.SECRET_KEY)), base.SECRET_KEY_MIN_UNIQUE_CHARACTERS
+        )
         self.assertEqual(base.check_secret_key(None), [])
 
-    @override_settings(SECRET_KEY='')
+    @override_settings(SECRET_KEY="")
     def test_empty_secret_key(self):
         self.assertEqual(base.check_secret_key(None), [base.W009])
 
@@ -402,20 +408,22 @@ class CheckSecretKeyTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_insecure_secret_key(self):
         self.assertEqual(base.check_secret_key(None), [base.W009])
 
-    @override_settings(SECRET_KEY=('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx' * 2) + 'a')
+    @override_settings(SECRET_KEY=("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx" * 2) + "a")
     def test_low_length_secret_key(self):
         self.assertEqual(len(settings.SECRET_KEY), base.SECRET_KEY_MIN_LENGTH - 1)
         self.assertEqual(base.check_secret_key(None), [base.W009])
 
-    @override_settings(SECRET_KEY='abcd' * 20)
+    @override_settings(SECRET_KEY="abcd" * 20)
     def test_low_entropy_secret_key(self):
         self.assertGreater(len(settings.SECRET_KEY), base.SECRET_KEY_MIN_LENGTH)
-        self.assertLess(len(set(settings.SECRET_KEY)), base.SECRET_KEY_MIN_UNIQUE_CHARACTERS)
+        self.assertLess(
+            len(set(settings.SECRET_KEY)), base.SECRET_KEY_MIN_UNIQUE_CHARACTERS
+        )
         self.assertEqual(base.check_secret_key(None), [base.W009])
 
 
 class CheckSecretKeyFallbacksTest(SimpleTestCase):
-    @override_settings(SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS=[('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx' * 2) + 'ab'])
+    @override_settings(SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS=[("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx" * 2) + "ab"])
     def test_okay_secret_key_fallbacks(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             len(settings.SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS[0]),
@@ -430,29 +438,38 @@ class CheckSecretKeyFallbacksTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_no_secret_key_fallbacks(self):
         with self.settings(SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS=None):
             del settings.SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS
-            self.assertEqual(base.check_secret_key_fallbacks(None), [
-                Warning(base.W025.msg % 'SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS', id=base.W025.id),
-            ])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                base.check_secret_key_fallbacks(None),
+                [
+                    Warning(base.W025.msg % "SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS", id=base.W025.id),
+                ],
+            )
 
-    @override_settings(SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS=[
-        base.SECRET_KEY_INSECURE_PREFIX + get_random_secret_key()
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS=[base.SECRET_KEY_INSECURE_PREFIX + get_random_secret_key()]
+    )
     def test_insecure_secret_key_fallbacks(self):
-        self.assertEqual(base.check_secret_key_fallbacks(None), [
-            Warning(base.W025.msg % 'SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS[0]', id=base.W025.id),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            base.check_secret_key_fallbacks(None),
+            [
+                Warning(base.W025.msg % "SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS[0]", id=base.W025.id),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS=[('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx' * 2) + 'a'])
+    @override_settings(SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS=[("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx" * 2) + "a"])
     def test_low_length_secret_key_fallbacks(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             len(settings.SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS[0]),
             base.SECRET_KEY_MIN_LENGTH - 1,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(base.check_secret_key_fallbacks(None), [
-            Warning(base.W025.msg % 'SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS[0]', id=base.W025.id),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            base.check_secret_key_fallbacks(None),
+            [
+                Warning(base.W025.msg % "SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS[0]", id=base.W025.id),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS=['abcd' * 20])
+    @override_settings(SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS=["abcd" * 20])
     def test_low_entropy_secret_key_fallbacks(self):
         self.assertGreater(
             len(settings.SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS[0]),
@@ -462,29 +479,42 @@ class CheckSecretKeyFallbacksTest(SimpleTestCase):
             len(set(settings.SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS[0])),
             base.SECRET_KEY_MIN_UNIQUE_CHARACTERS,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(base.check_secret_key_fallbacks(None), [
-            Warning(base.W025.msg % 'SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS[0]', id=base.W025.id),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            base.check_secret_key_fallbacks(None),
+            [
+                Warning(base.W025.msg % "SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS[0]", id=base.W025.id),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS=[
-        ('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx' * 2) + 'ab',
-        'badkey',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS=[
+            ("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx" * 2) + "ab",
+            "badkey",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_multiple_keys(self):
-        self.assertEqual(base.check_secret_key_fallbacks(None), [
-            Warning(base.W025.msg % 'SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS[1]', id=base.W025.id),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            base.check_secret_key_fallbacks(None),
+            [
+                Warning(base.W025.msg % "SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS[1]", id=base.W025.id),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS=[
-        ('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx' * 2) + 'ab',
-        'badkey1',
-        'badkey2',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS=[
+            ("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx" * 2) + "ab",
+            "badkey1",
+            "badkey2",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_multiple_bad_keys(self):
-        self.assertEqual(base.check_secret_key_fallbacks(None), [
-            Warning(base.W025.msg % 'SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS[1]', id=base.W025.id),
-            Warning(base.W025.msg % 'SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS[2]', id=base.W025.id),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            base.check_secret_key_fallbacks(None),
+            [
+                Warning(base.W025.msg % "SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS[1]", id=base.W025.id),
+                Warning(base.W025.msg % "SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS[2]", id=base.W025.id),
+            ],
+        )
 
 
 class CheckDebugTest(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -505,14 +535,14 @@ class CheckAllowedHostsTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_allowed_hosts_empty(self):
         self.assertEqual(base.check_allowed_hosts(None), [base.W020])
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=['.example.com'])
+    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=[".example.com"])
     def test_allowed_hosts_set(self):
         self.assertEqual(base.check_allowed_hosts(None), [])
 
 
 class CheckReferrerPolicyTest(SimpleTestCase):
     @override_settings(
-        MIDDLEWARE=['django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware'],
+        MIDDLEWARE=["django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware"],
         SECURE_REFERRER_POLICY=None,
     )
     def test_no_referrer_policy(self):
@@ -526,22 +556,24 @@ class CheckReferrerPolicyTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.assertEqual(base.check_referrer_policy(None), [])
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=['django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware'])
+    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=["django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware"])
     def test_with_referrer_policy(self):
         tests = (
-            'strict-origin',
-            'strict-origin,origin',
-            'strict-origin, origin',
-            ['strict-origin', 'origin'],
-            ('strict-origin', 'origin'),
+            "strict-origin",
+            "strict-origin,origin",
+            "strict-origin, origin",
+            ["strict-origin", "origin"],
+            ("strict-origin", "origin"),
         )
         for value in tests:
-            with self.subTest(value=value), override_settings(SECURE_REFERRER_POLICY=value):
+            with self.subTest(value=value), override_settings(
+                SECURE_REFERRER_POLICY=value
+            ):
                 self.assertEqual(base.check_referrer_policy(None), [])
 
     @override_settings(
-        MIDDLEWARE=['django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware'],
-        SECURE_REFERRER_POLICY='invalid-value',
+        MIDDLEWARE=["django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware"],
+        SECURE_REFERRER_POLICY="invalid-value",
     )
     def test_with_invalid_referrer_policy(self):
         self.assertEqual(base.check_referrer_policy(None), [base.E023])
@@ -552,20 +584,20 @@ def failure_view_with_invalid_signature():
 
 
 class CSRFFailureViewTest(SimpleTestCase):
-    @override_settings(CSRF_FAILURE_VIEW='')
+    @override_settings(CSRF_FAILURE_VIEW="")
     def test_failure_view_import_error(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             csrf.check_csrf_failure_view(None),
             [
                 Error(
                     "The CSRF failure view '' could not be imported.",
-                    id='security.E102',
+                    id="security.E102",
                 )
             ],
         )
 
     @override_settings(
-        CSRF_FAILURE_VIEW='check_framework.test_security.failure_view_with_invalid_signature',
+        CSRF_FAILURE_VIEW="check_framework.test_security.failure_view_with_invalid_signature",
     )
     def test_failure_view_invalid_signature(self):
         msg = (
@@ -575,21 +607,21 @@ class CSRFFailureViewTest(SimpleTestCase):
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             csrf.check_csrf_failure_view(None),
-            [Error(msg, id='security.E101')],
+            [Error(msg, id="security.E101")],
         )
 
 
 class CheckCrossOriginOpenerPolicyTest(SimpleTestCase):
     @override_settings(
-        MIDDLEWARE=['django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware'],
+        MIDDLEWARE=["django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware"],
         SECURE_CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY=None,
     )
     def test_no_coop(self):
         self.assertEqual(base.check_cross_origin_opener_policy(None), [])
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=['django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware'])
+    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=["django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware"])
     def test_with_coop(self):
-        tests = ['same-origin', 'same-origin-allow-popups', 'unsafe-none']
+        tests = ["same-origin", "same-origin-allow-popups", "unsafe-none"]
         for value in tests:
             with self.subTest(value=value), override_settings(
                 SECURE_CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY=value,
@@ -597,8 +629,8 @@ class CheckCrossOriginOpenerPolicyTest(SimpleTestCase):
                 self.assertEqual(base.check_cross_origin_opener_policy(None), [])
 
     @override_settings(
-        MIDDLEWARE=['django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware'],
-        SECURE_CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY='invalid-value',
+        MIDDLEWARE=["django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware"],
+        SECURE_CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY="invalid-value",
     )
     def test_with_invalid_coop(self):
         self.assertEqual(base.check_cross_origin_opener_policy(None), [base.E024])
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/test_templates.py b/tests/check_framework/test_templates.py
index 88c0479436..352a017e55 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/test_templates.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/test_templates.py
@@ -2,8 +2,12 @@ from copy import copy, deepcopy
 
 from django.core.checks import Error
 from django.core.checks.templates import (
-    E001, E002, E003, check_for_template_tags_with_the_same_name,
-    check_setting_app_dirs_loaders, check_string_if_invalid_is_string,
+    E001,
+    E002,
+    E003,
+    check_for_template_tags_with_the_same_name,
+    check_setting_app_dirs_loaders,
+    check_string_if_invalid_is_string,
 )
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.test.utils import override_settings
@@ -12,10 +16,10 @@ from django.test.utils import override_settings
 class CheckTemplateSettingsAppDirsTest(SimpleTestCase):
     TEMPLATES_APP_DIRS_AND_LOADERS = [
         {
-            'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-            'APP_DIRS': True,
-            'OPTIONS': {
-                'loaders': ['django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader'],
+            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            "APP_DIRS": True,
+            "OPTIONS": {
+                "loaders": ["django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader"],
             },
         },
     ]
@@ -29,13 +33,13 @@ class CheckTemplateSettingsAppDirsTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_app_dirs_removed(self):
         TEMPLATES = deepcopy(self.TEMPLATES_APP_DIRS_AND_LOADERS)
-        del TEMPLATES[0]['APP_DIRS']
+        del TEMPLATES[0]["APP_DIRS"]
         with self.settings(TEMPLATES=TEMPLATES):
             self.assertEqual(check_setting_app_dirs_loaders(None), [])
 
     def test_loaders_removed(self):
         TEMPLATES = deepcopy(self.TEMPLATES_APP_DIRS_AND_LOADERS)
-        del TEMPLATES[0]['OPTIONS']['loaders']
+        del TEMPLATES[0]["OPTIONS"]["loaders"]
         with self.settings(TEMPLATES=TEMPLATES):
             self.assertEqual(check_setting_app_dirs_loaders(None), [])
 
@@ -43,15 +47,15 @@ class CheckTemplateSettingsAppDirsTest(SimpleTestCase):
 class CheckTemplateStringIfInvalidTest(SimpleTestCase):
     TEMPLATES_STRING_IF_INVALID = [
         {
-            'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-            'OPTIONS': {
-                'string_if_invalid': False,
+            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            "OPTIONS": {
+                "string_if_invalid": False,
             },
         },
         {
-            'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-            'OPTIONS': {
-                'string_if_invalid': 42,
+            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            "OPTIONS": {
+                "string_if_invalid": 42,
             },
         },
     ]
@@ -61,31 +65,41 @@ class CheckTemplateStringIfInvalidTest(SimpleTestCase):
         super().setUpClass()
         cls.error1 = copy(E002)
         cls.error2 = copy(E002)
-        string_if_invalid1 = cls.TEMPLATES_STRING_IF_INVALID[0]['OPTIONS']['string_if_invalid']
-        string_if_invalid2 = cls.TEMPLATES_STRING_IF_INVALID[1]['OPTIONS']['string_if_invalid']
-        cls.error1.msg = cls.error1.msg.format(string_if_invalid1, type(string_if_invalid1).__name__)
-        cls.error2.msg = cls.error2.msg.format(string_if_invalid2, type(string_if_invalid2).__name__)
+        string_if_invalid1 = cls.TEMPLATES_STRING_IF_INVALID[0]["OPTIONS"][
+            "string_if_invalid"
+        ]
+        string_if_invalid2 = cls.TEMPLATES_STRING_IF_INVALID[1]["OPTIONS"][
+            "string_if_invalid"
+        ]
+        cls.error1.msg = cls.error1.msg.format(
+            string_if_invalid1, type(string_if_invalid1).__name__
+        )
+        cls.error2.msg = cls.error2.msg.format(
+            string_if_invalid2, type(string_if_invalid2).__name__
+        )
 
     @override_settings(TEMPLATES=TEMPLATES_STRING_IF_INVALID)
     def test_string_if_invalid_not_string(self):
-        self.assertEqual(check_string_if_invalid_is_string(None), [self.error1, self.error2])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            check_string_if_invalid_is_string(None), [self.error1, self.error2]
+        )
 
     def test_string_if_invalid_first_is_string(self):
         TEMPLATES = deepcopy(self.TEMPLATES_STRING_IF_INVALID)
-        TEMPLATES[0]['OPTIONS']['string_if_invalid'] = 'test'
+        TEMPLATES[0]["OPTIONS"]["string_if_invalid"] = "test"
         with self.settings(TEMPLATES=TEMPLATES):
             self.assertEqual(check_string_if_invalid_is_string(None), [self.error2])
 
     def test_string_if_invalid_both_are_strings(self):
         TEMPLATES = deepcopy(self.TEMPLATES_STRING_IF_INVALID)
-        TEMPLATES[0]['OPTIONS']['string_if_invalid'] = 'test'
-        TEMPLATES[1]['OPTIONS']['string_if_invalid'] = 'test'
+        TEMPLATES[0]["OPTIONS"]["string_if_invalid"] = "test"
+        TEMPLATES[1]["OPTIONS"]["string_if_invalid"] = "test"
         with self.settings(TEMPLATES=TEMPLATES):
             self.assertEqual(check_string_if_invalid_is_string(None), [])
 
     def test_string_if_invalid_not_specified(self):
         TEMPLATES = deepcopy(self.TEMPLATES_STRING_IF_INVALID)
-        del TEMPLATES[1]['OPTIONS']['string_if_invalid']
+        del TEMPLATES[1]["OPTIONS"]["string_if_invalid"]
         with self.settings(TEMPLATES=TEMPLATES):
             self.assertEqual(check_string_if_invalid_is_string(None), [self.error1])
 
@@ -108,18 +122,20 @@ class CheckTemplateTagLibrariesWithSameName(SimpleTestCase):
     @staticmethod
     def get_settings(module_name, module_path):
         return {
-            'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-            'OPTIONS': {
-                'libraries': {
-                    module_name: f'check_framework.template_test_apps.{module_path}',
+            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            "OPTIONS": {
+                "libraries": {
+                    module_name: f"check_framework.template_test_apps.{module_path}",
                 },
             },
         }
 
-    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=[
-        'check_framework.template_test_apps.same_tags_app_1',
-        'check_framework.template_test_apps.same_tags_app_2',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        INSTALLED_APPS=[
+            "check_framework.template_test_apps.same_tags_app_1",
+            "check_framework.template_test_apps.same_tags_app_2",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_template_tags_with_same_name(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             check_for_template_tags_with_the_same_name(None),
@@ -127,46 +143,67 @@ class CheckTemplateTagLibrariesWithSameName(SimpleTestCase):
         )
 
     def test_template_tags_with_same_library_name(self):
-        with self.settings(TEMPLATES=[
-            self.get_settings('same_tags', 'same_tags_app_1.templatetags.same_tags'),
-            self.get_settings('same_tags', 'same_tags_app_2.templatetags.same_tags'),
-        ]):
+        with self.settings(
+            TEMPLATES=[
+                self.get_settings(
+                    "same_tags", "same_tags_app_1.templatetags.same_tags"
+                ),
+                self.get_settings(
+                    "same_tags", "same_tags_app_2.templatetags.same_tags"
+                ),
+            ]
+        ):
             self.assertEqual(
                 check_for_template_tags_with_the_same_name(None),
                 [self.error_same_tags],
             )
 
-    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=[
-        'check_framework.template_test_apps.same_tags_app_1'
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        INSTALLED_APPS=["check_framework.template_test_apps.same_tags_app_1"]
+    )
     def test_template_tags_with_same_library_name_and_module_name(self):
-        with self.settings(TEMPLATES=[
-            self.get_settings(
-                'same_tags',
-                'different_tags_app.templatetags.different_tags',
-            ),
-        ]):
-            self.assertEqual(check_for_template_tags_with_the_same_name(None), [Error(
-                E003.msg.format(
-                    "'same_tags'",
-                    "'check_framework.template_test_apps.different_tags_app."
-                    "templatetags.different_tags', "
-                    "'check_framework.template_test_apps.same_tags_app_1."
-                    "templatetags.same_tags'",
+        with self.settings(
+            TEMPLATES=[
+                self.get_settings(
+                    "same_tags",
+                    "different_tags_app.templatetags.different_tags",
                 ),
-                id=E003.id,
-            )])
+            ]
+        ):
+            self.assertEqual(
+                check_for_template_tags_with_the_same_name(None),
+                [
+                    Error(
+                        E003.msg.format(
+                            "'same_tags'",
+                            "'check_framework.template_test_apps.different_tags_app."
+                            "templatetags.different_tags', "
+                            "'check_framework.template_test_apps.same_tags_app_1."
+                            "templatetags.same_tags'",
+                        ),
+                        id=E003.id,
+                    )
+                ],
+            )
 
     def test_template_tags_with_different_library_name(self):
-        with self.settings(TEMPLATES=[
-            self.get_settings('same_tags', 'same_tags_app_1.templatetags.same_tags'),
-            self.get_settings('not_same_tags', 'same_tags_app_2.templatetags.same_tags'),
-        ]):
+        with self.settings(
+            TEMPLATES=[
+                self.get_settings(
+                    "same_tags", "same_tags_app_1.templatetags.same_tags"
+                ),
+                self.get_settings(
+                    "not_same_tags", "same_tags_app_2.templatetags.same_tags"
+                ),
+            ]
+        ):
             self.assertEqual(check_for_template_tags_with_the_same_name(None), [])
 
-    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=[
-        'check_framework.template_test_apps.same_tags_app_1',
-        'check_framework.template_test_apps.different_tags_app',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        INSTALLED_APPS=[
+            "check_framework.template_test_apps.same_tags_app_1",
+            "check_framework.template_test_apps.different_tags_app",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_template_tags_with_different_name(self):
         self.assertEqual(check_for_template_tags_with_the_same_name(None), [])
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/test_translation.py b/tests/check_framework/test_translation.py
index 8747a52cda..b20ed90860 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/test_translation.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/test_translation.py
@@ -1,37 +1,38 @@
 from django.core.checks import Error
 from django.core.checks.translation import (
-    check_language_settings_consistent, check_setting_language_code,
-    check_setting_languages, check_setting_languages_bidi,
+    check_language_settings_consistent,
+    check_setting_language_code,
+    check_setting_languages,
+    check_setting_languages_bidi,
 )
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 
 
 class TranslationCheckTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.valid_tags = (
-            'en',              # language
-            'mas',             # language
-            'sgn-ase',         # language+extlang
-            'fr-CA',           # language+region
-            'es-419',          # language+region
-            'zh-Hans',         # language+script
-            'ca-ES-valencia',  # language+region+variant
+            "en",  # language
+            "mas",  # language
+            "sgn-ase",  # language+extlang
+            "fr-CA",  # language+region
+            "es-419",  # language+region
+            "zh-Hans",  # language+script
+            "ca-ES-valencia",  # language+region+variant
             # FIXME: The following should be invalid:
-            'sr@latin',        # language+script
+            "sr@latin",  # language+script
         )
         self.invalid_tags = (
-            None,              # invalid type: None.
-            123,               # invalid type: int.
-            b'en',             # invalid type: bytes.
-            'eü',              # non-latin characters.
-            'en_US',           # locale format.
-            'en--us',          # empty subtag.
-            '-en',             # leading separator.
-            'en-',             # trailing separator.
-            'en-US.UTF-8',     # language tag w/ locale encoding.
-            'en_US.UTF-8',     # locale format - language w/ region and encoding.
-            'ca_ES@valencia',  # locale format - language w/ region and variant.
+            None,  # invalid type: None.
+            123,  # invalid type: int.
+            b"en",  # invalid type: bytes.
+            "eü",  # non-latin characters.
+            "en_US",  # locale format.
+            "en--us",  # empty subtag.
+            "-en",  # leading separator.
+            "en-",  # trailing separator.
+            "en-US.UTF-8",  # language tag w/ locale encoding.
+            "en_US.UTF-8",  # locale format - language w/ region and encoding.
+            "ca_ES@valencia",  # locale format - language w/ region and variant.
             # FIXME: The following should be invalid:
             # 'sr@latin',      # locale instead of language tag.
         )
@@ -42,12 +43,15 @@ class TranslationCheckTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 self.assertEqual(check_setting_language_code(None), [])
 
     def test_invalid_language_code(self):
-        msg = 'You have provided an invalid value for the LANGUAGE_CODE setting: %r.'
+        msg = "You have provided an invalid value for the LANGUAGE_CODE setting: %r."
         for tag in self.invalid_tags:
             with self.subTest(tag), self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE=tag):
-                self.assertEqual(check_setting_language_code(None), [
-                    Error(msg % tag, id='translation.E001'),
-                ])
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    check_setting_language_code(None),
+                    [
+                        Error(msg % tag, id="translation.E001"),
+                    ],
+                )
 
     def test_valid_languages(self):
         for tag in self.valid_tags:
@@ -55,12 +59,15 @@ class TranslationCheckTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 self.assertEqual(check_setting_languages(None), [])
 
     def test_invalid_languages(self):
-        msg = 'You have provided an invalid language code in the LANGUAGES setting: %r.'
+        msg = "You have provided an invalid language code in the LANGUAGES setting: %r."
         for tag in self.invalid_tags:
             with self.subTest(tag), self.settings(LANGUAGES=[(tag, tag)]):
-                self.assertEqual(check_setting_languages(None), [
-                    Error(msg % tag, id='translation.E002'),
-                ])
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    check_setting_languages(None),
+                    [
+                        Error(msg % tag, id="translation.E002"),
+                    ],
+                )
 
     def test_valid_languages_bidi(self):
         for tag in self.valid_tags:
@@ -68,42 +75,48 @@ class TranslationCheckTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 self.assertEqual(check_setting_languages_bidi(None), [])
 
     def test_invalid_languages_bidi(self):
-        msg = 'You have provided an invalid language code in the LANGUAGES_BIDI setting: %r.'
+        msg = "You have provided an invalid language code in the LANGUAGES_BIDI setting: %r."
         for tag in self.invalid_tags:
             with self.subTest(tag), self.settings(LANGUAGES_BIDI=[tag]):
-                self.assertEqual(check_setting_languages_bidi(None), [
-                    Error(msg % tag, id='translation.E003'),
-                ])
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    check_setting_languages_bidi(None),
+                    [
+                        Error(msg % tag, id="translation.E003"),
+                    ],
+                )
 
-    @override_settings(USE_I18N=True, LANGUAGES=[('en', 'English')])
+    @override_settings(USE_I18N=True, LANGUAGES=[("en", "English")])
     def test_inconsistent_language_settings(self):
         msg = (
-            'You have provided a value for the LANGUAGE_CODE setting that is '
-            'not in the LANGUAGES setting.'
+            "You have provided a value for the LANGUAGE_CODE setting that is "
+            "not in the LANGUAGES setting."
         )
-        for tag in ['fr', 'fr-CA', 'fr-357']:
+        for tag in ["fr", "fr-CA", "fr-357"]:
             with self.subTest(tag), self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE=tag):
-                self.assertEqual(check_language_settings_consistent(None), [
-                    Error(msg, id='translation.E004'),
-                ])
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    check_language_settings_consistent(None),
+                    [
+                        Error(msg, id="translation.E004"),
+                    ],
+                )
 
     @override_settings(
         USE_I18N=True,
         LANGUAGES=[
-            ('de', 'German'),
-            ('es', 'Spanish'),
-            ('fr', 'French'),
-            ('ca', 'Catalan'),
+            ("de", "German"),
+            ("es", "Spanish"),
+            ("fr", "French"),
+            ("ca", "Catalan"),
         ],
     )
     def test_valid_variant_consistent_language_settings(self):
         tests = [
             # language + region.
-            'fr-CA',
-            'es-419',
-            'de-at',
+            "fr-CA",
+            "es-419",
+            "de-at",
             # language + region + variant.
-            'ca-ES-valencia',
+            "ca-ES-valencia",
         ]
         for tag in tests:
             with self.subTest(tag), self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE=tag):
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/test_urls.py b/tests/check_framework/test_urls.py
index 663c7a299c..6315f8834d 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/test_urls.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/test_urls.py
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.checks.messages import Error, Warning
 from django.core.checks.urls import (
-    E006, check_url_config, check_url_namespaces_unique, check_url_settings,
+    E006,
+    check_url_config,
+    check_url_namespaces_unique,
+    check_url_settings,
     get_warning_for_invalid_pattern,
 )
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
@@ -9,58 +12,67 @@ from django.test.utils import override_settings
 
 
 class CheckUrlConfigTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='check_framework.urls.no_warnings')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="check_framework.urls.no_warnings")
     def test_no_warnings(self):
         result = check_url_config(None)
         self.assertEqual(result, [])
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='check_framework.urls.no_warnings_i18n')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="check_framework.urls.no_warnings_i18n")
     def test_no_warnings_i18n(self):
         self.assertEqual(check_url_config(None), [])
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='check_framework.urls.warning_in_include')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="check_framework.urls.warning_in_include")
     def test_check_resolver_recursive(self):
         # The resolver is checked recursively (examining URL patterns in include()).
         result = check_url_config(None)
         self.assertEqual(len(result), 1)
         warning = result[0]
-        self.assertEqual(warning.id, 'urls.W001')
+        self.assertEqual(warning.id, "urls.W001")
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='check_framework.urls.include_with_dollar')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="check_framework.urls.include_with_dollar")
     def test_include_with_dollar(self):
         result = check_url_config(None)
         self.assertEqual(len(result), 1)
         warning = result[0]
-        self.assertEqual(warning.id, 'urls.W001')
-        self.assertEqual(warning.msg, (
-            "Your URL pattern '^include-with-dollar$' uses include with a "
-            "route ending with a '$'. Remove the dollar from the route to "
-            "avoid problems including URLs."
-        ))
+        self.assertEqual(warning.id, "urls.W001")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            warning.msg,
+            (
+                "Your URL pattern '^include-with-dollar$' uses include with a "
+                "route ending with a '$'. Remove the dollar from the route to "
+                "avoid problems including URLs."
+            ),
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='check_framework.urls.contains_tuple')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="check_framework.urls.contains_tuple")
     def test_contains_tuple_not_url_instance(self):
         result = check_url_config(None)
         warning = result[0]
-        self.assertEqual(warning.id, 'urls.E004')
-        self.assertRegex(warning.msg, (
-            r"^Your URL pattern \('\^tuple/\$', <function <lambda> at 0x(\w+)>\) is "
-            r"invalid. Ensure that urlpatterns is a list of path\(\) and/or re_path\(\) "
-            r"instances\.$"
-        ))
+        self.assertEqual(warning.id, "urls.E004")
+        self.assertRegex(
+            warning.msg,
+            (
+                r"^Your URL pattern \('\^tuple/\$', <function <lambda> at 0x(\w+)>\) is "
+                r"invalid. Ensure that urlpatterns is a list of path\(\) and/or re_path\(\) "
+                r"instances\.$"
+            ),
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='check_framework.urls.include_contains_tuple')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="check_framework.urls.include_contains_tuple")
     def test_contains_included_tuple(self):
         result = check_url_config(None)
         warning = result[0]
-        self.assertEqual(warning.id, 'urls.E004')
-        self.assertRegex(warning.msg, (
-            r"^Your URL pattern \('\^tuple/\$', <function <lambda> at 0x(\w+)>\) is "
-            r"invalid. Ensure that urlpatterns is a list of path\(\) and/or re_path\(\) "
-            r"instances\.$"
-        ))
+        self.assertEqual(warning.id, "urls.E004")
+        self.assertRegex(
+            warning.msg,
+            (
+                r"^Your URL pattern \('\^tuple/\$', <function <lambda> at 0x(\w+)>\) is "
+                r"invalid. Ensure that urlpatterns is a list of path\(\) and/or re_path\(\) "
+                r"instances\.$"
+            ),
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='check_framework.urls.beginning_with_slash')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="check_framework.urls.beginning_with_slash")
     def test_beginning_with_slash(self):
         msg = (
             "Your URL pattern '%s' has a route beginning with a '/'. Remove "
@@ -68,13 +80,13 @@ class CheckUrlConfigTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "an include(), ensure the include() pattern has a trailing '/'."
         )
         warning1, warning2 = check_url_config(None)
-        self.assertEqual(warning1.id, 'urls.W002')
-        self.assertEqual(warning1.msg, msg % '/path-starting-with-slash/')
-        self.assertEqual(warning2.id, 'urls.W002')
-        self.assertEqual(warning2.msg, msg % '/url-starting-with-slash/$')
+        self.assertEqual(warning1.id, "urls.W002")
+        self.assertEqual(warning1.msg, msg % "/path-starting-with-slash/")
+        self.assertEqual(warning2.id, "urls.W002")
+        self.assertEqual(warning2.msg, msg % "/url-starting-with-slash/$")
 
     @override_settings(
-        ROOT_URLCONF='check_framework.urls.beginning_with_slash',
+        ROOT_URLCONF="check_framework.urls.beginning_with_slash",
         APPEND_SLASH=False,
     )
     def test_beginning_with_slash_append_slash(self):
@@ -83,23 +95,25 @@ class CheckUrlConfigTests(SimpleTestCase):
         result = check_url_config(None)
         self.assertEqual(result, [])
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='check_framework.urls.name_with_colon')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="check_framework.urls.name_with_colon")
     def test_name_with_colon(self):
         result = check_url_config(None)
         self.assertEqual(len(result), 1)
         warning = result[0]
-        self.assertEqual(warning.id, 'urls.W003')
-        expected_msg = "Your URL pattern '^$' [name='name_with:colon'] has a name including a ':'."
+        self.assertEqual(warning.id, "urls.W003")
+        expected_msg = (
+            "Your URL pattern '^$' [name='name_with:colon'] has a name including a ':'."
+        )
         self.assertIn(expected_msg, warning.msg)
 
     @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF=None)
     def test_no_root_urlconf_in_settings(self):
-        delattr(settings, 'ROOT_URLCONF')
+        delattr(settings, "ROOT_URLCONF")
         result = check_url_config(None)
         self.assertEqual(result, [])
 
     def test_get_warning_for_invalid_pattern_string(self):
-        warning = get_warning_for_invalid_pattern('')[0]
+        warning = get_warning_for_invalid_pattern("")[0]
         self.assertEqual(
             warning.hint,
             "Try removing the string ''. The list of urlpatterns should "
@@ -107,18 +121,18 @@ class CheckUrlConfigTests(SimpleTestCase):
         )
 
     def test_get_warning_for_invalid_pattern_tuple(self):
-        warning = get_warning_for_invalid_pattern((r'^$', lambda x: x))[0]
+        warning = get_warning_for_invalid_pattern((r"^$", lambda x: x))[0]
         self.assertEqual(warning.hint, "Try using path() instead of a tuple.")
 
     def test_get_warning_for_invalid_pattern_other(self):
         warning = get_warning_for_invalid_pattern(object())[0]
         self.assertIsNone(warning.hint)
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='check_framework.urls.non_unique_namespaces')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="check_framework.urls.non_unique_namespaces")
     def test_check_non_unique_namespaces(self):
         result = check_url_namespaces_unique(None)
         self.assertEqual(len(result), 2)
-        non_unique_namespaces = ['app-ns1', 'app-1']
+        non_unique_namespaces = ["app-ns1", "app-1"]
         warning_messages = [
             "URL namespace '{}' isn't unique. You may not be able to reverse "
             "all URLs in this namespace".format(namespace)
@@ -126,100 +140,117 @@ class CheckUrlConfigTests(SimpleTestCase):
         ]
         for warning in result:
             self.assertIsInstance(warning, Warning)
-            self.assertEqual('urls.W005', warning.id)
+            self.assertEqual("urls.W005", warning.id)
             self.assertIn(warning.msg, warning_messages)
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='check_framework.urls.unique_namespaces')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="check_framework.urls.unique_namespaces")
     def test_check_unique_namespaces(self):
         result = check_url_namespaces_unique(None)
         self.assertEqual(result, [])
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='check_framework.urls.cbv_as_view')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="check_framework.urls.cbv_as_view")
     def test_check_view_not_class(self):
-        self.assertEqual(check_url_config(None), [
-            Error(
-                "Your URL pattern 'missing_as_view' has an invalid view, pass "
-                "EmptyCBV.as_view() instead of EmptyCBV.",
-                id='urls.E009',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            check_url_config(None),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Your URL pattern 'missing_as_view' has an invalid view, pass "
+                    "EmptyCBV.as_view() instead of EmptyCBV.",
+                    id="urls.E009",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
 
 class UpdatedToPathTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='check_framework.urls.path_compatibility.contains_re_named_group')
+    @override_settings(
+        ROOT_URLCONF="check_framework.urls.path_compatibility.contains_re_named_group"
+    )
     def test_contains_re_named_group(self):
         result = check_url_config(None)
         self.assertEqual(len(result), 1)
         warning = result[0]
-        self.assertEqual(warning.id, '2_0.W001')
+        self.assertEqual(warning.id, "2_0.W001")
         expected_msg = "Your URL pattern '(?P<named_group>\\d+)' has a route"
         self.assertIn(expected_msg, warning.msg)
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='check_framework.urls.path_compatibility.beginning_with_caret')
+    @override_settings(
+        ROOT_URLCONF="check_framework.urls.path_compatibility.beginning_with_caret"
+    )
     def test_beginning_with_caret(self):
         result = check_url_config(None)
         self.assertEqual(len(result), 1)
         warning = result[0]
-        self.assertEqual(warning.id, '2_0.W001')
+        self.assertEqual(warning.id, "2_0.W001")
         expected_msg = "Your URL pattern '^beginning-with-caret' has a route"
         self.assertIn(expected_msg, warning.msg)
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='check_framework.urls.path_compatibility.ending_with_dollar')
+    @override_settings(
+        ROOT_URLCONF="check_framework.urls.path_compatibility.ending_with_dollar"
+    )
     def test_ending_with_dollar(self):
         result = check_url_config(None)
         self.assertEqual(len(result), 1)
         warning = result[0]
-        self.assertEqual(warning.id, '2_0.W001')
+        self.assertEqual(warning.id, "2_0.W001")
         expected_msg = "Your URL pattern 'ending-with-dollar$' has a route"
         self.assertIn(expected_msg, warning.msg)
 
 
 class CheckCustomErrorHandlersTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     @override_settings(
-        ROOT_URLCONF='check_framework.urls.bad_function_based_error_handlers',
+        ROOT_URLCONF="check_framework.urls.bad_function_based_error_handlers",
     )
     def test_bad_function_based_handlers(self):
         result = check_url_config(None)
         self.assertEqual(len(result), 4)
         for code, num_params, error in zip([400, 403, 404, 500], [2, 2, 2, 1], result):
-            with self.subTest('handler{}'.format(code)):
-                self.assertEqual(error, Error(
-                    "The custom handler{} view 'check_framework.urls."
-                    "bad_function_based_error_handlers.bad_handler' "
-                    "does not take the correct number of arguments (request{})."
-                    .format(code, ', exception' if num_params == 2 else ''),
-                    id='urls.E007',
-                ))
+            with self.subTest("handler{}".format(code)):
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    error,
+                    Error(
+                        "The custom handler{} view 'check_framework.urls."
+                        "bad_function_based_error_handlers.bad_handler' "
+                        "does not take the correct number of arguments (request{}).".format(
+                            code, ", exception" if num_params == 2 else ""
+                        ),
+                        id="urls.E007",
+                    ),
+                )
 
     @override_settings(
-        ROOT_URLCONF='check_framework.urls.bad_class_based_error_handlers',
+        ROOT_URLCONF="check_framework.urls.bad_class_based_error_handlers",
     )
     def test_bad_class_based_handlers(self):
         result = check_url_config(None)
         self.assertEqual(len(result), 4)
         for code, num_params, error in zip([400, 403, 404, 500], [2, 2, 2, 1], result):
-            with self.subTest('handler%s' % code):
-                self.assertEqual(error, Error(
-                    "The custom handler%s view 'check_framework.urls."
-                    "bad_class_based_error_handlers.HandlerView.as_view."
-                    "<locals>.view' does not take the correct number of "
-                    "arguments (request%s)." % (
-                        code,
-                        ', exception' if num_params == 2 else '',
+            with self.subTest("handler%s" % code):
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    error,
+                    Error(
+                        "The custom handler%s view 'check_framework.urls."
+                        "bad_class_based_error_handlers.HandlerView.as_view."
+                        "<locals>.view' does not take the correct number of "
+                        "arguments (request%s)."
+                        % (
+                            code,
+                            ", exception" if num_params == 2 else "",
+                        ),
+                        id="urls.E007",
                     ),
-                    id='urls.E007',
-                ))
+                )
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='check_framework.urls.bad_error_handlers_invalid_path')
+    @override_settings(
+        ROOT_URLCONF="check_framework.urls.bad_error_handlers_invalid_path"
+    )
     def test_bad_handlers_invalid_path(self):
         result = check_url_config(None)
         paths = [
-            'django.views.bad_handler',
-            'django.invalid_module.bad_handler',
-            'invalid_module.bad_handler',
-            'django',
+            "django.views.bad_handler",
+            "django.invalid_module.bad_handler",
+            "invalid_module.bad_handler",
+            "django",
         ]
         hints = [
             "Could not import '{}'. View does not exist in module django.views.",
@@ -228,22 +259,27 @@ class CheckCustomErrorHandlersTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "Could not import '{}'. The path must be fully qualified.",
         ]
         for code, path, hint, error in zip([400, 403, 404, 500], paths, hints, result):
-            with self.subTest('handler{}'.format(code)):
-                self.assertEqual(error, Error(
-                    "The custom handler{} view '{}' could not be imported.".format(code, path),
-                    hint=hint.format(path),
-                    id='urls.E008',
-                ))
+            with self.subTest("handler{}".format(code)):
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    error,
+                    Error(
+                        "The custom handler{} view '{}' could not be imported.".format(
+                            code, path
+                        ),
+                        hint=hint.format(path),
+                        id="urls.E008",
+                    ),
+                )
 
     @override_settings(
-        ROOT_URLCONF='check_framework.urls.good_function_based_error_handlers',
+        ROOT_URLCONF="check_framework.urls.good_function_based_error_handlers",
     )
     def test_good_function_based_handlers(self):
         result = check_url_config(None)
         self.assertEqual(result, [])
 
     @override_settings(
-        ROOT_URLCONF='check_framework.urls.good_class_based_error_handlers',
+        ROOT_URLCONF="check_framework.urls.good_class_based_error_handlers",
     )
     def test_good_class_based_handlers(self):
         result = check_url_config(None)
@@ -251,25 +287,24 @@ class CheckCustomErrorHandlersTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class CheckURLSettingsTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @override_settings(STATIC_URL='a/', MEDIA_URL='b/')
+    @override_settings(STATIC_URL="a/", MEDIA_URL="b/")
     def test_slash_no_errors(self):
         self.assertEqual(check_url_settings(None), [])
 
-    @override_settings(STATIC_URL='', MEDIA_URL='')
+    @override_settings(STATIC_URL="", MEDIA_URL="")
     def test_empty_string_no_errors(self):
         self.assertEqual(check_url_settings(None), [])
 
-    @override_settings(STATIC_URL='noslash')
+    @override_settings(STATIC_URL="noslash")
     def test_static_url_no_slash(self):
-        self.assertEqual(check_url_settings(None), [E006('STATIC_URL')])
+        self.assertEqual(check_url_settings(None), [E006("STATIC_URL")])
 
-    @override_settings(STATIC_URL='slashes//')
+    @override_settings(STATIC_URL="slashes//")
     def test_static_url_double_slash_allowed(self):
         # The check allows for a double slash, presuming the user knows what
         # they are doing.
         self.assertEqual(check_url_settings(None), [])
 
-    @override_settings(MEDIA_URL='noslash')
+    @override_settings(MEDIA_URL="noslash")
     def test_media_url_no_slash(self):
-        self.assertEqual(check_url_settings(None), [E006('MEDIA_URL')])
+        self.assertEqual(check_url_settings(None), [E006("MEDIA_URL")])
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/tests.py b/tests/check_framework/tests.py
index f43abaca12..4c09c757b4 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/tests.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/tests.py
@@ -10,9 +10,7 @@ from django.core.management import call_command
 from django.core.management.base import CommandError
 from django.db import models
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
-from django.test.utils import (
-    isolate_apps, override_settings, override_system_checks,
-)
+from django.test.utils import isolate_apps, override_settings, override_system_checks
 
 from .models import SimpleModel, my_check
 
@@ -23,9 +21,7 @@ class DummyObj:
 
 
 class SystemCheckFrameworkTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_register_and_run_checks(self):
-
         def f(**kwargs):
             calls[0] += 1
             return [1, 2, 3]
@@ -62,15 +58,20 @@ class SystemCheckFrameworkTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(errors, errors2)
         self.assertEqual(sorted(errors), [4])
 
-        errors = registry.run_checks(tags=["tag1", "tag2"], include_deployment_checks=True)
-        errors2 = registry2.run_checks(tags=["tag1", "tag2"], include_deployment_checks=True)
+        errors = registry.run_checks(
+            tags=["tag1", "tag2"], include_deployment_checks=True
+        )
+        errors2 = registry2.run_checks(
+            tags=["tag1", "tag2"], include_deployment_checks=True
+        )
         self.assertEqual(errors, errors2)
         self.assertEqual(sorted(errors), [4, 5])
 
     def test_register_no_kwargs_error(self):
         registry = CheckRegistry()
-        msg = 'Check functions must accept keyword arguments (**kwargs).'
+        msg = "Check functions must accept keyword arguments (**kwargs)."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
+
             @registry.register
             def no_kwargs(app_configs, databases):
                 pass
@@ -80,18 +81,17 @@ class SystemCheckFrameworkTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         @registry.register
         def return_non_iterable(**kwargs):
-            return Error('Message')
+            return Error("Message")
 
         msg = (
-            'The function %r did not return a list. All functions registered '
-            'with the checks registry must return a list.' % return_non_iterable
+            "The function %r did not return a list. All functions registered "
+            "with the checks registry must return a list." % return_non_iterable
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             registry.run_checks()
 
 
 class MessageTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_printing(self):
         e = Error("Message", hint="Hint", obj=DummyObj())
         expected = "obj: Message\n\tHINT: Hint"
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class MessageTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(str(e), expected)
 
     def test_printing_field_error(self):
-        field = SimpleModel._meta.get_field('field')
+        field = SimpleModel._meta.get_field("field")
         e = Error("Error", obj=field)
         expected = "check_framework.SimpleModel.field: Error"
         self.assertEqual(str(e), expected)
@@ -145,12 +145,12 @@ class MessageTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_not_equal_to_non_check(self):
         e = Error("Error", obj=DummyObj())
-        self.assertNotEqual(e, 'a string')
+        self.assertNotEqual(e, "a string")
 
     def test_invalid_level(self):
-        msg = 'The first argument should be level.'
+        msg = "The first argument should be level."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            CheckMessage('ERROR', 'Message')
+            CheckMessage("ERROR", "Message")
 
 
 def simple_system_check(**kwargs):
@@ -160,22 +160,21 @@ def simple_system_check(**kwargs):
 
 def tagged_system_check(**kwargs):
     tagged_system_check.kwargs = kwargs
-    return [checks.Warning('System Check')]
+    return [checks.Warning("System Check")]
 
 
-tagged_system_check.tags = ['simpletag']
+tagged_system_check.tags = ["simpletag"]
 
 
 def deployment_system_check(**kwargs):
     deployment_system_check.kwargs = kwargs
-    return [checks.Warning('Deployment Check')]
+    return [checks.Warning("Deployment Check")]
 
 
-deployment_system_check.tags = ['deploymenttag']
+deployment_system_check.tags = ["deploymenttag"]
 
 
 class CheckCommandTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         simple_system_check.kwargs = None
         tagged_system_check.kwargs = None
@@ -187,77 +186,96 @@ class CheckCommandTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     @override_system_checks([simple_system_check, tagged_system_check])
     def test_simple_call(self):
-        call_command('check')
-        self.assertEqual(simple_system_check.kwargs, {'app_configs': None, 'databases': None})
-        self.assertEqual(tagged_system_check.kwargs, {'app_configs': None, 'databases': None})
+        call_command("check")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            simple_system_check.kwargs, {"app_configs": None, "databases": None}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            tagged_system_check.kwargs, {"app_configs": None, "databases": None}
+        )
 
     @override_system_checks([simple_system_check, tagged_system_check])
     def test_given_app(self):
-        call_command('check', 'auth', 'admin')
-        auth_config = apps.get_app_config('auth')
-        admin_config = apps.get_app_config('admin')
-        self.assertEqual(simple_system_check.kwargs, {'app_configs': [auth_config, admin_config], 'databases': None})
-        self.assertEqual(tagged_system_check.kwargs, {'app_configs': [auth_config, admin_config], 'databases': None})
+        call_command("check", "auth", "admin")
+        auth_config = apps.get_app_config("auth")
+        admin_config = apps.get_app_config("admin")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            simple_system_check.kwargs,
+            {"app_configs": [auth_config, admin_config], "databases": None},
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            tagged_system_check.kwargs,
+            {"app_configs": [auth_config, admin_config], "databases": None},
+        )
 
     @override_system_checks([simple_system_check, tagged_system_check])
     def test_given_tag(self):
-        call_command('check', tags=['simpletag'])
+        call_command("check", tags=["simpletag"])
         self.assertIsNone(simple_system_check.kwargs)
-        self.assertEqual(tagged_system_check.kwargs, {'app_configs': None, 'databases': None})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            tagged_system_check.kwargs, {"app_configs": None, "databases": None}
+        )
 
     @override_system_checks([simple_system_check, tagged_system_check])
     def test_invalid_tag(self):
         msg = 'There is no system check with the "missingtag" tag.'
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
-            call_command('check', tags=['missingtag'])
+            call_command("check", tags=["missingtag"])
 
     @override_system_checks([simple_system_check])
     def test_list_tags_empty(self):
-        call_command('check', list_tags=True)
-        self.assertEqual('\n', sys.stdout.getvalue())
+        call_command("check", list_tags=True)
+        self.assertEqual("\n", sys.stdout.getvalue())
 
     @override_system_checks([tagged_system_check])
     def test_list_tags(self):
-        call_command('check', list_tags=True)
-        self.assertEqual('simpletag\n', sys.stdout.getvalue())
+        call_command("check", list_tags=True)
+        self.assertEqual("simpletag\n", sys.stdout.getvalue())
 
-    @override_system_checks([tagged_system_check], deployment_checks=[deployment_system_check])
+    @override_system_checks(
+        [tagged_system_check], deployment_checks=[deployment_system_check]
+    )
     def test_list_deployment_check_omitted(self):
-        call_command('check', list_tags=True)
-        self.assertEqual('simpletag\n', sys.stdout.getvalue())
+        call_command("check", list_tags=True)
+        self.assertEqual("simpletag\n", sys.stdout.getvalue())
 
-    @override_system_checks([tagged_system_check], deployment_checks=[deployment_system_check])
+    @override_system_checks(
+        [tagged_system_check], deployment_checks=[deployment_system_check]
+    )
     def test_list_deployment_check_included(self):
-        call_command('check', deploy=True, list_tags=True)
-        self.assertEqual('deploymenttag\nsimpletag\n', sys.stdout.getvalue())
+        call_command("check", deploy=True, list_tags=True)
+        self.assertEqual("deploymenttag\nsimpletag\n", sys.stdout.getvalue())
 
-    @override_system_checks([tagged_system_check], deployment_checks=[deployment_system_check])
+    @override_system_checks(
+        [tagged_system_check], deployment_checks=[deployment_system_check]
+    )
     def test_tags_deployment_check_omitted(self):
         msg = 'There is no system check with the "deploymenttag" tag.'
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
-            call_command('check', tags=['deploymenttag'])
+            call_command("check", tags=["deploymenttag"])
 
-    @override_system_checks([tagged_system_check], deployment_checks=[deployment_system_check])
+    @override_system_checks(
+        [tagged_system_check], deployment_checks=[deployment_system_check]
+    )
     def test_tags_deployment_check_included(self):
-        call_command('check', deploy=True, tags=['deploymenttag'])
-        self.assertIn('Deployment Check', sys.stderr.getvalue())
+        call_command("check", deploy=True, tags=["deploymenttag"])
+        self.assertIn("Deployment Check", sys.stderr.getvalue())
 
     @override_system_checks([tagged_system_check])
     def test_fail_level(self):
         with self.assertRaises(CommandError):
-            call_command('check', fail_level='WARNING')
+            call_command("check", fail_level="WARNING")
 
 
 def custom_error_system_check(app_configs, **kwargs):
-    return [Error('Error', id='myerrorcheck.E001')]
+    return [Error("Error", id="myerrorcheck.E001")]
 
 
 def custom_warning_system_check(app_configs, **kwargs):
-    return [Warning('Warning', id='mywarningcheck.E001')]
+    return [Warning("Warning", id="mywarningcheck.E001")]
 
 
 class SilencingCheckTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.old_stdout, self.old_stderr = sys.stdout, sys.stderr
         self.stdout, self.stderr = StringIO(), StringIO()
@@ -266,27 +284,31 @@ class SilencingCheckTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def tearDown(self):
         sys.stdout, sys.stderr = self.old_stdout, self.old_stderr
 
-    @override_settings(SILENCED_SYSTEM_CHECKS=['myerrorcheck.E001'])
+    @override_settings(SILENCED_SYSTEM_CHECKS=["myerrorcheck.E001"])
     @override_system_checks([custom_error_system_check])
     def test_silenced_error(self):
         out = StringIO()
         err = StringIO()
-        call_command('check', stdout=out, stderr=err)
-        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'System check identified no issues (1 silenced).\n')
-        self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), '')
+        call_command("check", stdout=out, stderr=err)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            out.getvalue(), "System check identified no issues (1 silenced).\n"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), "")
 
-    @override_settings(SILENCED_SYSTEM_CHECKS=['mywarningcheck.E001'])
+    @override_settings(SILENCED_SYSTEM_CHECKS=["mywarningcheck.E001"])
     @override_system_checks([custom_warning_system_check])
     def test_silenced_warning(self):
         out = StringIO()
         err = StringIO()
-        call_command('check', stdout=out, stderr=err)
-        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'System check identified no issues (1 silenced).\n')
-        self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), '')
+        call_command("check", stdout=out, stderr=err)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            out.getvalue(), "System check identified no issues (1 silenced).\n"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), "")
 
 
 class CheckFrameworkReservedNamesTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    @isolate_apps('check_framework', kwarg_name='apps')
+    @isolate_apps("check_framework", kwarg_name="apps")
     @override_system_checks([checks.model_checks.check_all_models])
     def test_model_check_method_not_shadowed(self, apps):
         class ModelWithAttributeCalledCheck(models.Model):
@@ -299,11 +321,13 @@ class CheckFrameworkReservedNamesTests(SimpleTestCase):
             pass
 
         class ModelWithDescriptorCalledCheck(models.Model):
-            check = models.ForeignKey(ModelWithRelatedManagerCalledCheck, models.CASCADE)
+            check = models.ForeignKey(
+                ModelWithRelatedManagerCalledCheck, models.CASCADE
+            )
             article = models.ForeignKey(
                 ModelWithRelatedManagerCalledCheck,
                 models.CASCADE,
-                related_name='check',
+                related_name="check",
             )
 
         errors = checks.run_checks(app_configs=apps.get_app_configs())
@@ -312,25 +336,26 @@ class CheckFrameworkReservedNamesTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 "The 'ModelWithAttributeCalledCheck.check()' class method is "
                 "currently overridden by 42.",
                 obj=ModelWithAttributeCalledCheck,
-                id='models.E020'
+                id="models.E020",
             ),
             Error(
                 "The 'ModelWithFieldCalledCheck.check()' class method is "
                 "currently overridden by %r." % ModelWithFieldCalledCheck.check,
                 obj=ModelWithFieldCalledCheck,
-                id='models.E020'
+                id="models.E020",
             ),
             Error(
                 "The 'ModelWithRelatedManagerCalledCheck.check()' class method is "
-                "currently overridden by %r." % ModelWithRelatedManagerCalledCheck.check,
+                "currently overridden by %r."
+                % ModelWithRelatedManagerCalledCheck.check,
                 obj=ModelWithRelatedManagerCalledCheck,
-                id='models.E020'
+                id="models.E020",
             ),
             Error(
                 "The 'ModelWithDescriptorCalledCheck.check()' class method is "
                 "currently overridden by %r." % ModelWithDescriptorCalledCheck.check,
                 obj=ModelWithDescriptorCalledCheck,
-                id='models.E020'
+                id="models.E020",
             ),
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/urls/bad_error_handlers_invalid_path.py b/tests/check_framework/urls/bad_error_handlers_invalid_path.py
index 77e0c639e0..9b42900703 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/urls/bad_error_handlers_invalid_path.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/urls/bad_error_handlers_invalid_path.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 urlpatterns = []
 
-handler400 = 'django.views.bad_handler'
-handler403 = 'django.invalid_module.bad_handler'
-handler404 = 'invalid_module.bad_handler'
-handler500 = 'django'
+handler400 = "django.views.bad_handler"
+handler403 = "django.invalid_module.bad_handler"
+handler404 = "invalid_module.bad_handler"
+handler500 = "django"
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/urls/bad_function_based_error_handlers.py b/tests/check_framework/urls/bad_function_based_error_handlers.py
index d639d707df..518d2d4734 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/urls/bad_function_based_error_handlers.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/urls/bad_function_based_error_handlers.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 urlpatterns = []
 
-handler400 = __name__ + '.bad_handler'
-handler403 = __name__ + '.bad_handler'
-handler404 = __name__ + '.bad_handler'
-handler500 = __name__ + '.bad_handler'
+handler400 = __name__ + ".bad_handler"
+handler403 = __name__ + ".bad_handler"
+handler404 = __name__ + ".bad_handler"
+handler500 = __name__ + ".bad_handler"
 
 
 def bad_handler():
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/urls/beginning_with_slash.py b/tests/check_framework/urls/beginning_with_slash.py
index bd4e29d8f1..ce6c145512 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/urls/beginning_with_slash.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/urls/beginning_with_slash.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from django.urls import path, re_path
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('/path-starting-with-slash/', lambda x: x),
-    re_path(r'/url-starting-with-slash/$', lambda x: x),
+    path("/path-starting-with-slash/", lambda x: x),
+    re_path(r"/url-starting-with-slash/$", lambda x: x),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/urls/cbv_as_view.py b/tests/check_framework/urls/cbv_as_view.py
index 932a2bfcc9..3a478afb94 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/urls/cbv_as_view.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/urls/cbv_as_view.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class EmptyCallableView:
 
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('missing_as_view', EmptyCBV),
-    path('has_as_view', EmptyCBV.as_view()),
-    path('callable_class', EmptyCallableView()),
+    path("missing_as_view", EmptyCBV),
+    path("has_as_view", EmptyCBV.as_view()),
+    path("callable_class", EmptyCallableView()),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/urls/contains_tuple.py b/tests/check_framework/urls/contains_tuple.py
index 56aa3ea364..9fc58224a2 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/urls/contains_tuple.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/urls/contains_tuple.py
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 urlpatterns = [
-    (r'^tuple/$', lambda x: x),
+    (r"^tuple/$", lambda x: x),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/urls/good_function_based_error_handlers.py b/tests/check_framework/urls/good_function_based_error_handlers.py
index 69bea650f7..2479b253eb 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/urls/good_function_based_error_handlers.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/urls/good_function_based_error_handlers.py
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 urlpatterns = []
 
-handler400 = __name__ + '.good_handler'
-handler403 = __name__ + '.good_handler'
-handler404 = __name__ + '.good_handler'
-handler500 = __name__ + '.good_handler'
+handler400 = __name__ + ".good_handler"
+handler403 = __name__ + ".good_handler"
+handler404 = __name__ + ".good_handler"
+handler500 = __name__ + ".good_handler"
 
 
-def good_handler(request, exception=None, foo='bar'):
+def good_handler(request, exception=None, foo="bar"):
     pass
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/urls/include_contains_tuple.py b/tests/check_framework/urls/include_contains_tuple.py
index 02717a743c..876d9aab1d 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/urls/include_contains_tuple.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/urls/include_contains_tuple.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from django.urls import include, path
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('', include([(r'^tuple/$', lambda x: x)])),
+    path("", include([(r"^tuple/$", lambda x: x)])),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/urls/include_with_dollar.py b/tests/check_framework/urls/include_with_dollar.py
index ce921bbec5..dc92d594bf 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/urls/include_with_dollar.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/urls/include_with_dollar.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from django.urls import include, re_path
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    re_path('^include-with-dollar$', include([])),
+    re_path("^include-with-dollar$", include([])),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/urls/name_with_colon.py b/tests/check_framework/urls/name_with_colon.py
index 273c99324c..8cca009cd5 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/urls/name_with_colon.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/urls/name_with_colon.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from django.urls import re_path
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    re_path('^$', lambda x: x, name='name_with:colon'),
+    re_path("^$", lambda x: x, name="name_with:colon"),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/urls/no_warnings.py b/tests/check_framework/urls/no_warnings.py
index e1846fb884..d100f04590 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/urls/no_warnings.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/urls/no_warnings.py
@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
 from django.urls import include, path, re_path
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('foo/', lambda x: x, name='foo'),
+    path("foo/", lambda x: x, name="foo"),
     # This dollar is ok as it is escaped
-    re_path(r'^\$', include([
-        path('bar/', lambda x: x, name='bar'),
-    ])),
+    re_path(
+        r"^\$",
+        include(
+            [
+                path("bar/", lambda x: x, name="bar"),
+            ]
+        ),
+    ),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/urls/no_warnings_i18n.py b/tests/check_framework/urls/no_warnings_i18n.py
index 37da78f29d..4a125a24e6 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/urls/no_warnings_i18n.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/urls/no_warnings_i18n.py
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ from django.urls import path
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 urlpatterns = i18n_patterns(
-    path(_('translated/'), lambda x: x, name='i18n_prefixed'),
+    path(_("translated/"), lambda x: x, name="i18n_prefixed"),
 )
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/urls/non_unique_namespaces.py b/tests/check_framework/urls/non_unique_namespaces.py
index f036797cb7..23f7f1b61d 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/urls/non_unique_namespaces.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/urls/non_unique_namespaces.py
@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
 from django.urls import include, path
 
-common_url_patterns = ([
-    path('app-ns1/', include([])),
-    path('app-url/', include([])),
-], 'app-ns1')
+common_url_patterns = (
+    [
+        path("app-ns1/", include([])),
+        path("app-url/", include([])),
+    ],
+    "app-ns1",
+)
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('app-ns1-0/', include(common_url_patterns)),
-    path('app-ns1-1/', include(common_url_patterns)),
-    path('app-some-url/', include(([], 'app'), namespace='app-1')),
-    path('app-some-url-2/', include(([], 'app'), namespace='app-1'))
+    path("app-ns1-0/", include(common_url_patterns)),
+    path("app-ns1-1/", include(common_url_patterns)),
+    path("app-some-url/", include(([], "app"), namespace="app-1")),
+    path("app-some-url-2/", include(([], "app"), namespace="app-1")),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/urls/path_compatibility/beginning_with_caret.py b/tests/check_framework/urls/path_compatibility/beginning_with_caret.py
index 7e3e9c8707..27c96246b2 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/urls/path_compatibility/beginning_with_caret.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/urls/path_compatibility/beginning_with_caret.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from django.urls import path
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('^beginning-with-caret', lambda x: x),
+    path("^beginning-with-caret", lambda x: x),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/urls/path_compatibility/contains_re_named_group.py b/tests/check_framework/urls/path_compatibility/contains_re_named_group.py
index bd849509f5..86897a4a48 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/urls/path_compatibility/contains_re_named_group.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/urls/path_compatibility/contains_re_named_group.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from django.urls import path
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path(r'(?P<named_group>\d+)', lambda x: x),
+    path(r"(?P<named_group>\d+)", lambda x: x),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/urls/path_compatibility/ending_with_dollar.py b/tests/check_framework/urls/path_compatibility/ending_with_dollar.py
index 0ea82a1ba6..081cc6b008 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/urls/path_compatibility/ending_with_dollar.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/urls/path_compatibility/ending_with_dollar.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from django.urls import path
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('ending-with-dollar$', lambda x: x),
+    path("ending-with-dollar$", lambda x: x),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/urls/unique_namespaces.py b/tests/check_framework/urls/unique_namespaces.py
index 09296648fd..ee6cc5fd3e 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/urls/unique_namespaces.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/urls/unique_namespaces.py
@@ -1,20 +1,26 @@
 from django.urls import include, path
 
-common_url_patterns = ([
-    path('app-ns1/', include([])),
-    path('app-url/', include([])),
-], 'common')
+common_url_patterns = (
+    [
+        path("app-ns1/", include([])),
+        path("app-url/", include([])),
+    ],
+    "common",
+)
 
-nested_url_patterns = ([
-    path('common/', include(common_url_patterns, namespace='nested')),
-], 'nested')
+nested_url_patterns = (
+    [
+        path("common/", include(common_url_patterns, namespace="nested")),
+    ],
+    "nested",
+)
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('app-ns1-0/', include(common_url_patterns, namespace='app-include-1')),
-    path('app-ns1-1/', include(common_url_patterns, namespace='app-include-2')),
+    path("app-ns1-0/", include(common_url_patterns, namespace="app-include-1")),
+    path("app-ns1-1/", include(common_url_patterns, namespace="app-include-2")),
     # 'nested' is included twice but namespaced by nested-1 and nested-2.
-    path('app-ns1-2/', include(nested_url_patterns, namespace='nested-1')),
-    path('app-ns1-3/', include(nested_url_patterns, namespace='nested-2')),
+    path("app-ns1-2/", include(nested_url_patterns, namespace="nested-1")),
+    path("app-ns1-3/", include(nested_url_patterns, namespace="nested-2")),
     # namespaced URLs inside non-namespaced URLs.
-    path('app-ns1-4/', include([path('abc/', include(common_url_patterns))])),
+    path("app-ns1-4/", include([path("abc/", include(common_url_patterns))])),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/check_framework/urls/warning_in_include.py b/tests/check_framework/urls/warning_in_include.py
index 8ec846be1e..6978c13210 100644
--- a/tests/check_framework/urls/warning_in_include.py
+++ b/tests/check_framework/urls/warning_in_include.py
@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
 from django.urls import include, path, re_path
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('', include([
-        re_path('^include-with-dollar$', include([])),
-    ])),
+    path(
+        "",
+        include(
+            [
+                re_path("^include-with-dollar$", include([])),
+            ]
+        ),
+    ),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/conditional_processing/tests.py b/tests/conditional_processing/tests.py
index 4c7a32cba2..93f96546aa 100644
--- a/tests/conditional_processing/tests.py
+++ b/tests/conditional_processing/tests.py
@@ -2,85 +2,84 @@ from datetime import datetime
 
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 
-FULL_RESPONSE = 'Test conditional get response'
+FULL_RESPONSE = "Test conditional get response"
 LAST_MODIFIED = datetime(2007, 10, 21, 23, 21, 47)
-LAST_MODIFIED_STR = 'Sun, 21 Oct 2007 23:21:47 GMT'
-LAST_MODIFIED_NEWER_STR = 'Mon, 18 Oct 2010 16:56:23 GMT'
-LAST_MODIFIED_INVALID_STR = 'Mon, 32 Oct 2010 16:56:23 GMT'
-EXPIRED_LAST_MODIFIED_STR = 'Sat, 20 Oct 2007 23:21:47 GMT'
+LAST_MODIFIED_STR = "Sun, 21 Oct 2007 23:21:47 GMT"
+LAST_MODIFIED_NEWER_STR = "Mon, 18 Oct 2010 16:56:23 GMT"
+LAST_MODIFIED_INVALID_STR = "Mon, 32 Oct 2010 16:56:23 GMT"
+EXPIRED_LAST_MODIFIED_STR = "Sat, 20 Oct 2007 23:21:47 GMT"
 ETAG = '"b4246ffc4f62314ca13147c9d4f76974"'
 WEAK_ETAG = 'W/"b4246ffc4f62314ca13147c9d4f76974"'  # weak match to ETAG
 EXPIRED_ETAG = '"7fae4cd4b0f81e7d2914700043aa8ed6"'
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='conditional_processing.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="conditional_processing.urls")
 class ConditionalGet(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def assertFullResponse(self, response, check_last_modified=True, check_etag=True):
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(response.content, FULL_RESPONSE.encode())
-        if response.request['REQUEST_METHOD'] in ('GET', 'HEAD'):
+        if response.request["REQUEST_METHOD"] in ("GET", "HEAD"):
             if check_last_modified:
-                self.assertEqual(response.headers['Last-Modified'], LAST_MODIFIED_STR)
+                self.assertEqual(response.headers["Last-Modified"], LAST_MODIFIED_STR)
             if check_etag:
-                self.assertEqual(response.headers['ETag'], ETAG)
+                self.assertEqual(response.headers["ETag"], ETAG)
         else:
-            self.assertNotIn('Last-Modified', response.headers)
-            self.assertNotIn('ETag', response.headers)
+            self.assertNotIn("Last-Modified", response.headers)
+            self.assertNotIn("ETag", response.headers)
 
     def assertNotModified(self, response):
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 304)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"")
 
     def test_without_conditions(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/')
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response)
 
     def test_if_modified_since(self):
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE'] = LAST_MODIFIED_STR
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE"] = LAST_MODIFIED_STR
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/")
         self.assertNotModified(response)
-        response = self.client.put('/condition/')
+        response = self.client.put("/condition/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response)
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE'] = LAST_MODIFIED_NEWER_STR
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE"] = LAST_MODIFIED_NEWER_STR
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/")
         self.assertNotModified(response)
-        response = self.client.put('/condition/')
+        response = self.client.put("/condition/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response)
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE'] = LAST_MODIFIED_INVALID_STR
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE"] = LAST_MODIFIED_INVALID_STR
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response)
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE'] = EXPIRED_LAST_MODIFIED_STR
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE"] = EXPIRED_LAST_MODIFIED_STR
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response)
 
     def test_if_unmodified_since(self):
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE'] = LAST_MODIFIED_STR
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE"] = LAST_MODIFIED_STR
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response)
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE'] = LAST_MODIFIED_NEWER_STR
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE"] = LAST_MODIFIED_NEWER_STR
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response)
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE'] = LAST_MODIFIED_INVALID_STR
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE"] = LAST_MODIFIED_INVALID_STR
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response)
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE'] = EXPIRED_LAST_MODIFIED_STR
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE"] = EXPIRED_LAST_MODIFIED_STR
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 412)
 
     def test_if_none_match(self):
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'] = ETAG
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"] = ETAG
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/")
         self.assertNotModified(response)
-        response = self.client.put('/condition/')
+        response = self.client.put("/condition/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 412)
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'] = EXPIRED_ETAG
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"] = EXPIRED_ETAG
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response)
 
         # Several etags in If-None-Match is a bit exotic but why not?
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'] = '%s, %s' % (ETAG, EXPIRED_ETAG)
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"] = "%s, %s" % (ETAG, EXPIRED_ETAG)
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/")
         self.assertNotModified(response)
 
     def test_weak_if_none_match(self):
@@ -88,37 +87,37 @@ class ConditionalGet(SimpleTestCase):
         If-None-Match comparisons use weak matching, so weak and strong ETags
         with the same value result in a 304 response.
         """
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'] = ETAG
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/weak_etag/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"] = ETAG
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/weak_etag/")
         self.assertNotModified(response)
-        response = self.client.put('/condition/weak_etag/')
+        response = self.client.put("/condition/weak_etag/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 412)
 
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'] = WEAK_ETAG
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/weak_etag/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"] = WEAK_ETAG
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/weak_etag/")
         self.assertNotModified(response)
-        response = self.client.put('/condition/weak_etag/')
+        response = self.client.put("/condition/weak_etag/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 412)
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/')
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/")
         self.assertNotModified(response)
-        response = self.client.put('/condition/')
+        response = self.client.put("/condition/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 412)
 
     def test_all_if_none_match(self):
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'] = '*'
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"] = "*"
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/")
         self.assertNotModified(response)
-        response = self.client.put('/condition/')
+        response = self.client.put("/condition/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 412)
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/no_etag/')
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/no_etag/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response, check_last_modified=False, check_etag=False)
 
     def test_if_match(self):
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_MATCH'] = ETAG
-        response = self.client.put('/condition/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_MATCH"] = ETAG
+        response = self.client.put("/condition/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response)
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_MATCH'] = EXPIRED_ETAG
-        response = self.client.put('/condition/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_MATCH"] = EXPIRED_ETAG
+        response = self.client.put("/condition/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 412)
 
     def test_weak_if_match(self):
@@ -126,126 +125,126 @@ class ConditionalGet(SimpleTestCase):
         If-Match comparisons use strong matching, so any comparison involving
         a weak ETag return a 412 response.
         """
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_MATCH'] = ETAG
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/weak_etag/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_MATCH"] = ETAG
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/weak_etag/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 412)
 
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_MATCH'] = WEAK_ETAG
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/weak_etag/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_MATCH"] = WEAK_ETAG
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/weak_etag/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 412)
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/')
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 412)
 
     def test_all_if_match(self):
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_MATCH'] = '*'
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_MATCH"] = "*"
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response)
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/no_etag/')
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/no_etag/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 412)
 
     def test_both_headers(self):
         # see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7232#section-6
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE'] = LAST_MODIFIED_STR
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'] = ETAG
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE"] = LAST_MODIFIED_STR
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"] = ETAG
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/")
         self.assertNotModified(response)
 
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE'] = EXPIRED_LAST_MODIFIED_STR
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'] = ETAG
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE"] = EXPIRED_LAST_MODIFIED_STR
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"] = ETAG
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/")
         self.assertNotModified(response)
 
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE'] = LAST_MODIFIED_STR
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'] = EXPIRED_ETAG
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE"] = LAST_MODIFIED_STR
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"] = EXPIRED_ETAG
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response)
 
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE'] = EXPIRED_LAST_MODIFIED_STR
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'] = EXPIRED_ETAG
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE"] = EXPIRED_LAST_MODIFIED_STR
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"] = EXPIRED_ETAG
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response)
 
     def test_both_headers_2(self):
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE'] = LAST_MODIFIED_STR
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_MATCH'] = ETAG
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE"] = LAST_MODIFIED_STR
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_MATCH"] = ETAG
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response)
 
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE'] = EXPIRED_LAST_MODIFIED_STR
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_MATCH'] = ETAG
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE"] = EXPIRED_LAST_MODIFIED_STR
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_MATCH"] = ETAG
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response)
 
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE'] = EXPIRED_LAST_MODIFIED_STR
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_MATCH'] = EXPIRED_ETAG
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE"] = EXPIRED_LAST_MODIFIED_STR
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_MATCH"] = EXPIRED_ETAG
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 412)
 
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE'] = LAST_MODIFIED_STR
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_MATCH'] = EXPIRED_ETAG
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE"] = LAST_MODIFIED_STR
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_MATCH"] = EXPIRED_ETAG
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 412)
 
     def test_single_condition_1(self):
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE'] = LAST_MODIFIED_STR
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/last_modified/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE"] = LAST_MODIFIED_STR
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/last_modified/")
         self.assertNotModified(response)
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/etag/')
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/etag/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response, check_last_modified=False)
 
     def test_single_condition_2(self):
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'] = ETAG
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/etag/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"] = ETAG
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/etag/")
         self.assertNotModified(response)
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/last_modified/')
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/last_modified/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response, check_etag=False)
 
     def test_single_condition_3(self):
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE'] = EXPIRED_LAST_MODIFIED_STR
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/last_modified/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE"] = EXPIRED_LAST_MODIFIED_STR
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/last_modified/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response, check_etag=False)
 
     def test_single_condition_4(self):
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'] = EXPIRED_ETAG
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/etag/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"] = EXPIRED_ETAG
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/etag/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response, check_last_modified=False)
 
     def test_single_condition_5(self):
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE'] = LAST_MODIFIED_STR
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/last_modified2/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE"] = LAST_MODIFIED_STR
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/last_modified2/")
         self.assertNotModified(response)
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/etag2/')
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/etag2/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response, check_last_modified=False)
 
     def test_single_condition_6(self):
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'] = ETAG
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/etag2/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"] = ETAG
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/etag2/")
         self.assertNotModified(response)
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/last_modified2/')
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/last_modified2/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response, check_etag=False)
 
     def test_single_condition_7(self):
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE'] = EXPIRED_LAST_MODIFIED_STR
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/last_modified/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE"] = EXPIRED_LAST_MODIFIED_STR
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/last_modified/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 412)
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/etag/')
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/etag/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 412)
 
     def test_single_condition_8(self):
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE'] = LAST_MODIFIED_STR
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/last_modified/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE"] = LAST_MODIFIED_STR
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/last_modified/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response, check_etag=False)
 
     def test_single_condition_9(self):
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE'] = EXPIRED_LAST_MODIFIED_STR
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/last_modified2/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE"] = EXPIRED_LAST_MODIFIED_STR
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/last_modified2/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 412)
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/etag2/')
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/etag2/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 412)
 
     def test_single_condition_head(self):
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE'] = LAST_MODIFIED_STR
-        response = self.client.head('/condition/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE"] = LAST_MODIFIED_STR
+        response = self.client.head("/condition/")
         self.assertNotModified(response)
 
     def test_unquoted(self):
@@ -253,24 +252,24 @@ class ConditionalGet(SimpleTestCase):
         The same quoted ETag should be set on the header regardless of whether
         etag_func() in condition() returns a quoted or an unquoted ETag.
         """
-        response_quoted = self.client.get('/condition/etag/')
-        response_unquoted = self.client.get('/condition/unquoted_etag/')
-        self.assertEqual(response_quoted['ETag'], response_unquoted['ETag'])
+        response_quoted = self.client.get("/condition/etag/")
+        response_unquoted = self.client.get("/condition/unquoted_etag/")
+        self.assertEqual(response_quoted["ETag"], response_unquoted["ETag"])
 
     # It's possible that the matching algorithm could use the wrong value even
     # if the ETag header is set correctly correctly (as tested by
     # test_unquoted()), so check that the unquoted value is matched.
     def test_unquoted_if_none_match(self):
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'] = ETAG
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/unquoted_etag/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"] = ETAG
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/unquoted_etag/")
         self.assertNotModified(response)
-        response = self.client.put('/condition/unquoted_etag/')
+        response = self.client.put("/condition/unquoted_etag/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 412)
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'] = EXPIRED_ETAG
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/unquoted_etag/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"] = EXPIRED_ETAG
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/unquoted_etag/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response, check_last_modified=False)
 
     def test_invalid_etag(self):
-        self.client.defaults['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'] = '"""'
-        response = self.client.get('/condition/etag/')
+        self.client.defaults["HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"] = '"""'
+        response = self.client.get("/condition/etag/")
         self.assertFullResponse(response, check_last_modified=False)
diff --git a/tests/conditional_processing/urls.py b/tests/conditional_processing/urls.py
index 48133d2f36..3170e38edf 100644
--- a/tests/conditional_processing/urls.py
+++ b/tests/conditional_processing/urls.py
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ from django.urls import path
 from . import views
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('condition/', views.index),
-    path('condition/last_modified/', views.last_modified_view1),
-    path('condition/last_modified2/', views.last_modified_view2),
-    path('condition/etag/', views.etag_view1),
-    path('condition/etag2/', views.etag_view2),
-    path('condition/unquoted_etag/', views.etag_view_unquoted),
-    path('condition/weak_etag/', views.etag_view_weak),
-    path('condition/no_etag/', views.etag_view_none),
+    path("condition/", views.index),
+    path("condition/last_modified/", views.last_modified_view1),
+    path("condition/last_modified2/", views.last_modified_view2),
+    path("condition/etag/", views.etag_view1),
+    path("condition/etag2/", views.etag_view2),
+    path("condition/unquoted_etag/", views.etag_view_unquoted),
+    path("condition/weak_etag/", views.etag_view_weak),
+    path("condition/no_etag/", views.etag_view_none),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/constraints/models.py b/tests/constraints/models.py
index f8a4ebe675..c4450383e7 100644
--- a/tests/constraints/models.py
+++ b/tests/constraints/models.py
@@ -8,36 +8,35 @@ class Product(models.Model):
 
     class Meta:
         required_db_features = {
-            'supports_table_check_constraints',
+            "supports_table_check_constraints",
         }
         constraints = [
             models.CheckConstraint(
-                check=models.Q(price__gt=models.F('discounted_price')),
-                name='price_gt_discounted_price',
+                check=models.Q(price__gt=models.F("discounted_price")),
+                name="price_gt_discounted_price",
             ),
             models.CheckConstraint(
                 check=models.Q(price__gt=0),
-                name='%(app_label)s_%(class)s_price_gt_0',
+                name="%(app_label)s_%(class)s_price_gt_0",
             ),
             models.CheckConstraint(
                 check=models.expressions.RawSQL(
-                    'price < %s', (1000,), output_field=models.BooleanField()
+                    "price < %s", (1000,), output_field=models.BooleanField()
                 ),
-                name='%(app_label)s_price_lt_1000_raw',
+                name="%(app_label)s_price_lt_1000_raw",
             ),
             models.CheckConstraint(
                 check=models.expressions.ExpressionWrapper(
                     models.Q(price__gt=500) | models.Q(price__lt=500),
-                    output_field=models.BooleanField()
+                    output_field=models.BooleanField(),
                 ),
-                name='%(app_label)s_price_neq_500_wrap',
+                name="%(app_label)s_price_neq_500_wrap",
             ),
             models.CheckConstraint(
                 check=models.Q(
-                    models.Q(unit__isnull=True) |
-                    models.Q(unit__in=['μg/mL', 'ng/mL'])
+                    models.Q(unit__isnull=True) | models.Q(unit__in=["μg/mL", "ng/mL"])
                 ),
-                name='unicode_unit_list',
+                name="unicode_unit_list",
             ),
         ]
 
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ class UniqueConstraintProduct(models.Model):
 
     class Meta:
         constraints = [
-            models.UniqueConstraint(fields=['name', 'color'], name='name_color_uniq'),
+            models.UniqueConstraint(fields=["name", "color"], name="name_color_uniq"),
         ]
 
 
@@ -57,11 +56,11 @@ class UniqueConstraintConditionProduct(models.Model):
     color = models.CharField(max_length=32, null=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        required_db_features = {'supports_partial_indexes'}
+        required_db_features = {"supports_partial_indexes"}
         constraints = [
             models.UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=['name'],
-                name='name_without_color_uniq',
+                fields=["name"],
+                name="name_without_color_uniq",
                 condition=models.Q(color__isnull=True),
             ),
         ]
@@ -73,17 +72,17 @@ class UniqueConstraintDeferrable(models.Model):
 
     class Meta:
         required_db_features = {
-            'supports_deferrable_unique_constraints',
+            "supports_deferrable_unique_constraints",
         }
         constraints = [
             models.UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=['name'],
-                name='name_init_deferred_uniq',
+                fields=["name"],
+                name="name_init_deferred_uniq",
                 deferrable=models.Deferrable.DEFERRED,
             ),
             models.UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=['shelf'],
-                name='sheld_init_immediate_uniq',
+                fields=["shelf"],
+                name="sheld_init_immediate_uniq",
                 deferrable=models.Deferrable.IMMEDIATE,
             ),
         ]
@@ -95,14 +94,14 @@ class UniqueConstraintInclude(models.Model):
 
     class Meta:
         required_db_features = {
-            'supports_table_check_constraints',
-            'supports_covering_indexes',
+            "supports_table_check_constraints",
+            "supports_covering_indexes",
         }
         constraints = [
             models.UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=['name'],
-                name='name_include_color_uniq',
-                include=['color'],
+                fields=["name"],
+                name="name_include_color_uniq",
+                include=["color"],
             ),
         ]
 
@@ -113,12 +112,12 @@ class AbstractModel(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         abstract = True
         required_db_features = {
-            'supports_table_check_constraints',
+            "supports_table_check_constraints",
         }
         constraints = [
             models.CheckConstraint(
                 check=models.Q(age__gte=18),
-                name='%(app_label)s_%(class)s_adult',
+                name="%(app_label)s_%(class)s_adult",
             ),
         ]
 
diff --git a/tests/constraints/tests.py b/tests/constraints/tests.py
index 3d59d07b24..722483128b 100644
--- a/tests/constraints/tests.py
+++ b/tests/constraints/tests.py
@@ -9,8 +9,11 @@ from django.db.transaction import atomic
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
 
 from .models import (
-    ChildModel, Product, UniqueConstraintConditionProduct,
-    UniqueConstraintDeferrable, UniqueConstraintInclude,
+    ChildModel,
+    Product,
+    UniqueConstraintConditionProduct,
+    UniqueConstraintDeferrable,
+    UniqueConstraintInclude,
     UniqueConstraintProduct,
 )
 
@@ -22,51 +25,51 @@ def get_constraints(table):
 
 class BaseConstraintTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_constraint_sql(self):
-        c = BaseConstraint('name')
-        msg = 'This method must be implemented by a subclass.'
+        c = BaseConstraint("name")
+        msg = "This method must be implemented by a subclass."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
             c.constraint_sql(None, None)
 
     def test_contains_expressions(self):
-        c = BaseConstraint('name')
+        c = BaseConstraint("name")
         self.assertIs(c.contains_expressions, False)
 
     def test_create_sql(self):
-        c = BaseConstraint('name')
-        msg = 'This method must be implemented by a subclass.'
+        c = BaseConstraint("name")
+        msg = "This method must be implemented by a subclass."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
             c.create_sql(None, None)
 
     def test_remove_sql(self):
-        c = BaseConstraint('name')
-        msg = 'This method must be implemented by a subclass.'
+        c = BaseConstraint("name")
+        msg = "This method must be implemented by a subclass."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
             c.remove_sql(None, None)
 
 
 class CheckConstraintTests(TestCase):
     def test_eq(self):
-        check1 = models.Q(price__gt=models.F('discounted_price'))
-        check2 = models.Q(price__lt=models.F('discounted_price'))
+        check1 = models.Q(price__gt=models.F("discounted_price"))
+        check2 = models.Q(price__lt=models.F("discounted_price"))
         self.assertEqual(
-            models.CheckConstraint(check=check1, name='price'),
-            models.CheckConstraint(check=check1, name='price'),
+            models.CheckConstraint(check=check1, name="price"),
+            models.CheckConstraint(check=check1, name="price"),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(models.CheckConstraint(check=check1, name='price'), mock.ANY)
+        self.assertEqual(models.CheckConstraint(check=check1, name="price"), mock.ANY)
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            models.CheckConstraint(check=check1, name='price'),
-            models.CheckConstraint(check=check1, name='price2'),
+            models.CheckConstraint(check=check1, name="price"),
+            models.CheckConstraint(check=check1, name="price2"),
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            models.CheckConstraint(check=check1, name='price'),
-            models.CheckConstraint(check=check2, name='price'),
+            models.CheckConstraint(check=check1, name="price"),
+            models.CheckConstraint(check=check2, name="price"),
         )
-        self.assertNotEqual(models.CheckConstraint(check=check1, name='price'), 1)
+        self.assertNotEqual(models.CheckConstraint(check=check1, name="price"), 1)
 
     def test_repr(self):
         constraint = models.CheckConstraint(
-            check=models.Q(price__gt=models.F('discounted_price')),
-            name='price_gt_discounted_price',
+            check=models.Q(price__gt=models.F("discounted_price")),
+            name="price_gt_discounted_price",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(constraint),
@@ -75,122 +78,131 @@ class CheckConstraintTests(TestCase):
         )
 
     def test_invalid_check_types(self):
-        msg = (
-            'CheckConstraint.check must be a Q instance or boolean expression.'
-        )
+        msg = "CheckConstraint.check must be a Q instance or boolean expression."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            models.CheckConstraint(check=models.F('discounted_price'), name='check')
+            models.CheckConstraint(check=models.F("discounted_price"), name="check")
 
     def test_deconstruction(self):
-        check = models.Q(price__gt=models.F('discounted_price'))
-        name = 'price_gt_discounted_price'
+        check = models.Q(price__gt=models.F("discounted_price"))
+        name = "price_gt_discounted_price"
         constraint = models.CheckConstraint(check=check, name=name)
         path, args, kwargs = constraint.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.db.models.CheckConstraint')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.CheckConstraint")
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'check': check, 'name': name})
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"check": check, "name": name})
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_table_check_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_table_check_constraints")
     def test_database_constraint(self):
         Product.objects.create(price=10, discounted_price=5)
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
             Product.objects.create(price=10, discounted_price=20)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_table_check_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_table_check_constraints")
     def test_database_constraint_unicode(self):
-        Product.objects.create(price=10, discounted_price=5, unit='μg/mL')
+        Product.objects.create(price=10, discounted_price=5, unit="μg/mL")
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
-            Product.objects.create(price=10, discounted_price=7, unit='l')
+            Product.objects.create(price=10, discounted_price=7, unit="l")
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_table_check_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_table_check_constraints")
     def test_database_constraint_expression(self):
         Product.objects.create(price=999, discounted_price=5)
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
             Product.objects.create(price=1000, discounted_price=5)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_table_check_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_table_check_constraints")
     def test_database_constraint_expressionwrapper(self):
         Product.objects.create(price=499, discounted_price=5)
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
             Product.objects.create(price=500, discounted_price=5)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_table_check_constraints', 'can_introspect_check_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature(
+        "supports_table_check_constraints", "can_introspect_check_constraints"
+    )
     def test_name(self):
         constraints = get_constraints(Product._meta.db_table)
         for expected_name in (
-            'price_gt_discounted_price',
-            'constraints_price_lt_1000_raw',
-            'constraints_price_neq_500_wrap',
-            'constraints_product_price_gt_0',
+            "price_gt_discounted_price",
+            "constraints_price_lt_1000_raw",
+            "constraints_price_neq_500_wrap",
+            "constraints_product_price_gt_0",
         ):
             with self.subTest(expected_name):
                 self.assertIn(expected_name, constraints)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_table_check_constraints', 'can_introspect_check_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature(
+        "supports_table_check_constraints", "can_introspect_check_constraints"
+    )
     def test_abstract_name(self):
         constraints = get_constraints(ChildModel._meta.db_table)
-        self.assertIn('constraints_childmodel_adult', constraints)
+        self.assertIn("constraints_childmodel_adult", constraints)
 
 
 class UniqueConstraintTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.p1, cls.p2 = UniqueConstraintProduct.objects.bulk_create([
-            UniqueConstraintProduct(name='p1', color='red'),
-            UniqueConstraintProduct(name='p2'),
-        ])
+        cls.p1, cls.p2 = UniqueConstraintProduct.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                UniqueConstraintProduct(name="p1", color="red"),
+                UniqueConstraintProduct(name="p2"),
+            ]
+        )
 
     def test_eq(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            models.UniqueConstraint(fields=['foo', 'bar'], name='unique'),
-            models.UniqueConstraint(fields=['foo', 'bar'], name='unique'),
+            models.UniqueConstraint(fields=["foo", "bar"], name="unique"),
+            models.UniqueConstraint(fields=["foo", "bar"], name="unique"),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            models.UniqueConstraint(fields=['foo', 'bar'], name='unique'),
+            models.UniqueConstraint(fields=["foo", "bar"], name="unique"),
             mock.ANY,
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            models.UniqueConstraint(fields=['foo', 'bar'], name='unique'),
-            models.UniqueConstraint(fields=['foo', 'bar'], name='unique2'),
+            models.UniqueConstraint(fields=["foo", "bar"], name="unique"),
+            models.UniqueConstraint(fields=["foo", "bar"], name="unique2"),
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            models.UniqueConstraint(fields=['foo', 'bar'], name='unique'),
-            models.UniqueConstraint(fields=['foo', 'baz'], name='unique'),
+            models.UniqueConstraint(fields=["foo", "bar"], name="unique"),
+            models.UniqueConstraint(fields=["foo", "baz"], name="unique"),
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            models.UniqueConstraint(fields=["foo", "bar"], name="unique"), 1
         )
-        self.assertNotEqual(models.UniqueConstraint(fields=['foo', 'bar'], name='unique'), 1)
 
     def test_eq_with_condition(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             models.UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=['foo', 'bar'], name='unique',
-                condition=models.Q(foo=models.F('bar'))
+                fields=["foo", "bar"],
+                name="unique",
+                condition=models.Q(foo=models.F("bar")),
             ),
             models.UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=['foo', 'bar'], name='unique',
-                condition=models.Q(foo=models.F('bar'))),
+                fields=["foo", "bar"],
+                name="unique",
+                condition=models.Q(foo=models.F("bar")),
+            ),
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(
             models.UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=['foo', 'bar'],
-                name='unique',
-                condition=models.Q(foo=models.F('bar'))
+                fields=["foo", "bar"],
+                name="unique",
+                condition=models.Q(foo=models.F("bar")),
             ),
             models.UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=['foo', 'bar'],
-                name='unique',
-                condition=models.Q(foo=models.F('baz'))
+                fields=["foo", "bar"],
+                name="unique",
+                condition=models.Q(foo=models.F("baz")),
             ),
         )
 
     def test_eq_with_deferrable(self):
         constraint_1 = models.UniqueConstraint(
-            fields=['foo', 'bar'],
-            name='unique',
+            fields=["foo", "bar"],
+            name="unique",
             deferrable=models.Deferrable.DEFERRED,
         )
         constraint_2 = models.UniqueConstraint(
-            fields=['foo', 'bar'],
-            name='unique',
+            fields=["foo", "bar"],
+            name="unique",
             deferrable=models.Deferrable.IMMEDIATE,
         )
         self.assertEqual(constraint_1, constraint_1)
@@ -198,54 +210,54 @@ class UniqueConstraintTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_eq_with_include(self):
         constraint_1 = models.UniqueConstraint(
-            fields=['foo', 'bar'],
-            name='include',
-            include=['baz_1'],
+            fields=["foo", "bar"],
+            name="include",
+            include=["baz_1"],
         )
         constraint_2 = models.UniqueConstraint(
-            fields=['foo', 'bar'],
-            name='include',
-            include=['baz_2'],
+            fields=["foo", "bar"],
+            name="include",
+            include=["baz_2"],
         )
         self.assertEqual(constraint_1, constraint_1)
         self.assertNotEqual(constraint_1, constraint_2)
 
     def test_eq_with_opclasses(self):
         constraint_1 = models.UniqueConstraint(
-            fields=['foo', 'bar'],
-            name='opclasses',
-            opclasses=['text_pattern_ops', 'varchar_pattern_ops'],
+            fields=["foo", "bar"],
+            name="opclasses",
+            opclasses=["text_pattern_ops", "varchar_pattern_ops"],
         )
         constraint_2 = models.UniqueConstraint(
-            fields=['foo', 'bar'],
-            name='opclasses',
-            opclasses=['varchar_pattern_ops', 'text_pattern_ops'],
+            fields=["foo", "bar"],
+            name="opclasses",
+            opclasses=["varchar_pattern_ops", "text_pattern_ops"],
         )
         self.assertEqual(constraint_1, constraint_1)
         self.assertNotEqual(constraint_1, constraint_2)
 
     def test_eq_with_expressions(self):
         constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
-            Lower('title'),
-            F('author'),
-            name='book_func_uq',
+            Lower("title"),
+            F("author"),
+            name="book_func_uq",
         )
         same_constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
-            Lower('title'),
-            'author',
-            name='book_func_uq',
+            Lower("title"),
+            "author",
+            name="book_func_uq",
         )
         another_constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
-            Lower('title'),
-            name='book_func_uq',
+            Lower("title"),
+            name="book_func_uq",
         )
         self.assertEqual(constraint, same_constraint)
         self.assertEqual(constraint, mock.ANY)
         self.assertNotEqual(constraint, another_constraint)
 
     def test_repr(self):
-        fields = ['foo', 'bar']
-        name = 'unique_fields'
+        fields = ["foo", "bar"]
+        name = "unique_fields"
         constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(fields=fields, name=name)
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(constraint),
@@ -254,9 +266,9 @@ class UniqueConstraintTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_repr_with_condition(self):
         constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
-            fields=['foo', 'bar'],
-            name='unique_fields',
-            condition=models.Q(foo=models.F('bar')),
+            fields=["foo", "bar"],
+            name="unique_fields",
+            condition=models.Q(foo=models.F("bar")),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(constraint),
@@ -266,8 +278,8 @@ class UniqueConstraintTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_repr_with_deferrable(self):
         constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
-            fields=['foo', 'bar'],
-            name='unique_fields',
+            fields=["foo", "bar"],
+            name="unique_fields",
             deferrable=models.Deferrable.IMMEDIATE,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -278,9 +290,9 @@ class UniqueConstraintTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_repr_with_include(self):
         constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
-            fields=['foo', 'bar'],
-            name='include_fields',
-            include=['baz_1', 'baz_2'],
+            fields=["foo", "bar"],
+            name="include_fields",
+            include=["baz_1", "baz_2"],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(constraint),
@@ -290,9 +302,9 @@ class UniqueConstraintTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_repr_with_opclasses(self):
         constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
-            fields=['foo', 'bar'],
-            name='opclasses_fields',
-            opclasses=['text_pattern_ops', 'varchar_pattern_ops'],
+            fields=["foo", "bar"],
+            name="opclasses_fields",
+            opclasses=["text_pattern_ops", "varchar_pattern_ops"],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(constraint),
@@ -302,9 +314,9 @@ class UniqueConstraintTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_repr_with_expressions(self):
         constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
-            Lower('title'),
-            F('author'),
-            name='book_func_uq',
+            Lower("title"),
+            F("author"),
+            name="book_func_uq",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(constraint),
@@ -313,114 +325,135 @@ class UniqueConstraintTests(TestCase):
         )
 
     def test_deconstruction(self):
-        fields = ['foo', 'bar']
-        name = 'unique_fields'
+        fields = ["foo", "bar"]
+        name = "unique_fields"
         constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(fields=fields, name=name)
         path, args, kwargs = constraint.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.db.models.UniqueConstraint')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.UniqueConstraint")
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'fields': tuple(fields), 'name': name})
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"fields": tuple(fields), "name": name})
 
     def test_deconstruction_with_condition(self):
-        fields = ['foo', 'bar']
-        name = 'unique_fields'
-        condition = models.Q(foo=models.F('bar'))
-        constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(fields=fields, name=name, condition=condition)
+        fields = ["foo", "bar"]
+        name = "unique_fields"
+        condition = models.Q(foo=models.F("bar"))
+        constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
+            fields=fields, name=name, condition=condition
+        )
         path, args, kwargs = constraint.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.db.models.UniqueConstraint')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.UniqueConstraint")
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'fields': tuple(fields), 'name': name, 'condition': condition})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs, {"fields": tuple(fields), "name": name, "condition": condition}
+        )
 
     def test_deconstruction_with_deferrable(self):
-        fields = ['foo']
-        name = 'unique_fields'
+        fields = ["foo"]
+        name = "unique_fields"
         constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
             fields=fields,
             name=name,
             deferrable=models.Deferrable.DEFERRED,
         )
         path, args, kwargs = constraint.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.db.models.UniqueConstraint')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.UniqueConstraint")
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {
-            'fields': tuple(fields),
-            'name': name,
-            'deferrable': models.Deferrable.DEFERRED,
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs,
+            {
+                "fields": tuple(fields),
+                "name": name,
+                "deferrable": models.Deferrable.DEFERRED,
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_deconstruction_with_include(self):
-        fields = ['foo', 'bar']
-        name = 'unique_fields'
-        include = ['baz_1', 'baz_2']
+        fields = ["foo", "bar"]
+        name = "unique_fields"
+        include = ["baz_1", "baz_2"]
         constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(fields=fields, name=name, include=include)
         path, args, kwargs = constraint.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.db.models.UniqueConstraint')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.UniqueConstraint")
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {
-            'fields': tuple(fields),
-            'name': name,
-            'include': tuple(include),
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs,
+            {
+                "fields": tuple(fields),
+                "name": name,
+                "include": tuple(include),
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_deconstruction_with_opclasses(self):
-        fields = ['foo', 'bar']
-        name = 'unique_fields'
-        opclasses = ['varchar_pattern_ops', 'text_pattern_ops']
-        constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(fields=fields, name=name, opclasses=opclasses)
+        fields = ["foo", "bar"]
+        name = "unique_fields"
+        opclasses = ["varchar_pattern_ops", "text_pattern_ops"]
+        constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
+            fields=fields, name=name, opclasses=opclasses
+        )
         path, args, kwargs = constraint.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.db.models.UniqueConstraint')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.UniqueConstraint")
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {
-            'fields': tuple(fields),
-            'name': name,
-            'opclasses': opclasses,
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs,
+            {
+                "fields": tuple(fields),
+                "name": name,
+                "opclasses": opclasses,
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_deconstruction_with_expressions(self):
-        name = 'unique_fields'
-        constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(Lower('title'), name=name)
+        name = "unique_fields"
+        constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(Lower("title"), name=name)
         path, args, kwargs = constraint.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.db.models.UniqueConstraint')
-        self.assertEqual(args, (Lower('title'),))
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'name': name})
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.UniqueConstraint")
+        self.assertEqual(args, (Lower("title"),))
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"name": name})
 
     def test_database_constraint(self):
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
-            UniqueConstraintProduct.objects.create(name=self.p1.name, color=self.p1.color)
+            UniqueConstraintProduct.objects.create(
+                name=self.p1.name, color=self.p1.color
+            )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_partial_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_partial_indexes")
     def test_database_constraint_with_condition(self):
-        UniqueConstraintConditionProduct.objects.create(name='p1')
-        UniqueConstraintConditionProduct.objects.create(name='p2')
+        UniqueConstraintConditionProduct.objects.create(name="p1")
+        UniqueConstraintConditionProduct.objects.create(name="p2")
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
-            UniqueConstraintConditionProduct.objects.create(name='p1')
+            UniqueConstraintConditionProduct.objects.create(name="p1")
 
     def test_model_validation(self):
-        msg = 'Unique constraint product with this Name and Color already exists.'
+        msg = "Unique constraint product with this Name and Color already exists."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            UniqueConstraintProduct(name=self.p1.name, color=self.p1.color).validate_unique()
+            UniqueConstraintProduct(
+                name=self.p1.name, color=self.p1.color
+            ).validate_unique()
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_partial_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_partial_indexes")
     def test_model_validation_with_condition(self):
         """Partial unique constraints are ignored by Model.validate_unique()."""
-        obj1 = UniqueConstraintConditionProduct.objects.create(name='p1', color='red')
-        obj2 = UniqueConstraintConditionProduct.objects.create(name='p2')
-        UniqueConstraintConditionProduct(name=obj1.name, color='blue').validate_unique()
+        obj1 = UniqueConstraintConditionProduct.objects.create(name="p1", color="red")
+        obj2 = UniqueConstraintConditionProduct.objects.create(name="p2")
+        UniqueConstraintConditionProduct(name=obj1.name, color="blue").validate_unique()
         UniqueConstraintConditionProduct(name=obj2.name).validate_unique()
 
     def test_name(self):
         constraints = get_constraints(UniqueConstraintProduct._meta.db_table)
-        expected_name = 'name_color_uniq'
+        expected_name = "name_color_uniq"
         self.assertIn(expected_name, constraints)
 
     def test_condition_must_be_q(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'UniqueConstraint.condition must be a Q instance.'):
-            models.UniqueConstraint(name='uniq', fields=['name'], condition='invalid')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "UniqueConstraint.condition must be a Q instance."
+        ):
+            models.UniqueConstraint(name="uniq", fields=["name"], condition="invalid")
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_deferrable_unique_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_deferrable_unique_constraints")
     def test_initially_deferred_database_constraint(self):
-        obj_1 = UniqueConstraintDeferrable.objects.create(name='p1', shelf='front')
-        obj_2 = UniqueConstraintDeferrable.objects.create(name='p2', shelf='back')
+        obj_1 = UniqueConstraintDeferrable.objects.create(name="p1", shelf="front")
+        obj_2 = UniqueConstraintDeferrable.objects.create(name="p2", shelf="back")
 
         def swap():
             obj_1.name, obj_2.name = obj_2.name, obj_1.name
@@ -431,137 +464,137 @@ class UniqueConstraintTests(TestCase):
         # Behavior can be changed with SET CONSTRAINTS.
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
             with atomic(), connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                constraint_name = connection.ops.quote_name('name_init_deferred_uniq')
-                cursor.execute('SET CONSTRAINTS %s IMMEDIATE' % constraint_name)
+                constraint_name = connection.ops.quote_name("name_init_deferred_uniq")
+                cursor.execute("SET CONSTRAINTS %s IMMEDIATE" % constraint_name)
                 swap()
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_deferrable_unique_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_deferrable_unique_constraints")
     def test_initially_immediate_database_constraint(self):
-        obj_1 = UniqueConstraintDeferrable.objects.create(name='p1', shelf='front')
-        obj_2 = UniqueConstraintDeferrable.objects.create(name='p2', shelf='back')
+        obj_1 = UniqueConstraintDeferrable.objects.create(name="p1", shelf="front")
+        obj_2 = UniqueConstraintDeferrable.objects.create(name="p2", shelf="back")
         obj_1.shelf, obj_2.shelf = obj_2.shelf, obj_1.shelf
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), atomic():
             obj_1.save()
         # Behavior can be changed with SET CONSTRAINTS.
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            constraint_name = connection.ops.quote_name('sheld_init_immediate_uniq')
-            cursor.execute('SET CONSTRAINTS %s DEFERRED' % constraint_name)
+            constraint_name = connection.ops.quote_name("sheld_init_immediate_uniq")
+            cursor.execute("SET CONSTRAINTS %s DEFERRED" % constraint_name)
             obj_1.save()
             obj_2.save()
 
     def test_deferrable_with_condition(self):
-        message = 'UniqueConstraint with conditions cannot be deferred.'
+        message = "UniqueConstraint with conditions cannot be deferred."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, message):
             models.UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=['name'],
-                name='name_without_color_unique',
+                fields=["name"],
+                name="name_without_color_unique",
                 condition=models.Q(color__isnull=True),
                 deferrable=models.Deferrable.DEFERRED,
             )
 
     def test_deferrable_with_include(self):
-        message = 'UniqueConstraint with include fields cannot be deferred.'
+        message = "UniqueConstraint with include fields cannot be deferred."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, message):
             models.UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=['name'],
-                name='name_inc_color_color_unique',
-                include=['color'],
+                fields=["name"],
+                name="name_inc_color_color_unique",
+                include=["color"],
                 deferrable=models.Deferrable.DEFERRED,
             )
 
     def test_deferrable_with_opclasses(self):
-        message = 'UniqueConstraint with opclasses cannot be deferred.'
+        message = "UniqueConstraint with opclasses cannot be deferred."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, message):
             models.UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=['name'],
-                name='name_text_pattern_ops_unique',
-                opclasses=['text_pattern_ops'],
+                fields=["name"],
+                name="name_text_pattern_ops_unique",
+                opclasses=["text_pattern_ops"],
                 deferrable=models.Deferrable.DEFERRED,
             )
 
     def test_deferrable_with_expressions(self):
-        message = 'UniqueConstraint with expressions cannot be deferred.'
+        message = "UniqueConstraint with expressions cannot be deferred."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, message):
             models.UniqueConstraint(
-                Lower('name'),
-                name='deferred_expression_unique',
+                Lower("name"),
+                name="deferred_expression_unique",
                 deferrable=models.Deferrable.DEFERRED,
             )
 
     def test_invalid_defer_argument(self):
-        message = 'UniqueConstraint.deferrable must be a Deferrable instance.'
+        message = "UniqueConstraint.deferrable must be a Deferrable instance."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, message):
             models.UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=['name'],
-                name='name_invalid',
-                deferrable='invalid',
+                fields=["name"],
+                name="name_invalid",
+                deferrable="invalid",
             )
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature(
-        'supports_table_check_constraints',
-        'supports_covering_indexes',
+        "supports_table_check_constraints",
+        "supports_covering_indexes",
     )
     def test_include_database_constraint(self):
-        UniqueConstraintInclude.objects.create(name='p1', color='red')
+        UniqueConstraintInclude.objects.create(name="p1", color="red")
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
-            UniqueConstraintInclude.objects.create(name='p1', color='blue')
+            UniqueConstraintInclude.objects.create(name="p1", color="blue")
 
     def test_invalid_include_argument(self):
-        msg = 'UniqueConstraint.include must be a list or tuple.'
+        msg = "UniqueConstraint.include must be a list or tuple."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             models.UniqueConstraint(
-                name='uniq_include',
-                fields=['field'],
-                include='other',
+                name="uniq_include",
+                fields=["field"],
+                include="other",
             )
 
     def test_invalid_opclasses_argument(self):
-        msg = 'UniqueConstraint.opclasses must be a list or tuple.'
+        msg = "UniqueConstraint.opclasses must be a list or tuple."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             models.UniqueConstraint(
-                name='uniq_opclasses',
-                fields=['field'],
-                opclasses='jsonb_path_ops',
+                name="uniq_opclasses",
+                fields=["field"],
+                opclasses="jsonb_path_ops",
             )
 
     def test_opclasses_and_fields_same_length(self):
         msg = (
-            'UniqueConstraint.fields and UniqueConstraint.opclasses must have '
-            'the same number of elements.'
+            "UniqueConstraint.fields and UniqueConstraint.opclasses must have "
+            "the same number of elements."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             models.UniqueConstraint(
-                name='uniq_opclasses',
-                fields=['field'],
-                opclasses=['foo', 'bar'],
+                name="uniq_opclasses",
+                fields=["field"],
+                opclasses=["foo", "bar"],
             )
 
     def test_requires_field_or_expression(self):
         msg = (
-            'At least one field or expression is required to define a unique '
-            'constraint.'
+            "At least one field or expression is required to define a unique "
+            "constraint."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            models.UniqueConstraint(name='name')
+            models.UniqueConstraint(name="name")
 
     def test_expressions_and_fields_mutually_exclusive(self):
-        msg = 'UniqueConstraint.fields and expressions are mutually exclusive.'
+        msg = "UniqueConstraint.fields and expressions are mutually exclusive."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            models.UniqueConstraint(Lower('field_1'), fields=['field_2'], name='name')
+            models.UniqueConstraint(Lower("field_1"), fields=["field_2"], name="name")
 
     def test_expressions_with_opclasses(self):
         msg = (
-            'UniqueConstraint.opclasses cannot be used with expressions. Use '
-            'django.contrib.postgres.indexes.OpClass() instead.'
+            "UniqueConstraint.opclasses cannot be used with expressions. Use "
+            "django.contrib.postgres.indexes.OpClass() instead."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             models.UniqueConstraint(
-                Lower('field'),
-                name='test_func_opclass',
-                opclasses=['jsonb_path_ops'],
+                Lower("field"),
+                name="test_func_opclass",
+                opclasses=["jsonb_path_ops"],
             )
 
     def test_requires_name(self):
-        msg = 'A unique constraint must be named.'
+        msg = "A unique constraint must be named."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            models.UniqueConstraint(fields=['field'])
+            models.UniqueConstraint(fields=["field"])
diff --git a/tests/contenttypes_tests/models.py b/tests/contenttypes_tests/models.py
index 2e0640459f..5e40217c30 100644
--- a/tests/contenttypes_tests/models.py
+++ b/tests/contenttypes_tests/models.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 from urllib.parse import quote
 
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.contrib.sites.models import SiteManager
 from django.db import models
@@ -17,7 +15,7 @@ class Author(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
-        return '/authors/%s/' % self.id
+        return "/authors/%s/" % self.id
 
 
 class Article(models.Model):
@@ -48,6 +46,7 @@ class FooWithoutUrl(models.Model):
     Fake model not defining ``get_absolute_url`` for
     ContentTypesTests.test_shortcut_view_without_get_absolute_url()
     """
+
     name = models.CharField(max_length=30, unique=True)
 
 
@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ class FooWithBrokenAbsoluteUrl(FooWithoutUrl):
 
 class Question(models.Model):
     text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
-    answer_set = GenericRelation('Answer')
+    answer_set = GenericRelation("Answer")
 
 
 class Answer(models.Model):
@@ -82,19 +81,20 @@ class Answer(models.Model):
     question = GenericForeignKey()
 
     class Meta:
-        order_with_respect_to = 'question'
+        order_with_respect_to = "question"
 
 
 class Post(models.Model):
     """An ordered tag on an item."""
+
     title = models.CharField(max_length=200)
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE, null=True)
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField(null=True)
     parent = GenericForeignKey()
-    children = GenericRelation('Post')
+    children = GenericRelation("Post")
 
     class Meta:
-        order_with_respect_to = 'parent'
+        order_with_respect_to = "parent"
 
 
 class ModelWithNullFKToSite(models.Model):
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ class ModelWithNullFKToSite(models.Model):
     post = models.ForeignKey(Post, null=True, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
-        return '/title/%s/' % quote(self.title)
+        return "/title/%s/" % quote(self.title)
 
 
 class ModelWithM2MToSite(models.Model):
@@ -111,4 +111,4 @@ class ModelWithM2MToSite(models.Model):
     sites = models.ManyToManyField(Site)
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
-        return '/title/%s/' % quote(self.title)
+        return "/title/%s/" % quote(self.title)
diff --git a/tests/contenttypes_tests/operations_migrations/0001_initial.py b/tests/contenttypes_tests/operations_migrations/0001_initial.py
index 9d43117529..0c8e96038e 100644
--- a/tests/contenttypes_tests/operations_migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/contenttypes_tests/operations_migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            'Foo',
+            "Foo",
             [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/contenttypes_tests/operations_migrations/0002_rename_foo.py b/tests/contenttypes_tests/operations_migrations/0002_rename_foo.py
index 3a1527dc03..e40a33ac0b 100644
--- a/tests/contenttypes_tests/operations_migrations/0002_rename_foo.py
+++ b/tests/contenttypes_tests/operations_migrations/0002_rename_foo.py
@@ -2,15 +2,21 @@ from django.db import migrations
 
 
 def assert_foo_contenttype_not_cached(apps, schema_editor):
-    ContentType = apps.get_model('contenttypes', 'ContentType')
+    ContentType = apps.get_model("contenttypes", "ContentType")
     try:
-        content_type = ContentType.objects.get_by_natural_key('contenttypes_tests', 'foo')
+        content_type = ContentType.objects.get_by_natural_key(
+            "contenttypes_tests", "foo"
+        )
     except ContentType.DoesNotExist:
         pass
     else:
-        if not ContentType.objects.filter(app_label='contenttypes_tests', model='foo').exists():
-            raise AssertionError('The contenttypes_tests.Foo ContentType should not be cached.')
-        elif content_type.model != 'foo':
+        if not ContentType.objects.filter(
+            app_label="contenttypes_tests", model="foo"
+        ).exists():
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "The contenttypes_tests.Foo ContentType should not be cached."
+            )
+        elif content_type.model != "foo":
             raise AssertionError(
                 "The cached contenttypes_tests.Foo ContentType should have "
                 "its model set to 'foo'."
@@ -20,10 +26,12 @@ def assert_foo_contenttype_not_cached(apps, schema_editor):
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('contenttypes_tests', '0001_initial'),
+        ("contenttypes_tests", "0001_initial"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
-        migrations.RenameModel('Foo', 'RenamedFoo'),
-        migrations.RunPython(assert_foo_contenttype_not_cached, migrations.RunPython.noop)
+        migrations.RenameModel("Foo", "RenamedFoo"),
+        migrations.RunPython(
+            assert_foo_contenttype_not_cached, migrations.RunPython.noop
+        ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_checks.py b/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_checks.py
index 44cd3c2758..b3f4a0f4ba 100644
--- a/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_checks.py
+++ b/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_checks.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 from unittest import mock
 
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.checks import check_model_name_lengths
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.core import checks
 from django.db import models
@@ -11,9 +9,8 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 from django.test.utils import isolate_apps
 
 
-@isolate_apps('contenttypes_tests', attr_name='apps')
+@isolate_apps("contenttypes_tests", attr_name="apps")
 class GenericForeignKeyTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_missing_content_type_field(self):
         class TaggedItem(models.Model):
             # no content_type field
@@ -25,7 +22,7 @@ class GenericForeignKeyTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 "The GenericForeignKey content type references the nonexistent "
                 "field 'TaggedItem.content_type'.",
                 obj=TaggedItem.content_object,
-                id='contenttypes.E002',
+                id="contenttypes.E002",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(TaggedItem.content_object.check(), expected)
@@ -34,37 +31,45 @@ class GenericForeignKeyTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class Model(models.Model):
             content_type = models.IntegerField()  # should be ForeignKey
             object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-            content_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
+            content_object = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.content_object.check(), [
-            checks.Error(
-                "'Model.content_type' is not a ForeignKey.",
-                hint=(
-                    "GenericForeignKeys must use a ForeignKey to "
-                    "'contenttypes.ContentType' as the 'content_type' field."
-                ),
-                obj=Model.content_object,
-                id='contenttypes.E003',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.content_object.check(),
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "'Model.content_type' is not a ForeignKey.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "GenericForeignKeys must use a ForeignKey to "
+                        "'contenttypes.ContentType' as the 'content_type' field."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model.content_object,
+                    id="contenttypes.E003",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_content_type_field_pointing_to_wrong_model(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            content_type = models.ForeignKey('self', models.CASCADE)  # should point to ContentType
+            content_type = models.ForeignKey(
+                "self", models.CASCADE
+            )  # should point to ContentType
             object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-            content_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
+            content_object = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.content_object.check(), [
-            checks.Error(
-                "'Model.content_type' is not a ForeignKey to 'contenttypes.ContentType'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "GenericForeignKeys must use a ForeignKey to "
-                    "'contenttypes.ContentType' as the 'content_type' field."
-                ),
-                obj=Model.content_object,
-                id='contenttypes.E004',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.content_object.check(),
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "'Model.content_type' is not a ForeignKey to 'contenttypes.ContentType'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "GenericForeignKeys must use a ForeignKey to "
+                        "'contenttypes.ContentType' as the 'content_type' field."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model.content_object,
+                    id="contenttypes.E004",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_missing_object_id_field(self):
         class TaggedItem(models.Model):
@@ -72,42 +77,53 @@ class GenericForeignKeyTests(SimpleTestCase):
             # missing object_id field
             content_object = GenericForeignKey()
 
-        self.assertEqual(TaggedItem.content_object.check(), [
-            checks.Error(
-                "The GenericForeignKey object ID references the nonexistent "
-                "field 'object_id'.",
-                obj=TaggedItem.content_object,
-                id='contenttypes.E001',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            TaggedItem.content_object.check(),
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "The GenericForeignKey object ID references the nonexistent "
+                    "field 'object_id'.",
+                    obj=TaggedItem.content_object,
+                    id="contenttypes.E001",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_field_name_ending_with_underscore(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE)
             object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-            content_object_ = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
+            content_object_ = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.content_object_.check(), [
-            checks.Error(
-                'Field names must not end with an underscore.',
-                obj=Model.content_object_,
-                id='fields.E001',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.content_object_.check(),
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "Field names must not end with an underscore.",
+                    obj=Model.content_object_,
+                    id="fields.E001",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'contenttypes_tests'])
+    @override_settings(
+        INSTALLED_APPS=[
+            "django.contrib.auth",
+            "django.contrib.contenttypes",
+            "contenttypes_tests",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_generic_foreign_key_checks_are_performed(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             content_object = GenericForeignKey()
 
-        with mock.patch.object(GenericForeignKey, 'check') as check:
+        with mock.patch.object(GenericForeignKey, "check") as check:
             checks.run_checks(app_configs=self.apps.get_app_configs())
         check.assert_called_once_with()
 
 
-@isolate_apps('contenttypes_tests')
+@isolate_apps("contenttypes_tests")
 class GenericRelationTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_valid_generic_relationship(self):
         class TaggedItem(models.Model):
             content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE)
@@ -115,7 +131,7 @@ class GenericRelationTests(SimpleTestCase):
             content_object = GenericForeignKey()
 
         class Bookmark(models.Model):
-            tags = GenericRelation('TaggedItem')
+            tags = GenericRelation("TaggedItem")
 
         self.assertEqual(Bookmark.tags.field.check(), [])
 
@@ -123,36 +139,41 @@ class GenericRelationTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class TaggedItem(models.Model):
             custom_content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE)
             custom_object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-            content_object = GenericForeignKey('custom_content_type', 'custom_object_id')
+            content_object = GenericForeignKey(
+                "custom_content_type", "custom_object_id"
+            )
 
         class Bookmark(models.Model):
             tags = GenericRelation(
-                'TaggedItem',
-                content_type_field='custom_content_type',
-                object_id_field='custom_object_id',
+                "TaggedItem",
+                content_type_field="custom_content_type",
+                object_id_field="custom_object_id",
             )
 
         self.assertEqual(Bookmark.tags.field.check(), [])
 
     def test_pointing_to_missing_model(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            rel = GenericRelation('MissingModel')
+            rel = GenericRelation("MissingModel")
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.rel.field.check(), [
-            checks.Error(
-                "Field defines a relation with model 'MissingModel', "
-                "which is either not installed, or is abstract.",
-                obj=Model.rel.field,
-                id='fields.E300',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.rel.field.check(),
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "Field defines a relation with model 'MissingModel', "
+                    "which is either not installed, or is abstract.",
+                    obj=Model.rel.field,
+                    id="fields.E300",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_valid_self_referential_generic_relationship(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            rel = GenericRelation('Model')
+            rel = GenericRelation("Model")
             content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE)
             object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-            content_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
+            content_object = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")
 
         self.assertEqual(Model.rel.field.check(), [])
 
@@ -162,19 +183,22 @@ class GenericRelationTests(SimpleTestCase):
             object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
 
         class Bookmark(models.Model):
-            tags = GenericRelation('TaggedItem')
+            tags = GenericRelation("TaggedItem")
 
-        self.assertEqual(Bookmark.tags.field.check(), [
-            checks.Error(
-                "The GenericRelation defines a relation with the model "
-                "'contenttypes_tests.TaggedItem', but that model does not have a "
-                "GenericForeignKey.",
-                obj=Bookmark.tags.field,
-                id='contenttypes.E004',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Bookmark.tags.field.check(),
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "The GenericRelation defines a relation with the model "
+                    "'contenttypes_tests.TaggedItem', but that model does not have a "
+                    "GenericForeignKey.",
+                    obj=Bookmark.tags.field,
+                    id="contenttypes.E004",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(TEST_SWAPPED_MODEL='contenttypes_tests.Replacement')
+    @override_settings(TEST_SWAPPED_MODEL="contenttypes_tests.Replacement")
     def test_pointing_to_swapped_model(self):
         class Replacement(models.Model):
             pass
@@ -185,21 +209,24 @@ class GenericRelationTests(SimpleTestCase):
             content_object = GenericForeignKey()
 
             class Meta:
-                swappable = 'TEST_SWAPPED_MODEL'
+                swappable = "TEST_SWAPPED_MODEL"
 
         class Model(models.Model):
-            rel = GenericRelation('SwappedModel')
+            rel = GenericRelation("SwappedModel")
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.rel.field.check(), [
-            checks.Error(
-                "Field defines a relation with the model "
-                "'contenttypes_tests.SwappedModel', "
-                "which has been swapped out.",
-                hint="Update the relation to point at 'settings.TEST_SWAPPED_MODEL'.",
-                obj=Model.rel.field,
-                id='fields.E301',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.rel.field.check(),
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "Field defines a relation with the model "
+                    "'contenttypes_tests.SwappedModel', "
+                    "which has been swapped out.",
+                    hint="Update the relation to point at 'settings.TEST_SWAPPED_MODEL'.",
+                    obj=Model.rel.field,
+                    id="fields.E301",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_field_name_ending_with_underscore(self):
         class TaggedItem(models.Model):
@@ -208,29 +235,35 @@ class GenericRelationTests(SimpleTestCase):
             content_object = GenericForeignKey()
 
         class InvalidBookmark(models.Model):
-            tags_ = GenericRelation('TaggedItem')
+            tags_ = GenericRelation("TaggedItem")
 
-        self.assertEqual(InvalidBookmark.tags_.field.check(), [
-            checks.Error(
-                'Field names must not end with an underscore.',
-                obj=InvalidBookmark.tags_.field,
-                id='fields.E001',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            InvalidBookmark.tags_.field.check(),
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "Field names must not end with an underscore.",
+                    obj=InvalidBookmark.tags_.field,
+                    id="fields.E001",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
 
-@isolate_apps('contenttypes_tests', attr_name='apps')
+@isolate_apps("contenttypes_tests", attr_name="apps")
 class ModelCheckTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_model_name_too_long(self):
-        model = type('A' * 101, (models.Model,), {'__module__': self.__module__})
-        self.assertEqual(check_model_name_lengths(self.apps.get_app_configs()), [
-            checks.Error(
-                'Model names must be at most 100 characters (got 101).',
-                obj=model,
-                id='contenttypes.E005',
-            )
-        ])
+        model = type("A" * 101, (models.Model,), {"__module__": self.__module__})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            check_model_name_lengths(self.apps.get_app_configs()),
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "Model names must be at most 100 characters (got 101).",
+                    obj=model,
+                    id="contenttypes.E005",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_model_name_max_length(self):
-        type('A' * 100, (models.Model,), {'__module__': self.__module__})
+        type("A" * 100, (models.Model,), {"__module__": self.__module__})
         self.assertEqual(check_model_name_lengths(self.apps.get_app_configs()), [])
diff --git a/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_fields.py b/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_fields.py
index 5638846cc5..170b38d018 100644
--- a/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_fields.py
+++ b/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_fields.py
@@ -8,25 +8,31 @@ from django.test.utils import isolate_apps
 from .models import Answer, Post, Question
 
 
-@isolate_apps('contenttypes_tests')
+@isolate_apps("contenttypes_tests")
 class GenericForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_str(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = GenericForeignKey()
-        self.assertEqual(str(Model.field), 'contenttypes_tests.Model.field')
+
+        self.assertEqual(str(Model.field), "contenttypes_tests.Model.field")
 
     def test_get_content_type_no_arguments(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(Exception, 'Impossible arguments to GFK.get_content_type!'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            Exception, "Impossible arguments to GFK.get_content_type!"
+        ):
             Answer.question.get_content_type()
 
     def test_incorrect_get_prefetch_queryset_arguments(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Custom queryset can't be used for this lookup."):
-            Answer.question.get_prefetch_queryset(Answer.objects.all(), Answer.objects.all())
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Custom queryset can't be used for this lookup."
+        ):
+            Answer.question.get_prefetch_queryset(
+                Answer.objects.all(), Answer.objects.all()
+            )
 
     def test_get_object_cache_respects_deleted_objects(self):
-        question = Question.objects.create(text='Who?')
-        post = Post.objects.create(title='Answer', parent=question)
+        question = Question.objects.create(text="Who?")
+        post = Post.objects.create(title="Answer", parent=question)
 
         question_pk = question.pk
         Question.objects.all().delete()
@@ -39,9 +45,8 @@ class GenericForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
 
 
 class GenericRelationTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_value_to_string(self):
-        question = Question.objects.create(text='test')
+        question = Question.objects.create(text="test")
         answer1 = Answer.objects.create(question=question)
         answer2 = Answer.objects.create(question=question)
         result = json.loads(Question.answer_set.field.value_to_string(question))
diff --git a/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_management.py b/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_management.py
index 57d3757abe..d5e14c7df3 100644
--- a/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_management.py
+++ b/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_management.py
@@ -10,42 +10,44 @@ from django.test.utils import captured_stdout
 from .models import ModelWithNullFKToSite, Post
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': ['empty_models', 'no_models']})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": ["empty_models", "no_models"]})
 class RemoveStaleContentTypesTests(TestCase):
     # Speed up tests by avoiding retrieving ContentTypes for all test apps.
     available_apps = [
-        'contenttypes_tests',
-        'empty_models',
-        'no_models',
-        'django.contrib.contenttypes',
+        "contenttypes_tests",
+        "empty_models",
+        "no_models",
+        "django.contrib.contenttypes",
     ]
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.before_count = ContentType.objects.count()
-        cls.content_type = ContentType.objects.create(app_label='contenttypes_tests', model='Fake')
+        cls.content_type = ContentType.objects.create(
+            app_label="contenttypes_tests", model="Fake"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
-        self.app_config = apps.get_app_config('contenttypes_tests')
+        self.app_config = apps.get_app_config("contenttypes_tests")
 
     def test_interactive_true_with_dependent_objects(self):
         """
         interactive mode (the default) deletes stale content types and warns of
         dependent objects.
         """
-        post = Post.objects.create(title='post', content_type=self.content_type)
+        post = Post.objects.create(title="post", content_type=self.content_type)
         # A related object is needed to show that a custom collector with
         # can_fast_delete=False is needed.
         ModelWithNullFKToSite.objects.create(post=post)
-        with mock.patch('builtins.input', return_value='yes'):
+        with mock.patch("builtins.input", return_value="yes"):
             with captured_stdout() as stdout:
-                call_command('remove_stale_contenttypes', verbosity=2, stdout=stdout)
+                call_command("remove_stale_contenttypes", verbosity=2, stdout=stdout)
         self.assertEqual(Post.objects.count(), 0)
         output = stdout.getvalue()
-        self.assertIn('- Content type for contenttypes_tests.Fake', output)
-        self.assertIn('- 1 contenttypes_tests.Post object(s)', output)
-        self.assertIn('- 1 contenttypes_tests.ModelWithNullFKToSite', output)
-        self.assertIn('Deleting stale content type', output)
+        self.assertIn("- Content type for contenttypes_tests.Fake", output)
+        self.assertIn("- 1 contenttypes_tests.Post object(s)", output)
+        self.assertIn("- 1 contenttypes_tests.ModelWithNullFKToSite", output)
+        self.assertIn("Deleting stale content type", output)
         self.assertEqual(ContentType.objects.count(), self.before_count)
 
     def test_interactive_true_without_dependent_objects(self):
@@ -53,32 +55,36 @@ class RemoveStaleContentTypesTests(TestCase):
         interactive mode deletes stale content types even if there aren't any
         dependent objects.
         """
-        with mock.patch('builtins.input', return_value='yes'):
+        with mock.patch("builtins.input", return_value="yes"):
             with captured_stdout() as stdout:
-                call_command('remove_stale_contenttypes', verbosity=2)
+                call_command("remove_stale_contenttypes", verbosity=2)
         self.assertIn("Deleting stale content type", stdout.getvalue())
         self.assertEqual(ContentType.objects.count(), self.before_count)
 
     def test_interactive_false(self):
         """non-interactive mode deletes stale content types."""
         with captured_stdout() as stdout:
-            call_command('remove_stale_contenttypes', interactive=False, verbosity=2)
-        self.assertIn('Deleting stale content type', stdout.getvalue())
+            call_command("remove_stale_contenttypes", interactive=False, verbosity=2)
+        self.assertIn("Deleting stale content type", stdout.getvalue())
         self.assertEqual(ContentType.objects.count(), self.before_count)
 
     def test_unavailable_content_type_model(self):
         """A ContentType isn't created if the model isn't available."""
         apps = Apps()
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            contenttypes_management.create_contenttypes(self.app_config, interactive=False, verbosity=0, apps=apps)
+            contenttypes_management.create_contenttypes(
+                self.app_config, interactive=False, verbosity=0, apps=apps
+            )
         self.assertEqual(ContentType.objects.count(), self.before_count + 1)
 
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'remove': ['empty_models']})
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"remove": ["empty_models"]})
     def test_contenttypes_removed_in_installed_apps_without_models(self):
-        ContentType.objects.create(app_label='empty_models', model='Fake 1')
-        ContentType.objects.create(app_label='no_models', model='Fake 2')
-        with mock.patch('builtins.input', return_value='yes'), captured_stdout() as stdout:
-            call_command('remove_stale_contenttypes', verbosity=2)
+        ContentType.objects.create(app_label="empty_models", model="Fake 1")
+        ContentType.objects.create(app_label="no_models", model="Fake 2")
+        with mock.patch(
+            "builtins.input", return_value="yes"
+        ), captured_stdout() as stdout:
+            call_command("remove_stale_contenttypes", verbosity=2)
         self.assertNotIn(
             "Deleting stale content type 'empty_models | Fake 1'",
             stdout.getvalue(),
@@ -89,12 +95,16 @@ class RemoveStaleContentTypesTests(TestCase):
         )
         self.assertEqual(ContentType.objects.count(), self.before_count + 1)
 
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'remove': ['empty_models']})
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"remove": ["empty_models"]})
     def test_contenttypes_removed_for_apps_not_in_installed_apps(self):
-        ContentType.objects.create(app_label='empty_models', model='Fake 1')
-        ContentType.objects.create(app_label='no_models', model='Fake 2')
-        with mock.patch('builtins.input', return_value='yes'), captured_stdout() as stdout:
-            call_command('remove_stale_contenttypes', include_stale_apps=True, verbosity=2)
+        ContentType.objects.create(app_label="empty_models", model="Fake 1")
+        ContentType.objects.create(app_label="no_models", model="Fake 2")
+        with mock.patch(
+            "builtins.input", return_value="yes"
+        ), captured_stdout() as stdout:
+            call_command(
+                "remove_stale_contenttypes", include_stale_apps=True, verbosity=2
+            )
         self.assertIn(
             "Deleting stale content type 'empty_models | Fake 1'",
             stdout.getvalue(),
diff --git a/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_models.py b/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_models.py
index 0554d13184..e2fb7fe818 100644
--- a/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_models.py
+++ b/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_models.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ from .models import Author, ConcreteModel, FooWithUrl, ProxyModel
 
 
 class ContentTypesTests(TestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         ContentType.objects.clear_cache()
 
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ class ContentTypesTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             ContentType.objects.get_for_id(ct.id)
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            ContentType.objects.get_by_natural_key('contenttypes', 'contenttype')
+            ContentType.objects.get_by_natural_key("contenttypes", "contenttype")
 
         # Once we clear the cache, another lookup will again hit the DB
         ContentType.objects.clear_cache()
@@ -41,42 +40,55 @@ class ContentTypesTests(TestCase):
         # The same should happen with a lookup by natural key
         ContentType.objects.clear_cache()
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            ContentType.objects.get_by_natural_key('contenttypes', 'contenttype')
+            ContentType.objects.get_by_natural_key("contenttypes", "contenttype")
         # And a second hit shouldn't hit the DB
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            ContentType.objects.get_by_natural_key('contenttypes', 'contenttype')
+            ContentType.objects.get_by_natural_key("contenttypes", "contenttype")
 
     def test_get_for_models_creation(self):
         ContentType.objects.all().delete()
         with self.assertNumQueries(4):
-            cts = ContentType.objects.get_for_models(ContentType, FooWithUrl, ProxyModel, ConcreteModel)
-        self.assertEqual(cts, {
-            ContentType: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ContentType),
-            FooWithUrl: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(FooWithUrl),
-            ProxyModel: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ProxyModel),
-            ConcreteModel: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ConcreteModel),
-        })
+            cts = ContentType.objects.get_for_models(
+                ContentType, FooWithUrl, ProxyModel, ConcreteModel
+            )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cts,
+            {
+                ContentType: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ContentType),
+                FooWithUrl: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(FooWithUrl),
+                ProxyModel: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ProxyModel),
+                ConcreteModel: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ConcreteModel),
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_get_for_models_empty_cache(self):
         # Empty cache.
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            cts = ContentType.objects.get_for_models(ContentType, FooWithUrl, ProxyModel, ConcreteModel)
-        self.assertEqual(cts, {
-            ContentType: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ContentType),
-            FooWithUrl: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(FooWithUrl),
-            ProxyModel: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ProxyModel),
-            ConcreteModel: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ConcreteModel),
-        })
+            cts = ContentType.objects.get_for_models(
+                ContentType, FooWithUrl, ProxyModel, ConcreteModel
+            )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cts,
+            {
+                ContentType: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ContentType),
+                FooWithUrl: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(FooWithUrl),
+                ProxyModel: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ProxyModel),
+                ConcreteModel: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ConcreteModel),
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_get_for_models_partial_cache(self):
         # Partial cache
         ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ContentType)
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             cts = ContentType.objects.get_for_models(ContentType, FooWithUrl)
-        self.assertEqual(cts, {
-            ContentType: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ContentType),
-            FooWithUrl: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(FooWithUrl),
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cts,
+            {
+                ContentType: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ContentType),
+                FooWithUrl: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(FooWithUrl),
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_get_for_models_full_cache(self):
         # Full cache
@@ -84,24 +96,28 @@ class ContentTypesTests(TestCase):
         ContentType.objects.get_for_model(FooWithUrl)
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             cts = ContentType.objects.get_for_models(ContentType, FooWithUrl)
-        self.assertEqual(cts, {
-            ContentType: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ContentType),
-            FooWithUrl: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(FooWithUrl),
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cts,
+            {
+                ContentType: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ContentType),
+                FooWithUrl: ContentType.objects.get_for_model(FooWithUrl),
+            },
+        )
 
-    @isolate_apps('contenttypes_tests')
+    @isolate_apps("contenttypes_tests")
     def test_get_for_model_create_contenttype(self):
         """
         ContentTypeManager.get_for_model() creates the corresponding content
         type if it doesn't exist in the database.
         """
+
         class ModelCreatedOnTheFly(models.Model):
             name = models.CharField()
 
         ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ModelCreatedOnTheFly)
-        self.assertEqual(ct.app_label, 'contenttypes_tests')
-        self.assertEqual(ct.model, 'modelcreatedonthefly')
-        self.assertEqual(str(ct), 'modelcreatedonthefly')
+        self.assertEqual(ct.app_label, "contenttypes_tests")
+        self.assertEqual(ct.model, "modelcreatedonthefly")
+        self.assertEqual(str(ct), "modelcreatedonthefly")
 
     def test_get_for_concrete_model(self):
         """
@@ -109,26 +125,41 @@ class ContentTypesTests(TestCase):
         with concrete, proxy and deferred models
         """
         concrete_model_ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ConcreteModel)
-        self.assertEqual(concrete_model_ct, ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ProxyModel))
-        self.assertEqual(concrete_model_ct, ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ConcreteModel, for_concrete_model=False))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            concrete_model_ct, ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ProxyModel)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            concrete_model_ct,
+            ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ConcreteModel, for_concrete_model=False),
+        )
 
-        proxy_model_ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ProxyModel, for_concrete_model=False)
+        proxy_model_ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(
+            ProxyModel, for_concrete_model=False
+        )
         self.assertNotEqual(concrete_model_ct, proxy_model_ct)
 
         # Make sure deferred model are correctly handled
         ConcreteModel.objects.create(name="Concrete")
-        DeferredConcreteModel = ConcreteModel.objects.only('pk').get().__class__
-        DeferredProxyModel = ProxyModel.objects.only('pk').get().__class__
+        DeferredConcreteModel = ConcreteModel.objects.only("pk").get().__class__
+        DeferredProxyModel = ProxyModel.objects.only("pk").get().__class__
 
-        self.assertEqual(concrete_model_ct, ContentType.objects.get_for_model(DeferredConcreteModel))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            concrete_model_ct, ContentType.objects.get_for_model(DeferredConcreteModel)
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             concrete_model_ct,
-            ContentType.objects.get_for_model(DeferredConcreteModel, for_concrete_model=False)
+            ContentType.objects.get_for_model(
+                DeferredConcreteModel, for_concrete_model=False
+            ),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            concrete_model_ct, ContentType.objects.get_for_model(DeferredProxyModel)
         )
-        self.assertEqual(concrete_model_ct, ContentType.objects.get_for_model(DeferredProxyModel))
         self.assertEqual(
             proxy_model_ct,
-            ContentType.objects.get_for_model(DeferredProxyModel, for_concrete_model=False)
+            ContentType.objects.get_for_model(
+                DeferredProxyModel, for_concrete_model=False
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_get_for_concrete_models(self):
@@ -139,36 +170,54 @@ class ContentTypesTests(TestCase):
         concrete_model_ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ConcreteModel)
 
         cts = ContentType.objects.get_for_models(ConcreteModel, ProxyModel)
-        self.assertEqual(cts, {
-            ConcreteModel: concrete_model_ct,
-            ProxyModel: concrete_model_ct,
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cts,
+            {
+                ConcreteModel: concrete_model_ct,
+                ProxyModel: concrete_model_ct,
+            },
+        )
 
-        proxy_model_ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ProxyModel, for_concrete_model=False)
-        cts = ContentType.objects.get_for_models(ConcreteModel, ProxyModel, for_concrete_models=False)
-        self.assertEqual(cts, {
-            ConcreteModel: concrete_model_ct,
-            ProxyModel: proxy_model_ct,
-        })
+        proxy_model_ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(
+            ProxyModel, for_concrete_model=False
+        )
+        cts = ContentType.objects.get_for_models(
+            ConcreteModel, ProxyModel, for_concrete_models=False
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cts,
+            {
+                ConcreteModel: concrete_model_ct,
+                ProxyModel: proxy_model_ct,
+            },
+        )
 
         # Make sure deferred model are correctly handled
         ConcreteModel.objects.create(name="Concrete")
-        DeferredConcreteModel = ConcreteModel.objects.only('pk').get().__class__
-        DeferredProxyModel = ProxyModel.objects.only('pk').get().__class__
+        DeferredConcreteModel = ConcreteModel.objects.only("pk").get().__class__
+        DeferredProxyModel = ProxyModel.objects.only("pk").get().__class__
 
-        cts = ContentType.objects.get_for_models(DeferredConcreteModel, DeferredProxyModel)
-        self.assertEqual(cts, {
-            DeferredConcreteModel: concrete_model_ct,
-            DeferredProxyModel: concrete_model_ct,
-        })
+        cts = ContentType.objects.get_for_models(
+            DeferredConcreteModel, DeferredProxyModel
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cts,
+            {
+                DeferredConcreteModel: concrete_model_ct,
+                DeferredProxyModel: concrete_model_ct,
+            },
+        )
 
         cts = ContentType.objects.get_for_models(
             DeferredConcreteModel, DeferredProxyModel, for_concrete_models=False
         )
-        self.assertEqual(cts, {
-            DeferredConcreteModel: concrete_model_ct,
-            DeferredProxyModel: proxy_model_ct,
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cts,
+            {
+                DeferredConcreteModel: concrete_model_ct,
+                DeferredProxyModel: proxy_model_ct,
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_cache_not_shared_between_managers(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
@@ -189,10 +238,10 @@ class ContentTypesTests(TestCase):
         anymore.
         """
         ct = ContentType.objects.create(
-            app_label='contenttypes',
-            model='OldModel',
+            app_label="contenttypes",
+            model="OldModel",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(str(ct), 'OldModel')
+        self.assertEqual(str(ct), "OldModel")
         self.assertIsNone(ct.model_class())
 
         # Stale ContentTypes can be fetched like any other object.
@@ -200,29 +249,29 @@ class ContentTypesTests(TestCase):
         self.assertIsNone(ct_fetched.model_class())
 
     def test_str(self):
-        ct = ContentType.objects.get(app_label='contenttypes_tests', model='site')
-        self.assertEqual(str(ct), 'contenttypes_tests | site')
+        ct = ContentType.objects.get(app_label="contenttypes_tests", model="site")
+        self.assertEqual(str(ct), "contenttypes_tests | site")
 
     def test_app_labeled_name(self):
-        ct = ContentType.objects.get(app_label='contenttypes_tests', model='site')
-        self.assertEqual(ct.app_labeled_name, 'contenttypes_tests | site')
+        ct = ContentType.objects.get(app_label="contenttypes_tests", model="site")
+        self.assertEqual(ct.app_labeled_name, "contenttypes_tests | site")
 
     def test_app_labeled_name_unknown_model(self):
-        ct = ContentType(app_label='contenttypes_tests', model='unknown')
-        self.assertEqual(ct.app_labeled_name, 'unknown')
+        ct = ContentType(app_label="contenttypes_tests", model="unknown")
+        self.assertEqual(ct.app_labeled_name, "unknown")
 
 
 class TestRouter:
     def db_for_read(self, model, **hints):
-        return 'other'
+        return "other"
 
     def db_for_write(self, model, **hints):
-        return 'default'
+        return "default"
 
 
 @override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[TestRouter()])
 class ContentTypesMultidbTests(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     def test_multidb(self):
         """
@@ -230,5 +279,7 @@ class ContentTypesMultidbTests(TestCase):
         db_for_read().
         """
         ContentType.objects.clear_cache()
-        with self.assertNumQueries(0, using='default'), self.assertNumQueries(1, using='other'):
+        with self.assertNumQueries(0, using="default"), self.assertNumQueries(
+            1, using="other"
+        ):
             ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Author)
diff --git a/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_operations.py b/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_operations.py
index 3ec8b75e87..a2bff373a4 100644
--- a/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_operations.py
+++ b/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_operations.py
@@ -10,27 +10,31 @@ from django.test import TransactionTestCase, override_settings
 @override_settings(
     MIGRATION_MODULES=dict(
         settings.MIGRATION_MODULES,
-        contenttypes_tests='contenttypes_tests.operations_migrations',
+        contenttypes_tests="contenttypes_tests.operations_migrations",
     ),
 )
 class ContentTypeOperationsTests(TransactionTestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
     available_apps = [
-        'contenttypes_tests',
-        'django.contrib.contenttypes',
+        "contenttypes_tests",
+        "django.contrib.contenttypes",
     ]
 
     class TestRouter:
         def db_for_write(self, model, **hints):
-            return 'default'
+            return "default"
 
     def setUp(self):
-        app_config = apps.get_app_config('contenttypes_tests')
-        models.signals.post_migrate.connect(self.assertOperationsInjected, sender=app_config)
+        app_config = apps.get_app_config("contenttypes_tests")
+        models.signals.post_migrate.connect(
+            self.assertOperationsInjected, sender=app_config
+        )
 
     def tearDown(self):
-        app_config = apps.get_app_config('contenttypes_tests')
-        models.signals.post_migrate.disconnect(self.assertOperationsInjected, sender=app_config)
+        app_config = apps.get_app_config("contenttypes_tests")
+        models.signals.post_migrate.disconnect(
+            self.assertOperationsInjected, sender=app_config
+        )
 
     def assertOperationsInjected(self, plan, **kwargs):
         for migration, _backward in plan:
@@ -38,45 +42,151 @@ class ContentTypeOperationsTests(TransactionTestCase):
             for operation in operations:
                 if isinstance(operation, migrations.RenameModel):
                     next_operation = next(operations)
-                    self.assertIsInstance(next_operation, contenttypes_management.RenameContentType)
+                    self.assertIsInstance(
+                        next_operation, contenttypes_management.RenameContentType
+                    )
                     self.assertEqual(next_operation.app_label, migration.app_label)
                     self.assertEqual(next_operation.old_model, operation.old_name_lower)
                     self.assertEqual(next_operation.new_model, operation.new_name_lower)
 
     def test_existing_content_type_rename(self):
-        ContentType.objects.create(app_label='contenttypes_tests', model='foo')
-        call_command('migrate', 'contenttypes_tests', database='default', interactive=False, verbosity=0,)
-        self.assertFalse(ContentType.objects.filter(app_label='contenttypes_tests', model='foo').exists())
-        self.assertTrue(ContentType.objects.filter(app_label='contenttypes_tests', model='renamedfoo').exists())
-        call_command('migrate', 'contenttypes_tests', 'zero', database='default', interactive=False, verbosity=0)
-        self.assertTrue(ContentType.objects.filter(app_label='contenttypes_tests', model='foo').exists())
-        self.assertFalse(ContentType.objects.filter(app_label='contenttypes_tests', model='renamedfoo').exists())
+        ContentType.objects.create(app_label="contenttypes_tests", model="foo")
+        call_command(
+            "migrate",
+            "contenttypes_tests",
+            database="default",
+            interactive=False,
+            verbosity=0,
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(
+            ContentType.objects.filter(
+                app_label="contenttypes_tests", model="foo"
+            ).exists()
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            ContentType.objects.filter(
+                app_label="contenttypes_tests", model="renamedfoo"
+            ).exists()
+        )
+        call_command(
+            "migrate",
+            "contenttypes_tests",
+            "zero",
+            database="default",
+            interactive=False,
+            verbosity=0,
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            ContentType.objects.filter(
+                app_label="contenttypes_tests", model="foo"
+            ).exists()
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(
+            ContentType.objects.filter(
+                app_label="contenttypes_tests", model="renamedfoo"
+            ).exists()
+        )
 
     @override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[TestRouter()])
     def test_existing_content_type_rename_other_database(self):
-        ContentType.objects.using('other').create(app_label='contenttypes_tests', model='foo')
-        other_content_types = ContentType.objects.using('other').filter(app_label='contenttypes_tests')
-        call_command('migrate', 'contenttypes_tests', database='other', interactive=False, verbosity=0)
-        self.assertFalse(other_content_types.filter(model='foo').exists())
-        self.assertTrue(other_content_types.filter(model='renamedfoo').exists())
-        call_command('migrate', 'contenttypes_tests', 'zero', database='other', interactive=False, verbosity=0)
-        self.assertTrue(other_content_types.filter(model='foo').exists())
-        self.assertFalse(other_content_types.filter(model='renamedfoo').exists())
+        ContentType.objects.using("other").create(
+            app_label="contenttypes_tests", model="foo"
+        )
+        other_content_types = ContentType.objects.using("other").filter(
+            app_label="contenttypes_tests"
+        )
+        call_command(
+            "migrate",
+            "contenttypes_tests",
+            database="other",
+            interactive=False,
+            verbosity=0,
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(other_content_types.filter(model="foo").exists())
+        self.assertTrue(other_content_types.filter(model="renamedfoo").exists())
+        call_command(
+            "migrate",
+            "contenttypes_tests",
+            "zero",
+            database="other",
+            interactive=False,
+            verbosity=0,
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(other_content_types.filter(model="foo").exists())
+        self.assertFalse(other_content_types.filter(model="renamedfoo").exists())
 
     def test_missing_content_type_rename_ignore(self):
-        call_command('migrate', 'contenttypes_tests', database='default', interactive=False, verbosity=0,)
-        self.assertFalse(ContentType.objects.filter(app_label='contenttypes_tests', model='foo').exists())
-        self.assertTrue(ContentType.objects.filter(app_label='contenttypes_tests', model='renamedfoo').exists())
-        call_command('migrate', 'contenttypes_tests', 'zero', database='default', interactive=False, verbosity=0)
-        self.assertTrue(ContentType.objects.filter(app_label='contenttypes_tests', model='foo').exists())
-        self.assertFalse(ContentType.objects.filter(app_label='contenttypes_tests', model='renamedfoo').exists())
+        call_command(
+            "migrate",
+            "contenttypes_tests",
+            database="default",
+            interactive=False,
+            verbosity=0,
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(
+            ContentType.objects.filter(
+                app_label="contenttypes_tests", model="foo"
+            ).exists()
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            ContentType.objects.filter(
+                app_label="contenttypes_tests", model="renamedfoo"
+            ).exists()
+        )
+        call_command(
+            "migrate",
+            "contenttypes_tests",
+            "zero",
+            database="default",
+            interactive=False,
+            verbosity=0,
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            ContentType.objects.filter(
+                app_label="contenttypes_tests", model="foo"
+            ).exists()
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(
+            ContentType.objects.filter(
+                app_label="contenttypes_tests", model="renamedfoo"
+            ).exists()
+        )
 
     def test_content_type_rename_conflict(self):
-        ContentType.objects.create(app_label='contenttypes_tests', model='foo')
-        ContentType.objects.create(app_label='contenttypes_tests', model='renamedfoo')
-        call_command('migrate', 'contenttypes_tests', database='default', interactive=False, verbosity=0)
-        self.assertTrue(ContentType.objects.filter(app_label='contenttypes_tests', model='foo').exists())
-        self.assertTrue(ContentType.objects.filter(app_label='contenttypes_tests', model='renamedfoo').exists())
-        call_command('migrate', 'contenttypes_tests', 'zero', database='default', interactive=False, verbosity=0)
-        self.assertTrue(ContentType.objects.filter(app_label='contenttypes_tests', model='foo').exists())
-        self.assertTrue(ContentType.objects.filter(app_label='contenttypes_tests', model='renamedfoo').exists())
+        ContentType.objects.create(app_label="contenttypes_tests", model="foo")
+        ContentType.objects.create(app_label="contenttypes_tests", model="renamedfoo")
+        call_command(
+            "migrate",
+            "contenttypes_tests",
+            database="default",
+            interactive=False,
+            verbosity=0,
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            ContentType.objects.filter(
+                app_label="contenttypes_tests", model="foo"
+            ).exists()
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            ContentType.objects.filter(
+                app_label="contenttypes_tests", model="renamedfoo"
+            ).exists()
+        )
+        call_command(
+            "migrate",
+            "contenttypes_tests",
+            "zero",
+            database="default",
+            interactive=False,
+            verbosity=0,
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            ContentType.objects.filter(
+                app_label="contenttypes_tests", model="foo"
+            ).exists()
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            ContentType.objects.filter(
+                app_label="contenttypes_tests", model="renamedfoo"
+            ).exists()
+        )
diff --git a/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_views.py b/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_views.py
index e54e5ff925..4d85d15065 100644
--- a/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_views.py
+++ b/tests/contenttypes_tests/test_views.py
@@ -9,37 +9,54 @@ from django.http import Http404, HttpRequest
 from django.test import TestCase, override_settings
 
 from .models import (
-    Article, Author, FooWithBrokenAbsoluteUrl, FooWithoutUrl, FooWithUrl,
-    ModelWithM2MToSite, ModelWithNullFKToSite, SchemeIncludedURL,
-    Site as MockSite,
+    Article,
+    Author,
+    FooWithBrokenAbsoluteUrl,
+    FooWithoutUrl,
+    FooWithUrl,
+    ModelWithM2MToSite,
+    ModelWithNullFKToSite,
+    SchemeIncludedURL,
 )
+from .models import Site as MockSite
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='contenttypes_tests.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="contenttypes_tests.urls")
 class ContentTypesViewsTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         # Don't use the manager to ensure the site exists with pk=1, regardless
         # of whether or not it already exists.
-        cls.site1 = Site(pk=1, domain='testserver', name='testserver')
+        cls.site1 = Site(pk=1, domain="testserver", name="testserver")
         cls.site1.save()
-        cls.author1 = Author.objects.create(name='Boris')
+        cls.author1 = Author.objects.create(name="Boris")
         cls.article1 = Article.objects.create(
-            title='Old Article', slug='old_article', author=cls.author1,
+            title="Old Article",
+            slug="old_article",
+            author=cls.author1,
             date_created=datetime.datetime(2001, 1, 1, 21, 22, 23),
         )
         cls.article2 = Article.objects.create(
-            title='Current Article', slug='current_article', author=cls.author1,
+            title="Current Article",
+            slug="current_article",
+            author=cls.author1,
             date_created=datetime.datetime(2007, 9, 17, 21, 22, 23),
         )
         cls.article3 = Article.objects.create(
-            title='Future Article', slug='future_article', author=cls.author1,
+            title="Future Article",
+            slug="future_article",
+            author=cls.author1,
             date_created=datetime.datetime(3000, 1, 1, 21, 22, 23),
         )
-        cls.scheme1 = SchemeIncludedURL.objects.create(url='http://test_scheme_included_http/')
-        cls.scheme2 = SchemeIncludedURL.objects.create(url='https://test_scheme_included_https/')
-        cls.scheme3 = SchemeIncludedURL.objects.create(url='//test_default_scheme_kept/')
+        cls.scheme1 = SchemeIncludedURL.objects.create(
+            url="http://test_scheme_included_http/"
+        )
+        cls.scheme2 = SchemeIncludedURL.objects.create(
+            url="https://test_scheme_included_https/"
+        )
+        cls.scheme3 = SchemeIncludedURL.objects.create(
+            url="//test_default_scheme_kept/"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         Site.objects.clear_cache()
@@ -48,9 +65,16 @@ class ContentTypesViewsTests(TestCase):
         "Can view a shortcut for an Author object that has a get_absolute_url method"
         for obj in Author.objects.all():
             with self.subTest(obj=obj):
-                short_url = '/shortcut/%s/%s/' % (ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Author).id, obj.pk)
+                short_url = "/shortcut/%s/%s/" % (
+                    ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Author).id,
+                    obj.pk,
+                )
                 response = self.client.get(short_url)
-                self.assertRedirects(response, 'http://testserver%s' % obj.get_absolute_url(), target_status_code=404)
+                self.assertRedirects(
+                    response,
+                    "http://testserver%s" % obj.get_absolute_url(),
+                    target_status_code=404,
+                )
 
     def test_shortcut_with_absolute_url_including_scheme(self):
         """
@@ -59,9 +83,14 @@ class ContentTypesViewsTests(TestCase):
         """
         for obj in SchemeIncludedURL.objects.all():
             with self.subTest(obj=obj):
-                short_url = '/shortcut/%s/%s/' % (ContentType.objects.get_for_model(SchemeIncludedURL).id, obj.pk)
+                short_url = "/shortcut/%s/%s/" % (
+                    ContentType.objects.get_for_model(SchemeIncludedURL).id,
+                    obj.pk,
+                )
                 response = self.client.get(short_url)
-                self.assertRedirects(response, obj.get_absolute_url(), fetch_redirect_response=False)
+                self.assertRedirects(
+                    response, obj.get_absolute_url(), fetch_redirect_response=False
+                )
 
     def test_shortcut_no_absolute_url(self):
         """
@@ -70,88 +99,119 @@ class ContentTypesViewsTests(TestCase):
         """
         for obj in Article.objects.all():
             with self.subTest(obj=obj):
-                short_url = '/shortcut/%s/%s/' % (ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Article).id, obj.pk)
+                short_url = "/shortcut/%s/%s/" % (
+                    ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Article).id,
+                    obj.pk,
+                )
                 response = self.client.get(short_url)
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_wrong_type_pk(self):
-        short_url = '/shortcut/%s/%s/' % (ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Author).id, 'nobody/expects')
+        short_url = "/shortcut/%s/%s/" % (
+            ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Author).id,
+            "nobody/expects",
+        )
         response = self.client.get(short_url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_shortcut_bad_pk(self):
-        short_url = '/shortcut/%s/%s/' % (ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Author).id, '42424242')
+        short_url = "/shortcut/%s/%s/" % (
+            ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Author).id,
+            "42424242",
+        )
         response = self.client.get(short_url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_nonint_content_type(self):
         an_author = Author.objects.all()[0]
-        short_url = '/shortcut/%s/%s/' % ('spam', an_author.pk)
+        short_url = "/shortcut/%s/%s/" % ("spam", an_author.pk)
         response = self.client.get(short_url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_bad_content_type(self):
         an_author = Author.objects.all()[0]
-        short_url = '/shortcut/%s/%s/' % (42424242, an_author.pk)
+        short_url = "/shortcut/%s/%s/" % (42424242, an_author.pk)
         response = self.client.get(short_url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='contenttypes_tests.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="contenttypes_tests.urls")
 class ContentTypesViewsSiteRelTests(TestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         Site.objects.clear_cache()
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.site_2 = Site.objects.create(domain='example2.com', name='example2.com')
-        cls.site_3 = Site.objects.create(domain='example3.com', name='example3.com')
+        cls.site_2 = Site.objects.create(domain="example2.com", name="example2.com")
+        cls.site_3 = Site.objects.create(domain="example3.com", name="example3.com")
 
-    @mock.patch('django.apps.apps.get_model')
+    @mock.patch("django.apps.apps.get_model")
     def test_shortcut_view_with_null_site_fk(self, get_model):
         """
         The shortcut view works if a model's ForeignKey to site is None.
         """
-        get_model.side_effect = lambda *args, **kwargs: MockSite if args[0] == 'sites.Site' else ModelWithNullFKToSite
+        get_model.side_effect = (
+            lambda *args, **kwargs: MockSite
+            if args[0] == "sites.Site"
+            else ModelWithNullFKToSite
+        )
 
-        obj = ModelWithNullFKToSite.objects.create(title='title')
-        url = '/shortcut/%s/%s/' % (ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ModelWithNullFKToSite).id, obj.pk)
+        obj = ModelWithNullFKToSite.objects.create(title="title")
+        url = "/shortcut/%s/%s/" % (
+            ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ModelWithNullFKToSite).id,
+            obj.pk,
+        )
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        expected_url = 'http://example.com%s' % obj.get_absolute_url()
+        expected_url = "http://example.com%s" % obj.get_absolute_url()
         self.assertRedirects(response, expected_url, fetch_redirect_response=False)
 
-    @mock.patch('django.apps.apps.get_model')
+    @mock.patch("django.apps.apps.get_model")
     def test_shortcut_view_with_site_m2m(self, get_model):
         """
         When the object has a ManyToManyField to Site, redirect to the current
         site if it's attached to the object or to the domain of the first site
         found in the m2m relationship.
         """
-        get_model.side_effect = lambda *args, **kwargs: MockSite if args[0] == 'sites.Site' else ModelWithM2MToSite
+        get_model.side_effect = (
+            lambda *args, **kwargs: MockSite
+            if args[0] == "sites.Site"
+            else ModelWithM2MToSite
+        )
 
         # get_current_site() will lookup a Site object, so these must match the
         # domains in the MockSite model.
-        MockSite.objects.bulk_create([
-            MockSite(pk=1, domain='example.com'),
-            MockSite(pk=self.site_2.pk, domain=self.site_2.domain),
-            MockSite(pk=self.site_3.pk, domain=self.site_3.domain),
-        ])
+        MockSite.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                MockSite(pk=1, domain="example.com"),
+                MockSite(pk=self.site_2.pk, domain=self.site_2.domain),
+                MockSite(pk=self.site_3.pk, domain=self.site_3.domain),
+            ]
+        )
         ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ModelWithM2MToSite)
-        site_3_obj = ModelWithM2MToSite.objects.create(title='Not Linked to Current Site')
+        site_3_obj = ModelWithM2MToSite.objects.create(
+            title="Not Linked to Current Site"
+        )
         site_3_obj.sites.add(MockSite.objects.get(pk=self.site_3.pk))
-        expected_url = 'http://%s%s' % (self.site_3.domain, site_3_obj.get_absolute_url())
+        expected_url = "http://%s%s" % (
+            self.site_3.domain,
+            site_3_obj.get_absolute_url(),
+        )
 
         with self.settings(SITE_ID=self.site_2.pk):
             # Redirects to the domain of the first Site found in the m2m
             # relationship (ordering is arbitrary).
-            response = self.client.get('/shortcut/%s/%s/' % (ct.pk, site_3_obj.pk))
+            response = self.client.get("/shortcut/%s/%s/" % (ct.pk, site_3_obj.pk))
             self.assertRedirects(response, expected_url, fetch_redirect_response=False)
 
-        obj_with_sites = ModelWithM2MToSite.objects.create(title='Linked to Current Site')
+        obj_with_sites = ModelWithM2MToSite.objects.create(
+            title="Linked to Current Site"
+        )
         obj_with_sites.sites.set(MockSite.objects.all())
-        shortcut_url = '/shortcut/%s/%s/' % (ct.pk, obj_with_sites.pk)
-        expected_url = 'http://%s%s' % (self.site_2.domain, obj_with_sites.get_absolute_url())
+        shortcut_url = "/shortcut/%s/%s/" % (ct.pk, obj_with_sites.pk)
+        expected_url = "http://%s%s" % (
+            self.site_2.domain,
+            obj_with_sites.get_absolute_url(),
+        )
 
         with self.settings(SITE_ID=self.site_2.pk):
             # Redirects to the domain of the Site matching the current site's
@@ -167,33 +227,34 @@ class ContentTypesViewsSiteRelTests(TestCase):
 
 
 class ShortcutViewTests(TestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.request = HttpRequest()
-        self.request.META = {'SERVER_NAME': 'Example.com', 'SERVER_PORT': '80'}
+        self.request.META = {"SERVER_NAME": "Example.com", "SERVER_PORT": "80"}
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=['example.com'])
+    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=["example.com"])
     def test_not_dependent_on_sites_app(self):
         """
         The view returns a complete URL regardless of whether the sites
         framework is installed.
         """
         user_ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(FooWithUrl)
-        obj = FooWithUrl.objects.create(name='john')
-        with self.modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.sites'}):
+        obj = FooWithUrl.objects.create(name="john")
+        with self.modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.sites"}):
             response = shortcut(self.request, user_ct.id, obj.id)
             self.assertEqual(
-                'http://%s/users/john/' % get_current_site(self.request).domain,
-                response.headers.get('location')
+                "http://%s/users/john/" % get_current_site(self.request).domain,
+                response.headers.get("location"),
             )
-        with self.modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'remove': 'django.contrib.sites'}):
+        with self.modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"remove": "django.contrib.sites"}):
             response = shortcut(self.request, user_ct.id, obj.id)
-            self.assertEqual('http://Example.com/users/john/', response.headers.get('location'))
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "http://Example.com/users/john/", response.headers.get("location")
+            )
 
     def test_model_without_get_absolute_url(self):
         """The view returns 404 when Model.get_absolute_url() isn't defined."""
         user_ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(FooWithoutUrl)
-        obj = FooWithoutUrl.objects.create(name='john')
+        obj = FooWithoutUrl.objects.create(name="john")
         with self.assertRaises(Http404):
             shortcut(self.request, user_ct.id, obj.id)
 
@@ -203,6 +264,6 @@ class ShortcutViewTests(TestCase):
         Model.get_absolute_url() (#8997).
         """
         user_ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(FooWithBrokenAbsoluteUrl)
-        obj = FooWithBrokenAbsoluteUrl.objects.create(name='john')
+        obj = FooWithBrokenAbsoluteUrl.objects.create(name="john")
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
             shortcut(self.request, user_ct.id, obj.id)
diff --git a/tests/contenttypes_tests/urls.py b/tests/contenttypes_tests/urls.py
index 1403b00ac4..8f94d8a54c 100644
--- a/tests/contenttypes_tests/urls.py
+++ b/tests/contenttypes_tests/urls.py
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ from django.contrib.contenttypes import views
 from django.urls import re_path
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    re_path(r'^shortcut/([0-9]+)/(.*)/$', views.shortcut),
+    re_path(r"^shortcut/([0-9]+)/(.*)/$", views.shortcut),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/context_processors/tests.py b/tests/context_processors/tests.py
index 79b9ddef67..23f9d59149 100644
--- a/tests/context_processors/tests.py
+++ b/tests/context_processors/tests.py
@@ -5,16 +5,18 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase, override_settings
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    ROOT_URLCONF='context_processors.urls',
-    TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'APP_DIRS': True,
-        'OPTIONS': {
-            'context_processors': [
-                'django.template.context_processors.request',
-            ],
-        },
-    }],
+    ROOT_URLCONF="context_processors.urls",
+    TEMPLATES=[
+        {
+            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            "APP_DIRS": True,
+            "OPTIONS": {
+                "context_processors": [
+                    "django.template.context_processors.request",
+                ],
+            },
+        }
+    ],
 )
 class RequestContextProcessorTests(SimpleTestCase):
     """
@@ -26,67 +28,70 @@ class RequestContextProcessorTests(SimpleTestCase):
         The request object is available in the template and that its
         attributes can't be overridden by GET and POST parameters (#3828).
         """
-        url = '/request_attrs/'
+        url = "/request_attrs/"
         # We should have the request object in the template.
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Have request')
+        self.assertContains(response, "Have request")
         # Test is_secure.
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Not secure')
-        response = self.client.get(url, {'is_secure': 'blah'})
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Not secure')
-        response = self.client.post(url, {'is_secure': 'blah'})
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Not secure')
+        self.assertContains(response, "Not secure")
+        response = self.client.get(url, {"is_secure": "blah"})
+        self.assertContains(response, "Not secure")
+        response = self.client.post(url, {"is_secure": "blah"})
+        self.assertContains(response, "Not secure")
         # Test path.
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertContains(response, url)
-        response = self.client.get(url, {'path': '/blah/'})
+        response = self.client.get(url, {"path": "/blah/"})
         self.assertContains(response, url)
-        response = self.client.post(url, {'path': '/blah/'})
+        response = self.client.post(url, {"path": "/blah/"})
         self.assertContains(response, url)
 
 
 @override_settings(
     DEBUG=True,
-    INTERNAL_IPS=['127.0.0.1'],
-    ROOT_URLCONF='context_processors.urls',
-    TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'APP_DIRS': True,
-        'OPTIONS': {
-            'context_processors': [
-                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
-            ],
-        },
-    }],
+    INTERNAL_IPS=["127.0.0.1"],
+    ROOT_URLCONF="context_processors.urls",
+    TEMPLATES=[
+        {
+            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            "APP_DIRS": True,
+            "OPTIONS": {
+                "context_processors": [
+                    "django.template.context_processors.debug",
+                ],
+            },
+        }
+    ],
 )
 class DebugContextProcessorTests(TestCase):
     """
     Tests for the ``django.template.context_processors.debug`` processor.
     """
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     def test_debug(self):
-        url = '/debug/'
+        url = "/debug/"
         # We should have the debug flag in the template.
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Have debug')
+        self.assertContains(response, "Have debug")
 
         # And now we should not
         with override_settings(DEBUG=False):
             response = self.client.get(url)
-            self.assertNotContains(response, 'Have debug')
+            self.assertNotContains(response, "Have debug")
 
     def test_sql_queries(self):
         """
         Test whether sql_queries represents the actual amount
         of queries executed. (#23364)
         """
-        url = '/debug/'
+        url = "/debug/"
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'First query list: 0')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Second query list: 1')
+        self.assertContains(response, "First query list: 0")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Second query list: 1")
         # Check we have not actually memoized connection.queries
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Third query list: 2')
+        self.assertContains(response, "Third query list: 2")
         # Check queries for DB connection 'other'
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Fourth query list: 3')
+        self.assertContains(response, "Fourth query list: 3")
diff --git a/tests/context_processors/urls.py b/tests/context_processors/urls.py
index b8297086a7..4ca298c922 100644
--- a/tests/context_processors/urls.py
+++ b/tests/context_processors/urls.py
@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@ from django.urls import path
 from . import views
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('request_attrs/', views.request_processor),
-    path('debug/', views.debug_processor),
+    path("request_attrs/", views.request_processor),
+    path("debug/", views.debug_processor),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/context_processors/views.py b/tests/context_processors/views.py
index 354e842a8d..81710c90eb 100644
--- a/tests/context_processors/views.py
+++ b/tests/context_processors/views.py
@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@ from .models import DebugObject
 
 
 def request_processor(request):
-    return render(request, 'context_processors/request_attrs.html')
+    return render(request, "context_processors/request_attrs.html")
 
 
 def debug_processor(request):
     context = {
-        'debug_objects': DebugObject.objects,
-        'other_debug_objects': DebugObject.objects.using('other'),
+        "debug_objects": DebugObject.objects,
+        "other_debug_objects": DebugObject.objects.using("other"),
     }
-    return render(request, 'context_processors/debug.html', context)
+    return render(request, "context_processors/debug.html", context)
diff --git a/tests/csrf_tests/csrf_token_error_handler_urls.py b/tests/csrf_tests/csrf_token_error_handler_urls.py
index 3c02f613ec..f7007d740b 100644
--- a/tests/csrf_tests/csrf_token_error_handler_urls.py
+++ b/tests/csrf_tests/csrf_token_error_handler_urls.py
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 urlpatterns = []
 
-handler404 = 'csrf_tests.views.csrf_token_error_handler'
+handler404 = "csrf_tests.views.csrf_token_error_handler"
diff --git a/tests/csrf_tests/test_context_processor.py b/tests/csrf_tests/test_context_processor.py
index 26a2b7aedb..903237d68f 100644
--- a/tests/csrf_tests/test_context_processor.py
+++ b/tests/csrf_tests/test_context_processor.py
@@ -6,10 +6,9 @@ from .tests import CsrfFunctionTestMixin
 
 
 class TestContextProcessor(CsrfFunctionTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_force_token_to_string(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
-        test_secret = 32 * 'a'
-        request.META['CSRF_COOKIE'] = test_secret
-        token = csrf(request).get('csrf_token')
+        test_secret = 32 * "a"
+        request.META["CSRF_COOKIE"] = test_secret
+        token = csrf(request).get("csrf_token")
         self.assertMaskedSecretCorrect(token, test_secret)
diff --git a/tests/csrf_tests/tests.py b/tests/csrf_tests/tests.py
index 71e75854db..6c8f5e1f04 100644
--- a/tests/csrf_tests/tests.py
+++ b/tests/csrf_tests/tests.py
@@ -5,11 +5,22 @@ from django.contrib.sessions.backends.cache import SessionStore
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.http import HttpRequest, HttpResponse, UnreadablePostError
 from django.middleware.csrf import (
-    CSRF_ALLOWED_CHARS, CSRF_SECRET_LENGTH, CSRF_SESSION_KEY,
-    CSRF_TOKEN_LENGTH, REASON_BAD_ORIGIN, REASON_CSRF_TOKEN_MISSING,
-    REASON_NO_CSRF_COOKIE, CsrfViewMiddleware, InvalidTokenFormat,
-    RejectRequest, _check_token_format, _does_token_match, _mask_cipher_secret,
-    _unmask_cipher_token, get_token, rotate_token,
+    CSRF_ALLOWED_CHARS,
+    CSRF_SECRET_LENGTH,
+    CSRF_SESSION_KEY,
+    CSRF_TOKEN_LENGTH,
+    REASON_BAD_ORIGIN,
+    REASON_CSRF_TOKEN_MISSING,
+    REASON_NO_CSRF_COOKIE,
+    CsrfViewMiddleware,
+    InvalidTokenFormat,
+    RejectRequest,
+    _check_token_format,
+    _does_token_match,
+    _mask_cipher_secret,
+    _unmask_cipher_token,
+    get_token,
+    rotate_token,
 )
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 from django.test.utils import ignore_warnings
@@ -17,16 +28,20 @@ from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango50Warning
 from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt, requires_csrf_token
 
 from .views import (
-    ensure_csrf_cookie_view, ensured_and_protected_view,
-    non_token_view_using_request_processor, post_form_view, protected_view,
-    sandwiched_rotate_token_view, token_view,
+    ensure_csrf_cookie_view,
+    ensured_and_protected_view,
+    non_token_view_using_request_processor,
+    post_form_view,
+    protected_view,
+    sandwiched_rotate_token_view,
+    token_view,
 )
 
 # This is a test (unmasked) CSRF cookie / secret.
-TEST_SECRET = 'lcccccccX2kcccccccY2jcccccccssIC'
+TEST_SECRET = "lcccccccX2kcccccccY2jcccccccssIC"
 # Two masked versions of TEST_SECRET for testing purposes.
-MASKED_TEST_SECRET1 = '1bcdefghij2bcdefghij3bcdefghij4bcdefghij5bcdefghij6bcdefghijABCD'
-MASKED_TEST_SECRET2 = '2JgchWvM1tpxT2lfz9aydoXW9yT1DN3NdLiejYxOOlzzV4nhBbYqmqZYbAV3V5Bf'
+MASKED_TEST_SECRET1 = "1bcdefghij2bcdefghij3bcdefghij4bcdefghij5bcdefghij6bcdefghijABCD"
+MASKED_TEST_SECRET2 = "2JgchWvM1tpxT2lfz9aydoXW9yT1DN3NdLiejYxOOlzzV4nhBbYqmqZYbAV3V5Bf"
 
 
 class CsrfFunctionTestMixin:
@@ -38,27 +53,26 @@ class CsrfFunctionTestMixin:
         self.assertEqual(len(secret), CSRF_SECRET_LENGTH)
         self.assertTrue(
             set(masked_secret).issubset(set(CSRF_ALLOWED_CHARS)),
-            msg=f'invalid characters in {masked_secret!r}',
+            msg=f"invalid characters in {masked_secret!r}",
         )
         actual = _unmask_cipher_token(masked_secret)
         self.assertEqual(actual, secret)
 
 
 class CsrfFunctionTests(CsrfFunctionTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_unmask_cipher_token(self):
         cases = [
             (TEST_SECRET, MASKED_TEST_SECRET1),
             (TEST_SECRET, MASKED_TEST_SECRET2),
             (
-                32 * 'a',
-                'vFioG3XOLyGyGsPRFyB9iYUs341ufzIEvFioG3XOLyGyGsPRFyB9iYUs341ufzIE',
+                32 * "a",
+                "vFioG3XOLyGyGsPRFyB9iYUs341ufzIEvFioG3XOLyGyGsPRFyB9iYUs341ufzIE",
             ),
-            (32 * 'a', 64 * 'a'),
-            (32 * 'a', 64 * 'b'),
-            (32 * 'b', 32 * 'a' + 32 * 'b'),
-            (32 * 'b', 32 * 'b' + 32 * 'c'),
-            (32 * 'c', 32 * 'a' + 32 * 'c'),
+            (32 * "a", 64 * "a"),
+            (32 * "a", 64 * "b"),
+            (32 * "b", 32 * "a" + 32 * "b"),
+            (32 * "b", 32 * "b" + 32 * "c"),
+            (32 * "c", 32 * "a" + 32 * "c"),
         ]
         for secret, masked_secret in cases:
             with self.subTest(masked_secret=masked_secret):
@@ -67,9 +81,9 @@ class CsrfFunctionTests(CsrfFunctionTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_mask_cipher_secret(self):
         cases = [
-            32 * 'a',
+            32 * "a",
             TEST_SECRET,
-            'da4SrUiHJYoJ0HYQ0vcgisoIuFOxx4ER',
+            "da4SrUiHJYoJ0HYQ0vcgisoIuFOxx4ER",
         ]
         for secret in cases:
             with self.subTest(secret=secret):
@@ -78,33 +92,33 @@ class CsrfFunctionTests(CsrfFunctionTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_get_token_csrf_cookie_set(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
-        request.META['CSRF_COOKIE'] = TEST_SECRET
-        self.assertNotIn('CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE', request.META)
+        request.META["CSRF_COOKIE"] = TEST_SECRET
+        self.assertNotIn("CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE", request.META)
         token = get_token(request)
         self.assertMaskedSecretCorrect(token, TEST_SECRET)
         # The existing cookie is preserved.
-        self.assertEqual(request.META['CSRF_COOKIE'], TEST_SECRET)
-        self.assertIs(request.META['CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE'], True)
+        self.assertEqual(request.META["CSRF_COOKIE"], TEST_SECRET)
+        self.assertIs(request.META["CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE"], True)
 
     def test_get_token_csrf_cookie_not_set(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
-        self.assertNotIn('CSRF_COOKIE', request.META)
-        self.assertNotIn('CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE', request.META)
+        self.assertNotIn("CSRF_COOKIE", request.META)
+        self.assertNotIn("CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE", request.META)
         token = get_token(request)
-        cookie = request.META['CSRF_COOKIE']
+        cookie = request.META["CSRF_COOKIE"]
         self.assertMaskedSecretCorrect(token, cookie)
-        self.assertIs(request.META['CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE'], True)
+        self.assertIs(request.META["CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE"], True)
 
     def test_rotate_token(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
-        request.META['CSRF_COOKIE'] = TEST_SECRET
-        self.assertNotIn('CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE', request.META)
+        request.META["CSRF_COOKIE"] = TEST_SECRET
+        self.assertNotIn("CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE", request.META)
         rotate_token(request)
         # The underlying secret was changed.
-        cookie = request.META['CSRF_COOKIE']
+        cookie = request.META["CSRF_COOKIE"]
         self.assertEqual(len(cookie), CSRF_SECRET_LENGTH)
         self.assertNotEqual(cookie, TEST_SECRET)
-        self.assertIs(request.META['CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE'], True)
+        self.assertIs(request.META["CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE"], True)
 
     def test_check_token_format_valid(self):
         cases = [
@@ -112,7 +126,7 @@ class CsrfFunctionTests(CsrfFunctionTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
             TEST_SECRET,
             # A token of length CSRF_TOKEN_LENGTH.
             MASKED_TEST_SECRET1,
-            64 * 'a',
+            64 * "a",
         ]
         for token in cases:
             with self.subTest(token=token):
@@ -121,8 +135,8 @@ class CsrfFunctionTests(CsrfFunctionTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_check_token_format_invalid(self):
         cases = [
-            (64 * '*', 'has invalid characters'),
-            (16 * 'a', 'has incorrect length'),
+            (64 * "*", "has invalid characters"),
+            (16 * "a", "has incorrect length"),
         ]
         for token, expected_message in cases:
             with self.subTest(token=token):
@@ -134,13 +148,13 @@ class CsrfFunctionTests(CsrfFunctionTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
             # Masked tokens match.
             ((MASKED_TEST_SECRET1, TEST_SECRET), True),
             ((MASKED_TEST_SECRET2, TEST_SECRET), True),
-            ((64 * 'a', _unmask_cipher_token(64 * 'a')), True),
+            ((64 * "a", _unmask_cipher_token(64 * "a")), True),
             # Unmasked tokens match.
             ((TEST_SECRET, TEST_SECRET), True),
-            ((32 * 'a', 32 * 'a'), True),
+            ((32 * "a", 32 * "a"), True),
             # Incorrect tokens don't match.
-            ((32 * 'a', TEST_SECRET), False),
-            ((64 * 'a', TEST_SECRET), False),
+            ((32 * "a", TEST_SECRET), False),
+            ((64 * "a", TEST_SECRET), False),
         ]
         for (token, secret), expected in cases:
             with self.subTest(token=token, secret=secret):
@@ -149,7 +163,7 @@ class CsrfFunctionTests(CsrfFunctionTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_does_token_match_wrong_token_length(self):
         with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-            _does_token_match(16 * 'a', TEST_SECRET)
+            _does_token_match(16 * "a", TEST_SECRET)
 
 
 class TestingSessionStore(SessionStore):
@@ -157,6 +171,7 @@ class TestingSessionStore(SessionStore):
     A version of SessionStore that stores what cookie values are passed to
     set_cookie() when CSRF_USE_SESSIONS=True.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         # This is a list of the cookie values passed to set_cookie() over
@@ -173,18 +188,20 @@ class TestingHttpRequest(HttpRequest):
     A version of HttpRequest that lets one track and change some things more
     easily.
     """
+
     def __init__(self):
         super().__init__()
         self.session = TestingSessionStore()
 
     def is_secure(self):
-        return getattr(self, '_is_secure_override', False)
+        return getattr(self, "_is_secure_override", False)
 
 
 class PostErrorRequest(TestingHttpRequest):
     """
     TestingHttpRequest that can raise errors when accessing POST data.
     """
+
     post_error = None
 
     def _get_post(self):
@@ -207,24 +224,24 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
     _csrf_id_token = MASKED_TEST_SECRET2
 
     def _set_csrf_cookie(self, req, cookie):
-        raise NotImplementedError('This method must be implemented by a subclass.')
+        raise NotImplementedError("This method must be implemented by a subclass.")
 
     def _read_csrf_cookie(self, req, resp):
         """
         Return the CSRF cookie as a string, or False if no cookie is present.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('This method must be implemented by a subclass.')
+        raise NotImplementedError("This method must be implemented by a subclass.")
 
     def _get_cookies_set(self, req, resp):
         """
         Return a list of the cookie values passed to set_cookie() over the
         course of the request-response.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('This method must be implemented by a subclass.')
+        raise NotImplementedError("This method must be implemented by a subclass.")
 
     def _get_request(self, method=None, cookie=None, request_class=None):
         if method is None:
-            method = 'GET'
+            method = "GET"
         if request_class is None:
             request_class = TestingHttpRequest
         req = request_class()
@@ -234,8 +251,13 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         return req
 
     def _get_csrf_cookie_request(
-        self, method=None, cookie=None, post_token=None, meta_token=None,
-        token_header=None, request_class=None,
+        self,
+        method=None,
+        cookie=None,
+        post_token=None,
+        meta_token=None,
+        token_header=None,
+        request_class=None,
     ):
         """
         The method argument defaults to "GET". The cookie argument defaults to
@@ -248,25 +270,32 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         if cookie is None:
             cookie = self._csrf_id_cookie
         if token_header is None:
-            token_header = 'HTTP_X_CSRFTOKEN'
+            token_header = "HTTP_X_CSRFTOKEN"
         req = self._get_request(
             method=method,
             cookie=cookie,
             request_class=request_class,
         )
         if post_token is not None:
-            req.POST['csrfmiddlewaretoken'] = post_token
+            req.POST["csrfmiddlewaretoken"] = post_token
         if meta_token is not None:
             req.META[token_header] = meta_token
         return req
 
     def _get_POST_csrf_cookie_request(
-        self, cookie=None, post_token=None, meta_token=None, token_header=None,
+        self,
+        cookie=None,
+        post_token=None,
+        meta_token=None,
+        token_header=None,
         request_class=None,
     ):
         return self._get_csrf_cookie_request(
-            method='POST', cookie=cookie, post_token=post_token,
-            meta_token=meta_token, token_header=token_header,
+            method="POST",
+            cookie=cookie,
+            post_token=post_token,
+            meta_token=meta_token,
+            token_header=token_header,
             request_class=request_class,
         )
 
@@ -285,7 +314,8 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         text = str(response.content, response.charset)
         match = re.search('name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="(.*?)"', text)
         self.assertTrue(
-            match, f'Could not find a csrfmiddlewaretoken value in: {text}',
+            match,
+            f"Could not find a csrfmiddlewaretoken value in: {text}",
         )
         csrf_token = match[1]
         self.assertMaskedSecretCorrect(csrf_token, csrf_secret)
@@ -313,13 +343,13 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
 
     def _check_bad_or_missing_cookie(self, cookie, expected):
         """Passing None for cookie includes no cookie."""
-        req = self._get_request(method='POST', cookie=cookie)
+        req = self._get_request(method="POST", cookie=cookie)
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         mw.process_request(req)
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.csrf', 'WARNING') as cm:
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.csrf", "WARNING") as cm:
             resp = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertEqual(403, resp.status_code)
-        self.assertEqual(cm.records[0].getMessage(), 'Forbidden (%s): ' % expected)
+        self.assertEqual(cm.records[0].getMessage(), "Forbidden (%s): " % expected)
 
     def test_no_csrf_cookie(self):
         """
@@ -329,7 +359,11 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         self._check_bad_or_missing_cookie(None, REASON_NO_CSRF_COOKIE)
 
     def _check_bad_or_missing_token(
-        self, expected, post_token=None, meta_token=None, token_header=None,
+        self,
+        expected,
+        post_token=None,
+        meta_token=None,
+        token_header=None,
     ):
         req = self._get_POST_csrf_cookie_request(
             post_token=post_token,
@@ -338,10 +372,10 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         )
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         mw.process_request(req)
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.csrf', 'WARNING') as cm:
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.csrf", "WARNING") as cm:
             resp = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertEqual(403, resp.status_code)
-        self.assertEqual(cm.records[0].getMessage(), 'Forbidden (%s): ' % expected)
+        self.assertEqual(cm.records[0].getMessage(), "Forbidden (%s): " % expected)
 
     def test_csrf_cookie_bad_or_missing_token(self):
         """
@@ -350,22 +384,22 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         """
         cases = [
             (None, None, REASON_CSRF_TOKEN_MISSING),
-            (16 * 'a', None, 'CSRF token from POST has incorrect length.'),
-            (64 * '*', None, 'CSRF token from POST has invalid characters.'),
-            (64 * 'a', None, 'CSRF token from POST incorrect.'),
+            (16 * "a", None, "CSRF token from POST has incorrect length."),
+            (64 * "*", None, "CSRF token from POST has invalid characters."),
+            (64 * "a", None, "CSRF token from POST incorrect."),
             (
                 None,
-                16 * 'a',
+                16 * "a",
                 "CSRF token from the 'X-Csrftoken' HTTP header has incorrect length.",
             ),
             (
                 None,
-                64 * '*',
+                64 * "*",
                 "CSRF token from the 'X-Csrftoken' HTTP header has invalid characters.",
             ),
             (
                 None,
-                64 * 'a',
+                64 * "a",
                 "CSRF token from the 'X-Csrftoken' HTTP header incorrect.",
             ),
         ]
@@ -377,7 +411,7 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
                     meta_token=meta_token,
                 )
 
-    @override_settings(CSRF_HEADER_NAME='HTTP_X_CSRFTOKEN_CUSTOMIZED')
+    @override_settings(CSRF_HEADER_NAME="HTTP_X_CSRFTOKEN_CUSTOMIZED")
     def test_csrf_cookie_bad_token_custom_header(self):
         """
         If a CSRF cookie is present and an invalid token is passed via a
@@ -389,8 +423,8 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         )
         self._check_bad_or_missing_token(
             expected,
-            meta_token=16 * 'a',
-            token_header='HTTP_X_CSRFTOKEN_CUSTOMIZED',
+            meta_token=16 * "a",
+            token_header="HTTP_X_CSRFTOKEN_CUSTOMIZED",
         )
 
     def test_process_request_csrf_cookie_and_token(self):
@@ -424,14 +458,14 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         resp = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertIsNone(resp)
 
-    @override_settings(CSRF_HEADER_NAME='HTTP_X_CSRFTOKEN_CUSTOMIZED')
+    @override_settings(CSRF_HEADER_NAME="HTTP_X_CSRFTOKEN_CUSTOMIZED")
     def test_csrf_token_in_header_with_customized_name(self):
         """
         settings.CSRF_HEADER_NAME can be used to customize the CSRF header name
         """
         req = self._get_POST_csrf_cookie_request(
             meta_token=self._csrf_id_token,
-            token_header='HTTP_X_CSRFTOKEN_CUSTOMIZED',
+            token_header="HTTP_X_CSRFTOKEN_CUSTOMIZED",
         )
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         mw.process_request(req)
@@ -442,30 +476,38 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         """
         HTTP PUT and DELETE methods have protection
         """
-        req = self._get_request(method='PUT')
+        req = self._get_request(method="PUT")
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.csrf', 'WARNING') as cm:
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.csrf", "WARNING") as cm:
             resp = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertEqual(403, resp.status_code)
-        self.assertEqual(cm.records[0].getMessage(), 'Forbidden (%s): ' % REASON_NO_CSRF_COOKIE)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cm.records[0].getMessage(), "Forbidden (%s): " % REASON_NO_CSRF_COOKIE
+        )
 
-        req = self._get_request(method='DELETE')
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.csrf', 'WARNING') as cm:
+        req = self._get_request(method="DELETE")
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.csrf", "WARNING") as cm:
             resp = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertEqual(403, resp.status_code)
-        self.assertEqual(cm.records[0].getMessage(), 'Forbidden (%s): ' % REASON_NO_CSRF_COOKIE)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cm.records[0].getMessage(), "Forbidden (%s): " % REASON_NO_CSRF_COOKIE
+        )
 
     def test_put_and_delete_allowed(self):
         """
         HTTP PUT and DELETE can get through with X-CSRFToken and a cookie.
         """
-        req = self._get_csrf_cookie_request(method='PUT', meta_token=self._csrf_id_token)
+        req = self._get_csrf_cookie_request(
+            method="PUT", meta_token=self._csrf_id_token
+        )
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         mw.process_request(req)
         resp = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertIsNone(resp)
 
-        req = self._get_csrf_cookie_request(method='DELETE', meta_token=self._csrf_id_token)
+        req = self._get_csrf_cookie_request(
+            method="DELETE", meta_token=self._csrf_id_token
+        )
         mw.process_request(req)
         resp = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertIsNone(resp)
@@ -478,7 +520,7 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         """
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token()
         resp = sandwiched_rotate_token_view(req)
-        self.assertContains(resp, 'OK')
+        self.assertContains(resp, "OK")
         actual_secret = self._read_csrf_cookie(req, resp)
         # set_cookie() was called a second time with a different secret.
         cookies_set = self._get_cookies_set(req, resp)
@@ -504,7 +546,7 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         """
         A new token is sent if the csrf_cookie is the empty string.
         """
-        req = self._get_request(cookie='')
+        req = self._get_request(cookie="")
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(token_view)
         mw.process_view(req, token_view, (), {})
         resp = token_view(req)
@@ -569,26 +611,27 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         resp = mw(req)
         csrf_cookie = self._read_csrf_cookie(req, resp)
         self.assertEqual(
-            csrf_cookie, TEST_SECRET,
-            'CSRF cookie was changed on an accepted request',
+            csrf_cookie,
+            TEST_SECRET,
+            "CSRF cookie was changed on an accepted request",
         )
 
-    @override_settings(DEBUG=True, ALLOWED_HOSTS=['www.example.com'])
+    @override_settings(DEBUG=True, ALLOWED_HOSTS=["www.example.com"])
     def test_https_bad_referer(self):
         """
         A POST HTTPS request with a bad referer is rejected
         """
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token()
         req._is_secure_override = True
-        req.META['HTTP_HOST'] = 'www.example.com'
-        req.META['HTTP_REFERER'] = 'https://www.evil.org/somepage'
-        req.META['SERVER_PORT'] = '443'
+        req.META["HTTP_HOST"] = "www.example.com"
+        req.META["HTTP_REFERER"] = "https://www.evil.org/somepage"
+        req.META["SERVER_PORT"] = "443"
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         response = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            'Referer checking failed - https://www.evil.org/somepage does not '
-            'match any trusted origins.',
+            "Referer checking failed - https://www.evil.org/somepage does not "
+            "match any trusted origins.",
             status_code=403,
         )
 
@@ -606,7 +649,7 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         response = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            'Referer checking failed - no Referer.',
+            "Referer checking failed - no Referer.",
             status_code=403,
         )
 
@@ -615,15 +658,15 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         CsrfViewMiddleware generates a 403 response if it receives an HTTPS
         request with a bad host.
         """
-        req = self._get_request(method='POST')
+        req = self._get_request(method="POST")
         req._is_secure_override = True
-        req.META['HTTP_HOST'] = '@malformed'
-        req.META['HTTP_REFERER'] = 'https://www.evil.org/somepage'
-        req.META['SERVER_PORT'] = '443'
+        req.META["HTTP_HOST"] = "@malformed"
+        req.META["HTTP_REFERER"] = "https://www.evil.org/somepage"
+        req.META["SERVER_PORT"] = "443"
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(token_view)
         expected = (
-            'Referer checking failed - https://www.evil.org/somepage does not '
-            'match any trusted origins.'
+            "Referer checking failed - https://www.evil.org/somepage does not "
+            "match any trusted origins."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(RejectRequest, expected):
             mw._check_referer(req)
@@ -631,10 +674,10 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
 
     def test_origin_malformed_host(self):
-        req = self._get_request(method='POST')
+        req = self._get_request(method="POST")
         req._is_secure_override = True
-        req.META['HTTP_HOST'] = '@malformed'
-        req.META['HTTP_ORIGIN'] = 'https://www.evil.org'
+        req.META["HTTP_HOST"] = "@malformed"
+        req.META["HTTP_ORIGIN"] = "https://www.evil.org"
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(token_view)
         self._check_referer_rejects(mw, req)
         response = mw.process_view(req, token_view, (), {})
@@ -645,65 +688,65 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         """
         A POST HTTPS request with a bad referer is rejected.
         """
-        malformed_referer_msg = 'Referer checking failed - Referer is malformed.'
+        malformed_referer_msg = "Referer checking failed - Referer is malformed."
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token()
         req._is_secure_override = True
-        req.META['HTTP_REFERER'] = 'http://http://www.example.com/'
+        req.META["HTTP_REFERER"] = "http://http://www.example.com/"
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         self._check_referer_rejects(mw, req)
         response = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            'Referer checking failed - Referer is insecure while host is secure.',
+            "Referer checking failed - Referer is insecure while host is secure.",
             status_code=403,
         )
         # Empty
-        req.META['HTTP_REFERER'] = ''
+        req.META["HTTP_REFERER"] = ""
         self._check_referer_rejects(mw, req)
         response = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertContains(response, malformed_referer_msg, status_code=403)
         # Non-ASCII
-        req.META['HTTP_REFERER'] = 'ØBöIß'
+        req.META["HTTP_REFERER"] = "ØBöIß"
         self._check_referer_rejects(mw, req)
         response = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertContains(response, malformed_referer_msg, status_code=403)
         # missing scheme
         # >>> urlparse('//example.com/')
         # ParseResult(scheme='', netloc='example.com', path='/', params='', query='', fragment='')
-        req.META['HTTP_REFERER'] = '//example.com/'
+        req.META["HTTP_REFERER"] = "//example.com/"
         self._check_referer_rejects(mw, req)
         response = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertContains(response, malformed_referer_msg, status_code=403)
         # missing netloc
         # >>> urlparse('https://')
         # ParseResult(scheme='https', netloc='', path='', params='', query='', fragment='')
-        req.META['HTTP_REFERER'] = 'https://'
+        req.META["HTTP_REFERER"] = "https://"
         self._check_referer_rejects(mw, req)
         response = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertContains(response, malformed_referer_msg, status_code=403)
         # Invalid URL
         # >>> urlparse('https://[')
         # ValueError: Invalid IPv6 URL
-        req.META['HTTP_REFERER'] = 'https://['
+        req.META["HTTP_REFERER"] = "https://["
         self._check_referer_rejects(mw, req)
         response = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertContains(response, malformed_referer_msg, status_code=403)
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=['www.example.com'])
+    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=["www.example.com"])
     def test_https_good_referer(self):
         """
         A POST HTTPS request with a good referer is accepted.
         """
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token()
         req._is_secure_override = True
-        req.META['HTTP_HOST'] = 'www.example.com'
-        req.META['HTTP_REFERER'] = 'https://www.example.com/somepage'
+        req.META["HTTP_HOST"] = "www.example.com"
+        req.META["HTTP_REFERER"] = "https://www.example.com/somepage"
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         mw.process_request(req)
         resp = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertIsNone(resp)
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=['www.example.com'])
+    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=["www.example.com"])
     def test_https_good_referer_2(self):
         """
         A POST HTTPS request with a good referer is accepted where the referer
@@ -712,8 +755,8 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         # See ticket #15617
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token()
         req._is_secure_override = True
-        req.META['HTTP_HOST'] = 'www.example.com'
-        req.META['HTTP_REFERER'] = 'https://www.example.com'
+        req.META["HTTP_HOST"] = "www.example.com"
+        req.META["HTTP_REFERER"] = "https://www.example.com"
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         mw.process_request(req)
         resp = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
@@ -722,19 +765,21 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
     def _test_https_good_referer_behind_proxy(self):
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token()
         req._is_secure_override = True
-        req.META.update({
-            'HTTP_HOST': '10.0.0.2',
-            'HTTP_REFERER': 'https://www.example.com/somepage',
-            'SERVER_PORT': '8080',
-            'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST': 'www.example.com',
-            'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PORT': '443',
-        })
+        req.META.update(
+            {
+                "HTTP_HOST": "10.0.0.2",
+                "HTTP_REFERER": "https://www.example.com/somepage",
+                "SERVER_PORT": "8080",
+                "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST": "www.example.com",
+                "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PORT": "443",
+            }
+        )
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         mw.process_request(req)
         resp = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertIsNone(resp)
 
-    @override_settings(CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS=['https://dashboard.example.com'])
+    @override_settings(CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS=["https://dashboard.example.com"])
     def test_https_good_referer_malformed_host(self):
         """
         A POST HTTPS request is accepted if it receives a good referer with
@@ -742,14 +787,17 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         """
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token()
         req._is_secure_override = True
-        req.META['HTTP_HOST'] = '@malformed'
-        req.META['HTTP_REFERER'] = 'https://dashboard.example.com/somepage'
+        req.META["HTTP_HOST"] = "@malformed"
+        req.META["HTTP_REFERER"] = "https://dashboard.example.com/somepage"
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         mw.process_request(req)
         resp = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertIsNone(resp)
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=['www.example.com'], CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS=['https://dashboard.example.com'])
+    @override_settings(
+        ALLOWED_HOSTS=["www.example.com"],
+        CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS=["https://dashboard.example.com"],
+    )
     def test_https_csrf_trusted_origin_allowed(self):
         """
         A POST HTTPS request with a referer added to the CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS
@@ -757,14 +805,17 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         """
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token()
         req._is_secure_override = True
-        req.META['HTTP_HOST'] = 'www.example.com'
-        req.META['HTTP_REFERER'] = 'https://dashboard.example.com'
+        req.META["HTTP_HOST"] = "www.example.com"
+        req.META["HTTP_REFERER"] = "https://dashboard.example.com"
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         mw.process_request(req)
         resp = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertIsNone(resp)
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=['www.example.com'], CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS=['https://*.example.com'])
+    @override_settings(
+        ALLOWED_HOSTS=["www.example.com"],
+        CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS=["https://*.example.com"],
+    )
     def test_https_csrf_wildcard_trusted_origin_allowed(self):
         """
         A POST HTTPS request with a referer that matches a CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS
@@ -772,8 +823,8 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         """
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token()
         req._is_secure_override = True
-        req.META['HTTP_HOST'] = 'www.example.com'
-        req.META['HTTP_REFERER'] = 'https://dashboard.example.com'
+        req.META["HTTP_HOST"] = "www.example.com"
+        req.META["HTTP_REFERER"] = "https://dashboard.example.com"
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         mw.process_request(req)
         response = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
@@ -782,8 +833,8 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
     def _test_https_good_referer_matches_cookie_domain(self):
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token()
         req._is_secure_override = True
-        req.META['HTTP_REFERER'] = 'https://foo.example.com/'
-        req.META['SERVER_PORT'] = '443'
+        req.META["HTTP_REFERER"] = "https://foo.example.com/"
+        req.META["SERVER_PORT"] = "443"
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         mw.process_request(req)
         response = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
@@ -792,9 +843,9 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
     def _test_https_good_referer_matches_cookie_domain_with_different_port(self):
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token()
         req._is_secure_override = True
-        req.META['HTTP_HOST'] = 'www.example.com'
-        req.META['HTTP_REFERER'] = 'https://foo.example.com:4443/'
-        req.META['SERVER_PORT'] = '4443'
+        req.META["HTTP_HOST"] = "www.example.com"
+        req.META["HTTP_REFERER"] = "https://foo.example.com:4443/"
+        req.META["SERVER_PORT"] = "4443"
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         mw.process_request(req)
         response = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
@@ -804,7 +855,7 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         """
         ensure_csrf_cookie() doesn't log warnings (#19436).
         """
-        with self.assertNoLogs('django.request', 'WARNING'):
+        with self.assertNoLogs("django.request", "WARNING"):
             req = self._get_request()
             ensure_csrf_cookie_view(req)
 
@@ -820,14 +871,14 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         self.assertIsNone(resp)
 
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token(request_class=PostErrorRequest)
-        req.post_error = UnreadablePostError('Error reading input data.')
+        req.post_error = UnreadablePostError("Error reading input data.")
         mw.process_request(req)
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.csrf', 'WARNING') as cm:
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.csrf", "WARNING") as cm:
             resp = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 403)
         self.assertEqual(
             cm.records[0].getMessage(),
-            'Forbidden (%s): ' % REASON_CSRF_TOKEN_MISSING,
+            "Forbidden (%s): " % REASON_CSRF_TOKEN_MISSING,
         )
 
     def test_reading_post_data_raises_os_error(self):
@@ -837,64 +888,64 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         """
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token(request_class=PostErrorRequest)
-        req.post_error = OSError('Deleted directories/Missing permissions.')
+        req.post_error = OSError("Deleted directories/Missing permissions.")
         mw.process_request(req)
         with self.assertRaises(OSError):
             mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=['www.example.com'])
+    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=["www.example.com"])
     def test_bad_origin_bad_domain(self):
         """A request with a bad origin is rejected."""
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token()
-        req.META['HTTP_HOST'] = 'www.example.com'
-        req.META['HTTP_ORIGIN'] = 'https://www.evil.org'
+        req.META["HTTP_HOST"] = "www.example.com"
+        req.META["HTTP_ORIGIN"] = "https://www.evil.org"
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         self._check_referer_rejects(mw, req)
         self.assertIs(mw._origin_verified(req), False)
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.csrf', 'WARNING') as cm:
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.csrf", "WARNING") as cm:
             response = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
-        msg = REASON_BAD_ORIGIN % req.META['HTTP_ORIGIN']
-        self.assertEqual(cm.records[0].getMessage(), 'Forbidden (%s): ' % msg)
+        msg = REASON_BAD_ORIGIN % req.META["HTTP_ORIGIN"]
+        self.assertEqual(cm.records[0].getMessage(), "Forbidden (%s): " % msg)
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=['www.example.com'])
+    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=["www.example.com"])
     def test_bad_origin_null_origin(self):
         """A request with a null origin is rejected."""
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token()
-        req.META['HTTP_HOST'] = 'www.example.com'
-        req.META['HTTP_ORIGIN'] = 'null'
+        req.META["HTTP_HOST"] = "www.example.com"
+        req.META["HTTP_ORIGIN"] = "null"
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         self._check_referer_rejects(mw, req)
         self.assertIs(mw._origin_verified(req), False)
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.csrf', 'WARNING') as cm:
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.csrf", "WARNING") as cm:
             response = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
-        msg = REASON_BAD_ORIGIN % req.META['HTTP_ORIGIN']
-        self.assertEqual(cm.records[0].getMessage(), 'Forbidden (%s): ' % msg)
+        msg = REASON_BAD_ORIGIN % req.META["HTTP_ORIGIN"]
+        self.assertEqual(cm.records[0].getMessage(), "Forbidden (%s): " % msg)
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=['www.example.com'])
+    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=["www.example.com"])
     def test_bad_origin_bad_protocol(self):
         """A request with an origin with wrong protocol is rejected."""
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token()
         req._is_secure_override = True
-        req.META['HTTP_HOST'] = 'www.example.com'
-        req.META['HTTP_ORIGIN'] = 'http://example.com'
+        req.META["HTTP_HOST"] = "www.example.com"
+        req.META["HTTP_ORIGIN"] = "http://example.com"
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         self._check_referer_rejects(mw, req)
         self.assertIs(mw._origin_verified(req), False)
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.csrf', 'WARNING') as cm:
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.csrf", "WARNING") as cm:
             response = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
-        msg = REASON_BAD_ORIGIN % req.META['HTTP_ORIGIN']
-        self.assertEqual(cm.records[0].getMessage(), 'Forbidden (%s): ' % msg)
+        msg = REASON_BAD_ORIGIN % req.META["HTTP_ORIGIN"]
+        self.assertEqual(cm.records[0].getMessage(), "Forbidden (%s): " % msg)
 
     @override_settings(
-        ALLOWED_HOSTS=['www.example.com'],
+        ALLOWED_HOSTS=["www.example.com"],
         CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS=[
-            'http://no-match.com',
-            'https://*.example.com',
-            'http://*.no-match.com',
-            'http://*.no-match-2.com',
+            "http://no-match.com",
+            "https://*.example.com",
+            "http://*.no-match.com",
+            "http://*.no-match-2.com",
         ],
     )
     def test_bad_origin_csrf_trusted_origin_bad_protocol(self):
@@ -904,64 +955,70 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         """
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token()
         req._is_secure_override = True
-        req.META['HTTP_HOST'] = 'www.example.com'
-        req.META['HTTP_ORIGIN'] = 'http://foo.example.com'
+        req.META["HTTP_HOST"] = "www.example.com"
+        req.META["HTTP_ORIGIN"] = "http://foo.example.com"
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         self._check_referer_rejects(mw, req)
         self.assertIs(mw._origin_verified(req), False)
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.csrf', 'WARNING') as cm:
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.csrf", "WARNING") as cm:
             response = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
-        msg = REASON_BAD_ORIGIN % req.META['HTTP_ORIGIN']
-        self.assertEqual(cm.records[0].getMessage(), 'Forbidden (%s): ' % msg)
-        self.assertEqual(mw.allowed_origins_exact, {'http://no-match.com'})
-        self.assertEqual(mw.allowed_origin_subdomains, {
-            'https': ['.example.com'],
-            'http': ['.no-match.com', '.no-match-2.com'],
-        })
+        msg = REASON_BAD_ORIGIN % req.META["HTTP_ORIGIN"]
+        self.assertEqual(cm.records[0].getMessage(), "Forbidden (%s): " % msg)
+        self.assertEqual(mw.allowed_origins_exact, {"http://no-match.com"})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            mw.allowed_origin_subdomains,
+            {
+                "https": [".example.com"],
+                "http": [".no-match.com", ".no-match-2.com"],
+            },
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=['www.example.com'])
+    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=["www.example.com"])
     def test_bad_origin_cannot_be_parsed(self):
         """
         A POST request with an origin that can't be parsed by urlparse() is
         rejected.
         """
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token()
-        req.META['HTTP_HOST'] = 'www.example.com'
-        req.META['HTTP_ORIGIN'] = 'https://['
+        req.META["HTTP_HOST"] = "www.example.com"
+        req.META["HTTP_ORIGIN"] = "https://["
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         self._check_referer_rejects(mw, req)
         self.assertIs(mw._origin_verified(req), False)
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.csrf', 'WARNING') as cm:
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.csrf", "WARNING") as cm:
             response = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
-        msg = REASON_BAD_ORIGIN % req.META['HTTP_ORIGIN']
-        self.assertEqual(cm.records[0].getMessage(), 'Forbidden (%s): ' % msg)
+        msg = REASON_BAD_ORIGIN % req.META["HTTP_ORIGIN"]
+        self.assertEqual(cm.records[0].getMessage(), "Forbidden (%s): " % msg)
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=['www.example.com'])
+    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=["www.example.com"])
     def test_good_origin_insecure(self):
         """A POST HTTP request with a good origin is accepted."""
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token()
-        req.META['HTTP_HOST'] = 'www.example.com'
-        req.META['HTTP_ORIGIN'] = 'http://www.example.com'
+        req.META["HTTP_HOST"] = "www.example.com"
+        req.META["HTTP_ORIGIN"] = "http://www.example.com"
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         self.assertIs(mw._origin_verified(req), True)
         response = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertIsNone(response)
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=['www.example.com'])
+    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=["www.example.com"])
     def test_good_origin_secure(self):
         """A POST HTTPS request with a good origin is accepted."""
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token()
         req._is_secure_override = True
-        req.META['HTTP_HOST'] = 'www.example.com'
-        req.META['HTTP_ORIGIN'] = 'https://www.example.com'
+        req.META["HTTP_HOST"] = "www.example.com"
+        req.META["HTTP_ORIGIN"] = "https://www.example.com"
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         self.assertIs(mw._origin_verified(req), True)
         response = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertIsNone(response)
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=['www.example.com'], CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS=['https://dashboard.example.com'])
+    @override_settings(
+        ALLOWED_HOSTS=["www.example.com"],
+        CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS=["https://dashboard.example.com"],
+    )
     def test_good_origin_csrf_trusted_origin_allowed(self):
         """
         A POST request with an origin added to the CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS
@@ -969,16 +1026,19 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         """
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token()
         req._is_secure_override = True
-        req.META['HTTP_HOST'] = 'www.example.com'
-        req.META['HTTP_ORIGIN'] = 'https://dashboard.example.com'
+        req.META["HTTP_HOST"] = "www.example.com"
+        req.META["HTTP_ORIGIN"] = "https://dashboard.example.com"
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         self.assertIs(mw._origin_verified(req), True)
         resp = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertIsNone(resp)
-        self.assertEqual(mw.allowed_origins_exact, {'https://dashboard.example.com'})
+        self.assertEqual(mw.allowed_origins_exact, {"https://dashboard.example.com"})
         self.assertEqual(mw.allowed_origin_subdomains, {})
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=['www.example.com'], CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS=['https://*.example.com'])
+    @override_settings(
+        ALLOWED_HOSTS=["www.example.com"],
+        CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS=["https://*.example.com"],
+    )
     def test_good_origin_wildcard_csrf_trusted_origin_allowed(self):
         """
         A POST request with an origin that matches a CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS
@@ -986,18 +1046,17 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin(CsrfFunctionTestMixin):
         """
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token()
         req._is_secure_override = True
-        req.META['HTTP_HOST'] = 'www.example.com'
-        req.META['HTTP_ORIGIN'] = 'https://foo.example.com'
+        req.META["HTTP_HOST"] = "www.example.com"
+        req.META["HTTP_ORIGIN"] = "https://foo.example.com"
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         self.assertIs(mw._origin_verified(req), True)
         response = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertIsNone(response)
         self.assertEqual(mw.allowed_origins_exact, set())
-        self.assertEqual(mw.allowed_origin_subdomains, {'https': ['.example.com']})
+        self.assertEqual(mw.allowed_origin_subdomains, {"https": [".example.com"]})
 
 
 class CsrfViewMiddlewareTests(CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
-
     def _set_csrf_cookie(self, req, cookie):
         req.COOKIES[settings.CSRF_COOKIE_NAME] = cookie
 
@@ -1021,7 +1080,7 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTests(CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         resp = ensure_csrf_cookie_view(req)
         csrf_cookie = self._read_csrf_cookie(req, resp)
         self.assertTrue(csrf_cookie)
-        self.assertIn('Cookie', resp.get('Vary', ''))
+        self.assertIn("Cookie", resp.get("Vary", ""))
 
     def test_ensures_csrf_cookie_with_middleware(self):
         """
@@ -1034,7 +1093,7 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTests(CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         resp = mw(req)
         csrf_cookie = self._read_csrf_cookie(req, resp)
         self.assertTrue(csrf_cookie)
-        self.assertIn('Cookie', resp.get('Vary', ''))
+        self.assertIn("Cookie", resp.get("Vary", ""))
 
     def test_csrf_cookie_age(self):
         """
@@ -1043,17 +1102,19 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTests(CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         req = self._get_request()
 
         MAX_AGE = 123
-        with self.settings(CSRF_COOKIE_NAME='csrfcookie',
-                           CSRF_COOKIE_DOMAIN='.example.com',
-                           CSRF_COOKIE_AGE=MAX_AGE,
-                           CSRF_COOKIE_PATH='/test/',
-                           CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE=True,
-                           CSRF_COOKIE_HTTPONLY=True):
+        with self.settings(
+            CSRF_COOKIE_NAME="csrfcookie",
+            CSRF_COOKIE_DOMAIN=".example.com",
+            CSRF_COOKIE_AGE=MAX_AGE,
+            CSRF_COOKIE_PATH="/test/",
+            CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE=True,
+            CSRF_COOKIE_HTTPONLY=True,
+        ):
             # token_view calls get_token() indirectly
             mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(token_view)
             mw.process_view(req, token_view, (), {})
             resp = mw(req)
-            max_age = resp.cookies.get('csrfcookie').get('max-age')
+            max_age = resp.cookies.get("csrfcookie").get("max-age")
             self.assertEqual(max_age, MAX_AGE)
 
     def test_csrf_cookie_age_none(self):
@@ -1064,47 +1125,53 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTests(CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         req = self._get_request()
 
         MAX_AGE = None
-        with self.settings(CSRF_COOKIE_NAME='csrfcookie',
-                           CSRF_COOKIE_DOMAIN='.example.com',
-                           CSRF_COOKIE_AGE=MAX_AGE,
-                           CSRF_COOKIE_PATH='/test/',
-                           CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE=True,
-                           CSRF_COOKIE_HTTPONLY=True):
+        with self.settings(
+            CSRF_COOKIE_NAME="csrfcookie",
+            CSRF_COOKIE_DOMAIN=".example.com",
+            CSRF_COOKIE_AGE=MAX_AGE,
+            CSRF_COOKIE_PATH="/test/",
+            CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE=True,
+            CSRF_COOKIE_HTTPONLY=True,
+        ):
             # token_view calls get_token() indirectly
             mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(token_view)
             mw.process_view(req, token_view, (), {})
             resp = mw(req)
-            max_age = resp.cookies.get('csrfcookie').get('max-age')
-            self.assertEqual(max_age, '')
+            max_age = resp.cookies.get("csrfcookie").get("max-age")
+            self.assertEqual(max_age, "")
 
     def test_csrf_cookie_samesite(self):
         req = self._get_request()
-        with self.settings(CSRF_COOKIE_NAME='csrfcookie', CSRF_COOKIE_SAMESITE='Strict'):
+        with self.settings(
+            CSRF_COOKIE_NAME="csrfcookie", CSRF_COOKIE_SAMESITE="Strict"
+        ):
             mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(token_view)
             mw.process_view(req, token_view, (), {})
             resp = mw(req)
-            self.assertEqual(resp.cookies['csrfcookie']['samesite'], 'Strict')
+            self.assertEqual(resp.cookies["csrfcookie"]["samesite"], "Strict")
 
     def test_bad_csrf_cookie_characters(self):
         """
         If the CSRF cookie has invalid characters in a POST request, the
         middleware rejects the incoming request.
         """
-        self._check_bad_or_missing_cookie(64 * '*', 'CSRF cookie has invalid characters.')
+        self._check_bad_or_missing_cookie(
+            64 * "*", "CSRF cookie has invalid characters."
+        )
 
     def test_bad_csrf_cookie_length(self):
         """
         If the CSRF cookie has an incorrect length in a POST request, the
         middleware rejects the incoming request.
         """
-        self._check_bad_or_missing_cookie(16 * 'a', 'CSRF cookie has incorrect length.')
+        self._check_bad_or_missing_cookie(16 * "a", "CSRF cookie has incorrect length.")
 
     def test_process_view_token_too_long(self):
         """
         If the token is longer than expected, it is ignored and a new token is
         created.
         """
-        req = self._get_request(cookie='x' * 100000)
+        req = self._get_request(cookie="x" * 100000)
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(token_view)
         mw.process_view(req, token_view, (), {})
         resp = mw(req)
@@ -1116,7 +1183,7 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTests(CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         If the token contains non-alphanumeric characters, it is ignored and a
         new token is created.
         """
-        token = ('!@#' + self._csrf_id_token)[:CSRF_TOKEN_LENGTH]
+        token = ("!@#" + self._csrf_id_token)[:CSRF_TOKEN_LENGTH]
         req = self._get_request(cookie=token)
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(token_view)
         mw.process_view(req, token_view, (), {})
@@ -1145,7 +1212,9 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTests(CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
             with self.subTest(args=args):
                 cookie, post_token, meta_token = args
                 req = self._get_POST_csrf_cookie_request(
-                    cookie=cookie, post_token=post_token, meta_token=meta_token,
+                    cookie=cookie,
+                    post_token=post_token,
+                    meta_token=meta_token,
                 )
                 mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(token_view)
                 mw.process_request(req)
@@ -1159,7 +1228,7 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTests(CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         """
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token()
         resp = ensured_and_protected_view(req)
-        self.assertContains(resp, 'OK')
+        self.assertContains(resp, "OK")
         csrf_cookie = self._read_csrf_cookie(req, resp)
         self.assertEqual(csrf_cookie, TEST_SECRET)
         # set_cookie() was called only once and with the expected secret.
@@ -1170,11 +1239,11 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTests(CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         """
         A CSRF cookie with the wrong format is replaced during a GET request.
         """
-        req = self._get_request(cookie='badvalue')
+        req = self._get_request(cookie="badvalue")
         resp = protected_view(req)
-        self.assertContains(resp, 'OK')
+        self.assertContains(resp, "OK")
         csrf_cookie = self._read_csrf_cookie(req, resp)
-        self.assertTrue(csrf_cookie, msg='No CSRF cookie was sent.')
+        self.assertTrue(csrf_cookie, msg="No CSRF cookie was sent.")
         self.assertEqual(len(csrf_cookie), CSRF_SECRET_LENGTH)
 
     def test_valid_secret_not_replaced_on_GET(self):
@@ -1189,9 +1258,9 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTests(CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
             with self.subTest(cookie=cookie):
                 req = self._get_request(cookie=cookie)
                 resp = protected_view(req)
-                self.assertContains(resp, 'OK')
+                self.assertContains(resp, "OK")
                 csrf_cookie = self._read_csrf_cookie(req, resp)
-                self.assertFalse(csrf_cookie, msg='A CSRF cookie was sent.')
+                self.assertFalse(csrf_cookie, msg="A CSRF cookie was sent.")
 
     def test_masked_secret_accepted_and_replaced(self):
         """
@@ -1222,14 +1291,20 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTests(CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(csrf_cookie, TEST_SECRET)
         self._check_token_present(resp, csrf_cookie)
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=['www.example.com'], CSRF_COOKIE_DOMAIN='.example.com', USE_X_FORWARDED_PORT=True)
+    @override_settings(
+        ALLOWED_HOSTS=["www.example.com"],
+        CSRF_COOKIE_DOMAIN=".example.com",
+        USE_X_FORWARDED_PORT=True,
+    )
     def test_https_good_referer_behind_proxy(self):
         """
         A POST HTTPS request is accepted when USE_X_FORWARDED_PORT=True.
         """
         self._test_https_good_referer_behind_proxy()
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=['www.example.com'], CSRF_COOKIE_DOMAIN='.example.com')
+    @override_settings(
+        ALLOWED_HOSTS=["www.example.com"], CSRF_COOKIE_DOMAIN=".example.com"
+    )
     def test_https_good_referer_matches_cookie_domain(self):
         """
         A POST HTTPS request with a good referer should be accepted from a
@@ -1237,7 +1312,9 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTests(CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self._test_https_good_referer_matches_cookie_domain()
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=['www.example.com'], CSRF_COOKIE_DOMAIN='.example.com')
+    @override_settings(
+        ALLOWED_HOSTS=["www.example.com"], CSRF_COOKIE_DOMAIN=".example.com"
+    )
     def test_https_good_referer_matches_cookie_domain_with_different_port(self):
         """
         A POST HTTPS request with a good referer should be accepted from a
@@ -1245,21 +1322,21 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareTests(CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self._test_https_good_referer_matches_cookie_domain_with_different_port()
 
-    @override_settings(CSRF_COOKIE_DOMAIN='.example.com', DEBUG=True)
+    @override_settings(CSRF_COOKIE_DOMAIN=".example.com", DEBUG=True)
     def test_https_reject_insecure_referer(self):
         """
         A POST HTTPS request from an insecure referer should be rejected.
         """
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token()
         req._is_secure_override = True
-        req.META['HTTP_REFERER'] = 'http://example.com/'
-        req.META['SERVER_PORT'] = '443'
+        req.META["HTTP_REFERER"] = "http://example.com/"
+        req.META["SERVER_PORT"] = "443"
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         self._check_referer_rejects(mw, req)
         response = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            'Referer checking failed - Referer is insecure while host is secure.',
+            "Referer checking failed - Referer is insecure while host is secure.",
             status_code=403,
         )
 
@@ -1286,8 +1363,8 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareUseSessionsTests(CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin, SimpleTest
 
     def test_no_session_on_request(self):
         msg = (
-            'CSRF_USE_SESSIONS is enabled, but request.session is not set. '
-            'SessionMiddleware must appear before CsrfViewMiddleware in MIDDLEWARE.'
+            "CSRF_USE_SESSIONS is enabled, but request.session is not set. "
+            "SessionMiddleware must appear before CsrfViewMiddleware in MIDDLEWARE."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
             mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(lambda req: HttpResponse())
@@ -1309,7 +1386,9 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareUseSessionsTests(CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin, SimpleTest
             with self.subTest(args=args):
                 cookie, post_token, meta_token = args
                 req = self._get_POST_csrf_cookie_request(
-                    cookie=cookie, post_token=post_token, meta_token=meta_token,
+                    cookie=cookie,
+                    post_token=post_token,
+                    meta_token=meta_token,
                 )
                 mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(token_view)
                 mw.process_request(req)
@@ -1349,8 +1428,8 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareUseSessionsTests(CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin, SimpleTest
         self.assertTrue(csrf_cookie)
 
     @override_settings(
-        ALLOWED_HOSTS=['www.example.com'],
-        SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN='.example.com',
+        ALLOWED_HOSTS=["www.example.com"],
+        SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN=".example.com",
         USE_X_FORWARDED_PORT=True,
         DEBUG=True,
     )
@@ -1360,7 +1439,9 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareUseSessionsTests(CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin, SimpleTest
         """
         self._test_https_good_referer_behind_proxy()
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=['www.example.com'], SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN='.example.com')
+    @override_settings(
+        ALLOWED_HOSTS=["www.example.com"], SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN=".example.com"
+    )
     def test_https_good_referer_matches_cookie_domain(self):
         """
         A POST HTTPS request with a good referer should be accepted from a
@@ -1368,7 +1449,9 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareUseSessionsTests(CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin, SimpleTest
         """
         self._test_https_good_referer_matches_cookie_domain()
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=['www.example.com'], SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN='.example.com')
+    @override_settings(
+        ALLOWED_HOSTS=["www.example.com"], SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN=".example.com"
+    )
     def test_https_good_referer_matches_cookie_domain_with_different_port(self):
         """
         A POST HTTPS request with a good referer should be accepted from a
@@ -1376,34 +1459,34 @@ class CsrfViewMiddlewareUseSessionsTests(CsrfViewMiddlewareTestMixin, SimpleTest
         """
         self._test_https_good_referer_matches_cookie_domain_with_different_port()
 
-    @override_settings(SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN='.example.com', DEBUG=True)
+    @override_settings(SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN=".example.com", DEBUG=True)
     def test_https_reject_insecure_referer(self):
         """
         A POST HTTPS request from an insecure referer should be rejected.
         """
         req = self._get_POST_request_with_token()
         req._is_secure_override = True
-        req.META['HTTP_REFERER'] = 'http://example.com/'
-        req.META['SERVER_PORT'] = '443'
+        req.META["HTTP_REFERER"] = "http://example.com/"
+        req.META["SERVER_PORT"] = "443"
         mw = CsrfViewMiddleware(post_form_view)
         response = mw.process_view(req, post_form_view, (), {})
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            'Referer checking failed - Referer is insecure while host is secure.',
+            "Referer checking failed - Referer is insecure while host is secure.",
             status_code=403,
         )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='csrf_tests.csrf_token_error_handler_urls', DEBUG=False)
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="csrf_tests.csrf_token_error_handler_urls", DEBUG=False)
 class CsrfInErrorHandlingViewsTests(CsrfFunctionTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
     def test_csrf_token_on_404_stays_constant(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/does not exist/')
+        response = self.client.get("/does not exist/")
         # The error handler returns status code 599.
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 599)
-        token1 = response.content.decode('ascii')
-        response = self.client.get('/does not exist/')
+        token1 = response.content.decode("ascii")
+        response = self.client.get("/does not exist/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 599)
-        token2 = response.content.decode('ascii')
+        token2 = response.content.decode("ascii")
         secret2 = _unmask_cipher_token(token2)
         self.assertMaskedSecretCorrect(token1, secret2)
 
@@ -1413,24 +1496,24 @@ class CsrfCookieMaskedTests(CsrfFunctionTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
     @override_settings(CSRF_COOKIE_MASKED=True)
     def test_get_token_csrf_cookie_not_set(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
-        self.assertNotIn('CSRF_COOKIE', request.META)
-        self.assertNotIn('CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE', request.META)
+        self.assertNotIn("CSRF_COOKIE", request.META)
+        self.assertNotIn("CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE", request.META)
         token = get_token(request)
-        cookie = request.META['CSRF_COOKIE']
+        cookie = request.META["CSRF_COOKIE"]
         self.assertEqual(len(cookie), CSRF_TOKEN_LENGTH)
         unmasked_cookie = _unmask_cipher_token(cookie)
         self.assertMaskedSecretCorrect(token, unmasked_cookie)
-        self.assertIs(request.META['CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE'], True)
+        self.assertIs(request.META["CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE"], True)
 
     @override_settings(CSRF_COOKIE_MASKED=True)
     def test_rotate_token(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
-        request.META['CSRF_COOKIE'] = MASKED_TEST_SECRET1
-        self.assertNotIn('CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE', request.META)
+        request.META["CSRF_COOKIE"] = MASKED_TEST_SECRET1
+        self.assertNotIn("CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE", request.META)
         rotate_token(request)
         # The underlying secret was changed.
-        cookie = request.META['CSRF_COOKIE']
+        cookie = request.META["CSRF_COOKIE"]
         self.assertEqual(len(cookie), CSRF_TOKEN_LENGTH)
         unmasked_cookie = _unmask_cipher_token(cookie)
         self.assertNotEqual(unmasked_cookie, TEST_SECRET)
-        self.assertIs(request.META['CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE'], True)
+        self.assertIs(request.META["CSRF_COOKIE_NEEDS_UPDATE"], True)
diff --git a/tests/csrf_tests/views.py b/tests/csrf_tests/views.py
index 774d72650d..35c7fb95d6 100644
--- a/tests/csrf_tests/views.py
+++ b/tests/csrf_tests/views.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ class TestingHttpResponse(HttpResponse):
     A version of HttpResponse that stores what cookie values are passed to
     set_cookie() when CSRF_USE_SESSIONS=False.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         # This is a list of the cookie values passed to set_cookie() over
@@ -24,7 +25,6 @@ class TestingHttpResponse(HttpResponse):
 
 
 class _CsrfCookieRotator(MiddlewareMixin):
-
     def process_response(self, request, response):
         rotate_token(request)
         return response
@@ -35,18 +35,18 @@ csrf_rotating_token = decorator_from_middleware(_CsrfCookieRotator)
 
 @csrf_protect
 def protected_view(request):
-    return HttpResponse('OK')
+    return HttpResponse("OK")
 
 
 @ensure_csrf_cookie
 def ensure_csrf_cookie_view(request):
-    return HttpResponse('OK')
+    return HttpResponse("OK")
 
 
 @csrf_protect
 @ensure_csrf_cookie
 def ensured_and_protected_view(request):
-    return TestingHttpResponse('OK')
+    return TestingHttpResponse("OK")
 
 
 @csrf_protect
@@ -57,26 +57,28 @@ def sandwiched_rotate_token_view(request):
     This is a view that calls rotate_token() in process_response() between two
     calls to CsrfViewMiddleware.process_response().
     """
-    return TestingHttpResponse('OK')
+    return TestingHttpResponse("OK")
 
 
 def post_form_view(request):
     """Return a POST form (without a token)."""
-    return HttpResponse(content="""
+    return HttpResponse(
+        content="""
 <html><body><h1>\u00a1Unicode!<form method="post"><input type="text"></form></body></html>
-""")
+"""
+    )
 
 
 def token_view(request):
     context = RequestContext(request, processors=[csrf])
-    template = Template('{% csrf_token %}')
+    template = Template("{% csrf_token %}")
     return HttpResponse(template.render(context))
 
 
 def non_token_view_using_request_processor(request):
     """Use the csrf view processor instead of the token."""
     context = RequestContext(request, processors=[csrf])
-    template = Template('')
+    template = Template("")
     return HttpResponse(template.render(context))
 
 
diff --git a/tests/custom_columns/models.py b/tests/custom_columns/models.py
index 575ca99a18..378a001820 100644
--- a/tests/custom_columns/models.py
+++ b/tests/custom_columns/models.py
@@ -19,32 +19,32 @@ from django.db import models
 
 
 class Author(models.Model):
-    Author_ID = models.AutoField(primary_key=True, db_column='Author ID')
-    first_name = models.CharField(max_length=30, db_column='firstname')
-    last_name = models.CharField(max_length=30, db_column='last')
+    Author_ID = models.AutoField(primary_key=True, db_column="Author ID")
+    first_name = models.CharField(max_length=30, db_column="firstname")
+    last_name = models.CharField(max_length=30, db_column="last")
 
     class Meta:
-        db_table = 'my_author_table'
-        ordering = ('last_name', 'first_name')
+        db_table = "my_author_table"
+        ordering = ("last_name", "first_name")
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s %s' % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
+        return "%s %s" % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
 
 
 class Article(models.Model):
-    Article_ID = models.AutoField(primary_key=True, db_column='Article ID')
+    Article_ID = models.AutoField(primary_key=True, db_column="Article ID")
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
-    authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author, db_table='my_m2m_table')
+    authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author, db_table="my_m2m_table")
     primary_author = models.ForeignKey(
         Author,
         models.SET_NULL,
-        db_column='Author ID',
-        related_name='primary_set',
+        db_column="Author ID",
+        related_name="primary_set",
         null=True,
     )
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('headline',)
+        ordering = ("headline",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
diff --git a/tests/custom_columns/tests.py b/tests/custom_columns/tests.py
index 20e649de03..32a48b4840 100644
--- a/tests/custom_columns/tests.py
+++ b/tests/custom_columns/tests.py
@@ -5,22 +5,25 @@ from .models import Article, Author
 
 
 class CustomColumnsTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.a1 = Author.objects.create(first_name="John", last_name="Smith")
         cls.a2 = Author.objects.create(first_name="Peter", last_name="Jones")
         cls.authors = [cls.a1, cls.a2]
 
-        cls.article = Article.objects.create(headline="Django lets you build web apps easily", primary_author=cls.a1)
+        cls.article = Article.objects.create(
+            headline="Django lets you build web apps easily", primary_author=cls.a1
+        )
         cls.article.authors.set(cls.authors)
 
     def test_query_all_available_authors(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Author.objects.all(), [
-                "Peter Jones", "John Smith",
+            Author.objects.all(),
+            [
+                "Peter Jones",
+                "John Smith",
             ],
-            str
+            str,
         )
 
     def test_get_first_name(self):
@@ -31,10 +34,11 @@ class CustomColumnsTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_filter_first_name(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Author.objects.filter(first_name__exact="John"), [
+            Author.objects.filter(first_name__exact="John"),
+            [
                 "John Smith",
             ],
-            str
+            str,
         )
 
     def test_field_error(self):
@@ -54,43 +58,42 @@ class CustomColumnsTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_get_all_authors_for_an_article(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.article.authors.all(), [
+            self.article.authors.all(),
+            [
                 "Peter Jones",
                 "John Smith",
             ],
-            str
+            str,
         )
 
     def test_get_all_articles_for_an_author(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.a1.article_set.all(), [
+            self.a1.article_set.all(),
+            [
                 "Django lets you build web apps easily",
             ],
-            lambda a: a.headline
+            lambda a: a.headline,
         )
 
     def test_get_author_m2m_relation(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.article.authors.filter(last_name='Jones'), [
-                "Peter Jones"
-            ],
-            str
+            self.article.authors.filter(last_name="Jones"), ["Peter Jones"], str
         )
 
     def test_author_querying(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Author.objects.all().order_by('last_name'),
+            Author.objects.all().order_by("last_name"),
             [self.a2, self.a1],
         )
 
     def test_author_filtering(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Author.objects.filter(first_name__exact='John'),
+            Author.objects.filter(first_name__exact="John"),
             [self.a1],
         )
 
     def test_author_get(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.a1, Author.objects.get(first_name__exact='John'))
+        self.assertEqual(self.a1, Author.objects.get(first_name__exact="John"))
 
     def test_filter_on_nonexistent_field(self):
         msg = (
@@ -98,25 +101,29 @@ class CustomColumnsTests(TestCase):
             "Author_ID, article, first_name, last_name, primary_set"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
-            Author.objects.filter(firstname__exact='John')
+            Author.objects.filter(firstname__exact="John")
 
     def test_author_get_attributes(self):
-        a = Author.objects.get(last_name__exact='Smith')
-        self.assertEqual('John', a.first_name)
-        self.assertEqual('Smith', a.last_name)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, "'Author' object has no attribute 'firstname'"):
-            getattr(a, 'firstname')
+        a = Author.objects.get(last_name__exact="Smith")
+        self.assertEqual("John", a.first_name)
+        self.assertEqual("Smith", a.last_name)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            AttributeError, "'Author' object has no attribute 'firstname'"
+        ):
+            getattr(a, "firstname")
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, "'Author' object has no attribute 'last'"):
-            getattr(a, 'last')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            AttributeError, "'Author' object has no attribute 'last'"
+        ):
+            getattr(a, "last")
 
     def test_m2m_table(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            self.article.authors.all().order_by('last_name'),
+            self.article.authors.all().order_by("last_name"),
             [self.a2, self.a1],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.a1.article_set.all(), [self.article])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            self.article.authors.filter(last_name='Jones'),
+            self.article.authors.filter(last_name="Jones"),
             [self.a2],
         )
diff --git a/tests/custom_lookups/tests.py b/tests/custom_lookups/tests.py
index 1be4de790d..2af145595e 100644
--- a/tests/custom_lookups/tests.py
+++ b/tests/custom_lookups/tests.py
@@ -12,31 +12,31 @@ from .models import Article, Author, MySQLUnixTimestamp
 
 
 class Div3Lookup(models.Lookup):
-    lookup_name = 'div3'
+    lookup_name = "div3"
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         lhs, params = self.process_lhs(compiler, connection)
         rhs, rhs_params = self.process_rhs(compiler, connection)
         params.extend(rhs_params)
-        return '(%s) %%%% 3 = %s' % (lhs, rhs), params
+        return "(%s) %%%% 3 = %s" % (lhs, rhs), params
 
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection):
         lhs, params = self.process_lhs(compiler, connection)
         rhs, rhs_params = self.process_rhs(compiler, connection)
         params.extend(rhs_params)
-        return 'mod(%s, 3) = %s' % (lhs, rhs), params
+        return "mod(%s, 3) = %s" % (lhs, rhs), params
 
 
 class Div3Transform(models.Transform):
-    lookup_name = 'div3'
+    lookup_name = "div3"
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         lhs, lhs_params = compiler.compile(self.lhs)
-        return '(%s) %%%% 3' % lhs, lhs_params
+        return "(%s) %%%% 3" % lhs, lhs_params
 
     def as_oracle(self, compiler, connection, **extra_context):
         lhs, lhs_params = compiler.compile(self.lhs)
-        return 'mod(%s, 3)' % lhs, lhs_params
+        return "mod(%s, 3)" % lhs, lhs_params
 
 
 class Div3BilateralTransform(Div3Transform):
@@ -45,37 +45,37 @@ class Div3BilateralTransform(Div3Transform):
 
 class Mult3BilateralTransform(models.Transform):
     bilateral = True
-    lookup_name = 'mult3'
+    lookup_name = "mult3"
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         lhs, lhs_params = compiler.compile(self.lhs)
-        return '3 * (%s)' % lhs, lhs_params
+        return "3 * (%s)" % lhs, lhs_params
 
 
 class LastDigitTransform(models.Transform):
-    lookup_name = 'lastdigit'
+    lookup_name = "lastdigit"
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         lhs, lhs_params = compiler.compile(self.lhs)
-        return 'SUBSTR(CAST(%s AS CHAR(2)), 2, 1)' % lhs, lhs_params
+        return "SUBSTR(CAST(%s AS CHAR(2)), 2, 1)" % lhs, lhs_params
 
 
 class UpperBilateralTransform(models.Transform):
     bilateral = True
-    lookup_name = 'upper'
+    lookup_name = "upper"
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         lhs, lhs_params = compiler.compile(self.lhs)
-        return 'UPPER(%s)' % lhs, lhs_params
+        return "UPPER(%s)" % lhs, lhs_params
 
 
 class YearTransform(models.Transform):
     # Use a name that avoids collision with the built-in year lookup.
-    lookup_name = 'testyear'
+    lookup_name = "testyear"
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         lhs_sql, params = compiler.compile(self.lhs)
-        return connection.ops.date_extract_sql('year', lhs_sql), params
+        return connection.ops.date_extract_sql("year", lhs_sql), params
 
     @property
     def output_field(self):
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class YearTransform(models.Transform):
 
 @YearTransform.register_lookup
 class YearExact(models.lookups.Lookup):
-    lookup_name = 'exact'
+    lookup_name = "exact"
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         # We will need to skip the extract part, and instead go
@@ -96,9 +96,12 @@ class YearExact(models.lookups.Lookup):
         params = lhs_params + rhs_params + lhs_params + rhs_params
         # We use PostgreSQL specific SQL here. Note that we must do the
         # conversions in SQL instead of in Python to support F() references.
-        return ("%(lhs)s >= (%(rhs)s || '-01-01')::date "
-                "AND %(lhs)s <= (%(rhs)s || '-12-31')::date" %
-                {'lhs': lhs_sql, 'rhs': rhs_sql}, params)
+        return (
+            "%(lhs)s >= (%(rhs)s || '-01-01')::date "
+            "AND %(lhs)s <= (%(rhs)s || '-12-31')::date"
+            % {"lhs": lhs_sql, "rhs": rhs_sql},
+            params,
+        )
 
 
 @YearTransform.register_lookup
@@ -125,15 +128,16 @@ class Exactly(models.lookups.Exact):
     """
     This lookup is used to test lookup registration.
     """
-    lookup_name = 'exactly'
+
+    lookup_name = "exactly"
 
     def get_rhs_op(self, connection, rhs):
-        return connection.operators['exact'] % rhs
+        return connection.operators["exact"] % rhs
 
 
 class SQLFuncMixin:
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
-        return '%s()' % self.name, []
+        return "%s()" % self.name, []
 
     @property
     def output_field(self):
@@ -153,28 +157,26 @@ class SQLFuncTransform(SQLFuncMixin, models.Transform):
 
 
 class SQLFuncFactory:
-
     def __init__(self, key, name):
         self.key = key
         self.name = name
 
     def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        if self.key == 'lookupfunc':
+        if self.key == "lookupfunc":
             return SQLFuncLookup(self.name, *args, **kwargs)
         return SQLFuncTransform(self.name, *args, **kwargs)
 
 
 class CustomField(models.TextField):
-
     def get_lookup(self, lookup_name):
-        if lookup_name.startswith('lookupfunc_'):
-            key, name = lookup_name.split('_', 1)
+        if lookup_name.startswith("lookupfunc_"):
+            key, name = lookup_name.split("_", 1)
             return SQLFuncFactory(key, name)
         return super().get_lookup(lookup_name)
 
     def get_transform(self, lookup_name):
-        if lookup_name.startswith('transformfunc_'):
-            key, name = lookup_name.split('_', 1)
+        if lookup_name.startswith("transformfunc_"):
+            key, name = lookup_name.split("_", 1)
             return SQLFuncFactory(key, name)
         return super().get_transform(lookup_name)
 
@@ -190,7 +192,8 @@ class InMonth(models.lookups.Lookup):
     """
     InMonth matches if the column's month is the same as value's month.
     """
-    lookup_name = 'inmonth'
+
+    lookup_name = "inmonth"
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         lhs, lhs_params = self.process_lhs(compiler, connection)
@@ -198,13 +201,15 @@ class InMonth(models.lookups.Lookup):
         # We need to be careful so that we get the params in right
         # places.
         params = lhs_params + rhs_params + lhs_params + rhs_params
-        return ("%s >= date_trunc('month', %s) and "
-                "%s < date_trunc('month', %s) + interval '1 months'" %
-                (lhs, rhs, lhs, rhs), params)
+        return (
+            "%s >= date_trunc('month', %s) and "
+            "%s < date_trunc('month', %s) + interval '1 months'" % (lhs, rhs, lhs, rhs),
+            params,
+        )
 
 
 class DateTimeTransform(models.Transform):
-    lookup_name = 'as_datetime'
+    lookup_name = "as_datetime"
 
     @property
     def output_field(self):
@@ -212,18 +217,18 @@ class DateTimeTransform(models.Transform):
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         lhs, params = compiler.compile(self.lhs)
-        return 'from_unixtime({})'.format(lhs), params
+        return "from_unixtime({})".format(lhs), params
 
 
 class LookupTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_custom_name_lookup(self):
-        a1 = Author.objects.create(name='a1', birthdate=date(1981, 2, 16))
-        Author.objects.create(name='a2', birthdate=date(2012, 2, 29))
-        with register_lookup(models.DateField, YearTransform), \
-                register_lookup(models.DateField, YearTransform, lookup_name='justtheyear'), \
-                register_lookup(YearTransform, Exactly), \
-                register_lookup(YearTransform, Exactly, lookup_name='isactually'):
+        a1 = Author.objects.create(name="a1", birthdate=date(1981, 2, 16))
+        Author.objects.create(name="a2", birthdate=date(2012, 2, 29))
+        with register_lookup(models.DateField, YearTransform), register_lookup(
+            models.DateField, YearTransform, lookup_name="justtheyear"
+        ), register_lookup(YearTransform, Exactly), register_lookup(
+            YearTransform, Exactly, lookup_name="isactually"
+        ):
             qs1 = Author.objects.filter(birthdate__testyear__exactly=1981)
             qs2 = Author.objects.filter(birthdate__justtheyear__isactually=1981)
             self.assertSequenceEqual(qs1, [a1])
@@ -234,175 +239,208 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
         __exact=None is transformed to __isnull=True if a custom lookup class
         with lookup_name != 'exact' is registered as the `exact` lookup.
         """
-        field = Author._meta.get_field('birthdate')
-        OldExactLookup = field.get_lookup('exact')
-        author = Author.objects.create(name='author', birthdate=None)
+        field = Author._meta.get_field("birthdate")
+        OldExactLookup = field.get_lookup("exact")
+        author = Author.objects.create(name="author", birthdate=None)
         try:
-            field.register_lookup(Exactly, 'exact')
+            field.register_lookup(Exactly, "exact")
             self.assertEqual(Author.objects.get(birthdate__exact=None), author)
         finally:
-            field.register_lookup(OldExactLookup, 'exact')
+            field.register_lookup(OldExactLookup, "exact")
 
     def test_basic_lookup(self):
-        a1 = Author.objects.create(name='a1', age=1)
-        a2 = Author.objects.create(name='a2', age=2)
-        a3 = Author.objects.create(name='a3', age=3)
-        a4 = Author.objects.create(name='a4', age=4)
+        a1 = Author.objects.create(name="a1", age=1)
+        a2 = Author.objects.create(name="a2", age=2)
+        a3 = Author.objects.create(name="a3", age=3)
+        a4 = Author.objects.create(name="a4", age=4)
         with register_lookup(models.IntegerField, Div3Lookup):
             self.assertSequenceEqual(Author.objects.filter(age__div3=0), [a3])
-            self.assertSequenceEqual(Author.objects.filter(age__div3=1).order_by('age'), [a1, a4])
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                Author.objects.filter(age__div3=1).order_by("age"), [a1, a4]
+            )
             self.assertSequenceEqual(Author.objects.filter(age__div3=2), [a2])
             self.assertSequenceEqual(Author.objects.filter(age__div3=3), [])
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', "PostgreSQL specific SQL used")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(
+        connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific SQL used"
+    )
     def test_birthdate_month(self):
-        a1 = Author.objects.create(name='a1', birthdate=date(1981, 2, 16))
-        a2 = Author.objects.create(name='a2', birthdate=date(2012, 2, 29))
-        a3 = Author.objects.create(name='a3', birthdate=date(2012, 1, 31))
-        a4 = Author.objects.create(name='a4', birthdate=date(2012, 3, 1))
+        a1 = Author.objects.create(name="a1", birthdate=date(1981, 2, 16))
+        a2 = Author.objects.create(name="a2", birthdate=date(2012, 2, 29))
+        a3 = Author.objects.create(name="a3", birthdate=date(2012, 1, 31))
+        a4 = Author.objects.create(name="a4", birthdate=date(2012, 3, 1))
         with register_lookup(models.DateField, InMonth):
-            self.assertSequenceEqual(Author.objects.filter(birthdate__inmonth=date(2012, 1, 15)), [a3])
-            self.assertSequenceEqual(Author.objects.filter(birthdate__inmonth=date(2012, 2, 1)), [a2])
-            self.assertSequenceEqual(Author.objects.filter(birthdate__inmonth=date(1981, 2, 28)), [a1])
-            self.assertSequenceEqual(Author.objects.filter(birthdate__inmonth=date(2012, 3, 12)), [a4])
-            self.assertSequenceEqual(Author.objects.filter(birthdate__inmonth=date(2012, 4, 1)), [])
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                Author.objects.filter(birthdate__inmonth=date(2012, 1, 15)), [a3]
+            )
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                Author.objects.filter(birthdate__inmonth=date(2012, 2, 1)), [a2]
+            )
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                Author.objects.filter(birthdate__inmonth=date(1981, 2, 28)), [a1]
+            )
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                Author.objects.filter(birthdate__inmonth=date(2012, 3, 12)), [a4]
+            )
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                Author.objects.filter(birthdate__inmonth=date(2012, 4, 1)), []
+            )
 
     def test_div3_extract(self):
         with register_lookup(models.IntegerField, Div3Transform):
-            a1 = Author.objects.create(name='a1', age=1)
-            a2 = Author.objects.create(name='a2', age=2)
-            a3 = Author.objects.create(name='a3', age=3)
-            a4 = Author.objects.create(name='a4', age=4)
-            baseqs = Author.objects.order_by('name')
+            a1 = Author.objects.create(name="a1", age=1)
+            a2 = Author.objects.create(name="a2", age=2)
+            a3 = Author.objects.create(name="a3", age=3)
+            a4 = Author.objects.create(name="a4", age=4)
+            baseqs = Author.objects.order_by("name")
             self.assertSequenceEqual(baseqs.filter(age__div3=2), [a2])
             self.assertSequenceEqual(baseqs.filter(age__div3__lte=3), [a1, a2, a3, a4])
             self.assertSequenceEqual(baseqs.filter(age__div3__in=[0, 2]), [a2, a3])
             self.assertSequenceEqual(baseqs.filter(age__div3__in=[2, 4]), [a2])
             self.assertSequenceEqual(baseqs.filter(age__div3__gte=3), [])
-            self.assertSequenceEqual(baseqs.filter(age__div3__range=(1, 2)), [a1, a2, a4])
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                baseqs.filter(age__div3__range=(1, 2)), [a1, a2, a4]
+            )
 
     def test_foreignobject_lookup_registration(self):
-        field = Article._meta.get_field('author')
+        field = Article._meta.get_field("author")
 
         with register_lookup(models.ForeignObject, Exactly):
-            self.assertIs(field.get_lookup('exactly'), Exactly)
+            self.assertIs(field.get_lookup("exactly"), Exactly)
 
         # ForeignObject should ignore regular Field lookups
         with register_lookup(models.Field, Exactly):
-            self.assertIsNone(field.get_lookup('exactly'))
+            self.assertIsNone(field.get_lookup("exactly"))
 
     def test_lookups_caching(self):
-        field = Article._meta.get_field('author')
+        field = Article._meta.get_field("author")
 
         # clear and re-cache
         field.get_lookups.cache_clear()
-        self.assertNotIn('exactly', field.get_lookups())
+        self.assertNotIn("exactly", field.get_lookups())
 
         # registration should bust the cache
         with register_lookup(models.ForeignObject, Exactly):
             # getting the lookups again should re-cache
-            self.assertIn('exactly', field.get_lookups())
+            self.assertIn("exactly", field.get_lookups())
 
 
 class BilateralTransformTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_bilateral_upper(self):
         with register_lookup(models.CharField, UpperBilateralTransform):
-            author1 = Author.objects.create(name='Doe')
-            author2 = Author.objects.create(name='doe')
-            author3 = Author.objects.create(name='Foo')
+            author1 = Author.objects.create(name="Doe")
+            author2 = Author.objects.create(name="doe")
+            author3 = Author.objects.create(name="Foo")
             self.assertCountEqual(
-                Author.objects.filter(name__upper='doe'),
+                Author.objects.filter(name__upper="doe"),
                 [author1, author2],
             )
             self.assertSequenceEqual(
-                Author.objects.filter(name__upper__contains='f'),
+                Author.objects.filter(name__upper__contains="f"),
                 [author3],
             )
 
     def test_bilateral_inner_qs(self):
         with register_lookup(models.CharField, UpperBilateralTransform):
-            msg = 'Bilateral transformations on nested querysets are not implemented.'
+            msg = "Bilateral transformations on nested querysets are not implemented."
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
-                Author.objects.filter(name__upper__in=Author.objects.values_list('name'))
+                Author.objects.filter(
+                    name__upper__in=Author.objects.values_list("name")
+                )
 
     def test_bilateral_multi_value(self):
         with register_lookup(models.CharField, UpperBilateralTransform):
-            Author.objects.bulk_create([
-                Author(name='Foo'),
-                Author(name='Bar'),
-                Author(name='Ray'),
-            ])
+            Author.objects.bulk_create(
+                [
+                    Author(name="Foo"),
+                    Author(name="Bar"),
+                    Author(name="Ray"),
+                ]
+            )
             self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-                Author.objects.filter(name__upper__in=['foo', 'bar', 'doe']).order_by('name'),
-                ['Bar', 'Foo'],
-                lambda a: a.name
+                Author.objects.filter(name__upper__in=["foo", "bar", "doe"]).order_by(
+                    "name"
+                ),
+                ["Bar", "Foo"],
+                lambda a: a.name,
             )
 
     def test_div3_bilateral_extract(self):
         with register_lookup(models.IntegerField, Div3BilateralTransform):
-            a1 = Author.objects.create(name='a1', age=1)
-            a2 = Author.objects.create(name='a2', age=2)
-            a3 = Author.objects.create(name='a3', age=3)
-            a4 = Author.objects.create(name='a4', age=4)
-            baseqs = Author.objects.order_by('name')
+            a1 = Author.objects.create(name="a1", age=1)
+            a2 = Author.objects.create(name="a2", age=2)
+            a3 = Author.objects.create(name="a3", age=3)
+            a4 = Author.objects.create(name="a4", age=4)
+            baseqs = Author.objects.order_by("name")
             self.assertSequenceEqual(baseqs.filter(age__div3=2), [a2])
             self.assertSequenceEqual(baseqs.filter(age__div3__lte=3), [a3])
             self.assertSequenceEqual(baseqs.filter(age__div3__in=[0, 2]), [a2, a3])
             self.assertSequenceEqual(baseqs.filter(age__div3__in=[2, 4]), [a1, a2, a4])
             self.assertSequenceEqual(baseqs.filter(age__div3__gte=3), [a1, a2, a3, a4])
-            self.assertSequenceEqual(baseqs.filter(age__div3__range=(1, 2)), [a1, a2, a4])
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                baseqs.filter(age__div3__range=(1, 2)), [a1, a2, a4]
+            )
 
     def test_bilateral_order(self):
-        with register_lookup(models.IntegerField, Mult3BilateralTransform, Div3BilateralTransform):
-            a1 = Author.objects.create(name='a1', age=1)
-            a2 = Author.objects.create(name='a2', age=2)
-            a3 = Author.objects.create(name='a3', age=3)
-            a4 = Author.objects.create(name='a4', age=4)
-            baseqs = Author.objects.order_by('name')
+        with register_lookup(
+            models.IntegerField, Mult3BilateralTransform, Div3BilateralTransform
+        ):
+            a1 = Author.objects.create(name="a1", age=1)
+            a2 = Author.objects.create(name="a2", age=2)
+            a3 = Author.objects.create(name="a3", age=3)
+            a4 = Author.objects.create(name="a4", age=4)
+            baseqs = Author.objects.order_by("name")
 
             # mult3__div3 always leads to 0
-            self.assertSequenceEqual(baseqs.filter(age__mult3__div3=42), [a1, a2, a3, a4])
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                baseqs.filter(age__mult3__div3=42), [a1, a2, a3, a4]
+            )
             self.assertSequenceEqual(baseqs.filter(age__div3__mult3=42), [a3])
 
     def test_transform_order_by(self):
         with register_lookup(models.IntegerField, LastDigitTransform):
-            a1 = Author.objects.create(name='a1', age=11)
-            a2 = Author.objects.create(name='a2', age=23)
-            a3 = Author.objects.create(name='a3', age=32)
-            a4 = Author.objects.create(name='a4', age=40)
-            qs = Author.objects.order_by('age__lastdigit')
+            a1 = Author.objects.create(name="a1", age=11)
+            a2 = Author.objects.create(name="a2", age=23)
+            a3 = Author.objects.create(name="a3", age=32)
+            a4 = Author.objects.create(name="a4", age=40)
+            qs = Author.objects.order_by("age__lastdigit")
             self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [a4, a1, a3, a2])
 
     def test_bilateral_fexpr(self):
         with register_lookup(models.IntegerField, Mult3BilateralTransform):
-            a1 = Author.objects.create(name='a1', age=1, average_rating=3.2)
-            a2 = Author.objects.create(name='a2', age=2, average_rating=0.5)
-            a3 = Author.objects.create(name='a3', age=3, average_rating=1.5)
-            a4 = Author.objects.create(name='a4', age=4)
-            baseqs = Author.objects.order_by('name')
-            self.assertSequenceEqual(baseqs.filter(age__mult3=models.F('age')), [a1, a2, a3, a4])
+            a1 = Author.objects.create(name="a1", age=1, average_rating=3.2)
+            a2 = Author.objects.create(name="a2", age=2, average_rating=0.5)
+            a3 = Author.objects.create(name="a3", age=3, average_rating=1.5)
+            a4 = Author.objects.create(name="a4", age=4)
+            baseqs = Author.objects.order_by("name")
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                baseqs.filter(age__mult3=models.F("age")), [a1, a2, a3, a4]
+            )
             # Same as age >= average_rating
-            self.assertSequenceEqual(baseqs.filter(age__mult3__gte=models.F('average_rating')), [a2, a3])
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                baseqs.filter(age__mult3__gte=models.F("average_rating")), [a2, a3]
+            )
 
 
 @override_settings(USE_TZ=True)
 class DateTimeLookupTests(TestCase):
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'mysql', "MySQL specific SQL used")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "mysql", "MySQL specific SQL used")
     def test_datetime_output_field(self):
         with register_lookup(models.PositiveIntegerField, DateTimeTransform):
             ut = MySQLUnixTimestamp.objects.create(timestamp=time.time())
             y2k = timezone.make_aware(datetime(2000, 1, 1))
-            self.assertSequenceEqual(MySQLUnixTimestamp.objects.filter(timestamp__as_datetime__gt=y2k), [ut])
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                MySQLUnixTimestamp.objects.filter(timestamp__as_datetime__gt=y2k), [ut]
+            )
 
 
 class YearLteTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.a1 = Author.objects.create(name='a1', birthdate=date(1981, 2, 16))
-        cls.a2 = Author.objects.create(name='a2', birthdate=date(2012, 2, 29))
-        cls.a3 = Author.objects.create(name='a3', birthdate=date(2012, 1, 31))
-        cls.a4 = Author.objects.create(name='a4', birthdate=date(2012, 3, 1))
+        cls.a1 = Author.objects.create(name="a1", birthdate=date(1981, 2, 16))
+        cls.a2 = Author.objects.create(name="a2", birthdate=date(2012, 2, 29))
+        cls.a3 = Author.objects.create(name="a3", birthdate=date(2012, 1, 31))
+        cls.a4 = Author.objects.create(name="a4", birthdate=date(2012, 3, 1))
 
     def setUp(self):
         models.DateField.register_lookup(YearTransform)
@@ -410,18 +448,29 @@ class YearLteTests(TestCase):
     def tearDown(self):
         models.DateField._unregister_lookup(YearTransform)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', "PostgreSQL specific SQL used")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(
+        connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific SQL used"
+    )
     def test_year_lte(self):
-        baseqs = Author.objects.order_by('name')
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(baseqs.filter(birthdate__testyear__lte=2012), [self.a1, self.a2, self.a3, self.a4])
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(baseqs.filter(birthdate__testyear=2012), [self.a2, self.a3, self.a4])
+        baseqs = Author.objects.order_by("name")
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            baseqs.filter(birthdate__testyear__lte=2012),
+            [self.a1, self.a2, self.a3, self.a4],
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            baseqs.filter(birthdate__testyear=2012), [self.a2, self.a3, self.a4]
+        )
 
-        self.assertNotIn('BETWEEN', str(baseqs.filter(birthdate__testyear=2012).query))
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(baseqs.filter(birthdate__testyear__lte=2011), [self.a1])
+        self.assertNotIn("BETWEEN", str(baseqs.filter(birthdate__testyear=2012).query))
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            baseqs.filter(birthdate__testyear__lte=2011), [self.a1]
+        )
         # The non-optimized version works, too.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(baseqs.filter(birthdate__testyear__lt=2012), [self.a1])
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', "PostgreSQL specific SQL used")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(
+        connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific SQL used"
+    )
     def test_year_lte_fexpr(self):
         self.a2.age = 2011
         self.a2.save()
@@ -429,44 +478,52 @@ class YearLteTests(TestCase):
         self.a3.save()
         self.a4.age = 2013
         self.a4.save()
-        baseqs = Author.objects.order_by('name')
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(baseqs.filter(birthdate__testyear__lte=models.F('age')), [self.a3, self.a4])
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(baseqs.filter(birthdate__testyear__lt=models.F('age')), [self.a4])
+        baseqs = Author.objects.order_by("name")
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            baseqs.filter(birthdate__testyear__lte=models.F("age")), [self.a3, self.a4]
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            baseqs.filter(birthdate__testyear__lt=models.F("age")), [self.a4]
+        )
 
     def test_year_lte_sql(self):
         # This test will just check the generated SQL for __lte. This
         # doesn't require running on PostgreSQL and spots the most likely
         # error - not running YearLte SQL at all.
-        baseqs = Author.objects.order_by('name')
+        baseqs = Author.objects.order_by("name")
         self.assertIn(
-            '<= (2011 || ', str(baseqs.filter(birthdate__testyear__lte=2011).query))
-        self.assertIn(
-            '-12-31', str(baseqs.filter(birthdate__testyear__lte=2011).query))
+            "<= (2011 || ", str(baseqs.filter(birthdate__testyear__lte=2011).query)
+        )
+        self.assertIn("-12-31", str(baseqs.filter(birthdate__testyear__lte=2011).query))
 
     def test_postgres_year_exact(self):
-        baseqs = Author.objects.order_by('name')
-        self.assertIn(
-            '= (2011 || ', str(baseqs.filter(birthdate__testyear=2011).query))
-        self.assertIn(
-            '-12-31', str(baseqs.filter(birthdate__testyear=2011).query))
+        baseqs = Author.objects.order_by("name")
+        self.assertIn("= (2011 || ", str(baseqs.filter(birthdate__testyear=2011).query))
+        self.assertIn("-12-31", str(baseqs.filter(birthdate__testyear=2011).query))
 
     def test_custom_implementation_year_exact(self):
         try:
             # Two ways to add a customized implementation for different backends:
             # First is MonkeyPatch of the class.
             def as_custom_sql(self, compiler, connection):
-                lhs_sql, lhs_params = self.process_lhs(compiler, connection, self.lhs.lhs)
+                lhs_sql, lhs_params = self.process_lhs(
+                    compiler, connection, self.lhs.lhs
+                )
                 rhs_sql, rhs_params = self.process_rhs(compiler, connection)
                 params = lhs_params + rhs_params + lhs_params + rhs_params
-                return ("%(lhs)s >= str_to_date(concat(%(rhs)s, '-01-01'), '%%%%Y-%%%%m-%%%%d') "
-                        "AND %(lhs)s <= str_to_date(concat(%(rhs)s, '-12-31'), '%%%%Y-%%%%m-%%%%d')" %
-                        {'lhs': lhs_sql, 'rhs': rhs_sql}, params)
-            setattr(YearExact, 'as_' + connection.vendor, as_custom_sql)
+                return (
+                    "%(lhs)s >= str_to_date(concat(%(rhs)s, '-01-01'), '%%%%Y-%%%%m-%%%%d') "
+                    "AND %(lhs)s <= str_to_date(concat(%(rhs)s, '-12-31'), '%%%%Y-%%%%m-%%%%d')"
+                    % {"lhs": lhs_sql, "rhs": rhs_sql},
+                    params,
+                )
+
+            setattr(YearExact, "as_" + connection.vendor, as_custom_sql)
             self.assertIn(
-                'concat(',
-                str(Author.objects.filter(birthdate__testyear=2012).query))
+                "concat(", str(Author.objects.filter(birthdate__testyear=2012).query)
+            )
         finally:
-            delattr(YearExact, 'as_' + connection.vendor)
+            delattr(YearExact, "as_" + connection.vendor)
         try:
             # The other way is to subclass the original lookup and register the subclassed
             # lookup instead of the original.
@@ -475,17 +532,27 @@ class YearLteTests(TestCase):
                 # and so on, but as we don't know which DB we are running on, we need to use
                 # setattr.
                 def as_custom_sql(self, compiler, connection):
-                    lhs_sql, lhs_params = self.process_lhs(compiler, connection, self.lhs.lhs)
+                    lhs_sql, lhs_params = self.process_lhs(
+                        compiler, connection, self.lhs.lhs
+                    )
                     rhs_sql, rhs_params = self.process_rhs(compiler, connection)
                     params = lhs_params + rhs_params + lhs_params + rhs_params
-                    return ("%(lhs)s >= str_to_date(CONCAT(%(rhs)s, '-01-01'), '%%%%Y-%%%%m-%%%%d') "
-                            "AND %(lhs)s <= str_to_date(CONCAT(%(rhs)s, '-12-31'), '%%%%Y-%%%%m-%%%%d')" %
-                            {'lhs': lhs_sql, 'rhs': rhs_sql}, params)
-            setattr(CustomYearExact, 'as_' + connection.vendor, CustomYearExact.as_custom_sql)
+                    return (
+                        "%(lhs)s >= str_to_date(CONCAT(%(rhs)s, '-01-01'), '%%%%Y-%%%%m-%%%%d') "
+                        "AND %(lhs)s <= str_to_date(CONCAT(%(rhs)s, '-12-31'), '%%%%Y-%%%%m-%%%%d')"
+                        % {"lhs": lhs_sql, "rhs": rhs_sql},
+                        params,
+                    )
+
+            setattr(
+                CustomYearExact,
+                "as_" + connection.vendor,
+                CustomYearExact.as_custom_sql,
+            )
             YearTransform.register_lookup(CustomYearExact)
             self.assertIn(
-                'CONCAT(',
-                str(Author.objects.filter(birthdate__testyear=2012).query))
+                "CONCAT(", str(Author.objects.filter(birthdate__testyear=2012).query)
+            )
         finally:
             YearTransform._unregister_lookup(CustomYearExact)
             YearTransform.register_lookup(YearExact)
@@ -493,23 +560,23 @@ class YearLteTests(TestCase):
 
 class TrackCallsYearTransform(YearTransform):
     # Use a name that avoids collision with the built-in year lookup.
-    lookup_name = 'testyear'
+    lookup_name = "testyear"
     call_order = []
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         lhs_sql, params = compiler.compile(self.lhs)
-        return connection.ops.date_extract_sql('year', lhs_sql), params
+        return connection.ops.date_extract_sql("year", lhs_sql), params
 
     @property
     def output_field(self):
         return models.IntegerField()
 
     def get_lookup(self, lookup_name):
-        self.call_order.append('lookup')
+        self.call_order.append("lookup")
         return super().get_lookup(lookup_name)
 
     def get_transform(self, lookup_name):
-        self.call_order.append('transform')
+        self.call_order.append("transform")
         return super().get_transform(lookup_name)
 
 
@@ -520,51 +587,54 @@ class LookupTransformCallOrderTests(SimpleTestCase):
             msg = "Unsupported lookup 'junk' for IntegerField or join on the field not permitted."
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
                 Author.objects.filter(birthdate__testyear__junk=2012)
-            self.assertEqual(TrackCallsYearTransform.call_order,
-                             ['lookup', 'transform'])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                TrackCallsYearTransform.call_order, ["lookup", "transform"]
+            )
             TrackCallsYearTransform.call_order = []
             # junk transform - tries transform only, then fails
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
                 Author.objects.filter(birthdate__testyear__junk__more_junk=2012)
-            self.assertEqual(TrackCallsYearTransform.call_order,
-                             ['transform'])
+            self.assertEqual(TrackCallsYearTransform.call_order, ["transform"])
             TrackCallsYearTransform.call_order = []
             # Just getting the year (implied __exact) - lookup only
             Author.objects.filter(birthdate__testyear=2012)
-            self.assertEqual(TrackCallsYearTransform.call_order,
-                             ['lookup'])
+            self.assertEqual(TrackCallsYearTransform.call_order, ["lookup"])
             TrackCallsYearTransform.call_order = []
             # Just getting the year (explicit __exact) - lookup only
             Author.objects.filter(birthdate__testyear__exact=2012)
-            self.assertEqual(TrackCallsYearTransform.call_order,
-                             ['lookup'])
+            self.assertEqual(TrackCallsYearTransform.call_order, ["lookup"])
 
 
 class CustomisedMethodsTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_overridden_get_lookup(self):
         q = CustomModel.objects.filter(field__lookupfunc_monkeys=3)
-        self.assertIn('monkeys()', str(q.query))
+        self.assertIn("monkeys()", str(q.query))
 
     def test_overridden_get_transform(self):
         q = CustomModel.objects.filter(field__transformfunc_banana=3)
-        self.assertIn('banana()', str(q.query))
+        self.assertIn("banana()", str(q.query))
 
     def test_overridden_get_lookup_chain(self):
-        q = CustomModel.objects.filter(field__transformfunc_banana__lookupfunc_elephants=3)
-        self.assertIn('elephants()', str(q.query))
+        q = CustomModel.objects.filter(
+            field__transformfunc_banana__lookupfunc_elephants=3
+        )
+        self.assertIn("elephants()", str(q.query))
 
     def test_overridden_get_transform_chain(self):
-        q = CustomModel.objects.filter(field__transformfunc_banana__transformfunc_pear=3)
-        self.assertIn('pear()', str(q.query))
+        q = CustomModel.objects.filter(
+            field__transformfunc_banana__transformfunc_pear=3
+        )
+        self.assertIn("pear()", str(q.query))
 
 
 class SubqueryTransformTests(TestCase):
     def test_subquery_usage(self):
         with register_lookup(models.IntegerField, Div3Transform):
-            Author.objects.create(name='a1', age=1)
-            a2 = Author.objects.create(name='a2', age=2)
-            Author.objects.create(name='a3', age=3)
-            Author.objects.create(name='a4', age=4)
-            qs = Author.objects.order_by('name').filter(id__in=Author.objects.filter(age__div3=2))
+            Author.objects.create(name="a1", age=1)
+            a2 = Author.objects.create(name="a2", age=2)
+            Author.objects.create(name="a3", age=3)
+            Author.objects.create(name="a4", age=4)
+            qs = Author.objects.order_by("name").filter(
+                id__in=Author.objects.filter(age__div3=2)
+            )
             self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [a2])
diff --git a/tests/custom_managers/models.py b/tests/custom_managers/models.py
index 50d4bfb446..56448b45e9 100644
--- a/tests/custom_managers/models.py
+++ b/tests/custom_managers/models.py
@@ -9,9 +9,7 @@ There are two reasons you might want to customize a ``Manager``: to add extra
 returns.
 """
 
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.db import models
 
 
@@ -27,8 +25,10 @@ class PublishedBookManager(models.Manager):
 
 class AnnotatedBookManager(models.Manager):
     def get_queryset(self):
-        return super().get_queryset().annotate(
-            favorite_avg=models.Avg('favorite_books__favorite_thing_id')
+        return (
+            super()
+            .get_queryset()
+            .annotate(favorite_avg=models.Avg("favorite_books__favorite_thing_id"))
         )
 
 
@@ -46,10 +46,12 @@ class CustomQuerySet(models.QuerySet):
 
     def optout_public_method(self, *args, **kwargs):
         return self.all()
+
     optout_public_method.queryset_only = True
 
     def _optin_private_method(self, *args, **kwargs):
         return self.all()
+
     _optin_private_method.queryset_only = False
 
 
@@ -72,12 +74,13 @@ CustomManager = BaseCustomManager.from_queryset(CustomQuerySet)
 
 class CustomInitQuerySet(models.QuerySet):
     # QuerySet with an __init__() method that takes an additional argument.
-    def __init__(self, custom_optional_arg=None, model=None, query=None, using=None, hints=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self, custom_optional_arg=None, model=None, query=None, using=None, hints=None
+    ):
         super().__init__(model=model, query=query, using=using, hints=hints)
 
 
 class DeconstructibleCustomManager(BaseCustomManager.from_queryset(CustomQuerySet)):
-
     def __init__(self, a, b, c=1, d=2):
         super().__init__(a)
 
@@ -97,17 +100,21 @@ class Person(models.Model):
     last_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
     fun = models.BooleanField(default=False)
 
-    favorite_book = models.ForeignKey('Book', models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name='favorite_books')
-    favorite_thing_type = models.ForeignKey('contenttypes.ContentType', models.SET_NULL, null=True)
+    favorite_book = models.ForeignKey(
+        "Book", models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name="favorite_books"
+    )
+    favorite_thing_type = models.ForeignKey(
+        "contenttypes.ContentType", models.SET_NULL, null=True
+    )
     favorite_thing_id = models.IntegerField(null=True)
-    favorite_thing = GenericForeignKey('favorite_thing_type', 'favorite_thing_id')
+    favorite_thing = GenericForeignKey("favorite_thing_type", "favorite_thing_id")
 
     objects = PersonManager()
     fun_people = FunPeopleManager()
     boring_people = BoringPeopleManager()
 
     custom_queryset_default_manager = CustomQuerySet.as_manager()
-    custom_queryset_custom_manager = CustomManager('hello')
+    custom_queryset_custom_manager = CustomManager("hello")
     custom_init_queryset_manager = CustomInitQuerySet.as_manager()
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -119,14 +126,16 @@ class FunPerson(models.Model):
     last_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
     fun = models.BooleanField(default=True)
     favorite_book = models.ForeignKey(
-        'Book',
+        "Book",
         models.SET_NULL,
         null=True,
-        related_name='fun_people_favorite_books',
+        related_name="fun_people_favorite_books",
+    )
+    favorite_thing_type = models.ForeignKey(
+        "contenttypes.ContentType", models.SET_NULL, null=True
     )
-    favorite_thing_type = models.ForeignKey('contenttypes.ContentType', models.SET_NULL, null=True)
     favorite_thing_id = models.IntegerField(null=True)
-    favorite_thing = GenericForeignKey('favorite_thing_type', 'favorite_thing_id')
+    favorite_thing = GenericForeignKey("favorite_thing_type", "favorite_thing_id")
 
     objects = FunPeopleManager()
 
@@ -135,24 +144,24 @@ class Book(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     author = models.CharField(max_length=30)
     is_published = models.BooleanField(default=False)
-    authors = models.ManyToManyField(Person, related_name='books')
-    fun_authors = models.ManyToManyField(FunPerson, related_name='books')
+    authors = models.ManyToManyField(Person, related_name="books")
+    fun_authors = models.ManyToManyField(FunPerson, related_name="books")
     favorite_things = GenericRelation(
         Person,
-        content_type_field='favorite_thing_type',
-        object_id_field='favorite_thing_id',
+        content_type_field="favorite_thing_type",
+        object_id_field="favorite_thing_id",
     )
     fun_people_favorite_things = GenericRelation(
         FunPerson,
-        content_type_field='favorite_thing_type',
-        object_id_field='favorite_thing_id',
+        content_type_field="favorite_thing_type",
+        object_id_field="favorite_thing_id",
     )
 
     published_objects = PublishedBookManager()
     annotated_objects = AnnotatedBookManager()
 
     class Meta:
-        base_manager_name = 'annotated_objects'
+        base_manager_name = "annotated_objects"
 
 
 class ConfusedBook(models.Model):
@@ -160,14 +169,14 @@ class ConfusedBook(models.Model):
     author = models.CharField(max_length=30)
     favorite_things = GenericRelation(
         Person,
-        content_type_field='favorite_thing_type',
-        object_id_field='favorite_thing_id',
+        content_type_field="favorite_thing_type",
+        object_id_field="favorite_thing_id",
     )
     less_favorite_things = GenericRelation(
         FunPerson,
-        content_type_field='favorite_thing_type',
-        object_id_field='favorite_thing_id',
-        related_query_name='favorite_things',
+        content_type_field="favorite_thing_type",
+        object_id_field="favorite_thing_id",
+        related_query_name="favorite_things",
     )
 
 
@@ -187,13 +196,13 @@ class Car(models.Model):
 class FastCarAsBase(Car):
     class Meta:
         proxy = True
-        base_manager_name = 'fast_cars'
+        base_manager_name = "fast_cars"
 
 
 class FastCarAsDefault(Car):
     class Meta:
         proxy = True
-        default_manager_name = 'fast_cars'
+        default_manager_name = "fast_cars"
 
 
 class RestrictedManager(models.Manager):
diff --git a/tests/custom_managers/tests.py b/tests/custom_managers/tests.py
index b397816668..6b90a6ce37 100644
--- a/tests/custom_managers/tests.py
+++ b/tests/custom_managers/tests.py
@@ -2,39 +2,50 @@ from django.db import models
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 from .models import (
-    Book, Car, ConfusedBook, CustomManager, CustomQuerySet,
-    DeconstructibleCustomManager, FastCarAsBase, FastCarAsDefault, FunPerson,
-    OneToOneRestrictedModel, Person, PersonFromAbstract, PersonManager,
-    PublishedBookManager, RelatedModel, RestrictedModel,
+    Book,
+    Car,
+    ConfusedBook,
+    CustomManager,
+    CustomQuerySet,
+    DeconstructibleCustomManager,
+    FastCarAsBase,
+    FastCarAsDefault,
+    FunPerson,
+    OneToOneRestrictedModel,
+    Person,
+    PersonFromAbstract,
+    PersonManager,
+    PublishedBookManager,
+    RelatedModel,
+    RestrictedModel,
 )
 
 
 class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
     custom_manager_names = [
-        'custom_queryset_default_manager',
-        'custom_queryset_custom_manager',
+        "custom_queryset_default_manager",
+        "custom_queryset_custom_manager",
     ]
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.b1 = Book.published_objects.create(
-            title="How to program", author="Rodney Dangerfield", is_published=True)
+            title="How to program", author="Rodney Dangerfield", is_published=True
+        )
         cls.b2 = Book.published_objects.create(
-            title="How to be smart", author="Albert Einstein", is_published=False)
+            title="How to be smart", author="Albert Einstein", is_published=False
+        )
 
         cls.p1 = Person.objects.create(first_name="Bugs", last_name="Bunny", fun=True)
-        cls.droopy = Person.objects.create(first_name="Droopy", last_name="Dog", fun=False)
+        cls.droopy = Person.objects.create(
+            first_name="Droopy", last_name="Dog", fun=False
+        )
 
     def test_custom_manager_basic(self):
         """
         Test a custom Manager method.
         """
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Person.objects.get_fun_people(), [
-                "Bugs Bunny"
-            ],
-            str
-        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Person.objects.get_fun_people(), ["Bugs Bunny"], str)
 
     def test_queryset_copied_to_default(self):
         """
@@ -58,7 +69,10 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
                 # Methods with queryset_only=False are copied even if they are private.
                 manager._optin_private_method()
                 # Methods with queryset_only=True aren't copied even if they are public.
-                msg = "%r object has no attribute 'optout_public_method'" % manager.__class__.__name__
+                msg = (
+                    "%r object has no attribute 'optout_public_method'"
+                    % manager.__class__.__name__
+                )
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, msg):
                     manager.optout_public_method()
 
@@ -74,7 +88,7 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
                 self.assertIs(queryset._filter_CustomQuerySet, True)
 
                 # Specialized querysets inherit from our custom queryset.
-                queryset = manager.values_list('first_name', flat=True).filter()
+                queryset = manager.values_list("first_name", flat=True).filter()
                 self.assertEqual(list(queryset), ["Bugs"])
                 self.assertIs(queryset._filter_CustomQuerySet, True)
 
@@ -86,7 +100,7 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
         """
         The custom manager __init__() argument has been set.
         """
-        self.assertEqual(Person.custom_queryset_custom_manager.init_arg, 'hello')
+        self.assertEqual(Person.custom_queryset_custom_manager.init_arg, "hello")
 
     def test_manager_attributes(self):
         """
@@ -127,20 +141,30 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
         Custom managers respond to usual filtering methods
         """
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Book.published_objects.all(), [
+            Book.published_objects.all(),
+            [
                 "How to program",
             ],
-            lambda b: b.title
+            lambda b: b.title,
         )
 
     def test_fk_related_manager(self):
-        Person.objects.create(first_name="Bugs", last_name="Bunny", fun=True, favorite_book=self.b1)
-        Person.objects.create(first_name="Droopy", last_name="Dog", fun=False, favorite_book=self.b1)
-        FunPerson.objects.create(first_name="Bugs", last_name="Bunny", fun=True, favorite_book=self.b1)
-        FunPerson.objects.create(first_name="Droopy", last_name="Dog", fun=False, favorite_book=self.b1)
+        Person.objects.create(
+            first_name="Bugs", last_name="Bunny", fun=True, favorite_book=self.b1
+        )
+        Person.objects.create(
+            first_name="Droopy", last_name="Dog", fun=False, favorite_book=self.b1
+        )
+        FunPerson.objects.create(
+            first_name="Bugs", last_name="Bunny", fun=True, favorite_book=self.b1
+        )
+        FunPerson.objects.create(
+            first_name="Droopy", last_name="Dog", fun=False, favorite_book=self.b1
+        )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.favorite_books.order_by('first_name').all(), [
+            self.b1.favorite_books.order_by("first_name").all(),
+            [
                 "Bugs",
                 "Droopy",
             ],
@@ -148,21 +172,24 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
             ordered=False,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.fun_people_favorite_books.all(), [
+            self.b1.fun_people_favorite_books.all(),
+            [
                 "Bugs",
             ],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
             ordered=False,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.favorite_books(manager='boring_people').all(), [
+            self.b1.favorite_books(manager="boring_people").all(),
+            [
                 "Droopy",
             ],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
             ordered=False,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.favorite_books(manager='fun_people').all(), [
+            self.b1.favorite_books(manager="fun_people").all(),
+            [
                 "Bugs",
             ],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
@@ -171,16 +198,25 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_fk_related_manager_reused(self):
         self.assertIs(self.b1.favorite_books, self.b1.favorite_books)
-        self.assertIn('favorite_books', self.b1._state.related_managers_cache)
+        self.assertIn("favorite_books", self.b1._state.related_managers_cache)
 
     def test_gfk_related_manager(self):
-        Person.objects.create(first_name="Bugs", last_name="Bunny", fun=True, favorite_thing=self.b1)
-        Person.objects.create(first_name="Droopy", last_name="Dog", fun=False, favorite_thing=self.b1)
-        FunPerson.objects.create(first_name="Bugs", last_name="Bunny", fun=True, favorite_thing=self.b1)
-        FunPerson.objects.create(first_name="Droopy", last_name="Dog", fun=False, favorite_thing=self.b1)
+        Person.objects.create(
+            first_name="Bugs", last_name="Bunny", fun=True, favorite_thing=self.b1
+        )
+        Person.objects.create(
+            first_name="Droopy", last_name="Dog", fun=False, favorite_thing=self.b1
+        )
+        FunPerson.objects.create(
+            first_name="Bugs", last_name="Bunny", fun=True, favorite_thing=self.b1
+        )
+        FunPerson.objects.create(
+            first_name="Droopy", last_name="Dog", fun=False, favorite_thing=self.b1
+        )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.favorite_things.all(), [
+            self.b1.favorite_things.all(),
+            [
                 "Bugs",
                 "Droopy",
             ],
@@ -188,21 +224,24 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
             ordered=False,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.fun_people_favorite_things.all(), [
+            self.b1.fun_people_favorite_things.all(),
+            [
                 "Bugs",
             ],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
             ordered=False,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.favorite_things(manager='boring_people').all(), [
+            self.b1.favorite_things(manager="boring_people").all(),
+            [
                 "Droopy",
             ],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
             ordered=False,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.favorite_things(manager='fun_people').all(), [
+            self.b1.favorite_things(manager="fun_people").all(),
+            [
                 "Bugs",
             ],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
@@ -215,14 +254,14 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
             self.b1.fun_people_favorite_things,
         )
         self.assertIn(
-            'fun_people_favorite_things',
+            "fun_people_favorite_things",
             self.b1._state.related_managers_cache,
         )
 
     def test_gfk_related_manager_not_reused_when_alternate(self):
         self.assertIsNot(
-            self.b1.favorite_things(manager='fun_people'),
-            self.b1.favorite_things(manager='fun_people'),
+            self.b1.favorite_things(manager="fun_people"),
+            self.b1.favorite_things(manager="fun_people"),
         )
 
     def test_gfk_related_manager_no_overlap_when_not_hidden(self):
@@ -232,36 +271,43 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
         cause those separate managers to clash.
         """
         book = ConfusedBook.objects.create(
-            title='How to program', author='Rodney Dangerfield',
+            title="How to program",
+            author="Rodney Dangerfield",
         )
         person = Person.objects.create(
-            first_name='Bugs', last_name='Bunny', fun=True, favorite_thing=book,
+            first_name="Bugs",
+            last_name="Bunny",
+            fun=True,
+            favorite_thing=book,
         )
         fun_person = FunPerson.objects.create(
-            first_name='Droopy', last_name='Dog', fun=False, favorite_thing=book,
+            first_name="Droopy",
+            last_name="Dog",
+            fun=False,
+            favorite_thing=book,
         )
         # The managers don't collide in the internal cache.
         self.assertIsNot(book.favorite_things, book.less_favorite_things)
         self.assertIs(book.favorite_things, book.favorite_things)
         self.assertIs(book.less_favorite_things, book.less_favorite_things)
         # Both managers are cached separately despite the collision in names.
-        self.assertIn('favorite_things', book._state.related_managers_cache)
-        self.assertIn('less_favorite_things', book._state.related_managers_cache)
+        self.assertIn("favorite_things", book._state.related_managers_cache)
+        self.assertIn("less_favorite_things", book._state.related_managers_cache)
         # "less_favorite_things" isn't available as a reverse related manager,
         # so never ends up in the cache.
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(fun_person.favorite_things.all(), [book])
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
             fun_person.less_favorite_things
-        self.assertIn('favorite_things', fun_person._state.related_managers_cache)
+        self.assertIn("favorite_things", fun_person._state.related_managers_cache)
         self.assertNotIn(
-            'less_favorite_things',
+            "less_favorite_things",
             fun_person._state.related_managers_cache,
         )
         # The GenericRelation doesn't exist for Person, only FunPerson, so the
         # exception prevents the cache from being polluted.
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
             person.favorite_things
-        self.assertNotIn('favorite_things', person._state.related_managers_cache)
+        self.assertNotIn("favorite_things", person._state.related_managers_cache)
 
     def test_m2m_related_manager(self):
         bugs = Person.objects.create(first_name="Bugs", last_name="Bunny", fun=True)
@@ -270,11 +316,14 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
         self.b1.authors.add(droopy)
         bugs = FunPerson.objects.create(first_name="Bugs", last_name="Bunny", fun=True)
         self.b1.fun_authors.add(bugs)
-        droopy = FunPerson.objects.create(first_name="Droopy", last_name="Dog", fun=False)
+        droopy = FunPerson.objects.create(
+            first_name="Droopy", last_name="Dog", fun=False
+        )
         self.b1.fun_authors.add(droopy)
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.authors.order_by('first_name').all(), [
+            self.b1.authors.order_by("first_name").all(),
+            [
                 "Bugs",
                 "Droopy",
             ],
@@ -282,21 +331,24 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
             ordered=False,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.fun_authors.order_by('first_name').all(), [
+            self.b1.fun_authors.order_by("first_name").all(),
+            [
                 "Bugs",
             ],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
             ordered=False,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.authors(manager='boring_people').all(), [
+            self.b1.authors(manager="boring_people").all(),
+            [
                 "Droopy",
             ],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
             ordered=False,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.authors(manager='fun_people').all(), [
+            self.b1.authors(manager="fun_people").all(),
+            [
                 "Bugs",
             ],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
@@ -305,21 +357,26 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_m2m_related_forward_manager_reused(self):
         self.assertIs(self.b1.authors, self.b1.authors)
-        self.assertIn('authors', self.b1._state.related_managers_cache)
+        self.assertIn("authors", self.b1._state.related_managers_cache)
 
     def test_m2m_related_revers_manager_reused(self):
-        bugs = Person.objects.create(first_name='Bugs', last_name='Bunny')
+        bugs = Person.objects.create(first_name="Bugs", last_name="Bunny")
         self.b1.authors.add(bugs)
         self.assertIs(bugs.books, bugs.books)
-        self.assertIn('books', bugs._state.related_managers_cache)
+        self.assertIn("books", bugs._state.related_managers_cache)
 
     def test_removal_through_default_fk_related_manager(self, bulk=True):
-        bugs = FunPerson.objects.create(first_name="Bugs", last_name="Bunny", fun=True, favorite_book=self.b1)
-        droopy = FunPerson.objects.create(first_name="Droopy", last_name="Dog", fun=False, favorite_book=self.b1)
+        bugs = FunPerson.objects.create(
+            first_name="Bugs", last_name="Bunny", fun=True, favorite_book=self.b1
+        )
+        droopy = FunPerson.objects.create(
+            first_name="Droopy", last_name="Dog", fun=False, favorite_book=self.b1
+        )
 
         self.b1.fun_people_favorite_books.remove(droopy, bulk=bulk)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            FunPerson._base_manager.filter(favorite_book=self.b1), [
+            FunPerson._base_manager.filter(favorite_book=self.b1),
+            [
                 "Bugs",
                 "Droopy",
             ],
@@ -329,7 +386,8 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
 
         self.b1.fun_people_favorite_books.remove(bugs, bulk=bulk)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            FunPerson._base_manager.filter(favorite_book=self.b1), [
+            FunPerson._base_manager.filter(favorite_book=self.b1),
+            [
                 "Droopy",
             ],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
@@ -340,7 +398,8 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
 
         self.b1.fun_people_favorite_books.clear(bulk=bulk)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            FunPerson._base_manager.filter(favorite_book=self.b1), [
+            FunPerson._base_manager.filter(favorite_book=self.b1),
+            [
                 "Droopy",
             ],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
@@ -351,23 +410,28 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
         self.test_removal_through_default_fk_related_manager(bulk=False)
 
     def test_removal_through_specified_fk_related_manager(self, bulk=True):
-        Person.objects.create(first_name="Bugs", last_name="Bunny", fun=True, favorite_book=self.b1)
-        droopy = Person.objects.create(first_name="Droopy", last_name="Dog", fun=False, favorite_book=self.b1)
+        Person.objects.create(
+            first_name="Bugs", last_name="Bunny", fun=True, favorite_book=self.b1
+        )
+        droopy = Person.objects.create(
+            first_name="Droopy", last_name="Dog", fun=False, favorite_book=self.b1
+        )
 
         # The fun manager DOESN'T remove boring people.
-        self.b1.favorite_books(manager='fun_people').remove(droopy, bulk=bulk)
+        self.b1.favorite_books(manager="fun_people").remove(droopy, bulk=bulk)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.favorite_books(manager='boring_people').all(), [
+            self.b1.favorite_books(manager="boring_people").all(),
+            [
                 "Droopy",
             ],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
             ordered=False,
         )
         # The boring manager DOES remove boring people.
-        self.b1.favorite_books(manager='boring_people').remove(droopy, bulk=bulk)
+        self.b1.favorite_books(manager="boring_people").remove(droopy, bulk=bulk)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.favorite_books(manager='boring_people').all(), [
-            ],
+            self.b1.favorite_books(manager="boring_people").all(),
+            [],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
             ordered=False,
         )
@@ -375,17 +439,18 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
         droopy.save()
 
         # The fun manager ONLY clears fun people.
-        self.b1.favorite_books(manager='fun_people').clear(bulk=bulk)
+        self.b1.favorite_books(manager="fun_people").clear(bulk=bulk)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.favorite_books(manager='boring_people').all(), [
+            self.b1.favorite_books(manager="boring_people").all(),
+            [
                 "Droopy",
             ],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
             ordered=False,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.favorite_books(manager='fun_people').all(), [
-            ],
+            self.b1.favorite_books(manager="fun_people").all(),
+            [],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
             ordered=False,
         )
@@ -394,12 +459,19 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
         self.test_removal_through_specified_fk_related_manager(bulk=False)
 
     def test_removal_through_default_gfk_related_manager(self, bulk=True):
-        bugs = FunPerson.objects.create(first_name="Bugs", last_name="Bunny", fun=True, favorite_thing=self.b1)
-        droopy = FunPerson.objects.create(first_name="Droopy", last_name="Dog", fun=False, favorite_thing=self.b1)
+        bugs = FunPerson.objects.create(
+            first_name="Bugs", last_name="Bunny", fun=True, favorite_thing=self.b1
+        )
+        droopy = FunPerson.objects.create(
+            first_name="Droopy", last_name="Dog", fun=False, favorite_thing=self.b1
+        )
 
         self.b1.fun_people_favorite_things.remove(droopy, bulk=bulk)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            FunPerson._base_manager.order_by('first_name').filter(favorite_thing_id=self.b1.pk), [
+            FunPerson._base_manager.order_by("first_name").filter(
+                favorite_thing_id=self.b1.pk
+            ),
+            [
                 "Bugs",
                 "Droopy",
             ],
@@ -409,7 +481,10 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
 
         self.b1.fun_people_favorite_things.remove(bugs, bulk=bulk)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            FunPerson._base_manager.order_by('first_name').filter(favorite_thing_id=self.b1.pk), [
+            FunPerson._base_manager.order_by("first_name").filter(
+                favorite_thing_id=self.b1.pk
+            ),
+            [
                 "Droopy",
             ],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
@@ -420,7 +495,10 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
 
         self.b1.fun_people_favorite_things.clear(bulk=bulk)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            FunPerson._base_manager.order_by('first_name').filter(favorite_thing_id=self.b1.pk), [
+            FunPerson._base_manager.order_by("first_name").filter(
+                favorite_thing_id=self.b1.pk
+            ),
+            [
                 "Droopy",
             ],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
@@ -431,13 +509,18 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
         self.test_removal_through_default_gfk_related_manager(bulk=False)
 
     def test_removal_through_specified_gfk_related_manager(self, bulk=True):
-        Person.objects.create(first_name="Bugs", last_name="Bunny", fun=True, favorite_thing=self.b1)
-        droopy = Person.objects.create(first_name="Droopy", last_name="Dog", fun=False, favorite_thing=self.b1)
+        Person.objects.create(
+            first_name="Bugs", last_name="Bunny", fun=True, favorite_thing=self.b1
+        )
+        droopy = Person.objects.create(
+            first_name="Droopy", last_name="Dog", fun=False, favorite_thing=self.b1
+        )
 
         # The fun manager DOESN'T remove boring people.
-        self.b1.favorite_things(manager='fun_people').remove(droopy, bulk=bulk)
+        self.b1.favorite_things(manager="fun_people").remove(droopy, bulk=bulk)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.favorite_things(manager='boring_people').all(), [
+            self.b1.favorite_things(manager="boring_people").all(),
+            [
                 "Droopy",
             ],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
@@ -445,10 +528,10 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
         )
 
         # The boring manager DOES remove boring people.
-        self.b1.favorite_things(manager='boring_people').remove(droopy, bulk=bulk)
+        self.b1.favorite_things(manager="boring_people").remove(droopy, bulk=bulk)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.favorite_things(manager='boring_people').all(), [
-            ],
+            self.b1.favorite_things(manager="boring_people").all(),
+            [],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
             ordered=False,
         )
@@ -456,17 +539,18 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
         droopy.save()
 
         # The fun manager ONLY clears fun people.
-        self.b1.favorite_things(manager='fun_people').clear(bulk=bulk)
+        self.b1.favorite_things(manager="fun_people").clear(bulk=bulk)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.favorite_things(manager='boring_people').all(), [
+            self.b1.favorite_things(manager="boring_people").all(),
+            [
                 "Droopy",
             ],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
             ordered=False,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.favorite_things(manager='fun_people').all(), [
-            ],
+            self.b1.favorite_things(manager="fun_people").all(),
+            [],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
             ordered=False,
         )
@@ -477,12 +561,15 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
     def test_removal_through_default_m2m_related_manager(self):
         bugs = FunPerson.objects.create(first_name="Bugs", last_name="Bunny", fun=True)
         self.b1.fun_authors.add(bugs)
-        droopy = FunPerson.objects.create(first_name="Droopy", last_name="Dog", fun=False)
+        droopy = FunPerson.objects.create(
+            first_name="Droopy", last_name="Dog", fun=False
+        )
         self.b1.fun_authors.add(droopy)
 
         self.b1.fun_authors.remove(droopy)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.fun_authors.through._default_manager.all(), [
+            self.b1.fun_authors.through._default_manager.all(),
+            [
                 "Bugs",
                 "Droopy",
             ],
@@ -492,7 +579,8 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
 
         self.b1.fun_authors.remove(bugs)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.fun_authors.through._default_manager.all(), [
+            self.b1.fun_authors.through._default_manager.all(),
+            [
                 "Droopy",
             ],
             lambda c: c.funperson.first_name,
@@ -502,7 +590,8 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
 
         self.b1.fun_authors.clear()
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.fun_authors.through._default_manager.all(), [
+            self.b1.fun_authors.through._default_manager.all(),
+            [
                 "Droopy",
             ],
             lambda c: c.funperson.first_name,
@@ -516,9 +605,10 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
         self.b1.authors.add(droopy)
 
         # The fun manager DOESN'T remove boring people.
-        self.b1.authors(manager='fun_people').remove(droopy)
+        self.b1.authors(manager="fun_people").remove(droopy)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.authors(manager='boring_people').all(), [
+            self.b1.authors(manager="boring_people").all(),
+            [
                 "Droopy",
             ],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
@@ -526,27 +616,28 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
         )
 
         # The boring manager DOES remove boring people.
-        self.b1.authors(manager='boring_people').remove(droopy)
+        self.b1.authors(manager="boring_people").remove(droopy)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.authors(manager='boring_people').all(), [
-            ],
+            self.b1.authors(manager="boring_people").all(),
+            [],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
             ordered=False,
         )
         self.b1.authors.add(droopy)
 
         # The fun manager ONLY clears fun people.
-        self.b1.authors(manager='fun_people').clear()
+        self.b1.authors(manager="fun_people").clear()
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.authors(manager='boring_people').all(), [
+            self.b1.authors(manager="boring_people").all(),
+            [
                 "Droopy",
             ],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
             ordered=False,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.b1.authors(manager='fun_people').all(), [
-            ],
+            self.b1.authors(manager="fun_people").all(),
+            [],
             lambda c: c.first_name,
             ordered=False,
         )
@@ -555,7 +646,7 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
         mgr = models.Manager()
         as_manager, mgr_path, qs_path, args, kwargs = mgr.deconstruct()
         self.assertFalse(as_manager)
-        self.assertEqual(mgr_path, 'django.db.models.manager.Manager')
+        self.assertEqual(mgr_path, "django.db.models.manager.Manager")
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {})
 
@@ -563,29 +654,47 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
         mgr = CustomQuerySet.as_manager()
         as_manager, mgr_path, qs_path, args, kwargs = mgr.deconstruct()
         self.assertTrue(as_manager)
-        self.assertEqual(qs_path, 'custom_managers.models.CustomQuerySet')
+        self.assertEqual(qs_path, "custom_managers.models.CustomQuerySet")
 
     def test_deconstruct_from_queryset(self):
-        mgr = DeconstructibleCustomManager('a', 'b')
+        mgr = DeconstructibleCustomManager("a", "b")
         as_manager, mgr_path, qs_path, args, kwargs = mgr.deconstruct()
         self.assertFalse(as_manager)
-        self.assertEqual(mgr_path, 'custom_managers.models.DeconstructibleCustomManager')
-        self.assertEqual(args, ('a', 'b',))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            mgr_path, "custom_managers.models.DeconstructibleCustomManager"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            args,
+            (
+                "a",
+                "b",
+            ),
+        )
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {})
 
-        mgr = DeconstructibleCustomManager('x', 'y', c=3, d=4)
+        mgr = DeconstructibleCustomManager("x", "y", c=3, d=4)
         as_manager, mgr_path, qs_path, args, kwargs = mgr.deconstruct()
         self.assertFalse(as_manager)
-        self.assertEqual(mgr_path, 'custom_managers.models.DeconstructibleCustomManager')
-        self.assertEqual(args, ('x', 'y',))
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'c': 3, 'd': 4})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            mgr_path, "custom_managers.models.DeconstructibleCustomManager"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            args,
+            (
+                "x",
+                "y",
+            ),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"c": 3, "d": 4})
 
     def test_deconstruct_from_queryset_failing(self):
-        mgr = CustomManager('arg')
-        msg = ("Could not find manager BaseCustomManagerFromCustomQuerySet in "
-               "django.db.models.manager.\n"
-               "Please note that you need to inherit from managers you "
-               "dynamically generated with 'from_queryset()'.")
+        mgr = CustomManager("arg")
+        msg = (
+            "Could not find manager BaseCustomManagerFromCustomQuerySet in "
+            "django.db.models.manager.\n"
+            "Please note that you need to inherit from managers you "
+            "dynamically generated with 'from_queryset()'."
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             mgr.deconstruct()
 
@@ -594,15 +703,15 @@ class CustomManagerTests(TestCase):
         A custom manager may be defined on an abstract model.
         It will be inherited by the abstract model's children.
         """
-        PersonFromAbstract.abstract_persons.create(objects='Test')
+        PersonFromAbstract.abstract_persons.create(objects="Test")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            PersonFromAbstract.abstract_persons.all(), ["Test"],
+            PersonFromAbstract.abstract_persons.all(),
+            ["Test"],
             lambda c: c.objects,
         )
 
 
 class TestCars(TestCase):
-
     def test_managers(self):
         # Each model class gets a "_default_manager" attribute, which is a
         # reference to the first manager defined in the class.
@@ -610,53 +719,60 @@ class TestCars(TestCase):
         Car.cars.create(name="Neon", mileage=31, top_speed=100)
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Car._default_manager.order_by("name"), [
+            Car._default_manager.order_by("name"),
+            [
                 "Corvette",
                 "Neon",
             ],
-            lambda c: c.name
+            lambda c: c.name,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Car.cars.order_by("name"), [
+            Car.cars.order_by("name"),
+            [
                 "Corvette",
                 "Neon",
             ],
-            lambda c: c.name
+            lambda c: c.name,
         )
         # alternate manager
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Car.fast_cars.all(), [
+            Car.fast_cars.all(),
+            [
                 "Corvette",
             ],
-            lambda c: c.name
+            lambda c: c.name,
         )
         # explicit default manager
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            FastCarAsDefault.cars.order_by("name"), [
+            FastCarAsDefault.cars.order_by("name"),
+            [
                 "Corvette",
                 "Neon",
             ],
-            lambda c: c.name
+            lambda c: c.name,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            FastCarAsDefault._default_manager.all(), [
+            FastCarAsDefault._default_manager.all(),
+            [
                 "Corvette",
             ],
-            lambda c: c.name
+            lambda c: c.name,
         )
         # explicit base manager
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            FastCarAsBase.cars.order_by("name"), [
+            FastCarAsBase.cars.order_by("name"),
+            [
                 "Corvette",
                 "Neon",
             ],
-            lambda c: c.name
+            lambda c: c.name,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            FastCarAsBase._base_manager.all(), [
+            FastCarAsBase._base_manager.all(),
+            [
                 "Corvette",
             ],
-            lambda c: c.name
+            lambda c: c.name,
         )
 
 
@@ -681,25 +797,28 @@ class CustomManagersRegressTestCase(TestCase):
         manager.
         """
         book = Book._base_manager.create(is_published=False)
-        Book._base_manager.filter(pk=book.pk).update(title='Hi')
+        Book._base_manager.filter(pk=book.pk).update(title="Hi")
         book.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(book.title, 'Hi')
+        self.assertEqual(book.title, "Hi")
 
     def test_save_clears_annotations_from_base_manager(self):
         """Model.save() clears annotations from the base manager."""
-        self.assertEqual(Book._meta.base_manager.name, 'annotated_objects')
-        book = Book.annotated_objects.create(title='Hunting')
+        self.assertEqual(Book._meta.base_manager.name, "annotated_objects")
+        book = Book.annotated_objects.create(title="Hunting")
         Person.objects.create(
-            first_name='Bugs', last_name='Bunny', fun=True,
-            favorite_book=book, favorite_thing_id=1,
+            first_name="Bugs",
+            last_name="Bunny",
+            fun=True,
+            favorite_book=book,
+            favorite_thing_id=1,
         )
         book = Book.annotated_objects.first()
         self.assertEqual(book.favorite_avg, 1)  # Annotation from the manager.
-        book.title = 'New Hunting'
+        book.title = "New Hunting"
         # save() fails if annotations that involve related fields aren't
         # cleared before the update query.
         book.save()
-        self.assertEqual(Book.annotated_objects.first().title, 'New Hunting')
+        self.assertEqual(Book.annotated_objects.first().title, "New Hunting")
 
     def test_delete_related_on_filtered_manager(self):
         """Deleting related objects should also not be distracted by a
@@ -707,7 +826,7 @@ class CustomManagersRegressTestCase(TestCase):
         test for #2698."""
         related = RelatedModel.objects.create(name="xyzzy")
 
-        for name, public in (('one', True), ('two', False), ('three', False)):
+        for name, public in (("one", True), ("two", False), ("three", False)):
             RestrictedModel.objects.create(name=name, is_public=public, related=related)
 
         obj = RelatedModel.objects.get(name="xyzzy")
diff --git a/tests/custom_methods/models.py b/tests/custom_methods/models.py
index f44d1b8265..1ff823297d 100644
--- a/tests/custom_methods/models.py
+++ b/tests/custom_methods/models.py
@@ -28,11 +28,14 @@ class Article(models.Model):
         database query for the sake of demonstration.
         """
         from django.db import connection
+
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute("""
+            cursor.execute(
+                """
                 SELECT id, headline, pub_date
                 FROM custom_methods_article
                 WHERE pub_date = %s
-                    AND id != %s""", [connection.ops.adapt_datefield_value(self.pub_date),
-                                      self.id])
+                    AND id != %s""",
+                [connection.ops.adapt_datefield_value(self.pub_date), self.id],
+            )
             return [self.__class__(*row) for row in cursor.fetchall()]
diff --git a/tests/custom_methods/tests.py b/tests/custom_methods/tests.py
index bbcec1f9f2..2bae2d2623 100644
--- a/tests/custom_methods/tests.py
+++ b/tests/custom_methods/tests.py
@@ -16,27 +16,31 @@ class MethodsTests(TestCase):
 
         self.assertFalse(a.was_published_today())
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            a.articles_from_same_day_1(), [
+            a.articles_from_same_day_1(),
+            [
                 "Beatles reunite",
             ],
             lambda a: a.headline,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            a.articles_from_same_day_2(), [
+            a.articles_from_same_day_2(),
+            [
                 "Beatles reunite",
             ],
-            lambda a: a.headline
+            lambda a: a.headline,
         )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            b.articles_from_same_day_1(), [
+            b.articles_from_same_day_1(),
+            [
                 "Parrot programs in Python",
             ],
             lambda a: a.headline,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            b.articles_from_same_day_2(), [
+            b.articles_from_same_day_2(),
+            [
                 "Parrot programs in Python",
             ],
-            lambda a: a.headline
+            lambda a: a.headline,
         )
diff --git a/tests/custom_migration_operations/more_operations.py b/tests/custom_migration_operations/more_operations.py
index 30cf246ceb..cbeae483b5 100644
--- a/tests/custom_migration_operations/more_operations.py
+++ b/tests/custom_migration_operations/more_operations.py
@@ -6,11 +6,7 @@ class TestOperation(Operation):
         pass
 
     def deconstruct(self):
-        return (
-            self.__class__.__name__,
-            [],
-            {}
-        )
+        return (self.__class__.__name__, [], {})
 
     @property
     def reversible(self):
diff --git a/tests/custom_migration_operations/operations.py b/tests/custom_migration_operations/operations.py
index bd62280f81..f63f0b2a3a 100644
--- a/tests/custom_migration_operations/operations.py
+++ b/tests/custom_migration_operations/operations.py
@@ -6,11 +6,7 @@ class TestOperation(Operation):
         pass
 
     def deconstruct(self):
-        return (
-            self.__class__.__name__,
-            [],
-            {}
-        )
+        return (self.__class__.__name__, [], {})
 
     @property
     def reversible(self):
@@ -38,11 +34,7 @@ class ArgsOperation(TestOperation):
         self.arg1, self.arg2 = arg1, arg2
 
     def deconstruct(self):
-        return (
-            self.__class__.__name__,
-            [self.arg1, self.arg2],
-            {}
-        )
+        return (self.__class__.__name__, [self.arg1, self.arg2], {})
 
 
 class KwargsOperation(TestOperation):
@@ -52,14 +44,10 @@ class KwargsOperation(TestOperation):
     def deconstruct(self):
         kwargs = {}
         if self.kwarg1 is not None:
-            kwargs['kwarg1'] = self.kwarg1
+            kwargs["kwarg1"] = self.kwarg1
         if self.kwarg2 is not None:
-            kwargs['kwarg2'] = self.kwarg2
-        return (
-            self.__class__.__name__,
-            [],
-            kwargs
-        )
+            kwargs["kwarg2"] = self.kwarg2
+        return (self.__class__.__name__, [], kwargs)
 
 
 class ArgsKwargsOperation(TestOperation):
@@ -70,9 +58,9 @@ class ArgsKwargsOperation(TestOperation):
     def deconstruct(self):
         kwargs = {}
         if self.kwarg1 is not None:
-            kwargs['kwarg1'] = self.kwarg1
+            kwargs["kwarg1"] = self.kwarg1
         if self.kwarg2 is not None:
-            kwargs['kwarg2'] = self.kwarg2
+            kwargs["kwarg2"] = self.kwarg2
         return (
             self.__class__.__name__,
             [self.arg1, self.arg2],
@@ -81,14 +69,10 @@ class ArgsKwargsOperation(TestOperation):
 
 
 class ExpandArgsOperation(TestOperation):
-    serialization_expand_args = ['arg']
+    serialization_expand_args = ["arg"]
 
     def __init__(self, arg):
         self.arg = arg
 
     def deconstruct(self):
-        return (
-            self.__class__.__name__,
-            [self.arg],
-            {}
-        )
+        return (self.__class__.__name__, [self.arg], {})
diff --git a/tests/custom_pk/fields.py b/tests/custom_pk/fields.py
index bc7259300b..2d70c6b6dc 100644
--- a/tests/custom_pk/fields.py
+++ b/tests/custom_pk/fields.py
@@ -21,15 +21,14 @@ class MyWrapper:
 
 
 class MyWrapperField(models.CharField):
-
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        kwargs['max_length'] = 10
+        kwargs["max_length"] = 10
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def pre_save(self, instance, add):
         value = getattr(instance, self.attname, None)
         if not value:
-            value = MyWrapper(''.join(random.sample(string.ascii_lowercase, 10)))
+            value = MyWrapper("".join(random.sample(string.ascii_lowercase, 10)))
             setattr(instance, self.attname, value)
         return value
 
diff --git a/tests/custom_pk/models.py b/tests/custom_pk/models.py
index d9a73885f2..000ea7a29d 100644
--- a/tests/custom_pk/models.py
+++ b/tests/custom_pk/models.py
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ from .fields import MyAutoField, MyWrapperField
 
 
 class Employee(models.Model):
-    employee_code = models.IntegerField(primary_key=True, db_column='code')
+    employee_code = models.IntegerField(primary_key=True, db_column="code")
     first_name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     last_name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('last_name', 'first_name')
+        ordering = ("last_name", "first_name")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return "%s %s" % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class Business(models.Model):
     employees = models.ManyToManyField(Employee)
 
     class Meta:
-        verbose_name_plural = 'businesses'
+        verbose_name_plural = "businesses"
 
 
 class Bar(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/custom_pk/tests.py b/tests/custom_pk/tests.py
index cbf1fd2cb6..ee2d56efdd 100644
--- a/tests/custom_pk/tests.py
+++ b/tests/custom_pk/tests.py
@@ -9,10 +9,14 @@ class BasicCustomPKTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.dan = Employee.objects.create(
-            employee_code=123, first_name="Dan", last_name="Jones",
+            employee_code=123,
+            first_name="Dan",
+            last_name="Jones",
         )
         cls.fran = Employee.objects.create(
-            employee_code=456, first_name="Fran", last_name="Bones",
+            employee_code=456,
+            first_name="Fran",
+            last_name="Bones",
         )
         cls.business = Business.objects.create(name="Sears")
         cls.business.employees.add(cls.dan, cls.fran)
@@ -22,46 +26,48 @@ class BasicCustomPKTests(TestCase):
         Both pk and custom attribute_name can be used in filter and friends
         """
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Employee.objects.filter(pk=123), [
+            Employee.objects.filter(pk=123),
+            [
                 "Dan Jones",
             ],
-            str
+            str,
         )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Employee.objects.filter(employee_code=123), [
+            Employee.objects.filter(employee_code=123),
+            [
                 "Dan Jones",
             ],
-            str
+            str,
         )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Employee.objects.filter(pk__in=[123, 456]), [
+            Employee.objects.filter(pk__in=[123, 456]),
+            [
                 "Fran Bones",
                 "Dan Jones",
             ],
-            str
+            str,
         )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Employee.objects.all(), [
+            Employee.objects.all(),
+            [
                 "Fran Bones",
                 "Dan Jones",
             ],
-            str
+            str,
         )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Business.objects.filter(name="Sears"), [
-                "Sears"
-            ],
-            lambda b: b.name
+            Business.objects.filter(name="Sears"), ["Sears"], lambda b: b.name
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Business.objects.filter(pk="Sears"), [
+            Business.objects.filter(pk="Sears"),
+            [
                 "Sears",
             ],
-            lambda b: b.name
+            lambda b: b.name,
         )
 
     def test_querysets_related_name(self):
@@ -69,17 +75,19 @@ class BasicCustomPKTests(TestCase):
         Custom pk doesn't affect related_name based lookups
         """
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.business.employees.all(), [
+            self.business.employees.all(),
+            [
                 "Fran Bones",
                 "Dan Jones",
             ],
-            str
+            str,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.fran.business_set.all(), [
+            self.fran.business_set.all(),
+            [
                 "Sears",
             ],
-            lambda b: b.name
+            lambda b: b.name,
         )
 
     def test_querysets_relational(self):
@@ -87,14 +95,16 @@ class BasicCustomPKTests(TestCase):
         Queries across tables, involving primary key
         """
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Employee.objects.filter(business__name="Sears"), [
+            Employee.objects.filter(business__name="Sears"),
+            [
                 "Fran Bones",
                 "Dan Jones",
             ],
             str,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Employee.objects.filter(business__pk="Sears"), [
+            Employee.objects.filter(business__pk="Sears"),
+            [
                 "Fran Bones",
                 "Dan Jones",
             ],
@@ -102,23 +112,26 @@ class BasicCustomPKTests(TestCase):
         )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Business.objects.filter(employees__employee_code=123), [
+            Business.objects.filter(employees__employee_code=123),
+            [
                 "Sears",
             ],
-            lambda b: b.name
+            lambda b: b.name,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Business.objects.filter(employees__pk=123), [
+            Business.objects.filter(employees__pk=123),
+            [
                 "Sears",
             ],
             lambda b: b.name,
         )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Business.objects.filter(employees__first_name__startswith="Fran"), [
+            Business.objects.filter(employees__first_name__startswith="Fran"),
+            [
                 "Sears",
             ],
-            lambda b: b.name
+            lambda b: b.name,
         )
 
     def test_get(self):
@@ -146,7 +159,9 @@ class BasicCustomPKTests(TestCase):
         # Or we can use the real attribute name for the primary key:
         self.assertEqual(e.employee_code, 123)
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, "'Employee' object has no attribute 'id'"):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            AttributeError, "'Employee' object has no attribute 'id'"
+        ):
             e.id
 
     def test_in_bulk(self):
@@ -156,9 +171,12 @@ class BasicCustomPKTests(TestCase):
         emps = Employee.objects.in_bulk([123, 456])
         self.assertEqual(emps[123], self.dan)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Business.objects.in_bulk(["Sears"]), {
-            "Sears": self.business,
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Business.objects.in_bulk(["Sears"]),
+            {
+                "Sears": self.business,
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_save(self):
         """
@@ -169,11 +187,12 @@ class BasicCustomPKTests(TestCase):
         fran.save()
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Employee.objects.filter(last_name="Jones"), [
+            Employee.objects.filter(last_name="Jones"),
+            [
                 "Dan Jones",
                 "Fran Jones",
             ],
-            str
+            str,
         )
 
 
@@ -189,7 +208,7 @@ class CustomPKTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_unicode_pk(self):
         # Primary key may be Unicode string.
-        Business.objects.create(name='jaźń')
+        Business.objects.create(name="jaźń")
 
     def test_unique_pk(self):
         # The primary key must also be unique, so trying to create a new object
@@ -199,12 +218,12 @@ class CustomPKTests(TestCase):
         )
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
             with transaction.atomic():
-                Employee.objects.create(employee_code=123, first_name="Fred", last_name="Jones")
+                Employee.objects.create(
+                    employee_code=123, first_name="Fred", last_name="Jones"
+                )
 
     def test_zero_non_autoincrement_pk(self):
-        Employee.objects.create(
-            employee_code=0, first_name="Frank", last_name="Jones"
-        )
+        Employee.objects.create(employee_code=0, first_name="Frank", last_name="Jones")
         employee = Employee.objects.get(pk=0)
         self.assertEqual(employee.employee_code, 0)
 
@@ -224,7 +243,7 @@ class CustomPKTests(TestCase):
     # SQLite lets objects be saved with an empty primary key, even though an
     # integer is expected. So we can't check for an error being raised in that
     # case for SQLite. Remove it from the suite for this next bit.
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_unspecified_pk')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_unspecified_pk")
     def test_required_pk(self):
         # The primary key must be specified, so an error is raised if you
         # try to create an object without it.
@@ -236,7 +255,7 @@ class CustomPKTests(TestCase):
         obj = CustomAutoFieldModel.objects.create()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.id, MyWrapper)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert")
     def test_auto_field_subclass_bulk_create(self):
         obj = CustomAutoFieldModel()
         CustomAutoFieldModel.objects.bulk_create([obj])
diff --git a/tests/datatypes/models.py b/tests/datatypes/models.py
index b1304a7cc7..4a62c4d078 100644
--- a/tests/datatypes/models.py
+++ b/tests/datatypes/models.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class Donut(models.Model):
     review = models.TextField()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('consumed_at',)
+        ordering = ("consumed_at",)
 
 
 class RumBaba(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/datatypes/tests.py b/tests/datatypes/tests.py
index 52f24fe051..56f6c14c31 100644
--- a/tests/datatypes/tests.py
+++ b/tests/datatypes/tests.py
@@ -7,9 +7,8 @@ from .models import Donut, RumBaba
 
 
 class DataTypesTestCase(TestCase):
-
     def test_boolean_type(self):
-        d = Donut(name='Apple Fritter')
+        d = Donut(name="Apple Fritter")
         self.assertFalse(d.is_frosted)
         self.assertIsNone(d.has_sprinkles)
         d.has_sprinkles = True
@@ -17,70 +16,86 @@ class DataTypesTestCase(TestCase):
 
         d.save()
 
-        d2 = Donut.objects.get(name='Apple Fritter')
+        d2 = Donut.objects.get(name="Apple Fritter")
         self.assertFalse(d2.is_frosted)
         self.assertTrue(d2.has_sprinkles)
 
     def test_date_type(self):
-        d = Donut(name='Apple Fritter')
+        d = Donut(name="Apple Fritter")
         d.baked_date = datetime.date(year=1938, month=6, day=4)
         d.baked_time = datetime.time(hour=5, minute=30)
-        d.consumed_at = datetime.datetime(year=2007, month=4, day=20, hour=16, minute=19, second=59)
+        d.consumed_at = datetime.datetime(
+            year=2007, month=4, day=20, hour=16, minute=19, second=59
+        )
         d.save()
 
-        d2 = Donut.objects.get(name='Apple Fritter')
+        d2 = Donut.objects.get(name="Apple Fritter")
         self.assertEqual(d2.baked_date, datetime.date(1938, 6, 4))
         self.assertEqual(d2.baked_time, datetime.time(5, 30))
         self.assertEqual(d2.consumed_at, datetime.datetime(2007, 4, 20, 16, 19, 59))
 
     def test_time_field(self):
         # Test for ticket #12059: TimeField wrongly handling datetime.datetime object.
-        d = Donut(name='Apple Fritter')
-        d.baked_time = datetime.datetime(year=2007, month=4, day=20, hour=16, minute=19, second=59)
+        d = Donut(name="Apple Fritter")
+        d.baked_time = datetime.datetime(
+            year=2007, month=4, day=20, hour=16, minute=19, second=59
+        )
         d.save()
 
-        d2 = Donut.objects.get(name='Apple Fritter')
+        d2 = Donut.objects.get(name="Apple Fritter")
         self.assertEqual(d2.baked_time, datetime.time(16, 19, 59))
 
     def test_year_boundaries(self):
         """Year boundary tests (ticket #3689)"""
         Donut.objects.create(
-            name='Date Test 2007',
+            name="Date Test 2007",
             baked_date=datetime.datetime(year=2007, month=12, day=31),
-            consumed_at=datetime.datetime(year=2007, month=12, day=31, hour=23, minute=59, second=59),
+            consumed_at=datetime.datetime(
+                year=2007, month=12, day=31, hour=23, minute=59, second=59
+            ),
         )
         Donut.objects.create(
-            name='Date Test 2006',
+            name="Date Test 2006",
             baked_date=datetime.datetime(year=2006, month=1, day=1),
             consumed_at=datetime.datetime(year=2006, month=1, day=1),
         )
-        self.assertEqual("Date Test 2007", Donut.objects.filter(baked_date__year=2007)[0].name)
-        self.assertEqual("Date Test 2006", Donut.objects.filter(baked_date__year=2006)[0].name)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "Date Test 2007", Donut.objects.filter(baked_date__year=2007)[0].name
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "Date Test 2006", Donut.objects.filter(baked_date__year=2006)[0].name
+        )
 
         Donut.objects.create(
-            name='Apple Fritter',
-            consumed_at=datetime.datetime(year=2007, month=4, day=20, hour=16, minute=19, second=59),
+            name="Apple Fritter",
+            consumed_at=datetime.datetime(
+                year=2007, month=4, day=20, hour=16, minute=19, second=59
+            ),
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            ['Apple Fritter', 'Date Test 2007'],
-            list(Donut.objects.filter(consumed_at__year=2007).order_by('name').values_list('name', flat=True))
+            ["Apple Fritter", "Date Test 2007"],
+            list(
+                Donut.objects.filter(consumed_at__year=2007)
+                .order_by("name")
+                .values_list("name", flat=True)
+            ),
         )
         self.assertEqual(0, Donut.objects.filter(consumed_at__year=2005).count())
         self.assertEqual(0, Donut.objects.filter(consumed_at__year=2008).count())
 
     def test_textfields_str(self):
         """TextField values returned from the database should be str."""
-        d = Donut.objects.create(name='Jelly Donut', review='Outstanding')
+        d = Donut.objects.create(name="Jelly Donut", review="Outstanding")
         newd = Donut.objects.get(id=d.id)
         self.assertIsInstance(newd.review, str)
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_timezones')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_timezones")
     def test_error_on_timezone(self):
         """Regression test for #8354: the MySQL and Oracle backends should raise
         an error if given a timezone-aware datetime object."""
         dt = datetime.datetime(2008, 8, 31, 16, 20, tzinfo=utc)
-        d = Donut(name='Bear claw', consumed_at=dt)
+        d = Donut(name="Bear claw", consumed_at=dt)
         # MySQL backend does not support timezone-aware datetimes.
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             d.save()
diff --git a/tests/dates/tests.py b/tests/dates/tests.py
index 9f12d997e0..ef145bafd0 100644
--- a/tests/dates/tests.py
+++ b/tests/dates/tests.py
@@ -44,31 +44,36 @@ class DatesTests(TestCase):
         c.articles.add(a1, a3)
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Comment.objects.dates("article__pub_date", "year"), [
+            Comment.objects.dates("article__pub_date", "year"),
+            [
                 datetime.date(2005, 1, 1),
                 datetime.date(2010, 1, 1),
             ],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Comment.objects.dates("article__pub_date", "month"), [
+            Comment.objects.dates("article__pub_date", "month"),
+            [
                 datetime.date(2005, 7, 1),
                 datetime.date(2010, 7, 1),
             ],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Comment.objects.dates("article__pub_date", "week"), [
+            Comment.objects.dates("article__pub_date", "week"),
+            [
                 datetime.date(2005, 7, 25),
                 datetime.date(2010, 7, 26),
             ],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Comment.objects.dates("article__pub_date", "day"), [
+            Comment.objects.dates("article__pub_date", "day"),
+            [
                 datetime.date(2005, 7, 28),
                 datetime.date(2010, 7, 28),
             ],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.dates("comments__pub_date", "day"), [
+            Article.objects.dates("comments__pub_date", "day"),
+            [
                 datetime.date(2005, 7, 28),
                 datetime.date(2005, 7, 29),
                 datetime.date(2005, 8, 29),
@@ -79,7 +84,8 @@ class DatesTests(TestCase):
             Article.objects.dates("comments__approval_date", "day"), []
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Category.objects.dates("articles__pub_date", "day"), [
+            Category.objects.dates("articles__pub_date", "day"),
+            [
                 datetime.date(2005, 7, 28),
             ],
         )
@@ -94,7 +100,7 @@ class DatesTests(TestCase):
             "Cannot resolve keyword 'invalid_field' into field. Choices are: "
             "categories, comments, id, pub_date, pub_datetime, title",
         ):
-            Article.objects.dates('invalid_field', 'year')
+            Article.objects.dates("invalid_field", "year")
 
     def test_dates_fails_when_given_invalid_kind_argument(self):
         msg = "'kind' must be one of 'year', 'month', 'week', or 'day'."
@@ -118,18 +124,19 @@ class DatesTests(TestCase):
             ]
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.dates('pub_datetime', 'day', order='ASC'), [
+            Article.objects.dates("pub_datetime", "day", order="ASC"),
+            [
                 datetime.date(2015, 10, 21),
                 datetime.date(2015, 10, 22),
-            ]
+            ],
         )
 
-    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'mysql', "Test checks MySQL query syntax")
+    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == "mysql", "Test checks MySQL query syntax")
     def test_dates_avoid_datetime_cast(self):
         Article.objects.create(pub_date=datetime.date(2015, 10, 21))
-        for kind in ['day', 'month', 'year']:
-            qs = Article.objects.dates('pub_date', kind)
-            if kind == 'day':
-                self.assertIn('DATE(', str(qs.query))
+        for kind in ["day", "month", "year"]:
+            qs = Article.objects.dates("pub_date", kind)
+            if kind == "day":
+                self.assertIn("DATE(", str(qs.query))
             else:
-                self.assertIn(' AS DATE)', str(qs.query))
+                self.assertIn(" AS DATE)", str(qs.query))
diff --git a/tests/datetimes/models.py b/tests/datetimes/models.py
index c8b64ae52a..9c8e5e6cd9 100644
--- a/tests/datetimes/models.py
+++ b/tests/datetimes/models.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class Comment(models.Model):
     approval_date = models.DateTimeField(null=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return 'Comment to %s (%s)' % (self.article.title, self.pub_date)
+        return "Comment to %s (%s)" % (self.article.title, self.pub_date)
 
 
 class Category(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/datetimes/tests.py b/tests/datetimes/tests.py
index 95828f8e09..58bf3ac0dc 100644
--- a/tests/datetimes/tests.py
+++ b/tests/datetimes/tests.py
@@ -49,31 +49,36 @@ class DateTimesTests(TestCase):
         c.articles.add(a1, a3)
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Comment.objects.datetimes("article__pub_date", "year"), [
+            Comment.objects.datetimes("article__pub_date", "year"),
+            [
                 datetime.datetime(2005, 1, 1),
                 datetime.datetime(2010, 1, 1),
             ],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Comment.objects.datetimes("article__pub_date", "month"), [
+            Comment.objects.datetimes("article__pub_date", "month"),
+            [
                 datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 1),
                 datetime.datetime(2010, 7, 1),
             ],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Comment.objects.datetimes("article__pub_date", "week"), [
+            Comment.objects.datetimes("article__pub_date", "week"),
+            [
                 datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 25),
                 datetime.datetime(2010, 7, 26),
             ],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Comment.objects.datetimes("article__pub_date", "day"), [
+            Comment.objects.datetimes("article__pub_date", "day"),
+            [
                 datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 28),
                 datetime.datetime(2010, 7, 28),
             ],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.datetimes("comments__pub_date", "day"), [
+            Article.objects.datetimes("comments__pub_date", "day"),
+            [
                 datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 28),
                 datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 29),
                 datetime.datetime(2005, 8, 29),
@@ -84,7 +89,8 @@ class DateTimesTests(TestCase):
             Article.objects.datetimes("comments__approval_date", "day"), []
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Category.objects.datetimes("articles__pub_date", "day"), [
+            Category.objects.datetimes("articles__pub_date", "day"),
+            [
                 datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 28),
             ],
         )
@@ -93,17 +99,17 @@ class DateTimesTests(TestCase):
     def test_21432(self):
         now = timezone.localtime(timezone.now().replace(microsecond=0))
         Article.objects.create(title="First one", pub_date=now)
-        qs = Article.objects.datetimes('pub_date', 'second')
+        qs = Article.objects.datetimes("pub_date", "second")
         self.assertEqual(qs[0], now)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(pytz is not None, 'Test requires pytz')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(pytz is not None, "Test requires pytz")
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
-    @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE='UTC', USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ=True)
+    @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE="UTC", USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ=True)
     def test_datetimes_ambiguous_and_invalid_times(self):
-        sao = pytz.timezone('America/Sao_Paulo')
+        sao = pytz.timezone("America/Sao_Paulo")
         utc = pytz.UTC
         article = Article.objects.create(
-            title='Article 1',
+            title="Article 1",
             pub_date=utc.localize(datetime.datetime(2016, 2, 21, 1)),
         )
         Comment.objects.create(
@@ -111,24 +117,28 @@ class DateTimesTests(TestCase):
             pub_date=utc.localize(datetime.datetime(2016, 10, 16, 13)),
         )
         with timezone.override(sao):
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(pytz.AmbiguousTimeError, '2016-02-20 23:00:00'):
-                Article.objects.datetimes('pub_date', 'hour').get()
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(pytz.NonExistentTimeError, '2016-10-16 00:00:00'):
-                Comment.objects.datetimes('pub_date', 'day').get()
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                pytz.AmbiguousTimeError, "2016-02-20 23:00:00"
+            ):
+                Article.objects.datetimes("pub_date", "hour").get()
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                pytz.NonExistentTimeError, "2016-10-16 00:00:00"
+            ):
+                Comment.objects.datetimes("pub_date", "day").get()
             self.assertEqual(
-                Article.objects.datetimes('pub_date', 'hour', is_dst=False).get().dst(),
+                Article.objects.datetimes("pub_date", "hour", is_dst=False).get().dst(),
                 datetime.timedelta(0),
             )
             self.assertEqual(
-                Comment.objects.datetimes('pub_date', 'day', is_dst=False).get().dst(),
+                Comment.objects.datetimes("pub_date", "day", is_dst=False).get().dst(),
                 datetime.timedelta(0),
             )
             self.assertEqual(
-                Article.objects.datetimes('pub_date', 'hour', is_dst=True).get().dst(),
+                Article.objects.datetimes("pub_date", "hour", is_dst=True).get().dst(),
                 datetime.timedelta(0, 3600),
             )
             self.assertEqual(
-                Comment.objects.datetimes('pub_date', 'hour', is_dst=True).get().dst(),
+                Comment.objects.datetimes("pub_date", "hour", is_dst=True).get().dst(),
                 datetime.timedelta(0, 3600),
             )
 
@@ -137,30 +147,25 @@ class DateTimesTests(TestCase):
             datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 28, 12, 15),
             datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 29, 2, 15),
             datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 30, 5, 15),
-            datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 31, 19, 15)]
+            datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 31, 19, 15),
+        ]
         for i, pub_date in enumerate(pub_dates):
-            Article(pub_date=pub_date, title='title #{}'.format(i)).save()
+            Article(pub_date=pub_date, title="title #{}".format(i)).save()
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.datetimes('pub_date', 'year'),
+            Article.objects.datetimes("pub_date", "year"),
             [datetime.datetime(2005, 1, 1, 0, 0)],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.datetimes('pub_date', 'month'),
+            Article.objects.datetimes("pub_date", "month"),
             [datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 1, 0, 0)],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.datetimes('pub_date', 'week'),
+            Article.objects.datetimes("pub_date", "week"),
             [datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 25, 0, 0)],
         )
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Article.objects.datetimes('pub_date', 'day'), [
-            datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 28, 0, 0),
-            datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 29, 0, 0),
-            datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 30, 0, 0),
-            datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 31, 0, 0),
-        ])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.datetimes('pub_date', 'day', order='ASC'),
+            Article.objects.datetimes("pub_date", "day"),
             [
                 datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 28, 0, 0),
                 datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 29, 0, 0),
@@ -169,7 +174,16 @@ class DateTimesTests(TestCase):
             ],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.datetimes('pub_date', 'day', order='DESC'),
+            Article.objects.datetimes("pub_date", "day", order="ASC"),
+            [
+                datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 28, 0, 0),
+                datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 29, 0, 0),
+                datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 30, 0, 0),
+                datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 31, 0, 0),
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Article.objects.datetimes("pub_date", "day", order="DESC"),
             [
                 datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 31, 0, 0),
                 datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 30, 0, 0),
@@ -183,29 +197,42 @@ class DateTimesTests(TestCase):
             datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 28, 12, 15),
             datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 29, 2, 15),
             datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 30, 5, 15),
-            datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 31, 19, 15)]
+            datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 31, 19, 15),
+        ]
         for i, pub_date in enumerate(pub_dates):
-            Article(pub_date=pub_date, title='title #{}'.format(i)).save()
+            Article(pub_date=pub_date, title="title #{}".format(i)).save()
         # Use iterator() with datetimes() to return a generator that lazily
         # requests each result one at a time, to save memory.
         dates = []
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            article_datetimes_iterator = Article.objects.datetimes('pub_date', 'day', order='DESC').iterator()
+            article_datetimes_iterator = Article.objects.datetimes(
+                "pub_date", "day", order="DESC"
+            ).iterator()
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             for article in article_datetimes_iterator:
                 dates.append(article)
-        self.assertEqual(dates, [
-            datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 31, 0, 0),
-            datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 30, 0, 0),
-            datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 29, 0, 0),
-            datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 28, 0, 0)])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            dates,
+            [
+                datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 31, 0, 0),
+                datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 30, 0, 0),
+                datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 29, 0, 0),
+                datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 28, 0, 0),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_datetimes_disallows_date_fields(self):
         dt = datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 28, 12, 15)
-        Article.objects.create(pub_date=dt, published_on=dt.date(), title="Don't put dates into datetime functions!")
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot truncate DateField 'published_on' to DateTimeField"):
-            list(Article.objects.datetimes('published_on', 'second'))
+        Article.objects.create(
+            pub_date=dt,
+            published_on=dt.date(),
+            title="Don't put dates into datetime functions!",
+        )
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Cannot truncate DateField 'published_on' to DateTimeField"
+        ):
+            list(Article.objects.datetimes("published_on", "second"))
 
     def test_datetimes_fails_when_given_invalid_kind_argument(self):
         msg = (
@@ -213,9 +240,9 @@ class DateTimesTests(TestCase):
             "'minute', or 'second'."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Article.objects.datetimes('pub_date', 'bad_kind')
+            Article.objects.datetimes("pub_date", "bad_kind")
 
     def test_datetimes_fails_when_given_invalid_order_argument(self):
         msg = "'order' must be either 'ASC' or 'DESC'."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Article.objects.datetimes('pub_date', 'year', order='bad order')
+            Article.objects.datetimes("pub_date", "year", order="bad order")
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_cast.py b/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_cast.py
index ffba8af316..afb6b473b9 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_cast.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_cast.py
@@ -13,40 +13,52 @@ from ..models import Author, DTModel, Fan, FloatModel
 class CastTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(self):
-        Author.objects.create(name='Bob', age=1, alias='1')
+        Author.objects.create(name="Bob", age=1, alias="1")
 
     def test_cast_from_value(self):
-        numbers = Author.objects.annotate(cast_integer=Cast(models.Value('0'), models.IntegerField()))
+        numbers = Author.objects.annotate(
+            cast_integer=Cast(models.Value("0"), models.IntegerField())
+        )
         self.assertEqual(numbers.get().cast_integer, 0)
 
     def test_cast_from_field(self):
-        numbers = Author.objects.annotate(cast_string=Cast('age', models.CharField(max_length=255)),)
-        self.assertEqual(numbers.get().cast_string, '1')
+        numbers = Author.objects.annotate(
+            cast_string=Cast("age", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(numbers.get().cast_string, "1")
 
     def test_cast_to_char_field_without_max_length(self):
-        numbers = Author.objects.annotate(cast_string=Cast('age', models.CharField()))
-        self.assertEqual(numbers.get().cast_string, '1')
+        numbers = Author.objects.annotate(cast_string=Cast("age", models.CharField()))
+        self.assertEqual(numbers.get().cast_string, "1")
 
     # Silence "Truncated incorrect CHAR(1) value: 'Bob'".
-    @ignore_warnings(module='django.db.backends.mysql.base')
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_cast_with_precision')
+    @ignore_warnings(module="django.db.backends.mysql.base")
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_cast_with_precision")
     def test_cast_to_char_field_with_max_length(self):
-        names = Author.objects.annotate(cast_string=Cast('name', models.CharField(max_length=1)))
-        self.assertEqual(names.get().cast_string, 'B')
+        names = Author.objects.annotate(
+            cast_string=Cast("name", models.CharField(max_length=1))
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(names.get().cast_string, "B")
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_cast_with_precision')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_cast_with_precision")
     def test_cast_to_decimal_field(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=-1.934, f2=3.467)
         float_obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(
-            cast_f1_decimal=Cast('f1', models.DecimalField(max_digits=8, decimal_places=2)),
-            cast_f2_decimal=Cast('f2', models.DecimalField(max_digits=8, decimal_places=1)),
+            cast_f1_decimal=Cast(
+                "f1", models.DecimalField(max_digits=8, decimal_places=2)
+            ),
+            cast_f2_decimal=Cast(
+                "f2", models.DecimalField(max_digits=8, decimal_places=1)
+            ),
         ).get()
-        self.assertEqual(float_obj.cast_f1_decimal, decimal.Decimal('-1.93'))
-        self.assertEqual(float_obj.cast_f2_decimal, decimal.Decimal('3.5'))
+        self.assertEqual(float_obj.cast_f1_decimal, decimal.Decimal("-1.93"))
+        self.assertEqual(float_obj.cast_f2_decimal, decimal.Decimal("3.5"))
         author_obj = Author.objects.annotate(
-            cast_alias_decimal=Cast('alias', models.DecimalField(max_digits=8, decimal_places=2)),
+            cast_alias_decimal=Cast(
+                "alias", models.DecimalField(max_digits=8, decimal_places=2)
+            ),
         ).get()
-        self.assertEqual(author_obj.cast_alias_decimal, decimal.Decimal('1'))
+        self.assertEqual(author_obj.cast_alias_decimal, decimal.Decimal("1"))
 
     def test_cast_to_integer(self):
         for field_class in (
@@ -61,14 +73,14 @@ class CastTests(TestCase):
             models.PositiveSmallIntegerField,
         ):
             with self.subTest(field_class=field_class):
-                numbers = Author.objects.annotate(cast_int=Cast('alias', field_class()))
+                numbers = Author.objects.annotate(cast_int=Cast("alias", field_class()))
                 self.assertEqual(numbers.get().cast_int, 1)
 
     def test_cast_to_duration(self):
         duration = datetime.timedelta(days=1, seconds=2, microseconds=3)
         DTModel.objects.create(duration=duration)
         dtm = DTModel.objects.annotate(
-            cast_duration=Cast('duration', models.DurationField()),
+            cast_duration=Cast("duration", models.DurationField()),
             cast_neg_duration=Cast(-duration, models.DurationField()),
         ).get()
         self.assertEqual(dtm.cast_duration, duration)
@@ -78,7 +90,7 @@ class CastTests(TestCase):
         dt_value = datetime.datetime(2018, 9, 28, 12, 42, 10, 234567)
         DTModel.objects.create(start_datetime=dt_value)
         dtm = DTModel.objects.annotate(
-            start_datetime_as_date=Cast('start_datetime', models.DateField())
+            start_datetime_as_date=Cast("start_datetime", models.DateField())
         ).first()
         self.assertEqual(dtm.start_datetime_as_date, datetime.date(2018, 9, 28))
 
@@ -86,27 +98,39 @@ class CastTests(TestCase):
         dt_value = datetime.datetime(2018, 9, 28, 12, 42, 10, 234567)
         DTModel.objects.create(start_datetime=dt_value)
         dtm = DTModel.objects.annotate(
-            start_datetime_as_time=Cast('start_datetime', models.TimeField())
+            start_datetime_as_time=Cast("start_datetime", models.TimeField())
         ).first()
-        rounded_ms = int(round(.234567, connection.features.time_cast_precision) * 10**6)
-        self.assertEqual(dtm.start_datetime_as_time, datetime.time(12, 42, 10, rounded_ms))
+        rounded_ms = int(
+            round(0.234567, connection.features.time_cast_precision) * 10**6
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            dtm.start_datetime_as_time, datetime.time(12, 42, 10, rounded_ms)
+        )
 
     def test_cast_from_db_date_to_datetime(self):
         dt_value = datetime.date(2018, 9, 28)
         DTModel.objects.create(start_date=dt_value)
-        dtm = DTModel.objects.annotate(start_as_datetime=Cast('start_date', models.DateTimeField())).first()
-        self.assertEqual(dtm.start_as_datetime, datetime.datetime(2018, 9, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0))
+        dtm = DTModel.objects.annotate(
+            start_as_datetime=Cast("start_date", models.DateTimeField())
+        ).first()
+        self.assertEqual(
+            dtm.start_as_datetime, datetime.datetime(2018, 9, 28, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+        )
 
     def test_cast_from_db_datetime_to_date_group_by(self):
-        author = Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', age=45)
+        author = Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", age=45)
         dt_value = datetime.datetime(2018, 9, 28, 12, 42, 10, 234567)
-        Fan.objects.create(name='Margaret', age=50, author=author, fan_since=dt_value)
-        fans = Fan.objects.values('author').annotate(
-            fan_for_day=Cast('fan_since', models.DateField()),
-            fans=models.Count('*')
-        ).values()
-        self.assertEqual(fans[0]['fan_for_day'], datetime.date(2018, 9, 28))
-        self.assertEqual(fans[0]['fans'], 1)
+        Fan.objects.create(name="Margaret", age=50, author=author, fan_since=dt_value)
+        fans = (
+            Fan.objects.values("author")
+            .annotate(
+                fan_for_day=Cast("fan_since", models.DateField()),
+                fans=models.Count("*"),
+            )
+            .values()
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(fans[0]["fan_for_day"], datetime.date(2018, 9, 28))
+        self.assertEqual(fans[0]["fans"], 1)
 
     def test_cast_from_python_to_date(self):
         today = datetime.date.today()
@@ -117,30 +141,39 @@ class CastTests(TestCase):
         now = datetime.datetime.now()
         dates = Author.objects.annotate(cast_datetime=Cast(now, models.DateTimeField()))
         time_precision = datetime.timedelta(
-            microseconds=10**(6 - connection.features.time_cast_precision)
+            microseconds=10 ** (6 - connection.features.time_cast_precision)
         )
         self.assertAlmostEqual(dates.get().cast_datetime, now, delta=time_precision)
 
     def test_cast_from_python(self):
-        numbers = Author.objects.annotate(cast_float=Cast(decimal.Decimal(0.125), models.FloatField()))
+        numbers = Author.objects.annotate(
+            cast_float=Cast(decimal.Decimal(0.125), models.FloatField())
+        )
         cast_float = numbers.get().cast_float
         self.assertIsInstance(cast_float, float)
         self.assertEqual(cast_float, 0.125)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'PostgreSQL test')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL test")
     def test_expression_wrapped_with_parentheses_on_postgresql(self):
         """
         The SQL for the Cast expression is wrapped with parentheses in case
         it's a complex expression.
         """
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
-            list(Author.objects.annotate(
-                cast_float=Cast(models.Avg('age'), models.FloatField()),
-            ))
+            list(
+                Author.objects.annotate(
+                    cast_float=Cast(models.Avg("age"), models.FloatField()),
+                )
+            )
         self.assertIn(
             '(AVG("db_functions_author"."age"))::double precision',
-            captured_queries[0]['sql'],
+            captured_queries[0]["sql"],
         )
 
     def test_cast_to_text_field(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Author.objects.values_list(Cast('age', models.TextField()), flat=True).get(), '1')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Author.objects.values_list(
+                Cast("age", models.TextField()), flat=True
+            ).get(),
+            "1",
+        )
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_coalesce.py b/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_coalesce.py
index 1093079d68..9125923847 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_coalesce.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_coalesce.py
@@ -11,25 +11,25 @@ lorem_ipsum = """
 
 
 class CoalesceTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_basic(self):
-        Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='smithj')
-        Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda')
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(display_name=Coalesce('alias', 'name'))
+        Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="smithj")
+        Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda")
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(display_name=Coalesce("alias", "name"))
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors.order_by('name'), ['smithj', 'Rhonda'],
-            lambda a: a.display_name
+            authors.order_by("name"), ["smithj", "Rhonda"], lambda a: a.display_name
         )
 
     def test_gt_two_expressions(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Coalesce must take at least two expressions'):
-            Author.objects.annotate(display_name=Coalesce('alias'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Coalesce must take at least two expressions"
+        ):
+            Author.objects.annotate(display_name=Coalesce("alias"))
 
     def test_mixed_values(self):
-        a1 = Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='smithj')
-        a2 = Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda')
+        a1 = Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="smithj")
+        a2 = Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda")
         ar1 = Article.objects.create(
-            title='How to Django',
+            title="How to Django",
             text=lorem_ipsum,
             written=timezone.now(),
         )
@@ -37,42 +37,33 @@ class CoalesceTests(TestCase):
         ar1.authors.add(a2)
         # mixed Text and Char
         article = Article.objects.annotate(
-            headline=Coalesce('summary', 'text', output_field=TextField()),
+            headline=Coalesce("summary", "text", output_field=TextField()),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            article.order_by('title'), [lorem_ipsum],
-            lambda a: a.headline
+            article.order_by("title"), [lorem_ipsum], lambda a: a.headline
         )
         # mixed Text and Char wrapped
         article = Article.objects.annotate(
-            headline=Coalesce(Lower('summary'), Lower('text'), output_field=TextField()),
+            headline=Coalesce(
+                Lower("summary"), Lower("text"), output_field=TextField()
+            ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            article.order_by('title'), [lorem_ipsum.lower()],
-            lambda a: a.headline
+            article.order_by("title"), [lorem_ipsum.lower()], lambda a: a.headline
         )
 
     def test_ordering(self):
-        Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='smithj')
-        Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda')
-        authors = Author.objects.order_by(Coalesce('alias', 'name'))
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors, ['Rhonda', 'John Smith'],
-            lambda a: a.name
-        )
-        authors = Author.objects.order_by(Coalesce('alias', 'name').asc())
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors, ['Rhonda', 'John Smith'],
-            lambda a: a.name
-        )
-        authors = Author.objects.order_by(Coalesce('alias', 'name').desc())
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors, ['John Smith', 'Rhonda'],
-            lambda a: a.name
-        )
+        Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="smithj")
+        Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda")
+        authors = Author.objects.order_by(Coalesce("alias", "name"))
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(authors, ["Rhonda", "John Smith"], lambda a: a.name)
+        authors = Author.objects.order_by(Coalesce("alias", "name").asc())
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(authors, ["Rhonda", "John Smith"], lambda a: a.name)
+        authors = Author.objects.order_by(Coalesce("alias", "name").desc())
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(authors, ["John Smith", "Rhonda"], lambda a: a.name)
 
     def test_empty_queryset(self):
-        Author.objects.create(name='John Smith')
+        Author.objects.create(name="John Smith")
         tests = [
             Author.objects.none(),
             Subquery(Author.objects.none()),
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_collate.py b/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_collate.py
index b680ed9a05..25f55f6b2d 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_collate.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_collate.py
@@ -9,35 +9,31 @@ from ..models import Author
 class CollateTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.author1 = Author.objects.create(alias='a', name='Jones 1')
-        cls.author2 = Author.objects.create(alias='A', name='Jones 2')
+        cls.author1 = Author.objects.create(alias="a", name="Jones 1")
+        cls.author2 = Author.objects.create(alias="A", name="Jones 2")
 
     def test_collate_filter_ci(self):
-        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get('ci')
+        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get("ci")
         if not collation:
-            self.skipTest(
-                'This backend does not support case-insensitive collations.'
-            )
-        qs = Author.objects.filter(alias=Collate(Value('a'), collation))
+            self.skipTest("This backend does not support case-insensitive collations.")
+        qs = Author.objects.filter(alias=Collate(Value("a"), collation))
         self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 2)
 
     def test_collate_order_by_cs(self):
-        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get('cs')
+        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get("cs")
         if not collation:
-            self.skipTest(
-                'This backend does not support case-sensitive collations.'
-            )
-        qs = Author.objects.order_by(Collate('alias', collation))
+            self.skipTest("This backend does not support case-sensitive collations.")
+        qs = Author.objects.order_by(Collate("alias", collation))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.author2, self.author1])
 
     def test_language_collation_order_by(self):
-        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get('swedish_ci')
+        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get("swedish_ci")
         if not collation:
-            self.skipTest('This backend does not support language collations.')
-        author3 = Author.objects.create(alias='O', name='Jones')
-        author4 = Author.objects.create(alias='Ö', name='Jones')
-        author5 = Author.objects.create(alias='P', name='Jones')
-        qs = Author.objects.order_by(Collate(F('alias'), collation), 'name')
+            self.skipTest("This backend does not support language collations.")
+        author3 = Author.objects.create(alias="O", name="Jones")
+        author4 = Author.objects.create(alias="Ö", name="Jones")
+        author5 = Author.objects.create(alias="P", name="Jones")
+        qs = Author.objects.order_by(Collate(F("alias"), collation), "name")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             qs,
             [self.author1, self.author2, author3, author5, author4],
@@ -46,11 +42,11 @@ class CollateTests(TestCase):
     def test_invalid_collation(self):
         tests = [
             None,
-            '',
+            "",
             'et-x-icu" OR ',
             '"schema"."collation"',
         ]
         msg = "Invalid collation name: %r."
         for value in tests:
             with self.subTest(value), self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg % value):
-                Collate(F('alias'), value)
+                Collate(F("alias"), value)
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_greatest.py b/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_greatest.py
index f11e7b824c..c37514adf7 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_greatest.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_greatest.py
@@ -12,79 +12,90 @@ from ..models import Article, Author, DecimalModel, Fan
 
 
 class GreatestTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_basic(self):
         now = timezone.now()
         before = now - timedelta(hours=1)
-        Article.objects.create(title='Testing with Django', written=before, published=now)
-        articles = Article.objects.annotate(last_updated=Greatest('written', 'published'))
+        Article.objects.create(
+            title="Testing with Django", written=before, published=now
+        )
+        articles = Article.objects.annotate(
+            last_updated=Greatest("written", "published")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(articles.first().last_updated, now)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('greatest_least_ignores_nulls')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("greatest_least_ignores_nulls")
     def test_ignores_null(self):
         now = timezone.now()
-        Article.objects.create(title='Testing with Django', written=now)
-        articles = Article.objects.annotate(last_updated=Greatest('written', 'published'))
+        Article.objects.create(title="Testing with Django", written=now)
+        articles = Article.objects.annotate(
+            last_updated=Greatest("written", "published")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(articles.first().last_updated, now)
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('greatest_least_ignores_nulls')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("greatest_least_ignores_nulls")
     def test_propagates_null(self):
-        Article.objects.create(title='Testing with Django', written=timezone.now())
-        articles = Article.objects.annotate(last_updated=Greatest('written', 'published'))
+        Article.objects.create(title="Testing with Django", written=timezone.now())
+        articles = Article.objects.annotate(
+            last_updated=Greatest("written", "published")
+        )
         self.assertIsNone(articles.first().last_updated)
 
     def test_coalesce_workaround(self):
         past = datetime(1900, 1, 1)
         now = timezone.now()
-        Article.objects.create(title='Testing with Django', written=now)
+        Article.objects.create(title="Testing with Django", written=now)
         articles = Article.objects.annotate(
             last_updated=Greatest(
-                Coalesce('written', past),
-                Coalesce('published', past),
+                Coalesce("written", past),
+                Coalesce("published", past),
             ),
         )
         self.assertEqual(articles.first().last_updated, now)
 
-    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'mysql', "MySQL-specific workaround")
+    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == "mysql", "MySQL-specific workaround")
     def test_coalesce_workaround_mysql(self):
         past = datetime(1900, 1, 1)
         now = timezone.now()
-        Article.objects.create(title='Testing with Django', written=now)
+        Article.objects.create(title="Testing with Django", written=now)
         past_sql = RawSQL("cast(%s as datetime)", (past,))
         articles = Article.objects.annotate(
             last_updated=Greatest(
-                Coalesce('written', past_sql),
-                Coalesce('published', past_sql),
+                Coalesce("written", past_sql),
+                Coalesce("published", past_sql),
             ),
         )
         self.assertEqual(articles.first().last_updated, now)
 
     def test_all_null(self):
-        Article.objects.create(title='Testing with Django', written=timezone.now())
-        articles = Article.objects.annotate(last_updated=Greatest('published', 'updated'))
+        Article.objects.create(title="Testing with Django", written=timezone.now())
+        articles = Article.objects.annotate(
+            last_updated=Greatest("published", "updated")
+        )
         self.assertIsNone(articles.first().last_updated)
 
     def test_one_expressions(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Greatest must take at least two expressions'):
-            Greatest('written')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Greatest must take at least two expressions"
+        ):
+            Greatest("written")
 
     def test_related_field(self):
-        author = Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', age=45)
-        Fan.objects.create(name='Margaret', age=50, author=author)
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(highest_age=Greatest('age', 'fans__age'))
+        author = Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", age=45)
+        Fan.objects.create(name="Margaret", age=50, author=author)
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(highest_age=Greatest("age", "fans__age"))
         self.assertEqual(authors.first().highest_age, 50)
 
     def test_update(self):
-        author = Author.objects.create(name='James Smith', goes_by='Jim')
-        Author.objects.update(alias=Greatest('name', 'goes_by'))
+        author = Author.objects.create(name="James Smith", goes_by="Jim")
+        Author.objects.update(alias=Greatest("name", "goes_by"))
         author.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(author.alias, 'Jim')
+        self.assertEqual(author.alias, "Jim")
 
     def test_decimal_filter(self):
-        obj = DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('1.1'), n2=Decimal('1.2'))
+        obj = DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("1.1"), n2=Decimal("1.2"))
         self.assertCountEqual(
             DecimalModel.objects.annotate(
-                greatest=Greatest('n1', 'n2'),
-            ).filter(greatest=Decimal('1.2')),
+                greatest=Greatest("n1", "n2"),
+            ).filter(greatest=Decimal("1.2")),
             [obj],
         )
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_json_object.py b/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_json_object.py
index 2c7c1beae9..7a10657317 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_json_object.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_json_object.py
@@ -8,75 +8,90 @@ from django.utils import timezone
 from ..models import Article, Author
 
 
-@skipUnlessDBFeature('has_json_object_function')
+@skipUnlessDBFeature("has_json_object_function")
 class JSONObjectTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        Author.objects.create(name='Ivan Ivanov', alias='iivanov')
+        Author.objects.create(name="Ivan Ivanov", alias="iivanov")
 
     def test_empty(self):
         obj = Author.objects.annotate(json_object=JSONObject()).first()
         self.assertEqual(obj.json_object, {})
 
     def test_basic(self):
-        obj = Author.objects.annotate(json_object=JSONObject(name='name')).first()
-        self.assertEqual(obj.json_object, {'name': 'Ivan Ivanov'})
+        obj = Author.objects.annotate(json_object=JSONObject(name="name")).first()
+        self.assertEqual(obj.json_object, {"name": "Ivan Ivanov"})
 
     def test_expressions(self):
-        obj = Author.objects.annotate(json_object=JSONObject(
-            name=Lower('name'),
-            alias='alias',
-            goes_by='goes_by',
-            salary=Value(30000.15),
-            age=F('age') * 2,
-        )).first()
-        self.assertEqual(obj.json_object, {
-            'name': 'ivan ivanov',
-            'alias': 'iivanov',
-            'goes_by': None,
-            'salary': 30000.15,
-            'age': 60,
-        })
+        obj = Author.objects.annotate(
+            json_object=JSONObject(
+                name=Lower("name"),
+                alias="alias",
+                goes_by="goes_by",
+                salary=Value(30000.15),
+                age=F("age") * 2,
+            )
+        ).first()
+        self.assertEqual(
+            obj.json_object,
+            {
+                "name": "ivan ivanov",
+                "alias": "iivanov",
+                "goes_by": None,
+                "salary": 30000.15,
+                "age": 60,
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_nested_json_object(self):
-        obj = Author.objects.annotate(json_object=JSONObject(
-            name='name',
-            nested_json_object=JSONObject(
-                alias='alias',
-                age='age',
-            ),
-        )).first()
-        self.assertEqual(obj.json_object, {
-            'name': 'Ivan Ivanov',
-            'nested_json_object': {
-                'alias': 'iivanov',
-                'age': 30,
+        obj = Author.objects.annotate(
+            json_object=JSONObject(
+                name="name",
+                nested_json_object=JSONObject(
+                    alias="alias",
+                    age="age",
+                ),
+            )
+        ).first()
+        self.assertEqual(
+            obj.json_object,
+            {
+                "name": "Ivan Ivanov",
+                "nested_json_object": {
+                    "alias": "iivanov",
+                    "age": 30,
+                },
             },
-        })
+        )
 
     def test_nested_empty_json_object(self):
-        obj = Author.objects.annotate(json_object=JSONObject(
-            name='name',
-            nested_json_object=JSONObject(),
-        )).first()
-        self.assertEqual(obj.json_object, {
-            'name': 'Ivan Ivanov',
-            'nested_json_object': {},
-        })
+        obj = Author.objects.annotate(
+            json_object=JSONObject(
+                name="name",
+                nested_json_object=JSONObject(),
+            )
+        ).first()
+        self.assertEqual(
+            obj.json_object,
+            {
+                "name": "Ivan Ivanov",
+                "nested_json_object": {},
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_textfield(self):
         Article.objects.create(
-            title='The Title',
-            text='x' * 4000,
+            title="The Title",
+            text="x" * 4000,
             written=timezone.now(),
         )
-        obj = Article.objects.annotate(json_object=JSONObject(text=F('text'))).first()
-        self.assertEqual(obj.json_object, {'text': 'x' * 4000})
+        obj = Article.objects.annotate(json_object=JSONObject(text=F("text"))).first()
+        self.assertEqual(obj.json_object, {"text": "x" * 4000})
 
 
-@skipIfDBFeature('has_json_object_function')
+@skipIfDBFeature("has_json_object_function")
 class JSONObjectNotSupportedTests(TestCase):
     def test_not_supported(self):
-        msg = 'JSONObject() is not supported on this database backend.'
+        msg = "JSONObject() is not supported on this database backend."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
             Author.objects.annotate(json_object=JSONObject()).get()
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_least.py b/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_least.py
index e0318e25c6..eb7514187a 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_least.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_least.py
@@ -12,81 +12,84 @@ from ..models import Article, Author, DecimalModel, Fan
 
 
 class LeastTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_basic(self):
         now = timezone.now()
         before = now - timedelta(hours=1)
-        Article.objects.create(title='Testing with Django', written=before, published=now)
-        articles = Article.objects.annotate(first_updated=Least('written', 'published'))
+        Article.objects.create(
+            title="Testing with Django", written=before, published=now
+        )
+        articles = Article.objects.annotate(first_updated=Least("written", "published"))
         self.assertEqual(articles.first().first_updated, before)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('greatest_least_ignores_nulls')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("greatest_least_ignores_nulls")
     def test_ignores_null(self):
         now = timezone.now()
-        Article.objects.create(title='Testing with Django', written=now)
+        Article.objects.create(title="Testing with Django", written=now)
         articles = Article.objects.annotate(
-            first_updated=Least('written', 'published'),
+            first_updated=Least("written", "published"),
         )
         self.assertEqual(articles.first().first_updated, now)
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('greatest_least_ignores_nulls')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("greatest_least_ignores_nulls")
     def test_propagates_null(self):
-        Article.objects.create(title='Testing with Django', written=timezone.now())
-        articles = Article.objects.annotate(first_updated=Least('written', 'published'))
+        Article.objects.create(title="Testing with Django", written=timezone.now())
+        articles = Article.objects.annotate(first_updated=Least("written", "published"))
         self.assertIsNone(articles.first().first_updated)
 
     def test_coalesce_workaround(self):
         future = datetime(2100, 1, 1)
         now = timezone.now()
-        Article.objects.create(title='Testing with Django', written=now)
+        Article.objects.create(title="Testing with Django", written=now)
         articles = Article.objects.annotate(
             last_updated=Least(
-                Coalesce('written', future),
-                Coalesce('published', future),
+                Coalesce("written", future),
+                Coalesce("published", future),
             ),
         )
         self.assertEqual(articles.first().last_updated, now)
 
-    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'mysql', "MySQL-specific workaround")
+    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == "mysql", "MySQL-specific workaround")
     def test_coalesce_workaround_mysql(self):
         future = datetime(2100, 1, 1)
         now = timezone.now()
-        Article.objects.create(title='Testing with Django', written=now)
+        Article.objects.create(title="Testing with Django", written=now)
         future_sql = RawSQL("cast(%s as datetime)", (future,))
         articles = Article.objects.annotate(
             last_updated=Least(
-                Coalesce('written', future_sql),
-                Coalesce('published', future_sql),
+                Coalesce("written", future_sql),
+                Coalesce("published", future_sql),
             ),
         )
         self.assertEqual(articles.first().last_updated, now)
 
     def test_all_null(self):
-        Article.objects.create(title='Testing with Django', written=timezone.now())
-        articles = Article.objects.annotate(first_updated=Least('published', 'updated'))
+        Article.objects.create(title="Testing with Django", written=timezone.now())
+        articles = Article.objects.annotate(first_updated=Least("published", "updated"))
         self.assertIsNone(articles.first().first_updated)
 
     def test_one_expressions(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Least must take at least two expressions'):
-            Least('written')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Least must take at least two expressions"
+        ):
+            Least("written")
 
     def test_related_field(self):
-        author = Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', age=45)
-        Fan.objects.create(name='Margaret', age=50, author=author)
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(lowest_age=Least('age', 'fans__age'))
+        author = Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", age=45)
+        Fan.objects.create(name="Margaret", age=50, author=author)
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(lowest_age=Least("age", "fans__age"))
         self.assertEqual(authors.first().lowest_age, 45)
 
     def test_update(self):
-        author = Author.objects.create(name='James Smith', goes_by='Jim')
-        Author.objects.update(alias=Least('name', 'goes_by'))
+        author = Author.objects.create(name="James Smith", goes_by="Jim")
+        Author.objects.update(alias=Least("name", "goes_by"))
         author.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(author.alias, 'James Smith')
+        self.assertEqual(author.alias, "James Smith")
 
     def test_decimal_filter(self):
-        obj = DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('1.1'), n2=Decimal('1.2'))
+        obj = DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("1.1"), n2=Decimal("1.2"))
         self.assertCountEqual(
             DecimalModel.objects.annotate(
-                least=Least('n1', 'n2'),
-            ).filter(least=Decimal('1.1')),
+                least=Least("n1", "n2"),
+            ).filter(least=Decimal("1.1")),
             [obj],
         )
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_nullif.py b/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_nullif.py
index 36f881ed57..a65885a3ec 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_nullif.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/comparison/test_nullif.py
@@ -9,32 +9,44 @@ from ..models import Author
 
 
 class NullIfTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='smithj')
-        Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda', alias='Rhonda')
+        Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="smithj")
+        Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda", alias="Rhonda")
 
     def test_basic(self):
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(nullif=NullIf('alias', 'name')).values_list('nullif')
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(nullif=NullIf("alias", "name")).values_list(
+            "nullif"
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            authors, [
-                ('smithj',),
-                ('' if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls else None,)
-            ]
+            authors,
+            [
+                ("smithj",),
+                (
+                    ""
+                    if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls
+                    else None,
+                ),
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_null_argument(self):
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(nullif=NullIf('name', Value(None))).values_list('nullif')
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(authors, [('John Smith',), ('Rhonda',)])
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(
+            nullif=NullIf("name", Value(None))
+        ).values_list("nullif")
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(authors, [("John Smith",), ("Rhonda",)])
 
     def test_too_few_args(self):
         msg = "'NullIf' takes exactly 2 arguments (1 given)"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            NullIf('name')
+            NullIf("name")
 
-    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'oracle', 'Oracle specific test for NULL-literal')
+    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == "oracle", "Oracle specific test for NULL-literal")
     def test_null_literal(self):
-        msg = 'Oracle does not allow Value(None) for expression1.'
+        msg = "Oracle does not allow Value(None) for expression1."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            list(Author.objects.annotate(nullif=NullIf(Value(None), 'name')).values_list('nullif'))
+            list(
+                Author.objects.annotate(nullif=NullIf(Value(None), "name")).values_list(
+                    "nullif"
+                )
+            )
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/datetime/test_extract_trunc.py b/tests/db_functions/datetime/test_extract_trunc.py
index aa242b90fe..5a92993912 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/datetime/test_extract_trunc.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/datetime/test_extract_trunc.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import unittest
-from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone as datetime_timezone
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+from datetime import timezone as datetime_timezone
 
 try:
     import zoneinfo
@@ -13,18 +14,45 @@ except ImportError:
 
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.db.models import (
-    DateField, DateTimeField, F, IntegerField, Max, OuterRef, Subquery,
+    DateField,
+    DateTimeField,
+    F,
+    IntegerField,
+    Max,
+    OuterRef,
+    Subquery,
     TimeField,
 )
 from django.db.models.functions import (
-    Extract, ExtractDay, ExtractHour, ExtractIsoWeekDay, ExtractIsoYear,
-    ExtractMinute, ExtractMonth, ExtractQuarter, ExtractSecond, ExtractWeek,
-    ExtractWeekDay, ExtractYear, Trunc, TruncDate, TruncDay, TruncHour,
-    TruncMinute, TruncMonth, TruncQuarter, TruncSecond, TruncTime, TruncWeek,
+    Extract,
+    ExtractDay,
+    ExtractHour,
+    ExtractIsoWeekDay,
+    ExtractIsoYear,
+    ExtractMinute,
+    ExtractMonth,
+    ExtractQuarter,
+    ExtractSecond,
+    ExtractWeek,
+    ExtractWeekDay,
+    ExtractYear,
+    Trunc,
+    TruncDate,
+    TruncDay,
+    TruncHour,
+    TruncMinute,
+    TruncMonth,
+    TruncQuarter,
+    TruncSecond,
+    TruncTime,
+    TruncWeek,
     TruncYear,
 )
 from django.test import (
-    TestCase, ignore_warnings, override_settings, skipIfDBFeature,
+    TestCase,
+    ignore_warnings,
+    override_settings,
+    skipIfDBFeature,
     skipUnlessDBFeature,
 )
 from django.utils import timezone
@@ -34,11 +62,13 @@ from ..models import Author, DTModel, Fan
 
 HAS_PYTZ = pytz is not None
 if not HAS_PYTZ:
-    needs_pytz = unittest.skip('Test requires pytz')
+    needs_pytz = unittest.skip("Test requires pytz")
 else:
+
     def needs_pytz(f):
         return f
 
+
 ZONE_CONSTRUCTORS = (zoneinfo.ZoneInfo,)
 if HAS_PYTZ:
     ZONE_CONSTRUCTORS += (pytz.timezone,)
@@ -50,32 +80,43 @@ def truncate_to(value, kind, tzinfo=None):
         value = value.astimezone(tzinfo)
 
     def truncate(value, kind):
-        if kind == 'second':
+        if kind == "second":
             return value.replace(microsecond=0)
-        if kind == 'minute':
+        if kind == "minute":
             return value.replace(second=0, microsecond=0)
-        if kind == 'hour':
+        if kind == "hour":
             return value.replace(minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0)
-        if kind == 'day':
+        if kind == "day":
             if isinstance(value, datetime):
                 return value.replace(hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0)
             return value
-        if kind == 'week':
+        if kind == "week":
             if isinstance(value, datetime):
-                return (value - timedelta(days=value.weekday())).replace(hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0)
+                return (value - timedelta(days=value.weekday())).replace(
+                    hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0
+                )
             return value - timedelta(days=value.weekday())
-        if kind == 'month':
+        if kind == "month":
             if isinstance(value, datetime):
                 return value.replace(day=1, hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0)
             return value.replace(day=1)
-        if kind == 'quarter':
+        if kind == "quarter":
             month_in_quarter = value.month - (value.month - 1) % 3
             if isinstance(value, datetime):
-                return value.replace(month=month_in_quarter, day=1, hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0)
+                return value.replace(
+                    month=month_in_quarter,
+                    day=1,
+                    hour=0,
+                    minute=0,
+                    second=0,
+                    microsecond=0,
+                )
             return value.replace(month=month_in_quarter, day=1)
         # otherwise, truncate to year
         if isinstance(value, datetime):
-            return value.replace(month=1, day=1, hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0)
+            return value.replace(
+                month=1, day=1, hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0
+            )
         return value.replace(month=1, day=1)
 
     value = truncate(value, kind)
@@ -87,17 +128,18 @@ def truncate_to(value, kind, tzinfo=None):
 
 @override_settings(USE_TZ=False)
 class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
-
     def create_model(self, start_datetime, end_datetime):
         return DTModel.objects.create(
-            name=start_datetime.isoformat() if start_datetime else 'None',
+            name=start_datetime.isoformat() if start_datetime else "None",
             start_datetime=start_datetime,
             end_datetime=end_datetime,
             start_date=start_datetime.date() if start_datetime else None,
             end_date=end_datetime.date() if end_datetime else None,
             start_time=start_datetime.time() if start_datetime else None,
             end_time=end_datetime.time() if end_datetime else None,
-            duration=(end_datetime - start_datetime) if start_datetime and end_datetime else None,
+            duration=(end_datetime - start_datetime)
+            if start_datetime and end_datetime
+            else None,
         )
 
     def test_extract_year_exact_lookup(self):
@@ -113,33 +155,35 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
 
-        for lookup in ('year', 'iso_year'):
+        for lookup in ("year", "iso_year"):
             with self.subTest(lookup):
-                qs = DTModel.objects.filter(**{'start_datetime__%s__exact' % lookup: 2015})
+                qs = DTModel.objects.filter(
+                    **{"start_datetime__%s__exact" % lookup: 2015}
+                )
                 self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 1)
                 query_string = str(qs.query).lower()
-                self.assertEqual(query_string.count(' between '), 1)
-                self.assertEqual(query_string.count('extract'), 0)
+                self.assertEqual(query_string.count(" between "), 1)
+                self.assertEqual(query_string.count("extract"), 0)
                 # exact is implied and should be the same
-                qs = DTModel.objects.filter(**{'start_datetime__%s' % lookup: 2015})
+                qs = DTModel.objects.filter(**{"start_datetime__%s" % lookup: 2015})
                 self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 1)
                 query_string = str(qs.query).lower()
-                self.assertEqual(query_string.count(' between '), 1)
-                self.assertEqual(query_string.count('extract'), 0)
+                self.assertEqual(query_string.count(" between "), 1)
+                self.assertEqual(query_string.count("extract"), 0)
                 # date and datetime fields should behave the same
-                qs = DTModel.objects.filter(**{'start_date__%s' % lookup: 2015})
+                qs = DTModel.objects.filter(**{"start_date__%s" % lookup: 2015})
                 self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 1)
                 query_string = str(qs.query).lower()
-                self.assertEqual(query_string.count(' between '), 1)
-                self.assertEqual(query_string.count('extract'), 0)
+                self.assertEqual(query_string.count(" between "), 1)
+                self.assertEqual(query_string.count("extract"), 0)
                 # an expression rhs cannot use the between optimization.
                 qs = DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                    start_year=ExtractYear('start_datetime'),
-                ).filter(end_datetime__year=F('start_year') + 1)
+                    start_year=ExtractYear("start_datetime"),
+                ).filter(end_datetime__year=F("start_year") + 1)
                 self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 1)
                 query_string = str(qs.query).lower()
-                self.assertEqual(query_string.count(' between '), 0)
-                self.assertEqual(query_string.count('extract'), 3)
+                self.assertEqual(query_string.count(" between "), 0)
+                self.assertEqual(query_string.count("extract"), 3)
 
     def test_extract_year_greaterthan_lookup(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 10)
@@ -150,19 +194,21 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
 
-        for lookup in ('year', 'iso_year'):
+        for lookup in ("year", "iso_year"):
             with self.subTest(lookup):
-                qs = DTModel.objects.filter(**{'start_datetime__%s__gt' % lookup: 2015})
+                qs = DTModel.objects.filter(**{"start_datetime__%s__gt" % lookup: 2015})
                 self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 1)
-                self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).lower().count('extract'), 0)
-                qs = DTModel.objects.filter(**{'start_datetime__%s__gte' % lookup: 2015})
+                self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).lower().count("extract"), 0)
+                qs = DTModel.objects.filter(
+                    **{"start_datetime__%s__gte" % lookup: 2015}
+                )
                 self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 2)
-                self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).lower().count('extract'), 0)
+                self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).lower().count("extract"), 0)
                 qs = DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                    start_year=ExtractYear('start_datetime'),
-                ).filter(**{'end_datetime__%s__gte' % lookup: F('start_year')})
+                    start_year=ExtractYear("start_datetime"),
+                ).filter(**{"end_datetime__%s__gte" % lookup: F("start_year")})
                 self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 1)
-                self.assertGreaterEqual(str(qs.query).lower().count('extract'), 2)
+                self.assertGreaterEqual(str(qs.query).lower().count("extract"), 2)
 
     def test_extract_year_lessthan_lookup(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 10)
@@ -173,19 +219,21 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
 
-        for lookup in ('year', 'iso_year'):
+        for lookup in ("year", "iso_year"):
             with self.subTest(lookup):
-                qs = DTModel.objects.filter(**{'start_datetime__%s__lt' % lookup: 2016})
+                qs = DTModel.objects.filter(**{"start_datetime__%s__lt" % lookup: 2016})
                 self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 1)
-                self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('extract'), 0)
-                qs = DTModel.objects.filter(**{'start_datetime__%s__lte' % lookup: 2016})
+                self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("extract"), 0)
+                qs = DTModel.objects.filter(
+                    **{"start_datetime__%s__lte" % lookup: 2016}
+                )
                 self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 2)
-                self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('extract'), 0)
+                self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("extract"), 0)
                 qs = DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                    end_year=ExtractYear('end_datetime'),
-                ).filter(**{'start_datetime__%s__lte' % lookup: F('end_year')})
+                    end_year=ExtractYear("end_datetime"),
+                ).filter(**{"start_datetime__%s__lte" % lookup: F("end_year")})
                 self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 1)
-                self.assertGreaterEqual(str(qs.query).lower().count('extract'), 2)
+                self.assertGreaterEqual(str(qs.query).lower().count("extract"), 2)
 
     def test_extract_func(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321)
@@ -196,96 +244,151 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'lookup_name must be provided'):
-            Extract('start_datetime')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "lookup_name must be provided"):
+            Extract("start_datetime")
 
-        msg = 'Extract input expression must be DateField, DateTimeField, TimeField, or DurationField.'
+        msg = "Extract input expression must be DateField, DateTimeField, TimeField, or DurationField."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=Extract('name', 'hour')))
+            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=Extract("name", "hour")))
 
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(
-                ValueError, "Cannot extract time component 'second' from DateField 'start_date'."):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=Extract('start_date', 'second')))
+            ValueError,
+            "Cannot extract time component 'second' from DateField 'start_date'.",
+        ):
+            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=Extract("start_date", "second")))
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=Extract('start_datetime', 'year')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                extracted=Extract("start_datetime", "year")
+            ).order_by("start_datetime"),
             [(start_datetime, start_datetime.year), (end_datetime, end_datetime.year)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
-        )
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=Extract('start_datetime', 'quarter')).order_by('start_datetime'),
-            [(start_datetime, 2), (end_datetime, 2)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
-        )
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=Extract('start_datetime', 'month')).order_by('start_datetime'),
-            [(start_datetime, start_datetime.month), (end_datetime, end_datetime.month)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
-        )
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=Extract('start_datetime', 'day')).order_by('start_datetime'),
-            [(start_datetime, start_datetime.day), (end_datetime, end_datetime.day)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
-        )
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=Extract('start_datetime', 'week')).order_by('start_datetime'),
-            [(start_datetime, 25), (end_datetime, 24)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
-        )
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=Extract('start_datetime', 'week_day')).order_by('start_datetime'),
-            [
-                (start_datetime, (start_datetime.isoweekday() % 7) + 1),
-                (end_datetime, (end_datetime.isoweekday() % 7) + 1)
-            ],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                extracted=Extract('start_datetime', 'iso_week_day'),
-            ).order_by('start_datetime'),
+                extracted=Extract("start_datetime", "quarter")
+            ).order_by("start_datetime"),
+            [(start_datetime, 2), (end_datetime, 2)],
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                extracted=Extract("start_datetime", "month")
+            ).order_by("start_datetime"),
+            [
+                (start_datetime, start_datetime.month),
+                (end_datetime, end_datetime.month),
+            ],
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                extracted=Extract("start_datetime", "day")
+            ).order_by("start_datetime"),
+            [(start_datetime, start_datetime.day), (end_datetime, end_datetime.day)],
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                extracted=Extract("start_datetime", "week")
+            ).order_by("start_datetime"),
+            [(start_datetime, 25), (end_datetime, 24)],
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                extracted=Extract("start_datetime", "week_day")
+            ).order_by("start_datetime"),
+            [
+                (start_datetime, (start_datetime.isoweekday() % 7) + 1),
+                (end_datetime, (end_datetime.isoweekday() % 7) + 1),
+            ],
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                extracted=Extract("start_datetime", "iso_week_day"),
+            ).order_by("start_datetime"),
             [
                 (start_datetime, start_datetime.isoweekday()),
                 (end_datetime, end_datetime.isoweekday()),
             ],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=Extract('start_datetime', 'hour')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                extracted=Extract("start_datetime", "hour")
+            ).order_by("start_datetime"),
             [(start_datetime, start_datetime.hour), (end_datetime, end_datetime.hour)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=Extract('start_datetime', 'minute')).order_by('start_datetime'),
-            [(start_datetime, start_datetime.minute), (end_datetime, end_datetime.minute)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                extracted=Extract("start_datetime", "minute")
+            ).order_by("start_datetime"),
+            [
+                (start_datetime, start_datetime.minute),
+                (end_datetime, end_datetime.minute),
+            ],
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=Extract('start_datetime', 'second')).order_by('start_datetime'),
-            [(start_datetime, start_datetime.second), (end_datetime, end_datetime.second)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                extracted=Extract("start_datetime", "second")
+            ).order_by("start_datetime"),
+            [
+                (start_datetime, start_datetime.second),
+                (end_datetime, end_datetime.second),
+            ],
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.filter(
+                start_datetime__year=Extract("start_datetime", "year")
+            ).count(),
+            2,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.filter(
+                start_datetime__hour=Extract("start_datetime", "hour")
+            ).count(),
+            2,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.filter(
+                start_date__month=Extract("start_date", "month")
+            ).count(),
+            2,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.filter(
+                start_time__hour=Extract("start_time", "hour")
+            ).count(),
+            2,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime__year=Extract('start_datetime', 'year')).count(), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime__hour=Extract('start_datetime', 'hour')).count(), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(DTModel.objects.filter(start_date__month=Extract('start_date', 'month')).count(), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(DTModel.objects.filter(start_time__hour=Extract('start_time', 'hour')).count(), 2)
 
     def test_extract_none(self):
         self.create_model(None, None)
-        for t in (Extract('start_datetime', 'year'), Extract('start_date', 'year'), Extract('start_time', 'hour')):
+        for t in (
+            Extract("start_datetime", "year"),
+            Extract("start_date", "year"),
+            Extract("start_time", "hour"),
+        ):
             with self.subTest(t):
-                self.assertIsNone(DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=t).first().extracted)
+                self.assertIsNone(
+                    DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=t).first().extracted
+                )
 
     def test_extract_outerref_validation(self):
-        inner_qs = DTModel.objects.filter(name=ExtractMonth(OuterRef('name')))
+        inner_qs = DTModel.objects.filter(name=ExtractMonth(OuterRef("name")))
         msg = (
-            'Extract input expression must be DateField, DateTimeField, '
-            'TimeField, or DurationField.'
+            "Extract input expression must be DateField, DateTimeField, "
+            "TimeField, or DurationField."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(related_name=Subquery(inner_qs.values('name')[:1]))
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(related_name=Subquery(inner_qs.values("name")[:1]))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_native_duration_field')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_native_duration_field")
     def test_extract_duration(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321)
         end_datetime = datetime(2016, 6, 15, 14, 10, 50, 123)
@@ -295,35 +398,44 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=Extract('duration', 'second')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=Extract("duration", "second")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [
                 (start_datetime, (end_datetime - start_datetime).seconds % 60),
-                (end_datetime, (start_datetime - end_datetime).seconds % 60)
+                (end_datetime, (start_datetime - end_datetime).seconds % 60),
             ],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                duration_days=Extract('duration', 'day'),
-            ).filter(duration_days__gt=200).count(),
-            1
+                duration_days=Extract("duration", "day"),
+            )
+            .filter(duration_days__gt=200)
+            .count(),
+            1,
         )
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('has_native_duration_field')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("has_native_duration_field")
     def test_extract_duration_without_native_duration_field(self):
-        msg = 'Extract requires native DurationField database support.'
+        msg = "Extract requires native DurationField database support."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=Extract('duration', 'second')))
+            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=Extract("duration", "second")))
 
     def test_extract_duration_unsupported_lookups(self):
         msg = "Cannot extract component '%s' from DurationField 'duration'."
         for lookup in (
-            'year', 'iso_year', 'month', 'week', 'week_day', 'iso_week_day',
-            'quarter',
+            "year",
+            "iso_year",
+            "month",
+            "week",
+            "week_day",
+            "iso_week_day",
+            "quarter",
         ):
             with self.subTest(lookup):
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg % lookup):
-                    DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=Extract('duration', lookup))
+                    DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=Extract("duration", lookup))
 
     def test_extract_year_func(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321)
@@ -334,16 +446,25 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractYear('start_datetime')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractYear("start_datetime")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [(start_datetime, start_datetime.year), (end_datetime, end_datetime.year)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractYear('start_date')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractYear("start_date")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [(start_datetime, start_datetime.year), (end_datetime, end_datetime.year)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.filter(
+                start_datetime__year=ExtractYear("start_datetime")
+            ).count(),
+            2,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime__year=ExtractYear('start_datetime')).count(), 2)
 
     def test_extract_iso_year_func(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321)
@@ -354,17 +475,26 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractIsoYear('start_datetime')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                extracted=ExtractIsoYear("start_datetime")
+            ).order_by("start_datetime"),
             [(start_datetime, start_datetime.year), (end_datetime, end_datetime.year)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractIsoYear('start_date')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractIsoYear("start_date")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [(start_datetime, start_datetime.year), (end_datetime, end_datetime.year)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         # Both dates are from the same week year.
-        self.assertEqual(DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime__iso_year=ExtractIsoYear('start_datetime')).count(), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.filter(
+                start_datetime__iso_year=ExtractIsoYear("start_datetime")
+            ).count(),
+            2,
+        )
 
     def test_extract_iso_year_func_boundaries(self):
         end_datetime = datetime(2016, 6, 15, 14, 10, 50, 123)
@@ -381,26 +511,34 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         obj_1_iso_2014 = self.create_model(week_52_day_2014, end_datetime)
         obj_1_iso_2015 = self.create_model(week_1_day_2014_2015, end_datetime)
         obj_2_iso_2015 = self.create_model(week_53_day_2015, end_datetime)
-        qs = DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime__in=days).annotate(
-            extracted=ExtractIsoYear('start_datetime'),
-        ).order_by('start_datetime')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            (week_52_day_2014, 2014),
-            (week_1_day_2014_2015, 2015),
-            (week_53_day_2015, 2015),
-        ], lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted))
+        qs = (
+            DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime__in=days)
+            .annotate(
+                extracted=ExtractIsoYear("start_datetime"),
+            )
+            .order_by("start_datetime")
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                (week_52_day_2014, 2014),
+                (week_1_day_2014_2015, 2015),
+                (week_53_day_2015, 2015),
+            ],
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
 
         qs = DTModel.objects.filter(
             start_datetime__iso_year=2015,
-        ).order_by('start_datetime')
+        ).order_by("start_datetime")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [obj_1_iso_2015, obj_2_iso_2015])
         qs = DTModel.objects.filter(
             start_datetime__iso_year__gt=2014,
-        ).order_by('start_datetime')
+        ).order_by("start_datetime")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [obj_1_iso_2015, obj_2_iso_2015])
         qs = DTModel.objects.filter(
             start_datetime__iso_year__lte=2014,
-        ).order_by('start_datetime')
+        ).order_by("start_datetime")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [obj_1_iso_2014])
 
     def test_extract_month_func(self):
@@ -412,16 +550,31 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractMonth('start_datetime')).order_by('start_datetime'),
-            [(start_datetime, start_datetime.month), (end_datetime, end_datetime.month)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractMonth("start_datetime")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
+            [
+                (start_datetime, start_datetime.month),
+                (end_datetime, end_datetime.month),
+            ],
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractMonth('start_date')).order_by('start_datetime'),
-            [(start_datetime, start_datetime.month), (end_datetime, end_datetime.month)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractMonth("start_date")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
+            [
+                (start_datetime, start_datetime.month),
+                (end_datetime, end_datetime.month),
+            ],
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.filter(
+                start_datetime__month=ExtractMonth("start_datetime")
+            ).count(),
+            2,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime__month=ExtractMonth('start_datetime')).count(), 2)
 
     def test_extract_day_func(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321)
@@ -432,16 +585,25 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractDay('start_datetime')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractDay("start_datetime")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [(start_datetime, start_datetime.day), (end_datetime, end_datetime.day)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractDay('start_date')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractDay("start_date")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [(start_datetime, start_datetime.day), (end_datetime, end_datetime.day)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.filter(
+                start_datetime__day=ExtractDay("start_datetime")
+            ).count(),
+            2,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime__day=ExtractDay('start_datetime')).count(), 2)
 
     def test_extract_week_func(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321)
@@ -452,17 +614,26 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractWeek('start_datetime')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractWeek("start_datetime")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [(start_datetime, 25), (end_datetime, 24)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractWeek('start_date')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractWeek("start_date")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [(start_datetime, 25), (end_datetime, 24)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         # both dates are from the same week.
-        self.assertEqual(DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime__week=ExtractWeek('start_datetime')).count(), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.filter(
+                start_datetime__week=ExtractWeek("start_datetime")
+            ).count(),
+            2,
+        )
 
     def test_extract_quarter_func(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321)
@@ -473,16 +644,25 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractQuarter('start_datetime')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                extracted=ExtractQuarter("start_datetime")
+            ).order_by("start_datetime"),
             [(start_datetime, 2), (end_datetime, 3)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractQuarter('start_date')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractQuarter("start_date")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [(start_datetime, 2), (end_datetime, 3)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.filter(
+                start_datetime__quarter=ExtractQuarter("start_datetime")
+            ).count(),
+            2,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime__quarter=ExtractQuarter('start_datetime')).count(), 2)
 
     def test_extract_quarter_func_boundaries(self):
         end_datetime = datetime(2016, 6, 15, 14, 10, 50, 123)
@@ -497,13 +677,21 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         dates = [last_quarter_2014, first_quarter_2015]
         self.create_model(last_quarter_2014, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(first_quarter_2015, end_datetime)
-        qs = DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime__in=dates).annotate(
-            extracted=ExtractQuarter('start_datetime'),
-        ).order_by('start_datetime')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            (last_quarter_2014, 4),
-            (first_quarter_2015, 1),
-        ], lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted))
+        qs = (
+            DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime__in=dates)
+            .annotate(
+                extracted=ExtractQuarter("start_datetime"),
+            )
+            .order_by("start_datetime")
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                (last_quarter_2014, 4),
+                (first_quarter_2015, 1),
+            ],
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
 
     def test_extract_week_func_boundaries(self):
         end_datetime = datetime(2016, 6, 15, 14, 10, 50, 123)
@@ -522,14 +710,22 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         self.create_model(week_53_day_2015, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(week_52_day_2014, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(week_1_day_2014_2015, end_datetime)
-        qs = DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime__in=days).annotate(
-            extracted=ExtractWeek('start_datetime'),
-        ).order_by('start_datetime')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            (week_52_day_2014, 52),
-            (week_1_day_2014_2015, 1),
-            (week_53_day_2015, 53),
-        ], lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted))
+        qs = (
+            DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime__in=days)
+            .annotate(
+                extracted=ExtractWeek("start_datetime"),
+            )
+            .order_by("start_datetime")
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                (week_52_day_2014, 52),
+                (week_1_day_2014_2015, 1),
+                (week_53_day_2015, 53),
+            ],
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
 
     def test_extract_weekday_func(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321)
@@ -540,22 +736,31 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractWeekDay('start_datetime')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                extracted=ExtractWeekDay("start_datetime")
+            ).order_by("start_datetime"),
             [
                 (start_datetime, (start_datetime.isoweekday() % 7) + 1),
                 (end_datetime, (end_datetime.isoweekday() % 7) + 1),
             ],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractWeekDay('start_date')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractWeekDay("start_date")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [
                 (start_datetime, (start_datetime.isoweekday() % 7) + 1),
                 (end_datetime, (end_datetime.isoweekday() % 7) + 1),
             ],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.filter(
+                start_datetime__week_day=ExtractWeekDay("start_datetime")
+            ).count(),
+            2,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime__week_day=ExtractWeekDay('start_datetime')).count(), 2)
 
     def test_extract_iso_weekday_func(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321)
@@ -567,27 +772,27 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                extracted=ExtractIsoWeekDay('start_datetime'),
-            ).order_by('start_datetime'),
+                extracted=ExtractIsoWeekDay("start_datetime"),
+            ).order_by("start_datetime"),
             [
                 (start_datetime, start_datetime.isoweekday()),
                 (end_datetime, end_datetime.isoweekday()),
             ],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                extracted=ExtractIsoWeekDay('start_date'),
-            ).order_by('start_datetime'),
+                extracted=ExtractIsoWeekDay("start_date"),
+            ).order_by("start_datetime"),
             [
                 (start_datetime, start_datetime.isoweekday()),
                 (end_datetime, end_datetime.isoweekday()),
             ],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             DTModel.objects.filter(
-                start_datetime__week_day=ExtractWeekDay('start_datetime'),
+                start_datetime__week_day=ExtractWeekDay("start_datetime"),
             ).count(),
             2,
         )
@@ -601,16 +806,25 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractHour('start_datetime')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractHour("start_datetime")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [(start_datetime, start_datetime.hour), (end_datetime, end_datetime.hour)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractHour('start_time')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractHour("start_time")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [(start_datetime, start_datetime.hour), (end_datetime, end_datetime.hour)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.filter(
+                start_datetime__hour=ExtractHour("start_datetime")
+            ).count(),
+            2,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime__hour=ExtractHour('start_datetime')).count(), 2)
 
     def test_extract_minute_func(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321)
@@ -621,16 +835,31 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractMinute('start_datetime')).order_by('start_datetime'),
-            [(start_datetime, start_datetime.minute), (end_datetime, end_datetime.minute)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                extracted=ExtractMinute("start_datetime")
+            ).order_by("start_datetime"),
+            [
+                (start_datetime, start_datetime.minute),
+                (end_datetime, end_datetime.minute),
+            ],
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractMinute('start_time')).order_by('start_datetime'),
-            [(start_datetime, start_datetime.minute), (end_datetime, end_datetime.minute)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractMinute("start_time")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
+            [
+                (start_datetime, start_datetime.minute),
+                (end_datetime, end_datetime.minute),
+            ],
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.filter(
+                start_datetime__minute=ExtractMinute("start_datetime")
+            ).count(),
+            2,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime__minute=ExtractMinute('start_datetime')).count(), 2)
 
     def test_extract_second_func(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321)
@@ -641,16 +870,31 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractSecond('start_datetime')).order_by('start_datetime'),
-            [(start_datetime, start_datetime.second), (end_datetime, end_datetime.second)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                extracted=ExtractSecond("start_datetime")
+            ).order_by("start_datetime"),
+            [
+                (start_datetime, start_datetime.second),
+                (end_datetime, end_datetime.second),
+            ],
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractSecond('start_time')).order_by('start_datetime'),
-            [(start_datetime, start_datetime.second), (end_datetime, end_datetime.second)],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=ExtractSecond("start_time")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
+            [
+                (start_datetime, start_datetime.second),
+                (end_datetime, end_datetime.second),
+            ],
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.filter(
+                start_datetime__second=ExtractSecond("start_datetime")
+            ).count(),
+            2,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime__second=ExtractSecond('start_datetime')).count(), 2)
 
     def test_trunc_func(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(999, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321)
@@ -664,44 +908,34 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         def test_datetime_kind(kind):
             self.assertQuerysetEqual(
                 DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                    truncated=Trunc('start_datetime', kind, output_field=DateTimeField())
-                ).order_by('start_datetime'),
+                    truncated=Trunc(
+                        "start_datetime", kind, output_field=DateTimeField()
+                    )
+                ).order_by("start_datetime"),
                 [
                     (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime, kind)),
-                    (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime, kind))
+                    (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime, kind)),
                 ],
-                lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.truncated)
+                lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.truncated),
             )
 
         def test_date_kind(kind):
             self.assertQuerysetEqual(
                 DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                    truncated=Trunc('start_date', kind, output_field=DateField())
-                ).order_by('start_datetime'),
+                    truncated=Trunc("start_date", kind, output_field=DateField())
+                ).order_by("start_datetime"),
                 [
                     (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime.date(), kind)),
-                    (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime.date(), kind))
+                    (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime.date(), kind)),
                 ],
-                lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.truncated)
+                lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.truncated),
             )
 
         def test_time_kind(kind):
             self.assertQuerysetEqual(
                 DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                    truncated=Trunc('start_time', kind, output_field=TimeField())
-                ).order_by('start_datetime'),
-                [
-                    (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime.time(), kind)),
-                    (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime.time(), kind))
-                ],
-                lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.truncated)
-            )
-
-        def test_datetime_to_time_kind(kind):
-            self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-                DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                    truncated=Trunc('start_datetime', kind, output_field=TimeField()),
-                ).order_by('start_datetime'),
+                    truncated=Trunc("start_time", kind, output_field=TimeField())
+                ).order_by("start_datetime"),
                 [
                     (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime.time(), kind)),
                     (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime.time(), kind)),
@@ -709,25 +943,41 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
                 lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.truncated),
             )
 
-        test_date_kind('year')
-        test_date_kind('quarter')
-        test_date_kind('month')
-        test_date_kind('day')
-        test_time_kind('hour')
-        test_time_kind('minute')
-        test_time_kind('second')
-        test_datetime_kind('year')
-        test_datetime_kind('quarter')
-        test_datetime_kind('month')
-        test_datetime_kind('day')
-        test_datetime_kind('hour')
-        test_datetime_kind('minute')
-        test_datetime_kind('second')
-        test_datetime_to_time_kind('hour')
-        test_datetime_to_time_kind('minute')
-        test_datetime_to_time_kind('second')
+        def test_datetime_to_time_kind(kind):
+            self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+                DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                    truncated=Trunc("start_datetime", kind, output_field=TimeField()),
+                ).order_by("start_datetime"),
+                [
+                    (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime.time(), kind)),
+                    (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime.time(), kind)),
+                ],
+                lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.truncated),
+            )
 
-        qs = DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime__date=Trunc('start_datetime', 'day', output_field=DateField()))
+        test_date_kind("year")
+        test_date_kind("quarter")
+        test_date_kind("month")
+        test_date_kind("day")
+        test_time_kind("hour")
+        test_time_kind("minute")
+        test_time_kind("second")
+        test_datetime_kind("year")
+        test_datetime_kind("quarter")
+        test_datetime_kind("month")
+        test_datetime_kind("day")
+        test_datetime_kind("hour")
+        test_datetime_kind("minute")
+        test_datetime_kind("second")
+        test_datetime_to_time_kind("hour")
+        test_datetime_to_time_kind("minute")
+        test_datetime_to_time_kind("second")
+
+        qs = DTModel.objects.filter(
+            start_datetime__date=Trunc(
+                "start_datetime", "day", output_field=DateField()
+            )
+        )
         self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 2)
 
     def _test_trunc_week(self, start_datetime, end_datetime):
@@ -739,21 +989,21 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                truncated=Trunc('start_datetime', 'week', output_field=DateTimeField())
-            ).order_by('start_datetime'),
+                truncated=Trunc("start_datetime", "week", output_field=DateTimeField())
+            ).order_by("start_datetime"),
             [
-                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime, 'week')),
-                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime, 'week')),
+                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime, "week")),
+                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime, "week")),
             ],
             lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.truncated),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                truncated=Trunc('start_date', 'week', output_field=DateField())
-            ).order_by('start_datetime'),
+                truncated=Trunc("start_date", "week", output_field=DateField())
+            ).order_by("start_datetime"),
             [
-                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime.date(), 'week')),
-                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime.date(), 'week')),
+                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime.date(), "week")),
+                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime.date(), "week")),
             ],
             lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.truncated),
         )
@@ -771,74 +1021,113 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         )
 
     def test_trunc_invalid_arguments(self):
-        msg = 'output_field must be either DateField, TimeField, or DateTimeField'
+        msg = "output_field must be either DateField, TimeField, or DateTimeField"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                truncated=Trunc('start_datetime', 'year', output_field=IntegerField()),
-            ))
+            list(
+                DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                    truncated=Trunc(
+                        "start_datetime", "year", output_field=IntegerField()
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
         msg = "'name' isn't a DateField, TimeField, or DateTimeField."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                truncated=Trunc('name', 'year', output_field=DateTimeField()),
-            ))
+            list(
+                DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                    truncated=Trunc("name", "year", output_field=DateTimeField()),
+                )
+            )
         msg = "Cannot truncate DateField 'start_date' to DateTimeField"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=Trunc('start_date', 'second')))
+            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=Trunc("start_date", "second")))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                truncated=Trunc('start_date', 'month', output_field=DateTimeField()),
-            ))
+            list(
+                DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                    truncated=Trunc(
+                        "start_date", "month", output_field=DateTimeField()
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
         msg = "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateTimeField"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=Trunc('start_time', 'month')))
+            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=Trunc("start_time", "month")))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                truncated=Trunc('start_time', 'second', output_field=DateTimeField()),
-            ))
+            list(
+                DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                    truncated=Trunc(
+                        "start_time", "second", output_field=DateTimeField()
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
 
     def test_trunc_none(self):
         self.create_model(None, None)
-        for t in (Trunc('start_datetime', 'year'), Trunc('start_date', 'year'), Trunc('start_time', 'hour')):
+        for t in (
+            Trunc("start_datetime", "year"),
+            Trunc("start_date", "year"),
+            Trunc("start_time", "hour"),
+        ):
             with self.subTest(t):
-                self.assertIsNone(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=t).first().truncated)
+                self.assertIsNone(
+                    DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=t).first().truncated
+                )
 
     def test_trunc_year_func(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321)
-        end_datetime = truncate_to(datetime(2016, 6, 15, 14, 10, 50, 123), 'year')
+        end_datetime = truncate_to(datetime(2016, 6, 15, 14, 10, 50, 123), "year")
         if settings.USE_TZ:
             start_datetime = timezone.make_aware(start_datetime)
             end_datetime = timezone.make_aware(end_datetime)
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncYear('start_datetime')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncYear("start_datetime")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [
-                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime, 'year')),
-                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime, 'year')),
+                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime, "year")),
+                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime, "year")),
             ],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncYear('start_date')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncYear("start_date")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [
-                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime.date(), 'year')),
-                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime.date(), 'year')),
+                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime.date(), "year")),
+                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime.date(), "year")),
             ],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime=TruncYear("start_datetime")).count(),
+            1,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime=TruncYear('start_datetime')).count(), 1)
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateTimeField"):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncYear('start_time')))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateTimeField"
+        ):
+            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncYear("start_time")))
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateTimeField"):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncYear('start_time', output_field=TimeField())))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateTimeField"
+        ):
+            list(
+                DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                    truncated=TruncYear("start_time", output_field=TimeField())
+                )
+            )
 
     def test_trunc_quarter_func(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321)
-        end_datetime = truncate_to(datetime(2016, 10, 15, 14, 10, 50, 123), 'quarter')
-        last_quarter_2015 = truncate_to(datetime(2015, 12, 31, 14, 10, 50, 123), 'quarter')
-        first_quarter_2016 = truncate_to(datetime(2016, 1, 1, 14, 10, 50, 123), 'quarter')
+        end_datetime = truncate_to(datetime(2016, 10, 15, 14, 10, 50, 123), "quarter")
+        last_quarter_2015 = truncate_to(
+            datetime(2015, 12, 31, 14, 10, 50, 123), "quarter"
+        )
+        first_quarter_2016 = truncate_to(
+            datetime(2016, 1, 1, 14, 10, 50, 123), "quarter"
+        )
         if settings.USE_TZ:
             start_datetime = timezone.make_aware(start_datetime)
             end_datetime = timezone.make_aware(end_datetime)
@@ -849,87 +1138,127 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         self.create_model(start_datetime=last_quarter_2015, end_datetime=end_datetime)
         self.create_model(start_datetime=first_quarter_2016, end_datetime=end_datetime)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncQuarter('start_date')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncQuarter("start_date")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [
-                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime.date(), 'quarter')),
-                (last_quarter_2015, truncate_to(last_quarter_2015.date(), 'quarter')),
-                (first_quarter_2016, truncate_to(first_quarter_2016.date(), 'quarter')),
-                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime.date(), 'quarter')),
+                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime.date(), "quarter")),
+                (last_quarter_2015, truncate_to(last_quarter_2015.date(), "quarter")),
+                (first_quarter_2016, truncate_to(first_quarter_2016.date(), "quarter")),
+                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime.date(), "quarter")),
             ],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncQuarter('start_datetime')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncQuarter("start_datetime")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [
-                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime, 'quarter')),
-                (last_quarter_2015, truncate_to(last_quarter_2015, 'quarter')),
-                (first_quarter_2016, truncate_to(first_quarter_2016, 'quarter')),
-                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime, 'quarter')),
+                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime, "quarter")),
+                (last_quarter_2015, truncate_to(last_quarter_2015, "quarter")),
+                (first_quarter_2016, truncate_to(first_quarter_2016, "quarter")),
+                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime, "quarter")),
             ],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateTimeField"):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncQuarter('start_time')))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateTimeField"
+        ):
+            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncQuarter("start_time")))
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateTimeField"):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncQuarter('start_time', output_field=TimeField())))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateTimeField"
+        ):
+            list(
+                DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                    truncated=TruncQuarter("start_time", output_field=TimeField())
+                )
+            )
 
     def test_trunc_month_func(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321)
-        end_datetime = truncate_to(datetime(2016, 6, 15, 14, 10, 50, 123), 'month')
+        end_datetime = truncate_to(datetime(2016, 6, 15, 14, 10, 50, 123), "month")
         if settings.USE_TZ:
             start_datetime = timezone.make_aware(start_datetime)
             end_datetime = timezone.make_aware(end_datetime)
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncMonth('start_datetime')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncMonth("start_datetime")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [
-                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime, 'month')),
-                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime, 'month')),
+                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime, "month")),
+                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime, "month")),
             ],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncMonth('start_date')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncMonth("start_date")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [
-                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime.date(), 'month')),
-                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime.date(), 'month')),
+                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime.date(), "month")),
+                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime.date(), "month")),
             ],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime=TruncMonth("start_datetime")).count(),
+            1,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime=TruncMonth('start_datetime')).count(), 1)
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateTimeField"):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncMonth('start_time')))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateTimeField"
+        ):
+            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncMonth("start_time")))
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateTimeField"):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncMonth('start_time', output_field=TimeField())))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateTimeField"
+        ):
+            list(
+                DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                    truncated=TruncMonth("start_time", output_field=TimeField())
+                )
+            )
 
     def test_trunc_week_func(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321)
-        end_datetime = truncate_to(datetime(2016, 6, 15, 14, 10, 50, 123), 'week')
+        end_datetime = truncate_to(datetime(2016, 6, 15, 14, 10, 50, 123), "week")
         if settings.USE_TZ:
             start_datetime = timezone.make_aware(start_datetime)
             end_datetime = timezone.make_aware(end_datetime)
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncWeek('start_datetime')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncWeek("start_datetime")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [
-                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime, 'week')),
-                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime, 'week')),
+                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime, "week")),
+                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime, "week")),
             ],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime=TruncWeek("start_datetime")).count(),
+            1,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime=TruncWeek('start_datetime')).count(), 1)
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateTimeField"):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncWeek('start_time')))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateTimeField"
+        ):
+            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncWeek("start_time")))
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateTimeField"):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncWeek('start_time', output_field=TimeField())))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateTimeField"
+        ):
+            list(
+                DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                    truncated=TruncWeek("start_time", output_field=TimeField())
+                )
+            )
 
     def test_trunc_date_func(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321)
@@ -940,24 +1269,43 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncDate('start_datetime')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncDate("start_datetime")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [
                 (start_datetime, start_datetime.date()),
                 (end_datetime, end_datetime.date()),
             ],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.filter(
+                start_datetime__date=TruncDate("start_datetime")
+            ).count(),
+            2,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime__date=TruncDate('start_datetime')).count(), 2)
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateField"):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncDate('start_time')))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateField"
+        ):
+            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncDate("start_time")))
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateField"):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncDate('start_time', output_field=TimeField())))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateField"
+        ):
+            list(
+                DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                    truncated=TruncDate("start_time", output_field=TimeField())
+                )
+            )
 
     def test_trunc_date_none(self):
         self.create_model(None, None)
-        self.assertIsNone(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncDate('start_datetime')).first().truncated)
+        self.assertIsNone(
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncDate("start_datetime"))
+            .first()
+            .truncated
+        )
 
     def test_trunc_time_func(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321)
@@ -968,24 +1316,43 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncTime('start_datetime')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncTime("start_datetime")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [
                 (start_datetime, start_datetime.time()),
                 (end_datetime, end_datetime.time()),
             ],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.filter(
+                start_datetime__time=TruncTime("start_datetime")
+            ).count(),
+            2,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime__time=TruncTime('start_datetime')).count(), 2)
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot truncate DateField 'start_date' to TimeField"):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncTime('start_date')))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Cannot truncate DateField 'start_date' to TimeField"
+        ):
+            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncTime("start_date")))
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot truncate DateField 'start_date' to TimeField"):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncTime('start_date', output_field=DateField())))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Cannot truncate DateField 'start_date' to TimeField"
+        ):
+            list(
+                DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                    truncated=TruncTime("start_date", output_field=DateField())
+                )
+            )
 
     def test_trunc_time_none(self):
         self.create_model(None, None)
-        self.assertIsNone(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncTime('start_datetime')).first().truncated)
+        self.assertIsNone(
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncTime("start_datetime"))
+            .first()
+            .truncated
+        )
 
     def test_trunc_time_comparison(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 30, 26)  # 0 microseconds.
@@ -1003,138 +1370,201 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
         )
         self.assertIs(
             DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                extracted_start=TruncTime('start_datetime'),
-                extracted_end=TruncTime('end_datetime'),
-            ).filter(
+                extracted_start=TruncTime("start_datetime"),
+                extracted_end=TruncTime("end_datetime"),
+            )
+            .filter(
                 extracted_start=start_datetime.time(),
                 extracted_end=end_datetime.time(),
-            ).exists(),
+            )
+            .exists(),
             True,
         )
 
     def test_trunc_day_func(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321)
-        end_datetime = truncate_to(datetime(2016, 6, 15, 14, 10, 50, 123), 'day')
+        end_datetime = truncate_to(datetime(2016, 6, 15, 14, 10, 50, 123), "day")
         if settings.USE_TZ:
             start_datetime = timezone.make_aware(start_datetime)
             end_datetime = timezone.make_aware(end_datetime)
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncDay('start_datetime')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncDay("start_datetime")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [
-                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime, 'day')),
-                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime, 'day')),
+                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime, "day")),
+                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime, "day")),
             ],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime=TruncDay("start_datetime")).count(), 1
         )
-        self.assertEqual(DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime=TruncDay('start_datetime')).count(), 1)
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateTimeField"):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncDay('start_time')))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateTimeField"
+        ):
+            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncDay("start_time")))
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateTimeField"):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncDay('start_time', output_field=TimeField())))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Cannot truncate TimeField 'start_time' to DateTimeField"
+        ):
+            list(
+                DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                    truncated=TruncDay("start_time", output_field=TimeField())
+                )
+            )
 
     def test_trunc_hour_func(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321)
-        end_datetime = truncate_to(datetime(2016, 6, 15, 14, 10, 50, 123), 'hour')
+        end_datetime = truncate_to(datetime(2016, 6, 15, 14, 10, 50, 123), "hour")
         if settings.USE_TZ:
             start_datetime = timezone.make_aware(start_datetime)
             end_datetime = timezone.make_aware(end_datetime)
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncHour('start_datetime')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncHour("start_datetime")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [
-                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime, 'hour')),
-                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime, 'hour')),
+                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime, "hour")),
+                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime, "hour")),
             ],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncHour('start_time')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncHour("start_time")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [
-                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime.time(), 'hour')),
-                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime.time(), 'hour')),
+                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime.time(), "hour")),
+                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime.time(), "hour")),
             ],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime=TruncHour("start_datetime")).count(),
+            1,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime=TruncHour('start_datetime')).count(), 1)
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot truncate DateField 'start_date' to DateTimeField"):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncHour('start_date')))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Cannot truncate DateField 'start_date' to DateTimeField"
+        ):
+            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncHour("start_date")))
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot truncate DateField 'start_date' to DateTimeField"):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncHour('start_date', output_field=DateField())))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Cannot truncate DateField 'start_date' to DateTimeField"
+        ):
+            list(
+                DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                    truncated=TruncHour("start_date", output_field=DateField())
+                )
+            )
 
     def test_trunc_minute_func(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321)
-        end_datetime = truncate_to(datetime(2016, 6, 15, 14, 10, 50, 123), 'minute')
+        end_datetime = truncate_to(datetime(2016, 6, 15, 14, 10, 50, 123), "minute")
         if settings.USE_TZ:
             start_datetime = timezone.make_aware(start_datetime)
             end_datetime = timezone.make_aware(end_datetime)
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncMinute('start_datetime')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncMinute("start_datetime")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [
-                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime, 'minute')),
-                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime, 'minute')),
+                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime, "minute")),
+                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime, "minute")),
             ],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncMinute('start_time')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncMinute("start_time")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [
-                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime.time(), 'minute')),
-                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime.time(), 'minute')),
+                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime.time(), "minute")),
+                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime.time(), "minute")),
             ],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.filter(
+                start_datetime=TruncMinute("start_datetime")
+            ).count(),
+            1,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime=TruncMinute('start_datetime')).count(), 1)
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot truncate DateField 'start_date' to DateTimeField"):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncMinute('start_date')))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Cannot truncate DateField 'start_date' to DateTimeField"
+        ):
+            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncMinute("start_date")))
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot truncate DateField 'start_date' to DateTimeField"):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncMinute('start_date', output_field=DateField())))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Cannot truncate DateField 'start_date' to DateTimeField"
+        ):
+            list(
+                DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                    truncated=TruncMinute("start_date", output_field=DateField())
+                )
+            )
 
     def test_trunc_second_func(self):
         start_datetime = datetime(2015, 6, 15, 14, 30, 50, 321)
-        end_datetime = truncate_to(datetime(2016, 6, 15, 14, 10, 50, 123), 'second')
+        end_datetime = truncate_to(datetime(2016, 6, 15, 14, 10, 50, 123), "second")
         if settings.USE_TZ:
             start_datetime = timezone.make_aware(start_datetime)
             end_datetime = timezone.make_aware(end_datetime)
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncSecond('start_datetime')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncSecond("start_datetime")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [
-                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime, 'second')),
-                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime, 'second'))
+                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime, "second")),
+                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime, "second")),
             ],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncSecond('start_time')).order_by('start_datetime'),
+            DTModel.objects.annotate(extracted=TruncSecond("start_time")).order_by(
+                "start_datetime"
+            ),
             [
-                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime.time(), 'second')),
-                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime.time(), 'second'))
+                (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime.time(), "second")),
+                (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime.time(), "second")),
             ],
-            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted)
+            lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.extracted),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            DTModel.objects.filter(
+                start_datetime=TruncSecond("start_datetime")
+            ).count(),
+            1,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(DTModel.objects.filter(start_datetime=TruncSecond('start_datetime')).count(), 1)
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot truncate DateField 'start_date' to DateTimeField"):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncSecond('start_date')))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Cannot truncate DateField 'start_date' to DateTimeField"
+        ):
+            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncSecond("start_date")))
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot truncate DateField 'start_date' to DateTimeField"):
-            list(DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated=TruncSecond('start_date', output_field=DateField())))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Cannot truncate DateField 'start_date' to DateTimeField"
+        ):
+            list(
+                DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                    truncated=TruncSecond("start_date", output_field=DateField())
+                )
+            )
 
     def test_trunc_subquery_with_parameters(self):
-        author_1 = Author.objects.create(name='J. R. R. Tolkien')
-        author_2 = Author.objects.create(name='G. R. R. Martin')
+        author_1 = Author.objects.create(name="J. R. R. Tolkien")
+        author_2 = Author.objects.create(name="G. R. R. Martin")
         fan_since_1 = datetime(2016, 2, 3, 15, 0, 0)
         fan_since_2 = datetime(2015, 2, 3, 15, 0, 0)
         fan_since_3 = datetime(2017, 2, 3, 15, 0, 0)
@@ -1142,24 +1572,34 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
             fan_since_1 = timezone.make_aware(fan_since_1)
             fan_since_2 = timezone.make_aware(fan_since_2)
             fan_since_3 = timezone.make_aware(fan_since_3)
-        Fan.objects.create(author=author_1, name='Tom', fan_since=fan_since_1)
-        Fan.objects.create(author=author_1, name='Emma', fan_since=fan_since_2)
-        Fan.objects.create(author=author_2, name='Isabella', fan_since=fan_since_3)
+        Fan.objects.create(author=author_1, name="Tom", fan_since=fan_since_1)
+        Fan.objects.create(author=author_1, name="Emma", fan_since=fan_since_2)
+        Fan.objects.create(author=author_2, name="Isabella", fan_since=fan_since_3)
 
-        inner = Fan.objects.filter(
-            author=OuterRef('pk'),
-            name__in=('Emma', 'Isabella', 'Tom')
-        ).values('author').annotate(newest_fan=Max('fan_since')).values('newest_fan')
+        inner = (
+            Fan.objects.filter(
+                author=OuterRef("pk"), name__in=("Emma", "Isabella", "Tom")
+            )
+            .values("author")
+            .annotate(newest_fan=Max("fan_since"))
+            .values("newest_fan")
+        )
         outer = Author.objects.annotate(
             newest_fan_year=TruncYear(Subquery(inner, output_field=DateTimeField()))
         )
         tz = timezone.utc if settings.USE_TZ else None
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            outer.order_by('name').values('name', 'newest_fan_year'),
+            outer.order_by("name").values("name", "newest_fan_year"),
             [
-                {'name': 'G. R. R. Martin', 'newest_fan_year': datetime(2017, 1, 1, 0, 0, tzinfo=tz)},
-                {'name': 'J. R. R. Tolkien', 'newest_fan_year': datetime(2016, 1, 1, 0, 0, tzinfo=tz)},
-            ]
+                {
+                    "name": "G. R. R. Martin",
+                    "newest_fan_year": datetime(2017, 1, 1, 0, 0, tzinfo=tz),
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "J. R. R. Tolkien",
+                    "newest_fan_year": datetime(2016, 1, 1, 0, 0, tzinfo=tz),
+                },
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_extract_outerref(self):
@@ -1176,21 +1616,23 @@ class DateFunctionTests(TestCase):
 
         inner_qs = DTModel.objects.filter(
             start_datetime__year=2000,
-            start_datetime__month=ExtractMonth(OuterRef('end_datetime')),
+            start_datetime__month=ExtractMonth(OuterRef("end_datetime")),
         )
         qs = DTModel.objects.annotate(
-            related_pk=Subquery(inner_qs.values('pk')[:1]),
+            related_pk=Subquery(inner_qs.values("pk")[:1]),
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            qs.order_by("name").values("pk", "related_pk"),
+            [
+                {"pk": obj_1.pk, "related_pk": obj_1.pk},
+                {"pk": obj_2.pk, "related_pk": obj_1.pk},
+                {"pk": obj_3.pk, "related_pk": None},
+            ],
         )
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs.order_by('name').values('pk', 'related_pk'), [
-            {'pk': obj_1.pk, 'related_pk': obj_1.pk},
-            {'pk': obj_2.pk, 'related_pk': obj_1.pk},
-            {'pk': obj_3.pk, 'related_pk': None},
-        ])
 
 
-@override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE='UTC')
+@override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE="UTC")
 class DateFunctionWithTimeZoneTests(DateFunctionTests):
-
     def get_timezones(self, key):
         for constructor in ZONE_CONSTRUCTORS:
             yield constructor(key)
@@ -1204,24 +1646,30 @@ class DateFunctionWithTimeZoneTests(DateFunctionTests):
         delta_tzinfo_pos = datetime_timezone(timedelta(hours=5))
         delta_tzinfo_neg = datetime_timezone(timedelta(hours=-5, minutes=17))
 
-        for melb in self.get_timezones('Australia/Melbourne'):
+        for melb in self.get_timezones("Australia/Melbourne"):
             with self.subTest(repr(melb)):
                 qs = DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                    day=Extract('start_datetime', 'day'),
-                    day_melb=Extract('start_datetime', 'day', tzinfo=melb),
-                    week=Extract('start_datetime', 'week', tzinfo=melb),
-                    isoyear=ExtractIsoYear('start_datetime', tzinfo=melb),
-                    weekday=ExtractWeekDay('start_datetime'),
-                    weekday_melb=ExtractWeekDay('start_datetime', tzinfo=melb),
-                    isoweekday=ExtractIsoWeekDay('start_datetime'),
-                    isoweekday_melb=ExtractIsoWeekDay('start_datetime', tzinfo=melb),
-                    quarter=ExtractQuarter('start_datetime', tzinfo=melb),
-                    hour=ExtractHour('start_datetime'),
-                    hour_melb=ExtractHour('start_datetime', tzinfo=melb),
-                    hour_with_delta_pos=ExtractHour('start_datetime', tzinfo=delta_tzinfo_pos),
-                    hour_with_delta_neg=ExtractHour('start_datetime', tzinfo=delta_tzinfo_neg),
-                    minute_with_delta_neg=ExtractMinute('start_datetime', tzinfo=delta_tzinfo_neg),
-                ).order_by('start_datetime')
+                    day=Extract("start_datetime", "day"),
+                    day_melb=Extract("start_datetime", "day", tzinfo=melb),
+                    week=Extract("start_datetime", "week", tzinfo=melb),
+                    isoyear=ExtractIsoYear("start_datetime", tzinfo=melb),
+                    weekday=ExtractWeekDay("start_datetime"),
+                    weekday_melb=ExtractWeekDay("start_datetime", tzinfo=melb),
+                    isoweekday=ExtractIsoWeekDay("start_datetime"),
+                    isoweekday_melb=ExtractIsoWeekDay("start_datetime", tzinfo=melb),
+                    quarter=ExtractQuarter("start_datetime", tzinfo=melb),
+                    hour=ExtractHour("start_datetime"),
+                    hour_melb=ExtractHour("start_datetime", tzinfo=melb),
+                    hour_with_delta_pos=ExtractHour(
+                        "start_datetime", tzinfo=delta_tzinfo_pos
+                    ),
+                    hour_with_delta_neg=ExtractHour(
+                        "start_datetime", tzinfo=delta_tzinfo_neg
+                    ),
+                    minute_with_delta_neg=ExtractMinute(
+                        "start_datetime", tzinfo=delta_tzinfo_neg
+                    ),
+                ).order_by("start_datetime")
 
                 utc_model = qs.get()
                 self.assertEqual(utc_model.day, 15)
@@ -1260,12 +1708,12 @@ class DateFunctionWithTimeZoneTests(DateFunctionTests):
         start_datetime = timezone.make_aware(start_datetime)
         end_datetime = timezone.make_aware(end_datetime)
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
-        for ust_nera in self.get_timezones('Asia/Ust-Nera'):
+        for ust_nera in self.get_timezones("Asia/Ust-Nera"):
             with self.subTest(repr(ust_nera)):
                 qs = DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                    hour=ExtractHour('start_datetime'),
-                    hour_tz=ExtractHour('start_datetime', tzinfo=ust_nera),
-                ).order_by('start_datetime')
+                    hour=ExtractHour("start_datetime"),
+                    hour_tz=ExtractHour("start_datetime", tzinfo=ust_nera),
+                ).order_by("start_datetime")
 
                 utc_model = qs.get()
                 self.assertEqual(utc_model.hour, 23)
@@ -1284,27 +1732,33 @@ class DateFunctionWithTimeZoneTests(DateFunctionTests):
         end_datetime = timezone.make_aware(end_datetime)
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
 
-        for melb in self.get_timezones('Australia/Melbourne'):
+        for melb in self.get_timezones("Australia/Melbourne"):
             with self.subTest(repr(melb)):
                 with timezone.override(melb):
-                    model = DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                        day_melb=Extract('start_datetime', 'day'),
-                        day_utc=Extract('start_datetime', 'day', tzinfo=timezone.utc),
-                    ).order_by('start_datetime').get()
+                    model = (
+                        DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                            day_melb=Extract("start_datetime", "day"),
+                            day_utc=Extract(
+                                "start_datetime", "day", tzinfo=timezone.utc
+                            ),
+                        )
+                        .order_by("start_datetime")
+                        .get()
+                    )
                     self.assertEqual(model.day_melb, 16)
                     self.assertEqual(model.day_utc, 15)
 
     def test_extract_invalid_field_with_timezone(self):
-        for melb in self.get_timezones('Australia/Melbourne'):
+        for melb in self.get_timezones("Australia/Melbourne"):
             with self.subTest(repr(melb)):
-                msg = 'tzinfo can only be used with DateTimeField.'
+                msg = "tzinfo can only be used with DateTimeField."
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
                     DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                        day_melb=Extract('start_date', 'day', tzinfo=melb),
+                        day_melb=Extract("start_date", "day", tzinfo=melb),
                     ).get()
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
                     DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                        hour_melb=Extract('start_time', 'hour', tzinfo=melb),
+                        hour_melb=Extract("start_time", "hour", tzinfo=melb),
                     ).get()
 
     def test_trunc_timezone_applied_before_truncation(self):
@@ -1315,23 +1769,32 @@ class DateFunctionWithTimeZoneTests(DateFunctionTests):
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
 
         for melb, pacific in zip(
-            self.get_timezones('Australia/Melbourne'), self.get_timezones('America/Los_Angeles')
+            self.get_timezones("Australia/Melbourne"),
+            self.get_timezones("America/Los_Angeles"),
         ):
             with self.subTest((repr(melb), repr(pacific))):
-                model = DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                    melb_year=TruncYear('start_datetime', tzinfo=melb),
-                    pacific_year=TruncYear('start_datetime', tzinfo=pacific),
-                    melb_date=TruncDate('start_datetime', tzinfo=melb),
-                    pacific_date=TruncDate('start_datetime', tzinfo=pacific),
-                    melb_time=TruncTime('start_datetime', tzinfo=melb),
-                    pacific_time=TruncTime('start_datetime', tzinfo=pacific),
-                ).order_by('start_datetime').get()
+                model = (
+                    DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                        melb_year=TruncYear("start_datetime", tzinfo=melb),
+                        pacific_year=TruncYear("start_datetime", tzinfo=pacific),
+                        melb_date=TruncDate("start_datetime", tzinfo=melb),
+                        pacific_date=TruncDate("start_datetime", tzinfo=pacific),
+                        melb_time=TruncTime("start_datetime", tzinfo=melb),
+                        pacific_time=TruncTime("start_datetime", tzinfo=pacific),
+                    )
+                    .order_by("start_datetime")
+                    .get()
+                )
 
                 melb_start_datetime = start_datetime.astimezone(melb)
                 pacific_start_datetime = start_datetime.astimezone(pacific)
                 self.assertEqual(model.start_datetime, start_datetime)
-                self.assertEqual(model.melb_year, truncate_to(start_datetime, 'year', melb))
-                self.assertEqual(model.pacific_year, truncate_to(start_datetime, 'year', pacific))
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    model.melb_year, truncate_to(start_datetime, "year", melb)
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    model.pacific_year, truncate_to(start_datetime, "year", pacific)
+                )
                 self.assertEqual(model.start_datetime.year, 2016)
                 self.assertEqual(model.melb_year.year, 2016)
                 self.assertEqual(model.pacific_year.year, 2015)
@@ -1343,25 +1806,33 @@ class DateFunctionWithTimeZoneTests(DateFunctionTests):
     @needs_pytz
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
     def test_trunc_ambiguous_and_invalid_times(self):
-        sao = pytz.timezone('America/Sao_Paulo')
+        sao = pytz.timezone("America/Sao_Paulo")
         utc = timezone.utc
         start_datetime = datetime(2016, 10, 16, 13, tzinfo=utc)
         end_datetime = datetime(2016, 2, 21, 1, tzinfo=utc)
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         with timezone.override(sao):
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(pytz.NonExistentTimeError, '2016-10-16 00:00:00'):
-                model = DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated_start=TruncDay('start_datetime')).get()
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(pytz.AmbiguousTimeError, '2016-02-20 23:00:00'):
-                model = DTModel.objects.annotate(truncated_end=TruncHour('end_datetime')).get()
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                pytz.NonExistentTimeError, "2016-10-16 00:00:00"
+            ):
+                model = DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                    truncated_start=TruncDay("start_datetime")
+                ).get()
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                pytz.AmbiguousTimeError, "2016-02-20 23:00:00"
+            ):
+                model = DTModel.objects.annotate(
+                    truncated_end=TruncHour("end_datetime")
+                ).get()
             model = DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                truncated_start=TruncDay('start_datetime', is_dst=False),
-                truncated_end=TruncHour('end_datetime', is_dst=False),
+                truncated_start=TruncDay("start_datetime", is_dst=False),
+                truncated_end=TruncHour("end_datetime", is_dst=False),
             ).get()
             self.assertEqual(model.truncated_start.dst(), timedelta(0))
             self.assertEqual(model.truncated_end.dst(), timedelta(0))
             model = DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                truncated_start=TruncDay('start_datetime', is_dst=True),
-                truncated_end=TruncHour('end_datetime', is_dst=True),
+                truncated_start=TruncDay("start_datetime", is_dst=True),
+                truncated_end=TruncHour("end_datetime", is_dst=True),
             ).get()
             self.assertEqual(model.truncated_start.dst(), timedelta(0, 3600))
             self.assertEqual(model.truncated_end.dst(), timedelta(0, 3600))
@@ -1378,36 +1849,50 @@ class DateFunctionWithTimeZoneTests(DateFunctionTests):
         self.create_model(start_datetime, end_datetime)
         self.create_model(end_datetime, start_datetime)
 
-        for melb in self.get_timezones('Australia/Melbourne'):
+        for melb in self.get_timezones("Australia/Melbourne"):
             with self.subTest(repr(melb)):
+
                 def test_datetime_kind(kind):
                     self.assertQuerysetEqual(
                         DTModel.objects.annotate(
                             truncated=Trunc(
-                                'start_datetime', kind, output_field=DateTimeField(), tzinfo=melb
+                                "start_datetime",
+                                kind,
+                                output_field=DateTimeField(),
+                                tzinfo=melb,
                             )
-                        ).order_by('start_datetime'),
+                        ).order_by("start_datetime"),
                         [
-                            (start_datetime, truncate_to(start_datetime.astimezone(melb), kind, melb)),
-                            (end_datetime, truncate_to(end_datetime.astimezone(melb), kind, melb))
+                            (
+                                start_datetime,
+                                truncate_to(
+                                    start_datetime.astimezone(melb), kind, melb
+                                ),
+                            ),
+                            (
+                                end_datetime,
+                                truncate_to(end_datetime.astimezone(melb), kind, melb),
+                            ),
                         ],
-                        lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.truncated)
+                        lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.truncated),
                     )
 
                 def test_datetime_to_date_kind(kind):
                     self.assertQuerysetEqual(
                         DTModel.objects.annotate(
                             truncated=Trunc(
-                                'start_datetime',
+                                "start_datetime",
                                 kind,
                                 output_field=DateField(),
                                 tzinfo=melb,
                             ),
-                        ).order_by('start_datetime'),
+                        ).order_by("start_datetime"),
                         [
                             (
                                 start_datetime,
-                                truncate_to(start_datetime.astimezone(melb).date(), kind),
+                                truncate_to(
+                                    start_datetime.astimezone(melb).date(), kind
+                                ),
                             ),
                             (
                                 end_datetime,
@@ -1421,16 +1906,18 @@ class DateFunctionWithTimeZoneTests(DateFunctionTests):
                     self.assertQuerysetEqual(
                         DTModel.objects.annotate(
                             truncated=Trunc(
-                                'start_datetime',
+                                "start_datetime",
                                 kind,
                                 output_field=TimeField(),
                                 tzinfo=melb,
                             )
-                        ).order_by('start_datetime'),
+                        ).order_by("start_datetime"),
                         [
                             (
                                 start_datetime,
-                                truncate_to(start_datetime.astimezone(melb).time(), kind),
+                                truncate_to(
+                                    start_datetime.astimezone(melb).time(), kind
+                                ),
                             ),
                             (
                                 end_datetime,
@@ -1440,37 +1927,39 @@ class DateFunctionWithTimeZoneTests(DateFunctionTests):
                         lambda m: (m.start_datetime, m.truncated),
                     )
 
-                test_datetime_to_date_kind('year')
-                test_datetime_to_date_kind('quarter')
-                test_datetime_to_date_kind('month')
-                test_datetime_to_date_kind('week')
-                test_datetime_to_date_kind('day')
-                test_datetime_to_time_kind('hour')
-                test_datetime_to_time_kind('minute')
-                test_datetime_to_time_kind('second')
-                test_datetime_kind('year')
-                test_datetime_kind('quarter')
-                test_datetime_kind('month')
-                test_datetime_kind('week')
-                test_datetime_kind('day')
-                test_datetime_kind('hour')
-                test_datetime_kind('minute')
-                test_datetime_kind('second')
+                test_datetime_to_date_kind("year")
+                test_datetime_to_date_kind("quarter")
+                test_datetime_to_date_kind("month")
+                test_datetime_to_date_kind("week")
+                test_datetime_to_date_kind("day")
+                test_datetime_to_time_kind("hour")
+                test_datetime_to_time_kind("minute")
+                test_datetime_to_time_kind("second")
+                test_datetime_kind("year")
+                test_datetime_kind("quarter")
+                test_datetime_kind("month")
+                test_datetime_kind("week")
+                test_datetime_kind("day")
+                test_datetime_kind("hour")
+                test_datetime_kind("minute")
+                test_datetime_kind("second")
 
                 qs = DTModel.objects.filter(
-                    start_datetime__date=Trunc('start_datetime', 'day', output_field=DateField())
+                    start_datetime__date=Trunc(
+                        "start_datetime", "day", output_field=DateField()
+                    )
                 )
                 self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 2)
 
     def test_trunc_invalid_field_with_timezone(self):
-        for melb in self.get_timezones('Australia/Melbourne'):
+        for melb in self.get_timezones("Australia/Melbourne"):
             with self.subTest(repr(melb)):
-                msg = 'tzinfo can only be used with DateTimeField.'
+                msg = "tzinfo can only be used with DateTimeField."
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
                     DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                        day_melb=Trunc('start_date', 'day', tzinfo=melb),
+                        day_melb=Trunc("start_date", "day", tzinfo=melb),
                     ).get()
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
                     DTModel.objects.annotate(
-                        hour_melb=Trunc('start_time', 'hour', tzinfo=melb),
+                        hour_melb=Trunc("start_time", "hour", tzinfo=melb),
                     ).get()
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/datetime/test_now.py b/tests/db_functions/datetime/test_now.py
index d7b43609b2..669a973be0 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/datetime/test_now.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/datetime/test_now.py
@@ -12,21 +12,24 @@ lorem_ipsum = """
 
 
 class NowTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_basic(self):
         a1 = Article.objects.create(
-            title='How to Django',
+            title="How to Django",
             text=lorem_ipsum,
             written=timezone.now(),
         )
         a2 = Article.objects.create(
-            title='How to Time Travel',
+            title="How to Time Travel",
             text=lorem_ipsum,
             written=timezone.now(),
         )
-        num_updated = Article.objects.filter(id=a1.id, published=None).update(published=Now())
+        num_updated = Article.objects.filter(id=a1.id, published=None).update(
+            published=Now()
+        )
         self.assertEqual(num_updated, 1)
-        num_updated = Article.objects.filter(id=a1.id, published=None).update(published=Now())
+        num_updated = Article.objects.filter(id=a1.id, published=None).update(
+            published=Now()
+        )
         self.assertEqual(num_updated, 0)
         a1.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertIsInstance(a1.published, datetime)
@@ -36,11 +39,11 @@ class NowTests(TestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(a2.published, datetime)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             Article.objects.filter(published__lte=Now()),
-            ['How to Django'],
-            lambda a: a.title
+            ["How to Django"],
+            lambda a: a.title,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             Article.objects.filter(published__gt=Now()),
-            ['How to Time Travel'],
-            lambda a: a.title
+            ["How to Time Travel"],
+            lambda a: a.title,
         )
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/math/test_abs.py b/tests/db_functions/math/test_abs.py
index a9e0175e84..e56b13f2a2 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/math/test_abs.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/math/test_abs.py
@@ -9,15 +9,14 @@ from ..models import DecimalModel, FloatModel, IntegerModel
 
 
 class AbsTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_null(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create()
-        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_abs=Abs('normal')).first()
+        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_abs=Abs("normal")).first()
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_abs)
 
     def test_decimal(self):
-        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-0.8'), n2=Decimal('1.2'))
-        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_abs=Abs('n1'), n2_abs=Abs('n2')).first()
+        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-0.8"), n2=Decimal("1.2"))
+        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_abs=Abs("n1"), n2_abs=Abs("n2")).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n1_abs, Decimal)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n2_abs, Decimal)
         self.assertEqual(obj.n1, -obj.n1_abs)
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ class AbsTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_float(self):
         obj = FloatModel.objects.create(f1=-0.5, f2=12)
-        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_abs=Abs('f1'), f2_abs=Abs('f2')).first()
+        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_abs=Abs("f1"), f2_abs=Abs("f2")).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f1_abs, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f2_abs, float)
         self.assertEqual(obj.f1, -obj.f1_abs)
@@ -34,9 +33,9 @@ class AbsTests(TestCase):
     def test_integer(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(small=12, normal=0, big=-45)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            small_abs=Abs('small'),
-            normal_abs=Abs('normal'),
-            big_abs=Abs('big'),
+            small_abs=Abs("small"),
+            normal_abs=Abs("normal"),
+            big_abs=Abs("big"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.small_abs, int)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.normal_abs, int)
@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ class AbsTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(DecimalField, Abs):
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-1.5'), n2=Decimal('0'))
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-0.5'), n2=Decimal('0'))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-1.5"), n2=Decimal("0"))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-0.5"), n2=Decimal("0"))
             obj = DecimalModel.objects.filter(n1__abs__gt=1).get()
-            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal('-1.5'))
+            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal("-1.5"))
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/math/test_acos.py b/tests/db_functions/math/test_acos.py
index b5cac88eea..fe77866320 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/math/test_acos.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/math/test_acos.py
@@ -10,15 +10,16 @@ from ..models import DecimalModel, FloatModel, IntegerModel
 
 
 class ACosTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_null(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create()
-        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_acos=ACos('normal')).first()
+        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_acos=ACos("normal")).first()
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_acos)
 
     def test_decimal(self):
-        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-0.9'), n2=Decimal('0.6'))
-        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_acos=ACos('n1'), n2_acos=ACos('n2')).first()
+        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-0.9"), n2=Decimal("0.6"))
+        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(
+            n1_acos=ACos("n1"), n2_acos=ACos("n2")
+        ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n1_acos, Decimal)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n2_acos, Decimal)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.n1_acos, Decimal(math.acos(obj.n1)))
@@ -26,7 +27,9 @@ class ACosTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_float(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=-0.5, f2=0.33)
-        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_acos=ACos('f1'), f2_acos=ACos('f2')).first()
+        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(
+            f1_acos=ACos("f1"), f2_acos=ACos("f2")
+        ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f1_acos, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f2_acos, float)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.f1_acos, math.acos(obj.f1))
@@ -35,9 +38,9 @@ class ACosTests(TestCase):
     def test_integer(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(small=0, normal=1, big=-1)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            small_acos=ACos('small'),
-            normal_acos=ACos('normal'),
-            big_acos=ACos('big'),
+            small_acos=ACos("small"),
+            normal_acos=ACos("normal"),
+            big_acos=ACos("big"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.small_acos, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.normal_acos, float)
@@ -48,7 +51,7 @@ class ACosTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(DecimalField, ACos):
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('0.5'), n2=Decimal('0'))
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-0.9'), n2=Decimal('0'))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("0.5"), n2=Decimal("0"))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-0.9"), n2=Decimal("0"))
             obj = DecimalModel.objects.filter(n1__acos__lt=2).get()
-            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal('0.5'))
+            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal("0.5"))
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/math/test_asin.py b/tests/db_functions/math/test_asin.py
index ddbadb12a6..8a2e78ed43 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/math/test_asin.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/math/test_asin.py
@@ -10,15 +10,16 @@ from ..models import DecimalModel, FloatModel, IntegerModel
 
 
 class ASinTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_null(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create()
-        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_asin=ASin('normal')).first()
+        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_asin=ASin("normal")).first()
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_asin)
 
     def test_decimal(self):
-        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('0.9'), n2=Decimal('0.6'))
-        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_asin=ASin('n1'), n2_asin=ASin('n2')).first()
+        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("0.9"), n2=Decimal("0.6"))
+        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(
+            n1_asin=ASin("n1"), n2_asin=ASin("n2")
+        ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n1_asin, Decimal)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n2_asin, Decimal)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.n1_asin, Decimal(math.asin(obj.n1)))
@@ -26,7 +27,9 @@ class ASinTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_float(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=-0.5, f2=0.87)
-        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_asin=ASin('f1'), f2_asin=ASin('f2')).first()
+        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(
+            f1_asin=ASin("f1"), f2_asin=ASin("f2")
+        ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f1_asin, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f2_asin, float)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.f1_asin, math.asin(obj.f1))
@@ -35,9 +38,9 @@ class ASinTests(TestCase):
     def test_integer(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(small=0, normal=1, big=-1)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            small_asin=ASin('small'),
-            normal_asin=ASin('normal'),
-            big_asin=ASin('big'),
+            small_asin=ASin("small"),
+            normal_asin=ASin("normal"),
+            big_asin=ASin("big"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.small_asin, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.normal_asin, float)
@@ -48,7 +51,7 @@ class ASinTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(DecimalField, ASin):
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('0.1'), n2=Decimal('0'))
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('1.0'), n2=Decimal('0'))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("0.1"), n2=Decimal("0"))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("1.0"), n2=Decimal("0"))
             obj = DecimalModel.objects.filter(n1__asin__gt=1).get()
-            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal('1.0'))
+            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal("1.0"))
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/math/test_atan.py b/tests/db_functions/math/test_atan.py
index a14e7de581..32e73e235a 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/math/test_atan.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/math/test_atan.py
@@ -10,15 +10,16 @@ from ..models import DecimalModel, FloatModel, IntegerModel
 
 
 class ATanTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_null(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create()
-        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_atan=ATan('normal')).first()
+        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_atan=ATan("normal")).first()
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_atan)
 
     def test_decimal(self):
-        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-12.9'), n2=Decimal('0.6'))
-        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_atan=ATan('n1'), n2_atan=ATan('n2')).first()
+        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-12.9"), n2=Decimal("0.6"))
+        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(
+            n1_atan=ATan("n1"), n2_atan=ATan("n2")
+        ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n1_atan, Decimal)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n2_atan, Decimal)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.n1_atan, Decimal(math.atan(obj.n1)))
@@ -26,7 +27,9 @@ class ATanTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_float(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=-27.5, f2=0.33)
-        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_atan=ATan('f1'), f2_atan=ATan('f2')).first()
+        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(
+            f1_atan=ATan("f1"), f2_atan=ATan("f2")
+        ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f1_atan, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f2_atan, float)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.f1_atan, math.atan(obj.f1))
@@ -35,9 +38,9 @@ class ATanTests(TestCase):
     def test_integer(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(small=-20, normal=15, big=-1)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            small_atan=ATan('small'),
-            normal_atan=ATan('normal'),
-            big_atan=ATan('big'),
+            small_atan=ATan("small"),
+            normal_atan=ATan("normal"),
+            big_atan=ATan("big"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.small_atan, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.normal_atan, float)
@@ -48,7 +51,7 @@ class ATanTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(DecimalField, ATan):
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('3.12'), n2=Decimal('0'))
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-5'), n2=Decimal('0'))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("3.12"), n2=Decimal("0"))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-5"), n2=Decimal("0"))
             obj = DecimalModel.objects.filter(n1__atan__gt=0).get()
-            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal('3.12'))
+            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal("3.12"))
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/math/test_atan2.py b/tests/db_functions/math/test_atan2.py
index ce9dd53187..59779e52b7 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/math/test_atan2.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/math/test_atan2.py
@@ -8,35 +8,34 @@ from ..models import DecimalModel, FloatModel, IntegerModel
 
 
 class ATan2Tests(TestCase):
-
     def test_null(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(big=100)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            null_atan2_sn=ATan2('small', 'normal'),
-            null_atan2_nb=ATan2('normal', 'big'),
-            null_atan2_bn=ATan2('big', 'normal'),
+            null_atan2_sn=ATan2("small", "normal"),
+            null_atan2_nb=ATan2("normal", "big"),
+            null_atan2_bn=ATan2("big", "normal"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_atan2_sn)
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_atan2_nb)
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_atan2_bn)
 
     def test_decimal(self):
-        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-9.9'), n2=Decimal('4.6'))
-        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n_atan2=ATan2('n1', 'n2')).first()
+        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-9.9"), n2=Decimal("4.6"))
+        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n_atan2=ATan2("n1", "n2")).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n_atan2, Decimal)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.n_atan2, Decimal(math.atan2(obj.n1, obj.n2)))
 
     def test_float(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=-25, f2=0.33)
-        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f_atan2=ATan2('f1', 'f2')).first()
+        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f_atan2=ATan2("f1", "f2")).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f_atan2, float)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.f_atan2, math.atan2(obj.f1, obj.f2))
 
     def test_integer(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(small=0, normal=1, big=10)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            atan2_sn=ATan2('small', 'normal'),
-            atan2_nb=ATan2('normal', 'big'),
+            atan2_sn=ATan2("small", "normal"),
+            atan2_nb=ATan2("normal", "big"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.atan2_sn, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.atan2_nb, float)
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/math/test_ceil.py b/tests/db_functions/math/test_ceil.py
index 86fe084185..23c3bcd84a 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/math/test_ceil.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/math/test_ceil.py
@@ -10,15 +10,16 @@ from ..models import DecimalModel, FloatModel, IntegerModel
 
 
 class CeilTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_null(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create()
-        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_ceil=Ceil('normal')).first()
+        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_ceil=Ceil("normal")).first()
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_ceil)
 
     def test_decimal(self):
-        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('12.9'), n2=Decimal('0.6'))
-        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_ceil=Ceil('n1'), n2_ceil=Ceil('n2')).first()
+        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("12.9"), n2=Decimal("0.6"))
+        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(
+            n1_ceil=Ceil("n1"), n2_ceil=Ceil("n2")
+        ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n1_ceil, Decimal)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n2_ceil, Decimal)
         self.assertEqual(obj.n1_ceil, Decimal(math.ceil(obj.n1)))
@@ -26,7 +27,9 @@ class CeilTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_float(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=-12.5, f2=21.33)
-        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_ceil=Ceil('f1'), f2_ceil=Ceil('f2')).first()
+        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(
+            f1_ceil=Ceil("f1"), f2_ceil=Ceil("f2")
+        ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f1_ceil, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f2_ceil, float)
         self.assertEqual(obj.f1_ceil, math.ceil(obj.f1))
@@ -35,9 +38,9 @@ class CeilTests(TestCase):
     def test_integer(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(small=-11, normal=0, big=-100)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            small_ceil=Ceil('small'),
-            normal_ceil=Ceil('normal'),
-            big_ceil=Ceil('big'),
+            small_ceil=Ceil("small"),
+            normal_ceil=Ceil("normal"),
+            big_ceil=Ceil("big"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.small_ceil, int)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.normal_ceil, int)
@@ -48,7 +51,7 @@ class CeilTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(DecimalField, Ceil):
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('3.12'), n2=Decimal('0'))
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('1.25'), n2=Decimal('0'))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("3.12"), n2=Decimal("0"))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("1.25"), n2=Decimal("0"))
             obj = DecimalModel.objects.filter(n1__ceil__gt=3).get()
-            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal('3.12'))
+            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal("3.12"))
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/math/test_cos.py b/tests/db_functions/math/test_cos.py
index 73e59f0463..9e96589bac 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/math/test_cos.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/math/test_cos.py
@@ -10,15 +10,14 @@ from ..models import DecimalModel, FloatModel, IntegerModel
 
 
 class CosTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_null(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create()
-        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_cos=Cos('normal')).first()
+        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_cos=Cos("normal")).first()
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_cos)
 
     def test_decimal(self):
-        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-12.9'), n2=Decimal('0.6'))
-        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_cos=Cos('n1'), n2_cos=Cos('n2')).first()
+        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-12.9"), n2=Decimal("0.6"))
+        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_cos=Cos("n1"), n2_cos=Cos("n2")).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n1_cos, Decimal)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n2_cos, Decimal)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.n1_cos, Decimal(math.cos(obj.n1)))
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ class CosTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_float(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=-27.5, f2=0.33)
-        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_cos=Cos('f1'), f2_cos=Cos('f2')).first()
+        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_cos=Cos("f1"), f2_cos=Cos("f2")).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f1_cos, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f2_cos, float)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.f1_cos, math.cos(obj.f1))
@@ -35,9 +34,9 @@ class CosTests(TestCase):
     def test_integer(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(small=-20, normal=15, big=-1)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            small_cos=Cos('small'),
-            normal_cos=Cos('normal'),
-            big_cos=Cos('big'),
+            small_cos=Cos("small"),
+            normal_cos=Cos("normal"),
+            big_cos=Cos("big"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.small_cos, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.normal_cos, float)
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ class CosTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(DecimalField, Cos):
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-8.0'), n2=Decimal('0'))
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('3.14'), n2=Decimal('0'))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-8.0"), n2=Decimal("0"))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("3.14"), n2=Decimal("0"))
             obj = DecimalModel.objects.filter(n1__cos__gt=-0.2).get()
-            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal('-8.0'))
+            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal("-8.0"))
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/math/test_cot.py b/tests/db_functions/math/test_cot.py
index d876648598..04fdcb475c 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/math/test_cot.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/math/test_cot.py
@@ -10,15 +10,14 @@ from ..models import DecimalModel, FloatModel, IntegerModel
 
 
 class CotTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_null(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create()
-        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_cot=Cot('normal')).first()
+        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_cot=Cot("normal")).first()
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_cot)
 
     def test_decimal(self):
-        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-12.9'), n2=Decimal('0.6'))
-        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_cot=Cot('n1'), n2_cot=Cot('n2')).first()
+        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-12.9"), n2=Decimal("0.6"))
+        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_cot=Cot("n1"), n2_cot=Cot("n2")).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n1_cot, Decimal)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n2_cot, Decimal)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.n1_cot, Decimal(1 / math.tan(obj.n1)))
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ class CotTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_float(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=-27.5, f2=0.33)
-        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_cot=Cot('f1'), f2_cot=Cot('f2')).first()
+        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_cot=Cot("f1"), f2_cot=Cot("f2")).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f1_cot, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f2_cot, float)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.f1_cot, 1 / math.tan(obj.f1))
@@ -35,9 +34,9 @@ class CotTests(TestCase):
     def test_integer(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(small=-5, normal=15, big=-1)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            small_cot=Cot('small'),
-            normal_cot=Cot('normal'),
-            big_cot=Cot('big'),
+            small_cot=Cot("small"),
+            normal_cot=Cot("normal"),
+            big_cot=Cot("big"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.small_cot, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.normal_cot, float)
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ class CotTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(DecimalField, Cot):
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('12.0'), n2=Decimal('0'))
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('1.0'), n2=Decimal('0'))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("12.0"), n2=Decimal("0"))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("1.0"), n2=Decimal("0"))
             obj = DecimalModel.objects.filter(n1__cot__gt=0).get()
-            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal('1.0'))
+            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal("1.0"))
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/math/test_degrees.py b/tests/db_functions/math/test_degrees.py
index ab687b8da2..06a5ac7d88 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/math/test_degrees.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/math/test_degrees.py
@@ -10,15 +10,16 @@ from ..models import DecimalModel, FloatModel, IntegerModel
 
 
 class DegreesTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_null(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create()
-        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_degrees=Degrees('normal')).first()
+        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_degrees=Degrees("normal")).first()
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_degrees)
 
     def test_decimal(self):
-        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-12.9'), n2=Decimal('0.6'))
-        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_degrees=Degrees('n1'), n2_degrees=Degrees('n2')).first()
+        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-12.9"), n2=Decimal("0.6"))
+        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(
+            n1_degrees=Degrees("n1"), n2_degrees=Degrees("n2")
+        ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n1_degrees, Decimal)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n2_degrees, Decimal)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.n1_degrees, Decimal(math.degrees(obj.n1)))
@@ -26,7 +27,9 @@ class DegreesTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_float(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=-27.5, f2=0.33)
-        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_degrees=Degrees('f1'), f2_degrees=Degrees('f2')).first()
+        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(
+            f1_degrees=Degrees("f1"), f2_degrees=Degrees("f2")
+        ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f1_degrees, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f2_degrees, float)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.f1_degrees, math.degrees(obj.f1))
@@ -35,9 +38,9 @@ class DegreesTests(TestCase):
     def test_integer(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(small=-20, normal=15, big=-1)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            small_degrees=Degrees('small'),
-            normal_degrees=Degrees('normal'),
-            big_degrees=Degrees('big'),
+            small_degrees=Degrees("small"),
+            normal_degrees=Degrees("normal"),
+            big_degrees=Degrees("big"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.small_degrees, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.normal_degrees, float)
@@ -48,7 +51,7 @@ class DegreesTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(DecimalField, Degrees):
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('5.4'), n2=Decimal('0'))
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-30'), n2=Decimal('0'))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("5.4"), n2=Decimal("0"))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-30"), n2=Decimal("0"))
             obj = DecimalModel.objects.filter(n1__degrees__gt=0).get()
-            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal('5.4'))
+            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal("5.4"))
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/math/test_exp.py b/tests/db_functions/math/test_exp.py
index a1e806ae45..885549b8cd 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/math/test_exp.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/math/test_exp.py
@@ -10,15 +10,14 @@ from ..models import DecimalModel, FloatModel, IntegerModel
 
 
 class ExpTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_null(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create()
-        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_exp=Exp('normal')).first()
+        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_exp=Exp("normal")).first()
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_exp)
 
     def test_decimal(self):
-        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-12.9'), n2=Decimal('0.6'))
-        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_exp=Exp('n1'), n2_exp=Exp('n2')).first()
+        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-12.9"), n2=Decimal("0.6"))
+        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_exp=Exp("n1"), n2_exp=Exp("n2")).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n1_exp, Decimal)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n2_exp, Decimal)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.n1_exp, Decimal(math.exp(obj.n1)))
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ class ExpTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_float(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=-27.5, f2=0.33)
-        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_exp=Exp('f1'), f2_exp=Exp('f2')).first()
+        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_exp=Exp("f1"), f2_exp=Exp("f2")).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f1_exp, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f2_exp, float)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.f1_exp, math.exp(obj.f1))
@@ -35,9 +34,9 @@ class ExpTests(TestCase):
     def test_integer(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(small=-20, normal=15, big=-1)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            small_exp=Exp('small'),
-            normal_exp=Exp('normal'),
-            big_exp=Exp('big'),
+            small_exp=Exp("small"),
+            normal_exp=Exp("normal"),
+            big_exp=Exp("big"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.small_exp, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.normal_exp, float)
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ class ExpTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(DecimalField, Exp):
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('12.0'), n2=Decimal('0'))
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-1.0'), n2=Decimal('0'))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("12.0"), n2=Decimal("0"))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-1.0"), n2=Decimal("0"))
             obj = DecimalModel.objects.filter(n1__exp__gt=10).get()
-            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal('12.0'))
+            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal("12.0"))
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/math/test_floor.py b/tests/db_functions/math/test_floor.py
index 1068e55476..b660c1c48e 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/math/test_floor.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/math/test_floor.py
@@ -10,15 +10,16 @@ from ..models import DecimalModel, FloatModel, IntegerModel
 
 
 class FloorTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_null(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create()
-        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_floor=Floor('normal')).first()
+        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_floor=Floor("normal")).first()
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_floor)
 
     def test_decimal(self):
-        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-12.9'), n2=Decimal('0.6'))
-        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_floor=Floor('n1'), n2_floor=Floor('n2')).first()
+        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-12.9"), n2=Decimal("0.6"))
+        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(
+            n1_floor=Floor("n1"), n2_floor=Floor("n2")
+        ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n1_floor, Decimal)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n2_floor, Decimal)
         self.assertEqual(obj.n1_floor, Decimal(math.floor(obj.n1)))
@@ -26,7 +27,9 @@ class FloorTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_float(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=-27.5, f2=0.33)
-        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_floor=Floor('f1'), f2_floor=Floor('f2')).first()
+        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(
+            f1_floor=Floor("f1"), f2_floor=Floor("f2")
+        ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f1_floor, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f2_floor, float)
         self.assertEqual(obj.f1_floor, math.floor(obj.f1))
@@ -35,9 +38,9 @@ class FloorTests(TestCase):
     def test_integer(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(small=-20, normal=15, big=-1)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            small_floor=Floor('small'),
-            normal_floor=Floor('normal'),
-            big_floor=Floor('big'),
+            small_floor=Floor("small"),
+            normal_floor=Floor("normal"),
+            big_floor=Floor("big"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.small_floor, int)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.normal_floor, int)
@@ -48,7 +51,7 @@ class FloorTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(DecimalField, Floor):
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('5.4'), n2=Decimal('0'))
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('3.4'), n2=Decimal('0'))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("5.4"), n2=Decimal("0"))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("3.4"), n2=Decimal("0"))
             obj = DecimalModel.objects.filter(n1__floor__gt=4).get()
-            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal('5.4'))
+            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal("5.4"))
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/math/test_ln.py b/tests/db_functions/math/test_ln.py
index fd2ac87c06..d8a87a348a 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/math/test_ln.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/math/test_ln.py
@@ -10,15 +10,14 @@ from ..models import DecimalModel, FloatModel, IntegerModel
 
 
 class LnTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_null(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create()
-        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_ln=Ln('normal')).first()
+        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_ln=Ln("normal")).first()
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_ln)
 
     def test_decimal(self):
-        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('12.9'), n2=Decimal('0.6'))
-        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_ln=Ln('n1'), n2_ln=Ln('n2')).first()
+        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("12.9"), n2=Decimal("0.6"))
+        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_ln=Ln("n1"), n2_ln=Ln("n2")).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n1_ln, Decimal)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n2_ln, Decimal)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.n1_ln, Decimal(math.log(obj.n1)))
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ class LnTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_float(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=27.5, f2=0.33)
-        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_ln=Ln('f1'), f2_ln=Ln('f2')).first()
+        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_ln=Ln("f1"), f2_ln=Ln("f2")).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f1_ln, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f2_ln, float)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.f1_ln, math.log(obj.f1))
@@ -35,9 +34,9 @@ class LnTests(TestCase):
     def test_integer(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(small=20, normal=15, big=1)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            small_ln=Ln('small'),
-            normal_ln=Ln('normal'),
-            big_ln=Ln('big'),
+            small_ln=Ln("small"),
+            normal_ln=Ln("normal"),
+            big_ln=Ln("big"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.small_ln, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.normal_ln, float)
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ class LnTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(DecimalField, Ln):
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('12.0'), n2=Decimal('0'))
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('1.0'), n2=Decimal('0'))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("12.0"), n2=Decimal("0"))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("1.0"), n2=Decimal("0"))
             obj = DecimalModel.objects.filter(n1__ln__gt=0).get()
-            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal('12.0'))
+            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal("12.0"))
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/math/test_log.py b/tests/db_functions/math/test_log.py
index 293993800a..655dcbbcfe 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/math/test_log.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/math/test_log.py
@@ -8,36 +8,35 @@ from ..models import DecimalModel, FloatModel, IntegerModel
 
 
 class LogTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_null(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(big=100)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            null_log_small=Log('small', 'normal'),
-            null_log_normal=Log('normal', 'big'),
-            null_log_big=Log('big', 'normal'),
+            null_log_small=Log("small", "normal"),
+            null_log_normal=Log("normal", "big"),
+            null_log_big=Log("big", "normal"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_log_small)
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_log_normal)
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_log_big)
 
     def test_decimal(self):
-        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('12.9'), n2=Decimal('3.6'))
-        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n_log=Log('n1', 'n2')).first()
+        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("12.9"), n2=Decimal("3.6"))
+        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n_log=Log("n1", "n2")).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n_log, Decimal)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.n_log, Decimal(math.log(obj.n2, obj.n1)))
 
     def test_float(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=2.0, f2=4.0)
-        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f_log=Log('f1', 'f2')).first()
+        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f_log=Log("f1", "f2")).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f_log, float)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.f_log, math.log(obj.f2, obj.f1))
 
     def test_integer(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(small=4, normal=8, big=2)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            small_log=Log('small', 'big'),
-            normal_log=Log('normal', 'big'),
-            big_log=Log('big', 'big'),
+            small_log=Log("small", "big"),
+            normal_log=Log("normal", "big"),
+            big_log=Log("big", "big"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.small_log, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.normal_log, float)
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/math/test_mod.py b/tests/db_functions/math/test_mod.py
index dc363432b7..919b9419d2 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/math/test_mod.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/math/test_mod.py
@@ -8,34 +8,33 @@ from ..models import DecimalModel, FloatModel, IntegerModel
 
 
 class ModTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_null(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(big=100)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            null_mod_small=Mod('small', 'normal'),
-            null_mod_normal=Mod('normal', 'big'),
+            null_mod_small=Mod("small", "normal"),
+            null_mod_normal=Mod("normal", "big"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_mod_small)
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_mod_normal)
 
     def test_decimal(self):
-        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-9.9'), n2=Decimal('4.6'))
-        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n_mod=Mod('n1', 'n2')).first()
+        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-9.9"), n2=Decimal("4.6"))
+        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n_mod=Mod("n1", "n2")).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n_mod, Decimal)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.n_mod, Decimal(math.fmod(obj.n1, obj.n2)))
 
     def test_float(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=-25, f2=0.33)
-        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f_mod=Mod('f1', 'f2')).first()
+        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f_mod=Mod("f1", "f2")).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f_mod, float)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.f_mod, math.fmod(obj.f1, obj.f2))
 
     def test_integer(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(small=20, normal=15, big=1)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            small_mod=Mod('small', 'normal'),
-            normal_mod=Mod('normal', 'big'),
-            big_mod=Mod('big', 'small'),
+            small_mod=Mod("small", "normal"),
+            normal_mod=Mod("normal", "big"),
+            big_mod=Mod("big", "small"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.small_mod, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.normal_mod, float)
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/math/test_pi.py b/tests/db_functions/math/test_pi.py
index 2446420fd3..11e4638168 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/math/test_pi.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/math/test_pi.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ from ..models import FloatModel
 
 
 class PiTests(TestCase):
-
     def test(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=2.5, f2=15.9)
         obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(pi=Pi()).first()
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/math/test_power.py b/tests/db_functions/math/test_power.py
index 94929d38b7..44a90f7571 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/math/test_power.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/math/test_power.py
@@ -7,40 +7,39 @@ from ..models import DecimalModel, FloatModel, IntegerModel
 
 
 class PowerTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_null(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(big=100)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            null_power_small=Power('small', 'normal'),
-            null_power_normal=Power('normal', 'big'),
-            null_power_big=Power('big', 'normal'),
+            null_power_small=Power("small", "normal"),
+            null_power_normal=Power("normal", "big"),
+            null_power_big=Power("big", "normal"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_power_small)
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_power_normal)
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_power_big)
 
     def test_decimal(self):
-        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('1.0'), n2=Decimal('-0.6'))
-        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n_power=Power('n1', 'n2')).first()
+        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("1.0"), n2=Decimal("-0.6"))
+        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n_power=Power("n1", "n2")).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n_power, Decimal)
-        self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.n_power, Decimal(obj.n1 ** obj.n2))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.n_power, Decimal(obj.n1**obj.n2))
 
     def test_float(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=2.3, f2=1.1)
-        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f_power=Power('f1', 'f2')).first()
+        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f_power=Power("f1", "f2")).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f_power, float)
-        self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.f_power, obj.f1 ** obj.f2)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.f_power, obj.f1**obj.f2)
 
     def test_integer(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(small=-1, normal=20, big=3)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            small_power=Power('small', 'normal'),
-            normal_power=Power('normal', 'big'),
-            big_power=Power('big', 'small'),
+            small_power=Power("small", "normal"),
+            normal_power=Power("normal", "big"),
+            big_power=Power("big", "small"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.small_power, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.normal_power, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.big_power, float)
-        self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.small_power, obj.small ** obj.normal)
-        self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.normal_power, obj.normal ** obj.big)
-        self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.big_power, obj.big ** obj.small)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.small_power, obj.small**obj.normal)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.normal_power, obj.normal**obj.big)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.big_power, obj.big**obj.small)
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/math/test_radians.py b/tests/db_functions/math/test_radians.py
index ac51155641..cd94a016e4 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/math/test_radians.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/math/test_radians.py
@@ -10,15 +10,16 @@ from ..models import DecimalModel, FloatModel, IntegerModel
 
 
 class RadiansTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_null(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create()
-        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_radians=Radians('normal')).first()
+        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_radians=Radians("normal")).first()
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_radians)
 
     def test_decimal(self):
-        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-12.9'), n2=Decimal('0.6'))
-        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_radians=Radians('n1'), n2_radians=Radians('n2')).first()
+        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-12.9"), n2=Decimal("0.6"))
+        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(
+            n1_radians=Radians("n1"), n2_radians=Radians("n2")
+        ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n1_radians, Decimal)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n2_radians, Decimal)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.n1_radians, Decimal(math.radians(obj.n1)))
@@ -26,7 +27,9 @@ class RadiansTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_float(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=-27.5, f2=0.33)
-        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_radians=Radians('f1'), f2_radians=Radians('f2')).first()
+        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(
+            f1_radians=Radians("f1"), f2_radians=Radians("f2")
+        ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f1_radians, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f2_radians, float)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.f1_radians, math.radians(obj.f1))
@@ -35,9 +38,9 @@ class RadiansTests(TestCase):
     def test_integer(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(small=-20, normal=15, big=-1)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            small_radians=Radians('small'),
-            normal_radians=Radians('normal'),
-            big_radians=Radians('big'),
+            small_radians=Radians("small"),
+            normal_radians=Radians("normal"),
+            big_radians=Radians("big"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.small_radians, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.normal_radians, float)
@@ -48,7 +51,7 @@ class RadiansTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(DecimalField, Radians):
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('2.0'), n2=Decimal('0'))
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-1.0'), n2=Decimal('0'))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("2.0"), n2=Decimal("0"))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-1.0"), n2=Decimal("0"))
             obj = DecimalModel.objects.filter(n1__radians__gt=0).get()
-            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal('2.0'))
+            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal("2.0"))
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/math/test_round.py b/tests/db_functions/math/test_round.py
index 320d37fe4e..04ece4246d 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/math/test_round.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/math/test_round.py
@@ -11,35 +11,36 @@ from ..models import DecimalModel, FloatModel, IntegerModel
 
 
 class RoundTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_null(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create()
-        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_round=Round('normal')).first()
+        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_round=Round("normal")).first()
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_round)
 
     def test_null_with_precision(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create()
-        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_round=Round('normal', 5)).first()
+        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_round=Round("normal", 5)).first()
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_round)
 
     def test_null_with_negative_precision(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create()
-        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_round=Round('normal', -1)).first()
+        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_round=Round("normal", -1)).first()
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_round)
 
     def test_decimal(self):
-        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-12.9'), n2=Decimal('0.6'))
-        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_round=Round('n1'), n2_round=Round('n2')).first()
+        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-12.9"), n2=Decimal("0.6"))
+        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(
+            n1_round=Round("n1"), n2_round=Round("n2")
+        ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n1_round, Decimal)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n2_round, Decimal)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.n1_round, obj.n1, places=0)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.n2_round, obj.n2, places=0)
 
     def test_decimal_with_precision(self):
-        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-5.75'), n2=Pi())
+        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-5.75"), n2=Pi())
         obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(
-            n1_round=Round('n1', 1),
-            n2_round=Round('n2', 5),
+            n1_round=Round("n1", 1),
+            n2_round=Round("n2", 5),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n1_round, Decimal)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n2_round, Decimal)
@@ -47,14 +48,16 @@ class RoundTests(TestCase):
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.n2_round, obj.n2, places=5)
 
     def test_decimal_with_negative_precision(self):
-        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('365.25'))
-        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_round=Round('n1', -1)).first()
+        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("365.25"))
+        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_round=Round("n1", -1)).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n1_round, Decimal)
         self.assertEqual(obj.n1_round, 370)
 
     def test_float(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=-27.55, f2=0.55)
-        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_round=Round('f1'), f2_round=Round('f2')).first()
+        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(
+            f1_round=Round("f1"), f2_round=Round("f2")
+        ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f1_round, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f2_round, float)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.f1_round, obj.f1, places=0)
@@ -63,8 +66,8 @@ class RoundTests(TestCase):
     def test_float_with_precision(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=-5.75, f2=Pi())
         obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(
-            f1_round=Round('f1', 1),
-            f2_round=Round('f2', 5),
+            f1_round=Round("f1", 1),
+            f2_round=Round("f2", 5),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f1_round, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f2_round, float)
@@ -73,16 +76,16 @@ class RoundTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_float_with_negative_precision(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=365.25)
-        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_round=Round('f1', -1)).first()
+        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_round=Round("f1", -1)).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f1_round, float)
         self.assertEqual(obj.f1_round, 370)
 
     def test_integer(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(small=-20, normal=15, big=-1)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            small_round=Round('small'),
-            normal_round=Round('normal'),
-            big_round=Round('big'),
+            small_round=Round("small"),
+            normal_round=Round("normal"),
+            big_round=Round("big"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.small_round, int)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.normal_round, int)
@@ -94,9 +97,9 @@ class RoundTests(TestCase):
     def test_integer_with_precision(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(small=-5, normal=3, big=-100)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            small_round=Round('small', 1),
-            normal_round=Round('normal', 5),
-            big_round=Round('big', 2),
+            small_round=Round("small", 1),
+            normal_round=Round("normal", 5),
+            big_round=Round("big", 2),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.small_round, int)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.normal_round, int)
@@ -107,23 +110,23 @@ class RoundTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_integer_with_negative_precision(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(normal=365)
-        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(normal_round=Round('normal', -1)).first()
+        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(normal_round=Round("normal", -1)).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.normal_round, int)
         self.assertEqual(obj.normal_round, 370)
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(DecimalField, Round):
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('2.0'), n2=Decimal('0'))
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-1.0'), n2=Decimal('0'))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("2.0"), n2=Decimal("0"))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-1.0"), n2=Decimal("0"))
             obj = DecimalModel.objects.filter(n1__round__gt=0).get()
-            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal('2.0'))
+            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal("2.0"))
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(
-        connection.vendor == 'sqlite',
+        connection.vendor == "sqlite",
         "SQLite doesn't support negative precision.",
     )
     def test_unsupported_negative_precision(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=123.45)
-        msg = 'SQLite does not support negative precision.'
+        msg = "SQLite does not support negative precision."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            FloatModel.objects.annotate(value=Round('f1', -1)).first()
+            FloatModel.objects.annotate(value=Round("f1", -1)).first()
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/math/test_sign.py b/tests/db_functions/math/test_sign.py
index 0458932cee..c099441a19 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/math/test_sign.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/math/test_sign.py
@@ -9,23 +9,26 @@ from ..models import DecimalModel, FloatModel, IntegerModel
 
 
 class SignTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_null(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create()
-        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_sign=Sign('normal')).first()
+        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_sign=Sign("normal")).first()
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_sign)
 
     def test_decimal(self):
-        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-12.9'), n2=Decimal('0.6'))
-        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_sign=Sign('n1'), n2_sign=Sign('n2')).first()
+        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-12.9"), n2=Decimal("0.6"))
+        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(
+            n1_sign=Sign("n1"), n2_sign=Sign("n2")
+        ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n1_sign, Decimal)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n2_sign, Decimal)
-        self.assertEqual(obj.n1_sign, Decimal('-1'))
-        self.assertEqual(obj.n2_sign, Decimal('1'))
+        self.assertEqual(obj.n1_sign, Decimal("-1"))
+        self.assertEqual(obj.n2_sign, Decimal("1"))
 
     def test_float(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=-27.5, f2=0.33)
-        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_sign=Sign('f1'), f2_sign=Sign('f2')).first()
+        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(
+            f1_sign=Sign("f1"), f2_sign=Sign("f2")
+        ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f1_sign, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f2_sign, float)
         self.assertEqual(obj.f1_sign, -1.0)
@@ -34,9 +37,9 @@ class SignTests(TestCase):
     def test_integer(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(small=-20, normal=0, big=20)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            small_sign=Sign('small'),
-            normal_sign=Sign('normal'),
-            big_sign=Sign('big'),
+            small_sign=Sign("small"),
+            normal_sign=Sign("normal"),
+            big_sign=Sign("big"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.small_sign, int)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.normal_sign, int)
@@ -47,7 +50,7 @@ class SignTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(DecimalField, Sign):
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('5.4'), n2=Decimal('0'))
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-0.1'), n2=Decimal('0'))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("5.4"), n2=Decimal("0"))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-0.1"), n2=Decimal("0"))
             obj = DecimalModel.objects.filter(n1__sign__lt=0, n2__sign=0).get()
-            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal('-0.1'))
+            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal("-0.1"))
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/math/test_sin.py b/tests/db_functions/math/test_sin.py
index be7d1515bd..e6c93d75da 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/math/test_sin.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/math/test_sin.py
@@ -10,15 +10,14 @@ from ..models import DecimalModel, FloatModel, IntegerModel
 
 
 class SinTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_null(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create()
-        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_sin=Sin('normal')).first()
+        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_sin=Sin("normal")).first()
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_sin)
 
     def test_decimal(self):
-        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-12.9'), n2=Decimal('0.6'))
-        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_sin=Sin('n1'), n2_sin=Sin('n2')).first()
+        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-12.9"), n2=Decimal("0.6"))
+        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_sin=Sin("n1"), n2_sin=Sin("n2")).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n1_sin, Decimal)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n2_sin, Decimal)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.n1_sin, Decimal(math.sin(obj.n1)))
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ class SinTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_float(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=-27.5, f2=0.33)
-        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_sin=Sin('f1'), f2_sin=Sin('f2')).first()
+        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_sin=Sin("f1"), f2_sin=Sin("f2")).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f1_sin, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f2_sin, float)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.f1_sin, math.sin(obj.f1))
@@ -35,9 +34,9 @@ class SinTests(TestCase):
     def test_integer(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(small=-20, normal=15, big=-1)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            small_sin=Sin('small'),
-            normal_sin=Sin('normal'),
-            big_sin=Sin('big'),
+            small_sin=Sin("small"),
+            normal_sin=Sin("normal"),
+            big_sin=Sin("big"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.small_sin, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.normal_sin, float)
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ class SinTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(DecimalField, Sin):
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('5.4'), n2=Decimal('0'))
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('0.1'), n2=Decimal('0'))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("5.4"), n2=Decimal("0"))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("0.1"), n2=Decimal("0"))
             obj = DecimalModel.objects.filter(n1__sin__lt=0).get()
-            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal('5.4'))
+            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal("5.4"))
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/math/test_sqrt.py b/tests/db_functions/math/test_sqrt.py
index baafaea723..b7751d929e 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/math/test_sqrt.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/math/test_sqrt.py
@@ -10,15 +10,16 @@ from ..models import DecimalModel, FloatModel, IntegerModel
 
 
 class SqrtTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_null(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create()
-        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_sqrt=Sqrt('normal')).first()
+        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_sqrt=Sqrt("normal")).first()
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_sqrt)
 
     def test_decimal(self):
-        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('12.9'), n2=Decimal('0.6'))
-        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_sqrt=Sqrt('n1'), n2_sqrt=Sqrt('n2')).first()
+        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("12.9"), n2=Decimal("0.6"))
+        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(
+            n1_sqrt=Sqrt("n1"), n2_sqrt=Sqrt("n2")
+        ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n1_sqrt, Decimal)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n2_sqrt, Decimal)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.n1_sqrt, Decimal(math.sqrt(obj.n1)))
@@ -26,7 +27,9 @@ class SqrtTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_float(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=27.5, f2=0.33)
-        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_sqrt=Sqrt('f1'), f2_sqrt=Sqrt('f2')).first()
+        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(
+            f1_sqrt=Sqrt("f1"), f2_sqrt=Sqrt("f2")
+        ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f1_sqrt, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f2_sqrt, float)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.f1_sqrt, math.sqrt(obj.f1))
@@ -35,9 +38,9 @@ class SqrtTests(TestCase):
     def test_integer(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(small=20, normal=15, big=1)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            small_sqrt=Sqrt('small'),
-            normal_sqrt=Sqrt('normal'),
-            big_sqrt=Sqrt('big'),
+            small_sqrt=Sqrt("small"),
+            normal_sqrt=Sqrt("normal"),
+            big_sqrt=Sqrt("big"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.small_sqrt, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.normal_sqrt, float)
@@ -48,7 +51,7 @@ class SqrtTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(DecimalField, Sqrt):
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('6.0'), n2=Decimal('0'))
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('1.0'), n2=Decimal('0'))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("6.0"), n2=Decimal("0"))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("1.0"), n2=Decimal("0"))
             obj = DecimalModel.objects.filter(n1__sqrt__gt=2).get()
-            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal('6.0'))
+            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal("6.0"))
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/math/test_tan.py b/tests/db_functions/math/test_tan.py
index 51f7ad994c..db9c0ee4b3 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/math/test_tan.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/math/test_tan.py
@@ -10,15 +10,14 @@ from ..models import DecimalModel, FloatModel, IntegerModel
 
 
 class TanTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_null(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create()
-        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_tan=Tan('normal')).first()
+        obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(null_tan=Tan("normal")).first()
         self.assertIsNone(obj.null_tan)
 
     def test_decimal(self):
-        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('-12.9'), n2=Decimal('0.6'))
-        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_tan=Tan('n1'), n2_tan=Tan('n2')).first()
+        DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("-12.9"), n2=Decimal("0.6"))
+        obj = DecimalModel.objects.annotate(n1_tan=Tan("n1"), n2_tan=Tan("n2")).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n1_tan, Decimal)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.n2_tan, Decimal)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.n1_tan, Decimal(math.tan(obj.n1)))
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ class TanTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_float(self):
         FloatModel.objects.create(f1=-27.5, f2=0.33)
-        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_tan=Tan('f1'), f2_tan=Tan('f2')).first()
+        obj = FloatModel.objects.annotate(f1_tan=Tan("f1"), f2_tan=Tan("f2")).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f1_tan, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.f2_tan, float)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(obj.f1_tan, math.tan(obj.f1))
@@ -35,9 +34,9 @@ class TanTests(TestCase):
     def test_integer(self):
         IntegerModel.objects.create(small=-20, normal=15, big=-1)
         obj = IntegerModel.objects.annotate(
-            small_tan=Tan('small'),
-            normal_tan=Tan('normal'),
-            big_tan=Tan('big'),
+            small_tan=Tan("small"),
+            normal_tan=Tan("normal"),
+            big_tan=Tan("big"),
         ).first()
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.small_tan, float)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.normal_tan, float)
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ class TanTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(DecimalField, Tan):
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('0.0'), n2=Decimal('0'))
-            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal('12.0'), n2=Decimal('0'))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("0.0"), n2=Decimal("0"))
+            DecimalModel.objects.create(n1=Decimal("12.0"), n2=Decimal("0"))
             obj = DecimalModel.objects.filter(n1__tan__lt=0).get()
-            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal('12.0'))
+            self.assertEqual(obj.n1, Decimal("12.0"))
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/migrations/0002_create_test_models.py b/tests/db_functions/migrations/0002_create_test_models.py
index 3699d67a6f..4f72f4e854 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/migrations/0002_create_test_models.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/migrations/0002_create_test_models.py
@@ -4,74 +4,89 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('db_functions', '0001_setup_extensions'),
+        ("db_functions", "0001_setup_extensions"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Author',
+            name="Author",
             fields=[
-                ('name', models.CharField(max_length=50)),
-                ('alias', models.CharField(max_length=50, null=True, blank=True)),
-                ('goes_by', models.CharField(max_length=50, null=True, blank=True)),
-                ('age', models.PositiveSmallIntegerField(default=30)),
+                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=50)),
+                ("alias", models.CharField(max_length=50, null=True, blank=True)),
+                ("goes_by", models.CharField(max_length=50, null=True, blank=True)),
+                ("age", models.PositiveSmallIntegerField(default=30)),
             ],
         ),
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Article',
+            name="Article",
             fields=[
-                ('authors', models.ManyToManyField('db_functions.Author', related_name='articles')),
-                ('title', models.CharField(max_length=50)),
-                ('summary', models.CharField(max_length=200, null=True, blank=True)),
-                ('text', models.TextField()),
-                ('written', models.DateTimeField()),
-                ('published', models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)),
-                ('updated', models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)),
-                ('views', models.PositiveIntegerField(default=0)),
+                (
+                    "authors",
+                    models.ManyToManyField(
+                        "db_functions.Author", related_name="articles"
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("title", models.CharField(max_length=50)),
+                ("summary", models.CharField(max_length=200, null=True, blank=True)),
+                ("text", models.TextField()),
+                ("written", models.DateTimeField()),
+                ("published", models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)),
+                ("updated", models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)),
+                ("views", models.PositiveIntegerField(default=0)),
             ],
         ),
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Fan',
+            name="Fan",
             fields=[
-                ('name', models.CharField(max_length=50)),
-                ('age', models.PositiveSmallIntegerField(default=30)),
-                ('author', models.ForeignKey('db_functions.Author', models.CASCADE, related_name='fans')),
-                ('fan_since', models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)),
+                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=50)),
+                ("age", models.PositiveSmallIntegerField(default=30)),
+                (
+                    "author",
+                    models.ForeignKey(
+                        "db_functions.Author", models.CASCADE, related_name="fans"
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("fan_since", models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)),
             ],
         ),
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='DTModel',
+            name="DTModel",
             fields=[
-                ('name', models.CharField(max_length=32)),
-                ('start_datetime', models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)),
-                ('end_datetime', models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)),
-                ('start_date', models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)),
-                ('end_date', models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)),
-                ('start_time', models.TimeField(null=True, blank=True)),
-                ('end_time', models.TimeField(null=True, blank=True)),
-                ('duration', models.DurationField(null=True, blank=True)),
+                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=32)),
+                ("start_datetime", models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)),
+                ("end_datetime", models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)),
+                ("start_date", models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)),
+                ("end_date", models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)),
+                ("start_time", models.TimeField(null=True, blank=True)),
+                ("end_time", models.TimeField(null=True, blank=True)),
+                ("duration", models.DurationField(null=True, blank=True)),
             ],
         ),
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='DecimalModel',
+            name="DecimalModel",
             fields=[
-                ('n1', models.DecimalField(decimal_places=2, max_digits=6)),
-                ('n2', models.DecimalField(decimal_places=7, max_digits=9, null=True, blank=True)),
+                ("n1", models.DecimalField(decimal_places=2, max_digits=6)),
+                (
+                    "n2",
+                    models.DecimalField(
+                        decimal_places=7, max_digits=9, null=True, blank=True
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
         ),
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='IntegerModel',
+            name="IntegerModel",
             fields=[
-                ('big', models.BigIntegerField(null=True, blank=True)),
-                ('normal', models.IntegerField(null=True, blank=True)),
-                ('small', models.SmallIntegerField(null=True, blank=True)),
+                ("big", models.BigIntegerField(null=True, blank=True)),
+                ("normal", models.IntegerField(null=True, blank=True)),
+                ("small", models.SmallIntegerField(null=True, blank=True)),
             ],
         ),
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='FloatModel',
+            name="FloatModel",
             fields=[
-                ('f1', models.FloatField(null=True, blank=True)),
-                ('f2', models.FloatField(null=True, blank=True)),
+                ("f1", models.FloatField(null=True, blank=True)),
+                ("f2", models.FloatField(null=True, blank=True)),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/models.py b/tests/db_functions/models.py
index 5c3379b44a..d6a06511bc 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/models.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/models.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class Author(models.Model):
 
 
 class Article(models.Model):
-    authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author, related_name='articles')
+    authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author, related_name="articles")
     title = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     summary = models.CharField(max_length=200, null=True, blank=True)
     text = models.TextField()
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class Article(models.Model):
 class Fan(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     age = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField(default=30)
-    author = models.ForeignKey(Author, models.CASCADE, related_name='fans')
+    author = models.ForeignKey(Author, models.CASCADE, related_name="fans")
     fan_since = models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)
 
 
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/tests.py b/tests/db_functions/tests.py
index e6d8a4fa0a..e5b73cdaac 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/tests.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/tests.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-from django.db.models import CharField, Value as V
+from django.db.models import CharField
+from django.db.models import Value as V
 from django.db.models.functions import Coalesce, Length, Upper
 from django.test import TestCase
 from django.test.utils import register_lookup
@@ -11,62 +12,67 @@ class UpperBilateral(Upper):
 
 
 class FunctionTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_nested_function_ordering(self):
-        Author.objects.create(name='John Smith')
-        Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda Simpson', alias='ronny')
+        Author.objects.create(name="John Smith")
+        Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda Simpson", alias="ronny")
 
-        authors = Author.objects.order_by(Length(Coalesce('alias', 'name')))
+        authors = Author.objects.order_by(Length(Coalesce("alias", "name")))
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors, [
-                'Rhonda Simpson',
-                'John Smith',
+            authors,
+            [
+                "Rhonda Simpson",
+                "John Smith",
             ],
-            lambda a: a.name
+            lambda a: a.name,
         )
 
-        authors = Author.objects.order_by(Length(Coalesce('alias', 'name')).desc())
+        authors = Author.objects.order_by(Length(Coalesce("alias", "name")).desc())
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors, [
-                'John Smith',
-                'Rhonda Simpson',
+            authors,
+            [
+                "John Smith",
+                "Rhonda Simpson",
             ],
-            lambda a: a.name
+            lambda a: a.name,
         )
 
     def test_func_transform_bilateral(self):
         with register_lookup(CharField, UpperBilateral):
-            Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='smithj')
-            Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda')
-            authors = Author.objects.filter(name__upper__exact='john smith')
+            Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="smithj")
+            Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda")
+            authors = Author.objects.filter(name__upper__exact="john smith")
             self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-                authors.order_by('name'), [
-                    'John Smith',
+                authors.order_by("name"),
+                [
+                    "John Smith",
                 ],
-                lambda a: a.name
+                lambda a: a.name,
             )
 
     def test_func_transform_bilateral_multivalue(self):
         with register_lookup(CharField, UpperBilateral):
-            Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='smithj')
-            Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda')
-            authors = Author.objects.filter(name__upper__in=['john smith', 'rhonda'])
+            Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="smithj")
+            Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda")
+            authors = Author.objects.filter(name__upper__in=["john smith", "rhonda"])
             self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-                authors.order_by('name'), [
-                    'John Smith',
-                    'Rhonda',
+                authors.order_by("name"),
+                [
+                    "John Smith",
+                    "Rhonda",
                 ],
-                lambda a: a.name
+                lambda a: a.name,
             )
 
     def test_function_as_filter(self):
-        Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='SMITHJ')
-        Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda')
+        Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="SMITHJ")
+        Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Author.objects.filter(alias=Upper(V('smithj'))),
-            ['John Smith'], lambda x: x.name
+            Author.objects.filter(alias=Upper(V("smithj"))),
+            ["John Smith"],
+            lambda x: x.name,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Author.objects.exclude(alias=Upper(V('smithj'))),
-            ['Rhonda'], lambda x: x.name
+            Author.objects.exclude(alias=Upper(V("smithj"))),
+            ["Rhonda"],
+            lambda x: x.name,
         )
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/text/test_chr.py b/tests/db_functions/text/test_chr.py
index 67a2a6a98d..7a55994096 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/text/test_chr.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/text/test_chr.py
@@ -9,22 +9,31 @@ from ..models import Author
 class ChrTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.john = Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='smithj')
-        cls.elena = Author.objects.create(name='Élena Jordan', alias='elena')
-        cls.rhonda = Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda')
+        cls.john = Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="smithj")
+        cls.elena = Author.objects.create(name="Élena Jordan", alias="elena")
+        cls.rhonda = Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda")
 
     def test_basic(self):
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(first_initial=Left('name', 1))
-        self.assertCountEqual(authors.filter(first_initial=Chr(ord('J'))), [self.john])
-        self.assertCountEqual(authors.exclude(first_initial=Chr(ord('J'))), [self.elena, self.rhonda])
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(first_initial=Left("name", 1))
+        self.assertCountEqual(authors.filter(first_initial=Chr(ord("J"))), [self.john])
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            authors.exclude(first_initial=Chr(ord("J"))), [self.elena, self.rhonda]
+        )
 
     def test_non_ascii(self):
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(first_initial=Left('name', 1))
-        self.assertCountEqual(authors.filter(first_initial=Chr(ord('É'))), [self.elena])
-        self.assertCountEqual(authors.exclude(first_initial=Chr(ord('É'))), [self.john, self.rhonda])
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(first_initial=Left("name", 1))
+        self.assertCountEqual(authors.filter(first_initial=Chr(ord("É"))), [self.elena])
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            authors.exclude(first_initial=Chr(ord("É"))), [self.john, self.rhonda]
+        )
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(IntegerField, Chr):
-            authors = Author.objects.annotate(name_code_point=Ord('name'))
-            self.assertCountEqual(authors.filter(name_code_point__chr=Chr(ord('J'))), [self.john])
-            self.assertCountEqual(authors.exclude(name_code_point__chr=Chr(ord('J'))), [self.elena, self.rhonda])
+            authors = Author.objects.annotate(name_code_point=Ord("name"))
+            self.assertCountEqual(
+                authors.filter(name_code_point__chr=Chr(ord("J"))), [self.john]
+            )
+            self.assertCountEqual(
+                authors.exclude(name_code_point__chr=Chr(ord("J"))),
+                [self.elena, self.rhonda],
+            )
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/text/test_concat.py b/tests/db_functions/text/test_concat.py
index 9850b2fd0d..5932a9bed0 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/text/test_concat.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/text/test_concat.py
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 from unittest import skipUnless
 
 from django.db import connection
-from django.db.models import CharField, TextField, Value as V
+from django.db.models import CharField, TextField
+from django.db.models import Value as V
 from django.db.models.functions import Concat, ConcatPair, Upper
 from django.test import TestCase
 from django.utils import timezone
@@ -14,68 +15,77 @@ lorem_ipsum = """
 
 
 class ConcatTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_basic(self):
-        Author.objects.create(name='Jayden')
-        Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='smithj', goes_by='John')
-        Author.objects.create(name='Margaret', goes_by='Maggie')
-        Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda', alias='adnohR')
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(joined=Concat('alias', 'goes_by'))
+        Author.objects.create(name="Jayden")
+        Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="smithj", goes_by="John")
+        Author.objects.create(name="Margaret", goes_by="Maggie")
+        Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda", alias="adnohR")
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(joined=Concat("alias", "goes_by"))
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors.order_by('name'), [
-                '',
-                'smithjJohn',
-                'Maggie',
-                'adnohR',
+            authors.order_by("name"),
+            [
+                "",
+                "smithjJohn",
+                "Maggie",
+                "adnohR",
             ],
-            lambda a: a.joined
+            lambda a: a.joined,
         )
 
     def test_gt_two_expressions(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Concat must take at least two expressions'):
-            Author.objects.annotate(joined=Concat('alias'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Concat must take at least two expressions"
+        ):
+            Author.objects.annotate(joined=Concat("alias"))
 
     def test_many(self):
-        Author.objects.create(name='Jayden')
-        Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='smithj', goes_by='John')
-        Author.objects.create(name='Margaret', goes_by='Maggie')
-        Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda', alias='adnohR')
+        Author.objects.create(name="Jayden")
+        Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="smithj", goes_by="John")
+        Author.objects.create(name="Margaret", goes_by="Maggie")
+        Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda", alias="adnohR")
         authors = Author.objects.annotate(
-            joined=Concat('name', V(' ('), 'goes_by', V(')'), output_field=CharField()),
+            joined=Concat("name", V(" ("), "goes_by", V(")"), output_field=CharField()),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors.order_by('name'), [
-                'Jayden ()',
-                'John Smith (John)',
-                'Margaret (Maggie)',
-                'Rhonda ()',
+            authors.order_by("name"),
+            [
+                "Jayden ()",
+                "John Smith (John)",
+                "Margaret (Maggie)",
+                "Rhonda ()",
             ],
-            lambda a: a.joined
+            lambda a: a.joined,
         )
 
     def test_mixed_char_text(self):
-        Article.objects.create(title='The Title', text=lorem_ipsum, written=timezone.now())
+        Article.objects.create(
+            title="The Title", text=lorem_ipsum, written=timezone.now()
+        )
         article = Article.objects.annotate(
-            title_text=Concat('title', V(' - '), 'text', output_field=TextField()),
-        ).get(title='The Title')
-        self.assertEqual(article.title + ' - ' + article.text, article.title_text)
+            title_text=Concat("title", V(" - "), "text", output_field=TextField()),
+        ).get(title="The Title")
+        self.assertEqual(article.title + " - " + article.text, article.title_text)
         # Wrap the concat in something else to ensure that text is returned
         # rather than bytes.
         article = Article.objects.annotate(
-            title_text=Upper(Concat('title', V(' - '), 'text', output_field=TextField())),
-        ).get(title='The Title')
-        expected = article.title + ' - ' + article.text
+            title_text=Upper(
+                Concat("title", V(" - "), "text", output_field=TextField())
+            ),
+        ).get(title="The Title")
+        expected = article.title + " - " + article.text
         self.assertEqual(expected.upper(), article.title_text)
 
-    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'sqlite', "sqlite specific implementation detail.")
+    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == "sqlite", "sqlite specific implementation detail.")
     def test_coalesce_idempotent(self):
-        pair = ConcatPair(V('a'), V('b'))
+        pair = ConcatPair(V("a"), V("b"))
         # Check nodes counts
         self.assertEqual(len(list(pair.flatten())), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(len(list(pair.coalesce().flatten())), 7)  # + 2 Coalesce + 2 Value()
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(list(pair.coalesce().flatten())), 7
+        )  # + 2 Coalesce + 2 Value()
         self.assertEqual(len(list(pair.flatten())), 3)
 
     def test_sql_generation_idempotency(self):
-        qs = Article.objects.annotate(description=Concat('title', V(': '), 'summary'))
+        qs = Article.objects.annotate(description=Concat("title", V(": "), "summary"))
         # Multiple compilations should not alter the generated query.
         self.assertEqual(str(qs.query), str(qs.all().query))
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/text/test_left.py b/tests/db_functions/text/test_left.py
index 873bbf859b..8871f9ac79 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/text/test_left.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/text/test_left.py
@@ -8,20 +8,28 @@ from ..models import Author
 class LeftTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='smithj')
-        Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda')
+        Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="smithj")
+        Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda")
 
     def test_basic(self):
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(name_part=Left('name', 5))
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(authors.order_by('name'), ['John ', 'Rhond'], lambda a: a.name_part)
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(name_part=Left("name", 5))
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            authors.order_by("name"), ["John ", "Rhond"], lambda a: a.name_part
+        )
         # If alias is null, set it to the first 2 lower characters of the name.
-        Author.objects.filter(alias__isnull=True).update(alias=Lower(Left('name', 2)))
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(authors.order_by('name'), ['smithj', 'rh'], lambda a: a.alias)
+        Author.objects.filter(alias__isnull=True).update(alias=Lower(Left("name", 2)))
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            authors.order_by("name"), ["smithj", "rh"], lambda a: a.alias
+        )
 
     def test_invalid_length(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "'length' must be greater than 0"):
-            Author.objects.annotate(raises=Left('name', 0))
+            Author.objects.annotate(raises=Left("name", 0))
 
     def test_expressions(self):
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(name_part=Left('name', Value(3, output_field=IntegerField())))
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(authors.order_by('name'), ['Joh', 'Rho'], lambda a: a.name_part)
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(
+            name_part=Left("name", Value(3, output_field=IntegerField()))
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            authors.order_by("name"), ["Joh", "Rho"], lambda a: a.name_part
+        )
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/text/test_length.py b/tests/db_functions/text/test_length.py
index 62d1d1c775..c6afead6aa 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/text/test_length.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/text/test_length.py
@@ -7,40 +7,40 @@ from ..models import Author
 
 
 class LengthTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_basic(self):
-        Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='smithj')
-        Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda')
+        Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="smithj")
+        Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda")
         authors = Author.objects.annotate(
-            name_length=Length('name'),
-            alias_length=Length('alias'),
+            name_length=Length("name"),
+            alias_length=Length("alias"),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors.order_by('name'), [(10, 6), (6, None)],
-            lambda a: (a.name_length, a.alias_length)
+            authors.order_by("name"),
+            [(10, 6), (6, None)],
+            lambda a: (a.name_length, a.alias_length),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(authors.filter(alias_length__lte=Length('name')).count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(authors.filter(alias_length__lte=Length("name")).count(), 1)
 
     def test_ordering(self):
-        Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='smithj')
-        Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='smithj1')
-        Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda', alias='ronny')
-        authors = Author.objects.order_by(Length('name'), Length('alias'))
+        Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="smithj")
+        Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="smithj1")
+        Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda", alias="ronny")
+        authors = Author.objects.order_by(Length("name"), Length("alias"))
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors, [
-                ('Rhonda', 'ronny'),
-                ('John Smith', 'smithj'),
-                ('John Smith', 'smithj1'),
+            authors,
+            [
+                ("Rhonda", "ronny"),
+                ("John Smith", "smithj"),
+                ("John Smith", "smithj1"),
             ],
-            lambda a: (a.name, a.alias)
+            lambda a: (a.name, a.alias),
         )
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(CharField, Length):
-            Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='smithj')
-            Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda')
+            Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="smithj")
+            Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda")
             authors = Author.objects.filter(name__length__gt=7)
             self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-                authors.order_by('name'), ['John Smith'],
-                lambda a: a.name
+                authors.order_by("name"), ["John Smith"], lambda a: a.name
             )
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/text/test_lower.py b/tests/db_functions/text/test_lower.py
index 2f8dd6257d..f4bdc04573 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/text/test_lower.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/text/test_lower.py
@@ -7,34 +7,34 @@ from ..models import Author
 
 
 class LowerTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_basic(self):
-        Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='smithj')
-        Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda')
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(lower_name=Lower('name'))
+        Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="smithj")
+        Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda")
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(lower_name=Lower("name"))
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors.order_by('name'), ['john smith', 'rhonda'],
-            lambda a: a.lower_name
+            authors.order_by("name"), ["john smith", "rhonda"], lambda a: a.lower_name
         )
-        Author.objects.update(name=Lower('name'))
+        Author.objects.update(name=Lower("name"))
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors.order_by('name'), [
-                ('john smith', 'john smith'),
-                ('rhonda', 'rhonda'),
+            authors.order_by("name"),
+            [
+                ("john smith", "john smith"),
+                ("rhonda", "rhonda"),
             ],
-            lambda a: (a.lower_name, a.name)
+            lambda a: (a.lower_name, a.name),
         )
 
     def test_num_args(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, "'Lower' takes exactly 1 argument (2 given)"):
-            Author.objects.update(name=Lower('name', 'name'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TypeError, "'Lower' takes exactly 1 argument (2 given)"
+        ):
+            Author.objects.update(name=Lower("name", "name"))
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(CharField, Lower):
-            Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='smithj')
-            Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda')
-            authors = Author.objects.filter(name__lower__exact='john smith')
+            Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="smithj")
+            Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda")
+            authors = Author.objects.filter(name__lower__exact="john smith")
             self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-                authors.order_by('name'), ['John Smith'],
-                lambda a: a.name
+                authors.order_by("name"), ["John Smith"], lambda a: a.name
             )
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/text/test_md5.py b/tests/db_functions/text/test_md5.py
index 931f80ba2c..fd0aec58f2 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/text/test_md5.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/text/test_md5.py
@@ -10,32 +10,40 @@ from ..models import Author
 class MD5Tests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        Author.objects.bulk_create([
-            Author(alias='John Smith'),
-            Author(alias='Jordan Élena'),
-            Author(alias='皇帝'),
-            Author(alias=''),
-            Author(alias=None),
-        ])
+        Author.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Author(alias="John Smith"),
+                Author(alias="Jordan Élena"),
+                Author(alias="皇帝"),
+                Author(alias=""),
+                Author(alias=None),
+            ]
+        )
 
     def test_basic(self):
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(
-            md5_alias=MD5('alias'),
-        ).values_list('md5_alias', flat=True).order_by('pk')
+        authors = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(
+                md5_alias=MD5("alias"),
+            )
+            .values_list("md5_alias", flat=True)
+            .order_by("pk")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             authors,
             [
-                '6117323d2cabbc17d44c2b44587f682c',
-                'ca6d48f6772000141e66591aee49d56c',
-                'bf2c13bc1154e3d2e7df848cbc8be73d',
-                'd41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e',
-                'd41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e' if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls else None,
+                "6117323d2cabbc17d44c2b44587f682c",
+                "ca6d48f6772000141e66591aee49d56c",
+                "bf2c13bc1154e3d2e7df848cbc8be73d",
+                "d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e",
+                "d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e"
+                if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls
+                else None,
             ],
         )
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(CharField, MD5):
             authors = Author.objects.filter(
-                alias__md5='6117323d2cabbc17d44c2b44587f682c',
-            ).values_list('alias', flat=True)
-            self.assertSequenceEqual(authors, ['John Smith'])
+                alias__md5="6117323d2cabbc17d44c2b44587f682c",
+            ).values_list("alias", flat=True)
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(authors, ["John Smith"])
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/text/test_ord.py b/tests/db_functions/text/test_ord.py
index dd704d3c9a..15ad4173f7 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/text/test_ord.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/text/test_ord.py
@@ -9,17 +9,25 @@ from ..models import Author
 class OrdTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.john = Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='smithj')
-        cls.elena = Author.objects.create(name='Élena Jordan', alias='elena')
-        cls.rhonda = Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda')
+        cls.john = Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="smithj")
+        cls.elena = Author.objects.create(name="Élena Jordan", alias="elena")
+        cls.rhonda = Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda")
 
     def test_basic(self):
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(name_part=Ord('name'))
-        self.assertCountEqual(authors.filter(name_part__gt=Ord(Value('John'))), [self.elena, self.rhonda])
-        self.assertCountEqual(authors.exclude(name_part__gt=Ord(Value('John'))), [self.john])
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(name_part=Ord("name"))
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            authors.filter(name_part__gt=Ord(Value("John"))), [self.elena, self.rhonda]
+        )
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            authors.exclude(name_part__gt=Ord(Value("John"))), [self.john]
+        )
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(CharField, Ord):
-            authors = Author.objects.annotate(first_initial=Left('name', 1))
-            self.assertCountEqual(authors.filter(first_initial__ord=ord('J')), [self.john])
-            self.assertCountEqual(authors.exclude(first_initial__ord=ord('J')), [self.elena, self.rhonda])
+            authors = Author.objects.annotate(first_initial=Left("name", 1))
+            self.assertCountEqual(
+                authors.filter(first_initial__ord=ord("J")), [self.john]
+            )
+            self.assertCountEqual(
+                authors.exclude(first_initial__ord=ord("J")), [self.elena, self.rhonda]
+            )
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/text/test_pad.py b/tests/db_functions/text/test_pad.py
index fbe82c166e..006a27c0e8 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/text/test_pad.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/text/test_pad.py
@@ -8,45 +8,51 @@ from ..models import Author
 
 class PadTests(TestCase):
     def test_pad(self):
-        Author.objects.create(name='John', alias='j')
-        none_value = '' if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls else None
+        Author.objects.create(name="John", alias="j")
+        none_value = (
+            "" if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls else None
+        )
         tests = (
-            (LPad('name', 7, Value('xy')), 'xyxJohn'),
-            (RPad('name', 7, Value('xy')), 'Johnxyx'),
-            (LPad('name', 6, Value('x')), 'xxJohn'),
-            (RPad('name', 6, Value('x')), 'Johnxx'),
+            (LPad("name", 7, Value("xy")), "xyxJohn"),
+            (RPad("name", 7, Value("xy")), "Johnxyx"),
+            (LPad("name", 6, Value("x")), "xxJohn"),
+            (RPad("name", 6, Value("x")), "Johnxx"),
             # The default pad string is a space.
-            (LPad('name', 6), '  John'),
-            (RPad('name', 6), 'John  '),
+            (LPad("name", 6), "  John"),
+            (RPad("name", 6), "John  "),
             # If string is longer than length it is truncated.
-            (LPad('name', 2), 'Jo'),
-            (RPad('name', 2), 'Jo'),
-            (LPad('name', 0), ''),
-            (RPad('name', 0), ''),
-            (LPad('name', None), none_value),
-            (RPad('name', None), none_value),
+            (LPad("name", 2), "Jo"),
+            (RPad("name", 2), "Jo"),
+            (LPad("name", 0), ""),
+            (RPad("name", 0), ""),
+            (LPad("name", None), none_value),
+            (RPad("name", None), none_value),
             (LPad(Value(None), 1), none_value),
             (RPad(Value(None), 1), none_value),
-            (LPad('goes_by', 1), none_value),
-            (RPad('goes_by', 1), none_value),
+            (LPad("goes_by", 1), none_value),
+            (RPad("goes_by", 1), none_value),
         )
         for function, padded_name in tests:
             with self.subTest(function=function):
                 authors = Author.objects.annotate(padded_name=function)
-                self.assertQuerysetEqual(authors, [padded_name], lambda a: a.padded_name, ordered=False)
+                self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+                    authors, [padded_name], lambda a: a.padded_name, ordered=False
+                )
 
     def test_pad_negative_length(self):
         for function in (LPad, RPad):
             with self.subTest(function=function):
-                with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "'length' must be greater or equal to 0."):
-                    function('name', -1)
+                with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                    ValueError, "'length' must be greater or equal to 0."
+                ):
+                    function("name", -1)
 
     def test_combined_with_length(self):
-        Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda', alias='john_smith')
-        Author.objects.create(name='♥♣♠', alias='bytes')
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(filled=LPad('name', Length('alias')))
+        Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda", alias="john_smith")
+        Author.objects.create(name="♥♣♠", alias="bytes")
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(filled=LPad("name", Length("alias")))
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors.order_by('alias'),
-            ['  ♥♣♠', '    Rhonda'],
+            authors.order_by("alias"),
+            ["  ♥♣♠", "    Rhonda"],
             lambda a: a.filled,
         )
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/text/test_repeat.py b/tests/db_functions/text/test_repeat.py
index 2234c2e2da..c2d21eae50 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/text/test_repeat.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/text/test_repeat.py
@@ -8,22 +8,28 @@ from ..models import Author
 
 class RepeatTests(TestCase):
     def test_basic(self):
-        Author.objects.create(name='John', alias='xyz')
-        none_value = '' if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls else None
+        Author.objects.create(name="John", alias="xyz")
+        none_value = (
+            "" if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls else None
+        )
         tests = (
-            (Repeat('name', 0), ''),
-            (Repeat('name', 2), 'JohnJohn'),
-            (Repeat('name', Length('alias')), 'JohnJohnJohn'),
-            (Repeat(Value('x'), 3), 'xxx'),
-            (Repeat('name', None), none_value),
+            (Repeat("name", 0), ""),
+            (Repeat("name", 2), "JohnJohn"),
+            (Repeat("name", Length("alias")), "JohnJohnJohn"),
+            (Repeat(Value("x"), 3), "xxx"),
+            (Repeat("name", None), none_value),
             (Repeat(Value(None), 4), none_value),
-            (Repeat('goes_by', 1), none_value),
+            (Repeat("goes_by", 1), none_value),
         )
         for function, repeated_text in tests:
             with self.subTest(function=function):
                 authors = Author.objects.annotate(repeated_text=function)
-                self.assertQuerysetEqual(authors, [repeated_text], lambda a: a.repeated_text, ordered=False)
+                self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+                    authors, [repeated_text], lambda a: a.repeated_text, ordered=False
+                )
 
     def test_negative_number(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "'number' must be greater or equal to 0."):
-            Repeat('name', -1)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "'number' must be greater or equal to 0."
+        ):
+            Repeat("name", -1)
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/text/test_replace.py b/tests/db_functions/text/test_replace.py
index ae87781b8c..28e39faf09 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/text/test_replace.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/text/test_replace.py
@@ -6,50 +6,78 @@ from ..models import Author
 
 
 class ReplaceTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        Author.objects.create(name='George R. R. Martin')
-        Author.objects.create(name='J. R. R. Tolkien')
+        Author.objects.create(name="George R. R. Martin")
+        Author.objects.create(name="J. R. R. Tolkien")
 
     def test_replace_with_empty_string(self):
         qs = Author.objects.annotate(
-            without_middlename=Replace(F('name'), Value('R. R. '), Value('')),
+            without_middlename=Replace(F("name"), Value("R. R. "), Value("")),
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("George R. R. Martin", "George Martin"),
+                ("J. R. R. Tolkien", "J. Tolkien"),
+            ],
+            transform=lambda x: (x.name, x.without_middlename),
+            ordered=False,
         )
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('George R. R. Martin', 'George Martin'),
-            ('J. R. R. Tolkien', 'J. Tolkien'),
-        ], transform=lambda x: (x.name, x.without_middlename), ordered=False)
 
     def test_case_sensitive(self):
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(same_name=Replace(F('name'), Value('r. r.'), Value('')))
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('George R. R. Martin', 'George R. R. Martin'),
-            ('J. R. R. Tolkien', 'J. R. R. Tolkien'),
-        ], transform=lambda x: (x.name, x.same_name), ordered=False)
+        qs = Author.objects.annotate(
+            same_name=Replace(F("name"), Value("r. r."), Value(""))
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("George R. R. Martin", "George R. R. Martin"),
+                ("J. R. R. Tolkien", "J. R. R. Tolkien"),
+            ],
+            transform=lambda x: (x.name, x.same_name),
+            ordered=False,
+        )
 
     def test_replace_expression(self):
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(same_name=Replace(
-            Concat(Value('Author: '), F('name')), Value('Author: '), Value('')),
+        qs = Author.objects.annotate(
+            same_name=Replace(
+                Concat(Value("Author: "), F("name")), Value("Author: "), Value("")
+            ),
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("George R. R. Martin", "George R. R. Martin"),
+                ("J. R. R. Tolkien", "J. R. R. Tolkien"),
+            ],
+            transform=lambda x: (x.name, x.same_name),
+            ordered=False,
         )
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('George R. R. Martin', 'George R. R. Martin'),
-            ('J. R. R. Tolkien', 'J. R. R. Tolkien'),
-        ], transform=lambda x: (x.name, x.same_name), ordered=False)
 
     def test_update(self):
         Author.objects.update(
-            name=Replace(F('name'), Value('R. R. '), Value('')),
+            name=Replace(F("name"), Value("R. R. "), Value("")),
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            Author.objects.all(),
+            [
+                ("George Martin"),
+                ("J. Tolkien"),
+            ],
+            transform=lambda x: x.name,
+            ordered=False,
         )
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Author.objects.all(), [
-            ('George Martin'),
-            ('J. Tolkien'),
-        ], transform=lambda x: x.name, ordered=False)
 
     def test_replace_with_default_arg(self):
         # The default replacement is an empty string.
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(same_name=Replace(F('name'), Value('R. R. ')))
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('George R. R. Martin', 'George Martin'),
-            ('J. R. R. Tolkien', 'J. Tolkien'),
-        ], transform=lambda x: (x.name, x.same_name), ordered=False)
+        qs = Author.objects.annotate(same_name=Replace(F("name"), Value("R. R. ")))
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("George R. R. Martin", "George Martin"),
+                ("J. R. R. Tolkien", "J. Tolkien"),
+            ],
+            transform=lambda x: (x.name, x.same_name),
+            ordered=False,
+        )
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/text/test_reverse.py b/tests/db_functions/text/test_reverse.py
index 1cc1045b04..4d1a81ccf2 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/text/test_reverse.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/text/test_reverse.py
@@ -10,22 +10,27 @@ from ..models import Author
 class ReverseTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.john = Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='smithj')
-        cls.elena = Author.objects.create(name='Élena Jordan', alias='elena')
-        cls.python = Author.objects.create(name='パイソン')
+        cls.john = Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="smithj")
+        cls.elena = Author.objects.create(name="Élena Jordan", alias="elena")
+        cls.python = Author.objects.create(name="パイソン")
 
     def test_null(self):
-        author = Author.objects.annotate(backward=Reverse('alias')).get(pk=self.python.pk)
-        self.assertEqual(author.backward, '' if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls else None)
+        author = Author.objects.annotate(backward=Reverse("alias")).get(
+            pk=self.python.pk
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            author.backward,
+            "" if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls else None,
+        )
 
     def test_basic(self):
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(backward=Reverse('name'))
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(backward=Reverse("name"))
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             authors,
             [
-                ('John Smith', 'htimS nhoJ'),
-                ('Élena Jordan', 'nadroJ anelÉ'),
-                ('パイソン', 'ンソイパ'),
+                ("John Smith", "htimS nhoJ"),
+                ("Élena Jordan", "nadroJ anelÉ"),
+                ("パイソン", "ンソイパ"),
             ],
             lambda a: (a.name, a.backward),
             ordered=False,
@@ -34,13 +39,24 @@ class ReverseTests(TestCase):
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(CharField, Reverse):
             authors = Author.objects.all()
-            self.assertCountEqual(authors.filter(name__reverse=self.john.name[::-1]), [self.john])
-            self.assertCountEqual(authors.exclude(name__reverse=self.john.name[::-1]), [self.elena, self.python])
+            self.assertCountEqual(
+                authors.filter(name__reverse=self.john.name[::-1]), [self.john]
+            )
+            self.assertCountEqual(
+                authors.exclude(name__reverse=self.john.name[::-1]),
+                [self.elena, self.python],
+            )
 
     def test_expressions(self):
-        author = Author.objects.annotate(backward=Reverse(Trim('name'))).get(pk=self.john.pk)
+        author = Author.objects.annotate(backward=Reverse(Trim("name"))).get(
+            pk=self.john.pk
+        )
         self.assertEqual(author.backward, self.john.name[::-1])
         with register_lookup(CharField, Reverse), register_lookup(CharField, Length):
             authors = Author.objects.all()
-            self.assertCountEqual(authors.filter(name__reverse__length__gt=7), [self.john, self.elena])
-            self.assertCountEqual(authors.exclude(name__reverse__length__gt=7), [self.python])
+            self.assertCountEqual(
+                authors.filter(name__reverse__length__gt=7), [self.john, self.elena]
+            )
+            self.assertCountEqual(
+                authors.exclude(name__reverse__length__gt=7), [self.python]
+            )
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/text/test_right.py b/tests/db_functions/text/test_right.py
index ab29cb9456..8c271fcf7d 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/text/test_right.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/text/test_right.py
@@ -8,20 +8,28 @@ from ..models import Author
 class RightTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='smithj')
-        Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda')
+        Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="smithj")
+        Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda")
 
     def test_basic(self):
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(name_part=Right('name', 5))
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(authors.order_by('name'), ['Smith', 'honda'], lambda a: a.name_part)
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(name_part=Right("name", 5))
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            authors.order_by("name"), ["Smith", "honda"], lambda a: a.name_part
+        )
         # If alias is null, set it to the first 2 lower characters of the name.
-        Author.objects.filter(alias__isnull=True).update(alias=Lower(Right('name', 2)))
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(authors.order_by('name'), ['smithj', 'da'], lambda a: a.alias)
+        Author.objects.filter(alias__isnull=True).update(alias=Lower(Right("name", 2)))
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            authors.order_by("name"), ["smithj", "da"], lambda a: a.alias
+        )
 
     def test_invalid_length(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "'length' must be greater than 0"):
-            Author.objects.annotate(raises=Right('name', 0))
+            Author.objects.annotate(raises=Right("name", 0))
 
     def test_expressions(self):
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(name_part=Right('name', Value(3, output_field=IntegerField())))
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(authors.order_by('name'), ['ith', 'nda'], lambda a: a.name_part)
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(
+            name_part=Right("name", Value(3, output_field=IntegerField()))
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            authors.order_by("name"), ["ith", "nda"], lambda a: a.name_part
+        )
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/text/test_sha1.py b/tests/db_functions/text/test_sha1.py
index e34057bd6c..175c5727ff 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/text/test_sha1.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/text/test_sha1.py
@@ -10,33 +10,40 @@ from ..models import Author
 class SHA1Tests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        Author.objects.bulk_create([
-            Author(alias='John Smith'),
-            Author(alias='Jordan Élena'),
-            Author(alias='皇帝'),
-            Author(alias=''),
-            Author(alias=None),
-        ])
+        Author.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Author(alias="John Smith"),
+                Author(alias="Jordan Élena"),
+                Author(alias="皇帝"),
+                Author(alias=""),
+                Author(alias=None),
+            ]
+        )
 
     def test_basic(self):
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(
-            sha1_alias=SHA1('alias'),
-        ).values_list('sha1_alias', flat=True).order_by('pk')
+        authors = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(
+                sha1_alias=SHA1("alias"),
+            )
+            .values_list("sha1_alias", flat=True)
+            .order_by("pk")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             authors,
             [
-                'e61a3587b3f7a142b8c7b9263c82f8119398ecb7',
-                '0781e0745a2503e6ded05ed5bc554c421d781b0c',
-                '198d15ea139de04060caf95bc3e0ec5883cba881',
-                'da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709',
-                'da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709'
-                if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls else None,
+                "e61a3587b3f7a142b8c7b9263c82f8119398ecb7",
+                "0781e0745a2503e6ded05ed5bc554c421d781b0c",
+                "198d15ea139de04060caf95bc3e0ec5883cba881",
+                "da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709",
+                "da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709"
+                if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls
+                else None,
             ],
         )
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(CharField, SHA1):
             authors = Author.objects.filter(
-                alias__sha1='e61a3587b3f7a142b8c7b9263c82f8119398ecb7',
-            ).values_list('alias', flat=True)
-            self.assertSequenceEqual(authors, ['John Smith'])
+                alias__sha1="e61a3587b3f7a142b8c7b9263c82f8119398ecb7",
+            ).values_list("alias", flat=True)
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(authors, ["John Smith"])
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/text/test_sha224.py b/tests/db_functions/text/test_sha224.py
index d2f1d538dc..83c30a3091 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/text/test_sha224.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/text/test_sha224.py
@@ -12,39 +12,48 @@ from ..models import Author
 class SHA224Tests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        Author.objects.bulk_create([
-            Author(alias='John Smith'),
-            Author(alias='Jordan Élena'),
-            Author(alias='皇帝'),
-            Author(alias=''),
-            Author(alias=None),
-        ])
+        Author.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Author(alias="John Smith"),
+                Author(alias="Jordan Élena"),
+                Author(alias="皇帝"),
+                Author(alias=""),
+                Author(alias=None),
+            ]
+        )
 
     def test_basic(self):
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(
-            sha224_alias=SHA224('alias'),
-        ).values_list('sha224_alias', flat=True).order_by('pk')
+        authors = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(
+                sha224_alias=SHA224("alias"),
+            )
+            .values_list("sha224_alias", flat=True)
+            .order_by("pk")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             authors,
             [
-                'a61303c220731168452cb6acf3759438b1523e768f464e3704e12f70',
-                '2297904883e78183cb118fc3dc21a610d60daada7b6ebdbc85139f4d',
-                'eba942746e5855121d9d8f79e27dfdebed81adc85b6bf41591203080',
-                'd14a028c2a3a2bc9476102bb288234c415a2b01f828ea62ac5b3e42f',
-                'd14a028c2a3a2bc9476102bb288234c415a2b01f828ea62ac5b3e42f'
-                if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls else None,
+                "a61303c220731168452cb6acf3759438b1523e768f464e3704e12f70",
+                "2297904883e78183cb118fc3dc21a610d60daada7b6ebdbc85139f4d",
+                "eba942746e5855121d9d8f79e27dfdebed81adc85b6bf41591203080",
+                "d14a028c2a3a2bc9476102bb288234c415a2b01f828ea62ac5b3e42f",
+                "d14a028c2a3a2bc9476102bb288234c415a2b01f828ea62ac5b3e42f"
+                if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls
+                else None,
             ],
         )
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(CharField, SHA224):
             authors = Author.objects.filter(
-                alias__sha224='a61303c220731168452cb6acf3759438b1523e768f464e3704e12f70',
-            ).values_list('alias', flat=True)
-            self.assertSequenceEqual(authors, ['John Smith'])
+                alias__sha224="a61303c220731168452cb6acf3759438b1523e768f464e3704e12f70",
+            ).values_list("alias", flat=True)
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(authors, ["John Smith"])
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'oracle', "Oracle doesn't support SHA224.")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(
+        connection.vendor == "oracle", "Oracle doesn't support SHA224."
+    )
     def test_unsupported(self):
-        msg = 'SHA224 is not supported on Oracle.'
+        msg = "SHA224 is not supported on Oracle."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
-            Author.objects.annotate(sha224_alias=SHA224('alias')).first()
+            Author.objects.annotate(sha224_alias=SHA224("alias")).first()
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/text/test_sha256.py b/tests/db_functions/text/test_sha256.py
index 54ad841422..d6f431fdf6 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/text/test_sha256.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/text/test_sha256.py
@@ -10,33 +10,40 @@ from ..models import Author
 class SHA256Tests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        Author.objects.bulk_create([
-            Author(alias='John Smith'),
-            Author(alias='Jordan Élena'),
-            Author(alias='皇帝'),
-            Author(alias=''),
-            Author(alias=None),
-        ])
+        Author.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Author(alias="John Smith"),
+                Author(alias="Jordan Élena"),
+                Author(alias="皇帝"),
+                Author(alias=""),
+                Author(alias=None),
+            ]
+        )
 
     def test_basic(self):
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(
-            sha256_alias=SHA256('alias'),
-        ).values_list('sha256_alias', flat=True).order_by('pk')
+        authors = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(
+                sha256_alias=SHA256("alias"),
+            )
+            .values_list("sha256_alias", flat=True)
+            .order_by("pk")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             authors,
             [
-                'ef61a579c907bbed674c0dbcbcf7f7af8f851538eef7b8e58c5bee0b8cfdac4a',
-                '6e4cce20cd83fc7c202f21a8b2452a68509cf24d1c272a045b5e0cfc43f0d94e',
-                '3ad2039e3ec0c88973ae1c0fce5a3dbafdd5a1627da0a92312c54ebfcf43988e',
-                'e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855',
-                'e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855'
-                if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls else None,
+                "ef61a579c907bbed674c0dbcbcf7f7af8f851538eef7b8e58c5bee0b8cfdac4a",
+                "6e4cce20cd83fc7c202f21a8b2452a68509cf24d1c272a045b5e0cfc43f0d94e",
+                "3ad2039e3ec0c88973ae1c0fce5a3dbafdd5a1627da0a92312c54ebfcf43988e",
+                "e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855",
+                "e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855"
+                if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls
+                else None,
             ],
         )
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(CharField, SHA256):
             authors = Author.objects.filter(
-                alias__sha256='ef61a579c907bbed674c0dbcbcf7f7af8f851538eef7b8e58c5bee0b8cfdac4a',
-            ).values_list('alias', flat=True)
-            self.assertSequenceEqual(authors, ['John Smith'])
+                alias__sha256="ef61a579c907bbed674c0dbcbcf7f7af8f851538eef7b8e58c5bee0b8cfdac4a",
+            ).values_list("alias", flat=True)
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(authors, ["John Smith"])
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/text/test_sha384.py b/tests/db_functions/text/test_sha384.py
index 95aa54cdbb..cac72d54ce 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/text/test_sha384.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/text/test_sha384.py
@@ -10,27 +10,34 @@ from ..models import Author
 class SHA384Tests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        Author.objects.bulk_create([
-            Author(alias='John Smith'),
-            Author(alias='Jordan Élena'),
-            Author(alias='皇帝'),
-            Author(alias=''),
-            Author(alias=None),
-        ])
+        Author.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Author(alias="John Smith"),
+                Author(alias="Jordan Élena"),
+                Author(alias="皇帝"),
+                Author(alias=""),
+                Author(alias=None),
+            ]
+        )
 
     def test_basic(self):
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(
-            sha384_alias=SHA384('alias'),
-        ).values_list('sha384_alias', flat=True).order_by('pk')
+        authors = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(
+                sha384_alias=SHA384("alias"),
+            )
+            .values_list("sha384_alias", flat=True)
+            .order_by("pk")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             authors,
             [
-                '9df976bfbcf96c66fbe5cba866cd4deaa8248806f15b69c4010a404112906e4ca7b57e53b9967b80d77d4f5c2982cbc8',
-                '72202c8005492016cc670219cce82d47d6d2d4273464c742ab5811d691b1e82a7489549e3a73ffa119694f90678ba2e3',
-                'eda87fae41e59692c36c49e43279c8111a00d79122a282a944e8ba9a403218f049a48326676a43c7ba378621175853b0',
-                '38b060a751ac96384cd9327eb1b1e36a21fdb71114be07434c0cc7bf63f6e1da274edebfe76f65fbd51ad2f14898b95b',
-                '38b060a751ac96384cd9327eb1b1e36a21fdb71114be07434c0cc7bf63f6e1da274edebfe76f65fbd51ad2f14898b95b'
-                if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls else None,
+                "9df976bfbcf96c66fbe5cba866cd4deaa8248806f15b69c4010a404112906e4ca7b57e53b9967b80d77d4f5c2982cbc8",
+                "72202c8005492016cc670219cce82d47d6d2d4273464c742ab5811d691b1e82a7489549e3a73ffa119694f90678ba2e3",
+                "eda87fae41e59692c36c49e43279c8111a00d79122a282a944e8ba9a403218f049a48326676a43c7ba378621175853b0",
+                "38b060a751ac96384cd9327eb1b1e36a21fdb71114be07434c0cc7bf63f6e1da274edebfe76f65fbd51ad2f14898b95b",
+                "38b060a751ac96384cd9327eb1b1e36a21fdb71114be07434c0cc7bf63f6e1da274edebfe76f65fbd51ad2f14898b95b"
+                if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls
+                else None,
             ],
         )
 
@@ -38,7 +45,7 @@ class SHA384Tests(TestCase):
         with register_lookup(CharField, SHA384):
             authors = Author.objects.filter(
                 alias__sha384=(
-                    '9df976bfbcf96c66fbe5cba866cd4deaa8248806f15b69c4010a404112906e4ca7b57e53b9967b80d77d4f5c2982cbc8'
+                    "9df976bfbcf96c66fbe5cba866cd4deaa8248806f15b69c4010a404112906e4ca7b57e53b9967b80d77d4f5c2982cbc8"
                 ),
-            ).values_list('alias', flat=True)
-            self.assertSequenceEqual(authors, ['John Smith'])
+            ).values_list("alias", flat=True)
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(authors, ["John Smith"])
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/text/test_sha512.py b/tests/db_functions/text/test_sha512.py
index aa0d1e6fdd..f5a7ad4ae5 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/text/test_sha512.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/text/test_sha512.py
@@ -10,32 +10,39 @@ from ..models import Author
 class SHA512Tests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        Author.objects.bulk_create([
-            Author(alias='John Smith'),
-            Author(alias='Jordan Élena'),
-            Author(alias='皇帝'),
-            Author(alias=''),
-            Author(alias=None),
-        ])
+        Author.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Author(alias="John Smith"),
+                Author(alias="Jordan Élena"),
+                Author(alias="皇帝"),
+                Author(alias=""),
+                Author(alias=None),
+            ]
+        )
 
     def test_basic(self):
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(
-            sha512_alias=SHA512('alias'),
-        ).values_list('sha512_alias', flat=True).order_by('pk')
+        authors = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(
+                sha512_alias=SHA512("alias"),
+            )
+            .values_list("sha512_alias", flat=True)
+            .order_by("pk")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             authors,
             [
-                'ed014a19bb67a85f9c8b1d81e04a0e7101725be8627d79d02ca4f3bd803f33cf'
-                '3b8fed53e80d2a12c0d0e426824d99d110f0919298a5055efff040a3fc091518',
-                'b09c449f3ba49a32ab44754982d4749ac938af293e4af2de28858858080a1611'
-                '2b719514b5e48cb6ce54687e843a4b3e69a04cdb2a9dc99c3b99bdee419fa7d0',
-                'b554d182e25fb487a3f2b4285bb8672f98956b5369138e681b467d1f079af116'
-                '172d88798345a3a7666faf5f35a144c60812d3234dcd35f444624f2faee16857',
-                'cf83e1357eefb8bdf1542850d66d8007d620e4050b5715dc83f4a921d36ce9ce'
-                '47d0d13c5d85f2b0ff8318d2877eec2f63b931bd47417a81a538327af927da3e',
-                'cf83e1357eefb8bdf1542850d66d8007d620e4050b5715dc83f4a921d36ce9ce'
-                '47d0d13c5d85f2b0ff8318d2877eec2f63b931bd47417a81a538327af927da3e'
-                if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls else None,
+                "ed014a19bb67a85f9c8b1d81e04a0e7101725be8627d79d02ca4f3bd803f33cf"
+                "3b8fed53e80d2a12c0d0e426824d99d110f0919298a5055efff040a3fc091518",
+                "b09c449f3ba49a32ab44754982d4749ac938af293e4af2de28858858080a1611"
+                "2b719514b5e48cb6ce54687e843a4b3e69a04cdb2a9dc99c3b99bdee419fa7d0",
+                "b554d182e25fb487a3f2b4285bb8672f98956b5369138e681b467d1f079af116"
+                "172d88798345a3a7666faf5f35a144c60812d3234dcd35f444624f2faee16857",
+                "cf83e1357eefb8bdf1542850d66d8007d620e4050b5715dc83f4a921d36ce9ce"
+                "47d0d13c5d85f2b0ff8318d2877eec2f63b931bd47417a81a538327af927da3e",
+                "cf83e1357eefb8bdf1542850d66d8007d620e4050b5715dc83f4a921d36ce9ce"
+                "47d0d13c5d85f2b0ff8318d2877eec2f63b931bd47417a81a538327af927da3e"
+                if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls
+                else None,
             ],
         )
 
@@ -43,9 +50,9 @@ class SHA512Tests(TestCase):
         with register_lookup(CharField, SHA512):
             authors = Author.objects.filter(
                 alias__sha512=(
-                    'ed014a19bb67a85f9c8b1d81e04a0e7101725be8627d79d02ca4f3bd8'
-                    '03f33cf3b8fed53e80d2a12c0d0e426824d99d110f0919298a5055eff'
-                    'f040a3fc091518'
+                    "ed014a19bb67a85f9c8b1d81e04a0e7101725be8627d79d02ca4f3bd8"
+                    "03f33cf3b8fed53e80d2a12c0d0e426824d99d110f0919298a5055eff"
+                    "f040a3fc091518"
                 ),
-            ).values_list('alias', flat=True)
-            self.assertSequenceEqual(authors, ['John Smith'])
+            ).values_list("alias", flat=True)
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(authors, ["John Smith"])
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/text/test_strindex.py b/tests/db_functions/text/test_strindex.py
index 1670df00fd..84305ea1b7 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/text/test_strindex.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/text/test_strindex.py
@@ -8,59 +8,67 @@ from ..models import Article, Author
 
 class StrIndexTests(TestCase):
     def test_annotate_charfield(self):
-        Author.objects.create(name='George. R. R. Martin')
-        Author.objects.create(name='J. R. R. Tolkien')
-        Author.objects.create(name='Terry Pratchett')
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(fullstop=StrIndex('name', Value('R.')))
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(authors.order_by('name'), [9, 4, 0], lambda a: a.fullstop)
+        Author.objects.create(name="George. R. R. Martin")
+        Author.objects.create(name="J. R. R. Tolkien")
+        Author.objects.create(name="Terry Pratchett")
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(fullstop=StrIndex("name", Value("R.")))
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            authors.order_by("name"), [9, 4, 0], lambda a: a.fullstop
+        )
 
     def test_annotate_textfield(self):
         Article.objects.create(
-            title='How to Django',
-            text='This is about How to Django.',
+            title="How to Django",
+            text="This is about How to Django.",
             written=timezone.now(),
         )
         Article.objects.create(
-            title='How to Tango',
+            title="How to Tango",
             text="Won't find anything here.",
             written=timezone.now(),
         )
-        articles = Article.objects.annotate(title_pos=StrIndex('text', 'title'))
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(articles.order_by('title'), [15, 0], lambda a: a.title_pos)
+        articles = Article.objects.annotate(title_pos=StrIndex("text", "title"))
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            articles.order_by("title"), [15, 0], lambda a: a.title_pos
+        )
 
     def test_order_by(self):
-        Author.objects.create(name='Terry Pratchett')
-        Author.objects.create(name='J. R. R. Tolkien')
-        Author.objects.create(name='George. R. R. Martin')
+        Author.objects.create(name="Terry Pratchett")
+        Author.objects.create(name="J. R. R. Tolkien")
+        Author.objects.create(name="George. R. R. Martin")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Author.objects.order_by(StrIndex('name', Value('R.')).asc()), [
-                'Terry Pratchett',
-                'J. R. R. Tolkien',
-                'George. R. R. Martin',
+            Author.objects.order_by(StrIndex("name", Value("R.")).asc()),
+            [
+                "Terry Pratchett",
+                "J. R. R. Tolkien",
+                "George. R. R. Martin",
             ],
-            lambda a: a.name
+            lambda a: a.name,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Author.objects.order_by(StrIndex('name', Value('R.')).desc()), [
-                'George. R. R. Martin',
-                'J. R. R. Tolkien',
-                'Terry Pratchett',
+            Author.objects.order_by(StrIndex("name", Value("R.")).desc()),
+            [
+                "George. R. R. Martin",
+                "J. R. R. Tolkien",
+                "Terry Pratchett",
             ],
-            lambda a: a.name
+            lambda a: a.name,
         )
 
     def test_unicode_values(self):
-        Author.objects.create(name='ツリー')
-        Author.objects.create(name='皇帝')
-        Author.objects.create(name='皇帝 ツリー')
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(sb=StrIndex('name', Value('リ')))
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(authors.order_by('name'), [2, 0, 5], lambda a: a.sb)
+        Author.objects.create(name="ツリー")
+        Author.objects.create(name="皇帝")
+        Author.objects.create(name="皇帝 ツリー")
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(sb=StrIndex("name", Value("リ")))
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(authors.order_by("name"), [2, 0, 5], lambda a: a.sb)
 
     def test_filtering(self):
-        Author.objects.create(name='George. R. R. Martin')
-        Author.objects.create(name='Terry Pratchett')
+        Author.objects.create(name="George. R. R. Martin")
+        Author.objects.create(name="Terry Pratchett")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Author.objects.annotate(middle_name=StrIndex('name', Value('R.'))).filter(middle_name__gt=0),
-            ['George. R. R. Martin'],
-            lambda a: a.name
+            Author.objects.annotate(middle_name=StrIndex("name", Value("R."))).filter(
+                middle_name__gt=0
+            ),
+            ["George. R. R. Martin"],
+            lambda a: a.name,
         )
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/text/test_substr.py b/tests/db_functions/text/test_substr.py
index 35af5656ef..751995355c 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/text/test_substr.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/text/test_substr.py
@@ -6,48 +6,43 @@ from ..models import Author
 
 
 class SubstrTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_basic(self):
-        Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='smithj')
-        Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda')
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(name_part=Substr('name', 5, 3))
+        Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="smithj")
+        Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda")
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(name_part=Substr("name", 5, 3))
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors.order_by('name'), [' Sm', 'da'],
-            lambda a: a.name_part
+            authors.order_by("name"), [" Sm", "da"], lambda a: a.name_part
         )
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(name_part=Substr('name', 2))
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(name_part=Substr("name", 2))
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors.order_by('name'), ['ohn Smith', 'honda'],
-            lambda a: a.name_part
+            authors.order_by("name"), ["ohn Smith", "honda"], lambda a: a.name_part
         )
         # If alias is null, set to first 5 lower characters of the name.
         Author.objects.filter(alias__isnull=True).update(
-            alias=Lower(Substr('name', 1, 5)),
+            alias=Lower(Substr("name", 1, 5)),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors.order_by('name'), ['smithj', 'rhond'],
-            lambda a: a.alias
+            authors.order_by("name"), ["smithj", "rhond"], lambda a: a.alias
         )
 
     def test_start(self):
-        Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='smithj')
+        Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="smithj")
         a = Author.objects.annotate(
-            name_part_1=Substr('name', 1),
-            name_part_2=Substr('name', 2),
-        ).get(alias='smithj')
+            name_part_1=Substr("name", 1),
+            name_part_2=Substr("name", 2),
+        ).get(alias="smithj")
 
         self.assertEqual(a.name_part_1[1:], a.name_part_2)
 
     def test_pos_gt_zero(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "'pos' must be greater than 0"):
-            Author.objects.annotate(raises=Substr('name', 0))
+            Author.objects.annotate(raises=Substr("name", 0))
 
     def test_expressions(self):
-        Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='smithj')
-        Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda')
-        substr = Substr(Upper('name'), StrIndex('name', V('h')), 5)
+        Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="smithj")
+        Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda")
+        substr = Substr(Upper("name"), StrIndex("name", V("h")), 5)
         authors = Author.objects.annotate(name_part=substr)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors.order_by('name'), ['HN SM', 'HONDA'],
-            lambda a: a.name_part
+            authors.order_by("name"), ["HN SM", "HONDA"], lambda a: a.name_part
         )
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/text/test_trim.py b/tests/db_functions/text/test_trim.py
index 9834cef1c6..57a342851e 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/text/test_trim.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/text/test_trim.py
@@ -8,31 +8,34 @@ from ..models import Author
 
 class TrimTests(TestCase):
     def test_trim(self):
-        Author.objects.create(name='  John ', alias='j')
-        Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda', alias='r')
+        Author.objects.create(name="  John ", alias="j")
+        Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda", alias="r")
         authors = Author.objects.annotate(
-            ltrim=LTrim('name'),
-            rtrim=RTrim('name'),
-            trim=Trim('name'),
+            ltrim=LTrim("name"),
+            rtrim=RTrim("name"),
+            trim=Trim("name"),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors.order_by('alias'), [
-                ('John ', '  John', 'John'),
-                ('Rhonda', 'Rhonda', 'Rhonda'),
+            authors.order_by("alias"),
+            [
+                ("John ", "  John", "John"),
+                ("Rhonda", "Rhonda", "Rhonda"),
             ],
-            lambda a: (a.ltrim, a.rtrim, a.trim)
+            lambda a: (a.ltrim, a.rtrim, a.trim),
         )
 
     def test_trim_transform(self):
-        Author.objects.create(name=' John  ')
-        Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda')
+        Author.objects.create(name=" John  ")
+        Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda")
         tests = (
-            (LTrim, 'John  '),
-            (RTrim, ' John'),
-            (Trim, 'John'),
+            (LTrim, "John  "),
+            (RTrim, " John"),
+            (Trim, "John"),
         )
         for transform, trimmed_name in tests:
             with self.subTest(transform=transform):
                 with register_lookup(CharField, transform):
-                    authors = Author.objects.filter(**{'name__%s' % transform.lookup_name: trimmed_name})
-                    self.assertQuerysetEqual(authors, [' John  '], lambda a: a.name)
+                    authors = Author.objects.filter(
+                        **{"name__%s" % transform.lookup_name: trimmed_name}
+                    )
+                    self.assertQuerysetEqual(authors, [" John  "], lambda a: a.name)
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/text/test_upper.py b/tests/db_functions/text/test_upper.py
index 5b5df0af33..728ea82265 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/text/test_upper.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/text/test_upper.py
@@ -7,35 +7,37 @@ from ..models import Author
 
 
 class UpperTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_basic(self):
-        Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='smithj')
-        Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda')
-        authors = Author.objects.annotate(upper_name=Upper('name'))
+        Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="smithj")
+        Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda")
+        authors = Author.objects.annotate(upper_name=Upper("name"))
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors.order_by('name'), [
-                'JOHN SMITH',
-                'RHONDA',
+            authors.order_by("name"),
+            [
+                "JOHN SMITH",
+                "RHONDA",
             ],
-            lambda a: a.upper_name
+            lambda a: a.upper_name,
         )
-        Author.objects.update(name=Upper('name'))
+        Author.objects.update(name=Upper("name"))
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            authors.order_by('name'), [
-                ('JOHN SMITH', 'JOHN SMITH'),
-                ('RHONDA', 'RHONDA'),
+            authors.order_by("name"),
+            [
+                ("JOHN SMITH", "JOHN SMITH"),
+                ("RHONDA", "RHONDA"),
             ],
-            lambda a: (a.upper_name, a.name)
+            lambda a: (a.upper_name, a.name),
         )
 
     def test_transform(self):
         with register_lookup(CharField, Upper):
-            Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='smithj')
-            Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda')
-            authors = Author.objects.filter(name__upper__exact='JOHN SMITH')
+            Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="smithj")
+            Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda")
+            authors = Author.objects.filter(name__upper__exact="JOHN SMITH")
             self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-                authors.order_by('name'), [
-                    'John Smith',
+                authors.order_by("name"),
+                [
+                    "John Smith",
                 ],
-                lambda a: a.name
+                lambda a: a.name,
             )
diff --git a/tests/db_functions/window/test_validation.py b/tests/db_functions/window/test_validation.py
index 2efc88fdfa..43adde442d 100644
--- a/tests/db_functions/window/test_validation.py
+++ b/tests/db_functions/window/test_validation.py
@@ -4,36 +4,36 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 class ValidationTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_nth_negative_nth_value(self):
-        msg = 'NthValue requires a positive integer as for nth'
+        msg = "NthValue requires a positive integer as for nth"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            NthValue(expression='salary', nth=-1)
+            NthValue(expression="salary", nth=-1)
 
     def test_nth_null_expression(self):
-        msg = 'NthValue requires a non-null source expression'
+        msg = "NthValue requires a non-null source expression"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             NthValue(expression=None)
 
     def test_lag_negative_offset(self):
-        msg = 'Lag requires a positive integer for the offset'
+        msg = "Lag requires a positive integer for the offset"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Lag(expression='salary', offset=-1)
+            Lag(expression="salary", offset=-1)
 
     def test_lead_negative_offset(self):
-        msg = 'Lead requires a positive integer for the offset'
+        msg = "Lead requires a positive integer for the offset"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Lead(expression='salary', offset=-1)
+            Lead(expression="salary", offset=-1)
 
     def test_null_source_lead(self):
-        msg = 'Lead requires a non-null source expression'
+        msg = "Lead requires a non-null source expression"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             Lead(expression=None)
 
     def test_null_source_lag(self):
-        msg = 'Lag requires a non-null source expression'
+        msg = "Lag requires a non-null source expression"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             Lag(expression=None)
 
     def test_negative_num_buckets_ntile(self):
-        msg = 'num_buckets must be greater than 0'
+        msg = "num_buckets must be greater than 0"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             Ntile(num_buckets=-1)
diff --git a/tests/db_typecasts/tests.py b/tests/db_typecasts/tests.py
index 4d65ca8d4d..109ca3c9cb 100644
--- a/tests/db_typecasts/tests.py
+++ b/tests/db_typecasts/tests.py
@@ -6,46 +6,67 @@ import unittest
 from django.db.backends import utils as typecasts
 
 TEST_CASES = {
-    'typecast_date': (
-        ('', None),
+    "typecast_date": (
+        ("", None),
         (None, None),
-        ('2005-08-11', datetime.date(2005, 8, 11)),
-        ('1990-01-01', datetime.date(1990, 1, 1)),
+        ("2005-08-11", datetime.date(2005, 8, 11)),
+        ("1990-01-01", datetime.date(1990, 1, 1)),
     ),
-    'typecast_time': (
-        ('', None),
+    "typecast_time": (
+        ("", None),
         (None, None),
-        ('0:00:00', datetime.time(0, 0)),
-        ('0:30:00', datetime.time(0, 30)),
-        ('8:50:00', datetime.time(8, 50)),
-        ('08:50:00', datetime.time(8, 50)),
-        ('12:00:00', datetime.time(12, 00)),
-        ('12:30:00', datetime.time(12, 30)),
-        ('13:00:00', datetime.time(13, 00)),
-        ('23:59:00', datetime.time(23, 59)),
-        ('00:00:12', datetime.time(0, 0, 12)),
-        ('00:00:12.5', datetime.time(0, 0, 12, 500000)),
-        ('7:22:13.312', datetime.time(7, 22, 13, 312000)),
-        ('12:45:30.126631', datetime.time(12, 45, 30, 126631)),
-        ('12:45:30.126630', datetime.time(12, 45, 30, 126630)),
-        ('12:45:30.123456789', datetime.time(12, 45, 30, 123456)),
+        ("0:00:00", datetime.time(0, 0)),
+        ("0:30:00", datetime.time(0, 30)),
+        ("8:50:00", datetime.time(8, 50)),
+        ("08:50:00", datetime.time(8, 50)),
+        ("12:00:00", datetime.time(12, 00)),
+        ("12:30:00", datetime.time(12, 30)),
+        ("13:00:00", datetime.time(13, 00)),
+        ("23:59:00", datetime.time(23, 59)),
+        ("00:00:12", datetime.time(0, 0, 12)),
+        ("00:00:12.5", datetime.time(0, 0, 12, 500000)),
+        ("7:22:13.312", datetime.time(7, 22, 13, 312000)),
+        ("12:45:30.126631", datetime.time(12, 45, 30, 126631)),
+        ("12:45:30.126630", datetime.time(12, 45, 30, 126630)),
+        ("12:45:30.123456789", datetime.time(12, 45, 30, 123456)),
     ),
-    'typecast_timestamp': (
-        ('', None),
+    "typecast_timestamp": (
+        ("", None),
         (None, None),
-        ('2005-08-11 0:00:00', datetime.datetime(2005, 8, 11)),
-        ('2005-08-11 0:30:00', datetime.datetime(2005, 8, 11, 0, 30)),
-        ('2005-08-11 8:50:30', datetime.datetime(2005, 8, 11, 8, 50, 30)),
-        ('2005-08-11 8:50:30.123', datetime.datetime(2005, 8, 11, 8, 50, 30, 123000)),
-        ('2005-08-11 8:50:30.9', datetime.datetime(2005, 8, 11, 8, 50, 30, 900000)),
-        ('2005-08-11 8:50:30.312-05', datetime.datetime(2005, 8, 11, 8, 50, 30, 312000)),
-        ('2005-08-11 8:50:30.312+02', datetime.datetime(2005, 8, 11, 8, 50, 30, 312000)),
+        ("2005-08-11 0:00:00", datetime.datetime(2005, 8, 11)),
+        ("2005-08-11 0:30:00", datetime.datetime(2005, 8, 11, 0, 30)),
+        ("2005-08-11 8:50:30", datetime.datetime(2005, 8, 11, 8, 50, 30)),
+        ("2005-08-11 8:50:30.123", datetime.datetime(2005, 8, 11, 8, 50, 30, 123000)),
+        ("2005-08-11 8:50:30.9", datetime.datetime(2005, 8, 11, 8, 50, 30, 900000)),
+        (
+            "2005-08-11 8:50:30.312-05",
+            datetime.datetime(2005, 8, 11, 8, 50, 30, 312000),
+        ),
+        (
+            "2005-08-11 8:50:30.312+02",
+            datetime.datetime(2005, 8, 11, 8, 50, 30, 312000),
+        ),
         # ticket 14453
-        ('2010-10-12 15:29:22.063202', datetime.datetime(2010, 10, 12, 15, 29, 22, 63202)),
-        ('2010-10-12 15:29:22.063202-03', datetime.datetime(2010, 10, 12, 15, 29, 22, 63202)),
-        ('2010-10-12 15:29:22.063202+04', datetime.datetime(2010, 10, 12, 15, 29, 22, 63202)),
-        ('2010-10-12 15:29:22.0632021', datetime.datetime(2010, 10, 12, 15, 29, 22, 63202)),
-        ('2010-10-12 15:29:22.0632029', datetime.datetime(2010, 10, 12, 15, 29, 22, 63202)),
+        (
+            "2010-10-12 15:29:22.063202",
+            datetime.datetime(2010, 10, 12, 15, 29, 22, 63202),
+        ),
+        (
+            "2010-10-12 15:29:22.063202-03",
+            datetime.datetime(2010, 10, 12, 15, 29, 22, 63202),
+        ),
+        (
+            "2010-10-12 15:29:22.063202+04",
+            datetime.datetime(2010, 10, 12, 15, 29, 22, 63202),
+        ),
+        (
+            "2010-10-12 15:29:22.0632021",
+            datetime.datetime(2010, 10, 12, 15, 29, 22, 63202),
+        ),
+        (
+            "2010-10-12 15:29:22.0632029",
+            datetime.datetime(2010, 10, 12, 15, 29, 22, 63202),
+        ),
     ),
 }
 
@@ -57,6 +78,8 @@ class DBTypeCasts(unittest.TestCase):
                 with self.subTest(k=k, inpt=inpt):
                     got = getattr(typecasts, k)(inpt)
                     self.assertEqual(
-                        got, expected,
-                        "In %s: %r doesn't match %r. Got %r instead." % (k, inpt, expected, got)
+                        got,
+                        expected,
+                        "In %s: %r doesn't match %r. Got %r instead."
+                        % (k, inpt, expected, got),
                     )
diff --git a/tests/db_utils/tests.py b/tests/db_utils/tests.py
index 7612c6f2fa..99b58d0b8a 100644
--- a/tests/db_utils/tests.py
+++ b/tests/db_utils/tests.py
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ from django.utils.connection import ConnectionDoesNotExist
 
 
 class ConnectionHandlerTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_connection_handler_no_databases(self):
         """
         Empty DATABASES and empty 'default' settings default to the dummy
@@ -17,56 +16,63 @@ class ConnectionHandlerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         for DATABASES in (
             {},  # Empty DATABASES setting.
-            {'default': {}},  # Empty 'default' database.
+            {"default": {}},  # Empty 'default' database.
         ):
             with self.subTest(DATABASES=DATABASES):
                 self.assertImproperlyConfigured(DATABASES)
 
     def assertImproperlyConfigured(self, DATABASES):
         conns = ConnectionHandler(DATABASES)
-        self.assertEqual(conns[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS].settings_dict['ENGINE'], 'django.db.backends.dummy')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            conns[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS].settings_dict["ENGINE"], "django.db.backends.dummy"
+        )
         msg = (
-            'settings.DATABASES is improperly configured. Please supply the '
-            'ENGINE value. Check settings documentation for more details.'
+            "settings.DATABASES is improperly configured. Please supply the "
+            "ENGINE value. Check settings documentation for more details."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
             conns[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS].ensure_connection()
 
     def test_no_default_database(self):
-        DATABASES = {'other': {}}
+        DATABASES = {"other": {}}
         conns = ConnectionHandler(DATABASES)
         msg = "You must define a 'default' database."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            conns['other'].ensure_connection()
+            conns["other"].ensure_connection()
 
     def test_nonexistent_alias(self):
         msg = "The connection 'nonexistent' doesn't exist."
-        conns = ConnectionHandler({
-            DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS: {'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.dummy'},
-        })
+        conns = ConnectionHandler(
+            {
+                DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS: {"ENGINE": "django.db.backends.dummy"},
+            }
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ConnectionDoesNotExist, msg):
-            conns['nonexistent']
+            conns["nonexistent"]
 
     def test_ensure_defaults_nonexistent_alias(self):
         msg = "The connection 'nonexistent' doesn't exist."
-        conns = ConnectionHandler({
-            DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS: {'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.dummy'},
-        })
+        conns = ConnectionHandler(
+            {
+                DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS: {"ENGINE": "django.db.backends.dummy"},
+            }
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ConnectionDoesNotExist, msg):
-            conns.ensure_defaults('nonexistent')
+            conns.ensure_defaults("nonexistent")
 
     def test_prepare_test_settings_nonexistent_alias(self):
         msg = "The connection 'nonexistent' doesn't exist."
-        conns = ConnectionHandler({
-            DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS: {'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.dummy'},
-        })
+        conns = ConnectionHandler(
+            {
+                DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS: {"ENGINE": "django.db.backends.dummy"},
+            }
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ConnectionDoesNotExist, msg):
-            conns.prepare_test_settings('nonexistent')
+            conns.prepare_test_settings("nonexistent")
 
 
 class DatabaseErrorWrapperTests(TestCase):
-
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'PostgreSQL test')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL test")
     def test_reraising_backend_specific_database_exception(self):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             msg = 'table "X" does not exist'
@@ -79,7 +85,6 @@ class DatabaseErrorWrapperTests(TestCase):
 
 
 class LoadBackendTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_load_backend_invalid_name(self):
         msg = (
             "'foo' isn't an available database backend or couldn't be "
@@ -88,5 +93,5 @@ class LoadBackendTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "    'mysql', 'oracle', 'postgresql', 'sqlite3'"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg) as cm:
-            load_backend('foo')
+            load_backend("foo")
         self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception.__cause__), "No module named 'foo'")
diff --git a/tests/dbshell/test_mysql.py b/tests/dbshell/test_mysql.py
index b1e8e8a5c9..28410b05e1 100644
--- a/tests/dbshell/test_mysql.py
+++ b/tests/dbshell/test_mysql.py
@@ -19,153 +19,165 @@ class MySqlDbshellCommandTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_basic_params_specified_in_settings(self):
         expected_args = [
-            'mysql',
-            '--user=someuser',
-            '--host=somehost',
-            '--port=444',
-            'somedbname',
+            "mysql",
+            "--user=someuser",
+            "--host=somehost",
+            "--port=444",
+            "somedbname",
         ]
-        expected_env = {'MYSQL_PWD': 'somepassword'}
+        expected_env = {"MYSQL_PWD": "somepassword"}
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env({
-                'NAME': 'somedbname',
-                'USER': 'someuser',
-                'PASSWORD': 'somepassword',
-                'HOST': 'somehost',
-                'PORT': 444,
-                'OPTIONS': {},
-            }),
+            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env(
+                {
+                    "NAME": "somedbname",
+                    "USER": "someuser",
+                    "PASSWORD": "somepassword",
+                    "HOST": "somehost",
+                    "PORT": 444,
+                    "OPTIONS": {},
+                }
+            ),
             (expected_args, expected_env),
         )
 
     def test_options_override_settings_proper_values(self):
         settings_port = 444
         options_port = 555
-        self.assertNotEqual(settings_port, options_port, 'test pre-req')
+        self.assertNotEqual(settings_port, options_port, "test pre-req")
         expected_args = [
-            'mysql',
-            '--user=optionuser',
-            '--host=optionhost',
-            '--port=%s' % options_port,
-            'optiondbname',
+            "mysql",
+            "--user=optionuser",
+            "--host=optionhost",
+            "--port=%s" % options_port,
+            "optiondbname",
         ]
-        expected_env = {'MYSQL_PWD': 'optionpassword'}
-        for keys in [('database', 'password'), ('db', 'passwd')]:
+        expected_env = {"MYSQL_PWD": "optionpassword"}
+        for keys in [("database", "password"), ("db", "passwd")]:
             with self.subTest(keys=keys):
                 database, password = keys
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    self.settings_to_cmd_args_env({
-                        'NAME': 'settingdbname',
-                        'USER': 'settinguser',
-                        'PASSWORD': 'settingpassword',
-                        'HOST': 'settinghost',
-                        'PORT': settings_port,
-                        'OPTIONS': {
-                            database: 'optiondbname',
-                            'user': 'optionuser',
-                            password: 'optionpassword',
-                            'host': 'optionhost',
-                            'port': options_port,
-                        },
-                    }),
+                    self.settings_to_cmd_args_env(
+                        {
+                            "NAME": "settingdbname",
+                            "USER": "settinguser",
+                            "PASSWORD": "settingpassword",
+                            "HOST": "settinghost",
+                            "PORT": settings_port,
+                            "OPTIONS": {
+                                database: "optiondbname",
+                                "user": "optionuser",
+                                password: "optionpassword",
+                                "host": "optionhost",
+                                "port": options_port,
+                            },
+                        }
+                    ),
                     (expected_args, expected_env),
                 )
 
     def test_options_non_deprecated_keys_preferred(self):
         expected_args = [
-            'mysql',
-            '--user=someuser',
-            '--host=somehost',
-            '--port=444',
-            'optiondbname',
+            "mysql",
+            "--user=someuser",
+            "--host=somehost",
+            "--port=444",
+            "optiondbname",
         ]
-        expected_env = {'MYSQL_PWD': 'optionpassword'}
+        expected_env = {"MYSQL_PWD": "optionpassword"}
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env({
-                'NAME': 'settingdbname',
-                'USER': 'someuser',
-                'PASSWORD': 'settingpassword',
-                'HOST': 'somehost',
-                'PORT': 444,
-                'OPTIONS': {
-                    'database': 'optiondbname',
-                    'db': 'deprecatedoptiondbname',
-                    'password': 'optionpassword',
-                    'passwd': 'deprecatedoptionpassword',
-                },
-            }),
+            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env(
+                {
+                    "NAME": "settingdbname",
+                    "USER": "someuser",
+                    "PASSWORD": "settingpassword",
+                    "HOST": "somehost",
+                    "PORT": 444,
+                    "OPTIONS": {
+                        "database": "optiondbname",
+                        "db": "deprecatedoptiondbname",
+                        "password": "optionpassword",
+                        "passwd": "deprecatedoptionpassword",
+                    },
+                }
+            ),
             (expected_args, expected_env),
         )
 
     def test_options_charset(self):
         expected_args = [
-            'mysql',
-            '--user=someuser',
-            '--host=somehost',
-            '--port=444',
-            '--default-character-set=utf8',
-            'somedbname',
+            "mysql",
+            "--user=someuser",
+            "--host=somehost",
+            "--port=444",
+            "--default-character-set=utf8",
+            "somedbname",
         ]
-        expected_env = {'MYSQL_PWD': 'somepassword'}
+        expected_env = {"MYSQL_PWD": "somepassword"}
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env({
-                'NAME': 'somedbname',
-                'USER': 'someuser',
-                'PASSWORD': 'somepassword',
-                'HOST': 'somehost',
-                'PORT': 444,
-                'OPTIONS': {'charset': 'utf8'},
-            }),
+            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env(
+                {
+                    "NAME": "somedbname",
+                    "USER": "someuser",
+                    "PASSWORD": "somepassword",
+                    "HOST": "somehost",
+                    "PORT": 444,
+                    "OPTIONS": {"charset": "utf8"},
+                }
+            ),
             (expected_args, expected_env),
         )
 
     def test_can_connect_using_sockets(self):
         expected_args = [
-            'mysql',
-            '--user=someuser',
-            '--socket=/path/to/mysql.socket.file',
-            'somedbname',
+            "mysql",
+            "--user=someuser",
+            "--socket=/path/to/mysql.socket.file",
+            "somedbname",
         ]
-        expected_env = {'MYSQL_PWD': 'somepassword'}
+        expected_env = {"MYSQL_PWD": "somepassword"}
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env({
-                'NAME': 'somedbname',
-                'USER': 'someuser',
-                'PASSWORD': 'somepassword',
-                'HOST': '/path/to/mysql.socket.file',
-                'PORT': None,
-                'OPTIONS': {},
-            }),
+            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env(
+                {
+                    "NAME": "somedbname",
+                    "USER": "someuser",
+                    "PASSWORD": "somepassword",
+                    "HOST": "/path/to/mysql.socket.file",
+                    "PORT": None,
+                    "OPTIONS": {},
+                }
+            ),
             (expected_args, expected_env),
         )
 
     def test_ssl_certificate_is_added(self):
         expected_args = [
-            'mysql',
-            '--user=someuser',
-            '--host=somehost',
-            '--port=444',
-            '--ssl-ca=sslca',
-            '--ssl-cert=sslcert',
-            '--ssl-key=sslkey',
-            'somedbname',
+            "mysql",
+            "--user=someuser",
+            "--host=somehost",
+            "--port=444",
+            "--ssl-ca=sslca",
+            "--ssl-cert=sslcert",
+            "--ssl-key=sslkey",
+            "somedbname",
         ]
-        expected_env = {'MYSQL_PWD': 'somepassword'}
+        expected_env = {"MYSQL_PWD": "somepassword"}
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env({
-                'NAME': 'somedbname',
-                'USER': 'someuser',
-                'PASSWORD': 'somepassword',
-                'HOST': 'somehost',
-                'PORT': 444,
-                'OPTIONS': {
-                    'ssl': {
-                        'ca': 'sslca',
-                        'cert': 'sslcert',
-                        'key': 'sslkey',
+            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env(
+                {
+                    "NAME": "somedbname",
+                    "USER": "someuser",
+                    "PASSWORD": "somepassword",
+                    "HOST": "somehost",
+                    "PORT": 444,
+                    "OPTIONS": {
+                        "ssl": {
+                            "ca": "sslca",
+                            "cert": "sslcert",
+                            "key": "sslkey",
+                        },
                     },
-                },
-            }),
+                }
+            ),
             (expected_args, expected_env),
         )
 
@@ -173,16 +185,16 @@ class MySqlDbshellCommandTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             self.settings_to_cmd_args_env(
                 {
-                    'NAME': 'somedbname',
-                    'USER': None,
-                    'PASSWORD': None,
-                    'HOST': None,
-                    'PORT': None,
-                    'OPTIONS': {},
+                    "NAME": "somedbname",
+                    "USER": None,
+                    "PASSWORD": None,
+                    "HOST": None,
+                    "PORT": None,
+                    "OPTIONS": {},
                 },
-                ['--help'],
+                ["--help"],
             ),
-            (['mysql', 'somedbname', '--help'], None),
+            (["mysql", "somedbname", "--help"], None),
         )
 
     def test_crash_password_does_not_leak(self):
@@ -190,19 +202,19 @@ class MySqlDbshellCommandTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         # crash.
         args, env = DatabaseClient.settings_to_cmd_args_env(
             {
-                'NAME': 'somedbname',
-                'USER': 'someuser',
-                'PASSWORD': 'somepassword',
-                'HOST': 'somehost',
-                'PORT': 444,
-                'OPTIONS': {},
+                "NAME": "somedbname",
+                "USER": "someuser",
+                "PASSWORD": "somepassword",
+                "HOST": "somehost",
+                "PORT": 444,
+                "OPTIONS": {},
             },
             [],
         )
         if env:
             env = {**os.environ, **env}
-        fake_client = Path(__file__).with_name('fake_client.py')
+        fake_client = Path(__file__).with_name("fake_client.py")
         args[0:1] = [sys.executable, str(fake_client)]
         with self.assertRaises(subprocess.CalledProcessError) as ctx:
             subprocess.run(args, check=True, env=env)
-        self.assertNotIn('somepassword', str(ctx.exception))
+        self.assertNotIn("somepassword", str(ctx.exception))
diff --git a/tests/dbshell/test_oracle.py b/tests/dbshell/test_oracle.py
index 34e96fb09b..b9a4592ad5 100644
--- a/tests/dbshell/test_oracle.py
+++ b/tests/dbshell/test_oracle.py
@@ -5,18 +5,20 @@ from django.db.backends.oracle.client import DatabaseClient
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
-@skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'oracle', 'Requires cx_Oracle to be installed')
+@skipUnless(connection.vendor == "oracle", "Requires cx_Oracle to be installed")
 class OracleDbshellTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def settings_to_cmd_args_env(self, settings_dict, parameters=None, rlwrap=False):
         if parameters is None:
             parameters = []
-        with mock.patch('shutil.which', return_value='/usr/bin/rlwrap' if rlwrap else None):
+        with mock.patch(
+            "shutil.which", return_value="/usr/bin/rlwrap" if rlwrap else None
+        ):
             return DatabaseClient.settings_to_cmd_args_env(settings_dict, parameters)
 
     def test_without_rlwrap(self):
         expected_args = [
-            'sqlplus',
-            '-L',
+            "sqlplus",
+            "-L",
             connection.client.connect_string(connection.settings_dict),
         ]
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -26,9 +28,9 @@ class OracleDbshellTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_with_rlwrap(self):
         expected_args = [
-            '/usr/bin/rlwrap',
-            'sqlplus',
-            '-L',
+            "/usr/bin/rlwrap",
+            "sqlplus",
+            "-L",
             connection.client.connect_string(connection.settings_dict),
         ]
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -38,15 +40,15 @@ class OracleDbshellTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_parameters(self):
         expected_args = [
-            'sqlplus',
-            '-L',
+            "sqlplus",
+            "-L",
             connection.client.connect_string(connection.settings_dict),
-            '-HELP',
+            "-HELP",
         ]
         self.assertEqual(
             self.settings_to_cmd_args_env(
                 connection.settings_dict,
-                parameters=['-HELP'],
+                parameters=["-HELP"],
             ),
             (expected_args, None),
         )
diff --git a/tests/dbshell/test_postgresql.py b/tests/dbshell/test_postgresql.py
index 6aaf6c8f77..02924d0bcc 100644
--- a/tests/dbshell/test_postgresql.py
+++ b/tests/dbshell/test_postgresql.py
@@ -18,128 +18,149 @@ class PostgreSqlDbshellCommandTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_basic(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env({
-                'NAME': 'dbname',
-                'USER': 'someuser',
-                'PASSWORD': 'somepassword',
-                'HOST': 'somehost',
-                'PORT': '444',
-            }), (
-                ['psql', '-U', 'someuser', '-h', 'somehost', '-p', '444', 'dbname'],
-                {'PGPASSWORD': 'somepassword'},
-            )
+            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env(
+                {
+                    "NAME": "dbname",
+                    "USER": "someuser",
+                    "PASSWORD": "somepassword",
+                    "HOST": "somehost",
+                    "PORT": "444",
+                }
+            ),
+            (
+                ["psql", "-U", "someuser", "-h", "somehost", "-p", "444", "dbname"],
+                {"PGPASSWORD": "somepassword"},
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_nopass(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env({
-                'NAME': 'dbname',
-                'USER': 'someuser',
-                'HOST': 'somehost',
-                'PORT': '444',
-            }), (
-                ['psql', '-U', 'someuser', '-h', 'somehost', '-p', '444', 'dbname'],
+            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env(
+                {
+                    "NAME": "dbname",
+                    "USER": "someuser",
+                    "HOST": "somehost",
+                    "PORT": "444",
+                }
+            ),
+            (
+                ["psql", "-U", "someuser", "-h", "somehost", "-p", "444", "dbname"],
                 None,
-            )
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_ssl_certificate(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env({
-                'NAME': 'dbname',
-                'USER': 'someuser',
-                'HOST': 'somehost',
-                'PORT': '444',
-                'OPTIONS': {
-                    'sslmode': 'verify-ca',
-                    'sslrootcert': 'root.crt',
-                    'sslcert': 'client.crt',
-                    'sslkey': 'client.key',
-                },
-            }), (
-                ['psql', '-U', 'someuser', '-h', 'somehost', '-p', '444', 'dbname'],
+            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env(
                 {
-                    'PGSSLCERT': 'client.crt',
-                    'PGSSLKEY': 'client.key',
-                    'PGSSLMODE': 'verify-ca',
-                    'PGSSLROOTCERT': 'root.crt',
+                    "NAME": "dbname",
+                    "USER": "someuser",
+                    "HOST": "somehost",
+                    "PORT": "444",
+                    "OPTIONS": {
+                        "sslmode": "verify-ca",
+                        "sslrootcert": "root.crt",
+                        "sslcert": "client.crt",
+                        "sslkey": "client.key",
+                    },
+                }
+            ),
+            (
+                ["psql", "-U", "someuser", "-h", "somehost", "-p", "444", "dbname"],
+                {
+                    "PGSSLCERT": "client.crt",
+                    "PGSSLKEY": "client.key",
+                    "PGSSLMODE": "verify-ca",
+                    "PGSSLROOTCERT": "root.crt",
                 },
-            )
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_service(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env({'OPTIONS': {'service': 'django_test'}}),
-            (['psql'], {'PGSERVICE': 'django_test'}),
+            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env({"OPTIONS": {"service": "django_test"}}),
+            (["psql"], {"PGSERVICE": "django_test"}),
         )
 
     def test_passfile(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env({
-                'NAME': 'dbname',
-                'USER': 'someuser',
-                'HOST': 'somehost',
-                'PORT': '444',
-                'OPTIONS': {
-                    'passfile': '~/.custompgpass',
-                },
-            }),
+            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env(
+                {
+                    "NAME": "dbname",
+                    "USER": "someuser",
+                    "HOST": "somehost",
+                    "PORT": "444",
+                    "OPTIONS": {
+                        "passfile": "~/.custompgpass",
+                    },
+                }
+            ),
             (
-                ['psql', '-U', 'someuser', '-h', 'somehost', '-p', '444', 'dbname'],
-                {'PGPASSFILE': '~/.custompgpass'},
+                ["psql", "-U", "someuser", "-h", "somehost", "-p", "444", "dbname"],
+                {"PGPASSFILE": "~/.custompgpass"},
             ),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env({
-                'OPTIONS': {
-                    'service': 'django_test',
-                    'passfile': '~/.custompgpass',
-                },
-            }),
+            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env(
+                {
+                    "OPTIONS": {
+                        "service": "django_test",
+                        "passfile": "~/.custompgpass",
+                    },
+                }
+            ),
             (
-                ['psql'], {'PGSERVICE': 'django_test', 'PGPASSFILE': '~/.custompgpass'},
+                ["psql"],
+                {"PGSERVICE": "django_test", "PGPASSFILE": "~/.custompgpass"},
             ),
         )
 
     def test_column(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env({
-                'NAME': 'dbname',
-                'USER': 'some:user',
-                'PASSWORD': 'some:password',
-                'HOST': '::1',
-                'PORT': '444',
-            }), (
-                ['psql', '-U', 'some:user', '-h', '::1', '-p', '444', 'dbname'],
-                {'PGPASSWORD': 'some:password'},
-            )
+            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env(
+                {
+                    "NAME": "dbname",
+                    "USER": "some:user",
+                    "PASSWORD": "some:password",
+                    "HOST": "::1",
+                    "PORT": "444",
+                }
+            ),
+            (
+                ["psql", "-U", "some:user", "-h", "::1", "-p", "444", "dbname"],
+                {"PGPASSWORD": "some:password"},
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_accent(self):
-        username = 'rôle'
-        password = 'sésame'
+        username = "rôle"
+        password = "sésame"
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env({
-                'NAME': 'dbname',
-                'USER': username,
-                'PASSWORD': password,
-                'HOST': 'somehost',
-                'PORT': '444',
-            }), (
-                ['psql', '-U', username, '-h', 'somehost', '-p', '444', 'dbname'],
-                {'PGPASSWORD': password},
-            )
+            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env(
+                {
+                    "NAME": "dbname",
+                    "USER": username,
+                    "PASSWORD": password,
+                    "HOST": "somehost",
+                    "PORT": "444",
+                }
+            ),
+            (
+                ["psql", "-U", username, "-h", "somehost", "-p", "444", "dbname"],
+                {"PGPASSWORD": password},
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_parameters(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env({'NAME': 'dbname'}, ['--help']),
-            (['psql', 'dbname', '--help'], None),
+            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env({"NAME": "dbname"}, ["--help"]),
+            (["psql", "dbname", "--help"], None),
         )
 
-    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'Requires a PostgreSQL connection')
+    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "Requires a PostgreSQL connection")
     def test_sigint_handler(self):
         """SIGINT is ignored in Python and passed to psql to abort queries."""
+
         def _mock_subprocess_run(*args, **kwargs):
             handler = signal.getsignal(signal.SIGINT)
             self.assertEqual(handler, signal.SIG_IGN)
@@ -147,7 +168,7 @@ class PostgreSqlDbshellCommandTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         sigint_handler = signal.getsignal(signal.SIGINT)
         # The default handler isn't SIG_IGN.
         self.assertNotEqual(sigint_handler, signal.SIG_IGN)
-        with mock.patch('subprocess.run', new=_mock_subprocess_run):
+        with mock.patch("subprocess.run", new=_mock_subprocess_run):
             connection.client.runshell([])
         # dbshell restores the original handler.
         self.assertEqual(sigint_handler, signal.getsignal(signal.SIGINT))
@@ -155,11 +176,11 @@ class PostgreSqlDbshellCommandTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_crash_password_does_not_leak(self):
         # The password doesn't leak in an exception that results from a client
         # crash.
-        args, env = self.settings_to_cmd_args_env({'PASSWORD': 'somepassword'}, [])
+        args, env = self.settings_to_cmd_args_env({"PASSWORD": "somepassword"}, [])
         if env:
             env = {**os.environ, **env}
-        fake_client = Path(__file__).with_name('fake_client.py')
+        fake_client = Path(__file__).with_name("fake_client.py")
         args[0:1] = [sys.executable, str(fake_client)]
         with self.assertRaises(subprocess.CalledProcessError) as ctx:
             subprocess.run(args, check=True, env=env)
-        self.assertNotIn('somepassword', str(ctx.exception))
+        self.assertNotIn("somepassword", str(ctx.exception))
diff --git a/tests/dbshell/test_sqlite.py b/tests/dbshell/test_sqlite.py
index ea4bdd62e1..7c39fd111e 100644
--- a/tests/dbshell/test_sqlite.py
+++ b/tests/dbshell/test_sqlite.py
@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@ class SqliteDbshellCommandTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_path_name(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env({'NAME': Path('test.db.sqlite3')}),
-            (['sqlite3', Path('test.db.sqlite3')], None),
+            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env({"NAME": Path("test.db.sqlite3")}),
+            (["sqlite3", Path("test.db.sqlite3")], None),
         )
 
     def test_parameters(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env({'NAME': 'test.db.sqlite3'}, ['-help']),
-            (['sqlite3', 'test.db.sqlite3', '-help'], None),
+            self.settings_to_cmd_args_env({"NAME": "test.db.sqlite3"}, ["-help"]),
+            (["sqlite3", "test.db.sqlite3", "-help"], None),
         )
diff --git a/tests/dbshell/tests.py b/tests/dbshell/tests.py
index 3d4ac2fce6..8dd3d22c98 100644
--- a/tests/dbshell/tests.py
+++ b/tests/dbshell/tests.py
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 class DbshellCommandTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_command_missing(self):
         msg = (
-            'You appear not to have the %r program installed or on your path.'
+            "You appear not to have the %r program installed or on your path."
             % connection.client.executable_name
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
-            with mock.patch('subprocess.run', side_effect=FileNotFoundError):
-                call_command('dbshell')
+            with mock.patch("subprocess.run", side_effect=FileNotFoundError):
+                call_command("dbshell")
diff --git a/tests/decorators/tests.py b/tests/decorators/tests.py
index b9d16f9a1b..a5bfeae7ea 100644
--- a/tests/decorators/tests.py
+++ b/tests/decorators/tests.py
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ from unittest import TestCase, mock
 
 from django.contrib.admin.views.decorators import staff_member_required
 from django.contrib.auth.decorators import (
-    login_required, permission_required, user_passes_test,
+    login_required,
+    permission_required,
+    user_passes_test,
 )
 from django.http import HttpRequest, HttpResponse, HttpResponseNotAllowed
 from django.middleware.clickjacking import XFrameOptionsMiddleware
@@ -11,21 +13,25 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
 from django.utils.functional import keep_lazy, keep_lazy_text, lazy
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
-from django.views.decorators.cache import (
-    cache_control, cache_page, never_cache,
-)
+from django.views.decorators.cache import cache_control, cache_page, never_cache
 from django.views.decorators.clickjacking import (
-    xframe_options_deny, xframe_options_exempt, xframe_options_sameorigin,
+    xframe_options_deny,
+    xframe_options_exempt,
+    xframe_options_sameorigin,
 )
 from django.views.decorators.http import (
-    condition, require_GET, require_http_methods, require_POST, require_safe,
+    condition,
+    require_GET,
+    require_http_methods,
+    require_POST,
+    require_safe,
 )
 from django.views.decorators.vary import vary_on_cookie, vary_on_headers
 
 
 def fully_decorated(request):
     """Expected __doc__"""
-    return HttpResponse('<html><body>dummy</body></html>')
+    return HttpResponse("<html><body>dummy</body></html>")
 
 
 fully_decorated.anything = "Expected __dict__"
@@ -40,6 +46,7 @@ def compose(*functions):
         for f in functions[1:]:
             result = f(result)
         return result
+
     return _inner
 
 
@@ -50,30 +57,24 @@ full_decorator = compose(
     require_POST,
     require_safe,
     condition(lambda r: None, lambda r: None),
-
     # django.views.decorators.vary
-    vary_on_headers('Accept-language'),
+    vary_on_headers("Accept-language"),
     vary_on_cookie,
-
     # django.views.decorators.cache
     cache_page(60 * 15),
     cache_control(private=True),
     never_cache,
-
     # django.contrib.auth.decorators
     # Apply user_passes_test twice to check #9474
     user_passes_test(lambda u: True),
     login_required,
-    permission_required('change_world'),
-
+    permission_required("change_world"),
     # django.contrib.admin.views.decorators
     staff_member_required,
-
     # django.utils.functional
     keep_lazy(HttpResponse),
     keep_lazy_text,
     lazy,
-
     # django.utils.safestring
     mark_safe,
 )
@@ -82,25 +83,25 @@ fully_decorated = full_decorator(fully_decorated)
 
 
 class DecoratorsTest(TestCase):
-
     def test_attributes(self):
         """
         Built-in decorators set certain attributes of the wrapped function.
         """
-        self.assertEqual(fully_decorated.__name__, 'fully_decorated')
-        self.assertEqual(fully_decorated.__doc__, 'Expected __doc__')
-        self.assertEqual(fully_decorated.__dict__['anything'], 'Expected __dict__')
+        self.assertEqual(fully_decorated.__name__, "fully_decorated")
+        self.assertEqual(fully_decorated.__doc__, "Expected __doc__")
+        self.assertEqual(fully_decorated.__dict__["anything"], "Expected __dict__")
 
     def test_user_passes_test_composition(self):
         """
         The user_passes_test decorator can be applied multiple times (#9474).
         """
+
         def test1(user):
-            user.decorators_applied.append('test1')
+            user.decorators_applied.append("test1")
             return True
 
         def test2(user):
-            user.decorators_applied.append('test2')
+            user.decorators_applied.append("test2")
             return True
 
         def callback(request):
@@ -120,11 +121,12 @@ class DecoratorsTest(TestCase):
         request.user.decorators_applied = []
         response = callback(request)
 
-        self.assertEqual(response, ['test2', 'test1'])
+        self.assertEqual(response, ["test2", "test1"])
 
     def test_cache_page(self):
         def my_view(request):
             return "response"
+
         my_view_cached = cache_page(123)(my_view)
         self.assertEqual(my_view_cached(HttpRequest()), "response")
         my_view_cached2 = cache_page(123, key_prefix="test")(my_view)
@@ -136,19 +138,21 @@ class DecoratorsTest(TestCase):
         A view returns either a response or an exception.
         Refs #15637.
         """
+
         def my_view(request):
             return HttpResponse("OK")
+
         my_safe_view = require_safe(my_view)
         request = HttpRequest()
-        request.method = 'GET'
+        request.method = "GET"
         self.assertIsInstance(my_safe_view(request), HttpResponse)
-        request.method = 'HEAD'
+        request.method = "HEAD"
         self.assertIsInstance(my_safe_view(request), HttpResponse)
-        request.method = 'POST'
+        request.method = "POST"
         self.assertIsInstance(my_safe_view(request), HttpResponseNotAllowed)
-        request.method = 'PUT'
+        request.method = "PUT"
         self.assertIsInstance(my_safe_view(request), HttpResponseNotAllowed)
-        request.method = 'DELETE'
+        request.method = "DELETE"
         self.assertIsInstance(my_safe_view(request), HttpResponseNotAllowed)
 
 
@@ -157,6 +161,7 @@ class DecoratorsTest(TestCase):
 def simple_dec(func):
     def wrapper(arg):
         return func("test:" + arg)
+
     return wraps(func)(wrapper)
 
 
@@ -167,6 +172,7 @@ simple_dec_m = method_decorator(simple_dec)
 def myattr_dec(func):
     def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
         return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
     wrapper.myattr = True
     return wrapper
 
@@ -177,6 +183,7 @@ myattr_dec_m = method_decorator(myattr_dec)
 def myattr2_dec(func):
     def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
         return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
     wrapper.myattr2 = True
     return wrapper
 
@@ -189,9 +196,9 @@ class ClsDec:
         self.myattr = myattr
 
     def __call__(self, f):
-
         def wrapped():
             return f() and self.myattr
+
         return update_wrapper(wrapped, f)
 
 
@@ -199,6 +206,7 @@ class MethodDecoratorTests(SimpleTestCase):
     """
     Tests for method_decorator
     """
+
     def test_preserve_signature(self):
         class Test:
             @simple_dec_m
@@ -212,20 +220,22 @@ class MethodDecoratorTests(SimpleTestCase):
         @myattr_dec
         def func():
             pass
-        self.assertIs(getattr(func, 'myattr', False), True)
+
+        self.assertIs(getattr(func, "myattr", False), True)
 
         @myattr2_dec
         def func():
             pass
-        self.assertIs(getattr(func, 'myattr2', False), True)
+
+        self.assertIs(getattr(func, "myattr2", False), True)
 
         @myattr_dec
         @myattr2_dec
         def func():
             pass
 
-        self.assertIs(getattr(func, 'myattr', False), True)
-        self.assertIs(getattr(func, 'myattr2', False), False)
+        self.assertIs(getattr(func, "myattr", False), True)
+        self.assertIs(getattr(func, "myattr2", False), False)
 
         # Decorate using method_decorator() on the method.
         class TestPlain:
@@ -246,7 +256,7 @@ class MethodDecoratorTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 pass
 
         # Decorate using an iterable of function decorators.
-        @method_decorator((myattr_dec, myattr2_dec), 'method')
+        @method_decorator((myattr_dec, myattr2_dec), "method")
         class TestFunctionIterable:
             def method(self):
                 "A method"
@@ -261,18 +271,24 @@ class MethodDecoratorTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 "A method"
                 pass
 
-        tests = (TestPlain, TestMethodAndClass, TestFunctionIterable, TestMethodIterable)
+        tests = (
+            TestPlain,
+            TestMethodAndClass,
+            TestFunctionIterable,
+            TestMethodIterable,
+        )
         for Test in tests:
             with self.subTest(Test=Test):
-                self.assertIs(getattr(Test().method, 'myattr', False), True)
-                self.assertIs(getattr(Test().method, 'myattr2', False), True)
-                self.assertIs(getattr(Test.method, 'myattr', False), True)
-                self.assertIs(getattr(Test.method, 'myattr2', False), True)
-                self.assertEqual(Test.method.__doc__, 'A method')
-                self.assertEqual(Test.method.__name__, 'method')
+                self.assertIs(getattr(Test().method, "myattr", False), True)
+                self.assertIs(getattr(Test().method, "myattr2", False), True)
+                self.assertIs(getattr(Test.method, "myattr", False), True)
+                self.assertIs(getattr(Test.method, "myattr2", False), True)
+                self.assertEqual(Test.method.__doc__, "A method")
+                self.assertEqual(Test.method.__name__, "method")
 
     def test_new_attribute(self):
         """A decorator that sets a new attribute on the method."""
+
         def decorate(func):
             func.x = 1
             return func
@@ -290,6 +306,7 @@ class MethodDecoratorTests(SimpleTestCase):
         decorators = {myattr_dec_m, myattr2_dec_m}
         msg = "'set' object is not subscriptable"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
+
             @method_decorator(decorators, "method")
             class TestIterable:
                 def method(self):
@@ -306,7 +323,6 @@ class MethodDecoratorTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIs(Test().method(), False)
 
     def test_descriptors(self):
-
         def original_dec(wrapped):
             def _wrapped(arg):
                 return wrapped(arg)
@@ -346,9 +362,11 @@ class MethodDecoratorTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         @method_decorator can be used to decorate a class and its methods.
         """
+
         def deco(func):
             def _wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
                 return True
+
             return _wrapper
 
         @method_decorator(deco, name="method")
@@ -362,14 +380,17 @@ class MethodDecoratorTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         @method_decorator can accept a tuple of decorators.
         """
+
         def add_question_mark(func):
             def _wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
                 return func(*args, **kwargs) + "?"
+
             return _wrapper
 
         def add_exclamation_mark(func):
             def _wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
                 return func(*args, **kwargs) + "!"
+
             return _wrapper
 
         # The order should be consistent with the usual order in which
@@ -402,6 +423,7 @@ class MethodDecoratorTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "<class 'Test'> (1)"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
+
             @method_decorator(lambda: None, name="prop")
             class Test:
                 prop = 1
@@ -419,7 +441,8 @@ class MethodDecoratorTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "decorated class: <class 'Test'>. Got 'nonexistent_method' instead"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            @method_decorator(lambda: None, name='nonexistent_method')
+
+            @method_decorator(lambda: None, name="nonexistent_method")
             class Test:
                 @classmethod
                 def __module__(cls):
@@ -434,18 +457,19 @@ class MethodDecoratorTests(SimpleTestCase):
             @wraps(func)
             def inner(*args, **kwargs):
                 nonlocal func_name, func_module
-                func_name = getattr(func, '__name__', None)
-                func_module = getattr(func, '__module__', None)
+                func_name = getattr(func, "__name__", None)
+                func_module = getattr(func, "__module__", None)
                 return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
             return inner
 
         class Test:
             @method_decorator(decorator)
             def method(self):
-                return 'tests'
+                return "tests"
 
         Test().method()
-        self.assertEqual(func_name, 'method')
+        self.assertEqual(func_name, "method")
         self.assertIsNotNone(func_module)
 
 
@@ -453,44 +477,51 @@ class XFrameOptionsDecoratorsTests(TestCase):
     """
     Tests for the X-Frame-Options decorators.
     """
+
     def test_deny_decorator(self):
         """
         Ensures @xframe_options_deny properly sets the X-Frame-Options header.
         """
+
         @xframe_options_deny
         def a_view(request):
             return HttpResponse()
+
         r = a_view(HttpRequest())
-        self.assertEqual(r.headers['X-Frame-Options'], 'DENY')
+        self.assertEqual(r.headers["X-Frame-Options"], "DENY")
 
     def test_sameorigin_decorator(self):
         """
         Ensures @xframe_options_sameorigin properly sets the X-Frame-Options
         header.
         """
+
         @xframe_options_sameorigin
         def a_view(request):
             return HttpResponse()
+
         r = a_view(HttpRequest())
-        self.assertEqual(r.headers['X-Frame-Options'], 'SAMEORIGIN')
+        self.assertEqual(r.headers["X-Frame-Options"], "SAMEORIGIN")
 
     def test_exempt_decorator(self):
         """
         Ensures @xframe_options_exempt properly instructs the
         XFrameOptionsMiddleware to NOT set the header.
         """
+
         @xframe_options_exempt
         def a_view(request):
             return HttpResponse()
+
         req = HttpRequest()
         resp = a_view(req)
-        self.assertIsNone(resp.get('X-Frame-Options', None))
+        self.assertIsNone(resp.get("X-Frame-Options", None))
         self.assertTrue(resp.xframe_options_exempt)
 
         # Since the real purpose of the exempt decorator is to suppress
         # the middleware's functionality, let's make sure it actually works...
         r = XFrameOptionsMiddleware(a_view)(req)
-        self.assertIsNone(r.get('X-Frame-Options', None))
+        self.assertIsNone(r.get("X-Frame-Options", None))
 
 
 class HttpRequestProxy:
@@ -503,8 +534,7 @@ class HttpRequestProxy:
 
 
 class NeverCacheDecoratorTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @mock.patch('time.time')
+    @mock.patch("time.time")
     def test_never_cache_decorator_headers(self, mocked_time):
         @never_cache
         def a_view(request):
@@ -513,21 +543,21 @@ class NeverCacheDecoratorTest(SimpleTestCase):
         mocked_time.return_value = 1167616461.0
         response = a_view(HttpRequest())
         self.assertEqual(
-            response.headers['Expires'],
-            'Mon, 01 Jan 2007 01:54:21 GMT',
+            response.headers["Expires"],
+            "Mon, 01 Jan 2007 01:54:21 GMT",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            response.headers['Cache-Control'],
-            'max-age=0, no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate, private',
+            response.headers["Cache-Control"],
+            "max-age=0, no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate, private",
         )
 
     def test_never_cache_decorator_expires_not_overridden(self):
         @never_cache
         def a_view(request):
-            return HttpResponse(headers={'Expires': 'tomorrow'})
+            return HttpResponse(headers={"Expires": "tomorrow"})
 
         response = a_view(HttpRequest())
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Expires'], 'tomorrow')
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["Expires"], "tomorrow")
 
     def test_never_cache_decorator_http_request(self):
         class MyClass:
@@ -553,14 +583,14 @@ class NeverCacheDecoratorTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
         request = HttpRequest()
         response = MyClass().a_view(HttpRequestProxy(request))
-        self.assertIn('Cache-Control', response.headers)
-        self.assertIn('Expires', response.headers)
+        self.assertIn("Cache-Control", response.headers)
+        self.assertIn("Expires", response.headers)
 
 
 class CacheControlDecoratorTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_cache_control_decorator_http_request(self):
         class MyClass:
-            @cache_control(a='b')
+            @cache_control(a="b")
             def a_view(self, request):
                 return HttpResponse()
 
@@ -576,10 +606,10 @@ class CacheControlDecoratorTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_cache_control_decorator_http_request_proxy(self):
         class MyClass:
-            @method_decorator(cache_control(a='b'))
+            @method_decorator(cache_control(a="b"))
             def a_view(self, request):
                 return HttpResponse()
 
         request = HttpRequest()
         response = MyClass().a_view(HttpRequestProxy(request))
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Cache-Control'], 'a=b')
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["Cache-Control"], "a=b")
diff --git a/tests/defer/models.py b/tests/defer/models.py
index fea673643b..6de2e2af97 100644
--- a/tests/defer/models.py
+++ b/tests/defer/models.py
@@ -52,8 +52,9 @@ class ShadowParent(models.Model):
     overridden, the field value, rather than the scalar value must still be
     used when the field is deferred.
     """
-    name = 'aphrodite'
+
+    name = "aphrodite"
 
 
 class ShadowChild(ShadowParent):
-    name = models.CharField(default='adonis', max_length=6)
+    name = models.CharField(default="adonis", max_length=6)
diff --git a/tests/defer/tests.py b/tests/defer/tests.py
index d897c5fa42..244564bf69 100644
--- a/tests/defer/tests.py
+++ b/tests/defer/tests.py
@@ -2,7 +2,12 @@ from django.core.exceptions import FieldError
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 from .models import (
-    BigChild, Child, ChildProxy, Primary, RefreshPrimaryProxy, Secondary,
+    BigChild,
+    Child,
+    ChildProxy,
+    Primary,
+    RefreshPrimaryProxy,
+    Secondary,
     ShadowChild,
 )
 
@@ -43,22 +48,22 @@ class DeferTests(AssertionMixin, TestCase):
         # You can use 'pk' with reverse foreign key lookups.
         # The related_id is always set even if it's not fetched from the DB,
         # so pk and related_id are not deferred.
-        self.assert_delayed(self.s1.primary_set.all().only('pk')[0], 2)
+        self.assert_delayed(self.s1.primary_set.all().only("pk")[0], 2)
 
     def test_defer_only_chaining(self):
         qs = Primary.objects.all()
         self.assert_delayed(qs.only("name", "value").defer("name")[0], 2)
         self.assert_delayed(qs.defer("name").only("value", "name")[0], 2)
-        self.assert_delayed(qs.defer('name').only('name').only('value')[0], 2)
+        self.assert_delayed(qs.defer("name").only("name").only("value")[0], 2)
         self.assert_delayed(qs.defer("name").only("value")[0], 2)
         self.assert_delayed(qs.only("name").defer("value")[0], 2)
-        self.assert_delayed(qs.only('name').defer('name').defer('value')[0], 1)
-        self.assert_delayed(qs.only('name').defer('name', 'value')[0], 1)
+        self.assert_delayed(qs.only("name").defer("name").defer("value")[0], 1)
+        self.assert_delayed(qs.only("name").defer("name", "value")[0], 1)
 
     def test_defer_only_clear(self):
         qs = Primary.objects.all()
-        self.assert_delayed(qs.only('name').defer('name')[0], 0)
-        self.assert_delayed(qs.defer('name').only('name')[0], 0)
+        self.assert_delayed(qs.only("name").defer("name")[0], 0)
+        self.assert_delayed(qs.defer("name").only("name")[0], 0)
 
     def test_defer_on_an_already_deferred_field(self):
         qs = Primary.objects.all()
@@ -72,7 +77,7 @@ class DeferTests(AssertionMixin, TestCase):
         self.assert_delayed(qs.only("name").defer(None)[0], 0)
 
     def test_only_none_raises_error(self):
-        msg = 'Cannot pass None as an argument to only().'
+        msg = "Cannot pass None as an argument to only()."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             Primary.objects.only(None)
 
@@ -84,20 +89,26 @@ class DeferTests(AssertionMixin, TestCase):
     def test_defer_values_does_not_defer(self):
         # User values() won't defer anything (you get the full list of
         # dictionaries back), but it still works.
-        self.assertEqual(Primary.objects.defer("name").values()[0], {
-            "id": self.p1.id,
-            "name": "p1",
-            "value": "xx",
-            "related_id": self.s1.id,
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Primary.objects.defer("name").values()[0],
+            {
+                "id": self.p1.id,
+                "name": "p1",
+                "value": "xx",
+                "related_id": self.s1.id,
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_only_values_does_not_defer(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Primary.objects.only("name").values()[0], {
-            "id": self.p1.id,
-            "name": "p1",
-            "value": "xx",
-            "related_id": self.s1.id,
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Primary.objects.only("name").values()[0],
+            {
+                "id": self.p1.id,
+                "name": "p1",
+                "value": "xx",
+                "related_id": self.s1.id,
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_get(self):
         # Using defer() and only() with get() is also valid.
@@ -106,7 +117,9 @@ class DeferTests(AssertionMixin, TestCase):
         self.assert_delayed(qs.only("name").get(pk=self.p1.pk), 2)
 
     def test_defer_with_select_related(self):
-        obj = Primary.objects.select_related().defer("related__first", "related__second")[0]
+        obj = Primary.objects.select_related().defer(
+            "related__first", "related__second"
+        )[0]
         self.assert_delayed(obj.related, 2)
         self.assert_delayed(obj, 0)
 
@@ -119,16 +132,16 @@ class DeferTests(AssertionMixin, TestCase):
 
     def test_defer_select_related_raises_invalid_query(self):
         msg = (
-            'Field Primary.related cannot be both deferred and traversed '
-            'using select_related at the same time.'
+            "Field Primary.related cannot be both deferred and traversed "
+            "using select_related at the same time."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
             Primary.objects.defer("related").select_related("related")[0]
 
     def test_only_select_related_raises_invalid_query(self):
         msg = (
-            'Field Primary.related cannot be both deferred and traversed using '
-            'select_related at the same time.'
+            "Field Primary.related cannot be both deferred and traversed using "
+            "select_related at the same time."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
             Primary.objects.only("name").select_related("related")[0]
@@ -148,8 +161,10 @@ class DeferTests(AssertionMixin, TestCase):
         obj.name = "a new name"
         obj.save()
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Primary.objects.all(), [
-                "p1", "a new name",
+            Primary.objects.all(),
+            [
+                "p1",
+                "a new name",
             ],
             lambda p: p.name,
             ordered=False,
@@ -176,8 +191,8 @@ class DeferTests(AssertionMixin, TestCase):
 
     def test_defer_of_overridden_scalar(self):
         ShadowChild.objects.create()
-        obj = ShadowChild.objects.defer('name').get()
-        self.assertEqual(obj.name, 'adonis')
+        obj = ShadowChild.objects.defer("name").get()
+        self.assertEqual(obj.name, "adonis")
 
 
 class BigChildDeferTests(AssertionMixin, TestCase):
@@ -231,14 +246,14 @@ class TestDefer2(AssertionMixin, TestCase):
         Ensure select_related together with only on a proxy model behaves
         as expected. See #17876.
         """
-        related = Secondary.objects.create(first='x1', second='x2')
-        ChildProxy.objects.create(name='p1', value='xx', related=related)
-        children = ChildProxy.objects.all().select_related().only('id', 'name')
+        related = Secondary.objects.create(first="x1", second="x2")
+        ChildProxy.objects.create(name="p1", value="xx", related=related)
+        children = ChildProxy.objects.all().select_related().only("id", "name")
         self.assertEqual(len(children), 1)
         child = children[0]
         self.assert_delayed(child, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(child.name, 'p1')
-        self.assertEqual(child.value, 'xx')
+        self.assertEqual(child.name, "p1")
+        self.assertEqual(child.value, "xx")
 
     def test_defer_inheritance_pk_chaining(self):
         """
@@ -247,40 +262,40 @@ class TestDefer2(AssertionMixin, TestCase):
         fetched parent model PK if it happens to be available.
         """
         s1 = Secondary.objects.create(first="x1", second="y1")
-        bc = BigChild.objects.create(name='b1', value='foo', related=s1, other='bar')
-        bc_deferred = BigChild.objects.only('name').get(pk=bc.pk)
+        bc = BigChild.objects.create(name="b1", value="foo", related=s1, other="bar")
+        bc_deferred = BigChild.objects.only("name").get(pk=bc.pk)
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             bc_deferred.id
         self.assertEqual(bc_deferred.pk, bc_deferred.id)
 
     def test_eq(self):
         s1 = Secondary.objects.create(first="x1", second="y1")
-        s1_defer = Secondary.objects.only('pk').get(pk=s1.pk)
+        s1_defer = Secondary.objects.only("pk").get(pk=s1.pk)
         self.assertEqual(s1, s1_defer)
         self.assertEqual(s1_defer, s1)
 
     def test_refresh_not_loading_deferred_fields(self):
         s = Secondary.objects.create()
-        rf = Primary.objects.create(name='foo', value='bar', related=s)
-        rf2 = Primary.objects.only('related', 'value').get()
-        rf.name = 'new foo'
-        rf.value = 'new bar'
+        rf = Primary.objects.create(name="foo", value="bar", related=s)
+        rf2 = Primary.objects.only("related", "value").get()
+        rf.name = "new foo"
+        rf.value = "new bar"
         rf.save()
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             rf2.refresh_from_db()
-            self.assertEqual(rf2.value, 'new bar')
+            self.assertEqual(rf2.value, "new bar")
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            self.assertEqual(rf2.name, 'new foo')
+            self.assertEqual(rf2.name, "new foo")
 
     def test_custom_refresh_on_deferred_loading(self):
         s = Secondary.objects.create()
-        rf = RefreshPrimaryProxy.objects.create(name='foo', value='bar', related=s)
-        rf2 = RefreshPrimaryProxy.objects.only('related').get()
-        rf.name = 'new foo'
-        rf.value = 'new bar'
+        rf = RefreshPrimaryProxy.objects.create(name="foo", value="bar", related=s)
+        rf2 = RefreshPrimaryProxy.objects.only("related").get()
+        rf.name = "new foo"
+        rf.value = "new bar"
         rf.save()
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             # Customized refresh_from_db() reloads all deferred fields on
             # access of any of them.
-            self.assertEqual(rf2.name, 'new foo')
-            self.assertEqual(rf2.value, 'new bar')
+            self.assertEqual(rf2.name, "new foo")
+            self.assertEqual(rf2.value, "new bar")
diff --git a/tests/defer_regress/models.py b/tests/defer_regress/models.py
index 78d4c3e646..dd492993b7 100644
--- a/tests/defer_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/defer_regress/models.py
@@ -29,7 +29,9 @@ class Child(models.Model):
 class Leaf(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
     child = models.ForeignKey(Child, models.CASCADE)
-    second_child = models.ForeignKey(Child, models.SET_NULL, related_name="other", null=True)
+    second_child = models.ForeignKey(
+        Child, models.SET_NULL, related_name="other", null=True
+    )
     value = models.IntegerField(default=42)
 
 
@@ -67,11 +69,11 @@ class ItemAndSimpleItem(models.Model):
 
 
 class Profile(models.Model):
-    profile1 = models.CharField(max_length=255, default='profile1')
+    profile1 = models.CharField(max_length=255, default="profile1")
 
 
 class Location(models.Model):
-    location1 = models.CharField(max_length=255, default='location1')
+    location1 = models.CharField(max_length=255, default="location1")
 
 
 class Request(models.Model):
@@ -79,10 +81,10 @@ class Request(models.Model):
     location = models.ForeignKey(Location, models.CASCADE)
     items = models.ManyToManyField(Item)
 
-    request1 = models.CharField(default='request1', max_length=255)
-    request2 = models.CharField(default='request2', max_length=255)
-    request3 = models.CharField(default='request3', max_length=255)
-    request4 = models.CharField(default='request4', max_length=255)
+    request1 = models.CharField(default="request1", max_length=255)
+    request2 = models.CharField(default="request2", max_length=255)
+    request3 = models.CharField(default="request3", max_length=255)
+    request4 = models.CharField(default="request4", max_length=255)
 
 
 class Base(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/defer_regress/tests.py b/tests/defer_regress/tests.py
index 300524a151..db2c360c6e 100644
--- a/tests/defer_regress/tests.py
+++ b/tests/defer_regress/tests.py
@@ -8,9 +8,22 @@ from django.test import TestCase, ignore_warnings, override_settings
 from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango50Warning
 
 from .models import (
-    Base, Child, Derived, Feature, Item, ItemAndSimpleItem, Leaf, Location,
-    OneToOneItem, Proxy, ProxyRelated, RelatedItem, Request, ResolveThis,
-    SimpleItem, SpecialFeature,
+    Base,
+    Child,
+    Derived,
+    Feature,
+    Item,
+    ItemAndSimpleItem,
+    Leaf,
+    Location,
+    OneToOneItem,
+    Proxy,
+    ProxyRelated,
+    RelatedItem,
+    Request,
+    ResolveThis,
+    SimpleItem,
+    SpecialFeature,
 )
 
 
@@ -58,10 +71,11 @@ class DeferRegressionTest(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(obj.child.name, "c1")
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Leaf.objects.select_related().only("child__name", "second_child__name"), [
+            Leaf.objects.select_related().only("child__name", "second_child__name"),
+            [
                 "l1",
             ],
-            attrgetter("name")
+            attrgetter("name"),
         )
 
         # Models instances with deferred fields should still return the same
@@ -86,18 +100,20 @@ class DeferRegressionTest(TestCase):
 
         # Regression for #16409 - make sure defer() and only() work with annotate()
         self.assertIsInstance(
-            list(SimpleItem.objects.annotate(Count('feature')).defer('name')),
-            list)
+            list(SimpleItem.objects.annotate(Count("feature")).defer("name")), list
+        )
         self.assertIsInstance(
-            list(SimpleItem.objects.annotate(Count('feature')).only('name')),
-            list)
+            list(SimpleItem.objects.annotate(Count("feature")).only("name")), list
+        )
 
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
-    @override_settings(SESSION_SERIALIZER='django.contrib.sessions.serializers.PickleSerializer')
+    @override_settings(
+        SESSION_SERIALIZER="django.contrib.sessions.serializers.PickleSerializer"
+    )
     def test_ticket_12163(self):
         # Test for #12163 - Pickling error saving session with unsaved model
         # instances.
-        SESSION_KEY = '2b1189a188b44ad18c35e1baac6ceead'
+        SESSION_KEY = "2b1189a188b44ad18c35e1baac6ceead"
 
         item = Item()
         item._deferred = False
@@ -116,11 +132,11 @@ class DeferRegressionTest(TestCase):
     def test_ticket_16409(self):
         # Regression for #16409 - make sure defer() and only() work with annotate()
         self.assertIsInstance(
-            list(SimpleItem.objects.annotate(Count('feature')).defer('name')),
-            list)
+            list(SimpleItem.objects.annotate(Count("feature")).defer("name")), list
+        )
         self.assertIsInstance(
-            list(SimpleItem.objects.annotate(Count('feature')).only('name')),
-            list)
+            list(SimpleItem.objects.annotate(Count("feature")).only("name")), list
+        )
 
     def test_ticket_23270(self):
         d = Derived.objects.create(text="foo", other_text="bar")
@@ -135,43 +151,52 @@ class DeferRegressionTest(TestCase):
         # Regression for #15790 - only() broken for proxy models
         proxy = Proxy.objects.create(name="proxy", value=42)
 
-        msg = 'QuerySet.only() return bogus results with proxy models'
-        dp = Proxy.objects.only('other_value').get(pk=proxy.pk)
+        msg = "QuerySet.only() return bogus results with proxy models"
+        dp = Proxy.objects.only("other_value").get(pk=proxy.pk)
         self.assertEqual(dp.name, proxy.name, msg=msg)
         self.assertEqual(dp.value, proxy.value, msg=msg)
 
         # also test things with .defer()
-        msg = 'QuerySet.defer() return bogus results with proxy models'
-        dp = Proxy.objects.defer('name', 'text', 'value').get(pk=proxy.pk)
+        msg = "QuerySet.defer() return bogus results with proxy models"
+        dp = Proxy.objects.defer("name", "text", "value").get(pk=proxy.pk)
         self.assertEqual(dp.name, proxy.name, msg=msg)
         self.assertEqual(dp.value, proxy.value, msg=msg)
 
     def test_resolve_columns(self):
-        ResolveThis.objects.create(num=5.0, name='Foobar')
-        qs = ResolveThis.objects.defer('num')
+        ResolveThis.objects.create(num=5.0, name="Foobar")
+        qs = ResolveThis.objects.defer("num")
         self.assertEqual(1, qs.count())
-        self.assertEqual('Foobar', qs[0].name)
+        self.assertEqual("Foobar", qs[0].name)
 
     def test_reverse_one_to_one_relations(self):
         # Refs #14694. Test reverse relations which are known unique (reverse
         # side has o2ofield or unique FK) - the o2o case
         item = Item.objects.create(name="first", value=42)
         o2o = OneToOneItem.objects.create(item=item, name="second")
-        self.assertEqual(len(Item.objects.defer('one_to_one_item__name')), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Item.objects.select_related('one_to_one_item')), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Item.objects.select_related(
-            'one_to_one_item').defer('one_to_one_item__name')), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Item.objects.select_related('one_to_one_item').defer('value')), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Item.objects.defer("one_to_one_item__name")), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Item.objects.select_related("one_to_one_item")), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                Item.objects.select_related("one_to_one_item").defer(
+                    "one_to_one_item__name"
+                )
+            ),
+            1,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(Item.objects.select_related("one_to_one_item").defer("value")), 1
+        )
         # Make sure that `only()` doesn't break when we pass in a unique relation,
         # rather than a field on the relation.
-        self.assertEqual(len(Item.objects.only('one_to_one_item')), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Item.objects.only("one_to_one_item")), 1)
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            i = Item.objects.select_related('one_to_one_item')[0]
+            i = Item.objects.select_related("one_to_one_item")[0]
             self.assertEqual(i.one_to_one_item.pk, o2o.pk)
             self.assertEqual(i.one_to_one_item.name, "second")
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            i = Item.objects.select_related('one_to_one_item').defer(
-                'value', 'one_to_one_item__name')[0]
+            i = Item.objects.select_related("one_to_one_item").defer(
+                "value", "one_to_one_item__name"
+            )[0]
             self.assertEqual(i.one_to_one_item.pk, o2o.pk)
             self.assertEqual(i.name, "first")
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
@@ -185,14 +210,14 @@ class DeferRegressionTest(TestCase):
         simple = SimpleItem.objects.create(name="simple", value="23")
         ItemAndSimpleItem.objects.create(item=item1, simple=simple)
 
-        obj = ItemAndSimpleItem.objects.defer('item').select_related('simple').get()
+        obj = ItemAndSimpleItem.objects.defer("item").select_related("simple").get()
         self.assertEqual(obj.item, item1)
         self.assertEqual(obj.item_id, item1.id)
 
         obj.item = item2
         obj.save()
 
-        obj = ItemAndSimpleItem.objects.defer('item').select_related('simple').get()
+        obj = ItemAndSimpleItem.objects.defer("item").select_related("simple").get()
         self.assertEqual(obj.item, item2)
         self.assertEqual(obj.item_id, item2.id)
 
@@ -201,7 +226,7 @@ class DeferRegressionTest(TestCase):
         item = Item.objects.create(name="first", value=47)
         RelatedItem.objects.create(item=item)
         # Defer fields with only()
-        obj = ProxyRelated.objects.all().select_related().only('item__name')[0]
+        obj = ProxyRelated.objects.all().select_related().only("item__name")[0]
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             self.assertEqual(obj.item.name, "first")
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
@@ -209,14 +234,16 @@ class DeferRegressionTest(TestCase):
 
     def test_only_with_select_related(self):
         # Test for #17485.
-        item = SimpleItem.objects.create(name='first', value=47)
+        item = SimpleItem.objects.create(name="first", value=47)
         feature = Feature.objects.create(item=item)
         SpecialFeature.objects.create(feature=feature)
 
-        qs = Feature.objects.only('item__name').select_related('item')
+        qs = Feature.objects.only("item__name").select_related("item")
         self.assertEqual(len(qs), 1)
 
-        qs = SpecialFeature.objects.only('feature__item__name').select_related('feature__item')
+        qs = SpecialFeature.objects.only("feature__item__name").select_related(
+            "feature__item"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(len(qs), 1)
 
 
@@ -225,19 +252,28 @@ class DeferAnnotateSelectRelatedTest(TestCase):
         location = Location.objects.create()
         Request.objects.create(location=location)
         self.assertIsInstance(
-            list(Request.objects.annotate(Count('items')).select_related('profile', 'location')
-                 .only('profile', 'location')),
-            list
+            list(
+                Request.objects.annotate(Count("items"))
+                .select_related("profile", "location")
+                .only("profile", "location")
+            ),
+            list,
         )
         self.assertIsInstance(
-            list(Request.objects.annotate(Count('items')).select_related('profile', 'location')
-                 .only('profile__profile1', 'location__location1')),
-            list
+            list(
+                Request.objects.annotate(Count("items"))
+                .select_related("profile", "location")
+                .only("profile__profile1", "location__location1")
+            ),
+            list,
         )
         self.assertIsInstance(
-            list(Request.objects.annotate(Count('items')).select_related('profile', 'location')
-                 .defer('request1', 'request2', 'request3', 'request4')),
-            list
+            list(
+                Request.objects.annotate(Count("items"))
+                .select_related("profile", "location")
+                .defer("request1", "request2", "request3", "request4")
+            ),
+            list,
         )
 
 
@@ -267,11 +303,11 @@ class DeferDeletionSignalsTests(TestCase):
         self.post_delete_senders.append(sender)
 
     def test_delete_defered_model(self):
-        Item.objects.only('value').get(pk=self.item_pk).delete()
+        Item.objects.only("value").get(pk=self.item_pk).delete()
         self.assertEqual(self.pre_delete_senders, [Item])
         self.assertEqual(self.post_delete_senders, [Item])
 
     def test_delete_defered_proxy_model(self):
-        Proxy.objects.only('value').get(pk=self.item_pk).delete()
+        Proxy.objects.only("value").get(pk=self.item_pk).delete()
         self.assertEqual(self.pre_delete_senders, [Proxy])
         self.assertEqual(self.post_delete_senders, [Proxy])
diff --git a/tests/delete/models.py b/tests/delete/models.py
index 96ef65c766..4b627712bb 100644
--- a/tests/delete/models.py
+++ b/tests/delete/models.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.db import models
 
@@ -42,27 +40,50 @@ class A(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
 
     auto = models.ForeignKey(R, models.CASCADE, related_name="auto_set")
-    auto_nullable = models.ForeignKey(R, models.CASCADE, null=True, related_name='auto_nullable_set')
-    setvalue = models.ForeignKey(R, models.SET(get_default_r), related_name='setvalue')
-    setnull = models.ForeignKey(R, models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name='setnull_set')
-    setdefault = models.ForeignKey(R, models.SET_DEFAULT, default=get_default_r, related_name='setdefault_set')
-    setdefault_none = models.ForeignKey(
-        R, models.SET_DEFAULT,
-        default=None, null=True, related_name='setnull_nullable_set',
+    auto_nullable = models.ForeignKey(
+        R, models.CASCADE, null=True, related_name="auto_nullable_set"
+    )
+    setvalue = models.ForeignKey(R, models.SET(get_default_r), related_name="setvalue")
+    setnull = models.ForeignKey(
+        R, models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name="setnull_set"
+    )
+    setdefault = models.ForeignKey(
+        R, models.SET_DEFAULT, default=get_default_r, related_name="setdefault_set"
+    )
+    setdefault_none = models.ForeignKey(
+        R,
+        models.SET_DEFAULT,
+        default=None,
+        null=True,
+        related_name="setnull_nullable_set",
+    )
+    cascade = models.ForeignKey(R, models.CASCADE, related_name="cascade_set")
+    cascade_nullable = models.ForeignKey(
+        R, models.CASCADE, null=True, related_name="cascade_nullable_set"
+    )
+    protect = models.ForeignKey(
+        R, models.PROTECT, null=True, related_name="protect_set"
+    )
+    restrict = models.ForeignKey(
+        R, models.RESTRICT, null=True, related_name="restrict_set"
+    )
+    donothing = models.ForeignKey(
+        R, models.DO_NOTHING, null=True, related_name="donothing_set"
     )
-    cascade = models.ForeignKey(R, models.CASCADE, related_name='cascade_set')
-    cascade_nullable = models.ForeignKey(R, models.CASCADE, null=True, related_name='cascade_nullable_set')
-    protect = models.ForeignKey(R, models.PROTECT, null=True, related_name='protect_set')
-    restrict = models.ForeignKey(R, models.RESTRICT, null=True, related_name='restrict_set')
-    donothing = models.ForeignKey(R, models.DO_NOTHING, null=True, related_name='donothing_set')
     child = models.ForeignKey(RChild, models.CASCADE, related_name="child")
-    child_setnull = models.ForeignKey(RChild, models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name="child_setnull")
-    cascade_p = models.ForeignKey(P, models.CASCADE, related_name='cascade_p_set', null=True)
+    child_setnull = models.ForeignKey(
+        RChild, models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name="child_setnull"
+    )
+    cascade_p = models.ForeignKey(
+        P, models.CASCADE, related_name="cascade_p_set", null=True
+    )
 
     # A OneToOneField is just a ForeignKey unique=True, so we don't duplicate
     # all the tests; just one smoke test to ensure on_delete works for it as
     # well.
-    o2o_setnull = models.ForeignKey(R, models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name="o2o_nullable_set")
+    o2o_setnull = models.ForeignKey(
+        R, models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name="o2o_nullable_set"
+    )
 
 
 class B(models.Model):
@@ -71,9 +92,20 @@ class B(models.Model):
 
 def create_a(name):
     a = A(name=name)
-    for name in ('auto', 'auto_nullable', 'setvalue', 'setnull', 'setdefault',
-                 'setdefault_none', 'cascade', 'cascade_nullable', 'protect',
-                 'restrict', 'donothing', 'o2o_setnull'):
+    for name in (
+        "auto",
+        "auto_nullable",
+        "setvalue",
+        "setnull",
+        "setdefault",
+        "setdefault_none",
+        "cascade",
+        "cascade_nullable",
+        "protect",
+        "restrict",
+        "donothing",
+        "o2o_setnull",
+    ):
         r = R.objects.create()
         setattr(a, name, r)
     a.child = RChild.objects.create()
@@ -85,7 +117,9 @@ def create_a(name):
 class M(models.Model):
     m2m = models.ManyToManyField(R, related_name="m_set")
     m2m_through = models.ManyToManyField(R, through="MR", related_name="m_through_set")
-    m2m_through_null = models.ManyToManyField(R, through="MRNull", related_name="m_through_null_set")
+    m2m_through_null = models.ManyToManyField(
+        R, through="MRNull", related_name="m_through_null_set"
+    )
 
 
 class MR(models.Model):
@@ -141,7 +175,7 @@ class Base(models.Model):
 
 
 class RelToBase(models.Model):
-    base = models.ForeignKey(Base, models.DO_NOTHING, related_name='rels')
+    base = models.ForeignKey(Base, models.DO_NOTHING, related_name="rels")
 
 
 class Origin(models.Model):
@@ -157,13 +191,13 @@ class Referrer(models.Model):
 class SecondReferrer(models.Model):
     referrer = models.ForeignKey(Referrer, models.CASCADE)
     other_referrer = models.ForeignKey(
-        Referrer, models.CASCADE, to_field='unique_field', related_name='+'
+        Referrer, models.CASCADE, to_field="unique_field", related_name="+"
     )
 
 
 class DeleteTop(models.Model):
-    b1 = GenericRelation('GenericB1')
-    b2 = GenericRelation('GenericB2')
+    b1 = GenericRelation("GenericB1")
+    b2 = GenericRelation("GenericB2")
 
 
 class B1(models.Model):
@@ -186,14 +220,14 @@ class DeleteBottom(models.Model):
 class GenericB1(models.Model):
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-    generic_delete_top = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
+    generic_delete_top = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")
 
 
 class GenericB2(models.Model):
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-    generic_delete_top = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
-    generic_delete_bottom = GenericRelation('GenericDeleteBottom')
+    generic_delete_top = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")
+    generic_delete_bottom = GenericRelation("GenericDeleteBottom")
 
 
 class GenericDeleteBottom(models.Model):
@@ -204,4 +238,6 @@ class GenericDeleteBottom(models.Model):
 
 
 class GenericDeleteBottomParent(models.Model):
-    generic_delete_bottom = models.ForeignKey(GenericDeleteBottom, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
+    generic_delete_bottom = models.ForeignKey(
+        GenericDeleteBottom, on_delete=models.CASCADE
+    )
diff --git a/tests/delete/tests.py b/tests/delete/tests.py
index e5dde8047a..597589b836 100644
--- a/tests/delete/tests.py
+++ b/tests/delete/tests.py
@@ -7,10 +7,38 @@ from django.db.models.sql.constants import GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE
 from django.test import TestCase, skipIfDBFeature, skipUnlessDBFeature
 
 from .models import (
-    B1, B2, B3, MR, A, Avatar, B, Base, Child, DeleteBottom, DeleteTop,
-    GenericB1, GenericB2, GenericDeleteBottom, HiddenUser, HiddenUserProfile,
-    M, M2MFrom, M2MTo, MRNull, Origin, P, Parent, R, RChild, RChildChild,
-    Referrer, S, T, User, create_a, get_default_r,
+    B1,
+    B2,
+    B3,
+    MR,
+    A,
+    Avatar,
+    B,
+    Base,
+    Child,
+    DeleteBottom,
+    DeleteTop,
+    GenericB1,
+    GenericB2,
+    GenericDeleteBottom,
+    HiddenUser,
+    HiddenUserProfile,
+    M,
+    M2MFrom,
+    M2MTo,
+    MRNull,
+    Origin,
+    P,
+    Parent,
+    R,
+    RChild,
+    RChildChild,
+    Referrer,
+    S,
+    T,
+    User,
+    create_a,
+    get_default_r,
 )
 
 
@@ -19,58 +47,58 @@ class OnDeleteTests(TestCase):
         self.DEFAULT = get_default_r()
 
     def test_auto(self):
-        a = create_a('auto')
+        a = create_a("auto")
         a.auto.delete()
-        self.assertFalse(A.objects.filter(name='auto').exists())
+        self.assertFalse(A.objects.filter(name="auto").exists())
 
     def test_non_callable(self):
-        msg = 'on_delete must be callable.'
+        msg = "on_delete must be callable."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            models.ForeignKey('self', on_delete=None)
+            models.ForeignKey("self", on_delete=None)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            models.OneToOneField('self', on_delete=None)
+            models.OneToOneField("self", on_delete=None)
 
     def test_auto_nullable(self):
-        a = create_a('auto_nullable')
+        a = create_a("auto_nullable")
         a.auto_nullable.delete()
-        self.assertFalse(A.objects.filter(name='auto_nullable').exists())
+        self.assertFalse(A.objects.filter(name="auto_nullable").exists())
 
     def test_setvalue(self):
-        a = create_a('setvalue')
+        a = create_a("setvalue")
         a.setvalue.delete()
         a = A.objects.get(pk=a.pk)
         self.assertEqual(self.DEFAULT, a.setvalue.pk)
 
     def test_setnull(self):
-        a = create_a('setnull')
+        a = create_a("setnull")
         a.setnull.delete()
         a = A.objects.get(pk=a.pk)
         self.assertIsNone(a.setnull)
 
     def test_setdefault(self):
-        a = create_a('setdefault')
+        a = create_a("setdefault")
         a.setdefault.delete()
         a = A.objects.get(pk=a.pk)
         self.assertEqual(self.DEFAULT, a.setdefault.pk)
 
     def test_setdefault_none(self):
-        a = create_a('setdefault_none')
+        a = create_a("setdefault_none")
         a.setdefault_none.delete()
         a = A.objects.get(pk=a.pk)
         self.assertIsNone(a.setdefault_none)
 
     def test_cascade(self):
-        a = create_a('cascade')
+        a = create_a("cascade")
         a.cascade.delete()
-        self.assertFalse(A.objects.filter(name='cascade').exists())
+        self.assertFalse(A.objects.filter(name="cascade").exists())
 
     def test_cascade_nullable(self):
-        a = create_a('cascade_nullable')
+        a = create_a("cascade_nullable")
         a.cascade_nullable.delete()
-        self.assertFalse(A.objects.filter(name='cascade_nullable').exists())
+        self.assertFalse(A.objects.filter(name="cascade_nullable").exists())
 
     def test_protect(self):
-        a = create_a('protect')
+        a = create_a("protect")
         msg = (
             "Cannot delete some instances of model 'R' because they are "
             "referenced through protected foreign keys: 'A.protect'."
@@ -80,7 +108,7 @@ class OnDeleteTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(cm.exception.protected_objects, {a})
 
     def test_protect_multiple(self):
-        a = create_a('protect')
+        a = create_a("protect")
         b = B.objects.create(protect=a.protect)
         msg = (
             "Cannot delete some instances of model 'R' because they are "
@@ -92,7 +120,7 @@ class OnDeleteTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(cm.exception.protected_objects, {a, b})
 
     def test_protect_path(self):
-        a = create_a('protect')
+        a = create_a("protect")
         a.protect.p = P.objects.create()
         a.protect.save()
         msg = (
@@ -109,10 +137,11 @@ class OnDeleteTests(TestCase):
         replacement_r = R.objects.create()
 
         def check_do_nothing(sender, **kwargs):
-            obj = kwargs['instance']
+            obj = kwargs["instance"]
             obj.donothing_set.update(donothing=replacement_r)
+
         models.signals.pre_delete.connect(check_do_nothing)
-        a = create_a('do_nothing')
+        a = create_a("do_nothing")
         a.donothing.delete()
         a = A.objects.get(pk=a.pk)
         self.assertEqual(replacement_r, a.donothing)
@@ -140,19 +169,19 @@ class OnDeleteTests(TestCase):
         self.assertFalse(RChild.objects.filter(pk=child.pk).exists())
 
     def test_cascade_from_child(self):
-        a = create_a('child')
+        a = create_a("child")
         a.child.delete()
-        self.assertFalse(A.objects.filter(name='child').exists())
+        self.assertFalse(A.objects.filter(name="child").exists())
         self.assertFalse(R.objects.filter(pk=a.child_id).exists())
 
     def test_cascade_from_parent(self):
-        a = create_a('child')
+        a = create_a("child")
         R.objects.get(pk=a.child_id).delete()
-        self.assertFalse(A.objects.filter(name='child').exists())
+        self.assertFalse(A.objects.filter(name="child").exists())
         self.assertFalse(RChild.objects.filter(pk=a.child_id).exists())
 
     def test_setnull_from_child(self):
-        a = create_a('child_setnull')
+        a = create_a("child_setnull")
         a.child_setnull.delete()
         self.assertFalse(R.objects.filter(pk=a.child_setnull_id).exists())
 
@@ -160,7 +189,7 @@ class OnDeleteTests(TestCase):
         self.assertIsNone(a.child_setnull)
 
     def test_setnull_from_parent(self):
-        a = create_a('child_setnull')
+        a = create_a("child_setnull")
         R.objects.get(pk=a.child_setnull_id).delete()
         self.assertFalse(RChild.objects.filter(pk=a.child_setnull_id).exists())
 
@@ -168,13 +197,13 @@ class OnDeleteTests(TestCase):
         self.assertIsNone(a.child_setnull)
 
     def test_o2o_setnull(self):
-        a = create_a('o2o_setnull')
+        a = create_a("o2o_setnull")
         a.o2o_setnull.delete()
         a = A.objects.get(pk=a.pk)
         self.assertIsNone(a.o2o_setnull)
 
     def test_restrict(self):
-        a = create_a('restrict')
+        a = create_a("restrict")
         msg = (
             "Cannot delete some instances of model 'R' because they are "
             "referenced through restricted foreign keys: 'A.restrict'."
@@ -184,7 +213,7 @@ class OnDeleteTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(cm.exception.restricted_objects, {a})
 
     def test_restrict_multiple(self):
-        a = create_a('restrict')
+        a = create_a("restrict")
         b3 = B3.objects.create(restrict=a.restrict)
         msg = (
             "Cannot delete some instances of model 'R' because they are "
@@ -196,7 +225,7 @@ class OnDeleteTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(cm.exception.restricted_objects, {a, b3})
 
     def test_restrict_path_cascade_indirect(self):
-        a = create_a('restrict')
+        a = create_a("restrict")
         a.restrict.p = P.objects.create()
         a.restrict.save()
         msg = (
@@ -210,17 +239,17 @@ class OnDeleteTests(TestCase):
         a.cascade.p = a.restrict.p
         a.cascade.save()
         a.restrict.p.delete()
-        self.assertFalse(A.objects.filter(name='restrict').exists())
+        self.assertFalse(A.objects.filter(name="restrict").exists())
         self.assertFalse(R.objects.filter(pk=a.restrict_id).exists())
 
     def test_restrict_path_cascade_direct(self):
-        a = create_a('restrict')
+        a = create_a("restrict")
         a.restrict.p = P.objects.create()
         a.restrict.save()
         a.cascade_p = a.restrict.p
         a.save()
         a.restrict.p.delete()
-        self.assertFalse(A.objects.filter(name='restrict').exists())
+        self.assertFalse(A.objects.filter(name="restrict").exists())
         self.assertFalse(R.objects.filter(pk=a.restrict_id).exists())
 
     def test_restrict_path_cascade_indirect_diamond(self):
@@ -302,7 +331,7 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
         r = R.objects.create()
         m.m2m.add(r)
         r.delete()
-        through = M._meta.get_field('m2m').remote_field.through
+        through = M._meta.get_field("m2m").remote_field.through
         self.assertFalse(through.objects.exists())
 
         r = R.objects.create()
@@ -333,16 +362,16 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
         related_setnull_sets = []
 
         def pre_delete(sender, **kwargs):
-            obj = kwargs['instance']
+            obj = kwargs["instance"]
             deleted.append(obj)
             if isinstance(obj, R):
                 related_setnull_sets.append([a.pk for a in obj.setnull_set.all()])
 
         models.signals.pre_delete.connect(pre_delete)
-        a = create_a('update_setnull')
+        a = create_a("update_setnull")
         a.setnull.delete()
 
-        a = create_a('update_cascade')
+        a = create_a("update_cascade")
         a.cascade.delete()
 
         for obj in deleted:
@@ -359,10 +388,10 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
         post_delete_order = []
 
         def log_post_delete(sender, **kwargs):
-            pre_delete_order.append((sender, kwargs['instance'].pk))
+            pre_delete_order.append((sender, kwargs["instance"].pk))
 
         def log_pre_delete(sender, **kwargs):
-            post_delete_order.append((sender, kwargs['instance'].pk))
+            post_delete_order.append((sender, kwargs["instance"].pk))
 
         models.signals.post_delete.connect(log_post_delete)
         models.signals.pre_delete.connect(log_pre_delete)
@@ -407,9 +436,7 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_defer_constraint_checks")
     def test_can_defer_constraint_checks(self):
-        u = User.objects.create(
-            avatar=Avatar.objects.create()
-        )
+        u = User.objects.create(avatar=Avatar.objects.create())
         a = Avatar.objects.get(pk=u.avatar_id)
         # 1 query to find the users for the avatar.
         # 1 query to delete the user
@@ -421,7 +448,8 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
         calls = []
 
         def noop(*args, **kwargs):
-            calls.append('')
+            calls.append("")
+
         models.signals.post_delete.connect(noop, sender=User)
 
         self.assertNumQueries(3, a.delete)
@@ -432,14 +460,13 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
 
     @skipIfDBFeature("can_defer_constraint_checks")
     def test_cannot_defer_constraint_checks(self):
-        u = User.objects.create(
-            avatar=Avatar.objects.create()
-        )
+        u = User.objects.create(avatar=Avatar.objects.create())
         # Attach a signal to make sure we will not do fast_deletes.
         calls = []
 
         def noop(*args, **kwargs):
-            calls.append('')
+            calls.append("")
+
         models.signals.post_delete.connect(noop, sender=User)
 
         a = Avatar.objects.get(pk=u.avatar_id)
@@ -469,7 +496,7 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
         objs = [Avatar() for i in range(0, TEST_SIZE)]
         Avatar.objects.bulk_create(objs)
         # Calculate the number of queries needed.
-        batch_size = connection.ops.bulk_batch_size(['pk'], objs)
+        batch_size = connection.ops.bulk_batch_size(["pk"], objs)
         # The related fetches are done in batches.
         batches = ceil(len(objs) / batch_size)
         # One query for Avatar.objects.all() and then one related fast delete for
@@ -486,7 +513,7 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
         for i in range(TEST_SIZE):
             T.objects.create(s=s)
 
-        batch_size = max(connection.ops.bulk_batch_size(['pk'], range(TEST_SIZE)), 1)
+        batch_size = max(connection.ops.bulk_batch_size(["pk"], range(TEST_SIZE)), 1)
 
         # TEST_SIZE / batch_size (select related `T` instances)
         # + 1 (select related `U` instances)
@@ -530,7 +557,9 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
         QuerySet.delete() should return the number of deleted rows and a
         dictionary with the number of deletions for each object type.
         """
-        Avatar.objects.bulk_create([Avatar(desc='a'), Avatar(desc='b'), Avatar(desc='c')])
+        Avatar.objects.bulk_create(
+            [Avatar(desc="a"), Avatar(desc="b"), Avatar(desc="c")]
+        )
         avatars_count = Avatar.objects.count()
         deleted, rows_count = Avatar.objects.all().delete()
         self.assertEqual(deleted, avatars_count)
@@ -600,18 +629,21 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
         expected_sql = str(
             Referrer.objects.only(
                 # Both fields are referenced by SecondReferrer.
-                'id', 'unique_field',
-            ).filter(origin__in=[origin]).query
+                "id",
+                "unique_field",
+            )
+            .filter(origin__in=[origin])
+            .query
         )
         with self.assertNumQueries(2) as ctx:
             origin.delete()
-        self.assertEqual(ctx.captured_queries[0]['sql'], expected_sql)
+        self.assertEqual(ctx.captured_queries[0]["sql"], expected_sql)
 
         def receiver(instance, **kwargs):
             pass
 
         # All fields are selected if deletion signals are connected.
-        for signal_name in ('pre_delete', 'post_delete'):
+        for signal_name in ("pre_delete", "post_delete"):
             with self.subTest(signal=signal_name):
                 origin = Origin.objects.create()
                 signal = getattr(models.signals, signal_name)
@@ -619,8 +651,8 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
                 with self.assertNumQueries(2) as ctx:
                     origin.delete()
                 self.assertIn(
-                    connection.ops.quote_name('large_field'),
-                    ctx.captured_queries[0]['sql'],
+                    connection.ops.quote_name("large_field"),
+                    ctx.captured_queries[0]["sql"],
                 )
                 signal.disconnect(receiver, sender=Referrer)
 
@@ -629,14 +661,12 @@ class FastDeleteTests(TestCase):
     def test_fast_delete_all(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1) as ctx:
             User.objects.all().delete()
-        sql = ctx.captured_queries[0]['sql']
+        sql = ctx.captured_queries[0]["sql"]
         # No subqueries is used when performing a full delete.
-        self.assertNotIn('SELECT', sql)
+        self.assertNotIn("SELECT", sql)
 
     def test_fast_delete_fk(self):
-        u = User.objects.create(
-            avatar=Avatar.objects.create()
-        )
+        u = User.objects.create(avatar=Avatar.objects.create())
         a = Avatar.objects.get(pk=u.avatar_id)
         # 1 query to fast-delete the user
         # 1 query to delete the avatar
@@ -668,16 +698,16 @@ class FastDeleteTests(TestCase):
     def test_fast_delete_instance_set_pk_none(self):
         u = User.objects.create()
         # User can be fast-deleted.
-        collector = Collector(using='default')
+        collector = Collector(using="default")
         self.assertTrue(collector.can_fast_delete(u))
         u.delete()
         self.assertIsNone(u.pk)
 
     def test_fast_delete_joined_qs(self):
-        a = Avatar.objects.create(desc='a')
+        a = Avatar.objects.create(desc="a")
         User.objects.create(avatar=a)
         u2 = User.objects.create()
-        self.assertNumQueries(1, User.objects.filter(avatar__desc='a').delete)
+        self.assertNumQueries(1, User.objects.filter(avatar__desc="a").delete)
         self.assertEqual(User.objects.count(), 1)
         self.assertTrue(User.objects.filter(pk=u2.pk).exists())
 
@@ -704,7 +734,7 @@ class FastDeleteTests(TestCase):
         # No problems here - we aren't going to cascade, so we will fast
         # delete the objects in a single query.
         self.assertNumQueries(1, User.objects.all().delete)
-        a = Avatar.objects.create(desc='a')
+        a = Avatar.objects.create(desc="a")
         User.objects.bulk_create(User(avatar=a) for i in range(0, 2000))
         # We don't hit parameter amount limits for a, so just one query for
         # that + fast delete of the related objs.
@@ -718,7 +748,7 @@ class FastDeleteTests(TestCase):
         """
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             self.assertEqual(
-                User.objects.filter(avatar__desc='missing').delete(),
+                User.objects.filter(avatar__desc="missing").delete(),
                 (0, {}),
             )
 
@@ -737,8 +767,10 @@ class FastDeleteTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             self.assertEqual(
                 Base.objects.annotate(
-                    rels_count=models.Count('rels'),
-                ).filter(rels_count=0).delete(),
-                (1, {'delete.Base': 1}),
+                    rels_count=models.Count("rels"),
+                )
+                .filter(rels_count=0)
+                .delete(),
+                (1, {"delete.Base": 1}),
             )
         self.assertIs(Base.objects.exists(), False)
diff --git a/tests/delete_regress/models.py b/tests/delete_regress/models.py
index e06da1288b..dc8658e6c4 100644
--- a/tests/delete_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/delete_regress/models.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.db import models
 
@@ -24,7 +22,7 @@ class Person(models.Model):
 
 class Book(models.Model):
     pagecount = models.IntegerField()
-    owner = models.ForeignKey('Child', models.CASCADE, null=True)
+    owner = models.ForeignKey("Child", models.CASCADE, null=True)
 
 
 class Toy(models.Model):
@@ -33,13 +31,13 @@ class Toy(models.Model):
 
 class Child(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
-    toys = models.ManyToManyField(Toy, through='PlayedWith')
+    toys = models.ManyToManyField(Toy, through="PlayedWith")
 
 
 class PlayedWith(models.Model):
     child = models.ForeignKey(Child, models.CASCADE)
     toy = models.ForeignKey(Toy, models.CASCADE)
-    date = models.DateField(db_column='date_col')
+    date = models.DateField(db_column="date_col")
 
 
 class PlayedWithNote(models.Model):
@@ -57,8 +55,12 @@ class Email(Contact):
 
 class Researcher(models.Model):
     contacts = models.ManyToManyField(Contact, related_name="research_contacts")
-    primary_contact = models.ForeignKey(Contact, models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name='primary_contacts')
-    secondary_contact = models.ForeignKey(Contact, models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name='secondary_contacts')
+    primary_contact = models.ForeignKey(
+        Contact, models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name="primary_contacts"
+    )
+    secondary_contact = models.ForeignKey(
+        Contact, models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name="secondary_contacts"
+    )
 
 
 class Food(models.Model):
@@ -89,6 +91,7 @@ class Item(models.Model):
     version = models.ForeignKey(Version, models.CASCADE)
     location = models.ForeignKey(Location, models.SET_NULL, blank=True, null=True)
 
+
 # Models for #16128
 
 
@@ -141,4 +144,4 @@ class OrderedPerson(models.Model):
     lives_in = models.ForeignKey(House, models.CASCADE)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['name']
+        ordering = ["name"]
diff --git a/tests/delete_regress/tests.py b/tests/delete_regress/tests.py
index fe758eab74..6872cdc3d8 100644
--- a/tests/delete_regress/tests.py
+++ b/tests/delete_regress/tests.py
@@ -3,23 +3,50 @@ import datetime
 from django.db import connection, models, transaction
 from django.db.models import Exists, OuterRef
 from django.test import (
-    SimpleTestCase, TestCase, TransactionTestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature,
+    SimpleTestCase,
+    TestCase,
+    TransactionTestCase,
+    skipUnlessDBFeature,
 )
 
 from .models import (
-    Award, AwardNote, Book, Child, Contact, Eaten, Email, File, Food, FooFile,
-    FooFileProxy, FooImage, FooPhoto, House, Image, Item, Location, Login,
-    OrderedPerson, OrgUnit, Person, Photo, PlayedWith, PlayedWithNote, Policy,
-    Researcher, Toy, Version,
+    Award,
+    AwardNote,
+    Book,
+    Child,
+    Contact,
+    Eaten,
+    Email,
+    File,
+    Food,
+    FooFile,
+    FooFileProxy,
+    FooImage,
+    FooPhoto,
+    House,
+    Image,
+    Item,
+    Location,
+    Login,
+    OrderedPerson,
+    OrgUnit,
+    Person,
+    Photo,
+    PlayedWith,
+    PlayedWithNote,
+    Policy,
+    Researcher,
+    Toy,
+    Version,
 )
 
 
 # Can't run this test under SQLite, because you can't
 # get two connections to an in-memory database.
-@skipUnlessDBFeature('test_db_allows_multiple_connections')
+@skipUnlessDBFeature("test_db_allows_multiple_connections")
 class DeleteLockingTest(TransactionTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['delete_regress']
+    available_apps = ["delete_regress"]
 
     def setUp(self):
         # Create a second connection to the default database
@@ -62,9 +89,9 @@ class DeleteCascadeTests(TestCase):
         Django cascades deletes through generic-related objects to their
         reverse relations.
         """
-        person = Person.objects.create(name='Nelson Mandela')
-        award = Award.objects.create(name='Nobel', content_object=person)
-        AwardNote.objects.create(note='a peace prize', award=award)
+        person = Person.objects.create(name="Nelson Mandela")
+        award = Award.objects.create(name="Nobel", content_object=person)
+        AwardNote.objects.create(note="a peace prize", award=award)
         self.assertEqual(AwardNote.objects.count(), 1)
         person.delete()
         self.assertEqual(Award.objects.count(), 0)
@@ -78,10 +105,12 @@ class DeleteCascadeTests(TestCase):
         from one of the participants in the M2M, to the through model, to its
         related model.
         """
-        juan = Child.objects.create(name='Juan')
-        paints = Toy.objects.create(name='Paints')
-        played = PlayedWith.objects.create(child=juan, toy=paints, date=datetime.date.today())
-        PlayedWithNote.objects.create(played=played, note='the next Jackson Pollock')
+        juan = Child.objects.create(name="Juan")
+        paints = Toy.objects.create(name="Paints")
+        played = PlayedWith.objects.create(
+            child=juan, toy=paints, date=datetime.date.today()
+        )
+        PlayedWithNote.objects.create(played=played, note="the next Jackson Pollock")
         self.assertEqual(PlayedWithNote.objects.count(), 1)
         paints.delete()
         self.assertEqual(PlayedWith.objects.count(), 0)
@@ -98,7 +127,7 @@ class DeleteCascadeTests(TestCase):
 
 class DeleteCascadeTransactionTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['delete_regress']
+    available_apps = ["delete_regress"]
 
     def test_inheritance(self):
         """
@@ -137,6 +166,7 @@ class LargeDeleteTests(TestCase):
 
         def noop(*args, **kwargs):
             pass
+
         models.signals.post_delete.connect(noop, sender=Book)
         Book.objects.all().delete()
         models.signals.post_delete.disconnect(noop, sender=Book)
@@ -149,6 +179,7 @@ class ProxyDeleteTest(TestCase):
 
     See #16128.
     """
+
     def create_image(self):
         """Return an Image referenced by both a FooImage and a FooFile."""
         # Create an Image
@@ -244,7 +275,7 @@ class ProxyDeleteTest(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(len(FooFileProxy.objects.all()), 0)
 
     def test_19187_values(self):
-        msg = 'Cannot call delete() after .values() or .values_list()'
+        msg = "Cannot call delete() after .values() or .values_list()"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             Image.objects.values().delete()
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
@@ -261,21 +292,20 @@ class Ticket19102Tests(TestCase):
     Note that .values() is not tested here on purpose. .values().delete()
     doesn't work for non fast-path deletes at all.
     """
+
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.o1 = OrgUnit.objects.create(name='o1')
-        cls.o2 = OrgUnit.objects.create(name='o2')
-        cls.l1 = Login.objects.create(description='l1', orgunit=cls.o1)
-        cls.l2 = Login.objects.create(description='l2', orgunit=cls.o2)
+        cls.o1 = OrgUnit.objects.create(name="o1")
+        cls.o2 = OrgUnit.objects.create(name="o2")
+        cls.l1 = Login.objects.create(description="l1", orgunit=cls.o1)
+        cls.l2 = Login.objects.create(description="l2", orgunit=cls.o2)
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("update_can_self_select")
     def test_ticket_19102_annotate(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            Login.objects.order_by('description').filter(
+            Login.objects.order_by("description").filter(
                 orgunit__name__isnull=False
-            ).annotate(
-                n=models.Count('description')
-            ).filter(
+            ).annotate(n=models.Count("description")).filter(
                 n=1, pk=self.l1.pk
             ).delete()
         self.assertFalse(Login.objects.filter(pk=self.l1.pk).exists())
@@ -284,39 +314,27 @@ class Ticket19102Tests(TestCase):
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("update_can_self_select")
     def test_ticket_19102_extra(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            Login.objects.order_by('description').filter(
+            Login.objects.order_by("description").filter(
                 orgunit__name__isnull=False
-            ).extra(
-                select={'extraf': '1'}
-            ).filter(
-                pk=self.l1.pk
-            ).delete()
+            ).extra(select={"extraf": "1"}).filter(pk=self.l1.pk).delete()
         self.assertFalse(Login.objects.filter(pk=self.l1.pk).exists())
         self.assertTrue(Login.objects.filter(pk=self.l2.pk).exists())
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("update_can_self_select")
     def test_ticket_19102_select_related(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            Login.objects.filter(
-                pk=self.l1.pk
-            ).filter(
+            Login.objects.filter(pk=self.l1.pk).filter(
                 orgunit__name__isnull=False
-            ).order_by(
-                'description'
-            ).select_related('orgunit').delete()
+            ).order_by("description").select_related("orgunit").delete()
         self.assertFalse(Login.objects.filter(pk=self.l1.pk).exists())
         self.assertTrue(Login.objects.filter(pk=self.l2.pk).exists())
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("update_can_self_select")
     def test_ticket_19102_defer(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            Login.objects.filter(
-                pk=self.l1.pk
-            ).filter(
+            Login.objects.filter(pk=self.l1.pk).filter(
                 orgunit__name__isnull=False
-            ).order_by(
-                'description'
-            ).only('id').delete()
+            ).order_by("description").only("id").delete()
         self.assertFalse(Login.objects.filter(pk=self.l1.pk).exists())
         self.assertTrue(Login.objects.filter(pk=self.l2.pk).exists())
 
@@ -326,10 +344,10 @@ class DeleteTests(TestCase):
         # When a subquery is performed by deletion code, the subquery must be
         # cleared of all ordering. There was a but that caused _meta ordering
         # to be used. Refs #19720.
-        h = House.objects.create(address='Foo')
-        OrderedPerson.objects.create(name='Jack', lives_in=h)
-        OrderedPerson.objects.create(name='Bob', lives_in=h)
-        OrderedPerson.objects.filter(lives_in__address='Foo').delete()
+        h = House.objects.create(address="Foo")
+        OrderedPerson.objects.create(name="Jack", lives_in=h)
+        OrderedPerson.objects.create(name="Bob", lives_in=h)
+        OrderedPerson.objects.filter(lives_in__address="Foo").delete()
         self.assertEqual(OrderedPerson.objects.count(), 0)
 
     def test_foreign_key_delete_nullifies_correct_columns(self):
@@ -338,8 +356,8 @@ class DeleteTests(TestCase):
         same model (Contact), deleting an instance of the target model
         (contact1) nullifies the correct fields of Researcher.
         """
-        contact1 = Contact.objects.create(label='Contact 1')
-        contact2 = Contact.objects.create(label='Contact 2')
+        contact1 = Contact.objects.create(label="Contact 1")
+        contact2 = Contact.objects.create(label="Contact 2")
         researcher1 = Researcher.objects.create(
             primary_contact=contact1,
             secondary_contact=contact2,
@@ -357,23 +375,25 @@ class DeleteTests(TestCase):
         self.assertIsNone(researcher2.secondary_contact)
 
     def test_self_reference_with_through_m2m_at_second_level(self):
-        toy = Toy.objects.create(name='Paints')
-        child = Child.objects.create(name='Juan')
+        toy = Toy.objects.create(name="Paints")
+        child = Child.objects.create(name="Juan")
         Book.objects.create(pagecount=500, owner=child)
         PlayedWith.objects.create(child=child, toy=toy, date=datetime.date.today())
-        Book.objects.filter(Exists(
-            Book.objects.filter(
-                pk=OuterRef('pk'),
-                owner__toys=toy.pk,
-            ),
-        )).delete()
+        Book.objects.filter(
+            Exists(
+                Book.objects.filter(
+                    pk=OuterRef("pk"),
+                    owner__toys=toy.pk,
+                ),
+            )
+        ).delete()
         self.assertIs(Book.objects.exists(), False)
 
 
 class DeleteDistinct(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_disallowed_delete_distinct(self):
-        msg = 'Cannot call delete() after .distinct().'
+        msg = "Cannot call delete() after .distinct()."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             Book.objects.distinct().delete()
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            Book.objects.distinct('id').delete()
+            Book.objects.distinct("id").delete()
diff --git a/tests/deprecation/test_csrf_cookie_masked.py b/tests/deprecation/test_csrf_cookie_masked.py
index 74592fd0b7..d06feb9e47 100644
--- a/tests/deprecation/test_csrf_cookie_masked.py
+++ b/tests/deprecation/test_csrf_cookie_masked.py
@@ -15,15 +15,15 @@ class CsrfCookieMaskedDeprecationTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 pass
 
     def test_settings_init_warning(self):
-        settings_module = ModuleType('fake_settings_module')
+        settings_module = ModuleType("fake_settings_module")
         settings_module.USE_TZ = False
         settings_module.CSRF_COOKIE_MASKED = True
-        sys.modules['fake_settings_module'] = settings_module
+        sys.modules["fake_settings_module"] = settings_module
         try:
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(RemovedInDjango50Warning, self.msg):
-                Settings('fake_settings_module')
+                Settings("fake_settings_module")
         finally:
-            del sys.modules['fake_settings_module']
+            del sys.modules["fake_settings_module"]
 
     def test_access(self):
         # Warning is not raised on access.
diff --git a/tests/deprecation/test_middleware_mixin.py b/tests/deprecation/test_middleware_mixin.py
index cf9fbda35c..060c2f5f35 100644
--- a/tests/deprecation/test_middleware_mixin.py
+++ b/tests/deprecation/test_middleware_mixin.py
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ from asgiref.sync import async_to_sync
 
 from django.contrib.admindocs.middleware import XViewMiddleware
 from django.contrib.auth.middleware import (
-    AuthenticationMiddleware, RemoteUserMiddleware,
+    AuthenticationMiddleware,
+    RemoteUserMiddleware,
 )
 from django.contrib.flatpages.middleware import FlatpageFallbackMiddleware
 from django.contrib.messages.middleware import MessageMiddleware
@@ -16,12 +17,12 @@ from django.db import connection
 from django.http.request import HttpRequest
 from django.http.response import HttpResponse
 from django.middleware.cache import (
-    CacheMiddleware, FetchFromCacheMiddleware, UpdateCacheMiddleware,
+    CacheMiddleware,
+    FetchFromCacheMiddleware,
+    UpdateCacheMiddleware,
 )
 from django.middleware.clickjacking import XFrameOptionsMiddleware
-from django.middleware.common import (
-    BrokenLinkEmailsMiddleware, CommonMiddleware,
-)
+from django.middleware.common import BrokenLinkEmailsMiddleware, CommonMiddleware
 from django.middleware.csrf import CsrfViewMiddleware
 from django.middleware.gzip import GZipMiddleware
 from django.middleware.http import ConditionalGetMiddleware
@@ -64,25 +65,25 @@ class MiddlewareMixinTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(MiddlewareMixin(GetResponse())),
-            '<MiddlewareMixin get_response=GetResponse>',
+            "<MiddlewareMixin get_response=GetResponse>",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(MiddlewareMixin(get_response)),
-            '<MiddlewareMixin get_response='
-            'MiddlewareMixinTests.test_repr.<locals>.get_response>',
+            "<MiddlewareMixin get_response="
+            "MiddlewareMixinTests.test_repr.<locals>.get_response>",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(CsrfViewMiddleware(GetResponse())),
-            '<CsrfViewMiddleware get_response=GetResponse>',
+            "<CsrfViewMiddleware get_response=GetResponse>",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(CsrfViewMiddleware(get_response)),
-            '<CsrfViewMiddleware get_response='
-            'MiddlewareMixinTests.test_repr.<locals>.get_response>',
+            "<CsrfViewMiddleware get_response="
+            "MiddlewareMixinTests.test_repr.<locals>.get_response>",
         )
 
     def test_passing_explicit_none(self):
-        msg = 'get_response must be provided.'
+        msg = "get_response must be provided."
         for middleware in self.middlewares:
             with self.subTest(middleware=middleware):
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
@@ -112,6 +113,7 @@ class MiddlewareMixinTests(SimpleTestCase):
         the sync_to_async thread_sensitive flag enabled, so that database
         operations use the correct thread and connection.
         """
+
         def request_lifecycle():
             """Fake request_started/request_finished."""
             return (threading.get_ident(), id(connection))
diff --git a/tests/deprecation/test_use_l10n.py b/tests/deprecation/test_use_l10n.py
index 0744e34ea0..c654a0466a 100644
--- a/tests/deprecation/test_use_l10n.py
+++ b/tests/deprecation/test_use_l10n.py
@@ -17,16 +17,16 @@ class DeprecationTests(TestCase):
                 pass
 
     def test_settings_init_warning(self):
-        settings_module = ModuleType('fake_settings_module')
-        settings_module.SECRET_KEY = 'foo'
+        settings_module = ModuleType("fake_settings_module")
+        settings_module.SECRET_KEY = "foo"
         settings_module.USE_TZ = True
         settings_module.USE_L10N = False
-        sys.modules['fake_settings_module'] = settings_module
+        sys.modules["fake_settings_module"] = settings_module
         try:
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(RemovedInDjango50Warning, self.msg):
-                Settings('fake_settings_module')
+                Settings("fake_settings_module")
         finally:
-            del sys.modules['fake_settings_module']
+            del sys.modules["fake_settings_module"]
 
     def test_access_warning(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(RemovedInDjango50Warning, self.msg):
diff --git a/tests/deprecation/tests.py b/tests/deprecation/tests.py
index 0d2ea298d3..eae217bfb3 100644
--- a/tests/deprecation/tests.py
+++ b/tests/deprecation/tests.py
@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@ import warnings
 
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.utils.deprecation import (
-    DeprecationInstanceCheck, RemovedInNextVersionWarning, RenameMethodsBase,
+    DeprecationInstanceCheck,
+    RemovedInNextVersionWarning,
+    RenameMethodsBase,
 )
 
 
 class RenameManagerMethods(RenameMethodsBase):
-    renamed_methods = (
-        ('old', 'new', DeprecationWarning),
-    )
+    renamed_methods = (("old", "new", DeprecationWarning),)
 
 
 class RenameMethodsTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -23,8 +23,9 @@ class RenameMethodsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Ensure a warning is raised upon class definition to suggest renaming
         the faulty method.
         """
-        msg = '`Manager.old` method should be renamed `new`.'
+        msg = "`Manager.old` method should be renamed `new`."
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(DeprecationWarning, msg):
+
             class Manager(metaclass=RenameManagerMethods):
                 def old(self):
                     pass
@@ -33,17 +34,19 @@ class RenameMethodsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         Ensure `old` complains and not `new` when only `new` is defined.
         """
+
         class Manager(metaclass=RenameManagerMethods):
             def new(self):
                 pass
+
         manager = Manager()
 
         with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as recorded:
-            warnings.simplefilter('always')
+            warnings.simplefilter("always")
             manager.new()
         self.assertEqual(len(recorded), 0)
 
-        msg = '`Manager.old` is deprecated, use `new` instead.'
+        msg = "`Manager.old` is deprecated, use `new` instead."
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(DeprecationWarning, msg):
             manager.old()
 
@@ -51,19 +54,21 @@ class RenameMethodsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         Ensure `old` complains when only `old` is defined.
         """
-        msg = '`Manager.old` method should be renamed `new`.'
+        msg = "`Manager.old` method should be renamed `new`."
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(DeprecationWarning, msg):
+
             class Manager(metaclass=RenameManagerMethods):
                 def old(self):
                     pass
+
         manager = Manager()
 
         with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as recorded:
-            warnings.simplefilter('always')
+            warnings.simplefilter("always")
             manager.new()
         self.assertEqual(len(recorded), 0)
 
-        msg = '`Manager.old` is deprecated, use `new` instead.'
+        msg = "`Manager.old` is deprecated, use `new` instead."
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(DeprecationWarning, msg):
             manager.old()
 
@@ -72,23 +77,25 @@ class RenameMethodsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Ensure the correct warnings are raised when a class that didn't rename
         `old` subclass one that did.
         """
+
         class Renamed(metaclass=RenameManagerMethods):
             def new(self):
                 pass
 
-        msg = '`Deprecated.old` method should be renamed `new`.'
+        msg = "`Deprecated.old` method should be renamed `new`."
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(DeprecationWarning, msg):
+
             class Deprecated(Renamed):
                 def old(self):
                     super().old()
 
         deprecated = Deprecated()
 
-        msg = '`Renamed.old` is deprecated, use `new` instead.'
+        msg = "`Renamed.old` is deprecated, use `new` instead."
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(DeprecationWarning, msg):
             deprecated.new()
 
-        msg = '`Deprecated.old` is deprecated, use `new` instead.'
+        msg = "`Deprecated.old` is deprecated, use `new` instead."
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(DeprecationWarning, msg):
             deprecated.old()
 
@@ -97,8 +104,9 @@ class RenameMethodsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Ensure the correct warnings are raised when a class that renamed
         `old` subclass one that didn't.
         """
-        msg = '`Deprecated.old` method should be renamed `new`.'
+        msg = "`Deprecated.old` method should be renamed `new`."
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(DeprecationWarning, msg):
+
             class Deprecated(metaclass=RenameManagerMethods):
                 def old(self):
                     pass
@@ -110,11 +118,11 @@ class RenameMethodsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         renamed = Renamed()
 
         with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as recorded:
-            warnings.simplefilter('always')
+            warnings.simplefilter("always")
             renamed.new()
         self.assertEqual(len(recorded), 0)
 
-        msg = '`Renamed.old` is deprecated, use `new` instead.'
+        msg = "`Renamed.old` is deprecated, use `new` instead."
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(DeprecationWarning, msg):
             renamed.old()
 
@@ -124,6 +132,7 @@ class RenameMethodsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class that renamed `old` and mixins that may or may not have renamed
         `new`.
         """
+
         class Renamed(metaclass=RenameManagerMethods):
             def new(self):
                 pass
@@ -136,18 +145,19 @@ class RenameMethodsTests(SimpleTestCase):
             def old(self):
                 super().old()
 
-        msg = '`DeprecatedMixin.old` method should be renamed `new`.'
+        msg = "`DeprecatedMixin.old` method should be renamed `new`."
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(DeprecationWarning, msg):
+
             class Deprecated(DeprecatedMixin, RenamedMixin, Renamed):
                 pass
 
         deprecated = Deprecated()
 
-        msg = '`RenamedMixin.old` is deprecated, use `new` instead.'
+        msg = "`RenamedMixin.old` is deprecated, use `new` instead."
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(DeprecationWarning, msg):
             deprecated.new()
 
-        msg = '`DeprecatedMixin.old` is deprecated, use `new` instead.'
+        msg = "`DeprecatedMixin.old` is deprecated, use `new` instead."
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(DeprecationWarning, msg):
             deprecated.old()
 
@@ -155,9 +165,9 @@ class RenameMethodsTests(SimpleTestCase):
 class DeprecationInstanceCheckTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_warning(self):
         class Manager(metaclass=DeprecationInstanceCheck):
-            alternative = 'fake.path.Foo'
+            alternative = "fake.path.Foo"
             deprecation_warning = RemovedInNextVersionWarning
 
-        msg = '`Manager` is deprecated, use `fake.path.Foo` instead.'
+        msg = "`Manager` is deprecated, use `fake.path.Foo` instead."
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(RemovedInNextVersionWarning, msg):
             isinstance(object, Manager)
diff --git a/tests/dispatch/tests.py b/tests/dispatch/tests.py
index 05b7bdb02f..2cd7bc8094 100644
--- a/tests/dispatch/tests.py
+++ b/tests/dispatch/tests.py
@@ -7,12 +7,15 @@ from django.dispatch import Signal, receiver
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.test.utils import override_settings
 
-if hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info'):
+if hasattr(sys, "pypy_version_info"):
+
     def garbage_collect():
         # Collecting weakreferences can take two collections on PyPy.
         gc.collect()
         gc.collect()
+
 else:
+
     def garbage_collect():
         gc.collect()
 
@@ -36,7 +39,6 @@ d_signal = Signal(use_caching=True)
 
 
 class DispatcherTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def assertTestIsClean(self, signal):
         """Assert that everything has been cleaned up automatically"""
         # Note that dead weakref cleanup happens as side effect of using
@@ -50,39 +52,39 @@ class DispatcherTests(SimpleTestCase):
         def receiver_no_kwargs(sender):
             pass
 
-        msg = 'Signal receivers must accept keyword arguments (**kwargs).'
+        msg = "Signal receivers must accept keyword arguments (**kwargs)."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             a_signal.connect(receiver_no_kwargs)
         self.assertTestIsClean(a_signal)
 
     @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
     def test_cannot_connect_non_callable(self):
-        msg = 'Signal receivers must be callable.'
+        msg = "Signal receivers must be callable."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             a_signal.connect(object())
         self.assertTestIsClean(a_signal)
 
     def test_send(self):
         a_signal.connect(receiver_1_arg, sender=self)
-        result = a_signal.send(sender=self, val='test')
-        self.assertEqual(result, [(receiver_1_arg, 'test')])
+        result = a_signal.send(sender=self, val="test")
+        self.assertEqual(result, [(receiver_1_arg, "test")])
         a_signal.disconnect(receiver_1_arg, sender=self)
         self.assertTestIsClean(a_signal)
 
     def test_send_no_receivers(self):
-        result = a_signal.send(sender=self, val='test')
+        result = a_signal.send(sender=self, val="test")
         self.assertEqual(result, [])
 
     def test_send_connected_no_sender(self):
         a_signal.connect(receiver_1_arg)
-        result = a_signal.send(sender=self, val='test')
-        self.assertEqual(result, [(receiver_1_arg, 'test')])
+        result = a_signal.send(sender=self, val="test")
+        self.assertEqual(result, [(receiver_1_arg, "test")])
         a_signal.disconnect(receiver_1_arg)
         self.assertTestIsClean(a_signal)
 
     def test_send_different_no_sender(self):
         a_signal.connect(receiver_1_arg, sender=object)
-        result = a_signal.send(sender=self, val='test')
+        result = a_signal.send(sender=self, val="test")
         self.assertEqual(result, [])
         a_signal.disconnect(receiver_1_arg, sender=object)
         self.assertTestIsClean(a_signal)
@@ -101,11 +103,13 @@ class DispatcherTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Make sure signal caching sender receivers don't prevent garbage
         collection of senders.
         """
+
         class sender:
             pass
+
         wref = weakref.ref(sender)
         d_signal.connect(receiver_1_arg)
-        d_signal.send(sender, val='garbage')
+        d_signal.send(sender, val="garbage")
         del sender
         garbage_collect()
         try:
@@ -145,46 +149,47 @@ class DispatcherTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_send_robust_success(self):
         a_signal.connect(receiver_1_arg)
-        result = a_signal.send_robust(sender=self, val='test')
-        self.assertEqual(result, [(receiver_1_arg, 'test')])
+        result = a_signal.send_robust(sender=self, val="test")
+        self.assertEqual(result, [(receiver_1_arg, "test")])
         a_signal.disconnect(receiver_1_arg)
         self.assertTestIsClean(a_signal)
 
     def test_send_robust_no_receivers(self):
-        result = a_signal.send_robust(sender=self, val='test')
+        result = a_signal.send_robust(sender=self, val="test")
         self.assertEqual(result, [])
 
     def test_send_robust_ignored_sender(self):
         a_signal.connect(receiver_1_arg)
-        result = a_signal.send_robust(sender=self, val='test')
-        self.assertEqual(result, [(receiver_1_arg, 'test')])
+        result = a_signal.send_robust(sender=self, val="test")
+        self.assertEqual(result, [(receiver_1_arg, "test")])
         a_signal.disconnect(receiver_1_arg)
         self.assertTestIsClean(a_signal)
 
     def test_send_robust_fail(self):
         def fails(val, **kwargs):
-            raise ValueError('this')
+            raise ValueError("this")
+
         a_signal.connect(fails)
         try:
-            with self.assertLogs('django.dispatch', 'ERROR') as cm:
-                result = a_signal.send_robust(sender=self, val='test')
+            with self.assertLogs("django.dispatch", "ERROR") as cm:
+                result = a_signal.send_robust(sender=self, val="test")
             err = result[0][1]
             self.assertIsInstance(err, ValueError)
-            self.assertEqual(err.args, ('this',))
-            self.assertIs(hasattr(err, '__traceback__'), True)
+            self.assertEqual(err.args, ("this",))
+            self.assertIs(hasattr(err, "__traceback__"), True)
             self.assertIsInstance(err.__traceback__, TracebackType)
 
             log_record = cm.records[0]
             self.assertEqual(
                 log_record.getMessage(),
-                'Error calling '
-                'DispatcherTests.test_send_robust_fail.<locals>.fails in '
-                'Signal.send_robust() (this)',
+                "Error calling "
+                "DispatcherTests.test_send_robust_fail.<locals>.fails in "
+                "Signal.send_robust() (this)",
             )
             self.assertIsNotNone(log_record.exc_info)
             _, exc_value, _ = log_record.exc_info
             self.assertIsInstance(exc_value, ValueError)
-            self.assertEqual(str(exc_value), 'this')
+            self.assertEqual(str(exc_value), "this")
         finally:
             a_signal.disconnect(fails)
         self.assertTestIsClean(a_signal)
@@ -225,11 +230,11 @@ class DispatcherTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class ReceiverTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_receiver_single_signal(self):
         @receiver(a_signal)
         def f(val, **kwargs):
             self.state = val
+
         self.state = False
         a_signal.send(sender=self, val=True)
         self.assertTrue(self.state)
@@ -238,10 +243,11 @@ class ReceiverTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         @receiver([a_signal, b_signal, c_signal])
         def f(val, **kwargs):
             self.state.append(val)
+
         self.state = []
-        a_signal.send(sender=self, val='a')
-        c_signal.send(sender=self, val='c')
-        b_signal.send(sender=self, val='b')
-        self.assertIn('a', self.state)
-        self.assertIn('b', self.state)
-        self.assertIn('c', self.state)
+        a_signal.send(sender=self, val="a")
+        c_signal.send(sender=self, val="c")
+        b_signal.send(sender=self, val="b")
+        self.assertIn("a", self.state)
+        self.assertIn("b", self.state)
+        self.assertIn("c", self.state)
diff --git a/tests/distinct_on_fields/models.py b/tests/distinct_on_fields/models.py
index 06c4f349c0..6fe7b55a92 100644
--- a/tests/distinct_on_fields/models.py
+++ b/tests/distinct_on_fields/models.py
@@ -4,15 +4,15 @@ from django.db import models
 class Tag(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
     parent = models.ForeignKey(
-        'self',
+        "self",
         models.SET_NULL,
         blank=True,
         null=True,
-        related_name='children',
+        related_name="children",
     )
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['name']
+        ordering = ["name"]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ class Staff(models.Model):
     id = models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     organisation = models.CharField(max_length=100)
-    tags = models.ManyToManyField(Tag, through='StaffTag')
-    coworkers = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+    tags = models.ManyToManyField(Tag, through="StaffTag")
+    coworkers = models.ManyToManyField("self")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
diff --git a/tests/distinct_on_fields/tests.py b/tests/distinct_on_fields/tests.py
index a34c67016f..b80878bbf2 100644
--- a/tests/distinct_on_fields/tests.py
+++ b/tests/distinct_on_fields/tests.py
@@ -7,16 +7,16 @@ from django.test.utils import register_lookup
 from .models import Celebrity, Fan, Staff, StaffTag, Tag
 
 
-@skipUnlessDBFeature('can_distinct_on_fields')
-@skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_nullable_unique_constraints')
+@skipUnlessDBFeature("can_distinct_on_fields")
+@skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_nullable_unique_constraints")
 class DistinctOnTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.t1 = Tag.objects.create(name='t1')
-        cls.t2 = Tag.objects.create(name='t2', parent=cls.t1)
-        cls.t3 = Tag.objects.create(name='t3', parent=cls.t1)
-        cls.t4 = Tag.objects.create(name='t4', parent=cls.t3)
-        cls.t5 = Tag.objects.create(name='t5', parent=cls.t3)
+        cls.t1 = Tag.objects.create(name="t1")
+        cls.t2 = Tag.objects.create(name="t2", parent=cls.t1)
+        cls.t3 = Tag.objects.create(name="t3", parent=cls.t1)
+        cls.t4 = Tag.objects.create(name="t4", parent=cls.t3)
+        cls.t5 = Tag.objects.create(name="t5", parent=cls.t3)
 
         cls.p1_o1 = Staff.objects.create(id=1, name="p1", organisation="o1")
         cls.p2_o1 = Staff.objects.create(id=2, name="p2", organisation="o1")
@@ -38,49 +38,62 @@ class DistinctOnTests(TestCase):
         # (qset, expected) tuples
         qsets = (
             (
-                Staff.objects.distinct().order_by('name'),
+                Staff.objects.distinct().order_by("name"),
                 [self.p1_o1, self.p1_o2, self.p2_o1, self.p3_o1],
             ),
             (
-                Staff.objects.distinct('name').order_by('name'),
+                Staff.objects.distinct("name").order_by("name"),
                 [self.p1_o1, self.p2_o1, self.p3_o1],
             ),
             (
-                Staff.objects.distinct('organisation').order_by('organisation', 'name'),
+                Staff.objects.distinct("organisation").order_by("organisation", "name"),
                 [self.p1_o1, self.p1_o2],
             ),
             (
-                Staff.objects.distinct('name', 'organisation').order_by('name', 'organisation'),
+                Staff.objects.distinct("name", "organisation").order_by(
+                    "name", "organisation"
+                ),
                 [self.p1_o1, self.p1_o2, self.p2_o1, self.p3_o1],
             ),
             (
-                Celebrity.objects.filter(fan__in=[self.fan1, self.fan2, self.fan3]).distinct('name').order_by('name'),
+                Celebrity.objects.filter(fan__in=[self.fan1, self.fan2, self.fan3])
+                .distinct("name")
+                .order_by("name"),
                 [self.celeb1, self.celeb2],
             ),
             # Does combining querysets work?
             (
-                (Celebrity.objects.filter(fan__in=[self.fan1, self.fan2]).
-                    distinct('name').order_by('name') |
-                 Celebrity.objects.filter(fan__in=[self.fan3]).
-                    distinct('name').order_by('name')),
+                (
+                    Celebrity.objects.filter(fan__in=[self.fan1, self.fan2])
+                    .distinct("name")
+                    .order_by("name")
+                    | Celebrity.objects.filter(fan__in=[self.fan3])
+                    .distinct("name")
+                    .order_by("name")
+                ),
                 [self.celeb1, self.celeb2],
             ),
-            (StaffTag.objects.distinct('staff', 'tag'), [self.st1]),
+            (StaffTag.objects.distinct("staff", "tag"), [self.st1]),
             (
-                Tag.objects.order_by('parent__pk', 'pk').distinct('parent'),
+                Tag.objects.order_by("parent__pk", "pk").distinct("parent"),
                 [self.t2, self.t4, self.t1]
                 if connection.features.nulls_order_largest
                 else [self.t1, self.t2, self.t4],
             ),
             (
-                StaffTag.objects.select_related('staff').distinct('staff__name').order_by('staff__name'),
+                StaffTag.objects.select_related("staff")
+                .distinct("staff__name")
+                .order_by("staff__name"),
                 [self.st1],
             ),
             # Fetch the alphabetically first coworker for each worker
             (
-                (Staff.objects.distinct('id').order_by('id', 'coworkers__name').
-                    values_list('id', 'coworkers__name')),
-                [(1, 'p2'), (2, 'p1'), (3, 'p1'), (4, None)],
+                (
+                    Staff.objects.distinct("id")
+                    .order_by("id", "coworkers__name")
+                    .values_list("id", "coworkers__name")
+                ),
+                [(1, "p2"), (2, "p1"), (3, "p1"), (4, None)],
             ),
         )
         for qset, expected in qsets:
@@ -89,24 +102,24 @@ class DistinctOnTests(TestCase):
 
         # Combining queries with non-unique query is not allowed.
         base_qs = Celebrity.objects.all()
-        msg = 'Cannot combine a unique query with a non-unique query.'
+        msg = "Cannot combine a unique query with a non-unique query."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            base_qs.distinct('id') & base_qs
+            base_qs.distinct("id") & base_qs
         # Combining queries with different distinct_fields is not allowed.
-        msg = 'Cannot combine queries with different distinct fields.'
+        msg = "Cannot combine queries with different distinct fields."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            base_qs.distinct('id') & base_qs.distinct('name')
+            base_qs.distinct("id") & base_qs.distinct("name")
 
         # Test join unreffing
-        c1 = Celebrity.objects.distinct('greatest_fan__id', 'greatest_fan__fan_of')
-        self.assertIn('OUTER JOIN', str(c1.query))
-        c2 = c1.distinct('pk')
-        self.assertNotIn('OUTER JOIN', str(c2.query))
+        c1 = Celebrity.objects.distinct("greatest_fan__id", "greatest_fan__fan_of")
+        self.assertIn("OUTER JOIN", str(c1.query))
+        c2 = c1.distinct("pk")
+        self.assertNotIn("OUTER JOIN", str(c2.query))
 
     def test_sliced_queryset(self):
-        msg = 'Cannot create distinct fields once a slice has been taken.'
+        msg = "Cannot create distinct fields once a slice has been taken."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            Staff.objects.all()[0:5].distinct('name')
+            Staff.objects.all()[0:5].distinct("name")
 
     def test_transform(self):
         new_name = self.t1.name.upper()
@@ -114,32 +127,32 @@ class DistinctOnTests(TestCase):
         Tag.objects.create(name=new_name)
         with register_lookup(CharField, Lower):
             self.assertCountEqual(
-                Tag.objects.order_by().distinct('name__lower'),
+                Tag.objects.order_by().distinct("name__lower"),
                 [self.t1, self.t2, self.t3, self.t4, self.t5],
             )
 
     def test_distinct_not_implemented_checks(self):
         # distinct + annotate not allowed
-        msg = 'annotate() + distinct(fields) is not implemented.'
+        msg = "annotate() + distinct(fields) is not implemented."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
-            Celebrity.objects.annotate(Max('id')).distinct('id')[0]
+            Celebrity.objects.annotate(Max("id")).distinct("id")[0]
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
-            Celebrity.objects.distinct('id').annotate(Max('id'))[0]
+            Celebrity.objects.distinct("id").annotate(Max("id"))[0]
 
         # However this check is done only when the query executes, so you
         # can use distinct() to remove the fields before execution.
-        Celebrity.objects.distinct('id').annotate(Max('id')).distinct()[0]
+        Celebrity.objects.distinct("id").annotate(Max("id")).distinct()[0]
         # distinct + aggregate not allowed
-        msg = 'aggregate() + distinct(fields) not implemented.'
+        msg = "aggregate() + distinct(fields) not implemented."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
-            Celebrity.objects.distinct('id').aggregate(Max('id'))
+            Celebrity.objects.distinct("id").aggregate(Max("id"))
 
     def test_distinct_on_in_ordered_subquery(self):
-        qs = Staff.objects.distinct('name').order_by('name', 'id')
-        qs = Staff.objects.filter(pk__in=qs).order_by('name')
+        qs = Staff.objects.distinct("name").order_by("name", "id")
+        qs = Staff.objects.filter(pk__in=qs).order_by("name")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.p1_o1, self.p2_o1, self.p3_o1])
-        qs = Staff.objects.distinct('name').order_by('name', '-id')
-        qs = Staff.objects.filter(pk__in=qs).order_by('name')
+        qs = Staff.objects.distinct("name").order_by("name", "-id")
+        qs = Staff.objects.filter(pk__in=qs).order_by("name")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.p1_o2, self.p2_o1, self.p3_o1])
 
     def test_distinct_on_get_ordering_preserved(self):
@@ -147,11 +160,19 @@ class DistinctOnTests(TestCase):
         Ordering shouldn't be cleared when distinct on fields are specified.
         refs #25081
         """
-        staff = Staff.objects.distinct('name').order_by('name', '-organisation').get(name='p1')
-        self.assertEqual(staff.organisation, 'o2')
+        staff = (
+            Staff.objects.distinct("name")
+            .order_by("name", "-organisation")
+            .get(name="p1")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(staff.organisation, "o2")
 
     def test_distinct_on_mixed_case_annotation(self):
-        qs = Staff.objects.annotate(
-            nAmEAlIaS=F('name'),
-        ).distinct('nAmEAlIaS').order_by('nAmEAlIaS')
+        qs = (
+            Staff.objects.annotate(
+                nAmEAlIaS=F("name"),
+            )
+            .distinct("nAmEAlIaS")
+            .order_by("nAmEAlIaS")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.p1_o1, self.p2_o1, self.p3_o1])
diff --git a/tests/empty_models/test_commands.py b/tests/empty_models/test_commands.py
index c5ea6a23b5..b1a3f2d2a6 100644
--- a/tests/empty_models/test_commands.py
+++ b/tests/empty_models/test_commands.py
@@ -5,18 +5,18 @@ from django.test import TestCase
 
 
 class CoreCommandsNoOutputTests(TestCase):
-    available_apps = ['empty_models']
+    available_apps = ["empty_models"]
 
     def test_sqlflush_no_tables(self):
         out = io.StringIO()
         err = io.StringIO()
-        call_command('sqlflush', stdout=out, stderr=err)
-        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), '')
-        self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), 'No tables found.\n')
+        call_command("sqlflush", stdout=out, stderr=err)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), "")
+        self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), "No tables found.\n")
 
     def test_sqlsequencereset_no_sequences(self):
         out = io.StringIO()
         err = io.StringIO()
-        call_command('sqlsequencereset', 'empty_models', stdout=out, stderr=err)
-        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), '')
-        self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), 'No sequences found.\n')
+        call_command("sqlsequencereset", "empty_models", stdout=out, stderr=err)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), "")
+        self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), "No sequences found.\n")
diff --git a/tests/expressions/models.py b/tests/expressions/models.py
index 82b9629f81..35985dc5f0 100644
--- a/tests/expressions/models.py
+++ b/tests/expressions/models.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class Employee(models.Model):
     manager = models.ForeignKey(Manager, models.CASCADE, null=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s %s' % (self.firstname, self.lastname)
+        return "%s %s" % (self.firstname, self.lastname)
 
 
 class RemoteEmployee(Employee):
@@ -31,12 +31,12 @@ class Company(models.Model):
     ceo = models.ForeignKey(
         Employee,
         models.CASCADE,
-        related_name='company_ceo_set',
+        related_name="company_ceo_set",
     )
     point_of_contact = models.ForeignKey(
         Employee,
         models.SET_NULL,
-        related_name='company_point_of_contact_set',
+        related_name="company_point_of_contact_set",
         null=True,
     )
     based_in_eu = models.BooleanField(default=False)
@@ -46,12 +46,12 @@ class Company(models.Model):
 
 
 class Number(models.Model):
-    integer = models.BigIntegerField(db_column='the_integer')
-    float = models.FloatField(null=True, db_column='the_float')
+    integer = models.BigIntegerField(db_column="the_integer")
+    float = models.FloatField(null=True, db_column="the_float")
     decimal_value = models.DecimalField(max_digits=20, decimal_places=17, null=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%i, %.3f, %.17f' % (self.integer, self.float, self.decimal_value)
+        return "%i, %.3f, %.17f" % (self.integer, self.float, self.decimal_value)
 
 
 class Experiment(models.Model):
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ class Experiment(models.Model):
     scalar = models.IntegerField(null=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        db_table = 'expressions_ExPeRiMeNt'
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        db_table = "expressions_ExPeRiMeNt"
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
     def duration(self):
         return self.end - self.start
@@ -87,8 +87,8 @@ class Time(models.Model):
 
 
 class SimulationRun(models.Model):
-    start = models.ForeignKey(Time, models.CASCADE, null=True, related_name='+')
-    end = models.ForeignKey(Time, models.CASCADE, null=True, related_name='+')
+    start = models.ForeignKey(Time, models.CASCADE, null=True, related_name="+")
+    end = models.ForeignKey(Time, models.CASCADE, null=True, related_name="+")
     midpoint = models.TimeField()
 
     def __str__(self):
diff --git a/tests/expressions/test_queryset_values.py b/tests/expressions/test_queryset_values.py
index a15cc26023..147f02fffb 100644
--- a/tests/expressions/test_queryset_values.py
+++ b/tests/expressions/test_queryset_values.py
@@ -8,54 +8,66 @@ class ValuesExpressionsTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         Company.objects.create(
-            name='Example Inc.', num_employees=2300, num_chairs=5,
-            ceo=Employee.objects.create(firstname='Joe', lastname='Smith', salary=10)
+            name="Example Inc.",
+            num_employees=2300,
+            num_chairs=5,
+            ceo=Employee.objects.create(firstname="Joe", lastname="Smith", salary=10),
         )
         Company.objects.create(
-            name='Foobar Ltd.', num_employees=3, num_chairs=4,
-            ceo=Employee.objects.create(firstname='Frank', lastname='Meyer', salary=20)
+            name="Foobar Ltd.",
+            num_employees=3,
+            num_chairs=4,
+            ceo=Employee.objects.create(firstname="Frank", lastname="Meyer", salary=20),
         )
         Company.objects.create(
-            name='Test GmbH', num_employees=32, num_chairs=1,
-            ceo=Employee.objects.create(firstname='Max', lastname='Mustermann', salary=30)
+            name="Test GmbH",
+            num_employees=32,
+            num_chairs=1,
+            ceo=Employee.objects.create(
+                firstname="Max", lastname="Mustermann", salary=30
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_values_expression(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Company.objects.values(salary=F('ceo__salary')),
-            [{'salary': 10}, {'salary': 20}, {'salary': 30}],
+            Company.objects.values(salary=F("ceo__salary")),
+            [{"salary": 10}, {"salary": 20}, {"salary": 30}],
         )
 
     def test_values_expression_group_by(self):
         # values() applies annotate() first, so values selected are grouped by
         # id, not firstname.
-        Employee.objects.create(firstname='Joe', lastname='Jones', salary=2)
-        joes = Employee.objects.filter(firstname='Joe')
+        Employee.objects.create(firstname="Joe", lastname="Jones", salary=2)
+        joes = Employee.objects.filter(firstname="Joe")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            joes.values('firstname', sum_salary=Sum('salary')).order_by('sum_salary'),
-            [{'firstname': 'Joe', 'sum_salary': 2}, {'firstname': 'Joe', 'sum_salary': 10}],
+            joes.values("firstname", sum_salary=Sum("salary")).order_by("sum_salary"),
+            [
+                {"firstname": "Joe", "sum_salary": 2},
+                {"firstname": "Joe", "sum_salary": 10},
+            ],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            joes.values('firstname').annotate(sum_salary=Sum('salary')),
-            [{'firstname': 'Joe', 'sum_salary': 12}]
+            joes.values("firstname").annotate(sum_salary=Sum("salary")),
+            [{"firstname": "Joe", "sum_salary": 12}],
         )
 
     def test_chained_values_with_expression(self):
-        Employee.objects.create(firstname='Joe', lastname='Jones', salary=2)
-        joes = Employee.objects.filter(firstname='Joe').values('firstname')
+        Employee.objects.create(firstname="Joe", lastname="Jones", salary=2)
+        joes = Employee.objects.filter(firstname="Joe").values("firstname")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            joes.values('firstname', sum_salary=Sum('salary')),
-            [{'firstname': 'Joe', 'sum_salary': 12}]
+            joes.values("firstname", sum_salary=Sum("salary")),
+            [{"firstname": "Joe", "sum_salary": 12}],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            joes.values(sum_salary=Sum('salary')),
-            [{'sum_salary': 12}]
+            joes.values(sum_salary=Sum("salary")), [{"sum_salary": 12}]
         )
 
     def test_values_list_expression(self):
-        companies = Company.objects.values_list('name', F('ceo__salary'))
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(companies, [('Example Inc.', 10), ('Foobar Ltd.', 20), ('Test GmbH', 30)])
+        companies = Company.objects.values_list("name", F("ceo__salary"))
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            companies, [("Example Inc.", 10), ("Foobar Ltd.", 20), ("Test GmbH", 30)]
+        )
 
     def test_values_list_expression_flat(self):
-        companies = Company.objects.values_list(F('ceo__salary'), flat=True)
+        companies = Company.objects.values_list(F("ceo__salary"), flat=True)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(companies, (10, 20, 30))
diff --git a/tests/expressions/tests.py b/tests/expressions/tests.py
index 1aa0049cbe..d800462129 100644
--- a/tests/expressions/tests.py
+++ b/tests/expressions/tests.py
@@ -10,29 +10,79 @@ from unittest import mock
 from django.core.exceptions import FieldError
 from django.db import DatabaseError, NotSupportedError, connection
 from django.db.models import (
-    AutoField, Avg, BinaryField, BooleanField, Case, CharField, Count,
-    DateField, DateTimeField, DecimalField, DurationField, Exists, Expression,
-    ExpressionList, ExpressionWrapper, F, FloatField, Func, IntegerField, Max,
-    Min, Model, OrderBy, OuterRef, Q, StdDev, Subquery, Sum, TimeField,
-    UUIDField, Value, Variance, When,
+    AutoField,
+    Avg,
+    BinaryField,
+    BooleanField,
+    Case,
+    CharField,
+    Count,
+    DateField,
+    DateTimeField,
+    DecimalField,
+    DurationField,
+    Exists,
+    Expression,
+    ExpressionList,
+    ExpressionWrapper,
+    F,
+    FloatField,
+    Func,
+    IntegerField,
+    Max,
+    Min,
+    Model,
+    OrderBy,
+    OuterRef,
+    Q,
+    StdDev,
+    Subquery,
+    Sum,
+    TimeField,
+    UUIDField,
+    Value,
+    Variance,
+    When,
 )
 from django.db.models.expressions import (
-    Col, Combinable, CombinedExpression, RawSQL, Ref,
+    Col,
+    Combinable,
+    CombinedExpression,
+    RawSQL,
+    Ref,
 )
 from django.db.models.functions import (
-    Coalesce, Concat, Left, Length, Lower, Substr, Upper,
+    Coalesce,
+    Concat,
+    Left,
+    Length,
+    Lower,
+    Substr,
+    Upper,
 )
 from django.db.models.sql import constants
 from django.db.models.sql.datastructures import Join
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
 from django.test.utils import (
-    Approximate, CaptureQueriesContext, isolate_apps, register_lookup,
+    Approximate,
+    CaptureQueriesContext,
+    isolate_apps,
+    register_lookup,
 )
 from django.utils.functional import SimpleLazyObject
 
 from .models import (
-    UUID, UUIDPK, Company, Employee, Experiment, Manager, Number,
-    RemoteEmployee, Result, SimulationRun, Time,
+    UUID,
+    UUIDPK,
+    Company,
+    Employee,
+    Experiment,
+    Manager,
+    Number,
+    RemoteEmployee,
+    Result,
+    SimulationRun,
+    Time,
 )
 
 
@@ -40,53 +90,71 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.example_inc = Company.objects.create(
-            name="Example Inc.", num_employees=2300, num_chairs=5,
-            ceo=Employee.objects.create(firstname="Joe", lastname="Smith", salary=10)
+            name="Example Inc.",
+            num_employees=2300,
+            num_chairs=5,
+            ceo=Employee.objects.create(firstname="Joe", lastname="Smith", salary=10),
         )
         cls.foobar_ltd = Company.objects.create(
-            name="Foobar Ltd.", num_employees=3, num_chairs=4, based_in_eu=True,
-            ceo=Employee.objects.create(firstname="Frank", lastname="Meyer", salary=20)
+            name="Foobar Ltd.",
+            num_employees=3,
+            num_chairs=4,
+            based_in_eu=True,
+            ceo=Employee.objects.create(firstname="Frank", lastname="Meyer", salary=20),
+        )
+        cls.max = Employee.objects.create(
+            firstname="Max", lastname="Mustermann", salary=30
+        )
+        cls.gmbh = Company.objects.create(
+            name="Test GmbH", num_employees=32, num_chairs=1, ceo=cls.max
         )
-        cls.max = Employee.objects.create(firstname='Max', lastname='Mustermann', salary=30)
-        cls.gmbh = Company.objects.create(name='Test GmbH', num_employees=32, num_chairs=1, ceo=cls.max)
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.company_query = Company.objects.values(
             "name", "num_employees", "num_chairs"
-        ).order_by(
-            "name", "num_employees", "num_chairs"
-        )
+        ).order_by("name", "num_employees", "num_chairs")
 
     def test_annotate_values_aggregate(self):
-        companies = Company.objects.annotate(
-            salaries=F('ceo__salary'),
-        ).values('num_employees', 'salaries').aggregate(
-            result=Sum(
-                F('salaries') + F('num_employees'),
-                output_field=IntegerField()
-            ),
+        companies = (
+            Company.objects.annotate(
+                salaries=F("ceo__salary"),
+            )
+            .values("num_employees", "salaries")
+            .aggregate(
+                result=Sum(
+                    F("salaries") + F("num_employees"), output_field=IntegerField()
+                ),
+            )
         )
-        self.assertEqual(companies['result'], 2395)
+        self.assertEqual(companies["result"], 2395)
 
     def test_annotate_values_filter(self):
-        companies = Company.objects.annotate(
-            foo=RawSQL('%s', ['value']),
-        ).filter(foo='value').order_by('name')
+        companies = (
+            Company.objects.annotate(
+                foo=RawSQL("%s", ["value"]),
+            )
+            .filter(foo="value")
+            .order_by("name")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             companies,
             [self.example_inc, self.foobar_ltd, self.gmbh],
         )
 
     def test_annotate_values_count(self):
-        companies = Company.objects.annotate(foo=RawSQL('%s', ['value']))
+        companies = Company.objects.annotate(foo=RawSQL("%s", ["value"]))
         self.assertEqual(companies.count(), 3)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_boolean_expr_in_select_clause')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_boolean_expr_in_select_clause")
     def test_filtering_on_annotate_that_uses_q(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             Company.objects.annotate(
-                num_employees_check=ExpressionWrapper(Q(num_employees__gt=3), output_field=BooleanField())
-            ).filter(num_employees_check=True).count(),
+                num_employees_check=ExpressionWrapper(
+                    Q(num_employees__gt=3), output_field=BooleanField()
+                )
+            )
+            .filter(num_employees_check=True)
+            .count(),
             2,
         )
 
@@ -101,7 +169,7 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
     def test_filtering_on_rawsql_that_is_boolean(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             Company.objects.filter(
-                RawSQL('num_employees > %s', (3,), output_field=BooleanField()),
+                RawSQL("num_employees > %s", (3,), output_field=BooleanField()),
             ).count(),
             2,
         )
@@ -111,17 +179,14 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
         # find companies where the number of employees is greater
         # than the number of chairs.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            self.company_query.filter(num_employees__gt=F("num_chairs")), [
+            self.company_query.filter(num_employees__gt=F("num_chairs")),
+            [
                 {
                     "num_chairs": 5,
                     "name": "Example Inc.",
                     "num_employees": 2300,
                 },
-                {
-                    "num_chairs": 1,
-                    "name": "Test GmbH",
-                    "num_employees": 32
-                },
+                {"num_chairs": 1, "name": "Test GmbH", "num_employees": 32},
             ],
         )
 
@@ -130,22 +195,11 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
         # Make sure we have enough chairs
         self.company_query.update(num_chairs=F("num_employees"))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            self.company_query, [
-                {
-                    "num_chairs": 2300,
-                    "name": "Example Inc.",
-                    "num_employees": 2300
-                },
-                {
-                    "num_chairs": 3,
-                    "name": "Foobar Ltd.",
-                    "num_employees": 3
-                },
-                {
-                    "num_chairs": 32,
-                    "name": "Test GmbH",
-                    "num_employees": 32
-                }
+            self.company_query,
+            [
+                {"num_chairs": 2300, "name": "Example Inc.", "num_employees": 2300},
+                {"num_chairs": 3, "name": "Foobar Ltd.", "num_employees": 3},
+                {"num_chairs": 32, "name": "Test GmbH", "num_employees": 32},
             ],
         )
 
@@ -154,79 +208,50 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
         # Make sure we have 2 spare chairs
         self.company_query.update(num_chairs=F("num_employees") + 2)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            self.company_query, [
-                {
-                    'num_chairs': 2302,
-                    'name': 'Example Inc.',
-                    'num_employees': 2300
-                },
-                {
-                    'num_chairs': 5,
-                    'name': 'Foobar Ltd.',
-                    'num_employees': 3
-                },
-                {
-                    'num_chairs': 34,
-                    'name': 'Test GmbH',
-                    'num_employees': 32
-                }
+            self.company_query,
+            [
+                {"num_chairs": 2302, "name": "Example Inc.", "num_employees": 2300},
+                {"num_chairs": 5, "name": "Foobar Ltd.", "num_employees": 3},
+                {"num_chairs": 34, "name": "Test GmbH", "num_employees": 32},
             ],
         )
 
     def test_order_of_operations(self):
         # Law of order of operations is followed
-        self.company_query.update(num_chairs=F('num_employees') + 2 * F('num_employees'))
+        self.company_query.update(
+            num_chairs=F("num_employees") + 2 * F("num_employees")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            self.company_query, [
-                {
-                    'num_chairs': 6900,
-                    'name': 'Example Inc.',
-                    'num_employees': 2300
-                },
-                {
-                    'num_chairs': 9,
-                    'name': 'Foobar Ltd.',
-                    'num_employees': 3
-                },
-                {
-                    'num_chairs': 96,
-                    'name': 'Test GmbH',
-                    'num_employees': 32
-                }
+            self.company_query,
+            [
+                {"num_chairs": 6900, "name": "Example Inc.", "num_employees": 2300},
+                {"num_chairs": 9, "name": "Foobar Ltd.", "num_employees": 3},
+                {"num_chairs": 96, "name": "Test GmbH", "num_employees": 32},
             ],
         )
 
     def test_parenthesis_priority(self):
         # Law of order of operations can be overridden by parentheses
-        self.company_query.update(num_chairs=(F('num_employees') + 2) * F('num_employees'))
+        self.company_query.update(
+            num_chairs=(F("num_employees") + 2) * F("num_employees")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            self.company_query, [
-                {
-                    'num_chairs': 5294600,
-                    'name': 'Example Inc.',
-                    'num_employees': 2300
-                },
-                {
-                    'num_chairs': 15,
-                    'name': 'Foobar Ltd.',
-                    'num_employees': 3
-                },
-                {
-                    'num_chairs': 1088,
-                    'name': 'Test GmbH',
-                    'num_employees': 32
-                }
+            self.company_query,
+            [
+                {"num_chairs": 5294600, "name": "Example Inc.", "num_employees": 2300},
+                {"num_chairs": 15, "name": "Foobar Ltd.", "num_employees": 3},
+                {"num_chairs": 1088, "name": "Test GmbH", "num_employees": 32},
             ],
         )
 
     def test_update_with_fk(self):
         # ForeignKey can become updated with the value of another ForeignKey.
-        self.assertEqual(Company.objects.update(point_of_contact=F('ceo')), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(Company.objects.update(point_of_contact=F("ceo")), 3)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             Company.objects.all(),
-            ['Joe Smith', 'Frank Meyer', 'Max Mustermann'],
+            ["Joe Smith", "Frank Meyer", "Max Mustermann"],
             lambda c: str(c.point_of_contact),
-            ordered=False
+            ordered=False,
         )
 
     def test_update_with_none(self):
@@ -234,68 +259,75 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
         Number.objects.create(integer=2)
         Number.objects.filter(float__isnull=False).update(float=Value(None))
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Number.objects.all(),
-            [None, None],
-            lambda n: n.float,
-            ordered=False
+            Number.objects.all(), [None, None], lambda n: n.float, ordered=False
         )
 
     def test_filter_with_join(self):
         # F Expressions can also span joins
-        Company.objects.update(point_of_contact=F('ceo'))
+        Company.objects.update(point_of_contact=F("ceo"))
         c = Company.objects.first()
-        c.point_of_contact = Employee.objects.create(firstname="Guido", lastname="van Rossum")
+        c.point_of_contact = Employee.objects.create(
+            firstname="Guido", lastname="van Rossum"
+        )
         c.save()
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Company.objects.filter(ceo__firstname=F('point_of_contact__firstname')),
-            ['Foobar Ltd.', 'Test GmbH'],
+            Company.objects.filter(ceo__firstname=F("point_of_contact__firstname")),
+            ["Foobar Ltd.", "Test GmbH"],
             lambda c: c.name,
-            ordered=False
+            ordered=False,
         )
 
-        Company.objects.exclude(
-            ceo__firstname=F("point_of_contact__firstname")
-        ).update(name="foo")
+        Company.objects.exclude(ceo__firstname=F("point_of_contact__firstname")).update(
+            name="foo"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
-            Company.objects.exclude(
-                ceo__firstname=F('point_of_contact__firstname')
-            ).get().name,
+            Company.objects.exclude(ceo__firstname=F("point_of_contact__firstname"))
+            .get()
+            .name,
             "foo",
         )
 
         msg = "Joined field references are not permitted in this query"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
             Company.objects.exclude(
-                ceo__firstname=F('point_of_contact__firstname')
-            ).update(name=F('point_of_contact__lastname'))
+                ceo__firstname=F("point_of_contact__firstname")
+            ).update(name=F("point_of_contact__lastname"))
 
     def test_object_update(self):
         # F expressions can be used to update attributes on single objects
-        self.gmbh.num_employees = F('num_employees') + 4
+        self.gmbh.num_employees = F("num_employees") + 4
         self.gmbh.save()
         self.gmbh.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertEqual(self.gmbh.num_employees, 36)
 
     def test_new_object_save(self):
         # We should be able to use Funcs when inserting new data
-        test_co = Company(name=Lower(Value('UPPER')), num_employees=32, num_chairs=1, ceo=self.max)
+        test_co = Company(
+            name=Lower(Value("UPPER")), num_employees=32, num_chairs=1, ceo=self.max
+        )
         test_co.save()
         test_co.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertEqual(test_co.name, "upper")
 
     def test_new_object_create(self):
-        test_co = Company.objects.create(name=Lower(Value('UPPER')), num_employees=32, num_chairs=1, ceo=self.max)
+        test_co = Company.objects.create(
+            name=Lower(Value("UPPER")), num_employees=32, num_chairs=1, ceo=self.max
+        )
         test_co.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertEqual(test_co.name, "upper")
 
     def test_object_create_with_aggregate(self):
         # Aggregates are not allowed when inserting new data
-        msg = 'Aggregate functions are not allowed in this query (num_employees=Max(Value(1))).'
+        msg = "Aggregate functions are not allowed in this query (num_employees=Max(Value(1)))."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
             Company.objects.create(
-                name='Company', num_employees=Max(Value(1)), num_chairs=1,
-                ceo=Employee.objects.create(firstname="Just", lastname="Doit", salary=30),
+                name="Company",
+                num_employees=Max(Value(1)),
+                num_chairs=1,
+                ceo=Employee.objects.create(
+                    firstname="Just", lastname="Doit", salary=30
+                ),
             )
 
     def test_object_update_fk(self):
@@ -304,40 +336,42 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
         test_gmbh = Company.objects.get(pk=self.gmbh.pk)
         msg = 'F(ceo)": "Company.point_of_contact" must be a "Employee" instance.'
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            test_gmbh.point_of_contact = F('ceo')
+            test_gmbh.point_of_contact = F("ceo")
 
         test_gmbh.point_of_contact = self.gmbh.ceo
         test_gmbh.save()
-        test_gmbh.name = F('ceo__lastname')
-        msg = 'Joined field references are not permitted in this query'
+        test_gmbh.name = F("ceo__lastname")
+        msg = "Joined field references are not permitted in this query"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
             test_gmbh.save()
 
     def test_update_inherited_field_value(self):
-        msg = 'Joined field references are not permitted in this query'
+        msg = "Joined field references are not permitted in this query"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
-            RemoteEmployee.objects.update(adjusted_salary=F('salary') * 5)
+            RemoteEmployee.objects.update(adjusted_salary=F("salary") * 5)
 
     def test_object_update_unsaved_objects(self):
         # F expressions cannot be used to update attributes on objects which do
         # not yet exist in the database
-        acme = Company(name='The Acme Widget Co.', num_employees=12, num_chairs=5, ceo=self.max)
+        acme = Company(
+            name="The Acme Widget Co.", num_employees=12, num_chairs=5, ceo=self.max
+        )
         acme.num_employees = F("num_employees") + 16
         msg = (
             'Failed to insert expression "Col(expressions_company, '
             'expressions.Company.num_employees) + Value(16)" on '
-            'expressions.Company.num_employees. F() expressions can only be '
-            'used to update, not to insert.'
+            "expressions.Company.num_employees. F() expressions can only be "
+            "used to update, not to insert."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             acme.save()
 
         acme.num_employees = 12
-        acme.name = Lower(F('name'))
+        acme.name = Lower(F("name"))
         msg = (
             'Failed to insert expression "Lower(Col(expressions_company, '
             'expressions.Company.name))" on expressions.Company.name. F() '
-            'expressions can only be used to update, not to insert.'
+            "expressions can only be used to update, not to insert."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             acme.save()
@@ -346,7 +380,7 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
         Employee.objects.create(firstname="John", lastname="Doe")
         test = Employee.objects.create(firstname="Test", lastname="test")
 
-        queryset = Employee.objects.filter(firstname__iexact=F('lastname'))
+        queryset = Employee.objects.filter(firstname__iexact=F("lastname"))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(queryset, [test])
 
     def test_ticket_16731_startswith_lookup(self):
@@ -354,18 +388,22 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
         e2 = Employee.objects.create(firstname="Jack", lastname="Jackson")
         e3 = Employee.objects.create(firstname="Jack", lastname="jackson")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Employee.objects.filter(lastname__startswith=F('firstname')),
-            [e2, e3] if connection.features.has_case_insensitive_like else [e2]
+            Employee.objects.filter(lastname__startswith=F("firstname")),
+            [e2, e3] if connection.features.has_case_insensitive_like else [e2],
+        )
+        qs = Employee.objects.filter(lastname__istartswith=F("firstname")).order_by(
+            "pk"
         )
-        qs = Employee.objects.filter(lastname__istartswith=F('firstname')).order_by('pk')
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [e2, e3])
 
     def test_ticket_18375_join_reuse(self):
         # Reverse multijoin F() references and the lookup target the same join.
         # Pre #18375 the F() join was generated first and the lookup couldn't
         # reuse that join.
-        qs = Employee.objects.filter(company_ceo_set__num_chairs=F('company_ceo_set__num_employees'))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('JOIN'), 1)
+        qs = Employee.objects.filter(
+            company_ceo_set__num_chairs=F("company_ceo_set__num_employees")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("JOIN"), 1)
 
     def test_ticket_18375_kwarg_ordering(self):
         # The next query was dict-randomization dependent - if the "gte=1"
@@ -373,10 +411,10 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
         # gte lookup, if F() was seen first, then it generated a join the
         # other lookups could not reuse.
         qs = Employee.objects.filter(
-            company_ceo_set__num_chairs=F('company_ceo_set__num_employees'),
+            company_ceo_set__num_chairs=F("company_ceo_set__num_employees"),
             company_ceo_set__num_chairs__gte=1,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('JOIN'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("JOIN"), 1)
 
     def test_ticket_18375_kwarg_ordering_2(self):
         # Another similar case for F() than above. Now we have the same join
@@ -385,25 +423,27 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
         # randomization was enabled, that is the generated query dependent
         # on which clause was seen first.
         qs = Employee.objects.filter(
-            company_ceo_set__num_employees=F('pk'),
-            pk=F('company_ceo_set__num_employees')
+            company_ceo_set__num_employees=F("pk"),
+            pk=F("company_ceo_set__num_employees"),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('JOIN'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("JOIN"), 1)
 
     def test_ticket_18375_chained_filters(self):
         # F() expressions do not reuse joins from previous filter.
-        qs = Employee.objects.filter(
-            company_ceo_set__num_employees=F('pk')
-        ).filter(
-            company_ceo_set__num_employees=F('company_ceo_set__num_employees')
+        qs = Employee.objects.filter(company_ceo_set__num_employees=F("pk")).filter(
+            company_ceo_set__num_employees=F("company_ceo_set__num_employees")
         )
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('JOIN'), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("JOIN"), 2)
 
     def test_order_by_exists(self):
-        mary = Employee.objects.create(firstname='Mary', lastname='Mustermann', salary=20)
-        mustermanns_by_seniority = Employee.objects.filter(lastname='Mustermann').order_by(
+        mary = Employee.objects.create(
+            firstname="Mary", lastname="Mustermann", salary=20
+        )
+        mustermanns_by_seniority = Employee.objects.filter(
+            lastname="Mustermann"
+        ).order_by(
             # Order by whether the employee is the CEO of a company
-            Exists(Company.objects.filter(ceo=OuterRef('pk'))).desc()
+            Exists(Company.objects.filter(ceo=OuterRef("pk"))).desc()
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(mustermanns_by_seniority, [self.max, mary])
 
@@ -424,7 +464,7 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
                      ELSE 0 END
                 """,
                 [],
-            ).asc()
+            ).asc(),
         )
         for qs in (
             Company.objects.all(),
@@ -437,10 +477,10 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
                 )
 
     def test_outerref(self):
-        inner = Company.objects.filter(point_of_contact=OuterRef('pk'))
+        inner = Company.objects.filter(point_of_contact=OuterRef("pk"))
         msg = (
-            'This queryset contains a reference to an outer query and may only '
-            'be used in a subquery.'
+            "This queryset contains a reference to an outer query and may only "
+            "be used in a subquery."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             inner.exists()
@@ -449,98 +489,119 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
         self.assertIs(outer.exists(), True)
 
     def test_exist_single_field_output_field(self):
-        queryset = Company.objects.values('pk')
+        queryset = Company.objects.values("pk")
         self.assertIsInstance(Exists(queryset).output_field, BooleanField)
 
     def test_subquery(self):
-        Company.objects.filter(name='Example Inc.').update(
-            point_of_contact=Employee.objects.get(firstname='Joe', lastname='Smith'),
+        Company.objects.filter(name="Example Inc.").update(
+            point_of_contact=Employee.objects.get(firstname="Joe", lastname="Smith"),
             ceo=self.max,
         )
-        Employee.objects.create(firstname='Bob', lastname='Brown', salary=40)
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
-            is_point_of_contact=Exists(Company.objects.filter(point_of_contact=OuterRef('pk'))),
-            is_not_point_of_contact=~Exists(Company.objects.filter(point_of_contact=OuterRef('pk'))),
-            is_ceo_of_small_company=Exists(Company.objects.filter(num_employees__lt=200, ceo=OuterRef('pk'))),
-            is_ceo_small_2=~~Exists(Company.objects.filter(num_employees__lt=200, ceo=OuterRef('pk'))),
-            largest_company=Subquery(Company.objects.order_by('-num_employees').filter(
-                Q(ceo=OuterRef('pk')) | Q(point_of_contact=OuterRef('pk'))
-            ).values('name')[:1], output_field=CharField())
-        ).values(
-            'firstname',
-            'is_point_of_contact',
-            'is_not_point_of_contact',
-            'is_ceo_of_small_company',
-            'is_ceo_small_2',
-            'largest_company',
-        ).order_by('firstname')
+        Employee.objects.create(firstname="Bob", lastname="Brown", salary=40)
+        qs = (
+            Employee.objects.annotate(
+                is_point_of_contact=Exists(
+                    Company.objects.filter(point_of_contact=OuterRef("pk"))
+                ),
+                is_not_point_of_contact=~Exists(
+                    Company.objects.filter(point_of_contact=OuterRef("pk"))
+                ),
+                is_ceo_of_small_company=Exists(
+                    Company.objects.filter(num_employees__lt=200, ceo=OuterRef("pk"))
+                ),
+                is_ceo_small_2=~~Exists(
+                    Company.objects.filter(num_employees__lt=200, ceo=OuterRef("pk"))
+                ),
+                largest_company=Subquery(
+                    Company.objects.order_by("-num_employees")
+                    .filter(Q(ceo=OuterRef("pk")) | Q(point_of_contact=OuterRef("pk")))
+                    .values("name")[:1],
+                    output_field=CharField(),
+                ),
+            )
+            .values(
+                "firstname",
+                "is_point_of_contact",
+                "is_not_point_of_contact",
+                "is_ceo_of_small_company",
+                "is_ceo_small_2",
+                "largest_company",
+            )
+            .order_by("firstname")
+        )
 
         results = list(qs)
         # Could use Coalesce(subq, Value('')) instead except for the bug in
         # cx_Oracle mentioned in #23843.
         bob = results[0]
-        if bob['largest_company'] == '' and connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls:
-            bob['largest_company'] = None
+        if (
+            bob["largest_company"] == ""
+            and connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls
+        ):
+            bob["largest_company"] = None
 
-        self.assertEqual(results, [
-            {
-                'firstname': 'Bob',
-                'is_point_of_contact': False,
-                'is_not_point_of_contact': True,
-                'is_ceo_of_small_company': False,
-                'is_ceo_small_2': False,
-                'largest_company': None,
-            },
-            {
-                'firstname': 'Frank',
-                'is_point_of_contact': False,
-                'is_not_point_of_contact': True,
-                'is_ceo_of_small_company': True,
-                'is_ceo_small_2': True,
-                'largest_company': 'Foobar Ltd.',
-            },
-            {
-                'firstname': 'Joe',
-                'is_point_of_contact': True,
-                'is_not_point_of_contact': False,
-                'is_ceo_of_small_company': False,
-                'is_ceo_small_2': False,
-                'largest_company': 'Example Inc.',
-            },
-            {
-                'firstname': 'Max',
-                'is_point_of_contact': False,
-                'is_not_point_of_contact': True,
-                'is_ceo_of_small_company': True,
-                'is_ceo_small_2': True,
-                'largest_company': 'Example Inc.'
-            }
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            results,
+            [
+                {
+                    "firstname": "Bob",
+                    "is_point_of_contact": False,
+                    "is_not_point_of_contact": True,
+                    "is_ceo_of_small_company": False,
+                    "is_ceo_small_2": False,
+                    "largest_company": None,
+                },
+                {
+                    "firstname": "Frank",
+                    "is_point_of_contact": False,
+                    "is_not_point_of_contact": True,
+                    "is_ceo_of_small_company": True,
+                    "is_ceo_small_2": True,
+                    "largest_company": "Foobar Ltd.",
+                },
+                {
+                    "firstname": "Joe",
+                    "is_point_of_contact": True,
+                    "is_not_point_of_contact": False,
+                    "is_ceo_of_small_company": False,
+                    "is_ceo_small_2": False,
+                    "largest_company": "Example Inc.",
+                },
+                {
+                    "firstname": "Max",
+                    "is_point_of_contact": False,
+                    "is_not_point_of_contact": True,
+                    "is_ceo_of_small_company": True,
+                    "is_ceo_small_2": True,
+                    "largest_company": "Example Inc.",
+                },
+            ],
+        )
         # A less elegant way to write the same query: this uses a LEFT OUTER
         # JOIN and an IS NULL, inside a WHERE NOT IN which is probably less
         # efficient than EXISTS.
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            qs.filter(is_point_of_contact=True).values('pk'),
-            Employee.objects.exclude(company_point_of_contact_set=None).values('pk')
+            qs.filter(is_point_of_contact=True).values("pk"),
+            Employee.objects.exclude(company_point_of_contact_set=None).values("pk"),
         )
 
     def test_subquery_eq(self):
         qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
-            is_ceo=Exists(Company.objects.filter(ceo=OuterRef('pk'))),
+            is_ceo=Exists(Company.objects.filter(ceo=OuterRef("pk"))),
             is_point_of_contact=Exists(
-                Company.objects.filter(point_of_contact=OuterRef('pk')),
+                Company.objects.filter(point_of_contact=OuterRef("pk")),
             ),
             small_company=Exists(
                 queryset=Company.objects.filter(num_employees__lt=200),
             ),
         ).filter(is_ceo=True, is_point_of_contact=False, small_company=True)
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            qs.query.annotations['is_ceo'],
-            qs.query.annotations['is_point_of_contact'],
+            qs.query.annotations["is_ceo"],
+            qs.query.annotations["is_point_of_contact"],
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            qs.query.annotations['is_ceo'],
-            qs.query.annotations['small_company'],
+            qs.query.annotations["is_ceo"],
+            qs.query.annotations["small_company"],
         )
 
     def test_subquery_sql(self):
@@ -550,92 +611,114 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
         self.assertIs(employees.query.subquery, False)
         compiler = employees_subquery.query.get_compiler(connection=connection)
         sql, _ = employees_subquery.as_sql(compiler, connection)
-        self.assertIn('(SELECT ', sql)
+        self.assertIn("(SELECT ", sql)
 
     def test_in_subquery(self):
         # This is a contrived test (and you really wouldn't write this query),
         # but it is a succinct way to test the __in=Subquery() construct.
-        small_companies = Company.objects.filter(num_employees__lt=200).values('pk')
+        small_companies = Company.objects.filter(num_employees__lt=200).values("pk")
         subquery_test = Company.objects.filter(pk__in=Subquery(small_companies))
         self.assertCountEqual(subquery_test, [self.foobar_ltd, self.gmbh])
-        subquery_test2 = Company.objects.filter(pk=Subquery(small_companies.filter(num_employees=3)))
+        subquery_test2 = Company.objects.filter(
+            pk=Subquery(small_companies.filter(num_employees=3))
+        )
         self.assertCountEqual(subquery_test2, [self.foobar_ltd])
 
     def test_uuid_pk_subquery(self):
         u = UUIDPK.objects.create()
         UUID.objects.create(uuid_fk=u)
-        qs = UUIDPK.objects.filter(id__in=Subquery(UUID.objects.values('uuid_fk__id')))
+        qs = UUIDPK.objects.filter(id__in=Subquery(UUID.objects.values("uuid_fk__id")))
         self.assertCountEqual(qs, [u])
 
     def test_nested_subquery(self):
-        inner = Company.objects.filter(point_of_contact=OuterRef('pk'))
+        inner = Company.objects.filter(point_of_contact=OuterRef("pk"))
         outer = Employee.objects.annotate(is_point_of_contact=Exists(inner))
         contrived = Employee.objects.annotate(
             is_point_of_contact=Subquery(
-                outer.filter(pk=OuterRef('pk')).values('is_point_of_contact'),
+                outer.filter(pk=OuterRef("pk")).values("is_point_of_contact"),
                 output_field=BooleanField(),
             ),
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(contrived.values_list(), outer.values_list())
 
     def test_nested_subquery_join_outer_ref(self):
-        inner = Employee.objects.filter(pk=OuterRef('ceo__pk')).values('pk')
+        inner = Employee.objects.filter(pk=OuterRef("ceo__pk")).values("pk")
         qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
             ceo_company=Subquery(
                 Company.objects.filter(
                     ceo__in=inner,
-                    ceo__pk=OuterRef('pk'),
-                ).values('pk'),
+                    ceo__pk=OuterRef("pk"),
+                ).values("pk"),
             ),
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            qs.values_list('ceo_company', flat=True),
+            qs.values_list("ceo_company", flat=True),
             [self.example_inc.pk, self.foobar_ltd.pk, self.gmbh.pk],
         )
 
     def test_nested_subquery_outer_ref_2(self):
-        first = Time.objects.create(time='09:00')
-        second = Time.objects.create(time='17:00')
-        third = Time.objects.create(time='21:00')
-        SimulationRun.objects.bulk_create([
-            SimulationRun(start=first, end=second, midpoint='12:00'),
-            SimulationRun(start=first, end=third, midpoint='15:00'),
-            SimulationRun(start=second, end=first, midpoint='00:00'),
-        ])
-        inner = Time.objects.filter(time=OuterRef(OuterRef('time')), pk=OuterRef('start')).values('time')
-        middle = SimulationRun.objects.annotate(other=Subquery(inner)).values('other')[:1]
+        first = Time.objects.create(time="09:00")
+        second = Time.objects.create(time="17:00")
+        third = Time.objects.create(time="21:00")
+        SimulationRun.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                SimulationRun(start=first, end=second, midpoint="12:00"),
+                SimulationRun(start=first, end=third, midpoint="15:00"),
+                SimulationRun(start=second, end=first, midpoint="00:00"),
+            ]
+        )
+        inner = Time.objects.filter(
+            time=OuterRef(OuterRef("time")), pk=OuterRef("start")
+        ).values("time")
+        middle = SimulationRun.objects.annotate(other=Subquery(inner)).values("other")[
+            :1
+        ]
         outer = Time.objects.annotate(other=Subquery(middle, output_field=TimeField()))
         # This is a contrived example. It exercises the double OuterRef form.
         self.assertCountEqual(outer, [first, second, third])
 
     def test_nested_subquery_outer_ref_with_autofield(self):
-        first = Time.objects.create(time='09:00')
-        second = Time.objects.create(time='17:00')
-        SimulationRun.objects.create(start=first, end=second, midpoint='12:00')
-        inner = SimulationRun.objects.filter(start=OuterRef(OuterRef('pk'))).values('start')
-        middle = Time.objects.annotate(other=Subquery(inner)).values('other')[:1]
-        outer = Time.objects.annotate(other=Subquery(middle, output_field=IntegerField()))
+        first = Time.objects.create(time="09:00")
+        second = Time.objects.create(time="17:00")
+        SimulationRun.objects.create(start=first, end=second, midpoint="12:00")
+        inner = SimulationRun.objects.filter(start=OuterRef(OuterRef("pk"))).values(
+            "start"
+        )
+        middle = Time.objects.annotate(other=Subquery(inner)).values("other")[:1]
+        outer = Time.objects.annotate(
+            other=Subquery(middle, output_field=IntegerField())
+        )
         # This exercises the double OuterRef form with AutoField as pk.
         self.assertCountEqual(outer, [first, second])
 
     def test_annotations_within_subquery(self):
-        Company.objects.filter(num_employees__lt=50).update(ceo=Employee.objects.get(firstname='Frank'))
-        inner = Company.objects.filter(
-            ceo=OuterRef('pk')
-        ).values('ceo').annotate(total_employees=Sum('num_employees')).values('total_employees')
-        outer = Employee.objects.annotate(total_employees=Subquery(inner)).filter(salary__lte=Subquery(inner))
+        Company.objects.filter(num_employees__lt=50).update(
+            ceo=Employee.objects.get(firstname="Frank")
+        )
+        inner = (
+            Company.objects.filter(ceo=OuterRef("pk"))
+            .values("ceo")
+            .annotate(total_employees=Sum("num_employees"))
+            .values("total_employees")
+        )
+        outer = Employee.objects.annotate(total_employees=Subquery(inner)).filter(
+            salary__lte=Subquery(inner)
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            outer.order_by('-total_employees').values('salary', 'total_employees'),
-            [{'salary': 10, 'total_employees': 2300}, {'salary': 20, 'total_employees': 35}],
+            outer.order_by("-total_employees").values("salary", "total_employees"),
+            [
+                {"salary": 10, "total_employees": 2300},
+                {"salary": 20, "total_employees": 35},
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_subquery_references_joined_table_twice(self):
         inner = Company.objects.filter(
-            num_chairs__gte=OuterRef('ceo__salary'),
-            num_employees__gte=OuterRef('point_of_contact__salary'),
+            num_chairs__gte=OuterRef("ceo__salary"),
+            num_employees__gte=OuterRef("point_of_contact__salary"),
         )
         # Another contrived example (there is no need to have a subquery here)
-        outer = Company.objects.filter(pk__in=Subquery(inner.values('pk')))
+        outer = Company.objects.filter(pk__in=Subquery(inner.values("pk")))
         self.assertFalse(outer.exists())
 
     def test_subquery_filter_by_aggregate(self):
@@ -644,14 +727,17 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
         qs = Number.objects.annotate(
             min_valuable_count=Subquery(
                 Employee.objects.filter(
-                    salary=OuterRef('integer'),
-                ).annotate(cnt=Count('salary')).filter(cnt__gt=0).values('cnt')[:1]
+                    salary=OuterRef("integer"),
+                )
+                .annotate(cnt=Count("salary"))
+                .filter(cnt__gt=0)
+                .values("cnt")[:1]
             ),
         )
         self.assertEqual(qs.get().float, 1.2)
 
     def test_subquery_filter_by_lazy(self):
-        self.max.manager = Manager.objects.create(name='Manager')
+        self.max.manager = Manager.objects.create(name="Manager")
         self.max.save()
         max_manager = SimpleLazyObject(
             lambda: Manager.objects.get(pk=self.max.manager.pk)
@@ -659,8 +745,8 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
         qs = Company.objects.annotate(
             ceo_manager=Subquery(
                 Employee.objects.filter(
-                    lastname=OuterRef('ceo__lastname'),
-                ).values('manager'),
+                    lastname=OuterRef("ceo__lastname"),
+                ).values("manager"),
             ),
         ).filter(ceo_manager=max_manager)
         self.assertEqual(qs.get(), self.gmbh)
@@ -670,32 +756,32 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
             aggregate = Company.objects.annotate(
                 ceo_salary=Subquery(
                     Employee.objects.filter(
-                        id=OuterRef('ceo_id'),
-                    ).values('salary')
+                        id=OuterRef("ceo_id"),
+                    ).values("salary")
                 ),
             ).aggregate(
-                ceo_salary_gt_20=Count('pk', filter=Q(ceo_salary__gt=20)),
+                ceo_salary_gt_20=Count("pk", filter=Q(ceo_salary__gt=20)),
             )
-        self.assertEqual(aggregate, {'ceo_salary_gt_20': 1})
+        self.assertEqual(aggregate, {"ceo_salary_gt_20": 1})
         # Aggregation over a subquery annotation doesn't annotate the subquery
         # twice in the inner query.
-        sql = ctx.captured_queries[0]['sql']
-        self.assertLessEqual(sql.count('SELECT'), 3)
+        sql = ctx.captured_queries[0]["sql"]
+        self.assertLessEqual(sql.count("SELECT"), 3)
         # GROUP BY isn't required to aggregate over a query that doesn't
         # contain nested aggregates.
-        self.assertNotIn('GROUP BY', sql)
+        self.assertNotIn("GROUP BY", sql)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_over_clause')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_over_clause")
     def test_aggregate_rawsql_annotation(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1) as ctx:
             aggregate = Company.objects.annotate(
-                salary=RawSQL('SUM(num_chairs) OVER (ORDER BY num_employees)', []),
+                salary=RawSQL("SUM(num_chairs) OVER (ORDER BY num_employees)", []),
             ).aggregate(
-                count=Count('pk'),
+                count=Count("pk"),
             )
-            self.assertEqual(aggregate, {'count': 3})
-        sql = ctx.captured_queries[0]['sql']
-        self.assertNotIn('GROUP BY', sql)
+            self.assertEqual(aggregate, {"count": 3})
+        sql = ctx.captured_queries[0]["sql"]
+        self.assertNotIn("GROUP BY", sql)
 
     def test_explicit_output_field(self):
         class FuncA(Func):
@@ -708,57 +794,59 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(expr.output_field, FuncA.output_field)
 
     def test_outerref_mixed_case_table_name(self):
-        inner = Result.objects.filter(result_time__gte=OuterRef('experiment__assigned'))
-        outer = Result.objects.filter(pk__in=Subquery(inner.values('pk')))
+        inner = Result.objects.filter(result_time__gte=OuterRef("experiment__assigned"))
+        outer = Result.objects.filter(pk__in=Subquery(inner.values("pk")))
         self.assertFalse(outer.exists())
 
     def test_outerref_with_operator(self):
-        inner = Company.objects.filter(num_employees=OuterRef('ceo__salary') + 2)
-        outer = Company.objects.filter(pk__in=Subquery(inner.values('pk')))
-        self.assertEqual(outer.get().name, 'Test GmbH')
+        inner = Company.objects.filter(num_employees=OuterRef("ceo__salary") + 2)
+        outer = Company.objects.filter(pk__in=Subquery(inner.values("pk")))
+        self.assertEqual(outer.get().name, "Test GmbH")
 
     def test_nested_outerref_with_function(self):
-        self.gmbh.point_of_contact = Employee.objects.get(lastname='Meyer')
+        self.gmbh.point_of_contact = Employee.objects.get(lastname="Meyer")
         self.gmbh.save()
         inner = Employee.objects.filter(
-            lastname__startswith=Left(OuterRef(OuterRef('lastname')), 1),
+            lastname__startswith=Left(OuterRef(OuterRef("lastname")), 1),
         )
         qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
             ceo_company=Subquery(
                 Company.objects.filter(
                     point_of_contact__in=inner,
-                    ceo__pk=OuterRef('pk'),
-                ).values('name'),
+                    ceo__pk=OuterRef("pk"),
+                ).values("name"),
             ),
         ).filter(ceo_company__isnull=False)
-        self.assertEqual(qs.get().ceo_company, 'Test GmbH')
+        self.assertEqual(qs.get().ceo_company, "Test GmbH")
 
     def test_annotation_with_outerref(self):
         gmbh_salary = Company.objects.annotate(
             max_ceo_salary_raise=Subquery(
                 Company.objects.annotate(
-                    salary_raise=OuterRef('num_employees') + F('num_employees'),
-                ).order_by('-salary_raise').values('salary_raise')[:1],
+                    salary_raise=OuterRef("num_employees") + F("num_employees"),
+                )
+                .order_by("-salary_raise")
+                .values("salary_raise")[:1],
                 output_field=IntegerField(),
             ),
         ).get(pk=self.gmbh.pk)
         self.assertEqual(gmbh_salary.max_ceo_salary_raise, 2332)
 
     def test_annotation_with_nested_outerref(self):
-        self.gmbh.point_of_contact = Employee.objects.get(lastname='Meyer')
+        self.gmbh.point_of_contact = Employee.objects.get(lastname="Meyer")
         self.gmbh.save()
         inner = Employee.objects.annotate(
-            outer_lastname=OuterRef(OuterRef('lastname')),
-        ).filter(lastname__startswith=Left('outer_lastname', 1))
+            outer_lastname=OuterRef(OuterRef("lastname")),
+        ).filter(lastname__startswith=Left("outer_lastname", 1))
         qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
             ceo_company=Subquery(
                 Company.objects.filter(
                     point_of_contact__in=inner,
-                    ceo__pk=OuterRef('pk'),
-                ).values('name'),
+                    ceo__pk=OuterRef("pk"),
+                ).values("name"),
             ),
         ).filter(ceo_company__isnull=False)
-        self.assertEqual(qs.get().ceo_company, 'Test GmbH')
+        self.assertEqual(qs.get().ceo_company, "Test GmbH")
 
     def test_pickle_expression(self):
         expr = Value(1)
@@ -766,15 +854,19 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(expr)), expr)
 
     def test_incorrect_field_in_F_expression(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, "Cannot resolve keyword 'nope' into field."):
-            list(Employee.objects.filter(firstname=F('nope')))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldError, "Cannot resolve keyword 'nope' into field."
+        ):
+            list(Employee.objects.filter(firstname=F("nope")))
 
     def test_incorrect_joined_field_in_F_expression(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, "Cannot resolve keyword 'nope' into field."):
-            list(Company.objects.filter(ceo__pk=F('point_of_contact__nope')))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldError, "Cannot resolve keyword 'nope' into field."
+        ):
+            list(Company.objects.filter(ceo__pk=F("point_of_contact__nope")))
 
     def test_exists_in_filter(self):
-        inner = Company.objects.filter(ceo=OuterRef('pk')).values('pk')
+        inner = Company.objects.filter(ceo=OuterRef("pk")).values("pk")
         qs1 = Employee.objects.filter(Exists(inner))
         qs2 = Employee.objects.annotate(found=Exists(inner)).filter(found=True)
         self.assertCountEqual(qs1, qs2)
@@ -782,23 +874,28 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
         self.assertCountEqual(qs2, Employee.objects.exclude(~Exists(inner)))
 
     def test_subquery_in_filter(self):
-        inner = Company.objects.filter(ceo=OuterRef('pk')).values('based_in_eu')
+        inner = Company.objects.filter(ceo=OuterRef("pk")).values("based_in_eu")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Employee.objects.filter(Subquery(inner)),
             [self.foobar_ltd.ceo],
         )
 
     def test_subquery_group_by_outerref_in_filter(self):
-        inner = Company.objects.annotate(
-            employee=OuterRef('pk'),
-        ).values('employee').annotate(
-            min_num_chairs=Min('num_chairs'),
-        ).values('ceo')
+        inner = (
+            Company.objects.annotate(
+                employee=OuterRef("pk"),
+            )
+            .values("employee")
+            .annotate(
+                min_num_chairs=Min("num_chairs"),
+            )
+            .values("ceo")
+        )
         self.assertIs(Employee.objects.filter(pk__in=Subquery(inner)).exists(), True)
 
     def test_case_in_filter_if_boolean_output_field(self):
-        is_ceo = Company.objects.filter(ceo=OuterRef('pk'))
-        is_poc = Company.objects.filter(point_of_contact=OuterRef('pk'))
+        is_ceo = Company.objects.filter(ceo=OuterRef("pk"))
+        is_poc = Company.objects.filter(point_of_contact=OuterRef("pk"))
         qs = Employee.objects.filter(
             Case(
                 When(Exists(is_ceo), then=True),
@@ -810,8 +907,8 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
         self.assertCountEqual(qs, [self.example_inc.ceo, self.foobar_ltd.ceo, self.max])
 
     def test_boolean_expression_combined(self):
-        is_ceo = Company.objects.filter(ceo=OuterRef('pk'))
-        is_poc = Company.objects.filter(point_of_contact=OuterRef('pk'))
+        is_ceo = Company.objects.filter(ceo=OuterRef("pk"))
+        is_poc = Company.objects.filter(point_of_contact=OuterRef("pk"))
         self.gmbh.point_of_contact = self.max
         self.gmbh.save()
         self.assertCountEqual(
@@ -840,7 +937,7 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
         )
 
     def test_boolean_expression_combined_with_empty_Q(self):
-        is_poc = Company.objects.filter(point_of_contact=OuterRef('pk'))
+        is_poc = Company.objects.filter(point_of_contact=OuterRef("pk"))
         self.gmbh.point_of_contact = self.max
         self.gmbh.save()
         tests = [
@@ -858,7 +955,7 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
                 self.assertCountEqual(Employee.objects.filter(conditions), [self.max])
 
     def test_boolean_expression_in_Q(self):
-        is_poc = Company.objects.filter(point_of_contact=OuterRef('pk'))
+        is_poc = Company.objects.filter(point_of_contact=OuterRef("pk"))
         self.gmbh.point_of_contact = self.max
         self.gmbh.save()
         self.assertCountEqual(Employee.objects.filter(Q(Exists(is_poc))), [self.max])
@@ -867,27 +964,41 @@ class BasicExpressionsTests(TestCase):
 class IterableLookupInnerExpressionsTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        ceo = Employee.objects.create(firstname='Just', lastname='Doit', salary=30)
+        ceo = Employee.objects.create(firstname="Just", lastname="Doit", salary=30)
         # MySQL requires that the values calculated for expressions don't pass
         # outside of the field's range, so it's inconvenient to use the values
         # in the more general tests.
-        cls.c5020 = Company.objects.create(name='5020 Ltd', num_employees=50, num_chairs=20, ceo=ceo)
-        cls.c5040 = Company.objects.create(name='5040 Ltd', num_employees=50, num_chairs=40, ceo=ceo)
-        cls.c5050 = Company.objects.create(name='5050 Ltd', num_employees=50, num_chairs=50, ceo=ceo)
-        cls.c5060 = Company.objects.create(name='5060 Ltd', num_employees=50, num_chairs=60, ceo=ceo)
-        cls.c99300 = Company.objects.create(name='99300 Ltd', num_employees=99, num_chairs=300, ceo=ceo)
+        cls.c5020 = Company.objects.create(
+            name="5020 Ltd", num_employees=50, num_chairs=20, ceo=ceo
+        )
+        cls.c5040 = Company.objects.create(
+            name="5040 Ltd", num_employees=50, num_chairs=40, ceo=ceo
+        )
+        cls.c5050 = Company.objects.create(
+            name="5050 Ltd", num_employees=50, num_chairs=50, ceo=ceo
+        )
+        cls.c5060 = Company.objects.create(
+            name="5060 Ltd", num_employees=50, num_chairs=60, ceo=ceo
+        )
+        cls.c99300 = Company.objects.create(
+            name="99300 Ltd", num_employees=99, num_chairs=300, ceo=ceo
+        )
 
     def test_in_lookup_allows_F_expressions_and_expressions_for_integers(self):
         # __in lookups can use F() expressions for integers.
-        queryset = Company.objects.filter(num_employees__in=([F('num_chairs') - 10]))
+        queryset = Company.objects.filter(num_employees__in=([F("num_chairs") - 10]))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(queryset, [self.c5060])
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            Company.objects.filter(num_employees__in=([F('num_chairs') - 10, F('num_chairs') + 10])),
+            Company.objects.filter(
+                num_employees__in=([F("num_chairs") - 10, F("num_chairs") + 10])
+            ),
             [self.c5040, self.c5060],
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(
             Company.objects.filter(
-                num_employees__in=([F('num_chairs') - 10, F('num_chairs'), F('num_chairs') + 10])
+                num_employees__in=(
+                    [F("num_chairs") - 10, F("num_chairs"), F("num_chairs") + 10]
+                )
             ),
             [self.c5040, self.c5050, self.c5060],
         )
@@ -901,13 +1012,17 @@ class IterableLookupInnerExpressionsTests(TestCase):
         SimulationRun.objects.create(start=None, end=t2, midpoint=midpoint)
         SimulationRun.objects.create(start=None, end=None, midpoint=midpoint)
 
-        queryset = SimulationRun.objects.filter(midpoint__range=[F('start__time'), F('end__time')])
+        queryset = SimulationRun.objects.filter(
+            midpoint__range=[F("start__time"), F("end__time")]
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(queryset, [s1])
         for alias in queryset.query.alias_map.values():
             if isinstance(alias, Join):
                 self.assertEqual(alias.join_type, constants.INNER)
 
-        queryset = SimulationRun.objects.exclude(midpoint__range=[F('start__time'), F('end__time')])
+        queryset = SimulationRun.objects.exclude(
+            midpoint__range=[F("start__time"), F("end__time")]
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(queryset, [], ordered=False)
         for alias in queryset.query.alias_map.values():
             if isinstance(alias, Join):
@@ -917,15 +1032,17 @@ class IterableLookupInnerExpressionsTests(TestCase):
         # Range lookups can use F() expressions for integers.
         Company.objects.filter(num_employees__exact=F("num_chairs"))
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            Company.objects.filter(num_employees__range=(F('num_chairs'), 100)),
+            Company.objects.filter(num_employees__range=(F("num_chairs"), 100)),
             [self.c5020, self.c5040, self.c5050],
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            Company.objects.filter(num_employees__range=(F('num_chairs') - 10, F('num_chairs') + 10)),
+            Company.objects.filter(
+                num_employees__range=(F("num_chairs") - 10, F("num_chairs") + 10)
+            ),
             [self.c5040, self.c5050, self.c5060],
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            Company.objects.filter(num_employees__range=(F('num_chairs') - 10, 100)),
+            Company.objects.filter(num_employees__range=(F("num_chairs") - 10, 100)),
             [self.c5020, self.c5040, self.c5050, self.c5060],
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(
@@ -934,15 +1051,19 @@ class IterableLookupInnerExpressionsTests(TestCase):
         )
 
     def test_range_lookup_namedtuple(self):
-        EmployeeRange = namedtuple('EmployeeRange', ['minimum', 'maximum'])
+        EmployeeRange = namedtuple("EmployeeRange", ["minimum", "maximum"])
         qs = Company.objects.filter(
             num_employees__range=EmployeeRange(minimum=51, maximum=100),
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.c99300])
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'sqlite',
-                         "This defensive test only works on databases that don't validate parameter types")
-    def test_complex_expressions_do_not_introduce_sql_injection_via_untrusted_string_inclusion(self):
+    @unittest.skipUnless(
+        connection.vendor == "sqlite",
+        "This defensive test only works on databases that don't validate parameter types",
+    )
+    def test_complex_expressions_do_not_introduce_sql_injection_via_untrusted_string_inclusion(
+        self,
+    ):
         """
         This tests that SQL injection isn't possible using compilation of
         expressions in iterable filters, as their compilation happens before
@@ -952,14 +1073,14 @@ class IterableLookupInnerExpressionsTests(TestCase):
         databases) demonstrates that the problem doesn't exist while keeping
         the test simple.
         """
-        queryset = Company.objects.filter(name__in=[F('num_chairs') + '1)) OR ((1==1'])
+        queryset = Company.objects.filter(name__in=[F("num_chairs") + "1)) OR ((1==1"])
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(queryset, [], ordered=False)
 
     def test_in_lookup_allows_F_expressions_and_expressions_for_datetimes(self):
         start = datetime.datetime(2016, 2, 3, 15, 0, 0)
         end = datetime.datetime(2016, 2, 5, 15, 0, 0)
         experiment_1 = Experiment.objects.create(
-            name='Integrity testing',
+            name="Integrity testing",
             assigned=start.date(),
             start=start,
             end=end,
@@ -967,7 +1088,7 @@ class IterableLookupInnerExpressionsTests(TestCase):
             estimated_time=end - start,
         )
         experiment_2 = Experiment.objects.create(
-            name='Taste testing',
+            name="Taste testing",
             assigned=start.date(),
             start=start,
             end=end,
@@ -986,52 +1107,52 @@ class IterableLookupInnerExpressionsTests(TestCase):
             experiment=experiment_2,
             result_time=datetime.datetime(2016, 1, 8, 5, 0, 0),
         )
-        within_experiment_time = [F('experiment__start'), F('experiment__end')]
+        within_experiment_time = [F("experiment__start"), F("experiment__end")]
         queryset = Result.objects.filter(result_time__range=within_experiment_time)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(queryset, [r1])
 
 
 class FTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_deepcopy(self):
         f = F("foo")
         g = deepcopy(f)
         self.assertEqual(f.name, g.name)
 
     def test_deconstruct(self):
-        f = F('name')
+        f = F("name")
         path, args, kwargs = f.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.db.models.F')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.F")
         self.assertEqual(args, (f.name,))
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {})
 
     def test_equal(self):
-        f = F('name')
-        same_f = F('name')
-        other_f = F('username')
+        f = F("name")
+        same_f = F("name")
+        other_f = F("username")
         self.assertEqual(f, same_f)
         self.assertNotEqual(f, other_f)
 
     def test_hash(self):
-        d = {F('name'): 'Bob'}
-        self.assertIn(F('name'), d)
-        self.assertEqual(d[F('name')], 'Bob')
+        d = {F("name"): "Bob"}
+        self.assertIn(F("name"), d)
+        self.assertEqual(d[F("name")], "Bob")
 
     def test_not_equal_Value(self):
-        f = F('name')
-        value = Value('name')
+        f = F("name")
+        value = Value("name")
         self.assertNotEqual(f, value)
         self.assertNotEqual(value, f)
 
 
 class ExpressionsTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_F_reuse(self):
-        f = F('id')
+        f = F("id")
         n = Number.objects.create(integer=-1)
         c = Company.objects.create(
-            name="Example Inc.", num_employees=2300, num_chairs=5,
-            ceo=Employee.objects.create(firstname="Joe", lastname="Smith")
+            name="Example Inc.",
+            num_employees=2300,
+            num_chairs=5,
+            ceo=Employee.objects.create(firstname="Joe", lastname="Smith"),
         )
         c_qs = Company.objects.filter(id=f)
         self.assertEqual(c_qs.get(), c)
@@ -1047,27 +1168,29 @@ class ExpressionsTests(TestCase):
         properly escaped when using a pattern lookup with an expression
         refs #16731
         """
-        Employee.objects.bulk_create([
-            Employee(firstname="Johnny", lastname="%John"),
-            Employee(firstname="Jean-Claude", lastname="Claud_"),
-            Employee(firstname="Jean-Claude", lastname="Claude%"),
-            Employee(firstname="Johnny", lastname="Joh\\n"),
-            Employee(firstname="Johnny", lastname="_ohn"),
-        ])
-        claude = Employee.objects.create(firstname='Jean-Claude', lastname='Claude')
-        john = Employee.objects.create(firstname='Johnny', lastname='John')
-        john_sign = Employee.objects.create(firstname='%Joh\\nny', lastname='%Joh\\n')
+        Employee.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Employee(firstname="Johnny", lastname="%John"),
+                Employee(firstname="Jean-Claude", lastname="Claud_"),
+                Employee(firstname="Jean-Claude", lastname="Claude%"),
+                Employee(firstname="Johnny", lastname="Joh\\n"),
+                Employee(firstname="Johnny", lastname="_ohn"),
+            ]
+        )
+        claude = Employee.objects.create(firstname="Jean-Claude", lastname="Claude")
+        john = Employee.objects.create(firstname="Johnny", lastname="John")
+        john_sign = Employee.objects.create(firstname="%Joh\\nny", lastname="%Joh\\n")
 
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            Employee.objects.filter(firstname__contains=F('lastname')),
+            Employee.objects.filter(firstname__contains=F("lastname")),
             [john_sign, john, claude],
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            Employee.objects.filter(firstname__startswith=F('lastname')),
+            Employee.objects.filter(firstname__startswith=F("lastname")),
             [john_sign, john],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Employee.objects.filter(firstname__endswith=F('lastname')),
+            Employee.objects.filter(firstname__endswith=F("lastname")),
             [claude],
         )
 
@@ -1077,60 +1200,57 @@ class ExpressionsTests(TestCase):
         properly escaped when using a case insensitive pattern lookup with an
         expression -- refs #16731
         """
-        Employee.objects.bulk_create([
-            Employee(firstname="Johnny", lastname="%john"),
-            Employee(firstname="Jean-Claude", lastname="claud_"),
-            Employee(firstname="Jean-Claude", lastname="claude%"),
-            Employee(firstname="Johnny", lastname="joh\\n"),
-            Employee(firstname="Johnny", lastname="_ohn"),
-        ])
-        claude = Employee.objects.create(firstname='Jean-Claude', lastname='claude')
-        john = Employee.objects.create(firstname='Johnny', lastname='john')
-        john_sign = Employee.objects.create(firstname='%Joh\\nny', lastname='%joh\\n')
+        Employee.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Employee(firstname="Johnny", lastname="%john"),
+                Employee(firstname="Jean-Claude", lastname="claud_"),
+                Employee(firstname="Jean-Claude", lastname="claude%"),
+                Employee(firstname="Johnny", lastname="joh\\n"),
+                Employee(firstname="Johnny", lastname="_ohn"),
+            ]
+        )
+        claude = Employee.objects.create(firstname="Jean-Claude", lastname="claude")
+        john = Employee.objects.create(firstname="Johnny", lastname="john")
+        john_sign = Employee.objects.create(firstname="%Joh\\nny", lastname="%joh\\n")
 
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            Employee.objects.filter(firstname__icontains=F('lastname')),
+            Employee.objects.filter(firstname__icontains=F("lastname")),
             [john_sign, john, claude],
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            Employee.objects.filter(firstname__istartswith=F('lastname')),
+            Employee.objects.filter(firstname__istartswith=F("lastname")),
             [john_sign, john],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Employee.objects.filter(firstname__iendswith=F('lastname')),
+            Employee.objects.filter(firstname__iendswith=F("lastname")),
             [claude],
         )
 
 
-@isolate_apps('expressions')
+@isolate_apps("expressions")
 class SimpleExpressionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_equal(self):
         self.assertEqual(Expression(), Expression())
         self.assertEqual(
-            Expression(IntegerField()),
-            Expression(output_field=IntegerField())
+            Expression(IntegerField()), Expression(output_field=IntegerField())
         )
         self.assertEqual(Expression(IntegerField()), mock.ANY)
-        self.assertNotEqual(
-            Expression(IntegerField()),
-            Expression(CharField())
-        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(Expression(IntegerField()), Expression(CharField()))
 
         class TestModel(Model):
             field = IntegerField()
             other_field = IntegerField()
 
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            Expression(TestModel._meta.get_field('field')),
-            Expression(TestModel._meta.get_field('other_field')),
+            Expression(TestModel._meta.get_field("field")),
+            Expression(TestModel._meta.get_field("other_field")),
         )
 
     def test_hash(self):
         self.assertEqual(hash(Expression()), hash(Expression()))
         self.assertEqual(
             hash(Expression(IntegerField())),
-            hash(Expression(output_field=IntegerField()))
+            hash(Expression(output_field=IntegerField())),
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(
             hash(Expression(IntegerField())),
@@ -1142,19 +1262,18 @@ class SimpleExpressionTests(SimpleTestCase):
             other_field = IntegerField()
 
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            hash(Expression(TestModel._meta.get_field('field'))),
-            hash(Expression(TestModel._meta.get_field('other_field'))),
+            hash(Expression(TestModel._meta.get_field("field"))),
+            hash(Expression(TestModel._meta.get_field("other_field"))),
         )
 
 
 class ExpressionsNumericTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         Number(integer=-1).save()
         Number(integer=42).save()
         Number(integer=1337).save()
-        Number.objects.update(float=F('integer'))
+        Number.objects.update(float=F("integer"))
 
     def test_fill_with_value_from_same_object(self):
         """
@@ -1165,19 +1284,21 @@ class ExpressionsNumericTests(TestCase):
             Number.objects.all(),
             [(-1, -1), (42, 42), (1337, 1337)],
             lambda n: (n.integer, round(n.float)),
-            ordered=False
+            ordered=False,
         )
 
     def test_increment_value(self):
         """
         We can increment a value of all objects in a query set.
         """
-        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.filter(integer__gt=0).update(integer=F('integer') + 1), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Number.objects.filter(integer__gt=0).update(integer=F("integer") + 1), 2
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             Number.objects.all(),
             [(-1, -1), (43, 42), (1338, 1337)],
             lambda n: (n.integer, round(n.float)),
-            ordered=False
+            ordered=False,
         )
 
     def test_filter_not_equals_other_field(self):
@@ -1185,19 +1306,21 @@ class ExpressionsNumericTests(TestCase):
         We can filter for objects, where a value is not equals the value
         of an other field.
         """
-        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.filter(integer__gt=0).update(integer=F('integer') + 1), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Number.objects.filter(integer__gt=0).update(integer=F("integer") + 1), 2
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Number.objects.exclude(float=F('integer')),
+            Number.objects.exclude(float=F("integer")),
             [(43, 42), (1338, 1337)],
             lambda n: (n.integer, round(n.float)),
-            ordered=False
+            ordered=False,
         )
 
     def test_filter_decimal_expression(self):
-        obj = Number.objects.create(integer=0, float=1, decimal_value=Decimal('1'))
+        obj = Number.objects.create(integer=0, float=1, decimal_value=Decimal("1"))
         qs = Number.objects.annotate(
             x=ExpressionWrapper(Value(1), output_field=DecimalField()),
-        ).filter(Q(x=1, integer=0) & Q(x=Decimal('1')))
+        ).filter(Q(x=1, integer=0) & Q(x=Decimal("1")))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [obj])
 
     def test_complex_expressions(self):
@@ -1205,18 +1328,22 @@ class ExpressionsNumericTests(TestCase):
         Complex expressions of different connection types are possible.
         """
         n = Number.objects.create(integer=10, float=123.45)
-        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.filter(pk=n.pk).update(
-            float=F('integer') + F('float') * 2), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Number.objects.filter(pk=n.pk).update(float=F("integer") + F("float") * 2),
+            1,
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=n.pk).integer, 10)
-        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=n.pk).float, Approximate(256.900, places=3))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Number.objects.get(pk=n.pk).float, Approximate(256.900, places=3)
+        )
 
     def test_decimal_expression(self):
-        n = Number.objects.create(integer=1, decimal_value=Decimal('0.5'))
-        n.decimal_value = F('decimal_value') - Decimal('0.4')
+        n = Number.objects.create(integer=1, decimal_value=Decimal("0.5"))
+        n.decimal_value = F("decimal_value") - Decimal("0.4")
         n.save()
         n.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(n.decimal_value, Decimal('0.1'))
+        self.assertEqual(n.decimal_value, Decimal("0.1"))
 
 
 class ExpressionOperatorTests(TestCase):
@@ -1228,149 +1355,187 @@ class ExpressionOperatorTests(TestCase):
     def test_lefthand_addition(self):
         # LH Addition of floats and integers
         Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(
-            integer=F('integer') + 15,
-            float=F('float') + 42.7
+            integer=F("integer") + 15, float=F("float") + 42.7
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 57)
-        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(58.200, places=3))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(58.200, places=3)
+        )
 
     def test_lefthand_subtraction(self):
         # LH Subtraction of floats and integers
-        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=F('integer') - 15, float=F('float') - 42.7)
+        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(
+            integer=F("integer") - 15, float=F("float") - 42.7
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 27)
-        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(-27.200, places=3))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(-27.200, places=3)
+        )
 
     def test_lefthand_multiplication(self):
         # Multiplication of floats and integers
-        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=F('integer') * 15, float=F('float') * 42.7)
+        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(
+            integer=F("integer") * 15, float=F("float") * 42.7
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 630)
-        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(661.850, places=3))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(661.850, places=3)
+        )
 
     def test_lefthand_division(self):
         # LH Division of floats and integers
-        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=F('integer') / 2, float=F('float') / 42.7)
+        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(
+            integer=F("integer") / 2, float=F("float") / 42.7
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 21)
-        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(0.363, places=3))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(0.363, places=3)
+        )
 
     def test_lefthand_modulo(self):
         # LH Modulo arithmetic on integers
-        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=F('integer') % 20)
+        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=F("integer") % 20)
         self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 2)
 
     def test_lefthand_modulo_null(self):
         # LH Modulo arithmetic on integers.
-        Employee.objects.create(firstname='John', lastname='Doe', salary=None)
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(modsalary=F('salary') % 20)
+        Employee.objects.create(firstname="John", lastname="Doe", salary=None)
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(modsalary=F("salary") % 20)
         self.assertIsNone(qs.get().salary)
 
     def test_lefthand_bitwise_and(self):
         # LH Bitwise ands on integers
-        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=F('integer').bitand(56))
-        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n1.pk).update(integer=F('integer').bitand(-56))
+        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=F("integer").bitand(56))
+        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n1.pk).update(integer=F("integer").bitand(-56))
 
         self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 40)
         self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n1.pk).integer, -64)
 
     def test_lefthand_bitwise_left_shift_operator(self):
-        Number.objects.update(integer=F('integer').bitleftshift(2))
+        Number.objects.update(integer=F("integer").bitleftshift(2))
         self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 168)
         self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n1.pk).integer, -168)
 
     def test_lefthand_bitwise_right_shift_operator(self):
-        Number.objects.update(integer=F('integer').bitrightshift(2))
+        Number.objects.update(integer=F("integer").bitrightshift(2))
         self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 10)
         self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n1.pk).integer, -11)
 
     def test_lefthand_bitwise_or(self):
         # LH Bitwise or on integers
-        Number.objects.update(integer=F('integer').bitor(48))
+        Number.objects.update(integer=F("integer").bitor(48))
 
         self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 58)
         self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n1.pk).integer, -10)
 
     def test_lefthand_transformed_field_bitwise_or(self):
-        Employee.objects.create(firstname='Max', lastname='Mustermann')
+        Employee.objects.create(firstname="Max", lastname="Mustermann")
         with register_lookup(CharField, Length):
-            qs = Employee.objects.annotate(bitor=F('lastname__length').bitor(48))
+            qs = Employee.objects.annotate(bitor=F("lastname__length").bitor(48))
             self.assertEqual(qs.get().bitor, 58)
 
     def test_lefthand_power(self):
         # LH Power arithmetic operation on floats and integers
-        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=F('integer') ** 2, float=F('float') ** 1.5)
+        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(
+            integer=F("integer") ** 2, float=F("float") ** 1.5
+        )
         self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 1764)
-        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(61.02, places=2))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(61.02, places=2)
+        )
 
     def test_lefthand_bitwise_xor(self):
-        Number.objects.update(integer=F('integer').bitxor(48))
+        Number.objects.update(integer=F("integer").bitxor(48))
         self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 26)
         self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n1.pk).integer, -26)
 
     def test_lefthand_bitwise_xor_null(self):
-        employee = Employee.objects.create(firstname='John', lastname='Doe')
-        Employee.objects.update(salary=F('salary').bitxor(48))
+        employee = Employee.objects.create(firstname="John", lastname="Doe")
+        Employee.objects.update(salary=F("salary").bitxor(48))
         employee.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertIsNone(employee.salary)
 
     def test_lefthand_bitwise_xor_right_null(self):
-        employee = Employee.objects.create(firstname='John', lastname='Doe', salary=48)
-        Employee.objects.update(salary=F('salary').bitxor(None))
+        employee = Employee.objects.create(firstname="John", lastname="Doe", salary=48)
+        Employee.objects.update(salary=F("salary").bitxor(None))
         employee.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertIsNone(employee.salary)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'oracle', "Oracle doesn't support bitwise XOR.")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(
+        connection.vendor == "oracle", "Oracle doesn't support bitwise XOR."
+    )
     def test_lefthand_bitwise_xor_not_supported(self):
-        msg = 'Bitwise XOR is not supported in Oracle.'
+        msg = "Bitwise XOR is not supported in Oracle."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
-            Number.objects.update(integer=F('integer').bitxor(48))
+            Number.objects.update(integer=F("integer").bitxor(48))
 
     def test_right_hand_addition(self):
         # Right hand operators
-        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=15 + F('integer'), float=42.7 + F('float'))
+        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(
+            integer=15 + F("integer"), float=42.7 + F("float")
+        )
 
         # RH Addition of floats and integers
         self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 57)
-        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(58.200, places=3))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(58.200, places=3)
+        )
 
     def test_right_hand_subtraction(self):
-        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=15 - F('integer'), float=42.7 - F('float'))
+        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(
+            integer=15 - F("integer"), float=42.7 - F("float")
+        )
 
         # RH Subtraction of floats and integers
         self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, -27)
-        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(27.200, places=3))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(27.200, places=3)
+        )
 
     def test_right_hand_multiplication(self):
         # RH Multiplication of floats and integers
-        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=15 * F('integer'), float=42.7 * F('float'))
+        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(
+            integer=15 * F("integer"), float=42.7 * F("float")
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 630)
-        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(661.850, places=3))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(661.850, places=3)
+        )
 
     def test_right_hand_division(self):
         # RH Division of floats and integers
-        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=640 / F('integer'), float=42.7 / F('float'))
+        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(
+            integer=640 / F("integer"), float=42.7 / F("float")
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 15)
-        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(2.755, places=3))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(2.755, places=3)
+        )
 
     def test_right_hand_modulo(self):
         # RH Modulo arithmetic on integers
-        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=69 % F('integer'))
+        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=69 % F("integer"))
 
         self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 27)
 
     def test_righthand_power(self):
         # RH Power arithmetic operation on floats and integers
-        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(integer=2 ** F('integer'), float=1.5 ** F('float'))
+        Number.objects.filter(pk=self.n.pk).update(
+            integer=2 ** F("integer"), float=1.5 ** F("float")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).integer, 4398046511104)
-        self.assertEqual(Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(536.308, places=3))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Number.objects.get(pk=self.n.pk).float, Approximate(536.308, places=3)
+        )
 
 
 class FTimeDeltaTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.sday = sday = datetime.date(2010, 6, 25)
@@ -1393,11 +1558,17 @@ class FTimeDeltaTests(TestCase):
         # e0: started same day as assigned, zero duration
         end = stime + delta0
         cls.e0 = Experiment.objects.create(
-            name='e0', assigned=sday, start=stime, end=end,
-            completed=end.date(), estimated_time=delta0,
+            name="e0",
+            assigned=sday,
+            start=stime,
+            end=end,
+            completed=end.date(),
+            estimated_time=delta0,
         )
         cls.deltas.append(delta0)
-        cls.delays.append(cls.e0.start - datetime.datetime.combine(cls.e0.assigned, midnight))
+        cls.delays.append(
+            cls.e0.start - datetime.datetime.combine(cls.e0.assigned, midnight)
+        )
         cls.days_long.append(cls.e0.completed - cls.e0.assigned)
 
         # e1: started one day after assigned, tiny duration, data
@@ -1406,8 +1577,12 @@ class FTimeDeltaTests(TestCase):
         delay = datetime.timedelta(1)
         end = stime + delay + delta1
         e1 = Experiment.objects.create(
-            name='e1', assigned=sday, start=stime + delay, end=end,
-            completed=end.date(), estimated_time=delta1,
+            name="e1",
+            assigned=sday,
+            start=stime + delay,
+            end=end,
+            completed=end.date(),
+            estimated_time=delta1,
         )
         cls.deltas.append(delta1)
         cls.delays.append(e1.start - datetime.datetime.combine(e1.assigned, midnight))
@@ -1416,8 +1591,12 @@ class FTimeDeltaTests(TestCase):
         # e2: started three days after assigned, small duration
         end = stime + delta2
         e2 = Experiment.objects.create(
-            name='e2', assigned=sday - datetime.timedelta(3), start=stime,
-            end=end, completed=end.date(), estimated_time=datetime.timedelta(hours=1),
+            name="e2",
+            assigned=sday - datetime.timedelta(3),
+            start=stime,
+            end=end,
+            completed=end.date(),
+            estimated_time=datetime.timedelta(hours=1),
         )
         cls.deltas.append(delta2)
         cls.delays.append(e2.start - datetime.datetime.combine(e2.assigned, midnight))
@@ -1427,8 +1606,12 @@ class FTimeDeltaTests(TestCase):
         delay = datetime.timedelta(4)
         end = stime + delay + delta3
         e3 = Experiment.objects.create(
-            name='e3', assigned=sday, start=stime + delay, end=end,
-            completed=end.date(), estimated_time=delta3,
+            name="e3",
+            assigned=sday,
+            start=stime + delay,
+            end=end,
+            completed=end.date(),
+            estimated_time=delta3,
         )
         cls.deltas.append(delta3)
         cls.delays.append(e3.start - datetime.datetime.combine(e3.assigned, midnight))
@@ -1437,8 +1620,12 @@ class FTimeDeltaTests(TestCase):
         # e4: started 10 days after assignment, long duration
         end = stime + delta4
         e4 = Experiment.objects.create(
-            name='e4', assigned=sday - datetime.timedelta(10), start=stime,
-            end=end, completed=end.date(), estimated_time=delta4 - datetime.timedelta(1),
+            name="e4",
+            assigned=sday - datetime.timedelta(10),
+            start=stime,
+            end=end,
+            completed=end.date(),
+            estimated_time=delta4 - datetime.timedelta(1),
         )
         cls.deltas.append(delta4)
         cls.delays.append(e4.start - datetime.datetime.combine(e4.assigned, midnight))
@@ -1448,8 +1635,12 @@ class FTimeDeltaTests(TestCase):
         delay = datetime.timedelta(30)
         end = stime + delay + delta5
         e5 = Experiment.objects.create(
-            name='e5', assigned=sday, start=stime + delay, end=end,
-            completed=end.date(), estimated_time=delta5,
+            name="e5",
+            assigned=sday,
+            start=stime + delay,
+            end=end,
+            completed=end.date(),
+            estimated_time=delta5,
         )
         cls.deltas.append(delta5)
         cls.delays.append(e5.start - datetime.datetime.combine(e5.assigned, midnight))
@@ -1459,14 +1650,16 @@ class FTimeDeltaTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_multiple_query_compilation(self):
         # Ticket #21643
-        queryset = Experiment.objects.filter(end__lt=F('start') + datetime.timedelta(hours=1))
+        queryset = Experiment.objects.filter(
+            end__lt=F("start") + datetime.timedelta(hours=1)
+        )
         q1 = str(queryset.query)
         q2 = str(queryset.query)
         self.assertEqual(q1, q2)
 
     def test_query_clone(self):
         # Ticket #21643 - Crash when compiling query more than once
-        qs = Experiment.objects.filter(end__lt=F('start') + datetime.timedelta(hours=1))
+        qs = Experiment.objects.filter(end__lt=F("start") + datetime.timedelta(hours=1))
         qs2 = qs.all()
         list(qs)
         list(qs2)
@@ -1474,57 +1667,89 @@ class FTimeDeltaTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_delta_add(self):
         for i, delta in enumerate(self.deltas):
-            test_set = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(end__lt=F('start') + delta)]
+            test_set = [
+                e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(end__lt=F("start") + delta)
+            ]
             self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[:i])
 
-            test_set = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(end__lt=delta + F('start'))]
+            test_set = [
+                e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(end__lt=delta + F("start"))
+            ]
             self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[:i])
 
-            test_set = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(end__lte=F('start') + delta)]
-            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[:i + 1])
+            test_set = [
+                e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(end__lte=F("start") + delta)
+            ]
+            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[: i + 1])
 
     def test_delta_subtract(self):
         for i, delta in enumerate(self.deltas):
-            test_set = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(start__gt=F('end') - delta)]
+            test_set = [
+                e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(start__gt=F("end") - delta)
+            ]
             self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[:i])
 
-            test_set = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(start__gte=F('end') - delta)]
-            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[:i + 1])
+            test_set = [
+                e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(start__gte=F("end") - delta)
+            ]
+            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[: i + 1])
 
     def test_exclude(self):
         for i, delta in enumerate(self.deltas):
-            test_set = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.exclude(end__lt=F('start') + delta)]
+            test_set = [
+                e.name for e in Experiment.objects.exclude(end__lt=F("start") + delta)
+            ]
             self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[i:])
 
-            test_set = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.exclude(end__lte=F('start') + delta)]
-            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[i + 1:])
+            test_set = [
+                e.name for e in Experiment.objects.exclude(end__lte=F("start") + delta)
+            ]
+            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[i + 1 :])
 
     def test_date_comparison(self):
         for i, days in enumerate(self.days_long):
-            test_set = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(completed__lt=F('assigned') + days)]
+            test_set = [
+                e.name
+                for e in Experiment.objects.filter(completed__lt=F("assigned") + days)
+            ]
             self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[:i])
 
-            test_set = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(completed__lte=F('assigned') + days)]
-            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[:i + 1])
+            test_set = [
+                e.name
+                for e in Experiment.objects.filter(completed__lte=F("assigned") + days)
+            ]
+            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[: i + 1])
 
     def test_mixed_comparisons1(self):
         for i, delay in enumerate(self.delays):
-            test_set = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(assigned__gt=F('start') - delay)]
+            test_set = [
+                e.name
+                for e in Experiment.objects.filter(assigned__gt=F("start") - delay)
+            ]
             self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[:i])
 
-            test_set = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(assigned__gte=F('start') - delay)]
-            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[:i + 1])
+            test_set = [
+                e.name
+                for e in Experiment.objects.filter(assigned__gte=F("start") - delay)
+            ]
+            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[: i + 1])
 
     def test_mixed_comparisons2(self):
         for i, delay in enumerate(self.delays):
             delay = datetime.timedelta(delay.days)
-            test_set = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(start__lt=F('assigned') + delay)]
+            test_set = [
+                e.name
+                for e in Experiment.objects.filter(start__lt=F("assigned") + delay)
+            ]
             self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[:i])
 
             test_set = [
-                e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(start__lte=F('assigned') + delay + datetime.timedelta(1))
+                e.name
+                for e in Experiment.objects.filter(
+                    start__lte=F("assigned") + delay + datetime.timedelta(1)
+                )
             ]
-            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[:i + 1])
+            self.assertEqual(test_set, self.expnames[: i + 1])
 
     def test_delta_update(self):
         for delta in self.deltas:
@@ -1533,7 +1758,7 @@ class FTimeDeltaTests(TestCase):
             expected_starts = [e.start + delta for e in exps]
             expected_ends = [e.end + delta for e in exps]
 
-            Experiment.objects.update(start=F('start') + delta, end=F('end') + delta)
+            Experiment.objects.update(start=F("start") + delta, end=F("end") + delta)
             exps = Experiment.objects.all()
             new_starts = [e.start for e in exps]
             new_ends = [e.end for e in exps]
@@ -1544,32 +1769,42 @@ class FTimeDeltaTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_invalid_operator(self):
         with self.assertRaises(DatabaseError):
-            list(Experiment.objects.filter(start=F('start') * datetime.timedelta(0)))
+            list(Experiment.objects.filter(start=F("start") * datetime.timedelta(0)))
 
     def test_durationfield_add(self):
-        zeros = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(start=F('start') + F('estimated_time'))]
-        self.assertEqual(zeros, ['e0'])
+        zeros = [
+            e.name
+            for e in Experiment.objects.filter(start=F("start") + F("estimated_time"))
+        ]
+        self.assertEqual(zeros, ["e0"])
 
-        end_less = [e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(end__lt=F('start') + F('estimated_time'))]
-        self.assertEqual(end_less, ['e2'])
+        end_less = [
+            e.name
+            for e in Experiment.objects.filter(end__lt=F("start") + F("estimated_time"))
+        ]
+        self.assertEqual(end_less, ["e2"])
 
         delta_math = [
-            e.name for e in
-            Experiment.objects.filter(end__gte=F('start') + F('estimated_time') + datetime.timedelta(hours=1))
+            e.name
+            for e in Experiment.objects.filter(
+                end__gte=F("start") + F("estimated_time") + datetime.timedelta(hours=1)
+            )
         ]
-        self.assertEqual(delta_math, ['e4'])
+        self.assertEqual(delta_math, ["e4"])
 
-        queryset = Experiment.objects.annotate(shifted=ExpressionWrapper(
-            F('start') + Value(None, output_field=DurationField()),
-            output_field=DateTimeField(),
-        ))
+        queryset = Experiment.objects.annotate(
+            shifted=ExpressionWrapper(
+                F("start") + Value(None, output_field=DurationField()),
+                output_field=DateTimeField(),
+            )
+        )
         self.assertIsNone(queryset.first().shifted)
 
     def test_durationfield_multiply_divide(self):
         Experiment.objects.update(scalar=2)
         tests = [
-            (Decimal('2'), 2),
-            (F('scalar'), 2),
+            (Decimal("2"), 2),
+            (F("scalar"), 2),
             (2, 2),
             (3.2, 3.2),
         ]
@@ -1577,11 +1812,11 @@ class FTimeDeltaTests(TestCase):
             with self.subTest(expr=expr):
                 qs = Experiment.objects.annotate(
                     multiplied=ExpressionWrapper(
-                        expr * F('estimated_time'),
+                        expr * F("estimated_time"),
                         output_field=DurationField(),
                     ),
                     divided=ExpressionWrapper(
-                        F('estimated_time') / expr,
+                        F("estimated_time") / expr,
                         output_field=DurationField(),
                     ),
                 )
@@ -1597,126 +1832,147 @@ class FTimeDeltaTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_duration_expressions(self):
         for delta in self.deltas:
-            qs = Experiment.objects.annotate(duration=F('estimated_time') + delta)
+            qs = Experiment.objects.annotate(duration=F("estimated_time") + delta)
             for obj in qs:
                 self.assertEqual(obj.duration, obj.estimated_time + delta)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_temporal_subtraction')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_temporal_subtraction")
     def test_date_subtraction(self):
         queryset = Experiment.objects.annotate(
-            completion_duration=F('completed') - F('assigned'),
+            completion_duration=F("completed") - F("assigned"),
         )
 
-        at_least_5_days = {e.name for e in queryset.filter(completion_duration__gte=datetime.timedelta(days=5))}
-        self.assertEqual(at_least_5_days, {'e3', 'e4', 'e5'})
+        at_least_5_days = {
+            e.name
+            for e in queryset.filter(
+                completion_duration__gte=datetime.timedelta(days=5)
+            )
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(at_least_5_days, {"e3", "e4", "e5"})
 
-        at_least_120_days = {e.name for e in queryset.filter(completion_duration__gte=datetime.timedelta(days=120))}
-        self.assertEqual(at_least_120_days, {'e5'})
+        at_least_120_days = {
+            e.name
+            for e in queryset.filter(
+                completion_duration__gte=datetime.timedelta(days=120)
+            )
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(at_least_120_days, {"e5"})
 
-        less_than_5_days = {e.name for e in queryset.filter(completion_duration__lt=datetime.timedelta(days=5))}
-        self.assertEqual(less_than_5_days, {'e0', 'e1', 'e2'})
+        less_than_5_days = {
+            e.name
+            for e in queryset.filter(completion_duration__lt=datetime.timedelta(days=5))
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(less_than_5_days, {"e0", "e1", "e2"})
 
         queryset = Experiment.objects.annotate(
-            difference=F('completed') - Value(None, output_field=DateField()),
+            difference=F("completed") - Value(None, output_field=DateField()),
         )
         self.assertIsNone(queryset.first().difference)
 
-        queryset = Experiment.objects.annotate(shifted=ExpressionWrapper(
-            F('completed') - Value(None, output_field=DurationField()),
-            output_field=DateField(),
-        ))
+        queryset = Experiment.objects.annotate(
+            shifted=ExpressionWrapper(
+                F("completed") - Value(None, output_field=DurationField()),
+                output_field=DateField(),
+            )
+        )
         self.assertIsNone(queryset.first().shifted)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_temporal_subtraction')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_temporal_subtraction")
     def test_date_subquery_subtraction(self):
-        subquery = Experiment.objects.filter(pk=OuterRef('pk')).values('completed')
+        subquery = Experiment.objects.filter(pk=OuterRef("pk")).values("completed")
         queryset = Experiment.objects.annotate(
-            difference=subquery - F('completed'),
+            difference=subquery - F("completed"),
         ).filter(difference=datetime.timedelta())
         self.assertTrue(queryset.exists())
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_temporal_subtraction')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_temporal_subtraction")
     def test_date_case_subtraction(self):
         queryset = Experiment.objects.annotate(
             date_case=Case(
-                When(Q(name='e0'), then=F('completed')),
+                When(Q(name="e0"), then=F("completed")),
                 output_field=DateField(),
             ),
             completed_value=Value(
                 self.e0.completed,
                 output_field=DateField(),
             ),
-            difference=F('date_case') - F('completed_value'),
+            difference=F("date_case") - F("completed_value"),
         ).filter(difference=datetime.timedelta())
         self.assertEqual(queryset.get(), self.e0)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_temporal_subtraction')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_temporal_subtraction")
     def test_time_subtraction(self):
         Time.objects.create(time=datetime.time(12, 30, 15, 2345))
         queryset = Time.objects.annotate(
-            difference=F('time') - Value(datetime.time(11, 15, 0)),
+            difference=F("time") - Value(datetime.time(11, 15, 0)),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             queryset.get().difference,
-            datetime.timedelta(hours=1, minutes=15, seconds=15, microseconds=2345)
+            datetime.timedelta(hours=1, minutes=15, seconds=15, microseconds=2345),
         )
 
         queryset = Time.objects.annotate(
-            difference=F('time') - Value(None, output_field=TimeField()),
+            difference=F("time") - Value(None, output_field=TimeField()),
         )
         self.assertIsNone(queryset.first().difference)
 
-        queryset = Time.objects.annotate(shifted=ExpressionWrapper(
-            F('time') - Value(None, output_field=DurationField()),
-            output_field=TimeField(),
-        ))
+        queryset = Time.objects.annotate(
+            shifted=ExpressionWrapper(
+                F("time") - Value(None, output_field=DurationField()),
+                output_field=TimeField(),
+            )
+        )
         self.assertIsNone(queryset.first().shifted)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_temporal_subtraction')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_temporal_subtraction")
     def test_time_subquery_subtraction(self):
         Time.objects.create(time=datetime.time(12, 30, 15, 2345))
-        subquery = Time.objects.filter(pk=OuterRef('pk')).values('time')
+        subquery = Time.objects.filter(pk=OuterRef("pk")).values("time")
         queryset = Time.objects.annotate(
-            difference=subquery - F('time'),
+            difference=subquery - F("time"),
         ).filter(difference=datetime.timedelta())
         self.assertTrue(queryset.exists())
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_temporal_subtraction')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_temporal_subtraction")
     def test_datetime_subtraction(self):
         under_estimate = [
-            e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(estimated_time__gt=F('end') - F('start'))
+            e.name
+            for e in Experiment.objects.filter(estimated_time__gt=F("end") - F("start"))
         ]
-        self.assertEqual(under_estimate, ['e2'])
+        self.assertEqual(under_estimate, ["e2"])
 
         over_estimate = [
-            e.name for e in Experiment.objects.filter(estimated_time__lt=F('end') - F('start'))
+            e.name
+            for e in Experiment.objects.filter(estimated_time__lt=F("end") - F("start"))
         ]
-        self.assertEqual(over_estimate, ['e4'])
+        self.assertEqual(over_estimate, ["e4"])
 
         queryset = Experiment.objects.annotate(
-            difference=F('start') - Value(None, output_field=DateTimeField()),
+            difference=F("start") - Value(None, output_field=DateTimeField()),
         )
         self.assertIsNone(queryset.first().difference)
 
-        queryset = Experiment.objects.annotate(shifted=ExpressionWrapper(
-            F('start') - Value(None, output_field=DurationField()),
-            output_field=DateTimeField(),
-        ))
+        queryset = Experiment.objects.annotate(
+            shifted=ExpressionWrapper(
+                F("start") - Value(None, output_field=DurationField()),
+                output_field=DateTimeField(),
+            )
+        )
         self.assertIsNone(queryset.first().shifted)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_temporal_subtraction')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_temporal_subtraction")
     def test_datetime_subquery_subtraction(self):
-        subquery = Experiment.objects.filter(pk=OuterRef('pk')).values('start')
+        subquery = Experiment.objects.filter(pk=OuterRef("pk")).values("start")
         queryset = Experiment.objects.annotate(
-            difference=subquery - F('start'),
+            difference=subquery - F("start"),
         ).filter(difference=datetime.timedelta())
         self.assertTrue(queryset.exists())
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_temporal_subtraction')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_temporal_subtraction")
     def test_datetime_subtraction_microseconds(self):
         delta = datetime.timedelta(microseconds=8999999999999999)
-        Experiment.objects.update(end=F('start') + delta)
-        qs = Experiment.objects.annotate(delta=F('end') - F('start'))
+        Experiment.objects.update(end=F("start") + delta)
+        qs = Experiment.objects.annotate(delta=F("end") - F("start"))
         for e in qs:
             self.assertEqual(e.delta, delta)
 
@@ -1724,43 +1980,58 @@ class FTimeDeltaTests(TestCase):
         # Exclude e1 which has very high precision so we can test this on all
         # backends regardless of whether or not it supports
         # microsecond_precision.
-        over_estimate = Experiment.objects.exclude(name='e1').filter(
-            completed__gt=self.stime + F('estimated_time'),
-        ).order_by('name')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(over_estimate, ['e3', 'e4', 'e5'], lambda e: e.name)
+        over_estimate = (
+            Experiment.objects.exclude(name="e1")
+            .filter(
+                completed__gt=self.stime + F("estimated_time"),
+            )
+            .order_by("name")
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(over_estimate, ["e3", "e4", "e5"], lambda e: e.name)
 
     def test_duration_with_datetime_microseconds(self):
         delta = datetime.timedelta(microseconds=8999999999999999)
-        qs = Experiment.objects.annotate(dt=ExpressionWrapper(
-            F('start') + delta,
-            output_field=DateTimeField(),
-        ))
+        qs = Experiment.objects.annotate(
+            dt=ExpressionWrapper(
+                F("start") + delta,
+                output_field=DateTimeField(),
+            )
+        )
         for e in qs:
             self.assertEqual(e.dt, e.start + delta)
 
     def test_date_minus_duration(self):
         more_than_4_days = Experiment.objects.filter(
-            assigned__lt=F('completed') - Value(datetime.timedelta(days=4))
+            assigned__lt=F("completed") - Value(datetime.timedelta(days=4))
         )
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(more_than_4_days, ['e3', 'e4', 'e5'], lambda e: e.name)
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(more_than_4_days, ["e3", "e4", "e5"], lambda e: e.name)
 
     def test_negative_timedelta_update(self):
         # subtract 30 seconds, 30 minutes, 2 hours and 2 days
-        experiments = Experiment.objects.filter(name='e0').annotate(
-            start_sub_seconds=F('start') + datetime.timedelta(seconds=-30),
-        ).annotate(
-            start_sub_minutes=F('start_sub_seconds') + datetime.timedelta(minutes=-30),
-        ).annotate(
-            start_sub_hours=F('start_sub_minutes') + datetime.timedelta(hours=-2),
-        ).annotate(
-            new_start=F('start_sub_hours') + datetime.timedelta(days=-2),
+        experiments = (
+            Experiment.objects.filter(name="e0")
+            .annotate(
+                start_sub_seconds=F("start") + datetime.timedelta(seconds=-30),
+            )
+            .annotate(
+                start_sub_minutes=F("start_sub_seconds")
+                + datetime.timedelta(minutes=-30),
+            )
+            .annotate(
+                start_sub_hours=F("start_sub_minutes") + datetime.timedelta(hours=-2),
+            )
+            .annotate(
+                new_start=F("start_sub_hours") + datetime.timedelta(days=-2),
+            )
         )
         expected_start = datetime.datetime(2010, 6, 23, 9, 45, 0)
         # subtract 30 microseconds
-        experiments = experiments.annotate(new_start=F('new_start') + datetime.timedelta(microseconds=-30))
+        experiments = experiments.annotate(
+            new_start=F("new_start") + datetime.timedelta(microseconds=-30)
+        )
         expected_start += datetime.timedelta(microseconds=+746970)
-        experiments.update(start=F('new_start'))
-        e0 = Experiment.objects.get(name='e0')
+        experiments.update(start=F("new_start"))
+        e0 = Experiment.objects.get(name="e0")
         self.assertEqual(e0.start, expected_start)
 
 
@@ -1772,71 +2043,79 @@ class ValueTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_update_UUIDField_using_Value(self):
         UUID.objects.create()
-        UUID.objects.update(uuid=Value(uuid.UUID('12345678901234567890123456789012'), output_field=UUIDField()))
-        self.assertEqual(UUID.objects.get().uuid, uuid.UUID('12345678901234567890123456789012'))
+        UUID.objects.update(
+            uuid=Value(
+                uuid.UUID("12345678901234567890123456789012"), output_field=UUIDField()
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            UUID.objects.get().uuid, uuid.UUID("12345678901234567890123456789012")
+        )
 
     def test_deconstruct(self):
-        value = Value('name')
+        value = Value("name")
         path, args, kwargs = value.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.db.models.Value')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.Value")
         self.assertEqual(args, (value.value,))
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {})
 
     def test_deconstruct_output_field(self):
-        value = Value('name', output_field=CharField())
+        value = Value("name", output_field=CharField())
         path, args, kwargs = value.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.db.models.Value')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.Value")
         self.assertEqual(args, (value.value,))
         self.assertEqual(len(kwargs), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs['output_field'].deconstruct(), CharField().deconstruct())
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs["output_field"].deconstruct(), CharField().deconstruct()
+        )
 
     def test_repr(self):
         tests = [
-            (None, 'Value(None)'),
-            ('str', "Value('str')"),
-            (True, 'Value(True)'),
-            (42, 'Value(42)'),
+            (None, "Value(None)"),
+            ("str", "Value('str')"),
+            (True, "Value(True)"),
+            (42, "Value(42)"),
             (
                 datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 15),
-                'Value(datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 15, 0, 0))',
+                "Value(datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 15, 0, 0))",
             ),
-            (Decimal('3.14'), "Value(Decimal('3.14'))"),
+            (Decimal("3.14"), "Value(Decimal('3.14'))"),
         ]
         for value, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
                 self.assertEqual(repr(Value(value)), expected)
 
     def test_equal(self):
-        value = Value('name')
-        self.assertEqual(value, Value('name'))
-        self.assertNotEqual(value, Value('username'))
+        value = Value("name")
+        self.assertEqual(value, Value("name"))
+        self.assertNotEqual(value, Value("username"))
 
     def test_hash(self):
-        d = {Value('name'): 'Bob'}
-        self.assertIn(Value('name'), d)
-        self.assertEqual(d[Value('name')], 'Bob')
+        d = {Value("name"): "Bob"}
+        self.assertIn(Value("name"), d)
+        self.assertEqual(d[Value("name")], "Bob")
 
     def test_equal_output_field(self):
-        value = Value('name', output_field=CharField())
-        same_value = Value('name', output_field=CharField())
-        other_value = Value('name', output_field=TimeField())
-        no_output_field = Value('name')
+        value = Value("name", output_field=CharField())
+        same_value = Value("name", output_field=CharField())
+        other_value = Value("name", output_field=TimeField())
+        no_output_field = Value("name")
         self.assertEqual(value, same_value)
         self.assertNotEqual(value, other_value)
         self.assertNotEqual(value, no_output_field)
 
     def test_raise_empty_expressionlist(self):
-        msg = 'ExpressionList requires at least one expression'
+        msg = "ExpressionList requires at least one expression"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             ExpressionList()
 
     def test_compile_unresolved(self):
         # This test might need to be revisited later on if #25425 is enforced.
         compiler = Time.objects.all().query.get_compiler(connection=connection)
-        value = Value('foo')
-        self.assertEqual(value.as_sql(compiler, connection), ('%s', ['foo']))
-        value = Value('foo', output_field=CharField())
-        self.assertEqual(value.as_sql(compiler, connection), ('%s', ['foo']))
+        value = Value("foo")
+        self.assertEqual(value.as_sql(compiler, connection), ("%s", ["foo"]))
+        value = Value("foo", output_field=CharField())
+        self.assertEqual(value.as_sql(compiler, connection), ("%s", ["foo"]))
 
     def test_output_field_decimalfield(self):
         Time.objects.create()
@@ -1845,7 +2124,7 @@ class ValueTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_resolve_output_field(self):
         value_types = [
-            ('str', CharField),
+            ("str", CharField),
             (True, BooleanField),
             (42, IntegerField),
             (3.14, FloatField),
@@ -1853,8 +2132,8 @@ class ValueTests(TestCase):
             (datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 15), DateTimeField),
             (datetime.time(3, 16), TimeField),
             (datetime.timedelta(1), DurationField),
-            (Decimal('3.14'), DecimalField),
-            (b'', BinaryField),
+            (Decimal("3.14"), DecimalField),
+            (b"", BinaryField),
             (uuid.uuid4(), UUIDField),
         ]
         for value, output_field_type in value_types:
@@ -1863,7 +2142,7 @@ class ValueTests(TestCase):
                 self.assertIsInstance(expr.output_field, output_field_type)
 
     def test_resolve_output_field_failure(self):
-        msg = 'Cannot resolve expression type, unknown output_field'
+        msg = "Cannot resolve expression type, unknown output_field"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
             Value(object()).output_field
 
@@ -1874,7 +2153,7 @@ class ValueTests(TestCase):
         and this demonstrates that they don't throw an exception.
         """
         value_types = [
-            'str',
+            "str",
             True,
             42,
             3.14,
@@ -1882,8 +2161,8 @@ class ValueTests(TestCase):
             datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 15),
             datetime.time(3, 16),
             datetime.timedelta(1),
-            Decimal('3.14'),
-            b'',
+            Decimal("3.14"),
+            b"",
             uuid.uuid4(),
         ]
         for value in value_types:
@@ -1895,12 +2174,16 @@ class ValueTests(TestCase):
 class ExistsTests(TestCase):
     def test_optimizations(self):
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as context:
-            list(Experiment.objects.values(exists=Exists(
-                Experiment.objects.order_by('pk'),
-            )).order_by())
+            list(
+                Experiment.objects.values(
+                    exists=Exists(
+                        Experiment.objects.order_by("pk"),
+                    )
+                ).order_by()
+            )
         captured_queries = context.captured_queries
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 1)
-        captured_sql = captured_queries[0]['sql']
+        captured_sql = captured_queries[0]["sql"]
         self.assertNotIn(
             connection.ops.quote_name(Experiment._meta.pk.column),
             captured_sql,
@@ -1909,13 +2192,11 @@ class ExistsTests(TestCase):
             connection.ops.limit_offset_sql(None, 1),
             captured_sql,
         )
-        self.assertNotIn('ORDER BY', captured_sql)
+        self.assertNotIn("ORDER BY", captured_sql)
 
     def test_negated_empty_exists(self):
         manager = Manager.objects.create()
-        qs = Manager.objects.filter(
-            ~Exists(Manager.objects.none()) & Q(pk=manager.pk)
-        )
+        qs = Manager.objects.filter(~Exists(Manager.objects.none()) & Q(pk=manager.pk))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [manager])
 
     def test_select_negated_empty_exists(self):
@@ -1928,13 +2209,12 @@ class ExistsTests(TestCase):
 
 
 class FieldTransformTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.sday = sday = datetime.date(2010, 6, 25)
         cls.stime = stime = datetime.datetime(2010, 6, 25, 12, 15, 30, 747000)
         cls.ex1 = Experiment.objects.create(
-            name='Experiment 1',
+            name="Experiment 1",
             assigned=sday,
             completed=sday + datetime.timedelta(2),
             estimated_time=datetime.timedelta(2),
@@ -1944,96 +2224,118 @@ class FieldTransformTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_month_aggregation(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            Experiment.objects.aggregate(month_count=Count('assigned__month')),
-            {'month_count': 1}
+            Experiment.objects.aggregate(month_count=Count("assigned__month")),
+            {"month_count": 1},
         )
 
     def test_transform_in_values(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Experiment.objects.values('assigned__month'),
-            [{'assigned__month': 6}],
+            Experiment.objects.values("assigned__month"),
+            [{"assigned__month": 6}],
         )
 
     def test_multiple_transforms_in_values(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Experiment.objects.values('end__date__month'),
-            [{'end__date__month': 6}],
+            Experiment.objects.values("end__date__month"),
+            [{"end__date__month": 6}],
         )
 
 
 class ReprTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_expressions(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(Case(When(a=1))),
-            "<Case: CASE WHEN <Q: (AND: ('a', 1))> THEN Value(None), ELSE Value(None)>"
+            "<Case: CASE WHEN <Q: (AND: ('a', 1))> THEN Value(None), ELSE Value(None)>",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            repr(When(Q(age__gte=18), then=Value('legal'))),
-            "<When: WHEN <Q: (AND: ('age__gte', 18))> THEN Value('legal')>"
+            repr(When(Q(age__gte=18), then=Value("legal"))),
+            "<When: WHEN <Q: (AND: ('age__gte', 18))> THEN Value('legal')>",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Col('alias', 'field')), "Col(alias, field)")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(F('published')), "F(published)")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(F('cost') + F('tax')), "<CombinedExpression: F(cost) + F(tax)>")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Col("alias", "field")), "Col(alias, field)")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(F("published")), "F(published)")
         self.assertEqual(
-            repr(ExpressionWrapper(F('cost') + F('tax'), IntegerField())),
-            "ExpressionWrapper(F(cost) + F(tax))"
+            repr(F("cost") + F("tax")), "<CombinedExpression: F(cost) + F(tax)>"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(ExpressionWrapper(F("cost") + F("tax"), IntegerField())),
+            "ExpressionWrapper(F(cost) + F(tax))",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(Func("published", function="TO_CHAR")),
+            "Func(F(published), function=TO_CHAR)",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(repr(OrderBy(Value(1))), "OrderBy(Value(1), descending=False)")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(RawSQL("table.col", [])), "RawSQL(table.col, [])")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(Ref("sum_cost", Sum("cost"))), "Ref(sum_cost, Sum(F(cost)))"
         )
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Func('published', function='TO_CHAR')), "Func(F(published), function=TO_CHAR)")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(OrderBy(Value(1))), 'OrderBy(Value(1), descending=False)')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(RawSQL('table.col', [])), "RawSQL(table.col, [])")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Ref('sum_cost', Sum('cost'))), "Ref(sum_cost, Sum(F(cost)))")
         self.assertEqual(repr(Value(1)), "Value(1)")
         self.assertEqual(
-            repr(ExpressionList(F('col'), F('anothercol'))),
-            'ExpressionList(F(col), F(anothercol))'
+            repr(ExpressionList(F("col"), F("anothercol"))),
+            "ExpressionList(F(col), F(anothercol))",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            repr(ExpressionList(OrderBy(F('col'), descending=False))),
-            'ExpressionList(OrderBy(F(col), descending=False))'
+            repr(ExpressionList(OrderBy(F("col"), descending=False))),
+            "ExpressionList(OrderBy(F(col), descending=False))",
         )
 
     def test_functions(self):
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Coalesce('a', 'b')), "Coalesce(F(a), F(b))")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Concat('a', 'b')), "Concat(ConcatPair(F(a), F(b)))")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Length('a')), "Length(F(a))")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Lower('a')), "Lower(F(a))")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Substr('a', 1, 3)), "Substr(F(a), Value(1), Value(3))")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Upper('a')), "Upper(F(a))")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Coalesce("a", "b")), "Coalesce(F(a), F(b))")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Concat("a", "b")), "Concat(ConcatPair(F(a), F(b)))")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Length("a")), "Length(F(a))")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Lower("a")), "Lower(F(a))")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Substr("a", 1, 3)), "Substr(F(a), Value(1), Value(3))")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Upper("a")), "Upper(F(a))")
 
     def test_aggregates(self):
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Avg('a')), "Avg(F(a))")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Count('a')), "Count(F(a))")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Count('*')), "Count('*')")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Max('a')), "Max(F(a))")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Min('a')), "Min(F(a))")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(StdDev('a')), "StdDev(F(a), sample=False)")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Sum('a')), "Sum(F(a))")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Variance('a', sample=True)), "Variance(F(a), sample=True)")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Avg("a")), "Avg(F(a))")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Count("a")), "Count(F(a))")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Count("*")), "Count('*')")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Max("a")), "Max(F(a))")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Min("a")), "Min(F(a))")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(StdDev("a")), "StdDev(F(a), sample=False)")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Sum("a")), "Sum(F(a))")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(Variance("a", sample=True)), "Variance(F(a), sample=True)"
+        )
 
     def test_distinct_aggregates(self):
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Count('a', distinct=True)), "Count(F(a), distinct=True)")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Count('*', distinct=True)), "Count('*', distinct=True)")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Count("a", distinct=True)), "Count(F(a), distinct=True)")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Count("*", distinct=True)), "Count('*', distinct=True)")
 
     def test_filtered_aggregates(self):
         filter = Q(a=1)
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Avg('a', filter=filter)), "Avg(F(a), filter=(AND: ('a', 1)))")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Count('a', filter=filter)), "Count(F(a), filter=(AND: ('a', 1)))")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Max('a', filter=filter)), "Max(F(a), filter=(AND: ('a', 1)))")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Min('a', filter=filter)), "Min(F(a), filter=(AND: ('a', 1)))")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(StdDev('a', filter=filter)), "StdDev(F(a), filter=(AND: ('a', 1)), sample=False)")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Sum('a', filter=filter)), "Sum(F(a), filter=(AND: ('a', 1)))")
         self.assertEqual(
-            repr(Variance('a', sample=True, filter=filter)),
-            "Variance(F(a), filter=(AND: ('a', 1)), sample=True)"
+            repr(Avg("a", filter=filter)), "Avg(F(a), filter=(AND: ('a', 1)))"
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            repr(Count('a', filter=filter, distinct=True)), "Count(F(a), distinct=True, filter=(AND: ('a', 1)))"
+            repr(Count("a", filter=filter)), "Count(F(a), filter=(AND: ('a', 1)))"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(Max("a", filter=filter)), "Max(F(a), filter=(AND: ('a', 1)))"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(Min("a", filter=filter)), "Min(F(a), filter=(AND: ('a', 1)))"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(StdDev("a", filter=filter)),
+            "StdDev(F(a), filter=(AND: ('a', 1)), sample=False)",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(Sum("a", filter=filter)), "Sum(F(a), filter=(AND: ('a', 1)))"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(Variance("a", sample=True, filter=filter)),
+            "Variance(F(a), filter=(AND: ('a', 1)), sample=True)",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(Count("a", filter=filter, distinct=True)),
+            "Count(F(a), distinct=True, filter=(AND: ('a', 1)))",
         )
 
 
 class CombinableTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    bitwise_msg = 'Use .bitand() and .bitor() for bitwise logical operations.'
+    bitwise_msg = "Use .bitand() and .bitor() for bitwise logical operations."
 
     def test_negation(self):
         c = Combinable()
@@ -2069,7 +2371,9 @@ class CombinedExpressionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         connectors = [Combinable.ADD, Combinable.SUB, Combinable.MUL, Combinable.DIV]
         for lhs, rhs, combined in tests:
             for connector in connectors:
-                with self.subTest(lhs=lhs, connector=connector, rhs=rhs, combined=combined):
+                with self.subTest(
+                    lhs=lhs, connector=connector, rhs=rhs, combined=combined
+                ):
                     expr = CombinedExpression(
                         Expression(lhs()),
                         connector,
@@ -2084,7 +2388,7 @@ class ExpressionWrapperTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(expr.get_group_by_cols(alias=None), [])
 
     def test_non_empty_group_by(self):
-        value = Value('f')
+        value = Value("f")
         value.output_field = None
         expr = ExpressionWrapper(Lower(value), output_field=IntegerField())
         group_by_cols = expr.get_group_by_cols(alias=None)
@@ -2095,20 +2399,20 @@ class ExpressionWrapperTests(SimpleTestCase):
 class OrderByTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_equal(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            OrderBy(F('field'), nulls_last=True),
-            OrderBy(F('field'), nulls_last=True),
+            OrderBy(F("field"), nulls_last=True),
+            OrderBy(F("field"), nulls_last=True),
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            OrderBy(F('field'), nulls_last=True),
-            OrderBy(F('field'), nulls_last=False),
+            OrderBy(F("field"), nulls_last=True),
+            OrderBy(F("field"), nulls_last=False),
         )
 
     def test_hash(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            hash(OrderBy(F('field'), nulls_last=True)),
-            hash(OrderBy(F('field'), nulls_last=True)),
+            hash(OrderBy(F("field"), nulls_last=True)),
+            hash(OrderBy(F("field"), nulls_last=True)),
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            hash(OrderBy(F('field'), nulls_last=True)),
-            hash(OrderBy(F('field'), nulls_last=False)),
+            hash(OrderBy(F("field"), nulls_last=True)),
+            hash(OrderBy(F("field"), nulls_last=False)),
         )
diff --git a/tests/expressions_case/models.py b/tests/expressions_case/models.py
index 243e645005..3f73aec853 100644
--- a/tests/expressions_case/models.py
+++ b/tests/expressions_case/models.py
@@ -9,19 +9,21 @@ except ImportError:
 class CaseTestModel(models.Model):
     integer = models.IntegerField()
     integer2 = models.IntegerField(null=True)
-    string = models.CharField(max_length=100, default='')
+    string = models.CharField(max_length=100, default="")
 
     big_integer = models.BigIntegerField(null=True)
-    binary = models.BinaryField(default=b'')
+    binary = models.BinaryField(default=b"")
     boolean = models.BooleanField(default=False)
-    date = models.DateField(null=True, db_column='date_field')
+    date = models.DateField(null=True, db_column="date_field")
     date_time = models.DateTimeField(null=True)
-    decimal = models.DecimalField(max_digits=2, decimal_places=1, null=True, db_column='decimal_field')
+    decimal = models.DecimalField(
+        max_digits=2, decimal_places=1, null=True, db_column="decimal_field"
+    )
     duration = models.DurationField(null=True)
-    email = models.EmailField(default='')
-    file = models.FileField(null=True, db_column='file_field')
+    email = models.EmailField(default="")
+    file = models.FileField(null=True, db_column="file_field")
     file_path = models.FilePathField(null=True)
-    float = models.FloatField(null=True, db_column='float_field')
+    float = models.FloatField(null=True, db_column="float_field")
     if Image:
         image = models.ImageField(null=True)
     generic_ip_address = models.GenericIPAddressField(null=True)
@@ -29,33 +31,33 @@ class CaseTestModel(models.Model):
     positive_integer = models.PositiveIntegerField(null=True)
     positive_small_integer = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField(null=True)
     positive_big_integer = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField(null=True)
-    slug = models.SlugField(default='')
+    slug = models.SlugField(default="")
     small_integer = models.SmallIntegerField(null=True)
-    text = models.TextField(default='')
-    time = models.TimeField(null=True, db_column='time_field')
-    url = models.URLField(default='')
+    text = models.TextField(default="")
+    time = models.TimeField(null=True, db_column="time_field")
+    url = models.URLField(default="")
     uuid = models.UUIDField(null=True)
-    fk = models.ForeignKey('self', models.CASCADE, null=True)
+    fk = models.ForeignKey("self", models.CASCADE, null=True)
 
 
 class O2OCaseTestModel(models.Model):
-    o2o = models.OneToOneField(CaseTestModel, models.CASCADE, related_name='o2o_rel')
+    o2o = models.OneToOneField(CaseTestModel, models.CASCADE, related_name="o2o_rel")
     integer = models.IntegerField()
 
 
 class FKCaseTestModel(models.Model):
-    fk = models.ForeignKey(CaseTestModel, models.CASCADE, related_name='fk_rel')
+    fk = models.ForeignKey(CaseTestModel, models.CASCADE, related_name="fk_rel")
     integer = models.IntegerField()
 
 
 class Client(models.Model):
-    REGULAR = 'R'
-    GOLD = 'G'
-    PLATINUM = 'P'
+    REGULAR = "R"
+    GOLD = "G"
+    PLATINUM = "P"
     ACCOUNT_TYPE_CHOICES = (
-        (REGULAR, 'Regular'),
-        (GOLD, 'Gold'),
-        (PLATINUM, 'Platinum'),
+        (REGULAR, "Regular"),
+        (GOLD, "Gold"),
+        (PLATINUM, "Platinum"),
     )
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     registered_on = models.DateField()
diff --git a/tests/expressions_case/tests.py b/tests/expressions_case/tests.py
index 7818e59dcf..92923687e3 100644
--- a/tests/expressions_case/tests.py
+++ b/tests/expressions_case/tests.py
@@ -7,8 +7,20 @@ from uuid import UUID
 from django.core.exceptions import FieldError
 from django.db import connection
 from django.db.models import (
-    BinaryField, BooleanField, Case, Count, DecimalField, F,
-    GenericIPAddressField, IntegerField, Max, Min, Q, Sum, TextField, Value,
+    BinaryField,
+    BooleanField,
+    Case,
+    Count,
+    DecimalField,
+    F,
+    GenericIPAddressField,
+    IntegerField,
+    Max,
+    Min,
+    Q,
+    Sum,
+    TextField,
+    Value,
     When,
 )
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase
@@ -24,267 +36,384 @@ except ImportError:
 class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        o = CaseTestModel.objects.create(integer=1, integer2=1, string='1')
+        o = CaseTestModel.objects.create(integer=1, integer2=1, string="1")
         O2OCaseTestModel.objects.create(o2o=o, integer=1)
         FKCaseTestModel.objects.create(fk=o, integer=1)
 
-        o = CaseTestModel.objects.create(integer=2, integer2=3, string='2')
+        o = CaseTestModel.objects.create(integer=2, integer2=3, string="2")
         O2OCaseTestModel.objects.create(o2o=o, integer=2)
         FKCaseTestModel.objects.create(fk=o, integer=2)
         FKCaseTestModel.objects.create(fk=o, integer=3)
 
-        o = CaseTestModel.objects.create(integer=3, integer2=4, string='3')
+        o = CaseTestModel.objects.create(integer=3, integer2=4, string="3")
         O2OCaseTestModel.objects.create(o2o=o, integer=3)
         FKCaseTestModel.objects.create(fk=o, integer=3)
         FKCaseTestModel.objects.create(fk=o, integer=4)
 
-        o = CaseTestModel.objects.create(integer=2, integer2=2, string='2')
+        o = CaseTestModel.objects.create(integer=2, integer2=2, string="2")
         O2OCaseTestModel.objects.create(o2o=o, integer=2)
         FKCaseTestModel.objects.create(fk=o, integer=2)
         FKCaseTestModel.objects.create(fk=o, integer=3)
 
-        o = CaseTestModel.objects.create(integer=3, integer2=4, string='3')
+        o = CaseTestModel.objects.create(integer=3, integer2=4, string="3")
         O2OCaseTestModel.objects.create(o2o=o, integer=3)
         FKCaseTestModel.objects.create(fk=o, integer=3)
         FKCaseTestModel.objects.create(fk=o, integer=4)
 
-        o = CaseTestModel.objects.create(integer=3, integer2=3, string='3')
+        o = CaseTestModel.objects.create(integer=3, integer2=3, string="3")
         O2OCaseTestModel.objects.create(o2o=o, integer=3)
         FKCaseTestModel.objects.create(fk=o, integer=3)
         FKCaseTestModel.objects.create(fk=o, integer=4)
 
-        o = CaseTestModel.objects.create(integer=4, integer2=5, string='4')
+        o = CaseTestModel.objects.create(integer=4, integer2=5, string="4")
         O2OCaseTestModel.objects.create(o2o=o, integer=1)
         FKCaseTestModel.objects.create(fk=o, integer=5)
 
         cls.group_by_fields = [
-            f.name for f in CaseTestModel._meta.get_fields()
-            if not (f.is_relation and f.auto_created) and
-            (
-                connection.features.allows_group_by_lob or
-                not isinstance(f, (BinaryField, TextField))
+            f.name
+            for f in CaseTestModel._meta.get_fields()
+            if not (f.is_relation and f.auto_created)
+            and (
+                connection.features.allows_group_by_lob
+                or not isinstance(f, (BinaryField, TextField))
             )
         ]
 
     def test_annotate(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(test=Case(
-                When(integer=1, then=Value('one')),
-                When(integer=2, then=Value('two')),
-                default=Value('other'),
-            )).order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, 'one'), (2, 'two'), (3, 'other'), (2, 'two'), (3, 'other'), (3, 'other'), (4, 'other')],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'test')
+            CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(
+                test=Case(
+                    When(integer=1, then=Value("one")),
+                    When(integer=2, then=Value("two")),
+                    default=Value("other"),
+                )
+            ).order_by("pk"),
+            [
+                (1, "one"),
+                (2, "two"),
+                (3, "other"),
+                (2, "two"),
+                (3, "other"),
+                (3, "other"),
+                (4, "other"),
+            ],
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "test"),
         )
 
     def test_annotate_without_default(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(test=Case(
-                When(integer=1, then=1),
-                When(integer=2, then=2),
-            )).order_by('pk'),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(
+                test=Case(
+                    When(integer=1, then=1),
+                    When(integer=2, then=2),
+                )
+            ).order_by("pk"),
             [(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, None), (2, 2), (3, None), (3, None), (4, None)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'test')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "test"),
         )
 
     def test_annotate_with_expression_as_value(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(f_test=Case(
-                When(integer=1, then=F('integer') + 1),
-                When(integer=2, then=F('integer') + 3),
-                default='integer',
-            )).order_by('pk'),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(
+                f_test=Case(
+                    When(integer=1, then=F("integer") + 1),
+                    When(integer=2, then=F("integer") + 3),
+                    default="integer",
+                )
+            ).order_by("pk"),
             [(1, 2), (2, 5), (3, 3), (2, 5), (3, 3), (3, 3), (4, 4)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'f_test')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "f_test"),
         )
 
     def test_annotate_with_expression_as_condition(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(f_test=Case(
-                When(integer2=F('integer'), then=Value('equal')),
-                When(integer2=F('integer') + 1, then=Value('+1')),
-            )).order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, 'equal'), (2, '+1'), (3, '+1'), (2, 'equal'), (3, '+1'), (3, 'equal'), (4, '+1')],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'f_test')
+            CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(
+                f_test=Case(
+                    When(integer2=F("integer"), then=Value("equal")),
+                    When(integer2=F("integer") + 1, then=Value("+1")),
+                )
+            ).order_by("pk"),
+            [
+                (1, "equal"),
+                (2, "+1"),
+                (3, "+1"),
+                (2, "equal"),
+                (3, "+1"),
+                (3, "equal"),
+                (4, "+1"),
+            ],
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "f_test"),
         )
 
     def test_annotate_with_join_in_value(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(join_test=Case(
-                When(integer=1, then=F('o2o_rel__integer') + 1),
-                When(integer=2, then=F('o2o_rel__integer') + 3),
-                default='o2o_rel__integer',
-            )).order_by('pk'),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(
+                join_test=Case(
+                    When(integer=1, then=F("o2o_rel__integer") + 1),
+                    When(integer=2, then=F("o2o_rel__integer") + 3),
+                    default="o2o_rel__integer",
+                )
+            ).order_by("pk"),
             [(1, 2), (2, 5), (3, 3), (2, 5), (3, 3), (3, 3), (4, 1)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'join_test')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "join_test"),
         )
 
     def test_annotate_with_in_clause(self):
         fk_rels = FKCaseTestModel.objects.filter(integer__in=[5])
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.only('pk', 'integer').annotate(in_test=Sum(Case(
-                When(fk_rel__in=fk_rels, then=F('fk_rel__integer')),
-                default=Value(0),
-            ))).order_by('pk'),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.only("pk", "integer")
+            .annotate(
+                in_test=Sum(
+                    Case(
+                        When(fk_rel__in=fk_rels, then=F("fk_rel__integer")),
+                        default=Value(0),
+                    )
+                )
+            )
+            .order_by("pk"),
             [(1, 0), (2, 0), (3, 0), (2, 0), (3, 0), (3, 0), (4, 5)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'in_test')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "in_test"),
         )
 
     def test_annotate_with_join_in_condition(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(join_test=Case(
-                When(integer2=F('o2o_rel__integer'), then=Value('equal')),
-                When(integer2=F('o2o_rel__integer') + 1, then=Value('+1')),
-                default=Value('other'),
-            )).order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, 'equal'), (2, '+1'), (3, '+1'), (2, 'equal'), (3, '+1'), (3, 'equal'), (4, 'other')],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'join_test')
+            CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(
+                join_test=Case(
+                    When(integer2=F("o2o_rel__integer"), then=Value("equal")),
+                    When(integer2=F("o2o_rel__integer") + 1, then=Value("+1")),
+                    default=Value("other"),
+                )
+            ).order_by("pk"),
+            [
+                (1, "equal"),
+                (2, "+1"),
+                (3, "+1"),
+                (2, "equal"),
+                (3, "+1"),
+                (3, "equal"),
+                (4, "other"),
+            ],
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "join_test"),
         )
 
     def test_annotate_with_join_in_predicate(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(join_test=Case(
-                When(o2o_rel__integer=1, then=Value('one')),
-                When(o2o_rel__integer=2, then=Value('two')),
-                When(o2o_rel__integer=3, then=Value('three')),
-                default=Value('other'),
-            )).order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, 'one'), (2, 'two'), (3, 'three'), (2, 'two'), (3, 'three'), (3, 'three'), (4, 'one')],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'join_test')
+            CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(
+                join_test=Case(
+                    When(o2o_rel__integer=1, then=Value("one")),
+                    When(o2o_rel__integer=2, then=Value("two")),
+                    When(o2o_rel__integer=3, then=Value("three")),
+                    default=Value("other"),
+                )
+            ).order_by("pk"),
+            [
+                (1, "one"),
+                (2, "two"),
+                (3, "three"),
+                (2, "two"),
+                (3, "three"),
+                (3, "three"),
+                (4, "one"),
+            ],
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "join_test"),
         )
 
     def test_annotate_with_annotation_in_value(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(
-                f_plus_1=F('integer') + 1,
-                f_plus_3=F('integer') + 3,
-            ).annotate(
+                f_plus_1=F("integer") + 1,
+                f_plus_3=F("integer") + 3,
+            )
+            .annotate(
                 f_test=Case(
-                    When(integer=1, then='f_plus_1'),
-                    When(integer=2, then='f_plus_3'),
-                    default='integer',
+                    When(integer=1, then="f_plus_1"),
+                    When(integer=2, then="f_plus_3"),
+                    default="integer",
                 ),
-            ).order_by('pk'),
+            )
+            .order_by("pk"),
             [(1, 2), (2, 5), (3, 3), (2, 5), (3, 3), (3, 3), (4, 4)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'f_test')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "f_test"),
         )
 
     def test_annotate_with_annotation_in_condition(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(
-                f_plus_1=F('integer') + 1,
-            ).annotate(
+                f_plus_1=F("integer") + 1,
+            )
+            .annotate(
                 f_test=Case(
-                    When(integer2=F('integer'), then=Value('equal')),
-                    When(integer2=F('f_plus_1'), then=Value('+1')),
+                    When(integer2=F("integer"), then=Value("equal")),
+                    When(integer2=F("f_plus_1"), then=Value("+1")),
                 ),
-            ).order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, 'equal'), (2, '+1'), (3, '+1'), (2, 'equal'), (3, '+1'), (3, 'equal'), (4, '+1')],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'f_test')
+            )
+            .order_by("pk"),
+            [
+                (1, "equal"),
+                (2, "+1"),
+                (3, "+1"),
+                (2, "equal"),
+                (3, "+1"),
+                (3, "equal"),
+                (4, "+1"),
+            ],
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "f_test"),
         )
 
     def test_annotate_with_annotation_in_predicate(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(
-                f_minus_2=F('integer') - 2,
-            ).annotate(
+                f_minus_2=F("integer") - 2,
+            )
+            .annotate(
                 test=Case(
-                    When(f_minus_2=-1, then=Value('negative one')),
-                    When(f_minus_2=0, then=Value('zero')),
-                    When(f_minus_2=1, then=Value('one')),
-                    default=Value('other'),
+                    When(f_minus_2=-1, then=Value("negative one")),
+                    When(f_minus_2=0, then=Value("zero")),
+                    When(f_minus_2=1, then=Value("one")),
+                    default=Value("other"),
                 ),
-            ).order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, 'negative one'), (2, 'zero'), (3, 'one'), (2, 'zero'), (3, 'one'), (3, 'one'), (4, 'other')],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'test')
+            )
+            .order_by("pk"),
+            [
+                (1, "negative one"),
+                (2, "zero"),
+                (3, "one"),
+                (2, "zero"),
+                (3, "one"),
+                (3, "one"),
+                (4, "other"),
+            ],
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "test"),
         )
 
     def test_annotate_with_aggregation_in_value(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.values(*self.group_by_fields).annotate(
-                min=Min('fk_rel__integer'),
-                max=Max('fk_rel__integer'),
-            ).annotate(
+            CaseTestModel.objects.values(*self.group_by_fields)
+            .annotate(
+                min=Min("fk_rel__integer"),
+                max=Max("fk_rel__integer"),
+            )
+            .annotate(
                 test=Case(
-                    When(integer=2, then='min'),
-                    When(integer=3, then='max'),
+                    When(integer=2, then="min"),
+                    When(integer=3, then="max"),
                 ),
-            ).order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, None, 1, 1), (2, 2, 2, 3), (3, 4, 3, 4), (2, 2, 2, 3), (3, 4, 3, 4), (3, 4, 3, 4), (4, None, 5, 5)],
-            transform=itemgetter('integer', 'test', 'min', 'max')
+            )
+            .order_by("pk"),
+            [
+                (1, None, 1, 1),
+                (2, 2, 2, 3),
+                (3, 4, 3, 4),
+                (2, 2, 2, 3),
+                (3, 4, 3, 4),
+                (3, 4, 3, 4),
+                (4, None, 5, 5),
+            ],
+            transform=itemgetter("integer", "test", "min", "max"),
         )
 
     def test_annotate_with_aggregation_in_condition(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.values(*self.group_by_fields).annotate(
-                min=Min('fk_rel__integer'),
-                max=Max('fk_rel__integer'),
-            ).annotate(
+            CaseTestModel.objects.values(*self.group_by_fields)
+            .annotate(
+                min=Min("fk_rel__integer"),
+                max=Max("fk_rel__integer"),
+            )
+            .annotate(
                 test=Case(
-                    When(integer2=F('min'), then=Value('min')),
-                    When(integer2=F('max'), then=Value('max')),
+                    When(integer2=F("min"), then=Value("min")),
+                    When(integer2=F("max"), then=Value("max")),
                 ),
-            ).order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, 1, 'min'), (2, 3, 'max'), (3, 4, 'max'), (2, 2, 'min'), (3, 4, 'max'), (3, 3, 'min'), (4, 5, 'min')],
-            transform=itemgetter('integer', 'integer2', 'test')
+            )
+            .order_by("pk"),
+            [
+                (1, 1, "min"),
+                (2, 3, "max"),
+                (3, 4, "max"),
+                (2, 2, "min"),
+                (3, 4, "max"),
+                (3, 3, "min"),
+                (4, 5, "min"),
+            ],
+            transform=itemgetter("integer", "integer2", "test"),
         )
 
     def test_annotate_with_aggregation_in_predicate(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.values(*self.group_by_fields).annotate(
-                max=Max('fk_rel__integer'),
-            ).annotate(
+            CaseTestModel.objects.values(*self.group_by_fields)
+            .annotate(
+                max=Max("fk_rel__integer"),
+            )
+            .annotate(
                 test=Case(
-                    When(max=3, then=Value('max = 3')),
-                    When(max=4, then=Value('max = 4')),
-                    default=Value(''),
+                    When(max=3, then=Value("max = 3")),
+                    When(max=4, then=Value("max = 4")),
+                    default=Value(""),
                 ),
-            ).order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, 1, ''), (2, 3, 'max = 3'), (3, 4, 'max = 4'), (2, 3, 'max = 3'),
-             (3, 4, 'max = 4'), (3, 4, 'max = 4'), (4, 5, '')],
-            transform=itemgetter('integer', 'max', 'test')
+            )
+            .order_by("pk"),
+            [
+                (1, 1, ""),
+                (2, 3, "max = 3"),
+                (3, 4, "max = 4"),
+                (2, 3, "max = 3"),
+                (3, 4, "max = 4"),
+                (3, 4, "max = 4"),
+                (4, 5, ""),
+            ],
+            transform=itemgetter("integer", "max", "test"),
         )
 
     def test_annotate_exclude(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(test=Case(
-                When(integer=1, then=Value('one')),
-                When(integer=2, then=Value('two')),
-                default=Value('other'),
-            )).exclude(test='other').order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, 'one'), (2, 'two'), (2, 'two')],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'test')
+            CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(
+                test=Case(
+                    When(integer=1, then=Value("one")),
+                    When(integer=2, then=Value("two")),
+                    default=Value("other"),
+                )
+            )
+            .exclude(test="other")
+            .order_by("pk"),
+            [(1, "one"), (2, "two"), (2, "two")],
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "test"),
         )
 
     def test_annotate_filter_decimal(self):
-        obj = CaseTestModel.objects.create(integer=0, decimal=Decimal('1'))
+        obj = CaseTestModel.objects.create(integer=0, decimal=Decimal("1"))
         qs = CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(
-            x=Case(When(integer=0, then=F('decimal'))),
-            y=Case(When(integer=0, then=Value(Decimal('1')))),
+            x=Case(When(integer=0, then=F("decimal"))),
+            y=Case(When(integer=0, then=Value(Decimal("1")))),
         )
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs.filter(Q(x=1) & Q(x=Decimal('1'))), [obj])
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs.filter(Q(y=1) & Q(y=Decimal('1'))), [obj])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs.filter(Q(x=1) & Q(x=Decimal("1"))), [obj])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs.filter(Q(y=1) & Q(y=Decimal("1"))), [obj])
 
     def test_annotate_values_not_in_order_by(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(test=Case(
-                When(integer=1, then=Value('one')),
-                When(integer=2, then=Value('two')),
-                When(integer=3, then=Value('three')),
-                default=Value('other'),
-            )).order_by('test').values_list('integer', flat=True)),
-            [1, 4, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2]
+            list(
+                CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(
+                    test=Case(
+                        When(integer=1, then=Value("one")),
+                        When(integer=2, then=Value("two")),
+                        When(integer=3, then=Value("three")),
+                        default=Value("other"),
+                    )
+                )
+                .order_by("test")
+                .values_list("integer", flat=True)
+            ),
+            [1, 4, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2],
         )
 
     def test_annotate_with_empty_when(self):
         objects = CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(
             selected=Case(
-                When(pk__in=[], then=Value('selected')),
-                default=Value('not selected'),
+                When(pk__in=[], then=Value("selected")),
+                default=Value("not selected"),
             )
         )
         self.assertEqual(len(objects), CaseTestModel.objects.count())
-        self.assertTrue(all(obj.selected == 'not selected' for obj in objects))
+        self.assertTrue(all(obj.selected == "not selected" for obj in objects))
 
     def test_combined_expression(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
@@ -293,10 +422,11 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
                     When(integer=1, then=2),
                     When(integer=2, then=1),
                     default=3,
-                ) + 1,
-            ).order_by('pk'),
+                )
+                + 1,
+            ).order_by("pk"),
             [(1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 4), (2, 2), (3, 4), (3, 4), (4, 4)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'test')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "test"),
         )
 
     def test_in_subquery(self):
@@ -304,19 +434,20 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
             CaseTestModel.objects.filter(
                 pk__in=CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(
                     test=Case(
-                        When(integer=F('integer2'), then='pk'),
-                        When(integer=4, then='pk'),
+                        When(integer=F("integer2"), then="pk"),
+                        When(integer=4, then="pk"),
                     ),
-                ).values('test')).order_by('pk'),
+                ).values("test")
+            ).order_by("pk"),
             [(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 5)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'integer2')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "integer2"),
         )
 
     def test_condition_with_lookups(self):
         qs = CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(
             test=Case(
-                When(Q(integer2=1), string='2', then=Value(False)),
-                When(Q(integer2=1), string='1', then=Value(True)),
+                When(Q(integer2=1), string="2", then=Value(False)),
+                When(Q(integer2=1), string="1", then=Value(True)),
                 default=Value(False),
                 output_field=BooleanField(),
             ),
@@ -325,231 +456,282 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_case_reuse(self):
         SOME_CASE = Case(
-            When(pk=0, then=Value('0')),
-            default=Value('1'),
+            When(pk=0, then=Value("0")),
+            default=Value("1"),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(somecase=SOME_CASE).order_by('pk'),
-            CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(somecase=SOME_CASE).order_by('pk').values_list('pk', 'somecase'),
-            lambda x: (x.pk, x.somecase)
+            CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(somecase=SOME_CASE).order_by("pk"),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(somecase=SOME_CASE)
+            .order_by("pk")
+            .values_list("pk", "somecase"),
+            lambda x: (x.pk, x.somecase),
         )
 
     def test_aggregate(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             CaseTestModel.objects.aggregate(
-                one=Sum(Case(
-                    When(integer=1, then=1),
-                )),
-                two=Sum(Case(
-                    When(integer=2, then=1),
-                )),
-                three=Sum(Case(
-                    When(integer=3, then=1),
-                )),
-                four=Sum(Case(
-                    When(integer=4, then=1),
-                )),
+                one=Sum(
+                    Case(
+                        When(integer=1, then=1),
+                    )
+                ),
+                two=Sum(
+                    Case(
+                        When(integer=2, then=1),
+                    )
+                ),
+                three=Sum(
+                    Case(
+                        When(integer=3, then=1),
+                    )
+                ),
+                four=Sum(
+                    Case(
+                        When(integer=4, then=1),
+                    )
+                ),
             ),
-            {'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3, 'four': 1}
+            {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3, "four": 1},
         )
 
     def test_aggregate_with_expression_as_value(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             CaseTestModel.objects.aggregate(
-                one=Sum(Case(When(integer=1, then='integer'))),
-                two=Sum(Case(When(integer=2, then=F('integer') - 1))),
-                three=Sum(Case(When(integer=3, then=F('integer') + 1))),
+                one=Sum(Case(When(integer=1, then="integer"))),
+                two=Sum(Case(When(integer=2, then=F("integer") - 1))),
+                three=Sum(Case(When(integer=3, then=F("integer") + 1))),
             ),
-            {'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 12}
+            {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 12},
         )
 
     def test_aggregate_with_expression_as_condition(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             CaseTestModel.objects.aggregate(
-                equal=Sum(Case(
-                    When(integer2=F('integer'), then=1),
-                )),
-                plus_one=Sum(Case(
-                    When(integer2=F('integer') + 1, then=1),
-                )),
+                equal=Sum(
+                    Case(
+                        When(integer2=F("integer"), then=1),
+                    )
+                ),
+                plus_one=Sum(
+                    Case(
+                        When(integer2=F("integer") + 1, then=1),
+                    )
+                ),
             ),
-            {'equal': 3, 'plus_one': 4}
+            {"equal": 3, "plus_one": 4},
         )
 
     def test_filter(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.filter(integer2=Case(
-                When(integer=2, then=3),
-                When(integer=3, then=4),
-                default=1,
-            )).order_by('pk'),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.filter(
+                integer2=Case(
+                    When(integer=2, then=3),
+                    When(integer=3, then=4),
+                    default=1,
+                )
+            ).order_by("pk"),
             [(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 4), (3, 4)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'integer2')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "integer2"),
         )
 
     def test_filter_without_default(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.filter(integer2=Case(
-                When(integer=2, then=3),
-                When(integer=3, then=4),
-            )).order_by('pk'),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.filter(
+                integer2=Case(
+                    When(integer=2, then=3),
+                    When(integer=3, then=4),
+                )
+            ).order_by("pk"),
             [(2, 3), (3, 4), (3, 4)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'integer2')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "integer2"),
         )
 
     def test_filter_with_expression_as_value(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.filter(integer2=Case(
-                When(integer=2, then=F('integer') + 1),
-                When(integer=3, then=F('integer')),
-                default='integer',
-            )).order_by('pk'),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.filter(
+                integer2=Case(
+                    When(integer=2, then=F("integer") + 1),
+                    When(integer=3, then=F("integer")),
+                    default="integer",
+                )
+            ).order_by("pk"),
             [(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 3)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'integer2')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "integer2"),
         )
 
     def test_filter_with_expression_as_condition(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.filter(string=Case(
-                When(integer2=F('integer'), then=Value('2')),
-                When(integer2=F('integer') + 1, then=Value('3')),
-            )).order_by('pk'),
-            [(3, 4, '3'), (2, 2, '2'), (3, 4, '3')],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'integer2', 'string')
+            CaseTestModel.objects.filter(
+                string=Case(
+                    When(integer2=F("integer"), then=Value("2")),
+                    When(integer2=F("integer") + 1, then=Value("3")),
+                )
+            ).order_by("pk"),
+            [(3, 4, "3"), (2, 2, "2"), (3, 4, "3")],
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "integer2", "string"),
         )
 
     def test_filter_with_join_in_value(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.filter(integer2=Case(
-                When(integer=2, then=F('o2o_rel__integer') + 1),
-                When(integer=3, then=F('o2o_rel__integer')),
-                default='o2o_rel__integer',
-            )).order_by('pk'),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.filter(
+                integer2=Case(
+                    When(integer=2, then=F("o2o_rel__integer") + 1),
+                    When(integer=3, then=F("o2o_rel__integer")),
+                    default="o2o_rel__integer",
+                )
+            ).order_by("pk"),
             [(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 3)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'integer2')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "integer2"),
         )
 
     def test_filter_with_join_in_condition(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.filter(integer=Case(
-                When(integer2=F('o2o_rel__integer') + 1, then=2),
-                When(integer2=F('o2o_rel__integer'), then=3),
-            )).order_by('pk'),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.filter(
+                integer=Case(
+                    When(integer2=F("o2o_rel__integer") + 1, then=2),
+                    When(integer2=F("o2o_rel__integer"), then=3),
+                )
+            ).order_by("pk"),
             [(2, 3), (3, 3)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'integer2')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "integer2"),
         )
 
     def test_filter_with_join_in_predicate(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.filter(integer2=Case(
-                When(o2o_rel__integer=1, then=1),
-                When(o2o_rel__integer=2, then=3),
-                When(o2o_rel__integer=3, then=4),
-            )).order_by('pk'),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.filter(
+                integer2=Case(
+                    When(o2o_rel__integer=1, then=1),
+                    When(o2o_rel__integer=2, then=3),
+                    When(o2o_rel__integer=3, then=4),
+                )
+            ).order_by("pk"),
             [(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 4), (3, 4)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'integer2')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "integer2"),
         )
 
     def test_filter_with_annotation_in_value(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(
-                f=F('integer'),
-                f_plus_1=F('integer') + 1,
-            ).filter(
+                f=F("integer"),
+                f_plus_1=F("integer") + 1,
+            )
+            .filter(
                 integer2=Case(
-                    When(integer=2, then='f_plus_1'),
-                    When(integer=3, then='f'),
+                    When(integer=2, then="f_plus_1"),
+                    When(integer=3, then="f"),
                 ),
-            ).order_by('pk'),
+            )
+            .order_by("pk"),
             [(2, 3), (3, 3)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'integer2')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "integer2"),
         )
 
     def test_filter_with_annotation_in_condition(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(
-                f_plus_1=F('integer') + 1,
-            ).filter(
+                f_plus_1=F("integer") + 1,
+            )
+            .filter(
                 integer=Case(
-                    When(integer2=F('integer'), then=2),
-                    When(integer2=F('f_plus_1'), then=3),
+                    When(integer2=F("integer"), then=2),
+                    When(integer2=F("f_plus_1"), then=3),
                 ),
-            ).order_by('pk'),
+            )
+            .order_by("pk"),
             [(3, 4), (2, 2), (3, 4)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'integer2')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "integer2"),
         )
 
     def test_filter_with_annotation_in_predicate(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(
-                f_plus_1=F('integer') + 1,
-            ).filter(
+                f_plus_1=F("integer") + 1,
+            )
+            .filter(
                 integer2=Case(
                     When(f_plus_1=3, then=3),
                     When(f_plus_1=4, then=4),
                     default=1,
                 ),
-            ).order_by('pk'),
+            )
+            .order_by("pk"),
             [(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 4), (3, 4)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'integer2')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "integer2"),
         )
 
     def test_filter_with_aggregation_in_value(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.values(*self.group_by_fields).annotate(
-                min=Min('fk_rel__integer'),
-                max=Max('fk_rel__integer'),
-            ).filter(
+            CaseTestModel.objects.values(*self.group_by_fields)
+            .annotate(
+                min=Min("fk_rel__integer"),
+                max=Max("fk_rel__integer"),
+            )
+            .filter(
                 integer2=Case(
-                    When(integer=2, then='min'),
-                    When(integer=3, then='max'),
+                    When(integer=2, then="min"),
+                    When(integer=3, then="max"),
                 ),
-            ).order_by('pk'),
+            )
+            .order_by("pk"),
             [(3, 4, 3, 4), (2, 2, 2, 3), (3, 4, 3, 4)],
-            transform=itemgetter('integer', 'integer2', 'min', 'max')
+            transform=itemgetter("integer", "integer2", "min", "max"),
         )
 
     def test_filter_with_aggregation_in_condition(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.values(*self.group_by_fields).annotate(
-                min=Min('fk_rel__integer'),
-                max=Max('fk_rel__integer'),
-            ).filter(
+            CaseTestModel.objects.values(*self.group_by_fields)
+            .annotate(
+                min=Min("fk_rel__integer"),
+                max=Max("fk_rel__integer"),
+            )
+            .filter(
                 integer=Case(
-                    When(integer2=F('min'), then=2),
-                    When(integer2=F('max'), then=3),
+                    When(integer2=F("min"), then=2),
+                    When(integer2=F("max"), then=3),
                 ),
-            ).order_by('pk'),
+            )
+            .order_by("pk"),
             [(3, 4, 3, 4), (2, 2, 2, 3), (3, 4, 3, 4)],
-            transform=itemgetter('integer', 'integer2', 'min', 'max')
+            transform=itemgetter("integer", "integer2", "min", "max"),
         )
 
     def test_filter_with_aggregation_in_predicate(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.values(*self.group_by_fields).annotate(
-                max=Max('fk_rel__integer'),
-            ).filter(
+            CaseTestModel.objects.values(*self.group_by_fields)
+            .annotate(
+                max=Max("fk_rel__integer"),
+            )
+            .filter(
                 integer=Case(
                     When(max=3, then=2),
                     When(max=4, then=3),
                 ),
-            ).order_by('pk'),
+            )
+            .order_by("pk"),
             [(2, 3, 3), (3, 4, 4), (2, 2, 3), (3, 4, 4), (3, 3, 4)],
-            transform=itemgetter('integer', 'integer2', 'max')
+            transform=itemgetter("integer", "integer2", "max"),
         )
 
     def test_update(self):
         CaseTestModel.objects.update(
             string=Case(
-                When(integer=1, then=Value('one')),
-                When(integer=2, then=Value('two')),
-                default=Value('other'),
+                When(integer=1, then=Value("one")),
+                When(integer=2, then=Value("two")),
+                default=Value("other"),
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, 'one'), (2, 'two'), (3, 'other'), (2, 'two'), (3, 'other'), (3, 'other'), (4, 'other')],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'string')
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
+            [
+                (1, "one"),
+                (2, "two"),
+                (3, "other"),
+                (2, "two"),
+                (3, "other"),
+                (3, "other"),
+                (4, "other"),
+            ],
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "string"),
         )
 
     def test_update_without_default(self):
@@ -560,55 +742,67 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
             [(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, None), (2, 2), (3, None), (3, None), (4, None)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'integer2')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "integer2"),
         )
 
     def test_update_with_expression_as_value(self):
         CaseTestModel.objects.update(
             integer=Case(
-                When(integer=1, then=F('integer') + 1),
-                When(integer=2, then=F('integer') + 3),
-                default='integer',
+                When(integer=1, then=F("integer") + 1),
+                When(integer=2, then=F("integer") + 3),
+                default="integer",
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
-            [('1', 2), ('2', 5), ('3', 3), ('2', 5), ('3', 3), ('3', 3), ('4', 4)],
-            transform=attrgetter('string', 'integer')
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
+            [("1", 2), ("2", 5), ("3", 3), ("2", 5), ("3", 3), ("3", 3), ("4", 4)],
+            transform=attrgetter("string", "integer"),
         )
 
     def test_update_with_expression_as_condition(self):
         CaseTestModel.objects.update(
             string=Case(
-                When(integer2=F('integer'), then=Value('equal')),
-                When(integer2=F('integer') + 1, then=Value('+1')),
+                When(integer2=F("integer"), then=Value("equal")),
+                When(integer2=F("integer") + 1, then=Value("+1")),
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, 'equal'), (2, '+1'), (3, '+1'), (2, 'equal'), (3, '+1'), (3, 'equal'), (4, '+1')],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'string')
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
+            [
+                (1, "equal"),
+                (2, "+1"),
+                (3, "+1"),
+                (2, "equal"),
+                (3, "+1"),
+                (3, "equal"),
+                (4, "+1"),
+            ],
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "string"),
         )
 
     def test_update_with_join_in_condition_raise_field_error(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, 'Joined field references are not permitted in this query'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldError, "Joined field references are not permitted in this query"
+        ):
             CaseTestModel.objects.update(
                 integer=Case(
-                    When(integer2=F('o2o_rel__integer') + 1, then=2),
-                    When(integer2=F('o2o_rel__integer'), then=3),
+                    When(integer2=F("o2o_rel__integer") + 1, then=2),
+                    When(integer2=F("o2o_rel__integer"), then=3),
                 ),
             )
 
     def test_update_with_join_in_predicate_raise_field_error(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, 'Joined field references are not permitted in this query'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldError, "Joined field references are not permitted in this query"
+        ):
             CaseTestModel.objects.update(
                 string=Case(
-                    When(o2o_rel__integer=1, then=Value('one')),
-                    When(o2o_rel__integer=2, then=Value('two')),
-                    When(o2o_rel__integer=3, then=Value('three')),
-                    default=Value('other'),
+                    When(o2o_rel__integer=1, then=Value("one")),
+                    When(o2o_rel__integer=2, then=Value("two")),
+                    When(o2o_rel__integer=3, then=Value("three")),
+                    default=Value("other"),
                 ),
             )
 
@@ -620,23 +814,31 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
             [(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, None), (2, 2), (3, None), (3, None), (4, None)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'big_integer')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "big_integer"),
         )
 
     def test_update_binary(self):
         CaseTestModel.objects.update(
             binary=Case(
-                When(integer=1, then=b'one'),
-                When(integer=2, then=b'two'),
-                default=b'',
+                When(integer=1, then=b"one"),
+                When(integer=2, then=b"two"),
+                default=b"",
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, b'one'), (2, b'two'), (3, b''), (2, b'two'), (3, b''), (3, b''), (4, b'')],
-            transform=lambda o: (o.integer, bytes(o.binary))
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
+            [
+                (1, b"one"),
+                (2, b"two"),
+                (3, b""),
+                (2, b"two"),
+                (3, b""),
+                (3, b""),
+                (4, b""),
+            ],
+            transform=lambda o: (o.integer, bytes(o.binary)),
         )
 
     def test_update_boolean(self):
@@ -648,9 +850,17 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, True), (2, True), (3, False), (2, True), (3, False), (3, False), (4, False)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'boolean')
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
+            [
+                (1, True),
+                (2, True),
+                (3, False),
+                (2, True),
+                (3, False),
+                (3, False),
+                (4, False),
+            ],
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "boolean"),
         )
 
     def test_update_date(self):
@@ -661,12 +871,17 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
             [
-                (1, date(2015, 1, 1)), (2, date(2015, 1, 2)), (3, None), (2, date(2015, 1, 2)),
-                (3, None), (3, None), (4, None)
+                (1, date(2015, 1, 1)),
+                (2, date(2015, 1, 2)),
+                (3, None),
+                (2, date(2015, 1, 2)),
+                (3, None),
+                (3, None),
+                (4, None),
             ],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'date')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "date"),
         )
 
     def test_update_date_time(self):
@@ -677,33 +892,40 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
             [
-                (1, datetime(2015, 1, 1)), (2, datetime(2015, 1, 2)), (3, None), (2, datetime(2015, 1, 2)),
-                (3, None), (3, None), (4, None)
+                (1, datetime(2015, 1, 1)),
+                (2, datetime(2015, 1, 2)),
+                (3, None),
+                (2, datetime(2015, 1, 2)),
+                (3, None),
+                (3, None),
+                (4, None),
             ],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'date_time')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "date_time"),
         )
 
     def test_update_decimal(self):
         CaseTestModel.objects.update(
             decimal=Case(
-                When(integer=1, then=Decimal('1.1')),
-                When(integer=2, then=Value(Decimal('2.2'), output_field=DecimalField())),
+                When(integer=1, then=Decimal("1.1")),
+                When(
+                    integer=2, then=Value(Decimal("2.2"), output_field=DecimalField())
+                ),
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
             [
-                (1, Decimal('1.1')),
-                (2, Decimal('2.2')),
+                (1, Decimal("1.1")),
+                (2, Decimal("2.2")),
                 (3, None),
-                (2, Decimal('2.2')),
+                (2, Decimal("2.2")),
                 (3, None),
                 (3, None),
-                (4, None)
+                (4, None),
             ],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'decimal')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "decimal"),
         )
 
     def test_update_duration(self):
@@ -714,50 +936,66 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, timedelta(1)), (2, timedelta(2)), (3, None), (2, timedelta(2)), (3, None), (3, None), (4, None)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'duration')
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
+            [
+                (1, timedelta(1)),
+                (2, timedelta(2)),
+                (3, None),
+                (2, timedelta(2)),
+                (3, None),
+                (3, None),
+                (4, None),
+            ],
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "duration"),
         )
 
     def test_update_email(self):
         CaseTestModel.objects.update(
             email=Case(
-                When(integer=1, then=Value('1@example.com')),
-                When(integer=2, then=Value('2@example.com')),
-                default=Value(''),
+                When(integer=1, then=Value("1@example.com")),
+                When(integer=2, then=Value("2@example.com")),
+                default=Value(""),
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, '1@example.com'), (2, '2@example.com'), (3, ''), (2, '2@example.com'), (3, ''), (3, ''), (4, '')],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'email')
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
+            [
+                (1, "1@example.com"),
+                (2, "2@example.com"),
+                (3, ""),
+                (2, "2@example.com"),
+                (3, ""),
+                (3, ""),
+                (4, ""),
+            ],
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "email"),
         )
 
     def test_update_file(self):
         CaseTestModel.objects.update(
             file=Case(
-                When(integer=1, then=Value('~/1')),
-                When(integer=2, then=Value('~/2')),
+                When(integer=1, then=Value("~/1")),
+                When(integer=2, then=Value("~/2")),
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, '~/1'), (2, '~/2'), (3, ''), (2, '~/2'), (3, ''), (3, ''), (4, '')],
-            transform=lambda o: (o.integer, str(o.file))
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
+            [(1, "~/1"), (2, "~/2"), (3, ""), (2, "~/2"), (3, ""), (3, ""), (4, "")],
+            transform=lambda o: (o.integer, str(o.file)),
         )
 
     def test_update_file_path(self):
         CaseTestModel.objects.update(
             file_path=Case(
-                When(integer=1, then=Value('~/1')),
-                When(integer=2, then=Value('~/2')),
-                default=Value(''),
+                When(integer=1, then=Value("~/1")),
+                When(integer=2, then=Value("~/2")),
+                default=Value(""),
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, '~/1'), (2, '~/2'), (3, ''), (2, '~/2'), (3, ''), (3, ''), (4, '')],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'file_path')
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
+            [(1, "~/1"), (2, "~/2"), (3, ""), (2, "~/2"), (3, ""), (3, ""), (4, "")],
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "file_path"),
         )
 
     def test_update_float(self):
@@ -768,37 +1006,45 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
             [(1, 1.1), (2, 2.2), (3, None), (2, 2.2), (3, None), (3, None), (4, None)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'float')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "float"),
         )
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(Image, "Pillow not installed")
     def test_update_image(self):
         CaseTestModel.objects.update(
             image=Case(
-                When(integer=1, then=Value('~/1')),
-                When(integer=2, then=Value('~/2')),
+                When(integer=1, then=Value("~/1")),
+                When(integer=2, then=Value("~/2")),
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, '~/1'), (2, '~/2'), (3, ''), (2, '~/2'), (3, ''), (3, ''), (4, '')],
-            transform=lambda o: (o.integer, str(o.image))
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
+            [(1, "~/1"), (2, "~/2"), (3, ""), (2, "~/2"), (3, ""), (3, ""), (4, "")],
+            transform=lambda o: (o.integer, str(o.image)),
         )
 
     def test_update_generic_ip_address(self):
         CaseTestModel.objects.update(
             generic_ip_address=Case(
-                When(integer=1, then=Value('1.1.1.1')),
-                When(integer=2, then=Value('2.2.2.2')),
+                When(integer=1, then=Value("1.1.1.1")),
+                When(integer=2, then=Value("2.2.2.2")),
                 output_field=GenericIPAddressField(),
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, '1.1.1.1'), (2, '2.2.2.2'), (3, None), (2, '2.2.2.2'), (3, None), (3, None), (4, None)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'generic_ip_address')
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
+            [
+                (1, "1.1.1.1"),
+                (2, "2.2.2.2"),
+                (3, None),
+                (2, "2.2.2.2"),
+                (3, None),
+                (3, None),
+                (4, None),
+            ],
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "generic_ip_address"),
         )
 
     def test_update_null_boolean(self):
@@ -809,9 +1055,17 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, True), (2, False), (3, None), (2, False), (3, None), (3, None), (4, None)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'null_boolean')
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
+            [
+                (1, True),
+                (2, False),
+                (3, None),
+                (2, False),
+                (3, None),
+                (3, None),
+                (4, None),
+            ],
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "null_boolean"),
         )
 
     def test_update_positive_big_integer(self):
@@ -822,9 +1076,9 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
             [(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, None), (2, 2), (3, None), (3, None), (4, None)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'positive_big_integer')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "positive_big_integer"),
         )
 
     def test_update_positive_integer(self):
@@ -835,9 +1089,9 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
             [(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, None), (2, 2), (3, None), (3, None), (4, None)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'positive_integer')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "positive_integer"),
         )
 
     def test_update_positive_small_integer(self):
@@ -848,23 +1102,23 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
             [(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, None), (2, 2), (3, None), (3, None), (4, None)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'positive_small_integer')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "positive_small_integer"),
         )
 
     def test_update_slug(self):
         CaseTestModel.objects.update(
             slug=Case(
-                When(integer=1, then=Value('1')),
-                When(integer=2, then=Value('2')),
-                default=Value(''),
+                When(integer=1, then=Value("1")),
+                When(integer=2, then=Value("2")),
+                default=Value(""),
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, '1'), (2, '2'), (3, ''), (2, '2'), (3, ''), (3, ''), (4, '')],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'slug')
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
+            [(1, "1"), (2, "2"), (3, ""), (2, "2"), (3, ""), (3, ""), (4, "")],
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "slug"),
         )
 
     def test_update_small_integer(self):
@@ -875,36 +1129,36 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
             [(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, None), (2, 2), (3, None), (3, None), (4, None)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'small_integer')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "small_integer"),
         )
 
     def test_update_string(self):
-        CaseTestModel.objects.filter(string__in=['1', '2']).update(
+        CaseTestModel.objects.filter(string__in=["1", "2"]).update(
             string=Case(
-                When(integer=1, then=Value('1')),
-                When(integer=2, then=Value('2')),
+                When(integer=1, then=Value("1")),
+                When(integer=2, then=Value("2")),
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.filter(string__in=['1', '2']).order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, '1'), (2, '2'), (2, '2')],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'string')
+            CaseTestModel.objects.filter(string__in=["1", "2"]).order_by("pk"),
+            [(1, "1"), (2, "2"), (2, "2")],
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "string"),
         )
 
     def test_update_text(self):
         CaseTestModel.objects.update(
             text=Case(
-                When(integer=1, then=Value('1')),
-                When(integer=2, then=Value('2')),
-                default=Value(''),
+                When(integer=1, then=Value("1")),
+                When(integer=2, then=Value("2")),
+                default=Value(""),
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, '1'), (2, '2'), (3, ''), (2, '2'), (3, ''), (3, ''), (4, '')],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'text')
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
+            [(1, "1"), (2, "2"), (3, ""), (2, "2"), (3, ""), (3, ""), (4, "")],
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "text"),
         )
 
     def test_update_time(self):
@@ -915,47 +1169,60 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, time(1)), (2, time(2)), (3, None), (2, time(2)), (3, None), (3, None), (4, None)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'time')
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
+            [
+                (1, time(1)),
+                (2, time(2)),
+                (3, None),
+                (2, time(2)),
+                (3, None),
+                (3, None),
+                (4, None),
+            ],
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "time"),
         )
 
     def test_update_url(self):
         CaseTestModel.objects.update(
             url=Case(
-                When(integer=1, then=Value('http://1.example.com/')),
-                When(integer=2, then=Value('http://2.example.com/')),
-                default=Value(''),
+                When(integer=1, then=Value("http://1.example.com/")),
+                When(integer=2, then=Value("http://2.example.com/")),
+                default=Value(""),
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
             [
-                (1, 'http://1.example.com/'), (2, 'http://2.example.com/'), (3, ''), (2, 'http://2.example.com/'),
-                (3, ''), (3, ''), (4, '')
+                (1, "http://1.example.com/"),
+                (2, "http://2.example.com/"),
+                (3, ""),
+                (2, "http://2.example.com/"),
+                (3, ""),
+                (3, ""),
+                (4, ""),
             ],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'url')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "url"),
         )
 
     def test_update_uuid(self):
         CaseTestModel.objects.update(
             uuid=Case(
-                When(integer=1, then=UUID('11111111111111111111111111111111')),
-                When(integer=2, then=UUID('22222222222222222222222222222222')),
+                When(integer=1, then=UUID("11111111111111111111111111111111")),
+                When(integer=2, then=UUID("22222222222222222222222222222222")),
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
             [
-                (1, UUID('11111111111111111111111111111111')),
-                (2, UUID('22222222222222222222222222222222')),
+                (1, UUID("11111111111111111111111111111111")),
+                (2, UUID("22222222222222222222222222222222")),
                 (3, None),
-                (2, UUID('22222222222222222222222222222222')),
+                (2, UUID("22222222222222222222222222222222")),
                 (3, None),
                 (3, None),
                 (4, None),
             ],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'uuid')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "uuid"),
         )
 
     def test_update_fk(self):
@@ -968,81 +1235,112 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
-            [(1, obj1.pk), (2, obj2.pk), (3, None), (2, obj2.pk), (3, None), (3, None), (4, None)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'fk_id')
+            CaseTestModel.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
+            [
+                (1, obj1.pk),
+                (2, obj2.pk),
+                (3, None),
+                (2, obj2.pk),
+                (3, None),
+                (3, None),
+                (4, None),
+            ],
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "fk_id"),
         )
 
     def test_lookup_in_condition(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(
                 test=Case(
-                    When(integer__lt=2, then=Value('less than 2')),
-                    When(integer__gt=2, then=Value('greater than 2')),
-                    default=Value('equal to 2'),
+                    When(integer__lt=2, then=Value("less than 2")),
+                    When(integer__gt=2, then=Value("greater than 2")),
+                    default=Value("equal to 2"),
                 ),
-            ).order_by('pk'),
+            ).order_by("pk"),
             [
-                (1, 'less than 2'), (2, 'equal to 2'), (3, 'greater than 2'), (2, 'equal to 2'), (3, 'greater than 2'),
-                (3, 'greater than 2'), (4, 'greater than 2')
+                (1, "less than 2"),
+                (2, "equal to 2"),
+                (3, "greater than 2"),
+                (2, "equal to 2"),
+                (3, "greater than 2"),
+                (3, "greater than 2"),
+                (4, "greater than 2"),
             ],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'test')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "test"),
         )
 
     def test_lookup_different_fields(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(
                 test=Case(
-                    When(integer=2, integer2=3, then=Value('when')),
-                    default=Value('default'),
+                    When(integer=2, integer2=3, then=Value("when")),
+                    default=Value("default"),
                 ),
-            ).order_by('pk'),
+            ).order_by("pk"),
             [
-                (1, 1, 'default'), (2, 3, 'when'), (3, 4, 'default'), (2, 2, 'default'), (3, 4, 'default'),
-                (3, 3, 'default'), (4, 5, 'default')
+                (1, 1, "default"),
+                (2, 3, "when"),
+                (3, 4, "default"),
+                (2, 2, "default"),
+                (3, 4, "default"),
+                (3, 3, "default"),
+                (4, 5, "default"),
             ],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'integer2', 'test')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "integer2", "test"),
         )
 
     def test_combined_q_object(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             CaseTestModel.objects.annotate(
                 test=Case(
-                    When(Q(integer=2) | Q(integer2=3), then=Value('when')),
-                    default=Value('default'),
+                    When(Q(integer=2) | Q(integer2=3), then=Value("when")),
+                    default=Value("default"),
                 ),
-            ).order_by('pk'),
+            ).order_by("pk"),
             [
-                (1, 1, 'default'), (2, 3, 'when'), (3, 4, 'default'), (2, 2, 'when'), (3, 4, 'default'),
-                (3, 3, 'when'), (4, 5, 'default')
+                (1, 1, "default"),
+                (2, 3, "when"),
+                (3, 4, "default"),
+                (2, 2, "when"),
+                (3, 4, "default"),
+                (3, 3, "when"),
+                (4, 5, "default"),
             ],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'integer2', 'test')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "integer2", "test"),
         )
 
     def test_order_by_conditional_implicit(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.filter(integer__lte=2).annotate(test=Case(
-                When(integer=1, then=2),
-                When(integer=2, then=1),
-                default=3,
-            )).order_by('test', 'pk'),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.filter(integer__lte=2)
+            .annotate(
+                test=Case(
+                    When(integer=1, then=2),
+                    When(integer=2, then=1),
+                    default=3,
+                )
+            )
+            .order_by("test", "pk"),
             [(2, 1), (2, 1), (1, 2)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'test')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "test"),
         )
 
     def test_order_by_conditional_explicit(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            CaseTestModel.objects.filter(integer__lte=2).annotate(test=Case(
-                When(integer=1, then=2),
-                When(integer=2, then=1),
-                default=3,
-            )).order_by(F('test').asc(), 'pk'),
+            CaseTestModel.objects.filter(integer__lte=2)
+            .annotate(
+                test=Case(
+                    When(integer=1, then=2),
+                    When(integer=2, then=1),
+                    default=3,
+                )
+            )
+            .order_by(F("test").asc(), "pk"),
             [(2, 1), (2, 1), (1, 2)],
-            transform=attrgetter('integer', 'test')
+            transform=attrgetter("integer", "test"),
         )
 
     def test_join_promotion(self):
-        o = CaseTestModel.objects.create(integer=1, integer2=1, string='1')
+        o = CaseTestModel.objects.create(integer=1, integer2=1, string="1")
         # Testing that:
         # 1. There isn't any object on the remote side of the fk_rel
         #    relation. If the query used inner joins, then the join to fk_rel
@@ -1057,7 +1355,7 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
                 ),
             ),
             [(o, 3)],
-            lambda x: (x, x.foo)
+            lambda x: (x, x.foo),
         )
         # Now 2 should be generated, as the fk_rel is null.
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
@@ -1068,11 +1366,11 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
                 ),
             ),
             [(o, 2)],
-            lambda x: (x, x.foo)
+            lambda x: (x, x.foo),
         )
 
     def test_join_promotion_multiple_annotations(self):
-        o = CaseTestModel.objects.create(integer=1, integer2=1, string='1')
+        o = CaseTestModel.objects.create(integer=1, integer2=1, string="1")
         # Testing that:
         # 1. There isn't any object on the remote side of the fk_rel
         #    relation. If the query used inner joins, then the join to fk_rel
@@ -1091,7 +1389,7 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
                 ),
             ),
             [(o, 3, 5)],
-            lambda x: (x, x.foo, x.bar)
+            lambda x: (x, x.foo, x.bar),
         )
         # Now 2 should be generated, as the fk_rel is null.
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
@@ -1106,16 +1404,20 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
                 ),
             ),
             [(o, 2, 4)],
-            lambda x: (x, x.foo, x.bar)
+            lambda x: (x, x.foo, x.bar),
         )
 
     def test_m2m_exclude(self):
-        CaseTestModel.objects.create(integer=10, integer2=1, string='1')
-        qs = CaseTestModel.objects.values_list('id', 'integer').annotate(
-            cnt=Sum(
-                Case(When(~Q(fk_rel__integer=1), then=1), default=2),
-            ),
-        ).order_by('integer')
+        CaseTestModel.objects.create(integer=10, integer2=1, string="1")
+        qs = (
+            CaseTestModel.objects.values_list("id", "integer")
+            .annotate(
+                cnt=Sum(
+                    Case(When(~Q(fk_rel__integer=1), then=1), default=2),
+                ),
+            )
+            .order_by("integer")
+        )
         # The first o has 2 as its fk_rel__integer=1, thus it hits the
         # default=2 case. The other ones have 2 as the result as they have 2
         # fk_rel objects, except for integer=4 and integer=10 (created above).
@@ -1125,27 +1427,41 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             qs,
             [(1, 2), (2, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2), (3, 2), (3, 2), (4, 1), (10, 1)],
-            lambda x: x[1:]
+            lambda x: x[1:],
         )
 
     def test_m2m_reuse(self):
-        CaseTestModel.objects.create(integer=10, integer2=1, string='1')
+        CaseTestModel.objects.create(integer=10, integer2=1, string="1")
         # Need to use values before annotate so that Oracle will not group
         # by fields it isn't capable of grouping by.
-        qs = CaseTestModel.objects.values_list('id', 'integer').annotate(
-            cnt=Sum(
-                Case(When(~Q(fk_rel__integer=1), then=1), default=2),
-            ),
-        ).annotate(
-            cnt2=Sum(
-                Case(When(~Q(fk_rel__integer=1), then=1), default=2),
-            ),
-        ).order_by('integer')
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count(' JOIN '), 1)
+        qs = (
+            CaseTestModel.objects.values_list("id", "integer")
+            .annotate(
+                cnt=Sum(
+                    Case(When(~Q(fk_rel__integer=1), then=1), default=2),
+                ),
+            )
+            .annotate(
+                cnt2=Sum(
+                    Case(When(~Q(fk_rel__integer=1), then=1), default=2),
+                ),
+            )
+            .order_by("integer")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count(" JOIN "), 1)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             qs,
-            [(1, 2, 2), (2, 2, 2), (2, 2, 2), (3, 2, 2), (3, 2, 2), (3, 2, 2), (4, 1, 1), (10, 1, 1)],
-            lambda x: x[1:]
+            [
+                (1, 2, 2),
+                (2, 2, 2),
+                (2, 2, 2),
+                (3, 2, 2),
+                (3, 2, 2),
+                (3, 2, 2),
+                (4, 1, 1),
+                (10, 1, 1),
+            ],
+            lambda x: x[1:],
         )
 
     def test_aggregation_empty_cases(self):
@@ -1153,24 +1469,26 @@ class CaseExpressionTests(TestCase):
             # Empty cases and default.
             (Case(output_field=IntegerField()), None),
             # Empty cases and a constant default.
-            (Case(default=Value('empty')), 'empty'),
+            (Case(default=Value("empty")), "empty"),
             # Empty cases and column in the default.
-            (Case(default=F('url')), ''),
+            (Case(default=F("url")), ""),
         ]
         for case, value in tests:
             with self.subTest(case=case):
                 self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-                    CaseTestModel.objects.values('string').annotate(
+                    CaseTestModel.objects.values("string")
+                    .annotate(
                         case=case,
-                        integer_sum=Sum('integer'),
-                    ).order_by('string'),
+                        integer_sum=Sum("integer"),
+                    )
+                    .order_by("string"),
                     [
-                        ('1', value, 1),
-                        ('2', value, 4),
-                        ('3', value, 9),
-                        ('4', value, 4),
+                        ("1", value, 1),
+                        ("2", value, 4),
+                        ("3", value, 9),
+                        ("4", value, 4),
                     ],
-                    transform=itemgetter('string', 'case', 'integer_sum'),
+                    transform=itemgetter("string", "case", "integer_sum"),
                 )
 
 
@@ -1178,17 +1496,17 @@ class CaseDocumentationExamples(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         Client.objects.create(
-            name='Jane Doe',
+            name="Jane Doe",
             account_type=Client.REGULAR,
             registered_on=date.today() - timedelta(days=36),
         )
         Client.objects.create(
-            name='James Smith',
+            name="James Smith",
             account_type=Client.GOLD,
             registered_on=date.today() - timedelta(days=5),
         )
         Client.objects.create(
-            name='Jack Black',
+            name="Jack Black",
             account_type=Client.PLATINUM,
             registered_on=date.today() - timedelta(days=10 * 365),
         )
@@ -1197,13 +1515,13 @@ class CaseDocumentationExamples(TestCase):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             Client.objects.annotate(
                 discount=Case(
-                    When(account_type=Client.GOLD, then=Value('5%')),
-                    When(account_type=Client.PLATINUM, then=Value('10%')),
-                    default=Value('0%'),
+                    When(account_type=Client.GOLD, then=Value("5%")),
+                    When(account_type=Client.PLATINUM, then=Value("10%")),
+                    default=Value("0%"),
                 ),
-            ).order_by('pk'),
-            [('Jane Doe', '0%'), ('James Smith', '5%'), ('Jack Black', '10%')],
-            transform=attrgetter('name', 'discount')
+            ).order_by("pk"),
+            [("Jane Doe", "0%"), ("James Smith", "5%"), ("Jack Black", "10%")],
+            transform=attrgetter("name", "discount"),
         )
 
     def test_lookup_example(self):
@@ -1212,13 +1530,13 @@ class CaseDocumentationExamples(TestCase):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             Client.objects.annotate(
                 discount=Case(
-                    When(registered_on__lte=a_year_ago, then=Value('10%')),
-                    When(registered_on__lte=a_month_ago, then=Value('5%')),
-                    default=Value('0%'),
+                    When(registered_on__lte=a_year_ago, then=Value("10%")),
+                    When(registered_on__lte=a_month_ago, then=Value("5%")),
+                    default=Value("0%"),
                 ),
-            ).order_by('pk'),
-            [('Jane Doe', '5%'), ('James Smith', '0%'), ('Jack Black', '10%')],
-            transform=attrgetter('name', 'discount')
+            ).order_by("pk"),
+            [("Jane Doe", "5%"), ("James Smith", "0%"), ("Jack Black", "10%")],
+            transform=attrgetter("name", "discount"),
         )
 
     def test_conditional_update_example(self):
@@ -1232,49 +1550,55 @@ class CaseDocumentationExamples(TestCase):
             ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Client.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
-            [('Jane Doe', 'G'), ('James Smith', 'R'), ('Jack Black', 'P')],
-            transform=attrgetter('name', 'account_type')
+            Client.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
+            [("Jane Doe", "G"), ("James Smith", "R"), ("Jack Black", "P")],
+            transform=attrgetter("name", "account_type"),
         )
 
     def test_conditional_aggregation_example(self):
         Client.objects.create(
-            name='Jean Grey',
+            name="Jean Grey",
             account_type=Client.REGULAR,
             registered_on=date.today(),
         )
         Client.objects.create(
-            name='James Bond',
+            name="James Bond",
             account_type=Client.PLATINUM,
             registered_on=date.today(),
         )
         Client.objects.create(
-            name='Jane Porter',
+            name="Jane Porter",
             account_type=Client.PLATINUM,
             registered_on=date.today(),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             Client.objects.aggregate(
-                regular=Count('pk', filter=Q(account_type=Client.REGULAR)),
-                gold=Count('pk', filter=Q(account_type=Client.GOLD)),
-                platinum=Count('pk', filter=Q(account_type=Client.PLATINUM)),
+                regular=Count("pk", filter=Q(account_type=Client.REGULAR)),
+                gold=Count("pk", filter=Q(account_type=Client.GOLD)),
+                platinum=Count("pk", filter=Q(account_type=Client.PLATINUM)),
             ),
-            {'regular': 2, 'gold': 1, 'platinum': 3}
+            {"regular": 2, "gold": 1, "platinum": 3},
         )
         # This was the example before the filter argument was added.
         self.assertEqual(
             Client.objects.aggregate(
-                regular=Sum(Case(
-                    When(account_type=Client.REGULAR, then=1),
-                )),
-                gold=Sum(Case(
-                    When(account_type=Client.GOLD, then=1),
-                )),
-                platinum=Sum(Case(
-                    When(account_type=Client.PLATINUM, then=1),
-                )),
+                regular=Sum(
+                    Case(
+                        When(account_type=Client.REGULAR, then=1),
+                    )
+                ),
+                gold=Sum(
+                    Case(
+                        When(account_type=Client.GOLD, then=1),
+                    )
+                ),
+                platinum=Sum(
+                    Case(
+                        When(account_type=Client.PLATINUM, then=1),
+                    )
+                ),
             ),
-            {'regular': 2, 'gold': 1, 'platinum': 3}
+            {"regular": 2, "gold": 1, "platinum": 3},
         )
 
     def test_filter_example(self):
@@ -1287,8 +1611,8 @@ class CaseDocumentationExamples(TestCase):
                     When(account_type=Client.PLATINUM, then=a_year_ago),
                 ),
             ),
-            [('Jack Black', 'P')],
-            transform=attrgetter('name', 'account_type')
+            [("Jack Black", "P")],
+            transform=attrgetter("name", "account_type"),
         )
 
     def test_hash(self):
@@ -1302,8 +1626,12 @@ class CaseDocumentationExamples(TestCase):
             default=2,
             output_field=IntegerField(),
         )
-        expression_3 = Case(When(account_type__in=[Client.REGULAR, Client.GOLD], then=1), default=2)
-        expression_4 = Case(When(account_type__in=[Client.PLATINUM, Client.GOLD], then=2), default=1)
+        expression_3 = Case(
+            When(account_type__in=[Client.REGULAR, Client.GOLD], then=1), default=2
+        )
+        expression_4 = Case(
+            When(account_type__in=[Client.PLATINUM, Client.GOLD], then=2), default=1
+        )
         self.assertEqual(hash(expression_1), hash(expression_2))
         self.assertNotEqual(hash(expression_2), hash(expression_3))
         self.assertNotEqual(hash(expression_1), hash(expression_4))
@@ -1312,21 +1640,21 @@ class CaseDocumentationExamples(TestCase):
 
 class CaseWhenTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_only_when_arguments(self):
-        msg = 'Positional arguments must all be When objects.'
+        msg = "Positional arguments must all be When objects."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             Case(When(Q(pk__in=[])), object())
 
     def test_invalid_when_constructor_args(self):
         msg = (
-            'When() supports a Q object, a boolean expression, or lookups as '
-            'a condition.'
+            "When() supports a Q object, a boolean expression, or lookups as "
+            "a condition."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             When(condition=object())
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             When(condition=Value(1))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            When(Value(1), string='1')
+            When(Value(1), string="1")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             When()
 
diff --git a/tests/expressions_window/models.py b/tests/expressions_window/models.py
index e1cc02323d..631e876e15 100644
--- a/tests/expressions_window/models.py
+++ b/tests/expressions_window/models.py
@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ class Employee(models.Model):
     department = models.CharField(max_length=40, blank=False, null=False)
     hire_date = models.DateField(blank=False, null=False)
     age = models.IntegerField(blank=False, null=False)
-    classification = models.ForeignKey('Classification', on_delete=models.CASCADE, null=True)
+    classification = models.ForeignKey(
+        "Classification", on_delete=models.CASCADE, null=True
+    )
     bonus = models.DecimalField(decimal_places=2, max_digits=15, null=True)
 
 
@@ -19,4 +21,4 @@ class Detail(models.Model):
     value = models.JSONField()
 
     class Meta:
-        required_db_features = {'supports_json_field'}
+        required_db_features = {"supports_json_field"}
diff --git a/tests/expressions_window/tests.py b/tests/expressions_window/tests.py
index 5bd31b8191..251fa7b1e5 100644
--- a/tests/expressions_window/tests.py
+++ b/tests/expressions_window/tests.py
@@ -5,100 +5,152 @@ from unittest import mock
 from django.core.exceptions import FieldError
 from django.db import NotSupportedError, connection
 from django.db.models import (
-    Avg, BooleanField, Case, F, Func, IntegerField, Max, Min, OuterRef, Q,
-    RowRange, Subquery, Sum, Value, ValueRange, When, Window, WindowFrame,
+    Avg,
+    BooleanField,
+    Case,
+    F,
+    Func,
+    IntegerField,
+    Max,
+    Min,
+    OuterRef,
+    Q,
+    RowRange,
+    Subquery,
+    Sum,
+    Value,
+    ValueRange,
+    When,
+    Window,
+    WindowFrame,
 )
 from django.db.models.fields.json import KeyTextTransform, KeyTransform
 from django.db.models.functions import (
-    Cast, CumeDist, DenseRank, ExtractYear, FirstValue, Lag, LastValue, Lead,
-    NthValue, Ntile, PercentRank, Rank, RowNumber, Upper,
+    Cast,
+    CumeDist,
+    DenseRank,
+    ExtractYear,
+    FirstValue,
+    Lag,
+    LastValue,
+    Lead,
+    NthValue,
+    Ntile,
+    PercentRank,
+    Rank,
+    RowNumber,
+    Upper,
 )
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
 
 from .models import Detail, Employee
 
 
-@skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_over_clause')
+@skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_over_clause")
 class WindowFunctionTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        Employee.objects.bulk_create([
-            Employee(
-                name=e[0],
-                salary=e[1],
-                department=e[2],
-                hire_date=e[3],
-                age=e[4],
-                bonus=Decimal(e[1]) / 400,
-            )
-            for e in [
-                ('Jones', 45000, 'Accounting', datetime.datetime(2005, 11, 1), 20),
-                ('Williams', 37000, 'Accounting', datetime.datetime(2009, 6, 1), 20),
-                ('Jenson', 45000, 'Accounting', datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 1), 20),
-                ('Adams', 50000, 'Accounting', datetime.datetime(2013, 7, 1), 50),
-                ('Smith', 55000, 'Sales', datetime.datetime(2007, 6, 1), 30),
-                ('Brown', 53000, 'Sales', datetime.datetime(2009, 9, 1), 30),
-                ('Johnson', 40000, 'Marketing', datetime.datetime(2012, 3, 1), 30),
-                ('Smith', 38000, 'Marketing', datetime.datetime(2009, 10, 1), 20),
-                ('Wilkinson', 60000, 'IT', datetime.datetime(2011, 3, 1), 40),
-                ('Moore', 34000, 'IT', datetime.datetime(2013, 8, 1), 40),
-                ('Miller', 100000, 'Management', datetime.datetime(2005, 6, 1), 40),
-                ('Johnson', 80000, 'Management', datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 1), 50),
+        Employee.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Employee(
+                    name=e[0],
+                    salary=e[1],
+                    department=e[2],
+                    hire_date=e[3],
+                    age=e[4],
+                    bonus=Decimal(e[1]) / 400,
+                )
+                for e in [
+                    ("Jones", 45000, "Accounting", datetime.datetime(2005, 11, 1), 20),
+                    (
+                        "Williams",
+                        37000,
+                        "Accounting",
+                        datetime.datetime(2009, 6, 1),
+                        20,
+                    ),
+                    ("Jenson", 45000, "Accounting", datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 1), 20),
+                    ("Adams", 50000, "Accounting", datetime.datetime(2013, 7, 1), 50),
+                    ("Smith", 55000, "Sales", datetime.datetime(2007, 6, 1), 30),
+                    ("Brown", 53000, "Sales", datetime.datetime(2009, 9, 1), 30),
+                    ("Johnson", 40000, "Marketing", datetime.datetime(2012, 3, 1), 30),
+                    ("Smith", 38000, "Marketing", datetime.datetime(2009, 10, 1), 20),
+                    ("Wilkinson", 60000, "IT", datetime.datetime(2011, 3, 1), 40),
+                    ("Moore", 34000, "IT", datetime.datetime(2013, 8, 1), 40),
+                    ("Miller", 100000, "Management", datetime.datetime(2005, 6, 1), 40),
+                    ("Johnson", 80000, "Management", datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 1), 50),
+                ]
             ]
-        ])
+        )
 
     def test_dense_rank(self):
         tests = [
-            ExtractYear(F('hire_date')).asc(),
-            F('hire_date__year').asc(),
-            'hire_date__year',
+            ExtractYear(F("hire_date")).asc(),
+            F("hire_date__year").asc(),
+            "hire_date__year",
         ]
         for order_by in tests:
             with self.subTest(order_by=order_by):
                 qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
                     rank=Window(expression=DenseRank(), order_by=order_by),
                 )
-                self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-                    ('Jones', 45000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 1),
-                    ('Miller', 100000, 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), 1),
-                    ('Johnson', 80000, 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), 1),
-                    ('Smith', 55000, 'Sales', datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), 2),
-                    ('Jenson', 45000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 3),
-                    ('Smith', 38000, 'Marketing', datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), 4),
-                    ('Brown', 53000, 'Sales', datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), 4),
-                    ('Williams', 37000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), 4),
-                    ('Wilkinson', 60000, 'IT', datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), 5),
-                    ('Johnson', 40000, 'Marketing', datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), 6),
-                    ('Moore', 34000, 'IT', datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), 7),
-                    ('Adams', 50000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), 7),
-                ], lambda entry: (
-                    entry.name,
-                    entry.salary,
-                    entry.department,
-                    entry.hire_date,
-                    entry.rank,
-                ), ordered=False)
+                self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+                    qs,
+                    [
+                        ("Jones", 45000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 1),
+                        ("Miller", 100000, "Management", datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), 1),
+                        ("Johnson", 80000, "Management", datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), 1),
+                        ("Smith", 55000, "Sales", datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), 2),
+                        ("Jenson", 45000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 3),
+                        ("Smith", 38000, "Marketing", datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), 4),
+                        ("Brown", 53000, "Sales", datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), 4),
+                        ("Williams", 37000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), 4),
+                        ("Wilkinson", 60000, "IT", datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), 5),
+                        ("Johnson", 40000, "Marketing", datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), 6),
+                        ("Moore", 34000, "IT", datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), 7),
+                        ("Adams", 50000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), 7),
+                    ],
+                    lambda entry: (
+                        entry.name,
+                        entry.salary,
+                        entry.department,
+                        entry.hire_date,
+                        entry.rank,
+                    ),
+                    ordered=False,
+                )
 
     def test_department_salary(self):
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(department_sum=Window(
-            expression=Sum('salary'),
-            partition_by=F('department'),
-            order_by=[F('hire_date').asc()],
-        )).order_by('department', 'department_sum')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('Jones', 'Accounting', 45000, 45000),
-            ('Jenson', 'Accounting', 45000, 90000),
-            ('Williams', 'Accounting', 37000, 127000),
-            ('Adams', 'Accounting', 50000, 177000),
-            ('Wilkinson', 'IT', 60000, 60000),
-            ('Moore', 'IT', 34000, 94000),
-            ('Miller', 'Management', 100000, 100000),
-            ('Johnson', 'Management', 80000, 180000),
-            ('Smith', 'Marketing', 38000, 38000),
-            ('Johnson', 'Marketing', 40000, 78000),
-            ('Smith', 'Sales', 55000, 55000),
-            ('Brown', 'Sales', 53000, 108000),
-        ], lambda entry: (entry.name, entry.department, entry.salary, entry.department_sum))
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
+            department_sum=Window(
+                expression=Sum("salary"),
+                partition_by=F("department"),
+                order_by=[F("hire_date").asc()],
+            )
+        ).order_by("department", "department_sum")
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Jones", "Accounting", 45000, 45000),
+                ("Jenson", "Accounting", 45000, 90000),
+                ("Williams", "Accounting", 37000, 127000),
+                ("Adams", "Accounting", 50000, 177000),
+                ("Wilkinson", "IT", 60000, 60000),
+                ("Moore", "IT", 34000, 94000),
+                ("Miller", "Management", 100000, 100000),
+                ("Johnson", "Management", 80000, 180000),
+                ("Smith", "Marketing", 38000, 38000),
+                ("Johnson", "Marketing", 40000, 78000),
+                ("Smith", "Sales", 55000, 55000),
+                ("Brown", "Sales", 53000, 108000),
+            ],
+            lambda entry: (
+                entry.name,
+                entry.department,
+                entry.salary,
+                entry.department_sum,
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_rank(self):
         """
@@ -106,24 +158,37 @@ class WindowFunctionTests(TestCase):
         are multiple employees hired in different years, this will contain
         gaps.
         """
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(rank=Window(
-            expression=Rank(),
-            order_by=F('hire_date__year').asc(),
-        ))
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('Jones', 45000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 1),
-            ('Miller', 100000, 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), 1),
-            ('Johnson', 80000, 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), 1),
-            ('Smith', 55000, 'Sales', datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), 4),
-            ('Jenson', 45000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 5),
-            ('Smith', 38000, 'Marketing', datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), 6),
-            ('Brown', 53000, 'Sales', datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), 6),
-            ('Williams', 37000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), 6),
-            ('Wilkinson', 60000, 'IT', datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), 9),
-            ('Johnson', 40000, 'Marketing', datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), 10),
-            ('Moore', 34000, 'IT', datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), 11),
-            ('Adams', 50000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), 11),
-        ], lambda entry: (entry.name, entry.salary, entry.department, entry.hire_date, entry.rank), ordered=False)
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
+            rank=Window(
+                expression=Rank(),
+                order_by=F("hire_date__year").asc(),
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Jones", 45000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 1),
+                ("Miller", 100000, "Management", datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), 1),
+                ("Johnson", 80000, "Management", datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), 1),
+                ("Smith", 55000, "Sales", datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), 4),
+                ("Jenson", 45000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 5),
+                ("Smith", 38000, "Marketing", datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), 6),
+                ("Brown", 53000, "Sales", datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), 6),
+                ("Williams", 37000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), 6),
+                ("Wilkinson", 60000, "IT", datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), 9),
+                ("Johnson", 40000, "Marketing", datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), 10),
+                ("Moore", 34000, "IT", datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), 11),
+                ("Adams", 50000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), 11),
+            ],
+            lambda entry: (
+                entry.name,
+                entry.salary,
+                entry.department,
+                entry.hire_date,
+                entry.rank,
+            ),
+            ordered=False,
+        )
 
     def test_row_number(self):
         """
@@ -132,24 +197,30 @@ class WindowFunctionTests(TestCase):
 
         Oracle requires an ordering-clause in the Window expression.
         """
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(row_number=Window(
-            expression=RowNumber(),
-            order_by=F('pk').asc(),
-        )).order_by('pk')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('Jones', 'Accounting', 1),
-            ('Williams', 'Accounting', 2),
-            ('Jenson', 'Accounting', 3),
-            ('Adams', 'Accounting', 4),
-            ('Smith', 'Sales', 5),
-            ('Brown', 'Sales', 6),
-            ('Johnson', 'Marketing', 7),
-            ('Smith', 'Marketing', 8),
-            ('Wilkinson', 'IT', 9),
-            ('Moore', 'IT', 10),
-            ('Miller', 'Management', 11),
-            ('Johnson', 'Management', 12),
-        ], lambda entry: (entry.name, entry.department, entry.row_number))
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
+            row_number=Window(
+                expression=RowNumber(),
+                order_by=F("pk").asc(),
+            )
+        ).order_by("pk")
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Jones", "Accounting", 1),
+                ("Williams", "Accounting", 2),
+                ("Jenson", "Accounting", 3),
+                ("Adams", "Accounting", 4),
+                ("Smith", "Sales", 5),
+                ("Brown", "Sales", 6),
+                ("Johnson", "Marketing", 7),
+                ("Smith", "Marketing", 8),
+                ("Wilkinson", "IT", 9),
+                ("Moore", "IT", 10),
+                ("Miller", "Management", 11),
+                ("Johnson", "Management", 12),
+            ],
+            lambda entry: (entry.name, entry.department, entry.row_number),
+        )
 
     def test_row_number_no_ordering(self):
         """
@@ -157,44 +228,61 @@ class WindowFunctionTests(TestCase):
         in which the tuples were inserted.
         """
         # Add a default ordering for consistent results across databases.
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(row_number=Window(
-            expression=RowNumber(),
-        )).order_by('pk')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('Jones', 'Accounting', 1),
-            ('Williams', 'Accounting', 2),
-            ('Jenson', 'Accounting', 3),
-            ('Adams', 'Accounting', 4),
-            ('Smith', 'Sales', 5),
-            ('Brown', 'Sales', 6),
-            ('Johnson', 'Marketing', 7),
-            ('Smith', 'Marketing', 8),
-            ('Wilkinson', 'IT', 9),
-            ('Moore', 'IT', 10),
-            ('Miller', 'Management', 11),
-            ('Johnson', 'Management', 12),
-        ], lambda entry: (entry.name, entry.department, entry.row_number))
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
+            row_number=Window(
+                expression=RowNumber(),
+            )
+        ).order_by("pk")
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Jones", "Accounting", 1),
+                ("Williams", "Accounting", 2),
+                ("Jenson", "Accounting", 3),
+                ("Adams", "Accounting", 4),
+                ("Smith", "Sales", 5),
+                ("Brown", "Sales", 6),
+                ("Johnson", "Marketing", 7),
+                ("Smith", "Marketing", 8),
+                ("Wilkinson", "IT", 9),
+                ("Moore", "IT", 10),
+                ("Miller", "Management", 11),
+                ("Johnson", "Management", 12),
+            ],
+            lambda entry: (entry.name, entry.department, entry.row_number),
+        )
 
     def test_avg_salary_department(self):
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(avg_salary=Window(
-            expression=Avg('salary'),
-            order_by=F('department').asc(),
-            partition_by='department',
-        )).order_by('department', '-salary', 'name')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('Adams', 50000, 'Accounting', 44250.00),
-            ('Jenson', 45000, 'Accounting', 44250.00),
-            ('Jones', 45000, 'Accounting', 44250.00),
-            ('Williams', 37000, 'Accounting', 44250.00),
-            ('Wilkinson', 60000, 'IT', 47000.00),
-            ('Moore', 34000, 'IT', 47000.00),
-            ('Miller', 100000, 'Management', 90000.00),
-            ('Johnson', 80000, 'Management', 90000.00),
-            ('Johnson', 40000, 'Marketing', 39000.00),
-            ('Smith', 38000, 'Marketing', 39000.00),
-            ('Smith', 55000, 'Sales', 54000.00),
-            ('Brown', 53000, 'Sales', 54000.00),
-        ], transform=lambda row: (row.name, row.salary, row.department, row.avg_salary))
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
+            avg_salary=Window(
+                expression=Avg("salary"),
+                order_by=F("department").asc(),
+                partition_by="department",
+            )
+        ).order_by("department", "-salary", "name")
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Adams", 50000, "Accounting", 44250.00),
+                ("Jenson", 45000, "Accounting", 44250.00),
+                ("Jones", 45000, "Accounting", 44250.00),
+                ("Williams", 37000, "Accounting", 44250.00),
+                ("Wilkinson", 60000, "IT", 47000.00),
+                ("Moore", 34000, "IT", 47000.00),
+                ("Miller", 100000, "Management", 90000.00),
+                ("Johnson", 80000, "Management", 90000.00),
+                ("Johnson", 40000, "Marketing", 39000.00),
+                ("Smith", 38000, "Marketing", 39000.00),
+                ("Smith", 55000, "Sales", 54000.00),
+                ("Brown", 53000, "Sales", 54000.00),
+            ],
+            transform=lambda row: (
+                row.name,
+                row.salary,
+                row.department,
+                row.avg_salary,
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_lag(self):
         """
@@ -202,206 +290,362 @@ class WindowFunctionTests(TestCase):
         highest salary in the employee's department. Return None if the
         employee has the lowest salary.
         """
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(lag=Window(
-            expression=Lag(expression='salary', offset=1),
-            partition_by=F('department'),
-            order_by=[F('salary').asc(), F('name').asc()],
-        )).order_by('department', F('salary').asc(), F('name').asc())
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('Williams', 37000, 'Accounting', None),
-            ('Jenson', 45000, 'Accounting', 37000),
-            ('Jones', 45000, 'Accounting', 45000),
-            ('Adams', 50000, 'Accounting', 45000),
-            ('Moore', 34000, 'IT', None),
-            ('Wilkinson', 60000, 'IT', 34000),
-            ('Johnson', 80000, 'Management', None),
-            ('Miller', 100000, 'Management', 80000),
-            ('Smith', 38000, 'Marketing', None),
-            ('Johnson', 40000, 'Marketing', 38000),
-            ('Brown', 53000, 'Sales', None),
-            ('Smith', 55000, 'Sales', 53000),
-        ], transform=lambda row: (row.name, row.salary, row.department, row.lag))
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
+            lag=Window(
+                expression=Lag(expression="salary", offset=1),
+                partition_by=F("department"),
+                order_by=[F("salary").asc(), F("name").asc()],
+            )
+        ).order_by("department", F("salary").asc(), F("name").asc())
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Williams", 37000, "Accounting", None),
+                ("Jenson", 45000, "Accounting", 37000),
+                ("Jones", 45000, "Accounting", 45000),
+                ("Adams", 50000, "Accounting", 45000),
+                ("Moore", 34000, "IT", None),
+                ("Wilkinson", 60000, "IT", 34000),
+                ("Johnson", 80000, "Management", None),
+                ("Miller", 100000, "Management", 80000),
+                ("Smith", 38000, "Marketing", None),
+                ("Johnson", 40000, "Marketing", 38000),
+                ("Brown", 53000, "Sales", None),
+                ("Smith", 55000, "Sales", 53000),
+            ],
+            transform=lambda row: (row.name, row.salary, row.department, row.lag),
+        )
 
     def test_lag_decimalfield(self):
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(lag=Window(
-            expression=Lag(expression='bonus', offset=1),
-            partition_by=F('department'),
-            order_by=[F('bonus').asc(), F('name').asc()],
-        )).order_by('department', F('bonus').asc(), F('name').asc())
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('Williams', 92.5, 'Accounting', None),
-            ('Jenson', 112.5, 'Accounting', 92.5),
-            ('Jones', 112.5, 'Accounting', 112.5),
-            ('Adams', 125, 'Accounting', 112.5),
-            ('Moore', 85, 'IT', None),
-            ('Wilkinson', 150, 'IT', 85),
-            ('Johnson', 200, 'Management', None),
-            ('Miller', 250, 'Management', 200),
-            ('Smith', 95, 'Marketing', None),
-            ('Johnson', 100, 'Marketing', 95),
-            ('Brown', 132.5, 'Sales', None),
-            ('Smith', 137.5, 'Sales', 132.5),
-        ], transform=lambda row: (row.name, row.bonus, row.department, row.lag))
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
+            lag=Window(
+                expression=Lag(expression="bonus", offset=1),
+                partition_by=F("department"),
+                order_by=[F("bonus").asc(), F("name").asc()],
+            )
+        ).order_by("department", F("bonus").asc(), F("name").asc())
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Williams", 92.5, "Accounting", None),
+                ("Jenson", 112.5, "Accounting", 92.5),
+                ("Jones", 112.5, "Accounting", 112.5),
+                ("Adams", 125, "Accounting", 112.5),
+                ("Moore", 85, "IT", None),
+                ("Wilkinson", 150, "IT", 85),
+                ("Johnson", 200, "Management", None),
+                ("Miller", 250, "Management", 200),
+                ("Smith", 95, "Marketing", None),
+                ("Johnson", 100, "Marketing", 95),
+                ("Brown", 132.5, "Sales", None),
+                ("Smith", 137.5, "Sales", 132.5),
+            ],
+            transform=lambda row: (row.name, row.bonus, row.department, row.lag),
+        )
 
     def test_first_value(self):
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(first_value=Window(
-            expression=FirstValue('salary'),
-            partition_by=F('department'),
-            order_by=F('hire_date').asc(),
-        )).order_by('department', 'hire_date')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('Jones', 45000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 45000),
-            ('Jenson', 45000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 45000),
-            ('Williams', 37000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), 45000),
-            ('Adams', 50000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), 45000),
-            ('Wilkinson', 60000, 'IT', datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), 60000),
-            ('Moore', 34000, 'IT', datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), 60000),
-            ('Miller', 100000, 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), 100000),
-            ('Johnson', 80000, 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), 100000),
-            ('Smith', 38000, 'Marketing', datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), 38000),
-            ('Johnson', 40000, 'Marketing', datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), 38000),
-            ('Smith', 55000, 'Sales', datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), 55000),
-            ('Brown', 53000, 'Sales', datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), 55000),
-        ], lambda row: (row.name, row.salary, row.department, row.hire_date, row.first_value))
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
+            first_value=Window(
+                expression=FirstValue("salary"),
+                partition_by=F("department"),
+                order_by=F("hire_date").asc(),
+            )
+        ).order_by("department", "hire_date")
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Jones", 45000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 45000),
+                ("Jenson", 45000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 45000),
+                ("Williams", 37000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), 45000),
+                ("Adams", 50000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), 45000),
+                ("Wilkinson", 60000, "IT", datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), 60000),
+                ("Moore", 34000, "IT", datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), 60000),
+                ("Miller", 100000, "Management", datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), 100000),
+                ("Johnson", 80000, "Management", datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), 100000),
+                ("Smith", 38000, "Marketing", datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), 38000),
+                ("Johnson", 40000, "Marketing", datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), 38000),
+                ("Smith", 55000, "Sales", datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), 55000),
+                ("Brown", 53000, "Sales", datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), 55000),
+            ],
+            lambda row: (
+                row.name,
+                row.salary,
+                row.department,
+                row.hire_date,
+                row.first_value,
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_last_value(self):
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(last_value=Window(
-            expression=LastValue('hire_date'),
-            partition_by=F('department'),
-            order_by=F('hire_date').asc(),
-        ))
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('Adams', 'Accounting', datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), 50000, datetime.date(2013, 7, 1)),
-            ('Jenson', 'Accounting', datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 45000, datetime.date(2008, 4, 1)),
-            ('Jones', 'Accounting', datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 45000, datetime.date(2005, 11, 1)),
-            ('Williams', 'Accounting', datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), 37000, datetime.date(2009, 6, 1)),
-            ('Moore', 'IT', datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), 34000, datetime.date(2013, 8, 1)),
-            ('Wilkinson', 'IT', datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), 60000, datetime.date(2011, 3, 1)),
-            ('Miller', 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), 100000, datetime.date(2005, 6, 1)),
-            ('Johnson', 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), 80000, datetime.date(2005, 7, 1)),
-            ('Johnson', 'Marketing', datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), 40000, datetime.date(2012, 3, 1)),
-            ('Smith', 'Marketing', datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), 38000, datetime.date(2009, 10, 1)),
-            ('Brown', 'Sales', datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), 53000, datetime.date(2009, 9, 1)),
-            ('Smith', 'Sales', datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), 55000, datetime.date(2007, 6, 1)),
-        ], transform=lambda row: (row.name, row.department, row.hire_date, row.salary, row.last_value), ordered=False)
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
+            last_value=Window(
+                expression=LastValue("hire_date"),
+                partition_by=F("department"),
+                order_by=F("hire_date").asc(),
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                (
+                    "Adams",
+                    "Accounting",
+                    datetime.date(2013, 7, 1),
+                    50000,
+                    datetime.date(2013, 7, 1),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "Jenson",
+                    "Accounting",
+                    datetime.date(2008, 4, 1),
+                    45000,
+                    datetime.date(2008, 4, 1),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "Jones",
+                    "Accounting",
+                    datetime.date(2005, 11, 1),
+                    45000,
+                    datetime.date(2005, 11, 1),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "Williams",
+                    "Accounting",
+                    datetime.date(2009, 6, 1),
+                    37000,
+                    datetime.date(2009, 6, 1),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "Moore",
+                    "IT",
+                    datetime.date(2013, 8, 1),
+                    34000,
+                    datetime.date(2013, 8, 1),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "Wilkinson",
+                    "IT",
+                    datetime.date(2011, 3, 1),
+                    60000,
+                    datetime.date(2011, 3, 1),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "Miller",
+                    "Management",
+                    datetime.date(2005, 6, 1),
+                    100000,
+                    datetime.date(2005, 6, 1),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "Johnson",
+                    "Management",
+                    datetime.date(2005, 7, 1),
+                    80000,
+                    datetime.date(2005, 7, 1),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "Johnson",
+                    "Marketing",
+                    datetime.date(2012, 3, 1),
+                    40000,
+                    datetime.date(2012, 3, 1),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "Smith",
+                    "Marketing",
+                    datetime.date(2009, 10, 1),
+                    38000,
+                    datetime.date(2009, 10, 1),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "Brown",
+                    "Sales",
+                    datetime.date(2009, 9, 1),
+                    53000,
+                    datetime.date(2009, 9, 1),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "Smith",
+                    "Sales",
+                    datetime.date(2007, 6, 1),
+                    55000,
+                    datetime.date(2007, 6, 1),
+                ),
+            ],
+            transform=lambda row: (
+                row.name,
+                row.department,
+                row.hire_date,
+                row.salary,
+                row.last_value,
+            ),
+            ordered=False,
+        )
 
     def test_function_list_of_values(self):
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(lead=Window(
-            expression=Lead(expression='salary'),
-            order_by=[F('hire_date').asc(), F('name').desc()],
-            partition_by='department',
-        )).values_list('name', 'salary', 'department', 'hire_date', 'lead') \
-          .order_by('department', F('hire_date').asc(), F('name').desc())
-        self.assertNotIn('GROUP BY', str(qs.query))
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [
-            ('Jones', 45000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 45000),
-            ('Jenson', 45000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 37000),
-            ('Williams', 37000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), 50000),
-            ('Adams', 50000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), None),
-            ('Wilkinson', 60000, 'IT', datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), 34000),
-            ('Moore', 34000, 'IT', datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), None),
-            ('Miller', 100000, 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), 80000),
-            ('Johnson', 80000, 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), None),
-            ('Smith', 38000, 'Marketing', datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), 40000),
-            ('Johnson', 40000, 'Marketing', datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), None),
-            ('Smith', 55000, 'Sales', datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), 53000),
-            ('Brown', 53000, 'Sales', datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), None),
-        ])
+        qs = (
+            Employee.objects.annotate(
+                lead=Window(
+                    expression=Lead(expression="salary"),
+                    order_by=[F("hire_date").asc(), F("name").desc()],
+                    partition_by="department",
+                )
+            )
+            .values_list("name", "salary", "department", "hire_date", "lead")
+            .order_by("department", F("hire_date").asc(), F("name").desc())
+        )
+        self.assertNotIn("GROUP BY", str(qs.query))
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Jones", 45000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 45000),
+                ("Jenson", 45000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 37000),
+                ("Williams", 37000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), 50000),
+                ("Adams", 50000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), None),
+                ("Wilkinson", 60000, "IT", datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), 34000),
+                ("Moore", 34000, "IT", datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), None),
+                ("Miller", 100000, "Management", datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), 80000),
+                ("Johnson", 80000, "Management", datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), None),
+                ("Smith", 38000, "Marketing", datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), 40000),
+                ("Johnson", 40000, "Marketing", datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), None),
+                ("Smith", 55000, "Sales", datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), 53000),
+                ("Brown", 53000, "Sales", datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), None),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_min_department(self):
         """An alternative way to specify a query for FirstValue."""
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(min_salary=Window(
-            expression=Min('salary'),
-            partition_by=F('department'),
-            order_by=[F('salary').asc(), F('name').asc()]
-        )).order_by('department', 'salary', 'name')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('Williams', 'Accounting', 37000, 37000),
-            ('Jenson', 'Accounting', 45000, 37000),
-            ('Jones', 'Accounting', 45000, 37000),
-            ('Adams', 'Accounting', 50000, 37000),
-            ('Moore', 'IT', 34000, 34000),
-            ('Wilkinson', 'IT', 60000, 34000),
-            ('Johnson', 'Management', 80000, 80000),
-            ('Miller', 'Management', 100000, 80000),
-            ('Smith', 'Marketing', 38000, 38000),
-            ('Johnson', 'Marketing', 40000, 38000),
-            ('Brown', 'Sales', 53000, 53000),
-            ('Smith', 'Sales', 55000, 53000),
-        ], lambda row: (row.name, row.department, row.salary, row.min_salary))
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
+            min_salary=Window(
+                expression=Min("salary"),
+                partition_by=F("department"),
+                order_by=[F("salary").asc(), F("name").asc()],
+            )
+        ).order_by("department", "salary", "name")
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Williams", "Accounting", 37000, 37000),
+                ("Jenson", "Accounting", 45000, 37000),
+                ("Jones", "Accounting", 45000, 37000),
+                ("Adams", "Accounting", 50000, 37000),
+                ("Moore", "IT", 34000, 34000),
+                ("Wilkinson", "IT", 60000, 34000),
+                ("Johnson", "Management", 80000, 80000),
+                ("Miller", "Management", 100000, 80000),
+                ("Smith", "Marketing", 38000, 38000),
+                ("Johnson", "Marketing", 40000, 38000),
+                ("Brown", "Sales", 53000, 53000),
+                ("Smith", "Sales", 55000, 53000),
+            ],
+            lambda row: (row.name, row.department, row.salary, row.min_salary),
+        )
 
     def test_max_per_year(self):
         """
         Find the maximum salary awarded in the same year as the
         employee was hired, regardless of the department.
         """
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(max_salary_year=Window(
-            expression=Max('salary'),
-            order_by=ExtractYear('hire_date').asc(),
-            partition_by=ExtractYear('hire_date')
-        )).order_by(ExtractYear('hire_date'), 'salary')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('Jones', 'Accounting', 45000, 2005, 100000),
-            ('Johnson', 'Management', 80000, 2005, 100000),
-            ('Miller', 'Management', 100000, 2005, 100000),
-            ('Smith', 'Sales', 55000, 2007, 55000),
-            ('Jenson', 'Accounting', 45000, 2008, 45000),
-            ('Williams', 'Accounting', 37000, 2009, 53000),
-            ('Smith', 'Marketing', 38000, 2009, 53000),
-            ('Brown', 'Sales', 53000, 2009, 53000),
-            ('Wilkinson', 'IT', 60000, 2011, 60000),
-            ('Johnson', 'Marketing', 40000, 2012, 40000),
-            ('Moore', 'IT', 34000, 2013, 50000),
-            ('Adams', 'Accounting', 50000, 2013, 50000),
-        ], lambda row: (row.name, row.department, row.salary, row.hire_date.year, row.max_salary_year))
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
+            max_salary_year=Window(
+                expression=Max("salary"),
+                order_by=ExtractYear("hire_date").asc(),
+                partition_by=ExtractYear("hire_date"),
+            )
+        ).order_by(ExtractYear("hire_date"), "salary")
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Jones", "Accounting", 45000, 2005, 100000),
+                ("Johnson", "Management", 80000, 2005, 100000),
+                ("Miller", "Management", 100000, 2005, 100000),
+                ("Smith", "Sales", 55000, 2007, 55000),
+                ("Jenson", "Accounting", 45000, 2008, 45000),
+                ("Williams", "Accounting", 37000, 2009, 53000),
+                ("Smith", "Marketing", 38000, 2009, 53000),
+                ("Brown", "Sales", 53000, 2009, 53000),
+                ("Wilkinson", "IT", 60000, 2011, 60000),
+                ("Johnson", "Marketing", 40000, 2012, 40000),
+                ("Moore", "IT", 34000, 2013, 50000),
+                ("Adams", "Accounting", 50000, 2013, 50000),
+            ],
+            lambda row: (
+                row.name,
+                row.department,
+                row.salary,
+                row.hire_date.year,
+                row.max_salary_year,
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_cume_dist(self):
         """
         Compute the cumulative distribution for the employees based on the
         salary in increasing order. Equal to rank/total number of rows (12).
         """
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(cume_dist=Window(
-            expression=CumeDist(),
-            order_by=F('salary').asc(),
-        )).order_by('salary', 'name')
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
+            cume_dist=Window(
+                expression=CumeDist(),
+                order_by=F("salary").asc(),
+            )
+        ).order_by("salary", "name")
         # Round result of cume_dist because Oracle uses greater precision.
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('Moore', 'IT', 34000, 0.0833333333),
-            ('Williams', 'Accounting', 37000, 0.1666666667),
-            ('Smith', 'Marketing', 38000, 0.25),
-            ('Johnson', 'Marketing', 40000, 0.3333333333),
-            ('Jenson', 'Accounting', 45000, 0.5),
-            ('Jones', 'Accounting', 45000, 0.5),
-            ('Adams', 'Accounting', 50000, 0.5833333333),
-            ('Brown', 'Sales', 53000, 0.6666666667),
-            ('Smith', 'Sales', 55000, 0.75),
-            ('Wilkinson', 'IT', 60000, 0.8333333333),
-            ('Johnson', 'Management', 80000, 0.9166666667),
-            ('Miller', 'Management', 100000, 1),
-        ], lambda row: (row.name, row.department, row.salary, round(row.cume_dist, 10)))
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Moore", "IT", 34000, 0.0833333333),
+                ("Williams", "Accounting", 37000, 0.1666666667),
+                ("Smith", "Marketing", 38000, 0.25),
+                ("Johnson", "Marketing", 40000, 0.3333333333),
+                ("Jenson", "Accounting", 45000, 0.5),
+                ("Jones", "Accounting", 45000, 0.5),
+                ("Adams", "Accounting", 50000, 0.5833333333),
+                ("Brown", "Sales", 53000, 0.6666666667),
+                ("Smith", "Sales", 55000, 0.75),
+                ("Wilkinson", "IT", 60000, 0.8333333333),
+                ("Johnson", "Management", 80000, 0.9166666667),
+                ("Miller", "Management", 100000, 1),
+            ],
+            lambda row: (
+                row.name,
+                row.department,
+                row.salary,
+                round(row.cume_dist, 10),
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_nthvalue(self):
         qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
-            nth_value=Window(expression=NthValue(
-                expression='salary', nth=2),
-                order_by=[F('hire_date').asc(), F('name').desc()],
-                partition_by=F('department'),
+            nth_value=Window(
+                expression=NthValue(expression="salary", nth=2),
+                order_by=[F("hire_date").asc(), F("name").desc()],
+                partition_by=F("department"),
             )
-        ).order_by('department', 'hire_date', 'name')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('Jones', 'Accounting', datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 45000, None),
-            ('Jenson', 'Accounting', datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 45000, 45000),
-            ('Williams', 'Accounting', datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), 37000, 45000),
-            ('Adams', 'Accounting', datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), 50000, 45000),
-            ('Wilkinson', 'IT', datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), 60000, None),
-            ('Moore', 'IT', datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), 34000, 34000),
-            ('Miller', 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), 100000, None),
-            ('Johnson', 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), 80000, 80000),
-            ('Smith', 'Marketing', datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), 38000, None),
-            ('Johnson', 'Marketing', datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), 40000, 40000),
-            ('Smith', 'Sales', datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), 55000, None),
-            ('Brown', 'Sales', datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), 53000, 53000),
-        ], lambda row: (row.name, row.department, row.hire_date, row.salary, row.nth_value))
+        ).order_by("department", "hire_date", "name")
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Jones", "Accounting", datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 45000, None),
+                ("Jenson", "Accounting", datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 45000, 45000),
+                ("Williams", "Accounting", datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), 37000, 45000),
+                ("Adams", "Accounting", datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), 50000, 45000),
+                ("Wilkinson", "IT", datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), 60000, None),
+                ("Moore", "IT", datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), 34000, 34000),
+                ("Miller", "Management", datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), 100000, None),
+                ("Johnson", "Management", datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), 80000, 80000),
+                ("Smith", "Marketing", datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), 38000, None),
+                ("Johnson", "Marketing", datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), 40000, 40000),
+                ("Smith", "Sales", datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), 55000, None),
+                ("Brown", "Sales", datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), 53000, 53000),
+            ],
+            lambda row: (
+                row.name,
+                row.department,
+                row.hire_date,
+                row.salary,
+                row.nth_value,
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_lead(self):
         """
@@ -410,61 +654,88 @@ class WindowFunctionTests(TestCase):
         ordering clause. No default is provided, so None/NULL should be
         returned.
         """
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(lead=Window(
-            expression=Lead(expression='salary'),
-            order_by=[F('hire_date').asc(), F('name').desc()],
-            partition_by='department',
-        )).order_by('department', F('hire_date').asc(), F('name').desc())
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('Jones', 45000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 45000),
-            ('Jenson', 45000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 37000),
-            ('Williams', 37000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), 50000),
-            ('Adams', 50000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), None),
-            ('Wilkinson', 60000, 'IT', datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), 34000),
-            ('Moore', 34000, 'IT', datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), None),
-            ('Miller', 100000, 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), 80000),
-            ('Johnson', 80000, 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), None),
-            ('Smith', 38000, 'Marketing', datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), 40000),
-            ('Johnson', 40000, 'Marketing', datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), None),
-            ('Smith', 55000, 'Sales', datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), 53000),
-            ('Brown', 53000, 'Sales', datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), None),
-        ], transform=lambda row: (row.name, row.salary, row.department, row.hire_date, row.lead))
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
+            lead=Window(
+                expression=Lead(expression="salary"),
+                order_by=[F("hire_date").asc(), F("name").desc()],
+                partition_by="department",
+            )
+        ).order_by("department", F("hire_date").asc(), F("name").desc())
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Jones", 45000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 45000),
+                ("Jenson", 45000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 37000),
+                ("Williams", 37000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), 50000),
+                ("Adams", 50000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), None),
+                ("Wilkinson", 60000, "IT", datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), 34000),
+                ("Moore", 34000, "IT", datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), None),
+                ("Miller", 100000, "Management", datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), 80000),
+                ("Johnson", 80000, "Management", datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), None),
+                ("Smith", 38000, "Marketing", datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), 40000),
+                ("Johnson", 40000, "Marketing", datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), None),
+                ("Smith", 55000, "Sales", datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), 53000),
+                ("Brown", 53000, "Sales", datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), None),
+            ],
+            transform=lambda row: (
+                row.name,
+                row.salary,
+                row.department,
+                row.hire_date,
+                row.lead,
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_lead_offset(self):
         """
         Determine what the person hired after someone makes. Due to
         ambiguity, the name is also included in the ordering.
         """
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(lead=Window(
-            expression=Lead('salary', offset=2),
-            partition_by='department',
-            order_by=F('hire_date').asc(),
-        ))
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('Jones', 45000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 37000),
-            ('Jenson', 45000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 50000),
-            ('Williams', 37000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), None),
-            ('Adams', 50000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), None),
-            ('Wilkinson', 60000, 'IT', datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), None),
-            ('Moore', 34000, 'IT', datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), None),
-            ('Johnson', 80000, 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), None),
-            ('Miller', 100000, 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), None),
-            ('Smith', 38000, 'Marketing', datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), None),
-            ('Johnson', 40000, 'Marketing', datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), None),
-            ('Smith', 55000, 'Sales', datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), None),
-            ('Brown', 53000, 'Sales', datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), None),
-        ], transform=lambda row: (row.name, row.salary, row.department, row.hire_date, row.lead),
-            ordered=False
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
+            lead=Window(
+                expression=Lead("salary", offset=2),
+                partition_by="department",
+                order_by=F("hire_date").asc(),
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Jones", 45000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 37000),
+                ("Jenson", 45000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 50000),
+                ("Williams", 37000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), None),
+                ("Adams", 50000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), None),
+                ("Wilkinson", 60000, "IT", datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), None),
+                ("Moore", 34000, "IT", datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), None),
+                ("Johnson", 80000, "Management", datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), None),
+                ("Miller", 100000, "Management", datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), None),
+                ("Smith", 38000, "Marketing", datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), None),
+                ("Johnson", 40000, "Marketing", datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), None),
+                ("Smith", 55000, "Sales", datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), None),
+                ("Brown", 53000, "Sales", datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), None),
+            ],
+            transform=lambda row: (
+                row.name,
+                row.salary,
+                row.department,
+                row.hire_date,
+                row.lead,
+            ),
+            ordered=False,
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_default_in_lead_lag')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_default_in_lead_lag")
     def test_lead_default(self):
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(lead_default=Window(
-            expression=Lead(expression='salary', offset=5, default=60000),
-            partition_by=F('department'),
-            order_by=F('department').asc(),
-        ))
-        self.assertEqual(list(qs.values_list('lead_default', flat=True).distinct()), [60000])
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
+            lead_default=Window(
+                expression=Lead(expression="salary", offset=5, default=60000),
+                partition_by=F("department"),
+                order_by=F("department").asc(),
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(qs.values_list("lead_default", flat=True).distinct()), [60000]
+        )
 
     def test_ntile(self):
         """
@@ -472,84 +743,116 @@ class WindowFunctionTests(TestCase):
         based on how high the salary is for them. There are twelve employees
         so it divides evenly into four groups.
         """
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(ntile=Window(
-            expression=Ntile(num_buckets=4),
-            order_by='-salary',
-        )).order_by('ntile', '-salary', 'name')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('Miller', 'Management', 100000, 1),
-            ('Johnson', 'Management', 80000, 1),
-            ('Wilkinson', 'IT', 60000, 1),
-            ('Smith', 'Sales', 55000, 2),
-            ('Brown', 'Sales', 53000, 2),
-            ('Adams', 'Accounting', 50000, 2),
-            ('Jenson', 'Accounting', 45000, 3),
-            ('Jones', 'Accounting', 45000, 3),
-            ('Johnson', 'Marketing', 40000, 3),
-            ('Smith', 'Marketing', 38000, 4),
-            ('Williams', 'Accounting', 37000, 4),
-            ('Moore', 'IT', 34000, 4),
-        ], lambda x: (x.name, x.department, x.salary, x.ntile))
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
+            ntile=Window(
+                expression=Ntile(num_buckets=4),
+                order_by="-salary",
+            )
+        ).order_by("ntile", "-salary", "name")
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Miller", "Management", 100000, 1),
+                ("Johnson", "Management", 80000, 1),
+                ("Wilkinson", "IT", 60000, 1),
+                ("Smith", "Sales", 55000, 2),
+                ("Brown", "Sales", 53000, 2),
+                ("Adams", "Accounting", 50000, 2),
+                ("Jenson", "Accounting", 45000, 3),
+                ("Jones", "Accounting", 45000, 3),
+                ("Johnson", "Marketing", 40000, 3),
+                ("Smith", "Marketing", 38000, 4),
+                ("Williams", "Accounting", 37000, 4),
+                ("Moore", "IT", 34000, 4),
+            ],
+            lambda x: (x.name, x.department, x.salary, x.ntile),
+        )
 
     def test_percent_rank(self):
         """
         Calculate the percentage rank of the employees across the entire
         company based on salary and name (in case of ambiguity).
         """
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(percent_rank=Window(
-            expression=PercentRank(),
-            order_by=[F('salary').asc(), F('name').asc()],
-        )).order_by('percent_rank')
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
+            percent_rank=Window(
+                expression=PercentRank(),
+                order_by=[F("salary").asc(), F("name").asc()],
+            )
+        ).order_by("percent_rank")
         # Round to account for precision differences among databases.
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('Moore', 'IT', 34000, 0.0),
-            ('Williams', 'Accounting', 37000, 0.0909090909),
-            ('Smith', 'Marketing', 38000, 0.1818181818),
-            ('Johnson', 'Marketing', 40000, 0.2727272727),
-            ('Jenson', 'Accounting', 45000, 0.3636363636),
-            ('Jones', 'Accounting', 45000, 0.4545454545),
-            ('Adams', 'Accounting', 50000, 0.5454545455),
-            ('Brown', 'Sales', 53000, 0.6363636364),
-            ('Smith', 'Sales', 55000, 0.7272727273),
-            ('Wilkinson', 'IT', 60000, 0.8181818182),
-            ('Johnson', 'Management', 80000, 0.9090909091),
-            ('Miller', 'Management', 100000, 1.0),
-        ], transform=lambda row: (row.name, row.department, row.salary, round(row.percent_rank, 10)))
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Moore", "IT", 34000, 0.0),
+                ("Williams", "Accounting", 37000, 0.0909090909),
+                ("Smith", "Marketing", 38000, 0.1818181818),
+                ("Johnson", "Marketing", 40000, 0.2727272727),
+                ("Jenson", "Accounting", 45000, 0.3636363636),
+                ("Jones", "Accounting", 45000, 0.4545454545),
+                ("Adams", "Accounting", 50000, 0.5454545455),
+                ("Brown", "Sales", 53000, 0.6363636364),
+                ("Smith", "Sales", 55000, 0.7272727273),
+                ("Wilkinson", "IT", 60000, 0.8181818182),
+                ("Johnson", "Management", 80000, 0.9090909091),
+                ("Miller", "Management", 100000, 1.0),
+            ],
+            transform=lambda row: (
+                row.name,
+                row.department,
+                row.salary,
+                round(row.percent_rank, 10),
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_nth_returns_null(self):
         """
         Find the nth row of the data set. None is returned since there are
         fewer than 20 rows in the test data.
         """
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(nth_value=Window(
-            expression=NthValue('salary', nth=20),
-            order_by=F('salary').asc()
-        ))
-        self.assertEqual(list(qs.values_list('nth_value', flat=True).distinct()), [None])
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
+            nth_value=Window(
+                expression=NthValue("salary", nth=20), order_by=F("salary").asc()
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(qs.values_list("nth_value", flat=True).distinct()), [None]
+        )
 
     def test_multiple_partitioning(self):
         """
         Find the maximum salary for each department for people hired in the
         same year.
         """
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(max=Window(
-            expression=Max('salary'),
-            partition_by=[F('department'), F('hire_date__year')],
-        )).order_by('department', 'hire_date', 'name')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('Jones', 45000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 45000),
-            ('Jenson', 45000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 45000),
-            ('Williams', 37000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), 37000),
-            ('Adams', 50000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), 50000),
-            ('Wilkinson', 60000, 'IT', datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), 60000),
-            ('Moore', 34000, 'IT', datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), 34000),
-            ('Miller', 100000, 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), 100000),
-            ('Johnson', 80000, 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), 100000),
-            ('Smith', 38000, 'Marketing', datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), 38000),
-            ('Johnson', 40000, 'Marketing', datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), 40000),
-            ('Smith', 55000, 'Sales', datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), 55000),
-            ('Brown', 53000, 'Sales', datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), 53000),
-        ], transform=lambda row: (row.name, row.salary, row.department, row.hire_date, row.max))
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
+            max=Window(
+                expression=Max("salary"),
+                partition_by=[F("department"), F("hire_date__year")],
+            )
+        ).order_by("department", "hire_date", "name")
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Jones", 45000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 45000),
+                ("Jenson", 45000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 45000),
+                ("Williams", 37000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), 37000),
+                ("Adams", 50000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), 50000),
+                ("Wilkinson", 60000, "IT", datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), 60000),
+                ("Moore", 34000, "IT", datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), 34000),
+                ("Miller", 100000, "Management", datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), 100000),
+                ("Johnson", 80000, "Management", datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), 100000),
+                ("Smith", 38000, "Marketing", datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), 38000),
+                ("Johnson", 40000, "Marketing", datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), 40000),
+                ("Smith", 55000, "Sales", datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), 55000),
+                ("Brown", 53000, "Sales", datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), 53000),
+            ],
+            transform=lambda row: (
+                row.name,
+                row.salary,
+                row.department,
+                row.hire_date,
+                row.max,
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_multiple_ordering(self):
         """
@@ -557,110 +860,162 @@ class WindowFunctionTests(TestCase):
         If two people were hired on the same date in the same department, the
         ordering clause will render a different result for those people.
         """
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(sum=Window(
-            expression=Sum('salary'),
-            partition_by='department',
-            order_by=[F('hire_date').asc(), F('name').asc()],
-        )).order_by('department', 'sum')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('Jones', 45000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 45000),
-            ('Jenson', 45000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 90000),
-            ('Williams', 37000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), 127000),
-            ('Adams', 50000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), 177000),
-            ('Wilkinson', 60000, 'IT', datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), 60000),
-            ('Moore', 34000, 'IT', datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), 94000),
-            ('Miller', 100000, 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), 100000),
-            ('Johnson', 80000, 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), 180000),
-            ('Smith', 38000, 'Marketing', datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), 38000),
-            ('Johnson', 40000, 'Marketing', datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), 78000),
-            ('Smith', 55000, 'Sales', datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), 55000),
-            ('Brown', 53000, 'Sales', datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), 108000),
-        ], transform=lambda row: (row.name, row.salary, row.department, row.hire_date, row.sum))
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
+            sum=Window(
+                expression=Sum("salary"),
+                partition_by="department",
+                order_by=[F("hire_date").asc(), F("name").asc()],
+            )
+        ).order_by("department", "sum")
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Jones", 45000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 45000),
+                ("Jenson", 45000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 90000),
+                ("Williams", 37000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), 127000),
+                ("Adams", 50000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), 177000),
+                ("Wilkinson", 60000, "IT", datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), 60000),
+                ("Moore", 34000, "IT", datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), 94000),
+                ("Miller", 100000, "Management", datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), 100000),
+                ("Johnson", 80000, "Management", datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), 180000),
+                ("Smith", 38000, "Marketing", datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), 38000),
+                ("Johnson", 40000, "Marketing", datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), 78000),
+                ("Smith", 55000, "Sales", datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), 55000),
+                ("Brown", 53000, "Sales", datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), 108000),
+            ],
+            transform=lambda row: (
+                row.name,
+                row.salary,
+                row.department,
+                row.hire_date,
+                row.sum,
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_related_ordering_with_count(self):
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(department_sum=Window(
-            expression=Sum('salary'),
-            partition_by=F('department'),
-            order_by=['classification__code'],
-        ))
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
+            department_sum=Window(
+                expression=Sum("salary"),
+                partition_by=F("department"),
+                order_by=["classification__code"],
+            )
+        )
         self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 12)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_frame_range_fixed_distance')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_frame_range_fixed_distance")
     def test_range_n_preceding_and_following(self):
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(sum=Window(
-            expression=Sum('salary'),
-            order_by=F('salary').asc(),
-            partition_by='department',
-            frame=ValueRange(start=-2, end=2),
-        ))
-        self.assertIn('RANGE BETWEEN 2 PRECEDING AND 2 FOLLOWING', str(qs.query))
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('Williams', 37000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), 37000),
-            ('Jones', 45000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 90000),
-            ('Jenson', 45000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 90000),
-            ('Adams', 50000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), 50000),
-            ('Brown', 53000, 'Sales', datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), 53000),
-            ('Smith', 55000, 'Sales', datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), 55000),
-            ('Johnson', 40000, 'Marketing', datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), 40000),
-            ('Smith', 38000, 'Marketing', datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), 38000),
-            ('Wilkinson', 60000, 'IT', datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), 60000),
-            ('Moore', 34000, 'IT', datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), 34000),
-            ('Miller', 100000, 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), 100000),
-            ('Johnson', 80000, 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), 80000),
-        ], transform=lambda row: (row.name, row.salary, row.department, row.hire_date, row.sum), ordered=False)
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
+            sum=Window(
+                expression=Sum("salary"),
+                order_by=F("salary").asc(),
+                partition_by="department",
+                frame=ValueRange(start=-2, end=2),
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertIn("RANGE BETWEEN 2 PRECEDING AND 2 FOLLOWING", str(qs.query))
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Williams", 37000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), 37000),
+                ("Jones", 45000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 90000),
+                ("Jenson", 45000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 90000),
+                ("Adams", 50000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), 50000),
+                ("Brown", 53000, "Sales", datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), 53000),
+                ("Smith", 55000, "Sales", datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), 55000),
+                ("Johnson", 40000, "Marketing", datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), 40000),
+                ("Smith", 38000, "Marketing", datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), 38000),
+                ("Wilkinson", 60000, "IT", datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), 60000),
+                ("Moore", 34000, "IT", datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), 34000),
+                ("Miller", 100000, "Management", datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), 100000),
+                ("Johnson", 80000, "Management", datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), 80000),
+            ],
+            transform=lambda row: (
+                row.name,
+                row.salary,
+                row.department,
+                row.hire_date,
+                row.sum,
+            ),
+            ordered=False,
+        )
 
     def test_range_unbound(self):
         """A query with RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING."""
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(sum=Window(
-            expression=Sum('salary'),
-            partition_by='age',
-            order_by=[F('age').asc()],
-            frame=ValueRange(start=None, end=None),
-        )).order_by('department', 'hire_date', 'name')
-        self.assertIn('RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING', str(qs.query))
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('Jones', 'Accounting', 45000, datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 165000),
-            ('Jenson', 'Accounting', 45000, datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 165000),
-            ('Williams', 'Accounting', 37000, datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), 165000),
-            ('Adams', 'Accounting', 50000, datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), 130000),
-            ('Wilkinson', 'IT', 60000, datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), 194000),
-            ('Moore', 'IT', 34000, datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), 194000),
-            ('Miller', 'Management', 100000, datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), 194000),
-            ('Johnson', 'Management', 80000, datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), 130000),
-            ('Smith', 'Marketing', 38000, datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), 165000),
-            ('Johnson', 'Marketing', 40000, datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), 148000),
-            ('Smith', 'Sales', 55000, datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), 148000),
-            ('Brown', 'Sales', 53000, datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), 148000)
-        ], transform=lambda row: (row.name, row.department, row.salary, row.hire_date, row.sum))
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
+            sum=Window(
+                expression=Sum("salary"),
+                partition_by="age",
+                order_by=[F("age").asc()],
+                frame=ValueRange(start=None, end=None),
+            )
+        ).order_by("department", "hire_date", "name")
+        self.assertIn(
+            "RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING", str(qs.query)
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Jones", "Accounting", 45000, datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 165000),
+                ("Jenson", "Accounting", 45000, datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 165000),
+                ("Williams", "Accounting", 37000, datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), 165000),
+                ("Adams", "Accounting", 50000, datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), 130000),
+                ("Wilkinson", "IT", 60000, datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), 194000),
+                ("Moore", "IT", 34000, datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), 194000),
+                ("Miller", "Management", 100000, datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), 194000),
+                ("Johnson", "Management", 80000, datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), 130000),
+                ("Smith", "Marketing", 38000, datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), 165000),
+                ("Johnson", "Marketing", 40000, datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), 148000),
+                ("Smith", "Sales", 55000, datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), 148000),
+                ("Brown", "Sales", 53000, datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), 148000),
+            ],
+            transform=lambda row: (
+                row.name,
+                row.department,
+                row.salary,
+                row.hire_date,
+                row.sum,
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_subquery_row_range_rank(self):
         qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
             highest_avg_salary_date=Subquery(
                 Employee.objects.filter(
-                    department=OuterRef('department'),
-                ).annotate(
+                    department=OuterRef("department"),
+                )
+                .annotate(
                     avg_salary=Window(
-                        expression=Avg('salary'),
-                        order_by=[F('hire_date').asc()],
+                        expression=Avg("salary"),
+                        order_by=[F("hire_date").asc()],
                         frame=RowRange(start=-1, end=1),
                     ),
-                ).order_by('-avg_salary', 'hire_date').values('hire_date')[:1],
+                )
+                .order_by("-avg_salary", "hire_date")
+                .values("hire_date")[:1],
             ),
-        ).order_by('department', 'name')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('Adams', 'Accounting', datetime.date(2005, 11, 1)),
-            ('Jenson', 'Accounting', datetime.date(2005, 11, 1)),
-            ('Jones', 'Accounting', datetime.date(2005, 11, 1)),
-            ('Williams', 'Accounting', datetime.date(2005, 11, 1)),
-            ('Moore', 'IT', datetime.date(2011, 3, 1)),
-            ('Wilkinson', 'IT', datetime.date(2011, 3, 1)),
-            ('Johnson', 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 6, 1)),
-            ('Miller', 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 6, 1)),
-            ('Johnson', 'Marketing', datetime.date(2009, 10, 1)),
-            ('Smith', 'Marketing', datetime.date(2009, 10, 1)),
-            ('Brown', 'Sales', datetime.date(2007, 6, 1)),
-            ('Smith', 'Sales', datetime.date(2007, 6, 1)),
-        ], transform=lambda row: (row.name, row.department, row.highest_avg_salary_date))
+        ).order_by("department", "name")
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Adams", "Accounting", datetime.date(2005, 11, 1)),
+                ("Jenson", "Accounting", datetime.date(2005, 11, 1)),
+                ("Jones", "Accounting", datetime.date(2005, 11, 1)),
+                ("Williams", "Accounting", datetime.date(2005, 11, 1)),
+                ("Moore", "IT", datetime.date(2011, 3, 1)),
+                ("Wilkinson", "IT", datetime.date(2011, 3, 1)),
+                ("Johnson", "Management", datetime.date(2005, 6, 1)),
+                ("Miller", "Management", datetime.date(2005, 6, 1)),
+                ("Johnson", "Marketing", datetime.date(2009, 10, 1)),
+                ("Smith", "Marketing", datetime.date(2009, 10, 1)),
+                ("Brown", "Sales", datetime.date(2007, 6, 1)),
+                ("Smith", "Sales", datetime.date(2007, 6, 1)),
+            ],
+            transform=lambda row: (
+                row.name,
+                row.department,
+                row.highest_avg_salary_date,
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_row_range_rank(self):
         """
@@ -668,46 +1023,66 @@ class WindowFunctionTests(TestCase):
         The resulting sum is the sum of the three next (if they exist) and all
         previous rows according to the ordering clause.
         """
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(sum=Window(
-            expression=Sum('salary'),
-            order_by=[F('hire_date').asc(), F('name').desc()],
-            frame=RowRange(start=None, end=3),
-        )).order_by('sum', 'hire_date')
-        self.assertIn('ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND 3 FOLLOWING', str(qs.query))
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('Miller', 100000, 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), 280000),
-            ('Johnson', 80000, 'Management', datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), 325000),
-            ('Jones', 45000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 362000),
-            ('Smith', 55000, 'Sales', datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), 415000),
-            ('Jenson', 45000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 453000),
-            ('Williams', 37000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), 513000),
-            ('Brown', 53000, 'Sales', datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), 553000),
-            ('Smith', 38000, 'Marketing', datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), 603000),
-            ('Wilkinson', 60000, 'IT', datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), 637000),
-            ('Johnson', 40000, 'Marketing', datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), 637000),
-            ('Adams', 50000, 'Accounting', datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), 637000),
-            ('Moore', 34000, 'IT', datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), 637000),
-        ], transform=lambda row: (row.name, row.salary, row.department, row.hire_date, row.sum))
+        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
+            sum=Window(
+                expression=Sum("salary"),
+                order_by=[F("hire_date").asc(), F("name").desc()],
+                frame=RowRange(start=None, end=3),
+            )
+        ).order_by("sum", "hire_date")
+        self.assertIn("ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND 3 FOLLOWING", str(qs.query))
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Miller", 100000, "Management", datetime.date(2005, 6, 1), 280000),
+                ("Johnson", 80000, "Management", datetime.date(2005, 7, 1), 325000),
+                ("Jones", 45000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2005, 11, 1), 362000),
+                ("Smith", 55000, "Sales", datetime.date(2007, 6, 1), 415000),
+                ("Jenson", 45000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2008, 4, 1), 453000),
+                ("Williams", 37000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2009, 6, 1), 513000),
+                ("Brown", 53000, "Sales", datetime.date(2009, 9, 1), 553000),
+                ("Smith", 38000, "Marketing", datetime.date(2009, 10, 1), 603000),
+                ("Wilkinson", 60000, "IT", datetime.date(2011, 3, 1), 637000),
+                ("Johnson", 40000, "Marketing", datetime.date(2012, 3, 1), 637000),
+                ("Adams", 50000, "Accounting", datetime.date(2013, 7, 1), 637000),
+                ("Moore", 34000, "IT", datetime.date(2013, 8, 1), 637000),
+            ],
+            transform=lambda row: (
+                row.name,
+                row.salary,
+                row.department,
+                row.hire_date,
+                row.sum,
+            ),
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_distinct_on_fields')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_distinct_on_fields")
     def test_distinct_window_function(self):
         """
         Window functions are not aggregates, and hence a query to filter out
         duplicates may be useful.
         """
-        qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
-            sum=Window(
-                expression=Sum('salary'),
-                partition_by=ExtractYear('hire_date'),
-                order_by=ExtractYear('hire_date')
-            ),
-            year=ExtractYear('hire_date'),
-        ).values('year', 'sum').distinct('year').order_by('year')
+        qs = (
+            Employee.objects.annotate(
+                sum=Window(
+                    expression=Sum("salary"),
+                    partition_by=ExtractYear("hire_date"),
+                    order_by=ExtractYear("hire_date"),
+                ),
+                year=ExtractYear("hire_date"),
+            )
+            .values("year", "sum")
+            .distinct("year")
+            .order_by("year")
+        )
         results = [
-            {'year': 2005, 'sum': 225000}, {'year': 2007, 'sum': 55000},
-            {'year': 2008, 'sum': 45000}, {'year': 2009, 'sum': 128000},
-            {'year': 2011, 'sum': 60000}, {'year': 2012, 'sum': 40000},
-            {'year': 2013, 'sum': 84000},
+            {"year": 2005, "sum": 225000},
+            {"year": 2007, "sum": 55000},
+            {"year": 2008, "sum": 45000},
+            {"year": 2009, "sum": 128000},
+            {"year": 2011, "sum": 60000},
+            {"year": 2012, "sum": 40000},
+            {"year": 2013, "sum": 84000},
         ]
         for idx, val in zip(range(len(results)), results):
             with self.subTest(result=val):
@@ -716,189 +1091,248 @@ class WindowFunctionTests(TestCase):
     def test_fail_update(self):
         """Window expressions can't be used in an UPDATE statement."""
         msg = (
-            'Window expressions are not allowed in this query (salary=<Window: '
-            'Max(Col(expressions_window_employee, expressions_window.Employee.salary)) '
-            'OVER (PARTITION BY Col(expressions_window_employee, '
-            'expressions_window.Employee.department))>).'
+            "Window expressions are not allowed in this query (salary=<Window: "
+            "Max(Col(expressions_window_employee, expressions_window.Employee.salary)) "
+            "OVER (PARTITION BY Col(expressions_window_employee, "
+            "expressions_window.Employee.department))>)."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
-            Employee.objects.filter(department='Management').update(
-                salary=Window(expression=Max('salary'), partition_by='department'),
+            Employee.objects.filter(department="Management").update(
+                salary=Window(expression=Max("salary"), partition_by="department"),
             )
 
     def test_fail_insert(self):
         """Window expressions can't be used in an INSERT statement."""
         msg = (
-            'Window expressions are not allowed in this query (salary=<Window: '
-            'Sum(Value(10000), order_by=OrderBy(F(pk), descending=False)) OVER ()'
+            "Window expressions are not allowed in this query (salary=<Window: "
+            "Sum(Value(10000), order_by=OrderBy(F(pk), descending=False)) OVER ()"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
             Employee.objects.create(
-                name='Jameson', department='Management', hire_date=datetime.date(2007, 7, 1),
-                salary=Window(expression=Sum(Value(10000), order_by=F('pk').asc())),
+                name="Jameson",
+                department="Management",
+                hire_date=datetime.date(2007, 7, 1),
+                salary=Window(expression=Sum(Value(10000), order_by=F("pk").asc())),
             )
 
     def test_window_expression_within_subquery(self):
         subquery_qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
-            highest=Window(FirstValue('id'), partition_by=F('department'), order_by=F('salary').desc())
-        ).values('highest')
+            highest=Window(
+                FirstValue("id"),
+                partition_by=F("department"),
+                order_by=F("salary").desc(),
+            )
+        ).values("highest")
         highest_salary = Employee.objects.filter(pk__in=subquery_qs)
-        self.assertCountEqual(highest_salary.values('department', 'salary'), [
-            {'department': 'Accounting', 'salary': 50000},
-            {'department': 'Sales', 'salary': 55000},
-            {'department': 'Marketing', 'salary': 40000},
-            {'department': 'IT', 'salary': 60000},
-            {'department': 'Management', 'salary': 100000}
-        ])
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            highest_salary.values("department", "salary"),
+            [
+                {"department": "Accounting", "salary": 50000},
+                {"department": "Sales", "salary": 55000},
+                {"department": "Marketing", "salary": 40000},
+                {"department": "IT", "salary": 60000},
+                {"department": "Management", "salary": 100000},
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_json_field')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_json_field")
     def test_key_transform(self):
-        Detail.objects.bulk_create([
-            Detail(value={'department': 'IT', 'name': 'Smith', 'salary': 37000}),
-            Detail(value={'department': 'IT', 'name': 'Nowak', 'salary': 32000}),
-            Detail(value={'department': 'HR', 'name': 'Brown', 'salary': 50000}),
-            Detail(value={'department': 'HR', 'name': 'Smith', 'salary': 55000}),
-            Detail(value={'department': 'PR', 'name': 'Moore', 'salary': 90000}),
-        ])
+        Detail.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Detail(value={"department": "IT", "name": "Smith", "salary": 37000}),
+                Detail(value={"department": "IT", "name": "Nowak", "salary": 32000}),
+                Detail(value={"department": "HR", "name": "Brown", "salary": 50000}),
+                Detail(value={"department": "HR", "name": "Smith", "salary": 55000}),
+                Detail(value={"department": "PR", "name": "Moore", "salary": 90000}),
+            ]
+        )
         tests = [
-            (KeyTransform('department', 'value'), KeyTransform('name', 'value')),
-            (F('value__department'), F('value__name')),
+            (KeyTransform("department", "value"), KeyTransform("name", "value")),
+            (F("value__department"), F("value__name")),
         ]
         for partition_by, order_by in tests:
             with self.subTest(partition_by=partition_by, order_by=order_by):
-                qs = Detail.objects.annotate(department_sum=Window(
-                    expression=Sum(Cast(
-                        KeyTextTransform('salary', 'value'),
-                        output_field=IntegerField(),
-                    )),
-                    partition_by=[partition_by],
-                    order_by=[order_by],
-                )).order_by('value__department', 'department_sum')
-                self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-                    ('Brown', 'HR', 50000, 50000),
-                    ('Smith', 'HR', 55000, 105000),
-                    ('Nowak', 'IT', 32000, 32000),
-                    ('Smith', 'IT', 37000, 69000),
-                    ('Moore', 'PR', 90000, 90000),
-                ], lambda entry: (
-                    entry.value['name'],
-                    entry.value['department'],
-                    entry.value['salary'],
-                    entry.department_sum,
-                ))
+                qs = Detail.objects.annotate(
+                    department_sum=Window(
+                        expression=Sum(
+                            Cast(
+                                KeyTextTransform("salary", "value"),
+                                output_field=IntegerField(),
+                            )
+                        ),
+                        partition_by=[partition_by],
+                        order_by=[order_by],
+                    )
+                ).order_by("value__department", "department_sum")
+                self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+                    qs,
+                    [
+                        ("Brown", "HR", 50000, 50000),
+                        ("Smith", "HR", 55000, 105000),
+                        ("Nowak", "IT", 32000, 32000),
+                        ("Smith", "IT", 37000, 69000),
+                        ("Moore", "PR", 90000, 90000),
+                    ],
+                    lambda entry: (
+                        entry.value["name"],
+                        entry.value["department"],
+                        entry.value["salary"],
+                        entry.department_sum,
+                    ),
+                )
 
     def test_invalid_start_value_range(self):
         msg = "start argument must be a negative integer, zero, or None, but got '3'."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            list(Employee.objects.annotate(test=Window(
-                expression=Sum('salary'),
-                order_by=F('hire_date').asc(),
-                frame=ValueRange(start=3),
-            )))
+            list(
+                Employee.objects.annotate(
+                    test=Window(
+                        expression=Sum("salary"),
+                        order_by=F("hire_date").asc(),
+                        frame=ValueRange(start=3),
+                    )
+                )
+            )
 
     def test_invalid_end_value_range(self):
         msg = "end argument must be a positive integer, zero, or None, but got '-3'."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            list(Employee.objects.annotate(test=Window(
-                expression=Sum('salary'),
-                order_by=F('hire_date').asc(),
-                frame=ValueRange(end=-3),
-            )))
+            list(
+                Employee.objects.annotate(
+                    test=Window(
+                        expression=Sum("salary"),
+                        order_by=F("hire_date").asc(),
+                        frame=ValueRange(end=-3),
+                    )
+                )
+            )
 
     def test_invalid_type_end_value_range(self):
         msg = "end argument must be a positive integer, zero, or None, but got 'a'."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            list(Employee.objects.annotate(test=Window(
-                expression=Sum('salary'),
-                order_by=F('hire_date').asc(),
-                frame=ValueRange(end='a'),
-            )))
+            list(
+                Employee.objects.annotate(
+                    test=Window(
+                        expression=Sum("salary"),
+                        order_by=F("hire_date").asc(),
+                        frame=ValueRange(end="a"),
+                    )
+                )
+            )
 
     def test_invalid_type_start_value_range(self):
         msg = "start argument must be a negative integer, zero, or None, but got 'a'."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            list(Employee.objects.annotate(test=Window(
-                expression=Sum('salary'),
-                frame=ValueRange(start='a'),
-            )))
+            list(
+                Employee.objects.annotate(
+                    test=Window(
+                        expression=Sum("salary"),
+                        frame=ValueRange(start="a"),
+                    )
+                )
+            )
 
     def test_invalid_type_end_row_range(self):
         msg = "end argument must be a positive integer, zero, or None, but got 'a'."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            list(Employee.objects.annotate(test=Window(
-                expression=Sum('salary'),
-                frame=RowRange(end='a'),
-            )))
+            list(
+                Employee.objects.annotate(
+                    test=Window(
+                        expression=Sum("salary"),
+                        frame=RowRange(end="a"),
+                    )
+                )
+            )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('only_supports_unbounded_with_preceding_and_following')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("only_supports_unbounded_with_preceding_and_following")
     def test_unsupported_range_frame_start(self):
-        msg = '%s only supports UNBOUNDED together with PRECEDING and FOLLOWING.' % connection.display_name
+        msg = (
+            "%s only supports UNBOUNDED together with PRECEDING and FOLLOWING."
+            % connection.display_name
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
-            list(Employee.objects.annotate(test=Window(
-                expression=Sum('salary'),
-                order_by=F('hire_date').asc(),
-                frame=ValueRange(start=-1),
-            )))
+            list(
+                Employee.objects.annotate(
+                    test=Window(
+                        expression=Sum("salary"),
+                        order_by=F("hire_date").asc(),
+                        frame=ValueRange(start=-1),
+                    )
+                )
+            )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('only_supports_unbounded_with_preceding_and_following')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("only_supports_unbounded_with_preceding_and_following")
     def test_unsupported_range_frame_end(self):
-        msg = '%s only supports UNBOUNDED together with PRECEDING and FOLLOWING.' % connection.display_name
+        msg = (
+            "%s only supports UNBOUNDED together with PRECEDING and FOLLOWING."
+            % connection.display_name
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
-            list(Employee.objects.annotate(test=Window(
-                expression=Sum('salary'),
-                order_by=F('hire_date').asc(),
-                frame=ValueRange(end=1),
-            )))
+            list(
+                Employee.objects.annotate(
+                    test=Window(
+                        expression=Sum("salary"),
+                        order_by=F("hire_date").asc(),
+                        frame=ValueRange(end=1),
+                    )
+                )
+            )
 
     def test_invalid_type_start_row_range(self):
         msg = "start argument must be a negative integer, zero, or None, but got 'a'."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            list(Employee.objects.annotate(test=Window(
-                expression=Sum('salary'),
-                order_by=F('hire_date').asc(),
-                frame=RowRange(start='a'),
-            )))
+            list(
+                Employee.objects.annotate(
+                    test=Window(
+                        expression=Sum("salary"),
+                        order_by=F("hire_date").asc(),
+                        frame=RowRange(start="a"),
+                    )
+                )
+            )
 
 
 class WindowUnsupportedTests(TestCase):
     def test_unsupported_backend(self):
-        msg = 'This backend does not support window expressions.'
-        with mock.patch.object(connection.features, 'supports_over_clause', False):
+        msg = "This backend does not support window expressions."
+        with mock.patch.object(connection.features, "supports_over_clause", False):
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
-                Employee.objects.annotate(dense_rank=Window(expression=DenseRank())).get()
+                Employee.objects.annotate(
+                    dense_rank=Window(expression=DenseRank())
+                ).get()
 
 
 class NonQueryWindowTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_window_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            repr(Window(expression=Sum('salary'), partition_by='department')),
-            '<Window: Sum(F(salary)) OVER (PARTITION BY F(department))>'
+            repr(Window(expression=Sum("salary"), partition_by="department")),
+            "<Window: Sum(F(salary)) OVER (PARTITION BY F(department))>",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            repr(Window(expression=Avg('salary'), order_by=F('department').asc())),
-            '<Window: Avg(F(salary)) OVER (OrderByList(OrderBy(F(department), descending=False)))>'
+            repr(Window(expression=Avg("salary"), order_by=F("department").asc())),
+            "<Window: Avg(F(salary)) OVER (OrderByList(OrderBy(F(department), descending=False)))>",
         )
 
     def test_window_frame_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(RowRange(start=-1)),
-            '<RowRange: ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING>'
+            "<RowRange: ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING>",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(ValueRange(start=None, end=1)),
-            '<ValueRange: RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING>'
+            "<ValueRange: RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING>",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(ValueRange(start=0, end=0)),
-            '<ValueRange: RANGE BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND CURRENT ROW>'
+            "<ValueRange: RANGE BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND CURRENT ROW>",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(RowRange(start=0, end=0)),
-            '<RowRange: ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND CURRENT ROW>'
+            "<RowRange: ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND CURRENT ROW>",
         )
 
     def test_empty_group_by_cols(self):
-        window = Window(expression=Sum('pk'))
+        window = Window(expression=Sum("pk"))
         self.assertEqual(window.get_group_by_cols(), [])
         self.assertFalse(window.contains_aggregate)
 
@@ -908,49 +1342,49 @@ class NonQueryWindowTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_frame_window_frame_notimplemented(self):
         frame = WindowFrame()
-        msg = 'Subclasses must implement window_frame_start_end().'
+        msg = "Subclasses must implement window_frame_start_end()."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
             frame.window_frame_start_end(None, None, None)
 
     def test_invalid_filter(self):
-        msg = 'Window is disallowed in the filter clause'
+        msg = "Window is disallowed in the filter clause"
         qs = Employee.objects.annotate(dense_rank=Window(expression=DenseRank()))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
             qs.filter(dense_rank__gte=1)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
-            qs.annotate(inc_rank=F('dense_rank') + Value(1)).filter(inc_rank__gte=1)
+            qs.annotate(inc_rank=F("dense_rank") + Value(1)).filter(inc_rank__gte=1)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
-            qs.filter(id=F('dense_rank'))
+            qs.filter(id=F("dense_rank"))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
-            qs.filter(id=Func('dense_rank', 2, function='div'))
+            qs.filter(id=Func("dense_rank", 2, function="div"))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
-            qs.annotate(total=Sum('dense_rank', filter=Q(name='Jones'))).filter(total=1)
+            qs.annotate(total=Sum("dense_rank", filter=Q(name="Jones"))).filter(total=1)
 
     def test_conditional_annotation(self):
         qs = Employee.objects.annotate(
             dense_rank=Window(expression=DenseRank()),
         ).annotate(
             equal=Case(
-                When(id=F('dense_rank'), then=Value(True)),
+                When(id=F("dense_rank"), then=Value(True)),
                 default=Value(False),
                 output_field=BooleanField(),
             ),
         )
         # The SQL standard disallows referencing window functions in the WHERE
         # clause.
-        msg = 'Window is disallowed in the filter clause'
+        msg = "Window is disallowed in the filter clause"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
             qs.filter(equal=True)
 
     def test_invalid_order_by(self):
         msg = (
-            'Window.order_by must be either a string reference to a field, an '
-            'expression, or a list or tuple of them.'
+            "Window.order_by must be either a string reference to a field, an "
+            "expression, or a list or tuple of them."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Window(expression=Sum('power'), order_by={'-horse'})
+            Window(expression=Sum("power"), order_by={"-horse"})
 
     def test_invalid_source_expression(self):
         msg = "Expression 'Upper' isn't compatible with OVER clauses."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Window(expression=Upper('name'))
+            Window(expression=Upper("name"))
diff --git a/tests/extra_regress/models.py b/tests/extra_regress/models.py
index 2847f8172b..2122bae7ae 100644
--- a/tests/extra_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/extra_regress/models.py
@@ -6,12 +6,14 @@ from django.db import models
 
 
 class RevisionableModel(models.Model):
-    base = models.ForeignKey('self', models.SET_NULL, null=True)
+    base = models.ForeignKey("self", models.SET_NULL, null=True)
     title = models.CharField(blank=True, max_length=255)
     when = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.datetime.now)
 
     def save(self, *args, force_insert=None, force_update=None, **kwargs):
-        super().save(*args, force_insert=force_insert, force_update=force_update, **kwargs)
+        super().save(
+            *args, force_insert=force_insert, force_update=force_update, **kwargs
+        )
         if not self.base:
             self.base = self
             super().save(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -33,4 +35,4 @@ class TestObject(models.Model):
     third = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return 'TestObject: %s,%s,%s' % (self.first, self.second, self.third)
+        return "TestObject: %s,%s,%s" % (self.first, self.second, self.third)
diff --git a/tests/extra_regress/tests.py b/tests/extra_regress/tests.py
index d459ae6344..51ba601c1d 100644
--- a/tests/extra_regress/tests.py
+++ b/tests/extra_regress/tests.py
@@ -7,13 +7,10 @@ from .models import Order, RevisionableModel, TestObject
 
 
 class ExtraRegressTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.u = User.objects.create_user(
-            username="fred",
-            password="secret",
-            email="fred@example.com"
+            username="fred", password="secret", email="fred@example.com"
         )
 
     def test_regression_7314_7372(self):
@@ -21,8 +18,7 @@ class ExtraRegressTests(TestCase):
         Regression tests for #7314 and #7372
         """
         rm = RevisionableModel.objects.create(
-            title='First Revision',
-            when=datetime.datetime(2008, 9, 28, 10, 30, 0)
+            title="First Revision", when=datetime.datetime(2008, 9, 28, 10, 30, 0)
         )
         self.assertEqual(rm.pk, rm.base.pk)
 
@@ -31,53 +27,60 @@ class ExtraRegressTests(TestCase):
         rm.when = datetime.datetime(2008, 9, 28, 14, 25, 0)
         rm2.save()
 
-        self.assertEqual(rm2.title, 'Second Revision')
-        self.assertEqual(rm2.base.title, 'First Revision')
+        self.assertEqual(rm2.title, "Second Revision")
+        self.assertEqual(rm2.base.title, "First Revision")
 
         self.assertNotEqual(rm2.pk, rm.pk)
         self.assertEqual(rm2.base.pk, rm.pk)
 
         # Queryset to match most recent revision:
         qs = RevisionableModel.objects.extra(
-            where=["%(table)s.id IN (SELECT MAX(rev.id) FROM %(table)s rev GROUP BY rev.base_id)" % {
-                'table': RevisionableModel._meta.db_table,
-            }]
+            where=[
+                "%(table)s.id IN (SELECT MAX(rev.id) FROM %(table)s rev GROUP BY rev.base_id)"
+                % {
+                    "table": RevisionableModel._meta.db_table,
+                }
+            ]
         )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs, [('Second Revision', 'First Revision')],
-            transform=lambda r: (r.title, r.base.title)
+            qs,
+            [("Second Revision", "First Revision")],
+            transform=lambda r: (r.title, r.base.title),
         )
 
         # Queryset to search for string in title:
         qs2 = RevisionableModel.objects.filter(title__contains="Revision")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs2, [
-                ('First Revision', 'First Revision'),
-                ('Second Revision', 'First Revision'),
+            qs2,
+            [
+                ("First Revision", "First Revision"),
+                ("Second Revision", "First Revision"),
             ],
             transform=lambda r: (r.title, r.base.title),
-            ordered=False
+            ordered=False,
         )
 
         # Following queryset should return the most recent revision:
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             qs & qs2,
-            [('Second Revision', 'First Revision')],
+            [("Second Revision", "First Revision")],
             transform=lambda r: (r.title, r.base.title),
-            ordered=False
+            ordered=False,
         )
 
     def test_extra_stay_tied(self):
         # Extra select parameters should stay tied to their corresponding
         # select portions. Applies when portions are updated or otherwise
         # moved around.
-        qs = User.objects.extra(select={'alpha': '%s', 'beta': "2", 'gamma': '%s'}, select_params=(1, 3))
+        qs = User.objects.extra(
+            select={"alpha": "%s", "beta": "2", "gamma": "%s"}, select_params=(1, 3)
+        )
         qs = qs.extra(select={"beta": 4})
         qs = qs.extra(select={"alpha": "%s"}, select_params=[5])
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(qs.filter(id=self.u.id).values('alpha', 'beta', 'gamma')),
-            [{'alpha': 5, 'beta': 4, 'gamma': 3}]
+            list(qs.filter(id=self.u.id).values("alpha", "beta", "gamma")),
+            [{"alpha": 5, "beta": 4, "gamma": 3}],
         )
 
     def test_regression_7957(self):
@@ -87,17 +90,21 @@ class ExtraRegressTests(TestCase):
         internal dictionary must remain sorted.
         """
         self.assertEqual(
-            (User.objects
-                .extra(select={"alpha": "%s"}, select_params=(1,))
-                .extra(select={"beta": "%s"}, select_params=(2,))[0].alpha),
-            1
+            (
+                User.objects.extra(select={"alpha": "%s"}, select_params=(1,))
+                .extra(select={"beta": "%s"}, select_params=(2,))[0]
+                .alpha
+            ),
+            1,
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            (User.objects
-                .extra(select={"beta": "%s"}, select_params=(1,))
-                .extra(select={"alpha": "%s"}, select_params=(2,))[0].alpha),
-            2
+            (
+                User.objects.extra(select={"beta": "%s"}, select_params=(1,))
+                .extra(select={"alpha": "%s"}, select_params=(2,))[0]
+                .alpha
+            ),
+            2,
         )
 
     def test_regression_7961(self):
@@ -107,9 +114,12 @@ class ExtraRegressTests(TestCase):
         query as well.
         """
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(User.objects.extra(select={"alpha": "%s"}, select_params=(-6,))
-                 .filter(id=self.u.id).values_list('id', flat=True)),
-            [self.u.id]
+            list(
+                User.objects.extra(select={"alpha": "%s"}, select_params=(-6,))
+                .filter(id=self.u.id)
+                .values_list("id", flat=True)
+            ),
+            [self.u.id],
         )
 
     def test_regression_8063(self):
@@ -117,7 +127,7 @@ class ExtraRegressTests(TestCase):
         Regression test for #8063: limiting a query shouldn't discard any
         extra() bits.
         """
-        qs = User.objects.all().extra(where=['id=%s'], params=[self.u.id])
+        qs = User.objects.all().extra(where=["id=%s"], params=[self.u.id])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.u])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs[:1], [self.u])
 
@@ -129,10 +139,12 @@ class ExtraRegressTests(TestCase):
         should still be present because of the extra() call.
         """
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            (Order.objects
-                .extra(where=["username=%s"], params=["fred"], tables=["auth_user"])
-                .order_by('created_by')),
-            []
+            (
+                Order.objects.extra(
+                    where=["username=%s"], params=["fred"], tables=["auth_user"]
+                ).order_by("created_by")
+            ),
+            [],
         )
 
     def test_regression_8819(self):
@@ -141,15 +153,21 @@ class ExtraRegressTests(TestCase):
         should be available to extra(order_by=...).
         """
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            User.objects.filter(pk=self.u.id).extra(select={'extra_field': 1}).distinct(),
+            User.objects.filter(pk=self.u.id)
+            .extra(select={"extra_field": 1})
+            .distinct(),
             [self.u],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            User.objects.filter(pk=self.u.id).extra(select={'extra_field': 1}, order_by=['extra_field']),
+            User.objects.filter(pk=self.u.id).extra(
+                select={"extra_field": 1}, order_by=["extra_field"]
+            ),
             [self.u],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            User.objects.filter(pk=self.u.id).extra(select={'extra_field': 1}, order_by=['extra_field']).distinct(),
+            User.objects.filter(pk=self.u.id)
+            .extra(select={"extra_field": 1}, order_by=["extra_field"])
+            .distinct(),
             [self.u],
         )
 
@@ -160,12 +178,13 @@ class ExtraRegressTests(TestCase):
         the result and cause incorrect SQL to be produced otherwise.
         """
         RevisionableModel.objects.create(
-            title='First Revision',
-            when=datetime.datetime(2008, 9, 28, 10, 30, 0)
+            title="First Revision", when=datetime.datetime(2008, 9, 28, 10, 30, 0)
         )
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            RevisionableModel.objects.extra(select={"the_answer": 'id'}).datetimes('when', 'month'),
+            RevisionableModel.objects.extra(select={"the_answer": "id"}).datetimes(
+                "when", "month"
+            ),
             [datetime.datetime(2008, 9, 1, 0, 0)],
         )
 
@@ -174,179 +193,193 @@ class ExtraRegressTests(TestCase):
         Regression test for #10256... If there is a values() clause, Extra
         columns are only returned if they are explicitly mentioned.
         """
-        obj = TestObject(first='first', second='second', third='third')
+        obj = TestObject(first="first", second="second", third="third")
         obj.save()
 
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                TestObject.objects
-                .extra(select={'foo': 'first', 'bar': 'second', 'whiz': 'third'})
-                .values()
+                TestObject.objects.extra(
+                    select={"foo": "first", "bar": "second", "whiz": "third"}
+                ).values()
             ),
-            [{
-                'bar': 'second', 'third': 'third', 'second': 'second', 'whiz': 'third', 'foo': 'first',
-                'id': obj.pk, 'first': 'first'
-            }]
+            [
+                {
+                    "bar": "second",
+                    "third": "third",
+                    "second": "second",
+                    "whiz": "third",
+                    "foo": "first",
+                    "id": obj.pk,
+                    "first": "first",
+                }
+            ],
         )
 
         # Extra clauses after an empty values clause are still included
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                TestObject.objects
-                .values()
-                .extra(select={'foo': 'first', 'bar': 'second', 'whiz': 'third'})
+                TestObject.objects.values().extra(
+                    select={"foo": "first", "bar": "second", "whiz": "third"}
+                )
             ),
-            [{
-                'bar': 'second', 'third': 'third', 'second': 'second', 'whiz': 'third', 'foo': 'first',
-                'id': obj.pk, 'first': 'first'
-            }]
+            [
+                {
+                    "bar": "second",
+                    "third": "third",
+                    "second": "second",
+                    "whiz": "third",
+                    "foo": "first",
+                    "id": obj.pk,
+                    "first": "first",
+                }
+            ],
         )
 
         # Extra columns are ignored if not mentioned in the values() clause
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                TestObject.objects
-                .extra(select={'foo': 'first', 'bar': 'second', 'whiz': 'third'})
-                .values('first', 'second')
+                TestObject.objects.extra(
+                    select={"foo": "first", "bar": "second", "whiz": "third"}
+                ).values("first", "second")
             ),
-            [{'second': 'second', 'first': 'first'}]
+            [{"second": "second", "first": "first"}],
         )
 
         # Extra columns after a non-empty values() clause are ignored
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                TestObject.objects
-                .values('first', 'second')
-                .extra(select={'foo': 'first', 'bar': 'second', 'whiz': 'third'})
+                TestObject.objects.values("first", "second").extra(
+                    select={"foo": "first", "bar": "second", "whiz": "third"}
+                )
             ),
-            [{'second': 'second', 'first': 'first'}]
+            [{"second": "second", "first": "first"}],
         )
 
         # Extra columns can be partially returned
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                TestObject.objects
-                .extra(select={'foo': 'first', 'bar': 'second', 'whiz': 'third'})
-                .values('first', 'second', 'foo')
+                TestObject.objects.extra(
+                    select={"foo": "first", "bar": "second", "whiz": "third"}
+                ).values("first", "second", "foo")
             ),
-            [{'second': 'second', 'foo': 'first', 'first': 'first'}]
+            [{"second": "second", "foo": "first", "first": "first"}],
         )
 
         # Also works if only extra columns are included
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                TestObject.objects
-                .extra(select={'foo': 'first', 'bar': 'second', 'whiz': 'third'})
-                .values('foo', 'whiz')
+                TestObject.objects.extra(
+                    select={"foo": "first", "bar": "second", "whiz": "third"}
+                ).values("foo", "whiz")
             ),
-            [{'foo': 'first', 'whiz': 'third'}]
+            [{"foo": "first", "whiz": "third"}],
         )
 
         # Values list works the same way
         # All columns are returned for an empty values_list()
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                TestObject.objects
-                .extra(select={'foo': 'first', 'bar': 'second', 'whiz': 'third'})
-                .values_list()
+                TestObject.objects.extra(
+                    select={"foo": "first", "bar": "second", "whiz": "third"}
+                ).values_list()
             ),
-            [('first', 'second', 'third', obj.pk, 'first', 'second', 'third')]
+            [("first", "second", "third", obj.pk, "first", "second", "third")],
         )
 
         # Extra columns after an empty values_list() are still included
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                TestObject.objects
-                .values_list()
-                .extra(select={'foo': 'first', 'bar': 'second', 'whiz': 'third'})
+                TestObject.objects.values_list().extra(
+                    select={"foo": "first", "bar": "second", "whiz": "third"}
+                )
             ),
-            [('first', 'second', 'third', obj.pk, 'first', 'second', 'third')]
+            [("first", "second", "third", obj.pk, "first", "second", "third")],
         )
 
         # Extra columns ignored completely if not mentioned in values_list()
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                TestObject.objects
-                .extra(select={'foo': 'first', 'bar': 'second', 'whiz': 'third'})
-                .values_list('first', 'second')
+                TestObject.objects.extra(
+                    select={"foo": "first", "bar": "second", "whiz": "third"}
+                ).values_list("first", "second")
             ),
-            [('first', 'second')]
+            [("first", "second")],
         )
 
         # Extra columns after a non-empty values_list() clause are ignored completely
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                TestObject.objects
-                .values_list('first', 'second')
-                .extra(select={'foo': 'first', 'bar': 'second', 'whiz': 'third'})
+                TestObject.objects.values_list("first", "second").extra(
+                    select={"foo": "first", "bar": "second", "whiz": "third"}
+                )
             ),
-            [('first', 'second')]
+            [("first", "second")],
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                TestObject.objects
-                .extra(select={'foo': 'first', 'bar': 'second', 'whiz': 'third'})
-                .values_list('second', flat=True)
+                TestObject.objects.extra(
+                    select={"foo": "first", "bar": "second", "whiz": "third"}
+                ).values_list("second", flat=True)
             ),
-            ['second']
+            ["second"],
         )
 
         # Only the extra columns specified in the values_list() are returned
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                TestObject.objects
-                .extra(select={'foo': 'first', 'bar': 'second', 'whiz': 'third'})
-                .values_list('first', 'second', 'whiz')
+                TestObject.objects.extra(
+                    select={"foo": "first", "bar": "second", "whiz": "third"}
+                ).values_list("first", "second", "whiz")
             ),
-            [('first', 'second', 'third')]
+            [("first", "second", "third")],
         )
 
         # ...also works if only extra columns are included
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                TestObject.objects
-                .extra(select={'foo': 'first', 'bar': 'second', 'whiz': 'third'})
-                .values_list('foo', 'whiz')
+                TestObject.objects.extra(
+                    select={"foo": "first", "bar": "second", "whiz": "third"}
+                ).values_list("foo", "whiz")
             ),
-            [('first', 'third')]
+            [("first", "third")],
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                TestObject.objects
-                .extra(select={'foo': 'first', 'bar': 'second', 'whiz': 'third'})
-                .values_list('whiz', flat=True)
+                TestObject.objects.extra(
+                    select={"foo": "first", "bar": "second", "whiz": "third"}
+                ).values_list("whiz", flat=True)
             ),
-            ['third']
+            ["third"],
         )
 
         # ... and values are returned in the order they are specified
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                TestObject.objects
-                .extra(select={'foo': 'first', 'bar': 'second', 'whiz': 'third'})
-                .values_list('whiz', 'foo')
+                TestObject.objects.extra(
+                    select={"foo": "first", "bar": "second", "whiz": "third"}
+                ).values_list("whiz", "foo")
             ),
-            [('third', 'first')]
+            [("third", "first")],
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                TestObject.objects
-                .extra(select={'foo': 'first', 'bar': 'second', 'whiz': 'third'})
-                .values_list('first', 'id')
+                TestObject.objects.extra(
+                    select={"foo": "first", "bar": "second", "whiz": "third"}
+                ).values_list("first", "id")
             ),
-            [('first', obj.pk)]
+            [("first", obj.pk)],
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                TestObject.objects
-                .extra(select={'foo': 'first', 'bar': 'second', 'whiz': 'third'})
-                .values_list('whiz', 'first', 'bar', 'id')
+                TestObject.objects.extra(
+                    select={"foo": "first", "bar": "second", "whiz": "third"}
+                ).values_list("whiz", "first", "bar", "id")
             ),
-            [('third', 'first', 'second', obj.pk)]
+            [("third", "first", "second", obj.pk)],
         )
 
     def test_regression_10847(self):
@@ -356,35 +389,36 @@ class ExtraRegressTests(TestCase):
         producing correct output without requiring full evaluation and
         execution of the inner query.
         """
-        obj = TestObject(first='first', second='second', third='third')
+        obj = TestObject(first="first", second="second", third="third")
         obj.save()
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(TestObject.objects.extra(select={'extra': 1}).values('pk')),
-            [{'pk': obj.pk}]
+            list(TestObject.objects.extra(select={"extra": 1}).values("pk")),
+            [{"pk": obj.pk}],
         )
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             TestObject.objects.filter(
-                pk__in=TestObject.objects.extra(select={'extra': 1}).values('pk')
+                pk__in=TestObject.objects.extra(select={"extra": 1}).values("pk")
             ),
             [obj],
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(TestObject.objects.values('pk').extra(select={'extra': 1})),
-            [{'pk': obj.pk}]
+            list(TestObject.objects.values("pk").extra(select={"extra": 1})),
+            [{"pk": obj.pk}],
         )
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             TestObject.objects.filter(
-                pk__in=TestObject.objects.values('pk').extra(select={'extra': 1})
+                pk__in=TestObject.objects.values("pk").extra(select={"extra": 1})
             ),
             [obj],
         )
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            TestObject.objects.filter(pk=obj.pk) | TestObject.objects.extra(where=["id > %s"], params=[obj.pk]),
+            TestObject.objects.filter(pk=obj.pk)
+            | TestObject.objects.extra(where=["id > %s"], params=[obj.pk]),
             [obj],
         )
 
@@ -394,20 +428,20 @@ class ExtraRegressTests(TestCase):
         contain OR operations.
         """
         # Test Case 1: should appear in queryset.
-        t1 = TestObject.objects.create(first='a', second='a', third='a')
+        t1 = TestObject.objects.create(first="a", second="a", third="a")
         # Test Case 2: should appear in queryset.
-        t2 = TestObject.objects.create(first='b', second='a', third='a')
+        t2 = TestObject.objects.create(first="b", second="a", third="a")
         # Test Case 3: should not appear in queryset, bug case.
-        t = TestObject(first='a', second='a', third='b')
+        t = TestObject(first="a", second="a", third="b")
         t.save()
         # Test Case 4: should not appear in queryset.
-        t = TestObject(first='b', second='a', third='b')
+        t = TestObject(first="b", second="a", third="b")
         t.save()
         # Test Case 5: should not appear in queryset.
-        t = TestObject(first='b', second='b', third='a')
+        t = TestObject(first="b", second="b", third="a")
         t.save()
         # Test Case 6: should not appear in queryset, bug case.
-        t = TestObject(first='a', second='b', third='b')
+        t = TestObject(first="a", second="b", third="b")
         t.save()
 
         self.assertCountEqual(
@@ -418,14 +452,18 @@ class ExtraRegressTests(TestCase):
         )
 
     def test_extra_values_distinct_ordering(self):
-        t1 = TestObject.objects.create(first='a', second='a', third='a')
-        t2 = TestObject.objects.create(first='a', second='b', third='b')
-        qs = TestObject.objects.extra(
-            select={'second_extra': 'second'}
-        ).values_list('id', flat=True).distinct()
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs.order_by('second_extra'), [t1.pk, t2.pk])
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs.order_by('-second_extra'), [t2.pk, t1.pk])
+        t1 = TestObject.objects.create(first="a", second="a", third="a")
+        t2 = TestObject.objects.create(first="a", second="b", third="b")
+        qs = (
+            TestObject.objects.extra(select={"second_extra": "second"})
+            .values_list("id", flat=True)
+            .distinct()
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs.order_by("second_extra"), [t1.pk, t2.pk])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs.order_by("-second_extra"), [t2.pk, t1.pk])
         # Note: the extra ordering must appear in select clause, so we get two
         # non-distinct results here (this is on purpose, see #7070).
         # Extra select doesn't appear in result values.
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs.order_by('-second_extra').values_list('first'), [('a',), ('a',)])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            qs.order_by("-second_extra").values_list("first"), [("a",), ("a",)]
+        )
diff --git a/tests/field_deconstruction/tests.py b/tests/field_deconstruction/tests.py
index 70846f23d3..64b90953f1 100644
--- a/tests/field_deconstruction/tests.py
+++ b/tests/field_deconstruction/tests.py
@@ -34,20 +34,20 @@ class FieldDeconstructionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {})
         # With a DEFAULT_DB_TABLESPACE.
-        with self.settings(DEFAULT_DB_TABLESPACE='foo'):
+        with self.settings(DEFAULT_DB_TABLESPACE="foo"):
             _, _, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {})
         # With a db_tablespace.
-        field = models.Field(db_tablespace='foo')
+        field = models.Field(db_tablespace="foo")
         _, _, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'db_tablespace': 'foo'})
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"db_tablespace": "foo"})
         # With a db_tablespace equal to DEFAULT_DB_TABLESPACE.
-        with self.settings(DEFAULT_DB_TABLESPACE='foo'):
+        with self.settings(DEFAULT_DB_TABLESPACE="foo"):
             _, _, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'db_tablespace': 'foo'})
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"db_tablespace": "foo"})
 
     def test_auto_field(self):
         field = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
@@ -93,7 +93,9 @@ class FieldDeconstructionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.CharField")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"choices": [("A", "One"), ("B", "Two")], "max_length": 1})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs, {"choices": [("A", "One"), ("B", "Two")], "max_length": 1}
+        )
 
     def test_csi_field(self):
         field = models.CommaSeparatedIntegerField(max_length=100)
@@ -184,7 +186,9 @@ class FieldDeconstructionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.FilePathField")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"recursive": True, "allow_folders": True, "max_length": 123})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs, {"recursive": True, "allow_folders": True, "max_length": 123}
+        )
 
     def test_float_field(self):
         field = models.FloatField()
@@ -196,6 +200,7 @@ class FieldDeconstructionTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_foreign_key(self):
         # Test basic pointing
         from django.contrib.auth.models import Permission
+
         field = models.ForeignKey("auth.Permission", models.CASCADE)
         field.remote_field.model = Permission
         field.remote_field.field_name = "id"
@@ -203,21 +208,21 @@ class FieldDeconstructionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.ForeignKey")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"to": "auth.permission", "on_delete": models.CASCADE})
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(kwargs['to'], "setting_name"))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(kwargs["to"], "setting_name"))
         # Test swap detection for swappable model
         field = models.ForeignKey("auth.User", models.CASCADE)
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.ForeignKey")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"to": "auth.user", "on_delete": models.CASCADE})
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs['to'].setting_name, "AUTH_USER_MODEL")
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs["to"].setting_name, "AUTH_USER_MODEL")
         # Swap detection for lowercase swappable model.
-        field = models.ForeignKey('auth.user', models.CASCADE)
+        field = models.ForeignKey("auth.user", models.CASCADE)
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.db.models.ForeignKey')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.ForeignKey")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'to': 'auth.user', 'on_delete': models.CASCADE})
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs['to'].setting_name, 'AUTH_USER_MODEL')
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"to": "auth.user", "on_delete": models.CASCADE})
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs["to"].setting_name, "AUTH_USER_MODEL")
         # Test nonexistent (for now) model
         field = models.ForeignKey("something.Else", models.CASCADE)
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
@@ -235,37 +240,68 @@ class FieldDeconstructionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.ForeignKey")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"to": "auth.permission", "to_field": "foobar", "on_delete": models.CASCADE})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs,
+            {
+                "to": "auth.permission",
+                "to_field": "foobar",
+                "on_delete": models.CASCADE,
+            },
+        )
         # Test related_name preservation
-        field = models.ForeignKey("auth.Permission", models.CASCADE, related_name="foobar")
-        name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.ForeignKey")
-        self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"to": "auth.permission", "related_name": "foobar", "on_delete": models.CASCADE})
-        # Test related_query_name
-        field = models.ForeignKey("auth.Permission", models.CASCADE, related_query_name="foobar")
+        field = models.ForeignKey(
+            "auth.Permission", models.CASCADE, related_name="foobar"
+        )
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.ForeignKey")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
         self.assertEqual(
             kwargs,
-            {"to": "auth.permission", "related_query_name": "foobar", "on_delete": models.CASCADE}
+            {
+                "to": "auth.permission",
+                "related_name": "foobar",
+                "on_delete": models.CASCADE,
+            },
+        )
+        # Test related_query_name
+        field = models.ForeignKey(
+            "auth.Permission", models.CASCADE, related_query_name="foobar"
+        )
+        name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.ForeignKey")
+        self.assertEqual(args, [])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs,
+            {
+                "to": "auth.permission",
+                "related_query_name": "foobar",
+                "on_delete": models.CASCADE,
+            },
         )
         # Test limit_choices_to
-        field = models.ForeignKey("auth.Permission", models.CASCADE, limit_choices_to={'foo': 'bar'})
+        field = models.ForeignKey(
+            "auth.Permission", models.CASCADE, limit_choices_to={"foo": "bar"}
+        )
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.ForeignKey")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
         self.assertEqual(
             kwargs,
-            {"to": "auth.permission", "limit_choices_to": {'foo': 'bar'}, "on_delete": models.CASCADE}
+            {
+                "to": "auth.permission",
+                "limit_choices_to": {"foo": "bar"},
+                "on_delete": models.CASCADE,
+            },
         )
         # Test unique
         field = models.ForeignKey("auth.Permission", models.CASCADE, unique=True)
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.ForeignKey")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"to": "auth.permission", "unique": True, "on_delete": models.CASCADE})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs,
+            {"to": "auth.permission", "unique": True, "on_delete": models.CASCADE},
+        )
 
     @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth.Permission")
     def test_foreign_key_swapped(self):
@@ -278,24 +314,25 @@ class FieldDeconstructionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.ForeignKey")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"to": "auth.permission", "on_delete": models.CASCADE})
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs['to'].setting_name, "AUTH_USER_MODEL")
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs["to"].setting_name, "AUTH_USER_MODEL")
 
         # Model names are case-insensitive.
         with isolate_lru_cache(apps.get_swappable_settings_name):
             # It doesn't matter that we swapped out user for permission;
             # there's no validation. We just want to check the setting stuff
             # works.
-            field = models.ForeignKey('auth.permission', models.CASCADE)
+            field = models.ForeignKey("auth.permission", models.CASCADE)
             name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
 
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.db.models.ForeignKey')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.ForeignKey")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'to': 'auth.permission', 'on_delete': models.CASCADE})
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs['to'].setting_name, 'AUTH_USER_MODEL')
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"to": "auth.permission", "on_delete": models.CASCADE})
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs["to"].setting_name, "AUTH_USER_MODEL")
 
     def test_one_to_one(self):
         # Test basic pointing
         from django.contrib.auth.models import Permission
+
         field = models.OneToOneField("auth.Permission", models.CASCADE)
         field.remote_field.model = Permission
         field.remote_field.field_name = "id"
@@ -303,14 +340,14 @@ class FieldDeconstructionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.OneToOneField")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"to": "auth.permission", "on_delete": models.CASCADE})
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(kwargs['to'], "setting_name"))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(kwargs["to"], "setting_name"))
         # Test swap detection for swappable model
         field = models.OneToOneField("auth.User", models.CASCADE)
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.OneToOneField")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"to": "auth.user", "on_delete": models.CASCADE})
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs['to'].setting_name, "AUTH_USER_MODEL")
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs["to"].setting_name, "AUTH_USER_MODEL")
         # Test nonexistent (for now) model
         field = models.OneToOneField("something.Else", models.CASCADE)
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
@@ -324,34 +361,64 @@ class FieldDeconstructionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"to": "auth.user", "on_delete": models.SET_NULL})
         # Test to_field
-        field = models.OneToOneField("auth.Permission", models.CASCADE, to_field="foobar")
-        name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.OneToOneField")
-        self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"to": "auth.permission", "to_field": "foobar", "on_delete": models.CASCADE})
-        # Test related_name
-        field = models.OneToOneField("auth.Permission", models.CASCADE, related_name="foobar")
-        name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.OneToOneField")
-        self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"to": "auth.permission", "related_name": "foobar", "on_delete": models.CASCADE})
-        # Test related_query_name
-        field = models.OneToOneField("auth.Permission", models.CASCADE, related_query_name="foobar")
+        field = models.OneToOneField(
+            "auth.Permission", models.CASCADE, to_field="foobar"
+        )
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.OneToOneField")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
         self.assertEqual(
             kwargs,
-            {"to": "auth.permission", "related_query_name": "foobar", "on_delete": models.CASCADE}
+            {
+                "to": "auth.permission",
+                "to_field": "foobar",
+                "on_delete": models.CASCADE,
+            },
+        )
+        # Test related_name
+        field = models.OneToOneField(
+            "auth.Permission", models.CASCADE, related_name="foobar"
+        )
+        name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.OneToOneField")
+        self.assertEqual(args, [])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs,
+            {
+                "to": "auth.permission",
+                "related_name": "foobar",
+                "on_delete": models.CASCADE,
+            },
+        )
+        # Test related_query_name
+        field = models.OneToOneField(
+            "auth.Permission", models.CASCADE, related_query_name="foobar"
+        )
+        name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.OneToOneField")
+        self.assertEqual(args, [])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs,
+            {
+                "to": "auth.permission",
+                "related_query_name": "foobar",
+                "on_delete": models.CASCADE,
+            },
         )
         # Test limit_choices_to
-        field = models.OneToOneField("auth.Permission", models.CASCADE, limit_choices_to={'foo': 'bar'})
+        field = models.OneToOneField(
+            "auth.Permission", models.CASCADE, limit_choices_to={"foo": "bar"}
+        )
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.OneToOneField")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
         self.assertEqual(
             kwargs,
-            {"to": "auth.permission", "limit_choices_to": {'foo': 'bar'}, "on_delete": models.CASCADE}
+            {
+                "to": "auth.permission",
+                "limit_choices_to": {"foo": "bar"},
+                "on_delete": models.CASCADE,
+            },
         )
         # Test unique
         field = models.OneToOneField("auth.Permission", models.CASCADE, unique=True)
@@ -361,11 +428,20 @@ class FieldDeconstructionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"to": "auth.permission", "on_delete": models.CASCADE})
 
     def test_image_field(self):
-        field = models.ImageField(upload_to="foo/barness", width_field="width", height_field="height")
+        field = models.ImageField(
+            upload_to="foo/barness", width_field="width", height_field="height"
+        )
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.ImageField")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"upload_to": "foo/barness", "width_field": "width", "height_field": "height"})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs,
+            {
+                "upload_to": "foo/barness",
+                "width_field": "width",
+                "height_field": "height",
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_integer_field(self):
         field = models.IntegerField()
@@ -400,14 +476,14 @@ class FieldDeconstructionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.ManyToManyField")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"to": "auth.Permission"})
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(kwargs['to'], "setting_name"))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(kwargs["to"], "setting_name"))
         # Test swappable
         field = models.ManyToManyField("auth.User")
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.ManyToManyField")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"to": "auth.User"})
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs['to'].setting_name, "AUTH_USER_MODEL")
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs["to"].setting_name, "AUTH_USER_MODEL")
         # Test through
         field = models.ManyToManyField("auth.Permission", through="auth.Group")
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
@@ -425,19 +501,27 @@ class FieldDeconstructionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.ManyToManyField")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"to": "auth.Permission", "related_name": "custom_table"})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs, {"to": "auth.Permission", "related_name": "custom_table"}
+        )
         # Test related_query_name
         field = models.ManyToManyField("auth.Permission", related_query_name="foobar")
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.ManyToManyField")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"to": "auth.Permission", "related_query_name": "foobar"})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs, {"to": "auth.Permission", "related_query_name": "foobar"}
+        )
         # Test limit_choices_to
-        field = models.ManyToManyField("auth.Permission", limit_choices_to={'foo': 'bar'})
+        field = models.ManyToManyField(
+            "auth.Permission", limit_choices_to={"foo": "bar"}
+        )
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.ManyToManyField")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"to": "auth.Permission", "limit_choices_to": {'foo': 'bar'}})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs, {"to": "auth.Permission", "limit_choices_to": {"foo": "bar"}}
+        )
 
     @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="auth.Permission")
     def test_many_to_many_field_swapped(self):
@@ -450,33 +534,36 @@ class FieldDeconstructionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.ManyToManyField")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"to": "auth.Permission"})
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs['to'].setting_name, "AUTH_USER_MODEL")
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs["to"].setting_name, "AUTH_USER_MODEL")
 
     def test_many_to_many_field_related_name(self):
         class MyModel(models.Model):
             flag = models.BooleanField(default=True)
-            m2m = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+            m2m = models.ManyToManyField("self")
             m2m_related_name = models.ManyToManyField(
-                'self',
-                related_query_name='custom_query_name',
-                limit_choices_to={'flag': True},
+                "self",
+                related_query_name="custom_query_name",
+                limit_choices_to={"flag": True},
             )
 
         name, path, args, kwargs = MyModel.m2m.field.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.db.models.ManyToManyField')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.ManyToManyField")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
         # deconstruct() should not include attributes which were not passed to
         # the field during initialization.
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'to': 'field_deconstruction.MyModel'})
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"to": "field_deconstruction.MyModel"})
         # Passed attributes.
         name, path, args, kwargs = MyModel.m2m_related_name.field.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.db.models.ManyToManyField')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.ManyToManyField")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {
-            'to': 'field_deconstruction.MyModel',
-            'related_query_name': 'custom_query_name',
-            'limit_choices_to': {'flag': True},
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs,
+            {
+                "to": "field_deconstruction.MyModel",
+                "related_query_name": "custom_query_name",
+                "limit_choices_to": {"flag": True},
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_positive_integer_field(self):
         field = models.PositiveIntegerField()
@@ -495,7 +582,7 @@ class FieldDeconstructionTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_positive_big_integer_field(self):
         field = models.PositiveBigIntegerField()
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.db.models.PositiveBigIntegerField')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.PositiveBigIntegerField")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {})
 
@@ -535,12 +622,12 @@ class FieldDeconstructionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         field = models.TimeField(auto_now=True)
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'auto_now': True})
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"auto_now": True})
 
         field = models.TimeField(auto_now_add=True)
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'auto_now_add': True})
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"auto_now_add": True})
 
     def test_url_field(self):
         field = models.URLField()
@@ -563,4 +650,4 @@ class FieldDeconstructionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         field = models.BinaryField(editable=True)
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'editable': True})
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"editable": True})
diff --git a/tests/field_defaults/models.py b/tests/field_defaults/models.py
index e125dd1c4f..b95005192a 100644
--- a/tests/field_defaults/models.py
+++ b/tests/field_defaults/models.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ from django.db import models
 
 
 class Article(models.Model):
-    headline = models.CharField(max_length=100, default='Default headline')
+    headline = models.CharField(max_length=100, default="Default headline")
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now)
 
     def __str__(self):
diff --git a/tests/field_subclassing/fields.py b/tests/field_subclassing/fields.py
index 1e255ba9cd..09007a11e4 100644
--- a/tests/field_subclassing/fields.py
+++ b/tests/field_subclassing/fields.py
@@ -4,20 +4,20 @@ from django.db.models.query_utils import DeferredAttribute
 
 class CustomTypedField(models.TextField):
     def db_type(self, connection):
-        return 'custom_field'
+        return "custom_field"
 
 
 class CustomDeferredAttribute(DeferredAttribute):
     def __get__(self, instance, cls=None):
-        self._count_call(instance, 'get')
+        self._count_call(instance, "get")
         return super().__get__(instance, cls)
 
     def __set__(self, instance, value):
-        self._count_call(instance, 'set')
+        self._count_call(instance, "set")
         instance.__dict__[self.field.attname] = value
 
     def _count_call(self, instance, get_or_set):
-        count_attr = '_%s_%s_count' % (self.field.attname, get_or_set)
+        count_attr = "_%s_%s_count" % (self.field.attname, get_or_set)
         count = getattr(instance, count_attr, 0)
         setattr(instance, count_attr, count + 1)
 
diff --git a/tests/field_subclassing/tests.py b/tests/field_subclassing/tests.py
index 6d62a5da0e..c52b7a98e6 100644
--- a/tests/field_subclassing/tests.py
+++ b/tests/field_subclassing/tests.py
@@ -5,10 +5,9 @@ from .fields import CustomDescriptorField, CustomTypedField
 
 
 class TestDbType(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_db_parameters_respects_db_type(self):
         f = CustomTypedField()
-        self.assertEqual(f.db_parameters(connection)['type'], 'custom_field')
+        self.assertEqual(f.db_parameters(connection)["type"], "custom_field")
 
 
 class DescriptorClassTest(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -17,18 +16,18 @@ class DescriptorClassTest(SimpleTestCase):
             name = CustomDescriptorField(max_length=32)
 
         m = CustomDescriptorModel()
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(m, '_name_get_count'))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(m, "_name_get_count"))
         # The field is set to its default in the model constructor.
         self.assertEqual(m._name_set_count, 1)
-        m.name = 'foo'
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(m, '_name_get_count'))
+        m.name = "foo"
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(m, "_name_get_count"))
         self.assertEqual(m._name_set_count, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(m.name, 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(m.name, "foo")
         self.assertEqual(m._name_get_count, 1)
         self.assertEqual(m._name_set_count, 2)
-        m.name = 'bar'
+        m.name = "bar"
         self.assertEqual(m._name_get_count, 1)
         self.assertEqual(m._name_set_count, 3)
-        self.assertEqual(m.name, 'bar')
+        self.assertEqual(m.name, "bar")
         self.assertEqual(m._name_get_count, 2)
         self.assertEqual(m._name_set_count, 3)
diff --git a/tests/file_storage/models.py b/tests/file_storage/models.py
index 9097f465dd..7a60784349 100644
--- a/tests/file_storage/models.py
+++ b/tests/file_storage/models.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ from django.db import models
 class CustomValidNameStorage(FileSystemStorage):
     def get_valid_name(self, name):
         # mark the name to show that this was called
-        return name + '_valid'
+        return name + "_valid"
 
 
 temp_storage_location = tempfile.mkdtemp()
@@ -35,28 +35,40 @@ class CallableStorage(FileSystemStorage):
 
 class Storage(models.Model):
     def custom_upload_to(self, filename):
-        return 'foo'
+        return "foo"
 
     def random_upload_to(self, filename):
         # This returns a different result each time,
         # to make sure it only gets called once.
-        return '%s/%s' % (random.randint(100, 999), filename)
+        return "%s/%s" % (random.randint(100, 999), filename)
 
     def pathlib_upload_to(self, filename):
-        return Path('bar') / filename
+        return Path("bar") / filename
 
-    normal = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to='tests')
+    normal = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to="tests")
     custom = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to=custom_upload_to)
-    pathlib_callable = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to=pathlib_upload_to)
-    pathlib_direct = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to=Path('bar'))
+    pathlib_callable = models.FileField(
+        storage=temp_storage, upload_to=pathlib_upload_to
+    )
+    pathlib_direct = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to=Path("bar"))
     random = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to=random_upload_to)
     custom_valid_name = models.FileField(
         storage=CustomValidNameStorage(location=temp_storage_location),
         upload_to=random_upload_to,
     )
-    storage_callable = models.FileField(storage=callable_storage, upload_to='storage_callable')
-    storage_callable_class = models.FileField(storage=CallableStorage, upload_to='storage_callable_class')
-    default = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to='tests', default='tests/default.txt')
+    storage_callable = models.FileField(
+        storage=callable_storage, upload_to="storage_callable"
+    )
+    storage_callable_class = models.FileField(
+        storage=CallableStorage, upload_to="storage_callable_class"
+    )
+    default = models.FileField(
+        storage=temp_storage, upload_to="tests", default="tests/default.txt"
+    )
     empty = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage)
-    limited_length = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to='tests', max_length=20)
-    extended_length = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to='tests', max_length=300)
+    limited_length = models.FileField(
+        storage=temp_storage, upload_to="tests", max_length=20
+    )
+    extended_length = models.FileField(
+        storage=temp_storage, upload_to="tests", max_length=300
+    )
diff --git a/tests/file_storage/test_generate_filename.py b/tests/file_storage/test_generate_filename.py
index 78fd064732..30d76c1a78 100644
--- a/tests/file_storage/test_generate_filename.py
+++ b/tests/file_storage/test_generate_filename.py
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ class AWSS3Storage(Storage):
     characters in file names but where there aren't actual folders but just
     keys.
     """
-    prefix = 'mys3folder/'
+
+    prefix = "mys3folder/"
 
     def _save(self, name, content):
         """
@@ -39,9 +40,9 @@ class AWSS3Storage(Storage):
 class GenerateFilenameStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_storage_dangerous_paths(self):
         candidates = [
-            ('/tmp/..', '..'),
-            ('/tmp/.', '.'),
-            ('', ''),
+            ("/tmp/..", ".."),
+            ("/tmp/.", "."),
+            ("", ""),
         ]
         s = FileSystemStorage()
         msg = "Could not derive file name from '%s'"
@@ -54,10 +55,10 @@ class GenerateFilenameStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_storage_dangerous_paths_dir_name(self):
         candidates = [
-            ('tmp/../path', 'tmp/..'),
-            ('tmp\\..\\path', 'tmp/..'),
-            ('/tmp/../path', '/tmp/..'),
-            ('\\tmp\\..\\path', '/tmp/..'),
+            ("tmp/../path", "tmp/.."),
+            ("tmp\\..\\path", "tmp/.."),
+            ("/tmp/../path", "/tmp/.."),
+            ("\\tmp\\..\\path", "/tmp/.."),
         ]
         s = FileSystemStorage()
         for file_name, path in candidates:
@@ -70,13 +71,13 @@ class GenerateFilenameStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_filefield_dangerous_filename(self):
         candidates = [
-            ('..', 'some/folder/..'),
-            ('.', 'some/folder/.'),
-            ('', 'some/folder/'),
-            ('???', '???'),
-            ('$.$.$', '$.$.$'),
+            ("..", "some/folder/.."),
+            (".", "some/folder/."),
+            ("", "some/folder/"),
+            ("???", "???"),
+            ("$.$.$", "$.$.$"),
         ]
-        f = FileField(upload_to='some/folder/')
+        f = FileField(upload_to="some/folder/")
         for file_name, msg_file_name in candidates:
             msg = f"Could not derive file name from '{msg_file_name}'"
             with self.subTest(file_name=file_name):
@@ -84,16 +85,16 @@ class GenerateFilenameStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
                     f.generate_filename(None, file_name)
 
     def test_filefield_dangerous_filename_dot_segments(self):
-        f = FileField(upload_to='some/folder/')
+        f = FileField(upload_to="some/folder/")
         msg = "Detected path traversal attempt in 'some/folder/../path'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(SuspiciousFileOperation, msg):
-            f.generate_filename(None, '../path')
+            f.generate_filename(None, "../path")
 
     def test_filefield_generate_filename_absolute_path(self):
-        f = FileField(upload_to='some/folder/')
+        f = FileField(upload_to="some/folder/")
         candidates = [
-            '/tmp/path',
-            '/tmp/../path',
+            "/tmp/path",
+            "/tmp/../path",
         ]
         for file_name in candidates:
             msg = f"Detected path traversal attempt in '{file_name}'"
@@ -102,54 +103,54 @@ class GenerateFilenameStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
                     f.generate_filename(None, file_name)
 
     def test_filefield_generate_filename(self):
-        f = FileField(upload_to='some/folder/')
+        f = FileField(upload_to="some/folder/")
         self.assertEqual(
-            f.generate_filename(None, 'test with space.txt'),
-            os.path.normpath('some/folder/test_with_space.txt')
+            f.generate_filename(None, "test with space.txt"),
+            os.path.normpath("some/folder/test_with_space.txt"),
         )
 
     def test_filefield_generate_filename_with_upload_to(self):
         def upload_to(instance, filename):
-            return 'some/folder/' + filename
+            return "some/folder/" + filename
 
         f = FileField(upload_to=upload_to)
         self.assertEqual(
-            f.generate_filename(None, 'test with space.txt'),
-            os.path.normpath('some/folder/test_with_space.txt')
+            f.generate_filename(None, "test with space.txt"),
+            os.path.normpath("some/folder/test_with_space.txt"),
         )
 
     def test_filefield_generate_filename_upload_to_overrides_dangerous_filename(self):
         def upload_to(instance, filename):
-            return 'test.txt'
+            return "test.txt"
 
         f = FileField(upload_to=upload_to)
         candidates = [
-            '/tmp/.',
-            '/tmp/..',
-            '/tmp/../path',
-            '/tmp/path',
-            'some/folder/',
-            'some/folder/.',
-            'some/folder/..',
-            'some/folder/???',
-            'some/folder/$.$.$',
-            'some/../test.txt',
-            '',
+            "/tmp/.",
+            "/tmp/..",
+            "/tmp/../path",
+            "/tmp/path",
+            "some/folder/",
+            "some/folder/.",
+            "some/folder/..",
+            "some/folder/???",
+            "some/folder/$.$.$",
+            "some/../test.txt",
+            "",
         ]
         for file_name in candidates:
             with self.subTest(file_name=file_name):
-                self.assertEqual(f.generate_filename(None, file_name), 'test.txt')
+                self.assertEqual(f.generate_filename(None, file_name), "test.txt")
 
     def test_filefield_generate_filename_upload_to_absolute_path(self):
         def upload_to(instance, filename):
-            return '/tmp/' + filename
+            return "/tmp/" + filename
 
         f = FileField(upload_to=upload_to)
         candidates = [
-            'path',
-            '../path',
-            '???',
-            '$.$.$',
+            "path",
+            "../path",
+            "???",
+            "$.$.$",
         ]
         for file_name in candidates:
             msg = f"Detected path traversal attempt in '/tmp/{file_name}'"
@@ -159,10 +160,10 @@ class GenerateFilenameStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_filefield_generate_filename_upload_to_dangerous_filename(self):
         def upload_to(instance, filename):
-            return '/tmp/' + filename
+            return "/tmp/" + filename
 
         f = FileField(upload_to=upload_to)
-        candidates = ['..', '.', '']
+        candidates = ["..", ".", ""]
         for file_name in candidates:
             msg = f"Could not derive file name from '/tmp/{file_name}'"
             with self.subTest(file_name=file_name):
@@ -176,11 +177,11 @@ class GenerateFilenameStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
         calls that break the key.
         """
         storage = AWSS3Storage()
-        folder = 'not/a/folder/'
+        folder = "not/a/folder/"
 
         f = FileField(upload_to=folder, storage=storage)
-        key = 'my-file-key\\with odd characters'
-        data = ContentFile('test')
+        key = "my-file-key\\with odd characters"
+        data = ContentFile("test")
         expected_key = AWSS3Storage.prefix + folder + key
 
         # Simulate call to f.save()
diff --git a/tests/file_storage/tests.py b/tests/file_storage/tests.py
index 66edbb204f..6d6949ef01 100644
--- a/tests/file_storage/tests.py
+++ b/tests/file_storage/tests.py
@@ -13,73 +13,73 @@ from urllib.request import urlopen
 from django.core.cache import cache
 from django.core.exceptions import SuspiciousFileOperation
 from django.core.files.base import ContentFile, File
-from django.core.files.storage import (
-    FileSystemStorage, Storage as BaseStorage, default_storage,
-    get_storage_class,
-)
+from django.core.files.storage import FileSystemStorage
+from django.core.files.storage import Storage as BaseStorage
+from django.core.files.storage import default_storage, get_storage_class
 from django.core.files.uploadedfile import (
-    InMemoryUploadedFile, SimpleUploadedFile, TemporaryUploadedFile,
+    InMemoryUploadedFile,
+    SimpleUploadedFile,
+    TemporaryUploadedFile,
 )
 from django.db.models import FileField
 from django.db.models.fields.files import FileDescriptor
-from django.test import (
-    LiveServerTestCase, SimpleTestCase, TestCase, override_settings,
-)
+from django.test import LiveServerTestCase, SimpleTestCase, TestCase, override_settings
 from django.test.utils import requires_tz_support
 from django.urls import NoReverseMatch, reverse_lazy
 from django.utils import timezone
 from django.utils._os import symlinks_supported
 
-from .models import (
-    Storage, callable_storage, temp_storage, temp_storage_location,
-)
+from .models import Storage, callable_storage, temp_storage, temp_storage_location
 
-FILE_SUFFIX_REGEX = '[A-Za-z0-9]{7}'
+FILE_SUFFIX_REGEX = "[A-Za-z0-9]{7}"
 
 
 class GetStorageClassTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_get_filesystem_storage(self):
         """
         get_storage_class returns the class for a storage backend name/path.
         """
         self.assertEqual(
-            get_storage_class('django.core.files.storage.FileSystemStorage'),
-            FileSystemStorage)
+            get_storage_class("django.core.files.storage.FileSystemStorage"),
+            FileSystemStorage,
+        )
 
     def test_get_invalid_storage_module(self):
         """
         get_storage_class raises an error if the requested import don't exist.
         """
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImportError, "No module named 'storage'"):
-            get_storage_class('storage.NonexistentStorage')
+            get_storage_class("storage.NonexistentStorage")
 
     def test_get_nonexistent_storage_class(self):
         """
         get_storage_class raises an error if the requested class don't exist.
         """
         with self.assertRaises(ImportError):
-            get_storage_class('django.core.files.storage.NonexistentStorage')
+            get_storage_class("django.core.files.storage.NonexistentStorage")
 
     def test_get_nonexistent_storage_module(self):
         """
         get_storage_class raises an error if the requested module don't exist.
         """
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImportError, "No module named 'django.core.files.nonexistent_storage'"):
-            get_storage_class('django.core.files.nonexistent_storage.NonexistentStorage')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ImportError, "No module named 'django.core.files.nonexistent_storage'"
+        ):
+            get_storage_class(
+                "django.core.files.nonexistent_storage.NonexistentStorage"
+            )
 
 
 class FileSystemStorageTests(unittest.TestCase):
-
     def test_deconstruction(self):
         path, args, kwargs = temp_storage.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(path, "django.core.files.storage.FileSystemStorage")
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'location': temp_storage_location})
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"location": temp_storage_location})
 
         kwargs_orig = {
-            'location': temp_storage_location,
-            'base_url': 'http://myfiles.example.com/'
+            "location": temp_storage_location,
+            "base_url": "http://myfiles.example.com/",
         }
         storage = FileSystemStorage(**kwargs_orig)
         path, args, kwargs = storage.deconstruct()
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class FileSystemStorageTests(unittest.TestCase):
         """
         FileSystemStorage.__init__() shouldn't evaluate base_url.
         """
-        storage = FileSystemStorage(base_url=reverse_lazy('app:url'))
+        storage = FileSystemStorage(base_url=reverse_lazy("app:url"))
         with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
             storage.url(storage.base_url)
 
@@ -99,10 +99,12 @@ class FileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-        self.storage = self.storage_class(location=self.temp_dir, base_url='/test_media_url/')
+        self.storage = self.storage_class(
+            location=self.temp_dir, base_url="/test_media_url/"
+        )
         # Set up a second temporary directory which is ensured to have a mixed
         # case name.
-        self.temp_dir2 = tempfile.mkdtemp(suffix='aBc')
+        self.temp_dir2 = tempfile.mkdtemp(suffix="aBc")
 
     def tearDown(self):
         shutil.rmtree(self.temp_dir)
@@ -112,26 +114,26 @@ class FileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         Makes sure an exception is raised if the location is empty
         """
-        storage = self.storage_class(location='')
-        self.assertEqual(storage.base_location, '')
+        storage = self.storage_class(location="")
+        self.assertEqual(storage.base_location, "")
         self.assertEqual(storage.location, os.getcwd())
 
     def test_file_access_options(self):
         """
         Standard file access options are available, and work as expected.
         """
-        self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists('storage_test'))
-        f = self.storage.open('storage_test', 'w')
-        f.write('storage contents')
+        self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists("storage_test"))
+        f = self.storage.open("storage_test", "w")
+        f.write("storage contents")
         f.close()
-        self.assertTrue(self.storage.exists('storage_test'))
+        self.assertTrue(self.storage.exists("storage_test"))
 
-        f = self.storage.open('storage_test', 'r')
-        self.assertEqual(f.read(), 'storage contents')
+        f = self.storage.open("storage_test", "r")
+        self.assertEqual(f.read(), "storage contents")
         f.close()
 
-        self.storage.delete('storage_test')
-        self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists('storage_test'))
+        self.storage.delete("storage_test")
+        self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists("storage_test"))
 
     def _test_file_time_getter(self, getter):
         # Check for correct behavior under both USE_TZ=True and USE_TZ=False.
@@ -140,7 +142,7 @@ class FileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self._test_file_time_getter_tz_handling_on(getter)
         self._test_file_time_getter_tz_handling_off(getter)
 
-    @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE='Africa/Algiers')
+    @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE="Africa/Algiers")
     def _test_file_time_getter_tz_handling_on(self, getter):
         # Django's TZ (and hence the system TZ) is set to Africa/Algiers which
         # is UTC+1 and has no DST change. We can set the Django TZ to something
@@ -152,10 +154,10 @@ class FileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
             # At this point the system TZ is +1 and the Django TZ
             # is -5. The following will be aware in UTC.
             now = timezone.now()
-            self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists('test.file.tz.on'))
+            self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists("test.file.tz.on"))
 
-            f = ContentFile('custom contents')
-            f_name = self.storage.save('test.file.tz.on', f)
+            f = ContentFile("custom contents")
+            f_name = self.storage.save("test.file.tz.on", f)
             self.addCleanup(self.storage.delete, f_name)
             dt = getter(f_name)
             # dt should be aware, in UTC
@@ -173,7 +175,7 @@ class FileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
             # dt and now should be the same effective time.
             self.assertLess(abs(dt - now), timedelta(seconds=2))
 
-    @override_settings(USE_TZ=False, TIME_ZONE='Africa/Algiers')
+    @override_settings(USE_TZ=False, TIME_ZONE="Africa/Algiers")
     def _test_file_time_getter_tz_handling_off(self, getter):
         # Django's TZ (and hence the system TZ) is set to Africa/Algiers which
         # is UTC+1 and has no DST change. We can set the Django TZ to something
@@ -184,10 +186,10 @@ class FileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
         with timezone.override(timezone.get_fixed_timezone(-300)):
             # At this point the system TZ is +1 and the Django TZ
             # is -5.
-            self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists('test.file.tz.off'))
+            self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists("test.file.tz.off"))
 
-            f = ContentFile('custom contents')
-            f_name = self.storage.save('test.file.tz.off', f)
+            f = ContentFile("custom contents")
+            f_name = self.storage.save("test.file.tz.off", f)
             self.addCleanup(self.storage.delete, f_name)
             dt = getter(f_name)
             # dt should be naive, in system (+1) TZ
@@ -214,15 +216,20 @@ class FileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
         File storage returns a Datetime object for the last accessed time of
         a file.
         """
-        self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists('test.file'))
+        self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists("test.file"))
 
-        f = ContentFile('custom contents')
-        f_name = self.storage.save('test.file', f)
+        f = ContentFile("custom contents")
+        f_name = self.storage.save("test.file", f)
         self.addCleanup(self.storage.delete, f_name)
         atime = self.storage.get_accessed_time(f_name)
 
-        self.assertEqual(atime, datetime.fromtimestamp(os.path.getatime(self.storage.path(f_name))))
-        self.assertLess(timezone.now() - self.storage.get_accessed_time(f_name), timedelta(seconds=2))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            atime, datetime.fromtimestamp(os.path.getatime(self.storage.path(f_name)))
+        )
+        self.assertLess(
+            timezone.now() - self.storage.get_accessed_time(f_name),
+            timedelta(seconds=2),
+        )
 
     @requires_tz_support
     def test_file_get_accessed_time_timezone(self):
@@ -232,15 +239,19 @@ class FileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         File storage returns a datetime for the creation time of a file.
         """
-        self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists('test.file'))
+        self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists("test.file"))
 
-        f = ContentFile('custom contents')
-        f_name = self.storage.save('test.file', f)
+        f = ContentFile("custom contents")
+        f_name = self.storage.save("test.file", f)
         self.addCleanup(self.storage.delete, f_name)
         ctime = self.storage.get_created_time(f_name)
 
-        self.assertEqual(ctime, datetime.fromtimestamp(os.path.getctime(self.storage.path(f_name))))
-        self.assertLess(timezone.now() - self.storage.get_created_time(f_name), timedelta(seconds=2))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ctime, datetime.fromtimestamp(os.path.getctime(self.storage.path(f_name)))
+        )
+        self.assertLess(
+            timezone.now() - self.storage.get_created_time(f_name), timedelta(seconds=2)
+        )
 
     @requires_tz_support
     def test_file_get_created_time_timezone(self):
@@ -250,15 +261,20 @@ class FileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         File storage returns a datetime for the last modified time of a file.
         """
-        self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists('test.file'))
+        self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists("test.file"))
 
-        f = ContentFile('custom contents')
-        f_name = self.storage.save('test.file', f)
+        f = ContentFile("custom contents")
+        f_name = self.storage.save("test.file", f)
         self.addCleanup(self.storage.delete, f_name)
         mtime = self.storage.get_modified_time(f_name)
 
-        self.assertEqual(mtime, datetime.fromtimestamp(os.path.getmtime(self.storage.path(f_name))))
-        self.assertLess(timezone.now() - self.storage.get_modified_time(f_name), timedelta(seconds=2))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            mtime, datetime.fromtimestamp(os.path.getmtime(self.storage.path(f_name)))
+        )
+        self.assertLess(
+            timezone.now() - self.storage.get_modified_time(f_name),
+            timedelta(seconds=2),
+        )
 
     @requires_tz_support
     def test_file_get_modified_time_timezone(self):
@@ -269,10 +285,10 @@ class FileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
         File storage extracts the filename from the content object if no
         name is given explicitly.
         """
-        self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists('test.file'))
+        self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists("test.file"))
 
-        f = ContentFile('custom contents')
-        f.name = 'test.file'
+        f = ContentFile("custom contents")
+        f.name = "test.file"
 
         storage_f_name = self.storage.save(None, f)
 
@@ -286,47 +302,50 @@ class FileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         Saving a pathname should create intermediate directories as necessary.
         """
-        self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists('path/to'))
-        self.storage.save('path/to/test.file', ContentFile('file saved with path'))
+        self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists("path/to"))
+        self.storage.save("path/to/test.file", ContentFile("file saved with path"))
 
-        self.assertTrue(self.storage.exists('path/to'))
-        with self.storage.open('path/to/test.file') as f:
-            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b'file saved with path')
+        self.assertTrue(self.storage.exists("path/to"))
+        with self.storage.open("path/to/test.file") as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"file saved with path")
 
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(
-            os.path.join(self.temp_dir, 'path', 'to', 'test.file')))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.temp_dir, "path", "to", "test.file"))
+        )
 
-        self.storage.delete('path/to/test.file')
+        self.storage.delete("path/to/test.file")
 
     def test_file_save_abs_path(self):
-        test_name = 'path/to/test.file'
-        f = ContentFile('file saved with path')
+        test_name = "path/to/test.file"
+        f = ContentFile("file saved with path")
         f_name = self.storage.save(os.path.join(self.temp_dir, test_name), f)
         self.assertEqual(f_name, test_name)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(symlinks_supported(), 'Must be able to symlink to run this test.')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(
+        symlinks_supported(), "Must be able to symlink to run this test."
+    )
     def test_file_save_broken_symlink(self):
         """A new path is created on save when a broken symlink is supplied."""
-        nonexistent_file_path = os.path.join(self.temp_dir, 'nonexistent.txt')
-        broken_symlink_path = os.path.join(self.temp_dir, 'symlink.txt')
+        nonexistent_file_path = os.path.join(self.temp_dir, "nonexistent.txt")
+        broken_symlink_path = os.path.join(self.temp_dir, "symlink.txt")
         os.symlink(nonexistent_file_path, broken_symlink_path)
-        f = ContentFile('some content')
+        f = ContentFile("some content")
         f_name = self.storage.save(broken_symlink_path, f)
         self.assertIs(os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.temp_dir, f_name)), True)
 
     def test_save_doesnt_close(self):
-        with TemporaryUploadedFile('test', 'text/plain', 1, 'utf8') as file:
-            file.write(b'1')
+        with TemporaryUploadedFile("test", "text/plain", 1, "utf8") as file:
+            file.write(b"1")
             file.seek(0)
             self.assertFalse(file.closed)
-            self.storage.save('path/to/test.file', file)
+            self.storage.save("path/to/test.file", file)
             self.assertFalse(file.closed)
             self.assertFalse(file.file.closed)
 
-        file = InMemoryUploadedFile(StringIO('1'), '', 'test', 'text/plain', 1, 'utf8')
+        file = InMemoryUploadedFile(StringIO("1"), "", "test", "text/plain", 1, "utf8")
         with file:
             self.assertFalse(file.closed)
-            self.storage.save('path/to/test.file', file)
+            self.storage.save("path/to/test.file", file)
             self.assertFalse(file.closed)
             self.assertFalse(file.file.closed)
 
@@ -334,10 +353,10 @@ class FileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         File storage returns the full path of a file
         """
-        self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists('test.file'))
+        self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists("test.file"))
 
-        f = ContentFile('custom contents')
-        f_name = self.storage.save('test.file', f)
+        f = ContentFile("custom contents")
+        f_name = self.storage.save("test.file", f)
 
         self.assertEqual(self.storage.path(f_name), os.path.join(self.temp_dir, f_name))
 
@@ -347,18 +366,22 @@ class FileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         File storage returns a url to access a given file from the web.
         """
-        self.assertEqual(self.storage.url('test.file'), self.storage.base_url + 'test.file')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.storage.url("test.file"), self.storage.base_url + "test.file"
+        )
 
         # should encode special chars except ~!*()'
         # like encodeURIComponent() JavaScript function do
         self.assertEqual(
             self.storage.url(r"~!*()'@#$%^&*abc`+ =.file"),
-            "/test_media_url/~!*()'%40%23%24%25%5E%26*abc%60%2B%20%3D.file"
+            "/test_media_url/~!*()'%40%23%24%25%5E%26*abc%60%2B%20%3D.file",
         )
         self.assertEqual(self.storage.url("ab\0c"), "/test_media_url/ab%00c")
 
         # should translate os path separator(s) to the url path separator
-        self.assertEqual(self.storage.url("""a/b\\c.file"""), "/test_media_url/a/b/c.file")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.storage.url("""a/b\\c.file"""), "/test_media_url/a/b/c.file"
+        )
 
         # #25905: remove leading slashes from file names to prevent unsafe url output
         self.assertEqual(self.storage.url("/evil.com"), "/test_media_url/evil.com")
@@ -374,35 +397,36 @@ class FileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.storage.base_url = None
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            self.storage.url('test.file')
+            self.storage.url("test.file")
 
         # #22717: missing ending slash in base_url should be auto-corrected
-        storage = self.storage_class(location=self.temp_dir, base_url='/no_ending_slash')
+        storage = self.storage_class(
+            location=self.temp_dir, base_url="/no_ending_slash"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
-            storage.url('test.file'),
-            '%s%s' % (storage.base_url, 'test.file')
+            storage.url("test.file"), "%s%s" % (storage.base_url, "test.file")
         )
 
     def test_listdir(self):
         """
         File storage returns a tuple containing directories and files.
         """
-        self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists('storage_test_1'))
-        self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists('storage_test_2'))
-        self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists('storage_dir_1'))
+        self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists("storage_test_1"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists("storage_test_2"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists("storage_dir_1"))
 
-        self.storage.save('storage_test_1', ContentFile('custom content'))
-        self.storage.save('storage_test_2', ContentFile('custom content'))
-        os.mkdir(os.path.join(self.temp_dir, 'storage_dir_1'))
+        self.storage.save("storage_test_1", ContentFile("custom content"))
+        self.storage.save("storage_test_2", ContentFile("custom content"))
+        os.mkdir(os.path.join(self.temp_dir, "storage_dir_1"))
 
-        self.addCleanup(self.storage.delete, 'storage_test_1')
-        self.addCleanup(self.storage.delete, 'storage_test_2')
+        self.addCleanup(self.storage.delete, "storage_test_1")
+        self.addCleanup(self.storage.delete, "storage_test_2")
 
-        for directory in ('', Path('')):
+        for directory in ("", Path("")):
             with self.subTest(directory=directory):
                 dirs, files = self.storage.listdir(directory)
-                self.assertEqual(set(dirs), {'storage_dir_1'})
-                self.assertEqual(set(files), {'storage_test_1', 'storage_test_2'})
+                self.assertEqual(set(dirs), {"storage_dir_1"})
+                self.assertEqual(set(files), {"storage_test_1", "storage_test_2"})
 
     def test_file_storage_prevents_directory_traversal(self):
         """
@@ -410,9 +434,9 @@ class FileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
         they're below the storage location).
         """
         with self.assertRaises(SuspiciousFileOperation):
-            self.storage.exists('..')
+            self.storage.exists("..")
         with self.assertRaises(SuspiciousFileOperation):
-            self.storage.exists('/etc/passwd')
+            self.storage.exists("/etc/passwd")
 
     def test_file_storage_preserves_filename_case(self):
         """The storage backend should preserve case of filenames."""
@@ -420,11 +444,14 @@ class FileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # directory.
         other_temp_storage = self.storage_class(location=self.temp_dir2)
         # Ask that storage backend to store a file with a mixed case filename.
-        mixed_case = 'CaSe_SeNsItIvE'
-        file = other_temp_storage.open(mixed_case, 'w')
-        file.write('storage contents')
+        mixed_case = "CaSe_SeNsItIvE"
+        file = other_temp_storage.open(mixed_case, "w")
+        file.write("storage contents")
         file.close()
-        self.assertEqual(os.path.join(self.temp_dir2, mixed_case), other_temp_storage.path(mixed_case))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            os.path.join(self.temp_dir2, mixed_case),
+            other_temp_storage.path(mixed_case),
+        )
         other_temp_storage.delete(mixed_case)
 
     def test_makedirs_race_handling(self):
@@ -436,31 +463,31 @@ class FileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # Monkey-patch os.makedirs, to simulate a normal call, a raced call,
         # and an error.
         def fake_makedirs(path, mode=0o777, exist_ok=False):
-            if path == os.path.join(self.temp_dir, 'normal'):
+            if path == os.path.join(self.temp_dir, "normal"):
                 real_makedirs(path, mode, exist_ok)
-            elif path == os.path.join(self.temp_dir, 'raced'):
+            elif path == os.path.join(self.temp_dir, "raced"):
                 real_makedirs(path, mode, exist_ok)
                 if not exist_ok:
                     raise FileExistsError()
-            elif path == os.path.join(self.temp_dir, 'error'):
+            elif path == os.path.join(self.temp_dir, "error"):
                 raise PermissionError()
             else:
-                self.fail('unexpected argument %r' % path)
+                self.fail("unexpected argument %r" % path)
 
         try:
             os.makedirs = fake_makedirs
 
-            self.storage.save('normal/test.file', ContentFile('saved normally'))
-            with self.storage.open('normal/test.file') as f:
-                self.assertEqual(f.read(), b'saved normally')
+            self.storage.save("normal/test.file", ContentFile("saved normally"))
+            with self.storage.open("normal/test.file") as f:
+                self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"saved normally")
 
-            self.storage.save('raced/test.file', ContentFile('saved with race'))
-            with self.storage.open('raced/test.file') as f:
-                self.assertEqual(f.read(), b'saved with race')
+            self.storage.save("raced/test.file", ContentFile("saved with race"))
+            with self.storage.open("raced/test.file") as f:
+                self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"saved with race")
 
             # Exceptions aside from FileExistsError are raised.
             with self.assertRaises(PermissionError):
-                self.storage.save('error/test.file', ContentFile('not saved'))
+                self.storage.save("error/test.file", ContentFile("not saved"))
         finally:
             os.makedirs = real_makedirs
 
@@ -473,31 +500,31 @@ class FileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # Monkey-patch os.remove, to simulate a normal call, a raced call,
         # and an error.
         def fake_remove(path):
-            if path == os.path.join(self.temp_dir, 'normal.file'):
+            if path == os.path.join(self.temp_dir, "normal.file"):
                 real_remove(path)
-            elif path == os.path.join(self.temp_dir, 'raced.file'):
+            elif path == os.path.join(self.temp_dir, "raced.file"):
                 real_remove(path)
                 raise FileNotFoundError()
-            elif path == os.path.join(self.temp_dir, 'error.file'):
+            elif path == os.path.join(self.temp_dir, "error.file"):
                 raise PermissionError()
             else:
-                self.fail('unexpected argument %r' % path)
+                self.fail("unexpected argument %r" % path)
 
         try:
             os.remove = fake_remove
 
-            self.storage.save('normal.file', ContentFile('delete normally'))
-            self.storage.delete('normal.file')
-            self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists('normal.file'))
+            self.storage.save("normal.file", ContentFile("delete normally"))
+            self.storage.delete("normal.file")
+            self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists("normal.file"))
 
-            self.storage.save('raced.file', ContentFile('delete with race'))
-            self.storage.delete('raced.file')
-            self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists('normal.file'))
+            self.storage.save("raced.file", ContentFile("delete with race"))
+            self.storage.delete("raced.file")
+            self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists("normal.file"))
 
             # Exceptions aside from FileNotFoundError are raised.
-            self.storage.save('error.file', ContentFile('delete with error'))
+            self.storage.save("error.file", ContentFile("delete with error"))
             with self.assertRaises(PermissionError):
-                self.storage.delete('error.file')
+                self.storage.delete("error.file")
         finally:
             os.remove = real_remove
 
@@ -505,24 +532,25 @@ class FileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         Test behavior when file.chunks() is raising an error
         """
-        f1 = ContentFile('chunks fails')
+        f1 = ContentFile("chunks fails")
 
         def failing_chunks():
             raise OSError
+
         f1.chunks = failing_chunks
         with self.assertRaises(OSError):
-            self.storage.save('error.file', f1)
+            self.storage.save("error.file", f1)
 
     def test_delete_no_name(self):
         """
         Calling delete with an empty name should not try to remove the base
         storage directory, but fail loudly (#20660).
         """
-        msg = 'The name must be given to delete().'
+        msg = "The name must be given to delete()."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             self.storage.delete(None)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            self.storage.delete('')
+            self.storage.delete("")
 
     def test_delete_deletes_directories(self):
         tmp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=self.storage.location)
@@ -530,8 +558,8 @@ class FileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(tmp_dir))
 
     @override_settings(
-        MEDIA_ROOT='media_root',
-        MEDIA_URL='media_url/',
+        MEDIA_ROOT="media_root",
+        MEDIA_URL="media_url/",
         FILE_UPLOAD_PERMISSIONS=0o777,
         FILE_UPLOAD_DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS=0o777,
     )
@@ -541,43 +569,47 @@ class FileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
         referenced settings change while specified values should be unchanged.
         """
         storage = self.storage_class(
-            location='explicit_location',
-            base_url='explicit_base_url/',
+            location="explicit_location",
+            base_url="explicit_base_url/",
             file_permissions_mode=0o666,
             directory_permissions_mode=0o666,
         )
         defaults_storage = self.storage_class()
         settings = {
-            'MEDIA_ROOT': 'overridden_media_root',
-            'MEDIA_URL': '/overridden_media_url/',
-            'FILE_UPLOAD_PERMISSIONS': 0o333,
-            'FILE_UPLOAD_DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS': 0o333,
+            "MEDIA_ROOT": "overridden_media_root",
+            "MEDIA_URL": "/overridden_media_url/",
+            "FILE_UPLOAD_PERMISSIONS": 0o333,
+            "FILE_UPLOAD_DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS": 0o333,
         }
         with self.settings(**settings):
-            self.assertEqual(storage.base_location, 'explicit_location')
-            self.assertIn('explicit_location', storage.location)
-            self.assertEqual(storage.base_url, 'explicit_base_url/')
+            self.assertEqual(storage.base_location, "explicit_location")
+            self.assertIn("explicit_location", storage.location)
+            self.assertEqual(storage.base_url, "explicit_base_url/")
             self.assertEqual(storage.file_permissions_mode, 0o666)
             self.assertEqual(storage.directory_permissions_mode, 0o666)
-            self.assertEqual(defaults_storage.base_location, settings['MEDIA_ROOT'])
-            self.assertIn(settings['MEDIA_ROOT'], defaults_storage.location)
-            self.assertEqual(defaults_storage.base_url, settings['MEDIA_URL'])
-            self.assertEqual(defaults_storage.file_permissions_mode, settings['FILE_UPLOAD_PERMISSIONS'])
+            self.assertEqual(defaults_storage.base_location, settings["MEDIA_ROOT"])
+            self.assertIn(settings["MEDIA_ROOT"], defaults_storage.location)
+            self.assertEqual(defaults_storage.base_url, settings["MEDIA_URL"])
             self.assertEqual(
-                defaults_storage.directory_permissions_mode, settings['FILE_UPLOAD_DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS']
+                defaults_storage.file_permissions_mode,
+                settings["FILE_UPLOAD_PERMISSIONS"],
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                defaults_storage.directory_permissions_mode,
+                settings["FILE_UPLOAD_DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS"],
             )
 
     def test_file_methods_pathlib_path(self):
-        p = Path('test.file')
+        p = Path("test.file")
         self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists(p))
-        f = ContentFile('custom contents')
+        f = ContentFile("custom contents")
         f_name = self.storage.save(p, f)
         # Storage basic methods.
         self.assertEqual(self.storage.path(p), os.path.join(self.temp_dir, p))
         self.assertEqual(self.storage.size(p), 15)
         self.assertEqual(self.storage.url(p), self.storage.base_url + f_name)
         with self.storage.open(p) as f:
-            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b'custom contents')
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"custom contents")
         self.addCleanup(self.storage.delete, p)
 
 
@@ -589,7 +621,7 @@ class CustomStorage(FileSystemStorage):
         basename, *ext = os.path.splitext(name)
         number = 2
         while self.exists(name):
-            name = ''.join([basename, '.', str(number)] + ext)
+            name = "".join([basename, ".", str(number)] + ext)
             number += 1
 
         return name
@@ -599,10 +631,10 @@ class CustomStorageTests(FileStorageTests):
     storage_class = CustomStorage
 
     def test_custom_get_available_name(self):
-        first = self.storage.save('custom_storage', ContentFile('custom contents'))
-        self.assertEqual(first, 'custom_storage')
-        second = self.storage.save('custom_storage', ContentFile('more contents'))
-        self.assertEqual(second, 'custom_storage.2')
+        first = self.storage.save("custom_storage", ContentFile("custom contents"))
+        self.assertEqual(first, "custom_storage")
+        second = self.storage.save("custom_storage", ContentFile("more contents"))
+        self.assertEqual(second, "custom_storage.2")
         self.storage.delete(first)
         self.storage.delete(second)
 
@@ -612,6 +644,7 @@ class OverwritingStorage(FileSystemStorage):
     Overwrite existing files instead of appending a suffix to generate an
     unused name.
     """
+
     # Mask out O_EXCL so os.open() doesn't raise OSError if the file exists.
     OS_OPEN_FLAGS = FileSystemStorage.OS_OPEN_FLAGS & ~os.O_EXCL
 
@@ -625,10 +658,10 @@ class OverwritingStorageTests(FileStorageTests):
 
     def test_save_overwrite_behavior(self):
         """Saving to same file name twice overwrites the first file."""
-        name = 'test.file'
+        name = "test.file"
         self.assertFalse(self.storage.exists(name))
-        content_1 = b'content one'
-        content_2 = b'second content'
+        content_1 = b"content one"
+        content_2 = b"second content"
         f_1 = ContentFile(content_1)
         f_2 = ContentFile(content_2)
         stored_name_1 = self.storage.save(name, f_1)
@@ -652,7 +685,7 @@ class DiscardingFalseContentStorage(FileSystemStorage):
     def _save(self, name, content):
         if content:
             return super()._save(name, content)
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
 
 class DiscardingFalseContentStorageTests(FileStorageTests):
@@ -663,12 +696,12 @@ class DiscardingFalseContentStorageTests(FileStorageTests):
         When Storage.save() wraps a file-like object in File, it should include
         the name argument so that bool(file) evaluates to True (#26495).
         """
-        output = StringIO('content')
-        self.storage.save('tests/stringio', output)
-        self.assertTrue(self.storage.exists('tests/stringio'))
+        output = StringIO("content")
+        self.storage.save("tests/stringio", output)
+        self.assertTrue(self.storage.exists("tests/stringio"))
 
-        with self.storage.open('tests/stringio') as f:
-            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b'content')
+        with self.storage.open("tests/stringio") as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"content")
 
 
 class FileFieldStorageTests(TestCase):
@@ -683,7 +716,7 @@ class FileFieldStorageTests(TestCase):
         while not os.path.exists(dir_to_test):
             dir_to_test = os.path.dirname(dir_to_test)
         try:
-            return os.pathconf(dir_to_test, 'PC_NAME_MAX')
+            return os.pathconf(dir_to_test, "PC_NAME_MAX")
         except Exception:
             return 255  # Should be safe on most backends
 
@@ -726,31 +759,40 @@ class FileFieldStorageTests(TestCase):
         obj2.delete()
         obj2.normal.save("django_test.txt", ContentFile("more content"))
         self.assertNotEqual(obj2_name, obj2.normal.name)
-        self.assertRegex(obj2.normal.name, "tests/django_test_%s.txt" % FILE_SUFFIX_REGEX)
+        self.assertRegex(
+            obj2.normal.name, "tests/django_test_%s.txt" % FILE_SUFFIX_REGEX
+        )
         obj2.normal.close()
 
     def test_filefield_read(self):
         # Files can be read in a little at a time, if necessary.
         obj = Storage.objects.create(
-            normal=SimpleUploadedFile("assignment.txt", b"content"))
+            normal=SimpleUploadedFile("assignment.txt", b"content")
+        )
         obj.normal.open()
         self.assertEqual(obj.normal.read(3), b"con")
         self.assertEqual(obj.normal.read(), b"tent")
-        self.assertEqual(list(obj.normal.chunks(chunk_size=2)), [b"co", b"nt", b"en", b"t"])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(obj.normal.chunks(chunk_size=2)), [b"co", b"nt", b"en", b"t"]
+        )
         obj.normal.close()
 
     def test_filefield_write(self):
         # Files can be written to.
-        obj = Storage.objects.create(normal=SimpleUploadedFile('rewritten.txt', b'content'))
+        obj = Storage.objects.create(
+            normal=SimpleUploadedFile("rewritten.txt", b"content")
+        )
         with obj.normal as normal:
-            normal.open('wb')
-            normal.write(b'updated')
+            normal.open("wb")
+            normal.write(b"updated")
         obj.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(obj.normal.read(), b'updated')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.normal.read(), b"updated")
         obj.normal.close()
 
     def test_filefield_reopen(self):
-        obj = Storage.objects.create(normal=SimpleUploadedFile('reopen.txt', b'content'))
+        obj = Storage.objects.create(
+            normal=SimpleUploadedFile("reopen.txt", b"content")
+        )
         with obj.normal as normal:
             normal.open()
         obj.normal.open()
@@ -765,7 +807,9 @@ class FileFieldStorageTests(TestCase):
         try:
             names = [o.normal.name for o in objs]
             self.assertEqual(names[0], "tests/multiple_files.txt")
-            self.assertRegex(names[1], "tests/multiple_files_%s.txt" % FILE_SUFFIX_REGEX)
+            self.assertRegex(
+                names[1], "tests/multiple_files_%s.txt" % FILE_SUFFIX_REGEX
+            )
         finally:
             for o in objs:
                 o.delete()
@@ -777,42 +821,46 @@ class FileFieldStorageTests(TestCase):
         # dirname + extension and there are not enough  characters in the
         # filename to truncate, an exception should be raised.
         objs = [Storage() for i in range(2)]
-        filename = 'filename.ext'
+        filename = "filename.ext"
 
         for o in objs:
-            o.limited_length.save(filename, ContentFile('Same Content'))
+            o.limited_length.save(filename, ContentFile("Same Content"))
         try:
             # Testing truncation.
             names = [o.limited_length.name for o in objs]
-            self.assertEqual(names[0], 'tests/%s' % filename)
-            self.assertRegex(names[1], 'tests/fi_%s.ext' % FILE_SUFFIX_REGEX)
+            self.assertEqual(names[0], "tests/%s" % filename)
+            self.assertRegex(names[1], "tests/fi_%s.ext" % FILE_SUFFIX_REGEX)
 
             # Testing exception is raised when filename is too short to truncate.
-            filename = 'short.longext'
-            objs[0].limited_length.save(filename, ContentFile('Same Content'))
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(SuspiciousFileOperation, 'Storage can not find an available filename'):
-                objs[1].limited_length.save(*(filename, ContentFile('Same Content')))
+            filename = "short.longext"
+            objs[0].limited_length.save(filename, ContentFile("Same Content"))
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                SuspiciousFileOperation, "Storage can not find an available filename"
+            ):
+                objs[1].limited_length.save(*(filename, ContentFile("Same Content")))
         finally:
             for o in objs:
                 o.delete()
 
     @unittest.skipIf(
-        sys.platform == 'win32',
+        sys.platform == "win32",
         "Windows supports at most 260 characters in a path.",
     )
     def test_extended_length_storage(self):
         # Testing FileField with max_length > 255. Most systems have filename
         # length limitation of 255. Path takes extra chars.
-        filename = (self._storage_max_filename_length(temp_storage) - 4) * 'a'  # 4 chars for extension.
+        filename = (
+            self._storage_max_filename_length(temp_storage) - 4
+        ) * "a"  # 4 chars for extension.
         obj = Storage()
-        obj.extended_length.save('%s.txt' % filename, ContentFile('Same Content'))
-        self.assertEqual(obj.extended_length.name, 'tests/%s.txt' % filename)
-        self.assertEqual(obj.extended_length.read(), b'Same Content')
+        obj.extended_length.save("%s.txt" % filename, ContentFile("Same Content"))
+        self.assertEqual(obj.extended_length.name, "tests/%s.txt" % filename)
+        self.assertEqual(obj.extended_length.read(), b"Same Content")
         obj.extended_length.close()
 
     def test_filefield_default(self):
         # Default values allow an object to access a single file.
-        temp_storage.save('tests/default.txt', ContentFile('default content'))
+        temp_storage.save("tests/default.txt", ContentFile("default content"))
         obj = Storage.objects.create()
         self.assertEqual(obj.default.name, "tests/default.txt")
         self.assertEqual(obj.default.read(), b"default content")
@@ -828,17 +876,17 @@ class FileFieldStorageTests(TestCase):
     def test_empty_upload_to(self):
         # upload_to can be empty, meaning it does not use subdirectory.
         obj = Storage()
-        obj.empty.save('django_test.txt', ContentFile('more content'))
+        obj.empty.save("django_test.txt", ContentFile("more content"))
         self.assertEqual(obj.empty.name, "django_test.txt")
         self.assertEqual(obj.empty.read(), b"more content")
         obj.empty.close()
 
     def test_pathlib_upload_to(self):
         obj = Storage()
-        obj.pathlib_callable.save('some_file1.txt', ContentFile('some content'))
-        self.assertEqual(obj.pathlib_callable.name, 'bar/some_file1.txt')
-        obj.pathlib_direct.save('some_file2.txt', ContentFile('some content'))
-        self.assertEqual(obj.pathlib_direct.name, 'bar/some_file2.txt')
+        obj.pathlib_callable.save("some_file1.txt", ContentFile("some content"))
+        self.assertEqual(obj.pathlib_callable.name, "bar/some_file1.txt")
+        obj.pathlib_direct.save("some_file2.txt", ContentFile("some content"))
+        self.assertEqual(obj.pathlib_direct.name, "bar/some_file2.txt")
         obj.random.close()
 
     def test_random_upload_to(self):
@@ -869,32 +917,34 @@ class FileFieldStorageTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_file_object(self):
         # Create sample file
-        temp_storage.save('tests/example.txt', ContentFile('some content'))
+        temp_storage.save("tests/example.txt", ContentFile("some content"))
 
         # Load it as Python file object
-        with open(temp_storage.path('tests/example.txt')) as file_obj:
+        with open(temp_storage.path("tests/example.txt")) as file_obj:
             # Save it using storage and read its content
-            temp_storage.save('tests/file_obj', file_obj)
-        self.assertTrue(temp_storage.exists('tests/file_obj'))
-        with temp_storage.open('tests/file_obj') as f:
-            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b'some content')
+            temp_storage.save("tests/file_obj", file_obj)
+        self.assertTrue(temp_storage.exists("tests/file_obj"))
+        with temp_storage.open("tests/file_obj") as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"some content")
 
     def test_stringio(self):
         # Test passing StringIO instance as content argument to save
         output = StringIO()
-        output.write('content')
+        output.write("content")
         output.seek(0)
 
         # Save it and read written file
-        temp_storage.save('tests/stringio', output)
-        self.assertTrue(temp_storage.exists('tests/stringio'))
-        with temp_storage.open('tests/stringio') as f:
-            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b'content')
+        temp_storage.save("tests/stringio", output)
+        self.assertTrue(temp_storage.exists("tests/stringio"))
+        with temp_storage.open("tests/stringio") as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"content")
 
 
 class FieldCallableFileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
-        self.temp_storage_location = tempfile.mkdtemp(suffix='filefield_callable_storage')
+        self.temp_storage_location = tempfile.mkdtemp(
+            suffix="filefield_callable_storage"
+        )
 
     def tearDown(self):
         shutil.rmtree(self.temp_storage_location)
@@ -902,7 +952,8 @@ class FieldCallableFileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_callable_base_class_error_raises(self):
         class NotStorage:
             pass
-        msg = 'FileField.storage must be a subclass/instance of django.core.files.storage.Storage'
+
+        msg = "FileField.storage must be a subclass/instance of django.core.files.storage.Storage"
         for invalid_type in (NotStorage, str, list, set, tuple):
             with self.subTest(invalid_type=invalid_type):
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
@@ -939,8 +990,8 @@ class FieldCallableFileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Deconstructing gives the original callable, not the evaluated value.
         """
         obj = Storage()
-        *_, kwargs = obj._meta.get_field('storage_callable').deconstruct()
-        storage = kwargs['storage']
+        *_, kwargs = obj._meta.get_field("storage_callable").deconstruct()
+        storage = kwargs["storage"]
         self.assertIs(storage, callable_storage)
 
 
@@ -948,6 +999,7 @@ class FieldCallableFileStorageTests(SimpleTestCase):
 # This is written in such a way that it'll always pass on platforms
 # without threading.
 
+
 class SlowFile(ContentFile):
     def chunks(self):
         time.sleep(1)
@@ -958,7 +1010,7 @@ class FileSaveRaceConditionTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self.storage_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
         self.storage = FileSystemStorage(self.storage_dir)
-        self.thread = threading.Thread(target=self.save_file, args=['conflict'])
+        self.thread = threading.Thread(target=self.save_file, args=["conflict"])
 
     def tearDown(self):
         shutil.rmtree(self.storage_dir)
@@ -968,14 +1020,16 @@ class FileSaveRaceConditionTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_race_condition(self):
         self.thread.start()
-        self.save_file('conflict')
+        self.save_file("conflict")
         self.thread.join()
         files = sorted(os.listdir(self.storage_dir))
-        self.assertEqual(files[0], 'conflict')
-        self.assertRegex(files[1], 'conflict_%s' % FILE_SUFFIX_REGEX)
+        self.assertEqual(files[0], "conflict")
+        self.assertRegex(files[1], "conflict_%s" % FILE_SUFFIX_REGEX)
 
 
-@unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32', "Windows only partially supports umasks and chmod.")
+@unittest.skipIf(
+    sys.platform == "win32", "Windows only partially supports umasks and chmod."
+)
 class FileStoragePermissions(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self.umask = 0o027
@@ -1003,7 +1057,7 @@ class FileStoragePermissions(unittest.TestCase):
     @override_settings(FILE_UPLOAD_DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS=0o765)
     def test_file_upload_directory_permissions(self):
         self.storage = FileSystemStorage(self.storage_dir)
-        name = self.storage.save('the_directory/subdir/the_file', ContentFile('data'))
+        name = self.storage.save("the_directory/subdir/the_file", ContentFile("data"))
         file_path = Path(self.storage.path(name))
         self.assertEqual(file_path.parent.stat().st_mode & 0o777, 0o765)
         self.assertEqual(file_path.parent.parent.stat().st_mode & 0o777, 0o765)
@@ -1011,7 +1065,7 @@ class FileStoragePermissions(unittest.TestCase):
     @override_settings(FILE_UPLOAD_DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS=None)
     def test_file_upload_directory_default_permissions(self):
         self.storage = FileSystemStorage(self.storage_dir)
-        name = self.storage.save('the_directory/subdir/the_file', ContentFile('data'))
+        name = self.storage.save("the_directory/subdir/the_file", ContentFile("data"))
         file_path = Path(self.storage.path(name))
         expected_mode = 0o777 & ~self.umask
         self.assertEqual(file_path.parent.stat().st_mode & 0o777, expected_mode)
@@ -1033,30 +1087,29 @@ class FileStoragePathParsing(SimpleTestCase):
         sure we still mangle the file name instead of the directory name.
         """
 
-        self.storage.save('dotted.path/test', ContentFile("1"))
-        self.storage.save('dotted.path/test', ContentFile("2"))
+        self.storage.save("dotted.path/test", ContentFile("1"))
+        self.storage.save("dotted.path/test", ContentFile("2"))
 
-        files = sorted(os.listdir(os.path.join(self.storage_dir, 'dotted.path')))
-        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.storage_dir, 'dotted_.path')))
-        self.assertEqual(files[0], 'test')
-        self.assertRegex(files[1], 'test_%s' % FILE_SUFFIX_REGEX)
+        files = sorted(os.listdir(os.path.join(self.storage_dir, "dotted.path")))
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.storage_dir, "dotted_.path")))
+        self.assertEqual(files[0], "test")
+        self.assertRegex(files[1], "test_%s" % FILE_SUFFIX_REGEX)
 
     def test_first_character_dot(self):
         """
         File names with a dot as their first character don't have an extension,
         and the underscore should get added to the end.
         """
-        self.storage.save('dotted.path/.test', ContentFile("1"))
-        self.storage.save('dotted.path/.test', ContentFile("2"))
+        self.storage.save("dotted.path/.test", ContentFile("1"))
+        self.storage.save("dotted.path/.test", ContentFile("2"))
 
-        files = sorted(os.listdir(os.path.join(self.storage_dir, 'dotted.path')))
-        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.storage_dir, 'dotted_.path')))
-        self.assertEqual(files[0], '.test')
-        self.assertRegex(files[1], '.test_%s' % FILE_SUFFIX_REGEX)
+        files = sorted(os.listdir(os.path.join(self.storage_dir, "dotted.path")))
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.storage_dir, "dotted_.path")))
+        self.assertEqual(files[0], ".test")
+        self.assertRegex(files[1], ".test_%s" % FILE_SUFFIX_REGEX)
 
 
 class ContentFileStorageTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.storage_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
         self.storage = FileSystemStorage(self.storage_dir)
@@ -1069,11 +1122,11 @@ class ContentFileStorageTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         ContentFile can be saved correctly with the filesystem storage,
         if it was initialized with either bytes or unicode content.
         """
-        self.storage.save('bytes.txt', ContentFile(b"content"))
-        self.storage.save('unicode.txt', ContentFile("español"))
+        self.storage.save("bytes.txt", ContentFile(b"content"))
+        self.storage.save("unicode.txt", ContentFile("español"))
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='file_storage.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="file_storage.urls")
 class FileLikeObjectTestCase(LiveServerTestCase):
     """
     Test file-like objects (#15644).
@@ -1093,10 +1146,10 @@ class FileLikeObjectTestCase(LiveServerTestCase):
         Test the File storage API with a file-like object coming from
         urllib.request.urlopen().
         """
-        file_like_object = urlopen(self.live_server_url + '/')
+        file_like_object = urlopen(self.live_server_url + "/")
         f = File(file_like_object)
         stored_filename = self.storage.save("remote_file.html", f)
 
-        remote_file = urlopen(self.live_server_url + '/')
+        remote_file = urlopen(self.live_server_url + "/")
         with self.storage.open(stored_filename) as stored_file:
             self.assertEqual(stored_file.read(), remote_file.read())
diff --git a/tests/file_storage/urls.py b/tests/file_storage/urls.py
index 24c5dcbc56..cf13ab9601 100644
--- a/tests/file_storage/urls.py
+++ b/tests/file_storage/urls.py
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ from django.http import HttpResponse
 from django.urls import path
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('', lambda req: HttpResponse('example view')),
+    path("", lambda req: HttpResponse("example view")),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/file_uploads/models.py b/tests/file_uploads/models.py
index 3336cc9d90..7ec1900f50 100644
--- a/tests/file_uploads/models.py
+++ b/tests/file_uploads/models.py
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ from django.db import models
 
 
 class FileModel(models.Model):
-    testfile = models.FileField(upload_to='test_upload')
+    testfile = models.FileField(upload_to="test_upload")
diff --git a/tests/file_uploads/tests.py b/tests/file_uploads/tests.py
index 78898e2b1e..37f9559eef 100644
--- a/tests/file_uploads/tests.py
+++ b/tests/file_uploads/tests.py
@@ -13,47 +13,52 @@ from django.core.exceptions import SuspiciousFileOperation
 from django.core.files import temp as tempfile
 from django.core.files.uploadedfile import SimpleUploadedFile, UploadedFile
 from django.http.multipartparser import (
-    FILE, MultiPartParser, MultiPartParserError, Parser, parse_header,
+    FILE,
+    MultiPartParser,
+    MultiPartParserError,
+    Parser,
+    parse_header,
 )
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase, client, override_settings
 
 from . import uploadhandler
 from .models import FileModel
 
-UNICODE_FILENAME = 'test-0123456789_中文_Orléans.jpg'
+UNICODE_FILENAME = "test-0123456789_中文_Orléans.jpg"
 MEDIA_ROOT = sys_tempfile.mkdtemp()
-UPLOAD_TO = os.path.join(MEDIA_ROOT, 'test_upload')
+UPLOAD_TO = os.path.join(MEDIA_ROOT, "test_upload")
 
 CANDIDATE_TRAVERSAL_FILE_NAMES = [
-    '/tmp/hax0rd.txt',          # Absolute path, *nix-style.
-    'C:\\Windows\\hax0rd.txt',  # Absolute path, win-style.
-    'C:/Windows/hax0rd.txt',    # Absolute path, broken-style.
-    '\\tmp\\hax0rd.txt',        # Absolute path, broken in a different way.
-    '/tmp\\hax0rd.txt',         # Absolute path, broken by mixing.
-    'subdir/hax0rd.txt',        # Descendant path, *nix-style.
-    'subdir\\hax0rd.txt',       # Descendant path, win-style.
-    'sub/dir\\hax0rd.txt',      # Descendant path, mixed.
-    '../../hax0rd.txt',         # Relative path, *nix-style.
-    '..\\..\\hax0rd.txt',       # Relative path, win-style.
-    '../..\\hax0rd.txt',        # Relative path, mixed.
-    '..&#x2F;hax0rd.txt',       # HTML entities.
-    '..&sol;hax0rd.txt',        # HTML entities.
+    "/tmp/hax0rd.txt",  # Absolute path, *nix-style.
+    "C:\\Windows\\hax0rd.txt",  # Absolute path, win-style.
+    "C:/Windows/hax0rd.txt",  # Absolute path, broken-style.
+    "\\tmp\\hax0rd.txt",  # Absolute path, broken in a different way.
+    "/tmp\\hax0rd.txt",  # Absolute path, broken by mixing.
+    "subdir/hax0rd.txt",  # Descendant path, *nix-style.
+    "subdir\\hax0rd.txt",  # Descendant path, win-style.
+    "sub/dir\\hax0rd.txt",  # Descendant path, mixed.
+    "../../hax0rd.txt",  # Relative path, *nix-style.
+    "..\\..\\hax0rd.txt",  # Relative path, win-style.
+    "../..\\hax0rd.txt",  # Relative path, mixed.
+    "..&#x2F;hax0rd.txt",  # HTML entities.
+    "..&sol;hax0rd.txt",  # HTML entities.
 ]
 
 CANDIDATE_INVALID_FILE_NAMES = [
-    '/tmp/',        # Directory, *nix-style.
-    'c:\\tmp\\',    # Directory, win-style.
-    '/tmp/.',       # Directory dot, *nix-style.
-    'c:\\tmp\\.',   # Directory dot, *nix-style.
-    '/tmp/..',      # Parent directory, *nix-style.
-    'c:\\tmp\\..',  # Parent directory, win-style.
-    '',             # Empty filename.
+    "/tmp/",  # Directory, *nix-style.
+    "c:\\tmp\\",  # Directory, win-style.
+    "/tmp/.",  # Directory dot, *nix-style.
+    "c:\\tmp\\.",  # Directory dot, *nix-style.
+    "/tmp/..",  # Parent directory, *nix-style.
+    "c:\\tmp\\..",  # Parent directory, win-style.
+    "",  # Empty filename.
 ]
 
 
-@override_settings(MEDIA_ROOT=MEDIA_ROOT, ROOT_URLCONF='file_uploads.urls', MIDDLEWARE=[])
+@override_settings(
+    MEDIA_ROOT=MEDIA_ROOT, ROOT_URLCONF="file_uploads.urls", MIDDLEWARE=[]
+)
 class FileUploadTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         super().setUpClass()
@@ -62,73 +67,84 @@ class FileUploadTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_upload_name_is_validated(self):
         candidates = [
-            '/tmp/',
-            '/tmp/..',
-            '/tmp/.',
+            "/tmp/",
+            "/tmp/..",
+            "/tmp/.",
         ]
-        if sys.platform == 'win32':
-            candidates.extend([
-                'c:\\tmp\\',
-                'c:\\tmp\\..',
-                'c:\\tmp\\.',
-            ])
+        if sys.platform == "win32":
+            candidates.extend(
+                [
+                    "c:\\tmp\\",
+                    "c:\\tmp\\..",
+                    "c:\\tmp\\.",
+                ]
+            )
         for file_name in candidates:
             with self.subTest(file_name=file_name):
                 self.assertRaises(SuspiciousFileOperation, UploadedFile, name=file_name)
 
     def test_simple_upload(self):
-        with open(__file__, 'rb') as fp:
+        with open(__file__, "rb") as fp:
             post_data = {
-                'name': 'Ringo',
-                'file_field': fp,
+                "name": "Ringo",
+                "file_field": fp,
             }
-            response = self.client.post('/upload/', post_data)
+            response = self.client.post("/upload/", post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_large_upload(self):
         file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile
         with file(suffix=".file1") as file1, file(suffix=".file2") as file2:
-            file1.write(b'a' * (2 ** 21))
+            file1.write(b"a" * (2**21))
             file1.seek(0)
 
-            file2.write(b'a' * (10 * 2 ** 20))
+            file2.write(b"a" * (10 * 2**20))
             file2.seek(0)
 
             post_data = {
-                'name': 'Ringo',
-                'file_field1': file1,
-                'file_field2': file2,
+                "name": "Ringo",
+                "file_field1": file1,
+                "file_field2": file2,
             }
 
             for key in list(post_data):
                 try:
-                    post_data[key + '_hash'] = hashlib.sha1(post_data[key].read()).hexdigest()
+                    post_data[key + "_hash"] = hashlib.sha1(
+                        post_data[key].read()
+                    ).hexdigest()
                     post_data[key].seek(0)
                 except AttributeError:
-                    post_data[key + '_hash'] = hashlib.sha1(post_data[key].encode()).hexdigest()
+                    post_data[key + "_hash"] = hashlib.sha1(
+                        post_data[key].encode()
+                    ).hexdigest()
 
-            response = self.client.post('/verify/', post_data)
+            response = self.client.post("/verify/", post_data)
 
             self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def _test_base64_upload(self, content, encode=base64.b64encode):
-        payload = client.FakePayload("\r\n".join([
-            '--' + client.BOUNDARY,
-            'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="test.txt"',
-            'Content-Type: application/octet-stream',
-            'Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64',
-            '']))
-        payload.write(b'\r\n' + encode(content.encode()) + b'\r\n')
-        payload.write('--' + client.BOUNDARY + '--\r\n')
+        payload = client.FakePayload(
+            "\r\n".join(
+                [
+                    "--" + client.BOUNDARY,
+                    'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="test.txt"',
+                    "Content-Type: application/octet-stream",
+                    "Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64",
+                    "",
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+        payload.write(b"\r\n" + encode(content.encode()) + b"\r\n")
+        payload.write("--" + client.BOUNDARY + "--\r\n")
         r = {
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
-            'PATH_INFO': "/echo_content/",
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
+            "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+            "CONTENT_TYPE": client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
+            "PATH_INFO": "/echo_content/",
+            "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+            "wsgi.input": payload,
         }
         response = self.client.request(**r)
-        self.assertEqual(response.json()['file'], content)
+        self.assertEqual(response.json()["file"], content)
 
     def test_base64_upload(self):
         self._test_base64_upload("This data will be transmitted base64-encoded.")
@@ -140,32 +156,36 @@ class FileUploadTests(TestCase):
         self._test_base64_upload("Big data" * 68000, encode=base64.encodebytes)
 
     def test_base64_invalid_upload(self):
-        payload = client.FakePayload('\r\n'.join([
-            '--' + client.BOUNDARY,
-            'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="test.txt"',
-            'Content-Type: application/octet-stream',
-            'Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64',
-            ''
-        ]))
-        payload.write(b'\r\n!\r\n')
-        payload.write('--' + client.BOUNDARY + '--\r\n')
+        payload = client.FakePayload(
+            "\r\n".join(
+                [
+                    "--" + client.BOUNDARY,
+                    'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="test.txt"',
+                    "Content-Type: application/octet-stream",
+                    "Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64",
+                    "",
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+        payload.write(b"\r\n!\r\n")
+        payload.write("--" + client.BOUNDARY + "--\r\n")
         r = {
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
-            'PATH_INFO': '/echo_content/',
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
+            "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+            "CONTENT_TYPE": client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
+            "PATH_INFO": "/echo_content/",
+            "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+            "wsgi.input": payload,
         }
         response = self.client.request(**r)
-        self.assertEqual(response.json()['file'], '')
+        self.assertEqual(response.json()["file"], "")
 
     def test_unicode_file_name(self):
         with sys_tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as temp_dir:
             # This file contains Chinese symbols and an accented char in the name.
-            with open(os.path.join(temp_dir, UNICODE_FILENAME), 'w+b') as file1:
-                file1.write(b'b' * (2 ** 10))
+            with open(os.path.join(temp_dir, UNICODE_FILENAME), "w+b") as file1:
+                file1.write(b"b" * (2**10))
                 file1.seek(0)
-                response = self.client.post('/unicode_name/', {'file_unicode': file1})
+                response = self.client.post("/unicode_name/", {"file_unicode": file1})
             self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_unicode_file_name_rfc2231(self):
@@ -174,21 +194,26 @@ class FileUploadTests(TestCase):
         (#22971).
         """
         payload = client.FakePayload()
-        payload.write('\r\n'.join([
-            '--' + client.BOUNDARY,
-            'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file_unicode"; filename*=UTF-8\'\'%s' % quote(UNICODE_FILENAME),
-            'Content-Type: application/octet-stream',
-            '',
-            'You got pwnd.\r\n',
-            '\r\n--' + client.BOUNDARY + '--\r\n'
-        ]))
+        payload.write(
+            "\r\n".join(
+                [
+                    "--" + client.BOUNDARY,
+                    "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"file_unicode\"; filename*=UTF-8''%s"
+                    % quote(UNICODE_FILENAME),
+                    "Content-Type: application/octet-stream",
+                    "",
+                    "You got pwnd.\r\n",
+                    "\r\n--" + client.BOUNDARY + "--\r\n",
+                ]
+            )
+        )
 
         r = {
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
-            'PATH_INFO': "/unicode_name/",
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
+            "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+            "CONTENT_TYPE": client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
+            "PATH_INFO": "/unicode_name/",
+            "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+            "wsgi.input": payload,
         }
         response = self.client.request(**r)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
@@ -200,66 +225,75 @@ class FileUploadTests(TestCase):
         """
         payload = client.FakePayload()
         payload.write(
-            '\r\n'.join([
-                '--' + client.BOUNDARY,
-                'Content-Disposition: form-data; name*=UTF-8\'\'file_unicode; filename*=UTF-8\'\'%s' % quote(
-                    UNICODE_FILENAME
-                ),
-                'Content-Type: application/octet-stream',
-                '',
-                'You got pwnd.\r\n',
-                '\r\n--' + client.BOUNDARY + '--\r\n'
-            ])
+            "\r\n".join(
+                [
+                    "--" + client.BOUNDARY,
+                    "Content-Disposition: form-data; name*=UTF-8''file_unicode; filename*=UTF-8''%s"
+                    % quote(UNICODE_FILENAME),
+                    "Content-Type: application/octet-stream",
+                    "",
+                    "You got pwnd.\r\n",
+                    "\r\n--" + client.BOUNDARY + "--\r\n",
+                ]
+            )
         )
 
         r = {
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
-            'PATH_INFO': "/unicode_name/",
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
+            "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+            "CONTENT_TYPE": client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
+            "PATH_INFO": "/unicode_name/",
+            "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+            "wsgi.input": payload,
         }
         response = self.client.request(**r)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_unicode_file_name_rfc2231_with_double_quotes(self):
         payload = client.FakePayload()
-        payload.write('\r\n'.join([
-            '--' + client.BOUNDARY,
-            'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file_unicode"; '
-            'filename*="UTF-8\'\'%s"' % quote(UNICODE_FILENAME),
-            'Content-Type: application/octet-stream',
-            '',
-            'You got pwnd.\r\n',
-            '\r\n--' + client.BOUNDARY + '--\r\n',
-        ]))
+        payload.write(
+            "\r\n".join(
+                [
+                    "--" + client.BOUNDARY,
+                    'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file_unicode"; '
+                    "filename*=\"UTF-8''%s\"" % quote(UNICODE_FILENAME),
+                    "Content-Type: application/octet-stream",
+                    "",
+                    "You got pwnd.\r\n",
+                    "\r\n--" + client.BOUNDARY + "--\r\n",
+                ]
+            )
+        )
         r = {
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
-            'PATH_INFO': '/unicode_name/',
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
+            "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+            "CONTENT_TYPE": client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
+            "PATH_INFO": "/unicode_name/",
+            "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+            "wsgi.input": payload,
         }
         response = self.client.request(**r)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_unicode_name_rfc2231_with_double_quotes(self):
         payload = client.FakePayload()
-        payload.write('\r\n'.join([
-            '--' + client.BOUNDARY,
-            'Content-Disposition: form-data; name*="UTF-8\'\'file_unicode"; '
-            'filename*="UTF-8\'\'%s"' % quote(UNICODE_FILENAME),
-            'Content-Type: application/octet-stream',
-            '',
-            'You got pwnd.\r\n',
-            '\r\n--' + client.BOUNDARY + '--\r\n'
-        ]))
+        payload.write(
+            "\r\n".join(
+                [
+                    "--" + client.BOUNDARY,
+                    "Content-Disposition: form-data; name*=\"UTF-8''file_unicode\"; "
+                    "filename*=\"UTF-8''%s\"" % quote(UNICODE_FILENAME),
+                    "Content-Type: application/octet-stream",
+                    "",
+                    "You got pwnd.\r\n",
+                    "\r\n--" + client.BOUNDARY + "--\r\n",
+                ]
+            )
+        )
         r = {
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
-            'PATH_INFO': '/unicode_name/',
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
+            "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+            "CONTENT_TYPE": client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
+            "PATH_INFO": "/unicode_name/",
+            "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+            "wsgi.input": payload,
         }
         response = self.client.request(**r)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
@@ -270,30 +304,35 @@ class FileUploadTests(TestCase):
         sanitization) should be okay.
         """
         filenames = [
-            '',
+            "",
             # Normalized by MultiPartParser.IE_sanitize().
-            'C:\\Windows\\',
+            "C:\\Windows\\",
             # Normalized by os.path.basename().
-            '/',
-            'ends-with-slash/',
+            "/",
+            "ends-with-slash/",
         ]
         payload = client.FakePayload()
         for i, name in enumerate(filenames):
-            payload.write('\r\n'.join([
-                '--' + client.BOUNDARY,
-                'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file%s"; filename="%s"' % (i, name),
-                'Content-Type: application/octet-stream',
-                '',
-                'You got pwnd.\r\n'
-            ]))
-        payload.write('\r\n--' + client.BOUNDARY + '--\r\n')
+            payload.write(
+                "\r\n".join(
+                    [
+                        "--" + client.BOUNDARY,
+                        'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file%s"; filename="%s"'
+                        % (i, name),
+                        "Content-Type: application/octet-stream",
+                        "",
+                        "You got pwnd.\r\n",
+                    ]
+                )
+            )
+        payload.write("\r\n--" + client.BOUNDARY + "--\r\n")
 
         r = {
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
-            'PATH_INFO': '/echo/',
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
+            "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+            "CONTENT_TYPE": client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
+            "PATH_INFO": "/echo/",
+            "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+            "wsgi.input": payload,
         }
         response = self.client.request(**r)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
@@ -301,30 +340,34 @@ class FileUploadTests(TestCase):
         # Empty filenames should be ignored
         received = response.json()
         for i, name in enumerate(filenames):
-            self.assertIsNone(received.get('file%s' % i))
+            self.assertIsNone(received.get("file%s" % i))
 
     def test_non_printable_chars_in_file_names(self):
-        file_name = 'non-\x00printable\x00\n_chars.txt\x00'
+        file_name = "non-\x00printable\x00\n_chars.txt\x00"
         payload = client.FakePayload()
-        payload.write('\r\n'.join([
-            '--' + client.BOUNDARY,
-            f'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="{file_name}"',
-            'Content-Type: application/octet-stream',
-            '',
-            'You got pwnd.\r\n'
-        ]))
-        payload.write('\r\n--' + client.BOUNDARY + '--\r\n')
+        payload.write(
+            "\r\n".join(
+                [
+                    "--" + client.BOUNDARY,
+                    f'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="{file_name}"',
+                    "Content-Type: application/octet-stream",
+                    "",
+                    "You got pwnd.\r\n",
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+        payload.write("\r\n--" + client.BOUNDARY + "--\r\n")
         r = {
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
-            'PATH_INFO': '/echo/',
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
+            "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+            "CONTENT_TYPE": client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
+            "PATH_INFO": "/echo/",
+            "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+            "wsgi.input": payload,
         }
         response = self.client.request(**r)
         # Non-printable chars are sanitized.
         received = response.json()
-        self.assertEqual(received['file'], 'non-printable_chars.txt')
+        self.assertEqual(received["file"], "non-printable_chars.txt")
 
     def test_dangerous_file_names(self):
         """Uploaded file names should be sanitized before ever reaching the view."""
@@ -335,21 +378,26 @@ class FileUploadTests(TestCase):
         # trying such an attack.
         payload = client.FakePayload()
         for i, name in enumerate(CANDIDATE_TRAVERSAL_FILE_NAMES):
-            payload.write('\r\n'.join([
-                '--' + client.BOUNDARY,
-                'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file%s"; filename="%s"' % (i, name),
-                'Content-Type: application/octet-stream',
-                '',
-                'You got pwnd.\r\n'
-            ]))
-        payload.write('\r\n--' + client.BOUNDARY + '--\r\n')
+            payload.write(
+                "\r\n".join(
+                    [
+                        "--" + client.BOUNDARY,
+                        'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file%s"; filename="%s"'
+                        % (i, name),
+                        "Content-Type: application/octet-stream",
+                        "",
+                        "You got pwnd.\r\n",
+                    ]
+                )
+            )
+        payload.write("\r\n--" + client.BOUNDARY + "--\r\n")
 
         r = {
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
-            'PATH_INFO': "/echo/",
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
+            "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+            "CONTENT_TYPE": client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
+            "PATH_INFO": "/echo/",
+            "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+            "wsgi.input": payload,
         }
         response = self.client.request(**r)
         # The filenames should have been sanitized by the time it got to the view.
@@ -360,84 +408,99 @@ class FileUploadTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_filename_overflow(self):
         """File names over 256 characters (dangerous on some platforms) get fixed up."""
-        long_str = 'f' * 300
+        long_str = "f" * 300
         cases = [
             # field name, filename, expected
-            ('long_filename', '%s.txt' % long_str, '%s.txt' % long_str[:251]),
-            ('long_extension', 'foo.%s' % long_str, '.%s' % long_str[:254]),
-            ('no_extension', long_str, long_str[:255]),
-            ('no_filename', '.%s' % long_str, '.%s' % long_str[:254]),
-            ('long_everything', '%s.%s' % (long_str, long_str), '.%s' % long_str[:254]),
+            ("long_filename", "%s.txt" % long_str, "%s.txt" % long_str[:251]),
+            ("long_extension", "foo.%s" % long_str, ".%s" % long_str[:254]),
+            ("no_extension", long_str, long_str[:255]),
+            ("no_filename", ".%s" % long_str, ".%s" % long_str[:254]),
+            ("long_everything", "%s.%s" % (long_str, long_str), ".%s" % long_str[:254]),
         ]
         payload = client.FakePayload()
         for name, filename, _ in cases:
-            payload.write("\r\n".join([
-                '--' + client.BOUNDARY,
-                'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="{}"; filename="{}"',
-                'Content-Type: application/octet-stream',
-                '',
-                'Oops.',
-                ''
-            ]).format(name, filename))
-        payload.write('\r\n--' + client.BOUNDARY + '--\r\n')
+            payload.write(
+                "\r\n".join(
+                    [
+                        "--" + client.BOUNDARY,
+                        'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="{}"; filename="{}"',
+                        "Content-Type: application/octet-stream",
+                        "",
+                        "Oops.",
+                        "",
+                    ]
+                ).format(name, filename)
+            )
+        payload.write("\r\n--" + client.BOUNDARY + "--\r\n")
         r = {
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
-            'PATH_INFO': "/echo/",
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
+            "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+            "CONTENT_TYPE": client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
+            "PATH_INFO": "/echo/",
+            "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+            "wsgi.input": payload,
         }
         response = self.client.request(**r)
         result = response.json()
         for name, _, expected in cases:
             got = result[name]
-            self.assertEqual(expected, got, 'Mismatch for {}'.format(name))
-            self.assertLess(len(got), 256,
-                            "Got a long file name (%s characters)." % len(got))
+            self.assertEqual(expected, got, "Mismatch for {}".format(name))
+            self.assertLess(
+                len(got), 256, "Got a long file name (%s characters)." % len(got)
+            )
 
     def test_file_content(self):
         file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile
-        with file(suffix=".ctype_extra") as no_content_type, file(suffix=".ctype_extra") as simple_file:
-            no_content_type.write(b'no content')
+        with file(suffix=".ctype_extra") as no_content_type, file(
+            suffix=".ctype_extra"
+        ) as simple_file:
+            no_content_type.write(b"no content")
             no_content_type.seek(0)
 
-            simple_file.write(b'text content')
+            simple_file.write(b"text content")
             simple_file.seek(0)
-            simple_file.content_type = 'text/plain'
+            simple_file.content_type = "text/plain"
 
-            string_io = StringIO('string content')
-            bytes_io = BytesIO(b'binary content')
+            string_io = StringIO("string content")
+            bytes_io = BytesIO(b"binary content")
 
-            response = self.client.post('/echo_content/', {
-                'no_content_type': no_content_type,
-                'simple_file': simple_file,
-                'string': string_io,
-                'binary': bytes_io,
-            })
+            response = self.client.post(
+                "/echo_content/",
+                {
+                    "no_content_type": no_content_type,
+                    "simple_file": simple_file,
+                    "string": string_io,
+                    "binary": bytes_io,
+                },
+            )
             received = response.json()
-            self.assertEqual(received['no_content_type'], 'no content')
-            self.assertEqual(received['simple_file'], 'text content')
-            self.assertEqual(received['string'], 'string content')
-            self.assertEqual(received['binary'], 'binary content')
+            self.assertEqual(received["no_content_type"], "no content")
+            self.assertEqual(received["simple_file"], "text content")
+            self.assertEqual(received["string"], "string content")
+            self.assertEqual(received["binary"], "binary content")
 
     def test_content_type_extra(self):
         """Uploaded files may have content type parameters available."""
         file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile
-        with file(suffix=".ctype_extra") as no_content_type, file(suffix=".ctype_extra") as simple_file:
-            no_content_type.write(b'something')
+        with file(suffix=".ctype_extra") as no_content_type, file(
+            suffix=".ctype_extra"
+        ) as simple_file:
+            no_content_type.write(b"something")
             no_content_type.seek(0)
 
-            simple_file.write(b'something')
+            simple_file.write(b"something")
             simple_file.seek(0)
-            simple_file.content_type = 'text/plain; test-key=test_value'
+            simple_file.content_type = "text/plain; test-key=test_value"
 
-            response = self.client.post('/echo_content_type_extra/', {
-                'no_content_type': no_content_type,
-                'simple_file': simple_file,
-            })
+            response = self.client.post(
+                "/echo_content_type_extra/",
+                {
+                    "no_content_type": no_content_type,
+                    "simple_file": simple_file,
+                },
+            )
             received = response.json()
-            self.assertEqual(received['no_content_type'], {})
-            self.assertEqual(received['simple_file'], {'test-key': 'test_value'})
+            self.assertEqual(received["no_content_type"], {})
+            self.assertEqual(received["simple_file"], {"test-key": "test_value"})
 
     def test_truncated_multipart_handled_gracefully(self):
         """
@@ -445,22 +508,23 @@ class FileUploadTests(TestCase):
         attempt to read beyond the end of the stream, and simply will handle
         the part that can be parsed gracefully.
         """
-        payload_str = "\r\n".join([
-            '--' + client.BOUNDARY,
-            'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="foo.txt"',
-            'Content-Type: application/octet-stream',
-            '',
-            'file contents'
-            '--' + client.BOUNDARY + '--',
-            '',
-        ])
+        payload_str = "\r\n".join(
+            [
+                "--" + client.BOUNDARY,
+                'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="foo.txt"',
+                "Content-Type: application/octet-stream",
+                "",
+                "file contents" "--" + client.BOUNDARY + "--",
+                "",
+            ]
+        )
         payload = client.FakePayload(payload_str[:-10])
         r = {
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
-            'PATH_INFO': '/echo/',
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
+            "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+            "CONTENT_TYPE": client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
+            "PATH_INFO": "/echo/",
+            "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+            "wsgi.input": payload,
         }
         self.assertEqual(self.client.request(**r).json(), {})
 
@@ -470,11 +534,11 @@ class FileUploadTests(TestCase):
         an empty QueryDict.
         """
         r = {
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': 0,
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
-            'PATH_INFO': '/echo/',
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'wsgi.input': client.FakePayload(b''),
+            "CONTENT_LENGTH": 0,
+            "CONTENT_TYPE": client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
+            "PATH_INFO": "/echo/",
+            "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+            "wsgi.input": client.FakePayload(b""),
         }
         self.assertEqual(self.client.request(**r).json(), {})
 
@@ -482,34 +546,36 @@ class FileUploadTests(TestCase):
         file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile
         with file() as smallfile, file() as bigfile:
             # A small file (under the 5M quota)
-            smallfile.write(b'a' * (2 ** 21))
+            smallfile.write(b"a" * (2**21))
             smallfile.seek(0)
 
             # A big file (over the quota)
-            bigfile.write(b'a' * (10 * 2 ** 20))
+            bigfile.write(b"a" * (10 * 2**20))
             bigfile.seek(0)
 
             # Small file posting should work.
-            self.assertIn('f', self.client.post('/quota/', {'f': smallfile}).json())
+            self.assertIn("f", self.client.post("/quota/", {"f": smallfile}).json())
 
             # Large files don't go through.
-            self.assertNotIn('f', self.client.post("/quota/", {'f': bigfile}).json())
+            self.assertNotIn("f", self.client.post("/quota/", {"f": bigfile}).json())
 
     def test_broken_custom_upload_handler(self):
         with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as file:
-            file.write(b'a' * (2 ** 21))
+            file.write(b"a" * (2**21))
             file.seek(0)
 
-            msg = 'You cannot alter upload handlers after the upload has been processed.'
+            msg = (
+                "You cannot alter upload handlers after the upload has been processed."
+            )
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, msg):
-                self.client.post('/quota/broken/', {'f': file})
+                self.client.post("/quota/broken/", {"f": file})
 
     def test_stop_upload_temporary_file_handler(self):
         with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as temp_file:
-            temp_file.write(b'a')
+            temp_file.write(b"a")
             temp_file.seek(0)
-            response = self.client.post('/temp_file/stop_upload/', {'file': temp_file})
-            temp_path = response.json()['temp_path']
+            response = self.client.post("/temp_file/stop_upload/", {"file": temp_file})
+            temp_path = response.json()["temp_path"]
             self.assertIs(os.path.exists(temp_path), False)
 
     def test_upload_interrupted_temporary_file_handler(self):
@@ -523,74 +589,83 @@ class FileUploadTests(TestCase):
                         return
 
         with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as temp_file:
-            temp_file.write(b'a')
+            temp_file.write(b"a")
             temp_file.seek(0)
             with mock.patch(
-                'django.http.multipartparser.Parser',
+                "django.http.multipartparser.Parser",
                 MockedParser,
             ):
                 response = self.client.post(
-                    '/temp_file/upload_interrupted/',
-                    {'file': temp_file},
+                    "/temp_file/upload_interrupted/",
+                    {"file": temp_file},
                 )
-            temp_path = response.json()['temp_path']
+            temp_path = response.json()["temp_path"]
             self.assertIs(os.path.exists(temp_path), False)
 
     def test_fileupload_getlist(self):
         file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile
         with file() as file1, file() as file2, file() as file2a:
-            file1.write(b'a' * (2 ** 23))
+            file1.write(b"a" * (2**23))
             file1.seek(0)
 
-            file2.write(b'a' * (2 * 2 ** 18))
+            file2.write(b"a" * (2 * 2**18))
             file2.seek(0)
 
-            file2a.write(b'a' * (5 * 2 ** 20))
+            file2a.write(b"a" * (5 * 2**20))
             file2a.seek(0)
 
-            response = self.client.post('/getlist_count/', {
-                'file1': file1,
-                'field1': 'test',
-                'field2': 'test3',
-                'field3': 'test5',
-                'field4': 'test6',
-                'field5': 'test7',
-                'file2': (file2, file2a)
-            })
+            response = self.client.post(
+                "/getlist_count/",
+                {
+                    "file1": file1,
+                    "field1": "test",
+                    "field2": "test3",
+                    "field3": "test5",
+                    "field4": "test6",
+                    "field5": "test7",
+                    "file2": (file2, file2a),
+                },
+            )
             got = response.json()
-            self.assertEqual(got.get('file1'), 1)
-            self.assertEqual(got.get('file2'), 2)
+            self.assertEqual(got.get("file1"), 1)
+            self.assertEqual(got.get("file2"), 2)
 
     def test_fileuploads_closed_at_request_end(self):
         file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile
         with file() as f1, file() as f2a, file() as f2b:
-            response = self.client.post('/fd_closing/t/', {
-                'file': f1,
-                'file2': (f2a, f2b),
-            })
+            response = self.client.post(
+                "/fd_closing/t/",
+                {
+                    "file": f1,
+                    "file2": (f2a, f2b),
+                },
+            )
 
         request = response.wsgi_request
         # The files were parsed.
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(request, '_files'))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(request, "_files"))
 
-        file = request._files['file']
+        file = request._files["file"]
         self.assertTrue(file.closed)
 
-        files = request._files.getlist('file2')
+        files = request._files.getlist("file2")
         self.assertTrue(files[0].closed)
         self.assertTrue(files[1].closed)
 
     def test_no_parsing_triggered_by_fd_closing(self):
         file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile
         with file() as f1, file() as f2a, file() as f2b:
-            response = self.client.post('/fd_closing/f/', {
-                'file': f1,
-                'file2': (f2a, f2b),
-            })
+            response = self.client.post(
+                "/fd_closing/f/",
+                {
+                    "file": f1,
+                    "file2": (f2a, f2b),
+                },
+            )
 
         request = response.wsgi_request
         # The fd closing logic doesn't trigger parsing of the stream
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(request, '_files'))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(request, "_files"))
 
     def test_file_error_blocking(self):
         """
@@ -599,8 +674,10 @@ class FileUploadTests(TestCase):
         access POST while handling an error in parsing POST. This shouldn't
         cause an infinite loop!
         """
+
         class POSTAccessingHandler(client.ClientHandler):
             """A handler that'll access POST during an exception."""
+
             def handle_uncaught_exception(self, request, resolver, exc_info):
                 ret = super().handle_uncaught_exception(request, resolver, exc_info)
                 request.POST  # evaluate
@@ -611,25 +688,25 @@ class FileUploadTests(TestCase):
         # this test would fail.  So we need to know exactly what kind of error
         # it raises when there is an attempt to read more than the available bytes:
         try:
-            client.FakePayload(b'a').read(2)
+            client.FakePayload(b"a").read(2)
         except Exception as err:
             reference_error = err
 
         # install the custom handler that tries to access request.POST
         self.client.handler = POSTAccessingHandler()
 
-        with open(__file__, 'rb') as fp:
+        with open(__file__, "rb") as fp:
             post_data = {
-                'name': 'Ringo',
-                'file_field': fp,
+                "name": "Ringo",
+                "file_field": fp,
             }
             try:
-                self.client.post('/upload_errors/', post_data)
+                self.client.post("/upload_errors/", post_data)
             except reference_error.__class__ as err:
                 self.assertNotEqual(
                     str(err),
                     str(reference_error),
-                    "Caught a repeated exception that'll cause an infinite loop in file uploads."
+                    "Caught a repeated exception that'll cause an infinite loop in file uploads.",
                 )
             except Exception as err:
                 # CustomUploadError is the error that should have been raised
@@ -643,64 +720,66 @@ class FileUploadTests(TestCase):
         # Synthesize the contents of a file upload with a mixed case filename
         # so we don't have to carry such a file in the Django tests source code
         # tree.
-        vars = {'boundary': 'oUrBoUnDaRyStRiNg'}
+        vars = {"boundary": "oUrBoUnDaRyStRiNg"}
         post_data = [
-            '--%(boundary)s',
+            "--%(boundary)s",
             'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file_field"; filename="MiXeD_cAsE.txt"',
-            'Content-Type: application/octet-stream',
-            '',
-            'file contents\n',
-            '--%(boundary)s--\r\n',
+            "Content-Type: application/octet-stream",
+            "",
+            "file contents\n",
+            "--%(boundary)s--\r\n",
         ]
         response = self.client.post(
-            '/filename_case/',
-            '\r\n'.join(post_data) % vars,
-            'multipart/form-data; boundary=%(boundary)s' % vars
+            "/filename_case/",
+            "\r\n".join(post_data) % vars,
+            "multipart/form-data; boundary=%(boundary)s" % vars,
         )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         id = int(response.content)
         obj = FileModel.objects.get(pk=id)
         # The name of the file uploaded and the file stored in the server-side
         # shouldn't differ.
-        self.assertEqual(os.path.basename(obj.testfile.path), 'MiXeD_cAsE.txt')
+        self.assertEqual(os.path.basename(obj.testfile.path), "MiXeD_cAsE.txt")
 
     def test_filename_traversal_upload(self):
         os.makedirs(UPLOAD_TO, exist_ok=True)
         tests = [
-            '..&#x2F;test.txt',
-            '..&sol;test.txt',
+            "..&#x2F;test.txt",
+            "..&sol;test.txt",
         ]
         for file_name in tests:
             with self.subTest(file_name=file_name):
                 payload = client.FakePayload()
                 payload.write(
-                    '\r\n'.join([
-                        '--' + client.BOUNDARY,
-                        'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="my_file"; '
-                        'filename="%s";' % file_name,
-                        'Content-Type: text/plain',
-                        '',
-                        'file contents.\r\n',
-                        '\r\n--' + client.BOUNDARY + '--\r\n',
-                    ]),
+                    "\r\n".join(
+                        [
+                            "--" + client.BOUNDARY,
+                            'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="my_file"; '
+                            'filename="%s";' % file_name,
+                            "Content-Type: text/plain",
+                            "",
+                            "file contents.\r\n",
+                            "\r\n--" + client.BOUNDARY + "--\r\n",
+                        ]
+                    ),
                 )
                 r = {
-                    'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-                    'CONTENT_TYPE': client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
-                    'PATH_INFO': '/upload_traversal/',
-                    'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-                    'wsgi.input': payload,
+                    "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+                    "CONTENT_TYPE": client.MULTIPART_CONTENT,
+                    "PATH_INFO": "/upload_traversal/",
+                    "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+                    "wsgi.input": payload,
                 }
                 response = self.client.request(**r)
                 result = response.json()
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-                self.assertEqual(result['file_name'], 'test.txt')
+                self.assertEqual(result["file_name"], "test.txt")
                 self.assertIs(
-                    os.path.exists(os.path.join(MEDIA_ROOT, 'test.txt')),
+                    os.path.exists(os.path.join(MEDIA_ROOT, "test.txt")),
                     False,
                 )
                 self.assertIs(
-                    os.path.exists(os.path.join(UPLOAD_TO, 'test.txt')),
+                    os.path.exists(os.path.join(UPLOAD_TO, "test.txt")),
                     True,
                 )
 
@@ -711,6 +790,7 @@ class DirectoryCreationTests(SimpleTestCase):
     Tests for error handling during directory creation
     via _save_FIELD_file (ticket #6450)
     """
+
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         super().setUpClass()
@@ -720,85 +800,128 @@ class DirectoryCreationTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self.obj = FileModel()
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32', "Python on Windows doesn't have working os.chmod().")
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        sys.platform == "win32", "Python on Windows doesn't have working os.chmod()."
+    )
     def test_readonly_root(self):
         """Permission errors are not swallowed"""
         os.chmod(MEDIA_ROOT, 0o500)
         self.addCleanup(os.chmod, MEDIA_ROOT, 0o700)
         with self.assertRaises(PermissionError):
-            self.obj.testfile.save('foo.txt', SimpleUploadedFile('foo.txt', b'x'), save=False)
+            self.obj.testfile.save(
+                "foo.txt", SimpleUploadedFile("foo.txt", b"x"), save=False
+            )
 
     def test_not_a_directory(self):
         # Create a file with the upload directory name
-        open(UPLOAD_TO, 'wb').close()
+        open(UPLOAD_TO, "wb").close()
         self.addCleanup(os.remove, UPLOAD_TO)
-        msg = '%s exists and is not a directory.' % UPLOAD_TO
+        msg = "%s exists and is not a directory." % UPLOAD_TO
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FileExistsError, msg):
-            with SimpleUploadedFile('foo.txt', b'x') as file:
-                self.obj.testfile.save('foo.txt', file, save=False)
+            with SimpleUploadedFile("foo.txt", b"x") as file:
+                self.obj.testfile.save("foo.txt", file, save=False)
 
 
 class MultiParserTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_empty_upload_handlers(self):
         # We're not actually parsing here; just checking if the parser properly
         # instantiates with empty upload handlers.
-        MultiPartParser({
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=_foo',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': '1'
-        }, StringIO('x'), [], 'utf-8')
+        MultiPartParser(
+            {
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "multipart/form-data; boundary=_foo",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": "1",
+            },
+            StringIO("x"),
+            [],
+            "utf-8",
+        )
 
     def test_invalid_content_type(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(MultiPartParserError, 'Invalid Content-Type: text/plain'):
-            MultiPartParser({
-                'CONTENT_TYPE': 'text/plain',
-                'CONTENT_LENGTH': '1',
-            }, StringIO('x'), [], 'utf-8')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            MultiPartParserError, "Invalid Content-Type: text/plain"
+        ):
+            MultiPartParser(
+                {
+                    "CONTENT_TYPE": "text/plain",
+                    "CONTENT_LENGTH": "1",
+                },
+                StringIO("x"),
+                [],
+                "utf-8",
+            )
 
     def test_negative_content_length(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(MultiPartParserError, 'Invalid content length: -1'):
-            MultiPartParser({
-                'CONTENT_TYPE': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=_foo',
-                'CONTENT_LENGTH': -1,
-            }, StringIO('x'), [], 'utf-8')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            MultiPartParserError, "Invalid content length: -1"
+        ):
+            MultiPartParser(
+                {
+                    "CONTENT_TYPE": "multipart/form-data; boundary=_foo",
+                    "CONTENT_LENGTH": -1,
+                },
+                StringIO("x"),
+                [],
+                "utf-8",
+            )
 
     def test_bad_type_content_length(self):
-        multipart_parser = MultiPartParser({
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=_foo',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': 'a',
-        }, StringIO('x'), [], 'utf-8')
+        multipart_parser = MultiPartParser(
+            {
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "multipart/form-data; boundary=_foo",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": "a",
+            },
+            StringIO("x"),
+            [],
+            "utf-8",
+        )
         self.assertEqual(multipart_parser._content_length, 0)
 
     def test_sanitize_file_name(self):
-        parser = MultiPartParser({
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=_foo',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': '1'
-        }, StringIO('x'), [], 'utf-8')
+        parser = MultiPartParser(
+            {
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "multipart/form-data; boundary=_foo",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": "1",
+            },
+            StringIO("x"),
+            [],
+            "utf-8",
+        )
         for file_name in CANDIDATE_TRAVERSAL_FILE_NAMES:
             with self.subTest(file_name=file_name):
-                self.assertEqual(parser.sanitize_file_name(file_name), 'hax0rd.txt')
+                self.assertEqual(parser.sanitize_file_name(file_name), "hax0rd.txt")
 
     def test_sanitize_invalid_file_name(self):
-        parser = MultiPartParser({
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=_foo',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': '1',
-        }, StringIO('x'), [], 'utf-8')
+        parser = MultiPartParser(
+            {
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "multipart/form-data; boundary=_foo",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": "1",
+            },
+            StringIO("x"),
+            [],
+            "utf-8",
+        )
         for file_name in CANDIDATE_INVALID_FILE_NAMES:
             with self.subTest(file_name=file_name):
                 self.assertIsNone(parser.sanitize_file_name(file_name))
 
     def test_rfc2231_parsing(self):
         test_data = (
-            (b"Content-Type: application/x-stuff; title*=us-ascii'en-us'This%20is%20%2A%2A%2Afun%2A%2A%2A",
-             "This is ***fun***"),
-            (b"Content-Type: application/x-stuff; title*=UTF-8''foo-%c3%a4.html",
-             "foo-ä.html"),
-            (b"Content-Type: application/x-stuff; title*=iso-8859-1''foo-%E4.html",
-             "foo-ä.html"),
+            (
+                b"Content-Type: application/x-stuff; title*=us-ascii'en-us'This%20is%20%2A%2A%2Afun%2A%2A%2A",
+                "This is ***fun***",
+            ),
+            (
+                b"Content-Type: application/x-stuff; title*=UTF-8''foo-%c3%a4.html",
+                "foo-ä.html",
+            ),
+            (
+                b"Content-Type: application/x-stuff; title*=iso-8859-1''foo-%E4.html",
+                "foo-ä.html",
+            ),
         )
         for raw_line, expected_title in test_data:
             parsed = parse_header(raw_line)
-            self.assertEqual(parsed[1]['title'], expected_title)
+            self.assertEqual(parsed[1]["title"], expected_title)
 
     def test_rfc2231_wrong_title(self):
         """
@@ -806,13 +929,13 @@ class MultiParserTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Parsing should not crash (#24209).
         """
         test_data = (
-            (b"Content-Type: application/x-stuff; title*='This%20is%20%2A%2A%2Afun%2A%2A%2A",
-             b"'This%20is%20%2A%2A%2Afun%2A%2A%2A"),
-            (b"Content-Type: application/x-stuff; title*='foo.html",
-             b"'foo.html"),
-            (b"Content-Type: application/x-stuff; title*=bar.html",
-             b"bar.html"),
+            (
+                b"Content-Type: application/x-stuff; title*='This%20is%20%2A%2A%2Afun%2A%2A%2A",
+                b"'This%20is%20%2A%2A%2Afun%2A%2A%2A",
+            ),
+            (b"Content-Type: application/x-stuff; title*='foo.html", b"'foo.html"),
+            (b"Content-Type: application/x-stuff; title*=bar.html", b"bar.html"),
         )
         for raw_line, expected_title in test_data:
             parsed = parse_header(raw_line)
-            self.assertEqual(parsed[1]['title'], expected_title)
+            self.assertEqual(parsed[1]["title"], expected_title)
diff --git a/tests/file_uploads/uploadhandler.py b/tests/file_uploads/uploadhandler.py
index eac6de037c..eecbc6dc9b 100644
--- a/tests/file_uploads/uploadhandler.py
+++ b/tests/file_uploads/uploadhandler.py
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ import os
 from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile
 
 from django.core.files.uploadhandler import (
-    FileUploadHandler, StopUpload, TemporaryFileUploadHandler,
+    FileUploadHandler,
+    StopUpload,
+    TemporaryFileUploadHandler,
 )
 
 
@@ -15,7 +17,7 @@ class QuotaUploadHandler(FileUploadHandler):
     (5MB) is uploaded.
     """
 
-    QUOTA = 5 * 2 ** 20  # 5 MB
+    QUOTA = 5 * 2**20  # 5 MB
 
     def __init__(self, request=None):
         super().__init__(request)
@@ -33,6 +35,7 @@ class QuotaUploadHandler(FileUploadHandler):
 
 class StopUploadTemporaryFileHandler(TemporaryFileUploadHandler):
     """A handler that raises a StopUpload exception."""
+
     def receive_data_chunk(self, raw_data, start):
         raise StopUpload()
 
@@ -43,12 +46,14 @@ class CustomUploadError(Exception):
 
 class ErroringUploadHandler(FileUploadHandler):
     """A handler that raises an exception."""
+
     def receive_data_chunk(self, raw_data, start):
         raise CustomUploadError("Oops!")
 
 
 class TraversalUploadHandler(FileUploadHandler):
     """A handler with potential directory-traversal vulnerability."""
+
     def __init__(self, request=None):
         from .views import UPLOAD_TO
 
@@ -58,19 +63,28 @@ class TraversalUploadHandler(FileUploadHandler):
     def file_complete(self, file_size):
         self.file.seek(0)
         self.file.size = file_size
-        with open(os.path.join(self.upload_dir, self.file_name), 'wb') as fp:
+        with open(os.path.join(self.upload_dir, self.file_name), "wb") as fp:
             fp.write(self.file.read())
         return self.file
 
     def new_file(
-        self, field_name, file_name, content_type, content_length, charset=None,
+        self,
+        field_name,
+        file_name,
+        content_type,
+        content_length,
+        charset=None,
         content_type_extra=None,
     ):
         super().new_file(
-            file_name, file_name, content_length, content_length, charset,
+            file_name,
+            file_name,
+            content_length,
+            content_length,
+            charset,
             content_type_extra,
         )
-        self.file = NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.upload', dir=self.upload_dir)
+        self.file = NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".upload", dir=self.upload_dir)
 
     def receive_data_chunk(self, raw_data, start):
         self.file.write(raw_data)
diff --git a/tests/file_uploads/urls.py b/tests/file_uploads/urls.py
index 9df5432403..7cb54f3be0 100644
--- a/tests/file_uploads/urls.py
+++ b/tests/file_uploads/urls.py
@@ -3,19 +3,19 @@ from django.urls import path, re_path
 from . import views
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('upload/', views.file_upload_view),
-    path('upload_traversal/', views.file_upload_traversal_view),
-    path('verify/', views.file_upload_view_verify),
-    path('unicode_name/', views.file_upload_unicode_name),
-    path('echo/', views.file_upload_echo),
-    path('echo_content_type_extra/', views.file_upload_content_type_extra),
-    path('echo_content/', views.file_upload_echo_content),
-    path('quota/', views.file_upload_quota),
-    path('quota/broken/', views.file_upload_quota_broken),
-    path('getlist_count/', views.file_upload_getlist_count),
-    path('upload_errors/', views.file_upload_errors),
-    path('temp_file/stop_upload/', views.file_stop_upload_temporary_file),
-    path('temp_file/upload_interrupted/', views.file_upload_interrupted_temporary_file),
-    path('filename_case/', views.file_upload_filename_case_view),
-    re_path(r'^fd_closing/(?P<access>t|f)/$', views.file_upload_fd_closing),
+    path("upload/", views.file_upload_view),
+    path("upload_traversal/", views.file_upload_traversal_view),
+    path("verify/", views.file_upload_view_verify),
+    path("unicode_name/", views.file_upload_unicode_name),
+    path("echo/", views.file_upload_echo),
+    path("echo_content_type_extra/", views.file_upload_content_type_extra),
+    path("echo_content/", views.file_upload_echo_content),
+    path("quota/", views.file_upload_quota),
+    path("quota/broken/", views.file_upload_quota_broken),
+    path("getlist_count/", views.file_upload_getlist_count),
+    path("upload_errors/", views.file_upload_errors),
+    path("temp_file/stop_upload/", views.file_stop_upload_temporary_file),
+    path("temp_file/upload_interrupted/", views.file_upload_interrupted_temporary_file),
+    path("filename_case/", views.file_upload_filename_case_view),
+    re_path(r"^fd_closing/(?P<access>t|f)/$", views.file_upload_fd_closing),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/file_uploads/views.py b/tests/file_uploads/views.py
index 50de6238b4..d5efbba3ce 100644
--- a/tests/file_uploads/views.py
+++ b/tests/file_uploads/views.py
@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@ from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseServerError, JsonResponse
 from .models import FileModel
 from .tests import UNICODE_FILENAME, UPLOAD_TO
 from .uploadhandler import (
-    ErroringUploadHandler, QuotaUploadHandler, StopUploadTemporaryFileHandler,
+    ErroringUploadHandler,
+    QuotaUploadHandler,
+    StopUploadTemporaryFileHandler,
     TraversalUploadHandler,
 )
 
@@ -19,10 +21,12 @@ def file_upload_view(request):
     """
     form_data = request.POST.copy()
     form_data.update(request.FILES)
-    if isinstance(form_data.get('file_field'), UploadedFile) and isinstance(form_data['name'], str):
+    if isinstance(form_data.get("file_field"), UploadedFile) and isinstance(
+        form_data["name"], str
+    ):
         # If a file is posted, the dummy client should only post the file name,
         # not the full path.
-        if os.path.dirname(form_data['file_field'].name) != '':
+        if os.path.dirname(form_data["file_field"].name) != "":
             return HttpResponseServerError()
         return HttpResponse()
     else:
@@ -37,11 +41,11 @@ def file_upload_view_verify(request):
     form_data.update(request.FILES)
 
     for key, value in form_data.items():
-        if key.endswith('_hash'):
+        if key.endswith("_hash"):
             continue
-        if key + '_hash' not in form_data:
+        if key + "_hash" not in form_data:
             continue
-        submitted_hash = form_data[key + '_hash']
+        submitted_hash = form_data[key + "_hash"]
         if isinstance(value, UploadedFile):
             new_hash = hashlib.sha1(value.read()).hexdigest()
         else:
@@ -50,7 +54,7 @@ def file_upload_view_verify(request):
             return HttpResponseServerError()
 
     # Adding large file to the database should succeed
-    largefile = request.FILES['file_field2']
+    largefile = request.FILES["file_field2"]
     obj = FileModel()
     obj.testfile.save(largefile.name, largefile)
 
@@ -59,13 +63,13 @@ def file_upload_view_verify(request):
 
 def file_upload_unicode_name(request):
     # Check to see if Unicode name came through properly.
-    if not request.FILES['file_unicode'].name.endswith(UNICODE_FILENAME):
+    if not request.FILES["file_unicode"].name.endswith(UNICODE_FILENAME):
         return HttpResponseServerError()
     # Check to make sure the exotic characters are preserved even
     # through file save.
-    uni_named_file = request.FILES['file_unicode']
+    uni_named_file = request.FILES["file_unicode"]
     FileModel.objects.create(testfile=uni_named_file)
-    full_name = '%s/%s' % (UPLOAD_TO, uni_named_file.name)
+    full_name = "%s/%s" % (UPLOAD_TO, uni_named_file.name)
     return HttpResponse() if os.path.exists(full_name) else HttpResponseServerError()
 
 
@@ -81,9 +85,11 @@ def file_upload_echo_content(request):
     """
     Simple view to echo back the content of uploaded files for tests.
     """
+
     def read_and_close(f):
         with f:
             return f.read().decode()
+
     r = {k: read_and_close(f) for k, f in request.FILES.items()}
     return JsonResponse(r)
 
@@ -110,7 +116,7 @@ def file_stop_upload_temporary_file(request):
     request.upload_handlers.pop(2)
     request.FILES  # Trigger file parsing.
     return JsonResponse(
-        {'temp_path': request.upload_handlers[0].file.temporary_file_path()},
+        {"temp_path": request.upload_handlers[0].file.temporary_file_path()},
     )
 
 
@@ -119,7 +125,7 @@ def file_upload_interrupted_temporary_file(request):
     request.upload_handlers.pop(2)
     request.FILES  # Trigger file parsing.
     return JsonResponse(
-        {'temp_path': request.upload_handlers[0].file.temporary_file_path()},
+        {"temp_path": request.upload_handlers[0].file.temporary_file_path()},
     )
 
 
@@ -143,10 +149,10 @@ def file_upload_filename_case_view(request):
     """
     Check adding the file to the database will preserve the filename case.
     """
-    file = request.FILES['file_field']
+    file = request.FILES["file_field"]
     obj = FileModel()
     obj.testfile.save(file.name, file)
-    return HttpResponse('%d' % obj.pk)
+    return HttpResponse("%d" % obj.pk)
 
 
 def file_upload_content_type_extra(request):
@@ -155,12 +161,14 @@ def file_upload_content_type_extra(request):
     """
     params = {}
     for file_name, uploadedfile in request.FILES.items():
-        params[file_name] = {k: v.decode() for k, v in uploadedfile.content_type_extra.items()}
+        params[file_name] = {
+            k: v.decode() for k, v in uploadedfile.content_type_extra.items()
+        }
     return JsonResponse(params)
 
 
 def file_upload_fd_closing(request, access):
-    if access == 't':
+    if access == "t":
         request.FILES  # Trigger file parsing.
     return HttpResponse()
 
@@ -169,5 +177,5 @@ def file_upload_traversal_view(request):
     request.upload_handlers.insert(0, TraversalUploadHandler())
     request.FILES  # Trigger file parsing.
     return JsonResponse(
-        {'file_name': request.upload_handlers[0].file_name},
+        {"file_name": request.upload_handlers[0].file_name},
     )
diff --git a/tests/files/tests.py b/tests/files/tests.py
index bb7ce218c7..c86b53bbd3 100644
--- a/tests/files/tests.py
+++ b/tests/files/tests.py
@@ -13,14 +13,17 @@ from django.core.files.base import ContentFile
 from django.core.files.move import file_move_safe
 from django.core.files.temp import NamedTemporaryFile
 from django.core.files.uploadedfile import (
-    InMemoryUploadedFile, SimpleUploadedFile, TemporaryUploadedFile,
+    InMemoryUploadedFile,
+    SimpleUploadedFile,
+    TemporaryUploadedFile,
     UploadedFile,
 )
 from django.test import override_settings
 
 try:
     from PIL import Image, features
-    HAS_WEBP = features.check('webp')
+
+    HAS_WEBP = features.check("webp")
 except ImportError:
     Image = None
     HAS_WEBP = False
@@ -30,11 +33,11 @@ else:
 
 class FileTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_unicode_uploadedfile_name(self):
-        uf = UploadedFile(name='¿Cómo?', content_type='text')
+        uf = UploadedFile(name="¿Cómo?", content_type="text")
         self.assertIs(type(repr(uf)), str)
 
     def test_unicode_file_name(self):
-        f = File(None, 'djángö')
+        f = File(None, "djángö")
         self.assertIs(type(repr(f)), str)
 
     def test_context_manager(self):
@@ -47,10 +50,10 @@ class FileTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertTrue(orig_file.closed)
 
     def test_open_resets_opened_file_to_start_and_returns_context_manager(self):
-        file = File(BytesIO(b'content'))
+        file = File(BytesIO(b"content"))
         file.read()
         with file.open() as f:
-            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b'content')
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"content")
 
     def test_open_reopens_closed_file_and_returns_context_manager(self):
         temporary_file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False)
@@ -81,7 +84,7 @@ class FileTests(unittest.TestCase):
         # Should not set mode to None if it is not present.
         # See #14681, stdlib gzip module crashes if mode is set to None
         file = SimpleUploadedFile("mode_test.txt", b"content")
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(file, 'mode'))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(file, "mode"))
         gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=file)
 
     def test_file_iteration(self):
@@ -89,80 +92,90 @@ class FileTests(unittest.TestCase):
         File objects should yield lines when iterated over.
         Refs #22107.
         """
-        file = File(BytesIO(b'one\ntwo\nthree'))
-        self.assertEqual(list(file), [b'one\n', b'two\n', b'three'])
+        file = File(BytesIO(b"one\ntwo\nthree"))
+        self.assertEqual(list(file), [b"one\n", b"two\n", b"three"])
 
     def test_file_iteration_windows_newlines(self):
         """
         #8149 - File objects with \r\n line endings should yield lines
         when iterated over.
         """
-        f = File(BytesIO(b'one\r\ntwo\r\nthree'))
-        self.assertEqual(list(f), [b'one\r\n', b'two\r\n', b'three'])
+        f = File(BytesIO(b"one\r\ntwo\r\nthree"))
+        self.assertEqual(list(f), [b"one\r\n", b"two\r\n", b"three"])
 
     def test_file_iteration_mac_newlines(self):
         """
         #8149 - File objects with \r line endings should yield lines
         when iterated over.
         """
-        f = File(BytesIO(b'one\rtwo\rthree'))
-        self.assertEqual(list(f), [b'one\r', b'two\r', b'three'])
+        f = File(BytesIO(b"one\rtwo\rthree"))
+        self.assertEqual(list(f), [b"one\r", b"two\r", b"three"])
 
     def test_file_iteration_mixed_newlines(self):
-        f = File(BytesIO(b'one\rtwo\nthree\r\nfour'))
-        self.assertEqual(list(f), [b'one\r', b'two\n', b'three\r\n', b'four'])
+        f = File(BytesIO(b"one\rtwo\nthree\r\nfour"))
+        self.assertEqual(list(f), [b"one\r", b"two\n", b"three\r\n", b"four"])
 
     def test_file_iteration_with_unix_newline_at_chunk_boundary(self):
-        f = File(BytesIO(b'one\ntwo\nthree'))
+        f = File(BytesIO(b"one\ntwo\nthree"))
         # Set chunk size to create a boundary after \n:
         # b'one\n...
         #        ^
         f.DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE = 4
-        self.assertEqual(list(f), [b'one\n', b'two\n', b'three'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(f), [b"one\n", b"two\n", b"three"])
 
     def test_file_iteration_with_windows_newline_at_chunk_boundary(self):
-        f = File(BytesIO(b'one\r\ntwo\r\nthree'))
+        f = File(BytesIO(b"one\r\ntwo\r\nthree"))
         # Set chunk size to create a boundary between \r and \n:
         # b'one\r\n...
         #        ^
         f.DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE = 4
-        self.assertEqual(list(f), [b'one\r\n', b'two\r\n', b'three'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(f), [b"one\r\n", b"two\r\n", b"three"])
 
     def test_file_iteration_with_mac_newline_at_chunk_boundary(self):
-        f = File(BytesIO(b'one\rtwo\rthree'))
+        f = File(BytesIO(b"one\rtwo\rthree"))
         # Set chunk size to create a boundary after \r:
         # b'one\r...
         #        ^
         f.DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE = 4
-        self.assertEqual(list(f), [b'one\r', b'two\r', b'three'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(f), [b"one\r", b"two\r", b"three"])
 
     def test_file_iteration_with_text(self):
-        f = File(StringIO('one\ntwo\nthree'))
-        self.assertEqual(list(f), ['one\n', 'two\n', 'three'])
+        f = File(StringIO("one\ntwo\nthree"))
+        self.assertEqual(list(f), ["one\n", "two\n", "three"])
 
     def test_readable(self):
-        with tempfile.TemporaryFile() as temp, File(temp, name='something.txt') as test_file:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryFile() as temp, File(
+            temp, name="something.txt"
+        ) as test_file:
             self.assertTrue(test_file.readable())
         self.assertFalse(test_file.readable())
 
     def test_writable(self):
-        with tempfile.TemporaryFile() as temp, File(temp, name='something.txt') as test_file:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryFile() as temp, File(
+            temp, name="something.txt"
+        ) as test_file:
             self.assertTrue(test_file.writable())
         self.assertFalse(test_file.writable())
-        with tempfile.TemporaryFile('rb') as temp, File(temp, name='something.txt') as test_file:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryFile("rb") as temp, File(
+            temp, name="something.txt"
+        ) as test_file:
             self.assertFalse(test_file.writable())
 
     def test_seekable(self):
-        with tempfile.TemporaryFile() as temp, File(temp, name='something.txt') as test_file:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryFile() as temp, File(
+            temp, name="something.txt"
+        ) as test_file:
             self.assertTrue(test_file.seekable())
         self.assertFalse(test_file.seekable())
 
     def test_io_wrapper(self):
         content = "vive l'été\n"
-        with tempfile.TemporaryFile() as temp, File(temp, name='something.txt') as test_file:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryFile() as temp, File(
+            temp, name="something.txt"
+        ) as test_file:
             test_file.write(content.encode())
             test_file.seek(0)
-            wrapper = TextIOWrapper(test_file, 'utf-8', newline='\n')
+            wrapper = TextIOWrapper(test_file, "utf-8", newline="\n")
             self.assertEqual(wrapper.read(), content)
             wrapper.write(content)
             wrapper.seek(0)
@@ -172,7 +185,7 @@ class FileTests(unittest.TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(test_file.read(), (content * 2).encode())
 
     def test_exclusive_lock(self):
-        file_path = Path(__file__).parent / 'test.png'
+        file_path = Path(__file__).parent / "test.png"
         with open(file_path) as f1, open(file_path) as f2:
             self.assertIs(locks.lock(f1, locks.LOCK_EX), True)
             self.assertIs(locks.lock(f2, locks.LOCK_EX | locks.LOCK_NB), False)
@@ -180,7 +193,7 @@ class FileTests(unittest.TestCase):
             self.assertIs(locks.unlock(f1), True)
 
     def test_shared_lock(self):
-        file_path = Path(__file__).parent / 'test.png'
+        file_path = Path(__file__).parent / "test.png"
         with open(file_path) as f1, open(file_path) as f2:
             self.assertIs(locks.lock(f1, locks.LOCK_SH), True)
             self.assertIs(locks.lock(f2, locks.LOCK_SH | locks.LOCK_NB), True)
@@ -193,11 +206,12 @@ class NoNameFileTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     Other examples of unnamed files may be tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile or
     urllib.urlopen()
     """
+
     def test_noname_file_default_name(self):
-        self.assertIsNone(File(BytesIO(b'A file with no name')).name)
+        self.assertIsNone(File(BytesIO(b"A file with no name")).name)
 
     def test_noname_file_get_size(self):
-        self.assertEqual(File(BytesIO(b'A file with no name')).size, 19)
+        self.assertEqual(File(BytesIO(b"A file with no name")).size, 19)
 
 
 class ContentFileTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -220,41 +234,43 @@ class ContentFileTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(ContentFile("español").read(), str)
 
     def test_open_resets_file_to_start_and_returns_context_manager(self):
-        file = ContentFile(b'content')
+        file = ContentFile(b"content")
         with file.open() as f:
-            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b'content')
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"content")
         with file.open() as f:
-            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b'content')
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"content")
 
     def test_size_changing_after_writing(self):
         """ContentFile.size changes after a write()."""
-        f = ContentFile('')
+        f = ContentFile("")
         self.assertEqual(f.size, 0)
-        f.write('Test ')
-        f.write('string')
+        f.write("Test ")
+        f.write("string")
         self.assertEqual(f.size, 11)
         with f.open() as fh:
-            self.assertEqual(fh.read(), 'Test string')
+            self.assertEqual(fh.read(), "Test string")
 
 
 class InMemoryUploadedFileTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_open_resets_file_to_start_and_returns_context_manager(self):
-        uf = InMemoryUploadedFile(StringIO('1'), '', 'test', 'text/plain', 1, 'utf8')
+        uf = InMemoryUploadedFile(StringIO("1"), "", "test", "text/plain", 1, "utf8")
         uf.read()
         with uf.open() as f:
-            self.assertEqual(f.read(), '1')
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), "1")
 
 
 class TemporaryUploadedFileTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_extension_kept(self):
         """The temporary file name has the same suffix as the original file."""
-        with TemporaryUploadedFile('test.txt', 'text/plain', 1, 'utf8') as temp_file:
-            self.assertTrue(temp_file.file.name.endswith('.upload.txt'))
+        with TemporaryUploadedFile("test.txt", "text/plain", 1, "utf8") as temp_file:
+            self.assertTrue(temp_file.file.name.endswith(".upload.txt"))
 
     def test_file_upload_temp_dir_pathlib(self):
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir:
             with override_settings(FILE_UPLOAD_TEMP_DIR=Path(tmp_dir)):
-                with TemporaryUploadedFile('test.txt', 'text/plain', 1, 'utf-8') as temp_file:
+                with TemporaryUploadedFile(
+                    "test.txt", "text/plain", 1, "utf-8"
+                ) as temp_file:
                     self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(temp_file.file.name))
 
 
@@ -262,6 +278,7 @@ class DimensionClosingBug(unittest.TestCase):
     """
     get_image_dimensions() properly closes files (#8817)
     """
+
     @unittest.skipUnless(Image, "Pillow not installed")
     def test_not_closing_of_files(self):
         """
@@ -302,7 +319,9 @@ class DimensionClosingBug(unittest.TestCase):
 
         images.open = catching_open
         try:
-            images.get_image_dimensions(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "test1.png"))
+            images.get_image_dimensions(
+                os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "test1.png")
+            )
         finally:
             del images.open
         self.assertTrue(FileWrapper._closed)
@@ -313,13 +332,14 @@ class InconsistentGetImageDimensionsBug(unittest.TestCase):
     get_image_dimensions() works properly after various calls
     using a file handler (#11158)
     """
+
     @unittest.skipUnless(Image, "Pillow not installed")
     def test_multiple_calls(self):
         """
         Multiple calls of get_image_dimensions() should return the same size.
         """
         img_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "test.png")
-        with open(img_path, 'rb') as fh:
+        with open(img_path, "rb") as fh:
             image = images.ImageFile(fh)
             image_pil = Image.open(fh)
             size_1 = images.get_image_dimensions(image)
@@ -335,13 +355,12 @@ class InconsistentGetImageDimensionsBug(unittest.TestCase):
         """
         img_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "magic.png")
         size = images.get_image_dimensions(img_path)
-        with open(img_path, 'rb') as fh:
+        with open(img_path, "rb") as fh:
             self.assertEqual(size, Image.open(fh).size)
 
 
 @unittest.skipUnless(Image, "Pillow not installed")
 class GetImageDimensionsTests(unittest.TestCase):
-
     def test_invalid_image(self):
         """
         get_image_dimensions() should return (None, None) for the dimensions of
@@ -351,7 +370,7 @@ class GetImageDimensionsTests(unittest.TestCase):
         $ echo "123" > brokenimg.png
         """
         img_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "brokenimg.png")
-        with open(img_path, 'rb') as fh:
+        with open(img_path, "rb") as fh:
             size = images.get_image_dimensions(fh)
             self.assertEqual(size, (None, None))
 
@@ -364,19 +383,19 @@ class GetImageDimensionsTests(unittest.TestCase):
         attempt, the resulting image size should be invalid: (None, None).
         """
         img_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "test.png")
-        with mock.patch('PIL.ImageFile.Parser.feed', side_effect=struct.error):
-            with open(img_path, 'rb') as fh:
+        with mock.patch("PIL.ImageFile.Parser.feed", side_effect=struct.error):
+            with open(img_path, "rb") as fh:
                 size = images.get_image_dimensions(fh)
                 self.assertEqual(size, (None, None))
 
     def test_missing_file(self):
-        size = images.get_image_dimensions('missing.png')
+        size = images.get_image_dimensions("missing.png")
         self.assertEqual(size, (None, None))
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(HAS_WEBP, 'WEBP not installed')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(HAS_WEBP, "WEBP not installed")
     def test_webp(self):
-        img_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'test.webp')
-        with open(img_path, 'rb') as fh:
+        img_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "test.webp")
+        with open(img_path, "rb") as fh:
             size = images.get_image_dimensions(fh)
         self.assertEqual(size, (540, 405))
 
@@ -392,7 +411,9 @@ class FileMoveSafeTests(unittest.TestCase):
             file_move_safe(self.file_a, self.file_b, allow_overwrite=False)
 
         # should allow it and continue on if allow_overwrite is True
-        self.assertIsNone(file_move_safe(self.file_a, self.file_b, allow_overwrite=True))
+        self.assertIsNone(
+            file_move_safe(self.file_a, self.file_b, allow_overwrite=True)
+        )
 
         os.close(handle_a)
         os.close(handle_b)
@@ -402,21 +423,27 @@ class FileMoveSafeTests(unittest.TestCase):
         file_move_safe() ignores a copystat() EPERM PermissionError. This
         happens when the destination filesystem is CIFS, for example.
         """
-        copystat_EACCES_error = PermissionError(errno.EACCES, 'msg')
-        copystat_EPERM_error = PermissionError(errno.EPERM, 'msg')
+        copystat_EACCES_error = PermissionError(errno.EACCES, "msg")
+        copystat_EPERM_error = PermissionError(errno.EPERM, "msg")
         handle_a, self.file_a = tempfile.mkstemp()
         handle_b, self.file_b = tempfile.mkstemp()
         try:
             # This exception is required to reach the copystat() call in
             # file_safe_move().
-            with mock.patch('django.core.files.move.os.rename', side_effect=OSError()):
+            with mock.patch("django.core.files.move.os.rename", side_effect=OSError()):
                 # An error besides EPERM isn't ignored.
-                with mock.patch('django.core.files.move.copystat', side_effect=copystat_EACCES_error):
+                with mock.patch(
+                    "django.core.files.move.copystat", side_effect=copystat_EACCES_error
+                ):
                     with self.assertRaises(PermissionError):
                         file_move_safe(self.file_a, self.file_b, allow_overwrite=True)
                 # EPERM is ignored.
-                with mock.patch('django.core.files.move.copystat', side_effect=copystat_EPERM_error):
-                    self.assertIsNone(file_move_safe(self.file_a, self.file_b, allow_overwrite=True))
+                with mock.patch(
+                    "django.core.files.move.copystat", side_effect=copystat_EPERM_error
+                ):
+                    self.assertIsNone(
+                        file_move_safe(self.file_a, self.file_b, allow_overwrite=True)
+                    )
         finally:
             os.close(handle_a)
             os.close(handle_b)
diff --git a/tests/filtered_relation/models.py b/tests/filtered_relation/models.py
index c7efa4cd04..d34a86305f 100644
--- a/tests/filtered_relation/models.py
+++ b/tests/filtered_relation/models.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.db import models
 
@@ -8,9 +6,9 @@ from django.db import models
 class Author(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique=True)
     favorite_books = models.ManyToManyField(
-        'Book',
-        related_name='preferred_by_authors',
-        related_query_name='preferred_by_authors',
+        "Book",
+        related_name="preferred_by_authors",
+        related_query_name="preferred_by_authors",
     )
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE, null=True)
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField(null=True)
@@ -22,20 +20,20 @@ class Editor(models.Model):
 
 
 class Book(models.Model):
-    AVAILABLE = 'available'
-    RESERVED = 'reserved'
-    RENTED = 'rented'
+    AVAILABLE = "available"
+    RESERVED = "reserved"
+    RENTED = "rented"
     STATES = (
-        (AVAILABLE, 'Available'),
-        (RESERVED, 'reserved'),
-        (RENTED, 'Rented'),
+        (AVAILABLE, "Available"),
+        (RESERVED, "reserved"),
+        (RENTED, "Rented"),
     )
     title = models.CharField(max_length=255)
     author = models.ForeignKey(
         Author,
         models.CASCADE,
-        related_name='books',
-        related_query_name='book',
+        related_name="books",
+        related_query_name="book",
     )
     editor = models.ForeignKey(Editor, models.CASCADE)
     generic_author = GenericRelation(Author)
@@ -47,45 +45,45 @@ class Borrower(models.Model):
 
 
 class Reservation(models.Model):
-    NEW = 'new'
-    STOPPED = 'stopped'
+    NEW = "new"
+    STOPPED = "stopped"
     STATES = (
-        (NEW, 'New'),
-        (STOPPED, 'Stopped'),
+        (NEW, "New"),
+        (STOPPED, "Stopped"),
     )
     borrower = models.ForeignKey(
         Borrower,
         models.CASCADE,
-        related_name='reservations',
-        related_query_name='reservation',
+        related_name="reservations",
+        related_query_name="reservation",
     )
     book = models.ForeignKey(
         Book,
         models.CASCADE,
-        related_name='reservations',
-        related_query_name='reservation',
+        related_name="reservations",
+        related_query_name="reservation",
     )
     state = models.CharField(max_length=7, choices=STATES, default=NEW)
 
 
 class RentalSession(models.Model):
-    NEW = 'new'
-    STOPPED = 'stopped'
+    NEW = "new"
+    STOPPED = "stopped"
     STATES = (
-        (NEW, 'New'),
-        (STOPPED, 'Stopped'),
+        (NEW, "New"),
+        (STOPPED, "Stopped"),
     )
     borrower = models.ForeignKey(
         Borrower,
         models.CASCADE,
-        related_name='rental_sessions',
-        related_query_name='rental_session',
+        related_name="rental_sessions",
+        related_query_name="rental_session",
     )
     book = models.ForeignKey(
         Book,
         models.CASCADE,
-        related_name='rental_sessions',
-        related_query_name='rental_session',
+        related_name="rental_sessions",
+        related_query_name="rental_session",
     )
     state = models.CharField(max_length=7, choices=STATES, default=NEW)
 
@@ -103,18 +101,18 @@ class ExchangeRate(models.Model):
     from_currency = models.ForeignKey(
         Currency,
         models.CASCADE,
-        related_name='rates_from',
+        related_name="rates_from",
     )
     to_currency = models.ForeignKey(
         Currency,
         models.CASCADE,
-        related_name='rates_to',
+        related_name="rates_to",
     )
     rate = models.DecimalField(max_digits=6, decimal_places=4)
 
 
 class BookDailySales(models.Model):
-    book = models.ForeignKey(Book, models.CASCADE, related_name='daily_sales')
+    book = models.ForeignKey(Book, models.CASCADE, related_name="daily_sales")
     sale_date = models.DateField()
     currency = models.ForeignKey(Currency, models.CASCADE)
     seller = models.ForeignKey(Seller, models.CASCADE)
diff --git a/tests/filtered_relation/tests.py b/tests/filtered_relation/tests.py
index 5ab273aeb5..bf099f763a 100644
--- a/tests/filtered_relation/tests.py
+++ b/tests/filtered_relation/tests.py
@@ -4,43 +4,57 @@ from unittest import mock
 
 from django.db import connection, transaction
 from django.db.models import (
-    Case, Count, DecimalField, F, FilteredRelation, Q, Sum, When,
+    Case,
+    Count,
+    DecimalField,
+    F,
+    FilteredRelation,
+    Q,
+    Sum,
+    When,
 )
 from django.test import TestCase
 from django.test.testcases import skipUnlessDBFeature
 
 from .models import (
-    Author, Book, BookDailySales, Borrower, Currency, Editor, ExchangeRate,
-    RentalSession, Reservation, Seller,
+    Author,
+    Book,
+    BookDailySales,
+    Borrower,
+    Currency,
+    Editor,
+    ExchangeRate,
+    RentalSession,
+    Reservation,
+    Seller,
 )
 
 
 class FilteredRelationTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.author1 = Author.objects.create(name='Alice')
-        cls.author2 = Author.objects.create(name='Jane')
-        cls.editor_a = Editor.objects.create(name='a')
-        cls.editor_b = Editor.objects.create(name='b')
+        cls.author1 = Author.objects.create(name="Alice")
+        cls.author2 = Author.objects.create(name="Jane")
+        cls.editor_a = Editor.objects.create(name="a")
+        cls.editor_b = Editor.objects.create(name="b")
         cls.book1 = Book.objects.create(
-            title='Poem by Alice',
+            title="Poem by Alice",
             editor=cls.editor_a,
             author=cls.author1,
         )
         cls.book1.generic_author.set([cls.author2])
         cls.book2 = Book.objects.create(
-            title='The book by Jane A',
+            title="The book by Jane A",
             editor=cls.editor_b,
             author=cls.author2,
         )
         cls.book3 = Book.objects.create(
-            title='The book by Jane B',
+            title="The book by Jane B",
             editor=cls.editor_b,
             author=cls.author2,
         )
         cls.book4 = Book.objects.create(
-            title='The book by Alice',
+            title="The book by Alice",
             editor=cls.editor_a,
             author=cls.author1,
         )
@@ -48,81 +62,124 @@ class FilteredRelationTests(TestCase):
         cls.author1.favorite_books.add(cls.book3)
 
     def test_select_related(self):
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(
-            book_join=FilteredRelation('book'),
-        ).select_related('book_join__editor').order_by('pk', 'book_join__pk')
+        qs = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(
+                book_join=FilteredRelation("book"),
+            )
+            .select_related("book_join__editor")
+            .order_by("pk", "book_join__pk")
+        )
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-                (self.author1, self.book1, self.editor_a, self.author1),
-                (self.author1, self.book4, self.editor_a, self.author1),
-                (self.author2, self.book2, self.editor_b, self.author2),
-                (self.author2, self.book3, self.editor_b, self.author2),
-            ], lambda x: (x, x.book_join, x.book_join.editor, x.book_join.author))
+            self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+                qs,
+                [
+                    (self.author1, self.book1, self.editor_a, self.author1),
+                    (self.author1, self.book4, self.editor_a, self.author1),
+                    (self.author2, self.book2, self.editor_b, self.author2),
+                    (self.author2, self.book3, self.editor_b, self.author2),
+                ],
+                lambda x: (x, x.book_join, x.book_join.editor, x.book_join.author),
+            )
 
     def test_select_related_multiple(self):
-        qs = Book.objects.annotate(
-            author_join=FilteredRelation('author'),
-            editor_join=FilteredRelation('editor'),
-        ).select_related('author_join', 'editor_join').order_by('pk')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            (self.book1, self.author1, self.editor_a),
-            (self.book2, self.author2, self.editor_b),
-            (self.book3, self.author2, self.editor_b),
-            (self.book4, self.author1, self.editor_a),
-        ], lambda x: (x, x.author_join, x.editor_join))
+        qs = (
+            Book.objects.annotate(
+                author_join=FilteredRelation("author"),
+                editor_join=FilteredRelation("editor"),
+            )
+            .select_related("author_join", "editor_join")
+            .order_by("pk")
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                (self.book1, self.author1, self.editor_a),
+                (self.book2, self.author2, self.editor_b),
+                (self.book3, self.author2, self.editor_b),
+                (self.book4, self.author1, self.editor_a),
+            ],
+            lambda x: (x, x.author_join, x.editor_join),
+        )
 
     def test_select_related_with_empty_relation(self):
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(
-            book_join=FilteredRelation('book', condition=Q(pk=-1)),
-        ).select_related('book_join').order_by('pk')
+        qs = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(
+                book_join=FilteredRelation("book", condition=Q(pk=-1)),
+            )
+            .select_related("book_join")
+            .order_by("pk")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.author1, self.author2])
 
     def test_select_related_foreign_key(self):
-        qs = Book.objects.annotate(
-            author_join=FilteredRelation('author'),
-        ).select_related('author_join').order_by('pk')
+        qs = (
+            Book.objects.annotate(
+                author_join=FilteredRelation("author"),
+            )
+            .select_related("author_join")
+            .order_by("pk")
+        )
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-                (self.book1, self.author1),
-                (self.book2, self.author2),
-                (self.book3, self.author2),
-                (self.book4, self.author1),
-            ], lambda x: (x, x.author_join))
-
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update', 'has_select_for_update_of')
-    def test_select_related_foreign_key_for_update_of(self):
-        with transaction.atomic():
-            qs = Book.objects.annotate(
-                author_join=FilteredRelation('author'),
-            ).select_related('author_join').select_for_update(of=('self',)).order_by('pk')
-            with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-                self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
+            self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+                qs,
+                [
                     (self.book1, self.author1),
                     (self.book2, self.author2),
                     (self.book3, self.author2),
                     (self.book4, self.author1),
-                ], lambda x: (x, x.author_join))
+                ],
+                lambda x: (x, x.author_join),
+            )
+
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update", "has_select_for_update_of")
+    def test_select_related_foreign_key_for_update_of(self):
+        with transaction.atomic():
+            qs = (
+                Book.objects.annotate(
+                    author_join=FilteredRelation("author"),
+                )
+                .select_related("author_join")
+                .select_for_update(of=("self",))
+                .order_by("pk")
+            )
+            with self.assertNumQueries(1):
+                self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+                    qs,
+                    [
+                        (self.book1, self.author1),
+                        (self.book2, self.author2),
+                        (self.book3, self.author2),
+                        (self.book4, self.author1),
+                    ],
+                    lambda x: (x, x.author_join),
+                )
 
     def test_without_join(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Author.objects.annotate(
-                book_alice=FilteredRelation('book', condition=Q(book__title__iexact='poem by alice')),
+                book_alice=FilteredRelation(
+                    "book", condition=Q(book__title__iexact="poem by alice")
+                ),
             ),
-            [self.author1, self.author2]
+            [self.author1, self.author2],
         )
 
     def test_with_join(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Author.objects.annotate(
-                book_alice=FilteredRelation('book', condition=Q(book__title__iexact='poem by alice')),
+                book_alice=FilteredRelation(
+                    "book", condition=Q(book__title__iexact="poem by alice")
+                ),
             ).filter(book_alice__isnull=False),
-            [self.author1]
+            [self.author1],
         )
 
     def test_with_exclude(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Author.objects.annotate(
-                book_alice=FilteredRelation('book', condition=Q(book__title__iexact='poem by alice')),
+                book_alice=FilteredRelation(
+                    "book", condition=Q(book__title__iexact="poem by alice")
+                ),
             ).exclude(book_alice__isnull=False),
             [self.author2],
         )
@@ -131,55 +188,72 @@ class FilteredRelationTests(TestCase):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Author.objects.annotate(
                 book_alice=FilteredRelation(
-                    'book', condition=Q(
-                        Q(book__title__iexact='poem by alice') |
-                        Q(book__state=Book.RENTED)
+                    "book",
+                    condition=Q(
+                        Q(book__title__iexact="poem by alice")
+                        | Q(book__state=Book.RENTED)
                     ),
                 ),
             ).filter(book_alice__isnull=False),
-            [self.author1]
+            [self.author1],
         )
 
     def test_internal_queryset_alias_mapping(self):
         queryset = Author.objects.annotate(
-            book_alice=FilteredRelation('book', condition=Q(book__title__iexact='poem by alice')),
+            book_alice=FilteredRelation(
+                "book", condition=Q(book__title__iexact="poem by alice")
+            ),
         ).filter(book_alice__isnull=False)
         self.assertIn(
-            'INNER JOIN {} book_alice ON'.format(connection.ops.quote_name('filtered_relation_book')),
-            str(queryset.query)
+            "INNER JOIN {} book_alice ON".format(
+                connection.ops.quote_name("filtered_relation_book")
+            ),
+            str(queryset.query),
         )
 
     def test_with_multiple_filter(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Author.objects.annotate(
                 book_editor_a=FilteredRelation(
-                    'book',
-                    condition=Q(book__title__icontains='book', book__editor_id=self.editor_a.pk),
+                    "book",
+                    condition=Q(
+                        book__title__icontains="book", book__editor_id=self.editor_a.pk
+                    ),
                 ),
             ).filter(book_editor_a__isnull=False),
-            [self.author1]
+            [self.author1],
         )
 
     def test_multiple_times(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Author.objects.annotate(
-                book_title_alice=FilteredRelation('book', condition=Q(book__title__icontains='alice')),
-            ).filter(book_title_alice__isnull=False).filter(book_title_alice__isnull=False).distinct(),
-            [self.author1]
+                book_title_alice=FilteredRelation(
+                    "book", condition=Q(book__title__icontains="alice")
+                ),
+            )
+            .filter(book_title_alice__isnull=False)
+            .filter(book_title_alice__isnull=False)
+            .distinct(),
+            [self.author1],
         )
 
     def test_exclude_relation_with_join(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Author.objects.annotate(
-                book_alice=FilteredRelation('book', condition=~Q(book__title__icontains='alice')),
-            ).filter(book_alice__isnull=False).distinct(),
-            [self.author2]
+                book_alice=FilteredRelation(
+                    "book", condition=~Q(book__title__icontains="alice")
+                ),
+            )
+            .filter(book_alice__isnull=False)
+            .distinct(),
+            [self.author2],
         )
 
     def test_with_m2m(self):
         qs = Author.objects.annotate(
             favorite_books_written_by_jane=FilteredRelation(
-                'favorite_books', condition=Q(favorite_books__in=[self.book2]),
+                "favorite_books",
+                condition=Q(favorite_books__in=[self.book2]),
             ),
         ).filter(favorite_books_written_by_jane__isnull=False)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.author1])
@@ -187,79 +261,120 @@ class FilteredRelationTests(TestCase):
     def test_with_m2m_deep(self):
         qs = Author.objects.annotate(
             favorite_books_written_by_jane=FilteredRelation(
-                'favorite_books', condition=Q(favorite_books__author=self.author2),
+                "favorite_books",
+                condition=Q(favorite_books__author=self.author2),
             ),
-        ).filter(favorite_books_written_by_jane__title='The book by Jane B')
+        ).filter(favorite_books_written_by_jane__title="The book by Jane B")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.author1])
 
     def test_with_m2m_multijoin(self):
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(
-            favorite_books_written_by_jane=FilteredRelation(
-                'favorite_books', condition=Q(favorite_books__author=self.author2),
+        qs = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(
+                favorite_books_written_by_jane=FilteredRelation(
+                    "favorite_books",
+                    condition=Q(favorite_books__author=self.author2),
+                )
             )
-        ).filter(favorite_books_written_by_jane__editor__name='b').distinct()
+            .filter(favorite_books_written_by_jane__editor__name="b")
+            .distinct()
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.author1])
 
     def test_values_list(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Author.objects.annotate(
-                book_alice=FilteredRelation('book', condition=Q(book__title__iexact='poem by alice')),
-            ).filter(book_alice__isnull=False).values_list('book_alice__title', flat=True),
-            ['Poem by Alice']
+                book_alice=FilteredRelation(
+                    "book", condition=Q(book__title__iexact="poem by alice")
+                ),
+            )
+            .filter(book_alice__isnull=False)
+            .values_list("book_alice__title", flat=True),
+            ["Poem by Alice"],
         )
 
     def test_values(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Author.objects.annotate(
-                book_alice=FilteredRelation('book', condition=Q(book__title__iexact='poem by alice')),
-            ).filter(book_alice__isnull=False).values(),
-            [{'id': self.author1.pk, 'name': 'Alice', 'content_type_id': None, 'object_id': None}]
+                book_alice=FilteredRelation(
+                    "book", condition=Q(book__title__iexact="poem by alice")
+                ),
+            )
+            .filter(book_alice__isnull=False)
+            .values(),
+            [
+                {
+                    "id": self.author1.pk,
+                    "name": "Alice",
+                    "content_type_id": None,
+                    "object_id": None,
+                }
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_extra(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Author.objects.annotate(
-                book_alice=FilteredRelation('book', condition=Q(book__title__iexact='poem by alice')),
-            ).filter(book_alice__isnull=False).extra(where=['1 = 1']),
-            [self.author1]
+                book_alice=FilteredRelation(
+                    "book", condition=Q(book__title__iexact="poem by alice")
+                ),
+            )
+            .filter(book_alice__isnull=False)
+            .extra(where=["1 = 1"]),
+            [self.author1],
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_select_union')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_select_union")
     def test_union(self):
         qs1 = Author.objects.annotate(
-            book_alice=FilteredRelation('book', condition=Q(book__title__iexact='poem by alice')),
+            book_alice=FilteredRelation(
+                "book", condition=Q(book__title__iexact="poem by alice")
+            ),
         ).filter(book_alice__isnull=False)
         qs2 = Author.objects.annotate(
-            book_jane=FilteredRelation('book', condition=Q(book__title__iexact='the book by jane a')),
+            book_jane=FilteredRelation(
+                "book", condition=Q(book__title__iexact="the book by jane a")
+            ),
         ).filter(book_jane__isnull=False)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs1.union(qs2), [self.author1, self.author2])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_select_intersection')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_select_intersection")
     def test_intersection(self):
         qs1 = Author.objects.annotate(
-            book_alice=FilteredRelation('book', condition=Q(book__title__iexact='poem by alice')),
+            book_alice=FilteredRelation(
+                "book", condition=Q(book__title__iexact="poem by alice")
+            ),
         ).filter(book_alice__isnull=False)
         qs2 = Author.objects.annotate(
-            book_jane=FilteredRelation('book', condition=Q(book__title__iexact='the book by jane a')),
+            book_jane=FilteredRelation(
+                "book", condition=Q(book__title__iexact="the book by jane a")
+            ),
         ).filter(book_jane__isnull=False)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs1.intersection(qs2), [])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_select_difference')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_select_difference")
     def test_difference(self):
         qs1 = Author.objects.annotate(
-            book_alice=FilteredRelation('book', condition=Q(book__title__iexact='poem by alice')),
+            book_alice=FilteredRelation(
+                "book", condition=Q(book__title__iexact="poem by alice")
+            ),
         ).filter(book_alice__isnull=False)
         qs2 = Author.objects.annotate(
-            book_jane=FilteredRelation('book', condition=Q(book__title__iexact='the book by jane a')),
+            book_jane=FilteredRelation(
+                "book", condition=Q(book__title__iexact="the book by jane a")
+            ),
         ).filter(book_jane__isnull=False)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs1.difference(qs2), [self.author1])
 
     def test_select_for_update(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Author.objects.annotate(
-                book_jane=FilteredRelation('book', condition=Q(book__title__iexact='the book by jane a')),
-            ).filter(book_jane__isnull=False).select_for_update(),
-            [self.author2]
+                book_jane=FilteredRelation(
+                    "book", condition=Q(book__title__iexact="the book by jane a")
+                ),
+            )
+            .filter(book_jane__isnull=False)
+            .select_for_update(),
+            [self.author2],
         )
 
     def test_defer(self):
@@ -267,127 +382,198 @@ class FilteredRelationTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
             self.assertQuerysetEqual(
                 Author.objects.annotate(
-                    book_alice=FilteredRelation('book', condition=Q(book__title__iexact='poem by alice')),
-                ).filter(book_alice__isnull=False).select_related('book_alice').defer('book_alice__title'),
-                ['Poem by Alice'], lambda author: author.book_alice.title
+                    book_alice=FilteredRelation(
+                        "book", condition=Q(book__title__iexact="poem by alice")
+                    ),
+                )
+                .filter(book_alice__isnull=False)
+                .select_related("book_alice")
+                .defer("book_alice__title"),
+                ["Poem by Alice"],
+                lambda author: author.book_alice.title,
             )
 
     def test_only_not_supported(self):
-        msg = 'only() is not supported with FilteredRelation.'
+        msg = "only() is not supported with FilteredRelation."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             Author.objects.annotate(
-                book_alice=FilteredRelation('book', condition=Q(book__title__iexact='poem by alice')),
-            ).filter(book_alice__isnull=False).select_related('book_alice').only('book_alice__state')
+                book_alice=FilteredRelation(
+                    "book", condition=Q(book__title__iexact="poem by alice")
+                ),
+            ).filter(book_alice__isnull=False).select_related("book_alice").only(
+                "book_alice__state"
+            )
 
     def test_as_subquery(self):
         inner_qs = Author.objects.annotate(
-            book_alice=FilteredRelation('book', condition=Q(book__title__iexact='poem by alice')),
+            book_alice=FilteredRelation(
+                "book", condition=Q(book__title__iexact="poem by alice")
+            ),
         ).filter(book_alice__isnull=False)
         qs = Author.objects.filter(id__in=inner_qs)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.author1])
 
     def test_nested_foreign_key(self):
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(
-            book_editor_worked_with=FilteredRelation(
-                'book__editor',
-                condition=Q(book__title__icontains='book by'),
-            ),
-        ).filter(
-            book_editor_worked_with__isnull=False,
-        ).select_related(
-            'book_editor_worked_with',
-        ).order_by('pk', 'book_editor_worked_with__pk')
+        qs = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(
+                book_editor_worked_with=FilteredRelation(
+                    "book__editor",
+                    condition=Q(book__title__icontains="book by"),
+                ),
+            )
+            .filter(
+                book_editor_worked_with__isnull=False,
+            )
+            .select_related(
+                "book_editor_worked_with",
+            )
+            .order_by("pk", "book_editor_worked_with__pk")
+        )
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-                (self.author1, self.editor_a),
-                (self.author2, self.editor_b),
-                (self.author2, self.editor_b),
-            ], lambda x: (x, x.book_editor_worked_with))
+            self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+                qs,
+                [
+                    (self.author1, self.editor_a),
+                    (self.author2, self.editor_b),
+                    (self.author2, self.editor_b),
+                ],
+                lambda x: (x, x.book_editor_worked_with),
+            )
 
     def test_nested_foreign_key_nested_field(self):
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(
-            book_editor_worked_with=FilteredRelation(
-                'book__editor',
-                condition=Q(book__title__icontains='book by')
-            ),
-        ).filter(
-            book_editor_worked_with__isnull=False,
-        ).values(
-            'name', 'book_editor_worked_with__name',
-        ).order_by('name', 'book_editor_worked_with__name').distinct()
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [
-            {'name': self.author1.name, 'book_editor_worked_with__name': self.editor_a.name},
-            {'name': self.author2.name, 'book_editor_worked_with__name': self.editor_b.name},
-        ])
+        qs = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(
+                book_editor_worked_with=FilteredRelation(
+                    "book__editor", condition=Q(book__title__icontains="book by")
+                ),
+            )
+            .filter(
+                book_editor_worked_with__isnull=False,
+            )
+            .values(
+                "name",
+                "book_editor_worked_with__name",
+            )
+            .order_by("name", "book_editor_worked_with__name")
+            .distinct()
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                {
+                    "name": self.author1.name,
+                    "book_editor_worked_with__name": self.editor_a.name,
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": self.author2.name,
+                    "book_editor_worked_with__name": self.editor_b.name,
+                },
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_nested_foreign_key_filtered_base_object(self):
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(
-            alice_editors=FilteredRelation(
-                'book__editor',
-                condition=Q(name='Alice'),
-            ),
-        ).values(
-            'name', 'alice_editors__pk',
-        ).order_by('name', 'alice_editors__name').distinct()
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [
-            {'name': self.author1.name, 'alice_editors__pk': self.editor_a.pk},
-            {'name': self.author2.name, 'alice_editors__pk': None},
-        ])
+        qs = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(
+                alice_editors=FilteredRelation(
+                    "book__editor",
+                    condition=Q(name="Alice"),
+                ),
+            )
+            .values(
+                "name",
+                "alice_editors__pk",
+            )
+            .order_by("name", "alice_editors__name")
+            .distinct()
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                {"name": self.author1.name, "alice_editors__pk": self.editor_a.pk},
+                {"name": self.author2.name, "alice_editors__pk": None},
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_nested_m2m_filtered(self):
-        qs = Book.objects.annotate(
-            favorite_book=FilteredRelation(
-                'author__favorite_books',
-                condition=Q(author__favorite_books__title__icontains='book by')
-            ),
-        ).values(
-            'title', 'favorite_book__pk',
-        ).order_by('title', 'favorite_book__title')
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [
-            {'title': self.book1.title, 'favorite_book__pk': self.book2.pk},
-            {'title': self.book1.title, 'favorite_book__pk': self.book3.pk},
-            {'title': self.book4.title, 'favorite_book__pk': self.book2.pk},
-            {'title': self.book4.title, 'favorite_book__pk': self.book3.pk},
-            {'title': self.book2.title, 'favorite_book__pk': None},
-            {'title': self.book3.title, 'favorite_book__pk': None},
-        ])
+        qs = (
+            Book.objects.annotate(
+                favorite_book=FilteredRelation(
+                    "author__favorite_books",
+                    condition=Q(author__favorite_books__title__icontains="book by"),
+                ),
+            )
+            .values(
+                "title",
+                "favorite_book__pk",
+            )
+            .order_by("title", "favorite_book__title")
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                {"title": self.book1.title, "favorite_book__pk": self.book2.pk},
+                {"title": self.book1.title, "favorite_book__pk": self.book3.pk},
+                {"title": self.book4.title, "favorite_book__pk": self.book2.pk},
+                {"title": self.book4.title, "favorite_book__pk": self.book3.pk},
+                {"title": self.book2.title, "favorite_book__pk": None},
+                {"title": self.book3.title, "favorite_book__pk": None},
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_nested_chained_relations(self):
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(
-            my_books=FilteredRelation(
-                'book', condition=Q(book__title__icontains='book by'),
-            ),
-            preferred_by_authors=FilteredRelation(
-                'my_books__preferred_by_authors',
-                condition=Q(my_books__preferred_by_authors__name='Alice'),
-            ),
-        ).annotate(
-            author=F('name'),
-            book_title=F('my_books__title'),
-            preferred_by_author_pk=F('preferred_by_authors'),
-        ).order_by('author', 'book_title', 'preferred_by_author_pk')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-            ('Alice', 'The book by Alice', None),
-            ('Jane', 'The book by Jane A', self.author1.pk),
-            ('Jane', 'The book by Jane B', self.author1.pk),
-        ], lambda x: (x.author, x.book_title, x.preferred_by_author_pk))
+        qs = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(
+                my_books=FilteredRelation(
+                    "book",
+                    condition=Q(book__title__icontains="book by"),
+                ),
+                preferred_by_authors=FilteredRelation(
+                    "my_books__preferred_by_authors",
+                    condition=Q(my_books__preferred_by_authors__name="Alice"),
+                ),
+            )
+            .annotate(
+                author=F("name"),
+                book_title=F("my_books__title"),
+                preferred_by_author_pk=F("preferred_by_authors"),
+            )
+            .order_by("author", "book_title", "preferred_by_author_pk")
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                ("Alice", "The book by Alice", None),
+                ("Jane", "The book by Jane A", self.author1.pk),
+                ("Jane", "The book by Jane B", self.author1.pk),
+            ],
+            lambda x: (x.author, x.book_title, x.preferred_by_author_pk),
+        )
 
     def test_deep_nested_foreign_key(self):
-        qs = Book.objects.annotate(
-            author_favorite_book_editor=FilteredRelation(
-                'author__favorite_books__editor',
-                condition=Q(author__favorite_books__title__icontains='Jane A'),
-            ),
-        ).filter(
-            author_favorite_book_editor__isnull=False,
-        ).select_related(
-            'author_favorite_book_editor',
-        ).order_by('pk', 'author_favorite_book_editor__pk')
+        qs = (
+            Book.objects.annotate(
+                author_favorite_book_editor=FilteredRelation(
+                    "author__favorite_books__editor",
+                    condition=Q(author__favorite_books__title__icontains="Jane A"),
+                ),
+            )
+            .filter(
+                author_favorite_book_editor__isnull=False,
+            )
+            .select_related(
+                "author_favorite_book_editor",
+            )
+            .order_by("pk", "author_favorite_book_editor__pk")
+        )
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [
-                (self.book1, self.editor_b),
-                (self.book4, self.editor_b),
-            ], lambda x: (x, x.author_favorite_book_editor))
+            self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+                qs,
+                [
+                    (self.book1, self.editor_b),
+                    (self.book4, self.editor_b),
+                ],
+                lambda x: (x, x.author_favorite_book_editor),
+            )
 
     def test_relation_name_lookup(self):
         msg = (
@@ -397,8 +583,8 @@ class FilteredRelationTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             Author.objects.annotate(
                 book_title=FilteredRelation(
-                    'book__title__icontains',
-                    condition=Q(book__title='Poem by Alice'),
+                    "book__title__icontains",
+                    condition=Q(book__title="Poem by Alice"),
                 ),
             )
 
@@ -410,8 +596,8 @@ class FilteredRelationTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             Author.objects.annotate(
                 book_editor=FilteredRelation(
-                    'book__editor',
-                    condition=Q(book__author__name__icontains='book'),
+                    "book__editor",
+                    condition=Q(book__author__name__icontains="book"),
                 ),
             )
 
@@ -424,63 +610,66 @@ class FilteredRelationTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             Author.objects.annotate(
                 book_editor=FilteredRelation(
-                    'book',
-                    condition=Q(book__editor__name__icontains='b'),
+                    "book",
+                    condition=Q(book__editor__name__icontains="b"),
                 ),
             )
 
     def test_with_empty_relation_name_error(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'relation_name cannot be empty.'):
-            FilteredRelation('', condition=Q(blank=''))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "relation_name cannot be empty."):
+            FilteredRelation("", condition=Q(blank=""))
 
     def test_with_condition_as_expression_error(self):
-        msg = 'condition argument must be a Q() instance.'
+        msg = "condition argument must be a Q() instance."
         expression = Case(
-            When(book__title__iexact='poem by alice', then=True), default=False,
+            When(book__title__iexact="poem by alice", then=True),
+            default=False,
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            FilteredRelation('book', condition=expression)
+            FilteredRelation("book", condition=expression)
 
     def test_with_prefetch_related(self):
-        msg = 'prefetch_related() is not supported with FilteredRelation.'
+        msg = "prefetch_related() is not supported with FilteredRelation."
         qs = Author.objects.annotate(
-            book_title_contains_b=FilteredRelation('book', condition=Q(book__title__icontains='b')),
+            book_title_contains_b=FilteredRelation(
+                "book", condition=Q(book__title__icontains="b")
+            ),
         ).filter(
             book_title_contains_b__isnull=False,
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            qs.prefetch_related('book_title_contains_b')
+            qs.prefetch_related("book_title_contains_b")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            qs.prefetch_related('book_title_contains_b__editor')
+            qs.prefetch_related("book_title_contains_b__editor")
 
     def test_with_generic_foreign_key(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Book.objects.annotate(
                 generic_authored_book=FilteredRelation(
-                    'generic_author',
-                    condition=Q(generic_author__isnull=False)
+                    "generic_author", condition=Q(generic_author__isnull=False)
                 ),
             ).filter(generic_authored_book__isnull=False),
-            [self.book1]
+            [self.book1],
         )
 
     def test_eq(self):
-        self.assertEqual(FilteredRelation('book', condition=Q(book__title='b')), mock.ANY)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            FilteredRelation("book", condition=Q(book__title="b")), mock.ANY
+        )
 
 
 class FilteredRelationAggregationTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.author1 = Author.objects.create(name='Alice')
-        cls.editor_a = Editor.objects.create(name='a')
+        cls.author1 = Author.objects.create(name="Alice")
+        cls.editor_a = Editor.objects.create(name="a")
         cls.book1 = Book.objects.create(
-            title='Poem by Alice',
+            title="Poem by Alice",
             editor=cls.editor_a,
             author=cls.author1,
         )
-        cls.borrower1 = Borrower.objects.create(name='Jenny')
-        cls.borrower2 = Borrower.objects.create(name='Kevin')
+        cls.borrower1 = Borrower.objects.create(name="Jenny")
+        cls.borrower2 = Borrower.objects.create(name="Kevin")
         # borrower 1 reserves, rents, and returns book1.
         Reservation.objects.create(
             borrower=cls.borrower1,
@@ -517,130 +706,158 @@ class FilteredRelationAggregationTests(TestCase):
         Goal: Count number of books that are either currently reserved or
         rented by borrower1 or available.
         """
-        qs = Book.objects.annotate(
-            is_reserved_or_rented_by=Case(
-                When(reservation__state=Reservation.NEW, then=F('reservation__borrower__pk')),
-                When(rental_session__state=RentalSession.NEW, then=F('rental_session__borrower__pk')),
-                default=None,
+        qs = (
+            Book.objects.annotate(
+                is_reserved_or_rented_by=Case(
+                    When(
+                        reservation__state=Reservation.NEW,
+                        then=F("reservation__borrower__pk"),
+                    ),
+                    When(
+                        rental_session__state=RentalSession.NEW,
+                        then=F("rental_session__borrower__pk"),
+                    ),
+                    default=None,
+                )
             )
-        ).filter(
-            Q(is_reserved_or_rented_by=self.borrower1.pk) | Q(state=Book.AVAILABLE)
-        ).distinct()
+            .filter(
+                Q(is_reserved_or_rented_by=self.borrower1.pk) | Q(state=Book.AVAILABLE)
+            )
+            .distinct()
+        )
         self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 1)
         # If count is equal to 1, the same aggregation should return in the
         # same result but it returns 4.
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs.annotate(total=Count('pk')).values('total'), [{'total': 4}])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            qs.annotate(total=Count("pk")).values("total"), [{"total": 4}]
+        )
         # With FilteredRelation, the result is as expected (1).
-        qs = Book.objects.annotate(
-            active_reservations=FilteredRelation(
-                'reservation', condition=Q(
-                    reservation__state=Reservation.NEW,
-                    reservation__borrower=self.borrower1,
+        qs = (
+            Book.objects.annotate(
+                active_reservations=FilteredRelation(
+                    "reservation",
+                    condition=Q(
+                        reservation__state=Reservation.NEW,
+                        reservation__borrower=self.borrower1,
+                    ),
+                ),
+            )
+            .annotate(
+                active_rental_sessions=FilteredRelation(
+                    "rental_session",
+                    condition=Q(
+                        rental_session__state=RentalSession.NEW,
+                        rental_session__borrower=self.borrower1,
+                    ),
+                ),
+            )
+            .filter(
+                (
+                    Q(active_reservations__isnull=False)
+                    | Q(active_rental_sessions__isnull=False)
                 )
-            ),
-        ).annotate(
-            active_rental_sessions=FilteredRelation(
-                'rental_session', condition=Q(
-                    rental_session__state=RentalSession.NEW,
-                    rental_session__borrower=self.borrower1,
-                )
-            ),
-        ).filter(
-            (Q(active_reservations__isnull=False) | Q(active_rental_sessions__isnull=False)) |
-            Q(state=Book.AVAILABLE)
-        ).distinct()
+                | Q(state=Book.AVAILABLE)
+            )
+            .distinct()
+        )
         self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 1)
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs.annotate(total=Count('pk')).values('total'), [{'total': 1}])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            qs.annotate(total=Count("pk")).values("total"), [{"total": 1}]
+        )
 
 
 class FilteredRelationAnalyticalAggregationTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        author = Author.objects.create(name='Author')
-        editor = Editor.objects.create(name='Editor')
+        author = Author.objects.create(name="Author")
+        editor = Editor.objects.create(name="Editor")
         cls.book1 = Book.objects.create(
-            title='Poem by Alice',
+            title="Poem by Alice",
             editor=editor,
             author=author,
         )
         cls.book2 = Book.objects.create(
-            title='The book by Jane A',
+            title="The book by Jane A",
             editor=editor,
             author=author,
         )
         cls.book3 = Book.objects.create(
-            title='The book by Jane B',
+            title="The book by Jane B",
             editor=editor,
             author=author,
         )
-        cls.seller1 = Seller.objects.create(name='Seller 1')
-        cls.seller2 = Seller.objects.create(name='Seller 2')
-        cls.usd = Currency.objects.create(currency='USD')
-        cls.eur = Currency.objects.create(currency='EUR')
+        cls.seller1 = Seller.objects.create(name="Seller 1")
+        cls.seller2 = Seller.objects.create(name="Seller 2")
+        cls.usd = Currency.objects.create(currency="USD")
+        cls.eur = Currency.objects.create(currency="EUR")
         cls.sales_date1 = date(2020, 7, 6)
         cls.sales_date2 = date(2020, 7, 7)
-        ExchangeRate.objects.bulk_create([
-            ExchangeRate(
-                rate_date=cls.sales_date1,
-                from_currency=cls.usd,
-                to_currency=cls.eur,
-                rate=0.40,
-            ),
-            ExchangeRate(
-                rate_date=cls.sales_date1,
-                from_currency=cls.eur,
-                to_currency=cls.usd,
-                rate=1.60,
-            ),
-            ExchangeRate(
-                rate_date=cls.sales_date2,
-                from_currency=cls.usd,
-                to_currency=cls.eur,
-                rate=0.50,
-            ),
-            ExchangeRate(
-                rate_date=cls.sales_date2,
-                from_currency=cls.eur,
-                to_currency=cls.usd,
-                rate=1.50,
-            ),
-            ExchangeRate(
-                rate_date=cls.sales_date2,
-                from_currency=cls.usd,
-                to_currency=cls.usd,
-                rate=1.00,
-            ),
-        ])
-        BookDailySales.objects.bulk_create([
-            BookDailySales(
-                book=cls.book1,
-                sale_date=cls.sales_date1,
-                currency=cls.usd,
-                sales=100.00,
-                seller=cls.seller1,
-            ),
-            BookDailySales(
-                book=cls.book2,
-                sale_date=cls.sales_date1,
-                currency=cls.eur,
-                sales=200.00,
-                seller=cls.seller1,
-            ),
-            BookDailySales(
-                book=cls.book1,
-                sale_date=cls.sales_date2,
-                currency=cls.usd,
-                sales=50.00,
-                seller=cls.seller2,
-            ),
-            BookDailySales(
-                book=cls.book2,
-                sale_date=cls.sales_date2,
-                currency=cls.eur,
-                sales=100.00,
-                seller=cls.seller2,
-            ),
-        ])
+        ExchangeRate.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                ExchangeRate(
+                    rate_date=cls.sales_date1,
+                    from_currency=cls.usd,
+                    to_currency=cls.eur,
+                    rate=0.40,
+                ),
+                ExchangeRate(
+                    rate_date=cls.sales_date1,
+                    from_currency=cls.eur,
+                    to_currency=cls.usd,
+                    rate=1.60,
+                ),
+                ExchangeRate(
+                    rate_date=cls.sales_date2,
+                    from_currency=cls.usd,
+                    to_currency=cls.eur,
+                    rate=0.50,
+                ),
+                ExchangeRate(
+                    rate_date=cls.sales_date2,
+                    from_currency=cls.eur,
+                    to_currency=cls.usd,
+                    rate=1.50,
+                ),
+                ExchangeRate(
+                    rate_date=cls.sales_date2,
+                    from_currency=cls.usd,
+                    to_currency=cls.usd,
+                    rate=1.00,
+                ),
+            ]
+        )
+        BookDailySales.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                BookDailySales(
+                    book=cls.book1,
+                    sale_date=cls.sales_date1,
+                    currency=cls.usd,
+                    sales=100.00,
+                    seller=cls.seller1,
+                ),
+                BookDailySales(
+                    book=cls.book2,
+                    sale_date=cls.sales_date1,
+                    currency=cls.eur,
+                    sales=200.00,
+                    seller=cls.seller1,
+                ),
+                BookDailySales(
+                    book=cls.book1,
+                    sale_date=cls.sales_date2,
+                    currency=cls.usd,
+                    sales=50.00,
+                    seller=cls.seller2,
+                ),
+                BookDailySales(
+                    book=cls.book2,
+                    sale_date=cls.sales_date2,
+                    currency=cls.eur,
+                    sales=100.00,
+                    seller=cls.seller2,
+                ),
+            ]
+        )
 
     def test_aggregate(self):
         tests = [
@@ -649,25 +866,37 @@ class FilteredRelationAnalyticalAggregationTests(TestCase):
         ]
         for condition in tests:
             with self.subTest(condition=condition):
-                qs = Book.objects.annotate(
-                    recent_sales=FilteredRelation('daily_sales', condition=condition),
-                    recent_sales_rates=FilteredRelation(
-                        'recent_sales__currency__rates_from',
-                        condition=Q(
-                            recent_sales__currency__rates_from__rate_date=F('recent_sales__sale_date'),
-                            recent_sales__currency__rates_from__to_currency=self.usd,
+                qs = (
+                    Book.objects.annotate(
+                        recent_sales=FilteredRelation(
+                            "daily_sales", condition=condition
                         ),
-                    ),
-                ).annotate(
-                    sales_sum=Sum(
-                        F('recent_sales__sales') * F('recent_sales_rates__rate'),
-                        output_field=DecimalField(),
-                    ),
-                ).values('title', 'sales_sum').order_by(
-                    F('sales_sum').desc(nulls_last=True),
+                        recent_sales_rates=FilteredRelation(
+                            "recent_sales__currency__rates_from",
+                            condition=Q(
+                                recent_sales__currency__rates_from__rate_date=F(
+                                    "recent_sales__sale_date"
+                                ),
+                                recent_sales__currency__rates_from__to_currency=self.usd,
+                            ),
+                        ),
+                    )
+                    .annotate(
+                        sales_sum=Sum(
+                            F("recent_sales__sales") * F("recent_sales_rates__rate"),
+                            output_field=DecimalField(),
+                        ),
+                    )
+                    .values("title", "sales_sum")
+                    .order_by(
+                        F("sales_sum").desc(nulls_last=True),
+                    )
+                )
+                self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                    qs,
+                    [
+                        {"title": self.book2.title, "sales_sum": Decimal(150.00)},
+                        {"title": self.book1.title, "sales_sum": Decimal(50.00)},
+                        {"title": self.book3.title, "sales_sum": None},
+                    ],
                 )
-                self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [
-                    {'title': self.book2.title, 'sales_sum': Decimal(150.00)},
-                    {'title': self.book1.title, 'sales_sum': Decimal(50.00)},
-                    {'title': self.book3.title, 'sales_sum': None},
-                ])
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/models.py b/tests/fixtures/models.py
index ac64e7b82e..37b0066d70 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/models.py
+++ b/tests/fixtures/models.py
@@ -21,18 +21,18 @@ class Category(models.Model):
     description = models.TextField()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('title',)
+        ordering = ("title",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
 
 class Article(models.Model):
-    headline = models.CharField(max_length=100, default='Default headline')
+    headline = models.CharField(max_length=100, default="Default headline")
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('-pub_date', 'headline')
+        ordering = ("-pub_date", "headline")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
@@ -40,9 +40,12 @@ class Article(models.Model):
 
 class Blog(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
-    featured = models.ForeignKey(Article, models.CASCADE, related_name='fixtures_featured_set')
-    articles = models.ManyToManyField(Article, blank=True,
-                                      related_name='fixtures_articles_set')
+    featured = models.ForeignKey(
+        Article, models.CASCADE, related_name="fixtures_featured_set"
+    )
+    articles = models.ManyToManyField(
+        Article, blank=True, related_name="fixtures_articles_set"
+    )
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -50,13 +53,18 @@ class Blog(models.Model):
 
 class Tag(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
-    tagged_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE, related_name="fixtures_tag_set")
+    tagged_type = models.ForeignKey(
+        ContentType, models.CASCADE, related_name="fixtures_tag_set"
+    )
     tagged_id = models.PositiveIntegerField(default=0)
-    tagged = GenericForeignKey(ct_field='tagged_type', fk_field='tagged_id')
+    tagged = GenericForeignKey(ct_field="tagged_type", fk_field="tagged_id")
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '<%s: %s> tagged "%s"' % (self.tagged.__class__.__name__,
-                                         self.tagged, self.name)
+        return '<%s: %s> tagged "%s"' % (
+            self.tagged.__class__.__name__,
+            self.tagged,
+            self.name,
+        )
 
 
 class PersonManager(models.Manager):
@@ -69,7 +77,7 @@ class Person(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -98,8 +106,10 @@ class Visa(models.Model):
     permissions = models.ManyToManyField(Permission, blank=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s %s' % (self.person.name,
-                          ', '.join(p.name for p in self.permissions.all()))
+        return "%s %s" % (
+            self.person.name,
+            ", ".join(p.name for p in self.permissions.all()),
+        )
 
 
 class Book(models.Model):
@@ -107,11 +117,11 @@ class Book(models.Model):
     authors = models.ManyToManyField(Person)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        authors = ' and '.join(a.name for a in self.authors.all())
-        return '%s by %s' % (self.name, authors) if authors else self.name
+        authors = " and ".join(a.name for a in self.authors.all())
+        return "%s by %s" % (self.name, authors) if authors else self.name
 
 
 class PrimaryKeyUUIDModel(models.Model):
@@ -125,8 +135,12 @@ class NaturalKeyManager(models.Manager):
 
 class NaturalKeyThing(models.Model):
     key = models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=True)
-    other_thing = models.ForeignKey('NaturalKeyThing', on_delete=models.CASCADE, null=True)
-    other_things = models.ManyToManyField('NaturalKeyThing', related_name='thing_m2m_set')
+    other_thing = models.ForeignKey(
+        "NaturalKeyThing", on_delete=models.CASCADE, null=True
+    )
+    other_things = models.ManyToManyField(
+        "NaturalKeyThing", related_name="thing_m2m_set"
+    )
 
     objects = NaturalKeyManager()
 
@@ -139,7 +153,7 @@ class NaturalKeyThing(models.Model):
 
 class CircularA(models.Model):
     key = models.CharField(max_length=3, unique=True)
-    obj = models.ForeignKey('CircularB', models.SET_NULL, null=True)
+    obj = models.ForeignKey("CircularB", models.SET_NULL, null=True)
 
     objects = NaturalKeyManager()
 
@@ -149,7 +163,7 @@ class CircularA(models.Model):
 
 class CircularB(models.Model):
     key = models.CharField(max_length=3, unique=True)
-    obj = models.ForeignKey('CircularA', models.SET_NULL, null=True)
+    obj = models.ForeignKey("CircularA", models.SET_NULL, null=True)
 
     objects = NaturalKeyManager()
 
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/tests.py b/tests/fixtures/tests.py
index 06ae3d183e..094f07e979 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/tests.py
+++ b/tests/fixtures/tests.py
@@ -18,33 +18,44 @@ from django.db import IntegrityError, connection
 from django.test import TestCase, TransactionTestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
 
 from .models import (
-    Article, Category, CircularA, CircularB, NaturalKeyThing,
-    PrimaryKeyUUIDModel, ProxySpy, Spy, Tag, Visa,
+    Article,
+    Category,
+    CircularA,
+    CircularB,
+    NaturalKeyThing,
+    PrimaryKeyUUIDModel,
+    ProxySpy,
+    Spy,
+    Tag,
+    Visa,
 )
 
 try:
     import bz2  # NOQA
+
     HAS_BZ2 = True
 except ImportError:
     HAS_BZ2 = False
 
 try:
     import lzma  # NOQA
+
     HAS_LZMA = True
 except ImportError:
     HAS_LZMA = False
 
 
 class TestCaseFixtureLoadingTests(TestCase):
-    fixtures = ['fixture1.json', 'fixture2.json']
+    fixtures = ["fixture1.json", "fixture2.json"]
 
     def test_class_fixtures(self):
         "Test case has installed 3 fixture objects"
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.values_list('headline', flat=True), [
-                'Django conquers world!',
-                'Copyright is fine the way it is',
-                'Poker has no place on ESPN',
+            Article.objects.values_list("headline", flat=True),
+            [
+                "Django conquers world!",
+                "Copyright is fine the way it is",
+                "Poker has no place on ESPN",
             ],
         )
 
@@ -53,6 +64,7 @@ class SubclassTestCaseFixtureLoadingTests(TestCaseFixtureLoadingTests):
     """
     Make sure that subclasses can remove fixtures from parent class (#21089).
     """
+
     fixtures = []
 
     def test_class_fixtures(self):
@@ -61,14 +73,22 @@ class SubclassTestCaseFixtureLoadingTests(TestCaseFixtureLoadingTests):
 
 
 class DumpDataAssertMixin:
-
-    def _dumpdata_assert(self, args, output, format='json', filename=None,
-                         natural_foreign_keys=False, natural_primary_keys=False,
-                         use_base_manager=False, exclude_list=[], primary_keys=''):
+    def _dumpdata_assert(
+        self,
+        args,
+        output,
+        format="json",
+        filename=None,
+        natural_foreign_keys=False,
+        natural_primary_keys=False,
+        use_base_manager=False,
+        exclude_list=[],
+        primary_keys="",
+    ):
         new_io = StringIO()
         filename = filename and os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(), filename)
         management.call_command(
-            'dumpdata',
+            "dumpdata",
             *args,
             format=format,
             stdout=new_io,
@@ -83,22 +103,22 @@ class DumpDataAssertMixin:
         if filename:
             file_root, file_ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
             compression_formats = {
-                '.bz2': (open, file_root),
-                '.gz': (gzip.open, filename),
-                '.lzma': (open, file_root),
-                '.xz': (open, file_root),
-                '.zip': (open, file_root),
+                ".bz2": (open, file_root),
+                ".gz": (gzip.open, filename),
+                ".lzma": (open, file_root),
+                ".xz": (open, file_root),
+                ".zip": (open, file_root),
             }
             if HAS_BZ2:
-                compression_formats['.bz2'] = (bz2.open, filename)
+                compression_formats[".bz2"] = (bz2.open, filename)
             if HAS_LZMA:
-                compression_formats['.lzma'] = (lzma.open, filename)
-                compression_formats['.xz'] = (lzma.open, filename)
+                compression_formats[".lzma"] = (lzma.open, filename)
+                compression_formats[".xz"] = (lzma.open, filename)
             try:
                 open_method, file_path = compression_formats[file_ext]
             except KeyError:
                 open_method, file_path = open, filename
-            with open_method(file_path, 'rt') as f:
+            with open_method(file_path, "rt") as f:
                 command_output = f.read()
             os.remove(file_path)
         else:
@@ -112,188 +132,207 @@ class DumpDataAssertMixin:
 
 
 class FixtureLoadingTests(DumpDataAssertMixin, TestCase):
-
     def test_loading_and_dumping(self):
         apps.clear_cache()
         Site.objects.all().delete()
         # Load fixture 1. Single JSON file, with two objects.
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture1.json', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture1.json", verbosity=0)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.values_list('headline', flat=True),
-            ['Time to reform copyright', 'Poker has no place on ESPN'],
+            Article.objects.values_list("headline", flat=True),
+            ["Time to reform copyright", "Poker has no place on ESPN"],
         )
 
         # Dump the current contents of the database as a JSON fixture
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures'],
+            ["fixtures"],
             '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": '
             '"News Stories"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place '
             'on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": '
-            '{"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}]'
+            '{"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}]',
         )
 
         # Try just dumping the contents of fixtures.Category
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures.Category'],
+            ["fixtures.Category"],
             '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", '
-            '"title": "News Stories"}}]'
+            '"title": "News Stories"}}]',
         )
 
         # ...and just fixtures.Article
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures.Article'],
+            ["fixtures.Article"],
             '[{"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place on ESPN", '
             '"pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": '
-            '"Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}]'
+            '"Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}]',
         )
 
         # ...and both
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures.Category', 'fixtures.Article'],
+            ["fixtures.Category", "fixtures.Article"],
             '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", '
             '"title": "News Stories"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has '
             'no place on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", '
-            '"fields": {"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}]'
+            '"fields": {"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}]',
         )
 
         # Specify a specific model twice
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures.Article', 'fixtures.Article'],
+            ["fixtures.Article", "fixtures.Article"],
             (
                 '[{"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place on ESPN", '
                 '"pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": '
                 '"Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}]'
-            )
+            ),
         )
 
         # Specify a dump that specifies Article both explicitly and implicitly
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures.Article', 'fixtures'],
+            ["fixtures.Article", "fixtures"],
             '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": '
             '"News Stories"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place '
             'on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": '
-            '{"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}]'
+            '{"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}]',
         )
 
         # Specify a dump that specifies Article both explicitly and implicitly,
         # but lists the app first (#22025).
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures', 'fixtures.Article'],
+            ["fixtures", "fixtures.Article"],
             '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": '
             '"News Stories"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place '
             'on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": '
-            '{"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}]'
+            '{"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}]',
         )
 
         # Same again, but specify in the reverse order
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures'],
+            ["fixtures"],
             '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": '
             '"News Stories"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no '
             'place on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields":'
-            ' {"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}]'
+            ' {"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}]',
         )
 
         # Specify one model from one application, and an entire other application.
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures.Category', 'sites'],
+            ["fixtures.Category", "sites"],
             '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": '
             '"News Stories"}}, {"pk": 1, "model": "sites.site", "fields": {"domain": "example.com", "name": '
-            '"example.com"}}]'
+            '"example.com"}}]',
         )
 
         # Load fixture 2. JSON file imported by default. Overwrites some existing objects
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture2.json', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture2.json", verbosity=0)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.values_list('headline', flat=True),
+            Article.objects.values_list("headline", flat=True),
             [
-                'Django conquers world!',
-                'Copyright is fine the way it is',
-                'Poker has no place on ESPN',
+                "Django conquers world!",
+                "Copyright is fine the way it is",
+                "Poker has no place on ESPN",
             ],
         )
 
         # Load fixture 3, XML format.
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture3.xml', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture3.xml", verbosity=0)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.values_list('headline', flat=True),
+            Article.objects.values_list("headline", flat=True),
             [
-                'XML identified as leading cause of cancer',
-                'Django conquers world!',
-                'Copyright is fine the way it is',
-                'Poker on TV is great!',
+                "XML identified as leading cause of cancer",
+                "Django conquers world!",
+                "Copyright is fine the way it is",
+                "Poker on TV is great!",
             ],
         )
 
         # Load fixture 6, JSON file with dynamic ContentType fields. Testing ManyToOne.
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture6.json', verbosity=0)
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Tag.objects.all(), [
-            '<Tag: <Article: Copyright is fine the way it is> tagged "copyright">',
-            '<Tag: <Article: Copyright is fine the way it is> tagged "law">',
-        ], transform=repr, ordered=False)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture6.json", verbosity=0)
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            Tag.objects.all(),
+            [
+                '<Tag: <Article: Copyright is fine the way it is> tagged "copyright">',
+                '<Tag: <Article: Copyright is fine the way it is> tagged "law">',
+            ],
+            transform=repr,
+            ordered=False,
+        )
 
         # Load fixture 7, XML file with dynamic ContentType fields. Testing ManyToOne.
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture7.xml', verbosity=0)
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Tag.objects.all(), [
-            '<Tag: <Article: Copyright is fine the way it is> tagged "copyright">',
-            '<Tag: <Article: Copyright is fine the way it is> tagged "legal">',
-            '<Tag: <Article: Django conquers world!> tagged "django">',
-            '<Tag: <Article: Django conquers world!> tagged "world domination">',
-        ], transform=repr, ordered=False)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture7.xml", verbosity=0)
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            Tag.objects.all(),
+            [
+                '<Tag: <Article: Copyright is fine the way it is> tagged "copyright">',
+                '<Tag: <Article: Copyright is fine the way it is> tagged "legal">',
+                '<Tag: <Article: Django conquers world!> tagged "django">',
+                '<Tag: <Article: Django conquers world!> tagged "world domination">',
+            ],
+            transform=repr,
+            ordered=False,
+        )
 
         # Load fixture 8, JSON file with dynamic Permission fields. Testing ManyToMany.
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture8.json', verbosity=0)
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Visa.objects.all(), [
-            '<Visa: Django Reinhardt Can add user, Can change user, Can delete user>',
-            '<Visa: Stephane Grappelli Can add user>',
-            '<Visa: Prince >'
-        ], transform=repr, ordered=False)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture8.json", verbosity=0)
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            Visa.objects.all(),
+            [
+                "<Visa: Django Reinhardt Can add user, Can change user, Can delete user>",
+                "<Visa: Stephane Grappelli Can add user>",
+                "<Visa: Prince >",
+            ],
+            transform=repr,
+            ordered=False,
+        )
 
         # Load fixture 9, XML file with dynamic Permission fields. Testing ManyToMany.
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture9.xml', verbosity=0)
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Visa.objects.all(), [
-            '<Visa: Django Reinhardt Can add user, Can change user, Can delete user>',
-            '<Visa: Stephane Grappelli Can add user, Can delete user>',
-            '<Visa: Artist formerly known as "Prince" Can change user>'
-        ], transform=repr, ordered=False)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture9.xml", verbosity=0)
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            Visa.objects.all(),
+            [
+                "<Visa: Django Reinhardt Can add user, Can change user, Can delete user>",
+                "<Visa: Stephane Grappelli Can add user, Can delete user>",
+                '<Visa: Artist formerly known as "Prince" Can change user>',
+            ],
+            transform=repr,
+            ordered=False,
+        )
 
         # object list is unaffected
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.values_list('headline', flat=True),
+            Article.objects.values_list("headline", flat=True),
             [
-                'XML identified as leading cause of cancer',
-                'Django conquers world!',
-                'Copyright is fine the way it is',
-                'Poker on TV is great!',
+                "XML identified as leading cause of cancer",
+                "Django conquers world!",
+                "Copyright is fine the way it is",
+                "Poker on TV is great!",
             ],
         )
 
         # By default, you get raw keys on dumpdata
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures.book'],
-            '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.book", "fields": {"name": "Music for all ages", "authors": [3, 1]}}]'
+            ["fixtures.book"],
+            '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.book", "fields": {"name": "Music for all ages", "authors": [3, 1]}}]',
         )
 
         # But you can get natural keys if you ask for them and they are available
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures.book'],
+            ["fixtures.book"],
             '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.book", "fields": {"name": "Music for all ages", "authors": [["Artist '
             'formerly known as \\"Prince\\""], ["Django Reinhardt"]]}}]',
-            natural_foreign_keys=True
+            natural_foreign_keys=True,
         )
 
         # You can also omit the primary keys for models that we can get later with natural keys.
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures.person'],
+            ["fixtures.person"],
             '[{"fields": {"name": "Django Reinhardt"}, "model": "fixtures.person"}, {"fields": {"name": "Stephane '
             'Grappelli"}, "model": "fixtures.person"}, {"fields": {"name": "Artist formerly known as '
             '\\"Prince\\""}, "model": "fixtures.person"}]',
-            natural_primary_keys=True
+            natural_primary_keys=True,
         )
 
         # Dump the current contents of the database as a JSON fixture
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures'],
+            ["fixtures"],
             '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": '
             '"News Stories"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker on TV is '
             'great!", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T11:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": '
@@ -316,12 +355,12 @@ class FixtureLoadingTests(DumpDataAssertMixin, TestCase):
             ' ["Artist formerly known as \\"Prince\\""], "permissions": [["change_user", "auth", "user"]]}}, '
             '{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.book", "fields": {"name": "Music for all ages", "authors": [["Artist '
             'formerly known as \\"Prince\\""], ["Django Reinhardt"]]}}]',
-            natural_foreign_keys=True
+            natural_foreign_keys=True,
         )
 
         # Dump the current contents of the database as an XML fixture
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures'],
+            ["fixtures"],
             '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><django-objects version="1.0"><object pk="1" '
             'model="fixtures.category"><field type="CharField" name="title">News Stories</field><field '
             'type="TextField" name="description">Latest news stories</field></object><object pk="2" '
@@ -352,13 +391,13 @@ class FixtureLoadingTests(DumpDataAssertMixin, TestCase):
             'Artist formerly known as "Prince"</field></object><object pk="1" model="fixtures.visa"><field '
             'to="fixtures.person" name="person" rel="ManyToOneRel"><natural>Django Reinhardt</natural></field>'
             '<field to="auth.permission" name="permissions" rel="ManyToManyRel"><object><natural>add_user'
-            '</natural><natural>auth</natural><natural>user</natural></object><object><natural>change_user'
-            '</natural><natural>auth</natural><natural>user</natural></object><object><natural>delete_user'
+            "</natural><natural>auth</natural><natural>user</natural></object><object><natural>change_user"
+            "</natural><natural>auth</natural><natural>user</natural></object><object><natural>delete_user"
             '</natural><natural>auth</natural><natural>user</natural></object></field></object><object pk="2" '
             'model="fixtures.visa"><field to="fixtures.person" name="person" rel="ManyToOneRel"><natural>Stephane'
             ' Grappelli</natural></field><field to="auth.permission" name="permissions" rel="ManyToManyRel">'
-            '<object><natural>add_user</natural><natural>auth</natural><natural>user</natural></object><object>'
-            '<natural>delete_user</natural><natural>auth</natural><natural>user</natural></object></field>'
+            "<object><natural>add_user</natural><natural>auth</natural><natural>user</natural></object><object>"
+            "<natural>delete_user</natural><natural>auth</natural><natural>user</natural></object></field>"
             '</object><object pk="3" model="fixtures.visa"><field to="fixtures.person" name="person" '
             'rel="ManyToOneRel"><natural>Artist formerly known as "Prince"</natural></field><field '
             'to="auth.permission" name="permissions" rel="ManyToManyRel"><object><natural>change_user</natural>'
@@ -366,125 +405,141 @@ class FixtureLoadingTests(DumpDataAssertMixin, TestCase):
             'model="fixtures.book"><field type="CharField" name="name">Music for all ages</field><field '
             'to="fixtures.person" name="authors" rel="ManyToManyRel"><object><natural>Artist formerly known as '
             '"Prince"</natural></object><object><natural>Django Reinhardt</natural></object></field></object>'
-            '</django-objects>',
-            format='xml', natural_foreign_keys=True
+            "</django-objects>",
+            format="xml",
+            natural_foreign_keys=True,
         )
 
     def test_dumpdata_with_excludes(self):
         # Load fixture1 which has a site, two articles, and a category
         Site.objects.all().delete()
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture1.json', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture1.json", verbosity=0)
 
         # Excluding fixtures app should only leave sites
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['sites', 'fixtures'],
+            ["sites", "fixtures"],
             '[{"pk": 1, "model": "sites.site", "fields": {"domain": "example.com", "name": "example.com"}}]',
-            exclude_list=['fixtures'],
+            exclude_list=["fixtures"],
         )
 
         # Excluding fixtures.Article/Book should leave fixtures.Category
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['sites', 'fixtures'],
+            ["sites", "fixtures"],
             '[{"pk": 1, "model": "sites.site", "fields": {"domain": "example.com", "name": "example.com"}}, '
             '{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": '
             '"News Stories"}}]',
-            exclude_list=['fixtures.Article', 'fixtures.Book']
+            exclude_list=["fixtures.Article", "fixtures.Book"],
         )
 
         # Excluding fixtures and fixtures.Article/Book should be a no-op
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['sites', 'fixtures'],
+            ["sites", "fixtures"],
             '[{"pk": 1, "model": "sites.site", "fields": {"domain": "example.com", "name": "example.com"}}, '
             '{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": '
             '"News Stories"}}]',
-            exclude_list=['fixtures.Article', 'fixtures.Book']
+            exclude_list=["fixtures.Article", "fixtures.Book"],
         )
 
         # Excluding sites and fixtures.Article/Book should only leave fixtures.Category
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['sites', 'fixtures'],
+            ["sites", "fixtures"],
             '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": '
             '"News Stories"}}]',
-            exclude_list=['fixtures.Article', 'fixtures.Book', 'sites']
+            exclude_list=["fixtures.Article", "fixtures.Book", "sites"],
         )
 
         # Excluding a bogus app should throw an error
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(management.CommandError, "No installed app with label 'foo_app'."):
-            self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures', 'sites'], '', exclude_list=['foo_app'])
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            management.CommandError, "No installed app with label 'foo_app'."
+        ):
+            self._dumpdata_assert(["fixtures", "sites"], "", exclude_list=["foo_app"])
 
         # Excluding a bogus model should throw an error
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(management.CommandError, "Unknown model: fixtures.FooModel"):
-            self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures', 'sites'], '', exclude_list=['fixtures.FooModel'])
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            management.CommandError, "Unknown model: fixtures.FooModel"
+        ):
+            self._dumpdata_assert(
+                ["fixtures", "sites"], "", exclude_list=["fixtures.FooModel"]
+            )
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32', "Windows doesn't support '?' in filenames.")
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        sys.platform == "win32", "Windows doesn't support '?' in filenames."
+    )
     def test_load_fixture_with_special_characters(self):
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture_with[special]chars', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture_with[special]chars", verbosity=0)
         self.assertEqual(
             Article.objects.get().headline,
-            'How To Deal With Special Characters',
+            "How To Deal With Special Characters",
         )
 
     def test_dumpdata_with_filtering_manager(self):
-        spy1 = Spy.objects.create(name='Paul')
-        spy2 = Spy.objects.create(name='Alex', cover_blown=True)
+        spy1 = Spy.objects.create(name="Paul")
+        spy2 = Spy.objects.create(name="Alex", cover_blown=True)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Spy.objects.all(), [spy1])
         # Use the default manager
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures.Spy'],
-            '[{"pk": %d, "model": "fixtures.spy", "fields": {"cover_blown": false}}]' % spy1.pk
+            ["fixtures.Spy"],
+            '[{"pk": %d, "model": "fixtures.spy", "fields": {"cover_blown": false}}]'
+            % spy1.pk,
         )
         # Dump using Django's base manager. Should return all objects,
         # even those normally filtered by the manager
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures.Spy'],
+            ["fixtures.Spy"],
             '[{"pk": %d, "model": "fixtures.spy", "fields": {"cover_blown": true}}, {"pk": %d, "model": '
             '"fixtures.spy", "fields": {"cover_blown": false}}]' % (spy2.pk, spy1.pk),
-            use_base_manager=True
+            use_base_manager=True,
         )
 
     def test_dumpdata_with_pks(self):
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture1.json', verbosity=0)
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture2.json', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture1.json", verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture2.json", verbosity=0)
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures.Article'],
+            ["fixtures.Article"],
             '[{"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place on ESPN", '
             '"pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": '
             '"Copyright is fine the way it is", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T14:00:00"}}]',
-            primary_keys='2,3'
+            primary_keys="2,3",
         )
 
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures.Article'],
+            ["fixtures.Article"],
             '[{"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place on ESPN", '
             '"pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}]',
-            primary_keys='2'
+            primary_keys="2",
         )
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(management.CommandError, "You can only use --pks option with one model"):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            management.CommandError, "You can only use --pks option with one model"
+        ):
             self._dumpdata_assert(
-                ['fixtures'],
+                ["fixtures"],
                 '[{"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place on ESPN", '
                 '"pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": '
                 '{"headline": "Copyright is fine the way it is", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T14:00:00"}}]',
-                primary_keys='2,3'
+                primary_keys="2,3",
             )
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(management.CommandError, "You can only use --pks option with one model"):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            management.CommandError, "You can only use --pks option with one model"
+        ):
             self._dumpdata_assert(
-                '',
+                "",
                 '[{"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place on ESPN", '
                 '"pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": '
                 '{"headline": "Copyright is fine the way it is", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T14:00:00"}}]',
-                primary_keys='2,3'
+                primary_keys="2,3",
             )
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(management.CommandError, "You can only use --pks option with one model"):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            management.CommandError, "You can only use --pks option with one model"
+        ):
             self._dumpdata_assert(
-                ['fixtures.Article', 'fixtures.category'],
+                ["fixtures.Article", "fixtures.category"],
                 '[{"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place on ESPN", '
                 '"pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": '
                 '{"headline": "Copyright is fine the way it is", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T14:00:00"}}]',
-                primary_keys='2,3'
+                primary_keys="2,3",
             )
 
     def test_dumpdata_with_uuid_pks(self):
@@ -492,7 +547,10 @@ class FixtureLoadingTests(DumpDataAssertMixin, TestCase):
         m2 = PrimaryKeyUUIDModel.objects.create()
         output = StringIO()
         management.call_command(
-            'dumpdata', 'fixtures.PrimaryKeyUUIDModel', '--pks', ', '.join([str(m1.id), str(m2.id)]),
+            "dumpdata",
+            "fixtures.PrimaryKeyUUIDModel",
+            "--pks",
+            ", ".join([str(m1.id), str(m2.id)]),
             stdout=output,
         )
         result = output.getvalue()
@@ -500,74 +558,74 @@ class FixtureLoadingTests(DumpDataAssertMixin, TestCase):
         self.assertIn('"pk": "%s"' % m2.id, result)
 
     def test_dumpdata_with_file_output(self):
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture1.json', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture1.json", verbosity=0)
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures'],
+            ["fixtures"],
             '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": '
             '"News Stories"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place '
             'on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": '
             '{"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}]',
-            filename='dumpdata.json'
+            filename="dumpdata.json",
         )
 
     def test_dumpdata_with_file_gzip_output(self):
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture1.json', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture1.json", verbosity=0)
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures'],
+            ["fixtures"],
             '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": '
             '"News Stories"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place '
             'on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": '
             '{"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}]',
-            filename='dumpdata.json.gz',
+            filename="dumpdata.json.gz",
         )
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(HAS_BZ2, 'No bz2 library detected.')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(HAS_BZ2, "No bz2 library detected.")
     def test_dumpdata_with_file_bz2_output(self):
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture1.json', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture1.json", verbosity=0)
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures'],
+            ["fixtures"],
             '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": '
             '"News Stories"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place '
             'on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": '
             '{"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}]',
-            filename='dumpdata.json.bz2',
+            filename="dumpdata.json.bz2",
         )
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(HAS_LZMA, 'No lzma library detected.')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(HAS_LZMA, "No lzma library detected.")
     def test_dumpdata_with_file_lzma_output(self):
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture1.json', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture1.json", verbosity=0)
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures'],
+            ["fixtures"],
             '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": '
             '"News Stories"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place '
             'on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": '
             '{"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}]',
-            filename='dumpdata.json.lzma',
+            filename="dumpdata.json.lzma",
         )
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(HAS_LZMA, 'No lzma library detected.')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(HAS_LZMA, "No lzma library detected.")
     def test_dumpdata_with_file_xz_output(self):
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture1.json', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture1.json", verbosity=0)
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures'],
+            ["fixtures"],
             '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": '
             '"News Stories"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place '
             'on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": '
             '{"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}]',
-            filename='dumpdata.json.xz',
+            filename="dumpdata.json.xz",
         )
 
     def test_dumpdata_with_file_zip_output(self):
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture1.json', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture1.json", verbosity=0)
         msg = "Unsupported file extension (.zip). Fixtures saved in 'dumpdata.json'."
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(RuntimeWarning, msg):
             self._dumpdata_assert(
-                ['fixtures'],
+                ["fixtures"],
                 '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": '
                 '"News Stories"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place '
                 'on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": '
                 '{"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}]',
-                filename='dumpdata.json.zip',
+                filename="dumpdata.json.zip",
             )
 
     def test_dumpdata_progressbar(self):
@@ -575,119 +633,124 @@ class FixtureLoadingTests(DumpDataAssertMixin, TestCase):
         Dumpdata shows a progress bar on the command line when --output is set,
         stdout is a tty, and verbosity > 0.
         """
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture1.json', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture1.json", verbosity=0)
         new_io = StringIO()
         new_io.isatty = lambda: True
         with NamedTemporaryFile() as file:
             options = {
-                'format': 'json',
-                'stdout': new_io,
-                'stderr': new_io,
-                'output': file.name,
+                "format": "json",
+                "stdout": new_io,
+                "stderr": new_io,
+                "output": file.name,
             }
-            management.call_command('dumpdata', 'fixtures', **options)
-            self.assertTrue(new_io.getvalue().endswith('[' + '.' * ProgressBar.progress_width + ']\n'))
+            management.call_command("dumpdata", "fixtures", **options)
+            self.assertTrue(
+                new_io.getvalue().endswith(
+                    "[" + "." * ProgressBar.progress_width + "]\n"
+                )
+            )
 
             # Test no progress bar when verbosity = 0
-            options['verbosity'] = 0
+            options["verbosity"] = 0
             new_io = StringIO()
             new_io.isatty = lambda: True
-            options.update({'stdout': new_io, 'stderr': new_io})
-            management.call_command('dumpdata', 'fixtures', **options)
-            self.assertEqual(new_io.getvalue(), '')
+            options.update({"stdout": new_io, "stderr": new_io})
+            management.call_command("dumpdata", "fixtures", **options)
+            self.assertEqual(new_io.getvalue(), "")
 
     def test_dumpdata_proxy_without_concrete(self):
         """
         A warning is displayed if a proxy model is dumped without its concrete
         parent.
         """
-        ProxySpy.objects.create(name='Paul')
+        ProxySpy.objects.create(name="Paul")
         msg = "fixtures.ProxySpy is a proxy model and won't be serialized."
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(ProxyModelWarning, msg):
-            self._dumpdata_assert(['fixtures.ProxySpy'], '[]')
+            self._dumpdata_assert(["fixtures.ProxySpy"], "[]")
 
     def test_dumpdata_proxy_with_concrete(self):
         """
         A warning isn't displayed if a proxy model is dumped with its concrete
         parent.
         """
-        spy = ProxySpy.objects.create(name='Paul')
+        spy = ProxySpy.objects.create(name="Paul")
 
         with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as warning_list:
-            warnings.simplefilter('always')
+            warnings.simplefilter("always")
             self._dumpdata_assert(
-                ['fixtures.ProxySpy', 'fixtures.Spy'],
-                '[{"pk": %d, "model": "fixtures.spy", "fields": {"cover_blown": false}}]' % spy.pk
+                ["fixtures.ProxySpy", "fixtures.Spy"],
+                '[{"pk": %d, "model": "fixtures.spy", "fields": {"cover_blown": false}}]'
+                % spy.pk,
             )
         self.assertEqual(len(warning_list), 0)
 
     def test_compress_format_loading(self):
         # Load fixture 4 (compressed), using format specification
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture4.json', verbosity=0)
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get().headline, 'Django pets kitten')
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture4.json", verbosity=0)
+        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get().headline, "Django pets kitten")
 
     def test_compressed_specified_loading(self):
         # Load fixture 5 (compressed), using format *and* compression specification
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture5.json.zip', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture5.json.zip", verbosity=0)
         self.assertEqual(
             Article.objects.get().headline,
-            'WoW subscribers now outnumber readers',
+            "WoW subscribers now outnumber readers",
         )
 
     def test_compressed_loading(self):
         # Load fixture 5 (compressed), only compression specification
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture5.zip', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture5.zip", verbosity=0)
         self.assertEqual(
             Article.objects.get().headline,
-            'WoW subscribers now outnumber readers',
+            "WoW subscribers now outnumber readers",
         )
 
     def test_compressed_loading_gzip(self):
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture5.json.gz', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture5.json.gz", verbosity=0)
         self.assertEqual(
             Article.objects.get().headline,
-            'WoW subscribers now outnumber readers',
+            "WoW subscribers now outnumber readers",
         )
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(HAS_BZ2, 'No bz2 library detected.')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(HAS_BZ2, "No bz2 library detected.")
     def test_compressed_loading_bz2(self):
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture5.json.bz2', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture5.json.bz2", verbosity=0)
         self.assertEqual(
             Article.objects.get().headline,
-            'WoW subscribers now outnumber readers',
+            "WoW subscribers now outnumber readers",
         )
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(HAS_LZMA, 'No lzma library detected.')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(HAS_LZMA, "No lzma library detected.")
     def test_compressed_loading_lzma(self):
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture5.json.lzma', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture5.json.lzma", verbosity=0)
         self.assertEqual(
             Article.objects.get().headline,
-            'WoW subscribers now outnumber readers',
+            "WoW subscribers now outnumber readers",
         )
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(HAS_LZMA, 'No lzma library detected.')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(HAS_LZMA, "No lzma library detected.")
     def test_compressed_loading_xz(self):
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture5.json.xz', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture5.json.xz", verbosity=0)
         self.assertEqual(
             Article.objects.get().headline,
-            'WoW subscribers now outnumber readers',
+            "WoW subscribers now outnumber readers",
         )
 
     def test_ambiguous_compressed_fixture(self):
         # The name "fixture5" is ambiguous, so loading raises an error.
         msg = "Multiple fixtures named 'fixture5'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(management.CommandError, msg):
-            management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture5', verbosity=0)
+            management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture5", verbosity=0)
 
     def test_db_loading(self):
         # Load db fixtures 1 and 2. These will load using the 'default' database identifier implicitly
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'db_fixture_1', verbosity=0)
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'db_fixture_2', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "db_fixture_1", verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "db_fixture_2", verbosity=0)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.values_list('headline', flat=True),
+            Article.objects.values_list("headline", flat=True),
             [
-                'Who needs more than one database?',
-                'Who needs to use compressed data?',
+                "Who needs more than one database?",
+                "Who needs to use compressed data?",
             ],
         )
 
@@ -699,76 +762,101 @@ class FixtureLoadingTests(DumpDataAssertMixin, TestCase):
         # MySQL needs a little prodding to reject invalid data.
         # This won't affect other tests because the database connection
         # is closed at the end of each test.
-        if connection.vendor == 'mysql':
+        if connection.vendor == "mysql":
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
                 cursor.execute("SET sql_mode = 'TRADITIONAL'")
-        msg = 'Could not load fixtures.Article(pk=1):'
+        msg = "Could not load fixtures.Article(pk=1):"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(IntegrityError, msg):
-            management.call_command('loaddata', 'invalid.json', verbosity=0)
+            management.call_command("loaddata", "invalid.json", verbosity=0)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'psycopg2 prohibits null characters in data.')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(
+        connection.vendor == "postgresql", "psycopg2 prohibits null characters in data."
+    )
     def test_loaddata_null_characters_on_postgresql(self):
         msg = (
-            'Could not load fixtures.Article(pk=2): '
-            'A string literal cannot contain NUL (0x00) characters.'
+            "Could not load fixtures.Article(pk=2): "
+            "A string literal cannot contain NUL (0x00) characters."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            management.call_command('loaddata', 'null_character_in_field_value.json')
+            management.call_command("loaddata", "null_character_in_field_value.json")
 
     def test_loaddata_app_option(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, "No fixture named 'db_fixture_1' found."):
-            management.call_command('loaddata', 'db_fixture_1', verbosity=0, app_label="someotherapp")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            CommandError, "No fixture named 'db_fixture_1' found."
+        ):
+            management.call_command(
+                "loaddata", "db_fixture_1", verbosity=0, app_label="someotherapp"
+            )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.all(), [])
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'db_fixture_1', verbosity=0, app_label="fixtures")
+        management.call_command(
+            "loaddata", "db_fixture_1", verbosity=0, app_label="fixtures"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             Article.objects.get().headline,
-            'Who needs more than one database?',
+            "Who needs more than one database?",
         )
 
     def test_loaddata_verbosity_three(self):
         output = StringIO()
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture1.json', verbosity=3, stdout=output, stderr=output)
+        management.call_command(
+            "loaddata", "fixture1.json", verbosity=3, stdout=output, stderr=output
+        )
         command_output = output.getvalue()
         self.assertIn(
             "\rProcessed 1 object(s).\rProcessed 2 object(s)."
             "\rProcessed 3 object(s).\rProcessed 4 object(s).\n",
-            command_output
+            command_output,
         )
 
     def test_loading_using(self):
         # Load db fixtures 1 and 2. These will load using the 'default' database identifier explicitly
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'db_fixture_1', verbosity=0, database='default')
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'db_fixture_2', verbosity=0, database='default')
+        management.call_command(
+            "loaddata", "db_fixture_1", verbosity=0, database="default"
+        )
+        management.call_command(
+            "loaddata", "db_fixture_2", verbosity=0, database="default"
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.values_list('headline', flat=True),
+            Article.objects.values_list("headline", flat=True),
             [
-                'Who needs more than one database?',
-                'Who needs to use compressed data?',
+                "Who needs more than one database?",
+                "Who needs to use compressed data?",
             ],
         )
 
     def test_unmatched_identifier_loading(self):
         # Try to load db fixture 3. This won't load because the database identifier doesn't match
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, "No fixture named 'db_fixture_3' found."):
-            management.call_command('loaddata', 'db_fixture_3', verbosity=0)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, "No fixture named 'db_fixture_3' found."):
-            management.call_command('loaddata', 'db_fixture_3', verbosity=0, database='default')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            CommandError, "No fixture named 'db_fixture_3' found."
+        ):
+            management.call_command("loaddata", "db_fixture_3", verbosity=0)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            CommandError, "No fixture named 'db_fixture_3' found."
+        ):
+            management.call_command(
+                "loaddata", "db_fixture_3", verbosity=0, database="default"
+            )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.all(), [])
 
     def test_output_formats(self):
         # Load back in fixture 1, we need the articles from it
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture1', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture1", verbosity=0)
 
         # Try to load fixture 6 using format discovery
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture6', verbosity=0)
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Tag.objects.all(), [
-            '<Tag: <Article: Time to reform copyright> tagged "copyright">',
-            '<Tag: <Article: Time to reform copyright> tagged "law">'
-        ], transform=repr, ordered=False)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture6", verbosity=0)
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            Tag.objects.all(),
+            [
+                '<Tag: <Article: Time to reform copyright> tagged "copyright">',
+                '<Tag: <Article: Time to reform copyright> tagged "law">',
+            ],
+            transform=repr,
+            ordered=False,
+        )
 
         # Dump the current contents of the database as a JSON fixture
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures'],
+            ["fixtures"],
             '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": '
             '"News Stories"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place '
             'on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": '
@@ -778,12 +866,12 @@ class FixtureLoadingTests(DumpDataAssertMixin, TestCase):
             '"law", "tagged_id": 3}}, {"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.person", "fields": {"name": "Django '
             'Reinhardt"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.person", "fields": {"name": "Stephane Grappelli"}}, '
             '{"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.person", "fields": {"name": "Prince"}}]',
-            natural_foreign_keys=True
+            natural_foreign_keys=True,
         )
 
         # Dump the current contents of the database as an XML fixture
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures'],
+            ["fixtures"],
             '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><django-objects version="1.0"><object pk="1" '
             'model="fixtures.category"><field type="CharField" name="title">News Stories</field><field '
             'type="TextField" name="description">Latest news stories</field></object><object pk="2" '
@@ -800,61 +888,74 @@ class FixtureLoadingTests(DumpDataAssertMixin, TestCase):
             '</object><object pk="1" model="fixtures.person"><field type="CharField" name="name">Django Reinhardt'
             '</field></object><object pk="2" model="fixtures.person"><field type="CharField" name="name">Stephane '
             'Grappelli</field></object><object pk="3" model="fixtures.person"><field type="CharField" name="name">'
-            'Prince</field></object></django-objects>',
-            format='xml', natural_foreign_keys=True
+            "Prince</field></object></django-objects>",
+            format="xml",
+            natural_foreign_keys=True,
         )
 
     def test_loading_with_exclude_app(self):
         Site.objects.all().delete()
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture1', exclude=['fixtures'], verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command(
+            "loaddata", "fixture1", exclude=["fixtures"], verbosity=0
+        )
         self.assertFalse(Article.objects.exists())
         self.assertFalse(Category.objects.exists())
-        self.assertEqual(Site.objects.get().domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(Site.objects.get().domain, "example.com")
 
     def test_loading_with_exclude_model(self):
         Site.objects.all().delete()
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture1', exclude=['fixtures.Article'], verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command(
+            "loaddata", "fixture1", exclude=["fixtures.Article"], verbosity=0
+        )
         self.assertFalse(Article.objects.exists())
-        self.assertEqual(Category.objects.get().title, 'News Stories')
-        self.assertEqual(Site.objects.get().domain, 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(Category.objects.get().title, "News Stories")
+        self.assertEqual(Site.objects.get().domain, "example.com")
 
     def test_exclude_option_errors(self):
         """Excluding a bogus app or model should raise an error."""
         msg = "No installed app with label 'foo_app'."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(management.CommandError, msg):
-            management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture1', exclude=['foo_app'], verbosity=0)
+            management.call_command(
+                "loaddata", "fixture1", exclude=["foo_app"], verbosity=0
+            )
 
         msg = "Unknown model: fixtures.FooModel"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(management.CommandError, msg):
-            management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture1', exclude=['fixtures.FooModel'], verbosity=0)
+            management.call_command(
+                "loaddata", "fixture1", exclude=["fixtures.FooModel"], verbosity=0
+            )
 
     def test_stdin_without_format(self):
         """Reading from stdin raises an error if format isn't specified."""
-        msg = '--format must be specified when reading from stdin.'
+        msg = "--format must be specified when reading from stdin."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(management.CommandError, msg):
-            management.call_command('loaddata', '-', verbosity=0)
+            management.call_command("loaddata", "-", verbosity=0)
 
     def test_loading_stdin(self):
         """Loading fixtures from stdin with json and xml."""
         tests_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-        fixture_json = os.path.join(tests_dir, 'fixtures', 'fixture1.json')
-        fixture_xml = os.path.join(tests_dir, 'fixtures', 'fixture3.xml')
+        fixture_json = os.path.join(tests_dir, "fixtures", "fixture1.json")
+        fixture_xml = os.path.join(tests_dir, "fixtures", "fixture3.xml")
 
-        with mock.patch('django.core.management.commands.loaddata.sys.stdin', open(fixture_json)):
-            management.call_command('loaddata', '--format=json', '-', verbosity=0)
+        with mock.patch(
+            "django.core.management.commands.loaddata.sys.stdin", open(fixture_json)
+        ):
+            management.call_command("loaddata", "--format=json", "-", verbosity=0)
             self.assertSequenceEqual(
-                Article.objects.values_list('headline', flat=True),
-                ['Time to reform copyright', 'Poker has no place on ESPN'],
+                Article.objects.values_list("headline", flat=True),
+                ["Time to reform copyright", "Poker has no place on ESPN"],
             )
 
-        with mock.patch('django.core.management.commands.loaddata.sys.stdin', open(fixture_xml)):
-            management.call_command('loaddata', '--format=xml', '-', verbosity=0)
+        with mock.patch(
+            "django.core.management.commands.loaddata.sys.stdin", open(fixture_xml)
+        ):
+            management.call_command("loaddata", "--format=xml", "-", verbosity=0)
             self.assertSequenceEqual(
-                Article.objects.values_list('headline', flat=True),
+                Article.objects.values_list("headline", flat=True),
                 [
-                    'XML identified as leading cause of cancer',
-                    'Time to reform copyright',
-                    'Poker on TV is great!',
+                    "XML identified as leading cause of cancer",
+                    "Time to reform copyright",
+                    "Poker on TV is great!",
                 ],
             )
 
@@ -866,19 +967,28 @@ class NonexistentFixtureTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_loaddata_not_existent_fixture_file(self):
         stdout_output = StringIO()
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, "No fixture named 'this_fixture_doesnt_exist' found."):
-            management.call_command('loaddata', 'this_fixture_doesnt_exist', stdout=stdout_output)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            CommandError, "No fixture named 'this_fixture_doesnt_exist' found."
+        ):
+            management.call_command(
+                "loaddata", "this_fixture_doesnt_exist", stdout=stdout_output
+            )
 
-    @mock.patch('django.db.connection.enable_constraint_checking')
-    @mock.patch('django.db.connection.disable_constraint_checking')
+    @mock.patch("django.db.connection.enable_constraint_checking")
+    @mock.patch("django.db.connection.disable_constraint_checking")
     def test_nonexistent_fixture_no_constraint_checking(
-            self, disable_constraint_checking, enable_constraint_checking):
+        self, disable_constraint_checking, enable_constraint_checking
+    ):
         """
         If no fixtures match the loaddata command, constraints checks on the
         database shouldn't be disabled. This is performance critical on MSSQL.
         """
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, "No fixture named 'this_fixture_doesnt_exist' found."):
-            management.call_command('loaddata', 'this_fixture_doesnt_exist', verbosity=0)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            CommandError, "No fixture named 'this_fixture_doesnt_exist' found."
+        ):
+            management.call_command(
+                "loaddata", "this_fixture_doesnt_exist", verbosity=0
+            )
         disable_constraint_checking.assert_not_called()
         enable_constraint_checking.assert_not_called()
 
@@ -886,60 +996,60 @@ class NonexistentFixtureTests(TestCase):
 class FixtureTransactionTests(DumpDataAssertMixin, TransactionTestCase):
 
     available_apps = [
-        'fixtures',
-        'django.contrib.sites',
+        "fixtures",
+        "django.contrib.sites",
     ]
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_forward_references')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_forward_references")
     def test_format_discovery(self):
         # Load fixture 1 again, using format discovery
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture1', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture1", verbosity=0)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.values_list('headline', flat=True),
-            ['Time to reform copyright', 'Poker has no place on ESPN'],
+            Article.objects.values_list("headline", flat=True),
+            ["Time to reform copyright", "Poker has no place on ESPN"],
         )
 
         # Try to load fixture 2 using format discovery; this will fail
         # because there are two fixture2's in the fixtures directory
         msg = "Multiple fixtures named 'fixture2'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(management.CommandError, msg):
-            management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture2', verbosity=0)
+            management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture2", verbosity=0)
 
         # object list is unaffected
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.values_list('headline', flat=True),
-            ['Time to reform copyright', 'Poker has no place on ESPN'],
+            Article.objects.values_list("headline", flat=True),
+            ["Time to reform copyright", "Poker has no place on ESPN"],
         )
 
         # Dump the current contents of the database as a JSON fixture
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures'],
+            ["fixtures"],
             '[{"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures.category", "fields": {"description": "Latest news stories", "title": '
             '"News Stories"}}, {"pk": 2, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": {"headline": "Poker has no place '
             'on ESPN", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T12:00:00"}}, {"pk": 3, "model": "fixtures.article", "fields": '
-            '{"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}]'
+            '{"headline": "Time to reform copyright", "pub_date": "2006-06-16T13:00:00"}}]',
         )
 
         # Load fixture 4 (compressed), using format discovery
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'fixture4', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "fixture4", verbosity=0)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.values_list('headline', flat=True),
+            Article.objects.values_list("headline", flat=True),
             [
-                'Django pets kitten',
-                'Time to reform copyright',
-                'Poker has no place on ESPN',
+                "Django pets kitten",
+                "Time to reform copyright",
+                "Poker has no place on ESPN",
             ],
         )
 
 
 class ForwardReferenceTests(DumpDataAssertMixin, TestCase):
     def test_forward_reference_fk(self):
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'forward_reference_fk.json', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "forward_reference_fk.json", verbosity=0)
         t1, t2 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.all()
         self.assertEqual(t1.other_thing, t2)
         self.assertEqual(t2.other_thing, t1)
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures'],
+            ["fixtures"],
             '[{"model": "fixtures.naturalkeything", "pk": 1, '
             '"fields": {"key": "t1", "other_thing": 2, "other_things": []}}, '
             '{"model": "fixtures.naturalkeything", "pk": 2, '
@@ -948,15 +1058,15 @@ class ForwardReferenceTests(DumpDataAssertMixin, TestCase):
 
     def test_forward_reference_fk_natural_key(self):
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'forward_reference_fk_natural_key.json',
+            "loaddata",
+            "forward_reference_fk_natural_key.json",
             verbosity=0,
         )
         t1, t2 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.all()
         self.assertEqual(t1.other_thing, t2)
         self.assertEqual(t2.other_thing, t1)
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures'],
+            ["fixtures"],
             '[{"model": "fixtures.naturalkeything", '
             '"fields": {"key": "t1", "other_thing": ["t2"], "other_things": []}}, '
             '{"model": "fixtures.naturalkeything", '
@@ -966,15 +1076,15 @@ class ForwardReferenceTests(DumpDataAssertMixin, TestCase):
         )
 
     def test_forward_reference_m2m(self):
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'forward_reference_m2m.json', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "forward_reference_m2m.json", verbosity=0)
         self.assertEqual(NaturalKeyThing.objects.count(), 3)
-        t1 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.get_by_natural_key('t1')
+        t1 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.get_by_natural_key("t1")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            t1.other_things.order_by('key').values_list('key', flat=True),
-            ['t2', 't3'],
+            t1.other_things.order_by("key").values_list("key", flat=True),
+            ["t2", "t3"],
         )
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures'],
+            ["fixtures"],
             '[{"model": "fixtures.naturalkeything", "pk": 1, '
             '"fields": {"key": "t1", "other_thing": null, "other_things": [2, 3]}}, '
             '{"model": "fixtures.naturalkeything", "pk": 2, '
@@ -985,18 +1095,18 @@ class ForwardReferenceTests(DumpDataAssertMixin, TestCase):
 
     def test_forward_reference_m2m_natural_key(self):
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'forward_reference_m2m_natural_key.json',
+            "loaddata",
+            "forward_reference_m2m_natural_key.json",
             verbosity=0,
         )
         self.assertEqual(NaturalKeyThing.objects.count(), 3)
-        t1 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.get_by_natural_key('t1')
+        t1 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.get_by_natural_key("t1")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            t1.other_things.order_by('key').values_list('key', flat=True),
-            ['t2', 't3'],
+            t1.other_things.order_by("key").values_list("key", flat=True),
+            ["t2", "t3"],
         )
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures'],
+            ["fixtures"],
             '[{"model": "fixtures.naturalkeything", '
             '"fields": {"key": "t1", "other_thing": null, "other_things": [["t2"], ["t3"]]}}, '
             '{"model": "fixtures.naturalkeything", '
@@ -1010,13 +1120,13 @@ class ForwardReferenceTests(DumpDataAssertMixin, TestCase):
 
 class CircularReferenceTests(DumpDataAssertMixin, TestCase):
     def test_circular_reference(self):
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'circular_reference.json', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "circular_reference.json", verbosity=0)
         obj_a = CircularA.objects.get()
         obj_b = CircularB.objects.get()
         self.assertEqual(obj_a.obj, obj_b)
         self.assertEqual(obj_b.obj, obj_a)
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures'],
+            ["fixtures"],
             '[{"model": "fixtures.circulara", "pk": 1, '
             '"fields": {"key": "x", "obj": 1}}, '
             '{"model": "fixtures.circularb", "pk": 1, '
@@ -1025,8 +1135,8 @@ class CircularReferenceTests(DumpDataAssertMixin, TestCase):
 
     def test_circular_reference_natural_key(self):
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'circular_reference_natural_key.json',
+            "loaddata",
+            "circular_reference_natural_key.json",
             verbosity=0,
         )
         obj_a = CircularA.objects.get()
@@ -1034,7 +1144,7 @@ class CircularReferenceTests(DumpDataAssertMixin, TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(obj_a.obj, obj_b)
         self.assertEqual(obj_b.obj, obj_a)
         self._dumpdata_assert(
-            ['fixtures'],
+            ["fixtures"],
             '[{"model": "fixtures.circulara", '
             '"fields": {"key": "x", "obj": ["y"]}}, '
             '{"model": "fixtures.circularb", '
diff --git a/tests/fixtures_model_package/models/__init__.py b/tests/fixtures_model_package/models/__init__.py
index 3e48710fbb..9a06fb2f99 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures_model_package/models/__init__.py
+++ b/tests/fixtures_model_package/models/__init__.py
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ from django.db import models
 
 
 class Article(models.Model):
-    headline = models.CharField(max_length=100, default='Default headline')
+    headline = models.CharField(max_length=100, default="Default headline")
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
 
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'fixtures_model_package'
-        ordering = ('-pub_date', 'headline')
+        app_label = "fixtures_model_package"
+        ordering = ("-pub_date", "headline")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
diff --git a/tests/fixtures_model_package/tests.py b/tests/fixtures_model_package/tests.py
index 8e0c40f471..490bef8c03 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures_model_package/tests.py
+++ b/tests/fixtures_model_package/tests.py
@@ -6,28 +6,29 @@ from .models import Article
 
 
 class SampleTestCase(TestCase):
-    fixtures = ['model_package_fixture1.json', 'model_package_fixture2.json']
+    fixtures = ["model_package_fixture1.json", "model_package_fixture2.json"]
 
     def test_class_fixtures(self):
         "Test cases can load fixture objects into models defined in packages"
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.all(), [
+            Article.objects.all(),
+            [
                 "Django conquers world!",
                 "Copyright is fine the way it is",
                 "Poker has no place on ESPN",
             ],
-            lambda a: a.headline
+            lambda a: a.headline,
         )
 
 
 class FixtureTestCase(TestCase):
-
     def test_loaddata(self):
         "Fixtures can load data into models defined in packages"
         # Load fixture 1. Single JSON file, with two objects
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'model_package_fixture1.json', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "model_package_fixture1.json", verbosity=0)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.all(), [
+            Article.objects.all(),
+            [
                 "Time to reform copyright",
                 "Poker has no place on ESPN",
             ],
@@ -36,9 +37,10 @@ class FixtureTestCase(TestCase):
 
         # Load fixture 2. JSON file imported by default. Overwrites some
         # existing objects
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'model_package_fixture2.json', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "model_package_fixture2.json", verbosity=0)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.all(), [
+            Article.objects.all(),
+            [
                 "Django conquers world!",
                 "Copyright is fine the way it is",
                 "Poker has no place on ESPN",
@@ -47,11 +49,14 @@ class FixtureTestCase(TestCase):
         )
 
         # Load a fixture that doesn't exist
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, "No fixture named 'unknown' found."):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            CommandError, "No fixture named 'unknown' found."
+        ):
             management.call_command("loaddata", "unknown.json", verbosity=0)
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.all(), [
+            Article.objects.all(),
+            [
                 "Django conquers world!",
                 "Copyright is fine the way it is",
                 "Poker has no place on ESPN",
diff --git a/tests/fixtures_regress/models.py b/tests/fixtures_regress/models.py
index f3253d1b90..bccf93f7c1 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/fixtures_regress/models.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class Stuff(models.Model):
     owner = models.ForeignKey(User, models.SET_NULL, null=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return self.name + ' is owned by ' + str(self.owner)
+        return self.name + " is owned by " + str(self.owner)
 
 
 class Absolute(models.Model):
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class Parent(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('id',)
+        ordering = ("id",)
 
 
 class Child(Parent):
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     channels = models.ManyToManyField(Channel)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('id',)
+        ordering = ("id",)
 
 
 # Subclass of a model with a ManyToManyField for test_ticket_20820
@@ -66,7 +66,6 @@ class SpecialArticle(Article):
 
 # Models to regression test #22421
 class CommonFeature(Article):
-
     class Meta:
         abstract = True
 
@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ class Widget(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -99,12 +98,12 @@ class TestManager(models.Manager):
 
 class Store(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)
-    main = models.ForeignKey('self', models.SET_NULL, null=True)
+    main = models.ForeignKey("self", models.SET_NULL, null=True)
 
     objects = TestManager()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -119,7 +118,7 @@ class Person(models.Model):
     objects = TestManager()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -128,7 +127,8 @@ class Person(models.Model):
     # one to test the behavior of the dependency resolution algorithm.
     def natural_key(self):
         return (self.name,)
-    natural_key.dependencies = ['fixtures_regress.store']
+
+    natural_key.dependencies = ["fixtures_regress.store"]
 
 
 class Book(models.Model):
@@ -137,13 +137,13 @@ class Book(models.Model):
     stores = models.ManyToManyField(Store)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s by %s (available at %s)' % (
+        return "%s by %s (available at %s)" % (
             self.name,
             self.author.name,
-            ', '.join(s.name for s in self.stores.all())
+            ", ".join(s.name for s in self.stores.all()),
         )
 
 
@@ -160,19 +160,19 @@ class NKChild(Parent):
         return (self.data,)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return 'NKChild %s:%s' % (self.name, self.data)
+        return "NKChild %s:%s" % (self.name, self.data)
 
 
 class RefToNKChild(models.Model):
     text = models.CharField(max_length=10)
-    nk_fk = models.ForeignKey(NKChild, models.CASCADE, related_name='ref_fks')
-    nk_m2m = models.ManyToManyField(NKChild, related_name='ref_m2ms')
+    nk_fk = models.ForeignKey(NKChild, models.CASCADE, related_name="ref_fks")
+    nk_m2m = models.ManyToManyField(NKChild, related_name="ref_m2ms")
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s: Reference to %s [%s]' % (
+        return "%s: Reference to %s [%s]" % (
             self.text,
             self.nk_fk,
-            ', '.join(str(o) for o in self.nk_m2m.all())
+            ", ".join(str(o) for o in self.nk_m2m.all()),
         )
 
 
@@ -182,7 +182,8 @@ class Circle1(models.Model):
 
     def natural_key(self):
         return (self.name,)
-    natural_key.dependencies = ['fixtures_regress.circle2']
+
+    natural_key.dependencies = ["fixtures_regress.circle2"]
 
 
 class Circle2(models.Model):
@@ -190,7 +191,8 @@ class Circle2(models.Model):
 
     def natural_key(self):
         return (self.name,)
-    natural_key.dependencies = ['fixtures_regress.circle1']
+
+    natural_key.dependencies = ["fixtures_regress.circle1"]
 
 
 class Circle3(models.Model):
@@ -198,7 +200,8 @@ class Circle3(models.Model):
 
     def natural_key(self):
         return (self.name,)
-    natural_key.dependencies = ['fixtures_regress.circle3']
+
+    natural_key.dependencies = ["fixtures_regress.circle3"]
 
 
 class Circle4(models.Model):
@@ -206,7 +209,8 @@ class Circle4(models.Model):
 
     def natural_key(self):
         return (self.name,)
-    natural_key.dependencies = ['fixtures_regress.circle5']
+
+    natural_key.dependencies = ["fixtures_regress.circle5"]
 
 
 class Circle5(models.Model):
@@ -214,7 +218,8 @@ class Circle5(models.Model):
 
     def natural_key(self):
         return (self.name,)
-    natural_key.dependencies = ['fixtures_regress.circle6']
+
+    natural_key.dependencies = ["fixtures_regress.circle6"]
 
 
 class Circle6(models.Model):
@@ -222,7 +227,8 @@ class Circle6(models.Model):
 
     def natural_key(self):
         return (self.name,)
-    natural_key.dependencies = ['fixtures_regress.circle4']
+
+    natural_key.dependencies = ["fixtures_regress.circle4"]
 
 
 class ExternalDependency(models.Model):
@@ -230,7 +236,8 @@ class ExternalDependency(models.Model):
 
     def natural_key(self):
         return (self.name,)
-    natural_key.dependencies = ['fixtures_regress.book']
+
+    natural_key.dependencies = ["fixtures_regress.book"]
 
 
 # Model for regression test of #11101
@@ -246,6 +253,7 @@ class BaseNKModel(models.Model):
     """
     Base model with a natural_key and a manager with `get_by_natural_key`
     """
+
     data = models.CharField(max_length=20, unique=True)
 
     objects = NKManager()
@@ -290,18 +298,21 @@ class M2MThroughAB(BaseNKModel):
 
 
 class M2MComplexCircular1A(BaseNKModel):
-    b_set = models.ManyToManyField("M2MComplexCircular1B",
-                                   through="M2MCircular1ThroughAB")
+    b_set = models.ManyToManyField(
+        "M2MComplexCircular1B", through="M2MCircular1ThroughAB"
+    )
 
 
 class M2MComplexCircular1B(BaseNKModel):
-    c_set = models.ManyToManyField("M2MComplexCircular1C",
-                                   through="M2MCircular1ThroughBC")
+    c_set = models.ManyToManyField(
+        "M2MComplexCircular1C", through="M2MCircular1ThroughBC"
+    )
 
 
 class M2MComplexCircular1C(BaseNKModel):
-    a_set = models.ManyToManyField("M2MComplexCircular1A",
-                                   through="M2MCircular1ThroughCA")
+    a_set = models.ManyToManyField(
+        "M2MComplexCircular1A", through="M2MCircular1ThroughCA"
+    )
 
 
 class M2MCircular1ThroughAB(BaseNKModel):
@@ -320,13 +331,15 @@ class M2MCircular1ThroughCA(BaseNKModel):
 
 
 class M2MComplexCircular2A(BaseNKModel):
-    b_set = models.ManyToManyField("M2MComplexCircular2B",
-                                   through="M2MCircular2ThroughAB")
+    b_set = models.ManyToManyField(
+        "M2MComplexCircular2B", through="M2MCircular2ThroughAB"
+    )
 
 
 class M2MComplexCircular2B(BaseNKModel):
     def natural_key(self):
         return (self.data,)
+
     # Fake the dependency for a circularity
     natural_key.dependencies = ["fixtures_regress.M2MComplexCircular2A"]
 
diff --git a/tests/fixtures_regress/tests.py b/tests/fixtures_regress/tests.py
index 4a22dc0246..318c9a3a14 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures_regress/tests.py
+++ b/tests/fixtures_regress/tests.py
@@ -11,30 +11,58 @@ from django.core.serializers.base import DeserializationError
 from django.db import IntegrityError, transaction
 from django.db.models import signals
 from django.test import (
-    TestCase, TransactionTestCase, override_settings, skipIfDBFeature,
+    TestCase,
+    TransactionTestCase,
+    override_settings,
+    skipIfDBFeature,
     skipUnlessDBFeature,
 )
 
 from .models import (
-    Absolute, Animal, Article, Book, Child, Circle1, Circle2, Circle3,
-    ExternalDependency, M2MCircular1ThroughAB, M2MCircular1ThroughBC,
-    M2MCircular1ThroughCA, M2MCircular2ThroughAB, M2MComplexA, M2MComplexB,
-    M2MComplexCircular1A, M2MComplexCircular1B, M2MComplexCircular1C,
-    M2MComplexCircular2A, M2MComplexCircular2B, M2MSimpleA, M2MSimpleB,
-    M2MSimpleCircularA, M2MSimpleCircularB, M2MThroughAB, NKChild, Parent,
-    Person, RefToNKChild, Store, Stuff, Thingy, Widget,
+    Absolute,
+    Animal,
+    Article,
+    Book,
+    Child,
+    Circle1,
+    Circle2,
+    Circle3,
+    ExternalDependency,
+    M2MCircular1ThroughAB,
+    M2MCircular1ThroughBC,
+    M2MCircular1ThroughCA,
+    M2MCircular2ThroughAB,
+    M2MComplexA,
+    M2MComplexB,
+    M2MComplexCircular1A,
+    M2MComplexCircular1B,
+    M2MComplexCircular1C,
+    M2MComplexCircular2A,
+    M2MComplexCircular2B,
+    M2MSimpleA,
+    M2MSimpleB,
+    M2MSimpleCircularA,
+    M2MSimpleCircularB,
+    M2MThroughAB,
+    NKChild,
+    Parent,
+    Person,
+    RefToNKChild,
+    Store,
+    Stuff,
+    Thingy,
+    Widget,
 )
 
 _cur_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
 
 
 class TestFixtures(TestCase):
-
     def animal_pre_save_check(self, signal, sender, instance, **kwargs):
         self.pre_save_checks.append(
             (
-                'Count = %s (%s)' % (instance.count, type(instance.count)),
-                'Weight = %s (%s)' % (instance.weight, type(instance.weight)),
+                "Count = %s (%s)" % (instance.count, type(instance.count)),
+                "Weight = %s (%s)" % (instance.weight, type(instance.weight)),
             )
         )
 
@@ -44,8 +72,8 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
         """
         # Load a fixture that uses PK=1
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'sequence',
+            "loaddata",
+            "sequence",
             verbosity=0,
         )
 
@@ -53,8 +81,8 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
         # will take a PK of 1 (on Postgres), and the save will fail.
 
         animal = Animal(
-            name='Platypus',
-            latin_name='Ornithorhynchus anatinus',
+            name="Platypus",
+            latin_name="Ornithorhynchus anatinus",
             count=2,
             weight=2.2,
         )
@@ -69,8 +97,8 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
         """
         with self.assertRaises(DeserializationError):
             management.call_command(
-                'loaddata',
-                'sequence_extra',
+                "loaddata",
+                "sequence_extra",
                 verbosity=0,
             )
 
@@ -81,12 +109,12 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
         from the database.
         """
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'sequence_extra',
+            "loaddata",
+            "sequence_extra",
             ignore=True,
             verbosity=0,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(Animal.specimens.all()[0].name, 'Lion')
+        self.assertEqual(Animal.specimens.all()[0].name, "Lion")
 
     def test_loaddata_not_found_fields_ignore_xml(self):
         """
@@ -94,14 +122,14 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
         for fields that have been removed from the model definition.
         """
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'sequence_extra_xml',
+            "loaddata",
+            "sequence_extra_xml",
             ignore=True,
             verbosity=0,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(Animal.specimens.all()[0].name, 'Wolf')
+        self.assertEqual(Animal.specimens.all()[0].name, "Wolf")
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls")
     def test_pretty_print_xml(self):
         """
         Regression test for ticket #4558 -- pretty printing of XML fixtures
@@ -109,14 +137,14 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
         """
         # Load a pretty-printed XML fixture with Nulls.
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'pretty.xml',
+            "loaddata",
+            "pretty.xml",
             verbosity=0,
         )
         self.assertIsNone(Stuff.objects.all()[0].name)
         self.assertIsNone(Stuff.objects.all()[0].owner)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls")
     def test_pretty_print_xml_empty_strings(self):
         """
         Regression test for ticket #4558 -- pretty printing of XML fixtures
@@ -124,11 +152,11 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
         """
         # Load a pretty-printed XML fixture with Nulls.
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'pretty.xml',
+            "loaddata",
+            "pretty.xml",
             verbosity=0,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(Stuff.objects.all()[0].name, '')
+        self.assertEqual(Stuff.objects.all()[0].name, "")
         self.assertIsNone(Stuff.objects.all()[0].owner)
 
     def test_absolute_path(self):
@@ -141,24 +169,22 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
         fixture directory.
         """
         load_absolute_path = os.path.join(
-            os.path.dirname(__file__),
-            'fixtures',
-            'absolute.json'
+            os.path.dirname(__file__), "fixtures", "absolute.json"
         )
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
+            "loaddata",
             load_absolute_path,
             verbosity=0,
         )
         self.assertEqual(Absolute.objects.count(), 1)
 
-    def test_relative_path(self, path=['fixtures', 'absolute.json']):
+    def test_relative_path(self, path=["fixtures", "absolute.json"]):
         relative_path = os.path.join(*path)
         cwd = os.getcwd()
         try:
             os.chdir(_cur_dir)
             management.call_command(
-                'loaddata',
+                "loaddata",
                 relative_path,
                 verbosity=0,
             )
@@ -166,14 +192,14 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
             os.chdir(cwd)
         self.assertEqual(Absolute.objects.count(), 1)
 
-    @override_settings(FIXTURE_DIRS=[os.path.join(_cur_dir, 'fixtures_1')])
+    @override_settings(FIXTURE_DIRS=[os.path.join(_cur_dir, "fixtures_1")])
     def test_relative_path_in_fixture_dirs(self):
-        self.test_relative_path(path=['inner', 'absolute.json'])
+        self.test_relative_path(path=["inner", "absolute.json"])
 
     def test_path_containing_dots(self):
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'path.containing.dots.json',
+            "loaddata",
+            "path.containing.dots.json",
             verbosity=0,
         )
         self.assertEqual(Absolute.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -186,20 +212,20 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
         msg = "Problem installing fixture 'bad_fix.ture1': unkn is not a known serialization format."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(management.CommandError, msg):
             management.call_command(
-                'loaddata',
-                'bad_fix.ture1.unkn',
+                "loaddata",
+                "bad_fix.ture1.unkn",
                 verbosity=0,
             )
 
-    @override_settings(SERIALIZATION_MODULES={'unkn': 'unexistent.path'})
+    @override_settings(SERIALIZATION_MODULES={"unkn": "unexistent.path"})
     def test_unimportable_serializer(self):
         """
         Failing serializer import raises the proper error
         """
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImportError, "No module named 'unexistent'"):
             management.call_command(
-                'loaddata',
-                'bad_fix.ture1.unkn',
+                "loaddata",
+                "bad_fix.ture1.unkn",
                 verbosity=0,
             )
 
@@ -212,8 +238,8 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
         msg = "No fixture data found for 'bad_fixture2'. (File format may be invalid.)"
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(RuntimeWarning, msg):
             management.call_command(
-                'loaddata',
-                'bad_fixture2.xml',
+                "loaddata",
+                "bad_fixture2.xml",
                 verbosity=0,
             )
 
@@ -226,8 +252,8 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
         msg = "No fixture data found for 'bad_fixture2'. (File format may be invalid.)"
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(RuntimeWarning, msg):
             management.call_command(
-                'loaddata',
-                'bad_fixture2',
+                "loaddata",
+                "bad_fixture2",
                 verbosity=0,
             )
 
@@ -239,8 +265,8 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
         msg = "No fixture data found for 'empty'. (File format may be invalid.)"
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(RuntimeWarning, msg):
             management.call_command(
-                'loaddata',
-                'empty',
+                "loaddata",
+                "empty",
                 verbosity=0,
             )
 
@@ -252,9 +278,9 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
         msg = "No fixture data found for 'bad_fixture2'. (File format may be invalid.)"
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(RuntimeWarning, msg):
             management.call_command(
-                'loaddata',
-                'bad_fixture2',
-                'animal',
+                "loaddata",
+                "bad_fixture2",
+                "animal",
                 verbosity=0,
             )
 
@@ -265,8 +291,8 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
         (since they are treated individually).
         """
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'model-inheritance.json',
+            "loaddata",
+            "model-inheritance.json",
             verbosity=0,
         )
         self.assertEqual(Parent.objects.all()[0].id, 1)
@@ -281,21 +307,19 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
         issued.
         """
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'big-fixture.json',
+            "loaddata",
+            "big-fixture.json",
             verbosity=0,
         )
         articles = Article.objects.exclude(id=9)
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(articles.values_list('id', flat=True)),
-            [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
+            list(articles.values_list("id", flat=True)), [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
         )
         # Just for good measure, run the same query again.
         # Under the influence of ticket #7572, this will
         # give a different result to the previous call.
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(articles.values_list('id', flat=True)),
-            [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
+            list(articles.values_list("id", flat=True)), [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
         )
 
     def test_field_value_coerce(self):
@@ -307,16 +331,13 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
         signals.pre_save.connect(self.animal_pre_save_check)
         try:
             management.call_command(
-                'loaddata',
-                'animal.xml',
+                "loaddata",
+                "animal.xml",
                 verbosity=0,
             )
             self.assertEqual(
                 self.pre_save_checks,
-                [
-                    ("Count = 42 (<class 'int'>)",
-                     "Weight = 1.2 (<class 'float'>)")
-                ]
+                [("Count = 42 (<class 'int'>)", "Weight = 1.2 (<class 'float'>)")],
             )
         finally:
             signals.pre_save.disconnect(self.animal_pre_save_check)
@@ -328,18 +349,18 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
         the database as a JSON fixture
         """
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'animal.xml',
+            "loaddata",
+            "animal.xml",
             verbosity=0,
         )
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'sequence.json',
+            "loaddata",
+            "sequence.json",
             verbosity=0,
         )
         animal = Animal(
-            name='Platypus',
-            latin_name='Ornithorhynchus anatinus',
+            name="Platypus",
+            latin_name="Ornithorhynchus anatinus",
             count=2,
             weight=2.2,
         )
@@ -347,9 +368,9 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
 
         out = StringIO()
         management.call_command(
-            'dumpdata',
-            'fixtures_regress.animal',
-            format='json',
+            "dumpdata",
+            "fixtures_regress.animal",
+            format="json",
             stdout=out,
         )
 
@@ -358,22 +379,43 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
 
         # Get rid of artifacts like '000000002' to eliminate the differences
         # between different Python versions.
-        data = re.sub('0{6,}[0-9]', '', data)
+        data = re.sub("0{6,}[0-9]", "", data)
 
-        animals_data = sorted([
-            {
-                "pk": 1, "model": "fixtures_regress.animal",
-                "fields": {"count": 3, "weight": 1.2, "name": "Lion", "latin_name": "Panthera leo"}
-            },
-            {
-                "pk": 10, "model": "fixtures_regress.animal",
-                "fields": {"count": 42, "weight": 1.2, "name": "Emu", "latin_name": "Dromaius novaehollandiae"}
-            },
-            {
-                "pk": animal.pk, "model": "fixtures_regress.animal",
-                "fields": {"count": 2, "weight": 2.2, "name": "Platypus", "latin_name": "Ornithorhynchus anatinus"}
-            },
-        ], key=lambda x: x["pk"])
+        animals_data = sorted(
+            [
+                {
+                    "pk": 1,
+                    "model": "fixtures_regress.animal",
+                    "fields": {
+                        "count": 3,
+                        "weight": 1.2,
+                        "name": "Lion",
+                        "latin_name": "Panthera leo",
+                    },
+                },
+                {
+                    "pk": 10,
+                    "model": "fixtures_regress.animal",
+                    "fields": {
+                        "count": 42,
+                        "weight": 1.2,
+                        "name": "Emu",
+                        "latin_name": "Dromaius novaehollandiae",
+                    },
+                },
+                {
+                    "pk": animal.pk,
+                    "model": "fixtures_regress.animal",
+                    "fields": {
+                        "count": 2,
+                        "weight": 2.2,
+                        "name": "Platypus",
+                        "latin_name": "Ornithorhynchus anatinus",
+                    },
+                },
+            ],
+            key=lambda x: x["pk"],
+        )
 
         data = sorted(json.loads(data), key=lambda x: x["pk"])
 
@@ -386,28 +428,28 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
         """
         out = StringIO()
         # Create an instance of the concrete class
-        widget = Widget.objects.create(name='grommet')
+        widget = Widget.objects.create(name="grommet")
         management.call_command(
-            'dumpdata',
-            'fixtures_regress.widget',
-            'fixtures_regress.widgetproxy',
-            format='json',
+            "dumpdata",
+            "fixtures_regress.widget",
+            "fixtures_regress.widgetproxy",
+            format="json",
             stdout=out,
         )
         self.assertJSONEqual(
             out.getvalue(),
             """[{"pk": %d, "model": "fixtures_regress.widget", "fields": {"name": "grommet"}}]"""
-            % widget.pk
+            % widget.pk,
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_forward_references')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_forward_references")
     def test_loaddata_works_when_fixture_has_forward_refs(self):
         """
         Regression for #3615 - Forward references cause fixtures not to load in MySQL (InnoDB)
         """
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'forward_ref.json',
+            "loaddata",
+            "forward_ref.json",
             verbosity=0,
         )
         self.assertEqual(Book.objects.all()[0].id, 1)
@@ -419,23 +461,27 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
         """
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(IntegrityError, "Problem installing fixture"):
             management.call_command(
-                'loaddata',
-                'forward_ref_bad_data.json',
+                "loaddata",
+                "forward_ref_bad_data.json",
                 verbosity=0,
             )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_forward_references')
-    @override_settings(FIXTURE_DIRS=[os.path.join(_cur_dir, 'fixtures_1'),
-                                     os.path.join(_cur_dir, 'fixtures_2')])
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_forward_references")
+    @override_settings(
+        FIXTURE_DIRS=[
+            os.path.join(_cur_dir, "fixtures_1"),
+            os.path.join(_cur_dir, "fixtures_2"),
+        ]
+    )
     def test_loaddata_forward_refs_split_fixtures(self):
         """
         Regression for #17530 - should be able to cope with forward references
         when the fixtures are not in the same files or directories.
         """
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'forward_ref_1.json',
-            'forward_ref_2.json',
+            "loaddata",
+            "forward_ref_1.json",
+            "forward_ref_2.json",
             verbosity=0,
         )
         self.assertEqual(Book.objects.all()[0].id, 1)
@@ -448,7 +494,7 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
         msg = "No database fixture specified. Please provide the path of at least one fixture in the command line."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(management.CommandError, msg):
             management.call_command(
-                'loaddata',
+                "loaddata",
                 verbosity=0,
             )
 
@@ -458,8 +504,8 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
         from a model with a M2M shouldn't blow up.
         """
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'special-article.json',
+            "loaddata",
+            "special-article.json",
             verbosity=0,
         )
 
@@ -470,8 +516,8 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
         blow up.
         """
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'feature.json',
+            "loaddata",
+            "feature.json",
             verbosity=0,
         )
 
@@ -480,22 +526,28 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
         Regression test for ticket #17946.
         """
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'm2mtoself.json',
+            "loaddata",
+            "m2mtoself.json",
             verbosity=0,
         )
 
-    @override_settings(FIXTURE_DIRS=[os.path.join(_cur_dir, 'fixtures_1'),
-                                     os.path.join(_cur_dir, 'fixtures_1')])
+    @override_settings(
+        FIXTURE_DIRS=[
+            os.path.join(_cur_dir, "fixtures_1"),
+            os.path.join(_cur_dir, "fixtures_1"),
+        ]
+    )
     def test_fixture_dirs_with_duplicates(self):
         """
         settings.FIXTURE_DIRS cannot contain duplicates in order to avoid
         repeated fixture loading.
         """
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, "settings.FIXTURE_DIRS contains duplicates."):
-            management.call_command('loaddata', 'absolute.json', verbosity=0)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ImproperlyConfigured, "settings.FIXTURE_DIRS contains duplicates."
+        ):
+            management.call_command("loaddata", "absolute.json", verbosity=0)
 
-    @override_settings(FIXTURE_DIRS=[os.path.join(_cur_dir, 'fixtures')])
+    @override_settings(FIXTURE_DIRS=[os.path.join(_cur_dir, "fixtures")])
     def test_fixture_dirs_with_default_fixture_path(self):
         """
         settings.FIXTURE_DIRS cannot contain a default fixtures directory
@@ -504,52 +556,49 @@ class TestFixtures(TestCase):
         msg = (
             "'%s' is a default fixture directory for the '%s' app "
             "and cannot be listed in settings.FIXTURE_DIRS."
-            % (os.path.join(_cur_dir, 'fixtures'), 'fixtures_regress')
+            % (os.path.join(_cur_dir, "fixtures"), "fixtures_regress")
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            management.call_command('loaddata', 'absolute.json', verbosity=0)
+            management.call_command("loaddata", "absolute.json", verbosity=0)
 
-    @override_settings(FIXTURE_DIRS=[os.path.join(_cur_dir, 'fixtures_1'),
-                                     os.path.join(_cur_dir, 'fixtures_2')])
+    @override_settings(
+        FIXTURE_DIRS=[
+            os.path.join(_cur_dir, "fixtures_1"),
+            os.path.join(_cur_dir, "fixtures_2"),
+        ]
+    )
     def test_loaddata_with_valid_fixture_dirs(self):
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'absolute.json',
+            "loaddata",
+            "absolute.json",
             verbosity=0,
         )
 
-    @override_settings(FIXTURE_DIRS=[Path(_cur_dir) / 'fixtures_1'])
+    @override_settings(FIXTURE_DIRS=[Path(_cur_dir) / "fixtures_1"])
     def test_fixtures_dir_pathlib(self):
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'inner/absolute.json', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "inner/absolute.json", verbosity=0)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(Absolute.objects.all(), [1], transform=lambda o: o.pk)
 
 
 class NaturalKeyFixtureTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_nk_deserialize(self):
         """
         Test for ticket #13030 - Python based parser version
         natural keys deserialize with fk to inheriting model
         """
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'model-inheritance.json',
+            "loaddata",
+            "model-inheritance.json",
             verbosity=0,
         )
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'nk-inheritance.json',
+            "loaddata",
+            "nk-inheritance.json",
             verbosity=0,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            NKChild.objects.get(pk=1).data,
-            'apple'
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(NKChild.objects.get(pk=1).data, "apple")
 
-        self.assertEqual(
-            RefToNKChild.objects.get(pk=1).nk_fk.data,
-            'apple'
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(RefToNKChild.objects.get(pk=1).nk_fk.data, "apple")
 
     def test_nk_deserialize_xml(self):
         """
@@ -557,47 +606,41 @@ class NaturalKeyFixtureTests(TestCase):
         natural keys deserialize with fk to inheriting model
         """
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'model-inheritance.json',
+            "loaddata",
+            "model-inheritance.json",
             verbosity=0,
         )
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'nk-inheritance.json',
+            "loaddata",
+            "nk-inheritance.json",
             verbosity=0,
         )
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'nk-inheritance2.xml',
+            "loaddata",
+            "nk-inheritance2.xml",
             verbosity=0,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            NKChild.objects.get(pk=2).data,
-            'banana'
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            RefToNKChild.objects.get(pk=2).nk_fk.data,
-            'apple'
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(NKChild.objects.get(pk=2).data, "banana")
+        self.assertEqual(RefToNKChild.objects.get(pk=2).nk_fk.data, "apple")
 
     def test_nk_on_serialize(self):
         """
         Natural key requirements are taken into account when serializing models.
         """
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'forward_ref_lookup.json',
+            "loaddata",
+            "forward_ref_lookup.json",
             verbosity=0,
         )
 
         out = StringIO()
         management.call_command(
-            'dumpdata',
-            'fixtures_regress.book',
-            'fixtures_regress.person',
-            'fixtures_regress.store',
+            "dumpdata",
+            "fixtures_regress.book",
+            "fixtures_regress.person",
+            "fixtures_regress.store",
             verbosity=0,
-            format='json',
+            format="json",
             use_natural_foreign_keys=True,
             use_natural_primary_keys=True,
             stdout=out,
@@ -610,7 +653,7 @@ class NaturalKeyFixtureTests(TestCase):
             {"fields": {"name": "Neal Stephenson"}, "model": "fixtures_regress.person"},
             {"pk": 1, "model": "fixtures_regress.book", "fields": {"stores": [["Amazon"], ["Borders"]],
             "name": "Cryptonomicon", "author": ["Neal Stephenson"]}}]
-            """
+            """,
         )
 
     def test_dependency_sorting(self):
@@ -619,131 +662,114 @@ class NaturalKeyFixtureTests(TestCase):
         serialized before then Person, and both must be serialized before Book.
         """
         sorted_deps = serializers.sort_dependencies(
-            [('fixtures_regress', [Book, Person, Store])]
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            sorted_deps,
-            [Store, Person, Book]
+            [("fixtures_regress", [Book, Person, Store])]
         )
+        self.assertEqual(sorted_deps, [Store, Person, Book])
 
     def test_dependency_sorting_2(self):
         sorted_deps = serializers.sort_dependencies(
-            [('fixtures_regress', [Book, Store, Person])]
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            sorted_deps,
-            [Store, Person, Book]
+            [("fixtures_regress", [Book, Store, Person])]
         )
+        self.assertEqual(sorted_deps, [Store, Person, Book])
 
     def test_dependency_sorting_3(self):
         sorted_deps = serializers.sort_dependencies(
-            [('fixtures_regress', [Store, Book, Person])]
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            sorted_deps,
-            [Store, Person, Book]
+            [("fixtures_regress", [Store, Book, Person])]
         )
+        self.assertEqual(sorted_deps, [Store, Person, Book])
 
     def test_dependency_sorting_4(self):
         sorted_deps = serializers.sort_dependencies(
-            [('fixtures_regress', [Store, Person, Book])]
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            sorted_deps,
-            [Store, Person, Book]
+            [("fixtures_regress", [Store, Person, Book])]
         )
+        self.assertEqual(sorted_deps, [Store, Person, Book])
 
     def test_dependency_sorting_5(self):
         sorted_deps = serializers.sort_dependencies(
-            [('fixtures_regress', [Person, Book, Store])]
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            sorted_deps,
-            [Store, Person, Book]
+            [("fixtures_regress", [Person, Book, Store])]
         )
+        self.assertEqual(sorted_deps, [Store, Person, Book])
 
     def test_dependency_sorting_6(self):
         sorted_deps = serializers.sort_dependencies(
-            [('fixtures_regress', [Person, Store, Book])]
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            sorted_deps,
-            [Store, Person, Book]
+            [("fixtures_regress", [Person, Store, Book])]
         )
+        self.assertEqual(sorted_deps, [Store, Person, Book])
 
     def test_dependency_sorting_dangling(self):
         sorted_deps = serializers.sort_dependencies(
-            [('fixtures_regress', [Person, Circle1, Store, Book])]
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            sorted_deps,
-            [Circle1, Store, Person, Book]
+            [("fixtures_regress", [Person, Circle1, Store, Book])]
         )
+        self.assertEqual(sorted_deps, [Circle1, Store, Person, Book])
 
     def test_dependency_sorting_tight_circular(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(
             RuntimeError,
             "Can't resolve dependencies for fixtures_regress.Circle1, "
-            "fixtures_regress.Circle2 in serialized app list."
+            "fixtures_regress.Circle2 in serialized app list.",
         ):
-            serializers.sort_dependencies([('fixtures_regress', [Person, Circle2, Circle1, Store, Book])])
+            serializers.sort_dependencies(
+                [("fixtures_regress", [Person, Circle2, Circle1, Store, Book])]
+            )
 
     def test_dependency_sorting_tight_circular_2(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(
             RuntimeError,
             "Can't resolve dependencies for fixtures_regress.Circle1, "
-            "fixtures_regress.Circle2 in serialized app list."
+            "fixtures_regress.Circle2 in serialized app list.",
         ):
-            serializers.sort_dependencies([('fixtures_regress', [Circle1, Book, Circle2])])
+            serializers.sort_dependencies(
+                [("fixtures_regress", [Circle1, Book, Circle2])]
+            )
 
     def test_dependency_self_referential(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(
             RuntimeError,
             "Can't resolve dependencies for fixtures_regress.Circle3 in "
-            "serialized app list."
+            "serialized app list.",
         ):
-            serializers.sort_dependencies([('fixtures_regress', [Book, Circle3])])
+            serializers.sort_dependencies([("fixtures_regress", [Book, Circle3])])
 
     def test_dependency_sorting_long(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(
             RuntimeError,
             "Can't resolve dependencies for fixtures_regress.Circle1, "
             "fixtures_regress.Circle2, fixtures_regress.Circle3 in serialized "
-            "app list."
+            "app list.",
         ):
-            serializers.sort_dependencies([('fixtures_regress', [Person, Circle2, Circle1, Circle3, Store, Book])])
+            serializers.sort_dependencies(
+                [("fixtures_regress", [Person, Circle2, Circle1, Circle3, Store, Book])]
+            )
 
     def test_dependency_sorting_normal(self):
         sorted_deps = serializers.sort_dependencies(
-            [('fixtures_regress', [Person, ExternalDependency, Book])]
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            sorted_deps,
-            [Person, Book, ExternalDependency]
+            [("fixtures_regress", [Person, ExternalDependency, Book])]
         )
+        self.assertEqual(sorted_deps, [Person, Book, ExternalDependency])
 
     def test_normal_pk(self):
         """
         Normal primary keys work on a model with natural key capabilities.
         """
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'non_natural_1.json',
+            "loaddata",
+            "non_natural_1.json",
             verbosity=0,
         )
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'forward_ref_lookup.json',
+            "loaddata",
+            "forward_ref_lookup.json",
             verbosity=0,
         )
         management.call_command(
-            'loaddata',
-            'non_natural_2.xml',
+            "loaddata",
+            "non_natural_2.xml",
             verbosity=0,
         )
         books = Book.objects.all()
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            books, [
+            books,
+            [
                 "<Book: Cryptonomicon by Neal Stephenson (available at Amazon, Borders)>",
                 "<Book: Ender's Game by Orson Scott Card (available at Collins Bookstore)>",
                 "<Book: Permutation City by Greg Egan (available at Angus and Robertson)>",
@@ -764,7 +790,7 @@ class M2MNaturalKeyFixtureTests(TestCase):
         altogether.
         """
         sorted_deps = serializers.sort_dependencies(
-            [('fixtures_regress', [M2MSimpleA, M2MSimpleB])]
+            [("fixtures_regress", [M2MSimpleA, M2MSimpleB])]
         )
         self.assertEqual(sorted_deps, [M2MSimpleB, M2MSimpleA])
 
@@ -776,9 +802,11 @@ class M2MNaturalKeyFixtureTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(
             RuntimeError,
             "Can't resolve dependencies for fixtures_regress.M2MSimpleCircularA, "
-            "fixtures_regress.M2MSimpleCircularB in serialized app list."
+            "fixtures_regress.M2MSimpleCircularB in serialized app list.",
         ):
-            serializers.sort_dependencies([('fixtures_regress', [M2MSimpleCircularA, M2MSimpleCircularB])])
+            serializers.sort_dependencies(
+                [("fixtures_regress", [M2MSimpleCircularA, M2MSimpleCircularB])]
+            )
 
     def test_dependency_sorting_m2m_complex(self):
         """
@@ -786,7 +814,7 @@ class M2MNaturalKeyFixtureTests(TestCase):
         dependencies.  The through model itself will have dependencies, though.
         """
         sorted_deps = serializers.sort_dependencies(
-            [('fixtures_regress', [M2MComplexA, M2MComplexB, M2MThroughAB])]
+            [("fixtures_regress", [M2MComplexA, M2MComplexB, M2MThroughAB])]
         )
         # Order between M2MComplexA and M2MComplexB doesn't matter. The through
         # model has dependencies to them though, so it should come last.
@@ -796,11 +824,16 @@ class M2MNaturalKeyFixtureTests(TestCase):
         """
         Circular M2M relations with explicit through models should be serializable
         """
-        A, B, C, AtoB, BtoC, CtoA = (M2MComplexCircular1A, M2MComplexCircular1B,
-                                     M2MComplexCircular1C, M2MCircular1ThroughAB,
-                                     M2MCircular1ThroughBC, M2MCircular1ThroughCA)
+        A, B, C, AtoB, BtoC, CtoA = (
+            M2MComplexCircular1A,
+            M2MComplexCircular1B,
+            M2MComplexCircular1C,
+            M2MCircular1ThroughAB,
+            M2MCircular1ThroughBC,
+            M2MCircular1ThroughCA,
+        )
         sorted_deps = serializers.sort_dependencies(
-            [('fixtures_regress', [A, B, C, AtoB, BtoC, CtoA])]
+            [("fixtures_regress", [A, B, C, AtoB, BtoC, CtoA])]
         )
         # The dependency sorting should not result in an error, and the
         # through model should have dependencies to the other models and as
@@ -813,9 +846,14 @@ class M2MNaturalKeyFixtureTests(TestCase):
         Circular M2M relations with explicit through models should be serializable
         This test tests the circularity with explicit natural_key.dependencies
         """
-        sorted_deps = serializers.sort_dependencies([
-            ('fixtures_regress', [M2MComplexCircular2A, M2MComplexCircular2B, M2MCircular2ThroughAB])
-        ])
+        sorted_deps = serializers.sort_dependencies(
+            [
+                (
+                    "fixtures_regress",
+                    [M2MComplexCircular2A, M2MComplexCircular2B, M2MCircular2ThroughAB],
+                )
+            ]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(sorted_deps[:2], [M2MComplexCircular2A, M2MComplexCircular2B])
         self.assertEqual(sorted_deps[2:], [M2MCircular2ThroughAB])
 
@@ -831,9 +869,9 @@ class M2MNaturalKeyFixtureTests(TestCase):
 
         out = StringIO()
         management.call_command(
-            'dumpdata',
-            'fixtures_regress.M2MSimpleA',
-            'fixtures_regress.M2MSimpleB',
+            "dumpdata",
+            "fixtures_regress.M2MSimpleA",
+            "fixtures_regress.M2MSimpleB",
             use_natural_foreign_keys=True,
             stdout=out,
         )
@@ -851,15 +889,15 @@ class M2MNaturalKeyFixtureTests(TestCase):
 
 class TestTicket11101(TransactionTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['fixtures_regress']
+    available_apps = ["fixtures_regress"]
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_transactions')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_transactions")
     def test_ticket_11101(self):
         """Fixtures can be rolled back (ticket #11101)."""
         with transaction.atomic():
             management.call_command(
-                'loaddata',
-                'thingy.json',
+                "loaddata",
+                "thingy.json",
                 verbosity=0,
             )
             self.assertEqual(Thingy.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -872,13 +910,14 @@ class TestLoadFixtureFromOtherAppDirectory(TestCase):
     #23612 -- fixtures path should be normalized to allow referencing relative
     paths on Windows.
     """
+
     current_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
     # relative_prefix is something like tests/fixtures_regress or
     # fixtures_regress depending on how runtests.py is invoked.
     # All path separators must be / in order to be a proper regression test on
     # Windows, so replace as appropriate.
-    relative_prefix = os.path.relpath(current_dir, os.getcwd()).replace('\\', '/')
-    fixtures = [relative_prefix + '/fixtures/absolute.json']
+    relative_prefix = os.path.relpath(current_dir, os.getcwd()).replace("\\", "/")
+    fixtures = [relative_prefix + "/fixtures/absolute.json"]
 
     def test_fixtures_loaded(self):
         count = Absolute.objects.count()
diff --git a/tests/flatpages_tests/absolute_urls.py b/tests/flatpages_tests/absolute_urls.py
index 197aa3d6af..acd9c7c1cf 100644
--- a/tests/flatpages_tests/absolute_urls.py
+++ b/tests/flatpages_tests/absolute_urls.py
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ from django.contrib.flatpages import views
 from django.urls import path
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('flatpage/', views.flatpage, {'url': '/hardcoded/'}),
+    path("flatpage/", views.flatpage, {"url": "/hardcoded/"}),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/flatpages_tests/no_slash_urls.py b/tests/flatpages_tests/no_slash_urls.py
index 112e6d1638..e7becfa81d 100644
--- a/tests/flatpages_tests/no_slash_urls.py
+++ b/tests/flatpages_tests/no_slash_urls.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from django.urls import include, path
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('flatpage', include('django.contrib.flatpages.urls')),
+    path("flatpage", include("django.contrib.flatpages.urls")),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/flatpages_tests/settings.py b/tests/flatpages_tests/settings.py
index ad888f9d95..ea36b2bbee 100644
--- a/tests/flatpages_tests/settings.py
+++ b/tests/flatpages_tests/settings.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import os
 
-FLATPAGES_TEMPLATES = [{
-    'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-    'DIRS': [os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'templates')],
-    'OPTIONS': {
-        'context_processors': (
-            'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
-        ),
-    },
-}]
+FLATPAGES_TEMPLATES = [
+    {
+        "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+        "DIRS": [os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "templates")],
+        "OPTIONS": {
+            "context_processors": ("django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth",),
+        },
+    }
+]
diff --git a/tests/flatpages_tests/test_csrf.py b/tests/flatpages_tests/test_csrf.py
index ae2dd9755f..d26546876e 100644
--- a/tests/flatpages_tests/test_csrf.py
+++ b/tests/flatpages_tests/test_csrf.py
@@ -6,45 +6,60 @@ from django.test import Client, TestCase, modify_settings, override_settings
 from .settings import FLATPAGES_TEMPLATES
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.flatpages'})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.flatpages"})
 @override_settings(
-    LOGIN_URL='/accounts/login/',
+    LOGIN_URL="/accounts/login/",
     MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
-        'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
-        'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
-        'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
-        'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
-        'django.contrib.flatpages.middleware.FlatpageFallbackMiddleware',
+        "django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware",
+        "django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware",
+        "django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware",
+        "django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware",
+        "django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware",
+        "django.contrib.flatpages.middleware.FlatpageFallbackMiddleware",
     ],
-    ROOT_URLCONF='flatpages_tests.urls',
-    CSRF_FAILURE_VIEW='django.views.csrf.csrf_failure',
+    ROOT_URLCONF="flatpages_tests.urls",
+    CSRF_FAILURE_VIEW="django.views.csrf.csrf_failure",
     TEMPLATES=FLATPAGES_TEMPLATES,
     SITE_ID=1,
 )
 class FlatpageCSRFTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         # don't use the manager because we want to ensure the site exists
         # with pk=1, regardless of whether or not it already exists.
-        cls.site1 = Site(pk=1, domain='example.com', name='example.com')
+        cls.site1 = Site(pk=1, domain="example.com", name="example.com")
         cls.site1.save()
         cls.fp1 = FlatPage.objects.create(
-            url='/flatpage/', title='A Flatpage', content="Isn't it flat!",
-            enable_comments=False, template_name='', registration_required=False
+            url="/flatpage/",
+            title="A Flatpage",
+            content="Isn't it flat!",
+            enable_comments=False,
+            template_name="",
+            registration_required=False,
         )
         cls.fp2 = FlatPage.objects.create(
-            url='/location/flatpage/', title='A Nested Flatpage', content="Isn't it flat and deep!",
-            enable_comments=False, template_name='', registration_required=False
+            url="/location/flatpage/",
+            title="A Nested Flatpage",
+            content="Isn't it flat and deep!",
+            enable_comments=False,
+            template_name="",
+            registration_required=False,
         )
         cls.fp3 = FlatPage.objects.create(
-            url='/sekrit/', title='Sekrit Flatpage', content="Isn't it sekrit!",
-            enable_comments=False, template_name='', registration_required=True
+            url="/sekrit/",
+            title="Sekrit Flatpage",
+            content="Isn't it sekrit!",
+            enable_comments=False,
+            template_name="",
+            registration_required=True,
         )
         cls.fp4 = FlatPage.objects.create(
-            url='/location/sekrit/', title='Sekrit Nested Flatpage', content="Isn't it sekrit and deep!",
-            enable_comments=False, template_name='', registration_required=True
+            url="/location/sekrit/",
+            title="Sekrit Nested Flatpage",
+            content="Isn't it sekrit and deep!",
+            enable_comments=False,
+            template_name="",
+            registration_required=True,
         )
         cls.fp1.sites.add(cls.site1)
         cls.fp2.sites.add(cls.site1)
@@ -56,7 +71,7 @@ class FlatpageCSRFTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_view_flatpage(self):
         "A flatpage can be served through a view, even when the middleware is in use"
-        response = self.client.get('/flatpage_root/flatpage/')
+        response = self.client.get("/flatpage_root/flatpage/")
         self.assertContains(response, "<p>Isn't it flat!</p>")
 
     def test_view_non_existent_flatpage(self):
@@ -64,21 +79,21 @@ class FlatpageCSRFTests(TestCase):
         A nonexistent flatpage raises 404 when served through a view, even when
         the middleware is in use.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/flatpage_root/no_such_flatpage/')
+        response = self.client.get("/flatpage_root/no_such_flatpage/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_view_authenticated_flatpage(self):
         "A flatpage served through a view can require authentication"
-        response = self.client.get('/flatpage_root/sekrit/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/accounts/login/?next=/flatpage_root/sekrit/')
-        user = User.objects.create_user('testuser', 'test@example.com', 's3krit')
+        response = self.client.get("/flatpage_root/sekrit/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/accounts/login/?next=/flatpage_root/sekrit/")
+        user = User.objects.create_user("testuser", "test@example.com", "s3krit")
         self.client.force_login(user)
-        response = self.client.get('/flatpage_root/sekrit/')
+        response = self.client.get("/flatpage_root/sekrit/")
         self.assertContains(response, "<p>Isn't it sekrit!</p>")
 
     def test_fallback_flatpage(self):
         "A flatpage can be served by the fallback middleware"
-        response = self.client.get('/flatpage/')
+        response = self.client.get("/flatpage/")
         self.assertContains(response, "<p>Isn't it flat!</p>")
 
     def test_fallback_non_existent_flatpage(self):
@@ -86,20 +101,20 @@ class FlatpageCSRFTests(TestCase):
         A nonexistent flatpage raises a 404 when served by the fallback
         middleware.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/no_such_flatpage/')
+        response = self.client.get("/no_such_flatpage/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_post_view_flatpage(self):
         "POSTing to a flatpage served through a view will raise a CSRF error if no token is provided (Refs #14156)"
-        response = self.client.post('/flatpage_root/flatpage/')
+        response = self.client.post("/flatpage_root/flatpage/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
 
     def test_post_fallback_flatpage(self):
         "POSTing to a flatpage served by the middleware will raise a CSRF error if no token is provided (Refs #14156)"
-        response = self.client.post('/flatpage/')
+        response = self.client.post("/flatpage/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
 
     def test_post_unknown_page(self):
         "POSTing to an unknown page isn't caught as a 403 CSRF error"
-        response = self.client.post('/no_such_page/')
+        response = self.client.post("/no_such_page/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
diff --git a/tests/flatpages_tests/test_forms.py b/tests/flatpages_tests/test_forms.py
index e8ba462ec7..7f56549235 100644
--- a/tests/flatpages_tests/test_forms.py
+++ b/tests/flatpages_tests/test_forms.py
@@ -6,15 +6,14 @@ from django.test import TestCase, modify_settings, override_settings
 from django.utils import translation
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': ['django.contrib.flatpages']})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": ["django.contrib.flatpages"]})
 @override_settings(SITE_ID=1)
 class FlatpageAdminFormTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         # don't use the manager because we want to ensure the site exists
         # with pk=1, regardless of whether or not it already exists.
-        cls.site1 = Site(pk=1, domain='example.com', name='example.com')
+        cls.site1 = Site(pk=1, domain="example.com", name="example.com")
         cls.site1.save()
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -22,65 +21,94 @@ class FlatpageAdminFormTests(TestCase):
         # INSTALLED_APPS
         Site._meta._expire_cache()
         self.form_data = {
-            'title': "A test page",
-            'content': "This is a test",
-            'sites': [settings.SITE_ID],
+            "title": "A test page",
+            "content": "This is a test",
+            "sites": [settings.SITE_ID],
         }
 
     def test_flatpage_admin_form_url_validation(self):
         "The flatpage admin form correctly validates urls"
-        self.assertTrue(FlatpageForm(data=dict(url='/new_flatpage/', **self.form_data)).is_valid())
-        self.assertTrue(FlatpageForm(data=dict(url='/some.special~chars/', **self.form_data)).is_valid())
-        self.assertTrue(FlatpageForm(data=dict(url='/some.very_special~chars-here/', **self.form_data)).is_valid())
+        self.assertTrue(
+            FlatpageForm(data=dict(url="/new_flatpage/", **self.form_data)).is_valid()
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            FlatpageForm(
+                data=dict(url="/some.special~chars/", **self.form_data)
+            ).is_valid()
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            FlatpageForm(
+                data=dict(url="/some.very_special~chars-here/", **self.form_data)
+            ).is_valid()
+        )
 
-        self.assertFalse(FlatpageForm(data=dict(url='/a space/', **self.form_data)).is_valid())
-        self.assertFalse(FlatpageForm(data=dict(url='/a % char/', **self.form_data)).is_valid())
-        self.assertFalse(FlatpageForm(data=dict(url='/a ! char/', **self.form_data)).is_valid())
-        self.assertFalse(FlatpageForm(data=dict(url='/a & char/', **self.form_data)).is_valid())
-        self.assertFalse(FlatpageForm(data=dict(url='/a ? char/', **self.form_data)).is_valid())
+        self.assertFalse(
+            FlatpageForm(data=dict(url="/a space/", **self.form_data)).is_valid()
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(
+            FlatpageForm(data=dict(url="/a % char/", **self.form_data)).is_valid()
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(
+            FlatpageForm(data=dict(url="/a ! char/", **self.form_data)).is_valid()
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(
+            FlatpageForm(data=dict(url="/a & char/", **self.form_data)).is_valid()
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(
+            FlatpageForm(data=dict(url="/a ? char/", **self.form_data)).is_valid()
+        )
 
     def test_flatpage_requires_leading_slash(self):
-        form = FlatpageForm(data=dict(url='no_leading_slash/', **self.form_data))
-        with translation.override('en'):
+        form = FlatpageForm(data=dict(url="no_leading_slash/", **self.form_data))
+        with translation.override("en"):
             self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-            self.assertEqual(form.errors['url'], ["URL is missing a leading slash."])
+            self.assertEqual(form.errors["url"], ["URL is missing a leading slash."])
 
-    @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True, MIDDLEWARE=['django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware'])
+    @override_settings(
+        APPEND_SLASH=True, MIDDLEWARE=["django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware"]
+    )
     def test_flatpage_requires_trailing_slash_with_append_slash(self):
-        form = FlatpageForm(data=dict(url='/no_trailing_slash', **self.form_data))
-        with translation.override('en'):
+        form = FlatpageForm(data=dict(url="/no_trailing_slash", **self.form_data))
+        with translation.override("en"):
             self.assertEqual(
-                form.fields['url'].help_text,
-                'Example: “/about/contact/”. Make sure to have leading and '
-                'trailing slashes.'
+                form.fields["url"].help_text,
+                "Example: “/about/contact/”. Make sure to have leading and "
+                "trailing slashes.",
             )
             self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-            self.assertEqual(form.errors['url'], ["URL is missing a trailing slash."])
+            self.assertEqual(form.errors["url"], ["URL is missing a trailing slash."])
 
-    @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=False, MIDDLEWARE=['django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware'])
+    @override_settings(
+        APPEND_SLASH=False, MIDDLEWARE=["django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware"]
+    )
     def test_flatpage_doesnt_requires_trailing_slash_without_append_slash(self):
-        form = FlatpageForm(data=dict(url='/no_trailing_slash', **self.form_data))
+        form = FlatpageForm(data=dict(url="/no_trailing_slash", **self.form_data))
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        with translation.override('en'):
+        with translation.override("en"):
             self.assertEqual(
-                form.fields['url'].help_text,
-                'Example: “/about/contact”. Make sure to have a leading slash.'
+                form.fields["url"].help_text,
+                "Example: “/about/contact”. Make sure to have a leading slash.",
             )
 
     def test_flatpage_admin_form_url_uniqueness_validation(self):
         "The flatpage admin form correctly enforces url uniqueness among flatpages of the same site"
-        data = dict(url='/myflatpage1/', **self.form_data)
+        data = dict(url="/myflatpage1/", **self.form_data)
 
         FlatpageForm(data=data).save()
 
         f = FlatpageForm(data=data)
 
-        with translation.override('en'):
+        with translation.override("en"):
             self.assertFalse(f.is_valid())
 
             self.assertEqual(
                 f.errors,
-                {'__all__': ['Flatpage with url /myflatpage1/ already exists for site example.com']})
+                {
+                    "__all__": [
+                        "Flatpage with url /myflatpage1/ already exists for site example.com"
+                    ]
+                },
+            )
 
     def test_flatpage_admin_form_edit(self):
         """
@@ -88,10 +116,11 @@ class FlatpageAdminFormTests(TestCase):
         the url-uniqueness validation.
         """
         existing = FlatPage.objects.create(
-            url="/myflatpage1/", title="Some page", content="The content")
+            url="/myflatpage1/", title="Some page", content="The content"
+        )
         existing.sites.add(settings.SITE_ID)
 
-        data = dict(url='/myflatpage1/', **self.form_data)
+        data = dict(url="/myflatpage1/", **self.form_data)
 
         f = FlatpageForm(data=data, instance=existing)
 
@@ -102,11 +131,13 @@ class FlatpageAdminFormTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(updated.title, "A test page")
 
     def test_flatpage_nosites(self):
-        data = dict(url='/myflatpage1/', **self.form_data)
-        data.update({'sites': ''})
+        data = dict(url="/myflatpage1/", **self.form_data)
+        data.update({"sites": ""})
 
         f = FlatpageForm(data=data)
 
         self.assertFalse(f.is_valid())
 
-        self.assertEqual(f.errors, {'sites': [translation.gettext('This field is required.')]})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f.errors, {"sites": [translation.gettext("This field is required.")]}
+        )
diff --git a/tests/flatpages_tests/test_middleware.py b/tests/flatpages_tests/test_middleware.py
index 22e4c2ba31..193c8232bf 100644
--- a/tests/flatpages_tests/test_middleware.py
+++ b/tests/flatpages_tests/test_middleware.py
@@ -8,28 +8,43 @@ from .settings import FLATPAGES_TEMPLATES
 
 
 class TestDataMixin:
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         # don't use the manager because we want to ensure the site exists
         # with pk=1, regardless of whether or not it already exists.
-        cls.site1 = Site(pk=1, domain='example.com', name='example.com')
+        cls.site1 = Site(pk=1, domain="example.com", name="example.com")
         cls.site1.save()
         cls.fp1 = FlatPage.objects.create(
-            url='/flatpage/', title='A Flatpage', content="Isn't it flat!",
-            enable_comments=False, template_name='', registration_required=False
+            url="/flatpage/",
+            title="A Flatpage",
+            content="Isn't it flat!",
+            enable_comments=False,
+            template_name="",
+            registration_required=False,
         )
         cls.fp2 = FlatPage.objects.create(
-            url='/location/flatpage/', title='A Nested Flatpage', content="Isn't it flat and deep!",
-            enable_comments=False, template_name='', registration_required=False
+            url="/location/flatpage/",
+            title="A Nested Flatpage",
+            content="Isn't it flat and deep!",
+            enable_comments=False,
+            template_name="",
+            registration_required=False,
         )
         cls.fp3 = FlatPage.objects.create(
-            url='/sekrit/', title='Sekrit Flatpage', content="Isn't it sekrit!",
-            enable_comments=False, template_name='', registration_required=True
+            url="/sekrit/",
+            title="Sekrit Flatpage",
+            content="Isn't it sekrit!",
+            enable_comments=False,
+            template_name="",
+            registration_required=True,
         )
         cls.fp4 = FlatPage.objects.create(
-            url='/location/sekrit/', title='Sekrit Nested Flatpage', content="Isn't it sekrit and deep!",
-            enable_comments=False, template_name='', registration_required=True
+            url="/location/sekrit/",
+            title="Sekrit Nested Flatpage",
+            content="Isn't it sekrit and deep!",
+            enable_comments=False,
+            template_name="",
+            registration_required=True,
         )
         cls.fp1.sites.add(cls.site1)
         cls.fp2.sites.add(cls.site1)
@@ -37,26 +52,25 @@ class TestDataMixin:
         cls.fp4.sites.add(cls.site1)
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.flatpages'})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.flatpages"})
 @override_settings(
-    LOGIN_URL='/accounts/login/',
+    LOGIN_URL="/accounts/login/",
     MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
-        'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
-        'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
-        'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
-        'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
-        'django.contrib.flatpages.middleware.FlatpageFallbackMiddleware',
+        "django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware",
+        "django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware",
+        "django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware",
+        "django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware",
+        "django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware",
+        "django.contrib.flatpages.middleware.FlatpageFallbackMiddleware",
     ],
-    ROOT_URLCONF='flatpages_tests.urls',
+    ROOT_URLCONF="flatpages_tests.urls",
     TEMPLATES=FLATPAGES_TEMPLATES,
     SITE_ID=1,
 )
 class FlatpageMiddlewareTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def test_view_flatpage(self):
         "A flatpage can be served through a view, even when the middleware is in use"
-        response = self.client.get('/flatpage_root/flatpage/')
+        response = self.client.get("/flatpage_root/flatpage/")
         self.assertContains(response, "<p>Isn't it flat!</p>")
 
     def test_view_non_existent_flatpage(self):
@@ -64,21 +78,21 @@ class FlatpageMiddlewareTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         A nonexistent flatpage raises 404 when served through a view, even when
         the middleware is in use.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/flatpage_root/no_such_flatpage/')
+        response = self.client.get("/flatpage_root/no_such_flatpage/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_view_authenticated_flatpage(self):
         "A flatpage served through a view can require authentication"
-        response = self.client.get('/flatpage_root/sekrit/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/accounts/login/?next=/flatpage_root/sekrit/')
-        user = User.objects.create_user('testuser', 'test@example.com', 's3krit')
+        response = self.client.get("/flatpage_root/sekrit/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/accounts/login/?next=/flatpage_root/sekrit/")
+        user = User.objects.create_user("testuser", "test@example.com", "s3krit")
         self.client.force_login(user)
-        response = self.client.get('/flatpage_root/sekrit/')
+        response = self.client.get("/flatpage_root/sekrit/")
         self.assertContains(response, "<p>Isn't it sekrit!</p>")
 
     def test_fallback_flatpage(self):
         "A flatpage can be served by the fallback middleware"
-        response = self.client.get('/flatpage/')
+        response = self.client.get("/flatpage/")
         self.assertContains(response, "<p>Isn't it flat!</p>")
 
     def test_fallback_non_existent_flatpage(self):
@@ -86,16 +100,16 @@ class FlatpageMiddlewareTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         A nonexistent flatpage raises a 404 when served by the fallback
         middleware.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/no_such_flatpage/')
+        response = self.client.get("/no_such_flatpage/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_fallback_authenticated_flatpage(self):
         "A flatpage served by the middleware can require authentication"
-        response = self.client.get('/sekrit/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/accounts/login/?next=/sekrit/')
-        user = User.objects.create_user('testuser', 'test@example.com', 's3krit')
+        response = self.client.get("/sekrit/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/accounts/login/?next=/sekrit/")
+        user = User.objects.create_user("testuser", "test@example.com", "s3krit")
         self.client.force_login(user)
-        response = self.client.get('/sekrit/')
+        response = self.client.get("/sekrit/")
         self.assertContains(response, "<p>Isn't it sekrit!</p>")
 
     def test_fallback_flatpage_special_chars(self):
@@ -109,52 +123,51 @@ class FlatpageMiddlewareTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         )
         fp.sites.add(settings.SITE_ID)
 
-        response = self.client.get('/some.very_special~chars-here/')
+        response = self.client.get("/some.very_special~chars-here/")
         self.assertContains(response, "<p>Isn't it special!</p>")
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.flatpages'})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.flatpages"})
 @override_settings(
     APPEND_SLASH=True,
-    LOGIN_URL='/accounts/login/',
+    LOGIN_URL="/accounts/login/",
     MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
-        'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
-        'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
-        'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
-        'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
-        'django.contrib.flatpages.middleware.FlatpageFallbackMiddleware',
+        "django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware",
+        "django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware",
+        "django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware",
+        "django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware",
+        "django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware",
+        "django.contrib.flatpages.middleware.FlatpageFallbackMiddleware",
     ],
-    ROOT_URLCONF='flatpages_tests.urls',
+    ROOT_URLCONF="flatpages_tests.urls",
     TEMPLATES=FLATPAGES_TEMPLATES,
     SITE_ID=1,
 )
 class FlatpageMiddlewareAppendSlashTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def test_redirect_view_flatpage(self):
         "A flatpage can be served through a view and should add a slash"
-        response = self.client.get('/flatpage_root/flatpage')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/flatpage_root/flatpage/', status_code=301)
+        response = self.client.get("/flatpage_root/flatpage")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/flatpage_root/flatpage/", status_code=301)
 
     def test_redirect_view_non_existent_flatpage(self):
         """
         A nonexistent flatpage raises 404 when served through a view and
         should not add a slash.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/flatpage_root/no_such_flatpage')
+        response = self.client.get("/flatpage_root/no_such_flatpage")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_redirect_fallback_flatpage(self):
         "A flatpage can be served by the fallback middleware and should add a slash"
-        response = self.client.get('/flatpage')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/flatpage/', status_code=301)
+        response = self.client.get("/flatpage")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/flatpage/", status_code=301)
 
     def test_redirect_fallback_non_existent_flatpage(self):
         """
         A nonexistent flatpage raises a 404 when served by the fallback
         middleware and should not add a slash.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/no_such_flatpage')
+        response = self.client.get("/no_such_flatpage")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_redirect_fallback_flatpage_special_chars(self):
@@ -168,8 +181,10 @@ class FlatpageMiddlewareAppendSlashTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         )
         fp.sites.add(settings.SITE_ID)
 
-        response = self.client.get('/some.very_special~chars-here')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/some.very_special~chars-here/', status_code=301)
+        response = self.client.get("/some.very_special~chars-here")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/some.very_special~chars-here/", status_code=301
+        )
 
     def test_redirect_fallback_flatpage_root(self):
         "A flatpage at / should not cause a redirect loop when APPEND_SLASH is set"
@@ -182,5 +197,5 @@ class FlatpageMiddlewareAppendSlashTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         )
         fp.sites.add(settings.SITE_ID)
 
-        response = self.client.get('/')
+        response = self.client.get("/")
         self.assertContains(response, "<p>Root</p>")
diff --git a/tests/flatpages_tests/test_models.py b/tests/flatpages_tests/test_models.py
index 4f59c29f6f..95178d9626 100644
--- a/tests/flatpages_tests/test_models.py
+++ b/tests/flatpages_tests/test_models.py
@@ -4,29 +4,28 @@ from django.test.utils import override_script_prefix
 
 
 class FlatpageModelTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
-        self.page = FlatPage(title='Café!', url='/café/')
+        self.page = FlatPage(title="Café!", url="/café/")
 
     def test_get_absolute_url_urlencodes(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.page.get_absolute_url(), '/caf%C3%A9/')
+        self.assertEqual(self.page.get_absolute_url(), "/caf%C3%A9/")
 
-    @override_script_prefix('/prefix/')
+    @override_script_prefix("/prefix/")
     def test_get_absolute_url_honors_script_prefix(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.page.get_absolute_url(), '/prefix/caf%C3%A9/')
+        self.assertEqual(self.page.get_absolute_url(), "/prefix/caf%C3%A9/")
 
     def test_str(self):
-        self.assertEqual(str(self.page), '/café/ -- Café!')
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.page), "/café/ -- Café!")
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='flatpages_tests.urls')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="flatpages_tests.urls")
     def test_get_absolute_url_include(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.page.get_absolute_url(), '/flatpage_root/caf%C3%A9/')
+        self.assertEqual(self.page.get_absolute_url(), "/flatpage_root/caf%C3%A9/")
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='flatpages_tests.no_slash_urls')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="flatpages_tests.no_slash_urls")
     def test_get_absolute_url_include_no_slash(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.page.get_absolute_url(), '/flatpagecaf%C3%A9/')
+        self.assertEqual(self.page.get_absolute_url(), "/flatpagecaf%C3%A9/")
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='flatpages_tests.absolute_urls')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="flatpages_tests.absolute_urls")
     def test_get_absolute_url_with_hardcoded_url(self):
-        fp = FlatPage(title='Test', url='/hardcoded/')
-        self.assertEqual(fp.get_absolute_url(), '/flatpage/')
+        fp = FlatPage(title="Test", url="/hardcoded/")
+        self.assertEqual(fp.get_absolute_url(), "/flatpage/")
diff --git a/tests/flatpages_tests/test_sitemaps.py b/tests/flatpages_tests/test_sitemaps.py
index 857dbb86a8..abb3e9dba6 100644
--- a/tests/flatpages_tests/test_sitemaps.py
+++ b/tests/flatpages_tests/test_sitemaps.py
@@ -5,16 +5,15 @@ from django.test.utils import modify_settings, override_settings
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    ROOT_URLCONF='flatpages_tests.urls',
+    ROOT_URLCONF="flatpages_tests.urls",
     SITE_ID=1,
 )
 @modify_settings(
     INSTALLED_APPS={
-        'append': ['django.contrib.sitemaps', 'django.contrib.flatpages'],
+        "append": ["django.contrib.sitemaps", "django.contrib.flatpages"],
     },
 )
 class FlatpagesSitemapTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         super().setUpClass()
@@ -24,15 +23,20 @@ class FlatpagesSitemapTests(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        Site = apps.get_model('sites.Site')
+        Site = apps.get_model("sites.Site")
         current_site = Site.objects.get_current()
         current_site.flatpage_set.create(url="/foo/", title="foo")
-        current_site.flatpage_set.create(url="/private-foo/", title="private foo", registration_required=True)
+        current_site.flatpage_set.create(
+            url="/private-foo/", title="private foo", registration_required=True
+        )
 
     def test_flatpage_sitemap(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/flatpages/sitemap.xml')
-        self.assertIn(b'<url><loc>http://example.com/flatpage_root/foo/</loc></url>', response.getvalue())
-        self.assertNotIn(
-            b'<url><loc>http://example.com/flatpage_root/private-foo/</loc></url>',
+        response = self.client.get("/flatpages/sitemap.xml")
+        self.assertIn(
+            b"<url><loc>http://example.com/flatpage_root/foo/</loc></url>",
+            response.getvalue(),
+        )
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            b"<url><loc>http://example.com/flatpage_root/private-foo/</loc></url>",
             response.getvalue(),
         )
diff --git a/tests/flatpages_tests/test_templatetags.py b/tests/flatpages_tests/test_templatetags.py
index 1ce8f65079..1c7bc4d38a 100644
--- a/tests/flatpages_tests/test_templatetags.py
+++ b/tests/flatpages_tests/test_templatetags.py
@@ -6,28 +6,43 @@ from django.test import TestCase
 
 
 class FlatpageTemplateTagTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         # don't use the manager because we want to ensure the site exists
         # with pk=1, regardless of whether or not it already exists.
-        cls.site1 = Site(pk=1, domain='example.com', name='example.com')
+        cls.site1 = Site(pk=1, domain="example.com", name="example.com")
         cls.site1.save()
         cls.fp1 = FlatPage.objects.create(
-            url='/flatpage/', title='A Flatpage', content="Isn't it flat!",
-            enable_comments=False, template_name='', registration_required=False
+            url="/flatpage/",
+            title="A Flatpage",
+            content="Isn't it flat!",
+            enable_comments=False,
+            template_name="",
+            registration_required=False,
         )
         cls.fp2 = FlatPage.objects.create(
-            url='/location/flatpage/', title='A Nested Flatpage', content="Isn't it flat and deep!",
-            enable_comments=False, template_name='', registration_required=False
+            url="/location/flatpage/",
+            title="A Nested Flatpage",
+            content="Isn't it flat and deep!",
+            enable_comments=False,
+            template_name="",
+            registration_required=False,
         )
         cls.fp3 = FlatPage.objects.create(
-            url='/sekrit/', title='Sekrit Flatpage', content="Isn't it sekrit!",
-            enable_comments=False, template_name='', registration_required=True
+            url="/sekrit/",
+            title="Sekrit Flatpage",
+            content="Isn't it sekrit!",
+            enable_comments=False,
+            template_name="",
+            registration_required=True,
         )
         cls.fp4 = FlatPage.objects.create(
-            url='/location/sekrit/', title='Sekrit Nested Flatpage', content="Isn't it sekrit and deep!",
-            enable_comments=False, template_name='', registration_required=True
+            url="/location/sekrit/",
+            title="Sekrit Nested Flatpage",
+            content="Isn't it sekrit and deep!",
+            enable_comments=False,
+            template_name="",
+            registration_required=True,
         )
         cls.fp1.sites.add(cls.site1)
         cls.fp2.sites.add(cls.site1)
@@ -53,24 +68,22 @@ class FlatpageTemplateTagTests(TestCase):
             "{% for page in flatpages %}"
             "{{ page.title }},"
             "{% endfor %}"
-        ).render(Context({
-            'anonuser': AnonymousUser()
-        }))
+        ).render(Context({"anonuser": AnonymousUser()}))
         self.assertEqual(out, "A Flatpage,A Nested Flatpage,")
 
     def test_get_flatpages_tag_for_user(self):
         "The flatpage template tag retrieves all flatpages for an authenticated user"
-        me = User.objects.create_user('testuser', 'test@example.com', 's3krit')
+        me = User.objects.create_user("testuser", "test@example.com", "s3krit")
         out = Template(
             "{% load flatpages %}"
             "{% get_flatpages for me as flatpages %}"
             "{% for page in flatpages %}"
             "{{ page.title }},"
             "{% endfor %}"
-        ).render(Context({
-            'me': me
-        }))
-        self.assertEqual(out, "A Flatpage,A Nested Flatpage,Sekrit Nested Flatpage,Sekrit Flatpage,")
+        ).render(Context({"me": me}))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            out, "A Flatpage,A Nested Flatpage,Sekrit Nested Flatpage,Sekrit Flatpage,"
+        )
 
     def test_get_flatpages_with_prefix(self):
         "The flatpage template tag retrieves unregistered prefixed flatpages by default"
@@ -91,23 +104,19 @@ class FlatpageTemplateTagTests(TestCase):
             "{% for page in location_flatpages %}"
             "{{ page.title }},"
             "{% endfor %}"
-        ).render(Context({
-            'anonuser': AnonymousUser()
-        }))
+        ).render(Context({"anonuser": AnonymousUser()}))
         self.assertEqual(out, "A Nested Flatpage,")
 
     def test_get_flatpages_with_prefix_for_user(self):
         "The flatpage template tag retrieve prefixed flatpages for an authenticated user"
-        me = User.objects.create_user('testuser', 'test@example.com', 's3krit')
+        me = User.objects.create_user("testuser", "test@example.com", "s3krit")
         out = Template(
             "{% load flatpages %}"
             "{% get_flatpages '/location/' for me as location_flatpages %}"
             "{% for page in location_flatpages %}"
             "{{ page.title }},"
             "{% endfor %}"
-        ).render(Context({
-            'me': me
-        }))
+        ).render(Context({"me": me}))
         self.assertEqual(out, "A Nested Flatpage,Sekrit Nested Flatpage,")
 
     def test_get_flatpages_with_variable_prefix(self):
@@ -118,13 +127,12 @@ class FlatpageTemplateTagTests(TestCase):
             "{% for page in location_flatpages %}"
             "{{ page.title }},"
             "{% endfor %}"
-        ).render(Context({
-            'location_prefix': '/location/'
-        }))
+        ).render(Context({"location_prefix": "/location/"}))
         self.assertEqual(out, "A Nested Flatpage,")
 
     def test_parsing_errors(self):
         "There are various ways that the flatpages template tag won't parse"
+
         def render(t):
             return Template(t).render(Context())
 
@@ -141,8 +149,12 @@ class FlatpageTemplateTagTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
             render("{% load flatpages %}{% get_flatpages as flatpages asdf %}")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            render("{% load flatpages %}{% get_flatpages cheesecake user as flatpages %}")
+            render(
+                "{% load flatpages %}{% get_flatpages cheesecake user as flatpages %}"
+            )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
             render("{% load flatpages %}{% get_flatpages for user as flatpages asdf %}")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            render("{% load flatpages %}{% get_flatpages prefix for user as flatpages asdf %}")
+            render(
+                "{% load flatpages %}{% get_flatpages prefix for user as flatpages asdf %}"
+            )
diff --git a/tests/flatpages_tests/test_views.py b/tests/flatpages_tests/test_views.py
index 57b05debb4..2a01587a7a 100644
--- a/tests/flatpages_tests/test_views.py
+++ b/tests/flatpages_tests/test_views.py
@@ -8,28 +8,43 @@ from .settings import FLATPAGES_TEMPLATES
 
 
 class TestDataMixin:
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         # don't use the manager because we want to ensure the site exists
         # with pk=1, regardless of whether or not it already exists.
-        cls.site1 = Site(pk=1, domain='example.com', name='example.com')
+        cls.site1 = Site(pk=1, domain="example.com", name="example.com")
         cls.site1.save()
         cls.fp1 = FlatPage.objects.create(
-            url='/flatpage/', title='A Flatpage', content="Isn't it flat!",
-            enable_comments=False, template_name='', registration_required=False
+            url="/flatpage/",
+            title="A Flatpage",
+            content="Isn't it flat!",
+            enable_comments=False,
+            template_name="",
+            registration_required=False,
         )
         cls.fp2 = FlatPage.objects.create(
-            url='/location/flatpage/', title='A Nested Flatpage', content="Isn't it flat and deep!",
-            enable_comments=False, template_name='', registration_required=False
+            url="/location/flatpage/",
+            title="A Nested Flatpage",
+            content="Isn't it flat and deep!",
+            enable_comments=False,
+            template_name="",
+            registration_required=False,
         )
         cls.fp3 = FlatPage.objects.create(
-            url='/sekrit/', title='Sekrit Flatpage', content="Isn't it sekrit!",
-            enable_comments=False, template_name='', registration_required=True
+            url="/sekrit/",
+            title="Sekrit Flatpage",
+            content="Isn't it sekrit!",
+            enable_comments=False,
+            template_name="",
+            registration_required=True,
         )
         cls.fp4 = FlatPage.objects.create(
-            url='/location/sekrit/', title='Sekrit Nested Flatpage', content="Isn't it sekrit and deep!",
-            enable_comments=False, template_name='', registration_required=True
+            url="/location/sekrit/",
+            title="Sekrit Nested Flatpage",
+            content="Isn't it sekrit and deep!",
+            enable_comments=False,
+            template_name="",
+            registration_required=True,
         )
         cls.fp1.sites.add(cls.site1)
         cls.fp2.sites.add(cls.site1)
@@ -37,45 +52,44 @@ class TestDataMixin:
         cls.fp4.sites.add(cls.site1)
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.flatpages'})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.flatpages"})
 @override_settings(
-    LOGIN_URL='/accounts/login/',
+    LOGIN_URL="/accounts/login/",
     MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
-        'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
-        'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
-        'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
-        'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
+        "django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware",
+        "django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware",
+        "django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware",
+        "django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware",
+        "django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware",
         # no 'django.contrib.flatpages.middleware.FlatpageFallbackMiddleware'
     ],
-    ROOT_URLCONF='flatpages_tests.urls',
+    ROOT_URLCONF="flatpages_tests.urls",
     TEMPLATES=FLATPAGES_TEMPLATES,
     SITE_ID=1,
 )
 class FlatpageViewTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def test_view_flatpage(self):
         "A flatpage can be served through a view"
-        response = self.client.get('/flatpage_root/flatpage/')
+        response = self.client.get("/flatpage_root/flatpage/")
         self.assertContains(response, "<p>Isn't it flat!</p>")
 
     def test_view_non_existent_flatpage(self):
         """A nonexistent flatpage raises 404 when served through a view."""
-        response = self.client.get('/flatpage_root/no_such_flatpage/')
+        response = self.client.get("/flatpage_root/no_such_flatpage/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_view_authenticated_flatpage(self):
         "A flatpage served through a view can require authentication"
-        response = self.client.get('/flatpage_root/sekrit/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/accounts/login/?next=/flatpage_root/sekrit/')
-        user = User.objects.create_user('testuser', 'test@example.com', 's3krit')
+        response = self.client.get("/flatpage_root/sekrit/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/accounts/login/?next=/flatpage_root/sekrit/")
+        user = User.objects.create_user("testuser", "test@example.com", "s3krit")
         self.client.force_login(user)
-        response = self.client.get('/flatpage_root/sekrit/')
+        response = self.client.get("/flatpage_root/sekrit/")
         self.assertContains(response, "<p>Isn't it sekrit!</p>")
 
     def test_fallback_flatpage(self):
         "A fallback flatpage won't be served if the middleware is disabled"
-        response = self.client.get('/flatpage/')
+        response = self.client.get("/flatpage/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_fallback_non_existent_flatpage(self):
@@ -83,7 +97,7 @@ class FlatpageViewTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         A nonexistent flatpage won't be served if the fallback middleware is
         disabled.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/no_such_flatpage/')
+        response = self.client.get("/no_such_flatpage/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_view_flatpage_special_chars(self):
@@ -97,44 +111,43 @@ class FlatpageViewTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         )
         fp.sites.add(settings.SITE_ID)
 
-        response = self.client.get('/flatpage_root/some.very_special~chars-here/')
+        response = self.client.get("/flatpage_root/some.very_special~chars-here/")
         self.assertContains(response, "<p>Isn't it special!</p>")
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.flatpages'})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.flatpages"})
 @override_settings(
     APPEND_SLASH=True,
-    LOGIN_URL='/accounts/login/',
+    LOGIN_URL="/accounts/login/",
     MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
-        'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
-        'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
-        'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
-        'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
+        "django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware",
+        "django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware",
+        "django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware",
+        "django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware",
+        "django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware",
         # no 'django.contrib.flatpages.middleware.FlatpageFallbackMiddleware'
     ],
-    ROOT_URLCONF='flatpages_tests.urls',
+    ROOT_URLCONF="flatpages_tests.urls",
     TEMPLATES=FLATPAGES_TEMPLATES,
     SITE_ID=1,
 )
 class FlatpageViewAppendSlashTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def test_redirect_view_flatpage(self):
         "A flatpage can be served through a view and should add a slash"
-        response = self.client.get('/flatpage_root/flatpage')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/flatpage_root/flatpage/', status_code=301)
+        response = self.client.get("/flatpage_root/flatpage")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/flatpage_root/flatpage/", status_code=301)
 
     def test_redirect_view_non_existent_flatpage(self):
         """
         A nonexistent flatpage raises 404 when served through a view and
         should not add a slash.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/flatpage_root/no_such_flatpage')
+        response = self.client.get("/flatpage_root/no_such_flatpage")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_redirect_fallback_flatpage(self):
         "A fallback flatpage won't be served if the middleware is disabled and should not add a slash"
-        response = self.client.get('/flatpage')
+        response = self.client.get("/flatpage")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_redirect_fallback_non_existent_flatpage(self):
@@ -142,7 +155,7 @@ class FlatpageViewAppendSlashTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         A nonexistent flatpage won't be served if the fallback middleware is
         disabled and should not add a slash.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/no_such_flatpage')
+        response = self.client.get("/no_such_flatpage")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_redirect_view_flatpage_special_chars(self):
@@ -156,5 +169,7 @@ class FlatpageViewAppendSlashTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         )
         fp.sites.add(settings.SITE_ID)
 
-        response = self.client.get('/flatpage_root/some.very_special~chars-here')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/flatpage_root/some.very_special~chars-here/', status_code=301)
+        response = self.client.get("/flatpage_root/some.very_special~chars-here")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/flatpage_root/some.very_special~chars-here/", status_code=301
+        )
diff --git a/tests/flatpages_tests/urls.py b/tests/flatpages_tests/urls.py
index 3889ebeef1..63c8e271a1 100644
--- a/tests/flatpages_tests/urls.py
+++ b/tests/flatpages_tests/urls.py
@@ -4,10 +4,11 @@ from django.urls import include, path
 
 urlpatterns = [
     path(
-        'flatpages/sitemap.xml', views.sitemap,
-        {'sitemaps': {'flatpages': FlatPageSitemap}},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
-
-    path('flatpage_root/', include('django.contrib.flatpages.urls')),
-    path('accounts/', include('django.contrib.auth.urls')),
+        "flatpages/sitemap.xml",
+        views.sitemap,
+        {"sitemaps": {"flatpages": FlatPageSitemap}},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap",
+    ),
+    path("flatpage_root/", include("django.contrib.flatpages.urls")),
+    path("accounts/", include("django.contrib.auth.urls")),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/force_insert_update/tests.py b/tests/force_insert_update/tests.py
index 8ffe98ad4f..73648ee18a 100644
--- a/tests/force_insert_update/tests.py
+++ b/tests/force_insert_update/tests.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 from django.db import DatabaseError, IntegrityError, transaction
 from django.test import TestCase
 
-from .models import (
-    Counter, InheritedCounter, ProxyCounter, SubCounter, WithCustomPK,
-)
+from .models import Counter, InheritedCounter, ProxyCounter, SubCounter, WithCustomPK
 
 
 class ForceTests(TestCase):
@@ -20,14 +18,14 @@ class ForceTests(TestCase):
         # Won't work because force_update and force_insert are mutually
         # exclusive
         c.value = 4
-        msg = 'Cannot force both insert and updating in model saving.'
+        msg = "Cannot force both insert and updating in model saving."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             c.save(force_insert=True, force_update=True)
 
         # Try to update something that doesn't have a primary key in the first
         # place.
         c1 = Counter(name="two", value=2)
-        msg = 'Cannot force an update in save() with no primary key.'
+        msg = "Cannot force an update in save() with no primary key."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             with transaction.atomic():
                 c1.save(force_update=True)
@@ -42,7 +40,7 @@ class ForceTests(TestCase):
         # Trying to update should still fail, even with manual primary keys, if
         # the data isn't in the database already.
         obj = WithCustomPK(name=1, value=1)
-        msg = 'Forced update did not affect any rows.'
+        msg = "Forced update did not affect any rows."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DatabaseError, msg):
             with transaction.atomic():
                 obj.save(force_update=True)
@@ -60,10 +58,10 @@ class InheritanceTests(TestCase):
         a.save(force_update=True)
 
     def test_force_update_on_inherited_model_without_fields(self):
-        '''
+        """
         Issue 13864: force_update fails on subclassed models, if they don't
         specify custom fields.
-        '''
+        """
         a = SubCounter(name="count", value=1)
         a.save()
         a.value = 2
diff --git a/tests/foreign_object/models/__init__.py b/tests/foreign_object/models/__init__.py
index 652a2a30a1..69778d3ddd 100644
--- a/tests/foreign_object/models/__init__.py
+++ b/tests/foreign_object/models/__init__.py
@@ -1,12 +1,21 @@
-from .article import (
-    Article, ArticleIdea, ArticleTag, ArticleTranslation, NewsArticle,
-)
+from .article import Article, ArticleIdea, ArticleTag, ArticleTranslation, NewsArticle
 from .customers import Address, Contact, Customer
 from .empty_join import SlugPage
 from .person import Country, Friendship, Group, Membership, Person
 
 __all__ = [
-    'Address', 'Article', 'ArticleIdea', 'ArticleTag', 'ArticleTranslation',
-    'Contact', 'Country', 'Customer', 'Friendship', 'Group', 'Membership',
-    'NewsArticle', 'Person', 'SlugPage',
+    "Address",
+    "Article",
+    "ArticleIdea",
+    "ArticleTag",
+    "ArticleTranslation",
+    "Contact",
+    "Country",
+    "Customer",
+    "Friendship",
+    "Group",
+    "Membership",
+    "NewsArticle",
+    "Person",
+    "SlugPage",
 ]
diff --git a/tests/foreign_object/models/article.py b/tests/foreign_object/models/article.py
index a892ce299d..dedeb8fb2d 100644
--- a/tests/foreign_object/models/article.py
+++ b/tests/foreign_object/models/article.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ class ArticleTranslationDescriptor(ForwardManyToOneDescriptor):
     """
     The set of articletranslation should not set any local fields.
     """
+
     def __set__(self, instance, value):
         if instance is None:
             raise AttributeError("%s must be accessed via instance" % self.field.name)
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ class ColConstraint:
 
     def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
         qn = compiler.quote_name_unless_alias
-        return '%s.%s = %%s' % (qn(self.alias), qn(self.col)), [self.value]
+        return "%s.%s = %%s" % (qn(self.alias), qn(self.col)), [self.value]
 
 
 class ActiveTranslationField(models.ForeignObject):
@@ -30,13 +31,14 @@ class ActiveTranslationField(models.ForeignObject):
     This field will allow querying and fetching the currently active translation
     for Article from ArticleTranslation.
     """
+
     requires_unique_target = False
 
     def get_extra_restriction(self, alias, related_alias):
-        return ColConstraint(alias, 'lang', get_language())
+        return ColConstraint(alias, "lang", get_language())
 
     def get_extra_descriptor_filter(self, instance):
-        return {'lang': get_language()}
+        return {"lang": get_language()}
 
     def contribute_to_class(self, cls, name):
         super().contribute_to_class(cls, name)
@@ -50,18 +52,18 @@ class ActiveTranslationFieldWithQ(ActiveTranslationField):
 
 class Article(models.Model):
     active_translation = ActiveTranslationField(
-        'ArticleTranslation',
-        from_fields=['id'],
-        to_fields=['article'],
-        related_name='+',
+        "ArticleTranslation",
+        from_fields=["id"],
+        to_fields=["article"],
+        related_name="+",
         on_delete=models.CASCADE,
         null=True,
     )
     active_translation_q = ActiveTranslationFieldWithQ(
-        'ArticleTranslation',
-        from_fields=['id'],
-        to_fields=['article'],
-        related_name='+',
+        "ArticleTranslation",
+        from_fields=["id"],
+        to_fields=["article"],
+        related_name="+",
         on_delete=models.CASCADE,
         null=True,
     )
@@ -71,7 +73,7 @@ class Article(models.Model):
         try:
             return self.active_translation.title
         except ArticleTranslation.DoesNotExist:
-            return '[No translation found]'
+            return "[No translation found]"
 
 
 class NewsArticle(Article):
@@ -86,15 +88,15 @@ class ArticleTranslation(models.Model):
     abstract = models.TextField(null=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        unique_together = ('article', 'lang')
+        unique_together = ("article", "lang")
 
 
 class ArticleTag(models.Model):
     article = models.ForeignKey(
         Article,
         models.CASCADE,
-        related_name='tags',
-        related_query_name='tag',
+        related_name="tags",
+        related_query_name="tag",
     )
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
 
@@ -102,7 +104,7 @@ class ArticleTag(models.Model):
 class ArticleIdea(models.Model):
     articles = models.ManyToManyField(
         Article,
-        related_name='ideas',
-        related_query_name='idea_things',
+        related_name="ideas",
+        related_query_name="idea_things",
     )
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
diff --git a/tests/foreign_object/models/customers.py b/tests/foreign_object/models/customers.py
index 7e1a3ac370..91ac091524 100644
--- a/tests/foreign_object/models/customers.py
+++ b/tests/foreign_object/models/customers.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class Address(models.Model):
 
     class Meta:
         unique_together = [
-            ('company', 'customer_id'),
+            ("company", "customer_id"),
         ]
 
 
@@ -15,15 +15,17 @@ class Customer(models.Model):
     company = models.CharField(max_length=1)
     customer_id = models.IntegerField()
     address = models.ForeignObject(
-        Address, models.CASCADE, null=True,
+        Address,
+        models.CASCADE,
+        null=True,
         # order mismatches the Contact ForeignObject.
-        from_fields=['company', 'customer_id'],
-        to_fields=['company', 'customer_id'],
+        from_fields=["company", "customer_id"],
+        to_fields=["company", "customer_id"],
     )
 
     class Meta:
         unique_together = [
-            ('company', 'customer_id'),
+            ("company", "customer_id"),
         ]
 
 
@@ -31,7 +33,9 @@ class Contact(models.Model):
     company_code = models.CharField(max_length=1)
     customer_code = models.IntegerField()
     customer = models.ForeignObject(
-        Customer, models.CASCADE, related_name='contacts',
-        to_fields=['customer_id', 'company'],
-        from_fields=['customer_code', 'company_code'],
+        Customer,
+        models.CASCADE,
+        related_name="contacts",
+        to_fields=["customer_id", "company"],
+        from_fields=["customer_code", "company_code"],
     )
diff --git a/tests/foreign_object/models/empty_join.py b/tests/foreign_object/models/empty_join.py
index da151ae8e7..9c0ada378c 100644
--- a/tests/foreign_object/models/empty_join.py
+++ b/tests/foreign_object/models/empty_join.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ class CustomForeignObjectRel(models.ForeignObjectRel):
     Define some extra Field methods so this Rel acts more like a Field, which
     lets us use ReverseManyToOneDescriptor in both directions.
     """
+
     @property
     def foreign_related_fields(self):
         return tuple(lhs_field for lhs_field, rhs_field in self.field.related_fields)
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@ class StartsWithRelation(models.ForeignObject):
     the default equality operator. This is logically a many-to-many relation
     and creates a ReverseManyToOneDescriptor in both directions.
     """
+
     auto_created = False
 
     many_to_many = False
@@ -33,7 +35,7 @@ class StartsWithRelation(models.ForeignObject):
     rel_class = CustomForeignObjectRel
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        kwargs['on_delete'] = models.DO_NOTHING
+        kwargs["on_delete"] = models.DO_NOTHING
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     @property
@@ -54,28 +56,32 @@ class StartsWithRelation(models.ForeignObject):
     def get_path_info(self, filtered_relation=None):
         to_opts = self.remote_field.model._meta
         from_opts = self.model._meta
-        return [PathInfo(
-            from_opts=from_opts,
-            to_opts=to_opts,
-            target_fields=(to_opts.pk,),
-            join_field=self,
-            m2m=False,
-            direct=False,
-            filtered_relation=filtered_relation,
-        )]
+        return [
+            PathInfo(
+                from_opts=from_opts,
+                to_opts=to_opts,
+                target_fields=(to_opts.pk,),
+                join_field=self,
+                m2m=False,
+                direct=False,
+                filtered_relation=filtered_relation,
+            )
+        ]
 
     def get_reverse_path_info(self, filtered_relation=None):
         to_opts = self.model._meta
         from_opts = self.remote_field.model._meta
-        return [PathInfo(
-            from_opts=from_opts,
-            to_opts=to_opts,
-            target_fields=(to_opts.pk,),
-            join_field=self.remote_field,
-            m2m=False,
-            direct=False,
-            filtered_relation=filtered_relation,
-        )]
+        return [
+            PathInfo(
+                from_opts=from_opts,
+                to_opts=to_opts,
+                target_fields=(to_opts.pk,),
+                join_field=self.remote_field,
+                m2m=False,
+                direct=False,
+                filtered_relation=filtered_relation,
+            )
+        ]
 
     def contribute_to_class(self, cls, name, private_only=False):
         super().contribute_to_class(cls, name, private_only)
@@ -87,6 +93,7 @@ class BrokenContainsRelation(StartsWithRelation):
     This model is designed to yield no join conditions and
     raise an exception in ``Join.as_sql()``.
     """
+
     def get_extra_restriction(self, alias, related_alias):
         return None
 
@@ -94,19 +101,19 @@ class BrokenContainsRelation(StartsWithRelation):
 class SlugPage(models.Model):
     slug = models.CharField(max_length=20, unique=True)
     descendants = StartsWithRelation(
-        'self',
-        from_fields=['slug'],
-        to_fields=['slug'],
-        related_name='ascendants',
+        "self",
+        from_fields=["slug"],
+        to_fields=["slug"],
+        related_name="ascendants",
     )
     containers = BrokenContainsRelation(
-        'self',
-        from_fields=['slug'],
-        to_fields=['slug'],
+        "self",
+        from_fields=["slug"],
+        to_fields=["slug"],
     )
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['slug']
+        ordering = ["slug"]
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return 'SlugPage %s' % self.slug
+        return "SlugPage %s" % self.slug
diff --git a/tests/foreign_object/models/person.py b/tests/foreign_object/models/person.py
index cd04d1eeda..33063e728a 100644
--- a/tests/foreign_object/models/person.py
+++ b/tests/foreign_object/models/person.py
@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@ class Person(models.Model):
     # Relation Fields
     person_country = models.ForeignObject(
         Country,
-        from_fields=['person_country_id'],
-        to_fields=['id'],
+        from_fields=["person_country_id"],
+        to_fields=["id"],
         on_delete=models.CASCADE,
     )
-    friends = models.ManyToManyField('self', through='Friendship', symmetrical=False)
+    friends = models.ManyToManyField("self", through="Friendship", symmetrical=False)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -36,10 +36,12 @@ class Group(models.Model):
     # Table Column Fields
     name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
     group_country = models.ForeignKey(Country, models.CASCADE)
-    members = models.ManyToManyField(Person, related_name='groups', through='Membership')
+    members = models.ManyToManyField(
+        Person, related_name="groups", through="Membership"
+    )
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -56,28 +58,30 @@ class Membership(models.Model):
     # Relation Fields
     person = models.ForeignObject(
         Person,
-        from_fields=['person_id', 'membership_country'],
-        to_fields=['id', 'person_country_id'],
+        from_fields=["person_id", "membership_country"],
+        to_fields=["id", "person_country_id"],
         on_delete=models.CASCADE,
     )
     group = models.ForeignObject(
         Group,
-        from_fields=['group_id', 'membership_country'],
-        to_fields=['id', 'group_country'],
+        from_fields=["group_id", "membership_country"],
+        to_fields=["id", "group_country"],
         on_delete=models.CASCADE,
     )
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('date_joined', 'invite_reason')
+        ordering = ("date_joined", "invite_reason")
 
     def __str__(self):
-        group_name = self.group.name if self.group_id else 'NULL'
+        group_name = self.group.name if self.group_id else "NULL"
         return "%s is a member of %s" % (self.person.name, group_name)
 
 
 class Friendship(models.Model):
     # Table Column Fields
-    from_friend_country = models.ForeignKey(Country, models.CASCADE, related_name="from_friend_country")
+    from_friend_country = models.ForeignKey(
+        Country, models.CASCADE, related_name="from_friend_country"
+    )
     from_friend_id = models.IntegerField()
     to_friend_country_id = models.IntegerField()
     to_friend_id = models.IntegerField()
@@ -86,23 +90,23 @@ class Friendship(models.Model):
     from_friend = models.ForeignObject(
         Person,
         on_delete=models.CASCADE,
-        from_fields=['from_friend_country', 'from_friend_id'],
-        to_fields=['person_country_id', 'id'],
-        related_name='from_friend',
+        from_fields=["from_friend_country", "from_friend_id"],
+        to_fields=["person_country_id", "id"],
+        related_name="from_friend",
     )
 
     to_friend_country = models.ForeignObject(
         Country,
-        from_fields=['to_friend_country_id'],
-        to_fields=['id'],
-        related_name='to_friend_country',
+        from_fields=["to_friend_country_id"],
+        to_fields=["id"],
+        related_name="to_friend_country",
         on_delete=models.CASCADE,
     )
 
     to_friend = models.ForeignObject(
         Person,
-        from_fields=['to_friend_country_id', 'to_friend_id'],
-        to_fields=['person_country_id', 'id'],
-        related_name='to_friend',
+        from_fields=["to_friend_country_id", "to_friend_id"],
+        to_fields=["person_country_id", "id"],
+        related_name="to_friend",
         on_delete=models.CASCADE,
     )
diff --git a/tests/foreign_object/test_agnostic_order_trimjoin.py b/tests/foreign_object/test_agnostic_order_trimjoin.py
index d3b7184be6..c5b8f66e7b 100644
--- a/tests/foreign_object/test_agnostic_order_trimjoin.py
+++ b/tests/foreign_object/test_agnostic_order_trimjoin.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from .models import Address, Contact, Customer
 
 
 class TestLookupQuery(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.address = Address.objects.create(company=1, customer_id=20)
@@ -17,12 +16,12 @@ class TestLookupQuery(TestCase):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             Address.objects.filter(customer__contacts=self.contact1),
             [self.address.id],
-            attrgetter('id')
+            attrgetter("id"),
         )
 
     def test_deep_mixed_backward(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             Contact.objects.filter(customer__address=self.address),
             [self.contact1.id],
-            attrgetter('id')
+            attrgetter("id"),
         )
diff --git a/tests/foreign_object/test_empty_join.py b/tests/foreign_object/test_empty_join.py
index 83300fd25b..39ef257842 100644
--- a/tests/foreign_object/test_empty_join.py
+++ b/tests/foreign_object/test_empty_join.py
@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ class RestrictedConditionsTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         slugs = [
-            'a',
-            'a/a',
-            'a/b',
-            'a/b/a',
-            'x',
-            'x/y/z',
+            "a",
+            "a/a",
+            "a/b",
+            "a/b/a",
+            "x",
+            "x/y/z",
         ]
         SlugPage.objects.bulk_create([SlugPage(slug=slug) for slug in slugs])
 
@@ -21,28 +21,28 @@ class RestrictedConditionsTests(TestCase):
         It's possible to create a working related field that doesn't
         use any joining columns, as long as an extra restriction is supplied.
         """
-        a = SlugPage.objects.get(slug='a')
+        a = SlugPage.objects.get(slug="a")
         self.assertEqual(
             [p.slug for p in SlugPage.objects.filter(ascendants=a)],
-            ['a', 'a/a', 'a/b', 'a/b/a'],
+            ["a", "a/a", "a/b", "a/b/a"],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             [p.slug for p in a.descendants.all()],
-            ['a', 'a/a', 'a/b', 'a/b/a'],
+            ["a", "a/a", "a/b", "a/b/a"],
         )
 
-        aba = SlugPage.objects.get(slug='a/b/a')
+        aba = SlugPage.objects.get(slug="a/b/a")
         self.assertEqual(
             [p.slug for p in SlugPage.objects.filter(descendants__in=[aba])],
-            ['a', 'a/b', 'a/b/a'],
+            ["a", "a/b", "a/b/a"],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             [p.slug for p in aba.ascendants.all()],
-            ['a', 'a/b', 'a/b/a'],
+            ["a", "a/b", "a/b/a"],
         )
 
     def test_empty_join_conditions(self):
-        x = SlugPage.objects.get(slug='x')
+        x = SlugPage.objects.get(slug="x")
         message = "Join generated an empty ON clause."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, message):
             list(SlugPage.objects.filter(containers=x))
diff --git a/tests/foreign_object/test_forms.py b/tests/foreign_object/test_forms.py
index 32a8fc3876..61f8f42295 100644
--- a/tests/foreign_object/test_forms.py
+++ b/tests/foreign_object/test_forms.py
@@ -12,18 +12,18 @@ class FormsTests(TestCase):
     class ArticleForm(forms.ModelForm):
         class Meta:
             model = Article
-            fields = '__all__'
+            fields = "__all__"
 
     def test_foreign_object_form(self):
         # A very crude test checking that the non-concrete fields do not get form fields.
         form = FormsTests.ArticleForm()
-        self.assertIn('id_pub_date', form.as_table())
-        self.assertNotIn('active_translation', form.as_table())
-        form = FormsTests.ArticleForm(data={'pub_date': str(datetime.date.today())})
+        self.assertIn("id_pub_date", form.as_table())
+        self.assertNotIn("active_translation", form.as_table())
+        form = FormsTests.ArticleForm(data={"pub_date": str(datetime.date.today())})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         a = form.save()
         self.assertEqual(a.pub_date, datetime.date.today())
-        form = FormsTests.ArticleForm(instance=a, data={'pub_date': '2013-01-01'})
+        form = FormsTests.ArticleForm(instance=a, data={"pub_date": "2013-01-01"})
         a2 = form.save()
         self.assertEqual(a.pk, a2.pk)
         self.assertEqual(a2.pub_date, datetime.date(2013, 1, 1))
diff --git a/tests/foreign_object/tests.py b/tests/foreign_object/tests.py
index 8b61c87e5d..9022fbf9c5 100644
--- a/tests/foreign_object/tests.py
+++ b/tests/foreign_object/tests.py
@@ -10,8 +10,16 @@ from django.test.utils import isolate_apps
 from django.utils import translation
 
 from .models import (
-    Article, ArticleIdea, ArticleTag, ArticleTranslation, Country, Friendship,
-    Group, Membership, NewsArticle, Person,
+    Article,
+    ArticleIdea,
+    ArticleTag,
+    ArticleTranslation,
+    Country,
+    Friendship,
+    Group,
+    Membership,
+    NewsArticle,
+    Person,
 )
 
 # Note that these tests are testing internal implementation details.
@@ -25,25 +33,28 @@ class MultiColumnFKTests(TestCase):
         cls.usa = Country.objects.create(name="United States of America")
         cls.soviet_union = Country.objects.create(name="Soviet Union")
         # Creating People
-        cls.bob = Person.objects.create(name='Bob', person_country=cls.usa)
-        cls.jim = Person.objects.create(name='Jim', person_country=cls.usa)
-        cls.george = Person.objects.create(name='George', person_country=cls.usa)
+        cls.bob = Person.objects.create(name="Bob", person_country=cls.usa)
+        cls.jim = Person.objects.create(name="Jim", person_country=cls.usa)
+        cls.george = Person.objects.create(name="George", person_country=cls.usa)
 
-        cls.jane = Person.objects.create(name='Jane', person_country=cls.soviet_union)
-        cls.mark = Person.objects.create(name='Mark', person_country=cls.soviet_union)
-        cls.sam = Person.objects.create(name='Sam', person_country=cls.soviet_union)
+        cls.jane = Person.objects.create(name="Jane", person_country=cls.soviet_union)
+        cls.mark = Person.objects.create(name="Mark", person_country=cls.soviet_union)
+        cls.sam = Person.objects.create(name="Sam", person_country=cls.soviet_union)
 
         # Creating Groups
-        cls.kgb = Group.objects.create(name='KGB', group_country=cls.soviet_union)
-        cls.cia = Group.objects.create(name='CIA', group_country=cls.usa)
-        cls.republican = Group.objects.create(name='Republican', group_country=cls.usa)
-        cls.democrat = Group.objects.create(name='Democrat', group_country=cls.usa)
+        cls.kgb = Group.objects.create(name="KGB", group_country=cls.soviet_union)
+        cls.cia = Group.objects.create(name="CIA", group_country=cls.usa)
+        cls.republican = Group.objects.create(name="Republican", group_country=cls.usa)
+        cls.democrat = Group.objects.create(name="Democrat", group_country=cls.usa)
 
     def test_get_succeeds_on_multicolumn_match(self):
         # Membership objects have access to their related Person if both
         # country_ids match between them
         membership = Membership.objects.create(
-            membership_country_id=self.usa.id, person_id=self.bob.id, group_id=self.cia.id)
+            membership_country_id=self.usa.id,
+            person_id=self.bob.id,
+            group_id=self.cia.id,
+        )
 
         person = membership.person
         self.assertEqual((person.id, person.name), (self.bob.id, "Bob"))
@@ -52,20 +63,28 @@ class MultiColumnFKTests(TestCase):
         # Membership objects returns DoesNotExist error when there is no
         # Person with the same id and country_id
         membership = Membership.objects.create(
-            membership_country_id=self.usa.id, person_id=self.jane.id, group_id=self.cia.id)
+            membership_country_id=self.usa.id,
+            person_id=self.jane.id,
+            group_id=self.cia.id,
+        )
 
         with self.assertRaises(Person.DoesNotExist):
-            getattr(membership, 'person')
+            getattr(membership, "person")
 
     def test_reverse_query_returns_correct_result(self):
         # Creating a valid membership because it has the same country has the person
         Membership.objects.create(
-            membership_country_id=self.usa.id, person_id=self.bob.id, group_id=self.cia.id)
+            membership_country_id=self.usa.id,
+            person_id=self.bob.id,
+            group_id=self.cia.id,
+        )
 
         # Creating an invalid membership because it has a different country has the person
         Membership.objects.create(
-            membership_country_id=self.soviet_union.id, person_id=self.bob.id,
-            group_id=self.republican.id)
+            membership_country_id=self.soviet_union.id,
+            person_id=self.bob.id,
+            group_id=self.republican.id,
+        )
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             membership = self.bob.membership_set.get()
@@ -76,20 +95,27 @@ class MultiColumnFKTests(TestCase):
 
         # Creating a to valid memberships
         Membership.objects.create(
-            membership_country_id=self.usa.id, person_id=self.bob.id, group_id=self.cia.id)
+            membership_country_id=self.usa.id,
+            person_id=self.bob.id,
+            group_id=self.cia.id,
+        )
         Membership.objects.create(
-            membership_country_id=self.usa.id, person_id=self.jim.id,
-            group_id=self.cia.id)
+            membership_country_id=self.usa.id,
+            person_id=self.jim.id,
+            group_id=self.cia.id,
+        )
 
         # Creating an invalid membership
-        Membership.objects.create(membership_country_id=self.soviet_union.id,
-                                  person_id=self.george.id, group_id=self.cia.id)
+        Membership.objects.create(
+            membership_country_id=self.soviet_union.id,
+            person_id=self.george.id,
+            group_id=self.cia.id,
+        )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Membership.objects.filter(person__name__contains='o'), [
-                self.bob.id
-            ],
-            attrgetter("person_id")
+            Membership.objects.filter(person__name__contains="o"),
+            [self.bob.id],
+            attrgetter("person_id"),
         )
 
     def test_reverse_query_filters_correctly(self):
@@ -99,191 +125,228 @@ class MultiColumnFKTests(TestCase):
 
         # Creating a to valid memberships
         Membership.objects.create(
-            membership_country_id=self.usa.id, person_id=self.bob.id,
-            group_id=self.cia.id, date_joined=timemark - timedelta)
+            membership_country_id=self.usa.id,
+            person_id=self.bob.id,
+            group_id=self.cia.id,
+            date_joined=timemark - timedelta,
+        )
         Membership.objects.create(
-            membership_country_id=self.usa.id, person_id=self.jim.id,
-            group_id=self.cia.id, date_joined=timemark + timedelta)
+            membership_country_id=self.usa.id,
+            person_id=self.jim.id,
+            group_id=self.cia.id,
+            date_joined=timemark + timedelta,
+        )
 
         # Creating an invalid membership
         Membership.objects.create(
-            membership_country_id=self.soviet_union.id, person_id=self.george.id,
-            group_id=self.cia.id, date_joined=timemark + timedelta)
+            membership_country_id=self.soviet_union.id,
+            person_id=self.george.id,
+            group_id=self.cia.id,
+            date_joined=timemark + timedelta,
+        )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Person.objects.filter(membership__date_joined__gte=timemark), [
-                'Jim'
-            ],
-            attrgetter('name')
+            Person.objects.filter(membership__date_joined__gte=timemark),
+            ["Jim"],
+            attrgetter("name"),
         )
 
     def test_forward_in_lookup_filters_correctly(self):
-        Membership.objects.create(membership_country_id=self.usa.id, person_id=self.bob.id,
-                                  group_id=self.cia.id)
-        Membership.objects.create(membership_country_id=self.usa.id, person_id=self.jim.id,
-                                  group_id=self.cia.id)
+        Membership.objects.create(
+            membership_country_id=self.usa.id,
+            person_id=self.bob.id,
+            group_id=self.cia.id,
+        )
+        Membership.objects.create(
+            membership_country_id=self.usa.id,
+            person_id=self.jim.id,
+            group_id=self.cia.id,
+        )
 
         # Creating an invalid membership
         Membership.objects.create(
-            membership_country_id=self.soviet_union.id, person_id=self.george.id,
-            group_id=self.cia.id)
+            membership_country_id=self.soviet_union.id,
+            person_id=self.george.id,
+            group_id=self.cia.id,
+        )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Membership.objects.filter(person__in=[self.george, self.jim]), [
+            Membership.objects.filter(person__in=[self.george, self.jim]),
+            [
                 self.jim.id,
             ],
-            attrgetter('person_id')
+            attrgetter("person_id"),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Membership.objects.filter(person__in=Person.objects.filter(name='Jim')), [
+            Membership.objects.filter(person__in=Person.objects.filter(name="Jim")),
+            [
                 self.jim.id,
             ],
-            attrgetter('person_id')
+            attrgetter("person_id"),
         )
 
     def test_double_nested_query(self):
-        m1 = Membership.objects.create(membership_country_id=self.usa.id, person_id=self.bob.id,
-                                       group_id=self.cia.id)
-        m2 = Membership.objects.create(membership_country_id=self.usa.id, person_id=self.jim.id,
-                                       group_id=self.cia.id)
-        Friendship.objects.create(from_friend_country_id=self.usa.id, from_friend_id=self.bob.id,
-                                  to_friend_country_id=self.usa.id, to_friend_id=self.jim.id)
+        m1 = Membership.objects.create(
+            membership_country_id=self.usa.id,
+            person_id=self.bob.id,
+            group_id=self.cia.id,
+        )
+        m2 = Membership.objects.create(
+            membership_country_id=self.usa.id,
+            person_id=self.jim.id,
+            group_id=self.cia.id,
+        )
+        Friendship.objects.create(
+            from_friend_country_id=self.usa.id,
+            from_friend_id=self.bob.id,
+            to_friend_country_id=self.usa.id,
+            to_friend_id=self.jim.id,
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Membership.objects.filter(
                 person__in=Person.objects.filter(
-                    from_friend__in=Friendship.objects.filter(to_friend__in=Person.objects.all())
+                    from_friend__in=Friendship.objects.filter(
+                        to_friend__in=Person.objects.all()
+                    )
                 )
             ),
-            [m1]
+            [m1],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Membership.objects.exclude(
                 person__in=Person.objects.filter(
-                    from_friend__in=Friendship.objects.filter(to_friend__in=Person.objects.all())
+                    from_friend__in=Friendship.objects.filter(
+                        to_friend__in=Person.objects.all()
+                    )
                 )
             ),
-            [m2]
+            [m2],
         )
 
     def test_select_related_foreignkey_forward_works(self):
-        Membership.objects.create(membership_country=self.usa, person=self.bob, group=self.cia)
-        Membership.objects.create(membership_country=self.usa, person=self.jim, group=self.democrat)
+        Membership.objects.create(
+            membership_country=self.usa, person=self.bob, group=self.cia
+        )
+        Membership.objects.create(
+            membership_country=self.usa, person=self.jim, group=self.democrat
+        )
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            people = [m.person for m in Membership.objects.select_related('person').order_by('pk')]
+            people = [
+                m.person
+                for m in Membership.objects.select_related("person").order_by("pk")
+            ]
 
-        normal_people = [m.person for m in Membership.objects.all().order_by('pk')]
+        normal_people = [m.person for m in Membership.objects.all().order_by("pk")]
         self.assertEqual(people, normal_people)
 
     def test_prefetch_foreignkey_forward_works(self):
-        Membership.objects.create(membership_country=self.usa, person=self.bob, group=self.cia)
-        Membership.objects.create(membership_country=self.usa, person=self.jim, group=self.democrat)
+        Membership.objects.create(
+            membership_country=self.usa, person=self.bob, group=self.cia
+        )
+        Membership.objects.create(
+            membership_country=self.usa, person=self.jim, group=self.democrat
+        )
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
             people = [
-                m.person for m in Membership.objects.prefetch_related('person').order_by('pk')]
+                m.person
+                for m in Membership.objects.prefetch_related("person").order_by("pk")
+            ]
 
-        normal_people = [m.person for m in Membership.objects.order_by('pk')]
+        normal_people = [m.person for m in Membership.objects.order_by("pk")]
         self.assertEqual(people, normal_people)
 
     def test_prefetch_foreignkey_reverse_works(self):
-        Membership.objects.create(membership_country=self.usa, person=self.bob, group=self.cia)
-        Membership.objects.create(membership_country=self.usa, person=self.jim, group=self.democrat)
+        Membership.objects.create(
+            membership_country=self.usa, person=self.bob, group=self.cia
+        )
+        Membership.objects.create(
+            membership_country=self.usa, person=self.jim, group=self.democrat
+        )
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
             membership_sets = [
                 list(p.membership_set.all())
-                for p in Person.objects.prefetch_related('membership_set').order_by('pk')]
+                for p in Person.objects.prefetch_related("membership_set").order_by(
+                    "pk"
+                )
+            ]
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(7):
             normal_membership_sets = [
-                list(p.membership_set.all())
-                for p in Person.objects.order_by('pk')
+                list(p.membership_set.all()) for p in Person.objects.order_by("pk")
             ]
         self.assertEqual(membership_sets, normal_membership_sets)
 
     def test_m2m_through_forward_returns_valid_members(self):
         # We start out by making sure that the Group 'CIA' has no members.
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.cia.members.all(),
-            []
-        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(self.cia.members.all(), [])
 
-        Membership.objects.create(membership_country=self.usa, person=self.bob, group=self.cia)
-        Membership.objects.create(membership_country=self.usa, person=self.jim, group=self.cia)
+        Membership.objects.create(
+            membership_country=self.usa, person=self.bob, group=self.cia
+        )
+        Membership.objects.create(
+            membership_country=self.usa, person=self.jim, group=self.cia
+        )
 
         # Let's check to make sure that it worked.  Bob and Jim should be members of the CIA.
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.cia.members.all(), [
-                'Bob',
-                'Jim'
-            ], attrgetter("name")
+            self.cia.members.all(), ["Bob", "Jim"], attrgetter("name")
         )
 
     def test_m2m_through_reverse_returns_valid_members(self):
         # We start out by making sure that Bob is in no groups.
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.bob.groups.all(),
-            []
-        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(self.bob.groups.all(), [])
 
-        Membership.objects.create(membership_country=self.usa, person=self.bob, group=self.cia)
-        Membership.objects.create(membership_country=self.usa, person=self.bob,
-                                  group=self.republican)
+        Membership.objects.create(
+            membership_country=self.usa, person=self.bob, group=self.cia
+        )
+        Membership.objects.create(
+            membership_country=self.usa, person=self.bob, group=self.republican
+        )
 
         # Bob should be in the CIA and a Republican
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.bob.groups.all(), [
-                'CIA',
-                'Republican'
-            ], attrgetter("name")
+            self.bob.groups.all(), ["CIA", "Republican"], attrgetter("name")
         )
 
     def test_m2m_through_forward_ignores_invalid_members(self):
         # We start out by making sure that the Group 'CIA' has no members.
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.cia.members.all(),
-            []
-        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(self.cia.members.all(), [])
 
         # Something adds jane to group CIA but Jane is in Soviet Union which isn't CIA's country
-        Membership.objects.create(membership_country=self.usa, person=self.jane, group=self.cia)
+        Membership.objects.create(
+            membership_country=self.usa, person=self.jane, group=self.cia
+        )
 
         # There should still be no members in CIA
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.cia.members.all(),
-            []
-        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(self.cia.members.all(), [])
 
     def test_m2m_through_reverse_ignores_invalid_members(self):
         # We start out by making sure that Jane has no groups.
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.jane.groups.all(),
-            []
-        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(self.jane.groups.all(), [])
 
         # Something adds jane to group CIA but Jane is in Soviet Union which isn't CIA's country
-        Membership.objects.create(membership_country=self.usa, person=self.jane, group=self.cia)
+        Membership.objects.create(
+            membership_country=self.usa, person=self.jane, group=self.cia
+        )
 
         # Jane should still not be in any groups
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.jane.groups.all(),
-            []
-        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(self.jane.groups.all(), [])
 
     def test_m2m_through_on_self_works(self):
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.jane.friends.all(),
-            []
-        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(self.jane.friends.all(), [])
 
         Friendship.objects.create(
-            from_friend_country=self.jane.person_country, from_friend=self.jane,
-            to_friend_country=self.george.person_country, to_friend=self.george)
+            from_friend_country=self.jane.person_country,
+            from_friend=self.jane,
+            to_friend_country=self.george.person_country,
+            to_friend=self.george,
+        )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.jane.friends.all(),
-            ['George'], attrgetter("name")
+            self.jane.friends.all(), ["George"], attrgetter("name")
         )
 
     def test_m2m_through_on_self_ignores_mismatch_columns(self):
@@ -292,74 +355,102 @@ class MultiColumnFKTests(TestCase):
         # Note that we use ids instead of instances. This is because instances on ForeignObject
         # properties will set all related field off of the given instance
         Friendship.objects.create(
-            from_friend_id=self.jane.id, to_friend_id=self.george.id,
+            from_friend_id=self.jane.id,
+            to_friend_id=self.george.id,
             to_friend_country_id=self.jane.person_country_id,
-            from_friend_country_id=self.george.person_country_id)
+            from_friend_country_id=self.george.person_country_id,
+        )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(self.jane.friends.all(), [])
 
     def test_prefetch_related_m2m_forward_works(self):
-        Membership.objects.create(membership_country=self.usa, person=self.bob, group=self.cia)
-        Membership.objects.create(membership_country=self.usa, person=self.jim, group=self.democrat)
+        Membership.objects.create(
+            membership_country=self.usa, person=self.bob, group=self.cia
+        )
+        Membership.objects.create(
+            membership_country=self.usa, person=self.jim, group=self.democrat
+        )
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            members_lists = [list(g.members.all())
-                             for g in Group.objects.prefetch_related('members')]
+            members_lists = [
+                list(g.members.all()) for g in Group.objects.prefetch_related("members")
+            ]
 
         normal_members_lists = [list(g.members.all()) for g in Group.objects.all()]
         self.assertEqual(members_lists, normal_members_lists)
 
     def test_prefetch_related_m2m_reverse_works(self):
-        Membership.objects.create(membership_country=self.usa, person=self.bob, group=self.cia)
-        Membership.objects.create(membership_country=self.usa, person=self.jim, group=self.democrat)
+        Membership.objects.create(
+            membership_country=self.usa, person=self.bob, group=self.cia
+        )
+        Membership.objects.create(
+            membership_country=self.usa, person=self.jim, group=self.democrat
+        )
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            groups_lists = [list(p.groups.all()) for p in Person.objects.prefetch_related('groups')]
+            groups_lists = [
+                list(p.groups.all()) for p in Person.objects.prefetch_related("groups")
+            ]
 
         normal_groups_lists = [list(p.groups.all()) for p in Person.objects.all()]
         self.assertEqual(groups_lists, normal_groups_lists)
 
-    @translation.override('fi')
+    @translation.override("fi")
     def test_translations(self):
         a1 = Article.objects.create(pub_date=datetime.date.today())
-        at1_fi = ArticleTranslation(article=a1, lang='fi', title='Otsikko', body='Diipadaapa')
+        at1_fi = ArticleTranslation(
+            article=a1, lang="fi", title="Otsikko", body="Diipadaapa"
+        )
         at1_fi.save()
-        at2_en = ArticleTranslation(article=a1, lang='en', title='Title', body='Lalalalala')
+        at2_en = ArticleTranslation(
+            article=a1, lang="en", title="Title", body="Lalalalala"
+        )
         at2_en.save()
 
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(pk=a1.pk).active_translation, at1_fi)
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            fetched = Article.objects.select_related('active_translation').get(
-                active_translation__title='Otsikko')
-            self.assertEqual(fetched.active_translation.title, 'Otsikko')
+            fetched = Article.objects.select_related("active_translation").get(
+                active_translation__title="Otsikko"
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(fetched.active_translation.title, "Otsikko")
         a2 = Article.objects.create(pub_date=datetime.date.today())
-        at2_fi = ArticleTranslation(article=a2, lang='fi', title='Atsikko', body='Diipadaapa',
-                                    abstract='dipad')
+        at2_fi = ArticleTranslation(
+            article=a2, lang="fi", title="Atsikko", body="Diipadaapa", abstract="dipad"
+        )
         at2_fi.save()
         a3 = Article.objects.create(pub_date=datetime.date.today())
-        at3_en = ArticleTranslation(article=a3, lang='en', title='A title', body='lalalalala',
-                                    abstract='lala')
+        at3_en = ArticleTranslation(
+            article=a3, lang="en", title="A title", body="lalalalala", abstract="lala"
+        )
         at3_en.save()
         # Test model initialization with active_translation field.
         a3 = Article(id=a3.id, pub_date=a3.pub_date, active_translation=at3_en)
         a3.save()
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Article.objects.filter(active_translation__abstract=None)),
-            [a1, a3])
+            list(Article.objects.filter(active_translation__abstract=None)), [a1, a3]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Article.objects.filter(active_translation__abstract=None,
-                                        active_translation__pk__isnull=False)),
-            [a1])
+            list(
+                Article.objects.filter(
+                    active_translation__abstract=None,
+                    active_translation__pk__isnull=False,
+                )
+            ),
+            [a1],
+        )
 
-        with translation.override('en'):
+        with translation.override("en"):
             self.assertEqual(
                 list(Article.objects.filter(active_translation__abstract=None)),
-                [a1, a2])
+                [a1, a2],
+            )
 
     def test_foreign_key_raises_informative_does_not_exist(self):
         referrer = ArticleTranslation()
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(Article.DoesNotExist, 'ArticleTranslation has no article'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            Article.DoesNotExist, "ArticleTranslation has no article"
+        ):
             referrer.article
 
     def test_foreign_key_related_query_name(self):
@@ -389,29 +480,37 @@ class MultiColumnFKTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
             Article.objects.filter(ideas__name="idea1")
 
-    @translation.override('fi')
+    @translation.override("fi")
     def test_inheritance(self):
         na = NewsArticle.objects.create(pub_date=datetime.date.today())
         ArticleTranslation.objects.create(
-            article=na, lang="fi", title="foo", body="bar")
+            article=na, lang="fi", title="foo", body="bar"
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NewsArticle.objects.select_related('active_translation'),
-            [na]
+            NewsArticle.objects.select_related("active_translation"), [na]
         )
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             self.assertEqual(
-                NewsArticle.objects.select_related(
-                    'active_translation')[0].active_translation.title,
-                "foo")
+                NewsArticle.objects.select_related("active_translation")[
+                    0
+                ].active_translation.title,
+                "foo",
+            )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_bulk_insert')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_bulk_insert")
     def test_batch_create_foreign_object(self):
-        objs = [Person(name="abcd_%s" % i, person_country=self.usa) for i in range(0, 5)]
+        objs = [
+            Person(name="abcd_%s" % i, person_country=self.usa) for i in range(0, 5)
+        ]
         Person.objects.bulk_create(objs, 10)
 
     def test_isnull_lookup(self):
-        m1 = Membership.objects.create(membership_country=self.usa, person=self.bob, group_id=None)
-        m2 = Membership.objects.create(membership_country=self.usa, person=self.bob, group=self.cia)
+        m1 = Membership.objects.create(
+            membership_country=self.usa, person=self.bob, group_id=None
+        )
+        m2 = Membership.objects.create(
+            membership_country=self.usa, person=self.bob, group=self.cia
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Membership.objects.filter(group__isnull=True),
             [m1],
@@ -423,15 +522,14 @@ class MultiColumnFKTests(TestCase):
 
 
 class TestModelCheckTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @isolate_apps('foreign_object')
+    @isolate_apps("foreign_object")
     def test_check_composite_foreign_object(self):
         class Parent(models.Model):
             a = models.PositiveIntegerField()
             b = models.PositiveIntegerField()
 
             class Meta:
-                unique_together = (('a', 'b'),)
+                unique_together = (("a", "b"),)
 
         class Child(models.Model):
             a = models.PositiveIntegerField()
@@ -440,14 +538,14 @@ class TestModelCheckTests(SimpleTestCase):
             parent = models.ForeignObject(
                 Parent,
                 on_delete=models.SET_NULL,
-                from_fields=('a', 'b'),
-                to_fields=('a', 'b'),
-                related_name='children',
+                from_fields=("a", "b"),
+                to_fields=("a", "b"),
+                related_name="children",
             )
 
-        self.assertEqual(Child._meta.get_field('parent').check(from_model=Child), [])
+        self.assertEqual(Child._meta.get_field("parent").check(from_model=Child), [])
 
-    @isolate_apps('foreign_object')
+    @isolate_apps("foreign_object")
     def test_check_subset_composite_foreign_object(self):
         class Parent(models.Model):
             a = models.PositiveIntegerField()
@@ -455,7 +553,7 @@ class TestModelCheckTests(SimpleTestCase):
             c = models.PositiveIntegerField()
 
             class Meta:
-                unique_together = (('a', 'b'),)
+                unique_together = (("a", "b"),)
 
         class Child(models.Model):
             a = models.PositiveIntegerField()
@@ -465,25 +563,27 @@ class TestModelCheckTests(SimpleTestCase):
             parent = models.ForeignObject(
                 Parent,
                 on_delete=models.SET_NULL,
-                from_fields=('a', 'b', 'c'),
-                to_fields=('a', 'b', 'c'),
-                related_name='children',
+                from_fields=("a", "b", "c"),
+                to_fields=("a", "b", "c"),
+                related_name="children",
             )
 
-        self.assertEqual(Child._meta.get_field('parent').check(from_model=Child), [])
+        self.assertEqual(Child._meta.get_field("parent").check(from_model=Child), [])
 
 
 class TestExtraJoinFilterQ(TestCase):
-    @translation.override('fi')
+    @translation.override("fi")
     def test_extra_join_filter_q(self):
         a = Article.objects.create(pub_date=datetime.datetime.today())
-        ArticleTranslation.objects.create(article=a, lang='fi', title='title', body='body')
+        ArticleTranslation.objects.create(
+            article=a, lang="fi", title="title", body="body"
+        )
         qs = Article.objects.all()
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            self.assertEqual(qs[0].active_translation_q.title, 'title')
-        qs = qs.select_related('active_translation_q')
+            self.assertEqual(qs[0].active_translation_q.title, "title")
+        qs = qs.select_related("active_translation_q")
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            self.assertEqual(qs[0].active_translation_q.title, 'title')
+            self.assertEqual(qs[0].active_translation_q.title, "title")
 
 
 class TestCachedPathInfo(TestCase):
@@ -492,7 +592,7 @@ class TestCachedPathInfo(TestCase):
         The path_infos and reverse_path_infos attributes are equivalent to
         calling the get_<method>() with no arguments.
         """
-        foreign_object = Membership._meta.get_field('person')
+        foreign_object = Membership._meta.get_field("person")
         self.assertEqual(
             foreign_object.path_infos,
             foreign_object.get_path_info(),
@@ -507,51 +607,51 @@ class TestCachedPathInfo(TestCase):
         Shallow copying a ForeignObject (or a ForeignObjectRel) removes the
         object's direct cached PathInfo values.
         """
-        foreign_object = Membership._meta.get_field('person')
+        foreign_object = Membership._meta.get_field("person")
         # Trigger storage of cached_property into ForeignObject's __dict__.
         foreign_object.path_infos
         foreign_object.reverse_path_infos
         # The ForeignObjectRel doesn't have reverse_path_infos.
         foreign_object.remote_field.path_infos
-        self.assertIn('path_infos', foreign_object.__dict__)
-        self.assertIn('reverse_path_infos', foreign_object.__dict__)
-        self.assertIn('path_infos', foreign_object.remote_field.__dict__)
+        self.assertIn("path_infos", foreign_object.__dict__)
+        self.assertIn("reverse_path_infos", foreign_object.__dict__)
+        self.assertIn("path_infos", foreign_object.remote_field.__dict__)
         # Cached value is removed via __getstate__() on ForeignObjectRel
         # because no __copy__() method exists, so __reduce_ex__() is used.
         remote_field_copy = copy.copy(foreign_object.remote_field)
-        self.assertNotIn('path_infos', remote_field_copy.__dict__)
+        self.assertNotIn("path_infos", remote_field_copy.__dict__)
         # Cached values are removed via __copy__() on ForeignObject for
         # consistency of behavior.
         foreign_object_copy = copy.copy(foreign_object)
-        self.assertNotIn('path_infos', foreign_object_copy.__dict__)
-        self.assertNotIn('reverse_path_infos', foreign_object_copy.__dict__)
+        self.assertNotIn("path_infos", foreign_object_copy.__dict__)
+        self.assertNotIn("reverse_path_infos", foreign_object_copy.__dict__)
         # ForeignObjectRel's remains because it's part of a shallow copy.
-        self.assertIn('path_infos', foreign_object_copy.remote_field.__dict__)
+        self.assertIn("path_infos", foreign_object_copy.remote_field.__dict__)
 
     def test_deepcopy_removes_cached_values(self):
         """
         Deep copying a ForeignObject removes the object's cached PathInfo
         values, including those of the related ForeignObjectRel.
         """
-        foreign_object = Membership._meta.get_field('person')
+        foreign_object = Membership._meta.get_field("person")
         # Trigger storage of cached_property into ForeignObject's __dict__.
         foreign_object.path_infos
         foreign_object.reverse_path_infos
         # The ForeignObjectRel doesn't have reverse_path_infos.
         foreign_object.remote_field.path_infos
-        self.assertIn('path_infos', foreign_object.__dict__)
-        self.assertIn('reverse_path_infos', foreign_object.__dict__)
-        self.assertIn('path_infos', foreign_object.remote_field.__dict__)
+        self.assertIn("path_infos", foreign_object.__dict__)
+        self.assertIn("reverse_path_infos", foreign_object.__dict__)
+        self.assertIn("path_infos", foreign_object.remote_field.__dict__)
         # Cached value is removed via __getstate__() on ForeignObjectRel
         # because no __deepcopy__() method exists, so __reduce_ex__() is used.
         remote_field_copy = copy.deepcopy(foreign_object.remote_field)
-        self.assertNotIn('path_infos', remote_field_copy.__dict__)
+        self.assertNotIn("path_infos", remote_field_copy.__dict__)
         # Field.__deepcopy__() internally uses __copy__() on both the
         # ForeignObject and ForeignObjectRel, so all cached values are removed.
         foreign_object_copy = copy.deepcopy(foreign_object)
-        self.assertNotIn('path_infos', foreign_object_copy.__dict__)
-        self.assertNotIn('reverse_path_infos', foreign_object_copy.__dict__)
-        self.assertNotIn('path_infos', foreign_object_copy.remote_field.__dict__)
+        self.assertNotIn("path_infos", foreign_object_copy.__dict__)
+        self.assertNotIn("reverse_path_infos", foreign_object_copy.__dict__)
+        self.assertNotIn("path_infos", foreign_object_copy.remote_field.__dict__)
 
     def test_pickling_foreignobjectrel(self):
         """
@@ -561,12 +661,12 @@ class TestCachedPathInfo(TestCase):
         both use that, but ForeignObject implements __reduce__() and __copy__()
         separately, so doesn't share the same behaviour.
         """
-        foreign_object_rel = Membership._meta.get_field('person').remote_field
+        foreign_object_rel = Membership._meta.get_field("person").remote_field
         # Trigger storage of cached_property into ForeignObjectRel's __dict__.
         foreign_object_rel.path_infos
-        self.assertIn('path_infos', foreign_object_rel.__dict__)
+        self.assertIn("path_infos", foreign_object_rel.__dict__)
         foreign_object_rel_restored = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(foreign_object_rel))
-        self.assertNotIn('path_infos', foreign_object_rel_restored.__dict__)
+        self.assertNotIn("path_infos", foreign_object_rel_restored.__dict__)
 
     def test_pickling_foreignobject(self):
         """
@@ -576,12 +676,12 @@ class TestCachedPathInfo(TestCase):
         attributes within the same process, because of the way
         Field.__reduce__() is used for restoring values.
         """
-        foreign_object = Membership._meta.get_field('person')
+        foreign_object = Membership._meta.get_field("person")
         # Trigger storage of cached_property into ForeignObjectRel's __dict__
         foreign_object.path_infos
         foreign_object.reverse_path_infos
-        self.assertIn('path_infos', foreign_object.__dict__)
-        self.assertIn('reverse_path_infos', foreign_object.__dict__)
+        self.assertIn("path_infos", foreign_object.__dict__)
+        self.assertIn("reverse_path_infos", foreign_object.__dict__)
         foreign_object_restored = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(foreign_object))
-        self.assertIn('path_infos', foreign_object_restored.__dict__)
-        self.assertIn('reverse_path_infos', foreign_object_restored.__dict__)
+        self.assertIn("path_infos", foreign_object_restored.__dict__)
+        self.assertIn("reverse_path_infos", foreign_object_restored.__dict__)
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/__init__.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/__init__.py
index 4aae30282b..94b2a91242 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/__init__.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/__init__.py
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ from django import forms
 
 
 class FormFieldAssertionsMixin:
-
     def assertWidgetRendersTo(self, field, to):
         class Form(forms.Form):
             f = field
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(Form()['f']), to)
+
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(Form()["f"]), to)
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_base.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_base.py
index 4ddbea3414..201e05e47e 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_base.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_base.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class BasicFieldsTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_field_sets_widget_is_required(self):
         self.assertTrue(Field(required=True).widget.is_required)
         self.assertFalse(Field(required=False).widget.is_required)
@@ -23,20 +22,20 @@ class BasicFieldsTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_field_deepcopies_widget_instance(self):
         class CustomChoiceField(ChoiceField):
-            widget = Select(attrs={'class': 'my-custom-class'})
+            widget = Select(attrs={"class": "my-custom-class"})
 
         class TestForm(Form):
             field1 = CustomChoiceField(choices=[])
             field2 = CustomChoiceField(choices=[])
 
         f = TestForm()
-        f.fields['field1'].choices = [('1', '1')]
-        f.fields['field2'].choices = [('2', '2')]
-        self.assertEqual(f.fields['field1'].widget.choices, [('1', '1')])
-        self.assertEqual(f.fields['field2'].widget.choices, [('2', '2')])
+        f.fields["field1"].choices = [("1", "1")]
+        f.fields["field2"].choices = [("2", "2")]
+        self.assertEqual(f.fields["field1"].widget.choices, [("1", "1")])
+        self.assertEqual(f.fields["field2"].widget.choices, [("2", "2")])
 
 
 class DisabledFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_disabled_field_has_changed_always_false(self):
         disabled_field = Field(disabled=True)
-        self.assertFalse(disabled_field.has_changed('x', 'y'))
+        self.assertFalse(disabled_field.has_changed("x", "y"))
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_booleanfield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_booleanfield.py
index b0153e9e0b..560a0f473b 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_booleanfield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_booleanfield.py
@@ -6,11 +6,10 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class BooleanFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_booleanfield_clean_1(self):
         f = BooleanField()
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean('')
+            f.clean("")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean(None)
         self.assertTrue(f.clean(True))
@@ -19,25 +18,25 @@ class BooleanFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertTrue(f.clean(1))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean(0)
-        self.assertTrue(f.clean('Django rocks'))
-        self.assertTrue(f.clean('True'))
+        self.assertTrue(f.clean("Django rocks"))
+        self.assertTrue(f.clean("True"))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean('False')
+            f.clean("False")
 
     def test_booleanfield_clean_2(self):
         f = BooleanField(required=False)
-        self.assertIs(f.clean(''), False)
+        self.assertIs(f.clean(""), False)
         self.assertIs(f.clean(None), False)
         self.assertIs(f.clean(True), True)
         self.assertIs(f.clean(False), False)
         self.assertIs(f.clean(1), True)
         self.assertIs(f.clean(0), False)
-        self.assertIs(f.clean('1'), True)
-        self.assertIs(f.clean('0'), False)
-        self.assertIs(f.clean('Django rocks'), True)
-        self.assertIs(f.clean('False'), False)
-        self.assertIs(f.clean('false'), False)
-        self.assertIs(f.clean('FaLsE'), False)
+        self.assertIs(f.clean("1"), True)
+        self.assertIs(f.clean("0"), False)
+        self.assertIs(f.clean("Django rocks"), True)
+        self.assertIs(f.clean("False"), False)
+        self.assertIs(f.clean("false"), False)
+        self.assertIs(f.clean("FaLsE"), False)
 
     def test_boolean_picklable(self):
         self.assertIsInstance(pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(BooleanField())), BooleanField)
@@ -45,20 +44,20 @@ class BooleanFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_booleanfield_changed(self):
         f = BooleanField()
         self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(None, None))
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(None, ''))
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed('', None))
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed('', ''))
-        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed(False, 'on'))
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(True, 'on'))
-        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed(True, ''))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(None, ""))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed("", None))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed("", ""))
+        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed(False, "on"))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(True, "on"))
+        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed(True, ""))
         # Initial value may have mutated to a string due to show_hidden_initial (#19537)
-        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed('False', 'on'))
+        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed("False", "on"))
         # HiddenInput widget sends string values for boolean but doesn't clean them in value_from_datadict
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(False, 'False'))
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(True, 'True'))
-        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed(False, 'True'))
-        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed(True, 'False'))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(False, "False"))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(True, "True"))
+        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed(False, "True"))
+        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed(True, "False"))
 
     def test_disabled_has_changed(self):
         f = BooleanField(disabled=True)
-        self.assertIs(f.has_changed('True', 'False'), False)
+        self.assertIs(f.has_changed("True", "False"), False)
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_charfield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_charfield.py
index 352761deec..2c3f9b7ebe 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_charfield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_charfield.py
@@ -1,66 +1,63 @@
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
-from django.forms import (
-    CharField, HiddenInput, PasswordInput, Textarea, TextInput,
-)
+from django.forms import CharField, HiddenInput, PasswordInput, Textarea, TextInput
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 from . import FormFieldAssertionsMixin
 
 
 class CharFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_charfield_1(self):
         f = CharField()
-        self.assertEqual('1', f.clean(1))
-        self.assertEqual('hello', f.clean('hello'))
+        self.assertEqual("1", f.clean(1))
+        self.assertEqual("hello", f.clean("hello"))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean(None)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean('')
-        self.assertEqual('[1, 2, 3]', f.clean([1, 2, 3]))
+            f.clean("")
+        self.assertEqual("[1, 2, 3]", f.clean([1, 2, 3]))
         self.assertIsNone(f.max_length)
         self.assertIsNone(f.min_length)
 
     def test_charfield_2(self):
         f = CharField(required=False)
-        self.assertEqual('1', f.clean(1))
-        self.assertEqual('hello', f.clean('hello'))
-        self.assertEqual('', f.clean(None))
-        self.assertEqual('', f.clean(''))
-        self.assertEqual('[1, 2, 3]', f.clean([1, 2, 3]))
+        self.assertEqual("1", f.clean(1))
+        self.assertEqual("hello", f.clean("hello"))
+        self.assertEqual("", f.clean(None))
+        self.assertEqual("", f.clean(""))
+        self.assertEqual("[1, 2, 3]", f.clean([1, 2, 3]))
         self.assertIsNone(f.max_length)
         self.assertIsNone(f.min_length)
 
     def test_charfield_3(self):
         f = CharField(max_length=10, required=False)
-        self.assertEqual('12345', f.clean('12345'))
-        self.assertEqual('1234567890', f.clean('1234567890'))
+        self.assertEqual("12345", f.clean("12345"))
+        self.assertEqual("1234567890", f.clean("1234567890"))
         msg = "'Ensure this value has at most 10 characters (it has 11).'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('1234567890a')
+            f.clean("1234567890a")
         self.assertEqual(f.max_length, 10)
         self.assertIsNone(f.min_length)
 
     def test_charfield_4(self):
         f = CharField(min_length=10, required=False)
-        self.assertEqual('', f.clean(''))
+        self.assertEqual("", f.clean(""))
         msg = "'Ensure this value has at least 10 characters (it has 5).'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('12345')
-        self.assertEqual('1234567890', f.clean('1234567890'))
-        self.assertEqual('1234567890a', f.clean('1234567890a'))
+            f.clean("12345")
+        self.assertEqual("1234567890", f.clean("1234567890"))
+        self.assertEqual("1234567890a", f.clean("1234567890a"))
         self.assertIsNone(f.max_length)
         self.assertEqual(f.min_length, 10)
 
     def test_charfield_5(self):
         f = CharField(min_length=10, required=True)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean('')
+            f.clean("")
         msg = "'Ensure this value has at least 10 characters (it has 5).'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('12345')
-        self.assertEqual('1234567890', f.clean('1234567890'))
-        self.assertEqual('1234567890a', f.clean('1234567890a'))
+            f.clean("12345")
+        self.assertEqual("1234567890", f.clean("1234567890"))
+        self.assertEqual("1234567890a", f.clean("1234567890a"))
         self.assertIsNone(f.max_length)
         self.assertEqual(f.min_length, 10)
 
@@ -70,12 +67,12 @@ class CharFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         raises an exception.
         """
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            CharField(min_length='a')
+            CharField(min_length="a")
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            CharField(max_length='a')
-        msg = '__init__() takes 1 positional argument but 2 were given'
+            CharField(max_length="a")
+        msg = "__init__() takes 1 positional argument but 2 were given"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            CharField('a')
+            CharField("a")
 
     def test_charfield_widget_attrs(self):
         """
@@ -90,22 +87,28 @@ class CharFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
 
         # Return a maxlength attribute equal to max_length.
         f = CharField(max_length=10)
-        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(TextInput()), {'maxlength': '10'})
-        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(PasswordInput()), {'maxlength': '10'})
-        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(Textarea()), {'maxlength': '10'})
+        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(TextInput()), {"maxlength": "10"})
+        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(PasswordInput()), {"maxlength": "10"})
+        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(Textarea()), {"maxlength": "10"})
 
         # Return a minlength attribute equal to min_length.
         f = CharField(min_length=5)
-        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(TextInput()), {'minlength': '5'})
-        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(PasswordInput()), {'minlength': '5'})
-        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(Textarea()), {'minlength': '5'})
+        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(TextInput()), {"minlength": "5"})
+        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(PasswordInput()), {"minlength": "5"})
+        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(Textarea()), {"minlength": "5"})
 
         # Return both maxlength and minlength when both max_length and
         # min_length are set.
         f = CharField(max_length=10, min_length=5)
-        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(TextInput()), {'maxlength': '10', 'minlength': '5'})
-        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(PasswordInput()), {'maxlength': '10', 'minlength': '5'})
-        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(Textarea()), {'maxlength': '10', 'minlength': '5'})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f.widget_attrs(TextInput()), {"maxlength": "10", "minlength": "5"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f.widget_attrs(PasswordInput()), {"maxlength": "10", "minlength": "5"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f.widget_attrs(Textarea()), {"maxlength": "10", "minlength": "5"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(HiddenInput()), {})
 
     def test_charfield_strip(self):
@@ -113,12 +116,12 @@ class CharFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         Values have whitespace stripped but not if strip=False.
         """
         f = CharField()
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(' 1'), '1')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('1 '), '1')
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(" 1"), "1")
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("1 "), "1")
 
         f = CharField(strip=False)
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(' 1'), ' 1')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('1 '), '1 ')
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(" 1"), " 1")
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("1 "), "1 ")
 
     def test_strip_before_checking_empty(self):
         """
@@ -126,10 +129,11 @@ class CharFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         converted to the empty value, None.
         """
         f = CharField(required=False, empty_value=None)
-        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(' '))
+        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(" "))
 
     def test_clean_non_string(self):
         """CharField.clean() calls str(value) before stripping it."""
+
         class StringWrapper:
             def __init__(self, v):
                 self.v = v
@@ -137,18 +141,20 @@ class CharFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
             def __str__(self):
                 return self.v
 
-        value = StringWrapper(' ')
+        value = StringWrapper(" ")
         f1 = CharField(required=False, empty_value=None)
         self.assertIsNone(f1.clean(value))
         f2 = CharField(strip=False)
-        self.assertEqual(f2.clean(value), ' ')
+        self.assertEqual(f2.clean(value), " ")
 
     def test_charfield_disabled(self):
         f = CharField(disabled=True)
-        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(f, '<input type="text" name="f" id="id_f" disabled required>')
+        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(
+            f, '<input type="text" name="f" id="id_f" disabled required>'
+        )
 
     def test_null_characters_prohibited(self):
         f = CharField()
-        msg = 'Null characters are not allowed.'
+        msg = "Null characters are not allowed."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('\x00something')
+            f.clean("\x00something")
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_choicefield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_choicefield.py
index f25e2cedfd..bc580bbf02 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_choicefield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_choicefield.py
@@ -7,52 +7,52 @@ from . import FormFieldAssertionsMixin
 
 
 class ChoiceFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_choicefield_1(self):
-        f = ChoiceField(choices=[('1', 'One'), ('2', 'Two')])
+        f = ChoiceField(choices=[("1", "One"), ("2", "Two")])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean('')
+            f.clean("")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean(None)
-        self.assertEqual('1', f.clean(1))
-        self.assertEqual('1', f.clean('1'))
+        self.assertEqual("1", f.clean(1))
+        self.assertEqual("1", f.clean("1"))
         msg = "'Select a valid choice. 3 is not one of the available choices.'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('3')
+            f.clean("3")
 
     def test_choicefield_2(self):
-        f = ChoiceField(choices=[('1', 'One'), ('2', 'Two')], required=False)
-        self.assertEqual('', f.clean(''))
-        self.assertEqual('', f.clean(None))
-        self.assertEqual('1', f.clean(1))
-        self.assertEqual('1', f.clean('1'))
+        f = ChoiceField(choices=[("1", "One"), ("2", "Two")], required=False)
+        self.assertEqual("", f.clean(""))
+        self.assertEqual("", f.clean(None))
+        self.assertEqual("1", f.clean(1))
+        self.assertEqual("1", f.clean("1"))
         msg = "'Select a valid choice. 3 is not one of the available choices.'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('3')
+            f.clean("3")
 
     def test_choicefield_3(self):
-        f = ChoiceField(choices=[('J', 'John'), ('P', 'Paul')])
-        self.assertEqual('J', f.clean('J'))
+        f = ChoiceField(choices=[("J", "John"), ("P", "Paul")])
+        self.assertEqual("J", f.clean("J"))
         msg = "'Select a valid choice. John is not one of the available choices.'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('John')
+            f.clean("John")
 
     def test_choicefield_4(self):
         f = ChoiceField(
             choices=[
-                ('Numbers', (('1', 'One'), ('2', 'Two'))),
-                ('Letters', (('3', 'A'), ('4', 'B'))), ('5', 'Other'),
+                ("Numbers", (("1", "One"), ("2", "Two"))),
+                ("Letters", (("3", "A"), ("4", "B"))),
+                ("5", "Other"),
             ]
         )
-        self.assertEqual('1', f.clean(1))
-        self.assertEqual('1', f.clean('1'))
-        self.assertEqual('3', f.clean(3))
-        self.assertEqual('3', f.clean('3'))
-        self.assertEqual('5', f.clean(5))
-        self.assertEqual('5', f.clean('5'))
+        self.assertEqual("1", f.clean(1))
+        self.assertEqual("1", f.clean("1"))
+        self.assertEqual("3", f.clean(3))
+        self.assertEqual("3", f.clean("3"))
+        self.assertEqual("5", f.clean(5))
+        self.assertEqual("5", f.clean("5"))
         msg = "'Select a valid choice. 6 is not one of the available choices.'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('6')
+            f.clean("6")
 
     def test_choicefield_choices_default(self):
         f = ChoiceField()
@@ -60,9 +60,10 @@ class ChoiceFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_choicefield_callable(self):
         def choices():
-            return [('J', 'John'), ('P', 'Paul')]
+            return [("J", "John"), ("P", "Paul")]
+
         f = ChoiceField(choices=choices)
-        self.assertEqual('J', f.clean('J'))
+        self.assertEqual("J", f.clean("J"))
 
     def test_choicefield_callable_may_evaluate_to_different_values(self):
         choices = []
@@ -73,29 +74,29 @@ class ChoiceFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         class ChoiceFieldForm(Form):
             choicefield = ChoiceField(choices=choices_as_callable)
 
-        choices = [('J', 'John')]
+        choices = [("J", "John")]
         form = ChoiceFieldForm()
-        self.assertEqual([('J', 'John')], list(form.fields['choicefield'].choices))
+        self.assertEqual([("J", "John")], list(form.fields["choicefield"].choices))
 
-        choices = [('P', 'Paul')]
+        choices = [("P", "Paul")]
         form = ChoiceFieldForm()
-        self.assertEqual([('P', 'Paul')], list(form.fields['choicefield'].choices))
+        self.assertEqual([("P", "Paul")], list(form.fields["choicefield"].choices))
 
     def test_choicefield_disabled(self):
-        f = ChoiceField(choices=[('J', 'John'), ('P', 'Paul')], disabled=True)
+        f = ChoiceField(choices=[("J", "John"), ("P", "Paul")], disabled=True)
         self.assertWidgetRendersTo(
             f,
             '<select id="id_f" name="f" disabled><option value="J">John</option>'
-            '<option value="P">Paul</option></select>'
+            '<option value="P">Paul</option></select>',
         )
 
     def test_choicefield_enumeration(self):
         class FirstNames(models.TextChoices):
-            JOHN = 'J', 'John'
-            PAUL = 'P', 'Paul'
+            JOHN = "J", "John"
+            PAUL = "P", "Paul"
 
         f = ChoiceField(choices=FirstNames.choices)
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('J'), 'J')
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("J"), "J")
         msg = "'Select a valid choice. 3 is not one of the available choices.'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('3')
+            f.clean("3")
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_combofield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_combofield.py
index 481783fe2e..d433fdf2b3 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_combofield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_combofield.py
@@ -4,25 +4,34 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class ComboFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_combofield_1(self):
         f = ComboField(fields=[CharField(max_length=20), EmailField()])
-        self.assertEqual('test@example.com', f.clean('test@example.com'))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Ensure this value has at most 20 characters (it has 28).'"):
-            f.clean('longemailaddress@example.com')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid email address.'"):
-            f.clean('not an email')
+        self.assertEqual("test@example.com", f.clean("test@example.com"))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError,
+            "'Ensure this value has at most 20 characters (it has 28).'",
+        ):
+            f.clean("longemailaddress@example.com")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Enter a valid email address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("not an email")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean('')
+            f.clean("")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean(None)
 
     def test_combofield_2(self):
         f = ComboField(fields=[CharField(max_length=20), EmailField()], required=False)
-        self.assertEqual('test@example.com', f.clean('test@example.com'))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Ensure this value has at most 20 characters (it has 28).'"):
-            f.clean('longemailaddress@example.com')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid email address.'"):
-            f.clean('not an email')
-        self.assertEqual('', f.clean(''))
-        self.assertEqual('', f.clean(None))
+        self.assertEqual("test@example.com", f.clean("test@example.com"))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError,
+            "'Ensure this value has at most 20 characters (it has 28).'",
+        ):
+            f.clean("longemailaddress@example.com")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Enter a valid email address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("not an email")
+        self.assertEqual("", f.clean(""))
+        self.assertEqual("", f.clean(None))
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_datefield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_datefield.py
index 10d77bf1bb..a9f93f40ed 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_datefield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_datefield.py
@@ -11,174 +11,195 @@ class GetDate(Form):
 
 
 class DateFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_form_field(self):
-        a = GetDate({'mydate_month': '4', 'mydate_day': '1', 'mydate_year': '2008'})
+        a = GetDate({"mydate_month": "4", "mydate_day": "1", "mydate_year": "2008"})
         self.assertTrue(a.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(a.cleaned_data['mydate'], date(2008, 4, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(a.cleaned_data["mydate"], date(2008, 4, 1))
 
         # As with any widget that implements get_value_from_datadict(), we must
         # accept the input from the "as_hidden" rendering as well.
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            a['mydate'].as_hidden(),
+            a["mydate"].as_hidden(),
             '<input type="hidden" name="mydate" value="2008-04-01" id="id_mydate">',
         )
 
-        b = GetDate({'mydate': '2008-4-1'})
+        b = GetDate({"mydate": "2008-4-1"})
         self.assertTrue(b.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(b.cleaned_data['mydate'], date(2008, 4, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(b.cleaned_data["mydate"], date(2008, 4, 1))
 
         # Invalid dates shouldn't be allowed
-        c = GetDate({'mydate_month': '2', 'mydate_day': '31', 'mydate_year': '2010'})
+        c = GetDate({"mydate_month": "2", "mydate_day": "31", "mydate_year": "2010"})
         self.assertFalse(c.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(c.errors, {'mydate': ['Enter a valid date.']})
+        self.assertEqual(c.errors, {"mydate": ["Enter a valid date."]})
 
         # label tag is correctly associated with month dropdown
-        d = GetDate({'mydate_month': '1', 'mydate_day': '1', 'mydate_year': '2010'})
+        d = GetDate({"mydate_month": "1", "mydate_day": "1", "mydate_year": "2010"})
         self.assertIn('<label for="id_mydate_month">', d.as_p())
 
-    @translation.override('nl')
+    @translation.override("nl")
     def test_l10n_date_changed(self):
         """
         DateField.has_changed() with SelectDateWidget works with a localized
         date format (#17165).
         """
         # With Field.show_hidden_initial=False
-        b = GetDate({
-            'mydate_year': '2008',
-            'mydate_month': '4',
-            'mydate_day': '1',
-        }, initial={'mydate': date(2008, 4, 1)})
+        b = GetDate(
+            {
+                "mydate_year": "2008",
+                "mydate_month": "4",
+                "mydate_day": "1",
+            },
+            initial={"mydate": date(2008, 4, 1)},
+        )
         self.assertFalse(b.has_changed())
 
-        b = GetDate({
-            'mydate_year': '2008',
-            'mydate_month': '4',
-            'mydate_day': '2',
-        }, initial={'mydate': date(2008, 4, 1)})
+        b = GetDate(
+            {
+                "mydate_year": "2008",
+                "mydate_month": "4",
+                "mydate_day": "2",
+            },
+            initial={"mydate": date(2008, 4, 1)},
+        )
         self.assertTrue(b.has_changed())
 
         # With Field.show_hidden_initial=True
         class GetDateShowHiddenInitial(Form):
             mydate = DateField(widget=SelectDateWidget, show_hidden_initial=True)
 
-        b = GetDateShowHiddenInitial({
-            'mydate_year': '2008',
-            'mydate_month': '4',
-            'mydate_day': '1',
-            'initial-mydate': HiddenInput().format_value(date(2008, 4, 1)),
-        }, initial={'mydate': date(2008, 4, 1)})
+        b = GetDateShowHiddenInitial(
+            {
+                "mydate_year": "2008",
+                "mydate_month": "4",
+                "mydate_day": "1",
+                "initial-mydate": HiddenInput().format_value(date(2008, 4, 1)),
+            },
+            initial={"mydate": date(2008, 4, 1)},
+        )
         self.assertFalse(b.has_changed())
 
-        b = GetDateShowHiddenInitial({
-            'mydate_year': '2008',
-            'mydate_month': '4',
-            'mydate_day': '22',
-            'initial-mydate': HiddenInput().format_value(date(2008, 4, 1)),
-        }, initial={'mydate': date(2008, 4, 1)})
+        b = GetDateShowHiddenInitial(
+            {
+                "mydate_year": "2008",
+                "mydate_month": "4",
+                "mydate_day": "22",
+                "initial-mydate": HiddenInput().format_value(date(2008, 4, 1)),
+            },
+            initial={"mydate": date(2008, 4, 1)},
+        )
         self.assertTrue(b.has_changed())
 
-        b = GetDateShowHiddenInitial({
-            'mydate_year': '2008',
-            'mydate_month': '4',
-            'mydate_day': '22',
-            'initial-mydate': HiddenInput().format_value(date(2008, 4, 1)),
-        }, initial={'mydate': date(2008, 4, 22)})
+        b = GetDateShowHiddenInitial(
+            {
+                "mydate_year": "2008",
+                "mydate_month": "4",
+                "mydate_day": "22",
+                "initial-mydate": HiddenInput().format_value(date(2008, 4, 1)),
+            },
+            initial={"mydate": date(2008, 4, 22)},
+        )
         self.assertTrue(b.has_changed())
 
-        b = GetDateShowHiddenInitial({
-            'mydate_year': '2008',
-            'mydate_month': '4',
-            'mydate_day': '22',
-            'initial-mydate': HiddenInput().format_value(date(2008, 4, 22)),
-        }, initial={'mydate': date(2008, 4, 1)})
+        b = GetDateShowHiddenInitial(
+            {
+                "mydate_year": "2008",
+                "mydate_month": "4",
+                "mydate_day": "22",
+                "initial-mydate": HiddenInput().format_value(date(2008, 4, 22)),
+            },
+            initial={"mydate": date(2008, 4, 1)},
+        )
         self.assertFalse(b.has_changed())
 
-    @translation.override('nl')
+    @translation.override("nl")
     def test_l10n_invalid_date_in(self):
         # Invalid dates shouldn't be allowed
-        a = GetDate({'mydate_month': '2', 'mydate_day': '31', 'mydate_year': '2010'})
+        a = GetDate({"mydate_month": "2", "mydate_day": "31", "mydate_year": "2010"})
         self.assertFalse(a.is_valid())
         # 'Geef een geldige datum op.' = 'Enter a valid date.'
-        self.assertEqual(a.errors, {'mydate': ['Voer een geldige datum in.']})
+        self.assertEqual(a.errors, {"mydate": ["Voer een geldige datum in."]})
 
-    @translation.override('nl')
+    @translation.override("nl")
     def test_form_label_association(self):
         # label tag is correctly associated with first rendered dropdown
-        a = GetDate({'mydate_month': '1', 'mydate_day': '1', 'mydate_year': '2010'})
+        a = GetDate({"mydate_month": "1", "mydate_day": "1", "mydate_year": "2010"})
         self.assertIn('<label for="id_mydate_day">', a.as_p())
 
     def test_datefield_1(self):
         f = DateField()
         self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean(date(2006, 10, 25)))
         self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean(datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30)))
-        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean(datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 59)))
-        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean(datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 59, 200)))
-        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean('2006-10-25'))
-        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean('10/25/2006'))
-        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean('10/25/06'))
-        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean('Oct 25 2006'))
-        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean('October 25 2006'))
-        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean('October 25, 2006'))
-        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean('25 October 2006'))
-        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean('25 October, 2006'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean(datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 59))
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean(datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 59, 200))
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean("2006-10-25"))
+        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean("10/25/2006"))
+        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean("10/25/06"))
+        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean("Oct 25 2006"))
+        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean("October 25 2006"))
+        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean("October 25, 2006"))
+        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean("25 October 2006"))
+        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean("25 October, 2006"))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid date.'"):
-            f.clean('2006-4-31')
+            f.clean("2006-4-31")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid date.'"):
-            f.clean('200a-10-25')
+            f.clean("200a-10-25")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid date.'"):
-            f.clean('25/10/06')
+            f.clean("25/10/06")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean(None)
 
     def test_datefield_2(self):
         f = DateField(required=False)
         self.assertIsNone(f.clean(None))
-        self.assertEqual('None', repr(f.clean(None)))
-        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(''))
-        self.assertEqual('None', repr(f.clean('')))
+        self.assertEqual("None", repr(f.clean(None)))
+        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(""))
+        self.assertEqual("None", repr(f.clean("")))
 
     def test_datefield_3(self):
-        f = DateField(input_formats=['%Y %m %d'])
+        f = DateField(input_formats=["%Y %m %d"])
         self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean(date(2006, 10, 25)))
         self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean(datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30)))
-        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean('2006 10 25'))
+        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean("2006 10 25"))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid date.'"):
-            f.clean('2006-10-25')
+            f.clean("2006-10-25")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid date.'"):
-            f.clean('10/25/2006')
+            f.clean("10/25/2006")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid date.'"):
-            f.clean('10/25/06')
+            f.clean("10/25/06")
 
     def test_datefield_4(self):
         # Test whitespace stripping behavior (#5714)
         f = DateField()
-        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean(' 10/25/2006 '))
-        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean(' 10/25/06 '))
-        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean(' Oct 25   2006 '))
-        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean(' October  25 2006 '))
-        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean(' October 25, 2006 '))
-        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean(' 25 October 2006 '))
+        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean(" 10/25/2006 "))
+        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean(" 10/25/06 "))
+        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean(" Oct 25   2006 "))
+        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean(" October  25 2006 "))
+        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean(" October 25, 2006 "))
+        self.assertEqual(date(2006, 10, 25), f.clean(" 25 October 2006 "))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid date.'"):
-            f.clean('   ')
+            f.clean("   ")
 
     def test_datefield_5(self):
         # Test null bytes (#18982)
         f = DateField()
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid date.'"):
-            f.clean('a\x00b')
+            f.clean("a\x00b")
 
     def test_datefield_changed(self):
-        format = '%d/%m/%Y'
+        format = "%d/%m/%Y"
         f = DateField(input_formats=[format])
         d = date(2007, 9, 17)
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(d, '17/09/2007'))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(d, "17/09/2007"))
 
     def test_datefield_strptime(self):
         """field.strptime() doesn't raise a UnicodeEncodeError (#16123)"""
         f = DateField()
         try:
-            f.strptime('31 мая 2011', '%d-%b-%y')
+            f.strptime("31 мая 2011", "%d-%b-%y")
         except Exception as e:
             # assertIsInstance or assertRaises cannot be used because UnicodeEncodeError
             # is a subclass of ValueError
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_datetimefield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_datetimefield.py
index 5d118cfdd2..3d266da6b7 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_datetimefield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_datetimefield.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ from django.utils.timezone import get_fixed_timezone, utc
 
 
 class DateTimeFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_datetimefield_clean(self):
         tests = [
             (date(2006, 10, 25), datetime(2006, 10, 25, 0, 0)),
@@ -17,48 +16,48 @@ class DateTimeFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
                 datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 59, 200),
                 datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 59, 200),
             ),
-            ('2006-10-25 14:30:45.000200', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45, 200)),
-            ('2006-10-25 14:30:45.0002', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45, 200)),
-            ('2006-10-25 14:30:45', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45)),
-            ('2006-10-25 14:30:00', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30)),
-            ('2006-10-25 14:30', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30)),
-            ('2006-10-25', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 0, 0)),
-            ('10/25/2006 14:30:45.000200', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45, 200)),
-            ('10/25/2006 14:30:45', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45)),
-            ('10/25/2006 14:30:00', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30)),
-            ('10/25/2006 14:30', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30)),
-            ('10/25/2006', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 0, 0)),
-            ('10/25/06 14:30:45.000200', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45, 200)),
-            ('10/25/06 14:30:45', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45)),
-            ('10/25/06 14:30:00', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30)),
-            ('10/25/06 14:30', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30)),
-            ('10/25/06', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 0, 0)),
+            ("2006-10-25 14:30:45.000200", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45, 200)),
+            ("2006-10-25 14:30:45.0002", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45, 200)),
+            ("2006-10-25 14:30:45", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45)),
+            ("2006-10-25 14:30:00", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30)),
+            ("2006-10-25 14:30", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30)),
+            ("2006-10-25", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 0, 0)),
+            ("10/25/2006 14:30:45.000200", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45, 200)),
+            ("10/25/2006 14:30:45", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45)),
+            ("10/25/2006 14:30:00", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30)),
+            ("10/25/2006 14:30", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30)),
+            ("10/25/2006", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 0, 0)),
+            ("10/25/06 14:30:45.000200", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45, 200)),
+            ("10/25/06 14:30:45", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45)),
+            ("10/25/06 14:30:00", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30)),
+            ("10/25/06 14:30", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30)),
+            ("10/25/06", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 0, 0)),
             # ISO 8601 formats.
             (
-                '2014-09-23T22:34:41.614804',
+                "2014-09-23T22:34:41.614804",
                 datetime(2014, 9, 23, 22, 34, 41, 614804),
             ),
-            ('2014-09-23T22:34:41', datetime(2014, 9, 23, 22, 34, 41)),
-            ('2014-09-23T22:34', datetime(2014, 9, 23, 22, 34)),
-            ('2014-09-23', datetime(2014, 9, 23, 0, 0)),
-            ('2014-09-23T22:34Z', datetime(2014, 9, 23, 22, 34, tzinfo=utc)),
+            ("2014-09-23T22:34:41", datetime(2014, 9, 23, 22, 34, 41)),
+            ("2014-09-23T22:34", datetime(2014, 9, 23, 22, 34)),
+            ("2014-09-23", datetime(2014, 9, 23, 0, 0)),
+            ("2014-09-23T22:34Z", datetime(2014, 9, 23, 22, 34, tzinfo=utc)),
             (
-                '2014-09-23T22:34+07:00',
+                "2014-09-23T22:34+07:00",
                 datetime(2014, 9, 23, 22, 34, tzinfo=get_fixed_timezone(420)),
             ),
             # Whitespace stripping.
-            (' 2006-10-25   14:30:45 ', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45)),
-            (' 2006-10-25 ', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 0, 0)),
-            (' 10/25/2006 14:30:45 ', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45)),
-            (' 10/25/2006 14:30 ', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30)),
-            (' 10/25/2006 ', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 0, 0)),
-            (' 10/25/06 14:30:45 ', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45)),
-            (' 10/25/06 ', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 0, 0)),
+            (" 2006-10-25   14:30:45 ", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45)),
+            (" 2006-10-25 ", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 0, 0)),
+            (" 10/25/2006 14:30:45 ", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45)),
+            (" 10/25/2006 14:30 ", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30)),
+            (" 10/25/2006 ", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 0, 0)),
+            (" 10/25/06 14:30:45 ", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45)),
+            (" 10/25/06 ", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 0, 0)),
             (
-                ' 2014-09-23T22:34:41.614804 ',
+                " 2014-09-23T22:34:41.614804 ",
                 datetime(2014, 9, 23, 22, 34, 41, 614804),
             ),
-            (' 2014-09-23T22:34Z ', datetime(2014, 9, 23, 22, 34, tzinfo=utc)),
+            (" 2014-09-23T22:34Z ", datetime(2014, 9, 23, 22, 34, tzinfo=utc)),
         ]
         f = DateTimeField()
         for value, expected_datetime in tests:
@@ -69,40 +68,46 @@ class DateTimeFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
         f = DateTimeField()
         msg = "'Enter a valid date/time.'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('hello')
+            f.clean("hello")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('2006-10-25 4:30 p.m.')
+            f.clean("2006-10-25 4:30 p.m.")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('   ')
+            f.clean("   ")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('2014-09-23T28:23')
-        f = DateTimeField(input_formats=['%Y %m %d %I:%M %p'])
+            f.clean("2014-09-23T28:23")
+        f = DateTimeField(input_formats=["%Y %m %d %I:%M %p"])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('2006.10.25 14:30:45')
+            f.clean("2006.10.25 14:30:45")
 
     def test_datetimefield_clean_input_formats(self):
         tests = [
-            ('%Y %m %d %I:%M %p', (
-                (date(2006, 10, 25), datetime(2006, 10, 25, 0, 0)),
-                (datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30), datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30)),
+            (
+                "%Y %m %d %I:%M %p",
                 (
-                    datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 59),
-                    datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 59),
+                    (date(2006, 10, 25), datetime(2006, 10, 25, 0, 0)),
+                    (datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30), datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30)),
+                    (
+                        datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 59),
+                        datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 59),
+                    ),
+                    (
+                        datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 59, 200),
+                        datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 59, 200),
+                    ),
+                    ("2006 10 25 2:30 PM", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30)),
+                    # ISO-like formats are always accepted.
+                    ("2006-10-25 14:30:45", datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45)),
                 ),
+            ),
+            (
+                "%Y.%m.%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
                 (
-                    datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 59, 200),
-                    datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 59, 200),
+                    (
+                        "2006.10.25 14:30:45.0002",
+                        datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45, 200),
+                    ),
                 ),
-                ('2006 10 25 2:30 PM', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30)),
-                # ISO-like formats are always accepted.
-                ('2006-10-25 14:30:45', datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45)),
-            )),
-            ('%Y.%m.%d %H:%M:%S.%f', (
-                (
-                    '2006.10.25 14:30:45.0002',
-                    datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45, 200),
-                ),
-            )),
+            ),
         ]
         for input_format, values in tests:
             f = DateTimeField(input_formats=[input_format])
@@ -113,11 +118,11 @@ class DateTimeFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_datetimefield_not_required(self):
         f = DateTimeField(required=False)
         self.assertIsNone(f.clean(None))
-        self.assertEqual('None', repr(f.clean(None)))
-        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(''))
-        self.assertEqual('None', repr(f.clean('')))
+        self.assertEqual("None", repr(f.clean(None)))
+        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(""))
+        self.assertEqual("None", repr(f.clean("")))
 
     def test_datetimefield_changed(self):
-        f = DateTimeField(input_formats=['%Y %m %d %I:%M %p'])
+        f = DateTimeField(input_formats=["%Y %m %d %I:%M %p"])
         d = datetime(2006, 9, 17, 14, 30, 0)
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(d, '2006 09 17 2:30 PM'))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(d, "2006 09 17 2:30 PM"))
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_decimalfield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_decimalfield.py
index 1dd0984ac7..6e49a41341 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_decimalfield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_decimalfield.py
@@ -10,40 +10,51 @@ from . import FormFieldAssertionsMixin
 
 
 class DecimalFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_decimalfield_1(self):
         f = DecimalField(max_digits=4, decimal_places=2)
-        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(f, '<input id="id_f" step="0.01" type="number" name="f" required>')
+        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(
+            f, '<input id="id_f" step="0.01" type="number" name="f" required>'
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean('')
+            f.clean("")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean(None)
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('1'), decimal.Decimal("1"))
-        self.assertIsInstance(f.clean('1'), decimal.Decimal)
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('23'), decimal.Decimal("23"))
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('3.14'), decimal.Decimal("3.14"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("1"), decimal.Decimal("1"))
+        self.assertIsInstance(f.clean("1"), decimal.Decimal)
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("23"), decimal.Decimal("23"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("3.14"), decimal.Decimal("3.14"))
         self.assertEqual(f.clean(3.14), decimal.Decimal("3.14"))
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(decimal.Decimal('3.14')), decimal.Decimal("3.14"))
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('1.0 '), decimal.Decimal("1.0"))
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(' 1.0'), decimal.Decimal("1.0"))
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(' 1.0 '), decimal.Decimal("1.0"))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Ensure that there are no more than 4 digits in total.'"):
-            f.clean('123.45')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Ensure that there are no more than 2 decimal places.'"):
-            f.clean('1.234')
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(decimal.Decimal("3.14")), decimal.Decimal("3.14"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("1.0 "), decimal.Decimal("1.0"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(" 1.0"), decimal.Decimal("1.0"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(" 1.0 "), decimal.Decimal("1.0"))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Ensure that there are no more than 4 digits in total.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("123.45")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Ensure that there are no more than 2 decimal places.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("1.234")
         msg = "'Ensure that there are no more than 2 digits before the decimal point.'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('123.4')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('-12.34'), decimal.Decimal("-12.34"))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Ensure that there are no more than 4 digits in total.'"):
-            f.clean('-123.45')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('-.12'), decimal.Decimal("-0.12"))
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('-00.12'), decimal.Decimal("-0.12"))
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('-000.12'), decimal.Decimal("-0.12"))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Ensure that there are no more than 2 decimal places.'"):
-            f.clean('-000.123')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Ensure that there are no more than 4 digits in total.'"):
-            f.clean('-000.12345')
+            f.clean("123.4")
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("-12.34"), decimal.Decimal("-12.34"))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Ensure that there are no more than 4 digits in total.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("-123.45")
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("-.12"), decimal.Decimal("-0.12"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("-00.12"), decimal.Decimal("-0.12"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("-000.12"), decimal.Decimal("-0.12"))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Ensure that there are no more than 2 decimal places.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("-000.123")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Ensure that there are no more than 4 digits in total.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("-000.12345")
         self.assertEqual(f.max_digits, 4)
         self.assertEqual(f.decimal_places, 2)
         self.assertIsNone(f.max_value)
@@ -52,21 +63,34 @@ class DecimalFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
     def test_enter_a_number_error(self):
         f = DecimalField(max_value=1, max_digits=4, decimal_places=2)
         values = (
-            '-NaN', 'NaN', '+NaN',
-            '-sNaN', 'sNaN', '+sNaN',
-            '-Inf', 'Inf', '+Inf',
-            '-Infinity', 'Infinity', '+Infinity',
-            'a', 'łąść', '1.0a', '--0.12',
+            "-NaN",
+            "NaN",
+            "+NaN",
+            "-sNaN",
+            "sNaN",
+            "+sNaN",
+            "-Inf",
+            "Inf",
+            "+Inf",
+            "-Infinity",
+            "Infinity",
+            "+Infinity",
+            "a",
+            "łąść",
+            "1.0a",
+            "--0.12",
         )
         for value in values:
-            with self.subTest(value=value), self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a number.'"):
+            with self.subTest(value=value), self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                ValidationError, "'Enter a number.'"
+            ):
                 f.clean(value)
 
     def test_decimalfield_2(self):
         f = DecimalField(max_digits=4, decimal_places=2, required=False)
-        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(''))
+        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(""))
         self.assertIsNone(f.clean(None))
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('1'), decimal.Decimal("1"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("1"), decimal.Decimal("1"))
         self.assertEqual(f.max_digits, 4)
         self.assertEqual(f.decimal_places, 2)
         self.assertIsNone(f.max_value)
@@ -74,71 +98,82 @@ class DecimalFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_decimalfield_3(self):
         f = DecimalField(
-            max_digits=4, decimal_places=2,
-            max_value=decimal.Decimal('1.5'),
-            min_value=decimal.Decimal('0.5')
+            max_digits=4,
+            decimal_places=2,
+            max_value=decimal.Decimal("1.5"),
+            min_value=decimal.Decimal("0.5"),
         )
         self.assertWidgetRendersTo(
             f,
             '<input step="0.01" name="f" min="0.5" max="1.5" type="number" id="id_f" required>',
         )
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Ensure this value is less than or equal to 1.5.'"):
-            f.clean('1.6')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Ensure this value is greater than or equal to 0.5.'"):
-            f.clean('0.4')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('1.5'), decimal.Decimal("1.5"))
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('0.5'), decimal.Decimal("0.5"))
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('.5'), decimal.Decimal("0.5"))
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('00.50'), decimal.Decimal("0.50"))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Ensure this value is less than or equal to 1.5.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("1.6")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Ensure this value is greater than or equal to 0.5.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("0.4")
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("1.5"), decimal.Decimal("1.5"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("0.5"), decimal.Decimal("0.5"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(".5"), decimal.Decimal("0.5"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("00.50"), decimal.Decimal("0.50"))
         self.assertEqual(f.max_digits, 4)
         self.assertEqual(f.decimal_places, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(f.max_value, decimal.Decimal('1.5'))
-        self.assertEqual(f.min_value, decimal.Decimal('0.5'))
+        self.assertEqual(f.max_value, decimal.Decimal("1.5"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.min_value, decimal.Decimal("0.5"))
 
     def test_decimalfield_4(self):
         f = DecimalField(decimal_places=2)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Ensure that there are no more than 2 decimal places.'"):
-            f.clean('0.00000001')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Ensure that there are no more than 2 decimal places.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("0.00000001")
 
     def test_decimalfield_5(self):
         f = DecimalField(max_digits=3)
         # Leading whole zeros "collapse" to one digit.
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('0000000.10'), decimal.Decimal("0.1"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("0000000.10"), decimal.Decimal("0.1"))
         # But a leading 0 before the . doesn't count toward max_digits
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('0000000.100'), decimal.Decimal("0.100"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("0000000.100"), decimal.Decimal("0.100"))
         # Only leading whole zeros "collapse" to one digit.
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('000000.02'), decimal.Decimal('0.02'))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Ensure that there are no more than 3 digits in total.'"):
-            f.clean('000000.0002')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('.002'), decimal.Decimal("0.002"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("000000.02"), decimal.Decimal("0.02"))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Ensure that there are no more than 3 digits in total.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("000000.0002")
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(".002"), decimal.Decimal("0.002"))
 
     def test_decimalfield_6(self):
         f = DecimalField(max_digits=2, decimal_places=2)
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('.01'), decimal.Decimal(".01"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(".01"), decimal.Decimal(".01"))
         msg = "'Ensure that there are no more than 0 digits before the decimal point.'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('1.1')
+            f.clean("1.1")
 
     def test_decimalfield_scientific(self):
         f = DecimalField(max_digits=4, decimal_places=2)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "Ensure that there are no more"):
-            f.clean('1E+2')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('1E+1'), decimal.Decimal('10'))
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('1E-1'), decimal.Decimal('0.1'))
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('0.546e+2'), decimal.Decimal('54.6'))
+            f.clean("1E+2")
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("1E+1"), decimal.Decimal("10"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("1E-1"), decimal.Decimal("0.1"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("0.546e+2"), decimal.Decimal("54.6"))
 
     def test_decimalfield_widget_attrs(self):
         f = DecimalField(max_digits=6, decimal_places=2)
         self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(Widget()), {})
-        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(NumberInput()), {'step': '0.01'})
+        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(NumberInput()), {"step": "0.01"})
         f = DecimalField(max_digits=10, decimal_places=0)
-        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(NumberInput()), {'step': '1'})
+        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(NumberInput()), {"step": "1"})
         f = DecimalField(max_digits=19, decimal_places=19)
-        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(NumberInput()), {'step': '1e-19'})
+        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(NumberInput()), {"step": "1e-19"})
         f = DecimalField(max_digits=20)
-        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(NumberInput()), {'step': 'any'})
-        f = DecimalField(max_digits=6, widget=NumberInput(attrs={'step': '0.01'}))
-        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(f, '<input step="0.01" name="f" type="number" id="id_f" required>')
+        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(NumberInput()), {"step": "any"})
+        f = DecimalField(max_digits=6, widget=NumberInput(attrs={"step": "0.01"}))
+        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(
+            f, '<input step="0.01" name="f" type="number" id="id_f" required>'
+        )
 
     def test_decimalfield_localized(self):
         """
@@ -151,10 +186,10 @@ class DecimalFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
     def test_decimalfield_changed(self):
         f = DecimalField(max_digits=2, decimal_places=2)
         d = decimal.Decimal("0.1")
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(d, '0.10'))
-        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed(d, '0.101'))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(d, "0.10"))
+        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed(d, "0.101"))
 
-        with translation.override('fr'):
+        with translation.override("fr"):
             f = DecimalField(max_digits=2, decimal_places=2, localize=True)
             localized_d = formats.localize_input(d)  # -> '0,1' in French
             self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(d, localized_d))
@@ -164,22 +199,26 @@ class DecimalFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
     # format-related settings will take precedence over locale-dictated
     # formats.
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
-    @override_settings(USE_L10N=False, DECIMAL_SEPARATOR=',')
+    @override_settings(USE_L10N=False, DECIMAL_SEPARATOR=",")
     def test_decimalfield_support_decimal_separator(self):
         f = DecimalField(localize=True)
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('1001,10'), decimal.Decimal("1001.10"))
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('1001.10'), decimal.Decimal("1001.10"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("1001,10"), decimal.Decimal("1001.10"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("1001.10"), decimal.Decimal("1001.10"))
 
     # RemovedInDjango50Warning: When the deprecation ends, remove
     # @ignore_warnings and USE_L10N=False. The test should remain because
     # format-related settings will take precedence over locale-dictated
     # formats.
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
-    @override_settings(USE_L10N=False, DECIMAL_SEPARATOR=',', USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True,
-                       THOUSAND_SEPARATOR='.')
+    @override_settings(
+        USE_L10N=False,
+        DECIMAL_SEPARATOR=",",
+        USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True,
+        THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=".",
+    )
     def test_decimalfield_support_thousands_separator(self):
         f = DecimalField(localize=True)
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('1.001,10'), decimal.Decimal("1001.10"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("1.001,10"), decimal.Decimal("1001.10"))
         msg = "'Enter a number.'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('1,001.1')
+            f.clean("1,001.1")
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_durationfield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_durationfield.py
index dae139446d..834638354c 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_durationfield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_durationfield.py
@@ -10,32 +10,35 @@ from . import FormFieldAssertionsMixin
 
 
 class DurationFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_durationfield_clean(self):
         f = DurationField()
-        self.assertEqual(datetime.timedelta(seconds=30), f.clean('30'))
-        self.assertEqual(datetime.timedelta(minutes=15, seconds=30), f.clean('15:30'))
-        self.assertEqual(datetime.timedelta(hours=1, minutes=15, seconds=30), f.clean('1:15:30'))
+        self.assertEqual(datetime.timedelta(seconds=30), f.clean("30"))
+        self.assertEqual(datetime.timedelta(minutes=15, seconds=30), f.clean("15:30"))
         self.assertEqual(
-            datetime.timedelta(days=1, hours=1, minutes=15, seconds=30, milliseconds=300),
-            f.clean('1 1:15:30.3')
+            datetime.timedelta(hours=1, minutes=15, seconds=30), f.clean("1:15:30")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            datetime.timedelta(
+                days=1, hours=1, minutes=15, seconds=30, milliseconds=300
+            ),
+            f.clean("1 1:15:30.3"),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             datetime.timedelta(0, 10800),
             f.clean(datetime.timedelta(0, 10800)),
         )
-        msg = 'This field is required.'
+        msg = "This field is required."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('')
-        msg = 'Enter a valid duration.'
+            f.clean("")
+        msg = "Enter a valid duration."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('not_a_time')
+            f.clean("not_a_time")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            DurationField().clean('P3(3D')
+            DurationField().clean("P3(3D")
 
     def test_durationfield_clean_not_required(self):
         f = DurationField(required=False)
-        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(''))
+        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(""))
 
     def test_overflow(self):
         msg = "The number of days must be between {min_days} and {max_days}.".format(
@@ -44,18 +47,18 @@ class DurationFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         )
         f = DurationField()
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('1000000000 00:00:00')
+            f.clean("1000000000 00:00:00")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('-1000000000 00:00:00')
+            f.clean("-1000000000 00:00:00")
 
     def test_overflow_translation(self):
         msg = "Le nombre de jours doit être entre {min_days} et {max_days}.".format(
             min_days=datetime.timedelta.min.days,
             max_days=datetime.timedelta.max.days,
         )
-        with translation.override('fr'):
+        with translation.override("fr"):
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-                DurationField().clean('1000000000 00:00:00')
+                DurationField().clean("1000000000 00:00:00")
 
     def test_durationfield_render(self):
         self.assertWidgetRendersTo(
@@ -71,5 +74,5 @@ class DurationFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         field = DurationField()
         td = datetime.timedelta(minutes=15, seconds=30)
         self.assertEqual(field.prepare_value(td), duration_string(td))
-        self.assertEqual(field.prepare_value('arbitrary'), 'arbitrary')
+        self.assertEqual(field.prepare_value("arbitrary"), "arbitrary")
         self.assertIsNone(field.prepare_value(None))
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_emailfield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_emailfield.py
index 8b85e4dcc1..d1d52dd608 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_emailfield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_emailfield.py
@@ -6,37 +6,44 @@ from . import FormFieldAssertionsMixin
 
 
 class EmailFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_emailfield_1(self):
         f = EmailField()
-        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(f, '<input type="email" name="f" id="id_f" required>')
+        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(
+            f, '<input type="email" name="f" id="id_f" required>'
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean('')
+            f.clean("")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean(None)
-        self.assertEqual('person@example.com', f.clean('person@example.com'))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid email address.'"):
-            f.clean('foo')
+        self.assertEqual("person@example.com", f.clean("person@example.com"))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Enter a valid email address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("foo")
         self.assertEqual(
-            'local@domain.with.idn.xyz\xe4\xf6\xfc\xdfabc.part.com',
-            f.clean('local@domain.with.idn.xyzäöüßabc.part.com')
+            "local@domain.with.idn.xyz\xe4\xf6\xfc\xdfabc.part.com",
+            f.clean("local@domain.with.idn.xyzäöüßabc.part.com"),
         )
 
     def test_email_regexp_for_performance(self):
         f = EmailField()
         # Check for runaway regex security problem. This will take a long time
         # if the security fix isn't in place.
-        addr = 'viewx3dtextx26qx3d@yahoo.comx26latlngx3d15854521645943074058'
+        addr = "viewx3dtextx26qx3d@yahoo.comx26latlngx3d15854521645943074058"
         self.assertEqual(addr, f.clean(addr))
 
     def test_emailfield_not_required(self):
         f = EmailField(required=False)
-        self.assertEqual('', f.clean(''))
-        self.assertEqual('', f.clean(None))
-        self.assertEqual('person@example.com', f.clean('person@example.com'))
-        self.assertEqual('example@example.com', f.clean('      example@example.com  \t   \t '))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid email address.'"):
-            f.clean('foo')
+        self.assertEqual("", f.clean(""))
+        self.assertEqual("", f.clean(None))
+        self.assertEqual("person@example.com", f.clean("person@example.com"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "example@example.com", f.clean("      example@example.com  \t   \t ")
+        )
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Enter a valid email address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("foo")
 
     def test_emailfield_min_max_length(self):
         f = EmailField(min_length=10, max_length=15)
@@ -44,15 +51,21 @@ class EmailFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
             f,
             '<input id="id_f" type="email" name="f" maxlength="15" minlength="10" required>',
         )
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Ensure this value has at least 10 characters (it has 9).'"):
-            f.clean('a@foo.com')
-        self.assertEqual('alf@foo.com', f.clean('alf@foo.com'))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Ensure this value has at most 15 characters (it has 20).'"):
-            f.clean('alf123456788@foo.com')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError,
+            "'Ensure this value has at least 10 characters (it has 9).'",
+        ):
+            f.clean("a@foo.com")
+        self.assertEqual("alf@foo.com", f.clean("alf@foo.com"))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError,
+            "'Ensure this value has at most 15 characters (it has 20).'",
+        ):
+            f.clean("alf123456788@foo.com")
 
     def test_emailfield_strip_on_none_value(self):
         f = EmailField(required=False, empty_value=None)
-        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(''))
+        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(""))
         self.assertIsNone(f.clean(None))
 
     def test_emailfield_unable_to_set_strip_kwarg(self):
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_filefield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_filefield.py
index 2db106e4a0..56aaa311e0 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_filefield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_filefield.py
@@ -7,54 +7,74 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class FileFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_filefield_1(self):
         f = FileField()
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean('')
+            f.clean("")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean('', '')
-        self.assertEqual('files/test1.pdf', f.clean('', 'files/test1.pdf'))
+            f.clean("", "")
+        self.assertEqual("files/test1.pdf", f.clean("", "files/test1.pdf"))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean(None)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean(None, '')
-        self.assertEqual('files/test2.pdf', f.clean(None, 'files/test2.pdf'))
+            f.clean(None, "")
+        self.assertEqual("files/test2.pdf", f.clean(None, "files/test2.pdf"))
         no_file_msg = "'No file was submitted. Check the encoding type on the form.'"
-        file = SimpleUploadedFile(None, b'')
-        file._name = ''
+        file = SimpleUploadedFile(None, b"")
+        file._name = ""
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, no_file_msg):
             f.clean(file)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, no_file_msg):
-            f.clean(file, '')
-        self.assertEqual('files/test3.pdf', f.clean(None, 'files/test3.pdf'))
+            f.clean(file, "")
+        self.assertEqual("files/test3.pdf", f.clean(None, "files/test3.pdf"))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, no_file_msg):
-            f.clean('some content that is not a file')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'The submitted file is empty.'"):
-            f.clean(SimpleUploadedFile('name', None))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'The submitted file is empty.'"):
-            f.clean(SimpleUploadedFile('name', b''))
-        self.assertEqual(SimpleUploadedFile, type(f.clean(SimpleUploadedFile('name', b'Some File Content'))))
-        self.assertIsInstance(
-            f.clean(SimpleUploadedFile('我隻氣墊船裝滿晒鱔.txt', 'मेरी मँडराने वाली नाव सर्पमीनों से भरी ह'.encode())),
-            SimpleUploadedFile
+            f.clean("some content that is not a file")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'The submitted file is empty.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean(SimpleUploadedFile("name", None))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'The submitted file is empty.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean(SimpleUploadedFile("name", b""))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            SimpleUploadedFile,
+            type(f.clean(SimpleUploadedFile("name", b"Some File Content"))),
         )
         self.assertIsInstance(
-            f.clean(SimpleUploadedFile('name', b'Some File Content'), 'files/test4.pdf'),
-            SimpleUploadedFile
+            f.clean(
+                SimpleUploadedFile(
+                    "我隻氣墊船裝滿晒鱔.txt", "मेरी मँडराने वाली नाव सर्पमीनों से भरी ह".encode()
+                )
+            ),
+            SimpleUploadedFile,
+        )
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            f.clean(
+                SimpleUploadedFile("name", b"Some File Content"), "files/test4.pdf"
+            ),
+            SimpleUploadedFile,
         )
 
     def test_filefield_2(self):
         f = FileField(max_length=5)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Ensure this filename has at most 5 characters (it has 18).'"):
-            f.clean(SimpleUploadedFile('test_maxlength.txt', b'hello world'))
-        self.assertEqual('files/test1.pdf', f.clean('', 'files/test1.pdf'))
-        self.assertEqual('files/test2.pdf', f.clean(None, 'files/test2.pdf'))
-        self.assertIsInstance(f.clean(SimpleUploadedFile('name', b'Some File Content')), SimpleUploadedFile)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError,
+            "'Ensure this filename has at most 5 characters (it has 18).'",
+        ):
+            f.clean(SimpleUploadedFile("test_maxlength.txt", b"hello world"))
+        self.assertEqual("files/test1.pdf", f.clean("", "files/test1.pdf"))
+        self.assertEqual("files/test2.pdf", f.clean(None, "files/test2.pdf"))
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            f.clean(SimpleUploadedFile("name", b"Some File Content")),
+            SimpleUploadedFile,
+        )
 
     def test_filefield_3(self):
         f = FileField(allow_empty_file=True)
-        self.assertIsInstance(f.clean(SimpleUploadedFile('name', b'')), SimpleUploadedFile)
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            f.clean(SimpleUploadedFile("name", b"")), SimpleUploadedFile
+        )
 
     def test_filefield_changed(self):
         """
@@ -65,21 +85,27 @@ class FileFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
         f = FileField()
 
         # No file was uploaded and no initial data.
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed('', None))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed("", None))
 
         # A file was uploaded and no initial data.
-        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed('', {'filename': 'resume.txt', 'content': 'My resume'}))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            f.has_changed("", {"filename": "resume.txt", "content": "My resume"})
+        )
 
         # A file was not uploaded, but there is initial data
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed('resume.txt', None))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed("resume.txt", None))
 
         # A file was uploaded and there is initial data (file identity is not dealt
         # with here)
-        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed('resume.txt', {'filename': 'resume.txt', 'content': 'My resume'}))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            f.has_changed(
+                "resume.txt", {"filename": "resume.txt", "content": "My resume"}
+            )
+        )
 
     def test_disabled_has_changed(self):
         f = FileField(disabled=True)
-        self.assertIs(f.has_changed('x', 'y'), False)
+        self.assertIs(f.has_changed("x", "y"), False)
 
     def test_file_picklable(self):
         self.assertIsInstance(pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(FileField())), FileField)
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_filepathfield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_filepathfield.py
index bdd55c32a5..ca0f6f3a7a 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_filepathfield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_filepathfield.py
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ PATH = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
 def fix_os_paths(x):
     if isinstance(x, str):
         if x.startswith(PATH):
-            x = x[len(PATH):]
-        return x.replace('\\', '/')
+            x = x[len(PATH) :]
+        return x.replace("\\", "/")
     elif isinstance(x, tuple):
         return tuple(fix_os_paths(list(x)))
     elif isinstance(x, list):
@@ -22,34 +22,34 @@ def fix_os_paths(x):
 
 class FilePathFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
     expected_choices = [
-        ('/filepathfield_test_dir/__init__.py', '__init__.py'),
-        ('/filepathfield_test_dir/a.py', 'a.py'),
-        ('/filepathfield_test_dir/ab.py', 'ab.py'),
-        ('/filepathfield_test_dir/b.py', 'b.py'),
-        ('/filepathfield_test_dir/c/__init__.py', '__init__.py'),
-        ('/filepathfield_test_dir/c/d.py', 'd.py'),
-        ('/filepathfield_test_dir/c/e.py', 'e.py'),
-        ('/filepathfield_test_dir/c/f/__init__.py', '__init__.py'),
-        ('/filepathfield_test_dir/c/f/g.py', 'g.py'),
-        ('/filepathfield_test_dir/h/__init__.py', '__init__.py'),
-        ('/filepathfield_test_dir/j/__init__.py', '__init__.py'),
+        ("/filepathfield_test_dir/__init__.py", "__init__.py"),
+        ("/filepathfield_test_dir/a.py", "a.py"),
+        ("/filepathfield_test_dir/ab.py", "ab.py"),
+        ("/filepathfield_test_dir/b.py", "b.py"),
+        ("/filepathfield_test_dir/c/__init__.py", "__init__.py"),
+        ("/filepathfield_test_dir/c/d.py", "d.py"),
+        ("/filepathfield_test_dir/c/e.py", "e.py"),
+        ("/filepathfield_test_dir/c/f/__init__.py", "__init__.py"),
+        ("/filepathfield_test_dir/c/f/g.py", "g.py"),
+        ("/filepathfield_test_dir/h/__init__.py", "__init__.py"),
+        ("/filepathfield_test_dir/j/__init__.py", "__init__.py"),
     ]
-    path = os.path.join(PATH, 'filepathfield_test_dir') + '/'
+    path = os.path.join(PATH, "filepathfield_test_dir") + "/"
 
     def assertChoices(self, field, expected_choices):
         self.assertEqual(fix_os_paths(field.choices), expected_choices)
 
     def test_fix_os_paths(self):
-        self.assertEqual(fix_os_paths(self.path), ('/filepathfield_test_dir/'))
+        self.assertEqual(fix_os_paths(self.path), ("/filepathfield_test_dir/"))
 
     def test_nonexistent_path(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FileNotFoundError, 'nonexistent'):
-            FilePathField(path='nonexistent')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FileNotFoundError, "nonexistent"):
+            FilePathField(path="nonexistent")
 
     def test_no_options(self):
         f = FilePathField(path=self.path)
         expected = [
-            ('/filepathfield_test_dir/README', 'README'),
+            ("/filepathfield_test_dir/README", "README"),
         ] + self.expected_choices[:4]
         self.assertChoices(f, expected)
 
@@ -57,48 +57,59 @@ class FilePathFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
         f = FilePathField(path=self.path)
         msg = "'Select a valid choice. a.py is not one of the available choices.'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('a.py')
-        self.assertEqual(fix_os_paths(f.clean(self.path + 'a.py')), '/filepathfield_test_dir/a.py')
+            f.clean("a.py")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            fix_os_paths(f.clean(self.path + "a.py")), "/filepathfield_test_dir/a.py"
+        )
 
     def test_match(self):
-        f = FilePathField(path=self.path, match=r'^.*?\.py$')
+        f = FilePathField(path=self.path, match=r"^.*?\.py$")
         self.assertChoices(f, self.expected_choices[:4])
 
     def test_recursive(self):
-        f = FilePathField(path=self.path, recursive=True, match=r'^.*?\.py$')
+        f = FilePathField(path=self.path, recursive=True, match=r"^.*?\.py$")
         expected = [
-            ('/filepathfield_test_dir/__init__.py', '__init__.py'),
-            ('/filepathfield_test_dir/a.py', 'a.py'),
-            ('/filepathfield_test_dir/ab.py', 'ab.py'),
-            ('/filepathfield_test_dir/b.py', 'b.py'),
-            ('/filepathfield_test_dir/c/__init__.py', 'c/__init__.py'),
-            ('/filepathfield_test_dir/c/d.py', 'c/d.py'),
-            ('/filepathfield_test_dir/c/e.py', 'c/e.py'),
-            ('/filepathfield_test_dir/c/f/__init__.py', 'c/f/__init__.py'),
-            ('/filepathfield_test_dir/c/f/g.py', 'c/f/g.py'),
-            ('/filepathfield_test_dir/h/__init__.py', 'h/__init__.py'),
-            ('/filepathfield_test_dir/j/__init__.py', 'j/__init__.py'),
-
+            ("/filepathfield_test_dir/__init__.py", "__init__.py"),
+            ("/filepathfield_test_dir/a.py", "a.py"),
+            ("/filepathfield_test_dir/ab.py", "ab.py"),
+            ("/filepathfield_test_dir/b.py", "b.py"),
+            ("/filepathfield_test_dir/c/__init__.py", "c/__init__.py"),
+            ("/filepathfield_test_dir/c/d.py", "c/d.py"),
+            ("/filepathfield_test_dir/c/e.py", "c/e.py"),
+            ("/filepathfield_test_dir/c/f/__init__.py", "c/f/__init__.py"),
+            ("/filepathfield_test_dir/c/f/g.py", "c/f/g.py"),
+            ("/filepathfield_test_dir/h/__init__.py", "h/__init__.py"),
+            ("/filepathfield_test_dir/j/__init__.py", "j/__init__.py"),
         ]
         self.assertChoices(f, expected)
 
     def test_allow_folders(self):
         f = FilePathField(path=self.path, allow_folders=True, allow_files=False)
-        self.assertChoices(f, [
-            ('/filepathfield_test_dir/c', 'c'),
-            ('/filepathfield_test_dir/h', 'h'),
-            ('/filepathfield_test_dir/j', 'j'),
-        ])
+        self.assertChoices(
+            f,
+            [
+                ("/filepathfield_test_dir/c", "c"),
+                ("/filepathfield_test_dir/h", "h"),
+                ("/filepathfield_test_dir/j", "j"),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_recursive_no_folders_or_files(self):
-        f = FilePathField(path=self.path, recursive=True, allow_folders=False, allow_files=False)
+        f = FilePathField(
+            path=self.path, recursive=True, allow_folders=False, allow_files=False
+        )
         self.assertChoices(f, [])
 
     def test_recursive_folders_without_files(self):
-        f = FilePathField(path=self.path, recursive=True, allow_folders=True, allow_files=False)
-        self.assertChoices(f, [
-            ('/filepathfield_test_dir/c', 'c'),
-            ('/filepathfield_test_dir/h', 'h'),
-            ('/filepathfield_test_dir/j', 'j'),
-            ('/filepathfield_test_dir/c/f', 'c/f'),
-        ])
+        f = FilePathField(
+            path=self.path, recursive=True, allow_folders=True, allow_files=False
+        )
+        self.assertChoices(
+            f,
+            [
+                ("/filepathfield_test_dir/c", "c"),
+                ("/filepathfield_test_dir/h", "h"),
+                ("/filepathfield_test_dir/j", "j"),
+                ("/filepathfield_test_dir/c/f", "c/f"),
+            ],
+        )
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_floatfield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_floatfield.py
index 7330c33503..365684c2db 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_floatfield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_floatfield.py
@@ -11,41 +11,42 @@ from . import FormFieldAssertionsMixin
 
 
 class FloatFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_floatfield_1(self):
         f = FloatField()
-        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(f, '<input step="any" type="number" name="f" id="id_f" required>')
+        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(
+            f, '<input step="any" type="number" name="f" id="id_f" required>'
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean('')
+            f.clean("")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean(None)
-        self.assertEqual(1.0, f.clean('1'))
-        self.assertIsInstance(f.clean('1'), float)
-        self.assertEqual(23.0, f.clean('23'))
-        self.assertEqual(3.1400000000000001, f.clean('3.14'))
+        self.assertEqual(1.0, f.clean("1"))
+        self.assertIsInstance(f.clean("1"), float)
+        self.assertEqual(23.0, f.clean("23"))
+        self.assertEqual(3.1400000000000001, f.clean("3.14"))
         self.assertEqual(3.1400000000000001, f.clean(3.14))
         self.assertEqual(42.0, f.clean(42))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a number.'"):
-            f.clean('a')
-        self.assertEqual(1.0, f.clean('1.0 '))
-        self.assertEqual(1.0, f.clean(' 1.0'))
-        self.assertEqual(1.0, f.clean(' 1.0 '))
+            f.clean("a")
+        self.assertEqual(1.0, f.clean("1.0 "))
+        self.assertEqual(1.0, f.clean(" 1.0"))
+        self.assertEqual(1.0, f.clean(" 1.0 "))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a number.'"):
-            f.clean('1.0a')
+            f.clean("1.0a")
         self.assertIsNone(f.max_value)
         self.assertIsNone(f.min_value)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a number.'"):
-            f.clean('Infinity')
+            f.clean("Infinity")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a number.'"):
-            f.clean('NaN')
+            f.clean("NaN")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a number.'"):
-            f.clean('-Inf')
+            f.clean("-Inf")
 
     def test_floatfield_2(self):
         f = FloatField(required=False)
-        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(''))
+        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(""))
         self.assertIsNone(f.clean(None))
-        self.assertEqual(1.0, f.clean('1'))
+        self.assertEqual(1.0, f.clean("1"))
         self.assertIsNone(f.max_value)
         self.assertIsNone(f.min_value)
 
@@ -55,17 +56,21 @@ class FloatFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
             f,
             '<input step="any" name="f" min="0.5" max="1.5" type="number" id="id_f" required>',
         )
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Ensure this value is less than or equal to 1.5.'"):
-            f.clean('1.6')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Ensure this value is greater than or equal to 0.5.'"):
-            f.clean('0.4')
-        self.assertEqual(1.5, f.clean('1.5'))
-        self.assertEqual(0.5, f.clean('0.5'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Ensure this value is less than or equal to 1.5.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("1.6")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Ensure this value is greater than or equal to 0.5.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("0.4")
+        self.assertEqual(1.5, f.clean("1.5"))
+        self.assertEqual(0.5, f.clean("0.5"))
         self.assertEqual(f.max_value, 1.5)
         self.assertEqual(f.min_value, 0.5)
 
     def test_floatfield_widget_attrs(self):
-        f = FloatField(widget=NumberInput(attrs={'step': 0.01, 'max': 1.0, 'min': 0.0}))
+        f = FloatField(widget=NumberInput(attrs={"step": 0.01, "max": 1.0, "min": 0.0}))
         self.assertWidgetRendersTo(
             f,
             '<input step="0.01" name="f" min="0.0" max="1.0" type="number" id="id_f" required>',
@@ -82,9 +87,9 @@ class FloatFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
     def test_floatfield_changed(self):
         f = FloatField()
         n = 4.35
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(n, '4.3500'))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(n, "4.3500"))
 
-        with translation.override('fr'):
+        with translation.override("fr"):
             f = FloatField(localize=True)
             localized_n = formats.localize_input(n)  # -> '4,35' in French
             self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(n, localized_n))
@@ -94,31 +99,35 @@ class FloatFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
     # format-related settings will take precedence over locale-dictated
     # formats.
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
-    @override_settings(USE_L10N=False, DECIMAL_SEPARATOR=',')
+    @override_settings(USE_L10N=False, DECIMAL_SEPARATOR=",")
     def test_decimalfield_support_decimal_separator(self):
         f = FloatField(localize=True)
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('1001,10'), 1001.10)
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('1001.10'), 1001.10)
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("1001,10"), 1001.10)
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("1001.10"), 1001.10)
 
     # RemovedInDjango50Warning: When the deprecation ends, remove
     # @ignore_warnings and USE_L10N=False. The test should remain because
     # format-related settings will take precedence over locale-dictated
     # formats.
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
-    @override_settings(USE_L10N=False, DECIMAL_SEPARATOR=',', USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True,
-                       THOUSAND_SEPARATOR='.')
+    @override_settings(
+        USE_L10N=False,
+        DECIMAL_SEPARATOR=",",
+        USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True,
+        THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=".",
+    )
     def test_decimalfield_support_thousands_separator(self):
         f = FloatField(localize=True)
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('1.001,10'), 1001.10)
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("1.001,10"), 1001.10)
         msg = "'Enter a number.'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('1,001.1')
+            f.clean("1,001.1")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='forms_tests.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="forms_tests.urls")
 class FloatFieldHTMLTest(SeleniumTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['forms_tests']
+    available_apps = ["forms_tests"]
 
     def test_float_field_rendering_passes_client_side_validation(self):
         """
@@ -127,9 +136,9 @@ class FloatFieldHTMLTest(SeleniumTestCase):
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('form_view'))
-        number_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_number')
-        number_input.send_keys('0.5')
+        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse("form_view"))
+        number_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_number")
+        number_input.send_keys("0.5")
         is_valid = self.selenium.execute_script(
             "return document.getElementById('id_number').checkValidity()"
         )
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_genericipaddressfield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_genericipaddressfield.py
index 92dbd71a28..80722f5c65 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_genericipaddressfield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_genericipaddressfield.py
@@ -4,125 +4,186 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class GenericIPAddressFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_generic_ipaddress_invalid_arguments(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            GenericIPAddressField(protocol='hamster')
+            GenericIPAddressField(protocol="hamster")
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            GenericIPAddressField(protocol='ipv4', unpack_ipv4=True)
+            GenericIPAddressField(protocol="ipv4", unpack_ipv4=True)
 
     def test_generic_ipaddress_as_generic(self):
         # The edge cases of the IPv6 validation code are not deeply tested
         # here, they are covered in the tests for django.utils.ipv6
         f = GenericIPAddressField()
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean('')
+            f.clean("")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean(None)
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(' 127.0.0.1 '), '127.0.0.1')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('foo')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('127.0.0.')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('1.2.3.4.5')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('256.125.1.5')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(' fe80::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a '), 'fe80::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(' 2a02::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a '), '2a02::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('12345:2:3:4')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('1::2:3::4')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('foo::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('1::2:3:4:5:6:7:8')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('1:2')
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(" 127.0.0.1 "), "127.0.0.1")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("foo")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("127.0.0.")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("1.2.3.4.5")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("256.125.1.5")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f.clean(" fe80::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a "), "fe80::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f.clean(" 2a02::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a "), "2a02::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a"
+        )
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("12345:2:3:4")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("1::2:3::4")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("foo::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("1::2:3:4:5:6:7:8")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("1:2")
 
     def test_generic_ipaddress_as_ipv4_only(self):
         f = GenericIPAddressField(protocol="IPv4")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean('')
+            f.clean("")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean(None)
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(' 127.0.0.1 '), '127.0.0.1')
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(" 127.0.0.1 "), "127.0.0.1")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv4 address.'"):
-            f.clean('foo')
+            f.clean("foo")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv4 address.'"):
-            f.clean('127.0.0.')
+            f.clean("127.0.0.")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv4 address.'"):
-            f.clean('1.2.3.4.5')
+            f.clean("1.2.3.4.5")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv4 address.'"):
-            f.clean('256.125.1.5')
+            f.clean("256.125.1.5")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv4 address.'"):
-            f.clean('fe80::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a')
+            f.clean("fe80::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv4 address.'"):
-            f.clean('2a02::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a')
+            f.clean("2a02::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a")
 
     def test_generic_ipaddress_as_ipv6_only(self):
         f = GenericIPAddressField(protocol="IPv6")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean('')
+            f.clean("")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean(None)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('127.0.0.1')
+            f.clean("127.0.0.1")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('foo')
+            f.clean("foo")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('127.0.0.')
+            f.clean("127.0.0.")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('1.2.3.4.5')
+            f.clean("1.2.3.4.5")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('256.125.1.5')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(' fe80::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a '), 'fe80::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(' 2a02::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a '), '2a02::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('12345:2:3:4')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('1::2:3::4')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('foo::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('1::2:3:4:5:6:7:8')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('1:2')
+            f.clean("256.125.1.5")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f.clean(" fe80::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a "), "fe80::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f.clean(" 2a02::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a "), "2a02::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a"
+        )
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("12345:2:3:4")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("1::2:3::4")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("foo::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("1::2:3:4:5:6:7:8")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("1:2")
 
     def test_generic_ipaddress_as_generic_not_required(self):
         f = GenericIPAddressField(required=False)
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(''), '')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(None), '')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('127.0.0.1'), '127.0.0.1')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('foo')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('127.0.0.')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('1.2.3.4.5')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('256.125.1.5')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(' fe80::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a '), 'fe80::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(' 2a02::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a '), '2a02::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('12345:2:3:4')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('1::2:3::4')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('foo::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('1::2:3:4:5:6:7:8')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"):
-            f.clean('1:2')
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(""), "")
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(None), "")
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("127.0.0.1"), "127.0.0.1")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("foo")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("127.0.0.")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("1.2.3.4.5")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Enter a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("256.125.1.5")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f.clean(" fe80::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a "), "fe80::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f.clean(" 2a02::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a "), "2a02::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a"
+        )
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("12345:2:3:4")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("1::2:3::4")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("foo::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("1::2:3:4:5:6:7:8")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'This is not a valid IPv6 address.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("1:2")
 
     def test_generic_ipaddress_normalization(self):
         # Test the normalizing code
         f = GenericIPAddressField()
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(' ::ffff:0a0a:0a0a  '), '::ffff:10.10.10.10')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(' ::ffff:10.10.10.10  '), '::ffff:10.10.10.10')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(' 2001:000:a:0000:0:fe:fe:beef  '), '2001:0:a::fe:fe:beef')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(' 2001::a:0000:0:fe:fe:beef  '), '2001:0:a::fe:fe:beef')
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(" ::ffff:0a0a:0a0a  "), "::ffff:10.10.10.10")
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(" ::ffff:10.10.10.10  "), "::ffff:10.10.10.10")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f.clean(" 2001:000:a:0000:0:fe:fe:beef  "), "2001:0:a::fe:fe:beef"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f.clean(" 2001::a:0000:0:fe:fe:beef  "), "2001:0:a::fe:fe:beef"
+        )
 
         f = GenericIPAddressField(unpack_ipv4=True)
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(' ::ffff:0a0a:0a0a'), '10.10.10.10')
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(" ::ffff:0a0a:0a0a"), "10.10.10.10")
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_imagefield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_imagefield.py
index 1cb34bf058..c138ee5c09 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_imagefield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_imagefield.py
@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@ import os
 import unittest
 
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
-from django.core.files.uploadedfile import (
-    SimpleUploadedFile, TemporaryUploadedFile,
-)
+from django.core.files.uploadedfile import SimpleUploadedFile, TemporaryUploadedFile
 from django.forms import ClearableFileInput, FileInput, ImageField, Widget
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
@@ -17,26 +15,27 @@ except ImportError:
 
 
 def get_img_path(path):
-    return os.path.join(os.path.abspath(os.path.join(__file__, '..', '..')), 'tests', path)
+    return os.path.join(
+        os.path.abspath(os.path.join(__file__, "..", "..")), "tests", path
+    )
 
 
 @unittest.skipUnless(Image, "Pillow is required to test ImageField")
 class ImageFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_imagefield_annotate_with_image_after_clean(self):
         f = ImageField()
 
-        img_path = get_img_path('filepath_test_files/1x1.png')
-        with open(img_path, 'rb') as img_file:
+        img_path = get_img_path("filepath_test_files/1x1.png")
+        with open(img_path, "rb") as img_file:
             img_data = img_file.read()
 
-        img_file = SimpleUploadedFile('1x1.png', img_data)
-        img_file.content_type = 'text/plain'
+        img_file = SimpleUploadedFile("1x1.png", img_data)
+        img_file.content_type = "text/plain"
 
         uploaded_file = f.clean(img_file)
 
-        self.assertEqual('PNG', uploaded_file.image.format)
-        self.assertEqual('image/png', uploaded_file.content_type)
+        self.assertEqual("PNG", uploaded_file.image.format)
+        self.assertEqual("image/png", uploaded_file.content_type)
 
     def test_imagefield_annotate_with_bitmap_image_after_clean(self):
         """
@@ -44,42 +43,47 @@ class ImageFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         of the image (#24948).
         """
         from PIL.BmpImagePlugin import BmpImageFile
+
         try:
             Image.register_mime(BmpImageFile.format, None)
             f = ImageField()
-            img_path = get_img_path('filepath_test_files/1x1.bmp')
-            with open(img_path, 'rb') as img_file:
+            img_path = get_img_path("filepath_test_files/1x1.bmp")
+            with open(img_path, "rb") as img_file:
                 img_data = img_file.read()
 
-            img_file = SimpleUploadedFile('1x1.bmp', img_data)
-            img_file.content_type = 'text/plain'
+            img_file = SimpleUploadedFile("1x1.bmp", img_data)
+            img_file.content_type = "text/plain"
 
             uploaded_file = f.clean(img_file)
 
-            self.assertEqual('BMP', uploaded_file.image.format)
+            self.assertEqual("BMP", uploaded_file.image.format)
             self.assertIsNone(uploaded_file.content_type)
         finally:
-            Image.register_mime(BmpImageFile.format, 'image/bmp')
+            Image.register_mime(BmpImageFile.format, "image/bmp")
 
     def test_file_extension_validation(self):
         f = ImageField()
-        img_path = get_img_path('filepath_test_files/1x1.png')
-        with open(img_path, 'rb') as img_file:
+        img_path = get_img_path("filepath_test_files/1x1.png")
+        with open(img_path, "rb") as img_file:
             img_data = img_file.read()
-        img_file = SimpleUploadedFile('1x1.txt', img_data)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, 'File extension “txt” is not allowed.'):
+        img_file = SimpleUploadedFile("1x1.txt", img_data)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "File extension “txt” is not allowed."
+        ):
             f.clean(img_file)
 
     def test_corrupted_image(self):
         f = ImageField()
-        img_file = SimpleUploadedFile('not_an_image.jpg', b'not an image')
+        img_file = SimpleUploadedFile("not_an_image.jpg", b"not an image")
         msg = (
-            'Upload a valid image. The file you uploaded was either not an '
-            'image or a corrupted image.'
+            "Upload a valid image. The file you uploaded was either not an "
+            "image or a corrupted image."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
             f.clean(img_file)
-        with TemporaryUploadedFile('not_an_image_tmp.png', 'text/plain', 1, 'utf-8') as tmp_file:
+        with TemporaryUploadedFile(
+            "not_an_image_tmp.png", "text/plain", 1, "utf-8"
+        ) as tmp_file:
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
                 f.clean(tmp_file)
 
@@ -87,16 +91,22 @@ class ImageFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         f = ImageField()
         # Nothing added for non-FileInput widgets.
         self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(Widget()), {})
-        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(FileInput()), {'accept': 'image/*'})
-        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(ClearableFileInput()), {'accept': 'image/*'})
-        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(f, '<input type="file" name="f" accept="image/*" required id="id_f" />')
+        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(FileInput()), {"accept": "image/*"})
+        self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(ClearableFileInput()), {"accept": "image/*"})
+        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(
+            f, '<input type="file" name="f" accept="image/*" required id="id_f" />'
+        )
 
     def test_widget_attrs_accept_specified(self):
-        f = ImageField(widget=FileInput(attrs={'accept': 'image/png'}))
+        f = ImageField(widget=FileInput(attrs={"accept": "image/png"}))
         self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(f.widget), {})
-        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(f, '<input type="file" name="f" accept="image/png" required id="id_f" />')
+        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(
+            f, '<input type="file" name="f" accept="image/png" required id="id_f" />'
+        )
 
     def test_widget_attrs_accept_false(self):
-        f = ImageField(widget=FileInput(attrs={'accept': False}))
+        f = ImageField(widget=FileInput(attrs={"accept": False}))
         self.assertEqual(f.widget_attrs(f.widget), {})
-        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(f, '<input type="file" name="f" required id="id_f" />')
+        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(
+            f, '<input type="file" name="f" required id="id_f" />'
+        )
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_integerfield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_integerfield.py
index 0dde7ff488..15314d53a4 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_integerfield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_integerfield.py
@@ -6,91 +6,108 @@ from . import FormFieldAssertionsMixin
 
 
 class IntegerFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_integerfield_1(self):
         f = IntegerField()
-        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(f, '<input type="number" name="f" id="id_f" required>')
+        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(
+            f, '<input type="number" name="f" id="id_f" required>'
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean('')
+            f.clean("")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean(None)
-        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean('1'))
-        self.assertIsInstance(f.clean('1'), int)
-        self.assertEqual(23, f.clean('23'))
+        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean("1"))
+        self.assertIsInstance(f.clean("1"), int)
+        self.assertEqual(23, f.clean("23"))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a whole number.'"):
-            f.clean('a')
+            f.clean("a")
         self.assertEqual(42, f.clean(42))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a whole number.'"):
             f.clean(3.14)
-        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean('1 '))
-        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean(' 1'))
-        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean(' 1 '))
+        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean("1 "))
+        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean(" 1"))
+        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean(" 1 "))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a whole number.'"):
-            f.clean('1a')
+            f.clean("1a")
         self.assertIsNone(f.max_value)
         self.assertIsNone(f.min_value)
 
     def test_integerfield_2(self):
         f = IntegerField(required=False)
-        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(''))
-        self.assertEqual('None', repr(f.clean('')))
+        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(""))
+        self.assertEqual("None", repr(f.clean("")))
         self.assertIsNone(f.clean(None))
-        self.assertEqual('None', repr(f.clean(None)))
-        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean('1'))
-        self.assertIsInstance(f.clean('1'), int)
-        self.assertEqual(23, f.clean('23'))
+        self.assertEqual("None", repr(f.clean(None)))
+        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean("1"))
+        self.assertIsInstance(f.clean("1"), int)
+        self.assertEqual(23, f.clean("23"))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a whole number.'"):
-            f.clean('a')
-        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean('1 '))
-        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean(' 1'))
-        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean(' 1 '))
+            f.clean("a")
+        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean("1 "))
+        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean(" 1"))
+        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean(" 1 "))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a whole number.'"):
-            f.clean('1a')
+            f.clean("1a")
         self.assertIsNone(f.max_value)
         self.assertIsNone(f.min_value)
 
     def test_integerfield_3(self):
         f = IntegerField(max_value=10)
-        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(f, '<input max="10" type="number" name="f" id="id_f" required>')
+        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(
+            f, '<input max="10" type="number" name="f" id="id_f" required>'
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean(None)
         self.assertEqual(1, f.clean(1))
         self.assertEqual(10, f.clean(10))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Ensure this value is less than or equal to 10.'"):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Ensure this value is less than or equal to 10.'"
+        ):
             f.clean(11)
-        self.assertEqual(10, f.clean('10'))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Ensure this value is less than or equal to 10.'"):
-            f.clean('11')
+        self.assertEqual(10, f.clean("10"))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Ensure this value is less than or equal to 10.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("11")
         self.assertEqual(f.max_value, 10)
         self.assertIsNone(f.min_value)
 
     def test_integerfield_4(self):
         f = IntegerField(min_value=10)
-        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(f, '<input id="id_f" type="number" name="f" min="10" required>')
+        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(
+            f, '<input id="id_f" type="number" name="f" min="10" required>'
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean(None)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Ensure this value is greater than or equal to 10.'"):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Ensure this value is greater than or equal to 10.'"
+        ):
             f.clean(1)
         self.assertEqual(10, f.clean(10))
         self.assertEqual(11, f.clean(11))
-        self.assertEqual(10, f.clean('10'))
-        self.assertEqual(11, f.clean('11'))
+        self.assertEqual(10, f.clean("10"))
+        self.assertEqual(11, f.clean("11"))
         self.assertIsNone(f.max_value)
         self.assertEqual(f.min_value, 10)
 
     def test_integerfield_5(self):
         f = IntegerField(min_value=10, max_value=20)
-        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(f, '<input id="id_f" max="20" type="number" name="f" min="10" required>')
+        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(
+            f, '<input id="id_f" max="20" type="number" name="f" min="10" required>'
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean(None)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Ensure this value is greater than or equal to 10.'"):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Ensure this value is greater than or equal to 10.'"
+        ):
             f.clean(1)
         self.assertEqual(10, f.clean(10))
         self.assertEqual(11, f.clean(11))
-        self.assertEqual(10, f.clean('10'))
-        self.assertEqual(11, f.clean('11'))
+        self.assertEqual(10, f.clean("10"))
+        self.assertEqual(11, f.clean("11"))
         self.assertEqual(20, f.clean(20))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Ensure this value is less than or equal to 20.'"):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Ensure this value is less than or equal to 20.'"
+        ):
             f.clean(21)
         self.assertEqual(f.max_value, 20)
         self.assertEqual(f.min_value, 10)
@@ -101,34 +118,37 @@ class IntegerFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         number input specific attributes.
         """
         f1 = IntegerField(localize=True)
-        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(f1, '<input id="id_f" name="f" type="text" required>')
+        self.assertWidgetRendersTo(
+            f1, '<input id="id_f" name="f" type="text" required>'
+        )
 
     def test_integerfield_float(self):
         f = IntegerField()
         self.assertEqual(1, f.clean(1.0))
-        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean('1.0'))
-        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean(' 1.0 '))
-        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean('1.'))
-        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean(' 1. '))
+        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean("1.0"))
+        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean(" 1.0 "))
+        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean("1."))
+        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean(" 1. "))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a whole number.'"):
-            f.clean('1.5')
+            f.clean("1.5")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a whole number.'"):
-            f.clean('…')
+            f.clean("…")
 
     def test_integerfield_big_num(self):
         f = IntegerField()
         self.assertEqual(9223372036854775808, f.clean(9223372036854775808))
-        self.assertEqual(9223372036854775808, f.clean('9223372036854775808'))
-        self.assertEqual(9223372036854775808, f.clean('9223372036854775808.0'))
+        self.assertEqual(9223372036854775808, f.clean("9223372036854775808"))
+        self.assertEqual(9223372036854775808, f.clean("9223372036854775808.0"))
 
     def test_integerfield_unicode_number(self):
         f = IntegerField()
-        self.assertEqual(50, f.clean('５０'))
+        self.assertEqual(50, f.clean("５０"))
 
     def test_integerfield_subclass(self):
         """
         Class-defined widget is not overwritten by __init__() (#22245).
         """
+
         class MyIntegerField(IntegerField):
             widget = Textarea
 
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_jsonfield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_jsonfield.py
index b4f3e74f6a..be2b077e64 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_jsonfield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_jsonfield.py
@@ -3,7 +3,12 @@ import uuid
 
 from django.core.serializers.json import DjangoJSONEncoder
 from django.forms import (
-    CharField, Form, JSONField, Textarea, TextInput, ValidationError,
+    CharField,
+    Form,
+    JSONField,
+    Textarea,
+    TextInput,
+    ValidationError,
 )
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
@@ -12,25 +17,25 @@ class JSONFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_valid(self):
         field = JSONField()
         value = field.clean('{"a": "b"}')
-        self.assertEqual(value, {'a': 'b'})
+        self.assertEqual(value, {"a": "b"})
 
     def test_valid_empty(self):
         field = JSONField(required=False)
-        self.assertIsNone(field.clean(''))
+        self.assertIsNone(field.clean(""))
         self.assertIsNone(field.clean(None))
 
     def test_invalid(self):
         field = JSONField()
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, 'Enter a valid JSON.'):
-            field.clean('{some badly formed: json}')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "Enter a valid JSON."):
+            field.clean("{some badly formed: json}")
 
     def test_prepare_value(self):
         field = JSONField()
-        self.assertEqual(field.prepare_value({'a': 'b'}), '{"a": "b"}')
-        self.assertEqual(field.prepare_value(None), 'null')
-        self.assertEqual(field.prepare_value('foo'), '"foo"')
-        self.assertEqual(field.prepare_value('你好，世界'), '"你好，世界"')
-        self.assertEqual(field.prepare_value({'a': '😀🐱'}), '{"a": "😀🐱"}')
+        self.assertEqual(field.prepare_value({"a": "b"}), '{"a": "b"}')
+        self.assertEqual(field.prepare_value(None), "null")
+        self.assertEqual(field.prepare_value("foo"), '"foo"')
+        self.assertEqual(field.prepare_value("你好，世界"), '"你好，世界"')
+        self.assertEqual(field.prepare_value({"a": "😀🐱"}), '{"a": "😀🐱"}')
         self.assertEqual(
             field.prepare_value(["你好，世界", "jaźń"]),
             '["你好，世界", "jaźń"]',
@@ -46,6 +51,7 @@ class JSONFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_custom_widget_attribute(self):
         """The widget can be overridden with an attribute."""
+
         class CustomJSONField(JSONField):
             widget = TextInput
 
@@ -57,12 +63,12 @@ class JSONFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
         tests = [
             '["a", "b", "c"]',
             '{"a": 1, "b": 2}',
-            '1',
-            '1.5',
+            "1",
+            "1.5",
             '"foo"',
-            'true',
-            'false',
-            'null',
+            "true",
+            "false",
+            "null",
         ]
         for json_string in tests:
             with self.subTest(json_string=json_string):
@@ -71,8 +77,8 @@ class JSONFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_has_changed(self):
         field = JSONField()
-        self.assertIs(field.has_changed({'a': True}, '{"a": 1}'), True)
-        self.assertIs(field.has_changed({'a': 1, 'b': 2}, '{"b": 2, "a": 1}'), False)
+        self.assertIs(field.has_changed({"a": True}, '{"a": 1}'), True)
+        self.assertIs(field.has_changed({"a": 1, "b": 2}, '{"b": 2, "a": 1}'), False)
 
     def test_custom_encoder_decoder(self):
         class CustomDecoder(json.JSONDecoder):
@@ -80,11 +86,11 @@ class JSONFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
                 return super().__init__(object_hook=self.as_uuid, *args, **kwargs)
 
             def as_uuid(self, dct):
-                if 'uuid' in dct:
-                    dct['uuid'] = uuid.UUID(dct['uuid'])
+                if "uuid" in dct:
+                    dct["uuid"] = uuid.UUID(dct["uuid"])
                 return dct
 
-        value = {'uuid': uuid.UUID('{c141e152-6550-4172-a784-05448d98204b}')}
+        value = {"uuid": uuid.UUID("{c141e152-6550-4172-a784-05448d98204b}")}
         encoded_value = '{"uuid": "c141e152-6550-4172-a784-05448d98204b"}'
         field = JSONField(encoder=DjangoJSONEncoder, decoder=CustomDecoder)
         self.assertEqual(field.prepare_value(value), encoded_value)
@@ -94,8 +100,8 @@ class JSONFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
         class JSONForm(Form):
             json_field = JSONField(disabled=True)
 
-        form = JSONForm({'json_field': '["bar"]'}, initial={'json_field': ['foo']})
-        self.assertIn('[&quot;foo&quot;]</textarea>', form.as_p())
+        form = JSONForm({"json_field": '["bar"]'}, initial={"json_field": ["foo"]})
+        self.assertIn("[&quot;foo&quot;]</textarea>", form.as_p())
 
     def test_redisplay_none_input(self):
         class JSONForm(Form):
@@ -103,29 +109,30 @@ class JSONFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
         tests = [
             {},
-            {'json_field': None},
+            {"json_field": None},
         ]
         for data in tests:
             with self.subTest(data=data):
                 form = JSONForm(data)
-                self.assertEqual(form['json_field'].value(), 'null')
-                self.assertIn('null</textarea>', form.as_p())
-                self.assertEqual(form.errors['json_field'], ['This field is required.'])
+                self.assertEqual(form["json_field"].value(), "null")
+                self.assertIn("null</textarea>", form.as_p())
+                self.assertEqual(form.errors["json_field"], ["This field is required."])
 
     def test_redisplay_wrong_input(self):
         """
         Displaying a bound form (typically due to invalid input). The form
         should not overquote JSONField inputs.
         """
+
         class JSONForm(Form):
             name = CharField(max_length=2)
             json_field = JSONField()
 
         # JSONField input is valid, name is too long.
-        form = JSONForm({'name': 'xyz', 'json_field': '["foo"]'})
-        self.assertNotIn('json_field', form.errors)
-        self.assertIn('[&quot;foo&quot;]</textarea>', form.as_p())
+        form = JSONForm({"name": "xyz", "json_field": '["foo"]'})
+        self.assertNotIn("json_field", form.errors)
+        self.assertIn("[&quot;foo&quot;]</textarea>", form.as_p())
         # Invalid JSONField.
-        form = JSONForm({'name': 'xy', 'json_field': '{"foo"}'})
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors['json_field'], ['Enter a valid JSON.'])
-        self.assertIn('{&quot;foo&quot;}</textarea>', form.as_p())
+        form = JSONForm({"name": "xy", "json_field": '{"foo"}'})
+        self.assertEqual(form.errors["json_field"], ["Enter a valid JSON."])
+        self.assertIn("{&quot;foo&quot;}</textarea>", form.as_p())
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_multiplechoicefield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_multiplechoicefield.py
index 6dbeee2685..f316e1de8e 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_multiplechoicefield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_multiplechoicefield.py
@@ -4,72 +4,75 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class MultipleChoiceFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_multiplechoicefield_1(self):
-        f = MultipleChoiceField(choices=[('1', 'One'), ('2', 'Two')])
+        f = MultipleChoiceField(choices=[("1", "One"), ("2", "Two")])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean('')
+            f.clean("")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean(None)
-        self.assertEqual(['1'], f.clean([1]))
-        self.assertEqual(['1'], f.clean(['1']))
-        self.assertEqual(['1', '2'], f.clean(['1', '2']))
-        self.assertEqual(['1', '2'], f.clean([1, '2']))
-        self.assertEqual(['1', '2'], f.clean((1, '2')))
+        self.assertEqual(["1"], f.clean([1]))
+        self.assertEqual(["1"], f.clean(["1"]))
+        self.assertEqual(["1", "2"], f.clean(["1", "2"]))
+        self.assertEqual(["1", "2"], f.clean([1, "2"]))
+        self.assertEqual(["1", "2"], f.clean((1, "2")))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a list of values.'"):
-            f.clean('hello')
+            f.clean("hello")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean([])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean(())
         msg = "'Select a valid choice. 3 is not one of the available choices.'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean(['3'])
+            f.clean(["3"])
 
     def test_multiplechoicefield_2(self):
-        f = MultipleChoiceField(choices=[('1', 'One'), ('2', 'Two')], required=False)
-        self.assertEqual([], f.clean(''))
+        f = MultipleChoiceField(choices=[("1", "One"), ("2", "Two")], required=False)
+        self.assertEqual([], f.clean(""))
         self.assertEqual([], f.clean(None))
-        self.assertEqual(['1'], f.clean([1]))
-        self.assertEqual(['1'], f.clean(['1']))
-        self.assertEqual(['1', '2'], f.clean(['1', '2']))
-        self.assertEqual(['1', '2'], f.clean([1, '2']))
-        self.assertEqual(['1', '2'], f.clean((1, '2')))
+        self.assertEqual(["1"], f.clean([1]))
+        self.assertEqual(["1"], f.clean(["1"]))
+        self.assertEqual(["1", "2"], f.clean(["1", "2"]))
+        self.assertEqual(["1", "2"], f.clean([1, "2"]))
+        self.assertEqual(["1", "2"], f.clean((1, "2")))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a list of values.'"):
-            f.clean('hello')
+            f.clean("hello")
         self.assertEqual([], f.clean([]))
         self.assertEqual([], f.clean(()))
         msg = "'Select a valid choice. 3 is not one of the available choices.'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean(['3'])
+            f.clean(["3"])
 
     def test_multiplechoicefield_3(self):
         f = MultipleChoiceField(
-            choices=[('Numbers', (('1', 'One'), ('2', 'Two'))), ('Letters', (('3', 'A'), ('4', 'B'))), ('5', 'Other')]
+            choices=[
+                ("Numbers", (("1", "One"), ("2", "Two"))),
+                ("Letters", (("3", "A"), ("4", "B"))),
+                ("5", "Other"),
+            ]
         )
-        self.assertEqual(['1'], f.clean([1]))
-        self.assertEqual(['1'], f.clean(['1']))
-        self.assertEqual(['1', '5'], f.clean([1, 5]))
-        self.assertEqual(['1', '5'], f.clean([1, '5']))
-        self.assertEqual(['1', '5'], f.clean(['1', 5]))
-        self.assertEqual(['1', '5'], f.clean(['1', '5']))
+        self.assertEqual(["1"], f.clean([1]))
+        self.assertEqual(["1"], f.clean(["1"]))
+        self.assertEqual(["1", "5"], f.clean([1, 5]))
+        self.assertEqual(["1", "5"], f.clean([1, "5"]))
+        self.assertEqual(["1", "5"], f.clean(["1", 5]))
+        self.assertEqual(["1", "5"], f.clean(["1", "5"]))
         msg = "'Select a valid choice. 6 is not one of the available choices.'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean(['6'])
+            f.clean(["6"])
         msg = "'Select a valid choice. 6 is not one of the available choices.'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean(['1', '6'])
+            f.clean(["1", "6"])
 
     def test_multiplechoicefield_changed(self):
-        f = MultipleChoiceField(choices=[('1', 'One'), ('2', 'Two'), ('3', 'Three')])
+        f = MultipleChoiceField(choices=[("1", "One"), ("2", "Two"), ("3", "Three")])
         self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(None, None))
         self.assertFalse(f.has_changed([], None))
-        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed(None, ['1']))
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed([1, 2], ['1', '2']))
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed([2, 1], ['1', '2']))
-        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed([1, 2], ['1']))
-        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed([1, 2], ['1', '3']))
+        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed(None, ["1"]))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed([1, 2], ["1", "2"]))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed([2, 1], ["1", "2"]))
+        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed([1, 2], ["1"]))
+        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed([1, 2], ["1", "3"]))
 
     def test_disabled_has_changed(self):
-        f = MultipleChoiceField(choices=[('1', 'One'), ('2', 'Two')], disabled=True)
-        self.assertIs(f.has_changed('x', 'y'), False)
+        f = MultipleChoiceField(choices=[("1", "One"), ("2", "Two")], disabled=True)
+        self.assertIs(f.has_changed("x", "y"), False)
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_multivaluefield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_multivaluefield.py
index 449bf16d19..88f7490013 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_multivaluefield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_multivaluefield.py
@@ -2,17 +2,24 @@ from datetime import datetime
 
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 from django.forms import (
-    CharField, Form, MultipleChoiceField, MultiValueField, MultiWidget,
-    SelectMultiple, SplitDateTimeField, SplitDateTimeWidget, TextInput,
+    CharField,
+    Form,
+    MultipleChoiceField,
+    MultiValueField,
+    MultiWidget,
+    SelectMultiple,
+    SplitDateTimeField,
+    SplitDateTimeWidget,
+    TextInput,
 )
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
-beatles = (('J', 'John'), ('P', 'Paul'), ('G', 'George'), ('R', 'Ringo'))
+beatles = (("J", "John"), ("P", "Paul"), ("G", "George"), ("R", "Ringo"))
 
 
 class PartiallyRequiredField(MultiValueField):
     def compress(self, data_list):
-        return ','.join(data_list) if data_list else None
+        return ",".join(data_list) if data_list else None
 
 
 class PartiallyRequiredForm(Form):
@@ -35,7 +42,7 @@ class ComplexMultiWidget(MultiWidget):
 
     def decompress(self, value):
         if value:
-            data = value.split(',')
+            data = value.split(",")
             return [
                 data[0],
                 list(data[1]),
@@ -55,7 +62,7 @@ class ComplexField(MultiValueField):
 
     def compress(self, data_list):
         if data_list:
-            return '%s,%s,%s' % (data_list[0], ''.join(data_list[1]), data_list[2])
+            return "%s,%s,%s" % (data_list[0], "".join(data_list[1]), data_list[2])
         return None
 
 
@@ -64,7 +71,6 @@ class ComplexFieldForm(Form):
 
 
 class MultiValueFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         cls.field = ComplexField(widget=ComplexMultiWidget())
@@ -72,8 +78,8 @@ class MultiValueFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_clean(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.field.clean(['some text', ['J', 'P'], ['2007-04-25', '6:24:00']]),
-            'some text,JP,2007-04-25 06:24:00',
+            self.field.clean(["some text", ["J", "P"], ["2007-04-25", "6:24:00"]]),
+            "some text,JP,2007-04-25 06:24:00",
         )
 
     def test_clean_disabled_multivalue(self):
@@ -81,20 +87,20 @@ class MultiValueFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
             f = ComplexField(disabled=True, widget=ComplexMultiWidget)
 
         inputs = (
-            'some text,JP,2007-04-25 06:24:00',
-            ['some text', ['J', 'P'], ['2007-04-25', '6:24:00']],
+            "some text,JP,2007-04-25 06:24:00",
+            ["some text", ["J", "P"], ["2007-04-25", "6:24:00"]],
         )
         for data in inputs:
             with self.subTest(data=data):
-                form = ComplexFieldForm({}, initial={'f': data})
+                form = ComplexFieldForm({}, initial={"f": data})
                 form.full_clean()
                 self.assertEqual(form.errors, {})
-                self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data, {'f': inputs[0]})
+                self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data, {"f": inputs[0]})
 
     def test_bad_choice(self):
         msg = "'Select a valid choice. X is not one of the available choices.'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            self.field.clean(['some text', ['X'], ['2007-04-25', '6:24:00']])
+            self.field.clean(["some text", ["X"], ["2007-04-25", "6:24:00"]])
 
     def test_no_value(self):
         """
@@ -102,39 +108,49 @@ class MultiValueFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         msg = "'This field is required.'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            self.field.clean(['some text', ['JP']])
+            self.field.clean(["some text", ["JP"]])
 
     def test_has_changed_no_initial(self):
-        self.assertTrue(self.field.has_changed(None, ['some text', ['J', 'P'], ['2007-04-25', '6:24:00']]))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            self.field.has_changed(
+                None, ["some text", ["J", "P"], ["2007-04-25", "6:24:00"]]
+            )
+        )
 
     def test_has_changed_same(self):
-        self.assertFalse(self.field.has_changed(
-            'some text,JP,2007-04-25 06:24:00',
-            ['some text', ['J', 'P'], ['2007-04-25', '6:24:00']],
-        ))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            self.field.has_changed(
+                "some text,JP,2007-04-25 06:24:00",
+                ["some text", ["J", "P"], ["2007-04-25", "6:24:00"]],
+            )
+        )
 
     def test_has_changed_first_widget(self):
         """
         Test when the first widget's data has changed.
         """
-        self.assertTrue(self.field.has_changed(
-            'some text,JP,2007-04-25 06:24:00',
-            ['other text', ['J', 'P'], ['2007-04-25', '6:24:00']],
-        ))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            self.field.has_changed(
+                "some text,JP,2007-04-25 06:24:00",
+                ["other text", ["J", "P"], ["2007-04-25", "6:24:00"]],
+            )
+        )
 
     def test_has_changed_last_widget(self):
         """
         Test when the last widget's data has changed. This ensures that it is
         not short circuiting while testing the widgets.
         """
-        self.assertTrue(self.field.has_changed(
-            'some text,JP,2007-04-25 06:24:00',
-            ['some text', ['J', 'P'], ['2009-04-25', '11:44:00']],
-        ))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            self.field.has_changed(
+                "some text,JP,2007-04-25 06:24:00",
+                ["some text", ["J", "P"], ["2009-04-25", "11:44:00"]],
+            )
+        )
 
     def test_disabled_has_changed(self):
         f = MultiValueField(fields=(CharField(), CharField()), disabled=True)
-        self.assertIs(f.has_changed(['x', 'x'], ['y', 'y']), False)
+        self.assertIs(f.has_changed(["x", "x"], ["y", "y"]), False)
 
     def test_form_as_table(self):
         form = ComplexFieldForm()
@@ -155,12 +171,14 @@ class MultiValueFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
         )
 
     def test_form_as_table_data(self):
-        form = ComplexFieldForm({
-            'field1_0': 'some text',
-            'field1_1': ['J', 'P'],
-            'field1_2_0': '2007-04-25',
-            'field1_2_1': '06:24:00',
-        })
+        form = ComplexFieldForm(
+            {
+                "field1_0": "some text",
+                "field1_1": ["J", "P"],
+                "field1_2_0": "2007-04-25",
+                "field1_2_1": "06:24:00",
+            }
+        )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             form.as_table(),
             """
@@ -178,19 +196,26 @@ class MultiValueFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
         )
 
     def test_form_cleaned_data(self):
-        form = ComplexFieldForm({
-            'field1_0': 'some text',
-            'field1_1': ['J', 'P'],
-            'field1_2_0': '2007-04-25',
-            'field1_2_1': '06:24:00',
-        })
+        form = ComplexFieldForm(
+            {
+                "field1_0": "some text",
+                "field1_1": ["J", "P"],
+                "field1_2_0": "2007-04-25",
+                "field1_2_1": "06:24:00",
+            }
+        )
         form.is_valid()
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['field1'], 'some text,JP,2007-04-25 06:24:00')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.cleaned_data["field1"], "some text,JP,2007-04-25 06:24:00"
+        )
 
     def test_render_required_attributes(self):
-        form = PartiallyRequiredForm({'f_0': 'Hello', 'f_1': ''})
+        form = PartiallyRequiredForm({"f_0": "Hello", "f_1": ""})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertInHTML('<input type="text" name="f_0" value="Hello" required id="id_f_0">', form.as_p())
+        self.assertInHTML(
+            '<input type="text" name="f_0" value="Hello" required id="id_f_0">',
+            form.as_p(),
+        )
         self.assertInHTML('<input type="text" name="f_1" id="id_f_1">', form.as_p())
-        form = PartiallyRequiredForm({'f_0': '', 'f_1': ''})
+        form = PartiallyRequiredForm({"f_0": "", "f_1": ""})
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_nullbooleanfield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_nullbooleanfield.py
index 55812612c9..5b632c8de3 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_nullbooleanfield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_nullbooleanfield.py
@@ -5,56 +5,60 @@ from . import FormFieldAssertionsMixin
 
 
 class NullBooleanFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_nullbooleanfield_clean(self):
         f = NullBooleanField()
-        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(''))
+        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(""))
         self.assertTrue(f.clean(True))
         self.assertFalse(f.clean(False))
         self.assertIsNone(f.clean(None))
-        self.assertFalse(f.clean('0'))
-        self.assertTrue(f.clean('1'))
-        self.assertIsNone(f.clean('2'))
-        self.assertIsNone(f.clean('3'))
-        self.assertIsNone(f.clean('hello'))
-        self.assertTrue(f.clean('true'))
-        self.assertFalse(f.clean('false'))
+        self.assertFalse(f.clean("0"))
+        self.assertTrue(f.clean("1"))
+        self.assertIsNone(f.clean("2"))
+        self.assertIsNone(f.clean("3"))
+        self.assertIsNone(f.clean("hello"))
+        self.assertTrue(f.clean("true"))
+        self.assertFalse(f.clean("false"))
 
     def test_nullbooleanfield_2(self):
         # The internal value is preserved if using HiddenInput (#7753).
         class HiddenNullBooleanForm(Form):
             hidden_nullbool1 = NullBooleanField(widget=HiddenInput, initial=True)
             hidden_nullbool2 = NullBooleanField(widget=HiddenInput, initial=False)
+
         f = HiddenNullBooleanForm()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             '<input type="hidden" name="hidden_nullbool1" value="True" id="id_hidden_nullbool1">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="hidden_nullbool2" value="False" id="id_hidden_nullbool2">',
-            str(f)
+            str(f),
         )
 
     def test_nullbooleanfield_3(self):
         class HiddenNullBooleanForm(Form):
             hidden_nullbool1 = NullBooleanField(widget=HiddenInput, initial=True)
             hidden_nullbool2 = NullBooleanField(widget=HiddenInput, initial=False)
-        f = HiddenNullBooleanForm({'hidden_nullbool1': 'True', 'hidden_nullbool2': 'False'})
+
+        f = HiddenNullBooleanForm(
+            {"hidden_nullbool1": "True", "hidden_nullbool2": "False"}
+        )
         self.assertIsNone(f.full_clean())
-        self.assertTrue(f.cleaned_data['hidden_nullbool1'])
-        self.assertFalse(f.cleaned_data['hidden_nullbool2'])
+        self.assertTrue(f.cleaned_data["hidden_nullbool1"])
+        self.assertFalse(f.cleaned_data["hidden_nullbool2"])
 
     def test_nullbooleanfield_4(self):
         # Make sure we're compatible with MySQL, which uses 0 and 1 for its
         # boolean values (#9609).
-        NULLBOOL_CHOICES = (('1', 'Yes'), ('0', 'No'), ('', 'Unknown'))
+        NULLBOOL_CHOICES = (("1", "Yes"), ("0", "No"), ("", "Unknown"))
 
         class MySQLNullBooleanForm(Form):
             nullbool0 = NullBooleanField(widget=RadioSelect(choices=NULLBOOL_CHOICES))
             nullbool1 = NullBooleanField(widget=RadioSelect(choices=NULLBOOL_CHOICES))
             nullbool2 = NullBooleanField(widget=RadioSelect(choices=NULLBOOL_CHOICES))
-        f = MySQLNullBooleanForm({'nullbool0': '1', 'nullbool1': '0', 'nullbool2': ''})
+
+        f = MySQLNullBooleanForm({"nullbool0": "1", "nullbool1": "0", "nullbool2": ""})
         self.assertIsNone(f.full_clean())
-        self.assertTrue(f.cleaned_data['nullbool0'])
-        self.assertFalse(f.cleaned_data['nullbool1'])
-        self.assertIsNone(f.cleaned_data['nullbool2'])
+        self.assertTrue(f.cleaned_data["nullbool0"])
+        self.assertFalse(f.cleaned_data["nullbool1"])
+        self.assertIsNone(f.cleaned_data["nullbool2"])
 
     def test_nullbooleanfield_changed(self):
         f = NullBooleanField()
@@ -66,9 +70,9 @@ class NullBooleanFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertTrue(f.has_changed(True, None))
         self.assertTrue(f.has_changed(True, False))
         # HiddenInput widget sends string values for boolean but doesn't clean them in value_from_datadict
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(False, 'False'))
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(True, 'True'))
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(None, ''))
-        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed(False, 'True'))
-        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed(True, 'False'))
-        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed(None, 'False'))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(False, "False"))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(True, "True"))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(None, ""))
+        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed(False, "True"))
+        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed(True, "False"))
+        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed(None, "False"))
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_regexfield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_regexfield.py
index 80d0f1c7cd..9a2b1387f6 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_regexfield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_regexfield.py
@@ -6,80 +6,84 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class RegexFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_regexfield_1(self):
-        f = RegexField('^[0-9][A-F][0-9]$')
-        self.assertEqual('2A2', f.clean('2A2'))
-        self.assertEqual('3F3', f.clean('3F3'))
+        f = RegexField("^[0-9][A-F][0-9]$")
+        self.assertEqual("2A2", f.clean("2A2"))
+        self.assertEqual("3F3", f.clean("3F3"))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid value.'"):
-            f.clean('3G3')
+            f.clean("3G3")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid value.'"):
-            f.clean(' 2A2')
+            f.clean(" 2A2")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid value.'"):
-            f.clean('2A2 ')
+            f.clean("2A2 ")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean('')
+            f.clean("")
 
     def test_regexfield_2(self):
-        f = RegexField('^[0-9][A-F][0-9]$', required=False)
-        self.assertEqual('2A2', f.clean('2A2'))
-        self.assertEqual('3F3', f.clean('3F3'))
+        f = RegexField("^[0-9][A-F][0-9]$", required=False)
+        self.assertEqual("2A2", f.clean("2A2"))
+        self.assertEqual("3F3", f.clean("3F3"))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid value.'"):
-            f.clean('3G3')
-        self.assertEqual('', f.clean(''))
+            f.clean("3G3")
+        self.assertEqual("", f.clean(""))
 
     def test_regexfield_3(self):
-        f = RegexField(re.compile('^[0-9][A-F][0-9]$'))
-        self.assertEqual('2A2', f.clean('2A2'))
-        self.assertEqual('3F3', f.clean('3F3'))
+        f = RegexField(re.compile("^[0-9][A-F][0-9]$"))
+        self.assertEqual("2A2", f.clean("2A2"))
+        self.assertEqual("3F3", f.clean("3F3"))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid value.'"):
-            f.clean('3G3')
+            f.clean("3G3")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid value.'"):
-            f.clean(' 2A2')
+            f.clean(" 2A2")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid value.'"):
-            f.clean('2A2 ')
+            f.clean("2A2 ")
 
     def test_regexfield_4(self):
-        f = RegexField('^[0-9]+$', min_length=5, max_length=10)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Ensure this value has at least 5 characters (it has 3).'"):
-            f.clean('123')
+        f = RegexField("^[0-9]+$", min_length=5, max_length=10)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Ensure this value has at least 5 characters (it has 3).'"
+        ):
+            f.clean("123")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(
             ValidationError,
             "'Ensure this value has at least 5 characters (it has 3).', "
             "'Enter a valid value.'",
         ):
-            f.clean('abc')
-        self.assertEqual('12345', f.clean('12345'))
-        self.assertEqual('1234567890', f.clean('1234567890'))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Ensure this value has at most 10 characters (it has 11).'"):
-            f.clean('12345678901')
+            f.clean("abc")
+        self.assertEqual("12345", f.clean("12345"))
+        self.assertEqual("1234567890", f.clean("1234567890"))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError,
+            "'Ensure this value has at most 10 characters (it has 11).'",
+        ):
+            f.clean("12345678901")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid value.'"):
-            f.clean('12345a')
+            f.clean("12345a")
 
     def test_regexfield_unicode_characters(self):
-        f = RegexField(r'^\w+$')
-        self.assertEqual('éèøçÎÎ你好', f.clean('éèøçÎÎ你好'))
+        f = RegexField(r"^\w+$")
+        self.assertEqual("éèøçÎÎ你好", f.clean("éèøçÎÎ你好"))
 
     def test_change_regex_after_init(self):
-        f = RegexField('^[a-z]+$')
-        f.regex = '^[0-9]+$'
-        self.assertEqual('1234', f.clean('1234'))
+        f = RegexField("^[a-z]+$")
+        f.regex = "^[0-9]+$"
+        self.assertEqual("1234", f.clean("1234"))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid value.'"):
-            f.clean('abcd')
+            f.clean("abcd")
 
     def test_get_regex(self):
-        f = RegexField('^[a-z]+$')
-        self.assertEqual(f.regex, re.compile('^[a-z]+$'))
+        f = RegexField("^[a-z]+$")
+        self.assertEqual(f.regex, re.compile("^[a-z]+$"))
 
     def test_regexfield_strip(self):
-        f = RegexField('^[a-z]+$', strip=True)
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(' a'), 'a')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('a '), 'a')
+        f = RegexField("^[a-z]+$", strip=True)
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(" a"), "a")
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("a "), "a")
 
     def test_empty_value(self):
-        f = RegexField('', required=False)
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(''), '')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(None), '')
-        f = RegexField('', empty_value=None, required=False)
-        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(''))
+        f = RegexField("", required=False)
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(""), "")
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(None), "")
+        f = RegexField("", empty_value=None, required=False)
+        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(""))
         self.assertIsNone(f.clean(None))
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_slugfield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_slugfield.py
index 6d766e8af5..d796a2c3aa 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_slugfield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_slugfield.py
@@ -3,25 +3,24 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class SlugFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_slugfield_normalization(self):
         f = SlugField()
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('    aa-bb-cc    '), 'aa-bb-cc')
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("    aa-bb-cc    "), "aa-bb-cc")
 
     def test_slugfield_unicode_normalization(self):
         f = SlugField(allow_unicode=True)
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('a'), 'a')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('1'), '1')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('a1'), 'a1')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('你好'), '你好')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('  你-好  '), '你-好')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('ıçğüş'), 'ıçğüş')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('foo-ıç-bar'), 'foo-ıç-bar')
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("a"), "a")
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("1"), "1")
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("a1"), "a1")
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("你好"), "你好")
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("  你-好  "), "你-好")
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("ıçğüş"), "ıçğüş")
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("foo-ıç-bar"), "foo-ıç-bar")
 
     def test_empty_value(self):
         f = SlugField(required=False)
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(''), '')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(None), '')
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(""), "")
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(None), "")
         f = SlugField(required=False, empty_value=None)
-        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(''))
+        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(""))
         self.assertIsNone(f.clean(None))
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_splitdatetimefield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_splitdatetimefield.py
index bf20587682..788ca592fa 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_splitdatetimefield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_splitdatetimefield.py
@@ -7,59 +7,78 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class SplitDateTimeFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_splitdatetimefield_1(self):
         f = SplitDateTimeField()
         self.assertIsInstance(f.widget, SplitDateTimeWidget)
         self.assertEqual(
             datetime.datetime(2006, 1, 10, 7, 30),
-            f.clean([datetime.date(2006, 1, 10), datetime.time(7, 30)])
+            f.clean([datetime.date(2006, 1, 10), datetime.time(7, 30)]),
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean(None)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean('')
+            f.clean("")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a list of values.'"):
-            f.clean('hello')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid date.', 'Enter a valid time.'"):
-            f.clean(['hello', 'there'])
+            f.clean("hello")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Enter a valid date.', 'Enter a valid time.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean(["hello", "there"])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid time.'"):
-            f.clean(['2006-01-10', 'there'])
+            f.clean(["2006-01-10", "there"])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid date.'"):
-            f.clean(['hello', '07:30'])
+            f.clean(["hello", "07:30"])
 
     def test_splitdatetimefield_2(self):
         f = SplitDateTimeField(required=False)
         self.assertEqual(
             datetime.datetime(2006, 1, 10, 7, 30),
-            f.clean([datetime.date(2006, 1, 10), datetime.time(7, 30)])
+            f.clean([datetime.date(2006, 1, 10), datetime.time(7, 30)]),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            datetime.datetime(2006, 1, 10, 7, 30), f.clean(["2006-01-10", "07:30"])
         )
-        self.assertEqual(datetime.datetime(2006, 1, 10, 7, 30), f.clean(['2006-01-10', '07:30']))
         self.assertIsNone(f.clean(None))
-        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(''))
-        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(['']))
-        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(['', '']))
+        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(""))
+        self.assertIsNone(f.clean([""]))
+        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(["", ""]))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a list of values.'"):
-            f.clean('hello')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid date.', 'Enter a valid time.'"):
-            f.clean(['hello', 'there'])
+            f.clean("hello")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Enter a valid date.', 'Enter a valid time.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean(["hello", "there"])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid time.'"):
-            f.clean(['2006-01-10', 'there'])
+            f.clean(["2006-01-10", "there"])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid date.'"):
-            f.clean(['hello', '07:30'])
+            f.clean(["hello", "07:30"])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid time.'"):
-            f.clean(['2006-01-10', ''])
+            f.clean(["2006-01-10", ""])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid time.'"):
-            f.clean(['2006-01-10'])
+            f.clean(["2006-01-10"])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid date.'"):
-            f.clean(['', '07:30'])
+            f.clean(["", "07:30"])
 
     def test_splitdatetimefield_changed(self):
-        f = SplitDateTimeField(input_date_formats=['%d/%m/%Y'])
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(['11/01/2012', '09:18:15'], ['11/01/2012', '09:18:15']))
-        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed(datetime.datetime(2008, 5, 6, 12, 40, 00), ['2008-05-06', '12:40:00']))
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(datetime.datetime(2008, 5, 6, 12, 40, 00), ['06/05/2008', '12:40']))
-        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed(datetime.datetime(2008, 5, 6, 12, 40, 00), ['06/05/2008', '12:41']))
+        f = SplitDateTimeField(input_date_formats=["%d/%m/%Y"])
+        self.assertFalse(
+            f.has_changed(["11/01/2012", "09:18:15"], ["11/01/2012", "09:18:15"])
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            f.has_changed(
+                datetime.datetime(2008, 5, 6, 12, 40, 00), ["2008-05-06", "12:40:00"]
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(
+            f.has_changed(
+                datetime.datetime(2008, 5, 6, 12, 40, 00), ["06/05/2008", "12:40"]
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            f.has_changed(
+                datetime.datetime(2008, 5, 6, 12, 40, 00), ["06/05/2008", "12:41"]
+            )
+        )
 
     def test_form_as_table(self):
         class TestForm(Form):
@@ -68,8 +87,8 @@ class SplitDateTimeFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
         f = TestForm()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_table(),
-            '<tr><th><label>Datetime:</label></th><td>'
+            "<tr><th><label>Datetime:</label></th><td>"
             '<input type="text" name="datetime_0" required id="id_datetime_0">'
             '<input type="text" name="datetime_1" required id="id_datetime_1">'
-            '</td></tr>',
+            "</td></tr>",
         )
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_timefield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_timefield.py
index a44b10fa07..fbe6a3cf31 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_timefield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_timefield.py
@@ -8,39 +8,38 @@ from . import FormFieldAssertionsMixin
 
 
 class TimeFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_timefield_1(self):
         f = TimeField()
         self.assertEqual(datetime.time(14, 25), f.clean(datetime.time(14, 25)))
         self.assertEqual(datetime.time(14, 25, 59), f.clean(datetime.time(14, 25, 59)))
-        self.assertEqual(datetime.time(14, 25), f.clean('14:25'))
-        self.assertEqual(datetime.time(14, 25, 59), f.clean('14:25:59'))
+        self.assertEqual(datetime.time(14, 25), f.clean("14:25"))
+        self.assertEqual(datetime.time(14, 25, 59), f.clean("14:25:59"))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid time.'"):
-            f.clean('hello')
+            f.clean("hello")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid time.'"):
-            f.clean('1:24 p.m.')
+            f.clean("1:24 p.m.")
 
     def test_timefield_2(self):
-        f = TimeField(input_formats=['%I:%M %p'])
+        f = TimeField(input_formats=["%I:%M %p"])
         self.assertEqual(datetime.time(14, 25), f.clean(datetime.time(14, 25)))
         self.assertEqual(datetime.time(14, 25, 59), f.clean(datetime.time(14, 25, 59)))
-        self.assertEqual(datetime.time(4, 25), f.clean('4:25 AM'))
-        self.assertEqual(datetime.time(16, 25), f.clean('4:25 PM'))
+        self.assertEqual(datetime.time(4, 25), f.clean("4:25 AM"))
+        self.assertEqual(datetime.time(16, 25), f.clean("4:25 PM"))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid time.'"):
-            f.clean('14:30:45')
+            f.clean("14:30:45")
 
     def test_timefield_3(self):
         f = TimeField()
         # Test whitespace stripping behavior (#5714)
-        self.assertEqual(datetime.time(14, 25), f.clean(' 14:25 '))
-        self.assertEqual(datetime.time(14, 25, 59), f.clean(' 14:25:59 '))
+        self.assertEqual(datetime.time(14, 25), f.clean(" 14:25 "))
+        self.assertEqual(datetime.time(14, 25, 59), f.clean(" 14:25:59 "))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid time.'"):
-            f.clean('   ')
+            f.clean("   ")
 
     def test_timefield_changed(self):
         t1 = datetime.time(12, 51, 34, 482548)
         t2 = datetime.time(12, 51)
-        f = TimeField(input_formats=['%H:%M', '%H:%M %p'])
-        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed(t1, '12:51'))
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(t2, '12:51'))
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(t2, '12:51 PM'))
+        f = TimeField(input_formats=["%H:%M", "%H:%M %p"])
+        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed(t1, "12:51"))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(t2, "12:51"))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(t2, "12:51 PM"))
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_typedchoicefield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_typedchoicefield.py
index 2c6cd265b5..52a83eca37 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_typedchoicefield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_typedchoicefield.py
@@ -6,72 +6,84 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class TypedChoiceFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_typedchoicefield_1(self):
         f = TypedChoiceField(choices=[(1, "+1"), (-1, "-1")], coerce=int)
-        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean('1'))
+        self.assertEqual(1, f.clean("1"))
         msg = "'Select a valid choice. 2 is not one of the available choices.'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('2')
+            f.clean("2")
 
     def test_typedchoicefield_2(self):
         # Different coercion, same validation.
         f = TypedChoiceField(choices=[(1, "+1"), (-1, "-1")], coerce=float)
-        self.assertEqual(1.0, f.clean('1'))
+        self.assertEqual(1.0, f.clean("1"))
 
     def test_typedchoicefield_3(self):
         # This can also cause weirdness: be careful (bool(-1) == True, remember)
         f = TypedChoiceField(choices=[(1, "+1"), (-1, "-1")], coerce=bool)
-        self.assertTrue(f.clean('-1'))
+        self.assertTrue(f.clean("-1"))
 
     def test_typedchoicefield_4(self):
         # Even more weirdness: if you have a valid choice but your coercion function
         # can't coerce, you'll still get a validation error. Don't do this!
-        f = TypedChoiceField(choices=[('A', 'A'), ('B', 'B')], coerce=int)
+        f = TypedChoiceField(choices=[("A", "A"), ("B", "B")], coerce=int)
         msg = "'Select a valid choice. B is not one of the available choices.'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('B')
+            f.clean("B")
         # Required fields require values
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean('')
+            f.clean("")
 
     def test_typedchoicefield_5(self):
         # Non-required fields aren't required
-        f = TypedChoiceField(choices=[(1, "+1"), (-1, "-1")], coerce=int, required=False)
-        self.assertEqual('', f.clean(''))
+        f = TypedChoiceField(
+            choices=[(1, "+1"), (-1, "-1")], coerce=int, required=False
+        )
+        self.assertEqual("", f.clean(""))
         # If you want cleaning an empty value to return a different type, tell the field
 
     def test_typedchoicefield_6(self):
-        f = TypedChoiceField(choices=[(1, "+1"), (-1, "-1")], coerce=int, required=False, empty_value=None)
-        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(''))
+        f = TypedChoiceField(
+            choices=[(1, "+1"), (-1, "-1")],
+            coerce=int,
+            required=False,
+            empty_value=None,
+        )
+        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(""))
 
     def test_typedchoicefield_has_changed(self):
         # has_changed should not trigger required validation
         f = TypedChoiceField(choices=[(1, "+1"), (-1, "-1")], coerce=int, required=True)
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(None, ''))
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(1, '1'))
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed('1', '1'))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(None, ""))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(1, "1"))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed("1", "1"))
 
         f = TypedChoiceField(
-            choices=[('', '---------'), ('a', "a"), ('b', "b")], coerce=str,
-            required=False, initial=None, empty_value=None,
+            choices=[("", "---------"), ("a", "a"), ("b", "b")],
+            coerce=str,
+            required=False,
+            initial=None,
+            empty_value=None,
         )
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(None, ''))
-        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed('', 'a'))
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed('a', 'a'))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(None, ""))
+        self.assertTrue(f.has_changed("", "a"))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed("a", "a"))
 
     def test_typedchoicefield_special_coerce(self):
         """
         A coerce function which results in a value not present in choices
         should raise an appropriate error (#21397).
         """
-        def coerce_func(val):
-            return decimal.Decimal('1.%s' % val)
 
-        f = TypedChoiceField(choices=[(1, "1"), (2, "2")], coerce=coerce_func, required=True)
-        self.assertEqual(decimal.Decimal('1.2'), f.clean('2'))
+        def coerce_func(val):
+            return decimal.Decimal("1.%s" % val)
+
+        f = TypedChoiceField(
+            choices=[(1, "1"), (2, "2")], coerce=coerce_func, required=True
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(decimal.Decimal("1.2"), f.clean("2"))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean('')
+            f.clean("")
         msg = "'Select a valid choice. 3 is not one of the available choices.'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('3')
+            f.clean("3")
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_typedmultiplechoicefield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_typedmultiplechoicefield.py
index 1c97676a87..6810f1ed19 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_typedmultiplechoicefield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_typedmultiplechoicefield.py
@@ -6,70 +6,80 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class TypedMultipleChoiceFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_typedmultiplechoicefield_1(self):
         f = TypedMultipleChoiceField(choices=[(1, "+1"), (-1, "-1")], coerce=int)
-        self.assertEqual([1], f.clean(['1']))
+        self.assertEqual([1], f.clean(["1"]))
         msg = "'Select a valid choice. 2 is not one of the available choices.'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean(['2'])
+            f.clean(["2"])
 
     def test_typedmultiplechoicefield_2(self):
         # Different coercion, same validation.
         f = TypedMultipleChoiceField(choices=[(1, "+1"), (-1, "-1")], coerce=float)
-        self.assertEqual([1.0], f.clean(['1']))
+        self.assertEqual([1.0], f.clean(["1"]))
 
     def test_typedmultiplechoicefield_3(self):
         # This can also cause weirdness: be careful (bool(-1) == True, remember)
         f = TypedMultipleChoiceField(choices=[(1, "+1"), (-1, "-1")], coerce=bool)
-        self.assertEqual([True], f.clean(['-1']))
+        self.assertEqual([True], f.clean(["-1"]))
 
     def test_typedmultiplechoicefield_4(self):
         f = TypedMultipleChoiceField(choices=[(1, "+1"), (-1, "-1")], coerce=int)
-        self.assertEqual([1, -1], f.clean(['1', '-1']))
+        self.assertEqual([1, -1], f.clean(["1", "-1"]))
         msg = "'Select a valid choice. 2 is not one of the available choices.'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean(['1', '2'])
+            f.clean(["1", "2"])
 
     def test_typedmultiplechoicefield_5(self):
         # Even more weirdness: if you have a valid choice but your coercion function
         # can't coerce, you'll still get a validation error. Don't do this!
-        f = TypedMultipleChoiceField(choices=[('A', 'A'), ('B', 'B')], coerce=int)
+        f = TypedMultipleChoiceField(choices=[("A", "A"), ("B", "B")], coerce=int)
         msg = "'Select a valid choice. B is not one of the available choices.'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean(['B'])
+            f.clean(["B"])
         # Required fields require values
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean([])
 
     def test_typedmultiplechoicefield_6(self):
         # Non-required fields aren't required
-        f = TypedMultipleChoiceField(choices=[(1, "+1"), (-1, "-1")], coerce=int, required=False)
+        f = TypedMultipleChoiceField(
+            choices=[(1, "+1"), (-1, "-1")], coerce=int, required=False
+        )
         self.assertEqual([], f.clean([]))
 
     def test_typedmultiplechoicefield_7(self):
         # If you want cleaning an empty value to return a different type, tell the field
-        f = TypedMultipleChoiceField(choices=[(1, "+1"), (-1, "-1")], coerce=int, required=False, empty_value=None)
+        f = TypedMultipleChoiceField(
+            choices=[(1, "+1"), (-1, "-1")],
+            coerce=int,
+            required=False,
+            empty_value=None,
+        )
         self.assertIsNone(f.clean([]))
 
     def test_typedmultiplechoicefield_has_changed(self):
         # has_changed should not trigger required validation
-        f = TypedMultipleChoiceField(choices=[(1, "+1"), (-1, "-1")], coerce=int, required=True)
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(None, ''))
+        f = TypedMultipleChoiceField(
+            choices=[(1, "+1"), (-1, "-1")], coerce=int, required=True
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_changed(None, ""))
 
     def test_typedmultiplechoicefield_special_coerce(self):
         """
         A coerce function which results in a value not present in choices
         should raise an appropriate error (#21397).
         """
+
         def coerce_func(val):
-            return decimal.Decimal('1.%s' % val)
+            return decimal.Decimal("1.%s" % val)
 
         f = TypedMultipleChoiceField(
-            choices=[(1, "1"), (2, "2")], coerce=coerce_func, required=True)
-        self.assertEqual([decimal.Decimal('1.2')], f.clean(['2']))
+            choices=[(1, "1"), (2, "2")], coerce=coerce_func, required=True
+        )
+        self.assertEqual([decimal.Decimal("1.2")], f.clean(["2"]))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean([])
         msg = "'Select a valid choice. 3 is not one of the available choices.'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean(['3'])
+            f.clean(["3"])
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_urlfield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_urlfield.py
index 187d44a050..042a3bf586 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_urlfield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_urlfield.py
@@ -6,14 +6,13 @@ from . import FormFieldAssertionsMixin
 
 
 class URLFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_urlfield_widget(self):
         f = URLField()
         self.assertWidgetRendersTo(f, '<input type="url" name="f" id="id_f" required>')
 
     def test_urlfield_widget_max_min_length(self):
         f = URLField(min_length=15, max_length=20)
-        self.assertEqual('http://example.com', f.clean('http://example.com'))
+        self.assertEqual("http://example.com", f.clean("http://example.com"))
         self.assertWidgetRendersTo(
             f,
             '<input id="id_f" type="url" name="f" maxlength="20" '
@@ -21,55 +20,58 @@ class URLFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         )
         msg = "'Ensure this value has at least 15 characters (it has 12).'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('http://f.com')
+            f.clean("http://f.com")
         msg = "'Ensure this value has at most 20 characters (it has 37).'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('http://abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz.com')
+            f.clean("http://abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz.com")
 
     def test_urlfield_clean(self):
         f = URLField(required=False)
         tests = [
-            ('http://localhost', 'http://localhost'),
-            ('http://example.com', 'http://example.com'),
-            ('http://example.com/test', 'http://example.com/test'),
-            ('http://example.com.', 'http://example.com.'),
-            ('http://www.example.com', 'http://www.example.com'),
-            ('http://www.example.com:8000/test', 'http://www.example.com:8000/test'),
+            ("http://localhost", "http://localhost"),
+            ("http://example.com", "http://example.com"),
+            ("http://example.com/test", "http://example.com/test"),
+            ("http://example.com.", "http://example.com."),
+            ("http://www.example.com", "http://www.example.com"),
+            ("http://www.example.com:8000/test", "http://www.example.com:8000/test"),
             (
-                'http://example.com?some_param=some_value',
-                'http://example.com?some_param=some_value',
+                "http://example.com?some_param=some_value",
+                "http://example.com?some_param=some_value",
             ),
-            ('valid-with-hyphens.com', 'http://valid-with-hyphens.com'),
-            ('subdomain.domain.com', 'http://subdomain.domain.com'),
-            ('http://200.8.9.10', 'http://200.8.9.10'),
-            ('http://200.8.9.10:8000/test', 'http://200.8.9.10:8000/test'),
-            ('http://valid-----hyphens.com', 'http://valid-----hyphens.com'),
+            ("valid-with-hyphens.com", "http://valid-with-hyphens.com"),
+            ("subdomain.domain.com", "http://subdomain.domain.com"),
+            ("http://200.8.9.10", "http://200.8.9.10"),
+            ("http://200.8.9.10:8000/test", "http://200.8.9.10:8000/test"),
+            ("http://valid-----hyphens.com", "http://valid-----hyphens.com"),
             (
-                'http://some.idn.xyzäöüßabc.domain.com:123/blah',
-                'http://some.idn.xyz\xe4\xf6\xfc\xdfabc.domain.com:123/blah',
+                "http://some.idn.xyzäöüßabc.domain.com:123/blah",
+                "http://some.idn.xyz\xe4\xf6\xfc\xdfabc.domain.com:123/blah",
             ),
             (
-                'www.example.com/s/http://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/13804',
-                'http://www.example.com/s/http://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/13804',
+                "www.example.com/s/http://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/13804",
+                "http://www.example.com/s/http://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/13804",
             ),
             # Normalization.
-            ('http://example.com/     ', 'http://example.com/'),
+            ("http://example.com/     ", "http://example.com/"),
             # Valid IDN.
-            ('http://עברית.idn.icann.org/', 'http://עברית.idn.icann.org/'),
-            ('http://sãopaulo.com/', 'http://sãopaulo.com/'),
-            ('http://sãopaulo.com.br/', 'http://sãopaulo.com.br/'),
-            ('http://пример.испытание/', 'http://пример.испытание/'),
-            ('http://مثال.إختبار/', 'http://مثال.إختبار/'),
-            ('http://例子.测试/', 'http://例子.测试/'),
-            ('http://例子.測試/', 'http://例子.測試/'),
-            ('http://उदाहरण.परीक्षा/', 'http://उदाहरण.परीक्षा/',),
-            ('http://例え.テスト/', 'http://例え.テスト/'),
-            ('http://مثال.آزمایشی/', 'http://مثال.آزمایشی/'),
-            ('http://실례.테스트/', 'http://실례.테스트/'),
-            ('http://العربية.idn.icann.org/', 'http://العربية.idn.icann.org/'),
+            ("http://עברית.idn.icann.org/", "http://עברית.idn.icann.org/"),
+            ("http://sãopaulo.com/", "http://sãopaulo.com/"),
+            ("http://sãopaulo.com.br/", "http://sãopaulo.com.br/"),
+            ("http://пример.испытание/", "http://пример.испытание/"),
+            ("http://مثال.إختبار/", "http://مثال.إختبار/"),
+            ("http://例子.测试/", "http://例子.测试/"),
+            ("http://例子.測試/", "http://例子.測試/"),
+            (
+                "http://उदाहरण.परीक्षा/",
+                "http://उदाहरण.परीक्षा/",
+            ),
+            ("http://例え.テスト/", "http://例え.テスト/"),
+            ("http://مثال.آزمایشی/", "http://مثال.آزمایشی/"),
+            ("http://실례.테스트/", "http://실례.테스트/"),
+            ("http://العربية.idn.icann.org/", "http://العربية.idn.icann.org/"),
             # IPv6.
-            ('http://[12:34::3a53]/', 'http://[12:34::3a53]/'),
-            ('http://[a34:9238::]:8080/', 'http://[a34:9238::]:8080/'),
+            ("http://[12:34::3a53]/", "http://[12:34::3a53]/"),
+            ("http://[a34:9238::]:8080/", "http://[a34:9238::]:8080/"),
         ]
         for url, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(url=url):
@@ -78,32 +80,32 @@ class URLFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
     def test_urlfield_clean_invalid(self):
         f = URLField()
         tests = [
-            'foo',
-            'com.',
-            '.',
-            'http://',
-            'http://example',
-            'http://example.',
-            'http://.com',
-            'http://invalid-.com',
-            'http://-invalid.com',
-            'http://inv-.alid-.com',
-            'http://inv-.-alid.com',
-            '[a',
-            'http://[a',
+            "foo",
+            "com.",
+            ".",
+            "http://",
+            "http://example",
+            "http://example.",
+            "http://.com",
+            "http://invalid-.com",
+            "http://-invalid.com",
+            "http://inv-.alid-.com",
+            "http://inv-.-alid.com",
+            "[a",
+            "http://[a",
             # Non-string.
             23,
             # Hangs "forever" before fixing a catastrophic backtracking,
             # see #11198.
-            'http://%s' % ('X' * 60,),
+            "http://%s" % ("X" * 60,),
             # A second example, to make sure the problem is really addressed,
             # even on domains that don't fail the domain label length check in
             # the regex.
-            'http://%s' % ("X" * 200,),
+            "http://%s" % ("X" * 200,),
             # urlsplit() raises ValueError.
-            '////]@N.AN',
+            "////]@N.AN",
             # Empty hostname.
-            '#@A.bO',
+            "#@A.bO",
         ]
         msg = "'Enter a valid URL.'"
         for value in tests:
@@ -117,16 +119,16 @@ class URLFieldTest(FormFieldAssertionsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
             f.clean(None)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('')
+            f.clean("")
 
     def test_urlfield_clean_not_required(self):
         f = URLField(required=False)
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(None), '')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(''), '')
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(None), "")
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(""), "")
 
     def test_urlfield_strip_on_none_value(self):
         f = URLField(required=False, empty_value=None)
-        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(''))
+        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(""))
         self.assertIsNone(f.clean(None))
 
     def test_urlfield_unable_to_set_strip_kwarg(self):
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_uuidfield.py b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_uuidfield.py
index e1c1698d02..b039c4a0c3 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_uuidfield.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/field_tests/test_uuidfield.py
@@ -6,28 +6,27 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class UUIDFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_uuidfield_1(self):
         field = UUIDField()
-        value = field.clean('550e8400e29b41d4a716446655440000')
-        self.assertEqual(value, uuid.UUID('550e8400e29b41d4a716446655440000'))
+        value = field.clean("550e8400e29b41d4a716446655440000")
+        self.assertEqual(value, uuid.UUID("550e8400e29b41d4a716446655440000"))
 
     def test_clean_value_with_dashes(self):
         field = UUIDField()
-        value = field.clean('550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000')
-        self.assertEqual(value, uuid.UUID('550e8400e29b41d4a716446655440000'))
+        value = field.clean("550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000")
+        self.assertEqual(value, uuid.UUID("550e8400e29b41d4a716446655440000"))
 
     def test_uuidfield_2(self):
         field = UUIDField(required=False)
-        self.assertIsNone(field.clean(''))
+        self.assertIsNone(field.clean(""))
         self.assertIsNone(field.clean(None))
 
     def test_uuidfield_3(self):
         field = UUIDField()
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, 'Enter a valid UUID.'):
-            field.clean('550e8400')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "Enter a valid UUID."):
+            field.clean("550e8400")
 
     def test_uuidfield_4(self):
         field = UUIDField()
-        value = field.prepare_value(uuid.UUID('550e8400e29b41d4a716446655440000'))
-        self.assertEqual(value, '550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000')
+        value = field.prepare_value(uuid.UUID("550e8400e29b41d4a716446655440000"))
+        self.assertEqual(value, "550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000")
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/models.py b/tests/forms_tests/models.py
index 23cabc2d84..ae212f332d 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/models.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/models.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class BoundaryModel(models.Model):
 
 
 class Defaults(models.Model):
-    name = models.CharField(max_length=255, default='class default value')
+    name = models.CharField(max_length=255, default="class default value")
     def_date = models.DateField(default=datetime.date(1980, 1, 1))
     value = models.IntegerField(default=42)
     callable_default = models.IntegerField(default=callable_default)
@@ -28,45 +28,48 @@ class Defaults(models.Model):
 
 class ChoiceModel(models.Model):
     """For ModelChoiceField and ModelMultipleChoiceField tests."""
+
     CHOICES = [
-        ('', 'No Preference'),
-        ('f', 'Foo'),
-        ('b', 'Bar'),
+        ("", "No Preference"),
+        ("f", "Foo"),
+        ("b", "Bar"),
     ]
 
     INTEGER_CHOICES = [
-        (None, 'No Preference'),
-        (1, 'Foo'),
-        (2, 'Bar'),
+        (None, "No Preference"),
+        (1, "Foo"),
+        (2, "Bar"),
     ]
 
     STRING_CHOICES_WITH_NONE = [
-        (None, 'No Preference'),
-        ('f', 'Foo'),
-        ('b', 'Bar'),
+        (None, "No Preference"),
+        ("f", "Foo"),
+        ("b", "Bar"),
     ]
 
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
     choice = models.CharField(max_length=2, blank=True, choices=CHOICES)
     choice_string_w_none = models.CharField(
-        max_length=2, blank=True, null=True, choices=STRING_CHOICES_WITH_NONE)
+        max_length=2, blank=True, null=True, choices=STRING_CHOICES_WITH_NONE
+    )
     choice_integer = models.IntegerField(choices=INTEGER_CHOICES, blank=True, null=True)
 
 
 class ChoiceOptionModel(models.Model):
     """Destination for ChoiceFieldModel's ForeignKey.
     Can't reuse ChoiceModel because error_message tests require that it have no instances."""
+
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return 'ChoiceOption %d' % self.pk
+        return "ChoiceOption %d" % self.pk
 
 
 def choice_default():
-    return ChoiceOptionModel.objects.get_or_create(name='default')[0].pk
+    return ChoiceOptionModel.objects.get_or_create(name="default")[0].pk
 
 
 def choice_default_list():
@@ -84,6 +87,7 @@ def int_list_default():
 class ChoiceFieldModel(models.Model):
     """Model with ForeignKey to another model, for testing ModelForm
     generation with ModelChoiceField."""
+
     choice = models.ForeignKey(
         ChoiceOptionModel,
         models.CASCADE,
@@ -94,19 +98,19 @@ class ChoiceFieldModel(models.Model):
         ChoiceOptionModel,
         models.CASCADE,
         blank=False,
-        related_name='choice_int',
+        related_name="choice_int",
         default=int_default,
     )
     multi_choice = models.ManyToManyField(
         ChoiceOptionModel,
         blank=False,
-        related_name='multi_choice',
+        related_name="multi_choice",
         default=choice_default_list,
     )
     multi_choice_int = models.ManyToManyField(
         ChoiceOptionModel,
         blank=False,
-        related_name='multi_choice_int',
+        related_name="multi_choice_int",
         default=int_list_default,
     )
 
@@ -115,18 +119,18 @@ class OptionalMultiChoiceModel(models.Model):
     multi_choice = models.ManyToManyField(
         ChoiceOptionModel,
         blank=False,
-        related_name='not_relevant',
+        related_name="not_relevant",
         default=choice_default,
     )
     multi_choice_optional = models.ManyToManyField(
         ChoiceOptionModel,
         blank=True,
-        related_name='not_relevant2',
+        related_name="not_relevant2",
     )
 
 
 class FileModel(models.Model):
-    file = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to='tests')
+    file = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to="tests")
 
 
 class Article(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/tests/__init__.py b/tests/forms_tests/tests/__init__.py
index 3d1d8eefa4..193a7149a1 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/tests/__init__.py
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ except ImportError:
 
 
 def jinja2_tests(test_func):
-    test_func = skipIf(jinja2 is None, 'this test requires jinja2')(test_func)
+    test_func = skipIf(jinja2 is None, "this test requires jinja2")(test_func)
     return override_settings(
-        FORM_RENDERER='django.forms.renderers.Jinja2',
-        TEMPLATES={'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.jinja2.Jinja2'},
+        FORM_RENDERER="django.forms.renderers.Jinja2",
+        TEMPLATES={"BACKEND": "django.template.backends.jinja2.Jinja2"},
     )(test_func)
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_deprecation_forms.py b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_deprecation_forms.py
index 6bdb595602..2a4fb6b0e1 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_deprecation_forms.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_deprecation_forms.py
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ class DivErrorList(ErrorList):
 
     def as_divs(self):
         if not self:
-            return ''
-        return '<div class="errorlist">%s</div>' % ''.join(
+            return ""
+        return '<div class="errorlist">%s</div>' % "".join(
             f'<div class="error">{error}</div>' for error in self
         )
 
@@ -22,16 +22,16 @@ class DivErrorList(ErrorList):
 class DeprecationTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_deprecation_warning_html_output(self):
         msg = (
-            'django.forms.BaseForm._html_output() is deprecated. Please use '
-            '.render() and .get_context() instead.'
+            "django.forms.BaseForm._html_output() is deprecated. Please use "
+            ".render() and .get_context() instead."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(RemovedInDjango50Warning, msg):
             form = Person()
             form._html_output(
                 normal_row='<p id="p_%(field_name)s"></p>',
-                error_row='%s',
-                row_ender='</p>',
-                help_text_html=' %s',
+                error_row="%s",
+                row_ender="</p>",
+                help_text_html=" %s",
                 errors_on_separate_row=True,
             )
 
@@ -40,11 +40,11 @@ class DeprecationTests(SimpleTestCase):
             email = EmailField()
             comment = CharField()
 
-        data = {'email': 'invalid'}
+        data = {"email": "invalid"}
         f = EmailForm(data, error_class=DivErrorList)
         msg = (
-            'Returning a plain string from DivErrorList is deprecated. Please '
-            'customize via the template system instead.'
+            "Returning a plain string from DivErrorList is deprecated. Please "
+            "customize via the template system instead."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(RemovedInDjango50Warning, msg):
             f.as_p()
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class DeprecatedTests(SimpleTestCase):
             email = EmailField()
             comment = CharField()
 
-        data = {'email': 'invalid'}
+        data = {"email": "invalid"}
         f = CommentForm(data, auto_id=False, error_class=DivErrorList)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_p(),
@@ -73,15 +73,16 @@ class DeprecatedTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_field_name(self):
         """#5749 - `field_name` may be used as a key in _html_output()."""
+
         class SomeForm(Form):
             some_field = CharField()
 
             def as_p(self):
                 return self._html_output(
                     normal_row='<p id="p_%(field_name)s"></p>',
-                    error_row='%s',
-                    row_ender='</p>',
-                    help_text_html=' %s',
+                    error_row="%s",
+                    row_ender="</p>",
+                    help_text_html=" %s",
                     errors_on_separate_row=True,
                 )
 
@@ -92,15 +93,16 @@ class DeprecatedTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         `css_classes` may be used as a key in _html_output() (empty classes).
         """
+
         class SomeForm(Form):
             some_field = CharField()
 
             def as_p(self):
                 return self._html_output(
                     normal_row='<p class="%(css_classes)s"></p>',
-                    error_row='%s',
-                    row_ender='</p>',
-                    help_text_html=' %s',
+                    error_row="%s",
+                    row_ender="</p>",
+                    help_text_html=" %s",
                     errors_on_separate_row=True,
                 )
 
@@ -112,16 +114,17 @@ class DeprecatedTests(SimpleTestCase):
         `css_classes` may be used as a key in _html_output() (class comes
         from required_css_class in this case).
         """
+
         class SomeForm(Form):
             some_field = CharField()
-            required_css_class = 'foo'
+            required_css_class = "foo"
 
             def as_p(self):
                 return self._html_output(
                     normal_row='<p class="%(css_classes)s"></p>',
-                    error_row='%s',
-                    row_ender='</p>',
-                    help_text_html=' %s',
+                    error_row="%s",
+                    row_ender="</p>",
+                    help_text_html=" %s",
                     errors_on_separate_row=True,
                 )
 
@@ -133,6 +136,7 @@ class DeprecatedTests(SimpleTestCase):
         BaseForm._html_output() should merge all the hidden input fields and
         put them in the last row.
         """
+
         class SomeForm(Form):
             hidden1 = CharField(widget=HiddenInput)
             custom = CharField()
@@ -140,10 +144,10 @@ class DeprecatedTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
             def as_p(self):
                 return self._html_output(
-                    normal_row='<p%(html_class_attr)s>%(field)s %(field_name)s</p>',
-                    error_row='%s',
-                    row_ender='</p>',
-                    help_text_html=' %s',
+                    normal_row="<p%(html_class_attr)s>%(field)s %(field_name)s</p>",
+                    error_row="%s",
+                    row_ender="</p>",
+                    help_text_html=" %s",
                     errors_on_separate_row=True,
                 )
 
@@ -152,7 +156,7 @@ class DeprecatedTests(SimpleTestCase):
             form.as_p(),
             '<p><input id="id_custom" name="custom" type="text" required> custom'
             '<input id="id_hidden1" name="hidden1" type="hidden">'
-            '<input id="id_hidden2" name="hidden2" type="hidden"></p>'
+            '<input id="id_hidden2" name="hidden2" type="hidden"></p>',
         )
 
     def test_field_name_with_hidden_input_and_non_matching_row_ender(self):
@@ -160,6 +164,7 @@ class DeprecatedTests(SimpleTestCase):
         BaseForm._html_output() should merge all the hidden input fields and
         put them in the last row ended with the specific row ender.
         """
+
         class SomeForm(Form):
             hidden1 = CharField(widget=HiddenInput)
             custom = CharField()
@@ -167,10 +172,10 @@ class DeprecatedTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
             def as_p(self):
                 return self._html_output(
-                    normal_row='<p%(html_class_attr)s>%(field)s %(field_name)s</p>',
-                    error_row='%s',
-                    row_ender='<hr><hr>',
-                    help_text_html=' %s',
+                    normal_row="<p%(html_class_attr)s>%(field)s %(field_name)s</p>",
+                    error_row="%s",
+                    row_ender="<hr><hr>",
+                    help_text_html=" %s",
                     errors_on_separate_row=True,
                 )
 
@@ -179,5 +184,5 @@ class DeprecatedTests(SimpleTestCase):
             form.as_p(),
             '<p><input id="id_custom" name="custom" type="text" required> custom</p>\n'
             '<input id="id_hidden1" name="hidden1" type="hidden">'
-            '<input id="id_hidden2" name="hidden2" type="hidden"><hr><hr>'
+            '<input id="id_hidden2" name="hidden2" type="hidden"><hr><hr>',
         )
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_error_messages.py b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_error_messages.py
index 340c39546c..2ad356858f 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_error_messages.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_error_messages.py
@@ -1,11 +1,26 @@
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 from django.core.files.uploadedfile import SimpleUploadedFile
 from django.forms import (
-    BooleanField, CharField, ChoiceField, DateField, DateTimeField,
-    DecimalField, EmailField, FileField, FloatField, Form,
-    GenericIPAddressField, IntegerField, ModelChoiceField,
-    ModelMultipleChoiceField, MultipleChoiceField, RegexField,
-    SplitDateTimeField, TimeField, URLField, utils,
+    BooleanField,
+    CharField,
+    ChoiceField,
+    DateField,
+    DateTimeField,
+    DecimalField,
+    EmailField,
+    FileField,
+    FloatField,
+    Form,
+    GenericIPAddressField,
+    IntegerField,
+    ModelChoiceField,
+    ModelMultipleChoiceField,
+    MultipleChoiceField,
+    RegexField,
+    SplitDateTimeField,
+    TimeField,
+    URLField,
+    utils,
 )
 from django.template import Context, Template
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase
@@ -24,188 +39,188 @@ class AssertFormErrorsMixin:
 class FormsErrorMessagesTestCase(SimpleTestCase, AssertFormErrorsMixin):
     def test_charfield(self):
         e = {
-            'required': 'REQUIRED',
-            'min_length': 'LENGTH %(show_value)s, MIN LENGTH %(limit_value)s',
-            'max_length': 'LENGTH %(show_value)s, MAX LENGTH %(limit_value)s',
+            "required": "REQUIRED",
+            "min_length": "LENGTH %(show_value)s, MIN LENGTH %(limit_value)s",
+            "max_length": "LENGTH %(show_value)s, MAX LENGTH %(limit_value)s",
         }
         f = CharField(min_length=5, max_length=10, error_messages=e)
-        self.assertFormErrors(['REQUIRED'], f.clean, '')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['LENGTH 4, MIN LENGTH 5'], f.clean, '1234')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['LENGTH 11, MAX LENGTH 10'], f.clean, '12345678901')
+        self.assertFormErrors(["REQUIRED"], f.clean, "")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["LENGTH 4, MIN LENGTH 5"], f.clean, "1234")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["LENGTH 11, MAX LENGTH 10"], f.clean, "12345678901")
 
     def test_integerfield(self):
         e = {
-            'required': 'REQUIRED',
-            'invalid': 'INVALID',
-            'min_value': 'MIN VALUE IS %(limit_value)s',
-            'max_value': 'MAX VALUE IS %(limit_value)s',
+            "required": "REQUIRED",
+            "invalid": "INVALID",
+            "min_value": "MIN VALUE IS %(limit_value)s",
+            "max_value": "MAX VALUE IS %(limit_value)s",
         }
         f = IntegerField(min_value=5, max_value=10, error_messages=e)
-        self.assertFormErrors(['REQUIRED'], f.clean, '')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['INVALID'], f.clean, 'abc')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['MIN VALUE IS 5'], f.clean, '4')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['MAX VALUE IS 10'], f.clean, '11')
+        self.assertFormErrors(["REQUIRED"], f.clean, "")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["INVALID"], f.clean, "abc")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["MIN VALUE IS 5"], f.clean, "4")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["MAX VALUE IS 10"], f.clean, "11")
 
     def test_floatfield(self):
         e = {
-            'required': 'REQUIRED',
-            'invalid': 'INVALID',
-            'min_value': 'MIN VALUE IS %(limit_value)s',
-            'max_value': 'MAX VALUE IS %(limit_value)s',
+            "required": "REQUIRED",
+            "invalid": "INVALID",
+            "min_value": "MIN VALUE IS %(limit_value)s",
+            "max_value": "MAX VALUE IS %(limit_value)s",
         }
         f = FloatField(min_value=5, max_value=10, error_messages=e)
-        self.assertFormErrors(['REQUIRED'], f.clean, '')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['INVALID'], f.clean, 'abc')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['MIN VALUE IS 5'], f.clean, '4')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['MAX VALUE IS 10'], f.clean, '11')
+        self.assertFormErrors(["REQUIRED"], f.clean, "")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["INVALID"], f.clean, "abc")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["MIN VALUE IS 5"], f.clean, "4")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["MAX VALUE IS 10"], f.clean, "11")
 
     def test_decimalfield(self):
         e = {
-            'required': 'REQUIRED',
-            'invalid': 'INVALID',
-            'min_value': 'MIN VALUE IS %(limit_value)s',
-            'max_value': 'MAX VALUE IS %(limit_value)s',
-            'max_digits': 'MAX DIGITS IS %(max)s',
-            'max_decimal_places': 'MAX DP IS %(max)s',
-            'max_whole_digits': 'MAX DIGITS BEFORE DP IS %(max)s',
+            "required": "REQUIRED",
+            "invalid": "INVALID",
+            "min_value": "MIN VALUE IS %(limit_value)s",
+            "max_value": "MAX VALUE IS %(limit_value)s",
+            "max_digits": "MAX DIGITS IS %(max)s",
+            "max_decimal_places": "MAX DP IS %(max)s",
+            "max_whole_digits": "MAX DIGITS BEFORE DP IS %(max)s",
         }
         f = DecimalField(min_value=5, max_value=10, error_messages=e)
-        self.assertFormErrors(['REQUIRED'], f.clean, '')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['INVALID'], f.clean, 'abc')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['MIN VALUE IS 5'], f.clean, '4')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['MAX VALUE IS 10'], f.clean, '11')
+        self.assertFormErrors(["REQUIRED"], f.clean, "")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["INVALID"], f.clean, "abc")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["MIN VALUE IS 5"], f.clean, "4")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["MAX VALUE IS 10"], f.clean, "11")
 
         f2 = DecimalField(max_digits=4, decimal_places=2, error_messages=e)
-        self.assertFormErrors(['MAX DIGITS IS 4'], f2.clean, '123.45')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['MAX DP IS 2'], f2.clean, '1.234')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['MAX DIGITS BEFORE DP IS 2'], f2.clean, '123.4')
+        self.assertFormErrors(["MAX DIGITS IS 4"], f2.clean, "123.45")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["MAX DP IS 2"], f2.clean, "1.234")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["MAX DIGITS BEFORE DP IS 2"], f2.clean, "123.4")
 
     def test_datefield(self):
         e = {
-            'required': 'REQUIRED',
-            'invalid': 'INVALID',
+            "required": "REQUIRED",
+            "invalid": "INVALID",
         }
         f = DateField(error_messages=e)
-        self.assertFormErrors(['REQUIRED'], f.clean, '')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['INVALID'], f.clean, 'abc')
+        self.assertFormErrors(["REQUIRED"], f.clean, "")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["INVALID"], f.clean, "abc")
 
     def test_timefield(self):
         e = {
-            'required': 'REQUIRED',
-            'invalid': 'INVALID',
+            "required": "REQUIRED",
+            "invalid": "INVALID",
         }
         f = TimeField(error_messages=e)
-        self.assertFormErrors(['REQUIRED'], f.clean, '')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['INVALID'], f.clean, 'abc')
+        self.assertFormErrors(["REQUIRED"], f.clean, "")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["INVALID"], f.clean, "abc")
 
     def test_datetimefield(self):
         e = {
-            'required': 'REQUIRED',
-            'invalid': 'INVALID',
+            "required": "REQUIRED",
+            "invalid": "INVALID",
         }
         f = DateTimeField(error_messages=e)
-        self.assertFormErrors(['REQUIRED'], f.clean, '')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['INVALID'], f.clean, 'abc')
+        self.assertFormErrors(["REQUIRED"], f.clean, "")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["INVALID"], f.clean, "abc")
 
     def test_regexfield(self):
         e = {
-            'required': 'REQUIRED',
-            'invalid': 'INVALID',
-            'min_length': 'LENGTH %(show_value)s, MIN LENGTH %(limit_value)s',
-            'max_length': 'LENGTH %(show_value)s, MAX LENGTH %(limit_value)s',
+            "required": "REQUIRED",
+            "invalid": "INVALID",
+            "min_length": "LENGTH %(show_value)s, MIN LENGTH %(limit_value)s",
+            "max_length": "LENGTH %(show_value)s, MAX LENGTH %(limit_value)s",
         }
-        f = RegexField(r'^[0-9]+$', min_length=5, max_length=10, error_messages=e)
-        self.assertFormErrors(['REQUIRED'], f.clean, '')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['INVALID'], f.clean, 'abcde')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['LENGTH 4, MIN LENGTH 5'], f.clean, '1234')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['LENGTH 11, MAX LENGTH 10'], f.clean, '12345678901')
+        f = RegexField(r"^[0-9]+$", min_length=5, max_length=10, error_messages=e)
+        self.assertFormErrors(["REQUIRED"], f.clean, "")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["INVALID"], f.clean, "abcde")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["LENGTH 4, MIN LENGTH 5"], f.clean, "1234")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["LENGTH 11, MAX LENGTH 10"], f.clean, "12345678901")
 
     def test_emailfield(self):
         e = {
-            'required': 'REQUIRED',
-            'invalid': 'INVALID',
-            'min_length': 'LENGTH %(show_value)s, MIN LENGTH %(limit_value)s',
-            'max_length': 'LENGTH %(show_value)s, MAX LENGTH %(limit_value)s',
+            "required": "REQUIRED",
+            "invalid": "INVALID",
+            "min_length": "LENGTH %(show_value)s, MIN LENGTH %(limit_value)s",
+            "max_length": "LENGTH %(show_value)s, MAX LENGTH %(limit_value)s",
         }
         f = EmailField(min_length=8, max_length=10, error_messages=e)
-        self.assertFormErrors(['REQUIRED'], f.clean, '')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['INVALID'], f.clean, 'abcdefgh')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['LENGTH 7, MIN LENGTH 8'], f.clean, 'a@b.com')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['LENGTH 11, MAX LENGTH 10'], f.clean, 'aye@bee.com')
+        self.assertFormErrors(["REQUIRED"], f.clean, "")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["INVALID"], f.clean, "abcdefgh")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["LENGTH 7, MIN LENGTH 8"], f.clean, "a@b.com")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["LENGTH 11, MAX LENGTH 10"], f.clean, "aye@bee.com")
 
     def test_filefield(self):
         e = {
-            'required': 'REQUIRED',
-            'invalid': 'INVALID',
-            'missing': 'MISSING',
-            'empty': 'EMPTY FILE',
+            "required": "REQUIRED",
+            "invalid": "INVALID",
+            "missing": "MISSING",
+            "empty": "EMPTY FILE",
         }
         f = FileField(error_messages=e)
-        self.assertFormErrors(['REQUIRED'], f.clean, '')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['INVALID'], f.clean, 'abc')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['EMPTY FILE'], f.clean, SimpleUploadedFile('name', None))
-        self.assertFormErrors(['EMPTY FILE'], f.clean, SimpleUploadedFile('name', ''))
+        self.assertFormErrors(["REQUIRED"], f.clean, "")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["INVALID"], f.clean, "abc")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["EMPTY FILE"], f.clean, SimpleUploadedFile("name", None))
+        self.assertFormErrors(["EMPTY FILE"], f.clean, SimpleUploadedFile("name", ""))
 
     def test_urlfield(self):
         e = {
-            'required': 'REQUIRED',
-            'invalid': 'INVALID',
-            'max_length': '"%(value)s" has more than %(limit_value)d characters.',
+            "required": "REQUIRED",
+            "invalid": "INVALID",
+            "max_length": '"%(value)s" has more than %(limit_value)d characters.',
         }
         f = URLField(error_messages=e, max_length=17)
-        self.assertFormErrors(['REQUIRED'], f.clean, '')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['INVALID'], f.clean, 'abc.c')
+        self.assertFormErrors(["REQUIRED"], f.clean, "")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["INVALID"], f.clean, "abc.c")
         self.assertFormErrors(
             ['"http://djangoproject.com" has more than 17 characters.'],
             f.clean,
-            'djangoproject.com'
+            "djangoproject.com",
         )
 
     def test_booleanfield(self):
         e = {
-            'required': 'REQUIRED',
+            "required": "REQUIRED",
         }
         f = BooleanField(error_messages=e)
-        self.assertFormErrors(['REQUIRED'], f.clean, '')
+        self.assertFormErrors(["REQUIRED"], f.clean, "")
 
     def test_choicefield(self):
         e = {
-            'required': 'REQUIRED',
-            'invalid_choice': '%(value)s IS INVALID CHOICE',
+            "required": "REQUIRED",
+            "invalid_choice": "%(value)s IS INVALID CHOICE",
         }
-        f = ChoiceField(choices=[('a', 'aye')], error_messages=e)
-        self.assertFormErrors(['REQUIRED'], f.clean, '')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['b IS INVALID CHOICE'], f.clean, 'b')
+        f = ChoiceField(choices=[("a", "aye")], error_messages=e)
+        self.assertFormErrors(["REQUIRED"], f.clean, "")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["b IS INVALID CHOICE"], f.clean, "b")
 
     def test_multiplechoicefield(self):
         e = {
-            'required': 'REQUIRED',
-            'invalid_choice': '%(value)s IS INVALID CHOICE',
-            'invalid_list': 'NOT A LIST',
+            "required": "REQUIRED",
+            "invalid_choice": "%(value)s IS INVALID CHOICE",
+            "invalid_list": "NOT A LIST",
         }
-        f = MultipleChoiceField(choices=[('a', 'aye')], error_messages=e)
-        self.assertFormErrors(['REQUIRED'], f.clean, '')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['NOT A LIST'], f.clean, 'b')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['b IS INVALID CHOICE'], f.clean, ['b'])
+        f = MultipleChoiceField(choices=[("a", "aye")], error_messages=e)
+        self.assertFormErrors(["REQUIRED"], f.clean, "")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["NOT A LIST"], f.clean, "b")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["b IS INVALID CHOICE"], f.clean, ["b"])
 
     def test_splitdatetimefield(self):
         e = {
-            'required': 'REQUIRED',
-            'invalid_date': 'INVALID DATE',
-            'invalid_time': 'INVALID TIME',
+            "required": "REQUIRED",
+            "invalid_date": "INVALID DATE",
+            "invalid_time": "INVALID TIME",
         }
         f = SplitDateTimeField(error_messages=e)
-        self.assertFormErrors(['REQUIRED'], f.clean, '')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['INVALID DATE', 'INVALID TIME'], f.clean, ['a', 'b'])
+        self.assertFormErrors(["REQUIRED"], f.clean, "")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["INVALID DATE", "INVALID TIME"], f.clean, ["a", "b"])
 
     def test_generic_ipaddressfield(self):
         e = {
-            'required': 'REQUIRED',
-            'invalid': 'INVALID IP ADDRESS',
+            "required": "REQUIRED",
+            "invalid": "INVALID IP ADDRESS",
         }
         f = GenericIPAddressField(error_messages=e)
-        self.assertFormErrors(['REQUIRED'], f.clean, '')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['INVALID IP ADDRESS'], f.clean, '127.0.0')
+        self.assertFormErrors(["REQUIRED"], f.clean, "")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["INVALID IP ADDRESS"], f.clean, "127.0.0")
 
     def test_subclassing_errorlist(self):
         class TestForm(Form):
@@ -222,102 +237,113 @@ class FormsErrorMessagesTestCase(SimpleTestCase, AssertFormErrorsMixin):
 
             def as_divs(self):
                 if not self:
-                    return ''
-                return mark_safe('<div class="error">%s</div>' % ''.join('<p>%s</p>' % e for e in self))
+                    return ""
+                return mark_safe(
+                    '<div class="error">%s</div>'
+                    % "".join("<p>%s</p>" % e for e in self)
+                )
 
         # This form should print errors the default way.
-        form1 = TestForm({'first_name': 'John'})
+        form1 = TestForm({"first_name": "John"})
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(form1['last_name'].errors),
-            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>'
+            str(form1["last_name"].errors),
+            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(form1.errors['__all__']),
-            '<ul class="errorlist nonfield"><li>I like to be awkward.</li></ul>'
+            str(form1.errors["__all__"]),
+            '<ul class="errorlist nonfield"><li>I like to be awkward.</li></ul>',
         )
 
         # This one should wrap error groups in the customized way.
-        form2 = TestForm({'first_name': 'John'}, error_class=CustomErrorList)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(form2['last_name'].errors), '<div class="error"><p>This field is required.</p></div>')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(form2.errors['__all__']), '<div class="error"><p>I like to be awkward.</p></div>')
+        form2 = TestForm({"first_name": "John"}, error_class=CustomErrorList)
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(form2["last_name"].errors),
+            '<div class="error"><p>This field is required.</p></div>',
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(form2.errors["__all__"]),
+            '<div class="error"><p>I like to be awkward.</p></div>',
+        )
 
     def test_error_messages_escaping(self):
         # The forms layer doesn't escape input values directly because error
         # messages might be presented in non-HTML contexts. Instead, the
         # message is marked for escaping by the template engine, so a template
         # is needed to trigger the escaping.
-        t = Template('{{ form.errors }}')
+        t = Template("{{ form.errors }}")
 
         class SomeForm(Form):
-            field = ChoiceField(choices=[('one', 'One')])
+            field = ChoiceField(choices=[("one", "One")])
 
-        f = SomeForm({'field': '<script>'})
+        f = SomeForm({"field": "<script>"})
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            t.render(Context({'form': f})),
+            t.render(Context({"form": f})),
             '<ul class="errorlist"><li>field<ul class="errorlist">'
-            '<li>Select a valid choice. &lt;script&gt; is not one of the '
-            'available choices.</li></ul></li></ul>'
+            "<li>Select a valid choice. &lt;script&gt; is not one of the "
+            "available choices.</li></ul></li></ul>",
         )
 
         class SomeForm(Form):
-            field = MultipleChoiceField(choices=[('one', 'One')])
+            field = MultipleChoiceField(choices=[("one", "One")])
 
-        f = SomeForm({'field': ['<script>']})
+        f = SomeForm({"field": ["<script>"]})
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            t.render(Context({'form': f})),
+            t.render(Context({"form": f})),
             '<ul class="errorlist"><li>field<ul class="errorlist">'
-            '<li>Select a valid choice. &lt;script&gt; is not one of the '
-            'available choices.</li></ul></li></ul>'
+            "<li>Select a valid choice. &lt;script&gt; is not one of the "
+            "available choices.</li></ul></li></ul>",
         )
 
         class SomeForm(Form):
             field = ModelMultipleChoiceField(ChoiceModel.objects.all())
 
-        f = SomeForm({'field': ['<script>']})
+        f = SomeForm({"field": ["<script>"]})
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            t.render(Context({'form': f})),
+            t.render(Context({"form": f})),
             '<ul class="errorlist"><li>field<ul class="errorlist">'
-            '<li>“&lt;script&gt;” is not a valid value.</li>'
-            '</ul></li></ul>'
+            "<li>“&lt;script&gt;” is not a valid value.</li>"
+            "</ul></li></ul>",
         )
 
 
 class ModelChoiceFieldErrorMessagesTestCase(TestCase, AssertFormErrorsMixin):
     def test_modelchoicefield(self):
         # Create choices for the model choice field tests below.
-        ChoiceModel.objects.create(pk=1, name='a')
-        ChoiceModel.objects.create(pk=2, name='b')
-        ChoiceModel.objects.create(pk=3, name='c')
+        ChoiceModel.objects.create(pk=1, name="a")
+        ChoiceModel.objects.create(pk=2, name="b")
+        ChoiceModel.objects.create(pk=3, name="c")
 
         # ModelChoiceField
         e = {
-            'required': 'REQUIRED',
-            'invalid_choice': 'INVALID CHOICE',
+            "required": "REQUIRED",
+            "invalid_choice": "INVALID CHOICE",
         }
         f = ModelChoiceField(queryset=ChoiceModel.objects.all(), error_messages=e)
-        self.assertFormErrors(['REQUIRED'], f.clean, '')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['INVALID CHOICE'], f.clean, '4')
+        self.assertFormErrors(["REQUIRED"], f.clean, "")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["INVALID CHOICE"], f.clean, "4")
 
         # ModelMultipleChoiceField
         e = {
-            'required': 'REQUIRED',
-            'invalid_choice': '%(value)s IS INVALID CHOICE',
-            'invalid_list': 'NOT A LIST OF VALUES',
+            "required": "REQUIRED",
+            "invalid_choice": "%(value)s IS INVALID CHOICE",
+            "invalid_list": "NOT A LIST OF VALUES",
         }
-        f = ModelMultipleChoiceField(queryset=ChoiceModel.objects.all(), error_messages=e)
-        self.assertFormErrors(['REQUIRED'], f.clean, '')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['NOT A LIST OF VALUES'], f.clean, '3')
-        self.assertFormErrors(['4 IS INVALID CHOICE'], f.clean, ['4'])
+        f = ModelMultipleChoiceField(
+            queryset=ChoiceModel.objects.all(), error_messages=e
+        )
+        self.assertFormErrors(["REQUIRED"], f.clean, "")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["NOT A LIST OF VALUES"], f.clean, "3")
+        self.assertFormErrors(["4 IS INVALID CHOICE"], f.clean, ["4"])
 
     def test_modelchoicefield_value_placeholder(self):
         f = ModelChoiceField(
             queryset=ChoiceModel.objects.all(),
             error_messages={
-                'invalid_choice': '"%(value)s" is not one of the available choices.',
+                "invalid_choice": '"%(value)s" is not one of the available choices.',
             },
         )
         self.assertFormErrors(
             ['"invalid" is not one of the available choices.'],
             f.clean,
-            'invalid',
+            "invalid",
         )
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_forms.py b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_forms.py
index aa47481998..5467cee9ad 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_forms.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_forms.py
@@ -7,12 +7,34 @@ from django.core.exceptions import NON_FIELD_ERRORS
 from django.core.files.uploadedfile import SimpleUploadedFile
 from django.core.validators import MaxValueValidator, RegexValidator
 from django.forms import (
-    BooleanField, CharField, CheckboxSelectMultiple, ChoiceField, DateField,
-    DateTimeField, EmailField, FileField, FileInput, FloatField, Form,
-    HiddenInput, ImageField, IntegerField, MultipleChoiceField,
-    MultipleHiddenInput, MultiValueField, MultiWidget, NullBooleanField,
-    PasswordInput, RadioSelect, Select, SplitDateTimeField,
-    SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget, Textarea, TextInput, TimeField, ValidationError,
+    BooleanField,
+    CharField,
+    CheckboxSelectMultiple,
+    ChoiceField,
+    DateField,
+    DateTimeField,
+    EmailField,
+    FileField,
+    FileInput,
+    FloatField,
+    Form,
+    HiddenInput,
+    ImageField,
+    IntegerField,
+    MultipleChoiceField,
+    MultipleHiddenInput,
+    MultiValueField,
+    MultiWidget,
+    NullBooleanField,
+    PasswordInput,
+    RadioSelect,
+    Select,
+    SplitDateTimeField,
+    SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget,
+    Textarea,
+    TextInput,
+    TimeField,
+    ValidationError,
     forms,
 )
 from django.forms.renderers import DjangoTemplates, get_default_renderer
@@ -29,7 +51,7 @@ from . import jinja2_tests
 
 class FrameworkForm(Form):
     name = CharField()
-    language = ChoiceField(choices=[('P', 'Python'), ('J', 'Java')], widget=RadioSelect)
+    language = ChoiceField(choices=[("P", "Python"), ("J", "Java")], widget=RadioSelect)
 
 
 class Person(Form):
@@ -39,7 +61,7 @@ class Person(Form):
 
 
 class PersonNew(Form):
-    first_name = CharField(widget=TextInput(attrs={'id': 'first_name_id'}))
+    first_name = CharField(widget=TextInput(attrs={"id": "first_name_id"}))
     last_name = CharField()
     birthday = DateField()
 
@@ -47,7 +69,7 @@ class PersonNew(Form):
 class SongForm(Form):
     name = CharField()
     composers = MultipleChoiceField(
-        choices=[('J', 'John Lennon'), ('P', 'Paul McCartney')],
+        choices=[("J", "John Lennon"), ("P", "Paul McCartney")],
         widget=CheckboxSelectMultiple,
     )
 
@@ -64,33 +86,35 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_form(self):
         # Pass a dictionary to a Form's __init__().
-        p = Person({'first_name': 'John', 'last_name': 'Lennon', 'birthday': '1940-10-9'})
+        p = Person(
+            {"first_name": "John", "last_name": "Lennon", "birthday": "1940-10-9"}
+        )
 
         self.assertTrue(p.is_bound)
         self.assertEqual(p.errors, {})
         self.assertIsInstance(p.errors, dict)
         self.assertTrue(p.is_valid())
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.errors.as_ul(), '')
-        self.assertEqual(p.errors.as_text(), '')
-        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data["first_name"], 'John')
-        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data["last_name"], 'Lennon')
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.errors.as_ul(), "")
+        self.assertEqual(p.errors.as_text(), "")
+        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data["first_name"], "John")
+        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data["last_name"], "Lennon")
         self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data["birthday"], datetime.date(1940, 10, 9))
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(p['first_name']),
-            '<input type="text" name="first_name" value="John" id="id_first_name" required>'
+            str(p["first_name"]),
+            '<input type="text" name="first_name" value="John" id="id_first_name" required>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(p['last_name']),
-            '<input type="text" name="last_name" value="Lennon" id="id_last_name" required>'
+            str(p["last_name"]),
+            '<input type="text" name="last_name" value="Lennon" id="id_last_name" required>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(p['birthday']),
-            '<input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_birthday" required>'
+            str(p["birthday"]),
+            '<input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_birthday" required>',
         )
 
         msg = "Key 'nonexistentfield' not found in 'Person'. Choices are: birthday, first_name, last_name."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(KeyError, msg):
-            p['nonexistentfield']
+            p["nonexistentfield"]
 
         form_output = []
 
@@ -98,10 +122,10 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             form_output.append(str(boundfield))
 
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '\n'.join(form_output),
+            "\n".join(form_output),
             """<input type="text" name="first_name" value="John" id="id_first_name" required>
 <input type="text" name="last_name" value="Lennon" id="id_last_name" required>
-<input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_birthday" required>"""
+<input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_birthday" required>""",
         )
 
         form_output = []
@@ -109,11 +133,14 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         for boundfield in p:
             form_output.append([boundfield.label, boundfield.data])
 
-        self.assertEqual(form_output, [
-            ['First name', 'John'],
-            ['Last name', 'Lennon'],
-            ['Birthday', '1940-10-9']
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form_output,
+            [
+                ["First name", "John"],
+                ["Last name", "Lennon"],
+                ["Birthday", "1940-10-9"],
+            ],
+        )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             str(p),
             """<tr><th><label for="id_first_name">First name:</label></th><td>
@@ -121,16 +148,16 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <tr><th><label for="id_last_name">Last name:</label></th><td>
 <input type="text" name="last_name" value="Lennon" id="id_last_name" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label></th><td>
-<input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_birthday" required></td></tr>"""
+<input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_birthday" required></td></tr>""",
         )
 
     def test_empty_dict(self):
         # Empty dictionaries are valid, too.
         p = Person({})
         self.assertTrue(p.is_bound)
-        self.assertEqual(p.errors['first_name'], ['This field is required.'])
-        self.assertEqual(p.errors['last_name'], ['This field is required.'])
-        self.assertEqual(p.errors['birthday'], ['This field is required.'])
+        self.assertEqual(p.errors["first_name"], ["This field is required."])
+        self.assertEqual(p.errors["last_name"], ["This field is required."])
+        self.assertEqual(p.errors["birthday"], ["This field is required."])
         self.assertFalse(p.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data, {})
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
@@ -143,7 +170,7 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label></th><td>
 <ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
-<input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" required></td></tr>"""
+<input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" required></td></tr>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_table(),
@@ -155,7 +182,7 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label></th>
 <td><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
-<input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" required></td></tr>"""
+<input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" required></td></tr>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
@@ -167,7 +194,7 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" required></li>
 <li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
 <label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label>
-<input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" required></li>"""
+<input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" required></li>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_p(),
@@ -179,7 +206,7 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" required></p>
 <ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
 <p><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label>
-<input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" required></p>"""
+<input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" required></p>""",
         )
 
     def test_empty_querydict_args(self):
@@ -207,7 +234,7 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <tr><th><label for="id_last_name">Last name:</label></th><td>
 <input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label></th><td>
-<input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" required></td></tr>"""
+<input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" required></td></tr>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_table(),
@@ -216,7 +243,7 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <tr><th><label for="id_last_name">Last name:</label></th><td>
 <input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label></th><td>
-<input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" required></td></tr>"""
+<input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" required></td></tr>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
@@ -225,7 +252,7 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <li><label for="id_last_name">Last name:</label>
 <input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" required></li>
 <li><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label>
-<input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" required></li>"""
+<input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" required></li>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_p(),
@@ -234,16 +261,18 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <p><label for="id_last_name">Last name:</label>
 <input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" required></p>
 <p><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label>
-<input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" required></p>"""
+<input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" required></p>""",
         )
 
     def test_unicode_values(self):
         # Unicode values are handled properly.
-        p = Person({
-            'first_name': 'John',
-            'last_name': '\u0160\u0110\u0106\u017d\u0107\u017e\u0161\u0111',
-            'birthday': '1940-10-9'
-        })
+        p = Person(
+            {
+                "first_name": "John",
+                "last_name": "\u0160\u0110\u0106\u017d\u0107\u017e\u0161\u0111",
+                "birthday": "1940-10-9",
+            }
+        )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_table(),
             '<tr><th><label for="id_first_name">First name:</label></th><td>'
@@ -253,7 +282,7 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             'value="\u0160\u0110\u0106\u017d\u0107\u017e\u0161\u0111"'
             'id="id_last_name" required></td></tr>\n'
             '<tr><th><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label></th><td>'
-            '<input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_birthday" required></td></tr>'
+            '<input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_birthday" required></td></tr>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
@@ -263,7 +292,7 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             '<input type="text" name="last_name" '
             'value="\u0160\u0110\u0106\u017d\u0107\u017e\u0161\u0111" id="id_last_name" required></li>\n'
             '<li><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label> '
-            '<input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_birthday" required></li>'
+            '<input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_birthday" required></li>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_p(),
@@ -273,32 +302,41 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             '<input type="text" name="last_name" '
             'value="\u0160\u0110\u0106\u017d\u0107\u017e\u0161\u0111" id="id_last_name" required></p>\n'
             '<p><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label> '
-            '<input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_birthday" required></p>'
+            '<input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_birthday" required></p>',
         )
 
-        p = Person({'last_name': 'Lennon'})
-        self.assertEqual(p.errors['first_name'], ['This field is required.'])
-        self.assertEqual(p.errors['birthday'], ['This field is required.'])
+        p = Person({"last_name": "Lennon"})
+        self.assertEqual(p.errors["first_name"], ["This field is required."])
+        self.assertEqual(p.errors["birthday"], ["This field is required."])
         self.assertFalse(p.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(
             p.errors,
-            {'birthday': ['This field is required.'], 'first_name': ['This field is required.']}
+            {
+                "birthday": ["This field is required."],
+                "first_name": ["This field is required."],
+            },
         )
-        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data, {'last_name': 'Lennon'})
-        self.assertEqual(p['first_name'].errors, ['This field is required.'])
+        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data, {"last_name": "Lennon"})
+        self.assertEqual(p["first_name"].errors, ["This field is required."])
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            p['first_name'].errors.as_ul(),
-            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>'
+            p["first_name"].errors.as_ul(),
+            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>',
         )
-        self.assertEqual(p['first_name'].errors.as_text(), '* This field is required.')
+        self.assertEqual(p["first_name"].errors.as_text(), "* This field is required.")
 
         p = Person()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(p['first_name']),
+            str(p["first_name"]),
             '<input type="text" name="first_name" id="id_first_name" required>',
         )
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['last_name']), '<input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" required>')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['birthday']), '<input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" required>')
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(p["last_name"]),
+            '<input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" required>',
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(p["birthday"]),
+            '<input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" required>',
+        )
 
     def test_cleaned_data_only_fields(self):
         # cleaned_data will always *only* contain a key for fields defined in the
@@ -306,17 +344,17 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         # example, we pass a bunch of extra fields to the form constructor,
         # but cleaned_data contains only the form's fields.
         data = {
-            'first_name': 'John',
-            'last_name': 'Lennon',
-            'birthday': '1940-10-9',
-            'extra1': 'hello',
-            'extra2': 'hello',
+            "first_name": "John",
+            "last_name": "Lennon",
+            "birthday": "1940-10-9",
+            "extra1": "hello",
+            "extra2": "hello",
         }
         p = Person(data)
         self.assertTrue(p.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data['first_name'], 'John')
-        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data['last_name'], 'Lennon')
-        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data['birthday'], datetime.date(1940, 10, 9))
+        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data["first_name"], "John")
+        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data["last_name"], "Lennon")
+        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data["birthday"], datetime.date(1940, 10, 9))
 
     def test_optional_data(self):
         # cleaned_data will include a key and value for *all* fields defined in the Form,
@@ -329,12 +367,12 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             last_name = CharField()
             nick_name = CharField(required=False)
 
-        data = {'first_name': 'John', 'last_name': 'Lennon'}
+        data = {"first_name": "John", "last_name": "Lennon"}
         f = OptionalPersonForm(data)
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['nick_name'], '')
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['first_name'], 'John')
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['last_name'], 'Lennon')
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["nick_name"], "")
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["first_name"], "John")
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["last_name"], "Lennon")
 
         # For DateFields, it's set to None.
         class OptionalPersonForm(Form):
@@ -342,19 +380,19 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             last_name = CharField()
             birth_date = DateField(required=False)
 
-        data = {'first_name': 'John', 'last_name': 'Lennon'}
+        data = {"first_name": "John", "last_name": "Lennon"}
         f = OptionalPersonForm(data)
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
-        self.assertIsNone(f.cleaned_data['birth_date'])
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['first_name'], 'John')
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['last_name'], 'Lennon')
+        self.assertIsNone(f.cleaned_data["birth_date"])
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["first_name"], "John")
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["last_name"], "Lennon")
 
     def test_auto_id(self):
         # "auto_id" tells the Form to add an "id" attribute to each form element.
         # If it's a string that contains '%s', Django will use that as a format string
         # into which the field's name will be inserted. It will also put a <label> around
         # the human-readable labels for a field.
-        p = Person(auto_id='%s_id')
+        p = Person(auto_id="%s_id")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_table(),
             """<tr><th><label for="first_name_id">First name:</label></th><td>
@@ -362,7 +400,7 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <tr><th><label for="last_name_id">Last name:</label></th><td>
 <input type="text" name="last_name" id="last_name_id" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th><label for="birthday_id">Birthday:</label></th><td>
-<input type="text" name="birthday" id="birthday_id" required></td></tr>"""
+<input type="text" name="birthday" id="birthday_id" required></td></tr>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
@@ -371,7 +409,7 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <li><label for="last_name_id">Last name:</label>
 <input type="text" name="last_name" id="last_name_id" required></li>
 <li><label for="birthday_id">Birthday:</label>
-<input type="text" name="birthday" id="birthday_id" required></li>"""
+<input type="text" name="birthday" id="birthday_id" required></li>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_p(),
@@ -380,7 +418,7 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <p><label for="last_name_id">Last name:</label>
 <input type="text" name="last_name" id="last_name_id" required></p>
 <p><label for="birthday_id">Birthday:</label>
-<input type="text" name="birthday" id="birthday_id" required></p>"""
+<input type="text" name="birthday" id="birthday_id" required></p>""",
         )
 
     def test_auto_id_true(self):
@@ -394,7 +432,7 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <li><label for="last_name">Last name:</label>
 <input type="text" name="last_name" id="last_name" required></li>
 <li><label for="birthday">Birthday:</label>
-<input type="text" name="birthday" id="birthday" required></li>"""
+<input type="text" name="birthday" id="birthday" required></li>""",
         )
 
     def test_auto_id_false(self):
@@ -405,7 +443,7 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             p.as_ul(),
             """<li>First name: <input type="text" name="first_name" required></li>
 <li>Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" required></li>
-<li>Birthday: <input type="text" name="birthday" required></li>"""
+<li>Birthday: <input type="text" name="birthday" required></li>""",
         )
 
     def test_id_on_field(self):
@@ -417,7 +455,7 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             """<li><label for="first_name_id">First name:</label>
 <input type="text" id="first_name_id" name="first_name" required></li>
 <li>Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" required></li>
-<li>Birthday: <input type="text" name="birthday" required></li>"""
+<li>Birthday: <input type="text" name="birthday" required></li>""",
         )
 
     def test_auto_id_on_form_and_field(self):
@@ -431,7 +469,7 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <li><label for="last_name">Last name:</label>
 <input type="text" name="last_name" id="last_name" required></li>
 <li><label for="birthday">Birthday:</label>
-<input type="text" name="birthday" id="birthday" required></li>"""
+<input type="text" name="birthday" id="birthday" required></li>""",
         )
 
     def test_various_boolean_values(self):
@@ -440,38 +478,55 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             get_spam = BooleanField()
 
         f = SignupForm(auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['email']), '<input type="email" name="email" required>')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['get_spam']), '<input type="checkbox" name="get_spam" required>')
-
-        f = SignupForm({'email': 'test@example.com', 'get_spam': True}, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['email']), '<input type="email" name="email" value="test@example.com" required>')
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(f['get_spam']),
+            str(f["email"]), '<input type="email" name="email" required>'
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["get_spam"]), '<input type="checkbox" name="get_spam" required>'
+        )
+
+        f = SignupForm({"email": "test@example.com", "get_spam": True}, auto_id=False)
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["email"]),
+            '<input type="email" name="email" value="test@example.com" required>',
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["get_spam"]),
             '<input checked type="checkbox" name="get_spam" required>',
         )
 
         # 'True' or 'true' should be rendered without a value attribute
-        f = SignupForm({'email': 'test@example.com', 'get_spam': 'True'}, auto_id=False)
+        f = SignupForm({"email": "test@example.com", "get_spam": "True"}, auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(f['get_spam']),
+            str(f["get_spam"]),
             '<input checked type="checkbox" name="get_spam" required>',
         )
 
-        f = SignupForm({'email': 'test@example.com', 'get_spam': 'true'}, auto_id=False)
+        f = SignupForm({"email": "test@example.com", "get_spam": "true"}, auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(f['get_spam']), '<input checked type="checkbox" name="get_spam" required>')
+            str(f["get_spam"]),
+            '<input checked type="checkbox" name="get_spam" required>',
+        )
 
         # A value of 'False' or 'false' should be rendered unchecked
-        f = SignupForm({'email': 'test@example.com', 'get_spam': 'False'}, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['get_spam']), '<input type="checkbox" name="get_spam" required>')
+        f = SignupForm(
+            {"email": "test@example.com", "get_spam": "False"}, auto_id=False
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["get_spam"]), '<input type="checkbox" name="get_spam" required>'
+        )
 
-        f = SignupForm({'email': 'test@example.com', 'get_spam': 'false'}, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['get_spam']), '<input type="checkbox" name="get_spam" required>')
+        f = SignupForm(
+            {"email": "test@example.com", "get_spam": "false"}, auto_id=False
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["get_spam"]), '<input type="checkbox" name="get_spam" required>'
+        )
 
         # A value of '0' should be interpreted as a True value (#16820)
-        f = SignupForm({'email': 'test@example.com', 'get_spam': '0'})
+        f = SignupForm({"email": "test@example.com", "get_spam": "0"})
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
-        self.assertTrue(f.cleaned_data.get('get_spam'))
+        self.assertTrue(f.cleaned_data.get("get_spam"))
 
     def test_widget_output(self):
         # Any Field can have a Widget class passed to its constructor:
@@ -480,85 +535,122 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             message = CharField(widget=Textarea)
 
         f = ContactForm(auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['subject']), '<input type="text" name="subject" required>')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['message']), '<textarea name="message" rows="10" cols="40" required></textarea>')
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["subject"]), '<input type="text" name="subject" required>'
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["message"]),
+            '<textarea name="message" rows="10" cols="40" required></textarea>',
+        )
 
         # as_textarea(), as_text() and as_hidden() are shortcuts for changing the output
         # widget type:
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            f['subject'].as_textarea(),
+            f["subject"].as_textarea(),
             '<textarea name="subject" rows="10" cols="40" required></textarea>',
         )
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(f['message'].as_text(), '<input type="text" name="message" required>')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(f['message'].as_hidden(), '<input type="hidden" name="message">')
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            f["message"].as_text(), '<input type="text" name="message" required>'
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            f["message"].as_hidden(), '<input type="hidden" name="message">'
+        )
 
         # The 'widget' parameter to a Field can also be an instance:
         class ContactForm(Form):
             subject = CharField()
-            message = CharField(widget=Textarea(attrs={'rows': 80, 'cols': 20}))
+            message = CharField(widget=Textarea(attrs={"rows": 80, "cols": 20}))
 
         f = ContactForm(auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['message']), '<textarea name="message" rows="80" cols="20" required></textarea>')
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["message"]),
+            '<textarea name="message" rows="80" cols="20" required></textarea>',
+        )
 
         # Instance-level attrs are *not* carried over to as_textarea(), as_text() and
         # as_hidden():
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(f['message'].as_text(), '<input type="text" name="message" required>')
-        f = ContactForm({'subject': 'Hello', 'message': 'I love you.'}, auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            f['subject'].as_textarea(),
-            '<textarea rows="10" cols="40" name="subject" required>Hello</textarea>'
+            f["message"].as_text(), '<input type="text" name="message" required>'
+        )
+        f = ContactForm({"subject": "Hello", "message": "I love you."}, auto_id=False)
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            f["subject"].as_textarea(),
+            '<textarea rows="10" cols="40" name="subject" required>Hello</textarea>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            f['message'].as_text(),
+            f["message"].as_text(),
             '<input type="text" name="message" value="I love you." required>',
         )
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(f['message'].as_hidden(), '<input type="hidden" name="message" value="I love you.">')
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            f["message"].as_hidden(),
+            '<input type="hidden" name="message" value="I love you.">',
+        )
 
     def test_forms_with_choices(self):
         # For a form with a <select>, use ChoiceField:
         class FrameworkForm(Form):
             name = CharField()
-            language = ChoiceField(choices=[('P', 'Python'), ('J', 'Java')])
+            language = ChoiceField(choices=[("P", "Python"), ("J", "Java")])
 
         f = FrameworkForm(auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['language']), """<select name="language">
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["language"]),
+            """<select name="language">
 <option value="P">Python</option>
 <option value="J">Java</option>
-</select>""")
-        f = FrameworkForm({'name': 'Django', 'language': 'P'}, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['language']), """<select name="language">
+</select>""",
+        )
+        f = FrameworkForm({"name": "Django", "language": "P"}, auto_id=False)
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["language"]),
+            """<select name="language">
 <option value="P" selected>Python</option>
 <option value="J">Java</option>
-</select>""")
+</select>""",
+        )
 
         # A subtlety: If one of the choices' value is the empty string and the form is
         # unbound, then the <option> for the empty-string choice will get selected.
         class FrameworkForm(Form):
             name = CharField()
-            language = ChoiceField(choices=[('', '------'), ('P', 'Python'), ('J', 'Java')])
+            language = ChoiceField(
+                choices=[("", "------"), ("P", "Python"), ("J", "Java")]
+            )
 
         f = FrameworkForm(auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['language']), """<select name="language" required>
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["language"]),
+            """<select name="language" required>
 <option value="" selected>------</option>
 <option value="P">Python</option>
 <option value="J">Java</option>
-</select>""")
+</select>""",
+        )
 
         # You can specify widget attributes in the Widget constructor.
         class FrameworkForm(Form):
             name = CharField()
-            language = ChoiceField(choices=[('P', 'Python'), ('J', 'Java')], widget=Select(attrs={'class': 'foo'}))
+            language = ChoiceField(
+                choices=[("P", "Python"), ("J", "Java")],
+                widget=Select(attrs={"class": "foo"}),
+            )
 
         f = FrameworkForm(auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['language']), """<select class="foo" name="language">
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["language"]),
+            """<select class="foo" name="language">
 <option value="P">Python</option>
 <option value="J">Java</option>
-</select>""")
-        f = FrameworkForm({'name': 'Django', 'language': 'P'}, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['language']), """<select class="foo" name="language">
+</select>""",
+        )
+        f = FrameworkForm({"name": "Django", "language": "P"}, auto_id=False)
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["language"]),
+            """<select class="foo" name="language">
 <option value="P" selected>Python</option>
 <option value="J">Java</option>
-</select>""")
+</select>""",
+        )
 
         # When passing a custom widget instance to ChoiceField, note that setting
         # 'choices' on the widget is meaningless. The widget will use the choices
@@ -566,20 +658,28 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         class FrameworkForm(Form):
             name = CharField()
             language = ChoiceField(
-                choices=[('P', 'Python'), ('J', 'Java')],
-                widget=Select(choices=[('R', 'Ruby'), ('P', 'Perl')], attrs={'class': 'foo'}),
+                choices=[("P", "Python"), ("J", "Java")],
+                widget=Select(
+                    choices=[("R", "Ruby"), ("P", "Perl")], attrs={"class": "foo"}
+                ),
             )
 
         f = FrameworkForm(auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['language']), """<select class="foo" name="language">
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["language"]),
+            """<select class="foo" name="language">
 <option value="P">Python</option>
 <option value="J">Java</option>
-</select>""")
-        f = FrameworkForm({'name': 'Django', 'language': 'P'}, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['language']), """<select class="foo" name="language">
+</select>""",
+        )
+        f = FrameworkForm({"name": "Django", "language": "P"}, auto_id=False)
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["language"]),
+            """<select class="foo" name="language">
 <option value="P" selected>Python</option>
 <option value="J">Java</option>
-</select>""")
+</select>""",
+        )
 
         # You can set a ChoiceField's choices after the fact.
         class FrameworkForm(Form):
@@ -587,44 +687,59 @@ class FormsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             language = ChoiceField()
 
         f = FrameworkForm(auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['language']), """<select name="language">
-</select>""")
-        f.fields['language'].choices = [('P', 'Python'), ('J', 'Java')]
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['language']), """<select name="language">
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["language"]),
+            """<select name="language">
+</select>""",
+        )
+        f.fields["language"].choices = [("P", "Python"), ("J", "Java")]
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["language"]),
+            """<select name="language">
 <option value="P">Python</option>
 <option value="J">Java</option>
-</select>""")
+</select>""",
+        )
 
     def test_forms_with_radio(self):
         # Add widget=RadioSelect to use that widget with a ChoiceField.
         f = FrameworkForm(auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['language']), """<div>
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["language"]),
+            """<div>
 <div><label><input type="radio" name="language" value="P" required> Python</label></div>
 <div><label><input type="radio" name="language" value="J" required> Java</label></div>
-</div>""")
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_table(), """<tr><th>Name:</th><td><input type="text" name="name" required></td></tr>
+</div>""",
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            f.as_table(),
+            """<tr><th>Name:</th><td><input type="text" name="name" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Language:</th><td><div>
 <div><label><input type="radio" name="language" value="P" required> Python</label></div>
 <div><label><input type="radio" name="language" value="J" required> Java</label></div>
-</div></td></tr>""")
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_ul(), """<li>Name: <input type="text" name="name" required></li>
+</div></td></tr>""",
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            f.as_ul(),
+            """<li>Name: <input type="text" name="name" required></li>
 <li>Language: <div>
 <div><label><input type="radio" name="language" value="P" required> Python</label></div>
 <div><label><input type="radio" name="language" value="J" required> Java</label></div>
-</div></li>""")
+</div></li>""",
+        )
 
         # Regarding auto_id and <label>, RadioSelect is a special case. Each radio button
         # gets a distinct ID, formed by appending an underscore plus the button's
         # zero-based index.
-        f = FrameworkForm(auto_id='id_%s')
+        f = FrameworkForm(auto_id="id_%s")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(f['language']),
+            str(f["language"]),
             """<div id="id_language">
 <div><label for="id_language_0"><input type="radio" id="id_language_0" value="P" name="language" required>
 Python</label></div>
 <div><label for="id_language_1"><input type="radio" id="id_language_1" value="J" name="language" required>
 Java</label></div>
-</div>"""
+</div>""",
         )
 
         # When RadioSelect is used with auto_id, and the whole form is printed
@@ -639,7 +754,7 @@ Java</label></div>
 Python</label></div>
 <div><label for="id_language_1"><input type="radio" id="id_language_1" value="J" name="language" required>
 Java</label></div>
-</div></td></tr>"""
+</div></td></tr>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_ul(),
@@ -649,7 +764,7 @@ Java</label></div>
 Python</label></div>
 <div><label for="id_language_1"><input type="radio" id="id_language_1" value="J" name="language" required>
 Java</label></div>
-</div></li>"""
+</div></li>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_p(),
@@ -659,73 +774,92 @@ Java</label></div>
 Python</label></div>
 <div><label for="id_language_1"><input type="radio" id="id_language_1" value="J" name="language" required>
 Java</label></div>
-</div></p>"""
+</div></p>""",
         )
 
     def test_form_with_iterable_boundfield(self):
         class BeatleForm(Form):
             name = ChoiceField(
-                choices=[('john', 'John'), ('paul', 'Paul'), ('george', 'George'), ('ringo', 'Ringo')],
+                choices=[
+                    ("john", "John"),
+                    ("paul", "Paul"),
+                    ("george", "George"),
+                    ("ringo", "Ringo"),
+                ],
                 widget=RadioSelect,
             )
 
         f = BeatleForm(auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '\n'.join(str(bf) for bf in f['name']),
+            "\n".join(str(bf) for bf in f["name"]),
             """<label><input type="radio" name="name" value="john" required> John</label>
 <label><input type="radio" name="name" value="paul" required> Paul</label>
 <label><input type="radio" name="name" value="george" required> George</label>
-<label><input type="radio" name="name" value="ringo" required> Ringo</label>"""
+<label><input type="radio" name="name" value="ringo" required> Ringo</label>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '\n'.join('<div>%s</div>' % bf for bf in f['name']),
+            "\n".join("<div>%s</div>" % bf for bf in f["name"]),
             """<div><label><input type="radio" name="name" value="john" required> John</label></div>
 <div><label><input type="radio" name="name" value="paul" required> Paul</label></div>
 <div><label><input type="radio" name="name" value="george" required> George</label></div>
-<div><label><input type="radio" name="name" value="ringo" required> Ringo</label></div>"""
+<div><label><input type="radio" name="name" value="ringo" required> Ringo</label></div>""",
         )
 
     def test_form_with_iterable_boundfield_id(self):
         class BeatleForm(Form):
             name = ChoiceField(
-                choices=[('john', 'John'), ('paul', 'Paul'), ('george', 'George'), ('ringo', 'Ringo')],
+                choices=[
+                    ("john", "John"),
+                    ("paul", "Paul"),
+                    ("george", "George"),
+                    ("ringo", "Ringo"),
+                ],
                 widget=RadioSelect,
             )
-        fields = list(BeatleForm()['name'])
+
+        fields = list(BeatleForm()["name"])
         self.assertEqual(len(fields), 4)
 
-        self.assertEqual(fields[0].id_for_label, 'id_name_0')
-        self.assertEqual(fields[0].choice_label, 'John')
+        self.assertEqual(fields[0].id_for_label, "id_name_0")
+        self.assertEqual(fields[0].choice_label, "John")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             fields[0].tag(),
-            '<input type="radio" name="name" value="john" id="id_name_0" required>'
+            '<input type="radio" name="name" value="john" id="id_name_0" required>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             str(fields[0]),
             '<label for="id_name_0"><input type="radio" name="name" '
-            'value="john" id="id_name_0" required> John</label>'
+            'value="john" id="id_name_0" required> John</label>',
         )
 
-        self.assertEqual(fields[1].id_for_label, 'id_name_1')
-        self.assertEqual(fields[1].choice_label, 'Paul')
+        self.assertEqual(fields[1].id_for_label, "id_name_1")
+        self.assertEqual(fields[1].choice_label, "Paul")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             fields[1].tag(),
-            '<input type="radio" name="name" value="paul" id="id_name_1" required>'
+            '<input type="radio" name="name" value="paul" id="id_name_1" required>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             str(fields[1]),
             '<label for="id_name_1"><input type="radio" name="name" '
-            'value="paul" id="id_name_1" required> Paul</label>'
+            'value="paul" id="id_name_1" required> Paul</label>',
         )
 
     def test_iterable_boundfield_select(self):
         class BeatleForm(Form):
-            name = ChoiceField(choices=[('john', 'John'), ('paul', 'Paul'), ('george', 'George'), ('ringo', 'Ringo')])
-        fields = list(BeatleForm(auto_id=False)['name'])
+            name = ChoiceField(
+                choices=[
+                    ("john", "John"),
+                    ("paul", "Paul"),
+                    ("george", "George"),
+                    ("ringo", "Ringo"),
+                ]
+            )
+
+        fields = list(BeatleForm(auto_id=False)["name"])
         self.assertEqual(len(fields), 4)
 
         self.assertEqual(fields[0].id_for_label, None)
-        self.assertEqual(fields[0].choice_label, 'John')
+        self.assertEqual(fields[0].choice_label, "John")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(fields[0].tag(), '<option value="john">John</option>')
         self.assertHTMLEqual(str(fields[0]), '<option value="john">John</option>')
 
@@ -735,17 +869,25 @@ Java</label></div>
             name = CharField()
 
         f = BeatleForm(auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual('\n'.join(str(bf) for bf in f['name']), '<input type="text" name="name" required>')
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            "\n".join(str(bf) for bf in f["name"]),
+            '<input type="text" name="name" required>',
+        )
 
     def test_boundfield_slice(self):
         class BeatleForm(Form):
             name = ChoiceField(
-                choices=[('john', 'John'), ('paul', 'Paul'), ('george', 'George'), ('ringo', 'Ringo')],
+                choices=[
+                    ("john", "John"),
+                    ("paul", "Paul"),
+                    ("george", "George"),
+                    ("ringo", "Ringo"),
+                ],
                 widget=RadioSelect,
             )
 
         f = BeatleForm()
-        bf = f['name']
+        bf = f["name"]
         self.assertEqual(
             [str(item) for item in bf[1:]],
             [str(bf[1]), str(bf[2]), str(bf[3])],
@@ -755,17 +897,18 @@ Java</label></div>
         class TestForm(Form):
             name = ChoiceField(choices=[])
 
-        field = TestForm()['name']
-        msg = 'BoundField indices must be integers or slices, not str.'
+        field = TestForm()["name"]
+        msg = "BoundField indices must be integers or slices, not str."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            field['foo']
+            field["foo"]
 
     def test_boundfield_bool(self):
         """BoundField without any choices (subwidgets) evaluates to True."""
+
         class TestForm(Form):
             name = ChoiceField(choices=[])
 
-        self.assertIs(bool(TestForm()['name']), True)
+        self.assertIs(bool(TestForm()["name"]), True)
 
     def test_forms_with_multiple_choice(self):
         # MultipleChoiceField is a special case, as its data is required to be a list:
@@ -774,24 +917,37 @@ Java</label></div>
             composers = MultipleChoiceField()
 
         f = SongForm(auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['composers']), """<select multiple name="composers" required>
-</select>""")
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["composers"]),
+            """<select multiple name="composers" required>
+</select>""",
+        )
 
         class SongForm(Form):
             name = CharField()
-            composers = MultipleChoiceField(choices=[('J', 'John Lennon'), ('P', 'Paul McCartney')])
+            composers = MultipleChoiceField(
+                choices=[("J", "John Lennon"), ("P", "Paul McCartney")]
+            )
 
         f = SongForm(auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['composers']), """<select multiple name="composers" required>
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["composers"]),
+            """<select multiple name="composers" required>
 <option value="J">John Lennon</option>
 <option value="P">Paul McCartney</option>
-</select>""")
-        f = SongForm({'name': 'Yesterday', 'composers': ['P']}, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['name']), '<input type="text" name="name" value="Yesterday" required>')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['composers']), """<select multiple name="composers" required>
+</select>""",
+        )
+        f = SongForm({"name": "Yesterday", "composers": ["P"]}, auto_id=False)
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["name"]), '<input type="text" name="name" value="Yesterday" required>'
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["composers"]),
+            """<select multiple name="composers" required>
 <option value="J">John Lennon</option>
 <option value="P" selected>Paul McCartney</option>
-</select>""")
+</select>""",
+        )
         f = SongForm()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_table(),
@@ -801,7 +957,7 @@ Java</label></div>
             '<td><select name="composers" required id="id_composers" multiple>'
             '<option value="J">John Lennon</option>'
             '<option value="P">Paul McCartney</option>'
-            '</select></td></tr>',
+            "</select></td></tr>",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_ul(),
@@ -811,7 +967,7 @@ Java</label></div>
             '<select name="composers" required id="id_composers" multiple>'
             '<option value="J">John Lennon</option>'
             '<option value="P">Paul McCartney</option>'
-            '</select></li>',
+            "</select></li>",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_p(),
@@ -821,7 +977,7 @@ Java</label></div>
             '<select name="composers" required id="id_composers" multiple>'
             '<option value="J">John Lennon</option>'
             '<option value="P">Paul McCartney</option>'
-            '</select></p>',
+            "</select></p>",
         )
 
     def test_multiple_checkbox_render(self):
@@ -837,7 +993,7 @@ Java</label></div>
             '<div><label for="id_composers_1">'
             '<input type="checkbox" name="composers" value="P" '
             'id="id_composers_1">Paul McCartney</label></div>'
-            '</div></td></tr>',
+            "</div></td></tr>",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_ul(),
@@ -850,7 +1006,7 @@ Java</label></div>
             '<div><label for="id_composers_1">'
             '<input type="checkbox" name="composers" value="P" '
             'id="id_composers_1">Paul McCartney</label></div>'
-            '</div></li>',
+            "</div></li>",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_p(),
@@ -863,7 +1019,7 @@ Java</label></div>
             '<div><label for="id_composers_1">'
             '<input type="checkbox" name="composers" value="P" '
             'id="id_composers_1">Paul McCartney</label></div>'
-            '</div></p>',
+            "</div></p>",
         )
 
     def test_form_with_disabled_fields(self):
@@ -877,82 +1033,101 @@ Java</label></div>
 
         # Disabled fields are generally not transmitted by user agents.
         # The value from the form's initial data is used.
-        f1 = PersonForm({'name': 'John Doe'}, initial={'birthday': datetime.date(1974, 8, 16)})
-        f2 = PersonFormFieldInitial({'name': 'John Doe'})
+        f1 = PersonForm(
+            {"name": "John Doe"}, initial={"birthday": datetime.date(1974, 8, 16)}
+        )
+        f2 = PersonFormFieldInitial({"name": "John Doe"})
         for form in (f1, f2):
             self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
             self.assertEqual(
                 form.cleaned_data,
-                {'birthday': datetime.date(1974, 8, 16), 'name': 'John Doe'}
+                {"birthday": datetime.date(1974, 8, 16), "name": "John Doe"},
             )
 
         # Values provided in the form's data are ignored.
-        data = {'name': 'John Doe', 'birthday': '1984-11-10'}
-        f1 = PersonForm(data, initial={'birthday': datetime.date(1974, 8, 16)})
+        data = {"name": "John Doe", "birthday": "1984-11-10"}
+        f1 = PersonForm(data, initial={"birthday": datetime.date(1974, 8, 16)})
         f2 = PersonFormFieldInitial(data)
         for form in (f1, f2):
             self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
             self.assertEqual(
                 form.cleaned_data,
-                {'birthday': datetime.date(1974, 8, 16), 'name': 'John Doe'}
+                {"birthday": datetime.date(1974, 8, 16), "name": "John Doe"},
             )
 
         # Initial data remains present on invalid forms.
         data = {}
-        f1 = PersonForm(data, initial={'birthday': datetime.date(1974, 8, 16)})
+        f1 = PersonForm(data, initial={"birthday": datetime.date(1974, 8, 16)})
         f2 = PersonFormFieldInitial(data)
         for form in (f1, f2):
             self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-            self.assertEqual(form['birthday'].value(), datetime.date(1974, 8, 16))
+            self.assertEqual(form["birthday"].value(), datetime.date(1974, 8, 16))
 
     def test_hidden_data(self):
         class SongForm(Form):
             name = CharField()
-            composers = MultipleChoiceField(choices=[('J', 'John Lennon'), ('P', 'Paul McCartney')])
+            composers = MultipleChoiceField(
+                choices=[("J", "John Lennon"), ("P", "Paul McCartney")]
+            )
 
         # MultipleChoiceField rendered as_hidden() is a special case. Because it can
         # have multiple values, its as_hidden() renders multiple <input type="hidden">
         # tags.
-        f = SongForm({'name': 'Yesterday', 'composers': ['P']}, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(f['composers'].as_hidden(), '<input type="hidden" name="composers" value="P">')
-        f = SongForm({'name': 'From Me To You', 'composers': ['P', 'J']}, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(f['composers'].as_hidden(), """<input type="hidden" name="composers" value="P">
-<input type="hidden" name="composers" value="J">""")
+        f = SongForm({"name": "Yesterday", "composers": ["P"]}, auto_id=False)
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            f["composers"].as_hidden(),
+            '<input type="hidden" name="composers" value="P">',
+        )
+        f = SongForm({"name": "From Me To You", "composers": ["P", "J"]}, auto_id=False)
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            f["composers"].as_hidden(),
+            """<input type="hidden" name="composers" value="P">
+<input type="hidden" name="composers" value="J">""",
+        )
 
         # DateTimeField rendered as_hidden() is special too
         class MessageForm(Form):
             when = SplitDateTimeField()
 
-        f = MessageForm({'when_0': '1992-01-01', 'when_1': '01:01'})
+        f = MessageForm({"when_0": "1992-01-01", "when_1": "01:01"})
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(f['when']),
+            str(f["when"]),
             '<input type="text" name="when_0" value="1992-01-01" id="id_when_0" required>'
-            '<input type="text" name="when_1" value="01:01" id="id_when_1" required>'
+            '<input type="text" name="when_1" value="01:01" id="id_when_1" required>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            f['when'].as_hidden(),
+            f["when"].as_hidden(),
             '<input type="hidden" name="when_0" value="1992-01-01" id="id_when_0">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="when_1" value="01:01" id="id_when_1">'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="when_1" value="01:01" id="id_when_1">',
         )
 
     def test_multiple_choice_checkbox(self):
         # MultipleChoiceField can also be used with the CheckboxSelectMultiple widget.
         f = SongForm(auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['composers']), """<div>
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["composers"]),
+            """<div>
 <div><label><input type="checkbox" name="composers" value="J"> John Lennon</label></div>
 <div><label><input type="checkbox" name="composers" value="P"> Paul McCartney</label></div>
-</div>""")
-        f = SongForm({'composers': ['J']}, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['composers']), """<div>
+</div>""",
+        )
+        f = SongForm({"composers": ["J"]}, auto_id=False)
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["composers"]),
+            """<div>
 <div><label><input checked type="checkbox" name="composers" value="J"> John Lennon</label></div>
 <div><label><input type="checkbox" name="composers" value="P"> Paul McCartney</label></div>
-</div>""")
-        f = SongForm({'composers': ['J', 'P']}, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['composers']), """<div>
+</div>""",
+        )
+        f = SongForm({"composers": ["J", "P"]}, auto_id=False)
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(f["composers"]),
+            """<div>
 <div><label><input checked type="checkbox" name="composers" value="J"> John Lennon</label></div>
 <div><label><input checked type="checkbox" name="composers" value="P"> Paul McCartney</label></div>
-</div>""")
+</div>""",
+        )
 
     def test_checkbox_auto_id(self):
         # Regarding auto_id, CheckboxSelectMultiple is a special case. Each checkbox
@@ -961,19 +1136,19 @@ Java</label></div>
         class SongForm(Form):
             name = CharField()
             composers = MultipleChoiceField(
-                choices=[('J', 'John Lennon'), ('P', 'Paul McCartney')],
+                choices=[("J", "John Lennon"), ("P", "Paul McCartney")],
                 widget=CheckboxSelectMultiple,
             )
 
-        f = SongForm(auto_id='%s_id')
+        f = SongForm(auto_id="%s_id")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(f['composers']),
+            str(f["composers"]),
             """<div id="composers_id">
 <div><label for="composers_id_0">
 <input type="checkbox" name="composers" value="J" id="composers_id_0"> John Lennon</label></div>
 <div><label for="composers_id_1">
 <input type="checkbox" name="composers" value="P" id="composers_id_1"> Paul McCartney</label></div>
-</div>"""
+</div>""",
         )
 
     def test_multiple_choice_list_data(self):
@@ -982,33 +1157,33 @@ Java</label></div>
         class SongForm(Form):
             name = CharField()
             composers = MultipleChoiceField(
-                choices=[('J', 'John Lennon'), ('P', 'Paul McCartney')],
+                choices=[("J", "John Lennon"), ("P", "Paul McCartney")],
                 widget=CheckboxSelectMultiple,
             )
 
-        data = {'name': 'Yesterday', 'composers': ['J', 'P']}
+        data = {"name": "Yesterday", "composers": ["J", "P"]}
         f = SongForm(data)
         self.assertEqual(f.errors, {})
 
-        data = QueryDict('name=Yesterday&composers=J&composers=P')
+        data = QueryDict("name=Yesterday&composers=J&composers=P")
         f = SongForm(data)
         self.assertEqual(f.errors, {})
 
-        data = MultiValueDict({'name': ['Yesterday'], 'composers': ['J', 'P']})
+        data = MultiValueDict({"name": ["Yesterday"], "composers": ["J", "P"]})
         f = SongForm(data)
         self.assertEqual(f.errors, {})
 
         # SelectMultiple uses ducktyping so that MultiValueDictLike.getlist()
         # is called.
-        f = SongForm(MultiValueDictLike({'name': 'Yesterday', 'composers': 'J'}))
+        f = SongForm(MultiValueDictLike({"name": "Yesterday", "composers": "J"}))
         self.assertEqual(f.errors, {})
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['composers'], ['J'])
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["composers"], ["J"])
 
     def test_multiple_hidden(self):
         class SongForm(Form):
             name = CharField()
             composers = MultipleChoiceField(
-                choices=[('J', 'John Lennon'), ('P', 'Paul McCartney')],
+                choices=[("J", "John Lennon"), ("P", "Paul McCartney")],
                 widget=CheckboxSelectMultiple,
             )
 
@@ -1016,36 +1191,39 @@ Java</label></div>
         class SongFormHidden(Form):
             name = CharField()
             composers = MultipleChoiceField(
-                choices=[('J', 'John Lennon'), ('P', 'Paul McCartney')],
+                choices=[("J", "John Lennon"), ("P", "Paul McCartney")],
                 widget=MultipleHiddenInput,
             )
 
-        f = SongFormHidden(MultiValueDict({'name': ['Yesterday'], 'composers': ['J', 'P']}), auto_id=False)
+        f = SongFormHidden(
+            MultiValueDict({"name": ["Yesterday"], "composers": ["J", "P"]}),
+            auto_id=False,
+        )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_ul(),
             """<li>Name: <input type="text" name="name" value="Yesterday" required>
 <input type="hidden" name="composers" value="J">
-<input type="hidden" name="composers" value="P"></li>"""
+<input type="hidden" name="composers" value="P"></li>""",
         )
 
         # When using CheckboxSelectMultiple, the framework expects a list of input and
         # returns a list of input.
-        f = SongForm({'name': 'Yesterday'}, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertEqual(f.errors['composers'], ['This field is required.'])
-        f = SongForm({'name': 'Yesterday', 'composers': ['J']}, auto_id=False)
+        f = SongForm({"name": "Yesterday"}, auto_id=False)
+        self.assertEqual(f.errors["composers"], ["This field is required."])
+        f = SongForm({"name": "Yesterday", "composers": ["J"]}, auto_id=False)
         self.assertEqual(f.errors, {})
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['composers'], ['J'])
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['name'], 'Yesterday')
-        f = SongForm({'name': 'Yesterday', 'composers': ['J', 'P']}, auto_id=False)
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["composers"], ["J"])
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["name"], "Yesterday")
+        f = SongForm({"name": "Yesterday", "composers": ["J", "P"]}, auto_id=False)
         self.assertEqual(f.errors, {})
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['composers'], ['J', 'P'])
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['name'], 'Yesterday')
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["composers"], ["J", "P"])
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["name"], "Yesterday")
 
         # MultipleHiddenInput uses ducktyping so that
         # MultiValueDictLike.getlist() is called.
-        f = SongForm(MultiValueDictLike({'name': 'Yesterday', 'composers': 'J'}))
+        f = SongForm(MultiValueDictLike({"name": "Yesterday", "composers": "J"}))
         self.assertEqual(f.errors, {})
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['composers'], ['J'])
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["composers"], ["J"])
 
     def test_escaping(self):
         # Validation errors are HTML-escaped when output as HTML.
@@ -1054,18 +1232,25 @@ Java</label></div>
             special_safe_name = CharField(label=mark_safe("<em>Special</em> Field"))
 
             def clean_special_name(self):
-                raise ValidationError("Something's wrong with '%s'" % self.cleaned_data['special_name'])
+                raise ValidationError(
+                    "Something's wrong with '%s'" % self.cleaned_data["special_name"]
+                )
 
             def clean_special_safe_name(self):
                 raise ValidationError(
-                    mark_safe("'<b>%s</b>' is a safe string" % self.cleaned_data['special_safe_name'])
+                    mark_safe(
+                        "'<b>%s</b>' is a safe string"
+                        % self.cleaned_data["special_safe_name"]
+                    )
                 )
 
-        f = EscapingForm({
-            'special_name':
-            "Nothing to escape",
-            'special_safe_name': "Nothing to escape",
-        }, auto_id=False)
+        f = EscapingForm(
+            {
+                "special_name": "Nothing to escape",
+                "special_safe_name": "Nothing to escape",
+            },
+            auto_id=False,
+        )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_table(),
             """<tr><th>&lt;em&gt;Special&lt;/em&gt; Field:</th><td>
@@ -1073,12 +1258,15 @@ Java</label></div>
 <input type="text" name="special_name" value="Nothing to escape" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th><em>Special</em> Field:</th><td>
 <ul class="errorlist"><li>'<b>Nothing to escape</b>' is a safe string</li></ul>
-<input type="text" name="special_safe_name" value="Nothing to escape" required></td></tr>"""
+<input type="text" name="special_safe_name" value="Nothing to escape" required></td></tr>""",
+        )
+        f = EscapingForm(
+            {
+                "special_name": "Should escape < & > and <script>alert('xss')</script>",
+                "special_safe_name": "<i>Do not escape</i>",
+            },
+            auto_id=False,
         )
-        f = EscapingForm({
-            'special_name': "Should escape < & > and <script>alert('xss')</script>",
-            'special_safe_name': "<i>Do not escape</i>"
-        }, auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_table(),
             """<tr><th>&lt;em&gt;Special&lt;/em&gt; Field:</th><td>
@@ -1088,7 +1276,7 @@ Java</label></div>
 value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt;/script&gt;" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th><em>Special</em> Field:</th><td>
 <ul class="errorlist"><li>'<b><i>Do not escape</i></b>' is a safe string</li></ul>
-<input type="text" name="special_safe_name" value="&lt;i&gt;Do not escape&lt;/i&gt;" required></td></tr>"""
+<input type="text" name="special_safe_name" value="&lt;i&gt;Do not escape&lt;/i&gt;" required></td></tr>""",
         )
 
     def test_validating_multiple_fields(self):
@@ -1105,25 +1293,36 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
             password2 = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)
 
             def clean_password2(self):
-                if (self.cleaned_data.get('password1') and self.cleaned_data.get('password2') and
-                        self.cleaned_data['password1'] != self.cleaned_data['password2']):
-                    raise ValidationError('Please make sure your passwords match.')
+                if (
+                    self.cleaned_data.get("password1")
+                    and self.cleaned_data.get("password2")
+                    and self.cleaned_data["password1"] != self.cleaned_data["password2"]
+                ):
+                    raise ValidationError("Please make sure your passwords match.")
 
-                return self.cleaned_data['password2']
+                return self.cleaned_data["password2"]
 
         f = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)
         self.assertEqual(f.errors, {})
         f = UserRegistration({}, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertEqual(f.errors['username'], ['This field is required.'])
-        self.assertEqual(f.errors['password1'], ['This field is required.'])
-        self.assertEqual(f.errors['password2'], ['This field is required.'])
-        f = UserRegistration({'username': 'adrian', 'password1': 'foo', 'password2': 'bar'}, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertEqual(f.errors['password2'], ['Please make sure your passwords match.'])
-        f = UserRegistration({'username': 'adrian', 'password1': 'foo', 'password2': 'foo'}, auto_id=False)
+        self.assertEqual(f.errors["username"], ["This field is required."])
+        self.assertEqual(f.errors["password1"], ["This field is required."])
+        self.assertEqual(f.errors["password2"], ["This field is required."])
+        f = UserRegistration(
+            {"username": "adrian", "password1": "foo", "password2": "bar"},
+            auto_id=False,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f.errors["password2"], ["Please make sure your passwords match."]
+        )
+        f = UserRegistration(
+            {"username": "adrian", "password1": "foo", "password2": "foo"},
+            auto_id=False,
+        )
         self.assertEqual(f.errors, {})
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['username'], 'adrian')
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['password1'], 'foo')
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['password2'], 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["username"], "adrian")
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["password1"], "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["password2"], "foo")
 
         # Another way of doing multiple-field validation is by implementing the
         # Form's clean() method. Usually ValidationError raised by that method
@@ -1144,26 +1343,29 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
 
             def clean(self):
                 # Test raising a ValidationError as NON_FIELD_ERRORS.
-                if (self.cleaned_data.get('password1') and self.cleaned_data.get('password2') and
-                        self.cleaned_data['password1'] != self.cleaned_data['password2']):
-                    raise ValidationError('Please make sure your passwords match.')
+                if (
+                    self.cleaned_data.get("password1")
+                    and self.cleaned_data.get("password2")
+                    and self.cleaned_data["password1"] != self.cleaned_data["password2"]
+                ):
+                    raise ValidationError("Please make sure your passwords match.")
 
                 # Test raising ValidationError that targets multiple fields.
                 errors = {}
-                if self.cleaned_data.get('password1') == 'FORBIDDEN_VALUE':
-                    errors['password1'] = 'Forbidden value.'
-                if self.cleaned_data.get('password2') == 'FORBIDDEN_VALUE':
-                    errors['password2'] = ['Forbidden value.']
+                if self.cleaned_data.get("password1") == "FORBIDDEN_VALUE":
+                    errors["password1"] = "Forbidden value."
+                if self.cleaned_data.get("password2") == "FORBIDDEN_VALUE":
+                    errors["password2"] = ["Forbidden value."]
                 if errors:
                     raise ValidationError(errors)
 
                 # Test Form.add_error()
-                if self.cleaned_data.get('password1') == 'FORBIDDEN_VALUE2':
-                    self.add_error(None, 'Non-field error 1.')
-                    self.add_error('password1', 'Forbidden value 2.')
-                if self.cleaned_data.get('password2') == 'FORBIDDEN_VALUE2':
-                    self.add_error('password2', 'Forbidden value 2.')
-                    raise ValidationError('Non-field error 2.')
+                if self.cleaned_data.get("password1") == "FORBIDDEN_VALUE2":
+                    self.add_error(None, "Non-field error 1.")
+                    self.add_error("password1", "Forbidden value 2.")
+                if self.cleaned_data.get("password2") == "FORBIDDEN_VALUE2":
+                    self.add_error("password2", "Forbidden value 2.")
+                    raise ValidationError("Non-field error 2.")
 
                 return self.cleaned_data
 
@@ -1179,21 +1381,26 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
 <tr><th>Password1:</th><td><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
 <input type="password" name="password1" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Password2:</th><td><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
-<input type="password" name="password2" required></td></tr>"""
+<input type="password" name="password2" required></td></tr>""",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(f.errors['username'], ['This field is required.'])
-        self.assertEqual(f.errors['password1'], ['This field is required.'])
-        self.assertEqual(f.errors['password2'], ['This field is required.'])
+        self.assertEqual(f.errors["username"], ["This field is required."])
+        self.assertEqual(f.errors["password1"], ["This field is required."])
+        self.assertEqual(f.errors["password2"], ["This field is required."])
 
-        f = UserRegistration({'username': 'adrian', 'password1': 'foo', 'password2': 'bar'}, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertEqual(f.errors['__all__'], ['Please make sure your passwords match.'])
+        f = UserRegistration(
+            {"username": "adrian", "password1": "foo", "password2": "bar"},
+            auto_id=False,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f.errors["__all__"], ["Please make sure your passwords match."]
+        )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_table(),
             """<tr><td colspan="2">
 <ul class="errorlist nonfield"><li>Please make sure your passwords match.</li></ul></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Username:</th><td><input type="text" name="username" value="adrian" maxlength="10" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Password1:</th><td><input type="password" name="password1" required></td></tr>
-<tr><th>Password2:</th><td><input type="password" name="password2" required></td></tr>"""
+<tr><th>Password2:</th><td><input type="password" name="password2" required></td></tr>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_ul(),
@@ -1201,34 +1408,45 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
 <li>Please make sure your passwords match.</li></ul></li>
 <li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" value="adrian" maxlength="10" required></li>
 <li>Password1: <input type="password" name="password1" required></li>
-<li>Password2: <input type="password" name="password2" required></li>"""
+<li>Password2: <input type="password" name="password2" required></li>""",
         )
 
-        f = UserRegistration({'username': 'adrian', 'password1': 'foo', 'password2': 'foo'}, auto_id=False)
+        f = UserRegistration(
+            {"username": "adrian", "password1": "foo", "password2": "foo"},
+            auto_id=False,
+        )
         self.assertEqual(f.errors, {})
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['username'], 'adrian')
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['password1'], 'foo')
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['password2'], 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["username"], "adrian")
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["password1"], "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["password2"], "foo")
 
-        f = UserRegistration({
-            'username': 'adrian',
-            'password1': 'FORBIDDEN_VALUE',
-            'password2': 'FORBIDDEN_VALUE',
-        }, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertEqual(f.errors['password1'], ['Forbidden value.'])
-        self.assertEqual(f.errors['password2'], ['Forbidden value.'])
+        f = UserRegistration(
+            {
+                "username": "adrian",
+                "password1": "FORBIDDEN_VALUE",
+                "password2": "FORBIDDEN_VALUE",
+            },
+            auto_id=False,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(f.errors["password1"], ["Forbidden value."])
+        self.assertEqual(f.errors["password2"], ["Forbidden value."])
 
-        f = UserRegistration({
-            'username': 'adrian',
-            'password1': 'FORBIDDEN_VALUE2',
-            'password2': 'FORBIDDEN_VALUE2',
-        }, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertEqual(f.errors['__all__'], ['Non-field error 1.', 'Non-field error 2.'])
-        self.assertEqual(f.errors['password1'], ['Forbidden value 2.'])
-        self.assertEqual(f.errors['password2'], ['Forbidden value 2.'])
+        f = UserRegistration(
+            {
+                "username": "adrian",
+                "password1": "FORBIDDEN_VALUE2",
+                "password2": "FORBIDDEN_VALUE2",
+            },
+            auto_id=False,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f.errors["__all__"], ["Non-field error 1.", "Non-field error 2."]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(f.errors["password1"], ["Forbidden value 2."])
+        self.assertEqual(f.errors["password2"], ["Forbidden value 2."])
 
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "has no field named"):
-            f.add_error('missing_field', 'Some error.')
+            f.add_error("missing_field", "Some error.")
 
     def test_update_error_dict(self):
         class CodeForm(Form):
@@ -1236,27 +1454,27 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
 
             def clean(self):
                 try:
-                    raise ValidationError({'code': [ValidationError('Code error 1.')]})
+                    raise ValidationError({"code": [ValidationError("Code error 1.")]})
                 except ValidationError as e:
                     self._errors = e.update_error_dict(self._errors)
 
                 try:
-                    raise ValidationError({'code': [ValidationError('Code error 2.')]})
+                    raise ValidationError({"code": [ValidationError("Code error 2.")]})
                 except ValidationError as e:
                     self._errors = e.update_error_dict(self._errors)
 
                 try:
-                    raise ValidationError({'code': forms.ErrorList(['Code error 3.'])})
+                    raise ValidationError({"code": forms.ErrorList(["Code error 3."])})
                 except ValidationError as e:
                     self._errors = e.update_error_dict(self._errors)
 
                 try:
-                    raise ValidationError('Non-field error 1.')
+                    raise ValidationError("Non-field error 1.")
                 except ValidationError as e:
                     self._errors = e.update_error_dict(self._errors)
 
                 try:
-                    raise ValidationError([ValidationError('Non-field error 2.')])
+                    raise ValidationError([ValidationError("Non-field error 2.")])
                 except ValidationError as e:
                     self._errors = e.update_error_dict(self._errors)
 
@@ -1265,17 +1483,20 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
                     if not isinstance(error_list, self.error_class):
                         self._errors[field] = self.error_class(error_list)
 
-        form = CodeForm({'code': 'hello'})
+        form = CodeForm({"code": "hello"})
         # Trigger validation.
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
 
         # update_error_dict didn't lose track of the ErrorDict type.
         self.assertIsInstance(form._errors, forms.ErrorDict)
 
-        self.assertEqual(dict(form.errors), {
-            'code': ['Code error 1.', 'Code error 2.', 'Code error 3.'],
-            NON_FIELD_ERRORS: ['Non-field error 1.', 'Non-field error 2.'],
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            dict(form.errors),
+            {
+                "code": ["Code error 1.", "Code error 2.", "Code error 3."],
+                NON_FIELD_ERRORS: ["Non-field error 1.", "Non-field error 2."],
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_has_error(self):
         class UserRegistration(Form):
@@ -1284,43 +1505,46 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
             password2 = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)
 
             def clean(self):
-                if (self.cleaned_data.get('password1') and self.cleaned_data.get('password2') and
-                        self.cleaned_data['password1'] != self.cleaned_data['password2']):
+                if (
+                    self.cleaned_data.get("password1")
+                    and self.cleaned_data.get("password2")
+                    and self.cleaned_data["password1"] != self.cleaned_data["password2"]
+                ):
                     raise ValidationError(
-                        'Please make sure your passwords match.',
-                        code='password_mismatch',
+                        "Please make sure your passwords match.",
+                        code="password_mismatch",
                     )
 
         f = UserRegistration(data={})
-        self.assertTrue(f.has_error('password1'))
-        self.assertTrue(f.has_error('password1', 'required'))
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_error('password1', 'anything'))
+        self.assertTrue(f.has_error("password1"))
+        self.assertTrue(f.has_error("password1", "required"))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_error("password1", "anything"))
 
-        f = UserRegistration(data={'password1': 'Hi', 'password2': 'Hi'})
-        self.assertTrue(f.has_error('password1'))
-        self.assertTrue(f.has_error('password1', 'min_length'))
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_error('password1', 'anything'))
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_error('password2'))
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_error('password2', 'anything'))
+        f = UserRegistration(data={"password1": "Hi", "password2": "Hi"})
+        self.assertTrue(f.has_error("password1"))
+        self.assertTrue(f.has_error("password1", "min_length"))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_error("password1", "anything"))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_error("password2"))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_error("password2", "anything"))
 
-        f = UserRegistration(data={'password1': 'Bonjour', 'password2': 'Hello'})
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_error('password1'))
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_error('password1', 'required'))
+        f = UserRegistration(data={"password1": "Bonjour", "password2": "Hello"})
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_error("password1"))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_error("password1", "required"))
         self.assertTrue(f.has_error(NON_FIELD_ERRORS))
-        self.assertTrue(f.has_error(NON_FIELD_ERRORS, 'password_mismatch'))
-        self.assertFalse(f.has_error(NON_FIELD_ERRORS, 'anything'))
+        self.assertTrue(f.has_error(NON_FIELD_ERRORS, "password_mismatch"))
+        self.assertFalse(f.has_error(NON_FIELD_ERRORS, "anything"))
 
     def test_html_output_with_hidden_input_field_errors(self):
         class TestForm(Form):
             hidden_input = CharField(widget=HiddenInput)
 
             def clean(self):
-                self.add_error(None, 'Form error')
+                self.add_error(None, "Form error")
 
         f = TestForm(data={})
         error_dict = {
-            'hidden_input': ['This field is required.'],
-            '__all__': ['Form error'],
+            "hidden_input": ["This field is required."],
+            "__all__": ["Form error"],
         }
         self.assertEqual(f.errors, error_dict)
         f.as_table()
@@ -1328,19 +1552,19 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_table(),
             '<tr><td colspan="2"><ul class="errorlist nonfield"><li>Form error</li>'
-            '<li>(Hidden field hidden_input) This field is required.</li></ul>'
+            "<li>(Hidden field hidden_input) This field is required.</li></ul>"
             '<input type="hidden" name="hidden_input" id="id_hidden_input"></td></tr>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_ul(),
             '<li><ul class="errorlist nonfield"><li>Form error</li>'
-            '<li>(Hidden field hidden_input) This field is required.</li></ul>'
+            "<li>(Hidden field hidden_input) This field is required.</li></ul>"
             '<input type="hidden" name="hidden_input" id="id_hidden_input"></li>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_p(),
             '<ul class="errorlist nonfield"><li>Form error</li>'
-            '<li>(Hidden field hidden_input) This field is required.</li></ul>'
+            "<li>(Hidden field hidden_input) This field is required.</li></ul>"
             '<p><input type="hidden" name="hidden_input" id="id_hidden_input"></p>',
         )
 
@@ -1354,14 +1578,14 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
 
             def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
                 super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-                self.fields['birthday'] = DateField()
+                self.fields["birthday"] = DateField()
 
         p = Person(auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_table(),
             """<tr><th>First name:</th><td><input type="text" name="first_name" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Last name:</th><td><input type="text" name="last_name" required></td></tr>
-<tr><th>Birthday:</th><td><input type="text" name="birthday" required></td></tr>"""
+<tr><th>Birthday:</th><td><input type="text" name="birthday" required></td></tr>""",
         )
 
         # Instances of a dynamic Form do not persist fields from one Form instance to
@@ -1373,19 +1597,19 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
                 for field in field_list:
                     self.fields[field[0]] = field[1]
 
-        field_list = [('field1', CharField()), ('field2', CharField())]
+        field_list = [("field1", CharField()), ("field2", CharField())]
         my_form = MyForm(field_list=field_list)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             my_form.as_table(),
             """<tr><th>Field1:</th><td><input type="text" name="field1" required></td></tr>
-<tr><th>Field2:</th><td><input type="text" name="field2" required></td></tr>"""
+<tr><th>Field2:</th><td><input type="text" name="field2" required></td></tr>""",
         )
-        field_list = [('field3', CharField()), ('field4', CharField())]
+        field_list = [("field3", CharField()), ("field4", CharField())]
         my_form = MyForm(field_list=field_list)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             my_form.as_table(),
             """<tr><th>Field3:</th><td><input type="text" name="field3" required></td></tr>
-<tr><th>Field4:</th><td><input type="text" name="field4" required></td></tr>"""
+<tr><th>Field4:</th><td><input type="text" name="field4" required></td></tr>""",
         )
 
         class MyForm(Form):
@@ -1398,23 +1622,23 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
                 for field in field_list:
                     self.fields[field[0]] = field[1]
 
-        field_list = [('field1', CharField()), ('field2', CharField())]
+        field_list = [("field1", CharField()), ("field2", CharField())]
         my_form = MyForm(field_list=field_list)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             my_form.as_table(),
             """<tr><th>Default field 1:</th><td><input type="text" name="default_field_1" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Default field 2:</th><td><input type="text" name="default_field_2" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Field1:</th><td><input type="text" name="field1" required></td></tr>
-<tr><th>Field2:</th><td><input type="text" name="field2" required></td></tr>"""
+<tr><th>Field2:</th><td><input type="text" name="field2" required></td></tr>""",
         )
-        field_list = [('field3', CharField()), ('field4', CharField())]
+        field_list = [("field3", CharField()), ("field4", CharField())]
         my_form = MyForm(field_list=field_list)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             my_form.as_table(),
             """<tr><th>Default field 1:</th><td><input type="text" name="default_field_1" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Default field 2:</th><td><input type="text" name="default_field_2" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Field3:</th><td><input type="text" name="field3" required></td></tr>
-<tr><th>Field4:</th><td><input type="text" name="field4" required></td></tr>"""
+<tr><th>Field4:</th><td><input type="text" name="field4" required></td></tr>""",
         )
 
         # Similarly, changes to field attributes do not persist from one Form instance
@@ -1427,24 +1651,42 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
                 super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
                 if names_required:
-                    self.fields['first_name'].required = True
-                    self.fields['first_name'].widget.attrs['class'] = 'required'
-                    self.fields['last_name'].required = True
-                    self.fields['last_name'].widget.attrs['class'] = 'required'
+                    self.fields["first_name"].required = True
+                    self.fields["first_name"].widget.attrs["class"] = "required"
+                    self.fields["last_name"].required = True
+                    self.fields["last_name"].widget.attrs["class"] = "required"
 
         f = Person(names_required=False)
-        self.assertEqual(f['first_name'].field.required, f['last_name'].field.required, (False, False))
-        self.assertEqual(f['first_name'].field.widget.attrs, f['last_name'].field.widget.attrs, ({}, {}))
-        f = Person(names_required=True)
-        self.assertEqual(f['first_name'].field.required, f['last_name'].field.required, (True, True))
         self.assertEqual(
-            f['first_name'].field.widget.attrs,
-            f['last_name'].field.widget.attrs,
-            ({'class': 'reuired'}, {'class': 'required'})
+            f["first_name"].field.required,
+            f["last_name"].field.required,
+            (False, False),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f["first_name"].field.widget.attrs,
+            f["last_name"].field.widget.attrs,
+            ({}, {}),
+        )
+        f = Person(names_required=True)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f["first_name"].field.required, f["last_name"].field.required, (True, True)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f["first_name"].field.widget.attrs,
+            f["last_name"].field.widget.attrs,
+            ({"class": "reuired"}, {"class": "required"}),
         )
         f = Person(names_required=False)
-        self.assertEqual(f['first_name'].field.required, f['last_name'].field.required, (False, False))
-        self.assertEqual(f['first_name'].field.widget.attrs, f['last_name'].field.widget.attrs, ({}, {}))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f["first_name"].field.required,
+            f["last_name"].field.required,
+            (False, False),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f["first_name"].field.widget.attrs,
+            f["last_name"].field.widget.attrs,
+            ({}, {}),
+        )
 
         class Person(Form):
             first_name = CharField(max_length=30)
@@ -1454,49 +1696,61 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
                 super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
                 if name_max_length:
-                    self.fields['first_name'].max_length = name_max_length
-                    self.fields['last_name'].max_length = name_max_length
+                    self.fields["first_name"].max_length = name_max_length
+                    self.fields["last_name"].max_length = name_max_length
 
         f = Person(name_max_length=None)
-        self.assertEqual(f['first_name'].field.max_length, f['last_name'].field.max_length, (30, 30))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f["first_name"].field.max_length, f["last_name"].field.max_length, (30, 30)
+        )
         f = Person(name_max_length=20)
-        self.assertEqual(f['first_name'].field.max_length, f['last_name'].field.max_length, (20, 20))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f["first_name"].field.max_length, f["last_name"].field.max_length, (20, 20)
+        )
         f = Person(name_max_length=None)
-        self.assertEqual(f['first_name'].field.max_length, f['last_name'].field.max_length, (30, 30))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f["first_name"].field.max_length, f["last_name"].field.max_length, (30, 30)
+        )
 
         # Similarly, choices do not persist from one Form instance to the next.
         # Refs #15127.
         class Person(Form):
             first_name = CharField(required=False)
             last_name = CharField(required=False)
-            gender = ChoiceField(choices=(('f', 'Female'), ('m', 'Male')))
+            gender = ChoiceField(choices=(("f", "Female"), ("m", "Male")))
 
             def __init__(self, allow_unspec_gender=False, *args, **kwargs):
                 super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
                 if allow_unspec_gender:
-                    self.fields['gender'].choices += (('u', 'Unspecified'),)
+                    self.fields["gender"].choices += (("u", "Unspecified"),)
 
         f = Person()
-        self.assertEqual(f['gender'].field.choices, [('f', 'Female'), ('m', 'Male')])
+        self.assertEqual(f["gender"].field.choices, [("f", "Female"), ("m", "Male")])
         f = Person(allow_unspec_gender=True)
-        self.assertEqual(f['gender'].field.choices, [('f', 'Female'), ('m', 'Male'), ('u', 'Unspecified')])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f["gender"].field.choices,
+            [("f", "Female"), ("m", "Male"), ("u", "Unspecified")],
+        )
         f = Person()
-        self.assertEqual(f['gender'].field.choices, [('f', 'Female'), ('m', 'Male')])
+        self.assertEqual(f["gender"].field.choices, [("f", "Female"), ("m", "Male")])
 
     def test_validators_independence(self):
         """
         The list of form field validators can be modified without polluting
         other forms.
         """
+
         class MyForm(Form):
             myfield = CharField(max_length=25)
 
         f1 = MyForm()
         f2 = MyForm()
 
-        f1.fields['myfield'].validators[0] = MaxValueValidator(12)
-        self.assertNotEqual(f1.fields['myfield'].validators[0], f2.fields['myfield'].validators[0])
+        f1.fields["myfield"].validators[0] = MaxValueValidator(12)
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            f1.fields["myfield"].validators[0], f2.fields["myfield"].validators[0]
+        )
 
     def test_hidden_widget(self):
         # HiddenInput widgets are displayed differently in the as_table(), as_ul())
@@ -1515,22 +1769,23 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
             """<tr><th>First name:</th><td><input type="text" name="first_name" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Last name:</th><td><input type="text" name="last_name" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Birthday:</th>
-<td><input type="text" name="birthday" required><input type="hidden" name="hidden_text"></td></tr>"""
+<td><input type="text" name="birthday" required><input type="hidden" name="hidden_text"></td></tr>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
             """<li>First name: <input type="text" name="first_name" required></li>
 <li>Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" required></li>
-<li>Birthday: <input type="text" name="birthday" required><input type="hidden" name="hidden_text"></li>"""
+<li>Birthday: <input type="text" name="birthday" required><input type="hidden" name="hidden_text"></li>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            p.as_p(), """<p>First name: <input type="text" name="first_name" required></p>
+            p.as_p(),
+            """<p>First name: <input type="text" name="first_name" required></p>
 <p>Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" required></p>
-<p>Birthday: <input type="text" name="birthday" required><input type="hidden" name="hidden_text"></p>"""
+<p>Birthday: <input type="text" name="birthday" required><input type="hidden" name="hidden_text"></p>""",
         )
 
         # With auto_id set, a HiddenInput still gets an ID, but it doesn't get a label.
-        p = Person(auto_id='id_%s')
+        p = Person(auto_id="id_%s")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_table(),
             """<tr><th><label for="id_first_name">First name:</label></th><td>
@@ -1539,7 +1794,7 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
 <input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label></th><td>
 <input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" required>
-<input type="hidden" name="hidden_text" id="id_hidden_text"></td></tr>"""
+<input type="hidden" name="hidden_text" id="id_hidden_text"></td></tr>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
@@ -1549,7 +1804,7 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
 <input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" required></li>
 <li><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label>
 <input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" required>
-<input type="hidden" name="hidden_text" id="id_hidden_text"></li>"""
+<input type="hidden" name="hidden_text" id="id_hidden_text"></li>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_p(),
@@ -1559,14 +1814,17 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
 <input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" required></p>
 <p><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label>
 <input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" required>
-<input type="hidden" name="hidden_text" id="id_hidden_text"></p>"""
+<input type="hidden" name="hidden_text" id="id_hidden_text"></p>""",
         )
 
         # If a field with a HiddenInput has errors, the as_table() and as_ul() output
         # will include the error message(s) with the text "(Hidden field [fieldname]) "
         # prepended. This message is displayed at the top of the output, regardless of
         # its field's order in the form.
-        p = Person({'first_name': 'John', 'last_name': 'Lennon', 'birthday': '1940-10-9'}, auto_id=False)
+        p = Person(
+            {"first_name": "John", "last_name": "Lennon", "birthday": "1940-10-9"},
+            auto_id=False,
+        )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_table(),
             """<tr><td colspan="2">
@@ -1574,7 +1832,7 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
 <tr><th>First name:</th><td><input type="text" name="first_name" value="John" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Last name:</th><td><input type="text" name="last_name" value="Lennon" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Birthday:</th><td><input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" required>
-<input type="hidden" name="hidden_text"></td></tr>"""
+<input type="hidden" name="hidden_text"></td></tr>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
@@ -1582,7 +1840,7 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
 <li>First name: <input type="text" name="first_name" value="John" required></li>
 <li>Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" value="Lennon" required></li>
 <li>Birthday: <input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" required>
-<input type="hidden" name="hidden_text"></li>"""
+<input type="hidden" name="hidden_text"></li>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_p(),
@@ -1590,7 +1848,7 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
 <p>First name: <input type="text" name="first_name" value="John" required></p>
 <p>Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" value="Lennon" required></p>
 <p>Birthday: <input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" required>
-<input type="hidden" name="hidden_text"></p>"""
+<input type="hidden" name="hidden_text"></p>""",
         )
 
         # A corner case: It's possible for a form to have only HiddenInputs.
@@ -1599,9 +1857,17 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
             bar = CharField(widget=HiddenInput)
 
         p = TestForm(auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_table(), '<input type="hidden" name="foo"><input type="hidden" name="bar">')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), '<input type="hidden" name="foo"><input type="hidden" name="bar">')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_p(), '<input type="hidden" name="foo"><input type="hidden" name="bar">')
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            p.as_table(),
+            '<input type="hidden" name="foo"><input type="hidden" name="bar">',
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            p.as_ul(),
+            '<input type="hidden" name="foo"><input type="hidden" name="bar">',
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            p.as_p(), '<input type="hidden" name="foo"><input type="hidden" name="bar">'
+        )
 
     def test_field_order(self):
         # A Form's fields are displayed in the same order in which they were defined.
@@ -1622,7 +1888,9 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
             field14 = CharField()
 
         p = TestForm(auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_table(), """<tr><th>Field1:</th><td><input type="text" name="field1" required></td></tr>
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            p.as_table(),
+            """<tr><th>Field1:</th><td><input type="text" name="field1" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Field2:</th><td><input type="text" name="field2" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Field3:</th><td><input type="text" name="field3" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Field4:</th><td><input type="text" name="field4" required></td></tr>
@@ -1635,7 +1903,8 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
 <tr><th>Field11:</th><td><input type="text" name="field11" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Field12:</th><td><input type="text" name="field12" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Field13:</th><td><input type="text" name="field13" required></td></tr>
-<tr><th>Field14:</th><td><input type="text" name="field14" required></td></tr>""")
+<tr><th>Field14:</th><td><input type="text" name="field14" required></td></tr>""",
+        )
 
     def test_explicit_field_order(self):
         class TestFormParent(Form):
@@ -1644,17 +1913,17 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
             field4 = CharField()
             field5 = CharField()
             field6 = CharField()
-            field_order = ['field6', 'field5', 'field4', 'field2', 'field1']
+            field_order = ["field6", "field5", "field4", "field2", "field1"]
 
         class TestForm(TestFormParent):
             field3 = CharField()
-            field_order = ['field2', 'field4', 'field3', 'field5', 'field6']
+            field_order = ["field2", "field4", "field3", "field5", "field6"]
 
         class TestFormRemove(TestForm):
             field1 = None
 
         class TestFormMissing(TestForm):
-            field_order = ['field2', 'field4', 'field3', 'field5', 'field6', 'field1']
+            field_order = ["field2", "field4", "field3", "field5", "field6", "field1"]
             field1 = None
 
         class TestFormInit(TestFormParent):
@@ -1674,11 +1943,13 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
         p = TestForm()
         self.assertEqual(list(p.fields), TestFormMissing.field_order)
         p = TestFormInit()
-        order = [*TestForm.field_order, 'field1']
+        order = [*TestForm.field_order, "field1"]
         self.assertEqual(list(p.fields), order)
-        TestForm.field_order = ['unknown']
+        TestForm.field_order = ["unknown"]
         p = TestForm()
-        self.assertEqual(list(p.fields), ['field1', 'field2', 'field4', 'field5', 'field6', 'field3'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(p.fields), ["field1", "field2", "field4", "field5", "field6", "field3"]
+        )
 
     def test_form_html_attributes(self):
         # Some Field classes have an effect on the HTML attributes of their associated
@@ -1686,10 +1957,12 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
         # either a TextInput or PasswordInput, then the widget's rendered HTML will
         # include the "maxlength" attribute.
         class UserRegistration(Form):
-            username = CharField(max_length=10)                   # uses TextInput by default
+            username = CharField(max_length=10)  # uses TextInput by default
             password = CharField(max_length=10, widget=PasswordInput)
-            realname = CharField(max_length=10, widget=TextInput)  # redundantly define widget, just to test
-            address = CharField()                                 # no max_length defined here
+            realname = CharField(
+                max_length=10, widget=TextInput
+            )  # redundantly define widget, just to test
+            address = CharField()  # no max_length defined here
 
         p = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
@@ -1697,21 +1970,23 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
             """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required></li>
 <li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" maxlength="10" required></li>
 <li>Realname: <input type="text" name="realname" maxlength="10" required></li>
-<li>Address: <input type="text" name="address" required></li>"""
+<li>Address: <input type="text" name="address" required></li>""",
         )
 
         # If you specify a custom "attrs" that includes the "maxlength" attribute,
         # the Field's max_length attribute will override whatever "maxlength" you specify
         # in "attrs".
         class UserRegistration(Form):
-            username = CharField(max_length=10, widget=TextInput(attrs={'maxlength': 20}))
+            username = CharField(
+                max_length=10, widget=TextInput(attrs={"maxlength": 20})
+            )
             password = CharField(max_length=10, widget=PasswordInput)
 
         p = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
             """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required></li>
-<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" maxlength="10" required></li>"""
+<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" maxlength="10" required></li>""",
         )
 
     def test_specifying_labels(self):
@@ -1719,26 +1994,26 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
         # class. If you don't specify 'label', Django will use the field name with
         # underscores converted to spaces, and the initial letter capitalized.
         class UserRegistration(Form):
-            username = CharField(max_length=10, label='Your username')
+            username = CharField(max_length=10, label="Your username")
             password1 = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)
-            password2 = CharField(widget=PasswordInput, label='Contraseña (de nuevo)')
+            password2 = CharField(widget=PasswordInput, label="Contraseña (de nuevo)")
 
         p = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
             """<li>Your username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required></li>
 <li>Password1: <input type="password" name="password1" required></li>
-<li>Contraseña (de nuevo): <input type="password" name="password2" required></li>"""
+<li>Contraseña (de nuevo): <input type="password" name="password2" required></li>""",
         )
 
         # Labels for as_* methods will only end in a colon if they don't end in other
         # punctuation already.
         class Questions(Form):
-            q1 = CharField(label='The first question')
-            q2 = CharField(label='What is your name?')
-            q3 = CharField(label='The answer to life is:')
-            q4 = CharField(label='Answer this question!')
-            q5 = CharField(label='The last question. Period.')
+            q1 = CharField(label="The first question")
+            q2 = CharField(label="What is your name?")
+            q3 = CharField(label="The answer to life is:")
+            q4 = CharField(label="Answer this question!")
+            q5 = CharField(label="The last question. Period.")
 
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             Questions(auto_id=False).as_p(),
@@ -1746,7 +2021,7 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
 <p>What is your name? <input type="text" name="q2" required></p>
 <p>The answer to life is: <input type="text" name="q3" required></p>
 <p>Answer this question! <input type="text" name="q4" required></p>
-<p>The last question. Period. <input type="text" name="q5" required></p>"""
+<p>The last question. Period. <input type="text" name="q5" required></p>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             Questions().as_p(),
@@ -1754,23 +2029,26 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
 <p><label for="id_q2">What is your name?</label> <input type="text" name="q2" id="id_q2" required></p>
 <p><label for="id_q3">The answer to life is:</label> <input type="text" name="q3" id="id_q3" required></p>
 <p><label for="id_q4">Answer this question!</label> <input type="text" name="q4" id="id_q4" required></p>
-<p><label for="id_q5">The last question. Period.</label> <input type="text" name="q5" id="id_q5" required></p>"""
+<p><label for="id_q5">The last question. Period.</label> <input type="text" name="q5" id="id_q5" required></p>""",
         )
 
         # If a label is set to the empty string for a field, that field won't get a label.
         class UserRegistration(Form):
-            username = CharField(max_length=10, label='')
+            username = CharField(max_length=10, label="")
             password = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)
 
         p = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li> <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required></li>
-<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>""")
-        p = UserRegistration(auto_id='id_%s')
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            p.as_ul(),
+            """<li> <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required></li>
+<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>""",
+        )
+        p = UserRegistration(auto_id="id_%s")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
             """<li> <input id="id_username" type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required></li>
 <li><label for="id_password">Password:</label>
-<input type="password" name="password" id="id_password" required></li>"""
+<input type="password" name="password" id="id_password" required></li>""",
         )
 
         # If label is None, Django will auto-create the label from the field name. This
@@ -1783,15 +2061,15 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
             """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required></li>
-<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>"""
+<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>""",
         )
-        p = UserRegistration(auto_id='id_%s')
+        p = UserRegistration(auto_id="id_%s")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
             """<li><label for="id_username">Username:</label>
 <input id="id_username" type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required></li>
 <li><label for="id_password">Password:</label>
-<input type="password" name="password" id="id_password" required></li>"""
+<input type="password" name="password" id="id_password" required></li>""",
         )
 
     def test_label_suffix(self):
@@ -1801,31 +2079,40 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
         # punctuation symbol: ., !, ? or :.  If you specify a different suffix, it will
         # be appended regardless of the last character of the label.
         class FavoriteForm(Form):
-            color = CharField(label='Favorite color?')
-            animal = CharField(label='Favorite animal')
-            answer = CharField(label='Secret answer', label_suffix=' =')
+            color = CharField(label="Favorite color?")
+            animal = CharField(label="Favorite animal")
+            answer = CharField(label="Secret answer", label_suffix=" =")
 
         f = FavoriteForm(auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_ul(), """<li>Favorite color? <input type="text" name="color" required></li>
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            f.as_ul(),
+            """<li>Favorite color? <input type="text" name="color" required></li>
 <li>Favorite animal: <input type="text" name="animal" required></li>
-<li>Secret answer = <input type="text" name="answer" required></li>""")
+<li>Secret answer = <input type="text" name="answer" required></li>""",
+        )
 
-        f = FavoriteForm(auto_id=False, label_suffix='?')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_ul(), """<li>Favorite color? <input type="text" name="color" required></li>
+        f = FavoriteForm(auto_id=False, label_suffix="?")
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            f.as_ul(),
+            """<li>Favorite color? <input type="text" name="color" required></li>
 <li>Favorite animal? <input type="text" name="animal" required></li>
-<li>Secret answer = <input type="text" name="answer" required></li>""")
+<li>Secret answer = <input type="text" name="answer" required></li>""",
+        )
 
-        f = FavoriteForm(auto_id=False, label_suffix='')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_ul(), """<li>Favorite color? <input type="text" name="color" required></li>
+        f = FavoriteForm(auto_id=False, label_suffix="")
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            f.as_ul(),
+            """<li>Favorite color? <input type="text" name="color" required></li>
 <li>Favorite animal <input type="text" name="animal" required></li>
-<li>Secret answer = <input type="text" name="answer" required></li>""")
+<li>Secret answer = <input type="text" name="answer" required></li>""",
+        )
 
-        f = FavoriteForm(auto_id=False, label_suffix='\u2192')
+        f = FavoriteForm(auto_id=False, label_suffix="\u2192")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_ul(),
             '<li>Favorite color? <input type="text" name="color" required></li>\n'
             '<li>Favorite animal\u2192 <input type="text" name="animal" required></li>\n'
-            '<li>Secret answer = <input type="text" name="answer" required></li>'
+            '<li>Secret answer = <input type="text" name="answer" required></li>',
         )
 
     def test_initial_data(self):
@@ -1835,7 +2122,7 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
         # empty dictionary). Also, the initial value is *not* used if data for a
         # particular required field isn't provided.
         class UserRegistration(Form):
-            username = CharField(max_length=10, initial='django')
+            username = CharField(max_length=10, initial="django")
             password = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)
 
         # Here, we're not submitting any data, so the initial value will be displayed.)
@@ -1843,7 +2130,7 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
             """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" value="django" maxlength="10" required></li>
-<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>"""
+<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>""",
         )
 
         # Here, we're submitting data, so the initial value will *not* be displayed.
@@ -1853,29 +2140,29 @@ value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;xss&#x27;)&lt
             """<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
 Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required></li>
 <li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
-Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>"""
+Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>""",
         )
-        p = UserRegistration({'username': ''}, auto_id=False)
+        p = UserRegistration({"username": ""}, auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
             """<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
 Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required></li>
 <li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
-Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>"""
+Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>""",
         )
-        p = UserRegistration({'username': 'foo'}, auto_id=False)
+        p = UserRegistration({"username": "foo"}, auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
             """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" value="foo" maxlength="10" required></li>
 <li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
-Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>"""
+Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>""",
         )
 
         # An 'initial' value is *not* used as a fallback if data is not provided. In this
         # example, we don't provide a value for 'username', and the form raises a
         # validation error rather than using the initial value for 'username'.
-        p = UserRegistration({'password': 'secret'})
-        self.assertEqual(p.errors['username'], ['This field is required.'])
+        p = UserRegistration({"password": "secret"})
+        self.assertEqual(p.errors["username"], ["This field is required."])
         self.assertFalse(p.is_valid())
 
     def test_dynamic_initial_data(self):
@@ -1889,61 +2176,66 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>"""
             password = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)
 
         # Here, we're not submitting any data, so the initial value will be displayed.)
-        p = UserRegistration(initial={'username': 'django'}, auto_id=False)
+        p = UserRegistration(initial={"username": "django"}, auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
             """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" value="django" maxlength="10" required></li>
-<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>"""
+<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>""",
         )
-        p = UserRegistration(initial={'username': 'stephane'}, auto_id=False)
+        p = UserRegistration(initial={"username": "stephane"}, auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
             """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" value="stephane" maxlength="10" required></li>
-<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>"""
+<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>""",
         )
 
         # The 'initial' parameter is meaningless if you pass data.
-        p = UserRegistration({}, initial={'username': 'django'}, auto_id=False)
+        p = UserRegistration({}, initial={"username": "django"}, auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
             """<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
 Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required></li>
 <li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
-Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>"""
+Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>""",
+        )
+        p = UserRegistration(
+            {"username": ""}, initial={"username": "django"}, auto_id=False
         )
-        p = UserRegistration({'username': ''}, initial={'username': 'django'}, auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
             """<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
 Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required></li>
 <li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
-Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>"""
+Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>""",
+        )
+        p = UserRegistration(
+            {"username": "foo"}, initial={"username": "django"}, auto_id=False
         )
-        p = UserRegistration({'username': 'foo'}, initial={'username': 'django'}, auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            p.as_ul(), """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" value="foo" maxlength="10" required></li>
+            p.as_ul(),
+            """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" value="foo" maxlength="10" required></li>
 <li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
-Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>"""
+Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>""",
         )
 
         # A dynamic 'initial' value is *not* used as a fallback if data is not provided.
         # In this example, we don't provide a value for 'username', and the form raises a
         # validation error rather than using the initial value for 'username'.
-        p = UserRegistration({'password': 'secret'}, initial={'username': 'django'})
-        self.assertEqual(p.errors['username'], ['This field is required.'])
+        p = UserRegistration({"password": "secret"}, initial={"username": "django"})
+        self.assertEqual(p.errors["username"], ["This field is required."])
         self.assertFalse(p.is_valid())
 
         # If a Form defines 'initial' *and* 'initial' is passed as a parameter to Form(),
         # then the latter will get precedence.
         class UserRegistration(Form):
-            username = CharField(max_length=10, initial='django')
+            username = CharField(max_length=10, initial="django")
             password = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)
 
-        p = UserRegistration(initial={'username': 'babik'}, auto_id=False)
+        p = UserRegistration(initial={"username": "babik"}, auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
             """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" value="babik" maxlength="10" required></li>
-<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>"""
+<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>""",
         )
 
     def test_callable_initial_data(self):
@@ -1952,23 +2244,28 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>"""
         class UserRegistration(Form):
             username = CharField(max_length=10)
             password = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)
-            options = MultipleChoiceField(choices=[('f', 'foo'), ('b', 'bar'), ('w', 'whiz')])
+            options = MultipleChoiceField(
+                choices=[("f", "foo"), ("b", "bar"), ("w", "whiz")]
+            )
 
         # We need to define functions that get called later.)
         def initial_django():
-            return 'django'
+            return "django"
 
         def initial_stephane():
-            return 'stephane'
+            return "stephane"
 
         def initial_options():
-            return ['f', 'b']
+            return ["f", "b"]
 
         def initial_other_options():
-            return ['b', 'w']
+            return ["b", "w"]
 
         # Here, we're not submitting any data, so the initial value will be displayed.)
-        p = UserRegistration(initial={'username': initial_django, 'options': initial_options}, auto_id=False)
+        p = UserRegistration(
+            initial={"username": initial_django, "options": initial_options},
+            auto_id=False,
+        )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
             """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" value="django" maxlength="10" required></li>
@@ -1977,11 +2274,15 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>"""
 <option value="f" selected>foo</option>
 <option value="b" selected>bar</option>
 <option value="w">whiz</option>
-</select></li>"""
+</select></li>""",
         )
 
         # The 'initial' parameter is meaningless if you pass data.
-        p = UserRegistration({}, initial={'username': initial_django, 'options': initial_options}, auto_id=False)
+        p = UserRegistration(
+            {},
+            initial={"username": initial_django, "options": initial_options},
+            auto_id=False,
+        )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
             """<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
@@ -1993,9 +2294,11 @@ Options: <select multiple name="options" required>
 <option value="f">foo</option>
 <option value="b">bar</option>
 <option value="w">whiz</option>
-</select></li>"""
+</select></li>""",
+        )
+        p = UserRegistration(
+            {"username": ""}, initial={"username": initial_django}, auto_id=False
         )
-        p = UserRegistration({'username': ''}, initial={'username': initial_django}, auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
             """<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
@@ -2007,10 +2310,12 @@ Options: <select multiple name="options" required>
 <option value="f">foo</option>
 <option value="b">bar</option>
 <option value="w">whiz</option>
-</select></li>"""
+</select></li>""",
         )
         p = UserRegistration(
-            {'username': 'foo', 'options': ['f', 'b']}, initial={'username': initial_django}, auto_id=False
+            {"username": "foo", "options": ["f", "b"]},
+            initial={"username": initial_django},
+            auto_id=False,
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
@@ -2021,14 +2326,17 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>
 <option value="f" selected>foo</option>
 <option value="b" selected>bar</option>
 <option value="w">whiz</option>
-</select></li>"""
+</select></li>""",
         )
 
         # A callable 'initial' value is *not* used as a fallback if data is not provided.
         # In this example, we don't provide a value for 'username', and the form raises a
         # validation error rather than using the initial value for 'username'.
-        p = UserRegistration({'password': 'secret'}, initial={'username': initial_django, 'options': initial_options})
-        self.assertEqual(p.errors['username'], ['This field is required.'])
+        p = UserRegistration(
+            {"password": "secret"},
+            initial={"username": initial_django, "options": initial_options},
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(p.errors["username"], ["This field is required."])
         self.assertFalse(p.is_valid())
 
         # If a Form defines 'initial' *and* 'initial' is passed as a parameter to Form(),
@@ -2037,7 +2345,7 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>
             username = CharField(max_length=10, initial=initial_django)
             password = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)
             options = MultipleChoiceField(
-                choices=[('f', 'foo'), ('b', 'bar'), ('w', 'whiz')],
+                choices=[("f", "foo"), ("b", "bar"), ("w", "whiz")],
                 initial=initial_other_options,
             )
 
@@ -2050,9 +2358,12 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>
 <option value="f">foo</option>
 <option value="b" selected>bar</option>
 <option value="w" selected>whiz</option>
-</select></li>"""
+</select></li>""",
+        )
+        p = UserRegistration(
+            initial={"username": initial_stephane, "options": initial_options},
+            auto_id=False,
         )
-        p = UserRegistration(initial={'username': initial_stephane, 'options': initial_options}, auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
             """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" value="stephane" maxlength="10" required></li>
@@ -2061,31 +2372,31 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>
 <option value="f" selected>foo</option>
 <option value="b" selected>bar</option>
 <option value="w">whiz</option>
-</select></li>"""
+</select></li>""",
         )
 
     def test_get_initial_for_field(self):
         now = datetime.datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45, 123456)
 
         class PersonForm(Form):
-            first_name = CharField(initial='John')
-            last_name = CharField(initial='Doe')
+            first_name = CharField(initial="John")
+            last_name = CharField(initial="Doe")
             age = IntegerField()
-            occupation = CharField(initial=lambda: 'Unknown')
+            occupation = CharField(initial=lambda: "Unknown")
             dt_fixed = DateTimeField(initial=now)
             dt_callable = DateTimeField(initial=lambda: now)
 
-        form = PersonForm(initial={'first_name': 'Jane'})
+        form = PersonForm(initial={"first_name": "Jane"})
         cases = [
-            ('age', None),
-            ('last_name', 'Doe'),
+            ("age", None),
+            ("last_name", "Doe"),
             # Form.initial overrides Field.initial.
-            ('first_name', 'Jane'),
+            ("first_name", "Jane"),
             # Callables are evaluated.
-            ('occupation', 'Unknown'),
+            ("occupation", "Unknown"),
             # Microseconds are removed from datetimes.
-            ('dt_fixed', datetime.datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45)),
-            ('dt_callable', datetime.datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45)),
+            ("dt_fixed", datetime.datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45)),
+            ("dt_callable", datetime.datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45)),
         ]
         for field_name, expected in cases:
             with self.subTest(field_name=field_name):
@@ -2095,72 +2406,79 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>
 
     def test_changed_data(self):
         class Person(Form):
-            first_name = CharField(initial='Hans')
-            last_name = CharField(initial='Greatel')
+            first_name = CharField(initial="Hans")
+            last_name = CharField(initial="Greatel")
             birthday = DateField(initial=datetime.date(1974, 8, 16))
 
-        p = Person(data={'first_name': 'Hans', 'last_name': 'Scrmbl', 'birthday': '1974-08-16'})
+        p = Person(
+            data={"first_name": "Hans", "last_name": "Scrmbl", "birthday": "1974-08-16"}
+        )
         self.assertTrue(p.is_valid())
-        self.assertNotIn('first_name', p.changed_data)
-        self.assertIn('last_name', p.changed_data)
-        self.assertNotIn('birthday', p.changed_data)
+        self.assertNotIn("first_name", p.changed_data)
+        self.assertIn("last_name", p.changed_data)
+        self.assertNotIn("birthday", p.changed_data)
 
         # A field raising ValidationError is always in changed_data
         class PedanticField(forms.Field):
             def to_python(self, value):
-                raise ValidationError('Whatever')
+                raise ValidationError("Whatever")
 
         class Person2(Person):
-            pedantic = PedanticField(initial='whatever', show_hidden_initial=True)
+            pedantic = PedanticField(initial="whatever", show_hidden_initial=True)
 
-        p = Person2(data={
-            'first_name': 'Hans', 'last_name': 'Scrmbl', 'birthday': '1974-08-16',
-            'initial-pedantic': 'whatever',
-        })
+        p = Person2(
+            data={
+                "first_name": "Hans",
+                "last_name": "Scrmbl",
+                "birthday": "1974-08-16",
+                "initial-pedantic": "whatever",
+            }
+        )
         self.assertFalse(p.is_valid())
-        self.assertIn('pedantic', p.changed_data)
+        self.assertIn("pedantic", p.changed_data)
 
     def test_boundfield_values(self):
         # It's possible to get to the value which would be used for rendering
         # the widget for a field by using the BoundField's value method.
 
         class UserRegistration(Form):
-            username = CharField(max_length=10, initial='djangonaut')
+            username = CharField(max_length=10, initial="djangonaut")
             password = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)
 
         unbound = UserRegistration()
-        bound = UserRegistration({'password': 'foo'})
-        self.assertIsNone(bound['username'].value())
-        self.assertEqual(unbound['username'].value(), 'djangonaut')
-        self.assertEqual(bound['password'].value(), 'foo')
-        self.assertIsNone(unbound['password'].value())
+        bound = UserRegistration({"password": "foo"})
+        self.assertIsNone(bound["username"].value())
+        self.assertEqual(unbound["username"].value(), "djangonaut")
+        self.assertEqual(bound["password"].value(), "foo")
+        self.assertIsNone(unbound["password"].value())
 
     def test_boundfield_initial_called_once(self):
         """
         Multiple calls to BoundField().value() in an unbound form should return
         the same result each time (#24391).
         """
+
         class MyForm(Form):
             name = CharField(max_length=10, initial=uuid.uuid4)
 
         form = MyForm()
-        name = form['name']
+        name = form["name"]
         self.assertEqual(name.value(), name.value())
         # BoundField is also cached
-        self.assertIs(form['name'], name)
+        self.assertIs(form["name"], name)
 
     def test_boundfield_value_disabled_callable_initial(self):
         class PersonForm(Form):
-            name = CharField(initial=lambda: 'John Doe', disabled=True)
+            name = CharField(initial=lambda: "John Doe", disabled=True)
 
         # Without form data.
         form = PersonForm()
-        self.assertEqual(form['name'].value(), 'John Doe')
+        self.assertEqual(form["name"].value(), "John Doe")
 
         # With form data. As the field is disabled, the value should not be
         # affected by the form data.
         form = PersonForm({})
-        self.assertEqual(form['name'].value(), 'John Doe')
+        self.assertEqual(form["name"].value(), "John Doe")
 
     def test_custom_boundfield(self):
         class CustomField(CharField):
@@ -2171,7 +2489,7 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>
             name = CustomField()
 
         f = SampleForm()
-        self.assertEqual(f['name'], (f, 'name'))
+        self.assertEqual(f["name"], (f, "name"))
 
     def test_initial_datetime_values(self):
         now = datetime.datetime.now()
@@ -2199,18 +2517,22 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>
             auto_time_only = TimeField(initial=delayed_now_time)
             supports_microseconds = DateTimeField(initial=delayed_now, widget=TextInput)
             hi_default_microsec = DateTimeField(initial=delayed_now, widget=HiddenInput)
-            hi_without_microsec = DateTimeField(initial=delayed_now, widget=HiddenInputWithoutMicrosec)
-            ti_without_microsec = DateTimeField(initial=delayed_now, widget=TextInputWithoutMicrosec)
+            hi_without_microsec = DateTimeField(
+                initial=delayed_now, widget=HiddenInputWithoutMicrosec
+            )
+            ti_without_microsec = DateTimeField(
+                initial=delayed_now, widget=TextInputWithoutMicrosec
+            )
 
         unbound = DateTimeForm()
         cases = [
-            ('fixed', now_no_ms),
-            ('auto_timestamp', now_no_ms),
-            ('auto_time_only', now_no_ms.time()),
-            ('supports_microseconds', now),
-            ('hi_default_microsec', now),
-            ('hi_without_microsec', now_no_ms),
-            ('ti_without_microsec', now_no_ms),
+            ("fixed", now_no_ms),
+            ("auto_timestamp", now_no_ms),
+            ("auto_time_only", now_no_ms.time()),
+            ("supports_microseconds", now),
+            ("hi_default_microsec", now),
+            ("hi_without_microsec", now_no_ms),
+            ("ti_without_microsec", now_no_ms),
         ]
         for field_name, expected in cases:
             with self.subTest(field_name=field_name):
@@ -2229,7 +2551,12 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>
             def now(self):
                 self.elapsed_seconds += 1
                 return datetime.datetime(
-                    2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45 + self.elapsed_seconds,
+                    2006,
+                    10,
+                    25,
+                    14,
+                    30,
+                    45 + self.elapsed_seconds,
                     microseconds,
                 )
 
@@ -2244,12 +2571,16 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>
         removes microseconds.
         """
         form = self.get_datetime_form_with_callable_initial(
-            disabled=True, microseconds=123456,
+            disabled=True,
+            microseconds=123456,
         )
         self.assertEqual(form.errors, {})
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data, {
-            'dt': datetime.datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 46),
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.cleaned_data,
+            {
+                "dt": datetime.datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 46),
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_datetime_clean_disabled_callable_initial_bound_field(self):
         """
@@ -2258,23 +2589,28 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>
         """
         form = self.get_datetime_form_with_callable_initial(disabled=True)
         self.assertEqual(form.errors, {})
-        cleaned = form.cleaned_data['dt']
+        cleaned = form.cleaned_data["dt"]
         self.assertEqual(cleaned, datetime.datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 46))
-        bf = form['dt']
+        bf = form["dt"]
         self.assertEqual(cleaned, bf.initial)
 
     def test_datetime_changed_data_callable_with_microseconds(self):
         class DateTimeForm(forms.Form):
-            dt = DateTimeField(initial=lambda: datetime.datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45, 123456), disabled=True)
+            dt = DateTimeField(
+                initial=lambda: datetime.datetime(2006, 10, 25, 14, 30, 45, 123456),
+                disabled=True,
+            )
 
-        form = DateTimeForm({'dt': '2006-10-25 14:30:45'})
+        form = DateTimeForm({"dt": "2006-10-25 14:30:45"})
         self.assertEqual(form.changed_data, [])
 
     def test_help_text(self):
         # You can specify descriptive text for a field by using the 'help_text' argument)
         class UserRegistration(Form):
-            username = CharField(max_length=10, help_text='e.g., user@example.com')
-            password = CharField(widget=PasswordInput, help_text='Wählen Sie mit Bedacht.')
+            username = CharField(max_length=10, help_text="e.g., user@example.com")
+            password = CharField(
+                widget=PasswordInput, help_text="Wählen Sie mit Bedacht."
+            )
 
         p = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
@@ -2282,40 +2618,42 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required></li>
             """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required>
 <span class="helptext">e.g., user@example.com</span></li>
 <li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
-<span class="helptext">Wählen Sie mit Bedacht.</span></li>"""
+<span class="helptext">Wählen Sie mit Bedacht.</span></li>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_p(),
             """<p>Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required>
 <span class="helptext">e.g., user@example.com</span></p>
 <p>Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
-<span class="helptext">Wählen Sie mit Bedacht.</span></p>"""
+<span class="helptext">Wählen Sie mit Bedacht.</span></p>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_table(),
             """<tr><th>Username:</th><td><input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required><br>
 <span class="helptext">e.g., user@example.com</span></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Password:</th><td><input type="password" name="password" required><br>
-<span class="helptext">Wählen Sie mit Bedacht.</span></td></tr>"""
+<span class="helptext">Wählen Sie mit Bedacht.</span></td></tr>""",
         )
 
         # The help text is displayed whether or not data is provided for the form.
-        p = UserRegistration({'username': 'foo'}, auto_id=False)
+        p = UserRegistration({"username": "foo"}, auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
             """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" value="foo" maxlength="10" required>
 <span class="helptext">e.g., user@example.com</span></li>
 <li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
 Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
-<span class="helptext">Wählen Sie mit Bedacht.</span></li>"""
+<span class="helptext">Wählen Sie mit Bedacht.</span></li>""",
         )
 
         # help_text is not displayed for hidden fields. It can be used for documentation
         # purposes, though.
         class UserRegistration(Form):
-            username = CharField(max_length=10, help_text='e.g., user@example.com')
+            username = CharField(max_length=10, help_text="e.g., user@example.com")
             password = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)
-            next = CharField(widget=HiddenInput, initial='/', help_text='Redirect destination')
+            next = CharField(
+                widget=HiddenInput, initial="/", help_text="Redirect destination"
+            )
 
         p = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
@@ -2323,16 +2661,17 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required>
 <span class="helptext">e.g., user@example.com</span></li>
 <li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
-<input type="hidden" name="next" value="/"></li>"""
+<input type="hidden" name="next" value="/"></li>""",
         )
 
     def test_help_text_html_safe(self):
         """help_text should not be escaped."""
+
         class UserRegistration(Form):
-            username = CharField(max_length=10, help_text='e.g., user@example.com')
+            username = CharField(max_length=10, help_text="e.g., user@example.com")
             password = CharField(
                 widget=PasswordInput,
-                help_text='Help text is <strong>escaped</strong>.',
+                help_text="Help text is <strong>escaped</strong>.",
             )
 
         p = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)
@@ -2341,24 +2680,24 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             '<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required>'
             '<span class="helptext">e.g., user@example.com</span></li>'
             '<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>'
-            '<span class="helptext">Help text is <strong>escaped</strong>.</span></li>'
+            '<span class="helptext">Help text is <strong>escaped</strong>.</span></li>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_p(),
             '<p>Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required>'
             '<span class="helptext">e.g., user@example.com</span></p>'
             '<p>Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>'
-            '<span class="helptext">Help text is <strong>escaped</strong>.</span></p>'
+            '<span class="helptext">Help text is <strong>escaped</strong>.</span></p>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_table(),
-            '<tr><th>Username:</th><td>'
+            "<tr><th>Username:</th><td>"
             '<input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required><br>'
             '<span class="helptext">e.g., user@example.com</span></td></tr>'
-            '<tr><th>Password:</th><td>'
+            "<tr><th>Password:</th><td>"
             '<input type="password" name="password" required><br>'
             '<span class="helptext">Help text is <strong>escaped</strong>.</span>'
-            '</td></tr>'
+            "</td></tr>",
         )
 
     def test_subclassing_forms(self):
@@ -2378,7 +2717,7 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             p.as_ul(),
             """<li>First name: <input type="text" name="first_name" required></li>
 <li>Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" required></li>
-<li>Birthday: <input type="text" name="birthday" required></li>"""
+<li>Birthday: <input type="text" name="birthday" required></li>""",
         )
         m = Musician(auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
@@ -2386,7 +2725,7 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             """<li>First name: <input type="text" name="first_name" required></li>
 <li>Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" required></li>
 <li>Birthday: <input type="text" name="birthday" required></li>
-<li>Instrument: <input type="text" name="instrument" required></li>"""
+<li>Instrument: <input type="text" name="instrument" required></li>""",
         )
 
         # Yes, you can subclass multiple forms. The fields are added in the order in
@@ -2403,11 +2742,14 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             haircut_type = CharField()
 
         b = Beatle(auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(b.as_ul(), """<li>Instrument: <input type="text" name="instrument" required></li>
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            b.as_ul(),
+            """<li>Instrument: <input type="text" name="instrument" required></li>
 <li>First name: <input type="text" name="first_name" required></li>
 <li>Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" required></li>
 <li>Birthday: <input type="text" name="birthday" required></li>
-<li>Haircut type: <input type="text" name="haircut_type" required></li>""")
+<li>Haircut type: <input type="text" name="haircut_type" required></li>""",
+        )
 
     def test_forms_with_prefixes(self):
         # Sometimes it's necessary to have multiple forms display on the same HTML page,
@@ -2423,11 +2765,11 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             birthday = DateField()
 
         data = {
-            'person1-first_name': 'John',
-            'person1-last_name': 'Lennon',
-            'person1-birthday': '1940-10-9'
+            "person1-first_name": "John",
+            "person1-last_name": "Lennon",
+            "person1-birthday": "1940-10-9",
         }
-        p = Person(data, prefix='person1')
+        p = Person(data, prefix="person1")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
             """<li><label for="id_person1-first_name">First name:</label>
@@ -2435,74 +2777,70 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
 <li><label for="id_person1-last_name">Last name:</label>
 <input type="text" name="person1-last_name" value="Lennon" id="id_person1-last_name" required></li>
 <li><label for="id_person1-birthday">Birthday:</label>
-<input type="text" name="person1-birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_person1-birthday" required></li>"""
+<input type="text" name="person1-birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_person1-birthday" required></li>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(p['first_name']),
-            '<input type="text" name="person1-first_name" value="John" id="id_person1-first_name" required>'
+            str(p["first_name"]),
+            '<input type="text" name="person1-first_name" value="John" id="id_person1-first_name" required>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(p['last_name']),
-            '<input type="text" name="person1-last_name" value="Lennon" id="id_person1-last_name" required>'
+            str(p["last_name"]),
+            '<input type="text" name="person1-last_name" value="Lennon" id="id_person1-last_name" required>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(p['birthday']),
-            '<input type="text" name="person1-birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_person1-birthday" required>'
+            str(p["birthday"]),
+            '<input type="text" name="person1-birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_person1-birthday" required>',
         )
         self.assertEqual(p.errors, {})
         self.assertTrue(p.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data['first_name'], 'John')
-        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data['last_name'], 'Lennon')
-        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data['birthday'], datetime.date(1940, 10, 9))
+        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data["first_name"], "John")
+        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data["last_name"], "Lennon")
+        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data["birthday"], datetime.date(1940, 10, 9))
 
         # Let's try submitting some bad data to make sure form.errors and field.errors
         # work as expected.
         data = {
-            'person1-first_name': '',
-            'person1-last_name': '',
-            'person1-birthday': ''
+            "person1-first_name": "",
+            "person1-last_name": "",
+            "person1-birthday": "",
         }
-        p = Person(data, prefix='person1')
-        self.assertEqual(p.errors['first_name'], ['This field is required.'])
-        self.assertEqual(p.errors['last_name'], ['This field is required.'])
-        self.assertEqual(p.errors['birthday'], ['This field is required.'])
-        self.assertEqual(p['first_name'].errors, ['This field is required.'])
+        p = Person(data, prefix="person1")
+        self.assertEqual(p.errors["first_name"], ["This field is required."])
+        self.assertEqual(p.errors["last_name"], ["This field is required."])
+        self.assertEqual(p.errors["birthday"], ["This field is required."])
+        self.assertEqual(p["first_name"].errors, ["This field is required."])
         # Accessing a nonexistent field.
         with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
-            p['person1-first_name'].errors
+            p["person1-first_name"].errors
 
         # In this example, the data doesn't have a prefix, but the form requires it, so
         # the form doesn't "see" the fields.
-        data = {
-            'first_name': 'John',
-            'last_name': 'Lennon',
-            'birthday': '1940-10-9'
-        }
-        p = Person(data, prefix='person1')
-        self.assertEqual(p.errors['first_name'], ['This field is required.'])
-        self.assertEqual(p.errors['last_name'], ['This field is required.'])
-        self.assertEqual(p.errors['birthday'], ['This field is required.'])
+        data = {"first_name": "John", "last_name": "Lennon", "birthday": "1940-10-9"}
+        p = Person(data, prefix="person1")
+        self.assertEqual(p.errors["first_name"], ["This field is required."])
+        self.assertEqual(p.errors["last_name"], ["This field is required."])
+        self.assertEqual(p.errors["birthday"], ["This field is required."])
 
         # With prefixes, a single data dictionary can hold data for multiple instances
         # of the same form.
         data = {
-            'person1-first_name': 'John',
-            'person1-last_name': 'Lennon',
-            'person1-birthday': '1940-10-9',
-            'person2-first_name': 'Jim',
-            'person2-last_name': 'Morrison',
-            'person2-birthday': '1943-12-8'
+            "person1-first_name": "John",
+            "person1-last_name": "Lennon",
+            "person1-birthday": "1940-10-9",
+            "person2-first_name": "Jim",
+            "person2-last_name": "Morrison",
+            "person2-birthday": "1943-12-8",
         }
-        p1 = Person(data, prefix='person1')
+        p1 = Person(data, prefix="person1")
         self.assertTrue(p1.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(p1.cleaned_data['first_name'], 'John')
-        self.assertEqual(p1.cleaned_data['last_name'], 'Lennon')
-        self.assertEqual(p1.cleaned_data['birthday'], datetime.date(1940, 10, 9))
-        p2 = Person(data, prefix='person2')
+        self.assertEqual(p1.cleaned_data["first_name"], "John")
+        self.assertEqual(p1.cleaned_data["last_name"], "Lennon")
+        self.assertEqual(p1.cleaned_data["birthday"], datetime.date(1940, 10, 9))
+        p2 = Person(data, prefix="person2")
         self.assertTrue(p2.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(p2.cleaned_data['first_name'], 'Jim')
-        self.assertEqual(p2.cleaned_data['last_name'], 'Morrison')
-        self.assertEqual(p2.cleaned_data['birthday'], datetime.date(1943, 12, 8))
+        self.assertEqual(p2.cleaned_data["first_name"], "Jim")
+        self.assertEqual(p2.cleaned_data["last_name"], "Morrison")
+        self.assertEqual(p2.cleaned_data["birthday"], datetime.date(1943, 12, 8))
 
         # By default, forms append a hyphen between the prefix and the field name, but a
         # form can alter that behavior by implementing the add_prefix() method. This
@@ -2514,9 +2852,13 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             birthday = DateField()
 
             def add_prefix(self, field_name):
-                return '%s-prefix-%s' % (self.prefix, field_name) if self.prefix else field_name
+                return (
+                    "%s-prefix-%s" % (self.prefix, field_name)
+                    if self.prefix
+                    else field_name
+                )
 
-        p = Person(prefix='foo')
+        p = Person(prefix="foo")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
             """<li><label for="id_foo-prefix-first_name">First name:</label>
@@ -2524,30 +2866,30 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
 <li><label for="id_foo-prefix-last_name">Last name:</label>
 <input type="text" name="foo-prefix-last_name" id="id_foo-prefix-last_name" required></li>
 <li><label for="id_foo-prefix-birthday">Birthday:</label>
-<input type="text" name="foo-prefix-birthday" id="id_foo-prefix-birthday" required></li>"""
+<input type="text" name="foo-prefix-birthday" id="id_foo-prefix-birthday" required></li>""",
         )
         data = {
-            'foo-prefix-first_name': 'John',
-            'foo-prefix-last_name': 'Lennon',
-            'foo-prefix-birthday': '1940-10-9'
+            "foo-prefix-first_name": "John",
+            "foo-prefix-last_name": "Lennon",
+            "foo-prefix-birthday": "1940-10-9",
         }
-        p = Person(data, prefix='foo')
+        p = Person(data, prefix="foo")
         self.assertTrue(p.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data['first_name'], 'John')
-        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data['last_name'], 'Lennon')
-        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data['birthday'], datetime.date(1940, 10, 9))
+        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data["first_name"], "John")
+        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data["last_name"], "Lennon")
+        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data["birthday"], datetime.date(1940, 10, 9))
 
     def test_class_prefix(self):
         # Prefix can be also specified at the class level.
         class Person(Form):
             first_name = CharField()
-            prefix = 'foo'
+            prefix = "foo"
 
         p = Person()
-        self.assertEqual(p.prefix, 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(p.prefix, "foo")
 
-        p = Person(prefix='bar')
-        self.assertEqual(p.prefix, 'bar')
+        p = Person(prefix="bar")
+        self.assertEqual(p.prefix, "bar")
 
     def test_forms_with_null_boolean(self):
         # NullBooleanField is a bit of a special case because its presentation (widget)
@@ -2556,60 +2898,87 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             name = CharField()
             is_cool = NullBooleanField()
 
-        p = Person({'name': 'Joe'}, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['is_cool']), """<select name="is_cool">
+        p = Person({"name": "Joe"}, auto_id=False)
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(p["is_cool"]),
+            """<select name="is_cool">
 <option value="unknown" selected>Unknown</option>
 <option value="true">Yes</option>
 <option value="false">No</option>
-</select>""")
-        p = Person({'name': 'Joe', 'is_cool': '1'}, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['is_cool']), """<select name="is_cool">
+</select>""",
+        )
+        p = Person({"name": "Joe", "is_cool": "1"}, auto_id=False)
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(p["is_cool"]),
+            """<select name="is_cool">
 <option value="unknown" selected>Unknown</option>
 <option value="true">Yes</option>
 <option value="false">No</option>
-</select>""")
-        p = Person({'name': 'Joe', 'is_cool': '2'}, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['is_cool']), """<select name="is_cool">
+</select>""",
+        )
+        p = Person({"name": "Joe", "is_cool": "2"}, auto_id=False)
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(p["is_cool"]),
+            """<select name="is_cool">
 <option value="unknown">Unknown</option>
 <option value="true" selected>Yes</option>
 <option value="false">No</option>
-</select>""")
-        p = Person({'name': 'Joe', 'is_cool': '3'}, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['is_cool']), """<select name="is_cool">
+</select>""",
+        )
+        p = Person({"name": "Joe", "is_cool": "3"}, auto_id=False)
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(p["is_cool"]),
+            """<select name="is_cool">
 <option value="unknown">Unknown</option>
 <option value="true">Yes</option>
 <option value="false" selected>No</option>
-</select>""")
-        p = Person({'name': 'Joe', 'is_cool': True}, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['is_cool']), """<select name="is_cool">
+</select>""",
+        )
+        p = Person({"name": "Joe", "is_cool": True}, auto_id=False)
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(p["is_cool"]),
+            """<select name="is_cool">
 <option value="unknown">Unknown</option>
 <option value="true" selected>Yes</option>
 <option value="false">No</option>
-</select>""")
-        p = Person({'name': 'Joe', 'is_cool': False}, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['is_cool']), """<select name="is_cool">
+</select>""",
+        )
+        p = Person({"name": "Joe", "is_cool": False}, auto_id=False)
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(p["is_cool"]),
+            """<select name="is_cool">
 <option value="unknown">Unknown</option>
 <option value="true">Yes</option>
 <option value="false" selected>No</option>
-</select>""")
-        p = Person({'name': 'Joe', 'is_cool': 'unknown'}, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['is_cool']), """<select name="is_cool">
+</select>""",
+        )
+        p = Person({"name": "Joe", "is_cool": "unknown"}, auto_id=False)
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(p["is_cool"]),
+            """<select name="is_cool">
 <option value="unknown" selected>Unknown</option>
 <option value="true">Yes</option>
 <option value="false">No</option>
-</select>""")
-        p = Person({'name': 'Joe', 'is_cool': 'true'}, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['is_cool']), """<select name="is_cool">
+</select>""",
+        )
+        p = Person({"name": "Joe", "is_cool": "true"}, auto_id=False)
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(p["is_cool"]),
+            """<select name="is_cool">
 <option value="unknown">Unknown</option>
 <option value="true" selected>Yes</option>
 <option value="false">No</option>
-</select>""")
-        p = Person({'name': 'Joe', 'is_cool': 'false'}, auto_id=False)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['is_cool']), """<select name="is_cool">
+</select>""",
+        )
+        p = Person({"name": "Joe", "is_cool": "false"}, auto_id=False)
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(p["is_cool"]),
+            """<select name="is_cool">
 <option value="unknown">Unknown</option>
 <option value="true">Yes</option>
 <option value="false" selected>No</option>
-</select>""")
+</select>""",
+        )
 
     def test_forms_with_file_fields(self):
         # FileFields are a special case because they take their data from the request.FILES,
@@ -2626,37 +2995,47 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
         f = FileForm(data={}, files={}, auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_table(),
-            '<tr><th>File1:</th><td>'
+            "<tr><th>File1:</th><td>"
             '<ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>'
-            '<input type="file" name="file1" required></td></tr>'
+            '<input type="file" name="file1" required></td></tr>',
         )
 
-        f = FileForm(data={}, files={'file1': SimpleUploadedFile('name', b'')}, auto_id=False)
+        f = FileForm(
+            data={}, files={"file1": SimpleUploadedFile("name", b"")}, auto_id=False
+        )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_table(),
-            '<tr><th>File1:</th><td>'
+            "<tr><th>File1:</th><td>"
             '<ul class="errorlist"><li>The submitted file is empty.</li></ul>'
-            '<input type="file" name="file1" required></td></tr>'
+            '<input type="file" name="file1" required></td></tr>',
         )
 
-        f = FileForm(data={}, files={'file1': 'something that is not a file'}, auto_id=False)
+        f = FileForm(
+            data={}, files={"file1": "something that is not a file"}, auto_id=False
+        )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_table(),
-            '<tr><th>File1:</th><td>'
+            "<tr><th>File1:</th><td>"
             '<ul class="errorlist"><li>No file was submitted. Check the '
-            'encoding type on the form.</li></ul>'
-            '<input type="file" name="file1" required></td></tr>'
+            "encoding type on the form.</li></ul>"
+            '<input type="file" name="file1" required></td></tr>',
         )
 
-        f = FileForm(data={}, files={'file1': SimpleUploadedFile('name', b'some content')}, auto_id=False)
+        f = FileForm(
+            data={},
+            files={"file1": SimpleUploadedFile("name", b"some content")},
+            auto_id=False,
+        )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_table(),
             '<tr><th>File1:</th><td><input type="file" name="file1" required></td></tr>',
         )
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
 
-        file1 = SimpleUploadedFile('我隻氣墊船裝滿晒鱔.txt', 'मेरी मँडराने वाली नाव सर्पमीनों से भरी ह'.encode())
-        f = FileForm(data={}, files={'file1': file1}, auto_id=False)
+        file1 = SimpleUploadedFile(
+            "我隻氣墊船裝滿晒鱔.txt", "मेरी मँडराने वाली नाव सर्पमीनों से भरी ह".encode()
+        )
+        f = FileForm(data={}, files={"file1": file1}, auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_table(),
             '<tr><th>File1:</th><td><input type="file" name="file1" required></td></tr>',
@@ -2665,7 +3044,7 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
         # A required file field with initial data should not contain the
         # required HTML attribute. The file input is left blank by the user to
         # keep the existing, initial value.
-        f = FileForm(initial={'file1': 'resume.txt'}, auto_id=False)
+        f = FileForm(initial={"file1": "resume.txt"}, auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_table(),
             '<tr><th>File1:</th><td><input type="file" name="file1"></td></tr>',
@@ -2673,11 +3052,11 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
 
     def test_filefield_initial_callable(self):
         class FileForm(forms.Form):
-            file1 = forms.FileField(initial=lambda: 'resume.txt')
+            file1 = forms.FileField(initial=lambda: "resume.txt")
 
         f = FileForm({})
         self.assertEqual(f.errors, {})
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['file1'], 'resume.txt')
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["file1"], "resume.txt")
 
     def test_filefield_with_fileinput_required(self):
         class FileForm(Form):
@@ -2686,13 +3065,13 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
         f = FileForm(auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_table(),
-            '<tr><th>File1:</th><td>'
+            "<tr><th>File1:</th><td>"
             '<input type="file" name="file1" required></td></tr>',
         )
         # A required file field with initial data doesn't contain the required
         # HTML attribute. The file input is left blank by the user to keep the
         # existing, initial value.
-        f = FileForm(initial={'file1': 'resume.txt'}, auto_id=False)
+        f = FileForm(initial={"file1": "resume.txt"}, auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_table(),
             '<tr><th>File1:</th><td><input type="file" name="file1"></td></tr>',
@@ -2707,10 +3086,16 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             name = CharField()
 
         # First let's show what happens id empty_permitted=False (the default):
-        data = {'artist': '', 'song': ''}
+        data = {"artist": "", "song": ""}
         form = SongForm(data, empty_permitted=False)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {'name': ['This field is required.'], 'artist': ['This field is required.']})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.errors,
+            {
+                "name": ["This field is required."],
+                "artist": ["This field is required."],
+            },
+        )
         self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data, {})
 
         # Now let's show what happens when empty_permitted=True and the form is empty.
@@ -2721,16 +3106,16 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
 
         # But if we fill in data for one of the fields, the form is no longer empty and
         # the whole thing must pass validation.
-        data = {'artist': 'The Doors', 'song': ''}
+        data = {"artist": "The Doors", "song": ""}
         form = SongForm(data, empty_permitted=False)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {'name': ['This field is required.']})
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data, {'artist': 'The Doors'})
+        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {"name": ["This field is required."]})
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data, {"artist": "The Doors"})
 
         # If a field is not given in the data then None is returned for its data. Lets
         # make sure that when checking for empty_permitted that None is treated
         # accordingly.
-        data = {'artist': None, 'song': ''}
+        data = {"artist": None, "song": ""}
         form = SongForm(data, empty_permitted=True, use_required_attribute=False)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
 
@@ -2740,14 +3125,19 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             amount = FloatField()
             qty = IntegerField()
 
-        data = {'amount': '0.0', 'qty': ''}
-        form = PriceForm(data, initial={'amount': 0.0}, empty_permitted=True, use_required_attribute=False)
+        data = {"amount": "0.0", "qty": ""}
+        form = PriceForm(
+            data,
+            initial={"amount": 0.0},
+            empty_permitted=True,
+            use_required_attribute=False,
+        )
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
 
     def test_empty_permitted_and_use_required_attribute(self):
         msg = (
-            'The empty_permitted and use_required_attribute arguments may not '
-            'both be True.'
+            "The empty_permitted and use_required_attribute arguments may not "
+            "both be True."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             Person(empty_permitted=True, use_required_attribute=True)
@@ -2759,8 +3149,8 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             name = CharField()
 
         form = SongForm()
-        self.assertEqual([f.name for f in form.hidden_fields()], ['token'])
-        self.assertEqual([f.name for f in form.visible_fields()], ['artist', 'name'])
+        self.assertEqual([f.name for f in form.hidden_fields()], ["token"])
+        self.assertEqual([f.name for f in form.visible_fields()], ["artist", "name"])
 
     def test_hidden_initial_gets_id(self):
         class MyForm(Form):
@@ -2770,7 +3160,7 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             MyForm().as_table(),
             '<tr><th><label for="id_field1">Field1:</label></th>'
             '<td><input id="id_field1" type="text" name="field1" maxlength="50" required>'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="initial-field1" id="initial-id_field1"></td></tr>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="initial-field1" id="initial-id_field1"></td></tr>',
         )
 
     def test_error_html_required_html_classes(self):
@@ -2781,8 +3171,8 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             age = IntegerField()
 
         p = Person({})
-        p.error_css_class = 'error'
-        p.required_css_class = 'required'
+        p.error_css_class = "error"
+        p.required_css_class = "required"
 
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
@@ -2796,7 +3186,7 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
 </select></li>
 <li><label for="id_email">Email:</label> <input type="email" name="email" id="id_email"></li>
 <li class="required error"><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
-<label class="required" for="id_age">Age:</label> <input type="number" name="age" id="id_age" required></li>"""
+<label class="required" for="id_age">Age:</label> <input type="number" name="age" id="id_age" required></li>""",
         )
 
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
@@ -2813,7 +3203,7 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
 <p><label for="id_email">Email:</label> <input type="email" name="email" id="id_email"></p>
 <ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
 <p class="required error"><label class="required" for="id_age">Age:</label>
-<input type="number" name="age" id="id_age" required></p>"""
+<input type="number" name="age" id="id_age" required></p>""",
         )
 
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
@@ -2832,7 +3222,7 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
 <input type="email" name="email" id="id_email"></td></tr>
 <tr class="required error"><th><label class="required" for="id_age">Age:</label></th>
 <td><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
-<input type="number" name="age" id="id_age" required></td></tr>"""
+<input type="number" name="age" id="id_age" required></td></tr>""",
         )
 
     def test_label_has_required_css_class(self):
@@ -2840,28 +3230,34 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
         required_css_class is added to label_tag() and legend_tag() of required
         fields.
         """
+
         class SomeForm(Form):
-            required_css_class = 'required'
+            required_css_class = "required"
             field = CharField(max_length=10)
             field2 = IntegerField(required=False)
 
-        f = SomeForm({'field': 'test'})
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(f['field'].label_tag(), '<label for="id_field" class="required">Field:</label>')
+        f = SomeForm({"field": "test"})
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            f['field'].legend_tag(),
+            f["field"].label_tag(),
+            '<label for="id_field" class="required">Field:</label>',
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            f["field"].legend_tag(),
             '<legend for="id_field" class="required">Field:</legend>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            f['field'].label_tag(attrs={'class': 'foo'}),
-            '<label for="id_field" class="foo required">Field:</label>'
+            f["field"].label_tag(attrs={"class": "foo"}),
+            '<label for="id_field" class="foo required">Field:</label>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            f['field'].legend_tag(attrs={'class': 'foo'}),
-            '<legend for="id_field" class="foo required">Field:</legend>'
+            f["field"].legend_tag(attrs={"class": "foo"}),
+            '<legend for="id_field" class="foo required">Field:</legend>',
         )
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(f['field2'].label_tag(), '<label for="id_field2">Field2:</label>')
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            f['field2'].legend_tag(),
+            f["field2"].label_tag(), '<label for="id_field2">Field2:</label>'
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            f["field2"].legend_tag(),
             '<legend for="id_field2">Field2:</legend>',
         )
 
@@ -2873,54 +3269,58 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             form.as_ul(),
             '<input type="hidden" name="happened_at_0" id="id_happened_at_0">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="happened_at_1" id="id_happened_at_1">'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="happened_at_1" id="id_happened_at_1">',
         )
 
     def test_multivalue_field_validation(self):
         def bad_names(value):
-            if value == 'bad value':
-                raise ValidationError('bad value not allowed')
+            if value == "bad value":
+                raise ValidationError("bad value not allowed")
 
         class NameField(MultiValueField):
             def __init__(self, fields=(), *args, **kwargs):
-                fields = (CharField(label='First name', max_length=10),
-                          CharField(label='Last name', max_length=10))
+                fields = (
+                    CharField(label="First name", max_length=10),
+                    CharField(label="Last name", max_length=10),
+                )
                 super().__init__(fields=fields, *args, **kwargs)
 
             def compress(self, data_list):
-                return ' '.join(data_list)
+                return " ".join(data_list)
 
         class NameForm(Form):
             name = NameField(validators=[bad_names])
 
-        form = NameForm(data={'name': ['bad', 'value']})
+        form = NameForm(data={"name": ["bad", "value"]})
         form.full_clean()
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {'name': ['bad value not allowed']})
-        form = NameForm(data={'name': ['should be overly', 'long for the field names']})
+        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {"name": ["bad value not allowed"]})
+        form = NameForm(data={"name": ["should be overly", "long for the field names"]})
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(
-            form.errors, {
-                'name': [
-                    'Ensure this value has at most 10 characters (it has 16).',
-                    'Ensure this value has at most 10 characters (it has 24).',
+            form.errors,
+            {
+                "name": [
+                    "Ensure this value has at most 10 characters (it has 16).",
+                    "Ensure this value has at most 10 characters (it has 24).",
                 ],
-            }
+            },
         )
-        form = NameForm(data={'name': ['fname', 'lname']})
+        form = NameForm(data={"name": ["fname", "lname"]})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data, {'name': 'fname lname'})
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data, {"name": "fname lname"})
 
     def test_multivalue_deep_copy(self):
         """
         #19298 -- MultiValueField needs to override the default as it needs
         to deep-copy subfields:
         """
+
         class ChoicesField(MultiValueField):
             def __init__(self, fields=(), *args, **kwargs):
                 fields = (
-                    ChoiceField(label='Rank', choices=((1, 1), (2, 2))),
-                    CharField(label='Name', max_length=10),
+                    ChoiceField(label="Rank", choices=((1, 1), (2, 2))),
+                    CharField(label="Name", max_length=10),
                 )
                 super().__init__(fields=fields, *args, **kwargs)
 
@@ -2934,6 +3334,7 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
         """
         #23674 -- invalid initial data should not break form.changed_data()
         """
+
         class DateAgeField(MultiValueField):
             def __init__(self, fields=(), *args, **kwargs):
                 fields = (DateField(label="Date"), IntegerField(label="Age"))
@@ -2950,47 +3351,66 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
         class PhoneField(MultiValueField):
             def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
                 fields = (
-                    CharField(label='Country Code', validators=[
-                        RegexValidator(r'^\+[0-9]{1,2}$', message='Enter a valid country code.')]),
-                    CharField(label='Phone Number'),
-                    CharField(label='Extension', error_messages={'incomplete': 'Enter an extension.'}),
-                    CharField(label='Label', required=False, help_text='E.g. home, work.'),
+                    CharField(
+                        label="Country Code",
+                        validators=[
+                            RegexValidator(
+                                r"^\+[0-9]{1,2}$", message="Enter a valid country code."
+                            )
+                        ],
+                    ),
+                    CharField(label="Phone Number"),
+                    CharField(
+                        label="Extension",
+                        error_messages={"incomplete": "Enter an extension."},
+                    ),
+                    CharField(
+                        label="Label", required=False, help_text="E.g. home, work."
+                    ),
                 )
                 super().__init__(fields, *args, **kwargs)
 
             def compress(self, data_list):
                 if data_list:
-                    return '%s.%s ext. %s (label: %s)' % tuple(data_list)
+                    return "%s.%s ext. %s (label: %s)" % tuple(data_list)
                 return None
 
         # An empty value for any field will raise a `required` error on a
         # required `MultiValueField`.
         f = PhoneField()
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean('')
+            f.clean("")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean(None)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean([])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean(['+61'])
+            f.clean(["+61"])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean(['+61', '287654321', '123'])
-        self.assertEqual('+61.287654321 ext. 123 (label: Home)', f.clean(['+61', '287654321', '123', 'Home']))
+            f.clean(["+61", "287654321", "123"])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "+61.287654321 ext. 123 (label: Home)",
+            f.clean(["+61", "287654321", "123", "Home"]),
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid country code.'"):
-            f.clean(['61', '287654321', '123', 'Home'])
+            f.clean(["61", "287654321", "123", "Home"])
 
         # Empty values for fields will NOT raise a `required` error on an
         # optional `MultiValueField`
         f = PhoneField(required=False)
-        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(''))
+        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(""))
         self.assertIsNone(f.clean(None))
         self.assertIsNone(f.clean([]))
-        self.assertEqual('+61. ext.  (label: )', f.clean(['+61']))
-        self.assertEqual('+61.287654321 ext. 123 (label: )', f.clean(['+61', '287654321', '123']))
-        self.assertEqual('+61.287654321 ext. 123 (label: Home)', f.clean(['+61', '287654321', '123', 'Home']))
+        self.assertEqual("+61. ext.  (label: )", f.clean(["+61"]))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "+61.287654321 ext. 123 (label: )", f.clean(["+61", "287654321", "123"])
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "+61.287654321 ext. 123 (label: Home)",
+            f.clean(["+61", "287654321", "123", "Home"]),
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid country code.'"):
-            f.clean(['61', '287654321', '123', 'Home'])
+            f.clean(["61", "287654321", "123", "Home"])
 
         # For a required `MultiValueField` with `require_all_fields=False`, a
         # `required` error will only be raised if all fields are empty. Fields
@@ -2998,32 +3418,40 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
         # required field will raise an `incomplete` error.
         f = PhoneField(require_all_fields=False)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
-            f.clean('')
+            f.clean("")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean(None)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'"):
             f.clean([])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a complete value.'"):
-            f.clean(['+61'])
-        self.assertEqual('+61.287654321 ext. 123 (label: )', f.clean(['+61', '287654321', '123']))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a complete value.', 'Enter an extension.'"):
-            f.clean(['', '', '', 'Home'])
+            f.clean(["+61"])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "+61.287654321 ext. 123 (label: )", f.clean(["+61", "287654321", "123"])
+        )
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Enter a complete value.', 'Enter an extension.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean(["", "", "", "Home"])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid country code.'"):
-            f.clean(['61', '287654321', '123', 'Home'])
+            f.clean(["61", "287654321", "123", "Home"])
 
         # For an optional `MultiValueField` with `require_all_fields=False`, we
         # don't get any `required` error but we still get `incomplete` errors.
         f = PhoneField(required=False, require_all_fields=False)
-        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(''))
+        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(""))
         self.assertIsNone(f.clean(None))
         self.assertIsNone(f.clean([]))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a complete value.'"):
-            f.clean(['+61'])
-        self.assertEqual('+61.287654321 ext. 123 (label: )', f.clean(['+61', '287654321', '123']))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a complete value.', 'Enter an extension.'"):
-            f.clean(['', '', '', 'Home'])
+            f.clean(["+61"])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "+61.287654321 ext. 123 (label: )", f.clean(["+61", "287654321", "123"])
+        )
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "'Enter a complete value.', 'Enter an extension.'"
+        ):
+            f.clean(["", "", "", "Home"])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a valid country code.'"):
-            f.clean(['61', '287654321', '123', 'Home'])
+            f.clean(["61", "287654321", "123", "Home"])
 
     def test_multivalue_optional_subfields_rendering(self):
         class PhoneWidget(MultiWidget):
@@ -3044,7 +3472,9 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             phone2 = PhoneField(widget=PhoneWidget, required=False)
             phone3 = PhoneField(widget=PhoneWidget, require_all_fields=False)
             phone4 = PhoneField(
-                widget=PhoneWidget, required=False, require_all_fields=False,
+                widget=PhoneWidget,
+                required=False,
+                require_all_fields=False,
             )
 
         form = PhoneForm(auto_id=False)
@@ -3063,42 +3493,41 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
         Form fields can customize what is considered as an empty value
         for themselves (#19997).
         """
+
         class CustomJSONField(CharField):
-            empty_values = [None, '']
+            empty_values = [None, ""]
 
             def to_python(self, value):
                 # Fake json.loads
-                if value == '{}':
+                if value == "{}":
                     return {}
                 return super().to_python(value)
 
         class JSONForm(forms.Form):
             json = CustomJSONField()
 
-        form = JSONForm(data={'json': '{}'})
+        form = JSONForm(data={"json": "{}"})
         form.full_clean()
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data, {'json': {}})
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data, {"json": {}})
 
     def test_boundfield_label_tag(self):
         class SomeForm(Form):
             field = CharField()
-        boundfield = SomeForm()['field']
+
+        boundfield = SomeForm()["field"]
 
         testcases = [  # (args, kwargs, expected)
             # without anything: just print the <label>
             ((), {}, '<%(tag)s for="id_field">Field:</%(tag)s>'),
-
             # passing just one argument: overrides the field's label
-            (('custom',), {}, '<%(tag)s for="id_field">custom:</%(tag)s>'),
-
+            (("custom",), {}, '<%(tag)s for="id_field">custom:</%(tag)s>'),
             # the overridden label is escaped
-            (('custom&',), {}, '<%(tag)s for="id_field">custom&amp;:</%(tag)s>'),
-            ((mark_safe('custom&'),), {}, '<%(tag)s for="id_field">custom&:</%(tag)s>'),
-
+            (("custom&",), {}, '<%(tag)s for="id_field">custom&amp;:</%(tag)s>'),
+            ((mark_safe("custom&"),), {}, '<%(tag)s for="id_field">custom&:</%(tag)s>'),
             # Passing attrs to add extra attributes on the <label>
             (
                 (),
-                {'attrs': {'class': 'pretty'}},
+                {"attrs": {"class": "pretty"}},
                 '<%(tag)s for="id_field" class="pretty">Field:</%(tag)s>',
             ),
         ]
@@ -3107,11 +3536,11 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             with self.subTest(args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
                 self.assertHTMLEqual(
                     boundfield.label_tag(*args, **kwargs),
-                    expected % {'tag': 'label'},
+                    expected % {"tag": "label"},
                 )
                 self.assertHTMLEqual(
                     boundfield.legend_tag(*args, **kwargs),
-                    expected % {'tag': 'legend'},
+                    expected % {"tag": "legend"},
                 )
 
     def test_boundfield_label_tag_no_id(self):
@@ -3119,19 +3548,21 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
         If a widget has no id, label_tag() and legend_tag() return the text
         with no surrounding <label>.
         """
+
         class SomeForm(Form):
             field = CharField()
-        boundfield = SomeForm(auto_id='')['field']
 
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(boundfield.label_tag(), 'Field:')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(boundfield.legend_tag(), 'Field:')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(boundfield.label_tag('Custom&'), 'Custom&amp;:')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(boundfield.legend_tag('Custom&'), 'Custom&amp;:')
+        boundfield = SomeForm(auto_id="")["field"]
+
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(boundfield.label_tag(), "Field:")
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(boundfield.legend_tag(), "Field:")
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(boundfield.label_tag("Custom&"), "Custom&amp;:")
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(boundfield.legend_tag("Custom&"), "Custom&amp;:")
 
     def test_boundfield_label_tag_custom_widget_id_for_label(self):
         class CustomIdForLabelTextInput(TextInput):
             def id_for_label(self, id):
-                return 'custom_' + id
+                return "custom_" + id
 
         class EmptyIdForLabelTextInput(TextInput):
             def id_for_label(self, id):
@@ -3142,18 +3573,21 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             empty = CharField(widget=EmptyIdForLabelTextInput)
 
         form = SomeForm()
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(form['custom'].label_tag(), '<label for="custom_id_custom">Custom:</label>')
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            form['custom'].legend_tag(),
+            form["custom"].label_tag(), '<label for="custom_id_custom">Custom:</label>'
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            form["custom"].legend_tag(),
             '<legend for="custom_id_custom">Custom:</legend>',
         )
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(form['empty'].label_tag(), '<label>Empty:</label>')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(form['empty'].legend_tag(), '<legend>Empty:</legend>')
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(form["empty"].label_tag(), "<label>Empty:</label>")
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(form["empty"].legend_tag(), "<legend>Empty:</legend>")
 
     def test_boundfield_empty_label(self):
         class SomeForm(Form):
-            field = CharField(label='')
-        boundfield = SomeForm()['field']
+            field = CharField(label="")
+
+        boundfield = SomeForm()["field"]
 
         self.assertHTMLEqual(boundfield.label_tag(), '<label for="id_field"></label>')
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
@@ -3163,38 +3597,40 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
 
     def test_boundfield_id_for_label(self):
         class SomeForm(Form):
-            field = CharField(label='')
+            field = CharField(label="")
 
-        self.assertEqual(SomeForm()['field'].id_for_label, 'id_field')
+        self.assertEqual(SomeForm()["field"].id_for_label, "id_field")
 
     def test_boundfield_id_for_label_override_by_attrs(self):
         """
         If an id is provided in `Widget.attrs`, it overrides the generated ID,
         unless it is `None`.
         """
+
         class SomeForm(Form):
-            field = CharField(widget=TextInput(attrs={'id': 'myCustomID'}))
-            field_none = CharField(widget=TextInput(attrs={'id': None}))
+            field = CharField(widget=TextInput(attrs={"id": "myCustomID"}))
+            field_none = CharField(widget=TextInput(attrs={"id": None}))
 
         form = SomeForm()
-        self.assertEqual(form['field'].id_for_label, 'myCustomID')
-        self.assertEqual(form['field_none'].id_for_label, 'id_field_none')
+        self.assertEqual(form["field"].id_for_label, "myCustomID")
+        self.assertEqual(form["field_none"].id_for_label, "id_field_none")
 
     def test_boundfield_subwidget_id_for_label(self):
         """
         If auto_id is provided when initializing the form, the generated ID in
         subwidgets must reflect that prefix.
         """
+
         class SomeForm(Form):
             field = MultipleChoiceField(
-                choices=[('a', 'A'), ('b', 'B')],
+                choices=[("a", "A"), ("b", "B")],
                 widget=CheckboxSelectMultiple,
             )
 
-        form = SomeForm(auto_id='prefix_%s')
-        subwidgets = form['field'].subwidgets
-        self.assertEqual(subwidgets[0].id_for_label, 'prefix_field_0')
-        self.assertEqual(subwidgets[1].id_for_label, 'prefix_field_1')
+        form = SomeForm(auto_id="prefix_%s")
+        subwidgets = form["field"].subwidgets
+        self.assertEqual(subwidgets[0].id_for_label, "prefix_field_0")
+        self.assertEqual(subwidgets[1].id_for_label, "prefix_field_1")
 
     def test_boundfield_widget_type(self):
         class SomeForm(Form):
@@ -3202,28 +3638,33 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             birthday = SplitDateTimeField(widget=SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget)
 
         f = SomeForm()
-        self.assertEqual(f['first_name'].widget_type, 'text')
-        self.assertEqual(f['birthday'].widget_type, 'splithiddendatetime')
+        self.assertEqual(f["first_name"].widget_type, "text")
+        self.assertEqual(f["birthday"].widget_type, "splithiddendatetime")
 
     def test_boundfield_css_classes(self):
         form = Person()
-        field = form['first_name']
-        self.assertEqual(field.css_classes(), '')
-        self.assertEqual(field.css_classes(extra_classes=''), '')
-        self.assertEqual(field.css_classes(extra_classes='test'), 'test')
-        self.assertEqual(field.css_classes(extra_classes='test test'), 'test')
+        field = form["first_name"]
+        self.assertEqual(field.css_classes(), "")
+        self.assertEqual(field.css_classes(extra_classes=""), "")
+        self.assertEqual(field.css_classes(extra_classes="test"), "test")
+        self.assertEqual(field.css_classes(extra_classes="test test"), "test")
 
     def test_label_suffix_override(self):
         """
         BoundField label_suffix (if provided) overrides Form label_suffix
         """
+
         class SomeForm(Form):
             field = CharField()
-        boundfield = SomeForm(label_suffix='!')['field']
 
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(boundfield.label_tag(label_suffix='$'), '<label for="id_field">Field$</label>')
+        boundfield = SomeForm(label_suffix="!")["field"]
+
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            boundfield.legend_tag(label_suffix='$'),
+            boundfield.label_tag(label_suffix="$"),
+            '<label for="id_field">Field$</label>',
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            boundfield.legend_tag(label_suffix="$"),
             '<legend for="id_field">Field$</legend>',
         )
 
@@ -3233,16 +3674,18 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             bar = CharField()
 
             def clean(self):
-                raise ValidationError('Non-field error.', code='secret', params={'a': 1, 'b': 2})
+                raise ValidationError(
+                    "Non-field error.", code="secret", params={"a": 1, "b": 2}
+                )
 
         form = MyForm({})
         self.assertIs(form.is_valid(), False)
 
         errors = form.errors.as_text()
         control = [
-            '* foo\n  * This field is required.',
-            '* bar\n  * This field is required.',
-            '* __all__\n  * Non-field error.',
+            "* foo\n  * This field is required.",
+            "* bar\n  * This field is required.",
+            "* __all__\n  * Non-field error.",
         ]
         for error in control:
             self.assertIn(error, errors)
@@ -3258,30 +3701,31 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
 
         errors = form.errors.get_json_data()
         control = {
-            'foo': [{'code': 'required', 'message': 'This field is required.'}],
-            'bar': [{'code': 'required', 'message': 'This field is required.'}],
-            '__all__': [{'code': 'secret', 'message': 'Non-field error.'}]
+            "foo": [{"code": "required", "message": "This field is required."}],
+            "bar": [{"code": "required", "message": "This field is required."}],
+            "__all__": [{"code": "secret", "message": "Non-field error."}],
         }
         self.assertEqual(errors, control)
         self.assertEqual(json.dumps(errors), form.errors.as_json())
 
     def test_error_dict_as_json_escape_html(self):
         """#21962 - adding html escape flag to ErrorDict"""
+
         class MyForm(Form):
             foo = CharField()
             bar = CharField()
 
             def clean(self):
                 raise ValidationError(
-                    '<p>Non-field error.</p>',
-                    code='secret',
-                    params={'a': 1, 'b': 2},
+                    "<p>Non-field error.</p>",
+                    code="secret",
+                    params={"a": 1, "b": 2},
                 )
 
         control = {
-            'foo': [{'code': 'required', 'message': 'This field is required.'}],
-            'bar': [{'code': 'required', 'message': 'This field is required.'}],
-            '__all__': [{'code': 'secret', 'message': '<p>Non-field error.</p>'}]
+            "foo": [{"code": "required", "message": "This field is required."}],
+            "bar": [{"code": "required", "message": "This field is required."}],
+            "__all__": [{"code": "secret", "message": "<p>Non-field error.</p>"}],
         }
 
         form = MyForm({})
@@ -3290,57 +3734,52 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
         errors = json.loads(form.errors.as_json())
         self.assertEqual(errors, control)
 
-        escaped_error = '&lt;p&gt;Non-field error.&lt;/p&gt;'
+        escaped_error = "&lt;p&gt;Non-field error.&lt;/p&gt;"
         self.assertEqual(
-            form.errors.get_json_data(escape_html=True)['__all__'][0]['message'],
-            escaped_error
+            form.errors.get_json_data(escape_html=True)["__all__"][0]["message"],
+            escaped_error,
         )
         errors = json.loads(form.errors.as_json(escape_html=True))
-        control['__all__'][0]['message'] = escaped_error
+        control["__all__"][0]["message"] = escaped_error
         self.assertEqual(errors, control)
 
     def test_error_list(self):
         e = ErrorList()
-        e.append('Foo')
-        e.append(ValidationError('Foo%(bar)s', code='foobar', params={'bar': 'bar'}))
+        e.append("Foo")
+        e.append(ValidationError("Foo%(bar)s", code="foobar", params={"bar": "bar"}))
 
         self.assertIsInstance(e, list)
-        self.assertIn('Foo', e)
-        self.assertIn('Foo', ValidationError(e))
+        self.assertIn("Foo", e)
+        self.assertIn("Foo", ValidationError(e))
+
+        self.assertEqual(e.as_text(), "* Foo\n* Foobar")
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            e.as_text(),
-            '* Foo\n* Foobar'
-        )
-
-        self.assertEqual(
-            e.as_ul(),
-            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Foo</li><li>Foobar</li></ul>'
+            e.as_ul(), '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Foo</li><li>Foobar</li></ul>'
         )
 
         errors = e.get_json_data()
         self.assertEqual(
             errors,
-            [{"message": "Foo", "code": ""}, {"message": "Foobar", "code": "foobar"}]
+            [{"message": "Foo", "code": ""}, {"message": "Foobar", "code": "foobar"}],
         )
         self.assertEqual(json.dumps(errors), e.as_json())
 
     def test_error_list_class_not_specified(self):
         e = ErrorList()
-        e.append('Foo')
-        e.append(ValidationError('Foo%(bar)s', code='foobar', params={'bar': 'bar'}))
+        e.append("Foo")
+        e.append(ValidationError("Foo%(bar)s", code="foobar", params={"bar": "bar"}))
         self.assertEqual(
-            e.as_ul(),
-            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Foo</li><li>Foobar</li></ul>'
+            e.as_ul(), '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Foo</li><li>Foobar</li></ul>'
         )
 
     def test_error_list_class_has_one_class_specified(self):
-        e = ErrorList(error_class='foobar-error-class')
-        e.append('Foo')
-        e.append(ValidationError('Foo%(bar)s', code='foobar', params={'bar': 'bar'}))
+        e = ErrorList(error_class="foobar-error-class")
+        e.append("Foo")
+        e.append(ValidationError("Foo%(bar)s", code="foobar", params={"bar": "bar"}))
         self.assertEqual(
             e.as_ul(),
-            '<ul class="errorlist foobar-error-class"><li>Foo</li><li>Foobar</li></ul>'
+            '<ul class="errorlist foobar-error-class"><li>Foo</li><li>Foobar</li></ul>',
         )
 
     def test_error_list_with_hidden_field_errors_has_correct_class(self):
@@ -3348,21 +3787,21 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             first_name = CharField()
             last_name = CharField(widget=HiddenInput)
 
-        p = Person({'first_name': 'John'})
+        p = Person({"first_name": "John"})
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
             """<li><ul class="errorlist nonfield">
 <li>(Hidden field last_name) This field is required.</li></ul></li><li>
 <label for="id_first_name">First name:</label>
 <input id="id_first_name" name="first_name" type="text" value="John" required>
-<input id="id_last_name" name="last_name" type="hidden"></li>"""
+<input id="id_last_name" name="last_name" type="hidden"></li>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_p(),
             """<ul class="errorlist nonfield"><li>(Hidden field last_name) This field is required.</li></ul>
 <p><label for="id_first_name">First name:</label>
 <input id="id_first_name" name="first_name" type="text" value="John" required>
-<input id="id_last_name" name="last_name" type="hidden"></p>"""
+<input id="id_last_name" name="last_name" type="hidden"></p>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_table(),
@@ -3370,7 +3809,7 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
 <li>(Hidden field last_name) This field is required.</li></ul></td></tr>
 <tr><th><label for="id_first_name">First name:</label></th><td>
 <input id="id_first_name" name="first_name" type="text" value="John" required>
-<input id="id_last_name" name="last_name" type="hidden"></td></tr>"""
+<input id="id_last_name" name="last_name" type="hidden"></td></tr>""",
         )
 
     def test_error_list_with_non_field_errors_has_correct_class(self):
@@ -3379,12 +3818,12 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             last_name = CharField()
 
             def clean(self):
-                raise ValidationError('Generic validation error')
+                raise ValidationError("Generic validation error")
 
-        p = Person({'first_name': 'John', 'last_name': 'Lennon'})
+        p = Person({"first_name": "John", "last_name": "Lennon"})
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             str(p.non_field_errors()),
-            '<ul class="errorlist nonfield"><li>Generic validation error</li></ul>'
+            '<ul class="errorlist nonfield"><li>Generic validation error</li></ul>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_ul(),
@@ -3393,11 +3832,10 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
 <li><label for="id_first_name">First name:</label>
 <input id="id_first_name" name="first_name" type="text" value="John" required></li>
 <li><label for="id_last_name">Last name:</label>
-<input id="id_last_name" name="last_name" type="text" value="Lennon" required></li>"""
+<input id="id_last_name" name="last_name" type="text" value="Lennon" required></li>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            p.non_field_errors().as_text(),
-            '* Generic validation error'
+            p.non_field_errors().as_text(), "* Generic validation error"
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_p(),
@@ -3405,7 +3843,7 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
 <p><label for="id_first_name">First name:</label>
 <input id="id_first_name" name="first_name" type="text" value="John" required></p>
 <p><label for="id_last_name">Last name:</label>
-<input id="id_last_name" name="last_name" type="text" value="Lennon" required></p>"""
+<input id="id_last_name" name="last_name" type="text" value="Lennon" required></p>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             p.as_table(),
@@ -3413,7 +3851,7 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
 <tr><th><label for="id_first_name">First name:</label></th><td>
 <input id="id_first_name" name="first_name" type="text" value="John" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th><label for="id_last_name">Last name:</label></th><td>
-<input id="id_last_name" name="last_name" type="text" value="Lennon" required></td></tr>"""
+<input id="id_last_name" name="last_name" type="text" value="Lennon" required></td></tr>""",
         )
 
     def test_error_escaping(self):
@@ -3426,7 +3864,7 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
 
             clean_visible = clean_hidden
 
-        form = TestForm({'hidden': 'a', 'visible': 'b'})
+        form = TestForm({"hidden": "a", "visible": "b"})
         form.is_valid()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             form.as_ul(),
@@ -3434,7 +3872,7 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             '<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>Foo &amp; &quot;bar&quot;!</li></ul>'
             '<label for="id_visible">Visible:</label> '
             '<input type="text" name="visible" value="b" id="id_visible" required>'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="hidden" value="a" id="id_hidden"></li>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="hidden" value="a" id="id_hidden"></li>',
         )
 
     def test_baseform_repr(self):
@@ -3443,25 +3881,43 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
         form.
         """
         p = Person()
-        self.assertEqual(repr(p), "<Person bound=False, valid=Unknown, fields=(first_name;last_name;birthday)>")
-        p = Person({'first_name': 'John', 'last_name': 'Lennon', 'birthday': '1940-10-9'})
-        self.assertEqual(repr(p), "<Person bound=True, valid=Unknown, fields=(first_name;last_name;birthday)>")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(p),
+            "<Person bound=False, valid=Unknown, fields=(first_name;last_name;birthday)>",
+        )
+        p = Person(
+            {"first_name": "John", "last_name": "Lennon", "birthday": "1940-10-9"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(p),
+            "<Person bound=True, valid=Unknown, fields=(first_name;last_name;birthday)>",
+        )
         p.is_valid()
-        self.assertEqual(repr(p), "<Person bound=True, valid=True, fields=(first_name;last_name;birthday)>")
-        p = Person({'first_name': 'John', 'last_name': 'Lennon', 'birthday': 'fakedate'})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(p),
+            "<Person bound=True, valid=True, fields=(first_name;last_name;birthday)>",
+        )
+        p = Person(
+            {"first_name": "John", "last_name": "Lennon", "birthday": "fakedate"}
+        )
         p.is_valid()
-        self.assertEqual(repr(p), "<Person bound=True, valid=False, fields=(first_name;last_name;birthday)>")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(p),
+            "<Person bound=True, valid=False, fields=(first_name;last_name;birthday)>",
+        )
 
     def test_baseform_repr_dont_trigger_validation(self):
         """
         BaseForm.__repr__() shouldn't trigger the form validation.
         """
-        p = Person({'first_name': 'John', 'last_name': 'Lennon', 'birthday': 'fakedate'})
+        p = Person(
+            {"first_name": "John", "last_name": "Lennon", "birthday": "fakedate"}
+        )
         repr(p)
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
             p.cleaned_data
         self.assertFalse(p.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data, {'first_name': 'John', 'last_name': 'Lennon'})
+        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data, {"first_name": "John", "last_name": "Lennon"})
 
     def test_accessing_clean(self):
         class UserForm(Form):
@@ -3472,13 +3928,13 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
                 data = self.cleaned_data
 
                 if not self.errors:
-                    data['username'] = data['username'].lower()
+                    data["username"] = data["username"].lower()
 
                 return data
 
-        f = UserForm({'username': 'SirRobin', 'password': 'blue'})
+        f = UserForm({"username": "SirRobin", "password": "blue"})
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['username'], 'sirrobin')
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["username"], "sirrobin")
 
     def test_changing_cleaned_data_nothing_returned(self):
         class UserForm(Form):
@@ -3486,12 +3942,12 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             password = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)
 
             def clean(self):
-                self.cleaned_data['username'] = self.cleaned_data['username'].lower()
+                self.cleaned_data["username"] = self.cleaned_data["username"].lower()
                 # don't return anything
 
-        f = UserForm({'username': 'SirRobin', 'password': 'blue'})
+        f = UserForm({"username": "SirRobin", "password": "blue"})
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['username'], 'sirrobin')
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["username"], "sirrobin")
 
     def test_changing_cleaned_data_in_clean(self):
         class UserForm(Form):
@@ -3503,13 +3959,13 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
 
                 # Return a different dict. We have not changed self.cleaned_data.
                 return {
-                    'username': data['username'].lower(),
-                    'password': 'this_is_not_a_secret',
+                    "username": data["username"].lower(),
+                    "password": "this_is_not_a_secret",
                 }
 
-        f = UserForm({'username': 'SirRobin', 'password': 'blue'})
+        f = UserForm({"username": "SirRobin", "password": "blue"})
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['username'], 'sirrobin')
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["username"], "sirrobin")
 
     def test_multipart_encoded_form(self):
         class FormWithoutFile(Form):
@@ -3531,10 +3987,10 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             username = CharField()
 
         form = SimpleForm()
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(SimpleForm, '__html__'))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(SimpleForm, "__html__"))
         self.assertEqual(str(form), form.__html__())
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(form['username'], '__html__'))
-        self.assertEqual(str(form['username']), form['username'].__html__())
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(form["username"], "__html__"))
+        self.assertEqual(str(form["username"]), form["username"].__html__())
 
     def test_use_required_attribute_true(self):
         class MyForm(Form):
@@ -3542,7 +3998,7 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             f1 = CharField(max_length=30)
             f2 = CharField(max_length=30, required=False)
             f3 = CharField(widget=Textarea)
-            f4 = ChoiceField(choices=[('P', 'Python'), ('J', 'Java')])
+            f4 = ChoiceField(choices=[("P", "Python"), ("J", "Java")])
 
         form = MyForm()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
@@ -3550,11 +4006,11 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             '<p><label for="id_f1">F1:</label> <input id="id_f1" maxlength="30" name="f1" type="text" required></p>'
             '<p><label for="id_f2">F2:</label> <input id="id_f2" maxlength="30" name="f2" type="text"></p>'
             '<p><label for="id_f3">F3:</label> <textarea cols="40" id="id_f3" name="f3" rows="10" required>'
-            '</textarea></p>'
+            "</textarea></p>"
             '<p><label for="id_f4">F4:</label> <select id="id_f4" name="f4">'
             '<option value="P">Python</option>'
             '<option value="J">Java</option>'
-            '</select></p>',
+            "</select></p>",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             form.as_ul(),
@@ -3562,11 +4018,11 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             '<input id="id_f1" maxlength="30" name="f1" type="text" required></li>'
             '<li><label for="id_f2">F2:</label> <input id="id_f2" maxlength="30" name="f2" type="text"></li>'
             '<li><label for="id_f3">F3:</label> <textarea cols="40" id="id_f3" name="f3" rows="10" required>'
-            '</textarea></li>'
+            "</textarea></li>"
             '<li><label for="id_f4">F4:</label> <select id="id_f4" name="f4">'
             '<option value="P">Python</option>'
             '<option value="J">Java</option>'
-            '</select></li>',
+            "</select></li>",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             form.as_table(),
@@ -3576,11 +4032,11 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             '<td><input id="id_f2" maxlength="30" name="f2" type="text"></td></tr>'
             '<tr><th><label for="id_f3">F3:</label></th>'
             '<td><textarea cols="40" id="id_f3" name="f3" rows="10" required>'
-            '</textarea></td></tr>'
+            "</textarea></td></tr>"
             '<tr><th><label for="id_f4">F4:</label></th><td><select id="id_f4" name="f4">'
             '<option value="P">Python</option>'
             '<option value="J">Java</option>'
-            '</select></td></tr>',
+            "</select></td></tr>",
         )
 
     def test_use_required_attribute_false(self):
@@ -3589,7 +4045,7 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             f1 = CharField(max_length=30)
             f2 = CharField(max_length=30, required=False)
             f3 = CharField(widget=Textarea)
-            f4 = ChoiceField(choices=[('P', 'Python'), ('J', 'Java')])
+            f4 = ChoiceField(choices=[("P", "Python"), ("J", "Java")])
 
         form = MyForm()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
@@ -3597,22 +4053,22 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             '<p><label for="id_f1">F1:</label> <input id="id_f1" maxlength="30" name="f1" type="text"></p>'
             '<p><label for="id_f2">F2:</label> <input id="id_f2" maxlength="30" name="f2" type="text"></p>'
             '<p><label for="id_f3">F3:</label> <textarea cols="40" id="id_f3" name="f3" rows="10">'
-            '</textarea></p>'
+            "</textarea></p>"
             '<p><label for="id_f4">F4:</label> <select id="id_f4" name="f4">'
             '<option value="P">Python</option>'
             '<option value="J">Java</option>'
-            '</select></p>',
+            "</select></p>",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             form.as_ul(),
             '<li><label for="id_f1">F1:</label> <input id="id_f1" maxlength="30" name="f1" type="text"></li>'
             '<li><label for="id_f2">F2:</label> <input id="id_f2" maxlength="30" name="f2" type="text"></li>'
             '<li><label for="id_f3">F3:</label> <textarea cols="40" id="id_f3" name="f3" rows="10">'
-            '</textarea></li>'
+            "</textarea></li>"
             '<li><label for="id_f4">F4:</label> <select id="id_f4" name="f4">'
             '<option value="P">Python</option>'
             '<option value="J">Java</option>'
-            '</select></li>',
+            "</select></li>",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             form.as_table(),
@@ -3621,11 +4077,11 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
             '<tr><th><label for="id_f2">F2:</label></th>'
             '<td><input id="id_f2" maxlength="30" name="f2" type="text"></td></tr>'
             '<tr><th><label for="id_f3">F3:</label></th><td><textarea cols="40" id="id_f3" name="f3" rows="10">'
-            '</textarea></td></tr>'
+            "</textarea></td></tr>"
             '<tr><th><label for="id_f4">F4:</label></th><td><select id="id_f4" name="f4">'
             '<option value="P">Python</option>'
             '<option value="J">Java</option>'
-            '</select></td></tr>',
+            "</select></td></tr>",
         )
 
     def test_only_hidden_fields(self):
@@ -3637,23 +4093,23 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_p(),
             '<ul class="errorlist nonfield">'
-            '<li>(Hidden field data) This field is required.</li></ul>\n<p> '
-            '<input type="hidden" name="data" id="id_data"></p>'
+            "<li>(Hidden field data) This field is required.</li></ul>\n<p> "
+            '<input type="hidden" name="data" id="id_data"></p>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_table(),
             '<tr><td colspan="2"><ul class="errorlist nonfield">'
-            '<li>(Hidden field data) This field is required.</li></ul>'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="data" id="id_data"></td></tr>'
+            "<li>(Hidden field data) This field is required.</li></ul>"
+            '<input type="hidden" name="data" id="id_data"></td></tr>',
         )
 
     def test_field_named_data(self):
         class DataForm(Form):
             data = CharField(max_length=10)
 
-        f = DataForm({'data': 'xyzzy'})
+        f = DataForm({"data": "xyzzy"})
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data, {'data': 'xyzzy'})
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data, {"data": "xyzzy"})
 
     def test_empty_data_files_multi_value_dict(self):
         p = Person()
@@ -3663,7 +4119,7 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
     def test_field_deep_copy_error_messages(self):
         class CustomCharField(CharField):
             def __init__(self, **kwargs):
-                kwargs['error_messages'] = {'invalid': 'Form custom error message.'}
+                kwargs["error_messages"] = {"invalid": "Form custom error message."}
                 super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
         field = CustomCharField()
@@ -3673,8 +4129,10 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
 
     def test_label_does_not_include_new_line(self):
         form = Person()
-        field = form['first_name']
-        self.assertEqual(field.label_tag(), '<label for="id_first_name">First name:</label>')
+        field = form["first_name"]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.label_tag(), '<label for="id_first_name">First name:</label>'
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             field.legend_tag(),
             '<legend for="id_first_name">First name:</legend>',
@@ -3683,13 +4141,13 @@ Password: <input type="password" name="password" required>
     @override_settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True)
     def test_label_attrs_not_localized(self):
         form = Person()
-        field = form['first_name']
+        field = form["first_name"]
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            field.label_tag(attrs={'number': 9999}),
+            field.label_tag(attrs={"number": 9999}),
             '<label number="9999" for="id_first_name">First name:</label>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            field.legend_tag(attrs={'number': 9999}),
+            field.legend_tag(attrs={"number": 9999}),
             '<legend number="9999" for="id_first_name">First name:</legend>',
         )
 
@@ -3704,7 +4162,6 @@ class CustomRenderer(DjangoTemplates):
 
 
 class RendererTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_default(self):
         form = Form()
         self.assertEqual(form.renderer, get_default_renderer())
@@ -3744,54 +4201,55 @@ class RendererTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 class TemplateTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_iterate_radios(self):
-        f = FrameworkForm(auto_id='id_%s')
+        f = FrameworkForm(auto_id="id_%s")
         t = Template(
-            '{% for radio in form.language %}'
+            "{% for radio in form.language %}"
             '<div class="myradio">{{ radio }}</div>'
-            '{% endfor %}'
+            "{% endfor %}"
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            t.render(Context({'form': f})),
+            t.render(Context({"form": f})),
             '<div class="myradio"><label for="id_language_0">'
             '<input id="id_language_0" name="language" type="radio" value="P" '
-            'required> Python</label></div>'
+            "required> Python</label></div>"
             '<div class="myradio"><label for="id_language_1">'
             '<input id="id_language_1" name="language" type="radio" value="J" '
-            'required> Java</label></div>',
+            "required> Java</label></div>",
         )
 
     def test_iterate_checkboxes(self):
-        f = SongForm({'composers': ['J', 'P']}, auto_id=False)
+        f = SongForm({"composers": ["J", "P"]}, auto_id=False)
         t = Template(
-            '{% for checkbox in form.composers %}'
+            "{% for checkbox in form.composers %}"
             '<div class="mycheckbox">{{ checkbox }}</div>'
-            '{% endfor %}'
+            "{% endfor %}"
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            t.render(Context({'form': f})),
+            t.render(Context({"form": f})),
             '<div class="mycheckbox"><label>'
             '<input checked name="composers" type="checkbox" value="J"> '
-            'John Lennon</label></div>'
+            "John Lennon</label></div>"
             '<div class="mycheckbox"><label>'
             '<input checked name="composers" type="checkbox" value="P"> '
-            'Paul McCartney</label></div>',
+            "Paul McCartney</label></div>",
         )
 
     def test_templates_with_forms(self):
         class UserRegistration(Form):
-            username = CharField(max_length=10, help_text=(
-                "Good luck picking a username that doesn't already exist."
-            ))
+            username = CharField(
+                max_length=10,
+                help_text=("Good luck picking a username that doesn't already exist."),
+            )
             password1 = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)
             password2 = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)
 
             def clean(self):
                 if (
-                    self.cleaned_data.get('password1') and
-                    self.cleaned_data.get('password2') and
-                    self.cleaned_data['password1'] != self.cleaned_data['password2']
+                    self.cleaned_data.get("password1")
+                    and self.cleaned_data.get("password2")
+                    and self.cleaned_data["password1"] != self.cleaned_data["password2"]
                 ):
-                    raise ValidationError('Please make sure your passwords match.')
+                    raise ValidationError("Please make sure your passwords match.")
                 return self.cleaned_data
 
         # There is full flexibility in displaying form fields in a template.
@@ -3800,169 +4258,169 @@ class TemplateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # responsibility of displaying all the errors, including any that might
         # not be associated with a particular field.
         t = Template(
-            '<form>'
-            '{{ form.username.errors.as_ul }}'
-            '<p><label>Your username: {{ form.username }}</label></p>'
-            '{{ form.password1.errors.as_ul }}'
-            '<p><label>Password: {{ form.password1 }}</label></p>'
-            '{{ form.password2.errors.as_ul }}'
-            '<p><label>Password (again): {{ form.password2 }}</label></p>'
+            "<form>"
+            "{{ form.username.errors.as_ul }}"
+            "<p><label>Your username: {{ form.username }}</label></p>"
+            "{{ form.password1.errors.as_ul }}"
+            "<p><label>Password: {{ form.password1 }}</label></p>"
+            "{{ form.password2.errors.as_ul }}"
+            "<p><label>Password (again): {{ form.password2 }}</label></p>"
             '<input type="submit" required>'
-            '</form>'
+            "</form>"
         )
         f = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            t.render(Context({'form': f})),
-            '<form>'
-            '<p><label>Your username: '
+            t.render(Context({"form": f})),
+            "<form>"
+            "<p><label>Your username: "
             '<input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required></label></p>'
-            '<p><label>Password: '
+            "<p><label>Password: "
             '<input type="password" name="password1" required></label></p>'
-            '<p><label>Password (again): '
+            "<p><label>Password (again): "
             '<input type="password" name="password2" required></label></p>'
             '<input type="submit" required>'
-            '</form>',
+            "</form>",
         )
-        f = UserRegistration({'username': 'django'}, auto_id=False)
+        f = UserRegistration({"username": "django"}, auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            t.render(Context({'form': f})),
-            '<form>'
-            '<p><label>Your username: '
+            t.render(Context({"form": f})),
+            "<form>"
+            "<p><label>Your username: "
             '<input type="text" name="username" value="django" maxlength="10" required>'
-            '</label></p>'
+            "</label></p>"
             '<ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul><p>'
-            '<label>Password: '
+            "<label>Password: "
             '<input type="password" name="password1" required></label></p>'
             '<ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>'
-            '<p><label>Password (again): '
+            "<p><label>Password (again): "
             '<input type="password" name="password2" required></label></p>'
             '<input type="submit" required>'
-            '</form>',
+            "</form>",
         )
         # Use form.[field].label to output a field's label. 'label' for a field
         # can by specified by using the 'label' argument to a Field class. If
         # 'label' is not specified, Django will use the field name with
         # underscores converted to spaces, and the initial letter capitalized.
         t = Template(
-            '<form>'
-            '<p><label>{{ form.username.label }}: {{ form.username }}</label></p>'
-            '<p><label>{{ form.password1.label }}: {{ form.password1 }}</label></p>'
-            '<p><label>{{ form.password2.label }}: {{ form.password2 }}</label></p>'
+            "<form>"
+            "<p><label>{{ form.username.label }}: {{ form.username }}</label></p>"
+            "<p><label>{{ form.password1.label }}: {{ form.password1 }}</label></p>"
+            "<p><label>{{ form.password2.label }}: {{ form.password2 }}</label></p>"
             '<input type="submit" required>'
-            '</form>'
+            "</form>"
         )
         f = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            t.render(Context({'form': f})),
-            '<form>'
-            '<p><label>Username: '
+            t.render(Context({"form": f})),
+            "<form>"
+            "<p><label>Username: "
             '<input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required></label></p>'
-            '<p><label>Password1: '
+            "<p><label>Password1: "
             '<input type="password" name="password1" required></label></p>'
-            '<p><label>Password2: '
+            "<p><label>Password2: "
             '<input type="password" name="password2" required></label></p>'
             '<input type="submit" required>'
-            '</form>',
+            "</form>",
         )
         # Use form.[field].label_tag to output a field's label with a <label>
         # tag wrapped around it, but *only* if the given field has an "id"
         # attribute. Recall from above that passing the "auto_id" argument to a
         # Form gives each field an "id" attribute.
         t = Template(
-            '<form>'
-            '<p>{{ form.username.label_tag }} {{ form.username }}</p>'
-            '<p>{{ form.password1.label_tag }} {{ form.password1 }}</p>'
-            '<p>{{ form.password2.label_tag }} {{ form.password2 }}</p>'
+            "<form>"
+            "<p>{{ form.username.label_tag }} {{ form.username }}</p>"
+            "<p>{{ form.password1.label_tag }} {{ form.password1 }}</p>"
+            "<p>{{ form.password2.label_tag }} {{ form.password2 }}</p>"
             '<input type="submit" required>'
-            '</form>'
+            "</form>"
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            t.render(Context({'form': f})),
-            '<form>'
-            '<p>Username: '
+            t.render(Context({"form": f})),
+            "<form>"
+            "<p>Username: "
             '<input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required></p>'
             '<p>Password1: <input type="password" name="password1" required></p>'
             '<p>Password2: <input type="password" name="password2" required></p>'
             '<input type="submit" required>'
-            '</form>',
+            "</form>",
         )
-        f = UserRegistration(auto_id='id_%s')
+        f = UserRegistration(auto_id="id_%s")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            t.render(Context({'form': f})),
-            '<form>'
+            t.render(Context({"form": f})),
+            "<form>"
             '<p><label for="id_username">Username:</label>'
             '<input id="id_username" type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" '
-            'required></p>'
+            "required></p>"
             '<p><label for="id_password1">Password1:</label>'
             '<input type="password" name="password1" id="id_password1" required></p>'
             '<p><label for="id_password2">Password2:</label>'
             '<input type="password" name="password2" id="id_password2" required></p>'
             '<input type="submit" required>'
-            '</form>',
+            "</form>",
         )
         # Use form.[field].legend_tag to output a field's label with a <legend>
         # tag wrapped around it, but *only* if the given field has an "id"
         # attribute. Recall from above that passing the "auto_id" argument to a
         # Form gives each field an "id" attribute.
         t = Template(
-            '<form>'
-            '<p>{{ form.username.legend_tag }} {{ form.username }}</p>'
-            '<p>{{ form.password1.legend_tag }} {{ form.password1 }}</p>'
-            '<p>{{ form.password2.legend_tag }} {{ form.password2 }}</p>'
+            "<form>"
+            "<p>{{ form.username.legend_tag }} {{ form.username }}</p>"
+            "<p>{{ form.password1.legend_tag }} {{ form.password1 }}</p>"
+            "<p>{{ form.password2.legend_tag }} {{ form.password2 }}</p>"
             '<input type="submit" required>'
-            '</form>'
+            "</form>"
         )
         f = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            t.render(Context({'form': f})),
-            '<form>'
-            '<p>Username: '
+            t.render(Context({"form": f})),
+            "<form>"
+            "<p>Username: "
             '<input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required></p>'
             '<p>Password1: <input type="password" name="password1" required></p>'
             '<p>Password2: <input type="password" name="password2" required></p>'
             '<input type="submit" required>'
-            '</form>',
+            "</form>",
         )
-        f = UserRegistration(auto_id='id_%s')
+        f = UserRegistration(auto_id="id_%s")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            t.render(Context({'form': f})),
-            '<form>'
+            t.render(Context({"form": f})),
+            "<form>"
             '<p><legend for="id_username">Username:</legend>'
             '<input id="id_username" type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" '
-            'required></p>'
+            "required></p>"
             '<p><legend for="id_password1">Password1:</legend>'
             '<input type="password" name="password1" id="id_password1" required></p>'
             '<p><legend for="id_password2">Password2:</legend>'
             '<input type="password" name="password2" id="id_password2" required></p>'
             '<input type="submit" required>'
-            '</form>',
+            "</form>",
         )
         # Use form.[field].help_text to output a field's help text. If the
         # given field does not have help text, nothing will be output.
         t = Template(
-            '<form>'
-            '<p>{{ form.username.label_tag }} {{ form.username }}<br>'
-            '{{ form.username.help_text }}</p>'
-            '<p>{{ form.password1.label_tag }} {{ form.password1 }}</p>'
-            '<p>{{ form.password2.label_tag }} {{ form.password2 }}</p>'
+            "<form>"
+            "<p>{{ form.username.label_tag }} {{ form.username }}<br>"
+            "{{ form.username.help_text }}</p>"
+            "<p>{{ form.password1.label_tag }} {{ form.password1 }}</p>"
+            "<p>{{ form.password2.label_tag }} {{ form.password2 }}</p>"
             '<input type="submit" required>'
-            '</form>'
+            "</form>"
         )
         f = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            t.render(Context({'form': f})),
-            '<form>'
-            '<p>Username: '
+            t.render(Context({"form": f})),
+            "<form>"
+            "<p>Username: "
             '<input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required><br>'
-            'Good luck picking a username that doesn&#x27;t already exist.</p>'
+            "Good luck picking a username that doesn&#x27;t already exist.</p>"
             '<p>Password1: <input type="password" name="password1" required></p>'
             '<p>Password2: <input type="password" name="password2" required></p>'
             '<input type="submit" required>'
-            '</form>',
+            "</form>",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            Template('{{ form.password1.help_text }}').render(Context({'form': f})),
-            '',
+            Template("{{ form.password1.help_text }}").render(Context({"form": f})),
+            "",
         )
         # To display the errors that aren't associated with a particular field
         # e.g. the errors caused by Form.clean() -- use
@@ -3970,59 +4428,59 @@ class TemplateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # is displayed as a <ul> (or an empty string, if the list of errors is
         # empty).
         t = Template(
-            '<form>'
-            '{{ form.username.errors.as_ul }}'
-            '<p><label>Your username: {{ form.username }}</label></p>'
-            '{{ form.password1.errors.as_ul }}'
-            '<p><label>Password: {{ form.password1 }}</label></p>'
-            '{{ form.password2.errors.as_ul }}'
-            '<p><label>Password (again): {{ form.password2 }}</label></p>'
+            "<form>"
+            "{{ form.username.errors.as_ul }}"
+            "<p><label>Your username: {{ form.username }}</label></p>"
+            "{{ form.password1.errors.as_ul }}"
+            "<p><label>Password: {{ form.password1 }}</label></p>"
+            "{{ form.password2.errors.as_ul }}"
+            "<p><label>Password (again): {{ form.password2 }}</label></p>"
             '<input type="submit" required>'
-            '</form>'
+            "</form>"
         )
         f = UserRegistration(
-            {'username': 'django', 'password1': 'foo', 'password2': 'bar'},
+            {"username": "django", "password1": "foo", "password2": "bar"},
             auto_id=False,
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            t.render(Context({'form': f})),
-            '<form>'
-            '<p><label>Your username: '
+            t.render(Context({"form": f})),
+            "<form>"
+            "<p><label>Your username: "
             '<input type="text" name="username" value="django" maxlength="10" required>'
-            '</label></p>'
-            '<p><label>Password: '
+            "</label></p>"
+            "<p><label>Password: "
             '<input type="password" name="password1" required></label></p>'
-            '<p><label>Password (again): '
+            "<p><label>Password (again): "
             '<input type="password" name="password2" required></label></p>'
             '<input type="submit" required>'
-            '</form>',
+            "</form>",
         )
         t = Template(
-            '<form>'
-            '{{ form.non_field_errors }}'
-            '{{ form.username.errors.as_ul }}'
-            '<p><label>Your username: {{ form.username }}</label></p>'
-            '{{ form.password1.errors.as_ul }}'
-            '<p><label>Password: {{ form.password1 }}</label></p>'
-            '{{ form.password2.errors.as_ul }}'
-            '<p><label>Password (again): {{ form.password2 }}</label></p>'
+            "<form>"
+            "{{ form.non_field_errors }}"
+            "{{ form.username.errors.as_ul }}"
+            "<p><label>Your username: {{ form.username }}</label></p>"
+            "{{ form.password1.errors.as_ul }}"
+            "<p><label>Password: {{ form.password1 }}</label></p>"
+            "{{ form.password2.errors.as_ul }}"
+            "<p><label>Password (again): {{ form.password2 }}</label></p>"
             '<input type="submit" required>'
-            '</form>'
+            "</form>"
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            t.render(Context({'form': f})),
-            '<form>'
+            t.render(Context({"form": f})),
+            "<form>"
             '<ul class="errorlist nonfield">'
-            '<li>Please make sure your passwords match.</li></ul>'
-            '<p><label>Your username: '
+            "<li>Please make sure your passwords match.</li></ul>"
+            "<p><label>Your username: "
             '<input type="text" name="username" value="django" maxlength="10" required>'
-            '</label></p>'
-            '<p><label>Password: '
+            "</label></p>"
+            "<p><label>Password: "
             '<input type="password" name="password1" required></label></p>'
-            '<p><label>Password (again): '
+            "<p><label>Password (again): "
             '<input type="password" name="password2" required></label></p>'
             '<input type="submit" required>'
-            '</form>',
+            "</form>",
         )
 
     def test_basic_processing_in_view(self):
@@ -4033,77 +4491,83 @@ class TemplateTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
             def clean(self):
                 if (
-                    self.cleaned_data.get('password1') and
-                    self.cleaned_data.get('password2') and
-                    self.cleaned_data['password1'] != self.cleaned_data['password2']
+                    self.cleaned_data.get("password1")
+                    and self.cleaned_data.get("password2")
+                    and self.cleaned_data["password1"] != self.cleaned_data["password2"]
                 ):
-                    raise ValidationError('Please make sure your passwords match.')
+                    raise ValidationError("Please make sure your passwords match.")
                 return self.cleaned_data
 
         def my_function(method, post_data):
-            if method == 'POST':
+            if method == "POST":
                 form = UserRegistration(post_data, auto_id=False)
             else:
                 form = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)
 
             if form.is_valid():
-                return 'VALID: %r' % sorted(form.cleaned_data.items())
+                return "VALID: %r" % sorted(form.cleaned_data.items())
 
             t = Template(
                 '<form method="post">'
-                '<table>'
-                '{{ form }}'
-                '</table>'
+                "<table>"
+                "{{ form }}"
+                "</table>"
                 '<input type="submit" required>'
-                '</form>'
+                "</form>"
             )
-            return t.render(Context({'form': form}))
+            return t.render(Context({"form": form}))
 
         # GET with an empty form and no errors.
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            my_function('GET', {}),
+            my_function("GET", {}),
             '<form method="post">'
-            '<table>'
-            '<tr><th>Username:</th><td>'
+            "<table>"
+            "<tr><th>Username:</th><td>"
             '<input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required></td></tr>'
-            '<tr><th>Password1:</th><td>'
+            "<tr><th>Password1:</th><td>"
             '<input type="password" name="password1" required></td></tr>'
-            '<tr><th>Password2:</th><td>'
+            "<tr><th>Password2:</th><td>"
             '<input type="password" name="password2" required></td></tr>'
-            '</table>'
+            "</table>"
             '<input type="submit" required>'
-            '</form>',
+            "</form>",
         )
         # POST with erroneous data, a redisplayed form, with errors.
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            my_function('POST', {
-                'username': 'this-is-a-long-username',
-                'password1': 'foo',
-                'password2': 'bar',
-            }),
+            my_function(
+                "POST",
+                {
+                    "username": "this-is-a-long-username",
+                    "password1": "foo",
+                    "password2": "bar",
+                },
+            ),
             '<form method="post">'
-            '<table>'
+            "<table>"
             '<tr><td colspan="2"><ul class="errorlist nonfield">'
-            '<li>Please make sure your passwords match.</li></ul></td></tr>'
+            "<li>Please make sure your passwords match.</li></ul></td></tr>"
             '<tr><th>Username:</th><td><ul class="errorlist">'
-            '<li>Ensure this value has at most 10 characters (it has 23).</li></ul>'
+            "<li>Ensure this value has at most 10 characters (it has 23).</li></ul>"
             '<input type="text" name="username" '
             'value="this-is-a-long-username" maxlength="10" required></td></tr>'
-            '<tr><th>Password1:</th><td>'
+            "<tr><th>Password1:</th><td>"
             '<input type="password" name="password1" required></td></tr>'
-            '<tr><th>Password2:</th><td>'
+            "<tr><th>Password2:</th><td>"
             '<input type="password" name="password2" required></td></tr>'
-            '</table>'
+            "</table>"
             '<input type="submit" required>'
-            '</form>',
+            "</form>",
         )
         # POST with valid data (the success message).
         self.assertEqual(
-            my_function('POST', {
-                'username': 'adrian',
-                'password1': 'secret',
-                'password2': 'secret',
-            }),
+            my_function(
+                "POST",
+                {
+                    "username": "adrian",
+                    "password1": "secret",
+                    "password2": "secret",
+                },
+            ),
             "VALID: [('password1', 'secret'), ('password2', 'secret'), "
             "('username', 'adrian')]",
         )
@@ -4113,10 +4577,10 @@ class OverrideTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_use_custom_template(self):
         class Person(Form):
             first_name = CharField()
-            template_name = 'forms_tests/form_snippet.html'
+            template_name = "forms_tests/form_snippet.html"
 
-        t = Template('{{ form }}')
-        html = t.render(Context({'form': Person()}))
+        t = Template("{{ form }}")
+        html = t.render(Context({"form": Person()}))
         expected = """
         <div class="fieldWrapper"><label for="id_first_name">First name:</label>
         <input type="text" name="first_name" required id="id_first_name"></div>
@@ -4125,14 +4589,14 @@ class OverrideTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_errorlist_override(self):
         class CustomErrorList(ErrorList):
-            template_name = 'forms_tests/error.html'
+            template_name = "forms_tests/error.html"
 
         class CommentForm(Form):
             name = CharField(max_length=50, required=False)
             email = EmailField()
             comment = CharField()
 
-        data = {'email': 'invalid'}
+        data = {"email": "invalid"}
         f = CommentForm(data, auto_id=False, error_class=CustomErrorList)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_p(),
@@ -4148,18 +4612,18 @@ class OverrideTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_cyclic_context_boundfield_render(self):
         class FirstNameForm(Form):
             first_name = CharField()
-            template_name_label = 'forms_tests/cyclic_context_boundfield_render.html'
+            template_name_label = "forms_tests/cyclic_context_boundfield_render.html"
 
         f = FirstNameForm()
         try:
-            self.assertInHTML('<th>1</th>', f.render())
+            self.assertInHTML("<th>1</th>", f.render())
         except RecursionError:
-            self.fail('Cyclic reference in BoundField.render().')
+            self.fail("Cyclic reference in BoundField.render().")
 
     def test_legend_tag(self):
         class CustomFrameworkForm(FrameworkForm):
-            template_name = 'forms_tests/legend_test.html'
-            required_css_class = 'required'
+            template_name = "forms_tests/legend_test.html"
+            required_css_class = "required"
 
         f = CustomFrameworkForm()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_formsets.py b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_formsets.py
index c5a4f259e0..9846cb5874 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_formsets.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_formsets.py
@@ -4,12 +4,24 @@ from unittest import mock
 
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 from django.forms import (
-    BaseForm, CharField, DateField, FileField, Form, IntegerField,
-    SplitDateTimeField, formsets,
+    BaseForm,
+    CharField,
+    DateField,
+    FileField,
+    Form,
+    IntegerField,
+    SplitDateTimeField,
+    formsets,
 )
 from django.forms.formsets import (
-    INITIAL_FORM_COUNT, MAX_NUM_FORM_COUNT, MIN_NUM_FORM_COUNT,
-    TOTAL_FORM_COUNT, BaseFormSet, ManagementForm, all_valid, formset_factory,
+    INITIAL_FORM_COUNT,
+    MAX_NUM_FORM_COUNT,
+    MIN_NUM_FORM_COUNT,
+    TOTAL_FORM_COUNT,
+    BaseFormSet,
+    ManagementForm,
+    all_valid,
+    formset_factory,
 )
 from django.forms.utils import ErrorList
 from django.forms.widgets import HiddenInput
@@ -29,7 +41,7 @@ ChoiceFormSet = formset_factory(Choice)
 class ChoiceFormsetWithNonFormError(ChoiceFormSet):
     def clean(self):
         super().clean()
-        raise ValidationError('non-form error')
+        raise ValidationError("non-form error")
 
 
 class FavoriteDrinkForm(Form):
@@ -41,15 +53,17 @@ class BaseFavoriteDrinksFormSet(BaseFormSet):
         seen_drinks = []
 
         for drink in self.cleaned_data:
-            if drink['name'] in seen_drinks:
-                raise ValidationError('You may only specify a drink once.')
+            if drink["name"] in seen_drinks:
+                raise ValidationError("You may only specify a drink once.")
 
-            seen_drinks.append(drink['name'])
+            seen_drinks.append(drink["name"])
 
 
 # A FormSet that takes a list of favorite drinks and raises an error if
 # there are any duplicates.
-FavoriteDrinksFormSet = formset_factory(FavoriteDrinkForm, formset=BaseFavoriteDrinksFormSet, extra=3)
+FavoriteDrinksFormSet = formset_factory(
+    FavoriteDrinkForm, formset=BaseFavoriteDrinksFormSet, extra=3
+)
 
 
 class CustomKwargForm(Form):
@@ -59,16 +73,22 @@ class CustomKwargForm(Form):
 
 
 class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def make_choiceformset(
-            self, formset_data=None, formset_class=ChoiceFormSet,
-            total_forms=None, initial_forms=0, max_num_forms=0, min_num_forms=0, **kwargs):
+        self,
+        formset_data=None,
+        formset_class=ChoiceFormSet,
+        total_forms=None,
+        initial_forms=0,
+        max_num_forms=0,
+        min_num_forms=0,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
         """
         Make a ChoiceFormset from the given formset_data.
         The data should be given as a list of (choice, votes) tuples.
         """
-        kwargs.setdefault('prefix', 'choices')
-        kwargs.setdefault('auto_id', False)
+        kwargs.setdefault("prefix", "choices")
+        kwargs.setdefault("auto_id", False)
 
         if formset_data is None:
             return formset_class(**kwargs)
@@ -77,18 +97,18 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             total_forms = len(formset_data)
 
         def prefixed(*args):
-            args = (kwargs['prefix'],) + args
-            return '-'.join(args)
+            args = (kwargs["prefix"],) + args
+            return "-".join(args)
 
         data = {
-            prefixed('TOTAL_FORMS'): str(total_forms),
-            prefixed('INITIAL_FORMS'): str(initial_forms),
-            prefixed('MAX_NUM_FORMS'): str(max_num_forms),
-            prefixed('MIN_NUM_FORMS'): str(min_num_forms),
+            prefixed("TOTAL_FORMS"): str(total_forms),
+            prefixed("INITIAL_FORMS"): str(initial_forms),
+            prefixed("MAX_NUM_FORMS"): str(max_num_forms),
+            prefixed("MIN_NUM_FORMS"): str(min_num_forms),
         }
         for i, (choice, votes) in enumerate(formset_data):
-            data[prefixed(str(i), 'choice')] = choice
-            data[prefixed(str(i), 'votes')] = votes
+            data[prefixed(str(i), "choice")] = choice
+            data[prefixed(str(i), "votes")] = votes
 
         return formset_class(data, **kwargs)
 
@@ -105,15 +125,18 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <input type="hidden" name="choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS" value="0">
 <input type="hidden" name="choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS" value="1000">
 <tr><th>Choice:</th><td><input type="text" name="choices-0-choice"></td></tr>
-<tr><th>Votes:</th><td><input type="number" name="choices-0-votes"></td></tr>"""
+<tr><th>Votes:</th><td><input type="number" name="choices-0-votes"></td></tr>""",
         )
         # FormSet are treated similarly to Forms. FormSet has an is_valid()
         # method, and a cleaned_data or errors attribute depending on whether
         # all the forms passed validation. However, unlike a Form, cleaned_data
         # and errors will be a list of dicts rather than a single dict.
-        formset = self.make_choiceformset([('Calexico', '100')])
+        formset = self.make_choiceformset([("Calexico", "100")])
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual([form.cleaned_data for form in formset.forms], [{'votes': 100, 'choice': 'Calexico'}])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [form.cleaned_data for form in formset.forms],
+            [{"votes": 100, "choice": "Calexico"}],
+        )
 
         # If a FormSet wasn't passed any data, is_valid() and has_changed()
         # return False.
@@ -127,41 +150,45 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         underlying forms.
         """
         FormSet = formset_factory(CustomKwargForm, extra=2)
-        formset = FormSet(form_kwargs={'custom_kwarg': 1})
+        formset = FormSet(form_kwargs={"custom_kwarg": 1})
         for form in formset:
-            self.assertTrue(hasattr(form, 'custom_kwarg'))
+            self.assertTrue(hasattr(form, "custom_kwarg"))
             self.assertEqual(form.custom_kwarg, 1)
 
     def test_form_kwargs_formset_dynamic(self):
         """Form kwargs can be passed dynamically in a formset."""
+
         class DynamicBaseFormSet(BaseFormSet):
             def get_form_kwargs(self, index):
-                return {'custom_kwarg': index}
+                return {"custom_kwarg": index}
 
-        DynamicFormSet = formset_factory(CustomKwargForm, formset=DynamicBaseFormSet, extra=2)
-        formset = DynamicFormSet(form_kwargs={'custom_kwarg': 'ignored'})
+        DynamicFormSet = formset_factory(
+            CustomKwargForm, formset=DynamicBaseFormSet, extra=2
+        )
+        formset = DynamicFormSet(form_kwargs={"custom_kwarg": "ignored"})
         for i, form in enumerate(formset):
-            self.assertTrue(hasattr(form, 'custom_kwarg'))
+            self.assertTrue(hasattr(form, "custom_kwarg"))
             self.assertEqual(form.custom_kwarg, i)
 
     def test_form_kwargs_empty_form(self):
         FormSet = formset_factory(CustomKwargForm)
-        formset = FormSet(form_kwargs={'custom_kwarg': 1})
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(formset.empty_form, 'custom_kwarg'))
+        formset = FormSet(form_kwargs={"custom_kwarg": 1})
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(formset.empty_form, "custom_kwarg"))
         self.assertEqual(formset.empty_form.custom_kwarg, 1)
 
     def test_formset_validation(self):
         # FormSet instances can also have an error attribute if validation failed for
         # any of the forms.
-        formset = self.make_choiceformset([('Calexico', '')])
+        formset = self.make_choiceformset([("Calexico", "")])
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(formset.errors, [{'votes': ['This field is required.']}])
+        self.assertEqual(formset.errors, [{"votes": ["This field is required."]}])
 
     def test_formset_validation_count(self):
         """
         A formset's ManagementForm is validated once per FormSet.is_valid()
         call and each form of the formset is cleaned once.
         """
+
         def make_method_counter(func):
             """Add a counter to func for the number of times it's called."""
             counter = Counter()
@@ -173,12 +200,17 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 
             return mocked_func, counter
 
-        mocked_is_valid, is_valid_counter = make_method_counter(formsets.ManagementForm.is_valid)
+        mocked_is_valid, is_valid_counter = make_method_counter(
+            formsets.ManagementForm.is_valid
+        )
         mocked_full_clean, full_clean_counter = make_method_counter(BaseForm.full_clean)
-        formset = self.make_choiceformset([('Calexico', '100'), ('Any1', '42'), ('Any2', '101')])
+        formset = self.make_choiceformset(
+            [("Calexico", "100"), ("Any1", "42"), ("Any2", "101")]
+        )
 
-        with mock.patch('django.forms.formsets.ManagementForm.is_valid', mocked_is_valid), \
-                mock.patch('django.forms.forms.BaseForm.full_clean', mocked_full_clean):
+        with mock.patch(
+            "django.forms.formsets.ManagementForm.is_valid", mocked_is_valid
+        ), mock.patch("django.forms.forms.BaseForm.full_clean", mocked_full_clean):
             self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(is_valid_counter.call_count, 1)
         self.assertEqual(full_clean_counter.call_count, 4)
@@ -188,14 +220,14 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         FormSet.has_changed() is True if any data is passed to its forms, even
         if the formset didn't validate.
         """
-        blank_formset = self.make_choiceformset([('', '')])
+        blank_formset = self.make_choiceformset([("", "")])
         self.assertFalse(blank_formset.has_changed())
         # invalid formset
-        invalid_formset = self.make_choiceformset([('Calexico', '')])
+        invalid_formset = self.make_choiceformset([("Calexico", "")])
         self.assertFalse(invalid_formset.is_valid())
         self.assertTrue(invalid_formset.has_changed())
         # valid formset
-        valid_formset = self.make_choiceformset([('Calexico', '100')])
+        valid_formset = self.make_choiceformset([("Calexico", "100")])
         self.assertTrue(valid_formset.is_valid())
         self.assertTrue(valid_formset.has_changed())
 
@@ -205,40 +237,55 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         dicts to the `initial` argument. By default, an extra blank form is
         included.
         """
-        formset = self.make_choiceformset(initial=[{'choice': 'Calexico', 'votes': 100}])
+        formset = self.make_choiceformset(
+            initial=[{"choice": "Calexico", "votes": 100}]
+        )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '\n'.join(form.as_ul() for form in formset.forms),
+            "\n".join(form.as_ul() for form in formset.forms),
             """<li>Choice: <input type="text" name="choices-0-choice" value="Calexico"></li>
 <li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-0-votes" value="100"></li>
 <li>Choice: <input type="text" name="choices-1-choice"></li>
-<li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-1-votes"></li>"""
+<li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-1-votes"></li>""",
         )
 
     def test_blank_form_unfilled(self):
         """A form that's displayed as blank may be submitted as blank."""
-        formset = self.make_choiceformset([('Calexico', '100'), ('', '')], initial_forms=1)
+        formset = self.make_choiceformset(
+            [("Calexico", "100"), ("", "")], initial_forms=1
+        )
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual([form.cleaned_data for form in formset.forms], [{'votes': 100, 'choice': 'Calexico'}, {}])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [form.cleaned_data for form in formset.forms],
+            [{"votes": 100, "choice": "Calexico"}, {}],
+        )
 
     def test_second_form_partially_filled(self):
         """
         If at least one field is filled out on a blank form, it will be
         validated.
         """
-        formset = self.make_choiceformset([('Calexico', '100'), ('The Decemberists', '')], initial_forms=1)
+        formset = self.make_choiceformset(
+            [("Calexico", "100"), ("The Decemberists", "")], initial_forms=1
+        )
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(formset.errors, [{}, {'votes': ['This field is required.']}])
+        self.assertEqual(formset.errors, [{}, {"votes": ["This field is required."]}])
 
     def test_delete_prefilled_data(self):
         """
         Deleting prefilled data is an error. Removing data from form fields
         isn't the proper way to delete it.
         """
-        formset = self.make_choiceformset([('', ''), ('', '')], initial_forms=1)
+        formset = self.make_choiceformset([("", ""), ("", "")], initial_forms=1)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.errors,
-            [{'votes': ['This field is required.'], 'choice': ['This field is required.']}, {}]
+            [
+                {
+                    "votes": ["This field is required."],
+                    "choice": ["This field is required."],
+                },
+                {},
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_displaying_more_than_one_blank_form(self):
@@ -247,32 +294,32 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         `extra` argument.
         """
         ChoiceFormSet = formset_factory(Choice, extra=3)
-        formset = ChoiceFormSet(auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        formset = ChoiceFormSet(auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '\n'.join(form.as_ul() for form in formset.forms),
+            "\n".join(form.as_ul() for form in formset.forms),
             """<li>Choice: <input type="text" name="choices-0-choice"></li>
 <li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-0-votes"></li>
 <li>Choice: <input type="text" name="choices-1-choice"></li>
 <li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-1-votes"></li>
 <li>Choice: <input type="text" name="choices-2-choice"></li>
-<li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-2-votes"></li>"""
+<li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-2-votes"></li>""",
         )
         # Since every form was displayed as blank, they are also accepted as
         # blank. This may seem a little strange, but min_num is used to require
         # a minimum number of forms to be completed.
         data = {
-            'choices-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'choices-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # min number of forms
-            'choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # max number of forms
-            'choices-0-choice': '',
-            'choices-0-votes': '',
-            'choices-1-choice': '',
-            'choices-1-votes': '',
-            'choices-2-choice': '',
-            'choices-2-votes': '',
+            "choices-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "choices-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # min number of forms
+            "choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # max number of forms
+            "choices-0-choice": "",
+            "choices-0-votes": "",
+            "choices-1-choice": "",
+            "choices-1-votes": "",
+            "choices-2-choice": "",
+            "choices-2-votes": "",
         }
-        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual([form.cleaned_data for form in formset.forms], [{}, {}, {}])
 
@@ -282,50 +329,53 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         min_num argument. It will (essentially) increment the extra argument.
         """
         ChoiceFormSet = formset_factory(Choice, extra=1, min_num=1)
-        formset = ChoiceFormSet(auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        formset = ChoiceFormSet(auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         # Min_num forms are required; extra forms can be empty.
         self.assertFalse(formset.forms[0].empty_permitted)
         self.assertTrue(formset.forms[1].empty_permitted)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '\n'.join(form.as_ul() for form in formset.forms),
+            "\n".join(form.as_ul() for form in formset.forms),
             """<li>Choice: <input type="text" name="choices-0-choice"></li>
 <li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-0-votes"></li>
 <li>Choice: <input type="text" name="choices-1-choice"></li>
-<li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-1-votes"></li>"""
+<li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-1-votes"></li>""",
         )
 
     def test_min_num_displaying_more_than_one_blank_form_with_zero_extra(self):
         """More than 1 empty form can be displayed using min_num."""
         ChoiceFormSet = formset_factory(Choice, extra=0, min_num=3)
-        formset = ChoiceFormSet(auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        formset = ChoiceFormSet(auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '\n'.join(form.as_ul() for form in formset.forms),
+            "\n".join(form.as_ul() for form in formset.forms),
             """<li>Choice: <input type="text" name="choices-0-choice"></li>
 <li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-0-votes"></li>
 <li>Choice: <input type="text" name="choices-1-choice"></li>
 <li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-1-votes"></li>
 <li>Choice: <input type="text" name="choices-2-choice"></li>
-<li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-2-votes"></li>"""
+<li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-2-votes"></li>""",
         )
 
     def test_single_form_completed(self):
         """Just one form may be completed."""
         data = {
-            'choices-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'choices-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # min number of forms
-            'choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # max number of forms
-            'choices-0-choice': 'Calexico',
-            'choices-0-votes': '100',
-            'choices-1-choice': '',
-            'choices-1-votes': '',
-            'choices-2-choice': '',
-            'choices-2-votes': '',
+            "choices-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "choices-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # min number of forms
+            "choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # max number of forms
+            "choices-0-choice": "Calexico",
+            "choices-0-votes": "100",
+            "choices-1-choice": "",
+            "choices-1-votes": "",
+            "choices-2-choice": "",
+            "choices-2-votes": "",
         }
         ChoiceFormSet = formset_factory(Choice, extra=3)
-        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual([form.cleaned_data for form in formset.forms], [{'votes': 100, 'choice': 'Calexico'}, {}, {}])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [form.cleaned_data for form in formset.forms],
+            [{"votes": 100, "choice": "Calexico"}, {}, {}],
+        )
 
     def test_formset_validate_max_flag(self):
         """
@@ -335,19 +385,19 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         in the returned data is not checked).
         """
         data = {
-            'choices-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'choices-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # min number of forms
-            'choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '2',  # max number of forms - should be ignored
-            'choices-0-choice': 'Zero',
-            'choices-0-votes': '0',
-            'choices-1-choice': 'One',
-            'choices-1-votes': '1',
+            "choices-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "choices-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # min number of forms
+            "choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "2",  # max number of forms - should be ignored
+            "choices-0-choice": "Zero",
+            "choices-0-votes": "0",
+            "choices-1-choice": "One",
+            "choices-1-votes": "1",
         }
         ChoiceFormSet = formset_factory(Choice, extra=1, max_num=1, validate_max=True)
-        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(formset.non_form_errors(), ['Please submit at most 1 form.'])
+        self.assertEqual(formset.non_form_errors(), ["Please submit at most 1 form."])
         self.assertEqual(
             str(formset.non_form_errors()),
             '<ul class="errorlist nonform"><li>Please submit at most 1 form.</li></ul>',
@@ -361,23 +411,23 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         in the returned data is not checked).
         """
         data = {
-            'choices-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'choices-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # min number of forms
-            'choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # max number of forms - should be ignored
-            'choices-0-choice': 'Zero',
-            'choices-0-votes': '0',
-            'choices-1-choice': 'One',
-            'choices-1-votes': '1',
+            "choices-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "choices-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # min number of forms
+            "choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # max number of forms - should be ignored
+            "choices-0-choice": "Zero",
+            "choices-0-votes": "0",
+            "choices-1-choice": "One",
+            "choices-1-votes": "1",
         }
         ChoiceFormSet = formset_factory(Choice, extra=1, min_num=3, validate_min=True)
-        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(formset.non_form_errors(), ['Please submit at least 3 forms.'])
+        self.assertEqual(formset.non_form_errors(), ["Please submit at least 3 forms."])
         self.assertEqual(
             str(formset.non_form_errors()),
             '<ul class="errorlist nonform"><li>'
-            'Please submit at least 3 forms.</li></ul>',
+            "Please submit at least 3 forms.</li></ul>",
         )
 
     def test_formset_validate_min_unchanged_forms(self):
@@ -386,65 +436,69 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         as "empty".
         """
         initial = [
-            {'choice': 'Zero', 'votes': 0},
-            {'choice': 'One', 'votes': 0},
+            {"choice": "Zero", "votes": 0},
+            {"choice": "One", "votes": 0},
         ]
         data = {
-            'choices-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'choices-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '2',
-            'choices-0-choice': 'Zero',
-            'choices-0-votes': '0',
-            'choices-1-choice': 'One',
-            'choices-1-votes': '1',  # changed from initial
+            "choices-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "choices-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "2",
+            "choices-0-choice": "Zero",
+            "choices-0-votes": "0",
+            "choices-1-choice": "One",
+            "choices-1-votes": "1",  # changed from initial
         }
         ChoiceFormSet = formset_factory(Choice, min_num=2, validate_min=True)
-        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix='choices', initial=initial)
+        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix="choices", initial=initial)
         self.assertFalse(formset.forms[0].has_changed())
         self.assertTrue(formset.forms[1].has_changed())
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
 
     def test_formset_validate_min_excludes_empty_forms(self):
         data = {
-            'choices-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'choices-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
+            "choices-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "choices-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
         }
-        ChoiceFormSet = formset_factory(Choice, extra=2, min_num=1, validate_min=True, can_delete=True)
-        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, prefix='choices')
+        ChoiceFormSet = formset_factory(
+            Choice, extra=2, min_num=1, validate_min=True, can_delete=True
+        )
+        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, prefix="choices")
         self.assertFalse(formset.has_changed())
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(formset.non_form_errors(), ['Please submit at least 1 form.'])
+        self.assertEqual(formset.non_form_errors(), ["Please submit at least 1 form."])
 
     def test_second_form_partially_filled_2(self):
         """A partially completed form is invalid."""
         data = {
-            'choices-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'choices-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # min number of forms
-            'choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # max number of forms
-            'choices-0-choice': 'Calexico',
-            'choices-0-votes': '100',
-            'choices-1-choice': 'The Decemberists',
-            'choices-1-votes': '',  # missing value
-            'choices-2-choice': '',
-            'choices-2-votes': '',
+            "choices-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "choices-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # min number of forms
+            "choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # max number of forms
+            "choices-0-choice": "Calexico",
+            "choices-0-votes": "100",
+            "choices-1-choice": "The Decemberists",
+            "choices-1-votes": "",  # missing value
+            "choices-2-choice": "",
+            "choices-2-votes": "",
         }
         ChoiceFormSet = formset_factory(Choice, extra=3)
-        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(formset.errors, [{}, {'votes': ['This field is required.']}, {}])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            formset.errors, [{}, {"votes": ["This field is required."]}, {}]
+        )
 
     def test_more_initial_data(self):
         """
         The extra argument works when the formset is pre-filled with initial
         data.
         """
-        initial = [{'choice': 'Calexico', 'votes': 100}]
+        initial = [{"choice": "Calexico", "votes": 100}]
         ChoiceFormSet = formset_factory(Choice, extra=3)
-        formset = ChoiceFormSet(initial=initial, auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        formset = ChoiceFormSet(initial=initial, auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '\n'.join(form.as_ul() for form in formset.forms),
+            "\n".join(form.as_ul() for form in formset.forms),
             """<li>Choice: <input type="text" name="choices-0-choice" value="Calexico"></li>
 <li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-0-votes" value="100"></li>
 <li>Choice: <input type="text" name="choices-1-choice"></li>
@@ -452,14 +506,14 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <li>Choice: <input type="text" name="choices-2-choice"></li>
 <li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-2-votes"></li>
 <li>Choice: <input type="text" name="choices-3-choice"></li>
-<li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-3-votes"></li>"""
+<li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-3-votes"></li>""",
         )
         # Retrieving an empty form works. Tt shows up in the form list.
         self.assertTrue(formset.empty_form.empty_permitted)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.empty_form.as_ul(),
             """<li>Choice: <input type="text" name="choices-__prefix__-choice"></li>
-<li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-__prefix__-votes"></li>"""
+<li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-__prefix__-votes"></li>""",
         )
 
     def test_formset_with_deletion(self):
@@ -469,10 +523,13 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         formset.deleted_forms.
         """
         ChoiceFormSet = formset_factory(Choice, can_delete=True)
-        initial = [{'choice': 'Calexico', 'votes': 100}, {'choice': 'Fergie', 'votes': 900}]
-        formset = ChoiceFormSet(initial=initial, auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        initial = [
+            {"choice": "Calexico", "votes": 100},
+            {"choice": "Fergie", "votes": 900},
+        ]
+        formset = ChoiceFormSet(initial=initial, auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '\n'.join(form.as_ul() for form in formset.forms),
+            "\n".join(form.as_ul() for form in formset.forms),
             """<li>Choice: <input type="text" name="choices-0-choice" value="Calexico"></li>
 <li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-0-votes" value="100"></li>
 <li>Delete: <input type="checkbox" name="choices-0-DELETE"></li>
@@ -481,38 +538,38 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <li>Delete: <input type="checkbox" name="choices-1-DELETE"></li>
 <li>Choice: <input type="text" name="choices-2-choice"></li>
 <li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-2-votes"></li>
-<li>Delete: <input type="checkbox" name="choices-2-DELETE"></li>"""
+<li>Delete: <input type="checkbox" name="choices-2-DELETE"></li>""",
         )
         # To delete something, set that form's special delete field to 'on'.
         # Let's go ahead and delete Fergie.
         data = {
-            'choices-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'choices-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # min number of forms
-            'choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # max number of forms
-            'choices-0-choice': 'Calexico',
-            'choices-0-votes': '100',
-            'choices-0-DELETE': '',
-            'choices-1-choice': 'Fergie',
-            'choices-1-votes': '900',
-            'choices-1-DELETE': 'on',
-            'choices-2-choice': '',
-            'choices-2-votes': '',
-            'choices-2-DELETE': '',
+            "choices-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "choices-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # min number of forms
+            "choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # max number of forms
+            "choices-0-choice": "Calexico",
+            "choices-0-votes": "100",
+            "choices-0-DELETE": "",
+            "choices-1-choice": "Fergie",
+            "choices-1-votes": "900",
+            "choices-1-DELETE": "on",
+            "choices-2-choice": "",
+            "choices-2-votes": "",
+            "choices-2-DELETE": "",
         }
-        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(
             [form.cleaned_data for form in formset.forms],
             [
-                {'votes': 100, 'DELETE': False, 'choice': 'Calexico'},
-                {'votes': 900, 'DELETE': True, 'choice': 'Fergie'},
+                {"votes": 100, "DELETE": False, "choice": "Calexico"},
+                {"votes": 900, "DELETE": True, "choice": "Fergie"},
                 {},
-            ]
+            ],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             [form.cleaned_data for form in formset.deleted_forms],
-            [{'votes': 900, 'DELETE': True, 'choice': 'Fergie'}]
+            [{"votes": 900, "DELETE": True, "choice": "Fergie"}],
         )
 
     def test_formset_with_deletion_remove_deletion_flag(self):
@@ -521,27 +578,28 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         form's errors shouldn't make the entire formset invalid since it's
         going to be deleted.
         """
+
         class CheckForm(Form):
             field = IntegerField(min_value=100)
 
         data = {
-            'check-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'check-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # min number of forms
-            'check-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # max number of forms
-            'check-0-field': '200',
-            'check-0-DELETE': '',
-            'check-1-field': '50',
-            'check-1-DELETE': 'on',
-            'check-2-field': '',
-            'check-2-DELETE': '',
+            "check-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "check-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # min number of forms
+            "check-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # max number of forms
+            "check-0-field": "200",
+            "check-0-DELETE": "",
+            "check-1-field": "50",
+            "check-1-DELETE": "on",
+            "check-2-field": "",
+            "check-2-DELETE": "",
         }
         CheckFormSet = formset_factory(CheckForm, can_delete=True)
-        formset = CheckFormSet(data, prefix='check')
+        formset = CheckFormSet(data, prefix="check")
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         # If the deletion flag is removed, validation is enabled.
-        data['check-1-DELETE'] = ''
-        formset = CheckFormSet(data, prefix='check')
+        data["check-1-DELETE"] = ""
+        formset = CheckFormSet(data, prefix="check")
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
 
     def test_formset_with_deletion_invalid_deleted_form(self):
@@ -550,14 +608,16 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         have been invalid.
         """
         FavoriteDrinkFormset = formset_factory(form=FavoriteDrinkForm, can_delete=True)
-        formset = FavoriteDrinkFormset({
-            'form-0-name': '',
-            'form-0-DELETE': 'on',  # no name!
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': 1,
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': 1,
-            'form-MIN_NUM_FORMS': 0,
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': 1,
-        })
+        formset = FavoriteDrinkFormset(
+            {
+                "form-0-name": "",
+                "form-0-DELETE": "on",  # no name!
+                "form-TOTAL_FORMS": 1,
+                "form-INITIAL_FORMS": 1,
+                "form-MIN_NUM_FORMS": 0,
+                "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": 1,
+            }
+        )
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(formset._errors, [])
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.deleted_forms), 1)
@@ -568,7 +628,7 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 
         class DeletionMethodFormSet(BaseFormSet):
             def get_deletion_widget(self):
-                return HiddenInput(attrs={'class': 'deletion'})
+                return HiddenInput(attrs={"class": "deletion"})
 
         tests = [
             (DeletionAttributeFormSet, '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-DELETE">'),
@@ -586,11 +646,11 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
                 )
                 formset = ArticleFormSet(auto_id=False)
                 self.assertHTMLEqual(
-                    '\n'.join([form.as_ul() for form in formset.forms]),
+                    "\n".join([form.as_ul() for form in formset.forms]),
                     (
                         f'<li>Title: <input type="text" name="form-0-title"></li>'
                         f'<li>Pub date: <input type="text" name="form-0-pub_date">'
-                        f'{delete_html}</li>'
+                        f"{delete_html}</li>"
                     ),
                 )
 
@@ -605,10 +665,13 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         front of the list, you'd need to set its order to 0.
         """
         ChoiceFormSet = formset_factory(Choice, can_order=True)
-        initial = [{'choice': 'Calexico', 'votes': 100}, {'choice': 'Fergie', 'votes': 900}]
-        formset = ChoiceFormSet(initial=initial, auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        initial = [
+            {"choice": "Calexico", "votes": 100},
+            {"choice": "Fergie", "votes": 900},
+        ]
+        formset = ChoiceFormSet(initial=initial, auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '\n'.join(form.as_ul() for form in formset.forms),
+            "\n".join(form.as_ul() for form in formset.forms),
             """<li>Choice: <input type="text" name="choices-0-choice" value="Calexico"></li>
 <li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-0-votes" value="100"></li>
 <li>Order: <input type="number" name="choices-0-ORDER" value="1"></li>
@@ -617,31 +680,31 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <li>Order: <input type="number" name="choices-1-ORDER" value="2"></li>
 <li>Choice: <input type="text" name="choices-2-choice"></li>
 <li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-2-votes"></li>
-<li>Order: <input type="number" name="choices-2-ORDER"></li>"""
+<li>Order: <input type="number" name="choices-2-ORDER"></li>""",
         )
         data = {
-            'choices-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'choices-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # min number of forms
-            'choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # max number of forms
-            'choices-0-choice': 'Calexico',
-            'choices-0-votes': '100',
-            'choices-0-ORDER': '1',
-            'choices-1-choice': 'Fergie',
-            'choices-1-votes': '900',
-            'choices-1-ORDER': '2',
-            'choices-2-choice': 'The Decemberists',
-            'choices-2-votes': '500',
-            'choices-2-ORDER': '0',
+            "choices-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "choices-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # min number of forms
+            "choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # max number of forms
+            "choices-0-choice": "Calexico",
+            "choices-0-votes": "100",
+            "choices-0-ORDER": "1",
+            "choices-1-choice": "Fergie",
+            "choices-1-votes": "900",
+            "choices-1-ORDER": "2",
+            "choices-2-choice": "The Decemberists",
+            "choices-2-votes": "500",
+            "choices-2-ORDER": "0",
         }
-        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(
             [form.cleaned_data for form in formset.ordered_forms],
             [
-                {'votes': 500, 'ORDER': 0, 'choice': 'The Decemberists'},
-                {'votes': 100, 'ORDER': 1, 'choice': 'Calexico'},
-                {'votes': 900, 'ORDER': 2, 'choice': 'Fergie'},
+                {"votes": 500, "ORDER": 0, "choice": "The Decemberists"},
+                {"votes": 100, "ORDER": 1, "choice": "Calexico"},
+                {"votes": 900, "ORDER": 2, "choice": "Fergie"},
             ],
         )
 
@@ -651,22 +714,27 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 
         class OrderingMethodFormSet(BaseFormSet):
             def get_ordering_widget(self):
-                return HiddenInput(attrs={'class': 'ordering'})
+                return HiddenInput(attrs={"class": "ordering"})
 
         tests = (
             (OrderingAttributeFormSet, '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-ORDER">'),
-            (OrderingMethodFormSet, '<input class="ordering" type="hidden" name="form-0-ORDER">'),
+            (
+                OrderingMethodFormSet,
+                '<input class="ordering" type="hidden" name="form-0-ORDER">',
+            ),
         )
         for formset_class, order_html in tests:
             with self.subTest(formset_class=formset_class.__name__):
-                ArticleFormSet = formset_factory(ArticleForm, formset=formset_class, can_order=True)
+                ArticleFormSet = formset_factory(
+                    ArticleForm, formset=formset_class, can_order=True
+                )
                 formset = ArticleFormSet(auto_id=False)
                 self.assertHTMLEqual(
-                    '\n'.join(form.as_ul() for form in formset.forms),
+                    "\n".join(form.as_ul() for form in formset.forms),
                     (
                         '<li>Title: <input type="text" name="form-0-title"></li>'
                         '<li>Pub date: <input type="text" name="form-0-pub_date">'
-                        '%s</li>' % order_html
+                        "%s</li>" % order_html
                     ),
                 )
 
@@ -676,46 +744,46 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         they'll be sorted below everything else.
         """
         data = {
-            'choices-TOTAL_FORMS': '4',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'choices-INITIAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # min number of forms
-            'choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # max number of forms
-            'choices-0-choice': 'Calexico',
-            'choices-0-votes': '100',
-            'choices-0-ORDER': '1',
-            'choices-1-choice': 'Fergie',
-            'choices-1-votes': '900',
-            'choices-1-ORDER': '2',
-            'choices-2-choice': 'The Decemberists',
-            'choices-2-votes': '500',
-            'choices-2-ORDER': '',
-            'choices-3-choice': 'Basia Bulat',
-            'choices-3-votes': '50',
-            'choices-3-ORDER': '',
+            "choices-TOTAL_FORMS": "4",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "choices-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # min number of forms
+            "choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # max number of forms
+            "choices-0-choice": "Calexico",
+            "choices-0-votes": "100",
+            "choices-0-ORDER": "1",
+            "choices-1-choice": "Fergie",
+            "choices-1-votes": "900",
+            "choices-1-ORDER": "2",
+            "choices-2-choice": "The Decemberists",
+            "choices-2-votes": "500",
+            "choices-2-ORDER": "",
+            "choices-3-choice": "Basia Bulat",
+            "choices-3-votes": "50",
+            "choices-3-ORDER": "",
         }
         ChoiceFormSet = formset_factory(Choice, can_order=True)
-        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(
             [form.cleaned_data for form in formset.ordered_forms],
             [
-                {'votes': 100, 'ORDER': 1, 'choice': 'Calexico'},
-                {'votes': 900, 'ORDER': 2, 'choice': 'Fergie'},
-                {'votes': 500, 'ORDER': None, 'choice': 'The Decemberists'},
-                {'votes': 50, 'ORDER': None, 'choice': 'Basia Bulat'},
+                {"votes": 100, "ORDER": 1, "choice": "Calexico"},
+                {"votes": 900, "ORDER": 2, "choice": "Fergie"},
+                {"votes": 500, "ORDER": None, "choice": "The Decemberists"},
+                {"votes": 50, "ORDER": None, "choice": "Basia Bulat"},
             ],
         )
 
     def test_ordering_blank_fieldsets(self):
         """Ordering works with blank fieldsets."""
         data = {
-            'choices-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'choices-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # min number of forms
-            'choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # max number of forms
+            "choices-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "choices-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # min number of forms
+            "choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # max number of forms
         }
         ChoiceFormSet = formset_factory(Choice, can_order=True)
-        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(formset.ordered_forms, [])
 
@@ -723,13 +791,13 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         """FormSets with ordering + deletion."""
         ChoiceFormSet = formset_factory(Choice, can_order=True, can_delete=True)
         initial = [
-            {'choice': 'Calexico', 'votes': 100},
-            {'choice': 'Fergie', 'votes': 900},
-            {'choice': 'The Decemberists', 'votes': 500},
+            {"choice": "Calexico", "votes": 100},
+            {"choice": "Fergie", "votes": 900},
+            {"choice": "The Decemberists", "votes": 500},
         ]
-        formset = ChoiceFormSet(initial=initial, auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        formset = ChoiceFormSet(initial=initial, auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '\n'.join(form.as_ul() for form in formset.forms),
+            "\n".join(form.as_ul() for form in formset.forms),
             """<li>Choice: <input type="text" name="choices-0-choice" value="Calexico"></li>
 <li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-0-votes" value="100"></li>
 <li>Order: <input type="number" name="choices-0-ORDER" value="1"></li>
@@ -745,43 +813,48 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <li>Choice: <input type="text" name="choices-3-choice"></li>
 <li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-3-votes"></li>
 <li>Order: <input type="number" name="choices-3-ORDER"></li>
-<li>Delete: <input type="checkbox" name="choices-3-DELETE"></li>"""
+<li>Delete: <input type="checkbox" name="choices-3-DELETE"></li>""",
         )
         # Let's delete Fergie, and put The Decemberists ahead of Calexico.
         data = {
-            'choices-TOTAL_FORMS': '4',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'choices-INITIAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # min number of forms
-            'choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # max number of forms
-            'choices-0-choice': 'Calexico',
-            'choices-0-votes': '100',
-            'choices-0-ORDER': '1',
-            'choices-0-DELETE': '',
-            'choices-1-choice': 'Fergie',
-            'choices-1-votes': '900',
-            'choices-1-ORDER': '2',
-            'choices-1-DELETE': 'on',
-            'choices-2-choice': 'The Decemberists',
-            'choices-2-votes': '500',
-            'choices-2-ORDER': '0',
-            'choices-2-DELETE': '',
-            'choices-3-choice': '',
-            'choices-3-votes': '',
-            'choices-3-ORDER': '',
-            'choices-3-DELETE': '',
+            "choices-TOTAL_FORMS": "4",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "choices-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # min number of forms
+            "choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # max number of forms
+            "choices-0-choice": "Calexico",
+            "choices-0-votes": "100",
+            "choices-0-ORDER": "1",
+            "choices-0-DELETE": "",
+            "choices-1-choice": "Fergie",
+            "choices-1-votes": "900",
+            "choices-1-ORDER": "2",
+            "choices-1-DELETE": "on",
+            "choices-2-choice": "The Decemberists",
+            "choices-2-votes": "500",
+            "choices-2-ORDER": "0",
+            "choices-2-DELETE": "",
+            "choices-3-choice": "",
+            "choices-3-votes": "",
+            "choices-3-ORDER": "",
+            "choices-3-DELETE": "",
         }
-        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(
             [form.cleaned_data for form in formset.ordered_forms],
             [
-                {'votes': 500, 'DELETE': False, 'ORDER': 0, 'choice': 'The Decemberists'},
-                {'votes': 100, 'DELETE': False, 'ORDER': 1, 'choice': 'Calexico'},
+                {
+                    "votes": 500,
+                    "DELETE": False,
+                    "ORDER": 0,
+                    "choice": "The Decemberists",
+                },
+                {"votes": 100, "DELETE": False, "ORDER": 1, "choice": "Calexico"},
             ],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             [form.cleaned_data for form in formset.deleted_forms],
-            [{'votes': 900, 'DELETE': True, 'ORDER': 2, 'choice': 'Fergie'}]
+            [{"votes": 900, "DELETE": True, "ORDER": 2, "choice": "Fergie"}],
         )
 
     def test_invalid_deleted_form_with_ordering(self):
@@ -789,15 +862,19 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         Can get ordered_forms from a valid formset even if a deleted form
         would have been invalid.
         """
-        FavoriteDrinkFormset = formset_factory(form=FavoriteDrinkForm, can_delete=True, can_order=True)
-        formset = FavoriteDrinkFormset({
-            'form-0-name': '',
-            'form-0-DELETE': 'on',  # no name!
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': 1,
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': 1,
-            'form-MIN_NUM_FORMS': 0,
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': 1
-        })
+        FavoriteDrinkFormset = formset_factory(
+            form=FavoriteDrinkForm, can_delete=True, can_order=True
+        )
+        formset = FavoriteDrinkFormset(
+            {
+                "form-0-name": "",
+                "form-0-DELETE": "on",  # no name!
+                "form-TOTAL_FORMS": 1,
+                "form-INITIAL_FORMS": 1,
+                "form-MIN_NUM_FORMS": 0,
+                "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": 1,
+            }
+        )
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(formset.ordered_forms, [])
 
@@ -808,22 +885,22 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         # Start out with a some duplicate data.
         data = {
-            'drinks-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'drinks-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'drinks-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # min number of forms
-            'drinks-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # max number of forms
-            'drinks-0-name': 'Gin and Tonic',
-            'drinks-1-name': 'Gin and Tonic',
+            "drinks-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "drinks-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "drinks-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # min number of forms
+            "drinks-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # max number of forms
+            "drinks-0-name": "Gin and Tonic",
+            "drinks-1-name": "Gin and Tonic",
         }
-        formset = FavoriteDrinksFormSet(data, prefix='drinks')
+        formset = FavoriteDrinksFormSet(data, prefix="drinks")
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
         # Any errors raised by formset.clean() are available via the
         # formset.non_form_errors() method.
         for error in formset.non_form_errors():
-            self.assertEqual(str(error), 'You may only specify a drink once.')
+            self.assertEqual(str(error), "You may only specify a drink once.")
         # The valid case still works.
-        data['drinks-1-name'] = 'Bloody Mary'
-        formset = FavoriteDrinksFormSet(data, prefix='drinks')
+        data["drinks-1-name"] = "Bloody Mary"
+        formset = FavoriteDrinksFormSet(data, prefix="drinks")
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(formset.non_form_errors(), [])
 
@@ -834,38 +911,44 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet = formset_factory(FavoriteDrinkForm, extra=3)
         formset = LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '\n'.join(str(form) for form in formset.forms),
+            "\n".join(str(form) for form in formset.forms),
             """<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-name">Name:</label></th>
 <td><input type="text" name="form-0-name" id="id_form-0-name"></td></tr>
 <tr><th><label for="id_form-1-name">Name:</label></th>
 <td><input type="text" name="form-1-name" id="id_form-1-name"></td></tr>
 <tr><th><label for="id_form-2-name">Name:</label></th>
-<td><input type="text" name="form-2-name" id="id_form-2-name"></td></tr>"""
+<td><input type="text" name="form-2-name" id="id_form-2-name"></td></tr>""",
         )
         # If max_num is 0 then no form is rendered at all.
-        LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet = formset_factory(FavoriteDrinkForm, extra=3, max_num=0)
+        LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet = formset_factory(
+            FavoriteDrinkForm, extra=3, max_num=0
+        )
         formset = LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet()
         self.assertEqual(formset.forms, [])
 
     def test_limited_max_forms_two(self):
-        LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet = formset_factory(FavoriteDrinkForm, extra=5, max_num=2)
+        LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet = formset_factory(
+            FavoriteDrinkForm, extra=5, max_num=2
+        )
         formset = LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '\n'.join(str(form) for form in formset.forms),
+            "\n".join(str(form) for form in formset.forms),
             """<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-name">Name:</label></th><td>
 <input type="text" name="form-0-name" id="id_form-0-name"></td></tr>
 <tr><th><label for="id_form-1-name">Name:</label></th>
-<td><input type="text" name="form-1-name" id="id_form-1-name"></td></tr>"""
+<td><input type="text" name="form-1-name" id="id_form-1-name"></td></tr>""",
         )
 
     def test_limiting_extra_lest_than_max_num(self):
         """max_num has no effect when extra is less than max_num."""
-        LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet = formset_factory(FavoriteDrinkForm, extra=1, max_num=2)
+        LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet = formset_factory(
+            FavoriteDrinkForm, extra=1, max_num=2
+        )
         formset = LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '\n'.join(str(form) for form in formset.forms),
+            "\n".join(str(form) for form in formset.forms),
             """<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-name">Name:</label></th>
-<td><input type="text" name="form-0-name" id="id_form-0-name"></td></tr>"""
+<td><input type="text" name="form-0-name" id="id_form-0-name"></td></tr>""",
         )
 
     def test_max_num_with_initial_data(self):
@@ -873,13 +956,13 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         # number of forms only controlled by the value of the initial and extra
         # parameters.
         LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet = formset_factory(FavoriteDrinkForm, extra=1)
-        formset = LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet(initial=[{'name': 'Fernet and Coke'}])
+        formset = LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet(initial=[{"name": "Fernet and Coke"}])
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '\n'.join(str(form) for form in formset.forms),
+            "\n".join(str(form) for form in formset.forms),
             """<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-name">Name:</label></th>
 <td><input type="text" name="form-0-name" value="Fernet and Coke" id="id_form-0-name"></td></tr>
 <tr><th><label for="id_form-1-name">Name:</label></th>
-<td><input type="text" name="form-1-name" id="id_form-1-name"></td></tr>"""
+<td><input type="text" name="form-1-name" id="id_form-1-name"></td></tr>""",
         )
 
     def test_max_num_zero(self):
@@ -887,24 +970,28 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         If max_num is 0 then no form is rendered at all, regardless of extra,
         unless initial data is present.
         """
-        LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet = formset_factory(FavoriteDrinkForm, extra=1, max_num=0)
+        LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet = formset_factory(
+            FavoriteDrinkForm, extra=1, max_num=0
+        )
         formset = LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet()
         self.assertEqual(formset.forms, [])
 
     def test_max_num_zero_with_initial(self):
         # initial trumps max_num
         initial = [
-            {'name': 'Fernet and Coke'},
-            {'name': 'Bloody Mary'},
+            {"name": "Fernet and Coke"},
+            {"name": "Bloody Mary"},
         ]
-        LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet = formset_factory(FavoriteDrinkForm, extra=1, max_num=0)
+        LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet = formset_factory(
+            FavoriteDrinkForm, extra=1, max_num=0
+        )
         formset = LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet(initial=initial)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '\n'.join(str(form) for form in formset.forms),
+            "\n".join(str(form) for form in formset.forms),
             """<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-name">Name:</label></th>
 <td><input id="id_form-0-name" name="form-0-name" type="text" value="Fernet and Coke"></td></tr>
 <tr><th><label for="id_form-1-name">Name:</label></th>
-<td><input id="id_form-1-name" name="form-1-name" type="text" value="Bloody Mary"></td></tr>"""
+<td><input id="id_form-1-name" name="form-1-name" type="text" value="Bloody Mary"></td></tr>""",
         )
 
     def test_more_initial_than_max_num(self):
@@ -913,42 +1000,44 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         displayed (but no extra forms).
         """
         initial = [
-            {'name': 'Gin Tonic'},
-            {'name': 'Bloody Mary'},
-            {'name': 'Jack and Coke'},
+            {"name": "Gin Tonic"},
+            {"name": "Bloody Mary"},
+            {"name": "Jack and Coke"},
         ]
-        LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet = formset_factory(FavoriteDrinkForm, extra=1, max_num=2)
+        LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet = formset_factory(
+            FavoriteDrinkForm, extra=1, max_num=2
+        )
         formset = LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet(initial=initial)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '\n'.join(str(form) for form in formset.forms),
+            "\n".join(str(form) for form in formset.forms),
             """<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-name">Name:</label></th>
 <td><input id="id_form-0-name" name="form-0-name" type="text" value="Gin Tonic"></td></tr>
 <tr><th><label for="id_form-1-name">Name:</label></th>
 <td><input id="id_form-1-name" name="form-1-name" type="text" value="Bloody Mary"></td></tr>
 <tr><th><label for="id_form-2-name">Name:</label></th>
-<td><input id="id_form-2-name" name="form-2-name" type="text" value="Jack and Coke"></td></tr>"""
+<td><input id="id_form-2-name" name="form-2-name" type="text" value="Jack and Coke"></td></tr>""",
         )
 
     def test_default_absolute_max(self):
         # absolute_max defaults to 2 * DEFAULT_MAX_NUM if max_num is None.
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': 2001,
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": 2001,
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
         }
         formset = FavoriteDrinksFormSet(data=data)
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), False)
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.non_form_errors(),
-            ['Please submit at most 1000 forms.'],
+            ["Please submit at most 1000 forms."],
         )
         self.assertEqual(formset.absolute_max, 2000)
 
     def test_absolute_max(self):
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2001',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2001",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
         }
         AbsoluteMaxFavoriteDrinksFormSet = formset_factory(
             FavoriteDrinkForm,
@@ -958,20 +1047,20 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), True)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 2001)
         # absolute_max provides a hard limit.
-        data['form-TOTAL_FORMS'] = '3001'
+        data["form-TOTAL_FORMS"] = "3001"
         formset = AbsoluteMaxFavoriteDrinksFormSet(data=data)
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), False)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 3000)
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.non_form_errors(),
-            ['Please submit at most 1000 forms.'],
+            ["Please submit at most 1000 forms."],
         )
 
     def test_absolute_max_with_max_num(self):
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1001',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1001",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
         }
         LimitedFavoriteDrinksFormSet = formset_factory(
             FavoriteDrinkForm,
@@ -983,7 +1072,7 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 1000)
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.non_form_errors(),
-            ['Please submit at most 30 forms.'],
+            ["Please submit at most 30 forms."],
         )
 
     def test_absolute_max_invalid(self):
@@ -998,14 +1087,16 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         One form from initial and extra=3 with max_num=2 results in the one
         initial form and one extra.
         """
-        LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet = formset_factory(FavoriteDrinkForm, extra=3, max_num=2)
-        formset = LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet(initial=[{'name': 'Gin Tonic'}])
+        LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet = formset_factory(
+            FavoriteDrinkForm, extra=3, max_num=2
+        )
+        formset = LimitedFavoriteDrinkFormSet(initial=[{"name": "Gin Tonic"}])
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '\n'.join(str(form) for form in formset.forms),
+            "\n".join(str(form) for form in formset.forms),
             """<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-name">Name:</label></th>
 <td><input type="text" name="form-0-name" value="Gin Tonic" id="id_form-0-name"></td></tr>
 <tr><th><label for="id_form-1-name">Name:</label></th>
-<td><input type="text" name="form-1-name" id="id_form-1-name"></td></tr>"""
+<td><input type="text" name="form-1-name" id="id_form-1-name"></td></tr>""",
         )
 
     def test_management_form_field_names(self):
@@ -1023,34 +1114,36 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_management_form_prefix(self):
         """The management form has the correct prefix."""
         formset = FavoriteDrinksFormSet()
-        self.assertEqual(formset.management_form.prefix, 'form')
+        self.assertEqual(formset.management_form.prefix, "form")
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
         }
         formset = FavoriteDrinksFormSet(data=data)
-        self.assertEqual(formset.management_form.prefix, 'form')
+        self.assertEqual(formset.management_form.prefix, "form")
         formset = FavoriteDrinksFormSet(initial={})
-        self.assertEqual(formset.management_form.prefix, 'form')
+        self.assertEqual(formset.management_form.prefix, "form")
 
     def test_non_form_errors(self):
         data = {
-            'drinks-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'drinks-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'drinks-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # min number of forms
-            'drinks-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # max number of forms
-            'drinks-0-name': 'Gin and Tonic',
-            'drinks-1-name': 'Gin and Tonic',
+            "drinks-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "drinks-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "drinks-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # min number of forms
+            "drinks-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # max number of forms
+            "drinks-0-name": "Gin and Tonic",
+            "drinks-1-name": "Gin and Tonic",
         }
-        formset = FavoriteDrinksFormSet(data, prefix='drinks')
+        formset = FavoriteDrinksFormSet(data, prefix="drinks")
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(formset.non_form_errors(), ['You may only specify a drink once.'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            formset.non_form_errors(), ["You may only specify a drink once."]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             str(formset.non_form_errors()),
             '<ul class="errorlist nonform"><li>'
-            'You may only specify a drink once.</li></ul>',
+            "You may only specify a drink once.</li></ul>",
         )
 
     def test_formset_iteration(self):
@@ -1093,21 +1186,23 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         Formset works with SplitDateTimeField(initial=datetime.datetime.now).
         """
+
         class SplitDateTimeForm(Form):
             when = SplitDateTimeField(initial=datetime.datetime.now)
 
         SplitDateTimeFormSet = formset_factory(SplitDateTimeForm)
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-0-when_0': '1904-06-16',
-            'form-0-when_1': '15:51:33',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-0-when_0": "1904-06-16",
+            "form-0-when_1": "15:51:33",
         }
         formset = SplitDateTimeFormSet(data)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
 
     def test_formset_error_class(self):
         """Formset's forms use the formset's error_class."""
+
         class CustomErrorList(ErrorList):
             pass
 
@@ -1116,6 +1211,7 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_formset_calls_forms_is_valid(self):
         """Formsets call is_valid() on each form."""
+
         class AnotherChoice(Choice):
             def is_valid(self):
                 self.is_valid_called = True
@@ -1123,14 +1219,14 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 
         AnotherChoiceFormSet = formset_factory(AnotherChoice)
         data = {
-            'choices-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',  # number of forms rendered
-            'choices-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # number of forms with initial data
-            'choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # min number of forms
-            'choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # max number of forms
-            'choices-0-choice': 'Calexico',
-            'choices-0-votes': '100',
+            "choices-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",  # number of forms rendered
+            "choices-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # number of forms with initial data
+            "choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # min number of forms
+            "choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # max number of forms
+            "choices-0-choice": "Calexico",
+            "choices-0-votes": "100",
         }
-        formset = AnotherChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        formset = AnotherChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         self.assertTrue(all(form.is_valid_called for form in formset.forms))
 
@@ -1144,20 +1240,20 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             # someone fiddles with the mgmt form data...
             formset = ChoiceFormSet(
                 {
-                    'choices-TOTAL_FORMS': '4',
-                    'choices-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-                    'choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # min number of forms
-                    'choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '4',
-                    'choices-0-choice': 'Zero',
-                    'choices-0-votes': '0',
-                    'choices-1-choice': 'One',
-                    'choices-1-votes': '1',
-                    'choices-2-choice': 'Two',
-                    'choices-2-votes': '2',
-                    'choices-3-choice': 'Three',
-                    'choices-3-votes': '3',
+                    "choices-TOTAL_FORMS": "4",
+                    "choices-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+                    "choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # min number of forms
+                    "choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "4",
+                    "choices-0-choice": "Zero",
+                    "choices-0-votes": "0",
+                    "choices-1-choice": "One",
+                    "choices-1-votes": "1",
+                    "choices-2-choice": "Two",
+                    "choices-2-votes": "2",
+                    "choices-3-choice": "Three",
+                    "choices-3-votes": "3",
                 },
-                prefix='choices',
+                prefix="choices",
             )
             # But we still only instantiate 3 forms
             self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 3)
@@ -1176,20 +1272,20 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             ChoiceFormSet = formset_factory(Choice, max_num=4)
             formset = ChoiceFormSet(
                 {
-                    'choices-TOTAL_FORMS': '4',
-                    'choices-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-                    'choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',  # min number of forms
-                    'choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '4',
-                    'choices-0-choice': 'Zero',
-                    'choices-0-votes': '0',
-                    'choices-1-choice': 'One',
-                    'choices-1-votes': '1',
-                    'choices-2-choice': 'Two',
-                    'choices-2-votes': '2',
-                    'choices-3-choice': 'Three',
-                    'choices-3-votes': '3',
+                    "choices-TOTAL_FORMS": "4",
+                    "choices-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+                    "choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",  # min number of forms
+                    "choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "4",
+                    "choices-0-choice": "Zero",
+                    "choices-0-votes": "0",
+                    "choices-1-choice": "One",
+                    "choices-1-votes": "1",
+                    "choices-2-choice": "Two",
+                    "choices-2-votes": "2",
+                    "choices-3-choice": "Three",
+                    "choices-3-votes": "3",
                 },
-                prefix='choices',
+                prefix="choices",
             )
             # Four forms are instantiated and no exception is raised
             self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 4)
@@ -1201,44 +1297,47 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         If non_form_errors() is called without calling is_valid() first,
         it should ensure that full_clean() is called.
         """
+
         class BaseCustomFormSet(BaseFormSet):
             def clean(self):
                 raise ValidationError("This is a non-form error")
 
         ChoiceFormSet = formset_factory(Choice, formset=BaseCustomFormSet)
         data = {
-            'choices-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'choices-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
+            "choices-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "choices-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
         }
-        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         self.assertIsInstance(formset.non_form_errors(), ErrorList)
-        self.assertEqual(list(formset.non_form_errors()), ['This is a non-form error'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(formset.non_form_errors()), ["This is a non-form error"])
 
     def test_validate_max_ignores_forms_marked_for_deletion(self):
         class CheckForm(Form):
             field = IntegerField()
 
         data = {
-            'check-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'check-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'check-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '1',
-            'check-0-field': '200',
-            'check-0-DELETE': '',
-            'check-1-field': '50',
-            'check-1-DELETE': 'on',
+            "check-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "check-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "check-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "1",
+            "check-0-field": "200",
+            "check-0-DELETE": "",
+            "check-1-field": "50",
+            "check-1-DELETE": "on",
         }
-        CheckFormSet = formset_factory(CheckForm, max_num=1, validate_max=True, can_delete=True)
-        formset = CheckFormSet(data, prefix='check')
+        CheckFormSet = formset_factory(
+            CheckForm, max_num=1, validate_max=True, can_delete=True
+        )
+        formset = CheckFormSet(data, prefix="check")
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
 
     def test_formset_total_error_count(self):
         """A valid formset should have 0 total errors."""
         data = [  # formset_data, expected error count
-            ([('Calexico', '100')], 0),
-            ([('Calexico', '')], 1),
-            ([('', 'invalid')], 2),
-            ([('Calexico', '100'), ('Calexico', '')], 1),
-            ([('Calexico', ''), ('Calexico', '')], 2),
+            ([("Calexico", "100")], 0),
+            ([("Calexico", "")], 1),
+            ([("", "invalid")], 2),
+            ([("Calexico", "100"), ("Calexico", "")], 1),
+            ([("Calexico", ""), ("Calexico", "")], 2),
         ]
         for formset_data, expected_error_count in data:
             formset = self.make_choiceformset(formset_data)
@@ -1246,32 +1345,32 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_formset_total_error_count_with_non_form_errors(self):
         data = {
-            'choices-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'choices-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '2',  # max number of forms - should be ignored
-            'choices-0-choice': 'Zero',
-            'choices-0-votes': '0',
-            'choices-1-choice': 'One',
-            'choices-1-votes': '1',
+            "choices-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "choices-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "2",  # max number of forms - should be ignored
+            "choices-0-choice": "Zero",
+            "choices-0-votes": "0",
+            "choices-1-choice": "One",
+            "choices-1-votes": "1",
         }
         ChoiceFormSet = formset_factory(Choice, extra=1, max_num=1, validate_max=True)
-        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         self.assertEqual(formset.total_error_count(), 1)
-        data['choices-1-votes'] = ''
-        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        data["choices-1-votes"] = ""
+        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         self.assertEqual(formset.total_error_count(), 2)
 
     def test_html_safe(self):
         formset = self.make_choiceformset()
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(formset, '__html__'))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(formset, "__html__"))
         self.assertEqual(str(formset), formset.__html__())
 
     def test_can_delete_extra_formset_forms(self):
         ChoiceFormFormset = formset_factory(form=Choice, can_delete=True, extra=2)
         formset = ChoiceFormFormset()
         self.assertEqual(len(formset), 2)
-        self.assertIn('DELETE', formset.forms[0].fields)
-        self.assertIn('DELETE', formset.forms[1].fields)
+        self.assertIn("DELETE", formset.forms[0].fields)
+        self.assertIn("DELETE", formset.forms[1].fields)
 
     def test_disable_delete_extra_formset_forms(self):
         ChoiceFormFormset = formset_factory(
@@ -1282,31 +1381,37 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         )
         formset = ChoiceFormFormset()
         self.assertEqual(len(formset), 2)
-        self.assertNotIn('DELETE', formset.forms[0].fields)
-        self.assertNotIn('DELETE', formset.forms[1].fields)
+        self.assertNotIn("DELETE", formset.forms[0].fields)
+        self.assertNotIn("DELETE", formset.forms[1].fields)
 
-        formset = ChoiceFormFormset(initial=[{'choice': 'Zero', 'votes': '1'}])
+        formset = ChoiceFormFormset(initial=[{"choice": "Zero", "votes": "1"}])
         self.assertEqual(len(formset), 3)
-        self.assertIn('DELETE', formset.forms[0].fields)
-        self.assertNotIn('DELETE', formset.forms[1].fields)
-        self.assertNotIn('DELETE', formset.forms[2].fields)
+        self.assertIn("DELETE", formset.forms[0].fields)
+        self.assertNotIn("DELETE", formset.forms[1].fields)
+        self.assertNotIn("DELETE", formset.forms[2].fields)
 
-        formset = ChoiceFormFormset(data={
-            'form-0-choice': 'Zero',
-            'form-0-votes': '0',
-            'form-0-DELETE': 'on',
-            'form-1-choice': 'One',
-            'form-1-votes': '1',
-            'form-2-choice': '',
-            'form-2-votes': '',
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-        }, initial=[{'choice': 'Zero', 'votes': '1'}])
-        self.assertEqual(formset.cleaned_data, [
-            {'choice': 'Zero', 'votes': 0, 'DELETE': True},
-            {'choice': 'One', 'votes': 1},
-            {},
-        ])
+        formset = ChoiceFormFormset(
+            data={
+                "form-0-choice": "Zero",
+                "form-0-votes": "0",
+                "form-0-DELETE": "on",
+                "form-1-choice": "One",
+                "form-1-votes": "1",
+                "form-2-choice": "",
+                "form-2-votes": "",
+                "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
+                "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            },
+            initial=[{"choice": "Zero", "votes": "1"}],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            formset.cleaned_data,
+            [
+                {"choice": "Zero", "votes": 0, "DELETE": True},
+                {"choice": "One", "votes": 1},
+                {},
+            ],
+        )
         self.assertIs(formset._should_delete_form(formset.forms[0]), True)
         self.assertIs(formset._should_delete_form(formset.forms[1]), False)
         self.assertIs(formset._should_delete_form(formset.forms[2]), False)
@@ -1317,18 +1422,19 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         and ErrorList.
         """
         from django.forms.renderers import Jinja2
+
         renderer = Jinja2()
         data = {
-            'choices-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'choices-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'choices-0-choice': 'Zero',
-            'choices-0-votes': '',
-            'choices-1-choice': 'One',
-            'choices-1-votes': '',
+            "choices-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "choices-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "choices-0-choice": "Zero",
+            "choices-0-votes": "",
+            "choices-1-choice": "One",
+            "choices-1-votes": "",
         }
         ChoiceFormSet = formset_factory(Choice, renderer=renderer)
-        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         self.assertEqual(formset.renderer, renderer)
         self.assertEqual(formset.forms[0].renderer, renderer)
         self.assertEqual(formset.management_form.renderer, renderer)
@@ -1336,16 +1442,16 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(formset.empty_form.renderer, renderer)
 
     def test_repr(self):
-        valid_formset = self.make_choiceformset([('test', 1)])
+        valid_formset = self.make_choiceformset([("test", 1)])
         valid_formset.full_clean()
-        invalid_formset = self.make_choiceformset([('test', '')])
+        invalid_formset = self.make_choiceformset([("test", "")])
         invalid_formset.full_clean()
         partially_invalid_formset = self.make_choiceformset(
-            [('test', '1'), ('test', '')],
+            [("test", "1"), ("test", "")],
         )
         partially_invalid_formset.full_clean()
         invalid_formset_non_form_errors_only = self.make_choiceformset(
-            [('test', '')],
+            [("test", "")],
             formset_class=ChoiceFormsetWithNonFormError,
         )
         invalid_formset_non_form_errors_only.full_clean()
@@ -1353,31 +1459,31 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         cases = [
             (
                 self.make_choiceformset(),
-                '<ChoiceFormSet: bound=False valid=Unknown total_forms=1>',
+                "<ChoiceFormSet: bound=False valid=Unknown total_forms=1>",
             ),
             (
                 self.make_choiceformset(
                     formset_class=formset_factory(Choice, extra=10),
                 ),
-                '<ChoiceFormSet: bound=False valid=Unknown total_forms=10>',
+                "<ChoiceFormSet: bound=False valid=Unknown total_forms=10>",
             ),
             (
                 self.make_choiceformset([]),
-                '<ChoiceFormSet: bound=True valid=Unknown total_forms=0>',
+                "<ChoiceFormSet: bound=True valid=Unknown total_forms=0>",
             ),
             (
-                self.make_choiceformset([('test', 1)]),
-                '<ChoiceFormSet: bound=True valid=Unknown total_forms=1>',
+                self.make_choiceformset([("test", 1)]),
+                "<ChoiceFormSet: bound=True valid=Unknown total_forms=1>",
             ),
-            (valid_formset, '<ChoiceFormSet: bound=True valid=True total_forms=1>'),
-            (invalid_formset, '<ChoiceFormSet: bound=True valid=False total_forms=1>'),
+            (valid_formset, "<ChoiceFormSet: bound=True valid=True total_forms=1>"),
+            (invalid_formset, "<ChoiceFormSet: bound=True valid=False total_forms=1>"),
             (
                 partially_invalid_formset,
-                '<ChoiceFormSet: bound=True valid=False total_forms=2>',
+                "<ChoiceFormSet: bound=True valid=False total_forms=2>",
             ),
             (
                 invalid_formset_non_form_errors_only,
-                '<ChoiceFormsetWithNonFormError: bound=True valid=False total_forms=1>',
+                "<ChoiceFormsetWithNonFormError: bound=True valid=False total_forms=1>",
             ),
         ]
         for formset, expected_repr in cases:
@@ -1385,8 +1491,8 @@ class FormsFormsetTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
                 self.assertEqual(repr(formset), expected_repr)
 
     def test_repr_do_not_trigger_validation(self):
-        formset = self.make_choiceformset([('test', 1)])
-        with mock.patch.object(formset, 'full_clean') as mocked_full_clean:
+        formset = self.make_choiceformset([("test", 1)])
+        with mock.patch.object(formset, "full_clean") as mocked_full_clean:
             repr(formset)
             mocked_full_clean.assert_not_called()
             formset.is_valid()
@@ -1401,14 +1507,14 @@ class Jinja2FormsFormsetTestCase(FormsFormsetTestCase):
 class FormsetAsTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         data = {
-            'choices-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'choices-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'choices-0-choice': 'Calexico',
-            'choices-0-votes': '100',
+            "choices-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "choices-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "choices-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "choices-0-choice": "Calexico",
+            "choices-0-votes": "100",
         }
-        self.formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        self.formset = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         self.management_form_html = (
             '<input type="hidden" name="choices-TOTAL_FORMS" value="1">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="choices-INITIAL_FORMS" value="0">'
@@ -1419,30 +1525,33 @@ class FormsetAsTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_as_table(self):
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             self.formset.as_table(),
-            self.management_form_html + (
-                '<tr><th>Choice:</th><td>'
+            self.management_form_html
+            + (
+                "<tr><th>Choice:</th><td>"
                 '<input type="text" name="choices-0-choice" value="Calexico"></td></tr>'
-                '<tr><th>Votes:</th><td>'
+                "<tr><th>Votes:</th><td>"
                 '<input type="number" name="choices-0-votes" value="100"></td></tr>'
-            )
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_as_p(self):
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             self.formset.as_p(),
-            self.management_form_html + (
+            self.management_form_html
+            + (
                 '<p>Choice: <input type="text" name="choices-0-choice" value="Calexico"></p>'
                 '<p>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-0-votes" value="100"></p>'
-            )
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_as_ul(self):
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             self.formset.as_ul(),
-            self.management_form_html + (
+            self.management_form_html
+            + (
                 '<li>Choice: <input type="text" name="choices-0-choice" value="Calexico"></li>'
                 '<li>Votes: <input type="number" name="choices-0-votes" value="100"></li>'
-            )
+            ),
         )
 
 
@@ -1466,9 +1575,9 @@ class TestIsBoundBehavior(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.non_form_errors(),
             [
-                'ManagementForm data is missing or has been tampered with. '
-                'Missing fields: form-TOTAL_FORMS, form-INITIAL_FORMS. '
-                'You may need to file a bug report if the issue persists.',
+                "ManagementForm data is missing or has been tampered with. "
+                "Missing fields: form-TOTAL_FORMS, form-INITIAL_FORMS. "
+                "You may need to file a bug report if the issue persists.",
             ],
         )
         self.assertEqual(formset.errors, [])
@@ -1477,29 +1586,29 @@ class TestIsBoundBehavior(SimpleTestCase):
             str(formset),
             '<tr><td colspan="2">'
             '<ul class="errorlist nonfield">'
-            '<li>(Hidden field TOTAL_FORMS) This field is required.</li>'
-            '<li>(Hidden field INITIAL_FORMS) This field is required.</li>'
-            '</ul>'
+            "<li>(Hidden field TOTAL_FORMS) This field is required.</li>"
+            "<li>(Hidden field INITIAL_FORMS) This field is required.</li>"
+            "</ul>"
             '<input type="hidden" name="form-TOTAL_FORMS" id="id_form-TOTAL_FORMS">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="form-INITIAL_FORMS" id="id_form-INITIAL_FORMS">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="form-MIN_NUM_FORMS" id="id_form-MIN_NUM_FORMS">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="form-MAX_NUM_FORMS" id="id_form-MAX_NUM_FORMS">'
-            '</td></tr>\n'
+            "</td></tr>\n",
         )
 
     def test_management_form_invalid_data(self):
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': 'two',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': 'one',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "two",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "one",
         }
         formset = ArticleFormSet(data)
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), False)
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.non_form_errors(),
             [
-                'ManagementForm data is missing or has been tampered with. '
-                'Missing fields: form-TOTAL_FORMS, form-INITIAL_FORMS. '
-                'You may need to file a bug report if the issue persists.',
+                "ManagementForm data is missing or has been tampered with. "
+                "Missing fields: form-TOTAL_FORMS, form-INITIAL_FORMS. "
+                "You may need to file a bug report if the issue persists.",
             ],
         )
         self.assertEqual(formset.errors, [])
@@ -1508,26 +1617,28 @@ class TestIsBoundBehavior(SimpleTestCase):
             str(formset),
             '<tr><td colspan="2">'
             '<ul class="errorlist nonfield">'
-            '<li>(Hidden field TOTAL_FORMS) Enter a whole number.</li>'
-            '<li>(Hidden field INITIAL_FORMS) Enter a whole number.</li>'
-            '</ul>'
+            "<li>(Hidden field TOTAL_FORMS) Enter a whole number.</li>"
+            "<li>(Hidden field INITIAL_FORMS) Enter a whole number.</li>"
+            "</ul>"
             '<input type="hidden" name="form-TOTAL_FORMS" value="two" id="id_form-TOTAL_FORMS">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="form-INITIAL_FORMS" value="one" id="id_form-INITIAL_FORMS">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="form-MIN_NUM_FORMS" id="id_form-MIN_NUM_FORMS">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="form-MAX_NUM_FORMS" id="id_form-MAX_NUM_FORMS">'
-            '</td></tr>\n',
+            "</td></tr>\n",
         )
 
     def test_customize_management_form_error(self):
-        formset = ArticleFormSet({}, error_messages={'missing_management_form': 'customized'})
+        formset = ArticleFormSet(
+            {}, error_messages={"missing_management_form": "customized"}
+        )
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), False)
-        self.assertEqual(formset.non_form_errors(), ['customized'])
+        self.assertEqual(formset.non_form_errors(), ["customized"])
         self.assertEqual(formset.errors, [])
 
     def test_with_management_data_attrs_work_fine(self):
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
         }
         formset = ArticleFormSet(data)
         self.assertEqual(0, formset.initial_form_count())
@@ -1540,30 +1651,29 @@ class TestIsBoundBehavior(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_form_errors_are_caught_by_formset(self):
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-0-title': 'Test',
-            'form-0-pub_date': '1904-06-16',
-            'form-1-title': 'Test',
-            'form-1-pub_date': '',  # <-- this date is missing but required
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-0-title": "Test",
+            "form-0-pub_date": "1904-06-16",
+            "form-1-title": "Test",
+            "form-1-pub_date": "",  # <-- this date is missing but required
         }
         formset = ArticleFormSet(data)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual([{}, {'pub_date': ['This field is required.']}], formset.errors)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [{}, {"pub_date": ["This field is required."]}], formset.errors
+        )
 
     def test_empty_forms_are_unbound(self):
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-0-title': 'Test',
-            'form-0-pub_date': '1904-06-16',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-0-title": "Test",
+            "form-0-pub_date": "1904-06-16",
         }
         unbound_formset = ArticleFormSet()
         bound_formset = ArticleFormSet(data)
-        empty_forms = [
-            unbound_formset.empty_form,
-            bound_formset.empty_form
-        ]
+        empty_forms = [unbound_formset.empty_form, bound_formset.empty_form]
         # Empty forms should be unbound
         self.assertFalse(empty_forms[0].is_bound)
         self.assertFalse(empty_forms[1].is_bound)
@@ -1579,17 +1689,24 @@ class TestIsBoundBehavior(TestIsBoundBehavior):
 class TestEmptyFormSet(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_empty_formset_is_valid(self):
         """An empty formset still calls clean()"""
+
         class EmptyFsetWontValidate(BaseFormSet):
             def clean(self):
-                raise ValidationError('Clean method called')
+                raise ValidationError("Clean method called")
 
-        EmptyFsetWontValidateFormset = formset_factory(FavoriteDrinkForm, extra=0, formset=EmptyFsetWontValidate)
+        EmptyFsetWontValidateFormset = formset_factory(
+            FavoriteDrinkForm, extra=0, formset=EmptyFsetWontValidate
+        )
         formset = EmptyFsetWontValidateFormset(
-            data={'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0', 'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '0'},
+            data={"form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0", "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "0"},
             prefix="form",
         )
         formset2 = EmptyFsetWontValidateFormset(
-            data={'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0', 'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1', 'form-0-name': 'bah'},
+            data={
+                "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+                "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+                "form-0-name": "bah",
+            },
             prefix="form",
         )
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
@@ -1597,33 +1714,36 @@ class TestEmptyFormSet(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_empty_formset_media(self):
         """Media is available on empty formset."""
+
         class MediaForm(Form):
             class Media:
-                js = ('some-file.js',)
-        self.assertIn('some-file.js', str(formset_factory(MediaForm, extra=0)().media))
+                js = ("some-file.js",)
+
+        self.assertIn("some-file.js", str(formset_factory(MediaForm, extra=0)().media))
 
     def test_empty_formset_is_multipart(self):
         """is_multipart() works with an empty formset."""
+
         class FileForm(Form):
             file = FileField()
+
         self.assertTrue(formset_factory(FileForm, extra=0)().is_multipart())
 
 
 class AllValidTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_valid(self):
         data = {
-            'choices-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'choices-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'choices-0-choice': 'Zero',
-            'choices-0-votes': '0',
-            'choices-1-choice': 'One',
-            'choices-1-votes': '1',
+            "choices-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "choices-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "choices-0-choice": "Zero",
+            "choices-0-votes": "0",
+            "choices-1-choice": "One",
+            "choices-1-votes": "1",
         }
         ChoiceFormSet = formset_factory(Choice)
-        formset1 = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
-        formset2 = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        formset1 = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
+        formset2 = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         self.assertIs(all_valid((formset1, formset2)), True)
         expected_errors = [{}, {}]
         self.assertEqual(formset1._errors, expected_errors)
@@ -1632,18 +1752,21 @@ class AllValidTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_invalid(self):
         """all_valid() validates all forms, even when some are invalid."""
         data = {
-            'choices-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'choices-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'choices-0-choice': 'Zero',
-            'choices-0-votes': '',
-            'choices-1-choice': 'One',
-            'choices-1-votes': '',
+            "choices-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "choices-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "choices-MIN_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "choices-0-choice": "Zero",
+            "choices-0-votes": "",
+            "choices-1-choice": "One",
+            "choices-1-votes": "",
         }
         ChoiceFormSet = formset_factory(Choice)
-        formset1 = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
-        formset2 = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix='choices')
+        formset1 = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
+        formset2 = ChoiceFormSet(data, auto_id=False, prefix="choices")
         self.assertIs(all_valid((formset1, formset2)), False)
-        expected_errors = [{'votes': ['This field is required.']}, {'votes': ['This field is required.']}]
+        expected_errors = [
+            {"votes": ["This field is required."]},
+            {"votes": ["This field is required."]},
+        ]
         self.assertEqual(formset1._errors, expected_errors)
         self.assertEqual(formset2._errors, expected_errors)
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_i18n.py b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_i18n.py
index 3590147933..777c84e4e4 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_i18n.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_i18n.py
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 from django.forms import (
-    CharField, ChoiceField, Form, IntegerField, RadioSelect, Select, TextInput,
+    CharField,
+    ChoiceField,
+    Form,
+    IntegerField,
+    RadioSelect,
+    Select,
+    TextInput,
 )
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.utils import translation
@@ -11,96 +17,100 @@ from . import jinja2_tests
 class FormsI18nTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_lazy_labels(self):
         class SomeForm(Form):
-            username = CharField(max_length=10, label=gettext_lazy('username'))
+            username = CharField(max_length=10, label=gettext_lazy("username"))
 
         f = SomeForm()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_username">username:</label>'
-            '<input id="id_username" type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required></p>'
+            '<input id="id_username" type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required></p>',
         )
 
         # Translations are done at rendering time, so multi-lingual apps can define forms)
-        with translation.override('de'):
+        with translation.override("de"):
             self.assertHTMLEqual(
                 f.as_p(),
                 '<p><label for="id_username">Benutzername:</label>'
-                '<input id="id_username" type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required></p>'
+                '<input id="id_username" type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required></p>',
             )
-        with translation.override('pl'):
+        with translation.override("pl"):
             self.assertHTMLEqual(
                 f.as_p(),
                 '<p><label for="id_username">nazwa u\u017cytkownika:</label>'
-                '<input id="id_username" type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required></p>'
+                '<input id="id_username" type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" required></p>',
             )
 
     def test_non_ascii_label(self):
         class SomeForm(Form):
-            field_1 = CharField(max_length=10, label=gettext_lazy('field_1'))
+            field_1 = CharField(max_length=10, label=gettext_lazy("field_1"))
             field_2 = CharField(
                 max_length=10,
-                label=gettext_lazy('field_2'),
-                widget=TextInput(attrs={'id': 'field_2_id'}),
+                label=gettext_lazy("field_2"),
+                widget=TextInput(attrs={"id": "field_2_id"}),
             )
 
         f = SomeForm()
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(f['field_1'].label_tag(), '<label for="id_field_1">field_1:</label>')
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            f['field_1'].legend_tag(),
+            f["field_1"].label_tag(), '<label for="id_field_1">field_1:</label>'
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            f["field_1"].legend_tag(),
             '<legend for="id_field_1">field_1:</legend>',
         )
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(f['field_2'].label_tag(), '<label for="field_2_id">field_2:</label>')
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            f['field_2'].legend_tag(),
+            f["field_2"].label_tag(), '<label for="field_2_id">field_2:</label>'
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            f["field_2"].legend_tag(),
             '<legend for="field_2_id">field_2:</legend>',
         )
 
     def test_non_ascii_choices(self):
         class SomeForm(Form):
             somechoice = ChoiceField(
-                choices=(('\xc5', 'En tied\xe4'), ('\xf8', 'Mies'), ('\xdf', 'Nainen')),
+                choices=(("\xc5", "En tied\xe4"), ("\xf8", "Mies"), ("\xdf", "Nainen")),
                 widget=RadioSelect(),
-                label='\xc5\xf8\xdf',
+                label="\xc5\xf8\xdf",
             )
 
         f = SomeForm()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_p(),
-            '<p><label>\xc5\xf8\xdf:</label>'
+            "<p><label>\xc5\xf8\xdf:</label>"
             '<div id="id_somechoice">\n'
             '<div><label for="id_somechoice_0">'
             '<input type="radio" id="id_somechoice_0" value="\xc5" name="somechoice" required> '
-            'En tied\xe4</label></div>\n'
+            "En tied\xe4</label></div>\n"
             '<div><label for="id_somechoice_1">'
             '<input type="radio" id="id_somechoice_1" value="\xf8" name="somechoice" required> '
             'Mies</label></div>\n<div><label for="id_somechoice_2">'
             '<input type="radio" id="id_somechoice_2" value="\xdf" name="somechoice" required> '
-            'Nainen</label></div>\n</div></p>'
+            "Nainen</label></div>\n</div></p>",
         )
 
         # Translated error messages
-        with translation.override('ru'):
+        with translation.override("ru"):
             f = SomeForm({})
             self.assertHTMLEqual(
                 f.as_p(),
                 '<ul class="errorlist"><li>'
-                '\u041e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c'
-                '\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435.</li></ul>\n'
-                '<p><label>\xc5\xf8\xdf:</label>'
+                "\u041e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c"
+                "\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435.</li></ul>\n"
+                "<p><label>\xc5\xf8\xdf:</label>"
                 ' <div id="id_somechoice">\n<div><label for="id_somechoice_0">'
                 '<input type="radio" id="id_somechoice_0" value="\xc5" name="somechoice" required> '
-                'En tied\xe4</label></div>\n'
+                "En tied\xe4</label></div>\n"
                 '<div><label for="id_somechoice_1">'
                 '<input type="radio" id="id_somechoice_1" value="\xf8" name="somechoice" required> '
                 'Mies</label></div>\n<div><label for="id_somechoice_2">'
                 '<input type="radio" id="id_somechoice_2" value="\xdf" name="somechoice" required> '
-                'Nainen</label></div>\n</div></p>'
+                "Nainen</label></div>\n</div></p>",
             )
 
     def test_select_translated_text(self):
         # Deep copying translated text shouldn't raise an error.
         class CopyForm(Form):
-            degree = IntegerField(widget=Select(choices=((1, gettext_lazy('test')),)))
+            degree = IntegerField(widget=Select(choices=((1, gettext_lazy("test")),)))
 
         CopyForm()
 
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_input_formats.py b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_input_formats.py
index 7b9da02a0c..3ac28b1b30 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_input_formats.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_input_formats.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class LocalizedTimeTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         # nl/formats.py has customized TIME_INPUT_FORMATS:
         # ['%H:%M:%S', '%H.%M:%S', '%H.%M', '%H:%M']
-        activate('nl')
+        activate("nl")
 
     def tearDown(self):
         deactivate()
@@ -21,18 +21,18 @@ class LocalizedTimeTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.TimeField()
         # Parse a time in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('1:30:05 PM')
+            f.clean("1:30:05 PM")
 
         # Parse a time in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('13:30:05')
+        result = f.clean("13:30:05")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip
         text = f.widget.format_value(result)
-        self.assertEqual(text, '13:30:05')
+        self.assertEqual(text, "13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a time in a valid, but non-default format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('13:30')
+        result = f.clean("13:30")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 0))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class LocalizedTimeTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "13:30:00")
 
         # ISO formats are accepted, even if not specified in formats.py
-        result = f.clean('13:30:05.000155')
+        result = f.clean("13:30:05.000155")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 5, 155))
 
     def test_localized_timeField(self):
@@ -48,18 +48,18 @@ class LocalizedTimeTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.TimeField(localize=True)
         # Parse a time in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('1:30:05 PM')
+            f.clean("1:30:05 PM")
 
         # Parse a time in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('13:30:05')
+        result = f.clean("13:30:05")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
         text = f.widget.format_value(result)
-        self.assertEqual(text, '13:30:05')
+        self.assertEqual(text, "13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a time in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('13:30')
+        result = f.clean("13:30")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 0))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -71,12 +71,12 @@ class LocalizedTimeTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.TimeField(input_formats=["%H.%M.%S", "%H.%M"])
         # Parse a time in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('1:30:05 PM')
+            f.clean("1:30:05 PM")
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('13:30:05')
+            f.clean("13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a time in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('13.30.05')
+        result = f.clean("13.30.05")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class LocalizedTimeTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a time in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('13.30')
+        result = f.clean("13.30")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 0))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -96,12 +96,12 @@ class LocalizedTimeTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.TimeField(input_formats=["%H.%M.%S", "%H.%M"], localize=True)
         # Parse a time in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('1:30:05 PM')
+            f.clean("1:30:05 PM")
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('13:30:05')
+            f.clean("13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a time in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('13.30.05')
+        result = f.clean("13.30.05")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class LocalizedTimeTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a time in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('13.30')
+        result = f.clean("13.30")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 0))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -125,18 +125,18 @@ class CustomTimeInputFormatsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.TimeField()
         # Parse a time in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('13:30:05')
+            f.clean("13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a time in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('1:30:05 PM')
+        result = f.clean("1:30:05 PM")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip
         text = f.widget.format_value(result)
-        self.assertEqual(text, '01:30:05 PM')
+        self.assertEqual(text, "01:30:05 PM")
 
         # Parse a time in a valid, but non-default format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('1:30 PM')
+        result = f.clean("1:30 PM")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 0))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -148,18 +148,18 @@ class CustomTimeInputFormatsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.TimeField(localize=True)
         # Parse a time in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('13:30:05')
+            f.clean("13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a time in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('1:30:05 PM')
+        result = f.clean("1:30:05 PM")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
         text = f.widget.format_value(result)
-        self.assertEqual(text, '01:30:05 PM')
+        self.assertEqual(text, "01:30:05 PM")
 
         # Parse a time in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('01:30 PM')
+        result = f.clean("01:30 PM")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 0))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -171,12 +171,12 @@ class CustomTimeInputFormatsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.TimeField(input_formats=["%H.%M.%S", "%H.%M"])
         # Parse a time in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('1:30:05 PM')
+            f.clean("1:30:05 PM")
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('13:30:05')
+            f.clean("13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a time in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('13.30.05')
+        result = f.clean("13.30.05")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ class CustomTimeInputFormatsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "01:30:05 PM")
 
         # Parse a time in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('13.30')
+        result = f.clean("13.30")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 0))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -196,12 +196,12 @@ class CustomTimeInputFormatsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.TimeField(input_formats=["%H.%M.%S", "%H.%M"], localize=True)
         # Parse a time in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('1:30:05 PM')
+            f.clean("1:30:05 PM")
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('13:30:05')
+            f.clean("13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a time in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('13.30.05')
+        result = f.clean("13.30.05")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ class CustomTimeInputFormatsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "01:30:05 PM")
 
         # Parse a time in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('13.30')
+        result = f.clean("13.30")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 0))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -223,10 +223,10 @@ class SimpleTimeFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.TimeField()
         # Parse a time in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('1:30:05 PM')
+            f.clean("1:30:05 PM")
 
         # Parse a time in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('13:30:05')
+        result = f.clean("13:30:05")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ class SimpleTimeFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a time in a valid, but non-default format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('13:30')
+        result = f.clean("13:30")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 0))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -246,10 +246,10 @@ class SimpleTimeFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.TimeField()
         # Parse a time in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('1:30:05 PM')
+            f.clean("1:30:05 PM")
 
         # Parse a time in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('13:30:05')
+        result = f.clean("13:30:05")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ class SimpleTimeFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a time in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('13:30')
+        result = f.clean("13:30")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 0))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -269,10 +269,10 @@ class SimpleTimeFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.TimeField(input_formats=["%I:%M:%S %p", "%I:%M %p"])
         # Parse a time in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('13:30:05')
+            f.clean("13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a time in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('1:30:05 PM')
+        result = f.clean("1:30:05 PM")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ class SimpleTimeFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a time in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('1:30 PM')
+        result = f.clean("1:30 PM")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 0))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -292,10 +292,10 @@ class SimpleTimeFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.TimeField(input_formats=["%I:%M:%S %p", "%I:%M %p"], localize=True)
         # Parse a time in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('13:30:05')
+            f.clean("13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a time in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('1:30:05 PM')
+        result = f.clean("1:30:05 PM")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ class SimpleTimeFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a time in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('1:30 PM')
+        result = f.clean("1:30 PM")
         self.assertEqual(result, time(13, 30, 0))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ class SimpleTimeFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 class LocalizedDateTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
-        activate('de')
+        activate("de")
 
     def tearDown(self):
         deactivate()
@@ -323,21 +323,21 @@ class LocalizedDateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.DateField()
         # Parse a date in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('21/12/2010')
+            f.clean("21/12/2010")
 
         # ISO formats are accepted, even if not specified in formats.py
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('2010-12-21'), date(2010, 12, 21))
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("2010-12-21"), date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('21.12.2010')
+        result = f.clean("21.12.2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip
         text = f.widget.format_value(result)
-        self.assertEqual(text, '21.12.2010')
+        self.assertEqual(text, "21.12.2010")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid, but non-default format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('21.12.10')
+        result = f.clean("21.12.10")
         self.assertEqual(result, date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -349,18 +349,18 @@ class LocalizedDateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.DateField(localize=True)
         # Parse a date in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('21/12/2010')
+            f.clean("21/12/2010")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('21.12.2010')
+        result = f.clean("21.12.2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
         text = f.widget.format_value(result)
-        self.assertEqual(text, '21.12.2010')
+        self.assertEqual(text, "21.12.2010")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('21.12.10')
+        result = f.clean("21.12.10")
         self.assertEqual(result, date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -372,14 +372,14 @@ class LocalizedDateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.DateField(input_formats=["%m.%d.%Y", "%m-%d-%Y"])
         # Parse a date in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('2010-12-21')
+            f.clean("2010-12-21")
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('21/12/2010')
+            f.clean("21/12/2010")
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('21.12.2010')
+            f.clean("21.12.2010")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('12.21.2010')
+        result = f.clean("12.21.2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ class LocalizedDateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "21.12.2010")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('12-21-2010')
+        result = f.clean("12-21-2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -399,14 +399,14 @@ class LocalizedDateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.DateField(input_formats=["%m.%d.%Y", "%m-%d-%Y"], localize=True)
         # Parse a date in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('2010-12-21')
+            f.clean("2010-12-21")
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('21/12/2010')
+            f.clean("21/12/2010")
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('21.12.2010')
+            f.clean("21.12.2010")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('12.21.2010')
+        result = f.clean("12.21.2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ class LocalizedDateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "21.12.2010")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('12-21-2010')
+        result = f.clean("12-21-2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -430,18 +430,18 @@ class CustomDateInputFormatsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.DateField()
         # Parse a date in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('2010-12-21')
+            f.clean("2010-12-21")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('21.12.2010')
+        result = f.clean("21.12.2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip
         text = f.widget.format_value(result)
-        self.assertEqual(text, '21.12.2010')
+        self.assertEqual(text, "21.12.2010")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid, but non-default format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('21-12-2010')
+        result = f.clean("21-12-2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -453,18 +453,18 @@ class CustomDateInputFormatsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.DateField(localize=True)
         # Parse a date in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('2010-12-21')
+            f.clean("2010-12-21")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('21.12.2010')
+        result = f.clean("21.12.2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
         text = f.widget.format_value(result)
-        self.assertEqual(text, '21.12.2010')
+        self.assertEqual(text, "21.12.2010")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('21-12-2010')
+        result = f.clean("21-12-2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -476,12 +476,12 @@ class CustomDateInputFormatsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.DateField(input_formats=["%m.%d.%Y", "%m-%d-%Y"])
         # Parse a date in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('21.12.2010')
+            f.clean("21.12.2010")
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('2010-12-21')
+            f.clean("2010-12-21")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('12.21.2010')
+        result = f.clean("12.21.2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ class CustomDateInputFormatsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "21.12.2010")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('12-21-2010')
+        result = f.clean("12-21-2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -501,12 +501,12 @@ class CustomDateInputFormatsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.DateField(input_formats=["%m.%d.%Y", "%m-%d-%Y"], localize=True)
         # Parse a date in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('21.12.2010')
+            f.clean("21.12.2010")
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('2010-12-21')
+            f.clean("2010-12-21")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('12.21.2010')
+        result = f.clean("12.21.2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ class CustomDateInputFormatsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "21.12.2010")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('12-21-2010')
+        result = f.clean("12-21-2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -528,10 +528,10 @@ class SimpleDateFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.DateField()
         # Parse a date in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('21.12.2010')
+            f.clean("21.12.2010")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('2010-12-21')
+        result = f.clean("2010-12-21")
         self.assertEqual(result, date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ class SimpleDateFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "2010-12-21")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid, but non-default format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('12/21/2010')
+        result = f.clean("12/21/2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -551,10 +551,10 @@ class SimpleDateFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.DateField()
         # Parse a date in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('21.12.2010')
+            f.clean("21.12.2010")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('2010-12-21')
+        result = f.clean("2010-12-21")
         self.assertEqual(result, date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ class SimpleDateFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "2010-12-21")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('12/21/2010')
+        result = f.clean("12/21/2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -574,10 +574,10 @@ class SimpleDateFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.DateField(input_formats=["%d.%m.%Y", "%d-%m-%Y"])
         # Parse a date in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('2010-12-21')
+            f.clean("2010-12-21")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('21.12.2010')
+        result = f.clean("21.12.2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ class SimpleDateFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "2010-12-21")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('21-12-2010')
+        result = f.clean("21-12-2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -597,10 +597,10 @@ class SimpleDateFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.DateField(input_formats=["%d.%m.%Y", "%d-%m-%Y"], localize=True)
         # Parse a date in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('2010-12-21')
+            f.clean("2010-12-21")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('21.12.2010')
+        result = f.clean("21.12.2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@ class SimpleDateFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "2010-12-21")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('21-12-2010')
+        result = f.clean("21-12-2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, date(2010, 12, 21))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ class SimpleDateFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 class LocalizedDateTimeTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
-        activate('de')
+        activate("de")
 
     def tearDown(self):
         deactivate()
@@ -628,21 +628,23 @@ class LocalizedDateTimeTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.DateTimeField()
         # Parse a date in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('1:30:05 PM 21/12/2010')
+            f.clean("1:30:05 PM 21/12/2010")
 
         # ISO formats are accepted, even if not specified in formats.py
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('2010-12-21 13:30:05'), datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30, 5))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f.clean("2010-12-21 13:30:05"), datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30, 5)
+        )
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('21.12.2010 13:30:05')
+        result = f.clean("21.12.2010 13:30:05")
         self.assertEqual(result, datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip
         text = f.widget.format_value(result)
-        self.assertEqual(text, '21.12.2010 13:30:05')
+        self.assertEqual(text, "21.12.2010 13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid, but non-default format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('21.12.2010 13:30')
+        result = f.clean("21.12.2010 13:30")
         self.assertEqual(result, datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -654,18 +656,18 @@ class LocalizedDateTimeTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.DateTimeField(localize=True)
         # Parse a date in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('1:30:05 PM 21/12/2010')
+            f.clean("1:30:05 PM 21/12/2010")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('21.12.2010 13:30:05')
+        result = f.clean("21.12.2010 13:30:05")
         self.assertEqual(result, datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
         text = f.widget.format_value(result)
-        self.assertEqual(text, '21.12.2010 13:30:05')
+        self.assertEqual(text, "21.12.2010 13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('21.12.2010 13:30')
+        result = f.clean("21.12.2010 13:30")
         self.assertEqual(result, datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -677,14 +679,14 @@ class LocalizedDateTimeTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.DateTimeField(input_formats=["%H.%M.%S %m.%d.%Y", "%H.%M %m-%d-%Y"])
         # Parse a date in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('2010-12-21 13:30:05 13:30:05')
+            f.clean("2010-12-21 13:30:05 13:30:05")
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('1:30:05 PM 21/12/2010')
+            f.clean("1:30:05 PM 21/12/2010")
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('13:30:05 21.12.2010')
+            f.clean("13:30:05 21.12.2010")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('13.30.05 12.21.2010')
+        result = f.clean("13.30.05 12.21.2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
@@ -692,7 +694,7 @@ class LocalizedDateTimeTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "21.12.2010 13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('13.30 12-21-2010')
+        result = f.clean("13.30 12-21-2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -701,21 +703,23 @@ class LocalizedDateTimeTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_localized_dateTimeField_with_inputformat(self):
         "Localized DateTimeFields with manually specified input formats can accept those formats"
-        f = forms.DateTimeField(input_formats=["%H.%M.%S %m.%d.%Y", "%H.%M %m-%d-%Y"], localize=True)
+        f = forms.DateTimeField(
+            input_formats=["%H.%M.%S %m.%d.%Y", "%H.%M %m-%d-%Y"], localize=True
+        )
         # Parse a date in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('2010/12/21 13:30:05')
+            f.clean("2010/12/21 13:30:05")
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('1:30:05 PM 21/12/2010')
+            f.clean("1:30:05 PM 21/12/2010")
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('13:30:05 21.12.2010')
+            f.clean("13:30:05 21.12.2010")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('13.30.05 12.21.2010')
+        result = f.clean("13.30.05 12.21.2010")
         self.assertEqual(datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30, 5), result)
         # ISO format is always valid.
         self.assertEqual(
-            f.clean('2010-12-21 13:30:05'),
+            f.clean("2010-12-21 13:30:05"),
             datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30, 5),
         )
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
@@ -723,7 +727,7 @@ class LocalizedDateTimeTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "21.12.2010 13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('13.30 12-21-2010')
+        result = f.clean("13.30 12-21-2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -739,18 +743,18 @@ class CustomDateTimeInputFormatsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.DateTimeField()
         # Parse a date in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('2010/12/21 13:30:05')
+            f.clean("2010/12/21 13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('1:30:05 PM 21/12/2010')
+        result = f.clean("1:30:05 PM 21/12/2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip
         text = f.widget.format_value(result)
-        self.assertEqual(text, '01:30:05 PM 21/12/2010')
+        self.assertEqual(text, "01:30:05 PM 21/12/2010")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid, but non-default format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('1:30 PM 21-12-2010')
+        result = f.clean("1:30 PM 21-12-2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -762,18 +766,18 @@ class CustomDateTimeInputFormatsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.DateTimeField(localize=True)
         # Parse a date in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('2010/12/21 13:30:05')
+            f.clean("2010/12/21 13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('1:30:05 PM 21/12/2010')
+        result = f.clean("1:30:05 PM 21/12/2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
         text = f.widget.format_value(result)
-        self.assertEqual(text, '01:30:05 PM 21/12/2010')
+        self.assertEqual(text, "01:30:05 PM 21/12/2010")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('1:30 PM 21-12-2010')
+        result = f.clean("1:30 PM 21-12-2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -785,12 +789,12 @@ class CustomDateTimeInputFormatsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.DateTimeField(input_formats=["%m.%d.%Y %H:%M:%S", "%m-%d-%Y %H:%M"])
         # Parse a date in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('13:30:05 21.12.2010')
+            f.clean("13:30:05 21.12.2010")
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('2010/12/21 13:30:05')
+            f.clean("2010/12/21 13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('12.21.2010 13:30:05')
+        result = f.clean("12.21.2010 13:30:05")
         self.assertEqual(result, datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
@@ -798,7 +802,7 @@ class CustomDateTimeInputFormatsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "01:30:05 PM 21/12/2010")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('12-21-2010 13:30')
+        result = f.clean("12-21-2010 13:30")
         self.assertEqual(result, datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -807,15 +811,17 @@ class CustomDateTimeInputFormatsTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_localized_dateTimeField_with_inputformat(self):
         "Localized DateTimeFields with manually specified input formats can accept those formats"
-        f = forms.DateTimeField(input_formats=["%m.%d.%Y %H:%M:%S", "%m-%d-%Y %H:%M"], localize=True)
+        f = forms.DateTimeField(
+            input_formats=["%m.%d.%Y %H:%M:%S", "%m-%d-%Y %H:%M"], localize=True
+        )
         # Parse a date in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('13:30:05 21.12.2010')
+            f.clean("13:30:05 21.12.2010")
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('2010/12/21 13:30:05')
+            f.clean("2010/12/21 13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('12.21.2010 13:30:05')
+        result = f.clean("12.21.2010 13:30:05")
         self.assertEqual(result, datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
@@ -823,7 +829,7 @@ class CustomDateTimeInputFormatsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "01:30:05 PM 21/12/2010")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('12-21-2010 13:30')
+        result = f.clean("12-21-2010 13:30")
         self.assertEqual(result, datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -837,10 +843,10 @@ class SimpleDateTimeFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.DateTimeField()
         # Parse a date in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('13:30:05 21.12.2010')
+            f.clean("13:30:05 21.12.2010")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('2010-12-21 13:30:05')
+        result = f.clean("2010-12-21 13:30:05")
         self.assertEqual(result, datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
@@ -848,7 +854,7 @@ class SimpleDateTimeFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "2010-12-21 13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid, but non-default format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('12/21/2010 13:30:05')
+        result = f.clean("12/21/2010 13:30:05")
         self.assertEqual(result, datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -860,10 +866,10 @@ class SimpleDateTimeFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
         f = forms.DateTimeField()
         # Parse a date in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('13:30:05 21.12.2010')
+            f.clean("13:30:05 21.12.2010")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('2010-12-21 13:30:05')
+        result = f.clean("2010-12-21 13:30:05")
         self.assertEqual(result, datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
@@ -871,7 +877,7 @@ class SimpleDateTimeFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "2010-12-21 13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('12/21/2010 13:30:05')
+        result = f.clean("12/21/2010 13:30:05")
         self.assertEqual(result, datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -880,13 +886,15 @@ class SimpleDateTimeFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_dateTimeField_with_inputformat(self):
         "DateTimeFields with manually specified input formats can accept those formats"
-        f = forms.DateTimeField(input_formats=["%I:%M:%S %p %d.%m.%Y", "%I:%M %p %d-%m-%Y"])
+        f = forms.DateTimeField(
+            input_formats=["%I:%M:%S %p %d.%m.%Y", "%I:%M %p %d-%m-%Y"]
+        )
         # Parse a date in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('2010/12/21 13:30:05')
+            f.clean("2010/12/21 13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('1:30:05 PM 21.12.2010')
+        result = f.clean("1:30:05 PM 21.12.2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
@@ -894,7 +902,7 @@ class SimpleDateTimeFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "2010-12-21 13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('1:30 PM 21-12-2010')
+        result = f.clean("1:30 PM 21-12-2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
@@ -903,13 +911,15 @@ class SimpleDateTimeFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_localized_dateTimeField_with_inputformat(self):
         "Localized DateTimeFields with manually specified input formats can accept those formats"
-        f = forms.DateTimeField(input_formats=["%I:%M:%S %p %d.%m.%Y", "%I:%M %p %d-%m-%Y"], localize=True)
+        f = forms.DateTimeField(
+            input_formats=["%I:%M:%S %p %d.%m.%Y", "%I:%M %p %d-%m-%Y"], localize=True
+        )
         # Parse a date in an unaccepted format; get an error
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('2010/12/21 13:30:05')
+            f.clean("2010/12/21 13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('1:30:05 PM 21.12.2010')
+        result = f.clean("1:30:05 PM 21.12.2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30, 5))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to the same format
@@ -917,7 +927,7 @@ class SimpleDateTimeFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text, "2010-12-21 13:30:05")
 
         # Parse a date in a valid format, get a parsed result
-        result = f.clean('1:30 PM 21-12-2010')
+        result = f.clean("1:30 PM 21-12-2010")
         self.assertEqual(result, datetime(2010, 12, 21, 13, 30))
 
         # The parsed result does a round trip to default format
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_media.py b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_media.py
index d145560d9b..59fd74f4c9 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_media.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_media.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    STATIC_URL='http://media.example.com/static/',
+    STATIC_URL="http://media.example.com/static/",
 )
 class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
     """Tests for the media handling on widgets and forms"""
@@ -12,8 +12,12 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_construction(self):
         # Check construction of media objects
         m = Media(
-            css={'all': ('path/to/css1', '/path/to/css2')},
-            js=('/path/to/js1', 'http://media.other.com/path/to/js2', 'https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3'),
+            css={"all": ("path/to/css1", "/path/to/css2")},
+            js=(
+                "/path/to/js1",
+                "http://media.other.com/path/to/js2",
+                "https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3",
+            ),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             str(m),
@@ -21,19 +25,21 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <link href="/path/to/css2" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
 <script src="/path/to/js1"></script>
 <script src="http://media.other.com/path/to/js2"></script>
-<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>"""
+<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>""",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(m),
             "Media(css={'all': ['path/to/css1', '/path/to/css2']}, "
-            "js=['/path/to/js1', 'http://media.other.com/path/to/js2', 'https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3'])"
+            "js=['/path/to/js1', 'http://media.other.com/path/to/js2', 'https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3'])",
         )
 
         class Foo:
-            css = {
-                'all': ('path/to/css1', '/path/to/css2')
-            }
-            js = ('/path/to/js1', 'http://media.other.com/path/to/js2', 'https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3')
+            css = {"all": ("path/to/css1", "/path/to/css2")}
+            js = (
+                "/path/to/js1",
+                "http://media.other.com/path/to/js2",
+                "https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3",
+            )
 
         m3 = Media(Foo)
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -42,7 +48,7 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <link href="/path/to/css2" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
 <script src="/path/to/js1"></script>
 <script src="http://media.other.com/path/to/js2"></script>
-<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>"""
+<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>""",
         )
 
         # A widget can exist without a media definition
@@ -50,7 +56,7 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             pass
 
         w = MyWidget()
-        self.assertEqual(str(w.media), '')
+        self.assertEqual(str(w.media), "")
 
     def test_media_dsl(self):
         ###############################################################
@@ -62,10 +68,12 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         # with the value of settings.MEDIA_URL
         class MyWidget1(TextInput):
             class Media:
-                css = {
-                    'all': ('path/to/css1', '/path/to/css2')
-                }
-                js = ('/path/to/js1', 'http://media.other.com/path/to/js2', 'https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3')
+                css = {"all": ("path/to/css1", "/path/to/css2")}
+                js = (
+                    "/path/to/js1",
+                    "http://media.other.com/path/to/js2",
+                    "https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3",
+                )
 
         w1 = MyWidget1()
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -74,21 +82,21 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <link href="/path/to/css2" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
 <script src="/path/to/js1"></script>
 <script src="http://media.other.com/path/to/js2"></script>
-<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>"""
+<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>""",
         )
 
         # Media objects can be interrogated by media type
         self.assertEqual(
-            str(w1.media['css']),
+            str(w1.media["css"]),
             """<link href="http://media.example.com/static/path/to/css1" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
-<link href="/path/to/css2" media="all" rel="stylesheet">"""
+<link href="/path/to/css2" media="all" rel="stylesheet">""",
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            str(w1.media['js']),
+            str(w1.media["js"]),
             """<script src="/path/to/js1"></script>
 <script src="http://media.other.com/path/to/js2"></script>
-<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>"""
+<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>""",
         )
 
     def test_combine_media(self):
@@ -96,24 +104,22 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         # once. Duplicated media definitions are ignored.
         class MyWidget1(TextInput):
             class Media:
-                css = {
-                    'all': ('path/to/css1', '/path/to/css2')
-                }
-                js = ('/path/to/js1', 'http://media.other.com/path/to/js2', 'https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3')
+                css = {"all": ("path/to/css1", "/path/to/css2")}
+                js = (
+                    "/path/to/js1",
+                    "http://media.other.com/path/to/js2",
+                    "https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3",
+                )
 
         class MyWidget2(TextInput):
             class Media:
-                css = {
-                    'all': ('/path/to/css2', '/path/to/css3')
-                }
-                js = ('/path/to/js1', '/path/to/js4')
+                css = {"all": ("/path/to/css2", "/path/to/css3")}
+                js = ("/path/to/js1", "/path/to/js4")
 
         class MyWidget3(TextInput):
             class Media:
-                css = {
-                    'all': ('path/to/css1', '/path/to/css3')
-                }
-                js = ('/path/to/js1', '/path/to/js4')
+                css = {"all": ("path/to/css1", "/path/to/css3")}
+                js = ("/path/to/js1", "/path/to/js4")
 
         w1 = MyWidget1()
         w2 = MyWidget2()
@@ -126,7 +132,7 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <script src="/path/to/js1"></script>
 <script src="http://media.other.com/path/to/js2"></script>
 <script src="/path/to/js4"></script>
-<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>"""
+<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>""",
         )
 
         # media addition hasn't affected the original objects
@@ -136,7 +142,7 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <link href="/path/to/css2" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
 <script src="/path/to/js1"></script>
 <script src="http://media.other.com/path/to/js2"></script>
-<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>"""
+<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>""",
         )
 
         # Regression check for #12879: specifying the same CSS or JS file
@@ -144,23 +150,29 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         # only being included once.
         class MyWidget4(TextInput):
             class Media:
-                css = {'all': ('/path/to/css1', '/path/to/css1')}
-                js = ('/path/to/js1', '/path/to/js1')
+                css = {"all": ("/path/to/css1", "/path/to/css1")}
+                js = ("/path/to/js1", "/path/to/js1")
 
         w4 = MyWidget4()
-        self.assertEqual(str(w4.media), """<link href="/path/to/css1" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
-<script src="/path/to/js1"></script>""")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            str(w4.media),
+            """<link href="/path/to/css1" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
+<script src="/path/to/js1"></script>""",
+        )
 
     def test_media_deduplication(self):
         # A deduplication test applied directly to a Media object, to confirm
         # that the deduplication doesn't only happen at the point of merging
         # two or more media objects.
         media = Media(
-            css={'all': ('/path/to/css1', '/path/to/css1')},
-            js=('/path/to/js1', '/path/to/js1'),
+            css={"all": ("/path/to/css1", "/path/to/css1")},
+            js=("/path/to/js1", "/path/to/js1"),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            str(media),
+            """<link href="/path/to/css1" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
+<script src="/path/to/js1"></script>""",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(str(media), """<link href="/path/to/css1" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
-<script src="/path/to/js1"></script>""")
 
     def test_media_property(self):
         ###############################################################
@@ -170,38 +182,53 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         # Widget media can be defined as a property
         class MyWidget4(TextInput):
             def _media(self):
-                return Media(css={'all': ('/some/path',)}, js=('/some/js',))
+                return Media(css={"all": ("/some/path",)}, js=("/some/js",))
+
             media = property(_media)
 
         w4 = MyWidget4()
-        self.assertEqual(str(w4.media), """<link href="/some/path" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
-<script src="/some/js"></script>""")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            str(w4.media),
+            """<link href="/some/path" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
+<script src="/some/js"></script>""",
+        )
 
         # Media properties can reference the media of their parents
         class MyWidget5(MyWidget4):
             def _media(self):
-                return super().media + Media(css={'all': ('/other/path',)}, js=('/other/js',))
+                return super().media + Media(
+                    css={"all": ("/other/path",)}, js=("/other/js",)
+                )
+
             media = property(_media)
 
         w5 = MyWidget5()
-        self.assertEqual(str(w5.media), """<link href="/some/path" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
+        self.assertEqual(
+            str(w5.media),
+            """<link href="/some/path" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
 <link href="/other/path" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
 <script src="/some/js"></script>
-<script src="/other/js"></script>""")
+<script src="/other/js"></script>""",
+        )
 
     def test_media_property_parent_references(self):
         # Media properties can reference the media of their parents,
         # even if the parent media was defined using a class
         class MyWidget1(TextInput):
             class Media:
-                css = {
-                    'all': ('path/to/css1', '/path/to/css2')
-                }
-                js = ('/path/to/js1', 'http://media.other.com/path/to/js2', 'https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3')
+                css = {"all": ("path/to/css1", "/path/to/css2")}
+                js = (
+                    "/path/to/js1",
+                    "http://media.other.com/path/to/js2",
+                    "https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3",
+                )
 
         class MyWidget6(MyWidget1):
             def _media(self):
-                return super().media + Media(css={'all': ('/other/path',)}, js=('/other/js',))
+                return super().media + Media(
+                    css={"all": ("/other/path",)}, js=("/other/js",)
+                )
+
             media = property(_media)
 
         w6 = MyWidget6()
@@ -213,7 +240,7 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <script src="/path/to/js1"></script>
 <script src="/other/js"></script>
 <script src="http://media.other.com/path/to/js2"></script>
-<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>"""
+<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>""",
         )
 
     def test_media_inheritance(self):
@@ -224,10 +251,12 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         # If a widget extends another but provides no media definition, it inherits the parent widget's media
         class MyWidget1(TextInput):
             class Media:
-                css = {
-                    'all': ('path/to/css1', '/path/to/css2')
-                }
-                js = ('/path/to/js1', 'http://media.other.com/path/to/js2', 'https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3')
+                css = {"all": ("path/to/css1", "/path/to/css2")}
+                js = (
+                    "/path/to/js1",
+                    "http://media.other.com/path/to/js2",
+                    "https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3",
+                )
 
         class MyWidget7(MyWidget1):
             pass
@@ -239,16 +268,14 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <link href="/path/to/css2" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
 <script src="/path/to/js1"></script>
 <script src="http://media.other.com/path/to/js2"></script>
-<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>"""
+<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>""",
         )
 
         # If a widget extends another but defines media, it extends the parent widget's media by default
         class MyWidget8(MyWidget1):
             class Media:
-                css = {
-                    'all': ('/path/to/css3', 'path/to/css1')
-                }
-                js = ('/path/to/js1', '/path/to/js4')
+                css = {"all": ("/path/to/css3", "path/to/css1")}
+                js = ("/path/to/js1", "/path/to/js4")
 
         w8 = MyWidget8()
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -259,7 +286,7 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <script src="/path/to/js1"></script>
 <script src="http://media.other.com/path/to/js2"></script>
 <script src="/path/to/js4"></script>
-<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>"""
+<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>""",
         )
 
     def test_media_inheritance_from_property(self):
@@ -267,22 +294,23 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         # even if the parent defined media using a property.
         class MyWidget1(TextInput):
             class Media:
-                css = {
-                    'all': ('path/to/css1', '/path/to/css2')
-                }
-                js = ('/path/to/js1', 'http://media.other.com/path/to/js2', 'https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3')
+                css = {"all": ("path/to/css1", "/path/to/css2")}
+                js = (
+                    "/path/to/js1",
+                    "http://media.other.com/path/to/js2",
+                    "https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3",
+                )
 
         class MyWidget4(TextInput):
             def _media(self):
-                return Media(css={'all': ('/some/path',)}, js=('/some/js',))
+                return Media(css={"all": ("/some/path",)}, js=("/some/js",))
+
             media = property(_media)
 
         class MyWidget9(MyWidget4):
             class Media:
-                css = {
-                    'all': ('/other/path',)
-                }
-                js = ('/other/js',)
+                css = {"all": ("/other/path",)}
+                js = ("/other/js",)
 
         w9 = MyWidget9()
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -290,40 +318,41 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             """<link href="/some/path" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
 <link href="/other/path" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
 <script src="/some/js"></script>
-<script src="/other/js"></script>"""
+<script src="/other/js"></script>""",
         )
 
         # A widget can disable media inheritance by specifying 'extend=False'
         class MyWidget10(MyWidget1):
             class Media:
                 extend = False
-                css = {
-                    'all': ('/path/to/css3', 'path/to/css1')
-                }
-                js = ('/path/to/js1', '/path/to/js4')
+                css = {"all": ("/path/to/css3", "path/to/css1")}
+                js = ("/path/to/js1", "/path/to/js4")
 
         w10 = MyWidget10()
-        self.assertEqual(str(w10.media), """<link href="/path/to/css3" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
+        self.assertEqual(
+            str(w10.media),
+            """<link href="/path/to/css3" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
 <link href="http://media.example.com/static/path/to/css1" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
 <script src="/path/to/js1"></script>
-<script src="/path/to/js4"></script>""")
+<script src="/path/to/js4"></script>""",
+        )
 
     def test_media_inheritance_extends(self):
         # A widget can explicitly enable full media inheritance by specifying 'extend=True'
         class MyWidget1(TextInput):
             class Media:
-                css = {
-                    'all': ('path/to/css1', '/path/to/css2')
-                }
-                js = ('/path/to/js1', 'http://media.other.com/path/to/js2', 'https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3')
+                css = {"all": ("path/to/css1", "/path/to/css2")}
+                js = (
+                    "/path/to/js1",
+                    "http://media.other.com/path/to/js2",
+                    "https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3",
+                )
 
         class MyWidget11(MyWidget1):
             class Media:
                 extend = True
-                css = {
-                    'all': ('/path/to/css3', 'path/to/css1')
-                }
-                js = ('/path/to/js1', '/path/to/js4')
+                css = {"all": ("/path/to/css3", "path/to/css1")}
+                js = ("/path/to/js1", "/path/to/js4")
 
         w11 = MyWidget11()
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -334,25 +363,25 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <script src="/path/to/js1"></script>
 <script src="http://media.other.com/path/to/js2"></script>
 <script src="/path/to/js4"></script>
-<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>"""
+<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>""",
         )
 
     def test_media_inheritance_single_type(self):
         # A widget can enable inheritance of one media type by specifying extend as a tuple
         class MyWidget1(TextInput):
             class Media:
-                css = {
-                    'all': ('path/to/css1', '/path/to/css2')
-                }
-                js = ('/path/to/js1', 'http://media.other.com/path/to/js2', 'https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3')
+                css = {"all": ("path/to/css1", "/path/to/css2")}
+                js = (
+                    "/path/to/js1",
+                    "http://media.other.com/path/to/js2",
+                    "https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3",
+                )
 
         class MyWidget12(MyWidget1):
             class Media:
-                extend = ('css',)
-                css = {
-                    'all': ('/path/to/css3', 'path/to/css1')
-                }
-                js = ('/path/to/js1', '/path/to/js4')
+                extend = ("css",)
+                css = {"all": ("/path/to/css3", "path/to/css1")}
+                js = ("/path/to/js1", "/path/to/js4")
 
         w12 = MyWidget12()
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -361,7 +390,7 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <link href="http://media.example.com/static/path/to/css1" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
 <link href="/path/to/css2" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
 <script src="/path/to/js1"></script>
-<script src="/path/to/js4"></script>"""
+<script src="/path/to/js4"></script>""",
         )
 
     def test_multi_media(self):
@@ -373,11 +402,11 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         class MultimediaWidget(TextInput):
             class Media:
                 css = {
-                    'screen, print': ('/file1', '/file2'),
-                    'screen': ('/file3',),
-                    'print': ('/file4',)
+                    "screen, print": ("/file1", "/file2"),
+                    "screen": ("/file3",),
+                    "print": ("/file4",),
                 }
-                js = ('/path/to/js1', '/path/to/js4')
+                js = ("/path/to/js1", "/path/to/js4")
 
         multimedia = MultimediaWidget()
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -387,7 +416,7 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <link href="/file1" media="screen, print" rel="stylesheet">
 <link href="/file2" media="screen, print" rel="stylesheet">
 <script src="/path/to/js1"></script>
-<script src="/path/to/js4"></script>"""
+<script src="/path/to/js4"></script>""",
         )
 
     def test_multi_widget(self):
@@ -397,24 +426,22 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 
         class MyWidget1(TextInput):
             class Media:
-                css = {
-                    'all': ('path/to/css1', '/path/to/css2')
-                }
-                js = ('/path/to/js1', 'http://media.other.com/path/to/js2', 'https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3')
+                css = {"all": ("path/to/css1", "/path/to/css2")}
+                js = (
+                    "/path/to/js1",
+                    "http://media.other.com/path/to/js2",
+                    "https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3",
+                )
 
         class MyWidget2(TextInput):
             class Media:
-                css = {
-                    'all': ('/path/to/css2', '/path/to/css3')
-                }
-                js = ('/path/to/js1', '/path/to/js4')
+                css = {"all": ("/path/to/css2", "/path/to/css3")}
+                js = ("/path/to/js1", "/path/to/js4")
 
         class MyWidget3(TextInput):
             class Media:
-                css = {
-                    'all': ('path/to/css1', '/path/to/css3')
-                }
-                js = ('/path/to/js1', '/path/to/js4')
+                css = {"all": ("path/to/css1", "/path/to/css3")}
+                js = ("/path/to/js1", "/path/to/js4")
 
         # MultiWidgets have a default media definition that gets all the
         # media from the component widgets
@@ -432,7 +459,7 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <script src="/path/to/js1"></script>
 <script src="http://media.other.com/path/to/js2"></script>
 <script src="/path/to/js4"></script>
-<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>"""
+<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>""",
         )
 
     def test_form_media(self):
@@ -442,29 +469,28 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 
         class MyWidget1(TextInput):
             class Media:
-                css = {
-                    'all': ('path/to/css1', '/path/to/css2')
-                }
-                js = ('/path/to/js1', 'http://media.other.com/path/to/js2', 'https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3')
+                css = {"all": ("path/to/css1", "/path/to/css2")}
+                js = (
+                    "/path/to/js1",
+                    "http://media.other.com/path/to/js2",
+                    "https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3",
+                )
 
         class MyWidget2(TextInput):
             class Media:
-                css = {
-                    'all': ('/path/to/css2', '/path/to/css3')
-                }
-                js = ('/path/to/js1', '/path/to/js4')
+                css = {"all": ("/path/to/css2", "/path/to/css3")}
+                js = ("/path/to/js1", "/path/to/js4")
 
         class MyWidget3(TextInput):
             class Media:
-                css = {
-                    'all': ('path/to/css1', '/path/to/css3')
-                }
-                js = ('/path/to/js1', '/path/to/js4')
+                css = {"all": ("path/to/css1", "/path/to/css3")}
+                js = ("/path/to/js1", "/path/to/js4")
 
         # You can ask a form for the media required by its widgets.
         class MyForm(Form):
             field1 = CharField(max_length=20, widget=MyWidget1())
             field2 = CharField(max_length=20, widget=MyWidget2())
+
         f1 = MyForm()
         self.assertEqual(
             str(f1.media),
@@ -474,12 +500,13 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <script src="/path/to/js1"></script>
 <script src="http://media.other.com/path/to/js2"></script>
 <script src="/path/to/js4"></script>
-<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>"""
+<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>""",
         )
 
         # Form media can be combined to produce a single media definition.
         class AnotherForm(Form):
             field3 = CharField(max_length=20, widget=MyWidget3())
+
         f2 = AnotherForm()
         self.assertEqual(
             str(f1.media + f2.media),
@@ -489,7 +516,7 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <script src="/path/to/js1"></script>
 <script src="http://media.other.com/path/to/js2"></script>
 <script src="/path/to/js4"></script>
-<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>"""
+<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>""",
         )
 
         # Forms can also define media, following the same rules as widgets.
@@ -498,10 +525,9 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             field2 = CharField(max_length=20, widget=MyWidget2())
 
             class Media:
-                js = ('/some/form/javascript',)
-                css = {
-                    'all': ('/some/form/css',)
-                }
+                js = ("/some/form/javascript",)
+                css = {"all": ("/some/form/css",)}
+
         f3 = FormWithMedia()
         self.assertEqual(
             str(f3.media),
@@ -513,12 +539,14 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <script src="/some/form/javascript"></script>
 <script src="http://media.other.com/path/to/js2"></script>
 <script src="/path/to/js4"></script>
-<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>"""
+<script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>""",
         )
 
         # Media works in templates
         self.assertEqual(
-            Template("{{ form.media.js }}{{ form.media.css }}").render(Context({'form': f3})),
+            Template("{{ form.media.js }}{{ form.media.css }}").render(
+                Context({"form": f3})
+            ),
             """<script src="/path/to/js1"></script>
 <script src="/some/form/javascript"></script>
 <script src="http://media.other.com/path/to/js2"></script>
@@ -527,12 +555,12 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             """<link href="http://media.example.com/static/path/to/css1" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
 <link href="/some/form/css" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
 <link href="/path/to/css2" media="all" rel="stylesheet">
-<link href="/path/to/css3" media="all" rel="stylesheet">"""
+<link href="/path/to/css3" media="all" rel="stylesheet">""",
         )
 
     def test_html_safe(self):
-        media = Media(css={'all': ['/path/to/css']}, js=['/path/to/js'])
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(Media, '__html__'))
+        media = Media(css={"all": ["/path/to/css"]}, js=["/path/to/js"])
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(Media, "__html__"))
         self.assertEqual(str(media), media.__html__())
 
     def test_merge(self):
@@ -544,7 +572,10 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             (([1, 2], [1, 3]), [1, 2, 3]),
             (([1, 2], [3, 2]), [1, 3, 2]),
             (([1, 2], [1, 2]), [1, 2]),
-            ([[1, 2], [1, 3], [2, 3], [5, 7], [5, 6], [6, 7, 9], [8, 9]], [1, 5, 8, 2, 6, 3, 7, 9]),
+            (
+                [[1, 2], [1, 3], [2, 3], [5, 7], [5, 6], [6, 7, 9], [8, 9]],
+                [1, 5, 8, 2, 6, 3, 7, 9],
+            ),
             ((), []),
             (([1, 2],), [1, 2]),
         )
@@ -553,7 +584,7 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
                 self.assertEqual(Media.merge(*lists), expected)
 
     def test_merge_warning(self):
-        msg = 'Detected duplicate Media files in an opposite order: [1, 2], [2, 1]'
+        msg = "Detected duplicate Media files in an opposite order: [1, 2], [2, 1]"
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(RuntimeWarning, msg):
             self.assertEqual(Media.merge([1, 2], [2, 1]), [1, 2])
 
@@ -561,51 +592,60 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         The relative order of scripts is preserved in a three-way merge.
         """
-        widget1 = Media(js=['color-picker.js'])
-        widget2 = Media(js=['text-editor.js'])
-        widget3 = Media(js=['text-editor.js', 'text-editor-extras.js', 'color-picker.js'])
+        widget1 = Media(js=["color-picker.js"])
+        widget2 = Media(js=["text-editor.js"])
+        widget3 = Media(
+            js=["text-editor.js", "text-editor-extras.js", "color-picker.js"]
+        )
         merged = widget1 + widget2 + widget3
-        self.assertEqual(merged._js, ['text-editor.js', 'text-editor-extras.js', 'color-picker.js'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            merged._js, ["text-editor.js", "text-editor-extras.js", "color-picker.js"]
+        )
 
     def test_merge_js_three_way2(self):
         # The merge prefers to place 'c' before 'b' and 'g' before 'h' to
         # preserve the original order. The preference 'c'->'b' is overridden by
         # widget3's media, but 'g'->'h' survives in the final ordering.
-        widget1 = Media(js=['a', 'c', 'f', 'g', 'k'])
-        widget2 = Media(js=['a', 'b', 'f', 'h', 'k'])
-        widget3 = Media(js=['b', 'c', 'f', 'k'])
+        widget1 = Media(js=["a", "c", "f", "g", "k"])
+        widget2 = Media(js=["a", "b", "f", "h", "k"])
+        widget3 = Media(js=["b", "c", "f", "k"])
         merged = widget1 + widget2 + widget3
-        self.assertEqual(merged._js, ['a', 'b', 'c', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'k'])
+        self.assertEqual(merged._js, ["a", "b", "c", "f", "g", "h", "k"])
 
     def test_merge_css_three_way(self):
-        widget1 = Media(css={'screen': ['c.css'], 'all': ['d.css', 'e.css']})
-        widget2 = Media(css={'screen': ['a.css']})
-        widget3 = Media(css={'screen': ['a.css', 'b.css', 'c.css'], 'all': ['e.css']})
-        widget4 = Media(css={'all': ['d.css', 'e.css'], 'screen': ['c.css']})
+        widget1 = Media(css={"screen": ["c.css"], "all": ["d.css", "e.css"]})
+        widget2 = Media(css={"screen": ["a.css"]})
+        widget3 = Media(css={"screen": ["a.css", "b.css", "c.css"], "all": ["e.css"]})
+        widget4 = Media(css={"all": ["d.css", "e.css"], "screen": ["c.css"]})
         merged = widget1 + widget2
         # c.css comes before a.css because widget1 + widget2 establishes this
         # order.
-        self.assertEqual(merged._css, {'screen': ['c.css', 'a.css'], 'all': ['d.css', 'e.css']})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            merged._css, {"screen": ["c.css", "a.css"], "all": ["d.css", "e.css"]}
+        )
         merged = merged + widget3
         # widget3 contains an explicit ordering of c.css and a.css.
-        self.assertEqual(merged._css, {'screen': ['a.css', 'b.css', 'c.css'], 'all': ['d.css', 'e.css']})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            merged._css,
+            {"screen": ["a.css", "b.css", "c.css"], "all": ["d.css", "e.css"]},
+        )
         # Media ordering does not matter.
         merged = widget1 + widget4
-        self.assertEqual(merged._css, {'screen': ['c.css'], 'all': ['d.css', 'e.css']})
+        self.assertEqual(merged._css, {"screen": ["c.css"], "all": ["d.css", "e.css"]})
 
     def test_add_js_deduplication(self):
-        widget1 = Media(js=['a', 'b', 'c'])
-        widget2 = Media(js=['a', 'b'])
-        widget3 = Media(js=['a', 'c', 'b'])
+        widget1 = Media(js=["a", "b", "c"])
+        widget2 = Media(js=["a", "b"])
+        widget3 = Media(js=["a", "c", "b"])
         merged = widget1 + widget1
-        self.assertEqual(merged._js_lists, [['a', 'b', 'c']])
-        self.assertEqual(merged._js, ['a', 'b', 'c'])
+        self.assertEqual(merged._js_lists, [["a", "b", "c"]])
+        self.assertEqual(merged._js, ["a", "b", "c"])
         merged = widget1 + widget2
-        self.assertEqual(merged._js_lists, [['a', 'b', 'c'], ['a', 'b']])
-        self.assertEqual(merged._js, ['a', 'b', 'c'])
+        self.assertEqual(merged._js_lists, [["a", "b", "c"], ["a", "b"]])
+        self.assertEqual(merged._js, ["a", "b", "c"])
         # Lists with items in a different order are preserved when added.
         merged = widget1 + widget3
-        self.assertEqual(merged._js_lists, [['a', 'b', 'c'], ['a', 'c', 'b']])
+        self.assertEqual(merged._js_lists, [["a", "b", "c"], ["a", "c", "b"]])
         msg = (
             "Detected duplicate Media files in an opposite order: "
             "['a', 'b', 'c'], ['a', 'c', 'b']"
@@ -614,25 +654,31 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             merged._js
 
     def test_add_css_deduplication(self):
-        widget1 = Media(css={'screen': ['a.css'], 'all': ['b.css']})
-        widget2 = Media(css={'screen': ['c.css']})
-        widget3 = Media(css={'screen': ['a.css'], 'all': ['b.css', 'c.css']})
-        widget4 = Media(css={'screen': ['a.css'], 'all': ['c.css', 'b.css']})
+        widget1 = Media(css={"screen": ["a.css"], "all": ["b.css"]})
+        widget2 = Media(css={"screen": ["c.css"]})
+        widget3 = Media(css={"screen": ["a.css"], "all": ["b.css", "c.css"]})
+        widget4 = Media(css={"screen": ["a.css"], "all": ["c.css", "b.css"]})
         merged = widget1 + widget1
-        self.assertEqual(merged._css_lists, [{'screen': ['a.css'], 'all': ['b.css']}])
-        self.assertEqual(merged._css, {'screen': ['a.css'], 'all': ['b.css']})
+        self.assertEqual(merged._css_lists, [{"screen": ["a.css"], "all": ["b.css"]}])
+        self.assertEqual(merged._css, {"screen": ["a.css"], "all": ["b.css"]})
         merged = widget1 + widget2
-        self.assertEqual(merged._css_lists, [
-            {'screen': ['a.css'], 'all': ['b.css']},
-            {'screen': ['c.css']},
-        ])
-        self.assertEqual(merged._css, {'screen': ['a.css', 'c.css'], 'all': ['b.css']})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            merged._css_lists,
+            [
+                {"screen": ["a.css"], "all": ["b.css"]},
+                {"screen": ["c.css"]},
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(merged._css, {"screen": ["a.css", "c.css"], "all": ["b.css"]})
         merged = widget3 + widget4
         # Ordering within lists is preserved.
-        self.assertEqual(merged._css_lists, [
-            {'screen': ['a.css'], 'all': ['b.css', 'c.css']},
-            {'screen': ['a.css'], 'all': ['c.css', 'b.css']}
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            merged._css_lists,
+            [
+                {"screen": ["a.css"], "all": ["b.css", "c.css"]},
+                {"screen": ["a.css"], "all": ["c.css", "b.css"]},
+            ],
+        )
         msg = (
             "Detected duplicate Media files in an opposite order: "
             "['b.css', 'c.css'], ['c.css', 'b.css']"
@@ -641,8 +687,8 @@ class FormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
             merged._css
 
     def test_add_empty(self):
-        media = Media(css={'screen': ['a.css']}, js=['a'])
+        media = Media(css={"screen": ["a.css"]}, js=["a"])
         empty_media = Media()
         merged = media + empty_media
-        self.assertEqual(merged._css_lists, [{'screen': ['a.css']}])
-        self.assertEqual(merged._js_lists, [['a']])
+        self.assertEqual(merged._css_lists, [{"screen": ["a.css"]}])
+        self.assertEqual(merged._js_lists, [["a"]])
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_renderers.py b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_renderers.py
index 47452fa489..3e973ad8fc 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_renderers.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_renderers.py
@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ import os
 import unittest
 
 from django.forms.renderers import (
-    BaseRenderer, DjangoTemplates, Jinja2, TemplatesSetting,
+    BaseRenderer,
+    DjangoTemplates,
+    Jinja2,
+    TemplatesSetting,
 )
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
@@ -13,38 +16,39 @@ except ImportError:
 
 
 class SharedTests:
-    expected_widget_dir = 'templates'
+    expected_widget_dir = "templates"
 
     def test_installed_apps_template_found(self):
         """Can find a custom template in INSTALLED_APPS."""
         renderer = self.renderer()
         # Found because forms_tests is .
-        tpl = renderer.get_template('forms_tests/custom_widget.html')
+        tpl = renderer.get_template("forms_tests/custom_widget.html")
         expected_path = os.path.abspath(
             os.path.join(
                 os.path.dirname(__file__),
-                '..',
-                self.expected_widget_dir + '/forms_tests/custom_widget.html',
+                "..",
+                self.expected_widget_dir + "/forms_tests/custom_widget.html",
             )
         )
         self.assertEqual(tpl.origin.name, expected_path)
 
 
 class BaseTemplateRendererTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_get_renderer(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, 'subclasses must implement get_template()'):
-            BaseRenderer().get_template('')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            NotImplementedError, "subclasses must implement get_template()"
+        ):
+            BaseRenderer().get_template("")
 
 
 class DjangoTemplatesTests(SharedTests, SimpleTestCase):
     renderer = DjangoTemplates
 
 
-@unittest.skipIf(jinja2 is None, 'jinja2 required')
+@unittest.skipIf(jinja2 is None, "jinja2 required")
 class Jinja2Tests(SharedTests, SimpleTestCase):
     renderer = Jinja2
-    expected_widget_dir = 'jinja2'
+    expected_widget_dir = "jinja2"
 
 
 class TemplatesSettingTests(SharedTests, SimpleTestCase):
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_utils.py b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_utils.py
index e0e9a0e22e..c4a2e5c651 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_utils.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_utils.py
@@ -16,28 +16,31 @@ class FormsUtilsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         # flatatt #
         ###########
 
-        self.assertEqual(flatatt({'id': "header"}), ' id="header"')
-        self.assertEqual(flatatt({'class': "news", 'title': "Read this"}), ' class="news" title="Read this"')
+        self.assertEqual(flatatt({"id": "header"}), ' id="header"')
         self.assertEqual(
-            flatatt({'class': "news", 'title': "Read this", 'required': "required"}),
-            ' class="news" required="required" title="Read this"'
+            flatatt({"class": "news", "title": "Read this"}),
+            ' class="news" title="Read this"',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            flatatt({'class': "news", 'title': "Read this", 'required': True}),
-            ' class="news" title="Read this" required'
+            flatatt({"class": "news", "title": "Read this", "required": "required"}),
+            ' class="news" required="required" title="Read this"',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            flatatt({'class': "news", 'title': "Read this", 'required': False}),
-            ' class="news" title="Read this"'
+            flatatt({"class": "news", "title": "Read this", "required": True}),
+            ' class="news" title="Read this" required',
         )
-        self.assertEqual(flatatt({'class': None}), '')
-        self.assertEqual(flatatt({}), '')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            flatatt({"class": "news", "title": "Read this", "required": False}),
+            ' class="news" title="Read this"',
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(flatatt({"class": None}), "")
+        self.assertEqual(flatatt({}), "")
 
     def test_flatatt_no_side_effects(self):
         """
         flatatt() does not modify the dict passed in.
         """
-        attrs = {'foo': 'bar', 'true': True, 'false': False}
+        attrs = {"foo": "bar", "true": True, "false": False}
         attrs_copy = copy.copy(attrs)
         self.assertEqual(attrs, attrs_copy)
 
@@ -58,46 +61,62 @@ class FormsUtilsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         # Can take a string.
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             str(ErrorList(ValidationError("There was an error.").messages)),
-            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>There was an error.</li></ul>'
+            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>There was an error.</li></ul>',
         )
         # Can take a Unicode string.
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             str(ErrorList(ValidationError("Not \u03C0.").messages)),
-            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Not π.</li></ul>'
+            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Not π.</li></ul>',
         )
         # Can take a lazy string.
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             str(ErrorList(ValidationError(gettext_lazy("Error.")).messages)),
-            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Error.</li></ul>'
+            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Error.</li></ul>',
         )
         # Can take a list.
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             str(ErrorList(ValidationError(["Error one.", "Error two."]).messages)),
-            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Error one.</li><li>Error two.</li></ul>'
+            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Error one.</li><li>Error two.</li></ul>',
         )
         # Can take a dict.
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(ErrorList(sorted(ValidationError({'error_1': "1. Error one.", 'error_2': "2. Error two."}).messages))),
-            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>1. Error one.</li><li>2. Error two.</li></ul>'
+            str(
+                ErrorList(
+                    sorted(
+                        ValidationError(
+                            {"error_1": "1. Error one.", "error_2": "2. Error two."}
+                        ).messages
+                    )
+                )
+            ),
+            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>1. Error one.</li><li>2. Error two.</li></ul>',
         )
         # Can take a mixture in a list.
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(ErrorList(sorted(ValidationError([
-                "1. First error.",
-                "2. Not \u03C0.",
-                gettext_lazy("3. Error."),
-                {
-                    'error_1': "4. First dict error.",
-                    'error_2': "5. Second dict error.",
-                },
-            ]).messages))),
+            str(
+                ErrorList(
+                    sorted(
+                        ValidationError(
+                            [
+                                "1. First error.",
+                                "2. Not \u03C0.",
+                                gettext_lazy("3. Error."),
+                                {
+                                    "error_1": "4. First dict error.",
+                                    "error_2": "5. Second dict error.",
+                                },
+                            ]
+                        ).messages
+                    )
+                )
+            ),
             '<ul class="errorlist">'
-            '<li>1. First error.</li>'
-            '<li>2. Not π.</li>'
-            '<li>3. Error.</li>'
-            '<li>4. First dict error.</li>'
-            '<li>5. Second dict error.</li>'
-            '</ul>'
+            "<li>1. First error.</li>"
+            "<li>2. Not π.</li>"
+            "<li>3. Error.</li>"
+            "<li>4. First dict error.</li>"
+            "<li>5. Second dict error.</li>"
+            "</ul>",
         )
 
         class VeryBadError:
@@ -107,7 +126,7 @@ class FormsUtilsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         # Can take a non-string.
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             str(ErrorList(ValidationError(VeryBadError()).messages)),
-            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>A very bad error.</li></ul>'
+            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>A very bad error.</li></ul>',
         )
 
         # Escapes non-safe input but not input marked safe.
@@ -115,36 +134,38 @@ class FormsUtilsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             str(ErrorList([example])),
             '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Example of link: '
-            '&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.example.com/&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt;</li></ul>'
+            "&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.example.com/&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt;</li></ul>",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             str(ErrorList([mark_safe(example)])),
             '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Example of link: '
-            '<a href="http://www.example.com/">example</a></li></ul>'
+            '<a href="http://www.example.com/">example</a></li></ul>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(ErrorDict({'name': example})),
+            str(ErrorDict({"name": example})),
             '<ul class="errorlist"><li>nameExample of link: '
-            '&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.example.com/&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt;</li></ul>'
+            "&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.example.com/&quot;&gt;example&lt;/a&gt;</li></ul>",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(ErrorDict({'name': mark_safe(example)})),
+            str(ErrorDict({"name": mark_safe(example)})),
             '<ul class="errorlist"><li>nameExample of link: '
-            '<a href="http://www.example.com/">example</a></li></ul>'
+            '<a href="http://www.example.com/">example</a></li></ul>',
         )
 
     def test_error_dict_copy(self):
         e = ErrorDict()
-        e['__all__'] = ErrorList([
-            ValidationError(
-                message='message %(i)s',
-                params={'i': 1},
-            ),
-            ValidationError(
-                message='message %(i)s',
-                params={'i': 2},
-            ),
-        ])
+        e["__all__"] = ErrorList(
+            [
+                ValidationError(
+                    message="message %(i)s",
+                    params={"i": 1},
+                ),
+                ValidationError(
+                    message="message %(i)s",
+                    params={"i": 2},
+                ),
+            ]
+        )
 
         e_copy = copy.copy(e)
         self.assertEqual(e, e_copy)
@@ -155,56 +176,70 @@ class FormsUtilsTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_error_dict_html_safe(self):
         e = ErrorDict()
-        e['username'] = 'Invalid username.'
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(ErrorDict, '__html__'))
+        e["username"] = "Invalid username."
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(ErrorDict, "__html__"))
         self.assertEqual(str(e), e.__html__())
 
     def test_error_list_html_safe(self):
-        e = ErrorList(['Invalid username.'])
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(ErrorList, '__html__'))
+        e = ErrorList(["Invalid username."])
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(ErrorList, "__html__"))
         self.assertEqual(str(e), e.__html__())
 
     def test_error_dict_is_dict(self):
         self.assertIsInstance(ErrorDict(), dict)
 
     def test_error_dict_is_json_serializable(self):
-        init_errors = ErrorDict([
-            ('__all__', ErrorList([
-                ValidationError('Sorry this form only works on leap days.')
-            ])),
-            ('name', ErrorList([ValidationError('This field is required.')])),
-        ])
-        min_value_error_list = ErrorList([
-            ValidationError('Ensure this value is greater than or equal to 0.')
-        ])
+        init_errors = ErrorDict(
+            [
+                (
+                    "__all__",
+                    ErrorList(
+                        [ValidationError("Sorry this form only works on leap days.")]
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("name", ErrorList([ValidationError("This field is required.")])),
+            ]
+        )
+        min_value_error_list = ErrorList(
+            [ValidationError("Ensure this value is greater than or equal to 0.")]
+        )
         e = ErrorDict(
             init_errors,
-            date=ErrorList([
-                ErrorDict({
-                    'day': min_value_error_list,
-                    'month': min_value_error_list,
-                    'year': min_value_error_list,
-                }),
-            ]),
-        )
-        e['renderer'] = ErrorList([
-            ValidationError(
-                'Select a valid choice. That choice is not one of the '
-                'available choices.'
+            date=ErrorList(
+                [
+                    ErrorDict(
+                        {
+                            "day": min_value_error_list,
+                            "month": min_value_error_list,
+                            "year": min_value_error_list,
+                        }
+                    ),
+                ]
             ),
-        ])
-        self.assertJSONEqual(json.dumps(e), {
-            '__all__': ['Sorry this form only works on leap days.'],
-            'name': ['This field is required.'],
-            'date': [
-                {
-                    'day': ['Ensure this value is greater than or equal to 0.'],
-                    'month': ['Ensure this value is greater than or equal to 0.'],
-                    'year': ['Ensure this value is greater than or equal to 0.'],
-                },
-            ],
-            'renderer': [
-                'Select a valid choice. That choice is not one of the '
-                'available choices.'
-            ],
-        })
+        )
+        e["renderer"] = ErrorList(
+            [
+                ValidationError(
+                    "Select a valid choice. That choice is not one of the "
+                    "available choices."
+                ),
+            ]
+        )
+        self.assertJSONEqual(
+            json.dumps(e),
+            {
+                "__all__": ["Sorry this form only works on leap days."],
+                "name": ["This field is required."],
+                "date": [
+                    {
+                        "day": ["Ensure this value is greater than or equal to 0."],
+                        "month": ["Ensure this value is greater than or equal to 0."],
+                        "year": ["Ensure this value is greater than or equal to 0."],
+                    },
+                ],
+                "renderer": [
+                    "Select a valid choice. That choice is not one of the "
+                    "available choices."
+                ],
+            },
+        )
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_validators.py b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_validators.py
index 2f26bbfbb7..731e1c9817 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_validators.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_validators.py
@@ -16,40 +16,42 @@ class TestFieldWithValidators(TestCase):
                 validators=[
                     validators.validate_integer,
                     validators.validate_email,
-                ]
+                ],
             )
             string = forms.CharField(
                 max_length=50,
                 validators=[
                     validators.RegexValidator(
-                        regex='^[a-zA-Z]*$',
+                        regex="^[a-zA-Z]*$",
                         message="Letters only.",
                     )
-                ]
+                ],
             )
             ignore_case_string = forms.CharField(
                 max_length=50,
                 validators=[
                     validators.RegexValidator(
-                        regex='^[a-z]*$',
+                        regex="^[a-z]*$",
                         message="Letters only.",
                         flags=re.IGNORECASE,
                     )
-                ]
+                ],
             )
 
-        form = UserForm({
-            'full_name': 'not int nor mail',
-            'string': '2 is not correct',
-            'ignore_case_string': "IgnORE Case strIng",
-        })
+        form = UserForm(
+            {
+                "full_name": "not int nor mail",
+                "string": "2 is not correct",
+                "ignore_case_string": "IgnORE Case strIng",
+            }
+        )
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as e:
-            form.fields['full_name'].clean('not int nor mail')
+            form.fields["full_name"].clean("not int nor mail")
         self.assertEqual(2, len(e.exception.messages))
 
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors['string'], ["Letters only."])
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors['string'], ["Letters only."])
+        self.assertEqual(form.errors["string"], ["Letters only."])
+        self.assertEqual(form.errors["string"], ["Letters only."])
 
     def test_field_validators_can_be_any_iterable(self):
         class UserForm(forms.Form):
@@ -58,39 +60,42 @@ class TestFieldWithValidators(TestCase):
                 validators=(
                     validators.validate_integer,
                     validators.validate_email,
-                )
+                ),
             )
 
-        form = UserForm({'full_name': 'not int nor mail'})
+        form = UserForm({"full_name": "not int nor mail"})
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors['full_name'], ['Enter a valid integer.', 'Enter a valid email address.'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.errors["full_name"],
+            ["Enter a valid integer.", "Enter a valid email address."],
+        )
 
 
 class ValidatorCustomMessageTests(TestCase):
     def test_value_placeholder_with_char_field(self):
         cases = [
-            (validators.validate_integer, '-42.5', 'invalid'),
-            (validators.validate_email, 'a', 'invalid'),
-            (validators.validate_email, 'a@b\n.com', 'invalid'),
-            (validators.validate_email, 'a\n@b.com', 'invalid'),
-            (validators.validate_slug, '你 好', 'invalid'),
-            (validators.validate_unicode_slug, '你 好', 'invalid'),
-            (validators.validate_ipv4_address, '256.1.1.1', 'invalid'),
-            (validators.validate_ipv6_address, '1:2', 'invalid'),
-            (validators.validate_ipv46_address, '256.1.1.1', 'invalid'),
-            (validators.validate_comma_separated_integer_list, 'a,b,c', 'invalid'),
-            (validators.int_list_validator(), '-1,2,3', 'invalid'),
-            (validators.MaxLengthValidator(10), 11 * 'x', 'max_length'),
-            (validators.MinLengthValidator(10), 9 * 'x', 'min_length'),
-            (validators.URLValidator(), 'no_scheme', 'invalid'),
-            (validators.URLValidator(), 'http://test[.com', 'invalid'),
-            (validators.URLValidator(), 'http://[::1:2::3]/', 'invalid'),
+            (validators.validate_integer, "-42.5", "invalid"),
+            (validators.validate_email, "a", "invalid"),
+            (validators.validate_email, "a@b\n.com", "invalid"),
+            (validators.validate_email, "a\n@b.com", "invalid"),
+            (validators.validate_slug, "你 好", "invalid"),
+            (validators.validate_unicode_slug, "你 好", "invalid"),
+            (validators.validate_ipv4_address, "256.1.1.1", "invalid"),
+            (validators.validate_ipv6_address, "1:2", "invalid"),
+            (validators.validate_ipv46_address, "256.1.1.1", "invalid"),
+            (validators.validate_comma_separated_integer_list, "a,b,c", "invalid"),
+            (validators.int_list_validator(), "-1,2,3", "invalid"),
+            (validators.MaxLengthValidator(10), 11 * "x", "max_length"),
+            (validators.MinLengthValidator(10), 9 * "x", "min_length"),
+            (validators.URLValidator(), "no_scheme", "invalid"),
+            (validators.URLValidator(), "http://test[.com", "invalid"),
+            (validators.URLValidator(), "http://[::1:2::3]/", "invalid"),
             (
                 validators.URLValidator(),
-                'http://' + '.'.join(['a' * 35 for _ in range(9)]),
-                'invalid',
+                "http://" + ".".join(["a" * 35 for _ in range(9)]),
+                "invalid",
             ),
-            (validators.RegexValidator('[0-9]+'), 'xxxxxx', 'invalid'),
+            (validators.RegexValidator("[0-9]+"), "xxxxxx", "invalid"),
         ]
         for validator, value, code in cases:
             if isinstance(validator, types.FunctionType):
@@ -98,71 +103,74 @@ class ValidatorCustomMessageTests(TestCase):
             else:
                 name = type(validator).__name__
             with self.subTest(name, value=value):
+
                 class MyForm(forms.Form):
                     field = forms.CharField(
                         validators=[validator],
-                        error_messages={code: '%(value)s'},
+                        error_messages={code: "%(value)s"},
                     )
 
-                form = MyForm({'field': value})
+                form = MyForm({"field": value})
                 self.assertIs(form.is_valid(), False)
-                self.assertEqual(form.errors, {'field': [value]})
+                self.assertEqual(form.errors, {"field": [value]})
 
     def test_value_placeholder_with_null_character(self):
         class MyForm(forms.Form):
             field = forms.CharField(
-                error_messages={'null_characters_not_allowed': '%(value)s'},
+                error_messages={"null_characters_not_allowed": "%(value)s"},
             )
 
-        form = MyForm({'field': 'a\0b'})
+        form = MyForm({"field": "a\0b"})
         self.assertIs(form.is_valid(), False)
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {'field': ['a\x00b']})
+        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {"field": ["a\x00b"]})
 
     def test_value_placeholder_with_integer_field(self):
         cases = [
-            (validators.MaxValueValidator(0), 1, 'max_value'),
-            (validators.MinValueValidator(0), -1, 'min_value'),
-            (validators.URLValidator(), '1', 'invalid'),
+            (validators.MaxValueValidator(0), 1, "max_value"),
+            (validators.MinValueValidator(0), -1, "min_value"),
+            (validators.URLValidator(), "1", "invalid"),
         ]
         for validator, value, code in cases:
             with self.subTest(type(validator).__name__, value=value):
+
                 class MyForm(forms.Form):
                     field = forms.IntegerField(
                         validators=[validator],
-                        error_messages={code: '%(value)s'},
+                        error_messages={code: "%(value)s"},
                     )
 
-                form = MyForm({'field': value})
+                form = MyForm({"field": value})
                 self.assertIs(form.is_valid(), False)
-                self.assertEqual(form.errors, {'field': [str(value)]})
+                self.assertEqual(form.errors, {"field": [str(value)]})
 
     def test_value_placeholder_with_decimal_field(self):
         cases = [
-            ('NaN', 'invalid'),
-            ('123', 'max_digits'),
-            ('0.12', 'max_decimal_places'),
-            ('12', 'max_whole_digits'),
+            ("NaN", "invalid"),
+            ("123", "max_digits"),
+            ("0.12", "max_decimal_places"),
+            ("12", "max_whole_digits"),
         ]
         for value, code in cases:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
+
                 class MyForm(forms.Form):
                     field = forms.DecimalField(
                         max_digits=2,
                         decimal_places=1,
-                        error_messages={code: '%(value)s'},
+                        error_messages={code: "%(value)s"},
                     )
 
-                form = MyForm({'field': value})
+                form = MyForm({"field": value})
                 self.assertIs(form.is_valid(), False)
-                self.assertEqual(form.errors, {'field': [value]})
+                self.assertEqual(form.errors, {"field": [value]})
 
     def test_value_placeholder_with_file_field(self):
         class MyForm(forms.Form):
             field = forms.FileField(
                 validators=[validators.validate_image_file_extension],
-                error_messages={'invalid_extension': '%(value)s'},
+                error_messages={"invalid_extension": "%(value)s"},
             )
 
-        form = MyForm(files={'field': SimpleUploadedFile('myfile.txt', b'abc')})
+        form = MyForm(files={"field": SimpleUploadedFile("myfile.txt", b"abc")})
         self.assertIs(form.is_valid(), False)
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {'field': ['myfile.txt']})
+        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {"field": ["myfile.txt"]})
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_widgets.py b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_widgets.py
index f429f92547..e28c1f2462 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_widgets.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/tests/test_widgets.py
@@ -5,18 +5,21 @@ from django.urls import reverse
 from ..models import Article
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='forms_tests.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="forms_tests.urls")
 class LiveWidgetTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['forms_tests'] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
+    available_apps = ["forms_tests"] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
 
     def test_textarea_trailing_newlines(self):
         """
         A roundtrip on a ModelForm doesn't alter the TextField value
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
         article = Article.objects.create(content="\nTst\n")
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('article_form', args=[article.pk]))
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'submit').click()
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("article_form", args=[article.pk])
+        )
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "submit").click()
         article = Article.objects.get(pk=article.pk)
         self.assertEqual(article.content, "\r\nTst\r\n")
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/tests/tests.py b/tests/forms_tests/tests/tests.py
index 24ae09a800..5a860037e5 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/tests/tests.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/tests/tests.py
@@ -7,8 +7,13 @@ from django.forms.models import ModelFormMetaclass
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase
 
 from ..models import (
-    BoundaryModel, ChoiceFieldModel, ChoiceModel, ChoiceOptionModel, Defaults,
-    FileModel, OptionalMultiChoiceModel,
+    BoundaryModel,
+    ChoiceFieldModel,
+    ChoiceModel,
+    ChoiceOptionModel,
+    Defaults,
+    FileModel,
+    OptionalMultiChoiceModel,
 )
 from . import jinja2_tests
 
@@ -16,39 +21,39 @@ from . import jinja2_tests
 class ChoiceFieldForm(ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = ChoiceFieldModel
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class OptionalMultiChoiceModelForm(ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = OptionalMultiChoiceModel
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class ChoiceFieldExclusionForm(ModelForm):
     multi_choice = CharField(max_length=50)
 
     class Meta:
-        exclude = ['multi_choice']
+        exclude = ["multi_choice"]
         model = ChoiceFieldModel
 
 
 class EmptyCharLabelChoiceForm(ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = ChoiceModel
-        fields = ['name', 'choice']
+        fields = ["name", "choice"]
 
 
 class EmptyIntegerLabelChoiceForm(ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = ChoiceModel
-        fields = ['name', 'choice_integer']
+        fields = ["name", "choice_integer"]
 
 
 class EmptyCharLabelNoneChoiceForm(ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = ChoiceModel
-        fields = ['name', 'choice_string_w_none']
+        fields = ["name", "choice_string_w_none"]
 
 
 class FileForm(Form):
@@ -59,31 +64,36 @@ class TestTicket14567(TestCase):
     """
     The return values of ModelMultipleChoiceFields are QuerySets
     """
+
     def test_empty_queryset_return(self):
         "If a model's ManyToManyField has blank=True and is saved with no data, a queryset is returned."
-        option = ChoiceOptionModel.objects.create(name='default')
-        form = OptionalMultiChoiceModelForm({'multi_choice_optional': '', 'multi_choice': [option.pk]})
+        option = ChoiceOptionModel.objects.create(name="default")
+        form = OptionalMultiChoiceModelForm(
+            {"multi_choice_optional": "", "multi_choice": [option.pk]}
+        )
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         # The empty value is a QuerySet
-        self.assertIsInstance(form.cleaned_data['multi_choice_optional'], models.query.QuerySet)
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            form.cleaned_data["multi_choice_optional"], models.query.QuerySet
+        )
         # While we're at it, test whether a QuerySet is returned if there *is* a value.
-        self.assertIsInstance(form.cleaned_data['multi_choice'], models.query.QuerySet)
+        self.assertIsInstance(form.cleaned_data["multi_choice"], models.query.QuerySet)
 
 
 class ModelFormCallableModelDefault(TestCase):
     def test_no_empty_option(self):
         "If a model's ForeignKey has blank=False and a default, no empty option is created (Refs #10792)."
-        option = ChoiceOptionModel.objects.create(name='default')
+        option = ChoiceOptionModel.objects.create(name="default")
 
-        choices = list(ChoiceFieldForm().fields['choice'].choices)
+        choices = list(ChoiceFieldForm().fields["choice"].choices)
         self.assertEqual(len(choices), 1)
         self.assertEqual(choices[0], (option.pk, str(option)))
 
     def test_callable_initial_value(self):
         "The initial value for a callable default returning a queryset is the pk (refs #13769)"
-        ChoiceOptionModel.objects.create(id=1, name='default')
-        ChoiceOptionModel.objects.create(id=2, name='option 2')
-        ChoiceOptionModel.objects.create(id=3, name='option 3')
+        ChoiceOptionModel.objects.create(id=1, name="default")
+        ChoiceOptionModel.objects.create(id=2, name="option 2")
+        ChoiceOptionModel.objects.create(id=3, name="option 3")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             ChoiceFieldForm().as_p(),
             """<p><label for="id_choice">Choice:</label> <select name="choice" id="id_choice">
@@ -107,21 +117,25 @@ class ModelFormCallableModelDefault(TestCase):
 <option value="1" selected>ChoiceOption 1</option>
 <option value="2">ChoiceOption 2</option>
 <option value="3">ChoiceOption 3</option>
-</select><input type="hidden" name="initial-multi_choice_int" value="1" id="initial-id_multi_choice_int_0"></p>"""
+</select><input type="hidden" name="initial-multi_choice_int" value="1" id="initial-id_multi_choice_int_0"></p>""",
         )
 
     def test_initial_instance_value(self):
         "Initial instances for model fields may also be instances (refs #7287)"
-        ChoiceOptionModel.objects.create(id=1, name='default')
-        obj2 = ChoiceOptionModel.objects.create(id=2, name='option 2')
-        obj3 = ChoiceOptionModel.objects.create(id=3, name='option 3')
+        ChoiceOptionModel.objects.create(id=1, name="default")
+        obj2 = ChoiceOptionModel.objects.create(id=2, name="option 2")
+        obj3 = ChoiceOptionModel.objects.create(id=3, name="option 3")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            ChoiceFieldForm(initial={
-                'choice': obj2,
-                'choice_int': obj2,
-                'multi_choice': [obj2, obj3],
-                'multi_choice_int': ChoiceOptionModel.objects.exclude(name="default"),
-            }).as_p(),
+            ChoiceFieldForm(
+                initial={
+                    "choice": obj2,
+                    "choice_int": obj2,
+                    "multi_choice": [obj2, obj3],
+                    "multi_choice_int": ChoiceOptionModel.objects.exclude(
+                        name="default"
+                    ),
+                }
+            ).as_p(),
             """<p><label for="id_choice">Choice:</label> <select name="choice" id="id_choice">
 <option value="1">ChoiceOption 1</option>
 <option value="2" selected>ChoiceOption 2</option>
@@ -145,19 +159,24 @@ class ModelFormCallableModelDefault(TestCase):
 <option value="2" selected>ChoiceOption 2</option>
 <option value="3" selected>ChoiceOption 3</option>
 </select><input type="hidden" name="initial-multi_choice_int" value="2" id="initial-id_multi_choice_int_0">
-<input type="hidden" name="initial-multi_choice_int" value="3" id="initial-id_multi_choice_int_1"></p>"""
+<input type="hidden" name="initial-multi_choice_int" value="3" id="initial-id_multi_choice_int_1"></p>""",
         )
 
 
 class FormsModelTestCase(TestCase):
     def test_unicode_filename(self):
         # FileModel with Unicode filename and data #########################
-        file1 = SimpleUploadedFile('我隻氣墊船裝滿晒鱔.txt', 'मेरी मँडराने वाली नाव सर्पमीनों से भरी ह'.encode())
-        f = FileForm(data={}, files={'file1': file1}, auto_id=False)
+        file1 = SimpleUploadedFile(
+            "我隻氣墊船裝滿晒鱔.txt", "मेरी मँडराने वाली नाव सर्पमीनों से भरी ह".encode()
+        )
+        f = FileForm(data={}, files={"file1": file1}, auto_id=False)
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
-        self.assertIn('file1', f.cleaned_data)
-        m = FileModel.objects.create(file=f.cleaned_data['file1'])
-        self.assertEqual(m.file.name, 'tests/\u6211\u96bb\u6c23\u588a\u8239\u88dd\u6eff\u6652\u9c54.txt')
+        self.assertIn("file1", f.cleaned_data)
+        m = FileModel.objects.create(file=f.cleaned_data["file1"])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            m.file.name,
+            "tests/\u6211\u96bb\u6c23\u588a\u8239\u88dd\u6eff\u6652\u9c54.txt",
+        )
         m.delete()
 
     def test_boundary_conditions(self):
@@ -165,13 +184,13 @@ class FormsModelTestCase(TestCase):
         class BoundaryForm(ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = BoundaryModel
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
-        f = BoundaryForm({'positive_integer': 100})
+        f = BoundaryForm({"positive_integer": 100})
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
-        f = BoundaryForm({'positive_integer': 0})
+        f = BoundaryForm({"positive_integer": 0})
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
-        f = BoundaryForm({'positive_integer': -100})
+        f = BoundaryForm({"positive_integer": -100})
         self.assertFalse(f.is_valid())
 
     def test_formfield_initial(self):
@@ -181,22 +200,26 @@ class FormsModelTestCase(TestCase):
         class DefaultsForm(ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Defaults
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
-        self.assertEqual(DefaultsForm().fields['name'].initial, 'class default value')
-        self.assertEqual(DefaultsForm().fields['def_date'].initial, datetime.date(1980, 1, 1))
-        self.assertEqual(DefaultsForm().fields['value'].initial, 42)
-        r1 = DefaultsForm()['callable_default'].as_widget()
-        r2 = DefaultsForm()['callable_default'].as_widget()
+        self.assertEqual(DefaultsForm().fields["name"].initial, "class default value")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            DefaultsForm().fields["def_date"].initial, datetime.date(1980, 1, 1)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(DefaultsForm().fields["value"].initial, 42)
+        r1 = DefaultsForm()["callable_default"].as_widget()
+        r2 = DefaultsForm()["callable_default"].as_widget()
         self.assertNotEqual(r1, r2)
 
         # In a ModelForm that is passed an instance, the initial values come from the
         # instance's values, not the model's defaults.
-        foo_instance = Defaults(name='instance value', def_date=datetime.date(1969, 4, 4), value=12)
+        foo_instance = Defaults(
+            name="instance value", def_date=datetime.date(1969, 4, 4), value=12
+        )
         instance_form = DefaultsForm(instance=foo_instance)
-        self.assertEqual(instance_form.initial['name'], 'instance value')
-        self.assertEqual(instance_form.initial['def_date'], datetime.date(1969, 4, 4))
-        self.assertEqual(instance_form.initial['value'], 12)
+        self.assertEqual(instance_form.initial["name"], "instance value")
+        self.assertEqual(instance_form.initial["def_date"], datetime.date(1969, 4, 4))
+        self.assertEqual(instance_form.initial["value"], 12)
 
         from django.forms import CharField
 
@@ -205,13 +228,15 @@ class FormsModelTestCase(TestCase):
 
             class Meta:
                 model = Defaults
-                exclude = ['name', 'callable_default']
+                exclude = ["name", "callable_default"]
 
-        f = ExcludingForm({'name': 'Hello', 'value': 99, 'def_date': datetime.date(1999, 3, 2)})
+        f = ExcludingForm(
+            {"name": "Hello", "value": 99, "def_date": datetime.date(1999, 3, 2)}
+        )
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['name'], 'Hello')
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["name"], "Hello")
         obj = f.save()
-        self.assertEqual(obj.name, 'class default value')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.name, "class default value")
         self.assertEqual(obj.value, 99)
         self.assertEqual(obj.def_date, datetime.date(1999, 3, 2))
 
@@ -221,19 +246,20 @@ class RelatedModelFormTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         Test for issue 10405
         """
+
         class A(models.Model):
             ref = models.ForeignKey("B", models.CASCADE)
 
         class Meta:
             model = A
-            fields = '__all__'
+            fields = "__all__"
 
         msg = (
             "Cannot create form field for 'ref' yet, because "
             "its related model 'B' has not been loaded yet"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            ModelFormMetaclass('Form', (ModelForm,), {'Meta': Meta})
+            ModelFormMetaclass("Form", (ModelForm,), {"Meta": Meta})
 
         class B(models.Model):
             pass
@@ -242,6 +268,7 @@ class RelatedModelFormTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         Test for issue 10405
         """
+
         class C(models.Model):
             ref = models.ForeignKey("D", models.CASCADE)
 
@@ -250,38 +277,45 @@ class RelatedModelFormTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         class Meta:
             model = C
-            fields = '__all__'
+            fields = "__all__"
 
-        self.assertTrue(issubclass(ModelFormMetaclass('Form', (ModelForm,), {'Meta': Meta}), ModelForm))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            issubclass(
+                ModelFormMetaclass("Form", (ModelForm,), {"Meta": Meta}), ModelForm
+            )
+        )
 
 
 class ManyToManyExclusionTestCase(TestCase):
     def test_m2m_field_exclusion(self):
         # Issue 12337. save_instance should honor the passed-in exclude keyword.
-        opt1 = ChoiceOptionModel.objects.create(id=1, name='default')
-        opt2 = ChoiceOptionModel.objects.create(id=2, name='option 2')
-        opt3 = ChoiceOptionModel.objects.create(id=3, name='option 3')
+        opt1 = ChoiceOptionModel.objects.create(id=1, name="default")
+        opt2 = ChoiceOptionModel.objects.create(id=2, name="option 2")
+        opt3 = ChoiceOptionModel.objects.create(id=3, name="option 3")
         initial = {
-            'choice': opt1,
-            'choice_int': opt1,
+            "choice": opt1,
+            "choice_int": opt1,
         }
         data = {
-            'choice': opt2.pk,
-            'choice_int': opt2.pk,
-            'multi_choice': 'string data!',
-            'multi_choice_int': [opt1.pk],
+            "choice": opt2.pk,
+            "choice_int": opt2.pk,
+            "multi_choice": "string data!",
+            "multi_choice_int": [opt1.pk],
         }
         instance = ChoiceFieldModel.objects.create(**initial)
         instance.multi_choice.set([opt2, opt3])
         instance.multi_choice_int.set([opt2, opt3])
         form = ChoiceFieldExclusionForm(data=data, instance=instance)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['multi_choice'], data['multi_choice'])
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data["multi_choice"], data["multi_choice"])
         form.save()
-        self.assertEqual(form.instance.choice.pk, data['choice'])
-        self.assertEqual(form.instance.choice_int.pk, data['choice_int'])
+        self.assertEqual(form.instance.choice.pk, data["choice"])
+        self.assertEqual(form.instance.choice_int.pk, data["choice_int"])
         self.assertEqual(list(form.instance.multi_choice.all()), [opt2, opt3])
-        self.assertEqual([obj.pk for obj in form.instance.multi_choice_int.all()], data['multi_choice_int'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [obj.pk for obj in form.instance.multi_choice_int.all()],
+            data["multi_choice_int"],
+        )
 
 
 class EmptyLabelTestCase(TestCase):
@@ -294,7 +328,7 @@ class EmptyLabelTestCase(TestCase):
 <option value="" selected>No Preference</option>
 <option value="f">Foo</option>
 <option value="b">Bar</option>
-</select></p>"""
+</select></p>""",
         )
 
     def test_empty_field_char_none(self):
@@ -307,25 +341,27 @@ class EmptyLabelTestCase(TestCase):
 <option value="" selected>No Preference</option>
 <option value="f">Foo</option>
 <option value="b">Bar</option>
-</select></p>"""
+</select></p>""",
         )
 
     def test_save_empty_label_forms(self):
         # Saving a form with a blank choice results in the expected
         # value being stored in the database.
         tests = [
-            (EmptyCharLabelNoneChoiceForm, 'choice_string_w_none', None),
-            (EmptyIntegerLabelChoiceForm, 'choice_integer', None),
-            (EmptyCharLabelChoiceForm, 'choice', ''),
+            (EmptyCharLabelNoneChoiceForm, "choice_string_w_none", None),
+            (EmptyIntegerLabelChoiceForm, "choice_integer", None),
+            (EmptyCharLabelChoiceForm, "choice", ""),
         ]
 
         for form, key, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(form=form):
-                f = form({'name': 'some-key', key: ''})
+                f = form({"name": "some-key", key: ""})
                 self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
                 m = f.save()
                 self.assertEqual(expected, getattr(m, key))
-                self.assertEqual('No Preference', getattr(m, 'get_{}_display'.format(key))())
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    "No Preference", getattr(m, "get_{}_display".format(key))()
+                )
 
     def test_empty_field_integer(self):
         f = EmptyIntegerLabelChoiceForm()
@@ -337,16 +373,16 @@ class EmptyLabelTestCase(TestCase):
 <option value="" selected>No Preference</option>
 <option value="1">Foo</option>
 <option value="2">Bar</option>
-</select></p>"""
+</select></p>""",
         )
 
     def test_get_display_value_on_none(self):
-        m = ChoiceModel.objects.create(name='test', choice='', choice_integer=None)
+        m = ChoiceModel.objects.create(name="test", choice="", choice_integer=None)
         self.assertIsNone(m.choice_integer)
-        self.assertEqual('No Preference', m.get_choice_integer_display())
+        self.assertEqual("No Preference", m.get_choice_integer_display())
 
     def test_html_rendering_of_prepopulated_models(self):
-        none_model = ChoiceModel(name='none-test', choice_integer=None)
+        none_model = ChoiceModel(name="none-test", choice_integer=None)
         f = EmptyIntegerLabelChoiceForm(instance=none_model)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_p(),
@@ -357,10 +393,10 @@ class EmptyLabelTestCase(TestCase):
 <option value="" selected>No Preference</option>
 <option value="1">Foo</option>
 <option value="2">Bar</option>
-</select></p>"""
+</select></p>""",
         )
 
-        foo_model = ChoiceModel(name='foo-test', choice_integer=1)
+        foo_model = ChoiceModel(name="foo-test", choice_integer=1)
         f = EmptyIntegerLabelChoiceForm(instance=foo_model)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_p(),
@@ -371,7 +407,7 @@ class EmptyLabelTestCase(TestCase):
 <option value="">No Preference</option>
 <option value="1" selected>Foo</option>
 <option value="2">Bar</option>
-</select></p>"""
+</select></p>""",
         )
 
 
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/urls.py b/tests/forms_tests/urls.py
index 7e27927099..4063568a81 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/urls.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/urls.py
@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@ from django.urls import path
 from .views import ArticleFormView, form_view
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('form_view/', form_view, name='form_view'),
-    path('model_form/<int:pk>/', ArticleFormView.as_view(), name='article_form'),
+    path("form_view/", form_view, name="form_view"),
+    path("model_form/<int:pk>/", ArticleFormView.as_view(), name="article_form"),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/views.py b/tests/forms_tests/views.py
index 20f1bf161d..b03472824d 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/views.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/views.py
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ class ArticleForm(forms.ModelForm):
 
     class Meta:
         model = Article
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class ArticleFormView(UpdateView):
     model = Article
-    success_url = '/'
+    success_url = "/"
     form_class = ArticleForm
 
 
@@ -24,6 +24,6 @@ def form_view(request):
     class Form(forms.Form):
         number = forms.FloatField()
 
-    template = Template('<html>{{ form }}</html>')
-    context = Context({'form': Form()})
+    template = Template("<html>{{ form }}</html>")
+    context = Context({"form": Form()})
     return HttpResponse(template.render(context))
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/base.py b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/base.py
index 339d78bc71..c29099abf2 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/base.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/base.py
@@ -8,24 +8,32 @@ except ImportError:
 
 
 class WidgetTest(SimpleTestCase):
-    beatles = (('J', 'John'), ('P', 'Paul'), ('G', 'George'), ('R', 'Ringo'))
+    beatles = (("J", "John"), ("P", "Paul"), ("G", "George"), ("R", "Ringo"))
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         cls.django_renderer = DjangoTemplates()
         cls.jinja2_renderer = Jinja2() if jinja2 else None
-        cls.renderers = [cls.django_renderer] + ([cls.jinja2_renderer] if cls.jinja2_renderer else [])
+        cls.renderers = [cls.django_renderer] + (
+            [cls.jinja2_renderer] if cls.jinja2_renderer else []
+        )
         super().setUpClass()
 
-    def check_html(self, widget, name, value, html='', attrs=None, strict=False, **kwargs):
+    def check_html(
+        self, widget, name, value, html="", attrs=None, strict=False, **kwargs
+    ):
         assertEqual = self.assertEqual if strict else self.assertHTMLEqual
         if self.jinja2_renderer:
-            output = widget.render(name, value, attrs=attrs, renderer=self.jinja2_renderer, **kwargs)
+            output = widget.render(
+                name, value, attrs=attrs, renderer=self.jinja2_renderer, **kwargs
+            )
             # Django escapes quotes with '&quot;' while Jinja2 uses '&#34;'.
-            output = output.replace('&#34;', '&quot;')
+            output = output.replace("&#34;", "&quot;")
             # Django escapes single quotes with '&#x27;' while Jinja2 uses '&#39;'.
-            output = output.replace('&#39;', '&#x27;')
+            output = output.replace("&#39;", "&#x27;")
             assertEqual(output, html)
 
-        output = widget.render(name, value, attrs=attrs, renderer=self.django_renderer, **kwargs)
+        output = widget.render(
+            name, value, attrs=attrs, renderer=self.django_renderer, **kwargs
+        )
         assertEqual(output, html)
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_checkboxinput.py b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_checkboxinput.py
index 8dba2178c9..0f65e876df 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_checkboxinput.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_checkboxinput.py
@@ -7,18 +7,26 @@ class CheckboxInputTest(WidgetTest):
     widget = CheckboxInput()
 
     def test_render_empty(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'is_cool', '', html='<input type="checkbox" name="is_cool">')
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget, "is_cool", "", html='<input type="checkbox" name="is_cool">'
+        )
 
     def test_render_none(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'is_cool', None, html='<input type="checkbox" name="is_cool">')
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget, "is_cool", None, html='<input type="checkbox" name="is_cool">'
+        )
 
     def test_render_false(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'is_cool', False, html='<input type="checkbox" name="is_cool">')
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget, "is_cool", False, html='<input type="checkbox" name="is_cool">'
+        )
 
     def test_render_true(self):
         self.check_html(
-            self.widget, 'is_cool', True,
-            html='<input checked type="checkbox" name="is_cool">'
+            self.widget,
+            "is_cool",
+            True,
+            html='<input checked type="checkbox" name="is_cool">',
         )
 
     def test_render_value(self):
@@ -27,7 +35,9 @@ class CheckboxInputTest(WidgetTest):
         checkbox and set the 'value' attribute.
         """
         self.check_html(
-            self.widget, 'is_cool', 'foo',
+            self.widget,
+            "is_cool",
+            "foo",
             html='<input checked type="checkbox" name="is_cool" value="foo">',
         )
 
@@ -36,11 +46,15 @@ class CheckboxInputTest(WidgetTest):
         Integers are handled by value, not as booleans (#17114).
         """
         self.check_html(
-            self.widget, 'is_cool', 0,
+            self.widget,
+            "is_cool",
+            0,
             html='<input checked type="checkbox" name="is_cool" value="0">',
         )
         self.check_html(
-            self.widget, 'is_cool', 1,
+            self.widget,
+            "is_cool",
+            1,
             html='<input checked type="checkbox" name="is_cool" value="1">',
         )
 
@@ -49,30 +63,43 @@ class CheckboxInputTest(WidgetTest):
         You can pass 'check_test' to the constructor. This is a callable that
         takes the value and returns True if the box should be checked.
         """
-        widget = CheckboxInput(check_test=lambda value: value.startswith('hello'))
-        self.check_html(widget, 'greeting', '', html=(
-            '<input type="checkbox" name="greeting">'
-        ))
-        self.check_html(widget, 'greeting', 'hello', html=(
-            '<input checked type="checkbox" name="greeting" value="hello">'
-        ))
-        self.check_html(widget, 'greeting', 'hello there', html=(
-            '<input checked type="checkbox" name="greeting" value="hello there">'
-        ))
-        self.check_html(widget, 'greeting', 'hello & goodbye', html=(
-            '<input checked type="checkbox" name="greeting" value="hello &amp; goodbye">'
-        ))
+        widget = CheckboxInput(check_test=lambda value: value.startswith("hello"))
+        self.check_html(
+            widget, "greeting", "", html=('<input type="checkbox" name="greeting">')
+        )
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "greeting",
+            "hello",
+            html=('<input checked type="checkbox" name="greeting" value="hello">'),
+        )
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "greeting",
+            "hello there",
+            html=(
+                '<input checked type="checkbox" name="greeting" value="hello there">'
+            ),
+        )
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "greeting",
+            "hello & goodbye",
+            html=(
+                '<input checked type="checkbox" name="greeting" value="hello &amp; goodbye">'
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_render_check_exception(self):
         """
         Calling check_test() shouldn't swallow exceptions (#17888).
         """
         widget = CheckboxInput(
-            check_test=lambda value: value.startswith('hello'),
+            check_test=lambda value: value.startswith("hello"),
         )
 
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            widget.render('greeting', True)
+            widget.render("greeting", True)
 
     def test_value_from_datadict(self):
         """
@@ -80,17 +107,19 @@ class CheckboxInputTest(WidgetTest):
         the data dictionary (because HTML form submission doesn't send any
         result for unchecked checkboxes).
         """
-        self.assertFalse(self.widget.value_from_datadict({}, {}, 'testing'))
+        self.assertFalse(self.widget.value_from_datadict({}, {}, "testing"))
 
     def test_value_from_datadict_string_int(self):
-        value = self.widget.value_from_datadict({'testing': '0'}, {}, 'testing')
+        value = self.widget.value_from_datadict({"testing": "0"}, {}, "testing")
         self.assertIs(value, True)
 
     def test_value_omitted_from_data(self):
-        self.assertIs(self.widget.value_omitted_from_data({'field': 'value'}, {}, 'field'), False)
-        self.assertIs(self.widget.value_omitted_from_data({}, {}, 'field'), False)
+        self.assertIs(
+            self.widget.value_omitted_from_data({"field": "value"}, {}, "field"), False
+        )
+        self.assertIs(self.widget.value_omitted_from_data({}, {}, "field"), False)
 
     def test_get_context_does_not_mutate_attrs(self):
-        attrs = {'checked': False}
-        self.widget.get_context('name', True, attrs)
-        self.assertIs(attrs['checked'], False)
+        attrs = {"checked": False}
+        self.widget.get_context("name", True, attrs)
+        self.assertIs(attrs["checked"], False)
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_checkboxselectmultiple.py b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_checkboxselectmultiple.py
index 65025ed748..35db8192ef 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_checkboxselectmultiple.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_checkboxselectmultiple.py
@@ -11,31 +11,45 @@ class CheckboxSelectMultipleTest(WidgetTest):
     widget = CheckboxSelectMultiple
 
     def test_render_value(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=self.beatles), 'beatles', ['J'], html="""
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget(choices=self.beatles),
+            "beatles",
+            ["J"],
+            html="""
             <div>
             <div><label><input checked type="checkbox" name="beatles" value="J"> John</label></div>
             <div><label><input type="checkbox" name="beatles" value="P"> Paul</label></div>
             <div><label><input type="checkbox" name="beatles" value="G"> George</label></div>
             <div><label><input type="checkbox" name="beatles" value="R"> Ringo</label></div>
             </div>
-        """)
+        """,
+        )
 
     def test_render_value_multiple(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=self.beatles), 'beatles', ['J', 'P'], html="""
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget(choices=self.beatles),
+            "beatles",
+            ["J", "P"],
+            html="""
             <div>
             <div><label><input checked type="checkbox" name="beatles" value="J"> John</label></div>
             <div><label><input checked type="checkbox" name="beatles" value="P"> Paul</label></div>
             <div><label><input type="checkbox" name="beatles" value="G"> George</label></div>
             <div><label><input type="checkbox" name="beatles" value="R"> Ringo</label></div>
             </div>
-        """)
+        """,
+        )
 
     def test_render_none(self):
         """
         If the value is None, none of the options are selected, even if the
         choices have an empty option.
         """
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=(('', 'Unknown'),) + self.beatles), 'beatles', None, html="""
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget(choices=(("", "Unknown"),) + self.beatles),
+            "beatles",
+            None,
+            html="""
             <div>
             <div><label><input type="checkbox" name="beatles" value=""> Unknown</label></div>
             <div><label><input type="checkbox" name="beatles" value="J"> John</label></div>
@@ -43,13 +57,14 @@ class CheckboxSelectMultipleTest(WidgetTest):
             <div><label><input type="checkbox" name="beatles" value="G"> George</label></div>
             <div><label><input type="checkbox" name="beatles" value="R"> Ringo</label></div>
             </div>
-        """)
+        """,
+        )
 
     def test_nested_choices(self):
         nested_choices = (
-            ('unknown', 'Unknown'),
-            ('Audio', (('vinyl', 'Vinyl'), ('cd', 'CD'))),
-            ('Video', (('vhs', 'VHS'), ('dvd', 'DVD'))),
+            ("unknown", "Unknown"),
+            ("Audio", (("vinyl", "Vinyl"), ("cd", "CD"))),
+            ("Video", (("vhs", "VHS"), ("dvd", "DVD"))),
         )
         html = """
         <div id="media">
@@ -71,15 +86,18 @@ class CheckboxSelectMultipleTest(WidgetTest):
         </div>
         """
         self.check_html(
-            self.widget(choices=nested_choices), 'nestchoice', ('vinyl', 'dvd'),
-            attrs={'id': 'media'}, html=html,
+            self.widget(choices=nested_choices),
+            "nestchoice",
+            ("vinyl", "dvd"),
+            attrs={"id": "media"},
+            html=html,
         )
 
     def test_nested_choices_without_id(self):
         nested_choices = (
-            ('unknown', 'Unknown'),
-            ('Audio', (('vinyl', 'Vinyl'), ('cd', 'CD'))),
-            ('Video', (('vhs', 'VHS'), ('dvd', 'DVD'))),
+            ("unknown", "Unknown"),
+            ("Audio", (("vinyl", "Vinyl"), ("cd", "CD"))),
+            ("Video", (("vhs", "VHS"), ("dvd", "DVD"))),
         )
         html = """
         <div>
@@ -95,13 +113,18 @@ class CheckboxSelectMultipleTest(WidgetTest):
         </div>
         </div>
         """
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=nested_choices), 'nestchoice', ('vinyl', 'dvd'), html=html)
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget(choices=nested_choices),
+            "nestchoice",
+            ("vinyl", "dvd"),
+            html=html,
+        )
 
     def test_separate_ids(self):
         """
         Each input gets a separate ID.
         """
-        choices = [('a', 'A'), ('b', 'B'), ('c', 'C')]
+        choices = [("a", "A"), ("b", "B"), ("c", "C")]
         html = """
         <div id="abc">
         <div>
@@ -113,13 +136,21 @@ class CheckboxSelectMultipleTest(WidgetTest):
         </div>
         </div>
         """
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=choices), 'letters', ['a', 'c'], attrs={'id': 'abc'}, html=html)
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget(choices=choices),
+            "letters",
+            ["a", "c"],
+            attrs={"id": "abc"},
+            html=html,
+        )
 
     def test_separate_ids_constructor(self):
         """
         Each input gets a separate ID when the ID is passed to the constructor.
         """
-        widget = CheckboxSelectMultiple(attrs={'id': 'abc'}, choices=[('a', 'A'), ('b', 'B'), ('c', 'C')])
+        widget = CheckboxSelectMultiple(
+            attrs={"id": "abc"}, choices=[("a", "A"), ("b", "B"), ("c", "C")]
+        )
         html = """
         <div id="abc">
         <div>
@@ -131,14 +162,14 @@ class CheckboxSelectMultipleTest(WidgetTest):
         </div>
         </div>
         """
-        self.check_html(widget, 'letters', ['a', 'c'], html=html)
+        self.check_html(widget, "letters", ["a", "c"], html=html)
 
     @override_settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True)
     def test_doesnt_localize_input_value(self):
         choices = [
-            (1, 'One'),
-            (1000, 'One thousand'),
-            (1000000, 'One million'),
+            (1, "One"),
+            (1000, "One thousand"),
+            (1000000, "One million"),
         ]
         html = """
         <div>
@@ -147,11 +178,11 @@ class CheckboxSelectMultipleTest(WidgetTest):
         <div><label><input type="checkbox" name="numbers" value="1000000"> One million</label></div>
         </div>
         """
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=choices), 'numbers', None, html=html)
+        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=choices), "numbers", None, html=html)
 
         choices = [
-            (datetime.time(0, 0), 'midnight'),
-            (datetime.time(12, 0), 'noon'),
+            (datetime.time(0, 0), "midnight"),
+            (datetime.time(12, 0), "noon"),
         ]
         html = """
         <div>
@@ -159,7 +190,7 @@ class CheckboxSelectMultipleTest(WidgetTest):
         <div><label><input type="checkbox" name="times" value="12:00:00"> noon</label></div>
         </div>
         """
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=choices), 'times', None, html=html)
+        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=choices), "times", None, html=html)
 
     def test_use_required_attribute(self):
         widget = self.widget(choices=self.beatles)
@@ -167,22 +198,25 @@ class CheckboxSelectMultipleTest(WidgetTest):
         # to be checked instead of at least one.
         self.assertIs(widget.use_required_attribute(None), False)
         self.assertIs(widget.use_required_attribute([]), False)
-        self.assertIs(widget.use_required_attribute(['J', 'P']), False)
+        self.assertIs(widget.use_required_attribute(["J", "P"]), False)
 
     def test_value_omitted_from_data(self):
         widget = self.widget(choices=self.beatles)
-        self.assertIs(widget.value_omitted_from_data({}, {}, 'field'), False)
-        self.assertIs(widget.value_omitted_from_data({'field': 'value'}, {}, 'field'), False)
+        self.assertIs(widget.value_omitted_from_data({}, {}, "field"), False)
+        self.assertIs(
+            widget.value_omitted_from_data({"field": "value"}, {}, "field"), False
+        )
 
     def test_label(self):
         """
         CheckboxSelectMultiple doesn't contain 'for="field_0"' in the <label>
         because clicking that would toggle the first checkbox.
         """
+
         class TestForm(forms.Form):
             f = forms.MultipleChoiceField(widget=CheckboxSelectMultiple)
 
-        bound_field = TestForm()['f']
-        self.assertEqual(bound_field.field.widget.id_for_label('id'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(bound_field.label_tag(), '<label>F:</label>')
-        self.assertEqual(bound_field.legend_tag(), '<legend>F:</legend>')
+        bound_field = TestForm()["f"]
+        self.assertEqual(bound_field.field.widget.id_for_label("id"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(bound_field.label_tag(), "<label>F:</label>")
+        self.assertEqual(bound_field.legend_tag(), "<legend>F:</legend>")
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_clearablefileinput.py b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_clearablefileinput.py
index dee44c4239..03fe34306b 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_clearablefileinput.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_clearablefileinput.py
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ class FakeFieldFile:
     Quacks like a FieldFile (has a .url and string representation), but
     doesn't require us to care about storages etc.
     """
-    url = 'something'
+
+    url = "something"
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.url
@@ -23,35 +24,46 @@ class ClearableFileInputTest(WidgetTest):
         A ClearableFileInput with is_required False and rendered with an
         initial value that is a file renders a clear checkbox.
         """
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'myfile', FakeFieldFile(), html=(
-            """
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "myfile",
+            FakeFieldFile(),
+            html=(
+                """
             Currently: <a href="something">something</a>
             <input type="checkbox" name="myfile-clear" id="myfile-clear_id">
             <label for="myfile-clear_id">Clear</label><br>
             Change: <input type="file" name="myfile">
             """
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_html_escaped(self):
         """
         A ClearableFileInput should escape name, filename, and URL
         when rendering HTML (#15182).
         """
+
         class StrangeFieldFile:
             url = "something?chapter=1&sect=2&copy=3&lang=en"
 
             def __str__(self):
-                return '''something<div onclick="alert('oops')">.jpg'''
+                return """something<div onclick="alert('oops')">.jpg"""
 
-        self.check_html(ClearableFileInput(), 'my<div>file', StrangeFieldFile(), html=(
-            """
+        self.check_html(
+            ClearableFileInput(),
+            "my<div>file",
+            StrangeFieldFile(),
+            html=(
+                """
             Currently: <a href="something?chapter=1&amp;sect=2&amp;copy=3&amp;lang=en">
             something&lt;div onclick=&quot;alert(&#x27;oops&#x27;)&quot;&gt;.jpg</a>
             <input type="checkbox" name="my&lt;div&gt;file-clear" id="my&lt;div&gt;file-clear_id">
             <label for="my&lt;div&gt;file-clear_id">Clear</label><br>
             Change: <input type="file" name="my&lt;div&gt;file">
             """
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_clear_input_renders_only_if_not_required(self):
         """
@@ -60,26 +72,33 @@ class ClearableFileInputTest(WidgetTest):
         """
         widget = ClearableFileInput()
         widget.is_required = True
-        self.check_html(widget, 'myfile', FakeFieldFile(), html=(
-            """
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "myfile",
+            FakeFieldFile(),
+            html=(
+                """
             Currently: <a href="something">something</a> <br>
             Change: <input type="file" name="myfile">
             """
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_clear_input_renders_only_if_initial(self):
         """
         A ClearableFileInput instantiated with no initial value does not render
         a clear checkbox.
         """
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'myfile', None, html='<input type="file" name="myfile">')
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget, "myfile", None, html='<input type="file" name="myfile">'
+        )
 
     def test_render_disabled(self):
         self.check_html(
             self.widget,
-            'myfile',
+            "myfile",
             FakeFieldFile(),
-            attrs={'disabled': True},
+            attrs={"disabled": True},
             html=(
                 'Currently: <a href="something">something</a>'
                 '<input type="checkbox" name="myfile-clear" '
@@ -92,14 +111,19 @@ class ClearableFileInputTest(WidgetTest):
     def test_render_as_subwidget(self):
         """A ClearableFileInput as a subwidget of MultiWidget."""
         widget = MultiWidget(widgets=(self.widget,))
-        self.check_html(widget, 'myfile', [FakeFieldFile()], html=(
-            """
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "myfile",
+            [FakeFieldFile()],
+            html=(
+                """
             Currently: <a href="something">something</a>
             <input type="checkbox" name="myfile_0-clear" id="myfile_0-clear_id">
             <label for="myfile_0-clear_id">Clear</label><br>
             Change: <input type="file" name="myfile_0">
             """
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_clear_input_checked_returns_false(self):
         """
@@ -107,9 +131,9 @@ class ClearableFileInputTest(WidgetTest):
         checkbox is checked, if not required.
         """
         value = self.widget.value_from_datadict(
-            data={'myfile-clear': True},
+            data={"myfile-clear": True},
             files={},
-            name='myfile',
+            name="myfile",
         )
         self.assertIs(value, False)
 
@@ -120,12 +144,12 @@ class ClearableFileInputTest(WidgetTest):
         """
         widget = ClearableFileInput()
         widget.is_required = True
-        field = SimpleUploadedFile('something.txt', b'content')
+        field = SimpleUploadedFile("something.txt", b"content")
 
         value = widget.value_from_datadict(
-            data={'myfile-clear': True},
-            files={'myfile': field},
-            name='myfile',
+            data={"myfile-clear": True},
+            files={"myfile": field},
+            name="myfile",
         )
         self.assertEqual(value, field)
 
@@ -134,45 +158,50 @@ class ClearableFileInputTest(WidgetTest):
         A ClearableFileInput should not mask exceptions produced while
         checking that it has a value.
         """
+
         class FailingURLFieldFile:
             @property
             def url(self):
-                raise ValueError('Canary')
+                raise ValueError("Canary")
 
             def __str__(self):
-                return 'value'
+                return "value"
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Canary'):
-            self.widget.render('myfile', FailingURLFieldFile())
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Canary"):
+            self.widget.render("myfile", FailingURLFieldFile())
 
     def test_url_as_property(self):
         class URLFieldFile:
             @property
             def url(self):
-                return 'https://www.python.org/'
+                return "https://www.python.org/"
 
             def __str__(self):
-                return 'value'
+                return "value"
 
-        html = self.widget.render('myfile', URLFieldFile())
+        html = self.widget.render("myfile", URLFieldFile())
         self.assertInHTML('<a href="https://www.python.org/">value</a>', html)
 
     def test_return_false_if_url_does_not_exists(self):
         class NoURLFieldFile:
             def __str__(self):
-                return 'value'
+                return "value"
 
-        html = self.widget.render('myfile', NoURLFieldFile())
+        html = self.widget.render("myfile", NoURLFieldFile())
         self.assertHTMLEqual(html, '<input name="myfile" type="file">')
 
     def test_use_required_attribute(self):
         # False when initial data exists. The file input is left blank by the
         # user to keep the existing, initial value.
         self.assertIs(self.widget.use_required_attribute(None), True)
-        self.assertIs(self.widget.use_required_attribute('resume.txt'), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.widget.use_required_attribute("resume.txt"), False)
 
     def test_value_omitted_from_data(self):
         widget = ClearableFileInput()
-        self.assertIs(widget.value_omitted_from_data({}, {}, 'field'), True)
-        self.assertIs(widget.value_omitted_from_data({}, {'field': 'x'}, 'field'), False)
-        self.assertIs(widget.value_omitted_from_data({'field-clear': 'y'}, {}, 'field'), False)
+        self.assertIs(widget.value_omitted_from_data({}, {}, "field"), True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            widget.value_omitted_from_data({}, {"field": "x"}, "field"), False
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            widget.value_omitted_from_data({"field-clear": "y"}, {}, "field"), False
+        )
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_dateinput.py b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_dateinput.py
index fa08b345c1..07446480f6 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_dateinput.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_dateinput.py
@@ -10,36 +10,53 @@ class DateInputTest(WidgetTest):
     widget = DateInput()
 
     def test_render_none(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'date', None, html='<input type="text" name="date">')
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget, "date", None, html='<input type="text" name="date">'
+        )
 
     def test_render_value(self):
         d = date(2007, 9, 17)
-        self.assertEqual(str(d), '2007-09-17')
+        self.assertEqual(str(d), "2007-09-17")
 
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'date', d, html='<input type="text" name="date" value="2007-09-17">')
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'date', date(2007, 9, 17), html=(
-            '<input type="text" name="date" value="2007-09-17">'
-        ))
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "date",
+            d,
+            html='<input type="text" name="date" value="2007-09-17">',
+        )
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "date",
+            date(2007, 9, 17),
+            html=('<input type="text" name="date" value="2007-09-17">'),
+        )
 
     def test_string(self):
         """
         Should be able to initialize from a string value.
         """
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'date', '2007-09-17', html=(
-            '<input type="text" name="date" value="2007-09-17">'
-        ))
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "date",
+            "2007-09-17",
+            html=('<input type="text" name="date" value="2007-09-17">'),
+        )
 
     def test_format(self):
         """
         Use 'format' to change the way a value is displayed.
         """
         d = date(2007, 9, 17)
-        widget = DateInput(format='%d/%m/%Y', attrs={'type': 'date'})
-        self.check_html(widget, 'date', d, html='<input type="date" name="date" value="17/09/2007">')
+        widget = DateInput(format="%d/%m/%Y", attrs={"type": "date"})
+        self.check_html(
+            widget, "date", d, html='<input type="date" name="date" value="17/09/2007">'
+        )
 
-    @translation.override('de-at')
+    @translation.override("de-at")
     def test_l10n(self):
         self.check_html(
-            self.widget, 'date', date(2007, 9, 17),
+            self.widget,
+            "date",
+            date(2007, 9, 17),
             html='<input type="text" name="date" value="17.09.2007">',
         )
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_datetimeinput.py b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_datetimeinput.py
index 0a2571f5b7..5795660f30 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_datetimeinput.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_datetimeinput.py
@@ -12,42 +12,60 @@ class DateTimeInputTest(WidgetTest):
     widget = DateTimeInput()
 
     def test_render_none(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'date', None, '<input type="text" name="date">')
+        self.check_html(self.widget, "date", None, '<input type="text" name="date">')
 
     def test_render_value(self):
         """
         The microseconds are trimmed on display, by default.
         """
         d = datetime(2007, 9, 17, 12, 51, 34, 482548)
-        self.assertEqual(str(d), '2007-09-17 12:51:34.482548')
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'date', d, html=(
-            '<input type="text" name="date" value="2007-09-17 12:51:34">'
-        ))
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'date', datetime(2007, 9, 17, 12, 51, 34), html=(
-            '<input type="text" name="date" value="2007-09-17 12:51:34">'
-        ))
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'date', datetime(2007, 9, 17, 12, 51), html=(
-            '<input type="text" name="date" value="2007-09-17 12:51:00">'
-        ))
+        self.assertEqual(str(d), "2007-09-17 12:51:34.482548")
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "date",
+            d,
+            html=('<input type="text" name="date" value="2007-09-17 12:51:34">'),
+        )
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "date",
+            datetime(2007, 9, 17, 12, 51, 34),
+            html=('<input type="text" name="date" value="2007-09-17 12:51:34">'),
+        )
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "date",
+            datetime(2007, 9, 17, 12, 51),
+            html=('<input type="text" name="date" value="2007-09-17 12:51:00">'),
+        )
 
     def test_render_formatted(self):
         """
         Use 'format' to change the way a value is displayed.
         """
         widget = DateTimeInput(
-            format='%d/%m/%Y %H:%M', attrs={'type': 'datetime'},
+            format="%d/%m/%Y %H:%M",
+            attrs={"type": "datetime"},
         )
         d = datetime(2007, 9, 17, 12, 51, 34, 482548)
-        self.check_html(widget, 'date', d, html='<input type="datetime" name="date" value="17/09/2007 12:51">')
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "date",
+            d,
+            html='<input type="datetime" name="date" value="17/09/2007 12:51">',
+        )
 
-    @translation.override('de-at')
+    @translation.override("de-at")
     def test_l10n(self):
         d = datetime(2007, 9, 17, 12, 51, 34, 482548)
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'date', d, html=(
-            '<input type="text" name="date" value="17.09.2007 12:51:34">'
-        ))
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "date",
+            d,
+            html=('<input type="text" name="date" value="17.09.2007 12:51:34">'),
+        )
 
-    @translation.override('de-at')
+    @translation.override("de-at")
     def test_locale_aware(self):
         d = datetime(2007, 9, 17, 12, 51, 34, 482548)
         # RemovedInDjango50Warning: When the deprecation ends, remove
@@ -56,15 +74,23 @@ class DateTimeInputTest(WidgetTest):
         # locale-dictated formats.
         with ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning):
             with self.settings(USE_L10N=False):
-                with self.settings(DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS=[
-                    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',
-                ]):
+                with self.settings(
+                    DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS=[
+                        "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
+                        "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
+                        "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M",
+                    ]
+                ):
                     self.check_html(
-                        self.widget, 'date', d,
+                        self.widget,
+                        "date",
+                        d,
                         html='<input type="text" name="date" value="2007-09-17 12:51:34">',
                     )
-        with translation.override('es'):
+        with translation.override("es"):
             self.check_html(
-                self.widget, 'date', d,
+                self.widget,
+                "date",
+                d,
                 html='<input type="text" name="date" value="17/09/2007 12:51:34">',
             )
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_fileinput.py b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_fileinput.py
index 8eec26253a..ea11c639e4 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_fileinput.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_fileinput.py
@@ -11,16 +11,27 @@ class FileInputTest(WidgetTest):
         FileInput widgets never render the value attribute. The old value
         isn't useful if a form is updated or an error occurred.
         """
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'email', 'test@example.com', html='<input type="file" name="email">')
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'email', '', html='<input type="file" name="email">')
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'email', None, html='<input type="file" name="email">')
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "email",
+            "test@example.com",
+            html='<input type="file" name="email">',
+        )
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget, "email", "", html='<input type="file" name="email">'
+        )
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget, "email", None, html='<input type="file" name="email">'
+        )
 
     def test_value_omitted_from_data(self):
-        self.assertIs(self.widget.value_omitted_from_data({}, {}, 'field'), True)
-        self.assertIs(self.widget.value_omitted_from_data({}, {'field': 'value'}, 'field'), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.widget.value_omitted_from_data({}, {}, "field"), True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            self.widget.value_omitted_from_data({}, {"field": "value"}, "field"), False
+        )
 
     def test_use_required_attribute(self):
         # False when initial data exists. The file input is left blank by the
         # user to keep the existing, initial value.
         self.assertIs(self.widget.use_required_attribute(None), True)
-        self.assertIs(self.widget.use_required_attribute('resume.txt'), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.widget.use_required_attribute("resume.txt"), False)
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_hiddeninput.py b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_hiddeninput.py
index a7d036410c..ba5e796501 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_hiddeninput.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_hiddeninput.py
@@ -7,11 +7,13 @@ class HiddenInputTest(WidgetTest):
     widget = HiddenInput()
 
     def test_render(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'email', '', html='<input type="hidden" name="email">')
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget, "email", "", html='<input type="hidden" name="email">'
+        )
 
     def test_use_required_attribute(self):
         # Always False to avoid browser validation on inputs hidden from the
         # user.
         self.assertIs(self.widget.use_required_attribute(None), False)
-        self.assertIs(self.widget.use_required_attribute(''), False)
-        self.assertIs(self.widget.use_required_attribute('foo'), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.widget.use_required_attribute(""), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.widget.use_required_attribute("foo"), False)
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_input.py b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_input.py
index 8be971826e..72c2c217c0 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_input.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_input.py
@@ -4,12 +4,20 @@ from .base import WidgetTest
 
 
 class InputTests(WidgetTest):
-
     def test_attrs_with_type(self):
-        attrs = {'type': 'date'}
+        attrs = {"type": "date"}
         widget = Input(attrs)
-        self.check_html(widget, 'name', 'value', '<input type="date" name="name" value="value">')
+        self.check_html(
+            widget, "name", "value", '<input type="date" name="name" value="value">'
+        )
         # reuse the same attrs for another widget
-        self.check_html(Input(attrs), 'name', 'value', '<input type="date" name="name" value="value">')
-        attrs['type'] = 'number'  # shouldn't change the widget type
-        self.check_html(widget, 'name', 'value', '<input type="date" name="name" value="value">')
+        self.check_html(
+            Input(attrs),
+            "name",
+            "value",
+            '<input type="date" name="name" value="value">',
+        )
+        attrs["type"] = "number"  # shouldn't change the widget type
+        self.check_html(
+            widget, "name", "value", '<input type="date" name="name" value="value">'
+        )
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_multiplehiddeninput.py b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_multiplehiddeninput.py
index 37d54174ee..d0ad188929 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_multiplehiddeninput.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_multiplehiddeninput.py
@@ -8,13 +8,17 @@ class MultipleHiddenInputTest(WidgetTest):
 
     def test_render_single(self):
         self.check_html(
-            self.widget, 'email', ['test@example.com'],
+            self.widget,
+            "email",
+            ["test@example.com"],
             html='<input type="hidden" name="email" value="test@example.com">',
         )
 
     def test_render_multiple(self):
         self.check_html(
-            self.widget, 'email', ['test@example.com', 'foo@example.com'],
+            self.widget,
+            "email",
+            ["test@example.com", "foo@example.com"],
             html=(
                 '<input type="hidden" name="email" value="test@example.com">\n'
                 '<input type="hidden" name="email" value="foo@example.com">'
@@ -23,13 +27,19 @@ class MultipleHiddenInputTest(WidgetTest):
 
     def test_render_attrs(self):
         self.check_html(
-            self.widget, 'email', ['test@example.com'], attrs={'class': 'fun'},
+            self.widget,
+            "email",
+            ["test@example.com"],
+            attrs={"class": "fun"},
             html='<input type="hidden" name="email" value="test@example.com" class="fun">',
         )
 
     def test_render_attrs_multiple(self):
         self.check_html(
-            self.widget, 'email', ['test@example.com', 'foo@example.com'], attrs={'class': 'fun'},
+            self.widget,
+            "email",
+            ["test@example.com", "foo@example.com"],
+            attrs={"class": "fun"},
             html=(
                 '<input type="hidden" name="email" value="test@example.com" class="fun">\n'
                 '<input type="hidden" name="email" value="foo@example.com" class="fun">'
@@ -37,36 +47,46 @@ class MultipleHiddenInputTest(WidgetTest):
         )
 
     def test_render_attrs_constructor(self):
-        widget = MultipleHiddenInput(attrs={'class': 'fun'})
-        self.check_html(widget, 'email', [], '')
+        widget = MultipleHiddenInput(attrs={"class": "fun"})
+        self.check_html(widget, "email", [], "")
         self.check_html(
-            widget, 'email', ['foo@example.com'],
+            widget,
+            "email",
+            ["foo@example.com"],
             html='<input type="hidden" class="fun" value="foo@example.com" name="email">',
         )
         self.check_html(
-            widget, 'email', ['foo@example.com', 'test@example.com'],
+            widget,
+            "email",
+            ["foo@example.com", "test@example.com"],
             html=(
                 '<input type="hidden" class="fun" value="foo@example.com" name="email">\n'
                 '<input type="hidden" class="fun" value="test@example.com" name="email">'
             ),
         )
         self.check_html(
-            widget, 'email', ['foo@example.com'], attrs={'class': 'special'},
+            widget,
+            "email",
+            ["foo@example.com"],
+            attrs={"class": "special"},
             html='<input type="hidden" class="special" value="foo@example.com" name="email">',
         )
 
     def test_render_empty(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'email', [], '')
+        self.check_html(self.widget, "email", [], "")
 
     def test_render_none(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'email', None, '')
+        self.check_html(self.widget, "email", None, "")
 
     def test_render_increment_id(self):
         """
         Each input should get a separate ID.
         """
         self.check_html(
-            self.widget, 'letters', ['a', 'b', 'c'], attrs={'id': 'hideme'},
+            self.widget,
+            "letters",
+            ["a", "b", "c"],
+            attrs={"id": "hideme"},
             html=(
                 '<input type="hidden" name="letters" value="a" id="hideme_0">\n'
                 '<input type="hidden" name="letters" value="b" id="hideme_1">\n'
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_multiwidget.py b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_multiwidget.py
index cb1e9d31c5..c3f676e3f7 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_multiwidget.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_multiwidget.py
@@ -2,8 +2,15 @@ import copy
 from datetime import datetime
 
 from django.forms import (
-    CharField, FileInput, MultipleChoiceField, MultiValueField, MultiWidget,
-    RadioSelect, SelectMultiple, SplitDateTimeField, SplitDateTimeWidget,
+    CharField,
+    FileInput,
+    MultipleChoiceField,
+    MultiValueField,
+    MultiWidget,
+    RadioSelect,
+    SelectMultiple,
+    SplitDateTimeField,
+    SplitDateTimeWidget,
     TextInput,
 )
 
@@ -13,8 +20,8 @@ from .base import WidgetTest
 class MyMultiWidget(MultiWidget):
     def decompress(self, value):
         if value:
-            return value.split('__')
-        return ['', '']
+            return value.split("__")
+        return ["", ""]
 
 
 class ComplexMultiWidget(MultiWidget):
@@ -28,9 +35,11 @@ class ComplexMultiWidget(MultiWidget):
 
     def decompress(self, value):
         if value:
-            data = value.split(',')
+            data = value.split(",")
             return [
-                data[0], list(data[1]), datetime.strptime(data[2], "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
+                data[0],
+                list(data[1]),
+                datetime.strptime(data[2], "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
             ]
         return [None, None, None]
 
@@ -46,8 +55,10 @@ class ComplexField(MultiValueField):
 
     def compress(self, data_list):
         if data_list:
-            return '%s,%s,%s' % (
-                data_list[0], ''.join(data_list[1]), data_list[2],
+            return "%s,%s,%s" % (
+                data_list[0],
+                "".join(data_list[1]),
+                data_list[2],
             )
         return None
 
@@ -56,6 +67,7 @@ class DeepCopyWidget(MultiWidget):
     """
     Used to test MultiWidget.__deepcopy__().
     """
+
     def __init__(self, choices=[]):
         widgets = [
             RadioSelect(choices=choices),
@@ -75,6 +87,7 @@ class DeepCopyWidget(MultiWidget):
         The choices for this widget are the Select widget's choices.
         """
         return self.widgets[0].choices
+
     choices = property(_get_choices, _set_choices)
 
 
@@ -82,97 +95,144 @@ class MultiWidgetTest(WidgetTest):
     def test_subwidgets_name(self):
         widget = MultiWidget(
             widgets={
-                '': TextInput(),
-                'big': TextInput(attrs={'class': 'big'}),
-                'small': TextInput(attrs={'class': 'small'}),
+                "": TextInput(),
+                "big": TextInput(attrs={"class": "big"}),
+                "small": TextInput(attrs={"class": "small"}),
             },
         )
-        self.check_html(widget, 'name', ['John', 'George', 'Paul'], html=(
-            '<input type="text" name="name" value="John">'
-            '<input type="text" name="name_big" value="George" class="big">'
-            '<input type="text" name="name_small" value="Paul" class="small">'
-        ))
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "name",
+            ["John", "George", "Paul"],
+            html=(
+                '<input type="text" name="name" value="John">'
+                '<input type="text" name="name_big" value="George" class="big">'
+                '<input type="text" name="name_small" value="Paul" class="small">'
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_text_inputs(self):
         widget = MyMultiWidget(
             widgets=(
-                TextInput(attrs={'class': 'big'}),
-                TextInput(attrs={'class': 'small'}),
+                TextInput(attrs={"class": "big"}),
+                TextInput(attrs={"class": "small"}),
             )
         )
-        self.check_html(widget, 'name', ['john', 'lennon'], html=(
-            '<input type="text" class="big" value="john" name="name_0">'
-            '<input type="text" class="small" value="lennon" name="name_1">'
-        ))
-        self.check_html(widget, 'name', 'john__lennon', html=(
-            '<input type="text" class="big" value="john" name="name_0">'
-            '<input type="text" class="small" value="lennon" name="name_1">'
-        ))
-        self.check_html(widget, 'name', 'john__lennon', attrs={'id': 'foo'}, html=(
-            '<input id="foo_0" type="text" class="big" value="john" name="name_0">'
-            '<input id="foo_1" type="text" class="small" value="lennon" name="name_1">'
-        ))
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "name",
+            ["john", "lennon"],
+            html=(
+                '<input type="text" class="big" value="john" name="name_0">'
+                '<input type="text" class="small" value="lennon" name="name_1">'
+            ),
+        )
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "name",
+            "john__lennon",
+            html=(
+                '<input type="text" class="big" value="john" name="name_0">'
+                '<input type="text" class="small" value="lennon" name="name_1">'
+            ),
+        )
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "name",
+            "john__lennon",
+            attrs={"id": "foo"},
+            html=(
+                '<input id="foo_0" type="text" class="big" value="john" name="name_0">'
+                '<input id="foo_1" type="text" class="small" value="lennon" name="name_1">'
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_constructor_attrs(self):
         widget = MyMultiWidget(
             widgets=(
-                TextInput(attrs={'class': 'big'}),
-                TextInput(attrs={'class': 'small'}),
+                TextInput(attrs={"class": "big"}),
+                TextInput(attrs={"class": "small"}),
+            ),
+            attrs={"id": "bar"},
+        )
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "name",
+            ["john", "lennon"],
+            html=(
+                '<input id="bar_0" type="text" class="big" value="john" name="name_0">'
+                '<input id="bar_1" type="text" class="small" value="lennon" name="name_1">'
             ),
-            attrs={'id': 'bar'},
         )
-        self.check_html(widget, 'name', ['john', 'lennon'], html=(
-            '<input id="bar_0" type="text" class="big" value="john" name="name_0">'
-            '<input id="bar_1" type="text" class="small" value="lennon" name="name_1">'
-        ))
 
     def test_constructor_attrs_with_type(self):
-        attrs = {'type': 'number'}
+        attrs = {"type": "number"}
         widget = MyMultiWidget(widgets=(TextInput, TextInput()), attrs=attrs)
-        self.check_html(widget, 'code', ['1', '2'], html=(
-            '<input type="number" value="1" name="code_0">'
-            '<input type="number" value="2" name="code_1">'
-        ))
-        widget = MyMultiWidget(widgets=(TextInput(attrs), TextInput(attrs)), attrs={'class': 'bar'})
-        self.check_html(widget, 'code', ['1', '2'], html=(
-            '<input type="number" value="1" name="code_0" class="bar">'
-            '<input type="number" value="2" name="code_1" class="bar">'
-        ))
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "code",
+            ["1", "2"],
+            html=(
+                '<input type="number" value="1" name="code_0">'
+                '<input type="number" value="2" name="code_1">'
+            ),
+        )
+        widget = MyMultiWidget(
+            widgets=(TextInput(attrs), TextInput(attrs)), attrs={"class": "bar"}
+        )
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "code",
+            ["1", "2"],
+            html=(
+                '<input type="number" value="1" name="code_0" class="bar">'
+                '<input type="number" value="2" name="code_1" class="bar">'
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_value_omitted_from_data(self):
         widget = MyMultiWidget(widgets=(TextInput(), TextInput()))
-        self.assertIs(widget.value_omitted_from_data({}, {}, 'field'), True)
-        self.assertIs(widget.value_omitted_from_data({'field_0': 'x'}, {}, 'field'), False)
-        self.assertIs(widget.value_omitted_from_data({'field_1': 'y'}, {}, 'field'), False)
-        self.assertIs(widget.value_omitted_from_data({'field_0': 'x', 'field_1': 'y'}, {}, 'field'), False)
+        self.assertIs(widget.value_omitted_from_data({}, {}, "field"), True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            widget.value_omitted_from_data({"field_0": "x"}, {}, "field"), False
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            widget.value_omitted_from_data({"field_1": "y"}, {}, "field"), False
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            widget.value_omitted_from_data(
+                {"field_0": "x", "field_1": "y"}, {}, "field"
+            ),
+            False,
+        )
 
     def test_value_from_datadict_subwidgets_name(self):
-        widget = MultiWidget(widgets={'x': TextInput(), '': TextInput()})
+        widget = MultiWidget(widgets={"x": TextInput(), "": TextInput()})
         tests = [
             ({}, [None, None]),
-            ({'field': 'x'}, [None, 'x']),
-            ({'field_x': 'y'}, ['y', None]),
-            ({'field': 'x', 'field_x': 'y'}, ['y', 'x']),
+            ({"field": "x"}, [None, "x"]),
+            ({"field_x": "y"}, ["y", None]),
+            ({"field": "x", "field_x": "y"}, ["y", "x"]),
         ]
         for data, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(data):
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    widget.value_from_datadict(data, {}, 'field'),
+                    widget.value_from_datadict(data, {}, "field"),
                     expected,
                 )
 
     def test_value_omitted_from_data_subwidgets_name(self):
-        widget = MultiWidget(widgets={'x': TextInput(), '': TextInput()})
+        widget = MultiWidget(widgets={"x": TextInput(), "": TextInput()})
         tests = [
             ({}, True),
-            ({'field': 'x'}, False),
-            ({'field_x': 'y'}, False),
-            ({'field': 'x', 'field_x': 'y'}, False),
+            ({"field": "x"}, False),
+            ({"field_x": "y"}, False),
+            ({"field": "x", "field_x": "y"}, False),
         ]
         for data, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(data):
                 self.assertIs(
-                    widget.value_omitted_from_data(data, {}, 'field'),
+                    widget.value_omitted_from_data(data, {}, "field"),
                     expected,
                 )
 
@@ -195,8 +255,12 @@ class MultiWidgetTest(WidgetTest):
         MultiWidgets can be composed of other MultiWidgets.
         """
         widget = ComplexMultiWidget()
-        self.check_html(widget, 'name', 'some text,JP,2007-04-25 06:24:00', html=(
-            """
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "name",
+            "some text,JP,2007-04-25 06:24:00",
+            html=(
+                """
             <input type="text" name="name_0" value="some text">
             <select multiple name="name_1">
                 <option value="J" selected>John</option>
@@ -207,13 +271,18 @@ class MultiWidgetTest(WidgetTest):
             <input type="text" name="name_2_0" value="2007-04-25">
             <input type="text" name="name_2_1" value="06:24:00">
             """
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_no_whitespace_between_widgets(self):
         widget = MyMultiWidget(widgets=(TextInput, TextInput()))
-        self.check_html(widget, 'code', None, html=(
-            '<input type="text" name="code_0"><input type="text" name="code_1">'
-        ), strict=True)
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "code",
+            None,
+            html=('<input type="text" name="code_0"><input type="text" name="code_1">'),
+            strict=True,
+        )
 
     def test_deepcopy(self):
         """
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_nullbooleanselect.py b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_nullbooleanselect.py
index 4e34020cdd..927abdba01 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_nullbooleanselect.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_nullbooleanselect.py
@@ -8,85 +8,130 @@ class NullBooleanSelectTest(WidgetTest):
     widget = NullBooleanSelect()
 
     def test_render_true(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'is_cool', True, html=(
-            """<select name="is_cool">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "is_cool",
+            True,
+            html=(
+                """<select name="is_cool">
             <option value="unknown">Unknown</option>
             <option value="true" selected>Yes</option>
             <option value="false">No</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_render_false(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'is_cool', False, html=(
-            """<select name="is_cool">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "is_cool",
+            False,
+            html=(
+                """<select name="is_cool">
             <option value="unknown">Unknown</option>
             <option value="true">Yes</option>
             <option value="false" selected>No</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_render_none(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'is_cool', None, html=(
-            """<select name="is_cool">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "is_cool",
+            None,
+            html=(
+                """<select name="is_cool">
             <option value="unknown" selected>Unknown</option>
             <option value="true">Yes</option>
             <option value="false">No</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_render_value_unknown(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'is_cool', 'unknown', html=(
-            """<select name="is_cool">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "is_cool",
+            "unknown",
+            html=(
+                """<select name="is_cool">
             <option value="unknown" selected>Unknown</option>
             <option value="true">Yes</option>
             <option value="false">No</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_render_value_true(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'is_cool', 'true', html=(
-            """<select name="is_cool">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "is_cool",
+            "true",
+            html=(
+                """<select name="is_cool">
             <option value="unknown">Unknown</option>
             <option value="true" selected>Yes</option>
             <option value="false">No</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_render_value_false(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'is_cool', 'false', html=(
-            """<select name="is_cool">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "is_cool",
+            "false",
+            html=(
+                """<select name="is_cool">
             <option value="unknown">Unknown</option>
             <option value="true">Yes</option>
             <option value="false" selected>No</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_render_value_1(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'is_cool', '1', html=(
-            """<select name="is_cool">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "is_cool",
+            "1",
+            html=(
+                """<select name="is_cool">
             <option value="unknown" selected>Unknown</option>
             <option value="true">Yes</option>
             <option value="false">No</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_render_value_2(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'is_cool', '2', html=(
-            """<select name="is_cool">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "is_cool",
+            "2",
+            html=(
+                """<select name="is_cool">
             <option value="unknown">Unknown</option>
             <option value="true" selected>Yes</option>
             <option value="false">No</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_render_value_3(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'is_cool', '3', html=(
-            """<select name="is_cool">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "is_cool",
+            "3",
+            html=(
+                """<select name="is_cool">
             <option value="unknown">Unknown</option>
             <option value="true">Yes</option>
             <option value="false" selected>No</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_l10n(self):
         """
@@ -94,13 +139,18 @@ class NullBooleanSelectTest(WidgetTest):
         """
         widget = NullBooleanSelect()
 
-        with translation.override('de-at'):
-            self.check_html(widget, 'id_bool', True, html=(
-                """
+        with translation.override("de-at"):
+            self.check_html(
+                widget,
+                "id_bool",
+                True,
+                html=(
+                    """
                 <select name="id_bool">
                     <option value="unknown">Unbekannt</option>
                     <option value="true" selected>Ja</option>
                     <option value="false">Nein</option>
                 </select>
                 """
-            ))
+                ),
+            )
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_numberinput.py b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_numberinput.py
index 9fda30e156..a6427e6e37 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_numberinput.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_numberinput.py
@@ -5,11 +5,12 @@ from .base import WidgetTest
 
 
 class NumberInputTests(WidgetTest):
-
     @override_settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True)
     def test_attrs_not_localized(self):
-        widget = NumberInput(attrs={'max': 12345, 'min': 1234, 'step': 9999})
+        widget = NumberInput(attrs={"max": 12345, "min": 1234, "step": 9999})
         self.check_html(
-            widget, 'name', 'value',
-            '<input type="number" name="name" value="value" max="12345" min="1234" step="9999">'
+            widget,
+            "name",
+            "value",
+            '<input type="number" name="name" value="value" max="12345" min="1234" step="9999">',
         )
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_passwordinput.py b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_passwordinput.py
index ecbe274d69..1adf0cc3cb 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_passwordinput.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_passwordinput.py
@@ -7,10 +7,17 @@ class PasswordInputTest(WidgetTest):
     widget = PasswordInput()
 
     def test_render(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'password', '', html='<input type="password" name="password">')
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget, "password", "", html='<input type="password" name="password">'
+        )
 
     def test_render_ignore_value(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'password', 'secret', html='<input type="password" name="password">')
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "password",
+            "secret",
+            html='<input type="password" name="password">',
+        )
 
     def test_render_value_true(self):
         """
@@ -18,9 +25,15 @@ class PasswordInputTest(WidgetTest):
         render its value. For security reasons, this is off by default.
         """
         widget = PasswordInput(render_value=True)
-        self.check_html(widget, 'password', '', html='<input type="password" name="password">')
-        self.check_html(widget, 'password', None, html='<input type="password" name="password">')
         self.check_html(
-            widget, 'password', 'test@example.com',
+            widget, "password", "", html='<input type="password" name="password">'
+        )
+        self.check_html(
+            widget, "password", None, html='<input type="password" name="password">'
+        )
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "password",
+            "test@example.com",
             html='<input type="password" name="password" value="test@example.com">',
         )
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_radioselect.py b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_radioselect.py
index 9622517144..89e4022f1c 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_radioselect.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_radioselect.py
@@ -10,8 +10,12 @@ class RadioSelectTest(WidgetTest):
     widget = RadioSelect
 
     def test_render(self):
-        choices = (('', '------'),) + self.beatles
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=choices), 'beatle', 'J', html="""
+        choices = (("", "------"),) + self.beatles
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget(choices=choices),
+            "beatle",
+            "J",
+            html="""
             <div>
             <div><label><input type="radio" name="beatle" value=""> ------</label></div>
             <div><label><input checked type="radio" name="beatle" value="J"> John</label></div>
@@ -19,13 +23,14 @@ class RadioSelectTest(WidgetTest):
             <div><label><input type="radio" name="beatle" value="G"> George</label></div>
             <div><label><input type="radio" name="beatle" value="R"> Ringo</label></div>
             </div>
-        """)
+        """,
+        )
 
     def test_nested_choices(self):
         nested_choices = (
-            ('unknown', 'Unknown'),
-            ('Audio', (('vinyl', 'Vinyl'), ('cd', 'CD'))),
-            ('Video', (('vhs', 'VHS'), ('dvd', 'DVD'))),
+            ("unknown", "Unknown"),
+            ("Audio", (("vinyl", "Vinyl"), ("cd", "CD"))),
+            ("Video", (("vhs", "VHS"), ("dvd", "DVD"))),
         )
         html = """
         <div id="media">
@@ -47,8 +52,11 @@ class RadioSelectTest(WidgetTest):
         </div>
         """
         self.check_html(
-            self.widget(choices=nested_choices), 'nestchoice', 'dvd',
-            attrs={'id': 'media'}, html=html,
+            self.widget(choices=nested_choices),
+            "nestchoice",
+            "dvd",
+            attrs={"id": "media"},
+            html=html,
         )
 
     def test_constructor_attrs(self):
@@ -56,7 +64,7 @@ class RadioSelectTest(WidgetTest):
         Attributes provided at instantiation are passed to the constituent
         inputs.
         """
-        widget = RadioSelect(attrs={'id': 'foo'}, choices=self.beatles)
+        widget = RadioSelect(attrs={"id": "foo"}, choices=self.beatles)
         html = """
         <div id="foo">
         <div>
@@ -67,7 +75,7 @@ class RadioSelectTest(WidgetTest):
         <div><label for="foo_3"><input type="radio" id="foo_3" value="R" name="beatle"> Ringo</label></div>
         </div>
         """
-        self.check_html(widget, 'beatle', 'J', html=html)
+        self.check_html(widget, "beatle", "J", html=html)
 
     def test_render_attrs(self):
         """
@@ -84,7 +92,13 @@ class RadioSelectTest(WidgetTest):
         <div><label for="bar_3"><input type="radio" id="bar_3" value="R" name="beatle"> Ringo</label></div>
         </div>
         """
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=self.beatles), 'beatle', 'J', attrs={'id': 'bar'}, html=html)
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget(choices=self.beatles),
+            "beatle",
+            "J",
+            attrs={"id": "bar"},
+            html=html,
+        )
 
     def test_class_attrs(self):
         """
@@ -99,14 +113,20 @@ class RadioSelectTest(WidgetTest):
         <div><label><input type="radio" class="bar" value="R" name="beatle"> Ringo</label></div>
         </div>
         """
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=self.beatles), 'beatle', 'J', attrs={'class': 'bar'}, html=html)
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget(choices=self.beatles),
+            "beatle",
+            "J",
+            attrs={"class": "bar"},
+            html=html,
+        )
 
     @override_settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True)
     def test_doesnt_localize_input_value(self):
         choices = [
-            (1, 'One'),
-            (1000, 'One thousand'),
-            (1000000, 'One million'),
+            (1, "One"),
+            (1000, "One thousand"),
+            (1000000, "One million"),
         ]
         html = """
         <div>
@@ -115,11 +135,11 @@ class RadioSelectTest(WidgetTest):
         <div><label><input type="radio" name="number" value="1000000"> One million</label></div>
         </div>
         """
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=choices), 'number', None, html=html)
+        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=choices), "number", None, html=html)
 
         choices = [
-            (datetime.time(0, 0), 'midnight'),
-            (datetime.time(12, 0), 'noon'),
+            (datetime.time(0, 0), "midnight"),
+            (datetime.time(12, 0), "noon"),
         ]
         html = """
         <div>
@@ -127,12 +147,16 @@ class RadioSelectTest(WidgetTest):
         <div><label><input type="radio" name="time" value="12:00:00"> noon</label></div>
         </div>
         """
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=choices), 'time', None, html=html)
+        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=choices), "time", None, html=html)
 
     def test_render_as_subwidget(self):
         """A RadioSelect as a subwidget of MultiWidget."""
-        choices = (('', '------'),) + self.beatles
-        self.check_html(MultiWidget([self.widget(choices=choices)]), 'beatle', ['J'], html="""
+        choices = (("", "------"),) + self.beatles
+        self.check_html(
+            MultiWidget([self.widget(choices=choices)]),
+            "beatle",
+            ["J"],
+            html="""
             <div>
             <div><label><input type="radio" name="beatle_0" value=""> ------</label></div>
             <div><label><input checked type="radio" name="beatle_0" value="J"> John</label></div>
@@ -140,4 +164,5 @@ class RadioSelectTest(WidgetTest):
             <div><label><input type="radio" name="beatle_0" value="G"> George</label></div>
             <div><label><input type="radio" name="beatle_0" value="R"> Ringo</label></div>
             </div>
-        """)
+        """,
+        )
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_select.py b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_select.py
index dc2030e3ae..e78feeb110 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_select.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_select.py
@@ -10,87 +10,115 @@ from .base import WidgetTest
 
 class SelectTest(WidgetTest):
     widget = Select
-    nested_widget = Select(choices=(
-        ('outer1', 'Outer 1'),
-        ('Group "1"', (('inner1', 'Inner 1'), ('inner2', 'Inner 2'))),
-    ))
+    nested_widget = Select(
+        choices=(
+            ("outer1", "Outer 1"),
+            ('Group "1"', (("inner1", "Inner 1"), ("inner2", "Inner 2"))),
+        )
+    )
 
     def test_render(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=self.beatles), 'beatle', 'J', html=(
-            """<select name="beatle">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget(choices=self.beatles),
+            "beatle",
+            "J",
+            html=(
+                """<select name="beatle">
             <option value="J" selected>John</option>
             <option value="P">Paul</option>
             <option value="G">George</option>
             <option value="R">Ringo</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_render_none(self):
         """
         If the value is None, none of the options are selected.
         """
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=self.beatles), 'beatle', None, html=(
-            """<select name="beatle">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget(choices=self.beatles),
+            "beatle",
+            None,
+            html=(
+                """<select name="beatle">
             <option value="J">John</option>
             <option value="P">Paul</option>
             <option value="G">George</option>
             <option value="R">Ringo</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_render_label_value(self):
         """
         If the value corresponds to a label (but not to an option value), none
         of the options are selected.
         """
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=self.beatles), 'beatle', 'John', html=(
-            """<select name="beatle">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget(choices=self.beatles),
+            "beatle",
+            "John",
+            html=(
+                """<select name="beatle">
             <option value="J">John</option>
             <option value="P">Paul</option>
             <option value="G">George</option>
             <option value="R">Ringo</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_render_selected(self):
         """
         Only one option can be selected (#8103).
         """
-        choices = [('0', '0'), ('1', '1'), ('2', '2'), ('3', '3'), ('0', 'extra')]
+        choices = [("0", "0"), ("1", "1"), ("2", "2"), ("3", "3"), ("0", "extra")]
 
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=choices), 'choices', '0', html=(
-            """<select name="choices">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget(choices=choices),
+            "choices",
+            "0",
+            html=(
+                """<select name="choices">
             <option value="0" selected>0</option>
             <option value="1">1</option>
             <option value="2">2</option>
             <option value="3">3</option>
             <option value="0">extra</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_constructor_attrs(self):
         """
         Select options shouldn't inherit the parent widget attrs.
         """
         widget = Select(
-            attrs={'class': 'super', 'id': 'super'},
+            attrs={"class": "super", "id": "super"},
             choices=[(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)],
         )
-        self.check_html(widget, 'num', 2, html=(
-            """<select name="num" class="super" id="super">
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "num",
+            2,
+            html=(
+                """<select name="num" class="super" id="super">
               <option value="1">1</option>
               <option value="2" selected>2</option>
               <option value="3">3</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_compare_to_str(self):
         """
         The value is compared to its str().
         """
         self.check_html(
-            self.widget(choices=[('1', '1'), ('2', '2'), ('3', '3')]),
-            'num', 2,
+            self.widget(choices=[("1", "1"), ("2", "2"), ("3", "3")]),
+            "num",
+            2,
             html=(
                 """<select name="num">
                 <option value="1">1</option>
@@ -101,7 +129,8 @@ class SelectTest(WidgetTest):
         )
         self.check_html(
             self.widget(choices=[(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)]),
-            'num', '2',
+            "num",
+            "2",
             html=(
                 """<select name="num">
                 <option value="1">1</option>
@@ -112,7 +141,8 @@ class SelectTest(WidgetTest):
         )
         self.check_html(
             self.widget(choices=[(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)]),
-            'num', 2,
+            "num",
+            2,
             html=(
                 """<select name="num">
                 <option value="1">1</option>
@@ -124,56 +154,78 @@ class SelectTest(WidgetTest):
 
     def test_choices_constructor(self):
         widget = Select(choices=[(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)])
-        self.check_html(widget, 'num', 2, html=(
-            """<select name="num">
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "num",
+            2,
+            html=(
+                """<select name="num">
             <option value="1">1</option>
             <option value="2" selected>2</option>
             <option value="3">3</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_choices_constructor_generator(self):
         """
         If choices is passed to the constructor and is a generator, it can be
         iterated over multiple times without getting consumed.
         """
+
         def get_choices():
             for i in range(5):
                 yield (i, i)
 
         widget = Select(choices=get_choices())
-        self.check_html(widget, 'num', 2, html=(
-            """<select name="num">
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "num",
+            2,
+            html=(
+                """<select name="num">
             <option value="0">0</option>
             <option value="1">1</option>
             <option value="2" selected>2</option>
             <option value="3">3</option>
             <option value="4">4</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
-        self.check_html(widget, 'num', 3, html=(
-            """<select name="num">
+            ),
+        )
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "num",
+            3,
+            html=(
+                """<select name="num">
             <option value="0">0</option>
             <option value="1">1</option>
             <option value="2">2</option>
             <option value="3" selected>3</option>
             <option value="4">4</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_choices_escaping(self):
-        choices = (('bad', 'you & me'), ('good', mark_safe('you &gt; me')))
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=choices), 'escape', None, html=(
-            """<select name="escape">
+        choices = (("bad", "you & me"), ("good", mark_safe("you &gt; me")))
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget(choices=choices),
+            "escape",
+            None,
+            html=(
+                """<select name="escape">
             <option value="bad">you &amp; me</option>
             <option value="good">you &gt; me</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_choices_unicode(self):
         self.check_html(
-            self.widget(choices=[('ŠĐĆŽćžšđ', 'ŠĐabcĆŽćžšđ'), ('ćžšđ', 'abcćžšđ')]),
-            'email', 'ŠĐĆŽćžšđ',
+            self.widget(choices=[("ŠĐĆŽćžšđ", "ŠĐabcĆŽćžšđ"), ("ćžšđ", "abcćžšđ")]),
+            "email",
+            "ŠĐĆŽćžšđ",
             html=(
                 """<select name="email">
                 <option value="\u0160\u0110\u0106\u017d\u0107\u017e\u0161\u0111" selected>
@@ -188,44 +240,59 @@ class SelectTest(WidgetTest):
         """
         Choices can be nested one level in order to create HTML optgroups.
         """
-        self.check_html(self.nested_widget, 'nestchoice', None, html=(
-            """<select name="nestchoice">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.nested_widget,
+            "nestchoice",
+            None,
+            html=(
+                """<select name="nestchoice">
             <option value="outer1">Outer 1</option>
             <optgroup label="Group &quot;1&quot;">
             <option value="inner1">Inner 1</option>
             <option value="inner2">Inner 2</option>
             </optgroup>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_choices_select_outer(self):
-        self.check_html(self.nested_widget, 'nestchoice', 'outer1', html=(
-            """<select name="nestchoice">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.nested_widget,
+            "nestchoice",
+            "outer1",
+            html=(
+                """<select name="nestchoice">
             <option value="outer1" selected>Outer 1</option>
             <optgroup label="Group &quot;1&quot;">
             <option value="inner1">Inner 1</option>
             <option value="inner2">Inner 2</option>
             </optgroup>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_choices_select_inner(self):
-        self.check_html(self.nested_widget, 'nestchoice', 'inner1', html=(
-            """<select name="nestchoice">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.nested_widget,
+            "nestchoice",
+            "inner1",
+            html=(
+                """<select name="nestchoice">
             <option value="outer1">Outer 1</option>
             <optgroup label="Group &quot;1&quot;">
             <option value="inner1" selected>Inner 1</option>
             <option value="inner2">Inner 2</option>
             </optgroup>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     @override_settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True)
     def test_doesnt_localize_option_value(self):
         choices = [
-            (1, 'One'),
-            (1000, 'One thousand'),
-            (1000000, 'One million'),
+            (1, "One"),
+            (1000, "One thousand"),
+            (1000000, "One million"),
         ]
         html = """
         <select name="number">
@@ -234,11 +301,11 @@ class SelectTest(WidgetTest):
         <option value="1000000">One million</option>
         </select>
         """
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=choices), 'number', None, html=html)
+        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=choices), "number", None, html=html)
 
         choices = [
-            (datetime.time(0, 0), 'midnight'),
-            (datetime.time(12, 0), 'noon'),
+            (datetime.time(0, 0), "midnight"),
+            (datetime.time(12, 0), "noon"),
         ]
         html = """
         <select name="time">
@@ -246,118 +313,142 @@ class SelectTest(WidgetTest):
         <option value="12:00:00">noon</option>
         </select>
         """
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=choices), 'time', None, html=html)
+        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=choices), "time", None, html=html)
 
     def test_options(self):
-        options = list(self.widget(choices=self.beatles).options(
-            'name', ['J'], attrs={'class': 'super'},
-        ))
+        options = list(
+            self.widget(choices=self.beatles).options(
+                "name",
+                ["J"],
+                attrs={"class": "super"},
+            )
+        )
         self.assertEqual(len(options), 4)
-        self.assertEqual(options[0]['name'], 'name')
-        self.assertEqual(options[0]['value'], 'J')
-        self.assertEqual(options[0]['label'], 'John')
-        self.assertEqual(options[0]['index'], '0')
-        self.assertIs(options[0]['selected'], True)
+        self.assertEqual(options[0]["name"], "name")
+        self.assertEqual(options[0]["value"], "J")
+        self.assertEqual(options[0]["label"], "John")
+        self.assertEqual(options[0]["index"], "0")
+        self.assertIs(options[0]["selected"], True)
         # Template-related attributes
-        self.assertEqual(options[1]['name'], 'name')
-        self.assertEqual(options[1]['value'], 'P')
-        self.assertEqual(options[1]['label'], 'Paul')
-        self.assertEqual(options[1]['index'], '1')
-        self.assertIs(options[1]['selected'], False)
+        self.assertEqual(options[1]["name"], "name")
+        self.assertEqual(options[1]["value"], "P")
+        self.assertEqual(options[1]["label"], "Paul")
+        self.assertEqual(options[1]["index"], "1")
+        self.assertIs(options[1]["selected"], False)
 
     def test_optgroups(self):
         choices = [
-            ('Audio', [
-                ('vinyl', 'Vinyl'),
-                ('cd', 'CD'),
-            ]),
-            ('Video', [
-                ('vhs', 'VHS Tape'),
-                ('dvd', 'DVD'),
-            ]),
-            ('unknown', 'Unknown'),
+            (
+                "Audio",
+                [
+                    ("vinyl", "Vinyl"),
+                    ("cd", "CD"),
+                ],
+            ),
+            (
+                "Video",
+                [
+                    ("vhs", "VHS Tape"),
+                    ("dvd", "DVD"),
+                ],
+            ),
+            ("unknown", "Unknown"),
         ]
-        groups = list(self.widget(choices=choices).optgroups(
-            'name', ['vhs'], attrs={'class': 'super'},
-        ))
+        groups = list(
+            self.widget(choices=choices).optgroups(
+                "name",
+                ["vhs"],
+                attrs={"class": "super"},
+            )
+        )
         audio, video, unknown = groups
         label, options, index = audio
-        self.assertEqual(label, 'Audio')
+        self.assertEqual(label, "Audio")
         self.assertEqual(
             options,
-            [{
-                'value': 'vinyl',
-                'type': 'select',
-                'attrs': {},
-                'index': '0_0',
-                'label': 'Vinyl',
-                'template_name': 'django/forms/widgets/select_option.html',
-                'name': 'name',
-                'selected': False,
-                'wrap_label': True,
-            }, {
-                'value': 'cd',
-                'type': 'select',
-                'attrs': {},
-                'index': '0_1',
-                'label': 'CD',
-                'template_name': 'django/forms/widgets/select_option.html',
-                'name': 'name',
-                'selected': False,
-                'wrap_label': True,
-            }]
+            [
+                {
+                    "value": "vinyl",
+                    "type": "select",
+                    "attrs": {},
+                    "index": "0_0",
+                    "label": "Vinyl",
+                    "template_name": "django/forms/widgets/select_option.html",
+                    "name": "name",
+                    "selected": False,
+                    "wrap_label": True,
+                },
+                {
+                    "value": "cd",
+                    "type": "select",
+                    "attrs": {},
+                    "index": "0_1",
+                    "label": "CD",
+                    "template_name": "django/forms/widgets/select_option.html",
+                    "name": "name",
+                    "selected": False,
+                    "wrap_label": True,
+                },
+            ],
         )
         self.assertEqual(index, 0)
         label, options, index = video
-        self.assertEqual(label, 'Video')
+        self.assertEqual(label, "Video")
         self.assertEqual(
             options,
-            [{
-                'value': 'vhs',
-                'template_name': 'django/forms/widgets/select_option.html',
-                'label': 'VHS Tape',
-                'attrs': {'selected': True},
-                'index': '1_0',
-                'name': 'name',
-                'selected': True,
-                'type': 'select',
-                'wrap_label': True,
-            }, {
-                'value': 'dvd',
-                'template_name': 'django/forms/widgets/select_option.html',
-                'label': 'DVD',
-                'attrs': {},
-                'index': '1_1',
-                'name': 'name',
-                'selected': False,
-                'type': 'select',
-                'wrap_label': True,
-            }]
+            [
+                {
+                    "value": "vhs",
+                    "template_name": "django/forms/widgets/select_option.html",
+                    "label": "VHS Tape",
+                    "attrs": {"selected": True},
+                    "index": "1_0",
+                    "name": "name",
+                    "selected": True,
+                    "type": "select",
+                    "wrap_label": True,
+                },
+                {
+                    "value": "dvd",
+                    "template_name": "django/forms/widgets/select_option.html",
+                    "label": "DVD",
+                    "attrs": {},
+                    "index": "1_1",
+                    "name": "name",
+                    "selected": False,
+                    "type": "select",
+                    "wrap_label": True,
+                },
+            ],
         )
         self.assertEqual(index, 1)
         label, options, index = unknown
         self.assertIsNone(label)
         self.assertEqual(
             options,
-            [{
-                'value': 'unknown',
-                'selected': False,
-                'template_name': 'django/forms/widgets/select_option.html',
-                'label': 'Unknown',
-                'attrs': {},
-                'index': '2',
-                'name': 'name',
-                'type': 'select',
-                'wrap_label': True,
-            }]
+            [
+                {
+                    "value": "unknown",
+                    "selected": False,
+                    "template_name": "django/forms/widgets/select_option.html",
+                    "label": "Unknown",
+                    "attrs": {},
+                    "index": "2",
+                    "name": "name",
+                    "type": "select",
+                    "wrap_label": True,
+                }
+            ],
         )
         self.assertEqual(index, 2)
 
     def test_optgroups_integer_choices(self):
         """The option 'value' is the same type as what's in `choices`."""
-        groups = list(self.widget(choices=[[0, 'choice text']]).optgroups('name', ['vhs']))
+        groups = list(
+            self.widget(choices=[[0, "choice text"]]).optgroups("name", ["vhs"])
+        )
         label, options, index = groups[0]
-        self.assertEqual(options[0]['value'], 0)
+        self.assertEqual(options[0]["value"], 0)
 
     def test_deepcopy(self):
         """
@@ -372,19 +463,19 @@ class SelectTest(WidgetTest):
         self.assertIsNot(widget.attrs, obj.attrs)
 
     def test_doesnt_render_required_when_impossible_to_select_empty_field(self):
-        widget = self.widget(choices=[('J', 'John'), ('P', 'Paul')])
+        widget = self.widget(choices=[("J", "John"), ("P", "Paul")])
         self.assertIs(widget.use_required_attribute(initial=None), False)
 
     def test_renders_required_when_possible_to_select_empty_field_str(self):
-        widget = self.widget(choices=[('', 'select please'), ('P', 'Paul')])
+        widget = self.widget(choices=[("", "select please"), ("P", "Paul")])
         self.assertIs(widget.use_required_attribute(initial=None), True)
 
     def test_renders_required_when_possible_to_select_empty_field_list(self):
-        widget = self.widget(choices=[['', 'select please'], ['P', 'Paul']])
+        widget = self.widget(choices=[["", "select please"], ["P", "Paul"]])
         self.assertIs(widget.use_required_attribute(initial=None), True)
 
     def test_renders_required_when_possible_to_select_empty_field_none(self):
-        widget = self.widget(choices=[(None, 'select please'), ('P', 'Paul')])
+        widget = self.widget(choices=[(None, "select please"), ("P", "Paul")])
         self.assertIs(widget.use_required_attribute(initial=None), True)
 
     def test_doesnt_render_required_when_no_choices_are_available(self):
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_selectdatewidget.py b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_selectdatewidget.py
index 6a922e4e71..de0c35cd5b 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_selectdatewidget.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_selectdatewidget.py
@@ -12,12 +12,27 @@ from .base import WidgetTest
 class SelectDateWidgetTest(WidgetTest):
     maxDiff = None
     widget = SelectDateWidget(
-        years=('2007', '2008', '2009', '2010', '2011', '2012', '2013', '2014', '2015', '2016'),
+        years=(
+            "2007",
+            "2008",
+            "2009",
+            "2010",
+            "2011",
+            "2012",
+            "2013",
+            "2014",
+            "2015",
+            "2016",
+        ),
     )
 
     def test_render_empty(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'mydate', '', html=(
-            """
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "mydate",
+            "",
+            html=(
+                """
             <select name="mydate_month" id="id_mydate_month">
                 <option selected value="">---</option>
                 <option value="1">January</option>
@@ -83,20 +98,25 @@ class SelectDateWidgetTest(WidgetTest):
                 <option value="2016">2016</option>
             </select>
             """
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_render_none(self):
         """
         Rendering the None or '' values should yield the same output.
         """
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            self.widget.render('mydate', None),
-            self.widget.render('mydate', ''),
+            self.widget.render("mydate", None),
+            self.widget.render("mydate", ""),
         )
 
     def test_render_string(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'mydate', '2010-04-15', html=(
-            """
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "mydate",
+            "2010-04-15",
+            html=(
+                """
             <select name="mydate_month" id="id_mydate_month">
                 <option value="">---</option>
                 <option value="1">January</option>
@@ -162,20 +182,25 @@ class SelectDateWidgetTest(WidgetTest):
                 <option value="2016">2016</option>
             </select>
             """
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_render_datetime(self):
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            self.widget.render('mydate', date(2010, 4, 15)),
-            self.widget.render('mydate', '2010-04-15'),
+            self.widget.render("mydate", date(2010, 4, 15)),
+            self.widget.render("mydate", "2010-04-15"),
         )
 
     def test_render_invalid_date(self):
         """
         Invalid dates should still render the failed date.
         """
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'mydate', '2010-02-31', html=(
-            """
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "mydate",
+            "2010-02-31",
+            html=(
+                """
             <select name="mydate_month" id="id_mydate_month">
                 <option value="">---</option>
                 <option value="1">January</option>
@@ -241,12 +266,17 @@ class SelectDateWidgetTest(WidgetTest):
                 <option value="2016">2016</option>
             </select>
             """
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_custom_months(self):
-        widget = SelectDateWidget(months=MONTHS_AP, years=('2013',))
-        self.check_html(widget, 'mydate', '', html=(
-            """
+        widget = SelectDateWidget(months=MONTHS_AP, years=("2013",))
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "mydate",
+            "",
+            html=(
+                """
             <select name="mydate_month" id="id_mydate_month">
                 <option selected value="">---</option>
                 <option value="1">Jan.</option>
@@ -303,7 +333,8 @@ class SelectDateWidgetTest(WidgetTest):
                 <option value="2013">2013</option>
             </select>
             """
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_selectdate_required(self):
         class GetNotRequiredDate(Form):
@@ -312,20 +343,26 @@ class SelectDateWidgetTest(WidgetTest):
         class GetRequiredDate(Form):
             mydate = DateField(widget=SelectDateWidget, required=True)
 
-        self.assertFalse(GetNotRequiredDate().fields['mydate'].widget.is_required)
-        self.assertTrue(GetRequiredDate().fields['mydate'].widget.is_required)
+        self.assertFalse(GetNotRequiredDate().fields["mydate"].widget.is_required)
+        self.assertTrue(GetRequiredDate().fields["mydate"].widget.is_required)
 
     def test_selectdate_empty_label(self):
-        w = SelectDateWidget(years=('2014',), empty_label='empty_label')
+        w = SelectDateWidget(years=("2014",), empty_label="empty_label")
 
         # Rendering the default state with empty_label set as string.
-        self.assertInHTML('<option selected value="">empty_label</option>', w.render('mydate', ''), count=3)
+        self.assertInHTML(
+            '<option selected value="">empty_label</option>',
+            w.render("mydate", ""),
+            count=3,
+        )
 
-        w = SelectDateWidget(years=('2014',), empty_label=('empty_year', 'empty_month', 'empty_day'))
+        w = SelectDateWidget(
+            years=("2014",), empty_label=("empty_year", "empty_month", "empty_day")
+        )
 
         # Rendering the default state with empty_label tuple.
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('mydate', ''),
+            w.render("mydate", ""),
             """
             <select name="mydate_month" id="id_mydate_month">
                 <option selected value="">empty_month</option>
@@ -385,21 +422,36 @@ class SelectDateWidgetTest(WidgetTest):
             """,
         )
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'empty_label list/tuple must have 3 elements.'):
-            SelectDateWidget(years=('2014',), empty_label=('not enough', 'values'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "empty_label list/tuple must have 3 elements."
+        ):
+            SelectDateWidget(years=("2014",), empty_label=("not enough", "values"))
 
-    @translation.override('nl')
+    @translation.override("nl")
     def test_l10n(self):
         w = SelectDateWidget(
-            years=('2007', '2008', '2009', '2010', '2011', '2012', '2013', '2014', '2015', '2016')
+            years=(
+                "2007",
+                "2008",
+                "2009",
+                "2010",
+                "2011",
+                "2012",
+                "2013",
+                "2014",
+                "2015",
+                "2016",
+            )
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            w.value_from_datadict({'date_year': '2010', 'date_month': '8', 'date_day': '13'}, {}, 'date'),
-            '13-08-2010',
+            w.value_from_datadict(
+                {"date_year": "2010", "date_month": "8", "date_day": "13"}, {}, "date"
+            ),
+            "13-08-2010",
         )
 
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            w.render('date', '13-08-2010'),
+            w.render("date", "13-08-2010"),
             """
             <select name="date_day" id="id_date_day">
                 <option value="">---</option>
@@ -469,20 +521,24 @@ class SelectDateWidgetTest(WidgetTest):
         )
 
         # Even with an invalid date, the widget should reflect the entered value (#17401).
-        self.assertEqual(w.render('mydate', '2010-02-30').count('selected'), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(w.render("mydate", "2010-02-30").count("selected"), 3)
 
         # Years before 1900 should work.
-        w = SelectDateWidget(years=('1899',))
+        w = SelectDateWidget(years=("1899",))
         self.assertEqual(
-            w.value_from_datadict({'date_year': '1899', 'date_month': '8', 'date_day': '13'}, {}, 'date'),
-            '13-08-1899',
+            w.value_from_datadict(
+                {"date_year": "1899", "date_month": "8", "date_day": "13"}, {}, "date"
+            ),
+            "13-08-1899",
         )
         # And years before 1000 (demonstrating the need for
         # sanitize_strftime_format).
-        w = SelectDateWidget(years=('0001',))
+        w = SelectDateWidget(years=("0001",))
         self.assertEqual(
-            w.value_from_datadict({'date_year': '0001', 'date_month': '8', 'date_day': '13'}, {}, 'date'),
-            '13-08-0001',
+            w.value_from_datadict(
+                {"date_year": "0001", "date_month": "8", "date_day": "13"}, {}, "date"
+            ),
+            "13-08-0001",
         )
 
     # RemovedInDjango50Warning: When the deprecation ends, remove
@@ -490,77 +546,110 @@ class SelectDateWidgetTest(WidgetTest):
     # format-related settings will take precedence over locale-dictated
     # formats.
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
-    @override_settings(USE_L10N=False, DATE_INPUT_FORMATS=['%d.%m.%Y'])
+    @override_settings(USE_L10N=False, DATE_INPUT_FORMATS=["%d.%m.%Y"])
     def test_custom_input_format(self):
-        w = SelectDateWidget(years=('0001', '1899', '2009', '2010'))
+        w = SelectDateWidget(years=("0001", "1899", "2009", "2010"))
         for values, expected_value in (
-            (('0001', '8', '13'), '13.08.0001'),
-            (('1899', '7', '11'), '11.07.1899'),
-            (('2009', '3', '7'), '07.03.2009'),
+            (("0001", "8", "13"), "13.08.0001"),
+            (("1899", "7", "11"), "11.07.1899"),
+            (("2009", "3", "7"), "07.03.2009"),
         ):
             with self.subTest(values=values):
                 data = {
-                    'field_%s' % field: value
-                    for field, value in zip(('year', 'month', 'day'), values)
+                    "field_%s" % field: value
+                    for field, value in zip(("year", "month", "day"), values)
                 }
-                self.assertEqual(w.value_from_datadict(data, {}, 'field'), expected_value)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    w.value_from_datadict(data, {}, "field"), expected_value
+                )
                 expected_dict = {
                     field: int(value)
-                    for field, value in zip(('year', 'month', 'day'), values)
+                    for field, value in zip(("year", "month", "day"), values)
                 }
                 self.assertEqual(w.format_value(expected_value), expected_dict)
 
     def test_format_value(self):
         valid_formats = [
-            '2000-1-1', '2000-10-15', '2000-01-01',
-            '2000-01-0', '2000-0-01', '2000-0-0',
-            '0-01-01', '0-01-0', '0-0-01', '0-0-0',
+            "2000-1-1",
+            "2000-10-15",
+            "2000-01-01",
+            "2000-01-0",
+            "2000-0-01",
+            "2000-0-0",
+            "0-01-01",
+            "0-01-0",
+            "0-0-01",
+            "0-0-0",
         ]
         for value in valid_formats:
-            year, month, day = (int(x) or '' for x in value.split('-'))
+            year, month, day = (int(x) or "" for x in value.split("-"))
             with self.subTest(value=value):
-                self.assertEqual(self.widget.format_value(value), {'day': day, 'month': month, 'year': year})
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    self.widget.format_value(value),
+                    {"day": day, "month": month, "year": year},
+                )
 
         invalid_formats = [
-            '2000-01-001', '2000-001-01', '2-01-01', '20-01-01', '200-01-01',
-            '20000-01-01',
+            "2000-01-001",
+            "2000-001-01",
+            "2-01-01",
+            "20-01-01",
+            "200-01-01",
+            "20000-01-01",
         ]
         for value in invalid_formats:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
-                self.assertEqual(self.widget.format_value(value), {'day': None, 'month': None, 'year': None})
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    self.widget.format_value(value),
+                    {"day": None, "month": None, "year": None},
+                )
 
     def test_value_from_datadict(self):
         tests = [
-            (('2000', '12', '1'), '2000-12-01'),
-            (('', '12', '1'), '0-12-1'),
-            (('2000', '', '1'), '2000-0-1'),
-            (('2000', '12', ''), '2000-12-0'),
-            (('', '', '', ''), None),
-            ((None, '12', '1'), None),
-            (('2000', None, '1'), None),
-            (('2000', '12', None), None),
+            (("2000", "12", "1"), "2000-12-01"),
+            (("", "12", "1"), "0-12-1"),
+            (("2000", "", "1"), "2000-0-1"),
+            (("2000", "12", ""), "2000-12-0"),
+            (("", "", "", ""), None),
+            ((None, "12", "1"), None),
+            (("2000", None, "1"), None),
+            (("2000", "12", None), None),
         ]
         for values, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(values=values):
                 data = {}
-                for field_name, value in zip(('year', 'month', 'day'), values):
+                for field_name, value in zip(("year", "month", "day"), values):
                     if value is not None:
-                        data['field_%s' % field_name] = value
-                self.assertEqual(self.widget.value_from_datadict(data, {}, 'field'), expected)
+                        data["field_%s" % field_name] = value
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    self.widget.value_from_datadict(data, {}, "field"), expected
+                )
 
     def test_value_omitted_from_data(self):
-        self.assertIs(self.widget.value_omitted_from_data({}, {}, 'field'), True)
-        self.assertIs(self.widget.value_omitted_from_data({'field_month': '12'}, {}, 'field'), False)
-        self.assertIs(self.widget.value_omitted_from_data({'field_year': '2000'}, {}, 'field'), False)
-        self.assertIs(self.widget.value_omitted_from_data({'field_day': '1'}, {}, 'field'), False)
-        data = {'field_day': '1', 'field_month': '12', 'field_year': '2000'}
-        self.assertIs(self.widget.value_omitted_from_data(data, {}, 'field'), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.widget.value_omitted_from_data({}, {}, "field"), True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            self.widget.value_omitted_from_data({"field_month": "12"}, {}, "field"),
+            False,
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            self.widget.value_omitted_from_data({"field_year": "2000"}, {}, "field"),
+            False,
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            self.widget.value_omitted_from_data({"field_day": "1"}, {}, "field"), False
+        )
+        data = {"field_day": "1", "field_month": "12", "field_year": "2000"}
+        self.assertIs(self.widget.value_omitted_from_data(data, {}, "field"), False)
 
     @override_settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True)
     def test_years_rendered_without_separator(self):
         widget = SelectDateWidget(years=(2007,))
-        self.check_html(widget, 'mydate', '', html=(
-            """
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "mydate",
+            "",
+            html=(
+                """
             <select name="mydate_month" id="id_mydate_month">
                 <option selected value="">---</option>
                 <option value="1">January</option>
@@ -615,4 +704,5 @@ class SelectDateWidgetTest(WidgetTest):
                 <option value="2007">2007</option>
             </select>
             """
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_selectmultiple.py b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_selectmultiple.py
index eb144ba4b3..99b53521e7 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_selectmultiple.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_selectmultiple.py
@@ -5,134 +5,188 @@ from .base import WidgetTest
 
 class SelectMultipleTest(WidgetTest):
     widget = SelectMultiple
-    numeric_choices = (('0', '0'), ('1', '1'), ('2', '2'), ('3', '3'), ('0', 'extra'))
+    numeric_choices = (("0", "0"), ("1", "1"), ("2", "2"), ("3", "3"), ("0", "extra"))
 
     def test_format_value(self):
         widget = self.widget(choices=self.numeric_choices)
         self.assertEqual(widget.format_value(None), [])
-        self.assertEqual(widget.format_value(''), [''])
-        self.assertEqual(widget.format_value([3, 0, 1]), ['3', '0', '1'])
+        self.assertEqual(widget.format_value(""), [""])
+        self.assertEqual(widget.format_value([3, 0, 1]), ["3", "0", "1"])
 
     def test_render_selected(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=self.beatles), 'beatles', ['J'], html=(
-            """<select multiple name="beatles">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget(choices=self.beatles),
+            "beatles",
+            ["J"],
+            html=(
+                """<select multiple name="beatles">
             <option value="J" selected>John</option>
             <option value="P">Paul</option>
             <option value="G">George</option>
             <option value="R">Ringo</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_render_multiple_selected(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=self.beatles), 'beatles', ['J', 'P'], html=(
-            """<select multiple name="beatles">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget(choices=self.beatles),
+            "beatles",
+            ["J", "P"],
+            html=(
+                """<select multiple name="beatles">
             <option value="J" selected>John</option>
             <option value="P" selected>Paul</option>
             <option value="G">George</option>
             <option value="R">Ringo</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_render_none(self):
         """
         If the value is None, none of the options are selected, even if the
         choices have an empty option.
         """
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=(('', 'Unknown'),) + self.beatles), 'beatles', None, html=(
-            """<select multiple name="beatles">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget(choices=(("", "Unknown"),) + self.beatles),
+            "beatles",
+            None,
+            html=(
+                """<select multiple name="beatles">
             <option value="">Unknown</option>
             <option value="J">John</option>
             <option value="P">Paul</option>
             <option value="G">George</option>
             <option value="R">Ringo</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_render_value_label(self):
         """
         If the value corresponds to a label (but not to an option value), none
         of the options are selected.
         """
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=self.beatles), 'beatles', ['John'], html=(
-            """<select multiple name="beatles">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget(choices=self.beatles),
+            "beatles",
+            ["John"],
+            html=(
+                """<select multiple name="beatles">
             <option value="J">John</option>
             <option value="P">Paul</option>
             <option value="G">George</option>
             <option value="R">Ringo</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_multiple_options_same_value(self):
         """
         Multiple options with the same value can be selected (#8103).
         """
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=self.numeric_choices), 'choices', ['0'], html=(
-            """<select multiple name="choices">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget(choices=self.numeric_choices),
+            "choices",
+            ["0"],
+            html=(
+                """<select multiple name="choices">
             <option value="0" selected>0</option>
             <option value="1">1</option>
             <option value="2">2</option>
             <option value="3">3</option>
             <option value="0" selected>extra</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_multiple_values_invalid(self):
         """
         If multiple values are given, but some of them are not valid, the valid
         ones are selected.
         """
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=self.beatles), 'beatles', ['J', 'G', 'foo'], html=(
-            """<select multiple name="beatles">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget(choices=self.beatles),
+            "beatles",
+            ["J", "G", "foo"],
+            html=(
+                """<select multiple name="beatles">
             <option value="J" selected>John</option>
             <option value="P">Paul</option>
             <option value="G" selected>George</option>
             <option value="R">Ringo</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_compare_string(self):
-        choices = [('1', '1'), ('2', '2'), ('3', '3')]
+        choices = [("1", "1"), ("2", "2"), ("3", "3")]
 
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=choices), 'nums', [2], html=(
-            """<select multiple name="nums">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget(choices=choices),
+            "nums",
+            [2],
+            html=(
+                """<select multiple name="nums">
             <option value="1">1</option>
             <option value="2" selected>2</option>
             <option value="3">3</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=choices), 'nums', ['2'], html=(
-            """<select multiple name="nums">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget(choices=choices),
+            "nums",
+            ["2"],
+            html=(
+                """<select multiple name="nums">
             <option value="1">1</option>
             <option value="2" selected>2</option>
             <option value="3">3</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
-        self.check_html(self.widget(choices=choices), 'nums', [2], html=(
-            """<select multiple name="nums">
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget(choices=choices),
+            "nums",
+            [2],
+            html=(
+                """<select multiple name="nums">
             <option value="1">1</option>
             <option value="2" selected>2</option>
             <option value="3">3</option>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_optgroup_select_multiple(self):
-        widget = SelectMultiple(choices=(
-            ('outer1', 'Outer 1'),
-            ('Group "1"', (('inner1', 'Inner 1'), ('inner2', 'Inner 2'))),
-        ))
-        self.check_html(widget, 'nestchoice', ['outer1', 'inner2'], html=(
-            """<select multiple name="nestchoice">
+        widget = SelectMultiple(
+            choices=(
+                ("outer1", "Outer 1"),
+                ('Group "1"', (("inner1", "Inner 1"), ("inner2", "Inner 2"))),
+            )
+        )
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "nestchoice",
+            ["outer1", "inner2"],
+            html=(
+                """<select multiple name="nestchoice">
             <option value="outer1" selected>Outer 1</option>
             <optgroup label="Group &quot;1&quot;">
             <option value="inner1">Inner 1</option>
             <option value="inner2" selected>Inner 2</option>
             </optgroup>
             </select>"""
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_value_omitted_from_data(self):
         widget = self.widget(choices=self.beatles)
-        self.assertIs(widget.value_omitted_from_data({}, {}, 'field'), False)
-        self.assertIs(widget.value_omitted_from_data({'field': 'value'}, {}, 'field'), False)
+        self.assertIs(widget.value_omitted_from_data({}, {}, "field"), False)
+        self.assertIs(
+            widget.value_omitted_from_data({"field": "value"}, {}, "field"), False
+        )
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_splitdatetimewidget.py b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_splitdatetimewidget.py
index ebb30da148..ca48505b85 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_splitdatetimewidget.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_splitdatetimewidget.py
@@ -9,45 +9,72 @@ class SplitDateTimeWidgetTest(WidgetTest):
     widget = SplitDateTimeWidget()
 
     def test_render_empty(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'date', '', html=(
-            '<input type="text" name="date_0"><input type="text" name="date_1">'
-        ))
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "date",
+            "",
+            html=('<input type="text" name="date_0"><input type="text" name="date_1">'),
+        )
 
     def test_render_none(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'date', None, html=(
-            '<input type="text" name="date_0"><input type="text" name="date_1">'
-        ))
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "date",
+            None,
+            html=('<input type="text" name="date_0"><input type="text" name="date_1">'),
+        )
 
     def test_render_datetime(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'date', datetime(2006, 1, 10, 7, 30), html=(
-            '<input type="text" name="date_0" value="2006-01-10">'
-            '<input type="text" name="date_1" value="07:30:00">'
-        ))
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "date",
+            datetime(2006, 1, 10, 7, 30),
+            html=(
+                '<input type="text" name="date_0" value="2006-01-10">'
+                '<input type="text" name="date_1" value="07:30:00">'
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_render_date_and_time(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'date', [date(2006, 1, 10), time(7, 30)], html=(
-            '<input type="text" name="date_0" value="2006-01-10">'
-            '<input type="text" name="date_1" value="07:30:00">'
-        ))
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "date",
+            [date(2006, 1, 10), time(7, 30)],
+            html=(
+                '<input type="text" name="date_0" value="2006-01-10">'
+                '<input type="text" name="date_1" value="07:30:00">'
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_constructor_attrs(self):
-        widget = SplitDateTimeWidget(attrs={'class': 'pretty'})
-        self.check_html(widget, 'date', datetime(2006, 1, 10, 7, 30), html=(
-            '<input type="text" class="pretty" value="2006-01-10" name="date_0">'
-            '<input type="text" class="pretty" value="07:30:00" name="date_1">'
-        ))
+        widget = SplitDateTimeWidget(attrs={"class": "pretty"})
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "date",
+            datetime(2006, 1, 10, 7, 30),
+            html=(
+                '<input type="text" class="pretty" value="2006-01-10" name="date_0">'
+                '<input type="text" class="pretty" value="07:30:00" name="date_1">'
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_constructor_different_attrs(self):
         html = (
             '<input type="text" class="foo" value="2006-01-10" name="date_0">'
             '<input type="text" class="bar" value="07:30:00" name="date_1">'
         )
-        widget = SplitDateTimeWidget(date_attrs={'class': 'foo'}, time_attrs={'class': 'bar'})
-        self.check_html(widget, 'date', datetime(2006, 1, 10, 7, 30), html=html)
-        widget = SplitDateTimeWidget(date_attrs={'class': 'foo'}, attrs={'class': 'bar'})
-        self.check_html(widget, 'date', datetime(2006, 1, 10, 7, 30), html=html)
-        widget = SplitDateTimeWidget(time_attrs={'class': 'bar'}, attrs={'class': 'foo'})
-        self.check_html(widget, 'date', datetime(2006, 1, 10, 7, 30), html=html)
+        widget = SplitDateTimeWidget(
+            date_attrs={"class": "foo"}, time_attrs={"class": "bar"}
+        )
+        self.check_html(widget, "date", datetime(2006, 1, 10, 7, 30), html=html)
+        widget = SplitDateTimeWidget(
+            date_attrs={"class": "foo"}, attrs={"class": "bar"}
+        )
+        self.check_html(widget, "date", datetime(2006, 1, 10, 7, 30), html=html)
+        widget = SplitDateTimeWidget(
+            time_attrs={"class": "bar"}, attrs={"class": "foo"}
+        )
+        self.check_html(widget, "date", datetime(2006, 1, 10, 7, 30), html=html)
 
     def test_formatting(self):
         """
@@ -55,9 +82,15 @@ class SplitDateTimeWidgetTest(WidgetTest):
         displayed.
         """
         widget = SplitDateTimeWidget(
-            date_format='%d/%m/%Y', time_format='%H:%M',
+            date_format="%d/%m/%Y",
+            time_format="%H:%M",
+        )
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "date",
+            datetime(2006, 1, 10, 7, 30),
+            html=(
+                '<input type="text" name="date_0" value="10/01/2006">'
+                '<input type="text" name="date_1" value="07:30">'
+            ),
         )
-        self.check_html(widget, 'date', datetime(2006, 1, 10, 7, 30), html=(
-            '<input type="text" name="date_0" value="10/01/2006">'
-            '<input type="text" name="date_1" value="07:30">'
-        ))
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_splithiddendatetimewidget.py b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_splithiddendatetimewidget.py
index c574eb6f7b..549f8c7754 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_splithiddendatetimewidget.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_splithiddendatetimewidget.py
@@ -10,43 +10,74 @@ class SplitHiddenDateTimeWidgetTest(WidgetTest):
     widget = SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget()
 
     def test_render_empty(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'date', '', html=(
-            '<input type="hidden" name="date_0"><input type="hidden" name="date_1">'
-        ))
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "date",
+            "",
+            html=(
+                '<input type="hidden" name="date_0"><input type="hidden" name="date_1">'
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_render_value(self):
         d = datetime(2007, 9, 17, 12, 51, 34, 482548)
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'date', d, html=(
-            '<input type="hidden" name="date_0" value="2007-09-17">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="date_1" value="12:51:34">'
-        ))
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'date', datetime(2007, 9, 17, 12, 51, 34), html=(
-            '<input type="hidden" name="date_0" value="2007-09-17">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="date_1" value="12:51:34">'
-        ))
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'date', datetime(2007, 9, 17, 12, 51), html=(
-            '<input type="hidden" name="date_0" value="2007-09-17">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="date_1" value="12:51:00">'
-        ))
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "date",
+            d,
+            html=(
+                '<input type="hidden" name="date_0" value="2007-09-17">'
+                '<input type="hidden" name="date_1" value="12:51:34">'
+            ),
+        )
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "date",
+            datetime(2007, 9, 17, 12, 51, 34),
+            html=(
+                '<input type="hidden" name="date_0" value="2007-09-17">'
+                '<input type="hidden" name="date_1" value="12:51:34">'
+            ),
+        )
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "date",
+            datetime(2007, 9, 17, 12, 51),
+            html=(
+                '<input type="hidden" name="date_0" value="2007-09-17">'
+                '<input type="hidden" name="date_1" value="12:51:00">'
+            ),
+        )
 
-    @translation.override('de-at')
+    @translation.override("de-at")
     def test_l10n(self):
         d = datetime(2007, 9, 17, 12, 51)
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'date', d, html=(
-            """
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "date",
+            d,
+            html=(
+                """
             <input type="hidden" name="date_0" value="17.09.2007">
             <input type="hidden" name="date_1" value="12:51:00">
             """
-        ))
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_constructor_different_attrs(self):
         html = (
             '<input type="hidden" class="foo" value="2006-01-10" name="date_0">'
             '<input type="hidden" class="bar" value="07:30:00" name="date_1">'
         )
-        widget = SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget(date_attrs={'class': 'foo'}, time_attrs={'class': 'bar'})
-        self.check_html(widget, 'date', datetime(2006, 1, 10, 7, 30), html=html)
-        widget = SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget(date_attrs={'class': 'foo'}, attrs={'class': 'bar'})
-        self.check_html(widget, 'date', datetime(2006, 1, 10, 7, 30), html=html)
-        widget = SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget(time_attrs={'class': 'bar'}, attrs={'class': 'foo'})
-        self.check_html(widget, 'date', datetime(2006, 1, 10, 7, 30), html=html)
+        widget = SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget(
+            date_attrs={"class": "foo"}, time_attrs={"class": "bar"}
+        )
+        self.check_html(widget, "date", datetime(2006, 1, 10, 7, 30), html=html)
+        widget = SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget(
+            date_attrs={"class": "foo"}, attrs={"class": "bar"}
+        )
+        self.check_html(widget, "date", datetime(2006, 1, 10, 7, 30), html=html)
+        widget = SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget(
+            time_attrs={"class": "bar"}, attrs={"class": "foo"}
+        )
+        self.check_html(widget, "date", datetime(2006, 1, 10, 7, 30), html=html)
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_textarea.py b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_textarea.py
index 490848fab3..e92dfc51f4 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_textarea.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_textarea.py
@@ -8,27 +8,55 @@ class TextareaTest(WidgetTest):
     widget = Textarea()
 
     def test_render(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'msg', 'value', html=(
-            '<textarea rows="10" cols="40" name="msg">value</textarea>'
-        ))
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "msg",
+            "value",
+            html=('<textarea rows="10" cols="40" name="msg">value</textarea>'),
+        )
 
     def test_render_required(self):
         widget = Textarea()
         widget.is_required = True
-        self.check_html(widget, 'msg', 'value', html='<textarea rows="10" cols="40" name="msg">value</textarea>')
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "msg",
+            "value",
+            html='<textarea rows="10" cols="40" name="msg">value</textarea>',
+        )
 
     def test_render_empty(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'msg', '', html='<textarea rows="10" cols="40" name="msg"></textarea>')
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "msg",
+            "",
+            html='<textarea rows="10" cols="40" name="msg"></textarea>',
+        )
 
     def test_render_none(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'msg', None, html='<textarea rows="10" cols="40" name="msg"></textarea>')
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "msg",
+            None,
+            html='<textarea rows="10" cols="40" name="msg"></textarea>',
+        )
 
     def test_escaping(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'msg', 'some "quoted" & ampersanded value', html=(
-            '<textarea rows="10" cols="40" name="msg">some &quot;quoted&quot; &amp; ampersanded value</textarea>'
-        ))
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "msg",
+            'some "quoted" & ampersanded value',
+            html=(
+                '<textarea rows="10" cols="40" name="msg">some &quot;quoted&quot; &amp; ampersanded value</textarea>'
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_mark_safe(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'msg', mark_safe('pre &quot;quoted&quot; value'), html=(
-            '<textarea rows="10" cols="40" name="msg">pre &quot;quoted&quot; value</textarea>'
-        ))
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "msg",
+            mark_safe("pre &quot;quoted&quot; value"),
+            html=(
+                '<textarea rows="10" cols="40" name="msg">pre &quot;quoted&quot; value</textarea>'
+            ),
+        )
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_textinput.py b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_textinput.py
index 260e86f740..52ffabec65 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_textinput.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_textinput.py
@@ -8,43 +8,64 @@ class TextInputTest(WidgetTest):
     widget = TextInput()
 
     def test_render(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'email', '', html='<input type="text" name="email">')
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget, "email", "", html='<input type="text" name="email">'
+        )
 
     def test_render_none(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'email', None, html='<input type="text" name="email">')
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget, "email", None, html='<input type="text" name="email">'
+        )
 
     def test_render_value(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'email', 'test@example.com', html=(
-            '<input type="text" name="email" value="test@example.com">'
-        ))
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "email",
+            "test@example.com",
+            html=('<input type="text" name="email" value="test@example.com">'),
+        )
 
     def test_render_boolean(self):
         """
         Boolean values are rendered to their string forms ("True" and
         "False").
         """
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'get_spam', False, html=(
-            '<input type="text" name="get_spam" value="False">'
-        ))
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'get_spam', True, html=(
-            '<input type="text" name="get_spam" value="True">'
-        ))
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "get_spam",
+            False,
+            html=('<input type="text" name="get_spam" value="False">'),
+        )
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "get_spam",
+            True,
+            html=('<input type="text" name="get_spam" value="True">'),
+        )
 
     def test_render_quoted(self):
         self.check_html(
-            self.widget, 'email', 'some "quoted" & ampersanded value',
+            self.widget,
+            "email",
+            'some "quoted" & ampersanded value',
             html='<input type="text" name="email" value="some &quot;quoted&quot; &amp; ampersanded value">',
         )
 
     def test_render_custom_attrs(self):
         self.check_html(
-            self.widget, 'email', 'test@example.com', attrs={'class': 'fun'},
+            self.widget,
+            "email",
+            "test@example.com",
+            attrs={"class": "fun"},
             html='<input type="text" name="email" value="test@example.com" class="fun">',
         )
 
     def test_render_unicode(self):
         self.check_html(
-            self.widget, 'email', 'ŠĐĆŽćžšđ', attrs={'class': 'fun'},
+            self.widget,
+            "email",
+            "ŠĐĆŽćžšđ",
+            attrs={"class": "fun"},
             html=(
                 '<input type="text" name="email" '
                 'value="\u0160\u0110\u0106\u017d\u0107\u017e\u0161\u0111" class="fun">'
@@ -52,10 +73,14 @@ class TextInputTest(WidgetTest):
         )
 
     def test_constructor_attrs(self):
-        widget = TextInput(attrs={'class': 'fun', 'type': 'email'})
-        self.check_html(widget, 'email', '', html='<input type="email" class="fun" name="email">')
+        widget = TextInput(attrs={"class": "fun", "type": "email"})
         self.check_html(
-            widget, 'email', 'foo@example.com',
+            widget, "email", "", html='<input type="email" class="fun" name="email">'
+        )
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "email",
+            "foo@example.com",
             html='<input type="email" class="fun" value="foo@example.com" name="email">',
         )
 
@@ -64,18 +89,26 @@ class TextInputTest(WidgetTest):
         `attrs` passed to render() get precedence over those passed to the
         constructor
         """
-        widget = TextInput(attrs={'class': 'pretty'})
+        widget = TextInput(attrs={"class": "pretty"})
         self.check_html(
-            widget, 'email', '', attrs={'class': 'special'},
+            widget,
+            "email",
+            "",
+            attrs={"class": "special"},
             html='<input type="text" class="special" name="email">',
         )
 
     def test_attrs_safestring(self):
-        widget = TextInput(attrs={'onBlur': mark_safe("function('foo')")})
-        self.check_html(widget, 'email', '', html='<input onBlur="function(\'foo\')" type="text" name="email">')
+        widget = TextInput(attrs={"onBlur": mark_safe("function('foo')")})
+        self.check_html(
+            widget,
+            "email",
+            "",
+            html='<input onBlur="function(\'foo\')" type="text" name="email">',
+        )
 
     def test_use_required_attribute(self):
         # Text inputs can safely trigger the browser validation.
         self.assertIs(self.widget.use_required_attribute(None), True)
-        self.assertIs(self.widget.use_required_attribute(''), True)
-        self.assertIs(self.widget.use_required_attribute('resume.txt'), True)
+        self.assertIs(self.widget.use_required_attribute(""), True)
+        self.assertIs(self.widget.use_required_attribute("resume.txt"), True)
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_timeinput.py b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_timeinput.py
index 6060168eb3..6f56a07f5e 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_timeinput.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_timeinput.py
@@ -10,37 +10,60 @@ class TimeInputTest(WidgetTest):
     widget = TimeInput()
 
     def test_render_none(self):
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'time', None, html='<input type="text" name="time">')
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget, "time", None, html='<input type="text" name="time">'
+        )
 
     def test_render_value(self):
         """
         The microseconds are trimmed on display, by default.
         """
         t = time(12, 51, 34, 482548)
-        self.assertEqual(str(t), '12:51:34.482548')
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'time', t, html='<input type="text" name="time" value="12:51:34">')
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'time', time(12, 51, 34), html=(
-            '<input type="text" name="time" value="12:51:34">'
-        ))
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'time', time(12, 51), html=(
-            '<input type="text" name="time" value="12:51:00">'
-        ))
+        self.assertEqual(str(t), "12:51:34.482548")
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "time",
+            t,
+            html='<input type="text" name="time" value="12:51:34">',
+        )
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "time",
+            time(12, 51, 34),
+            html=('<input type="text" name="time" value="12:51:34">'),
+        )
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "time",
+            time(12, 51),
+            html=('<input type="text" name="time" value="12:51:00">'),
+        )
 
     def test_string(self):
         """Initializing from a string value."""
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'time', '13:12:11', html=(
-            '<input type="text" name="time" value="13:12:11">'
-        ))
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "time",
+            "13:12:11",
+            html=('<input type="text" name="time" value="13:12:11">'),
+        )
 
     def test_format(self):
         """
         Use 'format' to change the way a value is displayed.
         """
         t = time(12, 51, 34, 482548)
-        widget = TimeInput(format='%H:%M', attrs={'type': 'time'})
-        self.check_html(widget, 'time', t, html='<input type="time" name="time" value="12:51">')
+        widget = TimeInput(format="%H:%M", attrs={"type": "time"})
+        self.check_html(
+            widget, "time", t, html='<input type="time" name="time" value="12:51">'
+        )
 
-    @translation.override('de-at')
+    @translation.override("de-at")
     def test_l10n(self):
         t = time(12, 51, 34, 482548)
-        self.check_html(self.widget, 'time', t, html='<input type="text" name="time" value="12:51:34">')
+        self.check_html(
+            self.widget,
+            "time",
+            t,
+            html='<input type="text" name="time" value="12:51:34">',
+        )
diff --git a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_widget.py b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_widget.py
index 8cde388b8f..9e243570d7 100644
--- a/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_widget.py
+++ b/tests/forms_tests/widget_tests/test_widget.py
@@ -5,22 +5,29 @@ from .base import WidgetTest
 
 
 class WidgetTests(WidgetTest):
-
     def test_format_value(self):
         widget = Widget()
         self.assertIsNone(widget.format_value(None))
-        self.assertIsNone(widget.format_value(''))
-        self.assertEqual(widget.format_value('español'), 'español')
-        self.assertEqual(widget.format_value(42.5), '42.5')
+        self.assertIsNone(widget.format_value(""))
+        self.assertEqual(widget.format_value("español"), "español")
+        self.assertEqual(widget.format_value(42.5), "42.5")
 
     def test_value_omitted_from_data(self):
         widget = Widget()
-        self.assertIs(widget.value_omitted_from_data({}, {}, 'field'), True)
-        self.assertIs(widget.value_omitted_from_data({'field': 'value'}, {}, 'field'), False)
+        self.assertIs(widget.value_omitted_from_data({}, {}, "field"), True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            widget.value_omitted_from_data({"field": "value"}, {}, "field"), False
+        )
 
     def test_no_trailing_newline_in_attrs(self):
-        self.check_html(Input(), 'name', 'value', strict=True, html='<input type="None" name="name" value="value">')
+        self.check_html(
+            Input(),
+            "name",
+            "value",
+            strict=True,
+            html='<input type="None" name="name" value="value">',
+        )
 
     def test_attr_false_not_rendered(self):
         html = '<input type="None" name="name" value="value">'
-        self.check_html(Input(), 'name', 'value', html=html, attrs={'readonly': False})
+        self.check_html(Input(), "name", "value", html=html, attrs={"readonly": False})
diff --git a/tests/from_db_value/models.py b/tests/from_db_value/models.py
index 58e8ec3a27..a9ab4bcec7 100644
--- a/tests/from_db_value/models.py
+++ b/tests/from_db_value/models.py
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ from django.db import models
 
 
 class Cash(decimal.Decimal):
-    currency = 'USD'
+    currency = "USD"
 
 
 class CashField(models.DecimalField):
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
-        kwargs['max_digits'] = 20
-        kwargs['decimal_places'] = 2
+        kwargs["max_digits"] = 20
+        kwargs["decimal_places"] = 2
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     def from_db_value(self, value, expression, connection):
diff --git a/tests/from_db_value/tests.py b/tests/from_db_value/tests.py
index ab92f37ccf..628c4a2b1f 100644
--- a/tests/from_db_value/tests.py
+++ b/tests/from_db_value/tests.py
@@ -8,26 +8,26 @@ from .models import Cash, CashModel
 class FromDBValueTest(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        CashModel.objects.create(cash='12.50')
+        CashModel.objects.create(cash="12.50")
 
     def test_simple_load(self):
         instance = CashModel.objects.get()
         self.assertIsInstance(instance.cash, Cash)
 
     def test_values_list(self):
-        values_list = CashModel.objects.values_list('cash', flat=True)
+        values_list = CashModel.objects.values_list("cash", flat=True)
         self.assertIsInstance(values_list[0], Cash)
 
     def test_values(self):
-        values = CashModel.objects.values('cash')
-        self.assertIsInstance(values[0]['cash'], Cash)
+        values = CashModel.objects.values("cash")
+        self.assertIsInstance(values[0]["cash"], Cash)
 
     def test_aggregation(self):
-        maximum = CashModel.objects.aggregate(m=Max('cash'))['m']
+        maximum = CashModel.objects.aggregate(m=Max("cash"))["m"]
         self.assertIsInstance(maximum, Cash)
 
     def test_defer(self):
-        instance = CashModel.objects.defer('cash').get()
+        instance = CashModel.objects.defer("cash").get()
         self.assertIsInstance(instance.cash, Cash)
 
     def test_connection(self):
diff --git a/tests/generic_inline_admin/admin.py b/tests/generic_inline_admin/admin.py
index 3f13b394f3..dca3bdf0c2 100644
--- a/tests/generic_inline_admin/admin.py
+++ b/tests/generic_inline_admin/admin.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 from django.contrib import admin
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.admin import GenericTabularInline
 
-from .models import (
-    Category, Contact, Episode, EpisodePermanent, Media, PhoneNumber,
-)
+from .models import Category, Contact, Episode, EpisodePermanent, Media, PhoneNumber
 
 site = admin.AdminSite(name="admin")
 
diff --git a/tests/generic_inline_admin/models.py b/tests/generic_inline_admin/models.py
index 96cb6fb5a3..fa1b64d948 100644
--- a/tests/generic_inline_admin/models.py
+++ b/tests/generic_inline_admin/models.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.db import models
 
@@ -15,6 +13,7 @@ class Media(models.Model):
     """
     Media that can associated to any object.
     """
+
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE)
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
     content_object = GenericForeignKey()
@@ -36,17 +35,23 @@ class Category(models.Model):
 class PhoneNumber(models.Model):
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE)
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-    content_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
+    content_object = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")
     phone_number = models.CharField(max_length=30)
     category = models.ForeignKey(Category, models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        unique_together = (('content_type', 'object_id', 'phone_number',),)
+        unique_together = (
+            (
+                "content_type",
+                "object_id",
+                "phone_number",
+            ),
+        )
 
 
 class Contact(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
-    phone_numbers = GenericRelation(PhoneNumber, related_query_name='phone_numbers')
+    phone_numbers = GenericRelation(PhoneNumber, related_query_name="phone_numbers")
 
 
 #
diff --git a/tests/generic_inline_admin/tests.py b/tests/generic_inline_admin/tests.py
index fc17b9de74..7bb9686b6b 100644
--- a/tests/generic_inline_admin/tests.py
+++ b/tests/generic_inline_admin/tests.py
@@ -5,35 +5,34 @@ from django.contrib.contenttypes.admin import GenericTabularInline
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.forms.formsets import DEFAULT_MAX_NUM
 from django.forms.models import ModelForm
-from django.test import (
-    RequestFactory, SimpleTestCase, TestCase, override_settings,
-)
+from django.test import RequestFactory, SimpleTestCase, TestCase, override_settings
 from django.urls import reverse
 
-from .admin import MediaInline, MediaPermanentInline, site as admin_site
+from .admin import MediaInline, MediaPermanentInline
+from .admin import site as admin_site
 from .models import Category, Episode, EpisodePermanent, Media, PhoneNumber
 
 
 class TestDataMixin:
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='generic_inline_admin.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="generic_inline_admin.urls")
 class GenericAdminViewTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
-        e = Episode.objects.create(name='This Week in Django')
+        e = Episode.objects.create(name="This Week in Django")
         self.episode_pk = e.pk
-        m = Media(content_object=e, url='http://example.com/podcast.mp3')
+        m = Media(content_object=e, url="http://example.com/podcast.mp3")
         m.save()
         self.mp3_media_pk = m.pk
 
-        m = Media(content_object=e, url='http://example.com/logo.png')
+        m = Media(content_object=e, url="http://example.com/logo.png")
         m.save()
         self.png_media_pk = m.pk
 
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ class GenericAdminViewTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         """
         A smoke test to ensure GET on the add_view works.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:generic_inline_admin_episode_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:generic_inline_admin_episode_add"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_basic_edit_GET(self):
@@ -49,7 +48,9 @@ class GenericAdminViewTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         A smoke test to ensure GET on the change_view works.
         """
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:generic_inline_admin_episode_change', args=(self.episode_pk,))
+            reverse(
+                "admin:generic_inline_admin_episode_change", args=(self.episode_pk,)
+            )
         )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
@@ -64,7 +65,9 @@ class GenericAdminViewTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
             "generic_inline_admin-media-content_type-object_id-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
             "generic_inline_admin-media-content_type-object_id-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:generic_inline_admin_episode_add'), post_data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:generic_inline_admin_episode_add"), post_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # redirect somewhere
 
     def test_basic_edit_POST(self):
@@ -77,19 +80,25 @@ class GenericAdminViewTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
             "generic_inline_admin-media-content_type-object_id-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
             "generic_inline_admin-media-content_type-object_id-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",
             "generic_inline_admin-media-content_type-object_id-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-            "generic_inline_admin-media-content_type-object_id-0-id": str(self.mp3_media_pk),
+            "generic_inline_admin-media-content_type-object_id-0-id": str(
+                self.mp3_media_pk
+            ),
             "generic_inline_admin-media-content_type-object_id-0-url": "http://example.com/podcast.mp3",
-            "generic_inline_admin-media-content_type-object_id-1-id": str(self.png_media_pk),
+            "generic_inline_admin-media-content_type-object_id-1-id": str(
+                self.png_media_pk
+            ),
             "generic_inline_admin-media-content_type-object_id-1-url": "http://example.com/logo.png",
             "generic_inline_admin-media-content_type-object_id-2-id": "",
             "generic_inline_admin-media-content_type-object_id-2-url": "",
         }
-        url = reverse('admin:generic_inline_admin_episode_change', args=(self.episode_pk,))
+        url = reverse(
+            "admin:generic_inline_admin_episode_change", args=(self.episode_pk,)
+        )
         response = self.client.post(url, post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # redirect somewhere
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='generic_inline_admin.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="generic_inline_admin.urls")
 class GenericInlineAdminParametersTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
     factory = RequestFactory()
 
@@ -103,8 +112,8 @@ class GenericInlineAdminParametersTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         content type IDs, which will vary depending on what other tests
         have been run), thus we do it here.
         """
-        e = model.objects.create(name='This Week in Django')
-        Media.objects.create(content_object=e, url='http://example.com/podcast.mp3')
+        e = model.objects.create(name="This Week in Django")
+        Media.objects.create(content_object=e, url="http://example.com/podcast.mp3")
         return e
 
     def test_no_param(self):
@@ -112,8 +121,10 @@ class GenericInlineAdminParametersTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         With one initial form, extra (default) at 3, there should be 4 forms.
         """
         e = self._create_object(Episode)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:generic_inline_admin_episode_change', args=(e.pk,)))
-        formset = response.context['inline_admin_formsets'][0].formset
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:generic_inline_admin_episode_change", args=(e.pk,))
+        )
+        formset = response.context["inline_admin_formsets"][0].formset
         self.assertEqual(formset.total_form_count(), 4)
         self.assertEqual(formset.initial_form_count(), 1)
 
@@ -121,6 +132,7 @@ class GenericInlineAdminParametersTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         """
         With extra=0, there should be one form.
         """
+
         class ExtraInline(GenericTabularInline):
             model = Media
             extra = 0
@@ -129,10 +141,12 @@ class GenericInlineAdminParametersTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         modeladmin.inlines = [ExtraInline]
 
         e = self._create_object(Episode)
-        request = self.factory.get(reverse('admin:generic_inline_admin_episode_change', args=(e.pk,)))
-        request.user = User(username='super', is_superuser=True)
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            reverse("admin:generic_inline_admin_episode_change", args=(e.pk,))
+        )
+        request.user = User(username="super", is_superuser=True)
         response = modeladmin.changeform_view(request, object_id=str(e.pk))
-        formset = response.context_data['inline_admin_formsets'][0].formset
+        formset = response.context_data["inline_admin_formsets"][0].formset
         self.assertEqual(formset.total_form_count(), 1)
         self.assertEqual(formset.initial_form_count(), 1)
 
@@ -140,6 +154,7 @@ class GenericInlineAdminParametersTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         """
         With extra=5 and max_num=2, there should be only 2 forms.
         """
+
         class MaxNumInline(GenericTabularInline):
             model = Media
             extra = 5
@@ -149,10 +164,12 @@ class GenericInlineAdminParametersTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         modeladmin.inlines = [MaxNumInline]
 
         e = self._create_object(Episode)
-        request = self.factory.get(reverse('admin:generic_inline_admin_episode_change', args=(e.pk,)))
-        request.user = User(username='super', is_superuser=True)
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            reverse("admin:generic_inline_admin_episode_change", args=(e.pk,))
+        )
+        request.user = User(username="super", is_superuser=True)
         response = modeladmin.changeform_view(request, object_id=str(e.pk))
-        formset = response.context_data['inline_admin_formsets'][0].formset
+        formset = response.context_data["inline_admin_formsets"][0].formset
         self.assertEqual(formset.total_form_count(), 2)
         self.assertEqual(formset.initial_form_count(), 1)
 
@@ -160,6 +177,7 @@ class GenericInlineAdminParametersTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         """
         With extra=3 and min_num=2, there should be five forms.
         """
+
         class MinNumInline(GenericTabularInline):
             model = Media
             extra = 3
@@ -169,15 +187,16 @@ class GenericInlineAdminParametersTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         modeladmin.inlines = [MinNumInline]
 
         e = self._create_object(Episode)
-        request = self.factory.get(reverse('admin:generic_inline_admin_episode_change', args=(e.pk,)))
-        request.user = User(username='super', is_superuser=True)
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            reverse("admin:generic_inline_admin_episode_change", args=(e.pk,))
+        )
+        request.user = User(username="super", is_superuser=True)
         response = modeladmin.changeform_view(request, object_id=str(e.pk))
-        formset = response.context_data['inline_admin_formsets'][0].formset
+        formset = response.context_data["inline_admin_formsets"][0].formset
         self.assertEqual(formset.total_form_count(), 5)
         self.assertEqual(formset.initial_form_count(), 1)
 
     def test_get_extra(self):
-
         class GetExtraInline(GenericTabularInline):
             model = Media
             extra = 4
@@ -188,15 +207,16 @@ class GenericInlineAdminParametersTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         modeladmin = admin.ModelAdmin(Episode, admin_site)
         modeladmin.inlines = [GetExtraInline]
         e = self._create_object(Episode)
-        request = self.factory.get(reverse('admin:generic_inline_admin_episode_change', args=(e.pk,)))
-        request.user = User(username='super', is_superuser=True)
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            reverse("admin:generic_inline_admin_episode_change", args=(e.pk,))
+        )
+        request.user = User(username="super", is_superuser=True)
         response = modeladmin.changeform_view(request, object_id=str(e.pk))
-        formset = response.context_data['inline_admin_formsets'][0].formset
+        formset = response.context_data["inline_admin_formsets"][0].formset
 
         self.assertEqual(formset.extra, 2)
 
     def test_get_min_num(self):
-
         class GetMinNumInline(GenericTabularInline):
             model = Media
             min_num = 5
@@ -207,15 +227,16 @@ class GenericInlineAdminParametersTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         modeladmin = admin.ModelAdmin(Episode, admin_site)
         modeladmin.inlines = [GetMinNumInline]
         e = self._create_object(Episode)
-        request = self.factory.get(reverse('admin:generic_inline_admin_episode_change', args=(e.pk,)))
-        request.user = User(username='super', is_superuser=True)
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            reverse("admin:generic_inline_admin_episode_change", args=(e.pk,))
+        )
+        request.user = User(username="super", is_superuser=True)
         response = modeladmin.changeform_view(request, object_id=str(e.pk))
-        formset = response.context_data['inline_admin_formsets'][0].formset
+        formset = response.context_data["inline_admin_formsets"][0].formset
 
         self.assertEqual(formset.min_num, 2)
 
     def test_get_max_num(self):
-
         class GetMaxNumInline(GenericTabularInline):
             model = Media
             extra = 5
@@ -226,22 +247,23 @@ class GenericInlineAdminParametersTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         modeladmin = admin.ModelAdmin(Episode, admin_site)
         modeladmin.inlines = [GetMaxNumInline]
         e = self._create_object(Episode)
-        request = self.factory.get(reverse('admin:generic_inline_admin_episode_change', args=(e.pk,)))
-        request.user = User(username='super', is_superuser=True)
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            reverse("admin:generic_inline_admin_episode_change", args=(e.pk,))
+        )
+        request.user = User(username="super", is_superuser=True)
         response = modeladmin.changeform_view(request, object_id=str(e.pk))
-        formset = response.context_data['inline_admin_formsets'][0].formset
+        formset = response.context_data["inline_admin_formsets"][0].formset
 
         self.assertEqual(formset.max_num, 2)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='generic_inline_admin.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="generic_inline_admin.urls")
 class GenericInlineAdminWithUniqueTogetherTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_add(self):
-        category_id = Category.objects.create(name='male').pk
+        category_id = Category.objects.create(name="male").pk
         post_data = {
             "name": "John Doe",
             # inline data
@@ -250,28 +272,34 @@ class GenericInlineAdminWithUniqueTogetherTest(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
             "generic_inline_admin-phonenumber-content_type-object_id-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
             "generic_inline_admin-phonenumber-content_type-object_id-0-id": "",
             "generic_inline_admin-phonenumber-content_type-object_id-0-phone_number": "555-555-5555",
-            "generic_inline_admin-phonenumber-content_type-object_id-0-category": str(category_id),
+            "generic_inline_admin-phonenumber-content_type-object_id-0-category": str(
+                category_id
+            ),
         }
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:generic_inline_admin_contact_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:generic_inline_admin_contact_add"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:generic_inline_admin_contact_add'), post_data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:generic_inline_admin_contact_add"), post_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # redirect somewhere
 
     def test_delete(self):
         from .models import Contact
-        c = Contact.objects.create(name='foo')
+
+        c = Contact.objects.create(name="foo")
         PhoneNumber.objects.create(
             object_id=c.id,
             content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Contact),
             phone_number="555-555-5555",
         )
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:generic_inline_admin_contact_delete', args=[c.pk]))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Are you sure you want to delete')
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:generic_inline_admin_contact_delete", args=[c.pk])
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "Are you sure you want to delete")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='generic_inline_admin.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="generic_inline_admin.urls")
 class NoInlineDeletionTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_no_deletion(self):
         inline = MediaPermanentInline(EpisodePermanent, admin_site)
         fake_request = object()
@@ -292,9 +320,8 @@ request = MockRequest()
 request.user = MockSuperUser()
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='generic_inline_admin.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="generic_inline_admin.urls")
 class GenericInlineModelAdminTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.site = AdminSite()
 
@@ -317,26 +344,25 @@ class GenericInlineModelAdminTest(SimpleTestCase):
         used in conjunction with `GenericInlineModelAdmin.readonly_fields`
         and when no `ModelAdmin.exclude` is defined.
         """
-        class MediaForm(ModelForm):
 
+        class MediaForm(ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Media
-                exclude = ['url']
+                exclude = ["url"]
 
         class MediaInline(GenericTabularInline):
-            readonly_fields = ['description']
+            readonly_fields = ["description"]
             form = MediaForm
             model = Media
 
         class EpisodeAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            inlines = [
-                MediaInline
-            ]
+            inlines = [MediaInline]
 
         ma = EpisodeAdmin(Episode, self.site)
         self.assertEqual(
             list(list(ma.get_formsets_with_inlines(request))[0][0]().forms[0].fields),
-            ['keywords', 'id', 'DELETE'])
+            ["keywords", "id", "DELETE"],
+        )
 
     def test_custom_form_meta_exclude(self):
         """
@@ -348,25 +374,23 @@ class GenericInlineModelAdminTest(SimpleTestCase):
         # First with `GenericInlineModelAdmin`  -----------------
 
         class MediaForm(ModelForm):
-
             class Meta:
                 model = Media
-                exclude = ['url']
+                exclude = ["url"]
 
         class MediaInline(GenericTabularInline):
-            exclude = ['description']
+            exclude = ["description"]
             form = MediaForm
             model = Media
 
         class EpisodeAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            inlines = [
-                MediaInline
-            ]
+            inlines = [MediaInline]
 
         ma = EpisodeAdmin(Episode, self.site)
         self.assertEqual(
             list(list(ma.get_formsets_with_inlines(request))[0][0]().forms[0].fields),
-            ['url', 'keywords', 'id', 'DELETE'])
+            ["url", "keywords", "id", "DELETE"],
+        )
 
         # Then, only with `ModelForm`  -----------------
 
@@ -375,14 +399,13 @@ class GenericInlineModelAdminTest(SimpleTestCase):
             model = Media
 
         class EpisodeAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            inlines = [
-                MediaInline
-            ]
+            inlines = [MediaInline]
 
         ma = EpisodeAdmin(Episode, self.site)
         self.assertEqual(
             list(list(ma.get_formsets_with_inlines(request))[0][0]().forms[0].fields),
-            ['description', 'keywords', 'id', 'DELETE'])
+            ["description", "keywords", "id", "DELETE"],
+        )
 
     def test_get_fieldsets(self):
         # get_fieldsets is called when figuring out form fields.
@@ -390,7 +413,7 @@ class GenericInlineModelAdminTest(SimpleTestCase):
         class MediaForm(ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Media
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
         class MediaInline(GenericTabularInline):
             form = MediaForm
@@ -398,20 +421,21 @@ class GenericInlineModelAdminTest(SimpleTestCase):
             can_delete = False
 
             def get_fieldsets(self, request, obj=None):
-                return [(None, {'fields': ['url', 'description']})]
+                return [(None, {"fields": ["url", "description"]})]
 
         ma = MediaInline(Media, self.site)
         form = ma.get_formset(None).form
-        self.assertEqual(form._meta.fields, ['url', 'description'])
+        self.assertEqual(form._meta.fields, ["url", "description"])
 
     def test_get_formsets_with_inlines_returns_tuples(self):
         """
         get_formsets_with_inlines() returns the correct tuples.
         """
+
         class MediaForm(ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Media
-                exclude = ['url']
+                exclude = ["url"]
 
         class MediaInline(GenericTabularInline):
             form = MediaForm
@@ -422,12 +446,13 @@ class GenericInlineModelAdminTest(SimpleTestCase):
             model = Media
 
         class EpisodeAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            inlines = [
-                AlternateInline, MediaInline
-            ]
+            inlines = [AlternateInline, MediaInline]
+
         ma = EpisodeAdmin(Episode, self.site)
         inlines = ma.get_inline_instances(request)
-        for (formset, inline), other_inline in zip(ma.get_formsets_with_inlines(request), inlines):
+        for (formset, inline), other_inline in zip(
+            ma.get_formsets_with_inlines(request), inlines
+        ):
             self.assertIsInstance(formset, other_inline.get_formset(request).__class__)
 
     def test_get_inline_instances_override_get_inlines(self):
@@ -441,17 +466,20 @@ class GenericInlineModelAdminTest(SimpleTestCase):
             inlines = (AlternateInline, MediaInline)
 
             def get_inlines(self, request, obj):
-                if hasattr(request, 'name'):
-                    if request.name == 'alternate':
+                if hasattr(request, "name"):
+                    if request.name == "alternate":
                         return self.inlines[:1]
-                    elif request.name == 'media':
+                    elif request.name == "media":
                         return self.inlines[1:2]
                 return []
 
         ma = EpisodeAdmin(Episode, self.site)
         self.assertEqual(ma.get_inlines(request, None), [])
         self.assertEqual(ma.get_inline_instances(request), [])
-        for name, inline_class in (('alternate', AlternateInline), ('media', MediaInline)):
+        for name, inline_class in (
+            ("alternate", AlternateInline),
+            ("media", MediaInline),
+        ):
             request.name = name
             self.assertEqual(ma.get_inlines(request, None), (inline_class,)),
             self.assertEqual(type(ma.get_inline_instances(request)[0]), inline_class)
diff --git a/tests/generic_inline_admin/urls.py b/tests/generic_inline_admin/urls.py
index 8800a0cb92..ed5299a760 100644
--- a/tests/generic_inline_admin/urls.py
+++ b/tests/generic_inline_admin/urls.py
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ from django.urls import path
 from . import admin
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('generic_inline_admin/admin/', admin.site.urls),
+    path("generic_inline_admin/admin/", admin.site.urls),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/generic_relations/models.py b/tests/generic_relations/models.py
index eec40e87a4..e99d2c7e5e 100644
--- a/tests/generic_relations/models.py
+++ b/tests/generic_relations/models.py
@@ -9,15 +9,14 @@ The canonical example is tags (although this example implementation is *far*
 from complete).
 """
 
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.db import models
 
 
 class TaggedItem(models.Model):
     """A tag on an item."""
+
     tag = models.SlugField()
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE)
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
@@ -38,7 +37,9 @@ class ValuableTaggedItem(TaggedItem):
 class AbstractComparison(models.Model):
     comparative = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
-    content_type1 = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE, related_name="comparative1_set")
+    content_type1 = models.ForeignKey(
+        ContentType, models.CASCADE, related_name="comparative1_set"
+    )
     object_id1 = models.PositiveIntegerField()
 
     first_obj = GenericForeignKey(ct_field="content_type1", fk_field="object_id1")
@@ -49,7 +50,10 @@ class Comparison(AbstractComparison):
     A model that tests having multiple GenericForeignKeys. One is defined
     through an inherited abstract model and one defined directly on this class.
     """
-    content_type2 = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE, related_name="comparative2_set")
+
+    content_type2 = models.ForeignKey(
+        ContentType, models.CASCADE, related_name="comparative2_set"
+    )
     object_id2 = models.PositiveIntegerField()
 
     other_obj = GenericForeignKey(ct_field="content_type2", fk_field="object_id2")
@@ -62,10 +66,10 @@ class Animal(models.Model):
     common_name = models.CharField(max_length=150)
     latin_name = models.CharField(max_length=150)
 
-    tags = GenericRelation(TaggedItem, related_query_name='animal')
-    comparisons = GenericRelation(Comparison,
-                                  object_id_field="object_id1",
-                                  content_type_field="content_type1")
+    tags = GenericRelation(TaggedItem, related_query_name="animal")
+    comparisons = GenericRelation(
+        Comparison, object_id_field="object_id1", content_type_field="content_type1"
+    )
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.common_name
@@ -116,7 +120,7 @@ class ValuableRock(Mineral):
 
 class ManualPK(models.Model):
     id = models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)
-    tags = GenericRelation(TaggedItem, related_query_name='manualpk')
+    tags = GenericRelation(TaggedItem, related_query_name="manualpk")
 
 
 class ForProxyModelModel(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/generic_relations/test_forms.py b/tests/generic_relations/test_forms.py
index e8caeba1f6..78c146e22a 100644
--- a/tests/generic_relations/test_forms.py
+++ b/tests/generic_relations/test_forms.py
@@ -6,7 +6,12 @@ from django.test import TestCase
 from django.test.utils import isolate_apps
 
 from .models import (
-    Animal, ForProxyModelModel, Gecko, Mineral, ProxyRelatedModel, TaggedItem,
+    Animal,
+    ForProxyModelModel,
+    Gecko,
+    Mineral,
+    ProxyRelatedModel,
+    TaggedItem,
 )
 
 
@@ -17,17 +22,16 @@ class CustomWidget(forms.TextInput):
 class TaggedItemForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = TaggedItem
-        fields = '__all__'
-        widgets = {'tag': CustomWidget}
+        fields = "__all__"
+        widgets = {"tag": CustomWidget}
 
 
 class GenericInlineFormsetTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_output(self):
         GenericFormSet = generic_inlineformset_factory(TaggedItem, extra=1)
         formset = GenericFormSet()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            ''.join(form.as_p() for form in formset.forms),
+            "".join(form.as_p() for form in formset.forms),
             """<p><label for="id_generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-0-tag">
 Tag:</label> <input id="id_generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-0-tag" type="text"
 name="generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-0-tag" maxlength="50"></p>
@@ -35,11 +39,11 @@ name="generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-0-tag" maxlength="50">
 <input type="checkbox" name="generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-0-DELETE"
 id="id_generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-0-DELETE">
 <input type="hidden" name="generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-0-id"
-id="id_generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-0-id"></p>"""
+id="id_generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-0-id"></p>""",
         )
         formset = GenericFormSet(instance=Animal())
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            ''.join(form.as_p() for form in formset.forms),
+            "".join(form.as_p() for form in formset.forms),
             """<p><label for="id_generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-0-tag">
 Tag:</label> <input id="id_generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-0-tag"
 type="text" name="generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-0-tag" maxlength="50"></p>
@@ -47,17 +51,18 @@ type="text" name="generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-0-tag" max
 <input type="checkbox" name="generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-0-DELETE"
 id="id_generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-0-DELETE"><input type="hidden"
 name="generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-0-id"
-id="id_generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-0-id"></p>"""
+id="id_generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-0-id"></p>""",
         )
         platypus = Animal.objects.create(
-            common_name='Platypus', latin_name='Ornithorhynchus anatinus',
+            common_name="Platypus",
+            latin_name="Ornithorhynchus anatinus",
         )
-        platypus.tags.create(tag='shiny')
+        platypus.tags.create(tag="shiny")
         GenericFormSet = generic_inlineformset_factory(TaggedItem, extra=1)
         formset = GenericFormSet(instance=platypus)
-        tagged_item_id = TaggedItem.objects.get(tag='shiny', object_id=platypus.id).id
+        tagged_item_id = TaggedItem.objects.get(tag="shiny", object_id=platypus.id).id
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            ''.join(form.as_p() for form in formset.forms),
+            "".join(form.as_p() for form in formset.forms),
             """<p><label for="id_generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-0-tag">Tag:</label>
 <input id="id_generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-0-tag" type="text"
 name="generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-0-tag" value="shiny" maxlength="50"></p>
@@ -73,47 +78,56 @@ name="generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-1-tag" maxlength="50">
 <input type="checkbox" name="generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-1-DELETE"
 id="id_generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-1-DELETE">
 <input type="hidden" name="generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-1-id"
-id="id_generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-1-id"></p>""" % tagged_item_id
+id="id_generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-1-id"></p>"""
+            % tagged_item_id,
         )
-        lion = Animal.objects.create(common_name='Lion', latin_name='Panthera leo')
-        formset = GenericFormSet(instance=lion, prefix='x')
+        lion = Animal.objects.create(common_name="Lion", latin_name="Panthera leo")
+        formset = GenericFormSet(instance=lion, prefix="x")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            ''.join(form.as_p() for form in formset.forms),
+            "".join(form.as_p() for form in formset.forms),
             """<p><label for="id_x-0-tag">Tag:</label>
 <input id="id_x-0-tag" type="text" name="x-0-tag" maxlength="50"></p>
 <p><label for="id_x-0-DELETE">Delete:</label> <input type="checkbox" name="x-0-DELETE" id="id_x-0-DELETE">
-<input type="hidden" name="x-0-id" id="id_x-0-id"></p>"""
+<input type="hidden" name="x-0-id" id="id_x-0-id"></p>""",
         )
 
     def test_options(self):
         TaggedItemFormSet = generic_inlineformset_factory(
             TaggedItem,
             can_delete=False,
-            exclude=['tag'],
+            exclude=["tag"],
             extra=3,
         )
-        platypus = Animal.objects.create(common_name='Platypus', latin_name='Ornithorhynchus anatinus')
-        harmless = platypus.tags.create(tag='harmless')
-        mammal = platypus.tags.create(tag='mammal')
+        platypus = Animal.objects.create(
+            common_name="Platypus", latin_name="Ornithorhynchus anatinus"
+        )
+        harmless = platypus.tags.create(tag="harmless")
+        mammal = platypus.tags.create(tag="mammal")
         # Works without a queryset.
         formset = TaggedItemFormSet(instance=platypus)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 5)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[0].as_p(),
             '<input type="hidden" name="generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-0-id" value="%s" '
-            'id="id_generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-0-id">' % harmless.pk
+            'id="id_generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-0-id">'
+            % harmless.pk,
         )
         self.assertEqual(formset.forms[0].instance, harmless)
         self.assertEqual(formset.forms[1].instance, mammal)
         self.assertIsNone(formset.forms[2].instance.pk)
         # A queryset can be used to alter display ordering.
-        formset = TaggedItemFormSet(instance=platypus, queryset=TaggedItem.objects.order_by('-tag'))
+        formset = TaggedItemFormSet(
+            instance=platypus, queryset=TaggedItem.objects.order_by("-tag")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 5)
         self.assertEqual(formset.forms[0].instance, mammal)
         self.assertEqual(formset.forms[1].instance, harmless)
         self.assertIsNone(formset.forms[2].instance.pk)
         # A queryset that omits items.
-        formset = TaggedItemFormSet(instance=platypus, queryset=TaggedItem.objects.filter(tag__startswith='harm'))
+        formset = TaggedItemFormSet(
+            instance=platypus,
+            queryset=TaggedItem.objects.filter(tag__startswith="harm"),
+        )
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 4)
         self.assertEqual(formset.forms[0].instance, harmless)
         self.assertIsNone(formset.forms[1].instance.pk)
@@ -123,19 +137,21 @@ id="id_generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-1-id"></p>""" % tagge
         BaseGenericInlineFormSet.get_queryset() adds default ordering, if
         needed.
         """
-        inline_formset = generic_inlineformset_factory(TaggedItem, exclude=('tag',))
+        inline_formset = generic_inlineformset_factory(TaggedItem, exclude=("tag",))
         formset = inline_formset(instance=Gecko.objects.create())
         self.assertIs(formset.get_queryset().ordered, True)
 
     def test_initial(self):
-        quartz = Mineral.objects.create(name='Quartz', hardness=7)
+        quartz = Mineral.objects.create(name="Quartz", hardness=7)
         GenericFormSet = generic_inlineformset_factory(TaggedItem, extra=1)
         ctype = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(quartz)
-        initial_data = [{
-            'tag': 'lizard',
-            'content_type': ctype.pk,
-            'object_id': quartz.pk,
-        }]
+        initial_data = [
+            {
+                "tag": "lizard",
+                "content_type": ctype.pk,
+                "object_id": quartz.pk,
+            }
+        ]
         formset = GenericFormSet(initial=initial_data)
         self.assertEqual(formset.forms[0].initial, initial_data[0])
 
@@ -143,9 +159,9 @@ id="id_generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-1-id"></p>""" % tagge
         """TaggedItemForm has a widget defined in Meta."""
         Formset = generic_inlineformset_factory(TaggedItem, TaggedItemForm)
         form = Formset().forms[0]
-        self.assertIsInstance(form['tag'].field.widget, CustomWidget)
+        self.assertIsInstance(form["tag"].field.widget, CustomWidget)
 
-    @isolate_apps('generic_relations')
+    @isolate_apps("generic_relations")
     def test_incorrect_content_type(self):
         class BadModel(models.Model):
             content_type = models.PositiveIntegerField()
@@ -157,60 +173,66 @@ id="id_generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-1-id"></p>""" % tagge
     def test_save_new_uses_form_save(self):
         class SaveTestForm(forms.ModelForm):
             def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
-                self.instance.saved_by = 'custom method'
+                self.instance.saved_by = "custom method"
                 return super().save(*args, **kwargs)
 
-        Formset = generic_inlineformset_factory(ForProxyModelModel, fields='__all__', form=SaveTestForm)
+        Formset = generic_inlineformset_factory(
+            ForProxyModelModel, fields="__all__", form=SaveTestForm
+        )
         instance = ProxyRelatedModel.objects.create()
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-title': 'foo',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-title": "foo",
         }
-        formset = Formset(data, instance=instance, prefix='form')
+        formset = Formset(data, instance=instance, prefix="form")
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         new_obj = formset.save()[0]
-        self.assertEqual(new_obj.saved_by, 'custom method')
+        self.assertEqual(new_obj.saved_by, "custom method")
 
     def test_save_new_for_proxy(self):
-        Formset = generic_inlineformset_factory(ForProxyModelModel, fields='__all__', for_concrete_model=False)
+        Formset = generic_inlineformset_factory(
+            ForProxyModelModel, fields="__all__", for_concrete_model=False
+        )
         instance = ProxyRelatedModel.objects.create()
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-title': 'foo',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-title": "foo",
         }
-        formset = Formset(data, instance=instance, prefix='form')
+        formset = Formset(data, instance=instance, prefix="form")
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
-        new_obj, = formset.save()
+        (new_obj,) = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(new_obj.obj, instance)
 
     def test_save_new_for_concrete(self):
-        Formset = generic_inlineformset_factory(ForProxyModelModel, fields='__all__', for_concrete_model=True)
+        Formset = generic_inlineformset_factory(
+            ForProxyModelModel, fields="__all__", for_concrete_model=True
+        )
         instance = ProxyRelatedModel.objects.create()
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-title': 'foo',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-title": "foo",
         }
-        formset = Formset(data, instance=instance, prefix='form')
+        formset = Formset(data, instance=instance, prefix="form")
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
-        new_obj, = formset.save()
+        (new_obj,) = formset.save()
         self.assertNotIsInstance(new_obj.obj, ProxyRelatedModel)
 
     def test_initial_count(self):
         GenericFormSet = generic_inlineformset_factory(TaggedItem)
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '3',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
         }
-        formset = GenericFormSet(data=data, prefix='form')
+        formset = GenericFormSet(data=data, prefix="form")
         self.assertEqual(formset.initial_form_count(), 3)
-        formset = GenericFormSet(data=data, prefix='form', save_as_new=True)
+        formset = GenericFormSet(data=data, prefix="form", save_as_new=True)
         self.assertEqual(formset.initial_form_count(), 0)
 
     def test_save_as_new(self):
@@ -218,39 +240,41 @@ id="id_generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-1-id"></p>""" % tagge
         The save_as_new parameter creates new items that are associated with
         the object.
         """
-        lion = Animal.objects.create(common_name='Lion', latin_name='Panthera leo')
-        yellow = lion.tags.create(tag='yellow')
-        hairy = lion.tags.create(tag='hairy')
+        lion = Animal.objects.create(common_name="Lion", latin_name="Panthera leo")
+        yellow = lion.tags.create(tag="yellow")
+        hairy = lion.tags.create(tag="hairy")
         GenericFormSet = generic_inlineformset_factory(TaggedItem)
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-id': str(yellow.pk),
-            'form-0-tag': 'hunts',
-            'form-1-id': str(hairy.pk),
-            'form-1-tag': 'roars',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-id": str(yellow.pk),
+            "form-0-tag": "hunts",
+            "form-1-id": str(hairy.pk),
+            "form-1-tag": "roars",
         }
-        formset = GenericFormSet(data, instance=lion, prefix='form', save_as_new=True)
+        formset = GenericFormSet(data, instance=lion, prefix="form", save_as_new=True)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         tags = formset.save()
-        self.assertEqual([tag.tag for tag in tags], ['hunts', 'roars'])
+        self.assertEqual([tag.tag for tag in tags], ["hunts", "roars"])
         hunts, roars = tags
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(lion.tags.order_by('tag'), [hairy, hunts, roars, yellow])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            lion.tags.order_by("tag"), [hairy, hunts, roars, yellow]
+        )
 
     def test_absolute_max(self):
         GenericFormSet = generic_inlineformset_factory(TaggedItem, absolute_max=1500)
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1501',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1501",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
         }
-        formset = GenericFormSet(data=data, prefix='form')
+        formset = GenericFormSet(data=data, prefix="form")
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), False)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 1500)
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.non_form_errors(),
-            ['Please submit at most 1000 forms.'],
+            ["Please submit at most 1000 forms."],
         )
 
     def test_absolute_max_with_max_num(self):
@@ -260,16 +284,16 @@ id="id_generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-1-id"></p>""" % tagge
             absolute_max=100,
         )
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '101',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "101",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
         }
-        formset = GenericFormSet(data=data, prefix='form')
+        formset = GenericFormSet(data=data, prefix="form")
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), False)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 100)
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.non_form_errors(),
-            ['Please submit at most 20 forms.'],
+            ["Please submit at most 20 forms."],
         )
 
     def test_can_delete_extra(self):
@@ -281,8 +305,8 @@ id="id_generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-1-id"></p>""" % tagge
         )
         formset = GenericFormSet()
         self.assertEqual(len(formset), 2)
-        self.assertIn('DELETE', formset.forms[0].fields)
-        self.assertIn('DELETE', formset.forms[1].fields)
+        self.assertIn("DELETE", formset.forms[0].fields)
+        self.assertIn("DELETE", formset.forms[1].fields)
 
     def test_disable_delete_extra(self):
         GenericFormSet = generic_inlineformset_factory(
@@ -293,5 +317,5 @@ id="id_generic_relations-taggeditem-content_type-object_id-1-id"></p>""" % tagge
         )
         formset = GenericFormSet()
         self.assertEqual(len(formset), 2)
-        self.assertNotIn('DELETE', formset.forms[0].fields)
-        self.assertNotIn('DELETE', formset.forms[1].fields)
+        self.assertNotIn("DELETE", formset.forms[0].fields)
+        self.assertNotIn("DELETE", formset.forms[1].fields)
diff --git a/tests/generic_relations/tests.py b/tests/generic_relations/tests.py
index 5ec1a3f184..6c6b0d1611 100644
--- a/tests/generic_relations/tests.py
+++ b/tests/generic_relations/tests.py
@@ -5,9 +5,21 @@ from django.db.models import Q
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase
 
 from .models import (
-    AllowsNullGFK, Animal, Carrot, Comparison, ConcreteRelatedModel,
-    ForConcreteModelModel, ForProxyModelModel, Gecko, ManualPK, Mineral,
-    ProxyRelatedModel, Rock, TaggedItem, ValuableRock, ValuableTaggedItem,
+    AllowsNullGFK,
+    Animal,
+    Carrot,
+    Comparison,
+    ConcreteRelatedModel,
+    ForConcreteModelModel,
+    ForProxyModelModel,
+    Gecko,
+    ManualPK,
+    Mineral,
+    ProxyRelatedModel,
+    Rock,
+    TaggedItem,
+    ValuableRock,
+    ValuableTaggedItem,
     Vegetable,
 )
 
@@ -15,20 +27,20 @@ from .models import (
 class GenericRelationsTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.lion = Animal.objects.create(common_name='Lion', latin_name='Panthera leo')
+        cls.lion = Animal.objects.create(common_name="Lion", latin_name="Panthera leo")
         cls.platypus = Animal.objects.create(
-            common_name='Platypus',
-            latin_name='Ornithorhynchus anatinus',
+            common_name="Platypus",
+            latin_name="Ornithorhynchus anatinus",
         )
         Vegetable.objects.create(name="Eggplant", is_yucky=True)
-        cls.bacon = Vegetable.objects.create(name='Bacon', is_yucky=False)
-        cls.quartz = Mineral.objects.create(name='Quartz', hardness=7)
+        cls.bacon = Vegetable.objects.create(name="Bacon", is_yucky=False)
+        cls.quartz = Mineral.objects.create(name="Quartz", hardness=7)
 
         # Tagging stuff.
-        cls.fatty = cls.bacon.tags.create(tag='fatty')
-        cls.salty = cls.bacon.tags.create(tag='salty')
-        cls.yellow = cls.lion.tags.create(tag='yellow')
-        cls.hairy = cls.lion.tags.create(tag='hairy')
+        cls.fatty = cls.bacon.tags.create(tag="fatty")
+        cls.salty = cls.bacon.tags.create(tag="salty")
+        cls.yellow = cls.lion.tags.create(tag="yellow")
+        cls.hairy = cls.lion.tags.create(tag="hairy")
 
     def comp_func(self, obj):
         # Original list of tags:
@@ -40,7 +52,7 @@ class GenericRelationsTests(TestCase):
         to create a tag. Refs #23611.
         """
         count = self.bacon.tags.count()
-        tag, created = self.bacon.tags.update_or_create(tag='stinky')
+        tag, created = self.bacon.tags.update_or_create(tag="stinky")
         self.assertTrue(created)
         self.assertEqual(count + 1, self.bacon.tags.count())
 
@@ -50,12 +62,14 @@ class GenericRelationsTests(TestCase):
         to update a tag. Refs #23611.
         """
         count = self.bacon.tags.count()
-        tag = self.bacon.tags.create(tag='stinky')
+        tag = self.bacon.tags.create(tag="stinky")
         self.assertEqual(count + 1, self.bacon.tags.count())
-        tag, created = self.bacon.tags.update_or_create(defaults={'tag': 'juicy'}, id=tag.id)
+        tag, created = self.bacon.tags.update_or_create(
+            defaults={"tag": "juicy"}, id=tag.id
+        )
         self.assertFalse(created)
         self.assertEqual(count + 1, self.bacon.tags.count())
-        self.assertEqual(tag.tag, 'juicy')
+        self.assertEqual(tag.tag, "juicy")
 
     def test_generic_get_or_create_when_created(self):
         """
@@ -63,7 +77,7 @@ class GenericRelationsTests(TestCase):
         to create a tag. Refs #23611.
         """
         count = self.bacon.tags.count()
-        tag, created = self.bacon.tags.get_or_create(tag='stinky')
+        tag, created = self.bacon.tags.get_or_create(tag="stinky")
         self.assertTrue(created)
         self.assertEqual(count + 1, self.bacon.tags.count())
 
@@ -75,11 +89,13 @@ class GenericRelationsTests(TestCase):
         count = self.bacon.tags.count()
         tag = self.bacon.tags.create(tag="stinky")
         self.assertEqual(count + 1, self.bacon.tags.count())
-        tag, created = self.bacon.tags.get_or_create(id=tag.id, defaults={'tag': 'juicy'})
+        tag, created = self.bacon.tags.get_or_create(
+            id=tag.id, defaults={"tag": "juicy"}
+        )
         self.assertFalse(created)
         self.assertEqual(count + 1, self.bacon.tags.count())
         # shouldn't had changed the tag
-        self.assertEqual(tag.tag, 'stinky')
+        self.assertEqual(tag.tag, "stinky")
 
     def test_generic_relations_m2m_mimic(self):
         """
@@ -97,16 +113,17 @@ class GenericRelationsTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(tagged_item.content_object, self.bacon)
 
     def test_query_content_object(self):
-        qs = TaggedItem.objects.filter(
-            animal__isnull=False).order_by('animal__common_name', 'tag')
+        qs = TaggedItem.objects.filter(animal__isnull=False).order_by(
+            "animal__common_name", "tag"
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.hairy, self.yellow])
 
         mpk = ManualPK.objects.create(id=1)
-        mpk.tags.create(tag='mpk')
+        mpk.tags.create(tag="mpk")
         qs = TaggedItem.objects.filter(
-            Q(animal__isnull=False) | Q(manualpk__id=1)).order_by('tag')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs, ["hairy", "mpk", "yellow"], lambda x: x.tag)
+            Q(animal__isnull=False) | Q(manualpk__id=1)
+        ).order_by("tag")
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, ["hairy", "mpk", "yellow"], lambda x: x.tag)
 
     def test_exclude_generic_relations(self):
         """
@@ -156,7 +173,7 @@ class GenericRelationsTests(TestCase):
         out the one with the content type related to Animals.
         """
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Animal.objects.order_by('common_name'),
+            Animal.objects.order_by("common_name"),
             [self.lion, self.platypus],
         )
 
@@ -170,11 +187,11 @@ class GenericRelationsTests(TestCase):
         self.platypus.tags.create(tag="fatty")
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Animal.objects.filter(tags__tag='fatty'),
+            Animal.objects.filter(tags__tag="fatty"),
             [self.platypus],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Animal.objects.exclude(tags__tag='fatty'),
+            Animal.objects.exclude(tags__tag="fatty"),
             [self.lion],
         )
 
@@ -183,21 +200,25 @@ class GenericRelationsTests(TestCase):
         If you delete an object with an explicit Generic relation, the related
         objects are deleted when the source object is deleted.
         """
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(TaggedItem.objects.all(), [
-            ('fatty', Vegetable, self.bacon.pk),
-            ('hairy', Animal, self.lion.pk),
-            ('salty', Vegetable, self.bacon.pk),
-            ('yellow', Animal, self.lion.pk)
-        ],
-            self.comp_func
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            TaggedItem.objects.all(),
+            [
+                ("fatty", Vegetable, self.bacon.pk),
+                ("hairy", Animal, self.lion.pk),
+                ("salty", Vegetable, self.bacon.pk),
+                ("yellow", Animal, self.lion.pk),
+            ],
+            self.comp_func,
         )
         self.lion.delete()
 
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(TaggedItem.objects.all(), [
-            ('fatty', Vegetable, self.bacon.pk),
-            ('salty', Vegetable, self.bacon.pk),
-        ],
-            self.comp_func
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            TaggedItem.objects.all(),
+            [
+                ("fatty", Vegetable, self.bacon.pk),
+                ("salty", Vegetable, self.bacon.pk),
+            ],
+            self.comp_func,
         )
 
     def test_object_deletion_without_generic_relation(self):
@@ -208,14 +229,16 @@ class GenericRelationsTests(TestCase):
         TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=self.quartz, tag="clearish")
         quartz_pk = self.quartz.pk
         self.quartz.delete()
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(TaggedItem.objects.all(), [
-            ('clearish', Mineral, quartz_pk),
-            ('fatty', Vegetable, self.bacon.pk),
-            ('hairy', Animal, self.lion.pk),
-            ('salty', Vegetable, self.bacon.pk),
-            ('yellow', Animal, self.lion.pk),
-        ],
-            self.comp_func
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            TaggedItem.objects.all(),
+            [
+                ("clearish", Mineral, quartz_pk),
+                ("fatty", Vegetable, self.bacon.pk),
+                ("hairy", Animal, self.lion.pk),
+                ("salty", Vegetable, self.bacon.pk),
+                ("yellow", Animal, self.lion.pk),
+            ],
+            self.comp_func,
         )
 
     def test_tag_deletion_related_objects_unaffected(self):
@@ -225,16 +248,19 @@ class GenericRelationsTests(TestCase):
         """
         ctype = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(self.lion)
         tag = TaggedItem.objects.get(
-            content_type__pk=ctype.id, object_id=self.lion.id, tag="hairy")
+            content_type__pk=ctype.id, object_id=self.lion.id, tag="hairy"
+        )
         tag.delete()
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.lion.tags.all(), [self.yellow])
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(TaggedItem.objects.all(), [
-            ('fatty', Vegetable, self.bacon.pk),
-            ('salty', Vegetable, self.bacon.pk),
-            ('yellow', Animal, self.lion.pk)
-        ],
-            self.comp_func
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            TaggedItem.objects.all(),
+            [
+                ("fatty", Vegetable, self.bacon.pk),
+                ("salty", Vegetable, self.bacon.pk),
+                ("yellow", Animal, self.lion.pk),
+            ],
+            self.comp_func,
         )
 
     def test_add_bulk(self):
@@ -322,25 +348,25 @@ class GenericRelationsTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_clear(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            TaggedItem.objects.order_by('tag'),
+            TaggedItem.objects.order_by("tag"),
             [self.fatty, self.hairy, self.salty, self.yellow],
         )
         self.bacon.tags.clear()
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.bacon.tags.all(), [])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            TaggedItem.objects.order_by('tag'),
+            TaggedItem.objects.order_by("tag"),
             [self.hairy, self.yellow],
         )
 
     def test_remove(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            TaggedItem.objects.order_by('tag'),
+            TaggedItem.objects.order_by("tag"),
             [self.fatty, self.hairy, self.salty, self.yellow],
         )
         self.bacon.tags.remove(self.fatty)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.bacon.tags.all(), [self.salty])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            TaggedItem.objects.order_by('tag'),
+            TaggedItem.objects.order_by("tag"),
             [self.hairy, self.salty, self.yellow],
         )
 
@@ -376,7 +402,7 @@ class GenericRelationsTests(TestCase):
 
         # Filtering works
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            tiger.comparisons.filter(comparative='cooler'),
+            tiger.comparisons.filter(comparative="cooler"),
             [c2, c3],
         )
 
@@ -402,8 +428,10 @@ class GenericRelationsTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_generic_relation_to_inherited_child(self):
         # GenericRelations to models that use multi-table inheritance work.
-        granite = ValuableRock.objects.create(name='granite', hardness=5)
-        ValuableTaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=granite, tag="countertop", value=1)
+        granite = ValuableRock.objects.create(name="granite", hardness=5)
+        ValuableTaggedItem.objects.create(
+            content_object=granite, tag="countertop", value=1
+        )
         self.assertEqual(ValuableRock.objects.filter(tags__value=1).count(), 1)
         # We're generating a slightly inefficient query for tags__tag - we
         # first join ValuableRock -> TaggedItem -> ValuableTaggedItem, and then
@@ -425,7 +453,7 @@ class GenericRelationsTests(TestCase):
         Concrete model subclasses with generic relations work
         correctly (ticket 11263).
         """
-        granite = Rock.objects.create(name='granite', hardness=5)
+        granite = Rock.objects.create(name="granite", hardness=5)
         TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=granite, tag="countertop")
         self.assertEqual(Rock.objects.get(tags__tag="countertop"), granite)
 
@@ -434,14 +462,16 @@ class GenericRelationsTests(TestCase):
         Generic relations on a base class (Vegetable) work correctly in
         subclasses (Carrot).
         """
-        bear = Carrot.objects.create(name='carrot')
-        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=bear, tag='orange')
-        self.assertEqual(Carrot.objects.get(tags__tag='orange'), bear)
+        bear = Carrot.objects.create(name="carrot")
+        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=bear, tag="orange")
+        self.assertEqual(Carrot.objects.get(tags__tag="orange"), bear)
 
     def test_get_or_create(self):
         # get_or_create should work with virtual fields (content_object)
         quartz = Mineral.objects.create(name="Quartz", hardness=7)
-        tag, created = TaggedItem.objects.get_or_create(tag="shiny", defaults={'content_object': quartz})
+        tag, created = TaggedItem.objects.get_or_create(
+            tag="shiny", defaults={"content_object": quartz}
+        )
         self.assertTrue(created)
         self.assertEqual(tag.tag, "shiny")
         self.assertEqual(tag.content_object.id, quartz.id)
@@ -450,18 +480,22 @@ class GenericRelationsTests(TestCase):
         # update_or_create should work with virtual fields (content_object)
         quartz = Mineral.objects.create(name="Quartz", hardness=7)
         diamond = Mineral.objects.create(name="Diamond", hardness=7)
-        tag, created = TaggedItem.objects.update_or_create(tag="shiny", defaults={'content_object': quartz})
+        tag, created = TaggedItem.objects.update_or_create(
+            tag="shiny", defaults={"content_object": quartz}
+        )
         self.assertTrue(created)
         self.assertEqual(tag.content_object.id, quartz.id)
 
-        tag, created = TaggedItem.objects.update_or_create(tag="shiny", defaults={'content_object': diamond})
+        tag, created = TaggedItem.objects.update_or_create(
+            tag="shiny", defaults={"content_object": diamond}
+        )
         self.assertFalse(created)
         self.assertEqual(tag.content_object.id, diamond.id)
 
     def test_query_content_type(self):
         msg = "Field 'content_object' does not generate an automatic reverse relation"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
-            TaggedItem.objects.get(content_object='')
+            TaggedItem.objects.get(content_object="")
 
     def test_unsaved_instance_on_generic_foreign_key(self):
         """
@@ -474,8 +508,13 @@ class GenericRelationsTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_cache_invalidation_for_content_type_id(self):
         # Create a Vegetable and Mineral with the same id.
-        new_id = max(Vegetable.objects.order_by('-id')[0].id,
-                     Mineral.objects.order_by('-id')[0].id) + 1
+        new_id = (
+            max(
+                Vegetable.objects.order_by("-id")[0].id,
+                Mineral.objects.order_by("-id")[0].id,
+            )
+            + 1
+        )
         broccoli = Vegetable.objects.create(id=new_id, name="Broccoli")
         diamond = Mineral.objects.create(id=new_id, name="Diamond", hardness=7)
         tag = TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=broccoli, tag="yummy")
@@ -495,82 +534,88 @@ class GenericRelationsTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(tag.content_object, spinach)
 
     def test_create_after_prefetch(self):
-        platypus = Animal.objects.prefetch_related('tags').get(pk=self.platypus.pk)
+        platypus = Animal.objects.prefetch_related("tags").get(pk=self.platypus.pk)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(platypus.tags.all(), [])
-        weird_tag = platypus.tags.create(tag='weird')
+        weird_tag = platypus.tags.create(tag="weird")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(platypus.tags.all(), [weird_tag])
 
     def test_add_after_prefetch(self):
-        platypus = Animal.objects.prefetch_related('tags').get(pk=self.platypus.pk)
+        platypus = Animal.objects.prefetch_related("tags").get(pk=self.platypus.pk)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(platypus.tags.all(), [])
-        weird_tag = TaggedItem.objects.create(tag='weird', content_object=platypus)
+        weird_tag = TaggedItem.objects.create(tag="weird", content_object=platypus)
         platypus.tags.add(weird_tag)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(platypus.tags.all(), [weird_tag])
 
     def test_remove_after_prefetch(self):
-        weird_tag = self.platypus.tags.create(tag='weird')
-        platypus = Animal.objects.prefetch_related('tags').get(pk=self.platypus.pk)
+        weird_tag = self.platypus.tags.create(tag="weird")
+        platypus = Animal.objects.prefetch_related("tags").get(pk=self.platypus.pk)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(platypus.tags.all(), [weird_tag])
         platypus.tags.remove(weird_tag)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(platypus.tags.all(), [])
 
     def test_clear_after_prefetch(self):
-        weird_tag = self.platypus.tags.create(tag='weird')
-        platypus = Animal.objects.prefetch_related('tags').get(pk=self.platypus.pk)
+        weird_tag = self.platypus.tags.create(tag="weird")
+        platypus = Animal.objects.prefetch_related("tags").get(pk=self.platypus.pk)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(platypus.tags.all(), [weird_tag])
         platypus.tags.clear()
         self.assertSequenceEqual(platypus.tags.all(), [])
 
     def test_set_after_prefetch(self):
-        platypus = Animal.objects.prefetch_related('tags').get(pk=self.platypus.pk)
+        platypus = Animal.objects.prefetch_related("tags").get(pk=self.platypus.pk)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(platypus.tags.all(), [])
-        furry_tag = TaggedItem.objects.create(tag='furry', content_object=platypus)
+        furry_tag = TaggedItem.objects.create(tag="furry", content_object=platypus)
         platypus.tags.set([furry_tag])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(platypus.tags.all(), [furry_tag])
-        weird_tag = TaggedItem.objects.create(tag='weird', content_object=platypus)
+        weird_tag = TaggedItem.objects.create(tag="weird", content_object=platypus)
         platypus.tags.set([weird_tag])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(platypus.tags.all(), [weird_tag])
 
     def test_add_then_remove_after_prefetch(self):
-        furry_tag = self.platypus.tags.create(tag='furry')
-        platypus = Animal.objects.prefetch_related('tags').get(pk=self.platypus.pk)
+        furry_tag = self.platypus.tags.create(tag="furry")
+        platypus = Animal.objects.prefetch_related("tags").get(pk=self.platypus.pk)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(platypus.tags.all(), [furry_tag])
-        weird_tag = self.platypus.tags.create(tag='weird')
+        weird_tag = self.platypus.tags.create(tag="weird")
         platypus.tags.add(weird_tag)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(platypus.tags.all(), [furry_tag, weird_tag])
         platypus.tags.remove(weird_tag)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(platypus.tags.all(), [furry_tag])
 
     def test_prefetch_related_different_content_types(self):
-        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=self.platypus, tag='prefetch_tag_1')
+        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=self.platypus, tag="prefetch_tag_1")
         TaggedItem.objects.create(
-            content_object=Vegetable.objects.create(name='Broccoli'),
-            tag='prefetch_tag_2',
+            content_object=Vegetable.objects.create(name="Broccoli"),
+            tag="prefetch_tag_2",
         )
         TaggedItem.objects.create(
-            content_object=Animal.objects.create(common_name='Bear'),
-            tag='prefetch_tag_3',
+            content_object=Animal.objects.create(common_name="Bear"),
+            tag="prefetch_tag_3",
         )
         qs = TaggedItem.objects.filter(
-            tag__startswith='prefetch_tag_',
-        ).prefetch_related('content_object', 'content_object__tags')
+            tag__startswith="prefetch_tag_",
+        ).prefetch_related("content_object", "content_object__tags")
         with self.assertNumQueries(4):
             tags = list(qs)
         for tag in tags:
             self.assertSequenceEqual(tag.content_object.tags.all(), [tag])
 
     def test_prefetch_related_custom_object_id(self):
-        tiger = Animal.objects.create(common_name='tiger')
-        cheetah = Animal.objects.create(common_name='cheetah')
+        tiger = Animal.objects.create(common_name="tiger")
+        cheetah = Animal.objects.create(common_name="cheetah")
         Comparison.objects.create(
-            first_obj=cheetah, other_obj=tiger, comparative='faster',
+            first_obj=cheetah,
+            other_obj=tiger,
+            comparative="faster",
         )
         Comparison.objects.create(
-            first_obj=tiger, other_obj=cheetah, comparative='cooler',
+            first_obj=tiger,
+            other_obj=cheetah,
+            comparative="cooler",
         )
-        qs = Comparison.objects.prefetch_related('first_obj__comparisons')
+        qs = Comparison.objects.prefetch_related("first_obj__comparisons")
         for comparison in qs:
-            self.assertSequenceEqual(comparison.first_obj.comparisons.all(), [comparison])
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                comparison.first_obj.comparisons.all(), [comparison]
+            )
 
 
 class ProxyRelatedModelTest(TestCase):
@@ -645,7 +690,6 @@ class ProxyRelatedModelTest(TestCase):
 
 
 class TestInitWithNoneArgument(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_none_allowed(self):
         # AllowsNullGFK doesn't require a content_type, so None argument should
         # also be allowed.
diff --git a/tests/generic_relations_regress/models.py b/tests/generic_relations_regress/models.py
index 47f6aeb92b..1a08d2da16 100644
--- a/tests/generic_relations_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/generic_relations_regress/models.py
@@ -1,12 +1,22 @@
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.db import models
 
-__all__ = ('Link', 'Place', 'Restaurant', 'Person', 'Address',
-           'CharLink', 'TextLink', 'OddRelation1', 'OddRelation2',
-           'Contact', 'Organization', 'Note', 'Company')
+__all__ = (
+    "Link",
+    "Place",
+    "Restaurant",
+    "Person",
+    "Address",
+    "CharLink",
+    "TextLink",
+    "OddRelation1",
+    "OddRelation2",
+    "Contact",
+    "Organization",
+    "Note",
+    "Company",
+)
 
 
 class Link(models.Model):
@@ -22,7 +32,7 @@ class LinkProxy(Link):
 
 class Place(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
-    links = GenericRelation(Link, related_query_name='places')
+    links = GenericRelation(Link, related_query_name="places")
     link_proxy = GenericRelation(LinkProxy)
 
 
@@ -86,7 +96,7 @@ class Contact(models.Model):
 
 class Organization(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
-    contacts = models.ManyToManyField(Contact, related_name='organizations')
+    contacts = models.ManyToManyField(Contact, related_name="organizations")
 
 
 class Company(models.Model):
@@ -116,7 +126,9 @@ class Guild(models.Model):
 
 
 class Tag(models.Model):
-    content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE, related_name='g_r_r_tags')
+    content_type = models.ForeignKey(
+        ContentType, models.CASCADE, related_name="g_r_r_tags"
+    )
     object_id = models.CharField(max_length=15)
     content_object = GenericForeignKey()
     label = models.CharField(max_length=15)
@@ -137,7 +149,7 @@ class SpecialGenericRelation(GenericRelation):
 
 
 class HasLinks(models.Model):
-    links = SpecialGenericRelation(Link, related_query_name='targets')
+    links = SpecialGenericRelation(Link, related_query_name="targets")
 
     class Meta:
         abstract = True
@@ -151,41 +163,42 @@ class A(models.Model):
     flag = models.BooleanField(null=True)
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE)
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-    content_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
+    content_object = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")
 
 
 class B(models.Model):
     a = GenericRelation(A)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('id',)
+        ordering = ("id",)
 
 
 class C(models.Model):
     b = models.ForeignKey(B, models.CASCADE)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('id',)
+        ordering = ("id",)
 
 
 class D(models.Model):
     b = models.ForeignKey(B, models.SET_NULL, null=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('id',)
+        ordering = ("id",)
 
 
 # Ticket #22998
 
+
 class Node(models.Model):
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE)
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-    content = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
+    content = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")
 
 
 class Content(models.Model):
     nodes = GenericRelation(Node)
-    related_obj = models.ForeignKey('Related', models.CASCADE)
+    related_obj = models.ForeignKey("Related", models.CASCADE)
 
 
 class Related(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/generic_relations_regress/tests.py b/tests/generic_relations_regress/tests.py
index 1d89b6cd16..16705131a7 100644
--- a/tests/generic_relations_regress/tests.py
+++ b/tests/generic_relations_regress/tests.py
@@ -4,15 +4,37 @@ from django.forms.models import modelform_factory
 from django.test import TestCase, skipIfDBFeature
 
 from .models import (
-    A, Address, B, Board, C, Cafe, CharLink, Company, Contact, Content, D,
-    Developer, Guild, HasLinkThing, Link, Node, Note, OddRelation1,
-    OddRelation2, Organization, Person, Place, Related, Restaurant, Tag, Team,
+    A,
+    Address,
+    B,
+    Board,
+    C,
+    Cafe,
+    CharLink,
+    Company,
+    Contact,
+    Content,
+    D,
+    Developer,
+    Guild,
+    HasLinkThing,
+    Link,
+    Node,
+    Note,
+    OddRelation1,
+    OddRelation2,
+    Organization,
+    Person,
+    Place,
+    Related,
+    Restaurant,
+    Tag,
+    Team,
     TextLink,
 )
 
 
 class GenericRelationTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_inherited_models_content_type(self):
         """
         GenericRelations on inherited classes use the correct content type.
@@ -29,34 +51,38 @@ class GenericRelationTests(TestCase):
         The correct column name is used for the primary key on the
         originating model of a query.  See #12664.
         """
-        p = Person.objects.create(account=23, name='Chef')
-        Address.objects.create(street='123 Anywhere Place',
-                               city='Conifer', state='CO',
-                               zipcode='80433', content_object=p)
+        p = Person.objects.create(account=23, name="Chef")
+        Address.objects.create(
+            street="123 Anywhere Place",
+            city="Conifer",
+            state="CO",
+            zipcode="80433",
+            content_object=p,
+        )
 
-        qs = Person.objects.filter(addresses__zipcode='80433')
+        qs = Person.objects.filter(addresses__zipcode="80433")
         self.assertEqual(1, qs.count())
-        self.assertEqual('Chef', qs[0].name)
+        self.assertEqual("Chef", qs[0].name)
 
     def test_charlink_delete(self):
-        oddrel = OddRelation1.objects.create(name='clink')
+        oddrel = OddRelation1.objects.create(name="clink")
         CharLink.objects.create(content_object=oddrel)
         oddrel.delete()
 
     def test_textlink_delete(self):
-        oddrel = OddRelation2.objects.create(name='tlink')
+        oddrel = OddRelation2.objects.create(name="tlink")
         TextLink.objects.create(content_object=oddrel)
         oddrel.delete()
 
     def test_coerce_object_id_remote_field_cache_persistence(self):
         restaurant = Restaurant.objects.create()
         CharLink.objects.create(content_object=restaurant)
-        charlink = CharLink.objects.latest('pk')
+        charlink = CharLink.objects.latest("pk")
         self.assertIs(charlink.content_object, charlink.content_object)
         # If the model (Cafe) uses more than one level of multi-table inheritance.
         cafe = Cafe.objects.create()
         CharLink.objects.create(content_object=cafe)
-        charlink = CharLink.objects.latest('pk')
+        charlink = CharLink.objects.latest("pk")
         self.assertIs(charlink.content_object, charlink.content_object)
 
     def test_q_object_or(self):
@@ -72,26 +98,27 @@ class GenericRelationTests(TestCase):
         """
         note_contact = Contact.objects.create()
         org_contact = Contact.objects.create()
-        Note.objects.create(note='note', content_object=note_contact)
-        org = Organization.objects.create(name='org name')
+        Note.objects.create(note="note", content_object=note_contact)
+        org = Organization.objects.create(name="org name")
         org.contacts.add(org_contact)
         # search with a non-matching note and a matching org name
-        qs = Contact.objects.filter(Q(notes__note__icontains=r'other note') |
-                                    Q(organizations__name__icontains=r'org name'))
+        qs = Contact.objects.filter(
+            Q(notes__note__icontains=r"other note")
+            | Q(organizations__name__icontains=r"org name")
+        )
         self.assertIn(org_contact, qs)
         # search again, with the same query parameters, in reverse order
         qs = Contact.objects.filter(
-            Q(organizations__name__icontains=r'org name') |
-            Q(notes__note__icontains=r'other note'))
+            Q(organizations__name__icontains=r"org name")
+            | Q(notes__note__icontains=r"other note")
+        )
         self.assertIn(org_contact, qs)
 
     def test_join_reuse(self):
-        qs = Person.objects.filter(
-            addresses__street='foo'
-        ).filter(
-            addresses__street='bar'
+        qs = Person.objects.filter(addresses__street="foo").filter(
+            addresses__street="bar"
         )
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('JOIN'), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("JOIN"), 2)
 
     def test_generic_relation_ordering(self):
         """
@@ -104,7 +131,7 @@ class GenericRelationTests(TestCase):
         Link.objects.create(content_object=p1)
         Link.objects.create(content_object=c)
 
-        places = list(Place.objects.order_by('links__id'))
+        places = list(Place.objects.order_by("links__id"))
 
         def count_places(place):
             return len([p for p in places if p.id == place.id])
@@ -116,8 +143,8 @@ class GenericRelationTests(TestCase):
     def test_target_model_is_unsaved(self):
         """Test related to #13085"""
         # Fails with another, ORM-level error
-        dev1 = Developer(name='Joe')
-        note = Note(note='Deserves promotion', content_object=dev1)
+        dev1 = Developer(name="Joe")
+        note = Note(note="Deserves promotion", content_object=dev1)
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
             note.save()
 
@@ -126,8 +153,8 @@ class GenericRelationTests(TestCase):
         Saving a model with a GenericForeignKey to a model instance whose
         __len__ method returns 0 (Team.__len__() here) shouldn't fail (#13085).
         """
-        team1 = Team.objects.create(name='Backend devs')
-        note = Note(note='Deserve a bonus', content_object=team1)
+        team1 = Team.objects.create(name="Backend devs")
+        note = Note(note="Deserve a bonus", content_object=team1)
         note.save()
 
     def test_target_model_bool_false(self):
@@ -136,17 +163,17 @@ class GenericRelationTests(TestCase):
         __bool__ method returns False (Guild.__bool__() here) shouldn't fail
         (#13085).
         """
-        g1 = Guild.objects.create(name='First guild')
-        note = Note(note='Note for guild', content_object=g1)
+        g1 = Guild.objects.create(name="First guild")
+        note = Note(note="Note for guild", content_object=g1)
         note.save()
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls")
     def test_gfk_to_model_with_empty_pk(self):
         """Test related to #13085"""
         # Saving model with GenericForeignKey to model instance with an
         # empty CharField PK
-        b1 = Board.objects.create(name='')
-        tag = Tag(label='VP', content_object=b1)
+        b1 = Board.objects.create(name="")
+        tag = Tag(label="VP", content_object=b1)
         tag.save()
 
     def test_ticket_20378(self):
@@ -160,8 +187,12 @@ class GenericRelationTests(TestCase):
         l2 = Link.objects.create(content_object=hs4)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(HasLinkThing.objects.filter(links=l1), [hs3])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(HasLinkThing.objects.filter(links=l2), [hs4])
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(HasLinkThing.objects.exclude(links=l2), [hs1, hs2, hs3])
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(HasLinkThing.objects.exclude(links=l1), [hs1, hs2, hs4])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            HasLinkThing.objects.exclude(links=l2), [hs1, hs2, hs3]
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            HasLinkThing.objects.exclude(links=l1), [hs1, hs2, hs4]
+        )
 
     def test_ticket_20564(self):
         b1 = B.objects.create()
@@ -194,12 +225,16 @@ class GenericRelationTests(TestCase):
     def test_extra_join_condition(self):
         # A crude check that content_type_id is taken in account in the
         # join/subquery condition.
-        self.assertIn("content_type_id", str(B.objects.exclude(a__flag=None).query).lower())
+        self.assertIn(
+            "content_type_id", str(B.objects.exclude(a__flag=None).query).lower()
+        )
         # No need for any joins - the join from inner query can be trimmed in
         # this case (but not in the above case as no a objects at all for given
         # B would then fail).
         self.assertNotIn(" join ", str(B.objects.exclude(a__flag=True).query).lower())
-        self.assertIn("content_type_id", str(B.objects.exclude(a__flag=True).query).lower())
+        self.assertIn(
+            "content_type_id", str(B.objects.exclude(a__flag=True).query).lower()
+        )
 
     def test_annotate(self):
         hs1 = HasLinkThing.objects.create()
@@ -209,7 +244,7 @@ class GenericRelationTests(TestCase):
         Link.objects.create(content_object=hs2)
         link = Link.objects.create(content_object=hs1)
         Link.objects.create(content_object=b)
-        qs = HasLinkThing.objects.annotate(Sum('links')).filter(pk=hs1.pk)
+        qs = HasLinkThing.objects.annotate(Sum("links")).filter(pk=hs1.pk)
         # If content_type restriction isn't in the query's join condition,
         # then wrong results are produced here as the link to b will also match
         # (b and hs1 have equal pks).
@@ -237,13 +272,13 @@ class GenericRelationTests(TestCase):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(HasLinkThing.objects.filter(links=link.pk), [hs2])
 
     def test_editable_generic_rel(self):
-        GenericRelationForm = modelform_factory(HasLinkThing, fields='__all__')
+        GenericRelationForm = modelform_factory(HasLinkThing, fields="__all__")
         form = GenericRelationForm()
-        self.assertIn('links', form.fields)
-        form = GenericRelationForm({'links': None})
+        self.assertIn("links", form.fields)
+        form = GenericRelationForm({"links": None})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         form.save()
-        links = HasLinkThing._meta.get_field('links')
+        links = HasLinkThing._meta.get_field("links")
         self.assertEqual(links.save_form_data_calls, 1)
 
     def test_ticket_22998(self):
@@ -257,8 +292,8 @@ class GenericRelationTests(TestCase):
             related.delete()
 
     def test_ticket_22982(self):
-        place = Place.objects.create(name='My Place')
-        self.assertIn('GenericRelatedObjectManager', str(place.links))
+        place = Place.objects.create(name="My Place")
+        self.assertIn("GenericRelatedObjectManager", str(place.links))
 
     def test_filter_on_related_proxy_model(self):
         place = Place.objects.create()
@@ -270,7 +305,7 @@ class GenericRelationTests(TestCase):
         Filtering with a reverse generic relation, where the GenericRelation
         comes from multi-table inheritance.
         """
-        place = Place.objects.create(name='Test Place')
+        place = Place.objects.create(name="Test Place")
         link = Link.objects.create(content_object=place)
         result = Link.objects.filter(places=place)
         self.assertCountEqual(result, [link])
diff --git a/tests/generic_views/forms.py b/tests/generic_views/forms.py
index 7d07dbc576..08bc07da8e 100644
--- a/tests/generic_views/forms.py
+++ b/tests/generic_views/forms.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ class AuthorForm(forms.ModelForm):
 
     class Meta:
         model = Author
-        fields = ['name', 'slug']
+        fields = ["name", "slug"]
 
 
 class ContactForm(forms.Form):
@@ -22,5 +22,5 @@ class ConfirmDeleteForm(forms.Form):
 
     def clean(self):
         cleaned_data = super().clean()
-        if 'confirm' not in cleaned_data:
-            raise forms.ValidationError('You must confirm the delete.')
+        if "confirm" not in cleaned_data:
+            raise forms.ValidationError("You must confirm the delete.")
diff --git a/tests/generic_views/models.py b/tests/generic_views/models.py
index 5733e44093..aef0ae23f5 100644
--- a/tests/generic_views/models.py
+++ b/tests/generic_views/models.py
@@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ class Artist(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['name']
-        verbose_name = 'professional artist'
-        verbose_name_plural = 'professional artists'
+        ordering = ["name"]
+        verbose_name = "professional artist"
+        verbose_name_plural = "professional artists"
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
-        return reverse('artist_detail', kwargs={'pk': self.id})
+        return reverse("artist_detail", kwargs={"pk": self.id})
 
 
 class Author(models.Model):
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class Author(models.Model):
     slug = models.SlugField()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['name']
+        ordering = ["name"]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class Book(models.Model):
     does_not_exist = DoesNotExistBookManager()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['-pubdate']
+        ordering = ["-pubdate"]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
diff --git a/tests/generic_views/test_base.py b/tests/generic_views/test_base.py
index 95b03681cc..b139d1089b 100644
--- a/tests/generic_views/test_base.py
+++ b/tests/generic_views/test_base.py
@@ -14,8 +14,9 @@ class SimpleView(View):
     """
     A simple view with a docstring.
     """
+
     def get(self, request):
-        return HttpResponse('This is a simple view')
+        return HttpResponse("This is a simple view")
 
 
 class SimplePostView(SimpleView):
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ class SimplePostView(SimpleView):
 
 class PostOnlyView(View):
     def post(self, request):
-        return HttpResponse('This view only accepts POST')
+        return HttpResponse("This view only accepts POST")
 
 
 class CustomizableView(SimpleView):
@@ -37,7 +38,6 @@ def decorator(view):
 
 
 class DecoratedDispatchView(SimpleView):
-
     @decorator
     def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
         return super().dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
@@ -48,18 +48,17 @@ class AboutTemplateView(TemplateView):
         return self.render_to_response({})
 
     def get_template_names(self):
-        return ['generic_views/about.html']
+        return ["generic_views/about.html"]
 
 
 class AboutTemplateAttributeView(TemplateView):
-    template_name = 'generic_views/about.html'
+    template_name = "generic_views/about.html"
 
     def get(self, request):
         return self.render_to_response(context={})
 
 
 class InstanceView(View):
-
     def get(self, request):
         return self
 
@@ -69,74 +68,81 @@ class ViewTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def _assert_simple(self, response):
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'This is a simple view')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"This is a simple view")
 
     def test_no_init_kwargs(self):
         """
         A view can't be accidentally instantiated before deployment
         """
-        msg = 'This method is available only on the class, not on instances.'
+        msg = "This method is available only on the class, not on instances."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, msg):
-            SimpleView(key='value').as_view()
+            SimpleView(key="value").as_view()
 
     def test_no_init_args(self):
         """
         A view can't be accidentally instantiated before deployment
         """
-        msg = 'as_view() takes 1 positional argument but 2 were given'
+        msg = "as_view() takes 1 positional argument but 2 were given"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            SimpleView.as_view('value')
+            SimpleView.as_view("value")
 
     def test_pathological_http_method(self):
         """
         The edge case of an HTTP request that spoofs an existing method name is
         caught.
         """
-        self.assertEqual(SimpleView.as_view()(
-            self.rf.get('/', REQUEST_METHOD='DISPATCH')
-        ).status_code, 405)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            SimpleView.as_view()(
+                self.rf.get("/", REQUEST_METHOD="DISPATCH")
+            ).status_code,
+            405,
+        )
 
     def test_get_only(self):
         """
         Test a view which only allows GET doesn't allow other methods.
         """
-        self._assert_simple(SimpleView.as_view()(self.rf.get('/')))
-        self.assertEqual(SimpleView.as_view()(self.rf.post('/')).status_code, 405)
-        self.assertEqual(SimpleView.as_view()(
-            self.rf.get('/', REQUEST_METHOD='FAKE')
-        ).status_code, 405)
+        self._assert_simple(SimpleView.as_view()(self.rf.get("/")))
+        self.assertEqual(SimpleView.as_view()(self.rf.post("/")).status_code, 405)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            SimpleView.as_view()(self.rf.get("/", REQUEST_METHOD="FAKE")).status_code,
+            405,
+        )
 
     def test_get_and_head(self):
         """
         Test a view which supplies a GET method also responds correctly to HEAD.
         """
-        self._assert_simple(SimpleView.as_view()(self.rf.get('/')))
-        response = SimpleView.as_view()(self.rf.head('/'))
+        self._assert_simple(SimpleView.as_view()(self.rf.get("/")))
+        response = SimpleView.as_view()(self.rf.head("/"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_setup_get_and_head(self):
         view_instance = SimpleView()
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(view_instance, 'head'))
-        view_instance.setup(self.rf.get('/'))
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(view_instance, 'head'))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(view_instance, "head"))
+        view_instance.setup(self.rf.get("/"))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(view_instance, "head"))
         self.assertEqual(view_instance.head, view_instance.get)
 
     def test_head_no_get(self):
         """
         Test a view which supplies no GET method responds to HEAD with HTTP 405.
         """
-        response = PostOnlyView.as_view()(self.rf.head('/'))
+        response = PostOnlyView.as_view()(self.rf.head("/"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 405)
 
     def test_get_and_post(self):
         """
         Test a view which only allows both GET and POST.
         """
-        self._assert_simple(SimplePostView.as_view()(self.rf.get('/')))
-        self._assert_simple(SimplePostView.as_view()(self.rf.post('/')))
-        self.assertEqual(SimplePostView.as_view()(
-            self.rf.get('/', REQUEST_METHOD='FAKE')
-        ).status_code, 405)
+        self._assert_simple(SimplePostView.as_view()(self.rf.get("/")))
+        self._assert_simple(SimplePostView.as_view()(self.rf.post("/")))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            SimplePostView.as_view()(
+                self.rf.get("/", REQUEST_METHOD="FAKE")
+            ).status_code,
+            405,
+        )
 
     def test_invalid_keyword_argument(self):
         """
@@ -144,13 +150,13 @@ class ViewTest(SimpleTestCase):
         be named like an HTTP method.
         """
         msg = (
-            'The method name %s is not accepted as a keyword argument to '
-            'SimpleView().'
+            "The method name %s is not accepted as a keyword argument to "
+            "SimpleView()."
         )
         # Check each of the allowed method names
         for method in SimpleView.http_method_names:
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg % method):
-                SimpleView.as_view(**{method: 'value'})
+                SimpleView.as_view(**{method: "value"})
 
         # Check the case view argument is ok if predefined on the class...
         CustomizableView.as_view(parameter="value")
@@ -167,7 +173,7 @@ class ViewTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         Test a view can only be called once.
         """
-        request = self.rf.get('/')
+        request = self.rf.get("/")
         view = InstanceView.as_view()
         self.assertNotEqual(view(request), view(request))
 
@@ -178,11 +184,11 @@ class ViewTest(SimpleTestCase):
         cls = SimpleView
         view = cls.as_view()
         self.assertEqual(view.__doc__, cls.__doc__)
-        self.assertEqual(view.__name__, 'view')
+        self.assertEqual(view.__name__, "view")
         self.assertEqual(view.__module__, cls.__module__)
-        self.assertEqual(view.__qualname__, f'{cls.as_view.__qualname__}.<locals>.view')
+        self.assertEqual(view.__qualname__, f"{cls.as_view.__qualname__}.<locals>.view")
         self.assertEqual(view.__annotations__, cls.dispatch.__annotations__)
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(view, '__wrapped__'))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(view, "__wrapped__"))
 
     def test_dispatch_decoration(self):
         """
@@ -196,43 +202,43 @@ class ViewTest(SimpleTestCase):
         Views respond to HTTP OPTIONS requests with an Allow header
         appropriate for the methods implemented by the view class.
         """
-        request = self.rf.options('/')
+        request = self.rf.options("/")
         view = SimpleView.as_view()
         response = view(request)
         self.assertEqual(200, response.status_code)
-        self.assertTrue(response.headers['Allow'])
+        self.assertTrue(response.headers["Allow"])
 
     def test_options_for_get_view(self):
         """
         A view implementing GET allows GET and HEAD.
         """
-        request = self.rf.options('/')
+        request = self.rf.options("/")
         view = SimpleView.as_view()
         response = view(request)
-        self._assert_allows(response, 'GET', 'HEAD')
+        self._assert_allows(response, "GET", "HEAD")
 
     def test_options_for_get_and_post_view(self):
         """
         A view implementing GET and POST allows GET, HEAD, and POST.
         """
-        request = self.rf.options('/')
+        request = self.rf.options("/")
         view = SimplePostView.as_view()
         response = view(request)
-        self._assert_allows(response, 'GET', 'HEAD', 'POST')
+        self._assert_allows(response, "GET", "HEAD", "POST")
 
     def test_options_for_post_view(self):
         """
         A view implementing POST allows POST.
         """
-        request = self.rf.options('/')
+        request = self.rf.options("/")
         view = PostOnlyView.as_view()
         response = view(request)
-        self._assert_allows(response, 'POST')
+        self._assert_allows(response, "POST")
 
     def _assert_allows(self, response, *expected_methods):
         "Assert allowed HTTP methods reported in the Allow response header"
-        response_allows = set(response.headers['Allow'].split(', '))
-        self.assertEqual(set(expected_methods + ('OPTIONS',)), response_allows)
+        response_allows = set(response.headers["Allow"].split(", "))
+        self.assertEqual(set(expected_methods + ("OPTIONS",)), response_allows)
 
     def test_args_kwargs_request_on_self(self):
         """
@@ -240,8 +246,8 @@ class ViewTest(SimpleTestCase):
         has been called.
         """
         bare_view = InstanceView()
-        view = InstanceView.as_view()(self.rf.get('/'))
-        for attribute in ('args', 'kwargs', 'request'):
+        view = InstanceView.as_view()(self.rf.get("/"))
+        for attribute in ("args", "kwargs", "request"):
             self.assertNotIn(attribute, dir(bare_view))
             self.assertIn(attribute, dir(view))
 
@@ -253,10 +259,10 @@ class ViewTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
         class CheckSetupView(SetAttributeMixin, SimpleView):
             def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
-                assert hasattr(self, 'attr')
+                assert hasattr(self, "attr")
                 return super().dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
 
-        response = CheckSetupView.as_view()(self.rf.get('/'))
+        response = CheckSetupView.as_view()(self.rf.get("/"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_not_calling_parent_setup_error(self):
@@ -269,12 +275,12 @@ class ViewTest(SimpleTestCase):
             "setup() and forget to call super()?"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, msg):
-            TestView.as_view()(self.rf.get('/'))
+            TestView.as_view()(self.rf.get("/"))
 
     def test_setup_adds_args_kwargs_request(self):
-        request = self.rf.get('/')
-        args = ('arg 1', 'arg 2')
-        kwargs = {'kwarg_1': 1, 'kwarg_2': 'year'}
+        request = self.rf.get("/")
+        args = ("arg 1", "arg 2")
+        kwargs = {"kwarg_1": 1, "kwarg_2": "year"}
 
         view = View()
         view.setup(request, *args, **kwargs)
@@ -288,30 +294,30 @@ class ViewTest(SimpleTestCase):
         without going through .as_view() (#21564).
         """
         view = PostOnlyView()
-        response = view.dispatch(self.rf.head('/'))
+        response = view.dispatch(self.rf.head("/"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 405)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='generic_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="generic_views.urls")
 class TemplateViewTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
     rf = RequestFactory()
 
     def _assert_about(self, response):
         response.render()
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>About</h1>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>About</h1>")
 
     def test_get(self):
         """
         Test a view that simply renders a template on GET
         """
-        self._assert_about(AboutTemplateView.as_view()(self.rf.get('/about/')))
+        self._assert_about(AboutTemplateView.as_view()(self.rf.get("/about/")))
 
     def test_head(self):
         """
         Test a TemplateView responds correctly to HEAD
         """
-        response = AboutTemplateView.as_view()(self.rf.head('/about/'))
+        response = AboutTemplateView.as_view()(self.rf.head("/about/"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_get_template_attribute(self):
@@ -319,14 +325,18 @@ class TemplateViewTest(SimpleTestCase):
         Test a view that renders a template on GET with the template name as
         an attribute on the class.
         """
-        self._assert_about(AboutTemplateAttributeView.as_view()(self.rf.get('/about/')))
+        self._assert_about(AboutTemplateAttributeView.as_view()(self.rf.get("/about/")))
 
     def test_get_generic_template(self):
         """
         Test a completely generic view that renders a template on GET
         with the template name as an argument at instantiation.
         """
-        self._assert_about(TemplateView.as_view(template_name='generic_views/about.html')(self.rf.get('/about/')))
+        self._assert_about(
+            TemplateView.as_view(template_name="generic_views/about.html")(
+                self.rf.get("/about/")
+            )
+        )
 
     def test_template_name_required(self):
         """
@@ -337,50 +347,54 @@ class TemplateViewTest(SimpleTestCase):
             "'template_name' or an implementation of 'get_template_names()'"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            self.client.get('/template/no_template/')
+            self.client.get("/template/no_template/")
 
     @require_jinja2
     def test_template_engine(self):
         """
         A template view may provide a template engine.
         """
-        request = self.rf.get('/using/')
-        view = TemplateView.as_view(template_name='generic_views/using.html')
-        self.assertEqual(view(request).render().content, b'DTL\n')
-        view = TemplateView.as_view(template_name='generic_views/using.html', template_engine='django')
-        self.assertEqual(view(request).render().content, b'DTL\n')
-        view = TemplateView.as_view(template_name='generic_views/using.html', template_engine='jinja2')
-        self.assertEqual(view(request).render().content, b'Jinja2\n')
+        request = self.rf.get("/using/")
+        view = TemplateView.as_view(template_name="generic_views/using.html")
+        self.assertEqual(view(request).render().content, b"DTL\n")
+        view = TemplateView.as_view(
+            template_name="generic_views/using.html", template_engine="django"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(view(request).render().content, b"DTL\n")
+        view = TemplateView.as_view(
+            template_name="generic_views/using.html", template_engine="jinja2"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(view(request).render().content, b"Jinja2\n")
 
     def test_template_params(self):
         """
         A generic template view passes kwargs as context.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/template/simple/bar/')
+        response = self.client.get("/template/simple/bar/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['foo'], 'bar')
-        self.assertIsInstance(response.context['view'], View)
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["foo"], "bar")
+        self.assertIsInstance(response.context["view"], View)
 
     def test_extra_template_params(self):
         """
         A template view can be customized to return extra context.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/template/custom/bar/')
+        response = self.client.get("/template/custom/bar/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['foo'], 'bar')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['key'], 'value')
-        self.assertIsInstance(response.context['view'], View)
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["foo"], "bar")
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["key"], "value")
+        self.assertIsInstance(response.context["view"], View)
 
     def test_cached_views(self):
         """
         A template view can be cached
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/template/cached/bar/')
+        response = self.client.get("/template/cached/bar/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
         time.sleep(1.0)
 
-        response2 = self.client.get('/template/cached/bar/')
+        response2 = self.client.get("/template/cached/bar/")
         self.assertEqual(response2.status_code, 200)
 
         self.assertEqual(response.content, response2.content)
@@ -388,131 +402,144 @@ class TemplateViewTest(SimpleTestCase):
         time.sleep(2.0)
 
         # Let the cache expire and test again
-        response2 = self.client.get('/template/cached/bar/')
+        response2 = self.client.get("/template/cached/bar/")
         self.assertEqual(response2.status_code, 200)
 
         self.assertNotEqual(response.content, response2.content)
 
     def test_content_type(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/template/content_type/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Content-Type'], 'text/plain')
+        response = self.client.get("/template/content_type/")
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["Content-Type"], "text/plain")
 
     def test_resolve_view(self):
-        match = resolve('/template/content_type/')
+        match = resolve("/template/content_type/")
         self.assertIs(match.func.view_class, TemplateView)
-        self.assertEqual(match.func.view_initkwargs['content_type'], 'text/plain')
+        self.assertEqual(match.func.view_initkwargs["content_type"], "text/plain")
 
     def test_resolve_login_required_view(self):
-        match = resolve('/template/login_required/')
+        match = resolve("/template/login_required/")
         self.assertIs(match.func.view_class, TemplateView)
 
     def test_extra_context(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/template/extra_context/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['title'], 'Title')
+        response = self.client.get("/template/extra_context/")
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["title"], "Title")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='generic_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="generic_views.urls")
 class RedirectViewTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
     rf = RequestFactory()
 
     def test_no_url(self):
         "Without any configuration, returns HTTP 410 GONE"
-        response = RedirectView.as_view()(self.rf.get('/foo/'))
+        response = RedirectView.as_view()(self.rf.get("/foo/"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 410)
 
     def test_default_redirect(self):
         "Default is a temporary redirect"
-        response = RedirectView.as_view(url='/bar/')(self.rf.get('/foo/'))
+        response = RedirectView.as_view(url="/bar/")(self.rf.get("/foo/"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(response.url, '/bar/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.url, "/bar/")
 
     def test_permanent_redirect(self):
         "Permanent redirects are an option"
-        response = RedirectView.as_view(url='/bar/', permanent=True)(self.rf.get('/foo/'))
+        response = RedirectView.as_view(url="/bar/", permanent=True)(
+            self.rf.get("/foo/")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 301)
-        self.assertEqual(response.url, '/bar/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.url, "/bar/")
 
     def test_temporary_redirect(self):
         "Temporary redirects are an option"
-        response = RedirectView.as_view(url='/bar/', permanent=False)(self.rf.get('/foo/'))
+        response = RedirectView.as_view(url="/bar/", permanent=False)(
+            self.rf.get("/foo/")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(response.url, '/bar/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.url, "/bar/")
 
     def test_include_args(self):
         "GET arguments can be included in the redirected URL"
-        response = RedirectView.as_view(url='/bar/')(self.rf.get('/foo/'))
+        response = RedirectView.as_view(url="/bar/")(self.rf.get("/foo/"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(response.url, '/bar/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.url, "/bar/")
 
-        response = RedirectView.as_view(url='/bar/', query_string=True)(self.rf.get('/foo/?pork=spam'))
+        response = RedirectView.as_view(url="/bar/", query_string=True)(
+            self.rf.get("/foo/?pork=spam")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(response.url, '/bar/?pork=spam')
+        self.assertEqual(response.url, "/bar/?pork=spam")
 
     def test_include_urlencoded_args(self):
         "GET arguments can be URL-encoded when included in the redirected URL"
-        response = RedirectView.as_view(url='/bar/', query_string=True)(
-            self.rf.get('/foo/?unicode=%E2%9C%93'))
+        response = RedirectView.as_view(url="/bar/", query_string=True)(
+            self.rf.get("/foo/?unicode=%E2%9C%93")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(response.url, '/bar/?unicode=%E2%9C%93')
+        self.assertEqual(response.url, "/bar/?unicode=%E2%9C%93")
 
     def test_parameter_substitution(self):
         "Redirection URLs can be parameterized"
-        response = RedirectView.as_view(url='/bar/%(object_id)d/')(self.rf.get('/foo/42/'), object_id=42)
+        response = RedirectView.as_view(url="/bar/%(object_id)d/")(
+            self.rf.get("/foo/42/"), object_id=42
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(response.url, '/bar/42/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.url, "/bar/42/")
 
     def test_named_url_pattern(self):
         "Named pattern parameter should reverse to the matching pattern"
-        response = RedirectView.as_view(pattern_name='artist_detail')(self.rf.get('/foo/'), pk=1)
+        response = RedirectView.as_view(pattern_name="artist_detail")(
+            self.rf.get("/foo/"), pk=1
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Location'], '/detail/artist/1/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["Location"], "/detail/artist/1/")
 
     def test_named_url_pattern_using_args(self):
-        response = RedirectView.as_view(pattern_name='artist_detail')(self.rf.get('/foo/'), 1)
+        response = RedirectView.as_view(pattern_name="artist_detail")(
+            self.rf.get("/foo/"), 1
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Location'], '/detail/artist/1/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["Location"], "/detail/artist/1/")
 
     def test_redirect_POST(self):
         "Default is a temporary redirect"
-        response = RedirectView.as_view(url='/bar/')(self.rf.post('/foo/'))
+        response = RedirectView.as_view(url="/bar/")(self.rf.post("/foo/"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(response.url, '/bar/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.url, "/bar/")
 
     def test_redirect_HEAD(self):
         "Default is a temporary redirect"
-        response = RedirectView.as_view(url='/bar/')(self.rf.head('/foo/'))
+        response = RedirectView.as_view(url="/bar/")(self.rf.head("/foo/"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(response.url, '/bar/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.url, "/bar/")
 
     def test_redirect_OPTIONS(self):
         "Default is a temporary redirect"
-        response = RedirectView.as_view(url='/bar/')(self.rf.options('/foo/'))
+        response = RedirectView.as_view(url="/bar/")(self.rf.options("/foo/"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(response.url, '/bar/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.url, "/bar/")
 
     def test_redirect_PUT(self):
         "Default is a temporary redirect"
-        response = RedirectView.as_view(url='/bar/')(self.rf.put('/foo/'))
+        response = RedirectView.as_view(url="/bar/")(self.rf.put("/foo/"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(response.url, '/bar/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.url, "/bar/")
 
     def test_redirect_PATCH(self):
         "Default is a temporary redirect"
-        response = RedirectView.as_view(url='/bar/')(self.rf.patch('/foo/'))
+        response = RedirectView.as_view(url="/bar/")(self.rf.patch("/foo/"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(response.url, '/bar/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.url, "/bar/")
 
     def test_redirect_DELETE(self):
         "Default is a temporary redirect"
-        response = RedirectView.as_view(url='/bar/')(self.rf.delete('/foo/'))
+        response = RedirectView.as_view(url="/bar/")(self.rf.delete("/foo/"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(response.url, '/bar/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.url, "/bar/")
 
     def test_redirect_when_meta_contains_no_query_string(self):
         "regression for #16705"
         # we can't use self.rf.get because it always sets QUERY_STRING
-        response = RedirectView.as_view(url='/bar/')(self.rf.request(PATH_INFO='/foo/'))
+        response = RedirectView.as_view(url="/bar/")(self.rf.request(PATH_INFO="/foo/"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
 
     def test_direct_instantiation(self):
@@ -521,37 +548,36 @@ class RedirectViewTest(SimpleTestCase):
         (#21564).
         """
         view = RedirectView()
-        response = view.dispatch(self.rf.head('/foo/'))
+        response = view.dispatch(self.rf.head("/foo/"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 410)
 
 
 class GetContextDataTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_get_context_data_super(self):
         test_view = views.CustomContextView()
-        context = test_view.get_context_data(kwarg_test='kwarg_value')
+        context = test_view.get_context_data(kwarg_test="kwarg_value")
 
         # the test_name key is inserted by the test classes parent
-        self.assertIn('test_name', context)
-        self.assertEqual(context['kwarg_test'], 'kwarg_value')
-        self.assertEqual(context['custom_key'], 'custom_value')
+        self.assertIn("test_name", context)
+        self.assertEqual(context["kwarg_test"], "kwarg_value")
+        self.assertEqual(context["custom_key"], "custom_value")
 
         # test that kwarg overrides values assigned higher up
-        context = test_view.get_context_data(test_name='test_value')
-        self.assertEqual(context['test_name'], 'test_value')
+        context = test_view.get_context_data(test_name="test_value")
+        self.assertEqual(context["test_name"], "test_value")
 
     def test_object_at_custom_name_in_context_data(self):
         # Checks 'pony' key presence in dict returned by get_context_date
         test_view = views.CustomSingleObjectView()
-        test_view.context_object_name = 'pony'
+        test_view.context_object_name = "pony"
         context = test_view.get_context_data()
-        self.assertEqual(context['pony'], test_view.object)
+        self.assertEqual(context["pony"], test_view.object)
 
     def test_object_in_get_context_data(self):
         # Checks 'object' key presence in dict returned by get_context_date #20234
         test_view = views.CustomSingleObjectView()
         context = test_view.get_context_data()
-        self.assertEqual(context['object'], test_view.object)
+        self.assertEqual(context["object"], test_view.object)
 
 
 class UseMultipleObjectMixinTest(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -559,23 +585,22 @@ class UseMultipleObjectMixinTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_use_queryset_from_view(self):
         test_view = views.CustomMultipleObjectMixinView()
-        test_view.get(self.rf.get('/'))
+        test_view.get(self.rf.get("/"))
         # Don't pass queryset as argument
         context = test_view.get_context_data()
-        self.assertEqual(context['object_list'], test_view.queryset)
+        self.assertEqual(context["object_list"], test_view.queryset)
 
     def test_overwrite_queryset(self):
         test_view = views.CustomMultipleObjectMixinView()
-        test_view.get(self.rf.get('/'))
-        queryset = [{'name': 'Lennon'}, {'name': 'Ono'}]
+        test_view.get(self.rf.get("/"))
+        queryset = [{"name": "Lennon"}, {"name": "Ono"}]
         self.assertNotEqual(test_view.queryset, queryset)
         # Overwrite the view's queryset with queryset from kwarg
         context = test_view.get_context_data(object_list=queryset)
-        self.assertEqual(context['object_list'], queryset)
+        self.assertEqual(context["object_list"], queryset)
 
 
 class SingleObjectTemplateResponseMixinTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_template_mixin_without_template(self):
         """
         We want to makes sure that if you use a template mixin, but forget the
diff --git a/tests/generic_views/test_dates.py b/tests/generic_views/test_dates.py
index bff58dcd0c..a826d5498d 100644
--- a/tests/generic_views/test_dates.py
+++ b/tests/generic_views/test_dates.py
@@ -12,275 +12,351 @@ from .models import Artist, Author, Book, BookSigning, Page
 def _make_books(n, base_date):
     for i in range(n):
         Book.objects.create(
-            name='Book %d' % i,
-            slug='book-%d' % i,
+            name="Book %d" % i,
+            slug="book-%d" % i,
             pages=100 + i,
-            pubdate=base_date - datetime.timedelta(days=i))
+            pubdate=base_date - datetime.timedelta(days=i),
+        )
 
 
 class TestDataMixin:
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.artist1 = Artist.objects.create(name='Rene Magritte')
-        cls.author1 = Author.objects.create(name='Roberto Bolaño', slug='roberto-bolano')
-        cls.author2 = Author.objects.create(name='Scott Rosenberg', slug='scott-rosenberg')
-        cls.book1 = Book.objects.create(name='2066', slug='2066', pages=800, pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 10, 1))
+        cls.artist1 = Artist.objects.create(name="Rene Magritte")
+        cls.author1 = Author.objects.create(
+            name="Roberto Bolaño", slug="roberto-bolano"
+        )
+        cls.author2 = Author.objects.create(
+            name="Scott Rosenberg", slug="scott-rosenberg"
+        )
+        cls.book1 = Book.objects.create(
+            name="2066", slug="2066", pages=800, pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 10, 1)
+        )
         cls.book1.authors.add(cls.author1)
         cls.book2 = Book.objects.create(
-            name='Dreaming in Code', slug='dreaming-in-code', pages=300, pubdate=datetime.date(2006, 5, 1)
+            name="Dreaming in Code",
+            slug="dreaming-in-code",
+            pages=300,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(2006, 5, 1),
         )
         cls.page1 = Page.objects.create(
-            content='I was once bitten by a moose.', template='generic_views/page_template.html'
+            content="I was once bitten by a moose.",
+            template="generic_views/page_template.html",
         )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='generic_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="generic_views.urls")
 class ArchiveIndexViewTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def test_archive_view(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['date_list']), list(Book.objects.dates('pubdate', 'year', 'DESC')))
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['latest']), list(Book.objects.all()))
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/book_archive.html')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(res.context["date_list"]),
+            list(Book.objects.dates("pubdate", "year", "DESC")),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["latest"]), list(Book.objects.all()))
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/book_archive.html")
 
     def test_archive_view_context_object_name(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/context_object_name/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/context_object_name/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['date_list']), list(Book.objects.dates('pubdate', 'year', 'DESC')))
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['thingies']), list(Book.objects.all()))
-        self.assertNotIn('latest', res.context)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/book_archive.html')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(res.context["date_list"]),
+            list(Book.objects.dates("pubdate", "year", "DESC")),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["thingies"]), list(Book.objects.all()))
+        self.assertNotIn("latest", res.context)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/book_archive.html")
 
     def test_empty_archive_view(self):
         Book.objects.all().delete()
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_allow_empty_archive_view(self):
         Book.objects.all().delete()
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/allow_empty/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/allow_empty/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['date_list']), [])
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/book_archive.html')
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["date_list"]), [])
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/book_archive.html")
 
     def test_archive_view_template(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/template_name/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/template_name/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['date_list']), list(Book.objects.dates('pubdate', 'year', 'DESC')))
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['latest']), list(Book.objects.all()))
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/list.html')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(res.context["date_list"]),
+            list(Book.objects.dates("pubdate", "year", "DESC")),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["latest"]), list(Book.objects.all()))
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/list.html")
 
     def test_archive_view_template_suffix(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/template_name_suffix/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/template_name_suffix/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['date_list']), list(Book.objects.dates('pubdate', 'year', 'DESC')))
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['latest']), list(Book.objects.all()))
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/book_detail.html')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(res.context["date_list"]),
+            list(Book.objects.dates("pubdate", "year", "DESC")),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["latest"]), list(Book.objects.all()))
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/book_detail.html")
 
     def test_archive_view_invalid(self):
         msg = (
-            'BookArchive is missing a QuerySet. Define BookArchive.model, '
-            'BookArchive.queryset, or override BookArchive.get_queryset().'
+            "BookArchive is missing a QuerySet. Define BookArchive.model, "
+            "BookArchive.queryset, or override BookArchive.get_queryset()."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            self.client.get('/dates/books/invalid/')
+            self.client.get("/dates/books/invalid/")
 
     def test_archive_view_by_month(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/by_month/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/by_month/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['date_list']), list(Book.objects.dates('pubdate', 'month', 'DESC')))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(res.context["date_list"]),
+            list(Book.objects.dates("pubdate", "month", "DESC")),
+        )
 
     def test_paginated_archive_view(self):
         _make_books(20, base_date=datetime.date.today())
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/paginated/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/paginated/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['date_list']), list(Book.objects.dates('pubdate', 'year', 'DESC')))
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['latest']), list(Book.objects.all()[0:10]))
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/book_archive.html')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(res.context["date_list"]),
+            list(Book.objects.dates("pubdate", "year", "DESC")),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["latest"]), list(Book.objects.all()[0:10]))
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/book_archive.html")
 
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/paginated/?page=2')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/paginated/?page=2")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['page_obj'].number, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['latest']), list(Book.objects.all()[10:20]))
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["page_obj"].number, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["latest"]), list(Book.objects.all()[10:20]))
 
     def test_paginated_archive_view_does_not_load_entire_table(self):
         # Regression test for #18087
         _make_books(20, base_date=datetime.date.today())
         # 1 query for years list + 1 query for books
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            self.client.get('/dates/books/')
+            self.client.get("/dates/books/")
         # same as above + 1 query to test if books exist + 1 query to count them
         with self.assertNumQueries(4):
-            self.client.get('/dates/books/paginated/')
+            self.client.get("/dates/books/paginated/")
 
     def test_no_duplicate_query(self):
         # Regression test for #18354
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            self.client.get('/dates/books/reverse/')
+            self.client.get("/dates/books/reverse/")
 
     def test_datetime_archive_view(self):
         BookSigning.objects.create(event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0))
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/booksignings/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
 
     @requires_tz_support
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_zoneinfo_database')
-    @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE='Africa/Nairobi')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_zoneinfo_database")
+    @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE="Africa/Nairobi")
     def test_aware_datetime_archive_view(self):
-        BookSigning.objects.create(event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/booksignings/')
+        BookSigning.objects.create(
+            event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        )
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_date_list_order(self):
         """date_list should be sorted descending in index"""
         _make_books(5, base_date=datetime.date(2011, 12, 25))
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['date_list']), list(reversed(sorted(res.context['date_list']))))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(res.context["date_list"]),
+            list(reversed(sorted(res.context["date_list"]))),
+        )
 
     def test_archive_view_custom_sorting(self):
-        Book.objects.create(name="Zebras for Dummies", pages=600, pubdate=datetime.date(2007, 5, 1))
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/sortedbyname/')
+        Book.objects.create(
+            name="Zebras for Dummies", pages=600, pubdate=datetime.date(2007, 5, 1)
+        )
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/sortedbyname/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['date_list']), list(Book.objects.dates('pubdate', 'year', 'DESC')))
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['latest']), list(Book.objects.order_by('name').all()))
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/book_archive.html')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(res.context["date_list"]),
+            list(Book.objects.dates("pubdate", "year", "DESC")),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(res.context["latest"]), list(Book.objects.order_by("name").all())
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/book_archive.html")
 
     def test_archive_view_custom_sorting_dec(self):
-        Book.objects.create(name="Zebras for Dummies", pages=600, pubdate=datetime.date(2007, 5, 1))
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/sortedbynamedec/')
+        Book.objects.create(
+            name="Zebras for Dummies", pages=600, pubdate=datetime.date(2007, 5, 1)
+        )
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/sortedbynamedec/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['date_list']), list(Book.objects.dates('pubdate', 'year', 'DESC')))
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['latest']), list(Book.objects.order_by('-name').all()))
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/book_archive.html')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(res.context["date_list"]),
+            list(Book.objects.dates("pubdate", "year", "DESC")),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(res.context["latest"]), list(Book.objects.order_by("-name").all())
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/book_archive.html")
 
     def test_archive_view_without_date_field(self):
-        msg = 'BookArchiveWithoutDateField.date_field is required.'
+        msg = "BookArchiveWithoutDateField.date_field is required."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            self.client.get('/dates/books/without_date_field/')
+            self.client.get("/dates/books/without_date_field/")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='generic_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="generic_views.urls")
 class YearArchiveViewTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def test_year_view(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2008/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2008/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['date_list']), [datetime.date(2008, 10, 1)])
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['year'], datetime.date(2008, 1, 1))
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/book_archive_year.html')
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["date_list"]), [datetime.date(2008, 10, 1)])
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["year"], datetime.date(2008, 1, 1))
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/book_archive_year.html")
 
         # Since allow_empty=False, next/prev years must be valid (#7164)
-        self.assertIsNone(res.context['next_year'])
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['previous_year'], datetime.date(2006, 1, 1))
+        self.assertIsNone(res.context["next_year"])
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["previous_year"], datetime.date(2006, 1, 1))
 
     def test_year_view_make_object_list(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2006/make_object_list/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2006/make_object_list/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['date_list']), [datetime.date(2006, 5, 1)])
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['book_list']), list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__year=2006)))
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['object_list']), list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__year=2006)))
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/book_archive_year.html')
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["date_list"]), [datetime.date(2006, 5, 1)])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(res.context["book_list"]),
+            list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__year=2006)),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(res.context["object_list"]),
+            list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__year=2006)),
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/book_archive_year.html")
 
     def test_year_view_empty(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/1999/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/1999/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/1999/allow_empty/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/1999/allow_empty/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['date_list']), [])
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['book_list']), [])
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["date_list"]), [])
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["book_list"]), [])
 
         # Since allow_empty=True, next/prev are allowed to be empty years (#7164)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['next_year'], datetime.date(2000, 1, 1))
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['previous_year'], datetime.date(1998, 1, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["next_year"], datetime.date(2000, 1, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["previous_year"], datetime.date(1998, 1, 1))
 
     def test_year_view_allow_future(self):
         # Create a new book in the future
         year = datetime.date.today().year + 1
-        Book.objects.create(name="The New New Testement", pages=600, pubdate=datetime.date(year, 1, 1))
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/%s/' % year)
+        Book.objects.create(
+            name="The New New Testement", pages=600, pubdate=datetime.date(year, 1, 1)
+        )
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/%s/" % year)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
 
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/%s/allow_empty/' % year)
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/%s/allow_empty/" % year)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['book_list']), [])
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["book_list"]), [])
 
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/%s/allow_future/' % year)
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/%s/allow_future/" % year)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['date_list']), [datetime.date(year, 1, 1)])
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["date_list"]), [datetime.date(year, 1, 1)])
 
     def test_year_view_paginated(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2006/paginated/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2006/paginated/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['book_list']), list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__year=2006)))
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['object_list']), list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__year=2006)))
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/book_archive_year.html')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(res.context["book_list"]),
+            list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__year=2006)),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(res.context["object_list"]),
+            list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__year=2006)),
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/book_archive_year.html")
 
     def test_year_view_custom_sort_order(self):
         # Zebras comes after Dreaming by name, but before on '-pubdate' which is the default sorting
-        Book.objects.create(name="Zebras for Dummies", pages=600, pubdate=datetime.date(2006, 9, 1))
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2006/sortedbyname/')
+        Book.objects.create(
+            name="Zebras for Dummies", pages=600, pubdate=datetime.date(2006, 9, 1)
+        )
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2006/sortedbyname/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['date_list']), [datetime.date(2006, 5, 1), datetime.date(2006, 9, 1)])
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(res.context['book_list']),
-            list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__year=2006).order_by('name'))
+            list(res.context["date_list"]),
+            [datetime.date(2006, 5, 1), datetime.date(2006, 9, 1)],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(res.context['object_list']),
-            list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__year=2006).order_by('name'))
+            list(res.context["book_list"]),
+            list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__year=2006).order_by("name")),
         )
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/book_archive_year.html')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(res.context["object_list"]),
+            list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__year=2006).order_by("name")),
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/book_archive_year.html")
 
     def test_year_view_two_custom_sort_orders(self):
-        Book.objects.create(name="Zebras for Dummies", pages=300, pubdate=datetime.date(2006, 9, 1))
-        Book.objects.create(name="Hunting Hippos", pages=400, pubdate=datetime.date(2006, 3, 1))
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2006/sortedbypageandnamedec/')
+        Book.objects.create(
+            name="Zebras for Dummies", pages=300, pubdate=datetime.date(2006, 9, 1)
+        )
+        Book.objects.create(
+            name="Hunting Hippos", pages=400, pubdate=datetime.date(2006, 3, 1)
+        )
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2006/sortedbypageandnamedec/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(res.context['date_list']),
-            [datetime.date(2006, 3, 1), datetime.date(2006, 5, 1), datetime.date(2006, 9, 1)]
+            list(res.context["date_list"]),
+            [
+                datetime.date(2006, 3, 1),
+                datetime.date(2006, 5, 1),
+                datetime.date(2006, 9, 1),
+            ],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(res.context['book_list']),
-            list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__year=2006).order_by('pages', '-name'))
+            list(res.context["book_list"]),
+            list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__year=2006).order_by("pages", "-name")),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(res.context['object_list']),
-            list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__year=2006).order_by('pages', '-name'))
+            list(res.context["object_list"]),
+            list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__year=2006).order_by("pages", "-name")),
         )
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/book_archive_year.html')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/book_archive_year.html")
 
     def test_year_view_invalid_pattern(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/no_year/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/no_year/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_no_duplicate_query(self):
         # Regression test for #18354
         with self.assertNumQueries(4):
-            self.client.get('/dates/books/2008/reverse/')
+            self.client.get("/dates/books/2008/reverse/")
 
     def test_datetime_year_view(self):
         BookSigning.objects.create(event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0))
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/booksignings/2008/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/2008/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_zoneinfo_database')
-    @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE='Africa/Nairobi')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_zoneinfo_database")
+    @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE="Africa/Nairobi")
     def test_aware_datetime_year_view(self):
-        BookSigning.objects.create(event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/booksignings/2008/')
+        BookSigning.objects.create(
+            event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        )
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/2008/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_date_list_order(self):
         """date_list should be sorted ascending in year view"""
         _make_books(10, base_date=datetime.date(2011, 12, 25))
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2011/')
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['date_list']), list(sorted(res.context['date_list'])))
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2011/")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(res.context["date_list"]), list(sorted(res.context["date_list"]))
+        )
 
-    @mock.patch('django.views.generic.list.MultipleObjectMixin.get_context_data')
+    @mock.patch("django.views.generic.list.MultipleObjectMixin.get_context_data")
     def test_get_context_data_receives_extra_context(self, mock):
         """
         MultipleObjectMixin.get_context_data() receives the context set by
@@ -288,200 +364,218 @@ class YearArchiveViewTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         BaseDateListView.get().
         """
         BookSigning.objects.create(event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, 'context must be a dict rather than MagicMock.'):
-            self.client.get('/dates/booksignings/2008/')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TypeError, "context must be a dict rather than MagicMock."
+        ):
+            self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/2008/")
         args, kwargs = mock.call_args
         # These are context values from get_dated_items().
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs['year'], datetime.date(2008, 1, 1))
-        self.assertIsNone(kwargs['previous_year'])
-        self.assertIsNone(kwargs['next_year'])
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs["year"], datetime.date(2008, 1, 1))
+        self.assertIsNone(kwargs["previous_year"])
+        self.assertIsNone(kwargs["next_year"])
 
     def test_get_dated_items_not_implemented(self):
-        msg = 'A DateView must provide an implementation of get_dated_items()'
+        msg = "A DateView must provide an implementation of get_dated_items()"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
-            self.client.get('/BaseDateListViewTest/')
+            self.client.get("/BaseDateListViewTest/")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='generic_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="generic_views.urls")
 class MonthArchiveViewTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def test_month_view(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2008/oct/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2008/oct/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/book_archive_month.html')
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['date_list']), [datetime.date(2008, 10, 1)])
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['book_list']),
-                         list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 10, 1))))
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['month'], datetime.date(2008, 10, 1))
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/book_archive_month.html")
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["date_list"]), [datetime.date(2008, 10, 1)])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(res.context["book_list"]),
+            list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 10, 1))),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["month"], datetime.date(2008, 10, 1))
 
         # Since allow_empty=False, next/prev months must be valid (#7164)
-        self.assertIsNone(res.context['next_month'])
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['previous_month'], datetime.date(2006, 5, 1))
+        self.assertIsNone(res.context["next_month"])
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["previous_month"], datetime.date(2006, 5, 1))
 
     def test_month_view_allow_empty(self):
         # allow_empty = False, empty month
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2000/jan/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2000/jan/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
 
         # allow_empty = True, empty month
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2000/jan/allow_empty/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2000/jan/allow_empty/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['date_list']), [])
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['book_list']), [])
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['month'], datetime.date(2000, 1, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["date_list"]), [])
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["book_list"]), [])
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["month"], datetime.date(2000, 1, 1))
 
         # Since allow_empty=True, next/prev are allowed to be empty months (#7164)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['next_month'], datetime.date(2000, 2, 1))
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['previous_month'], datetime.date(1999, 12, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["next_month"], datetime.date(2000, 2, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["previous_month"], datetime.date(1999, 12, 1))
 
         # allow_empty but not allow_future: next_month should be empty (#7164)
-        url = datetime.date.today().strftime('/dates/books/%Y/%b/allow_empty/').lower()
+        url = datetime.date.today().strftime("/dates/books/%Y/%b/allow_empty/").lower()
         res = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertIsNone(res.context['next_month'])
+        self.assertIsNone(res.context["next_month"])
 
     def test_month_view_allow_future(self):
         future = (datetime.date.today() + datetime.timedelta(days=60)).replace(day=1)
-        urlbit = future.strftime('%Y/%b').lower()
+        urlbit = future.strftime("%Y/%b").lower()
         b = Book.objects.create(name="The New New Testement", pages=600, pubdate=future)
 
         # allow_future = False, future month
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/%s/' % urlbit)
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/%s/" % urlbit)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
 
         # allow_future = True, valid future month
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/%s/allow_future/' % urlbit)
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/%s/allow_future/" % urlbit)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['date_list'][0], b.pubdate)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['book_list']), [b])
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['month'], future)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["date_list"][0], b.pubdate)
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["book_list"]), [b])
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["month"], future)
 
         # Since allow_future = True but not allow_empty, next/prev are not
         # allowed to be empty months (#7164)
-        self.assertIsNone(res.context['next_month'])
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['previous_month'], datetime.date(2008, 10, 1))
+        self.assertIsNone(res.context["next_month"])
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["previous_month"], datetime.date(2008, 10, 1))
 
         # allow_future, but not allow_empty, with a current month. So next
         # should be in the future (yup, #7164, again)
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2008/oct/allow_future/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2008/oct/allow_future/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['next_month'], future)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['previous_month'], datetime.date(2006, 5, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["next_month"], future)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["previous_month"], datetime.date(2006, 5, 1))
 
     def test_month_view_paginated(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2008/oct/paginated/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2008/oct/paginated/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(res.context['book_list']),
-            list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__year=2008, pubdate__month=10))
+            list(res.context["book_list"]),
+            list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__year=2008, pubdate__month=10)),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(res.context['object_list']),
-            list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__year=2008, pubdate__month=10))
+            list(res.context["object_list"]),
+            list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__year=2008, pubdate__month=10)),
         )
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/book_archive_month.html')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/book_archive_month.html")
 
     def test_custom_month_format(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2008/10/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2008/10/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_month_view_invalid_pattern(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2007/no_month/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2007/no_month/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_previous_month_without_content(self):
         "Content can exist on any day of the previous month. Refs #14711"
         self.pubdate_list = [
-            datetime.date(2010, month, day)
-            for month, day in ((9, 1), (10, 2), (11, 3))
+            datetime.date(2010, month, day) for month, day in ((9, 1), (10, 2), (11, 3))
         ]
         for pubdate in self.pubdate_list:
             name = str(pubdate)
             Book.objects.create(name=name, slug=name, pages=100, pubdate=pubdate)
 
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2010/nov/allow_empty/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2010/nov/allow_empty/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['previous_month'], datetime.date(2010, 10, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["previous_month"], datetime.date(2010, 10, 1))
         # The following test demonstrates the bug
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2010/nov/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2010/nov/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['previous_month'], datetime.date(2010, 10, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["previous_month"], datetime.date(2010, 10, 1))
         # The bug does not occur here because a Book with pubdate of Sep 1 exists
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2010/oct/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2010/oct/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['previous_month'], datetime.date(2010, 9, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["previous_month"], datetime.date(2010, 9, 1))
 
     def test_datetime_month_view(self):
         BookSigning.objects.create(event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 2, 1, 12, 0))
         BookSigning.objects.create(event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0))
         BookSigning.objects.create(event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 6, 3, 12, 0))
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_month_view_get_month_from_request(self):
         oct1 = datetime.date(2008, 10, 1)
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/without_month/2008/?month=oct')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/without_month/2008/?month=oct")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/book_archive_month.html')
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['date_list']), [oct1])
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['book_list']), list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate=oct1)))
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['month'], oct1)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/book_archive_month.html")
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["date_list"]), [oct1])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(res.context["book_list"]), list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate=oct1))
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["month"], oct1)
 
     def test_month_view_without_month_in_url(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/without_month/2008/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/without_month/2008/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['exception'], 'No month specified')
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["exception"], "No month specified")
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_zoneinfo_database')
-    @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE='Africa/Nairobi')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_zoneinfo_database")
+    @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE="Africa/Nairobi")
     def test_aware_datetime_month_view(self):
-        BookSigning.objects.create(event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 2, 1, 12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
-        BookSigning.objects.create(event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
-        BookSigning.objects.create(event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 6, 3, 12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/')
+        BookSigning.objects.create(
+            event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 2, 1, 12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        )
+        BookSigning.objects.create(
+            event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        )
+        BookSigning.objects.create(
+            event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 6, 3, 12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        )
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_date_list_order(self):
         """date_list should be sorted ascending in month view"""
         _make_books(10, base_date=datetime.date(2011, 12, 25))
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2011/dec/')
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['date_list']), list(sorted(res.context['date_list'])))
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2011/dec/")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(res.context["date_list"]), list(sorted(res.context["date_list"]))
+        )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='generic_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="generic_views.urls")
 class WeekArchiveViewTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def test_week_view(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2008/week/39/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2008/week/39/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/book_archive_week.html')
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['book_list'][0], Book.objects.get(pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 10, 1)))
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['week'], datetime.date(2008, 9, 28))
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/book_archive_week.html")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            res.context["book_list"][0],
+            Book.objects.get(pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 10, 1)),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["week"], datetime.date(2008, 9, 28))
 
         # Since allow_empty=False, next/prev weeks must be valid
-        self.assertIsNone(res.context['next_week'])
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['previous_week'], datetime.date(2006, 4, 30))
+        self.assertIsNone(res.context["next_week"])
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["previous_week"], datetime.date(2006, 4, 30))
 
     def test_week_view_allow_empty(self):
         # allow_empty = False, empty week
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2008/week/12/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2008/week/12/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
 
         # allow_empty = True, empty month
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2008/week/12/allow_empty/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2008/week/12/allow_empty/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['book_list']), [])
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['week'], datetime.date(2008, 3, 23))
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["book_list"]), [])
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["week"], datetime.date(2008, 3, 23))
 
         # Since allow_empty=True, next/prev are allowed to be empty weeks
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['next_week'], datetime.date(2008, 3, 30))
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['previous_week'], datetime.date(2008, 3, 16))
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["next_week"], datetime.date(2008, 3, 30))
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["previous_week"], datetime.date(2008, 3, 16))
 
         # allow_empty but not allow_future: next_week should be empty
-        url = datetime.date.today().strftime('/dates/books/%Y/week/%U/allow_empty/').lower()
+        url = (
+            datetime.date.today()
+            .strftime("/dates/books/%Y/week/%U/allow_empty/")
+            .lower()
+        )
         res = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertIsNone(res.context['next_week'])
+        self.assertIsNone(res.context["next_week"])
 
     def test_week_view_allow_future(self):
         # January 7th always falls in week 1, given Python's definition of week numbers
@@ -489,69 +583,69 @@ class WeekArchiveViewTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         future_sunday = future - datetime.timedelta(days=(future.weekday() + 1) % 7)
         b = Book.objects.create(name="The New New Testement", pages=600, pubdate=future)
 
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/%s/week/1/' % future.year)
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/%s/week/1/" % future.year)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
 
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/%s/week/1/allow_future/' % future.year)
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/%s/week/1/allow_future/" % future.year)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['book_list']), [b])
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['week'], future_sunday)
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["book_list"]), [b])
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["week"], future_sunday)
 
         # Since allow_future = True but not allow_empty, next/prev are not
         # allowed to be empty weeks
-        self.assertIsNone(res.context['next_week'])
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['previous_week'], datetime.date(2008, 9, 28))
+        self.assertIsNone(res.context["next_week"])
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["previous_week"], datetime.date(2008, 9, 28))
 
         # allow_future, but not allow_empty, with a current week. So next
         # should be in the future
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2008/week/39/allow_future/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2008/week/39/allow_future/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['next_week'], future_sunday)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['previous_week'], datetime.date(2006, 4, 30))
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["next_week"], future_sunday)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["previous_week"], datetime.date(2006, 4, 30))
 
     def test_week_view_paginated(self):
         week_start = datetime.date(2008, 9, 28)
         week_end = week_start + datetime.timedelta(days=7)
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2008/week/39/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2008/week/39/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(res.context['book_list']),
-            list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__gte=week_start, pubdate__lt=week_end))
+            list(res.context["book_list"]),
+            list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__gte=week_start, pubdate__lt=week_end)),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(res.context['object_list']),
-            list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__gte=week_start, pubdate__lt=week_end))
+            list(res.context["object_list"]),
+            list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__gte=week_start, pubdate__lt=week_end)),
         )
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/book_archive_week.html')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/book_archive_week.html")
 
     def test_week_view_invalid_pattern(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2007/week/no_week/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2007/week/no_week/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_week_start_Monday(self):
         # Regression for #14752
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2008/week/39/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2008/week/39/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['week'], datetime.date(2008, 9, 28))
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["week"], datetime.date(2008, 9, 28))
 
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2008/week/39/monday/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2008/week/39/monday/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['week'], datetime.date(2008, 9, 29))
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["week"], datetime.date(2008, 9, 29))
 
     def test_week_iso_format(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2008/week/40/iso_format/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2008/week/40/iso_format/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/book_archive_week.html')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/book_archive_week.html")
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(res.context['book_list']),
+            list(res.context["book_list"]),
             [Book.objects.get(pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 10, 1))],
         )
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['week'], datetime.date(2008, 9, 29))
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["week"], datetime.date(2008, 9, 29))
 
     def test_unknown_week_format(self):
         msg = "Unknown week format '%T'. Choices are: %U, %V, %W"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            self.client.get('/dates/books/2008/week/39/unknown_week_format/')
+            self.client.get("/dates/books/2008/week/39/unknown_week_format/")
 
     def test_incompatible_iso_week_format_view(self):
         msg = (
@@ -559,192 +653,212 @@ class WeekArchiveViewTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
             "'%Y'. Use the ISO year '%G' instead."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            self.client.get('/dates/books/2008/week/40/invalid_iso_week_year_format/')
+            self.client.get("/dates/books/2008/week/40/invalid_iso_week_year_format/")
 
     def test_datetime_week_view(self):
         BookSigning.objects.create(event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0))
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/booksignings/2008/week/13/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/2008/week/13/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
 
-    @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE='Africa/Nairobi')
+    @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE="Africa/Nairobi")
     def test_aware_datetime_week_view(self):
-        BookSigning.objects.create(event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/booksignings/2008/week/13/')
+        BookSigning.objects.create(
+            event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        )
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/2008/week/13/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='generic_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="generic_views.urls")
 class DayArchiveViewTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def test_day_view(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2008/oct/01/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2008/oct/01/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/book_archive_day.html')
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['book_list']),
-                         list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 10, 1))))
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['day'], datetime.date(2008, 10, 1))
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/book_archive_day.html")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(res.context["book_list"]),
+            list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 10, 1))),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["day"], datetime.date(2008, 10, 1))
 
         # Since allow_empty=False, next/prev days must be valid.
-        self.assertIsNone(res.context['next_day'])
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['previous_day'], datetime.date(2006, 5, 1))
+        self.assertIsNone(res.context["next_day"])
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["previous_day"], datetime.date(2006, 5, 1))
 
     def test_day_view_allow_empty(self):
         # allow_empty = False, empty month
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2000/jan/1/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2000/jan/1/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
 
         # allow_empty = True, empty month
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2000/jan/1/allow_empty/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2000/jan/1/allow_empty/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['book_list']), [])
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['day'], datetime.date(2000, 1, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["book_list"]), [])
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["day"], datetime.date(2000, 1, 1))
 
         # Since it's allow empty, next/prev are allowed to be empty months (#7164)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['next_day'], datetime.date(2000, 1, 2))
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['previous_day'], datetime.date(1999, 12, 31))
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["next_day"], datetime.date(2000, 1, 2))
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["previous_day"], datetime.date(1999, 12, 31))
 
         # allow_empty but not allow_future: next_month should be empty (#7164)
-        url = datetime.date.today().strftime('/dates/books/%Y/%b/%d/allow_empty/').lower()
+        url = (
+            datetime.date.today().strftime("/dates/books/%Y/%b/%d/allow_empty/").lower()
+        )
         res = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertIsNone(res.context['next_day'])
+        self.assertIsNone(res.context["next_day"])
 
     def test_day_view_allow_future(self):
-        future = (datetime.date.today() + datetime.timedelta(days=60))
-        urlbit = future.strftime('%Y/%b/%d').lower()
+        future = datetime.date.today() + datetime.timedelta(days=60)
+        urlbit = future.strftime("%Y/%b/%d").lower()
         b = Book.objects.create(name="The New New Testement", pages=600, pubdate=future)
 
         # allow_future = False, future month
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/%s/' % urlbit)
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/%s/" % urlbit)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
 
         # allow_future = True, valid future month
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/%s/allow_future/' % urlbit)
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/%s/allow_future/" % urlbit)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['book_list']), [b])
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['day'], future)
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["book_list"]), [b])
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["day"], future)
 
         # allow_future but not allow_empty, next/prev must be valid
-        self.assertIsNone(res.context['next_day'])
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['previous_day'], datetime.date(2008, 10, 1))
+        self.assertIsNone(res.context["next_day"])
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["previous_day"], datetime.date(2008, 10, 1))
 
         # allow_future, but not allow_empty, with a current month.
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2008/oct/01/allow_future/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2008/oct/01/allow_future/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['next_day'], future)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['previous_day'], datetime.date(2006, 5, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["next_day"], future)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["previous_day"], datetime.date(2006, 5, 1))
 
         # allow_future for yesterday, next_day is today (#17192)
         today = datetime.date.today()
         yesterday = today - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/%s/allow_empty_and_future/'
-                              % yesterday.strftime('%Y/%b/%d').lower())
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['next_day'], today)
+        res = self.client.get(
+            "/dates/books/%s/allow_empty_and_future/"
+            % yesterday.strftime("%Y/%b/%d").lower()
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["next_day"], today)
 
     def test_day_view_paginated(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2008/oct/1/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2008/oct/1/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(res.context['book_list']),
-            list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__year=2008, pubdate__month=10, pubdate__day=1))
+            list(res.context["book_list"]),
+            list(
+                Book.objects.filter(
+                    pubdate__year=2008, pubdate__month=10, pubdate__day=1
+                )
+            ),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(res.context['object_list']),
-            list(Book.objects.filter(pubdate__year=2008, pubdate__month=10, pubdate__day=1))
+            list(res.context["object_list"]),
+            list(
+                Book.objects.filter(
+                    pubdate__year=2008, pubdate__month=10, pubdate__day=1
+                )
+            ),
         )
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/book_archive_day.html')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/book_archive_day.html")
 
     def test_next_prev_context(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2008/oct/01/')
-        self.assertEqual(res.content, b"Archive for Oct. 1, 2008. Previous day is May 1, 2006\n")
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2008/oct/01/")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            res.content, b"Archive for Oct. 1, 2008. Previous day is May 1, 2006\n"
+        )
 
     def test_custom_month_format(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2008/10/01/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2008/10/01/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_day_view_invalid_pattern(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2007/oct/no_day/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2007/oct/no_day/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_today_view(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/today/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/today/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/today/allow_empty/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/today/allow_empty/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['day'], datetime.date.today())
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["day"], datetime.date.today())
 
     def test_datetime_day_view(self):
         BookSigning.objects.create(event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0))
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/2/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/2/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
 
     @requires_tz_support
-    @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE='Africa/Nairobi')
+    @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE="Africa/Nairobi")
     def test_aware_datetime_day_view(self):
-        bs = BookSigning.objects.create(event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/2/')
+        bs = BookSigning.objects.create(
+            event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        )
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/2/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
         # 2008-04-02T00:00:00+03:00 (beginning of day) > 2008-04-01T22:00:00+00:00 (book signing event date)
         bs.event_date = datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 1, 22, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
         bs.save()
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/2/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/2/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
         # 2008-04-03T00:00:00+03:00 (end of day) > 2008-04-02T22:00:00+00:00 (book signing event date)
         bs.event_date = datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 22, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
         bs.save()
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/2/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/2/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='generic_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="generic_views.urls")
 class DateDetailViewTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def test_date_detail_by_pk(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2008/oct/01/%s/' % self.book1.pk)
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2008/oct/01/%s/" % self.book1.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object'], self.book1)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['book'], self.book1)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/book_detail.html')
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object"], self.book1)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["book"], self.book1)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/book_detail.html")
 
     def test_date_detail_by_slug(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2006/may/01/byslug/dreaming-in-code/')
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2006/may/01/byslug/dreaming-in-code/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['book'], Book.objects.get(slug='dreaming-in-code'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["book"], Book.objects.get(slug="dreaming-in-code"))
 
     def test_date_detail_custom_month_format(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/2008/10/01/%s/' % self.book1.pk)
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/2008/10/01/%s/" % self.book1.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['book'], self.book1)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["book"], self.book1)
 
     def test_date_detail_allow_future(self):
-        future = (datetime.date.today() + datetime.timedelta(days=60))
-        urlbit = future.strftime('%Y/%b/%d').lower()
-        b = Book.objects.create(name="The New New Testement", slug="new-new", pages=600, pubdate=future)
+        future = datetime.date.today() + datetime.timedelta(days=60)
+        urlbit = future.strftime("%Y/%b/%d").lower()
+        b = Book.objects.create(
+            name="The New New Testement", slug="new-new", pages=600, pubdate=future
+        )
 
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/%s/new-new/' % urlbit)
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/%s/new-new/" % urlbit)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
 
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/books/%s/%s/allow_future/' % (urlbit, b.id))
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/books/%s/%s/allow_future/" % (urlbit, b.id))
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['book'], b)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/book_detail.html')
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["book"], b)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/book_detail.html")
 
     def test_year_out_of_range(self):
         urls = [
-            '/dates/books/9999/',
-            '/dates/books/9999/12/',
-            '/dates/books/9999/week/52/',
+            "/dates/books/9999/",
+            "/dates/books/9999/12/",
+            "/dates/books/9999/week/52/",
         ]
         for url in urls:
             with self.subTest(url=url):
                 res = self.client.get(url)
                 self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
-                self.assertEqual(res.context['exception'], 'Date out of range')
+                self.assertEqual(res.context["exception"], "Date out of range")
 
     def test_invalid_url(self):
         msg = (
-            'Generic detail view BookDetail must be called with either an '
-            'object pk or a slug in the URLconf.'
+            "Generic detail view BookDetail must be called with either an "
+            "object pk or a slug in the URLconf."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, msg):
             self.client.get("/dates/books/2008/oct/01/nopk/")
@@ -755,38 +869,42 @@ class DateDetailViewTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         BaseDateDetailView.get_object().
         """
         res = self.client.get(
-            '/dates/books/get_object_custom_queryset/2006/may/01/%s/' % self.book2.pk)
+            "/dates/books/get_object_custom_queryset/2006/may/01/%s/" % self.book2.pk
+        )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object'], self.book2)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['book'], self.book2)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/book_detail.html')
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object"], self.book2)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["book"], self.book2)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/book_detail.html")
 
         res = self.client.get(
-            '/dates/books/get_object_custom_queryset/2008/oct/01/9999999/')
+            "/dates/books/get_object_custom_queryset/2008/oct/01/9999999/"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_get_object_custom_queryset_numqueries(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            self.client.get('/dates/books/get_object_custom_queryset/2006/may/01/2/')
+            self.client.get("/dates/books/get_object_custom_queryset/2006/may/01/2/")
 
     def test_datetime_date_detail(self):
         bs = BookSigning.objects.create(event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0))
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/2/%d/' % bs.pk)
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/2/%d/" % bs.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
 
     @requires_tz_support
-    @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE='Africa/Nairobi')
+    @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE="Africa/Nairobi")
     def test_aware_datetime_date_detail(self):
-        bs = BookSigning.objects.create(event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/2/%d/' % bs.pk)
+        bs = BookSigning.objects.create(
+            event_date=datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        )
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/2/%d/" % bs.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
         # 2008-04-02T00:00:00+03:00 (beginning of day) > 2008-04-01T22:00:00+00:00 (book signing event date)
         bs.event_date = datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 1, 22, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
         bs.save()
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/2/%d/' % bs.pk)
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/2/%d/" % bs.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
         # 2008-04-03T00:00:00+03:00 (end of day) > 2008-04-02T22:00:00+00:00 (book signing event date)
         bs.event_date = datetime.datetime(2008, 4, 2, 22, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
         bs.save()
-        res = self.client.get('/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/2/%d/' % bs.pk)
+        res = self.client.get("/dates/booksignings/2008/apr/2/%d/" % bs.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
diff --git a/tests/generic_views/test_detail.py b/tests/generic_views/test_detail.py
index 002435dfce..7203100576 100644
--- a/tests/generic_views/test_detail.py
+++ b/tests/generic_views/test_detail.py
@@ -10,133 +10,164 @@ from django.views.generic.edit import ModelFormMixin
 from .models import Artist, Author, Book, Page
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='generic_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="generic_views.urls")
 class DetailViewTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.artist1 = Artist.objects.create(name='Rene Magritte')
-        cls.author1 = Author.objects.create(name='Roberto Bolaño', slug='roberto-bolano')
-        cls.author2 = Author.objects.create(name='Scott Rosenberg', slug='scott-rosenberg')
-        cls.book1 = Book.objects.create(name='2066', slug='2066', pages=800, pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 10, 1))
+        cls.artist1 = Artist.objects.create(name="Rene Magritte")
+        cls.author1 = Author.objects.create(
+            name="Roberto Bolaño", slug="roberto-bolano"
+        )
+        cls.author2 = Author.objects.create(
+            name="Scott Rosenberg", slug="scott-rosenberg"
+        )
+        cls.book1 = Book.objects.create(
+            name="2066", slug="2066", pages=800, pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 10, 1)
+        )
         cls.book1.authors.add(cls.author1)
         cls.book2 = Book.objects.create(
-            name='Dreaming in Code', slug='dreaming-in-code', pages=300, pubdate=datetime.date(2006, 5, 1)
+            name="Dreaming in Code",
+            slug="dreaming-in-code",
+            pages=300,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(2006, 5, 1),
         )
         cls.page1 = Page.objects.create(
-            content='I was once bitten by a moose.', template='generic_views/page_template.html'
+            content="I was once bitten by a moose.",
+            template="generic_views/page_template.html",
         )
 
     def test_simple_object(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/detail/obj/')
+        res = self.client.get("/detail/obj/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object'], {'foo': 'bar'})
-        self.assertIsInstance(res.context['view'], View)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/detail.html')
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object"], {"foo": "bar"})
+        self.assertIsInstance(res.context["view"], View)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/detail.html")
 
     def test_detail_by_pk(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/detail/author/%s/' % self.author1.pk)
+        res = self.client.get("/detail/author/%s/" % self.author1.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object'], self.author1)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['author'], self.author1)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_detail.html')
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object"], self.author1)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["author"], self.author1)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_detail.html")
 
     def test_detail_missing_object(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/detail/author/500/')
+        res = self.client.get("/detail/author/500/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_detail_object_does_not_exist(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ObjectDoesNotExist):
-            self.client.get('/detail/doesnotexist/1/')
+            self.client.get("/detail/doesnotexist/1/")
 
     def test_detail_by_custom_pk(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/detail/author/bycustompk/%s/' % self.author1.pk)
+        res = self.client.get("/detail/author/bycustompk/%s/" % self.author1.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object'], self.author1)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['author'], self.author1)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_detail.html')
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object"], self.author1)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["author"], self.author1)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_detail.html")
 
     def test_detail_by_slug(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/detail/author/byslug/scott-rosenberg/')
+        res = self.client.get("/detail/author/byslug/scott-rosenberg/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object'], Author.objects.get(slug='scott-rosenberg'))
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['author'], Author.objects.get(slug='scott-rosenberg'))
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_detail.html')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            res.context["object"], Author.objects.get(slug="scott-rosenberg")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            res.context["author"], Author.objects.get(slug="scott-rosenberg")
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_detail.html")
 
     def test_detail_by_custom_slug(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/detail/author/bycustomslug/scott-rosenberg/')
+        res = self.client.get("/detail/author/bycustomslug/scott-rosenberg/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object'], Author.objects.get(slug='scott-rosenberg'))
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['author'], Author.objects.get(slug='scott-rosenberg'))
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_detail.html')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            res.context["object"], Author.objects.get(slug="scott-rosenberg")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            res.context["author"], Author.objects.get(slug="scott-rosenberg")
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_detail.html")
 
     def test_detail_by_pk_ignore_slug(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/detail/author/bypkignoreslug/%s-roberto-bolano/' % self.author1.pk)
+        res = self.client.get(
+            "/detail/author/bypkignoreslug/%s-roberto-bolano/" % self.author1.pk
+        )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object'], self.author1)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['author'], self.author1)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_detail.html')
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object"], self.author1)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["author"], self.author1)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_detail.html")
 
     def test_detail_by_pk_ignore_slug_mismatch(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/detail/author/bypkignoreslug/%s-scott-rosenberg/' % self.author1.pk)
+        res = self.client.get(
+            "/detail/author/bypkignoreslug/%s-scott-rosenberg/" % self.author1.pk
+        )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object'], self.author1)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['author'], self.author1)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_detail.html')
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object"], self.author1)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["author"], self.author1)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_detail.html")
 
     def test_detail_by_pk_and_slug(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/detail/author/bypkandslug/%s-roberto-bolano/' % self.author1.pk)
+        res = self.client.get(
+            "/detail/author/bypkandslug/%s-roberto-bolano/" % self.author1.pk
+        )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object'], self.author1)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['author'], self.author1)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_detail.html')
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object"], self.author1)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["author"], self.author1)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_detail.html")
 
     def test_detail_by_pk_and_slug_mismatch_404(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/detail/author/bypkandslug/%s-scott-rosenberg/' % self.author1.pk)
+        res = self.client.get(
+            "/detail/author/bypkandslug/%s-scott-rosenberg/" % self.author1.pk
+        )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_verbose_name(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/detail/artist/%s/' % self.artist1.pk)
+        res = self.client.get("/detail/artist/%s/" % self.artist1.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object'], self.artist1)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['artist'], self.artist1)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/artist_detail.html')
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object"], self.artist1)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["artist"], self.artist1)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/artist_detail.html")
 
     def test_template_name(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/detail/author/%s/template_name/' % self.author1.pk)
+        res = self.client.get("/detail/author/%s/template_name/" % self.author1.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object'], self.author1)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['author'], self.author1)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/about.html')
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object"], self.author1)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["author"], self.author1)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/about.html")
 
     def test_template_name_suffix(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/detail/author/%s/template_name_suffix/' % self.author1.pk)
+        res = self.client.get(
+            "/detail/author/%s/template_name_suffix/" % self.author1.pk
+        )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object'], self.author1)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['author'], self.author1)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_view.html')
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object"], self.author1)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["author"], self.author1)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_view.html")
 
     def test_template_name_field(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/detail/page/%s/field/' % self.page1.pk)
+        res = self.client.get("/detail/page/%s/field/" % self.page1.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object'], self.page1)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['page'], self.page1)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/page_template.html')
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object"], self.page1)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["page"], self.page1)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/page_template.html")
 
     def test_context_object_name(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/detail/author/%s/context_object_name/' % self.author1.pk)
+        res = self.client.get(
+            "/detail/author/%s/context_object_name/" % self.author1.pk
+        )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object'], self.author1)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['thingy'], self.author1)
-        self.assertNotIn('author', res.context)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_detail.html')
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object"], self.author1)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["thingy"], self.author1)
+        self.assertNotIn("author", res.context)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_detail.html")
 
     def test_duplicated_context_object_name(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/detail/author/%s/dupe_context_object_name/' % self.author1.pk)
+        res = self.client.get(
+            "/detail/author/%s/dupe_context_object_name/" % self.author1.pk
+        )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object'], self.author1)
-        self.assertNotIn('author', res.context)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_detail.html')
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object"], self.author1)
+        self.assertNotIn("author", res.context)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_detail.html")
 
     def test_custom_detail(self):
         """
@@ -144,45 +175,47 @@ class DetailViewTest(TestCase):
         SingleObjectMixin.get_context_object_name() always uses the obj
         parameter instead of self.object.
         """
-        res = self.client.get('/detail/author/%s/custom_detail/' % self.author1.pk)
+        res = self.client.get("/detail/author/%s/custom_detail/" % self.author1.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['custom_author'], self.author1)
-        self.assertNotIn('author', res.context)
-        self.assertNotIn('object', res.context)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_detail.html')
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["custom_author"], self.author1)
+        self.assertNotIn("author", res.context)
+        self.assertNotIn("object", res.context)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_detail.html")
 
     def test_deferred_queryset_template_name(self):
         class FormContext(SingleObjectTemplateResponseMixin):
-            request = RequestFactory().get('/')
+            request = RequestFactory().get("/")
             model = Author
-            object = Author.objects.defer('name').get(pk=self.author1.pk)
+            object = Author.objects.defer("name").get(pk=self.author1.pk)
 
-        self.assertEqual(FormContext().get_template_names()[0], 'generic_views/author_detail.html')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            FormContext().get_template_names()[0], "generic_views/author_detail.html"
+        )
 
     def test_deferred_queryset_context_object_name(self):
         class FormContext(ModelFormMixin):
-            request = RequestFactory().get('/')
+            request = RequestFactory().get("/")
             model = Author
-            object = Author.objects.defer('name').get(pk=self.author1.pk)
-            fields = ('name',)
+            object = Author.objects.defer("name").get(pk=self.author1.pk)
+            fields = ("name",)
 
         form_context_data = FormContext().get_context_data()
-        self.assertEqual(form_context_data['object'], self.author1)
-        self.assertEqual(form_context_data['author'], self.author1)
+        self.assertEqual(form_context_data["object"], self.author1)
+        self.assertEqual(form_context_data["author"], self.author1)
 
     def test_invalid_url(self):
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            self.client.get('/detail/author/invalid/url/')
+            self.client.get("/detail/author/invalid/url/")
 
     def test_invalid_queryset(self):
         msg = (
-            'AuthorDetail is missing a QuerySet. Define AuthorDetail.model, '
-            'AuthorDetail.queryset, or override AuthorDetail.get_queryset().'
+            "AuthorDetail is missing a QuerySet. Define AuthorDetail.model, "
+            "AuthorDetail.queryset, or override AuthorDetail.get_queryset()."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            self.client.get('/detail/author/invalid/qs/')
+            self.client.get("/detail/author/invalid/qs/")
 
     def test_non_model_object_with_meta(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/detail/nonmodel/1/')
+        res = self.client.get("/detail/nonmodel/1/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object'].id, "non_model_1")
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object"].id, "non_model_1")
diff --git a/tests/generic_views/test_edit.py b/tests/generic_views/test_edit.py
index 4292600911..2af8bc2aa7 100644
--- a/tests/generic_views/test_edit.py
+++ b/tests/generic_views/test_edit.py
@@ -5,7 +5,10 @@ from django.test.client import RequestFactory
 from django.urls import reverse
 from django.views.generic.base import View
 from django.views.generic.edit import (
-    CreateView, DeleteView, DeleteViewCustomDeleteWarning, FormMixin,
+    CreateView,
+    DeleteView,
+    DeleteViewCustomDeleteWarning,
+    FormMixin,
     ModelFormMixin,
 )
 
@@ -18,67 +21,68 @@ class FormMixinTests(SimpleTestCase):
     request_factory = RequestFactory()
 
     def test_initial_data(self):
-        """ Test instance independence of initial data dict (see #16138) """
+        """Test instance independence of initial data dict (see #16138)"""
         initial_1 = FormMixin().get_initial()
-        initial_1['foo'] = 'bar'
+        initial_1["foo"] = "bar"
         initial_2 = FormMixin().get_initial()
         self.assertNotEqual(initial_1, initial_2)
 
     def test_get_prefix(self):
-        """ Test prefix can be set (see #18872) """
-        test_string = 'test'
+        """Test prefix can be set (see #18872)"""
+        test_string = "test"
 
-        get_request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        get_request = self.request_factory.get("/")
 
         class TestFormMixin(FormMixin):
             request = get_request
 
         default_kwargs = TestFormMixin().get_form_kwargs()
-        self.assertIsNone(default_kwargs.get('prefix'))
+        self.assertIsNone(default_kwargs.get("prefix"))
 
         set_mixin = TestFormMixin()
         set_mixin.prefix = test_string
         set_kwargs = set_mixin.get_form_kwargs()
-        self.assertEqual(test_string, set_kwargs.get('prefix'))
+        self.assertEqual(test_string, set_kwargs.get("prefix"))
 
     def test_get_form(self):
         class TestFormMixin(FormMixin):
-            request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+            request = self.request_factory.get("/")
 
         self.assertIsInstance(
-            TestFormMixin().get_form(forms.Form), forms.Form,
-            'get_form() should use provided form class.'
+            TestFormMixin().get_form(forms.Form),
+            forms.Form,
+            "get_form() should use provided form class.",
         )
 
         class FormClassTestFormMixin(TestFormMixin):
             form_class = forms.Form
 
         self.assertIsInstance(
-            FormClassTestFormMixin().get_form(), forms.Form,
-            'get_form() should fallback to get_form_class() if none is provided.'
+            FormClassTestFormMixin().get_form(),
+            forms.Form,
+            "get_form() should fallback to get_form_class() if none is provided.",
         )
 
     def test_get_context_data(self):
         class FormContext(FormMixin):
-            request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+            request = self.request_factory.get("/")
             form_class = forms.Form
 
-        self.assertIsInstance(FormContext().get_context_data()['form'], forms.Form)
+        self.assertIsInstance(FormContext().get_context_data()["form"], forms.Form)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='generic_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="generic_views.urls")
 class BasicFormTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_post_data(self):
-        res = self.client.post('/contact/', {'name': "Me", 'message': "Hello"})
-        self.assertRedirects(res, '/list/authors/')
+        res = self.client.post("/contact/", {"name": "Me", "message": "Hello"})
+        self.assertRedirects(res, "/list/authors/")
 
     def test_late_form_validation(self):
         """
         A form can be marked invalid in the form_valid() method (#25548).
         """
-        res = self.client.post('/late-validation/', {'name': "Me", 'message': "Hello"})
-        self.assertFalse(res.context['form'].is_valid())
+        res = self.client.post("/late-validation/", {"name": "Me", "message": "Hello"})
+        self.assertFalse(res.context["form"].is_valid())
 
 
 class ModelFormMixinTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -88,110 +92,131 @@ class ModelFormMixinTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_get_form_checks_for_object(self):
         mixin = ModelFormMixin()
-        mixin.request = RequestFactory().get('/')
-        self.assertEqual({'initial': {}, 'prefix': None},
-                         mixin.get_form_kwargs())
+        mixin.request = RequestFactory().get("/")
+        self.assertEqual({"initial": {}, "prefix": None}, mixin.get_form_kwargs())
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='generic_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="generic_views.urls")
 class CreateViewTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_create(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/edit/authors/create/')
+        res = self.client.get("/edit/authors/create/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertIsInstance(res.context['form'], forms.ModelForm)
-        self.assertIsInstance(res.context['view'], View)
-        self.assertNotIn('object', res.context)
-        self.assertNotIn('author', res.context)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_form.html')
+        self.assertIsInstance(res.context["form"], forms.ModelForm)
+        self.assertIsInstance(res.context["view"], View)
+        self.assertNotIn("object", res.context)
+        self.assertNotIn("author", res.context)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_form.html")
 
-        res = self.client.post('/edit/authors/create/', {'name': 'Randall Munroe', 'slug': 'randall-munroe'})
+        res = self.client.post(
+            "/edit/authors/create/",
+            {"name": "Randall Munroe", "slug": "randall-munroe"},
+        )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertRedirects(res, '/list/authors/')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Author.objects.values_list('name', flat=True), ['Randall Munroe'])
+        self.assertRedirects(res, "/list/authors/")
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            Author.objects.values_list("name", flat=True), ["Randall Munroe"]
+        )
 
     def test_create_invalid(self):
-        res = self.client.post('/edit/authors/create/', {'name': 'A' * 101, 'slug': 'randall-munroe'})
+        res = self.client.post(
+            "/edit/authors/create/", {"name": "A" * 101, "slug": "randall-munroe"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_form.html')
-        self.assertEqual(len(res.context['form'].errors), 1)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_form.html")
+        self.assertEqual(len(res.context["form"].errors), 1)
         self.assertEqual(Author.objects.count(), 0)
 
     def test_create_with_object_url(self):
-        res = self.client.post('/edit/artists/create/', {'name': 'Rene Magritte'})
+        res = self.client.post("/edit/artists/create/", {"name": "Rene Magritte"})
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
-        artist = Artist.objects.get(name='Rene Magritte')
-        self.assertRedirects(res, '/detail/artist/%d/' % artist.pk)
+        artist = Artist.objects.get(name="Rene Magritte")
+        self.assertRedirects(res, "/detail/artist/%d/" % artist.pk)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(Artist.objects.all(), [artist])
 
     def test_create_with_redirect(self):
-        res = self.client.post('/edit/authors/create/redirect/', {'name': 'Randall Munroe', 'slug': 'randall-munroe'})
+        res = self.client.post(
+            "/edit/authors/create/redirect/",
+            {"name": "Randall Munroe", "slug": "randall-munroe"},
+        )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertRedirects(res, '/edit/authors/create/')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Author.objects.values_list('name', flat=True), ['Randall Munroe'])
+        self.assertRedirects(res, "/edit/authors/create/")
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            Author.objects.values_list("name", flat=True), ["Randall Munroe"]
+        )
 
     def test_create_with_interpolated_redirect(self):
         res = self.client.post(
-            '/edit/authors/create/interpolate_redirect/',
-            {'name': 'Randall Munroe', 'slug': 'randall-munroe'}
+            "/edit/authors/create/interpolate_redirect/",
+            {"name": "Randall Munroe", "slug": "randall-munroe"},
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            Author.objects.values_list("name", flat=True), ["Randall Munroe"]
         )
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Author.objects.values_list('name', flat=True), ['Randall Munroe'])
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
         pk = Author.objects.first().pk
-        self.assertRedirects(res, '/edit/author/%d/update/' % pk)
+        self.assertRedirects(res, "/edit/author/%d/update/" % pk)
         # Also test with escaped chars in URL
         res = self.client.post(
-            '/edit/authors/create/interpolate_redirect_nonascii/',
-            {'name': 'John Doe', 'slug': 'john-doe'}
+            "/edit/authors/create/interpolate_redirect_nonascii/",
+            {"name": "John Doe", "slug": "john-doe"},
         )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
-        pk = Author.objects.get(name='John Doe').pk
-        self.assertRedirects(res, '/%C3%A9dit/author/{}/update/'.format(pk))
+        pk = Author.objects.get(name="John Doe").pk
+        self.assertRedirects(res, "/%C3%A9dit/author/{}/update/".format(pk))
 
     def test_create_with_special_properties(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/edit/authors/create/special/')
+        res = self.client.get("/edit/authors/create/special/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertIsInstance(res.context['form'], views.AuthorForm)
-        self.assertNotIn('object', res.context)
-        self.assertNotIn('author', res.context)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/form.html')
+        self.assertIsInstance(res.context["form"], views.AuthorForm)
+        self.assertNotIn("object", res.context)
+        self.assertNotIn("author", res.context)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/form.html")
 
-        res = self.client.post('/edit/authors/create/special/', {'name': 'Randall Munroe', 'slug': 'randall-munroe'})
+        res = self.client.post(
+            "/edit/authors/create/special/",
+            {"name": "Randall Munroe", "slug": "randall-munroe"},
+        )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
-        obj = Author.objects.get(slug='randall-munroe')
-        self.assertRedirects(res, reverse('author_detail', kwargs={'pk': obj.pk}))
+        obj = Author.objects.get(slug="randall-munroe")
+        self.assertRedirects(res, reverse("author_detail", kwargs={"pk": obj.pk}))
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(Author.objects.all(), [obj])
 
     def test_create_without_redirect(self):
         msg = (
-            'No URL to redirect to.  Either provide a url or define a '
-            'get_absolute_url method on the Model.'
+            "No URL to redirect to.  Either provide a url or define a "
+            "get_absolute_url method on the Model."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            self.client.post('/edit/authors/create/naive/', {'name': 'Randall Munroe', 'slug': 'randall-munroe'})
+            self.client.post(
+                "/edit/authors/create/naive/",
+                {"name": "Randall Munroe", "slug": "randall-munroe"},
+            )
 
     def test_create_restricted(self):
         res = self.client.post(
-            '/edit/authors/create/restricted/',
-            {'name': 'Randall Munroe', 'slug': 'randall-munroe'}
+            "/edit/authors/create/restricted/",
+            {"name": "Randall Munroe", "slug": "randall-munroe"},
         )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertRedirects(res, '/accounts/login/?next=/edit/authors/create/restricted/')
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            res, "/accounts/login/?next=/edit/authors/create/restricted/"
+        )
 
     def test_create_view_with_restricted_fields(self):
-
         class MyCreateView(CreateView):
             model = Author
-            fields = ['name']
+            fields = ["name"]
 
-        self.assertEqual(list(MyCreateView().get_form_class().base_fields), ['name'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(MyCreateView().get_form_class().base_fields), ["name"])
 
     def test_create_view_all_fields(self):
         class MyCreateView(CreateView):
             model = Author
-            fields = '__all__'
+            fields = "__all__"
 
-        self.assertEqual(list(MyCreateView().get_form_class().base_fields), ['name', 'slug'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(MyCreateView().get_form_class().base_fields), ["name", "slug"]
+        )
 
     def test_create_view_without_explicit_fields(self):
         class MyCreateView(CreateView):
@@ -208,226 +233,248 @@ class CreateViewTests(TestCase):
         class MyCreateView(CreateView):
             model = Author
             form_class = AuthorForm
-            fields = ['name']
+            fields = ["name"]
 
         message = "Specifying both 'fields' and 'form_class' is not permitted."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, message):
             MyCreateView().get_form_class()
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='generic_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="generic_views.urls")
 class UpdateViewTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.author = Author.objects.create(
             pk=1,  # Required for OneAuthorUpdate.
-            name='Randall Munroe',
-            slug='randall-munroe',
+            name="Randall Munroe",
+            slug="randall-munroe",
         )
 
     def test_update_post(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/edit/author/%d/update/' % self.author.pk)
+        res = self.client.get("/edit/author/%d/update/" % self.author.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertIsInstance(res.context['form'], forms.ModelForm)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object'], self.author)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['author'], self.author)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_form.html')
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['view'].get_form_called_count, 1)
+        self.assertIsInstance(res.context["form"], forms.ModelForm)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object"], self.author)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["author"], self.author)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_form.html")
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["view"].get_form_called_count, 1)
 
         # Modification with both POST and PUT (browser compatible)
         res = self.client.post(
-            '/edit/author/%d/update/' % self.author.pk,
-            {'name': 'Randall Munroe (xkcd)', 'slug': 'randall-munroe'}
+            "/edit/author/%d/update/" % self.author.pk,
+            {"name": "Randall Munroe (xkcd)", "slug": "randall-munroe"},
         )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertRedirects(res, '/list/authors/')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Author.objects.values_list('name', flat=True), ['Randall Munroe (xkcd)'])
+        self.assertRedirects(res, "/list/authors/")
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            Author.objects.values_list("name", flat=True), ["Randall Munroe (xkcd)"]
+        )
 
     def test_update_invalid(self):
         res = self.client.post(
-            '/edit/author/%d/update/' % self.author.pk,
-            {'name': 'A' * 101, 'slug': 'randall-munroe'}
+            "/edit/author/%d/update/" % self.author.pk,
+            {"name": "A" * 101, "slug": "randall-munroe"},
         )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_form.html')
-        self.assertEqual(len(res.context['form'].errors), 1)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_form.html")
+        self.assertEqual(len(res.context["form"].errors), 1)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(Author.objects.all(), [self.author])
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['view'].get_form_called_count, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["view"].get_form_called_count, 1)
 
     def test_update_with_object_url(self):
-        a = Artist.objects.create(name='Rene Magritte')
-        res = self.client.post('/edit/artists/%d/update/' % a.pk, {'name': 'Rene Magritte'})
+        a = Artist.objects.create(name="Rene Magritte")
+        res = self.client.post(
+            "/edit/artists/%d/update/" % a.pk, {"name": "Rene Magritte"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertRedirects(res, '/detail/artist/%d/' % a.pk)
+        self.assertRedirects(res, "/detail/artist/%d/" % a.pk)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(Artist.objects.all(), [a])
 
     def test_update_with_redirect(self):
         res = self.client.post(
-            '/edit/author/%d/update/redirect/' % self.author.pk,
-            {'name': 'Randall Munroe (author of xkcd)', 'slug': 'randall-munroe'}
+            "/edit/author/%d/update/redirect/" % self.author.pk,
+            {"name": "Randall Munroe (author of xkcd)", "slug": "randall-munroe"},
         )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertRedirects(res, '/edit/authors/create/')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Author.objects.values_list('name', flat=True), ['Randall Munroe (author of xkcd)'])
+        self.assertRedirects(res, "/edit/authors/create/")
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            Author.objects.values_list("name", flat=True),
+            ["Randall Munroe (author of xkcd)"],
+        )
 
     def test_update_with_interpolated_redirect(self):
         res = self.client.post(
-            '/edit/author/%d/update/interpolate_redirect/' % self.author.pk,
-            {'name': 'Randall Munroe (author of xkcd)', 'slug': 'randall-munroe'}
+            "/edit/author/%d/update/interpolate_redirect/" % self.author.pk,
+            {"name": "Randall Munroe (author of xkcd)", "slug": "randall-munroe"},
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            Author.objects.values_list("name", flat=True),
+            ["Randall Munroe (author of xkcd)"],
         )
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Author.objects.values_list('name', flat=True), ['Randall Munroe (author of xkcd)'])
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
         pk = Author.objects.first().pk
-        self.assertRedirects(res, '/edit/author/%d/update/' % pk)
+        self.assertRedirects(res, "/edit/author/%d/update/" % pk)
         # Also test with escaped chars in URL
         res = self.client.post(
-            '/edit/author/%d/update/interpolate_redirect_nonascii/' % self.author.pk,
-            {'name': 'John Doe', 'slug': 'john-doe'}
+            "/edit/author/%d/update/interpolate_redirect_nonascii/" % self.author.pk,
+            {"name": "John Doe", "slug": "john-doe"},
         )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
-        pk = Author.objects.get(name='John Doe').pk
-        self.assertRedirects(res, '/%C3%A9dit/author/{}/update/'.format(pk))
+        pk = Author.objects.get(name="John Doe").pk
+        self.assertRedirects(res, "/%C3%A9dit/author/{}/update/".format(pk))
 
     def test_update_with_special_properties(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/edit/author/%d/update/special/' % self.author.pk)
+        res = self.client.get("/edit/author/%d/update/special/" % self.author.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertIsInstance(res.context['form'], views.AuthorForm)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object'], self.author)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['thingy'], self.author)
-        self.assertNotIn('author', res.context)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/form.html')
+        self.assertIsInstance(res.context["form"], views.AuthorForm)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object"], self.author)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["thingy"], self.author)
+        self.assertNotIn("author", res.context)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/form.html")
 
         res = self.client.post(
-            '/edit/author/%d/update/special/' % self.author.pk,
-            {'name': 'Randall Munroe (author of xkcd)', 'slug': 'randall-munroe'}
+            "/edit/author/%d/update/special/" % self.author.pk,
+            {"name": "Randall Munroe (author of xkcd)", "slug": "randall-munroe"},
         )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertRedirects(res, '/detail/author/%d/' % self.author.pk)
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Author.objects.values_list('name', flat=True), ['Randall Munroe (author of xkcd)'])
+        self.assertRedirects(res, "/detail/author/%d/" % self.author.pk)
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            Author.objects.values_list("name", flat=True),
+            ["Randall Munroe (author of xkcd)"],
+        )
 
     def test_update_without_redirect(self):
         msg = (
-            'No URL to redirect to.  Either provide a url or define a '
-            'get_absolute_url method on the Model.'
+            "No URL to redirect to.  Either provide a url or define a "
+            "get_absolute_url method on the Model."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
             self.client.post(
-                '/edit/author/%d/update/naive/' % self.author.pk,
-                {'name': 'Randall Munroe (author of xkcd)', 'slug': 'randall-munroe'}
+                "/edit/author/%d/update/naive/" % self.author.pk,
+                {"name": "Randall Munroe (author of xkcd)", "slug": "randall-munroe"},
             )
 
     def test_update_get_object(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/edit/author/update/')
+        res = self.client.get("/edit/author/update/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertIsInstance(res.context['form'], forms.ModelForm)
-        self.assertIsInstance(res.context['view'], View)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object'], self.author)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['author'], self.author)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_form.html')
+        self.assertIsInstance(res.context["form"], forms.ModelForm)
+        self.assertIsInstance(res.context["view"], View)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object"], self.author)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["author"], self.author)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_form.html")
 
         # Modification with both POST and PUT (browser compatible)
-        res = self.client.post('/edit/author/update/', {'name': 'Randall Munroe (xkcd)', 'slug': 'randall-munroe'})
+        res = self.client.post(
+            "/edit/author/update/",
+            {"name": "Randall Munroe (xkcd)", "slug": "randall-munroe"},
+        )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertRedirects(res, '/list/authors/')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Author.objects.values_list('name', flat=True), ['Randall Munroe (xkcd)'])
+        self.assertRedirects(res, "/list/authors/")
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            Author.objects.values_list("name", flat=True), ["Randall Munroe (xkcd)"]
+        )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='generic_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="generic_views.urls")
 class DeleteViewTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.author = Author.objects.create(
-            name='Randall Munroe',
-            slug='randall-munroe',
+            name="Randall Munroe",
+            slug="randall-munroe",
         )
 
     def test_delete_by_post(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/edit/author/%d/delete/' % self.author.pk)
+        res = self.client.get("/edit/author/%d/delete/" % self.author.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object'], self.author)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['author'], self.author)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_confirm_delete.html')
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object"], self.author)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["author"], self.author)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_confirm_delete.html")
 
         # Deletion with POST
-        res = self.client.post('/edit/author/%d/delete/' % self.author.pk)
+        res = self.client.post("/edit/author/%d/delete/" % self.author.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertRedirects(res, '/list/authors/')
+        self.assertRedirects(res, "/list/authors/")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(Author.objects.all(), [])
 
     def test_delete_by_delete(self):
         # Deletion with browser compatible DELETE method
-        res = self.client.delete('/edit/author/%d/delete/' % self.author.pk)
+        res = self.client.delete("/edit/author/%d/delete/" % self.author.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertRedirects(res, '/list/authors/')
+        self.assertRedirects(res, "/list/authors/")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(Author.objects.all(), [])
 
     def test_delete_with_redirect(self):
-        res = self.client.post('/edit/author/%d/delete/redirect/' % self.author.pk)
+        res = self.client.post("/edit/author/%d/delete/redirect/" % self.author.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertRedirects(res, '/edit/authors/create/')
+        self.assertRedirects(res, "/edit/authors/create/")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(Author.objects.all(), [])
 
     def test_delete_with_interpolated_redirect(self):
-        res = self.client.post('/edit/author/%d/delete/interpolate_redirect/' % self.author.pk)
+        res = self.client.post(
+            "/edit/author/%d/delete/interpolate_redirect/" % self.author.pk
+        )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertRedirects(res, '/edit/authors/create/?deleted=%d' % self.author.pk)
+        self.assertRedirects(res, "/edit/authors/create/?deleted=%d" % self.author.pk)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(Author.objects.all(), [])
         # Also test with escaped chars in URL
-        a = Author.objects.create(**{'name': 'Randall Munroe', 'slug': 'randall-munroe'})
-        res = self.client.post('/edit/author/{}/delete/interpolate_redirect_nonascii/'.format(a.pk))
+        a = Author.objects.create(
+            **{"name": "Randall Munroe", "slug": "randall-munroe"}
+        )
+        res = self.client.post(
+            "/edit/author/{}/delete/interpolate_redirect_nonascii/".format(a.pk)
+        )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertRedirects(res, '/%C3%A9dit/authors/create/?deleted={}'.format(a.pk))
+        self.assertRedirects(res, "/%C3%A9dit/authors/create/?deleted={}".format(a.pk))
 
     def test_delete_with_special_properties(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/edit/author/%d/delete/special/' % self.author.pk)
+        res = self.client.get("/edit/author/%d/delete/special/" % self.author.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object'], self.author)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['thingy'], self.author)
-        self.assertNotIn('author', res.context)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/confirm_delete.html')
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object"], self.author)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["thingy"], self.author)
+        self.assertNotIn("author", res.context)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/confirm_delete.html")
 
-        res = self.client.post('/edit/author/%d/delete/special/' % self.author.pk)
+        res = self.client.post("/edit/author/%d/delete/special/" % self.author.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertRedirects(res, '/list/authors/')
+        self.assertRedirects(res, "/list/authors/")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(Author.objects.all(), [])
 
     def test_delete_without_redirect(self):
-        msg = 'No URL to redirect to. Provide a success_url.'
+        msg = "No URL to redirect to. Provide a success_url."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            self.client.post('/edit/author/%d/delete/naive/' % self.author.pk)
+            self.client.post("/edit/author/%d/delete/naive/" % self.author.pk)
 
     def test_delete_with_form_as_post(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/edit/author/%d/delete/form/' % self.author.pk)
+        res = self.client.get("/edit/author/%d/delete/form/" % self.author.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object'], self.author)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['author'], self.author)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_confirm_delete.html')
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object"], self.author)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["author"], self.author)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_confirm_delete.html")
         res = self.client.post(
-            '/edit/author/%d/delete/form/' % self.author.pk, data={'confirm': True}
+            "/edit/author/%d/delete/form/" % self.author.pk, data={"confirm": True}
         )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertRedirects(res, '/list/authors/')
+        self.assertRedirects(res, "/list/authors/")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Author.objects.all(), [])
 
     def test_delete_with_form_as_post_with_validation_error(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/edit/author/%d/delete/form/' % self.author.pk)
+        res = self.client.get("/edit/author/%d/delete/form/" % self.author.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object'], self.author)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['author'], self.author)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_confirm_delete.html')
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object"], self.author)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["author"], self.author)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_confirm_delete.html")
 
-        res = self.client.post('/edit/author/%d/delete/form/' % self.author.pk)
+        res = self.client.post("/edit/author/%d/delete/form/" % self.author.pk)
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(len(res.context_data['form'].errors), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(res.context_data["form"].errors), 2)
         self.assertEqual(
-            res.context_data['form'].errors['__all__'],
-            ['You must confirm the delete.'],
+            res.context_data["form"].errors["__all__"],
+            ["You must confirm the delete."],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            res.context_data['form'].errors['confirm'],
-            ['This field is required.'],
+            res.context_data["form"].errors["confirm"],
+            ["This field is required."],
         )
 
     # RemovedInDjango50Warning.
@@ -440,10 +487,10 @@ class DeleteViewTests(TestCase):
                 pass
 
         msg = (
-            'DeleteView uses FormMixin to handle POST requests. As a '
-            'consequence, any custom deletion logic in '
-            'AuthorDeleteView.delete() handler should be moved to '
-            'form_valid().'
+            "DeleteView uses FormMixin to handle POST requests. As a "
+            "consequence, any custom deletion logic in "
+            "AuthorDeleteView.delete() handler should be moved to "
+            "form_valid()."
         )
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(DeleteViewCustomDeleteWarning, msg):
             AuthorDeleteView()
diff --git a/tests/generic_views/test_list.py b/tests/generic_views/test_list.py
index 259e850232..25f6553a8a 100644
--- a/tests/generic_views/test_list.py
+++ b/tests/generic_views/test_list.py
@@ -7,205 +7,213 @@ from django.views.generic.base import View
 from .models import Artist, Author, Book, Page
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='generic_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="generic_views.urls")
 class ListViewTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.artist1 = Artist.objects.create(name='Rene Magritte')
-        cls.author1 = Author.objects.create(name='Roberto Bolaño', slug='roberto-bolano')
-        cls.author2 = Author.objects.create(name='Scott Rosenberg', slug='scott-rosenberg')
-        cls.book1 = Book.objects.create(name='2066', slug='2066', pages=800, pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 10, 1))
+        cls.artist1 = Artist.objects.create(name="Rene Magritte")
+        cls.author1 = Author.objects.create(
+            name="Roberto Bolaño", slug="roberto-bolano"
+        )
+        cls.author2 = Author.objects.create(
+            name="Scott Rosenberg", slug="scott-rosenberg"
+        )
+        cls.book1 = Book.objects.create(
+            name="2066", slug="2066", pages=800, pubdate=datetime.date(2008, 10, 1)
+        )
         cls.book1.authors.add(cls.author1)
         cls.book2 = Book.objects.create(
-            name='Dreaming in Code', slug='dreaming-in-code', pages=300, pubdate=datetime.date(2006, 5, 1)
+            name="Dreaming in Code",
+            slug="dreaming-in-code",
+            pages=300,
+            pubdate=datetime.date(2006, 5, 1),
         )
         cls.page1 = Page.objects.create(
-            content='I was once bitten by a moose.', template='generic_views/page_template.html'
+            content="I was once bitten by a moose.",
+            template="generic_views/page_template.html",
         )
 
     def test_items(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/list/dict/')
+        res = self.client.get("/list/dict/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/list.html')
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object_list'][0]['first'], 'John')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/list.html")
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object_list"][0]["first"], "John")
 
     def test_queryset(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/list/authors/')
+        res = self.client.get("/list/authors/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_list.html')
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['object_list']), list(Author.objects.all()))
-        self.assertIsInstance(res.context['view'], View)
-        self.assertIs(res.context['author_list'], res.context['object_list'])
-        self.assertIsNone(res.context['paginator'])
-        self.assertIsNone(res.context['page_obj'])
-        self.assertFalse(res.context['is_paginated'])
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_list.html")
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["object_list"]), list(Author.objects.all()))
+        self.assertIsInstance(res.context["view"], View)
+        self.assertIs(res.context["author_list"], res.context["object_list"])
+        self.assertIsNone(res.context["paginator"])
+        self.assertIsNone(res.context["page_obj"])
+        self.assertFalse(res.context["is_paginated"])
 
     def test_paginated_queryset(self):
         self._make_authors(100)
-        res = self.client.get('/list/authors/paginated/')
+        res = self.client.get("/list/authors/paginated/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_list.html')
-        self.assertEqual(len(res.context['object_list']), 30)
-        self.assertIs(res.context['author_list'], res.context['object_list'])
-        self.assertTrue(res.context['is_paginated'])
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['page_obj'].number, 1)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['paginator'].num_pages, 4)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['author_list'][0].name, 'Author 00')
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['author_list'])[-1].name, 'Author 29')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_list.html")
+        self.assertEqual(len(res.context["object_list"]), 30)
+        self.assertIs(res.context["author_list"], res.context["object_list"])
+        self.assertTrue(res.context["is_paginated"])
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["page_obj"].number, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["paginator"].num_pages, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["author_list"][0].name, "Author 00")
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["author_list"])[-1].name, "Author 29")
 
     def test_paginated_queryset_shortdata(self):
         # Short datasets also result in a paginated view.
-        res = self.client.get('/list/authors/paginated/')
+        res = self.client.get("/list/authors/paginated/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_list.html')
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['object_list']), list(Author.objects.all()))
-        self.assertIs(res.context['author_list'], res.context['object_list'])
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['page_obj'].number, 1)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['paginator'].num_pages, 1)
-        self.assertFalse(res.context['is_paginated'])
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_list.html")
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["object_list"]), list(Author.objects.all()))
+        self.assertIs(res.context["author_list"], res.context["object_list"])
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["page_obj"].number, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["paginator"].num_pages, 1)
+        self.assertFalse(res.context["is_paginated"])
 
     def test_paginated_get_page_by_query_string(self):
         self._make_authors(100)
-        res = self.client.get('/list/authors/paginated/', {'page': '2'})
+        res = self.client.get("/list/authors/paginated/", {"page": "2"})
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_list.html')
-        self.assertEqual(len(res.context['object_list']), 30)
-        self.assertIs(res.context['author_list'], res.context['object_list'])
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['author_list'][0].name, 'Author 30')
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['page_obj'].number, 2)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_list.html")
+        self.assertEqual(len(res.context["object_list"]), 30)
+        self.assertIs(res.context["author_list"], res.context["object_list"])
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["author_list"][0].name, "Author 30")
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["page_obj"].number, 2)
 
     def test_paginated_get_last_page_by_query_string(self):
         self._make_authors(100)
-        res = self.client.get('/list/authors/paginated/', {'page': 'last'})
+        res = self.client.get("/list/authors/paginated/", {"page": "last"})
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(len(res.context['object_list']), 10)
-        self.assertIs(res.context['author_list'], res.context['object_list'])
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['author_list'][0].name, 'Author 90')
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['page_obj'].number, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(len(res.context["object_list"]), 10)
+        self.assertIs(res.context["author_list"], res.context["object_list"])
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["author_list"][0].name, "Author 90")
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["page_obj"].number, 4)
 
     def test_paginated_get_page_by_urlvar(self):
         self._make_authors(100)
-        res = self.client.get('/list/authors/paginated/3/')
+        res = self.client.get("/list/authors/paginated/3/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_list.html')
-        self.assertEqual(len(res.context['object_list']), 30)
-        self.assertIs(res.context['author_list'], res.context['object_list'])
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['author_list'][0].name, 'Author 60')
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['page_obj'].number, 3)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_list.html")
+        self.assertEqual(len(res.context["object_list"]), 30)
+        self.assertIs(res.context["author_list"], res.context["object_list"])
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["author_list"][0].name, "Author 60")
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["page_obj"].number, 3)
 
     def test_paginated_page_out_of_range(self):
         self._make_authors(100)
-        res = self.client.get('/list/authors/paginated/42/')
+        res = self.client.get("/list/authors/paginated/42/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_paginated_invalid_page(self):
         self._make_authors(100)
-        res = self.client.get('/list/authors/paginated/?page=frog')
+        res = self.client.get("/list/authors/paginated/?page=frog")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_paginated_custom_paginator_class(self):
         self._make_authors(7)
-        res = self.client.get('/list/authors/paginated/custom_class/')
+        res = self.client.get("/list/authors/paginated/custom_class/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['paginator'].num_pages, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["paginator"].num_pages, 1)
         # Custom pagination allows for 2 orphans on a page size of 5
-        self.assertEqual(len(res.context['object_list']), 7)
+        self.assertEqual(len(res.context["object_list"]), 7)
 
     def test_paginated_custom_page_kwarg(self):
         self._make_authors(100)
-        res = self.client.get('/list/authors/paginated/custom_page_kwarg/', {'pagina': '2'})
+        res = self.client.get(
+            "/list/authors/paginated/custom_page_kwarg/", {"pagina": "2"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_list.html')
-        self.assertEqual(len(res.context['object_list']), 30)
-        self.assertIs(res.context['author_list'], res.context['object_list'])
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['author_list'][0].name, 'Author 30')
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['page_obj'].number, 2)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_list.html")
+        self.assertEqual(len(res.context["object_list"]), 30)
+        self.assertIs(res.context["author_list"], res.context["object_list"])
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["author_list"][0].name, "Author 30")
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["page_obj"].number, 2)
 
     def test_paginated_custom_paginator_constructor(self):
         self._make_authors(7)
-        res = self.client.get('/list/authors/paginated/custom_constructor/')
+        res = self.client.get("/list/authors/paginated/custom_constructor/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
         # Custom pagination allows for 2 orphans on a page size of 5
-        self.assertEqual(len(res.context['object_list']), 7)
+        self.assertEqual(len(res.context["object_list"]), 7)
 
     def test_paginated_orphaned_queryset(self):
         self._make_authors(92)
-        res = self.client.get('/list/authors/paginated-orphaned/')
+        res = self.client.get("/list/authors/paginated-orphaned/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['page_obj'].number, 1)
-        res = self.client.get(
-            '/list/authors/paginated-orphaned/', {'page': 'last'})
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["page_obj"].number, 1)
+        res = self.client.get("/list/authors/paginated-orphaned/", {"page": "last"})
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['page_obj'].number, 3)
-        res = self.client.get(
-            '/list/authors/paginated-orphaned/', {'page': '3'})
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["page_obj"].number, 3)
+        res = self.client.get("/list/authors/paginated-orphaned/", {"page": "3"})
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['page_obj'].number, 3)
-        res = self.client.get(
-            '/list/authors/paginated-orphaned/', {'page': '4'})
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["page_obj"].number, 3)
+        res = self.client.get("/list/authors/paginated-orphaned/", {"page": "4"})
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_paginated_non_queryset(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/list/dict/paginated/')
+        res = self.client.get("/list/dict/paginated/")
 
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(len(res.context['object_list']), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(res.context["object_list"]), 1)
 
     def test_verbose_name(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/list/artists/')
+        res = self.client.get("/list/artists/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/list.html')
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['object_list']), list(Artist.objects.all()))
-        self.assertIs(res.context['artist_list'], res.context['object_list'])
-        self.assertIsNone(res.context['paginator'])
-        self.assertIsNone(res.context['page_obj'])
-        self.assertFalse(res.context['is_paginated'])
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/list.html")
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["object_list"]), list(Artist.objects.all()))
+        self.assertIs(res.context["artist_list"], res.context["object_list"])
+        self.assertIsNone(res.context["paginator"])
+        self.assertIsNone(res.context["page_obj"])
+        self.assertFalse(res.context["is_paginated"])
 
     def test_allow_empty_false(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/list/authors/notempty/')
+        res = self.client.get("/list/authors/notempty/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
         Author.objects.all().delete()
-        res = self.client.get('/list/authors/notempty/')
+        res = self.client.get("/list/authors/notempty/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_template_name(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/list/authors/template_name/')
+        res = self.client.get("/list/authors/template_name/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['object_list']), list(Author.objects.all()))
-        self.assertIs(res.context['author_list'], res.context['object_list'])
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/list.html')
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["object_list"]), list(Author.objects.all()))
+        self.assertIs(res.context["author_list"], res.context["object_list"])
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/list.html")
 
     def test_template_name_suffix(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/list/authors/template_name_suffix/')
+        res = self.client.get("/list/authors/template_name_suffix/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['object_list']), list(Author.objects.all()))
-        self.assertIs(res.context['author_list'], res.context['object_list'])
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_objects.html')
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["object_list"]), list(Author.objects.all()))
+        self.assertIs(res.context["author_list"], res.context["object_list"])
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_objects.html")
 
     def test_context_object_name(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/list/authors/context_object_name/')
+        res = self.client.get("/list/authors/context_object_name/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['object_list']), list(Author.objects.all()))
-        self.assertNotIn('authors', res.context)
-        self.assertIs(res.context['author_list'], res.context['object_list'])
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_list.html')
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["object_list"]), list(Author.objects.all()))
+        self.assertNotIn("authors", res.context)
+        self.assertIs(res.context["author_list"], res.context["object_list"])
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_list.html")
 
     def test_duplicate_context_object_name(self):
-        res = self.client.get('/list/authors/dupe_context_object_name/')
+        res = self.client.get("/list/authors/dupe_context_object_name/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(list(res.context['object_list']), list(Author.objects.all()))
-        self.assertNotIn('authors', res.context)
-        self.assertNotIn('author_list', res.context)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'generic_views/author_list.html')
+        self.assertEqual(list(res.context["object_list"]), list(Author.objects.all()))
+        self.assertNotIn("authors", res.context)
+        self.assertNotIn("author_list", res.context)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, "generic_views/author_list.html")
 
     def test_missing_items(self):
         msg = (
-            'AuthorList is missing a QuerySet. Define AuthorList.model, '
-            'AuthorList.queryset, or override AuthorList.get_queryset().'
+            "AuthorList is missing a QuerySet. Define AuthorList.model, "
+            "AuthorList.queryset, or override AuthorList.get_queryset()."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            self.client.get('/list/authors/invalid/')
+            self.client.get("/list/authors/invalid/")
 
     def test_invalid_get_queryset(self):
         msg = (
@@ -213,42 +221,46 @@ class ListViewTests(TestCase):
             "attribute or a get_queryset() method that returns a QuerySet."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            self.client.get('/list/authors/get_queryset/')
+            self.client.get("/list/authors/get_queryset/")
 
     def test_paginated_list_view_does_not_load_entire_table(self):
         # Regression test for #17535
         self._make_authors(3)
         # 1 query for authors
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            self.client.get('/list/authors/notempty/')
+            self.client.get("/list/authors/notempty/")
         # same as above + 1 query to test if authors exist + 1 query for pagination
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
-            self.client.get('/list/authors/notempty/paginated/')
+            self.client.get("/list/authors/notempty/paginated/")
 
     def test_explicitly_ordered_list_view(self):
-        Book.objects.create(name="Zebras for Dummies", pages=800, pubdate=datetime.date(2006, 9, 1))
-        res = self.client.get('/list/books/sorted/')
+        Book.objects.create(
+            name="Zebras for Dummies", pages=800, pubdate=datetime.date(2006, 9, 1)
+        )
+        res = self.client.get("/list/books/sorted/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object_list'][0].name, '2066')
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object_list'][1].name, 'Dreaming in Code')
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object_list'][2].name, 'Zebras for Dummies')
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object_list"][0].name, "2066")
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object_list"][1].name, "Dreaming in Code")
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object_list"][2].name, "Zebras for Dummies")
 
-        res = self.client.get('/list/books/sortedbypagesandnamedec/')
+        res = self.client.get("/list/books/sortedbypagesandnamedec/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object_list'][0].name, 'Dreaming in Code')
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object_list'][1].name, 'Zebras for Dummies')
-        self.assertEqual(res.context['object_list'][2].name, '2066')
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object_list"][0].name, "Dreaming in Code")
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object_list"][1].name, "Zebras for Dummies")
+        self.assertEqual(res.context["object_list"][2].name, "2066")
 
     @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
     def test_paginated_list_view_returns_useful_message_on_invalid_page(self):
         # test for #19240
         # tests that source exception's message is included in page
         self._make_authors(1)
-        res = self.client.get('/list/authors/paginated/2/')
+        res = self.client.get("/list/authors/paginated/2/")
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 404)
-        self.assertEqual(res.context.get('reason'), "Invalid page (2): That page contains no results")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            res.context.get("reason"), "Invalid page (2): That page contains no results"
+        )
 
     def _make_authors(self, n):
         Author.objects.all().delete()
         for i in range(n):
-            Author.objects.create(name='Author %02i' % i, slug='a%s' % i)
+            Author.objects.create(name="Author %02i" % i, slug="a%s" % i)
diff --git a/tests/generic_views/urls.py b/tests/generic_views/urls.py
index 940f82d5d0..2d5301d15e 100644
--- a/tests/generic_views/urls.py
+++ b/tests/generic_views/urls.py
@@ -9,233 +9,371 @@ from .models import Book
 
 urlpatterns = [
     # TemplateView
-    path('template/no_template/', TemplateView.as_view()),
-    path('template/login_required/', login_required(TemplateView.as_view())),
-    path('template/simple/<foo>/', TemplateView.as_view(template_name='generic_views/about.html')),
-    path('template/custom/<foo>/', views.CustomTemplateView.as_view(template_name='generic_views/about.html')),
+    path("template/no_template/", TemplateView.as_view()),
+    path("template/login_required/", login_required(TemplateView.as_view())),
     path(
-        'template/content_type/',
-        TemplateView.as_view(template_name='generic_views/robots.txt', content_type='text/plain'),
+        "template/simple/<foo>/",
+        TemplateView.as_view(template_name="generic_views/about.html"),
     ),
     path(
-        'template/cached/<foo>/',
-        cache_page(2.0)(TemplateView.as_view(template_name='generic_views/about.html')),
+        "template/custom/<foo>/",
+        views.CustomTemplateView.as_view(template_name="generic_views/about.html"),
     ),
     path(
-        'template/extra_context/',
-        TemplateView.as_view(template_name='generic_views/about.html', extra_context={'title': 'Title'}),
+        "template/content_type/",
+        TemplateView.as_view(
+            template_name="generic_views/robots.txt", content_type="text/plain"
+        ),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "template/cached/<foo>/",
+        cache_page(2.0)(TemplateView.as_view(template_name="generic_views/about.html")),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "template/extra_context/",
+        TemplateView.as_view(
+            template_name="generic_views/about.html", extra_context={"title": "Title"}
+        ),
     ),
-
     # DetailView
-    path('detail/obj/', views.ObjectDetail.as_view()),
-    path('detail/artist/<int:pk>/', views.ArtistDetail.as_view(), name='artist_detail'),
-    path('detail/author/<int:pk>/', views.AuthorDetail.as_view(), name='author_detail'),
-    path('detail/author/bycustompk/<foo>/', views.AuthorDetail.as_view(pk_url_kwarg='foo')),
-    path('detail/author/byslug/<slug>/', views.AuthorDetail.as_view()),
-    path('detail/author/bycustomslug/<foo>/', views.AuthorDetail.as_view(slug_url_kwarg='foo')),
-    path('detail/author/bypkignoreslug/<int:pk>-<slug>/', views.AuthorDetail.as_view()),
-    path('detail/author/bypkandslug/<int:pk>-<slug>/', views.AuthorDetail.as_view(query_pk_and_slug=True)),
-    path('detail/author/<int:pk>/template_name_suffix/', views.AuthorDetail.as_view(template_name_suffix='_view')),
+    path("detail/obj/", views.ObjectDetail.as_view()),
+    path("detail/artist/<int:pk>/", views.ArtistDetail.as_view(), name="artist_detail"),
+    path("detail/author/<int:pk>/", views.AuthorDetail.as_view(), name="author_detail"),
     path(
-        'detail/author/<int:pk>/template_name/',
-        views.AuthorDetail.as_view(template_name='generic_views/about.html'),
+        "detail/author/bycustompk/<foo>/",
+        views.AuthorDetail.as_view(pk_url_kwarg="foo"),
     ),
-    path('detail/author/<int:pk>/context_object_name/', views.AuthorDetail.as_view(context_object_name='thingy')),
-    path('detail/author/<int:pk>/custom_detail/', views.AuthorCustomDetail.as_view()),
-    path('detail/author/<int:pk>/dupe_context_object_name/', views.AuthorDetail.as_view(context_object_name='object')),
-    path('detail/page/<int:pk>/field/', views.PageDetail.as_view()),
-    path(r'detail/author/invalid/url/', views.AuthorDetail.as_view()),
-    path('detail/author/invalid/qs/', views.AuthorDetail.as_view(queryset=None)),
-    path('detail/nonmodel/1/', views.NonModelDetail.as_view()),
-    path('detail/doesnotexist/<pk>/', views.ObjectDoesNotExistDetail.as_view()),
+    path("detail/author/byslug/<slug>/", views.AuthorDetail.as_view()),
+    path(
+        "detail/author/bycustomslug/<foo>/",
+        views.AuthorDetail.as_view(slug_url_kwarg="foo"),
+    ),
+    path("detail/author/bypkignoreslug/<int:pk>-<slug>/", views.AuthorDetail.as_view()),
+    path(
+        "detail/author/bypkandslug/<int:pk>-<slug>/",
+        views.AuthorDetail.as_view(query_pk_and_slug=True),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "detail/author/<int:pk>/template_name_suffix/",
+        views.AuthorDetail.as_view(template_name_suffix="_view"),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "detail/author/<int:pk>/template_name/",
+        views.AuthorDetail.as_view(template_name="generic_views/about.html"),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "detail/author/<int:pk>/context_object_name/",
+        views.AuthorDetail.as_view(context_object_name="thingy"),
+    ),
+    path("detail/author/<int:pk>/custom_detail/", views.AuthorCustomDetail.as_view()),
+    path(
+        "detail/author/<int:pk>/dupe_context_object_name/",
+        views.AuthorDetail.as_view(context_object_name="object"),
+    ),
+    path("detail/page/<int:pk>/field/", views.PageDetail.as_view()),
+    path(r"detail/author/invalid/url/", views.AuthorDetail.as_view()),
+    path("detail/author/invalid/qs/", views.AuthorDetail.as_view(queryset=None)),
+    path("detail/nonmodel/1/", views.NonModelDetail.as_view()),
+    path("detail/doesnotexist/<pk>/", views.ObjectDoesNotExistDetail.as_view()),
     # FormView
-    path('contact/', views.ContactView.as_view()),
-    path('late-validation/', views.LateValidationView.as_view()),
-
+    path("contact/", views.ContactView.as_view()),
+    path("late-validation/", views.LateValidationView.as_view()),
     # Create/UpdateView
-    path('edit/artists/create/', views.ArtistCreate.as_view()),
-    path('edit/artists/<int:pk>/update/', views.ArtistUpdate.as_view()),
-
-    path('edit/authors/create/naive/', views.NaiveAuthorCreate.as_view()),
-    path('edit/authors/create/redirect/', views.NaiveAuthorCreate.as_view(success_url='/edit/authors/create/')),
+    path("edit/artists/create/", views.ArtistCreate.as_view()),
+    path("edit/artists/<int:pk>/update/", views.ArtistUpdate.as_view()),
+    path("edit/authors/create/naive/", views.NaiveAuthorCreate.as_view()),
     path(
-        'edit/authors/create/interpolate_redirect/',
-        views.NaiveAuthorCreate.as_view(success_url='/edit/author/{id}/update/'),
+        "edit/authors/create/redirect/",
+        views.NaiveAuthorCreate.as_view(success_url="/edit/authors/create/"),
     ),
     path(
-        'edit/authors/create/interpolate_redirect_nonascii/',
-        views.NaiveAuthorCreate.as_view(success_url='/%C3%A9dit/author/{id}/update/'),
-    ),
-    path('edit/authors/create/restricted/', views.AuthorCreateRestricted.as_view()),
-    re_path('^[eé]dit/authors/create/$', views.AuthorCreate.as_view()),
-    path('edit/authors/create/special/', views.SpecializedAuthorCreate.as_view()),
-
-    path('edit/author/<int:pk>/update/naive/', views.NaiveAuthorUpdate.as_view()),
-    path(
-        'edit/author/<int:pk>/update/redirect/',
-        views.NaiveAuthorUpdate.as_view(success_url='/edit/authors/create/')
+        "edit/authors/create/interpolate_redirect/",
+        views.NaiveAuthorCreate.as_view(success_url="/edit/author/{id}/update/"),
     ),
     path(
-        'edit/author/<int:pk>/update/interpolate_redirect/',
-        views.NaiveAuthorUpdate.as_view(success_url='/edit/author/{id}/update/')
+        "edit/authors/create/interpolate_redirect_nonascii/",
+        views.NaiveAuthorCreate.as_view(success_url="/%C3%A9dit/author/{id}/update/"),
+    ),
+    path("edit/authors/create/restricted/", views.AuthorCreateRestricted.as_view()),
+    re_path("^[eé]dit/authors/create/$", views.AuthorCreate.as_view()),
+    path("edit/authors/create/special/", views.SpecializedAuthorCreate.as_view()),
+    path("edit/author/<int:pk>/update/naive/", views.NaiveAuthorUpdate.as_view()),
+    path(
+        "edit/author/<int:pk>/update/redirect/",
+        views.NaiveAuthorUpdate.as_view(success_url="/edit/authors/create/"),
     ),
     path(
-        'edit/author/<int:pk>/update/interpolate_redirect_nonascii/',
-        views.NaiveAuthorUpdate.as_view(success_url='/%C3%A9dit/author/{id}/update/'),
-    ),
-    re_path('^[eé]dit/author/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/update/$', views.AuthorUpdate.as_view()),
-    path('edit/author/update/', views.OneAuthorUpdate.as_view()),
-    path('edit/author/<int:pk>/update/special/', views.SpecializedAuthorUpdate.as_view()),
-    path('edit/author/<int:pk>/delete/naive/', views.NaiveAuthorDelete.as_view()),
-    path(
-        'edit/author/<int:pk>/delete/redirect/',
-        views.NaiveAuthorDelete.as_view(success_url='/edit/authors/create/'),
+        "edit/author/<int:pk>/update/interpolate_redirect/",
+        views.NaiveAuthorUpdate.as_view(success_url="/edit/author/{id}/update/"),
     ),
     path(
-        'edit/author/<int:pk>/delete/interpolate_redirect/',
-        views.NaiveAuthorDelete.as_view(success_url='/edit/authors/create/?deleted={id}')
+        "edit/author/<int:pk>/update/interpolate_redirect_nonascii/",
+        views.NaiveAuthorUpdate.as_view(success_url="/%C3%A9dit/author/{id}/update/"),
+    ),
+    re_path("^[eé]dit/author/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/update/$", views.AuthorUpdate.as_view()),
+    path("edit/author/update/", views.OneAuthorUpdate.as_view()),
+    path(
+        "edit/author/<int:pk>/update/special/", views.SpecializedAuthorUpdate.as_view()
+    ),
+    path("edit/author/<int:pk>/delete/naive/", views.NaiveAuthorDelete.as_view()),
+    path(
+        "edit/author/<int:pk>/delete/redirect/",
+        views.NaiveAuthorDelete.as_view(success_url="/edit/authors/create/"),
     ),
     path(
-        'edit/author/<int:pk>/delete/interpolate_redirect_nonascii/',
-        views.NaiveAuthorDelete.as_view(success_url='/%C3%A9dit/authors/create/?deleted={id}')
+        "edit/author/<int:pk>/delete/interpolate_redirect/",
+        views.NaiveAuthorDelete.as_view(
+            success_url="/edit/authors/create/?deleted={id}"
+        ),
     ),
-    path('edit/author/<int:pk>/delete/', views.AuthorDelete.as_view()),
-    path('edit/author/<int:pk>/delete/special/', views.SpecializedAuthorDelete.as_view()),
-    path('edit/author/<int:pk>/delete/form/', views.AuthorDeleteFormView.as_view()),
-
+    path(
+        "edit/author/<int:pk>/delete/interpolate_redirect_nonascii/",
+        views.NaiveAuthorDelete.as_view(
+            success_url="/%C3%A9dit/authors/create/?deleted={id}"
+        ),
+    ),
+    path("edit/author/<int:pk>/delete/", views.AuthorDelete.as_view()),
+    path(
+        "edit/author/<int:pk>/delete/special/", views.SpecializedAuthorDelete.as_view()
+    ),
+    path("edit/author/<int:pk>/delete/form/", views.AuthorDeleteFormView.as_view()),
     # ArchiveIndexView
-    path('dates/books/', views.BookArchive.as_view()),
-    path('dates/books/context_object_name/', views.BookArchive.as_view(context_object_name='thingies')),
-    path('dates/books/allow_empty/', views.BookArchive.as_view(allow_empty=True)),
-    path('dates/books/template_name/', views.BookArchive.as_view(template_name='generic_views/list.html')),
-    path('dates/books/template_name_suffix/', views.BookArchive.as_view(template_name_suffix='_detail')),
-    path('dates/books/invalid/', views.BookArchive.as_view(queryset=None)),
-    path('dates/books/paginated/', views.BookArchive.as_view(paginate_by=10)),
-    path('dates/books/reverse/', views.BookArchive.as_view(queryset=Book.objects.order_by('pubdate'))),
-    path('dates/books/by_month/', views.BookArchive.as_view(date_list_period='month')),
-    path('dates/booksignings/', views.BookSigningArchive.as_view()),
-    path('dates/books/sortedbyname/', views.BookArchive.as_view(ordering='name')),
-    path('dates/books/sortedbynamedec/', views.BookArchive.as_view(ordering='-name')),
-    path('dates/books/without_date_field/', views.BookArchiveWithoutDateField.as_view()),
-
-
-    # ListView
-    path('list/dict/', views.DictList.as_view()),
-    path('list/dict/paginated/', views.DictList.as_view(paginate_by=1)),
-    path('list/artists/', views.ArtistList.as_view(), name='artists_list'),
-    path('list/authors/', views.AuthorList.as_view(), name='authors_list'),
-    path('list/authors/paginated/', views.AuthorList.as_view(paginate_by=30)),
-    path('list/authors/paginated/<int:page>/', views.AuthorList.as_view(paginate_by=30)),
-    path('list/authors/paginated-orphaned/', views.AuthorList.as_view(paginate_by=30, paginate_orphans=2)),
-    path('list/authors/notempty/', views.AuthorList.as_view(allow_empty=False)),
-    path('list/authors/notempty/paginated/', views.AuthorList.as_view(allow_empty=False, paginate_by=2)),
-    path('list/authors/template_name/', views.AuthorList.as_view(template_name='generic_views/list.html')),
-    path('list/authors/template_name_suffix/', views.AuthorList.as_view(template_name_suffix='_objects')),
-    path('list/authors/context_object_name/', views.AuthorList.as_view(context_object_name='author_list')),
-    path('list/authors/dupe_context_object_name/', views.AuthorList.as_view(context_object_name='object_list')),
-    path('list/authors/invalid/', views.AuthorList.as_view(queryset=None)),
+    path("dates/books/", views.BookArchive.as_view()),
     path(
-        'list/authors/get_queryset/',
+        "dates/books/context_object_name/",
+        views.BookArchive.as_view(context_object_name="thingies"),
+    ),
+    path("dates/books/allow_empty/", views.BookArchive.as_view(allow_empty=True)),
+    path(
+        "dates/books/template_name/",
+        views.BookArchive.as_view(template_name="generic_views/list.html"),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "dates/books/template_name_suffix/",
+        views.BookArchive.as_view(template_name_suffix="_detail"),
+    ),
+    path("dates/books/invalid/", views.BookArchive.as_view(queryset=None)),
+    path("dates/books/paginated/", views.BookArchive.as_view(paginate_by=10)),
+    path(
+        "dates/books/reverse/",
+        views.BookArchive.as_view(queryset=Book.objects.order_by("pubdate")),
+    ),
+    path("dates/books/by_month/", views.BookArchive.as_view(date_list_period="month")),
+    path("dates/booksignings/", views.BookSigningArchive.as_view()),
+    path("dates/books/sortedbyname/", views.BookArchive.as_view(ordering="name")),
+    path("dates/books/sortedbynamedec/", views.BookArchive.as_view(ordering="-name")),
+    path(
+        "dates/books/without_date_field/", views.BookArchiveWithoutDateField.as_view()
+    ),
+    # ListView
+    path("list/dict/", views.DictList.as_view()),
+    path("list/dict/paginated/", views.DictList.as_view(paginate_by=1)),
+    path("list/artists/", views.ArtistList.as_view(), name="artists_list"),
+    path("list/authors/", views.AuthorList.as_view(), name="authors_list"),
+    path("list/authors/paginated/", views.AuthorList.as_view(paginate_by=30)),
+    path(
+        "list/authors/paginated/<int:page>/", views.AuthorList.as_view(paginate_by=30)
+    ),
+    path(
+        "list/authors/paginated-orphaned/",
+        views.AuthorList.as_view(paginate_by=30, paginate_orphans=2),
+    ),
+    path("list/authors/notempty/", views.AuthorList.as_view(allow_empty=False)),
+    path(
+        "list/authors/notempty/paginated/",
+        views.AuthorList.as_view(allow_empty=False, paginate_by=2),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "list/authors/template_name/",
+        views.AuthorList.as_view(template_name="generic_views/list.html"),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "list/authors/template_name_suffix/",
+        views.AuthorList.as_view(template_name_suffix="_objects"),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "list/authors/context_object_name/",
+        views.AuthorList.as_view(context_object_name="author_list"),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "list/authors/dupe_context_object_name/",
+        views.AuthorList.as_view(context_object_name="object_list"),
+    ),
+    path("list/authors/invalid/", views.AuthorList.as_view(queryset=None)),
+    path(
+        "list/authors/get_queryset/",
         views.AuthorListGetQuerysetReturnsNone.as_view(),
     ),
     path(
-        'list/authors/paginated/custom_class/',
+        "list/authors/paginated/custom_class/",
         views.AuthorList.as_view(paginate_by=5, paginator_class=views.CustomPaginator),
     ),
-    path('list/authors/paginated/custom_page_kwarg/', views.AuthorList.as_view(paginate_by=30, page_kwarg='pagina')),
-    path('list/authors/paginated/custom_constructor/', views.AuthorListCustomPaginator.as_view()),
-    path('list/books/sorted/', views.BookList.as_view(ordering='name')),
-    path('list/books/sortedbypagesandnamedec/', views.BookList.as_view(ordering=('pages', '-name'))),
-
+    path(
+        "list/authors/paginated/custom_page_kwarg/",
+        views.AuthorList.as_view(paginate_by=30, page_kwarg="pagina"),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "list/authors/paginated/custom_constructor/",
+        views.AuthorListCustomPaginator.as_view(),
+    ),
+    path("list/books/sorted/", views.BookList.as_view(ordering="name")),
+    path(
+        "list/books/sortedbypagesandnamedec/",
+        views.BookList.as_view(ordering=("pages", "-name")),
+    ),
     # YearArchiveView
     # Mixing keyword and positional captures below is intentional; the views
     # ought to be able to accept either.
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/', views.BookYearArchive.as_view()),
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/make_object_list/', views.BookYearArchive.as_view(make_object_list=True)),
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/allow_empty/', views.BookYearArchive.as_view(allow_empty=True)),
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/allow_future/', views.BookYearArchive.as_view(allow_future=True)),
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/paginated/', views.BookYearArchive.as_view(make_object_list=True, paginate_by=30)),
+    path("dates/books/<int:year>/", views.BookYearArchive.as_view()),
     path(
-        'dates/books/<int:year>/sortedbyname/',
-        views.BookYearArchive.as_view(make_object_list=True, ordering='name'),
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/make_object_list/",
+        views.BookYearArchive.as_view(make_object_list=True),
     ),
     path(
-        'dates/books/<int:year>/sortedbypageandnamedec/',
-        views.BookYearArchive.as_view(make_object_list=True, ordering=('pages', '-name')),
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/allow_empty/",
+        views.BookYearArchive.as_view(allow_empty=True),
     ),
-    path('dates/books/no_year/', views.BookYearArchive.as_view()),
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/reverse/', views.BookYearArchive.as_view(queryset=Book.objects.order_by('pubdate'))),
-    path('dates/booksignings/<int:year>/', views.BookSigningYearArchive.as_view()),
-
+    path(
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/allow_future/",
+        views.BookYearArchive.as_view(allow_future=True),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/paginated/",
+        views.BookYearArchive.as_view(make_object_list=True, paginate_by=30),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/sortedbyname/",
+        views.BookYearArchive.as_view(make_object_list=True, ordering="name"),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/sortedbypageandnamedec/",
+        views.BookYearArchive.as_view(
+            make_object_list=True, ordering=("pages", "-name")
+        ),
+    ),
+    path("dates/books/no_year/", views.BookYearArchive.as_view()),
+    path(
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/reverse/",
+        views.BookYearArchive.as_view(queryset=Book.objects.order_by("pubdate")),
+    ),
+    path("dates/booksignings/<int:year>/", views.BookSigningYearArchive.as_view()),
     # MonthArchiveView
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/<int:month>/', views.BookMonthArchive.as_view(month_format='%m')),
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/', views.BookMonthArchive.as_view()),
-    path('dates/books/without_month/<int:year>/', views.BookMonthArchive.as_view()),
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/allow_empty/', views.BookMonthArchive.as_view(allow_empty=True)),
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/allow_future/', views.BookMonthArchive.as_view(allow_future=True)),
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/paginated/', views.BookMonthArchive.as_view(paginate_by=30)),
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/no_month/', views.BookMonthArchive.as_view()),
-    path('dates/booksignings/<int:year>/<month>/', views.BookSigningMonthArchive.as_view()),
-
+    path(
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/<int:month>/",
+        views.BookMonthArchive.as_view(month_format="%m"),
+    ),
+    path("dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/", views.BookMonthArchive.as_view()),
+    path("dates/books/without_month/<int:year>/", views.BookMonthArchive.as_view()),
+    path(
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/allow_empty/",
+        views.BookMonthArchive.as_view(allow_empty=True),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/allow_future/",
+        views.BookMonthArchive.as_view(allow_future=True),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/paginated/",
+        views.BookMonthArchive.as_view(paginate_by=30),
+    ),
+    path("dates/books/<int:year>/no_month/", views.BookMonthArchive.as_view()),
+    path(
+        "dates/booksignings/<int:year>/<month>/",
+        views.BookSigningMonthArchive.as_view(),
+    ),
     # WeekArchiveView
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/week/<int:week>/', views.BookWeekArchive.as_view()),
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/week/<int:week>/allow_empty/', views.BookWeekArchive.as_view(allow_empty=True)),
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/week/<int:week>/allow_future/', views.BookWeekArchive.as_view(allow_future=True)),
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/week/<int:week>/paginated/', views.BookWeekArchive.as_view(paginate_by=30)),
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/week/no_week/', views.BookWeekArchive.as_view()),
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/week/<int:week>/monday/', views.BookWeekArchive.as_view(week_format='%W')),
+    path("dates/books/<int:year>/week/<int:week>/", views.BookWeekArchive.as_view()),
     path(
-        'dates/books/<int:year>/week/<int:week>/unknown_week_format/',
-        views.BookWeekArchive.as_view(week_format='%T'),
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/week/<int:week>/allow_empty/",
+        views.BookWeekArchive.as_view(allow_empty=True),
     ),
     path(
-        'dates/books/<int:year>/week/<int:week>/iso_format/',
-        views.BookWeekArchive.as_view(year_format='%G', week_format='%V'),
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/week/<int:week>/allow_future/",
+        views.BookWeekArchive.as_view(allow_future=True),
     ),
     path(
-        'dates/books/<int:year>/week/<int:week>/invalid_iso_week_year_format/',
-        views.BookWeekArchive.as_view(week_format='%V'),
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/week/<int:week>/paginated/",
+        views.BookWeekArchive.as_view(paginate_by=30),
+    ),
+    path("dates/books/<int:year>/week/no_week/", views.BookWeekArchive.as_view()),
+    path(
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/week/<int:week>/monday/",
+        views.BookWeekArchive.as_view(week_format="%W"),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/week/<int:week>/unknown_week_format/",
+        views.BookWeekArchive.as_view(week_format="%T"),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/week/<int:week>/iso_format/",
+        views.BookWeekArchive.as_view(year_format="%G", week_format="%V"),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/week/<int:week>/invalid_iso_week_year_format/",
+        views.BookWeekArchive.as_view(week_format="%V"),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "dates/booksignings/<int:year>/week/<int:week>/",
+        views.BookSigningWeekArchive.as_view(),
     ),
-    path('dates/booksignings/<int:year>/week/<int:week>/', views.BookSigningWeekArchive.as_view()),
-
     # DayArchiveView
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/<int:month>/<int:day>/', views.BookDayArchive.as_view(month_format='%m')),
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/<int:day>/', views.BookDayArchive.as_view()),
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/<int:day>/allow_empty/', views.BookDayArchive.as_view(allow_empty=True)),
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/<int:day>/allow_future/', views.BookDayArchive.as_view(allow_future=True)),
     path(
-        'dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/<int:day>/allow_empty_and_future/',
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/<int:month>/<int:day>/",
+        views.BookDayArchive.as_view(month_format="%m"),
+    ),
+    path("dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/<int:day>/", views.BookDayArchive.as_view()),
+    path(
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/<int:day>/allow_empty/",
+        views.BookDayArchive.as_view(allow_empty=True),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/<int:day>/allow_future/",
+        views.BookDayArchive.as_view(allow_future=True),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/<int:day>/allow_empty_and_future/",
         views.BookDayArchive.as_view(allow_empty=True, allow_future=True),
     ),
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/<int:day>/paginated/', views.BookDayArchive.as_view(paginate_by=True)),
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/no_day/', views.BookDayArchive.as_view()),
-    path('dates/booksignings/<int:year>/<month>/<int:day>/', views.BookSigningDayArchive.as_view()),
-
-    # TodayArchiveView
-    path('dates/books/today/', views.BookTodayArchive.as_view()),
-    path('dates/books/today/allow_empty/', views.BookTodayArchive.as_view(allow_empty=True)),
-    path('dates/booksignings/today/', views.BookSigningTodayArchive.as_view()),
-
-    # DateDetailView
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/<int:month>/<day>/<int:pk>/', views.BookDetail.as_view(month_format='%m')),
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/<day>/<int:pk>/', views.BookDetail.as_view()),
     path(
-        'dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/<int:day>/<int:pk>/allow_future/',
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/<int:day>/paginated/",
+        views.BookDayArchive.as_view(paginate_by=True),
+    ),
+    path("dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/no_day/", views.BookDayArchive.as_view()),
+    path(
+        "dates/booksignings/<int:year>/<month>/<int:day>/",
+        views.BookSigningDayArchive.as_view(),
+    ),
+    # TodayArchiveView
+    path("dates/books/today/", views.BookTodayArchive.as_view()),
+    path(
+        "dates/books/today/allow_empty/",
+        views.BookTodayArchive.as_view(allow_empty=True),
+    ),
+    path("dates/booksignings/today/", views.BookSigningTodayArchive.as_view()),
+    # DateDetailView
+    path(
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/<int:month>/<day>/<int:pk>/",
+        views.BookDetail.as_view(month_format="%m"),
+    ),
+    path("dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/<day>/<int:pk>/", views.BookDetail.as_view()),
+    path(
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/<int:day>/<int:pk>/allow_future/",
         views.BookDetail.as_view(allow_future=True),
     ),
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/<int:day>/nopk/', views.BookDetail.as_view()),
-
-    path('dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/<int:day>/byslug/<slug:slug>/', views.BookDetail.as_view()),
-
+    path("dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/<int:day>/nopk/", views.BookDetail.as_view()),
     path(
-        'dates/books/get_object_custom_queryset/<int:year>/<month>/<int:day>/<int:pk>/',
+        "dates/books/<int:year>/<month>/<int:day>/byslug/<slug:slug>/",
+        views.BookDetail.as_view(),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "dates/books/get_object_custom_queryset/<int:year>/<month>/<int:day>/<int:pk>/",
         views.BookDetailGetObjectCustomQueryset.as_view(),
     ),
-
-    path('dates/booksignings/<int:year>/<month>/<int:day>/<int:pk>/', views.BookSigningDetail.as_view()),
-
+    path(
+        "dates/booksignings/<int:year>/<month>/<int:day>/<int:pk>/",
+        views.BookSigningDetail.as_view(),
+    ),
     # Useful for testing redirects
-    path('accounts/login/', auth_views.LoginView.as_view()),
-
-    path('BaseDateListViewTest/', dates.BaseDateListView.as_view()),
+    path("accounts/login/", auth_views.LoginView.as_view()),
+    path("BaseDateListViewTest/", dates.BaseDateListView.as_view()),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/generic_views/views.py b/tests/generic_views/views.py
index 8f3de97388..5c4c9739d2 100644
--- a/tests/generic_views/views.py
+++ b/tests/generic_views/views.py
@@ -9,19 +9,19 @@ from .models import Artist, Author, Book, BookSigning, Page
 
 
 class CustomTemplateView(generic.TemplateView):
-    template_name = 'generic_views/about.html'
+    template_name = "generic_views/about.html"
 
     def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
         context = super().get_context_data(**kwargs)
-        context.update({'key': 'value'})
+        context.update({"key": "value"})
         return context
 
 
 class ObjectDetail(generic.DetailView):
-    template_name = 'generic_views/detail.html'
+    template_name = "generic_views/detail.html"
 
     def get_object(self):
-        return {'foo': 'bar'}
+        return {"foo": "bar"}
 
 
 class ArtistDetail(generic.DetailView):
@@ -33,32 +33,30 @@ class AuthorDetail(generic.DetailView):
 
 
 class AuthorCustomDetail(generic.DetailView):
-    template_name = 'generic_views/author_detail.html'
+    template_name = "generic_views/author_detail.html"
     queryset = Author.objects.all()
 
     def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
         # Ensures get_context_object_name() doesn't reference self.object.
         author = self.get_object()
-        context = {'custom_' + self.get_context_object_name(author): author}
+        context = {"custom_" + self.get_context_object_name(author): author}
         return self.render_to_response(context)
 
 
 class PageDetail(generic.DetailView):
     queryset = Page.objects.all()
-    template_name_field = 'template'
+    template_name_field = "template"
 
 
 class DictList(generic.ListView):
     """A ListView that doesn't use a model."""
-    queryset = [
-        {'first': 'John', 'last': 'Lennon'},
-        {'first': 'Yoko', 'last': 'Ono'}
-    ]
-    template_name = 'generic_views/list.html'
+
+    queryset = [{"first": "John", "last": "Lennon"}, {"first": "Yoko", "last": "Ono"}]
+    template_name = "generic_views/list.html"
 
 
 class ArtistList(generic.ListView):
-    template_name = 'generic_views/list.html'
+    template_name = "generic_views/list.html"
     queryset = Artist.objects.all()
 
 
@@ -77,33 +75,47 @@ class BookList(generic.ListView):
 
 class CustomPaginator(Paginator):
     def __init__(self, queryset, page_size, orphans=0, allow_empty_first_page=True):
-        super().__init__(queryset, page_size, orphans=2, allow_empty_first_page=allow_empty_first_page)
+        super().__init__(
+            queryset,
+            page_size,
+            orphans=2,
+            allow_empty_first_page=allow_empty_first_page,
+        )
 
 
 class AuthorListCustomPaginator(AuthorList):
     paginate_by = 5
 
-    def get_paginator(self, queryset, page_size, orphans=0, allow_empty_first_page=True):
-        return super().get_paginator(queryset, page_size, orphans=2, allow_empty_first_page=allow_empty_first_page)
+    def get_paginator(
+        self, queryset, page_size, orphans=0, allow_empty_first_page=True
+    ):
+        return super().get_paginator(
+            queryset,
+            page_size,
+            orphans=2,
+            allow_empty_first_page=allow_empty_first_page,
+        )
 
 
 class ContactView(generic.FormView):
     form_class = ContactForm
-    success_url = reverse_lazy('authors_list')
-    template_name = 'generic_views/form.html'
+    success_url = reverse_lazy("authors_list")
+    template_name = "generic_views/form.html"
 
 
 class ArtistCreate(generic.CreateView):
     model = Artist
-    fields = '__all__'
+    fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class NaiveAuthorCreate(generic.CreateView):
     queryset = Author.objects.all()
-    fields = '__all__'
+    fields = "__all__"
 
 
-class TemplateResponseWithoutTemplate(generic.detail.SingleObjectTemplateResponseMixin, generic.View):
+class TemplateResponseWithoutTemplate(
+    generic.detail.SingleObjectTemplateResponseMixin, generic.View
+):
     # we don't define the usual template_name here
 
     def __init__(self):
@@ -113,18 +125,18 @@ class TemplateResponseWithoutTemplate(generic.detail.SingleObjectTemplateRespons
 
 class AuthorCreate(generic.CreateView):
     model = Author
-    success_url = '/list/authors/'
-    fields = '__all__'
+    success_url = "/list/authors/"
+    fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class SpecializedAuthorCreate(generic.CreateView):
     model = Author
     form_class = AuthorForm
-    template_name = 'generic_views/form.html'
-    context_object_name = 'thingy'
+    template_name = "generic_views/form.html"
+    context_object_name = "thingy"
 
     def get_success_url(self):
-        return reverse('author_detail', args=[self.object.id])
+        return reverse("author_detail", args=[self.object.id])
 
 
 class AuthorCreateRestricted(AuthorCreate):
@@ -133,19 +145,19 @@ class AuthorCreateRestricted(AuthorCreate):
 
 class ArtistUpdate(generic.UpdateView):
     model = Artist
-    fields = '__all__'
+    fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class NaiveAuthorUpdate(generic.UpdateView):
     queryset = Author.objects.all()
-    fields = '__all__'
+    fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class AuthorUpdate(generic.UpdateView):
     get_form_called_count = 0  # Used to ensure get_form() is called once.
     model = Author
-    success_url = '/list/authors/'
-    fields = '__all__'
+    success_url = "/list/authors/"
+    fields = "__all__"
 
     def get_form(self, *args, **kwargs):
         self.get_form_called_count += 1
@@ -153,8 +165,8 @@ class AuthorUpdate(generic.UpdateView):
 
 
 class OneAuthorUpdate(generic.UpdateView):
-    success_url = '/list/authors/'
-    fields = '__all__'
+    success_url = "/list/authors/"
+    fields = "__all__"
 
     def get_object(self):
         return Author.objects.get(pk=1)
@@ -163,11 +175,11 @@ class OneAuthorUpdate(generic.UpdateView):
 class SpecializedAuthorUpdate(generic.UpdateView):
     model = Author
     form_class = AuthorForm
-    template_name = 'generic_views/form.html'
-    context_object_name = 'thingy'
+    template_name = "generic_views/form.html"
+    context_object_name = "thingy"
 
     def get_success_url(self):
-        return reverse('author_detail', args=[self.object.id])
+        return reverse("author_detail", args=[self.object.id])
 
 
 class NaiveAuthorDelete(generic.DeleteView):
@@ -176,7 +188,7 @@ class NaiveAuthorDelete(generic.DeleteView):
 
 class AuthorDelete(generic.DeleteView):
     model = Author
-    success_url = '/list/authors/'
+    success_url = "/list/authors/"
 
 
 class AuthorDeleteFormView(generic.DeleteView):
@@ -184,19 +196,19 @@ class AuthorDeleteFormView(generic.DeleteView):
     form_class = ConfirmDeleteForm
 
     def get_success_url(self):
-        return reverse('authors_list')
+        return reverse("authors_list")
 
 
 class SpecializedAuthorDelete(generic.DeleteView):
     queryset = Author.objects.all()
-    template_name = 'generic_views/confirm_delete.html'
-    context_object_name = 'thingy'
-    success_url = reverse_lazy('authors_list')
+    template_name = "generic_views/confirm_delete.html"
+    context_object_name = "thingy"
+    success_url = reverse_lazy("authors_list")
 
 
 class BookConfig:
     queryset = Book.objects.all()
-    date_field = 'pubdate'
+    date_field = "pubdate"
 
 
 class BookArchive(BookConfig, generic.ArchiveIndexView):
@@ -228,7 +240,7 @@ class BookDetail(BookConfig, generic.DateDetailView):
 
 
 class AuthorGetQuerySetFormView(generic.edit.ModelFormMixin):
-    fields = '__all__'
+    fields = "__all__"
 
     def get_queryset(self):
         return Author.objects.all()
@@ -236,13 +248,13 @@ class AuthorGetQuerySetFormView(generic.edit.ModelFormMixin):
 
 class BookDetailGetObjectCustomQueryset(BookDetail):
     def get_object(self, queryset=None):
-        return super().get_object(queryset=Book.objects.filter(pk=self.kwargs['pk']))
+        return super().get_object(queryset=Book.objects.filter(pk=self.kwargs["pk"]))
 
 
 class CustomMultipleObjectMixinView(generic.list.MultipleObjectMixin, generic.View):
     queryset = [
-        {'name': 'John'},
-        {'name': 'Yoko'},
+        {"name": "John"},
+        {"name": "Yoko"},
     ]
 
     def get(self, request):
@@ -251,13 +263,13 @@ class CustomMultipleObjectMixinView(generic.list.MultipleObjectMixin, generic.Vi
 
 class CustomContextView(generic.detail.SingleObjectMixin, generic.View):
     model = Book
-    object = Book(name='dummy')
+    object = Book(name="dummy")
 
     def get_object(self):
         return Book(name="dummy")
 
     def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
-        context = {'custom_key': 'custom_value'}
+        context = {"custom_key": "custom_value"}
         context.update(kwargs)
         return super().get_context_data(**context)
 
@@ -272,11 +284,11 @@ class CustomSingleObjectView(generic.detail.SingleObjectMixin, generic.View):
 
 class BookSigningConfig:
     model = BookSigning
-    date_field = 'event_date'
+    date_field = "event_date"
     # use the same templates as for books
 
     def get_template_names(self):
-        return ['generic_views/book%s.html' % self.template_name_suffix]
+        return ["generic_views/book%s.html" % self.template_name_suffix]
 
 
 class BookSigningArchive(BookSigningConfig, generic.ArchiveIndexView):
@@ -308,7 +320,7 @@ class BookArchiveWithoutDateField(generic.ArchiveIndexView):
 
 
 class BookSigningDetail(BookSigningConfig, generic.DateDetailView):
-    context_object_name = 'book'
+    context_object_name = "book"
 
 
 class NonModel:
@@ -319,7 +331,7 @@ class NonModel:
 
 class NonModelDetail(generic.DetailView):
 
-    template_name = 'generic_views/detail.html'
+    template_name = "generic_views/detail.html"
     model = NonModel
 
     def get_object(self, queryset=None):
@@ -333,9 +345,9 @@ class ObjectDoesNotExistDetail(generic.DetailView):
 
 class LateValidationView(generic.FormView):
     form_class = ContactForm
-    success_url = reverse_lazy('authors_list')
-    template_name = 'generic_views/form.html'
+    success_url = reverse_lazy("authors_list")
+    template_name = "generic_views/form.html"
 
     def form_valid(self, form):
-        form.add_error(None, 'There is an error')
+        form.add_error(None, "There is an error")
         return self.form_invalid(form)
diff --git a/tests/get_earliest_or_latest/models.py b/tests/get_earliest_or_latest/models.py
index 55096f5a2c..936011ab6b 100644
--- a/tests/get_earliest_or_latest/models.py
+++ b/tests/get_earliest_or_latest/models.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     expire_date = models.DateField()
 
     class Meta:
-        get_latest_by = 'pub_date'
+        get_latest_by = "pub_date"
 
 
 class Person(models.Model):
@@ -18,11 +18,13 @@ class Person(models.Model):
 
 # Ticket #23555 - model with an intentionally broken QuerySet.__iter__ method.
 
+
 class IndexErrorQuerySet(models.QuerySet):
     """
     Emulates the case when some internal code raises an unexpected
     IndexError.
     """
+
     def __iter__(self):
         raise IndexError
 
diff --git a/tests/get_earliest_or_latest/tests.py b/tests/get_earliest_or_latest/tests.py
index 0234deb195..59ee21aef7 100644
--- a/tests/get_earliest_or_latest/tests.py
+++ b/tests/get_earliest_or_latest/tests.py
@@ -22,39 +22,46 @@ class EarliestOrLatestTests(TestCase):
             Article.objects.earliest()
 
         a1 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline="Article 1", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 26),
-            expire_date=datetime(2005, 9, 1)
+            headline="Article 1",
+            pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 26),
+            expire_date=datetime(2005, 9, 1),
         )
         a2 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline="Article 2", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 27),
-            expire_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28)
+            headline="Article 2",
+            pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 27),
+            expire_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28),
         )
         a3 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline="Article 3", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28),
-            expire_date=datetime(2005, 8, 27)
+            headline="Article 3",
+            pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28),
+            expire_date=datetime(2005, 8, 27),
         )
         a4 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline="Article 4", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28),
-            expire_date=datetime(2005, 7, 30)
+            headline="Article 4",
+            pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28),
+            expire_date=datetime(2005, 7, 30),
         )
 
         # Get the earliest Article.
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.earliest(), a1)
         # Get the earliest Article that matches certain filters.
         self.assertEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(pub_date__gt=datetime(2005, 7, 26)).earliest(),
-            a2
+            Article.objects.filter(pub_date__gt=datetime(2005, 7, 26)).earliest(), a2
         )
 
         # Pass a custom field name to earliest() to change the field that's used
         # to determine the earliest object.
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.earliest('expire_date'), a2)
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.filter(
-            pub_date__gt=datetime(2005, 7, 26)).earliest('expire_date'), a2)
+        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.earliest("expire_date"), a2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.filter(pub_date__gt=datetime(2005, 7, 26)).earliest(
+                "expire_date"
+            ),
+            a2,
+        )
 
         # earliest() overrides any other ordering specified on the query.
         # Refs #11283.
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.order_by('id').earliest(), a1)
+        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.order_by("id").earliest(), a1)
 
         # Error is raised if the user forgot to add a get_latest_by
         # in the Model.Meta
@@ -62,27 +69,33 @@ class EarliestOrLatestTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(
             ValueError,
             "earliest() and latest() require either fields as positional "
-            "arguments or 'get_latest_by' in the model's Meta."
+            "arguments or 'get_latest_by' in the model's Meta.",
         ):
             Article.objects.earliest()
 
         # Earliest publication date, earliest expire date.
         self.assertEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28)).earliest('pub_date', 'expire_date'),
+            Article.objects.filter(pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28)).earliest(
+                "pub_date", "expire_date"
+            ),
             a4,
         )
         # Earliest publication date, latest expire date.
         self.assertEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28)).earliest('pub_date', '-expire_date'),
+            Article.objects.filter(pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28)).earliest(
+                "pub_date", "-expire_date"
+            ),
             a3,
         )
 
         # Meta.get_latest_by may be a tuple.
-        Article.objects.model._meta.get_latest_by = ('pub_date', 'expire_date')
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.filter(pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28)).earliest(), a4)
+        Article.objects.model._meta.get_latest_by = ("pub_date", "expire_date")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.filter(pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28)).earliest(), a4
+        )
 
     def test_earliest_sliced_queryset(self):
-        msg = 'Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken.'
+        msg = "Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             Article.objects.all()[0:5].earliest()
 
@@ -92,64 +105,78 @@ class EarliestOrLatestTests(TestCase):
             Article.objects.latest()
 
         a1 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline="Article 1", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 26),
-            expire_date=datetime(2005, 9, 1)
+            headline="Article 1",
+            pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 26),
+            expire_date=datetime(2005, 9, 1),
         )
         a2 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline="Article 2", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 27),
-            expire_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28)
+            headline="Article 2",
+            pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 27),
+            expire_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28),
         )
         a3 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline="Article 3", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 27),
-            expire_date=datetime(2005, 8, 27)
+            headline="Article 3",
+            pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 27),
+            expire_date=datetime(2005, 8, 27),
         )
         a4 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline="Article 4", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28),
-            expire_date=datetime(2005, 7, 30)
+            headline="Article 4",
+            pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28),
+            expire_date=datetime(2005, 7, 30),
         )
 
         # Get the latest Article.
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.latest(), a4)
         # Get the latest Article that matches certain filters.
         self.assertEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(pub_date__lt=datetime(2005, 7, 27)).latest(),
-            a1
+            Article.objects.filter(pub_date__lt=datetime(2005, 7, 27)).latest(), a1
         )
 
         # Pass a custom field name to latest() to change the field that's used
         # to determine the latest object.
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.latest('expire_date'), a1)
+        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.latest("expire_date"), a1)
         self.assertEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(pub_date__gt=datetime(2005, 7, 26)).latest('expire_date'),
+            Article.objects.filter(pub_date__gt=datetime(2005, 7, 26)).latest(
+                "expire_date"
+            ),
             a3,
         )
 
         # latest() overrides any other ordering specified on the query (#11283).
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.order_by('id').latest(), a4)
+        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.order_by("id").latest(), a4)
 
         # Error is raised if get_latest_by isn't in Model.Meta.
         Article.objects.model._meta.get_latest_by = None
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(
             ValueError,
             "earliest() and latest() require either fields as positional "
-            "arguments or 'get_latest_by' in the model's Meta."
+            "arguments or 'get_latest_by' in the model's Meta.",
         ):
             Article.objects.latest()
 
         # Latest publication date, latest expire date.
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.filter(pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 27)).latest('pub_date', 'expire_date'), a3)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.filter(pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 27)).latest(
+                "pub_date", "expire_date"
+            ),
+            a3,
+        )
         # Latest publication date, earliest expire date.
         self.assertEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 27)).latest('pub_date', '-expire_date'),
+            Article.objects.filter(pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 27)).latest(
+                "pub_date", "-expire_date"
+            ),
             a2,
         )
 
         # Meta.get_latest_by may be a tuple.
-        Article.objects.model._meta.get_latest_by = ('pub_date', 'expire_date')
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.filter(pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 27)).latest(), a3)
+        Article.objects.model._meta.get_latest_by = ("pub_date", "expire_date")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.filter(pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 27)).latest(), a3
+        )
 
     def test_latest_sliced_queryset(self):
-        msg = 'Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken.'
+        msg = "Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             Article.objects.all()[0:5].latest()
 
@@ -168,29 +195,37 @@ class EarliestOrLatestTests(TestCase):
 
 
 class TestFirstLast(TestCase):
-
     def test_first(self):
         p1 = Person.objects.create(name="Bob", birthday=datetime(1950, 1, 1))
         p2 = Person.objects.create(name="Alice", birthday=datetime(1961, 2, 3))
         self.assertEqual(Person.objects.first(), p1)
-        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.order_by('name').first(), p2)
-        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.filter(birthday__lte=datetime(1955, 1, 1)).first(), p1)
-        self.assertIsNone(Person.objects.filter(birthday__lte=datetime(1940, 1, 1)).first())
+        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.order_by("name").first(), p2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Person.objects.filter(birthday__lte=datetime(1955, 1, 1)).first(), p1
+        )
+        self.assertIsNone(
+            Person.objects.filter(birthday__lte=datetime(1940, 1, 1)).first()
+        )
 
     def test_last(self):
         p1 = Person.objects.create(name="Alice", birthday=datetime(1950, 1, 1))
         p2 = Person.objects.create(name="Bob", birthday=datetime(1960, 2, 3))
         # Note: by default PK ordering.
         self.assertEqual(Person.objects.last(), p2)
-        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.order_by('-name').last(), p1)
-        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.filter(birthday__lte=datetime(1955, 1, 1)).last(), p1)
-        self.assertIsNone(Person.objects.filter(birthday__lte=datetime(1940, 1, 1)).last())
+        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.order_by("-name").last(), p1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Person.objects.filter(birthday__lte=datetime(1955, 1, 1)).last(), p1
+        )
+        self.assertIsNone(
+            Person.objects.filter(birthday__lte=datetime(1940, 1, 1)).last()
+        )
 
     def test_index_error_not_suppressed(self):
         """
         #23555 -- Unexpected IndexError exceptions in QuerySet iteration
         shouldn't be suppressed.
         """
+
         def check():
             # We know that we've broken the __iter__ method, so the queryset
             # should always raise an exception.
@@ -205,7 +240,8 @@ class TestFirstLast(TestCase):
 
         # And it does not matter if there are any records in the DB.
         IndexErrorArticle.objects.create(
-            headline="Article 1", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 26),
-            expire_date=datetime(2005, 9, 1)
+            headline="Article 1",
+            pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 26),
+            expire_date=datetime(2005, 9, 1),
         )
         check()
diff --git a/tests/get_object_or_404/models.py b/tests/get_object_or_404/models.py
index 24c6aa975c..d130883c53 100644
--- a/tests/get_object_or_404/models.py
+++ b/tests/get_object_or_404/models.py
@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ class Author(models.Model):
 
 class ArticleManager(models.Manager):
     def get_queryset(self):
-        return super().get_queryset().filter(authors__name__icontains='sir')
+        return super().get_queryset().filter(authors__name__icontains="sir")
 
 
 class AttributeErrorManager(models.Manager):
     def get_queryset(self):
-        raise AttributeError('AttributeErrorManager')
+        raise AttributeError("AttributeErrorManager")
 
 
 class Article(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/get_object_or_404/tests.py b/tests/get_object_or_404/tests.py
index 87bfa6d3ea..5fdceaa04a 100644
--- a/tests/get_object_or_404/tests.py
+++ b/tests/get_object_or_404/tests.py
@@ -18,15 +18,11 @@ class GetObjectOr404Tests(TestCase):
         article = Article.objects.create(title="Run away!")
         article.authors.set([a1, a2])
         # get_object_or_404 can be passed a Model to query.
-        self.assertEqual(
-            get_object_or_404(Article, title__contains="Run"),
-            article
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(get_object_or_404(Article, title__contains="Run"), article)
 
         # We can also use the Article manager through an Author object.
         self.assertEqual(
-            get_object_or_404(a1.article_set, title__contains="Run"),
-            article
+            get_object_or_404(a1.article_set, title__contains="Run"), article
         )
 
         # No articles containing "Camelot". This should raise an Http404 error.
@@ -35,14 +31,12 @@ class GetObjectOr404Tests(TestCase):
 
         # Custom managers can be used too.
         self.assertEqual(
-            get_object_or_404(Article.by_a_sir, title="Run away!"),
-            article
+            get_object_or_404(Article.by_a_sir, title="Run away!"), article
         )
 
         # QuerySets can be used too.
         self.assertEqual(
-            get_object_or_404(Article.objects.all(), title__contains="Run"),
-            article
+            get_object_or_404(Article.objects.all(), title__contains="Run"), article
         )
 
         # Just as when using a get() lookup, you will get an error if more than
@@ -57,8 +51,7 @@ class GetObjectOr404Tests(TestCase):
 
         # get_list_or_404 can be used to get lists of objects
         self.assertEqual(
-            get_list_or_404(a1.article_set, title__icontains="Run"),
-            [article]
+            get_list_or_404(a1.article_set, title__icontains="Run"), [article]
         )
 
         # Http404 is returned if the list is empty.
@@ -67,29 +60,27 @@ class GetObjectOr404Tests(TestCase):
 
         # Custom managers can be used too.
         self.assertEqual(
-            get_list_or_404(Article.by_a_sir, title__icontains="Run"),
-            [article]
+            get_list_or_404(Article.by_a_sir, title__icontains="Run"), [article]
         )
 
         # QuerySets can be used too.
         self.assertEqual(
-            get_list_or_404(Article.objects.all(), title__icontains="Run"),
-            [article]
+            get_list_or_404(Article.objects.all(), title__icontains="Run"), [article]
         )
         # Q objects.
         self.assertEqual(
             get_object_or_404(
                 Article,
-                Q(title__startswith='Run') | Q(title__startswith='Walk'),
-                authors__name__contains='Brave',
+                Q(title__startswith="Run") | Q(title__startswith="Walk"),
+                authors__name__contains="Brave",
             ),
             article,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             get_list_or_404(
                 Article,
-                Q(title__startswith='Run') | Q(title__startswith='Walk'),
-                authors__name='Patsy',
+                Q(title__startswith="Run") | Q(title__startswith="Walk"),
+                authors__name="Patsy",
             ),
             [article],
         )
@@ -115,10 +106,10 @@ class GetObjectOr404Tests(TestCase):
 
     def test_get_object_or_404_queryset_attribute_error(self):
         """AttributeError raised by QuerySet.get() isn't hidden."""
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, 'AttributeErrorManager'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, "AttributeErrorManager"):
             get_object_or_404(Article.attribute_error_objects, id=42)
 
     def test_get_list_or_404_queryset_attribute_error(self):
         """AttributeError raised by QuerySet.filter() isn't hidden."""
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, 'AttributeErrorManager'):
-            get_list_or_404(Article.attribute_error_objects, title__icontains='Run')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, "AttributeErrorManager"):
+            get_list_or_404(Article.attribute_error_objects, title__icontains="Run")
diff --git a/tests/get_or_create/models.py b/tests/get_or_create/models.py
index f00d9c4d38..4b5f081efa 100644
--- a/tests/get_or_create/models.py
+++ b/tests/get_or_create/models.py
@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@ class Author(models.Model):
 
 class Book(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
-    authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author, related_name='books')
+    authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author, related_name="books")
     publisher = models.ForeignKey(
         Publisher,
         models.CASCADE,
-        related_name='books',
+        related_name="books",
         db_column="publisher_id_column",
     )
diff --git a/tests/get_or_create/tests.py b/tests/get_or_create/tests.py
index ea9f137d7d..a774e50bba 100644
--- a/tests/get_or_create/tests.py
+++ b/tests/get_or_create/tests.py
@@ -9,33 +9,39 @@ from django.test import TestCase, TransactionTestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
 from django.utils.functional import lazy
 
 from .models import (
-    Author, Book, DefaultPerson, ManualPrimaryKeyTest, Person, Profile,
-    Publisher, Tag, Thing,
+    Author,
+    Book,
+    DefaultPerson,
+    ManualPrimaryKeyTest,
+    Person,
+    Profile,
+    Publisher,
+    Tag,
+    Thing,
 )
 
 
 class GetOrCreateTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         Person.objects.create(
-            first_name='John', last_name='Lennon', birthday=date(1940, 10, 9)
+            first_name="John", last_name="Lennon", birthday=date(1940, 10, 9)
         )
 
     def test_get_or_create_method_with_get(self):
         created = Person.objects.get_or_create(
-            first_name="John", last_name="Lennon", defaults={
-                "birthday": date(1940, 10, 9)
-            }
+            first_name="John",
+            last_name="Lennon",
+            defaults={"birthday": date(1940, 10, 9)},
         )[1]
         self.assertFalse(created)
         self.assertEqual(Person.objects.count(), 1)
 
     def test_get_or_create_method_with_create(self):
         created = Person.objects.get_or_create(
-            first_name='George', last_name='Harrison', defaults={
-                'birthday': date(1943, 2, 25)
-            }
+            first_name="George",
+            last_name="Harrison",
+            defaults={"birthday": date(1943, 2, 25)},
         )[1]
         self.assertTrue(created)
         self.assertEqual(Person.objects.count(), 2)
@@ -46,14 +52,14 @@ class GetOrCreateTests(TestCase):
         it won't create a Person.
         """
         Person.objects.get_or_create(
-            first_name='George', last_name='Harrison', defaults={
-                'birthday': date(1943, 2, 25)
-            }
+            first_name="George",
+            last_name="Harrison",
+            defaults={"birthday": date(1943, 2, 25)},
         )
         created = Person.objects.get_or_create(
-            first_name='George', last_name='Harrison', defaults={
-                'birthday': date(1943, 2, 25)
-            }
+            first_name="George",
+            last_name="Harrison",
+            defaults={"birthday": date(1943, 2, 25)},
         )[1]
 
         self.assertFalse(created)
@@ -75,8 +81,10 @@ class GetOrCreateTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_get_or_create_with_model_property_defaults(self):
         """Using a property with a setter implemented is allowed."""
-        t, _ = Thing.objects.get_or_create(defaults={'capitalized_name_property': 'annie'}, pk=1)
-        self.assertEqual(t.name, 'Annie')
+        t, _ = Thing.objects.get_or_create(
+            defaults={"capitalized_name_property": "annie"}, pk=1
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(t.name, "Annie")
 
     def test_get_or_create_on_related_manager(self):
         p = Publisher.objects.create(name="Acme Publishing")
@@ -127,11 +135,15 @@ class GetOrCreateTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(fred.books.count(), 1)
 
         # Use the publisher's primary key value instead of a model instance.
-        _, created = ed.books.get_or_create(name='The Great Book of Ed', publisher_id=p.id)
+        _, created = ed.books.get_or_create(
+            name="The Great Book of Ed", publisher_id=p.id
+        )
         self.assertTrue(created)
 
         # Try get_or_create again, this time nothing should be created.
-        _, created = ed.books.get_or_create(name='The Great Book of Ed', publisher_id=p.id)
+        _, created = ed.books.get_or_create(
+            name="The Great Book of Ed", publisher_id=p.id
+        )
         self.assertFalse(created)
 
         # The publisher should have three books.
@@ -143,18 +155,24 @@ class GetOrCreateTests(TestCase):
         lookup, you need to use 'defaults__exact'.
         """
         obj, created = Person.objects.get_or_create(
-            first_name='George', last_name='Harrison', defaults__exact='testing', defaults={
-                'birthday': date(1943, 2, 25),
-                'defaults': 'testing',
-            }
+            first_name="George",
+            last_name="Harrison",
+            defaults__exact="testing",
+            defaults={
+                "birthday": date(1943, 2, 25),
+                "defaults": "testing",
+            },
         )
         self.assertTrue(created)
-        self.assertEqual(obj.defaults, 'testing')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.defaults, "testing")
         obj2, created = Person.objects.get_or_create(
-            first_name='George', last_name='Harrison', defaults__exact='testing', defaults={
-                'birthday': date(1943, 2, 25),
-                'defaults': 'testing',
-            }
+            first_name="George",
+            last_name="Harrison",
+            defaults__exact="testing",
+            defaults={
+                "birthday": date(1943, 2, 25),
+                "defaults": "testing",
+            },
         )
         self.assertFalse(created)
         self.assertEqual(obj, obj2)
@@ -173,23 +191,27 @@ class GetOrCreateTests(TestCase):
     def test_callable_defaults_not_called(self):
         def raise_exception():
             raise AssertionError
+
         obj, created = Person.objects.get_or_create(
-            first_name="John", last_name="Lennon",
+            first_name="John",
+            last_name="Lennon",
             defaults={"birthday": lambda: raise_exception()},
         )
 
     def test_defaults_not_evaluated_unless_needed(self):
         """`defaults` aren't evaluated if the instance isn't created."""
+
         def raise_exception():
             raise AssertionError
+
         obj, created = Person.objects.get_or_create(
-            first_name='John', defaults=lazy(raise_exception, object)(),
+            first_name="John",
+            defaults=lazy(raise_exception, object)(),
         )
         self.assertFalse(created)
 
 
 class GetOrCreateTestsWithManualPKs(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         ManualPrimaryKeyTest.objects.create(id=1, data="Original")
@@ -214,20 +236,20 @@ class GetOrCreateTestsWithManualPKs(TestCase):
             ManualPrimaryKeyTest.objects.get_or_create(id=1, data="Different")
         except IntegrityError:
             formatted_traceback = traceback.format_exc()
-            self.assertIn('obj.save', formatted_traceback)
+            self.assertIn("obj.save", formatted_traceback)
 
     def test_savepoint_rollback(self):
         """
         The database connection is still usable after a DatabaseError in
         get_or_create() (#20463).
         """
-        Tag.objects.create(text='foo')
+        Tag.objects.create(text="foo")
         with self.assertRaises(DatabaseError):
             # pk 123456789 doesn't exist, so the tag object will be created.
             # Saving triggers a unique constraint violation on 'text'.
-            Tag.objects.get_or_create(pk=123456789, defaults={'text': 'foo'})
+            Tag.objects.get_or_create(pk=123456789, defaults={"text": "foo"})
         # Tag objects can be created after the error.
-        Tag.objects.create(text='bar')
+        Tag.objects.create(text="bar")
 
     def test_get_or_create_empty(self):
         """
@@ -239,7 +261,7 @@ class GetOrCreateTestsWithManualPKs(TestCase):
 
 class GetOrCreateTransactionTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['get_or_create']
+    available_apps = ["get_or_create"]
 
     def test_get_or_create_integrityerror(self):
         """
@@ -256,63 +278,61 @@ class GetOrCreateTransactionTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
 
 class GetOrCreateThroughManyToMany(TestCase):
-
     def test_get_get_or_create(self):
-        tag = Tag.objects.create(text='foo')
-        a_thing = Thing.objects.create(name='a')
+        tag = Tag.objects.create(text="foo")
+        a_thing = Thing.objects.create(name="a")
         a_thing.tags.add(tag)
-        obj, created = a_thing.tags.get_or_create(text='foo')
+        obj, created = a_thing.tags.get_or_create(text="foo")
 
         self.assertFalse(created)
         self.assertEqual(obj.pk, tag.pk)
 
     def test_create_get_or_create(self):
-        a_thing = Thing.objects.create(name='a')
-        obj, created = a_thing.tags.get_or_create(text='foo')
+        a_thing = Thing.objects.create(name="a")
+        obj, created = a_thing.tags.get_or_create(text="foo")
 
         self.assertTrue(created)
-        self.assertEqual(obj.text, 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.text, "foo")
         self.assertIn(obj, a_thing.tags.all())
 
     def test_something(self):
-        Tag.objects.create(text='foo')
-        a_thing = Thing.objects.create(name='a')
+        Tag.objects.create(text="foo")
+        a_thing = Thing.objects.create(name="a")
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
-            a_thing.tags.get_or_create(text='foo')
+            a_thing.tags.get_or_create(text="foo")
 
 
 class UpdateOrCreateTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_update(self):
         Person.objects.create(
-            first_name='John', last_name='Lennon', birthday=date(1940, 10, 9)
+            first_name="John", last_name="Lennon", birthday=date(1940, 10, 9)
         )
         p, created = Person.objects.update_or_create(
-            first_name='John', last_name='Lennon', defaults={
-                'birthday': date(1940, 10, 10)
-            }
+            first_name="John",
+            last_name="Lennon",
+            defaults={"birthday": date(1940, 10, 10)},
         )
         self.assertFalse(created)
-        self.assertEqual(p.first_name, 'John')
-        self.assertEqual(p.last_name, 'Lennon')
+        self.assertEqual(p.first_name, "John")
+        self.assertEqual(p.last_name, "Lennon")
         self.assertEqual(p.birthday, date(1940, 10, 10))
 
     def test_create(self):
         p, created = Person.objects.update_or_create(
-            first_name='John', last_name='Lennon', defaults={
-                'birthday': date(1940, 10, 10)
-            }
+            first_name="John",
+            last_name="Lennon",
+            defaults={"birthday": date(1940, 10, 10)},
         )
         self.assertTrue(created)
-        self.assertEqual(p.first_name, 'John')
-        self.assertEqual(p.last_name, 'Lennon')
+        self.assertEqual(p.first_name, "John")
+        self.assertEqual(p.last_name, "Lennon")
         self.assertEqual(p.birthday, date(1940, 10, 10))
 
     def test_create_twice(self):
         params = {
-            'first_name': 'John',
-            'last_name': 'Lennon',
-            'birthday': date(1940, 10, 10),
+            "first_name": "John",
+            "last_name": "Lennon",
+            "birthday": date(1940, 10, 10),
         }
         Person.objects.update_or_create(**params)
         # If we execute the exact same statement, it won't create a Person.
@@ -345,8 +365,10 @@ class UpdateOrCreateTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_update_or_create_with_model_property_defaults(self):
         """Using a property with a setter implemented is allowed."""
-        t, _ = Thing.objects.get_or_create(defaults={'capitalized_name_property': 'annie'}, pk=1)
-        self.assertEqual(t.name, 'Annie')
+        t, _ = Thing.objects.get_or_create(
+            defaults={"capitalized_name_property": "annie"}, pk=1
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(t.name, "Annie")
 
     def test_error_contains_full_traceback(self):
         """
@@ -359,7 +381,7 @@ class UpdateOrCreateTests(TestCase):
             ManualPrimaryKeyTest.objects.update_or_create(id=1, data="Different")
         except IntegrityError:
             formatted_traceback = traceback.format_exc()
-            self.assertIn('obj.save', formatted_traceback)
+            self.assertIn("obj.save", formatted_traceback)
 
     def test_create_with_related_manager(self):
         """
@@ -380,7 +402,7 @@ class UpdateOrCreateTests(TestCase):
         book = Book.objects.create(name="The Book of Ed & Fred", publisher=p)
         self.assertEqual(p.books.count(), 1)
         name = "The Book of Django"
-        book, created = p.books.update_or_create(defaults={'name': name}, id=book.id)
+        book, created = p.books.update_or_create(defaults={"name": name}, id=book.id)
         self.assertFalse(created)
         self.assertEqual(book.name, name)
         self.assertEqual(p.books.count(), 1)
@@ -392,7 +414,9 @@ class UpdateOrCreateTests(TestCase):
         """
         p = Publisher.objects.create(name="Acme Publishing")
         author = Author.objects.create(name="Ted")
-        book, created = author.books.update_or_create(name="The Book of Ed & Fred", publisher=p)
+        book, created = author.books.update_or_create(
+            name="The Book of Ed & Fred", publisher=p
+        )
         self.assertTrue(created)
         self.assertEqual(author.books.count(), 1)
 
@@ -407,7 +431,9 @@ class UpdateOrCreateTests(TestCase):
         book.authors.add(author)
         self.assertEqual(author.books.count(), 1)
         name = "The Book of Django"
-        book, created = author.books.update_or_create(defaults={'name': name}, id=book.id)
+        book, created = author.books.update_or_create(
+            defaults={"name": name}, id=book.id
+        )
         self.assertFalse(created)
         self.assertEqual(book.name, name)
         self.assertEqual(author.books.count(), 1)
@@ -418,73 +444,83 @@ class UpdateOrCreateTests(TestCase):
         lookup, you need to use 'defaults__exact'.
         """
         obj, created = Person.objects.update_or_create(
-            first_name='George', last_name='Harrison', defaults__exact='testing', defaults={
-                'birthday': date(1943, 2, 25),
-                'defaults': 'testing',
-            }
+            first_name="George",
+            last_name="Harrison",
+            defaults__exact="testing",
+            defaults={
+                "birthday": date(1943, 2, 25),
+                "defaults": "testing",
+            },
         )
         self.assertTrue(created)
-        self.assertEqual(obj.defaults, 'testing')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.defaults, "testing")
         obj, created = Person.objects.update_or_create(
-            first_name='George', last_name='Harrison', defaults__exact='testing', defaults={
-                'birthday': date(1943, 2, 25),
-                'defaults': 'another testing',
-            }
+            first_name="George",
+            last_name="Harrison",
+            defaults__exact="testing",
+            defaults={
+                "birthday": date(1943, 2, 25),
+                "defaults": "another testing",
+            },
         )
         self.assertFalse(created)
-        self.assertEqual(obj.defaults, 'another testing')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.defaults, "another testing")
 
     def test_create_callable_default(self):
         obj, created = Person.objects.update_or_create(
-            first_name='George', last_name='Harrison',
-            defaults={'birthday': lambda: date(1943, 2, 25)},
+            first_name="George",
+            last_name="Harrison",
+            defaults={"birthday": lambda: date(1943, 2, 25)},
         )
         self.assertIs(created, True)
         self.assertEqual(obj.birthday, date(1943, 2, 25))
 
     def test_update_callable_default(self):
         Person.objects.update_or_create(
-            first_name='George', last_name='Harrison', birthday=date(1942, 2, 25),
+            first_name="George",
+            last_name="Harrison",
+            birthday=date(1942, 2, 25),
         )
         obj, created = Person.objects.update_or_create(
-            first_name='George',
-            defaults={'last_name': lambda: 'NotHarrison'},
+            first_name="George",
+            defaults={"last_name": lambda: "NotHarrison"},
         )
         self.assertIs(created, False)
-        self.assertEqual(obj.last_name, 'NotHarrison')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.last_name, "NotHarrison")
 
     def test_defaults_not_evaluated_unless_needed(self):
         """`defaults` aren't evaluated if the instance isn't created."""
         Person.objects.create(
-            first_name='John', last_name='Lennon', birthday=date(1940, 10, 9)
+            first_name="John", last_name="Lennon", birthday=date(1940, 10, 9)
         )
 
         def raise_exception():
             raise AssertionError
+
         obj, created = Person.objects.get_or_create(
-            first_name='John', defaults=lazy(raise_exception, object)(),
+            first_name="John",
+            defaults=lazy(raise_exception, object)(),
         )
         self.assertFalse(created)
 
 
 class UpdateOrCreateTestsWithManualPKs(TestCase):
-
     def test_create_with_duplicate_primary_key(self):
         """
         If an existing primary key is specified with different values for other
         fields, then IntegrityError is raised and data isn't updated.
         """
-        ManualPrimaryKeyTest.objects.create(id=1, data='Original')
+        ManualPrimaryKeyTest.objects.create(id=1, data="Original")
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
-            ManualPrimaryKeyTest.objects.update_or_create(id=1, data='Different')
-        self.assertEqual(ManualPrimaryKeyTest.objects.get(id=1).data, 'Original')
+            ManualPrimaryKeyTest.objects.update_or_create(id=1, data="Different")
+        self.assertEqual(ManualPrimaryKeyTest.objects.get(id=1).data, "Original")
 
 
 class UpdateOrCreateTransactionTests(TransactionTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['get_or_create']
+    available_apps = ["get_or_create"]
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_transactions')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update")
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_transactions")
     def test_updates_in_transaction(self):
         """
         Objects are selected and updated in a transaction to avoid race
@@ -493,16 +529,16 @@ class UpdateOrCreateTransactionTests(TransactionTestCase):
         while it holds the lock. The updated field isn't a field in 'defaults',
         so update_or_create() shouldn't have an effect on it.
         """
-        lock_status = {'has_grabbed_lock': False}
+        lock_status = {"has_grabbed_lock": False}
 
         def birthday_sleep():
-            lock_status['has_grabbed_lock'] = True
+            lock_status["has_grabbed_lock"] = True
             time.sleep(0.5)
             return date(1940, 10, 10)
 
         def update_birthday_slowly():
             Person.objects.update_or_create(
-                first_name='John', defaults={'birthday': birthday_sleep}
+                first_name="John", defaults={"birthday": birthday_sleep}
             )
             # Avoid leaking connection for Oracle
             connection.close()
@@ -511,11 +547,13 @@ class UpdateOrCreateTransactionTests(TransactionTestCase):
             # timeout after ~0.5 seconds
             for i in range(20):
                 time.sleep(0.025)
-                if lock_status['has_grabbed_lock']:
+                if lock_status["has_grabbed_lock"]:
                     return True
             return False
 
-        Person.objects.create(first_name='John', last_name='Lennon', birthday=date(1940, 10, 9))
+        Person.objects.create(
+            first_name="John", last_name="Lennon", birthday=date(1940, 10, 9)
+        )
 
         # update_or_create in a separate thread
         t = Thread(target=update_birthday_slowly)
@@ -523,22 +561,22 @@ class UpdateOrCreateTransactionTests(TransactionTestCase):
         t.start()
 
         if not lock_wait():
-            self.skipTest('Database took too long to lock the row')
+            self.skipTest("Database took too long to lock the row")
 
         # Update during lock
-        Person.objects.filter(first_name='John').update(last_name='NotLennon')
+        Person.objects.filter(first_name="John").update(last_name="NotLennon")
         after_update = datetime.now()
 
         # Wait for thread to finish
         t.join()
 
         # The update remains and it blocked.
-        updated_person = Person.objects.get(first_name='John')
+        updated_person = Person.objects.get(first_name="John")
         self.assertGreater(after_update - before_start, timedelta(seconds=0.5))
-        self.assertEqual(updated_person.last_name, 'NotLennon')
+        self.assertEqual(updated_person.last_name, "NotLennon")
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_transactions')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update")
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_transactions")
     def test_creation_in_transaction(self):
         """
         Objects are selected and updated in a transaction to avoid race
@@ -550,16 +588,18 @@ class UpdateOrCreateTransactionTests(TransactionTestCase):
         can update while it holds the lock. The updated field isn't a field in
         'defaults', so update_or_create() shouldn't have an effect on it.
         """
-        lock_status = {'lock_count': 0}
+        lock_status = {"lock_count": 0}
 
         def birthday_sleep():
-            lock_status['lock_count'] += 1
+            lock_status["lock_count"] += 1
             time.sleep(0.5)
             return date(1940, 10, 10)
 
         def update_birthday_slowly():
             try:
-                Person.objects.update_or_create(first_name='John', defaults={'birthday': birthday_sleep})
+                Person.objects.update_or_create(
+                    first_name="John", defaults={"birthday": birthday_sleep}
+                )
             finally:
                 # Avoid leaking connection for Oracle
                 connection.close()
@@ -568,9 +608,9 @@ class UpdateOrCreateTransactionTests(TransactionTestCase):
             # timeout after ~0.5 seconds
             for i in range(20):
                 time.sleep(0.025)
-                if lock_status['lock_count'] == expected_lock_count:
+                if lock_status["lock_count"] == expected_lock_count:
                     return True
-            self.skipTest('Database took too long to lock the row')
+            self.skipTest("Database took too long to lock the row")
 
         # update_or_create in a separate thread.
         t = Thread(target=update_birthday_slowly)
@@ -579,53 +619,67 @@ class UpdateOrCreateTransactionTests(TransactionTestCase):
         lock_wait(1)
         # Create object *after* initial attempt by update_or_create to get obj
         # but before creation attempt.
-        Person.objects.create(first_name='John', last_name='Lennon', birthday=date(1940, 10, 9))
+        Person.objects.create(
+            first_name="John", last_name="Lennon", birthday=date(1940, 10, 9)
+        )
         lock_wait(2)
         # At this point, the thread is pausing for 0.5 seconds, so now attempt
         # to modify object before update_or_create() calls save(). This should
         # be blocked until after the save().
-        Person.objects.filter(first_name='John').update(last_name='NotLennon')
+        Person.objects.filter(first_name="John").update(last_name="NotLennon")
         after_update = datetime.now()
         # Wait for thread to finish
         t.join()
         # Check call to update_or_create() succeeded and the subsequent
         # (blocked) call to update().
-        updated_person = Person.objects.get(first_name='John')
-        self.assertEqual(updated_person.birthday, date(1940, 10, 10))  # set by update_or_create()
-        self.assertEqual(updated_person.last_name, 'NotLennon')        # set by update()
+        updated_person = Person.objects.get(first_name="John")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            updated_person.birthday, date(1940, 10, 10)
+        )  # set by update_or_create()
+        self.assertEqual(updated_person.last_name, "NotLennon")  # set by update()
         self.assertGreater(after_update - before_start, timedelta(seconds=1))
 
 
 class InvalidCreateArgumentsTests(TransactionTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['get_or_create']
+    available_apps = ["get_or_create"]
     msg = "Invalid field name(s) for model Thing: 'nonexistent'."
-    bad_field_msg = "Cannot resolve keyword 'nonexistent' into field. Choices are: id, name, tags"
+    bad_field_msg = (
+        "Cannot resolve keyword 'nonexistent' into field. Choices are: id, name, tags"
+    )
 
     def test_get_or_create_with_invalid_defaults(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, self.msg):
-            Thing.objects.get_or_create(name='a', defaults={'nonexistent': 'b'})
+            Thing.objects.get_or_create(name="a", defaults={"nonexistent": "b"})
 
     def test_get_or_create_with_invalid_kwargs(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, self.bad_field_msg):
-            Thing.objects.get_or_create(name='a', nonexistent='b')
+            Thing.objects.get_or_create(name="a", nonexistent="b")
 
     def test_update_or_create_with_invalid_defaults(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, self.msg):
-            Thing.objects.update_or_create(name='a', defaults={'nonexistent': 'b'})
+            Thing.objects.update_or_create(name="a", defaults={"nonexistent": "b"})
 
     def test_update_or_create_with_invalid_kwargs(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, self.bad_field_msg):
-            Thing.objects.update_or_create(name='a', nonexistent='b')
+            Thing.objects.update_or_create(name="a", nonexistent="b")
 
     def test_multiple_invalid_fields(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, self.bad_field_msg):
-            Thing.objects.update_or_create(name='a', nonexistent='b', defaults={'invalid': 'c'})
+            Thing.objects.update_or_create(
+                name="a", nonexistent="b", defaults={"invalid": "c"}
+            )
 
     def test_property_attribute_without_setter_defaults(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, "Invalid field name(s) for model Thing: 'name_in_all_caps'"):
-            Thing.objects.update_or_create(name='a', defaults={'name_in_all_caps': 'FRANK'})
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldError, "Invalid field name(s) for model Thing: 'name_in_all_caps'"
+        ):
+            Thing.objects.update_or_create(
+                name="a", defaults={"name_in_all_caps": "FRANK"}
+            )
 
     def test_property_attribute_without_setter_kwargs(self):
         msg = "Cannot resolve keyword 'name_in_all_caps' into field. Choices are: id, name, tags"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
-            Thing.objects.update_or_create(name_in_all_caps='FRANK', defaults={'name': 'Frank'})
+            Thing.objects.update_or_create(
+                name_in_all_caps="FRANK", defaults={"name": "Frank"}
+            )
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/distapp/tests.py b/tests/gis_tests/distapp/tests.py
index 244c99a1d7..a28a698a81 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/distapp/tests.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/distapp/tests.py
@@ -1,32 +1,52 @@
 from django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions import (
-    Area, Distance, Length, Perimeter, Transform, Union,
+    Area,
+    Distance,
+    Length,
+    Perimeter,
+    Transform,
+    Union,
 )
 from django.contrib.gis.geos import GEOSGeometry, LineString, Point
 from django.contrib.gis.measure import D  # alias for Distance
 from django.db import NotSupportedError, connection
 from django.db.models import (
-    Case, Count, Exists, F, IntegerField, OuterRef, Q, Value, When,
+    Case,
+    Count,
+    Exists,
+    F,
+    IntegerField,
+    OuterRef,
+    Q,
+    Value,
+    When,
 )
 from django.test import TestCase, skipIfDBFeature, skipUnlessDBFeature
 
 from ..utils import FuncTestMixin
 from .models import (
-    AustraliaCity, CensusZipcode, Interstate, SouthTexasCity, SouthTexasCityFt,
-    SouthTexasInterstate, SouthTexasZipcode,
+    AustraliaCity,
+    CensusZipcode,
+    Interstate,
+    SouthTexasCity,
+    SouthTexasCityFt,
+    SouthTexasInterstate,
+    SouthTexasZipcode,
 )
 
 
 class DistanceTest(TestCase):
-    fixtures = ['initial']
+    fixtures = ["initial"]
 
     def setUp(self):
         # A point we are testing distances with -- using a WGS84
         # coordinate that'll be implicitly transformed to that to
         # the coordinate system of the field, EPSG:32140 (Texas South Central
         # w/units in meters)
-        self.stx_pnt = GEOSGeometry('POINT (-95.370401017314293 29.704867409475465)', 4326)
+        self.stx_pnt = GEOSGeometry(
+            "POINT (-95.370401017314293 29.704867409475465)", 4326
+        )
         # Another one for Australia
-        self.au_pnt = GEOSGeometry('POINT (150.791 -34.4919)', 4326)
+        self.au_pnt = GEOSGeometry("POINT (150.791 -34.4919)", 4326)
 
     def get_names(self, qs):
         cities = [c.name for c in qs]
@@ -57,8 +77,8 @@ class DistanceTest(TestCase):
         au_dists = [(0.5, 32000), D(km=32), D(mi=19.884)]
 
         # Expected cities for Australia and Texas.
-        tx_cities = ['Downtown Houston', 'Southside Place']
-        au_cities = ['Mittagong', 'Shellharbour', 'Thirroul', 'Wollongong']
+        tx_cities = ["Downtown Houston", "Southside Place"]
+        au_cities = ["Mittagong", "Shellharbour", "Thirroul", "Wollongong"]
 
         # Performing distance queries on two projected coordinate systems one
         # with units in meters and the other in units of U.S. survey feet.
@@ -74,7 +94,9 @@ class DistanceTest(TestCase):
                     self.assertEqual(tx_cities, self.get_names(qs))
 
         # With a complex geometry expression
-        self.assertFalse(SouthTexasCity.objects.exclude(point__dwithin=(Union('point', 'point'), 0)))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            SouthTexasCity.objects.exclude(point__dwithin=(Union("point", "point"), 0))
+        )
 
         # Now performing the `dwithin` queries on a geodetic coordinate system.
         for dist in au_dists:
@@ -89,15 +111,20 @@ class DistanceTest(TestCase):
                         dist = dist[0]
 
                 # Creating the query set.
-                qs = AustraliaCity.objects.order_by('name')
+                qs = AustraliaCity.objects.order_by("name")
                 if type_error:
                     # A ValueError should be raised on PostGIS when trying to
                     # pass Distance objects into a DWithin query using a
                     # geodetic field.
                     with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-                        AustraliaCity.objects.filter(point__dwithin=(self.au_pnt, dist)).count()
+                        AustraliaCity.objects.filter(
+                            point__dwithin=(self.au_pnt, dist)
+                        ).count()
                 else:
-                    self.assertEqual(au_cities, self.get_names(qs.filter(point__dwithin=(self.au_pnt, dist))))
+                    self.assertEqual(
+                        au_cities,
+                        self.get_names(qs.filter(point__dwithin=(self.au_pnt, dist))),
+                    )
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_distances_lookups")
     def test_distance_lookups(self):
@@ -108,20 +135,26 @@ class DistanceTest(TestCase):
         # (thus, Houston and Southside place will be excluded as tested in
         # the `test02_dwithin` above).
         for model in [SouthTexasCity, SouthTexasCityFt]:
-            stx_pnt = self.stx_pnt.transform(model._meta.get_field('point').srid, clone=True)
+            stx_pnt = self.stx_pnt.transform(
+                model._meta.get_field("point").srid, clone=True
+            )
             qs = model.objects.filter(point__distance_gte=(stx_pnt, D(km=7))).filter(
                 point__distance_lte=(stx_pnt, D(km=20)),
             )
             cities = self.get_names(qs)
-            self.assertEqual(cities, ['Bellaire', 'Pearland', 'West University Place'])
+            self.assertEqual(cities, ["Bellaire", "Pearland", "West University Place"])
 
         # Doing a distance query using Polygons instead of a Point.
-        z = SouthTexasZipcode.objects.get(name='77005')
-        qs = SouthTexasZipcode.objects.exclude(name='77005').filter(poly__distance_lte=(z.poly, D(m=275)))
-        self.assertEqual(['77025', '77401'], self.get_names(qs))
+        z = SouthTexasZipcode.objects.get(name="77005")
+        qs = SouthTexasZipcode.objects.exclude(name="77005").filter(
+            poly__distance_lte=(z.poly, D(m=275))
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(["77025", "77401"], self.get_names(qs))
         # If we add a little more distance 77002 should be included.
-        qs = SouthTexasZipcode.objects.exclude(name='77005').filter(poly__distance_lte=(z.poly, D(m=300)))
-        self.assertEqual(['77002', '77025', '77401'], self.get_names(qs))
+        qs = SouthTexasZipcode.objects.exclude(name="77005").filter(
+            poly__distance_lte=(z.poly, D(m=300))
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(["77002", "77025", "77401"], self.get_names(qs))
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_distances_lookups", "supports_distance_geodetic")
     def test_geodetic_distance_lookups(self):
@@ -130,12 +163,18 @@ class DistanceTest(TestCase):
         """
         # Line is from Canberra to Sydney.  Query is for all other cities within
         # a 100km of that line (which should exclude only Hobart & Adelaide).
-        line = GEOSGeometry('LINESTRING(144.9630 -37.8143,151.2607 -33.8870)', 4326)
+        line = GEOSGeometry("LINESTRING(144.9630 -37.8143,151.2607 -33.8870)", 4326)
         dist_qs = AustraliaCity.objects.filter(point__distance_lte=(line, D(km=100)))
         expected_cities = [
-            'Batemans Bay', 'Canberra', 'Hillsdale',
-            'Melbourne', 'Mittagong', 'Shellharbour',
-            'Sydney', 'Thirroul', 'Wollongong',
+            "Batemans Bay",
+            "Canberra",
+            "Hillsdale",
+            "Melbourne",
+            "Mittagong",
+            "Shellharbour",
+            "Sydney",
+            "Thirroul",
+            "Wollongong",
         ]
         if connection.ops.spatialite:
             # SpatiaLite is less accurate and returns 102.8km for Batemans Bay.
@@ -144,141 +183,185 @@ class DistanceTest(TestCase):
 
         msg = "2, 3, or 4-element tuple required for 'distance_lte' lookup."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):  # Too many params.
-            len(AustraliaCity.objects.filter(point__distance_lte=('POINT(5 23)', D(km=100), 'spheroid', '4', None)))
+            len(
+                AustraliaCity.objects.filter(
+                    point__distance_lte=(
+                        "POINT(5 23)",
+                        D(km=100),
+                        "spheroid",
+                        "4",
+                        None,
+                    )
+                )
+            )
 
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):  # Too few params.
-            len(AustraliaCity.objects.filter(point__distance_lte=('POINT(5 23)',)))
+            len(AustraliaCity.objects.filter(point__distance_lte=("POINT(5 23)",)))
 
         msg = "For 4-element tuples the last argument must be the 'spheroid' directive."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            len(AustraliaCity.objects.filter(point__distance_lte=('POINT(5 23)', D(km=100), 'spheroid', '4')))
+            len(
+                AustraliaCity.objects.filter(
+                    point__distance_lte=("POINT(5 23)", D(km=100), "spheroid", "4")
+                )
+            )
 
         # Getting all cities w/in 550 miles of Hobart.
-        hobart = AustraliaCity.objects.get(name='Hobart')
-        qs = AustraliaCity.objects.exclude(name='Hobart').filter(point__distance_lte=(hobart.point, D(mi=550)))
+        hobart = AustraliaCity.objects.get(name="Hobart")
+        qs = AustraliaCity.objects.exclude(name="Hobart").filter(
+            point__distance_lte=(hobart.point, D(mi=550))
+        )
         cities = self.get_names(qs)
-        self.assertEqual(cities, ['Batemans Bay', 'Canberra', 'Melbourne'])
+        self.assertEqual(cities, ["Batemans Bay", "Canberra", "Melbourne"])
 
         # Cities that are either really close or really far from Wollongong --
         # and using different units of distance.
-        wollongong = AustraliaCity.objects.get(name='Wollongong')
+        wollongong = AustraliaCity.objects.get(name="Wollongong")
         d1, d2 = D(yd=19500), D(nm=400)  # Yards (~17km) & Nautical miles.
 
         # Normal geodetic distance lookup (uses `distance_sphere` on PostGIS.
         gq1 = Q(point__distance_lte=(wollongong.point, d1))
         gq2 = Q(point__distance_gte=(wollongong.point, d2))
-        qs1 = AustraliaCity.objects.exclude(name='Wollongong').filter(gq1 | gq2)
+        qs1 = AustraliaCity.objects.exclude(name="Wollongong").filter(gq1 | gq2)
 
         # Geodetic distance lookup but telling GeoDjango to use `distance_spheroid`
         # instead (we should get the same results b/c accuracy variance won't matter
         # in this test case).
         querysets = [qs1]
         if connection.features.has_DistanceSpheroid_function:
-            gq3 = Q(point__distance_lte=(wollongong.point, d1, 'spheroid'))
-            gq4 = Q(point__distance_gte=(wollongong.point, d2, 'spheroid'))
-            qs2 = AustraliaCity.objects.exclude(name='Wollongong').filter(gq3 | gq4)
+            gq3 = Q(point__distance_lte=(wollongong.point, d1, "spheroid"))
+            gq4 = Q(point__distance_gte=(wollongong.point, d2, "spheroid"))
+            qs2 = AustraliaCity.objects.exclude(name="Wollongong").filter(gq3 | gq4)
             querysets.append(qs2)
 
         for qs in querysets:
             cities = self.get_names(qs)
-            self.assertEqual(cities, ['Adelaide', 'Hobart', 'Shellharbour', 'Thirroul'])
+            self.assertEqual(cities, ["Adelaide", "Hobart", "Shellharbour", "Thirroul"])
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_distances_lookups")
     def test_distance_lookups_with_expression_rhs(self):
-        stx_pnt = self.stx_pnt.transform(SouthTexasCity._meta.get_field('point').srid, clone=True)
+        stx_pnt = self.stx_pnt.transform(
+            SouthTexasCity._meta.get_field("point").srid, clone=True
+        )
         qs = SouthTexasCity.objects.filter(
-            point__distance_lte=(stx_pnt, F('radius')),
-        ).order_by('name')
+            point__distance_lte=(stx_pnt, F("radius")),
+        ).order_by("name")
         self.assertEqual(
             self.get_names(qs),
-            ['Bellaire', 'Downtown Houston', 'Southside Place', 'West University Place']
+            [
+                "Bellaire",
+                "Downtown Houston",
+                "Southside Place",
+                "West University Place",
+            ],
         )
 
         # With a combined expression
         qs = SouthTexasCity.objects.filter(
-            point__distance_lte=(stx_pnt, F('radius') * 2),
-        ).order_by('name')
+            point__distance_lte=(stx_pnt, F("radius") * 2),
+        ).order_by("name")
         self.assertEqual(len(qs), 5)
-        self.assertIn('Pearland', self.get_names(qs))
+        self.assertIn("Pearland", self.get_names(qs))
 
         # With spheroid param
         if connection.features.supports_distance_geodetic:
-            hobart = AustraliaCity.objects.get(name='Hobart')
+            hobart = AustraliaCity.objects.get(name="Hobart")
             AustraliaCity.objects.update(ref_point=hobart.point)
-            for ref_point in [hobart.point, F('ref_point')]:
+            for ref_point in [hobart.point, F("ref_point")]:
                 qs = AustraliaCity.objects.filter(
-                    point__distance_lte=(ref_point, F('radius') * 70, 'spheroid'),
-                ).order_by('name')
-                self.assertEqual(self.get_names(qs), ['Canberra', 'Hobart', 'Melbourne'])
+                    point__distance_lte=(ref_point, F("radius") * 70, "spheroid"),
+                ).order_by("name")
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    self.get_names(qs), ["Canberra", "Hobart", "Melbourne"]
+                )
 
         # With a complex geometry expression
-        self.assertFalse(SouthTexasCity.objects.filter(point__distance_gt=(Union('point', 'point'), 0)))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            SouthTexasCity.objects.filter(
+                point__distance_gt=(Union("point", "point"), 0)
+            )
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
-            SouthTexasCity.objects.filter(point__distance_lte=(Union('point', 'point'), 0)).count(),
+            SouthTexasCity.objects.filter(
+                point__distance_lte=(Union("point", "point"), 0)
+            ).count(),
             SouthTexasCity.objects.count(),
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_distances_lookups')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_distances_lookups")
     def test_distance_annotation_group_by(self):
         stx_pnt = self.stx_pnt.transform(
-            SouthTexasCity._meta.get_field('point').srid,
+            SouthTexasCity._meta.get_field("point").srid,
             clone=True,
         )
-        qs = SouthTexasCity.objects.annotate(
-            relative_distance=Case(
-                When(point__distance_lte=(stx_pnt, D(km=20)), then=Value(20)),
-                default=Value(100),
-                output_field=IntegerField(),
-            ),
-        ).values('relative_distance').annotate(count=Count('pk'))
-        self.assertCountEqual(qs, [
-            {'relative_distance': 20, 'count': 5},
-            {'relative_distance': 100, 'count': 4},
-        ])
+        qs = (
+            SouthTexasCity.objects.annotate(
+                relative_distance=Case(
+                    When(point__distance_lte=(stx_pnt, D(km=20)), then=Value(20)),
+                    default=Value(100),
+                    output_field=IntegerField(),
+                ),
+            )
+            .values("relative_distance")
+            .annotate(count=Count("pk"))
+        )
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                {"relative_distance": 20, "count": 5},
+                {"relative_distance": 100, "count": 4},
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_mysql_geodetic_distance_error(self):
         if not connection.ops.mysql:
-            self.skipTest('This is a MySQL-specific test.')
-        msg = 'Only numeric values of degree units are allowed on geodetic distance queries.'
+            self.skipTest("This is a MySQL-specific test.")
+        msg = "Only numeric values of degree units are allowed on geodetic distance queries."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            AustraliaCity.objects.filter(point__distance_lte=(Point(0, 0), D(m=100))).exists()
+            AustraliaCity.objects.filter(
+                point__distance_lte=(Point(0, 0), D(m=100))
+            ).exists()
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_dwithin_lookup')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_dwithin_lookup")
     def test_dwithin_subquery(self):
         """dwithin lookup in a subquery using OuterRef as a parameter."""
         qs = CensusZipcode.objects.annotate(
-            annotated_value=Exists(SouthTexasCity.objects.filter(
-                point__dwithin=(OuterRef('poly'), D(m=10)),
-            ))
+            annotated_value=Exists(
+                SouthTexasCity.objects.filter(
+                    point__dwithin=(OuterRef("poly"), D(m=10)),
+                )
+            )
         ).filter(annotated_value=True)
-        self.assertEqual(self.get_names(qs), ['77002', '77025', '77401'])
+        self.assertEqual(self.get_names(qs), ["77002", "77025", "77401"])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_dwithin_lookup', 'supports_dwithin_distance_expr')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_dwithin_lookup", "supports_dwithin_distance_expr")
     def test_dwithin_with_expression_rhs(self):
         # LineString of Wollongong and Adelaide coords.
         ls = LineString(((150.902, -34.4245), (138.6, -34.9258)), srid=4326)
         qs = AustraliaCity.objects.filter(
-            point__dwithin=(ls, F('allowed_distance')),
-        ).order_by('name')
+            point__dwithin=(ls, F("allowed_distance")),
+        ).order_by("name")
         self.assertEqual(
             self.get_names(qs),
-            ['Adelaide', 'Mittagong', 'Shellharbour', 'Thirroul', 'Wollongong'],
+            ["Adelaide", "Mittagong", "Shellharbour", "Thirroul", "Wollongong"],
         )
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_dwithin_distance_expr')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_dwithin_distance_expr")
     def test_dwithin_with_expression_rhs_not_supported(self):
         ls = LineString(((150.902, -34.4245), (138.6, -34.9258)), srid=4326)
         msg = (
-            'This backend does not support expressions for specifying '
-            'distance in the dwithin lookup.'
+            "This backend does not support expressions for specifying "
+            "distance in the dwithin lookup."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
-            list(AustraliaCity.objects.filter(
-                point__dwithin=(ls, F('allowed_distance')),
-            ))
+            list(
+                AustraliaCity.objects.filter(
+                    point__dwithin=(ls, F("allowed_distance")),
+                )
+            )
 
 
-'''
+"""
 =============================
 Distance functions on PostGIS
 =============================
@@ -310,20 +393,27 @@ ST_Distance(geom1, geom2, use_ellipsoid=False)  |    N/A             |      OK (
 
 Perimeter(geom1)                                |    OK              |      :-( (degrees)
 
-'''  # NOQA
+"""  # NOQA
 
 
 class DistanceFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
-    fixtures = ['initial']
+    fixtures = ["initial"]
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_Area_function")
     def test_area(self):
         # Reference queries:
         # SELECT ST_Area(poly) FROM distapp_southtexaszipcode;
-        area_sq_m = [5437908.90234375, 10183031.4389648, 11254471.0073242, 9881708.91772461]
+        area_sq_m = [
+            5437908.90234375,
+            10183031.4389648,
+            11254471.0073242,
+            9881708.91772461,
+        ]
         # Tolerance has to be lower for Oracle
         tol = 2
-        for i, z in enumerate(SouthTexasZipcode.objects.annotate(area=Area('poly')).order_by('name')):
+        for i, z in enumerate(
+            SouthTexasZipcode.objects.annotate(area=Area("poly")).order_by("name")
+        ):
             self.assertAlmostEqual(area_sq_m[i], z.area.sq_m, tol)
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_Distance_function")
@@ -332,14 +422,14 @@ class DistanceFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
         Test a simple distance query, with projected coordinates and without
         transformation.
         """
-        lagrange = GEOSGeometry('POINT(805066.295722839 4231496.29461335)', 32140)
-        houston = SouthTexasCity.objects.annotate(dist=Distance('point', lagrange)).order_by('id').first()
-        tol = 2 if connection.ops.oracle else 5
-        self.assertAlmostEqual(
-            houston.dist.m,
-            147075.069813,
-            tol
+        lagrange = GEOSGeometry("POINT(805066.295722839 4231496.29461335)", 32140)
+        houston = (
+            SouthTexasCity.objects.annotate(dist=Distance("point", lagrange))
+            .order_by("id")
+            .first()
         )
+        tol = 2 if connection.ops.oracle else 5
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(houston.dist.m, 147075.069813, tol)
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_Distance_function", "has_Transform_function")
     def test_distance_projected(self):
@@ -347,24 +437,44 @@ class DistanceFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
         Test the `Distance` function on projected coordinate systems.
         """
         # The point for La Grange, TX
-        lagrange = GEOSGeometry('POINT(-96.876369 29.905320)', 4326)
+        lagrange = GEOSGeometry("POINT(-96.876369 29.905320)", 4326)
         # Reference distances in feet and in meters. Got these values from
         # using the provided raw SQL statements.
         #  SELECT ST_Distance(point, ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-96.876369 29.905320)', 4326), 32140))
         #  FROM distapp_southtexascity;
-        m_distances = [147075.069813, 139630.198056, 140888.552826,
-                       138809.684197, 158309.246259, 212183.594374,
-                       70870.188967, 165337.758878, 139196.085105]
+        m_distances = [
+            147075.069813,
+            139630.198056,
+            140888.552826,
+            138809.684197,
+            158309.246259,
+            212183.594374,
+            70870.188967,
+            165337.758878,
+            139196.085105,
+        ]
         #  SELECT ST_Distance(point, ST_Transform(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-96.876369 29.905320)', 4326), 2278))
         #  FROM distapp_southtexascityft;
-        ft_distances = [482528.79154625, 458103.408123001, 462231.860397575,
-                        455411.438904354, 519386.252102563, 696139.009211594,
-                        232513.278304279, 542445.630586414, 456679.155883207]
+        ft_distances = [
+            482528.79154625,
+            458103.408123001,
+            462231.860397575,
+            455411.438904354,
+            519386.252102563,
+            696139.009211594,
+            232513.278304279,
+            542445.630586414,
+            456679.155883207,
+        ]
 
         # Testing using different variations of parameters and using models
         # with different projected coordinate systems.
-        dist1 = SouthTexasCity.objects.annotate(distance=Distance('point', lagrange)).order_by('id')
-        dist2 = SouthTexasCityFt.objects.annotate(distance=Distance('point', lagrange)).order_by('id')
+        dist1 = SouthTexasCity.objects.annotate(
+            distance=Distance("point", lagrange)
+        ).order_by("id")
+        dist2 = SouthTexasCityFt.objects.annotate(
+            distance=Distance("point", lagrange)
+        ).order_by("id")
         dist_qs = [dist1, dist2]
 
         # Ensuring expected distances are returned for each distance queryset.
@@ -386,10 +496,22 @@ class DistanceFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
         # Reference query:
         #  SELECT ST_distance_sphere(point, ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(150.9020 -34.4245,150.8700 -34.5789)', 4326))
         #  FROM distapp_australiacity ORDER BY name;
-        distances = [1120954.92533513, 140575.720018241, 640396.662906304,
-                     60580.9693849269, 972807.955955075, 568451.8357838,
-                     40435.4335201384, 0, 68272.3896586844, 12375.0643697706, 0]
-        qs = AustraliaCity.objects.annotate(distance=Distance('point', ls)).order_by('name')
+        distances = [
+            1120954.92533513,
+            140575.720018241,
+            640396.662906304,
+            60580.9693849269,
+            972807.955955075,
+            568451.8357838,
+            40435.4335201384,
+            0,
+            68272.3896586844,
+            12375.0643697706,
+            0,
+        ]
+        qs = AustraliaCity.objects.annotate(distance=Distance("point", ls)).order_by(
+            "name"
+        )
         for city, distance in zip(qs, distances):
             with self.subTest(city=city, distance=distance):
                 # Testing equivalence to within a meter (kilometer on SpatiaLite).
@@ -406,30 +528,46 @@ class DistanceFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
         #  SELECT ST_distance_sphere(point, ST_GeomFromText('POINT(151.231341 -33.952685)', 4326))
         #  FROM distapp_australiacity WHERE (NOT (id = 11));  st_distance_sphere
         spheroid_distances = [
-            60504.0628957201, 77023.9489850262, 49154.8867574404,
-            90847.4358768573, 217402.811919332, 709599.234564757,
-            640011.483550888, 7772.00667991925, 1047861.78619339,
+            60504.0628957201,
+            77023.9489850262,
+            49154.8867574404,
+            90847.4358768573,
+            217402.811919332,
+            709599.234564757,
+            640011.483550888,
+            7772.00667991925,
+            1047861.78619339,
             1165126.55236034,
         ]
         sphere_distances = [
-            60580.9693849267, 77144.0435286473, 49199.4415344719,
-            90804.7533823494, 217713.384600405, 709134.127242793,
-            639828.157159169, 7786.82949717788, 1049204.06569028,
+            60580.9693849267,
+            77144.0435286473,
+            49199.4415344719,
+            90804.7533823494,
+            217713.384600405,
+            709134.127242793,
+            639828.157159169,
+            7786.82949717788,
+            1049204.06569028,
             1162623.7238134,
         ]
         # Testing with spheroid distances first.
-        hillsdale = AustraliaCity.objects.get(name='Hillsdale')
-        qs = AustraliaCity.objects.exclude(id=hillsdale.id).annotate(
-            distance=Distance('point', hillsdale.point, spheroid=True)
-        ).order_by('id')
+        hillsdale = AustraliaCity.objects.get(name="Hillsdale")
+        qs = (
+            AustraliaCity.objects.exclude(id=hillsdale.id)
+            .annotate(distance=Distance("point", hillsdale.point, spheroid=True))
+            .order_by("id")
+        )
         for i, c in enumerate(qs):
             with self.subTest(c=c):
                 self.assertAlmostEqual(spheroid_distances[i], c.distance.m, tol)
         if connection.ops.postgis or connection.ops.spatialite:
             # PostGIS uses sphere-only distances by default, testing these as well.
-            qs = AustraliaCity.objects.exclude(id=hillsdale.id).annotate(
-                distance=Distance('point', hillsdale.point)
-            ).order_by('id')
+            qs = (
+                AustraliaCity.objects.exclude(id=hillsdale.id)
+                .annotate(distance=Distance("point", hillsdale.point))
+                .order_by("id")
+            )
             for i, c in enumerate(qs):
                 with self.subTest(c=c):
                     self.assertAlmostEqual(sphere_distances[i], c.distance.m, tol)
@@ -437,9 +575,13 @@ class DistanceFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
     @skipIfDBFeature("supports_distance_geodetic")
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_Distance_function")
     def test_distance_function_raw_result(self):
-        distance = Interstate.objects.annotate(
-            d=Distance(Point(0, 0, srid=4326), Point(0, 1, srid=4326)),
-        ).first().d
+        distance = (
+            Interstate.objects.annotate(
+                d=Distance(Point(0, 0, srid=4326), Point(0, 1, srid=4326)),
+            )
+            .first()
+            .d
+        )
         self.assertEqual(distance, 1)
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_Distance_function")
@@ -449,29 +591,37 @@ class DistanceFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
         ).filter(d=D(m=1))
         self.assertTrue(qs.exists())
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_tolerance_parameter')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_tolerance_parameter")
     def test_distance_function_tolerance_escaping(self):
-        qs = Interstate.objects.annotate(
-            d=Distance(
-                Point(500, 500, srid=3857),
-                Point(0, 0, srid=3857),
-                tolerance='0.05) = 1 OR 1=1 OR (1+1',
-            ),
-        ).filter(d=D(m=1)).values('pk')
-        msg = 'The tolerance parameter has the wrong type'
+        qs = (
+            Interstate.objects.annotate(
+                d=Distance(
+                    Point(500, 500, srid=3857),
+                    Point(0, 0, srid=3857),
+                    tolerance="0.05) = 1 OR 1=1 OR (1+1",
+                ),
+            )
+            .filter(d=D(m=1))
+            .values("pk")
+        )
+        msg = "The tolerance parameter has the wrong type"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             qs.exists()
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_tolerance_parameter')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_tolerance_parameter")
     def test_distance_function_tolerance(self):
         # Tolerance is greater than distance.
-        qs = Interstate.objects.annotate(
-            d=Distance(
-                Point(0, 0, srid=3857),
-                Point(1, 1, srid=3857),
-                tolerance=1.5,
-            ),
-        ).filter(d=0).values('pk')
+        qs = (
+            Interstate.objects.annotate(
+                d=Distance(
+                    Point(0, 0, srid=3857),
+                    Point(1, 1, srid=3857),
+                    tolerance=1.5,
+                ),
+            )
+            .filter(d=0)
+            .values("pk")
+        )
         self.assertIs(qs.exists(), True)
 
     @skipIfDBFeature("supports_distance_geodetic")
@@ -480,11 +630,11 @@ class DistanceFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
         qs = Interstate.objects.annotate(
             d=Distance(Point(0, 0, srid=4326), Point(0, 1, srid=4326)),
         ).filter(d=D(m=1))
-        msg = 'Distance measure is supplied, but units are unknown for result.'
+        msg = "Distance measure is supplied, but units are unknown for result."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             list(qs)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_Distance_function", 'has_Transform_function')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_Distance_function", "has_Transform_function")
     def test_distance_transform(self):
         """
         Test the `Distance` function used with `Transform` on a geographic field.
@@ -493,7 +643,7 @@ class DistanceFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
         # of 77005 to 100m) -- which aren't allowed in geographic distance
         # queries normally, however our field has been transformed to
         # a non-geographic system.
-        z = SouthTexasZipcode.objects.get(name='77005')
+        z = SouthTexasZipcode.objects.get(name="77005")
 
         # Reference query:
         # SELECT ST_Distance(ST_Transform("distapp_censuszipcode"."poly", 32140),
@@ -508,22 +658,29 @@ class DistanceFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
         # however.
         buf1 = z.poly.centroid.buffer(100)
         buf2 = buf1.transform(4269, clone=True)
-        ref_zips = ['77002', '77025', '77401']
+        ref_zips = ["77002", "77025", "77401"]
 
         for buf in [buf1, buf2]:
-            qs = CensusZipcode.objects.exclude(name='77005').annotate(
-                distance=Distance(Transform('poly', 32140), buf)
-            ).order_by('name')
+            qs = (
+                CensusZipcode.objects.exclude(name="77005")
+                .annotate(distance=Distance(Transform("poly", 32140), buf))
+                .order_by("name")
+            )
             self.assertEqual(ref_zips, sorted(c.name for c in qs))
             for i, z in enumerate(qs):
                 self.assertAlmostEqual(z.distance.m, dists_m[i], 5)
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_Distance_function")
     def test_distance_order_by(self):
-        qs = SouthTexasCity.objects.annotate(distance=Distance('point', Point(3, 3, srid=32140))).order_by(
-            'distance'
-        ).values_list('name', flat=True).filter(name__in=('San Antonio', 'Pearland'))
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, ['San Antonio', 'Pearland'])
+        qs = (
+            SouthTexasCity.objects.annotate(
+                distance=Distance("point", Point(3, 3, srid=32140))
+            )
+            .order_by("distance")
+            .values_list("name", flat=True)
+            .filter(name__in=("San Antonio", "Pearland"))
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, ["San Antonio", "Pearland"])
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_Length_function")
     def test_length(self):
@@ -537,20 +694,24 @@ class DistanceFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
         len_m2 = 4617.668
 
         if connection.features.supports_length_geodetic:
-            qs = Interstate.objects.annotate(length=Length('path'))
+            qs = Interstate.objects.annotate(length=Length("path"))
             tol = 2 if connection.ops.oracle else 3
             self.assertAlmostEqual(len_m1, qs[0].length.m, tol)
             # TODO: test with spheroid argument (True and False)
         else:
             # Does not support geodetic coordinate systems.
             with self.assertRaises(NotSupportedError):
-                list(Interstate.objects.annotate(length=Length('path')))
+                list(Interstate.objects.annotate(length=Length("path")))
 
         # Now doing length on a projected coordinate system.
-        i10 = SouthTexasInterstate.objects.annotate(length=Length('path')).get(name='I-10')
+        i10 = SouthTexasInterstate.objects.annotate(length=Length("path")).get(
+            name="I-10"
+        )
         self.assertAlmostEqual(len_m2, i10.length.m, 2)
         self.assertTrue(
-            SouthTexasInterstate.objects.annotate(length=Length('path')).filter(length__gt=4000).exists()
+            SouthTexasInterstate.objects.annotate(length=Length("path"))
+            .filter(length__gt=4000)
+            .exists()
         )
         # Length with an explicit geometry value.
         qs = Interstate.objects.annotate(length=Length(i10.path))
@@ -563,14 +724,21 @@ class DistanceFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
         """
         # Reference query:
         # SELECT ST_Perimeter(distapp_southtexaszipcode.poly) FROM distapp_southtexaszipcode;
-        perim_m = [18404.3550889361, 15627.2108551001, 20632.5588368978, 17094.5996143697]
+        perim_m = [
+            18404.3550889361,
+            15627.2108551001,
+            20632.5588368978,
+            17094.5996143697,
+        ]
         tol = 2 if connection.ops.oracle else 7
-        qs = SouthTexasZipcode.objects.annotate(perimeter=Perimeter('poly')).order_by('name')
+        qs = SouthTexasZipcode.objects.annotate(perimeter=Perimeter("poly")).order_by(
+            "name"
+        )
         for i, z in enumerate(qs):
             self.assertAlmostEqual(perim_m[i], z.perimeter.m, tol)
 
         # Running on points; should return 0.
-        qs = SouthTexasCity.objects.annotate(perim=Perimeter('point'))
+        qs = SouthTexasCity.objects.annotate(perim=Perimeter("point"))
         for city in qs:
             self.assertEqual(0, city.perim.m)
 
@@ -578,28 +746,32 @@ class DistanceFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
     def test_perimeter_geodetic(self):
         # Currently only Oracle supports calculating the perimeter on geodetic
         # geometries (without being transformed).
-        qs1 = CensusZipcode.objects.annotate(perim=Perimeter('poly'))
+        qs1 = CensusZipcode.objects.annotate(perim=Perimeter("poly"))
         if connection.features.supports_perimeter_geodetic:
             self.assertAlmostEqual(qs1[0].perim.m, 18406.3818954314, 3)
         else:
             with self.assertRaises(NotSupportedError):
                 list(qs1)
         # But should work fine when transformed to projected coordinates
-        qs2 = CensusZipcode.objects.annotate(perim=Perimeter(Transform('poly', 32140))).filter(name='77002')
+        qs2 = CensusZipcode.objects.annotate(
+            perim=Perimeter(Transform("poly", 32140))
+        ).filter(name="77002")
         self.assertAlmostEqual(qs2[0].perim.m, 18404.355, 3)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_null_geometries", "has_Area_function", "has_Distance_function")
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature(
+        "supports_null_geometries", "has_Area_function", "has_Distance_function"
+    )
     def test_measurement_null_fields(self):
         """
         Test the measurement functions on fields with NULL values.
         """
         # Creating SouthTexasZipcode w/NULL value.
-        SouthTexasZipcode.objects.create(name='78212')
+        SouthTexasZipcode.objects.create(name="78212")
         # Performing distance/area queries against the NULL PolygonField,
         # and ensuring the result of the operations is None.
-        htown = SouthTexasCity.objects.get(name='Downtown Houston')
+        htown = SouthTexasCity.objects.get(name="Downtown Houston")
         z = SouthTexasZipcode.objects.annotate(
-            distance=Distance('poly', htown.point), area=Area('poly')
-        ).get(name='78212')
+            distance=Distance("poly", htown.point), area=Area("poly")
+        ).get(name="78212")
         self.assertIsNone(z.distance)
         self.assertIsNone(z.area)
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/test_driver.py b/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/test_driver.py
index c2dcc80d65..e7c03ae98d 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/test_driver.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/test_driver.py
@@ -5,28 +5,37 @@ from django.contrib.gis.gdal import Driver, GDALException
 
 valid_drivers = (
     # vector
-    'ESRI Shapefile', 'MapInfo File', 'TIGER', 'S57', 'DGN', 'Memory', 'CSV',
-    'GML', 'KML',
+    "ESRI Shapefile",
+    "MapInfo File",
+    "TIGER",
+    "S57",
+    "DGN",
+    "Memory",
+    "CSV",
+    "GML",
+    "KML",
     # raster
-    'GTiff', 'JPEG', 'MEM', 'PNG',
+    "GTiff",
+    "JPEG",
+    "MEM",
+    "PNG",
 )
 
-invalid_drivers = ('Foo baz', 'clucka', 'ESRI Shp', 'ESRI rast')
+invalid_drivers = ("Foo baz", "clucka", "ESRI Shp", "ESRI rast")
 
 aliases = {
-    'eSrI': 'ESRI Shapefile',
-    'TigER/linE': 'TIGER',
-    'SHAPE': 'ESRI Shapefile',
-    'sHp': 'ESRI Shapefile',
-    'tiFf': 'GTiff',
-    'tIf': 'GTiff',
-    'jPEg': 'JPEG',
-    'jpG': 'JPEG',
+    "eSrI": "ESRI Shapefile",
+    "TigER/linE": "TIGER",
+    "SHAPE": "ESRI Shapefile",
+    "sHp": "ESRI Shapefile",
+    "tiFf": "GTiff",
+    "tIf": "GTiff",
+    "jPEg": "JPEG",
+    "jpG": "JPEG",
 }
 
 
 class DriverTest(unittest.TestCase):
-
     def test01_valid_driver(self):
         "Testing valid GDAL/OGR Data Source Drivers."
         for d in valid_drivers:
@@ -45,15 +54,16 @@ class DriverTest(unittest.TestCase):
             dr = Driver(alias)
             self.assertEqual(full_name, str(dr))
 
-    @mock.patch('django.contrib.gis.gdal.driver.vcapi.get_driver_count')
-    @mock.patch('django.contrib.gis.gdal.driver.rcapi.get_driver_count')
-    @mock.patch('django.contrib.gis.gdal.driver.vcapi.register_all')
-    @mock.patch('django.contrib.gis.gdal.driver.rcapi.register_all')
+    @mock.patch("django.contrib.gis.gdal.driver.vcapi.get_driver_count")
+    @mock.patch("django.contrib.gis.gdal.driver.rcapi.get_driver_count")
+    @mock.patch("django.contrib.gis.gdal.driver.vcapi.register_all")
+    @mock.patch("django.contrib.gis.gdal.driver.rcapi.register_all")
     def test_registered(self, rreg, vreg, rcount, vcount):
         """
         Prototypes are registered only if their respective driver counts are
         zero.
         """
+
         def check(rcount_val, vcount_val):
             vreg.reset_mock()
             rreg.reset_mock()
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/test_ds.py b/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/test_ds.py
index 2632e817b4..fae11cfea9 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/test_ds.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/test_ds.py
@@ -3,12 +3,8 @@ import re
 from datetime import datetime
 from pathlib import Path
 
-from django.contrib.gis.gdal import (
-    DataSource, Envelope, GDALException, OGRGeometry,
-)
-from django.contrib.gis.gdal.field import (
-    OFTDateTime, OFTInteger, OFTReal, OFTString,
-)
+from django.contrib.gis.gdal import DataSource, Envelope, GDALException, OGRGeometry
+from django.contrib.gis.gdal.field import OFTDateTime, OFTInteger, OFTReal, OFTString
 from django.contrib.gis.geos import GEOSGeometry
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
@@ -17,87 +13,105 @@ from ..test_data import TEST_DATA, TestDS, get_ds_file
 wgs_84_wkt = (
     'GEOGCS["GCS_WGS_1984",DATUM["WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS_1984",'
     '6378137,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],UNIT["Degree",'
-    '0.017453292519943295]]'
+    "0.017453292519943295]]"
 )
 # Using a regex because of small differences depending on GDAL versions.
 wgs_84_wkt_regex = r'^GEOGCS\["(GCS_)?WGS[ _](19)?84".*$'
 
-datetime_format = '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S'
+datetime_format = "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S"
 
 # List of acceptable data sources.
 ds_list = (
     TestDS(
-        'test_point', nfeat=5, nfld=3, geom='POINT', gtype=1, driver='ESRI Shapefile',
-        fields={'dbl': OFTReal, 'int': OFTInteger, 'str': OFTString},
+        "test_point",
+        nfeat=5,
+        nfld=3,
+        geom="POINT",
+        gtype=1,
+        driver="ESRI Shapefile",
+        fields={"dbl": OFTReal, "int": OFTInteger, "str": OFTString},
         extent=(-1.35011, 0.166623, -0.524093, 0.824508),  # Got extent from QGIS
         srs_wkt=wgs_84_wkt,
         field_values={
-            'dbl': [float(i) for i in range(1, 6)],
-            'int': list(range(1, 6)),
-            'str': [str(i) for i in range(1, 6)],
+            "dbl": [float(i) for i in range(1, 6)],
+            "int": list(range(1, 6)),
+            "str": [str(i) for i in range(1, 6)],
         },
-        fids=range(5)
+        fids=range(5),
     ),
     TestDS(
-        'test_vrt', ext='vrt', nfeat=3, nfld=3, geom='POINT', gtype='Point25D',
-        driver='OGR_VRT',
+        "test_vrt",
+        ext="vrt",
+        nfeat=3,
+        nfld=3,
+        geom="POINT",
+        gtype="Point25D",
+        driver="OGR_VRT",
         fields={
-            'POINT_X': OFTString,
-            'POINT_Y': OFTString,
-            'NUM': OFTString,
+            "POINT_X": OFTString,
+            "POINT_Y": OFTString,
+            "NUM": OFTString,
         },  # VRT uses CSV, which all types are OFTString.
         extent=(1.0, 2.0, 100.0, 523.5),  # Min/Max from CSV
         field_values={
-            'POINT_X': ['1.0', '5.0', '100.0'],
-            'POINT_Y': ['2.0', '23.0', '523.5'],
-            'NUM': ['5', '17', '23'],
+            "POINT_X": ["1.0", "5.0", "100.0"],
+            "POINT_Y": ["2.0", "23.0", "523.5"],
+            "NUM": ["5", "17", "23"],
         },
-        fids=range(1, 4)
+        fids=range(1, 4),
     ),
     TestDS(
-        'test_poly', nfeat=3, nfld=3, geom='POLYGON', gtype=3,
-        driver='ESRI Shapefile',
-        fields={'float': OFTReal, 'int': OFTInteger, 'str': OFTString},
+        "test_poly",
+        nfeat=3,
+        nfld=3,
+        geom="POLYGON",
+        gtype=3,
+        driver="ESRI Shapefile",
+        fields={"float": OFTReal, "int": OFTInteger, "str": OFTString},
         extent=(-1.01513, -0.558245, 0.161876, 0.839637),  # Got extent from QGIS
         srs_wkt=wgs_84_wkt,
     ),
     TestDS(
-        'has_nulls', nfeat=3, nfld=6, geom='POLYGON', gtype=3,
-        driver='GeoJSON', ext='geojson',
+        "has_nulls",
+        nfeat=3,
+        nfld=6,
+        geom="POLYGON",
+        gtype=3,
+        driver="GeoJSON",
+        ext="geojson",
         fields={
-            'uuid': OFTString,
-            'name': OFTString,
-            'num': OFTReal,
-            'integer': OFTInteger,
-            'datetime': OFTDateTime,
-            'boolean': OFTInteger,
+            "uuid": OFTString,
+            "name": OFTString,
+            "num": OFTReal,
+            "integer": OFTInteger,
+            "datetime": OFTDateTime,
+            "boolean": OFTInteger,
         },
         extent=(-75.274200, 39.846504, -74.959717, 40.119040),  # Got extent from QGIS
         field_values={
-            'uuid': [
-                '1378c26f-cbe6-44b0-929f-eb330d4991f5',
-                'fa2ba67c-a135-4338-b924-a9622b5d869f',
-                '4494c1f3-55ab-4256-b365-12115cb388d5',
+            "uuid": [
+                "1378c26f-cbe6-44b0-929f-eb330d4991f5",
+                "fa2ba67c-a135-4338-b924-a9622b5d869f",
+                "4494c1f3-55ab-4256-b365-12115cb388d5",
             ],
-            'name': ['Philadelphia', None, 'north'],
-            'num': [1.001, None, 0.0],
-            'integer': [5, None, 8],
-            'boolean': [True, None, False],
-            'datetime': [
-                datetime.strptime('1994-08-14T11:32:14', datetime_format),
+            "name": ["Philadelphia", None, "north"],
+            "num": [1.001, None, 0.0],
+            "integer": [5, None, 8],
+            "boolean": [True, None, False],
+            "datetime": [
+                datetime.strptime("1994-08-14T11:32:14", datetime_format),
                 None,
-                datetime.strptime('2018-11-29T03:02:52', datetime_format),
-            ]
+                datetime.strptime("2018-11-29T03:02:52", datetime_format),
+            ],
         },
         fids=range(3),
     ),
 )
 
-bad_ds = (TestDS('foo'),)
+bad_ds = (TestDS("foo"),)
 
 
 class DataSourceTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test01_valid_shp(self):
         "Testing valid SHP Data Source files."
 
@@ -115,15 +129,17 @@ class DataSourceTest(SimpleTestCase):
             self.assertEqual(source.driver, str(ds.driver))
 
             # Making sure indexing works
-            msg = 'Index out of range when accessing layers in a datasource: %s.'
+            msg = "Index out of range when accessing layers in a datasource: %s."
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(IndexError, msg % len(ds)):
                 ds.__getitem__(len(ds))
 
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(IndexError, 'Invalid OGR layer name given: invalid.'):
-                ds.__getitem__('invalid')
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                IndexError, "Invalid OGR layer name given: invalid."
+            ):
+                ds.__getitem__("invalid")
 
     def test_ds_input_pathlib(self):
-        test_shp = Path(get_ds_file('test_point', 'shp'))
+        test_shp = Path(get_ds_file("test_point", "shp"))
         ds = DataSource(test_shp)
         self.assertEqual(len(ds), 1)
 
@@ -162,12 +178,14 @@ class DataSourceTest(SimpleTestCase):
                     self.assertIn(f, source.fields)
 
                 # Negative FIDs are not allowed.
-                with self.assertRaisesMessage(IndexError, 'Negative indices are not allowed on OGR Layers.'):
+                with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                    IndexError, "Negative indices are not allowed on OGR Layers."
+                ):
                     layer.__getitem__(-1)
-                with self.assertRaisesMessage(IndexError, 'Invalid feature id: 50000.'):
+                with self.assertRaisesMessage(IndexError, "Invalid feature id: 50000."):
                     layer.__getitem__(50000)
 
-                if hasattr(source, 'field_values'):
+                if hasattr(source, "field_values"):
                     # Testing `Layer.get_fields` (which uses Layer.__iter__)
                     for fld_name, fld_value in source.field_values.items():
                         self.assertEqual(fld_value, layer.get_fields(fld_name))
@@ -181,12 +199,16 @@ class DataSourceTest(SimpleTestCase):
                         for fld_name, fld_value in source.field_values.items():
                             self.assertEqual(fld_value[i], feat.get(fld_name))
 
-                        msg = 'Index out of range when accessing field in a feature: %s.'
+                        msg = (
+                            "Index out of range when accessing field in a feature: %s."
+                        )
                         with self.assertRaisesMessage(IndexError, msg % len(feat)):
                             feat.__getitem__(len(feat))
 
-                        with self.assertRaisesMessage(IndexError, 'Invalid OFT field name given: invalid.'):
-                            feat.__getitem__('invalid')
+                        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                            IndexError, "Invalid OFT field name given: invalid."
+                        ):
+                            feat.__getitem__("invalid")
 
     def test03b_layer_slice(self):
         "Test indexing and slicing on Layers."
@@ -223,7 +245,7 @@ class DataSourceTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(source.gtype, lyr.geom_type.num)
 
         # Same issue for Feature/Field objects, see #18640
-        self.assertEqual(str(lyr[0]['str']), "1")
+        self.assertEqual(str(lyr[0]["str"]), "1")
 
     def test04_features(self):
         "Testing Data Source Features."
@@ -271,12 +293,12 @@ class DataSourceTest(SimpleTestCase):
                     self.assertEqual(source.gtype, g.geom_type)
 
                     # Making sure the SpatialReference is as expected.
-                    if hasattr(source, 'srs_wkt'):
+                    if hasattr(source, "srs_wkt"):
                         self.assertIsNotNone(re.match(wgs_84_wkt_regex, g.srs.wkt))
 
     def test06_spatial_filter(self):
         "Testing the Layer.spatial_filter property."
-        ds = DataSource(get_ds_file('cities', 'shp'))
+        ds = DataSource(get_ds_file("cities", "shp"))
         lyr = ds[0]
 
         # When not set, it should be None.
@@ -284,7 +306,7 @@ class DataSourceTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
         # Must be set a/an OGRGeometry or 4-tuple.
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            lyr._set_spatial_filter('foo')
+            lyr._set_spatial_filter("foo")
 
         # Setting the spatial filter with a tuple/list with the extent of
         # a buffer centering around Pueblo.
@@ -295,19 +317,19 @@ class DataSourceTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(OGRGeometry.from_bbox(filter_extent), lyr.spatial_filter)
         feats = [feat for feat in lyr]
         self.assertEqual(1, len(feats))
-        self.assertEqual('Pueblo', feats[0].get('Name'))
+        self.assertEqual("Pueblo", feats[0].get("Name"))
 
         # Setting the spatial filter with an OGRGeometry for buffer centering
         # around Houston.
         filter_geom = OGRGeometry(
-            'POLYGON((-96.363151 28.763374,-94.363151 28.763374,'
-            '-94.363151 30.763374,-96.363151 30.763374,-96.363151 28.763374))'
+            "POLYGON((-96.363151 28.763374,-94.363151 28.763374,"
+            "-94.363151 30.763374,-96.363151 30.763374,-96.363151 28.763374))"
         )
         lyr.spatial_filter = filter_geom
         self.assertEqual(filter_geom, lyr.spatial_filter)
         feats = [feat for feat in lyr]
         self.assertEqual(1, len(feats))
-        self.assertEqual('Houston', feats[0].get('Name'))
+        self.assertEqual("Houston", feats[0].get("Name"))
 
         # Clearing the spatial filter by setting it to None.  Now
         # should indicate that there are 3 features in the Layer.
@@ -319,14 +341,14 @@ class DataSourceTest(SimpleTestCase):
         # Using *.dbf from Census 2010 TIGER Shapefile for Texas,
         # which has land area ('ALAND10') stored in a Real field
         # with no precision.
-        ds = DataSource(os.path.join(TEST_DATA, 'texas.dbf'))
+        ds = DataSource(os.path.join(TEST_DATA, "texas.dbf"))
         feat = ds[0][0]
         # Reference value obtained using `ogrinfo`.
-        self.assertEqual(676586997978, feat.get('ALAND10'))
+        self.assertEqual(676586997978, feat.get("ALAND10"))
 
     def test_nonexistent_field(self):
         source = ds_list[0]
         ds = DataSource(source.ds)
-        msg = 'invalid field name: nonexistent'
+        msg = "invalid field name: nonexistent"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(GDALException, msg):
-            ds[0].get_fields('nonexistent')
+            ds[0].get_fields("nonexistent")
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/test_envelope.py b/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/test_envelope.py
index c414bea533..d55aae168b 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/test_envelope.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/test_envelope.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ class TestPoint:
 
 
 class EnvelopeTest(unittest.TestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.e = Envelope(0, 0, 5, 5)
 
@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@ class EnvelopeTest(unittest.TestCase):
         "Testing Envelope initialization."
         e1 = Envelope((0, 0, 5, 5))
         Envelope(0, 0, 5, 5)
-        Envelope(0, '0', '5', 5)  # Thanks to ww for this
+        Envelope(0, "0", "5", 5)  # Thanks to ww for this
         Envelope(e1._envelope)
         with self.assertRaises(GDALException):
             Envelope((5, 5, 0, 0))
@@ -29,9 +28,9 @@ class EnvelopeTest(unittest.TestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(GDALException):
             Envelope(())
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            Envelope(0, 'a', 5, 5)
+            Envelope(0, "a", 5, 5)
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            Envelope('foo')
+            Envelope("foo")
         with self.assertRaises(GDALException):
             Envelope((1, 1, 0, 0))
         # Shouldn't raise an exception for min_x == max_x or min_y == max_y
@@ -47,8 +46,8 @@ class EnvelopeTest(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual((0, 0), e.ll)
         self.assertEqual((2, 3), e.ur)
         self.assertEqual((0, 0, 2, 3), e.tuple)
-        self.assertEqual('POLYGON((0.0 0.0,0.0 3.0,2.0 3.0,2.0 0.0,0.0 0.0))', e.wkt)
-        self.assertEqual('(0.0, 0.0, 2.0, 3.0)', str(e))
+        self.assertEqual("POLYGON((0.0 0.0,0.0 3.0,2.0 3.0,2.0 0.0,0.0 0.0))", e.wkt)
+        self.assertEqual("(0.0, 0.0, 2.0, 3.0)", str(e))
 
     def test03_equivalence(self):
         "Testing Envelope equivalence."
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/test_geom.py b/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/test_geom.py
index 68f43e2404..cb4588450c 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/test_geom.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/test_geom.py
@@ -2,7 +2,11 @@ import json
 import pickle
 
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal import (
-    CoordTransform, GDALException, OGRGeometry, OGRGeomType, SpatialReference,
+    CoordTransform,
+    GDALException,
+    OGRGeometry,
+    OGRGeomType,
+    SpatialReference,
 )
 from django.template import Context
 from django.template.engine import Engine
@@ -20,46 +24,48 @@ class OGRGeomTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         # OGRGeomType should initialize on all these inputs.
         OGRGeomType(1)
         OGRGeomType(7)
-        OGRGeomType('point')
-        OGRGeomType('GeometrycollectioN')
-        OGRGeomType('LINearrING')
-        OGRGeomType('Unknown')
+        OGRGeomType("point")
+        OGRGeomType("GeometrycollectioN")
+        OGRGeomType("LINearrING")
+        OGRGeomType("Unknown")
 
         # Should throw TypeError on this input
         with self.assertRaises(GDALException):
             OGRGeomType(23)
         with self.assertRaises(GDALException):
-            OGRGeomType('fooD')
+            OGRGeomType("fooD")
         with self.assertRaises(GDALException):
             OGRGeomType(9)
 
         # Equivalence can take strings, ints, and other OGRGeomTypes
         self.assertEqual(OGRGeomType(1), OGRGeomType(1))
-        self.assertEqual(OGRGeomType(7), 'GeometryCollection')
-        self.assertEqual(OGRGeomType('point'), 'POINT')
-        self.assertNotEqual(OGRGeomType('point'), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(OGRGeomType('unknown'), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(OGRGeomType(6), 'MULtiPolyGON')
-        self.assertEqual(OGRGeomType(1), OGRGeomType('point'))
-        self.assertNotEqual(OGRGeomType('POINT'), OGRGeomType(6))
+        self.assertEqual(OGRGeomType(7), "GeometryCollection")
+        self.assertEqual(OGRGeomType("point"), "POINT")
+        self.assertNotEqual(OGRGeomType("point"), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(OGRGeomType("unknown"), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(OGRGeomType(6), "MULtiPolyGON")
+        self.assertEqual(OGRGeomType(1), OGRGeomType("point"))
+        self.assertNotEqual(OGRGeomType("POINT"), OGRGeomType(6))
 
         # Testing the Django field name equivalent property.
-        self.assertEqual('PointField', OGRGeomType('Point').django)
-        self.assertEqual('GeometryField', OGRGeomType('Geometry').django)
-        self.assertEqual('GeometryField', OGRGeomType('Unknown').django)
-        self.assertIsNone(OGRGeomType('none').django)
+        self.assertEqual("PointField", OGRGeomType("Point").django)
+        self.assertEqual("GeometryField", OGRGeomType("Geometry").django)
+        self.assertEqual("GeometryField", OGRGeomType("Unknown").django)
+        self.assertIsNone(OGRGeomType("none").django)
 
         # 'Geometry' initialization implies an unknown geometry type.
-        gt = OGRGeomType('Geometry')
+        gt = OGRGeomType("Geometry")
         self.assertEqual(0, gt.num)
-        self.assertEqual('Unknown', gt.name)
+        self.assertEqual("Unknown", gt.name)
 
     def test_geomtype_25d(self):
         "Testing OGRGeomType object with 25D types."
         wkb25bit = OGRGeomType.wkb25bit
-        self.assertEqual(OGRGeomType(wkb25bit + 1), 'Point25D')
-        self.assertEqual(OGRGeomType('MultiLineString25D'), (5 + wkb25bit))
-        self.assertEqual('GeometryCollectionField', OGRGeomType('GeometryCollection25D').django)
+        self.assertEqual(OGRGeomType(wkb25bit + 1), "Point25D")
+        self.assertEqual(OGRGeomType("MultiLineString25D"), (5 + wkb25bit))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "GeometryCollectionField", OGRGeomType("GeometryCollection25D").django
+        )
 
     def test_wkt(self):
         "Testing WKT output."
@@ -69,11 +75,11 @@ class OGRGeomTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
 
     def test_ewkt(self):
         "Testing EWKT input/output."
-        for ewkt_val in ('POINT (1 2 3)', 'LINEARRING (0 0,1 1,2 1,0 0)'):
+        for ewkt_val in ("POINT (1 2 3)", "LINEARRING (0 0,1 1,2 1,0 0)"):
             # First with ewkt output when no SRID in EWKT
             self.assertEqual(ewkt_val, OGRGeometry(ewkt_val).ewkt)
             # No test consumption with an SRID specified.
-            ewkt_val = 'SRID=4326;%s' % ewkt_val
+            ewkt_val = "SRID=4326;%s" % ewkt_val
             geom = OGRGeometry(ewkt_val)
             self.assertEqual(ewkt_val, geom.ewkt)
             self.assertEqual(4326, geom.srs.srid)
@@ -108,24 +114,26 @@ class OGRGeomTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         "Testing GeoJSON input/output."
         for g in self.geometries.json_geoms:
             geom = OGRGeometry(g.wkt)
-            if not hasattr(g, 'not_equal'):
+            if not hasattr(g, "not_equal"):
                 # Loading jsons to prevent decimal differences
                 self.assertEqual(json.loads(g.json), json.loads(geom.json))
                 self.assertEqual(json.loads(g.json), json.loads(geom.geojson))
             self.assertEqual(OGRGeometry(g.wkt), OGRGeometry(geom.json))
         # Test input with some garbage content (but valid json) (#15529)
-        geom = OGRGeometry('{"type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 100.0, 0.0 ], "other": "<test>"}')
+        geom = OGRGeometry(
+            '{"type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 100.0, 0.0 ], "other": "<test>"}'
+        )
         self.assertIsInstance(geom, OGRGeometry)
 
     def test_points(self):
         "Testing Point objects."
 
-        OGRGeometry('POINT(0 0)')
+        OGRGeometry("POINT(0 0)")
         for p in self.geometries.points:
-            if not hasattr(p, 'z'):  # No 3D
+            if not hasattr(p, "z"):  # No 3D
                 pnt = OGRGeometry(p.wkt)
                 self.assertEqual(1, pnt.geom_type)
-                self.assertEqual('POINT', pnt.geom_name)
+                self.assertEqual("POINT", pnt.geom_name)
                 self.assertEqual(p.x, pnt.x)
                 self.assertEqual(p.y, pnt.y)
                 self.assertEqual((p.x, p.y), pnt.tuple)
@@ -135,9 +143,9 @@ class OGRGeomTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         for mp in self.geometries.multipoints:
             mgeom1 = OGRGeometry(mp.wkt)  # First one from WKT
             self.assertEqual(4, mgeom1.geom_type)
-            self.assertEqual('MULTIPOINT', mgeom1.geom_name)
-            mgeom2 = OGRGeometry('MULTIPOINT')  # Creating empty multipoint
-            mgeom3 = OGRGeometry('MULTIPOINT')
+            self.assertEqual("MULTIPOINT", mgeom1.geom_name)
+            mgeom2 = OGRGeometry("MULTIPOINT")  # Creating empty multipoint
+            mgeom3 = OGRGeometry("MULTIPOINT")
             for g in mgeom1:
                 mgeom2.add(g)  # adding each point from the multipoints
                 mgeom3.add(g.wkt)  # should take WKT as well
@@ -148,16 +156,16 @@ class OGRGeomTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
 
     def test_linestring(self):
         "Testing LineString objects."
-        prev = OGRGeometry('POINT(0 0)')
+        prev = OGRGeometry("POINT(0 0)")
         for ls in self.geometries.linestrings:
             linestr = OGRGeometry(ls.wkt)
             self.assertEqual(2, linestr.geom_type)
-            self.assertEqual('LINESTRING', linestr.geom_name)
+            self.assertEqual("LINESTRING", linestr.geom_name)
             self.assertEqual(ls.n_p, linestr.point_count)
             self.assertEqual(ls.coords, linestr.tuple)
             self.assertEqual(linestr, OGRGeometry(ls.wkt))
             self.assertNotEqual(linestr, prev)
-            msg = 'Index out of range when accessing points of a line string: %s.'
+            msg = "Index out of range when accessing points of a line string: %s."
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(IndexError, msg % len(linestr)):
                 linestr.__getitem__(len(linestr))
             prev = linestr
@@ -170,11 +178,11 @@ class OGRGeomTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
 
     def test_multilinestring(self):
         "Testing MultiLineString objects."
-        prev = OGRGeometry('POINT(0 0)')
+        prev = OGRGeometry("POINT(0 0)")
         for mls in self.geometries.multilinestrings:
             mlinestr = OGRGeometry(mls.wkt)
             self.assertEqual(5, mlinestr.geom_type)
-            self.assertEqual('MULTILINESTRING', mlinestr.geom_name)
+            self.assertEqual("MULTILINESTRING", mlinestr.geom_name)
             self.assertEqual(mls.n_p, mlinestr.point_count)
             self.assertEqual(mls.coords, mlinestr.tuple)
             self.assertEqual(mlinestr, OGRGeometry(mls.wkt))
@@ -182,18 +190,18 @@ class OGRGeomTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
             prev = mlinestr
             for ls in mlinestr:
                 self.assertEqual(2, ls.geom_type)
-                self.assertEqual('LINESTRING', ls.geom_name)
-            msg = 'Index out of range when accessing geometry in a collection: %s.'
+                self.assertEqual("LINESTRING", ls.geom_name)
+            msg = "Index out of range when accessing geometry in a collection: %s."
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(IndexError, msg % len(mlinestr)):
                 mlinestr.__getitem__(len(mlinestr))
 
     def test_linearring(self):
         "Testing LinearRing objects."
-        prev = OGRGeometry('POINT(0 0)')
+        prev = OGRGeometry("POINT(0 0)")
         for rr in self.geometries.linearrings:
             lr = OGRGeometry(rr.wkt)
             # self.assertEqual(101, lr.geom_type.num)
-            self.assertEqual('LINEARRING', lr.geom_name)
+            self.assertEqual("LINEARRING", lr.geom_name)
             self.assertEqual(rr.n_p, len(lr))
             self.assertEqual(lr, OGRGeometry(rr.wkt))
             self.assertNotEqual(lr, prev)
@@ -207,14 +215,14 @@ class OGRGeomTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         p = OGRGeometry.from_bbox(bbox)
         self.assertEqual(bbox, p.extent)
 
-        prev = OGRGeometry('POINT(0 0)')
+        prev = OGRGeometry("POINT(0 0)")
         for p in self.geometries.polygons:
             poly = OGRGeometry(p.wkt)
             self.assertEqual(3, poly.geom_type)
-            self.assertEqual('POLYGON', poly.geom_name)
+            self.assertEqual("POLYGON", poly.geom_name)
             self.assertEqual(p.n_p, poly.point_count)
             self.assertEqual(p.n_i + 1, len(poly))
-            msg = 'Index out of range when accessing rings of a polygon: %s.'
+            msg = "Index out of range when accessing rings of a polygon: %s."
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(IndexError, msg % len(poly)):
                 poly.__getitem__(len(poly))
 
@@ -235,43 +243,45 @@ class OGRGeomTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
                 self.assertEqual(len(p.ext_ring_cs), ring.point_count)
 
             for r in poly:
-                self.assertEqual('LINEARRING', r.geom_name)
+                self.assertEqual("LINEARRING", r.geom_name)
 
     def test_polygons_templates(self):
         # Accessing Polygon attributes in templates should work.
         engine = Engine()
-        template = engine.from_string('{{ polygons.0.wkt }}')
+        template = engine.from_string("{{ polygons.0.wkt }}")
         polygons = [OGRGeometry(p.wkt) for p in self.geometries.multipolygons[:2]]
-        content = template.render(Context({'polygons': polygons}))
-        self.assertIn('MULTIPOLYGON (((100', content)
+        content = template.render(Context({"polygons": polygons}))
+        self.assertIn("MULTIPOLYGON (((100", content)
 
     def test_closepolygons(self):
         "Testing closing Polygon objects."
         # Both rings in this geometry are not closed.
-        poly = OGRGeometry('POLYGON((0 0, 5 0, 5 5, 0 5), (1 1, 2 1, 2 2, 2 1))')
+        poly = OGRGeometry("POLYGON((0 0, 5 0, 5 5, 0 5), (1 1, 2 1, 2 2, 2 1))")
         self.assertEqual(8, poly.point_count)
         with self.assertRaises(GDALException):
             poly.centroid
 
         poly.close_rings()
-        self.assertEqual(10, poly.point_count)  # Two closing points should've been added
-        self.assertEqual(OGRGeometry('POINT(2.5 2.5)'), poly.centroid)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            10, poly.point_count
+        )  # Two closing points should've been added
+        self.assertEqual(OGRGeometry("POINT(2.5 2.5)"), poly.centroid)
 
     def test_multipolygons(self):
         "Testing MultiPolygon objects."
-        OGRGeometry('POINT(0 0)')
+        OGRGeometry("POINT(0 0)")
         for mp in self.geometries.multipolygons:
             mpoly = OGRGeometry(mp.wkt)
             self.assertEqual(6, mpoly.geom_type)
-            self.assertEqual('MULTIPOLYGON', mpoly.geom_name)
+            self.assertEqual("MULTIPOLYGON", mpoly.geom_name)
             if mp.valid:
                 self.assertEqual(mp.n_p, mpoly.point_count)
                 self.assertEqual(mp.num_geom, len(mpoly))
-                msg = 'Index out of range when accessing geometry in a collection: %s.'
+                msg = "Index out of range when accessing geometry in a collection: %s."
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(IndexError, msg % len(mpoly)):
                     mpoly.__getitem__(len(mpoly))
                 for p in mpoly:
-                    self.assertEqual('POLYGON', p.geom_name)
+                    self.assertEqual("POLYGON", p.geom_name)
                     self.assertEqual(3, p.geom_type)
             self.assertEqual(mpoly.wkt, OGRGeometry(mp.wkt).wkt)
 
@@ -279,7 +289,7 @@ class OGRGeomTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         "Testing OGR Geometries with Spatial Reference objects."
         for mp in self.geometries.multipolygons:
             # Creating a geometry w/spatial reference
-            sr = SpatialReference('WGS84')
+            sr = SpatialReference("WGS84")
             mpoly = OGRGeometry(mp.wkt, sr)
             self.assertEqual(sr.wkt, mpoly.srs.wkt)
 
@@ -307,7 +317,7 @@ class OGRGeomTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
             self.assertEqual(4326, mpoly.srid)
             mpoly.srs = SpatialReference(4269)
             self.assertEqual(4269, mpoly.srid)
-            self.assertEqual('NAD83', mpoly.srs.name)
+            self.assertEqual("NAD83", mpoly.srs.name)
 
             # Incrementing through the multipolygon after the spatial reference
             # has been re-assigned.
@@ -317,13 +327,13 @@ class OGRGeomTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
                 for ring in poly:
                     # Changing each ring in the polygon
                     self.assertEqual(32140, ring.srs.srid)
-                    self.assertEqual('NAD83 / Texas South Central', ring.srs.name)
+                    self.assertEqual("NAD83 / Texas South Central", ring.srs.name)
                     ring.srs = str(SpatialReference(4326))  # back to WGS84
                     self.assertEqual(4326, ring.srs.srid)
 
                     # Using the `srid` property.
                     ring.srid = 4322
-                    self.assertEqual('WGS 72', ring.srs.name)
+                    self.assertEqual("WGS 72", ring.srs.name)
                     self.assertEqual(4322, ring.srid)
 
             # srs/srid may be assigned their own values, even when srs is None.
@@ -333,15 +343,15 @@ class OGRGeomTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
 
     def test_srs_transform(self):
         "Testing transform()."
-        orig = OGRGeometry('POINT (-104.609 38.255)', 4326)
-        trans = OGRGeometry('POINT (992385.4472045 481455.4944650)', 2774)
+        orig = OGRGeometry("POINT (-104.609 38.255)", 4326)
+        trans = OGRGeometry("POINT (992385.4472045 481455.4944650)", 2774)
 
         # Using an srid, a SpatialReference object, and a CoordTransform object
         # or transformations.
         t1, t2, t3 = orig.clone(), orig.clone(), orig.clone()
         t1.transform(trans.srid)
-        t2.transform(SpatialReference('EPSG:2774'))
-        ct = CoordTransform(SpatialReference('WGS84'), SpatialReference(2774))
+        t2.transform(SpatialReference("EPSG:2774"))
+        ct = CoordTransform(SpatialReference("WGS84"), SpatialReference(2774))
         t3.transform(ct)
 
         # Testing use of the `clone` keyword.
@@ -359,8 +369,8 @@ class OGRGeomTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
 
     def test_transform_dim(self):
         "Testing coordinate dimension is the same on transformed geometries."
-        ls_orig = OGRGeometry('LINESTRING(-104.609 38.255)', 4326)
-        ls_trans = OGRGeometry('LINESTRING(992385.4472045 481455.4944650)', 2774)
+        ls_orig = OGRGeometry("LINESTRING(-104.609 38.255)", 4326)
+        ls_trans = OGRGeometry("LINESTRING(992385.4472045 481455.4944650)", 2774)
 
         # Different PROJ versions use different transformations, all are
         # correct as having a 1 meter accuracy.
@@ -379,7 +389,9 @@ class OGRGeomTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
             d1 = OGRGeometry(self.geometries.diff_geoms[i].wkt)
             d2 = a.difference(b)
             self.assertTrue(d1.geos.equals(d2.geos))
-            self.assertTrue(d1.geos.equals((a - b).geos))  # __sub__ is difference operator
+            self.assertTrue(
+                d1.geos.equals((a - b).geos)
+            )  # __sub__ is difference operator
             a -= b  # testing __isub__
             self.assertTrue(d1.geos.equals(a.geos))
 
@@ -392,7 +404,9 @@ class OGRGeomTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
             self.assertTrue(a.intersects(b))
             i2 = a.intersection(b)
             self.assertTrue(i1.geos.equals(i2.geos))
-            self.assertTrue(i1.geos.equals((a & b).geos))  # __and__ is intersection operator
+            self.assertTrue(
+                i1.geos.equals((a & b).geos)
+            )  # __and__ is intersection operator
             a &= b  # testing __iand__
             self.assertTrue(i1.geos.equals(a.geos))
 
@@ -404,7 +418,9 @@ class OGRGeomTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
             d1 = OGRGeometry(self.geometries.sdiff_geoms[i].wkt)
             d2 = a.sym_difference(b)
             self.assertTrue(d1.geos.equals(d2.geos))
-            self.assertTrue(d1.geos.equals((a ^ b).geos))  # __xor__ is symmetric difference operator
+            self.assertTrue(
+                d1.geos.equals((a ^ b).geos)
+            )  # __xor__ is symmetric difference operator
             a ^= b  # testing __ixor__
             self.assertTrue(d1.geos.equals(a.geos))
 
@@ -423,8 +439,8 @@ class OGRGeomTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
     def test_add(self):
         "Testing GeometryCollection.add()."
         # Can't insert a Point into a MultiPolygon.
-        mp = OGRGeometry('MultiPolygon')
-        pnt = OGRGeometry('POINT(5 23)')
+        mp = OGRGeometry("MultiPolygon")
+        pnt = OGRGeometry("POINT(5 23)")
         with self.assertRaises(GDALException):
             mp.add(pnt)
 
@@ -432,9 +448,9 @@ class OGRGeomTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         # of the same type all child geoms will be added individually) or WKT.
         for mp in self.geometries.multipolygons:
             mpoly = OGRGeometry(mp.wkt)
-            mp1 = OGRGeometry('MultiPolygon')
-            mp2 = OGRGeometry('MultiPolygon')
-            mp3 = OGRGeometry('MultiPolygon')
+            mp1 = OGRGeometry("MultiPolygon")
+            mp2 = OGRGeometry("MultiPolygon")
+            mp3 = OGRGeometry("MultiPolygon")
 
             for poly in mpoly:
                 mp1.add(poly)  # Adding a geometry at a time
@@ -446,7 +462,7 @@ class OGRGeomTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
     def test_extent(self):
         "Testing `extent` property."
         # The xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax of the MultiPoint should be returned.
-        mp = OGRGeometry('MULTIPOINT(5 23, 0 0, 10 50)')
+        mp = OGRGeometry("MULTIPOINT(5 23, 0 0, 10 50)")
         self.assertEqual((0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 50.0), mp.extent)
         # Testing on the 'real world' Polygon.
         poly = OGRGeometry(self.geometries.polygons[3].wkt)
@@ -458,18 +474,18 @@ class OGRGeomTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
 
     def test_25D(self):
         "Testing 2.5D geometries."
-        pnt_25d = OGRGeometry('POINT(1 2 3)')
-        self.assertEqual('Point25D', pnt_25d.geom_type.name)
+        pnt_25d = OGRGeometry("POINT(1 2 3)")
+        self.assertEqual("Point25D", pnt_25d.geom_type.name)
         self.assertEqual(3.0, pnt_25d.z)
         self.assertEqual(3, pnt_25d.coord_dim)
-        ls_25d = OGRGeometry('LINESTRING(1 1 1,2 2 2,3 3 3)')
-        self.assertEqual('LineString25D', ls_25d.geom_type.name)
+        ls_25d = OGRGeometry("LINESTRING(1 1 1,2 2 2,3 3 3)")
+        self.assertEqual("LineString25D", ls_25d.geom_type.name)
         self.assertEqual([1.0, 2.0, 3.0], ls_25d.z)
         self.assertEqual(3, ls_25d.coord_dim)
 
     def test_pickle(self):
         "Testing pickle support."
-        g1 = OGRGeometry('LINESTRING(1 1 1,2 2 2,3 3 3)', 'WGS84')
+        g1 = OGRGeometry("LINESTRING(1 1 1,2 2 2,3 3 3)", "WGS84")
         g2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(g1))
         self.assertEqual(g1, g2)
         self.assertEqual(4326, g2.srs.srid)
@@ -504,63 +520,114 @@ class OGRGeomTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
 
     def test_equivalence_regression(self):
         "Testing equivalence methods with non-OGRGeometry instances."
-        self.assertIsNotNone(OGRGeometry('POINT(0 0)'))
-        self.assertNotEqual(OGRGeometry('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)'), 3)
+        self.assertIsNotNone(OGRGeometry("POINT(0 0)"))
+        self.assertNotEqual(OGRGeometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)"), 3)
 
     def test_contains(self):
-        self.assertIs(OGRGeometry('POINT(0 0)').contains(OGRGeometry('POINT(0 0)')), True)
-        self.assertIs(OGRGeometry('POINT(0 0)').contains(OGRGeometry('POINT(0 1)')), False)
+        self.assertIs(
+            OGRGeometry("POINT(0 0)").contains(OGRGeometry("POINT(0 0)")), True
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            OGRGeometry("POINT(0 0)").contains(OGRGeometry("POINT(0 1)")), False
+        )
 
     def test_crosses(self):
-        self.assertIs(OGRGeometry('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)').crosses(OGRGeometry('LINESTRING(0 1, 1 0)')), True)
-        self.assertIs(OGRGeometry('LINESTRING(0 0, 0 1)').crosses(OGRGeometry('LINESTRING(1 0, 1 1)')), False)
+        self.assertIs(
+            OGRGeometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)").crosses(
+                OGRGeometry("LINESTRING(0 1, 1 0)")
+            ),
+            True,
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            OGRGeometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 0 1)").crosses(
+                OGRGeometry("LINESTRING(1 0, 1 1)")
+            ),
+            False,
+        )
 
     def test_disjoint(self):
-        self.assertIs(OGRGeometry('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)').disjoint(OGRGeometry('LINESTRING(0 1, 1 0)')), False)
-        self.assertIs(OGRGeometry('LINESTRING(0 0, 0 1)').disjoint(OGRGeometry('LINESTRING(1 0, 1 1)')), True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            OGRGeometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)").disjoint(
+                OGRGeometry("LINESTRING(0 1, 1 0)")
+            ),
+            False,
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            OGRGeometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 0 1)").disjoint(
+                OGRGeometry("LINESTRING(1 0, 1 1)")
+            ),
+            True,
+        )
 
     def test_equals(self):
-        self.assertIs(OGRGeometry('POINT(0 0)').contains(OGRGeometry('POINT(0 0)')), True)
-        self.assertIs(OGRGeometry('POINT(0 0)').contains(OGRGeometry('POINT(0 1)')), False)
+        self.assertIs(
+            OGRGeometry("POINT(0 0)").contains(OGRGeometry("POINT(0 0)")), True
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            OGRGeometry("POINT(0 0)").contains(OGRGeometry("POINT(0 1)")), False
+        )
 
     def test_intersects(self):
-        self.assertIs(OGRGeometry('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)').intersects(OGRGeometry('LINESTRING(0 1, 1 0)')), True)
-        self.assertIs(OGRGeometry('LINESTRING(0 0, 0 1)').intersects(OGRGeometry('LINESTRING(1 0, 1 1)')), False)
+        self.assertIs(
+            OGRGeometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)").intersects(
+                OGRGeometry("LINESTRING(0 1, 1 0)")
+            ),
+            True,
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            OGRGeometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 0 1)").intersects(
+                OGRGeometry("LINESTRING(1 0, 1 1)")
+            ),
+            False,
+        )
 
     def test_overlaps(self):
         self.assertIs(
-            OGRGeometry('POLYGON ((0 0, 0 2, 2 2, 2 0, 0 0))').overlaps(
-                OGRGeometry('POLYGON ((1 1, 1 5, 5 5, 5 1, 1 1))')
-            ), True
+            OGRGeometry("POLYGON ((0 0, 0 2, 2 2, 2 0, 0 0))").overlaps(
+                OGRGeometry("POLYGON ((1 1, 1 5, 5 5, 5 1, 1 1))")
+            ),
+            True,
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            OGRGeometry("POINT(0 0)").overlaps(OGRGeometry("POINT(0 1)")), False
         )
-        self.assertIs(OGRGeometry('POINT(0 0)').overlaps(OGRGeometry('POINT(0 1)')), False)
 
     def test_touches(self):
         self.assertIs(
-            OGRGeometry('POLYGON ((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))').touches(OGRGeometry('LINESTRING(0 2, 2 0)')), True
+            OGRGeometry("POLYGON ((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))").touches(
+                OGRGeometry("LINESTRING(0 2, 2 0)")
+            ),
+            True,
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            OGRGeometry("POINT(0 0)").touches(OGRGeometry("POINT(0 1)")), False
         )
-        self.assertIs(OGRGeometry('POINT(0 0)').touches(OGRGeometry('POINT(0 1)')), False)
 
     def test_within(self):
         self.assertIs(
-            OGRGeometry('POINT(0.5 0.5)').within(OGRGeometry('POLYGON ((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))')), True
+            OGRGeometry("POINT(0.5 0.5)").within(
+                OGRGeometry("POLYGON ((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))")
+            ),
+            True,
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            OGRGeometry("POINT(0 0)").within(OGRGeometry("POINT(0 1)")), False
         )
-        self.assertIs(OGRGeometry('POINT(0 0)').within(OGRGeometry('POINT(0 1)')), False)
 
     def test_from_gml(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            OGRGeometry('POINT(0 0)'),
+            OGRGeometry("POINT(0 0)"),
             OGRGeometry.from_gml(
                 '<gml:Point gml:id="p21" srsName="http://www.opengis.net/def/crs/EPSG/0/4326">'
                 '    <gml:pos srsDimension="2">0 0</gml:pos>'
-                '</gml:Point>'
+                "</gml:Point>"
             ),
         )
 
     def test_empty(self):
-        self.assertIs(OGRGeometry('POINT (0 0)').empty, False)
-        self.assertIs(OGRGeometry('POINT EMPTY').empty, True)
+        self.assertIs(OGRGeometry("POINT (0 0)").empty, False)
+        self.assertIs(OGRGeometry("POINT EMPTY").empty, True)
 
     def test_empty_point_to_geos(self):
-        p = OGRGeometry('POINT EMPTY', srs=4326)
+        p = OGRGeometry("POINT EMPTY", srs=4326)
         self.assertEqual(p.geos.ewkt, p.ewkt)
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/test_raster.py b/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/test_raster.py
index 229f09eaf4..795fdd079f 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/test_raster.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/test_raster.py
@@ -18,8 +18,11 @@ class GDALRasterTests(SimpleTestCase):
     """
     Test a GDALRaster instance created from a file (GeoTiff).
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
-        self.rs_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '../data/rasters/raster.tif')
+        self.rs_path = os.path.join(
+            os.path.dirname(__file__), "../data/rasters/raster.tif"
+        )
         self.rs = GDALRaster(self.rs_path)
 
     def test_rs_name_repr(self):
@@ -27,7 +30,7 @@ class GDALRasterTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertRegex(repr(self.rs), r"<Raster object at 0x\w+>")
 
     def test_rs_driver(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.rs.driver.name, 'GTiff')
+        self.assertEqual(self.rs.driver.name, "GTiff")
 
     def test_rs_size(self):
         self.assertEqual(self.rs.width, 163)
@@ -35,14 +38,16 @@ class GDALRasterTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_rs_srs(self):
         self.assertEqual(self.rs.srs.srid, 3086)
-        self.assertEqual(self.rs.srs.units, (1.0, 'metre'))
+        self.assertEqual(self.rs.srs.units, (1.0, "metre"))
 
     def test_rs_srid(self):
-        rast = GDALRaster({
-            'width': 16,
-            'height': 16,
-            'srid': 4326,
-        })
+        rast = GDALRaster(
+            {
+                "width": 16,
+                "height": 16,
+                "srid": 4326,
+            }
+        )
         self.assertEqual(rast.srid, 4326)
         rast.srid = 3086
         self.assertEqual(rast.srid, 3086)
@@ -51,7 +56,7 @@ class GDALRasterTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # Assert correct values for file based raster
         self.assertEqual(
             self.rs.geotransform,
-            [511700.4680706557, 100.0, 0.0, 435103.3771231986, 0.0, -100.0]
+            [511700.4680706557, 100.0, 0.0, 435103.3771231986, 0.0, -100.0],
         )
         self.assertEqual(self.rs.origin, [511700.4680706557, 435103.3771231986])
         self.assertEqual(self.rs.origin.x, 511700.4680706557)
@@ -85,18 +90,25 @@ class GDALRasterTests(SimpleTestCase):
         rsmem = GDALRaster(JSON_RASTER)
         error_geotransforms = [
             [1, 2],
-            [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 'foo'],
-            [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 'foo'],
+            [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, "foo"],
+            [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, "foo"],
         ]
-        msg = 'Geotransform must consist of 6 numeric values.'
+        msg = "Geotransform must consist of 6 numeric values."
         for geotransform in error_geotransforms:
-            with self.subTest(i=geotransform), self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
+            with self.subTest(i=geotransform), self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                ValueError, msg
+            ):
                 rsmem.geotransform = geotransform
 
     def test_rs_extent(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             self.rs.extent,
-            (511700.4680706557, 417703.3771231986, 528000.4680706557, 435103.3771231986)
+            (
+                511700.4680706557,
+                417703.3771231986,
+                528000.4680706557,
+                435103.3771231986,
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_rs_bands(self):
@@ -105,16 +117,20 @@ class GDALRasterTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_memory_based_raster_creation(self):
         # Create uint8 raster with full pixel data range (0-255)
-        rast = GDALRaster({
-            'datatype': 1,
-            'width': 16,
-            'height': 16,
-            'srid': 4326,
-            'bands': [{
-                'data': range(256),
-                'nodata_value': 255,
-            }],
-        })
+        rast = GDALRaster(
+            {
+                "datatype": 1,
+                "width": 16,
+                "height": 16,
+                "srid": 4326,
+                "bands": [
+                    {
+                        "data": range(256),
+                        "nodata_value": 255,
+                    }
+                ],
+            }
+        )
 
         # Get array from raster
         result = rast.bands[0].data()
@@ -126,38 +142,41 @@ class GDALRasterTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_file_based_raster_creation(self):
         # Prepare tempfile
-        rstfile = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.tif')
+        rstfile = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".tif")
 
         # Create file-based raster from scratch
-        GDALRaster({
-            'datatype': self.rs.bands[0].datatype(),
-            'driver': 'tif',
-            'name': rstfile.name,
-            'width': 163,
-            'height': 174,
-            'nr_of_bands': 1,
-            'srid': self.rs.srs.wkt,
-            'origin': (self.rs.origin.x, self.rs.origin.y),
-            'scale': (self.rs.scale.x, self.rs.scale.y),
-            'skew': (self.rs.skew.x, self.rs.skew.y),
-            'bands': [{
-                'data': self.rs.bands[0].data(),
-                'nodata_value': self.rs.bands[0].nodata_value,
-            }],
-        })
+        GDALRaster(
+            {
+                "datatype": self.rs.bands[0].datatype(),
+                "driver": "tif",
+                "name": rstfile.name,
+                "width": 163,
+                "height": 174,
+                "nr_of_bands": 1,
+                "srid": self.rs.srs.wkt,
+                "origin": (self.rs.origin.x, self.rs.origin.y),
+                "scale": (self.rs.scale.x, self.rs.scale.y),
+                "skew": (self.rs.skew.x, self.rs.skew.y),
+                "bands": [
+                    {
+                        "data": self.rs.bands[0].data(),
+                        "nodata_value": self.rs.bands[0].nodata_value,
+                    }
+                ],
+            }
+        )
 
         # Reload newly created raster from file
         restored_raster = GDALRaster(rstfile.name)
         # Presence of TOWGS84 depend on GDAL/Proj versions.
         self.assertEqual(
-            restored_raster.srs.wkt.replace('TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],', ''),
-            self.rs.srs.wkt.replace('TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],', '')
+            restored_raster.srs.wkt.replace("TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],", ""),
+            self.rs.srs.wkt.replace("TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],", ""),
         )
         self.assertEqual(restored_raster.geotransform, self.rs.geotransform)
         if numpy:
             numpy.testing.assert_equal(
-                restored_raster.bands[0].data(),
-                self.rs.bands[0].data()
+                restored_raster.bands[0].data(), self.rs.bands[0].data()
             )
         else:
             self.assertEqual(restored_raster.bands[0].data(), self.rs.bands[0].data())
@@ -165,11 +184,11 @@ class GDALRasterTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_nonexistent_file(self):
         msg = 'Unable to read raster source input "nonexistent.tif".'
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(GDALException, msg):
-            GDALRaster('nonexistent.tif')
+            GDALRaster("nonexistent.tif")
 
     def test_vsi_raster_creation(self):
         # Open a raster as a file object.
-        with open(self.rs_path, 'rb') as dat:
+        with open(self.rs_path, "rb") as dat:
             # Instantiate a raster from the file binary buffer.
             vsimem = GDALRaster(dat.read())
         # The data of the in-memory file is equal to the source file.
@@ -181,18 +200,22 @@ class GDALRasterTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(result, target)
 
     def test_vsi_raster_deletion(self):
-        path = '/vsimem/raster.tif'
+        path = "/vsimem/raster.tif"
         # Create a vsi-based raster from scratch.
-        vsimem = GDALRaster({
-            'name': path,
-            'driver': 'tif',
-            'width': 4,
-            'height': 4,
-            'srid': 4326,
-            'bands': [{
-                'data': range(16),
-            }],
-        })
+        vsimem = GDALRaster(
+            {
+                "name": path,
+                "driver": "tif",
+                "width": 4,
+                "height": 4,
+                "srid": 4326,
+                "bands": [
+                    {
+                        "data": range(16),
+                    }
+                ],
+            }
+        )
         # The virtual file exists.
         rst = GDALRaster(path)
         self.assertEqual(rst.width, 4)
@@ -205,22 +228,26 @@ class GDALRasterTests(SimpleTestCase):
             GDALRaster(path)
 
     def test_vsi_invalid_buffer_error(self):
-        msg = 'Failed creating VSI raster from the input buffer.'
+        msg = "Failed creating VSI raster from the input buffer."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(GDALException, msg):
-            GDALRaster(b'not-a-raster-buffer')
+            GDALRaster(b"not-a-raster-buffer")
 
     def test_vsi_buffer_property(self):
         # Create a vsi-based raster from scratch.
-        rast = GDALRaster({
-            'name': '/vsimem/raster.tif',
-            'driver': 'tif',
-            'width': 4,
-            'height': 4,
-            'srid': 4326,
-            'bands': [{
-                'data': range(16),
-            }],
-        })
+        rast = GDALRaster(
+            {
+                "name": "/vsimem/raster.tif",
+                "driver": "tif",
+                "width": 4,
+                "height": 4,
+                "srid": 4326,
+                "bands": [
+                    {
+                        "data": range(16),
+                    }
+                ],
+            }
+        )
         # Do a round trip from raster to buffer to raster.
         result = GDALRaster(rast.vsi_buffer).bands[0].data()
         if numpy:
@@ -231,10 +258,10 @@ class GDALRasterTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIsNone(self.rs.vsi_buffer)
 
     def test_vsi_vsizip_filesystem(self):
-        rst_zipfile = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.zip')
-        with zipfile.ZipFile(rst_zipfile, mode='w') as zf:
-            zf.write(self.rs_path, 'raster.tif')
-        rst_path = '/vsizip/' + os.path.join(rst_zipfile.name, 'raster.tif')
+        rst_zipfile = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".zip")
+        with zipfile.ZipFile(rst_zipfile, mode="w") as zf:
+            zf.write(self.rs_path, "raster.tif")
+        rst_path = "/vsizip/" + os.path.join(rst_zipfile.name, "raster.tif")
         rst = GDALRaster(rst_path)
         self.assertEqual(rst.driver.name, self.rs.driver.name)
         self.assertEqual(rst.name, rst_path)
@@ -242,38 +269,41 @@ class GDALRasterTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIsNone(rst.vsi_buffer)
 
     def test_offset_size_and_shape_on_raster_creation(self):
-        rast = GDALRaster({
-            'datatype': 1,
-            'width': 4,
-            'height': 4,
-            'srid': 4326,
-            'bands': [{
-                'data': (1,),
-                'offset': (1, 1),
-                'size': (2, 2),
-                'shape': (1, 1),
-                'nodata_value': 2,
-            }],
-        })
+        rast = GDALRaster(
+            {
+                "datatype": 1,
+                "width": 4,
+                "height": 4,
+                "srid": 4326,
+                "bands": [
+                    {
+                        "data": (1,),
+                        "offset": (1, 1),
+                        "size": (2, 2),
+                        "shape": (1, 1),
+                        "nodata_value": 2,
+                    }
+                ],
+            }
+        )
         # Get array from raster.
         result = rast.bands[0].data()
         if numpy:
             result = result.flatten().tolist()
         # Band data is equal to nodata value except on input block of ones.
-        self.assertEqual(
-            result,
-            [2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2]
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(result, [2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2])
 
     def test_set_nodata_value_on_raster_creation(self):
         # Create raster filled with nodata values.
-        rast = GDALRaster({
-            'datatype': 1,
-            'width': 2,
-            'height': 2,
-            'srid': 4326,
-            'bands': [{'nodata_value': 23}],
-        })
+        rast = GDALRaster(
+            {
+                "datatype": 1,
+                "width": 2,
+                "height": 2,
+                "srid": 4326,
+                "bands": [{"nodata_value": 23}],
+            }
+        )
         # Get array from raster.
         result = rast.bands[0].data()
         if numpy:
@@ -283,13 +313,15 @@ class GDALRasterTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_set_nodata_none_on_raster_creation(self):
         # Create raster without data and without nodata value.
-        rast = GDALRaster({
-            'datatype': 1,
-            'width': 2,
-            'height': 2,
-            'srid': 4326,
-            'bands': [{'nodata_value': None}],
-        })
+        rast = GDALRaster(
+            {
+                "datatype": 1,
+                "width": 2,
+                "height": 2,
+                "srid": 4326,
+                "bands": [{"nodata_value": None}],
+            }
+        )
         # Get array from raster.
         result = rast.bands[0].data()
         if numpy:
@@ -299,54 +331,56 @@ class GDALRasterTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_raster_metadata_property(self):
         data = self.rs.metadata
-        self.assertEqual(data['DEFAULT'], {'AREA_OR_POINT': 'Area'})
-        self.assertEqual(data['IMAGE_STRUCTURE'], {'INTERLEAVE': 'BAND'})
+        self.assertEqual(data["DEFAULT"], {"AREA_OR_POINT": "Area"})
+        self.assertEqual(data["IMAGE_STRUCTURE"], {"INTERLEAVE": "BAND"})
 
         # Create file-based raster from scratch
-        source = GDALRaster({
-            'datatype': 1,
-            'width': 2,
-            'height': 2,
-            'srid': 4326,
-            'bands': [{'data': range(4), 'nodata_value': 99}],
-        })
+        source = GDALRaster(
+            {
+                "datatype": 1,
+                "width": 2,
+                "height": 2,
+                "srid": 4326,
+                "bands": [{"data": range(4), "nodata_value": 99}],
+            }
+        )
         # Set metadata on raster and on a band.
         metadata = {
-            'DEFAULT': {'OWNER': 'Django', 'VERSION': '1.0', 'AREA_OR_POINT': 'Point'},
+            "DEFAULT": {"OWNER": "Django", "VERSION": "1.0", "AREA_OR_POINT": "Point"},
         }
         source.metadata = metadata
         source.bands[0].metadata = metadata
-        self.assertEqual(source.metadata['DEFAULT'], metadata['DEFAULT'])
-        self.assertEqual(source.bands[0].metadata['DEFAULT'], metadata['DEFAULT'])
+        self.assertEqual(source.metadata["DEFAULT"], metadata["DEFAULT"])
+        self.assertEqual(source.bands[0].metadata["DEFAULT"], metadata["DEFAULT"])
         # Update metadata on raster.
         metadata = {
-            'DEFAULT': {'VERSION': '2.0'},
+            "DEFAULT": {"VERSION": "2.0"},
         }
         source.metadata = metadata
-        self.assertEqual(source.metadata['DEFAULT']['VERSION'], '2.0')
+        self.assertEqual(source.metadata["DEFAULT"]["VERSION"], "2.0")
         # Remove metadata on raster.
         metadata = {
-            'DEFAULT': {'OWNER': None},
+            "DEFAULT": {"OWNER": None},
         }
         source.metadata = metadata
-        self.assertNotIn('OWNER', source.metadata['DEFAULT'])
+        self.assertNotIn("OWNER", source.metadata["DEFAULT"])
 
     def test_raster_info_accessor(self):
         infos = self.rs.info
         # Data
-        info_lines = [line.strip() for line in infos.split('\n') if line.strip() != '']
+        info_lines = [line.strip() for line in infos.split("\n") if line.strip() != ""]
         for line in [
-            'Driver: GTiff/GeoTIFF',
-            'Files: {}'.format(self.rs_path),
-            'Size is 163, 174',
-            'Origin = (511700.468070655711927,435103.377123198588379)',
-            'Pixel Size = (100.000000000000000,-100.000000000000000)',
-            'Metadata:',
-            'AREA_OR_POINT=Area',
-            'Image Structure Metadata:',
-            'INTERLEAVE=BAND',
-            'Band 1 Block=163x50 Type=Byte, ColorInterp=Gray',
-            'NoData Value=15'
+            "Driver: GTiff/GeoTIFF",
+            "Files: {}".format(self.rs_path),
+            "Size is 163, 174",
+            "Origin = (511700.468070655711927,435103.377123198588379)",
+            "Pixel Size = (100.000000000000000,-100.000000000000000)",
+            "Metadata:",
+            "AREA_OR_POINT=Area",
+            "Image Structure Metadata:",
+            "INTERLEAVE=BAND",
+            "Band 1 Block=163x50 Type=Byte, ColorInterp=Gray",
+            "NoData Value=15",
         ]:
             self.assertIn(line, info_lines)
         for line in [
@@ -361,72 +395,87 @@ class GDALRasterTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIn("NAD83 / Florida GDL Albers", infos)
 
     def test_compressed_file_based_raster_creation(self):
-        rstfile = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.tif')
+        rstfile = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".tif")
         # Make a compressed copy of an existing raster.
-        compressed = self.rs.warp({'papsz_options': {'compress': 'packbits'}, 'name': rstfile.name})
+        compressed = self.rs.warp(
+            {"papsz_options": {"compress": "packbits"}, "name": rstfile.name}
+        )
         # Check physically if compression worked.
         self.assertLess(os.path.getsize(compressed.name), os.path.getsize(self.rs.name))
         # Create file-based raster with options from scratch.
-        compressed = GDALRaster({
-            'datatype': 1,
-            'driver': 'tif',
-            'name': rstfile.name,
-            'width': 40,
-            'height': 40,
-            'srid': 3086,
-            'origin': (500000, 400000),
-            'scale': (100, -100),
-            'skew': (0, 0),
-            'bands': [{
-                'data': range(40 ^ 2),
-                'nodata_value': 255,
-            }],
-            'papsz_options': {
-                'compress': 'packbits',
-                'pixeltype': 'signedbyte',
-                'blockxsize': 23,
-                'blockysize': 23,
+        compressed = GDALRaster(
+            {
+                "datatype": 1,
+                "driver": "tif",
+                "name": rstfile.name,
+                "width": 40,
+                "height": 40,
+                "srid": 3086,
+                "origin": (500000, 400000),
+                "scale": (100, -100),
+                "skew": (0, 0),
+                "bands": [
+                    {
+                        "data": range(40 ^ 2),
+                        "nodata_value": 255,
+                    }
+                ],
+                "papsz_options": {
+                    "compress": "packbits",
+                    "pixeltype": "signedbyte",
+                    "blockxsize": 23,
+                    "blockysize": 23,
+                },
             }
-        })
+        )
         # Check if options used on creation are stored in metadata.
         # Reopening the raster ensures that all metadata has been written
         # to the file.
         compressed = GDALRaster(compressed.name)
-        self.assertEqual(compressed.metadata['IMAGE_STRUCTURE']['COMPRESSION'], 'PACKBITS',)
-        self.assertEqual(compressed.bands[0].metadata['IMAGE_STRUCTURE']['PIXELTYPE'], 'SIGNEDBYTE')
-        self.assertIn('Block=40x23', compressed.info)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            compressed.metadata["IMAGE_STRUCTURE"]["COMPRESSION"],
+            "PACKBITS",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            compressed.bands[0].metadata["IMAGE_STRUCTURE"]["PIXELTYPE"], "SIGNEDBYTE"
+        )
+        self.assertIn("Block=40x23", compressed.info)
 
     def test_raster_warp(self):
         # Create in memory raster
-        source = GDALRaster({
-            'datatype': 1,
-            'driver': 'MEM',
-            'name': 'sourceraster',
-            'width': 4,
-            'height': 4,
-            'nr_of_bands': 1,
-            'srid': 3086,
-            'origin': (500000, 400000),
-            'scale': (100, -100),
-            'skew': (0, 0),
-            'bands': [{
-                'data': range(16),
-                'nodata_value': 255,
-            }],
-        })
+        source = GDALRaster(
+            {
+                "datatype": 1,
+                "driver": "MEM",
+                "name": "sourceraster",
+                "width": 4,
+                "height": 4,
+                "nr_of_bands": 1,
+                "srid": 3086,
+                "origin": (500000, 400000),
+                "scale": (100, -100),
+                "skew": (0, 0),
+                "bands": [
+                    {
+                        "data": range(16),
+                        "nodata_value": 255,
+                    }
+                ],
+            }
+        )
 
         # Test altering the scale, width, and height of a raster
         data = {
-            'scale': [200, -200],
-            'width': 2,
-            'height': 2,
+            "scale": [200, -200],
+            "width": 2,
+            "height": 2,
         }
         target = source.warp(data)
-        self.assertEqual(target.width, data['width'])
-        self.assertEqual(target.height, data['height'])
-        self.assertEqual(target.scale, data['scale'])
+        self.assertEqual(target.width, data["width"])
+        self.assertEqual(target.height, data["height"])
+        self.assertEqual(target.scale, data["scale"])
         self.assertEqual(target.bands[0].datatype(), source.bands[0].datatype())
-        self.assertEqual(target.name, 'sourceraster_copy.MEM')
+        self.assertEqual(target.name, "sourceraster_copy.MEM")
         result = target.bands[0].data()
         if numpy:
             result = result.flatten().tolist()
@@ -434,70 +483,92 @@ class GDALRasterTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         # Test altering the name and datatype (to float)
         data = {
-            'name': '/path/to/targetraster.tif',
-            'datatype': 6,
+            "name": "/path/to/targetraster.tif",
+            "datatype": 6,
         }
         target = source.warp(data)
         self.assertEqual(target.bands[0].datatype(), 6)
-        self.assertEqual(target.name, '/path/to/targetraster.tif')
-        self.assertEqual(target.driver.name, 'MEM')
+        self.assertEqual(target.name, "/path/to/targetraster.tif")
+        self.assertEqual(target.driver.name, "MEM")
         result = target.bands[0].data()
         if numpy:
             result = result.flatten().tolist()
         self.assertEqual(
             result,
-            [0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0,
-             4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0,
-             8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0,
-             12.0, 13.0, 14.0, 15.0]
+            [
+                0.0,
+                1.0,
+                2.0,
+                3.0,
+                4.0,
+                5.0,
+                6.0,
+                7.0,
+                8.0,
+                9.0,
+                10.0,
+                11.0,
+                12.0,
+                13.0,
+                14.0,
+                15.0,
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_raster_warp_nodata_zone(self):
         # Create in memory raster.
-        source = GDALRaster({
-            'datatype': 1,
-            'driver': 'MEM',
-            'width': 4,
-            'height': 4,
-            'srid': 3086,
-            'origin': (500000, 400000),
-            'scale': (100, -100),
-            'skew': (0, 0),
-            'bands': [{
-                'data': range(16),
-                'nodata_value': 23,
-            }],
-        })
+        source = GDALRaster(
+            {
+                "datatype": 1,
+                "driver": "MEM",
+                "width": 4,
+                "height": 4,
+                "srid": 3086,
+                "origin": (500000, 400000),
+                "scale": (100, -100),
+                "skew": (0, 0),
+                "bands": [
+                    {
+                        "data": range(16),
+                        "nodata_value": 23,
+                    }
+                ],
+            }
+        )
         # Warp raster onto a location that does not cover any pixels of the original.
-        result = source.warp({'origin': (200000, 200000)}).bands[0].data()
+        result = source.warp({"origin": (200000, 200000)}).bands[0].data()
         if numpy:
             result = result.flatten().tolist()
         # The result is an empty raster filled with the correct nodata value.
         self.assertEqual(result, [23] * 16)
 
     def test_raster_clone(self):
-        rstfile = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.tif')
+        rstfile = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".tif")
         tests = [
-            ('MEM', '', 23),  # In memory raster.
-            ('tif', rstfile.name, 99),  # In file based raster.
+            ("MEM", "", 23),  # In memory raster.
+            ("tif", rstfile.name, 99),  # In file based raster.
         ]
         for driver, name, nodata_value in tests:
             with self.subTest(driver=driver):
-                source = GDALRaster({
-                    'datatype': 1,
-                    'driver': driver,
-                    'name': name,
-                    'width': 4,
-                    'height': 4,
-                    'srid': 3086,
-                    'origin': (500000, 400000),
-                    'scale': (100, -100),
-                    'skew': (0, 0),
-                    'bands': [{
-                        'data': range(16),
-                        'nodata_value': nodata_value,
-                    }],
-                })
+                source = GDALRaster(
+                    {
+                        "datatype": 1,
+                        "driver": driver,
+                        "name": name,
+                        "width": 4,
+                        "height": 4,
+                        "srid": 3086,
+                        "origin": (500000, 400000),
+                        "scale": (100, -100),
+                        "skew": (0, 0),
+                        "bands": [
+                            {
+                                "data": range(16),
+                                "nodata_value": nodata_value,
+                            }
+                        ],
+                    }
+                )
                 clone = source.clone()
                 self.assertNotEqual(clone.name, source.name)
                 self.assertEqual(clone._write, source._write)
@@ -512,31 +583,35 @@ class GDALRasterTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_raster_transform(self):
         tests = [
             3086,
-            '3086',
+            "3086",
             SpatialReference(3086),
         ]
         for srs in tests:
             with self.subTest(srs=srs):
                 # Prepare tempfile and nodata value.
-                rstfile = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.tif')
+                rstfile = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".tif")
                 ndv = 99
                 # Create in file based raster.
-                source = GDALRaster({
-                    'datatype': 1,
-                    'driver': 'tif',
-                    'name': rstfile.name,
-                    'width': 5,
-                    'height': 5,
-                    'nr_of_bands': 1,
-                    'srid': 4326,
-                    'origin': (-5, 5),
-                    'scale': (2, -2),
-                    'skew': (0, 0),
-                    'bands': [{
-                        'data': range(25),
-                        'nodata_value': ndv,
-                    }],
-                })
+                source = GDALRaster(
+                    {
+                        "datatype": 1,
+                        "driver": "tif",
+                        "name": rstfile.name,
+                        "width": 5,
+                        "height": 5,
+                        "nr_of_bands": 1,
+                        "srid": 4326,
+                        "origin": (-5, 5),
+                        "scale": (2, -2),
+                        "skew": (0, 0),
+                        "bands": [
+                            {
+                                "data": range(25),
+                                "nodata_value": ndv,
+                            }
+                        ],
+                    }
+                )
 
                 target = source.transform(srs)
 
@@ -560,36 +635,82 @@ class GDALRasterTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 self.assertEqual(
                     result,
                     [
-                        ndv, ndv, ndv, ndv, 4, ndv, ndv,
-                        ndv, ndv, 2, 3, 9, ndv, ndv,
-                        ndv, 1, 2, 8, 13, 19, ndv,
-                        0, 6, 6, 12, 18, 18, 24,
-                        ndv, 10, 11, 16, 22, 23, ndv,
-                        ndv, ndv, 15, 21, 22, ndv, ndv,
-                        ndv, ndv, 20, ndv, ndv, ndv, ndv,
+                        ndv,
+                        ndv,
+                        ndv,
+                        ndv,
+                        4,
+                        ndv,
+                        ndv,
+                        ndv,
+                        ndv,
+                        2,
+                        3,
+                        9,
+                        ndv,
+                        ndv,
+                        ndv,
+                        1,
+                        2,
+                        8,
+                        13,
+                        19,
+                        ndv,
+                        0,
+                        6,
+                        6,
+                        12,
+                        18,
+                        18,
+                        24,
+                        ndv,
+                        10,
+                        11,
+                        16,
+                        22,
+                        23,
+                        ndv,
+                        ndv,
+                        ndv,
+                        15,
+                        21,
+                        22,
+                        ndv,
+                        ndv,
+                        ndv,
+                        ndv,
+                        20,
+                        ndv,
+                        ndv,
+                        ndv,
+                        ndv,
                     ],
                 )
 
     def test_raster_transform_clone(self):
-        with mock.patch.object(GDALRaster, 'clone') as mocked_clone:
+        with mock.patch.object(GDALRaster, "clone") as mocked_clone:
             # Create in file based raster.
-            rstfile = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.tif')
-            source = GDALRaster({
-                'datatype': 1,
-                'driver': 'tif',
-                'name': rstfile.name,
-                'width': 5,
-                'height': 5,
-                'nr_of_bands': 1,
-                'srid': 4326,
-                'origin': (-5, 5),
-                'scale': (2, -2),
-                'skew': (0, 0),
-                'bands': [{
-                    'data': range(25),
-                    'nodata_value': 99,
-                }],
-            })
+            rstfile = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".tif")
+            source = GDALRaster(
+                {
+                    "datatype": 1,
+                    "driver": "tif",
+                    "name": rstfile.name,
+                    "width": 5,
+                    "height": 5,
+                    "nr_of_bands": 1,
+                    "srid": 4326,
+                    "origin": (-5, 5),
+                    "scale": (2, -2),
+                    "skew": (0, 0),
+                    "bands": [
+                        {
+                            "data": range(25),
+                            "nodata_value": 99,
+                        }
+                    ],
+                }
+            )
             # transform() returns a clone because it is the same SRID and
             # driver.
             source.transform(4326)
@@ -597,57 +718,63 @@ class GDALRasterTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_raster_transform_clone_name(self):
         # Create in file based raster.
-        rstfile = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.tif')
-        source = GDALRaster({
-            'datatype': 1,
-            'driver': 'tif',
-            'name': rstfile.name,
-            'width': 5,
-            'height': 5,
-            'nr_of_bands': 1,
-            'srid': 4326,
-            'origin': (-5, 5),
-            'scale': (2, -2),
-            'skew': (0, 0),
-            'bands': [{
-                'data': range(25),
-                'nodata_value': 99,
-            }],
-        })
-        clone_name = rstfile.name + '_respect_name.GTiff'
+        rstfile = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".tif")
+        source = GDALRaster(
+            {
+                "datatype": 1,
+                "driver": "tif",
+                "name": rstfile.name,
+                "width": 5,
+                "height": 5,
+                "nr_of_bands": 1,
+                "srid": 4326,
+                "origin": (-5, 5),
+                "scale": (2, -2),
+                "skew": (0, 0),
+                "bands": [
+                    {
+                        "data": range(25),
+                        "nodata_value": 99,
+                    }
+                ],
+            }
+        )
+        clone_name = rstfile.name + "_respect_name.GTiff"
         target = source.transform(4326, name=clone_name)
         self.assertEqual(target.name, clone_name)
 
 
 class GDALBandTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    rs_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '../data/rasters/raster.tif')
+    rs_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "../data/rasters/raster.tif")
 
     def test_band_data(self):
         rs = GDALRaster(self.rs_path)
         band = rs.bands[0]
         self.assertEqual(band.width, 163)
         self.assertEqual(band.height, 174)
-        self.assertEqual(band.description, '')
+        self.assertEqual(band.description, "")
         self.assertEqual(band.datatype(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(band.datatype(as_string=True), 'GDT_Byte')
+        self.assertEqual(band.datatype(as_string=True), "GDT_Byte")
         self.assertEqual(band.color_interp(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(band.color_interp(as_string=True), 'GCI_GrayIndex')
+        self.assertEqual(band.color_interp(as_string=True), "GCI_GrayIndex")
         self.assertEqual(band.nodata_value, 15)
         if numpy:
             data = band.data()
             assert_array = numpy.loadtxt(
-                os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '../data/rasters/raster.numpy.txt')
+                os.path.join(
+                    os.path.dirname(__file__), "../data/rasters/raster.numpy.txt"
+                )
             )
             numpy.testing.assert_equal(data, assert_array)
             self.assertEqual(data.shape, (band.height, band.width))
 
     def test_band_statistics(self):
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir:
-            rs_path = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'raster.tif')
+            rs_path = os.path.join(tmp_dir, "raster.tif")
             shutil.copyfile(self.rs_path, rs_path)
             rs = GDALRaster(rs_path)
             band = rs.bands[0]
-            pam_file = rs_path + '.aux.xml'
+            pam_file = rs_path + ".aux.xml"
             smin, smax, smean, sstd = band.statistics(approximate=True)
             self.assertEqual(smin, 0)
             self.assertEqual(smax, 9)
@@ -676,19 +803,21 @@ class GDALBandTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         # Setting attributes in write mode raises exception in the _flush method
         with self.assertRaises(GDALException):
-            setattr(band, 'nodata_value', 10)
+            setattr(band, "nodata_value", 10)
 
     def test_band_data_setters(self):
         # Create in-memory raster and get band
-        rsmem = GDALRaster({
-            'datatype': 1,
-            'driver': 'MEM',
-            'name': 'mem_rst',
-            'width': 10,
-            'height': 10,
-            'nr_of_bands': 1,
-            'srid': 4326,
-        })
+        rsmem = GDALRaster(
+            {
+                "datatype": 1,
+                "driver": "MEM",
+                "name": "mem_rst",
+                "width": 10,
+                "height": 10,
+                "nr_of_bands": 1,
+                "srid": 4326,
+            }
+        )
         bandmem = rsmem.bands[0]
 
         # Set nodata value
@@ -698,13 +827,15 @@ class GDALBandTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # Set data for entire dataset
         bandmem.data(range(100))
         if numpy:
-            numpy.testing.assert_equal(bandmem.data(), numpy.arange(100).reshape(10, 10))
+            numpy.testing.assert_equal(
+                bandmem.data(), numpy.arange(100).reshape(10, 10)
+            )
         else:
             self.assertEqual(bandmem.data(), list(range(100)))
 
         # Prepare data for setting values in subsequent tests
         block = list(range(100, 104))
-        packed_block = struct.pack('<' + 'B B B B', *block)
+        packed_block = struct.pack("<" + "B B B B", *block)
 
         # Set data from list
         bandmem.data(block, (1, 1), (2, 2))
@@ -748,10 +879,10 @@ class GDALBandTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         # Set data from numpy array
         if numpy:
-            bandmem.data(numpy.array(block, dtype='int8').reshape(2, 2), (1, 1), (2, 2))
+            bandmem.data(numpy.array(block, dtype="int8").reshape(2, 2), (1, 1), (2, 2))
             numpy.testing.assert_equal(
                 bandmem.data(offset=(1, 1), size=(2, 2)),
-                numpy.array(block).reshape(2, 2)
+                numpy.array(block).reshape(2, 2),
             )
 
         # Test json input data
@@ -759,19 +890,20 @@ class GDALBandTests(SimpleTestCase):
         bandmemjson = rsmemjson.bands[0]
         if numpy:
             numpy.testing.assert_equal(
-                bandmemjson.data(),
-                numpy.array(range(25)).reshape(5, 5)
+                bandmemjson.data(), numpy.array(range(25)).reshape(5, 5)
             )
         else:
             self.assertEqual(bandmemjson.data(), list(range(25)))
 
     def test_band_statistics_automatic_refresh(self):
-        rsmem = GDALRaster({
-            'srid': 4326,
-            'width': 2,
-            'height': 2,
-            'bands': [{'data': [0] * 4, 'nodata_value': 99}],
-        })
+        rsmem = GDALRaster(
+            {
+                "srid": 4326,
+                "width": 2,
+                "height": 2,
+                "bands": [{"data": [0] * 4, "nodata_value": 99}],
+            }
+        )
         band = rsmem.bands[0]
         # Populate statistics cache
         self.assertEqual(band.statistics(), (0, 0, 0, 0))
@@ -785,31 +917,37 @@ class GDALBandTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(band.statistics(), (1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0))
 
     def test_band_statistics_empty_band(self):
-        rsmem = GDALRaster({
-            'srid': 4326,
-            'width': 1,
-            'height': 1,
-            'bands': [{'data': [0], 'nodata_value': 0}],
-        })
+        rsmem = GDALRaster(
+            {
+                "srid": 4326,
+                "width": 1,
+                "height": 1,
+                "bands": [{"data": [0], "nodata_value": 0}],
+            }
+        )
         self.assertEqual(rsmem.bands[0].statistics(), (None, None, None, None))
 
     def test_band_delete_nodata(self):
-        rsmem = GDALRaster({
-            'srid': 4326,
-            'width': 1,
-            'height': 1,
-            'bands': [{'data': [0], 'nodata_value': 1}],
-        })
+        rsmem = GDALRaster(
+            {
+                "srid": 4326,
+                "width": 1,
+                "height": 1,
+                "bands": [{"data": [0], "nodata_value": 1}],
+            }
+        )
         rsmem.bands[0].nodata_value = None
         self.assertIsNone(rsmem.bands[0].nodata_value)
 
     def test_band_data_replication(self):
-        band = GDALRaster({
-            'srid': 4326,
-            'width': 3,
-            'height': 3,
-            'bands': [{'data': range(10, 19), 'nodata_value': 0}],
-        }).bands[0]
+        band = GDALRaster(
+            {
+                "srid": 4326,
+                "width": 3,
+                "height": 3,
+                "bands": [{"data": range(10, 19), "nodata_value": 0}],
+            }
+        ).bands[0]
 
         # Variations for input (data, shape, expected result).
         combos = (
@@ -820,6 +958,8 @@ class GDALBandTests(SimpleTestCase):
         for combo in combos:
             band.data(combo[0], shape=combo[1])
             if numpy:
-                numpy.testing.assert_equal(band.data(), numpy.array(combo[2]).reshape(3, 3))
+                numpy.testing.assert_equal(
+                    band.data(), numpy.array(combo[2]).reshape(3, 3)
+                )
             else:
                 self.assertEqual(band.data(), list(combo[2]))
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/test_srs.py b/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/test_srs.py
index ddc2a65bde..320d215482 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/test_srs.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/test_srs.py
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 from unittest import skipIf
 
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal import (
-    GDAL_VERSION, AxisOrder, CoordTransform, GDALException, SpatialReference,
+    GDAL_VERSION,
+    AxisOrder,
+    CoordTransform,
+    GDALException,
+    SpatialReference,
     SRSException,
 )
 from django.contrib.gis.geos import GEOSGeometry
@@ -15,7 +19,7 @@ class TestSRS:
             setattr(self, key, value)
 
 
-WGS84_proj = '+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 +datum=WGS84 +no_defs '
+WGS84_proj = "+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 +datum=WGS84 +no_defs "
 
 # Some Spatial Reference examples
 srlist = (
@@ -25,10 +29,20 @@ srlist = (
         'PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,AUTHORITY["EPSG","8901"]],UNIT["degree",'
         '0.0174532925199433,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],AXIS["Latitude",NORTH],'
         'AXIS["Longitude",EAST],AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]]',
-        epsg=4326, projected=False, geographic=True, local=False,
-        lin_name='unknown', ang_name='degree', lin_units=1.0, ang_units=0.0174532925199,
-        auth={'GEOGCS': ('EPSG', '4326'), 'spheroid': ('EPSG', '7030')},
-        attr=(('DATUM', 'WGS_1984'), (('SPHEROID', 1), '6378137'), ('primem|authority', 'EPSG'),),
+        epsg=4326,
+        projected=False,
+        geographic=True,
+        local=False,
+        lin_name="unknown",
+        ang_name="degree",
+        lin_units=1.0,
+        ang_units=0.0174532925199,
+        auth={"GEOGCS": ("EPSG", "4326"), "spheroid": ("EPSG", "7030")},
+        attr=(
+            ("DATUM", "WGS_1984"),
+            (("SPHEROID", 1), "6378137"),
+            ("primem|authority", "EPSG"),
+        ),
     ),
     TestSRS(
         'PROJCS["NAD83 / Texas South Central",GEOGCS["NAD83",DATUM["North_American_Datum_1983",'
@@ -42,13 +56,23 @@ srlist = (
         'PARAMETER["central_meridian",-99],PARAMETER["false_easting",600000],'
         'PARAMETER["false_northing",4000000],UNIT["metre",1,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9001"]],'
         'AXIS["Easting",EAST],AXIS["Northing",NORTH],AUTHORITY["EPSG","32140"]]',
-        epsg=32140, projected=True, geographic=False, local=False,
-        lin_name='metre', ang_name='degree', lin_units=1.0, ang_units=0.0174532925199,
-        auth={'PROJCS': ('EPSG', '32140'), 'spheroid': ('EPSG', '7019'), 'unit': ('EPSG', '9001')},
+        epsg=32140,
+        projected=True,
+        geographic=False,
+        local=False,
+        lin_name="metre",
+        ang_name="degree",
+        lin_units=1.0,
+        ang_units=0.0174532925199,
+        auth={
+            "PROJCS": ("EPSG", "32140"),
+            "spheroid": ("EPSG", "7019"),
+            "unit": ("EPSG", "9001"),
+        },
         attr=(
-            ('DATUM', 'North_American_Datum_1983'),
-            (('SPHEROID', 2), '298.257222101'),
-            ('PROJECTION', 'Lambert_Conformal_Conic_2SP'),
+            ("DATUM", "North_American_Datum_1983"),
+            (("SPHEROID", 2), "298.257222101"),
+            ("PROJECTION", "Lambert_Conformal_Conic_2SP"),
         ),
     ),
     TestSRS(
@@ -61,18 +85,35 @@ srlist = (
         'PARAMETER["central_meridian",-99],PARAMETER["standard_parallel_1",28.3833333333333],'
         'PARAMETER["standard_parallel_2",30.2833333333333],PARAMETER["latitude_of_origin",27.8333333333333],'
         'UNIT["US survey foot",0.304800609601219],AXIS["Easting",EAST],AXIS["Northing",NORTH]]',
-        epsg=None, projected=True, geographic=False, local=False,
-        lin_name='US survey foot', ang_name='Degree', lin_units=0.3048006096012192, ang_units=0.0174532925199,
-        auth={'PROJCS': (None, None)},
-        attr=(('PROJCS|GeOgCs|spheroid', 'GRS 1980'), (('projcs', 9), 'UNIT'), (('projcs', 11), 'AXIS'),),
+        epsg=None,
+        projected=True,
+        geographic=False,
+        local=False,
+        lin_name="US survey foot",
+        ang_name="Degree",
+        lin_units=0.3048006096012192,
+        ang_units=0.0174532925199,
+        auth={"PROJCS": (None, None)},
+        attr=(
+            ("PROJCS|GeOgCs|spheroid", "GRS 1980"),
+            (("projcs", 9), "UNIT"),
+            (("projcs", 11), "AXIS"),
+        ),
     ),
     # This is really ESRI format, not WKT -- but the import should work the same
     TestSRS(
         'LOCAL_CS["Non-Earth (Meter)",LOCAL_DATUM["Local Datum",32767],'
         'UNIT["Meter",1],AXIS["X",EAST],AXIS["Y",NORTH]]',
-        esri=True, epsg=None, projected=False, geographic=False, local=True,
-        lin_name='Meter', ang_name='degree', lin_units=1.0, ang_units=0.0174532925199,
-        attr=(('LOCAL_DATUM', 'Local Datum'),),
+        esri=True,
+        epsg=None,
+        projected=False,
+        geographic=False,
+        local=True,
+        lin_name="Meter",
+        ang_name="degree",
+        lin_units=1.0,
+        ang_units=0.0174532925199,
+        attr=(("LOCAL_DATUM", "Local Datum"),),
     ),
 )
 
@@ -83,8 +124,9 @@ well_known = (
         'AUTHORITY["EPSG","7030"]],TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],AUTHORITY["EPSG","6326"]],'
         'PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,AUTHORITY["EPSG","8901"]],UNIT["degree",0.01745329251994328,'
         'AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]]',
-        wk='WGS84', name='WGS 84',
-        attrs=(('GEOGCS|AUTHORITY', 1, '4326'), ('SPHEROID', 'WGS 84')),
+        wk="WGS84",
+        name="WGS 84",
+        attrs=(("GEOGCS|AUTHORITY", 1, "4326"), ("SPHEROID", "WGS 84")),
     ),
     TestSRS(
         'GEOGCS["WGS 72",DATUM["WGS_1972",SPHEROID["WGS 72",6378135,298.26,'
@@ -92,8 +134,9 @@ well_known = (
         'PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,AUTHORITY["EPSG","8901"]],'
         'UNIT["degree",0.01745329251994328,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],'
         'AUTHORITY["EPSG","4322"]]',
-        wk='WGS72', name='WGS 72',
-        attrs=(('GEOGCS|AUTHORITY', 1, '4322'), ('SPHEROID', 'WGS 72')),
+        wk="WGS72",
+        name="WGS 72",
+        attrs=(("GEOGCS|AUTHORITY", 1, "4322"), ("SPHEROID", "WGS 72")),
     ),
     TestSRS(
         'GEOGCS["NAD27",DATUM["North_American_Datum_1927",'
@@ -102,8 +145,9 @@ well_known = (
         'PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,AUTHORITY["EPSG","8901"]],'
         'UNIT["degree",0.01745329251994328,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],'
         'AUTHORITY["EPSG","4267"]]',
-        wk='NAD27', name='NAD27',
-        attrs=(('GEOGCS|AUTHORITY', 1, '4267'), ('SPHEROID', 'Clarke 1866'))
+        wk="NAD27",
+        name="NAD27",
+        attrs=(("GEOGCS|AUTHORITY", 1, "4267"), ("SPHEROID", "Clarke 1866")),
     ),
     TestSRS(
         'GEOGCS["NAD83",DATUM["North_American_Datum_1983",'
@@ -112,15 +156,16 @@ well_known = (
         'PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,AUTHORITY["EPSG","8901"]],'
         'UNIT["degree",0.01745329251994328,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],'
         'AUTHORITY["EPSG","4269"]]',
-        wk='NAD83', name='NAD83',
-        attrs=(('GEOGCS|AUTHORITY', 1, '4269'), ('SPHEROID', 'GRS 1980')),
+        wk="NAD83",
+        name="NAD83",
+        attrs=(("GEOGCS|AUTHORITY", 1, "4269"), ("SPHEROID", "GRS 1980")),
     ),
     TestSRS(
         'PROJCS["NZGD49 / Karamea Circuit",GEOGCS["NZGD49",'
         'DATUM["New_Zealand_Geodetic_Datum_1949",'
         'SPHEROID["International 1924",6378388,297,'
         'AUTHORITY["EPSG","7022"]],'
-        'TOWGS84[59.47,-5.04,187.44,0.47,-0.1,1.024,-4.5993],'
+        "TOWGS84[59.47,-5.04,187.44,0.47,-0.1,1.024,-4.5993],"
         'AUTHORITY["EPSG","6272"]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,'
         'AUTHORITY["EPSG","8901"]],UNIT["degree",0.01745329251994328,'
         'AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],AUTHORITY["EPSG","4272"]],'
@@ -130,13 +175,17 @@ well_known = (
         'PARAMETER["scale_factor",1],PARAMETER["false_easting",300000],'
         'PARAMETER["false_northing",700000],'
         'UNIT["metre",1,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9001"]],AUTHORITY["EPSG","27216"]]',
-        wk='EPSG:27216', name='NZGD49 / Karamea Circuit',
-        attrs=(('PROJECTION', 'Transverse_Mercator'), ('SPHEROID', 'International 1924')),
+        wk="EPSG:27216",
+        name="NZGD49 / Karamea Circuit",
+        attrs=(
+            ("PROJECTION", "Transverse_Mercator"),
+            ("SPHEROID", "International 1924"),
+        ),
     ),
 )
 
 bad_srlist = (
-    'Foobar',
+    "Foobar",
     'OOJCS["NAD83 / Texas South Central",GEOGCS["NAD83",'
     'DATUM["North_American_Datum_1983",'
     'SPHEROID["GRS 1980",6378137,298.257222101,AUTHORITY["EPSG","7019"]],'
@@ -153,7 +202,6 @@ bad_srlist = (
 
 
 class SpatialRefTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test01_wkt(self):
         "Testing initialization on valid OGC WKT."
         for s in srlist:
@@ -176,14 +224,18 @@ class SpatialRefTest(SimpleTestCase):
             srs = SpatialReference(s.wkt)
             # GDAL 3 strips UNIT part in the last occurrence.
             self.assertEqual(
-                s.wkt.replace(',UNIT["Meter",1]', ''),
-                srs.wkt.replace(',UNIT["Meter",1]', ''),
+                s.wkt.replace(',UNIT["Meter",1]', ""),
+                srs.wkt.replace(',UNIT["Meter",1]', ""),
             )
 
     def test04_proj(self):
         """PROJ import and export."""
         proj_parts = [
-            '+proj=longlat', '+ellps=WGS84', '+towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0', '+datum=WGS84', '+no_defs'
+            "+proj=longlat",
+            "+ellps=WGS84",
+            "+towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0",
+            "+datum=WGS84",
+            "+no_defs",
         ]
         srs1 = SpatialReference(srlist[0].wkt)
         srs2 = SpatialReference(WGS84_proj)
@@ -197,7 +249,7 @@ class SpatialRefTest(SimpleTestCase):
                 srs1 = SpatialReference(s.wkt)
                 srs2 = SpatialReference(s.epsg)
                 srs3 = SpatialReference(str(s.epsg))
-                srs4 = SpatialReference('EPSG:%d' % s.epsg)
+                srs4 = SpatialReference("EPSG:%d" % s.epsg)
                 for srs in (srs1, srs2, srs3, srs4):
                     for attr, expected in s.attr:
                         self.assertEqual(expected, srs[attr])
@@ -221,7 +273,7 @@ class SpatialRefTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test09_authority(self):
         "Testing the authority name & code routines."
         for s in srlist:
-            if hasattr(s, 'auth'):
+            if hasattr(s, "auth"):
                 srs = SpatialReference(s.wkt)
                 for target, tup in s.auth.items():
                     self.assertEqual(tup[0], srs.auth_name(target))
@@ -252,21 +304,21 @@ class SpatialRefTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test12_coordtransform(self):
         "Testing initialization of a CoordTransform."
-        target = SpatialReference('WGS84')
+        target = SpatialReference("WGS84")
         CoordTransform(SpatialReference(srlist[0].wkt), target)
 
     def test13_attr_value(self):
         "Testing the attr_value() method."
-        s1 = SpatialReference('WGS84')
+        s1 = SpatialReference("WGS84")
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             s1.__getitem__(0)
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            s1.__getitem__(('GEOGCS', 'foo'))
-        self.assertEqual('WGS 84', s1['GEOGCS'])
-        self.assertEqual('WGS_1984', s1['DATUM'])
-        self.assertEqual('EPSG', s1['AUTHORITY'])
-        self.assertEqual(4326, int(s1['AUTHORITY', 1]))
-        self.assertIsNone(s1['FOOBAR'])
+            s1.__getitem__(("GEOGCS", "foo"))
+        self.assertEqual("WGS 84", s1["GEOGCS"])
+        self.assertEqual("WGS_1984", s1["DATUM"])
+        self.assertEqual("EPSG", s1["AUTHORITY"])
+        self.assertEqual(4326, int(s1["AUTHORITY", 1]))
+        self.assertIsNone(s1["FOOBAR"])
 
     def test_unicode(self):
         wkt = (
@@ -285,17 +337,17 @@ class SpatialRefTest(SimpleTestCase):
         srs.import_wkt(wkt)
 
         for srs in srs_list:
-            self.assertEqual(srs.name, 'DHDN / Soldner 39 Langschoß')
+            self.assertEqual(srs.name, "DHDN / Soldner 39 Langschoß")
             self.assertEqual(srs.wkt, wkt)
-            self.assertIn('Langschoß', srs.pretty_wkt)
-            self.assertIn('Langschoß', srs.xml)
+            self.assertIn("Langschoß", srs.pretty_wkt)
+            self.assertIn("Langschoß", srs.xml)
 
-    @skipIf(GDAL_VERSION < (3, 0), 'GDAL >= 3.0 is required')
+    @skipIf(GDAL_VERSION < (3, 0), "GDAL >= 3.0 is required")
     def test_axis_order(self):
         wgs84_trad = SpatialReference(4326, axis_order=AxisOrder.TRADITIONAL)
         wgs84_auth = SpatialReference(4326, axis_order=AxisOrder.AUTHORITY)
         # Coordinate interpretation may depend on the srs axis predicate.
-        pt = GEOSGeometry('POINT (992385.4472045 481455.4944650)', 2774)
+        pt = GEOSGeometry("POINT (992385.4472045 481455.4944650)", 2774)
         pt_trad = pt.transform(wgs84_trad, clone=True)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(pt_trad.x, -104.609, 3)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(pt_trad.y, 38.255, 3)
@@ -308,18 +360,18 @@ class SpatialRefTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertAlmostEqual(pt_auth.y, -104.609, 3)
 
     def test_axis_order_invalid(self):
-        msg = 'SpatialReference.axis_order must be an AxisOrder instance.'
+        msg = "SpatialReference.axis_order must be an AxisOrder instance."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            SpatialReference(4326, axis_order='other')
+            SpatialReference(4326, axis_order="other")
 
     @skipIf(GDAL_VERSION > (3, 0), "GDAL < 3.0 doesn't support authority.")
     def test_axis_order_non_traditional_invalid(self):
-        msg = 'AxisOrder.AUTHORITY is not supported in GDAL < 3.0.'
+        msg = "AxisOrder.AUTHORITY is not supported in GDAL < 3.0."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             SpatialReference(4326, axis_order=AxisOrder.AUTHORITY)
 
     def test_esri(self):
-        srs = SpatialReference('NAD83')
+        srs = SpatialReference("NAD83")
         pre_esri_wkt = srs.wkt
         srs.to_esri()
         self.assertNotEqual(srs.wkt, pre_esri_wkt)
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/tests.py b/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/tests.py
index 607753271f..d4ef7dc7ef 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/tests.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/gdal_tests/tests.py
@@ -1,18 +1,16 @@
 import unittest
 
-from django.contrib.gis.gdal import (
-    GDAL_VERSION, gdal_full_version, gdal_version,
-)
+from django.contrib.gis.gdal import GDAL_VERSION, gdal_full_version, gdal_version
 
 
 class GDALTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_gdal_version(self):
         if GDAL_VERSION:
-            self.assertEqual(gdal_version(), ('%s.%s.%s' % GDAL_VERSION).encode())
+            self.assertEqual(gdal_version(), ("%s.%s.%s" % GDAL_VERSION).encode())
         else:
-            self.assertIn(b'.', gdal_version())
+            self.assertIn(b".", gdal_version())
 
     def test_gdal_full_version(self):
         full_version = gdal_full_version()
         self.assertIn(gdal_version(), full_version)
-        self.assertTrue(full_version.startswith(b'GDAL'))
+        self.assertTrue(full_version.startswith(b"GDAL"))
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geo3d/models.py b/tests/gis_tests/geo3d/models.py
index cd33a1da39..456be077f0 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geo3d/models.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geo3d/models.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class City3D(NamedModel):
     pointg = models.PointField(dim=3, geography=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        required_db_features = {'supports_3d_storage'}
+        required_db_features = {"supports_3d_storage"}
 
 
 class Interstate2D(NamedModel):
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class Interstate3D(NamedModel):
     line = models.LineStringField(dim=3, srid=4269)
 
     class Meta:
-        required_db_features = {'supports_3d_storage'}
+        required_db_features = {"supports_3d_storage"}
 
 
 class InterstateProj2D(NamedModel):
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class InterstateProj3D(NamedModel):
     line = models.LineStringField(dim=3, srid=32140)
 
     class Meta:
-        required_db_features = {'supports_3d_storage'}
+        required_db_features = {"supports_3d_storage"}
 
 
 class Polygon2D(NamedModel):
@@ -49,11 +49,10 @@ class Polygon3D(NamedModel):
     poly = models.PolygonField(dim=3, srid=32140)
 
     class Meta:
-        required_db_features = {'supports_3d_storage'}
+        required_db_features = {"supports_3d_storage"}
 
 
 class SimpleModel(models.Model):
-
     class Meta:
         abstract = True
 
@@ -66,11 +65,11 @@ class Point3D(SimpleModel):
     point = models.PointField(dim=3)
 
     class Meta:
-        required_db_features = {'supports_3d_storage'}
+        required_db_features = {"supports_3d_storage"}
 
 
 class MultiPoint3D(SimpleModel):
     mpoint = models.MultiPointField(dim=3)
 
     class Meta:
-        required_db_features = {'supports_3d_storage'}
+        required_db_features = {"supports_3d_storage"}
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geo3d/tests.py b/tests/gis_tests/geo3d/tests.py
index ad34caf7e0..2e99d741ef 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geo3d/tests.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geo3d/tests.py
@@ -3,32 +3,45 @@ import re
 
 from django.contrib.gis.db.models import Extent3D, Union
 from django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions import (
-    AsGeoJSON, AsKML, Length, Perimeter, Scale, Translate,
+    AsGeoJSON,
+    AsKML,
+    Length,
+    Perimeter,
+    Scale,
+    Translate,
 )
 from django.contrib.gis.geos import GEOSGeometry, LineString, Point, Polygon
 from django.test import TestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
 
 from ..utils import FuncTestMixin
 from .models import (
-    City3D, Interstate2D, Interstate3D, InterstateProj2D, InterstateProj3D,
-    MultiPoint3D, Point2D, Point3D, Polygon2D, Polygon3D,
+    City3D,
+    Interstate2D,
+    Interstate3D,
+    InterstateProj2D,
+    InterstateProj3D,
+    MultiPoint3D,
+    Point2D,
+    Point3D,
+    Polygon2D,
+    Polygon3D,
 )
 
-data_path = os.path.realpath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..', 'data'))
-city_file = os.path.join(data_path, 'cities', 'cities.shp')
-vrt_file = os.path.join(data_path, 'test_vrt', 'test_vrt.vrt')
+data_path = os.path.realpath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..", "data"))
+city_file = os.path.join(data_path, "cities", "cities.shp")
+vrt_file = os.path.join(data_path, "test_vrt", "test_vrt.vrt")
 
 # The coordinates of each city, with Z values corresponding to their
 # altitude in meters.
 city_data = (
-    ('Houston', (-95.363151, 29.763374, 18)),
-    ('Dallas', (-96.801611, 32.782057, 147)),
-    ('Oklahoma City', (-97.521157, 34.464642, 380)),
-    ('Wellington', (174.783117, -41.315268, 14)),
-    ('Pueblo', (-104.609252, 38.255001, 1433)),
-    ('Lawrence', (-95.235060, 38.971823, 251)),
-    ('Chicago', (-87.650175, 41.850385, 181)),
-    ('Victoria', (-123.305196, 48.462611, 15)),
+    ("Houston", (-95.363151, 29.763374, 18)),
+    ("Dallas", (-96.801611, 32.782057, 147)),
+    ("Oklahoma City", (-97.521157, 34.464642, 380)),
+    ("Wellington", (174.783117, -41.315268, 14)),
+    ("Pueblo", (-104.609252, 38.255001, 1433)),
+    ("Lawrence", (-95.235060, 38.971823, 251)),
+    ("Chicago", (-87.650175, 41.850385, 181)),
+    ("Victoria", (-123.305196, 48.462611, 15)),
 )
 
 # Reference mapping of city name to its altitude (Z value).
@@ -37,32 +50,53 @@ city_dict = {name: coords for name, coords in city_data}
 # 3D freeway data derived from the National Elevation Dataset:
 #  http://seamless.usgs.gov/products/9arc.php
 interstate_data = (
-    ('I-45',
-     'LINESTRING(-95.3708481 29.7765870 11.339,-95.3694580 29.7787980 4.536,'
-     '-95.3690305 29.7797359 9.762,-95.3691886 29.7812450 12.448,'
-     '-95.3696447 29.7850144 10.457,-95.3702511 29.7868518 9.418,'
-     '-95.3706724 29.7881286 14.858,-95.3711632 29.7896157 15.386,'
-     '-95.3714525 29.7936267 13.168,-95.3717848 29.7955007 15.104,'
-     '-95.3717719 29.7969804 16.516,-95.3717305 29.7982117 13.923,'
-     '-95.3717254 29.8000778 14.385,-95.3719875 29.8013539 15.160,'
-     '-95.3720575 29.8026785 15.544,-95.3721321 29.8040912 14.975,'
-     '-95.3722074 29.8050998 15.688,-95.3722779 29.8060430 16.099,'
-     '-95.3733818 29.8076750 15.197,-95.3741563 29.8103686 17.268,'
-     '-95.3749458 29.8129927 19.857,-95.3763564 29.8144557 15.435)',
-     (11.339, 4.536, 9.762, 12.448, 10.457, 9.418, 14.858,
-      15.386, 13.168, 15.104, 16.516, 13.923, 14.385, 15.16,
-      15.544, 14.975, 15.688, 16.099, 15.197, 17.268, 19.857,
-      15.435),
-     ),
+    (
+        "I-45",
+        "LINESTRING(-95.3708481 29.7765870 11.339,-95.3694580 29.7787980 4.536,"
+        "-95.3690305 29.7797359 9.762,-95.3691886 29.7812450 12.448,"
+        "-95.3696447 29.7850144 10.457,-95.3702511 29.7868518 9.418,"
+        "-95.3706724 29.7881286 14.858,-95.3711632 29.7896157 15.386,"
+        "-95.3714525 29.7936267 13.168,-95.3717848 29.7955007 15.104,"
+        "-95.3717719 29.7969804 16.516,-95.3717305 29.7982117 13.923,"
+        "-95.3717254 29.8000778 14.385,-95.3719875 29.8013539 15.160,"
+        "-95.3720575 29.8026785 15.544,-95.3721321 29.8040912 14.975,"
+        "-95.3722074 29.8050998 15.688,-95.3722779 29.8060430 16.099,"
+        "-95.3733818 29.8076750 15.197,-95.3741563 29.8103686 17.268,"
+        "-95.3749458 29.8129927 19.857,-95.3763564 29.8144557 15.435)",
+        (
+            11.339,
+            4.536,
+            9.762,
+            12.448,
+            10.457,
+            9.418,
+            14.858,
+            15.386,
+            13.168,
+            15.104,
+            16.516,
+            13.923,
+            14.385,
+            15.16,
+            15.544,
+            14.975,
+            15.688,
+            16.099,
+            15.197,
+            17.268,
+            19.857,
+            15.435,
+        ),
+    ),
 )
 
 # Bounding box polygon for inner-loop of Houston (in projected coordinate
 # system 32140), with elevation values from the National Elevation Dataset
 # (see above).
 bbox_data = (
-    'POLYGON((941527.97 4225693.20,962596.48 4226349.75,963152.57 4209023.95,'
-    '942051.75 4208366.38,941527.97 4225693.20))',
-    (21.71, 13.21, 9.12, 16.40, 21.71)
+    "POLYGON((941527.97 4225693.20,962596.48 4226349.75,963152.57 4209023.95,"
+    "942051.75 4208366.38,941527.97 4225693.20))",
+    (21.71, 13.21, 9.12, 16.40, 21.71),
 )
 
 
@@ -83,15 +117,19 @@ class Geo3DLoadingHelper:
     def _load_city_data(self):
         for name, pnt_data in city_data:
             City3D.objects.create(
-                name=name, point=Point(*pnt_data, srid=4326), pointg=Point(*pnt_data, srid=4326),
+                name=name,
+                point=Point(*pnt_data, srid=4326),
+                pointg=Point(*pnt_data, srid=4326),
             )
 
     def _load_polygon_data(self):
         bbox_wkt, bbox_z = bbox_data
         bbox_2d = GEOSGeometry(bbox_wkt, srid=32140)
-        bbox_3d = Polygon(tuple((x, y, z) for (x, y), z in zip(bbox_2d[0].coords, bbox_z)), srid=32140)
-        Polygon2D.objects.create(name='2D BBox', poly=bbox_2d)
-        Polygon3D.objects.create(name='3D BBox', poly=bbox_3d)
+        bbox_3d = Polygon(
+            tuple((x, y, z) for (x, y), z in zip(bbox_2d[0].coords, bbox_z)), srid=32140
+        )
+        Polygon2D.objects.create(name="2D BBox", poly=bbox_2d)
+        Polygon3D.objects.create(name="3D BBox", poly=bbox_3d)
 
 
 @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_3d_storage")
@@ -132,7 +170,7 @@ class Geo3DTest(Geo3DLoadingHelper, TestCase):
         Test the creation of polygon 3D models.
         """
         self._load_polygon_data()
-        p3d = Polygon3D.objects.get(name='3D BBox')
+        p3d = Polygon3D.objects.get(name="3D BBox")
         self.assertTrue(p3d.poly.hasz)
         self.assertIsInstance(p3d.poly, Polygon)
         self.assertEqual(p3d.poly.srid, 32140)
@@ -144,8 +182,8 @@ class Geo3DTest(Geo3DLoadingHelper, TestCase):
         # Import here as GDAL is required for those imports
         from django.contrib.gis.utils import LayerMapError, LayerMapping
 
-        point_mapping = {'point': 'POINT'}
-        mpoint_mapping = {'mpoint': 'MULTIPOINT'}
+        point_mapping = {"point": "POINT"}
+        mpoint_mapping = {"mpoint": "MULTIPOINT"}
 
         # The VRT is 3D, but should still be able to map sans the Z.
         lm = LayerMapping(Point2D, vrt_file, point_mapping, transform=False)
@@ -177,12 +215,12 @@ class Geo3DTest(Geo3DLoadingHelper, TestCase):
         #  `SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Union(point)) FROM geo3d_city3d;`
         self._load_city_data()
         ref_ewkt = (
-            'SRID=4326;MULTIPOINT(-123.305196 48.462611 15,-104.609252 38.255001 1433,'
-            '-97.521157 34.464642 380,-96.801611 32.782057 147,-95.363151 29.763374 18,'
-            '-95.23506 38.971823 251,-87.650175 41.850385 181,174.783117 -41.315268 14)'
+            "SRID=4326;MULTIPOINT(-123.305196 48.462611 15,-104.609252 38.255001 1433,"
+            "-97.521157 34.464642 380,-96.801611 32.782057 147,-95.363151 29.763374 18,"
+            "-95.23506 38.971823 251,-87.650175 41.850385 181,174.783117 -41.315268 14)"
         )
         ref_union = GEOSGeometry(ref_ewkt)
-        union = City3D.objects.aggregate(Union('point'))['point__union']
+        union = City3D.objects.aggregate(Union("point"))["point__union"]
         self.assertTrue(union.hasz)
         # Ordering of points in the resulting geometry may vary between implementations
         self.assertEqual({p.ewkt for p in ref_union}, {p.ewkt for p in union})
@@ -195,14 +233,16 @@ class Geo3DTest(Geo3DLoadingHelper, TestCase):
         self._load_city_data()
         # `SELECT ST_Extent3D(point) FROM geo3d_city3d;`
         ref_extent3d = (-123.305196, -41.315268, 14, 174.783117, 48.462611, 1433)
-        extent = City3D.objects.aggregate(Extent3D('point'))['point__extent3d']
+        extent = City3D.objects.aggregate(Extent3D("point"))["point__extent3d"]
 
         def check_extent3d(extent3d, tol=6):
             for ref_val, ext_val in zip(ref_extent3d, extent3d):
                 self.assertAlmostEqual(ref_val, ext_val, tol)
 
         check_extent3d(extent)
-        self.assertIsNone(City3D.objects.none().aggregate(Extent3D('point'))['point__extent3d'])
+        self.assertIsNone(
+            City3D.objects.none().aggregate(Extent3D("point"))["point__extent3d"]
+        )
 
 
 @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_3d_functions")
@@ -212,10 +252,12 @@ class Geo3DFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, Geo3DLoadingHelper, TestCase):
         Test KML() function with Z values.
         """
         self._load_city_data()
-        h = City3D.objects.annotate(kml=AsKML('point', precision=6)).get(name='Houston')
+        h = City3D.objects.annotate(kml=AsKML("point", precision=6)).get(name="Houston")
         # KML should be 3D.
         # `SELECT ST_AsKML(point, 6) FROM geo3d_city3d WHERE name = 'Houston';`
-        ref_kml_regex = re.compile(r'^<Point><coordinates>-95.363\d+,29.763\d+,18</coordinates></Point>$')
+        ref_kml_regex = re.compile(
+            r"^<Point><coordinates>-95.363\d+,29.763\d+,18</coordinates></Point>$"
+        )
         self.assertTrue(ref_kml_regex.match(h.kml))
 
     def test_geojson(self):
@@ -223,10 +265,14 @@ class Geo3DFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, Geo3DLoadingHelper, TestCase):
         Test GeoJSON() function with Z values.
         """
         self._load_city_data()
-        h = City3D.objects.annotate(geojson=AsGeoJSON('point', precision=6)).get(name='Houston')
+        h = City3D.objects.annotate(geojson=AsGeoJSON("point", precision=6)).get(
+            name="Houston"
+        )
         # GeoJSON should be 3D
         # `SELECT ST_AsGeoJSON(point, 6) FROM geo3d_city3d WHERE name='Houston';`
-        ref_json_regex = re.compile(r'^{"type":"Point","coordinates":\[-95.363151,29.763374,18(\.0+)?\]}$')
+        ref_json_regex = re.compile(
+            r'^{"type":"Point","coordinates":\[-95.363151,29.763374,18(\.0+)?\]}$'
+        )
         self.assertTrue(ref_json_regex.match(h.geojson))
 
     def test_perimeter(self):
@@ -239,9 +285,13 @@ class Geo3DFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, Geo3DLoadingHelper, TestCase):
         ref_perim_3d = 76859.2620451
         ref_perim_2d = 76859.2577803
         tol = 6
-        poly2d = Polygon2D.objects.annotate(perimeter=Perimeter('poly')).get(name='2D BBox')
+        poly2d = Polygon2D.objects.annotate(perimeter=Perimeter("poly")).get(
+            name="2D BBox"
+        )
         self.assertAlmostEqual(ref_perim_2d, poly2d.perimeter.m, tol)
-        poly3d = Polygon3D.objects.annotate(perimeter=Perimeter('poly')).get(name='3D BBox')
+        poly3d = Polygon3D.objects.annotate(perimeter=Perimeter("poly")).get(
+            name="3D BBox"
+        )
         self.assertAlmostEqual(ref_perim_3d, poly3d.perimeter.m, tol)
 
     def test_length(self):
@@ -256,9 +306,9 @@ class Geo3DFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, Geo3DLoadingHelper, TestCase):
         tol = 3
         ref_length_2d = 4368.1721949481
         ref_length_3d = 4368.62547052088
-        inter2d = Interstate2D.objects.annotate(length=Length('line')).get(name='I-45')
+        inter2d = Interstate2D.objects.annotate(length=Length("line")).get(name="I-45")
         self.assertAlmostEqual(ref_length_2d, inter2d.length.m, tol)
-        inter3d = Interstate3D.objects.annotate(length=Length('line')).get(name='I-45')
+        inter3d = Interstate3D.objects.annotate(length=Length("line")).get(name="I-45")
         self.assertAlmostEqual(ref_length_3d, inter3d.length.m, tol)
 
         # Making sure `ST_Length3D` is used on for a projected
@@ -267,9 +317,13 @@ class Geo3DFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, Geo3DLoadingHelper, TestCase):
         ref_length_2d = 4367.71564892392
         # `SELECT ST_Length3D(line) FROM geo3d_interstateproj3d;`
         ref_length_3d = 4368.16897234101
-        inter2d = InterstateProj2D.objects.annotate(length=Length('line')).get(name='I-45')
+        inter2d = InterstateProj2D.objects.annotate(length=Length("line")).get(
+            name="I-45"
+        )
         self.assertAlmostEqual(ref_length_2d, inter2d.length.m, tol)
-        inter3d = InterstateProj3D.objects.annotate(length=Length('line')).get(name='I-45')
+        inter3d = InterstateProj3D.objects.annotate(length=Length("line")).get(
+            name="I-45"
+        )
         self.assertAlmostEqual(ref_length_3d, inter3d.length.m, tol)
 
     def test_scale(self):
@@ -280,7 +334,7 @@ class Geo3DFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, Geo3DLoadingHelper, TestCase):
         # Mapping of City name to reference Z values.
         zscales = (-3, 4, 23)
         for zscale in zscales:
-            for city in City3D.objects.annotate(scale=Scale('point', 1.0, 1.0, zscale)):
+            for city in City3D.objects.annotate(scale=Scale("point", 1.0, 1.0, zscale)):
                 self.assertEqual(city_dict[city.name][2] * zscale, city.scale.z)
 
     def test_translate(self):
@@ -290,5 +344,7 @@ class Geo3DFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, Geo3DLoadingHelper, TestCase):
         self._load_city_data()
         ztranslations = (5.23, 23, -17)
         for ztrans in ztranslations:
-            for city in City3D.objects.annotate(translate=Translate('point', 0, 0, ztrans)):
+            for city in City3D.objects.annotate(
+                translate=Translate("point", 0, 0, ztrans)
+            ):
                 self.assertEqual(city_dict[city.name][2] + ztrans, city.translate.z)
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin/models.py b/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin/models.py
index 115ed0624e..ea726dd68f 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin/models.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin/models.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ class City(models.Model):
     point = models.PointField()
 
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'geoadmin'
+        app_label = "geoadmin"
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -16,18 +16,18 @@ class City(models.Model):
 
 class CityAdminCustomWidgetKwargs(admin.GISModelAdmin):
     gis_widget_kwargs = {
-        'attrs': {
-            'default_lat': 55,
-            'default_lon': 37,
+        "attrs": {
+            "default_lat": 55,
+            "default_lon": 37,
         },
     }
 
 
-site = admin.AdminSite(name='gis_admin_modeladmin')
+site = admin.AdminSite(name="gis_admin_modeladmin")
 site.register(City, admin.ModelAdmin)
 
-site_gis = admin.AdminSite(name='gis_admin_gismodeladmin')
+site_gis = admin.AdminSite(name="gis_admin_gismodeladmin")
 site_gis.register(City, admin.GISModelAdmin)
 
-site_gis_custom = admin.AdminSite(name='gis_admin_gismodeladmin')
+site_gis_custom = admin.AdminSite(name="gis_admin_gismodeladmin")
 site_gis_custom.register(City, CityAdminCustomWidgetKwargs)
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin/tests.py b/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin/tests.py
index 2e4e4903ec..54b7073d69 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin/tests.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin/tests.py
@@ -4,16 +4,16 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 from .models import City, site, site_gis, site_gis_custom
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='django.contrib.gis.tests.geoadmin.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="django.contrib.gis.tests.geoadmin.urls")
 class GeoAdminTest(SimpleTestCase):
     admin_site = site  # ModelAdmin
 
     def test_widget_empty_string(self):
         geoadmin = self.admin_site._registry[City]
-        form = geoadmin.get_changelist_form(None)({'point': ''})
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, 'no logs'):
-            with self.assertLogs('django.contrib.gis', 'ERROR'):
-                output = str(form['point'])
+        form = geoadmin.get_changelist_form(None)({"point": ""})
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, "no logs"):
+            with self.assertLogs("django.contrib.gis", "ERROR"):
+                output = str(form["point"])
         self.assertInHTML(
             '<textarea id="id_point" class="vSerializedField required" cols="150"'
             ' rows="10" name="point"></textarea>',
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ class GeoAdminTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_widget_invalid_string(self):
         geoadmin = self.admin_site._registry[City]
-        form = geoadmin.get_changelist_form(None)({'point': 'INVALID()'})
-        with self.assertLogs('django.contrib.gis', 'ERROR') as cm:
-            output = str(form['point'])
+        form = geoadmin.get_changelist_form(None)({"point": "INVALID()"})
+        with self.assertLogs("django.contrib.gis", "ERROR") as cm:
+            output = str(form["point"])
         self.assertInHTML(
             '<textarea id="id_point" class="vSerializedField required" cols="150"'
             ' rows="10" name="point"></textarea>',
@@ -40,16 +40,16 @@ class GeoAdminTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_widget_has_changed(self):
         geoadmin = self.admin_site._registry[City]
         form = geoadmin.get_changelist_form(None)()
-        has_changed = form.fields['point'].has_changed
+        has_changed = form.fields["point"].has_changed
 
         initial = Point(13.4197458572965953, 52.5194108501149799, srid=4326)
-        data_same = 'SRID=3857;POINT(1493879.2754093995 6894592.019687599)'
-        data_almost_same = 'SRID=3857;POINT(1493879.2754093990 6894592.019687590)'
-        data_changed = 'SRID=3857;POINT(1493884.0527237 6894593.8111804)'
+        data_same = "SRID=3857;POINT(1493879.2754093995 6894592.019687599)"
+        data_almost_same = "SRID=3857;POINT(1493879.2754093990 6894592.019687590)"
+        data_changed = "SRID=3857;POINT(1493884.0527237 6894593.8111804)"
 
         self.assertIs(has_changed(None, data_changed), True)
-        self.assertIs(has_changed(initial, ''), True)
-        self.assertIs(has_changed(None, ''), False)
+        self.assertIs(has_changed(initial, ""), True)
+        self.assertIs(has_changed(None, ""), False)
         self.assertIs(has_changed(initial, data_same), False)
         self.assertIs(has_changed(initial, data_almost_same), False)
         self.assertIs(has_changed(initial, data_changed), True)
@@ -61,15 +61,15 @@ class GISAdminTests(GeoAdminTest):
     def test_default_gis_widget_kwargs(self):
         geoadmin = self.admin_site._registry[City]
         form = geoadmin.get_changelist_form(None)()
-        widget = form['point'].field.widget
-        self.assertEqual(widget.attrs['default_lat'], 47)
-        self.assertEqual(widget.attrs['default_lon'], 5)
-        self.assertEqual(widget.attrs['default_zoom'], 12)
+        widget = form["point"].field.widget
+        self.assertEqual(widget.attrs["default_lat"], 47)
+        self.assertEqual(widget.attrs["default_lon"], 5)
+        self.assertEqual(widget.attrs["default_zoom"], 12)
 
     def test_custom_gis_widget_kwargs(self):
         geoadmin = site_gis_custom._registry[City]
         form = geoadmin.get_changelist_form(None)()
-        widget = form['point'].field.widget
-        self.assertEqual(widget.attrs['default_lat'], 55)
-        self.assertEqual(widget.attrs['default_lon'], 37)
-        self.assertEqual(widget.attrs['default_zoom'], 12)
+        widget = form["point"].field.widget
+        self.assertEqual(widget.attrs["default_lat"], 55)
+        self.assertEqual(widget.attrs["default_lon"], 37)
+        self.assertEqual(widget.attrs["default_zoom"], 12)
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin/urls.py b/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin/urls.py
index c27b1d7cda..ce237dbfd1 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin/urls.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin/urls.py
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ from django.contrib import admin
 from django.urls import include, path
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('admin/', include(admin.site.urls)),
+    path("admin/", include(admin.site.urls)),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin_deprecated/models.py b/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin_deprecated/models.py
index efd9535977..5e84d0c9fa 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin_deprecated/models.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin_deprecated/models.py
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ class City(models.Model):
     point = models.PointField()
 
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'geoadmini_deprecated'
+        app_label = "geoadmini_deprecated"
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
-site = admin.AdminSite(name='admin_gis')
+site = admin.AdminSite(name="admin_gis")
 with ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning):
     site.register(City, admin.OSMGeoAdmin)
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin_deprecated/tests.py b/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin_deprecated/tests.py
index 4240de98b1..a2049827a1 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin_deprecated/tests.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin_deprecated/tests.py
@@ -8,9 +8,8 @@ from .models import City, site
 
 
 @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='django.contrib.gis.tests.geoadmin.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="django.contrib.gis.tests.geoadmin.urls")
 class GeoAdminTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_ensure_geographic_media(self):
         geoadmin = site._registry[City]
         admin_js = geoadmin.media.render_js()
@@ -20,12 +19,14 @@ class GeoAdminTest(SimpleTestCase):
         delete_all_btn = """<a href="javascript:geodjango_point.clearFeatures()">Delete all Features</a>"""
 
         original_geoadmin = site._registry[City]
-        params = original_geoadmin.get_map_widget(City._meta.get_field('point')).params
-        result = original_geoadmin.get_map_widget(City._meta.get_field('point'))(
-        ).render('point', Point(-79.460734, 40.18476), params)
+        params = original_geoadmin.get_map_widget(City._meta.get_field("point")).params
+        result = original_geoadmin.get_map_widget(
+            City._meta.get_field("point")
+        )().render("point", Point(-79.460734, 40.18476), params)
         self.assertIn(
             """geodjango_point.layers.base = new OpenLayers.Layer.OSM("OpenStreetMap (Mapnik)");""",
-            result)
+            result,
+        )
 
         self.assertIn(delete_all_btn, result)
 
@@ -33,9 +34,10 @@ class GeoAdminTest(SimpleTestCase):
         site.register(City, UnmodifiableAdmin)
         try:
             geoadmin = site._registry[City]
-            params = geoadmin.get_map_widget(City._meta.get_field('point')).params
-            result = geoadmin.get_map_widget(City._meta.get_field('point'))(
-            ).render('point', Point(-79.460734, 40.18476), params)
+            params = geoadmin.get_map_widget(City._meta.get_field("point")).params
+            result = geoadmin.get_map_widget(City._meta.get_field("point"))().render(
+                "point", Point(-79.460734, 40.18476), params
+            )
 
             self.assertNotIn(delete_all_btn, result)
         finally:
@@ -44,12 +46,14 @@ class GeoAdminTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_olmap_WMS_rendering(self):
         geoadmin = admin.GeoModelAdmin(City, site)
-        result = geoadmin.get_map_widget(City._meta.get_field('point'))(
-        ).render('point', Point(-79.460734, 40.18476))
+        result = geoadmin.get_map_widget(City._meta.get_field("point"))().render(
+            "point", Point(-79.460734, 40.18476)
+        )
         self.assertIn(
             """geodjango_point.layers.base = new OpenLayers.Layer.WMS("OpenLayers WMS", """
             """"http://vmap0.tiles.osgeo.org/wms/vmap0", {layers: 'basic', format: 'image/jpeg'});""",
-            result)
+            result,
+        )
 
     def test_olwidget_has_changed(self):
         """
@@ -57,7 +61,7 @@ class GeoAdminTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         geoadmin = site._registry[City]
         form = geoadmin.get_changelist_form(None)()
-        has_changed = form.fields['point'].has_changed
+        has_changed = form.fields["point"].has_changed
 
         initial = Point(13.4197458572965953, 52.5194108501149799, srid=4326)
         data_same = "SRID=3857;POINT(1493879.2754093995 6894592.019687599)"
@@ -73,30 +77,30 @@ class GeoAdminTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_olwidget_empty_string(self):
         geoadmin = site._registry[City]
-        form = geoadmin.get_changelist_form(None)({'point': ''})
-        with self.assertNoLogs('django.contrib.gis', 'ERROR'):
-            output = str(form['point'])
+        form = geoadmin.get_changelist_form(None)({"point": ""})
+        with self.assertNoLogs("django.contrib.gis", "ERROR"):
+            output = str(form["point"])
         self.assertInHTML(
             '<textarea id="id_point" class="vWKTField required" cols="150"'
             ' rows="10" name="point"></textarea>',
-            output
+            output,
         )
 
     def test_olwidget_invalid_string(self):
         geoadmin = site._registry[City]
-        form = geoadmin.get_changelist_form(None)({'point': 'INVALID()'})
-        with self.assertLogs('django.contrib.gis', 'ERROR') as cm:
-            output = str(form['point'])
+        form = geoadmin.get_changelist_form(None)({"point": "INVALID()"})
+        with self.assertLogs("django.contrib.gis", "ERROR") as cm:
+            output = str(form["point"])
         self.assertInHTML(
             '<textarea id="id_point" class="vWKTField required" cols="150"'
             ' rows="10" name="point"></textarea>',
-            output
+            output,
         )
         self.assertEqual(len(cm.records), 1)
         self.assertEqual(
             cm.records[0].getMessage(),
             "Error creating geometry from value 'INVALID()' (String input "
-            "unrecognized as WKT EWKT, and HEXEWKB.)"
+            "unrecognized as WKT EWKT, and HEXEWKB.)",
         )
 
 
@@ -109,9 +113,9 @@ class DeprecationTests(SimpleTestCase):
             pass
 
         msg = (
-            'django.contrib.gis.admin.GeoModelAdmin and OSMGeoAdmin are '
-            'deprecated in favor of django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin and '
-            'django.contrib.gis.admin.GISModelAdmin.'
+            "django.contrib.gis.admin.GeoModelAdmin and OSMGeoAdmin are "
+            "deprecated in favor of django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin and "
+            "django.contrib.gis.admin.GISModelAdmin."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(RemovedInDjango50Warning, msg):
             DeprecatedOSMGeoAdmin(City, site)
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin_deprecated/urls.py b/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin_deprecated/urls.py
index c27b1d7cda..ce237dbfd1 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin_deprecated/urls.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geoadmin_deprecated/urls.py
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ from django.contrib import admin
 from django.urls import include, path
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('admin/', include(admin.site.urls)),
+    path("admin/", include(admin.site.urls)),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/feeds.py b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/feeds.py
index 185f3b56e3..26ee4a8172 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/feeds.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/feeds.py
@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@ from .models import City
 
 
 class TestGeoRSS1(feeds.Feed):
-    link = '/city/'
-    title = 'Test GeoDjango Cities'
+    link = "/city/"
+    title = "Test GeoDjango Cities"
 
     def items(self):
         return City.objects.all()
 
     def item_link(self, item):
-        return '/city/%s/' % item.pk
+        return "/city/%s/" % item.pk
 
     def item_geometry(self, item):
         return item.point
@@ -56,16 +56,17 @@ class TestW3CGeo3(TestGeoRSS1):
 
     def item_geometry(self, item):
         from django.contrib.gis.geos import Polygon
+
         return Polygon(((0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (1, 0), (0, 0)))
 
 
 # The feed dictionary to use for URLs.
 feed_dict = {
-    'rss1': TestGeoRSS1,
-    'rss2': TestGeoRSS2,
-    'atom1': TestGeoAtom1,
-    'atom2': TestGeoAtom2,
-    'w3cgeo1': TestW3CGeo1,
-    'w3cgeo2': TestW3CGeo2,
-    'w3cgeo3': TestW3CGeo3,
+    "rss1": TestGeoRSS1,
+    "rss2": TestGeoRSS2,
+    "atom1": TestGeoAtom1,
+    "atom2": TestGeoAtom2,
+    "w3cgeo1": TestW3CGeo1,
+    "w3cgeo2": TestW3CGeo2,
+    "w3cgeo3": TestW3CGeo3,
 }
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/models.py b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/models.py
index 9845524fb4..42619e8a75 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/models.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/models.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class City(NamedModel):
     point = models.PointField()
 
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'geoapp'
+        app_label = "geoapp"
 
 
 # This is an inherited model from City
@@ -34,14 +34,16 @@ class PennsylvaniaCity(City):
     founded = models.DateTimeField(null=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'geoapp'
+        app_label = "geoapp"
 
 
 class State(NamedModel):
-    poly = models.PolygonField(null=gisfield_may_be_null)  # Allowing NULL geometries here.
+    poly = models.PolygonField(
+        null=gisfield_may_be_null
+    )  # Allowing NULL geometries here.
 
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'geoapp'
+        app_label = "geoapp"
 
 
 class Track(NamedModel):
@@ -59,8 +61,8 @@ class UniqueTogetherModel(models.Model):
     point = models.PointField()
 
     class Meta:
-        unique_together = ('city', 'point')
-        required_db_features = ['supports_geometry_field_unique_index']
+        unique_together = ("city", "point")
+        required_db_features = ["supports_geometry_field_unique_index"]
 
 
 class Truth(models.Model):
@@ -76,7 +78,6 @@ class MinusOneSRID(models.Model):
 
 
 class NonConcreteField(models.IntegerField):
-
     def db_type(self, connection):
         return None
 
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/sitemaps.py b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/sitemaps.py
index 91e5d82bb4..e3566b066e 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/sitemaps.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/sitemaps.py
@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@ from django.contrib.gis.sitemaps import KMLSitemap, KMZSitemap
 from .models import City, Country
 
 sitemaps = {
-    'kml': KMLSitemap([City, Country]),
-    'kmz': KMZSitemap([City, Country]),
+    "kml": KMLSitemap([City, Country]),
+    "kmz": KMZSitemap([City, Country]),
 }
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_expressions.py b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_expressions.py
index 6ca8615d87..d0e92a9599 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_expressions.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_expressions.py
@@ -8,24 +8,30 @@ from .models import City, ManyPointModel, MultiFields
 
 
 class GeoExpressionsTests(TestCase):
-    fixtures = ['initial']
+    fixtures = ["initial"]
 
     def test_geometry_value_annotation(self):
         p = Point(1, 1, srid=4326)
         point = City.objects.annotate(p=Value(p, GeometryField(srid=4326))).first().p
         self.assertEqual(point, p)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_transform')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_transform")
     def test_geometry_value_annotation_different_srid(self):
         p = Point(1, 1, srid=32140)
         point = City.objects.annotate(p=Value(p, GeometryField(srid=4326))).first().p
-        self.assertTrue(point.equals_exact(p.transform(4326, clone=True), 10 ** -5))
+        self.assertTrue(point.equals_exact(p.transform(4326, clone=True), 10**-5))
         self.assertEqual(point.srid, 4326)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_geography')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_geography")
     def test_geography_value(self):
         p = Polygon(((1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2), (2, 1), (1, 1)))
-        area = City.objects.annotate(a=functions.Area(Value(p, GeometryField(srid=4326, geography=True)))).first().a
+        area = (
+            City.objects.annotate(
+                a=functions.Area(Value(p, GeometryField(srid=4326, geography=True)))
+            )
+            .first()
+            .a
+        )
         self.assertAlmostEqual(area.sq_km, 12305.1, 0)
 
     def test_update_from_other_field(self):
@@ -37,29 +43,37 @@ class GeoExpressionsTests(TestCase):
             point3=p2.transform(3857, clone=True),
         )
         # Updating a point to a point of the same SRID.
-        ManyPointModel.objects.filter(pk=obj.pk).update(point2=F('point1'))
+        ManyPointModel.objects.filter(pk=obj.pk).update(point2=F("point1"))
         obj.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertEqual(obj.point2, p1)
         # Updating a point to a point with a different SRID.
         if connection.features.supports_transform:
-            ManyPointModel.objects.filter(pk=obj.pk).update(point3=F('point1'))
+            ManyPointModel.objects.filter(pk=obj.pk).update(point3=F("point1"))
             obj.refresh_from_db()
-            self.assertTrue(obj.point3.equals_exact(p1.transform(3857, clone=True), 0.1))
+            self.assertTrue(
+                obj.point3.equals_exact(p1.transform(3857, clone=True), 0.1)
+            )
 
     def test_multiple_annotation(self):
         multi_field = MultiFields.objects.create(
             point=Point(1, 1),
-            city=City.objects.get(name='Houston'),
+            city=City.objects.get(name="Houston"),
             poly=Polygon(((1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2), (2, 1), (1, 1))),
         )
-        qs = City.objects.values('name').annotate(
-            distance=Min(functions.Distance('multifields__point', multi_field.city.point)),
-        ).annotate(count=Count('multifields'))
+        qs = (
+            City.objects.values("name")
+            .annotate(
+                distance=Min(
+                    functions.Distance("multifields__point", multi_field.city.point)
+                ),
+            )
+            .annotate(count=Count("multifields"))
+        )
         self.assertTrue(qs.first())
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_Translate_function')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_Translate_function")
     def test_update_with_expression(self):
         city = City.objects.create(point=Point(1, 1, srid=4326))
-        City.objects.filter(pk=city.pk).update(point=functions.Translate('point', 1, 1))
+        City.objects.filter(pk=city.pk).update(point=functions.Translate("point", 1, 1))
         city.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertEqual(city.point, Point(2, 2, srid=4326))
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_feeds.py b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_feeds.py
index 037041e66e..e247d88535 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_feeds.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_feeds.py
@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ from django.test import TestCase, modify_settings, override_settings
 from .models import City
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.sites'})
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='gis_tests.geoapp.urls')
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.sites"})
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="gis_tests.geoapp.urls")
 class GeoFeedTest(TestCase):
-    fixtures = ['initial']
+    fixtures = ["initial"]
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
@@ -25,64 +25,87 @@ class GeoFeedTest(TestCase):
     def test_geofeed_rss(self):
         "Tests geographic feeds using GeoRSS over RSSv2."
         # Uses `GEOSGeometry` in `item_geometry`
-        doc1 = minidom.parseString(self.client.get('/feeds/rss1/').content)
+        doc1 = minidom.parseString(self.client.get("/feeds/rss1/").content)
         # Uses a 2-tuple in `item_geometry`
-        doc2 = minidom.parseString(self.client.get('/feeds/rss2/').content)
+        doc2 = minidom.parseString(self.client.get("/feeds/rss2/").content)
         feed1, feed2 = doc1.firstChild, doc2.firstChild
 
         # Making sure the box got added to the second GeoRSS feed.
-        self.assertChildNodes(feed2.getElementsByTagName('channel')[0],
-                              ['title', 'link', 'description', 'language',
-                               'lastBuildDate', 'item', 'georss:box', 'atom:link']
-                              )
+        self.assertChildNodes(
+            feed2.getElementsByTagName("channel")[0],
+            [
+                "title",
+                "link",
+                "description",
+                "language",
+                "lastBuildDate",
+                "item",
+                "georss:box",
+                "atom:link",
+            ],
+        )
 
         # Incrementing through the feeds.
         for feed in [feed1, feed2]:
             # Ensuring the georss namespace was added to the <rss> element.
-            self.assertEqual(feed.getAttribute('xmlns:georss'), 'http://www.georss.org/georss')
-            chan = feed.getElementsByTagName('channel')[0]
-            items = chan.getElementsByTagName('item')
+            self.assertEqual(
+                feed.getAttribute("xmlns:georss"), "http://www.georss.org/georss"
+            )
+            chan = feed.getElementsByTagName("channel")[0]
+            items = chan.getElementsByTagName("item")
             self.assertEqual(len(items), City.objects.count())
 
             # Ensuring the georss element was added to each item in the feed.
             for item in items:
-                self.assertChildNodes(item, ['title', 'link', 'description', 'guid', 'georss:point'])
+                self.assertChildNodes(
+                    item, ["title", "link", "description", "guid", "georss:point"]
+                )
 
     def test_geofeed_atom(self):
         "Testing geographic feeds using GeoRSS over Atom."
-        doc1 = minidom.parseString(self.client.get('/feeds/atom1/').content)
-        doc2 = minidom.parseString(self.client.get('/feeds/atom2/').content)
+        doc1 = minidom.parseString(self.client.get("/feeds/atom1/").content)
+        doc2 = minidom.parseString(self.client.get("/feeds/atom2/").content)
         feed1, feed2 = doc1.firstChild, doc2.firstChild
 
         # Making sure the box got added to the second GeoRSS feed.
-        self.assertChildNodes(feed2, ['title', 'link', 'id', 'updated', 'entry', 'georss:box'])
+        self.assertChildNodes(
+            feed2, ["title", "link", "id", "updated", "entry", "georss:box"]
+        )
 
         for feed in [feed1, feed2]:
             # Ensuring the georsss namespace was added to the <feed> element.
-            self.assertEqual(feed.getAttribute('xmlns:georss'), 'http://www.georss.org/georss')
-            entries = feed.getElementsByTagName('entry')
+            self.assertEqual(
+                feed.getAttribute("xmlns:georss"), "http://www.georss.org/georss"
+            )
+            entries = feed.getElementsByTagName("entry")
             self.assertEqual(len(entries), City.objects.count())
 
             # Ensuring the georss element was added to each entry in the feed.
             for entry in entries:
-                self.assertChildNodes(entry, ['title', 'link', 'id', 'summary', 'georss:point'])
+                self.assertChildNodes(
+                    entry, ["title", "link", "id", "summary", "georss:point"]
+                )
 
     def test_geofeed_w3c(self):
         "Testing geographic feeds using W3C Geo."
-        doc = minidom.parseString(self.client.get('/feeds/w3cgeo1/').content)
+        doc = minidom.parseString(self.client.get("/feeds/w3cgeo1/").content)
         feed = doc.firstChild
         # Ensuring the geo namespace was added to the <feed> element.
-        self.assertEqual(feed.getAttribute('xmlns:geo'), 'http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#')
-        chan = feed.getElementsByTagName('channel')[0]
-        items = chan.getElementsByTagName('item')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            feed.getAttribute("xmlns:geo"), "http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#"
+        )
+        chan = feed.getElementsByTagName("channel")[0]
+        items = chan.getElementsByTagName("item")
         self.assertEqual(len(items), City.objects.count())
 
         # Ensuring the geo:lat and geo:lon element was added to each item in the feed.
         for item in items:
-            self.assertChildNodes(item, ['title', 'link', 'description', 'guid', 'geo:lat', 'geo:lon'])
+            self.assertChildNodes(
+                item, ["title", "link", "description", "guid", "geo:lat", "geo:lon"]
+            )
 
         # Boxes and Polygons aren't allowed in W3C Geo feeds.
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):  # Box in <channel>
-            self.client.get('/feeds/w3cgeo2/')
+            self.client.get("/feeds/w3cgeo2/")
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):  # Polygons in <entry>
-            self.client.get('/feeds/w3cgeo3/')
+            self.client.get("/feeds/w3cgeo3/")
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_functions.py b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_functions.py
index 67e4313f3f..076e51b7a2 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_functions.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_functions.py
@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@ import re
 from decimal import Decimal
 
 from django.contrib.gis.db.models import GeometryField, PolygonField, functions
-from django.contrib.gis.geos import (
-    GEOSGeometry, LineString, Point, Polygon, fromstr,
-)
+from django.contrib.gis.geos import GEOSGeometry, LineString, Point, Polygon, fromstr
 from django.contrib.gis.measure import Area
 from django.db import NotSupportedError, connection
 from django.db.models import IntegerField, Sum, Value
@@ -23,12 +21,13 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
 
     Please keep the tests in function's alphabetic order.
     """
-    fixtures = ['initial']
+
+    fixtures = ["initial"]
 
     def test_asgeojson(self):
         if not connection.features.has_AsGeoJSON_function:
             with self.assertRaises(NotSupportedError):
-                list(Country.objects.annotate(json=functions.AsGeoJSON('mpoly')))
+                list(Country.objects.annotate(json=functions.AsGeoJSON("mpoly")))
             return
 
         pueblo_json = '{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-104.609252,38.255001]}'
@@ -44,32 +43,36 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
             '{"type":"Point","crs":{"type":"name","properties":{"name":"EPSG:4326"}},'
             '"bbox":[-87.65018,41.85039,-87.65018,41.85039],"coordinates":[-87.65018,41.85039]}'
         )
-        if 'crs' in connection.features.unsupported_geojson_options:
-            del houston_json['crs']
-            del chicago_json['crs']
-        if 'bbox' in connection.features.unsupported_geojson_options:
-            del chicago_json['bbox']
-            del victoria_json['bbox']
-        if 'precision' in connection.features.unsupported_geojson_options:
-            chicago_json['coordinates'] = [-87.650175, 41.850385]
+        if "crs" in connection.features.unsupported_geojson_options:
+            del houston_json["crs"]
+            del chicago_json["crs"]
+        if "bbox" in connection.features.unsupported_geojson_options:
+            del chicago_json["bbox"]
+            del victoria_json["bbox"]
+        if "precision" in connection.features.unsupported_geojson_options:
+            chicago_json["coordinates"] = [-87.650175, 41.850385]
 
         # Precision argument should only be an integer
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            City.objects.annotate(geojson=functions.AsGeoJSON('point', precision='foo'))
+            City.objects.annotate(geojson=functions.AsGeoJSON("point", precision="foo"))
 
         # Reference queries and values.
         # SELECT ST_AsGeoJson("geoapp_city"."point", 8, 0)
         # FROM "geoapp_city" WHERE "geoapp_city"."name" = 'Pueblo';
         self.assertJSONEqual(
             pueblo_json,
-            City.objects.annotate(geojson=functions.AsGeoJSON('point')).get(name='Pueblo').geojson
+            City.objects.annotate(geojson=functions.AsGeoJSON("point"))
+            .get(name="Pueblo")
+            .geojson,
         )
 
         # SELECT ST_AsGeoJson("geoapp_city"."point", 8, 2) FROM "geoapp_city"
         # WHERE "geoapp_city"."name" = 'Houston';
         # This time we want to include the CRS by using the `crs` keyword.
         self.assertJSONEqual(
-            City.objects.annotate(json=functions.AsGeoJSON('point', crs=True)).get(name='Houston').json,
+            City.objects.annotate(json=functions.AsGeoJSON("point", crs=True))
+            .get(name="Houston")
+            .json,
             houston_json,
         )
 
@@ -77,9 +80,9 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
         # WHERE "geoapp_city"."name" = 'Houston';
         # This time we include the bounding box by using the `bbox` keyword.
         self.assertJSONEqual(
-            City.objects.annotate(
-                geojson=functions.AsGeoJSON('point', bbox=True)
-            ).get(name='Victoria').geojson,
+            City.objects.annotate(geojson=functions.AsGeoJSON("point", bbox=True))
+            .get(name="Victoria")
+            .geojson,
             victoria_json,
         )
 
@@ -88,21 +91,29 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
         # Finally, we set every available keyword.
         # MariaDB doesn't limit the number of decimals in bbox.
         if connection.ops.mariadb:
-            chicago_json['bbox'] = [-87.650175, 41.850385, -87.650175, 41.850385]
+            chicago_json["bbox"] = [-87.650175, 41.850385, -87.650175, 41.850385]
         try:
             self.assertJSONEqual(
                 City.objects.annotate(
-                    geojson=functions.AsGeoJSON('point', bbox=True, crs=True, precision=5)
-                ).get(name='Chicago').geojson,
+                    geojson=functions.AsGeoJSON(
+                        "point", bbox=True, crs=True, precision=5
+                    )
+                )
+                .get(name="Chicago")
+                .geojson,
                 chicago_json,
             )
         except AssertionError:
             # Give a second chance with different coords rounding.
-            chicago_json['coordinates'][1] = 41.85038
+            chicago_json["coordinates"][1] = 41.85038
             self.assertJSONEqual(
                 City.objects.annotate(
-                    geojson=functions.AsGeoJSON('point', bbox=True, crs=True, precision=5)
-                ).get(name='Chicago').geojson,
+                    geojson=functions.AsGeoJSON(
+                        "point", bbox=True, crs=True, precision=5
+                    )
+                )
+                .get(name="Chicago")
+                .geojson,
                 chicago_json,
             )
 
@@ -112,25 +123,29 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
         # non-geometry field.
         qs = City.objects.all()
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            qs.annotate(gml=functions.AsGML('name'))
-        ptown = City.objects.annotate(gml=functions.AsGML('point', precision=9)).get(name='Pueblo')
+            qs.annotate(gml=functions.AsGML("name"))
+        ptown = City.objects.annotate(gml=functions.AsGML("point", precision=9)).get(
+            name="Pueblo"
+        )
 
         if connection.ops.oracle:
             # No precision parameter for Oracle :-/
             gml_regex = re.compile(
                 r'^<gml:Point srsName="EPSG:4326" xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml">'
                 r'<gml:coordinates decimal="\." cs="," ts=" ">-104.60925\d+,38.25500\d+ '
-                r'</gml:coordinates></gml:Point>'
+                r"</gml:coordinates></gml:Point>"
             )
         else:
             gml_regex = re.compile(
                 r'^<gml:Point srsName="EPSG:4326"><gml:coordinates>'
-                r'-104\.60925\d+,38\.255001</gml:coordinates></gml:Point>'
+                r"-104\.60925\d+,38\.255001</gml:coordinates></gml:Point>"
             )
         self.assertTrue(gml_regex.match(ptown.gml))
         self.assertIn(
             '<gml:pos srsDimension="2">',
-            City.objects.annotate(gml=functions.AsGML('point', version=3)).get(name='Pueblo').gml
+            City.objects.annotate(gml=functions.AsGML("point", version=3))
+            .get(name="Pueblo")
+            .gml,
         )
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_AsKML_function")
@@ -138,46 +153,68 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
         # Should throw a TypeError when trying to obtain KML from a
         # non-geometry field.
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            City.objects.annotate(kml=functions.AsKML('name'))
+            City.objects.annotate(kml=functions.AsKML("name"))
 
         # Ensuring the KML is as expected.
-        ptown = City.objects.annotate(kml=functions.AsKML('point', precision=9)).get(name='Pueblo')
-        self.assertEqual('<Point><coordinates>-104.609252,38.255001</coordinates></Point>', ptown.kml)
+        ptown = City.objects.annotate(kml=functions.AsKML("point", precision=9)).get(
+            name="Pueblo"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "<Point><coordinates>-104.609252,38.255001</coordinates></Point>", ptown.kml
+        )
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_AsSVG_function")
     def test_assvg(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            City.objects.annotate(svg=functions.AsSVG('point', precision='foo'))
+            City.objects.annotate(svg=functions.AsSVG("point", precision="foo"))
         # SELECT AsSVG(geoapp_city.point, 0, 8) FROM geoapp_city WHERE name = 'Pueblo';
         svg1 = 'cx="-104.609252" cy="-38.255001"'
         # Even though relative, only one point so it's practically the same except for
         # the 'c' letter prefix on the x,y values.
-        svg2 = svg1.replace('c', '')
-        self.assertEqual(svg1, City.objects.annotate(svg=functions.AsSVG('point')).get(name='Pueblo').svg)
-        self.assertEqual(svg2, City.objects.annotate(svg=functions.AsSVG('point', relative=5)).get(name='Pueblo').svg)
+        svg2 = svg1.replace("c", "")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            svg1,
+            City.objects.annotate(svg=functions.AsSVG("point")).get(name="Pueblo").svg,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            svg2,
+            City.objects.annotate(svg=functions.AsSVG("point", relative=5))
+            .get(name="Pueblo")
+            .svg,
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_AsWKB_function')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_AsWKB_function")
     def test_aswkb(self):
-        wkb = City.objects.annotate(
-            wkb=functions.AsWKB(Point(1, 2, srid=4326)),
-        ).first().wkb
+        wkb = (
+            City.objects.annotate(
+                wkb=functions.AsWKB(Point(1, 2, srid=4326)),
+            )
+            .first()
+            .wkb
+        )
         # WKB is either XDR or NDR encoded.
         self.assertIn(
             bytes(wkb),
             (
-                b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01?\xf0\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00@\x00\x00'
-                b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00',
-                b'\x01\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xf0?\x00\x00'
-                b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00@',
+                b"\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01?\xf0\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00@\x00\x00"
+                b"\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00",
+                b"\x01\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xf0?\x00\x00"
+                b"\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00@",
             ),
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_AsWKT_function')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_AsWKT_function")
     def test_aswkt(self):
-        wkt = City.objects.annotate(
-            wkt=functions.AsWKT(Point(1, 2, srid=4326)),
-        ).first().wkt
-        self.assertEqual(wkt, 'POINT (1.0 2.0)' if connection.ops.oracle else 'POINT(1 2)')
+        wkt = (
+            City.objects.annotate(
+                wkt=functions.AsWKT(Point(1, 2, srid=4326)),
+            )
+            .first()
+            .wkt
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            wkt, "POINT (1.0 2.0)" if connection.ops.oracle else "POINT(1 2)"
+        )
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_Azimuth_function")
     def test_azimuth(self):
@@ -199,7 +236,9 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
             return (4 * num_seg) + 1
 
         expected_areas = (169, 136) if connection.ops.postgis else (171, 126)
-        qs = Country.objects.annotate(circle=functions.BoundingCircle('mpoly')).order_by('name')
+        qs = Country.objects.annotate(
+            circle=functions.BoundingCircle("mpoly")
+        ).order_by("name")
         self.assertAlmostEqual(qs[0].circle.area, expected_areas[0], 0)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(qs[1].circle.area, expected_areas[1], 0)
         if connection.ops.postgis:
@@ -211,8 +250,8 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
         for num_seq in tests:
             with self.subTest(num_seq=num_seq):
                 qs = Country.objects.annotate(
-                    circle=functions.BoundingCircle('mpoly', num_seg=num_seq),
-                ).order_by('name')
+                    circle=functions.BoundingCircle("mpoly", num_seg=num_seq),
+                ).order_by("name")
                 if connection.ops.postgis:
                     self.assertGreater(qs[0].circle.area, 168.4, 0)
                     self.assertLess(qs[0].circle.area, 169.5, 0)
@@ -225,21 +264,27 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_Centroid_function")
     def test_centroid(self):
-        qs = State.objects.exclude(poly__isnull=True).annotate(centroid=functions.Centroid('poly'))
-        tol = 1.8 if connection.ops.mysql else (0.1 if connection.ops.oracle else 0.00001)
+        qs = State.objects.exclude(poly__isnull=True).annotate(
+            centroid=functions.Centroid("poly")
+        )
+        tol = (
+            1.8 if connection.ops.mysql else (0.1 if connection.ops.oracle else 0.00001)
+        )
         for state in qs:
             self.assertTrue(state.poly.centroid.equals_exact(state.centroid, tol))
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, "'Centroid' takes exactly 1 argument (2 given)"):
-            State.objects.annotate(centroid=functions.Centroid('poly', 'poly'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TypeError, "'Centroid' takes exactly 1 argument (2 given)"
+        ):
+            State.objects.annotate(centroid=functions.Centroid("poly", "poly"))
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_Difference_function")
     def test_difference(self):
         geom = Point(5, 23, srid=4326)
-        qs = Country.objects.annotate(diff=functions.Difference('mpoly', geom))
+        qs = Country.objects.annotate(diff=functions.Difference("mpoly", geom))
         # Oracle does something screwy with the Texas geometry.
         if connection.ops.oracle:
-            qs = qs.exclude(name='Texas')
+            qs = qs.exclude(name="Texas")
 
         for c in qs:
             self.assertTrue(c.mpoly.difference(geom).equals(c.diff))
@@ -248,16 +293,16 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
     def test_difference_mixed_srid(self):
         """Testing with mixed SRID (Country has default 4326)."""
         geom = Point(556597.4, 2632018.6, srid=3857)  # Spherical Mercator
-        qs = Country.objects.annotate(difference=functions.Difference('mpoly', geom))
+        qs = Country.objects.annotate(difference=functions.Difference("mpoly", geom))
         # Oracle does something screwy with the Texas geometry.
         if connection.ops.oracle:
-            qs = qs.exclude(name='Texas')
+            qs = qs.exclude(name="Texas")
         for c in qs:
             self.assertTrue(c.mpoly.difference(geom).equals(c.difference))
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_Envelope_function")
     def test_envelope(self):
-        countries = Country.objects.annotate(envelope=functions.Envelope('mpoly'))
+        countries = Country.objects.annotate(envelope=functions.Envelope("mpoly"))
         for country in countries:
             self.assertTrue(country.envelope.equals(country.mpoly.envelope))
 
@@ -271,8 +316,10 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
             ((0, 0), (0, 5), (5, 0), (0, 0)),
             ((1, 1), (3, 1), (1, 3), (1, 1)),
         )
-        State.objects.create(name='Foo', poly=Polygon(*rings))
-        st = State.objects.annotate(force_polygon_cw=functions.ForcePolygonCW('poly')).get(name='Foo')
+        State.objects.create(name="Foo", poly=Polygon(*rings))
+        st = State.objects.annotate(
+            force_polygon_cw=functions.ForcePolygonCW("poly")
+        ).get(name="Foo")
         self.assertEqual(rhr_rings, st.force_polygon_cw.coords)
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_GeoHash_function")
@@ -280,16 +327,22 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
         # Reference query:
         # SELECT ST_GeoHash(point) FROM geoapp_city WHERE name='Houston';
         # SELECT ST_GeoHash(point, 5) FROM geoapp_city WHERE name='Houston';
-        ref_hash = '9vk1mfq8jx0c8e0386z6'
-        h1 = City.objects.annotate(geohash=functions.GeoHash('point')).get(name='Houston')
-        h2 = City.objects.annotate(geohash=functions.GeoHash('point', precision=5)).get(name='Houston')
-        self.assertEqual(ref_hash, h1.geohash[:len(ref_hash)])
+        ref_hash = "9vk1mfq8jx0c8e0386z6"
+        h1 = City.objects.annotate(geohash=functions.GeoHash("point")).get(
+            name="Houston"
+        )
+        h2 = City.objects.annotate(geohash=functions.GeoHash("point", precision=5)).get(
+            name="Houston"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(ref_hash, h1.geohash[: len(ref_hash)])
         self.assertEqual(ref_hash[:5], h2.geohash)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_GeometryDistance_function')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_GeometryDistance_function")
     def test_geometry_distance(self):
         point = Point(-90, 40, srid=4326)
-        qs = City.objects.annotate(distance=functions.GeometryDistance('point', point)).order_by('distance')
+        qs = City.objects.annotate(
+            distance=functions.GeometryDistance("point", point)
+        ).order_by("distance")
         distances = (
             2.99091995527296,
             5.33507274054713,
@@ -307,7 +360,7 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_Intersection_function")
     def test_intersection(self):
         geom = Point(5, 23, srid=4326)
-        qs = Country.objects.annotate(inter=functions.Intersection('mpoly', geom))
+        qs = Country.objects.annotate(inter=functions.Intersection("mpoly", geom))
         for c in qs:
             if connection.features.empty_intersection_returns_none:
                 self.assertIsNone(c.inter)
@@ -316,12 +369,20 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_IsValid_function")
     def test_isvalid(self):
-        valid_geom = fromstr('POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))')
-        invalid_geom = fromstr('POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))')
-        State.objects.create(name='valid', poly=valid_geom)
-        State.objects.create(name='invalid', poly=invalid_geom)
-        valid = State.objects.filter(name='valid').annotate(isvalid=functions.IsValid('poly')).first()
-        invalid = State.objects.filter(name='invalid').annotate(isvalid=functions.IsValid('poly')).first()
+        valid_geom = fromstr("POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))")
+        invalid_geom = fromstr("POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))")
+        State.objects.create(name="valid", poly=valid_geom)
+        State.objects.create(name="invalid", poly=invalid_geom)
+        valid = (
+            State.objects.filter(name="valid")
+            .annotate(isvalid=functions.IsValid("poly"))
+            .first()
+        )
+        invalid = (
+            State.objects.filter(name="invalid")
+            .annotate(isvalid=functions.IsValid("poly"))
+            .first()
+        )
         self.assertIs(valid.isvalid, True)
         self.assertIs(invalid.isvalid, False)
 
@@ -329,12 +390,14 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
     def test_area_with_regular_aggregate(self):
         # Create projected country objects, for this test to work on all backends.
         for c in Country.objects.all():
-            CountryWebMercator.objects.create(name=c.name, mpoly=c.mpoly.transform(3857, clone=True))
+            CountryWebMercator.objects.create(
+                name=c.name, mpoly=c.mpoly.transform(3857, clone=True)
+            )
         # Test in projected coordinate system
-        qs = CountryWebMercator.objects.annotate(area_sum=Sum(functions.Area('mpoly')))
+        qs = CountryWebMercator.objects.annotate(area_sum=Sum(functions.Area("mpoly")))
         # Some backends (e.g. Oracle) cannot group by multipolygon values, so
         # defer such fields in the aggregation query.
-        for c in qs.defer('mpoly'):
+        for c in qs.defer("mpoly"):
             result = c.area_sum
             # If the result is a measure object, get value.
             if isinstance(result, Area):
@@ -348,43 +411,68 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
             CountryWebMercator(name=c.name, mpoly=c.mpoly.transform(3857, clone=True))
             for c in Country.objects.all()
         )
-        qs = CountryWebMercator.objects.annotate(area=functions.Area('mpoly'))
-        self.assertEqual(qs.get(area__lt=Area(sq_km=500000)), CountryWebMercator.objects.get(name='New Zealand'))
+        qs = CountryWebMercator.objects.annotate(area=functions.Area("mpoly"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            qs.get(area__lt=Area(sq_km=500000)),
+            CountryWebMercator.objects.get(name="New Zealand"),
+        )
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'AreaField only accepts Area measurement objects.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "AreaField only accepts Area measurement objects."
+        ):
             qs.get(area__lt=500000)
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_LineLocatePoint_function")
     def test_line_locate_point(self):
-        pos_expr = functions.LineLocatePoint(LineString((0, 0), (0, 3), srid=4326), Point(0, 1, srid=4326))
-        self.assertAlmostEqual(State.objects.annotate(pos=pos_expr).first().pos, 0.3333333)
+        pos_expr = functions.LineLocatePoint(
+            LineString((0, 0), (0, 3), srid=4326), Point(0, 1, srid=4326)
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            State.objects.annotate(pos=pos_expr).first().pos, 0.3333333
+        )
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_MakeValid_function")
     def test_make_valid(self):
-        invalid_geom = fromstr('POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))')
-        State.objects.create(name='invalid', poly=invalid_geom)
-        invalid = State.objects.filter(name='invalid').annotate(repaired=functions.MakeValid('poly')).first()
+        invalid_geom = fromstr("POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))")
+        State.objects.create(name="invalid", poly=invalid_geom)
+        invalid = (
+            State.objects.filter(name="invalid")
+            .annotate(repaired=functions.MakeValid("poly"))
+            .first()
+        )
         self.assertIs(invalid.repaired.valid, True)
-        self.assertTrue(invalid.repaired.equals(fromstr('POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))', srid=invalid.poly.srid)))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            invalid.repaired.equals(
+                fromstr("POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))", srid=invalid.poly.srid)
+            )
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_MakeValid_function')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_MakeValid_function")
     def test_make_valid_multipolygon(self):
         invalid_geom = fromstr(
-            'POLYGON((0 0, 0 1 , 1 1 , 1 0, 0 0), (10 0, 10 1, 11 1, 11 0, 10 0))'
+            "POLYGON((0 0, 0 1 , 1 1 , 1 0, 0 0), (10 0, 10 1, 11 1, 11 0, 10 0))"
+        )
+        State.objects.create(name="invalid", poly=invalid_geom)
+        invalid = (
+            State.objects.filter(name="invalid")
+            .annotate(
+                repaired=functions.MakeValid("poly"),
+            )
+            .get()
         )
-        State.objects.create(name='invalid', poly=invalid_geom)
-        invalid = State.objects.filter(name='invalid').annotate(
-            repaired=functions.MakeValid('poly'),
-        ).get()
         self.assertIs(invalid.repaired.valid, True)
-        self.assertTrue(invalid.repaired.equals(fromstr(
-            'MULTIPOLYGON (((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0)), '
-            '((10 0, 10 1, 11 1, 11 0, 10 0)))',
-            srid=invalid.poly.srid,
-        )))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            invalid.repaired.equals(
+                fromstr(
+                    "MULTIPOLYGON (((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0)), "
+                    "((10 0, 10 1, 11 1, 11 0, 10 0)))",
+                    srid=invalid.poly.srid,
+                )
+            )
+        )
         self.assertEqual(len(invalid.repaired), 2)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_MakeValid_function')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_MakeValid_function")
     def test_make_valid_output_field(self):
         # output_field is GeometryField instance because different geometry
         # types can be returned.
@@ -396,17 +484,21 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_MemSize_function")
     def test_memsize(self):
-        ptown = City.objects.annotate(size=functions.MemSize('point')).get(name='Pueblo')
+        ptown = City.objects.annotate(size=functions.MemSize("point")).get(
+            name="Pueblo"
+        )
         # Exact value depends on database and version.
         self.assertTrue(20 <= ptown.size <= 105)
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_NumGeom_function")
     def test_num_geom(self):
         # Both 'countries' only have two geometries.
-        for c in Country.objects.annotate(num_geom=functions.NumGeometries('mpoly')):
+        for c in Country.objects.annotate(num_geom=functions.NumGeometries("mpoly")):
             self.assertEqual(2, c.num_geom)
 
-        qs = City.objects.filter(point__isnull=False).annotate(num_geom=functions.NumGeometries('point'))
+        qs = City.objects.filter(point__isnull=False).annotate(
+            num_geom=functions.NumGeometries("point")
+        )
         for city in qs:
             # The results for the number of geometries on non-collections
             # depends on the database.
@@ -418,10 +510,10 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_NumPoint_function")
     def test_num_points(self):
         coords = [(-95.363151, 29.763374), (-95.448601, 29.713803)]
-        Track.objects.create(name='Foo', line=LineString(coords))
-        qs = Track.objects.annotate(num_points=functions.NumPoints('line'))
+        Track.objects.create(name="Foo", line=LineString(coords))
+        qs = Track.objects.annotate(num_points=functions.NumPoints("line"))
         self.assertEqual(qs.first().num_points, 2)
-        mpoly_qs = Country.objects.annotate(num_points=functions.NumPoints('mpoly'))
+        mpoly_qs = Country.objects.annotate(num_points=functions.NumPoints("mpoly"))
         if not connection.features.supports_num_points_poly:
             for c in mpoly_qs:
                 self.assertIsNone(c.num_points)
@@ -430,20 +522,24 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
         for c in mpoly_qs:
             self.assertEqual(c.mpoly.num_points, c.num_points)
 
-        for c in City.objects.annotate(num_points=functions.NumPoints('point')):
+        for c in City.objects.annotate(num_points=functions.NumPoints("point")):
             self.assertEqual(c.num_points, 1)
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_PointOnSurface_function")
     def test_point_on_surface(self):
-        qs = Country.objects.annotate(point_on_surface=functions.PointOnSurface('mpoly'))
+        qs = Country.objects.annotate(
+            point_on_surface=functions.PointOnSurface("mpoly")
+        )
         for country in qs:
             self.assertTrue(country.mpoly.intersection(country.point_on_surface))
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_Reverse_function")
     def test_reverse_geom(self):
         coords = [(-95.363151, 29.763374), (-95.448601, 29.713803)]
-        Track.objects.create(name='Foo', line=LineString(coords))
-        track = Track.objects.annotate(reverse_geom=functions.Reverse('line')).get(name='Foo')
+        Track.objects.create(name="Foo", line=LineString(coords))
+        track = Track.objects.annotate(reverse_geom=functions.Reverse("line")).get(
+            name="Foo"
+        )
         coords.reverse()
         self.assertEqual(tuple(coords), track.reverse_geom.coords)
 
@@ -451,7 +547,7 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
     def test_scale(self):
         xfac, yfac = 2, 3
         tol = 5  # The low precision tolerance is for SpatiaLite
-        qs = Country.objects.annotate(scaled=functions.Scale('mpoly', xfac, yfac))
+        qs = Country.objects.annotate(scaled=functions.Scale("mpoly", xfac, yfac))
         for country in qs:
             for p1, p2 in zip(country.mpoly, country.scaled):
                 for r1, r2 in zip(p1, p2):
@@ -459,7 +555,9 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
                         self.assertAlmostEqual(c1[0] * xfac, c2[0], tol)
                         self.assertAlmostEqual(c1[1] * yfac, c2[1], tol)
         # Test float/Decimal values
-        qs = Country.objects.annotate(scaled=functions.Scale('mpoly', 1.5, Decimal('2.5')))
+        qs = Country.objects.annotate(
+            scaled=functions.Scale("mpoly", 1.5, Decimal("2.5"))
+        )
         self.assertGreater(qs[0].scaled.area, qs[0].mpoly.area)
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_SnapToGrid_function")
@@ -467,22 +565,24 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
         # Let's try and break snap_to_grid() with bad combinations of arguments.
         for bad_args in ((), range(3), range(5)):
             with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-                Country.objects.annotate(snap=functions.SnapToGrid('mpoly', *bad_args))
-        for bad_args in (('1.0',), (1.0, None), tuple(map(str, range(4)))):
+                Country.objects.annotate(snap=functions.SnapToGrid("mpoly", *bad_args))
+        for bad_args in (("1.0",), (1.0, None), tuple(map(str, range(4)))):
             with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-                Country.objects.annotate(snap=functions.SnapToGrid('mpoly', *bad_args))
+                Country.objects.annotate(snap=functions.SnapToGrid("mpoly", *bad_args))
 
         # Boundary for San Marino, courtesy of Bjorn Sandvik of thematicmapping.org
         # from the world borders dataset he provides.
-        wkt = ('MULTIPOLYGON(((12.41580 43.95795,12.45055 43.97972,12.45389 43.98167,'
-               '12.46250 43.98472,12.47167 43.98694,12.49278 43.98917,'
-               '12.50555 43.98861,12.51000 43.98694,12.51028 43.98277,'
-               '12.51167 43.94333,12.51056 43.93916,12.49639 43.92333,'
-               '12.49500 43.91472,12.48778 43.90583,12.47444 43.89722,'
-               '12.46472 43.89555,12.45917 43.89611,12.41639 43.90472,'
-               '12.41222 43.90610,12.40782 43.91366,12.40389 43.92667,'
-               '12.40500 43.94833,12.40889 43.95499,12.41580 43.95795)))')
-        Country.objects.create(name='San Marino', mpoly=fromstr(wkt))
+        wkt = (
+            "MULTIPOLYGON(((12.41580 43.95795,12.45055 43.97972,12.45389 43.98167,"
+            "12.46250 43.98472,12.47167 43.98694,12.49278 43.98917,"
+            "12.50555 43.98861,12.51000 43.98694,12.51028 43.98277,"
+            "12.51167 43.94333,12.51056 43.93916,12.49639 43.92333,"
+            "12.49500 43.91472,12.48778 43.90583,12.47444 43.89722,"
+            "12.46472 43.89555,12.45917 43.89611,12.41639 43.90472,"
+            "12.41222 43.90610,12.40782 43.91366,12.40389 43.92667,"
+            "12.40500 43.94833,12.40889 43.95499,12.41580 43.95795)))"
+        )
+        Country.objects.create(name="San Marino", mpoly=fromstr(wkt))
 
         # Because floating-point arithmetic isn't exact, we set a tolerance
         # to pass into GEOS `equals_exact`.
@@ -490,60 +590,70 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
 
         # SELECT AsText(ST_SnapToGrid("geoapp_country"."mpoly", 0.1)) FROM "geoapp_country"
         # WHERE "geoapp_country"."name" = 'San Marino';
-        ref = fromstr('MULTIPOLYGON(((12.4 44,12.5 44,12.5 43.9,12.4 43.9,12.4 44)))')
+        ref = fromstr("MULTIPOLYGON(((12.4 44,12.5 44,12.5 43.9,12.4 43.9,12.4 44)))")
         self.assertTrue(
             ref.equals_exact(
-                Country.objects.annotate(
-                    snap=functions.SnapToGrid('mpoly', 0.1)
-                ).get(name='San Marino').snap,
-                tol
+                Country.objects.annotate(snap=functions.SnapToGrid("mpoly", 0.1))
+                .get(name="San Marino")
+                .snap,
+                tol,
             )
         )
 
         # SELECT AsText(ST_SnapToGrid("geoapp_country"."mpoly", 0.05, 0.23)) FROM "geoapp_country"
         # WHERE "geoapp_country"."name" = 'San Marino';
-        ref = fromstr('MULTIPOLYGON(((12.4 43.93,12.45 43.93,12.5 43.93,12.45 43.93,12.4 43.93)))')
+        ref = fromstr(
+            "MULTIPOLYGON(((12.4 43.93,12.45 43.93,12.5 43.93,12.45 43.93,12.4 43.93)))"
+        )
         self.assertTrue(
             ref.equals_exact(
-                Country.objects.annotate(
-                    snap=functions.SnapToGrid('mpoly', 0.05, 0.23)
-                ).get(name='San Marino').snap,
-                tol
+                Country.objects.annotate(snap=functions.SnapToGrid("mpoly", 0.05, 0.23))
+                .get(name="San Marino")
+                .snap,
+                tol,
             )
         )
 
         # SELECT AsText(ST_SnapToGrid("geoapp_country"."mpoly", 0.5, 0.17, 0.05, 0.23)) FROM "geoapp_country"
         # WHERE "geoapp_country"."name" = 'San Marino';
         ref = fromstr(
-            'MULTIPOLYGON(((12.4 43.87,12.45 43.87,12.45 44.1,12.5 44.1,12.5 43.87,12.45 43.87,12.4 43.87)))'
+            "MULTIPOLYGON(((12.4 43.87,12.45 43.87,12.45 44.1,12.5 44.1,12.5 43.87,12.45 43.87,12.4 43.87)))"
         )
         self.assertTrue(
             ref.equals_exact(
                 Country.objects.annotate(
-                    snap=functions.SnapToGrid('mpoly', 0.05, 0.23, 0.5, 0.17)
-                ).get(name='San Marino').snap,
-                tol
+                    snap=functions.SnapToGrid("mpoly", 0.05, 0.23, 0.5, 0.17)
+                )
+                .get(name="San Marino")
+                .snap,
+                tol,
             )
         )
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_SymDifference_function")
     def test_sym_difference(self):
         geom = Point(5, 23, srid=4326)
-        qs = Country.objects.annotate(sym_difference=functions.SymDifference('mpoly', geom))
+        qs = Country.objects.annotate(
+            sym_difference=functions.SymDifference("mpoly", geom)
+        )
         # Oracle does something screwy with the Texas geometry.
         if connection.ops.oracle:
-            qs = qs.exclude(name='Texas')
+            qs = qs.exclude(name="Texas")
         for country in qs:
-            self.assertTrue(country.mpoly.sym_difference(geom).equals(country.sym_difference))
+            self.assertTrue(
+                country.mpoly.sym_difference(geom).equals(country.sym_difference)
+            )
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_Transform_function")
     def test_transform(self):
         # Pre-transformed points for Houston and Pueblo.
-        ptown = fromstr('POINT(992363.390841912 481455.395105533)', srid=2774)
+        ptown = fromstr("POINT(992363.390841912 481455.395105533)", srid=2774)
 
         # Asserting the result of the transform operation with the values in
         #  the pre-transformed points.
-        h = City.objects.annotate(pt=functions.Transform('point', ptown.srid)).get(name='Pueblo')
+        h = City.objects.annotate(pt=functions.Transform("point", ptown.srid)).get(
+            name="Pueblo"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(2774, h.pt.srid)
         # Precision is low due to version variations in PROJ and GDAL.
         self.assertLess(ptown.x - h.pt.x, 1)
@@ -552,7 +662,9 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_Translate_function")
     def test_translate(self):
         xfac, yfac = 5, -23
-        qs = Country.objects.annotate(translated=functions.Translate('mpoly', xfac, yfac))
+        qs = Country.objects.annotate(
+            translated=functions.Translate("mpoly", xfac, yfac)
+        )
         for c in qs:
             for p1, p2 in zip(c.mpoly, c.translated):
                 for r1, r2 in zip(p1, p2):
@@ -563,15 +675,18 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
 
     # Some combined function tests
     @skipUnlessDBFeature(
-        "has_Difference_function", "has_Intersection_function",
-        "has_SymDifference_function", "has_Union_function")
+        "has_Difference_function",
+        "has_Intersection_function",
+        "has_SymDifference_function",
+        "has_Union_function",
+    )
     def test_diff_intersection_union(self):
         geom = Point(5, 23, srid=4326)
         qs = Country.objects.all().annotate(
-            difference=functions.Difference('mpoly', geom),
-            sym_difference=functions.SymDifference('mpoly', geom),
-            union=functions.Union('mpoly', geom),
-            intersection=functions.Intersection('mpoly', geom),
+            difference=functions.Difference("mpoly", geom),
+            sym_difference=functions.SymDifference("mpoly", geom),
+            union=functions.Union("mpoly", geom),
+            intersection=functions.Intersection("mpoly", geom),
         )
 
         if connection.ops.oracle:
@@ -593,18 +708,36 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
         """Union with all combinations of geometries/geometry fields."""
         geom = Point(-95.363151, 29.763374, srid=4326)
 
-        union = City.objects.annotate(union=functions.Union('point', geom)).get(name='Dallas').union
-        expected = fromstr('MULTIPOINT(-96.801611 32.782057,-95.363151 29.763374)', srid=4326)
+        union = (
+            City.objects.annotate(union=functions.Union("point", geom))
+            .get(name="Dallas")
+            .union
+        )
+        expected = fromstr(
+            "MULTIPOINT(-96.801611 32.782057,-95.363151 29.763374)", srid=4326
+        )
         self.assertTrue(expected.equals(union))
 
-        union = City.objects.annotate(union=functions.Union(geom, 'point')).get(name='Dallas').union
+        union = (
+            City.objects.annotate(union=functions.Union(geom, "point"))
+            .get(name="Dallas")
+            .union
+        )
         self.assertTrue(expected.equals(union))
 
-        union = City.objects.annotate(union=functions.Union('point', 'point')).get(name='Dallas').union
-        expected = GEOSGeometry('POINT(-96.801611 32.782057)', srid=4326)
+        union = (
+            City.objects.annotate(union=functions.Union("point", "point"))
+            .get(name="Dallas")
+            .union
+        )
+        expected = GEOSGeometry("POINT(-96.801611 32.782057)", srid=4326)
         self.assertTrue(expected.equals(union))
 
-        union = City.objects.annotate(union=functions.Union(geom, geom)).get(name='Dallas').union
+        union = (
+            City.objects.annotate(union=functions.Union(geom, geom))
+            .get(name="Dallas")
+            .union
+        )
         self.assertTrue(geom.equals(union))
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_Union_function", "has_Transform_function")
@@ -614,24 +747,28 @@ class GISFunctionsTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
         geom_3857 = geom.transform(3857, clone=True)
         tol = 0.001
 
-        for city in City.objects.annotate(union=functions.Union('point', geom_3857)):
+        for city in City.objects.annotate(union=functions.Union("point", geom_3857)):
             expected = city.point | geom
             self.assertTrue(city.union.equals_exact(expected, tol))
             self.assertEqual(city.union.srid, 4326)
 
-        for city in City.objects.annotate(union=functions.Union(geom_3857, 'point')):
+        for city in City.objects.annotate(union=functions.Union(geom_3857, "point")):
             expected = geom_3857 | city.point.transform(3857, clone=True)
             self.assertTrue(expected.equals_exact(city.union, tol))
             self.assertEqual(city.union.srid, 3857)
 
     def test_argument_validation(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'SRID is required for all geometries.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "SRID is required for all geometries."
+        ):
             City.objects.annotate(geo=functions.GeoFunc(Point(1, 1)))
 
-        msg = 'GeoFunc function requires a GeometryField in position 1, got CharField.'
+        msg = "GeoFunc function requires a GeometryField in position 1, got CharField."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            City.objects.annotate(geo=functions.GeoFunc('name'))
+            City.objects.annotate(geo=functions.GeoFunc("name"))
 
-        msg = 'GeoFunc function requires a geometric argument in position 1.'
+        msg = "GeoFunc function requires a geometric argument in position 1."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            City.objects.annotate(union=functions.GeoFunc(1, 'point')).get(name='Dallas')
+            City.objects.annotate(union=functions.GeoFunc(1, "point")).get(
+                name="Dallas"
+            )
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_indexes.py b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_indexes.py
index ce9376d810..cd58f8e941 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_indexes.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_indexes.py
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ class SchemaIndexesTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             constraints = connection.introspection.get_constraints(cursor, table)
             return {
-                name: constraint['columns']
+                name: constraint["columns"]
                 for name, constraint in constraints.items()
-                if constraint['index']
+                if constraint["index"]
             }
 
     def has_spatial_indexes(self, table):
@@ -32,31 +32,31 @@ class SchemaIndexesTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
     def test_using_sql(self):
         if not connection.ops.postgis:
-            self.skipTest('This is a PostGIS-specific test.')
-        index = Index(fields=['point'])
+            self.skipTest("This is a PostGIS-specific test.")
+        index = Index(fields=["point"])
         editor = connection.schema_editor()
         self.assertIn(
-            '%s USING ' % editor.quote_name(City._meta.db_table),
+            "%s USING " % editor.quote_name(City._meta.db_table),
             str(index.create_sql(City, editor)),
         )
 
-    @isolate_apps('gis_tests.geoapp')
+    @isolate_apps("gis_tests.geoapp")
     def test_namespaced_db_table(self):
         if not connection.ops.postgis:
-            self.skipTest('PostGIS-specific test.')
+            self.skipTest("PostGIS-specific test.")
 
         class SchemaCity(models.Model):
             point = models.PointField()
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'geoapp'
+                app_label = "geoapp"
                 db_table = 'django_schema"."geoapp_schema_city'
 
-        index = Index(fields=['point'])
+        index = Index(fields=["point"])
         editor = connection.schema_editor()
         create_index_sql = str(index.create_sql(SchemaCity, editor))
         self.assertIn(
-            '%s USING ' % editor.quote_name(SchemaCity._meta.db_table),
+            "%s USING " % editor.quote_name(SchemaCity._meta.db_table),
             create_index_sql,
         )
         self.assertIn(
@@ -66,12 +66,12 @@ class SchemaIndexesTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
     def test_index_name(self):
         if not self.has_spatial_indexes(City._meta.db_table):
-            self.skipTest('Spatial indexes in Meta.indexes are not supported.')
-        index_name = 'custom_point_index_name'
-        index = Index(fields=['point'], name=index_name)
+            self.skipTest("Spatial indexes in Meta.indexes are not supported.")
+        index_name = "custom_point_index_name"
+        index = Index(fields=["point"], name=index_name)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(City, index)
             indexes = self.get_indexes(City._meta.db_table)
             self.assertIn(index_name, indexes)
-            self.assertEqual(indexes[index_name], ['point'])
+            self.assertEqual(indexes[index_name], ["point"])
             editor.remove_index(City, index)
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_regress.py b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_regress.py
index 674f19ba54..9a9226f341 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_regress.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_regress.py
@@ -9,20 +9,20 @@ from .models import City, PennsylvaniaCity, State, Truth
 
 
 class GeoRegressionTests(TestCase):
-    fixtures = ['initial']
+    fixtures = ["initial"]
 
     def test_update(self):
         "Testing QuerySet.update() (#10411)."
-        pueblo = City.objects.get(name='Pueblo')
+        pueblo = City.objects.get(name="Pueblo")
         bak = pueblo.point.clone()
         pueblo.point.y += 0.005
         pueblo.point.x += 0.005
 
-        City.objects.filter(name='Pueblo').update(point=pueblo.point)
+        City.objects.filter(name="Pueblo").update(point=pueblo.point)
         pueblo.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertAlmostEqual(bak.y + 0.005, pueblo.point.y, 6)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(bak.x + 0.005, pueblo.point.x, 6)
-        City.objects.filter(name='Pueblo').update(point=bak)
+        City.objects.filter(name="Pueblo").update(point=bak)
         pueblo.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertAlmostEqual(bak.y, pueblo.point.y, 6)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(bak.x, pueblo.point.x, 6)
@@ -30,45 +30,61 @@ class GeoRegressionTests(TestCase):
     def test_kmz(self):
         "Testing `render_to_kmz` with non-ASCII data. See #11624."
         name = "Åland Islands"
-        places = [{
-            'name': name,
-            'description': name,
-            'kml': '<Point><coordinates>5.0,23.0</coordinates></Point>'
-        }]
-        render_to_kmz('gis/kml/placemarks.kml', {'places': places})
+        places = [
+            {
+                "name": name,
+                "description": name,
+                "kml": "<Point><coordinates>5.0,23.0</coordinates></Point>",
+            }
+        ]
+        render_to_kmz("gis/kml/placemarks.kml", {"places": places})
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_extent_aggr")
     def test_extent(self):
         "Testing `extent` on a table with a single point. See #11827."
-        pnt = City.objects.get(name='Pueblo').point
+        pnt = City.objects.get(name="Pueblo").point
         ref_ext = (pnt.x, pnt.y, pnt.x, pnt.y)
-        extent = City.objects.filter(name='Pueblo').aggregate(Extent('point'))['point__extent']
+        extent = City.objects.filter(name="Pueblo").aggregate(Extent("point"))[
+            "point__extent"
+        ]
         for ref_val, val in zip(ref_ext, extent):
             self.assertAlmostEqual(ref_val, val, 4)
 
     def test_unicode_date(self):
         "Testing dates are converted properly, even on SpatiaLite. See #16408."
         founded = datetime(1857, 5, 23)
-        PennsylvaniaCity.objects.create(name='Mansfield', county='Tioga', point='POINT(-77.071445 41.823881)',
-                                        founded=founded)
-        self.assertEqual(founded, PennsylvaniaCity.objects.datetimes('founded', 'day')[0])
-        self.assertEqual(founded, PennsylvaniaCity.objects.aggregate(Min('founded'))['founded__min'])
+        PennsylvaniaCity.objects.create(
+            name="Mansfield",
+            county="Tioga",
+            point="POINT(-77.071445 41.823881)",
+            founded=founded,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            founded, PennsylvaniaCity.objects.datetimes("founded", "day")[0]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            founded, PennsylvaniaCity.objects.aggregate(Min("founded"))["founded__min"]
+        )
 
     def test_empty_count(self):
         "Testing that PostGISAdapter.__eq__ does check empty strings. See #13670."
         # contrived example, but need a geo lookup paired with an id__in lookup
-        pueblo = City.objects.get(name='Pueblo')
+        pueblo = City.objects.get(name="Pueblo")
         state = State.objects.filter(poly__contains=pueblo.point)
         cities_within_state = City.objects.filter(id__in=state)
 
         # .count() should not throw TypeError in __eq__
         self.assertEqual(cities_within_state.count(), 1)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('allows_group_by_lob')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("allows_group_by_lob")
     def test_defer_or_only_with_annotate(self):
         "Regression for #16409. Make sure defer() and only() work with annotate()"
-        self.assertIsInstance(list(City.objects.annotate(Count('point')).defer('name')), list)
-        self.assertIsInstance(list(City.objects.annotate(Count('point')).only('name')), list)
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            list(City.objects.annotate(Count("point")).defer("name")), list
+        )
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            list(City.objects.annotate(Count("point")).only("name")), list
+        )
 
     def test_boolean_conversion(self):
         "Testing Boolean value conversion with the spatial backend, see #15169."
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_serializers.py b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_serializers.py
index 6d4b959026..a67a4f16db 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_serializers.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_serializers.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from .models import City, MultiFields, PennsylvaniaCity
 
 
 class GeoJSONSerializerTests(TestCase):
-    fixtures = ['initial']
+    fixtures = ["initial"]
 
     def test_builtin_serializers(self):
         """
@@ -17,17 +17,17 @@ class GeoJSONSerializerTests(TestCase):
         all_formats = set(serializers.get_serializer_formats())
         public_formats = set(serializers.get_public_serializer_formats())
 
-        self.assertIn('geojson', all_formats),
-        self.assertIn('geojson', public_formats)
+        self.assertIn("geojson", all_formats),
+        self.assertIn("geojson", public_formats)
 
     def test_serialization_base(self):
-        geojson = serializers.serialize('geojson', City.objects.all().order_by('name'))
+        geojson = serializers.serialize("geojson", City.objects.all().order_by("name"))
         geodata = json.loads(geojson)
-        self.assertEqual(len(geodata['features']), len(City.objects.all()))
-        self.assertEqual(geodata['features'][0]['geometry']['type'], 'Point')
-        self.assertEqual(geodata['features'][0]['properties']['name'], 'Chicago')
-        first_city = City.objects.all().order_by('name').first()
-        self.assertEqual(geodata['features'][0]['properties']['pk'], str(first_city.pk))
+        self.assertEqual(len(geodata["features"]), len(City.objects.all()))
+        self.assertEqual(geodata["features"][0]["geometry"]["type"], "Point")
+        self.assertEqual(geodata["features"][0]["properties"]["name"], "Chicago")
+        first_city = City.objects.all().order_by("name").first()
+        self.assertEqual(geodata["features"][0]["properties"]["pk"], str(first_city.pk))
 
     def test_geometry_field_option(self):
         """
@@ -35,49 +35,56 @@ class GeoJSONSerializerTests(TestCase):
         can be used to specify the field to use as the 'geometry' key.
         """
         MultiFields.objects.create(
-            city=City.objects.first(), name='Name', point=Point(5, 23),
-            poly=Polygon(LinearRing((0, 0), (0, 5), (5, 5), (5, 0), (0, 0))))
+            city=City.objects.first(),
+            name="Name",
+            point=Point(5, 23),
+            poly=Polygon(LinearRing((0, 0), (0, 5), (5, 5), (5, 0), (0, 0))),
+        )
 
-        geojson = serializers.serialize('geojson', MultiFields.objects.all())
+        geojson = serializers.serialize("geojson", MultiFields.objects.all())
         geodata = json.loads(geojson)
-        self.assertEqual(geodata['features'][0]['geometry']['type'], 'Point')
+        self.assertEqual(geodata["features"][0]["geometry"]["type"], "Point")
 
         geojson = serializers.serialize(
-            'geojson',
-            MultiFields.objects.all(),
-            geometry_field='poly'
+            "geojson", MultiFields.objects.all(), geometry_field="poly"
         )
         geodata = json.loads(geojson)
-        self.assertEqual(geodata['features'][0]['geometry']['type'], 'Polygon')
+        self.assertEqual(geodata["features"][0]["geometry"]["type"], "Polygon")
 
         # geometry_field is considered even if not in fields (#26138).
         geojson = serializers.serialize(
-            'geojson',
+            "geojson",
             MultiFields.objects.all(),
-            geometry_field='poly',
-            fields=('city',)
+            geometry_field="poly",
+            fields=("city",),
         )
         geodata = json.loads(geojson)
-        self.assertEqual(geodata['features'][0]['geometry']['type'], 'Polygon')
+        self.assertEqual(geodata["features"][0]["geometry"]["type"], "Polygon")
 
     def test_fields_option(self):
         """
         The fields option allows to define a subset of fields to be present in
         the 'properties' of the generated output.
         """
-        PennsylvaniaCity.objects.create(name='Mansfield', county='Tioga', point='POINT(-77.071445 41.823881)')
+        PennsylvaniaCity.objects.create(
+            name="Mansfield", county="Tioga", point="POINT(-77.071445 41.823881)"
+        )
         geojson = serializers.serialize(
-            'geojson', PennsylvaniaCity.objects.all(), fields=('county', 'point'),
+            "geojson",
+            PennsylvaniaCity.objects.all(),
+            fields=("county", "point"),
         )
         geodata = json.loads(geojson)
-        self.assertIn('county', geodata['features'][0]['properties'])
-        self.assertNotIn('founded', geodata['features'][0]['properties'])
-        self.assertNotIn('pk', geodata['features'][0]['properties'])
+        self.assertIn("county", geodata["features"][0]["properties"])
+        self.assertNotIn("founded", geodata["features"][0]["properties"])
+        self.assertNotIn("pk", geodata["features"][0]["properties"])
 
     def test_srid_option(self):
-        geojson = serializers.serialize('geojson', City.objects.all().order_by('name'), srid=2847)
+        geojson = serializers.serialize(
+            "geojson", City.objects.all().order_by("name"), srid=2847
+        )
         geodata = json.loads(geojson)
-        coordinates = geodata['features'][0]['geometry']['coordinates']
+        coordinates = geodata["features"][0]["geometry"]["coordinates"]
         # Different PROJ versions use different transformations, all are
         # correct as having a 1 meter accuracy.
         self.assertAlmostEqual(coordinates[0], 1564802, -1)
@@ -88,4 +95,4 @@ class GeoJSONSerializerTests(TestCase):
         GeoJSON cannot be deserialized.
         """
         with self.assertRaises(serializers.base.SerializerDoesNotExist):
-            serializers.deserialize('geojson', '{}')
+            serializers.deserialize("geojson", "{}")
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_sitemaps.py b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_sitemaps.py
index 1dbd57fd71..7907a71592 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_sitemaps.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/test_sitemaps.py
@@ -9,10 +9,11 @@ from django.test import TestCase, modify_settings, override_settings
 from .models import City, Country
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': ['django.contrib.sites', 'django.contrib.sitemaps']})
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='gis_tests.geoapp.urls')
+@modify_settings(
+    INSTALLED_APPS={"append": ["django.contrib.sites", "django.contrib.sitemaps"]}
+)
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="gis_tests.geoapp.urls")
 class GeoSitemapTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         Site(id=settings.SITE_ID, domain="example.com", name="example.com").save()
@@ -25,34 +26,46 @@ class GeoSitemapTest(TestCase):
 
     def test_geositemap_kml(self):
         "Tests KML/KMZ geographic sitemaps."
-        for kml_type in ('kml', 'kmz'):
-            doc = minidom.parseString(self.client.get('/sitemaps/%s.xml' % kml_type).content)
+        for kml_type in ("kml", "kmz"):
+            doc = minidom.parseString(
+                self.client.get("/sitemaps/%s.xml" % kml_type).content
+            )
 
             # Ensuring the right sitemaps namespace is present.
             urlset = doc.firstChild
-            self.assertEqual(urlset.getAttribute('xmlns'), 'http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9')
+            self.assertEqual(
+                urlset.getAttribute("xmlns"),
+                "http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9",
+            )
 
-            urls = urlset.getElementsByTagName('url')
+            urls = urlset.getElementsByTagName("url")
             self.assertEqual(2, len(urls))  # Should only be 2 sitemaps.
             for url in urls:
-                self.assertChildNodes(url, ['loc'])
+                self.assertChildNodes(url, ["loc"])
 
                 # Getting the relative URL since we don't have a real site.
-                kml_url = url.getElementsByTagName('loc')[0].childNodes[0].data.split('http://example.com')[1]
+                kml_url = (
+                    url.getElementsByTagName("loc")[0]
+                    .childNodes[0]
+                    .data.split("http://example.com")[1]
+                )
 
-                if kml_type == 'kml':
+                if kml_type == "kml":
                     kml_doc = minidom.parseString(self.client.get(kml_url).content)
-                elif kml_type == 'kmz':
+                elif kml_type == "kmz":
                     # Have to decompress KMZ before parsing.
                     buf = BytesIO(self.client.get(kml_url).content)
                     with zipfile.ZipFile(buf) as zf:
                         self.assertEqual(1, len(zf.filelist))
-                        self.assertEqual('doc.kml', zf.filelist[0].filename)
-                        kml_doc = minidom.parseString(zf.read('doc.kml'))
+                        self.assertEqual("doc.kml", zf.filelist[0].filename)
+                        kml_doc = minidom.parseString(zf.read("doc.kml"))
 
                 # Ensuring the correct number of placemarks are in the KML doc.
-                if 'city' in kml_url:
+                if "city" in kml_url:
                     model = City
-                elif 'country' in kml_url:
+                elif "country" in kml_url:
                     model = Country
-                self.assertEqual(model.objects.count(), len(kml_doc.getElementsByTagName('Placemark')))
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    model.objects.count(),
+                    len(kml_doc.getElementsByTagName("Placemark")),
+                )
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/tests.py b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/tests.py
index afd26eeb65..33d209bcdb 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/tests.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/tests.py
@@ -4,8 +4,16 @@ from io import StringIO
 from django.contrib.gis import gdal
 from django.contrib.gis.db.models import Extent, MakeLine, Union, functions
 from django.contrib.gis.geos import (
-    GeometryCollection, GEOSGeometry, LinearRing, LineString, MultiLineString,
-    MultiPoint, MultiPolygon, Point, Polygon, fromstr,
+    GeometryCollection,
+    GEOSGeometry,
+    LinearRing,
+    LineString,
+    MultiLineString,
+    MultiPoint,
+    MultiPolygon,
+    Point,
+    Polygon,
+    fromstr,
 )
 from django.core.management import call_command
 from django.db import DatabaseError, NotSupportedError, connection
@@ -15,13 +23,20 @@ from django.test.utils import CaptureQueriesContext
 
 from ..utils import skipUnlessGISLookup
 from .models import (
-    City, Country, Feature, MinusOneSRID, MultiFields, NonConcreteModel,
-    PennsylvaniaCity, State, Track,
+    City,
+    Country,
+    Feature,
+    MinusOneSRID,
+    MultiFields,
+    NonConcreteModel,
+    PennsylvaniaCity,
+    State,
+    Track,
 )
 
 
 class GeoModelTest(TestCase):
-    fixtures = ['initial']
+    fixtures = ["initial"]
 
     def test_fixtures(self):
         "Testing geographic model initialization from fixtures."
@@ -34,13 +49,13 @@ class GeoModelTest(TestCase):
         "Testing Lazy-Geometry support (using the GeometryProxy)."
         # Testing on a Point
         pnt = Point(0, 0)
-        nullcity = City(name='NullCity', point=pnt)
+        nullcity = City(name="NullCity", point=pnt)
         nullcity.save()
 
         # Making sure TypeError is thrown when trying to set with an
         #  incompatible type.
         for bad in [5, 2.0, LineString((0, 0), (1, 1))]:
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, 'Cannot set'):
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, "Cannot set"):
                 nullcity.point = bad
 
         # Now setting with a compatible GEOS Geometry, saving, and ensuring
@@ -54,15 +69,19 @@ class GeoModelTest(TestCase):
         nullcity.save()
 
         # Ensuring the point was saved correctly after saving
-        self.assertEqual(new, City.objects.get(name='NullCity').point)
+        self.assertEqual(new, City.objects.get(name="NullCity").point)
 
         # Setting the X and Y of the Point
         nullcity.point.x = 23
         nullcity.point.y = 5
         # Checking assignments pre & post-save.
-        self.assertNotEqual(Point(23, 5, srid=4326), City.objects.get(name='NullCity').point)
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            Point(23, 5, srid=4326), City.objects.get(name="NullCity").point
+        )
         nullcity.save()
-        self.assertEqual(Point(23, 5, srid=4326), City.objects.get(name='NullCity').point)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Point(23, 5, srid=4326), City.objects.get(name="NullCity").point
+        )
         nullcity.delete()
 
         # Testing on a Polygon
@@ -71,18 +90,18 @@ class GeoModelTest(TestCase):
 
         # Creating a State object using a built Polygon
         ply = Polygon(shell, inner)
-        nullstate = State(name='NullState', poly=ply)
+        nullstate = State(name="NullState", poly=ply)
         self.assertEqual(4326, nullstate.poly.srid)  # SRID auto-set from None
         nullstate.save()
 
-        ns = State.objects.get(name='NullState')
+        ns = State.objects.get(name="NullState")
         self.assertEqual(connection.ops.Adapter._fix_polygon(ply), ns.poly)
 
         # Testing the `ogr` and `srs` lazy-geometry properties.
         self.assertIsInstance(ns.poly.ogr, gdal.OGRGeometry)
         self.assertEqual(ns.poly.wkb, ns.poly.ogr.wkb)
         self.assertIsInstance(ns.poly.srs, gdal.SpatialReference)
-        self.assertEqual('WGS 84', ns.poly.srs.name)
+        self.assertEqual("WGS 84", ns.poly.srs.name)
 
         # Changing the interior ring on the poly attribute.
         new_inner = LinearRing((30, 30), (30, 70), (70, 70), (70, 30), (30, 30))
@@ -92,7 +111,7 @@ class GeoModelTest(TestCase):
         ns.save()
         self.assertEqual(
             connection.ops.Adapter._fix_polygon(ply),
-            State.objects.get(name='NullState').poly
+            State.objects.get(name="NullState").poly,
         )
         ns.delete()
 
@@ -100,7 +119,7 @@ class GeoModelTest(TestCase):
     def test_lookup_insert_transform(self):
         "Testing automatic transform for lookups and inserts."
         # San Antonio in 'WGS84' (SRID 4326)
-        sa_4326 = 'POINT (-98.493183 29.424170)'
+        sa_4326 = "POINT (-98.493183 29.424170)"
         wgs_pnt = fromstr(sa_4326, srid=4326)  # Our reference point in WGS84
         # San Antonio in 'WGS 84 / Pseudo-Mercator' (SRID 3857)
         other_srid_pnt = wgs_pnt.transform(3857, clone=True)
@@ -111,13 +130,13 @@ class GeoModelTest(TestCase):
             tx = Country.objects.get(mpoly__contains=other_srid_pnt)
         else:
             tx = Country.objects.get(mpoly__intersects=other_srid_pnt)
-        self.assertEqual('Texas', tx.name)
+        self.assertEqual("Texas", tx.name)
 
         # Creating San Antonio.  Remember the Alamo.
-        sa = City.objects.create(name='San Antonio', point=other_srid_pnt)
+        sa = City.objects.create(name="San Antonio", point=other_srid_pnt)
 
         # Now verifying that San Antonio was transformed correctly
-        sa = City.objects.get(name='San Antonio')
+        sa = City.objects.get(name="San Antonio")
         self.assertAlmostEqual(wgs_pnt.x, sa.point.x, 6)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(wgs_pnt.y, sa.point.y, 6)
 
@@ -134,23 +153,31 @@ class GeoModelTest(TestCase):
 
     def test_geometryfield(self):
         "Testing the general GeometryField."
-        Feature(name='Point', geom=Point(1, 1)).save()
-        Feature(name='LineString', geom=LineString((0, 0), (1, 1), (5, 5))).save()
-        Feature(name='Polygon', geom=Polygon(LinearRing((0, 0), (0, 5), (5, 5), (5, 0), (0, 0)))).save()
-        Feature(name='GeometryCollection',
-                geom=GeometryCollection(Point(2, 2), LineString((0, 0), (2, 2)),
-                                        Polygon(LinearRing((0, 0), (0, 5), (5, 5), (5, 0), (0, 0))))).save()
+        Feature(name="Point", geom=Point(1, 1)).save()
+        Feature(name="LineString", geom=LineString((0, 0), (1, 1), (5, 5))).save()
+        Feature(
+            name="Polygon",
+            geom=Polygon(LinearRing((0, 0), (0, 5), (5, 5), (5, 0), (0, 0))),
+        ).save()
+        Feature(
+            name="GeometryCollection",
+            geom=GeometryCollection(
+                Point(2, 2),
+                LineString((0, 0), (2, 2)),
+                Polygon(LinearRing((0, 0), (0, 5), (5, 5), (5, 0), (0, 0))),
+            ),
+        ).save()
 
-        f_1 = Feature.objects.get(name='Point')
+        f_1 = Feature.objects.get(name="Point")
         self.assertIsInstance(f_1.geom, Point)
         self.assertEqual((1.0, 1.0), f_1.geom.tuple)
-        f_2 = Feature.objects.get(name='LineString')
+        f_2 = Feature.objects.get(name="LineString")
         self.assertIsInstance(f_2.geom, LineString)
         self.assertEqual(((0.0, 0.0), (1.0, 1.0), (5.0, 5.0)), f_2.geom.tuple)
 
-        f_3 = Feature.objects.get(name='Polygon')
+        f_3 = Feature.objects.get(name="Polygon")
         self.assertIsInstance(f_3.geom, Polygon)
-        f_4 = Feature.objects.get(name='GeometryCollection')
+        f_4 = Feature.objects.get(name="GeometryCollection")
         self.assertIsInstance(f_4.geom, GeometryCollection)
         self.assertEqual(f_3.geom, f_4.geom[2])
 
@@ -158,11 +185,15 @@ class GeoModelTest(TestCase):
     def test_inherited_geofields(self):
         "Database functions on inherited Geometry fields."
         # Creating a Pennsylvanian city.
-        PennsylvaniaCity.objects.create(name='Mansfield', county='Tioga', point='POINT(-77.071445 41.823881)')
+        PennsylvaniaCity.objects.create(
+            name="Mansfield", county="Tioga", point="POINT(-77.071445 41.823881)"
+        )
 
         # All transformation SQL will need to be performed on the
         # _parent_ table.
-        qs = PennsylvaniaCity.objects.annotate(new_point=functions.Transform('point', srid=32128))
+        qs = PennsylvaniaCity.objects.annotate(
+            new_point=functions.Transform("point", srid=32128)
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(1, qs.count())
         for pc in qs:
@@ -171,10 +202,12 @@ class GeoModelTest(TestCase):
     def test_raw_sql_query(self):
         "Testing raw SQL query."
         cities1 = City.objects.all()
-        point_select = connection.ops.select % 'point'
-        cities2 = list(City.objects.raw(
-            'select id, name, %s as point from geoapp_city' % point_select
-        ))
+        point_select = connection.ops.select % "point"
+        cities2 = list(
+            City.objects.raw(
+                "select id, name, %s as point from geoapp_city" % point_select
+            )
+        )
         self.assertEqual(len(cities1), len(cities2))
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):  # Ensure point isn't deferred.
             self.assertIsInstance(cities2[0].point, Point)
@@ -184,18 +217,18 @@ class GeoModelTest(TestCase):
         Test a dumpdata/loaddata cycle with geographic data.
         """
         out = StringIO()
-        original_data = list(City.objects.all().order_by('name'))
-        call_command('dumpdata', 'geoapp.City', stdout=out)
+        original_data = list(City.objects.all().order_by("name"))
+        call_command("dumpdata", "geoapp.City", stdout=out)
         result = out.getvalue()
-        houston = City.objects.get(name='Houston')
+        houston = City.objects.get(name="Houston")
         self.assertIn('"point": "%s"' % houston.point.ewkt, result)
 
         # Reload now dumped data
-        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w', suffix='.json') as tmp:
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode="w", suffix=".json") as tmp:
             tmp.write(result)
             tmp.seek(0)
-            call_command('loaddata', tmp.name, verbosity=0)
-        self.assertEqual(original_data, list(City.objects.all().order_by('name')))
+            call_command("loaddata", tmp.name, verbosity=0)
+        self.assertEqual(original_data, list(City.objects.all().order_by("name")))
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_empty_geometries")
     def test_empty_geometries(self):
@@ -211,7 +244,7 @@ class GeoModelTest(TestCase):
         ]
         for klass in geometry_classes:
             g = klass(srid=4326)
-            feature = Feature.objects.create(name='Empty %s' % klass.__name__, geom=g)
+            feature = Feature.objects.create(name="Empty %s" % klass.__name__, geom=g)
             feature.refresh_from_db()
             if klass is LinearRing:
                 # LinearRing isn't representable in WKB, so GEOSGeomtry.wkb
@@ -222,21 +255,21 @@ class GeoModelTest(TestCase):
 
 
 class GeoLookupTest(TestCase):
-    fixtures = ['initial']
+    fixtures = ["initial"]
 
     def test_disjoint_lookup(self):
         "Testing the `disjoint` lookup type."
-        ptown = City.objects.get(name='Pueblo')
+        ptown = City.objects.get(name="Pueblo")
         qs1 = City.objects.filter(point__disjoint=ptown.point)
         self.assertEqual(7, qs1.count())
         qs2 = State.objects.filter(poly__disjoint=ptown.point)
         self.assertEqual(1, qs2.count())
-        self.assertEqual('Kansas', qs2[0].name)
+        self.assertEqual("Kansas", qs2[0].name)
 
     def test_contains_contained_lookups(self):
         "Testing the 'contained', 'contains', and 'bbcontains' lookup types."
         # Getting Texas, yes we were a country -- once ;)
-        texas = Country.objects.get(name='Texas')
+        texas = Country.objects.get(name="Texas")
 
         # Seeing what cities are in Texas, should get Houston and Dallas,
         #  and Oklahoma City because 'contained' only checks on the
@@ -244,69 +277,80 @@ class GeoLookupTest(TestCase):
         if connection.features.supports_contained_lookup:
             qs = City.objects.filter(point__contained=texas.mpoly)
             self.assertEqual(3, qs.count())
-            cities = ['Houston', 'Dallas', 'Oklahoma City']
+            cities = ["Houston", "Dallas", "Oklahoma City"]
             for c in qs:
                 self.assertIn(c.name, cities)
 
         # Pulling out some cities.
-        houston = City.objects.get(name='Houston')
-        wellington = City.objects.get(name='Wellington')
-        pueblo = City.objects.get(name='Pueblo')
-        okcity = City.objects.get(name='Oklahoma City')
-        lawrence = City.objects.get(name='Lawrence')
+        houston = City.objects.get(name="Houston")
+        wellington = City.objects.get(name="Wellington")
+        pueblo = City.objects.get(name="Pueblo")
+        okcity = City.objects.get(name="Oklahoma City")
+        lawrence = City.objects.get(name="Lawrence")
 
         # Now testing contains on the countries using the points for
         #  Houston and Wellington.
         tx = Country.objects.get(mpoly__contains=houston.point)  # Query w/GEOSGeometry
-        nz = Country.objects.get(mpoly__contains=wellington.point.hex)  # Query w/EWKBHEX
-        self.assertEqual('Texas', tx.name)
-        self.assertEqual('New Zealand', nz.name)
+        nz = Country.objects.get(
+            mpoly__contains=wellington.point.hex
+        )  # Query w/EWKBHEX
+        self.assertEqual("Texas", tx.name)
+        self.assertEqual("New Zealand", nz.name)
 
         # Testing `contains` on the states using the point for Lawrence.
         ks = State.objects.get(poly__contains=lawrence.point)
-        self.assertEqual('Kansas', ks.name)
+        self.assertEqual("Kansas", ks.name)
 
         # Pueblo and Oklahoma City (even though OK City is within the bounding box of Texas)
         # are not contained in Texas or New Zealand.
-        self.assertEqual(len(Country.objects.filter(mpoly__contains=pueblo.point)), 0)  # Query w/GEOSGeometry object
-        self.assertEqual(len(Country.objects.filter(mpoly__contains=okcity.point.wkt)), 0)  # Query w/WKT
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(Country.objects.filter(mpoly__contains=pueblo.point)), 0
+        )  # Query w/GEOSGeometry object
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(Country.objects.filter(mpoly__contains=okcity.point.wkt)), 0
+        )  # Query w/WKT
 
         # OK City is contained w/in bounding box of Texas.
         if connection.features.supports_bbcontains_lookup:
             qs = Country.objects.filter(mpoly__bbcontains=okcity.point)
             self.assertEqual(1, len(qs))
-            self.assertEqual('Texas', qs[0].name)
+            self.assertEqual("Texas", qs[0].name)
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_crosses_lookup")
     def test_crosses_lookup(self):
-        Track.objects.create(
-            name='Line1',
-            line=LineString([(-95, 29), (-60, 0)])
+        Track.objects.create(name="Line1", line=LineString([(-95, 29), (-60, 0)]))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Track.objects.filter(
+                line__crosses=LineString([(-95, 0), (-60, 29)])
+            ).count(),
+            1,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            Track.objects.filter(line__crosses=LineString([(-95, 0), (-60, 29)])).count(),
-            1
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            Track.objects.filter(line__crosses=LineString([(-95, 30), (0, 30)])).count(),
-            0
+            Track.objects.filter(
+                line__crosses=LineString([(-95, 30), (0, 30)])
+            ).count(),
+            0,
         )
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_isvalid_lookup")
     def test_isvalid_lookup(self):
-        invalid_geom = fromstr('POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))')
-        State.objects.create(name='invalid', poly=invalid_geom)
+        invalid_geom = fromstr("POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))")
+        State.objects.create(name="invalid", poly=invalid_geom)
         qs = State.objects.all()
-        if connection.ops.oracle or (connection.ops.mysql and connection.mysql_version < (8, 0, 0)):
+        if connection.ops.oracle or (
+            connection.ops.mysql and connection.mysql_version < (8, 0, 0)
+        ):
             # Kansas has adjacent vertices with distance 6.99244813842e-12
             # which is smaller than the default Oracle tolerance.
             # It's invalid on MySQL < 8 also.
-            qs = qs.exclude(name='Kansas')
-            self.assertEqual(State.objects.filter(name='Kansas', poly__isvalid=False).count(), 1)
+            qs = qs.exclude(name="Kansas")
+            self.assertEqual(
+                State.objects.filter(name="Kansas", poly__isvalid=False).count(), 1
+            )
         self.assertEqual(qs.filter(poly__isvalid=False).count(), 1)
         self.assertEqual(qs.filter(poly__isvalid=True).count(), qs.count() - 1)
 
-    @skipUnlessGISLookup('left', 'right')
+    @skipUnlessGISLookup("left", "right")
     def test_left_right_lookups(self):
         "Testing the 'left' and 'right' lookup types."
         # Left: A << B => true if xmax(A) < xmin(B)
@@ -314,22 +358,28 @@ class GeoLookupTest(TestCase):
         # See: BOX2D_left() and BOX2D_right() in lwgeom_box2dfloat4.c in PostGIS source.
 
         # Getting the borders for Colorado & Kansas
-        co_border = State.objects.get(name='Colorado').poly
-        ks_border = State.objects.get(name='Kansas').poly
+        co_border = State.objects.get(name="Colorado").poly
+        ks_border = State.objects.get(name="Kansas").poly
 
         # Note: Wellington has an 'X' value of 174, so it will not be considered
         # to the left of CO.
 
         # These cities should be strictly to the right of the CO border.
-        cities = ['Houston', 'Dallas', 'Oklahoma City',
-                  'Lawrence', 'Chicago', 'Wellington']
+        cities = [
+            "Houston",
+            "Dallas",
+            "Oklahoma City",
+            "Lawrence",
+            "Chicago",
+            "Wellington",
+        ]
         qs = City.objects.filter(point__right=co_border)
         self.assertEqual(6, len(qs))
         for c in qs:
             self.assertIn(c.name, cities)
 
         # These cities should be strictly to the right of the KS border.
-        cities = ['Chicago', 'Wellington']
+        cities = ["Chicago", "Wellington"]
         qs = City.objects.filter(point__right=ks_border)
         self.assertEqual(2, len(qs))
         for c in qs:
@@ -338,9 +388,9 @@ class GeoLookupTest(TestCase):
         # Note: Wellington has an 'X' value of 174, so it will not be considered
         #  to the left of CO.
         vic = City.objects.get(point__left=co_border)
-        self.assertEqual('Victoria', vic.name)
+        self.assertEqual("Victoria", vic.name)
 
-        cities = ['Pueblo', 'Victoria']
+        cities = ["Pueblo", "Victoria"]
         qs = City.objects.filter(point__left=ks_border)
         self.assertEqual(2, len(qs))
         for c in qs:
@@ -348,32 +398,32 @@ class GeoLookupTest(TestCase):
 
     @skipUnlessGISLookup("strictly_above", "strictly_below")
     def test_strictly_above_below_lookups(self):
-        dallas = City.objects.get(name='Dallas')
+        dallas = City.objects.get(name="Dallas")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            City.objects.filter(point__strictly_above=dallas.point).order_by('name'),
-            ['Chicago', 'Lawrence', 'Oklahoma City', 'Pueblo', 'Victoria'],
-            lambda b: b.name
+            City.objects.filter(point__strictly_above=dallas.point).order_by("name"),
+            ["Chicago", "Lawrence", "Oklahoma City", "Pueblo", "Victoria"],
+            lambda b: b.name,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            City.objects.filter(point__strictly_below=dallas.point).order_by('name'),
-            ['Houston', 'Wellington'],
-            lambda b: b.name
+            City.objects.filter(point__strictly_below=dallas.point).order_by("name"),
+            ["Houston", "Wellington"],
+            lambda b: b.name,
         )
 
     def test_equals_lookups(self):
         "Testing the 'same_as' and 'equals' lookup types."
-        pnt = fromstr('POINT (-95.363151 29.763374)', srid=4326)
+        pnt = fromstr("POINT (-95.363151 29.763374)", srid=4326)
         c1 = City.objects.get(point=pnt)
         c2 = City.objects.get(point__same_as=pnt)
         c3 = City.objects.get(point__equals=pnt)
         for c in [c1, c2, c3]:
-            self.assertEqual('Houston', c.name)
+            self.assertEqual("Houston", c.name)
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_null_geometries")
     def test_null_geometries(self):
         "Testing NULL geometry support, and the `isnull` lookup type."
         # Creating a state with a NULL boundary.
-        State.objects.create(name='Puerto Rico')
+        State.objects.create(name="Puerto Rico")
 
         # Querying for both NULL and Non-NULL values.
         nullqs = State.objects.filter(poly__isnull=True)
@@ -381,7 +431,7 @@ class GeoLookupTest(TestCase):
 
         # Puerto Rico should be NULL (it's a commonwealth unincorporated territory)
         self.assertEqual(1, len(nullqs))
-        self.assertEqual('Puerto Rico', nullqs[0].name)
+        self.assertEqual("Puerto Rico", nullqs[0].name)
         # GeometryField=None is an alias for __isnull=True.
         self.assertCountEqual(State.objects.filter(poly=None), nullqs)
         self.assertCountEqual(State.objects.exclude(poly=None), validqs)
@@ -389,110 +439,135 @@ class GeoLookupTest(TestCase):
         # The valid states should be Colorado & Kansas
         self.assertEqual(2, len(validqs))
         state_names = [s.name for s in validqs]
-        self.assertIn('Colorado', state_names)
-        self.assertIn('Kansas', state_names)
+        self.assertIn("Colorado", state_names)
+        self.assertIn("Kansas", state_names)
 
         # Saving another commonwealth w/a NULL geometry.
-        nmi = State.objects.create(name='Northern Mariana Islands', poly=None)
+        nmi = State.objects.create(name="Northern Mariana Islands", poly=None)
         self.assertIsNone(nmi.poly)
 
         # Assigning a geometry and saving -- then UPDATE back to NULL.
-        nmi.poly = 'POLYGON((0 0,1 0,1 1,1 0,0 0))'
+        nmi.poly = "POLYGON((0 0,1 0,1 1,1 0,0 0))"
         nmi.save()
-        State.objects.filter(name='Northern Mariana Islands').update(poly=None)
-        self.assertIsNone(State.objects.get(name='Northern Mariana Islands').poly)
+        State.objects.filter(name="Northern Mariana Islands").update(poly=None)
+        self.assertIsNone(State.objects.get(name="Northern Mariana Islands").poly)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_null_geometries', 'supports_crosses_lookup', 'supports_relate_lookup')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature(
+        "supports_null_geometries", "supports_crosses_lookup", "supports_relate_lookup"
+    )
     def test_null_geometries_excluded_in_lookups(self):
         """NULL features are excluded in spatial lookup functions."""
-        null = State.objects.create(name='NULL', poly=None)
+        null = State.objects.create(name="NULL", poly=None)
         queries = [
-            ('equals', Point(1, 1)),
-            ('disjoint', Point(1, 1)),
-            ('touches', Point(1, 1)),
-            ('crosses', LineString((0, 0), (1, 1), (5, 5))),
-            ('within', Point(1, 1)),
-            ('overlaps', LineString((0, 0), (1, 1), (5, 5))),
-            ('contains', LineString((0, 0), (1, 1), (5, 5))),
-            ('intersects', LineString((0, 0), (1, 1), (5, 5))),
-            ('relate', (Point(1, 1), 'T*T***FF*')),
-            ('same_as', Point(1, 1)),
-            ('exact', Point(1, 1)),
-            ('coveredby', Point(1, 1)),
-            ('covers', Point(1, 1)),
+            ("equals", Point(1, 1)),
+            ("disjoint", Point(1, 1)),
+            ("touches", Point(1, 1)),
+            ("crosses", LineString((0, 0), (1, 1), (5, 5))),
+            ("within", Point(1, 1)),
+            ("overlaps", LineString((0, 0), (1, 1), (5, 5))),
+            ("contains", LineString((0, 0), (1, 1), (5, 5))),
+            ("intersects", LineString((0, 0), (1, 1), (5, 5))),
+            ("relate", (Point(1, 1), "T*T***FF*")),
+            ("same_as", Point(1, 1)),
+            ("exact", Point(1, 1)),
+            ("coveredby", Point(1, 1)),
+            ("covers", Point(1, 1)),
         ]
         for lookup, geom in queries:
             with self.subTest(lookup=lookup):
-                self.assertNotIn(null, State.objects.filter(**{'poly__%s' % lookup: geom}))
+                self.assertNotIn(
+                    null, State.objects.filter(**{"poly__%s" % lookup: geom})
+                )
 
     def test_wkt_string_in_lookup(self):
         # Valid WKT strings don't emit error logs.
-        with self.assertNoLogs('django.contrib.gis', 'ERROR'):
-            State.objects.filter(poly__intersects='LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 5 5)')
+        with self.assertNoLogs("django.contrib.gis", "ERROR"):
+            State.objects.filter(poly__intersects="LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 5 5)")
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_relate_lookup")
     def test_relate_lookup(self):
         "Testing the 'relate' lookup type."
         # To make things more interesting, we will have our Texas reference point in
         # different SRIDs.
-        pnt1 = fromstr('POINT (649287.0363174 4177429.4494686)', srid=2847)
-        pnt2 = fromstr('POINT(-98.4919715741052 29.4333344025053)', srid=4326)
+        pnt1 = fromstr("POINT (649287.0363174 4177429.4494686)", srid=2847)
+        pnt2 = fromstr("POINT(-98.4919715741052 29.4333344025053)", srid=4326)
 
         # Not passing in a geometry as first param raises a TypeError when
         # initializing the QuerySet.
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            Country.objects.filter(mpoly__relate=(23, 'foo'))
+            Country.objects.filter(mpoly__relate=(23, "foo"))
 
         # Making sure the right exception is raised for the given
         # bad arguments.
-        for bad_args, e in [((pnt1, 0), ValueError), ((pnt2, 'T*T***FF*', 0), ValueError)]:
+        for bad_args, e in [
+            ((pnt1, 0), ValueError),
+            ((pnt2, "T*T***FF*", 0), ValueError),
+        ]:
             qs = Country.objects.filter(mpoly__relate=bad_args)
             with self.assertRaises(e):
                 qs.count()
 
-        contains_mask = 'T*T***FF*'
-        within_mask = 'T*F**F***'
-        intersects_mask = 'T********'
+        contains_mask = "T*T***FF*"
+        within_mask = "T*F**F***"
+        intersects_mask = "T********"
         # Relate works differently on Oracle.
         if connection.ops.oracle:
-            contains_mask = 'contains'
-            within_mask = 'inside'
+            contains_mask = "contains"
+            within_mask = "inside"
             # TODO: This is not quite the same as the PostGIS mask above
-            intersects_mask = 'overlapbdyintersect'
+            intersects_mask = "overlapbdyintersect"
 
         # Testing contains relation mask.
         if connection.features.supports_transform:
             self.assertEqual(
                 Country.objects.get(mpoly__relate=(pnt1, contains_mask)).name,
-                'Texas',
+                "Texas",
             )
-        self.assertEqual('Texas', Country.objects.get(mpoly__relate=(pnt2, contains_mask)).name)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "Texas", Country.objects.get(mpoly__relate=(pnt2, contains_mask)).name
+        )
 
         # Testing within relation mask.
-        ks = State.objects.get(name='Kansas')
-        self.assertEqual('Lawrence', City.objects.get(point__relate=(ks.poly, within_mask)).name)
+        ks = State.objects.get(name="Kansas")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "Lawrence", City.objects.get(point__relate=(ks.poly, within_mask)).name
+        )
 
         # Testing intersection relation mask.
         if not connection.ops.oracle:
             if connection.features.supports_transform:
                 self.assertEqual(
                     Country.objects.get(mpoly__relate=(pnt1, intersects_mask)).name,
-                    'Texas',
+                    "Texas",
                 )
-            self.assertEqual('Texas', Country.objects.get(mpoly__relate=(pnt2, intersects_mask)).name)
-            self.assertEqual('Lawrence', City.objects.get(point__relate=(ks.poly, intersects_mask)).name)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "Texas", Country.objects.get(mpoly__relate=(pnt2, intersects_mask)).name
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "Lawrence",
+                City.objects.get(point__relate=(ks.poly, intersects_mask)).name,
+            )
 
         # With a complex geometry expression
-        mask = 'anyinteract' if connection.ops.oracle else within_mask
-        self.assertFalse(City.objects.exclude(point__relate=(functions.Union('point', 'point'), mask)))
+        mask = "anyinteract" if connection.ops.oracle else within_mask
+        self.assertFalse(
+            City.objects.exclude(
+                point__relate=(functions.Union("point", "point"), mask)
+            )
+        )
 
     def test_gis_lookups_with_complex_expressions(self):
-        multiple_arg_lookups = {'dwithin', 'relate'}  # These lookups are tested elsewhere.
+        multiple_arg_lookups = {
+            "dwithin",
+            "relate",
+        }  # These lookups are tested elsewhere.
         lookups = connection.ops.gis_operators.keys() - multiple_arg_lookups
-        self.assertTrue(lookups, 'No lookups found')
+        self.assertTrue(lookups, "No lookups found")
         for lookup in lookups:
             with self.subTest(lookup):
-                City.objects.filter(**{'point__' + lookup: functions.Union('point', 'point')}).exists()
+                City.objects.filter(
+                    **{"point__" + lookup: functions.Union("point", "point")}
+                ).exists()
 
     def test_subquery_annotation(self):
         multifields = MultiFields.objects.create(
@@ -501,18 +576,20 @@ class GeoLookupTest(TestCase):
             poly=Polygon.from_bbox((0, 0, 2, 2)),
         )
         qs = MultiFields.objects.annotate(
-            city_point=Subquery(City.objects.filter(
-                id=OuterRef('city'),
-            ).values('point')),
+            city_point=Subquery(
+                City.objects.filter(
+                    id=OuterRef("city"),
+                ).values("point")
+            ),
         ).filter(
-            city_point__within=F('poly'),
+            city_point__within=F("poly"),
         )
         self.assertEqual(qs.get(), multifields)
 
 
 class GeoQuerySetTest(TestCase):
     # TODO: GeoQuerySet is removed, organize these test better.
-    fixtures = ['initial']
+    fixtures = ["initial"]
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_extent_aggr")
     def test_extent(self):
@@ -522,21 +599,30 @@ class GeoQuerySetTest(TestCase):
         # Reference query:
         # `SELECT ST_extent(point) FROM geoapp_city WHERE (name='Houston' or name='Dallas');`
         #   =>  BOX(-96.8016128540039 29.7633724212646,-95.3631439208984 32.7820587158203)
-        expected = (-96.8016128540039, 29.7633724212646, -95.3631439208984, 32.782058715820)
+        expected = (
+            -96.8016128540039,
+            29.7633724212646,
+            -95.3631439208984,
+            32.782058715820,
+        )
 
-        qs = City.objects.filter(name__in=('Houston', 'Dallas'))
-        extent = qs.aggregate(Extent('point'))['point__extent']
+        qs = City.objects.filter(name__in=("Houston", "Dallas"))
+        extent = qs.aggregate(Extent("point"))["point__extent"]
         for val, exp in zip(extent, expected):
             self.assertAlmostEqual(exp, val, 4)
-        self.assertIsNone(City.objects.filter(name=('Smalltown')).aggregate(Extent('point'))['point__extent'])
+        self.assertIsNone(
+            City.objects.filter(name=("Smalltown")).aggregate(Extent("point"))[
+                "point__extent"
+            ]
+        )
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_extent_aggr")
     def test_extent_with_limit(self):
         """
         Testing if extent supports limit.
         """
-        extent1 = City.objects.all().aggregate(Extent('point'))['point__extent']
-        extent2 = City.objects.all()[:3].aggregate(Extent('point'))['point__extent']
+        extent1 = City.objects.all().aggregate(Extent("point"))["point__extent"]
+        extent2 = City.objects.all()[:3].aggregate(Extent("point"))["point__extent"]
         self.assertNotEqual(extent1, extent2)
 
     def test_make_line(self):
@@ -545,90 +631,94 @@ class GeoQuerySetTest(TestCase):
         """
         if not connection.features.supports_make_line_aggr:
             with self.assertRaises(NotSupportedError):
-                City.objects.all().aggregate(MakeLine('point'))
+                City.objects.all().aggregate(MakeLine("point"))
             return
 
         # MakeLine on an inappropriate field returns simply None
-        self.assertIsNone(State.objects.aggregate(MakeLine('poly'))['poly__makeline'])
+        self.assertIsNone(State.objects.aggregate(MakeLine("poly"))["poly__makeline"])
         # Reference query:
         # SELECT AsText(ST_MakeLine(geoapp_city.point)) FROM geoapp_city;
         ref_line = GEOSGeometry(
-            'LINESTRING(-95.363151 29.763374,-96.801611 32.782057,'
-            '-97.521157 34.464642,174.783117 -41.315268,-104.609252 38.255001,'
-            '-95.23506 38.971823,-87.650175 41.850385,-123.305196 48.462611)',
-            srid=4326
+            "LINESTRING(-95.363151 29.763374,-96.801611 32.782057,"
+            "-97.521157 34.464642,174.783117 -41.315268,-104.609252 38.255001,"
+            "-95.23506 38.971823,-87.650175 41.850385,-123.305196 48.462611)",
+            srid=4326,
         )
         # We check for equality with a tolerance of 10e-5 which is a lower bound
         # of the precisions of ref_line coordinates
-        line = City.objects.aggregate(MakeLine('point'))['point__makeline']
+        line = City.objects.aggregate(MakeLine("point"))["point__makeline"]
         self.assertTrue(
-            ref_line.equals_exact(line, tolerance=10e-5),
-            "%s != %s" % (ref_line, line)
+            ref_line.equals_exact(line, tolerance=10e-5), "%s != %s" % (ref_line, line)
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_union_aggr')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_union_aggr")
     def test_unionagg(self):
         """
         Testing the `Union` aggregate.
         """
-        tx = Country.objects.get(name='Texas').mpoly
+        tx = Country.objects.get(name="Texas").mpoly
         # Houston, Dallas -- Ordering may differ depending on backend or GEOS version.
-        union = GEOSGeometry('MULTIPOINT(-96.801611 32.782057,-95.363151 29.763374)')
+        union = GEOSGeometry("MULTIPOINT(-96.801611 32.782057,-95.363151 29.763374)")
         qs = City.objects.filter(point__within=tx)
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            qs.aggregate(Union('name'))
+            qs.aggregate(Union("name"))
         # Using `field_name` keyword argument in one query and specifying an
         # order in the other (which should not be used because this is
         # an aggregate method on a spatial column)
-        u1 = qs.aggregate(Union('point'))['point__union']
-        u2 = qs.order_by('name').aggregate(Union('point'))['point__union']
+        u1 = qs.aggregate(Union("point"))["point__union"]
+        u2 = qs.order_by("name").aggregate(Union("point"))["point__union"]
         self.assertTrue(union.equals(u1))
         self.assertTrue(union.equals(u2))
-        qs = City.objects.filter(name='NotACity')
-        self.assertIsNone(qs.aggregate(Union('point'))['point__union'])
+        qs = City.objects.filter(name="NotACity")
+        self.assertIsNone(qs.aggregate(Union("point"))["point__union"])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_union_aggr')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_union_aggr")
     def test_geoagg_subquery(self):
-        tx = Country.objects.get(name='Texas')
-        union = GEOSGeometry('MULTIPOINT(-96.801611 32.782057,-95.363151 29.763374)')
+        tx = Country.objects.get(name="Texas")
+        union = GEOSGeometry("MULTIPOINT(-96.801611 32.782057,-95.363151 29.763374)")
         # Use distinct() to force the usage of a subquery for aggregation.
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as ctx:
-            self.assertIs(union.equals(
-                City.objects.filter(point__within=tx.mpoly).distinct().aggregate(
-                    Union('point'),
-                )['point__union'],
-            ), True)
-        self.assertIn('subquery', ctx.captured_queries[0]['sql'])
+            self.assertIs(
+                union.equals(
+                    City.objects.filter(point__within=tx.mpoly)
+                    .distinct()
+                    .aggregate(
+                        Union("point"),
+                    )["point__union"],
+                ),
+                True,
+            )
+        self.assertIn("subquery", ctx.captured_queries[0]["sql"])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_tolerance_parameter')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_tolerance_parameter")
     def test_unionagg_tolerance(self):
         City.objects.create(
-            point=fromstr('POINT(-96.467222 32.751389)', srid=4326),
-            name='Forney',
+            point=fromstr("POINT(-96.467222 32.751389)", srid=4326),
+            name="Forney",
         )
-        tx = Country.objects.get(name='Texas').mpoly
+        tx = Country.objects.get(name="Texas").mpoly
         # Tolerance is greater than distance between Forney and Dallas, that's
         # why Dallas is ignored.
         forney_houston = GEOSGeometry(
-            'MULTIPOINT(-95.363151 29.763374, -96.467222 32.751389)',
+            "MULTIPOINT(-95.363151 29.763374, -96.467222 32.751389)",
             srid=4326,
         )
         self.assertIs(
             forney_houston.equals_exact(
                 City.objects.filter(point__within=tx).aggregate(
-                    Union('point', tolerance=32000),
-                )['point__union'],
+                    Union("point", tolerance=32000),
+                )["point__union"],
                 tolerance=10e-6,
             ),
             True,
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_tolerance_parameter')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_tolerance_parameter")
     def test_unionagg_tolerance_escaping(self):
-        tx = Country.objects.get(name='Texas').mpoly
+        tx = Country.objects.get(name="Texas").mpoly
         with self.assertRaises(DatabaseError):
             City.objects.filter(point__within=tx).aggregate(
-                Union('point', tolerance='0.05))), (((1'),
+                Union("point", tolerance="0.05))), (((1"),
             )
 
     def test_within_subquery(self):
@@ -637,13 +727,16 @@ class GeoQuerySetTest(TestCase):
         (#14483).
         """
         tex_cities = City.objects.filter(
-            point__within=Country.objects.filter(name='Texas').values('mpoly')).order_by('name')
-        self.assertEqual(list(tex_cities.values_list('name', flat=True)), ['Dallas', 'Houston'])
+            point__within=Country.objects.filter(name="Texas").values("mpoly")
+        ).order_by("name")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(tex_cities.values_list("name", flat=True)), ["Dallas", "Houston"]
+        )
 
     def test_non_concrete_field(self):
-        NonConcreteModel.objects.create(point=Point(0, 0), name='name')
+        NonConcreteModel.objects.create(point=Point(0, 0), name="name")
         list(NonConcreteModel.objects.all())
 
     def test_values_srid(self):
         for c, v in zip(City.objects.all(), City.objects.values()):
-            self.assertEqual(c.point.srid, v['point'].srid)
+            self.assertEqual(c.point.srid, v["point"].srid)
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/urls.py b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/urls.py
index 8597387f82..a7dd805c8c 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/urls.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geoapp/urls.py
@@ -7,20 +7,22 @@ from .feeds import feed_dict
 from .sitemaps import sitemaps
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('feeds/<path:url>/', gis_views.feed, {'feed_dict': feed_dict}),
+    path("feeds/<path:url>/", gis_views.feed, {"feed_dict": feed_dict}),
 ]
 
 urlpatterns += [
-    path('sitemaps/<section>.xml', sitemap_views.sitemap, {'sitemaps': sitemaps}),
+    path("sitemaps/<section>.xml", sitemap_views.sitemap, {"sitemaps": sitemaps}),
 ]
 
 urlpatterns += [
     path(
-        'sitemaps/kml/<label>/<model>/<field_name>.kml',
+        "sitemaps/kml/<label>/<model>/<field_name>.kml",
         gis_sitemap_views.kml,
-        name='django.contrib.gis.sitemaps.views.kml'),
+        name="django.contrib.gis.sitemaps.views.kml",
+    ),
     path(
-        'sitemaps/kml/<label>/<model>/<field_name>.kmz',
+        "sitemaps/kml/<label>/<model>/<field_name>.kmz",
         gis_sitemap_views.kmz,
-        name='django.contrib.gis.sitemaps.views.kmz'),
+        name="django.contrib.gis.sitemaps.views.kmz",
+    ),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geogapp/models.py b/tests/gis_tests/geogapp/models.py
index 6aa0b1f00e..c5c550feba 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geogapp/models.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geogapp/models.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class City(NamedModel):
     point = models.PointField(geography=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'geogapp'
+        app_label = "geogapp"
 
 
 class Zipcode(NamedModel):
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class County(NamedModel):
     mpoly = models.MultiPolygonField(geography=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'geogapp'
+        app_label = "geogapp"
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return ' County, '.join([self.name, self.state])
+        return " County, ".join([self.name, self.state])
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geogapp/tests.py b/tests/gis_tests/geogapp/tests.py
index 7f465f5753..819b86545f 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geogapp/tests.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geogapp/tests.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ from .models import City, County, Zipcode
 
 
 class GeographyTest(TestCase):
-    fixtures = ['initial']
+    fixtures = ["initial"]
 
     def test01_fixture_load(self):
         "Ensure geography features loaded properly."
@@ -24,26 +24,28 @@ class GeographyTest(TestCase):
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_distances_lookups", "supports_distance_geodetic")
     def test02_distance_lookup(self):
         "Testing distance lookup support on non-point geography fields."
-        z = Zipcode.objects.get(code='77002')
-        cities1 = list(City.objects
-                       .filter(point__distance_lte=(z.poly, D(mi=500)))
-                       .order_by('name')
-                       .values_list('name', flat=True))
-        cities2 = list(City.objects
-                       .filter(point__dwithin=(z.poly, D(mi=500)))
-                       .order_by('name')
-                       .values_list('name', flat=True))
+        z = Zipcode.objects.get(code="77002")
+        cities1 = list(
+            City.objects.filter(point__distance_lte=(z.poly, D(mi=500)))
+            .order_by("name")
+            .values_list("name", flat=True)
+        )
+        cities2 = list(
+            City.objects.filter(point__dwithin=(z.poly, D(mi=500)))
+            .order_by("name")
+            .values_list("name", flat=True)
+        )
         for cities in [cities1, cities2]:
-            self.assertEqual(['Dallas', 'Houston', 'Oklahoma City'], cities)
+            self.assertEqual(["Dallas", "Houston", "Oklahoma City"], cities)
 
     def test04_invalid_operators_functions(self):
         "Ensuring exceptions are raised for operators & functions invalid on geography fields."
         if not connection.ops.postgis:
-            self.skipTest('This is a PostGIS-specific test.')
+            self.skipTest("This is a PostGIS-specific test.")
         # Only a subset of the geometry functions & operator are available
         # to PostGIS geography types.  For more information, visit:
         # http://postgis.refractions.net/documentation/manual-1.5/ch08.html#PostGIS_GeographyFunctions
-        z = Zipcode.objects.get(code='77002')
+        z = Zipcode.objects.get(code="77002")
         # ST_Within not available.
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             City.objects.filter(point__within=z.poly).count()
@@ -52,7 +54,7 @@ class GeographyTest(TestCase):
             City.objects.filter(point__contained=z.poly).count()
 
         # Regression test for #14060, `~=` was never really implemented for PostGIS.
-        htown = City.objects.get(name='Houston')
+        htown = City.objects.get(name="Houston")
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             City.objects.get(point__exact=htown.point)
 
@@ -63,22 +65,26 @@ class GeographyTest(TestCase):
         from django.contrib.gis.utils import LayerMapping
 
         # Getting the shapefile and mapping dictionary.
-        shp_path = os.path.realpath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..', 'data'))
-        co_shp = os.path.join(shp_path, 'counties', 'counties.shp')
+        shp_path = os.path.realpath(
+            os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..", "data")
+        )
+        co_shp = os.path.join(shp_path, "counties", "counties.shp")
         co_mapping = {
-            'name': 'Name',
-            'state': 'State',
-            'mpoly': 'MULTIPOLYGON',
+            "name": "Name",
+            "state": "State",
+            "mpoly": "MULTIPOLYGON",
         }
         # Reference county names, number of polygons, and state names.
-        names = ['Bexar', 'Galveston', 'Harris', 'Honolulu', 'Pueblo']
+        names = ["Bexar", "Galveston", "Harris", "Honolulu", "Pueblo"]
         num_polys = [1, 2, 1, 19, 1]  # Number of polygons for each.
-        st_names = ['Texas', 'Texas', 'Texas', 'Hawaii', 'Colorado']
+        st_names = ["Texas", "Texas", "Texas", "Hawaii", "Colorado"]
 
-        lm = LayerMapping(County, co_shp, co_mapping, source_srs=4269, unique='name')
+        lm = LayerMapping(County, co_shp, co_mapping, source_srs=4269, unique="name")
         lm.save(silent=True, strict=True)
 
-        for c, name, num_poly, state in zip(County.objects.order_by('name'), names, num_polys, st_names):
+        for c, name, num_poly, state in zip(
+            County.objects.order_by("name"), names, num_polys, st_names
+        ):
             self.assertEqual(4326, c.mpoly.srid)
             self.assertEqual(num_poly, len(c.mpoly))
             self.assertEqual(name, c.name)
@@ -86,7 +92,7 @@ class GeographyTest(TestCase):
 
 
 class GeographyFunctionTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
-    fixtures = ['initial']
+    fixtures = ["initial"]
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_extent_aggr")
     def test_cast_aggregate(self):
@@ -96,11 +102,16 @@ class GeographyFunctionTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
         """
         if not connection.features.supports_geography:
             self.skipTest("This test needs geography support")
-        expected = (-96.8016128540039, 29.7633724212646, -95.3631439208984, 32.782058715820)
-        res = City.objects.filter(
-            name__in=('Houston', 'Dallas')
-        ).aggregate(extent=models.Extent(Cast('point', models.PointField())))
-        for val, exp in zip(res['extent'], expected):
+        expected = (
+            -96.8016128540039,
+            29.7633724212646,
+            -95.3631439208984,
+            32.782058715820,
+        )
+        res = City.objects.filter(name__in=("Houston", "Dallas")).aggregate(
+            extent=models.Extent(Cast("point", models.PointField()))
+        )
+        for val, exp in zip(res["extent"], expected):
             self.assertAlmostEqual(exp, val, 4)
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_Distance_function", "supports_distance_geodetic")
@@ -119,10 +130,10 @@ class GeographyFunctionTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
                 ref_dists = [0, 4899.68, 8081.30, 9115.15]
         else:
             ref_dists = [0, 4891.20, 8071.64, 9123.95]
-        htown = City.objects.get(name='Houston')
+        htown = City.objects.get(name="Houston")
         qs = Zipcode.objects.annotate(
-            distance=Distance('poly', htown.point),
-            distance2=Distance(htown.point, 'poly'),
+            distance=Distance("poly", htown.point),
+            distance2=Distance(htown.point, "poly"),
         )
         for z, ref in zip(qs, ref_dists):
             self.assertAlmostEqual(z.distance.m, ref, 2)
@@ -135,7 +146,7 @@ class GeographyFunctionTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
 
         if not connection.ops.spatialite:
             # Distance function combined with a lookup.
-            hzip = Zipcode.objects.get(code='77002')
+            hzip = Zipcode.objects.get(code="77002")
             self.assertEqual(qs.get(distance__lte=0), hzip)
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_Area_function", "supports_area_geodetic")
@@ -144,7 +155,7 @@ class GeographyFunctionTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
         Testing that Area calculations work on geography columns.
         """
         # SELECT ST_Area(poly) FROM geogapp_zipcode WHERE code='77002';
-        z = Zipcode.objects.annotate(area=Area('poly')).get(code='77002')
+        z = Zipcode.objects.annotate(area=Area("poly")).get(code="77002")
         # Round to the nearest thousand as possible values (depending on
         # the database and geolib) include 5439084, 5439100, 5439101.
         rounded_value = z.area.sq_m
@@ -154,5 +165,7 @@ class GeographyFunctionTests(FuncTestMixin, TestCase):
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_Area_function")
     @skipIfDBFeature("supports_area_geodetic")
     def test_geodetic_area_raises_if_not_supported(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, 'Area on geodetic coordinate systems not supported.'):
-            Zipcode.objects.annotate(area=Area('poly')).get(code='77002')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            NotSupportedError, "Area on geodetic coordinate systems not supported."
+        ):
+            Zipcode.objects.annotate(area=Area("poly")).get(code="77002")
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_coordseq.py b/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_coordseq.py
index f6a0ff89c7..507a22d1a0 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_coordseq.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_coordseq.py
@@ -3,14 +3,13 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class GEOSCoordSeqTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_getitem(self):
         coord_seq = LineString([(x, x) for x in range(2)]).coord_seq
         for i in (0, 1):
             with self.subTest(i):
                 self.assertEqual(coord_seq[i], (i, i))
         for i in (-3, 10):
-            msg = 'invalid GEOS Geometry index: %s' % i
+            msg = "invalid GEOS Geometry index: %s" % i
             with self.subTest(i):
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(IndexError, msg):
                     coord_seq[i]
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_geos.py b/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_geos.py
index 08169f38ab..d37d826d39 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_geos.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_geos.py
@@ -9,8 +9,17 @@ from unittest import mock, skipIf
 
 from django.contrib.gis import gdal
 from django.contrib.gis.geos import (
-    GeometryCollection, GEOSException, GEOSGeometry, LinearRing, LineString,
-    MultiLineString, MultiPoint, MultiPolygon, Point, Polygon, fromfile,
+    GeometryCollection,
+    GEOSException,
+    GEOSGeometry,
+    LinearRing,
+    LineString,
+    MultiLineString,
+    MultiPoint,
+    MultiPolygon,
+    Point,
+    Polygon,
+    fromfile,
     fromstr,
 )
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.libgeos import geos_version_tuple
@@ -23,7 +32,6 @@ from ..test_data import TestDataMixin
 
 
 class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
-
     def test_wkt(self):
         "Testing WKT output."
         for g in self.geometries.wkt_out:
@@ -32,11 +40,11 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
                 self.assertEqual(g.ewkt, geom.wkt)
 
     def test_wkt_invalid(self):
-        msg = 'String input unrecognized as WKT EWKT, and HEXEWKB.'
+        msg = "String input unrecognized as WKT EWKT, and HEXEWKB."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            fromstr('POINT(٠٠١ ٠)')
+            fromstr("POINT(٠٠١ ٠)")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            fromstr('SRID=٧٥٨٣;POINT(100 0)')
+            fromstr("SRID=٧٥٨٣;POINT(100 0)")
 
     def test_hex(self):
         "Testing HEX output."
@@ -47,12 +55,14 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
     def test_hexewkb(self):
         "Testing (HEX)EWKB output."
         # For testing HEX(EWKB).
-        ogc_hex = b'01010000000000000000000000000000000000F03F'
-        ogc_hex_3d = b'01010000800000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000040'
+        ogc_hex = b"01010000000000000000000000000000000000F03F"
+        ogc_hex_3d = b"01010000800000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000040"
         # `SELECT ST_AsHEXEWKB(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(0 1)', 4326));`
-        hexewkb_2d = b'0101000020E61000000000000000000000000000000000F03F'
+        hexewkb_2d = b"0101000020E61000000000000000000000000000000000F03F"
         # `SELECT ST_AsHEXEWKB(ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4326;POINT(0 1 2)'));`
-        hexewkb_3d = b'01010000A0E61000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000040'
+        hexewkb_3d = (
+            b"01010000A0E61000000000000000000000000000000000F03F0000000000000040"
+        )
 
         pnt_2d = Point(0, 1, srid=4326)
         pnt_3d = Point(0, 1, 2, srid=4326)
@@ -79,7 +89,7 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         "Testing KML output."
         for tg in self.geometries.wkt_out:
             geom = fromstr(tg.wkt)
-            kml = getattr(tg, 'kml', False)
+            kml = getattr(tg, "kml", False)
             if kml:
                 self.assertEqual(kml, geom.kml)
 
@@ -92,7 +102,7 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
 
         # Bad WKB
         with self.assertRaises(GEOSException):
-            GEOSGeometry(memoryview(b'0'))
+            GEOSGeometry(memoryview(b"0"))
 
         class NotAGeometry:
             pass
@@ -133,7 +143,7 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         srids = (-1, 32140)
         for srid in srids:
             for p in self.geometries.polygons:
-                ewkt = 'SRID=%d;%s' % (srid, p.wkt)
+                ewkt = "SRID=%d;%s" % (srid, p.wkt)
                 poly = fromstr(ewkt)
                 self.assertEqual(srid, poly.srid)
                 self.assertEqual(srid, poly.shell.srid)
@@ -143,7 +153,7 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         "Testing GeoJSON input/output (via GDAL)."
         for g in self.geometries.json_geoms:
             geom = GEOSGeometry(g.wkt)
-            if not hasattr(g, 'not_equal'):
+            if not hasattr(g, "not_equal"):
                 # Loading jsons to prevent decimal differences
                 self.assertEqual(json.loads(g.json), json.loads(geom.json))
                 self.assertEqual(json.loads(g.json), json.loads(geom.geojson))
@@ -155,16 +165,16 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
             "coordinates": [2, 49],
             "crs": {
                 "type": "name",
-                "properties": {
-                    "name": "urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4322"
-                }
-            }
+                "properties": {"name": "urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4322"},
+            },
         }
-        self.assertEqual(GEOSGeometry(json.dumps(geojson_data)), Point(2, 49, srid=4322))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            GEOSGeometry(json.dumps(geojson_data)), Point(2, 49, srid=4322)
+        )
 
     def test_fromfile(self):
         "Testing the fromfile() factory."
-        ref_pnt = GEOSGeometry('POINT(5 23)')
+        ref_pnt = GEOSGeometry("POINT(5 23)")
 
         wkt_f = BytesIO()
         wkt_f.write(ref_pnt.wkt.encode())
@@ -180,18 +190,18 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
 
     def test_eq(self):
         "Testing equivalence."
-        p = fromstr('POINT(5 23)')
+        p = fromstr("POINT(5 23)")
         self.assertEqual(p, p.wkt)
-        self.assertNotEqual(p, 'foo')
-        ls = fromstr('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 5 5)')
+        self.assertNotEqual(p, "foo")
+        ls = fromstr("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 5 5)")
         self.assertEqual(ls, ls.wkt)
-        self.assertNotEqual(p, 'bar')
-        self.assertEqual(p, 'POINT(5.0 23.0)')
+        self.assertNotEqual(p, "bar")
+        self.assertEqual(p, "POINT(5.0 23.0)")
         # Error shouldn't be raise on equivalence testing with
         # an invalid type.
         for g in (p, ls):
             self.assertIsNotNone(g)
-            self.assertNotEqual(g, {'foo': 'bar'})
+            self.assertNotEqual(g, {"foo": "bar"})
             self.assertIsNot(g, False)
 
     def test_hash(self):
@@ -228,16 +238,16 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         # WKT contains no SRID so will not equal
         self.assertNotEqual(p2, p2.wkt)
         # SRID of 0
-        self.assertEqual(p0, 'SRID=0;POINT (5 23)')
-        self.assertNotEqual(p1, 'SRID=0;POINT (5 23)')
+        self.assertEqual(p0, "SRID=0;POINT (5 23)")
+        self.assertNotEqual(p1, "SRID=0;POINT (5 23)")
 
     def test_points(self):
         "Testing Point objects."
-        prev = fromstr('POINT(0 0)')
+        prev = fromstr("POINT(0 0)")
         for p in self.geometries.points:
             # Creating the point from the WKT
             pnt = fromstr(p.wkt)
-            self.assertEqual(pnt.geom_type, 'Point')
+            self.assertEqual(pnt.geom_type, "Point")
             self.assertEqual(pnt.geom_typeid, 0)
             self.assertEqual(pnt.dims, 0)
             self.assertEqual(p.x, pnt.x)
@@ -250,7 +260,7 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
             self.assertAlmostEqual(p.y, pnt.tuple[1], 9)
 
             # Testing the third dimension, and getting the tuple arguments
-            if hasattr(p, 'z'):
+            if hasattr(p, "z"):
                 self.assertIs(pnt.hasz, True)
                 self.assertEqual(p.z, pnt.z)
                 self.assertEqual(p.z, pnt.tuple[2], 9)
@@ -288,16 +298,16 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
             prev = pnt  # setting the previous geometry
 
     def test_point_reverse(self):
-        point = GEOSGeometry('POINT(144.963 -37.8143)', 4326)
+        point = GEOSGeometry("POINT(144.963 -37.8143)", 4326)
         self.assertEqual(point.srid, 4326)
         point.reverse()
-        self.assertEqual(point.ewkt, 'SRID=4326;POINT (-37.8143 144.963)')
+        self.assertEqual(point.ewkt, "SRID=4326;POINT (-37.8143 144.963)")
 
     def test_multipoints(self):
         "Testing MultiPoint objects."
         for mp in self.geometries.multipoints:
             mpnt = fromstr(mp.wkt)
-            self.assertEqual(mpnt.geom_type, 'MultiPoint')
+            self.assertEqual(mpnt.geom_type, "MultiPoint")
             self.assertEqual(mpnt.geom_typeid, 4)
             self.assertEqual(mpnt.dims, 0)
 
@@ -309,24 +319,24 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
             self.assertEqual(mp.centroid, mpnt.centroid.tuple)
             self.assertEqual(mp.coords, tuple(m.tuple for m in mpnt))
             for p in mpnt:
-                self.assertEqual(p.geom_type, 'Point')
+                self.assertEqual(p.geom_type, "Point")
                 self.assertEqual(p.geom_typeid, 0)
                 self.assertIs(p.empty, False)
                 self.assertIs(p.valid, True)
 
     def test_linestring(self):
         "Testing LineString objects."
-        prev = fromstr('POINT(0 0)')
+        prev = fromstr("POINT(0 0)")
         for line in self.geometries.linestrings:
             ls = fromstr(line.wkt)
-            self.assertEqual(ls.geom_type, 'LineString')
+            self.assertEqual(ls.geom_type, "LineString")
             self.assertEqual(ls.geom_typeid, 1)
             self.assertEqual(ls.dims, 1)
             self.assertIs(ls.empty, False)
             self.assertIs(ls.ring, False)
-            if hasattr(line, 'centroid'):
+            if hasattr(line, "centroid"):
                 self.assertEqual(line.centroid, ls.centroid.tuple)
-            if hasattr(line, 'tup'):
+            if hasattr(line, "tup"):
                 self.assertEqual(line.tup, ls.tuple)
 
             self.assertEqual(ls, fromstr(line.wkt))
@@ -340,65 +350,81 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
             self.assertEqual(ls, LineString(*ls.tuple))  # as individual arguments
             self.assertEqual(ls, LineString([list(tup) for tup in ls.tuple]))  # as list
             # Point individual arguments
-            self.assertEqual(ls.wkt, LineString(*tuple(Point(tup) for tup in ls.tuple)).wkt)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                ls.wkt, LineString(*tuple(Point(tup) for tup in ls.tuple)).wkt
+            )
             if numpy:
-                self.assertEqual(ls, LineString(numpy.array(ls.tuple)))  # as numpy array
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    ls, LineString(numpy.array(ls.tuple))
+                )  # as numpy array
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, 'Each coordinate should be a sequence (list or tuple)'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TypeError, "Each coordinate should be a sequence (list or tuple)"
+        ):
             LineString((0, 0))
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'LineString requires at least 2 points, got 1.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "LineString requires at least 2 points, got 1."
+        ):
             LineString([(0, 0)])
 
         if numpy:
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'LineString requires at least 2 points, got 1.'):
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                ValueError, "LineString requires at least 2 points, got 1."
+            ):
                 LineString(numpy.array([(0, 0)]))
 
-        with mock.patch('django.contrib.gis.geos.linestring.numpy', False):
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, 'Invalid initialization input for LineStrings.'):
-                LineString('wrong input')
+        with mock.patch("django.contrib.gis.geos.linestring.numpy", False):
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                TypeError, "Invalid initialization input for LineStrings."
+            ):
+                LineString("wrong input")
 
         # Test __iter__().
-        self.assertEqual(list(LineString((0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2))), [(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(LineString((0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2))), [(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)]
+        )
 
     def test_linestring_reverse(self):
-        line = GEOSGeometry('LINESTRING(144.963 -37.8143,151.2607 -33.887)', 4326)
+        line = GEOSGeometry("LINESTRING(144.963 -37.8143,151.2607 -33.887)", 4326)
         self.assertEqual(line.srid, 4326)
         line.reverse()
-        self.assertEqual(line.ewkt, 'SRID=4326;LINESTRING (151.2607 -33.887, 144.963 -37.8143)')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            line.ewkt, "SRID=4326;LINESTRING (151.2607 -33.887, 144.963 -37.8143)"
+        )
 
     def _test_is_counterclockwise(self):
         lr = LinearRing((0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (0, 0))
         self.assertIs(lr.is_counterclockwise, True)
         lr.reverse()
         self.assertIs(lr.is_counterclockwise, False)
-        msg = 'Orientation of an empty LinearRing cannot be determined.'
+        msg = "Orientation of an empty LinearRing cannot be determined."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             LinearRing().is_counterclockwise
 
-    @skipIf(geos_version_tuple() < (3, 7), 'GEOS >= 3.7.0 is required')
+    @skipIf(geos_version_tuple() < (3, 7), "GEOS >= 3.7.0 is required")
     def test_is_counterclockwise(self):
         self._test_is_counterclockwise()
 
-    @skipIf(geos_version_tuple() < (3, 7), 'GEOS >= 3.7.0 is required')
+    @skipIf(geos_version_tuple() < (3, 7), "GEOS >= 3.7.0 is required")
     def test_is_counterclockwise_geos_error(self):
-        with mock.patch('django.contrib.gis.geos.prototypes.cs_is_ccw') as mocked:
+        with mock.patch("django.contrib.gis.geos.prototypes.cs_is_ccw") as mocked:
             mocked.return_value = 0
-            mocked.func_name = 'GEOSCoordSeq_isCCW'
+            mocked.func_name = "GEOSCoordSeq_isCCW"
             msg = 'Error encountered in GEOS C function "GEOSCoordSeq_isCCW".'
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(GEOSException, msg):
                 LinearRing((0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (0, 0)).is_counterclockwise
 
-    @mock.patch('django.contrib.gis.geos.libgeos.geos_version', lambda: b'3.6.9')
+    @mock.patch("django.contrib.gis.geos.libgeos.geos_version", lambda: b"3.6.9")
     def test_is_counterclockwise_fallback(self):
         self._test_is_counterclockwise()
 
     def test_multilinestring(self):
         "Testing MultiLineString objects."
-        prev = fromstr('POINT(0 0)')
+        prev = fromstr("POINT(0 0)")
         for line in self.geometries.multilinestrings:
             ml = fromstr(line.wkt)
-            self.assertEqual(ml.geom_type, 'MultiLineString')
+            self.assertEqual(ml.geom_type, "MultiLineString")
             self.assertEqual(ml.geom_typeid, 5)
             self.assertEqual(ml.dims, 1)
 
@@ -410,20 +436,22 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
             prev = ml
 
             for ls in ml:
-                self.assertEqual(ls.geom_type, 'LineString')
+                self.assertEqual(ls.geom_type, "LineString")
                 self.assertEqual(ls.geom_typeid, 1)
                 self.assertIs(ls.empty, False)
 
             with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
                 ml.__getitem__(len(ml))
             self.assertEqual(ml.wkt, MultiLineString(*tuple(s.clone() for s in ml)).wkt)
-            self.assertEqual(ml, MultiLineString(*tuple(LineString(s.tuple) for s in ml)))
+            self.assertEqual(
+                ml, MultiLineString(*tuple(LineString(s.tuple) for s in ml))
+            )
 
     def test_linearring(self):
         "Testing LinearRing objects."
         for rr in self.geometries.linearrings:
             lr = fromstr(rr.wkt)
-            self.assertEqual(lr.geom_type, 'LinearRing')
+            self.assertEqual(lr.geom_type, "LinearRing")
             self.assertEqual(lr.geom_typeid, 2)
             self.assertEqual(lr.dims, 1)
             self.assertEqual(rr.n_p, len(lr))
@@ -437,14 +465,20 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
             if numpy:
                 self.assertEqual(lr, LinearRing(numpy.array(lr.tuple)))
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'LinearRing requires at least 4 points, got 3.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "LinearRing requires at least 4 points, got 3."
+        ):
             LinearRing((0, 0), (1, 1), (0, 0))
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'LinearRing requires at least 4 points, got 1.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "LinearRing requires at least 4 points, got 1."
+        ):
             LinearRing([(0, 0)])
 
         if numpy:
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'LinearRing requires at least 4 points, got 1.'):
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                ValueError, "LinearRing requires at least 4 points, got 1."
+            ):
                 LinearRing(numpy.array([(0, 0)]))
 
     def test_linearring_json(self):
@@ -464,16 +498,16 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         bbox = (0, 0, 1, x)
         p = Polygon.from_bbox(bbox)
         y = p.extent[-1]
-        self.assertEqual(format(x, '.13f'), format(y, '.13f'))
+        self.assertEqual(format(x, ".13f"), format(y, ".13f"))
 
     def test_polygons(self):
         "Testing Polygon objects."
 
-        prev = fromstr('POINT(0 0)')
+        prev = fromstr("POINT(0 0)")
         for p in self.geometries.polygons:
             # Creating the Polygon, testing its properties.
             poly = fromstr(p.wkt)
-            self.assertEqual(poly.geom_type, 'Polygon')
+            self.assertEqual(poly.geom_type, "Polygon")
             self.assertEqual(poly.geom_typeid, 3)
             self.assertEqual(poly.dims, 2)
             self.assertIs(poly.empty, False)
@@ -495,7 +529,7 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
 
             # Testing the exterior ring
             ring = poly.exterior_ring
-            self.assertEqual(ring.geom_type, 'LinearRing')
+            self.assertEqual(ring.geom_type, "LinearRing")
             self.assertEqual(ring.geom_typeid, 2)
             if p.ext_ring_cs:
                 self.assertEqual(p.ext_ring_cs, ring.tuple)
@@ -511,14 +545,14 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
 
             # Testing __iter__
             for r in poly:
-                self.assertEqual(r.geom_type, 'LinearRing')
+                self.assertEqual(r.geom_type, "LinearRing")
                 self.assertEqual(r.geom_typeid, 2)
 
             # Testing polygon construction.
             with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
                 Polygon(0, [1, 2, 3])
             with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-                Polygon('foo')
+                Polygon("foo")
 
             # Polygon(shell, (hole1, ... holeN))
             ext_ring, *int_rings = poly
@@ -530,15 +564,17 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
 
             # Constructing with tuples of LinearRings.
             self.assertEqual(poly.wkt, Polygon(*tuple(r for r in poly)).wkt)
-            self.assertEqual(poly.wkt, Polygon(*tuple(LinearRing(r.tuple) for r in poly)).wkt)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                poly.wkt, Polygon(*tuple(LinearRing(r.tuple) for r in poly)).wkt
+            )
 
     def test_polygons_templates(self):
         # Accessing Polygon attributes in templates should work.
         engine = Engine()
-        template = engine.from_string('{{ polygons.0.wkt }}')
+        template = engine.from_string("{{ polygons.0.wkt }}")
         polygons = [fromstr(p.wkt) for p in self.geometries.multipolygons[:2]]
-        content = template.render(Context({'polygons': polygons}))
-        self.assertIn('MULTIPOLYGON (((100', content)
+        content = template.render(Context({"polygons": polygons}))
+        self.assertIn("MULTIPOLYGON (((100", content)
 
     def test_polygon_comparison(self):
         p1 = Polygon(((0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (1, 0), (0, 0)))
@@ -553,10 +589,10 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
 
     def test_multipolygons(self):
         "Testing MultiPolygon objects."
-        fromstr('POINT (0 0)')
+        fromstr("POINT (0 0)")
         for mp in self.geometries.multipolygons:
             mpoly = fromstr(mp.wkt)
-            self.assertEqual(mpoly.geom_type, 'MultiPolygon')
+            self.assertEqual(mpoly.geom_type, "MultiPolygon")
             self.assertEqual(mpoly.geom_typeid, 6)
             self.assertEqual(mpoly.dims, 2)
             self.assertEqual(mp.valid, mpoly.valid)
@@ -568,10 +604,12 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
                 with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
                     mpoly.__getitem__(len(mpoly))
                 for p in mpoly:
-                    self.assertEqual(p.geom_type, 'Polygon')
+                    self.assertEqual(p.geom_type, "Polygon")
                     self.assertEqual(p.geom_typeid, 3)
                     self.assertIs(p.valid, True)
-                self.assertEqual(mpoly.wkt, MultiPolygon(*tuple(poly.clone() for poly in mpoly)).wkt)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    mpoly.wkt, MultiPolygon(*tuple(poly.clone() for poly in mpoly)).wkt
+                )
 
     def test_memory_hijinks(self):
         "Testing Geometry __del__() on rings and polygons."
@@ -605,8 +643,12 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
                 poly = fromstr(p.wkt)
                 cs = poly.exterior_ring.coord_seq
 
-                self.assertEqual(p.ext_ring_cs, cs.tuple)  # done in the Polygon test too.
-                self.assertEqual(len(p.ext_ring_cs), len(cs))  # Making sure __len__ works
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    p.ext_ring_cs, cs.tuple
+                )  # done in the Polygon test too.
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    len(p.ext_ring_cs), len(cs)
+                )  # Making sure __len__ works
 
                 # Checks __getitem__ and __setitem__
                 for i in range(len(p.ext_ring_cs)):
@@ -628,9 +670,9 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
 
     def test_relate_pattern(self):
         "Testing relate() and relate_pattern()."
-        g = fromstr('POINT (0 0)')
+        g = fromstr("POINT (0 0)")
         with self.assertRaises(GEOSException):
-            g.relate_pattern(0, 'invalid pattern, yo')
+            g.relate_pattern(0, "invalid pattern, yo")
         for rg in self.geometries.relate_geoms:
             a = fromstr(rg.wkt_a)
             b = fromstr(rg.wkt_b)
@@ -691,7 +733,9 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
             d1 = fromstr(self.geometries.sdiff_geoms[i].wkt)
             d2 = a.sym_difference(b)
             self.assertTrue(d1.equals(d2))
-            self.assertTrue(d1.equals(a ^ b))  # __xor__ is symmetric difference operator
+            self.assertTrue(
+                d1.equals(a ^ b)
+            )  # __xor__ is symmetric difference operator
             a ^= b  # testing __ixor__
             self.assertTrue(d1.equals(a))
 
@@ -703,7 +747,7 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         with self.assertRaises(ctypes.ArgumentError):
             g.buffer(bg.width, quadsegs=1.1)
 
-        self._test_buffer(self.geometries.buffer_geoms, 'buffer')
+        self._test_buffer(self.geometries.buffer_geoms, "buffer")
 
     def test_buffer_with_style(self):
         bg = self.geometries.buffer_with_style_geoms[0]
@@ -728,8 +772,10 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
             g.buffer_with_style(bg.width, join_style=66)
 
         self._test_buffer(
-            itertools.chain(self.geometries.buffer_geoms, self.geometries.buffer_with_style_geoms),
-            'buffer_with_style',
+            itertools.chain(
+                self.geometries.buffer_geoms, self.geometries.buffer_with_style_geoms
+            ),
+            "buffer_with_style",
         )
 
     def _test_buffer(self, geometries, buffer_method_name):
@@ -742,7 +788,13 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
             # Constructing our buffer
             buf_kwargs = {
                 kwarg_name: getattr(bg, kwarg_name)
-                for kwarg_name in ('width', 'quadsegs', 'end_cap_style', 'join_style', 'mitre_limit')
+                for kwarg_name in (
+                    "width",
+                    "quadsegs",
+                    "end_cap_style",
+                    "join_style",
+                    "mitre_limit",
+                )
                 if hasattr(bg, kwarg_name)
             }
             buf = getattr(g, buffer_method_name)(**buf_kwargs)
@@ -778,7 +830,7 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         pnt.srid = 3084
         self.assertEqual(3084, pnt.srid)
         with self.assertRaises(ctypes.ArgumentError):
-            pnt.srid = '4326'
+            pnt.srid = "4326"
 
         # Testing SRID keyword on fromstr(), and on Polygon rings.
         poly = fromstr(self.geometries.polygons[1].wkt, srid=4269)
@@ -789,7 +841,9 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         self.assertEqual(4326, poly.shell.srid)
 
         # Testing SRID keyword on GeometryCollection
-        gc = GeometryCollection(Point(5, 23), LineString((0, 0), (1.5, 1.5), (3, 3)), srid=32021)
+        gc = GeometryCollection(
+            Point(5, 23), LineString((0, 0), (1.5, 1.5), (3, 3)), srid=32021
+        )
         self.assertEqual(32021, gc.srid)
         for i in range(len(gc)):
             self.assertEqual(32021, gc[i].srid)
@@ -797,7 +851,7 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         # GEOS may get the SRID from HEXEWKB
         # 'POINT(5 23)' at SRID=4326 in hex form -- obtained from PostGIS
         # using `SELECT GeomFromText('POINT (5 23)', 4326);`.
-        hex = '0101000020E610000000000000000014400000000000003740'
+        hex = "0101000020E610000000000000000014400000000000003740"
         p1 = fromstr(hex)
         self.assertEqual(4326, p1.srid)
 
@@ -813,26 +867,35 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         # Input geometries that have an SRID.
         self.assertEqual(GEOSGeometry(pnt.ewkt, srid=pnt.srid).srid, pnt.srid)
         self.assertEqual(GEOSGeometry(pnt.ewkb, srid=pnt.srid).srid, pnt.srid)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Input geometry already has SRID: %d.' % pnt.srid):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Input geometry already has SRID: %d." % pnt.srid
+        ):
             GEOSGeometry(pnt.ewkt, srid=1)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Input geometry already has SRID: %d.' % pnt.srid):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Input geometry already has SRID: %d." % pnt.srid
+        ):
             GEOSGeometry(pnt.ewkb, srid=1)
 
     def test_custom_srid(self):
         """Test with a null srid and a srid unknown to GDAL."""
         for srid in [None, 999999]:
             pnt = Point(111200, 220900, srid=srid)
-            self.assertTrue(pnt.ewkt.startswith(("SRID=%s;" % srid if srid else '') + "POINT (111200"))
+            self.assertTrue(
+                pnt.ewkt.startswith(
+                    ("SRID=%s;" % srid if srid else "") + "POINT (111200"
+                )
+            )
             self.assertIsInstance(pnt.ogr, gdal.OGRGeometry)
             self.assertIsNone(pnt.srs)
 
             # Test conversion from custom to a known srid
             c2w = gdal.CoordTransform(
                 gdal.SpatialReference(
-                    '+proj=mill +lat_0=0 +lon_0=0 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +R_A +ellps=WGS84 '
-                    '+datum=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs'
+                    "+proj=mill +lat_0=0 +lon_0=0 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +R_A +ellps=WGS84 "
+                    "+datum=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs"
                 ),
-                gdal.SpatialReference(4326))
+                gdal.SpatialReference(4326),
+            )
             new_pnt = pnt.transform(c2w, clone=True)
             self.assertEqual(new_pnt.srid, 4326)
             self.assertAlmostEqual(new_pnt.x, 1, 1)
@@ -852,7 +915,7 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
             shell_tup = poly.shell.tuple
             new_coords = []
             for point in shell_tup:
-                new_coords.append((point[0] + 500., point[1] + 500.))
+                new_coords.append((point[0] + 500.0, point[1] + 500.0))
             new_shell = LinearRing(*tuple(new_coords))
 
             # Assigning polygon's exterior ring w/the new shell
@@ -886,7 +949,7 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
                 for j in range(len(poly)):
                     r = poly[j]
                     for k in range(len(r)):
-                        r[k] = (r[k][0] + 500., r[k][1] + 500.)
+                        r[k] = (r[k][0] + 500.0, r[k][1] + 500.0)
                     poly[j] = r
 
                 self.assertNotEqual(mpoly[i], poly)
@@ -950,7 +1013,12 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         pol = Polygon()
 
         pol[:] = (((0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (1, 0), (0, 0)),)
-        self.assertEqual(pol, Polygon(((0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (1, 0), (0, 0)),))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            pol,
+            Polygon(
+                ((0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (1, 0), (0, 0)),
+            ),
+        )
 
         pol[:] = ()
         self.assertEqual(pol, Polygon())
@@ -969,19 +1037,19 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         "Testing three-dimensional geometries."
         # Testing a 3D Point
         pnt = Point(2, 3, 8)
-        self.assertEqual((2., 3., 8.), pnt.coords)
+        self.assertEqual((2.0, 3.0, 8.0), pnt.coords)
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            pnt.tuple = (1., 2.)
-        pnt.coords = (1., 2., 3.)
-        self.assertEqual((1., 2., 3.), pnt.coords)
+            pnt.tuple = (1.0, 2.0)
+        pnt.coords = (1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
+        self.assertEqual((1.0, 2.0, 3.0), pnt.coords)
 
         # Testing a 3D LineString
-        ls = LineString((2., 3., 8.), (50., 250., -117.))
-        self.assertEqual(((2., 3., 8.), (50., 250., -117.)), ls.tuple)
+        ls = LineString((2.0, 3.0, 8.0), (50.0, 250.0, -117.0))
+        self.assertEqual(((2.0, 3.0, 8.0), (50.0, 250.0, -117.0)), ls.tuple)
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            ls.__setitem__(0, (1., 2.))
-        ls[0] = (1., 2., 3.)
-        self.assertEqual((1., 2., 3.), ls[0])
+            ls.__setitem__(0, (1.0, 2.0))
+        ls[0] = (1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
+        self.assertEqual((1.0, 2.0, 3.0), ls[0])
 
     def test_distance(self):
         "Testing the distance() function."
@@ -1023,17 +1091,17 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         "Testing empty geometries and collections."
         geoms = [
             GeometryCollection([]),
-            fromstr('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY'),
+            fromstr("GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY"),
             GeometryCollection(),
-            fromstr('POINT EMPTY'),
+            fromstr("POINT EMPTY"),
             Point(),
-            fromstr('LINESTRING EMPTY'),
+            fromstr("LINESTRING EMPTY"),
             LineString(),
-            fromstr('POLYGON EMPTY'),
+            fromstr("POLYGON EMPTY"),
             Polygon(),
-            fromstr('MULTILINESTRING EMPTY'),
+            fromstr("MULTILINESTRING EMPTY"),
             MultiLineString(),
-            fromstr('MULTIPOLYGON EMPTY'),
+            fromstr("MULTIPOLYGON EMPTY"),
             MultiPolygon(()),
             MultiPolygon(),
         ]
@@ -1062,7 +1130,7 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
                     g.x
             elif isinstance(g, Polygon):
                 lr = g.shell
-                self.assertEqual('LINEARRING EMPTY', lr.wkt)
+                self.assertEqual("LINEARRING EMPTY", lr.wkt)
                 self.assertEqual(0, len(lr))
                 self.assertIs(lr.empty, True)
                 with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
@@ -1081,7 +1149,11 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         gc = GeometryCollection(LineString((0, 0), (1, 1)), Point(0, 0))
         self.assertEqual(gc.dims, 1)
 
-        gc = GeometryCollection(LineString((0, 0), (1, 1)), Polygon(((0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 0))), Point(0, 0))
+        gc = GeometryCollection(
+            LineString((0, 0), (1, 1)),
+            Polygon(((0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 0))),
+            Point(0, 0),
+        )
         self.assertEqual(gc.dims, 2)
 
     def test_collections_of_collections(self):
@@ -1092,7 +1164,7 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         coll.extend(mls.wkt for mls in self.geometries.multilinestrings)
         coll.extend(p.wkt for p in self.geometries.polygons)
         coll.extend(mp.wkt for mp in self.geometries.multipoints)
-        gc_wkt = 'GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(%s)' % ','.join(coll)
+        gc_wkt = "GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(%s)" % ",".join(coll)
 
         # Should construct ok from WKT
         gc1 = GEOSGeometry(gc_wkt)
@@ -1105,24 +1177,27 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
 
     def test_gdal(self):
         "Testing `ogr` and `srs` properties."
-        g1 = fromstr('POINT(5 23)')
+        g1 = fromstr("POINT(5 23)")
         self.assertIsInstance(g1.ogr, gdal.OGRGeometry)
         self.assertIsNone(g1.srs)
 
-        g1_3d = fromstr('POINT(5 23 8)')
+        g1_3d = fromstr("POINT(5 23 8)")
         self.assertIsInstance(g1_3d.ogr, gdal.OGRGeometry)
         self.assertEqual(g1_3d.ogr.z, 8)
 
-        g2 = fromstr('LINESTRING(0 0, 5 5, 23 23)', srid=4326)
+        g2 = fromstr("LINESTRING(0 0, 5 5, 23 23)", srid=4326)
         self.assertIsInstance(g2.ogr, gdal.OGRGeometry)
         self.assertIsInstance(g2.srs, gdal.SpatialReference)
         self.assertEqual(g2.hex, g2.ogr.hex)
-        self.assertEqual('WGS 84', g2.srs.name)
+        self.assertEqual("WGS 84", g2.srs.name)
 
     def test_copy(self):
         "Testing use with the Python `copy` module."
         import copy
-        poly = GEOSGeometry('POLYGON((0 0, 0 23, 23 23, 23 0, 0 0), (5 5, 5 10, 10 10, 10 5, 5 5))')
+
+        poly = GEOSGeometry(
+            "POLYGON((0 0, 0 23, 23 23, 23 0, 0 0), (5 5, 5 10, 10 10, 10 5, 5 5))"
+        )
         cpy1 = copy.copy(poly)
         cpy2 = copy.deepcopy(poly)
         self.assertNotEqual(poly._ptr, cpy1._ptr)
@@ -1130,15 +1205,17 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
 
     def test_transform(self):
         "Testing `transform` method."
-        orig = GEOSGeometry('POINT (-104.609 38.255)', 4326)
-        trans = GEOSGeometry('POINT (992385.4472045 481455.4944650)', 2774)
+        orig = GEOSGeometry("POINT (-104.609 38.255)", 4326)
+        trans = GEOSGeometry("POINT (992385.4472045 481455.4944650)", 2774)
 
         # Using a srid, a SpatialReference object, and a CoordTransform object
         # for transformations.
         t1, t2, t3 = orig.clone(), orig.clone(), orig.clone()
         t1.transform(trans.srid)
-        t2.transform(gdal.SpatialReference('EPSG:2774'))
-        ct = gdal.CoordTransform(gdal.SpatialReference('WGS84'), gdal.SpatialReference(2774))
+        t2.transform(gdal.SpatialReference("EPSG:2774"))
+        ct = gdal.CoordTransform(
+            gdal.SpatialReference("WGS84"), gdal.SpatialReference(2774)
+        )
         t3.transform(ct)
 
         # Testing use of the `clone` keyword.
@@ -1155,42 +1232,42 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
             self.assertAlmostEqual(trans.y, p.y, prec)
 
     def test_transform_3d(self):
-        p3d = GEOSGeometry('POINT (5 23 100)', 4326)
+        p3d = GEOSGeometry("POINT (5 23 100)", 4326)
         p3d.transform(2774)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(p3d.z, 100, 3)
 
     def test_transform_noop(self):
-        """ Testing `transform` method (SRID match) """
+        """Testing `transform` method (SRID match)"""
         # transform() should no-op if source & dest SRIDs match,
         # regardless of whether GDAL is available.
-        g = GEOSGeometry('POINT (-104.609 38.255)', 4326)
+        g = GEOSGeometry("POINT (-104.609 38.255)", 4326)
         gt = g.tuple
         g.transform(4326)
         self.assertEqual(g.tuple, gt)
         self.assertEqual(g.srid, 4326)
 
-        g = GEOSGeometry('POINT (-104.609 38.255)', 4326)
+        g = GEOSGeometry("POINT (-104.609 38.255)", 4326)
         g1 = g.transform(4326, clone=True)
         self.assertEqual(g1.tuple, g.tuple)
         self.assertEqual(g1.srid, 4326)
         self.assertIsNot(g1, g, "Clone didn't happen")
 
     def test_transform_nosrid(self):
-        """ Testing `transform` method (no SRID or negative SRID) """
+        """Testing `transform` method (no SRID or negative SRID)"""
 
-        g = GEOSGeometry('POINT (-104.609 38.255)', srid=None)
+        g = GEOSGeometry("POINT (-104.609 38.255)", srid=None)
         with self.assertRaises(GEOSException):
             g.transform(2774)
 
-        g = GEOSGeometry('POINT (-104.609 38.255)', srid=None)
+        g = GEOSGeometry("POINT (-104.609 38.255)", srid=None)
         with self.assertRaises(GEOSException):
             g.transform(2774, clone=True)
 
-        g = GEOSGeometry('POINT (-104.609 38.255)', srid=-1)
+        g = GEOSGeometry("POINT (-104.609 38.255)", srid=-1)
         with self.assertRaises(GEOSException):
             g.transform(2774)
 
-        g = GEOSGeometry('POINT (-104.609 38.255)', srid=-1)
+        g = GEOSGeometry("POINT (-104.609 38.255)", srid=-1)
         with self.assertRaises(GEOSException):
             g.transform(2774, clone=True)
 
@@ -1216,6 +1293,7 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         # and setting the SRID on some of them.
         def get_geoms(lst, srid=None):
             return [GEOSGeometry(tg.wkt, srid) for tg in lst]
+
         tgeoms = get_geoms(self.geometries.points)
         tgeoms.extend(get_geoms(self.geometries.multilinestrings, 4326))
         tgeoms.extend(get_geoms(self.geometries.polygons, 3084))
@@ -1231,7 +1309,9 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
     def test_prepared(self):
         "Testing PreparedGeometry support."
         # Creating a simple multipolygon and getting a prepared version.
-        mpoly = GEOSGeometry('MULTIPOLYGON(((0 0,0 5,5 5,5 0,0 0)),((5 5,5 10,10 10,10 5,5 5)))')
+        mpoly = GEOSGeometry(
+            "MULTIPOLYGON(((0 0,0 5,5 5,5 0,0 0)),((5 5,5 10,10 10,10 5,5 5)))"
+        )
         prep = mpoly.prepared
 
         # A set of test points.
@@ -1242,7 +1322,7 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
             self.assertEqual(mpoly.intersects(pnt), prep.intersects(pnt))
             self.assertEqual(mpoly.covers(pnt), prep.covers(pnt))
 
-        self.assertTrue(prep.crosses(fromstr('LINESTRING(1 1, 15 15)')))
+        self.assertTrue(prep.crosses(fromstr("LINESTRING(1 1, 15 15)")))
         self.assertTrue(prep.disjoint(Point(-5, -5)))
         poly = Polygon(((-1, -1), (1, 1), (1, 0), (-1, -1)))
         self.assertTrue(prep.overlaps(poly))
@@ -1257,12 +1337,14 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
 
     def test_line_merge(self):
         "Testing line merge support"
-        ref_geoms = (fromstr('LINESTRING(1 1, 1 1, 3 3)'),
-                     fromstr('MULTILINESTRING((1 1, 3 3), (3 3, 4 2))'),
-                     )
-        ref_merged = (fromstr('LINESTRING(1 1, 3 3)'),
-                      fromstr('LINESTRING (1 1, 3 3, 4 2)'),
-                      )
+        ref_geoms = (
+            fromstr("LINESTRING(1 1, 1 1, 3 3)"),
+            fromstr("MULTILINESTRING((1 1, 3 3), (3 3, 4 2))"),
+        )
+        ref_merged = (
+            fromstr("LINESTRING(1 1, 3 3)"),
+            fromstr("LINESTRING (1 1, 3 3, 4 2)"),
+        )
         for geom, merged in zip(ref_geoms, ref_merged):
             self.assertEqual(merged, geom.merged)
 
@@ -1278,13 +1360,15 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
 
         self.assertFalse(g.valid)
         self.assertIsInstance(g.valid_reason, str)
-        self.assertTrue(g.valid_reason.startswith("Too few points in geometry component"))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            g.valid_reason.startswith("Too few points in geometry component")
+        )
 
     def test_linearref(self):
         "Testing linear referencing"
 
-        ls = fromstr('LINESTRING(0 0, 0 10, 10 10, 10 0)')
-        mls = fromstr('MULTILINESTRING((0 0, 0 10), (10 0, 10 10))')
+        ls = fromstr("LINESTRING(0 0, 0 10, 10 10, 10 0)")
+        mls = fromstr("MULTILINESTRING((0 0, 0 10), (10 0, 10 10))")
 
         self.assertEqual(ls.project(Point(0, 20)), 10.0)
         self.assertEqual(ls.project(Point(7, 6)), 24)
@@ -1306,39 +1390,39 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         """
         point = Point(4.337844, 50.827537, srid=4326)
         path, args, kwargs = point.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.gis.geos.point.Point')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.contrib.gis.geos.point.Point")
         self.assertEqual(args, (4.337844, 50.827537))
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'srid': 4326})
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"srid": 4326})
 
         ls = LineString(((0, 0), (1, 1)))
         path, args, kwargs = ls.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.gis.geos.linestring.LineString')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.contrib.gis.geos.linestring.LineString")
         self.assertEqual(args, (((0, 0), (1, 1)),))
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {})
 
         ls2 = LineString([Point(0, 0), Point(1, 1)], srid=4326)
         path, args, kwargs = ls2.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.gis.geos.linestring.LineString')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.contrib.gis.geos.linestring.LineString")
         self.assertEqual(args, ([Point(0, 0), Point(1, 1)],))
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'srid': 4326})
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"srid": 4326})
 
         ext_coords = ((0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (1, 0), (0, 0))
         int_coords = ((0.4, 0.4), (0.4, 0.6), (0.6, 0.6), (0.6, 0.4), (0.4, 0.4))
         poly = Polygon(ext_coords, int_coords)
         path, args, kwargs = poly.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.gis.geos.polygon.Polygon')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.contrib.gis.geos.polygon.Polygon")
         self.assertEqual(args, (ext_coords, int_coords))
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {})
 
         lr = LinearRing((0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 0))
         path, args, kwargs = lr.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.gis.geos.linestring.LinearRing')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.contrib.gis.geos.linestring.LinearRing")
         self.assertEqual(args, ((0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 0)))
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {})
 
         mp = MultiPoint(Point(0, 0), Point(1, 1))
         path, args, kwargs = mp.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.gis.geos.collections.MultiPoint')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.contrib.gis.geos.collections.MultiPoint")
         self.assertEqual(args, (Point(0, 0), Point(1, 1)))
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {})
 
@@ -1346,7 +1430,7 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         ls2 = LineString((2, 2), (3, 3))
         mls = MultiLineString(ls1, ls2)
         path, args, kwargs = mls.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.gis.geos.collections.MultiLineString')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.contrib.gis.geos.collections.MultiLineString")
         self.assertEqual(args, (ls1, ls2))
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {})
 
@@ -1354,15 +1438,17 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         p2 = Polygon(((1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2), (1, 1)))
         mp = MultiPolygon(p1, p2)
         path, args, kwargs = mp.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.gis.geos.collections.MultiPolygon')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.contrib.gis.geos.collections.MultiPolygon")
         self.assertEqual(args, (p1, p2))
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {})
 
         poly = Polygon(((0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 0)))
         gc = GeometryCollection(Point(0, 0), MultiPoint(Point(0, 0), Point(1, 1)), poly)
         path, args, kwargs = gc.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.gis.geos.collections.GeometryCollection')
-        self.assertEqual(args, (Point(0, 0), MultiPoint(Point(0, 0), Point(1, 1)), poly))
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.contrib.gis.geos.collections.GeometryCollection")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            args, (Point(0, 0), MultiPoint(Point(0, 0), Point(1, 1)), poly)
+        )
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {})
 
     def test_subclassing(self):
@@ -1370,6 +1456,7 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         GEOSGeometry subclass may itself be subclassed without being forced-cast
         to the parent class during `__init__`.
         """
+
         class ExtendedPolygon(Polygon):
             def __init__(self, *args, data=0, **kwargs):
                 super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -1381,7 +1468,9 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         ext_poly = ExtendedPolygon(((0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (0, 0)), data=3)
         self.assertEqual(type(ext_poly), ExtendedPolygon)
         # ExtendedPolygon.__str__ should be called (instead of Polygon.__str__).
-        self.assertEqual(str(ext_poly), "EXT_POLYGON - data: 3 - POLYGON ((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 0 0))")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            str(ext_poly), "EXT_POLYGON - data: 3 - POLYGON ((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 0 0))"
+        )
         self.assertJSONEqual(
             ext_poly.json,
             '{"coordinates": [[[0, 0], [0, 1], [1, 1], [0, 0]]], "type": "Polygon"}',
@@ -1389,56 +1478,63 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
 
     def test_geos_version_tuple(self):
         versions = (
-            (b'3.0.0rc4-CAPI-1.3.3', (3, 0, 0)),
-            (b'3.0.0-CAPI-1.4.1', (3, 0, 0)),
-            (b'3.4.0dev-CAPI-1.8.0', (3, 4, 0)),
-            (b'3.4.0dev-CAPI-1.8.0 r0', (3, 4, 0)),
-            (b'3.6.2-CAPI-1.10.2 4d2925d6', (3, 6, 2)),
+            (b"3.0.0rc4-CAPI-1.3.3", (3, 0, 0)),
+            (b"3.0.0-CAPI-1.4.1", (3, 0, 0)),
+            (b"3.4.0dev-CAPI-1.8.0", (3, 4, 0)),
+            (b"3.4.0dev-CAPI-1.8.0 r0", (3, 4, 0)),
+            (b"3.6.2-CAPI-1.10.2 4d2925d6", (3, 6, 2)),
         )
         for version_string, version_tuple in versions:
             with self.subTest(version_string=version_string):
-                with mock.patch('django.contrib.gis.geos.libgeos.geos_version', lambda: version_string):
+                with mock.patch(
+                    "django.contrib.gis.geos.libgeos.geos_version",
+                    lambda: version_string,
+                ):
                     self.assertEqual(geos_version_tuple(), version_tuple)
 
     def test_from_gml(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            GEOSGeometry('POINT(0 0)'),
+            GEOSGeometry("POINT(0 0)"),
             GEOSGeometry.from_gml(
                 '<gml:Point gml:id="p21" srsName="http://www.opengis.net/def/crs/EPSG/0/4326">'
                 '    <gml:pos srsDimension="2">0 0</gml:pos>'
-                '</gml:Point>'
+                "</gml:Point>"
             ),
         )
 
     def test_from_ewkt(self):
-        self.assertEqual(GEOSGeometry.from_ewkt('SRID=1;POINT(1 1)'), Point(1, 1, srid=1))
-        self.assertEqual(GEOSGeometry.from_ewkt('POINT(1 1)'), Point(1, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            GEOSGeometry.from_ewkt("SRID=1;POINT(1 1)"), Point(1, 1, srid=1)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(GEOSGeometry.from_ewkt("POINT(1 1)"), Point(1, 1))
 
     def test_from_ewkt_empty_string(self):
-        msg = 'Expected WKT but got an empty string.'
+        msg = "Expected WKT but got an empty string."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            GEOSGeometry.from_ewkt('')
+            GEOSGeometry.from_ewkt("")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            GEOSGeometry.from_ewkt('SRID=1;')
+            GEOSGeometry.from_ewkt("SRID=1;")
 
     def test_from_ewkt_invalid_srid(self):
-        msg = 'EWKT has invalid SRID part.'
+        msg = "EWKT has invalid SRID part."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            GEOSGeometry.from_ewkt('SRUD=1;POINT(1 1)')
+            GEOSGeometry.from_ewkt("SRUD=1;POINT(1 1)")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            GEOSGeometry.from_ewkt('SRID=WGS84;POINT(1 1)')
+            GEOSGeometry.from_ewkt("SRID=WGS84;POINT(1 1)")
 
     def test_fromstr_scientific_wkt(self):
-        self.assertEqual(GEOSGeometry('POINT(1.0e-1 1.0e+1)'), Point(.1, 10))
+        self.assertEqual(GEOSGeometry("POINT(1.0e-1 1.0e+1)"), Point(0.1, 10))
 
     def test_normalize(self):
         g = MultiPoint(Point(0, 0), Point(2, 2), Point(1, 1))
         self.assertIsNone(g.normalize())
-        self.assertTrue(g.equals_exact(MultiPoint(Point(2, 2), Point(1, 1), Point(0, 0))))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            g.equals_exact(MultiPoint(Point(2, 2), Point(1, 1), Point(0, 0)))
+        )
 
-    @skipIf(geos_version_tuple() < (3, 8), 'GEOS >= 3.8.0 is required')
+    @skipIf(geos_version_tuple() < (3, 8), "GEOS >= 3.8.0 is required")
     def test_make_valid(self):
-        poly = GEOSGeometry('POLYGON((0 0, 0 23, 23 0, 23 23, 0 0))')
+        poly = GEOSGeometry("POLYGON((0 0, 0 23, 23 0, 23 23, 0 0))")
         self.assertIs(poly.valid, False)
         valid_poly = poly.make_valid()
         self.assertIs(valid_poly.valid, True)
@@ -1448,10 +1544,10 @@ class GEOSTest(SimpleTestCase, TestDataMixin):
         self.assertIs(valid_poly2.valid, True)
         self.assertEqual(valid_poly, valid_poly2)
 
-    @mock.patch('django.contrib.gis.geos.libgeos.geos_version', lambda: b'3.7.3')
+    @mock.patch("django.contrib.gis.geos.libgeos.geos_version", lambda: b"3.7.3")
     def test_make_valid_geos_version(self):
-        msg = 'GEOSGeometry.make_valid() requires GEOS >= 3.8.0.'
-        poly = GEOSGeometry('POLYGON((0 0, 0 23, 23 0, 23 23, 0 0))')
+        msg = "GEOSGeometry.make_valid() requires GEOS >= 3.8.0."
+        poly = GEOSGeometry("POLYGON((0 0, 0 23, 23 0, 23 23, 0 0))")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(GEOSException, msg):
             poly.make_valid()
 
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_geos_mutation.py b/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_geos_mutation.py
index 2eedef31d9..c239ab3efe 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_geos_mutation.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_geos_mutation.py
@@ -5,7 +5,12 @@
 import unittest
 
 from django.contrib.gis.geos import (
-    LinearRing, LineString, MultiPoint, Point, Polygon, fromstr,
+    LinearRing,
+    LineString,
+    MultiPoint,
+    Point,
+    Polygon,
+    fromstr,
 )
 
 
@@ -66,8 +71,9 @@ def api_get_length(x):
 
 
 geos_function_tests = [
-    val for name, val in vars().items()
-    if hasattr(val, '__call__') and name.startswith('api_get_')
+    val
+    for name, val in vars().items()
+    if hasattr(val, "__call__") and name.startswith("api_get_")
 ]
 
 
@@ -78,7 +84,7 @@ class GEOSMutationTest(unittest.TestCase):
     """
 
     def test00_GEOSIndexException(self):
-        'Testing Geometry IndexError'
+        "Testing Geometry IndexError"
         p = Point(1, 2)
         for i in range(-2, 2):
             p._checkindex(i)
@@ -88,87 +94,124 @@ class GEOSMutationTest(unittest.TestCase):
             p._checkindex(-3)
 
     def test01_PointMutations(self):
-        'Testing Point mutations'
-        for p in (Point(1, 2, 3), fromstr('POINT (1 2 3)')):
-            self.assertEqual(p._get_single_external(1), 2.0, 'Point _get_single_external')
+        "Testing Point mutations"
+        for p in (Point(1, 2, 3), fromstr("POINT (1 2 3)")):
+            self.assertEqual(
+                p._get_single_external(1), 2.0, "Point _get_single_external"
+            )
 
             # _set_single
             p._set_single(0, 100)
-            self.assertEqual(p.coords, (100.0, 2.0, 3.0), 'Point _set_single')
+            self.assertEqual(p.coords, (100.0, 2.0, 3.0), "Point _set_single")
 
             # _set_list
             p._set_list(2, (50, 3141))
-            self.assertEqual(p.coords, (50.0, 3141.0), 'Point _set_list')
+            self.assertEqual(p.coords, (50.0, 3141.0), "Point _set_list")
 
     def test02_PointExceptions(self):
-        'Testing Point exceptions'
+        "Testing Point exceptions"
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             Point(range(1))
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             Point(range(4))
 
     def test03_PointApi(self):
-        'Testing Point API'
+        "Testing Point API"
         q = Point(4, 5, 3)
-        for p in (Point(1, 2, 3), fromstr('POINT (1 2 3)')):
+        for p in (Point(1, 2, 3), fromstr("POINT (1 2 3)")):
             p[0:2] = [4, 5]
             for f in geos_function_tests:
-                self.assertEqual(f(q), f(p), 'Point ' + f.__name__)
+                self.assertEqual(f(q), f(p), "Point " + f.__name__)
 
     def test04_LineStringMutations(self):
-        'Testing LineString mutations'
-        for ls in (LineString((1, 0), (4, 1), (6, -1)),
-                   fromstr('LINESTRING (1 0,4 1,6 -1)')):
-            self.assertEqual(ls._get_single_external(1), (4.0, 1.0), 'LineString _get_single_external')
+        "Testing LineString mutations"
+        for ls in (
+            LineString((1, 0), (4, 1), (6, -1)),
+            fromstr("LINESTRING (1 0,4 1,6 -1)"),
+        ):
+            self.assertEqual(
+                ls._get_single_external(1),
+                (4.0, 1.0),
+                "LineString _get_single_external",
+            )
 
             # _set_single
             ls._set_single(0, (-50, 25))
-            self.assertEqual(ls.coords, ((-50.0, 25.0), (4.0, 1.0), (6.0, -1.0)), 'LineString _set_single')
+            self.assertEqual(
+                ls.coords,
+                ((-50.0, 25.0), (4.0, 1.0), (6.0, -1.0)),
+                "LineString _set_single",
+            )
 
             # _set_list
             ls._set_list(2, ((-50.0, 25.0), (6.0, -1.0)))
-            self.assertEqual(ls.coords, ((-50.0, 25.0), (6.0, -1.0)), 'LineString _set_list')
+            self.assertEqual(
+                ls.coords, ((-50.0, 25.0), (6.0, -1.0)), "LineString _set_list"
+            )
 
             lsa = LineString(ls.coords)
             for f in geos_function_tests:
-                self.assertEqual(f(lsa), f(ls), 'LineString ' + f.__name__)
+                self.assertEqual(f(lsa), f(ls), "LineString " + f.__name__)
 
     def test05_Polygon(self):
-        'Testing Polygon mutations'
-        for pg in (Polygon(((1, 0), (4, 1), (6, -1), (8, 10), (1, 0)),
-                           ((5, 4), (6, 4), (6, 3), (5, 4))),
-                   fromstr('POLYGON ((1 0,4 1,6 -1,8 10,1 0),(5 4,6 4,6 3,5 4))')):
-            self.assertEqual(pg._get_single_external(0),
-                             LinearRing((1, 0), (4, 1), (6, -1), (8, 10), (1, 0)),
-                             'Polygon _get_single_external(0)')
-            self.assertEqual(pg._get_single_external(1),
-                             LinearRing((5, 4), (6, 4), (6, 3), (5, 4)),
-                             'Polygon _get_single_external(1)')
+        "Testing Polygon mutations"
+        for pg in (
+            Polygon(
+                ((1, 0), (4, 1), (6, -1), (8, 10), (1, 0)),
+                ((5, 4), (6, 4), (6, 3), (5, 4)),
+            ),
+            fromstr("POLYGON ((1 0,4 1,6 -1,8 10,1 0),(5 4,6 4,6 3,5 4))"),
+        ):
+            self.assertEqual(
+                pg._get_single_external(0),
+                LinearRing((1, 0), (4, 1), (6, -1), (8, 10), (1, 0)),
+                "Polygon _get_single_external(0)",
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                pg._get_single_external(1),
+                LinearRing((5, 4), (6, 4), (6, 3), (5, 4)),
+                "Polygon _get_single_external(1)",
+            )
 
             # _set_list
-            pg._set_list(2, (((1, 2), (10, 0), (12, 9), (-1, 15), (1, 2)), ((4, 2), (5, 2), (5, 3), (4, 2))))
+            pg._set_list(
+                2,
+                (
+                    ((1, 2), (10, 0), (12, 9), (-1, 15), (1, 2)),
+                    ((4, 2), (5, 2), (5, 3), (4, 2)),
+                ),
+            )
             self.assertEqual(
                 pg.coords,
-                (((1.0, 2.0), (10.0, 0.0), (12.0, 9.0), (-1.0, 15.0), (1.0, 2.0)),
-                 ((4.0, 2.0), (5.0, 2.0), (5.0, 3.0), (4.0, 2.0))),
-                'Polygon _set_list')
+                (
+                    ((1.0, 2.0), (10.0, 0.0), (12.0, 9.0), (-1.0, 15.0), (1.0, 2.0)),
+                    ((4.0, 2.0), (5.0, 2.0), (5.0, 3.0), (4.0, 2.0)),
+                ),
+                "Polygon _set_list",
+            )
 
             lsa = Polygon(*pg.coords)
             for f in geos_function_tests:
-                self.assertEqual(f(lsa), f(pg), 'Polygon ' + f.__name__)
+                self.assertEqual(f(lsa), f(pg), "Polygon " + f.__name__)
 
     def test06_Collection(self):
-        'Testing Collection mutations'
+        "Testing Collection mutations"
         points = (
             MultiPoint(*map(Point, ((3, 4), (-1, 2), (5, -4), (2, 8)))),
-            fromstr('MULTIPOINT (3 4,-1 2,5 -4,2 8)'),
+            fromstr("MULTIPOINT (3 4,-1 2,5 -4,2 8)"),
         )
         for mp in points:
-            self.assertEqual(mp._get_single_external(2), Point(5, -4), 'Collection _get_single_external')
+            self.assertEqual(
+                mp._get_single_external(2),
+                Point(5, -4),
+                "Collection _get_single_external",
+            )
 
             mp._set_list(3, map(Point, ((5, 5), (3, -2), (8, 1))))
-            self.assertEqual(mp.coords, ((5.0, 5.0), (3.0, -2.0), (8.0, 1.0)), 'Collection _set_list')
+            self.assertEqual(
+                mp.coords, ((5.0, 5.0), (3.0, -2.0), (8.0, 1.0)), "Collection _set_list"
+            )
 
             lsa = MultiPoint(*map(Point, ((5, 5), (3, -2), (8, 1))))
             for f in geos_function_tests:
-                self.assertEqual(f(lsa), f(mp), 'MultiPoint ' + f.__name__)
+                self.assertEqual(f(lsa), f(mp), "MultiPoint " + f.__name__)
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_io.py b/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_io.py
index a2efc650c8..b9d24cc63e 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_io.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_io.py
@@ -1,18 +1,23 @@
 import binascii
 
 from django.contrib.gis.geos import (
-    GEOSGeometry, Point, Polygon, WKBReader, WKBWriter, WKTReader, WKTWriter,
+    GEOSGeometry,
+    Point,
+    Polygon,
+    WKBReader,
+    WKBWriter,
+    WKTReader,
+    WKTWriter,
 )
 from django.contrib.gis.geos.libgeos import geos_version_tuple
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class GEOSIOTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test01_wktreader(self):
         # Creating a WKTReader instance
         wkt_r = WKTReader()
-        wkt = 'POINT (5 23)'
+        wkt = "POINT (5 23)"
 
         # read() should return a GEOSGeometry
         ref = GEOSGeometry(wkt)
@@ -26,7 +31,7 @@ class GEOSIOTest(SimpleTestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             wkt_r.read(1)
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            wkt_r.read(memoryview(b'foo'))
+            wkt_r.read(memoryview(b"foo"))
 
     def test02_wktwriter(self):
         # Creating a WKTWriter instance, testing its ptr property.
@@ -34,24 +39,24 @@ class GEOSIOTest(SimpleTestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             wkt_w.ptr = WKTReader.ptr_type()
 
-        ref = GEOSGeometry('POINT (5 23)')
-        ref_wkt = 'POINT (5.0000000000000000 23.0000000000000000)'
+        ref = GEOSGeometry("POINT (5 23)")
+        ref_wkt = "POINT (5.0000000000000000 23.0000000000000000)"
         self.assertEqual(ref_wkt, wkt_w.write(ref).decode())
 
     def test_wktwriter_constructor_arguments(self):
         wkt_w = WKTWriter(dim=3, trim=True, precision=3)
-        ref = GEOSGeometry('POINT (5.34562 23 1.5)')
+        ref = GEOSGeometry("POINT (5.34562 23 1.5)")
         if geos_version_tuple() > (3, 10):
-            ref_wkt = 'POINT Z (5.346 23 1.5)'
+            ref_wkt = "POINT Z (5.346 23 1.5)"
         else:
-            ref_wkt = 'POINT Z (5.35 23 1.5)'
+            ref_wkt = "POINT Z (5.35 23 1.5)"
         self.assertEqual(ref_wkt, wkt_w.write(ref).decode())
 
     def test03_wkbreader(self):
         # Creating a WKBReader instance
         wkb_r = WKBReader()
 
-        hex = b'000000000140140000000000004037000000000000'
+        hex = b"000000000140140000000000004037000000000000"
         wkb = memoryview(binascii.a2b_hex(hex))
         ref = GEOSGeometry(hex)
 
@@ -72,17 +77,17 @@ class GEOSIOTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
         # Representations of 'POINT (5 23)' in hex -- one normal and
         # the other with the byte order changed.
-        g = GEOSGeometry('POINT (5 23)')
-        hex1 = b'010100000000000000000014400000000000003740'
+        g = GEOSGeometry("POINT (5 23)")
+        hex1 = b"010100000000000000000014400000000000003740"
         wkb1 = memoryview(binascii.a2b_hex(hex1))
-        hex2 = b'000000000140140000000000004037000000000000'
+        hex2 = b"000000000140140000000000004037000000000000"
         wkb2 = memoryview(binascii.a2b_hex(hex2))
 
         self.assertEqual(hex1, wkb_w.write_hex(g))
         self.assertEqual(wkb1, wkb_w.write(g))
 
         # Ensuring bad byteorders are not accepted.
-        for bad_byteorder in (-1, 2, 523, 'foo', None):
+        for bad_byteorder in (-1, 2, 523, "foo", None):
             # Equivalent of `wkb_w.byteorder = bad_byteorder`
             with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                 wkb_w._set_byteorder(bad_byteorder)
@@ -96,17 +101,21 @@ class GEOSIOTest(SimpleTestCase):
         wkb_w.byteorder = 1
 
         # Now, trying out the 3D and SRID flags.
-        g = GEOSGeometry('POINT (5 23 17)')
+        g = GEOSGeometry("POINT (5 23 17)")
         g.srid = 4326
 
-        hex3d = b'0101000080000000000000144000000000000037400000000000003140'
+        hex3d = b"0101000080000000000000144000000000000037400000000000003140"
         wkb3d = memoryview(binascii.a2b_hex(hex3d))
-        hex3d_srid = b'01010000A0E6100000000000000000144000000000000037400000000000003140'
+        hex3d_srid = (
+            b"01010000A0E6100000000000000000144000000000000037400000000000003140"
+        )
         wkb3d_srid = memoryview(binascii.a2b_hex(hex3d_srid))
 
         # Ensuring bad output dimensions are not accepted
-        for bad_outdim in (-1, 0, 1, 4, 423, 'foo', None):
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'WKB output dimension must be 2 or 3'):
+        for bad_outdim in (-1, 0, 1, 4, 423, "foo", None):
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                ValueError, "WKB output dimension must be 2 or 3"
+            ):
                 wkb_w.outdim = bad_outdim
 
         # Now setting the output dimensions to be 3
@@ -123,53 +132,73 @@ class GEOSIOTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_wkt_writer_trim(self):
         wkt_w = WKTWriter()
         self.assertFalse(wkt_w.trim)
-        self.assertEqual(wkt_w.write(Point(1, 1)), b'POINT (1.0000000000000000 1.0000000000000000)')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            wkt_w.write(Point(1, 1)), b"POINT (1.0000000000000000 1.0000000000000000)"
+        )
 
         wkt_w.trim = True
         self.assertTrue(wkt_w.trim)
-        self.assertEqual(wkt_w.write(Point(1, 1)), b'POINT (1 1)')
-        self.assertEqual(wkt_w.write(Point(1.1, 1)), b'POINT (1.1 1)')
-        self.assertEqual(wkt_w.write(Point(1. / 3, 1)), b'POINT (0.3333333333333333 1)')
+        self.assertEqual(wkt_w.write(Point(1, 1)), b"POINT (1 1)")
+        self.assertEqual(wkt_w.write(Point(1.1, 1)), b"POINT (1.1 1)")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            wkt_w.write(Point(1.0 / 3, 1)), b"POINT (0.3333333333333333 1)"
+        )
 
         wkt_w.trim = False
         self.assertFalse(wkt_w.trim)
-        self.assertEqual(wkt_w.write(Point(1, 1)), b'POINT (1.0000000000000000 1.0000000000000000)')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            wkt_w.write(Point(1, 1)), b"POINT (1.0000000000000000 1.0000000000000000)"
+        )
 
     def test_wkt_writer_precision(self):
         wkt_w = WKTWriter()
         self.assertIsNone(wkt_w.precision)
-        self.assertEqual(wkt_w.write(Point(1. / 3, 2. / 3)), b'POINT (0.3333333333333333 0.6666666666666666)')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            wkt_w.write(Point(1.0 / 3, 2.0 / 3)),
+            b"POINT (0.3333333333333333 0.6666666666666666)",
+        )
 
         wkt_w.precision = 1
         self.assertEqual(wkt_w.precision, 1)
-        self.assertEqual(wkt_w.write(Point(1. / 3, 2. / 3)), b'POINT (0.3 0.7)')
+        self.assertEqual(wkt_w.write(Point(1.0 / 3, 2.0 / 3)), b"POINT (0.3 0.7)")
 
         wkt_w.precision = 0
         self.assertEqual(wkt_w.precision, 0)
-        self.assertEqual(wkt_w.write(Point(1. / 3, 2. / 3)), b'POINT (0 1)')
+        self.assertEqual(wkt_w.write(Point(1.0 / 3, 2.0 / 3)), b"POINT (0 1)")
 
         wkt_w.precision = None
         self.assertIsNone(wkt_w.precision)
-        self.assertEqual(wkt_w.write(Point(1. / 3, 2. / 3)), b'POINT (0.3333333333333333 0.6666666666666666)')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            wkt_w.write(Point(1.0 / 3, 2.0 / 3)),
+            b"POINT (0.3333333333333333 0.6666666666666666)",
+        )
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, 'WKT output rounding precision must be '):
-            wkt_w.precision = 'potato'
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            AttributeError, "WKT output rounding precision must be "
+        ):
+            wkt_w.precision = "potato"
 
     def test_empty_point_wkb(self):
         p = Point(srid=4326)
         wkb_w = WKBWriter()
 
         wkb_w.srid = False
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Empty point is not representable in WKB.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Empty point is not representable in WKB."
+        ):
             wkb_w.write(p)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Empty point is not representable in WKB.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Empty point is not representable in WKB."
+        ):
             wkb_w.write_hex(p)
 
         wkb_w.srid = True
-        for byteorder, hex in enumerate([
-            b'0020000001000010E67FF80000000000007FF8000000000000',
-            b'0101000020E6100000000000000000F87F000000000000F87F',
-        ]):
+        for byteorder, hex in enumerate(
+            [
+                b"0020000001000010E67FF80000000000007FF8000000000000",
+                b"0101000020E6100000000000000000F87F000000000000F87F",
+            ]
+        ):
             wkb_w.byteorder = byteorder
             self.assertEqual(wkb_w.write_hex(p), hex)
             self.assertEqual(GEOSGeometry(wkb_w.write_hex(p)), p)
@@ -181,14 +210,18 @@ class GEOSIOTest(SimpleTestCase):
         p_no_srid = Polygon()
         wkb_w = WKBWriter()
         wkb_w.srid = True
-        for byteorder, hexes in enumerate([
-            (b'000000000300000000', b'0020000003000010E600000000'),
-            (b'010300000000000000', b'0103000020E610000000000000'),
-        ]):
+        for byteorder, hexes in enumerate(
+            [
+                (b"000000000300000000", b"0020000003000010E600000000"),
+                (b"010300000000000000", b"0103000020E610000000000000"),
+            ]
+        ):
             wkb_w.byteorder = byteorder
             for srid, hex in enumerate(hexes):
                 wkb_w.srid = srid
                 self.assertEqual(wkb_w.write_hex(p), hex)
-                self.assertEqual(GEOSGeometry(wkb_w.write_hex(p)), p if srid else p_no_srid)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    GEOSGeometry(wkb_w.write_hex(p)), p if srid else p_no_srid
+                )
                 self.assertEqual(wkb_w.write(p), memoryview(binascii.a2b_hex(hex)))
                 self.assertEqual(GEOSGeometry(wkb_w.write(p)), p if srid else p_no_srid)
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_mutable_list.py b/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_mutable_list.py
index bb085b2fb2..a092f603cb 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_mutable_list.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/geos_tests/test_mutable_list.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class UserListA(ListMixin):
         # this would work:
         # self._list = self._mytype(items)
         # but then we wouldn't be testing length parameter
-        itemList = ['x'] * length
+        itemList = ["x"] * length
         for i, v in enumerate(items):
             itemList[i] = v
 
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ class ListMixinTest(unittest.TestCase):
     Tests base class ListMixin by comparing a list clone which is
     a ListMixin subclass with a real Python list.
     """
+
     limit = 3
     listType = UserListA
 
@@ -75,57 +76,61 @@ class ListMixinTest(unittest.TestCase):
         return [*range(-1 - self.limit, 0), *range(1, 1 + self.limit)]
 
     def test01_getslice(self):
-        'Slice retrieval'
+        "Slice retrieval"
         pl, ul = self.lists_of_len()
         for i in self.limits_plus(1):
-            self.assertEqual(pl[i:], ul[i:], 'slice [%d:]' % (i))
-            self.assertEqual(pl[:i], ul[:i], 'slice [:%d]' % (i))
+            self.assertEqual(pl[i:], ul[i:], "slice [%d:]" % (i))
+            self.assertEqual(pl[:i], ul[:i], "slice [:%d]" % (i))
 
             for j in self.limits_plus(1):
-                self.assertEqual(pl[i:j], ul[i:j], 'slice [%d:%d]' % (i, j))
+                self.assertEqual(pl[i:j], ul[i:j], "slice [%d:%d]" % (i, j))
                 for k in self.step_range():
-                    self.assertEqual(pl[i:j:k], ul[i:j:k], 'slice [%d:%d:%d]' % (i, j, k))
+                    self.assertEqual(
+                        pl[i:j:k], ul[i:j:k], "slice [%d:%d:%d]" % (i, j, k)
+                    )
 
             for k in self.step_range():
-                self.assertEqual(pl[i::k], ul[i::k], 'slice [%d::%d]' % (i, k))
-                self.assertEqual(pl[:i:k], ul[:i:k], 'slice [:%d:%d]' % (i, k))
+                self.assertEqual(pl[i::k], ul[i::k], "slice [%d::%d]" % (i, k))
+                self.assertEqual(pl[:i:k], ul[:i:k], "slice [:%d:%d]" % (i, k))
 
         for k in self.step_range():
-            self.assertEqual(pl[::k], ul[::k], 'slice [::%d]' % (k))
+            self.assertEqual(pl[::k], ul[::k], "slice [::%d]" % (k))
 
     def test02_setslice(self):
-        'Slice assignment'
+        "Slice assignment"
+
         def setfcn(x, i, j, k, L):
             x[i:j:k] = range(L)
+
         pl, ul = self.lists_of_len()
         for slen in range(self.limit + 1):
             ssl = nextRange(slen)
             ul[:] = ssl
             pl[:] = ssl
-            self.assertEqual(pl, ul[:], 'set slice [:]')
+            self.assertEqual(pl, ul[:], "set slice [:]")
 
             for i in self.limits_plus(1):
                 ssl = nextRange(slen)
                 ul[i:] = ssl
                 pl[i:] = ssl
-                self.assertEqual(pl, ul[:], 'set slice [%d:]' % (i))
+                self.assertEqual(pl, ul[:], "set slice [%d:]" % (i))
 
                 ssl = nextRange(slen)
                 ul[:i] = ssl
                 pl[:i] = ssl
-                self.assertEqual(pl, ul[:], 'set slice [:%d]' % (i))
+                self.assertEqual(pl, ul[:], "set slice [:%d]" % (i))
 
                 for j in self.limits_plus(1):
                     ssl = nextRange(slen)
                     ul[i:j] = ssl
                     pl[i:j] = ssl
-                    self.assertEqual(pl, ul[:], 'set slice [%d:%d]' % (i, j))
+                    self.assertEqual(pl, ul[:], "set slice [%d:%d]" % (i, j))
 
                     for k in self.step_range():
                         ssl = nextRange(len(ul[i:j:k]))
                         ul[i:j:k] = ssl
                         pl[i:j:k] = ssl
-                        self.assertEqual(pl, ul[:], 'set slice [%d:%d:%d]' % (i, j, k))
+                        self.assertEqual(pl, ul[:], "set slice [%d:%d:%d]" % (i, j, k))
 
                         sliceLen = len(ul[i:j:k])
                         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
@@ -138,83 +143,86 @@ class ListMixinTest(unittest.TestCase):
                     ssl = nextRange(len(ul[i::k]))
                     ul[i::k] = ssl
                     pl[i::k] = ssl
-                    self.assertEqual(pl, ul[:], 'set slice [%d::%d]' % (i, k))
+                    self.assertEqual(pl, ul[:], "set slice [%d::%d]" % (i, k))
 
                     ssl = nextRange(len(ul[:i:k]))
                     ul[:i:k] = ssl
                     pl[:i:k] = ssl
-                    self.assertEqual(pl, ul[:], 'set slice [:%d:%d]' % (i, k))
+                    self.assertEqual(pl, ul[:], "set slice [:%d:%d]" % (i, k))
 
             for k in self.step_range():
                 ssl = nextRange(len(ul[::k]))
                 ul[::k] = ssl
                 pl[::k] = ssl
-                self.assertEqual(pl, ul[:], 'set slice [::%d]' % (k))
+                self.assertEqual(pl, ul[:], "set slice [::%d]" % (k))
 
     def test03_delslice(self):
-        'Delete slice'
+        "Delete slice"
         for Len in range(self.limit):
             pl, ul = self.lists_of_len(Len)
             del pl[:]
             del ul[:]
-            self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], 'del slice [:]')
+            self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], "del slice [:]")
             for i in range(-Len - 1, Len + 1):
                 pl, ul = self.lists_of_len(Len)
                 del pl[i:]
                 del ul[i:]
-                self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], 'del slice [%d:]' % (i))
+                self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], "del slice [%d:]" % (i))
                 pl, ul = self.lists_of_len(Len)
                 del pl[:i]
                 del ul[:i]
-                self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], 'del slice [:%d]' % (i))
+                self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], "del slice [:%d]" % (i))
                 for j in range(-Len - 1, Len + 1):
                     pl, ul = self.lists_of_len(Len)
                     del pl[i:j]
                     del ul[i:j]
-                    self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], 'del slice [%d:%d]' % (i, j))
+                    self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], "del slice [%d:%d]" % (i, j))
                     for k in [*range(-Len - 1, 0), *range(1, Len)]:
                         pl, ul = self.lists_of_len(Len)
                         del pl[i:j:k]
                         del ul[i:j:k]
-                        self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], 'del slice [%d:%d:%d]' % (i, j, k))
+                        self.assertEqual(
+                            pl[:], ul[:], "del slice [%d:%d:%d]" % (i, j, k)
+                        )
 
                 for k in [*range(-Len - 1, 0), *range(1, Len)]:
                     pl, ul = self.lists_of_len(Len)
                     del pl[:i:k]
                     del ul[:i:k]
-                    self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], 'del slice [:%d:%d]' % (i, k))
+                    self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], "del slice [:%d:%d]" % (i, k))
 
                     pl, ul = self.lists_of_len(Len)
                     del pl[i::k]
                     del ul[i::k]
-                    self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], 'del slice [%d::%d]' % (i, k))
+                    self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], "del slice [%d::%d]" % (i, k))
 
             for k in [*range(-Len - 1, 0), *range(1, Len)]:
                 pl, ul = self.lists_of_len(Len)
                 del pl[::k]
                 del ul[::k]
-                self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], 'del slice [::%d]' % (k))
+                self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], "del slice [::%d]" % (k))
 
     def test04_get_set_del_single(self):
-        'Get/set/delete single item'
+        "Get/set/delete single item"
         pl, ul = self.lists_of_len()
         for i in self.limits_plus(0):
-            self.assertEqual(pl[i], ul[i], 'get single item [%d]' % i)
+            self.assertEqual(pl[i], ul[i], "get single item [%d]" % i)
 
         for i in self.limits_plus(0):
             pl, ul = self.lists_of_len()
             pl[i] = 100
             ul[i] = 100
-            self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], 'set single item [%d]' % i)
+            self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], "set single item [%d]" % i)
 
         for i in self.limits_plus(0):
             pl, ul = self.lists_of_len()
             del pl[i]
             del ul[i]
-            self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], 'del single item [%d]' % i)
+            self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], "del single item [%d]" % i)
 
     def test05_out_of_range_exceptions(self):
-        'Out of range exceptions'
+        "Out of range exceptions"
+
         def setfcn(x, i):
             x[i] = 20
 
@@ -223,6 +231,7 @@ class ListMixinTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
         def delfcn(x, i):
             del x[i]
+
         pl, ul = self.lists_of_len()
         for i in (-1 - self.limit, self.limit):
             with self.assertRaises(IndexError):  # 'set index %d' % i)
@@ -233,39 +242,40 @@ class ListMixinTest(unittest.TestCase):
                 delfcn(ul, i)
 
     def test06_list_methods(self):
-        'List methods'
+        "List methods"
         pl, ul = self.lists_of_len()
         pl.append(40)
         ul.append(40)
-        self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], 'append')
+        self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], "append")
 
         pl.extend(range(50, 55))
         ul.extend(range(50, 55))
-        self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], 'extend')
+        self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], "extend")
 
         pl.reverse()
         ul.reverse()
-        self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], 'reverse')
+        self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], "reverse")
 
         for i in self.limits_plus(1):
             pl, ul = self.lists_of_len()
             pl.insert(i, 50)
             ul.insert(i, 50)
-            self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], 'insert at %d' % i)
+            self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], "insert at %d" % i)
 
         for i in self.limits_plus(0):
             pl, ul = self.lists_of_len()
-            self.assertEqual(pl.pop(i), ul.pop(i), 'popped value at %d' % i)
-            self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], 'after pop at %d' % i)
+            self.assertEqual(pl.pop(i), ul.pop(i), "popped value at %d" % i)
+            self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], "after pop at %d" % i)
 
         pl, ul = self.lists_of_len()
-        self.assertEqual(pl.pop(), ul.pop(i), 'popped value')
-        self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], 'after pop')
+        self.assertEqual(pl.pop(), ul.pop(i), "popped value")
+        self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], "after pop")
 
         pl, ul = self.lists_of_len()
 
         def popfcn(x, i):
             x.pop(i)
+
         with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
             popfcn(ul, self.limit)
         with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
@@ -273,29 +283,30 @@ class ListMixinTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
         pl, ul = self.lists_of_len()
         for val in range(self.limit):
-            self.assertEqual(pl.index(val), ul.index(val), 'index of %d' % val)
+            self.assertEqual(pl.index(val), ul.index(val), "index of %d" % val)
 
         for val in self.limits_plus(2):
-            self.assertEqual(pl.count(val), ul.count(val), 'count %d' % val)
+            self.assertEqual(pl.count(val), ul.count(val), "count %d" % val)
 
         for val in range(self.limit):
             pl, ul = self.lists_of_len()
             pl.remove(val)
             ul.remove(val)
-            self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], 'after remove val %d' % val)
+            self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], "after remove val %d" % val)
 
         def indexfcn(x, v):
             return x.index(v)
 
         def removefcn(x, v):
             return x.remove(v)
+
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             indexfcn(ul, 40)
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             removefcn(ul, 40)
 
     def test07_allowed_types(self):
-        'Type-restricted list'
+        "Type-restricted list"
         pl, ul = self.lists_of_len()
         ul._allowed = int
         ul[1] = 50
@@ -303,13 +314,14 @@ class ListMixinTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
         def setfcn(x, i, v):
             x[i] = v
+
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            setfcn(ul, 2, 'hello')
+            setfcn(ul, 2, "hello")
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            setfcn(ul, slice(0, 3, 2), ('hello', 'goodbye'))
+            setfcn(ul, slice(0, 3, 2), ("hello", "goodbye"))
 
     def test08_min_length(self):
-        'Length limits'
+        "Length limits"
         pl, ul = self.lists_of_len(5)
         ul._minlength = 3
 
@@ -318,12 +330,13 @@ class ListMixinTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
         def setfcn(x, i):
             x[:i] = []
+
         for i in range(len(ul) - ul._minlength + 1, len(ul)):
             with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                 delfcn(ul, i)
             with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                 setfcn(ul, i)
-        del ul[:len(ul) - ul._minlength]
+        del ul[: len(ul) - ul._minlength]
 
         ul._maxlength = 4
         for i in range(0, ul._maxlength - len(ul)):
@@ -332,99 +345,102 @@ class ListMixinTest(unittest.TestCase):
             ul.append(10)
 
     def test09_iterable_check(self):
-        'Error on assigning non-iterable to slice'
+        "Error on assigning non-iterable to slice"
         pl, ul = self.lists_of_len(self.limit + 1)
 
         def setfcn(x, i, v):
             x[i] = v
+
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             setfcn(ul, slice(0, 3, 2), 2)
 
     def test10_checkindex(self):
-        'Index check'
+        "Index check"
         pl, ul = self.lists_of_len()
         for i in self.limits_plus(0):
             if i < 0:
-                self.assertEqual(ul._checkindex(i), i + self.limit, '_checkindex(neg index)')
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    ul._checkindex(i), i + self.limit, "_checkindex(neg index)"
+                )
             else:
-                self.assertEqual(ul._checkindex(i), i, '_checkindex(pos index)')
+                self.assertEqual(ul._checkindex(i), i, "_checkindex(pos index)")
 
         for i in (-self.limit - 1, self.limit):
             with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
                 ul._checkindex(i)
 
     def test_11_sorting(self):
-        'Sorting'
+        "Sorting"
         pl, ul = self.lists_of_len()
         pl.insert(0, pl.pop())
         ul.insert(0, ul.pop())
         pl.sort()
         ul.sort()
-        self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], 'sort')
+        self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], "sort")
         mid = pl[len(pl) // 2]
         pl.sort(key=lambda x: (mid - x) ** 2)
         ul.sort(key=lambda x: (mid - x) ** 2)
-        self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], 'sort w/ key')
+        self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], "sort w/ key")
 
         pl.insert(0, pl.pop())
         ul.insert(0, ul.pop())
         pl.sort(reverse=True)
         ul.sort(reverse=True)
-        self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], 'sort w/ reverse')
+        self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], "sort w/ reverse")
         mid = pl[len(pl) // 2]
         pl.sort(key=lambda x: (mid - x) ** 2)
         ul.sort(key=lambda x: (mid - x) ** 2)
-        self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], 'sort w/ key')
+        self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], "sort w/ key")
 
     def test_12_arithmetic(self):
-        'Arithmetic'
+        "Arithmetic"
         pl, ul = self.lists_of_len()
         al = list(range(10, 14))
-        self.assertEqual(list(pl + al), list(ul + al), 'add')
-        self.assertEqual(type(ul), type(ul + al), 'type of add result')
-        self.assertEqual(list(al + pl), list(al + ul), 'radd')
-        self.assertEqual(type(al), type(al + ul), 'type of radd result')
+        self.assertEqual(list(pl + al), list(ul + al), "add")
+        self.assertEqual(type(ul), type(ul + al), "type of add result")
+        self.assertEqual(list(al + pl), list(al + ul), "radd")
+        self.assertEqual(type(al), type(al + ul), "type of radd result")
         objid = id(ul)
         pl += al
         ul += al
-        self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], 'in-place add')
-        self.assertEqual(objid, id(ul), 'in-place add id')
+        self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], "in-place add")
+        self.assertEqual(objid, id(ul), "in-place add id")
 
         for n in (-1, 0, 1, 3):
             pl, ul = self.lists_of_len()
-            self.assertEqual(list(pl * n), list(ul * n), 'mul by %d' % n)
-            self.assertEqual(type(ul), type(ul * n), 'type of mul by %d result' % n)
-            self.assertEqual(list(n * pl), list(n * ul), 'rmul by %d' % n)
-            self.assertEqual(type(ul), type(n * ul), 'type of rmul by %d result' % n)
+            self.assertEqual(list(pl * n), list(ul * n), "mul by %d" % n)
+            self.assertEqual(type(ul), type(ul * n), "type of mul by %d result" % n)
+            self.assertEqual(list(n * pl), list(n * ul), "rmul by %d" % n)
+            self.assertEqual(type(ul), type(n * ul), "type of rmul by %d result" % n)
             objid = id(ul)
             pl *= n
             ul *= n
-            self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], 'in-place mul by %d' % n)
-            self.assertEqual(objid, id(ul), 'in-place mul by %d id' % n)
+            self.assertEqual(pl[:], ul[:], "in-place mul by %d" % n)
+            self.assertEqual(objid, id(ul), "in-place mul by %d id" % n)
 
         pl, ul = self.lists_of_len()
-        self.assertEqual(pl, ul, 'cmp for equal')
-        self.assertNotEqual(ul, pl + [2], 'cmp for not equal')
-        self.assertGreaterEqual(pl, ul, 'cmp for gte self')
-        self.assertLessEqual(pl, ul, 'cmp for lte self')
-        self.assertGreaterEqual(ul, pl, 'cmp for self gte')
-        self.assertLessEqual(ul, pl, 'cmp for self lte')
+        self.assertEqual(pl, ul, "cmp for equal")
+        self.assertNotEqual(ul, pl + [2], "cmp for not equal")
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(pl, ul, "cmp for gte self")
+        self.assertLessEqual(pl, ul, "cmp for lte self")
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(ul, pl, "cmp for self gte")
+        self.assertLessEqual(ul, pl, "cmp for self lte")
 
-        self.assertGreater(pl + [5], ul, 'cmp')
-        self.assertGreaterEqual(pl + [5], ul, 'cmp')
-        self.assertLess(pl, ul + [2], 'cmp')
-        self.assertLessEqual(pl, ul + [2], 'cmp')
-        self.assertGreater(ul + [5], pl, 'cmp')
-        self.assertGreaterEqual(ul + [5], pl, 'cmp')
-        self.assertLess(ul, pl + [2], 'cmp')
-        self.assertLessEqual(ul, pl + [2], 'cmp')
+        self.assertGreater(pl + [5], ul, "cmp")
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(pl + [5], ul, "cmp")
+        self.assertLess(pl, ul + [2], "cmp")
+        self.assertLessEqual(pl, ul + [2], "cmp")
+        self.assertGreater(ul + [5], pl, "cmp")
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(ul + [5], pl, "cmp")
+        self.assertLess(ul, pl + [2], "cmp")
+        self.assertLessEqual(ul, pl + [2], "cmp")
 
         pl[1] = 20
-        self.assertGreater(pl, ul, 'cmp for gt self')
-        self.assertLess(ul, pl, 'cmp for self lt')
+        self.assertGreater(pl, ul, "cmp for gt self")
+        self.assertLess(ul, pl, "cmp for self lt")
         pl[1] = -20
-        self.assertLess(pl, ul, 'cmp for lt self')
-        self.assertGreater(ul, pl, 'cmp for gt self')
+        self.assertLess(pl, ul, "cmp for lt self")
+        self.assertGreater(ul, pl, "cmp for gt self")
 
 
 class ListMixinTestSingle(ListMixinTest):
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/gis_migrations/migrations/0001_setup_extensions.py b/tests/gis_tests/gis_migrations/migrations/0001_setup_extensions.py
index 35451b3a1e..227d6b668d 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/gis_migrations/migrations/0001_setup_extensions.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/gis_migrations/migrations/0001_setup_extensions.py
@@ -9,10 +9,12 @@ if connection.features.supports_raster:
         # PostGIS 3+ requires postgis_raster extension.
         if pg_version[1:] >= (3,):
             operations = [
-                CreateExtension('postgis_raster'),
+                CreateExtension("postgis_raster"),
             ]
         else:
             operations = []
+
 else:
+
     class Migration(migrations.Migration):
         operations = []
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/gis_migrations/migrations/0002_create_models.py b/tests/gis_tests/gis_migrations/migrations/0002_create_models.py
index ee1191d11e..90bfa87389 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/gis_migrations/migrations/0002_create_models.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/gis_migrations/migrations/0002_create_models.py
@@ -3,63 +3,96 @@ from django.db import connection, migrations
 
 ops = [
     migrations.CreateModel(
-        name='Neighborhood',
+        name="Neighborhood",
         fields=[
-            ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-            ('name', models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=True)),
-            ('geom', models.MultiPolygonField(srid=4326)),
+            (
+                "id",
+                models.AutoField(
+                    verbose_name="ID",
+                    serialize=False,
+                    auto_created=True,
+                    primary_key=True,
+                ),
+            ),
+            ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=True)),
+            ("geom", models.MultiPolygonField(srid=4326)),
         ],
-        options={
-        },
+        options={},
         bases=(models.Model,),
     ),
     migrations.CreateModel(
-        name='Household',
+        name="Household",
         fields=[
-            ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-            ('neighborhood', models.ForeignKey(
-                'gis_migrations.Neighborhood',
-                models.SET_NULL,
-                to_field='id',
-                null=True,
-            )),
-            ('address', models.CharField(max_length=100)),
-            ('zip_code', models.IntegerField(null=True, blank=True)),
-            ('geom', models.PointField(srid=4326, geography=True)),
+            (
+                "id",
+                models.AutoField(
+                    verbose_name="ID",
+                    serialize=False,
+                    auto_created=True,
+                    primary_key=True,
+                ),
+            ),
+            (
+                "neighborhood",
+                models.ForeignKey(
+                    "gis_migrations.Neighborhood",
+                    models.SET_NULL,
+                    to_field="id",
+                    null=True,
+                ),
+            ),
+            ("address", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
+            ("zip_code", models.IntegerField(null=True, blank=True)),
+            ("geom", models.PointField(srid=4326, geography=True)),
         ],
-        options={
-        },
+        options={},
         bases=(models.Model,),
     ),
     migrations.CreateModel(
-        name='Family',
+        name="Family",
         fields=[
-            ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-            ('name', models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=True)),
+            (
+                "id",
+                models.AutoField(
+                    verbose_name="ID",
+                    serialize=False,
+                    auto_created=True,
+                    primary_key=True,
+                ),
+            ),
+            ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=True)),
         ],
-        options={
-        },
+        options={},
         bases=(models.Model,),
     ),
     migrations.AddField(
-        model_name='household',
-        name='family',
-        field=models.ForeignKey('gis_migrations.Family', models.SET_NULL, blank=True, null=True),
+        model_name="household",
+        name="family",
+        field=models.ForeignKey(
+            "gis_migrations.Family", models.SET_NULL, blank=True, null=True
+        ),
         preserve_default=True,
-    )
+    ),
 ]
 
 if connection.features.supports_raster:
     ops += [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Heatmap',
+            name="Heatmap",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('name', models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=True)),
-                ('rast', models.fields.RasterField(srid=4326)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=True)),
+                ("rast", models.fields.RasterField(srid=4326)),
             ],
-            options={
-            },
+            options={},
             bases=(models.Model,),
         ),
     ]
@@ -69,7 +102,8 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
     """
     Used for gis-specific migration tests.
     """
+
     dependencies = [
-        ('gis_migrations', '0001_setup_extensions'),
+        ("gis_migrations", "0001_setup_extensions"),
     ]
     operations = ops
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/gis_migrations/test_commands.py b/tests/gis_tests/gis_migrations/test_commands.py
index 31572b1e00..318cd12278 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/gis_migrations/test_commands.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/gis_migrations/test_commands.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ class MigrateTests(TransactionTestCase):
     """
     Tests running the migrate command in Geodjango.
     """
+
     available_apps = ["gis_tests.gis_migrations"]
 
     def get_table_description(self, table):
@@ -52,7 +53,10 @@ class MigrateTests(TransactionTestCase):
             pass
         else:
             qs = GeoColumn.objects.filter(
-                **{'%s__in' % GeoColumn.table_name_col(): ["gis_neighborhood", "gis_household"]}
+                **{
+                    "%s__in"
+                    % GeoColumn.table_name_col(): ["gis_neighborhood", "gis_household"]
+                }
             )
             self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 0)
         # Revert the "unmigration"
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/gis_migrations/test_operations.py b/tests/gis_tests/gis_migrations/test_operations.py
index b7823dd983..d2ad67945b 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/gis_migrations/test_operations.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/gis_migrations/test_operations.py
@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@ from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.db import connection, migrations, models
 from django.db.migrations.migration import Migration
 from django.db.migrations.state import ProjectState
-from django.test import (
-    TransactionTestCase, skipIfDBFeature, skipUnlessDBFeature,
-)
+from django.test import TransactionTestCase, skipIfDBFeature, skipUnlessDBFeature
 
 try:
     GeometryColumns = connection.ops.geometry_columns()
@@ -18,25 +16,29 @@ except NotImplementedError:
 
 
 class OperationTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['gis_tests.gis_migrations']
-    get_opclass_query = '''
+    available_apps = ["gis_tests.gis_migrations"]
+    get_opclass_query = """
         SELECT opcname, c.relname FROM pg_opclass AS oc
         JOIN pg_index as i on oc.oid = ANY(i.indclass)
         JOIN pg_class as c on c.oid = i.indexrelid
         WHERE c.relname = %s
-    '''
+    """
 
     def tearDown(self):
         # Delete table after testing
-        if hasattr(self, 'current_state'):
-            self.apply_operations('gis', self.current_state, [migrations.DeleteModel('Neighborhood')])
+        if hasattr(self, "current_state"):
+            self.apply_operations(
+                "gis", self.current_state, [migrations.DeleteModel("Neighborhood")]
+            )
         super().tearDown()
 
     @property
     def has_spatial_indexes(self):
         if connection.ops.mysql:
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                return connection.introspection.supports_spatial_index(cursor, 'gis_neighborhood')
+                return connection.introspection.supports_spatial_index(
+                    cursor, "gis_neighborhood"
+                )
         return True
 
     def get_table_description(self, table):
@@ -50,57 +52,67 @@ class OperationTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
         self.assertNotIn(column, [c.name for c in self.get_table_description(table)])
 
     def apply_operations(self, app_label, project_state, operations):
-        migration = Migration('name', app_label)
+        migration = Migration("name", app_label)
         migration.operations = operations
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             return migration.apply(project_state, editor)
 
     def set_up_test_model(self, force_raster_creation=False):
         test_fields = [
-            ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ('name', models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=True)),
-            ('geom', fields.MultiPolygonField(srid=4326))
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=True)),
+            ("geom", fields.MultiPolygonField(srid=4326)),
         ]
         if connection.features.supports_raster or force_raster_creation:
-            test_fields += [('rast', fields.RasterField(srid=4326, null=True))]
-        operations = [migrations.CreateModel('Neighborhood', test_fields)]
-        self.current_state = self.apply_operations('gis', ProjectState(), operations)
+            test_fields += [("rast", fields.RasterField(srid=4326, null=True))]
+        operations = [migrations.CreateModel("Neighborhood", test_fields)]
+        self.current_state = self.apply_operations("gis", ProjectState(), operations)
 
     def assertGeometryColumnsCount(self, expected_count):
         self.assertEqual(
-            GeometryColumns.objects.filter(**{
-                '%s__iexact' % GeometryColumns.table_name_col(): 'gis_neighborhood',
-            }).count(),
-            expected_count
+            GeometryColumns.objects.filter(
+                **{
+                    "%s__iexact" % GeometryColumns.table_name_col(): "gis_neighborhood",
+                }
+            ).count(),
+            expected_count,
         )
 
     def assertSpatialIndexExists(self, table, column, raster=False):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             constraints = connection.introspection.get_constraints(cursor, table)
         if raster:
-            self.assertTrue(any(
-                'st_convexhull(%s)' % column in c['definition']
-                for c in constraints.values()
-                if c['definition'] is not None
-            ))
+            self.assertTrue(
+                any(
+                    "st_convexhull(%s)" % column in c["definition"]
+                    for c in constraints.values()
+                    if c["definition"] is not None
+                )
+            )
         else:
-            self.assertIn([column], [c['columns'] for c in constraints.values()])
+            self.assertIn([column], [c["columns"] for c in constraints.values()])
 
-    def alter_gis_model(self, migration_class, model_name, field_name,
-                        blank=False, field_class=None, field_class_kwargs=None):
+    def alter_gis_model(
+        self,
+        migration_class,
+        model_name,
+        field_name,
+        blank=False,
+        field_class=None,
+        field_class_kwargs=None,
+    ):
         args = [model_name, field_name]
         if field_class:
-            field_class_kwargs = field_class_kwargs or {'srid': 4326, 'blank': blank}
+            field_class_kwargs = field_class_kwargs or {"srid": 4326, "blank": blank}
             args.append(field_class(**field_class_kwargs))
         operation = migration_class(*args)
         old_state = self.current_state.clone()
-        operation.state_forwards('gis', self.current_state)
+        operation.state_forwards("gis", self.current_state)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards('gis', editor, old_state, self.current_state)
+            operation.database_forwards("gis", editor, old_state, self.current_state)
 
 
 class OperationTests(OperationTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
         self.set_up_test_model()
@@ -109,8 +121,10 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestCase):
         """
         Test the AddField operation with a geometry-enabled column.
         """
-        self.alter_gis_model(migrations.AddField, 'Neighborhood', 'path', False, fields.LineStringField)
-        self.assertColumnExists('gis_neighborhood', 'path')
+        self.alter_gis_model(
+            migrations.AddField, "Neighborhood", "path", False, fields.LineStringField
+        )
+        self.assertColumnExists("gis_neighborhood", "path")
 
         # Test GeometryColumns when available
         if HAS_GEOMETRY_COLUMNS:
@@ -118,33 +132,37 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestCase):
 
         # Test spatial indices when available
         if self.has_spatial_indexes:
-            self.assertSpatialIndexExists('gis_neighborhood', 'path')
+            self.assertSpatialIndexExists("gis_neighborhood", "path")
 
     @skipUnless(HAS_GEOMETRY_COLUMNS, "Backend doesn't support GeometryColumns.")
     def test_geom_col_name(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             GeometryColumns.geom_col_name(),
-            'column_name' if connection.ops.oracle else 'f_geometry_column',
+            "column_name" if connection.ops.oracle else "f_geometry_column",
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_raster')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_raster")
     def test_add_raster_field(self):
         """
         Test the AddField operation with a raster-enabled column.
         """
-        self.alter_gis_model(migrations.AddField, 'Neighborhood', 'heatmap', False, fields.RasterField)
-        self.assertColumnExists('gis_neighborhood', 'heatmap')
+        self.alter_gis_model(
+            migrations.AddField, "Neighborhood", "heatmap", False, fields.RasterField
+        )
+        self.assertColumnExists("gis_neighborhood", "heatmap")
 
         # Test spatial indices when available
         if self.has_spatial_indexes:
-            self.assertSpatialIndexExists('gis_neighborhood', 'heatmap', raster=True)
+            self.assertSpatialIndexExists("gis_neighborhood", "heatmap", raster=True)
 
     def test_add_blank_geom_field(self):
         """
         Should be able to add a GeometryField with blank=True.
         """
-        self.alter_gis_model(migrations.AddField, 'Neighborhood', 'path', True, fields.LineStringField)
-        self.assertColumnExists('gis_neighborhood', 'path')
+        self.alter_gis_model(
+            migrations.AddField, "Neighborhood", "path", True, fields.LineStringField
+        )
+        self.assertColumnExists("gis_neighborhood", "path")
 
         # Test GeometryColumns when available
         if HAS_GEOMETRY_COLUMNS:
@@ -152,96 +170,108 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestCase):
 
         # Test spatial indices when available
         if self.has_spatial_indexes:
-            self.assertSpatialIndexExists('gis_neighborhood', 'path')
+            self.assertSpatialIndexExists("gis_neighborhood", "path")
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_raster')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_raster")
     def test_add_blank_raster_field(self):
         """
         Should be able to add a RasterField with blank=True.
         """
-        self.alter_gis_model(migrations.AddField, 'Neighborhood', 'heatmap', True, fields.RasterField)
-        self.assertColumnExists('gis_neighborhood', 'heatmap')
+        self.alter_gis_model(
+            migrations.AddField, "Neighborhood", "heatmap", True, fields.RasterField
+        )
+        self.assertColumnExists("gis_neighborhood", "heatmap")
 
         # Test spatial indices when available
         if self.has_spatial_indexes:
-            self.assertSpatialIndexExists('gis_neighborhood', 'heatmap', raster=True)
+            self.assertSpatialIndexExists("gis_neighborhood", "heatmap", raster=True)
 
     def test_remove_geom_field(self):
         """
         Test the RemoveField operation with a geometry-enabled column.
         """
-        self.alter_gis_model(migrations.RemoveField, 'Neighborhood', 'geom')
-        self.assertColumnNotExists('gis_neighborhood', 'geom')
+        self.alter_gis_model(migrations.RemoveField, "Neighborhood", "geom")
+        self.assertColumnNotExists("gis_neighborhood", "geom")
 
         # Test GeometryColumns when available
         if HAS_GEOMETRY_COLUMNS:
             self.assertGeometryColumnsCount(0)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_raster')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_raster")
     def test_remove_raster_field(self):
         """
         Test the RemoveField operation with a raster-enabled column.
         """
-        self.alter_gis_model(migrations.RemoveField, 'Neighborhood', 'rast')
-        self.assertColumnNotExists('gis_neighborhood', 'rast')
+        self.alter_gis_model(migrations.RemoveField, "Neighborhood", "rast")
+        self.assertColumnNotExists("gis_neighborhood", "rast")
 
     def test_create_model_spatial_index(self):
         if not self.has_spatial_indexes:
-            self.skipTest('No support for Spatial indexes')
+            self.skipTest("No support for Spatial indexes")
 
-        self.assertSpatialIndexExists('gis_neighborhood', 'geom')
+        self.assertSpatialIndexExists("gis_neighborhood", "geom")
 
         if connection.features.supports_raster:
-            self.assertSpatialIndexExists('gis_neighborhood', 'rast', raster=True)
+            self.assertSpatialIndexExists("gis_neighborhood", "rast", raster=True)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_3d_storage')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_3d_storage")
     def test_add_3d_field_opclass(self):
         if not connection.ops.postgis:
-            self.skipTest('PostGIS-specific test.')
+            self.skipTest("PostGIS-specific test.")
 
         self.alter_gis_model(
             migrations.AddField,
-            'Neighborhood',
-            'point3d',
+            "Neighborhood",
+            "point3d",
             field_class=fields.PointField,
-            field_class_kwargs={'dim': 3},
+            field_class_kwargs={"dim": 3},
         )
-        self.assertColumnExists('gis_neighborhood', 'point3d')
-        self.assertSpatialIndexExists('gis_neighborhood', 'point3d')
+        self.assertColumnExists("gis_neighborhood", "point3d")
+        self.assertSpatialIndexExists("gis_neighborhood", "point3d")
 
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            index_name = 'gis_neighborhood_point3d_113bc868_id'
+            index_name = "gis_neighborhood_point3d_113bc868_id"
             cursor.execute(self.get_opclass_query, [index_name])
             self.assertEqual(
                 cursor.fetchall(),
-                [('gist_geometry_ops_nd', index_name)],
+                [("gist_geometry_ops_nd", index_name)],
             )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_alter_geometry_field', 'supports_3d_storage')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_alter_geometry_field", "supports_3d_storage")
     def test_alter_geom_field_dim(self):
-        Neighborhood = self.current_state.apps.get_model('gis', 'Neighborhood')
+        Neighborhood = self.current_state.apps.get_model("gis", "Neighborhood")
         p1 = Polygon(((0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (1, 0), (0, 0)))
-        Neighborhood.objects.create(name='TestDim', geom=MultiPolygon(p1, p1))
+        Neighborhood.objects.create(name="TestDim", geom=MultiPolygon(p1, p1))
         # Add 3rd dimension.
         self.alter_gis_model(
-            migrations.AlterField, 'Neighborhood', 'geom', False,
-            fields.MultiPolygonField, field_class_kwargs={'srid': 4326, 'dim': 3}
+            migrations.AlterField,
+            "Neighborhood",
+            "geom",
+            False,
+            fields.MultiPolygonField,
+            field_class_kwargs={"srid": 4326, "dim": 3},
         )
         self.assertTrue(Neighborhood.objects.first().geom.hasz)
         # Rewind to 2 dimensions.
         self.alter_gis_model(
-            migrations.AlterField, 'Neighborhood', 'geom', False,
-            fields.MultiPolygonField, field_class_kwargs={'srid': 4326, 'dim': 2}
+            migrations.AlterField,
+            "Neighborhood",
+            "geom",
+            False,
+            fields.MultiPolygonField,
+            field_class_kwargs={"srid": 4326, "dim": 2},
         )
         self.assertFalse(Neighborhood.objects.first().geom.hasz)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_column_check_constraints', 'can_introspect_check_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature(
+        "supports_column_check_constraints", "can_introspect_check_constraints"
+    )
     def test_add_check_constraint(self):
-        Neighborhood = self.current_state.apps.get_model('gis', 'Neighborhood')
+        Neighborhood = self.current_state.apps.get_model("gis", "Neighborhood")
         poly = Polygon(((0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (1, 0), (0, 0)))
         constraint = models.CheckConstraint(
             check=models.Q(geom=poly),
-            name='geom_within_constraint',
+            name="geom_within_constraint",
         )
         Neighborhood._meta.constraints = [constraint]
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -251,21 +281,24 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestCase):
                 cursor,
                 Neighborhood._meta.db_table,
             )
-            self.assertIn('geom_within_constraint', constraints)
+            self.assertIn("geom_within_constraint", constraints)
 
 
-@skipIfDBFeature('supports_raster')
+@skipIfDBFeature("supports_raster")
 class NoRasterSupportTests(OperationTestCase):
     def test_create_raster_model_on_db_without_raster_support(self):
-        msg = 'Raster fields require backends with raster support.'
+        msg = "Raster fields require backends with raster support."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
             self.set_up_test_model(force_raster_creation=True)
 
     def test_add_raster_field_on_db_without_raster_support(self):
-        msg = 'Raster fields require backends with raster support.'
+        msg = "Raster fields require backends with raster support."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
             self.set_up_test_model()
             self.alter_gis_model(
-                migrations.AddField, 'Neighborhood', 'heatmap',
-                False, fields.RasterField
+                migrations.AddField,
+                "Neighborhood",
+                "heatmap",
+                False,
+                fields.RasterField,
             )
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/inspectapp/models.py b/tests/gis_tests/inspectapp/models.py
index ca6566844e..da36e8c8b2 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/inspectapp/models.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/inspectapp/models.py
@@ -21,4 +21,4 @@ class Fields3D(models.Model):
     poly = models.PolygonField(dim=3)
 
     class Meta:
-        required_db_features = {'supports_3d_storage'}
+        required_db_features = {"supports_3d_storage"}
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/inspectapp/tests.py b/tests/gis_tests/inspectapp/tests.py
index 35337897c0..952124db8c 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/inspectapp/tests.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/inspectapp/tests.py
@@ -20,94 +20,96 @@ class InspectDbTests(TestCase):
         """
         out = StringIO()
         call_command(
-            'inspectdb',
-            table_name_filter=lambda tn: tn == 'inspectapp_allogrfields',
-            stdout=out
+            "inspectdb",
+            table_name_filter=lambda tn: tn == "inspectapp_allogrfields",
+            stdout=out,
         )
         output = out.getvalue()
         if connection.features.supports_geometry_field_introspection:
-            self.assertIn('geom = models.PolygonField()', output)
-            self.assertIn('point = models.PointField()', output)
+            self.assertIn("geom = models.PolygonField()", output)
+            self.assertIn("point = models.PointField()", output)
         else:
-            self.assertIn('geom = models.GeometryField(', output)
-            self.assertIn('point = models.GeometryField(', output)
+            self.assertIn("geom = models.GeometryField(", output)
+            self.assertIn("point = models.GeometryField(", output)
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_3d_storage")
     def test_3d_columns(self):
         out = StringIO()
         call_command(
-            'inspectdb',
-            table_name_filter=lambda tn: tn == 'inspectapp_fields3d',
-            stdout=out
+            "inspectdb",
+            table_name_filter=lambda tn: tn == "inspectapp_fields3d",
+            stdout=out,
         )
         output = out.getvalue()
         if connection.features.supports_geometry_field_introspection:
-            self.assertIn('point = models.PointField(dim=3)', output)
+            self.assertIn("point = models.PointField(dim=3)", output)
             if connection.features.supports_geography:
-                self.assertIn('pointg = models.PointField(geography=True, dim=3)', output)
+                self.assertIn(
+                    "pointg = models.PointField(geography=True, dim=3)", output
+                )
             else:
-                self.assertIn('pointg = models.PointField(dim=3)', output)
-            self.assertIn('line = models.LineStringField(dim=3)', output)
-            self.assertIn('poly = models.PolygonField(dim=3)', output)
+                self.assertIn("pointg = models.PointField(dim=3)", output)
+            self.assertIn("line = models.LineStringField(dim=3)", output)
+            self.assertIn("poly = models.PolygonField(dim=3)", output)
         else:
-            self.assertIn('point = models.GeometryField(', output)
-            self.assertIn('pointg = models.GeometryField(', output)
-            self.assertIn('line = models.GeometryField(', output)
-            self.assertIn('poly = models.GeometryField(', output)
+            self.assertIn("point = models.GeometryField(", output)
+            self.assertIn("pointg = models.GeometryField(", output)
+            self.assertIn("line = models.GeometryField(", output)
+            self.assertIn("poly = models.GeometryField(", output)
 
 
 @modify_settings(
-    INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.gis'},
+    INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.gis"},
 )
 class OGRInspectTest(SimpleTestCase):
     maxDiff = 1024
 
     def test_poly(self):
-        shp_file = os.path.join(TEST_DATA, 'test_poly', 'test_poly.shp')
-        model_def = ogrinspect(shp_file, 'MyModel')
+        shp_file = os.path.join(TEST_DATA, "test_poly", "test_poly.shp")
+        model_def = ogrinspect(shp_file, "MyModel")
 
         expected = [
-            '# This is an auto-generated Django model module created by ogrinspect.',
-            'from django.contrib.gis.db import models',
-            '',
-            '',
-            'class MyModel(models.Model):',
-            '    float = models.FloatField()',
-            '    int = models.BigIntegerField()',
-            '    str = models.CharField(max_length=80)',
-            '    geom = models.PolygonField()',
+            "# This is an auto-generated Django model module created by ogrinspect.",
+            "from django.contrib.gis.db import models",
+            "",
+            "",
+            "class MyModel(models.Model):",
+            "    float = models.FloatField()",
+            "    int = models.BigIntegerField()",
+            "    str = models.CharField(max_length=80)",
+            "    geom = models.PolygonField()",
         ]
 
-        self.assertEqual(model_def, '\n'.join(expected))
+        self.assertEqual(model_def, "\n".join(expected))
 
     def test_poly_multi(self):
-        shp_file = os.path.join(TEST_DATA, 'test_poly', 'test_poly.shp')
-        model_def = ogrinspect(shp_file, 'MyModel', multi_geom=True)
-        self.assertIn('geom = models.MultiPolygonField()', model_def)
+        shp_file = os.path.join(TEST_DATA, "test_poly", "test_poly.shp")
+        model_def = ogrinspect(shp_file, "MyModel", multi_geom=True)
+        self.assertIn("geom = models.MultiPolygonField()", model_def)
         # Same test with a 25D-type geometry field
-        shp_file = os.path.join(TEST_DATA, 'gas_lines', 'gas_leitung.shp')
-        model_def = ogrinspect(shp_file, 'MyModel', multi_geom=True)
-        srid = '-1' if GDAL_VERSION < (2, 3) else '31253'
-        self.assertIn('geom = models.MultiLineStringField(srid=%s)' % srid, model_def)
+        shp_file = os.path.join(TEST_DATA, "gas_lines", "gas_leitung.shp")
+        model_def = ogrinspect(shp_file, "MyModel", multi_geom=True)
+        srid = "-1" if GDAL_VERSION < (2, 3) else "31253"
+        self.assertIn("geom = models.MultiLineStringField(srid=%s)" % srid, model_def)
 
     def test_date_field(self):
-        shp_file = os.path.join(TEST_DATA, 'cities', 'cities.shp')
-        model_def = ogrinspect(shp_file, 'City')
+        shp_file = os.path.join(TEST_DATA, "cities", "cities.shp")
+        model_def = ogrinspect(shp_file, "City")
 
         expected = [
-            '# This is an auto-generated Django model module created by ogrinspect.',
-            'from django.contrib.gis.db import models',
-            '',
-            '',
-            'class City(models.Model):',
-            '    name = models.CharField(max_length=80)',
-            '    population = models.BigIntegerField()',
-            '    density = models.FloatField()',
-            '    created = models.DateField()',
-            '    geom = models.PointField()',
+            "# This is an auto-generated Django model module created by ogrinspect.",
+            "from django.contrib.gis.db import models",
+            "",
+            "",
+            "class City(models.Model):",
+            "    name = models.CharField(max_length=80)",
+            "    population = models.BigIntegerField()",
+            "    density = models.FloatField()",
+            "    created = models.DateField()",
+            "    geom = models.PointField()",
         ]
 
-        self.assertEqual(model_def, '\n'.join(expected))
+        self.assertEqual(model_def, "\n".join(expected))
 
     def test_time_field(self):
         # Getting the database identifier used by OGR, if None returned
@@ -119,48 +121,60 @@ class OGRInspectTest(SimpleTestCase):
         try:
             # Writing shapefiles via GDAL currently does not support writing OGRTime
             # fields, so we need to actually use a database
-            model_def = ogrinspect(ogr_db, 'Measurement',
-                                   layer_key=AllOGRFields._meta.db_table,
-                                   decimal=['f_decimal'])
+            model_def = ogrinspect(
+                ogr_db,
+                "Measurement",
+                layer_key=AllOGRFields._meta.db_table,
+                decimal=["f_decimal"],
+            )
         except GDALException:
             self.skipTest("Unable to setup an OGR connection to your database")
 
-        self.assertTrue(model_def.startswith(
-            '# This is an auto-generated Django model module created by ogrinspect.\n'
-            'from django.contrib.gis.db import models\n'
-            '\n'
-            '\n'
-            'class Measurement(models.Model):\n'
-        ))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            model_def.startswith(
+                "# This is an auto-generated Django model module created by ogrinspect.\n"
+                "from django.contrib.gis.db import models\n"
+                "\n"
+                "\n"
+                "class Measurement(models.Model):\n"
+            )
+        )
 
         # The ordering of model fields might vary depending on several factors (version of GDAL, etc.)
-        if connection.vendor == 'sqlite':
+        if connection.vendor == "sqlite":
             # SpatiaLite introspection is somewhat lacking (#29461).
-            self.assertIn('    f_decimal = models.CharField(max_length=0)', model_def)
+            self.assertIn("    f_decimal = models.CharField(max_length=0)", model_def)
         else:
-            self.assertIn('    f_decimal = models.DecimalField(max_digits=0, decimal_places=0)', model_def)
-        self.assertIn('    f_int = models.IntegerField()', model_def)
+            self.assertIn(
+                "    f_decimal = models.DecimalField(max_digits=0, decimal_places=0)",
+                model_def,
+            )
+        self.assertIn("    f_int = models.IntegerField()", model_def)
         if not connection.ops.mariadb:
             # Probably a bug between GDAL and MariaDB on time fields.
-            self.assertIn('    f_datetime = models.DateTimeField()', model_def)
-            self.assertIn('    f_time = models.TimeField()', model_def)
-        if connection.vendor == 'sqlite':
-            self.assertIn('    f_float = models.CharField(max_length=0)', model_def)
+            self.assertIn("    f_datetime = models.DateTimeField()", model_def)
+            self.assertIn("    f_time = models.TimeField()", model_def)
+        if connection.vendor == "sqlite":
+            self.assertIn("    f_float = models.CharField(max_length=0)", model_def)
         else:
-            self.assertIn('    f_float = models.FloatField()', model_def)
-        max_length = 0 if connection.vendor == 'sqlite' else 10
-        self.assertIn('    f_char = models.CharField(max_length=%s)' % max_length, model_def)
-        self.assertIn('    f_date = models.DateField()', model_def)
+            self.assertIn("    f_float = models.FloatField()", model_def)
+        max_length = 0 if connection.vendor == "sqlite" else 10
+        self.assertIn(
+            "    f_char = models.CharField(max_length=%s)" % max_length, model_def
+        )
+        self.assertIn("    f_date = models.DateField()", model_def)
 
         # Some backends may have srid=-1
-        self.assertIsNotNone(re.search(r'    geom = models.PolygonField\(([^\)])*\)', model_def))
+        self.assertIsNotNone(
+            re.search(r"    geom = models.PolygonField\(([^\)])*\)", model_def)
+        )
 
     def test_management_command(self):
-        shp_file = os.path.join(TEST_DATA, 'cities', 'cities.shp')
+        shp_file = os.path.join(TEST_DATA, "cities", "cities.shp")
         out = StringIO()
-        call_command('ogrinspect', shp_file, 'City', stdout=out)
+        call_command("ogrinspect", shp_file, "City", stdout=out)
         output = out.getvalue()
-        self.assertIn('class City(models.Model):', output)
+        self.assertIn("class City(models.Model):", output)
 
     def test_mapping_option(self):
         expected = (
@@ -174,10 +188,11 @@ class OGRInspectTest(SimpleTestCase):
             "    'density': 'Density',\n"
             "    'created': 'Created',\n"
             "    'geom': 'POINT',\n"
-            "}\n")
-        shp_file = os.path.join(TEST_DATA, 'cities', 'cities.shp')
+            "}\n"
+        )
+        shp_file = os.path.join(TEST_DATA, "cities", "cities.shp")
         out = StringIO()
-        call_command('ogrinspect', shp_file, '--mapping', 'City', stdout=out)
+        call_command("ogrinspect", shp_file, "--mapping", "City", stdout=out)
         self.assertIn(expected, out.getvalue())
 
 
@@ -187,19 +202,23 @@ def get_ogr_db_string():
     GDAL will create its own connection to the database, so we re-use the
     connection settings from the Django test.
     """
-    db = connections.databases['default']
+    db = connections.databases["default"]
 
     # Map from the django backend into the OGR driver name and database identifier
     # https://gdal.org/drivers/vector/
     #
     # TODO: Support Oracle (OCI).
     drivers = {
-        'django.contrib.gis.db.backends.postgis': ('PostgreSQL', "PG:dbname='%(db_name)s'", ' '),
-        'django.contrib.gis.db.backends.mysql': ('MySQL', 'MYSQL:"%(db_name)s"', ','),
-        'django.contrib.gis.db.backends.spatialite': ('SQLite', '%(db_name)s', '')
+        "django.contrib.gis.db.backends.postgis": (
+            "PostgreSQL",
+            "PG:dbname='%(db_name)s'",
+            " ",
+        ),
+        "django.contrib.gis.db.backends.mysql": ("MySQL", 'MYSQL:"%(db_name)s"', ","),
+        "django.contrib.gis.db.backends.spatialite": ("SQLite", "%(db_name)s", ""),
     }
 
-    db_engine = db['ENGINE']
+    db_engine = db["ENGINE"]
     if db_engine not in drivers:
         return None
 
@@ -212,20 +231,21 @@ def get_ogr_db_string():
         return None
 
     # SQLite/SpatiaLite in-memory databases
-    if db['NAME'] == ":memory:":
+    if db["NAME"] == ":memory:":
         return None
 
     # Build the params of the OGR database connection string
-    params = [db_str % {'db_name': db['NAME']}]
+    params = [db_str % {"db_name": db["NAME"]}]
 
     def add(key, template):
         value = db.get(key, None)
         # Don't add the parameter if it is not in django's settings
         if value:
             params.append(template % value)
-    add('HOST', "host='%s'")
-    add('PORT', "port='%s'")
-    add('USER', "user='%s'")
-    add('PASSWORD', "password='%s'")
+
+    add("HOST", "host='%s'")
+    add("PORT", "port='%s'")
+    add("USER", "user='%s'")
+    add("PASSWORD", "password='%s'")
 
     return param_sep.join(params)
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/layermap/models.py b/tests/gis_tests/layermap/models.py
index b488eedffe..953332539a 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/layermap/models.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/layermap/models.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class CountyFeat(NamedModel):
 
 
 class City(NamedModel):
-    name_txt = models.TextField(default='')
+    name_txt = models.TextField(default="")
     name_short = models.CharField(max_length=5)
     population = models.IntegerField()
     density = models.DecimalField(max_digits=7, decimal_places=1)
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class City(NamedModel):
     point = models.PointField()
 
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'layermap'
+        app_label = "layermap"
 
 
 class Interstate(NamedModel):
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class Interstate(NamedModel):
     path = models.LineStringField()
 
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'layermap'
+        app_label = "layermap"
 
 
 # Same as `City` above, but for testing model inheritance.
@@ -91,37 +91,37 @@ class DoesNotAllowNulls(models.Model):
 
 # Mapping dictionaries for the models above.
 co_mapping = {
-    'name': 'Name',
+    "name": "Name",
     # ForeignKey's use another mapping dictionary for the _related_ Model (State in this case).
-    'state': {'name': 'State'},
-    'mpoly': 'MULTIPOLYGON',  # Will convert POLYGON features into MULTIPOLYGONS.
+    "state": {"name": "State"},
+    "mpoly": "MULTIPOLYGON",  # Will convert POLYGON features into MULTIPOLYGONS.
 }
 
 cofeat_mapping = {
-    'name': 'Name',
-    'poly': 'POLYGON',
+    "name": "Name",
+    "poly": "POLYGON",
 }
 
 city_mapping = {
-    'name': 'Name',
-    'population': 'Population',
-    'density': 'Density',
-    'dt': 'Created',
-    'point': 'POINT',
+    "name": "Name",
+    "population": "Population",
+    "density": "Density",
+    "dt": "Created",
+    "point": "POINT",
 }
 
 inter_mapping = {
-    'name': 'Name',
-    'length': 'Length',
-    'path': 'LINESTRING',
+    "name": "Name",
+    "length": "Length",
+    "path": "LINESTRING",
 }
 
 has_nulls_mapping = {
-    'geom': 'POLYGON',
-    'uuid': 'uuid',
-    'datetime': 'datetime',
-    'name': 'name',
-    'integer': 'integer',
-    'num': 'num',
-    'boolean': 'boolean',
+    "geom": "POLYGON",
+    "uuid": "uuid",
+    "datetime": "datetime",
+    "name": "name",
+    "integer": "integer",
+    "num": "num",
+    "boolean": "boolean",
 }
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/layermap/tests.py b/tests/gis_tests/layermap/tests.py
index 4e1d0f69ba..a7aafcc60c 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/layermap/tests.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/layermap/tests.py
@@ -7,47 +7,61 @@ from pathlib import Path
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib.gis.gdal import DataSource
 from django.contrib.gis.utils.layermapping import (
-    InvalidDecimal, InvalidString, LayerMapError, LayerMapping,
+    InvalidDecimal,
+    InvalidString,
+    LayerMapError,
+    LayerMapping,
     MissingForeignKey,
 )
 from django.db import connection
 from django.test import TestCase, override_settings
 
 from .models import (
-    City, County, CountyFeat, DoesNotAllowNulls, HasNulls, ICity1, ICity2,
-    Interstate, Invalid, State, city_mapping, co_mapping, cofeat_mapping,
-    has_nulls_mapping, inter_mapping,
+    City,
+    County,
+    CountyFeat,
+    DoesNotAllowNulls,
+    HasNulls,
+    ICity1,
+    ICity2,
+    Interstate,
+    Invalid,
+    State,
+    city_mapping,
+    co_mapping,
+    cofeat_mapping,
+    has_nulls_mapping,
+    inter_mapping,
 )
 
-shp_path = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent / 'data'
-city_shp = shp_path / 'cities' / 'cities.shp'
-co_shp = shp_path / 'counties' / 'counties.shp'
-inter_shp = shp_path / 'interstates' / 'interstates.shp'
-invalid_shp = shp_path / 'invalid' / 'emptypoints.shp'
-has_nulls_geojson = shp_path / 'has_nulls' / 'has_nulls.geojson'
+shp_path = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent / "data"
+city_shp = shp_path / "cities" / "cities.shp"
+co_shp = shp_path / "counties" / "counties.shp"
+inter_shp = shp_path / "interstates" / "interstates.shp"
+invalid_shp = shp_path / "invalid" / "emptypoints.shp"
+has_nulls_geojson = shp_path / "has_nulls" / "has_nulls.geojson"
 
 # Dictionaries to hold what's expected in the county shapefile.
-NAMES = ['Bexar', 'Galveston', 'Harris', 'Honolulu', 'Pueblo']
+NAMES = ["Bexar", "Galveston", "Harris", "Honolulu", "Pueblo"]
 NUMS = [1, 2, 1, 19, 1]  # Number of polygons for each.
-STATES = ['Texas', 'Texas', 'Texas', 'Hawaii', 'Colorado']
+STATES = ["Texas", "Texas", "Texas", "Hawaii", "Colorado"]
 
 
 class LayerMapTest(TestCase):
-
     def test_init(self):
         "Testing LayerMapping initialization."
 
         # Model field that does not exist.
         bad1 = copy(city_mapping)
-        bad1['foobar'] = 'FooField'
+        bad1["foobar"] = "FooField"
 
         # Shapefile field that does not exist.
         bad2 = copy(city_mapping)
-        bad2['name'] = 'Nombre'
+        bad2["name"] = "Nombre"
 
         # Nonexistent geographic field type.
         bad3 = copy(city_mapping)
-        bad3['point'] = 'CURVE'
+        bad3["point"] = "CURVE"
 
         # Incrementing through the bad mapping dictionaries and
         # ensuring that a LayerMapError is raised.
@@ -57,7 +71,7 @@ class LayerMapTest(TestCase):
 
         # A LookupError should be thrown for bogus encodings.
         with self.assertRaises(LookupError):
-            LayerMapping(City, city_shp, city_mapping, encoding='foobar')
+            LayerMapping(City, city_shp, city_mapping, encoding="foobar")
 
     def test_simple_layermap(self):
         "Test LayerMapping import of a simple point shapefile."
@@ -73,10 +87,10 @@ class LayerMapTest(TestCase):
         ds = DataSource(city_shp)
         layer = ds[0]
         for feat in layer:
-            city = City.objects.get(name=feat['Name'].value)
-            self.assertEqual(feat['Population'].value, city.population)
-            self.assertEqual(Decimal(str(feat['Density'])), city.density)
-            self.assertEqual(feat['Created'].value, city.dt)
+            city = City.objects.get(name=feat["Name"].value)
+            self.assertEqual(feat["Population"].value, city.population)
+            self.assertEqual(Decimal(str(feat["Density"])), city.density)
+            self.assertEqual(feat["Created"].value, city.dt)
 
             # Comparing the geometries.
             pnt1, pnt2 = feat.geom, city.point
@@ -110,14 +124,14 @@ class LayerMapTest(TestCase):
         # Only the first two features of this shapefile are valid.
         valid_feats = ds[0][:2]
         for feat in valid_feats:
-            istate = Interstate.objects.get(name=feat['Name'].value)
+            istate = Interstate.objects.get(name=feat["Name"].value)
 
             if feat.fid == 0:
-                self.assertEqual(Decimal(str(feat['Length'])), istate.length)
+                self.assertEqual(Decimal(str(feat["Length"])), istate.length)
             elif feat.fid == 1:
                 # Everything but the first two decimal digits were truncated,
                 # because the Interstate model's `length` field has decimal_places=2.
-                self.assertAlmostEqual(feat.get('Length'), float(istate.length), 2)
+                self.assertAlmostEqual(feat.get("Length"), float(istate.length), 2)
 
             for p1, p2 in zip(feat.geom, istate.path):
                 self.assertAlmostEqual(p1[0], p2[0], 6)
@@ -145,16 +159,20 @@ class LayerMapTest(TestCase):
 
         # Specifying the source spatial reference system via the `source_srs` keyword.
         lm = LayerMapping(County, co_shp, co_mapping, source_srs=4269)
-        lm = LayerMapping(County, co_shp, co_mapping, source_srs='NAD83')
+        lm = LayerMapping(County, co_shp, co_mapping, source_srs="NAD83")
 
         # Unique may take tuple or string parameters.
-        for arg in ('name', ('name', 'mpoly')):
+        for arg in ("name", ("name", "mpoly")):
             lm = LayerMapping(County, co_shp, co_mapping, transform=False, unique=arg)
 
         # Now test for failures
 
         # Testing invalid params for the `unique` keyword.
-        for e, arg in ((TypeError, 5.0), (ValueError, 'foobar'), (ValueError, ('name', 'mpolygon'))):
+        for e, arg in (
+            (TypeError, 5.0),
+            (ValueError, "foobar"),
+            (ValueError, ("name", "mpolygon")),
+        ):
             with self.assertRaises(e):
                 LayerMapping(County, co_shp, co_mapping, transform=False, unique=arg)
 
@@ -166,9 +184,9 @@ class LayerMapTest(TestCase):
         # Passing in invalid ForeignKey mapping parameters -- must be a dictionary
         # mapping for the model the ForeignKey points to.
         bad_fk_map1 = copy(co_mapping)
-        bad_fk_map1['state'] = 'name'
+        bad_fk_map1["state"] = "name"
         bad_fk_map2 = copy(co_mapping)
-        bad_fk_map2['state'] = {'nombre': 'State'}
+        bad_fk_map2["state"] = {"nombre": "State"}
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             LayerMapping(County, co_shp, bad_fk_map1, transform=False)
         with self.assertRaises(LayerMapError):
@@ -177,14 +195,14 @@ class LayerMapTest(TestCase):
         # There exist no State models for the ForeignKey mapping to work -- should raise
         # a MissingForeignKey exception (this error would be ignored if the `strict`
         # keyword is not set).
-        lm = LayerMapping(County, co_shp, co_mapping, transform=False, unique='name')
+        lm = LayerMapping(County, co_shp, co_mapping, transform=False, unique="name")
         with self.assertRaises(MissingForeignKey):
             lm.save(silent=True, strict=True)
 
         # Now creating the state models so the ForeignKey mapping may work.
-        State.objects.bulk_create([
-            State(name='Colorado'), State(name='Hawaii'), State(name='Texas')
-        ])
+        State.objects.bulk_create(
+            [State(name="Colorado"), State(name="Hawaii"), State(name="Texas")]
+        )
 
         # If a mapping is specified as a collection, all OGR fields that
         # are not collections will be converted into them.  For example,
@@ -199,7 +217,7 @@ class LayerMapTest(TestCase):
         #    appended to the geometry collection of the unique model.  Thus,
         #    all of the various islands in Honolulu county will be in in one
         #    database record with a MULTIPOLYGON type.
-        lm = LayerMapping(County, co_shp, co_mapping, transform=False, unique='name')
+        lm = LayerMapping(County, co_shp, co_mapping, transform=False, unique="name")
         lm.save(silent=True, strict=True)
 
         # A reference that doesn't use the unique keyword; a new database record will
@@ -216,15 +234,15 @@ class LayerMapTest(TestCase):
         def clear_counties():
             County.objects.all().delete()
 
-        State.objects.bulk_create([
-            State(name='Colorado'), State(name='Hawaii'), State(name='Texas')
-        ])
+        State.objects.bulk_create(
+            [State(name="Colorado"), State(name="Hawaii"), State(name="Texas")]
+        )
 
         # Initializing the LayerMapping object to use in these tests.
-        lm = LayerMapping(County, co_shp, co_mapping, transform=False, unique='name')
+        lm = LayerMapping(County, co_shp, co_mapping, transform=False, unique="name")
 
         # Bad feature id ranges should raise a type error.
-        bad_ranges = (5.0, 'foo', co_shp)
+        bad_ranges = (5.0, "foo", co_shp)
         for bad in bad_ranges:
             with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
                 lm.save(fid_range=bad)
@@ -239,7 +257,7 @@ class LayerMapTest(TestCase):
         # one model is returned because the `unique` keyword was set.
         qs = County.objects.all()
         self.assertEqual(1, qs.count())
-        self.assertEqual('Galveston', qs[0].name)
+        self.assertEqual("Galveston", qs[0].name)
 
         # Features IDs 5 and beyond for Honolulu County, Hawaii, and
         # FID 0 is for Pueblo County, Colorado.
@@ -250,13 +268,13 @@ class LayerMapTest(TestCase):
         # Only Pueblo & Honolulu counties should be present because of
         # the `unique` keyword.  Have to set `order_by` on this QuerySet
         # or else MySQL will return a different ordering than the other dbs.
-        qs = County.objects.order_by('name')
+        qs = County.objects.order_by("name")
         self.assertEqual(2, qs.count())
         hi, co = tuple(qs)
-        hi_idx, co_idx = tuple(map(NAMES.index, ('Honolulu', 'Pueblo')))
-        self.assertEqual('Pueblo', co.name)
+        hi_idx, co_idx = tuple(map(NAMES.index, ("Honolulu", "Pueblo")))
+        self.assertEqual("Pueblo", co.name)
         self.assertEqual(NUMS[co_idx], len(co.mpoly))
-        self.assertEqual('Honolulu', hi.name)
+        self.assertEqual("Honolulu", hi.name)
         self.assertEqual(NUMS[hi_idx], len(hi.mpoly))
 
         # Testing the `step` keyword -- should get the same counties
@@ -270,11 +288,11 @@ class LayerMapTest(TestCase):
     def test_model_inheritance(self):
         "Tests LayerMapping on inherited models.  See #12093."
         icity_mapping = {
-            'name': 'Name',
-            'population': 'Population',
-            'density': 'Density',
-            'point': 'POINT',
-            'dt': 'Created',
+            "name": "Name",
+            "population": "Population",
+            "density": "Density",
+            "point": "POINT",
+            "dt": "Created",
         }
         # Parent model has geometry field.
         lm1 = LayerMapping(ICity1, city_shp, icity_mapping)
@@ -289,14 +307,13 @@ class LayerMapTest(TestCase):
 
     def test_invalid_layer(self):
         "Tests LayerMapping on invalid geometries.  See #15378."
-        invalid_mapping = {'point': 'POINT'}
-        lm = LayerMapping(Invalid, invalid_shp, invalid_mapping,
-                          source_srs=4326)
+        invalid_mapping = {"point": "POINT"}
+        lm = LayerMapping(Invalid, invalid_shp, invalid_mapping, source_srs=4326)
         lm.save(silent=True)
 
     def test_charfield_too_short(self):
         mapping = copy(city_mapping)
-        mapping['name_short'] = 'Name'
+        mapping["name_short"] = "Name"
         lm = LayerMapping(City, city_shp, mapping)
         with self.assertRaises(InvalidString):
             lm.save(silent=True, strict=True)
@@ -304,15 +321,15 @@ class LayerMapTest(TestCase):
     def test_textfield(self):
         "String content fits also in a TextField"
         mapping = copy(city_mapping)
-        mapping['name_txt'] = 'Name'
+        mapping["name_txt"] = "Name"
         lm = LayerMapping(City, city_shp, mapping)
         lm.save(silent=True, strict=True)
         self.assertEqual(City.objects.count(), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(City.objects.get(name='Houston').name_txt, "Houston")
+        self.assertEqual(City.objects.get(name="Houston").name_txt, "Houston")
 
     def test_encoded_name(self):
-        """ Test a layer containing utf-8-encoded name """
-        city_shp = shp_path / 'ch-city' / 'ch-city.shp'
+        """Test a layer containing utf-8-encoded name"""
+        city_shp = shp_path / "ch-city" / "ch-city.shp"
         lm = LayerMapping(City, city_shp, city_mapping)
         lm.save(silent=True, strict=True)
         self.assertEqual(City.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -320,10 +337,12 @@ class LayerMapTest(TestCase):
 
     def test_null_geom_with_unique(self):
         """LayerMapping may be created with a unique and a null geometry."""
-        State.objects.bulk_create([State(name='Colorado'), State(name='Hawaii'), State(name='Texas')])
-        hw = State.objects.get(name='Hawaii')
-        hu = County.objects.create(name='Honolulu', state=hw, mpoly=None)
-        lm = LayerMapping(County, co_shp, co_mapping, transform=False, unique='name')
+        State.objects.bulk_create(
+            [State(name="Colorado"), State(name="Hawaii"), State(name="Texas")]
+        )
+        hw = State.objects.get(name="Hawaii")
+        hu = County.objects.create(name="Honolulu", state=hw, mpoly=None)
+        lm = LayerMapping(County, co_shp, co_mapping, transform=False, unique="name")
         lm.save(silent=True, strict=True)
         hu.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertIsNotNone(hu.mpoly)
@@ -341,9 +360,9 @@ class LayerMapTest(TestCase):
         "Test LayerMapping import of GeoJSON with a null string value."
         lm = LayerMapping(HasNulls, has_nulls_geojson, has_nulls_mapping)
         lm.save()
-        self.assertEqual(HasNulls.objects.filter(name='None').count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(HasNulls.objects.filter(name="None").count(), 0)
         num_empty = 1 if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls else 0
-        self.assertEqual(HasNulls.objects.filter(name='').count(), num_empty)
+        self.assertEqual(HasNulls.objects.filter(name="").count(), num_empty)
         self.assertEqual(HasNulls.objects.filter(name__isnull=True).count(), 1)
 
     def test_nullable_boolean_imported(self):
@@ -358,15 +377,24 @@ class LayerMapTest(TestCase):
         """LayerMapping import of GeoJSON with a nullable date/time value."""
         lm = LayerMapping(HasNulls, has_nulls_geojson, has_nulls_mapping)
         lm.save()
-        self.assertEqual(HasNulls.objects.filter(datetime__lt=datetime.date(1994, 8, 15)).count(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(HasNulls.objects.filter(datetime='2018-11-29T03:02:52').count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            HasNulls.objects.filter(datetime__lt=datetime.date(1994, 8, 15)).count(), 1
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            HasNulls.objects.filter(datetime="2018-11-29T03:02:52").count(), 1
+        )
         self.assertEqual(HasNulls.objects.filter(datetime__isnull=True).count(), 1)
 
     def test_uuids_imported(self):
         """LayerMapping import of GeoJSON with UUIDs."""
         lm = LayerMapping(HasNulls, has_nulls_geojson, has_nulls_mapping)
         lm.save()
-        self.assertEqual(HasNulls.objects.filter(uuid='1378c26f-cbe6-44b0-929f-eb330d4991f5').count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            HasNulls.objects.filter(
+                uuid="1378c26f-cbe6-44b0-929f-eb330d4991f5"
+            ).count(),
+            1,
+        )
 
     def test_null_number_imported_not_allowed(self):
         """
@@ -385,7 +413,7 @@ class LayerMapTest(TestCase):
 
 class OtherRouter:
     def db_for_read(self, model, **hints):
-        return 'other'
+        return "other"
 
     def db_for_write(self, model, **hints):
         return self.db_for_read(model, **hints)
@@ -402,9 +430,9 @@ class OtherRouter:
 
 @override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[OtherRouter()])
 class LayerMapRouterTest(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(len(settings.DATABASES) > 1, 'multiple databases required')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(len(settings.DATABASES) > 1, "multiple databases required")
     def test_layermapping_default_db(self):
         lm = LayerMapping(City, city_shp, city_mapping)
-        self.assertEqual(lm.using, 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(lm.using, "other")
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/rasterapp/migrations/0001_setup_extensions.py b/tests/gis_tests/rasterapp/migrations/0001_setup_extensions.py
index 35451b3a1e..227d6b668d 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/rasterapp/migrations/0001_setup_extensions.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/rasterapp/migrations/0001_setup_extensions.py
@@ -9,10 +9,12 @@ if connection.features.supports_raster:
         # PostGIS 3+ requires postgis_raster extension.
         if pg_version[1:] >= (3,):
             operations = [
-                CreateExtension('postgis_raster'),
+                CreateExtension("postgis_raster"),
             ]
         else:
             operations = []
+
 else:
+
     class Migration(migrations.Migration):
         operations = []
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/rasterapp/migrations/0002_rastermodels.py b/tests/gis_tests/rasterapp/migrations/0002_rastermodels.py
index 58b742c1b2..68b77f1d85 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/rasterapp/migrations/0002_rastermodels.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/rasterapp/migrations/0002_rastermodels.py
@@ -6,42 +6,67 @@ from django.db.models import deletion
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('rasterapp', '0001_setup_extensions'),
+        ("rasterapp", "0001_setup_extensions"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='RasterModel',
+            name="RasterModel",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
-                ('rast', models.fields.RasterField(
-                    blank=True,
-                    null=True,
-                    srid=4326,
-                    verbose_name='A Verbose Raster Name',
-                )),
-                ('rastprojected', models.fields.RasterField(
-                    null=True,
-                    srid=3086,
-                    verbose_name='A Projected Raster Table',
-                )),
-                ('geom', models.fields.PointField(null=True, srid=4326)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                        serialize=False,
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "rast",
+                    models.fields.RasterField(
+                        blank=True,
+                        null=True,
+                        srid=4326,
+                        verbose_name="A Verbose Raster Name",
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "rastprojected",
+                    models.fields.RasterField(
+                        null=True,
+                        srid=3086,
+                        verbose_name="A Projected Raster Table",
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("geom", models.fields.PointField(null=True, srid=4326)),
             ],
             options={
-                'required_db_features': ['supports_raster'],
+                "required_db_features": ["supports_raster"],
             },
         ),
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='RasterRelatedModel',
+            name="RasterRelatedModel",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
-                ('rastermodel', models.ForeignKey(
-                    on_delete=deletion.CASCADE,
-                    to='rasterapp.rastermodel',
-                )),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                        serialize=False,
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "rastermodel",
+                    models.ForeignKey(
+                        on_delete=deletion.CASCADE,
+                        to="rasterapp.rastermodel",
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
             options={
-                'required_db_features': ['supports_raster'],
+                "required_db_features": ["supports_raster"],
             },
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/rasterapp/models.py b/tests/gis_tests/rasterapp/models.py
index e7769f19c4..db540bd488 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/rasterapp/models.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/rasterapp/models.py
@@ -2,12 +2,14 @@ from django.contrib.gis.db import models
 
 
 class RasterModel(models.Model):
-    rast = models.RasterField('A Verbose Raster Name', null=True, srid=4326, spatial_index=True, blank=True)
-    rastprojected = models.RasterField('A Projected Raster Table', srid=3086, null=True)
+    rast = models.RasterField(
+        "A Verbose Raster Name", null=True, srid=4326, spatial_index=True, blank=True
+    )
+    rastprojected = models.RasterField("A Projected Raster Table", srid=3086, null=True)
     geom = models.PointField(null=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        required_db_features = ['supports_raster']
+        required_db_features = ["supports_raster"]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return str(self.id)
@@ -17,7 +19,7 @@ class RasterRelatedModel(models.Model):
     rastermodel = models.ForeignKey(RasterModel, models.CASCADE)
 
     class Meta:
-        required_db_features = ['supports_raster']
+        required_db_features = ["supports_raster"]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return str(self.id)
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/rasterapp/test_rasterfield.py b/tests/gis_tests/rasterapp/test_rasterfield.py
index 6981fcebc4..3f2ce770a9 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/rasterapp/test_rasterfield.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/rasterapp/test_rasterfield.py
@@ -16,21 +16,23 @@ from ..data.rasters.textrasters import JSON_RASTER
 from .models import RasterModel, RasterRelatedModel
 
 
-@skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_raster')
+@skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_raster")
 class RasterFieldTest(TransactionTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['gis_tests.rasterapp']
+    available_apps = ["gis_tests.rasterapp"]
 
     def setUp(self):
-        rast = GDALRaster({
-            "srid": 4326,
-            "origin": [0, 0],
-            "scale": [-1, 1],
-            "skew": [0, 0],
-            "width": 5,
-            "height": 5,
-            "nr_of_bands": 2,
-            "bands": [{"data": range(25)}, {"data": range(25, 50)}],
-        })
+        rast = GDALRaster(
+            {
+                "srid": 4326,
+                "origin": [0, 0],
+                "scale": [-1, 1],
+                "skew": [0, 0],
+                "width": 5,
+                "height": 5,
+                "nr_of_bands": 2,
+                "bands": [{"data": range(25)}, {"data": range(25, 50)}],
+            }
+        )
         model_instance = RasterModel.objects.create(
             rast=rast,
             rastprojected=rast,
@@ -53,19 +55,21 @@ class RasterFieldTest(TransactionTestCase):
 
     def test_deserialize_with_pixeltype_flags(self):
         no_data = 3
-        rast = GDALRaster({
-            'srid': 4326,
-            'origin': [0, 0],
-            'scale': [-1, 1],
-            'skew': [0, 0],
-            'width': 1,
-            'height': 1,
-            'nr_of_bands': 1,
-            'bands': [{'data': [no_data], 'nodata_value': no_data}],
-        })
+        rast = GDALRaster(
+            {
+                "srid": 4326,
+                "origin": [0, 0],
+                "scale": [-1, 1],
+                "skew": [0, 0],
+                "width": 1,
+                "height": 1,
+                "nr_of_bands": 1,
+                "bands": [{"data": [no_data], "nodata_value": no_data}],
+            }
+        )
         r = RasterModel.objects.create(rast=rast)
         RasterModel.objects.filter(pk=r.pk).update(
-            rast=Func(F('rast'), function='ST_SetBandIsNoData'),
+            rast=Func(F("rast"), function="ST_SetBandIsNoData"),
         )
         r.refresh_from_db()
         band = r.rast.bands[0].data()
@@ -96,13 +100,33 @@ class RasterFieldTest(TransactionTestCase):
         # value is as expected.
         self.assertEqual(
             [
-                0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0,
-                5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0,
-                10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0, 14.0,
-                15.0, 16.0, 17.0, 18.0, 19.0,
-                20.0, 21.0, 22.0, 23.0, 24.0
+                0.0,
+                1.0,
+                2.0,
+                3.0,
+                4.0,
+                5.0,
+                6.0,
+                7.0,
+                8.0,
+                9.0,
+                10.0,
+                11.0,
+                12.0,
+                13.0,
+                14.0,
+                15.0,
+                16.0,
+                17.0,
+                18.0,
+                19.0,
+                20.0,
+                21.0,
+                22.0,
+                23.0,
+                24.0,
             ],
-            band
+            band,
         )
 
     def test_implicit_raster_transformation(self):
@@ -113,7 +137,7 @@ class RasterFieldTest(TransactionTestCase):
         # Parse json raster
         rast = json.loads(JSON_RASTER)
         # Update srid to another value
-        rast['srid'] = 3086
+        rast["srid"] = 3086
         # Save model and get it from db
         r = RasterModel.objects.create(rast=rast)
         r.refresh_from_db()
@@ -121,8 +145,12 @@ class RasterFieldTest(TransactionTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(r.rast.srs.srid, 4326)
         # Confirm geotransform is in lat/lon
         expected = [
-            -87.9298551266551, 9.459646421449934e-06, 0.0, 23.94249275457565,
-            0.0, -9.459646421449934e-06,
+            -87.9298551266551,
+            9.459646421449934e-06,
+            0.0,
+            23.94249275457565,
+            0.0,
+            -9.459646421449934e-06,
         ]
         for val, exp in zip(r.rast.geotransform, expected):
             self.assertAlmostEqual(exp, val)
@@ -132,8 +160,7 @@ class RasterFieldTest(TransactionTestCase):
         RasterField should accept a positional verbose name argument.
         """
         self.assertEqual(
-            RasterModel._meta.get_field('rast').verbose_name,
-            'A Verbose Raster Name'
+            RasterModel._meta.get_field("rast").verbose_name, "A Verbose Raster Name"
         )
 
     def test_all_gis_lookups_with_rasters(self):
@@ -143,13 +170,11 @@ class RasterFieldTest(TransactionTestCase):
         unprojected coordinate systems. This test just checks that the lookup
         can be called, but doesn't check if the result makes logical sense.
         """
-        from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.postgis.operations import (
-            PostGISOperations,
-        )
+        from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.postgis.operations import PostGISOperations
 
         # Create test raster and geom.
         rast = GDALRaster(json.loads(JSON_RASTER))
-        stx_pnt = GEOSGeometry('POINT (-95.370401017314293 29.704867409475465)', 4326)
+        stx_pnt = GEOSGeometry("POINT (-95.370401017314293 29.704867409475465)", 4326)
         stx_pnt.transform(3086)
 
         lookups = [
@@ -157,64 +182,83 @@ class RasterFieldTest(TransactionTestCase):
             for name, lookup in BaseSpatialField.get_lookups().items()
             if issubclass(lookup, GISLookup)
         ]
-        self.assertNotEqual(lookups, [], 'No lookups found')
+        self.assertNotEqual(lookups, [], "No lookups found")
         # Loop through all the GIS lookups.
         for name, lookup in lookups:
             # Construct lookup filter strings.
             combo_keys = [
-                field + name for field in [
-                    'rast__', 'rast__', 'rastprojected__0__', 'rast__',
-                    'rastprojected__', 'geom__', 'rast__',
+                field + name
+                for field in [
+                    "rast__",
+                    "rast__",
+                    "rastprojected__0__",
+                    "rast__",
+                    "rastprojected__",
+                    "geom__",
+                    "rast__",
                 ]
             ]
             if issubclass(lookup, DistanceLookupBase):
                 # Set lookup values for distance lookups.
                 combo_values = [
-                    (rast, 50, 'spheroid'),
-                    (rast, 0, 50, 'spheroid'),
+                    (rast, 50, "spheroid"),
+                    (rast, 0, 50, "spheroid"),
                     (rast, 0, D(km=1)),
                     (stx_pnt, 0, 500),
                     (stx_pnt, D(km=1000)),
                     (rast, 500),
                     (json.loads(JSON_RASTER), 500),
                 ]
-            elif name == 'relate':
+            elif name == "relate":
                 # Set lookup values for the relate lookup.
                 combo_values = [
-                    (rast, 'T*T***FF*'),
-                    (rast, 0, 'T*T***FF*'),
-                    (rast, 0, 'T*T***FF*'),
-                    (stx_pnt, 0, 'T*T***FF*'),
-                    (stx_pnt, 'T*T***FF*'),
-                    (rast, 'T*T***FF*'),
-                    (json.loads(JSON_RASTER), 'T*T***FF*'),
+                    (rast, "T*T***FF*"),
+                    (rast, 0, "T*T***FF*"),
+                    (rast, 0, "T*T***FF*"),
+                    (stx_pnt, 0, "T*T***FF*"),
+                    (stx_pnt, "T*T***FF*"),
+                    (rast, "T*T***FF*"),
+                    (json.loads(JSON_RASTER), "T*T***FF*"),
                 ]
-            elif name == 'isvalid':
+            elif name == "isvalid":
                 # The isvalid lookup doesn't make sense for rasters.
                 continue
             elif PostGISOperations.gis_operators[name].func:
                 # Set lookup values for all function based operators.
                 combo_values = [
-                    rast, (rast, 0), (rast, 0), (stx_pnt, 0), stx_pnt,
-                    rast, json.loads(JSON_RASTER)
+                    rast,
+                    (rast, 0),
+                    (rast, 0),
+                    (stx_pnt, 0),
+                    stx_pnt,
+                    rast,
+                    json.loads(JSON_RASTER),
                 ]
             else:
                 # Override band lookup for these, as it's not supported.
-                combo_keys[2] = 'rastprojected__' + name
+                combo_keys[2] = "rastprojected__" + name
                 # Set lookup values for all other operators.
-                combo_values = [rast, None, rast, stx_pnt, stx_pnt, rast, json.loads(JSON_RASTER)]
+                combo_values = [
+                    rast,
+                    None,
+                    rast,
+                    stx_pnt,
+                    stx_pnt,
+                    rast,
+                    json.loads(JSON_RASTER),
+                ]
 
             # Create query filter combinations.
             self.assertEqual(
                 len(combo_keys),
                 len(combo_values),
-                'Number of lookup names and values should be the same',
+                "Number of lookup names and values should be the same",
             )
             combos = [x for x in zip(combo_keys, combo_values) if x[1]]
             self.assertEqual(
                 [(n, x) for n, x in enumerate(combos) if x in combos[:n]],
                 [],
-                'There are repeated test lookups',
+                "There are repeated test lookups",
             )
             combos = [{k: v} for k, v in combos]
 
@@ -236,14 +280,16 @@ class RasterFieldTest(TransactionTestCase):
         """
         # Create test raster and geom.
         rast = GDALRaster(json.loads(JSON_RASTER))
-        stx_pnt = GEOSGeometry('POINT (-95.370401017314293 29.704867409475465)', 4326)
+        stx_pnt = GEOSGeometry("POINT (-95.370401017314293 29.704867409475465)", 4326)
         stx_pnt.transform(3086)
 
         # Filter raster with different lookup raster formats.
         qs = RasterModel.objects.filter(rastprojected__dwithin=(rast, D(km=1)))
         self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 1)
 
-        qs = RasterModel.objects.filter(rastprojected__dwithin=(json.loads(JSON_RASTER), D(km=1)))
+        qs = RasterModel.objects.filter(
+            rastprojected__dwithin=(json.loads(JSON_RASTER), D(km=1))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 1)
 
         qs = RasterModel.objects.filter(rastprojected__dwithin=(JSON_RASTER, D(km=1)))
@@ -287,7 +333,10 @@ class RasterFieldTest(TransactionTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 1)
 
         # Filter through conditional statements.
-        qs = RasterModel.objects.filter(Q(rast__dwithin=(rast, 40)) & Q(rastprojected__dwithin=(stx_pnt, D(km=10000))))
+        qs = RasterModel.objects.filter(
+            Q(rast__dwithin=(rast, 40))
+            & Q(rastprojected__dwithin=(stx_pnt, D(km=10000)))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 1)
 
         # Filter through different lookup.
@@ -296,35 +345,43 @@ class RasterFieldTest(TransactionTestCase):
 
     def test_lookup_input_tuple_too_long(self):
         rast = GDALRaster(json.loads(JSON_RASTER))
-        msg = 'Tuple too long for lookup bbcontains.'
+        msg = "Tuple too long for lookup bbcontains."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             RasterModel.objects.filter(rast__bbcontains=(rast, 1, 2))
 
     def test_lookup_input_band_not_allowed(self):
         rast = GDALRaster(json.loads(JSON_RASTER))
         qs = RasterModel.objects.filter(rast__bbcontains=(rast, 1))
-        msg = 'Band indices are not allowed for this operator, it works on bbox only.'
+        msg = "Band indices are not allowed for this operator, it works on bbox only."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             qs.count()
 
     def test_isvalid_lookup_with_raster_error(self):
         qs = RasterModel.objects.filter(rast__isvalid=True)
-        msg = 'IsValid function requires a GeometryField in position 1, got RasterField.'
+        msg = (
+            "IsValid function requires a GeometryField in position 1, got RasterField."
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             qs.count()
 
     def test_result_of_gis_lookup_with_rasters(self):
         # Point is in the interior
-        qs = RasterModel.objects.filter(rast__contains=GEOSGeometry('POINT (-0.5 0.5)', 4326))
+        qs = RasterModel.objects.filter(
+            rast__contains=GEOSGeometry("POINT (-0.5 0.5)", 4326)
+        )
         self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 1)
         # Point is in the exterior
-        qs = RasterModel.objects.filter(rast__contains=GEOSGeometry('POINT (0.5 0.5)', 4326))
+        qs = RasterModel.objects.filter(
+            rast__contains=GEOSGeometry("POINT (0.5 0.5)", 4326)
+        )
         self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 0)
         # A point on the boundary is not contained properly
-        qs = RasterModel.objects.filter(rast__contains_properly=GEOSGeometry('POINT (0 0)', 4326))
+        qs = RasterModel.objects.filter(
+            rast__contains_properly=GEOSGeometry("POINT (0 0)", 4326)
+        )
         self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 0)
         # Raster is located left of the point
-        qs = RasterModel.objects.filter(rast__left=GEOSGeometry('POINT (1 0)', 4326))
+        qs = RasterModel.objects.filter(rast__left=GEOSGeometry("POINT (1 0)", 4326))
         self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 1)
 
     def test_lookup_with_raster_bbox(self):
@@ -363,7 +420,7 @@ class RasterFieldTest(TransactionTestCase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             RasterModel.objects.filter(geom__intersects=obj)
         # Test with invalid string lookup parameter
-        obj = '00000'
+        obj = "00000"
         msg = "Couldn't create spatial object from lookup value '%s'." % obj
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             RasterModel.objects.filter(geom__intersects=obj)
@@ -378,14 +435,22 @@ class RasterFieldTest(TransactionTestCase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             RasterModel.objects.annotate(distance_from_point=Distance("geom", rast))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            RasterModel.objects.annotate(distance_from_point=Distance("rastprojected", rast))
-        msg = "Distance function requires a GeometryField in position 1, got RasterField."
+            RasterModel.objects.annotate(
+                distance_from_point=Distance("rastprojected", rast)
+            )
+        msg = (
+            "Distance function requires a GeometryField in position 1, got RasterField."
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            RasterModel.objects.annotate(distance_from_point=Distance("rastprojected", point)).count()
+            RasterModel.objects.annotate(
+                distance_from_point=Distance("rastprojected", point)
+            ).count()
 
     def test_lhs_with_index_rhs_without_index(self):
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as queries:
-            RasterModel.objects.filter(rast__0__contains=json.loads(JSON_RASTER)).exists()
+            RasterModel.objects.filter(
+                rast__0__contains=json.loads(JSON_RASTER)
+            ).exists()
         # It's easier to check the indexes in the generated SQL than to write
         # tests that cover all index combinations.
-        self.assertRegex(queries[-1]['sql'], r'WHERE ST_Contains\([^)]*, 1, [^)]*, 1\)')
+        self.assertRegex(queries[-1]["sql"], r"WHERE ST_Contains\([^)]*, 1, [^)]*, 1\)")
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/relatedapp/models.py b/tests/gis_tests/relatedapp/models.py
index 6903617a2a..94a0a28780 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/relatedapp/models.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/relatedapp/models.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class Parcel(SimpleModel):
     city = models.ForeignKey(City, models.CASCADE)
     center1 = models.PointField()
     # Throwing a curveball w/`db_column` here.
-    center2 = models.PointField(srid=2276, db_column='mycenter')
+    center2 = models.PointField(srid=2276, db_column="mycenter")
     border1 = models.PolygonField()
     border2 = models.PolygonField(srid=2276)
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class Article(SimpleModel):
 
 class Book(SimpleModel):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
-    author = models.ForeignKey(Author, models.SET_NULL, related_name='books', null=True)
+    author = models.ForeignKey(Author, models.SET_NULL, related_name="books", null=True)
 
 
 class Event(SimpleModel):
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/relatedapp/tests.py b/tests/gis_tests/relatedapp/tests.py
index b834e13d48..48f9c12b69 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/relatedapp/tests.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/relatedapp/tests.py
@@ -5,25 +5,23 @@ from django.test import TestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
 from django.test.utils import override_settings
 from django.utils import timezone
 
-from .models import (
-    Article, Author, Book, City, DirectoryEntry, Event, Location, Parcel,
-)
+from .models import Article, Author, Book, City, DirectoryEntry, Event, Location, Parcel
 
 
 class RelatedGeoModelTest(TestCase):
-    fixtures = ['initial']
+    fixtures = ["initial"]
 
     def test02_select_related(self):
         "Testing `select_related` on geographic models (see #7126)."
-        qs1 = City.objects.order_by('id')
-        qs2 = City.objects.order_by('id').select_related()
-        qs3 = City.objects.order_by('id').select_related('location')
+        qs1 = City.objects.order_by("id")
+        qs2 = City.objects.order_by("id").select_related()
+        qs3 = City.objects.order_by("id").select_related("location")
 
         # Reference data for what's in the fixtures.
         cities = (
-            ('Aurora', 'TX', -97.516111, 33.058333),
-            ('Roswell', 'NM', -104.528056, 33.387222),
-            ('Kecksburg', 'PA', -79.460734, 40.18476),
+            ("Aurora", "TX", -97.516111, 33.058333),
+            ("Roswell", "NM", -104.528056, 33.387222),
+            ("Kecksburg", "PA", -79.460734, 40.18476),
         )
 
         for qs in (qs1, qs2, qs3):
@@ -38,14 +36,18 @@ class RelatedGeoModelTest(TestCase):
     def test_related_extent_aggregate(self):
         "Testing the `Extent` aggregate on related geographic models."
         # This combines the Extent and Union aggregates into one query
-        aggs = City.objects.aggregate(Extent('location__point'))
+        aggs = City.objects.aggregate(Extent("location__point"))
 
         # One for all locations, one that excludes New Mexico (Roswell).
         all_extent = (-104.528056, 29.763374, -79.460734, 40.18476)
         txpa_extent = (-97.516111, 29.763374, -79.460734, 40.18476)
-        e1 = City.objects.aggregate(Extent('location__point'))['location__point__extent']
-        e2 = City.objects.exclude(state='NM').aggregate(Extent('location__point'))['location__point__extent']
-        e3 = aggs['location__point__extent']
+        e1 = City.objects.aggregate(Extent("location__point"))[
+            "location__point__extent"
+        ]
+        e2 = City.objects.exclude(state="NM").aggregate(Extent("location__point"))[
+            "location__point__extent"
+        ]
+        e3 = aggs["location__point__extent"]
 
         # The tolerance value is to four decimal places because of differences
         # between the Oracle and PostGIS spatial backends on the extent calculation.
@@ -59,19 +61,19 @@ class RelatedGeoModelTest(TestCase):
         """
         Test annotation with Extent GeoAggregate.
         """
-        cities = City.objects.annotate(points_extent=Extent('location__point')).order_by('name')
+        cities = City.objects.annotate(
+            points_extent=Extent("location__point")
+        ).order_by("name")
         tol = 4
         self.assertAlmostEqual(
-            cities[0].points_extent,
-            (-97.516111, 33.058333, -97.516111, 33.058333),
-            tol
+            cities[0].points_extent, (-97.516111, 33.058333, -97.516111, 33.058333), tol
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_union_aggr')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_union_aggr")
     def test_related_union_aggregate(self):
         "Testing the `Union` aggregate on related geographic models."
         # This combines the Extent and Union aggregates into one query
-        aggs = City.objects.aggregate(Union('location__point'))
+        aggs = City.objects.aggregate(Union("location__point"))
 
         # These are the points that are components of the aggregate geographic
         # union that is returned.  Each point # corresponds to City PK.
@@ -87,11 +89,11 @@ class RelatedGeoModelTest(TestCase):
         ref_u1 = MultiPoint(p1, p2, p4, p5, p3, srid=4326)
         ref_u2 = MultiPoint(p2, p3, srid=4326)
 
-        u1 = City.objects.aggregate(Union('location__point'))['location__point__union']
+        u1 = City.objects.aggregate(Union("location__point"))["location__point__union"]
         u2 = City.objects.exclude(
-            name__in=('Roswell', 'Houston', 'Dallas', 'Fort Worth'),
-        ).aggregate(Union('location__point'))['location__point__union']
-        u3 = aggs['location__point__union']
+            name__in=("Roswell", "Houston", "Dallas", "Fort Worth"),
+        ).aggregate(Union("location__point"))["location__point__union"]
+        u3 = aggs["location__point__union"]
         self.assertEqual(type(u1), MultiPoint)
         self.assertEqual(type(u3), MultiPoint)
 
@@ -111,11 +113,11 @@ class RelatedGeoModelTest(TestCase):
         # Constructing a dummy parcel border and getting the City instance for
         # assigning the FK.
         b1 = GEOSGeometry(
-            'POLYGON((-97.501205 33.052520,-97.501205 33.052576,'
-            '-97.501150 33.052576,-97.501150 33.052520,-97.501205 33.052520))',
-            srid=4326
+            "POLYGON((-97.501205 33.052520,-97.501205 33.052576,"
+            "-97.501150 33.052576,-97.501150 33.052520,-97.501205 33.052520))",
+            srid=4326,
         )
-        pcity = City.objects.get(name='Aurora')
+        pcity = City.objects.get(name="Aurora")
 
         # First parcel has incorrect center point that is equal to the City;
         # it also has a second border that is different from the first as a
@@ -123,7 +125,9 @@ class RelatedGeoModelTest(TestCase):
         c1 = pcity.location.point
         c2 = c1.transform(2276, clone=True)
         b2 = c2.buffer(100)
-        Parcel.objects.create(name='P1', city=pcity, center1=c1, center2=c2, border1=b1, border2=b2)
+        Parcel.objects.create(
+            name="P1", city=pcity, center1=c1, center2=c2, border1=b1, border2=b2
+        )
 
         # Now creating a second Parcel where the borders are the same, just
         # in different coordinate systems.  The center points are also the
@@ -131,20 +135,26 @@ class RelatedGeoModelTest(TestCase):
         # actually correspond to the centroid of the border.
         c1 = b1.centroid
         c2 = c1.transform(2276, clone=True)
-        b2 = b1 if connection.features.supports_transform else b1.transform(2276, clone=True)
-        Parcel.objects.create(name='P2', city=pcity, center1=c1, center2=c2, border1=b1, border2=b2)
+        b2 = (
+            b1
+            if connection.features.supports_transform
+            else b1.transform(2276, clone=True)
+        )
+        Parcel.objects.create(
+            name="P2", city=pcity, center1=c1, center2=c2, border1=b1, border2=b2
+        )
 
         # Should return the second Parcel, which has the center within the
         # border.
-        qs = Parcel.objects.filter(center1__within=F('border1'))
+        qs = Parcel.objects.filter(center1__within=F("border1"))
         self.assertEqual(1, len(qs))
-        self.assertEqual('P2', qs[0].name)
+        self.assertEqual("P2", qs[0].name)
 
         # This time center2 is in a different coordinate system and needs to be
         # wrapped in transformation SQL.
-        qs = Parcel.objects.filter(center2__within=F('border1'))
+        qs = Parcel.objects.filter(center2__within=F("border1"))
         if connection.features.supports_transform:
-            self.assertEqual('P2', qs.get().name)
+            self.assertEqual("P2", qs.get().name)
         else:
             msg = "This backend doesn't support the Transform function."
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
@@ -152,14 +162,14 @@ class RelatedGeoModelTest(TestCase):
 
         # Should return the first Parcel, which has the center point equal
         # to the point in the City ForeignKey.
-        qs = Parcel.objects.filter(center1=F('city__location__point'))
+        qs = Parcel.objects.filter(center1=F("city__location__point"))
         self.assertEqual(1, len(qs))
-        self.assertEqual('P1', qs[0].name)
+        self.assertEqual("P1", qs[0].name)
 
         # This time the city column should be wrapped in transformation SQL.
-        qs = Parcel.objects.filter(border2__contains=F('city__location__point'))
+        qs = Parcel.objects.filter(border2__contains=F("city__location__point"))
         if connection.features.supports_transform:
-            self.assertEqual('P1', qs.get().name)
+            self.assertEqual("P1", qs.get().name)
         else:
             msg = "This backend doesn't support the Transform function."
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
@@ -176,21 +186,21 @@ class RelatedGeoModelTest(TestCase):
         for m, d, t in zip(gqs, gvqs, gvlqs):
             # The values should be Geometry objects and not raw strings returned
             # by the spatial database.
-            self.assertIsInstance(d['point'], GEOSGeometry)
+            self.assertIsInstance(d["point"], GEOSGeometry)
             self.assertIsInstance(t[1], GEOSGeometry)
-            self.assertEqual(m.point, d['point'])
+            self.assertEqual(m.point, d["point"])
             self.assertEqual(m.point, t[1])
 
     @override_settings(USE_TZ=True)
     def test_07b_values(self):
         "Testing values() and values_list() with aware datetime. See #21565."
         Event.objects.create(name="foo", when=timezone.now())
-        list(Event.objects.values_list('when'))
+        list(Event.objects.values_list("when"))
 
     def test08_defer_only(self):
         "Testing defer() and only() on Geographic models."
         qs = Location.objects.all()
-        def_qs = Location.objects.defer('point')
+        def_qs = Location.objects.defer("point")
         for loc, def_loc in zip(qs, def_qs):
             self.assertEqual(loc.point, def_loc.point)
 
@@ -202,31 +212,33 @@ class RelatedGeoModelTest(TestCase):
         # ID column is selected instead of ID column for the city.
         city_ids = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
         loc_ids = (1, 2, 3, 5, 4)
-        ids_qs = City.objects.order_by('id').values('id', 'location__id')
+        ids_qs = City.objects.order_by("id").values("id", "location__id")
         for val_dict, c_id, l_id in zip(ids_qs, city_ids, loc_ids):
-            self.assertEqual(val_dict['id'], c_id)
-            self.assertEqual(val_dict['location__id'], l_id)
+            self.assertEqual(val_dict["id"], c_id)
+            self.assertEqual(val_dict["location__id"], l_id)
 
     def test10_combine(self):
         "Testing the combination of two QuerySets (#10807)."
-        buf1 = City.objects.get(name='Aurora').location.point.buffer(0.1)
-        buf2 = City.objects.get(name='Kecksburg').location.point.buffer(0.1)
+        buf1 = City.objects.get(name="Aurora").location.point.buffer(0.1)
+        buf2 = City.objects.get(name="Kecksburg").location.point.buffer(0.1)
         qs1 = City.objects.filter(location__point__within=buf1)
         qs2 = City.objects.filter(location__point__within=buf2)
         combined = qs1 | qs2
         names = [c.name for c in combined]
         self.assertEqual(2, len(names))
-        self.assertIn('Aurora', names)
-        self.assertIn('Kecksburg', names)
+        self.assertIn("Aurora", names)
+        self.assertIn("Kecksburg", names)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('allows_group_by_lob')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("allows_group_by_lob")
     def test12a_count(self):
         "Testing `Count` aggregate on geo-fields."
         # The City, 'Fort Worth' uses the same location as Dallas.
-        dallas = City.objects.get(name='Dallas')
+        dallas = City.objects.get(name="Dallas")
 
         # Count annotation should be 2 for the Dallas location now.
-        loc = Location.objects.annotate(num_cities=Count('city')).get(id=dallas.location.id)
+        loc = Location.objects.annotate(num_cities=Count("city")).get(
+            id=dallas.location.id
+        )
         self.assertEqual(2, loc.num_cities)
 
     def test12b_count(self):
@@ -234,25 +246,33 @@ class RelatedGeoModelTest(TestCase):
         # Should only be one author (Trevor Paglen) returned by this query, and
         # the annotation should have 3 for the number of books, see #11087.
         # Also testing with a values(), see #11489.
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(num_books=Count('books')).filter(num_books__gt=1)
-        vqs = Author.objects.values('name').annotate(num_books=Count('books')).filter(num_books__gt=1)
+        qs = Author.objects.annotate(num_books=Count("books")).filter(num_books__gt=1)
+        vqs = (
+            Author.objects.values("name")
+            .annotate(num_books=Count("books"))
+            .filter(num_books__gt=1)
+        )
         self.assertEqual(1, len(qs))
         self.assertEqual(3, qs[0].num_books)
         self.assertEqual(1, len(vqs))
-        self.assertEqual(3, vqs[0]['num_books'])
+        self.assertEqual(3, vqs[0]["num_books"])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('allows_group_by_lob')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("allows_group_by_lob")
     def test13c_count(self):
         "Testing `Count` aggregate with `.values()`.  See #15305."
-        qs = Location.objects.filter(id=5).annotate(num_cities=Count('city')).values('id', 'point', 'num_cities')
+        qs = (
+            Location.objects.filter(id=5)
+            .annotate(num_cities=Count("city"))
+            .values("id", "point", "num_cities")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(1, len(qs))
-        self.assertEqual(2, qs[0]['num_cities'])
-        self.assertIsInstance(qs[0]['point'], GEOSGeometry)
+        self.assertEqual(2, qs[0]["num_cities"])
+        self.assertIsInstance(qs[0]["point"], GEOSGeometry)
 
     def test13_select_related_null_fk(self):
         "Testing `select_related` on a nullable ForeignKey."
-        Book.objects.create(title='Without Author')
-        b = Book.objects.select_related('author').get(title='Without Author')
+        Book.objects.create(title="Without Author")
+        b = Book.objects.select_related("author").get(title="Without Author")
         # Should be `None`, and not a 'dummy' model.
         self.assertIsNone(b.author)
 
@@ -266,11 +286,13 @@ class RelatedGeoModelTest(TestCase):
         #    "relatedapp_location" ON ("relatedapp_city"."location_id" = "relatedapp_location"."id")
         #    WHERE "relatedapp_city"."state" = 'TX';
         ref_geom = GEOSGeometry(
-            'MULTIPOINT(-97.516111 33.058333,-96.801611 32.782057,'
-            '-95.363151 29.763374,-96.801611 32.782057)'
+            "MULTIPOINT(-97.516111 33.058333,-96.801611 32.782057,"
+            "-95.363151 29.763374,-96.801611 32.782057)"
         )
 
-        coll = City.objects.filter(state='TX').aggregate(Collect('location__point'))['location__point__collect']
+        coll = City.objects.filter(state="TX").aggregate(Collect("location__point"))[
+            "location__point__collect"
+        ]
         # Even though Dallas and Ft. Worth share same point, Collect doesn't
         # consolidate -- that's why 4 points in MultiPoint.
         self.assertEqual(4, len(coll))
@@ -278,7 +300,7 @@ class RelatedGeoModelTest(TestCase):
 
     def test15_invalid_select_related(self):
         "Testing doing select_related on the related name manager of a unique FK. See #13934."
-        qs = Article.objects.select_related('author__article')
+        qs = Article.objects.select_related("author__article")
         # This triggers TypeError when `get_default_columns` has no `local_only`
         # keyword.  The TypeError is swallowed if QuerySet is actually
         # evaluated as list generation swallows TypeError in CPython.
@@ -286,8 +308,12 @@ class RelatedGeoModelTest(TestCase):
 
     def test16_annotated_date_queryset(self):
         "Ensure annotated date querysets work if spatial backend is used.  See #14648."
-        birth_years = [dt.year for dt in
-                       list(Author.objects.annotate(num_books=Count('books')).dates('dob', 'year'))]
+        birth_years = [
+            dt.year
+            for dt in list(
+                Author.objects.annotate(num_books=Count("books")).dates("dob", "year")
+            )
+        ]
         birth_years.sort()
         self.assertEqual([1950, 1974], birth_years)
 
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/test_data.py b/tests/gis_tests/test_data.py
index ab6e13f558..0a94907320 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/test_data.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/test_data.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import os
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
 # Path where reference test data is located.
-TEST_DATA = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'data')
+TEST_DATA = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "data")
 
 
 def tuplize(seq):
@@ -24,16 +24,14 @@ def strconvert(d):
 
 
 def get_ds_file(name, ext):
-    return os.path.join(TEST_DATA,
-                        name,
-                        name + '.%s' % ext
-                        )
+    return os.path.join(TEST_DATA, name, name + ".%s" % ext)
 
 
 class TestObj:
     """
     Base testing object, turns keyword args into attributes.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
         for key, value in kwargs.items():
             setattr(self, key, value)
@@ -43,7 +41,8 @@ class TestDS(TestObj):
     """
     Object for testing GDAL data sources.
     """
-    def __init__(self, name, *, ext='shp', **kwargs):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, *, ext="shp", **kwargs):
         # Shapefile is default extension, unless specified otherwise.
         self.name = name
         self.ds = get_ds_file(name, ext)
@@ -55,6 +54,7 @@ class TestGeom(TestObj):
     Testing object used for wrapping reference geometry data
     in GEOS/GDAL tests.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, *, coords=None, centroid=None, ext_ring_cs=None, **kwargs):
         # Converting lists to tuples of certain keyword args
         # so coordinate test cases will match (JSON has no
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ class TestGeomSet:
     """
     Each attribute of this object is a list of `TestGeom` instances.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
         for key, value in kwargs.items():
             setattr(self, key, [TestGeom(**strconvert(kw)) for kw in value])
@@ -81,9 +82,10 @@ class TestDataMixin:
     Mixin used for GEOS/GDAL test cases that defines a `geometries`
     property, which returns and/or loads the reference geometry data.
     """
+
     @cached_property
     def geometries(self):
         # Load up the test geometry data from fixture into global.
-        with open(os.path.join(TEST_DATA, 'geometries.json')) as f:
+        with open(os.path.join(TEST_DATA, "geometries.json")) as f:
             geometries = json.load(f)
         return TestGeomSet(**strconvert(geometries))
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/test_fields.py b/tests/gis_tests/test_fields.py
index c9e6833767..933514fee7 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/test_fields.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/test_fields.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class FieldsTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_area_field_deepcopy(self):
         field = AreaField(None)
         self.assertEqual(copy.deepcopy(field), field)
@@ -20,21 +19,38 @@ class GeometryFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_deconstruct_empty(self):
         field = GeometryField()
         *_, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'srid': 4326})
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"srid": 4326})
 
     def test_deconstruct_values(self):
         field = GeometryField(
             srid=4067,
             dim=3,
             geography=True,
-            extent=(50199.4814, 6582464.0358, -50000.0, 761274.6247, 7799839.8902, 50000.0),
+            extent=(
+                50199.4814,
+                6582464.0358,
+                -50000.0,
+                761274.6247,
+                7799839.8902,
+                50000.0,
+            ),
             tolerance=0.01,
         )
         *_, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {
-            'srid': 4067,
-            'dim': 3,
-            'geography': True,
-            'extent': (50199.4814, 6582464.0358, -50000.0, 761274.6247, 7799839.8902, 50000.0),
-            'tolerance': 0.01,
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs,
+            {
+                "srid": 4067,
+                "dim": 3,
+                "geography": True,
+                "extent": (
+                    50199.4814,
+                    6582464.0358,
+                    -50000.0,
+                    761274.6247,
+                    7799839.8902,
+                    50000.0,
+                ),
+                "tolerance": 0.01,
+            },
+        )
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/test_geoforms.py b/tests/gis_tests/test_geoforms.py
index a2a3ccae7b..949ad46a41 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/test_geoforms.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/test_geoforms.py
@@ -9,11 +9,10 @@ from django.utils.html import escape
 
 
 class GeometryFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_init(self):
         "Testing GeometryField initialization with defaults."
         fld = forms.GeometryField()
-        for bad_default in ('blah', 3, 'FoO', None, 0):
+        for bad_default in ("blah", 3, "FoO", None, 0):
             with self.subTest(bad_default=bad_default):
                 with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
                     fld.clean(bad_default)
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ class GeometryFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
         # Input that doesn't specify the SRID is assumed to be in the SRID
         # of the input field.
         fld = forms.GeometryField(srid=4326)
-        geom = fld.clean('POINT(5 23)')
+        geom = fld.clean("POINT(5 23)")
         self.assertEqual(4326, geom.srid)
         # Making the field in a different SRID from that of the geometry, and
         # asserting it transforms.
@@ -31,9 +30,13 @@ class GeometryFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
         # Different PROJ versions use different transformations, all are
         # correct as having a 1 meter accuracy.
         tol = 1
-        xform_geom = GEOSGeometry('POINT (951640.547328465 4219369.26171664)', srid=32140)
+        xform_geom = GEOSGeometry(
+            "POINT (951640.547328465 4219369.26171664)", srid=32140
+        )
         # The cleaned geometry is transformed to 32140 (the widget map_srid is 3857).
-        cleaned_geom = fld.clean('SRID=3857;POINT (-10615777.40976205 3473169.895707852)')
+        cleaned_geom = fld.clean(
+            "SRID=3857;POINT (-10615777.40976205 3473169.895707852)"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(cleaned_geom.srid, 32140)
         self.assertTrue(xform_geom.equals_exact(cleaned_geom, tol))
 
@@ -52,22 +55,31 @@ class GeometryFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
         "Testing GeometryField's handling of different geometry types."
         # By default, all geometry types are allowed.
         fld = forms.GeometryField()
-        for wkt in ('POINT(5 23)', 'MULTIPOLYGON(((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0)))', 'LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)'):
+        for wkt in (
+            "POINT(5 23)",
+            "MULTIPOLYGON(((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0)))",
+            "LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)",
+        ):
             with self.subTest(wkt=wkt):
                 # to_python() uses the SRID of OpenLayersWidget if the
                 # converted value doesn't have an SRID.
-                self.assertEqual(GEOSGeometry(wkt, srid=fld.widget.map_srid), fld.clean(wkt))
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    GEOSGeometry(wkt, srid=fld.widget.map_srid), fld.clean(wkt)
+                )
 
-        pnt_fld = forms.GeometryField(geom_type='POINT')
-        self.assertEqual(GEOSGeometry('POINT(5 23)', srid=pnt_fld.widget.map_srid), pnt_fld.clean('POINT(5 23)'))
+        pnt_fld = forms.GeometryField(geom_type="POINT")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            GEOSGeometry("POINT(5 23)", srid=pnt_fld.widget.map_srid),
+            pnt_fld.clean("POINT(5 23)"),
+        )
         # a WKT for any other geom_type will be properly transformed by `to_python`
         self.assertEqual(
-            GEOSGeometry('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)', srid=pnt_fld.widget.map_srid),
-            pnt_fld.to_python('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)')
+            GEOSGeometry("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)", srid=pnt_fld.widget.map_srid),
+            pnt_fld.to_python("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)"),
         )
         # but rejected by `clean`
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            pnt_fld.clean('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)')
+            pnt_fld.clean("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)")
 
     def test_to_python(self):
         """
@@ -75,14 +87,14 @@ class GeometryFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
         a ValidationError.
         """
         good_inputs = [
-            'POINT(5 23)',
-            'MULTIPOLYGON(((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0)))',
-            'LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)',
+            "POINT(5 23)",
+            "MULTIPOLYGON(((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0)))",
+            "LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)",
         ]
         bad_inputs = [
-            'POINT(5)',
-            'MULTI   POLYGON(((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0)))',
-            'BLAH(0 0, 1 1)',
+            "POINT(5)",
+            "MULTI   POLYGON(((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0)))",
+            "BLAH(0 0, 1 1)",
             '{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": ['
             '{"geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [508375, 148905]}, "type": "Feature"}]}',
         ]
@@ -90,7 +102,10 @@ class GeometryFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
         # to_python returns the same GEOSGeometry for a WKT
         for geo_input in good_inputs:
             with self.subTest(geo_input=geo_input):
-                self.assertEqual(GEOSGeometry(geo_input, srid=fld.widget.map_srid), fld.to_python(geo_input))
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    GEOSGeometry(geo_input, srid=fld.widget.map_srid),
+                    fld.to_python(geo_input),
+                )
         # but raises a ValidationError for any other string
         for geo_input in bad_inputs:
             with self.subTest(geo_input=geo_input):
@@ -100,21 +115,23 @@ class GeometryFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_to_python_different_map_srid(self):
         f = forms.GeometryField(widget=OpenLayersWidget)
         json = '{ "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 5.0, 23.0 ] }'
-        self.assertEqual(GEOSGeometry('POINT(5 23)', srid=f.widget.map_srid), f.to_python(json))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            GEOSGeometry("POINT(5 23)", srid=f.widget.map_srid), f.to_python(json)
+        )
 
     def test_field_with_text_widget(self):
         class PointForm(forms.Form):
             pt = forms.PointField(srid=4326, widget=forms.TextInput)
 
         form = PointForm()
-        cleaned_pt = form.fields['pt'].clean('POINT(5 23)')
-        self.assertEqual(cleaned_pt, GEOSGeometry('POINT(5 23)', srid=4326))
+        cleaned_pt = form.fields["pt"].clean("POINT(5 23)")
+        self.assertEqual(cleaned_pt, GEOSGeometry("POINT(5 23)", srid=4326))
         self.assertEqual(4326, cleaned_pt.srid)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, 'Invalid geometry value.'):
-            form.fields['pt'].clean('POINT(5)')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "Invalid geometry value."):
+            form.fields["pt"].clean("POINT(5)")
 
-        point = GEOSGeometry('SRID=4326;POINT(5 23)')
-        form = PointForm(data={'pt': 'POINT(5 23)'}, initial={'pt': point})
+        point = GEOSGeometry("SRID=4326;POINT(5 23)")
+        form = PointForm(data={"pt": "POINT(5 23)"}, initial={"pt": point})
         self.assertFalse(form.has_changed())
 
     def test_field_string_value(self):
@@ -122,36 +139,39 @@ class GeometryFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
         Initialization of a geometry field with a valid/empty/invalid string.
         Only the invalid string should trigger an error log entry.
         """
+
         class PointForm(forms.Form):
             pt1 = forms.PointField(srid=4326)
             pt2 = forms.PointField(srid=4326)
             pt3 = forms.PointField(srid=4326)
 
-        form = PointForm({
-            'pt1': 'SRID=4326;POINT(7.3 44)',  # valid
-            'pt2': '',  # empty
-            'pt3': 'PNT(0)',  # invalid
-        })
+        form = PointForm(
+            {
+                "pt1": "SRID=4326;POINT(7.3 44)",  # valid
+                "pt2": "",  # empty
+                "pt3": "PNT(0)",  # invalid
+            }
+        )
 
-        with self.assertLogs('django.contrib.gis', 'ERROR') as logger_calls:
+        with self.assertLogs("django.contrib.gis", "ERROR") as logger_calls:
             output = str(form)
 
         # The first point can't use assertInHTML() due to non-deterministic
         # ordering of the rendered dictionary.
-        pt1_serialized = re.search(r'<textarea [^>]*>({[^<]+})<', output)[1]
-        pt1_json = pt1_serialized.replace('&quot;', '"')
-        pt1_expected = GEOSGeometry(form.data['pt1']).transform(3857, clone=True)
+        pt1_serialized = re.search(r"<textarea [^>]*>({[^<]+})<", output)[1]
+        pt1_json = pt1_serialized.replace("&quot;", '"')
+        pt1_expected = GEOSGeometry(form.data["pt1"]).transform(3857, clone=True)
         self.assertJSONEqual(pt1_json, pt1_expected.json)
 
         self.assertInHTML(
             '<textarea id="id_pt2" class="vSerializedField required" cols="150"'
             ' rows="10" name="pt2"></textarea>',
-            output
+            output,
         )
         self.assertInHTML(
             '<textarea id="id_pt3" class="vSerializedField required" cols="150"'
             ' rows="10" name="pt3"></textarea>',
-            output
+            output,
         )
         # Only the invalid PNT(0) triggers an error log entry.
         # Deserialization is called in form clean and in widget rendering.
@@ -159,62 +179,74 @@ class GeometryFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             logger_calls.records[0].getMessage(),
             "Error creating geometry from value 'PNT(0)' (String input "
-            "unrecognized as WKT EWKT, and HEXEWKB.)"
+            "unrecognized as WKT EWKT, and HEXEWKB.)",
         )
 
 
 class SpecializedFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self.geometries = {
-            'point': GEOSGeometry("SRID=4326;POINT(9.052734375 42.451171875)"),
-            'multipoint': GEOSGeometry("SRID=4326;MULTIPOINT("
-                                       "(13.18634033203125 14.504356384277344),"
-                                       "(13.207969665527 14.490966796875),"
-                                       "(13.177070617675 14.454917907714))"),
-            'linestring': GEOSGeometry("SRID=4326;LINESTRING("
-                                       "-8.26171875 -0.52734375,"
-                                       "-7.734375 4.21875,"
-                                       "6.85546875 3.779296875,"
-                                       "5.44921875 -3.515625)"),
-            'multilinestring': GEOSGeometry("SRID=4326;MULTILINESTRING("
-                                            "(-16.435546875 -2.98828125,"
-                                            "-17.2265625 2.98828125,"
-                                            "-0.703125 3.515625,"
-                                            "-1.494140625 -3.33984375),"
-                                            "(-8.0859375 -5.9765625,"
-                                            "8.525390625 -8.7890625,"
-                                            "12.392578125 -0.87890625,"
-                                            "10.01953125 7.646484375))"),
-            'polygon': GEOSGeometry("SRID=4326;POLYGON("
-                                    "(-1.669921875 6.240234375,"
-                                    "-3.8671875 -0.615234375,"
-                                    "5.9765625 -3.955078125,"
-                                    "18.193359375 3.955078125,"
-                                    "9.84375 9.4921875,"
-                                    "-1.669921875 6.240234375))"),
-            'multipolygon': GEOSGeometry("SRID=4326;MULTIPOLYGON("
-                                         "((-17.578125 13.095703125,"
-                                         "-17.2265625 10.8984375,"
-                                         "-13.974609375 10.1953125,"
-                                         "-13.359375 12.744140625,"
-                                         "-15.732421875 13.7109375,"
-                                         "-17.578125 13.095703125)),"
-                                         "((-8.525390625 5.537109375,"
-                                         "-8.876953125 2.548828125,"
-                                         "-5.888671875 1.93359375,"
-                                         "-5.09765625 4.21875,"
-                                         "-6.064453125 6.240234375,"
-                                         "-8.525390625 5.537109375)))"),
-            'geometrycollection': GEOSGeometry("SRID=4326;GEOMETRYCOLLECTION("
-                                               "POINT(5.625 -0.263671875),"
-                                               "POINT(6.767578125 -3.603515625),"
-                                               "POINT(8.525390625 0.087890625),"
-                                               "POINT(8.0859375 -2.13134765625),"
-                                               "LINESTRING("
-                                               "6.273193359375 -1.175537109375,"
-                                               "5.77880859375 -1.812744140625,"
-                                               "7.27294921875 -2.230224609375,"
-                                               "7.657470703125 -1.25244140625))"),
+            "point": GEOSGeometry("SRID=4326;POINT(9.052734375 42.451171875)"),
+            "multipoint": GEOSGeometry(
+                "SRID=4326;MULTIPOINT("
+                "(13.18634033203125 14.504356384277344),"
+                "(13.207969665527 14.490966796875),"
+                "(13.177070617675 14.454917907714))"
+            ),
+            "linestring": GEOSGeometry(
+                "SRID=4326;LINESTRING("
+                "-8.26171875 -0.52734375,"
+                "-7.734375 4.21875,"
+                "6.85546875 3.779296875,"
+                "5.44921875 -3.515625)"
+            ),
+            "multilinestring": GEOSGeometry(
+                "SRID=4326;MULTILINESTRING("
+                "(-16.435546875 -2.98828125,"
+                "-17.2265625 2.98828125,"
+                "-0.703125 3.515625,"
+                "-1.494140625 -3.33984375),"
+                "(-8.0859375 -5.9765625,"
+                "8.525390625 -8.7890625,"
+                "12.392578125 -0.87890625,"
+                "10.01953125 7.646484375))"
+            ),
+            "polygon": GEOSGeometry(
+                "SRID=4326;POLYGON("
+                "(-1.669921875 6.240234375,"
+                "-3.8671875 -0.615234375,"
+                "5.9765625 -3.955078125,"
+                "18.193359375 3.955078125,"
+                "9.84375 9.4921875,"
+                "-1.669921875 6.240234375))"
+            ),
+            "multipolygon": GEOSGeometry(
+                "SRID=4326;MULTIPOLYGON("
+                "((-17.578125 13.095703125,"
+                "-17.2265625 10.8984375,"
+                "-13.974609375 10.1953125,"
+                "-13.359375 12.744140625,"
+                "-15.732421875 13.7109375,"
+                "-17.578125 13.095703125)),"
+                "((-8.525390625 5.537109375,"
+                "-8.876953125 2.548828125,"
+                "-5.888671875 1.93359375,"
+                "-5.09765625 4.21875,"
+                "-6.064453125 6.240234375,"
+                "-8.525390625 5.537109375)))"
+            ),
+            "geometrycollection": GEOSGeometry(
+                "SRID=4326;GEOMETRYCOLLECTION("
+                "POINT(5.625 -0.263671875),"
+                "POINT(6.767578125 -3.603515625),"
+                "POINT(8.525390625 0.087890625),"
+                "POINT(8.0859375 -2.13134765625),"
+                "LINESTRING("
+                "6.273193359375 -1.175537109375,"
+                "5.77880859375 -1.812744140625,"
+                "7.27294921875 -2.230224609375,"
+                "7.657470703125 -1.25244140625))"
+            ),
         }
 
     def assertMapWidget(self, form_instance):
@@ -224,15 +256,15 @@ class SpecializedFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.assertTrue(form_instance.is_valid())
         rendered = form_instance.as_p()
-        self.assertIn('new MapWidget(options);', rendered)
-        self.assertIn('map_srid: 3857,', rendered)
-        self.assertIn('gis/js/OLMapWidget.js', str(form_instance.media))
+        self.assertIn("new MapWidget(options);", rendered)
+        self.assertIn("map_srid: 3857,", rendered)
+        self.assertIn("gis/js/OLMapWidget.js", str(form_instance.media))
 
     def assertTextarea(self, geom, rendered):
         """Makes sure the wkt and a textarea are in the content"""
 
-        self.assertIn('<textarea ', rendered)
-        self.assertIn('required', rendered)
+        self.assertIn("<textarea ", rendered)
+        self.assertIn("required", rendered)
         ogr = geom.ogr
         ogr.transform(3857)
         self.assertIn(escape(ogr.json), rendered)
@@ -243,109 +275,121 @@ class SpecializedFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
         class PointForm(forms.Form):
             p = forms.PointField()
 
-        geom = self.geometries['point']
-        form = PointForm(data={'p': geom})
+        geom = self.geometries["point"]
+        form = PointForm(data={"p": geom})
         self.assertTextarea(geom, form.as_p())
         self.assertMapWidget(form)
         self.assertFalse(PointForm().is_valid())
-        invalid = PointForm(data={'p': 'some invalid geom'})
+        invalid = PointForm(data={"p": "some invalid geom"})
         self.assertFalse(invalid.is_valid())
-        self.assertIn('Invalid geometry value', str(invalid.errors))
+        self.assertIn("Invalid geometry value", str(invalid.errors))
 
-        for invalid in [geo for key, geo in self.geometries.items() if key != 'point']:
-            self.assertFalse(PointForm(data={'p': invalid.wkt}).is_valid())
+        for invalid in [geo for key, geo in self.geometries.items() if key != "point"]:
+            self.assertFalse(PointForm(data={"p": invalid.wkt}).is_valid())
 
     def test_multipointfield(self):
         class PointForm(forms.Form):
             p = forms.MultiPointField()
 
-        geom = self.geometries['multipoint']
-        form = PointForm(data={'p': geom})
+        geom = self.geometries["multipoint"]
+        form = PointForm(data={"p": geom})
         self.assertTextarea(geom, form.as_p())
         self.assertMapWidget(form)
         self.assertFalse(PointForm().is_valid())
 
-        for invalid in [geo for key, geo in self.geometries.items() if key != 'multipoint']:
-            self.assertFalse(PointForm(data={'p': invalid.wkt}).is_valid())
+        for invalid in [
+            geo for key, geo in self.geometries.items() if key != "multipoint"
+        ]:
+            self.assertFalse(PointForm(data={"p": invalid.wkt}).is_valid())
 
     def test_linestringfield(self):
         class LineStringForm(forms.Form):
             f = forms.LineStringField()
 
-        geom = self.geometries['linestring']
-        form = LineStringForm(data={'f': geom})
+        geom = self.geometries["linestring"]
+        form = LineStringForm(data={"f": geom})
         self.assertTextarea(geom, form.as_p())
         self.assertMapWidget(form)
         self.assertFalse(LineStringForm().is_valid())
 
-        for invalid in [geo for key, geo in self.geometries.items() if key != 'linestring']:
-            self.assertFalse(LineStringForm(data={'p': invalid.wkt}).is_valid())
+        for invalid in [
+            geo for key, geo in self.geometries.items() if key != "linestring"
+        ]:
+            self.assertFalse(LineStringForm(data={"p": invalid.wkt}).is_valid())
 
     def test_multilinestringfield(self):
         class LineStringForm(forms.Form):
             f = forms.MultiLineStringField()
 
-        geom = self.geometries['multilinestring']
-        form = LineStringForm(data={'f': geom})
+        geom = self.geometries["multilinestring"]
+        form = LineStringForm(data={"f": geom})
         self.assertTextarea(geom, form.as_p())
         self.assertMapWidget(form)
         self.assertFalse(LineStringForm().is_valid())
 
-        for invalid in [geo for key, geo in self.geometries.items() if key != 'multilinestring']:
-            self.assertFalse(LineStringForm(data={'p': invalid.wkt}).is_valid())
+        for invalid in [
+            geo for key, geo in self.geometries.items() if key != "multilinestring"
+        ]:
+            self.assertFalse(LineStringForm(data={"p": invalid.wkt}).is_valid())
 
     def test_polygonfield(self):
         class PolygonForm(forms.Form):
             p = forms.PolygonField()
 
-        geom = self.geometries['polygon']
-        form = PolygonForm(data={'p': geom})
+        geom = self.geometries["polygon"]
+        form = PolygonForm(data={"p": geom})
         self.assertTextarea(geom, form.as_p())
         self.assertMapWidget(form)
         self.assertFalse(PolygonForm().is_valid())
 
-        for invalid in [geo for key, geo in self.geometries.items() if key != 'polygon']:
-            self.assertFalse(PolygonForm(data={'p': invalid.wkt}).is_valid())
+        for invalid in [
+            geo for key, geo in self.geometries.items() if key != "polygon"
+        ]:
+            self.assertFalse(PolygonForm(data={"p": invalid.wkt}).is_valid())
 
     def test_multipolygonfield(self):
         class PolygonForm(forms.Form):
             p = forms.MultiPolygonField()
 
-        geom = self.geometries['multipolygon']
-        form = PolygonForm(data={'p': geom})
+        geom = self.geometries["multipolygon"]
+        form = PolygonForm(data={"p": geom})
         self.assertTextarea(geom, form.as_p())
         self.assertMapWidget(form)
         self.assertFalse(PolygonForm().is_valid())
 
-        for invalid in [geo for key, geo in self.geometries.items() if key != 'multipolygon']:
-            self.assertFalse(PolygonForm(data={'p': invalid.wkt}).is_valid())
+        for invalid in [
+            geo for key, geo in self.geometries.items() if key != "multipolygon"
+        ]:
+            self.assertFalse(PolygonForm(data={"p": invalid.wkt}).is_valid())
 
     def test_geometrycollectionfield(self):
         class GeometryForm(forms.Form):
             g = forms.GeometryCollectionField()
 
-        geom = self.geometries['geometrycollection']
-        form = GeometryForm(data={'g': geom})
+        geom = self.geometries["geometrycollection"]
+        form = GeometryForm(data={"g": geom})
         self.assertTextarea(geom, form.as_p())
         self.assertMapWidget(form)
         self.assertFalse(GeometryForm().is_valid())
 
-        for invalid in [geo for key, geo in self.geometries.items() if key != 'geometrycollection']:
-            self.assertFalse(GeometryForm(data={'g': invalid.wkt}).is_valid())
+        for invalid in [
+            geo for key, geo in self.geometries.items() if key != "geometrycollection"
+        ]:
+            self.assertFalse(GeometryForm(data={"g": invalid.wkt}).is_valid())
 
 
 class OSMWidgetTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self.geometries = {
-            'point': GEOSGeometry("SRID=4326;POINT(9.052734375 42.451171875)"),
+            "point": GEOSGeometry("SRID=4326;POINT(9.052734375 42.451171875)"),
         }
 
     def test_osm_widget(self):
         class PointForm(forms.Form):
             p = forms.PointField(widget=forms.OSMWidget)
 
-        geom = self.geometries['point']
-        form = PointForm(data={'p': geom})
+        geom = self.geometries["point"]
+        form = PointForm(data={"p": geom})
         rendered = form.as_p()
 
         self.assertIn("ol.source.OSM()", rendered)
@@ -358,11 +402,13 @@ class OSMWidgetTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
         class PointForm(forms.Form):
             p = forms.PointField(
-                widget=forms.OSMWidget(attrs={
-                    'default_lon': 20,
-                    'default_lat': 30,
-                    'default_zoom': 17,
-                }),
+                widget=forms.OSMWidget(
+                    attrs={
+                        "default_lon": 20,
+                        "default_lat": 30,
+                        "default_zoom": 17,
+                    }
+                ),
             )
 
         form = PointForm()
@@ -374,48 +420,49 @@ class OSMWidgetTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class GeometryWidgetTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_get_context_attrs(self):
         # The Widget.get_context() attrs argument overrides self.attrs.
-        widget = BaseGeometryWidget(attrs={'geom_type': 'POINT'})
-        context = widget.get_context('point', None, attrs={'geom_type': 'POINT2'})
-        self.assertEqual(context['geom_type'], 'POINT2')
+        widget = BaseGeometryWidget(attrs={"geom_type": "POINT"})
+        context = widget.get_context("point", None, attrs={"geom_type": "POINT2"})
+        self.assertEqual(context["geom_type"], "POINT2")
         # Widget.get_context() returns expected name for geom_type.
-        widget = BaseGeometryWidget(attrs={'geom_type': 'POLYGON'})
-        context = widget.get_context('polygon', None, None)
-        self.assertEqual(context['geom_type'], 'Polygon')
+        widget = BaseGeometryWidget(attrs={"geom_type": "POLYGON"})
+        context = widget.get_context("polygon", None, None)
+        self.assertEqual(context["geom_type"], "Polygon")
         # Widget.get_context() returns 'Geometry' instead of 'Unknown'.
-        widget = BaseGeometryWidget(attrs={'geom_type': 'GEOMETRY'})
-        context = widget.get_context('geometry', None, None)
-        self.assertEqual(context['geom_type'], 'Geometry')
+        widget = BaseGeometryWidget(attrs={"geom_type": "GEOMETRY"})
+        context = widget.get_context("geometry", None, None)
+        self.assertEqual(context["geom_type"], "Geometry")
 
     def test_subwidgets(self):
         widget = forms.BaseGeometryWidget()
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(widget.subwidgets('name', 'value')),
-            [{
-                'is_hidden': False,
-                'attrs': {
-                    'map_srid': 4326,
-                    'map_width': 600,
-                    'geom_type': 'GEOMETRY',
-                    'map_height': 400,
-                    'display_raw': False,
-                },
-                'name': 'name',
-                'template_name': '',
-                'value': 'value',
-                'required': False,
-            }]
+            list(widget.subwidgets("name", "value")),
+            [
+                {
+                    "is_hidden": False,
+                    "attrs": {
+                        "map_srid": 4326,
+                        "map_width": 600,
+                        "geom_type": "GEOMETRY",
+                        "map_height": 400,
+                        "display_raw": False,
+                    },
+                    "name": "name",
+                    "template_name": "",
+                    "value": "value",
+                    "required": False,
+                }
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_custom_serialization_widget(self):
         class CustomGeometryWidget(forms.BaseGeometryWidget):
-            template_name = 'gis/openlayers.html'
+            template_name = "gis/openlayers.html"
             deserialize_called = 0
 
             def serialize(self, value):
-                return value.json if value else ''
+                return value.json if value else ""
 
             def deserialize(self, value):
                 self.deserialize_called += 1
@@ -425,15 +472,15 @@ class GeometryWidgetTests(SimpleTestCase):
             p = forms.PointField(widget=CustomGeometryWidget)
 
         point = GEOSGeometry("SRID=4326;POINT(9.052734375 42.451171875)")
-        form = PointForm(data={'p': point})
+        form = PointForm(data={"p": point})
         self.assertIn(escape(point.json), form.as_p())
 
         CustomGeometryWidget.called = 0
-        widget = form.fields['p'].widget
+        widget = form.fields["p"].widget
         # Force deserialize use due to a string value
-        self.assertIn(escape(point.json), widget.render('p', point.json))
+        self.assertIn(escape(point.json), widget.render("p", point.json))
         self.assertEqual(widget.deserialize_called, 1)
 
-        form = PointForm(data={'p': point.json})
+        form = PointForm(data={"p": point.json})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['p'].srid, 4326)
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data["p"].srid, 4326)
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/test_geoip2.py b/tests/gis_tests/test_geoip2.py
index 91bba2e8ff..163ba4887d 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/test_geoip2.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/test_geoip2.py
@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@ if HAS_GEOIP2:
 # 'GeoLite2-City.mmdb'.
 @skipUnless(
     HAS_GEOIP2 and getattr(settings, "GEOIP_PATH", None),
-    "GeoIP is required along with the GEOIP_PATH setting."
+    "GeoIP is required along with the GEOIP_PATH setting.",
 )
 class GeoIPTest(SimpleTestCase):
-    addr = '129.237.192.1'
-    fqdn = 'ku.edu'
+    addr = "129.237.192.1"
+    fqdn = "ku.edu"
 
     def test01_init(self):
         "GeoIP initialization."
@@ -40,15 +40,15 @@ class GeoIPTest(SimpleTestCase):
             self.assertTrue(g._city)
 
         # Only passing in the location of one database.
-        city = os.path.join(path, 'GeoLite2-City.mmdb')
-        cntry = os.path.join(path, 'GeoLite2-Country.mmdb')
-        g4 = GeoIP2(city, country='')
+        city = os.path.join(path, "GeoLite2-City.mmdb")
+        cntry = os.path.join(path, "GeoLite2-Country.mmdb")
+        g4 = GeoIP2(city, country="")
         self.assertIsNone(g4._country)
-        g5 = GeoIP2(cntry, city='')
+        g5 = GeoIP2(cntry, city="")
         self.assertIsNone(g5._city)
 
         # Improper parameters.
-        bad_params = (23, 'foo', 15.23)
+        bad_params = (23, "foo", 15.23)
         for bad in bad_params:
             with self.assertRaises(GeoIP2Exception):
                 GeoIP2(cache=bad)
@@ -60,19 +60,19 @@ class GeoIPTest(SimpleTestCase):
                 GeoIP2(bad, 0)
 
     def test_no_database_file(self):
-        invalid_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'data')
-        msg = 'Could not load a database from %s.' % invalid_path
+        invalid_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "data")
+        msg = "Could not load a database from %s." % invalid_path
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(GeoIP2Exception, msg):
             GeoIP2(invalid_path)
 
     def test02_bad_query(self):
         "GeoIP query parameter checking."
-        cntry_g = GeoIP2(city='<foo>')
+        cntry_g = GeoIP2(city="<foo>")
         # No city database available, these calls should fail.
         with self.assertRaises(GeoIP2Exception):
-            cntry_g.city('tmc.edu')
+            cntry_g.city("tmc.edu")
         with self.assertRaises(GeoIP2Exception):
-            cntry_g.coords('tmc.edu')
+            cntry_g.coords("tmc.edu")
 
         # Non-string query should raise TypeError
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
@@ -80,92 +80,105 @@ class GeoIPTest(SimpleTestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             cntry_g.country_name(GeoIP2)
 
-    @mock.patch('socket.gethostbyname')
+    @mock.patch("socket.gethostbyname")
     def test03_country(self, gethostbyname):
         "GeoIP country querying methods."
-        gethostbyname.return_value = '128.249.1.1'
-        g = GeoIP2(city='<foo>')
+        gethostbyname.return_value = "128.249.1.1"
+        g = GeoIP2(city="<foo>")
 
         for query in (self.fqdn, self.addr):
             self.assertEqual(
-                'US',
+                "US",
                 g.country_code(query),
-                'Failed for func country_code and query %s' % query
+                "Failed for func country_code and query %s" % query,
             )
             self.assertEqual(
-                'United States',
+                "United States",
                 g.country_name(query),
-                'Failed for func country_name and query %s' % query
+                "Failed for func country_name and query %s" % query,
             )
             self.assertEqual(
-                {'country_code': 'US', 'country_name': 'United States'},
-                g.country(query)
+                {"country_code": "US", "country_name": "United States"},
+                g.country(query),
             )
 
-    @mock.patch('socket.gethostbyname')
+    @mock.patch("socket.gethostbyname")
     def test04_city(self, gethostbyname):
         "GeoIP city querying methods."
-        gethostbyname.return_value = '129.237.192.1'
-        g = GeoIP2(country='<foo>')
+        gethostbyname.return_value = "129.237.192.1"
+        g = GeoIP2(country="<foo>")
 
         for query in (self.fqdn, self.addr):
             # Country queries should still work.
             self.assertEqual(
-                'US',
+                "US",
                 g.country_code(query),
-                'Failed for func country_code and query %s' % query
+                "Failed for func country_code and query %s" % query,
             )
             self.assertEqual(
-                'United States',
+                "United States",
                 g.country_name(query),
-                'Failed for func country_name and query %s' % query
+                "Failed for func country_name and query %s" % query,
             )
             self.assertEqual(
-                {'country_code': 'US', 'country_name': 'United States'},
-                g.country(query)
+                {"country_code": "US", "country_name": "United States"},
+                g.country(query),
             )
 
             # City information dictionary.
             d = g.city(query)
-            self.assertEqual('NA', d['continent_code'])
-            self.assertEqual('North America', d['continent_name'])
-            self.assertEqual('US', d['country_code'])
-            self.assertEqual('Lawrence', d['city'])
-            self.assertEqual('KS', d['region'])
-            self.assertEqual('America/Chicago', d['time_zone'])
-            self.assertFalse(d['is_in_european_union'])
+            self.assertEqual("NA", d["continent_code"])
+            self.assertEqual("North America", d["continent_name"])
+            self.assertEqual("US", d["country_code"])
+            self.assertEqual("Lawrence", d["city"])
+            self.assertEqual("KS", d["region"])
+            self.assertEqual("America/Chicago", d["time_zone"])
+            self.assertFalse(d["is_in_european_union"])
             geom = g.geos(query)
             self.assertIsInstance(geom, GEOSGeometry)
 
-            for e1, e2 in (geom.tuple, g.coords(query), g.lon_lat(query), g.lat_lon(query)):
+            for e1, e2 in (
+                geom.tuple,
+                g.coords(query),
+                g.lon_lat(query),
+                g.lat_lon(query),
+            ):
                 self.assertIsInstance(e1, float)
                 self.assertIsInstance(e2, float)
 
     def test06_ipv6_query(self):
         "GeoIP can lookup IPv6 addresses."
         g = GeoIP2()
-        d = g.city('2002:81ed:c9a5::81ed:c9a5')  # IPv6 address for www.nhm.ku.edu
-        self.assertEqual('US', d['country_code'])
-        self.assertEqual('Lawrence', d['city'])
-        self.assertEqual('KS', d['region'])
+        d = g.city("2002:81ed:c9a5::81ed:c9a5")  # IPv6 address for www.nhm.ku.edu
+        self.assertEqual("US", d["country_code"])
+        self.assertEqual("Lawrence", d["city"])
+        self.assertEqual("KS", d["region"])
 
     def test_repr(self):
         path = settings.GEOIP_PATH
         g = GeoIP2(path=path)
         meta = g._reader.metadata()
-        version = '%s.%s' % (meta.binary_format_major_version, meta.binary_format_minor_version)
+        version = "%s.%s" % (
+            meta.binary_format_major_version,
+            meta.binary_format_minor_version,
+        )
         country_path = g._country_file
         city_path = g._city_file
-        expected = '<GeoIP2 [v%(version)s] _country_file="%(country)s", _city_file="%(city)s">' % {
-            'version': version,
-            'country': country_path,
-            'city': city_path,
-        }
+        expected = (
+            '<GeoIP2 [v%(version)s] _country_file="%(country)s", _city_file="%(city)s">'
+            % {
+                "version": version,
+                "country": country_path,
+                "city": city_path,
+            }
+        )
         self.assertEqual(repr(g), expected)
 
-    @mock.patch('socket.gethostbyname', return_value='expected')
+    @mock.patch("socket.gethostbyname", return_value="expected")
     def test_check_query(self, gethostbyname):
         g = GeoIP2()
-        self.assertEqual(g._check_query('127.0.0.1'), '127.0.0.1')
-        self.assertEqual(g._check_query('2002:81ed:c9a5::81ed:c9a5'), '2002:81ed:c9a5::81ed:c9a5')
-        self.assertEqual(g._check_query('invalid-ip-address'), 'expected')
+        self.assertEqual(g._check_query("127.0.0.1"), "127.0.0.1")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            g._check_query("2002:81ed:c9a5::81ed:c9a5"), "2002:81ed:c9a5::81ed:c9a5"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(g._check_query("invalid-ip-address"), "expected")
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/test_gis_tests_utils.py b/tests/gis_tests/test_gis_tests_utils.py
index 96eea8a9c2..31b2210805 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/test_gis_tests_utils.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/test_gis_tests_utils.py
@@ -11,28 +11,29 @@ def test_mutation(raises=True):
                 output_field = models.IntegerField()
 
                 def __init__(self):
-                    self.attribute = 'initial'
-                    super().__init__('initial', ['initial'])
+                    self.attribute = "initial"
+                    super().__init__("initial", ["initial"])
 
                 def as_sql(self, *args, **kwargs):
                     mutation_func(self)
-                    return '', ()
+                    return "", ()
 
             if raises:
-                msg = 'TestFunc Func was mutated during compilation.'
+                msg = "TestFunc Func was mutated during compilation."
                 with test_case_instance.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-                    getattr(TestFunc(), 'as_' + connection.vendor)(None, None)
+                    getattr(TestFunc(), "as_" + connection.vendor)(None, None)
             else:
-                getattr(TestFunc(), 'as_' + connection.vendor)(None, None)
+                getattr(TestFunc(), "as_" + connection.vendor)(None, None)
 
         return test
+
     return wrapper
 
 
 class FuncTestMixinTests(FuncTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
     @test_mutation()
     def test_mutated_attribute(func):
-        func.attribute = 'mutated'
+        func.attribute = "mutated"
 
     @test_mutation()
     def test_mutated_expressions(func):
@@ -40,11 +41,11 @@ class FuncTestMixinTests(FuncTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
 
     @test_mutation()
     def test_mutated_expression(func):
-        func.source_expressions[0].name = 'mutated'
+        func.source_expressions[0].name = "mutated"
 
     @test_mutation()
     def test_mutated_expression_deep(func):
-        func.source_expressions[1].value[0] = 'mutated'
+        func.source_expressions[1].value[0] = "mutated"
 
     @test_mutation(raises=False)
     def test_not_mutated(func):
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/test_measure.py b/tests/gis_tests/test_measure.py
index bc2249a816..12c7924b11 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/test_measure.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/test_measure.py
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class DistanceTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_access_invalid(self):
         "Testing access in invalid units"
         d = D(m=100)
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(d, 'banana'))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(d, "banana"))
 
     def test_addition(self):
         "Test addition & subtraction"
@@ -109,13 +109,13 @@ class DistanceTest(unittest.TestCase):
         d2 = D(km=1)
 
         d3 = d1 + d2
-        self.assertEqual(d3._default_unit, 'm')
+        self.assertEqual(d3._default_unit, "m")
         d4 = d2 + d1
-        self.assertEqual(d4._default_unit, 'km')
+        self.assertEqual(d4._default_unit, "km")
         d5 = d1 * 2
-        self.assertEqual(d5._default_unit, 'm')
+        self.assertEqual(d5._default_unit, "m")
         d6 = d1 / 2
-        self.assertEqual(d6._default_unit, 'm')
+        self.assertEqual(d6._default_unit, "m")
 
     def test_comparisons(self):
         "Testing comparisons"
@@ -133,10 +133,10 @@ class DistanceTest(unittest.TestCase):
         d1 = D(m=100)
         d2 = D(km=3.5)
 
-        self.assertEqual(str(d1), '100.0 m')
-        self.assertEqual(str(d2), '3.5 km')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(d1), 'Distance(m=100.0)')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(d2), 'Distance(km=3.5)')
+        self.assertEqual(str(d1), "100.0 m")
+        self.assertEqual(str(d2), "3.5 km")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(d1), "Distance(m=100.0)")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(d2), "Distance(km=3.5)")
 
     def test_furlong(self):
         d = D(m=201.168)
@@ -144,9 +144,15 @@ class DistanceTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_unit_att_name(self):
         "Testing the `unit_attname` class method"
-        unit_tuple = [('Yard', 'yd'), ('Nautical Mile', 'nm'), ('German legal metre', 'german_m'),
-                      ('Indian yard', 'indian_yd'), ('Chain (Sears)', 'chain_sears'), ('Chain', 'chain'),
-                      ('Furrow Long', 'furlong')]
+        unit_tuple = [
+            ("Yard", "yd"),
+            ("Nautical Mile", "nm"),
+            ("German legal metre", "german_m"),
+            ("Indian yard", "indian_yd"),
+            ("Chain (Sears)", "chain_sears"),
+            ("Chain", "chain"),
+            ("Furrow Long", "furlong"),
+        ]
         for nm, att in unit_tuple:
             with self.subTest(nm=nm):
                 self.assertEqual(att, D.unit_attname(nm))
@@ -188,7 +194,7 @@ class AreaTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_access_invalid_a(self):
         "Testing access in invalid units"
         a = A(sq_m=100)
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(a, 'banana'))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(a, "banana"))
 
     def test_addition(self):
         "Test addition & subtraction"
@@ -251,13 +257,13 @@ class AreaTest(unittest.TestCase):
         a2 = A(sq_km=1)
 
         a3 = a1 + a2
-        self.assertEqual(a3._default_unit, 'sq_m')
+        self.assertEqual(a3._default_unit, "sq_m")
         a4 = a2 + a1
-        self.assertEqual(a4._default_unit, 'sq_km')
+        self.assertEqual(a4._default_unit, "sq_km")
         a5 = a1 * 2
-        self.assertEqual(a5._default_unit, 'sq_m')
+        self.assertEqual(a5._default_unit, "sq_m")
         a6 = a1 / 2
-        self.assertEqual(a6._default_unit, 'sq_m')
+        self.assertEqual(a6._default_unit, "sq_m")
 
     def test_comparisons(self):
         "Testing comparisons"
@@ -275,10 +281,10 @@ class AreaTest(unittest.TestCase):
         a1 = A(sq_m=100)
         a2 = A(sq_km=3.5)
 
-        self.assertEqual(str(a1), '100.0 sq_m')
-        self.assertEqual(str(a2), '3.5 sq_km')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(a1), 'Area(sq_m=100.0)')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(a2), 'Area(sq_km=3.5)')
+        self.assertEqual(str(a1), "100.0 sq_m")
+        self.assertEqual(str(a2), "3.5 sq_km")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(a1), "Area(sq_m=100.0)")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(a2), "Area(sq_km=3.5)")
 
     def test_hash(self):
         a1 = A(sq_m=100)
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/test_ptr.py b/tests/gis_tests/test_ptr.py
index 1d80e24f92..a09679f5b9 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/test_ptr.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/test_ptr.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class CPointerBaseTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test(self):
         destructor_mock = mock.Mock()
 
@@ -41,10 +40,10 @@ class CPointerBaseTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # results in a TypeError when trying to assign it to the `ptr` property.
         # Thus, memory addresses (integers) and pointers of the incorrect type
         # (in `bad_ptrs`) aren't allowed.
-        bad_ptrs = (5, ctypes.c_char_p(b'foobar'))
+        bad_ptrs = (5, ctypes.c_char_p(b"foobar"))
         for bad_ptr in bad_ptrs:
             for fg in (fg1, fg2):
-                with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, 'Incompatible pointer type'):
+                with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, "Incompatible pointer type"):
                     fg.ptr = bad_ptr
 
         # Object can be deleted without a destructor set.
@@ -60,7 +59,7 @@ class CPointerBaseTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         # The destructor is called if set.
         fg = FakeGeom2()
-        ptr = fg.ptr_type(ctypes.c_float(1.))
+        ptr = fg.ptr_type(ctypes.c_float(1.0))
         fg.ptr = ptr
         del fg
         destructor_mock.assert_called_with(ptr)
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/test_spatialrefsys.py b/tests/gis_tests/test_spatialrefsys.py
index 548be7f54c..e23ea2ba2a 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/test_spatialrefsys.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/test_spatialrefsys.py
@@ -4,20 +4,27 @@ from django.db import connection
 from django.test import TestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
 from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
-test_srs = ({
-    'srid': 4326,
-    'auth_name': ('EPSG', True),
-    'auth_srid': 4326,
-    # Only the beginning, because there are differences depending on installed libs
-    'srtext': 'GEOGCS["WGS 84",DATUM["WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS 84"',
-    # +ellps=WGS84 has been removed in the 4326 proj string in proj-4.8
-    'proj_re': r'\+proj=longlat (\+ellps=WGS84 )?(\+datum=WGS84 |\+towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 )\+no_defs ?',
-    'spheroid': 'WGS 84', 'name': 'WGS 84',
-    'geographic': True, 'projected': False, 'spatialite': True,
-    # From proj's "cs2cs -le" and Wikipedia (semi-minor only)
-    'ellipsoid': (6378137.0, 6356752.3, 298.257223563),
-    'eprec': (1, 1, 9),
-    'wkt': re.sub(r'[\s+]', '', """
+test_srs = (
+    {
+        "srid": 4326,
+        "auth_name": ("EPSG", True),
+        "auth_srid": 4326,
+        # Only the beginning, because there are differences depending on installed libs
+        "srtext": 'GEOGCS["WGS 84",DATUM["WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS 84"',
+        # +ellps=WGS84 has been removed in the 4326 proj string in proj-4.8
+        "proj_re": r"\+proj=longlat (\+ellps=WGS84 )?(\+datum=WGS84 |\+towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 )\+no_defs ?",
+        "spheroid": "WGS 84",
+        "name": "WGS 84",
+        "geographic": True,
+        "projected": False,
+        "spatialite": True,
+        # From proj's "cs2cs -le" and Wikipedia (semi-minor only)
+        "ellipsoid": (6378137.0, 6356752.3, 298.257223563),
+        "eprec": (1, 1, 9),
+        "wkt": re.sub(
+            r"[\s+]",
+            "",
+            """
         GEOGCS["WGS 84",
     DATUM["WGS_1984",
         SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,
@@ -28,37 +35,42 @@ test_srs = ({
     UNIT["degree",0.01745329251994328,
         AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],
     AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]]
-    """)
-}, {
-    'srid': 32140,
-    'auth_name': ('EPSG', False),
-    'auth_srid': 32140,
-    'srtext': (
-        'PROJCS["NAD83 / Texas South Central",GEOGCS["NAD83",'
-        'DATUM["North_American_Datum_1983",SPHEROID["GRS 1980"'
-    ),
-    'proj_re': r'\+proj=lcc (\+lat_1=30.28333333333333? |\+lat_2=28.38333333333333? |\+lat_0=27.83333333333333? |'
-               r'\+lon_0=-99 ){4}\+x_0=600000 \+y_0=4000000 (\+ellps=GRS80 )?'
-               r'(\+datum=NAD83 |\+towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 )?\+units=m \+no_defs ?',
-    'spheroid': 'GRS 1980', 'name': 'NAD83 / Texas South Central',
-    'geographic': False, 'projected': True, 'spatialite': False,
-    # From proj's "cs2cs -le" and Wikipedia (semi-minor only)
-    'ellipsoid': (6378137.0, 6356752.31414, 298.257222101),
-    'eprec': (1, 5, 10),
-})
+    """,
+        ),
+    },
+    {
+        "srid": 32140,
+        "auth_name": ("EPSG", False),
+        "auth_srid": 32140,
+        "srtext": (
+            'PROJCS["NAD83 / Texas South Central",GEOGCS["NAD83",'
+            'DATUM["North_American_Datum_1983",SPHEROID["GRS 1980"'
+        ),
+        "proj_re": r"\+proj=lcc (\+lat_1=30.28333333333333? |\+lat_2=28.38333333333333? |\+lat_0=27.83333333333333? |"
+        r"\+lon_0=-99 ){4}\+x_0=600000 \+y_0=4000000 (\+ellps=GRS80 )?"
+        r"(\+datum=NAD83 |\+towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 )?\+units=m \+no_defs ?",
+        "spheroid": "GRS 1980",
+        "name": "NAD83 / Texas South Central",
+        "geographic": False,
+        "projected": True,
+        "spatialite": False,
+        # From proj's "cs2cs -le" and Wikipedia (semi-minor only)
+        "ellipsoid": (6378137.0, 6356752.31414, 298.257222101),
+        "eprec": (1, 5, 10),
+    },
+)
 
 
 @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_spatialrefsys_table")
 class SpatialRefSysTest(TestCase):
-
     @cached_property
     def SpatialRefSys(self):
         return connection.ops.connection.ops.spatial_ref_sys()
 
     def test_get_units(self):
-        epsg_4326 = next(f for f in test_srs if f['srid'] == 4326)
-        unit, unit_name = self.SpatialRefSys().get_units(epsg_4326['wkt'])
-        self.assertEqual(unit_name, 'degree')
+        epsg_4326 = next(f for f in test_srs if f["srid"] == 4326)
+        unit, unit_name = self.SpatialRefSys().get_units(epsg_4326["wkt"])
+        self.assertEqual(unit_name, "degree")
         self.assertAlmostEqual(unit, 0.01745329251994328)
 
     def test_retrieve(self):
@@ -66,40 +78,40 @@ class SpatialRefSysTest(TestCase):
         Test retrieval of SpatialRefSys model objects.
         """
         for sd in test_srs:
-            srs = self.SpatialRefSys.objects.get(srid=sd['srid'])
-            self.assertEqual(sd['srid'], srs.srid)
+            srs = self.SpatialRefSys.objects.get(srid=sd["srid"])
+            self.assertEqual(sd["srid"], srs.srid)
 
             # Some of the authority names are borked on Oracle, e.g., SRID=32140.
             #  also, Oracle Spatial seems to add extraneous info to fields, hence the
             #  the testing with the 'startswith' flag.
-            auth_name, oracle_flag = sd['auth_name']
+            auth_name, oracle_flag = sd["auth_name"]
             # Compare case-insensitively because srs.auth_name is lowercase
             # ("epsg") on Spatialite.
             if not connection.ops.oracle or oracle_flag:
                 self.assertIs(srs.auth_name.upper().startswith(auth_name), True)
 
-            self.assertEqual(sd['auth_srid'], srs.auth_srid)
+            self.assertEqual(sd["auth_srid"], srs.auth_srid)
 
             # No PROJ and different srtext on Oracle.
             if not connection.ops.oracle:
-                self.assertTrue(srs.wkt.startswith(sd['srtext']))
-                self.assertRegex(srs.proj4text, sd['proj_re'])
+                self.assertTrue(srs.wkt.startswith(sd["srtext"]))
+                self.assertRegex(srs.proj4text, sd["proj_re"])
 
     def test_osr(self):
         """
         Test getting OSR objects from SpatialRefSys model objects.
         """
         for sd in test_srs:
-            sr = self.SpatialRefSys.objects.get(srid=sd['srid'])
-            self.assertTrue(sr.spheroid.startswith(sd['spheroid']))
-            self.assertEqual(sd['geographic'], sr.geographic)
-            self.assertEqual(sd['projected'], sr.projected)
-            self.assertIs(sr.name.startswith(sd['name']), True)
+            sr = self.SpatialRefSys.objects.get(srid=sd["srid"])
+            self.assertTrue(sr.spheroid.startswith(sd["spheroid"]))
+            self.assertEqual(sd["geographic"], sr.geographic)
+            self.assertEqual(sd["projected"], sr.projected)
+            self.assertIs(sr.name.startswith(sd["name"]), True)
             # Testing the SpatialReference object directly.
             if not connection.ops.oracle:
                 srs = sr.srs
-                self.assertRegex(srs.proj, sd['proj_re'])
-                self.assertTrue(srs.wkt.startswith(sd['srtext']))
+                self.assertRegex(srs.proj, sd["proj_re"])
+                self.assertTrue(srs.wkt.startswith(sd["srtext"]))
 
     def test_ellipsoid(self):
         """
@@ -107,17 +119,17 @@ class SpatialRefSysTest(TestCase):
         """
         for sd in test_srs:
             # Getting the ellipsoid and precision parameters.
-            ellps1 = sd['ellipsoid']
-            prec = sd['eprec']
+            ellps1 = sd["ellipsoid"]
+            prec = sd["eprec"]
 
             # Getting our spatial reference and its ellipsoid
-            srs = self.SpatialRefSys.objects.get(srid=sd['srid'])
+            srs = self.SpatialRefSys.objects.get(srid=sd["srid"])
             ellps2 = srs.ellipsoid
 
             for i in range(3):
                 self.assertAlmostEqual(ellps1[i], ellps2[i], prec[i])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_add_srs_entry')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_add_srs_entry")
     def test_add_entry(self):
         """
         Test adding a new entry in the SpatialRefSys model using the
@@ -126,10 +138,8 @@ class SpatialRefSysTest(TestCase):
         from django.contrib.gis.utils import add_srs_entry
 
         add_srs_entry(3857)
-        self.assertTrue(
-            self.SpatialRefSys.objects.filter(srid=3857).exists()
-        )
+        self.assertTrue(self.SpatialRefSys.objects.filter(srid=3857).exists())
         srs = self.SpatialRefSys.objects.get(srid=3857)
         self.assertTrue(
-            self.SpatialRefSys.get_spheroid(srs.wkt).startswith('SPHEROID[')
+            self.SpatialRefSys.get_spheroid(srs.wkt).startswith("SPHEROID[")
         )
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/tests.py b/tests/gis_tests/tests.py
index 2bb95ec3d4..d1c93592a8 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/tests.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/tests.py
@@ -4,19 +4,19 @@ from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.db import ProgrammingError
 
 try:
-    from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.postgis.operations import (
-        PostGISOperations,
-    )
+    from django.contrib.gis.db.backends.postgis.operations import PostGISOperations
+
     HAS_POSTGRES = True
 except ImportError:
     HAS_POSTGRES = False
 
 
 if HAS_POSTGRES:
+
     class FakeConnection:
         def __init__(self):
             self.settings_dict = {
-                'NAME': 'test',
+                "NAME": "test",
             }
 
     class FakePostGISOperations(PostGISOperations):
@@ -25,15 +25,15 @@ if HAS_POSTGRES:
             self.connection = FakeConnection()
 
         def _get_postgis_func(self, func):
-            if func == 'postgis_lib_version':
+            if func == "postgis_lib_version":
                 if self.version is None:
                     raise ProgrammingError
                 else:
                     return self.version
-            elif func == 'version':
+            elif func == "version":
                 pass
             else:
-                raise NotImplementedError('This function was not expected to be called')
+                raise NotImplementedError("This function was not expected to be called")
 
 
 @unittest.skipUnless(HAS_POSTGRES, "The psycopg2 driver is needed for these tests")
@@ -43,34 +43,34 @@ class TestPostGISVersionCheck(unittest.TestCase):
     """
 
     def test_get_version(self):
-        expect = '1.0.0'
+        expect = "1.0.0"
         ops = FakePostGISOperations(expect)
         actual = ops.postgis_lib_version()
         self.assertEqual(expect, actual)
 
     def test_version_classic_tuple(self):
-        expect = ('1.2.3', 1, 2, 3)
+        expect = ("1.2.3", 1, 2, 3)
         ops = FakePostGISOperations(expect[0])
         actual = ops.postgis_version_tuple()
         self.assertEqual(expect, actual)
 
     def test_version_dev_tuple(self):
-        expect = ('1.2.3dev', 1, 2, 3)
+        expect = ("1.2.3dev", 1, 2, 3)
         ops = FakePostGISOperations(expect[0])
         actual = ops.postgis_version_tuple()
         self.assertEqual(expect, actual)
 
     def test_version_loose_tuple(self):
-        expect = ('1.2.3b1.dev0', 1, 2, 3)
+        expect = ("1.2.3b1.dev0", 1, 2, 3)
         ops = FakePostGISOperations(expect[0])
         actual = ops.postgis_version_tuple()
         self.assertEqual(expect, actual)
 
     def test_valid_version_numbers(self):
         versions = [
-            ('1.3.0', 1, 3, 0),
-            ('2.1.1', 2, 1, 1),
-            ('2.2.0dev', 2, 2, 0),
+            ("1.3.0", 1, 3, 0),
+            ("2.1.1", 2, 1, 1),
+            ("2.2.0dev", 2, 2, 0),
         ]
 
         for version in versions:
diff --git a/tests/gis_tests/utils.py b/tests/gis_tests/utils.py
index 35c7d366ee..2fbfd438eb 100644
--- a/tests/gis_tests/utils.py
+++ b/tests/gis_tests/utils.py
@@ -12,25 +12,30 @@ def skipUnlessGISLookup(*gis_lookups):
     """
     Skip a test unless a database supports all of gis_lookups.
     """
+
     def decorator(test_func):
         @wraps(test_func)
         def skip_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
             if any(key not in connection.ops.gis_operators for key in gis_lookups):
                 raise unittest.SkipTest(
-                    "Database doesn't support all the lookups: %s" % ", ".join(gis_lookups)
+                    "Database doesn't support all the lookups: %s"
+                    % ", ".join(gis_lookups)
                 )
             return test_func(*args, **kwargs)
+
         return skip_wrapper
+
     return decorator
 
 
-_default_db = settings.DATABASES[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS]['ENGINE'].rsplit('.')[-1]
+_default_db = settings.DATABASES[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS]["ENGINE"].rsplit(".")[-1]
 # MySQL spatial indices can't handle NULL geometries.
-gisfield_may_be_null = _default_db != 'mysql'
+gisfield_may_be_null = _default_db != "mysql"
 
 
 class FuncTestMixin:
     """Assert that Func expressions aren't mutated during their as_sql()."""
+
     def setUp(self):
         def as_sql_wrapper(original_as_sql):
             def inner(*args, **kwargs):
@@ -40,9 +45,12 @@ class FuncTestMixin:
                 func.output_field
                 __dict__original = copy.deepcopy(func.__dict__)
                 result = original_as_sql(*args, **kwargs)
-                msg = '%s Func was mutated during compilation.' % func.__class__.__name__
+                msg = (
+                    "%s Func was mutated during compilation." % func.__class__.__name__
+                )
                 self.assertEqual(func.__dict__, __dict__original, msg)
                 return result
+
             return inner
 
         def __getattribute__(self, name):
@@ -51,12 +59,14 @@ class FuncTestMixin:
             try:
                 as_sql = __getattribute__original(self, vendor_impl)
             except AttributeError:
-                as_sql = __getattribute__original(self, 'as_sql')
+                as_sql = __getattribute__original(self, "as_sql")
             return as_sql_wrapper(as_sql)
 
-        vendor_impl = 'as_' + connection.vendor
+        vendor_impl = "as_" + connection.vendor
         __getattribute__original = Func.__getattribute__
-        self.func_patcher = mock.patch.object(Func, '__getattribute__', __getattribute__)
+        self.func_patcher = mock.patch.object(
+            Func, "__getattribute__", __getattribute__
+        )
         self.func_patcher.start()
         super().setUp()
 
diff --git a/tests/handlers/test_exception.py b/tests/handlers/test_exception.py
index 0c1e763990..3a483be784 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/test_exception.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/test_exception.py
@@ -4,16 +4,15 @@ from django.test.client import FakePayload
 
 
 class ExceptionHandlerTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def get_suspicious_environ(self):
-        payload = FakePayload('a=1&a=2&a=3\r\n')
+        payload = FakePayload("a=1&a=2&a=3\r\n")
         return {
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
-            'SERVER_NAME': 'test',
-            'SERVER_PORT': '8000',
+            "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+            "CONTENT_TYPE": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+            "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+            "wsgi.input": payload,
+            "SERVER_NAME": "test",
+            "SERVER_PORT": "8000",
         }
 
     @override_settings(DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE=12)
diff --git a/tests/handlers/tests.py b/tests/handlers/tests.py
index dd727cde32..c987b1d472 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/tests.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/tests.py
@@ -3,7 +3,10 @@ from django.core.handlers.wsgi import WSGIHandler, WSGIRequest, get_script_name
 from django.core.signals import request_finished, request_started
 from django.db import close_old_connections, connection
 from django.test import (
-    RequestFactory, SimpleTestCase, TransactionTestCase, override_settings,
+    RequestFactory,
+    SimpleTestCase,
+    TransactionTestCase,
+    override_settings,
 )
 
 
@@ -25,8 +28,8 @@ class HandlerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         A non-UTF-8 path populates PATH_INFO with an URL-encoded path and
         produces a 404.
         """
-        environ = self.request_factory.get('/').environ
-        environ['PATH_INFO'] = '\xed'
+        environ = self.request_factory.get("/").environ
+        environ["PATH_INFO"] = "\xed"
         handler = WSGIHandler()
         response = handler(environ, lambda *a, **k: None)
         # The path of the request will be encoded to '/%ED'.
@@ -36,98 +39,97 @@ class HandlerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         Non-ASCII query strings are properly decoded (#20530, #22996).
         """
-        environ = self.request_factory.get('/').environ
+        environ = self.request_factory.get("/").environ
         raw_query_strings = [
-            b'want=caf%C3%A9',  # This is the proper way to encode 'café'
-            b'want=caf\xc3\xa9',  # UA forgot to quote bytes
-            b'want=caf%E9',  # UA quoted, but not in UTF-8
-            b'want=caf\xe9',  # UA forgot to convert Latin-1 to UTF-8 and to quote (typical of MSIE)
+            b"want=caf%C3%A9",  # This is the proper way to encode 'café'
+            b"want=caf\xc3\xa9",  # UA forgot to quote bytes
+            b"want=caf%E9",  # UA quoted, but not in UTF-8
+            b"want=caf\xe9",  # UA forgot to convert Latin-1 to UTF-8 and to quote (typical of MSIE)
         ]
         got = []
         for raw_query_string in raw_query_strings:
             # Simulate http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler.parse_request handling of raw request
-            environ['QUERY_STRING'] = str(raw_query_string, 'iso-8859-1')
+            environ["QUERY_STRING"] = str(raw_query_string, "iso-8859-1")
             request = WSGIRequest(environ)
-            got.append(request.GET['want'])
+            got.append(request.GET["want"])
         # %E9 is converted to the Unicode replacement character by parse_qsl
-        self.assertEqual(got, ['café', 'café', 'caf\ufffd', 'café'])
+        self.assertEqual(got, ["café", "café", "caf\ufffd", "café"])
 
     def test_non_ascii_cookie(self):
         """Non-ASCII cookies set in JavaScript are properly decoded (#20557)."""
-        environ = self.request_factory.get('/').environ
-        raw_cookie = 'want="café"'.encode('utf-8').decode('iso-8859-1')
-        environ['HTTP_COOKIE'] = raw_cookie
+        environ = self.request_factory.get("/").environ
+        raw_cookie = 'want="café"'.encode("utf-8").decode("iso-8859-1")
+        environ["HTTP_COOKIE"] = raw_cookie
         request = WSGIRequest(environ)
-        self.assertEqual(request.COOKIES['want'], "café")
+        self.assertEqual(request.COOKIES["want"], "café")
 
     def test_invalid_unicode_cookie(self):
         """
         Invalid cookie content should result in an absent cookie, but not in a
         crash while trying to decode it (#23638).
         """
-        environ = self.request_factory.get('/').environ
-        environ['HTTP_COOKIE'] = 'x=W\x03c(h]\x8e'
+        environ = self.request_factory.get("/").environ
+        environ["HTTP_COOKIE"] = "x=W\x03c(h]\x8e"
         request = WSGIRequest(environ)
         # We don't test COOKIES content, as the result might differ between
         # Python version because parsing invalid content became stricter in
         # latest versions.
         self.assertIsInstance(request.COOKIES, dict)
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='handlers.urls')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="handlers.urls")
     def test_invalid_multipart_boundary(self):
         """
         Invalid boundary string should produce a "Bad Request" response, not a
         server error (#23887).
         """
-        environ = self.request_factory.post('/malformed_post/').environ
-        environ['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=WRONG\x07'
+        environ = self.request_factory.post("/malformed_post/").environ
+        environ["CONTENT_TYPE"] = "multipart/form-data; boundary=WRONG\x07"
         handler = WSGIHandler()
         response = handler(environ, lambda *a, **k: None)
         # Expect "bad request" response
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='handlers.urls', MIDDLEWARE=[])
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="handlers.urls", MIDDLEWARE=[])
 class TransactionsPerRequestTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
     available_apps = []
 
     def test_no_transaction(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/in_transaction/')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'False')
+        response = self.client.get("/in_transaction/")
+        self.assertContains(response, "False")
 
     def test_auto_transaction(self):
-        old_atomic_requests = connection.settings_dict['ATOMIC_REQUESTS']
+        old_atomic_requests = connection.settings_dict["ATOMIC_REQUESTS"]
         try:
-            connection.settings_dict['ATOMIC_REQUESTS'] = True
-            response = self.client.get('/in_transaction/')
+            connection.settings_dict["ATOMIC_REQUESTS"] = True
+            response = self.client.get("/in_transaction/")
         finally:
-            connection.settings_dict['ATOMIC_REQUESTS'] = old_atomic_requests
-        self.assertContains(response, 'True')
+            connection.settings_dict["ATOMIC_REQUESTS"] = old_atomic_requests
+        self.assertContains(response, "True")
 
     async def test_auto_transaction_async_view(self):
-        old_atomic_requests = connection.settings_dict['ATOMIC_REQUESTS']
+        old_atomic_requests = connection.settings_dict["ATOMIC_REQUESTS"]
         try:
-            connection.settings_dict['ATOMIC_REQUESTS'] = True
-            msg = 'You cannot use ATOMIC_REQUESTS with async views.'
+            connection.settings_dict["ATOMIC_REQUESTS"] = True
+            msg = "You cannot use ATOMIC_REQUESTS with async views."
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, msg):
-                await self.async_client.get('/async_regular/')
+                await self.async_client.get("/async_regular/")
         finally:
-            connection.settings_dict['ATOMIC_REQUESTS'] = old_atomic_requests
+            connection.settings_dict["ATOMIC_REQUESTS"] = old_atomic_requests
 
     def test_no_auto_transaction(self):
-        old_atomic_requests = connection.settings_dict['ATOMIC_REQUESTS']
+        old_atomic_requests = connection.settings_dict["ATOMIC_REQUESTS"]
         try:
-            connection.settings_dict['ATOMIC_REQUESTS'] = True
-            response = self.client.get('/not_in_transaction/')
+            connection.settings_dict["ATOMIC_REQUESTS"] = True
+            response = self.client.get("/not_in_transaction/")
         finally:
-            connection.settings_dict['ATOMIC_REQUESTS'] = old_atomic_requests
-        self.assertContains(response, 'False')
+            connection.settings_dict["ATOMIC_REQUESTS"] = old_atomic_requests
+        self.assertContains(response, "False")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='handlers.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="handlers.urls")
 class SignalsTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.signals = []
         self.signaled_environ = None
@@ -139,86 +141,93 @@ class SignalsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         request_finished.disconnect(self.register_finished)
 
     def register_started(self, **kwargs):
-        self.signals.append('started')
-        self.signaled_environ = kwargs.get('environ')
+        self.signals.append("started")
+        self.signaled_environ = kwargs.get("environ")
 
     def register_finished(self, **kwargs):
-        self.signals.append('finished')
+        self.signals.append("finished")
 
     def test_request_signals(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/regular/')
-        self.assertEqual(self.signals, ['started', 'finished'])
+        response = self.client.get("/regular/")
+        self.assertEqual(self.signals, ["started", "finished"])
         self.assertEqual(response.content, b"regular content")
         self.assertEqual(self.signaled_environ, response.wsgi_request.environ)
 
     def test_request_signals_streaming_response(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/streaming/')
-        self.assertEqual(self.signals, ['started'])
-        self.assertEqual(b''.join(response.streaming_content), b"streaming content")
-        self.assertEqual(self.signals, ['started', 'finished'])
+        response = self.client.get("/streaming/")
+        self.assertEqual(self.signals, ["started"])
+        self.assertEqual(b"".join(response.streaming_content), b"streaming content")
+        self.assertEqual(self.signals, ["started", "finished"])
 
 
 def empty_middleware(get_response):
     pass
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='handlers.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="handlers.urls")
 class HandlerRequestTests(SimpleTestCase):
     request_factory = RequestFactory()
 
     def test_async_view(self):
         """Calling an async view down the normal synchronous path."""
-        response = self.client.get('/async_regular/')
+        response = self.client.get("/async_regular/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_suspiciousop_in_view_returns_400(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/suspicious/')
+        response = self.client.get("/suspicious/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
 
     def test_bad_request_in_view_returns_400(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/bad_request/')
+        response = self.client.get("/bad_request/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
 
     def test_invalid_urls(self):
-        response = self.client.get('~%A9helloworld')
+        response = self.client.get("~%A9helloworld")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['request_path'], '/~%25A9helloworld')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["request_path"], "/~%25A9helloworld")
 
-        response = self.client.get('d%aao%aaw%aan%aal%aao%aaa%aad%aa/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['request_path'], '/d%25AAo%25AAw%25AAn%25AAl%25AAo%25AAa%25AAd%25AA')
+        response = self.client.get("d%aao%aaw%aan%aal%aao%aaa%aad%aa/")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.context["request_path"],
+            "/d%25AAo%25AAw%25AAn%25AAl%25AAo%25AAa%25AAd%25AA",
+        )
 
-        response = self.client.get('/%E2%99%E2%99%A5/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['request_path'], '/%25E2%2599%E2%99%A5/')
+        response = self.client.get("/%E2%99%E2%99%A5/")
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["request_path"], "/%25E2%2599%E2%99%A5/")
 
-        response = self.client.get('/%E2%98%8E%E2%A9%E2%99%A5/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['request_path'], '/%E2%98%8E%25E2%25A9%E2%99%A5/')
+        response = self.client.get("/%E2%98%8E%E2%A9%E2%99%A5/")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.context["request_path"], "/%E2%98%8E%25E2%25A9%E2%99%A5/"
+        )
 
     def test_environ_path_info_type(self):
-        environ = self.request_factory.get('/%E2%A8%87%87%A5%E2%A8%A0').environ
-        self.assertIsInstance(environ['PATH_INFO'], str)
+        environ = self.request_factory.get("/%E2%A8%87%87%A5%E2%A8%A0").environ
+        self.assertIsInstance(environ["PATH_INFO"], str)
 
     def test_handle_accepts_httpstatus_enum_value(self):
         def start_response(status, headers):
             start_response.status = status
 
-        environ = self.request_factory.get('/httpstatus_enum/').environ
+        environ = self.request_factory.get("/httpstatus_enum/").environ
         WSGIHandler()(environ, start_response)
-        self.assertEqual(start_response.status, '200 OK')
+        self.assertEqual(start_response.status, "200 OK")
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=['handlers.tests.empty_middleware'])
+    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=["handlers.tests.empty_middleware"])
     def test_middleware_returns_none(self):
-        msg = 'Middleware factory handlers.tests.empty_middleware returned None.'
+        msg = "Middleware factory handlers.tests.empty_middleware returned None."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            self.client.get('/')
+            self.client.get("/")
 
     def test_no_response(self):
         msg = "The view %s didn't return an HttpResponse object. It returned None instead."
         tests = (
-            ('/no_response_fbv/', 'handlers.views.no_response'),
-            ('/no_response_cbv/', 'handlers.views.NoResponse.__call__'),
+            ("/no_response_fbv/", "handlers.views.no_response"),
+            ("/no_response_cbv/", "handlers.views.NoResponse.__call__"),
         )
         for url, view in tests:
-            with self.subTest(url=url), self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg % view):
+            with self.subTest(url=url), self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                ValueError, msg % view
+            ):
                 self.client.get(url)
 
 
@@ -226,44 +235,46 @@ class ScriptNameTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_get_script_name(self):
         # Regression test for #23173
         # Test first without PATH_INFO
-        script_name = get_script_name({'SCRIPT_URL': '/foobar/'})
-        self.assertEqual(script_name, '/foobar/')
+        script_name = get_script_name({"SCRIPT_URL": "/foobar/"})
+        self.assertEqual(script_name, "/foobar/")
 
-        script_name = get_script_name({'SCRIPT_URL': '/foobar/', 'PATH_INFO': '/'})
-        self.assertEqual(script_name, '/foobar')
+        script_name = get_script_name({"SCRIPT_URL": "/foobar/", "PATH_INFO": "/"})
+        self.assertEqual(script_name, "/foobar")
 
     def test_get_script_name_double_slashes(self):
         """
         WSGI squashes multiple successive slashes in PATH_INFO, get_script_name
         should take that into account when forming SCRIPT_NAME (#17133).
         """
-        script_name = get_script_name({
-            'SCRIPT_URL': '/mst/milestones//accounts/login//help',
-            'PATH_INFO': '/milestones/accounts/login/help',
-        })
-        self.assertEqual(script_name, '/mst')
+        script_name = get_script_name(
+            {
+                "SCRIPT_URL": "/mst/milestones//accounts/login//help",
+                "PATH_INFO": "/milestones/accounts/login/help",
+            }
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(script_name, "/mst")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='handlers.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="handlers.urls")
 class AsyncHandlerRequestTests(SimpleTestCase):
     """Async variants of the normal handler request tests."""
 
     async def test_sync_view(self):
         """Calling a sync view down the asynchronous path."""
-        response = await self.async_client.get('/regular/')
+        response = await self.async_client.get("/regular/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     async def test_async_view(self):
         """Calling an async view down the asynchronous path."""
-        response = await self.async_client.get('/async_regular/')
+        response = await self.async_client.get("/async_regular/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     async def test_suspiciousop_in_view_returns_400(self):
-        response = await self.async_client.get('/suspicious/')
+        response = await self.async_client.get("/suspicious/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
 
     async def test_bad_request_in_view_returns_400(self):
-        response = await self.async_client.get('/bad_request/')
+        response = await self.async_client.get("/bad_request/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
 
     async def test_no_response(self):
@@ -272,7 +283,7 @@ class AsyncHandlerRequestTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "HttpResponse object. It returned None instead."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            await self.async_client.get('/no_response_fbv/')
+            await self.async_client.get("/no_response_fbv/")
 
     async def test_unawaited_response(self):
         msg = (
@@ -282,4 +293,4 @@ class AsyncHandlerRequestTests(SimpleTestCase):
             " into your view."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            await self.async_client.get('/unawaited/')
+            await self.async_client.get("/unawaited/")
diff --git a/tests/handlers/tests_custom_error_handlers.py b/tests/handlers/tests_custom_error_handlers.py
index 30938bfb22..dc0b3c9ea6 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/tests_custom_error_handlers.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/tests_custom_error_handlers.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class MiddlewareAccessingContent:
 
 
 def template_response_error_handler(request, exception=None):
-    return TemplateResponse(request, 'test_handler.html', status=403)
+    return TemplateResponse(request, "test_handler.html", status=403)
 
 
 def permission_denied_view(request):
@@ -25,19 +25,22 @@ def permission_denied_view(request):
 
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('', permission_denied_view),
+    path("", permission_denied_view),
 ]
 
 handler403 = template_response_error_handler
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='handlers.tests_custom_error_handlers')
-@modify_settings(MIDDLEWARE={'append': 'handlers.tests_custom_error_handlers.MiddlewareAccessingContent'})
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="handlers.tests_custom_error_handlers")
+@modify_settings(
+    MIDDLEWARE={
+        "append": "handlers.tests_custom_error_handlers.MiddlewareAccessingContent"
+    }
+)
 class CustomErrorHandlerTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_handler_renders_template_response(self):
         """
         BaseHandler should render TemplateResponse if necessary.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Error handler content', status_code=403)
+        response = self.client.get("/")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Error handler content", status_code=403)
diff --git a/tests/handlers/urls.py b/tests/handlers/urls.py
index e287e3734e..59cc919ba5 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/urls.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/urls.py
@@ -3,16 +3,16 @@ from django.urls import path
 from . import views
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('regular/', views.regular),
-    path('async_regular/', views.async_regular),
-    path('no_response_fbv/', views.no_response),
-    path('no_response_cbv/', views.NoResponse()),
-    path('streaming/', views.streaming),
-    path('in_transaction/', views.in_transaction),
-    path('not_in_transaction/', views.not_in_transaction),
-    path('bad_request/', views.bad_request),
-    path('suspicious/', views.suspicious),
-    path('malformed_post/', views.malformed_post),
-    path('httpstatus_enum/', views.httpstatus_enum),
-    path('unawaited/', views.async_unawaited),
+    path("regular/", views.regular),
+    path("async_regular/", views.async_regular),
+    path("no_response_fbv/", views.no_response),
+    path("no_response_cbv/", views.NoResponse()),
+    path("streaming/", views.streaming),
+    path("in_transaction/", views.in_transaction),
+    path("not_in_transaction/", views.not_in_transaction),
+    path("bad_request/", views.bad_request),
+    path("suspicious/", views.suspicious),
+    path("malformed_post/", views.malformed_post),
+    path("httpstatus_enum/", views.httpstatus_enum),
+    path("unawaited/", views.async_unawaited),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/handlers/views.py b/tests/handlers/views.py
index 739aa2de40..e8e248b798 100644
--- a/tests/handlers/views.py
+++ b/tests/handlers/views.py
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ def bad_request(request):
 
 
 def suspicious(request):
-    raise SuspiciousOperation('dubious')
+    raise SuspiciousOperation("dubious")
 
 
 @csrf_exempt
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ def httpstatus_enum(request):
 
 
 async def async_regular(request):
-    return HttpResponse(b'regular content')
+    return HttpResponse(b"regular content")
 
 
 class CoroutineClearingView:
diff --git a/tests/httpwrappers/tests.py b/tests/httpwrappers/tests.py
index a04555b6cd..ef1dd8e1e7 100644
--- a/tests/httpwrappers/tests.py
+++ b/tests/httpwrappers/tests.py
@@ -10,10 +10,17 @@ from django.core.serializers.json import DjangoJSONEncoder
 from django.core.signals import request_finished
 from django.db import close_old_connections
 from django.http import (
-    BadHeaderError, HttpResponse, HttpResponseNotAllowed,
-    HttpResponseNotModified, HttpResponsePermanentRedirect,
-    HttpResponseRedirect, JsonResponse, QueryDict, SimpleCookie,
-    StreamingHttpResponse, parse_cookie,
+    BadHeaderError,
+    HttpResponse,
+    HttpResponseNotAllowed,
+    HttpResponseNotModified,
+    HttpResponsePermanentRedirect,
+    HttpResponseRedirect,
+    JsonResponse,
+    QueryDict,
+    SimpleCookie,
+    StreamingHttpResponse,
+    parse_cookie,
 )
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.utils.functional import lazystr
@@ -21,25 +28,25 @@ from django.utils.functional import lazystr
 
 class QueryDictTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_create_with_no_args(self):
-        self.assertEqual(QueryDict(), QueryDict(''))
+        self.assertEqual(QueryDict(), QueryDict(""))
 
     def test_missing_key(self):
         q = QueryDict()
         with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
-            q.__getitem__('foo')
+            q.__getitem__("foo")
 
     def test_immutability(self):
         q = QueryDict()
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            q.__setitem__('something', 'bar')
+            q.__setitem__("something", "bar")
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            q.setlist('foo', ['bar'])
+            q.setlist("foo", ["bar"])
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            q.appendlist('foo', ['bar'])
+            q.appendlist("foo", ["bar"])
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            q.update({'foo': 'bar'})
+            q.update({"foo": "bar"})
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            q.pop('foo')
+            q.pop("foo")
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
             q.popitem()
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
@@ -47,128 +54,130 @@ class QueryDictTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_immutable_get_with_default(self):
         q = QueryDict()
-        self.assertEqual(q.get('foo', 'default'), 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(q.get("foo", "default"), "default")
 
     def test_immutable_basic_operations(self):
         q = QueryDict()
-        self.assertEqual(q.getlist('foo'), [])
-        self.assertNotIn('foo', q)
+        self.assertEqual(q.getlist("foo"), [])
+        self.assertNotIn("foo", q)
         self.assertEqual(list(q), [])
         self.assertEqual(list(q.items()), [])
         self.assertEqual(list(q.lists()), [])
         self.assertEqual(list(q.keys()), [])
         self.assertEqual(list(q.values()), [])
         self.assertEqual(len(q), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(q.urlencode(), '')
+        self.assertEqual(q.urlencode(), "")
 
     def test_single_key_value(self):
         """Test QueryDict with one key/value pair"""
 
-        q = QueryDict('foo=bar')
-        self.assertEqual(q['foo'], 'bar')
+        q = QueryDict("foo=bar")
+        self.assertEqual(q["foo"], "bar")
         with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
-            q.__getitem__('bar')
+            q.__getitem__("bar")
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            q.__setitem__('something', 'bar')
+            q.__setitem__("something", "bar")
 
-        self.assertEqual(q.get('foo', 'default'), 'bar')
-        self.assertEqual(q.get('bar', 'default'), 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(q.getlist('foo'), ['bar'])
-        self.assertEqual(q.getlist('bar'), [])
+        self.assertEqual(q.get("foo", "default"), "bar")
+        self.assertEqual(q.get("bar", "default"), "default")
+        self.assertEqual(q.getlist("foo"), ["bar"])
+        self.assertEqual(q.getlist("bar"), [])
 
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            q.setlist('foo', ['bar'])
+            q.setlist("foo", ["bar"])
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            q.appendlist('foo', ['bar'])
+            q.appendlist("foo", ["bar"])
 
-        self.assertIn('foo', q)
-        self.assertNotIn('bar', q)
+        self.assertIn("foo", q)
+        self.assertNotIn("bar", q)
 
-        self.assertEqual(list(q), ['foo'])
-        self.assertEqual(list(q.items()), [('foo', 'bar')])
-        self.assertEqual(list(q.lists()), [('foo', ['bar'])])
-        self.assertEqual(list(q.keys()), ['foo'])
-        self.assertEqual(list(q.values()), ['bar'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(q), ["foo"])
+        self.assertEqual(list(q.items()), [("foo", "bar")])
+        self.assertEqual(list(q.lists()), [("foo", ["bar"])])
+        self.assertEqual(list(q.keys()), ["foo"])
+        self.assertEqual(list(q.values()), ["bar"])
         self.assertEqual(len(q), 1)
 
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            q.update({'foo': 'bar'})
+            q.update({"foo": "bar"})
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            q.pop('foo')
+            q.pop("foo")
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
             q.popitem()
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
             q.clear()
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            q.setdefault('foo', 'bar')
+            q.setdefault("foo", "bar")
 
-        self.assertEqual(q.urlencode(), 'foo=bar')
+        self.assertEqual(q.urlencode(), "foo=bar")
 
     def test_urlencode(self):
         q = QueryDict(mutable=True)
-        q['next'] = '/a&b/'
-        self.assertEqual(q.urlencode(), 'next=%2Fa%26b%2F')
-        self.assertEqual(q.urlencode(safe='/'), 'next=/a%26b/')
+        q["next"] = "/a&b/"
+        self.assertEqual(q.urlencode(), "next=%2Fa%26b%2F")
+        self.assertEqual(q.urlencode(safe="/"), "next=/a%26b/")
         q = QueryDict(mutable=True)
-        q['next'] = '/t\xebst&key/'
-        self.assertEqual(q.urlencode(), 'next=%2Ft%C3%ABst%26key%2F')
-        self.assertEqual(q.urlencode(safe='/'), 'next=/t%C3%ABst%26key/')
+        q["next"] = "/t\xebst&key/"
+        self.assertEqual(q.urlencode(), "next=%2Ft%C3%ABst%26key%2F")
+        self.assertEqual(q.urlencode(safe="/"), "next=/t%C3%ABst%26key/")
 
     def test_urlencode_int(self):
         # Normally QueryDict doesn't contain non-string values but lazily
         # written tests may make that mistake.
         q = QueryDict(mutable=True)
-        q['a'] = 1
-        self.assertEqual(q.urlencode(), 'a=1')
+        q["a"] = 1
+        self.assertEqual(q.urlencode(), "a=1")
 
     def test_mutable_copy(self):
         """A copy of a QueryDict is mutable."""
         q = QueryDict().copy()
         with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
             q.__getitem__("foo")
-        q['name'] = 'john'
-        self.assertEqual(q['name'], 'john')
+        q["name"] = "john"
+        self.assertEqual(q["name"], "john")
 
     def test_mutable_delete(self):
         q = QueryDict(mutable=True)
-        q['name'] = 'john'
-        del q['name']
-        self.assertNotIn('name', q)
+        q["name"] = "john"
+        del q["name"]
+        self.assertNotIn("name", q)
 
     def test_basic_mutable_operations(self):
         q = QueryDict(mutable=True)
-        q['name'] = 'john'
-        self.assertEqual(q.get('foo', 'default'), 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(q.get('name', 'default'), 'john')
-        self.assertEqual(q.getlist('name'), ['john'])
-        self.assertEqual(q.getlist('foo'), [])
+        q["name"] = "john"
+        self.assertEqual(q.get("foo", "default"), "default")
+        self.assertEqual(q.get("name", "default"), "john")
+        self.assertEqual(q.getlist("name"), ["john"])
+        self.assertEqual(q.getlist("foo"), [])
 
-        q.setlist('foo', ['bar', 'baz'])
-        self.assertEqual(q.get('foo', 'default'), 'baz')
-        self.assertEqual(q.getlist('foo'), ['bar', 'baz'])
+        q.setlist("foo", ["bar", "baz"])
+        self.assertEqual(q.get("foo", "default"), "baz")
+        self.assertEqual(q.getlist("foo"), ["bar", "baz"])
 
-        q.appendlist('foo', 'another')
-        self.assertEqual(q.getlist('foo'), ['bar', 'baz', 'another'])
-        self.assertEqual(q['foo'], 'another')
-        self.assertIn('foo', q)
+        q.appendlist("foo", "another")
+        self.assertEqual(q.getlist("foo"), ["bar", "baz", "another"])
+        self.assertEqual(q["foo"], "another")
+        self.assertIn("foo", q)
 
-        self.assertCountEqual(q, ['foo', 'name'])
-        self.assertCountEqual(q.items(), [('foo', 'another'), ('name', 'john')])
-        self.assertCountEqual(q.lists(), [('foo', ['bar', 'baz', 'another']), ('name', ['john'])])
-        self.assertCountEqual(q.keys(), ['foo', 'name'])
-        self.assertCountEqual(q.values(), ['another', 'john'])
+        self.assertCountEqual(q, ["foo", "name"])
+        self.assertCountEqual(q.items(), [("foo", "another"), ("name", "john")])
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            q.lists(), [("foo", ["bar", "baz", "another"]), ("name", ["john"])]
+        )
+        self.assertCountEqual(q.keys(), ["foo", "name"])
+        self.assertCountEqual(q.values(), ["another", "john"])
 
-        q.update({'foo': 'hello'})
-        self.assertEqual(q['foo'], 'hello')
-        self.assertEqual(q.get('foo', 'not available'), 'hello')
-        self.assertEqual(q.getlist('foo'), ['bar', 'baz', 'another', 'hello'])
-        self.assertEqual(q.pop('foo'), ['bar', 'baz', 'another', 'hello'])
-        self.assertEqual(q.pop('foo', 'not there'), 'not there')
-        self.assertEqual(q.get('foo', 'not there'), 'not there')
-        self.assertEqual(q.setdefault('foo', 'bar'), 'bar')
-        self.assertEqual(q['foo'], 'bar')
-        self.assertEqual(q.getlist('foo'), ['bar'])
-        self.assertIn(q.urlencode(), ['foo=bar&name=john', 'name=john&foo=bar'])
+        q.update({"foo": "hello"})
+        self.assertEqual(q["foo"], "hello")
+        self.assertEqual(q.get("foo", "not available"), "hello")
+        self.assertEqual(q.getlist("foo"), ["bar", "baz", "another", "hello"])
+        self.assertEqual(q.pop("foo"), ["bar", "baz", "another", "hello"])
+        self.assertEqual(q.pop("foo", "not there"), "not there")
+        self.assertEqual(q.get("foo", "not there"), "not there")
+        self.assertEqual(q.setdefault("foo", "bar"), "bar")
+        self.assertEqual(q["foo"], "bar")
+        self.assertEqual(q.getlist("foo"), ["bar"])
+        self.assertIn(q.urlencode(), ["foo=bar&name=john", "name=john&foo=bar"])
 
         q.clear()
         self.assertEqual(len(q), 0)
@@ -176,54 +185,54 @@ class QueryDictTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_multiple_keys(self):
         """Test QueryDict with two key/value pairs with same keys."""
 
-        q = QueryDict('vote=yes&vote=no')
+        q = QueryDict("vote=yes&vote=no")
 
-        self.assertEqual(q['vote'], 'no')
+        self.assertEqual(q["vote"], "no")
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            q.__setitem__('something', 'bar')
+            q.__setitem__("something", "bar")
 
-        self.assertEqual(q.get('vote', 'default'), 'no')
-        self.assertEqual(q.get('foo', 'default'), 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(q.getlist('vote'), ['yes', 'no'])
-        self.assertEqual(q.getlist('foo'), [])
+        self.assertEqual(q.get("vote", "default"), "no")
+        self.assertEqual(q.get("foo", "default"), "default")
+        self.assertEqual(q.getlist("vote"), ["yes", "no"])
+        self.assertEqual(q.getlist("foo"), [])
 
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            q.setlist('foo', ['bar', 'baz'])
+            q.setlist("foo", ["bar", "baz"])
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            q.setlist('foo', ['bar', 'baz'])
+            q.setlist("foo", ["bar", "baz"])
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            q.appendlist('foo', ['bar'])
+            q.appendlist("foo", ["bar"])
 
-        self.assertIn('vote', q)
-        self.assertNotIn('foo', q)
-        self.assertEqual(list(q), ['vote'])
-        self.assertEqual(list(q.items()), [('vote', 'no')])
-        self.assertEqual(list(q.lists()), [('vote', ['yes', 'no'])])
-        self.assertEqual(list(q.keys()), ['vote'])
-        self.assertEqual(list(q.values()), ['no'])
+        self.assertIn("vote", q)
+        self.assertNotIn("foo", q)
+        self.assertEqual(list(q), ["vote"])
+        self.assertEqual(list(q.items()), [("vote", "no")])
+        self.assertEqual(list(q.lists()), [("vote", ["yes", "no"])])
+        self.assertEqual(list(q.keys()), ["vote"])
+        self.assertEqual(list(q.values()), ["no"])
         self.assertEqual(len(q), 1)
 
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            q.update({'foo': 'bar'})
+            q.update({"foo": "bar"})
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            q.pop('foo')
+            q.pop("foo")
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
             q.popitem()
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
             q.clear()
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            q.setdefault('foo', 'bar')
+            q.setdefault("foo", "bar")
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            q.__delitem__('vote')
+            q.__delitem__("vote")
 
     def test_pickle(self):
         q = QueryDict()
         q1 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(q, 2))
         self.assertEqual(q, q1)
-        q = QueryDict('a=b&c=d')
+        q = QueryDict("a=b&c=d")
         q1 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(q, 2))
         self.assertEqual(q, q1)
-        q = QueryDict('a=b&c=d&a=1')
+        q = QueryDict("a=b&c=d&a=1")
         q1 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(q, 2))
         self.assertEqual(q, q1)
 
@@ -232,54 +241,58 @@ class QueryDictTests(SimpleTestCase):
         x = QueryDict("a=1&a=2", mutable=True)
         y = QueryDict("a=3&a=4")
         x.update(y)
-        self.assertEqual(x.getlist('a'), ['1', '2', '3', '4'])
+        self.assertEqual(x.getlist("a"), ["1", "2", "3", "4"])
 
     def test_non_default_encoding(self):
         """#13572 - QueryDict with a non-default encoding"""
-        q = QueryDict('cur=%A4', encoding='iso-8859-15')
-        self.assertEqual(q.encoding, 'iso-8859-15')
-        self.assertEqual(list(q.items()), [('cur', '€')])
-        self.assertEqual(q.urlencode(), 'cur=%A4')
+        q = QueryDict("cur=%A4", encoding="iso-8859-15")
+        self.assertEqual(q.encoding, "iso-8859-15")
+        self.assertEqual(list(q.items()), [("cur", "€")])
+        self.assertEqual(q.urlencode(), "cur=%A4")
         q = q.copy()
-        self.assertEqual(q.encoding, 'iso-8859-15')
-        self.assertEqual(list(q.items()), [('cur', '€')])
-        self.assertEqual(q.urlencode(), 'cur=%A4')
-        self.assertEqual(copy.copy(q).encoding, 'iso-8859-15')
-        self.assertEqual(copy.deepcopy(q).encoding, 'iso-8859-15')
+        self.assertEqual(q.encoding, "iso-8859-15")
+        self.assertEqual(list(q.items()), [("cur", "€")])
+        self.assertEqual(q.urlencode(), "cur=%A4")
+        self.assertEqual(copy.copy(q).encoding, "iso-8859-15")
+        self.assertEqual(copy.deepcopy(q).encoding, "iso-8859-15")
 
     def test_querydict_fromkeys(self):
-        self.assertEqual(QueryDict.fromkeys(['key1', 'key2', 'key3']), QueryDict('key1&key2&key3'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            QueryDict.fromkeys(["key1", "key2", "key3"]), QueryDict("key1&key2&key3")
+        )
 
     def test_fromkeys_with_nonempty_value(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            QueryDict.fromkeys(['key1', 'key2', 'key3'], value='val'),
-            QueryDict('key1=val&key2=val&key3=val')
+            QueryDict.fromkeys(["key1", "key2", "key3"], value="val"),
+            QueryDict("key1=val&key2=val&key3=val"),
         )
 
     def test_fromkeys_is_immutable_by_default(self):
         # Match behavior of __init__() which is also immutable by default.
-        q = QueryDict.fromkeys(['key1', 'key2', 'key3'])
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, 'This QueryDict instance is immutable'):
-            q['key4'] = 'nope'
+        q = QueryDict.fromkeys(["key1", "key2", "key3"])
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            AttributeError, "This QueryDict instance is immutable"
+        ):
+            q["key4"] = "nope"
 
     def test_fromkeys_mutable_override(self):
-        q = QueryDict.fromkeys(['key1', 'key2', 'key3'], mutable=True)
-        q['key4'] = 'yep'
-        self.assertEqual(q, QueryDict('key1&key2&key3&key4=yep'))
+        q = QueryDict.fromkeys(["key1", "key2", "key3"], mutable=True)
+        q["key4"] = "yep"
+        self.assertEqual(q, QueryDict("key1&key2&key3&key4=yep"))
 
     def test_duplicates_in_fromkeys_iterable(self):
-        self.assertEqual(QueryDict.fromkeys('xyzzy'), QueryDict('x&y&z&z&y'))
+        self.assertEqual(QueryDict.fromkeys("xyzzy"), QueryDict("x&y&z&z&y"))
 
     def test_fromkeys_with_nondefault_encoding(self):
-        key_utf16 = b'\xff\xfe\x8e\x02\xdd\x01\x9e\x02'
-        value_utf16 = b'\xff\xfe\xdd\x01n\x00l\x00P\x02\x8c\x02'
-        q = QueryDict.fromkeys([key_utf16], value=value_utf16, encoding='utf-16')
-        expected = QueryDict('', mutable=True)
-        expected['ʎǝʞ'] = 'ǝnlɐʌ'
+        key_utf16 = b"\xff\xfe\x8e\x02\xdd\x01\x9e\x02"
+        value_utf16 = b"\xff\xfe\xdd\x01n\x00l\x00P\x02\x8c\x02"
+        q = QueryDict.fromkeys([key_utf16], value=value_utf16, encoding="utf-16")
+        expected = QueryDict("", mutable=True)
+        expected["ʎǝʞ"] = "ǝnlɐʌ"
         self.assertEqual(q, expected)
 
     def test_fromkeys_empty_iterable(self):
-        self.assertEqual(QueryDict.fromkeys([]), QueryDict(''))
+        self.assertEqual(QueryDict.fromkeys([]), QueryDict(""))
 
     def test_fromkeys_noniterable(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
@@ -287,140 +300,141 @@ class QueryDictTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class HttpResponseTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_headers_type(self):
         r = HttpResponse()
 
         # ASCII strings or bytes values are converted to strings.
-        r.headers['key'] = 'test'
-        self.assertEqual(r.headers['key'], 'test')
-        r.headers['key'] = b'test'
-        self.assertEqual(r.headers['key'], 'test')
-        self.assertIn(b'test', r.serialize_headers())
+        r.headers["key"] = "test"
+        self.assertEqual(r.headers["key"], "test")
+        r.headers["key"] = b"test"
+        self.assertEqual(r.headers["key"], "test")
+        self.assertIn(b"test", r.serialize_headers())
 
         # Non-ASCII values are serialized to Latin-1.
-        r.headers['key'] = 'café'
-        self.assertIn('café'.encode('latin-1'), r.serialize_headers())
+        r.headers["key"] = "café"
+        self.assertIn("café".encode("latin-1"), r.serialize_headers())
 
         # Other Unicode values are MIME-encoded (there's no way to pass them as
         # bytes).
-        r.headers['key'] = '†'
-        self.assertEqual(r.headers['key'], '=?utf-8?b?4oCg?=')
-        self.assertIn(b'=?utf-8?b?4oCg?=', r.serialize_headers())
+        r.headers["key"] = "†"
+        self.assertEqual(r.headers["key"], "=?utf-8?b?4oCg?=")
+        self.assertIn(b"=?utf-8?b?4oCg?=", r.serialize_headers())
 
         # The response also converts string or bytes keys to strings, but requires
         # them to contain ASCII
         r = HttpResponse()
-        del r.headers['Content-Type']
-        r.headers['foo'] = 'bar'
+        del r.headers["Content-Type"]
+        r.headers["foo"] = "bar"
         headers = list(r.headers.items())
         self.assertEqual(len(headers), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(headers[0], ('foo', 'bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(headers[0], ("foo", "bar"))
 
         r = HttpResponse()
-        del r.headers['Content-Type']
-        r.headers[b'foo'] = 'bar'
+        del r.headers["Content-Type"]
+        r.headers[b"foo"] = "bar"
         headers = list(r.headers.items())
         self.assertEqual(len(headers), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(headers[0], ('foo', 'bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(headers[0], ("foo", "bar"))
         self.assertIsInstance(headers[0][0], str)
 
         r = HttpResponse()
         with self.assertRaises(UnicodeError):
-            r.headers.__setitem__('føø', 'bar')
+            r.headers.__setitem__("føø", "bar")
         with self.assertRaises(UnicodeError):
-            r.headers.__setitem__('føø'.encode(), 'bar')
+            r.headers.__setitem__("føø".encode(), "bar")
 
     def test_long_line(self):
         # Bug #20889: long lines trigger newlines to be added to headers
         # (which is not allowed due to bug #10188)
         h = HttpResponse()
-        f = b'zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz a\xcc\x88'
-        f = f.decode('utf-8')
-        h.headers['Content-Disposition'] = 'attachment; filename="%s"' % f
+        f = b"zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz a\xcc\x88"
+        f = f.decode("utf-8")
+        h.headers["Content-Disposition"] = 'attachment; filename="%s"' % f
         # This one is triggering https://bugs.python.org/issue20747, that is Python
         # will itself insert a newline in the header
-        h.headers['Content-Disposition'] = 'attachment; filename="EdelRot_Blu\u0308te (3)-0.JPG"'
+        h.headers[
+            "Content-Disposition"
+        ] = 'attachment; filename="EdelRot_Blu\u0308te (3)-0.JPG"'
 
     def test_newlines_in_headers(self):
         # Bug #10188: Do not allow newlines in headers (CR or LF)
         r = HttpResponse()
         with self.assertRaises(BadHeaderError):
-            r.headers.__setitem__('test\rstr', 'test')
+            r.headers.__setitem__("test\rstr", "test")
         with self.assertRaises(BadHeaderError):
-            r.headers.__setitem__('test\nstr', 'test')
+            r.headers.__setitem__("test\nstr", "test")
 
     def test_dict_behavior(self):
         """
         Test for bug #14020: Make HttpResponse.get work like dict.get
         """
         r = HttpResponse()
-        self.assertIsNone(r.get('test'))
+        self.assertIsNone(r.get("test"))
 
     def test_non_string_content(self):
         # Bug 16494: HttpResponse should behave consistently with non-strings
         r = HttpResponse(12345)
-        self.assertEqual(r.content, b'12345')
+        self.assertEqual(r.content, b"12345")
 
         # test content via property
         r = HttpResponse()
         r.content = 12345
-        self.assertEqual(r.content, b'12345')
+        self.assertEqual(r.content, b"12345")
 
     def test_memoryview_content(self):
-        r = HttpResponse(memoryview(b'memoryview'))
-        self.assertEqual(r.content, b'memoryview')
+        r = HttpResponse(memoryview(b"memoryview"))
+        self.assertEqual(r.content, b"memoryview")
 
     def test_iter_content(self):
-        r = HttpResponse(['abc', 'def', 'ghi'])
-        self.assertEqual(r.content, b'abcdefghi')
+        r = HttpResponse(["abc", "def", "ghi"])
+        self.assertEqual(r.content, b"abcdefghi")
 
         # test iter content via property
         r = HttpResponse()
-        r.content = ['idan', 'alex', 'jacob']
-        self.assertEqual(r.content, b'idanalexjacob')
+        r.content = ["idan", "alex", "jacob"]
+        self.assertEqual(r.content, b"idanalexjacob")
 
         r = HttpResponse()
         r.content = [1, 2, 3]
-        self.assertEqual(r.content, b'123')
+        self.assertEqual(r.content, b"123")
 
         # test odd inputs
         r = HttpResponse()
-        r.content = ['1', '2', 3, '\u079e']
+        r.content = ["1", "2", 3, "\u079e"]
         # '\xde\x9e' == unichr(1950).encode()
-        self.assertEqual(r.content, b'123\xde\x9e')
+        self.assertEqual(r.content, b"123\xde\x9e")
 
         # .content can safely be accessed multiple times.
-        r = HttpResponse(iter(['hello', 'world']))
+        r = HttpResponse(iter(["hello", "world"]))
         self.assertEqual(r.content, r.content)
-        self.assertEqual(r.content, b'helloworld')
+        self.assertEqual(r.content, b"helloworld")
         # __iter__ can safely be called multiple times (#20187).
-        self.assertEqual(b''.join(r), b'helloworld')
-        self.assertEqual(b''.join(r), b'helloworld')
+        self.assertEqual(b"".join(r), b"helloworld")
+        self.assertEqual(b"".join(r), b"helloworld")
         # Accessing .content still works.
-        self.assertEqual(r.content, b'helloworld')
+        self.assertEqual(r.content, b"helloworld")
 
         # Accessing .content also works if the response was iterated first.
-        r = HttpResponse(iter(['hello', 'world']))
-        self.assertEqual(b''.join(r), b'helloworld')
-        self.assertEqual(r.content, b'helloworld')
+        r = HttpResponse(iter(["hello", "world"]))
+        self.assertEqual(b"".join(r), b"helloworld")
+        self.assertEqual(r.content, b"helloworld")
 
         # Additional content can be written to the response.
-        r = HttpResponse(iter(['hello', 'world']))
-        self.assertEqual(r.content, b'helloworld')
-        r.write('!')
-        self.assertEqual(r.content, b'helloworld!')
+        r = HttpResponse(iter(["hello", "world"]))
+        self.assertEqual(r.content, b"helloworld")
+        r.write("!")
+        self.assertEqual(r.content, b"helloworld!")
 
     def test_iterator_isnt_rewound(self):
         # Regression test for #13222
-        r = HttpResponse('abc')
+        r = HttpResponse("abc")
         i = iter(r)
-        self.assertEqual(list(i), [b'abc'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(i), [b"abc"])
         self.assertEqual(list(i), [])
 
     def test_lazy_content(self):
-        r = HttpResponse(lazystr('helloworld'))
-        self.assertEqual(r.content, b'helloworld')
+        r = HttpResponse(lazystr("helloworld"))
+        self.assertEqual(r.content, b"helloworld")
 
     def test_file_interface(self):
         r = HttpResponse()
@@ -429,32 +443,32 @@ class HttpResponseTests(SimpleTestCase):
         r.write("привет")
         self.assertEqual(r.tell(), 17)
 
-        r = HttpResponse(['abc'])
-        r.write('def')
+        r = HttpResponse(["abc"])
+        r.write("def")
         self.assertEqual(r.tell(), 6)
-        self.assertEqual(r.content, b'abcdef')
+        self.assertEqual(r.content, b"abcdef")
 
         # with Content-Encoding header
         r = HttpResponse()
-        r.headers['Content-Encoding'] = 'winning'
-        r.write(b'abc')
-        r.write(b'def')
-        self.assertEqual(r.content, b'abcdef')
+        r.headers["Content-Encoding"] = "winning"
+        r.write(b"abc")
+        r.write(b"def")
+        self.assertEqual(r.content, b"abcdef")
 
     def test_stream_interface(self):
-        r = HttpResponse('asdf')
-        self.assertEqual(r.getvalue(), b'asdf')
+        r = HttpResponse("asdf")
+        self.assertEqual(r.getvalue(), b"asdf")
 
         r = HttpResponse()
         self.assertIs(r.writable(), True)
-        r.writelines(['foo\n', 'bar\n', 'baz\n'])
-        self.assertEqual(r.content, b'foo\nbar\nbaz\n')
+        r.writelines(["foo\n", "bar\n", "baz\n"])
+        self.assertEqual(r.content, b"foo\nbar\nbaz\n")
 
     def test_unsafe_redirect(self):
         bad_urls = [
             'data:text/html,<script>window.alert("xss")</script>',
-            'mailto:test@example.com',
-            'file:///etc/passwd',
+            "mailto:test@example.com",
+            "file:///etc/passwd",
         ]
         for url in bad_urls:
             with self.assertRaises(DisallowedRedirect):
@@ -463,25 +477,25 @@ class HttpResponseTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 HttpResponsePermanentRedirect(url)
 
     def test_header_deletion(self):
-        r = HttpResponse('hello')
-        r.headers['X-Foo'] = 'foo'
-        del r.headers['X-Foo']
-        self.assertNotIn('X-Foo', r.headers)
+        r = HttpResponse("hello")
+        r.headers["X-Foo"] = "foo"
+        del r.headers["X-Foo"]
+        self.assertNotIn("X-Foo", r.headers)
         # del doesn't raise a KeyError on nonexistent headers.
-        del r.headers['X-Foo']
+        del r.headers["X-Foo"]
 
     def test_instantiate_with_headers(self):
-        r = HttpResponse('hello', headers={'X-Foo': 'foo'})
-        self.assertEqual(r.headers['X-Foo'], 'foo')
-        self.assertEqual(r.headers['x-foo'], 'foo')
+        r = HttpResponse("hello", headers={"X-Foo": "foo"})
+        self.assertEqual(r.headers["X-Foo"], "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(r.headers["x-foo"], "foo")
 
     def test_content_type(self):
-        r = HttpResponse('hello', content_type='application/json')
-        self.assertEqual(r.headers['Content-Type'], 'application/json')
+        r = HttpResponse("hello", content_type="application/json")
+        self.assertEqual(r.headers["Content-Type"], "application/json")
 
     def test_content_type_headers(self):
-        r = HttpResponse('hello', headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json'})
-        self.assertEqual(r.headers['Content-Type'], 'application/json')
+        r = HttpResponse("hello", headers={"Content-Type": "application/json"})
+        self.assertEqual(r.headers["Content-Type"], "application/json")
 
     def test_content_type_mutually_exclusive(self):
         msg = (
@@ -490,32 +504,34 @@ class HttpResponseTests(SimpleTestCase):
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             HttpResponse(
-                'hello',
-                content_type='application/json',
-                headers={'Content-Type': 'text/csv'},
+                "hello",
+                content_type="application/json",
+                headers={"Content-Type": "text/csv"},
             )
 
 
 class HttpResponseSubclassesTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_redirect(self):
-        response = HttpResponseRedirect('/redirected/')
+        response = HttpResponseRedirect("/redirected/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         # Standard HttpResponse init args can be used
         response = HttpResponseRedirect(
-            '/redirected/',
-            content='The resource has temporarily moved',
-            content_type='text/html',
+            "/redirected/",
+            content="The resource has temporarily moved",
+            content_type="text/html",
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, 'The resource has temporarily moved', status_code=302)
-        self.assertEqual(response.url, response.headers['Location'])
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "The resource has temporarily moved", status_code=302
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(response.url, response.headers["Location"])
 
     def test_redirect_lazy(self):
         """Make sure HttpResponseRedirect works with lazy strings."""
-        r = HttpResponseRedirect(lazystr('/redirected/'))
-        self.assertEqual(r.url, '/redirected/')
+        r = HttpResponseRedirect(lazystr("/redirected/"))
+        self.assertEqual(r.url, "/redirected/")
 
     def test_redirect_repr(self):
-        response = HttpResponseRedirect('/redirected/')
+        response = HttpResponseRedirect("/redirected/")
         expected = '<HttpResponseRedirect status_code=302, "text/html; charset=utf-8", url="/redirected/">'
         self.assertEqual(repr(response), expected)
 
@@ -525,8 +541,10 @@ class HttpResponseSubclassesTests(SimpleTestCase):
         should work (in the debug view, for example).
         """
         response = HttpResponseRedirect.__new__(HttpResponseRedirect)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(DisallowedRedirect, "Unsafe redirect to URL with protocol 'ssh'"):
-            HttpResponseRedirect.__init__(response, 'ssh://foo')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            DisallowedRedirect, "Unsafe redirect to URL with protocol 'ssh'"
+        ):
+            HttpResponseRedirect.__init__(response, "ssh://foo")
         expected = '<HttpResponseRedirect status_code=302, "text/html; charset=utf-8", url="ssh://foo">'
         self.assertEqual(repr(response), expected)
 
@@ -536,51 +554,57 @@ class HttpResponseSubclassesTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # 304 responses should not have content/content-type
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
             response.content = "Hello dear"
-        self.assertNotIn('content-type', response)
+        self.assertNotIn("content-type", response)
 
     def test_not_modified_repr(self):
         response = HttpResponseNotModified()
-        self.assertEqual(repr(response), '<HttpResponseNotModified status_code=304>')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(response), "<HttpResponseNotModified status_code=304>")
 
     def test_not_allowed(self):
-        response = HttpResponseNotAllowed(['GET'])
+        response = HttpResponseNotAllowed(["GET"])
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 405)
         # Standard HttpResponse init args can be used
-        response = HttpResponseNotAllowed(['GET'], content='Only the GET method is allowed', content_type='text/html')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Only the GET method is allowed', status_code=405)
+        response = HttpResponseNotAllowed(
+            ["GET"], content="Only the GET method is allowed", content_type="text/html"
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "Only the GET method is allowed", status_code=405)
 
     def test_not_allowed_repr(self):
-        response = HttpResponseNotAllowed(['GET', 'OPTIONS'], content_type='text/plain')
-        expected = '<HttpResponseNotAllowed [GET, OPTIONS] status_code=405, "text/plain">'
+        response = HttpResponseNotAllowed(["GET", "OPTIONS"], content_type="text/plain")
+        expected = (
+            '<HttpResponseNotAllowed [GET, OPTIONS] status_code=405, "text/plain">'
+        )
         self.assertEqual(repr(response), expected)
 
     def test_not_allowed_repr_no_content_type(self):
-        response = HttpResponseNotAllowed(('GET', 'POST'))
-        del response.headers['Content-Type']
-        self.assertEqual(repr(response), '<HttpResponseNotAllowed [GET, POST] status_code=405>')
+        response = HttpResponseNotAllowed(("GET", "POST"))
+        del response.headers["Content-Type"]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(response), "<HttpResponseNotAllowed [GET, POST] status_code=405>"
+        )
 
 
 class JsonResponseTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_json_response_non_ascii(self):
-        data = {'key': 'łóżko'}
+        data = {"key": "łóżko"}
         response = JsonResponse(data)
         self.assertEqual(json.loads(response.content.decode()), data)
 
     def test_json_response_raises_type_error_with_default_setting(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(
             TypeError,
-            'In order to allow non-dict objects to be serialized set the '
-            'safe parameter to False'
+            "In order to allow non-dict objects to be serialized set the "
+            "safe parameter to False",
         ):
             JsonResponse([1, 2, 3])
 
     def test_json_response_text(self):
-        response = JsonResponse('foobar', safe=False)
-        self.assertEqual(json.loads(response.content.decode()), 'foobar')
+        response = JsonResponse("foobar", safe=False)
+        self.assertEqual(json.loads(response.content.decode()), "foobar")
 
     def test_json_response_list(self):
-        response = JsonResponse(['foo', 'bar'], safe=False)
-        self.assertEqual(json.loads(response.content.decode()), ['foo', 'bar'])
+        response = JsonResponse(["foo", "bar"], safe=False)
+        self.assertEqual(json.loads(response.content.decode()), ["foo", "bar"])
 
     def test_json_response_uuid(self):
         u = uuid.uuid4()
@@ -590,23 +614,23 @@ class JsonResponseTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_json_response_custom_encoder(self):
         class CustomDjangoJSONEncoder(DjangoJSONEncoder):
             def encode(self, o):
-                return json.dumps({'foo': 'bar'})
+                return json.dumps({"foo": "bar"})
 
         response = JsonResponse({}, encoder=CustomDjangoJSONEncoder)
-        self.assertEqual(json.loads(response.content.decode()), {'foo': 'bar'})
+        self.assertEqual(json.loads(response.content.decode()), {"foo": "bar"})
 
     def test_json_response_passing_arguments_to_json_dumps(self):
-        response = JsonResponse({'foo': 'bar'}, json_dumps_params={'indent': 2})
+        response = JsonResponse({"foo": "bar"}, json_dumps_params={"indent": 2})
         self.assertEqual(response.content.decode(), '{\n  "foo": "bar"\n}')
 
 
 class StreamingHttpResponseTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_streaming_response(self):
-        r = StreamingHttpResponse(iter(['hello', 'world']))
+        r = StreamingHttpResponse(iter(["hello", "world"]))
 
         # iterating over the response itself yields bytestring chunks.
         chunks = list(r)
-        self.assertEqual(chunks, [b'hello', b'world'])
+        self.assertEqual(chunks, [b"hello", b"world"])
         for chunk in chunks:
             self.assertIsInstance(chunk, bytes)
 
@@ -615,56 +639,56 @@ class StreamingHttpResponseTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         # even when a sequence that can be iterated many times, like a list,
         # is given as content.
-        r = StreamingHttpResponse(['abc', 'def'])
-        self.assertEqual(list(r), [b'abc', b'def'])
+        r = StreamingHttpResponse(["abc", "def"])
+        self.assertEqual(list(r), [b"abc", b"def"])
         self.assertEqual(list(r), [])
 
         # iterating over strings still yields bytestring chunks.
-        r.streaming_content = iter(['hello', 'café'])
+        r.streaming_content = iter(["hello", "café"])
         chunks = list(r)
         # '\xc3\xa9' == unichr(233).encode()
-        self.assertEqual(chunks, [b'hello', b'caf\xc3\xa9'])
+        self.assertEqual(chunks, [b"hello", b"caf\xc3\xa9"])
         for chunk in chunks:
             self.assertIsInstance(chunk, bytes)
 
         # streaming responses don't have a `content` attribute.
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(r, 'content'))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(r, "content"))
 
         # and you can't accidentally assign to a `content` attribute.
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            r.content = 'xyz'
+            r.content = "xyz"
 
         # but they do have a `streaming_content` attribute.
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(r, 'streaming_content'))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(r, "streaming_content"))
 
         # that exists so we can check if a response is streaming, and wrap or
         # replace the content iterator.
-        r.streaming_content = iter(['abc', 'def'])
+        r.streaming_content = iter(["abc", "def"])
         r.streaming_content = (chunk.upper() for chunk in r.streaming_content)
-        self.assertEqual(list(r), [b'ABC', b'DEF'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(r), [b"ABC", b"DEF"])
 
         # coercing a streaming response to bytes doesn't return a complete HTTP
         # message like a regular response does. it only gives us the headers.
-        r = StreamingHttpResponse(iter(['hello', 'world']))
-        self.assertEqual(bytes(r), b'Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8')
+        r = StreamingHttpResponse(iter(["hello", "world"]))
+        self.assertEqual(bytes(r), b"Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8")
 
         # and this won't consume its content.
-        self.assertEqual(list(r), [b'hello', b'world'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(r), [b"hello", b"world"])
 
         # additional content cannot be written to the response.
-        r = StreamingHttpResponse(iter(['hello', 'world']))
+        r = StreamingHttpResponse(iter(["hello", "world"]))
         with self.assertRaises(Exception):
-            r.write('!')
+            r.write("!")
 
         # and we can't tell the current position.
         with self.assertRaises(Exception):
             r.tell()
 
-        r = StreamingHttpResponse(iter(['hello', 'world']))
-        self.assertEqual(r.getvalue(), b'helloworld')
+        r = StreamingHttpResponse(iter(["hello", "world"]))
+        self.assertEqual(r.getvalue(), b"helloworld")
 
     def test_repr(self):
-        r = StreamingHttpResponse(iter(['hello', 'café']))
+        r = StreamingHttpResponse(iter(["hello", "café"]))
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(r),
             '<StreamingHttpResponse status_code=200, "text/html; charset=utf-8">',
@@ -672,7 +696,6 @@ class StreamingHttpResponseTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class FileCloseTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         # Disable the request_finished signal during this test
         # to avoid interfering with the database connection.
@@ -682,7 +705,7 @@ class FileCloseTests(SimpleTestCase):
         request_finished.connect(close_old_connections)
 
     def test_response(self):
-        filename = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'abc.txt')
+        filename = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "abc.txt")
 
         # file isn't closed until we close the response.
         file1 = open(filename)
@@ -700,7 +723,7 @@ class FileCloseTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertTrue(file2.closed)
 
     def test_streaming_response(self):
-        filename = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'abc.txt')
+        filename = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "abc.txt")
 
         # file isn't closed until we close the response.
         file1 = open(filename)
@@ -726,56 +749,65 @@ class CookieTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_encode(self):
         """Semicolons and commas are encoded."""
         c = SimpleCookie()
-        c['test'] = "An,awkward;value"
-        self.assertNotIn(";", c.output().rstrip(';'))  # IE compat
-        self.assertNotIn(",", c.output().rstrip(';'))  # Safari compat
+        c["test"] = "An,awkward;value"
+        self.assertNotIn(";", c.output().rstrip(";"))  # IE compat
+        self.assertNotIn(",", c.output().rstrip(";"))  # Safari compat
 
     def test_decode(self):
         """Semicolons and commas are decoded."""
         c = SimpleCookie()
-        c['test'] = "An,awkward;value"
+        c["test"] = "An,awkward;value"
         c2 = SimpleCookie()
         c2.load(c.output()[12:])
-        self.assertEqual(c['test'].value, c2['test'].value)
+        self.assertEqual(c["test"].value, c2["test"].value)
         c3 = parse_cookie(c.output()[12:])
-        self.assertEqual(c['test'].value, c3['test'])
+        self.assertEqual(c["test"].value, c3["test"])
 
     def test_nonstandard_keys(self):
         """
         A single non-standard cookie name doesn't affect all cookies (#13007).
         """
-        self.assertIn('good_cookie', parse_cookie('good_cookie=yes;bad:cookie=yes'))
+        self.assertIn("good_cookie", parse_cookie("good_cookie=yes;bad:cookie=yes"))
 
     def test_repeated_nonstandard_keys(self):
         """
         A repeated non-standard name doesn't affect all cookies (#15852).
         """
-        self.assertIn('good_cookie', parse_cookie('a:=b; a:=c; good_cookie=yes'))
+        self.assertIn("good_cookie", parse_cookie("a:=b; a:=c; good_cookie=yes"))
 
     def test_python_cookies(self):
         """
         Test cases copied from Python's Lib/test/test_http_cookies.py
         """
-        self.assertEqual(parse_cookie('chips=ahoy; vienna=finger'), {'chips': 'ahoy', 'vienna': 'finger'})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            parse_cookie("chips=ahoy; vienna=finger"),
+            {"chips": "ahoy", "vienna": "finger"},
+        )
         # Here parse_cookie() differs from Python's cookie parsing in that it
         # treats all semicolons as delimiters, even within quotes.
         self.assertEqual(
             parse_cookie('keebler="E=mc2; L=\\"Loves\\"; fudge=\\012;"'),
-            {'keebler': '"E=mc2', 'L': '\\"Loves\\"', 'fudge': '\\012', '': '"'}
+            {"keebler": '"E=mc2', "L": '\\"Loves\\"', "fudge": "\\012", "": '"'},
         )
         # Illegal cookies that have an '=' char in an unquoted value.
-        self.assertEqual(parse_cookie('keebler=E=mc2'), {'keebler': 'E=mc2'})
+        self.assertEqual(parse_cookie("keebler=E=mc2"), {"keebler": "E=mc2"})
         # Cookies with ':' character in their name.
-        self.assertEqual(parse_cookie('key:term=value:term'), {'key:term': 'value:term'})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            parse_cookie("key:term=value:term"), {"key:term": "value:term"}
+        )
         # Cookies with '[' and ']'.
-        self.assertEqual(parse_cookie('a=b; c=[; d=r; f=h'), {'a': 'b', 'c': '[', 'd': 'r', 'f': 'h'})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            parse_cookie("a=b; c=[; d=r; f=h"), {"a": "b", "c": "[", "d": "r", "f": "h"}
+        )
 
     def test_cookie_edgecases(self):
         # Cookies that RFC6265 allows.
-        self.assertEqual(parse_cookie('a=b; Domain=example.com'), {'a': 'b', 'Domain': 'example.com'})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            parse_cookie("a=b; Domain=example.com"), {"a": "b", "Domain": "example.com"}
+        )
         # parse_cookie() has historically kept only the last cookie with the
         # same name.
-        self.assertEqual(parse_cookie('a=b; h=i; a=c'), {'a': 'c', 'h': 'i'})
+        self.assertEqual(parse_cookie("a=b; h=i; a=c"), {"a": "c", "h": "i"})
 
     def test_invalid_cookies(self):
         """
@@ -784,39 +816,50 @@ class CookieTests(unittest.TestCase):
         """
         # Chunks without an equals sign appear as unnamed values per
         # https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=169091
-        self.assertIn('django_language', parse_cookie('abc=def; unnamed; django_language=en'))
+        self.assertIn(
+            "django_language", parse_cookie("abc=def; unnamed; django_language=en")
+        )
         # Even a double quote may be an unnamed value.
-        self.assertEqual(parse_cookie('a=b; "; c=d'), {'a': 'b', '': '"', 'c': 'd'})
+        self.assertEqual(parse_cookie('a=b; "; c=d'), {"a": "b", "": '"', "c": "d"})
         # Spaces in names and values, and an equals sign in values.
-        self.assertEqual(parse_cookie('a b c=d e = f; gh=i'), {'a b c': 'd e = f', 'gh': 'i'})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            parse_cookie("a b c=d e = f; gh=i"), {"a b c": "d e = f", "gh": "i"}
+        )
         # More characters the spec forbids.
-        self.assertEqual(parse_cookie('a   b,c<>@:/[]?{}=d  "  =e,f g'), {'a   b,c<>@:/[]?{}': 'd  "  =e,f g'})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            parse_cookie('a   b,c<>@:/[]?{}=d  "  =e,f g'),
+            {"a   b,c<>@:/[]?{}": 'd  "  =e,f g'},
+        )
         # Unicode characters. The spec only allows ASCII.
-        self.assertEqual(parse_cookie('saint=André Bessette'), {'saint': 'André Bessette'})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            parse_cookie("saint=André Bessette"), {"saint": "André Bessette"}
+        )
         # Browsers don't send extra whitespace or semicolons in Cookie headers,
         # but parse_cookie() should parse whitespace the same way
         # document.cookie parses whitespace.
-        self.assertEqual(parse_cookie('  =  b  ;  ;  =  ;   c  =  ;  '), {'': 'b', 'c': ''})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            parse_cookie("  =  b  ;  ;  =  ;   c  =  ;  "), {"": "b", "c": ""}
+        )
 
     def test_samesite(self):
-        c = SimpleCookie('name=value; samesite=lax; httponly')
-        self.assertEqual(c['name']['samesite'], 'lax')
-        self.assertIn('SameSite=lax', c.output())
+        c = SimpleCookie("name=value; samesite=lax; httponly")
+        self.assertEqual(c["name"]["samesite"], "lax")
+        self.assertIn("SameSite=lax", c.output())
 
     def test_httponly_after_load(self):
         c = SimpleCookie()
         c.load("name=val")
-        c['name']['httponly'] = True
-        self.assertTrue(c['name']['httponly'])
+        c["name"]["httponly"] = True
+        self.assertTrue(c["name"]["httponly"])
 
     def test_load_dict(self):
         c = SimpleCookie()
-        c.load({'name': 'val'})
-        self.assertEqual(c['name'].value, 'val')
+        c.load({"name": "val"})
+        self.assertEqual(c["name"].value, "val")
 
     def test_pickle(self):
         rawdata = 'Customer="WILE_E_COYOTE"; Path=/acme; Version=1'
-        expected_output = 'Set-Cookie: %s' % rawdata
+        expected_output = "Set-Cookie: %s" % rawdata
 
         C = SimpleCookie()
         C.load(rawdata)
@@ -829,32 +872,33 @@ class CookieTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
 class HttpResponseHeadersTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
     """Headers by treating HttpResponse like a dictionary."""
+
     def test_headers(self):
         response = HttpResponse()
-        response['X-Foo'] = 'bar'
-        self.assertEqual(response['X-Foo'], 'bar')
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['X-Foo'], 'bar')
-        self.assertIn('X-Foo', response)
-        self.assertIs(response.has_header('X-Foo'), True)
-        del response['X-Foo']
-        self.assertNotIn('X-Foo', response)
-        self.assertNotIn('X-Foo', response.headers)
+        response["X-Foo"] = "bar"
+        self.assertEqual(response["X-Foo"], "bar")
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["X-Foo"], "bar")
+        self.assertIn("X-Foo", response)
+        self.assertIs(response.has_header("X-Foo"), True)
+        del response["X-Foo"]
+        self.assertNotIn("X-Foo", response)
+        self.assertNotIn("X-Foo", response.headers)
         # del doesn't raise a KeyError on nonexistent headers.
-        del response['X-Foo']
+        del response["X-Foo"]
 
     def test_headers_as_iterable_of_tuple_pairs(self):
-        response = HttpResponse(headers=(('X-Foo', 'bar'),))
-        self.assertEqual(response['X-Foo'], 'bar')
+        response = HttpResponse(headers=(("X-Foo", "bar"),))
+        self.assertEqual(response["X-Foo"], "bar")
 
     def test_headers_bytestring(self):
         response = HttpResponse()
-        response['X-Foo'] = b'bar'
-        self.assertEqual(response['X-Foo'], 'bar')
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['X-Foo'], 'bar')
+        response["X-Foo"] = b"bar"
+        self.assertEqual(response["X-Foo"], "bar")
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["X-Foo"], "bar")
 
     def test_newlines_in_headers(self):
         response = HttpResponse()
         with self.assertRaises(BadHeaderError):
-            response['test\rstr'] = 'test'
+            response["test\rstr"] = "test"
         with self.assertRaises(BadHeaderError):
-            response['test\nstr'] = 'test'
+            response["test\nstr"] = "test"
diff --git a/tests/humanize_tests/tests.py b/tests/humanize_tests/tests.py
index 298ca3f789..5d46eeac52 100644
--- a/tests/humanize_tests/tests.py
+++ b/tests/humanize_tests/tests.py
@@ -26,141 +26,301 @@ class MockDateTime(datetime.datetime):
             return now.replace(tzinfo=tz) + tz.utcoffset(now)
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.humanize'})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.humanize"})
 class HumanizeTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    def humanize_tester(self, test_list, result_list, method, normalize_result_func=escape):
+    def humanize_tester(
+        self, test_list, result_list, method, normalize_result_func=escape
+    ):
         for test_content, result in zip(test_list, result_list):
             with self.subTest(test_content):
-                t = Template('{%% load humanize %%}{{ test_content|%s }}' % method)
+                t = Template("{%% load humanize %%}{{ test_content|%s }}" % method)
                 rendered = t.render(Context(locals())).strip()
                 self.assertEqual(
                     rendered,
                     normalize_result_func(result),
-                    msg="%s test failed, produced '%s', should've produced '%s'" % (method, rendered, result)
+                    msg="%s test failed, produced '%s', should've produced '%s'"
+                    % (method, rendered, result),
                 )
 
     def test_ordinal(self):
-        test_list = ('1', '2', '3', '4', '11', '12',
-                     '13', '101', '102', '103', '111',
-                     'something else', None)
-        result_list = ('1st', '2nd', '3rd', '4th', '11th',
-                       '12th', '13th', '101st', '102nd', '103rd',
-                       '111th', 'something else', None)
+        test_list = (
+            "1",
+            "2",
+            "3",
+            "4",
+            "11",
+            "12",
+            "13",
+            "101",
+            "102",
+            "103",
+            "111",
+            "something else",
+            None,
+        )
+        result_list = (
+            "1st",
+            "2nd",
+            "3rd",
+            "4th",
+            "11th",
+            "12th",
+            "13th",
+            "101st",
+            "102nd",
+            "103rd",
+            "111th",
+            "something else",
+            None,
+        )
 
-        with translation.override('en'):
-            self.humanize_tester(test_list, result_list, 'ordinal')
+        with translation.override("en"):
+            self.humanize_tester(test_list, result_list, "ordinal")
 
     def test_i18n_html_ordinal(self):
         """Allow html in output on i18n strings"""
-        test_list = ('1', '2', '3', '4', '11', '12',
-                     '13', '101', '102', '103', '111',
-                     'something else', None)
-        result_list = ('1<sup>er</sup>', '2<sup>e</sup>', '3<sup>e</sup>', '4<sup>e</sup>',
-                       '11<sup>e</sup>', '12<sup>e</sup>', '13<sup>e</sup>', '101<sup>er</sup>',
-                       '102<sup>e</sup>', '103<sup>e</sup>', '111<sup>e</sup>', 'something else',
-                       'None')
+        test_list = (
+            "1",
+            "2",
+            "3",
+            "4",
+            "11",
+            "12",
+            "13",
+            "101",
+            "102",
+            "103",
+            "111",
+            "something else",
+            None,
+        )
+        result_list = (
+            "1<sup>er</sup>",
+            "2<sup>e</sup>",
+            "3<sup>e</sup>",
+            "4<sup>e</sup>",
+            "11<sup>e</sup>",
+            "12<sup>e</sup>",
+            "13<sup>e</sup>",
+            "101<sup>er</sup>",
+            "102<sup>e</sup>",
+            "103<sup>e</sup>",
+            "111<sup>e</sup>",
+            "something else",
+            "None",
+        )
 
-        with translation.override('fr-fr'):
-            self.humanize_tester(test_list, result_list, 'ordinal', lambda x: x)
+        with translation.override("fr-fr"):
+            self.humanize_tester(test_list, result_list, "ordinal", lambda x: x)
 
     def test_intcomma(self):
         test_list = (
-            100, 1000, 10123, 10311, 1000000, 1234567.25, '100', '1000',
-            '10123', '10311', '1000000', '1234567.1234567',
-            Decimal('1234567.1234567'), None,
-            '１２３４５６７', '１２３４５６７.１２',
+            100,
+            1000,
+            10123,
+            10311,
+            1000000,
+            1234567.25,
+            "100",
+            "1000",
+            "10123",
+            "10311",
+            "1000000",
+            "1234567.1234567",
+            Decimal("1234567.1234567"),
+            None,
+            "１２３４５６７",
+            "１２３４５６７.１２",
         )
         result_list = (
-            '100', '1,000', '10,123', '10,311', '1,000,000', '1,234,567.25',
-            '100', '1,000', '10,123', '10,311', '1,000,000', '1,234,567.1234567',
-            '1,234,567.1234567', None,
-            '1,234,567', '１,２３４,５６７.１２',
+            "100",
+            "1,000",
+            "10,123",
+            "10,311",
+            "1,000,000",
+            "1,234,567.25",
+            "100",
+            "1,000",
+            "10,123",
+            "10,311",
+            "1,000,000",
+            "1,234,567.1234567",
+            "1,234,567.1234567",
+            None,
+            "1,234,567",
+            "１,２３４,５６７.１２",
         )
-        with translation.override('en'):
-            self.humanize_tester(test_list, result_list, 'intcomma')
+        with translation.override("en"):
+            self.humanize_tester(test_list, result_list, "intcomma")
 
     def test_l10n_intcomma(self):
         test_list = (
-            100, 1000, 10123, 10311, 1000000, 1234567.25, '100', '1000',
-            '10123', '10311', '1000000', '1234567.1234567',
-            Decimal('1234567.1234567'), None,
-            '１２３４５６７', '１２３４５６７.１２',
+            100,
+            1000,
+            10123,
+            10311,
+            1000000,
+            1234567.25,
+            "100",
+            "1000",
+            "10123",
+            "10311",
+            "1000000",
+            "1234567.1234567",
+            Decimal("1234567.1234567"),
+            None,
+            "１２３４５６７",
+            "１２３４５６７.１２",
         )
         result_list = (
-            '100', '1,000', '10,123', '10,311', '1,000,000', '1,234,567.25',
-            '100', '1,000', '10,123', '10,311', '1,000,000', '1,234,567.1234567',
-            '1,234,567.1234567', None,
-            '1,234,567', '１,２３４,５６７.１２',
+            "100",
+            "1,000",
+            "10,123",
+            "10,311",
+            "1,000,000",
+            "1,234,567.25",
+            "100",
+            "1,000",
+            "10,123",
+            "10,311",
+            "1,000,000",
+            "1,234,567.1234567",
+            "1,234,567.1234567",
+            None,
+            "1,234,567",
+            "１,２３４,５６７.１２",
         )
         with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=False):
-            with translation.override('en'):
-                self.humanize_tester(test_list, result_list, 'intcomma')
+            with translation.override("en"):
+                self.humanize_tester(test_list, result_list, "intcomma")
 
     def test_intcomma_without_number_grouping(self):
         # Regression for #17414
-        with translation.override('ja'):
-            self.humanize_tester([100], ['100'], 'intcomma')
+        with translation.override("ja"):
+            self.humanize_tester([100], ["100"], "intcomma")
 
     def test_intword(self):
         # Positive integers.
         test_list_positive = (
-            '100', '1000000', '1200000', '1290000', '1000000000', '2000000000',
-            '6000000000000', '1300000000000000', '3500000000000000000000',
-            '8100000000000000000000000000000000', ('1' + '0' * 100),
-            ('1' + '0' * 104),
+            "100",
+            "1000000",
+            "1200000",
+            "1290000",
+            "1000000000",
+            "2000000000",
+            "6000000000000",
+            "1300000000000000",
+            "3500000000000000000000",
+            "8100000000000000000000000000000000",
+            ("1" + "0" * 100),
+            ("1" + "0" * 104),
         )
         result_list_positive = (
-            '100', '1.0 million', '1.2 million', '1.3 million', '1.0 billion',
-            '2.0 billion', '6.0 trillion', '1.3 quadrillion', '3.5 sextillion',
-            '8.1 decillion', '1.0 googol', ('1' + '0' * 104),
+            "100",
+            "1.0 million",
+            "1.2 million",
+            "1.3 million",
+            "1.0 billion",
+            "2.0 billion",
+            "6.0 trillion",
+            "1.3 quadrillion",
+            "3.5 sextillion",
+            "8.1 decillion",
+            "1.0 googol",
+            ("1" + "0" * 104),
         )
         # Negative integers.
-        test_list_negative = ('-' + test for test in test_list_positive)
-        result_list_negative = ('-' + result for result in result_list_positive)
-        with translation.override('en'):
+        test_list_negative = ("-" + test for test in test_list_positive)
+        result_list_negative = ("-" + result for result in result_list_positive)
+        with translation.override("en"):
             self.humanize_tester(
                 (*test_list_positive, *test_list_negative, None),
                 (*result_list_positive, *result_list_negative, None),
-                'intword',
+                "intword",
             )
 
     def test_i18n_intcomma(self):
-        test_list = (100, 1000, 10123, 10311, 1000000, 1234567.25,
-                     '100', '1000', '10123', '10311', '1000000', None)
-        result_list = ('100', '1.000', '10.123', '10.311', '1.000.000', '1.234.567,25',
-                       '100', '1.000', '10.123', '10.311', '1.000.000', None)
+        test_list = (
+            100,
+            1000,
+            10123,
+            10311,
+            1000000,
+            1234567.25,
+            "100",
+            "1000",
+            "10123",
+            "10311",
+            "1000000",
+            None,
+        )
+        result_list = (
+            "100",
+            "1.000",
+            "10.123",
+            "10.311",
+            "1.000.000",
+            "1.234.567,25",
+            "100",
+            "1.000",
+            "10.123",
+            "10.311",
+            "1.000.000",
+            None,
+        )
         with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True):
-            with translation.override('de'):
-                self.humanize_tester(test_list, result_list, 'intcomma')
+            with translation.override("de"):
+                self.humanize_tester(test_list, result_list, "intcomma")
 
     def test_i18n_intword(self):
         # Positive integers.
         test_list_positive = (
-            '100', '1000000', '1200000', '1290000', '1000000000', '2000000000',
-            '6000000000000',
+            "100",
+            "1000000",
+            "1200000",
+            "1290000",
+            "1000000000",
+            "2000000000",
+            "6000000000000",
         )
         result_list_positive = (
-            '100', '1,0 Million', '1,2 Millionen', '1,3 Millionen',
-            '1,0 Milliarde', '2,0 Milliarden', '6,0 Billionen',
+            "100",
+            "1,0 Million",
+            "1,2 Millionen",
+            "1,3 Millionen",
+            "1,0 Milliarde",
+            "2,0 Milliarden",
+            "6,0 Billionen",
         )
         # Negative integers.
-        test_list_negative = ('-' + test for test in test_list_positive)
-        result_list_negative = ('-' + result for result in result_list_positive)
+        test_list_negative = ("-" + test for test in test_list_positive)
+        result_list_negative = ("-" + result for result in result_list_positive)
         with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True):
-            with translation.override('de'):
+            with translation.override("de"):
                 self.humanize_tester(
                     (*test_list_positive, *test_list_negative),
                     (*result_list_positive, *result_list_negative),
-                    'intword',
+                    "intword",
                 )
 
     def test_apnumber(self):
         test_list = [str(x) for x in range(1, 11)]
         test_list.append(None)
-        result_list = ('one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five', 'six', 'seven', 'eight', 'nine', '10', None)
-        with translation.override('en'):
-            self.humanize_tester(test_list, result_list, 'apnumber')
+        result_list = (
+            "one",
+            "two",
+            "three",
+            "four",
+            "five",
+            "six",
+            "seven",
+            "eight",
+            "nine",
+            "10",
+            None,
+        )
+        with translation.override("en"):
+            self.humanize_tester(test_list, result_list, "apnumber")
 
     def test_naturalday(self):
         today = datetime.date.today()
@@ -171,9 +331,15 @@ class HumanizeTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         test_list = (today, yesterday, tomorrow, someday, notdate, None)
         someday_result = defaultfilters.date(someday)
-        result_list = (_('today'), _('yesterday'), _('tomorrow'),
-                       someday_result, "I'm not a date value", None)
-        self.humanize_tester(test_list, result_list, 'naturalday')
+        result_list = (
+            _("today"),
+            _("yesterday"),
+            _("tomorrow"),
+            someday_result,
+            "I'm not a date value",
+            None,
+        )
+        self.humanize_tester(test_list, result_list, "naturalday")
 
     def test_naturalday_tz(self):
         today = datetime.date.today()
@@ -198,8 +364,8 @@ class HumanizeTests(SimpleTestCase):
         orig_humanize_datetime, humanize.datetime = humanize.datetime, MockDateTime
         try:
             with override_settings(TIME_ZONE="America/Chicago", USE_TZ=True):
-                with translation.override('en'):
-                    self.humanize_tester([dt], ['yesterday'], 'naturalday')
+                with translation.override("en"):
+                    self.humanize_tester([dt], ["yesterday"], "naturalday")
         finally:
             humanize.datetime = orig_humanize_datetime
 
@@ -207,8 +373,9 @@ class HumanizeTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class naive(datetime.tzinfo):
             def utcoffset(self, dt):
                 return None
+
         test_list = [
-            'test',
+            "test",
             now,
             now - datetime.timedelta(microseconds=1),
             now - datetime.timedelta(seconds=1),
@@ -232,43 +399,44 @@ class HumanizeTests(SimpleTestCase):
             now.replace(tzinfo=utc),
         ]
         result_list = [
-            'test',
-            'now',
-            'now',
-            'a second ago',
-            '30\xa0seconds ago',
-            'a minute ago',
-            '2\xa0minutes ago',
-            'an hour ago',
-            '23\xa0hours ago',
-            '1\xa0day ago',
-            '1\xa0year, 4\xa0months ago',
-            'a second from now',
-            '30\xa0seconds from now',
-            'a minute from now',
-            '2\xa0minutes from now',
-            'an hour from now',
-            '23\xa0hours from now',
-            '1\xa0day from now',
-            '2\xa0days, 6\xa0hours from now',
-            '1\xa0year, 4\xa0months from now',
-            'now',
-            'now',
+            "test",
+            "now",
+            "now",
+            "a second ago",
+            "30\xa0seconds ago",
+            "a minute ago",
+            "2\xa0minutes ago",
+            "an hour ago",
+            "23\xa0hours ago",
+            "1\xa0day ago",
+            "1\xa0year, 4\xa0months ago",
+            "a second from now",
+            "30\xa0seconds from now",
+            "a minute from now",
+            "2\xa0minutes from now",
+            "an hour from now",
+            "23\xa0hours from now",
+            "1\xa0day from now",
+            "2\xa0days, 6\xa0hours from now",
+            "1\xa0year, 4\xa0months from now",
+            "now",
+            "now",
         ]
         # Because of the DST change, 2 days and 6 hours after the chosen
         # date in naive arithmetic is only 2 days and 5 hours after in
         # aware arithmetic.
         result_list_with_tz_support = result_list[:]
-        assert result_list_with_tz_support[-4] == '2\xa0days, 6\xa0hours from now'
-        result_list_with_tz_support[-4] == '2\xa0days, 5\xa0hours from now'
+        assert result_list_with_tz_support[-4] == "2\xa0days, 6\xa0hours from now"
+        result_list_with_tz_support[-4] == "2\xa0days, 5\xa0hours from now"
 
         orig_humanize_datetime, humanize.datetime = humanize.datetime, MockDateTime
         try:
-            with translation.override('en'):
-                self.humanize_tester(test_list, result_list, 'naturaltime')
+            with translation.override("en"):
+                self.humanize_tester(test_list, result_list, "naturaltime")
                 with override_settings(USE_TZ=True):
                     self.humanize_tester(
-                        test_list, result_list_with_tz_support, 'naturaltime')
+                        test_list, result_list_with_tz_support, "naturaltime"
+                    )
         finally:
             humanize.datetime = orig_humanize_datetime
 
@@ -276,29 +444,29 @@ class HumanizeTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         #23340 -- Verify the documented behavior of humanize.naturaltime.
         """
-        time_format = '%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S'
-        documented_now = datetime.datetime.strptime('17 Feb 2007 16:30:00', time_format)
+        time_format = "%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S"
+        documented_now = datetime.datetime.strptime("17 Feb 2007 16:30:00", time_format)
 
         test_data = (
-            ('17 Feb 2007 16:30:00', 'now'),
-            ('17 Feb 2007 16:29:31', '29 seconds ago'),
-            ('17 Feb 2007 16:29:00', 'a minute ago'),
-            ('17 Feb 2007 16:25:35', '4 minutes ago'),
-            ('17 Feb 2007 15:30:29', '59 minutes ago'),
-            ('17 Feb 2007 15:30:01', '59 minutes ago'),
-            ('17 Feb 2007 15:30:00', 'an hour ago'),
-            ('17 Feb 2007 13:31:29', '2 hours ago'),
-            ('16 Feb 2007 13:31:29', '1 day, 2 hours ago'),
-            ('16 Feb 2007 13:30:01', '1 day, 2 hours ago'),
-            ('16 Feb 2007 13:30:00', '1 day, 3 hours ago'),
-            ('17 Feb 2007 16:30:30', '30 seconds from now'),
-            ('17 Feb 2007 16:30:29', '29 seconds from now'),
-            ('17 Feb 2007 16:31:00', 'a minute from now'),
-            ('17 Feb 2007 16:34:35', '4 minutes from now'),
-            ('17 Feb 2007 17:30:29', 'an hour from now'),
-            ('17 Feb 2007 18:31:29', '2 hours from now'),
-            ('18 Feb 2007 16:31:29', '1 day from now'),
-            ('26 Feb 2007 18:31:29', '1 week, 2 days from now'),
+            ("17 Feb 2007 16:30:00", "now"),
+            ("17 Feb 2007 16:29:31", "29 seconds ago"),
+            ("17 Feb 2007 16:29:00", "a minute ago"),
+            ("17 Feb 2007 16:25:35", "4 minutes ago"),
+            ("17 Feb 2007 15:30:29", "59 minutes ago"),
+            ("17 Feb 2007 15:30:01", "59 minutes ago"),
+            ("17 Feb 2007 15:30:00", "an hour ago"),
+            ("17 Feb 2007 13:31:29", "2 hours ago"),
+            ("16 Feb 2007 13:31:29", "1 day, 2 hours ago"),
+            ("16 Feb 2007 13:30:01", "1 day, 2 hours ago"),
+            ("16 Feb 2007 13:30:00", "1 day, 3 hours ago"),
+            ("17 Feb 2007 16:30:30", "30 seconds from now"),
+            ("17 Feb 2007 16:30:29", "29 seconds from now"),
+            ("17 Feb 2007 16:31:00", "a minute from now"),
+            ("17 Feb 2007 16:34:35", "4 minutes from now"),
+            ("17 Feb 2007 17:30:29", "an hour from now"),
+            ("17 Feb 2007 18:31:29", "2 hours from now"),
+            ("18 Feb 2007 16:31:29", "1 day from now"),
+            ("26 Feb 2007 18:31:29", "1 week, 2 days from now"),
         )
 
         class DocumentedMockDateTime(datetime.datetime):
@@ -314,8 +482,10 @@ class HumanizeTests(SimpleTestCase):
         try:
             for test_time_string, expected_natural_time in test_data:
                 with self.subTest(test_time_string):
-                    test_time = datetime.datetime.strptime(test_time_string, time_format)
-                    natural_time = humanize.naturaltime(test_time).replace('\xa0', ' ')
+                    test_time = datetime.datetime.strptime(
+                        test_time_string, time_format
+                    )
+                    natural_time = humanize.naturaltime(test_time).replace("\xa0", " ")
                     self.assertEqual(expected_natural_time, natural_time)
         finally:
             humanize.datetime = orig_humanize_datetime
@@ -342,24 +512,24 @@ class HumanizeTests(SimpleTestCase):
             now + datetime.timedelta(days=865),
         ]
         result_list = [
-            'před 1\xa0dnem',
-            'před 2\xa0dny',
-            'před 1\xa0měsícem',
-            'před 2\xa0měsíci',
-            'před 1\xa0rokem, 4\xa0měsíci',
-            'před 2\xa0lety, 4\xa0měsíci',
-            'za 1\xa0den',
-            'za 2\xa0dny',
-            'za 1\xa0měsíc',
-            'za 2\xa0měsíce',
-            'za 1\xa0rok, 4\xa0měsíce',
-            'za 2\xa0roky, 4\xa0měsíce',
+            "před 1\xa0dnem",
+            "před 2\xa0dny",
+            "před 1\xa0měsícem",
+            "před 2\xa0měsíci",
+            "před 1\xa0rokem, 4\xa0měsíci",
+            "před 2\xa0lety, 4\xa0měsíci",
+            "za 1\xa0den",
+            "za 2\xa0dny",
+            "za 1\xa0měsíc",
+            "za 2\xa0měsíce",
+            "za 1\xa0rok, 4\xa0měsíce",
+            "za 2\xa0roky, 4\xa0měsíce",
         ]
 
         orig_humanize_datetime, humanize.datetime = humanize.datetime, MockDateTime
         try:
             # Choose a language with different naturaltime-past/naturaltime-future translations
-            with translation.override('cs'):
-                self.humanize_tester(test_list, result_list, 'naturaltime')
+            with translation.override("cs"):
+                self.humanize_tester(test_list, result_list, "naturaltime")
         finally:
             humanize.datetime = orig_humanize_datetime
diff --git a/tests/i18n/commands/__init__.py b/tests/i18n/commands/__init__.py
index f0a06505de..e02ea47fff 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/commands/__init__.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/commands/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-from django.utils.translation import gettext as _, ngettext
+from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
+from django.utils.translation import ngettext
 
 # Translators: This comment should be extracted
 dummy1 = _("This is a translatable string.")
@@ -9,9 +10,9 @@ dummy2 = _("This is another translatable string.")
 # This file has a literal with plural forms. When processed first, makemessages
 # shouldn't create a .po file with duplicate `Plural-Forms` headers
 number = 3
-dummy3 = ngettext("%(number)s Foo", "%(number)s Foos", number) % {'number': number}
+dummy3 = ngettext("%(number)s Foo", "%(number)s Foos", number) % {"number": number}
 
-dummy4 = _('Size')
+dummy4 = _("Size")
 
 # This string is intentionally duplicated in test.html
-dummy5 = _('This literal should be included.')
+dummy5 = _("This literal should be included.")
diff --git a/tests/i18n/contenttypes/tests.py b/tests/i18n/contenttypes/tests.py
index d23e2bdf56..22bbb5d834 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/contenttypes/tests.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/contenttypes/tests.py
@@ -8,18 +8,18 @@ from django.utils import translation
 @override_settings(
     USE_I18N=True,
     LOCALE_PATHS=[
-        os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'locale'),
+        os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "locale"),
     ],
-    LANGUAGE_CODE='en',
+    LANGUAGE_CODE="en",
     LANGUAGES=[
-        ('en', 'English'),
-        ('fr', 'French'),
+        ("en", "English"),
+        ("fr", "French"),
     ],
 )
 class ContentTypeTests(TestCase):
     def test_verbose_name(self):
-        company_type = ContentType.objects.get(app_label='i18n', model='company')
-        with translation.override('en'):
-            self.assertEqual(str(company_type), 'i18n | Company')
-        with translation.override('fr'):
-            self.assertEqual(str(company_type), 'i18n | Société')
+        company_type = ContentType.objects.get(app_label="i18n", model="company")
+        with translation.override("en"):
+            self.assertEqual(str(company_type), "i18n | Company")
+        with translation.override("fr"):
+            self.assertEqual(str(company_type), "i18n | Société")
diff --git a/tests/i18n/forms.py b/tests/i18n/forms.py
index 8c290bf664..207ab9403a 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/forms.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/forms.py
@@ -23,4 +23,4 @@ class CompanyForm(forms.ModelForm):
 
     class Meta:
         model = Company
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
diff --git a/tests/i18n/loading_app/apps.py b/tests/i18n/loading_app/apps.py
index 14cfdf776f..855862ec9a 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/loading_app/apps.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/loading_app/apps.py
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ from django.apps import AppConfig
 
 
 class LoadingAppConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'i18n.loading_app'
+    name = "i18n.loading_app"
diff --git a/tests/i18n/models.py b/tests/i18n/models.py
index 15b4de57b6..8343276bf2 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/models.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/models.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 
 class TestModel(models.Model):
-    text = models.CharField(max_length=10, default=_('Anything'))
+    text = models.CharField(max_length=10, default=_("Anything"))
 
 
 class Company(models.Model):
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ class Company(models.Model):
     products_delivered = models.IntegerField()
 
     class Meta:
-        verbose_name = _('Company')
+        verbose_name = _("Company")
diff --git a/tests/i18n/other/locale/fr/formats.py b/tests/i18n/other/locale/fr/formats.py
index d13e245c30..81f2f70886 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/other/locale/fr/formats.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/other/locale/fr/formats.py
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 # A user-defined format
-CUSTOM_DAY_FORMAT = 'd/m/Y CUSTOM'
+CUSTOM_DAY_FORMAT = "d/m/Y CUSTOM"
diff --git a/tests/i18n/patterns/tests.py b/tests/i18n/patterns/tests.py
index ebd2430428..eeb41e7d27 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/patterns/tests.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/patterns/tests.py
@@ -19,28 +19,30 @@ class PermanentRedirectLocaleMiddleWare(LocaleMiddleware):
 @override_settings(
     USE_I18N=True,
     LOCALE_PATHS=[
-        os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'locale'),
+        os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "locale"),
     ],
-    LANGUAGE_CODE='en-us',
+    LANGUAGE_CODE="en-us",
     LANGUAGES=[
-        ('nl', 'Dutch'),
-        ('en', 'English'),
-        ('pt-br', 'Brazilian Portuguese'),
+        ("nl", "Dutch"),
+        ("en", "English"),
+        ("pt-br", "Brazilian Portuguese"),
     ],
     MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware',
-        'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
+        "django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware",
+        "django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware",
+    ],
+    ROOT_URLCONF="i18n.patterns.urls.default",
+    TEMPLATES=[
+        {
+            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            "DIRS": [os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "templates")],
+            "OPTIONS": {
+                "context_processors": [
+                    "django.template.context_processors.i18n",
+                ],
+            },
+        }
     ],
-    ROOT_URLCONF='i18n.patterns.urls.default',
-    TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'DIRS': [os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'templates')],
-        'OPTIONS': {
-            'context_processors': [
-                'django.template.context_processors.i18n',
-            ],
-        },
-    }],
 )
 class URLTestCaseBase(SimpleTestCase):
     """
@@ -60,53 +62,58 @@ class URLPrefixTests(URLTestCaseBase):
     """
     Tests if the `i18n_patterns` is adding the prefix correctly.
     """
+
     def test_not_prefixed(self):
-        with translation.override('en'):
-            self.assertEqual(reverse('not-prefixed'), '/not-prefixed/')
-            self.assertEqual(reverse('not-prefixed-included-url'), '/not-prefixed-include/foo/')
-        with translation.override('nl'):
-            self.assertEqual(reverse('not-prefixed'), '/not-prefixed/')
-            self.assertEqual(reverse('not-prefixed-included-url'), '/not-prefixed-include/foo/')
+        with translation.override("en"):
+            self.assertEqual(reverse("not-prefixed"), "/not-prefixed/")
+            self.assertEqual(
+                reverse("not-prefixed-included-url"), "/not-prefixed-include/foo/"
+            )
+        with translation.override("nl"):
+            self.assertEqual(reverse("not-prefixed"), "/not-prefixed/")
+            self.assertEqual(
+                reverse("not-prefixed-included-url"), "/not-prefixed-include/foo/"
+            )
 
     def test_prefixed(self):
-        with translation.override('en'):
-            self.assertEqual(reverse('prefixed'), '/en/prefixed/')
-        with translation.override('nl'):
-            self.assertEqual(reverse('prefixed'), '/nl/prefixed/')
+        with translation.override("en"):
+            self.assertEqual(reverse("prefixed"), "/en/prefixed/")
+        with translation.override("nl"):
+            self.assertEqual(reverse("prefixed"), "/nl/prefixed/")
         with translation.override(None):
-            self.assertEqual(reverse('prefixed'), '/%s/prefixed/' % settings.LANGUAGE_CODE)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                reverse("prefixed"), "/%s/prefixed/" % settings.LANGUAGE_CODE
+            )
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='i18n.patterns.urls.wrong')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="i18n.patterns.urls.wrong")
     def test_invalid_prefix_use(self):
-        msg = 'Using i18n_patterns in an included URLconf is not allowed.'
+        msg = "Using i18n_patterns in an included URLconf is not allowed."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            reverse('account:register')
+            reverse("account:register")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='i18n.patterns.urls.disabled')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="i18n.patterns.urls.disabled")
 class URLDisabledTests(URLTestCaseBase):
-
     @override_settings(USE_I18N=False)
     def test_prefixed_i18n_disabled(self):
-        with translation.override('en'):
-            self.assertEqual(reverse('prefixed'), '/prefixed/')
-        with translation.override('nl'):
-            self.assertEqual(reverse('prefixed'), '/prefixed/')
+        with translation.override("en"):
+            self.assertEqual(reverse("prefixed"), "/prefixed/")
+        with translation.override("nl"):
+            self.assertEqual(reverse("prefixed"), "/prefixed/")
 
 
 class RequestURLConfTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='i18n.patterns.urls.path_unused')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="i18n.patterns.urls.path_unused")
     def test_request_urlconf_considered(self):
-        request = RequestFactory().get('/nl/')
-        request.urlconf = 'i18n.patterns.urls.default'
+        request = RequestFactory().get("/nl/")
+        request.urlconf = "i18n.patterns.urls.default"
         middleware = LocaleMiddleware(lambda req: HttpResponse())
-        with translation.override('nl'):
+        with translation.override("nl"):
             middleware.process_request(request)
-        self.assertEqual(request.LANGUAGE_CODE, 'nl')
+        self.assertEqual(request.LANGUAGE_CODE, "nl")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='i18n.patterns.urls.path_unused')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="i18n.patterns.urls.path_unused")
 class PathUnusedTests(URLTestCaseBase):
     """
     If no i18n_patterns is used in root URLconfs, then no language activation
@@ -114,10 +121,10 @@ class PathUnusedTests(URLTestCaseBase):
     """
 
     def test_no_lang_activate(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/nl/foo/')
+        response = self.client.get("/nl/foo/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['content-language'], 'en')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['LANGUAGE_CODE'], 'en')
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["content-language"], "en")
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["LANGUAGE_CODE"], "en")
 
 
 class URLTranslationTests(URLTestCaseBase):
@@ -125,66 +132,90 @@ class URLTranslationTests(URLTestCaseBase):
     Tests if the pattern-strings are translated correctly (within the
     `i18n_patterns` and the normal `patterns` function).
     """
+
     def test_no_prefix_translated(self):
-        with translation.override('en'):
-            self.assertEqual(reverse('no-prefix-translated'), '/translated/')
-            self.assertEqual(reverse('no-prefix-translated-slug', kwargs={'slug': 'yeah'}), '/translated/yeah/')
+        with translation.override("en"):
+            self.assertEqual(reverse("no-prefix-translated"), "/translated/")
+            self.assertEqual(
+                reverse("no-prefix-translated-slug", kwargs={"slug": "yeah"}),
+                "/translated/yeah/",
+            )
 
-        with translation.override('nl'):
-            self.assertEqual(reverse('no-prefix-translated'), '/vertaald/')
-            self.assertEqual(reverse('no-prefix-translated-slug', kwargs={'slug': 'yeah'}), '/vertaald/yeah/')
+        with translation.override("nl"):
+            self.assertEqual(reverse("no-prefix-translated"), "/vertaald/")
+            self.assertEqual(
+                reverse("no-prefix-translated-slug", kwargs={"slug": "yeah"}),
+                "/vertaald/yeah/",
+            )
 
-        with translation.override('pt-br'):
-            self.assertEqual(reverse('no-prefix-translated'), '/traduzidos/')
-            self.assertEqual(reverse('no-prefix-translated-slug', kwargs={'slug': 'yeah'}), '/traduzidos/yeah/')
+        with translation.override("pt-br"):
+            self.assertEqual(reverse("no-prefix-translated"), "/traduzidos/")
+            self.assertEqual(
+                reverse("no-prefix-translated-slug", kwargs={"slug": "yeah"}),
+                "/traduzidos/yeah/",
+            )
 
     def test_users_url(self):
-        with translation.override('en'):
-            self.assertEqual(reverse('users'), '/en/users/')
+        with translation.override("en"):
+            self.assertEqual(reverse("users"), "/en/users/")
 
-        with translation.override('nl'):
-            self.assertEqual(reverse('users'), '/nl/gebruikers/')
-            self.assertEqual(reverse('prefixed_xml'), '/nl/prefixed.xml')
+        with translation.override("nl"):
+            self.assertEqual(reverse("users"), "/nl/gebruikers/")
+            self.assertEqual(reverse("prefixed_xml"), "/nl/prefixed.xml")
 
-        with translation.override('pt-br'):
-            self.assertEqual(reverse('users'), '/pt-br/usuarios/')
+        with translation.override("pt-br"):
+            self.assertEqual(reverse("users"), "/pt-br/usuarios/")
 
     def test_translate_url_utility(self):
-        with translation.override('en'):
-            self.assertEqual(translate_url('/en/nonexistent/', 'nl'), '/en/nonexistent/')
-            self.assertEqual(translate_url('/en/users/', 'nl'), '/nl/gebruikers/')
+        with translation.override("en"):
+            self.assertEqual(
+                translate_url("/en/nonexistent/", "nl"), "/en/nonexistent/"
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(translate_url("/en/users/", "nl"), "/nl/gebruikers/")
             # Namespaced URL
-            self.assertEqual(translate_url('/en/account/register/', 'nl'), '/nl/profiel/registreren/')
+            self.assertEqual(
+                translate_url("/en/account/register/", "nl"), "/nl/profiel/registreren/"
+            )
             # path() URL pattern
-            self.assertEqual(translate_url('/en/account/register-as-path/', 'nl'), '/nl/profiel/registreren-als-pad/')
-            self.assertEqual(translation.get_language(), 'en')
+            self.assertEqual(
+                translate_url("/en/account/register-as-path/", "nl"),
+                "/nl/profiel/registreren-als-pad/",
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(translation.get_language(), "en")
             # URL with parameters.
             self.assertEqual(
-                translate_url('/en/with-arguments/regular-argument/', 'nl'),
-                '/nl/with-arguments/regular-argument/',
+                translate_url("/en/with-arguments/regular-argument/", "nl"),
+                "/nl/with-arguments/regular-argument/",
             )
             self.assertEqual(
-                translate_url('/en/with-arguments/regular-argument/optional.html', 'nl'),
-                '/nl/with-arguments/regular-argument/optional.html',
+                translate_url(
+                    "/en/with-arguments/regular-argument/optional.html", "nl"
+                ),
+                "/nl/with-arguments/regular-argument/optional.html",
             )
 
-        with translation.override('nl'):
-            self.assertEqual(translate_url('/nl/gebruikers/', 'en'), '/en/users/')
-            self.assertEqual(translation.get_language(), 'nl')
+        with translation.override("nl"):
+            self.assertEqual(translate_url("/nl/gebruikers/", "en"), "/en/users/")
+            self.assertEqual(translation.get_language(), "nl")
 
 
 class URLNamespaceTests(URLTestCaseBase):
     """
     Tests if the translations are still working within namespaces.
     """
-    def test_account_register(self):
-        with translation.override('en'):
-            self.assertEqual(reverse('account:register'), '/en/account/register/')
-            self.assertEqual(reverse('account:register-as-path'), '/en/account/register-as-path/')
 
-        with translation.override('nl'):
-            self.assertEqual(reverse('account:register'), '/nl/profiel/registreren/')
-            self.assertEqual(reverse('account:register-as-path'), '/nl/profiel/registreren-als-pad/')
+    def test_account_register(self):
+        with translation.override("en"):
+            self.assertEqual(reverse("account:register"), "/en/account/register/")
+            self.assertEqual(
+                reverse("account:register-as-path"), "/en/account/register-as-path/"
+            )
+
+        with translation.override("nl"):
+            self.assertEqual(reverse("account:register"), "/nl/profiel/registreren/")
+            self.assertEqual(
+                reverse("account:register-as-path"), "/nl/profiel/registreren-als-pad/"
+            )
 
 
 class URLRedirectTests(URLTestCaseBase):
@@ -192,79 +223,81 @@ class URLRedirectTests(URLTestCaseBase):
     Tests if the user gets redirected to the right URL when there is no
     language-prefix in the request URL.
     """
+
     def test_no_prefix_response(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/not-prefixed/')
+        response = self.client.get("/not-prefixed/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_en_redirect(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/account/register/', HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE='en')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/en/account/register/')
+        response = self.client.get("/account/register/", HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE="en")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/en/account/register/")
 
-        response = self.client.get(response.headers['location'])
+        response = self.client.get(response.headers["location"])
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_en_redirect_wrong_url(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/profiel/registreren/', HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE='en')
+        response = self.client.get("/profiel/registreren/", HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE="en")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_nl_redirect(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/profiel/registreren/', HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE='nl')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/nl/profiel/registreren/')
+        response = self.client.get("/profiel/registreren/", HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE="nl")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/nl/profiel/registreren/")
 
-        response = self.client.get(response.headers['location'])
+        response = self.client.get(response.headers["location"])
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_nl_redirect_wrong_url(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/account/register/', HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE='nl')
+        response = self.client.get("/account/register/", HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE="nl")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_pt_br_redirect(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/conta/registre-se/', HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE='pt-br')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/pt-br/conta/registre-se/')
+        response = self.client.get("/conta/registre-se/", HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE="pt-br")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/pt-br/conta/registre-se/")
 
-        response = self.client.get(response.headers['location'])
+        response = self.client.get(response.headers["location"])
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_pl_pl_redirect(self):
         # language from outside of the supported LANGUAGES list
-        response = self.client.get('/account/register/', HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE='pl-pl')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/en/account/register/')
+        response = self.client.get("/account/register/", HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE="pl-pl")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/en/account/register/")
 
-        response = self.client.get(response.headers['location'])
+        response = self.client.get(response.headers["location"])
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     @override_settings(
         MIDDLEWARE=[
-            'i18n.patterns.tests.PermanentRedirectLocaleMiddleWare',
-            'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
+            "i18n.patterns.tests.PermanentRedirectLocaleMiddleWare",
+            "django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware",
         ],
     )
     def test_custom_redirect_class(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/account/register/', HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE='en')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/en/account/register/', 301)
+        response = self.client.get("/account/register/", HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE="en")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/en/account/register/", 301)
 
 
 class URLVaryAcceptLanguageTests(URLTestCaseBase):
     """
     'Accept-Language' is not added to the Vary header when using prefixed URLs.
     """
+
     def test_no_prefix_response(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/not-prefixed/')
+        response = self.client.get("/not-prefixed/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.get('Vary'), 'Accept-Language')
+        self.assertEqual(response.get("Vary"), "Accept-Language")
 
     def test_en_redirect(self):
         """
         The redirect to a prefixed URL depends on 'Accept-Language' and
         'Cookie', but once prefixed no header is set.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/account/register/', HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE='en')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/en/account/register/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.get('Vary'), 'Accept-Language, Cookie')
+        response = self.client.get("/account/register/", HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE="en")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/en/account/register/")
+        self.assertEqual(response.get("Vary"), "Accept-Language, Cookie")
 
-        response = self.client.get(response.headers['location'])
+        response = self.client.get(response.headers["location"])
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertFalse(response.get('Vary'))
+        self.assertFalse(response.get("Vary"))
 
 
 class URLRedirectWithoutTrailingSlashTests(URLTestCaseBase):
@@ -272,18 +305,23 @@ class URLRedirectWithoutTrailingSlashTests(URLTestCaseBase):
     Tests the redirect when the requested URL doesn't end with a slash
     (`settings.APPEND_SLASH=True`).
     """
+
     def test_not_prefixed_redirect(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/not-prefixed', HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE='en')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/not-prefixed/', 301)
+        response = self.client.get("/not-prefixed", HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE="en")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/not-prefixed/", 301)
 
     def test_en_redirect(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/account/register', HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE='en', follow=True)
+        response = self.client.get(
+            "/account/register", HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE="en", follow=True
+        )
         # We only want one redirect, bypassing CommonMiddleware
-        self.assertEqual(response.redirect_chain, [('/en/account/register/', 302)])
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/en/account/register/', 302)
+        self.assertEqual(response.redirect_chain, [("/en/account/register/", 302)])
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/en/account/register/", 302)
 
-        response = self.client.get('/prefixed.xml', HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE='en', follow=True)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/en/prefixed.xml', 302)
+        response = self.client.get(
+            "/prefixed.xml", HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE="en", follow=True
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/en/prefixed.xml", 302)
 
 
 class URLRedirectWithoutTrailingSlashSettingTests(URLTestCaseBase):
@@ -291,105 +329,129 @@ class URLRedirectWithoutTrailingSlashSettingTests(URLTestCaseBase):
     Tests the redirect when the requested URL doesn't end with a slash
     (`settings.APPEND_SLASH=False`).
     """
+
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=False)
     def test_not_prefixed_redirect(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/not-prefixed', HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE='en')
+        response = self.client.get("/not-prefixed", HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE="en")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=False)
     def test_en_redirect(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/account/register-without-slash', HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE='en')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/en/account/register-without-slash', 302)
+        response = self.client.get(
+            "/account/register-without-slash", HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE="en"
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/en/account/register-without-slash", 302)
 
-        response = self.client.get(response.headers['location'])
+        response = self.client.get(response.headers["location"])
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
 
 class URLResponseTests(URLTestCaseBase):
     """Tests if the response has the correct language code."""
+
     def test_not_prefixed_with_prefix(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/en/not-prefixed/')
+        response = self.client.get("/en/not-prefixed/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_en_url(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/en/account/register/')
+        response = self.client.get("/en/account/register/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['content-language'], 'en')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['LANGUAGE_CODE'], 'en')
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["content-language"], "en")
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["LANGUAGE_CODE"], "en")
 
     def test_nl_url(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/nl/profiel/registreren/')
+        response = self.client.get("/nl/profiel/registreren/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['content-language'], 'nl')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['LANGUAGE_CODE'], 'nl')
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["content-language"], "nl")
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["LANGUAGE_CODE"], "nl")
 
     def test_wrong_en_prefix(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/en/profiel/registreren/')
+        response = self.client.get("/en/profiel/registreren/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_wrong_nl_prefix(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/nl/account/register/')
+        response = self.client.get("/nl/account/register/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_pt_br_url(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/pt-br/conta/registre-se/')
+        response = self.client.get("/pt-br/conta/registre-se/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['content-language'], 'pt-br')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['LANGUAGE_CODE'], 'pt-br')
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["content-language"], "pt-br")
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["LANGUAGE_CODE"], "pt-br")
 
     def test_en_path(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/en/account/register-as-path/')
+        response = self.client.get("/en/account/register-as-path/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['content-language'], 'en')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['LANGUAGE_CODE'], 'en')
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["content-language"], "en")
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["LANGUAGE_CODE"], "en")
 
     def test_nl_path(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/nl/profiel/registreren-als-pad/')
+        response = self.client.get("/nl/profiel/registreren-als-pad/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['content-language'], 'nl')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['LANGUAGE_CODE'], 'nl')
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["content-language"], "nl")
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["LANGUAGE_CODE"], "nl")
 
 
 class URLRedirectWithScriptAliasTests(URLTestCaseBase):
     """
     #21579 - LocaleMiddleware should respect the script prefix.
     """
+
     def test_language_prefix_with_script_prefix(self):
-        prefix = '/script_prefix'
+        prefix = "/script_prefix"
         with override_script_prefix(prefix):
-            response = self.client.get('/prefixed/', HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE='en', SCRIPT_NAME=prefix)
-            self.assertRedirects(response, '%s/en/prefixed/' % prefix, target_status_code=404)
+            response = self.client.get(
+                "/prefixed/", HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE="en", SCRIPT_NAME=prefix
+            )
+            self.assertRedirects(
+                response, "%s/en/prefixed/" % prefix, target_status_code=404
+            )
 
 
 class URLTagTests(URLTestCaseBase):
     """
     Test if the language tag works.
     """
+
     def test_strings_only(self):
-        t = Template("""{% load i18n %}
+        t = Template(
+            """{% load i18n %}
             {% language 'nl' %}{% url 'no-prefix-translated' %}{% endlanguage %}
-            {% language 'pt-br' %}{% url 'no-prefix-translated' %}{% endlanguage %}""")
-        self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})).strip().split(),
-                         ['/vertaald/', '/traduzidos/'])
+            {% language 'pt-br' %}{% url 'no-prefix-translated' %}{% endlanguage %}"""
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            t.render(Context({})).strip().split(), ["/vertaald/", "/traduzidos/"]
+        )
 
     def test_context(self):
-        ctx = Context({'lang1': 'nl', 'lang2': 'pt-br'})
-        tpl = Template("""{% load i18n %}
+        ctx = Context({"lang1": "nl", "lang2": "pt-br"})
+        tpl = Template(
+            """{% load i18n %}
             {% language lang1 %}{% url 'no-prefix-translated' %}{% endlanguage %}
-            {% language lang2 %}{% url 'no-prefix-translated' %}{% endlanguage %}""")
-        self.assertEqual(tpl.render(ctx).strip().split(),
-                         ['/vertaald/', '/traduzidos/'])
+            {% language lang2 %}{% url 'no-prefix-translated' %}{% endlanguage %}"""
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            tpl.render(ctx).strip().split(), ["/vertaald/", "/traduzidos/"]
+        )
 
     def test_args(self):
-        tpl = Template("""{% load i18n %}
+        tpl = Template(
+            """{% load i18n %}
             {% language 'nl' %}{% url 'no-prefix-translated-slug' 'apo' %}{% endlanguage %}
-            {% language 'pt-br' %}{% url 'no-prefix-translated-slug' 'apo' %}{% endlanguage %}""")
-        self.assertEqual(tpl.render(Context({})).strip().split(),
-                         ['/vertaald/apo/', '/traduzidos/apo/'])
+            {% language 'pt-br' %}{% url 'no-prefix-translated-slug' 'apo' %}{% endlanguage %}"""
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            tpl.render(Context({})).strip().split(),
+            ["/vertaald/apo/", "/traduzidos/apo/"],
+        )
 
     def test_kwargs(self):
-        tpl = Template("""{% load i18n %}
+        tpl = Template(
+            """{% load i18n %}
             {% language 'nl'  %}{% url 'no-prefix-translated-slug' slug='apo' %}{% endlanguage %}
-            {% language 'pt-br' %}{% url 'no-prefix-translated-slug' slug='apo' %}{% endlanguage %}""")
-        self.assertEqual(tpl.render(Context({})).strip().split(),
-                         ['/vertaald/apo/', '/traduzidos/apo/'])
+            {% language 'pt-br' %}{% url 'no-prefix-translated-slug' slug='apo' %}{% endlanguage %}"""
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            tpl.render(Context({})).strip().split(),
+            ["/vertaald/apo/", "/traduzidos/apo/"],
+        )
diff --git a/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/default.py b/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/default.py
index 22fff166b3..c77bf98c73 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/default.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/default.py
@@ -3,23 +3,27 @@ from django.urls import include, path, re_path
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 from django.views.generic import TemplateView
 
-view = TemplateView.as_view(template_name='dummy.html')
+view = TemplateView.as_view(template_name="dummy.html")
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('not-prefixed/', view, name='not-prefixed'),
-    path('not-prefixed-include/', include('i18n.patterns.urls.included')),
-    re_path(_(r'^translated/$'), view, name='no-prefix-translated'),
-    re_path(_(r'^translated/(?P<slug>[\w-]+)/$'), view, name='no-prefix-translated-slug'),
+    path("not-prefixed/", view, name="not-prefixed"),
+    path("not-prefixed-include/", include("i18n.patterns.urls.included")),
+    re_path(_(r"^translated/$"), view, name="no-prefix-translated"),
+    re_path(
+        _(r"^translated/(?P<slug>[\w-]+)/$"), view, name="no-prefix-translated-slug"
+    ),
 ]
 
 urlpatterns += i18n_patterns(
-    path('prefixed/', view, name='prefixed'),
-    path('prefixed.xml', view, name='prefixed_xml'),
+    path("prefixed/", view, name="prefixed"),
+    path("prefixed.xml", view, name="prefixed_xml"),
     re_path(
-        _(r'^with-arguments/(?P<argument>[\w-]+)/(?:(?P<optional>[\w-]+).html)?$'),
+        _(r"^with-arguments/(?P<argument>[\w-]+)/(?:(?P<optional>[\w-]+).html)?$"),
         view,
-        name='with-arguments',
+        name="with-arguments",
+    ),
+    re_path(_(r"^users/$"), view, name="users"),
+    re_path(
+        _(r"^account/"), include("i18n.patterns.urls.namespace", namespace="account")
     ),
-    re_path(_(r'^users/$'), view, name='users'),
-    re_path(_(r'^account/'), include('i18n.patterns.urls.namespace', namespace='account')),
 )
diff --git a/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/disabled.py b/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/disabled.py
index 48b0201fe3..11dfe320b0 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/disabled.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/disabled.py
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ from django.conf.urls.i18n import i18n_patterns
 from django.urls import path
 from django.views.generic import TemplateView
 
-view = TemplateView.as_view(template_name='dummy.html')
+view = TemplateView.as_view(template_name="dummy.html")
 
 urlpatterns = i18n_patterns(
-    path('prefixed/', view, name='prefixed'),
+    path("prefixed/", view, name="prefixed"),
 )
diff --git a/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/included.py b/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/included.py
index 75658dc961..733e38962a 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/included.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/included.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 from django.urls import path
 from django.views.generic import TemplateView
 
-view = TemplateView.as_view(template_name='dummy.html')
+view = TemplateView.as_view(template_name="dummy.html")
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('foo/', view, name='not-prefixed-included-url'),
+    path("foo/", view, name="not-prefixed-included-url"),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/namespace.py b/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/namespace.py
index 19cd5694da..466303ac6d 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/namespace.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/namespace.py
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ from django.urls import path, re_path
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 from django.views.generic import TemplateView
 
-view = TemplateView.as_view(template_name='dummy.html')
+view = TemplateView.as_view(template_name="dummy.html")
 
-app_name = 'account'
+app_name = "account"
 urlpatterns = [
-    re_path(_(r'^register/$'), view, name='register'),
-    re_path(_(r'^register-without-slash$'), view, name='register-without-slash'),
-    path(_('register-as-path/'), view, name='register-as-path'),
+    re_path(_(r"^register/$"), view, name="register"),
+    re_path(_(r"^register-without-slash$"), view, name="register-without-slash"),
+    path(_("register-as-path/"), view, name="register-as-path"),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/path_unused.py b/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/path_unused.py
index 2784d286a1..3df4b46c4c 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/path_unused.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/path_unused.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 from django.urls import re_path
 from django.views.generic import TemplateView
 
-view = TemplateView.as_view(template_name='dummy.html')
+view = TemplateView.as_view(template_name="dummy.html")
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    re_path('^nl/foo/', view, name='not-translated'),
+    re_path("^nl/foo/", view, name="not-translated"),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/wrong.py b/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/wrong.py
index 46b4b69718..b4a2e0e16b 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/wrong.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/wrong.py
@@ -3,5 +3,8 @@ from django.urls import include, re_path
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 urlpatterns = i18n_patterns(
-    re_path(_(r'^account/'), include('i18n.patterns.urls.wrong_namespace', namespace='account')),
+    re_path(
+        _(r"^account/"),
+        include("i18n.patterns.urls.wrong_namespace", namespace="account"),
+    ),
 )
diff --git a/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/wrong_namespace.py b/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/wrong_namespace.py
index 7800d90e3c..527dff4543 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/wrong_namespace.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/patterns/urls/wrong_namespace.py
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ from django.urls import re_path
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 from django.views.generic import TemplateView
 
-view = TemplateView.as_view(template_name='dummy.html')
+view = TemplateView.as_view(template_name="dummy.html")
 
-app_name = 'account'
+app_name = "account"
 urlpatterns = i18n_patterns(
-    re_path(_(r'^register/$'), view, name='register'),
+    re_path(_(r"^register/$"), view, name="register"),
 )
diff --git a/tests/i18n/sampleproject/manage.py b/tests/i18n/sampleproject/manage.py
index 87a0ec369a..717bf4e28f 100755
--- a/tests/i18n/sampleproject/manage.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/sampleproject/manage.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 import os
 import sys
 
-sys.path.append(os.path.abspath(os.path.join('..', '..', '..')))
+sys.path.append(os.path.abspath(os.path.join("..", "..", "..")))
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "sampleproject.settings")
diff --git a/tests/i18n/sampleproject/update_catalogs.py b/tests/i18n/sampleproject/update_catalogs.py
index 55bf1656a2..8780f629e4 100755
--- a/tests/i18n/sampleproject/update_catalogs.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/sampleproject/update_catalogs.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import re
 import sys
 
 proj_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
-sys.path.append(os.path.abspath(os.path.join(proj_dir, '..', '..', '..')))
+sys.path.append(os.path.abspath(os.path.join(proj_dir, "..", "..", "..")))
 
 
 def update_translation_catalogs():
@@ -41,16 +41,16 @@ def update_translation_catalogs():
     prev_cwd = os.getcwd()
 
     os.chdir(proj_dir)
-    call_command('makemessages')
-    call_command('compilemessages')
+    call_command("makemessages")
+    call_command("compilemessages")
 
     # keep the diff friendly - remove 'POT-Creation-Date'
-    pofile = os.path.join(proj_dir, 'locale', 'fr', 'LC_MESSAGES', 'django.po')
+    pofile = os.path.join(proj_dir, "locale", "fr", "LC_MESSAGES", "django.po")
 
     with open(pofile) as f:
         content = f.read()
-    content = re.sub(r'^"POT-Creation-Date.+$\s', '', content, flags=re.MULTILINE)
-    with open(pofile, 'w') as f:
+    content = re.sub(r'^"POT-Creation-Date.+$\s', "", content, flags=re.MULTILINE)
+    with open(pofile, "w") as f:
         f.write(content)
 
     os.chdir(prev_cwd)
diff --git a/tests/i18n/test_compilation.py b/tests/i18n/test_compilation.py
index 299c07a93f..259a9668b8 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/test_compilation.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/test_compilation.py
@@ -7,12 +7,8 @@ from pathlib import Path
 from subprocess import run
 from unittest import mock
 
-from django.core.management import (
-    CommandError, call_command, execute_from_command_line,
-)
-from django.core.management.commands.makemessages import (
-    Command as MakeMessagesCommand,
-)
+from django.core.management import CommandError, call_command, execute_from_command_line
+from django.core.management.commands.makemessages import Command as MakeMessagesCommand
 from django.core.management.utils import find_command
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 from django.test.utils import captured_stderr, captured_stdout
@@ -21,26 +17,30 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext
 
 from .utils import RunInTmpDirMixin, copytree
 
-has_msgfmt = find_command('msgfmt')
+has_msgfmt = find_command("msgfmt")
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(has_msgfmt, 'msgfmt is mandatory for compilation tests')
+@unittest.skipUnless(has_msgfmt, "msgfmt is mandatory for compilation tests")
 class MessageCompilationTests(RunInTmpDirMixin, SimpleTestCase):
 
-    work_subdir = 'commands'
+    work_subdir = "commands"
 
 
 class PoFileTests(MessageCompilationTests):
 
-    LOCALE = 'es_AR'
-    MO_FILE = 'locale/%s/LC_MESSAGES/django.mo' % LOCALE
-    MO_FILE_EN = 'locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/django.mo'
+    LOCALE = "es_AR"
+    MO_FILE = "locale/%s/LC_MESSAGES/django.mo" % LOCALE
+    MO_FILE_EN = "locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/django.mo"
 
     def test_bom_rejection(self):
         stderr = StringIO()
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, 'compilemessages generated one or more errors.'):
-            call_command('compilemessages', locale=[self.LOCALE], verbosity=0, stderr=stderr)
-        self.assertIn('file has a BOM (Byte Order Mark)', stderr.getvalue())
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            CommandError, "compilemessages generated one or more errors."
+        ):
+            call_command(
+                "compilemessages", locale=[self.LOCALE], verbosity=0, stderr=stderr
+            )
+        self.assertIn("file has a BOM (Byte Order Mark)", stderr.getvalue())
         self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE))
 
     def test_no_write_access(self):
@@ -50,11 +50,15 @@ class PoFileTests(MessageCompilationTests):
         old_mode = mo_file_en.stat().st_mode
         mo_file_en.chmod(stat.S_IREAD)
         # Ensure .po file is more recent than .mo file.
-        mo_file_en.with_suffix('.po').touch()
+        mo_file_en.with_suffix(".po").touch()
         try:
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, 'compilemessages generated one or more errors.'):
-                call_command('compilemessages', locale=['en'], stderr=err_buffer, verbosity=0)
-            self.assertIn('not writable location', err_buffer.getvalue())
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                CommandError, "compilemessages generated one or more errors."
+            ):
+                call_command(
+                    "compilemessages", locale=["en"], stderr=err_buffer, verbosity=0
+                )
+            self.assertIn("not writable location", err_buffer.getvalue())
         finally:
             mo_file_en.chmod(old_mode)
 
@@ -62,19 +66,19 @@ class PoFileTests(MessageCompilationTests):
         mo_file_en = Path(self.MO_FILE_EN)
         mo_file_en.touch()
         stdout = StringIO()
-        call_command('compilemessages', locale=['en'], stdout=stdout, verbosity=1)
-        msg = '%s” is already compiled and up to date.' % mo_file_en.with_suffix('.po')
+        call_command("compilemessages", locale=["en"], stdout=stdout, verbosity=1)
+        msg = "%s” is already compiled and up to date." % mo_file_en.with_suffix(".po")
         self.assertIn(msg, stdout.getvalue())
 
 
 class PoFileContentsTests(MessageCompilationTests):
     # Ticket #11240
 
-    LOCALE = 'fr'
-    MO_FILE = 'locale/%s/LC_MESSAGES/django.mo' % LOCALE
+    LOCALE = "fr"
+    MO_FILE = "locale/%s/LC_MESSAGES/django.mo" % LOCALE
 
     def test_percent_symbol_in_po_file(self):
-        call_command('compilemessages', locale=[self.LOCALE], verbosity=0)
+        call_command("compilemessages", locale=[self.LOCALE], verbosity=0)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE))
 
 
@@ -85,19 +89,19 @@ class MultipleLocaleCompilationTests(MessageCompilationTests):
 
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        localedir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'locale')
-        self.MO_FILE_HR = os.path.join(localedir, 'hr/LC_MESSAGES/django.mo')
-        self.MO_FILE_FR = os.path.join(localedir, 'fr/LC_MESSAGES/django.mo')
+        localedir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "locale")
+        self.MO_FILE_HR = os.path.join(localedir, "hr/LC_MESSAGES/django.mo")
+        self.MO_FILE_FR = os.path.join(localedir, "fr/LC_MESSAGES/django.mo")
 
     def test_one_locale(self):
-        with override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=[os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'locale')]):
-            call_command('compilemessages', locale=['hr'], verbosity=0)
+        with override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=[os.path.join(self.test_dir, "locale")]):
+            call_command("compilemessages", locale=["hr"], verbosity=0)
 
             self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE_HR))
 
     def test_multiple_locales(self):
-        with override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=[os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'locale')]):
-            call_command('compilemessages', locale=['hr', 'fr'], verbosity=0)
+        with override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=[os.path.join(self.test_dir, "locale")]):
+            call_command("compilemessages", locale=["hr", "fr"], verbosity=0)
 
             self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE_HR))
             self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE_FR))
@@ -105,144 +109,164 @@ class MultipleLocaleCompilationTests(MessageCompilationTests):
 
 class ExcludedLocaleCompilationTests(MessageCompilationTests):
 
-    work_subdir = 'exclude'
+    work_subdir = "exclude"
 
-    MO_FILE = 'locale/%s/LC_MESSAGES/django.mo'
+    MO_FILE = "locale/%s/LC_MESSAGES/django.mo"
 
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        copytree('canned_locale', 'locale')
+        copytree("canned_locale", "locale")
 
     def test_command_help(self):
         with captured_stdout(), captured_stderr():
             # `call_command` bypasses the parser; by calling
             # `execute_from_command_line` with the help subcommand we
             # ensure that there are no issues with the parser itself.
-            execute_from_command_line(['django-admin', 'help', 'compilemessages'])
+            execute_from_command_line(["django-admin", "help", "compilemessages"])
 
     def test_one_locale_excluded(self):
-        call_command('compilemessages', exclude=['it'], verbosity=0)
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE % 'en'))
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE % 'fr'))
-        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE % 'it'))
+        call_command("compilemessages", exclude=["it"], verbosity=0)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE % "en"))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE % "fr"))
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE % "it"))
 
     def test_multiple_locales_excluded(self):
-        call_command('compilemessages', exclude=['it', 'fr'], verbosity=0)
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE % 'en'))
-        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE % 'fr'))
-        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE % 'it'))
+        call_command("compilemessages", exclude=["it", "fr"], verbosity=0)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE % "en"))
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE % "fr"))
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE % "it"))
 
     def test_one_locale_excluded_with_locale(self):
-        call_command('compilemessages', locale=['en', 'fr'], exclude=['fr'], verbosity=0)
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE % 'en'))
-        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE % 'fr'))
-        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE % 'it'))
+        call_command(
+            "compilemessages", locale=["en", "fr"], exclude=["fr"], verbosity=0
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE % "en"))
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE % "fr"))
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE % "it"))
 
     def test_multiple_locales_excluded_with_locale(self):
-        call_command('compilemessages', locale=['en', 'fr', 'it'], exclude=['fr', 'it'], verbosity=0)
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE % 'en'))
-        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE % 'fr'))
-        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE % 'it'))
+        call_command(
+            "compilemessages",
+            locale=["en", "fr", "it"],
+            exclude=["fr", "it"],
+            verbosity=0,
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE % "en"))
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE % "fr"))
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self.MO_FILE % "it"))
 
 
 class IgnoreDirectoryCompilationTests(MessageCompilationTests):
     # Reuse the exclude directory since it contains some locale fixtures.
-    work_subdir = 'exclude'
-    MO_FILE = '%s/%s/LC_MESSAGES/django.mo'
-    CACHE_DIR = Path('cache') / 'locale'
-    NESTED_DIR = Path('outdated') / 'v1' / 'locale'
+    work_subdir = "exclude"
+    MO_FILE = "%s/%s/LC_MESSAGES/django.mo"
+    CACHE_DIR = Path("cache") / "locale"
+    NESTED_DIR = Path("outdated") / "v1" / "locale"
 
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        copytree('canned_locale', 'locale')
-        copytree('canned_locale', self.CACHE_DIR)
-        copytree('canned_locale', self.NESTED_DIR)
+        copytree("canned_locale", "locale")
+        copytree("canned_locale", self.CACHE_DIR)
+        copytree("canned_locale", self.NESTED_DIR)
 
     def assertAllExist(self, dir, langs):
-        self.assertTrue(all(Path(self.MO_FILE % (dir, lang)).exists() for lang in langs))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            all(Path(self.MO_FILE % (dir, lang)).exists() for lang in langs)
+        )
 
     def assertNoneExist(self, dir, langs):
-        self.assertTrue(all(Path(self.MO_FILE % (dir, lang)).exists() is False for lang in langs))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            all(Path(self.MO_FILE % (dir, lang)).exists() is False for lang in langs)
+        )
 
     def test_one_locale_dir_ignored(self):
-        call_command('compilemessages', ignore=['cache'], verbosity=0)
-        self.assertAllExist('locale', ['en', 'fr', 'it'])
-        self.assertNoneExist(self.CACHE_DIR, ['en', 'fr', 'it'])
-        self.assertAllExist(self.NESTED_DIR, ['en', 'fr', 'it'])
+        call_command("compilemessages", ignore=["cache"], verbosity=0)
+        self.assertAllExist("locale", ["en", "fr", "it"])
+        self.assertNoneExist(self.CACHE_DIR, ["en", "fr", "it"])
+        self.assertAllExist(self.NESTED_DIR, ["en", "fr", "it"])
 
     def test_multiple_locale_dirs_ignored(self):
-        call_command('compilemessages', ignore=['cache/locale', 'outdated'], verbosity=0)
-        self.assertAllExist('locale', ['en', 'fr', 'it'])
-        self.assertNoneExist(self.CACHE_DIR, ['en', 'fr', 'it'])
-        self.assertNoneExist(self.NESTED_DIR, ['en', 'fr', 'it'])
+        call_command(
+            "compilemessages", ignore=["cache/locale", "outdated"], verbosity=0
+        )
+        self.assertAllExist("locale", ["en", "fr", "it"])
+        self.assertNoneExist(self.CACHE_DIR, ["en", "fr", "it"])
+        self.assertNoneExist(self.NESTED_DIR, ["en", "fr", "it"])
 
     def test_ignores_based_on_pattern(self):
-        call_command('compilemessages', ignore=['*/locale'], verbosity=0)
-        self.assertAllExist('locale', ['en', 'fr', 'it'])
-        self.assertNoneExist(self.CACHE_DIR, ['en', 'fr', 'it'])
-        self.assertNoneExist(self.NESTED_DIR, ['en', 'fr', 'it'])
+        call_command("compilemessages", ignore=["*/locale"], verbosity=0)
+        self.assertAllExist("locale", ["en", "fr", "it"])
+        self.assertNoneExist(self.CACHE_DIR, ["en", "fr", "it"])
+        self.assertNoneExist(self.NESTED_DIR, ["en", "fr", "it"])
 
 
 class CompilationErrorHandling(MessageCompilationTests):
     def test_error_reported_by_msgfmt(self):
         # po file contains wrong po formatting.
         with self.assertRaises(CommandError):
-            call_command('compilemessages', locale=['ja'], verbosity=0)
+            call_command("compilemessages", locale=["ja"], verbosity=0)
 
     def test_msgfmt_error_including_non_ascii(self):
         # po file contains invalid msgstr content (triggers non-ascii error content).
         # Make sure the output of msgfmt is unaffected by the current locale.
         env = os.environ.copy()
-        env.update({'LC_ALL': 'C'})
-        with mock.patch('django.core.management.utils.run', lambda *args, **kwargs: run(*args, env=env, **kwargs)):
+        env.update({"LC_ALL": "C"})
+        with mock.patch(
+            "django.core.management.utils.run",
+            lambda *args, **kwargs: run(*args, env=env, **kwargs),
+        ):
             cmd = MakeMessagesCommand()
             if cmd.gettext_version < (0, 18, 3):
                 self.skipTest("python-brace-format is a recent gettext addition.")
             stderr = StringIO()
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, 'compilemessages generated one or more errors'):
-                call_command('compilemessages', locale=['ko'], stdout=StringIO(), stderr=stderr)
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                CommandError, "compilemessages generated one or more errors"
+            ):
+                call_command(
+                    "compilemessages", locale=["ko"], stdout=StringIO(), stderr=stderr
+                )
             self.assertIn("' cannot start a field name", stderr.getvalue())
 
 
 class ProjectAndAppTests(MessageCompilationTests):
-    LOCALE = 'ru'
-    PROJECT_MO_FILE = 'locale/%s/LC_MESSAGES/django.mo' % LOCALE
-    APP_MO_FILE = 'app_with_locale/locale/%s/LC_MESSAGES/django.mo' % LOCALE
+    LOCALE = "ru"
+    PROJECT_MO_FILE = "locale/%s/LC_MESSAGES/django.mo" % LOCALE
+    APP_MO_FILE = "app_with_locale/locale/%s/LC_MESSAGES/django.mo" % LOCALE
 
 
 class FuzzyTranslationTest(ProjectAndAppTests):
-
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
         gettext_module._translations = {}  # flush cache or test will be useless
 
     def test_nofuzzy_compiling(self):
-        with override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=[os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'locale')]):
-            call_command('compilemessages', locale=[self.LOCALE], verbosity=0)
+        with override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=[os.path.join(self.test_dir, "locale")]):
+            call_command("compilemessages", locale=[self.LOCALE], verbosity=0)
             with translation.override(self.LOCALE):
-                self.assertEqual(gettext('Lenin'), 'Ленин')
-                self.assertEqual(gettext('Vodka'), 'Vodka')
+                self.assertEqual(gettext("Lenin"), "Ленин")
+                self.assertEqual(gettext("Vodka"), "Vodka")
 
     def test_fuzzy_compiling(self):
-        with override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=[os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'locale')]):
-            call_command('compilemessages', locale=[self.LOCALE], fuzzy=True, verbosity=0)
+        with override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=[os.path.join(self.test_dir, "locale")]):
+            call_command(
+                "compilemessages", locale=[self.LOCALE], fuzzy=True, verbosity=0
+            )
             with translation.override(self.LOCALE):
-                self.assertEqual(gettext('Lenin'), 'Ленин')
-                self.assertEqual(gettext('Vodka'), 'Водка')
+                self.assertEqual(gettext("Lenin"), "Ленин")
+                self.assertEqual(gettext("Vodka"), "Водка")
 
 
 class AppCompilationTest(ProjectAndAppTests):
-
     def test_app_locale_compiled(self):
-        call_command('compilemessages', locale=[self.LOCALE], verbosity=0)
+        call_command("compilemessages", locale=[self.LOCALE], verbosity=0)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.PROJECT_MO_FILE))
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.APP_MO_FILE))
 
 
 class PathLibLocaleCompilationTests(MessageCompilationTests):
-    work_subdir = 'exclude'
+    work_subdir = "exclude"
 
     def test_locale_paths_pathlib(self):
-        with override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=[Path(self.test_dir) / 'canned_locale']):
-            call_command('compilemessages', locale=['fr'], verbosity=0)
-            self.assertTrue(os.path.exists('canned_locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES/django.mo'))
+        with override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=[Path(self.test_dir) / "canned_locale"]):
+            call_command("compilemessages", locale=["fr"], verbosity=0)
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.exists("canned_locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES/django.mo"))
diff --git a/tests/i18n/test_extraction.py b/tests/i18n/test_extraction.py
index 98932fdcbb..c4aeef7339 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/test_extraction.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/test_extraction.py
@@ -13,9 +13,8 @@ from admin_scripts.tests import AdminScriptTestCase
 from django.core import management
 from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line
 from django.core.management.base import CommandError
-from django.core.management.commands.makemessages import (
-    Command as MakeMessagesCommand, write_pot_file,
-)
+from django.core.management.commands.makemessages import Command as MakeMessagesCommand
+from django.core.management.commands.makemessages import write_pot_file
 from django.core.management.utils import find_command
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 from django.test.utils import captured_stderr, captured_stdout
@@ -24,22 +23,26 @@ from django.utils.translation import TranslatorCommentWarning
 
 from .utils import POFileAssertionMixin, RunInTmpDirMixin, copytree
 
-LOCALE = 'de'
-has_xgettext = find_command('xgettext')
+LOCALE = "de"
+has_xgettext = find_command("xgettext")
 gettext_version = MakeMessagesCommand().gettext_version if has_xgettext else None
-requires_gettext_019 = skipIf(has_xgettext and gettext_version < (0, 19), 'gettext 0.19 required')
+requires_gettext_019 = skipIf(
+    has_xgettext and gettext_version < (0, 19), "gettext 0.19 required"
+)
 
 
-@skipUnless(has_xgettext, 'xgettext is mandatory for extraction tests')
+@skipUnless(has_xgettext, "xgettext is mandatory for extraction tests")
 class ExtractorTests(POFileAssertionMixin, RunInTmpDirMixin, SimpleTestCase):
 
-    work_subdir = 'commands'
+    work_subdir = "commands"
 
-    PO_FILE = 'locale/%s/LC_MESSAGES/django.po' % LOCALE
+    PO_FILE = "locale/%s/LC_MESSAGES/django.po" % LOCALE
 
     def _run_makemessages(self, **options):
         out = StringIO()
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=2, stdout=out, **options)
+        management.call_command(
+            "makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=2, stdout=out, **options
+        )
         output = out.getvalue()
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.PO_FILE))
         with open(self.PO_FILE) as fp:
@@ -47,26 +50,30 @@ class ExtractorTests(POFileAssertionMixin, RunInTmpDirMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         return output, po_contents
 
     def assertMsgIdPlural(self, msgid, haystack, use_quotes=True):
-        return self._assertPoKeyword('msgid_plural', msgid, haystack, use_quotes=use_quotes)
+        return self._assertPoKeyword(
+            "msgid_plural", msgid, haystack, use_quotes=use_quotes
+        )
 
     def assertMsgStr(self, msgstr, haystack, use_quotes=True):
-        return self._assertPoKeyword('msgstr', msgstr, haystack, use_quotes=use_quotes)
+        return self._assertPoKeyword("msgstr", msgstr, haystack, use_quotes=use_quotes)
 
     def assertNotMsgId(self, msgid, s, use_quotes=True):
         if use_quotes:
             msgid = '"%s"' % msgid
         msgid = re.escape(msgid)
-        return self.assertTrue(not re.search('^msgid %s' % msgid, s, re.MULTILINE))
+        return self.assertTrue(not re.search("^msgid %s" % msgid, s, re.MULTILINE))
 
-    def _assertPoLocComment(self, assert_presence, po_filename, line_number, *comment_parts):
+    def _assertPoLocComment(
+        self, assert_presence, po_filename, line_number, *comment_parts
+    ):
         with open(po_filename) as fp:
             po_contents = fp.read()
-        if os.name == 'nt':
+        if os.name == "nt":
             # #: .\path\to\file.html:123
-            cwd_prefix = '%s%s' % (os.curdir, os.sep)
+            cwd_prefix = "%s%s" % (os.curdir, os.sep)
         else:
             # #: path/to/file.html:123
-            cwd_prefix = ''
+            cwd_prefix = ""
 
         path = os.path.join(cwd_prefix, *comment_parts)
         parts = [path]
@@ -74,21 +81,28 @@ class ExtractorTests(POFileAssertionMixin, RunInTmpDirMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         if isinstance(line_number, str):
             line_number = self._get_token_line_number(path, line_number)
         if line_number is not None:
-            parts.append(':%d' % line_number)
+            parts.append(":%d" % line_number)
 
-        needle = ''.join(parts)
-        pattern = re.compile(r'^\#\:.*' + re.escape(needle), re.MULTILINE)
+        needle = "".join(parts)
+        pattern = re.compile(r"^\#\:.*" + re.escape(needle), re.MULTILINE)
         if assert_presence:
-            return self.assertRegex(po_contents, pattern, '"%s" not found in final .po file.' % needle)
+            return self.assertRegex(
+                po_contents, pattern, '"%s" not found in final .po file.' % needle
+            )
         else:
-            return self.assertNotRegex(po_contents, pattern, '"%s" shouldn\'t be in final .po file.' % needle)
+            return self.assertNotRegex(
+                po_contents, pattern, '"%s" shouldn\'t be in final .po file.' % needle
+            )
 
     def _get_token_line_number(self, path, token):
         with open(path) as f:
             for line, content in enumerate(f, 1):
                 if token in content:
                     return line
-        self.fail("The token '%s' could not be found in %s, please check the test config" % (token, path))
+        self.fail(
+            "The token '%s' could not be found in %s, please check the test config"
+            % (token, path)
+        )
 
     def assertLocationCommentPresent(self, po_filename, line_number, *comment_parts):
         r"""
@@ -128,123 +142,147 @@ class ExtractorTests(POFileAssertionMixin, RunInTmpDirMixin, SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class BasicExtractorTests(ExtractorTests):
-
     @override_settings(USE_I18N=False)
     def test_use_i18n_false(self):
         """
         makemessages also runs successfully when USE_I18N is False.
         """
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.PO_FILE))
-        with open(self.PO_FILE, encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+        with open(self.PO_FILE, encoding="utf-8") as fp:
             po_contents = fp.read()
             # Check two random strings
-            self.assertIn('#. Translators: One-line translator comment #1', po_contents)
+            self.assertIn("#. Translators: One-line translator comment #1", po_contents)
             self.assertIn('msgctxt "Special trans context #1"', po_contents)
 
     def test_no_option(self):
         # One of either the --locale, --exclude, or --all options is required.
         msg = "Type 'manage.py help makemessages' for usage information."
         with mock.patch(
-            'django.core.management.commands.makemessages.sys.argv',
-            ['manage.py', 'makemessages'],
+            "django.core.management.commands.makemessages.sys.argv",
+            ["manage.py", "makemessages"],
         ):
             with self.assertRaisesRegex(CommandError, msg):
-                management.call_command('makemessages')
+                management.call_command("makemessages")
 
     def test_valid_locale(self):
         out = StringIO()
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=['de'], stdout=out, verbosity=1)
-        self.assertNotIn('invalid locale de', out.getvalue())
-        self.assertIn('processing locale de', out.getvalue())
+        management.call_command("makemessages", locale=["de"], stdout=out, verbosity=1)
+        self.assertNotIn("invalid locale de", out.getvalue())
+        self.assertIn("processing locale de", out.getvalue())
         self.assertIs(Path(self.PO_FILE).exists(), True)
 
     def test_invalid_locale(self):
         out = StringIO()
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=['pl-PL'], stdout=out, verbosity=1)
-        self.assertIn('invalid locale pl-PL, did you mean pl_PL?', out.getvalue())
-        self.assertNotIn('processing locale pl-PL', out.getvalue())
-        self.assertIs(Path('locale/pl-PL/LC_MESSAGES/django.po').exists(), False)
+        management.call_command(
+            "makemessages", locale=["pl-PL"], stdout=out, verbosity=1
+        )
+        self.assertIn("invalid locale pl-PL, did you mean pl_PL?", out.getvalue())
+        self.assertNotIn("processing locale pl-PL", out.getvalue())
+        self.assertIs(Path("locale/pl-PL/LC_MESSAGES/django.po").exists(), False)
 
     def test_comments_extractor(self):
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.PO_FILE))
-        with open(self.PO_FILE, encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+        with open(self.PO_FILE, encoding="utf-8") as fp:
             po_contents = fp.read()
-            self.assertNotIn('This comment should not be extracted', po_contents)
+            self.assertNotIn("This comment should not be extracted", po_contents)
 
             # Comments in templates
-            self.assertIn('#. Translators: This comment should be extracted', po_contents)
+            self.assertIn(
+                "#. Translators: This comment should be extracted", po_contents
+            )
             self.assertIn(
                 "#. Translators: Django comment block for translators\n#. "
                 "string's meaning unveiled",
-                po_contents
+                po_contents,
             )
-            self.assertIn('#. Translators: One-line translator comment #1', po_contents)
-            self.assertIn('#. Translators: Two-line translator comment #1\n#. continued here.', po_contents)
-            self.assertIn('#. Translators: One-line translator comment #2', po_contents)
-            self.assertIn('#. Translators: Two-line translator comment #2\n#. continued here.', po_contents)
-            self.assertIn('#. Translators: One-line translator comment #3', po_contents)
-            self.assertIn('#. Translators: Two-line translator comment #3\n#. continued here.', po_contents)
-            self.assertIn('#. Translators: One-line translator comment #4', po_contents)
-            self.assertIn('#. Translators: Two-line translator comment #4\n#. continued here.', po_contents)
+            self.assertIn("#. Translators: One-line translator comment #1", po_contents)
             self.assertIn(
-                '#. Translators: One-line translator comment #5 -- with '
-                'non ASCII characters: áéíóúö',
-                po_contents
+                "#. Translators: Two-line translator comment #1\n#. continued here.",
+                po_contents,
+            )
+            self.assertIn("#. Translators: One-line translator comment #2", po_contents)
+            self.assertIn(
+                "#. Translators: Two-line translator comment #2\n#. continued here.",
+                po_contents,
+            )
+            self.assertIn("#. Translators: One-line translator comment #3", po_contents)
+            self.assertIn(
+                "#. Translators: Two-line translator comment #3\n#. continued here.",
+                po_contents,
+            )
+            self.assertIn("#. Translators: One-line translator comment #4", po_contents)
+            self.assertIn(
+                "#. Translators: Two-line translator comment #4\n#. continued here.",
+                po_contents,
             )
             self.assertIn(
-                '#. Translators: Two-line translator comment #5 -- with '
-                'non ASCII characters: áéíóúö\n#. continued here.',
-                po_contents
+                "#. Translators: One-line translator comment #5 -- with "
+                "non ASCII characters: áéíóúö",
+                po_contents,
+            )
+            self.assertIn(
+                "#. Translators: Two-line translator comment #5 -- with "
+                "non ASCII characters: áéíóúö\n#. continued here.",
+                po_contents,
             )
 
     def test_special_char_extracted(self):
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.PO_FILE))
-        with open(self.PO_FILE, encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+        with open(self.PO_FILE, encoding="utf-8") as fp:
             po_contents = fp.read()
             self.assertMsgId("Non-breaking space\u00a0:", po_contents)
 
     def test_blocktranslate_trimmed(self):
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.PO_FILE))
         with open(self.PO_FILE) as fp:
             po_contents = fp.read()
             # should not be trimmed
-            self.assertNotMsgId('Text with a few line breaks.', po_contents)
+            self.assertNotMsgId("Text with a few line breaks.", po_contents)
             # should be trimmed
-            self.assertMsgId("Again some text with a few line breaks, this time should be trimmed.", po_contents)
+            self.assertMsgId(
+                "Again some text with a few line breaks, this time should be trimmed.",
+                po_contents,
+            )
         # #21406 -- Should adjust for eaten line numbers
         self.assertMsgId("Get my line number", po_contents)
-        self.assertLocationCommentPresent(self.PO_FILE, 'Get my line number', 'templates', 'test.html')
+        self.assertLocationCommentPresent(
+            self.PO_FILE, "Get my line number", "templates", "test.html"
+        )
 
     def test_extraction_error(self):
         msg = (
-            'Translation blocks must not include other block tags: blocktranslate '
-            '(file %s, line 3)' % os.path.join('templates', 'template_with_error.tpl')
+            "Translation blocks must not include other block tags: blocktranslate "
+            "(file %s, line 3)" % os.path.join("templates", "template_with_error.tpl")
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(SyntaxError, msg):
-            management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], extensions=['tpl'], verbosity=0)
+            management.call_command(
+                "makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], extensions=["tpl"], verbosity=0
+            )
         # The temporary files were cleaned up.
-        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists('./templates/template_with_error.tpl.py'))
-        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists('./templates/template_0_with_no_error.tpl.py'))
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists("./templates/template_with_error.tpl.py"))
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists("./templates/template_0_with_no_error.tpl.py"))
 
     def test_unicode_decode_error(self):
-        shutil.copyfile('./not_utf8.sample', './not_utf8.txt')
+        shutil.copyfile("./not_utf8.sample", "./not_utf8.txt")
         out = StringIO()
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], stdout=out)
-        self.assertIn("UnicodeDecodeError: skipped file not_utf8.txt in .", out.getvalue())
+        management.call_command("makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], stdout=out)
+        self.assertIn(
+            "UnicodeDecodeError: skipped file not_utf8.txt in .", out.getvalue()
+        )
 
     def test_unicode_file_name(self):
-        open(os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'vidéo.txt'), 'a').close()
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0)
+        open(os.path.join(self.test_dir, "vidéo.txt"), "a").close()
+        management.call_command("makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0)
 
     def test_extraction_warning(self):
         """test xgettext warning about multiple bare interpolation placeholders"""
-        shutil.copyfile('./code.sample', './code_sample.py')
+        shutil.copyfile("./code.sample", "./code_sample.py")
         out = StringIO()
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], stdout=out)
+        management.call_command("makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], stdout=out)
         self.assertIn("code_sample.py:4", out.getvalue())
 
     def test_template_message_context_extractor(self):
@@ -252,7 +290,7 @@ class BasicExtractorTests(ExtractorTests):
         Message contexts are correctly extracted for the {% translate %} and
         {% blocktranslate %} template tags (#14806).
         """
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.PO_FILE))
         with open(self.PO_FILE) as fp:
             po_contents = fp.read()
@@ -265,9 +303,15 @@ class BasicExtractorTests(ExtractorTests):
             self.assertMsgId("Translatable literal #7c", po_contents)
 
             # {% translate %} with a filter
-            for minor_part in 'abcdefgh':  # Iterate from #7.1a to #7.1h template markers
-                self.assertIn('msgctxt "context #7.1{}"'.format(minor_part), po_contents)
-                self.assertMsgId('Translatable literal #7.1{}'.format(minor_part), po_contents)
+            for (
+                minor_part
+            ) in "abcdefgh":  # Iterate from #7.1a to #7.1h template markers
+                self.assertIn(
+                    'msgctxt "context #7.1{}"'.format(minor_part), po_contents
+                )
+                self.assertMsgId(
+                    "Translatable literal #7.1{}".format(minor_part), po_contents
+                )
 
             # {% blocktranslate %}
             self.assertIn('msgctxt "Special blocktranslate context #1"', po_contents)
@@ -282,11 +326,11 @@ class BasicExtractorTests(ExtractorTests):
             self.assertMsgId("Translatable literal #8d %(a)s", po_contents)
 
             # {% trans %} and {% blocktrans %}
-            self.assertMsgId('trans text', po_contents)
-            self.assertMsgId('blocktrans text', po_contents)
+            self.assertMsgId("trans text", po_contents)
+            self.assertMsgId("blocktrans text", po_contents)
 
     def test_context_in_single_quotes(self):
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.PO_FILE))
         with open(self.PO_FILE) as fp:
             po_contents = fp.read()
@@ -295,16 +339,24 @@ class BasicExtractorTests(ExtractorTests):
             self.assertIn('msgctxt "Context wrapped in single quotes"', po_contents)
 
             # {% blocktranslate %}
-            self.assertIn('msgctxt "Special blocktranslate context wrapped in double quotes"', po_contents)
-            self.assertIn('msgctxt "Special blocktranslate context wrapped in single quotes"', po_contents)
+            self.assertIn(
+                'msgctxt "Special blocktranslate context wrapped in double quotes"',
+                po_contents,
+            )
+            self.assertIn(
+                'msgctxt "Special blocktranslate context wrapped in single quotes"',
+                po_contents,
+            )
 
     def test_template_comments(self):
         """Template comment tags on the same line of other constructs (#19552)"""
         # Test detection/end user reporting of old, incorrect templates
         # translator comments syntax
         with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as ws:
-            warnings.simplefilter('always')
-            management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], extensions=['thtml'], verbosity=0)
+            warnings.simplefilter("always")
+            management.call_command(
+                "makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], extensions=["thtml"], verbosity=0
+            )
             self.assertEqual(len(ws), 3)
             for w in ws:
                 self.assertTrue(issubclass(w.category, TranslatorCommentWarning))
@@ -312,55 +364,55 @@ class BasicExtractorTests(ExtractorTests):
                 str(ws[0].message),
                 r"The translator-targeted comment 'Translators: ignored i18n "
                 r"comment #1' \(file templates[/\\]comments.thtml, line 4\) "
-                r"was ignored, because it wasn't the last item on the line\."
+                r"was ignored, because it wasn't the last item on the line\.",
             )
             self.assertRegex(
                 str(ws[1].message),
                 r"The translator-targeted comment 'Translators: ignored i18n "
                 r"comment #3' \(file templates[/\\]comments.thtml, line 6\) "
-                r"was ignored, because it wasn't the last item on the line\."
+                r"was ignored, because it wasn't the last item on the line\.",
             )
             self.assertRegex(
                 str(ws[2].message),
                 r"The translator-targeted comment 'Translators: ignored i18n "
                 r"comment #4' \(file templates[/\\]comments.thtml, line 8\) "
-                r"was ignored, because it wasn't the last item on the line\."
+                r"was ignored, because it wasn't the last item on the line\.",
             )
         # Now test .po file contents
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.PO_FILE))
         with open(self.PO_FILE) as fp:
             po_contents = fp.read()
 
-            self.assertMsgId('Translatable literal #9a', po_contents)
-            self.assertNotIn('ignored comment #1', po_contents)
+            self.assertMsgId("Translatable literal #9a", po_contents)
+            self.assertNotIn("ignored comment #1", po_contents)
 
-            self.assertNotIn('Translators: ignored i18n comment #1', po_contents)
+            self.assertNotIn("Translators: ignored i18n comment #1", po_contents)
             self.assertMsgId("Translatable literal #9b", po_contents)
 
-            self.assertNotIn('ignored i18n comment #2', po_contents)
-            self.assertNotIn('ignored comment #2', po_contents)
-            self.assertMsgId('Translatable literal #9c', po_contents)
+            self.assertNotIn("ignored i18n comment #2", po_contents)
+            self.assertNotIn("ignored comment #2", po_contents)
+            self.assertMsgId("Translatable literal #9c", po_contents)
 
-            self.assertNotIn('ignored comment #3', po_contents)
-            self.assertNotIn('ignored i18n comment #3', po_contents)
-            self.assertMsgId('Translatable literal #9d', po_contents)
+            self.assertNotIn("ignored comment #3", po_contents)
+            self.assertNotIn("ignored i18n comment #3", po_contents)
+            self.assertMsgId("Translatable literal #9d", po_contents)
 
-            self.assertNotIn('ignored comment #4', po_contents)
-            self.assertMsgId('Translatable literal #9e', po_contents)
-            self.assertNotIn('ignored comment #5', po_contents)
+            self.assertNotIn("ignored comment #4", po_contents)
+            self.assertMsgId("Translatable literal #9e", po_contents)
+            self.assertNotIn("ignored comment #5", po_contents)
 
-            self.assertNotIn('ignored i18n comment #4', po_contents)
-            self.assertMsgId('Translatable literal #9f', po_contents)
-            self.assertIn('#. Translators: valid i18n comment #5', po_contents)
+            self.assertNotIn("ignored i18n comment #4", po_contents)
+            self.assertMsgId("Translatable literal #9f", po_contents)
+            self.assertIn("#. Translators: valid i18n comment #5", po_contents)
 
-            self.assertMsgId('Translatable literal #9g', po_contents)
-            self.assertIn('#. Translators: valid i18n comment #6', po_contents)
-            self.assertMsgId('Translatable literal #9h', po_contents)
-            self.assertIn('#. Translators: valid i18n comment #7', po_contents)
-            self.assertMsgId('Translatable literal #9i', po_contents)
+            self.assertMsgId("Translatable literal #9g", po_contents)
+            self.assertIn("#. Translators: valid i18n comment #6", po_contents)
+            self.assertMsgId("Translatable literal #9h", po_contents)
+            self.assertIn("#. Translators: valid i18n comment #7", po_contents)
+            self.assertMsgId("Translatable literal #9i", po_contents)
 
-            self.assertRegex(po_contents, r'#\..+Translators: valid i18n comment #8')
-            self.assertRegex(po_contents, r'#\..+Translators: valid i18n comment #9')
+            self.assertRegex(po_contents, r"#\..+Translators: valid i18n comment #8")
+            self.assertRegex(po_contents, r"#\..+Translators: valid i18n comment #9")
             self.assertMsgId("Translatable literal #9j", po_contents)
 
     def test_makemessages_find_files(self):
@@ -368,24 +420,24 @@ class BasicExtractorTests(ExtractorTests):
         find_files only discover files having the proper extensions.
         """
         cmd = MakeMessagesCommand()
-        cmd.ignore_patterns = ['CVS', '.*', '*~', '*.pyc']
+        cmd.ignore_patterns = ["CVS", ".*", "*~", "*.pyc"]
         cmd.symlinks = False
-        cmd.domain = 'django'
-        cmd.extensions = ['html', 'txt', 'py']
+        cmd.domain = "django"
+        cmd.extensions = ["html", "txt", "py"]
         cmd.verbosity = 0
         cmd.locale_paths = []
-        cmd.default_locale_path = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'locale')
+        cmd.default_locale_path = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "locale")
         found_files = cmd.find_files(self.test_dir)
         found_exts = {os.path.splitext(tfile.file)[1] for tfile in found_files}
-        self.assertEqual(found_exts.difference({'.py', '.html', '.txt'}), set())
+        self.assertEqual(found_exts.difference({".py", ".html", ".txt"}), set())
 
-        cmd.extensions = ['js']
-        cmd.domain = 'djangojs'
+        cmd.extensions = ["js"]
+        cmd.domain = "djangojs"
         found_files = cmd.find_files(self.test_dir)
         found_exts = {os.path.splitext(tfile.file)[1] for tfile in found_files}
-        self.assertEqual(found_exts.difference({'.js'}), set())
+        self.assertEqual(found_exts.difference({".js"}), set())
 
-    @mock.patch('django.core.management.commands.makemessages.popen_wrapper')
+    @mock.patch("django.core.management.commands.makemessages.popen_wrapper")
     def test_makemessages_gettext_version(self, mocked_popen_wrapper):
         # "Normal" output:
         mocked_popen_wrapper.return_value = (
@@ -394,21 +446,28 @@ class BasicExtractorTests(ExtractorTests):
             "License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>\n"
             "This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.\n"
             "There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.\n"
-            "Written by Ulrich Drepper.\n", '', 0)
+            "Written by Ulrich Drepper.\n",
+            "",
+            0,
+        )
         cmd = MakeMessagesCommand()
         self.assertEqual(cmd.gettext_version, (0, 18, 1))
 
         # Version number with only 2 parts (#23788)
         mocked_popen_wrapper.return_value = (
-            "xgettext (GNU gettext-tools) 0.17\n", '', 0)
+            "xgettext (GNU gettext-tools) 0.17\n",
+            "",
+            0,
+        )
         cmd = MakeMessagesCommand()
         self.assertEqual(cmd.gettext_version, (0, 17))
 
         # Bad version output
-        mocked_popen_wrapper.return_value = (
-            "any other return value\n", '', 0)
+        mocked_popen_wrapper.return_value = ("any other return value\n", "", 0)
         cmd = MakeMessagesCommand()
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, "Unable to get gettext version. Is it installed?"):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            CommandError, "Unable to get gettext version. Is it installed?"
+        ):
             cmd.gettext_version
 
     def test_po_file_encoding_when_updating(self):
@@ -416,50 +475,53 @@ class BasicExtractorTests(ExtractorTests):
         Update of PO file doesn't corrupt it with non-UTF-8 encoding on Windows
         (#23271).
         """
-        BR_PO_BASE = 'locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES/django'
-        shutil.copyfile(BR_PO_BASE + '.pristine', BR_PO_BASE + '.po')
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=['pt_BR'], verbosity=0)
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(BR_PO_BASE + '.po'))
-        with open(BR_PO_BASE + '.po', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+        BR_PO_BASE = "locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES/django"
+        shutil.copyfile(BR_PO_BASE + ".pristine", BR_PO_BASE + ".po")
+        management.call_command("makemessages", locale=["pt_BR"], verbosity=0)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(BR_PO_BASE + ".po"))
+        with open(BR_PO_BASE + ".po", encoding="utf-8") as fp:
             po_contents = fp.read()
             self.assertMsgStr("Größe", po_contents)
 
     def test_pot_charset_header_is_utf8(self):
         """Content-Type: ... charset=CHARSET is replaced with charset=UTF-8"""
         msgs = (
-            '# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE.\n'
-            '# (some lines truncated as they are not relevant)\n'
+            "# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE.\n"
+            "# (some lines truncated as they are not relevant)\n"
             '"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\\n"\n'
             '"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\\n"\n'
-            '\n'
-            '#: somefile.py:8\n'
+            "\n"
+            "#: somefile.py:8\n"
             'msgid "mañana; charset=CHARSET"\n'
             'msgstr ""\n'
         )
         with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as pot_file:
             pot_filename = pot_file.name
         write_pot_file(pot_filename, msgs)
-        with open(pot_filename, encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+        with open(pot_filename, encoding="utf-8") as fp:
             pot_contents = fp.read()
-            self.assertIn('Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8', pot_contents)
-            self.assertIn('mañana; charset=CHARSET', pot_contents)
+            self.assertIn("Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8", pot_contents)
+            self.assertIn("mañana; charset=CHARSET", pot_contents)
 
 
 class JavaScriptExtractorTests(ExtractorTests):
 
-    PO_FILE = 'locale/%s/LC_MESSAGES/djangojs.po' % LOCALE
+    PO_FILE = "locale/%s/LC_MESSAGES/djangojs.po" % LOCALE
 
     def test_javascript_literals(self):
-        _, po_contents = self._run_makemessages(domain='djangojs')
-        self.assertMsgId('This literal should be included.', po_contents)
-        self.assertMsgId('gettext_noop should, too.', po_contents)
-        self.assertMsgId('This one as well.', po_contents)
-        self.assertMsgId(r'He said, \"hello\".', po_contents)
+        _, po_contents = self._run_makemessages(domain="djangojs")
+        self.assertMsgId("This literal should be included.", po_contents)
+        self.assertMsgId("gettext_noop should, too.", po_contents)
+        self.assertMsgId("This one as well.", po_contents)
+        self.assertMsgId(r"He said, \"hello\".", po_contents)
         self.assertMsgId("okkkk", po_contents)
         self.assertMsgId("TEXT", po_contents)
         self.assertMsgId("It's at http://example.com", po_contents)
         self.assertMsgId("String", po_contents)
-        self.assertMsgId("/* but this one will be too */ 'cause there is no way of telling...", po_contents)
+        self.assertMsgId(
+            "/* but this one will be too */ 'cause there is no way of telling...",
+            po_contents,
+        )
         self.assertMsgId("foo", po_contents)
         self.assertMsgId("bar", po_contents)
         self.assertMsgId("baz", po_contents)
@@ -470,91 +532,115 @@ class JavaScriptExtractorTests(ExtractorTests):
         """
         Regression test for #23583.
         """
-        with override_settings(STATIC_ROOT=os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'static/'),
-                               MEDIA_ROOT=os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'media_root/')):
-            _, po_contents = self._run_makemessages(domain='djangojs')
-            self.assertMsgId("Static content inside app should be included.", po_contents)
-            self.assertNotMsgId("Content from STATIC_ROOT should not be included", po_contents)
+        with override_settings(
+            STATIC_ROOT=os.path.join(self.test_dir, "static/"),
+            MEDIA_ROOT=os.path.join(self.test_dir, "media_root/"),
+        ):
+            _, po_contents = self._run_makemessages(domain="djangojs")
+            self.assertMsgId(
+                "Static content inside app should be included.", po_contents
+            )
+            self.assertNotMsgId(
+                "Content from STATIC_ROOT should not be included", po_contents
+            )
 
-    @override_settings(STATIC_ROOT=None, MEDIA_ROOT='')
+    @override_settings(STATIC_ROOT=None, MEDIA_ROOT="")
     def test_default_root_settings(self):
         """
         Regression test for #23717.
         """
-        _, po_contents = self._run_makemessages(domain='djangojs')
+        _, po_contents = self._run_makemessages(domain="djangojs")
         self.assertMsgId("Static content inside app should be included.", po_contents)
 
 
 class IgnoredExtractorTests(ExtractorTests):
-
     def test_ignore_directory(self):
-        out, po_contents = self._run_makemessages(ignore_patterns=[
-            os.path.join('ignore_dir', '*'),
-        ])
+        out, po_contents = self._run_makemessages(
+            ignore_patterns=[
+                os.path.join("ignore_dir", "*"),
+            ]
+        )
         self.assertIn("ignoring directory ignore_dir", out)
-        self.assertMsgId('This literal should be included.', po_contents)
-        self.assertNotMsgId('This should be ignored.', po_contents)
+        self.assertMsgId("This literal should be included.", po_contents)
+        self.assertNotMsgId("This should be ignored.", po_contents)
 
     def test_ignore_subdirectory(self):
-        out, po_contents = self._run_makemessages(ignore_patterns=[
-            'templates/*/ignore.html',
-            'templates/subdir/*',
-        ])
+        out, po_contents = self._run_makemessages(
+            ignore_patterns=[
+                "templates/*/ignore.html",
+                "templates/subdir/*",
+            ]
+        )
         self.assertIn("ignoring directory subdir", out)
-        self.assertNotMsgId('This subdir should be ignored too.', po_contents)
+        self.assertNotMsgId("This subdir should be ignored too.", po_contents)
 
     def test_ignore_file_patterns(self):
-        out, po_contents = self._run_makemessages(ignore_patterns=[
-            'xxx_*',
-        ])
+        out, po_contents = self._run_makemessages(
+            ignore_patterns=[
+                "xxx_*",
+            ]
+        )
         self.assertIn("ignoring file xxx_ignored.html", out)
-        self.assertNotMsgId('This should be ignored too.', po_contents)
+        self.assertNotMsgId("This should be ignored too.", po_contents)
 
     def test_media_static_dirs_ignored(self):
-        with override_settings(STATIC_ROOT=os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'static/'),
-                               MEDIA_ROOT=os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'media_root/')):
+        with override_settings(
+            STATIC_ROOT=os.path.join(self.test_dir, "static/"),
+            MEDIA_ROOT=os.path.join(self.test_dir, "media_root/"),
+        ):
             out, _ = self._run_makemessages()
             self.assertIn("ignoring directory static", out)
             self.assertIn("ignoring directory media_root", out)
 
 
 class SymlinkExtractorTests(ExtractorTests):
-
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        self.symlinked_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'templates_symlinked')
+        self.symlinked_dir = os.path.join(self.test_dir, "templates_symlinked")
 
     def test_symlink(self):
         if symlinks_supported():
-            os.symlink(os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'templates'), self.symlinked_dir)
+            os.symlink(os.path.join(self.test_dir, "templates"), self.symlinked_dir)
         else:
-            self.skipTest("os.symlink() not available on this OS + Python version combination.")
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0, symlinks=True)
+            self.skipTest(
+                "os.symlink() not available on this OS + Python version combination."
+            )
+        management.call_command(
+            "makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0, symlinks=True
+        )
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.PO_FILE))
         with open(self.PO_FILE) as fp:
             po_contents = fp.read()
-            self.assertMsgId('This literal should be included.', po_contents)
-        self.assertLocationCommentPresent(self.PO_FILE, None, 'templates_symlinked', 'test.html')
+            self.assertMsgId("This literal should be included.", po_contents)
+        self.assertLocationCommentPresent(
+            self.PO_FILE, None, "templates_symlinked", "test.html"
+        )
 
 
 class CopyPluralFormsExtractorTests(ExtractorTests):
 
-    PO_FILE_ES = 'locale/es/LC_MESSAGES/django.po'
+    PO_FILE_ES = "locale/es/LC_MESSAGES/django.po"
 
     def test_copy_plural_forms(self):
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.PO_FILE))
         with open(self.PO_FILE) as fp:
             po_contents = fp.read()
-            self.assertIn('Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1)', po_contents)
+            self.assertIn("Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1)", po_contents)
 
     def test_override_plural_forms(self):
         """Ticket #20311."""
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=['es'], extensions=['djtpl'], verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command(
+            "makemessages", locale=["es"], extensions=["djtpl"], verbosity=0
+        )
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.PO_FILE_ES))
-        with open(self.PO_FILE_ES, encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+        with open(self.PO_FILE_ES, encoding="utf-8") as fp:
             po_contents = fp.read()
-            found = re.findall(r'^(?P<value>"Plural-Forms.+?\\n")\s*$', po_contents, re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL)
+            found = re.findall(
+                r'^(?P<value>"Plural-Forms.+?\\n")\s*$',
+                po_contents,
+                re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL,
+            )
             self.assertEqual(1, len(found))
 
     def test_translate_and_plural_blocktranslate_collision(self):
@@ -563,30 +649,42 @@ class CopyPluralFormsExtractorTests(ExtractorTests):
         found inside a {% translate %} tag and also in another file inside a
         {% blocktranslate %} with a plural (#17375).
         """
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], extensions=['html', 'djtpl'], verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command(
+            "makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], extensions=["html", "djtpl"], verbosity=0
+        )
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.PO_FILE))
         with open(self.PO_FILE) as fp:
             po_contents = fp.read()
-            self.assertNotIn("#-#-#-#-#  django.pot (PACKAGE VERSION)  #-#-#-#-#\\n", po_contents)
-            self.assertMsgId('First `translate`, then `blocktranslate` with a plural', po_contents)
-            self.assertMsgIdPlural('Plural for a `translate` and `blocktranslate` collision case', po_contents)
+            self.assertNotIn(
+                "#-#-#-#-#  django.pot (PACKAGE VERSION)  #-#-#-#-#\\n", po_contents
+            )
+            self.assertMsgId(
+                "First `translate`, then `blocktranslate` with a plural", po_contents
+            )
+            self.assertMsgIdPlural(
+                "Plural for a `translate` and `blocktranslate` collision case",
+                po_contents,
+            )
 
 
 class NoWrapExtractorTests(ExtractorTests):
-
     def test_no_wrap_enabled(self):
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0, no_wrap=True)
+        management.call_command(
+            "makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0, no_wrap=True
+        )
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.PO_FILE))
         with open(self.PO_FILE) as fp:
             po_contents = fp.read()
             self.assertMsgId(
-                'This literal should also be included wrapped or not wrapped '
-                'depending on the use of the --no-wrap option.',
-                po_contents
+                "This literal should also be included wrapped or not wrapped "
+                "depending on the use of the --no-wrap option.",
+                po_contents,
             )
 
     def test_no_wrap_disabled(self):
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0, no_wrap=False)
+        management.call_command(
+            "makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0, no_wrap=False
+        )
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.PO_FILE))
         with open(self.PO_FILE) as fp:
             po_contents = fp.read()
@@ -594,64 +692,82 @@ class NoWrapExtractorTests(ExtractorTests):
                 '""\n"This literal should also be included wrapped or not '
                 'wrapped depending on the "\n"use of the --no-wrap option."',
                 po_contents,
-                use_quotes=False
+                use_quotes=False,
             )
 
 
 class LocationCommentsTests(ExtractorTests):
-
     def test_no_location_enabled(self):
         """Behavior is correct if --no-location switch is specified. See #16903."""
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0, no_location=True)
+        management.call_command(
+            "makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0, no_location=True
+        )
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.PO_FILE))
-        self.assertLocationCommentNotPresent(self.PO_FILE, None, 'test.html')
+        self.assertLocationCommentNotPresent(self.PO_FILE, None, "test.html")
 
     def test_no_location_disabled(self):
         """Behavior is correct if --no-location switch isn't specified."""
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0, no_location=False)
+        management.call_command(
+            "makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0, no_location=False
+        )
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.PO_FILE))
         # #16903 -- Standard comment with source file relative path should be present
-        self.assertLocationCommentPresent(self.PO_FILE, 'Translatable literal #6b', 'templates', 'test.html')
+        self.assertLocationCommentPresent(
+            self.PO_FILE, "Translatable literal #6b", "templates", "test.html"
+        )
 
     def test_location_comments_for_templatized_files(self):
         """
         Ensure no leaky paths in comments, e.g. #: path\to\file.html.py:123
         Refs #21209/#26341.
         """
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.PO_FILE))
         with open(self.PO_FILE) as fp:
             po_contents = fp.read()
-        self.assertMsgId('#: templates/test.html.py', po_contents)
-        self.assertLocationCommentNotPresent(self.PO_FILE, None, '.html.py')
-        self.assertLocationCommentPresent(self.PO_FILE, 5, 'templates', 'test.html')
+        self.assertMsgId("#: templates/test.html.py", po_contents)
+        self.assertLocationCommentNotPresent(self.PO_FILE, None, ".html.py")
+        self.assertLocationCommentPresent(self.PO_FILE, 5, "templates", "test.html")
 
     @requires_gettext_019
     def test_add_location_full(self):
         """makemessages --add-location=full"""
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0, add_location='full')
+        management.call_command(
+            "makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0, add_location="full"
+        )
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.PO_FILE))
         # Comment with source file relative path and line number is present.
-        self.assertLocationCommentPresent(self.PO_FILE, 'Translatable literal #6b', 'templates', 'test.html')
+        self.assertLocationCommentPresent(
+            self.PO_FILE, "Translatable literal #6b", "templates", "test.html"
+        )
 
     @requires_gettext_019
     def test_add_location_file(self):
         """makemessages --add-location=file"""
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0, add_location='file')
+        management.call_command(
+            "makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0, add_location="file"
+        )
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.PO_FILE))
         # Comment with source file relative path is present.
-        self.assertLocationCommentPresent(self.PO_FILE, None, 'templates', 'test.html')
+        self.assertLocationCommentPresent(self.PO_FILE, None, "templates", "test.html")
         # But it should not contain the line number.
-        self.assertLocationCommentNotPresent(self.PO_FILE, 'Translatable literal #6b', 'templates', 'test.html')
+        self.assertLocationCommentNotPresent(
+            self.PO_FILE, "Translatable literal #6b", "templates", "test.html"
+        )
 
     @requires_gettext_019
     def test_add_location_never(self):
         """makemessages --add-location=never"""
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0, add_location='never')
+        management.call_command(
+            "makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0, add_location="never"
+        )
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.PO_FILE))
-        self.assertLocationCommentNotPresent(self.PO_FILE, None, 'test.html')
+        self.assertLocationCommentNotPresent(self.PO_FILE, None, "test.html")
 
-    @mock.patch('django.core.management.commands.makemessages.Command.gettext_version', new=(0, 18, 99))
+    @mock.patch(
+        "django.core.management.commands.makemessages.Command.gettext_version",
+        new=(0, 18, 99),
+    )
     def test_add_location_gettext_version_check(self):
         """
         CommandError is raised when using makemessages --add-location with
@@ -659,34 +775,40 @@ class LocationCommentsTests(ExtractorTests):
         """
         msg = "The --add-location option requires gettext 0.19 or later. You have 0.18.99."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
-            management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0, add_location='full')
+            management.call_command(
+                "makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0, add_location="full"
+            )
 
 
 class KeepPotFileExtractorTests(ExtractorTests):
 
-    POT_FILE = 'locale/django.pot'
+    POT_FILE = "locale/django.pot"
 
     def test_keep_pot_disabled_by_default(self):
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0)
         self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self.POT_FILE))
 
     def test_keep_pot_explicitly_disabled(self):
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0, keep_pot=False)
+        management.call_command(
+            "makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0, keep_pot=False
+        )
         self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self.POT_FILE))
 
     def test_keep_pot_enabled(self):
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0, keep_pot=True)
+        management.call_command(
+            "makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0, keep_pot=True
+        )
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.POT_FILE))
 
 
 class MultipleLocaleExtractionTests(ExtractorTests):
-    PO_FILE_PT = 'locale/pt/LC_MESSAGES/django.po'
-    PO_FILE_DE = 'locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/django.po'
-    PO_FILE_KO = 'locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES/django.po'
-    LOCALES = ['pt', 'de', 'ch']
+    PO_FILE_PT = "locale/pt/LC_MESSAGES/django.po"
+    PO_FILE_DE = "locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/django.po"
+    PO_FILE_KO = "locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES/django.po"
+    LOCALES = ["pt", "de", "ch"]
 
     def test_multiple_locales(self):
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=['pt', 'de'], verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("makemessages", locale=["pt", "de"], verbosity=0)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.PO_FILE_PT))
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.PO_FILE_DE))
 
@@ -696,19 +818,19 @@ class MultipleLocaleExtractionTests(ExtractorTests):
         are considered as language directories, except if the directory doesn't
         start with two letters (which excludes __pycache__, .gitignore, etc.).
         """
-        os.mkdir(os.path.join('locale', '_do_not_pick'))
+        os.mkdir(os.path.join("locale", "_do_not_pick"))
         # Excluding locales that do not compile
-        management.call_command('makemessages', exclude=['ja', 'es_AR'], verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("makemessages", exclude=["ja", "es_AR"], verbosity=0)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.PO_FILE_KO))
-        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists('locale/_do_not_pick/LC_MESSAGES/django.po'))
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists("locale/_do_not_pick/LC_MESSAGES/django.po"))
 
 
 class ExcludedLocaleExtractionTests(ExtractorTests):
 
-    work_subdir = 'exclude'
+    work_subdir = "exclude"
 
-    LOCALES = ['en', 'fr', 'it']
-    PO_FILE = 'locale/%s/LC_MESSAGES/django.po'
+    LOCALES = ["en", "fr", "it"]
+    PO_FILE = "locale/%s/LC_MESSAGES/django.po"
 
     def _set_times_for_all_po_files(self):
         """
@@ -719,7 +841,7 @@ class ExcludedLocaleExtractionTests(ExtractorTests):
 
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        copytree('canned_locale', 'locale')
+        copytree("canned_locale", "locale")
         self._set_times_for_all_po_files()
 
     def test_command_help(self):
@@ -727,36 +849,40 @@ class ExcludedLocaleExtractionTests(ExtractorTests):
             # `call_command` bypasses the parser; by calling
             # `execute_from_command_line` with the help subcommand we
             # ensure that there are no issues with the parser itself.
-            execute_from_command_line(['django-admin', 'help', 'makemessages'])
+            execute_from_command_line(["django-admin", "help", "makemessages"])
 
     def test_one_locale_excluded(self):
-        management.call_command('makemessages', exclude=['it'], verbosity=0)
-        self.assertRecentlyModified(self.PO_FILE % 'en')
-        self.assertRecentlyModified(self.PO_FILE % 'fr')
-        self.assertNotRecentlyModified(self.PO_FILE % 'it')
+        management.call_command("makemessages", exclude=["it"], verbosity=0)
+        self.assertRecentlyModified(self.PO_FILE % "en")
+        self.assertRecentlyModified(self.PO_FILE % "fr")
+        self.assertNotRecentlyModified(self.PO_FILE % "it")
 
     def test_multiple_locales_excluded(self):
-        management.call_command('makemessages', exclude=['it', 'fr'], verbosity=0)
-        self.assertRecentlyModified(self.PO_FILE % 'en')
-        self.assertNotRecentlyModified(self.PO_FILE % 'fr')
-        self.assertNotRecentlyModified(self.PO_FILE % 'it')
+        management.call_command("makemessages", exclude=["it", "fr"], verbosity=0)
+        self.assertRecentlyModified(self.PO_FILE % "en")
+        self.assertNotRecentlyModified(self.PO_FILE % "fr")
+        self.assertNotRecentlyModified(self.PO_FILE % "it")
 
     def test_one_locale_excluded_with_locale(self):
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=['en', 'fr'], exclude=['fr'], verbosity=0)
-        self.assertRecentlyModified(self.PO_FILE % 'en')
-        self.assertNotRecentlyModified(self.PO_FILE % 'fr')
-        self.assertNotRecentlyModified(self.PO_FILE % 'it')
+        management.call_command(
+            "makemessages", locale=["en", "fr"], exclude=["fr"], verbosity=0
+        )
+        self.assertRecentlyModified(self.PO_FILE % "en")
+        self.assertNotRecentlyModified(self.PO_FILE % "fr")
+        self.assertNotRecentlyModified(self.PO_FILE % "it")
 
     def test_multiple_locales_excluded_with_locale(self):
-        management.call_command('makemessages', locale=['en', 'fr', 'it'], exclude=['fr', 'it'], verbosity=0)
-        self.assertRecentlyModified(self.PO_FILE % 'en')
-        self.assertNotRecentlyModified(self.PO_FILE % 'fr')
-        self.assertNotRecentlyModified(self.PO_FILE % 'it')
+        management.call_command(
+            "makemessages", locale=["en", "fr", "it"], exclude=["fr", "it"], verbosity=0
+        )
+        self.assertRecentlyModified(self.PO_FILE % "en")
+        self.assertNotRecentlyModified(self.PO_FILE % "fr")
+        self.assertNotRecentlyModified(self.PO_FILE % "it")
 
 
 class CustomLayoutExtractionTests(ExtractorTests):
 
-    work_subdir = 'project_dir'
+    work_subdir = "project_dir"
 
     def test_no_locale_raises(self):
         msg = (
@@ -765,15 +891,15 @@ class CustomLayoutExtractionTests(ExtractorTests):
             "or LOCALE_PATHS setting is set."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(management.CommandError, msg):
-            management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0)
+            management.call_command("makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0)
         # Working files are cleaned up on an error.
-        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists('./app_no_locale/test.html.py'))
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists("./app_no_locale/test.html.py"))
 
     def test_project_locale_paths(self):
-        self._test_project_locale_paths(os.path.join(self.test_dir, 'project_locale'))
+        self._test_project_locale_paths(os.path.join(self.test_dir, "project_locale"))
 
     def test_project_locale_paths_pathlib(self):
-        self._test_project_locale_paths(Path(self.test_dir) / 'project_locale')
+        self._test_project_locale_paths(Path(self.test_dir) / "project_locale")
 
     def _test_project_locale_paths(self, locale_path):
         """
@@ -781,43 +907,50 @@ class CustomLayoutExtractionTests(ExtractorTests):
         * translations outside of that app are in LOCALE_PATHS[0]
         """
         with override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=[locale_path]):
-            management.call_command('makemessages', locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0)
+            management.call_command("makemessages", locale=[LOCALE], verbosity=0)
             project_de_locale = os.path.join(
-                self.test_dir, 'project_locale', 'de', 'LC_MESSAGES', 'django.po')
+                self.test_dir, "project_locale", "de", "LC_MESSAGES", "django.po"
+            )
             app_de_locale = os.path.join(
-                self.test_dir, 'app_with_locale', 'locale', 'de', 'LC_MESSAGES', 'django.po')
+                self.test_dir,
+                "app_with_locale",
+                "locale",
+                "de",
+                "LC_MESSAGES",
+                "django.po",
+            )
             self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(project_de_locale))
             self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(app_de_locale))
 
             with open(project_de_locale) as fp:
                 po_contents = fp.read()
-                self.assertMsgId('This app has no locale directory', po_contents)
-                self.assertMsgId('This is a project-level string', po_contents)
+                self.assertMsgId("This app has no locale directory", po_contents)
+                self.assertMsgId("This is a project-level string", po_contents)
             with open(app_de_locale) as fp:
                 po_contents = fp.read()
-                self.assertMsgId('This app has a locale directory', po_contents)
+                self.assertMsgId("This app has a locale directory", po_contents)
 
 
-@skipUnless(has_xgettext, 'xgettext is mandatory for extraction tests')
+@skipUnless(has_xgettext, "xgettext is mandatory for extraction tests")
 class NoSettingsExtractionTests(AdminScriptTestCase):
     def test_makemessages_no_settings(self):
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(['makemessages', '-l', 'en', '-v', '0'])
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(["makemessages", "-l", "en", "-v", "0"])
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
 
 
 class UnchangedPoExtractionTests(ExtractorTests):
-    work_subdir = 'unchanged'
+    work_subdir = "unchanged"
 
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
         po_file = Path(self.PO_FILE)
-        po_file_tmp = Path(self.PO_FILE + '.tmp')
-        if os.name == 'nt':
+        po_file_tmp = Path(self.PO_FILE + ".tmp")
+        if os.name == "nt":
             # msgmerge outputs Windows style paths on Windows.
             po_contents = po_file_tmp.read_text().replace(
-                '#: __init__.py',
-                '#: .\\__init__.py',
+                "#: __init__.py",
+                "#: .\\__init__.py",
             )
             po_file.write_text(po_contents)
         else:
@@ -831,10 +964,10 @@ class UnchangedPoExtractionTests(ExtractorTests):
 
     def test_po_changed_with_new_strings(self):
         """PO files are updated when new changes are detected."""
-        Path('models.py.tmp').rename('models.py')
+        Path("models.py.tmp").rename("models.py")
         _, po_contents = self._run_makemessages()
         self.assertNotEqual(po_contents, self.original_po_contents)
         self.assertMsgId(
-            'This is a hitherto undiscovered translatable string.',
+            "This is a hitherto undiscovered translatable string.",
             po_contents,
         )
diff --git a/tests/i18n/test_management.py b/tests/i18n/test_management.py
index c464a13295..332702c0f4 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/test_management.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/test_management.py
@@ -5,18 +5,28 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class TranslatableFileTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_repr(self):
-        dirpath = 'dir'
-        file_name = 'example'
-        trans_file = TranslatableFile(dirpath=dirpath, file_name=file_name, locale_dir=None)
-        self.assertEqual(repr(trans_file), '<TranslatableFile: %s>' % os.path.join(dirpath, file_name))
+        dirpath = "dir"
+        file_name = "example"
+        trans_file = TranslatableFile(
+            dirpath=dirpath, file_name=file_name, locale_dir=None
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(trans_file),
+            "<TranslatableFile: %s>" % os.path.join(dirpath, file_name),
+        )
 
     def test_eq(self):
-        dirpath = 'dir'
-        file_name = 'example'
-        trans_file = TranslatableFile(dirpath=dirpath, file_name=file_name, locale_dir=None)
-        trans_file_eq = TranslatableFile(dirpath=dirpath, file_name=file_name, locale_dir=None)
-        trans_file_not_eq = TranslatableFile(dirpath='tmp', file_name=file_name, locale_dir=None)
+        dirpath = "dir"
+        file_name = "example"
+        trans_file = TranslatableFile(
+            dirpath=dirpath, file_name=file_name, locale_dir=None
+        )
+        trans_file_eq = TranslatableFile(
+            dirpath=dirpath, file_name=file_name, locale_dir=None
+        )
+        trans_file_not_eq = TranslatableFile(
+            dirpath="tmp", file_name=file_name, locale_dir=None
+        )
         self.assertEqual(trans_file, trans_file_eq)
         self.assertNotEqual(trans_file, trans_file_not_eq)
diff --git a/tests/i18n/test_percents.py b/tests/i18n/test_percents.py
index 5362ace0a7..f1dce0c7c6 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/test_percents.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/test_percents.py
@@ -6,20 +6,22 @@ from django.utils.translation import activate, get_language, trans_real
 
 from .utils import POFileAssertionMixin
 
-SAMPLEPROJECT_DIR = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), 'sampleproject')
-SAMPLEPROJECT_LOCALE = os.path.join(SAMPLEPROJECT_DIR, 'locale')
+SAMPLEPROJECT_DIR = os.path.join(
+    os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), "sampleproject"
+)
+SAMPLEPROJECT_LOCALE = os.path.join(SAMPLEPROJECT_DIR, "locale")
 
 
 @override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=[SAMPLEPROJECT_LOCALE])
 class FrenchTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
     """Tests using the French translations of the sampleproject."""
 
-    PO_FILE = os.path.join(SAMPLEPROJECT_LOCALE, 'fr', 'LC_MESSAGES', 'django.po')
+    PO_FILE = os.path.join(SAMPLEPROJECT_LOCALE, "fr", "LC_MESSAGES", "django.po")
 
     def setUp(self):
         self._language = get_language()
         self._translations = trans_real._translations
-        activate('fr')
+        activate("fr")
 
     def tearDown(self):
         trans_real._translations = self._translations
@@ -42,19 +44,34 @@ class ExtractingStringsWithPercentSigns(POFileAssertionMixin, FrenchTestCase):
             self.po_contents = fp.read()
 
     def test_trans_tag_with_percent_symbol_at_the_end(self):
-        self.assertMsgId('Literal with a percent symbol at the end %%', self.po_contents)
+        self.assertMsgId(
+            "Literal with a percent symbol at the end %%", self.po_contents
+        )
 
     def test_trans_tag_with_percent_symbol_in_the_middle(self):
-        self.assertMsgId('Literal with a percent %% symbol in the middle', self.po_contents)
-        self.assertMsgId('It is 100%%', self.po_contents)
+        self.assertMsgId(
+            "Literal with a percent %% symbol in the middle", self.po_contents
+        )
+        self.assertMsgId("It is 100%%", self.po_contents)
 
     def test_trans_tag_with_string_that_look_like_fmt_spec(self):
-        self.assertMsgId('Looks like a str fmt spec %%s but should not be interpreted as such', self.po_contents)
-        self.assertMsgId('Looks like a str fmt spec %% o but should not be interpreted as such', self.po_contents)
+        self.assertMsgId(
+            "Looks like a str fmt spec %%s but should not be interpreted as such",
+            self.po_contents,
+        )
+        self.assertMsgId(
+            "Looks like a str fmt spec %% o but should not be interpreted as such",
+            self.po_contents,
+        )
 
     def test_adds_python_format_to_all_percent_signs(self):
-        self.assertMsgId('1 percent sign %%, 2 percent signs %%%%, 3 percent signs %%%%%%', self.po_contents)
-        self.assertMsgId('%(name)s says: 1 percent sign %%, 2 percent signs %%%%', self.po_contents)
+        self.assertMsgId(
+            "1 percent sign %%, 2 percent signs %%%%, 3 percent signs %%%%%%",
+            self.po_contents,
+        )
+        self.assertMsgId(
+            "%(name)s says: 1 percent sign %%, 2 percent signs %%%%", self.po_contents
+        )
 
 
 class RenderingTemplatesWithPercentSigns(FrenchTestCase):
@@ -67,69 +84,79 @@ class RenderingTemplatesWithPercentSigns(FrenchTestCase):
     """
 
     def test_translates_with_a_percent_symbol_at_the_end(self):
-        expected = 'Littérale avec un symbole de pour cent à la fin %'
+        expected = "Littérale avec un symbole de pour cent à la fin %"
 
-        trans_tpl = Template('{% load i18n %}{% translate "Literal with a percent symbol at the end %" %}')
+        trans_tpl = Template(
+            '{% load i18n %}{% translate "Literal with a percent symbol at the end %" %}'
+        )
         self.assertEqual(trans_tpl.render(Context({})), expected)
 
         block_tpl = Template(
-            '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}Literal with a percent symbol at '
-            'the end %{% endblocktranslate %}'
+            "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}Literal with a percent symbol at "
+            "the end %{% endblocktranslate %}"
         )
         self.assertEqual(block_tpl.render(Context({})), expected)
 
     def test_translates_with_percent_symbol_in_the_middle(self):
-        expected = 'Pour cent littérale % avec un symbole au milieu'
+        expected = "Pour cent littérale % avec un symbole au milieu"
 
-        trans_tpl = Template('{% load i18n %}{% translate "Literal with a percent % symbol in the middle" %}')
+        trans_tpl = Template(
+            '{% load i18n %}{% translate "Literal with a percent % symbol in the middle" %}'
+        )
         self.assertEqual(trans_tpl.render(Context({})), expected)
 
         block_tpl = Template(
-            '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}Literal with a percent % symbol '
-            'in the middle{% endblocktranslate %}'
+            "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}Literal with a percent % symbol "
+            "in the middle{% endblocktranslate %}"
         )
         self.assertEqual(block_tpl.render(Context({})), expected)
 
     def test_translates_with_percent_symbol_using_context(self):
         trans_tpl = Template('{% load i18n %}{% translate "It is 100%" %}')
-        self.assertEqual(trans_tpl.render(Context({})), 'Il est de 100%')
-        trans_tpl = Template('{% load i18n %}{% translate "It is 100%" context "female" %}')
-        self.assertEqual(trans_tpl.render(Context({})), 'Elle est de 100%')
+        self.assertEqual(trans_tpl.render(Context({})), "Il est de 100%")
+        trans_tpl = Template(
+            '{% load i18n %}{% translate "It is 100%" context "female" %}'
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(trans_tpl.render(Context({})), "Elle est de 100%")
 
-        block_tpl = Template('{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}It is 100%{% endblocktranslate %}')
-        self.assertEqual(block_tpl.render(Context({})), 'Il est de 100%')
-        block_tpl = Template('{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate context "female" %}It is 100%{% endblocktranslate %}')
-        self.assertEqual(block_tpl.render(Context({})), 'Elle est de 100%')
+        block_tpl = Template(
+            "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}It is 100%{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(block_tpl.render(Context({})), "Il est de 100%")
+        block_tpl = Template(
+            '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate context "female" %}It is 100%{% endblocktranslate %}'
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(block_tpl.render(Context({})), "Elle est de 100%")
 
     def test_translates_with_string_that_look_like_fmt_spec_with_trans(self):
         # tests "%s"
-        expected = ('On dirait un spec str fmt %s mais ne devrait pas être interprété comme plus disponible')
+        expected = "On dirait un spec str fmt %s mais ne devrait pas être interprété comme plus disponible"
         trans_tpl = Template(
             '{% load i18n %}{% translate "Looks like a str fmt spec %s but '
             'should not be interpreted as such" %}'
         )
         self.assertEqual(trans_tpl.render(Context({})), expected)
         block_tpl = Template(
-            '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}Looks like a str fmt spec %s but '
-            'should not be interpreted as such{% endblocktranslate %}'
+            "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}Looks like a str fmt spec %s but "
+            "should not be interpreted as such{% endblocktranslate %}"
         )
         self.assertEqual(block_tpl.render(Context({})), expected)
 
         # tests "% o"
-        expected = ('On dirait un spec str fmt % o mais ne devrait pas être interprété comme plus disponible')
+        expected = "On dirait un spec str fmt % o mais ne devrait pas être interprété comme plus disponible"
         trans_tpl = Template(
             '{% load i18n %}{% translate "Looks like a str fmt spec % o but should not be '
             'interpreted as such" %}'
         )
         self.assertEqual(trans_tpl.render(Context({})), expected)
         block_tpl = Template(
-            '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}Looks like a str fmt spec % o but should not be '
-            'interpreted as such{% endblocktranslate %}'
+            "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}Looks like a str fmt spec % o but should not be "
+            "interpreted as such{% endblocktranslate %}"
         )
         self.assertEqual(block_tpl.render(Context({})), expected)
 
     def test_translates_multiple_percent_signs(self):
-        expected = ('1 % signe pour cent, signes %% 2 pour cent, trois signes de pourcentage %%%')
+        expected = "1 % signe pour cent, signes %% 2 pour cent, trois signes de pourcentage %%%"
 
         trans_tpl = Template(
             '{% load i18n %}{% translate "1 percent sign %, 2 percent signs %%, '
@@ -137,16 +164,16 @@ class RenderingTemplatesWithPercentSigns(FrenchTestCase):
         )
         self.assertEqual(trans_tpl.render(Context({})), expected)
         block_tpl = Template(
-            '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}1 percent sign %, 2 percent signs '
-            '%%, 3 percent signs %%%{% endblocktranslate %}'
+            "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}1 percent sign %, 2 percent signs "
+            "%%, 3 percent signs %%%{% endblocktranslate %}"
         )
         self.assertEqual(block_tpl.render(Context({})), expected)
 
         block_tpl = Template(
-            '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}{{name}} says: 1 percent sign %, '
-            '2 percent signs %%{% endblocktranslate %}'
+            "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}{{name}} says: 1 percent sign %, "
+            "2 percent signs %%{% endblocktranslate %}"
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             block_tpl.render(Context({"name": "Django"})),
-            'Django dit: 1 pour cent signe %, deux signes de pourcentage %%'
+            "Django dit: 1 pour cent signe %, deux signes de pourcentage %%",
         )
diff --git a/tests/i18n/tests.py b/tests/i18n/tests.py
index 3dbb8236d7..aa77657471 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/tests.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/tests.py
@@ -19,26 +19,51 @@ from django.conf.locale import LANG_INFO
 from django.conf.urls.i18n import i18n_patterns
 from django.template import Context, Template
 from django.test import (
-    RequestFactory, SimpleTestCase, TestCase, ignore_warnings,
+    RequestFactory,
+    SimpleTestCase,
+    TestCase,
+    ignore_warnings,
     override_settings,
 )
 from django.utils import translation
 from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango50Warning
 from django.utils.formats import (
-    date_format, get_format, iter_format_modules, localize, localize_input,
-    reset_format_cache, sanitize_separators, sanitize_strftime_format,
+    date_format,
+    get_format,
+    iter_format_modules,
+    localize,
+    localize_input,
+    reset_format_cache,
+    sanitize_separators,
+    sanitize_strftime_format,
     time_format,
 )
 from django.utils.numberformat import format as nformat
 from django.utils.safestring import SafeString, mark_safe
 from django.utils.translation import (
-    activate, check_for_language, deactivate, get_language, get_language_bidi,
-    get_language_from_request, get_language_info, gettext, gettext_lazy,
-    ngettext, ngettext_lazy, npgettext, npgettext_lazy, pgettext,
-    round_away_from_one, to_language, to_locale, trans_null, trans_real,
+    activate,
+    check_for_language,
+    deactivate,
+    get_language,
+    get_language_bidi,
+    get_language_from_request,
+    get_language_info,
+    gettext,
+    gettext_lazy,
+    ngettext,
+    ngettext_lazy,
+    npgettext,
+    npgettext_lazy,
+    pgettext,
+    round_away_from_one,
+    to_language,
+    to_locale,
+    trans_null,
+    trans_real,
 )
 from django.utils.translation.reloader import (
-    translation_file_changed, watch_for_translation_changes,
+    translation_file_changed,
+    watch_for_translation_changes,
 )
 
 from .forms import CompanyForm, I18nForm, SelectDateForm
@@ -46,7 +71,7 @@ from .models import Company, TestModel
 
 here = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
 extended_locale_paths = settings.LOCALE_PATHS + [
-    os.path.join(here, 'other', 'locale'),
+    os.path.join(here, "other", "locale"),
 ]
 
 
@@ -69,30 +94,34 @@ def patch_formats(lang, **settings):
 
 
 class TranslationTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    @translation.override('fr')
+    @translation.override("fr")
     def test_plural(self):
         """
         Test plurals with ngettext. French differs from English in that 0 is singular.
         """
         self.assertEqual(
-            ngettext('%(num)d year', '%(num)d years', 0) % {'num': 0},
-            '0 année',
+            ngettext("%(num)d year", "%(num)d years", 0) % {"num": 0},
+            "0 année",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            ngettext('%(num)d year', '%(num)d years', 2) % {'num': 2},
-            '2 années',
+            ngettext("%(num)d year", "%(num)d years", 2) % {"num": 2},
+            "2 années",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ngettext("%(size)d byte", "%(size)d bytes", 0) % {"size": 0}, "0 octet"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ngettext("%(size)d byte", "%(size)d bytes", 2) % {"size": 2}, "2 octets"
         )
-        self.assertEqual(ngettext("%(size)d byte", "%(size)d bytes", 0) % {'size': 0}, "0 octet")
-        self.assertEqual(ngettext("%(size)d byte", "%(size)d bytes", 2) % {'size': 2}, "2 octets")
 
     def test_plural_null(self):
         g = trans_null.ngettext
-        self.assertEqual(g('%(num)d year', '%(num)d years', 0) % {'num': 0}, '0 years')
-        self.assertEqual(g('%(num)d year', '%(num)d years', 1) % {'num': 1}, '1 year')
-        self.assertEqual(g('%(num)d year', '%(num)d years', 2) % {'num': 2}, '2 years')
+        self.assertEqual(g("%(num)d year", "%(num)d years", 0) % {"num": 0}, "0 years")
+        self.assertEqual(g("%(num)d year", "%(num)d years", 1) % {"num": 1}, "1 year")
+        self.assertEqual(g("%(num)d year", "%(num)d years", 2) % {"num": 2}, "2 years")
 
     @override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=extended_locale_paths)
-    @translation.override('fr')
+    @translation.override("fr")
     def test_multiple_plurals_per_language(self):
         """
         Normally, French has 2 plurals. As other/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES/django.po
@@ -104,40 +133,39 @@ class TranslationTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(ngettext("%d singular", "%d plural", 2) % 2, "2 pluriel2")
         french = trans_real.catalog()
         # Internal _catalog can query subcatalogs (from different po files).
-        self.assertEqual(french._catalog[('%d singular', 0)], '%d singulier')
-        self.assertEqual(french._catalog[('%(num)d hour', 0)], '%(num)d heure')
+        self.assertEqual(french._catalog[("%d singular", 0)], "%d singulier")
+        self.assertEqual(french._catalog[("%(num)d hour", 0)], "%(num)d heure")
 
     def test_override(self):
-        activate('de')
+        activate("de")
         try:
-            with translation.override('pl'):
-                self.assertEqual(get_language(), 'pl')
-            self.assertEqual(get_language(), 'de')
+            with translation.override("pl"):
+                self.assertEqual(get_language(), "pl")
+            self.assertEqual(get_language(), "de")
             with translation.override(None):
                 self.assertIsNone(get_language())
-                with translation.override('pl'):
+                with translation.override("pl"):
                     pass
                 self.assertIsNone(get_language())
-            self.assertEqual(get_language(), 'de')
+            self.assertEqual(get_language(), "de")
         finally:
             deactivate()
 
     def test_override_decorator(self):
-
-        @translation.override('pl')
+        @translation.override("pl")
         def func_pl():
-            self.assertEqual(get_language(), 'pl')
+            self.assertEqual(get_language(), "pl")
 
         @translation.override(None)
         def func_none():
             self.assertIsNone(get_language())
 
         try:
-            activate('de')
+            activate("de")
             func_pl()
-            self.assertEqual(get_language(), 'de')
+            self.assertEqual(get_language(), "de")
             func_none()
-            self.assertEqual(get_language(), 'de')
+            self.assertEqual(get_language(), "de")
         finally:
             deactivate()
 
@@ -146,17 +174,18 @@ class TranslationTests(SimpleTestCase):
         The language restored is the one used when the function was
         called, not the one used when the decorator was initialized (#23381).
         """
-        activate('fr')
+        activate("fr")
 
-        @translation.override('pl')
+        @translation.override("pl")
         def func_pl():
             pass
+
         deactivate()
 
         try:
-            activate('en')
+            activate("en")
             func_pl()
-            self.assertEqual(get_language(), 'en')
+            self.assertEqual(get_language(), "en")
         finally:
             deactivate()
 
@@ -164,22 +193,22 @@ class TranslationTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         Format string interpolation should work with *_lazy objects.
         """
-        s = gettext_lazy('Add %(name)s')
-        d = {'name': 'Ringo'}
-        self.assertEqual('Add Ringo', s % d)
-        with translation.override('de', deactivate=True):
-            self.assertEqual('Ringo hinzuf\xfcgen', s % d)
-            with translation.override('pl'):
-                self.assertEqual('Dodaj Ringo', s % d)
+        s = gettext_lazy("Add %(name)s")
+        d = {"name": "Ringo"}
+        self.assertEqual("Add Ringo", s % d)
+        with translation.override("de", deactivate=True):
+            self.assertEqual("Ringo hinzuf\xfcgen", s % d)
+            with translation.override("pl"):
+                self.assertEqual("Dodaj Ringo", s % d)
 
         # It should be possible to compare *_lazy objects.
-        s1 = gettext_lazy('Add %(name)s')
+        s1 = gettext_lazy("Add %(name)s")
         self.assertEqual(s, s1)
-        s2 = gettext_lazy('Add %(name)s')
-        s3 = gettext_lazy('Add %(name)s')
+        s2 = gettext_lazy("Add %(name)s")
+        s3 = gettext_lazy("Add %(name)s")
         self.assertEqual(s2, s3)
         self.assertEqual(s, s2)
-        s4 = gettext_lazy('Some other string')
+        s4 = gettext_lazy("Some other string")
         self.assertNotEqual(s, s4)
 
     def test_lazy_pickle(self):
@@ -190,99 +219,159 @@ class TranslationTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     @override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=extended_locale_paths)
     def test_ngettext_lazy(self):
-        simple_with_format = ngettext_lazy('%d good result', '%d good results')
-        simple_context_with_format = npgettext_lazy('Exclamation', '%d good result', '%d good results')
-        simple_without_format = ngettext_lazy('good result', 'good results')
-        with translation.override('de'):
-            self.assertEqual(simple_with_format % 1, '1 gutes Resultat')
-            self.assertEqual(simple_with_format % 4, '4 guten Resultate')
-            self.assertEqual(simple_context_with_format % 1, '1 gutes Resultat!')
-            self.assertEqual(simple_context_with_format % 4, '4 guten Resultate!')
-            self.assertEqual(simple_without_format % 1, 'gutes Resultat')
-            self.assertEqual(simple_without_format % 4, 'guten Resultate')
+        simple_with_format = ngettext_lazy("%d good result", "%d good results")
+        simple_context_with_format = npgettext_lazy(
+            "Exclamation", "%d good result", "%d good results"
+        )
+        simple_without_format = ngettext_lazy("good result", "good results")
+        with translation.override("de"):
+            self.assertEqual(simple_with_format % 1, "1 gutes Resultat")
+            self.assertEqual(simple_with_format % 4, "4 guten Resultate")
+            self.assertEqual(simple_context_with_format % 1, "1 gutes Resultat!")
+            self.assertEqual(simple_context_with_format % 4, "4 guten Resultate!")
+            self.assertEqual(simple_without_format % 1, "gutes Resultat")
+            self.assertEqual(simple_without_format % 4, "guten Resultate")
 
-        complex_nonlazy = ngettext_lazy('Hi %(name)s, %(num)d good result', 'Hi %(name)s, %(num)d good results', 4)
+        complex_nonlazy = ngettext_lazy(
+            "Hi %(name)s, %(num)d good result", "Hi %(name)s, %(num)d good results", 4
+        )
         complex_deferred = ngettext_lazy(
-            'Hi %(name)s, %(num)d good result', 'Hi %(name)s, %(num)d good results', 'num'
+            "Hi %(name)s, %(num)d good result",
+            "Hi %(name)s, %(num)d good results",
+            "num",
         )
         complex_context_nonlazy = npgettext_lazy(
-            'Greeting', 'Hi %(name)s, %(num)d good result', 'Hi %(name)s, %(num)d good results', 4
+            "Greeting",
+            "Hi %(name)s, %(num)d good result",
+            "Hi %(name)s, %(num)d good results",
+            4,
         )
         complex_context_deferred = npgettext_lazy(
-            'Greeting', 'Hi %(name)s, %(num)d good result', 'Hi %(name)s, %(num)d good results', 'num'
+            "Greeting",
+            "Hi %(name)s, %(num)d good result",
+            "Hi %(name)s, %(num)d good results",
+            "num",
         )
-        with translation.override('de'):
-            self.assertEqual(complex_nonlazy % {'num': 4, 'name': 'Jim'}, 'Hallo Jim, 4 guten Resultate')
-            self.assertEqual(complex_deferred % {'name': 'Jim', 'num': 1}, 'Hallo Jim, 1 gutes Resultat')
-            self.assertEqual(complex_deferred % {'name': 'Jim', 'num': 5}, 'Hallo Jim, 5 guten Resultate')
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(KeyError, 'Your dictionary lacks key'):
-                complex_deferred % {'name': 'Jim'}
-            self.assertEqual(complex_context_nonlazy % {'num': 4, 'name': 'Jim'}, 'Willkommen Jim, 4 guten Resultate')
-            self.assertEqual(complex_context_deferred % {'name': 'Jim', 'num': 1}, 'Willkommen Jim, 1 gutes Resultat')
-            self.assertEqual(complex_context_deferred % {'name': 'Jim', 'num': 5}, 'Willkommen Jim, 5 guten Resultate')
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(KeyError, 'Your dictionary lacks key'):
-                complex_context_deferred % {'name': 'Jim'}
+        with translation.override("de"):
+            self.assertEqual(
+                complex_nonlazy % {"num": 4, "name": "Jim"},
+                "Hallo Jim, 4 guten Resultate",
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                complex_deferred % {"name": "Jim", "num": 1},
+                "Hallo Jim, 1 gutes Resultat",
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                complex_deferred % {"name": "Jim", "num": 5},
+                "Hallo Jim, 5 guten Resultate",
+            )
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(KeyError, "Your dictionary lacks key"):
+                complex_deferred % {"name": "Jim"}
+            self.assertEqual(
+                complex_context_nonlazy % {"num": 4, "name": "Jim"},
+                "Willkommen Jim, 4 guten Resultate",
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                complex_context_deferred % {"name": "Jim", "num": 1},
+                "Willkommen Jim, 1 gutes Resultat",
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                complex_context_deferred % {"name": "Jim", "num": 5},
+                "Willkommen Jim, 5 guten Resultate",
+            )
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(KeyError, "Your dictionary lacks key"):
+                complex_context_deferred % {"name": "Jim"}
 
     @override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=extended_locale_paths)
     def test_ngettext_lazy_format_style(self):
-        simple_with_format = ngettext_lazy('{} good result', '{} good results')
-        simple_context_with_format = npgettext_lazy('Exclamation', '{} good result', '{} good results')
+        simple_with_format = ngettext_lazy("{} good result", "{} good results")
+        simple_context_with_format = npgettext_lazy(
+            "Exclamation", "{} good result", "{} good results"
+        )
 
-        with translation.override('de'):
-            self.assertEqual(simple_with_format.format(1), '1 gutes Resultat')
-            self.assertEqual(simple_with_format.format(4), '4 guten Resultate')
-            self.assertEqual(simple_context_with_format.format(1), '1 gutes Resultat!')
-            self.assertEqual(simple_context_with_format.format(4), '4 guten Resultate!')
+        with translation.override("de"):
+            self.assertEqual(simple_with_format.format(1), "1 gutes Resultat")
+            self.assertEqual(simple_with_format.format(4), "4 guten Resultate")
+            self.assertEqual(simple_context_with_format.format(1), "1 gutes Resultat!")
+            self.assertEqual(simple_context_with_format.format(4), "4 guten Resultate!")
 
-        complex_nonlazy = ngettext_lazy('Hi {name}, {num} good result', 'Hi {name}, {num} good results', 4)
+        complex_nonlazy = ngettext_lazy(
+            "Hi {name}, {num} good result", "Hi {name}, {num} good results", 4
+        )
         complex_deferred = ngettext_lazy(
-            'Hi {name}, {num} good result', 'Hi {name}, {num} good results', 'num'
+            "Hi {name}, {num} good result", "Hi {name}, {num} good results", "num"
         )
         complex_context_nonlazy = npgettext_lazy(
-            'Greeting', 'Hi {name}, {num} good result', 'Hi {name}, {num} good results', 4
+            "Greeting",
+            "Hi {name}, {num} good result",
+            "Hi {name}, {num} good results",
+            4,
         )
         complex_context_deferred = npgettext_lazy(
-            'Greeting', 'Hi {name}, {num} good result', 'Hi {name}, {num} good results', 'num'
+            "Greeting",
+            "Hi {name}, {num} good result",
+            "Hi {name}, {num} good results",
+            "num",
         )
-        with translation.override('de'):
-            self.assertEqual(complex_nonlazy.format(num=4, name='Jim'), 'Hallo Jim, 4 guten Resultate')
-            self.assertEqual(complex_deferred.format(name='Jim', num=1), 'Hallo Jim, 1 gutes Resultat')
-            self.assertEqual(complex_deferred.format(name='Jim', num=5), 'Hallo Jim, 5 guten Resultate')
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(KeyError, 'Your dictionary lacks key'):
-                complex_deferred.format(name='Jim')
-            self.assertEqual(complex_context_nonlazy.format(num=4, name='Jim'), 'Willkommen Jim, 4 guten Resultate')
-            self.assertEqual(complex_context_deferred.format(name='Jim', num=1), 'Willkommen Jim, 1 gutes Resultat')
-            self.assertEqual(complex_context_deferred.format(name='Jim', num=5), 'Willkommen Jim, 5 guten Resultate')
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(KeyError, 'Your dictionary lacks key'):
-                complex_context_deferred.format(name='Jim')
+        with translation.override("de"):
+            self.assertEqual(
+                complex_nonlazy.format(num=4, name="Jim"),
+                "Hallo Jim, 4 guten Resultate",
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                complex_deferred.format(name="Jim", num=1),
+                "Hallo Jim, 1 gutes Resultat",
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                complex_deferred.format(name="Jim", num=5),
+                "Hallo Jim, 5 guten Resultate",
+            )
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(KeyError, "Your dictionary lacks key"):
+                complex_deferred.format(name="Jim")
+            self.assertEqual(
+                complex_context_nonlazy.format(num=4, name="Jim"),
+                "Willkommen Jim, 4 guten Resultate",
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                complex_context_deferred.format(name="Jim", num=1),
+                "Willkommen Jim, 1 gutes Resultat",
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                complex_context_deferred.format(name="Jim", num=5),
+                "Willkommen Jim, 5 guten Resultate",
+            )
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(KeyError, "Your dictionary lacks key"):
+                complex_context_deferred.format(name="Jim")
 
     def test_ngettext_lazy_bool(self):
-        self.assertTrue(ngettext_lazy('%d good result', '%d good results'))
-        self.assertFalse(ngettext_lazy('', ''))
+        self.assertTrue(ngettext_lazy("%d good result", "%d good results"))
+        self.assertFalse(ngettext_lazy("", ""))
 
     def test_ngettext_lazy_pickle(self):
-        s1 = ngettext_lazy('%d good result', '%d good results')
-        self.assertEqual(s1 % 1, '1 good result')
-        self.assertEqual(s1 % 8, '8 good results')
+        s1 = ngettext_lazy("%d good result", "%d good results")
+        self.assertEqual(s1 % 1, "1 good result")
+        self.assertEqual(s1 % 8, "8 good results")
         s2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(s1))
-        self.assertEqual(s2 % 1, '1 good result')
-        self.assertEqual(s2 % 8, '8 good results')
+        self.assertEqual(s2 % 1, "1 good result")
+        self.assertEqual(s2 % 8, "8 good results")
 
     @override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=extended_locale_paths)
     def test_pgettext(self):
         trans_real._active = Local()
         trans_real._translations = {}
-        with translation.override('de'):
+        with translation.override("de"):
             self.assertEqual(pgettext("unexisting", "May"), "May")
             self.assertEqual(pgettext("month name", "May"), "Mai")
             self.assertEqual(pgettext("verb", "May"), "Kann")
-            self.assertEqual(npgettext("search", "%d result", "%d results", 4) % 4, "4 Resultate")
+            self.assertEqual(
+                npgettext("search", "%d result", "%d results", 4) % 4, "4 Resultate"
+            )
 
     def test_empty_value(self):
         """Empty value must stay empty after being translated (#23196)."""
-        with translation.override('de'):
-            self.assertEqual('', gettext(''))
-            s = mark_safe('')
+        with translation.override("de"):
+            self.assertEqual("", gettext(""))
+            s = mark_safe("")
             self.assertEqual(s, gettext(s))
 
     @override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=extended_locale_paths)
@@ -293,58 +382,58 @@ class TranslationTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         trans_real._active = Local()
         trans_real._translations = {}
-        s1 = mark_safe('Password')
-        s2 = mark_safe('May')
-        with translation.override('de', deactivate=True):
+        s1 = mark_safe("Password")
+        s2 = mark_safe("May")
+        with translation.override("de", deactivate=True):
             self.assertIs(type(gettext(s1)), SafeString)
-            self.assertIs(type(pgettext('month name', s2)), SafeString)
-        self.assertEqual('aPassword', SafeString('a') + s1)
-        self.assertEqual('Passworda', s1 + SafeString('a'))
-        self.assertEqual('Passworda', s1 + mark_safe('a'))
-        self.assertEqual('aPassword', mark_safe('a') + s1)
-        self.assertEqual('as', mark_safe('a') + mark_safe('s'))
+            self.assertIs(type(pgettext("month name", s2)), SafeString)
+        self.assertEqual("aPassword", SafeString("a") + s1)
+        self.assertEqual("Passworda", s1 + SafeString("a"))
+        self.assertEqual("Passworda", s1 + mark_safe("a"))
+        self.assertEqual("aPassword", mark_safe("a") + s1)
+        self.assertEqual("as", mark_safe("a") + mark_safe("s"))
 
     def test_maclines(self):
         """
         Translations on files with Mac or DOS end of lines will be converted
         to unix EOF in .po catalogs.
         """
-        ca_translation = trans_real.translation('ca')
-        ca_translation._catalog['Mac\nEOF\n'] = 'Catalan Mac\nEOF\n'
-        ca_translation._catalog['Win\nEOF\n'] = 'Catalan Win\nEOF\n'
-        with translation.override('ca', deactivate=True):
-            self.assertEqual('Catalan Mac\nEOF\n', gettext('Mac\rEOF\r'))
-            self.assertEqual('Catalan Win\nEOF\n', gettext('Win\r\nEOF\r\n'))
+        ca_translation = trans_real.translation("ca")
+        ca_translation._catalog["Mac\nEOF\n"] = "Catalan Mac\nEOF\n"
+        ca_translation._catalog["Win\nEOF\n"] = "Catalan Win\nEOF\n"
+        with translation.override("ca", deactivate=True):
+            self.assertEqual("Catalan Mac\nEOF\n", gettext("Mac\rEOF\r"))
+            self.assertEqual("Catalan Win\nEOF\n", gettext("Win\r\nEOF\r\n"))
 
     def test_to_locale(self):
         tests = (
-            ('en', 'en'),
-            ('EN', 'en'),
-            ('en-us', 'en_US'),
-            ('EN-US', 'en_US'),
-            ('en_US', 'en_US'),
+            ("en", "en"),
+            ("EN", "en"),
+            ("en-us", "en_US"),
+            ("EN-US", "en_US"),
+            ("en_US", "en_US"),
             # With > 2 characters after the dash.
-            ('sr-latn', 'sr_Latn'),
-            ('sr-LATN', 'sr_Latn'),
-            ('sr_Latn', 'sr_Latn'),
+            ("sr-latn", "sr_Latn"),
+            ("sr-LATN", "sr_Latn"),
+            ("sr_Latn", "sr_Latn"),
             # 3-char language codes.
-            ('ber-MA', 'ber_MA'),
-            ('BER-MA', 'ber_MA'),
-            ('BER_MA', 'ber_MA'),
-            ('ber_MA', 'ber_MA'),
+            ("ber-MA", "ber_MA"),
+            ("BER-MA", "ber_MA"),
+            ("BER_MA", "ber_MA"),
+            ("ber_MA", "ber_MA"),
             # With private use subtag (x-informal).
-            ('nl-nl-x-informal', 'nl_NL-x-informal'),
-            ('NL-NL-X-INFORMAL', 'nl_NL-x-informal'),
-            ('sr-latn-x-informal', 'sr_Latn-x-informal'),
-            ('SR-LATN-X-INFORMAL', 'sr_Latn-x-informal'),
+            ("nl-nl-x-informal", "nl_NL-x-informal"),
+            ("NL-NL-X-INFORMAL", "nl_NL-x-informal"),
+            ("sr-latn-x-informal", "sr_Latn-x-informal"),
+            ("SR-LATN-X-INFORMAL", "sr_Latn-x-informal"),
         )
         for lang, locale in tests:
             with self.subTest(lang=lang):
                 self.assertEqual(to_locale(lang), locale)
 
     def test_to_language(self):
-        self.assertEqual(to_language('en_US'), 'en-us')
-        self.assertEqual(to_language('sr_Lat'), 'sr-lat')
+        self.assertEqual(to_language("en_US"), "en-us")
+        self.assertEqual(to_language("sr_Lat"), "sr-lat")
 
     def test_language_bidi(self):
         self.assertIs(get_language_bidi(), False)
@@ -353,7 +442,7 @@ class TranslationTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_language_bidi_null(self):
         self.assertIs(trans_null.get_language_bidi(), False)
-        with override_settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='he'):
+        with override_settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="he"):
             self.assertIs(get_language_bidi(), True)
 
 
@@ -371,15 +460,15 @@ class TranslationLoadingTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     @override_settings(
         USE_I18N=True,
-        LANGUAGE_CODE='en',
+        LANGUAGE_CODE="en",
         LANGUAGES=[
-            ('en', 'English'),
-            ('en-ca', 'English (Canada)'),
-            ('en-nz', 'English (New Zealand)'),
-            ('en-au', 'English (Australia)'),
+            ("en", "English"),
+            ("en-ca", "English (Canada)"),
+            ("en-nz", "English (New Zealand)"),
+            ("en-au", "English (Australia)"),
         ],
-        LOCALE_PATHS=[os.path.join(here, 'loading')],
-        INSTALLED_APPS=['i18n.loading_app'],
+        LOCALE_PATHS=[os.path.join(here, "loading")],
+        INSTALLED_APPS=["i18n.loading_app"],
     )
     def test_translation_loading(self):
         """
@@ -387,10 +476,10 @@ class TranslationLoadingTests(SimpleTestCase):
         "loading". Catalogs are merged correctly.
         """
         tests = [
-            ('en', 'local country person'),
-            ('en_AU', 'aussie'),
-            ('en_NZ', 'kiwi'),
-            ('en_CA', 'canuck'),
+            ("en", "local country person"),
+            ("en_AU", "aussie"),
+            ("en_NZ", "kiwi"),
+            ("en_CA", "canuck"),
         ]
         # Load all relevant translations.
         for language, _ in tests:
@@ -399,11 +488,10 @@ class TranslationLoadingTests(SimpleTestCase):
         for language, nickname in tests:
             with self.subTest(language=language):
                 activate(language)
-                self.assertEqual(gettext('local country person'), nickname)
+                self.assertEqual(gettext("local country person"), nickname)
 
 
 class TranslationThreadSafetyTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self._old_language = get_language()
         self._translations = trans_real._translations
@@ -413,10 +501,10 @@ class TranslationThreadSafetyTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class sideeffect_str(str):
             def split(self, *args, **kwargs):
                 res = str.split(self, *args, **kwargs)
-                trans_real._translations['en-YY'] = None
+                trans_real._translations["en-YY"] = None
                 return res
 
-        trans_real._translations = {sideeffect_str('en-XX'): None}
+        trans_real._translations = {sideeffect_str("en-XX"): None}
 
     def tearDown(self):
         trans_real._translations = self._translations
@@ -425,29 +513,30 @@ class TranslationThreadSafetyTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_bug14894_translation_activate_thread_safety(self):
         translation_count = len(trans_real._translations)
         # May raise RuntimeError if translation.activate() isn't thread-safe.
-        translation.activate('pl')
+        translation.activate("pl")
         # make sure sideeffect_str actually added a new translation
         self.assertLess(translation_count, len(trans_real._translations))
 
 
 class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        self.n = decimal.Decimal('66666.666')
+        self.n = decimal.Decimal("66666.666")
         self.f = 99999.999
         self.d = datetime.date(2009, 12, 31)
         self.dt = datetime.datetime(2009, 12, 31, 20, 50)
         self.t = datetime.time(10, 15, 48)
         self.long = 10000
-        self.ctxt = Context({
-            'n': self.n,
-            't': self.t,
-            'd': self.d,
-            'dt': self.dt,
-            'f': self.f,
-            'l': self.long,
-        })
+        self.ctxt = Context(
+            {
+                "n": self.n,
+                "t": self.t,
+                "d": self.d,
+                "dt": self.dt,
+                "f": self.f,
+                "l": self.long,
+            }
+        )
 
     def test_all_format_strings(self):
         all_locales = LANG_INFO.keys()
@@ -455,55 +544,129 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
         some_datetime = datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 14, 10, 23)
         for locale in all_locales:
             with self.subTest(locale=locale), translation.override(locale):
-                self.assertIn('2017', date_format(some_date))  # Uses DATE_FORMAT by default
-                self.assertIn('23', time_format(some_datetime))  # Uses TIME_FORMAT by default
-                self.assertIn('2017', date_format(some_datetime, format=get_format('DATETIME_FORMAT')))
-                self.assertIn('2017', date_format(some_date, format=get_format('YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT')))
-                self.assertIn('14', date_format(some_date, format=get_format('MONTH_DAY_FORMAT')))
-                self.assertIn('2017', date_format(some_date, format=get_format('SHORT_DATE_FORMAT')))
-                self.assertIn('2017', date_format(some_datetime, format=get_format('SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT')))
+                self.assertIn(
+                    "2017", date_format(some_date)
+                )  # Uses DATE_FORMAT by default
+                self.assertIn(
+                    "23", time_format(some_datetime)
+                )  # Uses TIME_FORMAT by default
+                self.assertIn(
+                    "2017",
+                    date_format(some_datetime, format=get_format("DATETIME_FORMAT")),
+                )
+                self.assertIn(
+                    "2017",
+                    date_format(some_date, format=get_format("YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT")),
+                )
+                self.assertIn(
+                    "14", date_format(some_date, format=get_format("MONTH_DAY_FORMAT"))
+                )
+                self.assertIn(
+                    "2017",
+                    date_format(some_date, format=get_format("SHORT_DATE_FORMAT")),
+                )
+                self.assertIn(
+                    "2017",
+                    date_format(
+                        some_datetime, format=get_format("SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT")
+                    ),
+                )
 
     def test_locale_independent(self):
         """
         Localization of numbers
         """
         with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=False):
-            self.assertEqual('66666.66', nformat(self.n, decimal_sep='.', decimal_pos=2, grouping=3, thousand_sep=','))
-            self.assertEqual('66666A6', nformat(self.n, decimal_sep='A', decimal_pos=1, grouping=1, thousand_sep='B'))
-            self.assertEqual('66666', nformat(self.n, decimal_sep='X', decimal_pos=0, grouping=1, thousand_sep='Y'))
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "66666.66",
+                nformat(
+                    self.n, decimal_sep=".", decimal_pos=2, grouping=3, thousand_sep=","
+                ),
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "66666A6",
+                nformat(
+                    self.n, decimal_sep="A", decimal_pos=1, grouping=1, thousand_sep="B"
+                ),
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "66666",
+                nformat(
+                    self.n, decimal_sep="X", decimal_pos=0, grouping=1, thousand_sep="Y"
+                ),
+            )
 
         with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True):
             self.assertEqual(
-                '66,666.66',
-                nformat(self.n, decimal_sep='.', decimal_pos=2, grouping=3, thousand_sep=',')
+                "66,666.66",
+                nformat(
+                    self.n, decimal_sep=".", decimal_pos=2, grouping=3, thousand_sep=","
+                ),
             )
             self.assertEqual(
-                '6B6B6B6B6A6',
-                nformat(self.n, decimal_sep='A', decimal_pos=1, grouping=1, thousand_sep='B')
-            )
-            self.assertEqual('-66666.6', nformat(-66666.666, decimal_sep='.', decimal_pos=1))
-            self.assertEqual('-66666.0', nformat(int('-66666'), decimal_sep='.', decimal_pos=1))
-            self.assertEqual('10000.0', nformat(self.long, decimal_sep='.', decimal_pos=1))
-            self.assertEqual(
-                '10,00,00,000.00',
-                nformat(100000000.00, decimal_sep='.', decimal_pos=2, grouping=(3, 2, 0), thousand_sep=',')
+                "6B6B6B6B6A6",
+                nformat(
+                    self.n, decimal_sep="A", decimal_pos=1, grouping=1, thousand_sep="B"
+                ),
             )
             self.assertEqual(
-                '1,0,00,000,0000.00',
-                nformat(10000000000.00, decimal_sep='.', decimal_pos=2, grouping=(4, 3, 2, 1, 0), thousand_sep=',')
+                "-66666.6", nformat(-66666.666, decimal_sep=".", decimal_pos=1)
             )
             self.assertEqual(
-                '10000,00,000.00',
-                nformat(1000000000.00, decimal_sep='.', decimal_pos=2, grouping=(3, 2, -1), thousand_sep=',')
+                "-66666.0", nformat(int("-66666"), decimal_sep=".", decimal_pos=1)
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "10000.0", nformat(self.long, decimal_sep=".", decimal_pos=1)
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "10,00,00,000.00",
+                nformat(
+                    100000000.00,
+                    decimal_sep=".",
+                    decimal_pos=2,
+                    grouping=(3, 2, 0),
+                    thousand_sep=",",
+                ),
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "1,0,00,000,0000.00",
+                nformat(
+                    10000000000.00,
+                    decimal_sep=".",
+                    decimal_pos=2,
+                    grouping=(4, 3, 2, 1, 0),
+                    thousand_sep=",",
+                ),
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "10000,00,000.00",
+                nformat(
+                    1000000000.00,
+                    decimal_sep=".",
+                    decimal_pos=2,
+                    grouping=(3, 2, -1),
+                    thousand_sep=",",
+                ),
             )
             # This unusual grouping/force_grouping combination may be triggered by the intcomma filter (#17414)
             self.assertEqual(
-                '10000',
-                nformat(self.long, decimal_sep='.', decimal_pos=0, grouping=0, force_grouping=True)
+                "10000",
+                nformat(
+                    self.long,
+                    decimal_sep=".",
+                    decimal_pos=0,
+                    grouping=0,
+                    force_grouping=True,
+                ),
             )
             # date filter
-            self.assertEqual('31.12.2009 в 20:50', Template('{{ dt|date:"d.m.Y в H:i" }}').render(self.ctxt))
-            self.assertEqual('⌚ 10:15', Template('{{ t|time:"⌚ H:i" }}').render(self.ctxt))
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "31.12.2009 в 20:50",
+                Template('{{ dt|date:"d.m.Y в H:i" }}').render(self.ctxt),
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "⌚ 10:15", Template('{{ t|time:"⌚ H:i" }}').render(self.ctxt)
+            )
 
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
     @override_settings(USE_L10N=False)
@@ -512,63 +675,92 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Catalan locale with format i18n disabled translations will be used,
         but not formats
         """
-        with translation.override('ca', deactivate=True):
+        with translation.override("ca", deactivate=True):
             self.maxDiff = 3000
-            self.assertEqual('N j, Y', get_format('DATE_FORMAT'))
-            self.assertEqual(0, get_format('FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK'))
-            self.assertEqual('.', get_format('DECIMAL_SEPARATOR'))
-            self.assertEqual('10:15 a.m.', time_format(self.t))
-            self.assertEqual('Des. 31, 2009', date_format(self.d))
-            self.assertEqual('desembre 2009', date_format(self.d, 'YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT'))
-            self.assertEqual('12/31/2009 8:50 p.m.', date_format(self.dt, 'SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT'))
-            self.assertEqual('No localizable', localize('No localizable'))
-            self.assertEqual('66666.666', localize(self.n))
-            self.assertEqual('99999.999', localize(self.f))
-            self.assertEqual('10000', localize(self.long))
-            self.assertEqual('Des. 31, 2009', localize(self.d))
-            self.assertEqual('Des. 31, 2009, 8:50 p.m.', localize(self.dt))
-            self.assertEqual('66666.666', Template('{{ n }}').render(self.ctxt))
-            self.assertEqual('99999.999', Template('{{ f }}').render(self.ctxt))
-            self.assertEqual('Des. 31, 2009', Template('{{ d }}').render(self.ctxt))
-            self.assertEqual('Des. 31, 2009, 8:50 p.m.', Template('{{ dt }}').render(self.ctxt))
-            self.assertEqual('66666.67', Template('{{ n|floatformat:"2u" }}').render(self.ctxt))
-            self.assertEqual('100000.0', Template('{{ f|floatformat:"u" }}').render(self.ctxt))
+            self.assertEqual("N j, Y", get_format("DATE_FORMAT"))
+            self.assertEqual(0, get_format("FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK"))
+            self.assertEqual(".", get_format("DECIMAL_SEPARATOR"))
+            self.assertEqual("10:15 a.m.", time_format(self.t))
+            self.assertEqual("Des. 31, 2009", date_format(self.d))
+            self.assertEqual("desembre 2009", date_format(self.d, "YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT"))
             self.assertEqual(
-                '66666.67',
+                "12/31/2009 8:50 p.m.", date_format(self.dt, "SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT")
+            )
+            self.assertEqual("No localizable", localize("No localizable"))
+            self.assertEqual("66666.666", localize(self.n))
+            self.assertEqual("99999.999", localize(self.f))
+            self.assertEqual("10000", localize(self.long))
+            self.assertEqual("Des. 31, 2009", localize(self.d))
+            self.assertEqual("Des. 31, 2009, 8:50 p.m.", localize(self.dt))
+            self.assertEqual("66666.666", Template("{{ n }}").render(self.ctxt))
+            self.assertEqual("99999.999", Template("{{ f }}").render(self.ctxt))
+            self.assertEqual("Des. 31, 2009", Template("{{ d }}").render(self.ctxt))
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "Des. 31, 2009, 8:50 p.m.", Template("{{ dt }}").render(self.ctxt)
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "66666.67", Template('{{ n|floatformat:"2u" }}').render(self.ctxt)
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "100000.0", Template('{{ f|floatformat:"u" }}').render(self.ctxt)
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "66666.67",
                 Template('{{ n|floatformat:"2gu" }}').render(self.ctxt),
             )
             self.assertEqual(
-                '100000.0',
+                "100000.0",
                 Template('{{ f|floatformat:"ug" }}').render(self.ctxt),
             )
-            self.assertEqual('10:15 a.m.', Template('{{ t|time:"TIME_FORMAT" }}').render(self.ctxt))
-            self.assertEqual('12/31/2009', Template('{{ d|date:"SHORT_DATE_FORMAT" }}').render(self.ctxt))
             self.assertEqual(
-                '12/31/2009 8:50 p.m.', Template('{{ dt|date:"SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT" }}').render(self.ctxt)
+                "10:15 a.m.", Template('{{ t|time:"TIME_FORMAT" }}').render(self.ctxt)
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "12/31/2009",
+                Template('{{ d|date:"SHORT_DATE_FORMAT" }}').render(self.ctxt),
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "12/31/2009 8:50 p.m.",
+                Template('{{ dt|date:"SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT" }}').render(self.ctxt),
             )
 
-            form = I18nForm({
-                'decimal_field': '66666,666',
-                'float_field': '99999,999',
-                'date_field': '31/12/2009',
-                'datetime_field': '31/12/2009 20:50',
-                'time_field': '20:50',
-                'integer_field': '1.234',
-            })
+            form = I18nForm(
+                {
+                    "decimal_field": "66666,666",
+                    "float_field": "99999,999",
+                    "date_field": "31/12/2009",
+                    "datetime_field": "31/12/2009 20:50",
+                    "time_field": "20:50",
+                    "integer_field": "1.234",
+                }
+            )
             self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-            self.assertEqual(['Introdu\xefu un n\xfamero.'], form.errors['float_field'])
-            self.assertEqual(['Introdu\xefu un n\xfamero.'], form.errors['decimal_field'])
-            self.assertEqual(['Introdu\xefu una data v\xe0lida.'], form.errors['date_field'])
-            self.assertEqual(['Introdu\xefu una data/hora v\xe0lides.'], form.errors['datetime_field'])
-            self.assertEqual(['Introdu\xefu un n\xfamero enter.'], form.errors['integer_field'])
+            self.assertEqual(["Introdu\xefu un n\xfamero."], form.errors["float_field"])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                ["Introdu\xefu un n\xfamero."], form.errors["decimal_field"]
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                ["Introdu\xefu una data v\xe0lida."], form.errors["date_field"]
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                ["Introdu\xefu una data/hora v\xe0lides."],
+                form.errors["datetime_field"],
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                ["Introdu\xefu un n\xfamero enter."], form.errors["integer_field"]
+            )
 
-            form2 = SelectDateForm({
-                'date_field_month': '12',
-                'date_field_day': '31',
-                'date_field_year': '2009'
-            })
+            form2 = SelectDateForm(
+                {
+                    "date_field_month": "12",
+                    "date_field_day": "31",
+                    "date_field_year": "2009",
+                }
+            )
             self.assertTrue(form2.is_valid())
-            self.assertEqual(datetime.date(2009, 12, 31), form2.cleaned_data['date_field'])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                datetime.date(2009, 12, 31), form2.cleaned_data["date_field"]
+            )
             self.assertHTMLEqual(
                 '<select name="mydate_month" id="id_mydate_month">'
                 '<option value="">---</option>'
@@ -584,7 +776,7 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 '<option value="10">octubre</option>'
                 '<option value="11">novembre</option>'
                 '<option value="12" selected>desembre</option>'
-                '</select>'
+                "</select>"
                 '<select name="mydate_day" id="id_mydate_day">'
                 '<option value="">---</option>'
                 '<option value="1">1</option>'
@@ -618,7 +810,7 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 '<option value="29">29</option>'
                 '<option value="30">30</option>'
                 '<option value="31" selected>31</option>'
-                '</select>'
+                "</select>"
                 '<select name="mydate_year" id="id_mydate_year">'
                 '<option value="">---</option>'
                 '<option value="2009" selected>2009</option>'
@@ -631,17 +823,25 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 '<option value="2016">2016</option>'
                 '<option value="2017">2017</option>'
                 '<option value="2018">2018</option>'
-                '</select>',
-                forms.SelectDateWidget(years=range(2009, 2019)).render('mydate', datetime.date(2009, 12, 31))
+                "</select>",
+                forms.SelectDateWidget(years=range(2009, 2019)).render(
+                    "mydate", datetime.date(2009, 12, 31)
+                ),
             )
 
             # We shouldn't change the behavior of the floatformat filter re:
             # thousand separator and grouping when localization is disabled
             # even if the USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR, NUMBER_GROUPING and
             # THOUSAND_SEPARATOR settings are specified.
-            with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True, NUMBER_GROUPING=1, THOUSAND_SEPARATOR='!'):
-                self.assertEqual('66666.67', Template('{{ n|floatformat:"2u" }}').render(self.ctxt))
-                self.assertEqual('100000.0', Template('{{ f|floatformat:"u" }}').render(self.ctxt))
+            with self.settings(
+                USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True, NUMBER_GROUPING=1, THOUSAND_SEPARATOR="!"
+            ):
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    "66666.67", Template('{{ n|floatformat:"2u" }}').render(self.ctxt)
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    "100000.0", Template('{{ f|floatformat:"u" }}').render(self.ctxt)
+                )
 
     def test_false_like_locale_formats(self):
         """
@@ -649,113 +849,161 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
         even if they would be interpreted as False in a conditional test
         (e.g. 0 or empty string) (#16938).
         """
-        with translation.override('fr'):
-            with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True, THOUSAND_SEPARATOR='!'):
-                self.assertEqual('\xa0', get_format('THOUSAND_SEPARATOR'))
+        with translation.override("fr"):
+            with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True, THOUSAND_SEPARATOR="!"):
+                self.assertEqual("\xa0", get_format("THOUSAND_SEPARATOR"))
                 # Even a second time (after the format has been cached)...
-                self.assertEqual('\xa0', get_format('THOUSAND_SEPARATOR'))
+                self.assertEqual("\xa0", get_format("THOUSAND_SEPARATOR"))
 
             with self.settings(FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK=0):
-                self.assertEqual(1, get_format('FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK'))
+                self.assertEqual(1, get_format("FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK"))
                 # Even a second time (after the format has been cached)...
-                self.assertEqual(1, get_format('FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK'))
+                self.assertEqual(1, get_format("FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK"))
 
     def test_l10n_enabled(self):
         self.maxDiff = 3000
         # Catalan locale
-        with translation.override('ca', deactivate=True):
-            self.assertEqual(r'j \d\e F \d\e Y', get_format('DATE_FORMAT'))
-            self.assertEqual(1, get_format('FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK'))
-            self.assertEqual(',', get_format('DECIMAL_SEPARATOR'))
-            self.assertEqual('10:15', time_format(self.t))
-            self.assertEqual('31 de desembre de 2009', date_format(self.d))
-            self.assertEqual('desembre del 2009', date_format(self.d, 'YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT'))
-            self.assertEqual('31/12/2009 20:50', date_format(self.dt, 'SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT'))
-            self.assertEqual('No localizable', localize('No localizable'))
+        with translation.override("ca", deactivate=True):
+            self.assertEqual(r"j \d\e F \d\e Y", get_format("DATE_FORMAT"))
+            self.assertEqual(1, get_format("FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK"))
+            self.assertEqual(",", get_format("DECIMAL_SEPARATOR"))
+            self.assertEqual("10:15", time_format(self.t))
+            self.assertEqual("31 de desembre de 2009", date_format(self.d))
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "desembre del 2009", date_format(self.d, "YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT")
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "31/12/2009 20:50", date_format(self.dt, "SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT")
+            )
+            self.assertEqual("No localizable", localize("No localizable"))
 
             with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True):
-                self.assertEqual('66.666,666', localize(self.n))
-                self.assertEqual('99.999,999', localize(self.f))
-                self.assertEqual('10.000', localize(self.long))
-                self.assertEqual('True', localize(True))
+                self.assertEqual("66.666,666", localize(self.n))
+                self.assertEqual("99.999,999", localize(self.f))
+                self.assertEqual("10.000", localize(self.long))
+                self.assertEqual("True", localize(True))
 
             with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=False):
-                self.assertEqual('66666,666', localize(self.n))
-                self.assertEqual('99999,999', localize(self.f))
-                self.assertEqual('10000', localize(self.long))
-                self.assertEqual('31 de desembre de 2009', localize(self.d))
-                self.assertEqual('31 de desembre de 2009 a les 20:50', localize(self.dt))
-
-            with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True):
-                self.assertEqual('66.666,666', Template('{{ n }}').render(self.ctxt))
-                self.assertEqual('99.999,999', Template('{{ f }}').render(self.ctxt))
-                self.assertEqual('10.000', Template('{{ l }}').render(self.ctxt))
-
-            with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True):
-                form3 = I18nForm({
-                    'decimal_field': '66.666,666',
-                    'float_field': '99.999,999',
-                    'date_field': '31/12/2009',
-                    'datetime_field': '31/12/2009 20:50',
-                    'time_field': '20:50',
-                    'integer_field': '1.234',
-                })
-                self.assertTrue(form3.is_valid())
-                self.assertEqual(decimal.Decimal('66666.666'), form3.cleaned_data['decimal_field'])
-                self.assertEqual(99999.999, form3.cleaned_data['float_field'])
-                self.assertEqual(datetime.date(2009, 12, 31), form3.cleaned_data['date_field'])
-                self.assertEqual(datetime.datetime(2009, 12, 31, 20, 50), form3.cleaned_data['datetime_field'])
-                self.assertEqual(datetime.time(20, 50), form3.cleaned_data['time_field'])
-                self.assertEqual(1234, form3.cleaned_data['integer_field'])
-
-            with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=False):
-                self.assertEqual('66666,666', Template('{{ n }}').render(self.ctxt))
-                self.assertEqual('99999,999', Template('{{ f }}').render(self.ctxt))
-                self.assertEqual('31 de desembre de 2009', Template('{{ d }}').render(self.ctxt))
-                self.assertEqual('31 de desembre de 2009 a les 20:50', Template('{{ dt }}').render(self.ctxt))
-                self.assertEqual('66666,67', Template('{{ n|floatformat:2 }}').render(self.ctxt))
-                self.assertEqual('100000,0', Template('{{ f|floatformat }}').render(self.ctxt))
+                self.assertEqual("66666,666", localize(self.n))
+                self.assertEqual("99999,999", localize(self.f))
+                self.assertEqual("10000", localize(self.long))
+                self.assertEqual("31 de desembre de 2009", localize(self.d))
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    '66.666,67',
+                    "31 de desembre de 2009 a les 20:50", localize(self.dt)
+                )
+
+            with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True):
+                self.assertEqual("66.666,666", Template("{{ n }}").render(self.ctxt))
+                self.assertEqual("99.999,999", Template("{{ f }}").render(self.ctxt))
+                self.assertEqual("10.000", Template("{{ l }}").render(self.ctxt))
+
+            with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True):
+                form3 = I18nForm(
+                    {
+                        "decimal_field": "66.666,666",
+                        "float_field": "99.999,999",
+                        "date_field": "31/12/2009",
+                        "datetime_field": "31/12/2009 20:50",
+                        "time_field": "20:50",
+                        "integer_field": "1.234",
+                    }
+                )
+                self.assertTrue(form3.is_valid())
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    decimal.Decimal("66666.666"), form3.cleaned_data["decimal_field"]
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(99999.999, form3.cleaned_data["float_field"])
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    datetime.date(2009, 12, 31), form3.cleaned_data["date_field"]
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    datetime.datetime(2009, 12, 31, 20, 50),
+                    form3.cleaned_data["datetime_field"],
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    datetime.time(20, 50), form3.cleaned_data["time_field"]
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(1234, form3.cleaned_data["integer_field"])
+
+            with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=False):
+                self.assertEqual("66666,666", Template("{{ n }}").render(self.ctxt))
+                self.assertEqual("99999,999", Template("{{ f }}").render(self.ctxt))
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    "31 de desembre de 2009", Template("{{ d }}").render(self.ctxt)
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    "31 de desembre de 2009 a les 20:50",
+                    Template("{{ dt }}").render(self.ctxt),
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    "66666,67", Template("{{ n|floatformat:2 }}").render(self.ctxt)
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    "100000,0", Template("{{ f|floatformat }}").render(self.ctxt)
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    "66.666,67",
                     Template('{{ n|floatformat:"2g" }}').render(self.ctxt),
                 )
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    '100.000,0',
+                    "100.000,0",
                     Template('{{ f|floatformat:"g" }}').render(self.ctxt),
                 )
-                self.assertEqual('10:15', Template('{{ t|time:"TIME_FORMAT" }}').render(self.ctxt))
-                self.assertEqual('31/12/2009', Template('{{ d|date:"SHORT_DATE_FORMAT" }}').render(self.ctxt))
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    '31/12/2009 20:50',
-                    Template('{{ dt|date:"SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT" }}').render(self.ctxt)
+                    "10:15", Template('{{ t|time:"TIME_FORMAT" }}').render(self.ctxt)
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    "31/12/2009",
+                    Template('{{ d|date:"SHORT_DATE_FORMAT" }}').render(self.ctxt),
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    "31/12/2009 20:50",
+                    Template('{{ dt|date:"SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT" }}').render(self.ctxt),
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    date_format(datetime.datetime.now(), "DATE_FORMAT"),
+                    Template('{% now "DATE_FORMAT" %}').render(self.ctxt),
                 )
-                self.assertEqual(date_format(datetime.datetime.now(), "DATE_FORMAT"),
-                                 Template('{% now "DATE_FORMAT" %}').render(self.ctxt))
 
             with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=False):
-                form4 = I18nForm({
-                    'decimal_field': '66666,666',
-                    'float_field': '99999,999',
-                    'date_field': '31/12/2009',
-                    'datetime_field': '31/12/2009 20:50',
-                    'time_field': '20:50',
-                    'integer_field': '1234',
-                })
+                form4 = I18nForm(
+                    {
+                        "decimal_field": "66666,666",
+                        "float_field": "99999,999",
+                        "date_field": "31/12/2009",
+                        "datetime_field": "31/12/2009 20:50",
+                        "time_field": "20:50",
+                        "integer_field": "1234",
+                    }
+                )
                 self.assertTrue(form4.is_valid())
-                self.assertEqual(decimal.Decimal('66666.666'), form4.cleaned_data['decimal_field'])
-                self.assertEqual(99999.999, form4.cleaned_data['float_field'])
-                self.assertEqual(datetime.date(2009, 12, 31), form4.cleaned_data['date_field'])
-                self.assertEqual(datetime.datetime(2009, 12, 31, 20, 50), form4.cleaned_data['datetime_field'])
-                self.assertEqual(datetime.time(20, 50), form4.cleaned_data['time_field'])
-                self.assertEqual(1234, form4.cleaned_data['integer_field'])
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    decimal.Decimal("66666.666"), form4.cleaned_data["decimal_field"]
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(99999.999, form4.cleaned_data["float_field"])
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    datetime.date(2009, 12, 31), form4.cleaned_data["date_field"]
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    datetime.datetime(2009, 12, 31, 20, 50),
+                    form4.cleaned_data["datetime_field"],
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    datetime.time(20, 50), form4.cleaned_data["time_field"]
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(1234, form4.cleaned_data["integer_field"])
 
-            form5 = SelectDateForm({
-                'date_field_month': '12',
-                'date_field_day': '31',
-                'date_field_year': '2009'
-            })
+            form5 = SelectDateForm(
+                {
+                    "date_field_month": "12",
+                    "date_field_day": "31",
+                    "date_field_year": "2009",
+                }
+            )
             self.assertTrue(form5.is_valid())
-            self.assertEqual(datetime.date(2009, 12, 31), form5.cleaned_data['date_field'])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                datetime.date(2009, 12, 31), form5.cleaned_data["date_field"]
+            )
             self.assertHTMLEqual(
                 '<select name="mydate_day" id="id_mydate_day">'
                 '<option value="">---</option>'
@@ -790,7 +1038,7 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 '<option value="29">29</option>'
                 '<option value="30">30</option>'
                 '<option value="31" selected>31</option>'
-                '</select>'
+                "</select>"
                 '<select name="mydate_month" id="id_mydate_month">'
                 '<option value="">---</option>'
                 '<option value="1">gener</option>'
@@ -805,7 +1053,7 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 '<option value="10">octubre</option>'
                 '<option value="11">novembre</option>'
                 '<option value="12" selected>desembre</option>'
-                '</select>'
+                "</select>"
                 '<select name="mydate_year" id="id_mydate_year">'
                 '<option value="">---</option>'
                 '<option value="2009" selected>2009</option>'
@@ -818,12 +1066,14 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 '<option value="2016">2016</option>'
                 '<option value="2017">2017</option>'
                 '<option value="2018">2018</option>'
-                '</select>',
-                forms.SelectDateWidget(years=range(2009, 2019)).render('mydate', datetime.date(2009, 12, 31))
+                "</select>",
+                forms.SelectDateWidget(years=range(2009, 2019)).render(
+                    "mydate", datetime.date(2009, 12, 31)
+                ),
             )
 
         # Russian locale (with E as month)
-        with translation.override('ru', deactivate=True):
+        with translation.override("ru", deactivate=True):
             self.assertHTMLEqual(
                 '<select name="mydate_day" id="id_mydate_day">'
                 '<option value="">---</option>'
@@ -858,7 +1108,7 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 '<option value="29">29</option>'
                 '<option value="30">30</option>'
                 '<option value="31" selected>31</option>'
-                '</select>'
+                "</select>"
                 '<select name="mydate_month" id="id_mydate_month">'
                 '<option value="">---</option>'
                 '<option value="1">\u042f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c</option>'
@@ -873,7 +1123,7 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 '<option value="10">\u041e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c</option>'
                 '<option value="11">\u041d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c</option>'
                 '<option value="12" selected>\u0414\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044c</option>'
-                '</select>'
+                "</select>"
                 '<select name="mydate_year" id="id_mydate_year">'
                 '<option value="">---</option>'
                 '<option value="2009" selected>2009</option>'
@@ -886,81 +1136,107 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 '<option value="2016">2016</option>'
                 '<option value="2017">2017</option>'
                 '<option value="2018">2018</option>'
-                '</select>',
-                forms.SelectDateWidget(years=range(2009, 2019)).render('mydate', datetime.date(2009, 12, 31))
+                "</select>",
+                forms.SelectDateWidget(years=range(2009, 2019)).render(
+                    "mydate", datetime.date(2009, 12, 31)
+                ),
             )
 
         # English locale
-        with translation.override('en', deactivate=True):
-            self.assertEqual('N j, Y', get_format('DATE_FORMAT'))
-            self.assertEqual(0, get_format('FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK'))
-            self.assertEqual('.', get_format('DECIMAL_SEPARATOR'))
-            self.assertEqual('Dec. 31, 2009', date_format(self.d))
-            self.assertEqual('December 2009', date_format(self.d, 'YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT'))
-            self.assertEqual('12/31/2009 8:50 p.m.', date_format(self.dt, 'SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT'))
-            self.assertEqual('No localizable', localize('No localizable'))
+        with translation.override("en", deactivate=True):
+            self.assertEqual("N j, Y", get_format("DATE_FORMAT"))
+            self.assertEqual(0, get_format("FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK"))
+            self.assertEqual(".", get_format("DECIMAL_SEPARATOR"))
+            self.assertEqual("Dec. 31, 2009", date_format(self.d))
+            self.assertEqual("December 2009", date_format(self.d, "YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT"))
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "12/31/2009 8:50 p.m.", date_format(self.dt, "SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT")
+            )
+            self.assertEqual("No localizable", localize("No localizable"))
 
             with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True):
-                self.assertEqual('66,666.666', localize(self.n))
-                self.assertEqual('99,999.999', localize(self.f))
-                self.assertEqual('10,000', localize(self.long))
+                self.assertEqual("66,666.666", localize(self.n))
+                self.assertEqual("99,999.999", localize(self.f))
+                self.assertEqual("10,000", localize(self.long))
 
             with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=False):
-                self.assertEqual('66666.666', localize(self.n))
-                self.assertEqual('99999.999', localize(self.f))
-                self.assertEqual('10000', localize(self.long))
-                self.assertEqual('Dec. 31, 2009', localize(self.d))
-                self.assertEqual('Dec. 31, 2009, 8:50 p.m.', localize(self.dt))
+                self.assertEqual("66666.666", localize(self.n))
+                self.assertEqual("99999.999", localize(self.f))
+                self.assertEqual("10000", localize(self.long))
+                self.assertEqual("Dec. 31, 2009", localize(self.d))
+                self.assertEqual("Dec. 31, 2009, 8:50 p.m.", localize(self.dt))
 
             with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True):
-                self.assertEqual('66,666.666', Template('{{ n }}').render(self.ctxt))
-                self.assertEqual('99,999.999', Template('{{ f }}').render(self.ctxt))
-                self.assertEqual('10,000', Template('{{ l }}').render(self.ctxt))
+                self.assertEqual("66,666.666", Template("{{ n }}").render(self.ctxt))
+                self.assertEqual("99,999.999", Template("{{ f }}").render(self.ctxt))
+                self.assertEqual("10,000", Template("{{ l }}").render(self.ctxt))
 
             with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=False):
-                self.assertEqual('66666.666', Template('{{ n }}').render(self.ctxt))
-                self.assertEqual('99999.999', Template('{{ f }}').render(self.ctxt))
-                self.assertEqual('Dec. 31, 2009', Template('{{ d }}').render(self.ctxt))
-                self.assertEqual('Dec. 31, 2009, 8:50 p.m.', Template('{{ dt }}').render(self.ctxt))
-                self.assertEqual('66666.67', Template('{{ n|floatformat:2 }}').render(self.ctxt))
-                self.assertEqual('100000.0', Template('{{ f|floatformat }}').render(self.ctxt))
+                self.assertEqual("66666.666", Template("{{ n }}").render(self.ctxt))
+                self.assertEqual("99999.999", Template("{{ f }}").render(self.ctxt))
+                self.assertEqual("Dec. 31, 2009", Template("{{ d }}").render(self.ctxt))
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    '66,666.67',
+                    "Dec. 31, 2009, 8:50 p.m.", Template("{{ dt }}").render(self.ctxt)
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    "66666.67", Template("{{ n|floatformat:2 }}").render(self.ctxt)
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    "100000.0", Template("{{ f|floatformat }}").render(self.ctxt)
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    "66,666.67",
                     Template('{{ n|floatformat:"2g" }}').render(self.ctxt),
                 )
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    '100,000.0',
+                    "100,000.0",
                     Template('{{ f|floatformat:"g" }}').render(self.ctxt),
                 )
-                self.assertEqual('12/31/2009', Template('{{ d|date:"SHORT_DATE_FORMAT" }}').render(self.ctxt))
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    '12/31/2009 8:50 p.m.',
-                    Template('{{ dt|date:"SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT" }}').render(self.ctxt)
+                    "12/31/2009",
+                    Template('{{ d|date:"SHORT_DATE_FORMAT" }}').render(self.ctxt),
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    "12/31/2009 8:50 p.m.",
+                    Template('{{ dt|date:"SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT" }}').render(self.ctxt),
                 )
 
-            form5 = I18nForm({
-                'decimal_field': '66666.666',
-                'float_field': '99999.999',
-                'date_field': '12/31/2009',
-                'datetime_field': '12/31/2009 20:50',
-                'time_field': '20:50',
-                'integer_field': '1234',
-            })
+            form5 = I18nForm(
+                {
+                    "decimal_field": "66666.666",
+                    "float_field": "99999.999",
+                    "date_field": "12/31/2009",
+                    "datetime_field": "12/31/2009 20:50",
+                    "time_field": "20:50",
+                    "integer_field": "1234",
+                }
+            )
             self.assertTrue(form5.is_valid())
-            self.assertEqual(decimal.Decimal('66666.666'), form5.cleaned_data['decimal_field'])
-            self.assertEqual(99999.999, form5.cleaned_data['float_field'])
-            self.assertEqual(datetime.date(2009, 12, 31), form5.cleaned_data['date_field'])
-            self.assertEqual(datetime.datetime(2009, 12, 31, 20, 50), form5.cleaned_data['datetime_field'])
-            self.assertEqual(datetime.time(20, 50), form5.cleaned_data['time_field'])
-            self.assertEqual(1234, form5.cleaned_data['integer_field'])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                decimal.Decimal("66666.666"), form5.cleaned_data["decimal_field"]
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(99999.999, form5.cleaned_data["float_field"])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                datetime.date(2009, 12, 31), form5.cleaned_data["date_field"]
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                datetime.datetime(2009, 12, 31, 20, 50),
+                form5.cleaned_data["datetime_field"],
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(datetime.time(20, 50), form5.cleaned_data["time_field"])
+            self.assertEqual(1234, form5.cleaned_data["integer_field"])
 
-            form6 = SelectDateForm({
-                'date_field_month': '12',
-                'date_field_day': '31',
-                'date_field_year': '2009'
-            })
+            form6 = SelectDateForm(
+                {
+                    "date_field_month": "12",
+                    "date_field_day": "31",
+                    "date_field_year": "2009",
+                }
+            )
             self.assertTrue(form6.is_valid())
-            self.assertEqual(datetime.date(2009, 12, 31), form6.cleaned_data['date_field'])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                datetime.date(2009, 12, 31), form6.cleaned_data["date_field"]
+            )
             self.assertHTMLEqual(
                 '<select name="mydate_month" id="id_mydate_month">'
                 '<option value="">---</option>'
@@ -976,7 +1252,7 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 '<option value="10">October</option>'
                 '<option value="11">November</option>'
                 '<option value="12" selected>December</option>'
-                '</select>'
+                "</select>"
                 '<select name="mydate_day" id="id_mydate_day">'
                 '<option value="">---</option>'
                 '<option value="1">1</option>'
@@ -1010,7 +1286,7 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 '<option value="29">29</option>'
                 '<option value="30">30</option>'
                 '<option value="31" selected>31</option>'
-                '</select>'
+                "</select>"
                 '<select name="mydate_year" id="id_mydate_year">'
                 '<option value="">---</option>'
                 '<option value="2009" selected>2009</option>'
@@ -1023,8 +1299,10 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 '<option value="2016">2016</option>'
                 '<option value="2017">2017</option>'
                 '<option value="2018">2018</option>'
-                '</select>',
-                forms.SelectDateWidget(years=range(2009, 2019)).render('mydate', datetime.date(2009, 12, 31))
+                "</select>",
+                forms.SelectDateWidget(years=range(2009, 2019)).render(
+                    "mydate", datetime.date(2009, 12, 31)
+                ),
             )
 
     def test_sub_locales(self):
@@ -1032,23 +1310,25 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Check if sublocales fall back to the main locale
         """
         with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True):
-            with translation.override('de-at', deactivate=True):
-                self.assertEqual('66.666,666', Template('{{ n }}').render(self.ctxt))
-            with translation.override('es-us', deactivate=True):
-                self.assertEqual('31 de Diciembre de 2009', date_format(self.d))
+            with translation.override("de-at", deactivate=True):
+                self.assertEqual("66.666,666", Template("{{ n }}").render(self.ctxt))
+            with translation.override("es-us", deactivate=True):
+                self.assertEqual("31 de Diciembre de 2009", date_format(self.d))
 
     def test_localized_input(self):
         """
         Tests if form input is correctly localized
         """
         self.maxDiff = 1200
-        with translation.override('de-at', deactivate=True):
-            form6 = CompanyForm({
-                'name': 'acme',
-                'date_added': datetime.datetime(2009, 12, 31, 6, 0, 0),
-                'cents_paid': decimal.Decimal('59.47'),
-                'products_delivered': 12000,
-            })
+        with translation.override("de-at", deactivate=True):
+            form6 = CompanyForm(
+                {
+                    "name": "acme",
+                    "date_added": datetime.datetime(2009, 12, 31, 6, 0, 0),
+                    "cents_paid": decimal.Decimal("59.47"),
+                    "products_delivered": 12000,
+                }
+            )
             self.assertTrue(form6.is_valid())
             self.assertHTMLEqual(
                 form6.as_ul(),
@@ -1060,23 +1340,29 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 '<input type="text" name="cents_paid" value="59,47" id="id_cents_paid" required></li>'
                 '<li><label for="id_products_delivered">Products delivered:</label>'
                 '<input type="text" name="products_delivered" value="12000" id="id_products_delivered" required>'
-                '</li>'
+                "</li>",
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                localize_input(datetime.datetime(2009, 12, 31, 6, 0, 0)),
+                "31.12.2009 06:00:00",
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                datetime.datetime(2009, 12, 31, 6, 0, 0),
+                form6.cleaned_data["date_added"],
             )
-            self.assertEqual(localize_input(datetime.datetime(2009, 12, 31, 6, 0, 0)), '31.12.2009 06:00:00')
-            self.assertEqual(datetime.datetime(2009, 12, 31, 6, 0, 0), form6.cleaned_data['date_added'])
             with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True):
                 # Checking for the localized "products_delivered" field
                 self.assertInHTML(
                     '<input type="text" name="products_delivered" '
                     'value="12.000" id="id_products_delivered" required>',
-                    form6.as_ul()
+                    form6.as_ul(),
                 )
 
     def test_localized_input_func(self):
         tests = (
-            (True, 'True'),
-            (datetime.date(1, 1, 1), '0001-01-01'),
-            (datetime.datetime(1, 1, 1), '0001-01-01 00:00:00'),
+            (True, "True"),
+            (datetime.date(1, 1, 1), "0001-01-01"),
+            (datetime.datetime(1, 1, 1), "0001-01-01 00:00:00"),
         )
         with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True):
             for value, expected in tests:
@@ -1087,10 +1373,10 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
         for year in (1, 99, 999, 1000):
             dt = datetime.date(year, 1, 1)
             for fmt, expected in [
-                ('%C', '%02d' % (year // 100)),
-                ('%F', '%04d-01-01' % year),
-                ('%G', '%04d' % year),
-                ('%Y', '%04d' % year),
+                ("%C", "%02d" % (year // 100)),
+                ("%F", "%04d-01-01" % year),
+                ("%G", "%04d" % year),
+                ("%Y", "%04d" % year),
             ]:
                 with self.subTest(year=year, fmt=fmt):
                     fmt = sanitize_strftime_format(fmt)
@@ -1099,14 +1385,14 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_sanitize_strftime_format_with_escaped_percent(self):
         dt = datetime.date(1, 1, 1)
         for fmt, expected in [
-            ('%%C', '%C'),
-            ('%%F', '%F'),
-            ('%%G', '%G'),
-            ('%%Y', '%Y'),
-            ('%%%%C', '%%C'),
-            ('%%%%F', '%%F'),
-            ('%%%%G', '%%G'),
-            ('%%%%Y', '%%Y'),
+            ("%%C", "%C"),
+            ("%%F", "%F"),
+            ("%%G", "%G"),
+            ("%%Y", "%Y"),
+            ("%%%%C", "%%C"),
+            ("%%%%F", "%%F"),
+            ("%%%%G", "%%G"),
+            ("%%%%Y", "%%Y"),
         ]:
             with self.subTest(fmt=fmt):
                 fmt = sanitize_strftime_format(fmt)
@@ -1115,14 +1401,14 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
         for year in (1, 99, 999, 1000):
             dt = datetime.date(year, 1, 1)
             for fmt, expected in [
-                ('%%%C', '%%%02d' % (year // 100)),
-                ('%%%F', '%%%04d-01-01' % year),
-                ('%%%G', '%%%04d' % year),
-                ('%%%Y', '%%%04d' % year),
-                ('%%%%%C', '%%%%%02d' % (year // 100)),
-                ('%%%%%F', '%%%%%04d-01-01' % year),
-                ('%%%%%G', '%%%%%04d' % year),
-                ('%%%%%Y', '%%%%%04d' % year),
+                ("%%%C", "%%%02d" % (year // 100)),
+                ("%%%F", "%%%04d-01-01" % year),
+                ("%%%G", "%%%04d" % year),
+                ("%%%Y", "%%%04d" % year),
+                ("%%%%%C", "%%%%%02d" % (year // 100)),
+                ("%%%%%F", "%%%%%04d-01-01" % year),
+                ("%%%%%G", "%%%%%04d" % year),
+                ("%%%%%Y", "%%%%%04d" % year),
             ]:
                 with self.subTest(year=year, fmt=fmt):
                     fmt = sanitize_strftime_format(fmt)
@@ -1135,23 +1421,25 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # Non-strings are untouched
         self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators(123), 123)
 
-        with translation.override('ru', deactivate=True):
+        with translation.override("ru", deactivate=True):
             # Russian locale has non-breaking space (\xa0) as thousand separator
             # Usual space is accepted too when sanitizing inputs
             with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True):
-                self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators('1\xa0234\xa0567'), '1234567')
-                self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators('77\xa0777,777'), '77777.777')
-                self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators('12 345'), '12345')
-                self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators('77 777,777'), '77777.777')
+                self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators("1\xa0234\xa0567"), "1234567")
+                self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators("77\xa0777,777"), "77777.777")
+                self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators("12 345"), "12345")
+                self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators("77 777,777"), "77777.777")
             with translation.override(None):  # RemovedInDjango50Warning
-                with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True, THOUSAND_SEPARATOR='.'):
-                    self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators('12\xa0345'), '12\xa0345')
+                with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True, THOUSAND_SEPARATOR="."):
+                    self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators("12\xa0345"), "12\xa0345")
 
         with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True):
-            with patch_formats(get_language(), THOUSAND_SEPARATOR='.', DECIMAL_SEPARATOR=','):
-                self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators('10.234'), '10234')
+            with patch_formats(
+                get_language(), THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=".", DECIMAL_SEPARATOR=","
+            ):
+                self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators("10.234"), "10234")
                 # Suspicion that user entered dot as decimal separator (#22171)
-                self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators('10.10'), '10.10')
+                self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators("10.10"), "10.10")
 
         # RemovedInDjango50Warning: When the deprecation ends, remove
         # @ignore_warnings and USE_L10N=False. The assertions should remain
@@ -1159,19 +1447,19 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # locale-dictated formats.
         with ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning):
             with self.settings(USE_L10N=False):
-                with self.settings(DECIMAL_SEPARATOR=','):
-                    self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators('1001,10'), '1001.10')
-                    self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators('1001.10'), '1001.10')
+                with self.settings(DECIMAL_SEPARATOR=","):
+                    self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators("1001,10"), "1001.10")
+                    self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators("1001.10"), "1001.10")
                 with self.settings(
-                    DECIMAL_SEPARATOR=',',
-                    THOUSAND_SEPARATOR='.',
+                    DECIMAL_SEPARATOR=",",
+                    THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=".",
                     USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True,
                 ):
-                    self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators('1.001,10'), '1001.10')
-                    self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators('1001,10'), '1001.10')
-                    self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators('1001.10'), '1001.10')
+                    self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators("1.001,10"), "1001.10")
+                    self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators("1001,10"), "1001.10")
+                    self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators("1001.10"), "1001.10")
                     # Invalid output.
-                    self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators('1,001.10'), '1.001.10')
+                    self.assertEqual(sanitize_separators("1,001.10"), "1.001.10")
 
     def test_iter_format_modules(self):
         """
@@ -1179,68 +1467,80 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         # Importing some format modules so that we can compare the returned
         # modules with these expected modules
-        default_mod = import_module('django.conf.locale.de.formats')
-        test_mod = import_module('i18n.other.locale.de.formats')
-        test_mod2 = import_module('i18n.other2.locale.de.formats')
+        default_mod = import_module("django.conf.locale.de.formats")
+        test_mod = import_module("i18n.other.locale.de.formats")
+        test_mod2 = import_module("i18n.other2.locale.de.formats")
 
-        with translation.override('de-at', deactivate=True):
+        with translation.override("de-at", deactivate=True):
             # Should return the correct default module when no setting is set
-            self.assertEqual(list(iter_format_modules('de')), [default_mod])
+            self.assertEqual(list(iter_format_modules("de")), [default_mod])
 
             # When the setting is a string, should return the given module and
             # the default module
             self.assertEqual(
-                list(iter_format_modules('de', 'i18n.other.locale')),
-                [test_mod, default_mod])
+                list(iter_format_modules("de", "i18n.other.locale")),
+                [test_mod, default_mod],
+            )
 
             # When setting is a list of strings, should return the given
             # modules and the default module
             self.assertEqual(
-                list(iter_format_modules('de', ['i18n.other.locale', 'i18n.other2.locale'])),
-                [test_mod, test_mod2, default_mod])
+                list(
+                    iter_format_modules(
+                        "de", ["i18n.other.locale", "i18n.other2.locale"]
+                    )
+                ),
+                [test_mod, test_mod2, default_mod],
+            )
 
     def test_iter_format_modules_stability(self):
         """
         Tests the iter_format_modules function always yields format modules in
         a stable and correct order in presence of both base ll and ll_CC formats.
         """
-        en_format_mod = import_module('django.conf.locale.en.formats')
-        en_gb_format_mod = import_module('django.conf.locale.en_GB.formats')
-        self.assertEqual(list(iter_format_modules('en-gb')), [en_gb_format_mod, en_format_mod])
+        en_format_mod = import_module("django.conf.locale.en.formats")
+        en_gb_format_mod = import_module("django.conf.locale.en_GB.formats")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(iter_format_modules("en-gb")), [en_gb_format_mod, en_format_mod]
+        )
 
     def test_get_format_modules_lang(self):
-        with translation.override('de', deactivate=True):
-            self.assertEqual('.', get_format('DECIMAL_SEPARATOR', lang='en'))
+        with translation.override("de", deactivate=True):
+            self.assertEqual(".", get_format("DECIMAL_SEPARATOR", lang="en"))
 
     def test_localize_templatetag_and_filter(self):
         """
         Test the {% localize %} templatetag and the localize/unlocalize filters.
         """
-        context = Context({'int': 1455, 'float': 3.14, 'date': datetime.date(2016, 12, 31)})
+        context = Context(
+            {"int": 1455, "float": 3.14, "date": datetime.date(2016, 12, 31)}
+        )
         template1 = Template(
-            '{% load l10n %}{% localize %}{{ int }}/{{ float }}/{{ date }}{% endlocalize %}; '
-            '{% localize on %}{{ int }}/{{ float }}/{{ date }}{% endlocalize %}'
+            "{% load l10n %}{% localize %}{{ int }}/{{ float }}/{{ date }}{% endlocalize %}; "
+            "{% localize on %}{{ int }}/{{ float }}/{{ date }}{% endlocalize %}"
         )
         template2 = Template(
-            '{% load l10n %}{{ int }}/{{ float }}/{{ date }}; '
-            '{% localize off %}{{ int }}/{{ float }}/{{ date }};{% endlocalize %} '
-            '{{ int }}/{{ float }}/{{ date }}'
+            "{% load l10n %}{{ int }}/{{ float }}/{{ date }}; "
+            "{% localize off %}{{ int }}/{{ float }}/{{ date }};{% endlocalize %} "
+            "{{ int }}/{{ float }}/{{ date }}"
         )
         template3 = Template(
-            '{% load l10n %}{{ int }}/{{ float }}/{{ date }}; '
-            '{{ int|unlocalize }}/{{ float|unlocalize }}/{{ date|unlocalize }}'
+            "{% load l10n %}{{ int }}/{{ float }}/{{ date }}; "
+            "{{ int|unlocalize }}/{{ float|unlocalize }}/{{ date|unlocalize }}"
         )
         template4 = Template(
-            '{% load l10n %}{{ int }}/{{ float }}/{{ date }}; '
-            '{{ int|localize }}/{{ float|localize }}/{{ date|localize }}'
+            "{% load l10n %}{{ int }}/{{ float }}/{{ date }}; "
+            "{{ int|localize }}/{{ float|localize }}/{{ date|localize }}"
         )
-        expected_localized = '1.455/3,14/31. Dezember 2016'
-        expected_unlocalized = '1455/3.14/Dez. 31, 2016'
-        output1 = '; '.join([expected_localized, expected_localized])
-        output2 = '; '.join([expected_localized, expected_unlocalized, expected_localized])
-        output3 = '; '.join([expected_localized, expected_unlocalized])
-        output4 = '; '.join([expected_unlocalized, expected_localized])
-        with translation.override('de', deactivate=True):
+        expected_localized = "1.455/3,14/31. Dezember 2016"
+        expected_unlocalized = "1455/3.14/Dez. 31, 2016"
+        output1 = "; ".join([expected_localized, expected_localized])
+        output2 = "; ".join(
+            [expected_localized, expected_unlocalized, expected_localized]
+        )
+        output3 = "; ".join([expected_localized, expected_unlocalized])
+        output4 = "; ".join([expected_unlocalized, expected_localized])
+        with translation.override("de", deactivate=True):
             # RemovedInDjango50Warning: When the deprecation ends, remove
             # @ignore_warnings and USE_L10N=False. The assertions should remain
             # because format-related settings will take precedence over
@@ -1248,8 +1548,8 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
             with ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning):
                 with self.settings(
                     USE_L10N=False,
-                    DATE_FORMAT='N j, Y',
-                    DECIMAL_SEPARATOR='.',
+                    DATE_FORMAT="N j, Y",
+                    DECIMAL_SEPARATOR=".",
                     NUMBER_GROUPING=0,
                     USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True,
                 ):
@@ -1263,29 +1563,29 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_localized_off_numbers(self):
         """A string representation is returned for unlocalized numbers."""
         template = Template(
-            '{% load l10n %}{% localize off %}'
-            '{{ int }}/{{ float }}/{{ decimal }}{% endlocalize %}'
+            "{% load l10n %}{% localize off %}"
+            "{{ int }}/{{ float }}/{{ decimal }}{% endlocalize %}"
         )
         context = Context(
-            {'int': 1455, 'float': 3.14, 'decimal': decimal.Decimal('24.1567')}
+            {"int": 1455, "float": 3.14, "decimal": decimal.Decimal("24.1567")}
         )
         with self.settings(
-            DECIMAL_SEPARATOR=',',
+            DECIMAL_SEPARATOR=",",
             USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True,
-            THOUSAND_SEPARATOR='°',
+            THOUSAND_SEPARATOR="°",
             NUMBER_GROUPING=2,
         ):
-            self.assertEqual(template.render(context), '1455/3.14/24.1567')
+            self.assertEqual(template.render(context), "1455/3.14/24.1567")
         # RemovedInDjango50Warning.
         with ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning):
             with self.settings(
                 USE_L10N=False,
-                DECIMAL_SEPARATOR=',',
+                DECIMAL_SEPARATOR=",",
                 USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True,
-                THOUSAND_SEPARATOR='°',
+                THOUSAND_SEPARATOR="°",
                 NUMBER_GROUPING=2,
             ):
-                self.assertEqual(template.render(context), '1455/3.14/24.1567')
+                self.assertEqual(template.render(context), "1455/3.14/24.1567")
 
     def test_localized_as_text_as_hidden_input(self):
         """
@@ -1293,45 +1593,51 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.maxDiff = 1200
 
-        with translation.override('de-at', deactivate=True):
-            template = Template('{% load l10n %}{{ form.date_added }}; {{ form.cents_paid }}')
-            template_as_text = Template('{% load l10n %}{{ form.date_added.as_text }}; {{ form.cents_paid.as_text }}')
-            template_as_hidden = Template(
-                '{% load l10n %}{{ form.date_added.as_hidden }}; {{ form.cents_paid.as_hidden }}'
+        with translation.override("de-at", deactivate=True):
+            template = Template(
+                "{% load l10n %}{{ form.date_added }}; {{ form.cents_paid }}"
             )
-            form = CompanyForm({
-                'name': 'acme',
-                'date_added': datetime.datetime(2009, 12, 31, 6, 0, 0),
-                'cents_paid': decimal.Decimal('59.47'),
-                'products_delivered': 12000,
-            })
-            context = Context({'form': form})
+            template_as_text = Template(
+                "{% load l10n %}{{ form.date_added.as_text }}; {{ form.cents_paid.as_text }}"
+            )
+            template_as_hidden = Template(
+                "{% load l10n %}{{ form.date_added.as_hidden }}; {{ form.cents_paid.as_hidden }}"
+            )
+            form = CompanyForm(
+                {
+                    "name": "acme",
+                    "date_added": datetime.datetime(2009, 12, 31, 6, 0, 0),
+                    "cents_paid": decimal.Decimal("59.47"),
+                    "products_delivered": 12000,
+                }
+            )
+            context = Context({"form": form})
             self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
 
             self.assertHTMLEqual(
                 template.render(context),
                 '<input id="id_date_added" name="date_added" type="text" value="31.12.2009 06:00:00" required>;'
-                '<input id="id_cents_paid" name="cents_paid" type="text" value="59,47" required>'
+                '<input id="id_cents_paid" name="cents_paid" type="text" value="59,47" required>',
             )
             self.assertHTMLEqual(
                 template_as_text.render(context),
                 '<input id="id_date_added" name="date_added" type="text" value="31.12.2009 06:00:00" required>;'
-                ' <input id="id_cents_paid" name="cents_paid" type="text" value="59,47" required>'
+                ' <input id="id_cents_paid" name="cents_paid" type="text" value="59,47" required>',
             )
             self.assertHTMLEqual(
                 template_as_hidden.render(context),
                 '<input id="id_date_added" name="date_added" type="hidden" value="31.12.2009 06:00:00">;'
-                '<input id="id_cents_paid" name="cents_paid" type="hidden" value="59,47">'
+                '<input id="id_cents_paid" name="cents_paid" type="hidden" value="59,47">',
             )
 
     def test_format_arbitrary_settings(self):
-        self.assertEqual(get_format('DEBUG'), 'DEBUG')
+        self.assertEqual(get_format("DEBUG"), "DEBUG")
 
     def test_get_custom_format(self):
         reset_format_cache()
-        with self.settings(FORMAT_MODULE_PATH='i18n.other.locale'):
-            with translation.override('fr', deactivate=True):
-                self.assertEqual('d/m/Y CUSTOM', get_format('CUSTOM_DAY_FORMAT'))
+        with self.settings(FORMAT_MODULE_PATH="i18n.other.locale"):
+            with translation.override("fr", deactivate=True):
+                self.assertEqual("d/m/Y CUSTOM", get_format("CUSTOM_DAY_FORMAT"))
 
     def test_admin_javascript_supported_input_formats(self):
         """
@@ -1339,21 +1645,27 @@ class FormattingTests(SimpleTestCase):
         DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS must not contain %f since that's unsupported by
         the admin's time picker widget.
         """
-        regex = re.compile('%([^BcdHImMpSwxXyY%])')
+        regex = re.compile("%([^BcdHImMpSwxXyY%])")
         for language_code, language_name in settings.LANGUAGES:
-            for format_name in ('DATE_INPUT_FORMATS', 'TIME_INPUT_FORMATS', 'DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS'):
+            for format_name in (
+                "DATE_INPUT_FORMATS",
+                "TIME_INPUT_FORMATS",
+                "DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS",
+            ):
                 with self.subTest(language=language_code, format=format_name):
                     formatter = get_format(format_name, lang=language_code)[0]
                     self.assertEqual(
-                        regex.findall(formatter), [],
-                        "%s locale's %s uses an unsupported format code." % (language_code, format_name)
+                        regex.findall(formatter),
+                        [],
+                        "%s locale's %s uses an unsupported format code."
+                        % (language_code, format_name),
                     )
 
 
 class MiscTests(SimpleTestCase):
     rf = RequestFactory()
 
-    @override_settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='de')
+    @override_settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="de")
     def test_english_fallback(self):
         """
         With a non-English LANGUAGE_CODE and if the active language is English
@@ -1361,11 +1673,11 @@ class MiscTests(SimpleTestCase):
         (instead of falling back to LANGUAGE_CODE) (See #24413).
         """
         self.assertEqual(gettext("Image"), "Bild")
-        with translation.override('en'):
+        with translation.override("en"):
             self.assertEqual(gettext("Image"), "Image")
-        with translation.override('en-us'):
+        with translation.override("en-us"):
             self.assertEqual(gettext("Image"), "Image")
-        with translation.override('en-ca'):
+        with translation.override("en-ca"):
             self.assertEqual(gettext("Image"), "Image")
 
     def test_parse_spec_http_header(self):
@@ -1376,98 +1688,109 @@ class MiscTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         tests = [
             # Good headers
-            ('de', [('de', 1.0)]),
-            ('en-AU', [('en-au', 1.0)]),
-            ('es-419', [('es-419', 1.0)]),
-            ('*;q=1.00', [('*', 1.0)]),
-            ('en-AU;q=0.123', [('en-au', 0.123)]),
-            ('en-au;q=0.5', [('en-au', 0.5)]),
-            ('en-au;q=1.0', [('en-au', 1.0)]),
-            ('da, en-gb;q=0.25, en;q=0.5', [('da', 1.0), ('en', 0.5), ('en-gb', 0.25)]),
-            ('en-au-xx', [('en-au-xx', 1.0)]),
-            ('de,en-au;q=0.75,en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.25,es;q=0.125,fa;q=0.125',
-             [('de', 1.0), ('en-au', 0.75), ('en-us', 0.5), ('en', 0.25), ('es', 0.125), ('fa', 0.125)]),
-            ('*', [('*', 1.0)]),
-            ('de;q=0.', [('de', 0.0)]),
-            ('en; q=1,', [('en', 1.0)]),
-            ('en; q=1.0, * ; q=0.5', [('en', 1.0), ('*', 0.5)]),
+            ("de", [("de", 1.0)]),
+            ("en-AU", [("en-au", 1.0)]),
+            ("es-419", [("es-419", 1.0)]),
+            ("*;q=1.00", [("*", 1.0)]),
+            ("en-AU;q=0.123", [("en-au", 0.123)]),
+            ("en-au;q=0.5", [("en-au", 0.5)]),
+            ("en-au;q=1.0", [("en-au", 1.0)]),
+            ("da, en-gb;q=0.25, en;q=0.5", [("da", 1.0), ("en", 0.5), ("en-gb", 0.25)]),
+            ("en-au-xx", [("en-au-xx", 1.0)]),
+            (
+                "de,en-au;q=0.75,en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.25,es;q=0.125,fa;q=0.125",
+                [
+                    ("de", 1.0),
+                    ("en-au", 0.75),
+                    ("en-us", 0.5),
+                    ("en", 0.25),
+                    ("es", 0.125),
+                    ("fa", 0.125),
+                ],
+            ),
+            ("*", [("*", 1.0)]),
+            ("de;q=0.", [("de", 0.0)]),
+            ("en; q=1,", [("en", 1.0)]),
+            ("en; q=1.0, * ; q=0.5", [("en", 1.0), ("*", 0.5)]),
             # Bad headers
-            ('en-gb;q=1.0000', []),
-            ('en;q=0.1234', []),
-            ('en;q=.2', []),
-            ('abcdefghi-au', []),
-            ('**', []),
-            ('en,,gb', []),
-            ('en-au;q=0.1.0', []),
-            (('X' * 97) + 'Z,en', []),
-            ('da, en-gb;q=0.8, en;q=0.7,#', []),
-            ('de;q=2.0', []),
-            ('de;q=0.a', []),
-            ('12-345', []),
-            ('', []),
-            ('en;q=1e0', []),
-            ('en-au;q=１.０', []),
+            ("en-gb;q=1.0000", []),
+            ("en;q=0.1234", []),
+            ("en;q=.2", []),
+            ("abcdefghi-au", []),
+            ("**", []),
+            ("en,,gb", []),
+            ("en-au;q=0.1.0", []),
+            (("X" * 97) + "Z,en", []),
+            ("da, en-gb;q=0.8, en;q=0.7,#", []),
+            ("de;q=2.0", []),
+            ("de;q=0.a", []),
+            ("12-345", []),
+            ("", []),
+            ("en;q=1e0", []),
+            ("en-au;q=１.０", []),
         ]
         for value, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
-                self.assertEqual(trans_real.parse_accept_lang_header(value), tuple(expected))
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    trans_real.parse_accept_lang_header(value), tuple(expected)
+                )
 
     def test_parse_literal_http_header(self):
         """
         Now test that we parse a literal HTTP header correctly.
         """
         g = get_language_from_request
-        r = self.rf.get('/')
+        r = self.rf.get("/")
         r.COOKIES = {}
-        r.META = {'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'pt-br'}
-        self.assertEqual('pt-br', g(r))
+        r.META = {"HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE": "pt-br"}
+        self.assertEqual("pt-br", g(r))
 
-        r.META = {'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'pt'}
-        self.assertEqual('pt', g(r))
+        r.META = {"HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE": "pt"}
+        self.assertEqual("pt", g(r))
 
-        r.META = {'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'es,de'}
-        self.assertEqual('es', g(r))
+        r.META = {"HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE": "es,de"}
+        self.assertEqual("es", g(r))
 
-        r.META = {'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'es-ar,de'}
-        self.assertEqual('es-ar', g(r))
+        r.META = {"HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE": "es-ar,de"}
+        self.assertEqual("es-ar", g(r))
 
         # This test assumes there won't be a Django translation to a US
         # variation of the Spanish language, a safe assumption. When the
         # user sets it as the preferred language, the main 'es'
         # translation should be selected instead.
-        r.META = {'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'es-us'}
-        self.assertEqual(g(r), 'es')
+        r.META = {"HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE": "es-us"}
+        self.assertEqual(g(r), "es")
 
         # This tests the following scenario: there isn't a main language (zh)
         # translation of Django but there is a translation to variation (zh-hans)
         # the user sets zh-hans as the preferred language, it should be selected
         # by Django without falling back nor ignoring it.
-        r.META = {'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'zh-hans,de'}
-        self.assertEqual(g(r), 'zh-hans')
+        r.META = {"HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE": "zh-hans,de"}
+        self.assertEqual(g(r), "zh-hans")
 
-        r.META = {'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'NL'}
-        self.assertEqual('nl', g(r))
+        r.META = {"HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE": "NL"}
+        self.assertEqual("nl", g(r))
 
-        r.META = {'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'fy'}
-        self.assertEqual('fy', g(r))
+        r.META = {"HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE": "fy"}
+        self.assertEqual("fy", g(r))
 
-        r.META = {'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'ia'}
-        self.assertEqual('ia', g(r))
+        r.META = {"HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE": "ia"}
+        self.assertEqual("ia", g(r))
 
-        r.META = {'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'sr-latn'}
-        self.assertEqual('sr-latn', g(r))
+        r.META = {"HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE": "sr-latn"}
+        self.assertEqual("sr-latn", g(r))
 
-        r.META = {'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'zh-hans'}
-        self.assertEqual('zh-hans', g(r))
+        r.META = {"HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE": "zh-hans"}
+        self.assertEqual("zh-hans", g(r))
 
-        r.META = {'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'zh-hant'}
-        self.assertEqual('zh-hant', g(r))
+        r.META = {"HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE": "zh-hant"}
+        self.assertEqual("zh-hant", g(r))
 
     @override_settings(
         LANGUAGES=[
-            ('en', 'English'),
-            ('zh-hans', 'Simplified Chinese'),
-            ('zh-hant', 'Traditional Chinese'),
+            ("en", "English"),
+            ("zh-hans", "Simplified Chinese"),
+            ("zh-hant", "Traditional Chinese"),
         ]
     )
     def test_support_for_deprecated_chinese_language_codes(self):
@@ -1481,23 +1804,23 @@ class MiscTests(SimpleTestCase):
         refs #18419 -- this is explicitly for browser compatibility
         """
         g = get_language_from_request
-        r = self.rf.get('/')
+        r = self.rf.get("/")
         r.COOKIES = {}
-        r.META = {'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'zh-cn,en'}
-        self.assertEqual(g(r), 'zh-hans')
+        r.META = {"HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE": "zh-cn,en"}
+        self.assertEqual(g(r), "zh-hans")
 
-        r.META = {'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'zh-tw,en'}
-        self.assertEqual(g(r), 'zh-hant')
+        r.META = {"HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE": "zh-tw,en"}
+        self.assertEqual(g(r), "zh-hant")
 
     def test_special_fallback_language(self):
         """
         Some languages may have special fallbacks that don't follow the simple
         'fr-ca' -> 'fr' logic (notably Chinese codes).
         """
-        r = self.rf.get('/')
+        r = self.rf.get("/")
         r.COOKIES = {}
-        r.META = {'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'zh-my,en'}
-        self.assertEqual(get_language_from_request(r), 'zh-hans')
+        r.META = {"HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE": "zh-my,en"}
+        self.assertEqual(get_language_from_request(r), "zh-hans")
 
     def test_subsequent_code_fallback_language(self):
         """
@@ -1505,18 +1828,18 @@ class MiscTests(SimpleTestCase):
         supported.
         """
         tests = [
-            ('zh-Hans-CN', 'zh-hans'),
-            ('zh-hans-mo', 'zh-hans'),
-            ('zh-hans-HK', 'zh-hans'),
-            ('zh-Hant-HK', 'zh-hant'),
-            ('zh-hant-tw', 'zh-hant'),
-            ('zh-hant-SG', 'zh-hant'),
+            ("zh-Hans-CN", "zh-hans"),
+            ("zh-hans-mo", "zh-hans"),
+            ("zh-hans-HK", "zh-hans"),
+            ("zh-Hant-HK", "zh-hant"),
+            ("zh-hant-tw", "zh-hant"),
+            ("zh-hant-SG", "zh-hant"),
         ]
-        r = self.rf.get('/')
+        r = self.rf.get("/")
         r.COOKIES = {}
         for value, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
-                r.META = {'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': f'{value},en'}
+                r.META = {"HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE": f"{value},en"}
                 self.assertEqual(get_language_from_request(r), expected)
 
     def test_parse_language_cookie(self):
@@ -1524,113 +1847,113 @@ class MiscTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Now test that we parse language preferences stored in a cookie correctly.
         """
         g = get_language_from_request
-        r = self.rf.get('/')
-        r.COOKIES = {settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME: 'pt-br'}
+        r = self.rf.get("/")
+        r.COOKIES = {settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME: "pt-br"}
         r.META = {}
-        self.assertEqual('pt-br', g(r))
+        self.assertEqual("pt-br", g(r))
 
-        r.COOKIES = {settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME: 'pt'}
+        r.COOKIES = {settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME: "pt"}
         r.META = {}
-        self.assertEqual('pt', g(r))
+        self.assertEqual("pt", g(r))
 
-        r.COOKIES = {settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME: 'es'}
-        r.META = {'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'de'}
-        self.assertEqual('es', g(r))
+        r.COOKIES = {settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME: "es"}
+        r.META = {"HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE": "de"}
+        self.assertEqual("es", g(r))
 
         # This test assumes there won't be a Django translation to a US
         # variation of the Spanish language, a safe assumption. When the
         # user sets it as the preferred language, the main 'es'
         # translation should be selected instead.
-        r.COOKIES = {settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME: 'es-us'}
+        r.COOKIES = {settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME: "es-us"}
         r.META = {}
-        self.assertEqual(g(r), 'es')
+        self.assertEqual(g(r), "es")
 
         # This tests the following scenario: there isn't a main language (zh)
         # translation of Django but there is a translation to variation (zh-hans)
         # the user sets zh-hans as the preferred language, it should be selected
         # by Django without falling back nor ignoring it.
-        r.COOKIES = {settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME: 'zh-hans'}
-        r.META = {'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'de'}
-        self.assertEqual(g(r), 'zh-hans')
+        r.COOKIES = {settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME: "zh-hans"}
+        r.META = {"HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE": "de"}
+        self.assertEqual(g(r), "zh-hans")
 
     @override_settings(
         USE_I18N=True,
         LANGUAGES=[
-            ('en', 'English'),
-            ('de', 'German'),
-            ('de-at', 'Austrian German'),
-            ('pt-br', 'Portuguese (Brazil)'),
+            ("en", "English"),
+            ("de", "German"),
+            ("de-at", "Austrian German"),
+            ("pt-br", "Portuguese (Brazil)"),
         ],
     )
     def test_get_supported_language_variant_real(self):
         g = trans_real.get_supported_language_variant
-        self.assertEqual(g('en'), 'en')
-        self.assertEqual(g('en-gb'), 'en')
-        self.assertEqual(g('de'), 'de')
-        self.assertEqual(g('de-at'), 'de-at')
-        self.assertEqual(g('de-ch'), 'de')
-        self.assertEqual(g('pt-br'), 'pt-br')
-        self.assertEqual(g('pt'), 'pt-br')
-        self.assertEqual(g('pt-pt'), 'pt-br')
+        self.assertEqual(g("en"), "en")
+        self.assertEqual(g("en-gb"), "en")
+        self.assertEqual(g("de"), "de")
+        self.assertEqual(g("de-at"), "de-at")
+        self.assertEqual(g("de-ch"), "de")
+        self.assertEqual(g("pt-br"), "pt-br")
+        self.assertEqual(g("pt"), "pt-br")
+        self.assertEqual(g("pt-pt"), "pt-br")
         with self.assertRaises(LookupError):
-            g('pt', strict=True)
+            g("pt", strict=True)
         with self.assertRaises(LookupError):
-            g('pt-pt', strict=True)
+            g("pt-pt", strict=True)
         with self.assertRaises(LookupError):
-            g('xyz')
+            g("xyz")
         with self.assertRaises(LookupError):
-            g('xy-zz')
+            g("xy-zz")
 
     def test_get_supported_language_variant_null(self):
         g = trans_null.get_supported_language_variant
         self.assertEqual(g(settings.LANGUAGE_CODE), settings.LANGUAGE_CODE)
         with self.assertRaises(LookupError):
-            g('pt')
+            g("pt")
         with self.assertRaises(LookupError):
-            g('de')
+            g("de")
         with self.assertRaises(LookupError):
-            g('de-at')
+            g("de-at")
         with self.assertRaises(LookupError):
-            g('de', strict=True)
+            g("de", strict=True)
         with self.assertRaises(LookupError):
-            g('de-at', strict=True)
+            g("de-at", strict=True)
         with self.assertRaises(LookupError):
-            g('xyz')
+            g("xyz")
 
     @override_settings(
         LANGUAGES=[
-            ('en', 'English'),
-            ('en-latn-us', 'Latin English'),
-            ('en-Latn-US', 'BCP 47 case format'),
-            ('de', 'German'),
-            ('de-1996', 'German, orthography of 1996'),
-            ('de-at', 'Austrian German'),
-            ('de-ch-1901', 'German, Swiss variant, traditional orthography'),
-            ('i-mingo', 'Mingo'),
-            ('kl-tunumiit', 'Tunumiisiut'),
-            ('nan-hani-tw', 'Hanji'),
-            ('pl', 'Polish'),
+            ("en", "English"),
+            ("en-latn-us", "Latin English"),
+            ("en-Latn-US", "BCP 47 case format"),
+            ("de", "German"),
+            ("de-1996", "German, orthography of 1996"),
+            ("de-at", "Austrian German"),
+            ("de-ch-1901", "German, Swiss variant, traditional orthography"),
+            ("i-mingo", "Mingo"),
+            ("kl-tunumiit", "Tunumiisiut"),
+            ("nan-hani-tw", "Hanji"),
+            ("pl", "Polish"),
         ],
     )
     def test_get_language_from_path_real(self):
         g = trans_real.get_language_from_path
         tests = [
-            ('/pl/', 'pl'),
-            ('/pl', 'pl'),
-            ('/xyz/', None),
-            ('/en/', 'en'),
-            ('/en-gb/', 'en'),
-            ('/en-latn-us/', 'en-latn-us'),
-            ('/en-Latn-US/', 'en-Latn-US'),
-            ('/de/', 'de'),
-            ('/de-1996/', 'de-1996'),
-            ('/de-at/', 'de-at'),
-            ('/de-ch/', 'de'),
-            ('/de-ch-1901/', 'de-ch-1901'),
-            ('/de-simple-page-test/', None),
-            ('/i-mingo/', 'i-mingo'),
-            ('/kl-tunumiit/', 'kl-tunumiit'),
-            ('/nan-hani-tw/', 'nan-hani-tw'),
+            ("/pl/", "pl"),
+            ("/pl", "pl"),
+            ("/xyz/", None),
+            ("/en/", "en"),
+            ("/en-gb/", "en"),
+            ("/en-latn-us/", "en-latn-us"),
+            ("/en-Latn-US/", "en-Latn-US"),
+            ("/de/", "de"),
+            ("/de-1996/", "de-1996"),
+            ("/de-at/", "de-at"),
+            ("/de-ch/", "de"),
+            ("/de-ch-1901/", "de-ch-1901"),
+            ("/de-simple-page-test/", None),
+            ("/i-mingo/", "i-mingo"),
+            ("/kl-tunumiit/", "kl-tunumiit"),
+            ("/nan-hani-tw/", "nan-hani-tw"),
         ]
         for path, language in tests:
             with self.subTest(path=path):
@@ -1638,9 +1961,9 @@ class MiscTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_get_language_from_path_null(self):
         g = trans_null.get_language_from_path
-        self.assertIsNone(g('/pl/'))
-        self.assertIsNone(g('/pl'))
-        self.assertIsNone(g('/xyz/'))
+        self.assertIsNone(g("/pl/"))
+        self.assertIsNone(g("/pl"))
+        self.assertIsNone(g("/xyz/"))
 
     def test_cache_resetting(self):
         """
@@ -1648,12 +1971,12 @@ class MiscTests(SimpleTestCase):
         previously valid should not be used (#14170).
         """
         g = get_language_from_request
-        r = self.rf.get('/')
+        r = self.rf.get("/")
         r.COOKIES = {}
-        r.META = {'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'pt-br'}
-        self.assertEqual('pt-br', g(r))
-        with self.settings(LANGUAGES=[('en', 'English')]):
-            self.assertNotEqual('pt-br', g(r))
+        r.META = {"HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE": "pt-br"}
+        self.assertEqual("pt-br", g(r))
+        with self.settings(LANGUAGES=[("en", "English")]):
+            self.assertNotEqual("pt-br", g(r))
 
     def test_i18n_patterns_returns_list(self):
         with override_settings(USE_I18N=False):
@@ -1663,10 +1986,9 @@ class MiscTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class ResolutionOrderI18NTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        activate('de')
+        activate("de")
 
     def tearDown(self):
         deactivate()
@@ -1675,64 +1997,63 @@ class ResolutionOrderI18NTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def assertGettext(self, msgid, msgstr):
         result = gettext(msgid)
         self.assertIn(
-            msgstr, result,
+            msgstr,
+            result,
             "The string '%s' isn't in the translation of '%s'; the actual result is '%s'."
-            % (msgstr, msgid, result)
+            % (msgstr, msgid, result),
         )
 
 
 class AppResolutionOrderI18NTests(ResolutionOrderI18NTests):
-
-    @override_settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='de')
+    @override_settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="de")
     def test_app_translation(self):
         # Original translation.
-        self.assertGettext('Date/time', 'Datum/Zeit')
+        self.assertGettext("Date/time", "Datum/Zeit")
 
         # Different translation.
-        with self.modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'i18n.resolution'}):
+        with self.modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "i18n.resolution"}):
             # Force refreshing translations.
-            activate('de')
+            activate("de")
 
             # Doesn't work because it's added later in the list.
-            self.assertGettext('Date/time', 'Datum/Zeit')
+            self.assertGettext("Date/time", "Datum/Zeit")
 
-            with self.modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'remove': 'django.contrib.admin.apps.SimpleAdminConfig'}):
+            with self.modify_settings(
+                INSTALLED_APPS={"remove": "django.contrib.admin.apps.SimpleAdminConfig"}
+            ):
                 # Force refreshing translations.
-                activate('de')
+                activate("de")
 
                 # Unless the original is removed from the list.
-                self.assertGettext('Date/time', 'Datum/Zeit (APP)')
+                self.assertGettext("Date/time", "Datum/Zeit (APP)")
 
 
 @override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=extended_locale_paths)
 class LocalePathsResolutionOrderI18NTests(ResolutionOrderI18NTests):
-
     def test_locale_paths_translation(self):
-        self.assertGettext('Time', 'LOCALE_PATHS')
+        self.assertGettext("Time", "LOCALE_PATHS")
 
     def test_locale_paths_override_app_translation(self):
-        with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['i18n.resolution']):
-            self.assertGettext('Time', 'LOCALE_PATHS')
+        with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["i18n.resolution"]):
+            self.assertGettext("Time", "LOCALE_PATHS")
 
 
 class DjangoFallbackResolutionOrderI18NTests(ResolutionOrderI18NTests):
-
     def test_django_fallback(self):
-        self.assertEqual(gettext('Date/time'), 'Datum/Zeit')
+        self.assertEqual(gettext("Date/time"), "Datum/Zeit")
 
 
-@override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['i18n.territorial_fallback'])
+@override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["i18n.territorial_fallback"])
 class TranslationFallbackI18NTests(ResolutionOrderI18NTests):
-
     def test_sparse_territory_catalog(self):
         """
         Untranslated strings for territorial language variants use the
         translations of the generic language. In this case, the de-de
         translation falls back to de.
         """
-        with translation.override('de-de'):
-            self.assertGettext('Test 1 (en)', '(de-de)')
-            self.assertGettext('Test 2 (en)', '(de)')
+        with translation.override("de-de"):
+            self.assertGettext("Test 1 (en)", "(de-de)")
+            self.assertGettext("Test 2 (en)", "(de)")
 
 
 class TestModels(TestCase):
@@ -1742,83 +2063,82 @@ class TestModels(TestCase):
 
     def test_safestr(self):
         c = Company(cents_paid=12, products_delivered=1)
-        c.name = SafeString('Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn1')
+        c.name = SafeString("Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn1")
         c.save()
 
 
 class TestLanguageInfo(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_localized_language_info(self):
-        li = get_language_info('de')
-        self.assertEqual(li['code'], 'de')
-        self.assertEqual(li['name_local'], 'Deutsch')
-        self.assertEqual(li['name'], 'German')
-        self.assertIs(li['bidi'], False)
+        li = get_language_info("de")
+        self.assertEqual(li["code"], "de")
+        self.assertEqual(li["name_local"], "Deutsch")
+        self.assertEqual(li["name"], "German")
+        self.assertIs(li["bidi"], False)
 
     def test_unknown_language_code(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(KeyError, "Unknown language code xx"):
-            get_language_info('xx')
-        with translation.override('xx'):
+            get_language_info("xx")
+        with translation.override("xx"):
             # A language with no translation catalogs should fallback to the
             # untranslated string.
             self.assertEqual(gettext("Title"), "Title")
 
     def test_unknown_only_country_code(self):
-        li = get_language_info('de-xx')
-        self.assertEqual(li['code'], 'de')
-        self.assertEqual(li['name_local'], 'Deutsch')
-        self.assertEqual(li['name'], 'German')
-        self.assertIs(li['bidi'], False)
+        li = get_language_info("de-xx")
+        self.assertEqual(li["code"], "de")
+        self.assertEqual(li["name_local"], "Deutsch")
+        self.assertEqual(li["name"], "German")
+        self.assertIs(li["bidi"], False)
 
     def test_unknown_language_code_and_country_code(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(KeyError, "Unknown language code xx-xx and xx"):
-            get_language_info('xx-xx')
+            get_language_info("xx-xx")
 
     def test_fallback_language_code(self):
         """
         get_language_info return the first fallback language info if the lang_info
         struct does not contain the 'name' key.
         """
-        li = get_language_info('zh-my')
-        self.assertEqual(li['code'], 'zh-hans')
-        li = get_language_info('zh-hans')
-        self.assertEqual(li['code'], 'zh-hans')
+        li = get_language_info("zh-my")
+        self.assertEqual(li["code"], "zh-hans")
+        li = get_language_info("zh-hans")
+        self.assertEqual(li["code"], "zh-hans")
 
 
 @override_settings(
     USE_I18N=True,
     LANGUAGES=[
-        ('en', 'English'),
-        ('fr', 'French'),
+        ("en", "English"),
+        ("fr", "French"),
     ],
     MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware',
-        'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
+        "django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware",
+        "django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware",
     ],
-    ROOT_URLCONF='i18n.urls',
+    ROOT_URLCONF="i18n.urls",
 )
 class LocaleMiddlewareTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_streaming_response(self):
         # Regression test for #5241
-        response = self.client.get('/fr/streaming/')
+        response = self.client.get("/fr/streaming/")
         self.assertContains(response, "Oui/Non")
-        response = self.client.get('/en/streaming/')
+        response = self.client.get("/en/streaming/")
         self.assertContains(response, "Yes/No")
 
 
 @override_settings(
     USE_I18N=True,
     LANGUAGES=[
-        ('en', 'English'),
-        ('de', 'German'),
-        ('fr', 'French'),
+        ("en", "English"),
+        ("de", "German"),
+        ("fr", "French"),
     ],
     MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware',
-        'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
+        "django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware",
+        "django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware",
     ],
-    ROOT_URLCONF='i18n.urls_default_unprefixed',
-    LANGUAGE_CODE='en',
+    ROOT_URLCONF="i18n.urls_default_unprefixed",
+    LANGUAGE_CODE="en",
 )
 class UnprefixedDefaultLanguageTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_default_lang_without_prefix(self):
@@ -1826,21 +2146,21 @@ class UnprefixedDefaultLanguageTests(SimpleTestCase):
         With i18n_patterns(..., prefix_default_language=False), the default
         language (settings.LANGUAGE_CODE) should be accessible without a prefix.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/simple/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Yes')
+        response = self.client.get("/simple/")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Yes")
 
     def test_other_lang_with_prefix(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/fr/simple/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Oui')
+        response = self.client.get("/fr/simple/")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Oui")
 
     def test_unprefixed_language_other_than_accept_language(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/simple/', HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE='fr')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Yes')
+        response = self.client.get("/simple/", HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE="fr")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Yes")
 
     def test_page_with_dash(self):
         # A page starting with /de* shouldn't match the 'de' language code.
-        response = self.client.get('/de-simple-page-test/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Yes')
+        response = self.client.get("/de-simple-page-test/")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Yes")
 
     def test_no_redirect_on_404(self):
         """
@@ -1850,86 +2170,85 @@ class UnprefixedDefaultLanguageTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         # A match for /group1/group2/ must exist for this to act as a
         # regression test.
-        response = self.client.get('/group1/group2/')
+        response = self.client.get("/group1/group2/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
-        response = self.client.get('/nonexistent/')
+        response = self.client.get("/nonexistent/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
 
 @override_settings(
     USE_I18N=True,
     LANGUAGES=[
-        ('bg', 'Bulgarian'),
-        ('en-us', 'English'),
-        ('pt-br', 'Portuguese (Brazil)'),
+        ("bg", "Bulgarian"),
+        ("en-us", "English"),
+        ("pt-br", "Portuguese (Brazil)"),
     ],
     MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware',
-        'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
+        "django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware",
+        "django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware",
     ],
-    ROOT_URLCONF='i18n.urls'
+    ROOT_URLCONF="i18n.urls",
 )
 class CountrySpecificLanguageTests(SimpleTestCase):
     rf = RequestFactory()
 
     def test_check_for_language(self):
-        self.assertTrue(check_for_language('en'))
-        self.assertTrue(check_for_language('en-us'))
-        self.assertTrue(check_for_language('en-US'))
-        self.assertFalse(check_for_language('en_US'))
-        self.assertTrue(check_for_language('be'))
-        self.assertTrue(check_for_language('be@latin'))
-        self.assertTrue(check_for_language('sr-RS@latin'))
-        self.assertTrue(check_for_language('sr-RS@12345'))
-        self.assertFalse(check_for_language('en-ü'))
-        self.assertFalse(check_for_language('en\x00'))
+        self.assertTrue(check_for_language("en"))
+        self.assertTrue(check_for_language("en-us"))
+        self.assertTrue(check_for_language("en-US"))
+        self.assertFalse(check_for_language("en_US"))
+        self.assertTrue(check_for_language("be"))
+        self.assertTrue(check_for_language("be@latin"))
+        self.assertTrue(check_for_language("sr-RS@latin"))
+        self.assertTrue(check_for_language("sr-RS@12345"))
+        self.assertFalse(check_for_language("en-ü"))
+        self.assertFalse(check_for_language("en\x00"))
         self.assertFalse(check_for_language(None))
-        self.assertFalse(check_for_language('be@ '))
+        self.assertFalse(check_for_language("be@ "))
         # Specifying encoding is not supported (Django enforces UTF-8)
-        self.assertFalse(check_for_language('tr-TR.UTF-8'))
-        self.assertFalse(check_for_language('tr-TR.UTF8'))
-        self.assertFalse(check_for_language('de-DE.utf-8'))
+        self.assertFalse(check_for_language("tr-TR.UTF-8"))
+        self.assertFalse(check_for_language("tr-TR.UTF8"))
+        self.assertFalse(check_for_language("de-DE.utf-8"))
 
     def test_check_for_language_null(self):
-        self.assertIs(trans_null.check_for_language('en'), True)
+        self.assertIs(trans_null.check_for_language("en"), True)
 
     def test_get_language_from_request(self):
         # issue 19919
-        r = self.rf.get('/')
+        r = self.rf.get("/")
         r.COOKIES = {}
-        r.META = {'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'en-US,en;q=0.8,bg;q=0.6,ru;q=0.4'}
+        r.META = {"HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE": "en-US,en;q=0.8,bg;q=0.6,ru;q=0.4"}
         lang = get_language_from_request(r)
-        self.assertEqual('en-us', lang)
-        r = self.rf.get('/')
+        self.assertEqual("en-us", lang)
+        r = self.rf.get("/")
         r.COOKIES = {}
-        r.META = {'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'bg-bg,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.6,ru;q=0.4'}
+        r.META = {"HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE": "bg-bg,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.6,ru;q=0.4"}
         lang = get_language_from_request(r)
-        self.assertEqual('bg', lang)
+        self.assertEqual("bg", lang)
 
     def test_get_language_from_request_null(self):
         lang = trans_null.get_language_from_request(None)
-        self.assertEqual(lang, 'en')
-        with override_settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='de'):
+        self.assertEqual(lang, "en")
+        with override_settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="de"):
             lang = trans_null.get_language_from_request(None)
-            self.assertEqual(lang, 'de')
+            self.assertEqual(lang, "de")
 
     def test_specific_language_codes(self):
         # issue 11915
-        r = self.rf.get('/')
+        r = self.rf.get("/")
         r.COOKIES = {}
-        r.META = {'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'pt,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.6,ru;q=0.4'}
+        r.META = {"HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE": "pt,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.6,ru;q=0.4"}
         lang = get_language_from_request(r)
-        self.assertEqual('pt-br', lang)
-        r = self.rf.get('/')
+        self.assertEqual("pt-br", lang)
+        r = self.rf.get("/")
         r.COOKIES = {}
-        r.META = {'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'pt-pt,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.6,ru;q=0.4'}
+        r.META = {"HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE": "pt-pt,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.6,ru;q=0.4"}
         lang = get_language_from_request(r)
-        self.assertEqual('pt-br', lang)
+        self.assertEqual("pt-br", lang)
 
 
 class TranslationFilesMissing(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
         self.gettext_find_builtin = gettext_module.find
@@ -1946,7 +2265,7 @@ class TranslationFilesMissing(SimpleTestCase):
         self.patchGettextFind()
         trans_real._translations = {}
         with self.assertRaises(OSError):
-            activate('en')
+            activate("en")
 
 
 class NonDjangoLanguageTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -1954,40 +2273,48 @@ class NonDjangoLanguageTests(SimpleTestCase):
     A language non present in default Django languages can still be
     installed/used by a Django project.
     """
+
     @override_settings(
         USE_I18N=True,
         LANGUAGES=[
-            ('en-us', 'English'),
-            ('xxx', 'Somelanguage'),
+            ("en-us", "English"),
+            ("xxx", "Somelanguage"),
         ],
-        LANGUAGE_CODE='xxx',
-        LOCALE_PATHS=[os.path.join(here, 'commands', 'locale')],
+        LANGUAGE_CODE="xxx",
+        LOCALE_PATHS=[os.path.join(here, "commands", "locale")],
     )
     def test_non_django_language(self):
-        self.assertEqual(get_language(), 'xxx')
+        self.assertEqual(get_language(), "xxx")
         self.assertEqual(gettext("year"), "reay")
 
     @override_settings(USE_I18N=True)
     def test_check_for_language(self):
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as app_dir:
-            os.makedirs(os.path.join(app_dir, 'locale', 'dummy_Lang', 'LC_MESSAGES'))
-            open(os.path.join(app_dir, 'locale', 'dummy_Lang', 'LC_MESSAGES', 'django.mo'), 'w').close()
-            app_config = AppConfig('dummy_app', AppModuleStub(__path__=[app_dir]))
-            with mock.patch('django.apps.apps.get_app_configs', return_value=[app_config]):
-                self.assertIs(check_for_language('dummy-lang'), True)
+            os.makedirs(os.path.join(app_dir, "locale", "dummy_Lang", "LC_MESSAGES"))
+            open(
+                os.path.join(
+                    app_dir, "locale", "dummy_Lang", "LC_MESSAGES", "django.mo"
+                ),
+                "w",
+            ).close()
+            app_config = AppConfig("dummy_app", AppModuleStub(__path__=[app_dir]))
+            with mock.patch(
+                "django.apps.apps.get_app_configs", return_value=[app_config]
+            ):
+                self.assertIs(check_for_language("dummy-lang"), True)
 
     @override_settings(
         USE_I18N=True,
         LANGUAGES=[
-            ('en-us', 'English'),
+            ("en-us", "English"),
             # xyz language has no locale files
-            ('xyz', 'XYZ'),
+            ("xyz", "XYZ"),
         ],
     )
-    @translation.override('xyz')
+    @translation.override("xyz")
     def test_plural_non_django_language(self):
-        self.assertEqual(get_language(), 'xyz')
-        self.assertEqual(ngettext('year', 'years', 2), 'years')
+        self.assertEqual(get_language(), "xyz")
+        self.assertEqual(ngettext("year", "years", 2), "years")
 
 
 @override_settings(USE_I18N=True)
@@ -2008,26 +2335,26 @@ class WatchForTranslationChangesTests(SimpleTestCase):
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as app_dir:
             with self.settings(LOCALE_PATHS=[app_dir]):
                 watch_for_translation_changes(mocked_sender)
-            mocked_sender.watch_dir.assert_any_call(Path(app_dir), '**/*.mo')
+            mocked_sender.watch_dir.assert_any_call(Path(app_dir), "**/*.mo")
 
     def test_i18n_app_dirs(self):
         mocked_sender = mock.MagicMock()
-        with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['tests.i18n.sampleproject']):
+        with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["tests.i18n.sampleproject"]):
             watch_for_translation_changes(mocked_sender)
-        project_dir = Path(__file__).parent / 'sampleproject' / 'locale'
-        mocked_sender.watch_dir.assert_any_call(project_dir, '**/*.mo')
+        project_dir = Path(__file__).parent / "sampleproject" / "locale"
+        mocked_sender.watch_dir.assert_any_call(project_dir, "**/*.mo")
 
     def test_i18n_app_dirs_ignore_django_apps(self):
         mocked_sender = mock.MagicMock()
-        with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['django.contrib.admin']):
+        with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["django.contrib.admin"]):
             watch_for_translation_changes(mocked_sender)
-        mocked_sender.watch_dir.assert_called_once_with(Path('locale'), '**/*.mo')
+        mocked_sender.watch_dir.assert_called_once_with(Path("locale"), "**/*.mo")
 
     def test_i18n_local_locale(self):
         mocked_sender = mock.MagicMock()
         watch_for_translation_changes(mocked_sender)
-        locale_dir = Path(__file__).parent / 'locale'
-        mocked_sender.watch_dir.assert_any_call(locale_dir, '**/*.mo')
+        locale_dir = Path(__file__).parent / "locale"
+        mocked_sender.watch_dir.assert_any_call(locale_dir, "**/*.mo")
 
 
 class TranslationFileChangedTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -2040,17 +2367,17 @@ class TranslationFileChangedTests(SimpleTestCase):
         trans_real._translations = self.trans_real_translations
 
     def test_ignores_non_mo_files(self):
-        gettext_module._translations = {'foo': 'bar'}
-        path = Path('test.py')
+        gettext_module._translations = {"foo": "bar"}
+        path = Path("test.py")
         self.assertIsNone(translation_file_changed(None, path))
-        self.assertEqual(gettext_module._translations, {'foo': 'bar'})
+        self.assertEqual(gettext_module._translations, {"foo": "bar"})
 
     def test_resets_cache_with_mo_files(self):
-        gettext_module._translations = {'foo': 'bar'}
-        trans_real._translations = {'foo': 'bar'}
+        gettext_module._translations = {"foo": "bar"}
+        trans_real._translations = {"foo": "bar"}
         trans_real._default = 1
         trans_real._active = False
-        path = Path('test.mo')
+        path = Path("test.mo")
         self.assertIs(translation_file_changed(None, path), True)
         self.assertEqual(gettext_module._translations, {})
         self.assertEqual(trans_real._translations, {})
@@ -2062,21 +2389,21 @@ class UtilsTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_round_away_from_one(self):
         tests = [
             (0, 0),
-            (0., 0),
+            (0.0, 0),
             (0.25, 0),
             (0.5, 0),
             (0.75, 0),
             (1, 1),
-            (1., 1),
+            (1.0, 1),
             (1.25, 2),
             (1.5, 2),
             (1.75, 2),
-            (-0., 0),
+            (-0.0, 0),
             (-0.25, -1),
             (-0.5, -1),
             (-0.75, -1),
             (-1, -1),
-            (-1., -1),
+            (-1.0, -1),
             (-1.25, -2),
             (-1.5, -2),
             (-1.75, -2),
diff --git a/tests/i18n/unchanged/__init__.py b/tests/i18n/unchanged/__init__.py
index 0ff42ffd6c..afcadcbcb7 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/unchanged/__init__.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/unchanged/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
 
-string1 = _('This is a translatable string.')
-string2 = _('This is another translatable string.')
+string1 = _("This is a translatable string.")
+string2 = _("This is another translatable string.")
diff --git a/tests/i18n/urls.py b/tests/i18n/urls.py
index 6a1dd75e24..6e2ffab83f 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/urls.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/urls.py
@@ -4,6 +4,6 @@ from django.urls import path
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 urlpatterns = i18n_patterns(
-    path('simple/', lambda r: HttpResponse()),
-    path('streaming/', lambda r: StreamingHttpResponse([_('Yes'), '/', _('No')])),
+    path("simple/", lambda r: HttpResponse()),
+    path("streaming/", lambda r: StreamingHttpResponse([_("Yes"), "/", _("No")])),
 )
diff --git a/tests/i18n/urls_default_unprefixed.py b/tests/i18n/urls_default_unprefixed.py
index 8801d078f4..f14b059d37 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/urls_default_unprefixed.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/urls_default_unprefixed.py
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ from django.urls import path, re_path
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 urlpatterns = i18n_patterns(
-    re_path(r'^(?P<arg>[\w-]+)-page', lambda request, **arg: HttpResponse(_('Yes'))),
-    path('simple/', lambda r: HttpResponse(_('Yes'))),
-    re_path(r'^(.+)/(.+)/$', lambda *args: HttpResponse()),
+    re_path(r"^(?P<arg>[\w-]+)-page", lambda request, **arg: HttpResponse(_("Yes"))),
+    path("simple/", lambda r: HttpResponse(_("Yes"))),
+    re_path(r"^(.+)/(.+)/$", lambda *args: HttpResponse()),
     prefix_default_language=False,
 )
diff --git a/tests/i18n/utils.py b/tests/i18n/utils.py
index d6cae260aa..625f4a8841 100644
--- a/tests/i18n/utils.py
+++ b/tests/i18n/utils.py
@@ -7,25 +7,25 @@ source_code_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
 
 
 def copytree(src, dst):
-    shutil.copytree(src, dst, ignore=shutil.ignore_patterns('__pycache__'))
+    shutil.copytree(src, dst, ignore=shutil.ignore_patterns("__pycache__"))
 
 
 class POFileAssertionMixin:
-
     def _assertPoKeyword(self, keyword, expected_value, haystack, use_quotes=True):
         q = '"'
         if use_quotes:
             expected_value = '"%s"' % expected_value
             q = "'"
-        needle = '%s %s' % (keyword, expected_value)
+        needle = "%s %s" % (keyword, expected_value)
         expected_value = re.escape(expected_value)
         return self.assertTrue(
-            re.search('^%s %s' % (keyword, expected_value), haystack, re.MULTILINE),
-            'Could not find %(q)s%(n)s%(q)s in generated PO file' % {'n': needle, 'q': q}
+            re.search("^%s %s" % (keyword, expected_value), haystack, re.MULTILINE),
+            "Could not find %(q)s%(n)s%(q)s in generated PO file"
+            % {"n": needle, "q": q},
         )
 
     def assertMsgId(self, msgid, haystack, use_quotes=True):
-        return self._assertPoKeyword('msgid', msgid, haystack, use_quotes=use_quotes)
+        return self._assertPoKeyword("msgid", msgid, haystack, use_quotes=use_quotes)
 
 
 class RunInTmpDirMixin:
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class RunInTmpDirMixin:
 
     def setUp(self):
         self._cwd = os.getcwd()
-        self.work_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='i18n_')
+        self.work_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="i18n_")
         # Resolve symlinks, if any, in test directory paths.
         self.test_dir = os.path.realpath(os.path.join(self.work_dir, self.work_subdir))
         copytree(os.path.join(source_code_dir, self.work_subdir), self.test_dir)
@@ -56,6 +56,9 @@ class RunInTmpDirMixin:
         os.chdir(self.test_dir)
 
     def _rmrf(self, dname):
-        if os.path.commonprefix([self.test_dir, os.path.abspath(dname)]) != self.test_dir:
+        if (
+            os.path.commonprefix([self.test_dir, os.path.abspath(dname)])
+            != self.test_dir
+        ):
             return
         shutil.rmtree(dname)
diff --git a/tests/indexes/models.py b/tests/indexes/models.py
index 97679225f5..241556ca69 100644
--- a/tests/indexes/models.py
+++ b/tests/indexes/models.py
@@ -5,21 +5,24 @@ class CurrentTranslation(models.ForeignObject):
     """
     Creates virtual relation to the translation with model cache enabled.
     """
+
     # Avoid validation
     requires_unique_target = False
 
     def __init__(self, to, on_delete, from_fields, to_fields, **kwargs):
         # Disable reverse relation
-        kwargs['related_name'] = '+'
+        kwargs["related_name"] = "+"
         # Set unique to enable model cache.
-        kwargs['unique'] = True
+        kwargs["unique"] = True
         super().__init__(to, on_delete, from_fields, to_fields, **kwargs)
 
 
 class ArticleTranslation(models.Model):
 
-    article = models.ForeignKey('indexes.Article', models.CASCADE)
-    article_no_constraint = models.ForeignKey('indexes.Article', models.CASCADE, db_constraint=False, related_name='+')
+    article = models.ForeignKey("indexes.Article", models.CASCADE)
+    article_no_constraint = models.ForeignKey(
+        "indexes.Article", models.CASCADE, db_constraint=False, related_name="+"
+    )
     language = models.CharField(max_length=10, unique=True)
     content = models.TextField()
 
@@ -30,7 +33,9 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     published = models.BooleanField(default=False)
 
     # Add virtual relation to the ArticleTranslation model.
-    translation = CurrentTranslation(ArticleTranslation, models.CASCADE, ['id'], ['article'])
+    translation = CurrentTranslation(
+        ArticleTranslation, models.CASCADE, ["id"], ["article"]
+    )
 
     class Meta:
         index_together = [
@@ -53,7 +58,7 @@ class IndexedArticle(models.Model):
     slug = models.CharField(max_length=40, unique=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        required_db_features = {'supports_index_on_text_field'}
+        required_db_features = {"supports_index_on_text_field"}
 
 
 class IndexedArticle2(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/indexes/tests.py b/tests/indexes/tests.py
index e114a90fba..80202f37ed 100644
--- a/tests/indexes/tests.py
+++ b/tests/indexes/tests.py
@@ -5,13 +5,19 @@ from django.db import connection
 from django.db.models import CASCADE, ForeignKey, Index, Q
 from django.db.models.functions import Lower
 from django.test import (
-    TestCase, TransactionTestCase, skipIfDBFeature, skipUnlessDBFeature,
+    TestCase,
+    TransactionTestCase,
+    skipIfDBFeature,
+    skipUnlessDBFeature,
 )
 from django.test.utils import override_settings
 from django.utils import timezone
 
 from .models import (
-    Article, ArticleTranslation, IndexedArticle2, IndexTogetherSingleList,
+    Article,
+    ArticleTranslation,
+    IndexedArticle2,
+    IndexTogetherSingleList,
 )
 
 
@@ -39,21 +45,23 @@ class SchemaIndexesTests(TestCase):
             * Include all the column names.
             * Include a deterministic hash.
         """
-        long_name = 'l%sng' % ('o' * 100)
+        long_name = "l%sng" % ("o" * 100)
         editor = connection.schema_editor()
         index_name = editor._create_index_name(
             table_name=Article._meta.db_table,
-            column_names=('c1', 'c2', long_name),
-            suffix='ix',
+            column_names=("c1", "c2", long_name),
+            suffix="ix",
         )
         expected = {
-            'mysql': 'indexes_article_c1_c2_looooooooooooooooooo_255179b2ix',
-            'oracle': 'indexes_a_c1_c2_loo_255179b2ix',
-            'postgresql': 'indexes_article_c1_c2_loooooooooooooooooo_255179b2ix',
-            'sqlite': 'indexes_article_c1_c2_l%sng_255179b2ix' % ('o' * 100),
+            "mysql": "indexes_article_c1_c2_looooooooooooooooooo_255179b2ix",
+            "oracle": "indexes_a_c1_c2_loo_255179b2ix",
+            "postgresql": "indexes_article_c1_c2_loooooooooooooooooo_255179b2ix",
+            "sqlite": "indexes_article_c1_c2_l%sng_255179b2ix" % ("o" * 100),
         }
         if connection.vendor not in expected:
-            self.skipTest('This test is only supported on the built-in database backends.')
+            self.skipTest(
+                "This test is only supported on the built-in database backends."
+            )
         self.assertEqual(index_name, expected[connection.vendor])
 
     def test_index_together(self):
@@ -63,41 +71,45 @@ class SchemaIndexesTests(TestCase):
         # Ensure the index name is properly quoted
         self.assertIn(
             connection.ops.quote_name(
-                editor._create_index_name(Article._meta.db_table, ['headline', 'pub_date'], suffix='_idx')
+                editor._create_index_name(
+                    Article._meta.db_table, ["headline", "pub_date"], suffix="_idx"
+                )
             ),
-            index_sql[0]
+            index_sql[0],
         )
 
     def test_index_together_single_list(self):
         # Test for using index_together with a single list (#22172)
-        index_sql = connection.schema_editor()._model_indexes_sql(IndexTogetherSingleList)
+        index_sql = connection.schema_editor()._model_indexes_sql(
+            IndexTogetherSingleList
+        )
         self.assertEqual(len(index_sql), 1)
 
     def test_columns_list_sql(self):
-        index = Index(fields=['headline'], name='whitespace_idx')
+        index = Index(fields=["headline"], name="whitespace_idx")
         editor = connection.schema_editor()
         self.assertIn(
-            '(%s)' % editor.quote_name('headline'),
+            "(%s)" % editor.quote_name("headline"),
             str(index.create_sql(Article, editor)),
         )
 
     def test_descending_columns_list_sql(self):
-        index = Index(fields=['-headline'], name='whitespace_idx')
+        index = Index(fields=["-headline"], name="whitespace_idx")
         editor = connection.schema_editor()
         self.assertIn(
-            '(%s DESC)' % editor.quote_name('headline'),
+            "(%s DESC)" % editor.quote_name("headline"),
             str(index.create_sql(Article, editor)),
         )
 
 
 class SchemaIndexesNotPostgreSQLTests(TransactionTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['indexes']
+    available_apps = ["indexes"]
 
     def test_create_index_ignores_opclasses(self):
         index = Index(
-            name='test_ops_class',
-            fields=['headline'],
-            opclasses=['varchar_pattern_ops'],
+            name="test_ops_class",
+            fields=["headline"],
+            opclasses=["varchar_pattern_ops"],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             # This would error if opclasses weren't ignored.
@@ -106,14 +118,14 @@ class SchemaIndexesNotPostgreSQLTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
 # The `condition` parameter is ignored by databases that don't support partial
 # indexes.
-@skipIfDBFeature('supports_partial_indexes')
+@skipIfDBFeature("supports_partial_indexes")
 class PartialIndexConditionIgnoredTests(TransactionTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['indexes']
+    available_apps = ["indexes"]
 
     def test_condition_ignored(self):
         index = Index(
-            name='test_condition_ignored',
-            fields=['published'],
+            name="test_condition_ignored",
+            fields=["published"],
             condition=Q(published=True),
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -121,25 +133,31 @@ class PartialIndexConditionIgnoredTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.add_index(Article, index)
 
         self.assertNotIn(
-            'WHERE %s' % editor.quote_name('published'),
-            str(index.create_sql(Article, editor))
+            "WHERE %s" % editor.quote_name("published"),
+            str(index.create_sql(Article, editor)),
         )
 
 
-@skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'PostgreSQL tests')
+@skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL tests")
 class SchemaIndexesPostgreSQLTests(TransactionTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['indexes']
-    get_opclass_query = '''
+    available_apps = ["indexes"]
+    get_opclass_query = """
         SELECT opcname, c.relname FROM pg_opclass AS oc
         JOIN pg_index as i on oc.oid = ANY(i.indclass)
         JOIN pg_class as c on c.oid = i.indexrelid
         WHERE c.relname = '%s'
-    '''
+    """
 
     def test_text_indexes(self):
         """Test creation of PostgreSQL-specific text indexes (#12234)"""
         from .models import IndexedArticle
-        index_sql = [str(statement) for statement in connection.schema_editor()._model_indexes_sql(IndexedArticle)]
+
+        index_sql = [
+            str(statement)
+            for statement in connection.schema_editor()._model_indexes_sql(
+                IndexedArticle
+            )
+        ]
         self.assertEqual(len(index_sql), 5)
         self.assertIn('("headline" varchar_pattern_ops)', index_sql[1])
         self.assertIn('("body" text_pattern_ops)', index_sql[3])
@@ -154,112 +172,119 @@ class SchemaIndexesPostgreSQLTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
     def test_ops_class(self):
         index = Index(
-            name='test_ops_class',
-            fields=['headline'],
-            opclasses=['varchar_pattern_ops'],
+            name="test_ops_class",
+            fields=["headline"],
+            opclasses=["varchar_pattern_ops"],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(IndexedArticle2, index)
         with editor.connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute(self.get_opclass_query % 'test_ops_class')
-            self.assertEqual(cursor.fetchall(), [('varchar_pattern_ops', 'test_ops_class')])
+            cursor.execute(self.get_opclass_query % "test_ops_class")
+            self.assertEqual(
+                cursor.fetchall(), [("varchar_pattern_ops", "test_ops_class")]
+            )
 
     def test_ops_class_multiple_columns(self):
         index = Index(
-            name='test_ops_class_multiple',
-            fields=['headline', 'body'],
-            opclasses=['varchar_pattern_ops', 'text_pattern_ops'],
+            name="test_ops_class_multiple",
+            fields=["headline", "body"],
+            opclasses=["varchar_pattern_ops", "text_pattern_ops"],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(IndexedArticle2, index)
         with editor.connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute(self.get_opclass_query % 'test_ops_class_multiple')
+            cursor.execute(self.get_opclass_query % "test_ops_class_multiple")
             expected_ops_classes = (
-                ('varchar_pattern_ops', 'test_ops_class_multiple'),
-                ('text_pattern_ops', 'test_ops_class_multiple'),
+                ("varchar_pattern_ops", "test_ops_class_multiple"),
+                ("text_pattern_ops", "test_ops_class_multiple"),
             )
             self.assertCountEqual(cursor.fetchall(), expected_ops_classes)
 
     def test_ops_class_partial(self):
         index = Index(
-            name='test_ops_class_partial',
-            fields=['body'],
-            opclasses=['text_pattern_ops'],
-            condition=Q(headline__contains='China'),
+            name="test_ops_class_partial",
+            fields=["body"],
+            opclasses=["text_pattern_ops"],
+            condition=Q(headline__contains="China"),
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(IndexedArticle2, index)
         with editor.connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute(self.get_opclass_query % 'test_ops_class_partial')
-            self.assertCountEqual(cursor.fetchall(), [('text_pattern_ops', 'test_ops_class_partial')])
+            cursor.execute(self.get_opclass_query % "test_ops_class_partial")
+            self.assertCountEqual(
+                cursor.fetchall(), [("text_pattern_ops", "test_ops_class_partial")]
+            )
 
     def test_ops_class_partial_tablespace(self):
-        indexname = 'test_ops_class_tblspace'
+        indexname = "test_ops_class_tblspace"
         index = Index(
             name=indexname,
-            fields=['body'],
-            opclasses=['text_pattern_ops'],
-            condition=Q(headline__contains='China'),
-            db_tablespace='pg_default',
+            fields=["body"],
+            opclasses=["text_pattern_ops"],
+            condition=Q(headline__contains="China"),
+            db_tablespace="pg_default",
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(IndexedArticle2, index)
-            self.assertIn('TABLESPACE "pg_default" ', str(index.create_sql(IndexedArticle2, editor)))
+            self.assertIn(
+                'TABLESPACE "pg_default" ',
+                str(index.create_sql(IndexedArticle2, editor)),
+            )
         with editor.connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(self.get_opclass_query % indexname)
-            self.assertCountEqual(cursor.fetchall(), [('text_pattern_ops', indexname)])
+            self.assertCountEqual(cursor.fetchall(), [("text_pattern_ops", indexname)])
 
     def test_ops_class_descending(self):
-        indexname = 'test_ops_class_ordered'
+        indexname = "test_ops_class_ordered"
         index = Index(
             name=indexname,
-            fields=['-body'],
-            opclasses=['text_pattern_ops'],
+            fields=["-body"],
+            opclasses=["text_pattern_ops"],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(IndexedArticle2, index)
         with editor.connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(self.get_opclass_query % indexname)
-            self.assertCountEqual(cursor.fetchall(), [('text_pattern_ops', indexname)])
+            self.assertCountEqual(cursor.fetchall(), [("text_pattern_ops", indexname)])
 
     def test_ops_class_descending_partial(self):
-        indexname = 'test_ops_class_ordered_partial'
+        indexname = "test_ops_class_ordered_partial"
         index = Index(
             name=indexname,
-            fields=['-body'],
-            opclasses=['text_pattern_ops'],
-            condition=Q(headline__contains='China'),
+            fields=["-body"],
+            opclasses=["text_pattern_ops"],
+            condition=Q(headline__contains="China"),
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(IndexedArticle2, index)
         with editor.connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(self.get_opclass_query % indexname)
-            self.assertCountEqual(cursor.fetchall(), [('text_pattern_ops', indexname)])
+            self.assertCountEqual(cursor.fetchall(), [("text_pattern_ops", indexname)])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_indexes")
     def test_ops_class_include(self):
-        index_name = 'test_ops_class_include'
+        index_name = "test_ops_class_include"
         index = Index(
             name=index_name,
-            fields=['body'],
-            opclasses=['text_pattern_ops'],
-            include=['headline'],
+            fields=["body"],
+            opclasses=["text_pattern_ops"],
+            include=["headline"],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(IndexedArticle2, index)
         with editor.connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(self.get_opclass_query % index_name)
-            self.assertCountEqual(cursor.fetchall(), [('text_pattern_ops', index_name)])
+            self.assertCountEqual(cursor.fetchall(), [("text_pattern_ops", index_name)])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_indexes")
     def test_ops_class_include_tablespace(self):
-        index_name = 'test_ops_class_include_tblspace'
+        index_name = "test_ops_class_include_tblspace"
         index = Index(
             name=index_name,
-            fields=['body'],
-            opclasses=['text_pattern_ops'],
-            include=['headline'],
-            db_tablespace='pg_default',
+            fields=["body"],
+            opclasses=["text_pattern_ops"],
+            include=["headline"],
+            db_tablespace="pg_default",
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(IndexedArticle2, index)
@@ -269,36 +294,36 @@ class SchemaIndexesPostgreSQLTests(TransactionTestCase):
             )
         with editor.connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(self.get_opclass_query % index_name)
-            self.assertCountEqual(cursor.fetchall(), [('text_pattern_ops', index_name)])
+            self.assertCountEqual(cursor.fetchall(), [("text_pattern_ops", index_name)])
 
     def test_ops_class_columns_lists_sql(self):
         index = Index(
-            fields=['headline'],
-            name='whitespace_idx',
-            opclasses=['text_pattern_ops'],
+            fields=["headline"],
+            name="whitespace_idx",
+            opclasses=["text_pattern_ops"],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             self.assertIn(
-                '(%s text_pattern_ops)' % editor.quote_name('headline'),
+                "(%s text_pattern_ops)" % editor.quote_name("headline"),
                 str(index.create_sql(Article, editor)),
             )
 
     def test_ops_class_descending_columns_list_sql(self):
         index = Index(
-            fields=['-headline'],
-            name='whitespace_idx',
-            opclasses=['text_pattern_ops'],
+            fields=["-headline"],
+            name="whitespace_idx",
+            opclasses=["text_pattern_ops"],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             self.assertIn(
-                '(%s text_pattern_ops DESC)' % editor.quote_name('headline'),
+                "(%s text_pattern_ops DESC)" % editor.quote_name("headline"),
                 str(index.create_sql(Article, editor)),
             )
 
 
-@skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'mysql', 'MySQL tests')
+@skipUnless(connection.vendor == "mysql", "MySQL tests")
 class SchemaIndexesMySQLTests(TransactionTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['indexes']
+    available_apps = ["indexes"]
 
     def test_no_index_for_foreignkey(self):
         """
@@ -307,15 +332,24 @@ class SchemaIndexesMySQLTests(TransactionTestCase):
         """
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             storage = connection.introspection.get_storage_engine(
-                cursor, ArticleTranslation._meta.db_table,
+                cursor,
+                ArticleTranslation._meta.db_table,
             )
         if storage != "InnoDB":
             self.skip("This test only applies to the InnoDB storage engine")
-        index_sql = [str(statement) for statement in connection.schema_editor()._model_indexes_sql(ArticleTranslation)]
-        self.assertEqual(index_sql, [
-            'CREATE INDEX `indexes_articletranslation_article_no_constraint_id_d6c0806b` '
-            'ON `indexes_articletranslation` (`article_no_constraint_id`)'
-        ])
+        index_sql = [
+            str(statement)
+            for statement in connection.schema_editor()._model_indexes_sql(
+                ArticleTranslation
+            )
+        ]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            index_sql,
+            [
+                "CREATE INDEX `indexes_articletranslation_article_no_constraint_id_d6c0806b` "
+                "ON `indexes_articletranslation` (`article_no_constraint_id`)"
+            ],
+        )
 
         # The index also shouldn't be created if the ForeignKey is added after
         # the model was created.
@@ -323,7 +357,7 @@ class SchemaIndexesMySQLTests(TransactionTestCase):
         try:
             with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                 new_field = ForeignKey(Article, CASCADE)
-                new_field.set_attributes_from_name('new_foreign_key')
+                new_field.set_attributes_from_name("new_foreign_key")
                 editor.add_field(ArticleTranslation, new_field)
                 field_created = True
                 # No deferred SQL. The FK constraint is included in the
@@ -335,129 +369,151 @@ class SchemaIndexesMySQLTests(TransactionTestCase):
                     editor.remove_field(ArticleTranslation, new_field)
 
 
-@skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_partial_indexes')
+@skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_partial_indexes")
 # SQLite doesn't support timezone-aware datetimes when USE_TZ is False.
 @override_settings(USE_TZ=True)
 class PartialIndexTests(TransactionTestCase):
     # Schema editor is used to create the index to test that it works.
-    available_apps = ['indexes']
+    available_apps = ["indexes"]
 
     def test_partial_index(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             index = Index(
-                name='recent_article_idx',
-                fields=['pub_date'],
+                name="recent_article_idx",
+                fields=["pub_date"],
                 condition=Q(
                     pub_date__gt=datetime.datetime(
-                        year=2015, month=1, day=1,
+                        year=2015,
+                        month=1,
+                        day=1,
                         # PostgreSQL would otherwise complain about the lookup
                         # being converted to a mutable function (by removing
                         # the timezone in the cast) which is forbidden.
                         tzinfo=timezone.get_current_timezone(),
                     ),
-                )
+                ),
             )
             self.assertIn(
-                'WHERE %s' % editor.quote_name('pub_date'),
-                str(index.create_sql(Article, schema_editor=editor))
+                "WHERE %s" % editor.quote_name("pub_date"),
+                str(index.create_sql(Article, schema_editor=editor)),
             )
             editor.add_index(index=index, model=Article)
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                self.assertIn(index.name, connection.introspection.get_constraints(
-                    cursor=cursor, table_name=Article._meta.db_table,
-                ))
+                self.assertIn(
+                    index.name,
+                    connection.introspection.get_constraints(
+                        cursor=cursor,
+                        table_name=Article._meta.db_table,
+                    ),
+                )
             editor.remove_index(index=index, model=Article)
 
     def test_integer_restriction_partial(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             index = Index(
-                name='recent_article_idx',
-                fields=['id'],
+                name="recent_article_idx",
+                fields=["id"],
                 condition=Q(pk__gt=1),
             )
             self.assertIn(
-                'WHERE %s' % editor.quote_name('id'),
-                str(index.create_sql(Article, schema_editor=editor))
+                "WHERE %s" % editor.quote_name("id"),
+                str(index.create_sql(Article, schema_editor=editor)),
             )
             editor.add_index(index=index, model=Article)
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                self.assertIn(index.name, connection.introspection.get_constraints(
-                    cursor=cursor, table_name=Article._meta.db_table,
-                ))
+                self.assertIn(
+                    index.name,
+                    connection.introspection.get_constraints(
+                        cursor=cursor,
+                        table_name=Article._meta.db_table,
+                    ),
+                )
             editor.remove_index(index=index, model=Article)
 
     def test_boolean_restriction_partial(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             index = Index(
-                name='published_index',
-                fields=['published'],
+                name="published_index",
+                fields=["published"],
                 condition=Q(published=True),
             )
             self.assertIn(
-                'WHERE %s' % editor.quote_name('published'),
-                str(index.create_sql(Article, schema_editor=editor))
+                "WHERE %s" % editor.quote_name("published"),
+                str(index.create_sql(Article, schema_editor=editor)),
             )
             editor.add_index(index=index, model=Article)
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                self.assertIn(index.name, connection.introspection.get_constraints(
-                    cursor=cursor, table_name=Article._meta.db_table,
-                ))
+                self.assertIn(
+                    index.name,
+                    connection.introspection.get_constraints(
+                        cursor=cursor,
+                        table_name=Article._meta.db_table,
+                    ),
+                )
             editor.remove_index(index=index, model=Article)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_functions_in_partial_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_functions_in_partial_indexes")
     def test_multiple_conditions(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             index = Index(
-                name='recent_article_idx',
-                fields=['pub_date', 'headline'],
+                name="recent_article_idx",
+                fields=["pub_date", "headline"],
                 condition=(
-                    Q(pub_date__gt=datetime.datetime(
-                        year=2015,
-                        month=1,
-                        day=1,
-                        tzinfo=timezone.get_current_timezone(),
-                    )) & Q(headline__contains='China')
+                    Q(
+                        pub_date__gt=datetime.datetime(
+                            year=2015,
+                            month=1,
+                            day=1,
+                            tzinfo=timezone.get_current_timezone(),
+                        )
+                    )
+                    & Q(headline__contains="China")
                 ),
             )
             sql = str(index.create_sql(Article, schema_editor=editor))
-            where = sql.find('WHERE')
-            self.assertIn(
-                'WHERE (%s' % editor.quote_name('pub_date'),
-                sql
-            )
+            where = sql.find("WHERE")
+            self.assertIn("WHERE (%s" % editor.quote_name("pub_date"), sql)
             # Because each backend has different syntax for the operators,
             # check ONLY the occurrence of headline in the SQL.
-            self.assertGreater(sql.rfind('headline'), where)
+            self.assertGreater(sql.rfind("headline"), where)
             editor.add_index(index=index, model=Article)
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                self.assertIn(index.name, connection.introspection.get_constraints(
-                    cursor=cursor, table_name=Article._meta.db_table,
-                ))
+                self.assertIn(
+                    index.name,
+                    connection.introspection.get_constraints(
+                        cursor=cursor,
+                        table_name=Article._meta.db_table,
+                    ),
+                )
             editor.remove_index(index=index, model=Article)
 
     def test_is_null_condition(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             index = Index(
-                name='recent_article_idx',
-                fields=['pub_date'],
+                name="recent_article_idx",
+                fields=["pub_date"],
                 condition=Q(pub_date__isnull=False),
             )
             self.assertIn(
-                'WHERE %s IS NOT NULL' % editor.quote_name('pub_date'),
-                str(index.create_sql(Article, schema_editor=editor))
+                "WHERE %s IS NOT NULL" % editor.quote_name("pub_date"),
+                str(index.create_sql(Article, schema_editor=editor)),
             )
             editor.add_index(index=index, model=Article)
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                self.assertIn(index.name, connection.introspection.get_constraints(
-                    cursor=cursor, table_name=Article._meta.db_table,
-                ))
+                self.assertIn(
+                    index.name,
+                    connection.introspection.get_constraints(
+                        cursor=cursor,
+                        table_name=Article._meta.db_table,
+                    ),
+                )
             editor.remove_index(index=index, model=Article)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_partial_func_index(self):
-        index_name = 'partial_func_idx'
+        index_name = "partial_func_idx"
         index = Index(
-            Lower('headline').desc(),
+            Lower("headline").desc(),
             name=index_name,
             condition=Q(pub_date__isnull=False),
         )
@@ -465,136 +521,158 @@ class PartialIndexTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.add_index(index=index, model=Article)
             sql = index.create_sql(Article, schema_editor=editor)
         table = Article._meta.db_table
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'headline'), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "headline"), True)
         sql = str(sql)
-        self.assertIn('LOWER(%s)' % editor.quote_name('headline'), sql)
+        self.assertIn("LOWER(%s)" % editor.quote_name("headline"), sql)
         self.assertIn(
-            'WHERE %s IS NOT NULL' % editor.quote_name('pub_date'),
+            "WHERE %s IS NOT NULL" % editor.quote_name("pub_date"),
             sql,
         )
-        self.assertGreater(sql.find('WHERE'), sql.find('LOWER'))
+        self.assertGreater(sql.find("WHERE"), sql.find("LOWER"))
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             constraints = connection.introspection.get_constraints(
-                cursor=cursor, table_name=table,
+                cursor=cursor,
+                table_name=table,
             )
         self.assertIn(index_name, constraints)
         if connection.features.supports_index_column_ordering:
-            self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['orders'], ['DESC'])
+            self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["orders"], ["DESC"])
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(Article, index)
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            self.assertNotIn(index_name, connection.introspection.get_constraints(
-                cursor=cursor, table_name=table,
-            ))
+            self.assertNotIn(
+                index_name,
+                connection.introspection.get_constraints(
+                    cursor=cursor,
+                    table_name=table,
+                ),
+            )
 
 
-@skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_indexes')
+@skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_indexes")
 class CoveringIndexTests(TransactionTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['indexes']
+    available_apps = ["indexes"]
 
     def test_covering_index(self):
         index = Index(
-            name='covering_headline_idx',
-            fields=['headline'],
-            include=['pub_date', 'published'],
+            name="covering_headline_idx",
+            fields=["headline"],
+            include=["pub_date", "published"],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             self.assertIn(
-                '(%s) INCLUDE (%s, %s)' % (
-                    editor.quote_name('headline'),
-                    editor.quote_name('pub_date'),
-                    editor.quote_name('published'),
+                "(%s) INCLUDE (%s, %s)"
+                % (
+                    editor.quote_name("headline"),
+                    editor.quote_name("pub_date"),
+                    editor.quote_name("published"),
                 ),
                 str(index.create_sql(Article, editor)),
             )
             editor.add_index(Article, index)
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
                 constraints = connection.introspection.get_constraints(
-                    cursor=cursor, table_name=Article._meta.db_table,
+                    cursor=cursor,
+                    table_name=Article._meta.db_table,
                 )
                 self.assertIn(index.name, constraints)
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    constraints[index.name]['columns'],
-                    ['headline', 'pub_date', 'published'],
+                    constraints[index.name]["columns"],
+                    ["headline", "pub_date", "published"],
                 )
             editor.remove_index(Article, index)
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                self.assertNotIn(index.name, connection.introspection.get_constraints(
-                    cursor=cursor, table_name=Article._meta.db_table,
-                ))
+                self.assertNotIn(
+                    index.name,
+                    connection.introspection.get_constraints(
+                        cursor=cursor,
+                        table_name=Article._meta.db_table,
+                    ),
+                )
 
     def test_covering_partial_index(self):
         index = Index(
-            name='covering_partial_headline_idx',
-            fields=['headline'],
-            include=['pub_date'],
+            name="covering_partial_headline_idx",
+            fields=["headline"],
+            include=["pub_date"],
             condition=Q(pub_date__isnull=False),
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             self.assertIn(
-                '(%s) INCLUDE (%s) WHERE %s ' % (
-                    editor.quote_name('headline'),
-                    editor.quote_name('pub_date'),
-                    editor.quote_name('pub_date'),
+                "(%s) INCLUDE (%s) WHERE %s "
+                % (
+                    editor.quote_name("headline"),
+                    editor.quote_name("pub_date"),
+                    editor.quote_name("pub_date"),
                 ),
                 str(index.create_sql(Article, editor)),
             )
             editor.add_index(Article, index)
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
                 constraints = connection.introspection.get_constraints(
-                    cursor=cursor, table_name=Article._meta.db_table,
+                    cursor=cursor,
+                    table_name=Article._meta.db_table,
                 )
                 self.assertIn(index.name, constraints)
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    constraints[index.name]['columns'],
-                    ['headline', 'pub_date'],
+                    constraints[index.name]["columns"],
+                    ["headline", "pub_date"],
                 )
             editor.remove_index(Article, index)
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                self.assertNotIn(index.name, connection.introspection.get_constraints(
-                    cursor=cursor, table_name=Article._meta.db_table,
-                ))
+                self.assertNotIn(
+                    index.name,
+                    connection.introspection.get_constraints(
+                        cursor=cursor,
+                        table_name=Article._meta.db_table,
+                    ),
+                )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_covering_func_index(self):
-        index_name = 'covering_func_headline_idx'
-        index = Index(Lower('headline'), name=index_name, include=['pub_date'])
+        index_name = "covering_func_headline_idx"
+        index = Index(Lower("headline"), name=index_name, include=["pub_date"])
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(index=index, model=Article)
             sql = index.create_sql(Article, schema_editor=editor)
         table = Article._meta.db_table
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'headline'), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "headline"), True)
         sql = str(sql)
-        self.assertIn('LOWER(%s)' % editor.quote_name('headline'), sql)
-        self.assertIn('INCLUDE (%s)' % editor.quote_name('pub_date'), sql)
-        self.assertGreater(sql.find('INCLUDE'), sql.find('LOWER'))
+        self.assertIn("LOWER(%s)" % editor.quote_name("headline"), sql)
+        self.assertIn("INCLUDE (%s)" % editor.quote_name("pub_date"), sql)
+        self.assertGreater(sql.find("INCLUDE"), sql.find("LOWER"))
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             constraints = connection.introspection.get_constraints(
-                cursor=cursor, table_name=table,
+                cursor=cursor,
+                table_name=table,
             )
         self.assertIn(index_name, constraints)
-        self.assertIn('pub_date', constraints[index_name]['columns'])
+        self.assertIn("pub_date", constraints[index_name]["columns"])
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(Article, index)
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            self.assertNotIn(index_name, connection.introspection.get_constraints(
-                cursor=cursor, table_name=table,
-            ))
+            self.assertNotIn(
+                index_name,
+                connection.introspection.get_constraints(
+                    cursor=cursor,
+                    table_name=table,
+                ),
+            )
 
 
-@skipIfDBFeature('supports_covering_indexes')
+@skipIfDBFeature("supports_covering_indexes")
 class CoveringIndexIgnoredTests(TransactionTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['indexes']
+    available_apps = ["indexes"]
 
     def test_covering_ignored(self):
         index = Index(
-            name='test_covering_ignored',
-            fields=['headline'],
-            include=['pub_date'],
+            name="test_covering_ignored",
+            fields=["headline"],
+            include=["pub_date"],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(Article, index)
         self.assertNotIn(
-            'INCLUDE (%s)' % editor.quote_name('headline'),
+            "INCLUDE (%s)" % editor.quote_name("headline"),
             str(index.create_sql(Article, editor)),
         )
diff --git a/tests/inline_formsets/models.py b/tests/inline_formsets/models.py
index 90d434e123..f4c06e8fac 100644
--- a/tests/inline_formsets/models.py
+++ b/tests/inline_formsets/models.py
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ class Parent(models.Model):
 
 
 class Child(models.Model):
-    mother = models.ForeignKey(Parent, models.CASCADE, related_name='mothers_children')
-    father = models.ForeignKey(Parent, models.CASCADE, related_name='fathers_children')
+    mother = models.ForeignKey(Parent, models.CASCADE, related_name="mothers_children")
+    father = models.ForeignKey(Parent, models.CASCADE, related_name="fathers_children")
     school = models.ForeignKey(School, models.CASCADE)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class Poem(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
     class Meta:
-        unique_together = ('poet', 'name')
+        unique_together = ("poet", "name")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
diff --git a/tests/inline_formsets/tests.py b/tests/inline_formsets/tests.py
index 1769bc0f49..758d472a85 100644
--- a/tests/inline_formsets/tests.py
+++ b/tests/inline_formsets/tests.py
@@ -5,19 +5,20 @@ from .models import Child, Parent, Poem, Poet, School
 
 
 class DeletionTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_deletion(self):
-        PoemFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Poet, Poem, can_delete=True, fields="__all__")
-        poet = Poet.objects.create(name='test')
-        poem = poet.poem_set.create(name='test poem')
+        PoemFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Poet, Poem, can_delete=True, fields="__all__"
+        )
+        poet = Poet.objects.create(name="test")
+        poem = poet.poem_set.create(name="test poem")
         data = {
-            'poem_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'poem_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'poem_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'poem_set-0-id': str(poem.pk),
-            'poem_set-0-poet': str(poet.pk),
-            'poem_set-0-name': 'test',
-            'poem_set-0-DELETE': 'on',
+            "poem_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "poem_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "poem_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "poem_set-0-id": str(poem.pk),
+            "poem_set-0-poet": str(poet.pk),
+            "poem_set-0-name": "test",
+            "poem_set-0-DELETE": "on",
         }
         formset = PoemFormSet(data, instance=poet)
         formset.save()
@@ -29,15 +30,17 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
         Make sure that an add form that is filled out, but marked for deletion
         doesn't cause validation errors.
         """
-        PoemFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Poet, Poem, can_delete=True, fields="__all__")
-        poet = Poet.objects.create(name='test')
+        PoemFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Poet, Poem, can_delete=True, fields="__all__"
+        )
+        poet = Poet.objects.create(name="test")
         data = {
-            'poem_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'poem_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'poem_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'poem_set-0-id': '',
-            'poem_set-0-poem': '1',
-            'poem_set-0-name': 'x' * 1000,
+            "poem_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "poem_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "poem_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "poem_set-0-id": "",
+            "poem_set-0-poem": "1",
+            "poem_set-0-name": "x" * 1000,
         }
         formset = PoemFormSet(data, instance=poet)
         # Make sure this form doesn't pass validation.
@@ -46,7 +49,7 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
 
         # Then make sure that it *does* pass validation and delete the object,
         # even though the data isn't actually valid.
-        data['poem_set-0-DELETE'] = 'on'
+        data["poem_set-0-DELETE"] = "on"
         formset = PoemFormSet(data, instance=poet)
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), True)
         formset.save()
@@ -57,16 +60,18 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
         Make sure that a change form that is filled out, but marked for deletion
         doesn't cause validation errors.
         """
-        PoemFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Poet, Poem, can_delete=True, fields="__all__")
-        poet = Poet.objects.create(name='test')
-        poem = poet.poem_set.create(name='test poem')
+        PoemFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Poet, Poem, can_delete=True, fields="__all__"
+        )
+        poet = Poet.objects.create(name="test")
+        poem = poet.poem_set.create(name="test poem")
         data = {
-            'poem_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'poem_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'poem_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'poem_set-0-id': str(poem.id),
-            'poem_set-0-poem': str(poem.id),
-            'poem_set-0-name': 'x' * 1000,
+            "poem_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "poem_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "poem_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "poem_set-0-id": str(poem.id),
+            "poem_set-0-poem": str(poem.id),
+            "poem_set-0-name": "x" * 1000,
         }
         formset = PoemFormSet(data, instance=poet)
         # Make sure this form doesn't pass validation.
@@ -75,7 +80,7 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
 
         # Then make sure that it *does* pass validation and delete the object,
         # even though the data isn't actually valid.
-        data['poem_set-0-DELETE'] = 'on'
+        data["poem_set-0-DELETE"] = "on"
         formset = PoemFormSet(data, instance=poet)
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), True)
         formset.save()
@@ -87,15 +92,17 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
         regression for #10750
         """
         # exclude some required field from the forms
-        ChildFormSet = inlineformset_factory(School, Child, exclude=['father', 'mother'])
-        school = School.objects.create(name='test')
-        mother = Parent.objects.create(name='mother')
-        father = Parent.objects.create(name='father')
+        ChildFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            School, Child, exclude=["father", "mother"]
+        )
+        school = School.objects.create(name="test")
+        mother = Parent.objects.create(name="mother")
+        father = Parent.objects.create(name="father")
         data = {
-            'child_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'child_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'child_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'child_set-0-name': 'child',
+            "child_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "child_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "child_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "child_set-0-name": "child",
         }
         formset = ChildFormSet(data, instance=school)
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), True)
@@ -112,8 +119,8 @@ class InlineFormsetFactoryTest(TestCase):
         """
         These should both work without a problem.
         """
-        inlineformset_factory(Parent, Child, fk_name='mother', fields="__all__")
-        inlineformset_factory(Parent, Child, fk_name='father', fields="__all__")
+        inlineformset_factory(Parent, Child, fk_name="mother", fields="__all__")
+        inlineformset_factory(Parent, Child, fk_name="father", fields="__all__")
 
     def test_exception_on_unspecified_foreign_key(self):
         """
@@ -131,74 +138,77 @@ class InlineFormsetFactoryTest(TestCase):
         """
         msg = "fk_name 'school' is not a ForeignKey to 'inline_formsets.Parent'."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            inlineformset_factory(Parent, Child, fk_name='school')
+            inlineformset_factory(Parent, Child, fk_name="school")
 
     def test_non_foreign_key_field(self):
         """
         If the field specified in fk_name is not a ForeignKey, we should get an
         exception.
         """
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "'inline_formsets.Child' has no field named 'test'."):
-            inlineformset_factory(Parent, Child, fk_name='test')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "'inline_formsets.Child' has no field named 'test'."
+        ):
+            inlineformset_factory(Parent, Child, fk_name="test")
 
     def test_any_iterable_allowed_as_argument_to_exclude(self):
         # Regression test for #9171.
-        inlineformset_factory(
-            Parent, Child, exclude=['school'], fk_name='mother'
-        )
+        inlineformset_factory(Parent, Child, exclude=["school"], fk_name="mother")
 
-        inlineformset_factory(
-            Parent, Child, exclude=('school',), fk_name='mother'
-        )
+        inlineformset_factory(Parent, Child, exclude=("school",), fk_name="mother")
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('allows_auto_pk_0')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("allows_auto_pk_0")
     def test_zero_primary_key(self):
         # Regression test for #21472
-        poet = Poet.objects.create(id=0, name='test')
-        poet.poem_set.create(name='test poem')
+        poet = Poet.objects.create(id=0, name="test")
+        poet.poem_set.create(name="test poem")
         PoemFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Poet, Poem, fields="__all__", extra=0)
         formset = PoemFormSet(None, instance=poet)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 1)
 
     def test_unsaved_fk_validate_unique(self):
-        poet = Poet(name='unsaved')
-        PoemFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Poet, Poem, fields=['name'])
+        poet = Poet(name="unsaved")
+        PoemFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Poet, Poem, fields=["name"])
         data = {
-            'poem_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'poem_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'poem_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '2',
-            'poem_set-0-name': 'Poem',
-            'poem_set-1-name': 'Poem',
+            "poem_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "poem_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "poem_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "2",
+            "poem_set-0-name": "Poem",
+            "poem_set-1-name": "Poem",
         }
         formset = PoemFormSet(data, instance=poet)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(formset.non_form_errors(), ['Please correct the duplicate data for name.'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            formset.non_form_errors(), ["Please correct the duplicate data for name."]
+        )
 
     def test_fk_not_duplicated_in_form_fields(self):
         """
         A foreign key name isn't duplicated in form._meta fields (#21332).
         """
-        poet = Poet.objects.create(name='test')
-        poet.poem_set.create(name='first test poem')
-        poet.poem_set.create(name='second test poem')
-        poet.poem_set.create(name='third test poem')
-        PoemFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Poet, Poem, fields=('name',), extra=0)
+        poet = Poet.objects.create(name="test")
+        poet.poem_set.create(name="first test poem")
+        poet.poem_set.create(name="second test poem")
+        poet.poem_set.create(name="third test poem")
+        PoemFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Poet, Poem, fields=("name",), extra=0)
         formset = PoemFormSet(None, instance=poet)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(['name', 'poet'], PoemFormSet.form._meta.fields)
+        self.assertEqual(["name", "poet"], PoemFormSet.form._meta.fields)
 
     def test_fk_in_all_formset_forms(self):
         """
         A foreign key field is in Meta for all forms in the formset (#26538).
         """
+
         class PoemModelForm(ModelForm):
             def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-                assert 'poet' in self._meta.fields
+                assert "poet" in self._meta.fields
                 super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
-        poet = Poet.objects.create(name='test')
-        poet.poem_set.create(name='first test poem')
-        poet.poem_set.create(name='second test poem')
-        PoemFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Poet, Poem, form=PoemModelForm, fields=('name',), extra=0)
+        poet = Poet.objects.create(name="test")
+        poet.poem_set.create(name="first test poem")
+        poet.poem_set.create(name="second test poem")
+        PoemFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Poet, Poem, form=PoemModelForm, fields=("name",), extra=0
+        )
         formset = PoemFormSet(None, instance=poet)
         formset.forms  # Trigger form instantiation to run the assert above.
diff --git a/tests/inspectdb/models.py b/tests/inspectdb/models.py
index ac201eeaa2..f2c23f0e0c 100644
--- a/tests/inspectdb/models.py
+++ b/tests/inspectdb/models.py
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@ from django.db import connection, models
 
 class People(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
-    parent = models.ForeignKey('self', models.CASCADE)
+    parent = models.ForeignKey("self", models.CASCADE)
 
 
 class Message(models.Model):
-    from_field = models.ForeignKey(People, models.CASCADE, db_column='from_id')
+    from_field = models.ForeignKey(People, models.CASCADE, db_column="from_id")
 
 
 class PeopleData(models.Model):
@@ -23,25 +23,27 @@ class PeopleMoreData(models.Model):
 
 class ForeignKeyToField(models.Model):
     to_field_fk = models.ForeignKey(
-        PeopleMoreData, models.CASCADE, to_field='people_unique',
+        PeopleMoreData,
+        models.CASCADE,
+        to_field="people_unique",
     )
 
 
 class DigitsInColumnName(models.Model):
-    all_digits = models.CharField(max_length=11, db_column='123')
-    leading_digit = models.CharField(max_length=11, db_column='4extra')
-    leading_digits = models.CharField(max_length=11, db_column='45extra')
+    all_digits = models.CharField(max_length=11, db_column="123")
+    leading_digit = models.CharField(max_length=11, db_column="4extra")
+    leading_digits = models.CharField(max_length=11, db_column="45extra")
 
 
 class SpecialName(models.Model):
-    field = models.IntegerField(db_column='field')
+    field = models.IntegerField(db_column="field")
     # Underscores
-    field_field_0 = models.IntegerField(db_column='Field_')
-    field_field_1 = models.IntegerField(db_column='Field__')
-    field_field_2 = models.IntegerField(db_column='__field')
+    field_field_0 = models.IntegerField(db_column="Field_")
+    field_field_1 = models.IntegerField(db_column="Field__")
+    field_field_2 = models.IntegerField(db_column="__field")
     # Other chars
-    prc_x = models.IntegerField(db_column='prc(%) x')
-    non_ascii = models.IntegerField(db_column='tamaño')
+    prc_x = models.IntegerField(db_column="prc(%) x")
+    non_ascii = models.IntegerField(db_column="tamaño")
 
     class Meta:
         db_table = "inspectdb_special.table name"
@@ -80,38 +82,38 @@ class JSONFieldColumnType(models.Model):
 
     class Meta:
         required_db_features = {
-            'can_introspect_json_field',
-            'supports_json_field',
+            "can_introspect_json_field",
+            "supports_json_field",
         }
 
 
-test_collation = connection.features.test_collations.get('non_default')
+test_collation = connection.features.test_collations.get("non_default")
 
 
 class CharFieldDbCollation(models.Model):
     char_field = models.CharField(max_length=10, db_collation=test_collation)
 
     class Meta:
-        required_db_features = {'supports_collation_on_charfield'}
+        required_db_features = {"supports_collation_on_charfield"}
 
 
 class TextFieldDbCollation(models.Model):
     text_field = models.TextField(db_collation=test_collation)
 
     class Meta:
-        required_db_features = {'supports_collation_on_textfield'}
+        required_db_features = {"supports_collation_on_textfield"}
 
 
 class UniqueTogether(models.Model):
     field1 = models.IntegerField()
     field2 = models.CharField(max_length=10)
-    from_field = models.IntegerField(db_column='from')
-    non_unique = models.IntegerField(db_column='non__unique_column')
-    non_unique_0 = models.IntegerField(db_column='non_unique__column')
+    from_field = models.IntegerField(db_column="from")
+    non_unique = models.IntegerField(db_column="non__unique_column")
+    non_unique_0 = models.IntegerField(db_column="non_unique__column")
 
     class Meta:
         unique_together = [
-            ('field1', 'field2'),
-            ('from_field', 'field1'),
-            ('non_unique', 'non_unique_0'),
+            ("field1", "field2"),
+            ("from_field", "field1"),
+            ("non_unique", "non_unique_0"),
         ]
diff --git a/tests/inspectdb/tests.py b/tests/inspectdb/tests.py
index 20da7ade4d..83dbfd406d 100644
--- a/tests/inspectdb/tests.py
+++ b/tests/inspectdb/tests.py
@@ -16,31 +16,34 @@ def inspectdb_tables_only(table_name):
     Limit introspection to tables created for models of this app.
     Some databases such as Oracle are extremely slow at introspection.
     """
-    return table_name.startswith('inspectdb_')
+    return table_name.startswith("inspectdb_")
 
 
 def inspectdb_views_only(table_name):
-    return (
-        table_name.startswith('inspectdb_') and
-        table_name.endswith(('_materialized', '_view'))
+    return table_name.startswith("inspectdb_") and table_name.endswith(
+        ("_materialized", "_view")
     )
 
 
 def special_table_only(table_name):
-    return table_name.startswith('inspectdb_special')
+    return table_name.startswith("inspectdb_special")
 
 
 class InspectDBTestCase(TestCase):
-    unique_re = re.compile(r'.*unique_together = \((.+),\).*')
+    unique_re = re.compile(r".*unique_together = \((.+),\).*")
 
     def test_stealth_table_name_filter_option(self):
         out = StringIO()
-        call_command('inspectdb', table_name_filter=inspectdb_tables_only, stdout=out)
-        error_message = "inspectdb has examined a table that should have been filtered out."
+        call_command("inspectdb", table_name_filter=inspectdb_tables_only, stdout=out)
+        error_message = (
+            "inspectdb has examined a table that should have been filtered out."
+        )
         # contrib.contenttypes is one of the apps always installed when running
         # the Django test suite, check that one of its tables hasn't been
         # inspected
-        self.assertNotIn("class DjangoContentType(models.Model):", out.getvalue(), msg=error_message)
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            "class DjangoContentType(models.Model):", out.getvalue(), msg=error_message
+        )
 
     def test_table_option(self):
         """
@@ -48,19 +51,19 @@ class InspectDBTestCase(TestCase):
         arguments.
         """
         out = StringIO()
-        call_command('inspectdb', 'inspectdb_people', stdout=out)
+        call_command("inspectdb", "inspectdb_people", stdout=out)
         output = out.getvalue()
-        self.assertIn('class InspectdbPeople(models.Model):', output)
+        self.assertIn("class InspectdbPeople(models.Model):", output)
         self.assertNotIn("InspectdbPeopledata", output)
 
     def make_field_type_asserter(self):
         """Call inspectdb and return a function to validate a field type in its output"""
         out = StringIO()
-        call_command('inspectdb', 'inspectdb_columntypes', stdout=out)
+        call_command("inspectdb", "inspectdb_columntypes", stdout=out)
         output = out.getvalue()
 
         def assertFieldType(name, definition):
-            out_def = re.search(r'^\s*%s = (models.*)$' % name, output, re.MULTILINE)[1]
+            out_def = re.search(r"^\s*%s = (models.*)$" % name, output, re.MULTILINE)[1]
             self.assertEqual(definition, out_def)
 
         return assertFieldType
@@ -69,53 +72,65 @@ class InspectDBTestCase(TestCase):
         """Test introspection of various Django field types"""
         assertFieldType = self.make_field_type_asserter()
         introspected_field_types = connection.features.introspected_field_types
-        char_field_type = introspected_field_types['CharField']
+        char_field_type = introspected_field_types["CharField"]
         # Inspecting Oracle DB doesn't produce correct results (#19884):
         # - it reports fields as blank=True when they aren't.
-        if not connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls and char_field_type == 'CharField':
-            assertFieldType('char_field', "models.CharField(max_length=10)")
-            assertFieldType('null_char_field', "models.CharField(max_length=10, blank=True, null=True)")
-            assertFieldType('email_field', "models.CharField(max_length=254)")
-            assertFieldType('file_field', "models.CharField(max_length=100)")
-            assertFieldType('file_path_field', "models.CharField(max_length=100)")
-            assertFieldType('slug_field', "models.CharField(max_length=50)")
-            assertFieldType('text_field', "models.TextField()")
-            assertFieldType('url_field', "models.CharField(max_length=200)")
-        if char_field_type == 'TextField':
-            assertFieldType('char_field', 'models.TextField()')
-            assertFieldType('null_char_field', 'models.TextField(blank=True, null=True)')
-            assertFieldType('email_field', 'models.TextField()')
-            assertFieldType('file_field', 'models.TextField()')
-            assertFieldType('file_path_field', 'models.TextField()')
-            assertFieldType('slug_field', 'models.TextField()')
-            assertFieldType('text_field', 'models.TextField()')
-            assertFieldType('url_field', 'models.TextField()')
-        assertFieldType('date_field', "models.DateField()")
-        assertFieldType('date_time_field', "models.DateTimeField()")
-        if introspected_field_types['GenericIPAddressField'] == 'GenericIPAddressField':
-            assertFieldType('gen_ip_address_field', "models.GenericIPAddressField()")
+        if (
+            not connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls
+            and char_field_type == "CharField"
+        ):
+            assertFieldType("char_field", "models.CharField(max_length=10)")
+            assertFieldType(
+                "null_char_field",
+                "models.CharField(max_length=10, blank=True, null=True)",
+            )
+            assertFieldType("email_field", "models.CharField(max_length=254)")
+            assertFieldType("file_field", "models.CharField(max_length=100)")
+            assertFieldType("file_path_field", "models.CharField(max_length=100)")
+            assertFieldType("slug_field", "models.CharField(max_length=50)")
+            assertFieldType("text_field", "models.TextField()")
+            assertFieldType("url_field", "models.CharField(max_length=200)")
+        if char_field_type == "TextField":
+            assertFieldType("char_field", "models.TextField()")
+            assertFieldType(
+                "null_char_field", "models.TextField(blank=True, null=True)"
+            )
+            assertFieldType("email_field", "models.TextField()")
+            assertFieldType("file_field", "models.TextField()")
+            assertFieldType("file_path_field", "models.TextField()")
+            assertFieldType("slug_field", "models.TextField()")
+            assertFieldType("text_field", "models.TextField()")
+            assertFieldType("url_field", "models.TextField()")
+        assertFieldType("date_field", "models.DateField()")
+        assertFieldType("date_time_field", "models.DateTimeField()")
+        if introspected_field_types["GenericIPAddressField"] == "GenericIPAddressField":
+            assertFieldType("gen_ip_address_field", "models.GenericIPAddressField()")
         elif not connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls:
-            assertFieldType('gen_ip_address_field', "models.CharField(max_length=39)")
-        assertFieldType('time_field', 'models.%s()' % introspected_field_types['TimeField'])
+            assertFieldType("gen_ip_address_field", "models.CharField(max_length=39)")
+        assertFieldType(
+            "time_field", "models.%s()" % introspected_field_types["TimeField"]
+        )
         if connection.features.has_native_uuid_field:
-            assertFieldType('uuid_field', "models.UUIDField()")
+            assertFieldType("uuid_field", "models.UUIDField()")
         elif not connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls:
-            assertFieldType('uuid_field', "models.CharField(max_length=32)")
+            assertFieldType("uuid_field", "models.CharField(max_length=32)")
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_introspect_json_field', 'supports_json_field')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_introspect_json_field", "supports_json_field")
     def test_json_field(self):
         out = StringIO()
-        call_command('inspectdb', 'inspectdb_jsonfieldcolumntype', stdout=out)
+        call_command("inspectdb", "inspectdb_jsonfieldcolumntype", stdout=out)
         output = out.getvalue()
         if not connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls:
-            self.assertIn('json_field = models.JSONField()', output)
-        self.assertIn('null_json_field = models.JSONField(blank=True, null=True)', output)
+            self.assertIn("json_field = models.JSONField()", output)
+        self.assertIn(
+            "null_json_field = models.JSONField(blank=True, null=True)", output
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_collation_on_charfield')
-    @skipUnless(test_collation, 'Language collations are not supported.')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_collation_on_charfield")
+    @skipUnless(test_collation, "Language collations are not supported.")
     def test_char_field_db_collation(self):
         out = StringIO()
-        call_command('inspectdb', 'inspectdb_charfielddbcollation', stdout=out)
+        call_command("inspectdb", "inspectdb_charfielddbcollation", stdout=out)
         output = out.getvalue()
         if not connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls:
             self.assertIn(
@@ -130,11 +145,11 @@ class InspectDBTestCase(TestCase):
                 output,
             )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_collation_on_textfield')
-    @skipUnless(test_collation, 'Language collations are not supported.')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_collation_on_textfield")
+    @skipUnless(test_collation, "Language collations are not supported.")
     def test_text_field_db_collation(self):
         out = StringIO()
-        call_command('inspectdb', 'inspectdb_textfielddbcollation', stdout=out)
+        call_command("inspectdb", "inspectdb_textfielddbcollation", stdout=out)
         output = out.getvalue()
         if not connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls:
             self.assertIn(
@@ -153,36 +168,64 @@ class InspectDBTestCase(TestCase):
         assertFieldType = self.make_field_type_asserter()
         introspected_field_types = connection.features.introspected_field_types
 
-        auto_field_type = connection.features.introspected_field_types['AutoField']
-        if auto_field_type != 'AutoField':
-            assertFieldType('id', "models.%s(primary_key=True)  # AutoField?" % auto_field_type)
+        auto_field_type = connection.features.introspected_field_types["AutoField"]
+        if auto_field_type != "AutoField":
+            assertFieldType(
+                "id", "models.%s(primary_key=True)  # AutoField?" % auto_field_type
+            )
 
-        assertFieldType('big_int_field', 'models.%s()' % introspected_field_types['BigIntegerField'])
+        assertFieldType(
+            "big_int_field", "models.%s()" % introspected_field_types["BigIntegerField"]
+        )
 
-        bool_field_type = introspected_field_types['BooleanField']
-        assertFieldType('bool_field', "models.{}()".format(bool_field_type))
-        assertFieldType('null_bool_field', 'models.{}(blank=True, null=True)'.format(bool_field_type))
+        bool_field_type = introspected_field_types["BooleanField"]
+        assertFieldType("bool_field", "models.{}()".format(bool_field_type))
+        assertFieldType(
+            "null_bool_field",
+            "models.{}(blank=True, null=True)".format(bool_field_type),
+        )
 
-        if connection.vendor != 'sqlite':
-            assertFieldType('decimal_field', "models.DecimalField(max_digits=6, decimal_places=1)")
-        else:       # Guessed arguments on SQLite, see #5014
-            assertFieldType('decimal_field', "models.DecimalField(max_digits=10, decimal_places=5)  "
-                                             "# max_digits and decimal_places have been guessed, "
-                                             "as this database handles decimal fields as float")
+        if connection.vendor != "sqlite":
+            assertFieldType(
+                "decimal_field", "models.DecimalField(max_digits=6, decimal_places=1)"
+            )
+        else:  # Guessed arguments on SQLite, see #5014
+            assertFieldType(
+                "decimal_field",
+                "models.DecimalField(max_digits=10, decimal_places=5)  "
+                "# max_digits and decimal_places have been guessed, "
+                "as this database handles decimal fields as float",
+            )
 
-        assertFieldType('float_field', "models.FloatField()")
-        assertFieldType('int_field', 'models.%s()' % introspected_field_types['IntegerField'])
-        assertFieldType('pos_int_field', 'models.%s()' % introspected_field_types['PositiveIntegerField'])
-        assertFieldType('pos_big_int_field', 'models.%s()' % introspected_field_types['PositiveBigIntegerField'])
-        assertFieldType('pos_small_int_field', 'models.%s()' % introspected_field_types['PositiveSmallIntegerField'])
-        assertFieldType('small_int_field', 'models.%s()' % introspected_field_types['SmallIntegerField'])
+        assertFieldType("float_field", "models.FloatField()")
+        assertFieldType(
+            "int_field", "models.%s()" % introspected_field_types["IntegerField"]
+        )
+        assertFieldType(
+            "pos_int_field",
+            "models.%s()" % introspected_field_types["PositiveIntegerField"],
+        )
+        assertFieldType(
+            "pos_big_int_field",
+            "models.%s()" % introspected_field_types["PositiveBigIntegerField"],
+        )
+        assertFieldType(
+            "pos_small_int_field",
+            "models.%s()" % introspected_field_types["PositiveSmallIntegerField"],
+        )
+        assertFieldType(
+            "small_int_field",
+            "models.%s()" % introspected_field_types["SmallIntegerField"],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_introspect_foreign_keys')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_introspect_foreign_keys")
     def test_attribute_name_not_python_keyword(self):
         out = StringIO()
-        call_command('inspectdb', table_name_filter=inspectdb_tables_only, stdout=out)
+        call_command("inspectdb", table_name_filter=inspectdb_tables_only, stdout=out)
         output = out.getvalue()
-        error_message = "inspectdb generated an attribute name which is a Python keyword"
+        error_message = (
+            "inspectdb generated an attribute name which is a Python keyword"
+        )
         # Recursive foreign keys should be set to 'self'
         self.assertIn("parent = models.ForeignKey('self', models.DO_NOTHING)", output)
         self.assertNotIn(
@@ -196,18 +239,18 @@ class InspectDBTestCase(TestCase):
             output,
         )
         self.assertIn(
-            'people_pk = models.OneToOneField(InspectdbPeople, models.DO_NOTHING, primary_key=True)',
+            "people_pk = models.OneToOneField(InspectdbPeople, models.DO_NOTHING, primary_key=True)",
             output,
         )
         self.assertIn(
-            'people_unique = models.OneToOneField(InspectdbPeople, models.DO_NOTHING)',
+            "people_unique = models.OneToOneField(InspectdbPeople, models.DO_NOTHING)",
             output,
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_introspect_foreign_keys')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_introspect_foreign_keys")
     def test_foreign_key_to_field(self):
         out = StringIO()
-        call_command('inspectdb', 'inspectdb_foreignkeytofield', stdout=out)
+        call_command("inspectdb", "inspectdb_foreignkeytofield", stdout=out)
         self.assertIn(
             "to_field_fk = models.ForeignKey('InspectdbPeoplemoredata', "
             "models.DO_NOTHING, to_field='people_unique_id')",
@@ -216,20 +259,28 @@ class InspectDBTestCase(TestCase):
 
     def test_digits_column_name_introspection(self):
         """Introspection of column names consist/start with digits (#16536/#17676)"""
-        char_field_type = connection.features.introspected_field_types['CharField']
+        char_field_type = connection.features.introspected_field_types["CharField"]
         out = StringIO()
-        call_command('inspectdb', 'inspectdb_digitsincolumnname', stdout=out)
+        call_command("inspectdb", "inspectdb_digitsincolumnname", stdout=out)
         output = out.getvalue()
         error_message = "inspectdb generated a model field name which is a number"
-        self.assertNotIn('    123 = models.%s' % char_field_type, output, msg=error_message)
-        self.assertIn('number_123 = models.%s' % char_field_type, output)
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            "    123 = models.%s" % char_field_type, output, msg=error_message
+        )
+        self.assertIn("number_123 = models.%s" % char_field_type, output)
 
-        error_message = "inspectdb generated a model field name which starts with a digit"
-        self.assertNotIn('    4extra = models.%s' % char_field_type, output, msg=error_message)
-        self.assertIn('number_4extra = models.%s' % char_field_type, output)
+        error_message = (
+            "inspectdb generated a model field name which starts with a digit"
+        )
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            "    4extra = models.%s" % char_field_type, output, msg=error_message
+        )
+        self.assertIn("number_4extra = models.%s" % char_field_type, output)
 
-        self.assertNotIn('    45extra = models.%s' % char_field_type, output, msg=error_message)
-        self.assertIn('number_45extra = models.%s' % char_field_type, output)
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            "    45extra = models.%s" % char_field_type, output, msg=error_message
+        )
+        self.assertIn("number_45extra = models.%s" % char_field_type, output)
 
     def test_special_column_name_introspection(self):
         """
@@ -237,15 +288,30 @@ class InspectDBTestCase(TestCase):
         unsuitable for Python identifiers
         """
         out = StringIO()
-        call_command('inspectdb', table_name_filter=special_table_only, stdout=out)
+        call_command("inspectdb", table_name_filter=special_table_only, stdout=out)
         output = out.getvalue()
-        base_name = connection.introspection.identifier_converter('Field')
-        integer_field_type = connection.features.introspected_field_types['IntegerField']
+        base_name = connection.introspection.identifier_converter("Field")
+        integer_field_type = connection.features.introspected_field_types[
+            "IntegerField"
+        ]
         self.assertIn("field = models.%s()" % integer_field_type, output)
-        self.assertIn("field_field = models.%s(db_column='%s_')" % (integer_field_type, base_name), output)
-        self.assertIn("field_field_0 = models.%s(db_column='%s__')" % (integer_field_type, base_name), output)
-        self.assertIn("field_field_1 = models.%s(db_column='__field')" % integer_field_type, output)
-        self.assertIn("prc_x = models.{}(db_column='prc(%) x')".format(integer_field_type), output)
+        self.assertIn(
+            "field_field = models.%s(db_column='%s_')"
+            % (integer_field_type, base_name),
+            output,
+        )
+        self.assertIn(
+            "field_field_0 = models.%s(db_column='%s__')"
+            % (integer_field_type, base_name),
+            output,
+        )
+        self.assertIn(
+            "field_field_1 = models.%s(db_column='__field')" % integer_field_type,
+            output,
+        )
+        self.assertIn(
+            "prc_x = models.{}(db_column='prc(%) x')".format(integer_field_type), output
+        )
         self.assertIn("tamaño = models.%s()" % integer_field_type, output)
 
     def test_table_name_introspection(self):
@@ -254,21 +320,25 @@ class InspectDBTestCase(TestCase):
         unsuitable for Python identifiers
         """
         out = StringIO()
-        call_command('inspectdb', table_name_filter=special_table_only, stdout=out)
+        call_command("inspectdb", table_name_filter=special_table_only, stdout=out)
         output = out.getvalue()
         self.assertIn("class InspectdbSpecialTableName(models.Model):", output)
 
     def test_managed_models(self):
         """By default the command generates models with `Meta.managed = False` (#14305)"""
         out = StringIO()
-        call_command('inspectdb', 'inspectdb_columntypes', stdout=out)
+        call_command("inspectdb", "inspectdb_columntypes", stdout=out)
         output = out.getvalue()
         self.longMessage = False
-        self.assertIn("        managed = False", output, msg='inspectdb should generate unmanaged models.')
+        self.assertIn(
+            "        managed = False",
+            output,
+            msg="inspectdb should generate unmanaged models.",
+        )
 
     def test_unique_together_meta(self):
         out = StringIO()
-        call_command('inspectdb', 'inspectdb_uniquetogether', stdout=out)
+        call_command("inspectdb", "inspectdb_uniquetogether", stdout=out)
         output = out.getvalue()
         self.assertIn("    unique_together = (('", output)
         unique_together_match = self.unique_re.findall(output)
@@ -283,43 +353,50 @@ class InspectDBTestCase(TestCase):
         # are given an integer suffix.
         self.assertIn("('non_unique_column', 'non_unique_column_0')", fields)
 
-    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'PostgreSQL specific SQL')
+    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific SQL")
     def test_unsupported_unique_together(self):
         """Unsupported index types (COALESCE here) are skipped."""
         with connection.cursor() as c:
             c.execute(
-                'CREATE UNIQUE INDEX Findex ON %s '
-                '(id, people_unique_id, COALESCE(message_id, -1))' % PeopleMoreData._meta.db_table
+                "CREATE UNIQUE INDEX Findex ON %s "
+                "(id, people_unique_id, COALESCE(message_id, -1))"
+                % PeopleMoreData._meta.db_table
             )
         try:
             out = StringIO()
             call_command(
-                'inspectdb',
-                table_name_filter=lambda tn: tn.startswith(PeopleMoreData._meta.db_table),
+                "inspectdb",
+                table_name_filter=lambda tn: tn.startswith(
+                    PeopleMoreData._meta.db_table
+                ),
                 stdout=out,
             )
             output = out.getvalue()
-            self.assertIn('# A unique constraint could not be introspected.', output)
-            self.assertEqual(self.unique_re.findall(output), ["('id', 'people_unique')"])
+            self.assertIn("# A unique constraint could not be introspected.", output)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                self.unique_re.findall(output), ["('id', 'people_unique')"]
+            )
         finally:
             with connection.cursor() as c:
-                c.execute('DROP INDEX Findex')
+                c.execute("DROP INDEX Findex")
 
-    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'sqlite',
-                "Only patched sqlite's DatabaseIntrospection.data_types_reverse for this test")
+    @skipUnless(
+        connection.vendor == "sqlite",
+        "Only patched sqlite's DatabaseIntrospection.data_types_reverse for this test",
+    )
     def test_custom_fields(self):
         """
         Introspection of columns with a custom field (#21090)
         """
         out = StringIO()
         with mock.patch(
-            'django.db.connection.introspection.data_types_reverse.base_data_types_reverse',
+            "django.db.connection.introspection.data_types_reverse.base_data_types_reverse",
             {
-                'text': 'myfields.TextField',
-                'bigint': 'BigIntegerField',
+                "text": "myfields.TextField",
+                "bigint": "BigIntegerField",
             },
         ):
-            call_command('inspectdb', 'inspectdb_columntypes', stdout=out)
+            call_command("inspectdb", "inspectdb_columntypes", stdout=out)
             output = out.getvalue()
             self.assertIn("text_field = myfields.TextField()", output)
             self.assertIn("big_int_field = models.BigIntegerField()", output)
@@ -330,9 +407,11 @@ class InspectDBTestCase(TestCase):
         be visible in the output.
         """
         out = StringIO()
-        with mock.patch('django.db.connection.introspection.get_table_list',
-                        return_value=[TableInfo(name='nonexistent', type='t')]):
-            call_command('inspectdb', stdout=out)
+        with mock.patch(
+            "django.db.connection.introspection.get_table_list",
+            return_value=[TableInfo(name="nonexistent", type="t")],
+        ):
+            call_command("inspectdb", stdout=out)
         output = out.getvalue()
         self.assertIn("# Unable to inspect table 'nonexistent'", output)
         # The error message depends on the backend
@@ -340,21 +419,21 @@ class InspectDBTestCase(TestCase):
 
 
 class InspectDBTransactionalTests(TransactionTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['inspectdb']
+    available_apps = ["inspectdb"]
 
     def test_include_views(self):
         """inspectdb --include-views creates models for database views."""
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(
-                'CREATE VIEW inspectdb_people_view AS '
-                'SELECT id, name FROM inspectdb_people'
+                "CREATE VIEW inspectdb_people_view AS "
+                "SELECT id, name FROM inspectdb_people"
             )
         out = StringIO()
-        view_model = 'class InspectdbPeopleView(models.Model):'
-        view_managed = 'managed = False  # Created from a view.'
+        view_model = "class InspectdbPeopleView(models.Model):"
+        view_managed = "managed = False  # Created from a view."
         try:
             call_command(
-                'inspectdb',
+                "inspectdb",
                 table_name_filter=inspectdb_views_only,
                 stdout=out,
             )
@@ -362,7 +441,7 @@ class InspectDBTransactionalTests(TransactionTestCase):
             self.assertNotIn(view_model, no_views_output)
             self.assertNotIn(view_managed, no_views_output)
             call_command(
-                'inspectdb',
+                "inspectdb",
                 table_name_filter=inspectdb_views_only,
                 include_views=True,
                 stdout=out,
@@ -372,22 +451,22 @@ class InspectDBTransactionalTests(TransactionTestCase):
             self.assertIn(view_managed, with_views_output)
         finally:
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                cursor.execute('DROP VIEW inspectdb_people_view')
+                cursor.execute("DROP VIEW inspectdb_people_view")
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_introspect_materialized_views')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_introspect_materialized_views")
     def test_include_materialized_views(self):
         """inspectdb --include-views creates models for materialized views."""
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(
-                'CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW inspectdb_people_materialized AS '
-                'SELECT id, name FROM inspectdb_people'
+                "CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW inspectdb_people_materialized AS "
+                "SELECT id, name FROM inspectdb_people"
             )
         out = StringIO()
-        view_model = 'class InspectdbPeopleMaterialized(models.Model):'
-        view_managed = 'managed = False  # Created from a view.'
+        view_model = "class InspectdbPeopleMaterialized(models.Model):"
+        view_managed = "managed = False  # Created from a view."
         try:
             call_command(
-                'inspectdb',
+                "inspectdb",
                 table_name_filter=inspectdb_views_only,
                 stdout=out,
             )
@@ -395,7 +474,7 @@ class InspectDBTransactionalTests(TransactionTestCase):
             self.assertNotIn(view_model, no_views_output)
             self.assertNotIn(view_managed, no_views_output)
             call_command(
-                'inspectdb',
+                "inspectdb",
                 table_name_filter=inspectdb_views_only,
                 include_views=True,
                 stdout=out,
@@ -405,47 +484,61 @@ class InspectDBTransactionalTests(TransactionTestCase):
             self.assertIn(view_managed, with_views_output)
         finally:
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                cursor.execute('DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW inspectdb_people_materialized')
+                cursor.execute("DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW inspectdb_people_materialized")
 
-    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'PostgreSQL specific SQL')
+    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific SQL")
     def test_include_partitions(self):
         """inspectdb --include-partitions creates models for partitions."""
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute('''\
+            cursor.execute(
+                """\
                 CREATE TABLE inspectdb_partition_parent (name text not null)
                 PARTITION BY LIST (left(upper(name), 1))
-            ''')
-            cursor.execute('''\
+            """
+            )
+            cursor.execute(
+                """\
                 CREATE TABLE inspectdb_partition_child
                 PARTITION OF inspectdb_partition_parent
                 FOR VALUES IN ('A', 'B', 'C')
-            ''')
+            """
+            )
         out = StringIO()
-        partition_model_parent = 'class InspectdbPartitionParent(models.Model):'
-        partition_model_child = 'class InspectdbPartitionChild(models.Model):'
-        partition_managed = 'managed = False  # Created from a partition.'
+        partition_model_parent = "class InspectdbPartitionParent(models.Model):"
+        partition_model_child = "class InspectdbPartitionChild(models.Model):"
+        partition_managed = "managed = False  # Created from a partition."
         try:
-            call_command('inspectdb', table_name_filter=inspectdb_tables_only, stdout=out)
+            call_command(
+                "inspectdb", table_name_filter=inspectdb_tables_only, stdout=out
+            )
             no_partitions_output = out.getvalue()
             self.assertIn(partition_model_parent, no_partitions_output)
             self.assertNotIn(partition_model_child, no_partitions_output)
             self.assertNotIn(partition_managed, no_partitions_output)
-            call_command('inspectdb', table_name_filter=inspectdb_tables_only, include_partitions=True, stdout=out)
+            call_command(
+                "inspectdb",
+                table_name_filter=inspectdb_tables_only,
+                include_partitions=True,
+                stdout=out,
+            )
             with_partitions_output = out.getvalue()
             self.assertIn(partition_model_parent, with_partitions_output)
             self.assertIn(partition_model_child, with_partitions_output)
             self.assertIn(partition_managed, with_partitions_output)
         finally:
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                cursor.execute('DROP TABLE IF EXISTS inspectdb_partition_child')
-                cursor.execute('DROP TABLE IF EXISTS inspectdb_partition_parent')
+                cursor.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS inspectdb_partition_child")
+                cursor.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS inspectdb_partition_parent")
 
-    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'PostgreSQL specific SQL')
+    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific SQL")
     def test_foreign_data_wrapper(self):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute('CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS file_fdw')
-            cursor.execute('CREATE SERVER inspectdb_server FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER file_fdw')
-            cursor.execute('''\
+            cursor.execute("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS file_fdw")
+            cursor.execute(
+                "CREATE SERVER inspectdb_server FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER file_fdw"
+            )
+            cursor.execute(
+                """\
                 CREATE FOREIGN TABLE inspectdb_iris_foreign_table (
                     petal_length real,
                     petal_width real,
@@ -454,13 +547,15 @@ class InspectDBTransactionalTests(TransactionTestCase):
                 ) SERVER inspectdb_server OPTIONS (
                     filename %s
                 )
-            ''', [os.devnull])
+            """,
+                [os.devnull],
+            )
         out = StringIO()
-        foreign_table_model = 'class InspectdbIrisForeignTable(models.Model):'
-        foreign_table_managed = 'managed = False'
+        foreign_table_model = "class InspectdbIrisForeignTable(models.Model):"
+        foreign_table_managed = "managed = False"
         try:
             call_command(
-                'inspectdb',
+                "inspectdb",
                 table_name_filter=inspectdb_tables_only,
                 stdout=out,
             )
@@ -469,6 +564,8 @@ class InspectDBTransactionalTests(TransactionTestCase):
             self.assertIn(foreign_table_managed, output)
         finally:
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                cursor.execute('DROP FOREIGN TABLE IF EXISTS inspectdb_iris_foreign_table')
-                cursor.execute('DROP SERVER IF EXISTS inspectdb_server')
-                cursor.execute('DROP EXTENSION IF EXISTS file_fdw')
+                cursor.execute(
+                    "DROP FOREIGN TABLE IF EXISTS inspectdb_iris_foreign_table"
+                )
+                cursor.execute("DROP SERVER IF EXISTS inspectdb_server")
+                cursor.execute("DROP EXTENSION IF EXISTS file_fdw")
diff --git a/tests/introspection/models.py b/tests/introspection/models.py
index 30a7a8b3ee..6381e3481c 100644
--- a/tests/introspection/models.py
+++ b/tests/introspection/models.py
@@ -26,22 +26,24 @@ class Reporter(models.Model):
     interval = models.DurationField()
 
     class Meta:
-        unique_together = ('first_name', 'last_name')
+        unique_together = ("first_name", "last_name")
 
 
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     pub_date = models.DateField()
-    body = models.TextField(default='')
+    body = models.TextField(default="")
     reporter = models.ForeignKey(Reporter, models.CASCADE)
-    response_to = models.ForeignKey('self', models.SET_NULL, null=True)
-    unmanaged_reporters = models.ManyToManyField(Reporter, through='ArticleReporter', related_name='+')
+    response_to = models.ForeignKey("self", models.SET_NULL, null=True)
+    unmanaged_reporters = models.ManyToManyField(
+        Reporter, through="ArticleReporter", related_name="+"
+    )
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('headline',)
+        ordering = ("headline",)
         index_together = [
             ["headline", "pub_date"],
-            ['headline', 'response_to', 'pub_date', 'reporter'],
+            ["headline", "response_to", "pub_date", "reporter"],
         ]
 
 
@@ -62,10 +64,13 @@ class Comment(models.Model):
 
     class Meta:
         constraints = [
-            models.UniqueConstraint(fields=['article', 'email', 'pub_date'], name='article_email_pub_date_uniq'),
+            models.UniqueConstraint(
+                fields=["article", "email", "pub_date"],
+                name="article_email_pub_date_uniq",
+            ),
         ]
         indexes = [
-            models.Index(fields=['email', 'pub_date'], name='email_pub_date_idx'),
+            models.Index(fields=["email", "pub_date"], name="email_pub_date_idx"),
         ]
 
 
@@ -75,10 +80,12 @@ class CheckConstraintModel(models.Model):
 
     class Meta:
         required_db_features = {
-            'supports_table_check_constraints',
+            "supports_table_check_constraints",
         }
         constraints = [
-            models.CheckConstraint(name='up_votes_gte_0_check', check=models.Q(up_votes__gte=0)),
+            models.CheckConstraint(
+                name="up_votes_gte_0_check", check=models.Q(up_votes__gte=0)
+            ),
         ]
 
 
@@ -87,11 +94,11 @@ class UniqueConstraintConditionModel(models.Model):
     color = models.CharField(max_length=32, null=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        required_db_features = {'supports_partial_indexes'}
+        required_db_features = {"supports_partial_indexes"}
         constraints = [
             models.UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=['name'],
-                name='cond_name_without_color_uniq',
+                fields=["name"],
+                name="cond_name_without_color_uniq",
                 condition=models.Q(color__isnull=True),
             ),
         ]
diff --git a/tests/introspection/tests.py b/tests/introspection/tests.py
index d138e71bd6..a877f25e56 100644
--- a/tests/introspection/tests.py
+++ b/tests/introspection/tests.py
@@ -3,28 +3,46 @@ from django.db.models import Index
 from django.test import TransactionTestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
 
 from .models import (
-    Article, ArticleReporter, CheckConstraintModel, City, Comment, Country,
-    District, Reporter, UniqueConstraintConditionModel,
+    Article,
+    ArticleReporter,
+    CheckConstraintModel,
+    City,
+    Comment,
+    Country,
+    District,
+    Reporter,
+    UniqueConstraintConditionModel,
 )
 
 
 class IntrospectionTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['introspection']
+    available_apps = ["introspection"]
 
     def test_table_names(self):
         tl = connection.introspection.table_names()
         self.assertEqual(tl, sorted(tl))
-        self.assertIn(Reporter._meta.db_table, tl, "'%s' isn't in table_list()." % Reporter._meta.db_table)
-        self.assertIn(Article._meta.db_table, tl, "'%s' isn't in table_list()." % Article._meta.db_table)
+        self.assertIn(
+            Reporter._meta.db_table,
+            tl,
+            "'%s' isn't in table_list()." % Reporter._meta.db_table,
+        )
+        self.assertIn(
+            Article._meta.db_table,
+            tl,
+            "'%s' isn't in table_list()." % Article._meta.db_table,
+        )
 
     def test_django_table_names(self):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute('CREATE TABLE django_ixn_test_table (id INTEGER);')
+            cursor.execute("CREATE TABLE django_ixn_test_table (id INTEGER);")
             tl = connection.introspection.django_table_names()
             cursor.execute("DROP TABLE django_ixn_test_table;")
-            self.assertNotIn('django_ixn_test_table', tl,
-                             "django_table_names() returned a non-Django table")
+            self.assertNotIn(
+                "django_ixn_test_table",
+                tl,
+                "django_table_names() returned a non-Django table",
+            )
 
     def test_django_table_names_retval_type(self):
         # Table name is a list #15216
@@ -37,19 +55,25 @@ class IntrospectionTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             try:
                 cursor.execute(
-                    'CREATE VIEW introspection_article_view AS SELECT headline '
-                    'from introspection_article;')
+                    "CREATE VIEW introspection_article_view AS SELECT headline "
+                    "from introspection_article;"
+                )
             except DatabaseError as e:
-                if 'insufficient privileges' in str(e):
+                if "insufficient privileges" in str(e):
                     self.fail("The test user has no CREATE VIEW privileges")
                 else:
                     raise
         try:
-            self.assertIn('introspection_article_view', connection.introspection.table_names(include_views=True))
-            self.assertNotIn('introspection_article_view', connection.introspection.table_names())
+            self.assertIn(
+                "introspection_article_view",
+                connection.introspection.table_names(include_views=True),
+            )
+            self.assertNotIn(
+                "introspection_article_view", connection.introspection.table_names()
+            )
         finally:
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                cursor.execute('DROP VIEW introspection_article_view')
+                cursor.execute("DROP VIEW introspection_article_view")
 
     def test_unmanaged_through_model(self):
         tables = connection.introspection.django_table_names()
@@ -62,216 +86,297 @@ class IntrospectionTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
     def test_sequence_list(self):
         sequences = connection.introspection.sequence_list()
-        reporter_seqs = [seq for seq in sequences if seq['table'] == Reporter._meta.db_table]
-        self.assertEqual(len(reporter_seqs), 1, 'Reporter sequence not found in sequence_list()')
-        self.assertEqual(reporter_seqs[0]['column'], 'id')
+        reporter_seqs = [
+            seq for seq in sequences if seq["table"] == Reporter._meta.db_table
+        ]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(reporter_seqs), 1, "Reporter sequence not found in sequence_list()"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(reporter_seqs[0]["column"], "id")
 
     def test_get_table_description_names(self):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            desc = connection.introspection.get_table_description(cursor, Reporter._meta.db_table)
-        self.assertEqual([r[0] for r in desc],
-                         [f.column for f in Reporter._meta.fields])
+            desc = connection.introspection.get_table_description(
+                cursor, Reporter._meta.db_table
+            )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [r[0] for r in desc], [f.column for f in Reporter._meta.fields]
+        )
 
     def test_get_table_description_types(self):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            desc = connection.introspection.get_table_description(cursor, Reporter._meta.db_table)
+            desc = connection.introspection.get_table_description(
+                cursor, Reporter._meta.db_table
+            )
         self.assertEqual(
             [connection.introspection.get_field_type(r[1], r) for r in desc],
             [
-                connection.features.introspected_field_types[field] for field in (
-                    'AutoField', 'CharField', 'CharField', 'CharField',
-                    'BigIntegerField', 'BinaryField', 'SmallIntegerField',
-                    'DurationField',
+                connection.features.introspected_field_types[field]
+                for field in (
+                    "AutoField",
+                    "CharField",
+                    "CharField",
+                    "CharField",
+                    "BigIntegerField",
+                    "BinaryField",
+                    "SmallIntegerField",
+                    "DurationField",
                 )
             ],
         )
 
     def test_get_table_description_col_lengths(self):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            desc = connection.introspection.get_table_description(cursor, Reporter._meta.db_table)
+            desc = connection.introspection.get_table_description(
+                cursor, Reporter._meta.db_table
+            )
         self.assertEqual(
-            [r[3] for r in desc if connection.introspection.get_field_type(r[1], r) == 'CharField'],
-            [30, 30, 254]
+            [
+                r[3]
+                for r in desc
+                if connection.introspection.get_field_type(r[1], r) == "CharField"
+            ],
+            [30, 30, 254],
         )
 
     def test_get_table_description_nullable(self):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            desc = connection.introspection.get_table_description(cursor, Reporter._meta.db_table)
+            desc = connection.introspection.get_table_description(
+                cursor, Reporter._meta.db_table
+            )
         nullable_by_backend = connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls
         self.assertEqual(
             [r[6] for r in desc],
-            [False, nullable_by_backend, nullable_by_backend, nullable_by_backend, True, True, False, False]
+            [
+                False,
+                nullable_by_backend,
+                nullable_by_backend,
+                nullable_by_backend,
+                True,
+                True,
+                False,
+                False,
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_bigautofield(self):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            desc = connection.introspection.get_table_description(cursor, City._meta.db_table)
+            desc = connection.introspection.get_table_description(
+                cursor, City._meta.db_table
+            )
         self.assertIn(
-            connection.features.introspected_field_types['BigAutoField'],
+            connection.features.introspected_field_types["BigAutoField"],
             [connection.introspection.get_field_type(r[1], r) for r in desc],
         )
 
     def test_smallautofield(self):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            desc = connection.introspection.get_table_description(cursor, Country._meta.db_table)
+            desc = connection.introspection.get_table_description(
+                cursor, Country._meta.db_table
+            )
         self.assertIn(
-            connection.features.introspected_field_types['SmallAutoField'],
+            connection.features.introspected_field_types["SmallAutoField"],
             [connection.introspection.get_field_type(r[1], r) for r in desc],
         )
 
     # Regression test for #9991 - 'real' types in postgres
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_real_datatype')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_real_datatype")
     def test_postgresql_real_type(self):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute("CREATE TABLE django_ixn_real_test_table (number REAL);")
-            desc = connection.introspection.get_table_description(cursor, 'django_ixn_real_test_table')
-            cursor.execute('DROP TABLE django_ixn_real_test_table;')
-        self.assertEqual(connection.introspection.get_field_type(desc[0][1], desc[0]), 'FloatField')
+            desc = connection.introspection.get_table_description(
+                cursor, "django_ixn_real_test_table"
+            )
+            cursor.execute("DROP TABLE django_ixn_real_test_table;")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            connection.introspection.get_field_type(desc[0][1], desc[0]), "FloatField"
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_introspect_foreign_keys')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_introspect_foreign_keys")
     def test_get_relations(self):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            relations = connection.introspection.get_relations(cursor, Article._meta.db_table)
+            relations = connection.introspection.get_relations(
+                cursor, Article._meta.db_table
+            )
 
         # That's {field_name: (field_name_other_table, other_table)}
         expected_relations = {
-            'reporter_id': ('id', Reporter._meta.db_table),
-            'response_to_id': ('id', Article._meta.db_table),
+            "reporter_id": ("id", Reporter._meta.db_table),
+            "response_to_id": ("id", Article._meta.db_table),
         }
         self.assertEqual(relations, expected_relations)
 
         # Removing a field shouldn't disturb get_relations (#17785)
-        body = Article._meta.get_field('body')
+        body = Article._meta.get_field("body")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_field(Article, body)
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            relations = connection.introspection.get_relations(cursor, Article._meta.db_table)
+            relations = connection.introspection.get_relations(
+                cursor, Article._meta.db_table
+            )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_field(Article, body)
         self.assertEqual(relations, expected_relations)
 
     def test_get_primary_key_column(self):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            primary_key_column = connection.introspection.get_primary_key_column(cursor, Article._meta.db_table)
-            pk_fk_column = connection.introspection.get_primary_key_column(cursor, District._meta.db_table)
-        self.assertEqual(primary_key_column, 'id')
-        self.assertEqual(pk_fk_column, 'city_id')
+            primary_key_column = connection.introspection.get_primary_key_column(
+                cursor, Article._meta.db_table
+            )
+            pk_fk_column = connection.introspection.get_primary_key_column(
+                cursor, District._meta.db_table
+            )
+        self.assertEqual(primary_key_column, "id")
+        self.assertEqual(pk_fk_column, "city_id")
 
     def test_get_constraints_index_types(self):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            constraints = connection.introspection.get_constraints(cursor, Article._meta.db_table)
+            constraints = connection.introspection.get_constraints(
+                cursor, Article._meta.db_table
+            )
         index = {}
         index2 = {}
         for val in constraints.values():
-            if val['columns'] == ['headline', 'pub_date']:
+            if val["columns"] == ["headline", "pub_date"]:
                 index = val
-            if val['columns'] == ['headline', 'response_to_id', 'pub_date', 'reporter_id']:
+            if val["columns"] == [
+                "headline",
+                "response_to_id",
+                "pub_date",
+                "reporter_id",
+            ]:
                 index2 = val
-        self.assertEqual(index['type'], Index.suffix)
-        self.assertEqual(index2['type'], Index.suffix)
+        self.assertEqual(index["type"], Index.suffix)
+        self.assertEqual(index2["type"], Index.suffix)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_index_column_ordering')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_index_column_ordering")
     def test_get_constraints_indexes_orders(self):
         """
         Indexes have the 'orders' key with a list of 'ASC'/'DESC' values.
         """
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            constraints = connection.introspection.get_constraints(cursor, Article._meta.db_table)
+            constraints = connection.introspection.get_constraints(
+                cursor, Article._meta.db_table
+            )
         indexes_verified = 0
         expected_columns = [
-            ['headline', 'pub_date'],
-            ['headline', 'response_to_id', 'pub_date', 'reporter_id'],
+            ["headline", "pub_date"],
+            ["headline", "response_to_id", "pub_date", "reporter_id"],
         ]
         if connection.features.indexes_foreign_keys:
             expected_columns += [
-                ['reporter_id'],
-                ['response_to_id'],
+                ["reporter_id"],
+                ["response_to_id"],
             ]
         for val in constraints.values():
-            if val['index'] and not (val['primary_key'] or val['unique']):
-                self.assertIn(val['columns'], expected_columns)
-                self.assertEqual(val['orders'], ['ASC'] * len(val['columns']))
+            if val["index"] and not (val["primary_key"] or val["unique"]):
+                self.assertIn(val["columns"], expected_columns)
+                self.assertEqual(val["orders"], ["ASC"] * len(val["columns"]))
                 indexes_verified += 1
         self.assertEqual(indexes_verified, len(expected_columns))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_index_column_ordering', 'supports_partial_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_index_column_ordering", "supports_partial_indexes")
     def test_get_constraints_unique_indexes_orders(self):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             constraints = connection.introspection.get_constraints(
                 cursor,
                 UniqueConstraintConditionModel._meta.db_table,
             )
-        self.assertIn('cond_name_without_color_uniq', constraints)
-        constraint = constraints['cond_name_without_color_uniq']
-        self.assertIs(constraint['unique'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(constraint['columns'], ['name'])
-        self.assertEqual(constraint['orders'], ['ASC'])
+        self.assertIn("cond_name_without_color_uniq", constraints)
+        constraint = constraints["cond_name_without_color_uniq"]
+        self.assertIs(constraint["unique"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(constraint["columns"], ["name"])
+        self.assertEqual(constraint["orders"], ["ASC"])
 
     def test_get_constraints(self):
-        def assertDetails(details, cols, primary_key=False, unique=False, index=False, check=False, foreign_key=None):
+        def assertDetails(
+            details,
+            cols,
+            primary_key=False,
+            unique=False,
+            index=False,
+            check=False,
+            foreign_key=None,
+        ):
             # Different backends have different values for same constraints:
             #               PRIMARY KEY     UNIQUE CONSTRAINT    UNIQUE INDEX
             # MySQL      pk=1 uniq=1 idx=1  pk=0 uniq=1 idx=1  pk=0 uniq=1 idx=1
             # PostgreSQL pk=1 uniq=1 idx=0  pk=0 uniq=1 idx=0  pk=0 uniq=1 idx=1
             # SQLite     pk=1 uniq=0 idx=0  pk=0 uniq=1 idx=0  pk=0 uniq=1 idx=1
-            if details['primary_key']:
-                details['unique'] = True
-            if details['unique']:
-                details['index'] = False
-            self.assertEqual(details['columns'], cols)
-            self.assertEqual(details['primary_key'], primary_key)
-            self.assertEqual(details['unique'], unique)
-            self.assertEqual(details['index'], index)
-            self.assertEqual(details['check'], check)
-            self.assertEqual(details['foreign_key'], foreign_key)
+            if details["primary_key"]:
+                details["unique"] = True
+            if details["unique"]:
+                details["index"] = False
+            self.assertEqual(details["columns"], cols)
+            self.assertEqual(details["primary_key"], primary_key)
+            self.assertEqual(details["unique"], unique)
+            self.assertEqual(details["index"], index)
+            self.assertEqual(details["check"], check)
+            self.assertEqual(details["foreign_key"], foreign_key)
 
         # Test custom constraints
         custom_constraints = {
-            'article_email_pub_date_uniq',
-            'email_pub_date_idx',
+            "article_email_pub_date_uniq",
+            "email_pub_date_idx",
         }
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            constraints = connection.introspection.get_constraints(cursor, Comment._meta.db_table)
+            constraints = connection.introspection.get_constraints(
+                cursor, Comment._meta.db_table
+            )
             if (
-                connection.features.supports_column_check_constraints and
-                connection.features.can_introspect_check_constraints
+                connection.features.supports_column_check_constraints
+                and connection.features.can_introspect_check_constraints
             ):
                 constraints.update(
-                    connection.introspection.get_constraints(cursor, CheckConstraintModel._meta.db_table)
+                    connection.introspection.get_constraints(
+                        cursor, CheckConstraintModel._meta.db_table
+                    )
                 )
-                custom_constraints.add('up_votes_gte_0_check')
-                assertDetails(constraints['up_votes_gte_0_check'], ['up_votes'], check=True)
-        assertDetails(constraints['article_email_pub_date_uniq'], ['article_id', 'email', 'pub_date'], unique=True)
-        assertDetails(constraints['email_pub_date_idx'], ['email', 'pub_date'], index=True)
+                custom_constraints.add("up_votes_gte_0_check")
+                assertDetails(
+                    constraints["up_votes_gte_0_check"], ["up_votes"], check=True
+                )
+        assertDetails(
+            constraints["article_email_pub_date_uniq"],
+            ["article_id", "email", "pub_date"],
+            unique=True,
+        )
+        assertDetails(
+            constraints["email_pub_date_idx"], ["email", "pub_date"], index=True
+        )
         # Test field constraints
         field_constraints = set()
         for name, details in constraints.items():
             if name in custom_constraints:
                 continue
-            elif details['columns'] == ['up_votes'] and details['check']:
-                assertDetails(details, ['up_votes'], check=True)
+            elif details["columns"] == ["up_votes"] and details["check"]:
+                assertDetails(details, ["up_votes"], check=True)
                 field_constraints.add(name)
-            elif details['columns'] == ['voting_number'] and details['check']:
-                assertDetails(details, ['voting_number'], check=True)
+            elif details["columns"] == ["voting_number"] and details["check"]:
+                assertDetails(details, ["voting_number"], check=True)
                 field_constraints.add(name)
-            elif details['columns'] == ['ref'] and details['unique']:
-                assertDetails(details, ['ref'], unique=True)
+            elif details["columns"] == ["ref"] and details["unique"]:
+                assertDetails(details, ["ref"], unique=True)
                 field_constraints.add(name)
-            elif details['columns'] == ['voting_number'] and details['unique']:
-                assertDetails(details, ['voting_number'], unique=True)
+            elif details["columns"] == ["voting_number"] and details["unique"]:
+                assertDetails(details, ["voting_number"], unique=True)
                 field_constraints.add(name)
-            elif details['columns'] == ['article_id'] and details['index']:
-                assertDetails(details, ['article_id'], index=True)
+            elif details["columns"] == ["article_id"] and details["index"]:
+                assertDetails(details, ["article_id"], index=True)
                 field_constraints.add(name)
-            elif details['columns'] == ['id'] and details['primary_key']:
-                assertDetails(details, ['id'], primary_key=True, unique=True)
+            elif details["columns"] == ["id"] and details["primary_key"]:
+                assertDetails(details, ["id"], primary_key=True, unique=True)
                 field_constraints.add(name)
-            elif details['columns'] == ['article_id'] and details['foreign_key']:
-                assertDetails(details, ['article_id'], foreign_key=('introspection_article', 'id'))
+            elif details["columns"] == ["article_id"] and details["foreign_key"]:
+                assertDetails(
+                    details, ["article_id"], foreign_key=("introspection_article", "id")
+                )
                 field_constraints.add(name)
-            elif details['check']:
+            elif details["check"]:
                 # Some databases (e.g. Oracle) include additional check
                 # constraints.
                 field_constraints.add(name)
         # All constraints are accounted for.
-        self.assertEqual(constraints.keys() ^ (custom_constraints | field_constraints), set())
+        self.assertEqual(
+            constraints.keys() ^ (custom_constraints | field_constraints), set()
+        )
diff --git a/tests/invalid_models_tests/test_backend_specific.py b/tests/invalid_models_tests/test_backend_specific.py
index 236909d50e..8461641c9a 100644
--- a/tests/invalid_models_tests/test_backend_specific.py
+++ b/tests/invalid_models_tests/test_backend_specific.py
@@ -9,20 +9,21 @@ from django.test.utils import isolate_apps
 def dummy_allow_migrate(db, app_label, **hints):
     # Prevent checks from being run on the 'other' database, which doesn't have
     # its check_field() method mocked in the test.
-    return db == 'default'
+    return db == "default"
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class BackendSpecificChecksTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @mock.patch('django.db.models.fields.router.allow_migrate', new=dummy_allow_migrate)
+    @mock.patch("django.db.models.fields.router.allow_migrate", new=dummy_allow_migrate)
     def test_check_field(self):
-        """ Test if backend specific checks are performed. """
-        error = Error('an error')
+        """Test if backend specific checks are performed."""
+        error = Error("an error")
 
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.IntegerField()
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        with mock.patch.object(connections['default'].validation, 'check_field', return_value=[error]):
-            self.assertEqual(field.check(databases={'default'}), [error])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        with mock.patch.object(
+            connections["default"].validation, "check_field", return_value=[error]
+        ):
+            self.assertEqual(field.check(databases={"default"}), [error])
diff --git a/tests/invalid_models_tests/test_custom_fields.py b/tests/invalid_models_tests/test_custom_fields.py
index af14bae569..cfca888bec 100644
--- a/tests/invalid_models_tests/test_custom_fields.py
+++ b/tests/invalid_models_tests/test_custom_fields.py
@@ -3,9 +3,8 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.test.utils import isolate_apps
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class CustomFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_none_column(self):
         class NoColumnField(models.AutoField):
             def db_type(self, connection):
@@ -16,5 +15,5 @@ class CustomFieldTest(SimpleTestCase):
             field = NoColumnField(primary_key=True, db_column="other_field")
             other_field = models.IntegerField()
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
         self.assertEqual(field.check(), [])
diff --git a/tests/invalid_models_tests/test_deprecated_fields.py b/tests/invalid_models_tests/test_deprecated_fields.py
index a3ee618ce4..fee5fb39f8 100644
--- a/tests/invalid_models_tests/test_deprecated_fields.py
+++ b/tests/invalid_models_tests/test_deprecated_fields.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.test.utils import isolate_apps
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class DeprecatedFieldsTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_IPAddressField_deprecated(self):
         class IPAddressModel(models.Model):
@@ -15,13 +15,15 @@ class DeprecatedFieldsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         model = IPAddressModel()
         self.assertEqual(
             model.check(),
-            [checks.Error(
-                'IPAddressField has been removed except for support in '
-                'historical migrations.',
-                hint='Use GenericIPAddressField instead.',
-                obj=IPAddressModel._meta.get_field('ip'),
-                id='fields.E900',
-            )],
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "IPAddressField has been removed except for support in "
+                    "historical migrations.",
+                    hint="Use GenericIPAddressField instead.",
+                    obj=IPAddressModel._meta.get_field("ip"),
+                    id="fields.E900",
+                )
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_CommaSeparatedIntegerField_deprecated(self):
@@ -31,13 +33,15 @@ class DeprecatedFieldsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         model = CommaSeparatedIntegerModel()
         self.assertEqual(
             model.check(),
-            [checks.Error(
-                'CommaSeparatedIntegerField is removed except for support in '
-                'historical migrations.',
-                hint='Use CharField(validators=[validate_comma_separated_integer_list]) instead.',
-                obj=CommaSeparatedIntegerModel._meta.get_field('csi'),
-                id='fields.E901',
-            )],
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "CommaSeparatedIntegerField is removed except for support in "
+                    "historical migrations.",
+                    hint="Use CharField(validators=[validate_comma_separated_integer_list]) instead.",
+                    obj=CommaSeparatedIntegerModel._meta.get_field("csi"),
+                    id="fields.E901",
+                )
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_nullbooleanfield_deprecated(self):
@@ -45,29 +49,35 @@ class DeprecatedFieldsTests(SimpleTestCase):
             nb = models.NullBooleanField()
 
         model = NullBooleanFieldModel()
-        self.assertEqual(model.check(), [
-            checks.Error(
-                'NullBooleanField is removed except for support in historical '
-                'migrations.',
-                hint='Use BooleanField(null=True) instead.',
-                obj=NullBooleanFieldModel._meta.get_field('nb'),
-                id='fields.E903',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            model.check(),
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "NullBooleanField is removed except for support in historical "
+                    "migrations.",
+                    hint="Use BooleanField(null=True) instead.",
+                    obj=NullBooleanFieldModel._meta.get_field("nb"),
+                    id="fields.E903",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'PostgreSQL specific SQL')
+    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific SQL")
     def test_postgres_jsonfield_deprecated(self):
         from django.contrib.postgres.fields import JSONField
 
         class PostgresJSONFieldModel(models.Model):
             field = JSONField()
 
-        self.assertEqual(PostgresJSONFieldModel.check(), [
-            checks.Error(
-                'django.contrib.postgres.fields.JSONField is removed except '
-                'for support in historical migrations.',
-                hint='Use django.db.models.JSONField instead.',
-                obj=PostgresJSONFieldModel._meta.get_field('field'),
-                id='fields.E904',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            PostgresJSONFieldModel.check(),
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    "django.contrib.postgres.fields.JSONField is removed except "
+                    "for support in historical migrations.",
+                    hint="Use django.db.models.JSONField instead.",
+                    obj=PostgresJSONFieldModel._meta.get_field("field"),
+                    id="fields.E904",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
diff --git a/tests/invalid_models_tests/test_models.py b/tests/invalid_models_tests/test_models.py
index c8c4cfa420..6daa14f0ad 100644
--- a/tests/invalid_models_tests/test_models.py
+++ b/tests/invalid_models_tests/test_models.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ def get_max_column_name_length():
     allowed_len = None
     db_alias = None
 
-    for db in ('default', 'other'):
+    for db in ("default", "other"):
         connection = connections[db]
         max_name_length = connection.ops.max_name_length()
         if max_name_length is not None and not connection.features.truncates_names:
@@ -28,60 +28,71 @@ def get_max_column_name_length():
     return (allowed_len, db_alias)
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class IndexTogetherTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_non_iterable(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
                 index_together = 42
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'index_together' must be a list or tuple.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E008',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'index_together' must be a list or tuple.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E008",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_non_list(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                index_together = 'not-a-list'
+                index_together = "not-a-list"
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'index_together' must be a list or tuple.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E008',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'index_together' must be a list or tuple.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E008",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_list_containing_non_iterable(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                index_together = [('a', 'b'), 42]
+                index_together = [("a", "b"), 42]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "All 'index_together' elements must be lists or tuples.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E009',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "All 'index_together' elements must be lists or tuples.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E009",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_pointing_to_missing_field(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                index_together = [['missing_field']]
+                index_together = [["missing_field"]]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'index_together' refers to the nonexistent field 'missing_field'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E012',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'index_together' refers to the nonexistent field 'missing_field'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E012",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_pointing_to_non_local_field(self):
         class Foo(models.Model):
@@ -91,64 +102,76 @@ class IndexTogetherTests(SimpleTestCase):
             field2 = models.IntegerField()
 
             class Meta:
-                index_together = [['field2', 'field1']]
+                index_together = [["field2", "field1"]]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Bar.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'index_together' refers to field 'field1' which is not "
-                "local to model 'Bar'.",
-                hint='This issue may be caused by multi-table inheritance.',
-                obj=Bar,
-                id='models.E016',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Bar.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'index_together' refers to field 'field1' which is not "
+                    "local to model 'Bar'.",
+                    hint="This issue may be caused by multi-table inheritance.",
+                    obj=Bar,
+                    id="models.E016",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_pointing_to_m2m_field(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            m2m = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+            m2m = models.ManyToManyField("self")
 
             class Meta:
-                index_together = [['m2m']]
+                index_together = [["m2m"]]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'index_together' refers to a ManyToManyField 'm2m', but "
-                "ManyToManyFields are not permitted in 'index_together'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E013',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'index_together' refers to a ManyToManyField 'm2m', but "
+                    "ManyToManyFields are not permitted in 'index_together'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E013",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_pointing_to_fk(self):
         class Foo(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Bar(models.Model):
-            foo_1 = models.ForeignKey(Foo, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='bar_1')
-            foo_2 = models.ForeignKey(Foo, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='bar_2')
+            foo_1 = models.ForeignKey(
+                Foo, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name="bar_1"
+            )
+            foo_2 = models.ForeignKey(
+                Foo, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name="bar_2"
+            )
 
             class Meta:
-                index_together = [['foo_1_id', 'foo_2']]
+                index_together = [["foo_1_id", "foo_2"]]
 
         self.assertEqual(Bar.check(), [])
 
 
 # unique_together tests are very similar to index_together tests.
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class UniqueTogetherTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_non_iterable(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
                 unique_together = 42
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'unique_together' must be a list or tuple.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E010',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'unique_together' must be a list or tuple.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E010",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_list_containing_non_iterable(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
@@ -156,28 +179,34 @@ class UniqueTogetherTests(SimpleTestCase):
             two = models.IntegerField()
 
             class Meta:
-                unique_together = [('a', 'b'), 42]
+                unique_together = [("a", "b"), 42]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "All 'unique_together' elements must be lists or tuples.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E011',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "All 'unique_together' elements must be lists or tuples.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E011",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_non_list(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                unique_together = 'not-a-list'
+                unique_together = "not-a-list"
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'unique_together' must be a list or tuple.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E010',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'unique_together' must be a list or tuple.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E010",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_valid_model(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
@@ -186,84 +215,99 @@ class UniqueTogetherTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
             class Meta:
                 # unique_together can be a simple tuple
-                unique_together = ('one', 'two')
+                unique_together = ("one", "two")
 
         self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [])
 
     def test_pointing_to_missing_field(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                unique_together = [['missing_field']]
+                unique_together = [["missing_field"]]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'unique_together' refers to the nonexistent field 'missing_field'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E012',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'unique_together' refers to the nonexistent field 'missing_field'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E012",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_pointing_to_m2m(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            m2m = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+            m2m = models.ManyToManyField("self")
 
             class Meta:
-                unique_together = [['m2m']]
+                unique_together = [["m2m"]]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'unique_together' refers to a ManyToManyField 'm2m', but "
-                "ManyToManyFields are not permitted in 'unique_together'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E013',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'unique_together' refers to a ManyToManyField 'm2m', but "
+                    "ManyToManyFields are not permitted in 'unique_together'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E013",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_pointing_to_fk(self):
         class Foo(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Bar(models.Model):
-            foo_1 = models.ForeignKey(Foo, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='bar_1')
-            foo_2 = models.ForeignKey(Foo, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='bar_2')
+            foo_1 = models.ForeignKey(
+                Foo, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name="bar_1"
+            )
+            foo_2 = models.ForeignKey(
+                Foo, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name="bar_2"
+            )
 
             class Meta:
-                unique_together = [['foo_1_id', 'foo_2']]
+                unique_together = [["foo_1_id", "foo_2"]]
 
         self.assertEqual(Bar.check(), [])
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class IndexesTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_pointing_to_missing_field(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                indexes = [models.Index(fields=['missing_field'], name='name')]
+                indexes = [models.Index(fields=["missing_field"], name="name")]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'indexes' refers to the nonexistent field 'missing_field'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E012',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'indexes' refers to the nonexistent field 'missing_field'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E012",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_pointing_to_m2m_field(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            m2m = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+            m2m = models.ManyToManyField("self")
 
             class Meta:
-                indexes = [models.Index(fields=['m2m'], name='name')]
+                indexes = [models.Index(fields=["m2m"], name="name")]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'indexes' refers to a ManyToManyField 'm2m', but "
-                "ManyToManyFields are not permitted in 'indexes'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E013',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'indexes' refers to a ManyToManyField 'm2m', but "
+                    "ManyToManyFields are not permitted in 'indexes'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E013",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_pointing_to_non_local_field(self):
         class Foo(models.Model):
@@ -273,28 +317,37 @@ class IndexesTests(TestCase):
             field2 = models.IntegerField()
 
             class Meta:
-                indexes = [models.Index(fields=['field2', 'field1'], name='name')]
+                indexes = [models.Index(fields=["field2", "field1"], name="name")]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Bar.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'indexes' refers to field 'field1' which is not local to "
-                "model 'Bar'.",
-                hint='This issue may be caused by multi-table inheritance.',
-                obj=Bar,
-                id='models.E016',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Bar.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'indexes' refers to field 'field1' which is not local to "
+                    "model 'Bar'.",
+                    hint="This issue may be caused by multi-table inheritance.",
+                    obj=Bar,
+                    id="models.E016",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_pointing_to_fk(self):
         class Foo(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Bar(models.Model):
-            foo_1 = models.ForeignKey(Foo, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='bar_1')
-            foo_2 = models.ForeignKey(Foo, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='bar_2')
+            foo_1 = models.ForeignKey(
+                Foo, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name="bar_1"
+            )
+            foo_2 = models.ForeignKey(
+                Foo, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name="bar_2"
+            )
 
             class Meta:
-                indexes = [models.Index(fields=['foo_1_id', 'foo_2'], name='index_name')]
+                indexes = [
+                    models.Index(fields=["foo_1_id", "foo_2"], name="index_name")
+                ]
 
         self.assertEqual(Bar.check(), [])
 
@@ -302,34 +355,41 @@ class IndexesTests(TestCase):
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
                 indexes = [
-                    models.Index(fields=['id'], name='_index_name'),
-                    models.Index(fields=['id'], name='5index_name'),
+                    models.Index(fields=["id"], name="_index_name"),
+                    models.Index(fields=["id"], name="5index_name"),
                 ]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "The index name '%sindex_name' cannot start with an "
-                "underscore or a number." % prefix,
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E033',
-            ) for prefix in ('_', '5')
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The index name '%sindex_name' cannot start with an "
+                    "underscore or a number." % prefix,
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E033",
+                )
+                for prefix in ("_", "5")
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_max_name_length(self):
-        index_name = 'x' * 31
+        index_name = "x" * 31
 
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                indexes = [models.Index(fields=['id'], name=index_name)]
+                indexes = [models.Index(fields=["id"], name=index_name)]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "The index name '%s' cannot be longer than 30 characters."
-                % index_name,
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E034',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The index name '%s' cannot be longer than 30 characters."
+                    % index_name,
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E034",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_index_with_condition(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
@@ -338,25 +398,29 @@ class IndexesTests(TestCase):
             class Meta:
                 indexes = [
                     models.Index(
-                        fields=['age'],
-                        name='index_age_gte_10',
+                        fields=["age"],
+                        name="index_age_gte_10",
                         condition=models.Q(age__gte=10),
                     ),
                 ]
 
         errors = Model.check(databases=self.databases)
-        expected = [] if connection.features.supports_partial_indexes else [
-            Warning(
-                '%s does not support indexes with conditions.'
-                % connection.display_name,
-                hint=(
-                    "Conditions will be ignored. Silence this warning if you "
-                    "don't care about it."
-                ),
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.W037',
-            )
-        ]
+        expected = (
+            []
+            if connection.features.supports_partial_indexes
+            else [
+                Warning(
+                    "%s does not support indexes with conditions."
+                    % connection.display_name,
+                    hint=(
+                        "Conditions will be ignored. Silence this warning if you "
+                        "don't care about it."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.W037",
+                )
+            ]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
 
     def test_index_with_condition_required_db_features(self):
@@ -364,11 +428,11 @@ class IndexesTests(TestCase):
             age = models.IntegerField()
 
             class Meta:
-                required_db_features = {'supports_partial_indexes'}
+                required_db_features = {"supports_partial_indexes"}
                 indexes = [
                     models.Index(
-                        fields=['age'],
-                        name='index_age_gte_10',
+                        fields=["age"],
+                        name="index_age_gte_10",
                         condition=models.Q(age__gte=10),
                     ),
                 ]
@@ -382,25 +446,29 @@ class IndexesTests(TestCase):
             class Meta:
                 indexes = [
                     models.Index(
-                        fields=['age'],
-                        name='index_age_include_id',
-                        include=['id'],
+                        fields=["age"],
+                        name="index_age_include_id",
+                        include=["id"],
                     ),
                 ]
 
         errors = Model.check(databases=self.databases)
-        expected = [] if connection.features.supports_covering_indexes else [
-            Warning(
-                '%s does not support indexes with non-key columns.'
-                % connection.display_name,
-                hint=(
-                    "Non-key columns will be ignored. Silence this warning if "
-                    "you don't care about it."
-                ),
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.W040',
-            )
-        ]
+        expected = (
+            []
+            if connection.features.supports_covering_indexes
+            else [
+                Warning(
+                    "%s does not support indexes with non-key columns."
+                    % connection.display_name,
+                    hint=(
+                        "Non-key columns will be ignored. Silence this warning if "
+                        "you don't care about it."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.W040",
+                )
+            ]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
 
     def test_index_with_include_required_db_features(self):
@@ -408,51 +476,57 @@ class IndexesTests(TestCase):
             age = models.IntegerField()
 
             class Meta:
-                required_db_features = {'supports_covering_indexes'}
+                required_db_features = {"supports_covering_indexes"}
                 indexes = [
                     models.Index(
-                        fields=['age'],
-                        name='index_age_include_id',
-                        include=['id'],
+                        fields=["age"],
+                        name="index_age_include_id",
+                        include=["id"],
                     ),
                 ]
 
         self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_indexes")
     def test_index_include_pointing_to_missing_field(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
                 indexes = [
-                    models.Index(fields=['id'], include=['missing_field'], name='name'),
+                    models.Index(fields=["id"], include=["missing_field"], name="name"),
                 ]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [
-            Error(
-                "'indexes' refers to the nonexistent field 'missing_field'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E012',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(databases=self.databases),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'indexes' refers to the nonexistent field 'missing_field'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E012",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_indexes")
     def test_index_include_pointing_to_m2m_field(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            m2m = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+            m2m = models.ManyToManyField("self")
 
             class Meta:
-                indexes = [models.Index(fields=['id'], include=['m2m'], name='name')]
+                indexes = [models.Index(fields=["id"], include=["m2m"], name="name")]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [
-            Error(
-                "'indexes' refers to a ManyToManyField 'm2m', but "
-                "ManyToManyFields are not permitted in 'indexes'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E013',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(databases=self.databases),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'indexes' refers to a ManyToManyField 'm2m', but "
+                    "ManyToManyFields are not permitted in 'indexes'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E013",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_indexes")
     def test_index_include_pointing_to_non_local_field(self):
         class Parent(models.Model):
             field1 = models.IntegerField()
@@ -462,34 +536,37 @@ class IndexesTests(TestCase):
 
             class Meta:
                 indexes = [
-                    models.Index(fields=['field2'], include=['field1'], name='name'),
+                    models.Index(fields=["field2"], include=["field1"], name="name"),
                 ]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Child.check(databases=self.databases), [
-            Error(
-                "'indexes' refers to field 'field1' which is not local to "
-                "model 'Child'.",
-                hint='This issue may be caused by multi-table inheritance.',
-                obj=Child,
-                id='models.E016',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Child.check(databases=self.databases),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'indexes' refers to field 'field1' which is not local to "
+                    "model 'Child'.",
+                    hint="This issue may be caused by multi-table inheritance.",
+                    obj=Child,
+                    id="models.E016",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_indexes")
     def test_index_include_pointing_to_fk(self):
         class Target(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Model(models.Model):
-            fk_1 = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name='target_1')
-            fk_2 = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name='target_2')
+            fk_1 = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name="target_1")
+            fk_2 = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name="target_2")
 
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
                     models.Index(
-                        fields=['id'],
-                        include=['fk_1_id', 'fk_2'],
-                        name='name',
+                        fields=["id"],
+                        include=["fk_1_id", "fk_2"],
+                        name="name",
                     ),
                 ]
 
@@ -500,17 +577,16 @@ class IndexesTests(TestCase):
             name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
 
             class Meta:
-                indexes = [models.Index(Lower('name'), name='index_lower_name')]
+                indexes = [models.Index(Lower("name"), name="index_lower_name")]
 
         warn = Warning(
-            '%s does not support indexes on expressions.'
-            % connection.display_name,
+            "%s does not support indexes on expressions." % connection.display_name,
             hint=(
                 "An index won't be created. Silence this warning if you don't "
                 "care about it."
             ),
             obj=Model,
-            id='models.W043',
+            id="models.W043",
         )
         expected = [] if connection.features.supports_expression_indexes else [warn]
         self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), expected)
@@ -520,8 +596,8 @@ class IndexesTests(TestCase):
             name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
 
             class Meta:
-                indexes = [models.Index(Lower('name'), name='index_lower_name')]
-                required_db_features = {'supports_expression_indexes'}
+                indexes = [models.Index(Lower("name"), name="index_lower_name")]
+                required_db_features = {"supports_expression_indexes"}
 
         self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [])
 
@@ -533,8 +609,9 @@ class IndexesTests(TestCase):
             class Meta:
                 indexes = [
                     models.Index(
-                        models.F('height') / (models.F('weight__abs') + models.Value(5)),
-                        name='name',
+                        models.F("height")
+                        / (models.F("weight__abs") + models.Value(5)),
+                        name="name",
                     ),
                 ]
 
@@ -544,46 +621,55 @@ class IndexesTests(TestCase):
     def test_func_index_pointing_to_missing_field(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                indexes = [models.Index(Lower('missing_field').desc(), name='name')]
+                indexes = [models.Index(Lower("missing_field").desc(), name="name")]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'indexes' refers to the nonexistent field 'missing_field'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E012',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'indexes' refers to the nonexistent field 'missing_field'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E012",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_func_index_pointing_to_missing_field_nested(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
                 indexes = [
-                    models.Index(Abs(Round('missing_field')), name='name'),
+                    models.Index(Abs(Round("missing_field")), name="name"),
                 ]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'indexes' refers to the nonexistent field 'missing_field'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E012',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'indexes' refers to the nonexistent field 'missing_field'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E012",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_func_index_pointing_to_m2m_field(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            m2m = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+            m2m = models.ManyToManyField("self")
 
             class Meta:
-                indexes = [models.Index(Lower('m2m'), name='name')]
+                indexes = [models.Index(Lower("m2m"), name="name")]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'indexes' refers to a ManyToManyField 'm2m', but "
-                "ManyToManyFields are not permitted in 'indexes'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E013',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'indexes' refers to a ManyToManyField 'm2m', but "
+                    "ManyToManyFields are not permitted in 'indexes'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E013",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_func_index_pointing_to_non_local_field(self):
         class Foo(models.Model):
@@ -591,87 +677,99 @@ class IndexesTests(TestCase):
 
         class Bar(Foo):
             class Meta:
-                indexes = [models.Index(Lower('field1'), name='name')]
+                indexes = [models.Index(Lower("field1"), name="name")]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Bar.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'indexes' refers to field 'field1' which is not local to "
-                "model 'Bar'.",
-                hint='This issue may be caused by multi-table inheritance.',
-                obj=Bar,
-                id='models.E016',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Bar.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'indexes' refers to field 'field1' which is not local to "
+                    "model 'Bar'.",
+                    hint="This issue may be caused by multi-table inheritance.",
+                    obj=Bar,
+                    id="models.E016",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_func_index_pointing_to_fk(self):
         class Foo(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Bar(models.Model):
-            foo_1 = models.ForeignKey(Foo, models.CASCADE, related_name='bar_1')
-            foo_2 = models.ForeignKey(Foo, models.CASCADE, related_name='bar_2')
+            foo_1 = models.ForeignKey(Foo, models.CASCADE, related_name="bar_1")
+            foo_2 = models.ForeignKey(Foo, models.CASCADE, related_name="bar_2")
 
             class Meta:
                 indexes = [
-                    models.Index(Lower('foo_1_id'), Lower('foo_2'), name='index_name'),
+                    models.Index(Lower("foo_1_id"), Lower("foo_2"), name="index_name"),
                 ]
 
         self.assertEqual(Bar.check(), [])
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class FieldNamesTests(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     def test_ending_with_underscore(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field_ = models.CharField(max_length=10)
-            m2m_ = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+            m2m_ = models.ManyToManyField("self")
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                'Field names must not end with an underscore.',
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('field_'),
-                id='fields.E001',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                'Field names must not end with an underscore.',
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('m2m_'),
-                id='fields.E001',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Field names must not end with an underscore.",
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("field_"),
+                    id="fields.E001",
+                ),
+                Error(
+                    "Field names must not end with an underscore.",
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("m2m_"),
+                    id="fields.E001",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     max_column_name_length, column_limit_db_alias = get_max_column_name_length()
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(max_column_name_length is None, "The database doesn't have a column name length limit.")
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        max_column_name_length is None,
+        "The database doesn't have a column name length limit.",
+    )
     def test_M2M_long_column_name(self):
         """
         #13711 -- Model check for long M2M column names when database has
         column name length limits.
         """
         # A model with very long name which will be used to set relations to.
-        class VeryLongModelNamezzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz(models.Model):
+        class VeryLongModelNamezzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz(
+            models.Model
+        ):
             title = models.CharField(max_length=11)
 
         # Main model for which checks will be performed.
         class ModelWithLongField(models.Model):
             m2m_field = models.ManyToManyField(
                 VeryLongModelNamezzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz,
-                related_name='rn1',
+                related_name="rn1",
             )
             m2m_field2 = models.ManyToManyField(
                 VeryLongModelNamezzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz,
-                related_name='rn2', through='m2msimple',
+                related_name="rn2",
+                through="m2msimple",
             )
             m2m_field3 = models.ManyToManyField(
                 VeryLongModelNamezzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz,
-                related_name='rn3',
-                through='m2mcomplex',
+                related_name="rn3",
+                through="m2mcomplex",
             )
             fk = models.ForeignKey(
                 VeryLongModelNamezzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz,
                 models.CASCADE,
-                related_name='rn4',
+                related_name="rn4",
             )
 
         # Models used for setting `through` in M2M field.
@@ -681,7 +779,7 @@ class FieldNamesTests(TestCase):
         class m2mcomplex(models.Model):
             id2 = models.ForeignKey(ModelWithLongField, models.CASCADE)
 
-        long_field_name = 'a' * (self.max_column_name_length + 1)
+        long_field_name = "a" * (self.max_column_name_length + 1)
         models.ForeignKey(
             VeryLongModelNamezzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz,
             models.CASCADE,
@@ -690,13 +788,15 @@ class FieldNamesTests(TestCase):
         models.ForeignKey(
             VeryLongModelNamezzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz,
             models.CASCADE,
-            db_column=long_field_name
+            db_column=long_field_name,
         ).contribute_to_class(m2mcomplex, long_field_name)
 
-        errors = ModelWithLongField.check(databases=('default', 'other'))
+        errors = ModelWithLongField.check(databases=("default", "other"))
 
         # First error because of M2M field set on the model with long name.
-        m2m_long_name = "verylongmodelnamezzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz_id"
+        m2m_long_name = (
+            "verylongmodelnamezzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz_id"
+        )
         if self.max_column_name_length > len(m2m_long_name):
             # Some databases support names longer than the test name.
             expected = []
@@ -705,11 +805,15 @@ class FieldNamesTests(TestCase):
                 Error(
                     'Autogenerated column name too long for M2M field "%s". '
                     'Maximum length is "%s" for database "%s".'
-                    % (m2m_long_name, self.max_column_name_length, self.column_limit_db_alias),
+                    % (
+                        m2m_long_name,
+                        self.max_column_name_length,
+                        self.column_limit_db_alias,
+                    ),
                     hint="Use 'through' to create a separate model for "
-                         "M2M and then set column_name using 'db_column'.",
+                    "M2M and then set column_name using 'db_column'.",
                     obj=ModelWithLongField,
-                    id='models.E019',
+                    id="models.E019",
                 )
             ]
 
@@ -722,11 +826,15 @@ class FieldNamesTests(TestCase):
             Error(
                 'Autogenerated column name too long for M2M field "%s_id". '
                 'Maximum length is "%s" for database "%s".'
-                % (long_field_name, self.max_column_name_length, self.column_limit_db_alias),
+                % (
+                    long_field_name,
+                    self.max_column_name_length,
+                    self.column_limit_db_alias,
+                ),
                 hint="Use 'through' to create a separate model for "
-                     "M2M and then set column_name using 'db_column'.",
+                "M2M and then set column_name using 'db_column'.",
                 obj=ModelWithLongField,
-                id='models.E019',
+                id="models.E019",
             )
         )
 
@@ -735,29 +843,44 @@ class FieldNamesTests(TestCase):
         # aliases.
         self.assertEqual(ModelWithLongField.check(databases=None), [])
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(max_column_name_length is None, "The database doesn't have a column name length limit.")
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        max_column_name_length is None,
+        "The database doesn't have a column name length limit.",
+    )
     def test_local_field_long_column_name(self):
         """
         #13711 -- Model check for long column names
         when database does not support long names.
         """
+
         class ModelWithLongField(models.Model):
             title = models.CharField(max_length=11)
 
-        long_field_name = 'a' * (self.max_column_name_length + 1)
-        long_field_name2 = 'b' * (self.max_column_name_length + 1)
-        models.CharField(max_length=11).contribute_to_class(ModelWithLongField, long_field_name)
-        models.CharField(max_length=11, db_column='vlmn').contribute_to_class(ModelWithLongField, long_field_name2)
-        self.assertEqual(ModelWithLongField.check(databases=('default', 'other')), [
-            Error(
-                'Autogenerated column name too long for field "%s". '
-                'Maximum length is "%s" for database "%s".'
-                % (long_field_name, self.max_column_name_length, self.column_limit_db_alias),
-                hint="Set the column name manually using 'db_column'.",
-                obj=ModelWithLongField,
-                id='models.E018',
-            )
-        ])
+        long_field_name = "a" * (self.max_column_name_length + 1)
+        long_field_name2 = "b" * (self.max_column_name_length + 1)
+        models.CharField(max_length=11).contribute_to_class(
+            ModelWithLongField, long_field_name
+        )
+        models.CharField(max_length=11, db_column="vlmn").contribute_to_class(
+            ModelWithLongField, long_field_name2
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ModelWithLongField.check(databases=("default", "other")),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    'Autogenerated column name too long for field "%s". '
+                    'Maximum length is "%s" for database "%s".'
+                    % (
+                        long_field_name,
+                        self.max_column_name_length,
+                        self.column_limit_db_alias,
+                    ),
+                    hint="Set the column name manually using 'db_column'.",
+                    obj=ModelWithLongField,
+                    id="models.E018",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
         # Check for long column names is called only for specified database
         # aliases.
         self.assertEqual(ModelWithLongField.check(databases=None), [])
@@ -766,45 +889,53 @@ class FieldNamesTests(TestCase):
         class Model(models.Model):
             some__field = models.IntegerField()
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                'Field names must not contain "__".',
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('some__field'),
-                id='fields.E002',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    'Field names must not contain "__".',
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("some__field"),
+                    id="fields.E002",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_pk(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             pk = models.IntegerField()
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'pk' is a reserved word that cannot be used as a field name.",
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('pk'),
-                id='fields.E003',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'pk' is a reserved word that cannot be used as a field name.",
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("pk"),
+                    id="fields.E003",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_db_column_clash(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             foo = models.IntegerField()
-            bar = models.IntegerField(db_column='foo')
+            bar = models.IntegerField(db_column="foo")
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "Field 'bar' has column name 'foo' that is used by "
-                "another field.",
-                hint="Specify a 'db_column' for the field.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E007',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Field 'bar' has column name 'foo' that is used by "
+                    "another field.",
+                    hint="Specify a 'db_column' for the field.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E007",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class ShadowingFieldsTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_field_name_clash_with_child_accessor(self):
         class Parent(models.Model):
             pass
@@ -812,41 +943,47 @@ class ShadowingFieldsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class Child(Parent):
             child = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Child.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "The field 'child' clashes with the field "
-                "'child' from model 'invalid_models_tests.parent'.",
-                obj=Child._meta.get_field('child'),
-                id='models.E006',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Child.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The field 'child' clashes with the field "
+                    "'child' from model 'invalid_models_tests.parent'.",
+                    obj=Child._meta.get_field("child"),
+                    id="models.E006",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_field_name_clash_with_m2m_through(self):
         class Parent(models.Model):
             clash_id = models.IntegerField()
 
         class Child(Parent):
-            clash = models.ForeignKey('Child', models.CASCADE)
+            clash = models.ForeignKey("Child", models.CASCADE)
 
         class Model(models.Model):
             parents = models.ManyToManyField(
                 to=Parent,
-                through='Through',
-                through_fields=['parent', 'model'],
+                through="Through",
+                through_fields=["parent", "model"],
             )
 
         class Through(models.Model):
             parent = models.ForeignKey(Parent, models.CASCADE)
             model = models.ForeignKey(Model, models.CASCADE)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Child.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "The field 'clash' clashes with the field 'clash_id' from "
-                "model 'invalid_models_tests.parent'.",
-                obj=Child._meta.get_field('clash'),
-                id='models.E006',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Child.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The field 'clash' clashes with the field 'clash_id' from "
+                    "model 'invalid_models_tests.parent'.",
+                    obj=Child._meta.get_field("clash"),
+                    id="models.E006",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_multiinheritance_clash(self):
         class Mother(models.Model):
@@ -860,22 +997,25 @@ class ShadowingFieldsTests(SimpleTestCase):
             # both parents define these fields.
             pass
 
-        self.assertEqual(Child.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "The field 'id' from parent model "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.mother' clashes with the field 'id' "
-                "from parent model 'invalid_models_tests.father'.",
-                obj=Child,
-                id='models.E005',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "The field 'clash' from parent model "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.mother' clashes with the field 'clash' "
-                "from parent model 'invalid_models_tests.father'.",
-                obj=Child,
-                id='models.E005',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Child.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The field 'id' from parent model "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.mother' clashes with the field 'id' "
+                    "from parent model 'invalid_models_tests.father'.",
+                    obj=Child,
+                    id="models.E005",
+                ),
+                Error(
+                    "The field 'clash' from parent model "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.mother' clashes with the field 'clash' "
+                    "from parent model 'invalid_models_tests.father'.",
+                    obj=Child,
+                    id="models.E005",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_inheritance_clash(self):
         class Parent(models.Model):
@@ -889,14 +1029,17 @@ class ShadowingFieldsTests(SimpleTestCase):
             # This field clashes with parent "f_id" field.
             f = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Child.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "The field 'f' clashes with the field 'f_id' "
-                "from model 'invalid_models_tests.parent'.",
-                obj=Child._meta.get_field('f'),
-                id='models.E006',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Child.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The field 'f' clashes with the field 'f_id' "
+                    "from model 'invalid_models_tests.parent'.",
+                    obj=Child._meta.get_field("f"),
+                    id="models.E006",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_multigeneration_inheritance(self):
         class GrandParent(models.Model):
@@ -911,14 +1054,17 @@ class ShadowingFieldsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class GrandChild(Child):
             clash = models.IntegerField()
 
-        self.assertEqual(GrandChild.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "The field 'clash' clashes with the field 'clash' "
-                "from model 'invalid_models_tests.grandparent'.",
-                obj=GrandChild._meta.get_field('clash'),
-                id='models.E006',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            GrandChild.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The field 'clash' clashes with the field 'clash' "
+                    "from model 'invalid_models_tests.grandparent'.",
+                    obj=GrandChild._meta.get_field("clash"),
+                    id="models.E006",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_id_clash(self):
         class Target(models.Model):
@@ -928,54 +1074,62 @@ class ShadowingFieldsTests(SimpleTestCase):
             fk = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE)
             fk_id = models.IntegerField()
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "The field 'fk_id' clashes with the field 'fk' from model "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.model'.",
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('fk_id'),
-                id='models.E006',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The field 'fk_id' clashes with the field 'fk' from model "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.model'.",
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("fk_id"),
+                    id="models.E006",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class OtherModelTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_unique_primary_key(self):
         invalid_id = models.IntegerField(primary_key=False)
 
         class Model(models.Model):
             id = invalid_id
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'id' can only be used as a field name if the field also sets "
-                "'primary_key=True'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E004',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'id' can only be used as a field name if the field also sets "
+                    "'primary_key=True'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E004",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_ordering_non_iterable(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                ordering = 'missing_field'
+                ordering = "missing_field"
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'ordering' must be a tuple or list "
-                "(even if you want to order by only one field).",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E014',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'ordering' must be a tuple or list "
+                    "(even if you want to order by only one field).",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E014",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_just_ordering_no_errors(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             order = models.PositiveIntegerField()
 
             class Meta:
-                ordering = ['order']
+                ordering = ["order"]
 
         self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [])
 
@@ -987,7 +1141,7 @@ class OtherModelTests(SimpleTestCase):
             question = models.ForeignKey(Question, models.CASCADE)
 
             class Meta:
-                order_with_respect_to = 'question'
+                order_with_respect_to = "question"
 
         self.assertEqual(Answer.check(), [])
 
@@ -1000,16 +1154,19 @@ class OtherModelTests(SimpleTestCase):
             order = models.IntegerField()
 
             class Meta:
-                order_with_respect_to = 'question'
-                ordering = ['order']
+                order_with_respect_to = "question"
+                ordering = ["order"]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Answer.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'ordering' and 'order_with_respect_to' cannot be used together.",
-                obj=Answer,
-                id='models.E021',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Answer.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'ordering' and 'order_with_respect_to' cannot be used together.",
+                    obj=Answer,
+                    id="models.E021",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_non_valid(self):
         class RelationModel(models.Model):
@@ -1019,62 +1176,74 @@ class OtherModelTests(SimpleTestCase):
             relation = models.ManyToManyField(RelationModel)
 
             class Meta:
-                ordering = ['relation']
+                ordering = ["relation"]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'ordering' refers to the nonexistent field, related field, "
-                "or lookup 'relation'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E015',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'ordering' refers to the nonexistent field, related field, "
+                    "or lookup 'relation'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E015",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_ordering_pointing_to_missing_field(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                ordering = ('missing_field',)
+                ordering = ("missing_field",)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'ordering' refers to the nonexistent field, related field, "
-                "or lookup 'missing_field'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E015',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'ordering' refers to the nonexistent field, related field, "
+                    "or lookup 'missing_field'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E015",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_ordering_pointing_to_missing_foreignkey_field(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             missing_fk_field = models.IntegerField()
 
             class Meta:
-                ordering = ('missing_fk_field_id',)
+                ordering = ("missing_fk_field_id",)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'ordering' refers to the nonexistent field, related field, "
-                "or lookup 'missing_fk_field_id'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E015',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'ordering' refers to the nonexistent field, related field, "
+                    "or lookup 'missing_fk_field_id'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E015",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_ordering_pointing_to_missing_related_field(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             test = models.IntegerField()
 
             class Meta:
-                ordering = ('missing_related__id',)
+                ordering = ("missing_related__id",)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'ordering' refers to the nonexistent field, related field, "
-                "or lookup 'missing_related__id'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E015',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'ordering' refers to the nonexistent field, related field, "
+                    "or lookup 'missing_related__id'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E015",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_ordering_pointing_to_missing_related_model_field(self):
         class Parent(models.Model):
@@ -1084,32 +1253,38 @@ class OtherModelTests(SimpleTestCase):
             parent = models.ForeignKey(Parent, models.CASCADE)
 
             class Meta:
-                ordering = ('parent__missing_field',)
+                ordering = ("parent__missing_field",)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Child.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'ordering' refers to the nonexistent field, related field, "
-                "or lookup 'parent__missing_field'.",
-                obj=Child,
-                id='models.E015',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Child.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'ordering' refers to the nonexistent field, related field, "
+                    "or lookup 'parent__missing_field'.",
+                    obj=Child,
+                    id="models.E015",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_ordering_pointing_to_non_related_field(self):
         class Child(models.Model):
             parent = models.IntegerField()
 
             class Meta:
-                ordering = ('parent__missing_field',)
+                ordering = ("parent__missing_field",)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Child.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'ordering' refers to the nonexistent field, related field, "
-                "or lookup 'parent__missing_field'.",
-                obj=Child,
-                id='models.E015',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Child.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'ordering' refers to the nonexistent field, related field, "
+                    "or lookup 'parent__missing_field'.",
+                    obj=Child,
+                    id="models.E015",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_ordering_pointing_to_two_related_model_field(self):
         class Parent2(models.Model):
@@ -1122,16 +1297,19 @@ class OtherModelTests(SimpleTestCase):
             parent1 = models.ForeignKey(Parent1, models.CASCADE)
 
             class Meta:
-                ordering = ('parent1__parent2__missing_field',)
+                ordering = ("parent1__parent2__missing_field",)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Child.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'ordering' refers to the nonexistent field, related field, "
-                "or lookup 'parent1__parent2__missing_field'.",
-                obj=Child,
-                id='models.E015',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Child.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'ordering' refers to the nonexistent field, related field, "
+                    "or lookup 'parent1__parent2__missing_field'.",
+                    obj=Child,
+                    id="models.E015",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_ordering_pointing_multiple_times_to_model_fields(self):
         class Parent(models.Model):
@@ -1142,23 +1320,26 @@ class OtherModelTests(SimpleTestCase):
             parent = models.ForeignKey(Parent, models.CASCADE)
 
             class Meta:
-                ordering = ('parent__field1__field2',)
+                ordering = ("parent__field1__field2",)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Child.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'ordering' refers to the nonexistent field, related field, "
-                "or lookup 'parent__field1__field2'.",
-                obj=Child,
-                id='models.E015',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Child.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'ordering' refers to the nonexistent field, related field, "
+                    "or lookup 'parent__field1__field2'.",
+                    obj=Child,
+                    id="models.E015",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_ordering_allows_registered_lookups(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             test = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
             class Meta:
-                ordering = ('test__lower',)
+                ordering = ("test__lower",)
 
         with register_lookup(models.CharField, Lower):
             self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [])
@@ -1168,7 +1349,7 @@ class OtherModelTests(SimpleTestCase):
             test = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
             class Meta:
-                ordering = ('test__isnull',)
+                ordering = ("test__isnull",)
 
         self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [])
 
@@ -1180,7 +1361,7 @@ class OtherModelTests(SimpleTestCase):
             parent = models.ForeignKey(Parent, models.CASCADE)
 
             class Meta:
-                ordering = ('parent__pk',)
+                ordering = ("parent__pk",)
 
         self.assertEqual(Child.check(), [])
 
@@ -1192,7 +1373,7 @@ class OtherModelTests(SimpleTestCase):
             parent = models.ForeignKey(Parent, models.CASCADE)
 
             class Meta:
-                ordering = ('parent_id',)
+                ordering = ("parent_id",)
 
         self.assertFalse(Child.check())
 
@@ -1200,116 +1381,144 @@ class OtherModelTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class _Model(models.Model):
             pass
 
-        self.assertEqual(_Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "The model name '_Model' cannot start or end with an underscore "
-                "as it collides with the query lookup syntax.",
-                obj=_Model,
-                id='models.E023',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            _Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The model name '_Model' cannot start or end with an underscore "
+                    "as it collides with the query lookup syntax.",
+                    obj=_Model,
+                    id="models.E023",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_name_ending_with_underscore(self):
         class Model_(models.Model):
             pass
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model_.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "The model name 'Model_' cannot start or end with an underscore "
-                "as it collides with the query lookup syntax.",
-                obj=Model_,
-                id='models.E023',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model_.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The model name 'Model_' cannot start or end with an underscore "
+                    "as it collides with the query lookup syntax.",
+                    obj=Model_,
+                    id="models.E023",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_name_contains_double_underscores(self):
         class Test__Model(models.Model):
             pass
 
-        self.assertEqual(Test__Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "The model name 'Test__Model' cannot contain double underscores "
-                "as it collides with the query lookup syntax.",
-                obj=Test__Model,
-                id='models.E024',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Test__Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The model name 'Test__Model' cannot contain double underscores "
+                    "as it collides with the query lookup syntax.",
+                    obj=Test__Model,
+                    id="models.E024",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_property_and_related_field_accessor_clash(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            fk = models.ForeignKey('self', models.CASCADE)
+            fk = models.ForeignKey("self", models.CASCADE)
 
         # Override related field accessor.
-        Model.fk_id = property(lambda self: 'ERROR')
+        Model.fk_id = property(lambda self: "ERROR")
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "The property 'fk_id' clashes with a related field accessor.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E025',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The property 'fk_id' clashes with a related field accessor.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E025",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_single_primary_key(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             foo = models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)
             bar = models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "The model cannot have more than one field with 'primary_key=True'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E026',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The model cannot have more than one field with 'primary_key=True'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E026",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(TEST_SWAPPED_MODEL_BAD_VALUE='not-a-model')
+    @override_settings(TEST_SWAPPED_MODEL_BAD_VALUE="not-a-model")
     def test_swappable_missing_app_name(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                swappable = 'TEST_SWAPPED_MODEL_BAD_VALUE'
+                swappable = "TEST_SWAPPED_MODEL_BAD_VALUE"
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'TEST_SWAPPED_MODEL_BAD_VALUE' is not of the form 'app_label.app_name'.",
-                id='models.E001',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'TEST_SWAPPED_MODEL_BAD_VALUE' is not of the form 'app_label.app_name'.",
+                    id="models.E001",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(TEST_SWAPPED_MODEL_BAD_MODEL='not_an_app.Target')
+    @override_settings(TEST_SWAPPED_MODEL_BAD_MODEL="not_an_app.Target")
     def test_swappable_missing_app(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                swappable = 'TEST_SWAPPED_MODEL_BAD_MODEL'
+                swappable = "TEST_SWAPPED_MODEL_BAD_MODEL"
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'TEST_SWAPPED_MODEL_BAD_MODEL' references 'not_an_app.Target', "
-                'which has not been installed, or is abstract.',
-                id='models.E002',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'TEST_SWAPPED_MODEL_BAD_MODEL' references 'not_an_app.Target', "
+                    "which has not been installed, or is abstract.",
+                    id="models.E002",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_two_m2m_through_same_relationship(self):
         class Person(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Group(models.Model):
-            primary = models.ManyToManyField(Person, through='Membership', related_name='primary')
-            secondary = models.ManyToManyField(Person, through='Membership', related_name='secondary')
+            primary = models.ManyToManyField(
+                Person, through="Membership", related_name="primary"
+            )
+            secondary = models.ManyToManyField(
+                Person, through="Membership", related_name="secondary"
+            )
 
         class Membership(models.Model):
             person = models.ForeignKey(Person, models.CASCADE)
             group = models.ForeignKey(Group, models.CASCADE)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Group.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "The model has two identical many-to-many relations through "
-                "the intermediate model 'invalid_models_tests.Membership'.",
-                obj=Group,
-                id='models.E003',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Group.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The model has two identical many-to-many relations through "
+                    "the intermediate model 'invalid_models_tests.Membership'.",
+                    obj=Group,
+                    id="models.E003",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_two_m2m_through_same_model_with_different_through_fields(self):
         class Country(models.Model):
@@ -1317,13 +1526,15 @@ class OtherModelTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         class ShippingMethod(models.Model):
             to_countries = models.ManyToManyField(
-                Country, through='ShippingMethodPrice',
-                through_fields=('method', 'to_country'),
+                Country,
+                through="ShippingMethodPrice",
+                through_fields=("method", "to_country"),
             )
             from_countries = models.ManyToManyField(
-                Country, through='ShippingMethodPrice',
-                through_fields=('method', 'from_country'),
-                related_name='+',
+                Country,
+                through="ShippingMethodPrice",
+                through_fields=("method", "from_country"),
+                related_name="+",
             )
 
         class ShippingMethodPrice(models.Model):
@@ -1338,7 +1549,9 @@ class OtherModelTests(SimpleTestCase):
             pass
 
         class ParkingLot(Place):
-            other_place = models.OneToOneField(Place, models.CASCADE, related_name='other_parking')
+            other_place = models.OneToOneField(
+                Place, models.CASCADE, related_name="other_parking"
+            )
 
         self.assertEqual(ParkingLot.check(), [])
 
@@ -1347,162 +1560,190 @@ class OtherModelTests(SimpleTestCase):
             pass
 
         class ParkingLot(Place):
-            place = models.OneToOneField(Place, models.CASCADE, parent_link=True, primary_key=True)
-            other_place = models.OneToOneField(Place, models.CASCADE, related_name='other_parking')
+            place = models.OneToOneField(
+                Place, models.CASCADE, parent_link=True, primary_key=True
+            )
+            other_place = models.OneToOneField(
+                Place, models.CASCADE, related_name="other_parking"
+            )
 
         self.assertEqual(ParkingLot.check(), [])
 
     def test_m2m_table_name_clash(self):
         class Foo(models.Model):
-            bar = models.ManyToManyField('Bar', db_table='myapp_bar')
+            bar = models.ManyToManyField("Bar", db_table="myapp_bar")
 
             class Meta:
-                db_table = 'myapp_foo'
+                db_table = "myapp_foo"
 
         class Bar(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                db_table = 'myapp_bar'
+                db_table = "myapp_bar"
 
-        self.assertEqual(Foo.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "The field's intermediary table 'myapp_bar' clashes with the "
-                "table name of 'invalid_models_tests.Bar'.",
-                obj=Foo._meta.get_field('bar'),
-                id='fields.E340',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Foo.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The field's intermediary table 'myapp_bar' clashes with the "
+                    "table name of 'invalid_models_tests.Bar'.",
+                    obj=Foo._meta.get_field("bar"),
+                    id="fields.E340",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=['invalid_models_tests.test_models.EmptyRouter'])
+    @override_settings(
+        DATABASE_ROUTERS=["invalid_models_tests.test_models.EmptyRouter"]
+    )
     def test_m2m_table_name_clash_database_routers_installed(self):
         class Foo(models.Model):
-            bar = models.ManyToManyField('Bar', db_table='myapp_bar')
+            bar = models.ManyToManyField("Bar", db_table="myapp_bar")
 
             class Meta:
-                db_table = 'myapp_foo'
+                db_table = "myapp_foo"
 
         class Bar(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                db_table = 'myapp_bar'
+                db_table = "myapp_bar"
 
-        self.assertEqual(Foo.check(), [
-            Warning(
-                "The field's intermediary table 'myapp_bar' clashes with the "
-                "table name of 'invalid_models_tests.Bar'.",
-                obj=Foo._meta.get_field('bar'),
-                hint=(
-                    "You have configured settings.DATABASE_ROUTERS. Verify "
-                    "that the table of 'invalid_models_tests.Bar' is "
-                    "correctly routed to a separate database."
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Foo.check(),
+            [
+                Warning(
+                    "The field's intermediary table 'myapp_bar' clashes with the "
+                    "table name of 'invalid_models_tests.Bar'.",
+                    obj=Foo._meta.get_field("bar"),
+                    hint=(
+                        "You have configured settings.DATABASE_ROUTERS. Verify "
+                        "that the table of 'invalid_models_tests.Bar' is "
+                        "correctly routed to a separate database."
+                    ),
+                    id="fields.W344",
                 ),
-                id='fields.W344',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_m2m_field_table_name_clash(self):
         class Foo(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Bar(models.Model):
-            foos = models.ManyToManyField(Foo, db_table='clash')
+            foos = models.ManyToManyField(Foo, db_table="clash")
 
         class Baz(models.Model):
-            foos = models.ManyToManyField(Foo, db_table='clash')
+            foos = models.ManyToManyField(Foo, db_table="clash")
 
-        self.assertEqual(Bar.check() + Baz.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "The field's intermediary table 'clash' clashes with the "
-                "table name of 'invalid_models_tests.Baz.foos'.",
-                obj=Bar._meta.get_field('foos'),
-                id='fields.E340',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "The field's intermediary table 'clash' clashes with the "
-                "table name of 'invalid_models_tests.Bar.foos'.",
-                obj=Baz._meta.get_field('foos'),
-                id='fields.E340',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Bar.check() + Baz.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The field's intermediary table 'clash' clashes with the "
+                    "table name of 'invalid_models_tests.Baz.foos'.",
+                    obj=Bar._meta.get_field("foos"),
+                    id="fields.E340",
+                ),
+                Error(
+                    "The field's intermediary table 'clash' clashes with the "
+                    "table name of 'invalid_models_tests.Bar.foos'.",
+                    obj=Baz._meta.get_field("foos"),
+                    id="fields.E340",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=['invalid_models_tests.test_models.EmptyRouter'])
+    @override_settings(
+        DATABASE_ROUTERS=["invalid_models_tests.test_models.EmptyRouter"]
+    )
     def test_m2m_field_table_name_clash_database_routers_installed(self):
         class Foo(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Bar(models.Model):
-            foos = models.ManyToManyField(Foo, db_table='clash')
+            foos = models.ManyToManyField(Foo, db_table="clash")
 
         class Baz(models.Model):
-            foos = models.ManyToManyField(Foo, db_table='clash')
+            foos = models.ManyToManyField(Foo, db_table="clash")
 
-        self.assertEqual(Bar.check() + Baz.check(), [
-            Warning(
-                "The field's intermediary table 'clash' clashes with the "
-                "table name of 'invalid_models_tests.%s.foos'."
-                % clashing_model,
-                obj=model_cls._meta.get_field('foos'),
-                hint=(
-                    "You have configured settings.DATABASE_ROUTERS. Verify "
-                    "that the table of 'invalid_models_tests.%s.foos' is "
-                    "correctly routed to a separate database." % clashing_model
-                ),
-                id='fields.W344',
-            ) for model_cls, clashing_model in [(Bar, 'Baz'), (Baz, 'Bar')]
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Bar.check() + Baz.check(),
+            [
+                Warning(
+                    "The field's intermediary table 'clash' clashes with the "
+                    "table name of 'invalid_models_tests.%s.foos'." % clashing_model,
+                    obj=model_cls._meta.get_field("foos"),
+                    hint=(
+                        "You have configured settings.DATABASE_ROUTERS. Verify "
+                        "that the table of 'invalid_models_tests.%s.foos' is "
+                        "correctly routed to a separate database." % clashing_model
+                    ),
+                    id="fields.W344",
+                )
+                for model_cls, clashing_model in [(Bar, "Baz"), (Baz, "Bar")]
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_m2m_autogenerated_table_name_clash(self):
         class Foo(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                db_table = 'bar_foos'
+                db_table = "bar_foos"
 
         class Bar(models.Model):
             # The autogenerated `db_table` will be bar_foos.
             foos = models.ManyToManyField(Foo)
 
             class Meta:
-                db_table = 'bar'
+                db_table = "bar"
 
-        self.assertEqual(Bar.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "The field's intermediary table 'bar_foos' clashes with the "
-                "table name of 'invalid_models_tests.Foo'.",
-                obj=Bar._meta.get_field('foos'),
-                id='fields.E340',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Bar.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The field's intermediary table 'bar_foos' clashes with the "
+                    "table name of 'invalid_models_tests.Foo'.",
+                    obj=Bar._meta.get_field("foos"),
+                    id="fields.E340",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=['invalid_models_tests.test_models.EmptyRouter'])
+    @override_settings(
+        DATABASE_ROUTERS=["invalid_models_tests.test_models.EmptyRouter"]
+    )
     def test_m2m_autogenerated_table_name_clash_database_routers_installed(self):
         class Foo(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                db_table = 'bar_foos'
+                db_table = "bar_foos"
 
         class Bar(models.Model):
             # The autogenerated db_table is bar_foos.
             foos = models.ManyToManyField(Foo)
 
             class Meta:
-                db_table = 'bar'
+                db_table = "bar"
 
-        self.assertEqual(Bar.check(), [
-            Warning(
-                "The field's intermediary table 'bar_foos' clashes with the "
-                "table name of 'invalid_models_tests.Foo'.",
-                obj=Bar._meta.get_field('foos'),
-                hint=(
-                    "You have configured settings.DATABASE_ROUTERS. Verify "
-                    "that the table of 'invalid_models_tests.Foo' is "
-                    "correctly routed to a separate database."
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Bar.check(),
+            [
+                Warning(
+                    "The field's intermediary table 'bar_foos' clashes with the "
+                    "table name of 'invalid_models_tests.Foo'.",
+                    obj=Bar._meta.get_field("foos"),
+                    hint=(
+                        "You have configured settings.DATABASE_ROUTERS. Verify "
+                        "that the table of 'invalid_models_tests.Foo' is "
+                        "correctly routed to a separate database."
+                    ),
+                    id="fields.W344",
                 ),
-                id='fields.W344',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_m2m_unmanaged_shadow_models_not_checked(self):
         class A1(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class C1(models.Model):
-            mm_a = models.ManyToManyField(A1, db_table='d1')
+            mm_a = models.ManyToManyField(A1, db_table="d1")
 
         # Unmanaged models that shadow the above models. Reused table names
         # shouldn't be flagged by any checks.
@@ -1511,17 +1752,17 @@ class OtherModelTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 managed = False
 
         class C2(models.Model):
-            mm_a = models.ManyToManyField(A2, through='Intermediate')
+            mm_a = models.ManyToManyField(A2, through="Intermediate")
 
             class Meta:
                 managed = False
 
         class Intermediate(models.Model):
-            a2 = models.ForeignKey(A2, models.CASCADE, db_column='a1_id')
-            c2 = models.ForeignKey(C2, models.CASCADE, db_column='c1_id')
+            a2 = models.ForeignKey(A2, models.CASCADE, db_column="a1_id")
+            c2 = models.ForeignKey(C2, models.CASCADE, db_column="c1_id")
 
             class Meta:
-                db_table = 'd1'
+                db_table = "d1"
                 managed = False
 
         self.assertEqual(C1.check(), [])
@@ -1532,8 +1773,8 @@ class OtherModelTests(SimpleTestCase):
             pass
 
         class Through(models.Model):
-            a = models.ForeignKey('A', models.CASCADE)
-            c = models.ForeignKey('C', models.CASCADE)
+            a = models.ForeignKey("A", models.CASCADE)
+            c = models.ForeignKey("C", models.CASCADE)
 
         class ThroughProxy(Through):
             class Meta:
@@ -1541,17 +1782,19 @@ class OtherModelTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         class C(models.Model):
             mm_a = models.ManyToManyField(A, through=Through)
-            mm_aproxy = models.ManyToManyField(A, through=ThroughProxy, related_name='proxied_m2m')
+            mm_aproxy = models.ManyToManyField(
+                A, through=ThroughProxy, related_name="proxied_m2m"
+            )
 
         self.assertEqual(C.check(), [])
 
-    @isolate_apps('django.contrib.auth', kwarg_name='apps')
+    @isolate_apps("django.contrib.auth", kwarg_name="apps")
     def test_lazy_reference_checks(self, apps):
         class DummyModel(models.Model):
-            author = models.ForeignKey('Author', models.CASCADE)
+            author = models.ForeignKey("Author", models.CASCADE)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'invalid_models_tests'
+                app_label = "invalid_models_tests"
 
         class DummyClass:
             def __call__(self, **kwargs):
@@ -1563,59 +1806,65 @@ class OtherModelTests(SimpleTestCase):
         def dummy_function(*args, **kwargs):
             pass
 
-        apps.lazy_model_operation(dummy_function, ('auth', 'imaginarymodel'))
-        apps.lazy_model_operation(dummy_function, ('fanciful_app', 'imaginarymodel'))
+        apps.lazy_model_operation(dummy_function, ("auth", "imaginarymodel"))
+        apps.lazy_model_operation(dummy_function, ("fanciful_app", "imaginarymodel"))
 
-        post_init.connect(dummy_function, sender='missing-app.Model', apps=apps)
-        post_init.connect(DummyClass(), sender='missing-app.Model', apps=apps)
-        post_init.connect(DummyClass().dummy_method, sender='missing-app.Model', apps=apps)
+        post_init.connect(dummy_function, sender="missing-app.Model", apps=apps)
+        post_init.connect(DummyClass(), sender="missing-app.Model", apps=apps)
+        post_init.connect(
+            DummyClass().dummy_method, sender="missing-app.Model", apps=apps
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual(_check_lazy_references(apps), [
-            Error(
-                "%r contains a lazy reference to auth.imaginarymodel, "
-                "but app 'auth' doesn't provide model 'imaginarymodel'." % dummy_function,
-                obj=dummy_function,
-                id='models.E022',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "%r contains a lazy reference to fanciful_app.imaginarymodel, "
-                "but app 'fanciful_app' isn't installed." % dummy_function,
-                obj=dummy_function,
-                id='models.E022',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "An instance of class 'DummyClass' was connected to "
-                "the 'post_init' signal with a lazy reference to the sender "
-                "'missing-app.model', but app 'missing-app' isn't installed.",
-                hint=None,
-                obj='invalid_models_tests.test_models',
-                id='signals.E001',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "Bound method 'DummyClass.dummy_method' was connected to the "
-                "'post_init' signal with a lazy reference to the sender "
-                "'missing-app.model', but app 'missing-app' isn't installed.",
-                hint=None,
-                obj='invalid_models_tests.test_models',
-                id='signals.E001',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "The field invalid_models_tests.DummyModel.author was declared "
-                "with a lazy reference to 'invalid_models_tests.author', but app "
-                "'invalid_models_tests' isn't installed.",
-                hint=None,
-                obj=DummyModel.author.field,
-                id='fields.E307',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "The function 'dummy_function' was connected to the 'post_init' "
-                "signal with a lazy reference to the sender "
-                "'missing-app.model', but app 'missing-app' isn't installed.",
-                hint=None,
-                obj='invalid_models_tests.test_models',
-                id='signals.E001',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            _check_lazy_references(apps),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "%r contains a lazy reference to auth.imaginarymodel, "
+                    "but app 'auth' doesn't provide model 'imaginarymodel'."
+                    % dummy_function,
+                    obj=dummy_function,
+                    id="models.E022",
+                ),
+                Error(
+                    "%r contains a lazy reference to fanciful_app.imaginarymodel, "
+                    "but app 'fanciful_app' isn't installed." % dummy_function,
+                    obj=dummy_function,
+                    id="models.E022",
+                ),
+                Error(
+                    "An instance of class 'DummyClass' was connected to "
+                    "the 'post_init' signal with a lazy reference to the sender "
+                    "'missing-app.model', but app 'missing-app' isn't installed.",
+                    hint=None,
+                    obj="invalid_models_tests.test_models",
+                    id="signals.E001",
+                ),
+                Error(
+                    "Bound method 'DummyClass.dummy_method' was connected to the "
+                    "'post_init' signal with a lazy reference to the sender "
+                    "'missing-app.model', but app 'missing-app' isn't installed.",
+                    hint=None,
+                    obj="invalid_models_tests.test_models",
+                    id="signals.E001",
+                ),
+                Error(
+                    "The field invalid_models_tests.DummyModel.author was declared "
+                    "with a lazy reference to 'invalid_models_tests.author', but app "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests' isn't installed.",
+                    hint=None,
+                    obj=DummyModel.author.field,
+                    id="fields.E307",
+                ),
+                Error(
+                    "The function 'dummy_function' was connected to the 'post_init' "
+                    "signal with a lazy reference to the sender "
+                    "'missing-app.model', but app 'missing-app' isn't installed.",
+                    hint=None,
+                    obj="invalid_models_tests.test_models",
+                    id="signals.E001",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
 
 class MultipleAutoFieldsTests(TestCase):
@@ -1625,20 +1874,21 @@ class MultipleAutoFieldsTests(TestCase):
             "than one auto-generated field."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
+
             class MultipleAutoFields(models.Model):
                 auto1 = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
                 auto2 = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class JSONFieldTests(TestCase):
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_json_field')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_json_field")
     def test_ordering_pointing_to_json_field_value(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.JSONField()
 
             class Meta:
-                ordering = ['field__value']
+                ordering = ["field__value"]
 
         self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [])
 
@@ -1647,9 +1897,9 @@ class JSONFieldTests(TestCase):
             field = models.JSONField()
 
         error = Error(
-            '%s does not support JSONFields.' % connection.display_name,
+            "%s does not support JSONFields." % connection.display_name,
             obj=Model,
-            id='fields.E180',
+            id="fields.E180",
         )
         expected = [] if connection.features.supports_json_field else [error]
         self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), expected)
@@ -1659,31 +1909,35 @@ class JSONFieldTests(TestCase):
             field = models.JSONField()
 
             class Meta:
-                required_db_features = {'supports_json_field'}
+                required_db_features = {"supports_json_field"}
 
         self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [])
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class ConstraintsTests(TestCase):
     def test_check_constraints(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             age = models.IntegerField()
 
             class Meta:
-                constraints = [models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(age__gte=18), name='is_adult')]
+                constraints = [
+                    models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(age__gte=18), name="is_adult")
+                ]
 
         errors = Model.check(databases=self.databases)
         warn = Warning(
-            '%s does not support check constraints.' % connection.display_name,
+            "%s does not support check constraints." % connection.display_name,
             hint=(
                 "A constraint won't be created. Silence this warning if you "
                 "don't care about it."
             ),
             obj=Model,
-            id='models.W027',
+            id="models.W027",
+        )
+        expected = (
+            [] if connection.features.supports_table_check_constraints else [warn]
         )
-        expected = [] if connection.features.supports_table_check_constraints else [warn]
         self.assertCountEqual(errors, expected)
 
     def test_check_constraints_required_db_features(self):
@@ -1691,106 +1945,124 @@ class ConstraintsTests(TestCase):
             age = models.IntegerField()
 
             class Meta:
-                required_db_features = {'supports_table_check_constraints'}
-                constraints = [models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(age__gte=18), name='is_adult')]
+                required_db_features = {"supports_table_check_constraints"}
+                constraints = [
+                    models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(age__gte=18), name="is_adult")
+                ]
+
         self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [])
 
     def test_check_constraint_pointing_to_missing_field(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                required_db_features = {'supports_table_check_constraints'}
+                required_db_features = {"supports_table_check_constraints"}
                 constraints = [
                     models.CheckConstraint(
-                        name='name', check=models.Q(missing_field=2),
+                        name="name",
+                        check=models.Q(missing_field=2),
                     ),
                 ]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [
-            Error(
-                "'constraints' refers to the nonexistent field 'missing_field'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E012',
-            ),
-        ] if connection.features.supports_table_check_constraints else [])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(databases=self.databases),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'constraints' refers to the nonexistent field 'missing_field'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E012",
+                ),
+            ]
+            if connection.features.supports_table_check_constraints
+            else [],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_table_check_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_table_check_constraints")
     def test_check_constraint_pointing_to_reverse_fk(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            parent = models.ForeignKey('self', models.CASCADE, related_name='parents')
+            parent = models.ForeignKey("self", models.CASCADE, related_name="parents")
 
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
-                    models.CheckConstraint(name='name', check=models.Q(parents=3)),
+                    models.CheckConstraint(name="name", check=models.Q(parents=3)),
                 ]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [
-            Error(
-                "'constraints' refers to the nonexistent field 'parents'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E012',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(databases=self.databases),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'constraints' refers to the nonexistent field 'parents'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E012",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_table_check_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_table_check_constraints")
     def test_check_constraint_pointing_to_reverse_o2o(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            parent = models.OneToOneField('self', models.CASCADE)
+            parent = models.OneToOneField("self", models.CASCADE)
 
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
                     models.CheckConstraint(
-                        name='name',
+                        name="name",
                         check=models.Q(model__isnull=True),
                     ),
                 ]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [
-            Error(
-                "'constraints' refers to the nonexistent field 'model'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E012',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(databases=self.databases),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'constraints' refers to the nonexistent field 'model'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E012",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_table_check_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_table_check_constraints")
     def test_check_constraint_pointing_to_m2m_field(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            m2m = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+            m2m = models.ManyToManyField("self")
 
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
-                    models.CheckConstraint(name='name', check=models.Q(m2m=2)),
+                    models.CheckConstraint(name="name", check=models.Q(m2m=2)),
                 ]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [
-            Error(
-                "'constraints' refers to a ManyToManyField 'm2m', but "
-                "ManyToManyFields are not permitted in 'constraints'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E013',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(databases=self.databases),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'constraints' refers to a ManyToManyField 'm2m', but "
+                    "ManyToManyFields are not permitted in 'constraints'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E013",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_table_check_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_table_check_constraints")
     def test_check_constraint_pointing_to_fk(self):
         class Target(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Model(models.Model):
-            fk_1 = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name='target_1')
-            fk_2 = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name='target_2')
+            fk_1 = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name="target_1")
+            fk_2 = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name="target_2")
 
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
                     models.CheckConstraint(
-                        name='name',
+                        name="name",
                         check=models.Q(fk_1_id=2) | models.Q(fk_2=2),
                     ),
                 ]
 
         self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_table_check_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_table_check_constraints")
     def test_check_constraint_pointing_to_pk(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             age = models.SmallIntegerField()
@@ -1798,14 +2070,14 @@ class ConstraintsTests(TestCase):
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
                     models.CheckConstraint(
-                        name='name',
-                        check=models.Q(pk__gt=5) & models.Q(age__gt=models.F('pk')),
+                        name="name",
+                        check=models.Q(pk__gt=5) & models.Q(age__gt=models.F("pk")),
                     ),
                 ]
 
         self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_table_check_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_table_check_constraints")
     def test_check_constraint_pointing_to_non_local_field(self):
         class Parent(models.Model):
             field1 = models.IntegerField()
@@ -1815,99 +2087,111 @@ class ConstraintsTests(TestCase):
 
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
-                    models.CheckConstraint(name='name', check=models.Q(field1=1)),
+                    models.CheckConstraint(name="name", check=models.Q(field1=1)),
                 ]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Child.check(databases=self.databases), [
-            Error(
-                "'constraints' refers to field 'field1' which is not local to "
-                "model 'Child'.",
-                hint='This issue may be caused by multi-table inheritance.',
-                obj=Child,
-                id='models.E016',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Child.check(databases=self.databases),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'constraints' refers to field 'field1' which is not local to "
+                    "model 'Child'.",
+                    hint="This issue may be caused by multi-table inheritance.",
+                    obj=Child,
+                    id="models.E016",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_table_check_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_table_check_constraints")
     def test_check_constraint_pointing_to_joined_fields(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
             field1 = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
             field2 = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
             field3 = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
-            parent = models.ForeignKey('self', models.CASCADE)
-            previous = models.OneToOneField('self', models.CASCADE, related_name='next')
+            parent = models.ForeignKey("self", models.CASCADE)
+            previous = models.OneToOneField("self", models.CASCADE, related_name="next")
 
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
                     models.CheckConstraint(
-                        name='name1', check=models.Q(
-                            field1__lt=models.F('parent__field1') + models.F('parent__field2')
-                        )
+                        name="name1",
+                        check=models.Q(
+                            field1__lt=models.F("parent__field1")
+                            + models.F("parent__field2")
+                        ),
                     ),
                     models.CheckConstraint(
-                        name='name2', check=models.Q(name=Lower('parent__name'))
+                        name="name2", check=models.Q(name=Lower("parent__name"))
                     ),
                     models.CheckConstraint(
-                        name='name3', check=models.Q(parent__field3=models.F('field1'))
+                        name="name3", check=models.Q(parent__field3=models.F("field1"))
                     ),
                     models.CheckConstraint(
-                        name='name4', check=models.Q(name=Lower('previous__name')),
+                        name="name4",
+                        check=models.Q(name=Lower("previous__name")),
                     ),
                 ]
 
         joined_fields = [
-            'parent__field1',
-            'parent__field2',
-            'parent__field3',
-            'parent__name',
-            'previous__name',
+            "parent__field1",
+            "parent__field2",
+            "parent__field3",
+            "parent__name",
+            "previous__name",
         ]
         errors = Model.check(databases=self.databases)
         expected_errors = [
             Error(
                 "'constraints' refers to the joined field '%s'." % field_name,
                 obj=Model,
-                id='models.E041',
-            ) for field_name in joined_fields
+                id="models.E041",
+            )
+            for field_name in joined_fields
         ]
         self.assertCountEqual(errors, expected_errors)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_table_check_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_table_check_constraints")
     def test_check_constraint_pointing_to_joined_fields_complex_check(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             name = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
             field1 = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
             field2 = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
-            parent = models.ForeignKey('self', models.CASCADE)
+            parent = models.ForeignKey("self", models.CASCADE)
 
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
                     models.CheckConstraint(
-                        name='name',
+                        name="name",
                         check=models.Q(
                             (
-                                models.Q(name='test') &
-                                models.Q(field1__lt=models.F('parent__field1'))
-                            ) |
-                            (
-                                models.Q(name__startswith=Lower('parent__name')) &
-                                models.Q(field1__gte=(
-                                    models.F('parent__field1') + models.F('parent__field2')
-                                ))
+                                models.Q(name="test")
+                                & models.Q(field1__lt=models.F("parent__field1"))
                             )
-                        ) | (models.Q(name='test1'))
+                            | (
+                                models.Q(name__startswith=Lower("parent__name"))
+                                & models.Q(
+                                    field1__gte=(
+                                        models.F("parent__field1")
+                                        + models.F("parent__field2")
+                                    )
+                                )
+                            )
+                        )
+                        | (models.Q(name="test1")),
                     ),
                 ]
 
-        joined_fields = ['parent__field1', 'parent__field2', 'parent__name']
+        joined_fields = ["parent__field1", "parent__field2", "parent__name"]
         errors = Model.check(databases=self.databases)
         expected_errors = [
             Error(
                 "'constraints' refers to the joined field '%s'." % field_name,
                 obj=Model,
-                id='models.E041',
-            ) for field_name in joined_fields
+                id="models.E041",
+            )
+            for field_name in joined_fields
         ]
         self.assertCountEqual(errors, expected_errors)
 
@@ -1918,25 +2202,29 @@ class ConstraintsTests(TestCase):
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
                     models.UniqueConstraint(
-                        fields=['age'],
-                        name='unique_age_gte_100',
+                        fields=["age"],
+                        name="unique_age_gte_100",
                         condition=models.Q(age__gte=100),
                     ),
                 ]
 
         errors = Model.check(databases=self.databases)
-        expected = [] if connection.features.supports_partial_indexes else [
-            Warning(
-                '%s does not support unique constraints with conditions.'
-                % connection.display_name,
-                hint=(
-                    "A constraint won't be created. Silence this warning if "
-                    "you don't care about it."
+        expected = (
+            []
+            if connection.features.supports_partial_indexes
+            else [
+                Warning(
+                    "%s does not support unique constraints with conditions."
+                    % connection.display_name,
+                    hint=(
+                        "A constraint won't be created. Silence this warning if "
+                        "you don't care about it."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.W036",
                 ),
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.W036',
-            ),
-        ]
+            ]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
 
     def test_unique_constraint_with_condition_required_db_features(self):
@@ -1944,11 +2232,11 @@ class ConstraintsTests(TestCase):
             age = models.IntegerField()
 
             class Meta:
-                required_db_features = {'supports_partial_indexes'}
+                required_db_features = {"supports_partial_indexes"}
                 constraints = [
                     models.UniqueConstraint(
-                        fields=['age'],
-                        name='unique_age_gte_100',
+                        fields=["age"],
+                        name="unique_age_gte_100",
                         condition=models.Q(age__gte=100),
                     ),
                 ]
@@ -1960,67 +2248,82 @@ class ConstraintsTests(TestCase):
             age = models.SmallIntegerField()
 
             class Meta:
-                required_db_features = {'supports_partial_indexes'}
+                required_db_features = {"supports_partial_indexes"}
                 constraints = [
                     models.UniqueConstraint(
-                        name='name',
-                        fields=['age'],
+                        name="name",
+                        fields=["age"],
                         condition=models.Q(missing_field=2),
                     ),
                 ]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [
-            Error(
-                "'constraints' refers to the nonexistent field 'missing_field'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E012',
-            ),
-        ] if connection.features.supports_partial_indexes else [])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(databases=self.databases),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'constraints' refers to the nonexistent field 'missing_field'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E012",
+                ),
+            ]
+            if connection.features.supports_partial_indexes
+            else [],
+        )
 
     def test_unique_constraint_condition_pointing_to_joined_fields(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             age = models.SmallIntegerField()
-            parent = models.ForeignKey('self', models.CASCADE)
+            parent = models.ForeignKey("self", models.CASCADE)
 
             class Meta:
-                required_db_features = {'supports_partial_indexes'}
+                required_db_features = {"supports_partial_indexes"}
                 constraints = [
                     models.UniqueConstraint(
-                        name='name',
-                        fields=['age'],
+                        name="name",
+                        fields=["age"],
                         condition=models.Q(parent__age__lt=2),
                     ),
                 ]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [
-            Error(
-                "'constraints' refers to the joined field 'parent__age__lt'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E041',
-            )
-        ] if connection.features.supports_partial_indexes else [])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(databases=self.databases),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'constraints' refers to the joined field 'parent__age__lt'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E041",
+                )
+            ]
+            if connection.features.supports_partial_indexes
+            else [],
+        )
 
     def test_unique_constraint_pointing_to_reverse_o2o(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            parent = models.OneToOneField('self', models.CASCADE)
+            parent = models.OneToOneField("self", models.CASCADE)
 
             class Meta:
-                required_db_features = {'supports_partial_indexes'}
+                required_db_features = {"supports_partial_indexes"}
                 constraints = [
                     models.UniqueConstraint(
-                        fields=['parent'],
-                        name='name',
+                        fields=["parent"],
+                        name="name",
                         condition=models.Q(model__isnull=True),
                     ),
                 ]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [
-            Error(
-                "'constraints' refers to the nonexistent field 'model'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E012',
-            ),
-        ] if connection.features.supports_partial_indexes else [])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(databases=self.databases),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'constraints' refers to the nonexistent field 'model'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E012",
+                ),
+            ]
+            if connection.features.supports_partial_indexes
+            else [],
+        )
 
     def test_deferrable_unique_constraint(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
@@ -2029,25 +2332,29 @@ class ConstraintsTests(TestCase):
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
                     models.UniqueConstraint(
-                        fields=['age'],
-                        name='unique_age_deferrable',
+                        fields=["age"],
+                        name="unique_age_deferrable",
                         deferrable=models.Deferrable.DEFERRED,
                     ),
                 ]
 
         errors = Model.check(databases=self.databases)
-        expected = [] if connection.features.supports_deferrable_unique_constraints else [
-            Warning(
-                '%s does not support deferrable unique constraints.'
-                % connection.display_name,
-                hint=(
-                    "A constraint won't be created. Silence this warning if "
-                    "you don't care about it."
+        expected = (
+            []
+            if connection.features.supports_deferrable_unique_constraints
+            else [
+                Warning(
+                    "%s does not support deferrable unique constraints."
+                    % connection.display_name,
+                    hint=(
+                        "A constraint won't be created. Silence this warning if "
+                        "you don't care about it."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.W038",
                 ),
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.W038',
-            ),
-        ]
+            ]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
 
     def test_deferrable_unique_constraint_required_db_features(self):
@@ -2055,11 +2362,11 @@ class ConstraintsTests(TestCase):
             age = models.IntegerField()
 
             class Meta:
-                required_db_features = {'supports_deferrable_unique_constraints'}
+                required_db_features = {"supports_deferrable_unique_constraints"}
                 constraints = [
                     models.UniqueConstraint(
-                        fields=['age'],
-                        name='unique_age_deferrable',
+                        fields=["age"],
+                        name="unique_age_deferrable",
                         deferrable=models.Deferrable.IMMEDIATE,
                     ),
                 ]
@@ -2069,31 +2376,39 @@ class ConstraintsTests(TestCase):
     def test_unique_constraint_pointing_to_missing_field(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                constraints = [models.UniqueConstraint(fields=['missing_field'], name='name')]
+                constraints = [
+                    models.UniqueConstraint(fields=["missing_field"], name="name")
+                ]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [
-            Error(
-                "'constraints' refers to the nonexistent field 'missing_field'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E012',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(databases=self.databases),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'constraints' refers to the nonexistent field 'missing_field'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E012",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_unique_constraint_pointing_to_m2m_field(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            m2m = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+            m2m = models.ManyToManyField("self")
 
             class Meta:
-                constraints = [models.UniqueConstraint(fields=['m2m'], name='name')]
+                constraints = [models.UniqueConstraint(fields=["m2m"], name="name")]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [
-            Error(
-                "'constraints' refers to a ManyToManyField 'm2m', but "
-                "ManyToManyFields are not permitted in 'constraints'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E013',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(databases=self.databases),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'constraints' refers to a ManyToManyField 'm2m', but "
+                    "ManyToManyFields are not permitted in 'constraints'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E013",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_unique_constraint_pointing_to_non_local_field(self):
         class Parent(models.Model):
@@ -2104,30 +2419,33 @@ class ConstraintsTests(TestCase):
 
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
-                    models.UniqueConstraint(fields=['field2', 'field1'], name='name'),
+                    models.UniqueConstraint(fields=["field2", "field1"], name="name"),
                 ]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Child.check(databases=self.databases), [
-            Error(
-                "'constraints' refers to field 'field1' which is not local to "
-                "model 'Child'.",
-                hint='This issue may be caused by multi-table inheritance.',
-                obj=Child,
-                id='models.E016',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Child.check(databases=self.databases),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'constraints' refers to field 'field1' which is not local to "
+                    "model 'Child'.",
+                    hint="This issue may be caused by multi-table inheritance.",
+                    obj=Child,
+                    id="models.E016",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_unique_constraint_pointing_to_fk(self):
         class Target(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Model(models.Model):
-            fk_1 = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name='target_1')
-            fk_2 = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name='target_2')
+            fk_1 = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name="target_1")
+            fk_2 = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name="target_2")
 
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
-                    models.UniqueConstraint(fields=['fk_1_id', 'fk_2'], name='name'),
+                    models.UniqueConstraint(fields=["fk_1_id", "fk_2"], name="name"),
                 ]
 
         self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [])
@@ -2139,25 +2457,29 @@ class ConstraintsTests(TestCase):
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
                     models.UniqueConstraint(
-                        fields=['age'],
-                        name='unique_age_include_id',
-                        include=['id'],
+                        fields=["age"],
+                        name="unique_age_include_id",
+                        include=["id"],
                     ),
                 ]
 
         errors = Model.check(databases=self.databases)
-        expected = [] if connection.features.supports_covering_indexes else [
-            Warning(
-                '%s does not support unique constraints with non-key columns.'
-                % connection.display_name,
-                hint=(
-                    "A constraint won't be created. Silence this warning if "
-                    "you don't care about it."
+        expected = (
+            []
+            if connection.features.supports_covering_indexes
+            else [
+                Warning(
+                    "%s does not support unique constraints with non-key columns."
+                    % connection.display_name,
+                    hint=(
+                        "A constraint won't be created. Silence this warning if "
+                        "you don't care about it."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.W039",
                 ),
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.W039',
-            ),
-        ]
+            ]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
 
     def test_unique_constraint_with_include_required_db_features(self):
@@ -2165,61 +2487,67 @@ class ConstraintsTests(TestCase):
             age = models.IntegerField()
 
             class Meta:
-                required_db_features = {'supports_covering_indexes'}
+                required_db_features = {"supports_covering_indexes"}
                 constraints = [
                     models.UniqueConstraint(
-                        fields=['age'],
-                        name='unique_age_include_id',
-                        include=['id'],
+                        fields=["age"],
+                        name="unique_age_include_id",
+                        include=["id"],
                     ),
                 ]
 
         self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_indexes")
     def test_unique_constraint_include_pointing_to_missing_field(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
                     models.UniqueConstraint(
-                        fields=['id'],
-                        include=['missing_field'],
-                        name='name',
+                        fields=["id"],
+                        include=["missing_field"],
+                        name="name",
                     ),
                 ]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [
-            Error(
-                "'constraints' refers to the nonexistent field 'missing_field'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E012',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(databases=self.databases),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'constraints' refers to the nonexistent field 'missing_field'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E012",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_indexes")
     def test_unique_constraint_include_pointing_to_m2m_field(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            m2m = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+            m2m = models.ManyToManyField("self")
 
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
                     models.UniqueConstraint(
-                        fields=['id'],
-                        include=['m2m'],
-                        name='name',
+                        fields=["id"],
+                        include=["m2m"],
+                        name="name",
                     ),
                 ]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [
-            Error(
-                "'constraints' refers to a ManyToManyField 'm2m', but "
-                "ManyToManyFields are not permitted in 'constraints'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E013',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(databases=self.databases),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'constraints' refers to a ManyToManyField 'm2m', but "
+                    "ManyToManyFields are not permitted in 'constraints'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E013",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_indexes")
     def test_unique_constraint_include_pointing_to_non_local_field(self):
         class Parent(models.Model):
             field1 = models.IntegerField()
@@ -2230,37 +2558,40 @@ class ConstraintsTests(TestCase):
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
                     models.UniqueConstraint(
-                        fields=['field2'],
-                        include=['field1'],
-                        name='name',
+                        fields=["field2"],
+                        include=["field1"],
+                        name="name",
                     ),
                 ]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Child.check(databases=self.databases), [
-            Error(
-                "'constraints' refers to field 'field1' which is not local to "
-                "model 'Child'.",
-                hint='This issue may be caused by multi-table inheritance.',
-                obj=Child,
-                id='models.E016',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Child.check(databases=self.databases),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'constraints' refers to field 'field1' which is not local to "
+                    "model 'Child'.",
+                    hint="This issue may be caused by multi-table inheritance.",
+                    obj=Child,
+                    id="models.E016",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_indexes")
     def test_unique_constraint_include_pointing_to_fk(self):
         class Target(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Model(models.Model):
-            fk_1 = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name='target_1')
-            fk_2 = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name='target_2')
+            fk_1 = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name="target_1")
+            fk_2 = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name="target_2")
 
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
                     models.UniqueConstraint(
-                        fields=['id'],
-                        include=['fk_1_id', 'fk_2'],
-                        name='name',
+                        fields=["id"],
+                        include=["fk_1_id", "fk_2"],
+                        name="name",
                     ),
                 ]
 
@@ -2272,18 +2603,18 @@ class ConstraintsTests(TestCase):
 
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
-                    models.UniqueConstraint(Lower('name'), name='lower_name_uq'),
+                    models.UniqueConstraint(Lower("name"), name="lower_name_uq"),
                 ]
 
         warn = Warning(
-            '%s does not support unique constraints on expressions.'
+            "%s does not support unique constraints on expressions."
             % connection.display_name,
             hint=(
                 "A constraint won't be created. Silence this warning if you "
                 "don't care about it."
             ),
             obj=Model,
-            id='models.W044',
+            id="models.W044",
         )
         expected = [] if connection.features.supports_expression_indexes else [warn]
         self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), expected)
@@ -2294,13 +2625,13 @@ class ConstraintsTests(TestCase):
 
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
-                    models.UniqueConstraint(Lower('name'), name='lower_name_unq'),
+                    models.UniqueConstraint(Lower("name"), name="lower_name_unq"),
                 ]
-                required_db_features = {'supports_expression_indexes'}
+                required_db_features = {"supports_expression_indexes"}
 
         self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_func_unique_constraint_expression_custom_lookup(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             height = models.IntegerField()
@@ -2309,97 +2640,110 @@ class ConstraintsTests(TestCase):
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
                     models.UniqueConstraint(
-                        models.F('height') / (models.F('weight__abs') + models.Value(5)),
-                        name='name',
+                        models.F("height")
+                        / (models.F("weight__abs") + models.Value(5)),
+                        name="name",
                     ),
                 ]
 
         with register_lookup(models.IntegerField, Abs):
             self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_func_unique_constraint_pointing_to_missing_field(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
-                    models.UniqueConstraint(Lower('missing_field').desc(), name='name'),
+                    models.UniqueConstraint(Lower("missing_field").desc(), name="name"),
                 ]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [
-            Error(
-                "'constraints' refers to the nonexistent field 'missing_field'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E012',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(databases=self.databases),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'constraints' refers to the nonexistent field 'missing_field'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E012",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_func_unique_constraint_pointing_to_missing_field_nested(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
-                    models.UniqueConstraint(Abs(Round('missing_field')), name='name'),
+                    models.UniqueConstraint(Abs(Round("missing_field")), name="name"),
                 ]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [
-            Error(
-                "'constraints' refers to the nonexistent field 'missing_field'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E012',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(databases=self.databases),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'constraints' refers to the nonexistent field 'missing_field'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E012",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_func_unique_constraint_pointing_to_m2m_field(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            m2m = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+            m2m = models.ManyToManyField("self")
 
             class Meta:
-                constraints = [models.UniqueConstraint(Lower('m2m'), name='name')]
+                constraints = [models.UniqueConstraint(Lower("m2m"), name="name")]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(databases=self.databases), [
-            Error(
-                "'constraints' refers to a ManyToManyField 'm2m', but "
-                "ManyToManyFields are not permitted in 'constraints'.",
-                obj=Model,
-                id='models.E013',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(databases=self.databases),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'constraints' refers to a ManyToManyField 'm2m', but "
+                    "ManyToManyFields are not permitted in 'constraints'.",
+                    obj=Model,
+                    id="models.E013",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_func_unique_constraint_pointing_to_non_local_field(self):
         class Foo(models.Model):
             field1 = models.CharField(max_length=15)
 
         class Bar(Foo):
             class Meta:
-                constraints = [models.UniqueConstraint(Lower('field1'), name='name')]
+                constraints = [models.UniqueConstraint(Lower("field1"), name="name")]
 
-        self.assertEqual(Bar.check(databases=self.databases), [
-            Error(
-                "'constraints' refers to field 'field1' which is not local to "
-                "model 'Bar'.",
-                hint='This issue may be caused by multi-table inheritance.',
-                obj=Bar,
-                id='models.E016',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Bar.check(databases=self.databases),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'constraints' refers to field 'field1' which is not local to "
+                    "model 'Bar'.",
+                    hint="This issue may be caused by multi-table inheritance.",
+                    obj=Bar,
+                    id="models.E016",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_func_unique_constraint_pointing_to_fk(self):
         class Foo(models.Model):
             id = models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=255)
 
         class Bar(models.Model):
-            foo_1 = models.ForeignKey(Foo, models.CASCADE, related_name='bar_1')
-            foo_2 = models.ForeignKey(Foo, models.CASCADE, related_name='bar_2')
+            foo_1 = models.ForeignKey(Foo, models.CASCADE, related_name="bar_1")
+            foo_2 = models.ForeignKey(Foo, models.CASCADE, related_name="bar_2")
 
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
                     models.UniqueConstraint(
-                        Lower('foo_1_id'),
-                        Lower('foo_2'),
-                        name='name',
+                        Lower("foo_1_id"),
+                        Lower("foo_2"),
+                        name="name",
                     ),
                 ]
 
diff --git a/tests/invalid_models_tests/test_ordinary_fields.py b/tests/invalid_models_tests/test_ordinary_fields.py
index 7797b24202..ba63cb2903 100644
--- a/tests/invalid_models_tests/test_ordinary_fields.py
+++ b/tests/invalid_models_tests/test_ordinary_fields.py
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 import unittest
 import uuid
 
-from django.core.checks import Error, Warning as DjangoWarning
+from django.core.checks import Error
+from django.core.checks import Warning as DjangoWarning
 from django.db import connection, models
-from django.test import (
-    SimpleTestCase, TestCase, skipIfDBFeature, skipUnlessDBFeature,
-)
+from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase, skipIfDBFeature, skipUnlessDBFeature
 from django.test.utils import isolate_apps, override_settings
 from django.utils.functional import lazy
 from django.utils.timezone import now
@@ -13,14 +12,13 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 from django.utils.version import get_docs_version
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class AutoFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_valid_case(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('id')
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("id")
         self.assertEqual(field.check(), [])
 
     def test_primary_key(self):
@@ -33,167 +31,196 @@ class AutoFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
             # AutoField.
             another = models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                'AutoFields must set primary_key=True.',
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E100',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "AutoFields must set primary_key=True.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E100",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_max_length_warning(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             auto = models.AutoField(primary_key=True, max_length=2)
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('auto')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            DjangoWarning(
-                "'max_length' is ignored when used with %s."
-                % field.__class__.__name__,
-                hint="Remove 'max_length' from field",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.W122',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("auto")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                DjangoWarning(
+                    "'max_length' is ignored when used with %s."
+                    % field.__class__.__name__,
+                    hint="Remove 'max_length' from field",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.W122",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class BinaryFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_valid_default_value(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            field1 = models.BinaryField(default=b'test')
+            field1 = models.BinaryField(default=b"test")
             field2 = models.BinaryField(default=None)
 
-        for field_name in ('field1', 'field2'):
+        for field_name in ("field1", "field2"):
             field = Model._meta.get_field(field_name)
             self.assertEqual(field.check(), [])
 
     def test_str_default_value(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            field = models.BinaryField(default='test')
+            field = models.BinaryField(default="test")
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "BinaryField's default cannot be a string. Use bytes content "
-                "instead.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E170',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "BinaryField's default cannot be a string. Use bytes content "
+                    "instead.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E170",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class CharFieldTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_valid_field(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.CharField(
                 max_length=255,
                 choices=[
-                    ('1', 'item1'),
-                    ('2', 'item2'),
+                    ("1", "item1"),
+                    ("2", "item2"),
                 ],
                 db_index=True,
             )
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
         self.assertEqual(field.check(), [])
 
     def test_missing_max_length(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.CharField()
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "CharFields must define a 'max_length' attribute.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E120',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "CharFields must define a 'max_length' attribute.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E120",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_negative_max_length(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.CharField(max_length=-1)
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'max_length' must be a positive integer.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E121',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'max_length' must be a positive integer.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E121",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_bad_max_length_value(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.CharField(max_length="bad")
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'max_length' must be a positive integer.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E121',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'max_length' must be a positive integer.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E121",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_str_max_length_value(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            field = models.CharField(max_length='20')
+            field = models.CharField(max_length="20")
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'max_length' must be a positive integer.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E121',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'max_length' must be a positive integer.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E121",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_str_max_length_type(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.CharField(max_length=True)
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'max_length' must be a positive integer.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E121'
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'max_length' must be a positive integer.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E121",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_non_iterable_choices(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            field = models.CharField(max_length=10, choices='bad')
+            field = models.CharField(max_length=10, choices="bad")
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'choices' must be an iterable (e.g., a list or tuple).",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E004',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'choices' must be an iterable (e.g., a list or tuple).",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E004",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_non_iterable_choices_two_letters(self):
         """Two letters isn't a valid choice pair."""
-        class Model(models.Model):
-            field = models.CharField(max_length=10, choices=['ab'])
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'choices' must be an iterable containing (actual value, "
-                "human readable name) tuples.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E005',
-            ),
-        ])
+        class Model(models.Model):
+            field = models.CharField(max_length=10, choices=["ab"])
+
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'choices' must be an iterable containing (actual value, "
+                    "human readable name) tuples.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E005",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_iterable_of_iterable_choices(self):
         class ThingItem:
@@ -214,7 +241,7 @@ class CharFieldTests(TestCase):
         class ThingWithIterableChoices(models.Model):
             thing = models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=True, choices=Things())
 
-        self.assertEqual(ThingWithIterableChoices._meta.get_field('thing').check(), [])
+        self.assertEqual(ThingWithIterableChoices._meta.get_field("thing").check(), [])
 
     def test_choices_containing_non_pairs(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
@@ -225,215 +252,255 @@ class CharFieldTests(TestCase):
 
         for model in (Model, Model2):
             with self.subTest(model.__name__):
-                field = model._meta.get_field('field')
-                self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-                    Error(
-                        "'choices' must be an iterable containing (actual "
-                        "value, human readable name) tuples.",
-                        obj=field,
-                        id='fields.E005',
-                    ),
-                ])
+                field = model._meta.get_field("field")
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    field.check(),
+                    [
+                        Error(
+                            "'choices' must be an iterable containing (actual "
+                            "value, human readable name) tuples.",
+                            obj=field,
+                            id="fields.E005",
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                )
 
     def test_choices_containing_lazy(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            field = models.CharField(max_length=10, choices=[['1', _('1')], ['2', _('2')]])
+            field = models.CharField(
+                max_length=10, choices=[["1", _("1")], ["2", _("2")]]
+            )
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model._meta.get_field('field').check(), [])
+        self.assertEqual(Model._meta.get_field("field").check(), [])
 
     def test_lazy_choices(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            field = models.CharField(max_length=10, choices=lazy(lambda: [[1, '1'], [2, '2']], tuple)())
+            field = models.CharField(
+                max_length=10, choices=lazy(lambda: [[1, "1"], [2, "2"]], tuple)()
+            )
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model._meta.get_field('field').check(), [])
+        self.assertEqual(Model._meta.get_field("field").check(), [])
 
     def test_choices_named_group(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.CharField(
-                max_length=10, choices=[
-                    ['knights', [['L', 'Lancelot'], ['G', 'Galahad']]],
-                    ['wizards', [['T', 'Tim the Enchanter']]],
-                    ['R', 'Random character'],
+                max_length=10,
+                choices=[
+                    ["knights", [["L", "Lancelot"], ["G", "Galahad"]]],
+                    ["wizards", [["T", "Tim the Enchanter"]]],
+                    ["R", "Random character"],
                 ],
             )
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model._meta.get_field('field').check(), [])
+        self.assertEqual(Model._meta.get_field("field").check(), [])
 
     def test_choices_named_group_non_pairs(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.CharField(
                 max_length=10,
-                choices=[['knights', [['L', 'Lancelot', 'Du Lac']]]],
+                choices=[["knights", [["L", "Lancelot", "Du Lac"]]]],
             )
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'choices' must be an iterable containing (actual value, "
-                "human readable name) tuples.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E005',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'choices' must be an iterable containing (actual value, "
+                    "human readable name) tuples.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E005",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_choices_named_group_bad_structure(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.CharField(
-                max_length=10, choices=[
-                    ['knights', [
-                        ['Noble', [['G', 'Galahad']]],
-                        ['Combative', [['L', 'Lancelot']]],
-                    ]],
+                max_length=10,
+                choices=[
+                    [
+                        "knights",
+                        [
+                            ["Noble", [["G", "Galahad"]]],
+                            ["Combative", [["L", "Lancelot"]]],
+                        ],
+                    ],
                 ],
             )
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'choices' must be an iterable containing (actual value, "
-                "human readable name) tuples.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E005',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'choices' must be an iterable containing (actual value, "
+                    "human readable name) tuples.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E005",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_choices_named_group_lazy(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.CharField(
-                max_length=10, choices=[
-                    [_('knights'), [['L', _('Lancelot')], ['G', _('Galahad')]]],
-                    ['R', _('Random character')],
+                max_length=10,
+                choices=[
+                    [_("knights"), [["L", _("Lancelot")], ["G", _("Galahad")]]],
+                    ["R", _("Random character")],
                 ],
             )
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model._meta.get_field('field').check(), [])
+        self.assertEqual(Model._meta.get_field("field").check(), [])
 
     def test_choices_in_max_length(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.CharField(
-                max_length=2, choices=[
-                    ('ABC', 'Value Too Long!'), ('OK', 'Good')
-                ],
+                max_length=2,
+                choices=[("ABC", "Value Too Long!"), ("OK", "Good")],
             )
             group = models.CharField(
-                max_length=2, choices=[
-                    ('Nested', [('OK', 'Good'), ('Longer', 'Longer')]),
-                    ('Grouped', [('Bad', 'Bad')]),
+                max_length=2,
+                choices=[
+                    ("Nested", [("OK", "Good"), ("Longer", "Longer")]),
+                    ("Grouped", [("Bad", "Bad")]),
                 ],
             )
 
-        for name, choice_max_length in (('field', 3), ('group', 6)):
+        for name, choice_max_length in (("field", 3), ("group", 6)):
             with self.subTest(name):
                 field = Model._meta.get_field(name)
-                self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-                    Error(
-                        "'max_length' is too small to fit the longest value "
-                        "in 'choices' (%d characters)." % choice_max_length,
-                        obj=field,
-                        id='fields.E009',
-                    ),
-                ])
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    field.check(),
+                    [
+                        Error(
+                            "'max_length' is too small to fit the longest value "
+                            "in 'choices' (%d characters)." % choice_max_length,
+                            obj=field,
+                            id="fields.E009",
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                )
 
     def test_bad_db_index_value(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            field = models.CharField(max_length=10, db_index='bad')
+            field = models.CharField(max_length=10, db_index="bad")
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'db_index' must be None, True or False.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E006',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'db_index' must be None, True or False.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E006",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_bad_validators(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.CharField(max_length=10, validators=[True])
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "All 'validators' must be callable.",
-                hint=(
-                    "validators[0] (True) isn't a function or instance of a "
-                    "validator class."
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "All 'validators' must be callable.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "validators[0] (True) isn't a function or instance of a "
+                        "validator class."
+                    ),
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E008",
                 ),
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E008',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'mysql',
-                         "Test valid only for MySQL")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "mysql", "Test valid only for MySQL")
     def test_too_long_char_field_under_mysql(self):
         from django.db.backends.mysql.validation import DatabaseValidation
 
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=256)
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
         validator = DatabaseValidation(connection=connection)
-        self.assertEqual(validator.check_field(field), [
-            DjangoWarning(
-                '%s may not allow unique CharFields to have a max_length > '
-                '255.' % connection.display_name,
-                hint=(
-                    'See: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/%s/ref/databases/'
-                    '#mysql-character-fields' % get_docs_version()
-                ),
-                obj=field,
-                id='mysql.W003',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            validator.check_field(field),
+            [
+                DjangoWarning(
+                    "%s may not allow unique CharFields to have a max_length > "
+                    "255." % connection.display_name,
+                    hint=(
+                        "See: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/%s/ref/databases/"
+                        "#mysql-character-fields" % get_docs_version()
+                    ),
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="mysql.W003",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_db_collation(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            field = models.CharField(max_length=100, db_collation='anything')
+            field = models.CharField(max_length=100, db_collation="anything")
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
         error = Error(
-            '%s does not support a database collation on CharFields.'
+            "%s does not support a database collation on CharFields."
             % connection.display_name,
-            id='fields.E190',
+            id="fields.E190",
             obj=field,
         )
-        expected = [] if connection.features.supports_collation_on_charfield else [error]
+        expected = (
+            [] if connection.features.supports_collation_on_charfield else [error]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(field.check(databases=self.databases), expected)
 
     def test_db_collation_required_db_features(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            field = models.CharField(max_length=100, db_collation='anything')
+            field = models.CharField(max_length=100, db_collation="anything")
 
             class Meta:
-                required_db_features = {'supports_collation_on_charfield'}
+                required_db_features = {"supports_collation_on_charfield"}
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
         self.assertEqual(field.check(databases=self.databases), [])
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class DateFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
     maxDiff = None
 
     def test_auto_now_and_auto_now_add_raise_error(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field0 = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True, auto_now_add=True, default=now)
-            field1 = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True, auto_now_add=False, default=now)
-            field2 = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=False, auto_now_add=True, default=now)
-            field3 = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True, auto_now_add=True, default=None)
+            field1 = models.DateTimeField(
+                auto_now=True, auto_now_add=False, default=now
+            )
+            field2 = models.DateTimeField(
+                auto_now=False, auto_now_add=True, default=now
+            )
+            field3 = models.DateTimeField(
+                auto_now=True, auto_now_add=True, default=None
+            )
 
         expected = []
         checks = []
         for i in range(4):
-            field = Model._meta.get_field('field%d' % i)
-            expected.append(Error(
-                "The options auto_now, auto_now_add, and default "
-                "are mutually exclusive. Only one of these options "
-                "may be present.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E160',
-            ))
+            field = Model._meta.get_field("field%d" % i)
+            expected.append(
+                Error(
+                    "The options auto_now, auto_now_add, and default "
+                    "are mutually exclusive. Only one of these options "
+                    "may be present.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E160",
+                )
+            )
             checks.extend(field.check())
             self.assertEqual(checks, expected)
 
@@ -443,39 +510,42 @@ class DateFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
             field_d = models.DateField(default=now().date())
             field_now = models.DateField(default=now)
 
-        field_dt = Model._meta.get_field('field_dt')
-        field_d = Model._meta.get_field('field_d')
-        field_now = Model._meta.get_field('field_now')
+        field_dt = Model._meta.get_field("field_dt")
+        field_d = Model._meta.get_field("field_d")
+        field_now = Model._meta.get_field("field_now")
         errors = field_dt.check()
         errors.extend(field_d.check())
         errors.extend(field_now.check())  # doesn't raise a warning
-        self.assertEqual(errors, [
-            DjangoWarning(
-                'Fixed default value provided.',
-                hint='It seems you set a fixed date / time / datetime '
-                     'value as default for this field. This may not be '
-                     'what you want. If you want to have the current date '
-                     'as default, use `django.utils.timezone.now`',
-                obj=field_dt,
-                id='fields.W161',
-            ),
-            DjangoWarning(
-                'Fixed default value provided.',
-                hint='It seems you set a fixed date / time / datetime '
-                     'value as default for this field. This may not be '
-                     'what you want. If you want to have the current date '
-                     'as default, use `django.utils.timezone.now`',
-                obj=field_d,
-                id='fields.W161',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            errors,
+            [
+                DjangoWarning(
+                    "Fixed default value provided.",
+                    hint="It seems you set a fixed date / time / datetime "
+                    "value as default for this field. This may not be "
+                    "what you want. If you want to have the current date "
+                    "as default, use `django.utils.timezone.now`",
+                    obj=field_dt,
+                    id="fields.W161",
+                ),
+                DjangoWarning(
+                    "Fixed default value provided.",
+                    hint="It seems you set a fixed date / time / datetime "
+                    "value as default for this field. This may not be "
+                    "what you want. If you want to have the current date "
+                    "as default, use `django.utils.timezone.now`",
+                    obj=field_d,
+                    id="fields.W161",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     @override_settings(USE_TZ=True)
     def test_fix_default_value_tz(self):
         self.test_fix_default_value()
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class DateTimeFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
     maxDiff = None
 
@@ -485,209 +555,233 @@ class DateTimeFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
             field_d = models.DateTimeField(default=now().date())
             field_now = models.DateTimeField(default=now)
 
-        field_dt = Model._meta.get_field('field_dt')
-        field_d = Model._meta.get_field('field_d')
-        field_now = Model._meta.get_field('field_now')
+        field_dt = Model._meta.get_field("field_dt")
+        field_d = Model._meta.get_field("field_d")
+        field_now = Model._meta.get_field("field_now")
         errors = field_dt.check()
         errors.extend(field_d.check())
         errors.extend(field_now.check())  # doesn't raise a warning
-        self.assertEqual(errors, [
-            DjangoWarning(
-                'Fixed default value provided.',
-                hint='It seems you set a fixed date / time / datetime '
-                     'value as default for this field. This may not be '
-                     'what you want. If you want to have the current date '
-                     'as default, use `django.utils.timezone.now`',
-                obj=field_dt,
-                id='fields.W161',
-            ),
-            DjangoWarning(
-                'Fixed default value provided.',
-                hint='It seems you set a fixed date / time / datetime '
-                     'value as default for this field. This may not be '
-                     'what you want. If you want to have the current date '
-                     'as default, use `django.utils.timezone.now`',
-                obj=field_d,
-                id='fields.W161',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            errors,
+            [
+                DjangoWarning(
+                    "Fixed default value provided.",
+                    hint="It seems you set a fixed date / time / datetime "
+                    "value as default for this field. This may not be "
+                    "what you want. If you want to have the current date "
+                    "as default, use `django.utils.timezone.now`",
+                    obj=field_dt,
+                    id="fields.W161",
+                ),
+                DjangoWarning(
+                    "Fixed default value provided.",
+                    hint="It seems you set a fixed date / time / datetime "
+                    "value as default for this field. This may not be "
+                    "what you want. If you want to have the current date "
+                    "as default, use `django.utils.timezone.now`",
+                    obj=field_d,
+                    id="fields.W161",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     @override_settings(USE_TZ=True)
     def test_fix_default_value_tz(self):
         self.test_fix_default_value()
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class DecimalFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_required_attributes(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.DecimalField()
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "DecimalFields must define a 'decimal_places' attribute.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E130',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "DecimalFields must define a 'max_digits' attribute.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E132',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "DecimalFields must define a 'decimal_places' attribute.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E130",
+                ),
+                Error(
+                    "DecimalFields must define a 'max_digits' attribute.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E132",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_negative_max_digits_and_decimal_places(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.DecimalField(max_digits=-1, decimal_places=-1)
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'decimal_places' must be a non-negative integer.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E131',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "'max_digits' must be a positive integer.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E133',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'decimal_places' must be a non-negative integer.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E131",
+                ),
+                Error(
+                    "'max_digits' must be a positive integer.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E133",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_bad_values_of_max_digits_and_decimal_places(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.DecimalField(max_digits="bad", decimal_places="bad")
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'decimal_places' must be a non-negative integer.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E131',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "'max_digits' must be a positive integer.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E133',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'decimal_places' must be a non-negative integer.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E131",
+                ),
+                Error(
+                    "'max_digits' must be a positive integer.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E133",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_decimal_places_greater_than_max_digits(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.DecimalField(max_digits=9, decimal_places=10)
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'max_digits' must be greater or equal to 'decimal_places'.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E134',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'max_digits' must be greater or equal to 'decimal_places'.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E134",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_valid_field(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.DecimalField(max_digits=10, decimal_places=10)
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
         self.assertEqual(field.check(), [])
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class FileFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_valid_default_case(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.FileField()
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model._meta.get_field('field').check(), [])
+        self.assertEqual(Model._meta.get_field("field").check(), [])
 
     def test_valid_case(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            field = models.FileField(upload_to='somewhere')
+            field = models.FileField(upload_to="somewhere")
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
         self.assertEqual(field.check(), [])
 
     def test_primary_key(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            field = models.FileField(primary_key=False, upload_to='somewhere')
+            field = models.FileField(primary_key=False, upload_to="somewhere")
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'primary_key' is not a valid argument for a FileField.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E201',
-            )
-        ])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'primary_key' is not a valid argument for a FileField.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E201",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_upload_to_starts_with_slash(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            field = models.FileField(upload_to='/somewhere')
+            field = models.FileField(upload_to="/somewhere")
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "FileField's 'upload_to' argument must be a relative path, not "
-                "an absolute path.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E202',
-                hint='Remove the leading slash.',
-            )
-        ])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "FileField's 'upload_to' argument must be a relative path, not "
+                    "an absolute path.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E202",
+                    hint="Remove the leading slash.",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_upload_to_callable_not_checked(self):
         def callable(instance, filename):
-            return '/' + filename
+            return "/" + filename
 
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.FileField(upload_to=callable)
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
         self.assertEqual(field.check(), [])
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class FilePathFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_forbidden_files_and_folders(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.FilePathField(allow_files=False, allow_folders=False)
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "FilePathFields must have either 'allow_files' or 'allow_folders' set to True.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E140',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "FilePathFields must have either 'allow_files' or 'allow_folders' set to True.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E140",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class GenericIPAddressFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_non_nullable_blank(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.GenericIPAddressField(null=False, blank=True)
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                ('GenericIPAddressFields cannot have blank=True if null=False, '
-                 'as blank values are stored as nulls.'),
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E150',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    (
+                        "GenericIPAddressFields cannot have blank=True if null=False, "
+                        "as blank values are stored as nulls."
+                    ),
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E150",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class ImageFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_pillow_installed(self):
         try:
             from PIL import Image  # NOQA
@@ -697,25 +791,30 @@ class ImageFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
             pillow_installed = True
 
         class Model(models.Model):
-            field = models.ImageField(upload_to='somewhere')
+            field = models.ImageField(upload_to="somewhere")
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
         errors = field.check()
-        expected = [] if pillow_installed else [
-            Error(
-                'Cannot use ImageField because Pillow is not installed.',
-                hint=('Get Pillow at https://pypi.org/project/Pillow/ '
-                      'or run command "python -m pip install Pillow".'),
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E210',
-            ),
-        ]
+        expected = (
+            []
+            if pillow_installed
+            else [
+                Error(
+                    "Cannot use ImageField because Pillow is not installed.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Get Pillow at https://pypi.org/project/Pillow/ "
+                        'or run command "python -m pip install Pillow".'
+                    ),
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E210",
+                ),
+            ]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class IntegerFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_max_length_warning(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             integer = models.IntegerField(max_length=2)
@@ -729,17 +828,21 @@ class IntegerFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
             if field.auto_created:
                 continue
             with self.subTest(name=field.name):
-                self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-                    DjangoWarning(
-                        "'max_length' is ignored when used with %s." % field.__class__.__name__,
-                        hint="Remove 'max_length' from field",
-                        obj=field,
-                        id='fields.W122',
-                    )
-                ])
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    field.check(),
+                    [
+                        DjangoWarning(
+                            "'max_length' is ignored when used with %s."
+                            % field.__class__.__name__,
+                            hint="Remove 'max_length' from field",
+                            obj=field,
+                            id="fields.W122",
+                        )
+                    ],
+                )
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class TimeFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
     maxDiff = None
 
@@ -751,153 +854,171 @@ class TimeFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
             field_tz = models.TimeField(default=now().timetz())
             field_now = models.DateField(default=now)
 
-        names = ['field_dt', 'field_t', 'field_tz', 'field_now']
+        names = ["field_dt", "field_t", "field_tz", "field_now"]
         fields = [Model._meta.get_field(name) for name in names]
         errors = []
         for field in fields:
             errors.extend(field.check())
 
-        self.assertEqual(errors, [
-            DjangoWarning(
-                'Fixed default value provided.',
-                hint='It seems you set a fixed date / time / datetime '
-                     'value as default for this field. This may not be '
-                     'what you want. If you want to have the current date '
-                     'as default, use `django.utils.timezone.now`',
-                obj=fields[0],
-                id='fields.W161',
-            ),
-            DjangoWarning(
-                'Fixed default value provided.',
-                hint='It seems you set a fixed date / time / datetime '
-                     'value as default for this field. This may not be '
-                     'what you want. If you want to have the current date '
-                     'as default, use `django.utils.timezone.now`',
-                obj=fields[1],
-                id='fields.W161',
-            ),
-            DjangoWarning(
-                'Fixed default value provided.',
-                hint=(
-                    'It seems you set a fixed date / time / datetime value as '
-                    'default for this field. This may not be what you want. '
-                    'If you want to have the current date as default, use '
-                    '`django.utils.timezone.now`'
+        self.assertEqual(
+            errors,
+            [
+                DjangoWarning(
+                    "Fixed default value provided.",
+                    hint="It seems you set a fixed date / time / datetime "
+                    "value as default for this field. This may not be "
+                    "what you want. If you want to have the current date "
+                    "as default, use `django.utils.timezone.now`",
+                    obj=fields[0],
+                    id="fields.W161",
                 ),
-                obj=fields[2],
-                id='fields.W161',
-            ),
-            # field_now doesn't raise a warning.
-        ])
+                DjangoWarning(
+                    "Fixed default value provided.",
+                    hint="It seems you set a fixed date / time / datetime "
+                    "value as default for this field. This may not be "
+                    "what you want. If you want to have the current date "
+                    "as default, use `django.utils.timezone.now`",
+                    obj=fields[1],
+                    id="fields.W161",
+                ),
+                DjangoWarning(
+                    "Fixed default value provided.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "It seems you set a fixed date / time / datetime value as "
+                        "default for this field. This may not be what you want. "
+                        "If you want to have the current date as default, use "
+                        "`django.utils.timezone.now`"
+                    ),
+                    obj=fields[2],
+                    id="fields.W161",
+                ),
+                # field_now doesn't raise a warning.
+            ],
+        )
 
     @override_settings(USE_TZ=True)
     def test_fix_default_value_tz(self):
         self.test_fix_default_value()
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class TextFieldTests(TestCase):
-
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_index_on_text_field')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_index_on_text_field")
     def test_max_length_warning(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             value = models.TextField(db_index=True)
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('value')
+
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("value")
         field_type = field.db_type(connection)
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(databases=self.databases), [
-            DjangoWarning(
-                '%s does not support a database index on %s columns.'
-                % (connection.display_name, field_type),
-                hint=(
-                    "An index won't be created. Silence this warning if you "
-                    "don't care about it."
-                ),
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.W162',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(databases=self.databases),
+            [
+                DjangoWarning(
+                    "%s does not support a database index on %s columns."
+                    % (connection.display_name, field_type),
+                    hint=(
+                        "An index won't be created. Silence this warning if you "
+                        "don't care about it."
+                    ),
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.W162",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_db_collation(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            field = models.TextField(db_collation='anything')
+            field = models.TextField(db_collation="anything")
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
         error = Error(
-            '%s does not support a database collation on TextFields.'
+            "%s does not support a database collation on TextFields."
             % connection.display_name,
-            id='fields.E190',
+            id="fields.E190",
             obj=field,
         )
-        expected = [] if connection.features.supports_collation_on_textfield else [error]
+        expected = (
+            [] if connection.features.supports_collation_on_textfield else [error]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(field.check(databases=self.databases), expected)
 
     def test_db_collation_required_db_features(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            field = models.TextField(db_collation='anything')
+            field = models.TextField(db_collation="anything")
 
             class Meta:
-                required_db_features = {'supports_collation_on_textfield'}
+                required_db_features = {"supports_collation_on_textfield"}
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
         self.assertEqual(field.check(databases=self.databases), [])
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class UUIDFieldTests(TestCase):
     def test_choices_named_group(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.UUIDField(
                 choices=[
-                    ['knights', [
-                        [uuid.UUID('5c859437-d061-4847-b3f7-e6b78852f8c8'), 'Lancelot'],
-                        [uuid.UUID('c7853ec1-2ea3-4359-b02d-b54e8f1bcee2'), 'Galahad'],
-                    ]],
-                    [uuid.UUID('25d405be-4895-4d50-9b2e-d6695359ce47'), 'Other'],
+                    [
+                        "knights",
+                        [
+                            [
+                                uuid.UUID("5c859437-d061-4847-b3f7-e6b78852f8c8"),
+                                "Lancelot",
+                            ],
+                            [
+                                uuid.UUID("c7853ec1-2ea3-4359-b02d-b54e8f1bcee2"),
+                                "Galahad",
+                            ],
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                    [uuid.UUID("25d405be-4895-4d50-9b2e-d6695359ce47"), "Other"],
                 ],
             )
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model._meta.get_field('field').check(), [])
+        self.assertEqual(Model._meta.get_field("field").check(), [])
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
-@skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_json_field')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
+@skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_json_field")
 class JSONFieldTests(TestCase):
     def test_invalid_default(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.JSONField(default={})
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model._meta.get_field('field').check(), [
-            DjangoWarning(
-                msg=(
-                    "JSONField default should be a callable instead of an "
-                    "instance so that it's not shared between all field "
-                    "instances."
-                ),
-                hint=(
-                    'Use a callable instead, e.g., use `dict` instead of `{}`.'
-                ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('field'),
-                id='fields.E010',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model._meta.get_field("field").check(),
+            [
+                DjangoWarning(
+                    msg=(
+                        "JSONField default should be a callable instead of an "
+                        "instance so that it's not shared between all field "
+                        "instances."
+                    ),
+                    hint=("Use a callable instead, e.g., use `dict` instead of `{}`."),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("field"),
+                    id="fields.E010",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_valid_default(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.JSONField(default=dict)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model._meta.get_field('field').check(), [])
+        self.assertEqual(Model._meta.get_field("field").check(), [])
 
     def test_valid_default_none(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.JSONField(default=None)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model._meta.get_field('field').check(), [])
+        self.assertEqual(Model._meta.get_field("field").check(), [])
 
     def test_valid_callable_default(self):
         def callable_default():
-            return {'it': 'works'}
+            return {"it": "works"}
 
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.JSONField(default=callable_default)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model._meta.get_field('field').check(), [])
+        self.assertEqual(Model._meta.get_field("field").check(), [])
diff --git a/tests/invalid_models_tests/test_relative_fields.py b/tests/invalid_models_tests/test_relative_fields.py
index 438d1b2a45..1dc4e7e6be 100644
--- a/tests/invalid_models_tests/test_relative_fields.py
+++ b/tests/invalid_models_tests/test_relative_fields.py
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 from unittest import mock
 
-from django.core.checks import Error, Warning as DjangoWarning
+from django.core.checks import Error
+from django.core.checks import Warning as DjangoWarning
 from django.db import connection, models
 from django.test.testcases import SimpleTestCase
 from django.test.utils import isolate_apps, modify_settings, override_settings
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class RelativeFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_valid_foreign_key_without_accessor(self):
         class Target(models.Model):
             # There would be a clash if Model.field installed an accessor.
             model = models.IntegerField()
 
         class Model(models.Model):
-            field = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name='+')
+            field = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name="+")
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
         self.assertEqual(field.check(), [])
 
     def test_foreign_key_to_missing_model(self):
@@ -25,60 +25,68 @@ class RelativeFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # test relative fields in isolation and we need to attach them to a
         # model.
         class Model(models.Model):
-            foreign_key = models.ForeignKey('Rel1', models.CASCADE)
+            foreign_key = models.ForeignKey("Rel1", models.CASCADE)
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('foreign_key')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "Field defines a relation with model 'Rel1', "
-                "which is either not installed, or is abstract.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E300',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("foreign_key")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Field defines a relation with model 'Rel1', "
+                    "which is either not installed, or is abstract.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E300",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+    @isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
     def test_foreign_key_to_isolate_apps_model(self):
         """
         #25723 - Referenced model registration lookup should be run against the
         field's model registry.
         """
+
         class OtherModel(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Model(models.Model):
-            foreign_key = models.ForeignKey('OtherModel', models.CASCADE)
+            foreign_key = models.ForeignKey("OtherModel", models.CASCADE)
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('foreign_key')
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("foreign_key")
         self.assertEqual(field.check(from_model=Model), [])
 
     def test_many_to_many_to_missing_model(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             m2m = models.ManyToManyField("Rel2")
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('m2m')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(from_model=Model), [
-            Error(
-                "Field defines a relation with model 'Rel2', "
-                "which is either not installed, or is abstract.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E300',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("m2m")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(from_model=Model),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Field defines a relation with model 'Rel2', "
+                    "which is either not installed, or is abstract.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E300",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+    @isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
     def test_many_to_many_to_isolate_apps_model(self):
         """
         #25723 - Referenced model registration lookup should be run against the
         field's model registry.
         """
+
         class OtherModel(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Model(models.Model):
-            m2m = models.ManyToManyField('OtherModel')
+            m2m = models.ManyToManyField("OtherModel")
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('m2m')
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("m2m")
         self.assertEqual(field.check(from_model=Model), [])
 
     def test_many_to_many_with_useless_options(self):
@@ -88,93 +96,112 @@ class RelativeFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class ModelM2M(models.Model):
             m2m = models.ManyToManyField(Model, null=True, validators=[lambda x: x])
 
-        field = ModelM2M._meta.get_field('m2m')
-        self.assertEqual(ModelM2M.check(), [
-            DjangoWarning(
-                'null has no effect on ManyToManyField.',
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.W340',
-            ),
-            DjangoWarning(
-                'ManyToManyField does not support validators.',
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.W341',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = ModelM2M._meta.get_field("m2m")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ModelM2M.check(),
+            [
+                DjangoWarning(
+                    "null has no effect on ManyToManyField.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.W340",
+                ),
+                DjangoWarning(
+                    "ManyToManyField does not support validators.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.W341",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_many_to_many_with_useless_related_name(self):
         class ModelM2M(models.Model):
-            m2m = models.ManyToManyField('self', related_name='children')
+            m2m = models.ManyToManyField("self", related_name="children")
 
-        field = ModelM2M._meta.get_field('m2m')
-        self.assertEqual(ModelM2M.check(), [
-            DjangoWarning(
-                'related_name has no effect on ManyToManyField with '
-                'a symmetrical relationship, e.g. to "self".',
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.W345',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = ModelM2M._meta.get_field("m2m")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ModelM2M.check(),
+            [
+                DjangoWarning(
+                    "related_name has no effect on ManyToManyField with "
+                    'a symmetrical relationship, e.g. to "self".',
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.W345",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_ambiguous_relationship_model_from(self):
         class Person(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Group(models.Model):
-            field = models.ManyToManyField('Person', through='AmbiguousRelationship')
+            field = models.ManyToManyField("Person", through="AmbiguousRelationship")
 
         class AmbiguousRelationship(models.Model):
             person = models.ForeignKey(Person, models.CASCADE)
-            first_group = models.ForeignKey(Group, models.CASCADE, related_name='first')
-            second_group = models.ForeignKey(Group, models.CASCADE, related_name='second')
+            first_group = models.ForeignKey(Group, models.CASCADE, related_name="first")
+            second_group = models.ForeignKey(
+                Group, models.CASCADE, related_name="second"
+            )
 
-        field = Group._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(from_model=Group), [
-            Error(
-                "The model is used as an intermediate model by "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Group.field', but it has more than one "
-                "foreign key from 'Group', which is ambiguous. You must "
-                "specify which foreign key Django should use via the "
-                "through_fields keyword argument.",
-                hint=(
-                    'If you want to create a recursive relationship, use '
-                    'ManyToManyField("self", through="AmbiguousRelationship").'
+        field = Group._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(from_model=Group),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The model is used as an intermediate model by "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Group.field', but it has more than one "
+                    "foreign key from 'Group', which is ambiguous. You must "
+                    "specify which foreign key Django should use via the "
+                    "through_fields keyword argument.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "If you want to create a recursive relationship, use "
+                        'ManyToManyField("self", through="AmbiguousRelationship").'
+                    ),
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E334",
                 ),
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E334',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_ambiguous_relationship_model_to(self):
-
         class Person(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Group(models.Model):
-            field = models.ManyToManyField('Person', through="AmbiguousRelationship", related_name='tertiary')
+            field = models.ManyToManyField(
+                "Person", through="AmbiguousRelationship", related_name="tertiary"
+            )
 
         class AmbiguousRelationship(models.Model):
             # Too much foreign keys to Person.
-            first_person = models.ForeignKey(Person, models.CASCADE, related_name="first")
-            second_person = models.ForeignKey(Person, models.CASCADE, related_name="second")
+            first_person = models.ForeignKey(
+                Person, models.CASCADE, related_name="first"
+            )
+            second_person = models.ForeignKey(
+                Person, models.CASCADE, related_name="second"
+            )
             second_model = models.ForeignKey(Group, models.CASCADE)
 
-        field = Group._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(from_model=Group), [
-            Error(
-                "The model is used as an intermediate model by "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Group.field', but it has more than one "
-                "foreign key to 'Person', which is ambiguous. You must specify "
-                "which foreign key Django should use via the through_fields "
-                "keyword argument.",
-                hint=(
-                    'If you want to create a recursive relationship, use '
-                    'ManyToManyField("self", through="AmbiguousRelationship").'
+        field = Group._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(from_model=Group),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The model is used as an intermediate model by "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Group.field', but it has more than one "
+                    "foreign key to 'Person', which is ambiguous. You must specify "
+                    "which foreign key Django should use via the through_fields "
+                    "keyword argument.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "If you want to create a recursive relationship, use "
+                        'ManyToManyField("self", through="AmbiguousRelationship").'
+                    ),
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E335",
                 ),
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E335',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_relationship_model_with_foreign_key_to_wrong_model(self):
         class WrongModel(models.Model):
@@ -184,120 +211,144 @@ class RelativeFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
             pass
 
         class Group(models.Model):
-            members = models.ManyToManyField('Person', through="InvalidRelationship")
+            members = models.ManyToManyField("Person", through="InvalidRelationship")
 
         class InvalidRelationship(models.Model):
             person = models.ForeignKey(Person, models.CASCADE)
             wrong_foreign_key = models.ForeignKey(WrongModel, models.CASCADE)
             # The last foreign key should point to Group model.
 
-        field = Group._meta.get_field('members')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(from_model=Group), [
-            Error(
-                "The model is used as an intermediate model by "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Group.members', but it does not "
-                "have a foreign key to 'Group' or 'Person'.",
-                obj=InvalidRelationship,
-                id='fields.E336',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Group._meta.get_field("members")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(from_model=Group),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The model is used as an intermediate model by "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Group.members', but it does not "
+                    "have a foreign key to 'Group' or 'Person'.",
+                    obj=InvalidRelationship,
+                    id="fields.E336",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_relationship_model_missing_foreign_key(self):
         class Person(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Group(models.Model):
-            members = models.ManyToManyField('Person', through="InvalidRelationship")
+            members = models.ManyToManyField("Person", through="InvalidRelationship")
 
         class InvalidRelationship(models.Model):
             group = models.ForeignKey(Group, models.CASCADE)
             # No foreign key to Person
 
-        field = Group._meta.get_field('members')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(from_model=Group), [
-            Error(
-                "The model is used as an intermediate model by "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Group.members', but it does not have "
-                "a foreign key to 'Group' or 'Person'.",
-                obj=InvalidRelationship,
-                id='fields.E336',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Group._meta.get_field("members")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(from_model=Group),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The model is used as an intermediate model by "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Group.members', but it does not have "
+                    "a foreign key to 'Group' or 'Person'.",
+                    obj=InvalidRelationship,
+                    id="fields.E336",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_missing_relationship_model(self):
         class Person(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Group(models.Model):
-            members = models.ManyToManyField('Person', through="MissingM2MModel")
+            members = models.ManyToManyField("Person", through="MissingM2MModel")
 
-        field = Group._meta.get_field('members')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(from_model=Group), [
-            Error(
-                "Field specifies a many-to-many relation through model "
-                "'MissingM2MModel', which has not been installed.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E331',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Group._meta.get_field("members")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(from_model=Group),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Field specifies a many-to-many relation through model "
+                    "'MissingM2MModel', which has not been installed.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E331",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_missing_relationship_model_on_model_check(self):
         class Person(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Group(models.Model):
-            members = models.ManyToManyField('Person', through='MissingM2MModel')
+            members = models.ManyToManyField("Person", through="MissingM2MModel")
 
-        self.assertEqual(Group.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "Field specifies a many-to-many relation through model "
-                "'MissingM2MModel', which has not been installed.",
-                obj=Group._meta.get_field('members'),
-                id='fields.E331',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Group.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Field specifies a many-to-many relation through model "
+                    "'MissingM2MModel', which has not been installed.",
+                    obj=Group._meta.get_field("members"),
+                    id="fields.E331",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+    @isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
     def test_many_to_many_through_isolate_apps_model(self):
         """
         #25723 - Through model registration lookup should be run against the
         field's model registry.
         """
+
         class GroupMember(models.Model):
-            person = models.ForeignKey('Person', models.CASCADE)
-            group = models.ForeignKey('Group', models.CASCADE)
+            person = models.ForeignKey("Person", models.CASCADE)
+            group = models.ForeignKey("Group", models.CASCADE)
 
         class Person(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Group(models.Model):
-            members = models.ManyToManyField('Person', through='GroupMember')
+            members = models.ManyToManyField("Person", through="GroupMember")
 
-        field = Group._meta.get_field('members')
+        field = Group._meta.get_field("members")
         self.assertEqual(field.check(from_model=Group), [])
 
     def test_too_many_foreign_keys_in_self_referential_model(self):
         class Person(models.Model):
-            friends = models.ManyToManyField('self', through="InvalidRelationship", symmetrical=False)
+            friends = models.ManyToManyField(
+                "self", through="InvalidRelationship", symmetrical=False
+            )
 
         class InvalidRelationship(models.Model):
-            first = models.ForeignKey(Person, models.CASCADE, related_name="rel_from_set_2")
-            second = models.ForeignKey(Person, models.CASCADE, related_name="rel_to_set_2")
-            third = models.ForeignKey(Person, models.CASCADE, related_name="too_many_by_far")
+            first = models.ForeignKey(
+                Person, models.CASCADE, related_name="rel_from_set_2"
+            )
+            second = models.ForeignKey(
+                Person, models.CASCADE, related_name="rel_to_set_2"
+            )
+            third = models.ForeignKey(
+                Person, models.CASCADE, related_name="too_many_by_far"
+            )
 
-        field = Person._meta.get_field('friends')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(from_model=Person), [
-            Error(
-                "The model is used as an intermediate model by "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Person.friends', but it has more than two "
-                "foreign keys to 'Person', which is ambiguous. You must specify "
-                "which two foreign keys Django should use via the through_fields "
-                "keyword argument.",
-                hint='Use through_fields to specify which two foreign keys Django should use.',
-                obj=InvalidRelationship,
-                id='fields.E333',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Person._meta.get_field("friends")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(from_model=Person),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The model is used as an intermediate model by "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Person.friends', but it has more than two "
+                    "foreign keys to 'Person', which is ambiguous. You must specify "
+                    "which two foreign keys Django should use via the through_fields "
+                    "keyword argument.",
+                    hint="Use through_fields to specify which two foreign keys Django should use.",
+                    obj=InvalidRelationship,
+                    id="fields.E333",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_foreign_key_to_abstract_model(self):
         class AbstractModel(models.Model):
@@ -305,17 +356,17 @@ class RelativeFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 abstract = True
 
         class Model(models.Model):
-            rel_string_foreign_key = models.ForeignKey('AbstractModel', models.CASCADE)
+            rel_string_foreign_key = models.ForeignKey("AbstractModel", models.CASCADE)
             rel_class_foreign_key = models.ForeignKey(AbstractModel, models.CASCADE)
 
         fields = [
-            Model._meta.get_field('rel_string_foreign_key'),
-            Model._meta.get_field('rel_class_foreign_key'),
+            Model._meta.get_field("rel_string_foreign_key"),
+            Model._meta.get_field("rel_class_foreign_key"),
         ]
         expected_error = Error(
             "Field defines a relation with model 'AbstractModel', "
             "which is either not installed, or is abstract.",
-            id='fields.E300',
+            id="fields.E300",
         )
         for field in fields:
             expected_error.obj = field
@@ -327,17 +378,17 @@ class RelativeFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 abstract = True
 
         class Model(models.Model):
-            rel_string_m2m = models.ManyToManyField('AbstractModel')
+            rel_string_m2m = models.ManyToManyField("AbstractModel")
             rel_class_m2m = models.ManyToManyField(AbstractModel)
 
         fields = [
-            Model._meta.get_field('rel_string_m2m'),
-            Model._meta.get_field('rel_class_m2m'),
+            Model._meta.get_field("rel_string_m2m"),
+            Model._meta.get_field("rel_class_m2m"),
         ]
         expected_error = Error(
             "Field defines a relation with model 'AbstractModel', "
             "which is either not installed, or is abstract.",
-            id='fields.E300',
+            id="fields.E300",
         )
         for field in fields:
             expected_error.obj = field
@@ -348,56 +399,65 @@ class RelativeFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
             name = models.CharField(max_length=5)
 
         class Group(models.Model):
-            members = models.ManyToManyField('Person', unique=True)
+            members = models.ManyToManyField("Person", unique=True)
 
-        field = Group._meta.get_field('members')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(from_model=Group), [
-            Error(
-                'ManyToManyFields cannot be unique.',
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E330',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Group._meta.get_field("members")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(from_model=Group),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "ManyToManyFields cannot be unique.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E330",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_foreign_key_to_non_unique_field(self):
         class Target(models.Model):
             bad = models.IntegerField()  # No unique=True
 
         class Model(models.Model):
-            foreign_key = models.ForeignKey('Target', models.CASCADE, to_field='bad')
+            foreign_key = models.ForeignKey("Target", models.CASCADE, to_field="bad")
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('foreign_key')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'Target.bad' must be unique because it is referenced by a foreign key.",
-                hint=(
-                    'Add unique=True to this field or add a UniqueConstraint '
-                    '(without condition) in the model Meta.constraints.'
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("foreign_key")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'Target.bad' must be unique because it is referenced by a foreign key.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Add unique=True to this field or add a UniqueConstraint "
+                        "(without condition) in the model Meta.constraints."
+                    ),
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E311",
                 ),
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E311',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_foreign_key_to_non_unique_field_under_explicit_model(self):
         class Target(models.Model):
             bad = models.IntegerField()
 
         class Model(models.Model):
-            field = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, to_field='bad')
+            field = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, to_field="bad")
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'Target.bad' must be unique because it is referenced by a foreign key.",
-                hint=(
-                    'Add unique=True to this field or add a UniqueConstraint '
-                    '(without condition) in the model Meta.constraints.'
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'Target.bad' must be unique because it is referenced by a foreign key.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Add unique=True to this field or add a UniqueConstraint "
+                        "(without condition) in the model Meta.constraints."
+                    ),
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E311",
                 ),
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E311',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_foreign_key_to_partially_unique_field(self):
         class Target(models.Model):
@@ -406,28 +466,31 @@ class RelativeFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
                     models.UniqueConstraint(
-                        fields=['source'],
-                        name='tfktpuf_partial_unique',
+                        fields=["source"],
+                        name="tfktpuf_partial_unique",
                         condition=models.Q(pk__gt=2),
                     ),
                 ]
 
         class Model(models.Model):
-            field = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, to_field='source')
+            field = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, to_field="source")
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "'Target.source' must be unique because it is referenced by a "
-                "foreign key.",
-                hint=(
-                    'Add unique=True to this field or add a UniqueConstraint '
-                    '(without condition) in the model Meta.constraints.'
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'Target.source' must be unique because it is referenced by a "
+                    "foreign key.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Add unique=True to this field or add a UniqueConstraint "
+                        "(without condition) in the model Meta.constraints."
+                    ),
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E311",
                 ),
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E311',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_foreign_key_to_unique_field_with_meta_constraint(self):
         class Target(models.Model):
@@ -436,15 +499,15 @@ class RelativeFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
                     models.UniqueConstraint(
-                        fields=['source'],
-                        name='tfktufwmc_unique',
+                        fields=["source"],
+                        name="tfktufwmc_unique",
                     ),
                 ]
 
         class Model(models.Model):
-            field = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, to_field='source')
+            field = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, to_field="source")
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
         self.assertEqual(field.check(), [])
 
     def test_foreign_object_to_non_unique_fields(self):
@@ -460,24 +523,27 @@ class RelativeFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
             person = models.ForeignObject(
                 Person,
                 on_delete=models.CASCADE,
-                from_fields=['person_country_id', 'person_city_id'],
-                to_fields=['country_id', 'city_id'],
+                from_fields=["person_country_id", "person_city_id"],
+                to_fields=["country_id", "city_id"],
             )
 
-        field = MMembership._meta.get_field('person')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "No subset of the fields 'country_id', 'city_id' on model 'Person' is unique.",
-                hint=(
-                    'Mark a single field as unique=True or add a set of '
-                    'fields to a unique constraint (via unique_together or a '
-                    'UniqueConstraint (without condition) in the model '
-                    'Meta.constraints).'
-                ),
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E310',
-            )
-        ])
+        field = MMembership._meta.get_field("person")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "No subset of the fields 'country_id', 'city_id' on model 'Person' is unique.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Mark a single field as unique=True or add a set of "
+                        "fields to a unique constraint (via unique_together or a "
+                        "UniqueConstraint (without condition) in the model "
+                        "Meta.constraints)."
+                    ),
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E310",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_foreign_object_to_partially_unique_field(self):
         class Person(models.Model):
@@ -487,8 +553,8 @@ class RelativeFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
                     models.UniqueConstraint(
-                        fields=['country_id', 'city_id'],
-                        name='tfotpuf_partial_unique',
+                        fields=["country_id", "city_id"],
+                        name="tfotpuf_partial_unique",
                         condition=models.Q(pk__gt=2),
                     ),
                 ]
@@ -499,25 +565,28 @@ class RelativeFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
             person = models.ForeignObject(
                 Person,
                 on_delete=models.CASCADE,
-                from_fields=['person_country_id', 'person_city_id'],
-                to_fields=['country_id', 'city_id'],
+                from_fields=["person_country_id", "person_city_id"],
+                to_fields=["country_id", "city_id"],
             )
 
-        field = MMembership._meta.get_field('person')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "No subset of the fields 'country_id', 'city_id' on model "
-                "'Person' is unique.",
-                hint=(
-                    'Mark a single field as unique=True or add a set of '
-                    'fields to a unique constraint (via unique_together or a '
-                    'UniqueConstraint (without condition) in the model '
-                    'Meta.constraints).'
+        field = MMembership._meta.get_field("person")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "No subset of the fields 'country_id', 'city_id' on model "
+                    "'Person' is unique.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Mark a single field as unique=True or add a set of "
+                        "fields to a unique constraint (via unique_together or a "
+                        "UniqueConstraint (without condition) in the model "
+                        "Meta.constraints)."
+                    ),
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E310",
                 ),
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E310',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_foreign_object_to_unique_field_with_meta_constraint(self):
         class Person(models.Model):
@@ -527,8 +596,8 @@ class RelativeFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
                     models.UniqueConstraint(
-                        fields=['country_id', 'city_id'],
-                        name='tfotpuf_unique',
+                        fields=["country_id", "city_id"],
+                        name="tfotpuf_unique",
                     ),
                 ]
 
@@ -538,11 +607,11 @@ class RelativeFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
             person = models.ForeignObject(
                 Person,
                 on_delete=models.CASCADE,
-                from_fields=['person_country_id', 'person_city_id'],
-                to_fields=['country_id', 'city_id'],
+                from_fields=["person_country_id", "person_city_id"],
+                to_fields=["country_id", "city_id"],
             )
 
-        field = MMembership._meta.get_field('person')
+        field = MMembership._meta.get_field("person")
         self.assertEqual(field.check(), [])
 
     def test_on_delete_set_null_on_non_nullable_field(self):
@@ -550,125 +619,142 @@ class RelativeFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
             pass
 
         class Model(models.Model):
-            foreign_key = models.ForeignKey('Person', models.SET_NULL)
+            foreign_key = models.ForeignKey("Person", models.SET_NULL)
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('foreign_key')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                'Field specifies on_delete=SET_NULL, but cannot be null.',
-                hint='Set null=True argument on the field, or change the on_delete rule.',
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E320',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("foreign_key")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Field specifies on_delete=SET_NULL, but cannot be null.",
+                    hint="Set null=True argument on the field, or change the on_delete rule.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E320",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_on_delete_set_default_without_default_value(self):
         class Person(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Model(models.Model):
-            foreign_key = models.ForeignKey('Person', models.SET_DEFAULT)
+            foreign_key = models.ForeignKey("Person", models.SET_DEFAULT)
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('foreign_key')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                'Field specifies on_delete=SET_DEFAULT, but has no default value.',
-                hint='Set a default value, or change the on_delete rule.',
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E321',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("foreign_key")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Field specifies on_delete=SET_DEFAULT, but has no default value.",
+                    hint="Set a default value, or change the on_delete rule.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E321",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_nullable_primary_key(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             field = models.IntegerField(primary_key=True, null=True)
 
-        field = Model._meta.get_field('field')
-        with mock.patch.object(connection.features, 'interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls', False):
+        field = Model._meta.get_field("field")
+        with mock.patch.object(
+            connection.features, "interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls", False
+        ):
             results = field.check()
-        self.assertEqual(results, [
-            Error(
-                'Primary keys must not have null=True.',
-                hint='Set null=False on the field, or remove primary_key=True argument.',
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E007',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            results,
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Primary keys must not have null=True.",
+                    hint="Set null=False on the field, or remove primary_key=True argument.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E007",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_not_swapped_model(self):
         class SwappableModel(models.Model):
             # A model that can be, but isn't swapped out. References to this
             # model should *not* raise any validation error.
             class Meta:
-                swappable = 'TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL'
+                swappable = "TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL"
 
         class Model(models.Model):
             explicit_fk = models.ForeignKey(
                 SwappableModel,
                 models.CASCADE,
-                related_name='explicit_fk',
+                related_name="explicit_fk",
             )
             implicit_fk = models.ForeignKey(
-                'invalid_models_tests.SwappableModel',
+                "invalid_models_tests.SwappableModel",
                 models.CASCADE,
-                related_name='implicit_fk',
+                related_name="implicit_fk",
+            )
+            explicit_m2m = models.ManyToManyField(
+                SwappableModel, related_name="explicit_m2m"
             )
-            explicit_m2m = models.ManyToManyField(SwappableModel, related_name='explicit_m2m')
             implicit_m2m = models.ManyToManyField(
-                'invalid_models_tests.SwappableModel',
-                related_name='implicit_m2m',
+                "invalid_models_tests.SwappableModel",
+                related_name="implicit_m2m",
             )
 
-        explicit_fk = Model._meta.get_field('explicit_fk')
+        explicit_fk = Model._meta.get_field("explicit_fk")
         self.assertEqual(explicit_fk.check(), [])
 
-        implicit_fk = Model._meta.get_field('implicit_fk')
+        implicit_fk = Model._meta.get_field("implicit_fk")
         self.assertEqual(implicit_fk.check(), [])
 
-        explicit_m2m = Model._meta.get_field('explicit_m2m')
+        explicit_m2m = Model._meta.get_field("explicit_m2m")
         self.assertEqual(explicit_m2m.check(from_model=Model), [])
 
-        implicit_m2m = Model._meta.get_field('implicit_m2m')
+        implicit_m2m = Model._meta.get_field("implicit_m2m")
         self.assertEqual(implicit_m2m.check(from_model=Model), [])
 
-    @override_settings(TEST_SWAPPED_MODEL='invalid_models_tests.Replacement')
+    @override_settings(TEST_SWAPPED_MODEL="invalid_models_tests.Replacement")
     def test_referencing_to_swapped_model(self):
         class Replacement(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class SwappedModel(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                swappable = 'TEST_SWAPPED_MODEL'
+                swappable = "TEST_SWAPPED_MODEL"
 
         class Model(models.Model):
             explicit_fk = models.ForeignKey(
                 SwappedModel,
                 models.CASCADE,
-                related_name='explicit_fk',
+                related_name="explicit_fk",
             )
             implicit_fk = models.ForeignKey(
-                'invalid_models_tests.SwappedModel',
+                "invalid_models_tests.SwappedModel",
                 models.CASCADE,
-                related_name='implicit_fk',
+                related_name="implicit_fk",
+            )
+            explicit_m2m = models.ManyToManyField(
+                SwappedModel, related_name="explicit_m2m"
             )
-            explicit_m2m = models.ManyToManyField(SwappedModel, related_name='explicit_m2m')
             implicit_m2m = models.ManyToManyField(
-                'invalid_models_tests.SwappedModel',
-                related_name='implicit_m2m',
+                "invalid_models_tests.SwappedModel",
+                related_name="implicit_m2m",
             )
 
         fields = [
-            Model._meta.get_field('explicit_fk'),
-            Model._meta.get_field('implicit_fk'),
-            Model._meta.get_field('explicit_m2m'),
-            Model._meta.get_field('implicit_m2m'),
+            Model._meta.get_field("explicit_fk"),
+            Model._meta.get_field("implicit_fk"),
+            Model._meta.get_field("explicit_m2m"),
+            Model._meta.get_field("implicit_m2m"),
         ]
 
         expected_error = Error(
-            ("Field defines a relation with the model "
-             "'invalid_models_tests.SwappedModel', which has been swapped out."),
+            (
+                "Field defines a relation with the model "
+                "'invalid_models_tests.SwappedModel', which has been swapped out."
+            ),
             hint="Update the relation to point at 'settings.TEST_SWAPPED_MODEL'.",
-            id='fields.E301',
+            id="fields.E301",
         )
 
         for field in fields:
@@ -677,68 +763,83 @@ class RelativeFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_related_field_has_invalid_related_name(self):
         digit = 0
-        illegal_non_alphanumeric = '!'
-        whitespace = '\t'
+        illegal_non_alphanumeric = "!"
+        whitespace = "\t"
 
         invalid_related_names = [
-            '%s_begins_with_digit' % digit,
-            '%s_begins_with_illegal_non_alphanumeric' % illegal_non_alphanumeric,
-            '%s_begins_with_whitespace' % whitespace,
-            'contains_%s_illegal_non_alphanumeric' % illegal_non_alphanumeric,
-            'contains_%s_whitespace' % whitespace,
-            'ends_with_with_illegal_non_alphanumeric_%s' % illegal_non_alphanumeric,
-            'ends_with_whitespace_%s' % whitespace,
-            'with',  # a Python keyword
-            'related_name\n',
-            '',
-            '，',  # non-ASCII
+            "%s_begins_with_digit" % digit,
+            "%s_begins_with_illegal_non_alphanumeric" % illegal_non_alphanumeric,
+            "%s_begins_with_whitespace" % whitespace,
+            "contains_%s_illegal_non_alphanumeric" % illegal_non_alphanumeric,
+            "contains_%s_whitespace" % whitespace,
+            "ends_with_with_illegal_non_alphanumeric_%s" % illegal_non_alphanumeric,
+            "ends_with_whitespace_%s" % whitespace,
+            "with",  # a Python keyword
+            "related_name\n",
+            "",
+            "，",  # non-ASCII
         ]
 
         class Parent(models.Model):
             pass
 
         for invalid_related_name in invalid_related_names:
-            Child = type('Child%s' % invalid_related_name, (models.Model,), {
-                'parent': models.ForeignKey('Parent', models.CASCADE, related_name=invalid_related_name),
-                '__module__': Parent.__module__,
-            })
+            Child = type(
+                "Child%s" % invalid_related_name,
+                (models.Model,),
+                {
+                    "parent": models.ForeignKey(
+                        "Parent", models.CASCADE, related_name=invalid_related_name
+                    ),
+                    "__module__": Parent.__module__,
+                },
+            )
 
-            field = Child._meta.get_field('parent')
-            self.assertEqual(Child.check(), [
-                Error(
-                    "The name '%s' is invalid related_name for field Child%s.parent"
-                    % (invalid_related_name, invalid_related_name),
-                    hint="Related name must be a valid Python identifier or end with a '+'",
-                    obj=field,
-                    id='fields.E306',
-                ),
-            ])
+            field = Child._meta.get_field("parent")
+            self.assertEqual(
+                Child.check(),
+                [
+                    Error(
+                        "The name '%s' is invalid related_name for field Child%s.parent"
+                        % (invalid_related_name, invalid_related_name),
+                        hint="Related name must be a valid Python identifier or end with a '+'",
+                        obj=field,
+                        id="fields.E306",
+                    ),
+                ],
+            )
 
     def test_related_field_has_valid_related_name(self):
-        lowercase = 'a'
-        uppercase = 'A'
+        lowercase = "a"
+        uppercase = "A"
         digit = 0
 
         related_names = [
-            '%s_starts_with_lowercase' % lowercase,
-            '%s_tarts_with_uppercase' % uppercase,
-            '_starts_with_underscore',
-            'contains_%s_digit' % digit,
-            'ends_with_plus+',
-            '_+',
-            '+',
-            '試',
-            '試驗+',
+            "%s_starts_with_lowercase" % lowercase,
+            "%s_tarts_with_uppercase" % uppercase,
+            "_starts_with_underscore",
+            "contains_%s_digit" % digit,
+            "ends_with_plus+",
+            "_+",
+            "+",
+            "試",
+            "試驗+",
         ]
 
         class Parent(models.Model):
             pass
 
         for related_name in related_names:
-            Child = type('Child%s' % related_name, (models.Model,), {
-                'parent': models.ForeignKey('Parent', models.CASCADE, related_name=related_name),
-                '__module__': Parent.__module__,
-            })
+            Child = type(
+                "Child%s" % related_name,
+                (models.Model,),
+                {
+                    "parent": models.ForeignKey(
+                        "Parent", models.CASCADE, related_name=related_name
+                    ),
+                    "__module__": Parent.__module__,
+                },
+            )
             self.assertEqual(Child.check(), [])
 
     def test_to_fields_exist(self):
@@ -751,104 +852,125 @@ class RelativeFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
             parent = models.ForeignObject(
                 Parent,
                 on_delete=models.SET_NULL,
-                from_fields=('a', 'b'),
-                to_fields=('a', 'b'),
+                from_fields=("a", "b"),
+                to_fields=("a", "b"),
             )
 
-        field = Child._meta.get_field('parent')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "The to_field 'a' doesn't exist on the related model 'invalid_models_tests.Parent'.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E312',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "The to_field 'b' doesn't exist on the related model 'invalid_models_tests.Parent'.",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E312',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Child._meta.get_field("parent")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The to_field 'a' doesn't exist on the related model 'invalid_models_tests.Parent'.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E312",
+                ),
+                Error(
+                    "The to_field 'b' doesn't exist on the related model 'invalid_models_tests.Parent'.",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E312",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_to_fields_not_checked_if_related_model_doesnt_exist(self):
         class Child(models.Model):
             a = models.PositiveIntegerField()
             b = models.PositiveIntegerField()
             parent = models.ForeignObject(
-                'invalid_models_tests.Parent',
+                "invalid_models_tests.Parent",
                 on_delete=models.SET_NULL,
-                from_fields=('a', 'b'),
-                to_fields=('a', 'b'),
+                from_fields=("a", "b"),
+                to_fields=("a", "b"),
             )
 
-        field = Child._meta.get_field('parent')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "Field defines a relation with model 'invalid_models_tests.Parent', "
-                "which is either not installed, or is abstract.",
-                id='fields.E300',
-                obj=field,
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Child._meta.get_field("parent")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Field defines a relation with model 'invalid_models_tests.Parent', "
+                    "which is either not installed, or is abstract.",
+                    id="fields.E300",
+                    obj=field,
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_invalid_related_query_name(self):
         class Target(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Model(models.Model):
-            first = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name='contains__double')
-            second = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, related_query_name='ends_underscore_')
+            first = models.ForeignKey(
+                Target, models.CASCADE, related_name="contains__double"
+            )
+            second = models.ForeignKey(
+                Target, models.CASCADE, related_query_name="ends_underscore_"
+            )
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "Reverse query name 'contains__double' must not contain '__'.",
-                hint=("Add or change a related_name or related_query_name "
-                      "argument for this field."),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('first'),
-                id='fields.E309',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "Reverse query name 'ends_underscore_' must not end with an "
-                "underscore.",
-                hint=("Add or change a related_name or related_query_name "
-                      "argument for this field."),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('second'),
-                id='fields.E308',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse query name 'contains__double' must not contain '__'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Add or change a related_name or related_query_name "
+                        "argument for this field."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("first"),
+                    id="fields.E309",
+                ),
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse query name 'ends_underscore_' must not end with an "
+                    "underscore.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Add or change a related_name or related_query_name "
+                        "argument for this field."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("second"),
+                    id="fields.E308",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class AccessorClashTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_fk_to_integer(self):
         self._test_accessor_clash(
             target=models.IntegerField(),
-            relative=models.ForeignKey('Target', models.CASCADE))
+            relative=models.ForeignKey("Target", models.CASCADE),
+        )
 
     def test_fk_to_fk(self):
         self._test_accessor_clash(
-            target=models.ForeignKey('Another', models.CASCADE),
-            relative=models.ForeignKey('Target', models.CASCADE))
+            target=models.ForeignKey("Another", models.CASCADE),
+            relative=models.ForeignKey("Target", models.CASCADE),
+        )
 
     def test_fk_to_m2m(self):
         self._test_accessor_clash(
-            target=models.ManyToManyField('Another'),
-            relative=models.ForeignKey('Target', models.CASCADE))
+            target=models.ManyToManyField("Another"),
+            relative=models.ForeignKey("Target", models.CASCADE),
+        )
 
     def test_m2m_to_integer(self):
         self._test_accessor_clash(
-            target=models.IntegerField(),
-            relative=models.ManyToManyField('Target'))
+            target=models.IntegerField(), relative=models.ManyToManyField("Target")
+        )
 
     def test_m2m_to_fk(self):
         self._test_accessor_clash(
-            target=models.ForeignKey('Another', models.CASCADE),
-            relative=models.ManyToManyField('Target'))
+            target=models.ForeignKey("Another", models.CASCADE),
+            relative=models.ManyToManyField("Target"),
+        )
 
     def test_m2m_to_m2m(self):
         self._test_accessor_clash(
-            target=models.ManyToManyField('Another'),
-            relative=models.ManyToManyField('Target'))
+            target=models.ManyToManyField("Another"),
+            relative=models.ManyToManyField("Target"),
+        )
 
     def _test_accessor_clash(self, target, relative):
         class Another(models.Model):
@@ -860,20 +982,23 @@ class AccessorClashTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class Model(models.Model):
             rel = relative
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "Reverse accessor 'Target.model_set' for "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Model.rel' clashes with field name "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Target.model_set'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Target.model_set', or "
-                    "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
-                    "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.rel'."
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse accessor 'Target.model_set' for "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.rel' clashes with field name "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Target.model_set'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Target.model_set', or "
+                        "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
+                        "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.rel'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("rel"),
+                    id="fields.E302",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('rel'),
-                id='fields.E302',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_clash_between_accessors(self):
         class Target(models.Model):
@@ -883,111 +1008,123 @@ class AccessorClashTests(SimpleTestCase):
             foreign = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE)
             m2m = models.ManyToManyField(Target)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "Reverse accessor 'Target.model_set' for "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign' clashes with reverse "
-                "accessor for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
-                    "for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign' or "
-                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m'."
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse accessor 'Target.model_set' for "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign' clashes with reverse "
+                    "accessor for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
+                        "for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign' or "
+                        "'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("foreign"),
+                    id="fields.E304",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('foreign'),
-                id='fields.E304',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "Reverse accessor 'Target.model_set' for "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m' clashes with reverse "
-                "accessor for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
-                    "for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m' or "
-                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign'."
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse accessor 'Target.model_set' for "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m' clashes with reverse "
+                    "accessor for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
+                        "for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m' or "
+                        "'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("m2m"),
+                    id="fields.E304",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('m2m'),
-                id='fields.E304',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_m2m_to_m2m_with_inheritance(self):
-        """ Ref #22047. """
+        """Ref #22047."""
 
         class Target(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Model(models.Model):
-            children = models.ManyToManyField('Child', related_name="m2m_clash", related_query_name="no_clash")
+            children = models.ManyToManyField(
+                "Child", related_name="m2m_clash", related_query_name="no_clash"
+            )
 
         class Parent(models.Model):
-            m2m_clash = models.ManyToManyField('Target')
+            m2m_clash = models.ManyToManyField("Target")
 
         class Child(Parent):
             pass
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "Reverse accessor 'Child.m2m_clash' for "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Model.children' clashes with field "
-                "name 'invalid_models_tests.Child.m2m_clash'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Child.m2m_clash', or "
-                    "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
-                    "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.children'."
-                ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('children'),
-                id='fields.E302',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse accessor 'Child.m2m_clash' for "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.children' clashes with field "
+                    "name 'invalid_models_tests.Child.m2m_clash'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Child.m2m_clash', or "
+                        "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
+                        "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.children'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("children"),
+                    id="fields.E302",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_no_clash_for_hidden_related_name(self):
         class Stub(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class ManyToManyRel(models.Model):
-            thing1 = models.ManyToManyField(Stub, related_name='+')
-            thing2 = models.ManyToManyField(Stub, related_name='+')
+            thing1 = models.ManyToManyField(Stub, related_name="+")
+            thing2 = models.ManyToManyField(Stub, related_name="+")
 
         class FKRel(models.Model):
-            thing1 = models.ForeignKey(Stub, models.CASCADE, related_name='+')
-            thing2 = models.ForeignKey(Stub, models.CASCADE, related_name='+')
+            thing1 = models.ForeignKey(Stub, models.CASCADE, related_name="+")
+            thing2 = models.ForeignKey(Stub, models.CASCADE, related_name="+")
 
         self.assertEqual(ManyToManyRel.check(), [])
         self.assertEqual(FKRel.check(), [])
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class ReverseQueryNameClashTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_fk_to_integer(self):
         self._test_reverse_query_name_clash(
             target=models.IntegerField(),
-            relative=models.ForeignKey('Target', models.CASCADE))
+            relative=models.ForeignKey("Target", models.CASCADE),
+        )
 
     def test_fk_to_fk(self):
         self._test_reverse_query_name_clash(
-            target=models.ForeignKey('Another', models.CASCADE),
-            relative=models.ForeignKey('Target', models.CASCADE))
+            target=models.ForeignKey("Another", models.CASCADE),
+            relative=models.ForeignKey("Target", models.CASCADE),
+        )
 
     def test_fk_to_m2m(self):
         self._test_reverse_query_name_clash(
-            target=models.ManyToManyField('Another'),
-            relative=models.ForeignKey('Target', models.CASCADE))
+            target=models.ManyToManyField("Another"),
+            relative=models.ForeignKey("Target", models.CASCADE),
+        )
 
     def test_m2m_to_integer(self):
         self._test_reverse_query_name_clash(
-            target=models.IntegerField(),
-            relative=models.ManyToManyField('Target'))
+            target=models.IntegerField(), relative=models.ManyToManyField("Target")
+        )
 
     def test_m2m_to_fk(self):
         self._test_reverse_query_name_clash(
-            target=models.ForeignKey('Another', models.CASCADE),
-            relative=models.ManyToManyField('Target'))
+            target=models.ForeignKey("Another", models.CASCADE),
+            relative=models.ManyToManyField("Target"),
+        )
 
     def test_m2m_to_m2m(self):
         self._test_reverse_query_name_clash(
-            target=models.ManyToManyField('Another'),
-            relative=models.ManyToManyField('Target'))
+            target=models.ManyToManyField("Another"),
+            relative=models.ManyToManyField("Target"),
+        )
 
     def _test_reverse_query_name_clash(self, target, relative):
         class Another(models.Model):
@@ -999,40 +1136,43 @@ class ReverseQueryNameClashTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class Model(models.Model):
             rel = relative
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.rel' "
-                "clashes with field name 'invalid_models_tests.Target.model'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Target.model', or "
-                    "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
-                    "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.rel'."
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.rel' "
+                    "clashes with field name 'invalid_models_tests.Target.model'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Target.model', or "
+                        "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
+                        "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.rel'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("rel"),
+                    id="fields.E303",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('rel'),
-                id='fields.E303',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
 
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'basic'})
-    @isolate_apps('basic', 'invalid_models_tests')
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "basic"})
+    @isolate_apps("basic", "invalid_models_tests")
     def test_no_clash_across_apps_without_accessor(self):
         class Target(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'invalid_models_tests'
+                app_label = "invalid_models_tests"
 
         class Model(models.Model):
-            m2m = models.ManyToManyField(Target, related_name='+')
+            m2m = models.ManyToManyField(Target, related_name="+")
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'basic'
+                app_label = "basic"
 
         def _test():
             # Define model with the same name.
             class Model(models.Model):
-                m2m = models.ManyToManyField(Target, related_name='+')
+                m2m = models.ManyToManyField(Target, related_name="+")
 
                 class Meta:
-                    app_label = 'invalid_models_tests'
+                    app_label = "invalid_models_tests"
 
             self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [])
 
@@ -1040,38 +1180,43 @@ class ReverseQueryNameClashTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [])
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class ExplicitRelatedNameClashTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_fk_to_integer(self):
         self._test_explicit_related_name_clash(
             target=models.IntegerField(),
-            relative=models.ForeignKey('Target', models.CASCADE, related_name='clash'))
+            relative=models.ForeignKey("Target", models.CASCADE, related_name="clash"),
+        )
 
     def test_fk_to_fk(self):
         self._test_explicit_related_name_clash(
-            target=models.ForeignKey('Another', models.CASCADE),
-            relative=models.ForeignKey('Target', models.CASCADE, related_name='clash'))
+            target=models.ForeignKey("Another", models.CASCADE),
+            relative=models.ForeignKey("Target", models.CASCADE, related_name="clash"),
+        )
 
     def test_fk_to_m2m(self):
         self._test_explicit_related_name_clash(
-            target=models.ManyToManyField('Another'),
-            relative=models.ForeignKey('Target', models.CASCADE, related_name='clash'))
+            target=models.ManyToManyField("Another"),
+            relative=models.ForeignKey("Target", models.CASCADE, related_name="clash"),
+        )
 
     def test_m2m_to_integer(self):
         self._test_explicit_related_name_clash(
             target=models.IntegerField(),
-            relative=models.ManyToManyField('Target', related_name='clash'))
+            relative=models.ManyToManyField("Target", related_name="clash"),
+        )
 
     def test_m2m_to_fk(self):
         self._test_explicit_related_name_clash(
-            target=models.ForeignKey('Another', models.CASCADE),
-            relative=models.ManyToManyField('Target', related_name='clash'))
+            target=models.ForeignKey("Another", models.CASCADE),
+            relative=models.ManyToManyField("Target", related_name="clash"),
+        )
 
     def test_m2m_to_m2m(self):
         self._test_explicit_related_name_clash(
-            target=models.ManyToManyField('Another'),
-            relative=models.ManyToManyField('Target', related_name='clash'))
+            target=models.ManyToManyField("Another"),
+            relative=models.ManyToManyField("Target", related_name="clash"),
+        )
 
     def _test_explicit_related_name_clash(self, target, relative):
         class Another(models.Model):
@@ -1083,106 +1228,114 @@ class ExplicitRelatedNameClashTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class Model(models.Model):
             rel = relative
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "Reverse accessor 'Target.clash' for "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Model.rel' clashes with field name "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Target.clash'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Target.clash', or "
-                    "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
-                    "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.rel'."
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse accessor 'Target.clash' for "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.rel' clashes with field name "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Target.clash'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Target.clash', or "
+                        "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
+                        "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.rel'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("rel"),
+                    id="fields.E302",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('rel'),
-                id='fields.E302',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.rel' "
-                "clashes with field name 'invalid_models_tests.Target.clash'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Target.clash', or "
-                    "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
-                    "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.rel'."
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.rel' "
+                    "clashes with field name 'invalid_models_tests.Target.clash'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Target.clash', or "
+                        "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
+                        "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.rel'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("rel"),
+                    id="fields.E303",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('rel'),
-                id='fields.E303',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class ExplicitRelatedQueryNameClashTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_fk_to_integer(self, related_name=None):
         self._test_explicit_related_query_name_clash(
             target=models.IntegerField(),
             relative=models.ForeignKey(
-                'Target',
+                "Target",
                 models.CASCADE,
                 related_name=related_name,
-                related_query_name='clash',
-            )
+                related_query_name="clash",
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_hidden_fk_to_integer(self, related_name=None):
-        self.test_fk_to_integer(related_name='+')
+        self.test_fk_to_integer(related_name="+")
 
     def test_fk_to_fk(self, related_name=None):
         self._test_explicit_related_query_name_clash(
-            target=models.ForeignKey('Another', models.CASCADE),
+            target=models.ForeignKey("Another", models.CASCADE),
             relative=models.ForeignKey(
-                'Target',
+                "Target",
                 models.CASCADE,
                 related_name=related_name,
-                related_query_name='clash',
-            )
+                related_query_name="clash",
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_hidden_fk_to_fk(self):
-        self.test_fk_to_fk(related_name='+')
+        self.test_fk_to_fk(related_name="+")
 
     def test_fk_to_m2m(self, related_name=None):
         self._test_explicit_related_query_name_clash(
-            target=models.ManyToManyField('Another'),
+            target=models.ManyToManyField("Another"),
             relative=models.ForeignKey(
-                'Target',
+                "Target",
                 models.CASCADE,
                 related_name=related_name,
-                related_query_name='clash',
-            )
+                related_query_name="clash",
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_hidden_fk_to_m2m(self):
-        self.test_fk_to_m2m(related_name='+')
+        self.test_fk_to_m2m(related_name="+")
 
     def test_m2m_to_integer(self, related_name=None):
         self._test_explicit_related_query_name_clash(
             target=models.IntegerField(),
-            relative=models.ManyToManyField('Target', related_name=related_name, related_query_name='clash'))
+            relative=models.ManyToManyField(
+                "Target", related_name=related_name, related_query_name="clash"
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_hidden_m2m_to_integer(self):
-        self.test_m2m_to_integer(related_name='+')
+        self.test_m2m_to_integer(related_name="+")
 
     def test_m2m_to_fk(self, related_name=None):
         self._test_explicit_related_query_name_clash(
-            target=models.ForeignKey('Another', models.CASCADE),
-            relative=models.ManyToManyField('Target', related_name=related_name, related_query_name='clash'))
+            target=models.ForeignKey("Another", models.CASCADE),
+            relative=models.ManyToManyField(
+                "Target", related_name=related_name, related_query_name="clash"
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_hidden_m2m_to_fk(self):
-        self.test_m2m_to_fk(related_name='+')
+        self.test_m2m_to_fk(related_name="+")
 
     def test_m2m_to_m2m(self, related_name=None):
         self._test_explicit_related_query_name_clash(
-            target=models.ManyToManyField('Another'),
+            target=models.ManyToManyField("Another"),
             relative=models.ManyToManyField(
-                'Target',
+                "Target",
                 related_name=related_name,
-                related_query_name='clash',
-            )
+                related_query_name="clash",
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_hidden_m2m_to_m2m(self):
-        self.test_m2m_to_m2m(related_name='+')
+        self.test_m2m_to_m2m(related_name="+")
 
     def _test_explicit_related_query_name_clash(self, target, relative):
         class Another(models.Model):
@@ -1194,205 +1347,233 @@ class ExplicitRelatedQueryNameClashTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class Model(models.Model):
             rel = relative
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.rel' "
-                "clashes with field name 'invalid_models_tests.Target.clash'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Target.clash', or "
-                    "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
-                    "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.rel'."
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.rel' "
+                    "clashes with field name 'invalid_models_tests.Target.clash'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Target.clash', or "
+                        "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
+                        "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.rel'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("rel"),
+                    id="fields.E303",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('rel'),
-                id='fields.E303',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class SelfReferentialM2MClashTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_clash_between_accessors(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            first_m2m = models.ManyToManyField('self', symmetrical=False)
-            second_m2m = models.ManyToManyField('self', symmetrical=False)
+            first_m2m = models.ManyToManyField("self", symmetrical=False)
+            second_m2m = models.ManyToManyField("self", symmetrical=False)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "Reverse accessor 'Model.model_set' for "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Model.first_m2m' clashes with reverse "
-                "accessor for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.second_m2m'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
-                    "for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.first_m2m' or "
-                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.second_m2m'."
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse accessor 'Model.model_set' for "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.first_m2m' clashes with reverse "
+                    "accessor for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.second_m2m'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
+                        "for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.first_m2m' or "
+                        "'invalid_models_tests.Model.second_m2m'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("first_m2m"),
+                    id="fields.E304",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('first_m2m'),
-                id='fields.E304',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "Reverse accessor 'Model.model_set' for "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Model.second_m2m' clashes with reverse "
-                "accessor for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.first_m2m'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
-                    "for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.second_m2m' or "
-                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.first_m2m'."
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse accessor 'Model.model_set' for "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.second_m2m' clashes with reverse "
+                    "accessor for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.first_m2m'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
+                        "for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.second_m2m' or "
+                        "'invalid_models_tests.Model.first_m2m'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("second_m2m"),
+                    id="fields.E304",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('second_m2m'),
-                id='fields.E304',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_accessor_clash(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             model_set = models.ManyToManyField("self", symmetrical=False)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "Reverse accessor 'Model.model_set' for "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Model.model_set' clashes with field "
-                "name 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model_set'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model_set', or "
-                    "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
-                    "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model_set'."
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse accessor 'Model.model_set' for "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.model_set' clashes with field "
+                    "name 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model_set'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model_set', or "
+                        "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
+                        "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model_set'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("model_set"),
+                    id="fields.E302",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('model_set'),
-                id='fields.E302',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_reverse_query_name_clash(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             model = models.ManyToManyField("self", symmetrical=False)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model' "
-                "clashes with field name 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model', or "
-                    "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
-                    "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model'."
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model' "
+                    "clashes with field name 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model', or "
+                        "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
+                        "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("model"),
+                    id="fields.E303",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('model'),
-                id='fields.E303',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_clash_under_explicit_related_name(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             clash = models.IntegerField()
-            m2m = models.ManyToManyField("self", symmetrical=False, related_name='clash')
+            m2m = models.ManyToManyField(
+                "self", symmetrical=False, related_name="clash"
+            )
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "Reverse accessor 'Model.clash' for "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m' clashes with field name "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Model.clash'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.clash', or "
-                    "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
-                    "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m'."
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse accessor 'Model.clash' for "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m' clashes with field name "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.clash'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.clash', or "
+                        "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
+                        "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("m2m"),
+                    id="fields.E302",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('m2m'),
-                id='fields.E302',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m' "
-                "clashes with field name 'invalid_models_tests.Model.clash'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.clash', or "
-                    "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
-                    "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m'."
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m' "
+                    "clashes with field name 'invalid_models_tests.Model.clash'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.clash', or "
+                        "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
+                        "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("m2m"),
+                    id="fields.E303",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('m2m'),
-                id='fields.E303',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_valid_model(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
-            first = models.ManyToManyField("self", symmetrical=False, related_name='first_accessor')
-            second = models.ManyToManyField("self", symmetrical=False, related_name='second_accessor')
+            first = models.ManyToManyField(
+                "self", symmetrical=False, related_name="first_accessor"
+            )
+            second = models.ManyToManyField(
+                "self", symmetrical=False, related_name="second_accessor"
+            )
 
         self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [])
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class SelfReferentialFKClashTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_accessor_clash(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             model_set = models.ForeignKey("Model", models.CASCADE)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "Reverse accessor 'Model.model_set' for "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Model.model_set' clashes with field "
-                "name 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model_set'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model_set', or "
-                    "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
-                    "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model_set'."
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse accessor 'Model.model_set' for "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.model_set' clashes with field "
+                    "name 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model_set'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model_set', or "
+                        "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
+                        "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model_set'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("model_set"),
+                    id="fields.E302",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('model_set'),
-                id='fields.E302',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_reverse_query_name_clash(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             model = models.ForeignKey("Model", models.CASCADE)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model' "
-                "clashes with field name 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model', or "
-                    "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
-                    "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model'."
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model' "
+                    "clashes with field name 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model', or "
+                        "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
+                        "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.model'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("model"),
+                    id="fields.E303",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('model'),
-                id='fields.E303',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_clash_under_explicit_related_name(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             clash = models.CharField(max_length=10)
-            foreign = models.ForeignKey("Model", models.CASCADE, related_name='clash')
+            foreign = models.ForeignKey("Model", models.CASCADE, related_name="clash")
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "Reverse accessor 'Model.clash' for "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign' clashes with field name "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Model.clash'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.clash', or "
-                    "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
-                    "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign'."
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse accessor 'Model.clash' for "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign' clashes with field name "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.clash'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.clash', or "
+                        "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
+                        "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("foreign"),
+                    id="fields.E302",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('foreign'),
-                id='fields.E302',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign' "
-                "clashes with field name 'invalid_models_tests.Model.clash'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.clash', or "
-                    "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
-                    "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign'."
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign' "
+                    "clashes with field name 'invalid_models_tests.Model.clash'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.clash', or "
+                        "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
+                        "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("foreign"),
+                    id="fields.E303",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('foreign'),
-                id='fields.E303',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class ComplexClashTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     # New tests should not be included here, because this is a single,
@@ -1408,158 +1589,161 @@ class ComplexClashTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class Model(models.Model):
             src_safe = models.CharField(max_length=10)
 
-            foreign_1 = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name='id')
-            foreign_2 = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name='src_safe')
+            foreign_1 = models.ForeignKey(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name="id")
+            foreign_2 = models.ForeignKey(
+                Target, models.CASCADE, related_name="src_safe"
+            )
 
-            m2m_1 = models.ManyToManyField(Target, related_name='id')
-            m2m_2 = models.ManyToManyField(Target, related_name='src_safe')
+            m2m_1 = models.ManyToManyField(Target, related_name="id")
+            m2m_2 = models.ManyToManyField(Target, related_name="src_safe")
 
-        self.assertEqual(Model.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "Reverse accessor 'Target.id' for "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_1' clashes with field "
-                "name 'invalid_models_tests.Target.id'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Target.id', or "
-                    "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
-                    "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_1'."
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Model.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse accessor 'Target.id' for "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_1' clashes with field "
+                    "name 'invalid_models_tests.Target.id'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Target.id', or "
+                        "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
+                        "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_1'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("foreign_1"),
+                    id="fields.E302",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('foreign_1'),
-                id='fields.E302',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_1' "
-                "clashes with field name 'invalid_models_tests.Target.id'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Target.id', or "
-                    "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
-                    "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_1'."
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_1' "
+                    "clashes with field name 'invalid_models_tests.Target.id'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Target.id', or "
+                        "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
+                        "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_1'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("foreign_1"),
+                    id="fields.E303",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('foreign_1'),
-                id='fields.E303',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "Reverse accessor 'Target.id' for "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_1' clashes with reverse "
-                "accessor for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_1'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
-                    "for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_1' or "
-                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_1'."
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse accessor 'Target.id' for "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_1' clashes with reverse "
+                    "accessor for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_1'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
+                        "for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_1' or "
+                        "'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_1'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("foreign_1"),
+                    id="fields.E304",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('foreign_1'),
-                id='fields.E304',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_1' "
-                "clashes with reverse query name for "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_1'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
-                    "for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_1' or "
-                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_1'."
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_1' "
+                    "clashes with reverse query name for "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_1'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
+                        "for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_1' or "
+                        "'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_1'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("foreign_1"),
+                    id="fields.E305",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('foreign_1'),
-                id='fields.E305',
-            ),
-
-            Error(
-                "Reverse accessor 'Target.src_safe' for "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_2' clashes with reverse "
-                "accessor for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_2'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
-                    "for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_2' or "
-                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_2'."
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse accessor 'Target.src_safe' for "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_2' clashes with reverse "
+                    "accessor for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_2'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
+                        "for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_2' or "
+                        "'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_2'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("foreign_2"),
+                    id="fields.E304",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('foreign_2'),
-                id='fields.E304',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_2' "
-                "clashes with reverse query name for "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_2'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
-                    "for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_2' or "
-                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_2'."
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_2' "
+                    "clashes with reverse query name for "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_2'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
+                        "for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_2' or "
+                        "'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_2'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("foreign_2"),
+                    id="fields.E305",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('foreign_2'),
-                id='fields.E305',
-            ),
-
-            Error(
-                "Reverse accessor 'Target.id' for "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_1' clashes with field name "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Target.id'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Target.id', or "
-                    "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
-                    "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_1'."
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse accessor 'Target.id' for "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_1' clashes with field name "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Target.id'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Target.id', or "
+                        "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
+                        "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_1'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("m2m_1"),
+                    id="fields.E302",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('m2m_1'),
-                id='fields.E302',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_1' "
-                "clashes with field name 'invalid_models_tests.Target.id'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Target.id', or "
-                    "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
-                    "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_1'."
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_1' "
+                    "clashes with field name 'invalid_models_tests.Target.id'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Rename field 'invalid_models_tests.Target.id', or "
+                        "add/change a related_name argument to the definition for "
+                        "field 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_1'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("m2m_1"),
+                    id="fields.E303",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('m2m_1'),
-                id='fields.E303',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "Reverse accessor 'Target.id' for "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_1' clashes with reverse "
-                "accessor for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_1'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
-                    "for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_1' or "
-                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_1'."
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse accessor 'Target.id' for "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_1' clashes with reverse "
+                    "accessor for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_1'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
+                        "for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_1' or "
+                        "'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_1'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("m2m_1"),
+                    id="fields.E304",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('m2m_1'),
-                id='fields.E304',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_1' "
-                "clashes with reverse query name for "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_1'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
-                    "for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_1' or "
-                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_1'."
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_1' "
+                    "clashes with reverse query name for "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_1'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
+                        "for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_1' or "
+                        "'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_1'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("m2m_1"),
+                    id="fields.E305",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('m2m_1'),
-                id='fields.E305',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "Reverse accessor 'Target.src_safe' for "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_2' clashes with reverse "
-                "accessor for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_2'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
-                    "for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_2' or "
-                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_2'."
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse accessor 'Target.src_safe' for "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_2' clashes with reverse "
+                    "accessor for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_2'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
+                        "for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_2' or "
+                        "'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_2'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("m2m_2"),
+                    id="fields.E304",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('m2m_2'),
-                id='fields.E304',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_2' "
-                "clashes with reverse query name for "
-                "'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_2'.",
-                hint=(
-                    "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
-                    "for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_2' or "
-                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_2'."
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse query name for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_2' "
+                    "clashes with reverse query name for "
+                    "'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_2'.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
+                        "for 'invalid_models_tests.Model.m2m_2' or "
+                        "'invalid_models_tests.Model.foreign_2'."
+                    ),
+                    obj=Model._meta.get_field("m2m_2"),
+                    id="fields.E305",
                 ),
-                obj=Model._meta.get_field('m2m_2'),
-                id='fields.E305',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_clash_parent_link(self):
         class Parent(models.Model):
@@ -1569,136 +1753,170 @@ class ComplexClashTests(SimpleTestCase):
             other_parent = models.OneToOneField(Parent, models.CASCADE)
 
         errors = [
-            ('fields.E304', 'accessor', " 'Parent.child'", 'parent_ptr', 'other_parent'),
-            ('fields.E305', 'query name', '', 'parent_ptr', 'other_parent'),
-            ('fields.E304', 'accessor', " 'Parent.child'", 'other_parent', 'parent_ptr'),
-            ('fields.E305', 'query name', '', 'other_parent', 'parent_ptr'),
+            (
+                "fields.E304",
+                "accessor",
+                " 'Parent.child'",
+                "parent_ptr",
+                "other_parent",
+            ),
+            ("fields.E305", "query name", "", "parent_ptr", "other_parent"),
+            (
+                "fields.E304",
+                "accessor",
+                " 'Parent.child'",
+                "other_parent",
+                "parent_ptr",
+            ),
+            ("fields.E305", "query name", "", "other_parent", "parent_ptr"),
         ]
-        self.assertEqual(Child.check(), [
-            Error(
-                "Reverse %s%s for 'invalid_models_tests.Child.%s' clashes with "
-                "reverse %s for 'invalid_models_tests.Child.%s'."
-                % (attr, rel_name, field_name, attr, clash_name),
-                hint=(
-                    "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
-                    "for 'invalid_models_tests.Child.%s' or "
-                    "'invalid_models_tests.Child.%s'." % (field_name, clash_name)
-                ),
-                obj=Child._meta.get_field(field_name),
-                id=error_id,
-            )
-            for error_id, attr, rel_name, field_name, clash_name in errors
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Child.check(),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Reverse %s%s for 'invalid_models_tests.Child.%s' clashes with "
+                    "reverse %s for 'invalid_models_tests.Child.%s'."
+                    % (attr, rel_name, field_name, attr, clash_name),
+                    hint=(
+                        "Add or change a related_name argument to the definition "
+                        "for 'invalid_models_tests.Child.%s' or "
+                        "'invalid_models_tests.Child.%s'." % (field_name, clash_name)
+                    ),
+                    obj=Child._meta.get_field(field_name),
+                    id=error_id,
+                )
+                for error_id, attr, rel_name, field_name, clash_name in errors
+            ],
+        )
 
 
-@isolate_apps('invalid_models_tests')
+@isolate_apps("invalid_models_tests")
 class M2mThroughFieldsTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_m2m_field_argument_validation(self):
         """
         ManyToManyField accepts the ``through_fields`` kwarg
         only if an intermediary table is specified.
         """
+
         class Fan(models.Model):
             pass
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Cannot specify through_fields without a through model'):
-            models.ManyToManyField(Fan, through_fields=('f1', 'f2'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Cannot specify through_fields without a through model"
+        ):
+            models.ManyToManyField(Fan, through_fields=("f1", "f2"))
 
     def test_invalid_order(self):
         """
         Mixing up the order of link fields to ManyToManyField.through_fields
         triggers validation errors.
         """
+
         class Fan(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Event(models.Model):
-            invitees = models.ManyToManyField(Fan, through='Invitation', through_fields=('invitee', 'event'))
+            invitees = models.ManyToManyField(
+                Fan, through="Invitation", through_fields=("invitee", "event")
+            )
 
         class Invitation(models.Model):
             event = models.ForeignKey(Event, models.CASCADE)
             invitee = models.ForeignKey(Fan, models.CASCADE)
-            inviter = models.ForeignKey(Fan, models.CASCADE, related_name='+')
+            inviter = models.ForeignKey(Fan, models.CASCADE, related_name="+")
 
-        field = Event._meta.get_field('invitees')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(from_model=Event), [
-            Error(
-                "'Invitation.invitee' is not a foreign key to 'Event'.",
-                hint="Did you mean one of the following foreign keys to 'Event': event?",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E339',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "'Invitation.event' is not a foreign key to 'Fan'.",
-                hint="Did you mean one of the following foreign keys to 'Fan': invitee, inviter?",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E339',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Event._meta.get_field("invitees")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(from_model=Event),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "'Invitation.invitee' is not a foreign key to 'Event'.",
+                    hint="Did you mean one of the following foreign keys to 'Event': event?",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E339",
+                ),
+                Error(
+                    "'Invitation.event' is not a foreign key to 'Fan'.",
+                    hint="Did you mean one of the following foreign keys to 'Fan': invitee, inviter?",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E339",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_invalid_field(self):
         """
         Providing invalid field names to ManyToManyField.through_fields
         triggers validation errors.
         """
+
         class Fan(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Event(models.Model):
             invitees = models.ManyToManyField(
                 Fan,
-                through='Invitation',
-                through_fields=('invalid_field_1', 'invalid_field_2'),
+                through="Invitation",
+                through_fields=("invalid_field_1", "invalid_field_2"),
             )
 
         class Invitation(models.Model):
             event = models.ForeignKey(Event, models.CASCADE)
             invitee = models.ForeignKey(Fan, models.CASCADE)
-            inviter = models.ForeignKey(Fan, models.CASCADE, related_name='+')
+            inviter = models.ForeignKey(Fan, models.CASCADE, related_name="+")
 
-        field = Event._meta.get_field('invitees')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(from_model=Event), [
-            Error(
-                "The intermediary model 'invalid_models_tests.Invitation' has no field 'invalid_field_1'.",
-                hint="Did you mean one of the following foreign keys to 'Event': event?",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E338',
-            ),
-            Error(
-                "The intermediary model 'invalid_models_tests.Invitation' has no field 'invalid_field_2'.",
-                hint="Did you mean one of the following foreign keys to 'Fan': invitee, inviter?",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E338',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Event._meta.get_field("invitees")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(from_model=Event),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The intermediary model 'invalid_models_tests.Invitation' has no field 'invalid_field_1'.",
+                    hint="Did you mean one of the following foreign keys to 'Event': event?",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E338",
+                ),
+                Error(
+                    "The intermediary model 'invalid_models_tests.Invitation' has no field 'invalid_field_2'.",
+                    hint="Did you mean one of the following foreign keys to 'Fan': invitee, inviter?",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E338",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_explicit_field_names(self):
         """
         If ``through_fields`` kwarg is given, it must specify both
         link fields of the intermediary table.
         """
+
         class Fan(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class Event(models.Model):
-            invitees = models.ManyToManyField(Fan, through='Invitation', through_fields=(None, 'invitee'))
+            invitees = models.ManyToManyField(
+                Fan, through="Invitation", through_fields=(None, "invitee")
+            )
 
         class Invitation(models.Model):
             event = models.ForeignKey(Event, models.CASCADE)
             invitee = models.ForeignKey(Fan, models.CASCADE)
-            inviter = models.ForeignKey(Fan, models.CASCADE, related_name='+')
+            inviter = models.ForeignKey(Fan, models.CASCADE, related_name="+")
 
-        field = Event._meta.get_field('invitees')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(from_model=Event), [
-            Error(
-                "Field specifies 'through_fields' but does not provide the names "
-                "of the two link fields that should be used for the relation "
-                "through model 'invalid_models_tests.Invitation'.",
-                hint="Make sure you specify 'through_fields' as through_fields=('field1', 'field2')",
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E337',
-            ),
-        ])
+        field = Event._meta.get_field("invitees")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(from_model=Event),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "Field specifies 'through_fields' but does not provide the names "
+                    "of the two link fields that should be used for the relation "
+                    "through model 'invalid_models_tests.Invitation'.",
+                    hint="Make sure you specify 'through_fields' as through_fields=('field1', 'field2')",
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E337",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_superset_foreign_object(self):
         class Parent(models.Model):
@@ -1707,7 +1925,7 @@ class M2mThroughFieldsTests(SimpleTestCase):
             c = models.PositiveIntegerField()
 
             class Meta:
-                unique_together = (('a', 'b', 'c'),)
+                unique_together = (("a", "b", "c"),)
 
         class Child(models.Model):
             a = models.PositiveIntegerField()
@@ -1716,25 +1934,28 @@ class M2mThroughFieldsTests(SimpleTestCase):
             parent = models.ForeignObject(
                 Parent,
                 on_delete=models.SET_NULL,
-                from_fields=('a', 'b'),
-                to_fields=('a', 'b'),
-                related_name='children',
+                from_fields=("a", "b"),
+                to_fields=("a", "b"),
+                related_name="children",
             )
 
-        field = Child._meta.get_field('parent')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(from_model=Child), [
-            Error(
-                "No subset of the fields 'a', 'b' on model 'Parent' is unique.",
-                hint=(
-                    'Mark a single field as unique=True or add a set of '
-                    'fields to a unique constraint (via unique_together or a '
-                    'UniqueConstraint (without condition) in the model '
-                    'Meta.constraints).'
+        field = Child._meta.get_field("parent")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(from_model=Child),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "No subset of the fields 'a', 'b' on model 'Parent' is unique.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Mark a single field as unique=True or add a set of "
+                        "fields to a unique constraint (via unique_together or a "
+                        "UniqueConstraint (without condition) in the model "
+                        "Meta.constraints)."
+                    ),
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E310",
                 ),
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E310',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_intersection_foreign_object(self):
         class Parent(models.Model):
@@ -1744,7 +1965,7 @@ class M2mThroughFieldsTests(SimpleTestCase):
             d = models.PositiveIntegerField()
 
             class Meta:
-                unique_together = (('a', 'b', 'c'),)
+                unique_together = (("a", "b", "c"),)
 
         class Child(models.Model):
             a = models.PositiveIntegerField()
@@ -1754,22 +1975,25 @@ class M2mThroughFieldsTests(SimpleTestCase):
             parent = models.ForeignObject(
                 Parent,
                 on_delete=models.SET_NULL,
-                from_fields=('a', 'b', 'd'),
-                to_fields=('a', 'b', 'd'),
-                related_name='children',
+                from_fields=("a", "b", "d"),
+                to_fields=("a", "b", "d"),
+                related_name="children",
             )
 
-        field = Child._meta.get_field('parent')
-        self.assertEqual(field.check(from_model=Child), [
-            Error(
-                "No subset of the fields 'a', 'b', 'd' on model 'Parent' is unique.",
-                hint=(
-                    'Mark a single field as unique=True or add a set of '
-                    'fields to a unique constraint (via unique_together or a '
-                    'UniqueConstraint (without condition) in the model '
-                    'Meta.constraints).'
+        field = Child._meta.get_field("parent")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field.check(from_model=Child),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "No subset of the fields 'a', 'b', 'd' on model 'Parent' is unique.",
+                    hint=(
+                        "Mark a single field as unique=True or add a set of "
+                        "fields to a unique constraint (via unique_together or a "
+                        "UniqueConstraint (without condition) in the model "
+                        "Meta.constraints)."
+                    ),
+                    obj=field,
+                    id="fields.E310",
                 ),
-                obj=field,
-                id='fields.E310',
-            ),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
diff --git a/tests/known_related_objects/tests.py b/tests/known_related_objects/tests.py
index deef6560c5..0270220061 100644
--- a/tests/known_related_objects/tests.py
+++ b/tests/known_related_objects/tests.py
@@ -4,18 +4,25 @@ from .models import Organiser, Pool, PoolStyle, Tournament
 
 
 class ExistingRelatedInstancesTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.t1 = Tournament.objects.create(name='Tourney 1')
-        cls.t2 = Tournament.objects.create(name='Tourney 2')
-        cls.o1 = Organiser.objects.create(name='Organiser 1')
-        cls.p1 = Pool.objects.create(name='T1 Pool 1', tournament=cls.t1, organiser=cls.o1)
-        cls.p2 = Pool.objects.create(name='T1 Pool 2', tournament=cls.t1, organiser=cls.o1)
-        cls.p3 = Pool.objects.create(name='T2 Pool 1', tournament=cls.t2, organiser=cls.o1)
-        cls.p4 = Pool.objects.create(name='T2 Pool 2', tournament=cls.t2, organiser=cls.o1)
-        cls.ps1 = PoolStyle.objects.create(name='T1 Pool 2 Style', pool=cls.p2)
-        cls.ps2 = PoolStyle.objects.create(name='T2 Pool 1 Style', pool=cls.p3)
+        cls.t1 = Tournament.objects.create(name="Tourney 1")
+        cls.t2 = Tournament.objects.create(name="Tourney 2")
+        cls.o1 = Organiser.objects.create(name="Organiser 1")
+        cls.p1 = Pool.objects.create(
+            name="T1 Pool 1", tournament=cls.t1, organiser=cls.o1
+        )
+        cls.p2 = Pool.objects.create(
+            name="T1 Pool 2", tournament=cls.t1, organiser=cls.o1
+        )
+        cls.p3 = Pool.objects.create(
+            name="T2 Pool 1", tournament=cls.t2, organiser=cls.o1
+        )
+        cls.p4 = Pool.objects.create(
+            name="T2 Pool 2", tournament=cls.t2, organiser=cls.o1
+        )
+        cls.ps1 = PoolStyle.objects.create(name="T1 Pool 2 Style", pool=cls.p2)
+        cls.ps2 = PoolStyle.objects.create(name="T2 Pool 1 Style", pool=cls.p3)
 
     def test_foreign_key(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
@@ -25,13 +32,17 @@ class ExistingRelatedInstancesTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_foreign_key_prefetch_related(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            tournament = (Tournament.objects.prefetch_related('pool_set').get(pk=self.t1.pk))
+            tournament = Tournament.objects.prefetch_related("pool_set").get(
+                pk=self.t1.pk
+            )
             pool = tournament.pool_set.all()[0]
             self.assertIs(tournament, pool.tournament)
 
     def test_foreign_key_multiple_prefetch(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            tournaments = list(Tournament.objects.prefetch_related('pool_set').order_by('pk'))
+            tournaments = list(
+                Tournament.objects.prefetch_related("pool_set").order_by("pk")
+            )
             pool1 = tournaments[0].pool_set.all()[0]
             self.assertIs(tournaments[0], pool1.tournament)
             pool2 = tournaments[1].pool_set.all()[0]
@@ -85,25 +96,25 @@ class ExistingRelatedInstancesTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_one_to_one_select_related(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            style = PoolStyle.objects.select_related('pool').get(pk=self.ps1.pk)
+            style = PoolStyle.objects.select_related("pool").get(pk=self.ps1.pk)
             pool = style.pool
             self.assertIs(style, pool.poolstyle)
 
     def test_one_to_one_multi_select_related(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            poolstyles = list(PoolStyle.objects.select_related('pool').order_by('pk'))
+            poolstyles = list(PoolStyle.objects.select_related("pool").order_by("pk"))
             self.assertIs(poolstyles[0], poolstyles[0].pool.poolstyle)
             self.assertIs(poolstyles[1], poolstyles[1].pool.poolstyle)
 
     def test_one_to_one_prefetch_related(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            style = PoolStyle.objects.prefetch_related('pool').get(pk=self.ps1.pk)
+            style = PoolStyle.objects.prefetch_related("pool").get(pk=self.ps1.pk)
             pool = style.pool
             self.assertIs(style, pool.poolstyle)
 
     def test_one_to_one_multi_prefetch_related(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            poolstyles = list(PoolStyle.objects.prefetch_related('pool').order_by('pk'))
+            poolstyles = list(PoolStyle.objects.prefetch_related("pool").order_by("pk"))
             self.assertIs(poolstyles[0], poolstyles[0].pool.poolstyle)
             self.assertIs(poolstyles[1], poolstyles[1].pool.poolstyle)
 
@@ -115,24 +126,24 @@ class ExistingRelatedInstancesTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_reverse_one_to_one_select_related(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            pool = Pool.objects.select_related('poolstyle').get(pk=self.p2.pk)
+            pool = Pool.objects.select_related("poolstyle").get(pk=self.p2.pk)
             style = pool.poolstyle
             self.assertIs(pool, style.pool)
 
     def test_reverse_one_to_one_prefetch_related(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            pool = Pool.objects.prefetch_related('poolstyle').get(pk=self.p2.pk)
+            pool = Pool.objects.prefetch_related("poolstyle").get(pk=self.p2.pk)
             style = pool.poolstyle
             self.assertIs(pool, style.pool)
 
     def test_reverse_one_to_one_multi_select_related(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            pools = list(Pool.objects.select_related('poolstyle').order_by('pk'))
+            pools = list(Pool.objects.select_related("poolstyle").order_by("pk"))
             self.assertIs(pools[1], pools[1].poolstyle.pool)
             self.assertIs(pools[2], pools[2].poolstyle.pool)
 
     def test_reverse_one_to_one_multi_prefetch_related(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            pools = list(Pool.objects.prefetch_related('poolstyle').order_by('pk'))
+            pools = list(Pool.objects.prefetch_related("poolstyle").order_by("pk"))
             self.assertIs(pools[1], pools[1].poolstyle.pool)
             self.assertIs(pools[2], pools[2].poolstyle.pool)
diff --git a/tests/logging_tests/logconfig.py b/tests/logging_tests/logconfig.py
index 93b0186590..35999989fb 100644
--- a/tests/logging_tests/logconfig.py
+++ b/tests/logging_tests/logconfig.py
@@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ class MyEmailBackend(BaseEmailBackend):
 
 class CustomExceptionReporter(ExceptionReporter):
     def get_traceback_text(self):
-        return 'custom traceback text'
+        return "custom traceback text"
diff --git a/tests/logging_tests/tests.py b/tests/logging_tests/tests.py
index 2764917f15..e585e0e23a 100644
--- a/tests/logging_tests/tests.py
+++ b/tests/logging_tests/tests.py
@@ -6,17 +6,19 @@ from admin_scripts.tests import AdminScriptTestCase
 
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core import mail
-from django.core.exceptions import (
-    DisallowedHost, PermissionDenied, SuspiciousOperation,
-)
+from django.core.exceptions import DisallowedHost, PermissionDenied, SuspiciousOperation
 from django.core.files.temp import NamedTemporaryFile
 from django.core.management import color
 from django.http.multipartparser import MultiPartParserError
 from django.test import RequestFactory, SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 from django.test.utils import LoggingCaptureMixin
 from django.utils.log import (
-    DEFAULT_LOGGING, AdminEmailHandler, CallbackFilter, RequireDebugFalse,
-    RequireDebugTrue, ServerFormatter,
+    DEFAULT_LOGGING,
+    AdminEmailHandler,
+    CallbackFilter,
+    RequireDebugFalse,
+    RequireDebugTrue,
+    ServerFormatter,
 )
 from django.views.debug import ExceptionReporter
 
@@ -51,7 +53,6 @@ class LoggingFiltersTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class SetupDefaultLoggingMixin:
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         super().setUpClass()
@@ -59,46 +60,49 @@ class SetupDefaultLoggingMixin:
         cls.addClassCleanup(logging.config.dictConfig, settings.LOGGING)
 
 
-class DefaultLoggingTests(SetupDefaultLoggingMixin, LoggingCaptureMixin, SimpleTestCase):
-
+class DefaultLoggingTests(
+    SetupDefaultLoggingMixin, LoggingCaptureMixin, SimpleTestCase
+):
     def test_django_logger(self):
         """
         The 'django' base logger only output anything when DEBUG=True.
         """
         self.logger.error("Hey, this is an error.")
-        self.assertEqual(self.logger_output.getvalue(), '')
+        self.assertEqual(self.logger_output.getvalue(), "")
 
         with self.settings(DEBUG=True):
             self.logger.error("Hey, this is an error.")
-            self.assertEqual(self.logger_output.getvalue(), 'Hey, this is an error.\n')
+            self.assertEqual(self.logger_output.getvalue(), "Hey, this is an error.\n")
 
     @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
     def test_django_logger_warning(self):
-        self.logger.warning('warning')
-        self.assertEqual(self.logger_output.getvalue(), 'warning\n')
+        self.logger.warning("warning")
+        self.assertEqual(self.logger_output.getvalue(), "warning\n")
 
     @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
     def test_django_logger_info(self):
-        self.logger.info('info')
-        self.assertEqual(self.logger_output.getvalue(), 'info\n')
+        self.logger.info("info")
+        self.assertEqual(self.logger_output.getvalue(), "info\n")
 
     @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
     def test_django_logger_debug(self):
-        self.logger.debug('debug')
-        self.assertEqual(self.logger_output.getvalue(), '')
+        self.logger.debug("debug")
+        self.assertEqual(self.logger_output.getvalue(), "")
 
 
 class LoggingAssertionMixin:
-
-    def assertLogsRequest(self, url, level, msg, status_code, logger='django.request', exc_class=None):
+    def assertLogsRequest(
+        self, url, level, msg, status_code, logger="django.request", exc_class=None
+    ):
         with self.assertLogs(logger, level) as cm:
             try:
                 self.client.get(url)
             except views.UncaughtException:
                 pass
             self.assertEqual(
-                len(cm.records), 1,
-                "Wrong number of calls for logger %r in %r level." % (logger, level)
+                len(cm.records),
+                1,
+                "Wrong number of calls for logger %r in %r level." % (logger, level),
             )
             record = cm.records[0]
             self.assertEqual(record.getMessage(), msg)
@@ -108,73 +112,74 @@ class LoggingAssertionMixin:
                 self.assertEqual(record.exc_info[0], exc_class)
 
 
-@override_settings(DEBUG=True, ROOT_URLCONF='logging_tests.urls')
-class HandlerLoggingTests(SetupDefaultLoggingMixin, LoggingAssertionMixin, LoggingCaptureMixin, SimpleTestCase):
-
+@override_settings(DEBUG=True, ROOT_URLCONF="logging_tests.urls")
+class HandlerLoggingTests(
+    SetupDefaultLoggingMixin, LoggingAssertionMixin, LoggingCaptureMixin, SimpleTestCase
+):
     def test_page_found_no_warning(self):
-        self.client.get('/innocent/')
-        self.assertEqual(self.logger_output.getvalue(), '')
+        self.client.get("/innocent/")
+        self.assertEqual(self.logger_output.getvalue(), "")
 
     def test_redirect_no_warning(self):
-        self.client.get('/redirect/')
-        self.assertEqual(self.logger_output.getvalue(), '')
+        self.client.get("/redirect/")
+        self.assertEqual(self.logger_output.getvalue(), "")
 
     def test_page_not_found_warning(self):
         self.assertLogsRequest(
-            url='/does_not_exist/',
-            level='WARNING',
+            url="/does_not_exist/",
+            level="WARNING",
             status_code=404,
-            msg='Not Found: /does_not_exist/',
+            msg="Not Found: /does_not_exist/",
         )
 
     def test_page_not_found_raised(self):
         self.assertLogsRequest(
-            url='/does_not_exist_raised/',
-            level='WARNING',
+            url="/does_not_exist_raised/",
+            level="WARNING",
             status_code=404,
-            msg='Not Found: /does_not_exist_raised/',
+            msg="Not Found: /does_not_exist_raised/",
         )
 
     def test_uncaught_exception(self):
         self.assertLogsRequest(
-            url='/uncaught_exception/',
-            level='ERROR',
+            url="/uncaught_exception/",
+            level="ERROR",
             status_code=500,
-            msg='Internal Server Error: /uncaught_exception/',
+            msg="Internal Server Error: /uncaught_exception/",
             exc_class=views.UncaughtException,
         )
 
     def test_internal_server_error(self):
         self.assertLogsRequest(
-            url='/internal_server_error/',
-            level='ERROR',
+            url="/internal_server_error/",
+            level="ERROR",
             status_code=500,
-            msg='Internal Server Error: /internal_server_error/',
+            msg="Internal Server Error: /internal_server_error/",
         )
 
     def test_internal_server_error_599(self):
         self.assertLogsRequest(
-            url='/internal_server_error/?status=599',
-            level='ERROR',
+            url="/internal_server_error/?status=599",
+            level="ERROR",
             status_code=599,
-            msg='Unknown Status Code: /internal_server_error/',
+            msg="Unknown Status Code: /internal_server_error/",
         )
 
     def test_permission_denied(self):
         self.assertLogsRequest(
-            url='/permission_denied/',
-            level='WARNING',
+            url="/permission_denied/",
+            level="WARNING",
             status_code=403,
-            msg='Forbidden (Permission denied): /permission_denied/',
+            msg="Forbidden (Permission denied): /permission_denied/",
             exc_class=PermissionDenied,
         )
 
     def test_multi_part_parser_error(self):
         self.assertLogsRequest(
-            url='/multi_part_parser_error/',
-            level='WARNING',
+            url="/multi_part_parser_error/",
+            level="WARNING",
             status_code=400,
-            msg='Bad request (Unable to parse request body): /multi_part_parser_error/',
+            msg="Bad request (Unable to parse request body): /multi_part_parser_error/",
             exc_class=MultiPartParserError,
         )
 
@@ -182,24 +187,26 @@ class HandlerLoggingTests(SetupDefaultLoggingMixin, LoggingAssertionMixin, Loggi
 @override_settings(
     DEBUG=True,
     USE_I18N=True,
-    LANGUAGES=[('en', 'English')],
+    LANGUAGES=[("en", "English")],
     MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware',
-        'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
+        "django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware",
+        "django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware",
     ],
-    ROOT_URLCONF='logging_tests.urls_i18n',
+    ROOT_URLCONF="logging_tests.urls_i18n",
 )
 class I18nLoggingTests(SetupDefaultLoggingMixin, LoggingCaptureMixin, SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_i18n_page_found_no_warning(self):
-        self.client.get('/exists/')
-        self.client.get('/en/exists/')
-        self.assertEqual(self.logger_output.getvalue(), '')
+        self.client.get("/exists/")
+        self.client.get("/en/exists/")
+        self.assertEqual(self.logger_output.getvalue(), "")
 
     def test_i18n_page_not_found_warning(self):
-        self.client.get('/this_does_not/')
-        self.client.get('/en/nor_this/')
-        self.assertEqual(self.logger_output.getvalue(), 'Not Found: /this_does_not/\nNot Found: /en/nor_this/\n')
+        self.client.get("/this_does_not/")
+        self.client.get("/en/nor_this/")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.logger_output.getvalue(),
+            "Not Found: /this_does_not/\nNot Found: /en/nor_this/\n",
+        )
 
 
 class CallbackFilterTest(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -207,8 +214,8 @@ class CallbackFilterTest(SimpleTestCase):
         f_false = CallbackFilter(lambda r: False)
         f_true = CallbackFilter(lambda r: True)
 
-        self.assertFalse(f_false.filter('record'))
-        self.assertTrue(f_true.filter('record'))
+        self.assertFalse(f_false.filter("record"))
+        self.assertTrue(f_true.filter("record"))
 
     def test_passes_on_record(self):
         collector = []
@@ -216,6 +223,7 @@ class CallbackFilterTest(SimpleTestCase):
         def _callback(record):
             collector.append(record)
             return True
+
         f = CallbackFilter(_callback)
 
         f.filter("a record")
@@ -224,15 +232,14 @@ class CallbackFilterTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class AdminEmailHandlerTest(SimpleTestCase):
-    logger = logging.getLogger('django')
+    logger = logging.getLogger("django")
     request_factory = RequestFactory()
 
     def get_admin_email_handler(self, logger):
         # AdminEmailHandler does not get filtered out
         # even with DEBUG=True.
         return [
-            h for h in logger.handlers
-            if h.__class__.__name__ == "AdminEmailHandler"
+            h for h in logger.handlers if h.__class__.__name__ == "AdminEmailHandler"
         ][0]
 
     def test_fail_silently(self):
@@ -240,8 +247,8 @@ class AdminEmailHandlerTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertTrue(admin_email_handler.connection().fail_silently)
 
     @override_settings(
-        ADMINS=[('whatever admin', 'admin@example.com')],
-        EMAIL_SUBJECT_PREFIX='-SuperAwesomeSubject-'
+        ADMINS=[("whatever admin", "admin@example.com")],
+        EMAIL_SUBJECT_PREFIX="-SuperAwesomeSubject-",
     )
     def test_accepts_args(self):
         """
@@ -249,8 +256,8 @@ class AdminEmailHandlerTest(SimpleTestCase):
         to compose the email subject (#16736).
         """
         message = "Custom message that says '%s' and '%s'"
-        token1 = 'ping'
-        token2 = 'pong'
+        token1 = "ping"
+        token2 = "pong"
 
         admin_email_handler = self.get_admin_email_handler(self.logger)
         # Backup then override original filters
@@ -261,50 +268,56 @@ class AdminEmailHandlerTest(SimpleTestCase):
             self.logger.error(message, token1, token2)
 
             self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-            self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].to, ['admin@example.com'])
-            self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject,
-                             "-SuperAwesomeSubject-ERROR: Custom message that says 'ping' and 'pong'")
+            self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].to, ["admin@example.com"])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                mail.outbox[0].subject,
+                "-SuperAwesomeSubject-ERROR: Custom message that says 'ping' and 'pong'",
+            )
         finally:
             # Restore original filters
             admin_email_handler.filters = orig_filters
 
     @override_settings(
-        ADMINS=[('whatever admin', 'admin@example.com')],
-        EMAIL_SUBJECT_PREFIX='-SuperAwesomeSubject-',
-        INTERNAL_IPS=['127.0.0.1'],
+        ADMINS=[("whatever admin", "admin@example.com")],
+        EMAIL_SUBJECT_PREFIX="-SuperAwesomeSubject-",
+        INTERNAL_IPS=["127.0.0.1"],
     )
     def test_accepts_args_and_request(self):
         """
         The subject is also handled if being passed a request object.
         """
         message = "Custom message that says '%s' and '%s'"
-        token1 = 'ping'
-        token2 = 'pong'
+        token1 = "ping"
+        token2 = "pong"
 
         admin_email_handler = self.get_admin_email_handler(self.logger)
         # Backup then override original filters
         orig_filters = admin_email_handler.filters
         try:
             admin_email_handler.filters = []
-            request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+            request = self.request_factory.get("/")
             self.logger.error(
-                message, token1, token2,
+                message,
+                token1,
+                token2,
                 extra={
-                    'status_code': 403,
-                    'request': request,
-                }
+                    "status_code": 403,
+                    "request": request,
+                },
             )
             self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-            self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].to, ['admin@example.com'])
-            self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject,
-                             "-SuperAwesomeSubject-ERROR (internal IP): Custom message that says 'ping' and 'pong'")
+            self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].to, ["admin@example.com"])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                mail.outbox[0].subject,
+                "-SuperAwesomeSubject-ERROR (internal IP): Custom message that says 'ping' and 'pong'",
+            )
         finally:
             # Restore original filters
             admin_email_handler.filters = orig_filters
 
     @override_settings(
-        ADMINS=[('admin', 'admin@example.com')],
-        EMAIL_SUBJECT_PREFIX='',
+        ADMINS=[("admin", "admin@example.com")],
+        EMAIL_SUBJECT_PREFIX="",
         DEBUG=False,
     )
     def test_subject_accepts_newlines(self):
@@ -312,52 +325,51 @@ class AdminEmailHandlerTest(SimpleTestCase):
         Newlines in email reports' subjects are escaped to prevent
         AdminErrorHandler from failing (#17281).
         """
-        message = 'Message \r\n with newlines'
-        expected_subject = 'ERROR: Message \\r\\n with newlines'
+        message = "Message \r\n with newlines"
+        expected_subject = "ERROR: Message \\r\\n with newlines"
 
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 0)
 
         self.logger.error(message)
 
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-        self.assertNotIn('\n', mail.outbox[0].subject)
-        self.assertNotIn('\r', mail.outbox[0].subject)
+        self.assertNotIn("\n", mail.outbox[0].subject)
+        self.assertNotIn("\r", mail.outbox[0].subject)
         self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, expected_subject)
 
     @override_settings(
-        ADMINS=[('admin', 'admin@example.com')],
+        ADMINS=[("admin", "admin@example.com")],
         DEBUG=False,
     )
     def test_uses_custom_email_backend(self):
         """
         Refs #19325
         """
-        message = 'All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy'
+        message = "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy"
         admin_email_handler = self.get_admin_email_handler(self.logger)
-        mail_admins_called = {'called': False}
+        mail_admins_called = {"called": False}
 
         def my_mail_admins(*args, **kwargs):
-            connection = kwargs['connection']
+            connection = kwargs["connection"]
             self.assertIsInstance(connection, MyEmailBackend)
-            mail_admins_called['called'] = True
+            mail_admins_called["called"] = True
 
         # Monkeypatches
         orig_mail_admins = mail.mail_admins
         orig_email_backend = admin_email_handler.email_backend
         mail.mail_admins = my_mail_admins
-        admin_email_handler.email_backend = (
-            'logging_tests.logconfig.MyEmailBackend')
+        admin_email_handler.email_backend = "logging_tests.logconfig.MyEmailBackend"
 
         try:
             self.logger.error(message)
-            self.assertTrue(mail_admins_called['called'])
+            self.assertTrue(mail_admins_called["called"])
         finally:
             # Revert Monkeypatches
             mail.mail_admins = orig_mail_admins
             admin_email_handler.email_backend = orig_email_backend
 
     @override_settings(
-        ADMINS=[('whatever admin', 'admin@example.com')],
+        ADMINS=[("whatever admin", "admin@example.com")],
     )
     def test_emit_non_ascii(self):
         """
@@ -365,33 +377,39 @@ class AdminEmailHandlerTest(SimpleTestCase):
         request.
         """
         handler = self.get_admin_email_handler(self.logger)
-        record = self.logger.makeRecord('name', logging.ERROR, 'function', 'lno', 'message', None, None)
-        url_path = '/º'
+        record = self.logger.makeRecord(
+            "name", logging.ERROR, "function", "lno", "message", None, None
+        )
+        url_path = "/º"
         record.request = self.request_factory.get(url_path)
         handler.emit(record)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
         msg = mail.outbox[0]
-        self.assertEqual(msg.to, ['admin@example.com'])
+        self.assertEqual(msg.to, ["admin@example.com"])
         self.assertEqual(msg.subject, "[Django] ERROR (EXTERNAL IP): message")
         self.assertIn("Report at %s" % url_path, msg.body)
 
     @override_settings(
-        MANAGERS=[('manager', 'manager@example.com')],
+        MANAGERS=[("manager", "manager@example.com")],
         DEBUG=False,
     )
     def test_customize_send_mail_method(self):
         class ManagerEmailHandler(AdminEmailHandler):
             def send_mail(self, subject, message, *args, **kwargs):
-                mail.mail_managers(subject, message, *args, connection=self.connection(), **kwargs)
+                mail.mail_managers(
+                    subject, message, *args, connection=self.connection(), **kwargs
+                )
 
         handler = ManagerEmailHandler()
-        record = self.logger.makeRecord('name', logging.ERROR, 'function', 'lno', 'message', None, None)
+        record = self.logger.makeRecord(
+            "name", logging.ERROR, "function", "lno", "message", None, None
+        )
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 0)
         handler.emit(record)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].to, ['manager@example.com'])
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].to, ["manager@example.com"])
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS='example.com')
+    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS="example.com")
     def test_disallowed_host_doesnt_crash(self):
         admin_email_handler = self.get_admin_email_handler(self.logger)
         old_include_html = admin_email_handler.include_html
@@ -399,14 +417,14 @@ class AdminEmailHandlerTest(SimpleTestCase):
         # Text email
         admin_email_handler.include_html = False
         try:
-            self.client.get('/', HTTP_HOST='evil.com')
+            self.client.get("/", HTTP_HOST="evil.com")
         finally:
             admin_email_handler.include_html = old_include_html
 
         # HTML email
         admin_email_handler.include_html = True
         try:
-            self.client.get('/', HTTP_HOST='evil.com')
+            self.client.get("/", HTTP_HOST="evil.com")
         finally:
             admin_email_handler.include_html = old_include_html
 
@@ -414,31 +432,41 @@ class AdminEmailHandlerTest(SimpleTestCase):
         admin_email_handler = self.get_admin_email_handler(self.logger)
         self.assertEqual(admin_email_handler.reporter_class, ExceptionReporter)
 
-    @override_settings(ADMINS=[('A.N.Admin', 'admin@example.com')])
+    @override_settings(ADMINS=[("A.N.Admin", "admin@example.com")])
     def test_custom_exception_reporter_is_used(self):
-        record = self.logger.makeRecord('name', logging.ERROR, 'function', 'lno', 'message', None, None)
-        record.request = self.request_factory.get('/')
-        handler = AdminEmailHandler(reporter_class='logging_tests.logconfig.CustomExceptionReporter')
-        handler.emit(record)
-        self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-        msg = mail.outbox[0]
-        self.assertEqual(msg.body, 'message\n\ncustom traceback text')
-
-    @override_settings(ADMINS=[('admin', 'admin@example.com')])
-    def test_emit_no_form_tag(self):
-        """HTML email doesn't contain forms."""
-        handler = AdminEmailHandler(include_html=True)
         record = self.logger.makeRecord(
-            'name', logging.ERROR, 'function', 'lno', 'message', None, None,
+            "name", logging.ERROR, "function", "lno", "message", None, None
+        )
+        record.request = self.request_factory.get("/")
+        handler = AdminEmailHandler(
+            reporter_class="logging_tests.logconfig.CustomExceptionReporter"
         )
         handler.emit(record)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
         msg = mail.outbox[0]
-        self.assertEqual(msg.subject, '[Django] ERROR: message')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.body, "message\n\ncustom traceback text")
+
+    @override_settings(ADMINS=[("admin", "admin@example.com")])
+    def test_emit_no_form_tag(self):
+        """HTML email doesn't contain forms."""
+        handler = AdminEmailHandler(include_html=True)
+        record = self.logger.makeRecord(
+            "name",
+            logging.ERROR,
+            "function",
+            "lno",
+            "message",
+            None,
+            None,
+        )
+        handler.emit(record)
+        self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
+        msg = mail.outbox[0]
+        self.assertEqual(msg.subject, "[Django] ERROR: message")
         self.assertEqual(len(msg.alternatives), 1)
         body_html = str(msg.alternatives[0][0])
         self.assertIn('<div id="traceback">', body_html)
-        self.assertNotIn('<form', body_html)
+        self.assertNotIn("<form", body_html)
 
 
 class SettingsConfigTest(AdminScriptTestCase):
@@ -446,6 +474,7 @@ class SettingsConfigTest(AdminScriptTestCase):
     Accessing settings in a custom logging handler does not trigger
     a circular import error.
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
         log_config = """{
@@ -457,11 +486,11 @@ class SettingsConfigTest(AdminScriptTestCase):
         }
     }
 }"""
-        self.write_settings('settings.py', sdict={'LOGGING': log_config})
+        self.write_settings("settings.py", sdict={"LOGGING": log_config})
 
     def test_circular_dependency(self):
         # validate is just an example command to trigger settings configuration
-        out, err = self.run_manage(['check'])
+        out, err = self.run_manage(["check"])
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "System check identified no issues (0 silenced).")
 
@@ -477,11 +506,13 @@ class SetupConfigureLogging(SimpleTestCase):
     """
     Calling django.setup() initializes the logging configuration.
     """
+
     def test_configure_initializes_logging(self):
         from django import setup
+
         try:
             with override_settings(
-                LOGGING_CONFIG='logging_tests.tests.dictConfig',
+                LOGGING_CONFIG="logging_tests.tests.dictConfig",
             ):
                 setup()
         finally:
@@ -490,37 +521,36 @@ class SetupConfigureLogging(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertTrue(dictConfig.called)
 
 
-@override_settings(DEBUG=True, ROOT_URLCONF='logging_tests.urls')
+@override_settings(DEBUG=True, ROOT_URLCONF="logging_tests.urls")
 class SecurityLoggerTest(LoggingAssertionMixin, SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_suspicious_operation_creates_log_message(self):
         self.assertLogsRequest(
-            url='/suspicious/',
-            level='ERROR',
-            msg='dubious',
+            url="/suspicious/",
+            level="ERROR",
+            msg="dubious",
             status_code=400,
-            logger='django.security.SuspiciousOperation',
+            logger="django.security.SuspiciousOperation",
             exc_class=SuspiciousOperation,
         )
 
     def test_suspicious_operation_uses_sublogger(self):
         self.assertLogsRequest(
-            url='/suspicious_spec/',
-            level='ERROR',
-            msg='dubious',
+            url="/suspicious_spec/",
+            level="ERROR",
+            msg="dubious",
             status_code=400,
-            logger='django.security.DisallowedHost',
+            logger="django.security.DisallowedHost",
             exc_class=DisallowedHost,
         )
 
     @override_settings(
-        ADMINS=[('admin', 'admin@example.com')],
+        ADMINS=[("admin", "admin@example.com")],
         DEBUG=False,
     )
     def test_suspicious_email_admins(self):
-        self.client.get('/suspicious/')
+        self.client.get("/suspicious/")
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-        self.assertIn('SuspiciousOperation at /suspicious/', mail.outbox[0].body)
+        self.assertIn("SuspiciousOperation at /suspicious/", mail.outbox[0].body)
 
 
 class SettingsCustomLoggingTest(AdminScriptTestCase):
@@ -528,6 +558,7 @@ class SettingsCustomLoggingTest(AdminScriptTestCase):
     Using a logging defaults are still applied when using a custom
     callable in LOGGING_CONFIG (i.e., logging.config.fileConfig).
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
         logging_conf = """
@@ -549,46 +580,50 @@ format=%(message)s
         self.temp_file = NamedTemporaryFile()
         self.temp_file.write(logging_conf.encode())
         self.temp_file.flush()
-        self.write_settings('settings.py', sdict={
-            'LOGGING_CONFIG': '"logging.config.fileConfig"',
-            'LOGGING': 'r"%s"' % self.temp_file.name,
-        })
+        self.write_settings(
+            "settings.py",
+            sdict={
+                "LOGGING_CONFIG": '"logging.config.fileConfig"',
+                "LOGGING": 'r"%s"' % self.temp_file.name,
+            },
+        )
 
     def tearDown(self):
         self.temp_file.close()
 
     def test_custom_logging(self):
-        out, err = self.run_manage(['check'])
+        out, err = self.run_manage(["check"])
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
         self.assertOutput(out, "System check identified no issues (0 silenced).")
 
 
 class LogFormattersTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_server_formatter_styles(self):
-        color_style = color.make_style('')
+        color_style = color.make_style("")
         formatter = ServerFormatter()
         formatter.style = color_style
-        log_msg = 'log message'
+        log_msg = "log message"
         status_code_styles = [
-            (200, 'HTTP_SUCCESS'),
-            (100, 'HTTP_INFO'),
-            (304, 'HTTP_NOT_MODIFIED'),
-            (300, 'HTTP_REDIRECT'),
-            (404, 'HTTP_NOT_FOUND'),
-            (400, 'HTTP_BAD_REQUEST'),
-            (500, 'HTTP_SERVER_ERROR'),
+            (200, "HTTP_SUCCESS"),
+            (100, "HTTP_INFO"),
+            (304, "HTTP_NOT_MODIFIED"),
+            (300, "HTTP_REDIRECT"),
+            (404, "HTTP_NOT_FOUND"),
+            (400, "HTTP_BAD_REQUEST"),
+            (500, "HTTP_SERVER_ERROR"),
         ]
         for status_code, style in status_code_styles:
-            record = logging.makeLogRecord({'msg': log_msg, 'status_code': status_code})
-            self.assertEqual(formatter.format(record), getattr(color_style, style)(log_msg))
-        record = logging.makeLogRecord({'msg': log_msg})
+            record = logging.makeLogRecord({"msg": log_msg, "status_code": status_code})
+            self.assertEqual(
+                formatter.format(record), getattr(color_style, style)(log_msg)
+            )
+        record = logging.makeLogRecord({"msg": log_msg})
         self.assertEqual(formatter.format(record), log_msg)
 
     def test_server_formatter_default_format(self):
-        server_time = '2016-09-25 10:20:30'
-        log_msg = 'log message'
-        logger = logging.getLogger('django.server')
+        server_time = "2016-09-25 10:20:30"
+        log_msg = "log message"
+        logger = logging.getLogger("django.server")
 
         @contextmanager
         def patch_django_server_logger():
@@ -599,9 +634,13 @@ class LogFormattersTests(SimpleTestCase):
             logger.handlers[0].stream = old_stream
 
         with patch_django_server_logger() as logger_output:
-            logger.info(log_msg, extra={'server_time': server_time})
-            self.assertEqual('[%s] %s\n' % (server_time, log_msg), logger_output.getvalue())
+            logger.info(log_msg, extra={"server_time": server_time})
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "[%s] %s\n" % (server_time, log_msg), logger_output.getvalue()
+            )
 
         with patch_django_server_logger() as logger_output:
             logger.info(log_msg)
-            self.assertRegex(logger_output.getvalue(), r'^\[[/:,\w\s\d]+\] %s\n' % log_msg)
+            self.assertRegex(
+                logger_output.getvalue(), r"^\[[/:,\w\s\d]+\] %s\n" % log_msg
+            )
diff --git a/tests/logging_tests/urls.py b/tests/logging_tests/urls.py
index 65d8187cb9..119ba9c1fb 100644
--- a/tests/logging_tests/urls.py
+++ b/tests/logging_tests/urls.py
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ from django.urls import path
 from . import views
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('innocent/', views.innocent),
-    path('redirect/', views.redirect),
-    path('suspicious/', views.suspicious),
-    path('suspicious_spec/', views.suspicious_spec),
-    path('internal_server_error/', views.internal_server_error),
-    path('uncaught_exception/', views.uncaught_exception),
-    path('permission_denied/', views.permission_denied),
-    path('multi_part_parser_error/', views.multi_part_parser_error),
-    path('does_not_exist_raised/', views.does_not_exist_raised),
+    path("innocent/", views.innocent),
+    path("redirect/", views.redirect),
+    path("suspicious/", views.suspicious),
+    path("suspicious_spec/", views.suspicious_spec),
+    path("internal_server_error/", views.internal_server_error),
+    path("uncaught_exception/", views.uncaught_exception),
+    path("permission_denied/", views.permission_denied),
+    path("multi_part_parser_error/", views.multi_part_parser_error),
+    path("does_not_exist_raised/", views.does_not_exist_raised),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/logging_tests/urls_i18n.py b/tests/logging_tests/urls_i18n.py
index 31157819c4..848502b1b4 100644
--- a/tests/logging_tests/urls_i18n.py
+++ b/tests/logging_tests/urls_i18n.py
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ from django.http import HttpResponse
 from django.urls import path
 
 urlpatterns = i18n_patterns(
-    path('exists/', lambda r: HttpResponse()),
+    path("exists/", lambda r: HttpResponse()),
 )
diff --git a/tests/logging_tests/views.py b/tests/logging_tests/views.py
index a40a517233..e883f2da50 100644
--- a/tests/logging_tests/views.py
+++ b/tests/logging_tests/views.py
@@ -1,26 +1,27 @@
-from django.core.exceptions import (
-    DisallowedHost, PermissionDenied, SuspiciousOperation,
-)
+from django.core.exceptions import DisallowedHost, PermissionDenied, SuspiciousOperation
 from django.http import (
-    Http404, HttpResponse, HttpResponseRedirect, HttpResponseServerError,
+    Http404,
+    HttpResponse,
+    HttpResponseRedirect,
+    HttpResponseServerError,
 )
 from django.http.multipartparser import MultiPartParserError
 
 
 def innocent(request):
-    return HttpResponse('innocent')
+    return HttpResponse("innocent")
 
 
 def redirect(request):
-    return HttpResponseRedirect('/')
+    return HttpResponseRedirect("/")
 
 
 def suspicious(request):
-    raise SuspiciousOperation('dubious')
+    raise SuspiciousOperation("dubious")
 
 
 def suspicious_spec(request):
-    raise DisallowedHost('dubious')
+    raise DisallowedHost("dubious")
 
 
 class UncaughtException(Exception):
@@ -28,12 +29,12 @@ class UncaughtException(Exception):
 
 
 def uncaught_exception(request):
-    raise UncaughtException('Uncaught exception')
+    raise UncaughtException("Uncaught exception")
 
 
 def internal_server_error(request):
-    status = request.GET.get('status', 500)
-    return HttpResponseServerError('Server Error', status=int(status))
+    status = request.GET.get("status", 500)
+    return HttpResponseServerError("Server Error", status=int(status))
 
 
 def permission_denied(request):
@@ -41,8 +42,8 @@ def permission_denied(request):
 
 
 def multi_part_parser_error(request):
-    raise MultiPartParserError('parsing error')
+    raise MultiPartParserError("parsing error")
 
 
 def does_not_exist_raised(request):
-    raise Http404('Not Found')
+    raise Http404("Not Found")
diff --git a/tests/lookup/models.py b/tests/lookup/models.py
index 2343c850c1..86f774ea11 100644
--- a/tests/lookup/models.py
+++ b/tests/lookup/models.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class Alarm(models.Model):
     time = models.TimeField()
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s (%s)' % (self.time, self.desc)
+        return "%s (%s)" % (self.time, self.desc)
 
 
 class Author(models.Model):
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class Author(models.Model):
     alias = models.CharField(max_length=50, null=True, blank=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
 
 class Article(models.Model):
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     slug = models.SlugField(unique=True, blank=True, null=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('-pub_date', 'headline')
+        ordering = ("-pub_date", "headline")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
@@ -42,23 +42,23 @@ class Tag(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
 
 class NulledTextField(models.TextField):
     def get_prep_value(self, value):
-        return None if value == '' else value
+        return None if value == "" else value
 
 
 @NulledTextField.register_lookup
 class NulledTransform(models.Transform):
-    lookup_name = 'nulled'
-    template = 'NULL'
+    lookup_name = "nulled"
+    template = "NULL"
 
 
 @NulledTextField.register_lookup
 class IsNullWithNoneAsRHS(IsNull):
-    lookup_name = 'isnull_none_rhs'
+    lookup_name = "isnull_none_rhs"
     can_use_none_as_rhs = True
 
 
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class Season(models.Model):
 
     class Meta:
         constraints = [
-            models.UniqueConstraint(fields=['year'], name='season_year_unique'),
+            models.UniqueConstraint(fields=["year"], name="season_year_unique"),
         ]
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -77,14 +77,14 @@ class Season(models.Model):
 
 
 class Game(models.Model):
-    season = models.ForeignKey(Season, models.CASCADE, related_name='games')
+    season = models.ForeignKey(Season, models.CASCADE, related_name="games")
     home = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     away = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
 
 class Player(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
-    games = models.ManyToManyField(Game, related_name='players')
+    games = models.ManyToManyField(Game, related_name="players")
 
 
 class Product(models.Model):
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class Freebie(models.Model):
 
     stock = models.ForeignObject(
         Stock,
-        from_fields=['stock_id', 'gift_product'],
-        to_fields=['id', 'product'],
+        from_fields=["stock_id", "gift_product"],
+        to_fields=["id", "product"],
         on_delete=models.CASCADE,
     )
diff --git a/tests/lookup/test_decimalfield.py b/tests/lookup/test_decimalfield.py
index 5d75b8336d..d938ccf649 100644
--- a/tests/lookup/test_decimalfield.py
+++ b/tests/lookup/test_decimalfield.py
@@ -7,18 +7,18 @@ from .models import Product, Stock
 class DecimalFieldLookupTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.p1 = Product.objects.create(name='Product1', qty_target=10)
+        cls.p1 = Product.objects.create(name="Product1", qty_target=10)
         Stock.objects.create(product=cls.p1, qty_available=5)
         Stock.objects.create(product=cls.p1, qty_available=6)
-        cls.p2 = Product.objects.create(name='Product2', qty_target=10)
+        cls.p2 = Product.objects.create(name="Product2", qty_target=10)
         Stock.objects.create(product=cls.p2, qty_available=5)
         Stock.objects.create(product=cls.p2, qty_available=5)
-        cls.p3 = Product.objects.create(name='Product3', qty_target=10)
+        cls.p3 = Product.objects.create(name="Product3", qty_target=10)
         Stock.objects.create(product=cls.p3, qty_available=5)
         Stock.objects.create(product=cls.p3, qty_available=4)
         cls.queryset = Product.objects.annotate(
-            qty_available_sum=Sum('stock__qty_available'),
-        ).annotate(qty_needed=F('qty_target') - F('qty_available_sum'))
+            qty_available_sum=Sum("stock__qty_available"),
+        ).annotate(qty_needed=F("qty_target") - F("qty_available_sum"))
 
     def test_gt(self):
         qs = self.queryset.filter(qty_needed__gt=0)
diff --git a/tests/lookup/test_lookups.py b/tests/lookup/test_lookups.py
index 6dfcf75943..7c3a41fe93 100644
--- a/tests/lookup/test_lookups.py
+++ b/tests/lookup/test_lookups.py
@@ -22,15 +22,15 @@ class LookupTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_repr(self):
         tests = [
-            (Lookup(Value(1), Value('a')), "Lookup(Value(1), Value('a'))"),
+            (Lookup(Value(1), Value("a")), "Lookup(Value(1), Value('a'))"),
             (
                 YearLookup(
                     Value(datetime(2010, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)),
                     Value(datetime(2010, 1, 1, 23, 59, 59)),
                 ),
-                'YearLookup('
-                'Value(datetime.datetime(2010, 1, 1, 0, 0)), '
-                'Value(datetime.datetime(2010, 1, 1, 23, 59, 59)))'
+                "YearLookup("
+                "Value(datetime.datetime(2010, 1, 1, 0, 0)), "
+                "Value(datetime.datetime(2010, 1, 1, 23, 59, 59)))",
             ),
         ]
         for lookup, expected in tests:
@@ -52,6 +52,8 @@ class YearLookupTests(SimpleTestCase):
             lhs=Value(datetime(2010, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0), output_field=DateTimeField()),
             rhs=Value(datetime(2010, 1, 1, 23, 59, 59), output_field=DateTimeField()),
         )
-        msg = 'subclasses of YearLookup must provide a get_bound_params() method'
+        msg = "subclasses of YearLookup must provide a get_bound_params() method"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
-            look_up.get_bound_params(datetime(2010, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0), datetime(2010, 1, 1, 23, 59, 59))
+            look_up.get_bound_params(
+                datetime(2010, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0), datetime(2010, 1, 1, 23, 59, 59)
+            )
diff --git a/tests/lookup/test_timefield.py b/tests/lookup/test_timefield.py
index 1fa02bc596..2e3a1bbe7e 100644
--- a/tests/lookup/test_timefield.py
+++ b/tests/lookup/test_timefield.py
@@ -4,13 +4,12 @@ from .models import Alarm
 
 
 class TimeFieldLookupTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(self):
         # Create a few Alarms
-        self.al1 = Alarm.objects.create(desc='Early', time='05:30')
-        self.al2 = Alarm.objects.create(desc='Late', time='10:00')
-        self.al3 = Alarm.objects.create(desc='Precise', time='12:34:56')
+        self.al1 = Alarm.objects.create(desc="Early", time="05:30")
+        self.al2 = Alarm.objects.create(desc="Late", time="10:00")
+        self.al3 = Alarm.objects.create(desc="Precise", time="12:34:56")
 
     def test_hour_lookups(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
diff --git a/tests/lookup/tests.py b/tests/lookup/tests.py
index 8e9d2e70f0..acaf36d516 100644
--- a/tests/lookup/tests.py
+++ b/tests/lookup/tests.py
@@ -7,78 +7,98 @@ from unittest import skipUnless
 from django.core.exceptions import FieldError
 from django.db import connection, models
 from django.db.models import (
-    BooleanField, Case, Exists, ExpressionWrapper, F, Max, OuterRef, Q,
-    Subquery, Value, When,
+    BooleanField,
+    Case,
+    Exists,
+    ExpressionWrapper,
+    F,
+    Max,
+    OuterRef,
+    Q,
+    Subquery,
+    Value,
+    When,
 )
 from django.db.models.functions import Cast, Substr
 from django.db.models.lookups import (
-    Exact, GreaterThan, GreaterThanOrEqual, LessThan, LessThanOrEqual,
+    Exact,
+    GreaterThan,
+    GreaterThanOrEqual,
+    LessThan,
+    LessThanOrEqual,
 )
 from django.test import TestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
 from django.test.utils import isolate_apps
 
 from .models import (
-    Article, Author, Freebie, Game, IsNullWithNoneAsRHS, Player, Product,
-    Season, Stock, Tag,
+    Article,
+    Author,
+    Freebie,
+    Game,
+    IsNullWithNoneAsRHS,
+    Player,
+    Product,
+    Season,
+    Stock,
+    Tag,
 )
 
 
 class LookupTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         # Create a few Authors.
-        cls.au1 = Author.objects.create(name='Author 1', alias='a1')
-        cls.au2 = Author.objects.create(name='Author 2', alias='a2')
+        cls.au1 = Author.objects.create(name="Author 1", alias="a1")
+        cls.au2 = Author.objects.create(name="Author 2", alias="a2")
         # Create a few Articles.
         cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Article 1',
+            headline="Article 1",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 26),
             author=cls.au1,
-            slug='a1',
+            slug="a1",
         )
         cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Article 2',
+            headline="Article 2",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 27),
             author=cls.au1,
-            slug='a2',
+            slug="a2",
         )
         cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Article 3',
+            headline="Article 3",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 27),
             author=cls.au1,
-            slug='a3',
+            slug="a3",
         )
         cls.a4 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Article 4',
+            headline="Article 4",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28),
             author=cls.au1,
-            slug='a4',
+            slug="a4",
         )
         cls.a5 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Article 5',
+            headline="Article 5",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 8, 1, 9, 0),
             author=cls.au2,
-            slug='a5',
+            slug="a5",
         )
         cls.a6 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Article 6',
+            headline="Article 6",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 8, 1, 8, 0),
             author=cls.au2,
-            slug='a6',
+            slug="a6",
         )
         cls.a7 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Article 7',
+            headline="Article 7",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 27),
             author=cls.au2,
-            slug='a7',
+            slug="a7",
         )
         # Create a few Tags.
-        cls.t1 = Tag.objects.create(name='Tag 1')
+        cls.t1 = Tag.objects.create(name="Tag 1")
         cls.t1.articles.add(cls.a1, cls.a2, cls.a3)
-        cls.t2 = Tag.objects.create(name='Tag 2')
+        cls.t2 = Tag.objects.create(name="Tag 2")
         cls.t2.articles.add(cls.a3, cls.a4, cls.a5)
-        cls.t3 = Tag.objects.create(name='Tag 3')
+        cls.t3 = Tag.objects.create(name="Tag 3")
         cls.t3.articles.add(cls.a5, cls.a6, cls.a7)
 
     def test_exists(self):
@@ -96,11 +116,11 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
             [self.a1],
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_date_lookup_using_string')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_date_lookup_using_string")
     def test_lookup_date_as_str(self):
         # A date lookup can be performed using a string search
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(pub_date__startswith='2005'),
+            Article.objects.filter(pub_date__startswith="2005"),
             [self.a5, self.a6, self.a4, self.a2, self.a3, self.a7, self.a1],
         )
 
@@ -112,27 +132,32 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             Article.objects.iterator(),
             [
-                'Article 5',
-                'Article 6',
-                'Article 4',
-                'Article 2',
-                'Article 3',
-                'Article 7',
-                'Article 1',
+                "Article 5",
+                "Article 6",
+                "Article 4",
+                "Article 2",
+                "Article 3",
+                "Article 7",
+                "Article 1",
             ],
-            transform=attrgetter('headline')
+            transform=attrgetter("headline"),
         )
         # iterator() can be used on any QuerySet.
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__endswith='4').iterator(),
-            ['Article 4'],
-            transform=attrgetter('headline'))
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__endswith="4").iterator(),
+            ["Article 4"],
+            transform=attrgetter("headline"),
+        )
 
     def test_count(self):
         # count() returns the number of objects matching search criteria.
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 7)
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.filter(pub_date__exact=datetime(2005, 7, 27)).count(), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith='Blah blah').count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.filter(pub_date__exact=datetime(2005, 7, 27)).count(), 3
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith="Blah blah").count(), 0
+        )
 
         # count() should respect sliced query sets.
         articles = Article.objects.all()
@@ -142,7 +167,9 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(articles[10:100].count(), 0)
 
         # Date and date/time lookups can also be done with strings.
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.filter(pub_date__exact='2005-07-27 00:00:00').count(), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.filter(pub_date__exact="2005-07-27 00:00:00").count(), 3
+        )
 
     def test_in_bulk(self):
         # in_bulk() takes a list of IDs and returns a dictionary mapping IDs to objects.
@@ -159,36 +186,46 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
                 self.a5.id: self.a5,
                 self.a6.id: self.a6,
                 self.a7.id: self.a7,
-            }
+            },
         )
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.in_bulk([self.a3.id]), {self.a3.id: self.a3})
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.in_bulk({self.a3.id}), {self.a3.id: self.a3})
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.in_bulk(frozenset([self.a3.id])), {self.a3.id: self.a3})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.in_bulk(frozenset([self.a3.id])), {self.a3.id: self.a3}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.in_bulk((self.a3.id,)), {self.a3.id: self.a3})
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.in_bulk([1000]), {})
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.in_bulk([]), {})
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.in_bulk(iter([self.a1.id])), {self.a1.id: self.a1})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.in_bulk(iter([self.a1.id])), {self.a1.id: self.a1}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.in_bulk(iter([])), {})
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            Article.objects.in_bulk(headline__startswith='Blah')
+            Article.objects.in_bulk(headline__startswith="Blah")
 
     def test_in_bulk_lots_of_ids(self):
         test_range = 2000
         max_query_params = connection.features.max_query_params
-        expected_num_queries = ceil(test_range / max_query_params) if max_query_params else 1
-        Author.objects.bulk_create([Author() for i in range(test_range - Author.objects.count())])
+        expected_num_queries = (
+            ceil(test_range / max_query_params) if max_query_params else 1
+        )
+        Author.objects.bulk_create(
+            [Author() for i in range(test_range - Author.objects.count())]
+        )
         authors = {author.pk: author for author in Author.objects.all()}
         with self.assertNumQueries(expected_num_queries):
             self.assertEqual(Author.objects.in_bulk(authors), authors)
 
     def test_in_bulk_with_field(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            Article.objects.in_bulk([self.a1.slug, self.a2.slug, self.a3.slug], field_name='slug'),
+            Article.objects.in_bulk(
+                [self.a1.slug, self.a2.slug, self.a3.slug], field_name="slug"
+            ),
             {
                 self.a1.slug: self.a1,
                 self.a2.slug: self.a2,
                 self.a3.slug: self.a3,
-            }
+            },
         )
 
     def test_in_bulk_meta_constraint(self):
@@ -198,7 +235,7 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             Season.objects.in_bulk(
                 [season_2011.year, season_2012.year],
-                field_name='year',
+                field_name="year",
             ),
             {season_2011.year: season_2011, season_2012.year: season_2012},
         )
@@ -206,27 +243,30 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
     def test_in_bulk_non_unique_field(self):
         msg = "in_bulk()'s field_name must be a unique field but 'author' isn't."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Article.objects.in_bulk([self.au1], field_name='author')
+            Article.objects.in_bulk([self.au1], field_name="author")
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_distinct_on_fields')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_distinct_on_fields")
     def test_in_bulk_distinct_field(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            Article.objects.order_by('headline').distinct('headline').in_bulk(
+            Article.objects.order_by("headline")
+            .distinct("headline")
+            .in_bulk(
                 [self.a1.headline, self.a5.headline],
-                field_name='headline',
+                field_name="headline",
             ),
             {self.a1.headline: self.a1, self.a5.headline: self.a5},
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_distinct_on_fields')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_distinct_on_fields")
     def test_in_bulk_multiple_distinct_field(self):
         msg = "in_bulk()'s field_name must be a unique field but 'pub_date' isn't."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Article.objects.order_by('headline', 'pub_date').distinct(
-                'headline', 'pub_date',
-            ).in_bulk(field_name='pub_date')
+            Article.objects.order_by("headline", "pub_date").distinct(
+                "headline",
+                "pub_date",
+            ).in_bulk(field_name="pub_date")
 
-    @isolate_apps('lookup')
+    @isolate_apps("lookup")
     def test_in_bulk_non_unique_meta_constaint(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             ean = models.CharField(max_length=100)
@@ -236,18 +276,18 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
             class Meta:
                 constraints = [
                     models.UniqueConstraint(
-                        fields=['ean'],
-                        name='partial_ean_unique',
-                        condition=models.Q(is_active=True)
+                        fields=["ean"],
+                        name="partial_ean_unique",
+                        condition=models.Q(is_active=True),
                     ),
                     models.UniqueConstraint(
-                        fields=['brand', 'name'],
-                        name='together_brand_name_unique',
+                        fields=["brand", "name"],
+                        name="together_brand_name_unique",
                     ),
                 ]
 
         msg = "in_bulk()'s field_name must be a unique field but '%s' isn't."
-        for field_name in ['brand', 'ean']:
+        for field_name in ["brand", "ean"]:
             with self.subTest(field_name=field_name):
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg % field_name):
                     Model.objects.in_bulk(field_name=field_name)
@@ -261,124 +301,166 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
         # values() returns a list of dictionaries instead of object instances --
         # and you can specify which fields you want to retrieve.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.values('headline'),
+            Article.objects.values("headline"),
             [
-                {'headline': 'Article 5'},
-                {'headline': 'Article 6'},
-                {'headline': 'Article 4'},
-                {'headline': 'Article 2'},
-                {'headline': 'Article 3'},
-                {'headline': 'Article 7'},
-                {'headline': 'Article 1'},
+                {"headline": "Article 5"},
+                {"headline": "Article 6"},
+                {"headline": "Article 4"},
+                {"headline": "Article 2"},
+                {"headline": "Article 3"},
+                {"headline": "Article 7"},
+                {"headline": "Article 1"},
             ],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(pub_date__exact=datetime(2005, 7, 27)).values('id'),
-            [{'id': self.a2.id}, {'id': self.a3.id}, {'id': self.a7.id}],
+            Article.objects.filter(pub_date__exact=datetime(2005, 7, 27)).values("id"),
+            [{"id": self.a2.id}, {"id": self.a3.id}, {"id": self.a7.id}],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.values('id', 'headline'),
+            Article.objects.values("id", "headline"),
             [
-                {'id': self.a5.id, 'headline': 'Article 5'},
-                {'id': self.a6.id, 'headline': 'Article 6'},
-                {'id': self.a4.id, 'headline': 'Article 4'},
-                {'id': self.a2.id, 'headline': 'Article 2'},
-                {'id': self.a3.id, 'headline': 'Article 3'},
-                {'id': self.a7.id, 'headline': 'Article 7'},
-                {'id': self.a1.id, 'headline': 'Article 1'},
+                {"id": self.a5.id, "headline": "Article 5"},
+                {"id": self.a6.id, "headline": "Article 6"},
+                {"id": self.a4.id, "headline": "Article 4"},
+                {"id": self.a2.id, "headline": "Article 2"},
+                {"id": self.a3.id, "headline": "Article 3"},
+                {"id": self.a7.id, "headline": "Article 7"},
+                {"id": self.a1.id, "headline": "Article 1"},
             ],
         )
         # You can use values() with iterator() for memory savings,
         # because iterator() uses database-level iteration.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            list(Article.objects.values('id', 'headline').iterator()),
+            list(Article.objects.values("id", "headline").iterator()),
             [
-                {'headline': 'Article 5', 'id': self.a5.id},
-                {'headline': 'Article 6', 'id': self.a6.id},
-                {'headline': 'Article 4', 'id': self.a4.id},
-                {'headline': 'Article 2', 'id': self.a2.id},
-                {'headline': 'Article 3', 'id': self.a3.id},
-                {'headline': 'Article 7', 'id': self.a7.id},
-                {'headline': 'Article 1', 'id': self.a1.id},
+                {"headline": "Article 5", "id": self.a5.id},
+                {"headline": "Article 6", "id": self.a6.id},
+                {"headline": "Article 4", "id": self.a4.id},
+                {"headline": "Article 2", "id": self.a2.id},
+                {"headline": "Article 3", "id": self.a3.id},
+                {"headline": "Article 7", "id": self.a7.id},
+                {"headline": "Article 1", "id": self.a1.id},
             ],
         )
         # The values() method works with "extra" fields specified in extra(select).
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.extra(select={'id_plus_one': 'id + 1'}).values('id', 'id_plus_one'),
+            Article.objects.extra(select={"id_plus_one": "id + 1"}).values(
+                "id", "id_plus_one"
+            ),
             [
-                {'id': self.a5.id, 'id_plus_one': self.a5.id + 1},
-                {'id': self.a6.id, 'id_plus_one': self.a6.id + 1},
-                {'id': self.a4.id, 'id_plus_one': self.a4.id + 1},
-                {'id': self.a2.id, 'id_plus_one': self.a2.id + 1},
-                {'id': self.a3.id, 'id_plus_one': self.a3.id + 1},
-                {'id': self.a7.id, 'id_plus_one': self.a7.id + 1},
-                {'id': self.a1.id, 'id_plus_one': self.a1.id + 1},
+                {"id": self.a5.id, "id_plus_one": self.a5.id + 1},
+                {"id": self.a6.id, "id_plus_one": self.a6.id + 1},
+                {"id": self.a4.id, "id_plus_one": self.a4.id + 1},
+                {"id": self.a2.id, "id_plus_one": self.a2.id + 1},
+                {"id": self.a3.id, "id_plus_one": self.a3.id + 1},
+                {"id": self.a7.id, "id_plus_one": self.a7.id + 1},
+                {"id": self.a1.id, "id_plus_one": self.a1.id + 1},
             ],
         )
         data = {
-            'id_plus_one': 'id+1',
-            'id_plus_two': 'id+2',
-            'id_plus_three': 'id+3',
-            'id_plus_four': 'id+4',
-            'id_plus_five': 'id+5',
-            'id_plus_six': 'id+6',
-            'id_plus_seven': 'id+7',
-            'id_plus_eight': 'id+8',
+            "id_plus_one": "id+1",
+            "id_plus_two": "id+2",
+            "id_plus_three": "id+3",
+            "id_plus_four": "id+4",
+            "id_plus_five": "id+5",
+            "id_plus_six": "id+6",
+            "id_plus_seven": "id+7",
+            "id_plus_eight": "id+8",
         }
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Article.objects.filter(id=self.a1.id).extra(select=data).values(*data),
-            [{
-                'id_plus_one': self.a1.id + 1,
-                'id_plus_two': self.a1.id + 2,
-                'id_plus_three': self.a1.id + 3,
-                'id_plus_four': self.a1.id + 4,
-                'id_plus_five': self.a1.id + 5,
-                'id_plus_six': self.a1.id + 6,
-                'id_plus_seven': self.a1.id + 7,
-                'id_plus_eight': self.a1.id + 8,
-            }],
+            [
+                {
+                    "id_plus_one": self.a1.id + 1,
+                    "id_plus_two": self.a1.id + 2,
+                    "id_plus_three": self.a1.id + 3,
+                    "id_plus_four": self.a1.id + 4,
+                    "id_plus_five": self.a1.id + 5,
+                    "id_plus_six": self.a1.id + 6,
+                    "id_plus_seven": self.a1.id + 7,
+                    "id_plus_eight": self.a1.id + 8,
+                }
+            ],
         )
         # You can specify fields from forward and reverse relations, just like filter().
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.values('headline', 'author__name'),
+            Article.objects.values("headline", "author__name"),
             [
-                {'headline': self.a5.headline, 'author__name': self.au2.name},
-                {'headline': self.a6.headline, 'author__name': self.au2.name},
-                {'headline': self.a4.headline, 'author__name': self.au1.name},
-                {'headline': self.a2.headline, 'author__name': self.au1.name},
-                {'headline': self.a3.headline, 'author__name': self.au1.name},
-                {'headline': self.a7.headline, 'author__name': self.au2.name},
-                {'headline': self.a1.headline, 'author__name': self.au1.name},
+                {"headline": self.a5.headline, "author__name": self.au2.name},
+                {"headline": self.a6.headline, "author__name": self.au2.name},
+                {"headline": self.a4.headline, "author__name": self.au1.name},
+                {"headline": self.a2.headline, "author__name": self.au1.name},
+                {"headline": self.a3.headline, "author__name": self.au1.name},
+                {"headline": self.a7.headline, "author__name": self.au2.name},
+                {"headline": self.a1.headline, "author__name": self.au1.name},
             ],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Author.objects.values('name', 'article__headline').order_by('name', 'article__headline'),
+            Author.objects.values("name", "article__headline").order_by(
+                "name", "article__headline"
+            ),
             [
-                {'name': self.au1.name, 'article__headline': self.a1.headline},
-                {'name': self.au1.name, 'article__headline': self.a2.headline},
-                {'name': self.au1.name, 'article__headline': self.a3.headline},
-                {'name': self.au1.name, 'article__headline': self.a4.headline},
-                {'name': self.au2.name, 'article__headline': self.a5.headline},
-                {'name': self.au2.name, 'article__headline': self.a6.headline},
-                {'name': self.au2.name, 'article__headline': self.a7.headline},
+                {"name": self.au1.name, "article__headline": self.a1.headline},
+                {"name": self.au1.name, "article__headline": self.a2.headline},
+                {"name": self.au1.name, "article__headline": self.a3.headline},
+                {"name": self.au1.name, "article__headline": self.a4.headline},
+                {"name": self.au2.name, "article__headline": self.a5.headline},
+                {"name": self.au2.name, "article__headline": self.a6.headline},
+                {"name": self.au2.name, "article__headline": self.a7.headline},
             ],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             (
-                Author.objects
-                .values('name', 'article__headline', 'article__tag__name')
-                .order_by('name', 'article__headline', 'article__tag__name')
+                Author.objects.values(
+                    "name", "article__headline", "article__tag__name"
+                ).order_by("name", "article__headline", "article__tag__name")
             ),
             [
-                {'name': self.au1.name, 'article__headline': self.a1.headline, 'article__tag__name': self.t1.name},
-                {'name': self.au1.name, 'article__headline': self.a2.headline, 'article__tag__name': self.t1.name},
-                {'name': self.au1.name, 'article__headline': self.a3.headline, 'article__tag__name': self.t1.name},
-                {'name': self.au1.name, 'article__headline': self.a3.headline, 'article__tag__name': self.t2.name},
-                {'name': self.au1.name, 'article__headline': self.a4.headline, 'article__tag__name': self.t2.name},
-                {'name': self.au2.name, 'article__headline': self.a5.headline, 'article__tag__name': self.t2.name},
-                {'name': self.au2.name, 'article__headline': self.a5.headline, 'article__tag__name': self.t3.name},
-                {'name': self.au2.name, 'article__headline': self.a6.headline, 'article__tag__name': self.t3.name},
-                {'name': self.au2.name, 'article__headline': self.a7.headline, 'article__tag__name': self.t3.name},
+                {
+                    "name": self.au1.name,
+                    "article__headline": self.a1.headline,
+                    "article__tag__name": self.t1.name,
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": self.au1.name,
+                    "article__headline": self.a2.headline,
+                    "article__tag__name": self.t1.name,
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": self.au1.name,
+                    "article__headline": self.a3.headline,
+                    "article__tag__name": self.t1.name,
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": self.au1.name,
+                    "article__headline": self.a3.headline,
+                    "article__tag__name": self.t2.name,
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": self.au1.name,
+                    "article__headline": self.a4.headline,
+                    "article__tag__name": self.t2.name,
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": self.au2.name,
+                    "article__headline": self.a5.headline,
+                    "article__tag__name": self.t2.name,
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": self.au2.name,
+                    "article__headline": self.a5.headline,
+                    "article__tag__name": self.t3.name,
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": self.au2.name,
+                    "article__headline": self.a6.headline,
+                    "article__tag__name": self.t3.name,
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": self.au2.name,
+                    "article__headline": self.a7.headline,
+                    "article__tag__name": self.t3.name,
+                },
             ],
         )
         # However, an exception FieldDoesNotExist will be thrown if you specify
@@ -389,17 +471,21 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
             "author, author_id, headline, id, id_plus_one, pub_date, slug, tag"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
-            Article.objects.extra(select={'id_plus_one': 'id + 1'}).values('id', 'id_plus_two')
+            Article.objects.extra(select={"id_plus_one": "id + 1"}).values(
+                "id", "id_plus_two"
+            )
         # If you don't specify field names to values(), all are returned.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Article.objects.filter(id=self.a5.id).values(),
-            [{
-                'id': self.a5.id,
-                'author_id': self.au2.id,
-                'headline': 'Article 5',
-                'pub_date': datetime(2005, 8, 1, 9, 0),
-                'slug': 'a5',
-            }],
+            [
+                {
+                    "id": self.a5.id,
+                    "author_id": self.au2.id,
+                    "headline": "Article 5",
+                    "pub_date": datetime(2005, 8, 1, 9, 0),
+                    "slug": "a5",
+                }
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_values_list(self):
@@ -408,31 +494,59 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
         # Within each tuple, the order of the elements is the same as the order
         # of fields in the values_list() call.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.values_list('headline'),
+            Article.objects.values_list("headline"),
             [
-                ('Article 5',),
-                ('Article 6',),
-                ('Article 4',),
-                ('Article 2',),
-                ('Article 3',),
-                ('Article 7',),
-                ('Article 1',),
+                ("Article 5",),
+                ("Article 6",),
+                ("Article 4",),
+                ("Article 2",),
+                ("Article 3",),
+                ("Article 7",),
+                ("Article 1",),
             ],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.values_list('id').order_by('id'),
-            [(self.a1.id,), (self.a2.id,), (self.a3.id,), (self.a4.id,), (self.a5.id,), (self.a6.id,), (self.a7.id,)],
+            Article.objects.values_list("id").order_by("id"),
+            [
+                (self.a1.id,),
+                (self.a2.id,),
+                (self.a3.id,),
+                (self.a4.id,),
+                (self.a5.id,),
+                (self.a6.id,),
+                (self.a7.id,),
+            ],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.values_list('id', flat=True).order_by('id'),
-            [self.a1.id, self.a2.id, self.a3.id, self.a4.id, self.a5.id, self.a6.id, self.a7.id],
+            Article.objects.values_list("id", flat=True).order_by("id"),
+            [
+                self.a1.id,
+                self.a2.id,
+                self.a3.id,
+                self.a4.id,
+                self.a5.id,
+                self.a6.id,
+                self.a7.id,
+            ],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.extra(select={'id_plus_one': 'id+1'}).order_by('id').values_list('id'),
-            [(self.a1.id,), (self.a2.id,), (self.a3.id,), (self.a4.id,), (self.a5.id,), (self.a6.id,), (self.a7.id,)],
+            Article.objects.extra(select={"id_plus_one": "id+1"})
+            .order_by("id")
+            .values_list("id"),
+            [
+                (self.a1.id,),
+                (self.a2.id,),
+                (self.a3.id,),
+                (self.a4.id,),
+                (self.a5.id,),
+                (self.a6.id,),
+                (self.a7.id,),
+            ],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.extra(select={'id_plus_one': 'id+1'}).order_by('id').values_list('id_plus_one', 'id'),
+            Article.objects.extra(select={"id_plus_one": "id+1"})
+            .order_by("id")
+            .values_list("id_plus_one", "id"),
             [
                 (self.a1.id + 1, self.a1.id),
                 (self.a2.id + 1, self.a2.id),
@@ -440,11 +554,13 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
                 (self.a4.id + 1, self.a4.id),
                 (self.a5.id + 1, self.a5.id),
                 (self.a6.id + 1, self.a6.id),
-                (self.a7.id + 1, self.a7.id)
+                (self.a7.id + 1, self.a7.id),
             ],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.extra(select={'id_plus_one': 'id+1'}).order_by('id').values_list('id', 'id_plus_one'),
+            Article.objects.extra(select={"id_plus_one": "id+1"})
+            .order_by("id")
+            .values_list("id", "id_plus_one"),
             [
                 (self.a1.id, self.a1.id + 1),
                 (self.a2.id, self.a2.id + 1),
@@ -452,10 +568,10 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
                 (self.a4.id, self.a4.id + 1),
                 (self.a5.id, self.a5.id + 1),
                 (self.a6.id, self.a6.id + 1),
-                (self.a7.id, self.a7.id + 1)
+                (self.a7.id, self.a7.id + 1),
             ],
         )
-        args = ('name', 'article__headline', 'article__tag__name')
+        args = ("name", "article__headline", "article__tag__name")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Author.objects.values_list(*args).order_by(*args),
             [
@@ -471,66 +587,95 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
             ],
         )
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            Article.objects.values_list('id', 'headline', flat=True)
+            Article.objects.values_list("id", "headline", flat=True)
 
     def test_get_next_previous_by(self):
         # Every DateField and DateTimeField creates get_next_by_FOO() and
         # get_previous_by_FOO() methods. In the case of identical date values,
         # these methods will use the ID as a fallback check. This guarantees
         # that no records are skipped or duplicated.
-        self.assertEqual(repr(self.a1.get_next_by_pub_date()), '<Article: Article 2>')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(self.a2.get_next_by_pub_date()), '<Article: Article 3>')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(self.a2.get_next_by_pub_date(headline__endswith='6')), '<Article: Article 6>')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(self.a3.get_next_by_pub_date()), '<Article: Article 7>')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(self.a4.get_next_by_pub_date()), '<Article: Article 6>')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(self.a1.get_next_by_pub_date()), "<Article: Article 2>")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(self.a2.get_next_by_pub_date()), "<Article: Article 3>")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(self.a2.get_next_by_pub_date(headline__endswith="6")),
+            "<Article: Article 6>",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(repr(self.a3.get_next_by_pub_date()), "<Article: Article 7>")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(self.a4.get_next_by_pub_date()), "<Article: Article 6>")
         with self.assertRaises(Article.DoesNotExist):
             self.a5.get_next_by_pub_date()
-        self.assertEqual(repr(self.a6.get_next_by_pub_date()), '<Article: Article 5>')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(self.a7.get_next_by_pub_date()), '<Article: Article 4>')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(self.a6.get_next_by_pub_date()), "<Article: Article 5>")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(self.a7.get_next_by_pub_date()), "<Article: Article 4>")
 
-        self.assertEqual(repr(self.a7.get_previous_by_pub_date()), '<Article: Article 3>')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(self.a6.get_previous_by_pub_date()), '<Article: Article 4>')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(self.a5.get_previous_by_pub_date()), '<Article: Article 6>')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(self.a4.get_previous_by_pub_date()), '<Article: Article 7>')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(self.a3.get_previous_by_pub_date()), '<Article: Article 2>')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(self.a2.get_previous_by_pub_date()), '<Article: Article 1>')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(self.a7.get_previous_by_pub_date()), "<Article: Article 3>"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(self.a6.get_previous_by_pub_date()), "<Article: Article 4>"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(self.a5.get_previous_by_pub_date()), "<Article: Article 6>"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(self.a4.get_previous_by_pub_date()), "<Article: Article 7>"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(self.a3.get_previous_by_pub_date()), "<Article: Article 2>"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(self.a2.get_previous_by_pub_date()), "<Article: Article 1>"
+        )
 
     def test_escaping(self):
         # Underscores, percent signs and backslashes have special meaning in the
         # underlying SQL code, but Django handles the quoting of them automatically.
-        a8 = Article.objects.create(headline='Article_ with underscore', pub_date=datetime(2005, 11, 20))
+        a8 = Article.objects.create(
+            headline="Article_ with underscore", pub_date=datetime(2005, 11, 20)
+        )
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith='Article'),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith="Article"),
             [a8, self.a5, self.a6, self.a4, self.a2, self.a3, self.a7, self.a1],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith='Article_'),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith="Article_"),
             [a8],
         )
-        a9 = Article.objects.create(headline='Article% with percent sign', pub_date=datetime(2005, 11, 21))
+        a9 = Article.objects.create(
+            headline="Article% with percent sign", pub_date=datetime(2005, 11, 21)
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith='Article'),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith="Article"),
             [a9, a8, self.a5, self.a6, self.a4, self.a2, self.a3, self.a7, self.a1],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith='Article%'),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith="Article%"),
             [a9],
         )
-        a10 = Article.objects.create(headline='Article with \\ backslash', pub_date=datetime(2005, 11, 22))
+        a10 = Article.objects.create(
+            headline="Article with \\ backslash", pub_date=datetime(2005, 11, 22)
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__contains='\\'),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__contains="\\"),
             [a10],
         )
 
     def test_exclude(self):
         pub_date = datetime(2005, 11, 20)
-        a8 = Article.objects.create(headline='Article_ with underscore', pub_date=pub_date)
-        a9 = Article.objects.create(headline='Article% with percent sign', pub_date=pub_date)
-        a10 = Article.objects.create(headline='Article with \\ backslash', pub_date=pub_date)
+        a8 = Article.objects.create(
+            headline="Article_ with underscore", pub_date=pub_date
+        )
+        a9 = Article.objects.create(
+            headline="Article% with percent sign", pub_date=pub_date
+        )
+        a10 = Article.objects.create(
+            headline="Article with \\ backslash", pub_date=pub_date
+        )
         # exclude() is the opposite of filter() when doing lookups:
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__contains='Article').exclude(headline__contains='with'),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__contains="Article").exclude(
+                headline__contains="with"
+            ),
             [self.a5, self.a6, self.a4, self.a2, self.a3, self.a7, self.a1],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
@@ -545,10 +690,16 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
     def test_none(self):
         # none() returns a QuerySet that behaves like any other QuerySet object
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.none(), [])
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.none().filter(headline__startswith='Article'), [])
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith='Article').none(), [])
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            Article.objects.none().filter(headline__startswith="Article"), []
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith="Article").none(), []
+        )
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.none().count(), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.none().update(headline="This should not take effect"), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.none().update(headline="This should not take effect"), 0
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.none().iterator(), [])
 
     def test_in(self):
@@ -564,13 +715,17 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(
             ValueError,
             "Subqueries aren't allowed across different databases. Force the "
-            "inner query to be evaluated using `list(inner_query)`."
+            "inner query to be evaluated using `list(inner_query)`.",
         ):
-            list(Article.objects.filter(id__in=Article.objects.using('other').all()))
+            list(Article.objects.filter(id__in=Article.objects.using("other").all()))
 
     def test_in_keeps_value_ordering(self):
-        query = Article.objects.filter(slug__in=['a%d' % i for i in range(1, 8)]).values('pk').query
-        self.assertIn(' IN (a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7) ', str(query))
+        query = (
+            Article.objects.filter(slug__in=["a%d" % i for i in range(1, 8)])
+            .values("pk")
+            .query
+        )
+        self.assertIn(" IN (a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7) ", str(query))
 
     def test_in_ignore_none(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1) as ctx:
@@ -578,8 +733,8 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
                 Article.objects.filter(id__in=[None, self.a1.id]),
                 [self.a1],
             )
-        sql = ctx.captured_queries[0]['sql']
-        self.assertIn('IN (%s)' % self.a1.pk, sql)
+        sql = ctx.captured_queries[0]["sql"]
+        self.assertIn("IN (%s)" % self.a1.pk, sql)
 
     def test_in_ignore_solo_none(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
@@ -594,190 +749,206 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
                 Article.objects.filter(id__in=[None, UnhashableInt(self.a1.id)]),
                 [self.a1],
             )
-        sql = ctx.captured_queries[0]['sql']
-        self.assertIn('IN (%s)' % self.a1.pk, sql)
+        sql = ctx.captured_queries[0]["sql"]
+        self.assertIn("IN (%s)" % self.a1.pk, sql)
 
     def test_error_messages(self):
         # Programming errors are pointed out with nice error messages
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(
             FieldError,
             "Cannot resolve keyword 'pub_date_year' into field. Choices are: "
-            "author, author_id, headline, id, pub_date, slug, tag"
+            "author, author_id, headline, id, pub_date, slug, tag",
         ):
-            Article.objects.filter(pub_date_year='2005').count()
+            Article.objects.filter(pub_date_year="2005").count()
 
     def test_unsupported_lookups(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(
             FieldError,
             "Unsupported lookup 'starts' for CharField or join on the field "
-            "not permitted, perhaps you meant startswith or istartswith?"
+            "not permitted, perhaps you meant startswith or istartswith?",
         ):
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__starts='Article')
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__starts="Article")
 
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(
             FieldError,
             "Unsupported lookup 'is_null' for DateTimeField or join on the field "
-            "not permitted, perhaps you meant isnull?"
+            "not permitted, perhaps you meant isnull?",
         ):
             Article.objects.filter(pub_date__is_null=True)
 
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(
             FieldError,
             "Unsupported lookup 'gobbledygook' for DateTimeField or join on the field "
-            "not permitted."
+            "not permitted.",
         ):
-            Article.objects.filter(pub_date__gobbledygook='blahblah')
+            Article.objects.filter(pub_date__gobbledygook="blahblah")
 
     def test_relation_nested_lookup_error(self):
         # An invalid nested lookup on a related field raises a useful error.
-        msg = 'Related Field got invalid lookup: editor'
+        msg = "Related Field got invalid lookup: editor"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
-            Article.objects.filter(author__editor__name='James')
-        msg = 'Related Field got invalid lookup: foo'
+            Article.objects.filter(author__editor__name="James")
+        msg = "Related Field got invalid lookup: foo"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
-            Tag.objects.filter(articles__foo='bar')
+            Tag.objects.filter(articles__foo="bar")
 
     def test_regex(self):
         # Create some articles with a bit more interesting headlines for testing field lookups:
         for a in Article.objects.all():
             a.delete()
         now = datetime.now()
-        Article.objects.bulk_create([
-            Article(pub_date=now, headline='f'),
-            Article(pub_date=now, headline='fo'),
-            Article(pub_date=now, headline='foo'),
-            Article(pub_date=now, headline='fooo'),
-            Article(pub_date=now, headline='hey-Foo'),
-            Article(pub_date=now, headline='bar'),
-            Article(pub_date=now, headline='AbBa'),
-            Article(pub_date=now, headline='baz'),
-            Article(pub_date=now, headline='baxZ'),
-        ])
+        Article.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Article(pub_date=now, headline="f"),
+                Article(pub_date=now, headline="fo"),
+                Article(pub_date=now, headline="foo"),
+                Article(pub_date=now, headline="fooo"),
+                Article(pub_date=now, headline="hey-Foo"),
+                Article(pub_date=now, headline="bar"),
+                Article(pub_date=now, headline="AbBa"),
+                Article(pub_date=now, headline="baz"),
+                Article(pub_date=now, headline="baxZ"),
+            ]
+        )
         # zero-or-more
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__regex=r'fo*'),
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__in=['f', 'fo', 'foo', 'fooo']),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__regex=r"fo*"),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__in=["f", "fo", "foo", "fooo"]),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__iregex=r'fo*'),
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__in=['f', 'fo', 'foo', 'fooo', 'hey-Foo']),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__iregex=r"fo*"),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__in=["f", "fo", "foo", "fooo", "hey-Foo"]),
         )
         # one-or-more
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__regex=r'fo+'),
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__in=['fo', 'foo', 'fooo']),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__regex=r"fo+"),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__in=["fo", "foo", "fooo"]),
         )
         # wildcard
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__regex=r'fooo?'),
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__in=['foo', 'fooo']),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__regex=r"fooo?"),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__in=["foo", "fooo"]),
         )
         # leading anchor
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__regex=r'^b'),
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__in=['bar', 'baxZ', 'baz']),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__regex=r"^b"),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__in=["bar", "baxZ", "baz"]),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__iregex=r'^a'),
-            Article.objects.filter(headline='AbBa'),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__iregex=r"^a"),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline="AbBa"),
         )
         # trailing anchor
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__regex=r'z$'),
-            Article.objects.filter(headline='baz'),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__regex=r"z$"),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline="baz"),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__iregex=r'z$'),
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__in=['baxZ', 'baz']),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__iregex=r"z$"),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__in=["baxZ", "baz"]),
         )
         # character sets
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__regex=r'ba[rz]'),
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__in=['bar', 'baz']),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__regex=r"ba[rz]"),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__in=["bar", "baz"]),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__regex=r'ba.[RxZ]'),
-            Article.objects.filter(headline='baxZ'),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__regex=r"ba.[RxZ]"),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline="baxZ"),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__iregex=r'ba[RxZ]'),
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__in=['bar', 'baxZ', 'baz']),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__iregex=r"ba[RxZ]"),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__in=["bar", "baxZ", "baz"]),
         )
 
         # and more articles:
-        Article.objects.bulk_create([
-            Article(pub_date=now, headline='foobar'),
-            Article(pub_date=now, headline='foobaz'),
-            Article(pub_date=now, headline='ooF'),
-            Article(pub_date=now, headline='foobarbaz'),
-            Article(pub_date=now, headline='zoocarfaz'),
-            Article(pub_date=now, headline='barfoobaz'),
-            Article(pub_date=now, headline='bazbaRFOO'),
-        ])
+        Article.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Article(pub_date=now, headline="foobar"),
+                Article(pub_date=now, headline="foobaz"),
+                Article(pub_date=now, headline="ooF"),
+                Article(pub_date=now, headline="foobarbaz"),
+                Article(pub_date=now, headline="zoocarfaz"),
+                Article(pub_date=now, headline="barfoobaz"),
+                Article(pub_date=now, headline="bazbaRFOO"),
+            ]
+        )
 
         # alternation
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__regex=r'oo(f|b)'),
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__in=[
-                'barfoobaz',
-                'foobar',
-                'foobarbaz',
-                'foobaz',
-            ]),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__regex=r"oo(f|b)"),
+            Article.objects.filter(
+                headline__in=[
+                    "barfoobaz",
+                    "foobar",
+                    "foobarbaz",
+                    "foobaz",
+                ]
+            ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__iregex=r'oo(f|b)'),
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__in=[
-                'barfoobaz',
-                'foobar',
-                'foobarbaz',
-                'foobaz',
-                'ooF',
-            ]),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__iregex=r"oo(f|b)"),
+            Article.objects.filter(
+                headline__in=[
+                    "barfoobaz",
+                    "foobar",
+                    "foobarbaz",
+                    "foobaz",
+                    "ooF",
+                ]
+            ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__regex=r'^foo(f|b)'),
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__in=['foobar', 'foobarbaz', 'foobaz']),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__regex=r"^foo(f|b)"),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__in=["foobar", "foobarbaz", "foobaz"]),
         )
 
         # greedy matching
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__regex=r'b.*az'),
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__in=[
-                'barfoobaz',
-                'baz',
-                'bazbaRFOO',
-                'foobarbaz',
-                'foobaz',
-            ]),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__regex=r"b.*az"),
+            Article.objects.filter(
+                headline__in=[
+                    "barfoobaz",
+                    "baz",
+                    "bazbaRFOO",
+                    "foobarbaz",
+                    "foobaz",
+                ]
+            ),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__iregex=r'b.*ar'),
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__in=[
-                'bar',
-                'barfoobaz',
-                'bazbaRFOO',
-                'foobar',
-                'foobarbaz',
-            ]),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__iregex=r"b.*ar"),
+            Article.objects.filter(
+                headline__in=[
+                    "bar",
+                    "barfoobaz",
+                    "bazbaRFOO",
+                    "foobar",
+                    "foobarbaz",
+                ]
+            ),
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_regex_backreferencing')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_regex_backreferencing")
     def test_regex_backreferencing(self):
         # grouping and backreferences
         now = datetime.now()
-        Article.objects.bulk_create([
-            Article(pub_date=now, headline='foobar'),
-            Article(pub_date=now, headline='foobaz'),
-            Article(pub_date=now, headline='ooF'),
-            Article(pub_date=now, headline='foobarbaz'),
-            Article(pub_date=now, headline='zoocarfaz'),
-            Article(pub_date=now, headline='barfoobaz'),
-            Article(pub_date=now, headline='bazbaRFOO'),
-        ])
+        Article.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Article(pub_date=now, headline="foobar"),
+                Article(pub_date=now, headline="foobaz"),
+                Article(pub_date=now, headline="ooF"),
+                Article(pub_date=now, headline="foobarbaz"),
+                Article(pub_date=now, headline="zoocarfaz"),
+                Article(pub_date=now, headline="barfoobaz"),
+                Article(pub_date=now, headline="bazbaRFOO"),
+            ]
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__regex=r'b(.).*b\1').values_list('headline', flat=True),
-            ['barfoobaz', 'bazbaRFOO', 'foobarbaz'],
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__regex=r"b(.).*b\1").values_list(
+                "headline", flat=True
+            ),
+            ["barfoobaz", "bazbaRFOO", "foobarbaz"],
         )
 
     def test_regex_null(self):
@@ -785,21 +956,21 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
         A regex lookup does not fail on null/None values
         """
         Season.objects.create(year=2012, gt=None)
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Season.objects.filter(gt__regex=r'^$'), [])
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Season.objects.filter(gt__regex=r"^$"), [])
 
     def test_regex_non_string(self):
         """
         A regex lookup does not fail on non-string fields
         """
         s = Season.objects.create(year=2013, gt=444)
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Season.objects.filter(gt__regex=r'^444$'), [s])
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Season.objects.filter(gt__regex=r"^444$"), [s])
 
     def test_regex_non_ascii(self):
         """
         A regex lookup does not trip on non-ASCII characters.
         """
-        Player.objects.create(name='\u2660')
-        Player.objects.get(name__regex='\u2660')
+        Player.objects.create(name="\u2660")
+        Player.objects.get(name__regex="\u2660")
 
     def test_nonfield_lookups(self):
         """
@@ -862,23 +1033,49 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(Game.objects.filter(season__gt__gt=111).count(), 5)
 
         # Players who played in 2009
-        self.assertEqual(Player.objects.filter(games__season__year=2009).distinct().count(), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(Player.objects.filter(games__season__year__exact=2009).distinct().count(), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(Player.objects.filter(games__season__gt=111).distinct().count(), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(Player.objects.filter(games__season__gt__exact=111).distinct().count(), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Player.objects.filter(games__season__year=2009).distinct().count(), 2
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Player.objects.filter(games__season__year__exact=2009).distinct().count(), 2
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Player.objects.filter(games__season__gt=111).distinct().count(), 2
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Player.objects.filter(games__season__gt__exact=111).distinct().count(), 2
+        )
 
         # Players who played in 2010
-        self.assertEqual(Player.objects.filter(games__season__year=2010).distinct().count(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(Player.objects.filter(games__season__year__exact=2010).distinct().count(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(Player.objects.filter(games__season__gt=222).distinct().count(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(Player.objects.filter(games__season__gt__exact=222).distinct().count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Player.objects.filter(games__season__year=2010).distinct().count(), 1
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Player.objects.filter(games__season__year__exact=2010).distinct().count(), 1
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Player.objects.filter(games__season__gt=222).distinct().count(), 1
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Player.objects.filter(games__season__gt__exact=222).distinct().count(), 1
+        )
 
         # Players who played in 2011
-        self.assertEqual(Player.objects.filter(games__season__year=2011).distinct().count(), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(Player.objects.filter(games__season__year__exact=2011).distinct().count(), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(Player.objects.filter(games__season__gt=333).distinct().count(), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(Player.objects.filter(games__season__year__gt=2010).distinct().count(), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(Player.objects.filter(games__season__gt__gt=222).distinct().count(), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Player.objects.filter(games__season__year=2011).distinct().count(), 2
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Player.objects.filter(games__season__year__exact=2011).distinct().count(), 2
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Player.objects.filter(games__season__gt=333).distinct().count(), 2
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Player.objects.filter(games__season__year__gt=2010).distinct().count(), 2
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Player.objects.filter(games__season__gt__gt=222).distinct().count(), 2
+        )
 
     def test_chain_date_time_lookups(self):
         self.assertCountEqual(
@@ -900,7 +1097,7 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_exact_none_transform(self):
         """Transforms are used for __exact=None."""
-        Season.objects.create(year=1, nulled_text_field='not null')
+        Season.objects.create(year=1, nulled_text_field="not null")
         self.assertFalse(Season.objects.filter(nulled_text_field__isnull=True))
         self.assertTrue(Season.objects.filter(nulled_text_field__nulled__isnull=True))
         self.assertTrue(Season.objects.filter(nulled_text_field__nulled__exact=None))
@@ -909,62 +1106,64 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
     def test_exact_sliced_queryset_limit_one(self):
         self.assertCountEqual(
             Article.objects.filter(author=Author.objects.all()[:1]),
-            [self.a1, self.a2, self.a3, self.a4]
+            [self.a1, self.a2, self.a3, self.a4],
         )
 
     def test_exact_sliced_queryset_limit_one_offset(self):
         self.assertCountEqual(
             Article.objects.filter(author=Author.objects.all()[1:2]),
-            [self.a5, self.a6, self.a7]
+            [self.a5, self.a6, self.a7],
         )
 
     def test_exact_sliced_queryset_not_limited_to_one(self):
         msg = (
-            'The QuerySet value for an exact lookup must be limited to one '
-            'result using slicing.'
+            "The QuerySet value for an exact lookup must be limited to one "
+            "result using slicing."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             list(Article.objects.filter(author=Author.objects.all()[:2]))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             list(Article.objects.filter(author=Author.objects.all()[1:]))
 
-    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'mysql', 'MySQL-specific workaround.')
+    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == "mysql", "MySQL-specific workaround.")
     def test_exact_booleanfield(self):
         # MySQL ignores indexes with boolean fields unless they're compared
         # directly to a boolean value.
-        product = Product.objects.create(name='Paper', qty_target=5000)
+        product = Product.objects.create(name="Paper", qty_target=5000)
         Stock.objects.create(product=product, short=False, qty_available=5100)
         stock_1 = Stock.objects.create(product=product, short=True, qty_available=180)
         qs = Stock.objects.filter(short=True)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [stock_1])
         self.assertIn(
-            '%s = True' % connection.ops.quote_name('short'),
+            "%s = True" % connection.ops.quote_name("short"),
             str(qs.query),
         )
 
-    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'mysql', 'MySQL-specific workaround.')
+    @skipUnless(connection.vendor == "mysql", "MySQL-specific workaround.")
     def test_exact_booleanfield_annotation(self):
         # MySQL ignores indexes with boolean fields unless they're compared
         # directly to a boolean value.
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(case=Case(
-            When(alias='a1', then=True),
-            default=False,
-            output_field=BooleanField(),
-        )).filter(case=True)
+        qs = Author.objects.annotate(
+            case=Case(
+                When(alias="a1", then=True),
+                default=False,
+                output_field=BooleanField(),
+            )
+        ).filter(case=True)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.au1])
-        self.assertIn(' = True', str(qs.query))
+        self.assertIn(" = True", str(qs.query))
 
         qs = Author.objects.annotate(
-            wrapped=ExpressionWrapper(Q(alias='a1'), output_field=BooleanField()),
+            wrapped=ExpressionWrapper(Q(alias="a1"), output_field=BooleanField()),
         ).filter(wrapped=True)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.au1])
-        self.assertIn(' = True', str(qs.query))
+        self.assertIn(" = True", str(qs.query))
         # EXISTS(...) shouldn't be compared to a boolean value.
         qs = Author.objects.annotate(
-            exists=Exists(Author.objects.filter(alias='a1', pk=OuterRef('pk'))),
+            exists=Exists(Author.objects.filter(alias="a1", pk=OuterRef("pk"))),
         ).filter(exists=True)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.au1])
-        self.assertNotIn(' = True', str(qs.query))
+        self.assertNotIn(" = True", str(qs.query))
 
     def test_custom_field_none_rhs(self):
         """
@@ -972,38 +1171,44 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
         converts value to None.
         """
         season = Season.objects.create(year=2012, nulled_text_field=None)
-        self.assertTrue(Season.objects.filter(pk=season.pk, nulled_text_field__isnull=True))
-        self.assertTrue(Season.objects.filter(pk=season.pk, nulled_text_field=''))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            Season.objects.filter(pk=season.pk, nulled_text_field__isnull=True)
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(Season.objects.filter(pk=season.pk, nulled_text_field=""))
 
     def test_pattern_lookups_with_substr(self):
-        a = Author.objects.create(name='John Smith', alias='Johx')
-        b = Author.objects.create(name='Rhonda Simpson', alias='sonx')
+        a = Author.objects.create(name="John Smith", alias="Johx")
+        b = Author.objects.create(name="Rhonda Simpson", alias="sonx")
         tests = (
-            ('startswith', [a]),
-            ('istartswith', [a]),
-            ('contains', [a, b]),
-            ('icontains', [a, b]),
-            ('endswith', [b]),
-            ('iendswith', [b]),
+            ("startswith", [a]),
+            ("istartswith", [a]),
+            ("contains", [a, b]),
+            ("icontains", [a, b]),
+            ("endswith", [b]),
+            ("iendswith", [b]),
         )
         for lookup, result in tests:
             with self.subTest(lookup=lookup):
-                authors = Author.objects.filter(**{'name__%s' % lookup: Substr('alias', 1, 3)})
+                authors = Author.objects.filter(
+                    **{"name__%s" % lookup: Substr("alias", 1, 3)}
+                )
                 self.assertCountEqual(authors, result)
 
     def test_custom_lookup_none_rhs(self):
         """Lookup.can_use_none_as_rhs=True allows None as a lookup value."""
         season = Season.objects.create(year=2012, nulled_text_field=None)
         query = Season.objects.get_queryset().query
-        field = query.model._meta.get_field('nulled_text_field')
-        self.assertIsInstance(query.build_lookup(['isnull_none_rhs'], field, None), IsNullWithNoneAsRHS)
-        self.assertTrue(Season.objects.filter(pk=season.pk, nulled_text_field__isnull_none_rhs=True))
+        field = query.model._meta.get_field("nulled_text_field")
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            query.build_lookup(["isnull_none_rhs"], field, None), IsNullWithNoneAsRHS
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            Season.objects.filter(pk=season.pk, nulled_text_field__isnull_none_rhs=True)
+        )
 
     def test_exact_exists(self):
-        qs = Article.objects.filter(pk=OuterRef('pk'))
-        seasons = Season.objects.annotate(
-            pk_exists=Exists(qs),
-        ).filter(
+        qs = Article.objects.filter(pk=OuterRef("pk"))
+        seasons = Season.objects.annotate(pk_exists=Exists(qs),).filter(
             pk_exists=Exists(qs),
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(seasons, Season.objects.all())
@@ -1015,7 +1220,7 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
             has_author_alias_match=Exists(
                 Article.objects.annotate(
                     author_exists=Exists(
-                        Author.objects.filter(alias=OuterRef(OuterRef('name')))
+                        Author.objects.filter(alias=OuterRef(OuterRef("name")))
                     ),
                 ).filter(author_exists=True)
             ),
@@ -1023,19 +1228,24 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(qs.get(has_author_alias_match=True), tag)
 
     def test_exact_query_rhs_with_selected_columns(self):
-        newest_author = Author.objects.create(name='Author 2')
-        authors_max_ids = Author.objects.filter(
-            name='Author 2',
-        ).values(
-            'name',
-        ).annotate(
-            max_id=Max('id'),
-        ).values('max_id')
+        newest_author = Author.objects.create(name="Author 2")
+        authors_max_ids = (
+            Author.objects.filter(
+                name="Author 2",
+            )
+            .values(
+                "name",
+            )
+            .annotate(
+                max_id=Max("id"),
+            )
+            .values("max_id")
+        )
         authors = Author.objects.filter(id=authors_max_ids[:1])
         self.assertEqual(authors.get(), newest_author)
 
     def test_isnull_non_boolean_value(self):
-        msg = 'The QuerySet value for an isnull lookup must be True or False.'
+        msg = "The QuerySet value for an isnull lookup must be True or False."
         tests = [
             Author.objects.filter(alias__isnull=1),
             Article.objects.filter(author__isnull=1),
@@ -1048,19 +1258,21 @@ class LookupTests(TestCase):
                     qs.exists()
 
     def test_lookup_rhs(self):
-        product = Product.objects.create(name='GME', qty_target=5000)
+        product = Product.objects.create(name="GME", qty_target=5000)
         stock_1 = Stock.objects.create(product=product, short=True, qty_available=180)
         stock_2 = Stock.objects.create(product=product, short=False, qty_available=5100)
         Stock.objects.create(product=product, short=False, qty_available=4000)
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            Stock.objects.filter(short=Q(qty_available__lt=F('product__qty_target'))),
+            Stock.objects.filter(short=Q(qty_available__lt=F("product__qty_target"))),
             [stock_1, stock_2],
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            Stock.objects.filter(short=ExpressionWrapper(
-                Q(qty_available__lt=F('product__qty_target')),
-                output_field=BooleanField(),
-            )),
+            Stock.objects.filter(
+                short=ExpressionWrapper(
+                    Q(qty_available__lt=F("product__qty_target")),
+                    output_field=BooleanField(),
+                )
+            ),
             [stock_1, stock_2],
         )
 
@@ -1073,146 +1285,161 @@ class LookupQueryingTests(TestCase):
         cls.s3 = Season.objects.create(year=2042, gt=1942)
 
     def test_annotate(self):
-        qs = Season.objects.annotate(equal=Exact(F('year'), 1942))
+        qs = Season.objects.annotate(equal=Exact(F("year"), 1942))
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            qs.values_list('year', 'equal'),
+            qs.values_list("year", "equal"),
             ((1942, True), (1842, False), (2042, False)),
         )
 
     def test_alias(self):
-        qs = Season.objects.alias(greater=GreaterThan(F('year'), 1910))
+        qs = Season.objects.alias(greater=GreaterThan(F("year"), 1910))
         self.assertCountEqual(qs.filter(greater=True), [self.s1, self.s3])
 
     def test_annotate_value_greater_than_value(self):
         qs = Season.objects.annotate(greater=GreaterThan(Value(40), Value(30)))
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            qs.values_list('year', 'greater'),
+            qs.values_list("year", "greater"),
             ((1942, True), (1842, True), (2042, True)),
         )
 
     def test_annotate_field_greater_than_field(self):
-        qs = Season.objects.annotate(greater=GreaterThan(F('year'), F('gt')))
+        qs = Season.objects.annotate(greater=GreaterThan(F("year"), F("gt")))
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            qs.values_list('year', 'greater'),
+            qs.values_list("year", "greater"),
             ((1942, False), (1842, False), (2042, True)),
         )
 
     def test_annotate_field_greater_than_value(self):
-        qs = Season.objects.annotate(greater=GreaterThan(F('year'), Value(1930)))
+        qs = Season.objects.annotate(greater=GreaterThan(F("year"), Value(1930)))
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            qs.values_list('year', 'greater'),
+            qs.values_list("year", "greater"),
             ((1942, True), (1842, False), (2042, True)),
         )
 
     def test_annotate_field_greater_than_literal(self):
-        qs = Season.objects.annotate(greater=GreaterThan(F('year'), 1930))
+        qs = Season.objects.annotate(greater=GreaterThan(F("year"), 1930))
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            qs.values_list('year', 'greater'),
+            qs.values_list("year", "greater"),
             ((1942, True), (1842, False), (2042, True)),
         )
 
     def test_annotate_literal_greater_than_field(self):
-        qs = Season.objects.annotate(greater=GreaterThan(1930, F('year')))
+        qs = Season.objects.annotate(greater=GreaterThan(1930, F("year")))
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            qs.values_list('year', 'greater'),
+            qs.values_list("year", "greater"),
             ((1942, False), (1842, True), (2042, False)),
         )
 
     def test_annotate_less_than_float(self):
-        qs = Season.objects.annotate(lesser=LessThan(F('year'), 1942.1))
+        qs = Season.objects.annotate(lesser=LessThan(F("year"), 1942.1))
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            qs.values_list('year', 'lesser'),
+            qs.values_list("year", "lesser"),
             ((1942, True), (1842, True), (2042, False)),
         )
 
     def test_annotate_greater_than_or_equal(self):
-        qs = Season.objects.annotate(greater=GreaterThanOrEqual(F('year'), 1942))
+        qs = Season.objects.annotate(greater=GreaterThanOrEqual(F("year"), 1942))
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            qs.values_list('year', 'greater'),
+            qs.values_list("year", "greater"),
             ((1942, True), (1842, False), (2042, True)),
         )
 
     def test_annotate_greater_than_or_equal_float(self):
-        qs = Season.objects.annotate(greater=GreaterThanOrEqual(F('year'), 1942.1))
+        qs = Season.objects.annotate(greater=GreaterThanOrEqual(F("year"), 1942.1))
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            qs.values_list('year', 'greater'),
+            qs.values_list("year", "greater"),
             ((1942, False), (1842, False), (2042, True)),
         )
 
     def test_combined_lookups(self):
-        expression = Exact(F('year'), 1942) | GreaterThan(F('year'), 1942)
+        expression = Exact(F("year"), 1942) | GreaterThan(F("year"), 1942)
         qs = Season.objects.annotate(gte=expression)
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            qs.values_list('year', 'gte'),
+            qs.values_list("year", "gte"),
             ((1942, True), (1842, False), (2042, True)),
         )
 
     def test_lookup_in_filter(self):
-        qs = Season.objects.filter(GreaterThan(F('year'), 1910))
+        qs = Season.objects.filter(GreaterThan(F("year"), 1910))
         self.assertCountEqual(qs, [self.s1, self.s3])
 
     def test_filter_lookup_lhs(self):
-        qs = Season.objects.annotate(before_20=LessThan(F('year'), 2000)).filter(
-            before_20=LessThan(F('year'), 1900),
+        qs = Season.objects.annotate(before_20=LessThan(F("year"), 2000)).filter(
+            before_20=LessThan(F("year"), 1900),
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(qs, [self.s2, self.s3])
 
     def test_filter_wrapped_lookup_lhs(self):
-        qs = Season.objects.annotate(before_20=ExpressionWrapper(
-            Q(year__lt=2000),
-            output_field=BooleanField(),
-        )).filter(before_20=LessThan(F('year'), 1900)).values_list('year', flat=True)
+        qs = (
+            Season.objects.annotate(
+                before_20=ExpressionWrapper(
+                    Q(year__lt=2000),
+                    output_field=BooleanField(),
+                )
+            )
+            .filter(before_20=LessThan(F("year"), 1900))
+            .values_list("year", flat=True)
+        )
         self.assertCountEqual(qs, [1842, 2042])
 
     def test_filter_exists_lhs(self):
-        qs = Season.objects.annotate(before_20=Exists(
-            Season.objects.filter(pk=OuterRef('pk'), year__lt=2000),
-        )).filter(before_20=LessThan(F('year'), 1900))
+        qs = Season.objects.annotate(
+            before_20=Exists(
+                Season.objects.filter(pk=OuterRef("pk"), year__lt=2000),
+            )
+        ).filter(before_20=LessThan(F("year"), 1900))
         self.assertCountEqual(qs, [self.s2, self.s3])
 
     def test_filter_subquery_lhs(self):
-        qs = Season.objects.annotate(before_20=Subquery(
-            Season.objects.filter(pk=OuterRef('pk')).values(
-                lesser=LessThan(F('year'), 2000),
-            ),
-        )).filter(before_20=LessThan(F('year'), 1900))
+        qs = Season.objects.annotate(
+            before_20=Subquery(
+                Season.objects.filter(pk=OuterRef("pk")).values(
+                    lesser=LessThan(F("year"), 2000),
+                ),
+            )
+        ).filter(before_20=LessThan(F("year"), 1900))
         self.assertCountEqual(qs, [self.s2, self.s3])
 
     def test_combined_lookups_in_filter(self):
-        expression = Exact(F('year'), 1942) | GreaterThan(F('year'), 1942)
+        expression = Exact(F("year"), 1942) | GreaterThan(F("year"), 1942)
         qs = Season.objects.filter(expression)
         self.assertCountEqual(qs, [self.s1, self.s3])
 
     def test_combined_annotated_lookups_in_filter(self):
-        expression = Exact(F('year'), 1942) | GreaterThan(F('year'), 1942)
+        expression = Exact(F("year"), 1942) | GreaterThan(F("year"), 1942)
         qs = Season.objects.annotate(gte=expression).filter(gte=True)
         self.assertCountEqual(qs, [self.s1, self.s3])
 
     def test_combined_annotated_lookups_in_filter_false(self):
-        expression = Exact(F('year'), 1942) | GreaterThan(F('year'), 1942)
+        expression = Exact(F("year"), 1942) | GreaterThan(F("year"), 1942)
         qs = Season.objects.annotate(gte=expression).filter(gte=False)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.s2])
 
     def test_lookup_in_order_by(self):
-        qs = Season.objects.order_by(LessThan(F('year'), 1910), F('year'))
+        qs = Season.objects.order_by(LessThan(F("year"), 1910), F("year"))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.s1, self.s3, self.s2])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_boolean_expr_in_select_clause')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_boolean_expr_in_select_clause")
     def test_aggregate_combined_lookup(self):
-        expression = Cast(GreaterThan(F('year'), 1900), models.IntegerField())
+        expression = Cast(GreaterThan(F("year"), 1900), models.IntegerField())
         qs = Season.objects.aggregate(modern=models.Sum(expression))
-        self.assertEqual(qs['modern'], 2)
+        self.assertEqual(qs["modern"], 2)
 
     def test_conditional_expression(self):
-        qs = Season.objects.annotate(century=Case(
-            When(
-                GreaterThan(F('year'), 1900) & LessThanOrEqual(F('year'), 2000),
-                then=Value('20th'),
-            ),
-            default=Value('other'),
-        )).values('year', 'century')
-        self.assertCountEqual(qs, [
-            {'year': 1942, 'century': '20th'},
-            {'year': 1842, 'century': 'other'},
-            {'year': 2042, 'century': 'other'},
-        ])
+        qs = Season.objects.annotate(
+            century=Case(
+                When(
+                    GreaterThan(F("year"), 1900) & LessThanOrEqual(F("year"), 2000),
+                    then=Value("20th"),
+                ),
+                default=Value("other"),
+            )
+        ).values("year", "century")
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            qs,
+            [
+                {"year": 1942, "century": "20th"},
+                {"year": 1842, "century": "other"},
+                {"year": 2042, "century": "other"},
+            ],
+        )
diff --git a/tests/m2m_and_m2o/models.py b/tests/m2m_and_m2o/models.py
index 151f9987f8..6a5b0b29c9 100644
--- a/tests/m2m_and_m2o/models.py
+++ b/tests/m2m_and_m2o/models.py
@@ -12,15 +12,15 @@ class User(models.Model):
 
 class Issue(models.Model):
     num = models.IntegerField()
-    cc = models.ManyToManyField(User, blank=True, related_name='test_issue_cc')
-    client = models.ForeignKey(User, models.CASCADE, related_name='test_issue_client')
+    cc = models.ManyToManyField(User, blank=True, related_name="test_issue_cc")
+    client = models.ForeignKey(User, models.CASCADE, related_name="test_issue_client")
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('num',)
+        ordering = ("num",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return str(self.num)
 
 
 class StringReferenceModel(models.Model):
-    others = models.ManyToManyField('StringReferenceModel')
+    others = models.ManyToManyField("StringReferenceModel")
diff --git a/tests/m2m_and_m2o/tests.py b/tests/m2m_and_m2o/tests.py
index aa5daa9d1d..9864ef5b27 100644
--- a/tests/m2m_and_m2o/tests.py
+++ b/tests/m2m_and_m2o/tests.py
@@ -5,9 +5,8 @@ from .models import Issue, StringReferenceModel, User
 
 
 class RelatedObjectTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_related_objects_have_name_attribute(self):
-        for field_name in ('test_issue_client', 'test_issue_cc'):
+        for field_name in ("test_issue_client", "test_issue_cc"):
             obj = User._meta.get_field(field_name)
             self.assertEqual(field_name, obj.field.related_query_name())
 
@@ -30,54 +29,59 @@ class RelatedObjectTests(TestCase):
         i3.cc.add(r)
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Issue.objects.filter(client=r.id), [
+            Issue.objects.filter(client=r.id),
+            [
                 1,
                 2,
             ],
-            lambda i: i.num
+            lambda i: i.num,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Issue.objects.filter(client=g.id), [
+            Issue.objects.filter(client=g.id),
+            [
                 3,
             ],
-            lambda i: i.num
+            lambda i: i.num,
         )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Issue.objects.filter(cc__id__exact=g.id), [])
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Issue.objects.filter(cc__id__exact=g.id), []
-        )
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Issue.objects.filter(cc__id__exact=r.id), [
+            Issue.objects.filter(cc__id__exact=r.id),
+            [
                 2,
                 3,
             ],
-            lambda i: i.num
+            lambda i: i.num,
         )
 
         # These queries combine results from the m2m and the m2o relationships.
         # They're three ways of saying the same thing.
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Issue.objects.filter(Q(cc__id__exact=r.id) | Q(client=r.id)), [
+            Issue.objects.filter(Q(cc__id__exact=r.id) | Q(client=r.id)),
+            [
                 1,
                 2,
                 3,
             ],
-            lambda i: i.num
+            lambda i: i.num,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Issue.objects.filter(cc__id__exact=r.id) | Issue.objects.filter(client=r.id), [
+            Issue.objects.filter(cc__id__exact=r.id)
+            | Issue.objects.filter(client=r.id),
+            [
                 1,
                 2,
                 3,
             ],
-            lambda i: i.num
+            lambda i: i.num,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Issue.objects.filter(Q(client=r.id) | Q(cc__id__exact=r.id)), [
+            Issue.objects.filter(Q(client=r.id) | Q(cc__id__exact=r.id)),
+            [
                 1,
                 2,
                 3,
             ],
-            lambda i: i.num
+            lambda i: i.num,
         )
 
 
diff --git a/tests/m2m_intermediary/tests.py b/tests/m2m_intermediary/tests.py
index 84dd250801..ba0a336464 100644
--- a/tests/m2m_intermediary/tests.py
+++ b/tests/m2m_intermediary/tests.py
@@ -18,11 +18,12 @@ class M2MIntermediaryTests(TestCase):
         w2 = Writer.objects.create(reporter=r2, article=a, position="Contributor")
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            a.writer_set.select_related().order_by("-position"), [
+            a.writer_set.select_related().order_by("-position"),
+            [
                 ("John Smith", "Main writer"),
                 ("Jane Doe", "Contributor"),
             ],
-            lambda w: (str(w.reporter), w.position)
+            lambda w: (str(w.reporter), w.position),
         )
         self.assertEqual(w1.reporter, r1)
         self.assertEqual(w2.reporter, r2)
@@ -31,8 +32,7 @@ class M2MIntermediaryTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(w2.article, a)
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            r1.writer_set.all(), [
-                ("John Smith", "Main writer")
-            ],
-            lambda w: (str(w.reporter), w.position)
+            r1.writer_set.all(),
+            [("John Smith", "Main writer")],
+            lambda w: (str(w.reporter), w.position),
         )
diff --git a/tests/m2m_multiple/models.py b/tests/m2m_multiple/models.py
index 7a77044c2c..2146a89201 100644
--- a/tests/m2m_multiple/models.py
+++ b/tests/m2m_multiple/models.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class Category(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -23,11 +23,15 @@ class Category(models.Model):
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
-    primary_categories = models.ManyToManyField(Category, related_name='primary_article_set')
-    secondary_categories = models.ManyToManyField(Category, related_name='secondary_article_set')
+    primary_categories = models.ManyToManyField(
+        Category, related_name="primary_article_set"
+    )
+    secondary_categories = models.ManyToManyField(
+        Category, related_name="secondary_article_set"
+    )
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('pub_date',)
+        ordering = ("pub_date",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
diff --git a/tests/m2m_multiple/tests.py b/tests/m2m_multiple/tests.py
index 1fa2767764..75ff3ba681 100644
--- a/tests/m2m_multiple/tests.py
+++ b/tests/m2m_multiple/tests.py
@@ -25,60 +25,59 @@ class M2MMultipleTests(TestCase):
         a2.secondary_categories.add(c4)
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            a1.primary_categories.all(), [
+            a1.primary_categories.all(),
+            [
                 "Crime",
                 "News",
             ],
-            lambda c: c.name
+            lambda c: c.name,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            a2.primary_categories.all(), [
+            a2.primary_categories.all(),
+            [
                 "News",
                 "Sports",
             ],
-            lambda c: c.name
+            lambda c: c.name,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            a1.secondary_categories.all(), [
+            a1.secondary_categories.all(),
+            [
                 "Life",
             ],
-            lambda c: c.name
+            lambda c: c.name,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            c1.primary_article_set.all(), [
+            c1.primary_article_set.all(),
+            [
                 "Parrot runs",
             ],
-            lambda a: a.headline
+            lambda a: a.headline,
         )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(c1.secondary_article_set.all(), [])
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            c1.secondary_article_set.all(), []
-        )
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            c2.primary_article_set.all(), [
+            c2.primary_article_set.all(),
+            [
                 "Parrot steals",
                 "Parrot runs",
             ],
-            lambda a: a.headline
+            lambda a: a.headline,
         )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(c2.secondary_article_set.all(), [])
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            c2.secondary_article_set.all(), []
-        )
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            c3.primary_article_set.all(), [
+            c3.primary_article_set.all(),
+            [
                 "Parrot steals",
             ],
-            lambda a: a.headline
+            lambda a: a.headline,
         )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(c3.secondary_article_set.all(), [])
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(c4.primary_article_set.all(), [])
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            c3.secondary_article_set.all(), []
-        )
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            c4.primary_article_set.all(), []
-        )
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            c4.secondary_article_set.all(), [
+            c4.secondary_article_set.all(),
+            [
                 "Parrot steals",
                 "Parrot runs",
             ],
-            lambda a: a.headline
+            lambda a: a.headline,
         )
diff --git a/tests/m2m_recursive/models.py b/tests/m2m_recursive/models.py
index a9f47770d6..3bc6738abc 100644
--- a/tests/m2m_recursive/models.py
+++ b/tests/m2m_recursive/models.py
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ from django.db import models
 
 class Person(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
-    friends = models.ManyToManyField('self')
-    colleagues = models.ManyToManyField('self', symmetrical=True, through='Colleague')
-    idols = models.ManyToManyField('self', symmetrical=False, related_name='stalkers')
+    friends = models.ManyToManyField("self")
+    colleagues = models.ManyToManyField("self", symmetrical=True, through="Colleague")
+    idols = models.ManyToManyField("self", symmetrical=False, related_name="stalkers")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -31,5 +31,5 @@ class Person(models.Model):
 
 class Colleague(models.Model):
     first = models.ForeignKey(Person, models.CASCADE)
-    second = models.ForeignKey(Person, models.CASCADE, related_name='+')
+    second = models.ForeignKey(Person, models.CASCADE, related_name="+")
     first_meet = models.DateField()
diff --git a/tests/m2m_recursive/tests.py b/tests/m2m_recursive/tests.py
index d0799f07d2..d5ebb500c1 100644
--- a/tests/m2m_recursive/tests.py
+++ b/tests/m2m_recursive/tests.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class RecursiveM2MTests(TestCase):
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.a, cls.b, cls.c, cls.d = [
             Person.objects.create(name=name)
-            for name in ['Anne', 'Bill', 'Chuck', 'David']
+            for name in ["Anne", "Bill", "Chuck", "David"]
         ]
         cls.a.friends.add(cls.b, cls.c)
         # Add m2m for Anne and Chuck in reverse direction.
@@ -68,15 +68,23 @@ class RecursiveSymmetricalM2MThroughTests(TestCase):
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.a, cls.b, cls.c, cls.d = [
             Person.objects.create(name=name)
-            for name in ['Anne', 'Bill', 'Chuck', 'David']
+            for name in ["Anne", "Bill", "Chuck", "David"]
         ]
-        cls.a.colleagues.add(cls.b, cls.c, through_defaults={
-            'first_meet': datetime.date(2013, 1, 5),
-        })
+        cls.a.colleagues.add(
+            cls.b,
+            cls.c,
+            through_defaults={
+                "first_meet": datetime.date(2013, 1, 5),
+            },
+        )
         # Add m2m for Anne and Chuck in reverse direction.
-        cls.d.colleagues.add(cls.a, cls.c, through_defaults={
-            'first_meet': datetime.date(2015, 6, 15),
-        })
+        cls.d.colleagues.add(
+            cls.a,
+            cls.c,
+            through_defaults={
+                "first_meet": datetime.date(2015, 6, 15),
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_recursive_m2m_all(self):
         for person, colleagues in (
@@ -90,9 +98,12 @@ class RecursiveSymmetricalM2MThroughTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_recursive_m2m_reverse_add(self):
         # Add m2m for Anne in reverse direction.
-        self.b.colleagues.add(self.a, through_defaults={
-            'first_meet': datetime.date(2013, 1, 5),
-        })
+        self.b.colleagues.add(
+            self.a,
+            through_defaults={
+                "first_meet": datetime.date(2013, 1, 5),
+            },
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.a.colleagues.all(), [self.b, self.c, self.d])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.b.colleagues.all(), [self.a])
 
@@ -111,9 +122,12 @@ class RecursiveSymmetricalM2MThroughTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_recursive_m2m_set(self):
         # Set new relationships for Chuck.
-        self.c.colleagues.set([self.b, self.d], through_defaults={
-            'first_meet': datetime.date(2013, 1, 5),
-        })
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(self.c.colleagues.order_by('name'), [self.b, self.d])
+        self.c.colleagues.set(
+            [self.b, self.d],
+            through_defaults={
+                "first_meet": datetime.date(2013, 1, 5),
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(self.c.colleagues.order_by("name"), [self.b, self.d])
         # Reverse m2m relationships is removed.
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(self.a.colleagues.order_by('name'), [self.b, self.d])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(self.a.colleagues.order_by("name"), [self.b, self.d])
diff --git a/tests/m2m_regress/models.py b/tests/m2m_regress/models.py
index b5148a1714..0e6cec3b6a 100644
--- a/tests/m2m_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/m2m_regress/models.py
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ from django.db import models
 # explicitly reversible.
 class SelfRefer(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
-    references = models.ManyToManyField('self')
-    related = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+    references = models.ManyToManyField("self")
+    related = models.ManyToManyField("self")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class Tag(models.Model):
 
 # Regression for #11956 -- a many to many to the base class
 class TagCollection(Tag):
-    tags = models.ManyToManyField(Tag, related_name='tag_collections')
+    tags = models.ManyToManyField(Tag, related_name="tag_collections")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -77,18 +77,19 @@ class BadModelWithSplit(models.Model):
         abstract = True
 
     def split(self):
-        raise RuntimeError('split should not be called')
+        raise RuntimeError("split should not be called")
 
 
 class RegressionModelSplit(BadModelWithSplit):
     """
     Model with a split method should not cause an error in add_lazy_relation
     """
-    others = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+
+    others = models.ManyToManyField("self")
 
 
 # Regression for #24505 -- Two ManyToManyFields with the same "to" model
 # and related_name set to '+'.
 class Post(models.Model):
-    primary_lines = models.ManyToManyField(Line, related_name='+')
-    secondary_lines = models.ManyToManyField(Line, related_name='+')
+    primary_lines = models.ManyToManyField(Line, related_name="+")
+    secondary_lines = models.ManyToManyField(Line, related_name="+")
diff --git a/tests/m2m_regress/tests.py b/tests/m2m_regress/tests.py
index 0240893fdd..02d293f160 100644
--- a/tests/m2m_regress/tests.py
+++ b/tests/m2m_regress/tests.py
@@ -2,8 +2,16 @@ from django.core.exceptions import FieldError
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 from .models import (
-    Entry, Line, Post, RegressionModelSplit, SelfRefer, SelfReferChild,
-    SelfReferChildSibling, Tag, TagCollection, Worksheet,
+    Entry,
+    Line,
+    Post,
+    RegressionModelSplit,
+    SelfRefer,
+    SelfReferChild,
+    SelfReferChildSibling,
+    Tag,
+    TagCollection,
+    Worksheet,
 )
 
 
@@ -12,15 +20,15 @@ class M2MRegressionTests(TestCase):
         # Multiple m2m references to model must be distinguished when
         # accessing the relations through an instance attribute.
 
-        s1 = SelfRefer.objects.create(name='s1')
-        s2 = SelfRefer.objects.create(name='s2')
-        s3 = SelfRefer.objects.create(name='s3')
+        s1 = SelfRefer.objects.create(name="s1")
+        s2 = SelfRefer.objects.create(name="s2")
+        s3 = SelfRefer.objects.create(name="s3")
         s1.references.add(s2)
         s1.related.add(s3)
 
-        e1 = Entry.objects.create(name='e1')
-        t1 = Tag.objects.create(name='t1')
-        t2 = Tag.objects.create(name='t2')
+        e1 = Entry.objects.create(name="e1")
+        t1 = Tag.objects.create(name="t1")
+        t2 = Tag.objects.create(name="t2")
 
         e1.topics.add(t1)
         e1.related.add(t2)
@@ -32,8 +40,8 @@ class M2MRegressionTests(TestCase):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(e1.related.all(), [t2])
 
     def test_m2m_managers_reused(self):
-        s1 = SelfRefer.objects.create(name='s1')
-        e1 = Entry.objects.create(name='e1')
+        s1 = SelfRefer.objects.create(name="s1")
+        e1 = Entry.objects.create(name="e1")
         self.assertIs(s1.references, s1.references)
         self.assertIs(s1.related, s1.related)
         self.assertIs(e1.topics, e1.topics)
@@ -46,7 +54,7 @@ class M2MRegressionTests(TestCase):
             FieldError,
             "Choices are: id, name, references, related, selfreferchild, selfreferchildsibling",
         ):
-            SelfRefer.objects.filter(porcupine='fred')
+            SelfRefer.objects.filter(porcupine="fred")
 
     def test_m2m_inheritance_symmetry(self):
         # Test to ensure that the relationship between two inherited models
@@ -66,7 +74,7 @@ class M2MRegressionTests(TestCase):
         # Regression for #11311 - The primary key for models in a m2m relation
         # doesn't have to be an AutoField
 
-        w = Worksheet(id='abc')
+        w = Worksheet(id="abc")
         w.save()
         w.delete()
 
@@ -74,12 +82,12 @@ class M2MRegressionTests(TestCase):
         # Regression for #11956 -- You can add an object to a m2m with the
         # base class without causing integrity errors
 
-        t1 = Tag.objects.create(name='t1')
-        t2 = Tag.objects.create(name='t2')
+        t1 = Tag.objects.create(name="t1")
+        t2 = Tag.objects.create(name="t2")
 
-        c1 = TagCollection.objects.create(name='c1')
+        c1 = TagCollection.objects.create(name="c1")
         c1.tags.set([t1, t2])
-        c1 = TagCollection.objects.get(name='c1')
+        c1 = TagCollection.objects.get(name="c1")
 
         self.assertCountEqual(c1.tags.all(), [t1, t2])
         self.assertCountEqual(t1.tag_collections.all(), [c1])
@@ -101,26 +109,26 @@ class M2MRegressionTests(TestCase):
     def test_m2m_abstract_split(self):
         # Regression for #19236 - an abstract class with a 'split' method
         # causes a TypeError in add_lazy_relation
-        m1 = RegressionModelSplit(name='1')
+        m1 = RegressionModelSplit(name="1")
         m1.save()
 
     def test_assigning_invalid_data_to_m2m_doesnt_clear_existing_relations(self):
-        t1 = Tag.objects.create(name='t1')
-        t2 = Tag.objects.create(name='t2')
-        c1 = TagCollection.objects.create(name='c1')
+        t1 = Tag.objects.create(name="t1")
+        t2 = Tag.objects.create(name="t2")
+        c1 = TagCollection.objects.create(name="c1")
         c1.tags.set([t1, t2])
 
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, "'int' object is not iterable"):
             c1.tags.set(7)
 
         c1.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(c1.tags.order_by('name'), [t1, t2])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(c1.tags.order_by("name"), [t1, t2])
 
     def test_multiple_forwards_only_m2m(self):
         # Regression for #24505 - Multiple ManyToManyFields to same "to"
         # model with related_name set to '+'.
-        foo = Line.objects.create(name='foo')
-        bar = Line.objects.create(name='bar')
+        foo = Line.objects.create(name="foo")
+        bar = Line.objects.create(name="bar")
         post = Post.objects.create()
         post.primary_lines.add(foo)
         post.secondary_lines.add(bar)
diff --git a/tests/m2m_signals/models.py b/tests/m2m_signals/models.py
index 69809fe2d0..17bdae2ae2 100644
--- a/tests/m2m_signals/models.py
+++ b/tests/m2m_signals/models.py
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@ class Part(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
 
 class Car(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     default_parts = models.ManyToManyField(Part)
-    optional_parts = models.ManyToManyField(Part, related_name='cars_optional')
+    optional_parts = models.ManyToManyField(Part, related_name="cars_optional")
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
 
 class SportsCar(Car):
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ class SportsCar(Car):
 
 class Person(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
-    fans = models.ManyToManyField('self', related_name='idols', symmetrical=False)
-    friends = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+    fans = models.ManyToManyField("self", related_name="idols", symmetrical=False)
+    friends = models.ManyToManyField("self")
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
diff --git a/tests/m2m_signals/tests.py b/tests/m2m_signals/tests.py
index aafbd8d018..488c0a6fbe 100644
--- a/tests/m2m_signals/tests.py
+++ b/tests/m2m_signals/tests.py
@@ -11,34 +11,34 @@ from .models import Car, Part, Person, SportsCar
 class ManyToManySignalsTest(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.vw = Car.objects.create(name='VW')
-        cls.bmw = Car.objects.create(name='BMW')
-        cls.toyota = Car.objects.create(name='Toyota')
+        cls.vw = Car.objects.create(name="VW")
+        cls.bmw = Car.objects.create(name="BMW")
+        cls.toyota = Car.objects.create(name="Toyota")
 
-        cls.wheelset = Part.objects.create(name='Wheelset')
-        cls.doors = Part.objects.create(name='Doors')
-        cls.engine = Part.objects.create(name='Engine')
-        cls.airbag = Part.objects.create(name='Airbag')
-        cls.sunroof = Part.objects.create(name='Sunroof')
+        cls.wheelset = Part.objects.create(name="Wheelset")
+        cls.doors = Part.objects.create(name="Doors")
+        cls.engine = Part.objects.create(name="Engine")
+        cls.airbag = Part.objects.create(name="Airbag")
+        cls.sunroof = Part.objects.create(name="Sunroof")
 
-        cls.alice = Person.objects.create(name='Alice')
-        cls.bob = Person.objects.create(name='Bob')
-        cls.chuck = Person.objects.create(name='Chuck')
-        cls.daisy = Person.objects.create(name='Daisy')
+        cls.alice = Person.objects.create(name="Alice")
+        cls.bob = Person.objects.create(name="Bob")
+        cls.chuck = Person.objects.create(name="Chuck")
+        cls.daisy = Person.objects.create(name="Daisy")
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.m2m_changed_messages = []
 
     def m2m_changed_signal_receiver(self, signal, sender, **kwargs):
         message = {
-            'instance': kwargs['instance'],
-            'action': kwargs['action'],
-            'reverse': kwargs['reverse'],
-            'model': kwargs['model'],
+            "instance": kwargs["instance"],
+            "action": kwargs["action"],
+            "reverse": kwargs["reverse"],
+            "model": kwargs["model"],
         }
-        if kwargs['pk_set']:
-            message['objects'] = list(
-                kwargs['model'].objects.filter(pk__in=kwargs['pk_set'])
+        if kwargs["pk_set"]:
+            message["objects"] = list(
+                kwargs["model"].objects.filter(pk__in=kwargs["pk_set"])
             )
         self.m2m_changed_messages.append(message)
 
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class ManyToManySignalsTest(TestCase):
         )
 
     def _initialize_signal_car(self, add_default_parts_before_set_signal=False):
-        """ Install a listener on the two m2m relations. """
+        """Install a listener on the two m2m relations."""
         models.signals.m2m_changed.connect(
             self.m2m_changed_signal_receiver, Car.optional_parts.through
         )
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ class ManyToManySignalsTest(TestCase):
         pk_sets_sent = []
 
         def handler(signal, sender, **kwargs):
-            if kwargs['action'] in ['pre_add', 'pre_remove']:
-                pk_sets_sent.append(kwargs['pk_set'])
+            if kwargs["action"] in ["pre_add", "pre_remove"]:
+                pk_sets_sent.append(kwargs["pk_set"])
 
         models.signals.m2m_changed.connect(handler, Car.default_parts.through)
 
@@ -92,7 +92,12 @@ class ManyToManySignalsTest(TestCase):
         self.vw.default_parts.remove(self.wheelset)
         self.vw.default_parts.remove(self.wheelset)
 
-        expected_pk_sets = [{self.wheelset.pk}, set(), {self.wheelset.pk}, {self.wheelset.pk}]
+        expected_pk_sets = [
+            {self.wheelset.pk},
+            set(),
+            {self.wheelset.pk},
+            {self.wheelset.pk},
+        ]
         self.assertEqual(pk_sets_sent, expected_pk_sets)
 
         models.signals.m2m_changed.disconnect(handler, Car.default_parts.through)
@@ -103,38 +108,46 @@ class ManyToManySignalsTest(TestCase):
         self._initialize_signal_car(add_default_parts_before_set_signal=True)
 
         self.vw.default_parts.add(self.wheelset, self.doors, self.engine)
-        expected_messages.append({
-            'instance': self.vw,
-            'action': 'pre_add',
-            'reverse': False,
-            'model': Part,
-            'objects': [self.doors, self.engine, self.wheelset],
-        })
-        expected_messages.append({
-            'instance': self.vw,
-            'action': 'post_add',
-            'reverse': False,
-            'model': Part,
-            'objects': [self.doors, self.engine, self.wheelset],
-        })
+        expected_messages.append(
+            {
+                "instance": self.vw,
+                "action": "pre_add",
+                "reverse": False,
+                "model": Part,
+                "objects": [self.doors, self.engine, self.wheelset],
+            }
+        )
+        expected_messages.append(
+            {
+                "instance": self.vw,
+                "action": "post_add",
+                "reverse": False,
+                "model": Part,
+                "objects": [self.doors, self.engine, self.wheelset],
+            }
+        )
         self.assertEqual(self.m2m_changed_messages, expected_messages)
 
         # give the BMW and Toyota some doors as well
         self.doors.car_set.add(self.bmw, self.toyota)
-        expected_messages.append({
-            'instance': self.doors,
-            'action': 'pre_add',
-            'reverse': True,
-            'model': Car,
-            'objects': [self.bmw, self.toyota],
-        })
-        expected_messages.append({
-            'instance': self.doors,
-            'action': 'post_add',
-            'reverse': True,
-            'model': Car,
-            'objects': [self.bmw, self.toyota],
-        })
+        expected_messages.append(
+            {
+                "instance": self.doors,
+                "action": "pre_add",
+                "reverse": True,
+                "model": Car,
+                "objects": [self.bmw, self.toyota],
+            }
+        )
+        expected_messages.append(
+            {
+                "instance": self.doors,
+                "action": "post_add",
+                "reverse": True,
+                "model": Car,
+                "objects": [self.bmw, self.toyota],
+            }
+        )
         self.assertEqual(self.m2m_changed_messages, expected_messages)
 
     def test_m2m_relations_signals_remove_relation(self):
@@ -142,21 +155,25 @@ class ManyToManySignalsTest(TestCase):
         # remove the engine from the self.vw and the airbag (which is not set
         # but is returned)
         self.vw.default_parts.remove(self.engine, self.airbag)
-        self.assertEqual(self.m2m_changed_messages, [
-            {
-                'instance': self.vw,
-                'action': 'pre_remove',
-                'reverse': False,
-                'model': Part,
-                'objects': [self.airbag, self.engine],
-            }, {
-                'instance': self.vw,
-                'action': 'post_remove',
-                'reverse': False,
-                'model': Part,
-                'objects': [self.airbag, self.engine],
-            }
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.m2m_changed_messages,
+            [
+                {
+                    "instance": self.vw,
+                    "action": "pre_remove",
+                    "reverse": False,
+                    "model": Part,
+                    "objects": [self.airbag, self.engine],
+                },
+                {
+                    "instance": self.vw,
+                    "action": "post_remove",
+                    "reverse": False,
+                    "model": Part,
+                    "objects": [self.airbag, self.engine],
+                },
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_m2m_relations_signals_give_the_self_vw_some_optional_parts(self):
         expected_messages = []
@@ -165,38 +182,46 @@ class ManyToManySignalsTest(TestCase):
 
         # give the self.vw some optional parts (second relation to same model)
         self.vw.optional_parts.add(self.airbag, self.sunroof)
-        expected_messages.append({
-            'instance': self.vw,
-            'action': 'pre_add',
-            'reverse': False,
-            'model': Part,
-            'objects': [self.airbag, self.sunroof],
-        })
-        expected_messages.append({
-            'instance': self.vw,
-            'action': 'post_add',
-            'reverse': False,
-            'model': Part,
-            'objects': [self.airbag, self.sunroof],
-        })
+        expected_messages.append(
+            {
+                "instance": self.vw,
+                "action": "pre_add",
+                "reverse": False,
+                "model": Part,
+                "objects": [self.airbag, self.sunroof],
+            }
+        )
+        expected_messages.append(
+            {
+                "instance": self.vw,
+                "action": "post_add",
+                "reverse": False,
+                "model": Part,
+                "objects": [self.airbag, self.sunroof],
+            }
+        )
         self.assertEqual(self.m2m_changed_messages, expected_messages)
 
         # add airbag to all the cars (even though the self.vw already has one)
         self.airbag.cars_optional.add(self.vw, self.bmw, self.toyota)
-        expected_messages.append({
-            'instance': self.airbag,
-            'action': 'pre_add',
-            'reverse': True,
-            'model': Car,
-            'objects': [self.bmw, self.toyota],
-        })
-        expected_messages.append({
-            'instance': self.airbag,
-            'action': 'post_add',
-            'reverse': True,
-            'model': Car,
-            'objects': [self.bmw, self.toyota],
-        })
+        expected_messages.append(
+            {
+                "instance": self.airbag,
+                "action": "pre_add",
+                "reverse": True,
+                "model": Car,
+                "objects": [self.bmw, self.toyota],
+            }
+        )
+        expected_messages.append(
+            {
+                "instance": self.airbag,
+                "action": "post_add",
+                "reverse": True,
+                "model": Car,
+                "objects": [self.bmw, self.toyota],
+            }
+        )
         self.assertEqual(self.m2m_changed_messages, expected_messages)
 
     def test_m2m_relations_signals_reverse_relation_with_custom_related_name(self):
@@ -204,76 +229,92 @@ class ManyToManySignalsTest(TestCase):
         # remove airbag from the self.vw (reverse relation with custom
         # related_name)
         self.airbag.cars_optional.remove(self.vw)
-        self.assertEqual(self.m2m_changed_messages, [
-            {
-                'instance': self.airbag,
-                'action': 'pre_remove',
-                'reverse': True,
-                'model': Car,
-                'objects': [self.vw],
-            }, {
-                'instance': self.airbag,
-                'action': 'post_remove',
-                'reverse': True,
-                'model': Car,
-                'objects': [self.vw],
-            }
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.m2m_changed_messages,
+            [
+                {
+                    "instance": self.airbag,
+                    "action": "pre_remove",
+                    "reverse": True,
+                    "model": Car,
+                    "objects": [self.vw],
+                },
+                {
+                    "instance": self.airbag,
+                    "action": "post_remove",
+                    "reverse": True,
+                    "model": Car,
+                    "objects": [self.vw],
+                },
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_m2m_relations_signals_clear_all_parts_of_the_self_vw(self):
         self._initialize_signal_car()
         # clear all parts of the self.vw
         self.vw.default_parts.clear()
-        self.assertEqual(self.m2m_changed_messages, [
-            {
-                'instance': self.vw,
-                'action': 'pre_clear',
-                'reverse': False,
-                'model': Part,
-            }, {
-                'instance': self.vw,
-                'action': 'post_clear',
-                'reverse': False,
-                'model': Part,
-            }
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.m2m_changed_messages,
+            [
+                {
+                    "instance": self.vw,
+                    "action": "pre_clear",
+                    "reverse": False,
+                    "model": Part,
+                },
+                {
+                    "instance": self.vw,
+                    "action": "post_clear",
+                    "reverse": False,
+                    "model": Part,
+                },
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_m2m_relations_signals_all_the_doors_off_of_cars(self):
         self._initialize_signal_car()
         # take all the doors off of cars
         self.doors.car_set.clear()
-        self.assertEqual(self.m2m_changed_messages, [
-            {
-                'instance': self.doors,
-                'action': 'pre_clear',
-                'reverse': True,
-                'model': Car,
-            }, {
-                'instance': self.doors,
-                'action': 'post_clear',
-                'reverse': True,
-                'model': Car,
-            }
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.m2m_changed_messages,
+            [
+                {
+                    "instance": self.doors,
+                    "action": "pre_clear",
+                    "reverse": True,
+                    "model": Car,
+                },
+                {
+                    "instance": self.doors,
+                    "action": "post_clear",
+                    "reverse": True,
+                    "model": Car,
+                },
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_m2m_relations_signals_reverse_relation(self):
         self._initialize_signal_car()
         # take all the airbags off of cars (clear reverse relation with custom
         # related_name)
         self.airbag.cars_optional.clear()
-        self.assertEqual(self.m2m_changed_messages, [
-            {
-                'instance': self.airbag,
-                'action': 'pre_clear',
-                'reverse': True,
-                'model': Car,
-            }, {
-                'instance': self.airbag,
-                'action': 'post_clear',
-                'reverse': True,
-                'model': Car,
-            }
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.m2m_changed_messages,
+            [
+                {
+                    "instance": self.airbag,
+                    "action": "pre_clear",
+                    "reverse": True,
+                    "model": Car,
+                },
+                {
+                    "instance": self.airbag,
+                    "action": "post_clear",
+                    "reverse": True,
+                    "model": Car,
+                },
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_m2m_relations_signals_alternative_ways(self):
         expected_messages = []
@@ -281,54 +322,66 @@ class ManyToManySignalsTest(TestCase):
         self._initialize_signal_car()
 
         # alternative ways of setting relation:
-        self.vw.default_parts.create(name='Windows')
-        p6 = Part.objects.get(name='Windows')
-        expected_messages.append({
-            'instance': self.vw,
-            'action': 'pre_add',
-            'reverse': False,
-            'model': Part,
-            'objects': [p6],
-        })
-        expected_messages.append({
-            'instance': self.vw,
-            'action': 'post_add',
-            'reverse': False,
-            'model': Part,
-            'objects': [p6],
-        })
+        self.vw.default_parts.create(name="Windows")
+        p6 = Part.objects.get(name="Windows")
+        expected_messages.append(
+            {
+                "instance": self.vw,
+                "action": "pre_add",
+                "reverse": False,
+                "model": Part,
+                "objects": [p6],
+            }
+        )
+        expected_messages.append(
+            {
+                "instance": self.vw,
+                "action": "post_add",
+                "reverse": False,
+                "model": Part,
+                "objects": [p6],
+            }
+        )
         self.assertEqual(self.m2m_changed_messages, expected_messages)
 
         # direct assignment clears the set first, then adds
         self.vw.default_parts.set([self.wheelset, self.doors, self.engine])
-        expected_messages.append({
-            'instance': self.vw,
-            'action': 'pre_remove',
-            'reverse': False,
-            'model': Part,
-            'objects': [p6],
-        })
-        expected_messages.append({
-            'instance': self.vw,
-            'action': 'post_remove',
-            'reverse': False,
-            'model': Part,
-            'objects': [p6],
-        })
-        expected_messages.append({
-            'instance': self.vw,
-            'action': 'pre_add',
-            'reverse': False,
-            'model': Part,
-            'objects': [self.doors, self.engine, self.wheelset],
-        })
-        expected_messages.append({
-            'instance': self.vw,
-            'action': 'post_add',
-            'reverse': False,
-            'model': Part,
-            'objects': [self.doors, self.engine, self.wheelset],
-        })
+        expected_messages.append(
+            {
+                "instance": self.vw,
+                "action": "pre_remove",
+                "reverse": False,
+                "model": Part,
+                "objects": [p6],
+            }
+        )
+        expected_messages.append(
+            {
+                "instance": self.vw,
+                "action": "post_remove",
+                "reverse": False,
+                "model": Part,
+                "objects": [p6],
+            }
+        )
+        expected_messages.append(
+            {
+                "instance": self.vw,
+                "action": "pre_add",
+                "reverse": False,
+                "model": Part,
+                "objects": [self.doors, self.engine, self.wheelset],
+            }
+        )
+        expected_messages.append(
+            {
+                "instance": self.vw,
+                "action": "post_add",
+                "reverse": False,
+                "model": Part,
+                "objects": [self.doors, self.engine, self.wheelset],
+            }
+        )
         self.assertEqual(self.m2m_changed_messages, expected_messages)
 
     def test_m2m_relations_signals_clearing_removing(self):
@@ -338,50 +391,62 @@ class ManyToManySignalsTest(TestCase):
 
         # set by clearing.
         self.vw.default_parts.set([self.wheelset, self.doors, self.engine], clear=True)
-        expected_messages.append({
-            'instance': self.vw,
-            'action': 'pre_clear',
-            'reverse': False,
-            'model': Part,
-        })
-        expected_messages.append({
-            'instance': self.vw,
-            'action': 'post_clear',
-            'reverse': False,
-            'model': Part,
-        })
-        expected_messages.append({
-            'instance': self.vw,
-            'action': 'pre_add',
-            'reverse': False,
-            'model': Part,
-            'objects': [self.doors, self.engine, self.wheelset],
-        })
-        expected_messages.append({
-            'instance': self.vw,
-            'action': 'post_add',
-            'reverse': False,
-            'model': Part,
-            'objects': [self.doors, self.engine, self.wheelset],
-        })
+        expected_messages.append(
+            {
+                "instance": self.vw,
+                "action": "pre_clear",
+                "reverse": False,
+                "model": Part,
+            }
+        )
+        expected_messages.append(
+            {
+                "instance": self.vw,
+                "action": "post_clear",
+                "reverse": False,
+                "model": Part,
+            }
+        )
+        expected_messages.append(
+            {
+                "instance": self.vw,
+                "action": "pre_add",
+                "reverse": False,
+                "model": Part,
+                "objects": [self.doors, self.engine, self.wheelset],
+            }
+        )
+        expected_messages.append(
+            {
+                "instance": self.vw,
+                "action": "post_add",
+                "reverse": False,
+                "model": Part,
+                "objects": [self.doors, self.engine, self.wheelset],
+            }
+        )
         self.assertEqual(self.m2m_changed_messages, expected_messages)
 
         # set by only removing what's necessary.
         self.vw.default_parts.set([self.wheelset, self.doors], clear=False)
-        expected_messages.append({
-            'instance': self.vw,
-            'action': 'pre_remove',
-            'reverse': False,
-            'model': Part,
-            'objects': [self.engine],
-        })
-        expected_messages.append({
-            'instance': self.vw,
-            'action': 'post_remove',
-            'reverse': False,
-            'model': Part,
-            'objects': [self.engine],
-        })
+        expected_messages.append(
+            {
+                "instance": self.vw,
+                "action": "pre_remove",
+                "reverse": False,
+                "model": Part,
+                "objects": [self.engine],
+            }
+        )
+        expected_messages.append(
+            {
+                "instance": self.vw,
+                "action": "post_remove",
+                "reverse": False,
+                "model": Part,
+                "objects": [self.engine],
+            }
+        )
         self.assertEqual(self.m2m_changed_messages, expected_messages)
 
     def test_m2m_relations_signals_when_inheritance(self):
@@ -390,40 +455,48 @@ class ManyToManySignalsTest(TestCase):
         self._initialize_signal_car(add_default_parts_before_set_signal=True)
 
         # Signals still work when model inheritance is involved
-        c4 = SportsCar.objects.create(name='Bugatti', price='1000000')
-        c4b = Car.objects.get(name='Bugatti')
+        c4 = SportsCar.objects.create(name="Bugatti", price="1000000")
+        c4b = Car.objects.get(name="Bugatti")
         c4.default_parts.set([self.doors])
-        expected_messages.append({
-            'instance': c4,
-            'action': 'pre_add',
-            'reverse': False,
-            'model': Part,
-            'objects': [self.doors],
-        })
-        expected_messages.append({
-            'instance': c4,
-            'action': 'post_add',
-            'reverse': False,
-            'model': Part,
-            'objects': [self.doors],
-        })
+        expected_messages.append(
+            {
+                "instance": c4,
+                "action": "pre_add",
+                "reverse": False,
+                "model": Part,
+                "objects": [self.doors],
+            }
+        )
+        expected_messages.append(
+            {
+                "instance": c4,
+                "action": "post_add",
+                "reverse": False,
+                "model": Part,
+                "objects": [self.doors],
+            }
+        )
         self.assertEqual(self.m2m_changed_messages, expected_messages)
 
         self.engine.car_set.add(c4)
-        expected_messages.append({
-            'instance': self.engine,
-            'action': 'pre_add',
-            'reverse': True,
-            'model': Car,
-            'objects': [c4b],
-        })
-        expected_messages.append({
-            'instance': self.engine,
-            'action': 'post_add',
-            'reverse': True,
-            'model': Car,
-            'objects': [c4b],
-        })
+        expected_messages.append(
+            {
+                "instance": self.engine,
+                "action": "pre_add",
+                "reverse": True,
+                "model": Car,
+                "objects": [c4b],
+            }
+        )
+        expected_messages.append(
+            {
+                "instance": self.engine,
+                "action": "post_add",
+                "reverse": True,
+                "model": Car,
+                "objects": [c4b],
+            }
+        )
         self.assertEqual(self.m2m_changed_messages, expected_messages)
 
     def _initialize_signal_person(self):
@@ -438,56 +511,68 @@ class ManyToManySignalsTest(TestCase):
     def test_m2m_relations_with_self_add_friends(self):
         self._initialize_signal_person()
         self.alice.friends.set([self.bob, self.chuck])
-        self.assertEqual(self.m2m_changed_messages, [
-            {
-                'instance': self.alice,
-                'action': 'pre_add',
-                'reverse': False,
-                'model': Person,
-                'objects': [self.bob, self.chuck],
-            }, {
-                'instance': self.alice,
-                'action': 'post_add',
-                'reverse': False,
-                'model': Person,
-                'objects': [self.bob, self.chuck],
-            }
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.m2m_changed_messages,
+            [
+                {
+                    "instance": self.alice,
+                    "action": "pre_add",
+                    "reverse": False,
+                    "model": Person,
+                    "objects": [self.bob, self.chuck],
+                },
+                {
+                    "instance": self.alice,
+                    "action": "post_add",
+                    "reverse": False,
+                    "model": Person,
+                    "objects": [self.bob, self.chuck],
+                },
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_m2m_relations_with_self_add_fan(self):
         self._initialize_signal_person()
         self.alice.fans.set([self.daisy])
-        self.assertEqual(self.m2m_changed_messages, [
-            {
-                'instance': self.alice,
-                'action': 'pre_add',
-                'reverse': False,
-                'model': Person,
-                'objects': [self.daisy],
-            }, {
-                'instance': self.alice,
-                'action': 'post_add',
-                'reverse': False,
-                'model': Person,
-                'objects': [self.daisy],
-            }
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.m2m_changed_messages,
+            [
+                {
+                    "instance": self.alice,
+                    "action": "pre_add",
+                    "reverse": False,
+                    "model": Person,
+                    "objects": [self.daisy],
+                },
+                {
+                    "instance": self.alice,
+                    "action": "post_add",
+                    "reverse": False,
+                    "model": Person,
+                    "objects": [self.daisy],
+                },
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_m2m_relations_with_self_add_idols(self):
         self._initialize_signal_person()
         self.chuck.idols.set([self.alice, self.bob])
-        self.assertEqual(self.m2m_changed_messages, [
-            {
-                'instance': self.chuck,
-                'action': 'pre_add',
-                'reverse': True,
-                'model': Person,
-                'objects': [self.alice, self.bob],
-            }, {
-                'instance': self.chuck,
-                'action': 'post_add',
-                'reverse': True,
-                'model': Person,
-                'objects': [self.alice, self.bob],
-            }
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.m2m_changed_messages,
+            [
+                {
+                    "instance": self.chuck,
+                    "action": "pre_add",
+                    "reverse": True,
+                    "model": Person,
+                    "objects": [self.alice, self.bob],
+                },
+                {
+                    "instance": self.chuck,
+                    "action": "post_add",
+                    "reverse": True,
+                    "model": Person,
+                    "objects": [self.alice, self.bob],
+                },
+            ],
+        )
diff --git a/tests/m2m_through/models.py b/tests/m2m_through/models.py
index b7d674d142..47a0b75f4b 100644
--- a/tests/m2m_through/models.py
+++ b/tests/m2m_through/models.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ class Person(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
 
 class PersonChild(Person):
@@ -17,16 +17,18 @@ class PersonChild(Person):
 
 class Group(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
-    members = models.ManyToManyField(Person, through='Membership')
-    custom_members = models.ManyToManyField(Person, through='CustomMembership', related_name="custom")
+    members = models.ManyToManyField(Person, through="Membership")
+    custom_members = models.ManyToManyField(
+        Person, through="CustomMembership", related_name="custom"
+    )
     nodefaultsnonulls = models.ManyToManyField(
         Person,
-        through='TestNoDefaultsOrNulls',
+        through="TestNoDefaultsOrNulls",
         related_name="testnodefaultsnonulls",
     )
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
 
 class Membership(models.Model):
@@ -36,7 +38,7 @@ class Membership(models.Model):
     invite_reason = models.CharField(max_length=64, null=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('date_joined', 'invite_reason', 'group')
+        ordering = ("date_joined", "invite_reason", "group")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return "%s is a member of %s" % (self.person.name, self.group.name)
@@ -69,19 +71,25 @@ class TestNoDefaultsOrNulls(models.Model):
 
 class PersonSelfRefM2M(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=5)
-    friends = models.ManyToManyField('self', through="Friendship", symmetrical=False)
-    sym_friends = models.ManyToManyField('self', through='SymmetricalFriendship', symmetrical=True)
+    friends = models.ManyToManyField("self", through="Friendship", symmetrical=False)
+    sym_friends = models.ManyToManyField(
+        "self", through="SymmetricalFriendship", symmetrical=True
+    )
 
 
 class Friendship(models.Model):
-    first = models.ForeignKey(PersonSelfRefM2M, models.CASCADE, related_name="rel_from_set")
-    second = models.ForeignKey(PersonSelfRefM2M, models.CASCADE, related_name="rel_to_set")
+    first = models.ForeignKey(
+        PersonSelfRefM2M, models.CASCADE, related_name="rel_from_set"
+    )
+    second = models.ForeignKey(
+        PersonSelfRefM2M, models.CASCADE, related_name="rel_to_set"
+    )
     date_friended = models.DateTimeField()
 
 
 class SymmetricalFriendship(models.Model):
     first = models.ForeignKey(PersonSelfRefM2M, models.CASCADE)
-    second = models.ForeignKey(PersonSelfRefM2M, models.CASCADE, related_name='+')
+    second = models.ForeignKey(PersonSelfRefM2M, models.CASCADE, related_name="+")
     date_friended = models.DateField()
 
 
@@ -90,35 +98,37 @@ class Event(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     invitees = models.ManyToManyField(
         to=Person,
-        through='Invitation',
-        through_fields=['event', 'invitee'],
-        related_name='events_invited',
+        through="Invitation",
+        through_fields=["event", "invitee"],
+        related_name="events_invited",
     )
 
 
 class Invitation(models.Model):
-    event = models.ForeignKey(Event, models.CASCADE, related_name='invitations')
+    event = models.ForeignKey(Event, models.CASCADE, related_name="invitations")
     # field order is deliberately inverted. the target field is "invitee".
-    inviter = models.ForeignKey(Person, models.CASCADE, related_name='invitations_sent')
-    invitee = models.ForeignKey(Person, models.CASCADE, related_name='invitations')
+    inviter = models.ForeignKey(Person, models.CASCADE, related_name="invitations_sent")
+    invitee = models.ForeignKey(Person, models.CASCADE, related_name="invitations")
 
 
 class Employee(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=5)
     subordinates = models.ManyToManyField(
-        'self',
+        "self",
         through="Relationship",
-        through_fields=('source', 'target'),
+        through_fields=("source", "target"),
         symmetrical=False,
     )
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('pk',)
+        ordering = ("pk",)
 
 
 class Relationship(models.Model):
     # field order is deliberately inverted.
-    another = models.ForeignKey(Employee, models.SET_NULL, related_name="rel_another_set", null=True)
+    another = models.ForeignKey(
+        Employee, models.SET_NULL, related_name="rel_another_set", null=True
+    )
     target = models.ForeignKey(Employee, models.CASCADE, related_name="rel_target_set")
     source = models.ForeignKey(Employee, models.CASCADE, related_name="rel_source_set")
 
@@ -127,19 +137,21 @@ class Ingredient(models.Model):
     iname = models.CharField(max_length=20, unique=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('iname',)
+        ordering = ("iname",)
 
 
 class Recipe(models.Model):
     rname = models.CharField(max_length=20, unique=True)
     ingredients = models.ManyToManyField(
-        Ingredient, through='RecipeIngredient', related_name='recipes',
+        Ingredient,
+        through="RecipeIngredient",
+        related_name="recipes",
     )
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('rname',)
+        ordering = ("rname",)
 
 
 class RecipeIngredient(models.Model):
-    ingredient = models.ForeignKey(Ingredient, models.CASCADE, to_field='iname')
-    recipe = models.ForeignKey(Recipe, models.CASCADE, to_field='rname')
+    ingredient = models.ForeignKey(Ingredient, models.CASCADE, to_field="iname")
+    recipe = models.ForeignKey(Recipe, models.CASCADE, to_field="rname")
diff --git a/tests/m2m_through/tests.py b/tests/m2m_through/tests.py
index 36644c3b59..fd84190e57 100644
--- a/tests/m2m_through/tests.py
+++ b/tests/m2m_through/tests.py
@@ -5,48 +5,53 @@ from django.db import IntegrityError
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 from .models import (
-    CustomMembership, Employee, Event, Friendship, Group, Ingredient,
-    Invitation, Membership, Person, PersonChild, PersonSelfRefM2M, Recipe,
-    RecipeIngredient, Relationship, SymmetricalFriendship,
+    CustomMembership,
+    Employee,
+    Event,
+    Friendship,
+    Group,
+    Ingredient,
+    Invitation,
+    Membership,
+    Person,
+    PersonChild,
+    PersonSelfRefM2M,
+    Recipe,
+    RecipeIngredient,
+    Relationship,
+    SymmetricalFriendship,
 )
 
 
 class M2mThroughTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.bob = Person.objects.create(name='Bob')
-        cls.jim = Person.objects.create(name='Jim')
-        cls.jane = Person.objects.create(name='Jane')
-        cls.rock = Group.objects.create(name='Rock')
-        cls.roll = Group.objects.create(name='Roll')
+        cls.bob = Person.objects.create(name="Bob")
+        cls.jim = Person.objects.create(name="Jim")
+        cls.jane = Person.objects.create(name="Jane")
+        cls.rock = Group.objects.create(name="Rock")
+        cls.roll = Group.objects.create(name="Roll")
 
     def test_reverse_inherited_m2m_with_through_fields_list_hashable(self):
-        reverse_m2m = Person._meta.get_field('events_invited')
-        self.assertEqual(reverse_m2m.through_fields, ['event', 'invitee'])
-        inherited_reverse_m2m = PersonChild._meta.get_field('events_invited')
-        self.assertEqual(inherited_reverse_m2m.through_fields, ['event', 'invitee'])
+        reverse_m2m = Person._meta.get_field("events_invited")
+        self.assertEqual(reverse_m2m.through_fields, ["event", "invitee"])
+        inherited_reverse_m2m = PersonChild._meta.get_field("events_invited")
+        self.assertEqual(inherited_reverse_m2m.through_fields, ["event", "invitee"])
         self.assertEqual(hash(reverse_m2m), hash(inherited_reverse_m2m))
 
     def test_retrieve_intermediate_items(self):
         Membership.objects.create(person=self.jim, group=self.rock)
         Membership.objects.create(person=self.jane, group=self.rock)
 
-        expected = ['Jane', 'Jim']
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.rock.members.all(),
-            expected,
-            attrgetter("name")
-        )
+        expected = ["Jane", "Jim"]
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(self.rock.members.all(), expected, attrgetter("name"))
 
     def test_get_on_intermediate_model(self):
         Membership.objects.create(person=self.jane, group=self.rock)
 
         queryset = Membership.objects.get(person=self.jane, group=self.rock)
 
-        self.assertEqual(
-            repr(queryset),
-            '<Membership: Jane is a member of Rock>'
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(repr(queryset), "<Membership: Jane is a member of Rock>")
 
     def test_filter_on_intermediate_model(self):
         m1 = Membership.objects.create(person=self.jim, group=self.rock)
@@ -57,22 +62,25 @@ class M2mThroughTests(TestCase):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(queryset, [m1, m2])
 
     def test_add_on_m2m_with_intermediate_model(self):
-        self.rock.members.add(self.bob, through_defaults={'invite_reason': 'He is good.'})
+        self.rock.members.add(
+            self.bob, through_defaults={"invite_reason": "He is good."}
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.rock.members.all(), [self.bob])
-        self.assertEqual(self.rock.membership_set.get().invite_reason, 'He is good.')
+        self.assertEqual(self.rock.membership_set.get().invite_reason, "He is good.")
 
     def test_add_on_m2m_with_intermediate_model_callable_through_default(self):
         def invite_reason_callable():
-            return 'They were good at %s' % datetime.now()
+            return "They were good at %s" % datetime.now()
 
         self.rock.members.add(
-            self.bob, self.jane,
-            through_defaults={'invite_reason': invite_reason_callable},
+            self.bob,
+            self.jane,
+            through_defaults={"invite_reason": invite_reason_callable},
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.rock.members.all(), [self.bob, self.jane])
         self.assertEqual(
             self.rock.membership_set.filter(
-                invite_reason__startswith='They were good at ',
+                invite_reason__startswith="They were good at ",
             ).count(),
             2,
         )
@@ -85,18 +93,20 @@ class M2mThroughTests(TestCase):
     def test_set_on_m2m_with_intermediate_model_callable_through_default(self):
         self.rock.members.set(
             [self.bob, self.jane],
-            through_defaults={'invite_reason': lambda: 'Why not?'},
+            through_defaults={"invite_reason": lambda: "Why not?"},
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.rock.members.all(), [self.bob, self.jane])
         self.assertEqual(
             self.rock.membership_set.filter(
-                invite_reason__startswith='Why not?',
+                invite_reason__startswith="Why not?",
             ).count(),
             2,
         )
 
     def test_add_on_m2m_with_intermediate_model_value_required(self):
-        self.rock.nodefaultsnonulls.add(self.jim, through_defaults={'nodefaultnonull': 1})
+        self.rock.nodefaultsnonulls.add(
+            self.jim, through_defaults={"nodefaultnonull": 1}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(self.rock.testnodefaultsornulls_set.get().nodefaultnonull, 1)
 
     def test_add_on_m2m_with_intermediate_model_value_required_fails(self):
@@ -104,44 +114,54 @@ class M2mThroughTests(TestCase):
             self.rock.nodefaultsnonulls.add(self.jim)
 
     def test_create_on_m2m_with_intermediate_model(self):
-        annie = self.rock.members.create(name='Annie', through_defaults={'invite_reason': 'She was just awesome.'})
+        annie = self.rock.members.create(
+            name="Annie", through_defaults={"invite_reason": "She was just awesome."}
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.rock.members.all(), [annie])
-        self.assertEqual(self.rock.membership_set.get().invite_reason, 'She was just awesome.')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.rock.membership_set.get().invite_reason, "She was just awesome."
+        )
 
     def test_create_on_m2m_with_intermediate_model_callable_through_default(self):
         annie = self.rock.members.create(
-            name='Annie',
-            through_defaults={'invite_reason': lambda: 'She was just awesome.'},
+            name="Annie",
+            through_defaults={"invite_reason": lambda: "She was just awesome."},
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.rock.members.all(), [annie])
         self.assertEqual(
             self.rock.membership_set.get().invite_reason,
-            'She was just awesome.',
+            "She was just awesome.",
         )
 
     def test_create_on_m2m_with_intermediate_model_value_required(self):
-        self.rock.nodefaultsnonulls.create(name='Test', through_defaults={'nodefaultnonull': 1})
+        self.rock.nodefaultsnonulls.create(
+            name="Test", through_defaults={"nodefaultnonull": 1}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(self.rock.testnodefaultsornulls_set.get().nodefaultnonull, 1)
 
     def test_create_on_m2m_with_intermediate_model_value_required_fails(self):
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
-            self.rock.nodefaultsnonulls.create(name='Test')
+            self.rock.nodefaultsnonulls.create(name="Test")
 
     def test_get_or_create_on_m2m_with_intermediate_model_value_required(self):
-        self.rock.nodefaultsnonulls.get_or_create(name='Test', through_defaults={'nodefaultnonull': 1})
+        self.rock.nodefaultsnonulls.get_or_create(
+            name="Test", through_defaults={"nodefaultnonull": 1}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(self.rock.testnodefaultsornulls_set.get().nodefaultnonull, 1)
 
     def test_get_or_create_on_m2m_with_intermediate_model_value_required_fails(self):
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
-            self.rock.nodefaultsnonulls.get_or_create(name='Test')
+            self.rock.nodefaultsnonulls.get_or_create(name="Test")
 
     def test_update_or_create_on_m2m_with_intermediate_model_value_required(self):
-        self.rock.nodefaultsnonulls.update_or_create(name='Test', through_defaults={'nodefaultnonull': 1})
+        self.rock.nodefaultsnonulls.update_or_create(
+            name="Test", through_defaults={"nodefaultnonull": 1}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(self.rock.testnodefaultsornulls_set.get().nodefaultnonull, 1)
 
     def test_update_or_create_on_m2m_with_intermediate_model_value_required_fails(self):
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
-            self.rock.nodefaultsnonulls.update_or_create(name='Test')
+            self.rock.nodefaultsnonulls.update_or_create(name="Test")
 
     def test_remove_on_m2m_with_intermediate_model(self):
         Membership.objects.create(person=self.jim, group=self.rock)
@@ -149,23 +169,29 @@ class M2mThroughTests(TestCase):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.rock.members.all(), [])
 
     def test_remove_on_m2m_with_intermediate_model_multiple(self):
-        Membership.objects.create(person=self.jim, group=self.rock, invite_reason='1')
-        Membership.objects.create(person=self.jim, group=self.rock, invite_reason='2')
+        Membership.objects.create(person=self.jim, group=self.rock, invite_reason="1")
+        Membership.objects.create(person=self.jim, group=self.rock, invite_reason="2")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.rock.members.all(), [self.jim, self.jim])
         self.rock.members.remove(self.jim)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.rock.members.all(), [])
 
     def test_set_on_m2m_with_intermediate_model(self):
-        members = list(Person.objects.filter(name__in=['Bob', 'Jim']))
+        members = list(Person.objects.filter(name__in=["Bob", "Jim"]))
         self.rock.members.set(members)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.rock.members.all(), [self.bob, self.jim])
 
     def test_set_on_m2m_with_intermediate_model_value_required(self):
-        self.rock.nodefaultsnonulls.set([self.jim], through_defaults={'nodefaultnonull': 1})
+        self.rock.nodefaultsnonulls.set(
+            [self.jim], through_defaults={"nodefaultnonull": 1}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(self.rock.testnodefaultsornulls_set.get().nodefaultnonull, 1)
-        self.rock.nodefaultsnonulls.set([self.jim], through_defaults={'nodefaultnonull': 2})
+        self.rock.nodefaultsnonulls.set(
+            [self.jim], through_defaults={"nodefaultnonull": 2}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(self.rock.testnodefaultsornulls_set.get().nodefaultnonull, 1)
-        self.rock.nodefaultsnonulls.set([self.jim], through_defaults={'nodefaultnonull': 2}, clear=True)
+        self.rock.nodefaultsnonulls.set(
+            [self.jim], through_defaults={"nodefaultnonull": 2}, clear=True
+        )
         self.assertEqual(self.rock.testnodefaultsornulls_set.get().nodefaultnonull, 2)
 
     def test_set_on_m2m_with_intermediate_model_value_required_fails(self):
@@ -178,28 +204,21 @@ class M2mThroughTests(TestCase):
 
         self.rock.members.clear()
 
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.rock.members.all(),
-            []
-        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(self.rock.members.all(), [])
 
     def test_retrieve_reverse_intermediate_items(self):
         Membership.objects.create(person=self.jim, group=self.rock)
         Membership.objects.create(person=self.jim, group=self.roll)
 
-        expected = ['Rock', 'Roll']
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.jim.group_set.all(),
-            expected,
-            attrgetter("name")
-        )
+        expected = ["Rock", "Roll"]
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(self.jim.group_set.all(), expected, attrgetter("name"))
 
     def test_add_on_reverse_m2m_with_intermediate_model(self):
         self.bob.group_set.add(self.rock)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.bob.group_set.all(), [self.rock])
 
     def test_create_on_reverse_m2m_with_intermediate_model(self):
-        funk = self.bob.group_set.create(name='Funk')
+        funk = self.bob.group_set.create(name="Funk")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.bob.group_set.all(), [funk])
 
     def test_remove_on_reverse_m2m_with_intermediate_model(self):
@@ -208,7 +227,7 @@ class M2mThroughTests(TestCase):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.bob.group_set.all(), [])
 
     def test_set_on_reverse_m2m_with_intermediate_model(self):
-        members = list(Group.objects.filter(name__in=['Rock', 'Roll']))
+        members = list(Group.objects.filter(name__in=["Rock", "Roll"]))
         self.bob.group_set.set(members)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.bob.group_set.all(), [self.rock, self.roll])
 
@@ -218,10 +237,7 @@ class M2mThroughTests(TestCase):
 
         self.jim.group_set.clear()
 
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.jim.group_set.all(),
-            []
-        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(self.jim.group_set.all(), [])
 
     def test_query_model_by_attribute_name_of_related_model(self):
         Membership.objects.create(person=self.jim, group=self.rock)
@@ -231,66 +247,56 @@ class M2mThroughTests(TestCase):
         Membership.objects.create(person=self.jane, group=self.roll)
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Group.objects.filter(members__name='Bob'),
-            ['Roll'],
-            attrgetter("name")
+            Group.objects.filter(members__name="Bob"), ["Roll"], attrgetter("name")
         )
 
     def test_order_by_relational_field_through_model(self):
         today = datetime.now()
         yesterday = today - timedelta(days=1)
-        CustomMembership.objects.create(person=self.jim, group=self.rock, date_joined=yesterday)
-        CustomMembership.objects.create(person=self.bob, group=self.rock, date_joined=today)
-        CustomMembership.objects.create(person=self.jane, group=self.roll, date_joined=yesterday)
-        CustomMembership.objects.create(person=self.jim, group=self.roll, date_joined=today)
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            self.rock.custom_members.order_by('custom_person_related_name'),
-            [self.jim, self.bob]
+        CustomMembership.objects.create(
+            person=self.jim, group=self.rock, date_joined=yesterday
+        )
+        CustomMembership.objects.create(
+            person=self.bob, group=self.rock, date_joined=today
+        )
+        CustomMembership.objects.create(
+            person=self.jane, group=self.roll, date_joined=yesterday
+        )
+        CustomMembership.objects.create(
+            person=self.jim, group=self.roll, date_joined=today
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            self.roll.custom_members.order_by('custom_person_related_name'),
-            [self.jane, self.jim]
+            self.rock.custom_members.order_by("custom_person_related_name"),
+            [self.jim, self.bob],
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            self.roll.custom_members.order_by("custom_person_related_name"),
+            [self.jane, self.jim],
         )
 
     def test_query_first_model_by_intermediate_model_attribute(self):
         Membership.objects.create(
-            person=self.jane, group=self.roll,
-            invite_reason="She was just awesome."
+            person=self.jane, group=self.roll, invite_reason="She was just awesome."
         )
         Membership.objects.create(
-            person=self.jim, group=self.roll,
-            invite_reason="He is good."
+            person=self.jim, group=self.roll, invite_reason="He is good."
         )
         Membership.objects.create(person=self.bob, group=self.roll)
 
-        qs = Group.objects.filter(
-            membership__invite_reason="She was just awesome."
-        )
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs,
-            ['Roll'],
-            attrgetter("name")
-        )
+        qs = Group.objects.filter(membership__invite_reason="She was just awesome.")
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, ["Roll"], attrgetter("name"))
 
     def test_query_second_model_by_intermediate_model_attribute(self):
         Membership.objects.create(
-            person=self.jane, group=self.roll,
-            invite_reason="She was just awesome."
+            person=self.jane, group=self.roll, invite_reason="She was just awesome."
         )
         Membership.objects.create(
-            person=self.jim, group=self.roll,
-            invite_reason="He is good."
+            person=self.jim, group=self.roll, invite_reason="He is good."
         )
         Membership.objects.create(person=self.bob, group=self.roll)
 
-        qs = Person.objects.filter(
-            membership__invite_reason="She was just awesome."
-        )
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs,
-            ['Jane'],
-            attrgetter("name")
-        )
+        qs = Person.objects.filter(membership__invite_reason="She was just awesome.")
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, ["Jane"], attrgetter("name"))
 
     def test_query_model_by_related_model_name(self):
         Membership.objects.create(person=self.jim, group=self.rock)
@@ -301,8 +307,8 @@ class M2mThroughTests(TestCase):
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             Person.objects.filter(group__name="Rock"),
-            ['Jane', 'Jim'],
-            attrgetter("name")
+            ["Jane", "Jim"],
+            attrgetter("name"),
         )
 
     def test_query_model_by_custom_related_name(self):
@@ -311,64 +317,45 @@ class M2mThroughTests(TestCase):
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             Person.objects.filter(custom__name="Rock"),
-            ['Bob', 'Jim'],
-            attrgetter("name")
+            ["Bob", "Jim"],
+            attrgetter("name"),
         )
 
     def test_query_model_by_intermediate_can_return_non_unique_queryset(self):
         Membership.objects.create(person=self.jim, group=self.rock)
         Membership.objects.create(
-            person=self.jane, group=self.rock,
-            date_joined=datetime(2006, 1, 1)
+            person=self.jane, group=self.rock, date_joined=datetime(2006, 1, 1)
         )
         Membership.objects.create(
-            person=self.bob, group=self.roll,
-            date_joined=datetime(2004, 1, 1))
+            person=self.bob, group=self.roll, date_joined=datetime(2004, 1, 1)
+        )
         Membership.objects.create(person=self.jim, group=self.roll)
         Membership.objects.create(
-            person=self.jane, group=self.roll,
-            date_joined=datetime(2004, 1, 1))
+            person=self.jane, group=self.roll, date_joined=datetime(2004, 1, 1)
+        )
 
-        qs = Person.objects.filter(
-            membership__date_joined__gt=datetime(2004, 1, 1)
-        )
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs,
-            ['Jane', 'Jim', 'Jim'],
-            attrgetter("name")
-        )
+        qs = Person.objects.filter(membership__date_joined__gt=datetime(2004, 1, 1))
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, ["Jane", "Jim", "Jim"], attrgetter("name"))
 
     def test_custom_related_name_forward_empty_qs(self):
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.rock.custom_members.all(),
-            []
-        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(self.rock.custom_members.all(), [])
 
     def test_custom_related_name_reverse_empty_qs(self):
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.bob.custom.all(),
-            []
-        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(self.bob.custom.all(), [])
 
     def test_custom_related_name_forward_non_empty_qs(self):
         CustomMembership.objects.create(person=self.bob, group=self.rock)
         CustomMembership.objects.create(person=self.jim, group=self.rock)
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.rock.custom_members.all(),
-            ['Bob', 'Jim'],
-            attrgetter("name")
+            self.rock.custom_members.all(), ["Bob", "Jim"], attrgetter("name")
         )
 
     def test_custom_related_name_reverse_non_empty_qs(self):
         CustomMembership.objects.create(person=self.bob, group=self.rock)
         CustomMembership.objects.create(person=self.jim, group=self.rock)
 
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.bob.custom.all(),
-            ['Rock'],
-            attrgetter("name")
-        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(self.bob.custom.all(), ["Rock"], attrgetter("name"))
 
     def test_custom_related_name_doesnt_conflict_with_fky_related_name(self):
         c = CustomMembership.objects.create(person=self.bob, group=self.rock)
@@ -379,23 +366,18 @@ class M2mThroughTests(TestCase):
         Relations with intermediary tables with multiple FKs
         to the M2M's ``to`` model are possible.
         """
-        event = Event.objects.create(title='Rockwhale 2014')
+        event = Event.objects.create(title="Rockwhale 2014")
         Invitation.objects.create(event=event, inviter=self.bob, invitee=self.jim)
         Invitation.objects.create(event=event, inviter=self.bob, invitee=self.jane)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            event.invitees.all(),
-            ['Jane', 'Jim'],
-            attrgetter('name')
+            event.invitees.all(), ["Jane", "Jim"], attrgetter("name")
         )
 
 
 class M2mThroughReferentialTests(TestCase):
     def test_self_referential_empty_qs(self):
         tony = PersonSelfRefM2M.objects.create(name="Tony")
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            tony.friends.all(),
-            []
-        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(tony.friends.all(), [])
 
     def test_self_referential_non_symmetrical_first_side(self):
         tony = PersonSelfRefM2M.objects.create(name="Tony")
@@ -404,11 +386,7 @@ class M2mThroughReferentialTests(TestCase):
             first=tony, second=chris, date_friended=datetime.now()
         )
 
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            tony.friends.all(),
-            ['Chris'],
-            attrgetter("name")
-        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(tony.friends.all(), ["Chris"], attrgetter("name"))
 
     def test_self_referential_non_symmetrical_second_side(self):
         tony = PersonSelfRefM2M.objects.create(name="Tony")
@@ -417,10 +395,7 @@ class M2mThroughReferentialTests(TestCase):
             first=tony, second=chris, date_friended=datetime.now()
         )
 
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            chris.friends.all(),
-            []
-        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(chris.friends.all(), [])
 
     def test_self_referential_non_symmetrical_clear_first_side(self):
         tony = PersonSelfRefM2M.objects.create(name="Tony")
@@ -431,17 +406,10 @@ class M2mThroughReferentialTests(TestCase):
 
         chris.friends.clear()
 
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            chris.friends.all(),
-            []
-        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(chris.friends.all(), [])
 
         # Since this isn't a symmetrical relation, Tony's friend link still exists.
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            tony.friends.all(),
-            ['Chris'],
-            attrgetter("name")
-        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(tony.friends.all(), ["Chris"], attrgetter("name"))
 
     def test_self_referential_non_symmetrical_both(self):
         tony = PersonSelfRefM2M.objects.create(name="Tony")
@@ -453,39 +421,31 @@ class M2mThroughReferentialTests(TestCase):
             first=chris, second=tony, date_friended=datetime.now()
         )
 
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            tony.friends.all(),
-            ['Chris'],
-            attrgetter("name")
-        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(tony.friends.all(), ["Chris"], attrgetter("name"))
 
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            chris.friends.all(),
-            ['Tony'],
-            attrgetter("name")
-        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(chris.friends.all(), ["Tony"], attrgetter("name"))
 
     def test_through_fields_self_referential(self):
-        john = Employee.objects.create(name='john')
-        peter = Employee.objects.create(name='peter')
-        mary = Employee.objects.create(name='mary')
-        harry = Employee.objects.create(name='harry')
+        john = Employee.objects.create(name="john")
+        peter = Employee.objects.create(name="peter")
+        mary = Employee.objects.create(name="mary")
+        harry = Employee.objects.create(name="harry")
 
         Relationship.objects.create(source=john, target=peter, another=None)
         Relationship.objects.create(source=john, target=mary, another=None)
         Relationship.objects.create(source=john, target=harry, another=peter)
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            john.subordinates.all(),
-            ['peter', 'mary', 'harry'],
-            attrgetter('name')
+            john.subordinates.all(), ["peter", "mary", "harry"], attrgetter("name")
         )
 
     def test_self_referential_symmetrical(self):
-        tony = PersonSelfRefM2M.objects.create(name='Tony')
-        chris = PersonSelfRefM2M.objects.create(name='Chris')
+        tony = PersonSelfRefM2M.objects.create(name="Tony")
+        chris = PersonSelfRefM2M.objects.create(name="Chris")
         SymmetricalFriendship.objects.create(
-            first=tony, second=chris, date_friended=date.today(),
+            first=tony,
+            second=chris,
+            date_friended=date.today(),
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(tony.sym_friends.all(), [chris])
         # Manually created symmetrical m2m relation doesn't add mirror entry
@@ -497,29 +457,30 @@ class M2mThroughReferentialTests(TestCase):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(chris.sym_friends.all(), [tony])
 
     def test_add_on_symmetrical_m2m_with_intermediate_model(self):
-        tony = PersonSelfRefM2M.objects.create(name='Tony')
-        chris = PersonSelfRefM2M.objects.create(name='Chris')
+        tony = PersonSelfRefM2M.objects.create(name="Tony")
+        chris = PersonSelfRefM2M.objects.create(name="Chris")
         date_friended = date(2017, 1, 3)
-        tony.sym_friends.add(chris, through_defaults={'date_friended': date_friended})
+        tony.sym_friends.add(chris, through_defaults={"date_friended": date_friended})
         self.assertSequenceEqual(tony.sym_friends.all(), [chris])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(chris.sym_friends.all(), [tony])
         friendship = tony.symmetricalfriendship_set.get()
         self.assertEqual(friendship.date_friended, date_friended)
 
     def test_set_on_symmetrical_m2m_with_intermediate_model(self):
-        tony = PersonSelfRefM2M.objects.create(name='Tony')
-        chris = PersonSelfRefM2M.objects.create(name='Chris')
-        anne = PersonSelfRefM2M.objects.create(name='Anne')
-        kate = PersonSelfRefM2M.objects.create(name='Kate')
+        tony = PersonSelfRefM2M.objects.create(name="Tony")
+        chris = PersonSelfRefM2M.objects.create(name="Chris")
+        anne = PersonSelfRefM2M.objects.create(name="Anne")
+        kate = PersonSelfRefM2M.objects.create(name="Kate")
         date_friended_add = date(2013, 1, 5)
         date_friended_set = date.today()
         tony.sym_friends.add(
-            anne, chris,
-            through_defaults={'date_friended': date_friended_add},
+            anne,
+            chris,
+            through_defaults={"date_friended": date_friended_add},
         )
         tony.sym_friends.set(
             [anne, kate],
-            through_defaults={'date_friended': date_friended_set},
+            through_defaults={"date_friended": date_friended_set},
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(tony.sym_friends.all(), [anne, kate])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(anne.sym_friends.all(), [tony])
@@ -537,7 +498,7 @@ class M2mThroughReferentialTests(TestCase):
         tony.sym_friends.set(
             [anne],
             clear=True,
-            through_defaults={'date_friended': date_friended_set},
+            through_defaults={"date_friended": date_friended_set},
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(tony.sym_friends.all(), [anne])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(anne.sym_friends.all(), [tony])
@@ -550,23 +511,25 @@ class M2mThroughReferentialTests(TestCase):
 class M2mThroughToFieldsTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.pea = Ingredient.objects.create(iname='pea')
-        cls.potato = Ingredient.objects.create(iname='potato')
-        cls.tomato = Ingredient.objects.create(iname='tomato')
-        cls.curry = Recipe.objects.create(rname='curry')
+        cls.pea = Ingredient.objects.create(iname="pea")
+        cls.potato = Ingredient.objects.create(iname="potato")
+        cls.tomato = Ingredient.objects.create(iname="tomato")
+        cls.curry = Recipe.objects.create(rname="curry")
         RecipeIngredient.objects.create(recipe=cls.curry, ingredient=cls.potato)
         RecipeIngredient.objects.create(recipe=cls.curry, ingredient=cls.pea)
         RecipeIngredient.objects.create(recipe=cls.curry, ingredient=cls.tomato)
 
     def test_retrieval(self):
         # Forward retrieval
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(self.curry.ingredients.all(), [self.pea, self.potato, self.tomato])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            self.curry.ingredients.all(), [self.pea, self.potato, self.tomato]
+        )
         # Backward retrieval
         self.assertEqual(self.tomato.recipes.get(), self.curry)
 
     def test_choices(self):
-        field = Recipe._meta.get_field('ingredients')
+        field = Recipe._meta.get_field("ingredients")
         self.assertEqual(
             [choice[0] for choice in field.get_choices(include_blank=False)],
-            ['pea', 'potato', 'tomato']
+            ["pea", "potato", "tomato"],
         )
diff --git a/tests/m2m_through_regress/models.py b/tests/m2m_through_regress/models.py
index 7042e31d0f..db724e43d2 100644
--- a/tests/m2m_through_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/m2m_through_regress/models.py
@@ -4,16 +4,16 @@ from django.db import models
 
 # Forward declared intermediate model
 class Membership(models.Model):
-    person = models.ForeignKey('Person', models.CASCADE)
-    group = models.ForeignKey('Group', models.CASCADE)
+    person = models.ForeignKey("Person", models.CASCADE)
+    group = models.ForeignKey("Group", models.CASCADE)
     price = models.IntegerField(default=100)
 
 
 # using custom id column to test ticket #11107
 class UserMembership(models.Model):
-    id = models.AutoField(db_column='usermembership_id', primary_key=True)
+    id = models.AutoField(db_column="usermembership_id", primary_key=True)
     user = models.ForeignKey(User, models.CASCADE)
-    group = models.ForeignKey('Group', models.CASCADE)
+    group = models.ForeignKey("Group", models.CASCADE)
     price = models.IntegerField(default=100)
 
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class Group(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
     # Membership object defined as a class
     members = models.ManyToManyField(Person, through=Membership)
-    user_members = models.ManyToManyField(User, through='UserMembership')
+    user_members = models.ManyToManyField(User, through="UserMembership")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class Group(models.Model):
 # Using to_field on the through model
 class Car(models.Model):
     make = models.CharField(max_length=20, unique=True, null=True)
-    drivers = models.ManyToManyField('Driver', through='CarDriver')
+    drivers = models.ManyToManyField("Driver", through="CarDriver")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return str(self.make)
@@ -47,15 +47,15 @@ class Driver(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20, unique=True, null=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return str(self.name)
 
 
 class CarDriver(models.Model):
-    car = models.ForeignKey('Car', models.CASCADE, to_field='make')
-    driver = models.ForeignKey('Driver', models.CASCADE, to_field='name')
+    car = models.ForeignKey("Car", models.CASCADE, to_field="make")
+    driver = models.ForeignKey("Driver", models.CASCADE, to_field="name")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return "pk=%s car=%s driver=%s" % (str(self.pk), self.car, self.driver)
@@ -64,13 +64,13 @@ class CarDriver(models.Model):
 # Through models using multi-table inheritance
 class Event(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique=True)
-    people = models.ManyToManyField('Person', through='IndividualCompetitor')
+    people = models.ManyToManyField("Person", through="IndividualCompetitor")
     special_people = models.ManyToManyField(
-        'Person',
-        through='ProxiedIndividualCompetitor',
-        related_name='special_event_set',
+        "Person",
+        through="ProxiedIndividualCompetitor",
+        related_name="special_event_set",
     )
-    teams = models.ManyToManyField('Group', through='CompetingTeam')
+    teams = models.ManyToManyField("Group", through="CompetingTeam")
 
 
 class Competitor(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/m2m_through_regress/test_multitable.py b/tests/m2m_through_regress/test_multitable.py
index b354be979e..ae3a4060e6 100644
--- a/tests/m2m_through_regress/test_multitable.py
+++ b/tests/m2m_through_regress/test_multitable.py
@@ -1,21 +1,26 @@
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 from .models import (
-    CompetingTeam, Event, Group, IndividualCompetitor, Membership, Person,
+    CompetingTeam,
+    Event,
+    Group,
+    IndividualCompetitor,
+    Membership,
+    Person,
 )
 
 
 class MultiTableTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.alice = Person.objects.create(name='Alice')
-        cls.bob = Person.objects.create(name='Bob')
-        cls.chris = Person.objects.create(name='Chris')
-        cls.dan = Person.objects.create(name='Dan')
-        cls.team_alpha = Group.objects.create(name='Alpha')
+        cls.alice = Person.objects.create(name="Alice")
+        cls.bob = Person.objects.create(name="Bob")
+        cls.chris = Person.objects.create(name="Chris")
+        cls.dan = Person.objects.create(name="Dan")
+        cls.team_alpha = Group.objects.create(name="Alpha")
         Membership.objects.create(person=cls.alice, group=cls.team_alpha)
         Membership.objects.create(person=cls.bob, group=cls.team_alpha)
-        cls.event = Event.objects.create(name='Exposition Match')
+        cls.event = Event.objects.create(name="Exposition Match")
         IndividualCompetitor.objects.create(event=cls.event, person=cls.chris)
         IndividualCompetitor.objects.create(event=cls.event, person=cls.dan)
         CompetingTeam.objects.create(event=cls.event, team=cls.team_alpha)
@@ -37,13 +42,20 @@ class MultiTableTests(TestCase):
         self.assertCountEqual(result, [self.event])
 
     def test_m2m_prefetch_proxied(self):
-        result = Event.objects.filter(name='Exposition Match').prefetch_related('special_people')
+        result = Event.objects.filter(name="Exposition Match").prefetch_related(
+            "special_people"
+        )
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
             self.assertCountEqual(result, [self.event])
-            self.assertEqual(sorted(p.name for p in result[0].special_people.all()), ['Chris', 'Dan'])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                sorted(p.name for p in result[0].special_people.all()), ["Chris", "Dan"]
+            )
 
     def test_m2m_prefetch_reverse_proxied(self):
-        result = Person.objects.filter(name='Dan').prefetch_related('special_event_set')
+        result = Person.objects.filter(name="Dan").prefetch_related("special_event_set")
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
             self.assertCountEqual(result, [self.dan])
-            self.assertEqual([event.name for event in result[0].special_event_set.all()], ['Exposition Match'])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                [event.name for event in result[0].special_event_set.all()],
+                ["Exposition Match"],
+            )
diff --git a/tests/m2m_through_regress/tests.py b/tests/m2m_through_regress/tests.py
index 93d2260054..1c362657db 100644
--- a/tests/m2m_through_regress/tests.py
+++ b/tests/m2m_through_regress/tests.py
@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@ from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.core import management
 from django.test import TestCase
 
-from .models import (
-    Car, CarDriver, Driver, Group, Membership, Person, UserMembership,
-)
+from .models import Car, CarDriver, Driver, Group, Membership, Person, UserMembership
 
 
 class M2MThroughTestCase(TestCase):
@@ -23,8 +21,12 @@ class M2MThroughTestCase(TestCase):
 
         # normal intermediate model
         cls.bob_rock = Membership.objects.create(person=cls.bob, group=cls.rock)
-        cls.bob_roll = Membership.objects.create(person=cls.bob, group=cls.roll, price=50)
-        cls.jim_rock = Membership.objects.create(person=cls.jim, group=cls.rock, price=50)
+        cls.bob_roll = Membership.objects.create(
+            person=cls.bob, group=cls.roll, price=50
+        )
+        cls.jim_rock = Membership.objects.create(
+            person=cls.jim, group=cls.rock, price=50
+        )
 
         # intermediate model with custom id column
         cls.frank_rock = UserMembership.objects.create(user=cls.frank, group=cls.rock)
@@ -72,18 +74,24 @@ class M2MThroughSerializationTestCase(TestCase):
         pks = {"p_pk": self.bob.pk, "g_pk": self.roll.pk, "m_pk": self.bob_roll.pk}
 
         out = StringIO()
-        management.call_command("dumpdata", "m2m_through_regress", format="json", stdout=out)
+        management.call_command(
+            "dumpdata", "m2m_through_regress", format="json", stdout=out
+        )
         self.assertJSONEqual(
             out.getvalue().strip(),
             '[{"pk": %(m_pk)s, "model": "m2m_through_regress.membership", "fields": {"person": %(p_pk)s, "price": '
             '100, "group": %(g_pk)s}}, {"pk": %(p_pk)s, "model": "m2m_through_regress.person", "fields": {"name": '
             '"Bob"}}, {"pk": %(g_pk)s, "model": "m2m_through_regress.group", "fields": {"name": "Roll"}}]'
-            % pks
+            % pks,
         )
 
         out = StringIO()
-        management.call_command("dumpdata", "m2m_through_regress", format="xml", indent=2, stdout=out)
-        self.assertXMLEqual(out.getvalue().strip(), """
+        management.call_command(
+            "dumpdata", "m2m_through_regress", format="xml", indent=2, stdout=out
+        )
+        self.assertXMLEqual(
+            out.getvalue().strip(),
+            """
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
 <django-objects version="1.0">
   <object pk="%(m_pk)s" model="m2m_through_regress.membership">
@@ -98,7 +106,9 @@ class M2MThroughSerializationTestCase(TestCase):
     <field type="CharField" name="name">Roll</field>
   </object>
 </django-objects>
-        """.strip() % pks)
+        """.strip()
+            % pks,
+        )
 
 
 class ToFieldThroughTests(TestCase):
@@ -138,7 +148,7 @@ class ToFieldThroughTests(TestCase):
     def test_add(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.car.drivers.all(), [self.driver])
         # Yikes - barney is going to drive...
-        self.car.drivers._add_items('car', 'driver', self.unused_driver)
+        self.car.drivers._add_items("car", "driver", self.unused_driver)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             self.car.drivers.all(),
             [self.unused_driver, self.driver],
@@ -148,7 +158,7 @@ class ToFieldThroughTests(TestCase):
         nullcar = Car(make=None)
         msg = (
             '"<Car: None>" needs to have a value for field "make" before this '
-            'many-to-many relationship can be used.'
+            "many-to-many relationship can be used."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             nullcar.drivers.all()
@@ -159,43 +169,43 @@ class ToFieldThroughTests(TestCase):
             "many-to-many relationship can be used."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Car(make='Ford').drivers.all()
+            Car(make="Ford").drivers.all()
 
     def test_add_related_null(self):
         nulldriver = Driver.objects.create(name=None)
         msg = 'Cannot add "<Driver: None>": the value for field "driver" is None'
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            self.car.drivers._add_items('car', 'driver', nulldriver)
+            self.car.drivers._add_items("car", "driver", nulldriver)
 
     def test_add_reverse(self):
         car2 = Car.objects.create(make="Honda")
         self.assertCountEqual(self.driver.car_set.all(), [self.car])
-        self.driver.car_set._add_items('driver', 'car', car2)
+        self.driver.car_set._add_items("driver", "car", car2)
         self.assertCountEqual(self.driver.car_set.all(), [self.car, car2])
 
     def test_add_null_reverse(self):
         nullcar = Car.objects.create(make=None)
         msg = 'Cannot add "<Car: None>": the value for field "car" is None'
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            self.driver.car_set._add_items('driver', 'car', nullcar)
+            self.driver.car_set._add_items("driver", "car", nullcar)
 
     def test_add_null_reverse_related(self):
         nulldriver = Driver.objects.create(name=None)
         msg = (
             '"<Driver: None>" needs to have a value for field "name" before '
-            'this many-to-many relationship can be used.'
+            "this many-to-many relationship can be used."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            nulldriver.car_set._add_items('driver', 'car', self.car)
+            nulldriver.car_set._add_items("driver", "car", self.car)
 
     def test_remove(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.car.drivers.all(), [self.driver])
-        self.car.drivers._remove_items('car', 'driver', self.driver)
+        self.car.drivers._remove_items("car", "driver", self.driver)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.car.drivers.all(), [])
 
     def test_remove_reverse(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.driver.car_set.all(), [self.car])
-        self.driver.car_set._remove_items('driver', 'car', self.car)
+        self.driver.car_set._remove_items("driver", "car", self.car)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.driver.car_set.all(), [])
 
 
@@ -208,10 +218,12 @@ class ThroughLoadDataTestCase(TestCase):
         phantom auto-generated m2m table (#11107).
         """
         out = StringIO()
-        management.call_command("dumpdata", "m2m_through_regress", format="json", stdout=out)
+        management.call_command(
+            "dumpdata", "m2m_through_regress", format="json", stdout=out
+        )
         self.assertJSONEqual(
             out.getvalue().strip(),
             '[{"pk": 1, "model": "m2m_through_regress.usermembership", "fields": {"price": 100, "group": 1, "user"'
             ': 1}}, {"pk": 1, "model": "m2m_through_regress.person", "fields": {"name": "Guido"}}, {"pk": 1, '
-            '"model": "m2m_through_regress.group", "fields": {"name": "Python Core Group"}}]'
+            '"model": "m2m_through_regress.group", "fields": {"name": "Python Core Group"}}]',
         )
diff --git a/tests/m2o_recursive/models.py b/tests/m2o_recursive/models.py
index bb73589800..af23588456 100644
--- a/tests/m2o_recursive/models.py
+++ b/tests/m2o_recursive/models.py
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@ from django.db import models
 
 class Category(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
-    parent = models.ForeignKey('self', models.SET_NULL, blank=True, null=True, related_name='child_set')
+    parent = models.ForeignKey(
+        "self", models.SET_NULL, blank=True, null=True, related_name="child_set"
+    )
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -23,8 +25,12 @@ class Category(models.Model):
 
 class Person(models.Model):
     full_name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
-    mother = models.ForeignKey('self', models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name='mothers_child_set')
-    father = models.ForeignKey('self', models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name='fathers_child_set')
+    mother = models.ForeignKey(
+        "self", models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name="mothers_child_set"
+    )
+    father = models.ForeignKey(
+        "self", models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name="fathers_child_set"
+    )
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.full_name
diff --git a/tests/m2o_recursive/tests.py b/tests/m2o_recursive/tests.py
index 1b9a72a796..ff68c60ee6 100644
--- a/tests/m2o_recursive/tests.py
+++ b/tests/m2o_recursive/tests.py
@@ -4,27 +4,31 @@ from .models import Category, Person
 
 
 class ManyToOneRecursiveTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.r = Category.objects.create(id=None, name='Root category', parent=None)
-        cls.c = Category.objects.create(id=None, name='Child category', parent=cls.r)
+        cls.r = Category.objects.create(id=None, name="Root category", parent=None)
+        cls.c = Category.objects.create(id=None, name="Child category", parent=cls.r)
 
     def test_m2o_recursive(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.r.child_set.all(), [self.c])
-        self.assertEqual(self.r.child_set.get(name__startswith='Child').id, self.c.id)
+        self.assertEqual(self.r.child_set.get(name__startswith="Child").id, self.c.id)
         self.assertIsNone(self.r.parent)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.c.child_set.all(), [])
         self.assertEqual(self.c.parent.id, self.r.id)
 
 
 class MultipleManyToOneRecursiveTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.dad = Person.objects.create(full_name='John Smith Senior', mother=None, father=None)
-        cls.mom = Person.objects.create(full_name='Jane Smith', mother=None, father=None)
-        cls.kid = Person.objects.create(full_name='John Smith Junior', mother=cls.mom, father=cls.dad)
+        cls.dad = Person.objects.create(
+            full_name="John Smith Senior", mother=None, father=None
+        )
+        cls.mom = Person.objects.create(
+            full_name="Jane Smith", mother=None, father=None
+        )
+        cls.kid = Person.objects.create(
+            full_name="John Smith Junior", mother=cls.mom, father=cls.dad
+        )
 
     def test_m2o_recursive2(self):
         self.assertEqual(self.kid.mother.id, self.mom.id)
diff --git a/tests/mail/custombackend.py b/tests/mail/custombackend.py
index fd57777787..14e7f077ba 100644
--- a/tests/mail/custombackend.py
+++ b/tests/mail/custombackend.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from django.core.mail.backends.base import BaseEmailBackend
 
 
 class EmailBackend(BaseEmailBackend):
-
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self.test_outbox = []
diff --git a/tests/mail/test_sendtestemail.py b/tests/mail/test_sendtestemail.py
index d7457c9a1c..8aff320568 100644
--- a/tests/mail/test_sendtestemail.py
+++ b/tests/mail/test_sendtestemail.py
@@ -4,8 +4,14 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    ADMINS=(('Admin', 'admin@example.com'), ('Admin and Manager', 'admin_and_manager@example.com')),
-    MANAGERS=(('Manager', 'manager@example.com'), ('Admin and Manager', 'admin_and_manager@example.com')),
+    ADMINS=(
+        ("Admin", "admin@example.com"),
+        ("Admin and Manager", "admin_and_manager@example.com"),
+    ),
+    MANAGERS=(
+        ("Manager", "manager@example.com"),
+        ("Admin and Manager", "admin_and_manager@example.com"),
+    ),
 )
 class SendTestEmailManagementCommand(SimpleTestCase):
     """
@@ -16,67 +22,82 @@ class SendTestEmailManagementCommand(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         The mail is sent with the correct subject and recipient.
         """
-        recipient = 'joe@example.com'
-        call_command('sendtestemail', recipient)
+        recipient = "joe@example.com"
+        call_command("sendtestemail", recipient)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
         mail_message = mail.outbox[0]
-        self.assertEqual(mail_message.subject[0:15], 'Test email from')
+        self.assertEqual(mail_message.subject[0:15], "Test email from")
         self.assertEqual(mail_message.recipients(), [recipient])
 
     def test_multiple_receivers(self):
         """
         The mail may be sent with multiple recipients.
         """
-        recipients = ['joe@example.com', 'jane@example.com']
-        call_command('sendtestemail', recipients[0], recipients[1])
+        recipients = ["joe@example.com", "jane@example.com"]
+        call_command("sendtestemail", recipients[0], recipients[1])
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
         mail_message = mail.outbox[0]
-        self.assertEqual(mail_message.subject[0:15], 'Test email from')
-        self.assertEqual(sorted(mail_message.recipients()), [
-            'jane@example.com',
-            'joe@example.com',
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(mail_message.subject[0:15], "Test email from")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted(mail_message.recipients()),
+            [
+                "jane@example.com",
+                "joe@example.com",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_manager_receivers(self):
         """
         The mail should be sent to the email addresses specified in
         settings.MANAGERS.
         """
-        call_command('sendtestemail', '--managers')
+        call_command("sendtestemail", "--managers")
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
         mail_message = mail.outbox[0]
-        self.assertEqual(sorted(mail_message.recipients()), [
-            'admin_and_manager@example.com',
-            'manager@example.com',
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted(mail_message.recipients()),
+            [
+                "admin_and_manager@example.com",
+                "manager@example.com",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_admin_receivers(self):
         """
         The mail should be sent to the email addresses specified in
         settings.ADMIN.
         """
-        call_command('sendtestemail', '--admins')
+        call_command("sendtestemail", "--admins")
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
         mail_message = mail.outbox[0]
-        self.assertEqual(sorted(mail_message.recipients()), [
-            'admin@example.com',
-            'admin_and_manager@example.com',
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted(mail_message.recipients()),
+            [
+                "admin@example.com",
+                "admin_and_manager@example.com",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_manager_and_admin_receivers(self):
         """
         The mail should be sent to the email addresses specified in both
         settings.MANAGERS and settings.ADMINS.
         """
-        call_command('sendtestemail', '--managers', '--admins')
+        call_command("sendtestemail", "--managers", "--admins")
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 2)
         manager_mail = mail.outbox[0]
-        self.assertEqual(sorted(manager_mail.recipients()), [
-            'admin_and_manager@example.com',
-            'manager@example.com',
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted(manager_mail.recipients()),
+            [
+                "admin_and_manager@example.com",
+                "manager@example.com",
+            ],
+        )
         admin_mail = mail.outbox[1]
-        self.assertEqual(sorted(admin_mail.recipients()), [
-            'admin@example.com',
-            'admin_and_manager@example.com',
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted(admin_mail.recipients()),
+            [
+                "admin@example.com",
+                "admin_and_manager@example.com",
+            ],
+        )
diff --git a/tests/mail/tests.py b/tests/mail/tests.py
index 9584b450b3..309be47059 100644
--- a/tests/mail/tests.py
+++ b/tests/mail/tests.py
@@ -16,8 +16,13 @@ from unittest import mock, skipUnless
 
 from django.core import mail
 from django.core.mail import (
-    DNS_NAME, EmailMessage, EmailMultiAlternatives, mail_admins, mail_managers,
-    send_mail, send_mass_mail,
+    DNS_NAME,
+    EmailMessage,
+    EmailMultiAlternatives,
+    mail_admins,
+    mail_managers,
+    send_mail,
+    send_mass_mail,
 )
 from django.core.mail.backends import console, dummy, filebased, locmem, smtp
 from django.core.mail.message import BadHeaderError, sanitize_address
@@ -27,13 +32,13 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy
 
 try:
     from aiosmtpd.controller import Controller
+
     HAS_AIOSMTPD = True
 except ImportError:
     HAS_AIOSMTPD = False
 
 
 class HeadersCheckMixin:
-
     def assertMessageHasHeaders(self, message, headers):
         """
         Asserts that the `message` has all `headers`.
@@ -45,14 +50,18 @@ class HeadersCheckMixin:
         if isinstance(message, bytes):
             message = message_from_bytes(message)
         msg_headers = set(message.items())
-        self.assertTrue(headers.issubset(msg_headers), msg='Message is missing '
-                        'the following headers: %s' % (headers - msg_headers),)
+        self.assertTrue(
+            headers.issubset(msg_headers),
+            msg="Message is missing "
+            "the following headers: %s" % (headers - msg_headers),
+        )
 
 
 class MailTests(HeadersCheckMixin, SimpleTestCase):
     """
     Non-backend specific tests.
     """
+
     def get_decoded_attachments(self, django_message):
         """
         Encode the specified django.core.mail.message.EmailMessage, then decode
@@ -64,7 +73,7 @@ class MailTests(HeadersCheckMixin, SimpleTestCase):
 
         def iter_attachments():
             for i in email_message.walk():
-                if i.get_content_disposition() == 'attachment':
+                if i.get_content_disposition() == "attachment":
                     filename = i.get_filename()
                     content = i.get_payload(decode=True)
                     mimetype = i.get_content_type()
@@ -73,24 +82,33 @@ class MailTests(HeadersCheckMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         return list(iter_attachments())
 
     def test_ascii(self):
-        email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'])
+        email = EmailMessage(
+            "Subject", "Content", "from@example.com", ["to@example.com"]
+        )
         message = email.message()
-        self.assertEqual(message['Subject'], 'Subject')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(), 'Content')
-        self.assertEqual(message['From'], 'from@example.com')
-        self.assertEqual(message['To'], 'to@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(message["Subject"], "Subject")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(), "Content")
+        self.assertEqual(message["From"], "from@example.com")
+        self.assertEqual(message["To"], "to@example.com")
 
     def test_multiple_recipients(self):
-        email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com', 'other@example.com'])
+        email = EmailMessage(
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com", "other@example.com"],
+        )
         message = email.message()
-        self.assertEqual(message['Subject'], 'Subject')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(), 'Content')
-        self.assertEqual(message['From'], 'from@example.com')
-        self.assertEqual(message['To'], 'to@example.com, other@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(message["Subject"], "Subject")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(), "Content")
+        self.assertEqual(message["From"], "from@example.com")
+        self.assertEqual(message["To"], "to@example.com, other@example.com")
 
     def test_header_omitted_for_no_to_recipients(self):
-        message = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', cc=['cc@example.com']).message()
-        self.assertNotIn('To', message)
+        message = EmailMessage(
+            "Subject", "Content", "from@example.com", cc=["cc@example.com"]
+        ).message()
+        self.assertNotIn("To", message)
 
     def test_recipients_with_empty_strings(self):
         """
@@ -98,114 +116,178 @@ class MailTests(HeadersCheckMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         off the final recipient list.
         """
         email = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com', ''],
-            cc=['cc@example.com', ''],
-            bcc=['', 'bcc@example.com'],
-            reply_to=['', None],
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com", ""],
+            cc=["cc@example.com", ""],
+            bcc=["", "bcc@example.com"],
+            reply_to=["", None],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            email.recipients(),
-            ['to@example.com', 'cc@example.com', 'bcc@example.com']
+            email.recipients(), ["to@example.com", "cc@example.com", "bcc@example.com"]
         )
 
     def test_cc(self):
         """Regression test for #7722"""
-        email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'], cc=['cc@example.com'])
+        email = EmailMessage(
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            cc=["cc@example.com"],
+        )
         message = email.message()
-        self.assertEqual(message['Cc'], 'cc@example.com')
-        self.assertEqual(email.recipients(), ['to@example.com', 'cc@example.com'])
+        self.assertEqual(message["Cc"], "cc@example.com")
+        self.assertEqual(email.recipients(), ["to@example.com", "cc@example.com"])
 
         # Test multiple CC with multiple To
         email = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com', 'other@example.com'],
-            cc=['cc@example.com', 'cc.other@example.com']
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com", "other@example.com"],
+            cc=["cc@example.com", "cc.other@example.com"],
         )
         message = email.message()
-        self.assertEqual(message['Cc'], 'cc@example.com, cc.other@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(message["Cc"], "cc@example.com, cc.other@example.com")
         self.assertEqual(
             email.recipients(),
-            ['to@example.com', 'other@example.com', 'cc@example.com', 'cc.other@example.com']
+            [
+                "to@example.com",
+                "other@example.com",
+                "cc@example.com",
+                "cc.other@example.com",
+            ],
         )
 
         # Testing with Bcc
         email = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com', 'other@example.com'],
-            cc=['cc@example.com', 'cc.other@example.com'], bcc=['bcc@example.com']
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com", "other@example.com"],
+            cc=["cc@example.com", "cc.other@example.com"],
+            bcc=["bcc@example.com"],
         )
         message = email.message()
-        self.assertEqual(message['Cc'], 'cc@example.com, cc.other@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(message["Cc"], "cc@example.com, cc.other@example.com")
         self.assertEqual(
             email.recipients(),
-            ['to@example.com', 'other@example.com', 'cc@example.com', 'cc.other@example.com', 'bcc@example.com']
+            [
+                "to@example.com",
+                "other@example.com",
+                "cc@example.com",
+                "cc.other@example.com",
+                "bcc@example.com",
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_cc_headers(self):
         message = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'Content', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'],
-            cc=['foo@example.com'], headers={'Cc': 'override@example.com'},
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "bounce@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            cc=["foo@example.com"],
+            headers={"Cc": "override@example.com"},
         ).message()
-        self.assertEqual(message['Cc'], 'override@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(message["Cc"], "override@example.com")
 
     def test_cc_in_headers_only(self):
         message = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'Content', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'],
-            headers={'Cc': 'foo@example.com'},
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "bounce@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            headers={"Cc": "foo@example.com"},
         ).message()
-        self.assertEqual(message['Cc'], 'foo@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(message["Cc"], "foo@example.com")
 
     def test_reply_to(self):
         email = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'],
-            reply_to=['reply_to@example.com'],
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            reply_to=["reply_to@example.com"],
         )
         message = email.message()
-        self.assertEqual(message['Reply-To'], 'reply_to@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(message["Reply-To"], "reply_to@example.com")
 
         email = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'],
-            reply_to=['reply_to1@example.com', 'reply_to2@example.com']
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            reply_to=["reply_to1@example.com", "reply_to2@example.com"],
         )
         message = email.message()
-        self.assertEqual(message['Reply-To'], 'reply_to1@example.com, reply_to2@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            message["Reply-To"], "reply_to1@example.com, reply_to2@example.com"
+        )
 
     def test_recipients_as_tuple(self):
         email = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ('to@example.com', 'other@example.com'),
-            cc=('cc@example.com', 'cc.other@example.com'), bcc=('bcc@example.com',)
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ("to@example.com", "other@example.com"),
+            cc=("cc@example.com", "cc.other@example.com"),
+            bcc=("bcc@example.com",),
         )
         message = email.message()
-        self.assertEqual(message['Cc'], 'cc@example.com, cc.other@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(message["Cc"], "cc@example.com, cc.other@example.com")
         self.assertEqual(
             email.recipients(),
-            ['to@example.com', 'other@example.com', 'cc@example.com', 'cc.other@example.com', 'bcc@example.com']
+            [
+                "to@example.com",
+                "other@example.com",
+                "cc@example.com",
+                "cc.other@example.com",
+                "bcc@example.com",
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_recipients_as_string(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, '"to" argument must be a list or tuple'):
-            EmailMessage(to='foo@example.com')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, '"cc" argument must be a list or tuple'):
-            EmailMessage(cc='foo@example.com')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, '"bcc" argument must be a list or tuple'):
-            EmailMessage(bcc='foo@example.com')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, '"reply_to" argument must be a list or tuple'):
-            EmailMessage(reply_to='reply_to@example.com')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TypeError, '"to" argument must be a list or tuple'
+        ):
+            EmailMessage(to="foo@example.com")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TypeError, '"cc" argument must be a list or tuple'
+        ):
+            EmailMessage(cc="foo@example.com")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TypeError, '"bcc" argument must be a list or tuple'
+        ):
+            EmailMessage(bcc="foo@example.com")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TypeError, '"reply_to" argument must be a list or tuple'
+        ):
+            EmailMessage(reply_to="reply_to@example.com")
 
     def test_header_injection(self):
         msg = "Header values can't contain newlines "
-        email = EmailMessage('Subject\nInjection Test', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'])
+        email = EmailMessage(
+            "Subject\nInjection Test", "Content", "from@example.com", ["to@example.com"]
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(BadHeaderError, msg):
             email.message()
         email = EmailMessage(
-            gettext_lazy('Subject\nInjection Test'), 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com']
+            gettext_lazy("Subject\nInjection Test"),
+            "Content",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(BadHeaderError, msg):
             email.message()
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(BadHeaderError, msg):
             EmailMessage(
-                'Subject',
-                'Content',
-                'from@example.com',
-                ['Name\nInjection test <to@example.com>'],
+                "Subject",
+                "Content",
+                "from@example.com",
+                ["Name\nInjection test <to@example.com>"],
             ).message()
 
     def test_space_continuation(self):
@@ -213,15 +295,17 @@ class MailTests(HeadersCheckMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         Test for space continuation character in long (ASCII) subject headers (#7747)
         """
         email = EmailMessage(
-            'Long subject lines that get wrapped should contain a space '
-            'continuation character to get expected behavior in Outlook and Thunderbird',
-            'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com']
+            "Long subject lines that get wrapped should contain a space "
+            "continuation character to get expected behavior in Outlook and Thunderbird",
+            "Content",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
         )
         message = email.message()
         self.assertEqual(
-            message['Subject'].encode(),
-            b'Long subject lines that get wrapped should contain a space continuation\n'
-            b' character to get expected behavior in Outlook and Thunderbird'
+            message["Subject"].encode(),
+            b"Long subject lines that get wrapped should contain a space continuation\n"
+            b" character to get expected behavior in Outlook and Thunderbird",
         )
 
     def test_message_header_overrides(self):
@@ -230,72 +314,107 @@ class MailTests(HeadersCheckMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         default values (#9233)
         """
         headers = {"date": "Fri, 09 Nov 2001 01:08:47 -0000", "Message-ID": "foo"}
-        email = EmailMessage('subject', 'content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'], headers=headers)
+        email = EmailMessage(
+            "subject",
+            "content",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            headers=headers,
+        )
 
-        self.assertMessageHasHeaders(email.message(), {
-            ('Content-Transfer-Encoding', '7bit'),
-            ('Content-Type', 'text/plain; charset="utf-8"'),
-            ('From', 'from@example.com'),
-            ('MIME-Version', '1.0'),
-            ('Message-ID', 'foo'),
-            ('Subject', 'subject'),
-            ('To', 'to@example.com'),
-            ('date', 'Fri, 09 Nov 2001 01:08:47 -0000'),
-        })
+        self.assertMessageHasHeaders(
+            email.message(),
+            {
+                ("Content-Transfer-Encoding", "7bit"),
+                ("Content-Type", 'text/plain; charset="utf-8"'),
+                ("From", "from@example.com"),
+                ("MIME-Version", "1.0"),
+                ("Message-ID", "foo"),
+                ("Subject", "subject"),
+                ("To", "to@example.com"),
+                ("date", "Fri, 09 Nov 2001 01:08:47 -0000"),
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_from_header(self):
         """
         Make sure we can manually set the From header (#9214)
         """
         email = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'Content', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'],
-            headers={'From': 'from@example.com'},
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "bounce@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            headers={"From": "from@example.com"},
         )
         message = email.message()
-        self.assertEqual(message['From'], 'from@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(message["From"], "from@example.com")
 
     def test_to_header(self):
         """
         Make sure we can manually set the To header (#17444)
         """
-        email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'bounce@example.com',
-                             ['list-subscriber@example.com', 'list-subscriber2@example.com'],
-                             headers={'To': 'mailing-list@example.com'})
+        email = EmailMessage(
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "bounce@example.com",
+            ["list-subscriber@example.com", "list-subscriber2@example.com"],
+            headers={"To": "mailing-list@example.com"},
+        )
         message = email.message()
-        self.assertEqual(message['To'], 'mailing-list@example.com')
-        self.assertEqual(email.to, ['list-subscriber@example.com', 'list-subscriber2@example.com'])
+        self.assertEqual(message["To"], "mailing-list@example.com")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            email.to, ["list-subscriber@example.com", "list-subscriber2@example.com"]
+        )
 
         # If we don't set the To header manually, it should default to the `to` argument to the constructor
-        email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'bounce@example.com',
-                             ['list-subscriber@example.com', 'list-subscriber2@example.com'])
+        email = EmailMessage(
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "bounce@example.com",
+            ["list-subscriber@example.com", "list-subscriber2@example.com"],
+        )
         message = email.message()
-        self.assertEqual(message['To'], 'list-subscriber@example.com, list-subscriber2@example.com')
-        self.assertEqual(email.to, ['list-subscriber@example.com', 'list-subscriber2@example.com'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            message["To"], "list-subscriber@example.com, list-subscriber2@example.com"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            email.to, ["list-subscriber@example.com", "list-subscriber2@example.com"]
+        )
 
     def test_to_in_headers_only(self):
         message = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'Content', 'bounce@example.com',
-            headers={'To': 'to@example.com'},
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "bounce@example.com",
+            headers={"To": "to@example.com"},
         ).message()
-        self.assertEqual(message['To'], 'to@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(message["To"], "to@example.com")
 
     def test_reply_to_header(self):
         """
         Specifying 'Reply-To' in headers should override reply_to.
         """
         email = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'Content', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'],
-            reply_to=['foo@example.com'], headers={'Reply-To': 'override@example.com'},
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "bounce@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            reply_to=["foo@example.com"],
+            headers={"Reply-To": "override@example.com"},
         )
         message = email.message()
-        self.assertEqual(message['Reply-To'], 'override@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(message["Reply-To"], "override@example.com")
 
     def test_reply_to_in_headers_only(self):
         message = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'],
-            headers={'Reply-To': 'reply_to@example.com'},
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            headers={"Reply-To": "reply_to@example.com"},
         ).message()
-        self.assertEqual(message['Reply-To'], 'reply_to@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(message["Reply-To"], "reply_to@example.com")
 
     def test_multiple_message_call(self):
         """
@@ -303,13 +422,16 @@ class MailTests(HeadersCheckMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         calling EmailMessage.message()
         """
         email = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'Content', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'],
-            headers={'From': 'from@example.com'},
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "bounce@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            headers={"From": "from@example.com"},
         )
         message = email.message()
-        self.assertEqual(message['From'], 'from@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(message["From"], "from@example.com")
         message = email.message()
-        self.assertEqual(message['From'], 'from@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(message["From"], "from@example.com")
 
     def test_unicode_address_header(self):
         """
@@ -318,34 +440,45 @@ class MailTests(HeadersCheckMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         regards to commas)
         """
         email = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com',
-            ['"Firstname Sürname" <to@example.com>', 'other@example.com'],
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ['"Firstname Sürname" <to@example.com>', "other@example.com"],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            email.message()['To'],
-            '=?utf-8?q?Firstname_S=C3=BCrname?= <to@example.com>, other@example.com'
+            email.message()["To"],
+            "=?utf-8?q?Firstname_S=C3=BCrname?= <to@example.com>, other@example.com",
         )
         email = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com',
-            ['"Sürname, Firstname" <to@example.com>', 'other@example.com'],
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ['"Sürname, Firstname" <to@example.com>', "other@example.com"],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            email.message()['To'],
-            '=?utf-8?q?S=C3=BCrname=2C_Firstname?= <to@example.com>, other@example.com'
+            email.message()["To"],
+            "=?utf-8?q?S=C3=BCrname=2C_Firstname?= <to@example.com>, other@example.com",
         )
 
     def test_unicode_headers(self):
         email = EmailMessage(
-            'Gżegżółka', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'],
+            "Gżegżółka",
+            "Content",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
             headers={
-                'Sender': '"Firstname Sürname" <sender@example.com>',
-                'Comments': 'My Sürname is non-ASCII',
+                "Sender": '"Firstname Sürname" <sender@example.com>',
+                "Comments": "My Sürname is non-ASCII",
             },
         )
         message = email.message()
-        self.assertEqual(message['Subject'], '=?utf-8?b?R8W8ZWfFvMOzxYJrYQ==?=')
-        self.assertEqual(message['Sender'], '=?utf-8?q?Firstname_S=C3=BCrname?= <sender@example.com>')
-        self.assertEqual(message['Comments'], '=?utf-8?q?My_S=C3=BCrname_is_non-ASCII?=')
+        self.assertEqual(message["Subject"], "=?utf-8?b?R8W8ZWfFvMOzxYJrYQ==?=")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            message["Sender"], "=?utf-8?q?Firstname_S=C3=BCrname?= <sender@example.com>"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            message["Comments"], "=?utf-8?q?My_S=C3=BCrname_is_non-ASCII?="
+        )
 
     def test_safe_mime_multipart(self):
         """
@@ -353,103 +486,142 @@ class MailTests(HeadersCheckMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         SafeMIMEMultipart as well
         """
         headers = {"Date": "Fri, 09 Nov 2001 01:08:47 -0000", "Message-ID": "foo"}
-        from_email, to = 'from@example.com', '"Sürname, Firstname" <to@example.com>'
-        text_content = 'This is an important message.'
-        html_content = '<p>This is an <strong>important</strong> message.</p>'
-        msg = EmailMultiAlternatives('Message from Firstname Sürname', text_content, from_email, [to], headers=headers)
+        from_email, to = "from@example.com", '"Sürname, Firstname" <to@example.com>'
+        text_content = "This is an important message."
+        html_content = "<p>This is an <strong>important</strong> message.</p>"
+        msg = EmailMultiAlternatives(
+            "Message from Firstname Sürname",
+            text_content,
+            from_email,
+            [to],
+            headers=headers,
+        )
         msg.attach_alternative(html_content, "text/html")
-        msg.encoding = 'iso-8859-1'
-        self.assertEqual(msg.message()['To'], '=?iso-8859-1?q?S=FCrname=2C_Firstname?= <to@example.com>')
-        self.assertEqual(msg.message()['Subject'], '=?iso-8859-1?q?Message_from_Firstname_S=FCrname?=')
+        msg.encoding = "iso-8859-1"
+        self.assertEqual(
+            msg.message()["To"],
+            "=?iso-8859-1?q?S=FCrname=2C_Firstname?= <to@example.com>",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            msg.message()["Subject"],
+            "=?iso-8859-1?q?Message_from_Firstname_S=FCrname?=",
+        )
 
     def test_safe_mime_multipart_with_attachments(self):
         """
         EmailMultiAlternatives includes alternatives if the body is empty and
         it has attachments.
         """
-        msg = EmailMultiAlternatives(body='')
-        html_content = '<p>This is <strong>html</strong></p>'
-        msg.attach_alternative(html_content, 'text/html')
-        msg.attach('example.txt', 'Text file content', 'text/plain')
+        msg = EmailMultiAlternatives(body="")
+        html_content = "<p>This is <strong>html</strong></p>"
+        msg.attach_alternative(html_content, "text/html")
+        msg.attach("example.txt", "Text file content", "text/plain")
         self.assertIn(html_content, msg.message().as_string())
 
     def test_none_body(self):
-        msg = EmailMessage('subject', None, 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'])
-        self.assertEqual(msg.body, '')
-        self.assertEqual(msg.message().get_payload(), '')
+        msg = EmailMessage("subject", None, "from@example.com", ["to@example.com"])
+        self.assertEqual(msg.body, "")
+        self.assertEqual(msg.message().get_payload(), "")
 
-    @mock.patch('socket.getfqdn', return_value='漢字')
+    @mock.patch("socket.getfqdn", return_value="漢字")
     def test_non_ascii_dns_non_unicode_email(self, mocked_getfqdn):
-        delattr(DNS_NAME, '_fqdn')
-        email = EmailMessage('subject', 'content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'])
-        email.encoding = 'iso-8859-1'
-        self.assertIn('@xn--p8s937b>', email.message()['Message-ID'])
+        delattr(DNS_NAME, "_fqdn")
+        email = EmailMessage(
+            "subject", "content", "from@example.com", ["to@example.com"]
+        )
+        email.encoding = "iso-8859-1"
+        self.assertIn("@xn--p8s937b>", email.message()["Message-ID"])
 
     def test_encoding(self):
         """
         Regression for #12791 - Encode body correctly with other encodings
         than utf-8
         """
-        email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Firstname Sürname is a great guy.', 'from@example.com', ['other@example.com'])
-        email.encoding = 'iso-8859-1'
+        email = EmailMessage(
+            "Subject",
+            "Firstname Sürname is a great guy.",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ["other@example.com"],
+        )
+        email.encoding = "iso-8859-1"
         message = email.message()
-        self.assertMessageHasHeaders(message, {
-            ('MIME-Version', '1.0'),
-            ('Content-Type', 'text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"'),
-            ('Content-Transfer-Encoding', 'quoted-printable'),
-            ('Subject', 'Subject'),
-            ('From', 'from@example.com'),
-            ('To', 'other@example.com')})
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(), 'Firstname S=FCrname is a great guy.')
+        self.assertMessageHasHeaders(
+            message,
+            {
+                ("MIME-Version", "1.0"),
+                ("Content-Type", 'text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"'),
+                ("Content-Transfer-Encoding", "quoted-printable"),
+                ("Subject", "Subject"),
+                ("From", "from@example.com"),
+                ("To", "other@example.com"),
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(), "Firstname S=FCrname is a great guy.")
 
         # Make sure MIME attachments also works correctly with other encodings than utf-8
-        text_content = 'Firstname Sürname is a great guy.'
-        html_content = '<p>Firstname Sürname is a <strong>great</strong> guy.</p>'
-        msg = EmailMultiAlternatives('Subject', text_content, 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'])
-        msg.encoding = 'iso-8859-1'
+        text_content = "Firstname Sürname is a great guy."
+        html_content = "<p>Firstname Sürname is a <strong>great</strong> guy.</p>"
+        msg = EmailMultiAlternatives(
+            "Subject", text_content, "from@example.com", ["to@example.com"]
+        )
+        msg.encoding = "iso-8859-1"
         msg.attach_alternative(html_content, "text/html")
         payload0 = msg.message().get_payload(0)
-        self.assertMessageHasHeaders(payload0, {
-            ('MIME-Version', '1.0'),
-            ('Content-Type', 'text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"'),
-            ('Content-Transfer-Encoding', 'quoted-printable')})
-        self.assertTrue(payload0.as_bytes().endswith(b'\n\nFirstname S=FCrname is a great guy.'))
-        payload1 = msg.message().get_payload(1)
-        self.assertMessageHasHeaders(payload1, {
-            ('MIME-Version', '1.0'),
-            ('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset="iso-8859-1"'),
-            ('Content-Transfer-Encoding', 'quoted-printable')})
+        self.assertMessageHasHeaders(
+            payload0,
+            {
+                ("MIME-Version", "1.0"),
+                ("Content-Type", 'text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"'),
+                ("Content-Transfer-Encoding", "quoted-printable"),
+            },
+        )
         self.assertTrue(
-            payload1.as_bytes().endswith(b'\n\n<p>Firstname S=FCrname is a <strong>great</strong> guy.</p>')
+            payload0.as_bytes().endswith(b"\n\nFirstname S=FCrname is a great guy.")
+        )
+        payload1 = msg.message().get_payload(1)
+        self.assertMessageHasHeaders(
+            payload1,
+            {
+                ("MIME-Version", "1.0"),
+                ("Content-Type", 'text/html; charset="iso-8859-1"'),
+                ("Content-Transfer-Encoding", "quoted-printable"),
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            payload1.as_bytes().endswith(
+                b"\n\n<p>Firstname S=FCrname is a <strong>great</strong> guy.</p>"
+            )
         )
 
     def test_attachments(self):
         """Regression test for #9367"""
         headers = {"Date": "Fri, 09 Nov 2001 01:08:47 -0000", "Message-ID": "foo"}
-        subject, from_email, to = 'hello', 'from@example.com', 'to@example.com'
-        text_content = 'This is an important message.'
-        html_content = '<p>This is an <strong>important</strong> message.</p>'
-        msg = EmailMultiAlternatives(subject, text_content, from_email, [to], headers=headers)
+        subject, from_email, to = "hello", "from@example.com", "to@example.com"
+        text_content = "This is an important message."
+        html_content = "<p>This is an <strong>important</strong> message.</p>"
+        msg = EmailMultiAlternatives(
+            subject, text_content, from_email, [to], headers=headers
+        )
         msg.attach_alternative(html_content, "text/html")
         msg.attach("an attachment.pdf", b"%PDF-1.4.%...", mimetype="application/pdf")
         msg_bytes = msg.message().as_bytes()
         message = message_from_bytes(msg_bytes)
         self.assertTrue(message.is_multipart())
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_content_type(), 'multipart/mixed')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_default_type(), 'text/plain')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_content_type(), "multipart/mixed")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_default_type(), "text/plain")
         payload = message.get_payload()
-        self.assertEqual(payload[0].get_content_type(), 'multipart/alternative')
-        self.assertEqual(payload[1].get_content_type(), 'application/pdf')
+        self.assertEqual(payload[0].get_content_type(), "multipart/alternative")
+        self.assertEqual(payload[1].get_content_type(), "application/pdf")
 
     def test_attachments_two_tuple(self):
-        msg = EmailMessage(attachments=[('filename1', 'content1')])
+        msg = EmailMessage(attachments=[("filename1", "content1")])
         filename, content, mimetype = self.get_decoded_attachments(msg)[0]
-        self.assertEqual(filename, 'filename1')
-        self.assertEqual(content, b'content1')
-        self.assertEqual(mimetype, 'application/octet-stream')
+        self.assertEqual(filename, "filename1")
+        self.assertEqual(content, b"content1")
+        self.assertEqual(mimetype, "application/octet-stream")
 
     def test_attachments_MIMEText(self):
-        txt = MIMEText('content1')
+        txt = MIMEText("content1")
         msg = EmailMessage(attachments=[txt])
         payload = msg.message().get_payload()
         self.assertEqual(payload[0], txt)
@@ -457,15 +629,15 @@ class MailTests(HeadersCheckMixin, SimpleTestCase):
     def test_non_ascii_attachment_filename(self):
         """Regression test for #14964"""
         headers = {"Date": "Fri, 09 Nov 2001 01:08:47 -0000", "Message-ID": "foo"}
-        subject, from_email, to = 'hello', 'from@example.com', 'to@example.com'
-        content = 'This is the message.'
+        subject, from_email, to = "hello", "from@example.com", "to@example.com"
+        content = "This is the message."
         msg = EmailMessage(subject, content, from_email, [to], headers=headers)
         # Unicode in file name
         msg.attach("une pièce jointe.pdf", b"%PDF-1.4.%...", mimetype="application/pdf")
         msg_bytes = msg.message().as_bytes()
         message = message_from_bytes(msg_bytes)
         payload = message.get_payload()
-        self.assertEqual(payload[1].get_filename(), 'une pièce jointe.pdf')
+        self.assertEqual(payload[1].get_filename(), "une pièce jointe.pdf")
 
     def test_attach_file(self):
         """
@@ -475,22 +647,26 @@ class MailTests(HeadersCheckMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         """
         files = (
             # filename, actual mimetype
-            ('file.txt', 'text/plain'),
-            ('file.png', 'image/png'),
-            ('file_txt', None),
-            ('file_png', None),
-            ('file_txt.png', 'image/png'),
-            ('file_png.txt', 'text/plain'),
-            ('file.eml', 'message/rfc822'),
+            ("file.txt", "text/plain"),
+            ("file.png", "image/png"),
+            ("file_txt", None),
+            ("file_png", None),
+            ("file_txt.png", "image/png"),
+            ("file_png.txt", "text/plain"),
+            ("file.eml", "message/rfc822"),
         )
-        test_mimetypes = ['text/plain', 'image/png', None]
+        test_mimetypes = ["text/plain", "image/png", None]
 
         for basename, real_mimetype in files:
             for mimetype in test_mimetypes:
-                email = EmailMessage('subject', 'body', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'])
+                email = EmailMessage(
+                    "subject", "body", "from@example.com", ["to@example.com"]
+                )
                 self.assertEqual(mimetypes.guess_type(basename)[0], real_mimetype)
                 self.assertEqual(email.attachments, [])
-                file_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'attachments', basename)
+                file_path = os.path.join(
+                    os.path.dirname(__file__), "attachments", basename
+                )
                 email.attach_file(file_path, mimetype=mimetype)
                 self.assertEqual(len(email.attachments), 1)
                 self.assertIn(basename, email.attachments[0])
@@ -498,57 +674,57 @@ class MailTests(HeadersCheckMixin, SimpleTestCase):
                 self.assertEqual(msgs_sent_num, 1)
 
     def test_attach_text_as_bytes(self):
-        msg = EmailMessage('subject', 'body', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'])
-        msg.attach('file.txt', b'file content')
+        msg = EmailMessage("subject", "body", "from@example.com", ["to@example.com"])
+        msg.attach("file.txt", b"file content")
         sent_num = msg.send()
         self.assertEqual(sent_num, 1)
         filename, content, mimetype = self.get_decoded_attachments(msg)[0]
-        self.assertEqual(filename, 'file.txt')
-        self.assertEqual(content, b'file content')
-        self.assertEqual(mimetype, 'text/plain')
+        self.assertEqual(filename, "file.txt")
+        self.assertEqual(content, b"file content")
+        self.assertEqual(mimetype, "text/plain")
 
     def test_attach_utf8_text_as_bytes(self):
         """
         Non-ASCII characters encoded as valid UTF-8 are correctly transported
         and decoded.
         """
-        msg = EmailMessage('subject', 'body', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'])
-        msg.attach('file.txt', b'\xc3\xa4')  # UTF-8 encoded a umlaut.
+        msg = EmailMessage("subject", "body", "from@example.com", ["to@example.com"])
+        msg.attach("file.txt", b"\xc3\xa4")  # UTF-8 encoded a umlaut.
         filename, content, mimetype = self.get_decoded_attachments(msg)[0]
-        self.assertEqual(filename, 'file.txt')
-        self.assertEqual(content, b'\xc3\xa4')
-        self.assertEqual(mimetype, 'text/plain')
+        self.assertEqual(filename, "file.txt")
+        self.assertEqual(content, b"\xc3\xa4")
+        self.assertEqual(mimetype, "text/plain")
 
     def test_attach_non_utf8_text_as_bytes(self):
         """
         Binary data that can't be decoded as UTF-8 overrides the MIME type
         instead of decoding the data.
         """
-        msg = EmailMessage('subject', 'body', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'])
-        msg.attach('file.txt', b'\xff')  # Invalid UTF-8.
+        msg = EmailMessage("subject", "body", "from@example.com", ["to@example.com"])
+        msg.attach("file.txt", b"\xff")  # Invalid UTF-8.
         filename, content, mimetype = self.get_decoded_attachments(msg)[0]
-        self.assertEqual(filename, 'file.txt')
+        self.assertEqual(filename, "file.txt")
         # Content should be passed through unmodified.
-        self.assertEqual(content, b'\xff')
-        self.assertEqual(mimetype, 'application/octet-stream')
+        self.assertEqual(content, b"\xff")
+        self.assertEqual(mimetype, "application/octet-stream")
 
     def test_attach_mimetext_content_mimetype(self):
         email_msg = EmailMessage()
-        txt = MIMEText('content')
+        txt = MIMEText("content")
         msg = (
-            'content and mimetype must not be given when a MIMEBase instance '
-            'is provided.'
+            "content and mimetype must not be given when a MIMEBase instance "
+            "is provided."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            email_msg.attach(txt, content='content')
+            email_msg.attach(txt, content="content")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            email_msg.attach(txt, mimetype='text/plain')
+            email_msg.attach(txt, mimetype="text/plain")
 
     def test_attach_content_none(self):
         email_msg = EmailMessage()
-        msg = 'content must be provided.'
+        msg = "content must be provided."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            email_msg.attach('file.txt', mimetype="application/pdf")
+            email_msg.attach("file.txt", mimetype="application/pdf")
 
     def test_dummy_backend(self):
         """
@@ -556,8 +732,11 @@ class MailTests(HeadersCheckMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         """
         connection = dummy.EmailBackend()
         email = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'Content', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'],
-            headers={'From': 'from@example.com'},
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "bounce@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            headers={"From": "from@example.com"},
         )
         self.assertEqual(connection.send_messages([email, email, email]), 3)
 
@@ -566,323 +745,392 @@ class MailTests(HeadersCheckMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         Make sure that get_connection() accepts arbitrary keyword that might be
         used with custom backends.
         """
-        c = mail.get_connection(fail_silently=True, foo='bar')
+        c = mail.get_connection(fail_silently=True, foo="bar")
         self.assertTrue(c.fail_silently)
 
     def test_custom_backend(self):
         """Test custom backend defined in this suite."""
-        conn = mail.get_connection('mail.custombackend.EmailBackend')
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(conn, 'test_outbox'))
+        conn = mail.get_connection("mail.custombackend.EmailBackend")
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(conn, "test_outbox"))
         email = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'Content', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'],
-            headers={'From': 'from@example.com'},
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "bounce@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            headers={"From": "from@example.com"},
         )
         conn.send_messages([email])
         self.assertEqual(len(conn.test_outbox), 1)
 
     def test_backend_arg(self):
         """Test backend argument of mail.get_connection()"""
-        self.assertIsInstance(mail.get_connection('django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend'), smtp.EmailBackend)
         self.assertIsInstance(
-            mail.get_connection('django.core.mail.backends.locmem.EmailBackend'),
-            locmem.EmailBackend
+            mail.get_connection("django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend"),
+            smtp.EmailBackend,
         )
-        self.assertIsInstance(mail.get_connection('django.core.mail.backends.dummy.EmailBackend'), dummy.EmailBackend)
         self.assertIsInstance(
-            mail.get_connection('django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend'),
-            console.EmailBackend
+            mail.get_connection("django.core.mail.backends.locmem.EmailBackend"),
+            locmem.EmailBackend,
+        )
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            mail.get_connection("django.core.mail.backends.dummy.EmailBackend"),
+            dummy.EmailBackend,
+        )
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            mail.get_connection("django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend"),
+            console.EmailBackend,
         )
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir:
             self.assertIsInstance(
-                mail.get_connection('django.core.mail.backends.filebased.EmailBackend', file_path=tmp_dir),
-                filebased.EmailBackend
+                mail.get_connection(
+                    "django.core.mail.backends.filebased.EmailBackend",
+                    file_path=tmp_dir,
+                ),
+                filebased.EmailBackend,
             )
 
-        if sys.platform == 'win32':
-            msg = '_getfullpathname: path should be string, bytes or os.PathLike, not object'
+        if sys.platform == "win32":
+            msg = "_getfullpathname: path should be string, bytes or os.PathLike, not object"
         else:
-            msg = 'expected str, bytes or os.PathLike object, not object'
+            msg = "expected str, bytes or os.PathLike object, not object"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            mail.get_connection('django.core.mail.backends.filebased.EmailBackend', file_path=object())
+            mail.get_connection(
+                "django.core.mail.backends.filebased.EmailBackend", file_path=object()
+            )
         self.assertIsInstance(mail.get_connection(), locmem.EmailBackend)
 
     @override_settings(
-        EMAIL_BACKEND='django.core.mail.backends.locmem.EmailBackend',
-        ADMINS=[('nobody', 'nobody@example.com')],
-        MANAGERS=[('nobody', 'nobody@example.com')])
+        EMAIL_BACKEND="django.core.mail.backends.locmem.EmailBackend",
+        ADMINS=[("nobody", "nobody@example.com")],
+        MANAGERS=[("nobody", "nobody@example.com")],
+    )
     def test_connection_arg(self):
         """Test connection argument to send_mail(), et. al."""
         mail.outbox = []
 
         # Send using non-default connection
-        connection = mail.get_connection('mail.custombackend.EmailBackend')
-        send_mail('Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'], connection=connection)
+        connection = mail.get_connection("mail.custombackend.EmailBackend")
+        send_mail(
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            connection=connection,
+        )
         self.assertEqual(mail.outbox, [])
         self.assertEqual(len(connection.test_outbox), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(connection.test_outbox[0].subject, 'Subject')
+        self.assertEqual(connection.test_outbox[0].subject, "Subject")
 
-        connection = mail.get_connection('mail.custombackend.EmailBackend')
-        send_mass_mail([
-            ('Subject1', 'Content1', 'from1@example.com', ['to1@example.com']),
-            ('Subject2', 'Content2', 'from2@example.com', ['to2@example.com']),
-        ], connection=connection)
+        connection = mail.get_connection("mail.custombackend.EmailBackend")
+        send_mass_mail(
+            [
+                ("Subject1", "Content1", "from1@example.com", ["to1@example.com"]),
+                ("Subject2", "Content2", "from2@example.com", ["to2@example.com"]),
+            ],
+            connection=connection,
+        )
         self.assertEqual(mail.outbox, [])
         self.assertEqual(len(connection.test_outbox), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(connection.test_outbox[0].subject, 'Subject1')
-        self.assertEqual(connection.test_outbox[1].subject, 'Subject2')
+        self.assertEqual(connection.test_outbox[0].subject, "Subject1")
+        self.assertEqual(connection.test_outbox[1].subject, "Subject2")
 
-        connection = mail.get_connection('mail.custombackend.EmailBackend')
-        mail_admins('Admin message', 'Content', connection=connection)
+        connection = mail.get_connection("mail.custombackend.EmailBackend")
+        mail_admins("Admin message", "Content", connection=connection)
         self.assertEqual(mail.outbox, [])
         self.assertEqual(len(connection.test_outbox), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(connection.test_outbox[0].subject, '[Django] Admin message')
+        self.assertEqual(connection.test_outbox[0].subject, "[Django] Admin message")
 
-        connection = mail.get_connection('mail.custombackend.EmailBackend')
-        mail_managers('Manager message', 'Content', connection=connection)
+        connection = mail.get_connection("mail.custombackend.EmailBackend")
+        mail_managers("Manager message", "Content", connection=connection)
         self.assertEqual(mail.outbox, [])
         self.assertEqual(len(connection.test_outbox), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(connection.test_outbox[0].subject, '[Django] Manager message')
+        self.assertEqual(connection.test_outbox[0].subject, "[Django] Manager message")
 
     def test_dont_mangle_from_in_body(self):
         # Regression for #13433 - Make sure that EmailMessage doesn't mangle
         # 'From ' in message body.
         email = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'From the future', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'],
-            headers={'From': 'from@example.com'},
+            "Subject",
+            "From the future",
+            "bounce@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            headers={"From": "from@example.com"},
         )
-        self.assertNotIn(b'>From the future', email.message().as_bytes())
+        self.assertNotIn(b">From the future", email.message().as_bytes())
 
     def test_dont_base64_encode(self):
         # Ticket #3472
         # Shouldn't use Base64 encoding at all
         msg = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'UTF-8 encoded body', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'],
-            headers={'From': 'from@example.com'},
+            "Subject",
+            "UTF-8 encoded body",
+            "bounce@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            headers={"From": "from@example.com"},
         )
-        self.assertIn(b'Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit', msg.message().as_bytes())
+        self.assertIn(b"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit", msg.message().as_bytes())
 
         # Ticket #11212
         # Shouldn't use quoted printable, should detect it can represent content with 7 bit data
         msg = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'Body with only ASCII characters.', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'],
-            headers={'From': 'from@example.com'},
+            "Subject",
+            "Body with only ASCII characters.",
+            "bounce@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            headers={"From": "from@example.com"},
         )
         s = msg.message().as_bytes()
-        self.assertIn(b'Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit', s)
+        self.assertIn(b"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit", s)
 
         # Shouldn't use quoted printable, should detect it can represent content with 8 bit data
         msg = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'Body with latin characters: àáä.', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'],
-            headers={'From': 'from@example.com'},
+            "Subject",
+            "Body with latin characters: àáä.",
+            "bounce@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            headers={"From": "from@example.com"},
         )
         s = msg.message().as_bytes()
-        self.assertIn(b'Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit', s)
+        self.assertIn(b"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit", s)
         s = msg.message().as_string()
-        self.assertIn('Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit', s)
+        self.assertIn("Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit", s)
 
         msg = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'Body with non latin characters: А Б В Г Д Е Ж Ѕ З И І К Л М Н О П.', 'bounce@example.com',
-            ['to@example.com'], headers={'From': 'from@example.com'},
+            "Subject",
+            "Body with non latin characters: А Б В Г Д Е Ж Ѕ З И І К Л М Н О П.",
+            "bounce@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            headers={"From": "from@example.com"},
         )
         s = msg.message().as_bytes()
-        self.assertIn(b'Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit', s)
+        self.assertIn(b"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit", s)
         s = msg.message().as_string()
-        self.assertIn('Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit', s)
+        self.assertIn("Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit", s)
 
     def test_dont_base64_encode_message_rfc822(self):
         # Ticket #18967
         # Shouldn't use base64 encoding for a child EmailMessage attachment.
         # Create a child message first
         child_msg = EmailMessage(
-            'Child Subject', 'Some body of child message', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'],
-            headers={'From': 'from@example.com'},
+            "Child Subject",
+            "Some body of child message",
+            "bounce@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            headers={"From": "from@example.com"},
         )
         child_s = child_msg.message().as_string()
 
         # Now create a parent
         parent_msg = EmailMessage(
-            'Parent Subject', 'Some parent body', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'],
-            headers={'From': 'from@example.com'},
+            "Parent Subject",
+            "Some parent body",
+            "bounce@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            headers={"From": "from@example.com"},
         )
 
         # Attach to parent as a string
-        parent_msg.attach(content=child_s, mimetype='message/rfc822')
+        parent_msg.attach(content=child_s, mimetype="message/rfc822")
         parent_s = parent_msg.message().as_string()
 
         # The child message header is not base64 encoded
-        self.assertIn('Child Subject', parent_s)
+        self.assertIn("Child Subject", parent_s)
 
         # Feature test: try attaching email.Message object directly to the mail.
         parent_msg = EmailMessage(
-            'Parent Subject', 'Some parent body', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'],
-            headers={'From': 'from@example.com'},
+            "Parent Subject",
+            "Some parent body",
+            "bounce@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            headers={"From": "from@example.com"},
         )
-        parent_msg.attach(content=child_msg.message(), mimetype='message/rfc822')
+        parent_msg.attach(content=child_msg.message(), mimetype="message/rfc822")
         parent_s = parent_msg.message().as_string()
 
         # The child message header is not base64 encoded
-        self.assertIn('Child Subject', parent_s)
+        self.assertIn("Child Subject", parent_s)
 
         # Feature test: try attaching Django's EmailMessage object directly to the mail.
         parent_msg = EmailMessage(
-            'Parent Subject', 'Some parent body', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'],
-            headers={'From': 'from@example.com'},
+            "Parent Subject",
+            "Some parent body",
+            "bounce@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            headers={"From": "from@example.com"},
         )
-        parent_msg.attach(content=child_msg, mimetype='message/rfc822')
+        parent_msg.attach(content=child_msg, mimetype="message/rfc822")
         parent_s = parent_msg.message().as_string()
 
         # The child message header is not base64 encoded
-        self.assertIn('Child Subject', parent_s)
+        self.assertIn("Child Subject", parent_s)
 
     def test_custom_utf8_encoding(self):
         """A UTF-8 charset with a custom body encoding is respected."""
-        body = 'Body with latin characters: àáä.'
-        msg = EmailMessage('Subject', body, 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'])
-        encoding = charset.Charset('utf-8')
+        body = "Body with latin characters: àáä."
+        msg = EmailMessage("Subject", body, "bounce@example.com", ["to@example.com"])
+        encoding = charset.Charset("utf-8")
         encoding.body_encoding = charset.QP
         msg.encoding = encoding
         message = msg.message()
-        self.assertMessageHasHeaders(message, {
-            ('MIME-Version', '1.0'),
-            ('Content-Type', 'text/plain; charset="utf-8"'),
-            ('Content-Transfer-Encoding', 'quoted-printable'),
-        })
+        self.assertMessageHasHeaders(
+            message,
+            {
+                ("MIME-Version", "1.0"),
+                ("Content-Type", 'text/plain; charset="utf-8"'),
+                ("Content-Transfer-Encoding", "quoted-printable"),
+            },
+        )
         self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(), encoding.body_encode(body))
 
     def test_sanitize_address(self):
         """Email addresses are properly sanitized."""
         for email_address, encoding, expected_result in (
             # ASCII addresses.
-            ('to@example.com', 'ascii', 'to@example.com'),
-            ('to@example.com', 'utf-8', 'to@example.com'),
-            (('A name', 'to@example.com'), 'ascii', 'A name <to@example.com>'),
+            ("to@example.com", "ascii", "to@example.com"),
+            ("to@example.com", "utf-8", "to@example.com"),
+            (("A name", "to@example.com"), "ascii", "A name <to@example.com>"),
             (
-                ('A name', 'to@example.com'),
-                'utf-8',
-                'A name <to@example.com>',
+                ("A name", "to@example.com"),
+                "utf-8",
+                "A name <to@example.com>",
             ),
-            ('localpartonly', 'ascii', 'localpartonly'),
+            ("localpartonly", "ascii", "localpartonly"),
             # ASCII addresses with display names.
-            ('A name <to@example.com>', 'ascii', 'A name <to@example.com>'),
-            ('A name <to@example.com>', 'utf-8', 'A name <to@example.com>'),
-            ('"A name" <to@example.com>', 'ascii', 'A name <to@example.com>'),
-            ('"A name" <to@example.com>', 'utf-8', 'A name <to@example.com>'),
+            ("A name <to@example.com>", "ascii", "A name <to@example.com>"),
+            ("A name <to@example.com>", "utf-8", "A name <to@example.com>"),
+            ('"A name" <to@example.com>', "ascii", "A name <to@example.com>"),
+            ('"A name" <to@example.com>', "utf-8", "A name <to@example.com>"),
             # Unicode addresses (supported per RFC-6532).
-            ('tó@example.com', 'utf-8', '=?utf-8?b?dMOz?=@example.com'),
-            ('to@éxample.com', 'utf-8', 'to@xn--xample-9ua.com'),
+            ("tó@example.com", "utf-8", "=?utf-8?b?dMOz?=@example.com"),
+            ("to@éxample.com", "utf-8", "to@xn--xample-9ua.com"),
             (
-                ('Tó Example', 'tó@example.com'),
-                'utf-8',
-                '=?utf-8?q?T=C3=B3_Example?= <=?utf-8?b?dMOz?=@example.com>',
+                ("Tó Example", "tó@example.com"),
+                "utf-8",
+                "=?utf-8?q?T=C3=B3_Example?= <=?utf-8?b?dMOz?=@example.com>",
             ),
             # Unicode addresses with display names.
             (
-                'Tó Example <tó@example.com>',
-                'utf-8',
-                '=?utf-8?q?T=C3=B3_Example?= <=?utf-8?b?dMOz?=@example.com>',
+                "Tó Example <tó@example.com>",
+                "utf-8",
+                "=?utf-8?q?T=C3=B3_Example?= <=?utf-8?b?dMOz?=@example.com>",
             ),
-            ('To Example <to@éxample.com>', 'ascii', 'To Example <to@xn--xample-9ua.com>'),
             (
-                'To Example <to@éxample.com>',
-                'utf-8',
-                'To Example <to@xn--xample-9ua.com>',
+                "To Example <to@éxample.com>",
+                "ascii",
+                "To Example <to@xn--xample-9ua.com>",
+            ),
+            (
+                "To Example <to@éxample.com>",
+                "utf-8",
+                "To Example <to@xn--xample-9ua.com>",
             ),
             # Addresses with two @ signs.
-            ('"to@other.com"@example.com', 'utf-8', r'"to@other.com"@example.com'),
+            ('"to@other.com"@example.com', "utf-8", r'"to@other.com"@example.com'),
             (
                 '"to@other.com" <to@example.com>',
-                'utf-8',
+                "utf-8",
                 '"to@other.com" <to@example.com>',
             ),
             (
-                ('To Example', 'to@other.com@example.com'),
-                'utf-8',
+                ("To Example", "to@other.com@example.com"),
+                "utf-8",
                 'To Example <"to@other.com"@example.com>',
             ),
             # Addresses with long unicode display names.
             (
-                'Tó Example very long' * 4 + ' <to@example.com>',
-                'utf-8',
-                '=?utf-8?q?T=C3=B3_Example_very_longT=C3=B3_Example_very_longT'
-                '=C3=B3_Example_?=\n'
-                ' =?utf-8?q?very_longT=C3=B3_Example_very_long?= '
-                '<to@example.com>',
+                "Tó Example very long" * 4 + " <to@example.com>",
+                "utf-8",
+                "=?utf-8?q?T=C3=B3_Example_very_longT=C3=B3_Example_very_longT"
+                "=C3=B3_Example_?=\n"
+                " =?utf-8?q?very_longT=C3=B3_Example_very_long?= "
+                "<to@example.com>",
             ),
             (
-                ('Tó Example very long' * 4, 'to@example.com'),
-                'utf-8',
-                '=?utf-8?q?T=C3=B3_Example_very_longT=C3=B3_Example_very_longT'
-                '=C3=B3_Example_?=\n'
-                ' =?utf-8?q?very_longT=C3=B3_Example_very_long?= '
-                '<to@example.com>',
+                ("Tó Example very long" * 4, "to@example.com"),
+                "utf-8",
+                "=?utf-8?q?T=C3=B3_Example_very_longT=C3=B3_Example_very_longT"
+                "=C3=B3_Example_?=\n"
+                " =?utf-8?q?very_longT=C3=B3_Example_very_long?= "
+                "<to@example.com>",
             ),
             # Address with long display name and unicode domain.
             (
-                ('To Example very long' * 4, 'to@exampl€.com'),
-                'utf-8',
-                'To Example very longTo Example very longTo Example very longT'
-                'o Example very\n'
-                ' long <to@xn--exampl-nc1c.com>'
-            )
+                ("To Example very long" * 4, "to@exampl€.com"),
+                "utf-8",
+                "To Example very longTo Example very longTo Example very longT"
+                "o Example very\n"
+                " long <to@xn--exampl-nc1c.com>",
+            ),
         ):
             with self.subTest(email_address=email_address, encoding=encoding):
-                self.assertEqual(sanitize_address(email_address, encoding), expected_result)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    sanitize_address(email_address, encoding), expected_result
+                )
 
     def test_sanitize_address_invalid(self):
         for email_address in (
             # Invalid address with two @ signs.
-            'to@other.com@example.com',
+            "to@other.com@example.com",
             # Invalid address without the quotes.
-            'to@other.com <to@example.com>',
+            "to@other.com <to@example.com>",
             # Other invalid addresses.
-            '@',
-            'to@',
-            '@example.com',
+            "@",
+            "to@",
+            "@example.com",
         ):
             with self.subTest(email_address=email_address):
                 with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-                    sanitize_address(email_address, encoding='utf-8')
+                    sanitize_address(email_address, encoding="utf-8")
 
     def test_sanitize_address_header_injection(self):
-        msg = 'Invalid address; address parts cannot contain newlines.'
+        msg = "Invalid address; address parts cannot contain newlines."
         tests = [
-            'Name\nInjection <to@example.com>',
-            ('Name\nInjection', 'to@xample.com'),
-            'Name <to\ninjection@example.com>',
-            ('Name', 'to\ninjection@example.com'),
+            "Name\nInjection <to@example.com>",
+            ("Name\nInjection", "to@xample.com"),
+            "Name <to\ninjection@example.com>",
+            ("Name", "to\ninjection@example.com"),
         ]
         for email_address in tests:
             with self.subTest(email_address=email_address):
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-                    sanitize_address(email_address, encoding='utf-8')
+                    sanitize_address(email_address, encoding="utf-8")
 
     def test_email_multi_alternatives_content_mimetype_none(self):
         email_msg = EmailMultiAlternatives()
-        msg = 'Both content and mimetype must be provided.'
+        msg = "Both content and mimetype must be provided."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            email_msg.attach_alternative(None, 'text/html')
+            email_msg.attach_alternative(None, "text/html")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            email_msg.attach_alternative('<p>content</p>', None)
+            email_msg.attach_alternative("<p>content</p>", None)
 
 
 @requires_tz_support
 class MailTimeZoneTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @override_settings(EMAIL_USE_LOCALTIME=False, USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE='Africa/Algiers')
+    @override_settings(
+        EMAIL_USE_LOCALTIME=False, USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE="Africa/Algiers"
+    )
     def test_date_header_utc(self):
         """
         EMAIL_USE_LOCALTIME=False creates a datetime in UTC.
         """
-        email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Body', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'])
-        self.assertTrue(email.message()['Date'].endswith('-0000'))
+        email = EmailMessage(
+            "Subject", "Body", "bounce@example.com", ["to@example.com"]
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(email.message()["Date"].endswith("-0000"))
 
-    @override_settings(EMAIL_USE_LOCALTIME=True, USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE='Africa/Algiers')
+    @override_settings(
+        EMAIL_USE_LOCALTIME=True, USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE="Africa/Algiers"
+    )
     def test_date_header_localtime(self):
         """
         EMAIL_USE_LOCALTIME=True creates a datetime in the local time zone.
         """
-        email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Body', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'])
-        self.assertTrue(email.message()['Date'].endswith('+0100'))  # Africa/Algiers is UTC+1
+        email = EmailMessage(
+            "Subject", "Body", "bounce@example.com", ["to@example.com"]
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            email.message()["Date"].endswith("+0100")
+        )  # Africa/Algiers is UTC+1
 
 
 class PythonGlobalState(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -893,20 +1141,24 @@ class PythonGlobalState(SimpleTestCase):
     """
 
     def test_utf8(self):
-        txt = MIMEText('UTF-8 encoded body', 'plain', 'utf-8')
-        self.assertIn('Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64', txt.as_string())
+        txt = MIMEText("UTF-8 encoded body", "plain", "utf-8")
+        self.assertIn("Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64", txt.as_string())
 
     def test_7bit(self):
-        txt = MIMEText('Body with only ASCII characters.', 'plain', 'utf-8')
-        self.assertIn('Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64', txt.as_string())
+        txt = MIMEText("Body with only ASCII characters.", "plain", "utf-8")
+        self.assertIn("Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64", txt.as_string())
 
     def test_8bit_latin(self):
-        txt = MIMEText('Body with latin characters: àáä.', 'plain', 'utf-8')
-        self.assertIn('Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64', txt.as_string())
+        txt = MIMEText("Body with latin characters: àáä.", "plain", "utf-8")
+        self.assertIn("Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64", txt.as_string())
 
     def test_8bit_non_latin(self):
-        txt = MIMEText('Body with non latin characters: А Б В Г Д Е Ж Ѕ З И І К Л М Н О П.', 'plain', 'utf-8')
-        self.assertIn('Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64', txt.as_string())
+        txt = MIMEText(
+            "Body with non latin characters: А Б В Г Д Е Ж Ѕ З И І К Л М Н О П.",
+            "plain",
+            "utf-8",
+        )
+        self.assertIn("Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64", txt.as_string())
 
 
 class BaseEmailBackendTests(HeadersCheckMixin):
@@ -922,24 +1174,36 @@ class BaseEmailBackendTests(HeadersCheckMixin):
     def assertStartsWith(self, first, second):
         if not first.startswith(second):
             self.longMessage = True
-            self.assertEqual(first[:len(second)], second, "First string doesn't start with the second.")
+            self.assertEqual(
+                first[: len(second)],
+                second,
+                "First string doesn't start with the second.",
+            )
 
     def get_mailbox_content(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseEmailBackendTests must provide a get_mailbox_content() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseEmailBackendTests must provide a get_mailbox_content() method"
+        )
 
     def flush_mailbox(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError('subclasses of BaseEmailBackendTests may require a flush_mailbox() method')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "subclasses of BaseEmailBackendTests may require a flush_mailbox() method"
+        )
 
     def get_the_message(self):
         mailbox = self.get_mailbox_content()
         self.assertEqual(
-            len(mailbox), 1,
-            "Expected exactly one message, got %d.\n%r" % (len(mailbox), [m.as_string() for m in mailbox])
+            len(mailbox),
+            1,
+            "Expected exactly one message, got %d.\n%r"
+            % (len(mailbox), [m.as_string() for m in mailbox]),
         )
         return mailbox[0]
 
     def test_send(self):
-        email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'])
+        email = EmailMessage(
+            "Subject", "Content", "from@example.com", ["to@example.com"]
+        )
         num_sent = mail.get_connection().send_messages([email])
         self.assertEqual(num_sent, 1)
         message = self.get_the_message()
@@ -949,12 +1213,16 @@ class BaseEmailBackendTests(HeadersCheckMixin):
         self.assertEqual(message.get_all("to"), ["to@example.com"])
 
     def test_send_unicode(self):
-        email = EmailMessage('Chère maman', 'Je t\'aime très fort', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'])
+        email = EmailMessage(
+            "Chère maman", "Je t'aime très fort", "from@example.com", ["to@example.com"]
+        )
         num_sent = mail.get_connection().send_messages([email])
         self.assertEqual(num_sent, 1)
         message = self.get_the_message()
-        self.assertEqual(message["subject"], '=?utf-8?q?Ch=C3=A8re_maman?=')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(decode=True).decode(), 'Je t\'aime très fort')
+        self.assertEqual(message["subject"], "=?utf-8?q?Ch=C3=A8re_maman?=")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            message.get_payload(decode=True).decode(), "Je t'aime très fort"
+        )
 
     def test_send_long_lines(self):
         """
@@ -964,18 +1232,27 @@ class BaseEmailBackendTests(HeadersCheckMixin):
         to avoid having to insert newlines, which could be hairy to do properly.
         """
         # Unencoded body length is < 998 (840) but > 998 when utf-8 encoded.
-        email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'В южных морях ' * 60, 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'])
+        email = EmailMessage(
+            "Subject", "В южных морях " * 60, "from@example.com", ["to@example.com"]
+        )
         email.send()
         message = self.get_the_message()
-        self.assertMessageHasHeaders(message, {
-            ('MIME-Version', '1.0'),
-            ('Content-Type', 'text/plain; charset="utf-8"'),
-            ('Content-Transfer-Encoding', 'quoted-printable'),
-        })
+        self.assertMessageHasHeaders(
+            message,
+            {
+                ("MIME-Version", "1.0"),
+                ("Content-Type", 'text/plain; charset="utf-8"'),
+                ("Content-Transfer-Encoding", "quoted-printable"),
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_send_many(self):
-        email1 = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content1', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'])
-        email2 = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content2', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'])
+        email1 = EmailMessage(
+            "Subject", "Content1", "from@example.com", ["to@example.com"]
+        )
+        email2 = EmailMessage(
+            "Subject", "Content2", "from@example.com", ["to@example.com"]
+        )
         # send_messages() may take a list or an iterator.
         emails_lists = ([email1, email2], iter((email1, email2)))
         for emails_list in emails_lists:
@@ -983,93 +1260,106 @@ class BaseEmailBackendTests(HeadersCheckMixin):
             self.assertEqual(num_sent, 2)
             messages = self.get_mailbox_content()
             self.assertEqual(len(messages), 2)
-            self.assertEqual(messages[0].get_payload(), 'Content1')
-            self.assertEqual(messages[1].get_payload(), 'Content2')
+            self.assertEqual(messages[0].get_payload(), "Content1")
+            self.assertEqual(messages[1].get_payload(), "Content2")
             self.flush_mailbox()
 
     def test_send_verbose_name(self):
-        email = EmailMessage("Subject", "Content", '"Firstname Sürname" <from@example.com>',
-                             ["to@example.com"])
+        email = EmailMessage(
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            '"Firstname Sürname" <from@example.com>',
+            ["to@example.com"],
+        )
         email.send()
         message = self.get_the_message()
         self.assertEqual(message["subject"], "Subject")
         self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(), "Content")
-        self.assertEqual(message["from"], "=?utf-8?q?Firstname_S=C3=BCrname?= <from@example.com>")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            message["from"], "=?utf-8?q?Firstname_S=C3=BCrname?= <from@example.com>"
+        )
 
     def test_plaintext_send_mail(self):
         """
         Test send_mail without the html_message
         regression test for adding html_message parameter to send_mail()
         """
-        send_mail('Subject', 'Content', 'sender@example.com', ['nobody@example.com'])
+        send_mail("Subject", "Content", "sender@example.com", ["nobody@example.com"])
         message = self.get_the_message()
 
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('subject'), 'Subject')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_all('to'), ['nobody@example.com'])
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("subject"), "Subject")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_all("to"), ["nobody@example.com"])
         self.assertFalse(message.is_multipart())
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(), 'Content')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_content_type(), 'text/plain')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(), "Content")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_content_type(), "text/plain")
 
     def test_html_send_mail(self):
         """Test html_message argument to send_mail"""
-        send_mail('Subject', 'Content', 'sender@example.com', ['nobody@example.com'], html_message='HTML Content')
+        send_mail(
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "sender@example.com",
+            ["nobody@example.com"],
+            html_message="HTML Content",
+        )
         message = self.get_the_message()
 
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('subject'), 'Subject')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_all('to'), ['nobody@example.com'])
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("subject"), "Subject")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_all("to"), ["nobody@example.com"])
         self.assertTrue(message.is_multipart())
         self.assertEqual(len(message.get_payload()), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(0).get_payload(), 'Content')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(0).get_content_type(), 'text/plain')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(1).get_payload(), 'HTML Content')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(1).get_content_type(), 'text/html')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(0).get_payload(), "Content")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(0).get_content_type(), "text/plain")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(1).get_payload(), "HTML Content")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(1).get_content_type(), "text/html")
 
-    @override_settings(MANAGERS=[('nobody', 'nobody@example.com')])
+    @override_settings(MANAGERS=[("nobody", "nobody@example.com")])
     def test_html_mail_managers(self):
         """Test html_message argument to mail_managers"""
-        mail_managers('Subject', 'Content', html_message='HTML Content')
+        mail_managers("Subject", "Content", html_message="HTML Content")
         message = self.get_the_message()
 
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('subject'), '[Django] Subject')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_all('to'), ['nobody@example.com'])
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("subject"), "[Django] Subject")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_all("to"), ["nobody@example.com"])
         self.assertTrue(message.is_multipart())
         self.assertEqual(len(message.get_payload()), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(0).get_payload(), 'Content')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(0).get_content_type(), 'text/plain')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(1).get_payload(), 'HTML Content')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(1).get_content_type(), 'text/html')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(0).get_payload(), "Content")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(0).get_content_type(), "text/plain")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(1).get_payload(), "HTML Content")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(1).get_content_type(), "text/html")
 
-    @override_settings(ADMINS=[('nobody', 'nobody@example.com')])
+    @override_settings(ADMINS=[("nobody", "nobody@example.com")])
     def test_html_mail_admins(self):
-        """Test html_message argument to mail_admins """
-        mail_admins('Subject', 'Content', html_message='HTML Content')
+        """Test html_message argument to mail_admins"""
+        mail_admins("Subject", "Content", html_message="HTML Content")
         message = self.get_the_message()
 
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('subject'), '[Django] Subject')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_all('to'), ['nobody@example.com'])
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("subject"), "[Django] Subject")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_all("to"), ["nobody@example.com"])
         self.assertTrue(message.is_multipart())
         self.assertEqual(len(message.get_payload()), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(0).get_payload(), 'Content')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(0).get_content_type(), 'text/plain')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(1).get_payload(), 'HTML Content')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(1).get_content_type(), 'text/html')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(0).get_payload(), "Content")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(0).get_content_type(), "text/plain")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(1).get_payload(), "HTML Content")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_payload(1).get_content_type(), "text/html")
 
     @override_settings(
-        ADMINS=[('nobody', 'nobody+admin@example.com')],
-        MANAGERS=[('nobody', 'nobody+manager@example.com')])
+        ADMINS=[("nobody", "nobody+admin@example.com")],
+        MANAGERS=[("nobody", "nobody+manager@example.com")],
+    )
     def test_manager_and_admin_mail_prefix(self):
         """
         String prefix + lazy translated subject = bad output
         Regression for #13494
         """
-        mail_managers(gettext_lazy('Subject'), 'Content')
+        mail_managers(gettext_lazy("Subject"), "Content")
         message = self.get_the_message()
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('subject'), '[Django] Subject')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("subject"), "[Django] Subject")
 
         self.flush_mailbox()
-        mail_admins(gettext_lazy('Subject'), 'Content')
+        mail_admins(gettext_lazy("Subject"), "Content")
         message = self.get_the_message()
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('subject'), '[Django] Subject')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("subject"), "[Django] Subject")
 
     @override_settings(ADMINS=[], MANAGERS=[])
     def test_empty_admins(self):
@@ -1077,63 +1367,77 @@ class BaseEmailBackendTests(HeadersCheckMixin):
         mail_admins/mail_managers doesn't connect to the mail server
         if there are no recipients (#9383)
         """
-        mail_admins('hi', 'there')
+        mail_admins("hi", "there")
         self.assertEqual(self.get_mailbox_content(), [])
-        mail_managers('hi', 'there')
+        mail_managers("hi", "there")
         self.assertEqual(self.get_mailbox_content(), [])
 
     def test_wrong_admins_managers(self):
         tests = (
-            'test@example.com',
-            ('test@example.com',),
-            ['test@example.com', 'other@example.com'],
-            ('test@example.com', 'other@example.com'),
+            "test@example.com",
+            ("test@example.com",),
+            ["test@example.com", "other@example.com"],
+            ("test@example.com", "other@example.com"),
         )
         for setting, mail_func in (
-            ('ADMINS', mail_admins),
-            ('MANAGERS', mail_managers),
+            ("ADMINS", mail_admins),
+            ("MANAGERS", mail_managers),
         ):
-            msg = 'The %s setting must be a list of 2-tuples.' % setting
+            msg = "The %s setting must be a list of 2-tuples." % setting
             for value in tests:
-                with self.subTest(setting=setting, value=value), self.settings(**{setting: value}):
+                with self.subTest(setting=setting, value=value), self.settings(
+                    **{setting: value}
+                ):
                     with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-                        mail_func('subject', 'content')
+                        mail_func("subject", "content")
 
     def test_message_cc_header(self):
         """
         Regression test for #7722
         """
-        email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'], cc=['cc@example.com'])
+        email = EmailMessage(
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            cc=["cc@example.com"],
+        )
         mail.get_connection().send_messages([email])
         message = self.get_the_message()
-        self.assertMessageHasHeaders(message, {
-            ('MIME-Version', '1.0'),
-            ('Content-Type', 'text/plain; charset="utf-8"'),
-            ('Content-Transfer-Encoding', '7bit'),
-            ('Subject', 'Subject'),
-            ('From', 'from@example.com'),
-            ('To', 'to@example.com'),
-            ('Cc', 'cc@example.com')})
-        self.assertIn('\nDate: ', message.as_string())
+        self.assertMessageHasHeaders(
+            message,
+            {
+                ("MIME-Version", "1.0"),
+                ("Content-Type", 'text/plain; charset="utf-8"'),
+                ("Content-Transfer-Encoding", "7bit"),
+                ("Subject", "Subject"),
+                ("From", "from@example.com"),
+                ("To", "to@example.com"),
+                ("Cc", "cc@example.com"),
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertIn("\nDate: ", message.as_string())
 
     def test_idn_send(self):
         """
         Regression test for #14301
         """
-        self.assertTrue(send_mail('Subject', 'Content', 'from@öäü.com', ['to@öäü.com']))
+        self.assertTrue(send_mail("Subject", "Content", "from@öäü.com", ["to@öäü.com"]))
         message = self.get_the_message()
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('subject'), 'Subject')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('from'), 'from@xn--4ca9at.com')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('to'), 'to@xn--4ca9at.com')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("subject"), "Subject")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("from"), "from@xn--4ca9at.com")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("to"), "to@xn--4ca9at.com")
 
         self.flush_mailbox()
-        m = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'from@öäü.com', ['to@öäü.com'], cc=['cc@öäü.com'])
+        m = EmailMessage(
+            "Subject", "Content", "from@öäü.com", ["to@öäü.com"], cc=["cc@öäü.com"]
+        )
         m.send()
         message = self.get_the_message()
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('subject'), 'Subject')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('from'), 'from@xn--4ca9at.com')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('to'), 'to@xn--4ca9at.com')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('cc'), 'cc@xn--4ca9at.com')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("subject"), "Subject")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("from"), "from@xn--4ca9at.com")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("to"), "to@xn--4ca9at.com")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("cc"), "cc@xn--4ca9at.com")
 
     def test_recipient_without_domain(self):
         """
@@ -1141,40 +1445,43 @@ class BaseEmailBackendTests(HeadersCheckMixin):
         """
         self.assertTrue(send_mail("Subject", "Content", "tester", ["django"]))
         message = self.get_the_message()
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('subject'), 'Subject')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('from'), "tester")
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('to'), "django")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("subject"), "Subject")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("from"), "tester")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("to"), "django")
 
     def test_lazy_addresses(self):
         """
         Email sending should support lazy email addresses (#24416).
         """
         _ = gettext_lazy
-        self.assertTrue(send_mail('Subject', 'Content', _('tester'), [_('django')]))
+        self.assertTrue(send_mail("Subject", "Content", _("tester"), [_("django")]))
         message = self.get_the_message()
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('from'), 'tester')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('to'), 'django')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("from"), "tester")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("to"), "django")
 
         self.flush_mailbox()
         m = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'Content', _('tester'), [_('to1'), _('to2')],
-            cc=[_('cc1'), _('cc2')],
-            bcc=[_('bcc')],
-            reply_to=[_('reply')],
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            _("tester"),
+            [_("to1"), _("to2")],
+            cc=[_("cc1"), _("cc2")],
+            bcc=[_("bcc")],
+            reply_to=[_("reply")],
         )
-        self.assertEqual(m.recipients(), ['to1', 'to2', 'cc1', 'cc2', 'bcc'])
+        self.assertEqual(m.recipients(), ["to1", "to2", "cc1", "cc2", "bcc"])
         m.send()
         message = self.get_the_message()
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('from'), 'tester')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('to'), 'to1, to2')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('cc'), 'cc1, cc2')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('Reply-To'), 'reply')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("from"), "tester")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("to"), "to1, to2")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("cc"), "cc1, cc2")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("Reply-To"), "reply")
 
     def test_close_connection(self):
         """
         Connection can be closed (even when not explicitly opened)
         """
-        conn = mail.get_connection(username='', password='')
+        conn = mail.get_connection(username="", password="")
         conn.close()
 
     def test_use_as_contextmanager(self):
@@ -1183,14 +1490,16 @@ class BaseEmailBackendTests(HeadersCheckMixin):
         """
         opened = [False]
         closed = [False]
-        conn = mail.get_connection(username='', password='')
+        conn = mail.get_connection(username="", password="")
 
         def open():
             opened[0] = True
+
         conn.open = open
 
         def close():
             closed[0] = True
+
         conn.close = close
         with conn as same_conn:
             self.assertTrue(opened[0])
@@ -1200,7 +1509,7 @@ class BaseEmailBackendTests(HeadersCheckMixin):
 
 
 class LocmemBackendTests(BaseEmailBackendTests, SimpleTestCase):
-    email_backend = 'django.core.mail.backends.locmem.EmailBackend'
+    email_backend = "django.core.mail.backends.locmem.EmailBackend"
 
     def get_mailbox_content(self):
         return [m.message() for m in mail.outbox]
@@ -1219,8 +1528,11 @@ class LocmemBackendTests(BaseEmailBackendTests, SimpleTestCase):
         connection = locmem.EmailBackend()
         connection2 = locmem.EmailBackend()
         email = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'Content', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'],
-            headers={'From': 'from@example.com'},
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "bounce@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            headers={"From": "from@example.com"},
         )
         connection.send_messages([email])
         connection2.send_messages([email])
@@ -1229,11 +1541,13 @@ class LocmemBackendTests(BaseEmailBackendTests, SimpleTestCase):
     def test_validate_multiline_headers(self):
         # Ticket #18861 - Validate emails when using the locmem backend
         with self.assertRaises(BadHeaderError):
-            send_mail('Subject\nMultiline', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'])
+            send_mail(
+                "Subject\nMultiline", "Content", "from@example.com", ["to@example.com"]
+            )
 
 
 class FileBackendTests(BaseEmailBackendTests, SimpleTestCase):
-    email_backend = 'django.core.mail.backends.filebased.EmailBackend'
+    email_backend = "django.core.mail.backends.filebased.EmailBackend"
 
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
@@ -1256,27 +1570,30 @@ class FileBackendTests(BaseEmailBackendTests, SimpleTestCase):
     def get_mailbox_content(self):
         messages = []
         for filename in os.listdir(self.tmp_dir):
-            with open(os.path.join(self.tmp_dir, filename), 'rb') as fp:
-                session = fp.read().split(b'\n' + (b'-' * 79) + b'\n')
+            with open(os.path.join(self.tmp_dir, filename), "rb") as fp:
+                session = fp.read().split(b"\n" + (b"-" * 79) + b"\n")
             messages.extend(message_from_bytes(m) for m in session if m)
         return messages
 
     def test_file_sessions(self):
         """Make sure opening a connection creates a new file"""
         msg = EmailMessage(
-            'Subject', 'Content', 'bounce@example.com', ['to@example.com'],
-            headers={'From': 'from@example.com'},
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "bounce@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            headers={"From": "from@example.com"},
         )
         connection = mail.get_connection()
         connection.send_messages([msg])
 
         self.assertEqual(len(os.listdir(self.tmp_dir)), 1)
-        with open(os.path.join(self.tmp_dir, os.listdir(self.tmp_dir)[0]), 'rb') as fp:
+        with open(os.path.join(self.tmp_dir, os.listdir(self.tmp_dir)[0]), "rb") as fp:
             message = message_from_binary_file(fp)
-        self.assertEqual(message.get_content_type(), 'text/plain')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('subject'), 'Subject')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('from'), 'from@example.com')
-        self.assertEqual(message.get('to'), 'to@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(message.get_content_type(), "text/plain")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("subject"), "Subject")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("from"), "from@example.com")
+        self.assertEqual(message.get("to"), "to@example.com")
 
         connection2 = mail.get_connection()
         connection2.send_messages([msg])
@@ -1302,7 +1619,7 @@ class FileBackendPathLibTests(FileBackendTests):
 
 
 class ConsoleBackendTests(BaseEmailBackendTests, SimpleTestCase):
-    email_backend = 'django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend'
+    email_backend = "django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend"
 
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
@@ -1319,7 +1636,7 @@ class ConsoleBackendTests(BaseEmailBackendTests, SimpleTestCase):
         self.stream = sys.stdout = StringIO()
 
     def get_mailbox_content(self):
-        messages = self.stream.getvalue().split('\n' + ('-' * 79) + '\n')
+        messages = self.stream.getvalue().split("\n" + ("-" * 79) + "\n")
         return [message_from_bytes(m.encode()) for m in messages if m]
 
     def test_console_stream_kwarg(self):
@@ -1327,17 +1644,29 @@ class ConsoleBackendTests(BaseEmailBackendTests, SimpleTestCase):
         The console backend can be pointed at an arbitrary stream.
         """
         s = StringIO()
-        connection = mail.get_connection('django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend', stream=s)
-        send_mail('Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'], connection=connection)
-        message = s.getvalue().split('\n' + ('-' * 79) + '\n')[0].encode()
-        self.assertMessageHasHeaders(message, {
-            ('MIME-Version', '1.0'),
-            ('Content-Type', 'text/plain; charset="utf-8"'),
-            ('Content-Transfer-Encoding', '7bit'),
-            ('Subject', 'Subject'),
-            ('From', 'from@example.com'),
-            ('To', 'to@example.com')})
-        self.assertIn(b'\nDate: ', message)
+        connection = mail.get_connection(
+            "django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend", stream=s
+        )
+        send_mail(
+            "Subject",
+            "Content",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
+            connection=connection,
+        )
+        message = s.getvalue().split("\n" + ("-" * 79) + "\n")[0].encode()
+        self.assertMessageHasHeaders(
+            message,
+            {
+                ("MIME-Version", "1.0"),
+                ("Content-Type", 'text/plain; charset="utf-8"'),
+                ("Content-Transfer-Encoding", "7bit"),
+                ("Subject", "Subject"),
+                ("From", "from@example.com"),
+                ("To", "to@example.com"),
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertIn(b"\nDate: ", message)
 
 
 class SMTPHandler:
@@ -1349,37 +1678,38 @@ class SMTPHandler:
         mail_from = envelope.mail_from
 
         message = message_from_bytes(data.rstrip())
-        message_addr = parseaddr(message.get('from'))[1]
+        message_addr = parseaddr(message.get("from"))[1]
         if mail_from != message_addr:
             # According to the spec, mail_from does not necessarily match the
             # From header - this is the case where the local part isn't
             # encoded, so try to correct that.
-            lp, domain = mail_from.split('@', 1)
-            lp = Header(lp, 'utf-8').encode()
-            mail_from = '@'.join([lp, domain])
+            lp, domain = mail_from.split("@", 1)
+            lp = Header(lp, "utf-8").encode()
+            mail_from = "@".join([lp, domain])
 
         if mail_from != message_addr:
             return f"553 '{mail_from}' != '{message_addr}'"
         self.mailbox.append(message)
-        return '250 OK'
+        return "250 OK"
 
     def flush_mailbox(self):
         self.mailbox[:] = []
 
 
-@skipUnless(HAS_AIOSMTPD, 'No aiosmtpd library detected.')
+@skipUnless(HAS_AIOSMTPD, "No aiosmtpd library detected.")
 class SMTPBackendTestsBase(SimpleTestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         super().setUpClass()
         # Find a free port.
         with socket.socket() as s:
-            s.bind(('127.0.0.1', 0))
+            s.bind(("127.0.0.1", 0))
             port = s.getsockname()[1]
         cls.smtp_handler = SMTPHandler()
         cls.smtp_controller = Controller(
-            cls.smtp_handler, hostname='127.0.0.1', port=port,
+            cls.smtp_handler,
+            hostname="127.0.0.1",
+            port=port,
         )
         cls._settings_override = override_settings(
             EMAIL_HOST=cls.smtp_controller.hostname,
@@ -1395,9 +1725,9 @@ class SMTPBackendTestsBase(SimpleTestCase):
         cls.smtp_controller.stop()
 
 
-@skipUnless(HAS_AIOSMTPD, 'No aiosmtpd library detected.')
+@skipUnless(HAS_AIOSMTPD, "No aiosmtpd library detected.")
 class SMTPBackendTests(BaseEmailBackendTests, SMTPBackendTestsBase):
-    email_backend = 'django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend'
+    email_backend = "django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend"
 
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
@@ -1415,30 +1745,30 @@ class SMTPBackendTests(BaseEmailBackendTests, SMTPBackendTestsBase):
 
     @override_settings(
         EMAIL_HOST_USER="not empty username",
-        EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD='not empty password',
+        EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD="not empty password",
     )
     def test_email_authentication_use_settings(self):
         backend = smtp.EmailBackend()
-        self.assertEqual(backend.username, 'not empty username')
-        self.assertEqual(backend.password, 'not empty password')
+        self.assertEqual(backend.username, "not empty username")
+        self.assertEqual(backend.password, "not empty password")
 
     @override_settings(
         EMAIL_HOST_USER="not empty username",
-        EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD='not empty password',
+        EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD="not empty password",
     )
     def test_email_authentication_override_settings(self):
-        backend = smtp.EmailBackend(username='username', password='password')
-        self.assertEqual(backend.username, 'username')
-        self.assertEqual(backend.password, 'password')
+        backend = smtp.EmailBackend(username="username", password="password")
+        self.assertEqual(backend.username, "username")
+        self.assertEqual(backend.password, "password")
 
     @override_settings(
         EMAIL_HOST_USER="not empty username",
-        EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD='not empty password',
+        EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD="not empty password",
     )
     def test_email_disabled_authentication(self):
-        backend = smtp.EmailBackend(username='', password='')
-        self.assertEqual(backend.username, '')
-        self.assertEqual(backend.password, '')
+        backend = smtp.EmailBackend(username="", password="")
+        self.assertEqual(backend.username, "")
+        self.assertEqual(backend.password, "")
 
     def test_auth_attempted(self):
         """
@@ -1446,8 +1776,11 @@ class SMTPBackendTests(BaseEmailBackendTests, SMTPBackendTestsBase):
         to authenticate against the SMTP server.
         """
         backend = smtp.EmailBackend(
-            username='not empty username', password='not empty password')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(SMTPException, 'SMTP AUTH extension not supported by server.'):
+            username="not empty username", password="not empty password"
+        )
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            SMTPException, "SMTP AUTH extension not supported by server."
+        ):
             with backend:
                 pass
 
@@ -1455,7 +1788,7 @@ class SMTPBackendTests(BaseEmailBackendTests, SMTPBackendTestsBase):
         """
         open() returns whether it opened a connection.
         """
-        backend = smtp.EmailBackend(username='', password='')
+        backend = smtp.EmailBackend(username="", password="")
         self.assertIsNone(backend.connection)
         opened = backend.open()
         backend.close()
@@ -1483,8 +1816,8 @@ class SMTPBackendTests(BaseEmailBackendTests, SMTPBackendTestsBase):
 
     def test_ssl_tls_mutually_exclusive(self):
         msg = (
-            'EMAIL_USE_TLS/EMAIL_USE_SSL are mutually exclusive, so only set '
-            'one of those settings to True.'
+            "EMAIL_USE_TLS/EMAIL_USE_SSL are mutually exclusive, so only set "
+            "one of those settings to True."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             smtp.EmailBackend(use_ssl=True, use_tls=True)
@@ -1503,29 +1836,29 @@ class SMTPBackendTests(BaseEmailBackendTests, SMTPBackendTestsBase):
         backend = smtp.EmailBackend()
         self.assertFalse(backend.use_ssl)
 
-    @override_settings(EMAIL_SSL_CERTFILE='foo')
+    @override_settings(EMAIL_SSL_CERTFILE="foo")
     def test_email_ssl_certfile_use_settings(self):
         backend = smtp.EmailBackend()
-        self.assertEqual(backend.ssl_certfile, 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(backend.ssl_certfile, "foo")
 
-    @override_settings(EMAIL_SSL_CERTFILE='foo')
+    @override_settings(EMAIL_SSL_CERTFILE="foo")
     def test_email_ssl_certfile_override_settings(self):
-        backend = smtp.EmailBackend(ssl_certfile='bar')
-        self.assertEqual(backend.ssl_certfile, 'bar')
+        backend = smtp.EmailBackend(ssl_certfile="bar")
+        self.assertEqual(backend.ssl_certfile, "bar")
 
     def test_email_ssl_certfile_default_disabled(self):
         backend = smtp.EmailBackend()
         self.assertIsNone(backend.ssl_certfile)
 
-    @override_settings(EMAIL_SSL_KEYFILE='foo')
+    @override_settings(EMAIL_SSL_KEYFILE="foo")
     def test_email_ssl_keyfile_use_settings(self):
         backend = smtp.EmailBackend()
-        self.assertEqual(backend.ssl_keyfile, 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(backend.ssl_keyfile, "foo")
 
-    @override_settings(EMAIL_SSL_KEYFILE='foo')
+    @override_settings(EMAIL_SSL_KEYFILE="foo")
     def test_email_ssl_keyfile_override_settings(self):
-        backend = smtp.EmailBackend(ssl_keyfile='bar')
-        self.assertEqual(backend.ssl_keyfile, 'bar')
+        backend = smtp.EmailBackend(ssl_keyfile="bar")
+        self.assertEqual(backend.ssl_keyfile, "bar")
 
     def test_email_ssl_keyfile_default_disabled(self):
         backend = smtp.EmailBackend()
@@ -1535,7 +1868,9 @@ class SMTPBackendTests(BaseEmailBackendTests, SMTPBackendTestsBase):
     def test_email_tls_attempts_starttls(self):
         backend = smtp.EmailBackend()
         self.assertTrue(backend.use_tls)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(SMTPException, 'STARTTLS extension not supported by server.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            SMTPException, "STARTTLS extension not supported by server."
+        ):
             with backend:
                 pass
 
@@ -1549,14 +1884,15 @@ class SMTPBackendTests(BaseEmailBackendTests, SMTPBackendTestsBase):
 
     def test_connection_timeout_default(self):
         """The connection's timeout value is None by default."""
-        connection = mail.get_connection('django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend')
+        connection = mail.get_connection("django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend")
         self.assertIsNone(connection.timeout)
 
     def test_connection_timeout_custom(self):
         """The timeout parameter can be customized."""
+
         class MyEmailBackend(smtp.EmailBackend):
             def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-                kwargs.setdefault('timeout', 42)
+                kwargs.setdefault("timeout", 42)
                 super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
         myemailbackend = MyEmailBackend()
@@ -1582,13 +1918,15 @@ class SMTPBackendTests(BaseEmailBackendTests, SMTPBackendTestsBase):
 
             SMTP.send = mock_send
 
-            email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'])
+            email = EmailMessage(
+                "Subject", "Content", "from@example.com", ["to@example.com"]
+            )
             mail.get_connection().send_messages([email])
 
             # Find the actual message
             msg = None
             for i, m in enumerate(smtp_messages):
-                if m[:4] == 'data':
+                if m[:4] == "data":
                     msg = smtp_messages[i + 1]
                     break
 
@@ -1596,9 +1934,9 @@ class SMTPBackendTests(BaseEmailBackendTests, SMTPBackendTestsBase):
 
             msg = msg.decode()
             # The message only contains CRLF and not combinations of CRLF, LF, and CR.
-            msg = msg.replace('\r\n', '')
-            self.assertNotIn('\r', msg)
-            self.assertNotIn('\n', msg)
+            msg = msg.replace("\r\n", "")
+            self.assertNotIn("\r", msg)
+            self.assertNotIn("\n", msg)
 
         finally:
             SMTP.send = send
@@ -1613,7 +1951,9 @@ class SMTPBackendTests(BaseEmailBackendTests, SMTPBackendTestsBase):
         # connection exception.
         backend.connection = mock.Mock(spec=object())
         backend.open = lambda: None
-        email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', ['to@example.com'])
+        email = EmailMessage(
+            "Subject", "Content", "from@example.com", ["to@example.com"]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(backend.send_messages([email]), 0)
 
     def test_send_messages_empty_list(self):
@@ -1625,17 +1965,17 @@ class SMTPBackendTests(BaseEmailBackendTests, SMTPBackendTestsBase):
         """A message isn't sent if it doesn't have any recipients."""
         backend = smtp.EmailBackend()
         backend.connection = mock.Mock(spec=object())
-        email = EmailMessage('Subject', 'Content', 'from@example.com', to=[])
+        email = EmailMessage("Subject", "Content", "from@example.com", to=[])
         sent = backend.send_messages([email])
         self.assertEqual(sent, 0)
 
 
-@skipUnless(HAS_AIOSMTPD, 'No aiosmtpd library detected.')
+@skipUnless(HAS_AIOSMTPD, "No aiosmtpd library detected.")
 class SMTPBackendStoppedServerTests(SMTPBackendTestsBase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         super().setUpClass()
-        cls.backend = smtp.EmailBackend(username='', password='')
+        cls.backend = smtp.EmailBackend(username="", password="")
         cls.smtp_controller.stop()
 
     @classmethod
diff --git a/tests/managers_regress/models.py b/tests/managers_regress/models.py
index 36cd4e7572..dd365d961d 100644
--- a/tests/managers_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/managers_regress/models.py
@@ -2,21 +2,19 @@
 Various edge-cases for model managers.
 """
 
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.db import models
 
 
 class OnlyFred(models.Manager):
     def get_queryset(self):
-        return super().get_queryset().filter(name='fred')
+        return super().get_queryset().filter(name="fred")
 
 
 class OnlyBarney(models.Manager):
     def get_queryset(self):
-        return super().get_queryset().filter(name='barney')
+        return super().get_queryset().filter(name="barney")
 
 
 class Value42(models.Manager):
@@ -118,7 +116,9 @@ class Child7(Parent):
 
 # RelatedManagers
 class RelatedModel(models.Model):
-    test_gfk = GenericRelation('RelationModel', content_type_field='gfk_ctype', object_id_field='gfk_id')
+    test_gfk = GenericRelation(
+        "RelationModel", content_type_field="gfk_ctype", object_id_field="gfk_id"
+    )
     exact = models.BooleanField(null=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -126,13 +126,13 @@ class RelatedModel(models.Model):
 
 
 class RelationModel(models.Model):
-    fk = models.ForeignKey(RelatedModel, models.CASCADE, related_name='test_fk')
+    fk = models.ForeignKey(RelatedModel, models.CASCADE, related_name="test_fk")
 
-    m2m = models.ManyToManyField(RelatedModel, related_name='test_m2m')
+    m2m = models.ManyToManyField(RelatedModel, related_name="test_m2m")
 
     gfk_ctype = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.SET_NULL, null=True)
     gfk_id = models.IntegerField(null=True)
-    gfk = GenericForeignKey(ct_field='gfk_ctype', fk_field='gfk_id')
+    gfk = GenericForeignKey(ct_field="gfk_ctype", fk_field="gfk_id")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return str(self.pk)
diff --git a/tests/managers_regress/tests.py b/tests/managers_regress/tests.py
index c18cd8adda..8a67b9f685 100644
--- a/tests/managers_regress/tests.py
+++ b/tests/managers_regress/tests.py
@@ -4,27 +4,37 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase, override_settings
 from django.test.utils import isolate_apps
 
 from .models import (
-    AbstractBase1, AbstractBase2, AbstractBase3, Child1, Child2, Child3,
-    Child4, Child5, Child6, Child7, RelatedModel, RelationModel,
+    AbstractBase1,
+    AbstractBase2,
+    AbstractBase3,
+    Child1,
+    Child2,
+    Child3,
+    Child4,
+    Child5,
+    Child6,
+    Child7,
+    RelatedModel,
+    RelationModel,
 )
 
 
 class ManagersRegressionTests(TestCase):
     def test_managers(self):
-        a1 = Child1.objects.create(name='fred', data='a1')
-        a2 = Child1.objects.create(name='barney', data='a2')
-        b1 = Child2.objects.create(name='fred', data='b1', value=1)
-        b2 = Child2.objects.create(name='barney', data='b2', value=42)
-        c1 = Child3.objects.create(name='fred', data='c1', comment='yes')
-        c2 = Child3.objects.create(name='barney', data='c2', comment='no')
-        d1 = Child4.objects.create(name='fred', data='d1')
-        d2 = Child4.objects.create(name='barney', data='d2')
-        fred1 = Child5.objects.create(name='fred', comment='yes')
-        Child5.objects.create(name='barney', comment='no')
-        f1 = Child6.objects.create(name='fred', data='f1', value=42)
-        f2 = Child6.objects.create(name='barney', data='f2', value=42)
-        fred2 = Child7.objects.create(name='fred')
-        barney = Child7.objects.create(name='barney')
+        a1 = Child1.objects.create(name="fred", data="a1")
+        a2 = Child1.objects.create(name="barney", data="a2")
+        b1 = Child2.objects.create(name="fred", data="b1", value=1)
+        b2 = Child2.objects.create(name="barney", data="b2", value=42)
+        c1 = Child3.objects.create(name="fred", data="c1", comment="yes")
+        c2 = Child3.objects.create(name="barney", data="c2", comment="no")
+        d1 = Child4.objects.create(name="fred", data="d1")
+        d2 = Child4.objects.create(name="barney", data="d2")
+        fred1 = Child5.objects.create(name="fred", comment="yes")
+        Child5.objects.create(name="barney", comment="no")
+        f1 = Child6.objects.create(name="fred", data="f1", value=42)
+        f2 = Child6.objects.create(name="barney", data="f2", value=42)
+        fred2 = Child7.objects.create(name="fred")
+        barney = Child7.objects.create(name="barney")
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Child1.manager1.all(), [a1])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Child1.manager2.all(), [a2])
@@ -40,14 +50,14 @@ class ManagersRegressionTests(TestCase):
         # Since Child6 inherits from Child4, the corresponding rows from f1 and
         # f2 also appear here. This is the expected result.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Child4._default_manager.order_by('data'),
+            Child4._default_manager.order_by("data"),
             [d1, d2, f1.child4_ptr, f2.child4_ptr],
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(Child4.manager1.all(), [d1, f1.child4_ptr])
         self.assertCountEqual(Child5._default_manager.all(), [fred1])
         self.assertCountEqual(Child6._default_manager.all(), [f1, f2])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Child7._default_manager.order_by('name'),
+            Child7._default_manager.order_by("name"),
             [barney, fred2],
         )
 
@@ -78,12 +88,12 @@ class ManagersRegressionTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, msg):
             AbstractBase1.objects.all()
 
-    @override_settings(TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL='managers_regress.Parent')
-    @isolate_apps('managers_regress')
+    @override_settings(TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL="managers_regress.Parent")
+    @isolate_apps("managers_regress")
     def test_swappable_manager(self):
         class SwappableModel(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                swappable = 'TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL'
+                swappable = "TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL"
 
         # Accessing the manager on a swappable model should
         # raise an attribute error with a helpful message
@@ -94,14 +104,14 @@ class ManagersRegressionTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, msg):
             SwappableModel.objects.all()
 
-    @override_settings(TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL='managers_regress.Parent')
-    @isolate_apps('managers_regress')
+    @override_settings(TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL="managers_regress.Parent")
+    @isolate_apps("managers_regress")
     def test_custom_swappable_manager(self):
         class SwappableModel(models.Model):
             stuff = models.Manager()
 
             class Meta:
-                swappable = 'TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL'
+                swappable = "TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL"
 
         # Accessing the manager on a swappable model with an
         # explicit manager should raise an attribute error with a
@@ -113,14 +123,14 @@ class ManagersRegressionTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, msg):
             SwappableModel.stuff.all()
 
-    @override_settings(TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL='managers_regress.Parent')
-    @isolate_apps('managers_regress')
+    @override_settings(TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL="managers_regress.Parent")
+    @isolate_apps("managers_regress")
     def test_explicit_swappable_manager(self):
         class SwappableModel(models.Model):
             objects = models.Manager()
 
             class Meta:
-                swappable = 'TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL'
+                swappable = "TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL"
 
         # Accessing the manager on a swappable model with an
         # explicit manager should raise an attribute error with a
@@ -141,11 +151,13 @@ class ManagersRegressionTests(TestCase):
         relation.save()
         relation.m2m.add(related)
 
-        t = Template('{{ related.test_fk.all.0 }}{{ related.test_gfk.all.0 }}{{ related.test_m2m.all.0 }}')
+        t = Template(
+            "{{ related.test_fk.all.0 }}{{ related.test_gfk.all.0 }}{{ related.test_m2m.all.0 }}"
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            t.render(Context({'related': related})),
-            ''.join([str(relation.pk)] * 3),
+            t.render(Context({"related": related})),
+            "".join([str(relation.pk)] * 3),
         )
 
     def test_field_can_be_called_exact(self):
@@ -157,7 +169,7 @@ class ManagersRegressionTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(related.test_fk.get(), relation)
 
 
-@isolate_apps('managers_regress')
+@isolate_apps("managers_regress")
 class TestManagerInheritance(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_implicit_inheritance(self):
         class CustomManager(models.Manager):
@@ -203,7 +215,7 @@ class TestManagerInheritance(SimpleTestCase):
             custom_manager = CustomManager()
 
             class Meta:
-                default_manager_name = 'custom_manager'
+                default_manager_name = "custom_manager"
                 abstract = True
 
         class PlainModel(models.Model):
@@ -211,7 +223,7 @@ class TestManagerInheritance(SimpleTestCase):
             custom_manager = CustomManager()
 
             class Meta:
-                default_manager_name = 'custom_manager'
+                default_manager_name = "custom_manager"
 
         self.assertIsInstance(PlainModel._default_manager, CustomManager)
 
@@ -240,7 +252,7 @@ class TestManagerInheritance(SimpleTestCase):
             custom_manager = CustomManager()
 
             class Meta:
-                base_manager_name = 'custom_manager'
+                base_manager_name = "custom_manager"
                 abstract = True
 
         class PlainModel(models.Model):
@@ -248,7 +260,7 @@ class TestManagerInheritance(SimpleTestCase):
             custom_manager = CustomManager()
 
             class Meta:
-                base_manager_name = 'custom_manager'
+                base_manager_name = "custom_manager"
 
         self.assertIsInstance(PlainModel._base_manager, CustomManager)
 
@@ -282,7 +294,9 @@ class TestManagerInheritance(SimpleTestCase):
             custom_manager = CustomManager()
 
         self.assertEqual(TestModel._meta.managers, (TestModel.custom_manager,))
-        self.assertEqual(TestModel._meta.managers_map, {'custom_manager': TestModel.custom_manager})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            TestModel._meta.managers_map, {"custom_manager": TestModel.custom_manager}
+        )
 
     def test_manager_class_getitem(self):
         self.assertIs(models.Manager[Child1], models.Manager)
diff --git a/tests/many_to_many/models.py b/tests/many_to_many/models.py
index 49aa73144f..541928e94d 100644
--- a/tests/many_to_many/models.py
+++ b/tests/many_to_many/models.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class Publication(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=30)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('title',)
+        ordering = ("title",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.title
@@ -29,21 +29,21 @@ class Tag(models.Model):
 
 class NoDeletedArticleManager(models.Manager):
     def get_queryset(self):
-        return super().get_queryset().exclude(headline='deleted')
+        return super().get_queryset().exclude(headline="deleted")
 
 
 class Article(models.Model):
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     # Assign a string as name to make sure the intermediary model is
     # correctly created. Refs #20207
-    publications = models.ManyToManyField(Publication, name='publications')
-    tags = models.ManyToManyField(Tag, related_name='tags')
-    authors = models.ManyToManyField('User', through='UserArticle')
+    publications = models.ManyToManyField(Publication, name="publications")
+    tags = models.ManyToManyField(Tag, related_name="tags")
+    authors = models.ManyToManyField("User", through="UserArticle")
 
     objects = NoDeletedArticleManager()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('headline',)
+        ordering = ("headline",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class User(models.Model):
 
 
 class UserArticle(models.Model):
-    user = models.ForeignKey(User, models.CASCADE, to_field='username')
+    user = models.ForeignKey(User, models.CASCADE, to_field="username")
     article = models.ForeignKey(Article, models.CASCADE)
 
 
@@ -66,7 +66,9 @@ class AbstractArticle(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         abstract = True
 
-    publications = models.ManyToManyField(Publication, name='publications', related_name='+')
+    publications = models.ManyToManyField(
+        Publication, name="publications", related_name="+"
+    )
 
 
 class InheritedArticleA(AbstractArticle):
diff --git a/tests/many_to_many/tests.py b/tests/many_to_many/tests.py
index a20015b6d4..3d393b5711 100644
--- a/tests/many_to_many/tests.py
+++ b/tests/many_to_many/tests.py
@@ -3,50 +3,49 @@ from unittest import mock
 from django.db import transaction
 from django.test import TestCase, skipIfDBFeature, skipUnlessDBFeature
 
-from .models import (
-    Article, InheritedArticleA, InheritedArticleB, Publication, User,
-)
+from .models import Article, InheritedArticleA, InheritedArticleB, Publication, User
 
 
 class ManyToManyTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         # Create a couple of Publications.
-        cls.p1 = Publication.objects.create(title='The Python Journal')
-        cls.p2 = Publication.objects.create(title='Science News')
-        cls.p3 = Publication.objects.create(title='Science Weekly')
-        cls.p4 = Publication.objects.create(title='Highlights for Children')
+        cls.p1 = Publication.objects.create(title="The Python Journal")
+        cls.p2 = Publication.objects.create(title="Science News")
+        cls.p3 = Publication.objects.create(title="Science Weekly")
+        cls.p4 = Publication.objects.create(title="Highlights for Children")
 
-        cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(headline='Django lets you build web apps easily')
+        cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
+            headline="Django lets you build web apps easily"
+        )
         cls.a1.publications.add(cls.p1)
 
-        cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(headline='NASA uses Python')
+        cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(headline="NASA uses Python")
         cls.a2.publications.add(cls.p1, cls.p2, cls.p3, cls.p4)
 
-        cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(headline='NASA finds intelligent life on Earth')
+        cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(headline="NASA finds intelligent life on Earth")
         cls.a3.publications.add(cls.p2)
 
-        cls.a4 = Article.objects.create(headline='Oxygen-free diet works wonders')
+        cls.a4 = Article.objects.create(headline="Oxygen-free diet works wonders")
         cls.a4.publications.add(cls.p2)
 
     def test_add(self):
         # Create an Article.
-        a5 = Article(headline='Django lets you create web apps easily')
+        a5 = Article(headline="Django lets you create web apps easily")
         # You can't associate it with a Publication until it's been saved.
         msg = (
             '"<Article: Django lets you create web apps easily>" needs to have '
             'a value for field "id" before this many-to-many relationship can be used.'
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            getattr(a5, 'publications')
+            getattr(a5, "publications")
         # Save it!
         a5.save()
         # Associate the Article with a Publication.
         a5.publications.add(self.p1)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(a5.publications.all(), [self.p1])
         # Create another Article, and set it to appear in both Publications.
-        a6 = Article(headline='ESA uses Python')
+        a6 = Article(headline="ESA uses Python")
         a6.save()
         a6.publications.add(self.p1, self.p2)
         a6.publications.add(self.p3)
@@ -64,14 +63,14 @@ class ManyToManyTests(TestCase):
                 a6.publications.add(a5)
 
         # Add a Publication directly via publications.add by using keyword arguments.
-        p5 = a6.publications.create(title='Highlights for Adults')
+        p5 = a6.publications.create(title="Highlights for Adults")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             a6.publications.all(),
             [p5, self.p2, self.p3, self.p1],
         )
 
     def test_add_remove_set_by_pk(self):
-        a5 = Article.objects.create(headline='Django lets you create web apps easily')
+        a5 = Article.objects.create(headline="Django lets you create web apps easily")
         a5.publications.add(self.p1.pk)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(a5.publications.all(), [self.p1])
         a5.publications.set([self.p2.pk])
@@ -80,9 +79,9 @@ class ManyToManyTests(TestCase):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(a5.publications.all(), [])
 
     def test_add_remove_set_by_to_field(self):
-        user_1 = User.objects.create(username='Jean')
-        user_2 = User.objects.create(username='Joe')
-        a5 = Article.objects.create(headline='Django lets you create web apps easily')
+        user_1 = User.objects.create(username="Jean")
+        user_2 = User.objects.create(username="Joe")
+        a5 = Article.objects.create(headline="Django lets you create web apps easily")
         a5.authors.add(user_1.username)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(a5.authors.all(), [user_1])
         a5.authors.set([user_2.username])
@@ -92,13 +91,13 @@ class ManyToManyTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_add_remove_invalid_type(self):
         msg = "Field 'id' expected a number but got 'invalid'."
-        for method in ['add', 'remove']:
+        for method in ["add", "remove"]:
             with self.subTest(method), self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-                getattr(self.a1.publications, method)('invalid')
+                getattr(self.a1.publications, method)("invalid")
 
     def test_reverse_add(self):
         # Adding via the 'other' end of an m2m
-        a5 = Article(headline='NASA finds intelligent life on Mars')
+        a5 = Article(headline="NASA finds intelligent life on Mars")
         a5.save()
         self.p2.article_set.add(a5)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
@@ -108,7 +107,7 @@ class ManyToManyTests(TestCase):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(a5.publications.all(), [self.p2])
 
         # Adding via the other end using keywords
-        a6 = self.p2.article_set.create(headline='Carbon-free diet works wonders')
+        a6 = self.p2.article_set.create(headline="Carbon-free diet works wonders")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             self.p2.article_set.all(),
             [a6, self.a3, a5, self.a2, self.a4],
@@ -119,7 +118,7 @@ class ManyToManyTests(TestCase):
             [self.p4, self.p2, self.p3, self.p1],
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_ignore_conflicts')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_ignore_conflicts")
     def test_fast_add_ignore_conflicts(self):
         """
         A single query is necessary to add auto-created through instances if
@@ -129,7 +128,7 @@ class ManyToManyTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             self.a1.publications.add(self.p1, self.p2)
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_ignore_conflicts')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_ignore_conflicts")
     def test_add_existing_different_type(self):
         # A single SELECT query is necessary to compare existing values to the
         # provided one; no INSERT should be attempted.
@@ -137,7 +136,7 @@ class ManyToManyTests(TestCase):
             self.a1.publications.add(str(self.p1.pk))
         self.assertEqual(self.a1.publications.get(), self.p1)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_ignore_conflicts')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_ignore_conflicts")
     def test_slow_add_ignore_conflicts(self):
         manager_cls = self.a1.publications.__class__
         # Simulate a race condition between the missing ids retrieval and
@@ -145,8 +144,10 @@ class ManyToManyTests(TestCase):
         missing_target_ids = {self.p1.id}
         # Disable fast-add to test the case where the slow add path is taken.
         add_plan = (True, False, False)
-        with mock.patch.object(manager_cls, '_get_missing_target_ids', return_value=missing_target_ids) as mocked:
-            with mock.patch.object(manager_cls, '_get_add_plan', return_value=add_plan):
+        with mock.patch.object(
+            manager_cls, "_get_missing_target_ids", return_value=missing_target_ids
+        ) as mocked:
+            with mock.patch.object(manager_cls, "_get_add_plan", return_value=add_plan):
                 self.a1.publications.add(self.p1)
         mocked.assert_called_once()
 
@@ -191,18 +192,29 @@ class ManyToManyTests(TestCase):
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science"),
-            [self.a3, self.a2, self.a2, self.a4]
+            [self.a3, self.a2, self.a2, self.a4],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science").distinct(),
+            Article.objects.filter(
+                publications__title__startswith="Science"
+            ).distinct(),
             [self.a3, self.a2, self.a4],
         )
 
         # The count() function respects distinct() as well.
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science").count(), 4)
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science").distinct().count(), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science").count(), 4
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science")
+            .distinct()
+            .count(),
+            3,
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(publications__in=[self.p1.id, self.p2.id]).distinct(),
+            Article.objects.filter(
+                publications__in=[self.p1.id, self.p2.id]
+            ).distinct(),
             [self.a1, self.a3, self.a2, self.a4],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
@@ -225,17 +237,29 @@ class ManyToManyTests(TestCase):
         # Reverse m2m queries are supported (i.e., starting at the table that
         # doesn't have a ManyToManyField).
         python_journal = [self.p1]
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Publication.objects.filter(id__exact=self.p1.id), python_journal)
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Publication.objects.filter(pk=self.p1.id), python_journal)
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Publication.objects.filter(id__exact=self.p1.id), python_journal
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Publication.objects.filter(pk=self.p1.id), python_journal
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Publication.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith="NASA"),
             [self.p4, self.p2, self.p2, self.p3, self.p1],
         )
 
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Publication.objects.filter(article__id__exact=self.a1.id), python_journal)
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Publication.objects.filter(article__pk=self.a1.id), python_journal)
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Publication.objects.filter(article=self.a1.id), python_journal)
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Publication.objects.filter(article=self.a1), python_journal)
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Publication.objects.filter(article__id__exact=self.a1.id), python_journal
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Publication.objects.filter(article__pk=self.a1.id), python_journal
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Publication.objects.filter(article=self.a1.id), python_journal
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Publication.objects.filter(article=self.a1), python_journal
+        )
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Publication.objects.filter(article__in=[self.a1.id, self.a2.id]).distinct(),
@@ -271,7 +295,7 @@ class ManyToManyTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_bulk_delete(self):
         # Bulk delete some Publications - references to deleted publications should go
-        Publication.objects.filter(title__startswith='Science').delete()
+        Publication.objects.filter(title__startswith="Science").delete()
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Publication.objects.all(),
             [self.p4, self.p1],
@@ -286,7 +310,7 @@ class ManyToManyTests(TestCase):
         )
 
         # Bulk delete some articles - references to deleted objects should go
-        q = Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith='Django')
+        q = Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith="Django")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q, [self.a1])
         q.delete()
         # After the delete, the QuerySet cache needs to be cleared,
@@ -345,14 +369,18 @@ class ManyToManyTests(TestCase):
     def test_set_existing_different_type(self):
         # Existing many-to-many relations remain the same for values provided
         # with a different type.
-        ids = set(Publication.article_set.through.objects.filter(
-            article__in=[self.a4, self.a3],
-            publication=self.p2,
-        ).values_list('id', flat=True))
+        ids = set(
+            Publication.article_set.through.objects.filter(
+                article__in=[self.a4, self.a3],
+                publication=self.p2,
+            ).values_list("id", flat=True)
+        )
         self.p2.article_set.set([str(self.a4.pk), str(self.a3.pk)])
-        new_ids = set(Publication.article_set.through.objects.filter(
-            publication=self.p2,
-        ).values_list('id', flat=True))
+        new_ids = set(
+            Publication.article_set.through.objects.filter(
+                publication=self.p2,
+            ).values_list("id", flat=True)
+        )
         self.assertEqual(ids, new_ids)
 
     def test_assign_forward(self):
@@ -407,7 +435,7 @@ class ManyToManyTests(TestCase):
         # (#19816).
         self.a1.publications.set([self.p1, self.p2])
 
-        qs = self.a1.publications.filter(title='The Python Journal')
+        qs = self.a1.publications.filter(title="The Python Journal")
         self.a1.publications.set(qs)
 
         self.assertEqual(1, self.a1.publications.count())
@@ -419,7 +447,9 @@ class ManyToManyTests(TestCase):
         # (#19816).
         self.p1.article_set.set([self.a1, self.a2])
 
-        qs = self.p1.article_set.filter(headline='Django lets you build web apps easily')
+        qs = self.p1.article_set.filter(
+            headline="Django lets you build web apps easily"
+        )
         self.p1.article_set.set(qs)
 
         self.assertEqual(1, self.p1.article_set.count())
@@ -443,25 +473,25 @@ class ManyToManyTests(TestCase):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.p2.article_set.all(), [self.a3])
 
     def test_clear_after_prefetch(self):
-        a4 = Article.objects.prefetch_related('publications').get(id=self.a4.id)
+        a4 = Article.objects.prefetch_related("publications").get(id=self.a4.id)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(a4.publications.all(), [self.p2])
         a4.publications.clear()
         self.assertSequenceEqual(a4.publications.all(), [])
 
     def test_remove_after_prefetch(self):
-        a4 = Article.objects.prefetch_related('publications').get(id=self.a4.id)
+        a4 = Article.objects.prefetch_related("publications").get(id=self.a4.id)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(a4.publications.all(), [self.p2])
         a4.publications.remove(self.p2)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(a4.publications.all(), [])
 
     def test_add_after_prefetch(self):
-        a4 = Article.objects.prefetch_related('publications').get(id=self.a4.id)
+        a4 = Article.objects.prefetch_related("publications").get(id=self.a4.id)
         self.assertEqual(a4.publications.count(), 1)
         a4.publications.add(self.p1)
         self.assertEqual(a4.publications.count(), 2)
 
     def test_set_after_prefetch(self):
-        a4 = Article.objects.prefetch_related('publications').get(id=self.a4.id)
+        a4 = Article.objects.prefetch_related("publications").get(id=self.a4.id)
         self.assertEqual(a4.publications.count(), 1)
         a4.publications.set([self.p2, self.p1])
         self.assertEqual(a4.publications.count(), 2)
@@ -469,7 +499,7 @@ class ManyToManyTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(a4.publications.count(), 1)
 
     def test_add_then_remove_after_prefetch(self):
-        a4 = Article.objects.prefetch_related('publications').get(id=self.a4.id)
+        a4 = Article.objects.prefetch_related("publications").get(id=self.a4.id)
         self.assertEqual(a4.publications.count(), 1)
         a4.publications.add(self.p1)
         self.assertEqual(a4.publications.count(), 2)
@@ -497,7 +527,9 @@ class ManyToManyTests(TestCase):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(b.publications.all(), [self.p3])
 
     def test_custom_default_manager_exists_count(self):
-        a5 = Article.objects.create(headline='deleted')
+        a5 = Article.objects.create(headline="deleted")
         a5.publications.add(self.p2)
         self.assertEqual(self.p2.article_set.count(), self.p2.article_set.all().count())
-        self.assertEqual(self.p3.article_set.exists(), self.p3.article_set.all().exists())
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.p3.article_set.exists(), self.p3.article_set.all().exists()
+        )
diff --git a/tests/many_to_one/models.py b/tests/many_to_one/models.py
index 5f42f167c9..cca7e79817 100644
--- a/tests/many_to_one/models.py
+++ b/tests/many_to_one/models.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     reporter = models.ForeignKey(Reporter, models.CASCADE)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('headline',)
+        ordering = ("headline",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
@@ -34,12 +34,14 @@ class Country(models.Model):
 
 class City(models.Model):
     id = models.BigAutoField(primary_key=True)
-    country = models.ForeignKey(Country, models.CASCADE, related_name='cities', null=True)
+    country = models.ForeignKey(
+        Country, models.CASCADE, related_name="cities", null=True
+    )
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
 
 class District(models.Model):
-    city = models.ForeignKey(City, models.CASCADE, related_name='districts', null=True)
+    city = models.ForeignKey(City, models.CASCADE, related_name="districts", null=True)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -54,18 +56,22 @@ class First(models.Model):
 
 
 class Second(models.Model):
-    first = models.ForeignKey(First, models.CASCADE, related_name='the_first')
+    first = models.ForeignKey(First, models.CASCADE, related_name="the_first")
 
 
 # Protect against repetition of #1839, #2415 and #2536.
 class Third(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
-    third = models.ForeignKey('self', models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name='child_set')
+    third = models.ForeignKey(
+        "self", models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name="child_set"
+    )
 
 
 class Parent(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20, unique=True)
-    bestchild = models.ForeignKey('Child', models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name='favored_by')
+    bestchild = models.ForeignKey(
+        "Child", models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name="favored_by"
+    )
 
 
 class ParentStringPrimaryKey(models.Model):
@@ -86,7 +92,9 @@ class ChildStringPrimaryKeyParent(models.Model):
 
 
 class ToFieldChild(models.Model):
-    parent = models.ForeignKey(Parent, models.CASCADE, to_field='name', related_name='to_field_children')
+    parent = models.ForeignKey(
+        Parent, models.CASCADE, to_field="name", related_name="to_field_children"
+    )
 
 
 # Multiple paths to the same model (#7110, #7125)
@@ -102,8 +110,8 @@ class Record(models.Model):
 
 
 class Relation(models.Model):
-    left = models.ForeignKey(Record, models.CASCADE, related_name='left_set')
-    right = models.ForeignKey(Record, models.CASCADE, related_name='right_set')
+    left = models.ForeignKey(Record, models.CASCADE, related_name="left_set")
+    right = models.ForeignKey(Record, models.CASCADE, related_name="right_set")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return "%s - %s" % (self.left.category.name, self.right.category.name)
diff --git a/tests/many_to_one/tests.py b/tests/many_to_one/tests.py
index 1e297b0ec4..8fca4d691f 100644
--- a/tests/many_to_one/tests.py
+++ b/tests/many_to_one/tests.py
@@ -7,9 +7,24 @@ from django.test import TestCase
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy
 
 from .models import (
-    Article, Category, Child, ChildNullableParent, ChildStringPrimaryKeyParent,
-    City, Country, District, First, Parent, ParentStringPrimaryKey, Record,
-    Relation, Reporter, School, Student, Third, ToFieldChild,
+    Article,
+    Category,
+    Child,
+    ChildNullableParent,
+    ChildStringPrimaryKeyParent,
+    City,
+    Country,
+    District,
+    First,
+    Parent,
+    ParentStringPrimaryKey,
+    Record,
+    Relation,
+    Reporter,
+    School,
+    Student,
+    Third,
+    ToFieldChild,
 )
 
 
@@ -17,40 +32,58 @@ class ManyToOneTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         # Create a few Reporters.
-        cls.r = Reporter(first_name='John', last_name='Smith', email='john@example.com')
+        cls.r = Reporter(first_name="John", last_name="Smith", email="john@example.com")
         cls.r.save()
-        cls.r2 = Reporter(first_name='Paul', last_name='Jones', email='paul@example.com')
+        cls.r2 = Reporter(
+            first_name="Paul", last_name="Jones", email="paul@example.com"
+        )
         cls.r2.save()
         # Create an Article.
-        cls.a = Article(headline='This is a test', pub_date=datetime.date(2005, 7, 27), reporter=cls.r)
+        cls.a = Article(
+            headline="This is a test",
+            pub_date=datetime.date(2005, 7, 27),
+            reporter=cls.r,
+        )
         cls.a.save()
 
     def test_get(self):
         # Article objects have access to their related Reporter objects.
         r = self.a.reporter
         self.assertEqual(r.id, self.r.id)
-        self.assertEqual((r.first_name, self.r.last_name), ('John', 'Smith'))
+        self.assertEqual((r.first_name, self.r.last_name), ("John", "Smith"))
 
     def test_create(self):
         # You can also instantiate an Article by passing the Reporter's ID
         # instead of a Reporter object.
-        a3 = Article(headline="Third article", pub_date=datetime.date(2005, 7, 27), reporter_id=self.r.id)
+        a3 = Article(
+            headline="Third article",
+            pub_date=datetime.date(2005, 7, 27),
+            reporter_id=self.r.id,
+        )
         a3.save()
         self.assertEqual(a3.reporter.id, self.r.id)
 
         # Similarly, the reporter ID can be a string.
-        a4 = Article(headline="Fourth article", pub_date=datetime.date(2005, 7, 27), reporter_id=str(self.r.id))
+        a4 = Article(
+            headline="Fourth article",
+            pub_date=datetime.date(2005, 7, 27),
+            reporter_id=str(self.r.id),
+        )
         a4.save()
         self.assertEqual(repr(a4.reporter), "<Reporter: John Smith>")
 
     def test_add(self):
         # Create an Article via the Reporter object.
-        new_article = self.r.article_set.create(headline="John's second story", pub_date=datetime.date(2005, 7, 29))
+        new_article = self.r.article_set.create(
+            headline="John's second story", pub_date=datetime.date(2005, 7, 29)
+        )
         self.assertEqual(repr(new_article), "<Article: John's second story>")
         self.assertEqual(new_article.reporter.id, self.r.id)
 
         # Create a new article, and add it to the article set.
-        new_article2 = Article(headline="Paul's story", pub_date=datetime.date(2006, 1, 17))
+        new_article2 = Article(
+            headline="Paul's story", pub_date=datetime.date(2006, 1, 17)
+        )
         msg = "<Article: Paul's story> instance isn't saved. Use bulk=False or save the object first."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             self.r.article_set.add(new_article2)
@@ -69,7 +102,9 @@ class ManyToOneTests(TestCase):
 
         # Adding an object of the wrong type raises TypeError.
         with transaction.atomic():
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, "'Article' instance expected, got <Reporter:"):
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                TypeError, "'Article' instance expected, got <Reporter:"
+            ):
                 self.r.article_set.add(self.r2)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             self.r.article_set.all(),
@@ -77,8 +112,12 @@ class ManyToOneTests(TestCase):
         )
 
     def test_set(self):
-        new_article = self.r.article_set.create(headline="John's second story", pub_date=datetime.date(2005, 7, 29))
-        new_article2 = self.r2.article_set.create(headline="Paul's story", pub_date=datetime.date(2006, 1, 17))
+        new_article = self.r.article_set.create(
+            headline="John's second story", pub_date=datetime.date(2005, 7, 29)
+        )
+        new_article2 = self.r2.article_set.create(
+            headline="Paul's story", pub_date=datetime.date(2006, 1, 17)
+        )
 
         # Assign the article to the reporter.
         new_article2.reporter = self.r
@@ -117,8 +156,12 @@ class ManyToOneTests(TestCase):
             self.r2.article_set = []
 
     def test_assign(self):
-        new_article = self.r.article_set.create(headline="John's second story", pub_date=datetime.date(2005, 7, 29))
-        new_article2 = self.r2.article_set.create(headline="Paul's story", pub_date=datetime.date(2006, 1, 17))
+        new_article = self.r.article_set.create(
+            headline="John's second story", pub_date=datetime.date(2005, 7, 29)
+        )
+        new_article2 = self.r2.article_set.create(
+            headline="Paul's story", pub_date=datetime.date(2006, 1, 17)
+        )
 
         # Assign the article to the reporter directly using the descriptor.
         new_article2.reporter = self.r
@@ -148,13 +191,13 @@ class ManyToOneTests(TestCase):
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.r2.article_set.all(), [new_article2])
         # Reporter cannot be null - there should not be a clear or remove method
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(self.r2.article_set, 'remove'))
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(self.r2.article_set, 'clear'))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(self.r2.article_set, "remove"))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(self.r2.article_set, "clear"))
 
     def test_assign_fk_id_value(self):
-        parent = Parent.objects.create(name='jeff')
-        child1 = Child.objects.create(name='frank', parent=parent)
-        child2 = Child.objects.create(name='randy', parent=parent)
+        parent = Parent.objects.create(name="jeff")
+        child1 = Child.objects.create(name="frank", parent=parent)
+        child2 = Child.objects.create(name="randy", parent=parent)
         parent.bestchild = child1
         parent.save()
         parent.bestchild_id = child2.pk
@@ -168,8 +211,8 @@ class ManyToOneTests(TestCase):
         self.assertTrue(Parent.bestchild.is_cached(parent))
 
     def test_assign_fk_id_none(self):
-        parent = Parent.objects.create(name='jeff')
-        child = Child.objects.create(name='frank', parent=parent)
+        parent = Parent.objects.create(name="jeff")
+        child = Child.objects.create(name="frank", parent=parent)
         parent.bestchild = child
         parent.save()
         parent.bestchild_id = None
@@ -193,49 +236,62 @@ class ManyToOneTests(TestCase):
             self.r.article_set.all(),
             [new_article1, self.a],
         )
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(self.r.article_set.filter(headline__startswith='This'), [self.a])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            self.r.article_set.filter(headline__startswith="This"), [self.a]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(self.r.article_set.count(), 2)
         self.assertEqual(self.r2.article_set.count(), 1)
         # Get articles by id
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Article.objects.filter(id__exact=self.a.id), [self.a])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Article.objects.filter(pk=self.a.id), [self.a])
         # Query on an article property
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith='This'), [self.a])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith="This"), [self.a]
+        )
         # The API automatically follows relationships as far as you need.
         # Use double underscores to separate relationships.
         # This works as many levels deep as you want. There's no limit.
         # Find all Articles for any Reporter whose first name is "John".
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(reporter__first_name__exact='John'),
+            Article.objects.filter(reporter__first_name__exact="John"),
             [new_article1, self.a],
         )
         # Implied __exact also works
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(reporter__first_name='John'),
+            Article.objects.filter(reporter__first_name="John"),
             [new_article1, self.a],
         )
         # Query twice over the related field.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(reporter__first_name__exact='John', reporter__last_name__exact='Smith'),
+            Article.objects.filter(
+                reporter__first_name__exact="John", reporter__last_name__exact="Smith"
+            ),
             [new_article1, self.a],
         )
         # The underlying query only makes one join when a related table is referenced twice.
-        queryset = Article.objects.filter(reporter__first_name__exact='John', reporter__last_name__exact='Smith')
+        queryset = Article.objects.filter(
+            reporter__first_name__exact="John", reporter__last_name__exact="Smith"
+        )
         self.assertNumQueries(1, list, queryset)
-        self.assertEqual(queryset.query.get_compiler(queryset.db).as_sql()[0].count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            queryset.query.get_compiler(queryset.db).as_sql()[0].count("INNER JOIN"), 1
+        )
 
         # The automatically joined table has a predictable name.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(reporter__first_name__exact='John').extra(
-                where=["many_to_one_reporter.last_name='Smith'"]),
+            Article.objects.filter(reporter__first_name__exact="John").extra(
+                where=["many_to_one_reporter.last_name='Smith'"]
+            ),
             [new_article1, self.a],
         )
         # ... and should work fine with the string that comes out of forms.Form.cleaned_data
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            (Article.objects
-                .filter(reporter__first_name__exact='John')
-                .extra(where=["many_to_one_reporter.last_name='%s'" % 'Smith'])),
-            [new_article1, self.a]
+            (
+                Article.objects.filter(reporter__first_name__exact="John").extra(
+                    where=["many_to_one_reporter.last_name='%s'" % "Smith"]
+                )
+            ),
+            [new_article1, self.a],
         )
         # Find all Articles for a Reporter.
         # Use direct ID check, pk check, and object comparison
@@ -268,7 +324,9 @@ class ManyToOneTests(TestCase):
         # then converted into a query
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Article.objects.filter(
-                reporter__in=Reporter.objects.filter(first_name='John').values('pk').query
+                reporter__in=Reporter.objects.filter(first_name="John")
+                .values("pk")
+                .query
             ).distinct(),
             [new_article1, self.a],
         )
@@ -286,69 +344,114 @@ class ManyToOneTests(TestCase):
         )
         john_smith = [self.r]
         # Reporters can be queried
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.filter(id__exact=self.r.id), john_smith)
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Reporter.objects.filter(id__exact=self.r.id), john_smith
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.filter(pk=self.r.id), john_smith)
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.filter(first_name__startswith='John'), john_smith)
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Reporter.objects.filter(first_name__startswith="John"), john_smith
+        )
         # Reporters can query in opposite direction of ForeignKey definition
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.filter(article__id__exact=self.a.id), john_smith)
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.filter(article__pk=self.a.id), john_smith)
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Reporter.objects.filter(article__id__exact=self.a.id), john_smith
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Reporter.objects.filter(article__pk=self.a.id), john_smith
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.filter(article=self.a.id), john_smith)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.filter(article=self.a), john_smith)
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.filter(article__in=[self.a.id, a3.id]).distinct(), john_smith)
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.filter(article__in=[self.a.id, a3]).distinct(), john_smith)
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.filter(article__in=[self.a, a3]).distinct(), john_smith)
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Reporter.objects.filter(article__in=[self.a.id, a3.id]).distinct(),
+            john_smith,
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Reporter.objects.filter(article__in=[self.a.id, a3]).distinct(), john_smith
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Reporter.objects.filter(article__in=[self.a, a3]).distinct(), john_smith
+        )
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            Reporter.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith='T'),
+            Reporter.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith="T"),
             [self.r, self.r],
         )
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith='T').distinct(), john_smith)
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Reporter.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith="T").distinct(),
+            john_smith,
+        )
 
         # Counting in the opposite direction works in conjunction with distinct()
-        self.assertEqual(Reporter.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith='T').count(), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(Reporter.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith='T').distinct().count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Reporter.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith="T").count(), 2
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Reporter.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith="T")
+            .distinct()
+            .count(),
+            1,
+        )
 
         # Queries can go round in circles.
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            Reporter.objects.filter(article__reporter__first_name__startswith='John'),
+            Reporter.objects.filter(article__reporter__first_name__startswith="John"),
             [self.r, self.r, self.r],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Reporter.objects.filter(article__reporter__first_name__startswith='John').distinct(),
-            john_smith
+            Reporter.objects.filter(
+                article__reporter__first_name__startswith="John"
+            ).distinct(),
+            john_smith,
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Reporter.objects.filter(article__reporter__exact=self.r).distinct(),
+            john_smith,
         )
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.filter(article__reporter__exact=self.r).distinct(), john_smith)
 
         # Implied __exact also works.
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.filter(article__reporter=self.r).distinct(), john_smith)
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Reporter.objects.filter(article__reporter=self.r).distinct(), john_smith
+        )
 
         # It's possible to use values() calls across many-to-one relations.
         # (Note, too, that we clear the ordering here so as not to drag the
         # 'headline' field into the columns being used to determine uniqueness)
-        d = {'reporter__first_name': 'John', 'reporter__last_name': 'Smith'}
-        qs = Article.objects.filter(
-            reporter=self.r,
-        ).distinct().order_by().values('reporter__first_name', 'reporter__last_name')
+        d = {"reporter__first_name": "John", "reporter__last_name": "Smith"}
+        qs = (
+            Article.objects.filter(
+                reporter=self.r,
+            )
+            .distinct()
+            .order_by()
+            .values("reporter__first_name", "reporter__last_name")
+        )
         self.assertEqual([d], list(qs))
 
     def test_select_related(self):
         # Article.objects.select_related().dates() works properly when there
         # are multiple Articles with the same date but different foreign-key
         # objects (Reporters).
-        r1 = Reporter.objects.create(first_name='Mike', last_name='Royko', email='royko@suntimes.com')
-        r2 = Reporter.objects.create(first_name='John', last_name='Kass', email='jkass@tribune.com')
-        Article.objects.create(headline='First', pub_date=datetime.date(1980, 4, 23), reporter=r1)
-        Article.objects.create(headline='Second', pub_date=datetime.date(1980, 4, 23), reporter=r2)
-        self.assertEqual(
-            list(Article.objects.select_related().dates('pub_date', 'day')),
-            [datetime.date(1980, 4, 23), datetime.date(2005, 7, 27)]
+        r1 = Reporter.objects.create(
+            first_name="Mike", last_name="Royko", email="royko@suntimes.com"
+        )
+        r2 = Reporter.objects.create(
+            first_name="John", last_name="Kass", email="jkass@tribune.com"
+        )
+        Article.objects.create(
+            headline="First", pub_date=datetime.date(1980, 4, 23), reporter=r1
+        )
+        Article.objects.create(
+            headline="Second", pub_date=datetime.date(1980, 4, 23), reporter=r2
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Article.objects.select_related().dates('pub_date', 'month')),
-            [datetime.date(1980, 4, 1), datetime.date(2005, 7, 1)]
+            list(Article.objects.select_related().dates("pub_date", "day")),
+            [datetime.date(1980, 4, 23), datetime.date(2005, 7, 27)],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Article.objects.select_related().dates('pub_date', 'year')),
-            [datetime.date(1980, 1, 1), datetime.date(2005, 1, 1)]
+            list(Article.objects.select_related().dates("pub_date", "month")),
+            [datetime.date(1980, 4, 1), datetime.date(2005, 7, 1)],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(Article.objects.select_related().dates("pub_date", "year")),
+            [datetime.date(1980, 1, 1), datetime.date(2005, 1, 1)],
         )
 
     def test_delete(self):
@@ -376,7 +479,7 @@ class ManyToOneTests(TestCase):
             [new_article4, new_article1, new_article2, new_article3, self.a],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Reporter.objects.order_by('first_name'),
+            Reporter.objects.order_by("first_name"),
             [self.r, self.r2],
         )
         self.r2.delete()
@@ -384,9 +487,9 @@ class ManyToOneTests(TestCase):
             Article.objects.all(),
             [new_article4, new_article1, new_article3, self.a],
         )
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.order_by('first_name'), [self.r])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.order_by("first_name"), [self.r])
         # You can delete using a JOIN in the query.
-        Reporter.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith='This').delete()
+        Reporter.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith="This").delete()
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.all(), [])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Article.objects.all(), [])
 
@@ -416,12 +519,16 @@ class ManyToOneTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(a3.reporter.id, self.r2.id)
 
         # Get should respect explicit foreign keys as well.
-        msg = 'get() returned more than one Article -- it returned 2!'
+        msg = "get() returned more than one Article -- it returned 2!"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(MultipleObjectsReturned, msg):
             Article.objects.get(reporter_id=self.r.id)
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(a3),
-            repr(Article.objects.get(reporter_id=self.r2.id, pub_date=datetime.date(2011, 5, 7)))
+            repr(
+                Article.objects.get(
+                    reporter_id=self.r2.id, pub_date=datetime.date(2011, 5, 7)
+                )
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_deepcopy_and_circular_references(self):
@@ -431,8 +538,8 @@ class ManyToOneTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(repr(deepcopy(self.r)), "<Reporter: John Smith>")
 
     def test_manager_class_caching(self):
-        r1 = Reporter.objects.create(first_name='Mike')
-        r2 = Reporter.objects.create(first_name='John')
+        r1 = Reporter.objects.create(first_name="Mike")
+        r2 = Reporter.objects.create(first_name="John")
 
         # Same twice
         self.assertIs(r1.article_set.__class__, r1.article_set.__class__)
@@ -441,21 +548,29 @@ class ManyToOneTests(TestCase):
         self.assertIs(r1.article_set.__class__, r2.article_set.__class__)
 
     def test_create_relation_with_gettext_lazy(self):
-        reporter = Reporter.objects.create(first_name='John', last_name='Smith', email='john.smith@example.com')
-        lazy = gettext_lazy('test')
+        reporter = Reporter.objects.create(
+            first_name="John", last_name="Smith", email="john.smith@example.com"
+        )
+        lazy = gettext_lazy("test")
         reporter.article_set.create(headline=lazy, pub_date=datetime.date(2011, 6, 10))
         notlazy = str(lazy)
         article = reporter.article_set.get()
         self.assertEqual(article.headline, notlazy)
 
     def test_values_list_exception(self):
-        expected_message = "Cannot resolve keyword 'notafield' into field. Choices are: %s"
-        reporter_fields = ', '.join(sorted(f.name for f in Reporter._meta.get_fields()))
+        expected_message = (
+            "Cannot resolve keyword 'notafield' into field. Choices are: %s"
+        )
+        reporter_fields = ", ".join(sorted(f.name for f in Reporter._meta.get_fields()))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, expected_message % reporter_fields):
-            Article.objects.values_list('reporter__notafield')
-        article_fields = ', '.join(['EXTRA'] + sorted(f.name for f in Article._meta.get_fields()))
+            Article.objects.values_list("reporter__notafield")
+        article_fields = ", ".join(
+            ["EXTRA"] + sorted(f.name for f in Article._meta.get_fields())
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, expected_message % article_fields):
-            Article.objects.extra(select={'EXTRA': 'EXTRA_SELECT'}).values_list('notafield')
+            Article.objects.extra(select={"EXTRA": "EXTRA_SELECT"}).values_list(
+                "notafield"
+            )
 
     def test_fk_assignment_and_related_object_cache(self):
         # Tests of ForeignKey assignment and the related-object cache (see #6886).
@@ -471,7 +586,7 @@ class ManyToOneTests(TestCase):
         self.assertIs(c.parent, p)
 
         # But if we kill the cache, we get a new object.
-        del c._state.fields_cache['parent']
+        del c._state.fields_cache["parent"]
         self.assertIsNot(c.parent, p)
 
         # Assigning a new object results in that object getting cached immediately.
@@ -503,12 +618,12 @@ class ManyToOneTests(TestCase):
             setattr(c, "parent", First(id=1, second=1))
 
         # You can assign None to Child.parent during object creation.
-        Child(name='xyzzy', parent=None)
+        Child(name="xyzzy", parent=None)
 
         # But when trying to save a Child with parent=None, the database will
         # raise IntegrityError.
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
-            Child.objects.create(name='xyzzy', parent=None)
+            Child.objects.create(name="xyzzy", parent=None)
 
         # Creation using keyword argument should cache the related object.
         p = Parent.objects.get(name="Parent")
@@ -541,7 +656,7 @@ class ManyToOneTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(child.parent, parent)
 
     def test_save_nullable_fk_after_parent_with_to_field(self):
-        parent = Parent(name='jeff')
+        parent = Parent(name="jeff")
         child = ToFieldChild(parent=parent)
         parent.save()
         child.save()
@@ -552,7 +667,7 @@ class ManyToOneTests(TestCase):
     def test_save_fk_after_parent_with_non_numeric_pk_set_on_child(self):
         parent = ParentStringPrimaryKey()
         child = ChildStringPrimaryKeyParent(parent=parent)
-        child.parent.name = 'jeff'
+        child.parent.name = "jeff"
         parent.save()
         child.save()
         child.refresh_from_db()
@@ -560,28 +675,28 @@ class ManyToOneTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(child.parent_id, parent.name)
 
     def test_fk_to_bigautofield(self):
-        ch = City.objects.create(name='Chicago')
-        District.objects.create(city=ch, name='Far South')
-        District.objects.create(city=ch, name='North')
+        ch = City.objects.create(name="Chicago")
+        District.objects.create(city=ch, name="Far South")
+        District.objects.create(city=ch, name="North")
 
-        ny = City.objects.create(name='New York', id=2 ** 33)
-        District.objects.create(city=ny, name='Brooklyn')
-        District.objects.create(city=ny, name='Manhattan')
+        ny = City.objects.create(name="New York", id=2**33)
+        District.objects.create(city=ny, name="Brooklyn")
+        District.objects.create(city=ny, name="Manhattan")
 
     def test_fk_to_smallautofield(self):
-        us = Country.objects.create(name='United States')
-        City.objects.create(country=us, name='Chicago')
-        City.objects.create(country=us, name='New York')
+        us = Country.objects.create(name="United States")
+        City.objects.create(country=us, name="Chicago")
+        City.objects.create(country=us, name="New York")
 
-        uk = Country.objects.create(name='United Kingdom', id=2 ** 11)
-        City.objects.create(country=uk, name='London')
-        City.objects.create(country=uk, name='Edinburgh')
+        uk = Country.objects.create(name="United Kingdom", id=2**11)
+        City.objects.create(country=uk, name="London")
+        City.objects.create(country=uk, name="Edinburgh")
 
     def test_multiple_foreignkeys(self):
         # Test of multiple ForeignKeys to the same model (bug #7125).
-        c1 = Category.objects.create(name='First')
-        c2 = Category.objects.create(name='Second')
-        c3 = Category.objects.create(name='Third')
+        c1 = Category.objects.create(name="First")
+        c2 = Category.objects.create(name="Second")
+        c3 = Category.objects.create(name="Third")
         r1 = Record.objects.create(category=c1)
         r2 = Record.objects.create(category=c1)
         r3 = Record.objects.create(category=c2)
@@ -593,10 +708,14 @@ class ManyToOneTests(TestCase):
         Relation.objects.create(left=r5, right=r2)
         Relation.objects.create(left=r3, right=r2)
 
-        q1 = Relation.objects.filter(left__category__name__in=['First'], right__category__name__in=['Second'])
+        q1 = Relation.objects.filter(
+            left__category__name__in=["First"], right__category__name__in=["Second"]
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q1, [rel])
 
-        q2 = Category.objects.filter(record__left_set__right__category__name='Second').order_by('name')
+        q2 = Category.objects.filter(
+            record__left_set__right__category__name="Second"
+        ).order_by("name")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q2, [c1, c2])
 
         p = Parent.objects.create(name="Parent")
@@ -609,12 +728,12 @@ class ManyToOneTests(TestCase):
         # Regression for #12190 -- Should be able to instantiate a FK outside
         # of a model, and interrogate its related field.
         cat = models.ForeignKey(Category, models.CASCADE)
-        self.assertEqual('id', cat.remote_field.get_related_field().name)
+        self.assertEqual("id", cat.remote_field.get_related_field().name)
 
     def test_relation_unsaved(self):
         # The <field>_set manager does not join on Null value fields (#17541)
-        Third.objects.create(name='Third 1')
-        Third.objects.create(name='Third 2')
+        Third.objects.create(name="Third 1")
+        Third.objects.create(name="Third 2")
         th = Third(name="testing")
         # The object isn't saved and thus the relation field is null - we won't even
         # execute a query in this case.
@@ -642,7 +761,7 @@ class ManyToOneTests(TestCase):
         # allow it.
         self.assertEqual(private_student.school, private_school)
 
-        School._meta.base_manager_name = 'objects'
+        School._meta.base_manager_name = "objects"
         School._meta._expire_cache()
         try:
             private_student = Student.objects.get(pk=private_student.pk)
@@ -656,47 +775,47 @@ class ManyToOneTests(TestCase):
         # The exception raised on attribute access when a related object
         # doesn't exist should be an instance of a subclass of `AttributeError`
         # refs #21563
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(Article(), 'reporter'))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(Article(), "reporter"))
 
     def test_clear_after_prefetch(self):
-        c = City.objects.create(name='Musical City')
-        d = District.objects.create(name='Ladida', city=c)
-        city = City.objects.prefetch_related('districts').get(id=c.id)
+        c = City.objects.create(name="Musical City")
+        d = District.objects.create(name="Ladida", city=c)
+        city = City.objects.prefetch_related("districts").get(id=c.id)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(city.districts.all(), [d])
         city.districts.clear()
         self.assertSequenceEqual(city.districts.all(), [])
 
     def test_remove_after_prefetch(self):
-        c = City.objects.create(name='Musical City')
-        d = District.objects.create(name='Ladida', city=c)
-        city = City.objects.prefetch_related('districts').get(id=c.id)
+        c = City.objects.create(name="Musical City")
+        d = District.objects.create(name="Ladida", city=c)
+        city = City.objects.prefetch_related("districts").get(id=c.id)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(city.districts.all(), [d])
         city.districts.remove(d)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(city.districts.all(), [])
 
     def test_add_after_prefetch(self):
-        c = City.objects.create(name='Musical City')
-        District.objects.create(name='Ladida', city=c)
-        d2 = District.objects.create(name='Ladidu')
-        city = City.objects.prefetch_related('districts').get(id=c.id)
+        c = City.objects.create(name="Musical City")
+        District.objects.create(name="Ladida", city=c)
+        d2 = District.objects.create(name="Ladidu")
+        city = City.objects.prefetch_related("districts").get(id=c.id)
         self.assertEqual(city.districts.count(), 1)
         city.districts.add(d2)
         self.assertEqual(city.districts.count(), 2)
 
     def test_set_after_prefetch(self):
-        c = City.objects.create(name='Musical City')
-        District.objects.create(name='Ladida', city=c)
-        d2 = District.objects.create(name='Ladidu')
-        city = City.objects.prefetch_related('districts').get(id=c.id)
+        c = City.objects.create(name="Musical City")
+        District.objects.create(name="Ladida", city=c)
+        d2 = District.objects.create(name="Ladidu")
+        city = City.objects.prefetch_related("districts").get(id=c.id)
         self.assertEqual(city.districts.count(), 1)
         city.districts.set([d2])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(city.districts.all(), [d2])
 
     def test_add_then_remove_after_prefetch(self):
-        c = City.objects.create(name='Musical City')
-        District.objects.create(name='Ladida', city=c)
-        d2 = District.objects.create(name='Ladidu')
-        city = City.objects.prefetch_related('districts').get(id=c.id)
+        c = City.objects.create(name="Musical City")
+        District.objects.create(name="Ladida", city=c)
+        d2 = District.objects.create(name="Ladidu")
+        city = City.objects.prefetch_related("districts").get(id=c.id)
         self.assertEqual(city.districts.count(), 1)
         city.districts.add(d2)
         self.assertEqual(city.districts.count(), 2)
@@ -714,21 +833,21 @@ class ManyToOneTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(self.a.reporter, self.r2)
 
     def test_cached_foreign_key_with_to_field_not_cleared_by_save(self):
-        parent = Parent.objects.create(name='a')
+        parent = Parent.objects.create(name="a")
         child = ToFieldChild.objects.create(parent=parent)
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             self.assertIs(child.parent, parent)
 
     def test_reverse_foreign_key_instance_to_field_caching(self):
-        parent = Parent.objects.create(name='a')
+        parent = Parent.objects.create(name="a")
         ToFieldChild.objects.create(parent=parent)
         child = parent.to_field_children.get()
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             self.assertIs(child.parent, parent)
 
     def test_add_remove_set_by_pk_raises(self):
-        usa = Country.objects.create(name='United States')
-        chicago = City.objects.create(name='Chicago')
+        usa = Country.objects.create(name="United States")
+        chicago = City.objects.create(name="Chicago")
         msg = "'City' instance expected, got %s" % chicago.pk
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             usa.cities.add(chicago.pk)
diff --git a/tests/many_to_one_null/models.py b/tests/many_to_one_null/models.py
index d8561fcee5..a0fcfa6ce5 100644
--- a/tests/many_to_one_null/models.py
+++ b/tests/many_to_one_null/models.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     reporter = models.ForeignKey(Reporter, models.SET_NULL, null=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('headline',)
+        ordering = ("headline",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
@@ -28,4 +28,6 @@ class Car(models.Model):
 
 
 class Driver(models.Model):
-    car = models.ForeignKey(Car, models.SET_NULL, to_field='make', null=True, related_name='drivers')
+    car = models.ForeignKey(
+        Car, models.SET_NULL, to_field="make", null=True, related_name="drivers"
+    )
diff --git a/tests/many_to_one_null/tests.py b/tests/many_to_one_null/tests.py
index d27143bf00..5bd06b1ac4 100644
--- a/tests/many_to_one_null/tests.py
+++ b/tests/many_to_one_null/tests.py
@@ -7,20 +7,20 @@ class ManyToOneNullTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         # Create a Reporter.
-        cls.r = Reporter(name='John Smith')
+        cls.r = Reporter(name="John Smith")
         cls.r.save()
         # Create an Article.
-        cls.a = Article(headline='First', reporter=cls.r)
+        cls.a = Article(headline="First", reporter=cls.r)
         cls.a.save()
         # Create an Article via the Reporter object.
-        cls.a2 = cls.r.article_set.create(headline='Second')
+        cls.a2 = cls.r.article_set.create(headline="Second")
         # Create an Article with no Reporter by passing "reporter=None".
-        cls.a3 = Article(headline='Third', reporter=None)
+        cls.a3 = Article(headline="Third", reporter=None)
         cls.a3.save()
         # Create another article and reporter
-        cls.r2 = Reporter(name='Paul Jones')
+        cls.r2 = Reporter(name="Paul Jones")
         cls.r2.save()
-        cls.a4 = cls.r2.article_set.create(headline='Fourth')
+        cls.a4 = cls.r2.article_set.create(headline="Fourth")
 
     def test_get_related(self):
         self.assertEqual(self.a.reporter.id, self.r.id)
@@ -34,7 +34,9 @@ class ManyToOneNullTests(TestCase):
     def test_related_set(self):
         # Reporter objects have access to their related Article objects.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.r.article_set.all(), [self.a, self.a2])
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(self.r.article_set.filter(headline__startswith='Fir'), [self.a])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            self.r.article_set.filter(headline__startswith="Fir"), [self.a]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(self.r.article_set.count(), 2)
 
     def test_created_without_related(self):
@@ -42,12 +44,14 @@ class ManyToOneNullTests(TestCase):
         # Need to reget a3 to refresh the cache
         a3 = Article.objects.get(pk=self.a3.pk)
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            getattr(a3.reporter, 'id')
+            getattr(a3.reporter, "id")
         # Accessing an article's 'reporter' attribute returns None
         # if the reporter is set to None.
         self.assertIsNone(a3.reporter)
         # To retrieve the articles with no reporters set, use "reporter__isnull=True".
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Article.objects.filter(reporter__isnull=True), [self.a3])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Article.objects.filter(reporter__isnull=True), [self.a3]
+        )
         # We can achieve the same thing by filtering for the case where the
         # reporter is None.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Article.objects.filter(reporter=None), [self.a3])
@@ -61,7 +65,9 @@ class ManyToOneNullTests(TestCase):
         # Remove an article from the set, and check that it was removed.
         self.r.article_set.remove(a3)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.r.article_set.all(), [self.a, self.a2])
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Article.objects.filter(reporter__isnull=True), [self.a3])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Article.objects.filter(reporter__isnull=True), [self.a3]
+        )
 
     def test_remove_from_wrong_set(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.r2.article_set.all(), [self.a4])
diff --git a/tests/max_lengths/tests.py b/tests/max_lengths/tests.py
index dfea552fad..f2ef8b25d1 100644
--- a/tests/max_lengths/tests.py
+++ b/tests/max_lengths/tests.py
@@ -6,35 +6,35 @@ from .models import PersonWithCustomMaxLengths, PersonWithDefaultMaxLengths
 
 
 class MaxLengthArgumentsTests(unittest.TestCase):
-
     def verify_max_length(self, model, field, length):
         self.assertEqual(model._meta.get_field(field).max_length, length)
 
     def test_default_max_lengths(self):
-        self.verify_max_length(PersonWithDefaultMaxLengths, 'email', 254)
-        self.verify_max_length(PersonWithDefaultMaxLengths, 'vcard', 100)
-        self.verify_max_length(PersonWithDefaultMaxLengths, 'homepage', 200)
-        self.verify_max_length(PersonWithDefaultMaxLengths, 'avatar', 100)
+        self.verify_max_length(PersonWithDefaultMaxLengths, "email", 254)
+        self.verify_max_length(PersonWithDefaultMaxLengths, "vcard", 100)
+        self.verify_max_length(PersonWithDefaultMaxLengths, "homepage", 200)
+        self.verify_max_length(PersonWithDefaultMaxLengths, "avatar", 100)
 
     def test_custom_max_lengths(self):
-        self.verify_max_length(PersonWithCustomMaxLengths, 'email', 250)
-        self.verify_max_length(PersonWithCustomMaxLengths, 'vcard', 250)
-        self.verify_max_length(PersonWithCustomMaxLengths, 'homepage', 250)
-        self.verify_max_length(PersonWithCustomMaxLengths, 'avatar', 250)
+        self.verify_max_length(PersonWithCustomMaxLengths, "email", 250)
+        self.verify_max_length(PersonWithCustomMaxLengths, "vcard", 250)
+        self.verify_max_length(PersonWithCustomMaxLengths, "homepage", 250)
+        self.verify_max_length(PersonWithCustomMaxLengths, "avatar", 250)
 
 
 class MaxLengthORMTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_custom_max_lengths(self):
         args = {
             "email": "someone@example.com",
             "vcard": "vcard",
             "homepage": "http://example.com/",
-            "avatar": "me.jpg"
+            "avatar": "me.jpg",
         }
 
         for field in ("email", "vcard", "homepage", "avatar"):
             new_args = args.copy()
-            new_args[field] = "X" * 250  # a value longer than any of the default fields could hold.
+            new_args[field] = (
+                "X" * 250
+            )  # a value longer than any of the default fields could hold.
             p = PersonWithCustomMaxLengths.objects.create(**new_args)
             self.assertEqual(getattr(p, field), ("X" * 250))
diff --git a/tests/messages_tests/base.py b/tests/messages_tests/base.py
index 2ee1f995aa..d89e186278 100644
--- a/tests/messages_tests/base.py
+++ b/tests/messages_tests/base.py
@@ -14,41 +14,44 @@ def add_level_messages(storage):
     Add 6 messages from different levels (including a custom one) to a storage
     instance.
     """
-    storage.add(constants.INFO, 'A generic info message')
-    storage.add(29, 'Some custom level')
-    storage.add(constants.DEBUG, 'A debugging message', extra_tags='extra-tag')
-    storage.add(constants.WARNING, 'A warning')
-    storage.add(constants.ERROR, 'An error')
-    storage.add(constants.SUCCESS, 'This was a triumph.')
+    storage.add(constants.INFO, "A generic info message")
+    storage.add(29, "Some custom level")
+    storage.add(constants.DEBUG, "A debugging message", extra_tags="extra-tag")
+    storage.add(constants.WARNING, "A warning")
+    storage.add(constants.ERROR, "An error")
+    storage.add(constants.SUCCESS, "This was a triumph.")
 
 
 class BaseTests:
     storage_class = default_storage
     levels = {
-        'debug': constants.DEBUG,
-        'info': constants.INFO,
-        'success': constants.SUCCESS,
-        'warning': constants.WARNING,
-        'error': constants.ERROR,
+        "debug": constants.DEBUG,
+        "info": constants.INFO,
+        "success": constants.SUCCESS,
+        "warning": constants.WARNING,
+        "error": constants.ERROR,
     }
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.settings_override = override_settings(
-            TEMPLATES=[{
-                'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-                'DIRS': [],
-                'APP_DIRS': True,
-                'OPTIONS': {
-                    'context_processors': (
-                        'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
-                        'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
-                    ),
-                },
-            }],
-            ROOT_URLCONF='messages_tests.urls',
+            TEMPLATES=[
+                {
+                    "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                    "DIRS": [],
+                    "APP_DIRS": True,
+                    "OPTIONS": {
+                        "context_processors": (
+                            "django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth",
+                            "django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages",
+                        ),
+                    },
+                }
+            ],
+            ROOT_URLCONF="messages_tests.urls",
             MESSAGE_TAGS={},
-            MESSAGE_STORAGE='%s.%s' % (self.storage_class.__module__, self.storage_class.__name__),
-            SESSION_SERIALIZER='django.contrib.sessions.serializers.JSONSerializer',
+            MESSAGE_STORAGE="%s.%s"
+            % (self.storage_class.__module__, self.storage_class.__name__),
+            SESSION_SERIALIZER="django.contrib.sessions.serializers.JSONSerializer",
         )
         self.settings_override.enable()
 
@@ -79,22 +82,22 @@ class BaseTests:
         storage = self.storage_class(request)
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(storage),
-            f'<{self.storage_class.__qualname__}: request=<HttpRequest>>',
+            f"<{self.storage_class.__qualname__}: request=<HttpRequest>>",
         )
 
     def test_add(self):
         storage = self.get_storage()
         self.assertFalse(storage.added_new)
-        storage.add(constants.INFO, 'Test message 1')
+        storage.add(constants.INFO, "Test message 1")
         self.assertTrue(storage.added_new)
-        storage.add(constants.INFO, 'Test message 2', extra_tags='tag')
+        storage.add(constants.INFO, "Test message 2", extra_tags="tag")
         self.assertEqual(len(storage), 2)
 
     def test_add_lazy_translation(self):
         storage = self.get_storage()
         response = self.get_response()
 
-        storage.add(constants.INFO, gettext_lazy('lazy message'))
+        storage.add(constants.INFO, gettext_lazy("lazy message"))
         storage.update(response)
 
         storing = self.stored_messages_count(storage, response)
@@ -111,8 +114,8 @@ class BaseTests:
         storage = self.get_storage()
         response = self.get_response()
 
-        storage.add(constants.INFO, 'Test message 1')
-        storage.add(constants.INFO, 'Test message 1', extra_tags='tag')
+        storage.add(constants.INFO, "Test message 1")
+        storage.add(constants.INFO, "Test message 1", extra_tags="tag")
         storage.update(response)
 
         storing = self.stored_messages_count(storage, response)
@@ -122,8 +125,8 @@ class BaseTests:
         storage = self.get_existing_storage()
         response = self.get_response()
 
-        storage.add(constants.INFO, 'Test message 3')
-        list(storage)   # Simulates a read
+        storage.add(constants.INFO, "Test message 3")
+        list(storage)  # Simulates a read
         storage.update(response)
 
         storing = self.stored_messages_count(storage, response)
@@ -133,8 +136,8 @@ class BaseTests:
         storage = self.get_existing_storage()
         response = self.get_response()
 
-        list(storage)   # Simulates a read
-        storage.add(constants.INFO, 'Test message 3')
+        list(storage)  # Simulates a read
+        storage.add(constants.INFO, "Test message 3")
         storage.update(response)
 
         storing = self.stored_messages_count(storage, response)
@@ -147,44 +150,44 @@ class BaseTests:
         retrieved across the full request/redirect/response cycle.
         """
         data = {
-            'messages': ['Test message %d' % x for x in range(5)],
+            "messages": ["Test message %d" % x for x in range(5)],
         }
-        show_url = reverse('show_message')
-        for level in ('debug', 'info', 'success', 'warning', 'error'):
-            add_url = reverse('add_message', args=(level,))
+        show_url = reverse("show_message")
+        for level in ("debug", "info", "success", "warning", "error"):
+            add_url = reverse("add_message", args=(level,))
             response = self.client.post(add_url, data, follow=True)
             self.assertRedirects(response, show_url)
-            self.assertIn('messages', response.context)
-            messages = [Message(self.levels[level], msg) for msg in data['messages']]
-            self.assertEqual(list(response.context['messages']), messages)
-            for msg in data['messages']:
+            self.assertIn("messages", response.context)
+            messages = [Message(self.levels[level], msg) for msg in data["messages"]]
+            self.assertEqual(list(response.context["messages"]), messages)
+            for msg in data["messages"]:
                 self.assertContains(response, msg)
 
     @override_settings(MESSAGE_LEVEL=constants.DEBUG)
     def test_with_template_response(self):
         data = {
-            'messages': ['Test message %d' % x for x in range(5)],
+            "messages": ["Test message %d" % x for x in range(5)],
         }
-        show_url = reverse('show_template_response')
+        show_url = reverse("show_template_response")
         for level in self.levels:
-            add_url = reverse('add_template_response', args=(level,))
+            add_url = reverse("add_template_response", args=(level,))
             response = self.client.post(add_url, data, follow=True)
             self.assertRedirects(response, show_url)
-            self.assertIn('messages', response.context)
-            for msg in data['messages']:
+            self.assertIn("messages", response.context)
+            for msg in data["messages"]:
                 self.assertContains(response, msg)
 
             # there shouldn't be any messages on second GET request
             response = self.client.get(show_url)
-            for msg in data['messages']:
+            for msg in data["messages"]:
                 self.assertNotContains(response, msg)
 
     def test_context_processor_message_levels(self):
-        show_url = reverse('show_template_response')
+        show_url = reverse("show_template_response")
         response = self.client.get(show_url)
 
-        self.assertIn('DEFAULT_MESSAGE_LEVELS', response.context)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['DEFAULT_MESSAGE_LEVELS'], DEFAULT_LEVELS)
+        self.assertIn("DEFAULT_MESSAGE_LEVELS", response.context)
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["DEFAULT_MESSAGE_LEVELS"], DEFAULT_LEVELS)
 
     @override_settings(MESSAGE_LEVEL=constants.DEBUG)
     def test_multiple_posts(self):
@@ -192,31 +195,35 @@ class BaseTests:
         Messages persist properly when multiple POSTs are made before a GET.
         """
         data = {
-            'messages': ['Test message %d' % x for x in range(5)],
+            "messages": ["Test message %d" % x for x in range(5)],
         }
-        show_url = reverse('show_message')
+        show_url = reverse("show_message")
         messages = []
-        for level in ('debug', 'info', 'success', 'warning', 'error'):
-            messages.extend(Message(self.levels[level], msg) for msg in data['messages'])
-            add_url = reverse('add_message', args=(level,))
+        for level in ("debug", "info", "success", "warning", "error"):
+            messages.extend(
+                Message(self.levels[level], msg) for msg in data["messages"]
+            )
+            add_url = reverse("add_message", args=(level,))
             self.client.post(add_url, data)
         response = self.client.get(show_url)
-        self.assertIn('messages', response.context)
-        self.assertEqual(list(response.context['messages']), messages)
-        for msg in data['messages']:
+        self.assertIn("messages", response.context)
+        self.assertEqual(list(response.context["messages"]), messages)
+        for msg in data["messages"]:
             self.assertContains(response, msg)
 
     @modify_settings(
-        INSTALLED_APPS={'remove': 'django.contrib.messages'},
-        MIDDLEWARE={'remove': 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware'},
+        INSTALLED_APPS={"remove": "django.contrib.messages"},
+        MIDDLEWARE={"remove": "django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware"},
     )
     @override_settings(
         MESSAGE_LEVEL=constants.DEBUG,
-        TEMPLATES=[{
-            'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-            'DIRS': [],
-            'APP_DIRS': True,
-        }],
+        TEMPLATES=[
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                "DIRS": [],
+                "APP_DIRS": True,
+            }
+        ],
     )
     def test_middleware_disabled(self):
         """
@@ -224,24 +231,26 @@ class BaseTests:
         attempts to store a message.
         """
         data = {
-            'messages': ['Test message %d' % x for x in range(5)],
+            "messages": ["Test message %d" % x for x in range(5)],
         }
-        reverse('show_message')
-        for level in ('debug', 'info', 'success', 'warning', 'error'):
-            add_url = reverse('add_message', args=(level,))
+        reverse("show_message")
+        for level in ("debug", "info", "success", "warning", "error"):
+            add_url = reverse("add_message", args=(level,))
             with self.assertRaises(MessageFailure):
                 self.client.post(add_url, data, follow=True)
 
     @modify_settings(
-        INSTALLED_APPS={'remove': 'django.contrib.messages'},
-        MIDDLEWARE={'remove': 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware'},
+        INSTALLED_APPS={"remove": "django.contrib.messages"},
+        MIDDLEWARE={"remove": "django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware"},
     )
     @override_settings(
-        TEMPLATES=[{
-            'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-            'DIRS': [],
-            'APP_DIRS': True,
-        }],
+        TEMPLATES=[
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                "DIRS": [],
+                "APP_DIRS": True,
+            }
+        ],
     )
     def test_middleware_disabled_fail_silently(self):
         """
@@ -249,31 +258,33 @@ class BaseTests:
         if 'fail_silently' is True.
         """
         data = {
-            'messages': ['Test message %d' % x for x in range(5)],
-            'fail_silently': True,
+            "messages": ["Test message %d" % x for x in range(5)],
+            "fail_silently": True,
         }
-        show_url = reverse('show_message')
-        for level in ('debug', 'info', 'success', 'warning', 'error'):
-            add_url = reverse('add_message', args=(level,))
+        show_url = reverse("show_message")
+        for level in ("debug", "info", "success", "warning", "error"):
+            add_url = reverse("add_message", args=(level,))
             response = self.client.post(add_url, data, follow=True)
             self.assertRedirects(response, show_url)
-            self.assertNotIn('messages', response.context)
+            self.assertNotIn("messages", response.context)
 
     def stored_messages_count(self, storage, response):
         """
         Return the number of messages being stored after a
         ``storage.update()`` call.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('This method must be set by a subclass.')
+        raise NotImplementedError("This method must be set by a subclass.")
 
     def test_get(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError('This method must be set by a subclass.')
+        raise NotImplementedError("This method must be set by a subclass.")
 
     def get_existing_storage(self):
-        return self.get_storage([
-            Message(constants.INFO, 'Test message 1'),
-            Message(constants.INFO, 'Test message 2', extra_tags='tag'),
-        ])
+        return self.get_storage(
+            [
+                Message(constants.INFO, "Test message 1"),
+                Message(constants.INFO, "Test message 2", extra_tags="tag"),
+            ]
+        )
 
     def test_existing_read(self):
         """
@@ -290,7 +301,7 @@ class BaseTests:
     def test_existing_add(self):
         storage = self.get_existing_storage()
         self.assertFalse(storage.added_new)
-        storage.add(constants.INFO, 'Test message 3')
+        storage.add(constants.INFO, "Test message 3")
         self.assertTrue(storage.added_new)
 
     def test_default_level(self):
@@ -343,27 +354,31 @@ class BaseTests:
         storage = self.get_storage()
         storage.level = 0
         add_level_messages(storage)
-        storage.add(constants.INFO, 'A generic info message', extra_tags=None)
+        storage.add(constants.INFO, "A generic info message", extra_tags=None)
         tags = [msg.tags for msg in storage]
-        self.assertEqual(tags, ['info', '', 'extra-tag debug', 'warning', 'error', 'success', 'info'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            tags, ["info", "", "extra-tag debug", "warning", "error", "success", "info"]
+        )
 
     def test_level_tag(self):
         storage = self.get_storage()
         storage.level = 0
         add_level_messages(storage)
         tags = [msg.level_tag for msg in storage]
-        self.assertEqual(tags, ['info', '', 'debug', 'warning', 'error', 'success'])
+        self.assertEqual(tags, ["info", "", "debug", "warning", "error", "success"])
 
-    @override_settings(MESSAGE_TAGS={
-        constants.INFO: 'info',
-        constants.DEBUG: '',
-        constants.WARNING: '',
-        constants.ERROR: 'bad',
-        29: 'custom',
-    })
+    @override_settings(
+        MESSAGE_TAGS={
+            constants.INFO: "info",
+            constants.DEBUG: "",
+            constants.WARNING: "",
+            constants.ERROR: "bad",
+            29: "custom",
+        }
+    )
     def test_custom_tags(self):
         storage = self.get_storage()
         storage.level = 0
         add_level_messages(storage)
         tags = [msg.tags for msg in storage]
-        self.assertEqual(tags, ['info', 'custom', 'extra-tag', '', 'bad', 'success'])
+        self.assertEqual(tags, ["info", "custom", "extra-tag", "", "bad", "success"])
diff --git a/tests/messages_tests/test_api.py b/tests/messages_tests/test_api.py
index 603aea437f..dcd98f085c 100644
--- a/tests/messages_tests/test_api.py
+++ b/tests/messages_tests/test_api.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class DummyStorage:
     def __init__(self):
         self.store = []
 
-    def add(self, level, message, extra_tags=''):
+    def add(self, level, message, extra_tags=""):
         self.store.append(message)
 
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class ApiTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.storage = DummyStorage()
 
     def test_ok(self):
-        msg = 'some message'
+        msg = "some message"
         self.request._messages = self.storage
         messages.add_message(self.request, messages.DEBUG, msg)
         self.assertIn(msg, self.storage.store)
@@ -31,17 +31,19 @@ class ApiTests(SimpleTestCase):
         msg = "add_message() argument must be an HttpRequest object, not 'NoneType'."
         self.request._messages = self.storage
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            messages.add_message(None, messages.DEBUG, 'some message')
+            messages.add_message(None, messages.DEBUG, "some message")
         self.assertEqual(self.storage.store, [])
 
     def test_middleware_missing(self):
-        msg = 'You cannot add messages without installing django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware'
+        msg = "You cannot add messages without installing django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(messages.MessageFailure, msg):
-            messages.add_message(self.request, messages.DEBUG, 'some message')
+            messages.add_message(self.request, messages.DEBUG, "some message")
         self.assertEqual(self.storage.store, [])
 
     def test_middleware_missing_silently(self):
-        messages.add_message(self.request, messages.DEBUG, 'some message', fail_silently=True)
+        messages.add_message(
+            self.request, messages.DEBUG, "some message", fail_silently=True
+        )
         self.assertEqual(self.storage.store, [])
 
 
@@ -61,6 +63,7 @@ class CustomRequestApiTests(ApiTests):
     add_message() should use ducktyping to allow request wrappers such as the
     one in Django REST framework.
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
         self.request = CustomRequest(self.request)
diff --git a/tests/messages_tests/test_cookie.py b/tests/messages_tests/test_cookie.py
index 248afae4f4..e2e62378d3 100644
--- a/tests/messages_tests/test_cookie.py
+++ b/tests/messages_tests/test_cookie.py
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib.messages import constants
 from django.contrib.messages.storage.base import Message
 from django.contrib.messages.storage.cookie import (
-    CookieStorage, MessageDecoder, MessageEncoder,
+    CookieStorage,
+    MessageDecoder,
+    MessageEncoder,
 )
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 from django.utils.crypto import get_random_string
@@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ def set_cookie_data(storage, messages, invalid=False, encode_empty=False):
         # Truncate the first character so that the hash is invalid.
         encoded_data = encoded_data[1:]
     storage.request.COOKIES = {CookieStorage.cookie_name: encoded_data}
-    if hasattr(storage, '_loaded_data'):
+    if hasattr(storage, "_loaded_data"):
         del storage._loaded_data
 
 
@@ -35,7 +37,7 @@ def stored_cookie_messages_count(storage, response):
     # Get a list of cookies, excluding ones with a max-age of 0 (because
     # they have been marked for deletion).
     cookie = response.cookies.get(storage.cookie_name)
-    if not cookie or cookie['max-age'] == 0:
+    if not cookie or cookie["max-age"] == 0:
         return 0
     data = storage._decode(cookie.value)
     if not data:
@@ -45,7 +47,11 @@ def stored_cookie_messages_count(storage, response):
     return len(data)
 
 
-@override_settings(SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN='.example.com', SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE=True, SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY=True)
+@override_settings(
+    SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN=".example.com",
+    SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE=True,
+    SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY=True,
+)
 class CookieTests(BaseTests, SimpleTestCase):
     storage_class = CookieStorage
 
@@ -61,12 +67,12 @@ class CookieTests(BaseTests, SimpleTestCase):
     def test_get(self):
         storage = self.storage_class(self.get_request())
         # Set initial data.
-        example_messages = ['test', 'me']
+        example_messages = ["test", "me"]
         set_cookie_data(storage, example_messages)
         # The message contains what's expected.
         self.assertEqual(list(storage), example_messages)
 
-    @override_settings(SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE='Strict')
+    @override_settings(SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE="Strict")
     def test_cookie_setings(self):
         """
         CookieStorage honors SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN, SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE, and
@@ -75,29 +81,31 @@ class CookieTests(BaseTests, SimpleTestCase):
         # Test before the messages have been consumed
         storage = self.get_storage()
         response = self.get_response()
-        storage.add(constants.INFO, 'test')
+        storage.add(constants.INFO, "test")
         storage.update(response)
-        messages = storage._decode(response.cookies['messages'].value)
+        messages = storage._decode(response.cookies["messages"].value)
         self.assertEqual(len(messages), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(messages[0].message, 'test')
-        self.assertEqual(response.cookies['messages']['domain'], '.example.com')
-        self.assertEqual(response.cookies['messages']['expires'], '')
-        self.assertIs(response.cookies['messages']['secure'], True)
-        self.assertIs(response.cookies['messages']['httponly'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(response.cookies['messages']['samesite'], 'Strict')
+        self.assertEqual(messages[0].message, "test")
+        self.assertEqual(response.cookies["messages"]["domain"], ".example.com")
+        self.assertEqual(response.cookies["messages"]["expires"], "")
+        self.assertIs(response.cookies["messages"]["secure"], True)
+        self.assertIs(response.cookies["messages"]["httponly"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(response.cookies["messages"]["samesite"], "Strict")
 
         # Test deletion of the cookie (storing with an empty value) after the messages have been consumed
         storage = self.get_storage()
         response = self.get_response()
-        storage.add(constants.INFO, 'test')
+        storage.add(constants.INFO, "test")
         for m in storage:
             pass  # Iterate through the storage to simulate consumption of messages.
         storage.update(response)
-        self.assertEqual(response.cookies['messages'].value, '')
-        self.assertEqual(response.cookies['messages']['domain'], '.example.com')
-        self.assertEqual(response.cookies['messages']['expires'], 'Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT')
+        self.assertEqual(response.cookies["messages"].value, "")
+        self.assertEqual(response.cookies["messages"]["domain"], ".example.com")
         self.assertEqual(
-            response.cookies['messages']['samesite'],
+            response.cookies["messages"]["expires"], "Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.cookies["messages"]["samesite"],
             settings.SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE,
         )
 
@@ -105,7 +113,7 @@ class CookieTests(BaseTests, SimpleTestCase):
         request = self.get_request()
         storage = self.storage_class(request)
         # Set initial (invalid) data.
-        example_messages = ['test', 'me']
+        example_messages = ["test", "me"]
         set_cookie_data(storage, example_messages, invalid=True)
         # The message actually contains what we expect.
         self.assertEqual(list(storage), [])
@@ -142,8 +150,8 @@ class CookieTests(BaseTests, SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(unstored_messages[0].message, first_msg)
 
     def test_message_rfc6265(self):
-        non_compliant_chars = ['\\', ',', ';', '"']
-        messages = ['\\te,st', ';m"e', '\u2019', '123"NOTRECEIVED"']
+        non_compliant_chars = ["\\", ",", ";", '"']
+        messages = ["\\te,st", ';m"e', "\u2019", '123"NOTRECEIVED"']
         storage = self.get_storage()
         encoded = storage._encode(messages)
         for illegal in non_compliant_chars:
@@ -157,12 +165,13 @@ class CookieTests(BaseTests, SimpleTestCase):
         """
         messages = [
             {
-                'message': Message(constants.INFO, 'Test message'),
-                'message_list': [
-                    Message(constants.INFO, 'message %s') for x in range(5)
-                ] + [{'another-message': Message(constants.ERROR, 'error')}],
+                "message": Message(constants.INFO, "Test message"),
+                "message_list": [
+                    Message(constants.INFO, "message %s") for x in range(5)
+                ]
+                + [{"another-message": Message(constants.ERROR, "error")}],
             },
-            Message(constants.INFO, 'message %s'),
+            Message(constants.INFO, "message %s"),
         ]
         encoder = MessageEncoder()
         value = encoder.encode(messages)
@@ -175,11 +184,11 @@ class CookieTests(BaseTests, SimpleTestCase):
         retrieved from the message storage.
         """
         self.assertIsInstance(
-            self.encode_decode(mark_safe('<b>Hello Django!</b>')).message,
+            self.encode_decode(mark_safe("<b>Hello Django!</b>")).message,
             SafeData,
         )
         self.assertNotIsInstance(
-            self.encode_decode('<b>Hello Django!</b>').message,
+            self.encode_decode("<b>Hello Django!</b>").message,
             SafeData,
         )
 
@@ -188,9 +197,9 @@ class CookieTests(BaseTests, SimpleTestCase):
         A message's extra_tags attribute is correctly preserved when retrieved
         from the message storage.
         """
-        for extra_tags in ['', None, 'some tags']:
+        for extra_tags in ["", None, "some tags"]:
             with self.subTest(extra_tags=extra_tags):
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    self.encode_decode('message', extra_tags=extra_tags).extra_tags,
+                    self.encode_decode("message", extra_tags=extra_tags).extra_tags,
                     extra_tags,
                 )
diff --git a/tests/messages_tests/test_fallback.py b/tests/messages_tests/test_fallback.py
index dcfc53d8cb..7a335114c5 100644
--- a/tests/messages_tests/test_fallback.py
+++ b/tests/messages_tests/test_fallback.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 import random
 
 from django.contrib.messages import constants
-from django.contrib.messages.storage.fallback import (
-    CookieStorage, FallbackStorage,
-)
+from django.contrib.messages.storage.fallback import CookieStorage, FallbackStorage
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.utils.crypto import get_random_string
 
@@ -37,10 +35,9 @@ class FallbackTests(BaseTests, SimpleTestCase):
         """
         Return the storage totals from both cookie and session backends.
         """
-        return (
-            self.stored_cookie_messages_count(storage, response) +
-            self.stored_session_messages_count(storage, response)
-        )
+        return self.stored_cookie_messages_count(
+            storage, response
+        ) + self.stored_session_messages_count(storage, response)
 
     def test_get(self):
         request = self.get_request()
@@ -70,7 +67,9 @@ class FallbackTests(BaseTests, SimpleTestCase):
 
         # Set initial cookie and session data.
         example_messages = [str(i) for i in range(5)]
-        set_cookie_data(cookie_storage, example_messages[:4] + [CookieStorage.not_finished])
+        set_cookie_data(
+            cookie_storage, example_messages[:4] + [CookieStorage.not_finished]
+        )
         set_session_data(session_storage, example_messages[4:])
         self.assertEqual(list(storage), example_messages)
 
@@ -91,8 +90,8 @@ class FallbackTests(BaseTests, SimpleTestCase):
         cookie_storage = self.get_cookie_storage(storage)
         session_storage = self.get_session_storage(storage)
         # Set initial cookie and session data.
-        set_cookie_data(cookie_storage, ['cookie', CookieStorage.not_finished])
-        set_session_data(session_storage, ['session'])
+        set_cookie_data(cookie_storage, ["cookie", CookieStorage.not_finished])
+        set_session_data(session_storage, ["session"])
         # When updating, previously used but no longer needed backends are
         # flushed.
         response = self.get_response()
diff --git a/tests/messages_tests/test_middleware.py b/tests/messages_tests/test_middleware.py
index 9fd66e9186..6b5733fdd2 100644
--- a/tests/messages_tests/test_middleware.py
+++ b/tests/messages_tests/test_middleware.py
@@ -5,11 +5,12 @@ from django.http import HttpRequest, HttpResponse
 
 
 class MiddlewareTests(unittest.TestCase):
-
     def test_response_without_messages(self):
         """
         MessageMiddleware is tolerant of messages not existing on request.
         """
         request = HttpRequest()
         response = HttpResponse()
-        MessageMiddleware(lambda req: HttpResponse()).process_response(request, response)
+        MessageMiddleware(lambda req: HttpResponse()).process_response(
+            request, response
+        )
diff --git a/tests/messages_tests/test_mixins.py b/tests/messages_tests/test_mixins.py
index f4d0b26d28..0e3e0360d9 100644
--- a/tests/messages_tests/test_mixins.py
+++ b/tests/messages_tests/test_mixins.py
@@ -6,21 +6,20 @@ from .models import SomeObject
 from .urls import ContactFormViewWithMsg, DeleteFormViewWithMsg
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='messages_tests.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="messages_tests.urls")
 class SuccessMessageMixinTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_set_messages_success(self):
-        author = {'name': 'John Doe', 'slug': 'success-msg'}
-        add_url = reverse('add_success_msg')
+        author = {"name": "John Doe", "slug": "success-msg"}
+        add_url = reverse("add_success_msg")
         req = self.client.post(add_url, author)
         # Uncompressed message is stored in the cookie.
         value = b64_decode(
-            req.cookies['messages'].value.split(":")[0].encode(),
+            req.cookies["messages"].value.split(":")[0].encode(),
         ).decode()
         self.assertIn(ContactFormViewWithMsg.success_message % author, value)
 
     def test_set_messages_success_on_delete(self):
-        object_to_delete = SomeObject.objects.create(name='MyObject')
-        delete_url = reverse('success_msg_on_delete', args=[object_to_delete.pk])
+        object_to_delete = SomeObject.objects.create(name="MyObject")
+        delete_url = reverse("success_msg_on_delete", args=[object_to_delete.pk])
         response = self.client.post(delete_url, follow=True)
         self.assertContains(response, DeleteFormViewWithMsg.success_message)
diff --git a/tests/messages_tests/test_session.py b/tests/messages_tests/test_session.py
index c313921baa..07be6063f7 100644
--- a/tests/messages_tests/test_session.py
+++ b/tests/messages_tests/test_session.py
@@ -15,12 +15,14 @@ def set_session_data(storage, messages):
     backend's loaded data cache.
     """
     storage.request.session[storage.session_key] = storage.serialize_messages(messages)
-    if hasattr(storage, '_loaded_data'):
+    if hasattr(storage, "_loaded_data"):
         del storage._loaded_data
 
 
 def stored_session_messages_count(storage):
-    data = storage.deserialize_messages(storage.request.session.get(storage.session_key, []))
+    data = storage.deserialize_messages(
+        storage.request.session.get(storage.session_key, [])
+    )
     return len(data)
 
 
@@ -38,16 +40,16 @@ class SessionTests(BaseTests, TestCase):
 
     def test_no_session(self):
         msg = (
-            'The session-based temporary message storage requires session '
-            'middleware to be installed, and come before the message '
-            'middleware in the MIDDLEWARE list.'
+            "The session-based temporary message storage requires session "
+            "middleware to be installed, and come before the message "
+            "middleware in the MIDDLEWARE list."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
             self.storage_class(HttpRequest())
 
     def test_get(self):
         storage = self.storage_class(self.get_request())
-        example_messages = ['test', 'me']
+        example_messages = ["test", "me"]
         set_session_data(storage, example_messages)
         self.assertEqual(list(storage), example_messages)
 
diff --git a/tests/messages_tests/tests.py b/tests/messages_tests/tests.py
index aebb5bb0ec..d16854a89a 100644
--- a/tests/messages_tests/tests.py
+++ b/tests/messages_tests/tests.py
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 
 class MessageTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_eq(self):
-        msg_1 = Message(constants.INFO, 'Test message 1')
-        msg_2 = Message(constants.INFO, 'Test message 2')
-        msg_3 = Message(constants.WARNING, 'Test message 1')
+        msg_1 = Message(constants.INFO, "Test message 1")
+        msg_2 = Message(constants.INFO, "Test message 2")
+        msg_3 = Message(constants.WARNING, "Test message 1")
         self.assertEqual(msg_1, msg_1)
         self.assertEqual(msg_1, mock.ANY)
         self.assertNotEqual(msg_1, msg_2)
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ class MessageTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 class TestLevelTags(SimpleTestCase):
     message_tags = {
-        constants.INFO: 'info',
-        constants.DEBUG: '',
-        constants.WARNING: '',
-        constants.ERROR: 'bad',
-        constants.SUCCESS: '',
-        12: 'custom',
+        constants.INFO: "info",
+        constants.DEBUG: "",
+        constants.WARNING: "",
+        constants.ERROR: "bad",
+        constants.SUCCESS: "",
+        12: "custom",
     }
 
     @override_settings(MESSAGE_TAGS=message_tags)
diff --git a/tests/messages_tests/urls.py b/tests/messages_tests/urls.py
index 983cb33d72..3f70911d4f 100644
--- a/tests/messages_tests/urls.py
+++ b/tests/messages_tests/urls.py
@@ -26,31 +26,31 @@ TEMPLATE = """{% if messages %}
 def add(request, message_type):
     # Don't default to False here to test that it defaults to False if
     # unspecified.
-    fail_silently = request.POST.get('fail_silently', None)
-    for msg in request.POST.getlist('messages'):
+    fail_silently = request.POST.get("fail_silently", None)
+    for msg in request.POST.getlist("messages"):
         if fail_silently is not None:
             getattr(messages, message_type)(request, msg, fail_silently=fail_silently)
         else:
             getattr(messages, message_type)(request, msg)
-    return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('show_message'))
+    return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse("show_message"))
 
 
 @never_cache
 def add_template_response(request, message_type):
-    for msg in request.POST.getlist('messages'):
+    for msg in request.POST.getlist("messages"):
         getattr(messages, message_type)(request, msg)
-    return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('show_template_response'))
+    return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse("show_template_response"))
 
 
 @never_cache
 def show(request):
-    template = engines['django'].from_string(TEMPLATE)
+    template = engines["django"].from_string(TEMPLATE)
     return HttpResponse(template.render(request=request))
 
 
 @never_cache
 def show_template_response(request):
-    template = engines['django'].from_string(TEMPLATE)
+    template = engines["django"].from_string(TEMPLATE)
     return TemplateResponse(request, template)
 
 
@@ -67,18 +67,25 @@ class ContactFormViewWithMsg(SuccessMessageMixin, FormView):
 
 class DeleteFormViewWithMsg(SuccessMessageMixin, DeleteView):
     model = SomeObject
-    success_url = '/show/'
-    success_message = 'Object was deleted successfully'
+    success_url = "/show/"
+    success_message = "Object was deleted successfully"
 
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    re_path('^add/(debug|info|success|warning|error)/$', add, name='add_message'),
-    path('add/msg/', ContactFormViewWithMsg.as_view(), name='add_success_msg'),
-    path('delete/msg/<int:pk>', DeleteFormViewWithMsg.as_view(), name='success_msg_on_delete'),
-    path('show/', show, name='show_message'),
-    re_path(
-        '^template_response/add/(debug|info|success|warning|error)/$',
-        add_template_response, name='add_template_response',
+    re_path("^add/(debug|info|success|warning|error)/$", add, name="add_message"),
+    path("add/msg/", ContactFormViewWithMsg.as_view(), name="add_success_msg"),
+    path(
+        "delete/msg/<int:pk>",
+        DeleteFormViewWithMsg.as_view(),
+        name="success_msg_on_delete",
+    ),
+    path("show/", show, name="show_message"),
+    re_path(
+        "^template_response/add/(debug|info|success|warning|error)/$",
+        add_template_response,
+        name="add_template_response",
+    ),
+    path(
+        "template_response/show/", show_template_response, name="show_template_response"
     ),
-    path('template_response/show/', show_template_response, name='show_template_response'),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/middleware/cond_get_urls.py b/tests/middleware/cond_get_urls.py
index 8de6bdce0a..884ef6ad38 100644
--- a/tests/middleware/cond_get_urls.py
+++ b/tests/middleware/cond_get_urls.py
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ from django.http import HttpResponse
 from django.urls import path
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('', lambda request: HttpResponse('root is here')),
+    path("", lambda request: HttpResponse("root is here")),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/middleware/extra_urls.py b/tests/middleware/extra_urls.py
index 4a4289a95d..faa6ed9f4c 100644
--- a/tests/middleware/extra_urls.py
+++ b/tests/middleware/extra_urls.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from django.urls import path
 from . import views
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('customurlconf/noslash', views.empty_view),
-    path('customurlconf/slash/', views.empty_view),
-    path('customurlconf/needsquoting#/', views.empty_view),
+    path("customurlconf/noslash", views.empty_view),
+    path("customurlconf/slash/", views.empty_view),
+    path("customurlconf/needsquoting#/", views.empty_view),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/middleware/test_security.py b/tests/middleware/test_security.py
index 49432fbc8a..dd220b8f4c 100644
--- a/tests/middleware/test_security.py
+++ b/tests/middleware/test_security.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ from django.test.utils import override_settings
 class SecurityMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def middleware(self, *args, **kwargs):
         from django.middleware.security import SecurityMiddleware
+
         return SecurityMiddleware(self.response(*args, **kwargs))
 
     @property
@@ -19,6 +20,7 @@ class SecurityMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
                 for k, v in headers.items():
                     response.headers[k] = v
             return response
+
         return get_response
 
     def process_response(self, *args, secure=False, request=None, **kwargs):
@@ -47,8 +49,8 @@ class SecurityMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         "Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=3600" to the response.
         """
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.process_response(secure=True).headers['Strict-Transport-Security'],
-            'max-age=3600',
+            self.process_response(secure=True).headers["Strict-Transport-Security"],
+            "max-age=3600",
         )
 
     @override_settings(SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS=3600)
@@ -58,8 +60,8 @@ class SecurityMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         already present in the response.
         """
         response = self.process_response(
-            secure=True,
-            headers={"Strict-Transport-Security": "max-age=7200"})
+            secure=True, headers={"Strict-Transport-Security": "max-age=7200"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.headers["Strict-Transport-Security"], "max-age=7200")
 
     @override_settings(SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS=3600)
@@ -69,7 +71,7 @@ class SecurityMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         over an insecure connection.
         """
         self.assertNotIn(
-            'Strict-Transport-Security',
+            "Strict-Transport-Security",
             self.process_response(secure=False).headers,
         )
 
@@ -80,7 +82,7 @@ class SecurityMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         "Strict-Transport-Security" header to the response.
         """
         self.assertNotIn(
-            'Strict-Transport-Security',
+            "Strict-Transport-Security",
             self.process_response(secure=True).headers,
         )
 
@@ -93,8 +95,8 @@ class SecurityMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         response = self.process_response(secure=True)
         self.assertEqual(
-            response.headers['Strict-Transport-Security'],
-            'max-age=600; includeSubDomains',
+            response.headers["Strict-Transport-Security"],
+            "max-age=600; includeSubDomains",
         )
 
     @override_settings(SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS=600, SECURE_HSTS_INCLUDE_SUBDOMAINS=False)
@@ -116,11 +118,15 @@ class SecurityMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         response = self.process_response(secure=True)
         self.assertEqual(
-            response.headers['Strict-Transport-Security'],
-            'max-age=10886400; preload',
+            response.headers["Strict-Transport-Security"],
+            "max-age=10886400; preload",
         )
 
-    @override_settings(SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS=10886400, SECURE_HSTS_INCLUDE_SUBDOMAINS=True, SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD=True)
+    @override_settings(
+        SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS=10886400,
+        SECURE_HSTS_INCLUDE_SUBDOMAINS=True,
+        SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD=True,
+    )
     def test_sts_subdomains_and_preload(self):
         """
         With SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS non-zero, SECURE_HSTS_INCLUDE_SUBDOMAINS and
@@ -130,8 +136,8 @@ class SecurityMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         response = self.process_response(secure=True)
         self.assertEqual(
-            response.headers['Strict-Transport-Security'],
-            'max-age=10886400; includeSubDomains; preload',
+            response.headers["Strict-Transport-Security"],
+            "max-age=10886400; includeSubDomains; preload",
         )
 
     @override_settings(SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS=10886400, SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD=False)
@@ -143,8 +149,8 @@ class SecurityMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         response = self.process_response(secure=True)
         self.assertEqual(
-            response.headers['Strict-Transport-Security'],
-            'max-age=10886400',
+            response.headers["Strict-Transport-Security"],
+            "max-age=10886400",
         )
 
     @override_settings(SECURE_CONTENT_TYPE_NOSNIFF=True)
@@ -154,8 +160,8 @@ class SecurityMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         "X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff" header to the response.
         """
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.process_response().headers['X-Content-Type-Options'],
-            'nosniff',
+            self.process_response().headers["X-Content-Type-Options"],
+            "nosniff",
         )
 
     @override_settings(SECURE_CONTENT_TYPE_NOSNIFF=True)
@@ -164,7 +170,9 @@ class SecurityMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         The middleware will not override an "X-Content-Type-Options" header
         already present in the response.
         """
-        response = self.process_response(secure=True, headers={"X-Content-Type-Options": "foo"})
+        response = self.process_response(
+            secure=True, headers={"X-Content-Type-Options": "foo"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.headers["X-Content-Type-Options"], "foo")
 
     @override_settings(SECURE_CONTENT_TYPE_NOSNIFF=False)
@@ -173,7 +181,7 @@ class SecurityMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         With SECURE_CONTENT_TYPE_NOSNIFF False, the middleware does not add an
         "X-Content-Type-Options" header to the response.
         """
-        self.assertNotIn('X-Content-Type-Options', self.process_response().headers)
+        self.assertNotIn("X-Content-Type-Options", self.process_response().headers)
 
     @override_settings(SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT=True)
     def test_ssl_redirect_on(self):
@@ -225,7 +233,7 @@ class SecurityMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         With SECURE_REFERRER_POLICY set to None, the middleware does not add a
         "Referrer-Policy" header to the response.
         """
-        self.assertNotIn('Referrer-Policy', self.process_response().headers)
+        self.assertNotIn("Referrer-Policy", self.process_response().headers)
 
     def test_referrer_policy_on(self):
         """
@@ -233,27 +241,29 @@ class SecurityMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         "Referrer-Policy" header to the response.
         """
         tests = (
-            ('strict-origin', 'strict-origin'),
-            ('strict-origin,origin', 'strict-origin,origin'),
-            ('strict-origin, origin', 'strict-origin,origin'),
-            (['strict-origin', 'origin'], 'strict-origin,origin'),
-            (('strict-origin', 'origin'), 'strict-origin,origin'),
+            ("strict-origin", "strict-origin"),
+            ("strict-origin,origin", "strict-origin,origin"),
+            ("strict-origin, origin", "strict-origin,origin"),
+            (["strict-origin", "origin"], "strict-origin,origin"),
+            (("strict-origin", "origin"), "strict-origin,origin"),
         )
         for value, expected in tests:
-            with self.subTest(value=value), override_settings(SECURE_REFERRER_POLICY=value):
+            with self.subTest(value=value), override_settings(
+                SECURE_REFERRER_POLICY=value
+            ):
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    self.process_response().headers['Referrer-Policy'],
+                    self.process_response().headers["Referrer-Policy"],
                     expected,
                 )
 
-    @override_settings(SECURE_REFERRER_POLICY='strict-origin')
+    @override_settings(SECURE_REFERRER_POLICY="strict-origin")
     def test_referrer_policy_already_present(self):
         """
         The middleware will not override a "Referrer-Policy" header already
         present in the response.
         """
-        response = self.process_response(headers={'Referrer-Policy': 'unsafe-url'})
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Referrer-Policy'], 'unsafe-url')
+        response = self.process_response(headers={"Referrer-Policy": "unsafe-url"})
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["Referrer-Policy"], "unsafe-url")
 
     @override_settings(SECURE_CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY=None)
     def test_coop_off(self):
@@ -261,13 +271,13 @@ class SecurityMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         With SECURE_CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY set to None, the middleware does
         not add a "Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy" header to the response.
         """
-        self.assertNotIn('Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy', self.process_response())
+        self.assertNotIn("Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy", self.process_response())
 
     def test_coop_default(self):
         """SECURE_CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY defaults to same-origin."""
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.process_response().headers['Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy'],
-            'same-origin',
+            self.process_response().headers["Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy"],
+            "same-origin",
         )
 
     def test_coop_on(self):
@@ -275,21 +285,23 @@ class SecurityMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         With SECURE_CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY set to a valid value, the
         middleware adds a "Cross-Origin_Opener-Policy" header to the response.
         """
-        tests = ['same-origin', 'same-origin-allow-popups', 'unsafe-none']
+        tests = ["same-origin", "same-origin-allow-popups", "unsafe-none"]
         for value in tests:
             with self.subTest(value=value), override_settings(
                 SECURE_CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY=value,
             ):
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    self.process_response().headers['Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy'],
+                    self.process_response().headers["Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy"],
                     value,
                 )
 
-    @override_settings(SECURE_CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY='unsafe-none')
+    @override_settings(SECURE_CROSS_ORIGIN_OPENER_POLICY="unsafe-none")
     def test_coop_already_present(self):
         """
         The middleware doesn't override a "Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy" header
         already present in the response.
         """
-        response = self.process_response(headers={'Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy': 'same-origin'})
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy'], 'same-origin')
+        response = self.process_response(
+            headers={"Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy": "same-origin"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy"], "same-origin")
diff --git a/tests/middleware/tests.py b/tests/middleware/tests.py
index 8842552f77..c3e93236a6 100644
--- a/tests/middleware/tests.py
+++ b/tests/middleware/tests.py
@@ -9,13 +9,16 @@ from django.conf import settings
 from django.core import mail
 from django.core.exceptions import PermissionDenied
 from django.http import (
-    FileResponse, HttpRequest, HttpResponse, HttpResponseNotFound,
-    HttpResponsePermanentRedirect, HttpResponseRedirect, StreamingHttpResponse,
+    FileResponse,
+    HttpRequest,
+    HttpResponse,
+    HttpResponseNotFound,
+    HttpResponsePermanentRedirect,
+    HttpResponseRedirect,
+    StreamingHttpResponse,
 )
 from django.middleware.clickjacking import XFrameOptionsMiddleware
-from django.middleware.common import (
-    BrokenLinkEmailsMiddleware, CommonMiddleware,
-)
+from django.middleware.common import BrokenLinkEmailsMiddleware, CommonMiddleware
 from django.middleware.gzip import GZipMiddleware
 from django.middleware.http import ConditionalGetMiddleware
 from django.test import RequestFactory, SimpleTestCase, override_settings
@@ -31,7 +34,7 @@ def get_response_404(request):
     return HttpResponseNotFound()
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='middleware.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="middleware.urls")
 class CommonMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
     rf = RequestFactory()
@@ -41,7 +44,7 @@ class CommonMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         URLs with slashes should go unmolested.
         """
-        request = self.rf.get('/slash/')
+        request = self.rf.get("/slash/")
         self.assertIsNone(CommonMiddleware(get_response_404).process_request(request))
         self.assertEqual(CommonMiddleware(get_response_404)(request).status_code, 404)
 
@@ -50,10 +53,11 @@ class CommonMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         Matches to explicit slashless URLs should go unmolested.
         """
+
         def get_response(req):
             return HttpResponse("Here's the text of the web page.")
 
-        request = self.rf.get('/noslash')
+        request = self.rf.get("/noslash")
         self.assertIsNone(CommonMiddleware(get_response).process_request(request))
         self.assertEqual(
             CommonMiddleware(get_response)(request).content,
@@ -65,7 +69,7 @@ class CommonMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         APPEND_SLASH should not redirect to unknown resources.
         """
-        request = self.rf.get('/unknown')
+        request = self.rf.get("/unknown")
         response = CommonMiddleware(get_response_404)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
@@ -74,7 +78,7 @@ class CommonMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         APPEND_SLASH should redirect slashless URLs to a valid pattern.
         """
-        request = self.rf.get('/slash')
+        request = self.rf.get("/slash")
         r = CommonMiddleware(get_response_empty).process_request(request)
         self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 301)
 
@@ -83,9 +87,9 @@ class CommonMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         APPEND_SLASH should preserve querystrings when redirecting.
         """
-        request = self.rf.get('/slash?test=1')
+        request = self.rf.get("/slash?test=1")
         resp = CommonMiddleware(get_response_404)(request)
-        self.assertEqual(resp.url, '/slash/?test=1')
+        self.assertEqual(resp.url, "/slash/?test=1")
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
     def test_append_slash_redirect_querystring_have_slash(self):
@@ -93,10 +97,10 @@ class CommonMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         APPEND_SLASH should append slash to path when redirecting a request
         with a querystring ending with slash.
         """
-        request = self.rf.get('/slash?test=slash/')
+        request = self.rf.get("/slash?test=slash/")
         resp = CommonMiddleware(get_response_404)(request)
         self.assertIsInstance(resp, HttpResponsePermanentRedirect)
-        self.assertEqual(resp.url, '/slash/?test=slash/')
+        self.assertEqual(resp.url, "/slash/?test=slash/")
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True, DEBUG=True)
     def test_append_slash_no_redirect_on_POST_in_DEBUG(self):
@@ -106,16 +110,16 @@ class CommonMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         would normally be redirected to a slashed version.
         """
         msg = "maintaining %s data. Change your form to point to testserver/slash/"
-        request = self.rf.get('/slash')
-        request.method = 'POST'
+        request = self.rf.get("/slash")
+        request.method = "POST"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, msg % request.method):
             CommonMiddleware(get_response_404)(request)
-        request = self.rf.get('/slash')
-        request.method = 'PUT'
+        request = self.rf.get("/slash")
+        request.method = "PUT"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, msg % request.method):
             CommonMiddleware(get_response_404)(request)
-        request = self.rf.get('/slash')
-        request.method = 'PATCH'
+        request = self.rf.get("/slash")
+        request.method = "PATCH"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, msg % request.method):
             CommonMiddleware(get_response_404)(request)
 
@@ -124,7 +128,7 @@ class CommonMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         Disabling append slash functionality should leave slashless URLs alone.
         """
-        request = self.rf.get('/slash')
+        request = self.rf.get("/slash")
         self.assertEqual(CommonMiddleware(get_response_404)(request).status_code, 404)
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
@@ -132,10 +136,10 @@ class CommonMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         Views marked with @no_append_slash should be left alone.
         """
-        request = self.rf.get('/sensitive_fbv')
+        request = self.rf.get("/sensitive_fbv")
         self.assertEqual(CommonMiddleware(get_response_404)(request).status_code, 404)
 
-        request = self.rf.get('/sensitive_cbv')
+        request = self.rf.get("/sensitive_cbv")
         self.assertEqual(CommonMiddleware(get_response_404)(request).status_code, 404)
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
@@ -143,10 +147,10 @@ class CommonMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         URLs which require quoting should be redirected to their slash version.
         """
-        request = self.rf.get(quote('/needsquoting#'))
+        request = self.rf.get(quote("/needsquoting#"))
         r = CommonMiddleware(get_response_404)(request)
         self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 301)
-        self.assertEqual(r.url, '/needsquoting%23/')
+        self.assertEqual(r.url, "/needsquoting%23/")
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
     def test_append_slash_leading_slashes(self):
@@ -158,34 +162,34 @@ class CommonMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         to evil.com/.
         """
         # Use 4 slashes because of RequestFactory behavior.
-        request = self.rf.get('////evil.com/security')
+        request = self.rf.get("////evil.com/security")
         r = CommonMiddleware(get_response_404).process_request(request)
         self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 301)
-        self.assertEqual(r.url, '/%2Fevil.com/security/')
+        self.assertEqual(r.url, "/%2Fevil.com/security/")
         r = CommonMiddleware(get_response_404)(request)
         self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 301)
-        self.assertEqual(r.url, '/%2Fevil.com/security/')
+        self.assertEqual(r.url, "/%2Fevil.com/security/")
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=False, PREPEND_WWW=True)
     def test_prepend_www(self):
-        request = self.rf.get('/path/')
+        request = self.rf.get("/path/")
         r = CommonMiddleware(get_response_empty).process_request(request)
         self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 301)
-        self.assertEqual(r.url, 'http://www.testserver/path/')
+        self.assertEqual(r.url, "http://www.testserver/path/")
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True, PREPEND_WWW=True)
     def test_prepend_www_append_slash_have_slash(self):
-        request = self.rf.get('/slash/')
+        request = self.rf.get("/slash/")
         r = CommonMiddleware(get_response_empty).process_request(request)
         self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 301)
-        self.assertEqual(r.url, 'http://www.testserver/slash/')
+        self.assertEqual(r.url, "http://www.testserver/slash/")
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True, PREPEND_WWW=True)
     def test_prepend_www_append_slash_slashless(self):
-        request = self.rf.get('/slash')
+        request = self.rf.get("/slash")
         r = CommonMiddleware(get_response_empty).process_request(request)
         self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 301)
-        self.assertEqual(r.url, 'http://www.testserver/slash/')
+        self.assertEqual(r.url, "http://www.testserver/slash/")
 
     # The following tests examine expected behavior given a custom URLconf that
     # overrides the default one through the request object.
@@ -195,8 +199,8 @@ class CommonMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         URLs with slashes should go unmolested.
         """
-        request = self.rf.get('/customurlconf/slash/')
-        request.urlconf = 'middleware.extra_urls'
+        request = self.rf.get("/customurlconf/slash/")
+        request.urlconf = "middleware.extra_urls"
         self.assertIsNone(CommonMiddleware(get_response_404).process_request(request))
         self.assertEqual(CommonMiddleware(get_response_404)(request).status_code, 404)
 
@@ -205,21 +209,24 @@ class CommonMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         Matches to explicit slashless URLs should go unmolested.
         """
+
         def get_response(req):
             return HttpResponse("web content")
 
-        request = self.rf.get('/customurlconf/noslash')
-        request.urlconf = 'middleware.extra_urls'
+        request = self.rf.get("/customurlconf/noslash")
+        request.urlconf = "middleware.extra_urls"
         self.assertIsNone(CommonMiddleware(get_response).process_request(request))
-        self.assertEqual(CommonMiddleware(get_response)(request).content, b'web content')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            CommonMiddleware(get_response)(request).content, b"web content"
+        )
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
     def test_append_slash_slashless_unknown_custom_urlconf(self):
         """
         APPEND_SLASH should not redirect to unknown resources.
         """
-        request = self.rf.get('/customurlconf/unknown')
-        request.urlconf = 'middleware.extra_urls'
+        request = self.rf.get("/customurlconf/unknown")
+        request.urlconf = "middleware.extra_urls"
         self.assertIsNone(CommonMiddleware(get_response_404).process_request(request))
         self.assertEqual(CommonMiddleware(get_response_404)(request).status_code, 404)
 
@@ -228,12 +235,15 @@ class CommonMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         APPEND_SLASH should redirect slashless URLs to a valid pattern.
         """
-        request = self.rf.get('/customurlconf/slash')
-        request.urlconf = 'middleware.extra_urls'
+        request = self.rf.get("/customurlconf/slash")
+        request.urlconf = "middleware.extra_urls"
         r = CommonMiddleware(get_response_404)(request)
-        self.assertIsNotNone(r, "CommonMiddleware failed to return APPEND_SLASH redirect using request.urlconf")
+        self.assertIsNotNone(
+            r,
+            "CommonMiddleware failed to return APPEND_SLASH redirect using request.urlconf",
+        )
         self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 301)
-        self.assertEqual(r.url, '/customurlconf/slash/')
+        self.assertEqual(r.url, "/customurlconf/slash/")
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True, DEBUG=True)
     def test_append_slash_no_redirect_on_POST_in_DEBUG_custom_urlconf(self):
@@ -242,10 +252,10 @@ class CommonMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         when a failed attempt is made to POST to an URL which would normally be
         redirected to a slashed version.
         """
-        request = self.rf.get('/customurlconf/slash')
-        request.urlconf = 'middleware.extra_urls'
-        request.method = 'POST'
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, 'end in a slash'):
+        request = self.rf.get("/customurlconf/slash")
+        request.urlconf = "middleware.extra_urls"
+        request.method = "POST"
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, "end in a slash"):
             CommonMiddleware(get_response_404)(request)
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=False)
@@ -253,8 +263,8 @@ class CommonMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         Disabling append slash functionality should leave slashless URLs alone.
         """
-        request = self.rf.get('/customurlconf/slash')
-        request.urlconf = 'middleware.extra_urls'
+        request = self.rf.get("/customurlconf/slash")
+        request.urlconf = "middleware.extra_urls"
         self.assertIsNone(CommonMiddleware(get_response_404).process_request(request))
         self.assertEqual(CommonMiddleware(get_response_404)(request).status_code, 404)
 
@@ -263,147 +273,156 @@ class CommonMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         URLs which require quoting should be redirected to their slash version.
         """
-        request = self.rf.get(quote('/customurlconf/needsquoting#'))
-        request.urlconf = 'middleware.extra_urls'
+        request = self.rf.get(quote("/customurlconf/needsquoting#"))
+        request.urlconf = "middleware.extra_urls"
         r = CommonMiddleware(get_response_404)(request)
-        self.assertIsNotNone(r, "CommonMiddleware failed to return APPEND_SLASH redirect using request.urlconf")
+        self.assertIsNotNone(
+            r,
+            "CommonMiddleware failed to return APPEND_SLASH redirect using request.urlconf",
+        )
         self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 301)
-        self.assertEqual(r.url, '/customurlconf/needsquoting%23/')
+        self.assertEqual(r.url, "/customurlconf/needsquoting%23/")
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=False, PREPEND_WWW=True)
     def test_prepend_www_custom_urlconf(self):
-        request = self.rf.get('/customurlconf/path/')
-        request.urlconf = 'middleware.extra_urls'
+        request = self.rf.get("/customurlconf/path/")
+        request.urlconf = "middleware.extra_urls"
         r = CommonMiddleware(get_response_empty).process_request(request)
         self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 301)
-        self.assertEqual(r.url, 'http://www.testserver/customurlconf/path/')
+        self.assertEqual(r.url, "http://www.testserver/customurlconf/path/")
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True, PREPEND_WWW=True)
     def test_prepend_www_append_slash_have_slash_custom_urlconf(self):
-        request = self.rf.get('/customurlconf/slash/')
-        request.urlconf = 'middleware.extra_urls'
+        request = self.rf.get("/customurlconf/slash/")
+        request.urlconf = "middleware.extra_urls"
         r = CommonMiddleware(get_response_empty).process_request(request)
         self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 301)
-        self.assertEqual(r.url, 'http://www.testserver/customurlconf/slash/')
+        self.assertEqual(r.url, "http://www.testserver/customurlconf/slash/")
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True, PREPEND_WWW=True)
     def test_prepend_www_append_slash_slashless_custom_urlconf(self):
-        request = self.rf.get('/customurlconf/slash')
-        request.urlconf = 'middleware.extra_urls'
+        request = self.rf.get("/customurlconf/slash")
+        request.urlconf = "middleware.extra_urls"
         r = CommonMiddleware(get_response_empty).process_request(request)
         self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 301)
-        self.assertEqual(r.url, 'http://www.testserver/customurlconf/slash/')
+        self.assertEqual(r.url, "http://www.testserver/customurlconf/slash/")
 
     # Tests for the Content-Length header
 
     def test_content_length_header_added(self):
         def get_response(req):
-            response = HttpResponse('content')
-            self.assertNotIn('Content-Length', response)
+            response = HttpResponse("content")
+            self.assertNotIn("Content-Length", response)
             return response
 
-        response = CommonMiddleware(get_response)(self.rf.get('/'))
-        self.assertEqual(int(response.headers['Content-Length']), len(response.content))
+        response = CommonMiddleware(get_response)(self.rf.get("/"))
+        self.assertEqual(int(response.headers["Content-Length"]), len(response.content))
 
     def test_content_length_header_not_added_for_streaming_response(self):
         def get_response(req):
-            response = StreamingHttpResponse('content')
-            self.assertNotIn('Content-Length', response)
+            response = StreamingHttpResponse("content")
+            self.assertNotIn("Content-Length", response)
             return response
 
-        response = CommonMiddleware(get_response)(self.rf.get('/'))
-        self.assertNotIn('Content-Length', response)
+        response = CommonMiddleware(get_response)(self.rf.get("/"))
+        self.assertNotIn("Content-Length", response)
 
     def test_content_length_header_not_changed(self):
         bad_content_length = 500
 
         def get_response(req):
             response = HttpResponse()
-            response.headers['Content-Length'] = bad_content_length
+            response.headers["Content-Length"] = bad_content_length
             return response
 
-        response = CommonMiddleware(get_response)(self.rf.get('/'))
-        self.assertEqual(int(response.headers['Content-Length']), bad_content_length)
+        response = CommonMiddleware(get_response)(self.rf.get("/"))
+        self.assertEqual(int(response.headers["Content-Length"]), bad_content_length)
 
     # Other tests
 
-    @override_settings(DISALLOWED_USER_AGENTS=[re.compile(r'foo')])
+    @override_settings(DISALLOWED_USER_AGENTS=[re.compile(r"foo")])
     def test_disallowed_user_agents(self):
-        request = self.rf.get('/slash')
-        request.META['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] = 'foo'
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(PermissionDenied, 'Forbidden user agent'):
+        request = self.rf.get("/slash")
+        request.META["HTTP_USER_AGENT"] = "foo"
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(PermissionDenied, "Forbidden user agent"):
             CommonMiddleware(get_response_empty).process_request(request)
 
     def test_non_ascii_query_string_does_not_crash(self):
         """Regression test for #15152"""
-        request = self.rf.get('/slash')
-        request.META['QUERY_STRING'] = 'drink=café'
+        request = self.rf.get("/slash")
+        request.META["QUERY_STRING"] = "drink=café"
         r = CommonMiddleware(get_response_empty).process_request(request)
         self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 301)
 
     def test_response_redirect_class(self):
-        request = self.rf.get('/slash')
+        request = self.rf.get("/slash")
         r = CommonMiddleware(get_response_404)(request)
         self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 301)
-        self.assertEqual(r.url, '/slash/')
+        self.assertEqual(r.url, "/slash/")
         self.assertIsInstance(r, HttpResponsePermanentRedirect)
 
     def test_response_redirect_class_subclass(self):
         class MyCommonMiddleware(CommonMiddleware):
             response_redirect_class = HttpResponseRedirect
 
-        request = self.rf.get('/slash')
+        request = self.rf.get("/slash")
         r = MyCommonMiddleware(get_response_404)(request)
         self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(r.url, '/slash/')
+        self.assertEqual(r.url, "/slash/")
         self.assertIsInstance(r, HttpResponseRedirect)
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    IGNORABLE_404_URLS=[re.compile(r'foo')],
-    MANAGERS=[('PHD', 'PHB@dilbert.com')],
+    IGNORABLE_404_URLS=[re.compile(r"foo")],
+    MANAGERS=[("PHD", "PHB@dilbert.com")],
 )
 class BrokenLinkEmailsMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
     rf = RequestFactory()
 
     def setUp(self):
-        self.req = self.rf.get('/regular_url/that/does/not/exist')
+        self.req = self.rf.get("/regular_url/that/does/not/exist")
 
     def get_response(self, req):
         return self.client.get(req.path)
 
     def test_404_error_reporting(self):
-        self.req.META['HTTP_REFERER'] = '/another/url/'
+        self.req.META["HTTP_REFERER"] = "/another/url/"
         BrokenLinkEmailsMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-        self.assertIn('Broken', mail.outbox[0].subject)
+        self.assertIn("Broken", mail.outbox[0].subject)
 
     def test_404_error_reporting_no_referer(self):
         BrokenLinkEmailsMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 0)
 
     def test_404_error_reporting_ignored_url(self):
-        self.req.path = self.req.path_info = 'foo_url/that/does/not/exist'
+        self.req.path = self.req.path_info = "foo_url/that/does/not/exist"
         BrokenLinkEmailsMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 0)
 
     def test_custom_request_checker(self):
         class SubclassedMiddleware(BrokenLinkEmailsMiddleware):
-            ignored_user_agent_patterns = (re.compile(r'Spider.*'), re.compile(r'Robot.*'))
+            ignored_user_agent_patterns = (
+                re.compile(r"Spider.*"),
+                re.compile(r"Robot.*"),
+            )
 
             def is_ignorable_request(self, request, uri, domain, referer):
-                '''Check user-agent in addition to normal checks.'''
+                """Check user-agent in addition to normal checks."""
                 if super().is_ignorable_request(request, uri, domain, referer):
                     return True
-                user_agent = request.META['HTTP_USER_AGENT']
-                return any(pattern.search(user_agent) for pattern in self.ignored_user_agent_patterns)
+                user_agent = request.META["HTTP_USER_AGENT"]
+                return any(
+                    pattern.search(user_agent)
+                    for pattern in self.ignored_user_agent_patterns
+                )
 
-        self.req.META['HTTP_REFERER'] = '/another/url/'
-        self.req.META['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] = 'Spider machine 3.4'
+        self.req.META["HTTP_REFERER"] = "/another/url/"
+        self.req.META["HTTP_USER_AGENT"] = "Spider machine 3.4"
         SubclassedMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 0)
-        self.req.META['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] = 'My user agent'
+        self.req.META["HTTP_USER_AGENT"] = "My user agent"
         SubclassedMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
 
@@ -412,49 +431,53 @@ class BrokenLinkEmailsMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         Some bots set the referer to the current URL to avoid being blocked by
         an referer check (#25302).
         """
-        self.req.META['HTTP_REFERER'] = self.req.path
+        self.req.META["HTTP_REFERER"] = self.req.path
         BrokenLinkEmailsMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 0)
 
         # URL with scheme and domain should also be ignored
-        self.req.META['HTTP_REFERER'] = 'http://testserver%s' % self.req.path
+        self.req.META["HTTP_REFERER"] = "http://testserver%s" % self.req.path
         BrokenLinkEmailsMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 0)
 
         # URL with a different scheme should be ignored as well because bots
         # tend to use http:// in referers even when browsing HTTPS websites.
-        self.req.META['HTTP_X_PROTO'] = 'https'
-        self.req.META['SERVER_PORT'] = 443
-        with self.settings(SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER=('HTTP_X_PROTO', 'https')):
+        self.req.META["HTTP_X_PROTO"] = "https"
+        self.req.META["SERVER_PORT"] = 443
+        with self.settings(SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER=("HTTP_X_PROTO", "https")):
             BrokenLinkEmailsMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 0)
 
     def test_referer_equal_to_requested_url_on_another_domain(self):
-        self.req.META['HTTP_REFERER'] = 'http://anotherserver%s' % self.req.path
+        self.req.META["HTTP_REFERER"] = "http://anotherserver%s" % self.req.path
         BrokenLinkEmailsMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
-    def test_referer_equal_to_requested_url_without_trailing_slash_when_append_slash_is_set(self):
-        self.req.path = self.req.path_info = '/regular_url/that/does/not/exist/'
-        self.req.META['HTTP_REFERER'] = self.req.path_info[:-1]
+    def test_referer_equal_to_requested_url_without_trailing_slash_when_append_slash_is_set(
+        self,
+    ):
+        self.req.path = self.req.path_info = "/regular_url/that/does/not/exist/"
+        self.req.META["HTTP_REFERER"] = self.req.path_info[:-1]
         BrokenLinkEmailsMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 0)
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=False)
-    def test_referer_equal_to_requested_url_without_trailing_slash_when_append_slash_is_unset(self):
-        self.req.path = self.req.path_info = '/regular_url/that/does/not/exist/'
-        self.req.META['HTTP_REFERER'] = self.req.path_info[:-1]
+    def test_referer_equal_to_requested_url_without_trailing_slash_when_append_slash_is_unset(
+        self,
+    ):
+        self.req.path = self.req.path_info = "/regular_url/that/does/not/exist/"
+        self.req.META["HTTP_REFERER"] = self.req.path_info[:-1]
         BrokenLinkEmailsMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='middleware.cond_get_urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="middleware.cond_get_urls")
 class ConditionalGetMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
     request_factory = RequestFactory()
 
     def setUp(self):
-        self.req = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        self.req = self.request_factory.get("/")
         self.resp_headers = {}
 
     def get_response(self, req):
@@ -468,129 +491,137 @@ class ConditionalGetMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_middleware_calculates_etag(self):
         resp = ConditionalGetMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertNotEqual('', resp['ETag'])
+        self.assertNotEqual("", resp["ETag"])
 
     def test_middleware_wont_overwrite_etag(self):
-        self.resp_headers['ETag'] = 'eggs'
+        self.resp_headers["ETag"] = "eggs"
         resp = ConditionalGetMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual('eggs', resp['ETag'])
+        self.assertEqual("eggs", resp["ETag"])
 
     def test_no_etag_streaming_response(self):
         def get_response(req):
-            return StreamingHttpResponse(['content'])
+            return StreamingHttpResponse(["content"])
 
-        self.assertFalse(ConditionalGetMiddleware(get_response)(self.req).has_header('ETag'))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            ConditionalGetMiddleware(get_response)(self.req).has_header("ETag")
+        )
 
     def test_no_etag_response_empty_content(self):
         def get_response(req):
             return HttpResponse()
 
-        self.assertFalse(ConditionalGetMiddleware(get_response)(self.req).has_header('ETag'))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            ConditionalGetMiddleware(get_response)(self.req).has_header("ETag")
+        )
 
     def test_no_etag_no_store_cache(self):
-        self.resp_headers['Cache-Control'] = 'No-Cache, No-Store, Max-age=0'
-        self.assertFalse(ConditionalGetMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req).has_header('ETag'))
+        self.resp_headers["Cache-Control"] = "No-Cache, No-Store, Max-age=0"
+        self.assertFalse(
+            ConditionalGetMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req).has_header("ETag")
+        )
 
     def test_etag_extended_cache_control(self):
-        self.resp_headers['Cache-Control'] = 'my-directive="my-no-store"'
-        self.assertTrue(ConditionalGetMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req).has_header('ETag'))
+        self.resp_headers["Cache-Control"] = 'my-directive="my-no-store"'
+        self.assertTrue(
+            ConditionalGetMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req).has_header("ETag")
+        )
 
     def test_if_none_match_and_no_etag(self):
-        self.req.META['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'] = 'spam'
+        self.req.META["HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"] = "spam"
         resp = ConditionalGetMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_no_if_none_match_and_etag(self):
-        self.resp_headers['ETag'] = 'eggs'
+        self.resp_headers["ETag"] = "eggs"
         resp = ConditionalGetMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_if_none_match_and_same_etag(self):
-        self.req.META['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'] = '"spam"'
-        self.resp_headers['ETag'] = '"spam"'
+        self.req.META["HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"] = '"spam"'
+        self.resp_headers["ETag"] = '"spam"'
         resp = ConditionalGetMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 304)
 
     def test_if_none_match_and_different_etag(self):
-        self.req.META['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'] = 'spam'
-        self.resp_headers['ETag'] = 'eggs'
+        self.req.META["HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"] = "spam"
+        self.resp_headers["ETag"] = "eggs"
         resp = ConditionalGetMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_if_none_match_and_redirect(self):
         def get_response(req):
             resp = self.client.get(req.path_info)
-            resp['ETag'] = 'spam'
-            resp['Location'] = '/'
+            resp["ETag"] = "spam"
+            resp["Location"] = "/"
             resp.status_code = 301
             return resp
 
-        self.req.META['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'] = 'spam'
+        self.req.META["HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"] = "spam"
         resp = ConditionalGetMiddleware(get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 301)
 
     def test_if_none_match_and_client_error(self):
         def get_response(req):
             resp = self.client.get(req.path_info)
-            resp['ETag'] = 'spam'
+            resp["ETag"] = "spam"
             resp.status_code = 400
             return resp
 
-        self.req.META['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'] = 'spam'
+        self.req.META["HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"] = "spam"
         resp = ConditionalGetMiddleware(get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 400)
 
     # Tests for the Last-Modified header
 
     def test_if_modified_since_and_no_last_modified(self):
-        self.req.META['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE'] = 'Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:38:44 GMT'
+        self.req.META["HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE"] = "Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:38:44 GMT"
         resp = ConditionalGetMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_no_if_modified_since_and_last_modified(self):
-        self.resp_headers['Last-Modified'] = 'Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:38:44 GMT'
+        self.resp_headers["Last-Modified"] = "Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:38:44 GMT"
         resp = ConditionalGetMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_if_modified_since_and_same_last_modified(self):
-        self.req.META['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE'] = 'Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:38:44 GMT'
-        self.resp_headers['Last-Modified'] = 'Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:38:44 GMT'
+        self.req.META["HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE"] = "Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:38:44 GMT"
+        self.resp_headers["Last-Modified"] = "Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:38:44 GMT"
         self.resp = ConditionalGetMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(self.resp.status_code, 304)
 
     def test_if_modified_since_and_last_modified_in_the_past(self):
-        self.req.META['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE'] = 'Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:38:44 GMT'
-        self.resp_headers['Last-Modified'] = 'Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:35:44 GMT'
+        self.req.META["HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE"] = "Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:38:44 GMT"
+        self.resp_headers["Last-Modified"] = "Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:35:44 GMT"
         resp = ConditionalGetMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 304)
 
     def test_if_modified_since_and_last_modified_in_the_future(self):
-        self.req.META['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE'] = 'Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:38:44 GMT'
-        self.resp_headers['Last-Modified'] = 'Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:41:44 GMT'
+        self.req.META["HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE"] = "Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:38:44 GMT"
+        self.resp_headers["Last-Modified"] = "Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:41:44 GMT"
         self.resp = ConditionalGetMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(self.resp.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_if_modified_since_and_redirect(self):
         def get_response(req):
             resp = self.client.get(req.path_info)
-            resp['Last-Modified'] = 'Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:35:44 GMT'
-            resp['Location'] = '/'
+            resp["Last-Modified"] = "Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:35:44 GMT"
+            resp["Location"] = "/"
             resp.status_code = 301
             return resp
 
-        self.req.META['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE'] = 'Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:38:44 GMT'
+        self.req.META["HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE"] = "Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:38:44 GMT"
         resp = ConditionalGetMiddleware(get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 301)
 
     def test_if_modified_since_and_client_error(self):
         def get_response(req):
             resp = self.client.get(req.path_info)
-            resp['Last-Modified'] = 'Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:35:44 GMT'
+            resp["Last-Modified"] = "Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:35:44 GMT"
             resp.status_code = 400
             return resp
 
-        self.req.META['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE'] = 'Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:38:44 GMT'
+        self.req.META["HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE"] = "Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:38:44 GMT"
         resp = ConditionalGetMiddleware(get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 400)
 
@@ -599,28 +630,39 @@ class ConditionalGetMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         The 304 Not Modified response should include only the headers required
         by section 4.1 of RFC 7232, Last-Modified, and the cookies.
         """
+
         def get_response(req):
             resp = self.client.get(req.path_info)
-            resp['Date'] = 'Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:35:44 GMT'
-            resp['Last-Modified'] = 'Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:35:44 GMT'
-            resp['Expires'] = 'Sun, 13 Feb 2011 17:35:44 GMT'
-            resp['Vary'] = 'Cookie'
-            resp['Cache-Control'] = 'public'
-            resp['Content-Location'] = '/alt'
-            resp['Content-Language'] = 'en'  # shouldn't be preserved
-            resp['ETag'] = '"spam"'
-            resp.set_cookie('key', 'value')
+            resp["Date"] = "Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:35:44 GMT"
+            resp["Last-Modified"] = "Sat, 12 Feb 2011 17:35:44 GMT"
+            resp["Expires"] = "Sun, 13 Feb 2011 17:35:44 GMT"
+            resp["Vary"] = "Cookie"
+            resp["Cache-Control"] = "public"
+            resp["Content-Location"] = "/alt"
+            resp["Content-Language"] = "en"  # shouldn't be preserved
+            resp["ETag"] = '"spam"'
+            resp.set_cookie("key", "value")
             return resp
 
-        self.req.META['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'] = '"spam"'
+        self.req.META["HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH"] = '"spam"'
 
         new_response = ConditionalGetMiddleware(get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(new_response.status_code, 304)
         base_response = get_response(self.req)
-        for header in ('Cache-Control', 'Content-Location', 'Date', 'ETag', 'Expires', 'Last-Modified', 'Vary'):
-            self.assertEqual(new_response.headers[header], base_response.headers[header])
+        for header in (
+            "Cache-Control",
+            "Content-Location",
+            "Date",
+            "ETag",
+            "Expires",
+            "Last-Modified",
+            "Vary",
+        ):
+            self.assertEqual(
+                new_response.headers[header], base_response.headers[header]
+            )
         self.assertEqual(new_response.cookies, base_response.cookies)
-        self.assertNotIn('Content-Language', new_response)
+        self.assertNotIn("Content-Language", new_response)
 
     def test_no_unsafe(self):
         """
@@ -629,14 +671,19 @@ class ConditionalGetMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         ConditionalGetMiddleware is called, so it's too late to return a 412
         Precondition Failed.
         """
+
         def get_200_response(req):
             return HttpResponse(status=200)
 
         response = ConditionalGetMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
-        etag = response.headers['ETag']
-        put_request = self.request_factory.put('/', HTTP_IF_MATCH=etag)
-        conditional_get_response = ConditionalGetMiddleware(get_200_response)(put_request)
-        self.assertEqual(conditional_get_response.status_code, 200)  # should never be a 412
+        etag = response.headers["ETag"]
+        put_request = self.request_factory.put("/", HTTP_IF_MATCH=etag)
+        conditional_get_response = ConditionalGetMiddleware(get_200_response)(
+            put_request
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            conditional_get_response.status_code, 200
+        )  # should never be a 412
 
     def test_no_head(self):
         """
@@ -644,12 +691,13 @@ class ConditionalGetMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         HEAD request since it can't do so accurately without access to the
         response body of the corresponding GET.
         """
+
         def get_200_response(req):
             return HttpResponse(status=200)
 
-        request = self.request_factory.head('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.head("/")
         conditional_get_response = ConditionalGetMiddleware(get_200_response)(request)
-        self.assertNotIn('ETag', conditional_get_response)
+        self.assertNotIn("ETag", conditional_get_response)
 
 
 class XFrameOptionsMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -662,26 +710,26 @@ class XFrameOptionsMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         The X_FRAME_OPTIONS setting can be set to SAMEORIGIN to have the
         middleware use that value for the HTTP header.
         """
-        with override_settings(X_FRAME_OPTIONS='SAMEORIGIN'):
+        with override_settings(X_FRAME_OPTIONS="SAMEORIGIN"):
             r = XFrameOptionsMiddleware(get_response_empty)(HttpRequest())
-            self.assertEqual(r.headers['X-Frame-Options'], 'SAMEORIGIN')
+            self.assertEqual(r.headers["X-Frame-Options"], "SAMEORIGIN")
 
-        with override_settings(X_FRAME_OPTIONS='sameorigin'):
+        with override_settings(X_FRAME_OPTIONS="sameorigin"):
             r = XFrameOptionsMiddleware(get_response_empty)(HttpRequest())
-            self.assertEqual(r.headers['X-Frame-Options'], 'SAMEORIGIN')
+            self.assertEqual(r.headers["X-Frame-Options"], "SAMEORIGIN")
 
     def test_deny(self):
         """
         The X_FRAME_OPTIONS setting can be set to DENY to have the middleware
         use that value for the HTTP header.
         """
-        with override_settings(X_FRAME_OPTIONS='DENY'):
+        with override_settings(X_FRAME_OPTIONS="DENY"):
             r = XFrameOptionsMiddleware(get_response_empty)(HttpRequest())
-            self.assertEqual(r.headers['X-Frame-Options'], 'DENY')
+            self.assertEqual(r.headers["X-Frame-Options"], "DENY")
 
-        with override_settings(X_FRAME_OPTIONS='deny'):
+        with override_settings(X_FRAME_OPTIONS="deny"):
             r = XFrameOptionsMiddleware(get_response_empty)(HttpRequest())
-            self.assertEqual(r.headers['X-Frame-Options'], 'DENY')
+            self.assertEqual(r.headers["X-Frame-Options"], "DENY")
 
     def test_defaults_sameorigin(self):
         """
@@ -689,38 +737,40 @@ class XFrameOptionsMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         DENY.
         """
         with override_settings(X_FRAME_OPTIONS=None):
-            del settings.X_FRAME_OPTIONS    # restored by override_settings
+            del settings.X_FRAME_OPTIONS  # restored by override_settings
             r = XFrameOptionsMiddleware(get_response_empty)(HttpRequest())
-            self.assertEqual(r.headers['X-Frame-Options'], 'DENY')
+            self.assertEqual(r.headers["X-Frame-Options"], "DENY")
 
     def test_dont_set_if_set(self):
         """
         If the X-Frame-Options header is already set then the middleware does
         not attempt to override it.
         """
+
         def same_origin_response(request):
             response = HttpResponse()
-            response.headers['X-Frame-Options'] = 'SAMEORIGIN'
+            response.headers["X-Frame-Options"] = "SAMEORIGIN"
             return response
 
         def deny_response(request):
             response = HttpResponse()
-            response.headers['X-Frame-Options'] = 'DENY'
+            response.headers["X-Frame-Options"] = "DENY"
             return response
 
-        with override_settings(X_FRAME_OPTIONS='DENY'):
+        with override_settings(X_FRAME_OPTIONS="DENY"):
             r = XFrameOptionsMiddleware(same_origin_response)(HttpRequest())
-            self.assertEqual(r.headers['X-Frame-Options'], 'SAMEORIGIN')
+            self.assertEqual(r.headers["X-Frame-Options"], "SAMEORIGIN")
 
-        with override_settings(X_FRAME_OPTIONS='SAMEORIGIN'):
+        with override_settings(X_FRAME_OPTIONS="SAMEORIGIN"):
             r = XFrameOptionsMiddleware(deny_response)(HttpRequest())
-            self.assertEqual(r.headers['X-Frame-Options'], 'DENY')
+            self.assertEqual(r.headers["X-Frame-Options"], "DENY")
 
     def test_response_exempt(self):
         """
         If the response has an xframe_options_exempt attribute set to False
         then it still sets the header, but if it's set to True then it doesn't.
         """
+
         def xframe_exempt_response(request):
             response = HttpResponse()
             response.xframe_options_exempt = True
@@ -731,12 +781,12 @@ class XFrameOptionsMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
             response.xframe_options_exempt = False
             return response
 
-        with override_settings(X_FRAME_OPTIONS='SAMEORIGIN'):
+        with override_settings(X_FRAME_OPTIONS="SAMEORIGIN"):
             r = XFrameOptionsMiddleware(xframe_not_exempt_response)(HttpRequest())
-            self.assertEqual(r.headers['X-Frame-Options'], 'SAMEORIGIN')
+            self.assertEqual(r.headers["X-Frame-Options"], "SAMEORIGIN")
 
             r = XFrameOptionsMiddleware(xframe_exempt_response)(HttpRequest())
-            self.assertIsNone(r.headers.get('X-Frame-Options'))
+            self.assertIsNone(r.headers.get("X-Frame-Options"))
 
     def test_is_extendable(self):
         """
@@ -744,65 +794,71 @@ class XFrameOptionsMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         header value can be overridden based on something in the request or
         response.
         """
+
         class OtherXFrameOptionsMiddleware(XFrameOptionsMiddleware):
             # This is just an example for testing purposes...
             def get_xframe_options_value(self, request, response):
-                if getattr(request, 'sameorigin', False):
-                    return 'SAMEORIGIN'
-                if getattr(response, 'sameorigin', False):
-                    return 'SAMEORIGIN'
-                return 'DENY'
+                if getattr(request, "sameorigin", False):
+                    return "SAMEORIGIN"
+                if getattr(response, "sameorigin", False):
+                    return "SAMEORIGIN"
+                return "DENY"
 
         def same_origin_response(request):
             response = HttpResponse()
             response.sameorigin = True
             return response
 
-        with override_settings(X_FRAME_OPTIONS='DENY'):
+        with override_settings(X_FRAME_OPTIONS="DENY"):
             r = OtherXFrameOptionsMiddleware(same_origin_response)(HttpRequest())
-            self.assertEqual(r.headers['X-Frame-Options'], 'SAMEORIGIN')
+            self.assertEqual(r.headers["X-Frame-Options"], "SAMEORIGIN")
 
             request = HttpRequest()
             request.sameorigin = True
             r = OtherXFrameOptionsMiddleware(get_response_empty)(request)
-            self.assertEqual(r.headers['X-Frame-Options'], 'SAMEORIGIN')
+            self.assertEqual(r.headers["X-Frame-Options"], "SAMEORIGIN")
 
-        with override_settings(X_FRAME_OPTIONS='SAMEORIGIN'):
+        with override_settings(X_FRAME_OPTIONS="SAMEORIGIN"):
             r = OtherXFrameOptionsMiddleware(get_response_empty)(HttpRequest())
-            self.assertEqual(r.headers['X-Frame-Options'], 'DENY')
+            self.assertEqual(r.headers["X-Frame-Options"], "DENY")
 
 
 class GZipMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
     """
     Tests the GZipMiddleware.
     """
+
     short_string = b"This string is too short to be worth compressing."
-    compressible_string = b'a' * 500
-    incompressible_string = b''.join(int2byte(random.randint(0, 255)) for _ in range(500))
-    sequence = [b'a' * 500, b'b' * 200, b'a' * 300]
-    sequence_unicode = ['a' * 500, 'é' * 200, 'a' * 300]
+    compressible_string = b"a" * 500
+    incompressible_string = b"".join(
+        int2byte(random.randint(0, 255)) for _ in range(500)
+    )
+    sequence = [b"a" * 500, b"b" * 200, b"a" * 300]
+    sequence_unicode = ["a" * 500, "é" * 200, "a" * 300]
     request_factory = RequestFactory()
 
     def setUp(self):
-        self.req = self.request_factory.get('/')
-        self.req.META['HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING'] = 'gzip, deflate'
-        self.req.META['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1; rv:9.0.1) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/9.0.1'
+        self.req = self.request_factory.get("/")
+        self.req.META["HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING"] = "gzip, deflate"
+        self.req.META[
+            "HTTP_USER_AGENT"
+        ] = "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1; rv:9.0.1) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/9.0.1"
         self.resp = HttpResponse()
         self.resp.status_code = 200
         self.resp.content = self.compressible_string
-        self.resp['Content-Type'] = 'text/html; charset=UTF-8'
+        self.resp["Content-Type"] = "text/html; charset=UTF-8"
 
     def get_response(self, request):
         return self.resp
 
     @staticmethod
     def decompress(gzipped_string):
-        with gzip.GzipFile(mode='rb', fileobj=BytesIO(gzipped_string)) as f:
+        with gzip.GzipFile(mode="rb", fileobj=BytesIO(gzipped_string)) as f:
             return f.read()
 
     @staticmethod
     def get_mtime(gzipped_string):
-        with gzip.GzipFile(mode='rb', fileobj=BytesIO(gzipped_string)) as f:
+        with gzip.GzipFile(mode="rb", fileobj=BytesIO(gzipped_string)) as f:
             f.read()  # must read the data before accessing the header
             return f.mtime
 
@@ -812,54 +868,57 @@ class GZipMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         r = GZipMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(self.decompress(r.content), self.compressible_string)
-        self.assertEqual(r.get('Content-Encoding'), 'gzip')
-        self.assertEqual(r.get('Content-Length'), str(len(r.content)))
+        self.assertEqual(r.get("Content-Encoding"), "gzip")
+        self.assertEqual(r.get("Content-Length"), str(len(r.content)))
 
     def test_compress_streaming_response(self):
         """
         Compression is performed on responses with streaming content.
         """
+
         def get_stream_response(request):
             resp = StreamingHttpResponse(self.sequence)
-            resp['Content-Type'] = 'text/html; charset=UTF-8'
+            resp["Content-Type"] = "text/html; charset=UTF-8"
             return resp
 
         r = GZipMiddleware(get_stream_response)(self.req)
-        self.assertEqual(self.decompress(b''.join(r)), b''.join(self.sequence))
-        self.assertEqual(r.get('Content-Encoding'), 'gzip')
-        self.assertFalse(r.has_header('Content-Length'))
+        self.assertEqual(self.decompress(b"".join(r)), b"".join(self.sequence))
+        self.assertEqual(r.get("Content-Encoding"), "gzip")
+        self.assertFalse(r.has_header("Content-Length"))
 
     def test_compress_streaming_response_unicode(self):
         """
         Compression is performed on responses with streaming Unicode content.
         """
+
         def get_stream_response_unicode(request):
             resp = StreamingHttpResponse(self.sequence_unicode)
-            resp['Content-Type'] = 'text/html; charset=UTF-8'
+            resp["Content-Type"] = "text/html; charset=UTF-8"
             return resp
 
         r = GZipMiddleware(get_stream_response_unicode)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.decompress(b''.join(r)),
-            b''.join(x.encode() for x in self.sequence_unicode)
+            self.decompress(b"".join(r)),
+            b"".join(x.encode() for x in self.sequence_unicode),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(r.get('Content-Encoding'), 'gzip')
-        self.assertFalse(r.has_header('Content-Length'))
+        self.assertEqual(r.get("Content-Encoding"), "gzip")
+        self.assertFalse(r.has_header("Content-Length"))
 
     def test_compress_file_response(self):
         """
         Compression is performed on FileResponse.
         """
-        with open(__file__, 'rb') as file1:
+        with open(__file__, "rb") as file1:
+
             def get_response(req):
                 file_resp = FileResponse(file1)
-                file_resp['Content-Type'] = 'text/html; charset=UTF-8'
+                file_resp["Content-Type"] = "text/html; charset=UTF-8"
                 return file_resp
 
             r = GZipMiddleware(get_response)(self.req)
-            with open(__file__, 'rb') as file2:
-                self.assertEqual(self.decompress(b''.join(r)), file2.read())
-            self.assertEqual(r.get('Content-Encoding'), 'gzip')
+            with open(__file__, "rb") as file2:
+                self.assertEqual(self.decompress(b"".join(r)), file2.read())
+            self.assertEqual(r.get("Content-Encoding"), "gzip")
             self.assertIsNot(r.file_to_stream, file1)
 
     def test_compress_non_200_response(self):
@@ -870,7 +929,7 @@ class GZipMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.resp.status_code = 404
         r = GZipMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(self.decompress(r.content), self.compressible_string)
-        self.assertEqual(r.get('Content-Encoding'), 'gzip')
+        self.assertEqual(r.get("Content-Encoding"), "gzip")
 
     def test_no_compress_short_response(self):
         """
@@ -879,16 +938,16 @@ class GZipMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.resp.content = self.short_string
         r = GZipMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(r.content, self.short_string)
-        self.assertIsNone(r.get('Content-Encoding'))
+        self.assertIsNone(r.get("Content-Encoding"))
 
     def test_no_compress_compressed_response(self):
         """
         Compression isn't performed on responses that are already compressed.
         """
-        self.resp['Content-Encoding'] = 'deflate'
+        self.resp["Content-Encoding"] = "deflate"
         r = GZipMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(r.content, self.compressible_string)
-        self.assertEqual(r.get('Content-Encoding'), 'deflate')
+        self.assertEqual(r.get("Content-Encoding"), "deflate")
 
     def test_no_compress_incompressible_response(self):
         """
@@ -897,7 +956,7 @@ class GZipMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.resp.content = self.incompressible_string
         r = GZipMiddleware(self.get_response)(self.req)
         self.assertEqual(r.content, self.incompressible_string)
-        self.assertIsNone(r.get('Content-Encoding'))
+        self.assertIsNone(r.get("Content-Encoding"))
 
     def test_compress_deterministic(self):
         """
@@ -918,39 +977,43 @@ class ETagGZipMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
     """
     ETags are handled properly by GZipMiddleware.
     """
+
     rf = RequestFactory()
-    compressible_string = b'a' * 500
+    compressible_string = b"a" * 500
 
     def test_strong_etag_modified(self):
         """
         GZipMiddleware makes a strong ETag weak.
         """
+
         def get_response(req):
             response = HttpResponse(self.compressible_string)
-            response.headers['ETag'] = '"eggs"'
+            response.headers["ETag"] = '"eggs"'
             return response
 
-        request = self.rf.get('/', HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING='gzip, deflate')
+        request = self.rf.get("/", HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING="gzip, deflate")
         gzip_response = GZipMiddleware(get_response)(request)
-        self.assertEqual(gzip_response.headers['ETag'], 'W/"eggs"')
+        self.assertEqual(gzip_response.headers["ETag"], 'W/"eggs"')
 
     def test_weak_etag_not_modified(self):
         """
         GZipMiddleware doesn't modify a weak ETag.
         """
+
         def get_response(req):
             response = HttpResponse(self.compressible_string)
-            response.headers['ETag'] = 'W/"eggs"'
+            response.headers["ETag"] = 'W/"eggs"'
             return response
 
-        request = self.rf.get('/', HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING='gzip, deflate')
+        request = self.rf.get("/", HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING="gzip, deflate")
         gzip_response = GZipMiddleware(get_response)(request)
-        self.assertEqual(gzip_response.headers['ETag'], 'W/"eggs"')
+        self.assertEqual(gzip_response.headers["ETag"], 'W/"eggs"')
 
     def test_etag_match(self):
         """
         GZipMiddleware allows 304 Not Modified responses.
         """
+
         def get_response(req):
             response = HttpResponse(self.compressible_string)
             return response
@@ -958,9 +1021,11 @@ class ETagGZipMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         def get_cond_response(req):
             return ConditionalGetMiddleware(get_response)(req)
 
-        request = self.rf.get('/', HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING='gzip, deflate')
+        request = self.rf.get("/", HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING="gzip, deflate")
         response = GZipMiddleware(get_cond_response)(request)
-        gzip_etag = response.headers['ETag']
-        next_request = self.rf.get('/', HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING='gzip, deflate', HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH=gzip_etag)
+        gzip_etag = response.headers["ETag"]
+        next_request = self.rf.get(
+            "/", HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING="gzip, deflate", HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH=gzip_etag
+        )
         next_response = ConditionalGetMiddleware(get_response)(next_request)
         self.assertEqual(next_response.status_code, 304)
diff --git a/tests/middleware/urls.py b/tests/middleware/urls.py
index e76f4ac771..294b80b192 100644
--- a/tests/middleware/urls.py
+++ b/tests/middleware/urls.py
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ from django.urls import path, re_path
 from . import views
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('noslash', views.empty_view),
-    path('slash/', views.empty_view),
-    path('needsquoting#/', views.empty_view),
+    path("noslash", views.empty_view),
+    path("slash/", views.empty_view),
+    path("needsquoting#/", views.empty_view),
     # Accepts paths with two leading slashes.
-    re_path(r'^(.+)/security/$', views.empty_view),
+    re_path(r"^(.+)/security/$", views.empty_view),
     # Should not append slash.
-    path('sensitive_fbv/', views.sensitive_fbv),
-    path('sensitive_cbv/', views.SensitiveCBV.as_view()),
+    path("sensitive_fbv/", views.sensitive_fbv),
+    path("sensitive_cbv/", views.SensitiveCBV.as_view()),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/middleware/views.py b/tests/middleware/views.py
index ee36f418f2..1de2edfd1b 100644
--- a/tests/middleware/views.py
+++ b/tests/middleware/views.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def sensitive_fbv(request, *args, **kwargs):
     return HttpResponse()
 
 
-@method_decorator(no_append_slash, name='dispatch')
+@method_decorator(no_append_slash, name="dispatch")
 class SensitiveCBV(View):
     def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
         return HttpResponse()
diff --git a/tests/middleware_exceptions/middleware.py b/tests/middleware_exceptions/middleware.py
index b87da84b9d..5a0c82afb1 100644
--- a/tests/middleware_exceptions/middleware.py
+++ b/tests/middleware_exceptions/middleware.py
@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ from django.http import Http404, HttpResponse
 from django.template import engines
 from django.template.response import TemplateResponse
 from django.utils.decorators import (
-    async_only_middleware, sync_and_async_middleware, sync_only_middleware,
+    async_only_middleware,
+    sync_and_async_middleware,
+    sync_only_middleware,
 )
 
 log = []
@@ -23,58 +25,64 @@ class BaseMiddleware:
 
 class ProcessExceptionMiddleware(BaseMiddleware):
     def process_exception(self, request, exception):
-        return HttpResponse('Exception caught')
+        return HttpResponse("Exception caught")
 
 
 @async_only_middleware
 class AsyncProcessExceptionMiddleware(BaseMiddleware):
     async def process_exception(self, request, exception):
-        return HttpResponse('Exception caught')
+        return HttpResponse("Exception caught")
 
 
 class ProcessExceptionLogMiddleware(BaseMiddleware):
     def process_exception(self, request, exception):
-        log.append('process-exception')
+        log.append("process-exception")
 
 
 class ProcessExceptionExcMiddleware(BaseMiddleware):
     def process_exception(self, request, exception):
-        raise Exception('from process-exception')
+        raise Exception("from process-exception")
 
 
 class ProcessViewMiddleware(BaseMiddleware):
     def process_view(self, request, view_func, view_args, view_kwargs):
-        return HttpResponse('Processed view %s' % view_func.__name__)
+        return HttpResponse("Processed view %s" % view_func.__name__)
 
 
 @async_only_middleware
 class AsyncProcessViewMiddleware(BaseMiddleware):
     async def process_view(self, request, view_func, view_args, view_kwargs):
-        return HttpResponse('Processed view %s' % view_func.__name__)
+        return HttpResponse("Processed view %s" % view_func.__name__)
 
 
 class ProcessViewNoneMiddleware(BaseMiddleware):
     def process_view(self, request, view_func, view_args, view_kwargs):
-        log.append('processed view %s' % view_func.__name__)
+        log.append("processed view %s" % view_func.__name__)
         return None
 
 
 class ProcessViewTemplateResponseMiddleware(BaseMiddleware):
     def process_view(self, request, view_func, view_args, view_kwargs):
-        template = engines['django'].from_string('Processed view {{ view }}{% for m in mw %}\n{{ m }}{% endfor %}')
-        return TemplateResponse(request, template, {'mw': [self.__class__.__name__], 'view': view_func.__name__})
+        template = engines["django"].from_string(
+            "Processed view {{ view }}{% for m in mw %}\n{{ m }}{% endfor %}"
+        )
+        return TemplateResponse(
+            request,
+            template,
+            {"mw": [self.__class__.__name__], "view": view_func.__name__},
+        )
 
 
 class TemplateResponseMiddleware(BaseMiddleware):
     def process_template_response(self, request, response):
-        response.context_data['mw'].append(self.__class__.__name__)
+        response.context_data["mw"].append(self.__class__.__name__)
         return response
 
 
 @async_only_middleware
 class AsyncTemplateResponseMiddleware(BaseMiddleware):
     async def process_template_response(self, request, response):
-        response.context_data['mw'].append(self.__class__.__name__)
+        response.context_data["mw"].append(self.__class__.__name__)
         return response
 
 
@@ -98,7 +106,7 @@ class AsyncNoTemplateResponseMiddleware(BaseMiddleware):
 
 class NotFoundMiddleware(BaseMiddleware):
     def __call__(self, request):
-        raise Http404('not found')
+        raise Http404("not found")
 
 
 class PaymentMiddleware(BaseMiddleware):
@@ -130,6 +138,7 @@ class DecoratedPaymentMiddleware(PaymentMiddleware):
 
 class NotSyncOrAsyncMiddleware(BaseMiddleware):
     """Middleware that is deliberately neither sync or async."""
+
     sync_capable = False
     async_capable = False
 
diff --git a/tests/middleware_exceptions/tests.py b/tests/middleware_exceptions/tests.py
index a68775d173..b3b611e23f 100644
--- a/tests/middleware_exceptions/tests.py
+++ b/tests/middleware_exceptions/tests.py
@@ -6,113 +6,141 @@ from django.test import RequestFactory, SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 from . import middleware as mw
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='middleware_exceptions.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="middleware_exceptions.urls")
 class MiddlewareTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def tearDown(self):
         mw.log = []
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=['middleware_exceptions.middleware.ProcessViewNoneMiddleware'])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=["middleware_exceptions.middleware.ProcessViewNoneMiddleware"]
+    )
     def test_process_view_return_none(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/middleware_exceptions/view/')
-        self.assertEqual(mw.log, ['processed view normal_view'])
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'OK')
+        response = self.client.get("/middleware_exceptions/view/")
+        self.assertEqual(mw.log, ["processed view normal_view"])
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"OK")
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=['middleware_exceptions.middleware.ProcessViewMiddleware'])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=["middleware_exceptions.middleware.ProcessViewMiddleware"]
+    )
     def test_process_view_return_response(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/middleware_exceptions/view/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Processed view normal_view')
+        response = self.client.get("/middleware_exceptions/view/")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Processed view normal_view")
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.ProcessViewTemplateResponseMiddleware',
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.LogMiddleware',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=[
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.ProcessViewTemplateResponseMiddleware",
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.LogMiddleware",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_templateresponse_from_process_view_rendered(self):
         """
         TemplateResponses returned from process_view() must be rendered before
         being passed to any middleware that tries to access response.content,
         such as middleware_exceptions.middleware.LogMiddleware.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/middleware_exceptions/view/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Processed view normal_view\nProcessViewTemplateResponseMiddleware')
+        response = self.client.get("/middleware_exceptions/view/")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.content,
+            b"Processed view normal_view\nProcessViewTemplateResponseMiddleware",
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.ProcessViewTemplateResponseMiddleware',
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.TemplateResponseMiddleware',
-    ])
-    def test_templateresponse_from_process_view_passed_to_process_template_response(self):
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=[
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.ProcessViewTemplateResponseMiddleware",
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.TemplateResponseMiddleware",
+        ]
+    )
+    def test_templateresponse_from_process_view_passed_to_process_template_response(
+        self,
+    ):
         """
         TemplateResponses returned from process_view() should be passed to any
         template response middleware.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/middleware_exceptions/view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/middleware_exceptions/view/")
         expected_lines = [
-            b'Processed view normal_view',
-            b'ProcessViewTemplateResponseMiddleware',
-            b'TemplateResponseMiddleware',
+            b"Processed view normal_view",
+            b"ProcessViewTemplateResponseMiddleware",
+            b"TemplateResponseMiddleware",
         ]
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'\n'.join(expected_lines))
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"\n".join(expected_lines))
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=['middleware_exceptions.middleware.TemplateResponseMiddleware'])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=["middleware_exceptions.middleware.TemplateResponseMiddleware"]
+    )
     def test_process_template_response(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/middleware_exceptions/template_response/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'template_response OK\nTemplateResponseMiddleware')
+        response = self.client.get("/middleware_exceptions/template_response/")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.content, b"template_response OK\nTemplateResponseMiddleware"
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=['middleware_exceptions.middleware.NoTemplateResponseMiddleware'])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=["middleware_exceptions.middleware.NoTemplateResponseMiddleware"]
+    )
     def test_process_template_response_returns_none(self):
         msg = (
             "NoTemplateResponseMiddleware.process_template_response didn't "
             "return an HttpResponse object. It returned None instead."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            self.client.get('/middleware_exceptions/template_response/')
+            self.client.get("/middleware_exceptions/template_response/")
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=['middleware_exceptions.middleware.LogMiddleware'])
+    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=["middleware_exceptions.middleware.LogMiddleware"])
     def test_view_exception_converted_before_middleware(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/middleware_exceptions/permission_denied/')
+        response = self.client.get("/middleware_exceptions/permission_denied/")
         self.assertEqual(mw.log, [(response.status_code, response.content)])
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=['middleware_exceptions.middleware.ProcessExceptionMiddleware'])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=["middleware_exceptions.middleware.ProcessExceptionMiddleware"]
+    )
     def test_view_exception_handled_by_process_exception(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/middleware_exceptions/error/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Exception caught')
+        response = self.client.get("/middleware_exceptions/error/")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Exception caught")
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.ProcessExceptionLogMiddleware',
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.ProcessExceptionMiddleware',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=[
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.ProcessExceptionLogMiddleware",
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.ProcessExceptionMiddleware",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_response_from_process_exception_short_circuits_remainder(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/middleware_exceptions/error/')
+        response = self.client.get("/middleware_exceptions/error/")
         self.assertEqual(mw.log, [])
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Exception caught')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Exception caught")
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.ProcessExceptionMiddleware',
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.ProcessExceptionLogMiddleware',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=[
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.ProcessExceptionMiddleware",
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.ProcessExceptionLogMiddleware",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_response_from_process_exception_when_return_response(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/middleware_exceptions/error/')
-        self.assertEqual(mw.log, ['process-exception'])
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Exception caught')
+        response = self.client.get("/middleware_exceptions/error/")
+        self.assertEqual(mw.log, ["process-exception"])
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Exception caught")
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.LogMiddleware',
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.NotFoundMiddleware',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=[
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.LogMiddleware",
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.NotFoundMiddleware",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_exception_in_middleware_converted_before_prior_middleware(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/middleware_exceptions/view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/middleware_exceptions/view/")
         self.assertEqual(mw.log, [(404, response.content)])
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=['middleware_exceptions.middleware.ProcessExceptionMiddleware'])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=["middleware_exceptions.middleware.ProcessExceptionMiddleware"]
+    )
     def test_exception_in_render_passed_to_process_exception(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/middleware_exceptions/exception_in_render/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Exception caught')
+        response = self.client.get("/middleware_exceptions/exception_in_render/")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Exception caught")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='middleware_exceptions.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="middleware_exceptions.urls")
 class RootUrlconfTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF=None)
     def test_missing_root_urlconf(self):
         # Removing ROOT_URLCONF is safe, as override_settings will restore
@@ -123,7 +151,6 @@ class RootUrlconfTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class MyMiddleware:
-
     def __init__(self, get_response):
         raise MiddlewareNotUsed
 
@@ -132,9 +159,8 @@ class MyMiddleware:
 
 
 class MyMiddlewareWithExceptionMessage:
-
     def __init__(self, get_response):
-        raise MiddlewareNotUsed('spam eggs')
+        raise MiddlewareNotUsed("spam eggs")
 
     def process_request(self, request):
         pass
@@ -142,57 +168,61 @@ class MyMiddlewareWithExceptionMessage:
 
 @override_settings(
     DEBUG=True,
-    ROOT_URLCONF='middleware_exceptions.urls',
-    MIDDLEWARE=['django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware'],
+    ROOT_URLCONF="middleware_exceptions.urls",
+    MIDDLEWARE=["django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware"],
 )
 class MiddlewareNotUsedTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     rf = RequestFactory()
 
     def test_raise_exception(self):
-        request = self.rf.get('middleware_exceptions/view/')
+        request = self.rf.get("middleware_exceptions/view/")
         with self.assertRaises(MiddlewareNotUsed):
             MyMiddleware(lambda req: HttpResponse()).process_request(request)
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=['middleware_exceptions.tests.MyMiddleware'])
+    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=["middleware_exceptions.tests.MyMiddleware"])
     def test_log(self):
-        with self.assertLogs('django.request', 'DEBUG') as cm:
-            self.client.get('/middleware_exceptions/view/')
+        with self.assertLogs("django.request", "DEBUG") as cm:
+            self.client.get("/middleware_exceptions/view/")
         self.assertEqual(
             cm.records[0].getMessage(),
-            "MiddlewareNotUsed: 'middleware_exceptions.tests.MyMiddleware'"
+            "MiddlewareNotUsed: 'middleware_exceptions.tests.MyMiddleware'",
         )
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=['middleware_exceptions.tests.MyMiddlewareWithExceptionMessage'])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=["middleware_exceptions.tests.MyMiddlewareWithExceptionMessage"]
+    )
     def test_log_custom_message(self):
-        with self.assertLogs('django.request', 'DEBUG') as cm:
-            self.client.get('/middleware_exceptions/view/')
+        with self.assertLogs("django.request", "DEBUG") as cm:
+            self.client.get("/middleware_exceptions/view/")
         self.assertEqual(
             cm.records[0].getMessage(),
-            "MiddlewareNotUsed('middleware_exceptions.tests.MyMiddlewareWithExceptionMessage'): spam eggs"
+            "MiddlewareNotUsed('middleware_exceptions.tests.MyMiddlewareWithExceptionMessage'): spam eggs",
         )
 
     @override_settings(
         DEBUG=False,
-        MIDDLEWARE=['middleware_exceptions.tests.MyMiddleware'],
+        MIDDLEWARE=["middleware_exceptions.tests.MyMiddleware"],
     )
     def test_do_not_log_when_debug_is_false(self):
-        with self.assertNoLogs('django.request', 'DEBUG'):
-            self.client.get('/middleware_exceptions/view/')
+        with self.assertNoLogs("django.request", "DEBUG"):
+            self.client.get("/middleware_exceptions/view/")
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.SyncAndAsyncMiddleware',
-        'middleware_exceptions.tests.MyMiddleware',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=[
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.SyncAndAsyncMiddleware",
+            "middleware_exceptions.tests.MyMiddleware",
+        ]
+    )
     async def test_async_and_sync_middleware_chain_async_call(self):
-        with self.assertLogs('django.request', 'DEBUG') as cm:
-            response = await self.async_client.get('/middleware_exceptions/view/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'OK')
+        with self.assertLogs("django.request", "DEBUG") as cm:
+            response = await self.async_client.get("/middleware_exceptions/view/")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"OK")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(
             cm.records[0].getMessage(),
-            'Asynchronous middleware middleware_exceptions.tests.MyMiddleware '
-            'adapted.',
+            "Asynchronous middleware middleware_exceptions.tests.MyMiddleware "
+            "adapted.",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             cm.records[1].getMessage(),
@@ -202,29 +232,35 @@ class MiddlewareNotUsedTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 @override_settings(
     DEBUG=True,
-    ROOT_URLCONF='middleware_exceptions.urls',
+    ROOT_URLCONF="middleware_exceptions.urls",
 )
 class MiddlewareSyncAsyncTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.PaymentMiddleware',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=[
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.PaymentMiddleware",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_sync_middleware(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/middleware_exceptions/view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/middleware_exceptions/view/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 402)
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.DecoratedPaymentMiddleware',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=[
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.DecoratedPaymentMiddleware",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_sync_decorated_middleware(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/middleware_exceptions/view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/middleware_exceptions/view/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 402)
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.async_payment_middleware',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=[
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.async_payment_middleware",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_async_middleware(self):
-        with self.assertLogs('django.request', 'DEBUG') as cm:
-            response = self.client.get('/middleware_exceptions/view/')
+        with self.assertLogs("django.request", "DEBUG") as cm:
+            response = self.client.get("/middleware_exceptions/view/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 402)
         self.assertEqual(
             cm.records[0].getMessage(),
@@ -233,24 +269,28 @@ class MiddlewareSyncAsyncTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "adapted.",
         )
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.NotSyncOrAsyncMiddleware',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=[
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.NotSyncOrAsyncMiddleware",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_not_sync_or_async_middleware(self):
         msg = (
-            'Middleware '
-            'middleware_exceptions.middleware.NotSyncOrAsyncMiddleware must '
-            'have at least one of sync_capable/async_capable set to True.'
+            "Middleware "
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.NotSyncOrAsyncMiddleware must "
+            "have at least one of sync_capable/async_capable set to True."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, msg):
-            self.client.get('/middleware_exceptions/view/')
+            self.client.get("/middleware_exceptions/view/")
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.PaymentMiddleware',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=[
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.PaymentMiddleware",
+        ]
+    )
     async def test_sync_middleware_async(self):
-        with self.assertLogs('django.request', 'DEBUG') as cm:
-            response = await self.async_client.get('/middleware_exceptions/view/')
+        with self.assertLogs("django.request", "DEBUG") as cm:
+            response = await self.async_client.get("/middleware_exceptions/view/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 402)
         self.assertEqual(
             cm.records[0].getMessage(),
@@ -258,22 +298,24 @@ class MiddlewareSyncAsyncTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "middleware_exceptions.middleware.PaymentMiddleware adapted.",
         )
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.async_payment_middleware',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=[
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.async_payment_middleware",
+        ]
+    )
     async def test_async_middleware_async(self):
-        with self.assertLogs('django.request', 'WARNING') as cm:
-            response = await self.async_client.get('/middleware_exceptions/view/')
+        with self.assertLogs("django.request", "WARNING") as cm:
+            response = await self.async_client.get("/middleware_exceptions/view/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 402)
         self.assertEqual(
             cm.records[0].getMessage(),
-            'Payment Required: /middleware_exceptions/view/',
+            "Payment Required: /middleware_exceptions/view/",
         )
 
     @override_settings(
         DEBUG=False,
         MIDDLEWARE=[
-            'middleware_exceptions.middleware.AsyncNoTemplateResponseMiddleware',
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.AsyncNoTemplateResponseMiddleware",
         ],
     )
     def test_async_process_template_response_returns_none_with_sync_client(self):
@@ -282,78 +324,94 @@ class MiddlewareSyncAsyncTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "didn't return an HttpResponse object."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            self.client.get('/middleware_exceptions/template_response/')
+            self.client.get("/middleware_exceptions/template_response/")
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.SyncAndAsyncMiddleware',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=[
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.SyncAndAsyncMiddleware",
+        ]
+    )
     async def test_async_and_sync_middleware_async_call(self):
-        response = await self.async_client.get('/middleware_exceptions/view/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'OK')
+        response = await self.async_client.get("/middleware_exceptions/view/")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"OK")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.SyncAndAsyncMiddleware',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=[
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.SyncAndAsyncMiddleware",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_async_and_sync_middleware_sync_call(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/middleware_exceptions/view/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'OK')
+        response = self.client.get("/middleware_exceptions/view/")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"OK")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='middleware_exceptions.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="middleware_exceptions.urls")
 class AsyncMiddlewareTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.AsyncTemplateResponseMiddleware',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=[
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.AsyncTemplateResponseMiddleware",
+        ]
+    )
     async def test_process_template_response(self):
         response = await self.async_client.get(
-            '/middleware_exceptions/template_response/'
+            "/middleware_exceptions/template_response/"
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             response.content,
-            b'template_response OK\nAsyncTemplateResponseMiddleware',
+            b"template_response OK\nAsyncTemplateResponseMiddleware",
         )
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.AsyncNoTemplateResponseMiddleware',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=[
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.AsyncNoTemplateResponseMiddleware",
+        ]
+    )
     async def test_process_template_response_returns_none(self):
         msg = (
             "AsyncNoTemplateResponseMiddleware.process_template_response "
             "didn't return an HttpResponse object. It returned None instead."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            await self.async_client.get('/middleware_exceptions/template_response/')
+            await self.async_client.get("/middleware_exceptions/template_response/")
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.AsyncProcessExceptionMiddleware',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=[
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.AsyncProcessExceptionMiddleware",
+        ]
+    )
     async def test_exception_in_render_passed_to_process_exception(self):
         response = await self.async_client.get(
-            '/middleware_exceptions/exception_in_render/'
+            "/middleware_exceptions/exception_in_render/"
         )
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Exception caught')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Exception caught")
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.AsyncProcessExceptionMiddleware',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=[
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.AsyncProcessExceptionMiddleware",
+        ]
+    )
     async def test_exception_in_async_render_passed_to_process_exception(self):
         response = await self.async_client.get(
-            '/middleware_exceptions/async_exception_in_render/'
+            "/middleware_exceptions/async_exception_in_render/"
         )
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Exception caught')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Exception caught")
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.AsyncProcessExceptionMiddleware',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=[
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.AsyncProcessExceptionMiddleware",
+        ]
+    )
     async def test_view_exception_handled_by_process_exception(self):
-        response = await self.async_client.get('/middleware_exceptions/error/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Exception caught')
+        response = await self.async_client.get("/middleware_exceptions/error/")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Exception caught")
 
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=[
-        'middleware_exceptions.middleware.AsyncProcessViewMiddleware',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE=[
+            "middleware_exceptions.middleware.AsyncProcessViewMiddleware",
+        ]
+    )
     async def test_process_view_return_response(self):
-        response = await self.async_client.get('/middleware_exceptions/view/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Processed view normal_view')
+        response = await self.async_client.get("/middleware_exceptions/view/")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Processed view normal_view")
diff --git a/tests/middleware_exceptions/urls.py b/tests/middleware_exceptions/urls.py
index d676ef470c..80cbb2c21b 100644
--- a/tests/middleware_exceptions/urls.py
+++ b/tests/middleware_exceptions/urls.py
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ from django.urls import path
 from . import views
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('middleware_exceptions/view/', views.normal_view),
-    path('middleware_exceptions/error/', views.server_error),
-    path('middleware_exceptions/permission_denied/', views.permission_denied),
-    path('middleware_exceptions/exception_in_render/', views.exception_in_render),
-    path('middleware_exceptions/template_response/', views.template_response),
+    path("middleware_exceptions/view/", views.normal_view),
+    path("middleware_exceptions/error/", views.server_error),
+    path("middleware_exceptions/permission_denied/", views.permission_denied),
+    path("middleware_exceptions/exception_in_render/", views.exception_in_render),
+    path("middleware_exceptions/template_response/", views.template_response),
     # Async views.
     path(
-        'middleware_exceptions/async_exception_in_render/',
+        "middleware_exceptions/async_exception_in_render/",
         views.async_exception_in_render,
     ),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/middleware_exceptions/views.py b/tests/middleware_exceptions/views.py
index 7a1d244863..0f1595b2d6 100644
--- a/tests/middleware_exceptions/views.py
+++ b/tests/middleware_exceptions/views.py
@@ -5,16 +5,18 @@ from django.template.response import TemplateResponse
 
 
 def normal_view(request):
-    return HttpResponse('OK')
+    return HttpResponse("OK")
 
 
 def template_response(request):
-    template = engines['django'].from_string('template_response OK{% for m in mw %}\n{{ m }}{% endfor %}')
-    return TemplateResponse(request, template, context={'mw': []})
+    template = engines["django"].from_string(
+        "template_response OK{% for m in mw %}\n{{ m }}{% endfor %}"
+    )
+    return TemplateResponse(request, template, context={"mw": []})
 
 
 def server_error(request):
-    raise Exception('Error in view')
+    raise Exception("Error in view")
 
 
 def permission_denied(request):
@@ -24,14 +26,14 @@ def permission_denied(request):
 def exception_in_render(request):
     class CustomHttpResponse(HttpResponse):
         def render(self):
-            raise Exception('Exception in HttpResponse.render()')
+            raise Exception("Exception in HttpResponse.render()")
 
-    return CustomHttpResponse('Error')
+    return CustomHttpResponse("Error")
 
 
 async def async_exception_in_render(request):
     class CustomHttpResponse(HttpResponse):
         async def render(self):
-            raise Exception('Exception in HttpResponse.render()')
+            raise Exception("Exception in HttpResponse.render()")
 
-    return CustomHttpResponse('Error')
+    return CustomHttpResponse("Error")
diff --git a/tests/migrate_signals/tests.py b/tests/migrate_signals/tests.py
index e084f26ed8..f5b3cb506f 100644
--- a/tests/migrate_signals/tests.py
+++ b/tests/migrate_signals/tests.py
@@ -6,9 +6,17 @@ from django.db import migrations
 from django.db.models import signals
 from django.test import TransactionTestCase, override_settings
 
-APP_CONFIG = apps.get_app_config('migrate_signals')
-SIGNAL_ARGS = ['app_config', 'verbosity', 'interactive', 'using', 'stdout', 'plan', 'apps']
-MIGRATE_DATABASE = 'default'
+APP_CONFIG = apps.get_app_config("migrate_signals")
+SIGNAL_ARGS = [
+    "app_config",
+    "verbosity",
+    "interactive",
+    "using",
+    "stdout",
+    "plan",
+    "apps",
+]
+MIGRATE_DATABASE = "default"
 MIGRATE_VERBOSITY = 0
 MIGRATE_INTERACTIVE = False
 
@@ -39,7 +47,7 @@ class OneTimeReceiver:
     def __call__(self, signal, sender, **kwargs):
         # Although test runner calls migrate for several databases,
         # testing for only one of them is quite sufficient.
-        if kwargs['using'] == MIGRATE_DATABASE:
+        if kwargs["using"] == MIGRATE_DATABASE:
             self.call_counter += 1
             self.call_args = kwargs
             # we need to test only one call of migrate
@@ -60,7 +68,7 @@ post_migrate_receiver = OneTimeReceiver(signals.post_migrate)
 
 class MigrateSignalTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['migrate_signals']
+    available_apps = ["migrate_signals"]
 
     def test_call_time(self):
         self.assertEqual(pre_migrate_receiver.call_counter, 1)
@@ -70,8 +78,11 @@ class MigrateSignalTests(TransactionTestCase):
         pre_migrate_receiver = Receiver(signals.pre_migrate)
         post_migrate_receiver = Receiver(signals.post_migrate)
         management.call_command(
-            'migrate', database=MIGRATE_DATABASE, verbosity=MIGRATE_VERBOSITY,
-            interactive=MIGRATE_INTERACTIVE, stdout=StringIO('test_args'),
+            "migrate",
+            database=MIGRATE_DATABASE,
+            verbosity=MIGRATE_VERBOSITY,
+            interactive=MIGRATE_INTERACTIVE,
+            stdout=StringIO("test_args"),
         )
 
         for receiver in [pre_migrate_receiver, post_migrate_receiver]:
@@ -79,15 +90,17 @@ class MigrateSignalTests(TransactionTestCase):
                 args = receiver.call_args
                 self.assertEqual(receiver.call_counter, 1)
                 self.assertEqual(set(args), set(SIGNAL_ARGS))
-                self.assertEqual(args['app_config'], APP_CONFIG)
-                self.assertEqual(args['verbosity'], MIGRATE_VERBOSITY)
-                self.assertEqual(args['interactive'], MIGRATE_INTERACTIVE)
-                self.assertEqual(args['using'], 'default')
-                self.assertIn('test_args', args['stdout'].getvalue())
-                self.assertEqual(args['plan'], [])
-                self.assertIsInstance(args['apps'], migrations.state.StateApps)
+                self.assertEqual(args["app_config"], APP_CONFIG)
+                self.assertEqual(args["verbosity"], MIGRATE_VERBOSITY)
+                self.assertEqual(args["interactive"], MIGRATE_INTERACTIVE)
+                self.assertEqual(args["using"], "default")
+                self.assertIn("test_args", args["stdout"].getvalue())
+                self.assertEqual(args["plan"], [])
+                self.assertIsInstance(args["apps"], migrations.state.StateApps)
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrate_signals': 'migrate_signals.custom_migrations'})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrate_signals": "migrate_signals.custom_migrations"}
+    )
     def test_migrations_only(self):
         """
         If all apps have migrations, migration signals should be sent.
@@ -95,38 +108,51 @@ class MigrateSignalTests(TransactionTestCase):
         pre_migrate_receiver = Receiver(signals.pre_migrate)
         post_migrate_receiver = Receiver(signals.post_migrate)
         management.call_command(
-            'migrate', database=MIGRATE_DATABASE, verbosity=MIGRATE_VERBOSITY,
+            "migrate",
+            database=MIGRATE_DATABASE,
+            verbosity=MIGRATE_VERBOSITY,
             interactive=MIGRATE_INTERACTIVE,
         )
         for receiver in [pre_migrate_receiver, post_migrate_receiver]:
             args = receiver.call_args
             self.assertEqual(receiver.call_counter, 1)
             self.assertEqual(set(args), set(SIGNAL_ARGS))
-            self.assertEqual(args['app_config'], APP_CONFIG)
-            self.assertEqual(args['verbosity'], MIGRATE_VERBOSITY)
-            self.assertEqual(args['interactive'], MIGRATE_INTERACTIVE)
-            self.assertEqual(args['using'], 'default')
-            self.assertIsInstance(args['plan'][0][0], migrations.Migration)
+            self.assertEqual(args["app_config"], APP_CONFIG)
+            self.assertEqual(args["verbosity"], MIGRATE_VERBOSITY)
+            self.assertEqual(args["interactive"], MIGRATE_INTERACTIVE)
+            self.assertEqual(args["using"], "default")
+            self.assertIsInstance(args["plan"][0][0], migrations.Migration)
             # The migration isn't applied backward.
-            self.assertFalse(args['plan'][0][1])
-            self.assertIsInstance(args['apps'], migrations.state.StateApps)
-        self.assertEqual(pre_migrate_receiver.call_args['apps'].get_models(), [])
+            self.assertFalse(args["plan"][0][1])
+            self.assertIsInstance(args["apps"], migrations.state.StateApps)
+        self.assertEqual(pre_migrate_receiver.call_args["apps"].get_models(), [])
         self.assertEqual(
-            [model._meta.label for model in post_migrate_receiver.call_args['apps'].get_models()],
-            ['migrate_signals.Signal']
+            [
+                model._meta.label
+                for model in post_migrate_receiver.call_args["apps"].get_models()
+            ],
+            ["migrate_signals.Signal"],
         )
         # Migrating with an empty plan.
         pre_migrate_receiver = Receiver(signals.pre_migrate)
         post_migrate_receiver = Receiver(signals.post_migrate)
         management.call_command(
-            'migrate', database=MIGRATE_DATABASE, verbosity=MIGRATE_VERBOSITY,
+            "migrate",
+            database=MIGRATE_DATABASE,
+            verbosity=MIGRATE_VERBOSITY,
             interactive=MIGRATE_INTERACTIVE,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            [model._meta.label for model in pre_migrate_receiver.call_args['apps'].get_models()],
-            ['migrate_signals.Signal']
+            [
+                model._meta.label
+                for model in pre_migrate_receiver.call_args["apps"].get_models()
+            ],
+            ["migrate_signals.Signal"],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            [model._meta.label for model in post_migrate_receiver.call_args['apps'].get_models()],
-            ['migrate_signals.Signal']
+            [
+                model._meta.label
+                for model in post_migrate_receiver.call_args["apps"].get_models()
+            ],
+            ["migrate_signals.Signal"],
         )
diff --git a/tests/migration_test_data_persistence/migrations/0001_initial.py b/tests/migration_test_data_persistence/migrations/0001_initial.py
index 0f455ed43b..f92b88bc2c 100644
--- a/tests/migration_test_data_persistence/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migration_test_data_persistence/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -3,18 +3,24 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
-    dependencies = [
-    ]
+    dependencies = []
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Book',
+            name="Book",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', primary_key=True, serialize=False, auto_created=True)),
-                ('title', models.CharField(max_length=100)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        primary_key=True,
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("title", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
             ],
-            options={
-            },
+            options={},
             bases=(models.Model,),
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/deprecated_field_migrations/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/deprecated_field_migrations/0001_initial.py
index 8665d5b2ff..b5d606c8ad 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/deprecated_field_migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/deprecated_field_migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -3,15 +3,22 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
-    dependencies = [
-    ]
+    dependencies = []
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='IPAddressField',
+            name="IPAddressField",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('ip', models.IPAddressField(null=True, blank=True)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("ip", models.IPAddressField(null=True, blank=True)),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/deprecated_field_migrations/0002_remove_ipaddressfield_ip.py b/tests/migrations/deprecated_field_migrations/0002_remove_ipaddressfield_ip.py
index 1b27bf536d..019b80fddf 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/deprecated_field_migrations/0002_remove_ipaddressfield_ip.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/deprecated_field_migrations/0002_remove_ipaddressfield_ip.py
@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@ from django.db import migrations
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('migrations', '0001_initial'),
+        ("migrations", "0001_initial"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name='ipaddressfield',
-            name='ip',
+            model_name="ipaddressfield",
+            name="ip",
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/alter_fk/author_app/migrations/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/alter_fk/author_app/migrations/0001_initial.py
index 48664b2a04..c7cf43a233 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/alter_fk/author_app/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/alter_fk/author_app/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -3,15 +3,19 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
-    dependencies = [
-    ]
+    dependencies = []
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Author',
+            name="Author",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('name', models.CharField(max_length=50)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=50)),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/alter_fk/author_app/migrations/0002_alter_id.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/alter_fk/author_app/migrations/0002_alter_id.py
index 18bc91ad72..cd18df17f3 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/alter_fk/author_app/migrations/0002_alter_id.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/alter_fk/author_app/migrations/0002_alter_id.py
@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('author_app', '0001_initial'),
-        ('book_app', '0001_initial'),  # Forces the book table to alter the FK
+        ("author_app", "0001_initial"),
+        ("book_app", "0001_initial"),  # Forces the book table to alter the FK
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name='author',
-            name='id',
+            model_name="author",
+            name="id",
             field=models.CharField(max_length=10, primary_key=True),
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/alter_fk/book_app/migrations/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/alter_fk/book_app/migrations/0001_initial.py
index 46543caeee..72c11285d6 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/alter_fk/book_app/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/alter_fk/book_app/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -4,16 +4,21 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('author_app', '0001_initial'),
+        ("author_app", "0001_initial"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Book',
+            name="Book",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('title', models.CharField(max_length=50)),
-                ('author', models.ForeignKey('author_app.Author', models.CASCADE)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("title", models.CharField(max_length=50)),
+                ("author", models.ForeignKey("author_app.Author", models.CASCADE)),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/conflicting_app_with_dependencies/migrations/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/conflicting_app_with_dependencies/migrations/0001_initial.py
index ddf070a8cd..59ad944f67 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/conflicting_app_with_dependencies/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/conflicting_app_with_dependencies/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -20,5 +20,5 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                 ("fluffy", models.BooleanField(default=True)),
             ],
-        )
+        ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/conflicting_app_with_dependencies/migrations/0002_second.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/conflicting_app_with_dependencies/migrations/0002_second.py
index d612af5726..7c581f158f 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/conflicting_app_with_dependencies/migrations/0002_second.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/conflicting_app_with_dependencies/migrations/0002_second.py
@@ -17,5 +17,5 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
             ],
-        )
+        ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_a/migrations/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_a/migrations/0001_initial.py
index 6351b0d212..eef91811cb 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_a/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_a/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -3,14 +3,21 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
-    dependencies = [
-    ]
+    dependencies = []
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='A1',
+            name="A1",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(serialize=False, verbose_name='ID', auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        serialize=False,
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_a/migrations/0002_a2.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_a/migrations/0002_a2.py
index ab943b9c77..573909f9a7 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_a/migrations/0002_a2.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_a/migrations/0002_a2.py
@@ -4,14 +4,22 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('lookuperror_a', '0001_initial'),
+        ("lookuperror_a", "0001_initial"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='A2',
+            name="A2",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', primary_key=True, serialize=False, auto_created=True)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        primary_key=True,
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_a/migrations/0003_a3.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_a/migrations/0003_a3.py
index 42b5853d3c..d1caeb2284 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_a/migrations/0003_a3.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_a/migrations/0003_a3.py
@@ -4,18 +4,26 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('lookuperror_c', '0002_c2'),
-        ('lookuperror_b', '0002_b2'),
-        ('lookuperror_a', '0002_a2'),
+        ("lookuperror_c", "0002_c2"),
+        ("lookuperror_b", "0002_b2"),
+        ("lookuperror_a", "0002_a2"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='A3',
+            name="A3",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True, verbose_name='ID')),
-                ('b2', models.ForeignKey('lookuperror_b.B2', models.CASCADE)),
-                ('c2', models.ForeignKey('lookuperror_c.C2', models.CASCADE)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("b2", models.ForeignKey("lookuperror_b.B2", models.CASCADE)),
+                ("c2", models.ForeignKey("lookuperror_c.C2", models.CASCADE)),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_a/migrations/0004_a4.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_a/migrations/0004_a4.py
index b7a0bcb8a7..060bc499f5 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_a/migrations/0004_a4.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_a/migrations/0004_a4.py
@@ -4,14 +4,22 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('lookuperror_a', '0003_a3'),
+        ("lookuperror_a", "0003_a3"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='A4',
+            name="A4",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID', primary_key=True)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        serialize=False,
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_a/models.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_a/models.py
index 9428f952eb..fbc4cb6809 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_a/models.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_a/models.py
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ class A2(models.Model):
 
 
 class A3(models.Model):
-    b2 = models.ForeignKey('lookuperror_b.B2', models.CASCADE)
-    c2 = models.ForeignKey('lookuperror_c.C2', models.CASCADE)
+    b2 = models.ForeignKey("lookuperror_b.B2", models.CASCADE)
+    c2 = models.ForeignKey("lookuperror_c.C2", models.CASCADE)
 
 
 class A4(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_b/migrations/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_b/migrations/0001_initial.py
index def52ae789..af48c80d3c 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_b/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_b/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -3,14 +3,21 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
-    dependencies = [
-    ]
+    dependencies = []
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='B1',
+            name="B1",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True, verbose_name='ID')),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_b/migrations/0002_b2.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_b/migrations/0002_b2.py
index a2ac5e1ba7..87ab4c3194 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_b/migrations/0002_b2.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_b/migrations/0002_b2.py
@@ -4,16 +4,24 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('lookuperror_a', '0002_a2'),
-        ('lookuperror_b', '0001_initial'),
+        ("lookuperror_a", "0002_a2"),
+        ("lookuperror_b", "0001_initial"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='B2',
+            name="B2",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True, verbose_name='ID', auto_created=True, serialize=False)),
-                ('a1', models.ForeignKey('lookuperror_a.A1', models.CASCADE)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        primary_key=True,
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        serialize=False,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("a1", models.ForeignKey("lookuperror_a.A1", models.CASCADE)),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_b/migrations/0003_b3.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_b/migrations/0003_b3.py
index 1c76e73ec1..e068563dd1 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_b/migrations/0003_b3.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_b/migrations/0003_b3.py
@@ -4,14 +4,22 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('lookuperror_b', '0002_b2'),
+        ("lookuperror_b", "0002_b2"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='B3',
+            name="B3",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, primary_key=True, auto_created=True)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_b/models.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_b/models.py
index ed78c48e68..0bca4e68ec 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_b/models.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_b/models.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ class B1(models.Model):
 
 
 class B2(models.Model):
-    a1 = models.ForeignKey('lookuperror_a.A1', models.CASCADE)
+    a1 = models.ForeignKey("lookuperror_a.A1", models.CASCADE)
 
 
 class B3(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_c/migrations/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_c/migrations/0001_initial.py
index 8453148b87..523259fd26 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_c/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_c/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -3,14 +3,21 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
-    dependencies = [
-    ]
+    dependencies = []
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='C1',
+            name="C1",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(serialize=False, verbose_name='ID', auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        serialize=False,
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_c/migrations/0002_c2.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_c/migrations/0002_c2.py
index a928da9ae0..3699db274b 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_c/migrations/0002_c2.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_c/migrations/0002_c2.py
@@ -4,16 +4,24 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('lookuperror_a', '0002_a2'),
-        ('lookuperror_c', '0001_initial'),
+        ("lookuperror_a", "0002_a2"),
+        ("lookuperror_c", "0001_initial"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='C2',
+            name="C2",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, verbose_name='ID', primary_key=True, serialize=False)),
-                ('a1', models.ForeignKey('lookuperror_a.A1', models.CASCADE)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        primary_key=True,
+                        serialize=False,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("a1", models.ForeignKey("lookuperror_a.A1", models.CASCADE)),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_c/migrations/0003_c3.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_c/migrations/0003_c3.py
index 58119ac8ac..8be34afa6b 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_c/migrations/0003_c3.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_c/migrations/0003_c3.py
@@ -4,14 +4,22 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('lookuperror_c', '0002_c2'),
+        ("lookuperror_c", "0002_c2"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='C3',
+            name="C3",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID', primary_key=True)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        serialize=False,
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_c/models.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_c/models.py
index 5dc28ae5ba..dbf5bca6b8 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_c/models.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/lookuperror_c/models.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ class C1(models.Model):
 
 
 class C2(models.Model):
-    a1 = models.ForeignKey('lookuperror_a.A1', models.CASCADE)
+    a1 = models.ForeignKey("lookuperror_a.A1", models.CASCADE)
 
 
 class C3(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/migrated_app/migrations/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/migrated_app/migrations/0001_initial.py
index 344bebdfe3..59ad944f67 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/migrated_app/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/migrated_app/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Author",
             [
@@ -15,13 +14,11 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                 ("silly_field", models.BooleanField(default=False)),
             ],
         ),
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Tribble",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                 ("fluffy", models.BooleanField(default=True)),
             ],
-        )
-
+        ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/migrated_unapplied_app/migrations/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/migrated_unapplied_app/migrations/0001_initial.py
index 800ceed7e4..551f597562 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/migrated_unapplied_app/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/migrated_unapplied_app/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "OtherAuthor",
             [
@@ -15,5 +14,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                 ("silly_field", models.BooleanField(default=False)),
             ],
         ),
-
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/mutate_state_a/migrations/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/mutate_state_a/migrations/0001_initial.py
index 37c9bf7377..4da5347412 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/mutate_state_a/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/mutate_state_a/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -4,16 +4,27 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('mutate_state_b', '0001_initial'),
+        ("mutate_state_b", "0001_initial"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
-        migrations.SeparateDatabaseAndState([], [
-            migrations.CreateModel(
-                name='A',
-                fields=[
-                    ('id', models.AutoField(serialize=False, verbose_name='ID', auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ],
-            ),
-        ])
+        migrations.SeparateDatabaseAndState(
+            [],
+            [
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    name="A",
+                    fields=[
+                        (
+                            "id",
+                            models.AutoField(
+                                serialize=False,
+                                verbose_name="ID",
+                                auto_created=True,
+                                primary_key=True,
+                            ),
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/mutate_state_b/migrations/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/mutate_state_b/migrations/0001_initial.py
index 51c022dd7f..4d5e712d66 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/mutate_state_b/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/mutate_state_b/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -3,16 +3,26 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
-    dependencies = [
-    ]
+    dependencies = []
 
     operations = [
-        migrations.SeparateDatabaseAndState([], [
-            migrations.CreateModel(
-                name='B',
-                fields=[
-                    ('id', models.AutoField(serialize=False, verbose_name='ID', auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ],
-            ),
-        ])
+        migrations.SeparateDatabaseAndState(
+            [],
+            [
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    name="B",
+                    fields=[
+                        (
+                            "id",
+                            models.AutoField(
+                                serialize=False,
+                                verbose_name="ID",
+                                auto_created=True,
+                                primary_key=True,
+                            ),
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/mutate_state_b/migrations/0002_add_field.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/mutate_state_b/migrations/0002_add_field.py
index ae968382eb..fcd8a9337a 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/mutate_state_b/migrations/0002_add_field.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/mutate_state_b/migrations/0002_add_field.py
@@ -4,15 +4,18 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('mutate_state_b', '0001_initial'),
+        ("mutate_state_b", "0001_initial"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
-        migrations.SeparateDatabaseAndState([], [
-            migrations.AddField(
-                model_name='B',
-                name='added',
-                field=models.TextField(),
-            ),
-        ])
+        migrations.SeparateDatabaseAndState(
+            [],
+            [
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    model_name="B",
+                    name="added",
+                    field=models.TextField(),
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/unmigrated_app_simple/models.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/unmigrated_app_simple/models.py
index 785d040800..5119205b9a 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/unmigrated_app_simple/models.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/unmigrated_app_simple/models.py
@@ -6,4 +6,5 @@ class UnmigratedModel(models.Model):
     A model that is in a migration-less app (which this app is
     if its migrations directory has not been repointed)
     """
+
     pass
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/unspecified_app_with_conflict/migrations/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/unspecified_app_with_conflict/migrations/0001_initial.py
index 344bebdfe3..59ad944f67 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/unspecified_app_with_conflict/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/unspecified_app_with_conflict/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Author",
             [
@@ -15,13 +14,11 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                 ("silly_field", models.BooleanField(default=False)),
             ],
         ),
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Tribble",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                 ("fluffy", models.BooleanField(default=True)),
             ],
-        )
-
+        ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/unspecified_app_with_conflict/migrations/0002_conflicting_second.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/unspecified_app_with_conflict/migrations/0002_conflicting_second.py
index ad44031030..385420e98b 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/unspecified_app_with_conflict/migrations/0002_conflicting_second.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/unspecified_app_with_conflict/migrations/0002_conflicting_second.py
@@ -6,12 +6,10 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
     dependencies = [("unspecified_app_with_conflict", "0001_initial")]
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Something",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
             ],
         )
-
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/unspecified_app_with_conflict/migrations/0002_second.py b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/unspecified_app_with_conflict/migrations/0002_second.py
index fbf5a9110c..8da324aaff 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/unspecified_app_with_conflict/migrations/0002_second.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/migrations_test_apps/unspecified_app_with_conflict/migrations/0002_second.py
@@ -6,18 +6,13 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
     dependencies = [("unspecified_app_with_conflict", "0001_initial")]
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.DeleteModel("Tribble"),
-
         migrations.RemoveField("Author", "silly_field"),
-
         migrations.AddField("Author", "rating", models.IntegerField(default=0)),
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Book",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
             ],
-        )
-
+        ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/models.py b/tests/migrations/models.py
index 440aa582d6..0d728561d0 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/models.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/models.py
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@ class ModelWithCustomBase(models.Model, metaclass=CustomModelBase):
 
 
 class UnicodeModel(models.Model):
-    title = models.CharField('ÚÑÍ¢ÓÐÉ', max_length=20, default='“Ðjáñgó”')
+    title = models.CharField("ÚÑÍ¢ÓÐÉ", max_length=20, default="“Ðjáñgó”")
 
     class Meta:
         # Disable auto loading of this model as we load it on our own
         apps = Apps()
-        verbose_name = 'úñí©óðé µóðéø'
-        verbose_name_plural = 'úñí©óðé µóðéøß'
+        verbose_name = "úñí©óðé µóðéø"
+        verbose_name_plural = "úñí©óðé µóðéøß"
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.title
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ class Unserializable:
     """
     An object that migration doesn't know how to serialize.
     """
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@ class UnmigratedModel(models.Model):
     A model that is in a migration-less app (which this app is
     if its migrations directory has not been repointed)
     """
+
     pass
 
 
diff --git a/tests/migrations/routers.py b/tests/migrations/routers.py
index bc036382a7..211c189772 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/routers.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/routers.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 class DefaultOtherRouter:
     def allow_migrate(self, db, app_label, model_name=None, **hints):
-        return db in {'default', 'other'}
+        return db in {"default", "other"}
 
 
 class TestRouter:
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ class TestRouter:
         """
         The Tribble model should be the only one to appear in the 'other' db.
         """
-        if model_name == 'tribble':
-            return db == 'other'
-        elif db != 'default':
+        if model_name == "tribble":
+            return db == "other"
+        elif db != "default":
             return False
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_add_many_to_many_field_initial/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/test_add_many_to_many_field_initial/0001_initial.py
index 50fd06a35f..e7e7d59633 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_add_many_to_many_field_initial/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_add_many_to_many_field_initial/0001_initial.py
@@ -5,25 +5,40 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     initial = True
 
-    dependencies = [
-    ]
+    dependencies = []
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Project',
+            name="Project",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                        serialize=False,
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
         ),
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Task',
+            name="Task",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                        serialize=False,
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
         ),
         migrations.AddField(
-            model_name='project',
-            name='tasks',
-            field=models.ManyToManyField(to='Task'),
+            model_name="project",
+            name="tasks",
+            field=models.ManyToManyField(to="Task"),
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_add_many_to_many_field_initial/0002_initial.py b/tests/migrations/test_add_many_to_many_field_initial/0002_initial.py
index 1bc6c8aafa..928e4ea1c9 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_add_many_to_many_field_initial/0002_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_add_many_to_many_field_initial/0002_initial.py
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     operations = [
         migrations.AddField(
-            model_name='task',
-            name='projects',
-            field=models.ManyToManyField(to='Project'),
+            model_name="task",
+            name="projects",
+            field=models.ManyToManyField(to="Project"),
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_auto_now_add/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/test_auto_now_add/0001_initial.py
index f1bfb44657..e7fafc96c6 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_auto_now_add/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_auto_now_add/0001_initial.py
@@ -7,10 +7,18 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Entry',
+            name="Entry",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
-                ('title', models.CharField(max_length=255)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                        serialize=False,
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("title", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_autodetector.py b/tests/migrations/test_autodetector.py
index dddd4e0c94..cadc8cef30 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_autodetector.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_autodetector.py
@@ -28,11 +28,7 @@ class DeconstructibleObject:
         self.kwargs = kwargs
 
     def deconstruct(self):
-        return (
-            self.__module__ + '.' + self.__class__.__name__,
-            self.args,
-            self.kwargs
-        )
+        return (self.__module__ + "." + self.__class__.__name__, self.args, self.kwargs)
 
 
 class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
@@ -40,427 +36,911 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
     Tests the migration autodetector.
     """
 
-    author_empty = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))])
-    author_name = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-    ])
-    author_name_null = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, null=True)),
-    ])
-    author_name_longer = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=400)),
-    ])
-    author_name_renamed = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("names", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-    ])
-    author_name_default = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default='Ada Lovelace')),
-    ])
-    author_name_check_constraint = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-    ],
-        {'constraints': [models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(name__contains='Bob'), name='name_contains_bob')]},
+    author_empty = ModelState(
+        "testapp", "Author", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))]
+    )
+    author_name = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_name_null = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, null=True)),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_name_longer = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("name", models.CharField(max_length=400)),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_name_renamed = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("names", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_name_default = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default="Ada Lovelace")),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_name_check_constraint = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+        ],
+        {
+            "constraints": [
+                models.CheckConstraint(
+                    check=models.Q(name__contains="Bob"), name="name_contains_bob"
+                )
+            ]
+        },
+    )
+    author_dates_of_birth_auto_now = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("date_of_birth", models.DateField(auto_now=True)),
+            ("date_time_of_birth", models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)),
+            ("time_of_birth", models.TimeField(auto_now=True)),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_dates_of_birth_auto_now_add = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("date_of_birth", models.DateField(auto_now_add=True)),
+            ("date_time_of_birth", models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)),
+            ("time_of_birth", models.TimeField(auto_now_add=True)),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_name_deconstructible_1 = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=DeconstructibleObject())),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_name_deconstructible_2 = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=DeconstructibleObject())),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_name_deconstructible_3 = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=models.IntegerField())),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_name_deconstructible_4 = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=models.IntegerField())),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_name_deconstructible_list_1 = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            (
+                "name",
+                models.CharField(
+                    max_length=200, default=[DeconstructibleObject(), 123]
+                ),
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_name_deconstructible_list_2 = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            (
+                "name",
+                models.CharField(
+                    max_length=200, default=[DeconstructibleObject(), 123]
+                ),
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_name_deconstructible_list_3 = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            (
+                "name",
+                models.CharField(
+                    max_length=200, default=[DeconstructibleObject(), 999]
+                ),
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_name_deconstructible_tuple_1 = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            (
+                "name",
+                models.CharField(
+                    max_length=200, default=(DeconstructibleObject(), 123)
+                ),
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_name_deconstructible_tuple_2 = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            (
+                "name",
+                models.CharField(
+                    max_length=200, default=(DeconstructibleObject(), 123)
+                ),
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_name_deconstructible_tuple_3 = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            (
+                "name",
+                models.CharField(
+                    max_length=200, default=(DeconstructibleObject(), 999)
+                ),
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_name_deconstructible_dict_1 = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            (
+                "name",
+                models.CharField(
+                    max_length=200,
+                    default={"item": DeconstructibleObject(), "otheritem": 123},
+                ),
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_name_deconstructible_dict_2 = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            (
+                "name",
+                models.CharField(
+                    max_length=200,
+                    default={"item": DeconstructibleObject(), "otheritem": 123},
+                ),
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_name_deconstructible_dict_3 = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            (
+                "name",
+                models.CharField(
+                    max_length=200,
+                    default={"item": DeconstructibleObject(), "otheritem": 999},
+                ),
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_name_nested_deconstructible_1 = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            (
+                "name",
+                models.CharField(
+                    max_length=200,
+                    default=DeconstructibleObject(
+                        DeconstructibleObject(1),
+                        (
+                            DeconstructibleObject("t1"),
+                            DeconstructibleObject("t2"),
+                        ),
+                        a=DeconstructibleObject("A"),
+                        b=DeconstructibleObject(B=DeconstructibleObject("c")),
+                    ),
+                ),
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_name_nested_deconstructible_2 = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            (
+                "name",
+                models.CharField(
+                    max_length=200,
+                    default=DeconstructibleObject(
+                        DeconstructibleObject(1),
+                        (
+                            DeconstructibleObject("t1"),
+                            DeconstructibleObject("t2"),
+                        ),
+                        a=DeconstructibleObject("A"),
+                        b=DeconstructibleObject(B=DeconstructibleObject("c")),
+                    ),
+                ),
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_name_nested_deconstructible_changed_arg = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            (
+                "name",
+                models.CharField(
+                    max_length=200,
+                    default=DeconstructibleObject(
+                        DeconstructibleObject(1),
+                        (
+                            DeconstructibleObject("t1"),
+                            DeconstructibleObject("t2-changed"),
+                        ),
+                        a=DeconstructibleObject("A"),
+                        b=DeconstructibleObject(B=DeconstructibleObject("c")),
+                    ),
+                ),
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_name_nested_deconstructible_extra_arg = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            (
+                "name",
+                models.CharField(
+                    max_length=200,
+                    default=DeconstructibleObject(
+                        DeconstructibleObject(1),
+                        (
+                            DeconstructibleObject("t1"),
+                            DeconstructibleObject("t2"),
+                        ),
+                        None,
+                        a=DeconstructibleObject("A"),
+                        b=DeconstructibleObject(B=DeconstructibleObject("c")),
+                    ),
+                ),
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_name_nested_deconstructible_changed_kwarg = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            (
+                "name",
+                models.CharField(
+                    max_length=200,
+                    default=DeconstructibleObject(
+                        DeconstructibleObject(1),
+                        (
+                            DeconstructibleObject("t1"),
+                            DeconstructibleObject("t2"),
+                        ),
+                        a=DeconstructibleObject("A"),
+                        b=DeconstructibleObject(B=DeconstructibleObject("c-changed")),
+                    ),
+                ),
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_name_nested_deconstructible_extra_kwarg = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            (
+                "name",
+                models.CharField(
+                    max_length=200,
+                    default=DeconstructibleObject(
+                        DeconstructibleObject(1),
+                        (
+                            DeconstructibleObject("t1"),
+                            DeconstructibleObject("t2"),
+                        ),
+                        a=DeconstructibleObject("A"),
+                        b=DeconstructibleObject(B=DeconstructibleObject("c")),
+                        c=None,
+                    ),
+                ),
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_custom_pk = ModelState(
+        "testapp", "Author", [("pk_field", models.IntegerField(primary_key=True))]
+    )
+    author_with_biography_non_blank = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("name", models.CharField()),
+            ("biography", models.TextField()),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_with_biography_blank = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("name", models.CharField(blank=True)),
+            ("biography", models.TextField(blank=True)),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_with_book = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+            ("book", models.ForeignKey("otherapp.Book", models.CASCADE)),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_with_book_order_wrt = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+            ("book", models.ForeignKey("otherapp.Book", models.CASCADE)),
+        ],
+        options={"order_with_respect_to": "book"},
+    )
+    author_renamed_with_book = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Writer",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+            ("book", models.ForeignKey("otherapp.Book", models.CASCADE)),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_with_publisher_string = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+            ("publisher_name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_with_publisher = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+            ("publisher", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Publisher", models.CASCADE)),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_with_user = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+            ("user", models.ForeignKey("auth.User", models.CASCADE)),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_with_custom_user = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+            ("user", models.ForeignKey("thirdapp.CustomUser", models.CASCADE)),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_proxy = ModelState(
+        "testapp", "AuthorProxy", [], {"proxy": True}, ("testapp.author",)
+    )
+    author_proxy_options = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "AuthorProxy",
+        [],
+        {
+            "proxy": True,
+            "verbose_name": "Super Author",
+        },
+        ("testapp.author",),
+    )
+    author_proxy_notproxy = ModelState(
+        "testapp", "AuthorProxy", [], {}, ("testapp.author",)
+    )
+    author_proxy_third = ModelState(
+        "thirdapp", "AuthorProxy", [], {"proxy": True}, ("testapp.author",)
+    )
+    author_proxy_third_notproxy = ModelState(
+        "thirdapp", "AuthorProxy", [], {}, ("testapp.author",)
+    )
+    author_proxy_proxy = ModelState(
+        "testapp", "AAuthorProxyProxy", [], {"proxy": True}, ("testapp.authorproxy",)
+    )
+    author_unmanaged = ModelState(
+        "testapp", "AuthorUnmanaged", [], {"managed": False}, ("testapp.author",)
+    )
+    author_unmanaged_managed = ModelState(
+        "testapp", "AuthorUnmanaged", [], {}, ("testapp.author",)
+    )
+    author_unmanaged_default_pk = ModelState(
+        "testapp", "Author", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))]
+    )
+    author_unmanaged_custom_pk = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("pk_field", models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_with_m2m = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("publishers", models.ManyToManyField("testapp.Publisher")),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_with_m2m_blank = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("publishers", models.ManyToManyField("testapp.Publisher", blank=True)),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_with_m2m_through = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            (
+                "publishers",
+                models.ManyToManyField("testapp.Publisher", through="testapp.Contract"),
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_with_renamed_m2m_through = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            (
+                "publishers",
+                models.ManyToManyField("testapp.Publisher", through="testapp.Deal"),
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_with_former_m2m = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("publishers", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
+        ],
+    )
+    author_with_options = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+        ],
+        {
+            "permissions": [("can_hire", "Can hire")],
+            "verbose_name": "Authi",
+        },
+    )
+    author_with_db_table_options = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+        ],
+        {"db_table": "author_one"},
+    )
+    author_with_new_db_table_options = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Author",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+        ],
+        {"db_table": "author_two"},
+    )
+    author_renamed_with_db_table_options = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "NewAuthor",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+        ],
+        {"db_table": "author_one"},
+    )
+    author_renamed_with_new_db_table_options = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "NewAuthor",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+        ],
+        {"db_table": "author_three"},
+    )
+    contract = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Contract",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
+            ("publisher", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Publisher", models.CASCADE)),
+        ],
+    )
+    contract_renamed = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Deal",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
+            ("publisher", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Publisher", models.CASCADE)),
+        ],
+    )
+    publisher = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Publisher",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
+        ],
+    )
+    publisher_with_author = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Publisher",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
+            ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
+        ],
+    )
+    publisher_with_aardvark_author = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Publisher",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Aardvark", models.CASCADE)),
+            ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
+        ],
+    )
+    publisher_with_book = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Publisher",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("author", models.ForeignKey("otherapp.Book", models.CASCADE)),
+            ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
+        ],
+    )
+    other_pony = ModelState(
+        "otherapp",
+        "Pony",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+        ],
+    )
+    other_pony_food = ModelState(
+        "otherapp",
+        "Pony",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+        ],
+        managers=[
+            ("food_qs", FoodQuerySet.as_manager()),
+            ("food_mgr", FoodManager("a", "b")),
+            ("food_mgr_kwargs", FoodManager("x", "y", 3, 4)),
+        ],
+    )
+    other_stable = ModelState(
+        "otherapp", "Stable", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))]
+    )
+    third_thing = ModelState(
+        "thirdapp", "Thing", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))]
+    )
+    book = ModelState(
+        "otherapp",
+        "Book",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
+            ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+        ],
+    )
+    book_proxy_fk = ModelState(
+        "otherapp",
+        "Book",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("author", models.ForeignKey("thirdapp.AuthorProxy", models.CASCADE)),
+            ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+        ],
+    )
+    book_proxy_proxy_fk = ModelState(
+        "otherapp",
+        "Book",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.AAuthorProxyProxy", models.CASCADE)),
+        ],
+    )
+    book_migrations_fk = ModelState(
+        "otherapp",
+        "Book",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("author", models.ForeignKey("migrations.UnmigratedModel", models.CASCADE)),
+            ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+        ],
+    )
+    book_with_no_author_fk = ModelState(
+        "otherapp",
+        "Book",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("author", models.IntegerField()),
+            ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+        ],
+    )
+    book_with_no_author = ModelState(
+        "otherapp",
+        "Book",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+        ],
+    )
+    book_with_author_renamed = ModelState(
+        "otherapp",
+        "Book",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Writer", models.CASCADE)),
+            ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+        ],
+    )
+    book_with_field_and_author_renamed = ModelState(
+        "otherapp",
+        "Book",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("writer", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Writer", models.CASCADE)),
+            ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+        ],
+    )
+    book_with_multiple_authors = ModelState(
+        "otherapp",
+        "Book",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("authors", models.ManyToManyField("testapp.Author")),
+            ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+        ],
+    )
+    book_with_multiple_authors_through_attribution = ModelState(
+        "otherapp",
+        "Book",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            (
+                "authors",
+                models.ManyToManyField(
+                    "testapp.Author", through="otherapp.Attribution"
+                ),
+            ),
+            ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+        ],
+    )
+    book_indexes = ModelState(
+        "otherapp",
+        "Book",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
+            ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+        ],
+        {
+            "indexes": [
+                models.Index(fields=["author", "title"], name="book_title_author_idx")
+            ],
+        },
+    )
+    book_unordered_indexes = ModelState(
+        "otherapp",
+        "Book",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
+            ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+        ],
+        {
+            "indexes": [
+                models.Index(fields=["title", "author"], name="book_author_title_idx")
+            ],
+        },
+    )
+    book_foo_together = ModelState(
+        "otherapp",
+        "Book",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
+            ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+        ],
+        {
+            "index_together": {("author", "title")},
+            "unique_together": {("author", "title")},
+        },
+    )
+    book_foo_together_2 = ModelState(
+        "otherapp",
+        "Book",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
+            ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+        ],
+        {
+            "index_together": {("title", "author")},
+            "unique_together": {("title", "author")},
+        },
+    )
+    book_foo_together_3 = ModelState(
+        "otherapp",
+        "Book",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("newfield", models.IntegerField()),
+            ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
+            ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+        ],
+        {
+            "index_together": {("title", "newfield")},
+            "unique_together": {("title", "newfield")},
+        },
+    )
+    book_foo_together_4 = ModelState(
+        "otherapp",
+        "Book",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("newfield2", models.IntegerField()),
+            ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
+            ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+        ],
+        {
+            "index_together": {("title", "newfield2")},
+            "unique_together": {("title", "newfield2")},
+        },
+    )
+    attribution = ModelState(
+        "otherapp",
+        "Attribution",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
+            ("book", models.ForeignKey("otherapp.Book", models.CASCADE)),
+        ],
+    )
+    edition = ModelState(
+        "thirdapp",
+        "Edition",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("book", models.ForeignKey("otherapp.Book", models.CASCADE)),
+        ],
+    )
+    custom_user = ModelState(
+        "thirdapp",
+        "CustomUser",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("username", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
+        ],
+        bases=(AbstractBaseUser,),
+    )
+    custom_user_no_inherit = ModelState(
+        "thirdapp",
+        "CustomUser",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("username", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
+        ],
+    )
+    aardvark = ModelState(
+        "thirdapp", "Aardvark", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))]
+    )
+    aardvark_testapp = ModelState(
+        "testapp", "Aardvark", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))]
+    )
+    aardvark_based_on_author = ModelState(
+        "testapp", "Aardvark", [], bases=("testapp.Author",)
+    )
+    aardvark_pk_fk_author = ModelState(
+        "testapp",
+        "Aardvark",
+        [
+            (
+                "id",
+                models.OneToOneField(
+                    "testapp.Author", models.CASCADE, primary_key=True
+                ),
+            ),
+        ],
     )
-    author_dates_of_birth_auto_now = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("date_of_birth", models.DateField(auto_now=True)),
-        ("date_time_of_birth", models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)),
-        ("time_of_birth", models.TimeField(auto_now=True)),
-    ])
-    author_dates_of_birth_auto_now_add = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("date_of_birth", models.DateField(auto_now_add=True)),
-        ("date_time_of_birth", models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)),
-        ("time_of_birth", models.TimeField(auto_now_add=True)),
-    ])
-    author_name_deconstructible_1 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=DeconstructibleObject())),
-    ])
-    author_name_deconstructible_2 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=DeconstructibleObject())),
-    ])
-    author_name_deconstructible_3 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=models.IntegerField())),
-    ])
-    author_name_deconstructible_4 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=models.IntegerField())),
-    ])
-    author_name_deconstructible_list_1 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=[DeconstructibleObject(), 123])),
-    ])
-    author_name_deconstructible_list_2 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=[DeconstructibleObject(), 123])),
-    ])
-    author_name_deconstructible_list_3 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=[DeconstructibleObject(), 999])),
-    ])
-    author_name_deconstructible_tuple_1 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=(DeconstructibleObject(), 123))),
-    ])
-    author_name_deconstructible_tuple_2 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=(DeconstructibleObject(), 123))),
-    ])
-    author_name_deconstructible_tuple_3 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=(DeconstructibleObject(), 999))),
-    ])
-    author_name_deconstructible_dict_1 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default={
-            'item': DeconstructibleObject(), 'otheritem': 123
-        })),
-    ])
-    author_name_deconstructible_dict_2 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default={
-            'item': DeconstructibleObject(), 'otheritem': 123
-        })),
-    ])
-    author_name_deconstructible_dict_3 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default={
-            'item': DeconstructibleObject(), 'otheritem': 999
-        })),
-    ])
-    author_name_nested_deconstructible_1 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=DeconstructibleObject(
-            DeconstructibleObject(1),
-            (DeconstructibleObject('t1'), DeconstructibleObject('t2'),),
-            a=DeconstructibleObject('A'),
-            b=DeconstructibleObject(B=DeconstructibleObject('c')),
-        ))),
-    ])
-    author_name_nested_deconstructible_2 = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=DeconstructibleObject(
-            DeconstructibleObject(1),
-            (DeconstructibleObject('t1'), DeconstructibleObject('t2'),),
-            a=DeconstructibleObject('A'),
-            b=DeconstructibleObject(B=DeconstructibleObject('c')),
-        ))),
-    ])
-    author_name_nested_deconstructible_changed_arg = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=DeconstructibleObject(
-            DeconstructibleObject(1),
-            (DeconstructibleObject('t1'), DeconstructibleObject('t2-changed'),),
-            a=DeconstructibleObject('A'),
-            b=DeconstructibleObject(B=DeconstructibleObject('c')),
-        ))),
-    ])
-    author_name_nested_deconstructible_extra_arg = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=DeconstructibleObject(
-            DeconstructibleObject(1),
-            (DeconstructibleObject('t1'), DeconstructibleObject('t2'),),
-            None,
-            a=DeconstructibleObject('A'),
-            b=DeconstructibleObject(B=DeconstructibleObject('c')),
-        ))),
-    ])
-    author_name_nested_deconstructible_changed_kwarg = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=DeconstructibleObject(
-            DeconstructibleObject(1),
-            (DeconstructibleObject('t1'), DeconstructibleObject('t2'),),
-            a=DeconstructibleObject('A'),
-            b=DeconstructibleObject(B=DeconstructibleObject('c-changed')),
-        ))),
-    ])
-    author_name_nested_deconstructible_extra_kwarg = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, default=DeconstructibleObject(
-            DeconstructibleObject(1),
-            (DeconstructibleObject('t1'), DeconstructibleObject('t2'),),
-            a=DeconstructibleObject('A'),
-            b=DeconstructibleObject(B=DeconstructibleObject('c')),
-            c=None,
-        ))),
-    ])
-    author_custom_pk = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [("pk_field", models.IntegerField(primary_key=True))])
-    author_with_biography_non_blank = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField()),
-        ("biography", models.TextField()),
-    ])
-    author_with_biography_blank = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(blank=True)),
-        ("biography", models.TextField(blank=True)),
-    ])
-    author_with_book = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-        ("book", models.ForeignKey("otherapp.Book", models.CASCADE)),
-    ])
-    author_with_book_order_wrt = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-        ("book", models.ForeignKey("otherapp.Book", models.CASCADE)),
-    ], options={"order_with_respect_to": "book"})
-    author_renamed_with_book = ModelState("testapp", "Writer", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-        ("book", models.ForeignKey("otherapp.Book", models.CASCADE)),
-    ])
-    author_with_publisher_string = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-        ("publisher_name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-    ])
-    author_with_publisher = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-        ("publisher", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Publisher", models.CASCADE)),
-    ])
-    author_with_user = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-        ("user", models.ForeignKey("auth.User", models.CASCADE)),
-    ])
-    author_with_custom_user = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-        ("user", models.ForeignKey("thirdapp.CustomUser", models.CASCADE)),
-    ])
-    author_proxy = ModelState("testapp", "AuthorProxy", [], {"proxy": True}, ("testapp.author",))
-    author_proxy_options = ModelState("testapp", "AuthorProxy", [], {
-        "proxy": True,
-        "verbose_name": "Super Author",
-    }, ("testapp.author",))
-    author_proxy_notproxy = ModelState("testapp", "AuthorProxy", [], {}, ("testapp.author",))
-    author_proxy_third = ModelState("thirdapp", "AuthorProxy", [], {"proxy": True}, ("testapp.author",))
-    author_proxy_third_notproxy = ModelState("thirdapp", "AuthorProxy", [], {}, ("testapp.author",))
-    author_proxy_proxy = ModelState("testapp", "AAuthorProxyProxy", [], {"proxy": True}, ("testapp.authorproxy",))
-    author_unmanaged = ModelState("testapp", "AuthorUnmanaged", [], {"managed": False}, ("testapp.author",))
-    author_unmanaged_managed = ModelState("testapp", "AuthorUnmanaged", [], {}, ("testapp.author",))
-    author_unmanaged_default_pk = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))])
-    author_unmanaged_custom_pk = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("pk_field", models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)),
-    ])
-    author_with_m2m = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("publishers", models.ManyToManyField("testapp.Publisher")),
-    ])
-    author_with_m2m_blank = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("publishers", models.ManyToManyField("testapp.Publisher", blank=True)),
-    ])
-    author_with_m2m_through = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("publishers", models.ManyToManyField("testapp.Publisher", through="testapp.Contract")),
-    ])
-    author_with_renamed_m2m_through = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("publishers", models.ManyToManyField("testapp.Publisher", through="testapp.Deal")),
-    ])
-    author_with_former_m2m = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("publishers", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
-    ])
-    author_with_options = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-    ], {
-        "permissions": [('can_hire', 'Can hire')],
-        "verbose_name": "Authi",
-    })
-    author_with_db_table_options = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-    ], {"db_table": "author_one"})
-    author_with_new_db_table_options = ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-    ], {"db_table": "author_two"})
-    author_renamed_with_db_table_options = ModelState("testapp", "NewAuthor", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-    ], {"db_table": "author_one"})
-    author_renamed_with_new_db_table_options = ModelState("testapp", "NewAuthor", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-    ], {"db_table": "author_three"})
-    contract = ModelState("testapp", "Contract", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
-        ("publisher", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Publisher", models.CASCADE)),
-    ])
-    contract_renamed = ModelState("testapp", "Deal", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
-        ("publisher", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Publisher", models.CASCADE)),
-    ])
-    publisher = ModelState("testapp", "Publisher", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
-    ])
-    publisher_with_author = ModelState("testapp", "Publisher", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
-    ])
-    publisher_with_aardvark_author = ModelState("testapp", "Publisher", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Aardvark", models.CASCADE)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
-    ])
-    publisher_with_book = ModelState("testapp", "Publisher", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("author", models.ForeignKey("otherapp.Book", models.CASCADE)),
-        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
-    ])
-    other_pony = ModelState("otherapp", "Pony", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-    ])
-    other_pony_food = ModelState("otherapp", "Pony", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-    ], managers=[
-        ('food_qs', FoodQuerySet.as_manager()),
-        ('food_mgr', FoodManager('a', 'b')),
-        ('food_mgr_kwargs', FoodManager('x', 'y', 3, 4)),
-    ])
-    other_stable = ModelState("otherapp", "Stable", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))])
-    third_thing = ModelState("thirdapp", "Thing", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))])
-    book = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
-        ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-    ])
-    book_proxy_fk = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("author", models.ForeignKey("thirdapp.AuthorProxy", models.CASCADE)),
-        ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-    ])
-    book_proxy_proxy_fk = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.AAuthorProxyProxy", models.CASCADE)),
-    ])
-    book_migrations_fk = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("author", models.ForeignKey("migrations.UnmigratedModel", models.CASCADE)),
-        ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-    ])
-    book_with_no_author_fk = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("author", models.IntegerField()),
-        ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-    ])
-    book_with_no_author = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-    ])
-    book_with_author_renamed = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Writer", models.CASCADE)),
-        ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-    ])
-    book_with_field_and_author_renamed = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("writer", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Writer", models.CASCADE)),
-        ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-    ])
-    book_with_multiple_authors = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("authors", models.ManyToManyField("testapp.Author")),
-        ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-    ])
-    book_with_multiple_authors_through_attribution = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("authors", models.ManyToManyField("testapp.Author", through="otherapp.Attribution")),
-        ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-    ])
-    book_indexes = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
-        ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-    ], {
-        "indexes": [models.Index(fields=["author", "title"], name="book_title_author_idx")],
-    })
-    book_unordered_indexes = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
-        ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-    ], {
-        "indexes": [models.Index(fields=["title", "author"], name="book_author_title_idx")],
-    })
-    book_foo_together = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
-        ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-    ], {
-        "index_together": {("author", "title")},
-        "unique_together": {("author", "title")},
-    })
-    book_foo_together_2 = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
-        ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-    ], {
-        "index_together": {("title", "author")},
-        "unique_together": {("title", "author")},
-    })
-    book_foo_together_3 = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("newfield", models.IntegerField()),
-        ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
-        ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-    ], {
-        "index_together": {("title", "newfield")},
-        "unique_together": {("title", "newfield")},
-    })
-    book_foo_together_4 = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("newfield2", models.IntegerField()),
-        ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
-        ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-    ], {
-        "index_together": {("title", "newfield2")},
-        "unique_together": {("title", "newfield2")},
-    })
-    attribution = ModelState("otherapp", "Attribution", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("author", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
-        ("book", models.ForeignKey("otherapp.Book", models.CASCADE)),
-    ])
-    edition = ModelState("thirdapp", "Edition", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("book", models.ForeignKey("otherapp.Book", models.CASCADE)),
-    ])
-    custom_user = ModelState("thirdapp", "CustomUser", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("username", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
-    ], bases=(AbstractBaseUser,))
-    custom_user_no_inherit = ModelState("thirdapp", "CustomUser", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("username", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
-    ])
-    aardvark = ModelState("thirdapp", "Aardvark", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))])
-    aardvark_testapp = ModelState("testapp", "Aardvark", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))])
-    aardvark_based_on_author = ModelState("testapp", "Aardvark", [], bases=("testapp.Author",))
-    aardvark_pk_fk_author = ModelState("testapp", "Aardvark", [
-        ("id", models.OneToOneField("testapp.Author", models.CASCADE, primary_key=True)),
-    ])
     knight = ModelState("eggs", "Knight", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))])
-    rabbit = ModelState("eggs", "Rabbit", [
-        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ("knight", models.ForeignKey("eggs.Knight", models.CASCADE)),
-        ("parent", models.ForeignKey("eggs.Rabbit", models.CASCADE)),
-    ], {
-        "unique_together": {("parent", "knight")},
-        "indexes": [models.Index(fields=["parent", "knight"], name='rabbit_circular_fk_index')],
-    })
+    rabbit = ModelState(
+        "eggs",
+        "Rabbit",
+        [
+            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ("knight", models.ForeignKey("eggs.Knight", models.CASCADE)),
+            ("parent", models.ForeignKey("eggs.Rabbit", models.CASCADE)),
+        ],
+        {
+            "unique_together": {("parent", "knight")},
+            "indexes": [
+                models.Index(
+                    fields=["parent", "knight"], name="rabbit_circular_fk_index"
+                )
+            ],
+        },
+    )
 
     def repr_changes(self, changes, include_dependencies=False):
         output = ""
@@ -481,100 +961,154 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
 
     def assertNumberMigrations(self, changes, app_label, number):
         if len(changes.get(app_label, [])) != number:
-            self.fail("Incorrect number of migrations (%s) for %s (expected %s)\n%s" % (
-                len(changes.get(app_label, [])),
-                app_label,
-                number,
-                self.repr_changes(changes),
-            ))
+            self.fail(
+                "Incorrect number of migrations (%s) for %s (expected %s)\n%s"
+                % (
+                    len(changes.get(app_label, [])),
+                    app_label,
+                    number,
+                    self.repr_changes(changes),
+                )
+            )
 
     def assertMigrationDependencies(self, changes, app_label, position, dependencies):
         if not changes.get(app_label):
-            self.fail("No migrations found for %s\n%s" % (app_label, self.repr_changes(changes)))
+            self.fail(
+                "No migrations found for %s\n%s"
+                % (app_label, self.repr_changes(changes))
+            )
         if len(changes[app_label]) < position + 1:
-            self.fail("No migration at index %s for %s\n%s" % (position, app_label, self.repr_changes(changes)))
+            self.fail(
+                "No migration at index %s for %s\n%s"
+                % (position, app_label, self.repr_changes(changes))
+            )
         migration = changes[app_label][position]
         if set(migration.dependencies) != set(dependencies):
-            self.fail("Migration dependencies mismatch for %s.%s (expected %s):\n%s" % (
-                app_label,
-                migration.name,
-                dependencies,
-                self.repr_changes(changes, include_dependencies=True),
-            ))
+            self.fail(
+                "Migration dependencies mismatch for %s.%s (expected %s):\n%s"
+                % (
+                    app_label,
+                    migration.name,
+                    dependencies,
+                    self.repr_changes(changes, include_dependencies=True),
+                )
+            )
 
     def assertOperationTypes(self, changes, app_label, position, types):
         if not changes.get(app_label):
-            self.fail("No migrations found for %s\n%s" % (app_label, self.repr_changes(changes)))
+            self.fail(
+                "No migrations found for %s\n%s"
+                % (app_label, self.repr_changes(changes))
+            )
         if len(changes[app_label]) < position + 1:
-            self.fail("No migration at index %s for %s\n%s" % (position, app_label, self.repr_changes(changes)))
+            self.fail(
+                "No migration at index %s for %s\n%s"
+                % (position, app_label, self.repr_changes(changes))
+            )
         migration = changes[app_label][position]
-        real_types = [operation.__class__.__name__ for operation in migration.operations]
+        real_types = [
+            operation.__class__.__name__ for operation in migration.operations
+        ]
         if types != real_types:
-            self.fail("Operation type mismatch for %s.%s (expected %s):\n%s" % (
-                app_label,
-                migration.name,
-                types,
-                self.repr_changes(changes),
-            ))
+            self.fail(
+                "Operation type mismatch for %s.%s (expected %s):\n%s"
+                % (
+                    app_label,
+                    migration.name,
+                    types,
+                    self.repr_changes(changes),
+                )
+            )
 
-    def assertOperationAttributes(self, changes, app_label, position, operation_position, **attrs):
+    def assertOperationAttributes(
+        self, changes, app_label, position, operation_position, **attrs
+    ):
         if not changes.get(app_label):
-            self.fail("No migrations found for %s\n%s" % (app_label, self.repr_changes(changes)))
+            self.fail(
+                "No migrations found for %s\n%s"
+                % (app_label, self.repr_changes(changes))
+            )
         if len(changes[app_label]) < position + 1:
-            self.fail("No migration at index %s for %s\n%s" % (position, app_label, self.repr_changes(changes)))
+            self.fail(
+                "No migration at index %s for %s\n%s"
+                % (position, app_label, self.repr_changes(changes))
+            )
         migration = changes[app_label][position]
         if len(changes[app_label]) < position + 1:
-            self.fail("No operation at index %s for %s.%s\n%s" % (
-                operation_position,
-                app_label,
-                migration.name,
-                self.repr_changes(changes),
-            ))
+            self.fail(
+                "No operation at index %s for %s.%s\n%s"
+                % (
+                    operation_position,
+                    app_label,
+                    migration.name,
+                    self.repr_changes(changes),
+                )
+            )
         operation = migration.operations[operation_position]
         for attr, value in attrs.items():
             if getattr(operation, attr, None) != value:
-                self.fail("Attribute mismatch for %s.%s op #%s, %s (expected %r, got %r):\n%s" % (
+                self.fail(
+                    "Attribute mismatch for %s.%s op #%s, %s (expected %r, got %r):\n%s"
+                    % (
+                        app_label,
+                        migration.name,
+                        operation_position,
+                        attr,
+                        value,
+                        getattr(operation, attr, None),
+                        self.repr_changes(changes),
+                    )
+                )
+
+    def assertOperationFieldAttributes(
+        self, changes, app_label, position, operation_position, **attrs
+    ):
+        if not changes.get(app_label):
+            self.fail(
+                "No migrations found for %s\n%s"
+                % (app_label, self.repr_changes(changes))
+            )
+        if len(changes[app_label]) < position + 1:
+            self.fail(
+                "No migration at index %s for %s\n%s"
+                % (position, app_label, self.repr_changes(changes))
+            )
+        migration = changes[app_label][position]
+        if len(changes[app_label]) < position + 1:
+            self.fail(
+                "No operation at index %s for %s.%s\n%s"
+                % (
+                    operation_position,
+                    app_label,
+                    migration.name,
+                    self.repr_changes(changes),
+                )
+            )
+        operation = migration.operations[operation_position]
+        if not hasattr(operation, "field"):
+            self.fail(
+                "No field attribute for %s.%s op #%s."
+                % (
                     app_label,
                     migration.name,
                     operation_position,
-                    attr,
-                    value,
-                    getattr(operation, attr, None),
-                    self.repr_changes(changes),
-                ))
-
-    def assertOperationFieldAttributes(self, changes, app_label, position, operation_position, **attrs):
-        if not changes.get(app_label):
-            self.fail("No migrations found for %s\n%s" % (app_label, self.repr_changes(changes)))
-        if len(changes[app_label]) < position + 1:
-            self.fail("No migration at index %s for %s\n%s" % (position, app_label, self.repr_changes(changes)))
-        migration = changes[app_label][position]
-        if len(changes[app_label]) < position + 1:
-            self.fail("No operation at index %s for %s.%s\n%s" % (
-                operation_position,
-                app_label,
-                migration.name,
-                self.repr_changes(changes),
-            ))
-        operation = migration.operations[operation_position]
-        if not hasattr(operation, 'field'):
-            self.fail("No field attribute for %s.%s op #%s." % (
-                app_label,
-                migration.name,
-                operation_position,
-            ))
+                )
+            )
         field = operation.field
         for attr, value in attrs.items():
             if getattr(field, attr, None) != value:
-                self.fail("Field attribute mismatch for %s.%s op #%s, field.%s (expected %r, got %r):\n%s" % (
-                    app_label,
-                    migration.name,
-                    operation_position,
-                    attr,
-                    value,
-                    getattr(field, attr, None),
-                    self.repr_changes(changes),
-                ))
+                self.fail(
+                    "Field attribute mismatch for %s.%s op #%s, field.%s (expected %r, got %r):\n%s"
+                    % (
+                        app_label,
+                        migration.name,
+                        operation_position,
+                        attr,
+                        value,
+                        getattr(field, attr, None),
+                        self.repr_changes(changes),
+                    )
+                )
 
     def make_project_state(self, model_states):
         "Shortcut to make ProjectStates from lists of predefined models"
@@ -601,42 +1135,65 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         graph.add_node(("testapp", "0001_initial"), None)
         graph.add_node(("testapp", "0002_foobar"), None)
         graph.add_node(("otherapp", "0001_initial"), None)
-        graph.add_dependency("testapp.0002_foobar", ("testapp", "0002_foobar"), ("testapp", "0001_initial"))
-        graph.add_dependency("testapp.0002_foobar", ("testapp", "0002_foobar"), ("otherapp", "0001_initial"))
+        graph.add_dependency(
+            "testapp.0002_foobar",
+            ("testapp", "0002_foobar"),
+            ("testapp", "0001_initial"),
+        )
+        graph.add_dependency(
+            "testapp.0002_foobar",
+            ("testapp", "0002_foobar"),
+            ("otherapp", "0001_initial"),
+        )
         # Use project state to make a new migration change set
         before = self.make_project_state([self.publisher, self.other_pony])
-        after = self.make_project_state([
-            self.author_empty, self.publisher, self.other_pony, self.other_stable,
-        ])
+        after = self.make_project_state(
+            [
+                self.author_empty,
+                self.publisher,
+                self.other_pony,
+                self.other_stable,
+            ]
+        )
         autodetector = MigrationAutodetector(before, after)
         changes = autodetector._detect_changes()
         # Run through arrange_for_graph
         changes = autodetector.arrange_for_graph(changes, graph)
         # Make sure there's a new name, deps match, etc.
         self.assertEqual(changes["testapp"][0].name, "0003_author")
-        self.assertEqual(changes["testapp"][0].dependencies, [("testapp", "0002_foobar")])
-        self.assertEqual(changes["otherapp"][0].name, '0002_stable')
-        self.assertEqual(changes["otherapp"][0].dependencies, [("otherapp", "0001_initial")])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            changes["testapp"][0].dependencies, [("testapp", "0002_foobar")]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(changes["otherapp"][0].name, "0002_stable")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            changes["otherapp"][0].dependencies, [("otherapp", "0001_initial")]
+        )
 
     def test_arrange_for_graph_with_multiple_initial(self):
         # Make a fake graph.
         graph = MigrationGraph()
         # Use project state to make a new migration change set.
         before = self.make_project_state([])
-        after = self.make_project_state([self.author_with_book, self.book, self.attribution])
-        autodetector = MigrationAutodetector(before, after, MigrationQuestioner({'ask_initial': True}))
+        after = self.make_project_state(
+            [self.author_with_book, self.book, self.attribution]
+        )
+        autodetector = MigrationAutodetector(
+            before, after, MigrationQuestioner({"ask_initial": True})
+        )
         changes = autodetector._detect_changes()
         changes = autodetector.arrange_for_graph(changes, graph)
 
-        self.assertEqual(changes['otherapp'][0].name, '0001_initial')
-        self.assertEqual(changes['otherapp'][0].dependencies, [])
-        self.assertEqual(changes['otherapp'][1].name, '0002_initial')
+        self.assertEqual(changes["otherapp"][0].name, "0001_initial")
+        self.assertEqual(changes["otherapp"][0].dependencies, [])
+        self.assertEqual(changes["otherapp"][1].name, "0002_initial")
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            changes['otherapp'][1].dependencies,
-            [('testapp', '0001_initial'), ('otherapp', '0001_initial')],
+            changes["otherapp"][1].dependencies,
+            [("testapp", "0001_initial"), ("otherapp", "0001_initial")],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(changes["testapp"][0].name, "0001_initial")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            changes["testapp"][0].dependencies, [("otherapp", "0001_initial")]
         )
-        self.assertEqual(changes['testapp'][0].name, '0001_initial')
-        self.assertEqual(changes['testapp'][0].dependencies, [('otherapp', '0001_initial')])
 
     def test_trim_apps(self):
         """
@@ -644,8 +1201,12 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         """
         # Use project state to make a new migration change set
         before = self.make_project_state([])
-        after = self.make_project_state([self.author_empty, self.other_pony, self.other_stable, self.third_thing])
-        autodetector = MigrationAutodetector(before, after, MigrationQuestioner({"ask_initial": True}))
+        after = self.make_project_state(
+            [self.author_empty, self.other_pony, self.other_stable, self.third_thing]
+        )
+        autodetector = MigrationAutodetector(
+            before, after, MigrationQuestioner({"ask_initial": True})
+        )
         changes = autodetector._detect_changes()
         # Run through arrange_for_graph
         graph = MigrationGraph()
@@ -664,78 +1225,114 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         graph.add_node(("testapp", "0001_initial"), None)
         graph.add_node(("testapp", "0002_foobar"), None)
         graph.add_node(("otherapp", "0001_initial"), None)
-        graph.add_dependency("testapp.0002_foobar", ("testapp", "0002_foobar"), ("testapp", "0001_initial"))
+        graph.add_dependency(
+            "testapp.0002_foobar",
+            ("testapp", "0002_foobar"),
+            ("testapp", "0001_initial"),
+        )
 
         # Use project state to make a new migration change set
         before = self.make_project_state([])
-        after = self.make_project_state([self.author_empty, self.other_pony, self.other_stable])
+        after = self.make_project_state(
+            [self.author_empty, self.other_pony, self.other_stable]
+        )
         autodetector = MigrationAutodetector(before, after)
         changes = autodetector._detect_changes()
 
         # Run through arrange_for_graph
-        migration_name = 'custom_name'
+        migration_name = "custom_name"
         changes = autodetector.arrange_for_graph(changes, graph, migration_name)
 
         # Make sure there's a new name, deps match, etc.
         self.assertEqual(changes["testapp"][0].name, "0003_%s" % migration_name)
-        self.assertEqual(changes["testapp"][0].dependencies, [("testapp", "0002_foobar")])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            changes["testapp"][0].dependencies, [("testapp", "0002_foobar")]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(changes["otherapp"][0].name, "0002_%s" % migration_name)
-        self.assertEqual(changes["otherapp"][0].dependencies, [("otherapp", "0001_initial")])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            changes["otherapp"][0].dependencies, [("otherapp", "0001_initial")]
+        )
 
     def test_new_model(self):
         """Tests autodetection of new models."""
         changes = self.get_changes([], [self.other_pony_food])
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["CreateModel"])
         self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, name="Pony")
-        self.assertEqual([name for name, mgr in changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].managers],
-                         ['food_qs', 'food_mgr', 'food_mgr_kwargs'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [name for name, mgr in changes["otherapp"][0].operations[0].managers],
+            ["food_qs", "food_mgr", "food_mgr_kwargs"],
+        )
 
     def test_old_model(self):
         """Tests deletion of old models."""
         changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty], [])
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["DeleteModel"])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["DeleteModel"])
         self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="Author")
 
     def test_add_field(self):
         """Tests autodetection of new fields."""
         changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty], [self.author_name])
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AddField"])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AddField"])
         self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="name")
 
-    @mock.patch('django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_not_null_addition',
-                side_effect=AssertionError("Should not have prompted for not null addition"))
-    def test_add_date_fields_with_auto_now_not_asking_for_default(self, mocked_ask_method):
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty], [self.author_dates_of_birth_auto_now])
+    @mock.patch(
+        "django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_not_null_addition",
+        side_effect=AssertionError("Should not have prompted for not null addition"),
+    )
+    def test_add_date_fields_with_auto_now_not_asking_for_default(
+        self, mocked_ask_method
+    ):
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_empty], [self.author_dates_of_birth_auto_now]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AddField", "AddField", "AddField"])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, ["AddField", "AddField", "AddField"]
+        )
         self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, auto_now=True)
         self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, auto_now=True)
         self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 2, auto_now=True)
 
-    @mock.patch('django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_not_null_addition',
-                side_effect=AssertionError("Should not have prompted for not null addition"))
-    def test_add_date_fields_with_auto_now_add_not_asking_for_null_addition(self, mocked_ask_method):
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty], [self.author_dates_of_birth_auto_now_add])
+    @mock.patch(
+        "django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_not_null_addition",
+        side_effect=AssertionError("Should not have prompted for not null addition"),
+    )
+    def test_add_date_fields_with_auto_now_add_not_asking_for_null_addition(
+        self, mocked_ask_method
+    ):
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_empty], [self.author_dates_of_birth_auto_now_add]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AddField", "AddField", "AddField"])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, ["AddField", "AddField", "AddField"]
+        )
         self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, auto_now_add=True)
         self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, auto_now_add=True)
         self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 2, auto_now_add=True)
 
-    @mock.patch('django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_auto_now_add_addition')
-    def test_add_date_fields_with_auto_now_add_asking_for_default(self, mocked_ask_method):
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty], [self.author_dates_of_birth_auto_now_add])
+    @mock.patch(
+        "django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_auto_now_add_addition"
+    )
+    def test_add_date_fields_with_auto_now_add_asking_for_default(
+        self, mocked_ask_method
+    ):
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_empty], [self.author_dates_of_birth_auto_now_add]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AddField", "AddField", "AddField"])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, ["AddField", "AddField", "AddField"]
+        )
         self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, auto_now_add=True)
         self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, auto_now_add=True)
         self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 2, auto_now_add=True)
@@ -745,83 +1342,136 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         """Tests autodetection of removed fields."""
         changes = self.get_changes([self.author_name], [self.author_empty])
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["RemoveField"])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["RemoveField"])
         self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="name")
 
     def test_alter_field(self):
         """Tests autodetection of new fields."""
         changes = self.get_changes([self.author_name], [self.author_name_longer])
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AlterField"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="name", preserve_default=True)
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AlterField"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="name", preserve_default=True
+        )
 
     def test_supports_functools_partial(self):
         def _content_file_name(instance, filename, key, **kwargs):
-            return '{}/{}'.format(instance, filename)
+            return "{}/{}".format(instance, filename)
 
         def content_file_name(key, **kwargs):
             return functools.partial(_content_file_name, key, **kwargs)
 
         # An unchanged partial reference.
-        before = [ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ("file", models.FileField(max_length=200, upload_to=content_file_name('file'))),
-        ])]
-        after = [ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ("file", models.FileField(max_length=200, upload_to=content_file_name('file'))),
-        ])]
+        before = [
+            ModelState(
+                "testapp",
+                "Author",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    (
+                        "file",
+                        models.FileField(
+                            max_length=200, upload_to=content_file_name("file")
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                ],
+            )
+        ]
+        after = [
+            ModelState(
+                "testapp",
+                "Author",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    (
+                        "file",
+                        models.FileField(
+                            max_length=200, upload_to=content_file_name("file")
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                ],
+            )
+        ]
         changes = self.get_changes(before, after)
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 0)
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 0)
 
         # A changed partial reference.
-        args_changed = [ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ("file", models.FileField(max_length=200, upload_to=content_file_name('other-file'))),
-        ])]
+        args_changed = [
+            ModelState(
+                "testapp",
+                "Author",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    (
+                        "file",
+                        models.FileField(
+                            max_length=200, upload_to=content_file_name("other-file")
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                ],
+            )
+        ]
         changes = self.get_changes(before, args_changed)
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ['AlterField'])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AlterField"])
         # Can't use assertOperationFieldAttributes because we need the
         # deconstructed version, i.e., the exploded func/args/keywords rather
         # than the partial: we don't care if it's not the same instance of the
         # partial, only if it's the same source function, args, and keywords.
-        value = changes['testapp'][0].operations[0].field.upload_to
+        value = changes["testapp"][0].operations[0].field.upload_to
         self.assertEqual(
-            (_content_file_name, ('other-file',), {}),
-            (value.func, value.args, value.keywords)
+            (_content_file_name, ("other-file",), {}),
+            (value.func, value.args, value.keywords),
         )
 
-        kwargs_changed = [ModelState("testapp", "Author", [
-            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ("file", models.FileField(max_length=200, upload_to=content_file_name('file', spam='eggs'))),
-        ])]
+        kwargs_changed = [
+            ModelState(
+                "testapp",
+                "Author",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    (
+                        "file",
+                        models.FileField(
+                            max_length=200,
+                            upload_to=content_file_name("file", spam="eggs"),
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                ],
+            )
+        ]
         changes = self.get_changes(before, kwargs_changed)
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ['AlterField'])
-        value = changes['testapp'][0].operations[0].field.upload_to
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AlterField"])
+        value = changes["testapp"][0].operations[0].field.upload_to
         self.assertEqual(
-            (_content_file_name, ('file',), {'spam': 'eggs'}),
-            (value.func, value.args, value.keywords)
+            (_content_file_name, ("file",), {"spam": "eggs"}),
+            (value.func, value.args, value.keywords),
         )
 
-    @mock.patch('django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_not_null_alteration',
-                side_effect=AssertionError("Should not have prompted for not null addition"))
+    @mock.patch(
+        "django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_not_null_alteration",
+        side_effect=AssertionError("Should not have prompted for not null addition"),
+    )
     def test_alter_field_to_not_null_with_default(self, mocked_ask_method):
         """
         #23609 - Tests autodetection of nullable to non-nullable alterations.
         """
         changes = self.get_changes([self.author_name_null], [self.author_name_default])
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AlterField"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="name", preserve_default=True)
-        self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, default='Ada Lovelace')
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AlterField"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="name", preserve_default=True
+        )
+        self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, default="Ada Lovelace"
+        )
 
     @mock.patch(
-        'django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_not_null_alteration',
+        "django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_not_null_alteration",
         return_value=models.NOT_PROVIDED,
     )
     def test_alter_field_to_not_null_without_default(self, mocked_ask_method):
@@ -831,14 +1481,18 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         changes = self.get_changes([self.author_name_null], [self.author_name])
         self.assertEqual(mocked_ask_method.call_count, 1)
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AlterField"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="name", preserve_default=True)
-        self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, default=models.NOT_PROVIDED)
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AlterField"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="name", preserve_default=True
+        )
+        self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, default=models.NOT_PROVIDED
+        )
 
     @mock.patch(
-        'django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_not_null_alteration',
-        return_value='Some Name',
+        "django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_not_null_alteration",
+        return_value="Some Name",
     )
     def test_alter_field_to_not_null_oneoff_default(self, mocked_ask_method):
         """
@@ -847,140 +1501,269 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         changes = self.get_changes([self.author_name_null], [self.author_name])
         self.assertEqual(mocked_ask_method.call_count, 1)
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AlterField"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="name", preserve_default=False)
-        self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, default="Some Name")
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AlterField"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="name", preserve_default=False
+        )
+        self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, default="Some Name"
+        )
 
     def test_rename_field(self):
         """Tests autodetection of renamed fields."""
         changes = self.get_changes(
-            [self.author_name], [self.author_name_renamed], MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename": True})
+            [self.author_name],
+            [self.author_name_renamed],
+            MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename": True}),
         )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["RenameField"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, old_name="name", new_name="names")
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["RenameField"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, old_name="name", new_name="names"
+        )
 
     def test_rename_field_foreign_key_to_field(self):
         before = [
-            ModelState('app', 'Foo', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('field', models.IntegerField(unique=True)),
-            ]),
-            ModelState('app', 'Bar', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('foo', models.ForeignKey('app.Foo', models.CASCADE, to_field='field')),
-            ]),
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "Foo",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("field", models.IntegerField(unique=True)),
+                ],
+            ),
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "Bar",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    (
+                        "foo",
+                        models.ForeignKey("app.Foo", models.CASCADE, to_field="field"),
+                    ),
+                ],
+            ),
         ]
         after = [
-            ModelState('app', 'Foo', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('renamed_field', models.IntegerField(unique=True)),
-            ]),
-            ModelState('app', 'Bar', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('foo', models.ForeignKey('app.Foo', models.CASCADE, to_field='renamed_field')),
-            ]),
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "Foo",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("renamed_field", models.IntegerField(unique=True)),
+                ],
+            ),
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "Bar",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    (
+                        "foo",
+                        models.ForeignKey(
+                            "app.Foo", models.CASCADE, to_field="renamed_field"
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                ],
+            ),
         ]
-        changes = self.get_changes(before, after, MigrationQuestioner({'ask_rename': True}))
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            before, after, MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename": True})
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'app', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'app', 0, ['RenameField'])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'app', 0, 0, old_name='field', new_name='renamed_field')
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "app", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "app", 0, ["RenameField"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "app", 0, 0, old_name="field", new_name="renamed_field"
+        )
 
     def test_rename_foreign_object_fields(self):
-        fields = ('first', 'second')
-        renamed_fields = ('first_renamed', 'second_renamed')
+        fields = ("first", "second")
+        renamed_fields = ("first_renamed", "second_renamed")
         before = [
-            ModelState('app', 'Foo', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('first', models.IntegerField()),
-                ('second', models.IntegerField()),
-            ], options={'unique_together': {fields}}),
-            ModelState('app', 'Bar', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('first', models.IntegerField()),
-                ('second', models.IntegerField()),
-                ('foo', models.ForeignObject(
-                    'app.Foo', models.CASCADE, from_fields=fields, to_fields=fields,
-                )),
-            ]),
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "Foo",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("first", models.IntegerField()),
+                    ("second", models.IntegerField()),
+                ],
+                options={"unique_together": {fields}},
+            ),
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "Bar",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("first", models.IntegerField()),
+                    ("second", models.IntegerField()),
+                    (
+                        "foo",
+                        models.ForeignObject(
+                            "app.Foo",
+                            models.CASCADE,
+                            from_fields=fields,
+                            to_fields=fields,
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                ],
+            ),
         ]
         # Case 1: to_fields renames.
         after = [
-            ModelState('app', 'Foo', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('first_renamed', models.IntegerField()),
-                ('second_renamed', models.IntegerField()),
-            ], options={'unique_together': {renamed_fields}}),
-            ModelState('app', 'Bar', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('first', models.IntegerField()),
-                ('second', models.IntegerField()),
-                ('foo', models.ForeignObject(
-                    'app.Foo', models.CASCADE, from_fields=fields, to_fields=renamed_fields,
-                )),
-            ]),
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "Foo",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("first_renamed", models.IntegerField()),
+                    ("second_renamed", models.IntegerField()),
+                ],
+                options={"unique_together": {renamed_fields}},
+            ),
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "Bar",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("first", models.IntegerField()),
+                    ("second", models.IntegerField()),
+                    (
+                        "foo",
+                        models.ForeignObject(
+                            "app.Foo",
+                            models.CASCADE,
+                            from_fields=fields,
+                            to_fields=renamed_fields,
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                ],
+            ),
         ]
-        changes = self.get_changes(before, after, MigrationQuestioner({'ask_rename': True}))
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'app', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'app', 0, ['RenameField', 'RenameField', 'AlterUniqueTogether'])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'app', 0, 0, model_name='foo', old_name='first', new_name='first_renamed',
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            before, after, MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename": True})
+        )
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "app", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes, "app", 0, ["RenameField", "RenameField", "AlterUniqueTogether"]
         )
         self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'app', 0, 1, model_name='foo', old_name='second', new_name='second_renamed',
+            changes,
+            "app",
+            0,
+            0,
+            model_name="foo",
+            old_name="first",
+            new_name="first_renamed",
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes,
+            "app",
+            0,
+            1,
+            model_name="foo",
+            old_name="second",
+            new_name="second_renamed",
         )
         # Case 2: from_fields renames.
         after = [
-            ModelState('app', 'Foo', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('first', models.IntegerField()),
-                ('second', models.IntegerField()),
-            ], options={'unique_together': {fields}}),
-            ModelState('app', 'Bar', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('first_renamed', models.IntegerField()),
-                ('second_renamed', models.IntegerField()),
-                ('foo', models.ForeignObject(
-                    'app.Foo', models.CASCADE, from_fields=renamed_fields, to_fields=fields,
-                )),
-            ]),
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "Foo",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("first", models.IntegerField()),
+                    ("second", models.IntegerField()),
+                ],
+                options={"unique_together": {fields}},
+            ),
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "Bar",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("first_renamed", models.IntegerField()),
+                    ("second_renamed", models.IntegerField()),
+                    (
+                        "foo",
+                        models.ForeignObject(
+                            "app.Foo",
+                            models.CASCADE,
+                            from_fields=renamed_fields,
+                            to_fields=fields,
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                ],
+            ),
         ]
-        changes = self.get_changes(before, after, MigrationQuestioner({'ask_rename': True}))
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'app', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'app', 0, ['RenameField', 'RenameField'])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            before, after, MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename": True})
+        )
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "app", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "app", 0, ["RenameField", "RenameField"])
         self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'app', 0, 0, model_name='bar', old_name='first', new_name='first_renamed',
+            changes,
+            "app",
+            0,
+            0,
+            model_name="bar",
+            old_name="first",
+            new_name="first_renamed",
         )
         self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'app', 0, 1, model_name='bar', old_name='second', new_name='second_renamed',
+            changes,
+            "app",
+            0,
+            1,
+            model_name="bar",
+            old_name="second",
+            new_name="second_renamed",
         )
 
     def test_rename_referenced_primary_key(self):
         before = [
-            ModelState('app', 'Foo', [
-                ('id', models.CharField(primary_key=True, serialize=False)),
-            ]),
-            ModelState('app', 'Bar', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('foo', models.ForeignKey('app.Foo', models.CASCADE)),
-            ]),
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "Foo",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.CharField(primary_key=True, serialize=False)),
+                ],
+            ),
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "Bar",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("foo", models.ForeignKey("app.Foo", models.CASCADE)),
+                ],
+            ),
         ]
         after = [
-            ModelState('app', 'Foo', [
-                ('renamed_id', models.CharField(primary_key=True, serialize=False))
-            ]),
-            ModelState('app', 'Bar', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('foo', models.ForeignKey('app.Foo', models.CASCADE)),
-            ]),
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "Foo",
+                [("renamed_id", models.CharField(primary_key=True, serialize=False))],
+            ),
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "Bar",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("foo", models.ForeignKey("app.Foo", models.CASCADE)),
+                ],
+            ),
         ]
-        changes = self.get_changes(before, after, MigrationQuestioner({'ask_rename': True}))
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'app', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'app', 0, ['RenameField'])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'app', 0, 0, old_name='id', new_name='renamed_id')
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            before, after, MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename": True})
+        )
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "app", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "app", 0, ["RenameField"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "app", 0, 0, old_name="id", new_name="renamed_id"
+        )
 
     def test_rename_field_preserved_db_column(self):
         """
@@ -988,85 +1771,161 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         old field's column is added.
         """
         before = [
-            ModelState('app', 'Foo', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('field', models.IntegerField()),
-            ]),
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "Foo",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("field", models.IntegerField()),
+                ],
+            ),
         ]
         after = [
-            ModelState('app', 'Foo', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('renamed_field', models.IntegerField(db_column='field')),
-            ]),
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "Foo",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("renamed_field", models.IntegerField(db_column="field")),
+                ],
+            ),
         ]
-        changes = self.get_changes(before, after, MigrationQuestioner({'ask_rename': True}))
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'app', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'app', 0, ['AlterField', 'RenameField'])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'app', 0, 0, model_name='foo', name='field',
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            before, after, MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename": True})
         )
-        self.assertEqual(changes['app'][0].operations[0].field.deconstruct(), (
-            'field', 'django.db.models.IntegerField', [], {'db_column': 'field'},
-        ))
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "app", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "app", 0, ["AlterField", "RenameField"])
         self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'app', 0, 1, model_name='foo', old_name='field',
-            new_name='renamed_field',
+            changes,
+            "app",
+            0,
+            0,
+            model_name="foo",
+            name="field",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            changes["app"][0].operations[0].field.deconstruct(),
+            (
+                "field",
+                "django.db.models.IntegerField",
+                [],
+                {"db_column": "field"},
+            ),
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes,
+            "app",
+            0,
+            1,
+            model_name="foo",
+            old_name="field",
+            new_name="renamed_field",
         )
 
     def test_rename_related_field_preserved_db_column(self):
         before = [
-            ModelState('app', 'Foo', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ]),
-            ModelState('app', 'Bar', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('foo', models.ForeignKey('app.Foo', models.CASCADE)),
-            ]),
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "Foo",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ],
+            ),
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "Bar",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("foo", models.ForeignKey("app.Foo", models.CASCADE)),
+                ],
+            ),
         ]
         after = [
-            ModelState('app', 'Foo', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ]),
-            ModelState('app', 'Bar', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('renamed_foo', models.ForeignKey('app.Foo', models.CASCADE, db_column='foo_id')),
-            ]),
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "Foo",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ],
+            ),
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "Bar",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    (
+                        "renamed_foo",
+                        models.ForeignKey(
+                            "app.Foo", models.CASCADE, db_column="foo_id"
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                ],
+            ),
         ]
-        changes = self.get_changes(before, after, MigrationQuestioner({'ask_rename': True}))
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'app', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'app', 0, ['AlterField', 'RenameField'])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'app', 0, 0, model_name='bar', name='foo',
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            before, after, MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename": True})
         )
-        self.assertEqual(changes['app'][0].operations[0].field.deconstruct(), (
-            'foo',
-            'django.db.models.ForeignKey',
-            [],
-            {'to': 'app.foo', 'on_delete': models.CASCADE, 'db_column': 'foo_id'},
-        ))
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "app", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "app", 0, ["AlterField", "RenameField"])
         self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'app', 0, 1, model_name='bar', old_name='foo',
-            new_name='renamed_foo',
+            changes,
+            "app",
+            0,
+            0,
+            model_name="bar",
+            name="foo",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            changes["app"][0].operations[0].field.deconstruct(),
+            (
+                "foo",
+                "django.db.models.ForeignKey",
+                [],
+                {"to": "app.foo", "on_delete": models.CASCADE, "db_column": "foo_id"},
+            ),
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes,
+            "app",
+            0,
+            1,
+            model_name="bar",
+            old_name="foo",
+            new_name="renamed_foo",
         )
 
     def test_rename_field_with_renamed_model(self):
         changes = self.get_changes(
             [self.author_name],
             [
-                ModelState('testapp', 'RenamedAuthor', [
-                    ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                    ('renamed_name', models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-                ]),
+                ModelState(
+                    "testapp",
+                    "RenamedAuthor",
+                    [
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                        ("renamed_name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+                    ],
+                ),
             ],
-            MigrationQuestioner({'ask_rename_model': True, 'ask_rename': True}),
+            MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename_model": True, "ask_rename": True}),
         )
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ['RenameModel', 'RenameField'])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["RenameModel", "RenameField"])
         self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, old_name='Author', new_name='RenamedAuthor',
+            changes,
+            "testapp",
+            0,
+            0,
+            old_name="Author",
+            new_name="RenamedAuthor",
         )
         self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, old_name='name', new_name='renamed_name',
+            changes,
+            "testapp",
+            0,
+            1,
+            old_name="name",
+            new_name="renamed_name",
         )
 
     def test_rename_model(self):
@@ -1077,41 +1936,51 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
             MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename_model": True}),
         )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["RenameModel"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, old_name="Author", new_name="Writer")
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["RenameModel"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, old_name="Author", new_name="Writer"
+        )
         # Now that RenameModel handles related fields too, there should be
         # no AlterField for the related field.
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 0)
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 0)
 
     def test_rename_model_case(self):
         """
         Model name is case-insensitive. Changing case doesn't lead to any
         autodetected operations.
         """
-        author_renamed = ModelState('testapp', 'author', [
-            ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ])
+        author_renamed = ModelState(
+            "testapp",
+            "author",
+            [
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ],
+        )
         changes = self.get_changes(
             [self.author_empty, self.book],
             [author_renamed, self.book],
-            questioner=MigrationQuestioner({'ask_rename_model': True}),
+            questioner=MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename_model": True}),
         )
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 0)
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 0)
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 0)
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 0)
 
     def test_renamed_referenced_m2m_model_case(self):
-        publisher_renamed = ModelState('testapp', 'publisher', [
-            ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ('name', models.CharField(max_length=100)),
-        ])
+        publisher_renamed = ModelState(
+            "testapp",
+            "publisher",
+            [
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
+            ],
+        )
         changes = self.get_changes(
             [self.publisher, self.author_with_m2m],
             [publisher_renamed, self.author_with_m2m],
-            questioner=MigrationQuestioner({'ask_rename_model': True}),
+            questioner=MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename_model": True}),
         )
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 0)
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 0)
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 0)
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 0)
 
     def test_rename_m2m_through_model(self):
         """
@@ -1120,13 +1989,19 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         """
         changes = self.get_changes(
             [self.author_with_m2m_through, self.publisher, self.contract],
-            [self.author_with_renamed_m2m_through, self.publisher, self.contract_renamed],
-            MigrationQuestioner({'ask_rename_model': True})
+            [
+                self.author_with_renamed_m2m_through,
+                self.publisher,
+                self.contract_renamed,
+            ],
+            MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename_model": True}),
         )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ['RenameModel'])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, old_name='Contract', new_name='Deal')
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["RenameModel"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, old_name="Contract", new_name="Deal"
+        )
 
     def test_rename_model_with_renamed_rel_field(self):
         """
@@ -1139,14 +2014,18 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
             MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename": True, "ask_rename_model": True}),
         )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["RenameModel"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, old_name="Author", new_name="Writer")
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["RenameModel"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, old_name="Author", new_name="Writer"
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations for related field rename?
         # Alter is already taken care of.
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ["RenameField"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, old_name="author", new_name="writer")
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["RenameField"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, old_name="author", new_name="writer"
+        )
 
     def test_rename_model_with_fks_in_different_position(self):
         """
@@ -1154,29 +2033,49 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         the RenameModel detection.
         """
         before = [
-            ModelState("testapp", "EntityA", [
-                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ]),
-            ModelState("testapp", "EntityB", [
-                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("some_label", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
-                ("entity_a", models.ForeignKey("testapp.EntityA", models.CASCADE)),
-            ]),
+            ModelState(
+                "testapp",
+                "EntityA",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ],
+            ),
+            ModelState(
+                "testapp",
+                "EntityB",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("some_label", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
+                    ("entity_a", models.ForeignKey("testapp.EntityA", models.CASCADE)),
+                ],
+            ),
         ]
         after = [
-            ModelState("testapp", "EntityA", [
-                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ]),
-            ModelState("testapp", "RenamedEntityB", [
-                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("entity_a", models.ForeignKey("testapp.EntityA", models.CASCADE)),
-                ("some_label", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
-            ]),
+            ModelState(
+                "testapp",
+                "EntityA",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ],
+            ),
+            ModelState(
+                "testapp",
+                "RenamedEntityB",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("entity_a", models.ForeignKey("testapp.EntityA", models.CASCADE)),
+                    ("some_label", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
+                ],
+            ),
         ]
-        changes = self.get_changes(before, after, MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename_model": True}))
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            before, after, MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename_model": True})
+        )
         self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
         self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["RenameModel"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, old_name="EntityB", new_name="RenamedEntityB")
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, old_name="EntityB", new_name="RenamedEntityB"
+        )
 
     def test_rename_model_reverse_relation_dependencies(self):
         """
@@ -1186,28 +2085,53 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         dependency on that other migration.
         """
         before = [
-            ModelState('testapp', 'EntityA', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ]),
-            ModelState('otherapp', 'EntityB', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('entity_a', models.ForeignKey('testapp.EntityA', models.CASCADE)),
-            ]),
+            ModelState(
+                "testapp",
+                "EntityA",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ],
+            ),
+            ModelState(
+                "otherapp",
+                "EntityB",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("entity_a", models.ForeignKey("testapp.EntityA", models.CASCADE)),
+                ],
+            ),
         ]
         after = [
-            ModelState('testapp', 'RenamedEntityA', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ]),
-            ModelState('otherapp', 'EntityB', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('entity_a', models.ForeignKey('testapp.RenamedEntityA', models.CASCADE)),
-            ]),
+            ModelState(
+                "testapp",
+                "RenamedEntityA",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ],
+            ),
+            ModelState(
+                "otherapp",
+                "EntityB",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    (
+                        "entity_a",
+                        models.ForeignKey("testapp.RenamedEntityA", models.CASCADE),
+                    ),
+                ],
+            ),
         ]
-        changes = self.get_changes(before, after, MigrationQuestioner({'ask_rename_model': True}))
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'testapp', 0, [('otherapp', '__first__')])
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ['RenameModel'])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, old_name='EntityA', new_name='RenamedEntityA')
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            before, after, MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename_model": True})
+        )
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, [("otherapp", "__first__")]
+        )
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["RenameModel"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, old_name="EntityA", new_name="RenamedEntityA"
+        )
 
     def test_fk_dependency(self):
         """Having a ForeignKey automatically adds a dependency."""
@@ -1216,41 +2140,51 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         # thirdapp (edition) depends on otherapp (book)
         changes = self.get_changes([], [self.author_name, self.book, self.edition])
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="Author")
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'testapp', 0, [])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["CreateModel"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="Author")
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, "testapp", 0, [])
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, name="Book")
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'otherapp', 0, [("testapp", "auto_1")])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["CreateModel"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, name="Book")
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, [("testapp", "auto_1")]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'thirdapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, 0, name="Edition")
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, [("otherapp", "auto_1")])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "thirdapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "thirdapp", 0, ["CreateModel"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "thirdapp", 0, 0, name="Edition")
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(
+            changes, "thirdapp", 0, [("otherapp", "auto_1")]
+        )
 
     def test_proxy_fk_dependency(self):
         """FK dependencies still work on proxy models."""
         # Note that testapp (author) has no dependencies,
         # otherapp (book) depends on testapp (authorproxy)
-        changes = self.get_changes([], [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy_third, self.book_proxy_fk])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [], [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy_third, self.book_proxy_fk]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="Author")
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'testapp', 0, [])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["CreateModel"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="Author")
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, "testapp", 0, [])
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, name="Book")
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'otherapp', 0, [("thirdapp", "auto_1")])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["CreateModel"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, name="Book")
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, [("thirdapp", "auto_1")]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'thirdapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, 0, name="AuthorProxy")
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, [("testapp", "auto_1")])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "thirdapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "thirdapp", 0, ["CreateModel"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "thirdapp", 0, 0, name="AuthorProxy")
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(
+            changes, "thirdapp", 0, [("testapp", "auto_1")]
+        )
 
     def test_same_app_no_fk_dependency(self):
         """
@@ -1259,47 +2193,57 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         """
         changes = self.get_changes([], [self.author_with_publisher, self.publisher])
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel"])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel"])
         self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="Publisher")
         self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="Author")
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'testapp', 0, [])
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, "testapp", 0, [])
 
     def test_circular_fk_dependency(self):
         """
         Having a circular ForeignKey dependency automatically
         resolves the situation into 2 migrations on one side and 1 on the other.
         """
-        changes = self.get_changes([], [self.author_with_book, self.book, self.publisher_with_book])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [], [self.author_with_book, self.book, self.publisher_with_book]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel"])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel"])
         self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="Publisher")
         self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="Author")
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'testapp', 0, [("otherapp", "auto_1")])
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, [("otherapp", "auto_1")]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 2)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 1, ["AddField"])
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'otherapp', 0, [])
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'otherapp', 1, [("otherapp", "auto_1"), ("testapp", "auto_1")])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 2)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["CreateModel"])
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 1, ["AddField"])
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, "otherapp", 0, [])
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(
+            changes, "otherapp", 1, [("otherapp", "auto_1"), ("testapp", "auto_1")]
+        )
         # both split migrations should be `initial`
-        self.assertTrue(changes['otherapp'][0].initial)
-        self.assertTrue(changes['otherapp'][1].initial)
+        self.assertTrue(changes["otherapp"][0].initial)
+        self.assertTrue(changes["otherapp"][1].initial)
 
     def test_same_app_circular_fk_dependency(self):
         """
         A migration with a FK between two models of the same app does
         not have a dependency to itself.
         """
-        changes = self.get_changes([], [self.author_with_publisher, self.publisher_with_author])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [], [self.author_with_publisher, self.publisher_with_author]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel", "AddField"])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel", "AddField"]
+        )
         self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="Author")
         self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="Publisher")
         self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 2, name="publisher")
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'testapp', 0, [])
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, "testapp", 0, [])
 
     def test_same_app_circular_fk_dependency_with_unique_together_and_indexes(self):
         """
@@ -1309,43 +2253,60 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         """
         changes = self.get_changes([], [self.knight, self.rabbit])
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'eggs', 1)
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "eggs", 1)
         self.assertOperationTypes(
-            changes, 'eggs', 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel", "AddIndex", "AlterUniqueTogether"]
+            changes,
+            "eggs",
+            0,
+            ["CreateModel", "CreateModel", "AddIndex", "AlterUniqueTogether"],
         )
-        self.assertNotIn("unique_together", changes['eggs'][0].operations[0].options)
-        self.assertNotIn("unique_together", changes['eggs'][0].operations[1].options)
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'eggs', 0, [])
+        self.assertNotIn("unique_together", changes["eggs"][0].operations[0].options)
+        self.assertNotIn("unique_together", changes["eggs"][0].operations[1].options)
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, "eggs", 0, [])
 
     def test_alter_db_table_add(self):
         """Tests detection for adding db_table in model's options."""
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty], [self.author_with_db_table_options])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_empty], [self.author_with_db_table_options]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AlterModelTable"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="author", table="author_one")
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AlterModelTable"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="author", table="author_one"
+        )
 
     def test_alter_db_table_change(self):
         """Tests detection for changing db_table in model's options'."""
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_with_db_table_options], [self.author_with_new_db_table_options])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_with_db_table_options], [self.author_with_new_db_table_options]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AlterModelTable"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="author", table="author_two")
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AlterModelTable"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="author", table="author_two"
+        )
 
     def test_alter_db_table_remove(self):
         """Tests detection for removing db_table in model's options."""
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_with_db_table_options], [self.author_empty])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_with_db_table_options], [self.author_empty]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AlterModelTable"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="author", table=None)
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AlterModelTable"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="author", table=None
+        )
 
     def test_alter_db_table_no_changes(self):
         """
         Alter_db_table doesn't generate a migration if no changes have been made.
         """
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_with_db_table_options], [self.author_with_db_table_options])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_with_db_table_options], [self.author_with_db_table_options]
+        )
         # Right number of migrations?
         self.assertEqual(len(changes), 0)
 
@@ -1360,9 +2321,11 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
             MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename_model": True}),
         )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["RenameModel"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, old_name="Author", new_name="NewAuthor")
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["RenameModel"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, old_name="Author", new_name="NewAuthor"
+        )
 
     def test_alter_db_table_with_model_change(self):
         """
@@ -1375,23 +2338,41 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
             MigrationQuestioner({"ask_rename_model": True}),
         )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["RenameModel", "AlterModelTable"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, old_name="Author", new_name="NewAuthor")
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="newauthor", table="author_three")
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, ["RenameModel", "AlterModelTable"]
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, old_name="Author", new_name="NewAuthor"
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="newauthor", table="author_three"
+        )
 
     def test_identical_regex_doesnt_alter(self):
         from_state = ModelState(
-            "testapp", "model", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True, validators=[
-                RegexValidator(
-                    re.compile('^[-a-zA-Z0-9_]+\\Z'),
-                    'Enter a valid “slug” consisting of letters, numbers, underscores or hyphens.',
-                    'invalid'
+            "testapp",
+            "model",
+            [
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        primary_key=True,
+                        validators=[
+                            RegexValidator(
+                                re.compile("^[-a-zA-Z0-9_]+\\Z"),
+                                "Enter a valid “slug” consisting of letters, numbers, underscores or hyphens.",
+                                "invalid",
+                            )
+                        ],
+                    ),
                 )
-            ]))]
+            ],
         )
         to_state = ModelState(
-            "testapp", "model", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True, validators=[validate_slug]))]
+            "testapp",
+            "model",
+            [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True, validators=[validate_slug]))],
         )
         changes = self.get_changes([from_state], [to_state])
         # Right number/type of migrations?
@@ -1399,16 +2380,28 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_different_regex_does_alter(self):
         from_state = ModelState(
-            "testapp", "model", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True, validators=[
-                RegexValidator(
-                    re.compile('^[a-z]+\\Z', 32),
-                    'Enter a valid “slug” consisting of letters, numbers, underscores or hyphens.',
-                    'invalid'
+            "testapp",
+            "model",
+            [
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        primary_key=True,
+                        validators=[
+                            RegexValidator(
+                                re.compile("^[a-z]+\\Z", 32),
+                                "Enter a valid “slug” consisting of letters, numbers, underscores or hyphens.",
+                                "invalid",
+                            )
+                        ],
+                    ),
                 )
-            ]))]
+            ],
         )
         to_state = ModelState(
-            "testapp", "model", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True, validators=[validate_slug]))]
+            "testapp",
+            "model",
+            [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True, validators=[validate_slug]))],
         )
         changes = self.get_changes([from_state], [to_state])
         self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
@@ -1420,38 +2413,60 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         """
         # Explicitly testing for not specified, since this is the case after
         # a CreateModel operation w/o any definition on the original model
-        model_state_not_specified = ModelState("a", "model", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))])
+        model_state_not_specified = ModelState(
+            "a", "model", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))]
+        )
         # Explicitly testing for None, since this was the issue in #23452 after
         # an AlterFooTogether operation with e.g. () as value
-        model_state_none = ModelState("a", "model", [
-            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))
-        ], {
-            "index_together": None,
-            "unique_together": None,
-        })
+        model_state_none = ModelState(
+            "a",
+            "model",
+            [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))],
+            {
+                "index_together": None,
+                "unique_together": None,
+            },
+        )
         # Explicitly testing for the empty set, since we now always have sets.
         # During removal (('col1', 'col2'),) --> () this becomes set([])
-        model_state_empty = ModelState("a", "model", [
-            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))
-        ], {
-            "index_together": set(),
-            "unique_together": set(),
-        })
+        model_state_empty = ModelState(
+            "a",
+            "model",
+            [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))],
+            {
+                "index_together": set(),
+                "unique_together": set(),
+            },
+        )
 
         def test(from_state, to_state, msg):
             changes = self.get_changes([from_state], [to_state])
             if changes:
-                ops = ', '.join(o.__class__.__name__ for o in changes['a'][0].operations)
-                self.fail('Created operation(s) %s from %s' % (ops, msg))
+                ops = ", ".join(
+                    o.__class__.__name__ for o in changes["a"][0].operations
+                )
+                self.fail("Created operation(s) %s from %s" % (ops, msg))
 
         tests = (
-            (model_state_not_specified, model_state_not_specified, '"not specified" to "not specified"'),
+            (
+                model_state_not_specified,
+                model_state_not_specified,
+                '"not specified" to "not specified"',
+            ),
             (model_state_not_specified, model_state_none, '"not specified" to "None"'),
-            (model_state_not_specified, model_state_empty, '"not specified" to "empty"'),
+            (
+                model_state_not_specified,
+                model_state_empty,
+                '"not specified" to "empty"',
+            ),
             (model_state_none, model_state_not_specified, '"None" to "not specified"'),
             (model_state_none, model_state_none, '"None" to "None"'),
             (model_state_none, model_state_empty, '"None" to "empty"'),
-            (model_state_empty, model_state_not_specified, '"empty" to "not specified"'),
+            (
+                model_state_empty,
+                model_state_not_specified,
+                '"empty" to "not specified"',
+            ),
             (model_state_empty, model_state_none, '"empty" to "None"'),
             (model_state_empty, model_state_empty, '"empty" to "empty"'),
         )
@@ -1461,114 +2476,202 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_create_model_with_indexes(self):
         """Test creation of new model with indexes already defined."""
-        author = ModelState('otherapp', 'Author', [
-            ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ('name', models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-        ], {'indexes': [models.Index(fields=['name'], name='create_model_with_indexes_idx')]})
+        author = ModelState(
+            "otherapp",
+            "Author",
+            [
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+            ],
+            {
+                "indexes": [
+                    models.Index(fields=["name"], name="create_model_with_indexes_idx")
+                ]
+            },
+        )
         changes = self.get_changes([], [author])
-        added_index = models.Index(fields=['name'], name='create_model_with_indexes_idx')
+        added_index = models.Index(
+            fields=["name"], name="create_model_with_indexes_idx"
+        )
         # Right number of migrations?
-        self.assertEqual(len(changes['otherapp']), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(changes["otherapp"]), 1)
         # Right number of actions?
-        migration = changes['otherapp'][0]
+        migration = changes["otherapp"][0]
         self.assertEqual(len(migration.operations), 2)
         # Right actions order?
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ['CreateModel', 'AddIndex'])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, name='Author')
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 1, model_name='author', index=added_index)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["CreateModel", "AddIndex"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, name="Author")
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, 1, model_name="author", index=added_index
+        )
 
     def test_add_indexes(self):
         """Test change detection of new indexes."""
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty, self.book], [self.author_empty, self.book_indexes])
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ['AddIndex'])
-        added_index = models.Index(fields=['author', 'title'], name='book_title_author_idx')
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, model_name='book', index=added_index)
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_empty, self.book], [self.author_empty, self.book_indexes]
+        )
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["AddIndex"])
+        added_index = models.Index(
+            fields=["author", "title"], name="book_title_author_idx"
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, model_name="book", index=added_index
+        )
 
     def test_remove_indexes(self):
         """Test change detection of removed indexes."""
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty, self.book_indexes], [self.author_empty, self.book])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_empty, self.book_indexes], [self.author_empty, self.book]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ['RemoveIndex'])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, model_name='book', name='book_title_author_idx')
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["RemoveIndex"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, model_name="book", name="book_title_author_idx"
+        )
 
     def test_order_fields_indexes(self):
         """Test change detection of reordering of fields in indexes."""
         changes = self.get_changes(
-            [self.author_empty, self.book_indexes], [self.author_empty, self.book_unordered_indexes]
+            [self.author_empty, self.book_indexes],
+            [self.author_empty, self.book_unordered_indexes],
+        )
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["RemoveIndex", "AddIndex"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, model_name="book", name="book_title_author_idx"
+        )
+        added_index = models.Index(
+            fields=["title", "author"], name="book_author_title_idx"
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, 1, model_name="book", index=added_index
         )
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ['RemoveIndex', 'AddIndex'])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, model_name='book', name='book_title_author_idx')
-        added_index = models.Index(fields=['title', 'author'], name='book_author_title_idx')
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 1, model_name='book', index=added_index)
 
     def test_create_model_with_check_constraint(self):
         """Test creation of new model with constraints already defined."""
-        author = ModelState('otherapp', 'Author', [
-            ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ('name', models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-        ], {'constraints': [models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(name__contains='Bob'), name='name_contains_bob')]})
+        author = ModelState(
+            "otherapp",
+            "Author",
+            [
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+            ],
+            {
+                "constraints": [
+                    models.CheckConstraint(
+                        check=models.Q(name__contains="Bob"), name="name_contains_bob"
+                    )
+                ]
+            },
+        )
         changes = self.get_changes([], [author])
-        added_constraint = models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(name__contains='Bob'), name='name_contains_bob')
+        added_constraint = models.CheckConstraint(
+            check=models.Q(name__contains="Bob"), name="name_contains_bob"
+        )
         # Right number of migrations?
-        self.assertEqual(len(changes['otherapp']), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(changes["otherapp"]), 1)
         # Right number of actions?
-        migration = changes['otherapp'][0]
+        migration = changes["otherapp"][0]
         self.assertEqual(len(migration.operations), 2)
         # Right actions order?
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ['CreateModel', 'AddConstraint'])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, name='Author')
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 1, model_name='author', constraint=added_constraint)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, ["CreateModel", "AddConstraint"]
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, name="Author")
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, 1, model_name="author", constraint=added_constraint
+        )
 
     def test_add_constraints(self):
         """Test change detection of new constraints."""
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_name], [self.author_name_check_constraint])
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ['AddConstraint'])
-        added_constraint = models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(name__contains='Bob'), name='name_contains_bob')
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, model_name='author', constraint=added_constraint)
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_name], [self.author_name_check_constraint]
+        )
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AddConstraint"])
+        added_constraint = models.CheckConstraint(
+            check=models.Q(name__contains="Bob"), name="name_contains_bob"
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, model_name="author", constraint=added_constraint
+        )
 
     def test_remove_constraints(self):
         """Test change detection of removed constraints."""
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_name_check_constraint], [self.author_name])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_name_check_constraint], [self.author_name]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ['RemoveConstraint'])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, model_name='author', name='name_contains_bob')
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["RemoveConstraint"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, model_name="author", name="name_contains_bob"
+        )
 
     def test_add_foo_together(self):
         """Tests index/unique_together detection."""
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty, self.book], [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_empty, self.book], [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
         self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["AlterUniqueTogether", "AlterIndexTogether"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, name="book", unique_together={("author", "title")})
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 1, name="book", index_together={("author", "title")})
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, ["AlterUniqueTogether", "AlterIndexTogether"]
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes,
+            "otherapp",
+            0,
+            0,
+            name="book",
+            unique_together={("author", "title")},
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, 1, name="book", index_together={("author", "title")}
+        )
 
     def test_remove_foo_together(self):
         """Tests index/unique_together detection."""
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together], [self.author_empty, self.book])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together], [self.author_empty, self.book]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
         self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["AlterUniqueTogether", "AlterIndexTogether"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, name="book", unique_together=set())
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 1, name="book", index_together=set())
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, ["AlterUniqueTogether", "AlterIndexTogether"]
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, name="book", unique_together=set()
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, 1, name="book", index_together=set()
+        )
 
     def test_foo_together_remove_fk(self):
         """Tests unique_together and field removal detection & ordering"""
         changes = self.get_changes(
-            [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together], [self.author_empty, self.book_with_no_author]
+            [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together],
+            [self.author_empty, self.book_with_no_author],
         )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
         self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, [
-            "AlterUniqueTogether", "AlterIndexTogether", "RemoveField"
-        ])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, name="book", unique_together=set())
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 1, name="book", index_together=set())
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 2, model_name="book", name="author")
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes,
+            "otherapp",
+            0,
+            ["AlterUniqueTogether", "AlterIndexTogether", "RemoveField"],
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, name="book", unique_together=set()
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, 1, name="book", index_together=set()
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, 2, model_name="book", name="author"
+        )
 
     def test_foo_together_no_changes(self):
         """
@@ -1576,7 +2679,8 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         changes have been made.
         """
         changes = self.get_changes(
-            [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together], [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together]
+            [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together],
+            [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together],
         )
         # Right number of migrations?
         self.assertEqual(len(changes), 0)
@@ -1586,57 +2690,106 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         index/unique_together also triggers on ordering changes.
         """
         changes = self.get_changes(
-            [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together], [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together_2]
+            [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together],
+            [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together_2],
         )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
         self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, [
-            'AlterUniqueTogether',
-            'AlterIndexTogether',
-        ])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, name='book',
-            unique_together={('title', 'author')},
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes,
+            "otherapp",
+            0,
+            [
+                "AlterUniqueTogether",
+                "AlterIndexTogether",
+            ],
         )
         self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'otherapp', 0, 1, name='book',
-            index_together={('title', 'author')},
+            changes,
+            "otherapp",
+            0,
+            0,
+            name="book",
+            unique_together={("title", "author")},
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes,
+            "otherapp",
+            0,
+            1,
+            name="book",
+            index_together={("title", "author")},
         )
 
     def test_add_field_and_foo_together(self):
         """
         Added fields will be created before using them in index/unique_together.
         """
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty, self.book], [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together_3])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_empty, self.book],
+            [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together_3],
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
         self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["AddField", "AlterUniqueTogether", "AlterIndexTogether"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 1, name="book", unique_together={("title", "newfield")})
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 2, name="book", index_together={("title", "newfield")})
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes,
+            "otherapp",
+            0,
+            ["AddField", "AlterUniqueTogether", "AlterIndexTogether"],
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes,
+            "otherapp",
+            0,
+            1,
+            name="book",
+            unique_together={("title", "newfield")},
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes,
+            "otherapp",
+            0,
+            2,
+            name="book",
+            index_together={("title", "newfield")},
+        )
 
     def test_create_model_and_unique_together(self):
-        author = ModelState("otherapp", "Author", [
-            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-        ])
-        book_with_author = ModelState("otherapp", "Book", [
-            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ("author", models.ForeignKey("otherapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
-            ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-        ], {
-            "index_together": {("title", "author")},
-            "unique_together": {("title", "author")},
-        })
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.book_with_no_author], [author, book_with_author])
+        author = ModelState(
+            "otherapp",
+            "Author",
+            [
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+            ],
+        )
+        book_with_author = ModelState(
+            "otherapp",
+            "Book",
+            [
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("author", models.ForeignKey("otherapp.Author", models.CASCADE)),
+                ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+            ],
+            {
+                "index_together": {("title", "author")},
+                "unique_together": {("title", "author")},
+            },
+        )
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.book_with_no_author], [author, book_with_author]
+        )
         # Right number of migrations?
-        self.assertEqual(len(changes['otherapp']), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(changes["otherapp"]), 1)
         # Right number of actions?
-        migration = changes['otherapp'][0]
+        migration = changes["otherapp"][0]
         self.assertEqual(len(migration.operations), 4)
         # Right actions order?
         self.assertOperationTypes(
-            changes, 'otherapp', 0,
-            ['CreateModel', 'AddField', 'AlterUniqueTogether', 'AlterIndexTogether']
+            changes,
+            "otherapp",
+            0,
+            ["CreateModel", "AddField", "AlterUniqueTogether", "AlterIndexTogether"],
         )
 
     def test_remove_field_and_foo_together(self):
@@ -1644,95 +2797,173 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         Removed fields will be removed after updating index/unique_together.
         """
         changes = self.get_changes(
-            [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together_3], [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together]
+            [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together_3],
+            [self.author_empty, self.book_foo_together],
         )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
         self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, [
-            'AlterUniqueTogether',
-            'AlterIndexTogether',
-            'RemoveField',
-        ])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, name='book',
-            unique_together={('author', 'title')},
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes,
+            "otherapp",
+            0,
+            [
+                "AlterUniqueTogether",
+                "AlterIndexTogether",
+                "RemoveField",
+            ],
         )
         self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'otherapp', 0, 1, name='book',
-            index_together={('author', 'title')},
+            changes,
+            "otherapp",
+            0,
+            0,
+            name="book",
+            unique_together={("author", "title")},
         )
         self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'otherapp', 0, 2, model_name='book', name='newfield',
+            changes,
+            "otherapp",
+            0,
+            1,
+            name="book",
+            index_together={("author", "title")},
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes,
+            "otherapp",
+            0,
+            2,
+            model_name="book",
+            name="newfield",
         )
 
     def test_alter_field_and_foo_together(self):
         """Fields are altered after deleting some index/unique_together."""
-        initial_author = ModelState('testapp', 'Author', [
-            ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ('name', models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-            ('age', models.IntegerField(db_index=True)),
-        ], {
-            'unique_together': {('name',)},
-        })
-        author_reversed_constraints = ModelState('testapp', 'Author', [
-            ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ('name', models.CharField(max_length=200, unique=True)),
-            ('age', models.IntegerField()),
-        ], {
-            'index_together': {('age',)},
-        })
+        initial_author = ModelState(
+            "testapp",
+            "Author",
+            [
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+                ("age", models.IntegerField(db_index=True)),
+            ],
+            {
+                "unique_together": {("name",)},
+            },
+        )
+        author_reversed_constraints = ModelState(
+            "testapp",
+            "Author",
+            [
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200, unique=True)),
+                ("age", models.IntegerField()),
+            ],
+            {
+                "index_together": {("age",)},
+            },
+        )
         changes = self.get_changes([initial_author], [author_reversed_constraints])
 
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, [
-            'AlterUniqueTogether',
-            'AlterField',
-            'AlterField',
-            'AlterIndexTogether',
-        ])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name='author', unique_together=set(),
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes,
+            "testapp",
+            0,
+            [
+                "AlterUniqueTogether",
+                "AlterField",
+                "AlterField",
+                "AlterIndexTogether",
+            ],
         )
         self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, model_name='author', name='age',
+            changes,
+            "testapp",
+            0,
+            0,
+            name="author",
+            unique_together=set(),
         )
         self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'testapp', 0, 2, model_name='author', name='name',
+            changes,
+            "testapp",
+            0,
+            1,
+            model_name="author",
+            name="age",
         )
         self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'testapp', 0, 3, name='author', index_together={('age',)},
+            changes,
+            "testapp",
+            0,
+            2,
+            model_name="author",
+            name="name",
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes,
+            "testapp",
+            0,
+            3,
+            name="author",
+            index_together={("age",)},
         )
 
     def test_partly_alter_foo_together(self):
-        initial_author = ModelState('testapp', 'Author', [
-            ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ('name', models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-            ('age', models.IntegerField()),
-        ], {
-            'unique_together': {('name',), ('age',)},
-            'index_together': {('name',)},
-        })
-        author_reversed_constraints = ModelState('testapp', 'Author', [
-            ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ('name', models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-            ('age', models.IntegerField()),
-        ], {
-            'unique_together': {('age',)},
-            'index_together': {('name',), ('age',)},
-        })
+        initial_author = ModelState(
+            "testapp",
+            "Author",
+            [
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+                ("age", models.IntegerField()),
+            ],
+            {
+                "unique_together": {("name",), ("age",)},
+                "index_together": {("name",)},
+            },
+        )
+        author_reversed_constraints = ModelState(
+            "testapp",
+            "Author",
+            [
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+                ("age", models.IntegerField()),
+            ],
+            {
+                "unique_together": {("age",)},
+                "index_together": {("name",), ("age",)},
+            },
+        )
         changes = self.get_changes([initial_author], [author_reversed_constraints])
 
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, [
-            'AlterUniqueTogether',
-            'AlterIndexTogether',
-        ])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name='author', unique_together={('age',)},
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes,
+            "testapp",
+            0,
+            [
+                "AlterUniqueTogether",
+                "AlterIndexTogether",
+            ],
         )
         self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, name='author',
-            index_together={('name',), ('age',)},
+            changes,
+            "testapp",
+            0,
+            0,
+            name="author",
+            unique_together={("age",)},
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes,
+            "testapp",
+            0,
+            1,
+            name="author",
+            index_together={("name",), ("age",)},
         )
 
     def test_rename_field_and_foo_together(self):
@@ -1744,62 +2975,89 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
         self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, [
-            'RenameField',
-            'AlterUniqueTogether',
-            'AlterIndexTogether',
-        ])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'otherapp', 0, 1, name='book',
-            unique_together={('title', 'newfield2')},
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes,
+            "otherapp",
+            0,
+            [
+                "RenameField",
+                "AlterUniqueTogether",
+                "AlterIndexTogether",
+            ],
         )
         self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'otherapp', 0, 2, name='book',
-            index_together={('title', 'newfield2')},
+            changes,
+            "otherapp",
+            0,
+            1,
+            name="book",
+            unique_together={("title", "newfield2")},
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes,
+            "otherapp",
+            0,
+            2,
+            name="book",
+            index_together={("title", "newfield2")},
         )
 
     def test_proxy(self):
         """The autodetector correctly deals with proxy models."""
         # First, we test adding a proxy model
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty], [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_empty], [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
         self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
         self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["CreateModel"])
         self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="AuthorProxy", options={"proxy": True, "indexes": [], "constraints": []}
+            changes,
+            "testapp",
+            0,
+            0,
+            name="AuthorProxy",
+            options={"proxy": True, "indexes": [], "constraints": []},
         )
         # Now, we test turning a proxy model into a non-proxy model
         # It should delete the proxy then make the real one
         changes = self.get_changes(
-            [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy], [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy_notproxy]
+            [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy],
+            [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy_notproxy],
         )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
         self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
         self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["DeleteModel", "CreateModel"])
         self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="AuthorProxy")
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="AuthorProxy", options={})
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="AuthorProxy", options={}
+        )
 
     def test_proxy_non_model_parent(self):
         class Mixin:
             pass
 
         author_proxy_non_model_parent = ModelState(
-            'testapp',
-            'AuthorProxy',
+            "testapp",
+            "AuthorProxy",
             [],
-            {'proxy': True},
-            (Mixin, 'testapp.author'),
+            {"proxy": True},
+            (Mixin, "testapp.author"),
         )
         changes = self.get_changes(
             [self.author_empty],
             [self.author_empty, author_proxy_non_model_parent],
         )
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ['CreateModel'])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["CreateModel"])
         self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name='AuthorProxy',
-            options={'proxy': True, 'indexes': [], 'constraints': []},
-            bases=(Mixin, 'testapp.author'),
+            changes,
+            "testapp",
+            0,
+            0,
+            name="AuthorProxy",
+            options={"proxy": True, "indexes": [], "constraints": []},
+            bases=(Mixin, "testapp.author"),
         )
 
     def test_proxy_custom_pk(self):
@@ -1808,18 +3066,22 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         models.
         """
         # First, we test the default pk field name
-        changes = self.get_changes([], [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy_third, self.book_proxy_fk])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [], [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy_third, self.book_proxy_fk]
+        )
         # The model the FK is pointing from and to.
         self.assertEqual(
-            changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].fields[2][1].remote_field.model,
-            'thirdapp.AuthorProxy',
+            changes["otherapp"][0].operations[0].fields[2][1].remote_field.model,
+            "thirdapp.AuthorProxy",
         )
         # Now, we test the custom pk field name
-        changes = self.get_changes([], [self.author_custom_pk, self.author_proxy_third, self.book_proxy_fk])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [], [self.author_custom_pk, self.author_proxy_third, self.book_proxy_fk]
+        )
         # The model the FK is pointing from and to.
         self.assertEqual(
-            changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].fields[2][1].remote_field.model,
-            'thirdapp.AuthorProxy',
+            changes["otherapp"][0].operations[0].fields[2][1].remote_field.model,
+            "thirdapp.AuthorProxy",
         )
 
     def test_proxy_to_mti_with_fk_to_proxy(self):
@@ -1828,12 +3090,12 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
             [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy_third, self.book_proxy_fk],
         )
         changes = self.get_changes([], to_state)
-        fk_field = changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].fields[2][1]
+        fk_field = changes["otherapp"][0].operations[0].fields[2][1]
         self.assertEqual(
             to_state.get_concrete_model_key(fk_field.remote_field.model),
-            ('testapp', 'author'),
+            ("testapp", "author"),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(fk_field.remote_field.model, 'thirdapp.AuthorProxy')
+        self.assertEqual(fk_field.remote_field.model, "thirdapp.AuthorProxy")
 
         # Change AuthorProxy to use MTI.
         from_state = to_state.clone()
@@ -1842,98 +3104,120 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         )
         changes = self.get_changes(from_state, to_state)
         # Right number/type of migrations for the AuthorProxy model?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'thirdapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, ['DeleteModel', 'CreateModel'])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "thirdapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes, "thirdapp", 0, ["DeleteModel", "CreateModel"]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations for the Book model with a FK to
         # AuthorProxy?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ['AlterField'])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["AlterField"])
         # otherapp should depend on thirdapp.
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'otherapp', 0, [('thirdapp', 'auto_1')])
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, [("thirdapp", "auto_1")]
+        )
         # Now, test the pk table and field name.
-        fk_field = changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].field
+        fk_field = changes["otherapp"][0].operations[0].field
         self.assertEqual(
             to_state.get_concrete_model_key(fk_field.remote_field.model),
-            ('thirdapp', 'authorproxy'),
+            ("thirdapp", "authorproxy"),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(fk_field.remote_field.model, 'thirdapp.AuthorProxy')
+        self.assertEqual(fk_field.remote_field.model, "thirdapp.AuthorProxy")
 
     def test_proxy_to_mti_with_fk_to_proxy_proxy(self):
         # First, test the pk table and field name.
-        to_state = self.make_project_state([
-            self.author_empty,
-            self.author_proxy,
-            self.author_proxy_proxy,
-            self.book_proxy_proxy_fk,
-        ])
+        to_state = self.make_project_state(
+            [
+                self.author_empty,
+                self.author_proxy,
+                self.author_proxy_proxy,
+                self.book_proxy_proxy_fk,
+            ]
+        )
         changes = self.get_changes([], to_state)
-        fk_field = changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].fields[1][1]
+        fk_field = changes["otherapp"][0].operations[0].fields[1][1]
         self.assertEqual(
             to_state.get_concrete_model_key(fk_field.remote_field.model),
-            ('testapp', 'author'),
+            ("testapp", "author"),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(fk_field.remote_field.model, 'testapp.AAuthorProxyProxy')
+        self.assertEqual(fk_field.remote_field.model, "testapp.AAuthorProxyProxy")
 
         # Change AuthorProxy to use MTI. FK still points to AAuthorProxyProxy,
         # a proxy of AuthorProxy.
         from_state = to_state.clone()
-        to_state = self.make_project_state([
-            self.author_empty,
-            self.author_proxy_notproxy,
-            self.author_proxy_proxy,
-            self.book_proxy_proxy_fk,
-        ])
+        to_state = self.make_project_state(
+            [
+                self.author_empty,
+                self.author_proxy_notproxy,
+                self.author_proxy_proxy,
+                self.book_proxy_proxy_fk,
+            ]
+        )
         changes = self.get_changes(from_state, to_state)
         # Right number/type of migrations for the AuthorProxy model?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ['DeleteModel', 'CreateModel'])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["DeleteModel", "CreateModel"])
         # Right number/type of migrations for the Book model with a FK to
         # AAuthorProxyProxy?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ['AlterField'])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["AlterField"])
         # otherapp should depend on testapp.
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'otherapp', 0, [('testapp', 'auto_1')])
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, [("testapp", "auto_1")]
+        )
         # Now, test the pk table and field name.
-        fk_field = changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].field
+        fk_field = changes["otherapp"][0].operations[0].field
         self.assertEqual(
             to_state.get_concrete_model_key(fk_field.remote_field.model),
-            ('testapp', 'authorproxy'),
+            ("testapp", "authorproxy"),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(fk_field.remote_field.model, 'testapp.AAuthorProxyProxy')
+        self.assertEqual(fk_field.remote_field.model, "testapp.AAuthorProxyProxy")
 
     def test_unmanaged_create(self):
         """The autodetector correctly deals with managed models."""
         # First, we test adding an unmanaged model
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty], [self.author_empty, self.author_unmanaged])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_empty], [self.author_empty, self.author_unmanaged]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="AuthorUnmanaged", options={"managed": False})
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["CreateModel"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="AuthorUnmanaged", options={"managed": False}
+        )
 
     def test_unmanaged_delete(self):
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty, self.author_unmanaged], [self.author_empty])
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ['DeleteModel'])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_empty, self.author_unmanaged], [self.author_empty]
+        )
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["DeleteModel"])
 
     def test_unmanaged_to_managed(self):
         # Now, we test turning an unmanaged model into a managed model
         changes = self.get_changes(
-            [self.author_empty, self.author_unmanaged], [self.author_empty, self.author_unmanaged_managed]
+            [self.author_empty, self.author_unmanaged],
+            [self.author_empty, self.author_unmanaged_managed],
         )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AlterModelOptions"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="authorunmanaged", options={})
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AlterModelOptions"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="authorunmanaged", options={}
+        )
 
     def test_managed_to_unmanaged(self):
         # Now, we turn managed to unmanaged.
         changes = self.get_changes(
-            [self.author_empty, self.author_unmanaged_managed], [self.author_empty, self.author_unmanaged]
+            [self.author_empty, self.author_unmanaged_managed],
+            [self.author_empty, self.author_unmanaged],
         )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
         self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AlterModelOptions"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="authorunmanaged", options={"managed": False})
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="authorunmanaged", options={"managed": False}
+        )
 
     def test_unmanaged_custom_pk(self):
         """
@@ -1943,74 +3227,97 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         # First, we test the default pk field name
         changes = self.get_changes([], [self.author_unmanaged_default_pk, self.book])
         # The model the FK on the book model points to.
-        fk_field = changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].fields[2][1]
-        self.assertEqual(fk_field.remote_field.model, 'testapp.Author')
+        fk_field = changes["otherapp"][0].operations[0].fields[2][1]
+        self.assertEqual(fk_field.remote_field.model, "testapp.Author")
         # Now, we test the custom pk field name
         changes = self.get_changes([], [self.author_unmanaged_custom_pk, self.book])
         # The model the FK on the book model points to.
-        fk_field = changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].fields[2][1]
-        self.assertEqual(fk_field.remote_field.model, 'testapp.Author')
+        fk_field = changes["otherapp"][0].operations[0].fields[2][1]
+        self.assertEqual(fk_field.remote_field.model, "testapp.Author")
 
     @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="thirdapp.CustomUser")
     def test_swappable(self):
         with isolate_lru_cache(apps.get_swappable_settings_name):
-            changes = self.get_changes([self.custom_user], [self.custom_user, self.author_with_custom_user])
+            changes = self.get_changes(
+                [self.custom_user], [self.custom_user, self.author_with_custom_user]
+            )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="Author")
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'testapp', 0, [("__setting__", "AUTH_USER_MODEL")])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["CreateModel"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="Author")
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, [("__setting__", "AUTH_USER_MODEL")]
+        )
 
     def test_swappable_lowercase(self):
-        model_state = ModelState('testapp', 'Document', [
-            ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ('owner', models.ForeignKey(
-                settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL.lower(), models.CASCADE,
-            )),
-        ])
+        model_state = ModelState(
+            "testapp",
+            "Document",
+            [
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                (
+                    "owner",
+                    models.ForeignKey(
+                        settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL.lower(),
+                        models.CASCADE,
+                    ),
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
         with isolate_lru_cache(apps.get_swappable_settings_name):
             changes = self.get_changes([], [model_state])
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ['CreateModel'])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name='Document')
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["CreateModel"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="Document")
         self.assertMigrationDependencies(
-            changes, 'testapp', 0, [('__setting__', 'AUTH_USER_MODEL')],
+            changes,
+            "testapp",
+            0,
+            [("__setting__", "AUTH_USER_MODEL")],
         )
 
     def test_swappable_changed(self):
         with isolate_lru_cache(apps.get_swappable_settings_name):
             before = self.make_project_state([self.custom_user, self.author_with_user])
             with override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="thirdapp.CustomUser"):
-                after = self.make_project_state([self.custom_user, self.author_with_custom_user])
+                after = self.make_project_state(
+                    [self.custom_user, self.author_with_custom_user]
+                )
             autodetector = MigrationAutodetector(before, after)
             changes = autodetector._detect_changes()
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AlterField"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, model_name="author", name='user')
-        fk_field = changes['testapp'][0].operations[0].field
-        self.assertEqual(fk_field.remote_field.model, 'thirdapp.CustomUser')
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AlterField"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, model_name="author", name="user"
+        )
+        fk_field = changes["testapp"][0].operations[0].field
+        self.assertEqual(fk_field.remote_field.model, "thirdapp.CustomUser")
 
     def test_add_field_with_default(self):
         """#22030 - Adding a field with a default should work."""
         changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty], [self.author_name_default])
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AddField"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="name")
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AddField"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="name")
 
     def test_custom_deconstructible(self):
         """
         Two instances which deconstruct to the same value aren't considered a
         change.
         """
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_name_deconstructible_1], [self.author_name_deconstructible_2])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_name_deconstructible_1], [self.author_name_deconstructible_2]
+        )
         # Right number of migrations?
         self.assertEqual(len(changes), 0)
 
     def test_deconstruct_field_kwarg(self):
         """Field instances are handled correctly by nested deconstruction."""
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_name_deconstructible_3], [self.author_name_deconstructible_4])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_name_deconstructible_3], [self.author_name_deconstructible_4]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(changes, {})
 
     def test_deconstructible_list(self):
@@ -2019,13 +3326,15 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         # should be considered equal for the purpose of detecting state changes
         # (even if the original items are unequal).
         changes = self.get_changes(
-            [self.author_name_deconstructible_list_1], [self.author_name_deconstructible_list_2]
+            [self.author_name_deconstructible_list_1],
+            [self.author_name_deconstructible_list_2],
         )
         self.assertEqual(changes, {})
         # Legitimate differences within the deconstructed lists should be reported
         # as a change
         changes = self.get_changes(
-            [self.author_name_deconstructible_list_1], [self.author_name_deconstructible_list_3]
+            [self.author_name_deconstructible_list_1],
+            [self.author_name_deconstructible_list_3],
         )
         self.assertEqual(len(changes), 1)
 
@@ -2035,13 +3344,15 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         # should be considered equal for the purpose of detecting state changes
         # (even if the original items are unequal).
         changes = self.get_changes(
-            [self.author_name_deconstructible_tuple_1], [self.author_name_deconstructible_tuple_2]
+            [self.author_name_deconstructible_tuple_1],
+            [self.author_name_deconstructible_tuple_2],
         )
         self.assertEqual(changes, {})
         # Legitimate differences within the deconstructed tuples should be reported
         # as a change
         changes = self.get_changes(
-            [self.author_name_deconstructible_tuple_1], [self.author_name_deconstructible_tuple_3]
+            [self.author_name_deconstructible_tuple_1],
+            [self.author_name_deconstructible_tuple_3],
         )
         self.assertEqual(len(changes), 1)
 
@@ -2051,13 +3362,15 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         # those dicts should be considered equal for the purpose of detecting
         # state changes (even if the original values are unequal).
         changes = self.get_changes(
-            [self.author_name_deconstructible_dict_1], [self.author_name_deconstructible_dict_2]
+            [self.author_name_deconstructible_dict_1],
+            [self.author_name_deconstructible_dict_2],
         )
         self.assertEqual(changes, {})
         # Legitimate differences within the deconstructed dicts should be reported
         # as a change
         changes = self.get_changes(
-            [self.author_name_deconstructible_dict_1], [self.author_name_deconstructible_dict_3]
+            [self.author_name_deconstructible_dict_1],
+            [self.author_name_deconstructible_dict_3],
         )
         self.assertEqual(len(changes), 1)
 
@@ -2070,29 +3383,34 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         # deconstructed values - whether or not the items themselves are different
         # instances - then the object as a whole is regarded as unchanged.
         changes = self.get_changes(
-            [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_1], [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_2]
+            [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_1],
+            [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_2],
         )
         self.assertEqual(changes, {})
         # Differences that exist solely within the args list of a deconstructed object
         # should be reported as changes
         changes = self.get_changes(
-            [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_1], [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_changed_arg]
+            [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_1],
+            [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_changed_arg],
         )
         self.assertEqual(len(changes), 1)
         # Additional args should also be reported as a change
         changes = self.get_changes(
-            [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_1], [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_extra_arg]
+            [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_1],
+            [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_extra_arg],
         )
         self.assertEqual(len(changes), 1)
         # Differences that exist solely within the kwargs dict of a deconstructed object
         # should be reported as changes
         changes = self.get_changes(
-            [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_1], [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_changed_kwarg]
+            [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_1],
+            [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_changed_kwarg],
         )
         self.assertEqual(len(changes), 1)
         # Additional kwargs should also be reported as a change
         changes = self.get_changes(
-            [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_1], [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_extra_kwarg]
+            [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_1],
+            [self.author_name_nested_deconstructible_extra_kwarg],
         )
         self.assertEqual(len(changes), 1)
 
@@ -2106,30 +3424,38 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
             "Author",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("name", models.CharField(
-                    max_length=200,
-                    # IntegerField intentionally not instantiated.
-                    default=models.IntegerField,
-                ))
+                (
+                    "name",
+                    models.CharField(
+                        max_length=200,
+                        # IntegerField intentionally not instantiated.
+                        default=models.IntegerField,
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
         )
         changes = self.get_changes([], [author])
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["CreateModel"])
 
     def test_replace_string_with_foreignkey(self):
         """
         #22300 - Adding an FK in the same "spot" as a deleted CharField should
         work.
         """
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_with_publisher_string], [self.author_with_publisher, self.publisher])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_with_publisher_string],
+            [self.author_with_publisher, self.publisher],
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel", "RemoveField", "AddField"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="Publisher")
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, name="publisher_name")
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 2, name="publisher")
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, ["CreateModel", "RemoveField", "AddField"]
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="Publisher")
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="publisher_name")
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 2, name="publisher")
 
     def test_foreign_key_removed_before_target_model(self):
         """
@@ -2140,45 +3466,62 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
             [self.author_with_publisher, self.publisher], [self.author_name]
         )  # removes both the model and FK
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["RemoveField", "DeleteModel"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="publisher")
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, name="Publisher")
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["RemoveField", "DeleteModel"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="publisher")
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="Publisher")
 
-    @mock.patch('django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_not_null_addition',
-                side_effect=AssertionError("Should not have prompted for not null addition"))
+    @mock.patch(
+        "django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_not_null_addition",
+        side_effect=AssertionError("Should not have prompted for not null addition"),
+    )
     def test_add_many_to_many(self, mocked_ask_method):
         """#22435 - Adding a ManyToManyField should not prompt for a default."""
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty, self.publisher], [self.author_with_m2m, self.publisher])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_empty, self.publisher], [self.author_with_m2m, self.publisher]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AddField"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="publishers")
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AddField"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="publishers")
 
     def test_alter_many_to_many(self):
         changes = self.get_changes(
-            [self.author_with_m2m, self.publisher], [self.author_with_m2m_blank, self.publisher]
+            [self.author_with_m2m, self.publisher],
+            [self.author_with_m2m_blank, self.publisher],
         )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AlterField"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="publishers")
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AlterField"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="publishers")
 
     def test_create_with_through_model(self):
         """
         Adding a m2m with a through model and the models that use it should be
         ordered correctly.
         """
-        changes = self.get_changes([], [self.author_with_m2m_through, self.publisher, self.contract])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [], [self.author_with_m2m_through, self.publisher, self.contract]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
         self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, [
-            'CreateModel', 'CreateModel', 'CreateModel', 'AddField',
-        ])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name='Author')
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, name='Publisher')
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 2, name='Contract')
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 3, model_name='author', name='publishers')
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes,
+            "testapp",
+            0,
+            [
+                "CreateModel",
+                "CreateModel",
+                "CreateModel",
+                "AddField",
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="Author")
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="Publisher")
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 2, name="Contract")
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 3, model_name="author", name="publishers"
+        )
 
     def test_many_to_many_removed_before_through_model(self):
         """
@@ -2186,15 +3529,23 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         must remove the field before the model to maintain consistency.
         """
         changes = self.get_changes(
-            [self.book_with_multiple_authors_through_attribution, self.author_name, self.attribution],
+            [
+                self.book_with_multiple_authors_through_attribution,
+                self.author_name,
+                self.attribution,
+            ],
             [self.book_with_no_author, self.author_name],
         )
         # Remove both the through model and ManyToMany
         # Right number/type of migrations?
         self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ['RemoveField', 'DeleteModel'])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, name='authors', model_name='book')
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 1, name='Attribution')
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, ["RemoveField", "DeleteModel"]
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, name="authors", model_name="book"
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 1, name="Attribution")
 
     def test_many_to_many_removed_before_through_model_2(self):
         """
@@ -2203,16 +3554,24 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         consistency.
         """
         changes = self.get_changes(
-            [self.book_with_multiple_authors_through_attribution, self.author_name, self.attribution],
+            [
+                self.book_with_multiple_authors_through_attribution,
+                self.author_name,
+                self.attribution,
+            ],
             [self.author_name],
         )
         # Remove both the through model and ManyToMany
         # Right number/type of migrations?
         self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ['RemoveField', 'DeleteModel', 'DeleteModel'])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, name='authors', model_name='book')
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 1, name='Attribution')
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 2, name='Book')
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, ["RemoveField", "DeleteModel", "DeleteModel"]
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, name="authors", model_name="book"
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 1, name="Attribution")
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 2, name="Book")
 
     def test_m2m_w_through_multistep_remove(self):
         """
@@ -2221,14 +3580,24 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         pass through an inconsistent state. The autodetector should produce two
         migrations to avoid this issue.
         """
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_with_m2m_through, self.publisher, self.contract], [self.publisher])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_with_m2m_through, self.publisher, self.contract],
+            [self.publisher],
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
         self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, [
-            "RemoveField", "RemoveField", "DeleteModel", "DeleteModel"
-        ])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="author", model_name='contract')
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="publisher", model_name='contract')
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes,
+            "testapp",
+            0,
+            ["RemoveField", "RemoveField", "DeleteModel", "DeleteModel"],
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="author", model_name="contract"
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="publisher", model_name="contract"
+        )
         self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 2, name="Author")
         self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 3, name="Contract")
 
@@ -2237,38 +3606,60 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         #23938 - Changing a concrete field into a ManyToManyField
         first removes the concrete field and then adds the m2m field.
         """
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_with_former_m2m], [self.author_with_m2m, self.publisher])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_with_former_m2m], [self.author_with_m2m, self.publisher]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
         self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["CreateModel", "RemoveField", "AddField"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name='Publisher')
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, name="publishers", model_name='author')
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 2, name="publishers", model_name='author')
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, ["CreateModel", "RemoveField", "AddField"]
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="Publisher")
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="publishers", model_name="author"
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 2, name="publishers", model_name="author"
+        )
 
     def test_many_to_many_changed_to_concrete_field(self):
         """
         #23938 - Changing a ManyToManyField into a concrete field
         first removes the m2m field and then adds the concrete field.
         """
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_with_m2m, self.publisher], [self.author_with_former_m2m])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_with_m2m, self.publisher], [self.author_with_former_m2m]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
         self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["RemoveField", "AddField", "DeleteModel"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="publishers", model_name='author')
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, name="publishers", model_name='author')
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 2, name='Publisher')
-        self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, max_length=100)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, ["RemoveField", "AddField", "DeleteModel"]
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="publishers", model_name="author"
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="publishers", model_name="author"
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 2, name="Publisher")
+        self.assertOperationFieldAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, max_length=100)
 
     def test_non_circular_foreignkey_dependency_removal(self):
         """
         If two models with a ForeignKey from one to the other are removed at the
         same time, the autodetector should remove them in the correct order.
         """
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_with_publisher, self.publisher_with_author], [])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_with_publisher, self.publisher_with_author], []
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
         self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["RemoveField", "DeleteModel", "DeleteModel"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="author", model_name='publisher')
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, ["RemoveField", "DeleteModel", "DeleteModel"]
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="author", model_name="publisher"
+        )
         self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="Author")
         self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 2, name="Publisher")
 
@@ -2278,61 +3669,96 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         # Right number/type of migrations?
         self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
         self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AlterModelOptions"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, options={
-            "permissions": [('can_hire', 'Can hire')],
-            "verbose_name": "Authi",
-        })
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes,
+            "testapp",
+            0,
+            0,
+            options={
+                "permissions": [("can_hire", "Can hire")],
+                "verbose_name": "Authi",
+            },
+        )
 
         # Changing them back to empty should also make a change
         changes = self.get_changes([self.author_with_options], [self.author_empty])
         # Right number/type of migrations?
         self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
         self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AlterModelOptions"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="author", options={})
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="author", options={}
+        )
 
     def test_alter_model_options_proxy(self):
         """Changing a proxy model's options should also make a change."""
         changes = self.get_changes(
-            [self.author_proxy, self.author_empty], [self.author_proxy_options, self.author_empty]
+            [self.author_proxy, self.author_empty],
+            [self.author_proxy_options, self.author_empty],
         )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
         self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
         self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AlterModelOptions"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="authorproxy", options={
-            "verbose_name": "Super Author"
-        })
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes,
+            "testapp",
+            0,
+            0,
+            name="authorproxy",
+            options={"verbose_name": "Super Author"},
+        )
 
     def test_set_alter_order_with_respect_to(self):
         """Setting order_with_respect_to adds a field."""
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.book, self.author_with_book], [self.book, self.author_with_book_order_wrt])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.book, self.author_with_book],
+            [self.book, self.author_with_book_order_wrt],
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AlterOrderWithRespectTo"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="author", order_with_respect_to="book")
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AlterOrderWithRespectTo"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="author", order_with_respect_to="book"
+        )
 
     def test_add_alter_order_with_respect_to(self):
         """
         Setting order_with_respect_to when adding the FK too does
         things in the right order.
         """
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_name], [self.book, self.author_with_book_order_wrt])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_name], [self.book, self.author_with_book_order_wrt]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AddField", "AlterOrderWithRespectTo"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, model_name="author", name="book")
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, name="author", order_with_respect_to="book")
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, ["AddField", "AlterOrderWithRespectTo"]
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, model_name="author", name="book"
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="author", order_with_respect_to="book"
+        )
 
     def test_remove_alter_order_with_respect_to(self):
         """
         Removing order_with_respect_to when removing the FK too does
         things in the right order.
         """
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.book, self.author_with_book_order_wrt], [self.author_name])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.book, self.author_with_book_order_wrt], [self.author_name]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AlterOrderWithRespectTo", "RemoveField"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="author", order_with_respect_to=None)
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, model_name="author", name="book")
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, ["AlterOrderWithRespectTo", "RemoveField"]
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="author", order_with_respect_to=None
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 1, model_name="author", name="book"
+        )
 
     def test_add_model_order_with_respect_to(self):
         """
@@ -2341,121 +3767,167 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         """
         changes = self.get_changes([], [self.book, self.author_with_book_order_wrt])
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="Author", options={'order_with_respect_to': 'book'}
-        )
-        self.assertNotIn("_order", [name for name, field in changes['testapp'][0].operations[0].fields])
-
-    def test_add_model_order_with_respect_to_index_foo_together(self):
-        changes = self.get_changes([], [
-            self.book,
-            ModelState('testapp', 'Author', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('name', models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-                ('book', models.ForeignKey('otherapp.Book', models.CASCADE)),
-            ], options={
-                'order_with_respect_to': 'book',
-                'index_together': {('name', '_order')},
-                'unique_together': {('id', '_order')},
-            }),
-        ])
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ['CreateModel'])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["CreateModel"])
         self.assertOperationAttributes(
             changes,
-            'testapp',
+            "testapp",
             0,
             0,
-            name='Author',
+            name="Author",
+            options={"order_with_respect_to": "book"},
+        )
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            "_order",
+            [name for name, field in changes["testapp"][0].operations[0].fields],
+        )
+
+    def test_add_model_order_with_respect_to_index_foo_together(self):
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [],
+            [
+                self.book,
+                ModelState(
+                    "testapp",
+                    "Author",
+                    [
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+                        ("book", models.ForeignKey("otherapp.Book", models.CASCADE)),
+                    ],
+                    options={
+                        "order_with_respect_to": "book",
+                        "index_together": {("name", "_order")},
+                        "unique_together": {("id", "_order")},
+                    },
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["CreateModel"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes,
+            "testapp",
+            0,
+            0,
+            name="Author",
             options={
-                'order_with_respect_to': 'book',
-                'index_together': {('name', '_order')},
-                'unique_together': {('id', '_order')},
+                "order_with_respect_to": "book",
+                "index_together": {("name", "_order")},
+                "unique_together": {("id", "_order")},
             },
         )
 
     def test_add_model_order_with_respect_to_index_constraint(self):
         tests = [
             (
-                'AddIndex',
-                {'indexes': [
-                    models.Index(fields=['_order'], name='book_order_idx'),
-                ]},
+                "AddIndex",
+                {
+                    "indexes": [
+                        models.Index(fields=["_order"], name="book_order_idx"),
+                    ]
+                },
             ),
             (
-                'AddConstraint',
-                {'constraints': [
-                    models.CheckConstraint(
-                        check=models.Q(_order__gt=1),
-                        name='book_order_gt_1',
-                    ),
-                ]},
+                "AddConstraint",
+                {
+                    "constraints": [
+                        models.CheckConstraint(
+                            check=models.Q(_order__gt=1),
+                            name="book_order_gt_1",
+                        ),
+                    ]
+                },
             ),
         ]
         for operation, extra_option in tests:
             with self.subTest(operation=operation):
-                after = ModelState('testapp', 'Author', [
-                    ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                    ('name', models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-                    ('book', models.ForeignKey('otherapp.Book', models.CASCADE)),
-                ], options={
-                    'order_with_respect_to': 'book',
-                    **extra_option,
-                })
+                after = ModelState(
+                    "testapp",
+                    "Author",
+                    [
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+                        ("book", models.ForeignKey("otherapp.Book", models.CASCADE)),
+                    ],
+                    options={
+                        "order_with_respect_to": "book",
+                        **extra_option,
+                    },
+                )
                 changes = self.get_changes([], [self.book, after])
-                self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-                self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, [
-                    'CreateModel', operation,
-                ])
+                self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+                self.assertOperationTypes(
+                    changes,
+                    "testapp",
+                    0,
+                    [
+                        "CreateModel",
+                        operation,
+                    ],
+                )
                 self.assertOperationAttributes(
                     changes,
-                    'testapp',
+                    "testapp",
                     0,
                     0,
-                    name='Author',
-                    options={'order_with_respect_to': 'book'},
+                    name="Author",
+                    options={"order_with_respect_to": "book"},
                 )
 
     def test_set_alter_order_with_respect_to_index_constraint_foo_together(self):
         tests = [
             (
-                'AddIndex',
-                {'indexes': [
-                    models.Index(fields=['_order'], name='book_order_idx'),
-                ]},
+                "AddIndex",
+                {
+                    "indexes": [
+                        models.Index(fields=["_order"], name="book_order_idx"),
+                    ]
+                },
             ),
             (
-                'AddConstraint',
-                {'constraints': [
-                    models.CheckConstraint(
-                        check=models.Q(_order__gt=1),
-                        name='book_order_gt_1',
-                    ),
-                ]},
+                "AddConstraint",
+                {
+                    "constraints": [
+                        models.CheckConstraint(
+                            check=models.Q(_order__gt=1),
+                            name="book_order_gt_1",
+                        ),
+                    ]
+                },
             ),
-            ('AlterIndexTogether', {'index_together': {('name', '_order')}}),
-            ('AlterUniqueTogether', {'unique_together': {('id', '_order')}}),
+            ("AlterIndexTogether", {"index_together": {("name", "_order")}}),
+            ("AlterUniqueTogether", {"unique_together": {("id", "_order")}}),
         ]
         for operation, extra_option in tests:
             with self.subTest(operation=operation):
-                after = ModelState('testapp', 'Author', [
-                    ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                    ('name', models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-                    ('book', models.ForeignKey('otherapp.Book', models.CASCADE)),
-                ], options={
-                    'order_with_respect_to': 'book',
-                    **extra_option,
-                })
+                after = ModelState(
+                    "testapp",
+                    "Author",
+                    [
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+                        ("book", models.ForeignKey("otherapp.Book", models.CASCADE)),
+                    ],
+                    options={
+                        "order_with_respect_to": "book",
+                        **extra_option,
+                    },
+                )
                 changes = self.get_changes(
                     [self.book, self.author_with_book],
                     [self.book, after],
                 )
-                self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-                self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, [
-                    'AlterOrderWithRespectTo', operation,
-                ])
+                self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+                self.assertOperationTypes(
+                    changes,
+                    "testapp",
+                    0,
+                    [
+                        "AlterOrderWithRespectTo",
+                        operation,
+                    ],
+                )
 
     def test_alter_model_managers(self):
         """
@@ -2463,41 +3935,62 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         """
         changes = self.get_changes([self.other_pony], [self.other_pony_food])
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ["AlterModelManagers"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, name="pony")
-        self.assertEqual([name for name, mgr in changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].managers],
-                         ['food_qs', 'food_mgr', 'food_mgr_kwargs'])
-        self.assertEqual(changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].managers[1][1].args, ('a', 'b', 1, 2))
-        self.assertEqual(changes['otherapp'][0].operations[0].managers[2][1].args, ('x', 'y', 3, 4))
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["AlterModelManagers"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, name="pony")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [name for name, mgr in changes["otherapp"][0].operations[0].managers],
+            ["food_qs", "food_mgr", "food_mgr_kwargs"],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            changes["otherapp"][0].operations[0].managers[1][1].args, ("a", "b", 1, 2)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            changes["otherapp"][0].operations[0].managers[2][1].args, ("x", "y", 3, 4)
+        )
 
     def test_swappable_first_inheritance(self):
         """Swappable models get their CreateModel first."""
         changes = self.get_changes([], [self.custom_user, self.aardvark])
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'thirdapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, 0, name="CustomUser")
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, 1, name="Aardvark")
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "thirdapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes, "thirdapp", 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel"]
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "thirdapp", 0, 0, name="CustomUser")
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "thirdapp", 0, 1, name="Aardvark")
 
     def test_default_related_name_option(self):
-        model_state = ModelState('app', 'model', [
-            ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ], options={'default_related_name': 'related_name'})
-        changes = self.get_changes([], [model_state])
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'app', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'app', 0, ['CreateModel'])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(
-            changes, 'app', 0, 0, name='model',
-            options={'default_related_name': 'related_name'},
+        model_state = ModelState(
+            "app",
+            "model",
+            [
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ],
+            options={"default_related_name": "related_name"},
+        )
+        changes = self.get_changes([], [model_state])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "app", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "app", 0, ["CreateModel"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes,
+            "app",
+            0,
+            0,
+            name="model",
+            options={"default_related_name": "related_name"},
+        )
+        altered_model_state = ModelState(
+            "app",
+            "Model",
+            [
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ],
         )
-        altered_model_state = ModelState('app', 'Model', [
-            ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ])
         changes = self.get_changes([model_state], [altered_model_state])
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'app', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'app', 0, ['AlterModelOptions'])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'app', 0, 0, name='model', options={})
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "app", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "app", 0, ["AlterModelOptions"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "app", 0, 0, name="model", options={})
 
     @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="thirdapp.CustomUser")
     def test_swappable_first_setting(self):
@@ -2505,39 +3998,64 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         with isolate_lru_cache(apps.get_swappable_settings_name):
             changes = self.get_changes([], [self.custom_user_no_inherit, self.aardvark])
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'thirdapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, 0, name="CustomUser")
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'thirdapp', 0, 1, name="Aardvark")
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "thirdapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes, "thirdapp", 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel"]
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "thirdapp", 0, 0, name="CustomUser")
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "thirdapp", 0, 1, name="Aardvark")
 
     def test_bases_first(self):
         """Bases of other models come first."""
-        changes = self.get_changes([], [self.aardvark_based_on_author, self.author_name])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [], [self.aardvark_based_on_author, self.author_name]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="Author")
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, name="Aardvark")
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="Author")
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="Aardvark")
 
     def test_bases_first_mixed_case_app_label(self):
-        app_label = 'MiXedCaseApp'
-        changes = self.get_changes([], [
-            ModelState(app_label, 'owner', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ]),
-            ModelState(app_label, 'place', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('owner', models.ForeignKey('MiXedCaseApp.owner', models.CASCADE)),
-            ]),
-            ModelState(app_label, 'restaurant', [], bases=('MiXedCaseApp.place',)),
-        ])
+        app_label = "MiXedCaseApp"
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [],
+            [
+                ModelState(
+                    app_label,
+                    "owner",
+                    [
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                ModelState(
+                    app_label,
+                    "place",
+                    [
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                        (
+                            "owner",
+                            models.ForeignKey("MiXedCaseApp.owner", models.CASCADE),
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                ModelState(app_label, "restaurant", [], bases=("MiXedCaseApp.place",)),
+            ],
+        )
         self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, app_label, 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, app_label, 0, [
-            'CreateModel', 'CreateModel', 'CreateModel',
-        ])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, app_label, 0, 0, name='owner')
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, app_label, 0, 1, name='place')
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, app_label, 0, 2, name='restaurant')
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes,
+            app_label,
+            0,
+            [
+                "CreateModel",
+                "CreateModel",
+                "CreateModel",
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, app_label, 0, 0, name="owner")
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, app_label, 0, 1, name="place")
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, app_label, 0, 2, name="restaurant")
 
     def test_multiple_bases(self):
         """#23956 - Inheriting models doesn't move *_ptr fields into AddField operations."""
@@ -2549,9 +4067,12 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         changes = self.get_changes([], [A, B, C, D, E])
         # Right number/type of migrations?
         self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "app", 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "app", 0, [
-            "CreateModel", "CreateModel", "CreateModel", "CreateModel", "CreateModel"
-        ])
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes,
+            "app",
+            0,
+            ["CreateModel", "CreateModel", "CreateModel", "CreateModel", "CreateModel"],
+        )
         self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "app", 0, 0, name="A")
         self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "app", 0, 1, name="B")
         self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "app", 0, 2, name="C")
@@ -2560,13 +4081,19 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_proxy_bases_first(self):
         """Bases of proxies come first."""
-        changes = self.get_changes([], [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy, self.author_proxy_proxy])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [], [self.author_empty, self.author_proxy, self.author_proxy_proxy]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel", "CreateModel"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="Author")
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, name="AuthorProxy")
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 2, name="AAuthorProxyProxy")
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel", "CreateModel"]
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="Author")
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="AuthorProxy")
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, 2, name="AAuthorProxyProxy"
+        )
 
     def test_pk_fk_included(self):
         """
@@ -2574,10 +4101,10 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         """
         changes = self.get_changes([], [self.aardvark_pk_fk_author, self.author_name])
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="Author")
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, name="Aardvark")
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="Author")
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="Aardvark")
 
     def test_first_dependency(self):
         """
@@ -2587,14 +4114,16 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         loader = MigrationLoader(connection)
         before = self.make_project_state([])
         after = self.make_project_state([self.book_migrations_fk])
-        after.real_apps = {'migrations'}
+        after.real_apps = {"migrations"}
         autodetector = MigrationAutodetector(before, after)
         changes = autodetector._detect_changes(graph=loader.graph)
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, name="Book")
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'otherapp', 0, [("migrations", "__first__")])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["CreateModel"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, name="Book")
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, [("migrations", "__first__")]
+        )
 
     @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations"})
     def test_last_dependency(self):
@@ -2606,14 +4135,16 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         loader = MigrationLoader(connection)
         before = self.make_project_state([])
         after = self.make_project_state([self.book_migrations_fk])
-        after.real_apps = {'migrations'}
+        after.real_apps = {"migrations"}
         autodetector = MigrationAutodetector(before, after)
         changes = autodetector._detect_changes(graph=loader.graph)
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ["CreateModel"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, 0, name="Book")
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'otherapp', 0, [("migrations", "0002_second")])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["CreateModel"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "otherapp", 0, 0, name="Book")
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, [("migrations", "0002_second")]
+        )
 
     def test_alter_fk_before_model_deletion(self):
         """
@@ -2622,61 +4153,85 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         """
         changes = self.get_changes(
             [self.author_name, self.publisher_with_author],
-            [self.aardvark_testapp, self.publisher_with_aardvark_author]
+            [self.aardvark_testapp, self.publisher_with_aardvark_author],
         )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["CreateModel", "AlterField", "DeleteModel"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="Aardvark")
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 1, name="author")
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 2, name="Author")
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, ["CreateModel", "AlterField", "DeleteModel"]
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="Aardvark")
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 1, name="author")
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 2, name="Author")
 
     def test_fk_dependency_other_app(self):
         """
         #23100 - ForeignKeys correctly depend on other apps' models.
         """
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_name, self.book], [self.author_with_book, self.book])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_name, self.book], [self.author_with_book, self.book]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AddField"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name="book")
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'testapp', 0, [("otherapp", "__first__")])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AddField"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="book")
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(
+            changes, "testapp", 0, [("otherapp", "__first__")]
+        )
 
     def test_alter_field_to_fk_dependency_other_app(self):
         changes = self.get_changes(
             [self.author_empty, self.book_with_no_author_fk],
             [self.author_empty, self.book],
         )
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'otherapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'otherapp', 0, ['AlterField'])
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'otherapp', 0, [('testapp', '__first__')])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "otherapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "otherapp", 0, ["AlterField"])
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(
+            changes, "otherapp", 0, [("testapp", "__first__")]
+        )
 
     def test_circular_dependency_mixed_addcreate(self):
         """
         #23315 - The dependency resolver knows to put all CreateModel
         before AddField and not become unsolvable.
         """
-        address = ModelState("a", "Address", [
-            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ("country", models.ForeignKey("b.DeliveryCountry", models.CASCADE)),
-        ])
-        person = ModelState("a", "Person", [
-            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ])
-        apackage = ModelState("b", "APackage", [
-            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ("person", models.ForeignKey("a.Person", models.CASCADE)),
-        ])
-        country = ModelState("b", "DeliveryCountry", [
-            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ])
+        address = ModelState(
+            "a",
+            "Address",
+            [
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("country", models.ForeignKey("b.DeliveryCountry", models.CASCADE)),
+            ],
+        )
+        person = ModelState(
+            "a",
+            "Person",
+            [
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ],
+        )
+        apackage = ModelState(
+            "b",
+            "APackage",
+            [
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("person", models.ForeignKey("a.Person", models.CASCADE)),
+            ],
+        )
+        country = ModelState(
+            "b",
+            "DeliveryCountry",
+            [
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ],
+        )
         changes = self.get_changes([], [address, person, apackage, country])
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'a', 2)
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'b', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'a', 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel"])
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'a', 1, ["AddField"])
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'b', 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel"])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "a", 2)
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "b", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "a", 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel"])
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "a", 1, ["AddField"])
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "b", 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel"])
 
     @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="a.Tenant")
     def test_circular_dependency_swappable(self):
@@ -2685,27 +4240,42 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         swappable models.
         """
         with isolate_lru_cache(apps.get_swappable_settings_name):
-            tenant = ModelState("a", "Tenant", [
-                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("primary_address", models.ForeignKey("b.Address", models.CASCADE))],
-                bases=(AbstractBaseUser,)
+            tenant = ModelState(
+                "a",
+                "Tenant",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("primary_address", models.ForeignKey("b.Address", models.CASCADE)),
+                ],
+                bases=(AbstractBaseUser,),
+            )
+            address = ModelState(
+                "b",
+                "Address",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    (
+                        "tenant",
+                        models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, models.CASCADE),
+                    ),
+                ],
             )
-            address = ModelState("b", "Address", [
-                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("tenant", models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, models.CASCADE)),
-            ])
             changes = self.get_changes([], [address, tenant])
 
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'a', 2)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'a', 0, ["CreateModel"])
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'a', 1, ["AddField"])
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'a', 0, [])
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'a', 1, [('a', 'auto_1'), ('b', 'auto_1')])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "a", 2)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "a", 0, ["CreateModel"])
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "a", 1, ["AddField"])
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, "a", 0, [])
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(
+            changes, "a", 1, [("a", "auto_1"), ("b", "auto_1")]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'b', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'b', 0, ["CreateModel"])
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'b', 0, [('__setting__', 'AUTH_USER_MODEL')])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "b", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "b", 0, ["CreateModel"])
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(
+            changes, "b", 0, [("__setting__", "AUTH_USER_MODEL")]
+        )
 
     @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="b.Tenant")
     def test_circular_dependency_swappable2(self):
@@ -2715,26 +4285,39 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         model.
         """
         with isolate_lru_cache(apps.get_swappable_settings_name):
-            address = ModelState("a", "Address", [
-                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("tenant", models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, models.CASCADE)),
-            ])
-            tenant = ModelState("b", "Tenant", [
-                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("primary_address", models.ForeignKey("a.Address", models.CASCADE))],
-                bases=(AbstractBaseUser,)
+            address = ModelState(
+                "a",
+                "Address",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    (
+                        "tenant",
+                        models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, models.CASCADE),
+                    ),
+                ],
+            )
+            tenant = ModelState(
+                "b",
+                "Tenant",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("primary_address", models.ForeignKey("a.Address", models.CASCADE)),
+                ],
+                bases=(AbstractBaseUser,),
             )
             changes = self.get_changes([], [address, tenant])
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'a', 2)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'a', 0, ["CreateModel"])
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'a', 1, ["AddField"])
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'a', 0, [])
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'a', 1, [('__setting__', 'AUTH_USER_MODEL'), ('a', 'auto_1')])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "a", 2)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "a", 0, ["CreateModel"])
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "a", 1, ["AddField"])
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, "a", 0, [])
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(
+            changes, "a", 1, [("__setting__", "AUTH_USER_MODEL"), ("a", "auto_1")]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'b', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'b', 0, ["CreateModel"])
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'b', 0, [('a', 'auto_1')])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "b", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "b", 0, ["CreateModel"])
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, "b", 0, [("a", "auto_1")])
 
     @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="a.Person")
     def test_circular_dependency_swappable_self(self):
@@ -2743,63 +4326,90 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         swappable models.
         """
         with isolate_lru_cache(apps.get_swappable_settings_name):
-            person = ModelState("a", "Person", [
-                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("parent1", models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, models.CASCADE, related_name='children'))
-            ])
+            person = ModelState(
+                "a",
+                "Person",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    (
+                        "parent1",
+                        models.ForeignKey(
+                            settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL,
+                            models.CASCADE,
+                            related_name="children",
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                ],
+            )
             changes = self.get_changes([], [person])
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'a', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'a', 0, ["CreateModel"])
-        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, 'a', 0, [])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "a", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "a", 0, ["CreateModel"])
+        self.assertMigrationDependencies(changes, "a", 0, [])
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='a.User')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="a.User")
     def test_swappable_circular_multi_mti(self):
         with isolate_lru_cache(apps.get_swappable_settings_name):
-            parent = ModelState('a', 'Parent', [
-                ('user', models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, models.CASCADE))
-            ])
-            child = ModelState('a', 'Child', [], bases=('a.Parent',))
-            user = ModelState('a', 'User', [], bases=(AbstractBaseUser, 'a.Child'))
+            parent = ModelState(
+                "a",
+                "Parent",
+                [("user", models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, models.CASCADE))],
+            )
+            child = ModelState("a", "Child", [], bases=("a.Parent",))
+            user = ModelState("a", "User", [], bases=(AbstractBaseUser, "a.Child"))
             changes = self.get_changes([], [parent, child, user])
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'a', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'a', 0, ['CreateModel', 'CreateModel', 'CreateModel', 'AddField'])
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "a", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(
+            changes, "a", 0, ["CreateModel", "CreateModel", "CreateModel", "AddField"]
+        )
 
-    @mock.patch('django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_not_null_addition',
-                side_effect=AssertionError("Should not have prompted for not null addition"))
+    @mock.patch(
+        "django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_not_null_addition",
+        side_effect=AssertionError("Should not have prompted for not null addition"),
+    )
     def test_add_blank_textfield_and_charfield(self, mocked_ask_method):
         """
         #23405 - Adding a NOT NULL and blank `CharField` or `TextField`
         without default should not prompt for a default.
         """
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty], [self.author_with_biography_blank])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_empty], [self.author_with_biography_blank]
+        )
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AddField", "AddField"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0)
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AddField", "AddField"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0)
 
-    @mock.patch('django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_not_null_addition')
+    @mock.patch(
+        "django.db.migrations.questioner.MigrationQuestioner.ask_not_null_addition"
+    )
     def test_add_non_blank_textfield_and_charfield(self, mocked_ask_method):
         """
         #23405 - Adding a NOT NULL and non-blank `CharField` or `TextField`
         without default should prompt for a default.
         """
-        changes = self.get_changes([self.author_empty], [self.author_with_biography_non_blank])
+        changes = self.get_changes(
+            [self.author_empty], [self.author_with_biography_non_blank]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(mocked_ask_method.call_count, 2)
         # Right number/type of migrations?
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ["AddField", "AddField"])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0)
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["AddField", "AddField"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0)
 
     def test_mti_inheritance_model_removal(self):
-        Animal = ModelState('app', 'Animal', [
-            ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-        ])
-        Dog = ModelState('app', 'Dog', [], bases=('app.Animal',))
+        Animal = ModelState(
+            "app",
+            "Animal",
+            [
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+            ],
+        )
+        Dog = ModelState("app", "Dog", [], bases=("app.Animal",))
         changes = self.get_changes([Animal, Dog], [Animal])
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'app', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'app', 0, ['DeleteModel'])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'app', 0, 0, name='Dog')
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "app", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "app", 0, ["DeleteModel"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "app", 0, 0, name="Dog")
 
     def test_add_model_with_field_removed_from_base_model(self):
         """
@@ -2807,37 +4417,52 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
         that has a field with the same name.
         """
         before = [
-            ModelState('app', 'readable', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('title', models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-            ]),
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "readable",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+                ],
+            ),
         ]
         after = [
-            ModelState('app', 'readable', [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ]),
-            ModelState('app', 'book', [
-                ('title', models.CharField(max_length=200)),
-            ], bases=('app.readable',)),
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "readable",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ],
+            ),
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "book",
+                [
+                    ("title", models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+                ],
+                bases=("app.readable",),
+            ),
         ]
         changes = self.get_changes(before, after)
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'app', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'app', 0, ['RemoveField', 'CreateModel'])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'app', 0, 0, name='title', model_name='readable')
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'app', 0, 1, name='book')
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "app", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "app", 0, ["RemoveField", "CreateModel"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(
+            changes, "app", 0, 0, name="title", model_name="readable"
+        )
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "app", 0, 1, name="book")
 
     def test_parse_number(self):
         tests = [
-            ('no_number', None),
-            ('0001_initial', 1),
-            ('0002_model3', 2),
-            ('0002_auto_20380101_1112', 2),
-            ('0002_squashed_0003', 3),
-            ('0002_model2_squashed_0003_other4', 3),
-            ('0002_squashed_0003_squashed_0004', 4),
-            ('0002_model2_squashed_0003_other4_squashed_0005_other6', 5),
-            ('0002_custom_name_20380101_1112_squashed_0003_model', 3),
-            ('2_squashed_4', 4),
+            ("no_number", None),
+            ("0001_initial", 1),
+            ("0002_model3", 2),
+            ("0002_auto_20380101_1112", 2),
+            ("0002_squashed_0003", 3),
+            ("0002_model2_squashed_0003_other4", 3),
+            ("0002_squashed_0003_squashed_0004", 4),
+            ("0002_model2_squashed_0003_other4_squashed_0005_other6", 5),
+            ("0002_custom_name_20380101_1112_squashed_0003_model", 3),
+            ("2_squashed_4", 4),
         ]
         for migration_name, expected_number in tests:
             with self.subTest(migration_name=migration_name):
@@ -2849,24 +4474,28 @@ class AutodetectorTests(TestCase):
     def test_add_custom_fk_with_hardcoded_to(self):
         class HardcodedForeignKey(models.ForeignKey):
             def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-                kwargs['to'] = 'testapp.Author'
+                kwargs["to"] = "testapp.Author"
                 super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
             def deconstruct(self):
                 name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
-                del kwargs['to']
+                del kwargs["to"]
                 return name, path, args, kwargs
 
-        book_hardcoded_fk_to = ModelState('testapp', 'Book', [
-            ('author', HardcodedForeignKey(on_delete=models.CASCADE)),
-        ])
+        book_hardcoded_fk_to = ModelState(
+            "testapp",
+            "Book",
+            [
+                ("author", HardcodedForeignKey(on_delete=models.CASCADE)),
+            ],
+        )
         changes = self.get_changes(
             [self.author_empty],
             [self.author_empty, book_hardcoded_fk_to],
         )
-        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, 'testapp', 1)
-        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, 'testapp', 0, ['CreateModel'])
-        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, 'testapp', 0, 0, name='Book')
+        self.assertNumberMigrations(changes, "testapp", 1)
+        self.assertOperationTypes(changes, "testapp", 0, ["CreateModel"])
+        self.assertOperationAttributes(changes, "testapp", 0, 0, name="Book")
 
 
 class MigrationSuggestNameTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -2874,111 +4503,111 @@ class MigrationSuggestNameTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class Migration(migrations.Migration):
             operations = []
 
-        migration = Migration('some_migration', 'test_app')
-        self.assertIs(migration.suggest_name().startswith('auto_'), True)
+        migration = Migration("some_migration", "test_app")
+        self.assertIs(migration.suggest_name().startswith("auto_"), True)
 
     def test_no_operations_initial(self):
         class Migration(migrations.Migration):
             initial = True
             operations = []
 
-        migration = Migration('some_migration', 'test_app')
-        self.assertEqual(migration.suggest_name(), 'initial')
+        migration = Migration("some_migration", "test_app")
+        self.assertEqual(migration.suggest_name(), "initial")
 
     def test_single_operation(self):
         class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-            operations = [migrations.CreateModel('Person', fields=[])]
+            operations = [migrations.CreateModel("Person", fields=[])]
 
-        migration = Migration('0001_initial', 'test_app')
-        self.assertEqual(migration.suggest_name(), 'person')
+        migration = Migration("0001_initial", "test_app")
+        self.assertEqual(migration.suggest_name(), "person")
 
         class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-            operations = [migrations.DeleteModel('Person')]
+            operations = [migrations.DeleteModel("Person")]
 
-        migration = Migration('0002_initial', 'test_app')
-        self.assertEqual(migration.suggest_name(), 'delete_person')
+        migration = Migration("0002_initial", "test_app")
+        self.assertEqual(migration.suggest_name(), "delete_person")
 
     def test_single_operation_long_name(self):
         class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-            operations = [migrations.CreateModel('A' * 53, fields=[])]
+            operations = [migrations.CreateModel("A" * 53, fields=[])]
 
-        migration = Migration('some_migration', 'test_app')
-        self.assertEqual(migration.suggest_name(), 'a' * 53)
+        migration = Migration("some_migration", "test_app")
+        self.assertEqual(migration.suggest_name(), "a" * 53)
 
     def test_two_operations(self):
         class Migration(migrations.Migration):
             operations = [
-                migrations.CreateModel('Person', fields=[]),
-                migrations.DeleteModel('Animal'),
+                migrations.CreateModel("Person", fields=[]),
+                migrations.DeleteModel("Animal"),
             ]
 
-        migration = Migration('some_migration', 'test_app')
-        self.assertEqual(migration.suggest_name(), 'person_delete_animal')
+        migration = Migration("some_migration", "test_app")
+        self.assertEqual(migration.suggest_name(), "person_delete_animal")
 
     def test_two_create_models(self):
         class Migration(migrations.Migration):
             operations = [
-                migrations.CreateModel('Person', fields=[]),
-                migrations.CreateModel('Animal', fields=[]),
+                migrations.CreateModel("Person", fields=[]),
+                migrations.CreateModel("Animal", fields=[]),
             ]
 
-        migration = Migration('0001_initial', 'test_app')
-        self.assertEqual(migration.suggest_name(), 'person_animal')
+        migration = Migration("0001_initial", "test_app")
+        self.assertEqual(migration.suggest_name(), "person_animal")
 
     def test_two_create_models_with_initial_true(self):
         class Migration(migrations.Migration):
             initial = True
             operations = [
-                migrations.CreateModel('Person', fields=[]),
-                migrations.CreateModel('Animal', fields=[]),
+                migrations.CreateModel("Person", fields=[]),
+                migrations.CreateModel("Animal", fields=[]),
             ]
 
-        migration = Migration('0001_initial', 'test_app')
-        self.assertEqual(migration.suggest_name(), 'initial')
+        migration = Migration("0001_initial", "test_app")
+        self.assertEqual(migration.suggest_name(), "initial")
 
     def test_many_operations_suffix(self):
         class Migration(migrations.Migration):
             operations = [
-                migrations.CreateModel('Person1', fields=[]),
-                migrations.CreateModel('Person2', fields=[]),
-                migrations.CreateModel('Person3', fields=[]),
-                migrations.DeleteModel('Person4'),
-                migrations.DeleteModel('Person5'),
+                migrations.CreateModel("Person1", fields=[]),
+                migrations.CreateModel("Person2", fields=[]),
+                migrations.CreateModel("Person3", fields=[]),
+                migrations.DeleteModel("Person4"),
+                migrations.DeleteModel("Person5"),
             ]
 
-        migration = Migration('some_migration', 'test_app')
+        migration = Migration("some_migration", "test_app")
         self.assertEqual(
             migration.suggest_name(),
-            'person1_person2_person3_delete_person4_and_more',
+            "person1_person2_person3_delete_person4_and_more",
         )
 
     def test_operation_with_no_suggested_name(self):
         class Migration(migrations.Migration):
             operations = [
-                migrations.CreateModel('Person', fields=[]),
-                migrations.RunSQL('SELECT 1 FROM person;'),
+                migrations.CreateModel("Person", fields=[]),
+                migrations.RunSQL("SELECT 1 FROM person;"),
             ]
 
-        migration = Migration('some_migration', 'test_app')
-        self.assertIs(migration.suggest_name().startswith('auto_'), True)
+        migration = Migration("some_migration", "test_app")
+        self.assertIs(migration.suggest_name().startswith("auto_"), True)
 
     def test_none_name(self):
         class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-            operations = [migrations.RunSQL('SELECT 1 FROM person;')]
+            operations = [migrations.RunSQL("SELECT 1 FROM person;")]
 
-        migration = Migration('0001_initial', 'test_app')
+        migration = Migration("0001_initial", "test_app")
         suggest_name = migration.suggest_name()
-        self.assertIs(suggest_name.startswith('auto_'), True)
+        self.assertIs(suggest_name.startswith("auto_"), True)
 
     def test_none_name_with_initial_true(self):
         class Migration(migrations.Migration):
             initial = True
-            operations = [migrations.RunSQL('SELECT 1 FROM person;')]
+            operations = [migrations.RunSQL("SELECT 1 FROM person;")]
 
-        migration = Migration('0001_initial', 'test_app')
-        self.assertEqual(migration.suggest_name(), 'initial')
+        migration = Migration("0001_initial", "test_app")
+        self.assertEqual(migration.suggest_name(), "initial")
 
     def test_auto(self):
-        migration = migrations.Migration('0001_initial', 'test_app')
+        migration = migrations.Migration("0001_initial", "test_app")
         suggest_name = migration.suggest_name()
-        self.assertIs(suggest_name.startswith('auto_'), True)
+        self.assertIs(suggest_name.startswith("auto_"), True)
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_base.py b/tests/migrations/test_base.py
index 6f8081a462..955bfa99d0 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_base.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_base.py
@@ -20,52 +20,66 @@ class MigrationTestBase(TransactionTestCase):
     """
 
     available_apps = ["migrations"]
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     def tearDown(self):
         # Reset applied-migrations state.
         for db in self.databases:
             recorder = MigrationRecorder(connections[db])
-            recorder.migration_qs.filter(app='migrations').delete()
+            recorder.migration_qs.filter(app="migrations").delete()
 
-    def get_table_description(self, table, using='default'):
+    def get_table_description(self, table, using="default"):
         with connections[using].cursor() as cursor:
             return connections[using].introspection.get_table_description(cursor, table)
 
-    def assertTableExists(self, table, using='default'):
+    def assertTableExists(self, table, using="default"):
         with connections[using].cursor() as cursor:
             self.assertIn(table, connections[using].introspection.table_names(cursor))
 
-    def assertTableNotExists(self, table, using='default'):
+    def assertTableNotExists(self, table, using="default"):
         with connections[using].cursor() as cursor:
-            self.assertNotIn(table, connections[using].introspection.table_names(cursor))
+            self.assertNotIn(
+                table, connections[using].introspection.table_names(cursor)
+            )
 
-    def assertColumnExists(self, table, column, using='default'):
-        self.assertIn(column, [c.name for c in self.get_table_description(table, using=using)])
+    def assertColumnExists(self, table, column, using="default"):
+        self.assertIn(
+            column, [c.name for c in self.get_table_description(table, using=using)]
+        )
 
-    def assertColumnNotExists(self, table, column, using='default'):
-        self.assertNotIn(column, [c.name for c in self.get_table_description(table, using=using)])
+    def assertColumnNotExists(self, table, column, using="default"):
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            column, [c.name for c in self.get_table_description(table, using=using)]
+        )
 
     def _get_column_allows_null(self, table, column, using):
-        return [c.null_ok for c in self.get_table_description(table, using=using) if c.name == column][0]
+        return [
+            c.null_ok
+            for c in self.get_table_description(table, using=using)
+            if c.name == column
+        ][0]
 
-    def assertColumnNull(self, table, column, using='default'):
+    def assertColumnNull(self, table, column, using="default"):
         self.assertTrue(self._get_column_allows_null(table, column, using))
 
-    def assertColumnNotNull(self, table, column, using='default'):
+    def assertColumnNotNull(self, table, column, using="default"):
         self.assertFalse(self._get_column_allows_null(table, column, using))
 
-    def assertIndexExists(self, table, columns, value=True, using='default', index_type=None):
+    def assertIndexExists(
+        self, table, columns, value=True, using="default", index_type=None
+    ):
         with connections[using].cursor() as cursor:
             self.assertEqual(
                 value,
                 any(
                     c["index"]
-                    for c in connections[using].introspection.get_constraints(cursor, table).values()
+                    for c in connections[using]
+                    .introspection.get_constraints(cursor, table)
+                    .values()
                     if (
-                        c['columns'] == list(columns) and
-                        (index_type is None or c['type'] == index_type) and
-                        not c['unique']
+                        c["columns"] == list(columns)
+                        and (index_type is None or c["type"] == index_type)
+                        and not c["unique"]
                     )
                 ),
             )
@@ -73,47 +87,53 @@ class MigrationTestBase(TransactionTestCase):
     def assertIndexNotExists(self, table, columns):
         return self.assertIndexExists(table, columns, False)
 
-    def assertIndexNameExists(self, table, index, using='default'):
+    def assertIndexNameExists(self, table, index, using="default"):
         with connections[using].cursor() as cursor:
             self.assertIn(
                 index,
                 connection.introspection.get_constraints(cursor, table),
             )
 
-    def assertIndexNameNotExists(self, table, index, using='default'):
+    def assertIndexNameNotExists(self, table, index, using="default"):
         with connections[using].cursor() as cursor:
             self.assertNotIn(
                 index,
                 connection.introspection.get_constraints(cursor, table),
             )
 
-    def assertConstraintExists(self, table, name, value=True, using='default'):
+    def assertConstraintExists(self, table, name, value=True, using="default"):
         with connections[using].cursor() as cursor:
-            constraints = connections[using].introspection.get_constraints(cursor, table).items()
+            constraints = (
+                connections[using].introspection.get_constraints(cursor, table).items()
+            )
             self.assertEqual(
                 value,
-                any(c['check'] for n, c in constraints if n == name),
+                any(c["check"] for n, c in constraints if n == name),
             )
 
     def assertConstraintNotExists(self, table, name):
         return self.assertConstraintExists(table, name, False)
 
-    def assertUniqueConstraintExists(self, table, columns, value=True, using='default'):
+    def assertUniqueConstraintExists(self, table, columns, value=True, using="default"):
         with connections[using].cursor() as cursor:
-            constraints = connections[using].introspection.get_constraints(cursor, table).values()
+            constraints = (
+                connections[using].introspection.get_constraints(cursor, table).values()
+            )
             self.assertEqual(
                 value,
-                any(c['unique'] for c in constraints if c['columns'] == list(columns)),
+                any(c["unique"] for c in constraints if c["columns"] == list(columns)),
             )
 
-    def assertFKExists(self, table, columns, to, value=True, using='default'):
+    def assertFKExists(self, table, columns, to, value=True, using="default"):
         with connections[using].cursor() as cursor:
             self.assertEqual(
                 value,
                 any(
                     c["foreign_key"] == to
-                    for c in connections[using].introspection.get_constraints(cursor, table).values()
-                    if c['columns'] == list(columns)
+                    for c in connections[using]
+                    .introspection.get_constraints(cursor, table)
+                    .values()
+                    if c["columns"] == list(columns)
                 ),
             )
 
@@ -121,7 +141,7 @@ class MigrationTestBase(TransactionTestCase):
         return self.assertFKExists(table, columns, to, False)
 
     @contextmanager
-    def temporary_migration_module(self, app_label='migrations', module=None):
+    def temporary_migration_module(self, app_label="migrations", module=None):
         """
         Allows testing management commands in a temporary migrations module.
 
@@ -140,12 +160,12 @@ class MigrationTestBase(TransactionTestCase):
         """
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as temp_dir:
             target_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=temp_dir)
-            with open(os.path.join(target_dir, '__init__.py'), 'w'):
+            with open(os.path.join(target_dir, "__init__.py"), "w"):
                 pass
-            target_migrations_dir = os.path.join(target_dir, 'migrations')
+            target_migrations_dir = os.path.join(target_dir, "migrations")
 
             if module is None:
-                module = apps.get_app_config(app_label).name + '.migrations'
+                module = apps.get_app_config(app_label).name + ".migrations"
 
             try:
                 source_migrations_dir = module_dir(import_module(module))
@@ -155,7 +175,7 @@ class MigrationTestBase(TransactionTestCase):
                 shutil.copytree(source_migrations_dir, target_migrations_dir)
 
             with extend_sys_path(temp_dir):
-                new_module = os.path.basename(target_dir) + '.migrations'
+                new_module = os.path.basename(target_dir) + ".migrations"
                 with self.settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={app_label: new_module}):
                     yield target_migrations_dir
 
@@ -173,22 +193,28 @@ class OperationTestBase(MigrationTestBase):
         super().tearDown()
 
     def cleanup_test_tables(self):
-        table_names = frozenset(connection.introspection.table_names()) - self._initial_table_names
+        table_names = (
+            frozenset(connection.introspection.table_names())
+            - self._initial_table_names
+        )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             with connection.constraint_checks_disabled():
                 for table_name in table_names:
-                    editor.execute(editor.sql_delete_table % {
-                        'table': editor.quote_name(table_name),
-                    })
+                    editor.execute(
+                        editor.sql_delete_table
+                        % {
+                            "table": editor.quote_name(table_name),
+                        }
+                    )
 
     def apply_operations(self, app_label, project_state, operations, atomic=True):
-        migration = Migration('name', app_label)
+        migration = Migration("name", app_label)
         migration.operations = operations
         with connection.schema_editor(atomic=atomic) as editor:
             return migration.apply(project_state, editor)
 
     def unapply_operations(self, app_label, project_state, operations, atomic=True):
-        migration = Migration('name', app_label)
+        migration = Migration("name", app_label)
         migration.operations = operations
         with connection.schema_editor(atomic=atomic) as editor:
             return migration.unapply(project_state, editor)
@@ -204,106 +230,142 @@ class OperationTestBase(MigrationTestBase):
         return project_state, new_state
 
     def set_up_test_model(
-        self, app_label, second_model=False, third_model=False, index=False,
-        multicol_index=False, related_model=False, mti_model=False,
-        proxy_model=False, manager_model=False, unique_together=False,
-        options=False, db_table=None, index_together=False, constraints=None,
+        self,
+        app_label,
+        second_model=False,
+        third_model=False,
+        index=False,
+        multicol_index=False,
+        related_model=False,
+        mti_model=False,
+        proxy_model=False,
+        manager_model=False,
+        unique_together=False,
+        options=False,
+        db_table=None,
+        index_together=False,
+        constraints=None,
         indexes=None,
     ):
         """Creates a test model state and database table."""
         # Make the "current" state.
         model_options = {
-            'swappable': 'TEST_SWAP_MODEL',
-            'index_together': [['weight', 'pink']] if index_together else [],
-            'unique_together': [['pink', 'weight']] if unique_together else [],
+            "swappable": "TEST_SWAP_MODEL",
+            "index_together": [["weight", "pink"]] if index_together else [],
+            "unique_together": [["pink", "weight"]] if unique_together else [],
         }
         if options:
-            model_options['permissions'] = [('can_groom', 'Can groom')]
+            model_options["permissions"] = [("can_groom", "Can groom")]
         if db_table:
-            model_options['db_table'] = db_table
-        operations = [migrations.CreateModel(
-            'Pony',
-            [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('pink', models.IntegerField(default=3)),
-                ('weight', models.FloatField()),
-            ],
-            options=model_options,
-        )]
+            model_options["db_table"] = db_table
+        operations = [
+            migrations.CreateModel(
+                "Pony",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("pink", models.IntegerField(default=3)),
+                    ("weight", models.FloatField()),
+                ],
+                options=model_options,
+            )
+        ]
         if index:
-            operations.append(migrations.AddIndex(
-                'Pony',
-                models.Index(fields=['pink'], name='pony_pink_idx'),
-            ))
+            operations.append(
+                migrations.AddIndex(
+                    "Pony",
+                    models.Index(fields=["pink"], name="pony_pink_idx"),
+                )
+            )
         if multicol_index:
-            operations.append(migrations.AddIndex(
-                'Pony',
-                models.Index(fields=['pink', 'weight'], name='pony_test_idx'),
-            ))
+            operations.append(
+                migrations.AddIndex(
+                    "Pony",
+                    models.Index(fields=["pink", "weight"], name="pony_test_idx"),
+                )
+            )
         if indexes:
             for index in indexes:
-                operations.append(migrations.AddIndex('Pony', index))
+                operations.append(migrations.AddIndex("Pony", index))
         if constraints:
             for constraint in constraints:
-                operations.append(migrations.AddConstraint('Pony', constraint))
+                operations.append(migrations.AddConstraint("Pony", constraint))
         if second_model:
-            operations.append(migrations.CreateModel(
-                'Stable',
-                [
-                    ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ]
-            ))
+            operations.append(
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Stable",
+                    [
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ],
+                )
+            )
         if third_model:
-            operations.append(migrations.CreateModel(
-                'Van',
-                [
-                    ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ]
-            ))
+            operations.append(
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Van",
+                    [
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ],
+                )
+            )
         if related_model:
-            operations.append(migrations.CreateModel(
-                'Rider',
-                [
-                    ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                    ('pony', models.ForeignKey('Pony', models.CASCADE)),
-                    ('friend', models.ForeignKey('self', models.CASCADE, null=True))
-                ],
-            ))
+            operations.append(
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Rider",
+                    [
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                        ("pony", models.ForeignKey("Pony", models.CASCADE)),
+                        (
+                            "friend",
+                            models.ForeignKey("self", models.CASCADE, null=True),
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                )
+            )
         if mti_model:
-            operations.append(migrations.CreateModel(
-                'ShetlandPony',
-                fields=[
-                    ('pony_ptr', models.OneToOneField(
-                        'Pony',
-                        models.CASCADE,
-                        auto_created=True,
-                        parent_link=True,
-                        primary_key=True,
-                        to_field='id',
-                        serialize=False,
-                    )),
-                    ('cuteness', models.IntegerField(default=1)),
-                ],
-                bases=['%s.Pony' % app_label],
-            ))
+            operations.append(
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "ShetlandPony",
+                    fields=[
+                        (
+                            "pony_ptr",
+                            models.OneToOneField(
+                                "Pony",
+                                models.CASCADE,
+                                auto_created=True,
+                                parent_link=True,
+                                primary_key=True,
+                                to_field="id",
+                                serialize=False,
+                            ),
+                        ),
+                        ("cuteness", models.IntegerField(default=1)),
+                    ],
+                    bases=["%s.Pony" % app_label],
+                )
+            )
         if proxy_model:
-            operations.append(migrations.CreateModel(
-                'ProxyPony',
-                fields=[],
-                options={'proxy': True},
-                bases=['%s.Pony' % app_label],
-            ))
+            operations.append(
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "ProxyPony",
+                    fields=[],
+                    options={"proxy": True},
+                    bases=["%s.Pony" % app_label],
+                )
+            )
         if manager_model:
             from .models import FoodManager, FoodQuerySet
-            operations.append(migrations.CreateModel(
-                'Food',
-                fields=[
-                    ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ],
-                managers=[
-                    ('food_qs', FoodQuerySet.as_manager()),
-                    ('food_mgr', FoodManager('a', 'b')),
-                    ('food_mgr_kwargs', FoodManager('x', 'y', 3, 4)),
-                ]
-            ))
+
+            operations.append(
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Food",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ],
+                    managers=[
+                        ("food_qs", FoodQuerySet.as_manager()),
+                        ("food_mgr", FoodManager("a", "b")),
+                        ("food_mgr_kwargs", FoodManager("x", "y", 3, 4)),
+                    ],
+                )
+            )
         return self.apply_operations(app_label, ProjectState(), operations)
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_commands.py b/tests/migrations/test_commands.py
index 0c62db8ae6..099690aa30 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_commands.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_commands.py
@@ -8,8 +8,12 @@ from unittest import mock
 from django.apps import apps
 from django.core.management import CommandError, call_command
 from django.db import (
-    ConnectionHandler, DatabaseError, OperationalError, connection,
-    connections, models,
+    ConnectionHandler,
+    DatabaseError,
+    OperationalError,
+    connection,
+    connections,
+    models,
 )
 from django.db.backends.base.schema import BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor
 from django.db.backends.utils import truncate_name
@@ -29,7 +33,8 @@ class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
     """
     Tests running the migrate command.
     """
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations"})
     def test_migrate(self):
@@ -42,12 +47,18 @@ class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
         self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_book")
         # Run the migrations to 0001 only
         stdout = io.StringIO()
-        call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0001', verbosity=2, stdout=stdout, no_color=True)
+        call_command(
+            "migrate", "migrations", "0001", verbosity=2, stdout=stdout, no_color=True
+        )
         stdout = stdout.getvalue()
-        self.assertIn('Target specific migration: 0001_initial, from migrations', stdout)
-        self.assertIn('Applying migrations.0001_initial... OK', stdout)
-        self.assertIn('Running pre-migrate handlers for application migrations', stdout)
-        self.assertIn('Running post-migrate handlers for application migrations', stdout)
+        self.assertIn(
+            "Target specific migration: 0001_initial, from migrations", stdout
+        )
+        self.assertIn("Applying migrations.0001_initial... OK", stdout)
+        self.assertIn("Running pre-migrate handlers for application migrations", stdout)
+        self.assertIn(
+            "Running post-migrate handlers for application migrations", stdout
+        )
         # The correct tables exist
         self.assertTableExists("migrations_author")
         self.assertTableExists("migrations_tribble")
@@ -60,49 +71,66 @@ class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
         self.assertTableExists("migrations_book")
         # Unmigrate everything
         stdout = io.StringIO()
-        call_command('migrate', 'migrations', 'zero', verbosity=2, stdout=stdout, no_color=True)
+        call_command(
+            "migrate", "migrations", "zero", verbosity=2, stdout=stdout, no_color=True
+        )
         stdout = stdout.getvalue()
-        self.assertIn('Unapply all migrations: migrations', stdout)
-        self.assertIn('Unapplying migrations.0002_second... OK', stdout)
-        self.assertIn('Running pre-migrate handlers for application migrations', stdout)
-        self.assertIn('Running post-migrate handlers for application migrations', stdout)
+        self.assertIn("Unapply all migrations: migrations", stdout)
+        self.assertIn("Unapplying migrations.0002_second... OK", stdout)
+        self.assertIn("Running pre-migrate handlers for application migrations", stdout)
+        self.assertIn(
+            "Running post-migrate handlers for application migrations", stdout
+        )
         # Tables are gone
         self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_author")
         self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_tribble")
         self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_book")
 
-    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=[
-        'django.contrib.auth',
-        'django.contrib.contenttypes',
-        'migrations.migrations_test_apps.migrated_app',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        INSTALLED_APPS=[
+            "django.contrib.auth",
+            "django.contrib.contenttypes",
+            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.migrated_app",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_migrate_with_system_checks(self):
         out = io.StringIO()
-        call_command('migrate', skip_checks=False, no_color=True, stdout=out)
-        self.assertIn('Apply all migrations: migrated_app', out.getvalue())
+        call_command("migrate", skip_checks=False, no_color=True, stdout=out)
+        self.assertIn("Apply all migrations: migrated_app", out.getvalue())
 
-    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['migrations', 'migrations.migrations_test_apps.unmigrated_app_syncdb'])
+    @override_settings(
+        INSTALLED_APPS=[
+            "migrations",
+            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.unmigrated_app_syncdb",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_app_without_migrations(self):
         msg = "App 'unmigrated_app_syncdb' does not have migrations."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
-            call_command('migrate', app_label='unmigrated_app_syncdb')
+            call_command("migrate", app_label="unmigrated_app_syncdb")
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations_clashing_prefix'})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_clashing_prefix"}
+    )
     def test_ambiguous_prefix(self):
         msg = (
             "More than one migration matches 'a' in app 'migrations'. Please "
             "be more specific."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
-            call_command('migrate', app_label='migrations', migration_name='a')
+            call_command("migrate", app_label="migrations", migration_name="a")
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations'})
+    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations"})
     def test_unknown_prefix(self):
         msg = "Cannot find a migration matching 'nonexistent' from app 'migrations'."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
-            call_command('migrate', app_label='migrations', migration_name='nonexistent')
+            call_command(
+                "migrate", app_label="migrations", migration_name="nonexistent"
+            )
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_initial_false"})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_initial_false"}
+    )
     def test_migrate_initial_false(self):
         """
         `Migration.initial = False` skips fake-initial detection.
@@ -116,7 +144,9 @@ class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
         call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", fake=True, verbosity=0)
         # Make sure fake-initial detection does not run
         with self.assertRaises(DatabaseError):
-            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0001", fake_initial=True, verbosity=0)
+            call_command(
+                "migrate", "migrations", "0001", fake_initial=True, verbosity=0
+            )
 
         call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0001", fake=True, verbosity=0)
         # Real rollback
@@ -128,7 +158,7 @@ class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
 
     @override_settings(
         MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations"},
-        DATABASE_ROUTERS=['migrations.routers.TestRouter'],
+        DATABASE_ROUTERS=["migrations.routers.TestRouter"],
     )
     def test_migrate_fake_initial(self):
         """
@@ -152,7 +182,9 @@ class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
 
         # Fake a roll-back
         call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", fake=True, verbosity=0)
-        call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", fake=True, verbosity=0, database="other")
+        call_command(
+            "migrate", "migrations", "zero", fake=True, verbosity=0, database="other"
+        )
         # Make sure the tables still exist
         self.assertTableExists("migrations_author")
         self.assertTableExists("migrations_tribble", using="other")
@@ -161,97 +193,138 @@ class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
             call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0001", verbosity=0)
         # Run initial migration with an explicit --fake-initial
         out = io.StringIO()
-        with mock.patch('django.core.management.color.supports_color', lambda *args: False):
-            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0001", fake_initial=True, stdout=out, verbosity=1)
-            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0001", fake_initial=True, verbosity=0, database="other")
-        self.assertIn(
-            "migrations.0001_initial... faked",
-            out.getvalue().lower()
-        )
+        with mock.patch(
+            "django.core.management.color.supports_color", lambda *args: False
+        ):
+            call_command(
+                "migrate",
+                "migrations",
+                "0001",
+                fake_initial=True,
+                stdout=out,
+                verbosity=1,
+            )
+            call_command(
+                "migrate",
+                "migrations",
+                "0001",
+                fake_initial=True,
+                verbosity=0,
+                database="other",
+            )
+        self.assertIn("migrations.0001_initial... faked", out.getvalue().lower())
         try:
             # Run migrations all the way.
-            call_command('migrate', verbosity=0)
-            call_command('migrate', verbosity=0, database="other")
-            self.assertTableExists('migrations_author')
-            self.assertTableNotExists('migrations_tribble')
-            self.assertTableExists('migrations_book')
-            self.assertTableNotExists('migrations_author', using='other')
-            self.assertTableNotExists('migrations_tribble', using='other')
-            self.assertTableNotExists('migrations_book', using='other')
+            call_command("migrate", verbosity=0)
+            call_command("migrate", verbosity=0, database="other")
+            self.assertTableExists("migrations_author")
+            self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_tribble")
+            self.assertTableExists("migrations_book")
+            self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_author", using="other")
+            self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_tribble", using="other")
+            self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_book", using="other")
             # Fake a roll-back.
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', 'zero', fake=True, verbosity=0)
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', 'zero', fake=True, verbosity=0, database='other')
-            self.assertTableExists('migrations_author')
-            self.assertTableNotExists('migrations_tribble')
-            self.assertTableExists('migrations_book')
+            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", fake=True, verbosity=0)
+            call_command(
+                "migrate",
+                "migrations",
+                "zero",
+                fake=True,
+                verbosity=0,
+                database="other",
+            )
+            self.assertTableExists("migrations_author")
+            self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_tribble")
+            self.assertTableExists("migrations_book")
             # Run initial migration.
             with self.assertRaises(DatabaseError):
-                call_command('migrate', 'migrations', verbosity=0)
+                call_command("migrate", "migrations", verbosity=0)
             # Run initial migration with an explicit --fake-initial.
             with self.assertRaises(DatabaseError):
                 # Fails because "migrations_tribble" does not exist but needs
                 # to in order to make --fake-initial work.
-                call_command('migrate', 'migrations', fake_initial=True, verbosity=0)
+                call_command("migrate", "migrations", fake_initial=True, verbosity=0)
             # Fake an apply.
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', fake=True, verbosity=0)
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', fake=True, verbosity=0, database='other')
+            call_command("migrate", "migrations", fake=True, verbosity=0)
+            call_command(
+                "migrate", "migrations", fake=True, verbosity=0, database="other"
+            )
         finally:
             # Unmigrate everything.
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', 'zero', verbosity=0)
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', 'zero', verbosity=0, database='other')
+            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", verbosity=0)
+            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", verbosity=0, database="other")
         # Make sure it's all gone
         for db in self.databases:
             self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_author", using=db)
             self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_tribble", using=db)
             self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_book", using=db)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('ignores_table_name_case')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("ignores_table_name_case")
     def test_migrate_fake_initial_case_insensitive(self):
-        with override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={
-            'migrations': 'migrations.test_fake_initial_case_insensitive.initial',
-        }):
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0001', verbosity=0)
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', 'zero', fake=True, verbosity=0)
+        with override_settings(
+            MIGRATION_MODULES={
+                "migrations": "migrations.test_fake_initial_case_insensitive.initial",
+            }
+        ):
+            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0001", verbosity=0)
+            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", fake=True, verbosity=0)
 
-        with override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={
-            'migrations': 'migrations.test_fake_initial_case_insensitive.fake_initial',
-        }):
+        with override_settings(
+            MIGRATION_MODULES={
+                "migrations": "migrations.test_fake_initial_case_insensitive.fake_initial",
+            }
+        ):
             out = io.StringIO()
             call_command(
-                'migrate',
-                'migrations',
-                '0001',
+                "migrate",
+                "migrations",
+                "0001",
                 fake_initial=True,
                 stdout=out,
                 verbosity=1,
                 no_color=True,
             )
             self.assertIn(
-                'migrations.0001_initial... faked',
+                "migrations.0001_initial... faked",
                 out.getvalue().lower(),
             )
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_fake_split_initial"})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={
+            "migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_fake_split_initial"
+        }
+    )
     def test_migrate_fake_split_initial(self):
         """
         Split initial migrations can be faked with --fake-initial.
         """
         try:
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0002', verbosity=0)
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', 'zero', fake=True, verbosity=0)
+            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0002", verbosity=0)
+            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", fake=True, verbosity=0)
             out = io.StringIO()
-            with mock.patch('django.core.management.color.supports_color', lambda *args: False):
-                call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0002', fake_initial=True, stdout=out, verbosity=1)
+            with mock.patch(
+                "django.core.management.color.supports_color", lambda *args: False
+            ):
+                call_command(
+                    "migrate",
+                    "migrations",
+                    "0002",
+                    fake_initial=True,
+                    stdout=out,
+                    verbosity=1,
+                )
             value = out.getvalue().lower()
-            self.assertIn('migrations.0001_initial... faked', value)
-            self.assertIn('migrations.0002_second... faked', value)
+            self.assertIn("migrations.0001_initial... faked", value)
+            self.assertIn("migrations.0002_second... faked", value)
         finally:
             # Fake an apply.
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', fake=True, verbosity=0)
+            call_command("migrate", "migrations", fake=True, verbosity=0)
             # Unmigrate everything.
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', 'zero', verbosity=0)
+            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", verbosity=0)
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_conflict"})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_conflict"}
+    )
     def test_migrate_conflict_exit(self):
         """
         migrate exits if it detects a conflict.
@@ -265,36 +338,40 @@ class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
             call_command("migrate", "migrations")
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={
-        'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations',
-    })
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={
+            "migrations": "migrations.test_migrations",
+        }
+    )
     def test_migrate_check(self):
         with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0001', check_unapplied=True)
-        self.assertTableNotExists('migrations_author')
-        self.assertTableNotExists('migrations_tribble')
-        self.assertTableNotExists('migrations_book')
+            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0001", check_unapplied=True)
+        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_author")
+        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_tribble")
+        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_book")
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={
-        'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations_plan',
-    })
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={
+            "migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_plan",
+        }
+    )
     def test_migrate_check_plan(self):
         out = io.StringIO()
         with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
             call_command(
-                'migrate',
-                'migrations',
-                '0001',
+                "migrate",
+                "migrations",
+                "0001",
                 check_unapplied=True,
                 plan=True,
                 stdout=out,
                 no_color=True,
             )
         self.assertEqual(
-            'Planned operations:\n'
-            'migrations.0001_initial\n'
-            '    Create model Salamander\n'
-            '    Raw Python operation -> Grow salamander tail.\n',
+            "Planned operations:\n"
+            "migrations.0001_initial\n"
+            "    Create model Salamander\n"
+            "    Raw Python operation -> Grow salamander tail.\n",
             out.getvalue(),
         )
 
@@ -305,333 +382,387 @@ class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
         applied.
         """
         out = io.StringIO()
-        with mock.patch('django.core.management.color.supports_color', lambda *args: True):
-            call_command("showmigrations", format='list', stdout=out, verbosity=0, no_color=False)
+        with mock.patch(
+            "django.core.management.color.supports_color", lambda *args: True
+        ):
+            call_command(
+                "showmigrations", format="list", stdout=out, verbosity=0, no_color=False
+            )
         self.assertEqual(
-            '\x1b[1mmigrations\n\x1b[0m [ ] 0001_initial\n [ ] 0002_second\n',
-            out.getvalue().lower()
+            "\x1b[1mmigrations\n\x1b[0m [ ] 0001_initial\n [ ] 0002_second\n",
+            out.getvalue().lower(),
         )
 
         call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0001", verbosity=0)
 
         out = io.StringIO()
         # Giving the explicit app_label tests for selective `show_list` in the command
-        call_command("showmigrations", "migrations", format='list', stdout=out, verbosity=0, no_color=True)
+        call_command(
+            "showmigrations",
+            "migrations",
+            format="list",
+            stdout=out,
+            verbosity=0,
+            no_color=True,
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
-            'migrations\n [x] 0001_initial\n [ ] 0002_second\n',
-            out.getvalue().lower()
+            "migrations\n [x] 0001_initial\n [ ] 0002_second\n", out.getvalue().lower()
         )
         out = io.StringIO()
         # Applied datetimes are displayed at verbosity 2+.
-        call_command('showmigrations', 'migrations', stdout=out, verbosity=2, no_color=True)
-        migration1 = MigrationRecorder(connection).migration_qs.get(app='migrations', name='0001_initial')
+        call_command(
+            "showmigrations", "migrations", stdout=out, verbosity=2, no_color=True
+        )
+        migration1 = MigrationRecorder(connection).migration_qs.get(
+            app="migrations", name="0001_initial"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
-            'migrations\n'
-            ' [x] 0001_initial (applied at %s)\n'
-            ' [ ] 0002_second\n' % migration1.applied.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'),
-            out.getvalue().lower()
+            "migrations\n"
+            " [x] 0001_initial (applied at %s)\n"
+            " [ ] 0002_second\n" % migration1.applied.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
+            out.getvalue().lower(),
         )
         # Cleanup by unmigrating everything
         call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", verbosity=0)
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations_squashed'})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed"}
+    )
     def test_showmigrations_list_squashed(self):
         out = io.StringIO()
-        call_command('showmigrations', format='list', stdout=out, verbosity=2, no_color=True)
+        call_command(
+            "showmigrations", format="list", stdout=out, verbosity=2, no_color=True
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
-            'migrations\n [ ] 0001_squashed_0002 (2 squashed migrations)\n',
+            "migrations\n [ ] 0001_squashed_0002 (2 squashed migrations)\n",
             out.getvalue().lower(),
         )
         out = io.StringIO()
         call_command(
-            'migrate',
-            'migrations',
-            '0001_squashed_0002',
+            "migrate",
+            "migrations",
+            "0001_squashed_0002",
             stdout=out,
             verbosity=2,
             no_color=True,
         )
         try:
             self.assertIn(
-                'operations to perform:\n'
-                '  target specific migration: 0001_squashed_0002, from migrations\n'
-                'running pre-migrate handlers for application migrations\n'
-                'running migrations:\n'
-                '  applying migrations.0001_squashed_0002... ok (',
+                "operations to perform:\n"
+                "  target specific migration: 0001_squashed_0002, from migrations\n"
+                "running pre-migrate handlers for application migrations\n"
+                "running migrations:\n"
+                "  applying migrations.0001_squashed_0002... ok (",
                 out.getvalue().lower(),
             )
             out = io.StringIO()
-            call_command('showmigrations', format='list', stdout=out, verbosity=2, no_color=True)
+            call_command(
+                "showmigrations", format="list", stdout=out, verbosity=2, no_color=True
+            )
             self.assertEqual(
-                'migrations\n [x] 0001_squashed_0002 (2 squashed migrations)\n',
+                "migrations\n [x] 0001_squashed_0002 (2 squashed migrations)\n",
                 out.getvalue().lower(),
             )
         finally:
             # Unmigrate everything.
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', 'zero', verbosity=0)
+            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", verbosity=0)
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_run_before"})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_run_before"}
+    )
     def test_showmigrations_plan(self):
         """
         Tests --plan output of showmigrations command
         """
         out = io.StringIO()
-        call_command("showmigrations", format='plan', stdout=out)
+        call_command("showmigrations", format="plan", stdout=out)
         self.assertEqual(
             "[ ]  migrations.0001_initial\n"
             "[ ]  migrations.0003_third\n"
             "[ ]  migrations.0002_second\n",
-            out.getvalue().lower()
+            out.getvalue().lower(),
         )
 
         out = io.StringIO()
-        call_command("showmigrations", format='plan', stdout=out, verbosity=2)
+        call_command("showmigrations", format="plan", stdout=out, verbosity=2)
         self.assertEqual(
             "[ ]  migrations.0001_initial\n"
             "[ ]  migrations.0003_third ... (migrations.0001_initial)\n"
             "[ ]  migrations.0002_second ... (migrations.0001_initial, migrations.0003_third)\n",
-            out.getvalue().lower()
+            out.getvalue().lower(),
         )
         call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0003", verbosity=0)
 
         out = io.StringIO()
-        call_command("showmigrations", format='plan', stdout=out)
+        call_command("showmigrations", format="plan", stdout=out)
         self.assertEqual(
             "[x]  migrations.0001_initial\n"
             "[x]  migrations.0003_third\n"
             "[ ]  migrations.0002_second\n",
-            out.getvalue().lower()
+            out.getvalue().lower(),
         )
 
         out = io.StringIO()
-        call_command("showmigrations", format='plan', stdout=out, verbosity=2)
+        call_command("showmigrations", format="plan", stdout=out, verbosity=2)
         self.assertEqual(
             "[x]  migrations.0001_initial\n"
             "[x]  migrations.0003_third ... (migrations.0001_initial)\n"
             "[ ]  migrations.0002_second ... (migrations.0001_initial, migrations.0003_third)\n",
-            out.getvalue().lower()
+            out.getvalue().lower(),
         )
 
         # Cleanup by unmigrating everything
         call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", verbosity=0)
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations_plan'})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_plan"}
+    )
     def test_migrate_plan(self):
         """Tests migrate --plan output."""
         out = io.StringIO()
         # Show the plan up to the third migration.
-        call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0003', plan=True, stdout=out, no_color=True)
+        call_command(
+            "migrate", "migrations", "0003", plan=True, stdout=out, no_color=True
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
-            'Planned operations:\n'
-            'migrations.0001_initial\n'
-            '    Create model Salamander\n'
-            '    Raw Python operation -> Grow salamander tail.\n'
-            'migrations.0002_second\n'
-            '    Create model Book\n'
+            "Planned operations:\n"
+            "migrations.0001_initial\n"
+            "    Create model Salamander\n"
+            "    Raw Python operation -> Grow salamander tail.\n"
+            "migrations.0002_second\n"
+            "    Create model Book\n"
             "    Raw SQL operation -> ['SELECT * FROM migrations_book']\n"
-            'migrations.0003_third\n'
-            '    Create model Author\n'
+            "migrations.0003_third\n"
+            "    Create model Author\n"
             "    Raw SQL operation -> ['SELECT * FROM migrations_author']\n",
-            out.getvalue()
+            out.getvalue(),
         )
         try:
             # Migrate to the third migration.
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0003', verbosity=0)
+            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0003", verbosity=0)
             out = io.StringIO()
             # Show the plan for when there is nothing to apply.
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0003', plan=True, stdout=out, no_color=True)
+            call_command(
+                "migrate", "migrations", "0003", plan=True, stdout=out, no_color=True
+            )
             self.assertEqual(
-                'Planned operations:\n  No planned migration operations.\n',
-                out.getvalue()
+                "Planned operations:\n  No planned migration operations.\n",
+                out.getvalue(),
             )
             out = io.StringIO()
             # Show the plan for reverse migration back to 0001.
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0001', plan=True, stdout=out, no_color=True)
+            call_command(
+                "migrate", "migrations", "0001", plan=True, stdout=out, no_color=True
+            )
             self.assertEqual(
-                'Planned operations:\n'
-                'migrations.0003_third\n'
-                '    Undo Create model Author\n'
+                "Planned operations:\n"
+                "migrations.0003_third\n"
+                "    Undo Create model Author\n"
                 "    Raw SQL operation -> ['SELECT * FROM migrations_book']\n"
-                'migrations.0002_second\n'
-                '    Undo Create model Book\n'
+                "migrations.0002_second\n"
+                "    Undo Create model Book\n"
                 "    Raw SQL operation -> ['SELECT * FROM migrations_salamand…\n",
-                out.getvalue()
+                out.getvalue(),
             )
             out = io.StringIO()
             # Show the migration plan to fourth, with truncated details.
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0004', plan=True, stdout=out, no_color=True)
+            call_command(
+                "migrate", "migrations", "0004", plan=True, stdout=out, no_color=True
+            )
             self.assertEqual(
-                'Planned operations:\n'
-                'migrations.0004_fourth\n'
-                '    Raw SQL operation -> SELECT * FROM migrations_author WHE…\n',
-                out.getvalue()
+                "Planned operations:\n"
+                "migrations.0004_fourth\n"
+                "    Raw SQL operation -> SELECT * FROM migrations_author WHE…\n",
+                out.getvalue(),
             )
             # Show the plan when an operation is irreversible.
             # Migrate to the fourth migration.
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0004', verbosity=0)
+            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0004", verbosity=0)
             out = io.StringIO()
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0003', plan=True, stdout=out, no_color=True)
+            call_command(
+                "migrate", "migrations", "0003", plan=True, stdout=out, no_color=True
+            )
             self.assertEqual(
-                'Planned operations:\n'
-                'migrations.0004_fourth\n'
-                '    Raw SQL operation -> IRREVERSIBLE\n',
-                out.getvalue()
+                "Planned operations:\n"
+                "migrations.0004_fourth\n"
+                "    Raw SQL operation -> IRREVERSIBLE\n",
+                out.getvalue(),
             )
             out = io.StringIO()
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0005', plan=True, stdout=out, no_color=True)
+            call_command(
+                "migrate", "migrations", "0005", plan=True, stdout=out, no_color=True
+            )
             # Operation is marked as irreversible only in the revert plan.
             self.assertEqual(
-                'Planned operations:\n'
-                'migrations.0005_fifth\n'
-                '    Raw Python operation\n'
-                '    Raw Python operation\n'
-                '    Raw Python operation -> Feed salamander.\n',
-                out.getvalue()
+                "Planned operations:\n"
+                "migrations.0005_fifth\n"
+                "    Raw Python operation\n"
+                "    Raw Python operation\n"
+                "    Raw Python operation -> Feed salamander.\n",
+                out.getvalue(),
             )
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0005', verbosity=0)
+            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0005", verbosity=0)
             out = io.StringIO()
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0004', plan=True, stdout=out, no_color=True)
+            call_command(
+                "migrate", "migrations", "0004", plan=True, stdout=out, no_color=True
+            )
             self.assertEqual(
-                'Planned operations:\n'
-                'migrations.0005_fifth\n'
-                '    Raw Python operation -> IRREVERSIBLE\n'
-                '    Raw Python operation -> IRREVERSIBLE\n'
-                '    Raw Python operation\n',
-                out.getvalue()
+                "Planned operations:\n"
+                "migrations.0005_fifth\n"
+                "    Raw Python operation -> IRREVERSIBLE\n"
+                "    Raw Python operation -> IRREVERSIBLE\n"
+                "    Raw Python operation\n",
+                out.getvalue(),
             )
         finally:
             # Cleanup by unmigrating everything: fake the irreversible, then
             # migrate all to zero.
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0003', fake=True, verbosity=0)
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', 'zero', verbosity=0)
+            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0003", fake=True, verbosity=0)
+            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", verbosity=0)
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations_empty'})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_empty"}
+    )
     def test_showmigrations_no_migrations(self):
         out = io.StringIO()
-        call_command('showmigrations', stdout=out, no_color=True)
-        self.assertEqual('migrations\n (no migrations)\n', out.getvalue().lower())
+        call_command("showmigrations", stdout=out, no_color=True)
+        self.assertEqual("migrations\n (no migrations)\n", out.getvalue().lower())
 
-    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['migrations.migrations_test_apps.unmigrated_app'])
+    @override_settings(
+        INSTALLED_APPS=["migrations.migrations_test_apps.unmigrated_app"]
+    )
     def test_showmigrations_unmigrated_app(self):
         out = io.StringIO()
-        call_command('showmigrations', 'unmigrated_app', stdout=out, no_color=True)
+        call_command("showmigrations", "unmigrated_app", stdout=out, no_color=True)
         try:
-            self.assertEqual('unmigrated_app\n (no migrations)\n', out.getvalue().lower())
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "unmigrated_app\n (no migrations)\n", out.getvalue().lower()
+            )
         finally:
             # unmigrated_app.SillyModel has a foreign key to
             # 'migrations.Tribble', but that model is only defined in a
             # migration, so the global app registry never sees it and the
             # reference is left dangling. Remove it to avoid problems in
             # subsequent tests.
-            apps._pending_operations.pop(('migrations', 'tribble'), None)
+            apps._pending_operations.pop(("migrations", "tribble"), None)
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_empty"})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_empty"}
+    )
     def test_showmigrations_plan_no_migrations(self):
         """
         Tests --plan output of showmigrations command without migrations
         """
         out = io.StringIO()
-        call_command('showmigrations', format='plan', stdout=out, no_color=True)
-        self.assertEqual('(no migrations)\n', out.getvalue().lower())
+        call_command("showmigrations", format="plan", stdout=out, no_color=True)
+        self.assertEqual("(no migrations)\n", out.getvalue().lower())
 
         out = io.StringIO()
-        call_command('showmigrations', format='plan', stdout=out, verbosity=2, no_color=True)
-        self.assertEqual('(no migrations)\n', out.getvalue().lower())
+        call_command(
+            "showmigrations", format="plan", stdout=out, verbosity=2, no_color=True
+        )
+        self.assertEqual("(no migrations)\n", out.getvalue().lower())
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_complex"})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_complex"}
+    )
     def test_showmigrations_plan_squashed(self):
         """
         Tests --plan output of showmigrations command with squashed migrations.
         """
         out = io.StringIO()
-        call_command("showmigrations", format='plan', stdout=out)
+        call_command("showmigrations", format="plan", stdout=out)
         self.assertEqual(
             "[ ]  migrations.1_auto\n"
             "[ ]  migrations.2_auto\n"
             "[ ]  migrations.3_squashed_5\n"
             "[ ]  migrations.6_auto\n"
             "[ ]  migrations.7_auto\n",
-            out.getvalue().lower()
+            out.getvalue().lower(),
         )
 
         out = io.StringIO()
-        call_command("showmigrations", format='plan', stdout=out, verbosity=2)
+        call_command("showmigrations", format="plan", stdout=out, verbosity=2)
         self.assertEqual(
             "[ ]  migrations.1_auto\n"
             "[ ]  migrations.2_auto ... (migrations.1_auto)\n"
             "[ ]  migrations.3_squashed_5 ... (migrations.2_auto)\n"
             "[ ]  migrations.6_auto ... (migrations.3_squashed_5)\n"
             "[ ]  migrations.7_auto ... (migrations.6_auto)\n",
-            out.getvalue().lower()
+            out.getvalue().lower(),
         )
 
         call_command("migrate", "migrations", "3_squashed_5", verbosity=0)
 
         out = io.StringIO()
-        call_command("showmigrations", format='plan', stdout=out)
+        call_command("showmigrations", format="plan", stdout=out)
         self.assertEqual(
             "[x]  migrations.1_auto\n"
             "[x]  migrations.2_auto\n"
             "[x]  migrations.3_squashed_5\n"
             "[ ]  migrations.6_auto\n"
             "[ ]  migrations.7_auto\n",
-            out.getvalue().lower()
+            out.getvalue().lower(),
         )
 
         out = io.StringIO()
-        call_command("showmigrations", format='plan', stdout=out, verbosity=2)
+        call_command("showmigrations", format="plan", stdout=out, verbosity=2)
         self.assertEqual(
             "[x]  migrations.1_auto\n"
             "[x]  migrations.2_auto ... (migrations.1_auto)\n"
             "[x]  migrations.3_squashed_5 ... (migrations.2_auto)\n"
             "[ ]  migrations.6_auto ... (migrations.3_squashed_5)\n"
             "[ ]  migrations.7_auto ... (migrations.6_auto)\n",
-            out.getvalue().lower()
+            out.getvalue().lower(),
         )
 
-    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=[
-        'migrations.migrations_test_apps.mutate_state_b',
-        'migrations.migrations_test_apps.alter_fk.author_app',
-        'migrations.migrations_test_apps.alter_fk.book_app',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        INSTALLED_APPS=[
+            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.mutate_state_b",
+            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.alter_fk.author_app",
+            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.alter_fk.book_app",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_showmigrations_plan_single_app_label(self):
         """
         `showmigrations --plan app_label` output with a single app_label.
         """
         # Single app with no dependencies on other apps.
         out = io.StringIO()
-        call_command('showmigrations', 'mutate_state_b', format='plan', stdout=out)
+        call_command("showmigrations", "mutate_state_b", format="plan", stdout=out)
         self.assertEqual(
-            '[ ]  mutate_state_b.0001_initial\n[ ]  mutate_state_b.0002_add_field\n',
-            out.getvalue()
+            "[ ]  mutate_state_b.0001_initial\n[ ]  mutate_state_b.0002_add_field\n",
+            out.getvalue(),
         )
         # Single app with dependencies.
         out = io.StringIO()
-        call_command('showmigrations', 'author_app', format='plan', stdout=out)
+        call_command("showmigrations", "author_app", format="plan", stdout=out)
         self.assertEqual(
-            '[ ]  author_app.0001_initial\n'
-            '[ ]  book_app.0001_initial\n'
-            '[ ]  author_app.0002_alter_id\n',
-            out.getvalue()
+            "[ ]  author_app.0001_initial\n"
+            "[ ]  book_app.0001_initial\n"
+            "[ ]  author_app.0002_alter_id\n",
+            out.getvalue(),
         )
         # Some migrations already applied.
-        call_command('migrate', 'author_app', '0001', verbosity=0)
+        call_command("migrate", "author_app", "0001", verbosity=0)
         out = io.StringIO()
-        call_command('showmigrations', 'author_app', format='plan', stdout=out)
+        call_command("showmigrations", "author_app", format="plan", stdout=out)
         self.assertEqual(
-            '[X]  author_app.0001_initial\n'
-            '[ ]  book_app.0001_initial\n'
-            '[ ]  author_app.0002_alter_id\n',
-            out.getvalue()
+            "[X]  author_app.0001_initial\n"
+            "[ ]  book_app.0001_initial\n"
+            "[ ]  author_app.0002_alter_id\n",
+            out.getvalue(),
         )
         # Cleanup by unmigrating author_app.
-        call_command('migrate', 'author_app', 'zero', verbosity=0)
+        call_command("migrate", "author_app", "zero", verbosity=0)
 
-    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=[
-        'migrations.migrations_test_apps.mutate_state_b',
-        'migrations.migrations_test_apps.alter_fk.author_app',
-        'migrations.migrations_test_apps.alter_fk.book_app',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        INSTALLED_APPS=[
+            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.mutate_state_b",
+            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.alter_fk.author_app",
+            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.alter_fk.book_app",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_showmigrations_plan_multiple_app_labels(self):
         """
         `showmigrations --plan app_label` output with multiple app_labels.
@@ -639,41 +770,49 @@ class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
         # Multiple apps: author_app depends on book_app; mutate_state_b doesn't
         # depend on other apps.
         out = io.StringIO()
-        call_command('showmigrations', 'mutate_state_b', 'author_app', format='plan', stdout=out)
+        call_command(
+            "showmigrations", "mutate_state_b", "author_app", format="plan", stdout=out
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
-            '[ ]  author_app.0001_initial\n'
-            '[ ]  book_app.0001_initial\n'
-            '[ ]  author_app.0002_alter_id\n'
-            '[ ]  mutate_state_b.0001_initial\n'
-            '[ ]  mutate_state_b.0002_add_field\n',
-            out.getvalue()
+            "[ ]  author_app.0001_initial\n"
+            "[ ]  book_app.0001_initial\n"
+            "[ ]  author_app.0002_alter_id\n"
+            "[ ]  mutate_state_b.0001_initial\n"
+            "[ ]  mutate_state_b.0002_add_field\n",
+            out.getvalue(),
         )
         # Multiple apps: args order shouldn't matter (the same result is
         # expected as above).
         out = io.StringIO()
-        call_command('showmigrations', 'author_app', 'mutate_state_b', format='plan', stdout=out)
+        call_command(
+            "showmigrations", "author_app", "mutate_state_b", format="plan", stdout=out
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
-            '[ ]  author_app.0001_initial\n'
-            '[ ]  book_app.0001_initial\n'
-            '[ ]  author_app.0002_alter_id\n'
-            '[ ]  mutate_state_b.0001_initial\n'
-            '[ ]  mutate_state_b.0002_add_field\n',
-            out.getvalue()
+            "[ ]  author_app.0001_initial\n"
+            "[ ]  book_app.0001_initial\n"
+            "[ ]  author_app.0002_alter_id\n"
+            "[ ]  mutate_state_b.0001_initial\n"
+            "[ ]  mutate_state_b.0002_add_field\n",
+            out.getvalue(),
         )
 
-    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['migrations.migrations_test_apps.unmigrated_app'])
+    @override_settings(
+        INSTALLED_APPS=["migrations.migrations_test_apps.unmigrated_app"]
+    )
     def test_showmigrations_plan_app_label_no_migrations(self):
         out = io.StringIO()
-        call_command('showmigrations', 'unmigrated_app', format='plan', stdout=out, no_color=True)
+        call_command(
+            "showmigrations", "unmigrated_app", format="plan", stdout=out, no_color=True
+        )
         try:
-            self.assertEqual('(no migrations)\n', out.getvalue())
+            self.assertEqual("(no migrations)\n", out.getvalue())
         finally:
             # unmigrated_app.SillyModel has a foreign key to
             # 'migrations.Tribble', but that model is only defined in a
             # migration, so the global app registry never sees it and the
             # reference is left dangling. Remove it to avoid problems in
             # subsequent tests.
-            apps._pending_operations.pop(('migrations', 'tribble'), None)
+            apps._pending_operations.pop(("migrations", "tribble"), None)
 
     @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations"})
     def test_sqlmigrate_forwards(self):
@@ -685,34 +824,39 @@ class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
         output = out.getvalue().lower()
 
         index_tx_start = output.find(connection.ops.start_transaction_sql().lower())
-        index_op_desc_author = output.find('-- create model author')
-        index_create_table = output.find('create table')
-        index_op_desc_tribble = output.find('-- create model tribble')
-        index_op_desc_unique_together = output.find('-- alter unique_together')
+        index_op_desc_author = output.find("-- create model author")
+        index_create_table = output.find("create table")
+        index_op_desc_tribble = output.find("-- create model tribble")
+        index_op_desc_unique_together = output.find("-- alter unique_together")
         index_tx_end = output.find(connection.ops.end_transaction_sql().lower())
 
         if connection.features.can_rollback_ddl:
             self.assertGreater(index_tx_start, -1, "Transaction start not found")
             self.assertGreater(
-                index_tx_end, index_op_desc_unique_together,
-                "Transaction end not found or found before operation description (unique_together)"
+                index_tx_end,
+                index_op_desc_unique_together,
+                "Transaction end not found or found before operation description (unique_together)",
             )
 
         self.assertGreater(
-            index_op_desc_author, index_tx_start,
-            "Operation description (author) not found or found before transaction start"
+            index_op_desc_author,
+            index_tx_start,
+            "Operation description (author) not found or found before transaction start",
         )
         self.assertGreater(
-            index_create_table, index_op_desc_author,
-            "CREATE TABLE not found or found before operation description (author)"
+            index_create_table,
+            index_op_desc_author,
+            "CREATE TABLE not found or found before operation description (author)",
         )
         self.assertGreater(
-            index_op_desc_tribble, index_create_table,
-            "Operation description (tribble) not found or found before CREATE TABLE (author)"
+            index_op_desc_tribble,
+            index_create_table,
+            "Operation description (tribble) not found or found before CREATE TABLE (author)",
         )
         self.assertGreater(
-            index_op_desc_unique_together, index_op_desc_tribble,
-            "Operation description (unique_together) not found or found before operation description (tribble)"
+            index_op_desc_unique_together,
+            index_op_desc_tribble,
+            "Operation description (unique_together) not found or found before operation description (tribble)",
         )
 
     @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations"})
@@ -728,40 +872,47 @@ class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
         output = out.getvalue().lower()
 
         index_tx_start = output.find(connection.ops.start_transaction_sql().lower())
-        index_op_desc_unique_together = output.find('-- alter unique_together')
-        index_op_desc_tribble = output.find('-- create model tribble')
-        index_op_desc_author = output.find('-- create model author')
-        index_drop_table = output.rfind('drop table')
+        index_op_desc_unique_together = output.find("-- alter unique_together")
+        index_op_desc_tribble = output.find("-- create model tribble")
+        index_op_desc_author = output.find("-- create model author")
+        index_drop_table = output.rfind("drop table")
         index_tx_end = output.find(connection.ops.end_transaction_sql().lower())
 
         if connection.features.can_rollback_ddl:
             self.assertGreater(index_tx_start, -1, "Transaction start not found")
             self.assertGreater(
-                index_tx_end, index_op_desc_unique_together,
-                "Transaction end not found or found before DROP TABLE"
+                index_tx_end,
+                index_op_desc_unique_together,
+                "Transaction end not found or found before DROP TABLE",
             )
         self.assertGreater(
-            index_op_desc_unique_together, index_tx_start,
-            "Operation description (unique_together) not found or found before transaction start"
+            index_op_desc_unique_together,
+            index_tx_start,
+            "Operation description (unique_together) not found or found before transaction start",
         )
         self.assertGreater(
-            index_op_desc_tribble, index_op_desc_unique_together,
-            "Operation description (tribble) not found or found before operation description (unique_together)"
+            index_op_desc_tribble,
+            index_op_desc_unique_together,
+            "Operation description (tribble) not found or found before operation description (unique_together)",
         )
         self.assertGreater(
-            index_op_desc_author, index_op_desc_tribble,
-            "Operation description (author) not found or found before operation description (tribble)"
+            index_op_desc_author,
+            index_op_desc_tribble,
+            "Operation description (author) not found or found before operation description (tribble)",
         )
 
         self.assertGreater(
-            index_drop_table, index_op_desc_author,
-            "DROP TABLE not found or found before operation description (author)"
+            index_drop_table,
+            index_op_desc_author,
+            "DROP TABLE not found or found before operation description (author)",
         )
 
         # Cleanup by unmigrating everything
         call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", verbosity=0)
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_non_atomic"})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_non_atomic"}
+    )
     def test_sqlmigrate_for_non_atomic_migration(self):
         """
         Transaction wrappers aren't shown for non-atomic migrations.
@@ -774,15 +925,15 @@ class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
             self.assertNotIn(connection.ops.start_transaction_sql().lower(), queries)
         self.assertNotIn(connection.ops.end_transaction_sql().lower(), queries)
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations'})
+    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations"})
     def test_sqlmigrate_for_non_transactional_databases(self):
         """
         Transaction wrappers aren't shown for databases that don't support
         transactional DDL.
         """
         out = io.StringIO()
-        with mock.patch.object(connection.features, 'can_rollback_ddl', False):
-            call_command('sqlmigrate', 'migrations', '0001', stdout=out)
+        with mock.patch.object(connection.features, "can_rollback_ddl", False):
+            call_command("sqlmigrate", "migrations", "0001", stdout=out)
         output = out.getvalue().lower()
         queries = [q.strip() for q in output.splitlines()]
         start_transaction_sql = connection.ops.start_transaction_sql()
@@ -790,37 +941,45 @@ class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
             self.assertNotIn(start_transaction_sql.lower(), queries)
         self.assertNotIn(connection.ops.end_transaction_sql().lower(), queries)
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations_squashed'})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed"}
+    )
     def test_sqlmigrate_ambiguous_prefix_squashed_migrations(self):
         msg = (
             "More than one migration matches '0001' in app 'migrations'. "
             "Please be more specific."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
-            call_command('sqlmigrate', 'migrations', '0001')
+            call_command("sqlmigrate", "migrations", "0001")
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations_squashed'})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed"}
+    )
     def test_sqlmigrate_squashed_migration(self):
         out = io.StringIO()
-        call_command('sqlmigrate', 'migrations', '0001_squashed_0002', stdout=out)
+        call_command("sqlmigrate", "migrations", "0001_squashed_0002", stdout=out)
         output = out.getvalue().lower()
-        self.assertIn('-- create model author', output)
-        self.assertIn('-- create model book', output)
-        self.assertNotIn('-- create model tribble', output)
+        self.assertIn("-- create model author", output)
+        self.assertIn("-- create model book", output)
+        self.assertNotIn("-- create model tribble", output)
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations_squashed'})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed"}
+    )
     def test_sqlmigrate_replaced_migration(self):
         out = io.StringIO()
-        call_command('sqlmigrate', 'migrations', '0001_initial', stdout=out)
+        call_command("sqlmigrate", "migrations", "0001_initial", stdout=out)
         output = out.getvalue().lower()
-        self.assertIn('-- create model author', output)
-        self.assertIn('-- create model tribble', output)
+        self.assertIn("-- create model author", output)
+        self.assertIn("-- create model tribble", output)
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations_no_operations'})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_no_operations"}
+    )
     def test_migrations_no_operations(self):
         err = io.StringIO()
-        call_command('sqlmigrate', 'migrations', '0001_initial', stderr=err)
-        self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), 'No operations found.\n')
+        call_command("sqlmigrate", "migrations", "0001_initial", stderr=err)
+        self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), "No operations found.\n")
 
     @override_settings(
         INSTALLED_APPS=[
@@ -841,58 +1000,76 @@ class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
         "B" was not included in the ProjectState that is used to detect
         soft-applied migrations (#22823).
         """
-        call_command('migrate', 'migrated_unapplied_app', verbosity=0)
+        call_command("migrate", "migrated_unapplied_app", verbosity=0)
 
         # unmigrated_app.SillyModel has a foreign key to 'migrations.Tribble',
         # but that model is only defined in a migration, so the global app
         # registry never sees it and the reference is left dangling. Remove it
         # to avoid problems in subsequent tests.
-        apps._pending_operations.pop(('migrations', 'tribble'), None)
+        apps._pending_operations.pop(("migrations", "tribble"), None)
 
-    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['migrations.migrations_test_apps.unmigrated_app_syncdb'])
+    @override_settings(
+        INSTALLED_APPS=["migrations.migrations_test_apps.unmigrated_app_syncdb"]
+    )
     def test_migrate_syncdb_deferred_sql_executed_with_schemaeditor(self):
         """
         For an app without migrations, editor.execute() is used for executing
         the syncdb deferred SQL.
         """
         stdout = io.StringIO()
-        with mock.patch.object(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor, 'execute') as execute:
-            call_command('migrate', run_syncdb=True, verbosity=1, stdout=stdout, no_color=True)
-            create_table_count = len([call for call in execute.mock_calls if 'CREATE TABLE' in str(call)])
+        with mock.patch.object(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor, "execute") as execute:
+            call_command(
+                "migrate", run_syncdb=True, verbosity=1, stdout=stdout, no_color=True
+            )
+            create_table_count = len(
+                [call for call in execute.mock_calls if "CREATE TABLE" in str(call)]
+            )
             self.assertEqual(create_table_count, 2)
             # There's at least one deferred SQL for creating the foreign key
             # index.
             self.assertGreater(len(execute.mock_calls), 2)
         stdout = stdout.getvalue()
-        self.assertIn('Synchronize unmigrated apps: unmigrated_app_syncdb', stdout)
-        self.assertIn('Creating tables...', stdout)
-        table_name = truncate_name('unmigrated_app_syncdb_classroom', connection.ops.max_name_length())
-        self.assertIn('Creating table %s' % table_name, stdout)
+        self.assertIn("Synchronize unmigrated apps: unmigrated_app_syncdb", stdout)
+        self.assertIn("Creating tables...", stdout)
+        table_name = truncate_name(
+            "unmigrated_app_syncdb_classroom", connection.ops.max_name_length()
+        )
+        self.assertIn("Creating table %s" % table_name, stdout)
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations'})
+    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations"})
     def test_migrate_syncdb_app_with_migrations(self):
         msg = "Can't use run_syncdb with app 'migrations' as it has migrations."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', run_syncdb=True, verbosity=0)
+            call_command("migrate", "migrations", run_syncdb=True, verbosity=0)
 
-    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=[
-        'migrations.migrations_test_apps.unmigrated_app_syncdb',
-        'migrations.migrations_test_apps.unmigrated_app_simple',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        INSTALLED_APPS=[
+            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.unmigrated_app_syncdb",
+            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.unmigrated_app_simple",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_migrate_syncdb_app_label(self):
         """
         Running migrate --run-syncdb with an app_label only creates tables for
         the specified app.
         """
         stdout = io.StringIO()
-        with mock.patch.object(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor, 'execute') as execute:
-            call_command('migrate', 'unmigrated_app_syncdb', run_syncdb=True, stdout=stdout)
-            create_table_count = len([call for call in execute.mock_calls if 'CREATE TABLE' in str(call)])
+        with mock.patch.object(BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor, "execute") as execute:
+            call_command(
+                "migrate", "unmigrated_app_syncdb", run_syncdb=True, stdout=stdout
+            )
+            create_table_count = len(
+                [call for call in execute.mock_calls if "CREATE TABLE" in str(call)]
+            )
             self.assertEqual(create_table_count, 2)
             self.assertGreater(len(execute.mock_calls), 2)
-            self.assertIn('Synchronize unmigrated app: unmigrated_app_syncdb', stdout.getvalue())
+            self.assertIn(
+                "Synchronize unmigrated app: unmigrated_app_syncdb", stdout.getvalue()
+            )
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed"})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed"}
+    )
     def test_migrate_record_replaced(self):
         """
         Running a single squashed migration should record all of the original
@@ -903,8 +1080,8 @@ class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
         call_command("migrate", "migrations", verbosity=0)
         call_command("showmigrations", "migrations", stdout=out, no_color=True)
         self.assertEqual(
-            'migrations\n [x] 0001_squashed_0002 (2 squashed migrations)\n',
-            out.getvalue().lower()
+            "migrations\n [x] 0001_squashed_0002 (2 squashed migrations)\n",
+            out.getvalue().lower(),
         )
         applied_migrations = recorder.applied_migrations()
         self.assertIn(("migrations", "0001_initial"), applied_migrations)
@@ -913,7 +1090,9 @@ class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
         # Rollback changes
         call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", verbosity=0)
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed"})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed"}
+    )
     def test_migrate_record_squashed(self):
         """
         Running migrate for a squashed migration should record as run
@@ -923,7 +1102,7 @@ class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
         recorder.record_applied("migrations", "0001_initial")
         recorder.record_applied("migrations", "0002_second")
         out = io.StringIO()
-        call_command('showmigrations', 'migrations', stdout=out, no_color=True)
+        call_command("showmigrations", "migrations", stdout=out, no_color=True)
         self.assertEqual(
             "migrations\n"
             " [-] 0001_squashed_0002 (2 squashed migrations) "
@@ -935,12 +1114,11 @@ class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
         call_command("migrate", "migrations", verbosity=0)
         call_command("showmigrations", "migrations", stdout=out, no_color=True)
         self.assertEqual(
-            'migrations\n [x] 0001_squashed_0002 (2 squashed migrations)\n',
-            out.getvalue().lower()
+            "migrations\n [x] 0001_squashed_0002 (2 squashed migrations)\n",
+            out.getvalue().lower(),
         )
         self.assertIn(
-            ("migrations", "0001_squashed_0002"),
-            recorder.applied_migrations()
+            ("migrations", "0001_squashed_0002"), recorder.applied_migrations()
         )
         # No changes were actually applied so there is nothing to rollback
 
@@ -949,43 +1127,45 @@ class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
         Migrating to a squashed migration specified by name should succeed
         even if it is partially applied.
         """
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module='migrations.test_migrations'):
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations"):
             recorder = MigrationRecorder(connection)
             try:
-                call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0001_initial', verbosity=0)
+                call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0001_initial", verbosity=0)
                 call_command(
-                    'squashmigrations',
-                    'migrations',
-                    '0002',
+                    "squashmigrations",
+                    "migrations",
+                    "0002",
                     interactive=False,
                     verbosity=0,
                 )
                 call_command(
-                    'migrate',
-                    'migrations',
-                    '0001_squashed_0002_second',
+                    "migrate",
+                    "migrations",
+                    "0001_squashed_0002_second",
                     verbosity=0,
                 )
                 applied_migrations = recorder.applied_migrations()
-                self.assertIn(('migrations', '0002_second'), applied_migrations)
+                self.assertIn(("migrations", "0002_second"), applied_migrations)
             finally:
                 # Unmigrate everything.
-                call_command('migrate', 'migrations', 'zero', verbosity=0)
+                call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", verbosity=0)
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations_squashed'})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed"}
+    )
     def test_migrate_backward_to_squashed_migration(self):
         try:
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0001_squashed_0002', verbosity=0)
-            self.assertTableExists('migrations_author')
-            self.assertTableExists('migrations_book')
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', '0001_initial', verbosity=0)
-            self.assertTableExists('migrations_author')
-            self.assertTableNotExists('migrations_book')
+            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0001_squashed_0002", verbosity=0)
+            self.assertTableExists("migrations_author")
+            self.assertTableExists("migrations_book")
+            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "0001_initial", verbosity=0)
+            self.assertTableExists("migrations_author")
+            self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_book")
         finally:
             # Unmigrate everything.
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', 'zero', verbosity=0)
+            call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", verbosity=0)
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations'})
+    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations"})
     def test_migrate_inconsistent_history(self):
         """
         Running migrate with some migrations applied before their dependencies
@@ -999,23 +1179,25 @@ class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
         applied_migrations = recorder.applied_migrations()
         self.assertNotIn(("migrations", "0001_initial"), applied_migrations)
 
-    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=[
-        'migrations.migrations_test_apps.migrated_unapplied_app',
-        'migrations.migrations_test_apps.migrated_app',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        INSTALLED_APPS=[
+            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.migrated_unapplied_app",
+            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.migrated_app",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_migrate_not_reflected_changes(self):
         class NewModel1(models.Model):
-            class Meta():
-                app_label = 'migrated_app'
+            class Meta:
+                app_label = "migrated_app"
 
         class NewModel2(models.Model):
-            class Meta():
-                app_label = 'migrated_unapplied_app'
+            class Meta:
+                app_label = "migrated_unapplied_app"
 
         out = io.StringIO()
         try:
-            call_command('migrate', verbosity=0)
-            call_command('migrate', stdout=out, no_color=True)
+            call_command("migrate", verbosity=0)
+            call_command("migrate", stdout=out, no_color=True)
             self.assertEqual(
                 "operations to perform:\n"
                 "  apply all migrations: migrated_app, migrated_unapplied_app\n"
@@ -1030,12 +1212,14 @@ class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
             )
         finally:
             # Unmigrate everything.
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrated_app', 'zero', verbosity=0)
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrated_unapplied_app', 'zero', verbosity=0)
+            call_command("migrate", "migrated_app", "zero", verbosity=0)
+            call_command("migrate", "migrated_unapplied_app", "zero", verbosity=0)
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={
-        'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations_squashed_no_replaces',
-    })
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={
+            "migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_no_replaces",
+        }
+    )
     def test_migrate_prune(self):
         """
         With prune=True, references to migration files deleted from the
@@ -1043,44 +1227,50 @@ class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
         django_migrations table.
         """
         recorder = MigrationRecorder(connection)
-        recorder.record_applied('migrations', '0001_initial')
-        recorder.record_applied('migrations', '0002_second')
-        recorder.record_applied('migrations', '0001_squashed_0002')
+        recorder.record_applied("migrations", "0001_initial")
+        recorder.record_applied("migrations", "0002_second")
+        recorder.record_applied("migrations", "0001_squashed_0002")
         out = io.StringIO()
         try:
-            call_command('migrate', 'migrations', prune=True, stdout=out, no_color=True)
+            call_command("migrate", "migrations", prune=True, stdout=out, no_color=True)
             self.assertEqual(
                 out.getvalue(),
-                'Pruning migrations:\n'
-                '  Pruning migrations.0001_initial OK\n'
-                '  Pruning migrations.0002_second OK\n',
+                "Pruning migrations:\n"
+                "  Pruning migrations.0001_initial OK\n"
+                "  Pruning migrations.0002_second OK\n",
             )
             applied_migrations = [
                 migration
                 for migration in recorder.applied_migrations()
-                if migration[0] == 'migrations'
+                if migration[0] == "migrations"
             ]
-            self.assertEqual(applied_migrations, [('migrations', '0001_squashed_0002')])
+            self.assertEqual(applied_migrations, [("migrations", "0001_squashed_0002")])
         finally:
-            recorder.record_unapplied('migrations', '0001_initial')
-            recorder.record_unapplied('migrations', '0001_second')
-            recorder.record_unapplied('migrations', '0001_squashed_0002')
+            recorder.record_unapplied("migrations", "0001_initial")
+            recorder.record_unapplied("migrations", "0001_second")
+            recorder.record_unapplied("migrations", "0001_squashed_0002")
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations_squashed'})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed"}
+    )
     def test_prune_deleted_squashed_migrations_in_replaces(self):
         out = io.StringIO()
         with self.temporary_migration_module(
-            module='migrations.test_migrations_squashed'
+            module="migrations.test_migrations_squashed"
         ) as migration_dir:
             try:
-                call_command('migrate', 'migrations', verbosity=0)
+                call_command("migrate", "migrations", verbosity=0)
                 # Delete the replaced migrations.
-                os.remove(os.path.join(migration_dir, '0001_initial.py'))
-                os.remove(os.path.join(migration_dir, '0002_second.py'))
+                os.remove(os.path.join(migration_dir, "0001_initial.py"))
+                os.remove(os.path.join(migration_dir, "0002_second.py"))
                 # --prune cannot be used before removing the "replaces"
                 # attribute.
                 call_command(
-                    'migrate', 'migrations', prune=True, stdout=out, no_color=True,
+                    "migrate",
+                    "migrations",
+                    prune=True,
+                    stdout=out,
+                    no_color=True,
                 )
                 self.assertEqual(
                     out.getvalue(),
@@ -1091,32 +1281,37 @@ class MigrateTests(MigrationTestBase):
                     "    migrations.0001_squashed_0002\n"
                     "  Re-run 'manage.py migrate' if they are not marked as "
                     "applied, and remove 'replaces' attributes in their "
-                    "Migration classes.\n"
+                    "Migration classes.\n",
                 )
             finally:
                 # Unmigrate everything.
-                call_command('migrate', 'migrations', 'zero', verbosity=0)
+                call_command("migrate", "migrations", "zero", verbosity=0)
 
     @override_settings(
-        MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations_squashed'}
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed"}
     )
     def test_prune_no_migrations_to_prune(self):
         out = io.StringIO()
-        call_command('migrate', 'migrations', prune=True, stdout=out, no_color=True)
+        call_command("migrate", "migrations", prune=True, stdout=out, no_color=True)
         self.assertEqual(
             out.getvalue(),
-            'Pruning migrations:\n  No migrations to prune.\n',
+            "Pruning migrations:\n  No migrations to prune.\n",
         )
         out = io.StringIO()
         call_command(
-            'migrate', 'migrations', prune=True, stdout=out, no_color=True, verbosity=0,
+            "migrate",
+            "migrations",
+            prune=True,
+            stdout=out,
+            no_color=True,
+            verbosity=0,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), '')
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), "")
 
     def test_prune_no_app_label(self):
-        msg = 'Migrations can be pruned only when an app is specified.'
+        msg = "Migrations can be pruned only when an app is specified."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
-            call_command('migrate', prune=True)
+            call_command("migrate", prune=True)
 
 
 class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
@@ -1126,17 +1321,17 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
 
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        self._old_models = apps.app_configs['migrations'].models.copy()
+        self._old_models = apps.app_configs["migrations"].models.copy()
 
     def tearDown(self):
-        apps.app_configs['migrations'].models = self._old_models
-        apps.all_models['migrations'] = self._old_models
+        apps.app_configs["migrations"].models = self._old_models
+        apps.all_models["migrations"] = self._old_models
         apps.clear_cache()
         super().tearDown()
 
     def test_files_content(self):
         self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_unicodemodel")
-        apps.register_model('migrations', UnicodeModel)
+        apps.register_model("migrations", UnicodeModel)
         with self.temporary_migration_module() as migration_dir:
             call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", verbosity=0)
 
@@ -1146,65 +1341,71 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
 
             with open(init_file) as fp:
                 content = fp.read()
-            self.assertEqual(content, '')
+            self.assertEqual(content, "")
 
             # Check for existing 0001_initial.py file in migration folder
             initial_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0001_initial.py")
             self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(initial_file))
 
-            with open(initial_file, encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+            with open(initial_file, encoding="utf-8") as fp:
                 content = fp.read()
-                self.assertIn('migrations.CreateModel', content)
-                self.assertIn('initial = True', content)
+                self.assertIn("migrations.CreateModel", content)
+                self.assertIn("initial = True", content)
 
-                self.assertIn('úñí©óðé µóðéø', content)  # Meta.verbose_name
-                self.assertIn('úñí©óðé µóðéøß', content)  # Meta.verbose_name_plural
-                self.assertIn('ÚÑÍ¢ÓÐÉ', content)  # title.verbose_name
-                self.assertIn('“Ðjáñgó”', content)  # title.default
+                self.assertIn("úñí©óðé µóðéø", content)  # Meta.verbose_name
+                self.assertIn("úñí©óðé µóðéøß", content)  # Meta.verbose_name_plural
+                self.assertIn("ÚÑÍ¢ÓÐÉ", content)  # title.verbose_name
+                self.assertIn("“Ðjáñgó”", content)  # title.default
 
     def test_makemigrations_order(self):
         """
         makemigrations should recognize number-only migrations (0001.py).
         """
-        module = 'migrations.test_migrations_order'
+        module = "migrations.test_migrations_order"
         with self.temporary_migration_module(module=module) as migration_dir:
-            if hasattr(importlib, 'invalidate_caches'):
+            if hasattr(importlib, "invalidate_caches"):
                 # importlib caches os.listdir() on some platforms like macOS
                 # (#23850).
                 importlib.invalidate_caches()
-            call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', '--empty', '-n', 'a', '-v', '0')
-            self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(migration_dir, '0002_a.py')))
+            call_command(
+                "makemigrations", "migrations", "--empty", "-n", "a", "-v", "0"
+            )
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(migration_dir, "0002_a.py")))
 
     def test_makemigrations_empty_connections(self):
-        empty_connections = ConnectionHandler({'default': {}})
-        with mock.patch('django.core.management.commands.makemigrations.connections', new=empty_connections):
+        empty_connections = ConnectionHandler({"default": {}})
+        with mock.patch(
+            "django.core.management.commands.makemigrations.connections",
+            new=empty_connections,
+        ):
             # with no apps
             out = io.StringIO()
-            call_command('makemigrations', stdout=out)
-            self.assertIn('No changes detected', out.getvalue())
+            call_command("makemigrations", stdout=out)
+            self.assertIn("No changes detected", out.getvalue())
             # with an app
             with self.temporary_migration_module() as migration_dir:
-                call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', verbosity=0)
-                init_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, '__init__.py')
+                call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", verbosity=0)
+                init_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "__init__.py")
                 self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(init_file))
 
-    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['migrations', 'migrations2'])
+    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["migrations", "migrations2"])
     def test_makemigrations_consistency_checks_respect_routers(self):
         """
         The history consistency checks in makemigrations respect
         settings.DATABASE_ROUTERS.
         """
+
         def patched_has_table(migration_recorder):
-            if migration_recorder.connection is connections['other']:
-                raise Exception('Other connection')
+            if migration_recorder.connection is connections["other"]:
+                raise Exception("Other connection")
             else:
                 return mock.DEFAULT
 
-        self.assertTableNotExists('migrations_unicodemodel')
-        apps.register_model('migrations', UnicodeModel)
+        self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_unicodemodel")
+        apps.register_model("migrations", UnicodeModel)
         with mock.patch.object(
-                MigrationRecorder, 'has_table',
-                autospec=True, side_effect=patched_has_table) as has_table:
+            MigrationRecorder, "has_table", autospec=True, side_effect=patched_has_table
+        ) as has_table:
             with self.temporary_migration_module() as migration_dir:
                 call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", verbosity=0)
                 initial_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0001_initial.py")
@@ -1213,23 +1414,29 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
 
                 # Router says not to migrate 'other' so consistency shouldn't
                 # be checked.
-                with self.settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=['migrations.routers.TestRouter']):
-                    call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', verbosity=0)
+                with self.settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=["migrations.routers.TestRouter"]):
+                    call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", verbosity=0)
                 self.assertEqual(has_table.call_count, 2)  # 'default' again
 
                 # With a router that doesn't prohibit migrating 'other',
                 # consistency is checked.
-                with self.settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=['migrations.routers.DefaultOtherRouter']):
-                    with self.assertRaisesMessage(Exception, 'Other connection'):
-                        call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', verbosity=0)
+                with self.settings(
+                    DATABASE_ROUTERS=["migrations.routers.DefaultOtherRouter"]
+                ):
+                    with self.assertRaisesMessage(Exception, "Other connection"):
+                        call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", verbosity=0)
                 self.assertEqual(has_table.call_count, 4)  # 'default' and 'other'
 
                 # With a router that doesn't allow migrating on any database,
                 # no consistency checks are made.
-                with self.settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=['migrations.routers.TestRouter']):
-                    with mock.patch.object(TestRouter, 'allow_migrate', return_value=False) as allow_migrate:
-                        call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', verbosity=0)
-                allow_migrate.assert_any_call('other', 'migrations', model_name='UnicodeModel')
+                with self.settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=["migrations.routers.TestRouter"]):
+                    with mock.patch.object(
+                        TestRouter, "allow_migrate", return_value=False
+                    ) as allow_migrate:
+                        call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", verbosity=0)
+                allow_migrate.assert_any_call(
+                    "other", "migrations", model_name="UnicodeModel"
+                )
                 # allow_migrate() is called with the correct arguments.
                 self.assertGreater(len(allow_migrate.mock_calls), 0)
                 called_aliases = set()
@@ -1238,16 +1445,16 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
                     connection_alias, app_name = call_args
                     called_aliases.add(connection_alias)
                     # Raises an error if invalid app_name/model_name occurs.
-                    apps.get_app_config(app_name).get_model(call_kwargs['model_name'])
+                    apps.get_app_config(app_name).get_model(call_kwargs["model_name"])
                 self.assertEqual(called_aliases, set(connections))
                 self.assertEqual(has_table.call_count, 4)
 
     def test_failing_migration(self):
         # If a migration fails to serialize, it shouldn't generate an empty file. #21280
-        apps.register_model('migrations', UnserializableModel)
+        apps.register_model("migrations", UnserializableModel)
 
         with self.temporary_migration_module() as migration_dir:
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Cannot serialize'):
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot serialize"):
                 call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", verbosity=0)
 
             initial_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0001_initial.py")
@@ -1257,7 +1464,9 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         """
         makemigrations exits if it detects a conflict.
         """
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict"):
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(
+            module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict"
+        ):
             with self.assertRaises(CommandError) as context:
                 call_command("makemigrations")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -1265,7 +1474,7 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
             "Conflicting migrations detected; multiple leaf nodes in the "
             "migration graph: (0002_conflicting_second, 0002_second in "
             "migrations).\n"
-            "To fix them run 'python manage.py makemigrations --merge'"
+            "To fix them run 'python manage.py makemigrations --merge'",
         )
 
     def test_makemigrations_merge_no_conflict(self):
@@ -1281,7 +1490,7 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         """
         makemigrations exits if no app is specified with 'empty' mode.
         """
-        msg = 'You must supply at least one app label when using --empty.'
+        msg = "You must supply at least one app label when using --empty."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
             call_command("makemigrations", empty=True)
 
@@ -1296,13 +1505,13 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
             initial_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0001_initial.py")
             self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(initial_file))
 
-            with open(initial_file, encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+            with open(initial_file, encoding="utf-8") as fp:
                 content = fp.read()
 
                 # Remove all whitespace to check for empty dependencies and operations
-                content = content.replace(' ', '')
-                self.assertIn('dependencies=[\n]', content)
-                self.assertIn('operations=[\n]', content)
+                content = content.replace(" ", "")
+                self.assertIn("dependencies=[\n]", content)
+                self.assertIn("operations=[\n]", content)
 
     @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": None})
     def test_makemigrations_disabled_migrations_for_app(self):
@@ -1330,7 +1539,9 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         makemigrations exits when there are no changes to an app.
         """
         out = io.StringIO()
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_no_changes"):
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(
+            module="migrations.test_migrations_no_changes"
+        ):
             call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", stdout=out)
         self.assertIn("No changes detected in app 'migrations'", out.getvalue())
 
@@ -1347,9 +1558,11 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
     def test_makemigrations_no_init(self):
         """Migration directories without an __init__.py file are allowed."""
         out = io.StringIO()
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module='migrations.test_migrations_no_init'):
-            call_command('makemigrations', stdout=out)
-        self.assertIn('0001_initial.py', out.getvalue())
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(
+            module="migrations.test_migrations_no_init"
+        ):
+            call_command("makemigrations", stdout=out)
+        self.assertIn("0001_initial.py", out.getvalue())
 
     def test_makemigrations_migrations_announce(self):
         """
@@ -1365,7 +1578,9 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         makemigrations fails to merge migrations with no common ancestor.
         """
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as context:
-            with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_no_ancestor"):
+            with self.temporary_migration_module(
+                module="migrations.test_migrations_no_ancestor"
+            ):
                 call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", merge=True)
         exception_message = str(context.exception)
         self.assertIn("Could not find common ancestor of", exception_message)
@@ -1377,18 +1592,20 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         makemigrations enters and exits interactive mode properly.
         """
         # Monkeypatch interactive questioner to auto reject
-        with mock.patch('builtins.input', mock.Mock(return_value='N')):
-            with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict") as migration_dir:
+        with mock.patch("builtins.input", mock.Mock(return_value="N")):
+            with self.temporary_migration_module(
+                module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict"
+            ) as migration_dir:
                 with captured_stdout():
                     call_command(
-                        'makemigrations',
-                        'migrations',
-                        name='merge',
+                        "makemigrations",
+                        "migrations",
+                        name="merge",
                         merge=True,
                         interactive=True,
                         verbosity=0,
                     )
-                merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, '0003_merge.py')
+                merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0003_merge.py")
                 self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(merge_file))
 
     def test_makemigrations_interactive_accept(self):
@@ -1396,37 +1613,58 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         makemigrations enters interactive mode and merges properly.
         """
         # Monkeypatch interactive questioner to auto accept
-        with mock.patch('builtins.input', mock.Mock(return_value='y')):
+        with mock.patch("builtins.input", mock.Mock(return_value="y")):
             out = io.StringIO()
-            with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict") as migration_dir:
-                call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", name="merge", merge=True, interactive=True, stdout=out)
-                merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, '0003_merge.py')
+            with self.temporary_migration_module(
+                module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict"
+            ) as migration_dir:
+                call_command(
+                    "makemigrations",
+                    "migrations",
+                    name="merge",
+                    merge=True,
+                    interactive=True,
+                    stdout=out,
+                )
+                merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0003_merge.py")
                 self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(merge_file))
             self.assertIn("Created new merge migration", out.getvalue())
 
     def test_makemigrations_default_merge_name(self):
         out = io.StringIO()
         with self.temporary_migration_module(
-            module='migrations.test_migrations_conflict'
+            module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict"
         ) as migration_dir:
-            call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', merge=True, interactive=False, stdout=out)
+            call_command(
+                "makemigrations",
+                "migrations",
+                merge=True,
+                interactive=False,
+                stdout=out,
+            )
             merge_file = os.path.join(
                 migration_dir,
-                '0003_merge_0002_conflicting_second_0002_second.py',
+                "0003_merge_0002_conflicting_second_0002_second.py",
             )
             self.assertIs(os.path.exists(merge_file), True)
-        self.assertIn('Created new merge migration %s' % merge_file, out.getvalue())
+        self.assertIn("Created new merge migration %s" % merge_file, out.getvalue())
 
-    @mock.patch('django.db.migrations.utils.datetime')
+    @mock.patch("django.db.migrations.utils.datetime")
     def test_makemigrations_auto_merge_name(self, mock_datetime):
         mock_datetime.datetime.now.return_value = datetime.datetime(2016, 1, 2, 3, 4)
-        with mock.patch('builtins.input', mock.Mock(return_value='y')):
+        with mock.patch("builtins.input", mock.Mock(return_value="y")):
             out = io.StringIO()
             with self.temporary_migration_module(
-                module='migrations.test_migrations_conflict_long_name'
+                module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict_long_name"
             ) as migration_dir:
-                call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", merge=True, interactive=True, stdout=out)
-                merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, '0003_merge_20160102_0304.py')
+                call_command(
+                    "makemigrations",
+                    "migrations",
+                    merge=True,
+                    interactive=True,
+                    stdout=out,
+                )
+                merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0003_merge_20160102_0304.py")
                 self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(merge_file))
             self.assertIn("Created new merge migration", out.getvalue())
 
@@ -1435,6 +1673,7 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         Non-interactive makemigrations fails when a default is missing on a
         new not-null field.
         """
+
         class SillyModel(models.Model):
             silly_field = models.BooleanField(default=False)
             silly_int = models.IntegerField()
@@ -1443,9 +1682,11 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
                 app_label = "migrations"
 
         with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
-            with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_no_default"):
+            with self.temporary_migration_module(
+                module="migrations.test_migrations_no_default"
+            ):
                 with captured_stdout() as out:
-                    call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', interactive=False)
+                    call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", interactive=False)
         self.assertIn(
             "Field 'silly_int' on model 'sillymodel' not migrated: it is "
             "impossible to add a non-nullable field without specifying a "
@@ -1458,11 +1699,12 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         makemigrations messages when adding a NOT NULL field in interactive
         mode.
         """
+
         class Author(models.Model):
             silly_field = models.BooleanField(null=False)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'migrations'
+                app_label = "migrations"
 
         input_msg = (
             "It is impossible to add a non-nullable field 'silly_field' to "
@@ -1473,23 +1715,23 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
             "rows with a null value for this column)\n"
             " 2) Quit and manually define a default value in models.py."
         )
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module='migrations.test_migrations'):
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations"):
             # 2 - quit.
-            with mock.patch('builtins.input', return_value='2'):
+            with mock.patch("builtins.input", return_value="2"):
                 with captured_stdout() as out, self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
-                    call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', interactive=True)
+                    call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", interactive=True)
             self.assertIn(input_msg, out.getvalue())
             # 1 - provide a default.
-            with mock.patch('builtins.input', return_value='1'):
+            with mock.patch("builtins.input", return_value="1"):
                 with captured_stdout() as out:
-                    call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', interactive=True)
+                    call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", interactive=True)
             output = out.getvalue()
             self.assertIn(input_msg, output)
-            self.assertIn('Please enter the default value as valid Python.', output)
+            self.assertIn("Please enter the default value as valid Python.", output)
             self.assertIn(
-                'The datetime and django.utils.timezone modules are '
-                'available, so it is possible to provide e.g. timezone.now as '
-                'a value',
+                "The datetime and django.utils.timezone modules are "
+                "available, so it is possible to provide e.g. timezone.now as "
+                "a value",
                 output,
             )
             self.assertIn("Type 'exit' to exit this prompt", output)
@@ -1499,6 +1741,7 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         Non-interactive makemigrations fails when a default is missing on a
         field changed to not-null.
         """
+
         class Author(models.Model):
             name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
             slug = models.SlugField()
@@ -1509,7 +1752,7 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
 
         with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations"):
             with captured_stdout() as out:
-                call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', interactive=False)
+                call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", interactive=False)
         self.assertIn("Alter field slug on author", out.getvalue())
         self.assertIn(
             "Field 'slug' on model 'author' given a default of NOT PROVIDED "
@@ -1522,11 +1765,12 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         makemigrations messages when changing a NULL field to NOT NULL in
         interactive mode.
         """
+
         class Author(models.Model):
             slug = models.SlugField(null=False)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'migrations'
+                app_label = "migrations"
 
         input_msg = (
             "It is impossible to change a nullable field 'slug' on author to "
@@ -1540,29 +1784,32 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
             "RunSQL operation.\n"
             " 3) Quit and manually define a default value in models.py."
         )
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module='migrations.test_migrations'):
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations"):
             # No message appears if --dry-run.
             with captured_stdout() as out:
                 call_command(
-                    'makemigrations', 'migrations', interactive=True, dry_run=True,
+                    "makemigrations",
+                    "migrations",
+                    interactive=True,
+                    dry_run=True,
                 )
             self.assertNotIn(input_msg, out.getvalue())
             # 3 - quit.
-            with mock.patch('builtins.input', return_value='3'):
+            with mock.patch("builtins.input", return_value="3"):
                 with captured_stdout() as out, self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
-                    call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', interactive=True)
+                    call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", interactive=True)
             self.assertIn(input_msg, out.getvalue())
             # 1 - provide a default.
-            with mock.patch('builtins.input', return_value='1'):
+            with mock.patch("builtins.input", return_value="1"):
                 with captured_stdout() as out:
-                    call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', interactive=True)
+                    call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", interactive=True)
             output = out.getvalue()
             self.assertIn(input_msg, output)
-            self.assertIn('Please enter the default value as valid Python.', output)
+            self.assertIn("Please enter the default value as valid Python.", output)
             self.assertIn(
-                'The datetime and django.utils.timezone modules are '
-                'available, so it is possible to provide e.g. timezone.now as '
-                'a value',
+                "The datetime and django.utils.timezone modules are "
+                "available, so it is possible to provide e.g. timezone.now as "
+                "a value",
                 output,
             )
             self.assertIn("Type 'exit' to exit this prompt", output)
@@ -1572,6 +1819,7 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         makemigrations adds and removes a possible model rename in
         non-interactive mode.
         """
+
         class RenamedModel(models.Model):
             silly_field = models.BooleanField(default=False)
 
@@ -1579,7 +1827,9 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
                 app_label = "migrations"
 
         out = io.StringIO()
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_no_default"):
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(
+            module="migrations.test_migrations_no_default"
+        ):
             call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", interactive=False, stdout=out)
         self.assertIn("Delete model SillyModel", out.getvalue())
         self.assertIn("Create model RenamedModel", out.getvalue())
@@ -1589,6 +1839,7 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         makemigrations adds and removes a possible field rename in
         non-interactive mode.
         """
+
         class SillyModel(models.Model):
             silly_rename = models.BooleanField(default=False)
 
@@ -1596,41 +1847,43 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
                 app_label = "migrations"
 
         out = io.StringIO()
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_no_default"):
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(
+            module="migrations.test_migrations_no_default"
+        ):
             call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", interactive=False, stdout=out)
         self.assertIn("Remove field silly_field from sillymodel", out.getvalue())
         self.assertIn("Add field silly_rename to sillymodel", out.getvalue())
 
-    @mock.patch('builtins.input', return_value='Y')
+    @mock.patch("builtins.input", return_value="Y")
     def test_makemigrations_model_rename_interactive(self, mock_input):
         class RenamedModel(models.Model):
             silly_field = models.BooleanField(default=False)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'migrations'
+                app_label = "migrations"
 
         with self.temporary_migration_module(
-            module='migrations.test_migrations_no_default',
+            module="migrations.test_migrations_no_default",
         ):
             with captured_stdout() as out:
-                call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', interactive=True)
-        self.assertIn('Rename model SillyModel to RenamedModel', out.getvalue())
+                call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", interactive=True)
+        self.assertIn("Rename model SillyModel to RenamedModel", out.getvalue())
 
-    @mock.patch('builtins.input', return_value='Y')
+    @mock.patch("builtins.input", return_value="Y")
     def test_makemigrations_field_rename_interactive(self, mock_input):
         class SillyModel(models.Model):
             silly_rename = models.BooleanField(default=False)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'migrations'
+                app_label = "migrations"
 
         with self.temporary_migration_module(
-            module='migrations.test_migrations_no_default',
+            module="migrations.test_migrations_no_default",
         ):
             with captured_stdout() as out:
-                call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', interactive=True)
+                call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", interactive=True)
         self.assertIn(
-            'Rename field silly_field on sillymodel to silly_rename',
+            "Rename field silly_field on sillymodel to silly_rename",
             out.getvalue(),
         )
 
@@ -1639,9 +1892,18 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         makemigrations properly merges the conflicting migrations with --noinput.
         """
         out = io.StringIO()
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict") as migration_dir:
-            call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", name="merge", merge=True, interactive=False, stdout=out)
-            merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, '0003_merge.py')
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(
+            module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict"
+        ) as migration_dir:
+            call_command(
+                "makemigrations",
+                "migrations",
+                name="merge",
+                merge=True,
+                interactive=False,
+                stdout=out,
+            )
+            merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0003_merge.py")
             self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(merge_file))
         output = out.getvalue()
         self.assertIn("Merging migrations", output)
@@ -1655,12 +1917,19 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         conflicts (#24427).
         """
         out = io.StringIO()
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict") as migration_dir:
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(
+            module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict"
+        ) as migration_dir:
             call_command(
-                "makemigrations", "migrations", name="merge", dry_run=True,
-                merge=True, interactive=False, stdout=out,
+                "makemigrations",
+                "migrations",
+                name="merge",
+                dry_run=True,
+                merge=True,
+                interactive=False,
+                stdout=out,
             )
-            merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, '0003_merge.py')
+            merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0003_merge.py")
             self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(merge_file))
         output = out.getvalue()
         self.assertIn("Merging migrations", output)
@@ -1674,12 +1943,20 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         stdout with `verbosity == 3` (#24427).
         """
         out = io.StringIO()
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict") as migration_dir:
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(
+            module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict"
+        ) as migration_dir:
             call_command(
-                "makemigrations", "migrations", name="merge", dry_run=True,
-                merge=True, interactive=False, stdout=out, verbosity=3,
+                "makemigrations",
+                "migrations",
+                name="merge",
+                dry_run=True,
+                merge=True,
+                interactive=False,
+                stdout=out,
+                verbosity=3,
             )
-            merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, '0003_merge.py')
+            merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0003_merge.py")
             self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(merge_file))
         output = out.getvalue()
         self.assertIn("Merging migrations", output)
@@ -1700,6 +1977,7 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         """
         `makemigrations --dry-run` should not ask for defaults.
         """
+
         class SillyModel(models.Model):
             silly_field = models.BooleanField(default=False)
             silly_date = models.DateField()  # Added field without a default
@@ -1709,7 +1987,9 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
                 app_label = "migrations"
 
         out = io.StringIO()
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_no_default"):
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(
+            module="migrations.test_migrations_no_default"
+        ):
             call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", dry_run=True, stdout=out)
         # Output the expected changes directly, without asking for defaults
         self.assertIn("Add field silly_date to sillymodel", out.getvalue())
@@ -1719,6 +1999,7 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         Allow `makemigrations --dry-run` to output the migrations file to
         stdout (with verbosity == 3).
         """
+
         class SillyModel(models.Model):
             silly_field = models.BooleanField(default=False)
             silly_char = models.CharField(default="")
@@ -1727,8 +2008,12 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
                 app_label = "migrations"
 
         out = io.StringIO()
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_no_default"):
-            call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", dry_run=True, stdout=out, verbosity=3)
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(
+            module="migrations.test_migrations_no_default"
+        ):
+            call_command(
+                "makemigrations", "migrations", dry_run=True, stdout=out, verbosity=3
+            )
 
         # Normal --dry-run output
         self.assertIn("- Add field silly_char to sillymodel", out.getvalue())
@@ -1750,38 +2035,38 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         out = io.StringIO()
         err = io.StringIO()
         with self.temporary_migration_module(
-            module='migrations.migrations.test_migrations',
+            module="migrations.migrations.test_migrations",
         ) as migration_dir:
             call_command(
-                'makemigrations',
-                'migrations',
+                "makemigrations",
+                "migrations",
                 scriptable=True,
                 stdout=out,
                 stderr=err,
             )
-        initial_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, '0001_initial.py')
-        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), f'{initial_file}\n')
-        self.assertIn('    - Create model ModelWithCustomBase\n', err.getvalue())
+        initial_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0001_initial.py")
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), f"{initial_file}\n")
+        self.assertIn("    - Create model ModelWithCustomBase\n", err.getvalue())
 
-    @mock.patch('builtins.input', return_value='Y')
+    @mock.patch("builtins.input", return_value="Y")
     def test_makemigrations_scriptable_merge(self, mock_input):
         out = io.StringIO()
         err = io.StringIO()
         with self.temporary_migration_module(
-            module='migrations.test_migrations_conflict',
+            module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict",
         ) as migration_dir:
             call_command(
-                'makemigrations',
-                'migrations',
+                "makemigrations",
+                "migrations",
                 merge=True,
-                name='merge',
+                name="merge",
                 scriptable=True,
                 stdout=out,
                 stderr=err,
             )
-        merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, '0003_merge.py')
-        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), f'{merge_file}\n')
-        self.assertIn(f'Created new merge migration {merge_file}', err.getvalue())
+        merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0003_merge.py")
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), f"{merge_file}\n")
+        self.assertIn(f"Created new merge migration {merge_file}", err.getvalue())
 
     def test_makemigrations_migrations_modules_path_not_exist(self):
         """
@@ -1789,6 +2074,7 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         for migration files using MIGRATION_MODULES if the custom path
         doesn't already exist.
         """
+
         class SillyModel(models.Model):
             silly_field = models.BooleanField(default=False)
 
@@ -1807,15 +2093,15 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         # Command output indicates the migration is created.
         self.assertIn(" - Create model SillyModel", out.getvalue())
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'some.nonexistent.path'})
+    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "some.nonexistent.path"})
     def test_makemigrations_migrations_modules_nonexistent_toplevel_package(self):
         msg = (
-            'Could not locate an appropriate location to create migrations '
-            'package some.nonexistent.path. Make sure the toplevel package '
-            'exists and can be imported.'
+            "Could not locate an appropriate location to create migrations "
+            "package some.nonexistent.path. Make sure the toplevel package "
+            "exists and can be imported."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', empty=True, verbosity=0)
+            call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", empty=True, verbosity=0)
 
     def test_makemigrations_interactive_by_default(self):
         """
@@ -1825,10 +2111,14 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         """
         # Monkeypatch interactive questioner to auto reject
         out = io.StringIO()
-        with mock.patch('builtins.input', mock.Mock(return_value='N')):
-            with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict") as migration_dir:
-                call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", name="merge", merge=True, stdout=out)
-                merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, '0003_merge.py')
+        with mock.patch("builtins.input", mock.Mock(return_value="N")):
+            with self.temporary_migration_module(
+                module="migrations.test_migrations_conflict"
+            ) as migration_dir:
+                call_command(
+                    "makemigrations", "migrations", name="merge", merge=True, stdout=out
+                )
+                merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0003_merge.py")
                 # This will fail if interactive is False by default
                 self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(merge_file))
             self.assertNotIn("Created new merge migration", out.getvalue())
@@ -1836,64 +2126,86 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
     @override_settings(
         INSTALLED_APPS=[
             "migrations",
-            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.unspecified_app_with_conflict"])
+            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.unspecified_app_with_conflict",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_makemigrations_unspecified_app_with_conflict_no_merge(self):
         """
         makemigrations does not raise a CommandError when an unspecified app
         has conflicting migrations.
         """
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_no_changes"):
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(
+            module="migrations.test_migrations_no_changes"
+        ):
             call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", merge=False, verbosity=0)
 
     @override_settings(
         INSTALLED_APPS=[
             "migrations.migrations_test_apps.migrated_app",
-            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.unspecified_app_with_conflict"])
+            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.unspecified_app_with_conflict",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_makemigrations_unspecified_app_with_conflict_merge(self):
         """
         makemigrations does not create a merge for an unspecified app even if
         it has conflicting migrations.
         """
         # Monkeypatch interactive questioner to auto accept
-        with mock.patch('builtins.input', mock.Mock(return_value='y')):
+        with mock.patch("builtins.input", mock.Mock(return_value="y")):
             out = io.StringIO()
-            with self.temporary_migration_module(app_label="migrated_app") as migration_dir:
-                call_command("makemigrations", "migrated_app", name="merge", merge=True, interactive=True, stdout=out)
-                merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, '0003_merge.py')
+            with self.temporary_migration_module(
+                app_label="migrated_app"
+            ) as migration_dir:
+                call_command(
+                    "makemigrations",
+                    "migrated_app",
+                    name="merge",
+                    merge=True,
+                    interactive=True,
+                    stdout=out,
+                )
+                merge_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0003_merge.py")
                 self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(merge_file))
             self.assertIn("No conflicts detected to merge.", out.getvalue())
 
     @override_settings(
         INSTALLED_APPS=[
             "migrations.migrations_test_apps.migrated_app",
-            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.conflicting_app_with_dependencies"])
+            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.conflicting_app_with_dependencies",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_makemigrations_merge_dont_output_dependency_operations(self):
         """
         makemigrations --merge does not output any operations from apps that
         don't belong to a given app.
         """
         # Monkeypatch interactive questioner to auto accept
-        with mock.patch('builtins.input', mock.Mock(return_value='N')):
+        with mock.patch("builtins.input", mock.Mock(return_value="N")):
             out = io.StringIO()
-            with mock.patch('django.core.management.color.supports_color', lambda *args: False):
+            with mock.patch(
+                "django.core.management.color.supports_color", lambda *args: False
+            ):
                 call_command(
-                    "makemigrations", "conflicting_app_with_dependencies",
-                    merge=True, interactive=True, stdout=out
+                    "makemigrations",
+                    "conflicting_app_with_dependencies",
+                    merge=True,
+                    interactive=True,
+                    stdout=out,
                 )
             self.assertEqual(
                 out.getvalue().lower(),
-                'merging conflicting_app_with_dependencies\n'
-                '  branch 0002_conflicting_second\n'
-                '    - create model something\n'
-                '  branch 0002_second\n'
-                '    - delete model tribble\n'
-                '    - remove field silly_field from author\n'
-                '    - add field rating to author\n'
-                '    - create model book\n'
-                '\n'
-                'merging will only work if the operations printed above do not conflict\n'
-                'with each other (working on different fields or models)\n'
-                'should these migration branches be merged? [y/n] '
+                "merging conflicting_app_with_dependencies\n"
+                "  branch 0002_conflicting_second\n"
+                "    - create model something\n"
+                "  branch 0002_second\n"
+                "    - delete model tribble\n"
+                "    - remove field silly_field from author\n"
+                "    - add field rating to author\n"
+                "    - create model book\n"
+                "\n"
+                "merging will only work if the operations printed above do not conflict\n"
+                "with each other (working on different fields or models)\n"
+                "should these migration branches be merged? [y/n] ",
             )
 
     def test_makemigrations_with_custom_name(self):
@@ -1903,11 +2215,21 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         with self.temporary_migration_module() as migration_dir:
 
             def cmd(migration_count, migration_name, *args):
-                call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", "--verbosity", "0", "--name", migration_name, *args)
-                migration_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "%s_%s.py" % (migration_count, migration_name))
+                call_command(
+                    "makemigrations",
+                    "migrations",
+                    "--verbosity",
+                    "0",
+                    "--name",
+                    migration_name,
+                    *args,
+                )
+                migration_file = os.path.join(
+                    migration_dir, "%s_%s.py" % (migration_count, migration_name)
+                )
                 # Check for existing migration file in migration folder
                 self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(migration_file))
-                with open(migration_file, encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+                with open(migration_file, encoding="utf-8") as fp:
                     content = fp.read()
                     content = content.replace(" ", "")
                 return content
@@ -1919,19 +2241,24 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
 
             # importlib caches os.listdir() on some platforms like macOS
             # (#23850).
-            if hasattr(importlib, 'invalidate_caches'):
+            if hasattr(importlib, "invalidate_caches"):
                 importlib.invalidate_caches()
 
             # generate an empty migration
             migration_name_0002 = "my_custom_migration"
             content = cmd("0002", migration_name_0002, "--empty")
-            self.assertIn("dependencies=[\n('migrations','0001_%s'),\n]" % migration_name_0001, content)
+            self.assertIn(
+                "dependencies=[\n('migrations','0001_%s'),\n]" % migration_name_0001,
+                content,
+            )
             self.assertIn("operations=[\n]", content)
 
     def test_makemigrations_with_invalid_custom_name(self):
-        msg = 'The migration name must be a valid Python identifier.'
+        msg = "The migration name must be a valid Python identifier."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
-            call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', '--name', 'invalid name', '--empty')
+            call_command(
+                "makemigrations", "migrations", "--name", "invalid name", "--empty"
+            )
 
     def test_makemigrations_check(self):
         """
@@ -1942,7 +2269,9 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
             with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
                 call_command("makemigrations", "--check", "migrations", verbosity=0)
 
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_no_changes"):
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(
+            module="migrations.test_migrations_no_changes"
+        ):
             call_command("makemigrations", "--check", "migrations", verbosity=0)
 
     def test_makemigrations_migration_path_output(self):
@@ -1952,10 +2281,12 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         should be shown.
         """
         out = io.StringIO()
-        apps.register_model('migrations', UnicodeModel)
+        apps.register_model("migrations", UnicodeModel)
         with self.temporary_migration_module() as migration_dir:
             call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", stdout=out)
-            self.assertIn(os.path.join(migration_dir, '0001_initial.py'), out.getvalue())
+            self.assertIn(
+                os.path.join(migration_dir, "0001_initial.py"), out.getvalue()
+            )
 
     def test_makemigrations_migration_path_output_valueerror(self):
         """
@@ -1966,9 +2297,9 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         """
         out = io.StringIO()
         with self.temporary_migration_module() as migration_dir:
-            with mock.patch('os.path.relpath', side_effect=ValueError):
-                call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', stdout=out)
-        self.assertIn(os.path.join(migration_dir, '0001_initial.py'), out.getvalue())
+            with mock.patch("os.path.relpath", side_effect=ValueError):
+                call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", stdout=out)
+        self.assertIn(os.path.join(migration_dir, "0001_initial.py"), out.getvalue())
 
     def test_makemigrations_inconsistent_history(self):
         """
@@ -1976,7 +2307,7 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         there are some migrations applied before their dependencies.
         """
         recorder = MigrationRecorder(connection)
-        recorder.record_applied('migrations', '0002_second')
+        recorder.record_applied("migrations", "0002_second")
         msg = "Migration migrations.0002_second is applied before its dependency migrations.0001_initial"
         with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations"):
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(InconsistentMigrationHistory, msg):
@@ -1988,27 +2319,31 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
             "for database connection 'default': could not connect to server"
         )
         with mock.patch(
-            'django.db.migrations.loader.MigrationLoader.check_consistent_history',
-            side_effect=OperationalError('could not connect to server'),
+            "django.db.migrations.loader.MigrationLoader.check_consistent_history",
+            side_effect=OperationalError("could not connect to server"),
         ):
             with self.temporary_migration_module():
                 with self.assertWarns(RuntimeWarning) as cm:
-                    call_command('makemigrations', verbosity=0)
+                    call_command("makemigrations", verbosity=0)
                 self.assertEqual(str(cm.warning), msg)
 
-    @mock.patch('builtins.input', return_value='1')
-    @mock.patch('django.db.migrations.questioner.sys.stdin', mock.MagicMock(encoding=sys.getdefaultencoding()))
+    @mock.patch("builtins.input", return_value="1")
+    @mock.patch(
+        "django.db.migrations.questioner.sys.stdin",
+        mock.MagicMock(encoding=sys.getdefaultencoding()),
+    )
     def test_makemigrations_auto_now_add_interactive(self, *args):
         """
         makemigrations prompts the user when adding auto_now_add to an existing
         model.
         """
+
         class Entry(models.Model):
             title = models.CharField(max_length=255)
             creation_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'migrations'
+                app_label = "migrations"
 
         input_msg = (
             "It is impossible to add the field 'creation_date' with "
@@ -2021,11 +2356,13 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         )
         # Monkeypatch interactive questioner to auto accept
         prompt_stdout = io.StringIO()
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module='migrations.test_auto_now_add'):
-            call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', interactive=True, stdout=prompt_stdout)
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_auto_now_add"):
+            call_command(
+                "makemigrations", "migrations", interactive=True, stdout=prompt_stdout
+            )
         prompt_output = prompt_stdout.getvalue()
         self.assertIn(input_msg, prompt_output)
-        self.assertIn('Please enter the default value as valid Python.', prompt_output)
+        self.assertIn("Please enter the default value as valid Python.", prompt_output)
         self.assertIn(
             "Accept the default 'timezone.now' by pressing 'Enter' or provide "
             "another value.",
@@ -2034,33 +2371,34 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         self.assertIn("Type 'exit' to exit this prompt", prompt_output)
         self.assertIn("Add field creation_date to entry", prompt_output)
 
-    @mock.patch('builtins.input', return_value='2')
+    @mock.patch("builtins.input", return_value="2")
     def test_makemigrations_auto_now_add_interactive_quit(self, mock_input):
         class Author(models.Model):
             publishing_date = models.DateField(auto_now_add=True)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'migrations'
+                app_label = "migrations"
 
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module='migrations.test_migrations'):
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations"):
             with captured_stdout():
                 with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
-                    call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', interactive=True)
+                    call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", interactive=True)
 
     def test_makemigrations_non_interactive_auto_now_add_addition(self):
         """
         Non-interactive makemigrations fails when a default is missing on a
         new field when auto_now_add=True.
         """
+
         class Entry(models.Model):
             creation_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'migrations'
+                app_label = "migrations"
 
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module='migrations.test_auto_now_add'):
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_auto_now_add"):
             with self.assertRaises(SystemExit), captured_stdout() as out:
-                call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', interactive=False)
+                call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", interactive=False)
         self.assertIn(
             "Field 'creation_date' on model 'entry' not migrated: it is "
             "impossible to add a field with 'auto_now_add=True' without "
@@ -2073,66 +2411,69 @@ class MakeMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         makemigrations prompts the user when adding a unique field with
         a callable default.
         """
+
         class Book(models.Model):
             created = models.DateTimeField(unique=True, default=timezone.now)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'migrations'
+                app_label = "migrations"
 
         version = get_docs_version()
         input_msg = (
-            f'Callable default on unique field book.created will not generate '
-            f'unique values upon migrating.\n'
-            f'Please choose how to proceed:\n'
-            f' 1) Continue making this migration as the first step in writing '
-            f'a manual migration to generate unique values described here: '
-            f'https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/{version}/howto/'
-            f'writing-migrations/#migrations-that-add-unique-fields.\n'
-            f' 2) Quit and edit field options in models.py.\n'
+            f"Callable default on unique field book.created will not generate "
+            f"unique values upon migrating.\n"
+            f"Please choose how to proceed:\n"
+            f" 1) Continue making this migration as the first step in writing "
+            f"a manual migration to generate unique values described here: "
+            f"https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/{version}/howto/"
+            f"writing-migrations/#migrations-that-add-unique-fields.\n"
+            f" 2) Quit and edit field options in models.py.\n"
         )
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module='migrations.test_migrations'):
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations"):
             # 2 - quit.
-            with mock.patch('builtins.input', return_value='2'):
+            with mock.patch("builtins.input", return_value="2"):
                 with captured_stdout() as out, self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
-                    call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', interactive=True)
+                    call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", interactive=True)
             out_value = out.getvalue()
             self.assertIn(input_msg, out_value)
-            self.assertNotIn('Add field created to book', out_value)
+            self.assertNotIn("Add field created to book", out_value)
             # 1 - continue.
-            with mock.patch('builtins.input', return_value='1'):
+            with mock.patch("builtins.input", return_value="1"):
                 with captured_stdout() as out:
-                    call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', interactive=True)
+                    call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", interactive=True)
             out_value = out.getvalue()
             self.assertIn(input_msg, out_value)
-            self.assertIn('Add field created to book', out_value)
+            self.assertIn("Add field created to book", out_value)
 
     def test_makemigrations_non_interactive_unique_callable_default_addition(self):
         class Book(models.Model):
             created = models.DateTimeField(unique=True, default=timezone.now)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'migrations'
+                app_label = "migrations"
 
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module='migrations.test_migrations'):
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations"):
             with captured_stdout() as out:
-                call_command('makemigrations', 'migrations', interactive=False)
+                call_command("makemigrations", "migrations", interactive=False)
             out_value = out.getvalue()
-            self.assertIn('Add field created to book', out_value)
+            self.assertIn("Add field created to book", out_value)
 
     @override_settings(
-        MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations_squashed'},
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed"},
     )
     def test_makemigrations_continues_number_sequence_after_squash(self):
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module='migrations.test_migrations_squashed'):
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(
+            module="migrations.test_migrations_squashed"
+        ):
             with captured_stdout() as out:
                 call_command(
-                    'makemigrations',
-                    'migrations',
+                    "makemigrations",
+                    "migrations",
                     interactive=False,
                     empty=True,
                 )
             out_value = out.getvalue()
-            self.assertIn('0003_auto', out_value)
+            self.assertIn("0003_auto", out_value)
 
 
 class SquashMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
@@ -2145,31 +2486,48 @@ class SquashMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         squashmigrations squashes migrations.
         """
         out = io.StringIO()
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations") as migration_dir:
-            call_command('squashmigrations', 'migrations', '0002', interactive=False, stdout=out, no_color=True)
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(
+            module="migrations.test_migrations"
+        ) as migration_dir:
+            call_command(
+                "squashmigrations",
+                "migrations",
+                "0002",
+                interactive=False,
+                stdout=out,
+                no_color=True,
+            )
 
-            squashed_migration_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0001_squashed_0002_second.py")
+            squashed_migration_file = os.path.join(
+                migration_dir, "0001_squashed_0002_second.py"
+            )
             self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(squashed_migration_file))
         self.assertEqual(
             out.getvalue(),
-            'Will squash the following migrations:\n'
-            ' - 0001_initial\n'
-            ' - 0002_second\n'
-            'Optimizing...\n'
-            '  Optimized from 8 operations to 2 operations.\n'
-            'Created new squashed migration %s\n'
-            '  You should commit this migration but leave the old ones in place;\n'
-            '  the new migration will be used for new installs. Once you are sure\n'
-            '  all instances of the codebase have applied the migrations you squashed,\n'
-            '  you can delete them.\n' % squashed_migration_file
+            "Will squash the following migrations:\n"
+            " - 0001_initial\n"
+            " - 0002_second\n"
+            "Optimizing...\n"
+            "  Optimized from 8 operations to 2 operations.\n"
+            "Created new squashed migration %s\n"
+            "  You should commit this migration but leave the old ones in place;\n"
+            "  the new migration will be used for new installs. Once you are sure\n"
+            "  all instances of the codebase have applied the migrations you squashed,\n"
+            "  you can delete them.\n" % squashed_migration_file,
         )
 
     def test_squashmigrations_initial_attribute(self):
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations") as migration_dir:
-            call_command("squashmigrations", "migrations", "0002", interactive=False, verbosity=0)
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(
+            module="migrations.test_migrations"
+        ) as migration_dir:
+            call_command(
+                "squashmigrations", "migrations", "0002", interactive=False, verbosity=0
+            )
 
-            squashed_migration_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0001_squashed_0002_second.py")
-            with open(squashed_migration_file, encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+            squashed_migration_file = os.path.join(
+                migration_dir, "0001_squashed_0002_second.py"
+            )
+            with open(squashed_migration_file, encoding="utf-8") as fp:
                 content = fp.read()
                 self.assertIn("initial = True", content)
 
@@ -2179,7 +2537,14 @@ class SquashMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         """
         out = io.StringIO()
         with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations"):
-            call_command("squashmigrations", "migrations", "0002", interactive=False, verbosity=1, stdout=out)
+            call_command(
+                "squashmigrations",
+                "migrations",
+                "0002",
+                interactive=False,
+                verbosity=1,
+                stdout=out,
+            )
         self.assertIn("Optimized from 8 operations to 2 operations.", out.getvalue())
 
     def test_ticket_23799_squashmigrations_no_optimize(self):
@@ -2188,8 +2553,15 @@ class SquashMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         """
         out = io.StringIO()
         with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations"):
-            call_command("squashmigrations", "migrations", "0002",
-                         interactive=False, verbosity=1, no_optimize=True, stdout=out)
+            call_command(
+                "squashmigrations",
+                "migrations",
+                "0002",
+                interactive=False,
+                verbosity=1,
+                no_optimize=True,
+                stdout=out,
+            )
         self.assertIn("Skipping optimization", out.getvalue())
 
     def test_squashmigrations_valid_start(self):
@@ -2197,12 +2569,23 @@ class SquashMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         squashmigrations accepts a starting migration.
         """
         out = io.StringIO()
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_no_changes") as migration_dir:
-            call_command("squashmigrations", "migrations", "0002", "0003",
-                         interactive=False, verbosity=1, stdout=out)
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(
+            module="migrations.test_migrations_no_changes"
+        ) as migration_dir:
+            call_command(
+                "squashmigrations",
+                "migrations",
+                "0002",
+                "0003",
+                interactive=False,
+                verbosity=1,
+                stdout=out,
+            )
 
-            squashed_migration_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, "0002_second_squashed_0003_third.py")
-            with open(squashed_migration_file, encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+            squashed_migration_file = os.path.join(
+                migration_dir, "0002_second_squashed_0003_third.py"
+            )
+            with open(squashed_migration_file, encoding="utf-8") as fp:
                 content = fp.read()
                 self.assertIn("        ('migrations', '0001_initial')", content)
                 self.assertNotIn("initial = True", content)
@@ -2215,79 +2598,110 @@ class SquashMigrationsTests(MigrationTestBase):
         """
         squashmigrations doesn't accept a starting migration after the ending migration.
         """
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations_no_changes"):
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(
+            module="migrations.test_migrations_no_changes"
+        ):
             msg = (
                 "The migration 'migrations.0003_third' cannot be found. Maybe "
                 "it comes after the migration 'migrations.0002_second'"
             )
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
-                call_command("squashmigrations", "migrations", "0003", "0002", interactive=False, verbosity=0)
+                call_command(
+                    "squashmigrations",
+                    "migrations",
+                    "0003",
+                    "0002",
+                    interactive=False,
+                    verbosity=0,
+                )
 
     def test_squashed_name_with_start_migration_name(self):
         """--squashed-name specifies the new migration's name."""
-        squashed_name = 'squashed_name'
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module='migrations.test_migrations') as migration_dir:
+        squashed_name = "squashed_name"
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(
+            module="migrations.test_migrations"
+        ) as migration_dir:
             call_command(
-                'squashmigrations', 'migrations', '0001', '0002',
-                squashed_name=squashed_name, interactive=False, verbosity=0,
+                "squashmigrations",
+                "migrations",
+                "0001",
+                "0002",
+                squashed_name=squashed_name,
+                interactive=False,
+                verbosity=0,
+            )
+            squashed_migration_file = os.path.join(
+                migration_dir, "0001_%s.py" % squashed_name
             )
-            squashed_migration_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, '0001_%s.py' % squashed_name)
             self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(squashed_migration_file))
 
     def test_squashed_name_without_start_migration_name(self):
         """--squashed-name also works if a start migration is omitted."""
-        squashed_name = 'squashed_name'
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations") as migration_dir:
+        squashed_name = "squashed_name"
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(
+            module="migrations.test_migrations"
+        ) as migration_dir:
             call_command(
-                'squashmigrations', 'migrations', '0001',
-                squashed_name=squashed_name, interactive=False, verbosity=0,
+                "squashmigrations",
+                "migrations",
+                "0001",
+                squashed_name=squashed_name,
+                interactive=False,
+                verbosity=0,
+            )
+            squashed_migration_file = os.path.join(
+                migration_dir, "0001_%s.py" % squashed_name
             )
-            squashed_migration_file = os.path.join(migration_dir, '0001_%s.py' % squashed_name)
             self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(squashed_migration_file))
 
     def test_squashed_name_exists(self):
-        msg = 'Migration 0001_initial already exists. Use a different name.'
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module='migrations.test_migrations'):
+        msg = "Migration 0001_initial already exists. Use a different name."
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(module="migrations.test_migrations"):
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
                 call_command(
-                    'squashmigrations', 'migrations', '0001', '0002',
-                    squashed_name='initial', interactive=False, verbosity=0,
+                    "squashmigrations",
+                    "migrations",
+                    "0001",
+                    "0002",
+                    squashed_name="initial",
+                    interactive=False,
+                    verbosity=0,
                 )
 
     def test_squashmigrations_manual_porting(self):
         out = io.StringIO()
         with self.temporary_migration_module(
-            module='migrations.test_migrations_manual_porting',
+            module="migrations.test_migrations_manual_porting",
         ) as migration_dir:
             call_command(
-                'squashmigrations',
-                'migrations',
-                '0002',
+                "squashmigrations",
+                "migrations",
+                "0002",
                 interactive=False,
                 stdout=out,
                 no_color=True,
             )
             squashed_migration_file = os.path.join(
                 migration_dir,
-                '0001_squashed_0002_second.py',
+                "0001_squashed_0002_second.py",
             )
             self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(squashed_migration_file))
         self.assertEqual(
             out.getvalue(),
-            f'Will squash the following migrations:\n'
-            f' - 0001_initial\n'
-            f' - 0002_second\n'
-            f'Optimizing...\n'
-            f'  No optimizations possible.\n'
-            f'Created new squashed migration {squashed_migration_file}\n'
-            f'  You should commit this migration but leave the old ones in place;\n'
-            f'  the new migration will be used for new installs. Once you are sure\n'
-            f'  all instances of the codebase have applied the migrations you squashed,\n'
-            f'  you can delete them.\n'
-            f'Manual porting required\n'
-            f'  Your migrations contained functions that must be manually copied over,\n'
-            f'  as we could not safely copy their implementation.\n'
-            f'  See the comment at the top of the squashed migration for details.\n'
+            f"Will squash the following migrations:\n"
+            f" - 0001_initial\n"
+            f" - 0002_second\n"
+            f"Optimizing...\n"
+            f"  No optimizations possible.\n"
+            f"Created new squashed migration {squashed_migration_file}\n"
+            f"  You should commit this migration but leave the old ones in place;\n"
+            f"  the new migration will be used for new installs. Once you are sure\n"
+            f"  all instances of the codebase have applied the migrations you squashed,\n"
+            f"  you can delete them.\n"
+            f"Manual porting required\n"
+            f"  Your migrations contained functions that must be manually copied over,\n"
+            f"  as we could not safely copy their implementation.\n"
+            f"  See the comment at the top of the squashed migration for details.\n",
         )
 
 
@@ -2298,6 +2712,7 @@ class AppLabelErrorTests(TestCase):
     app. 'django.contrib.auth' must be in INSTALLED_APPS for some of these
     tests.
     """
+
     nonexistent_app_error = "No installed app with label 'nonexistent_app'."
     did_you_mean_auth_error = (
         "No installed app with label 'django.contrib.auth'. Did you mean 'auth'?"
@@ -2306,47 +2721,47 @@ class AppLabelErrorTests(TestCase):
     def test_makemigrations_nonexistent_app_label(self):
         err = io.StringIO()
         with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
-            call_command('makemigrations', 'nonexistent_app', stderr=err)
+            call_command("makemigrations", "nonexistent_app", stderr=err)
         self.assertIn(self.nonexistent_app_error, err.getvalue())
 
     def test_makemigrations_app_name_specified_as_label(self):
         err = io.StringIO()
         with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
-            call_command('makemigrations', 'django.contrib.auth', stderr=err)
+            call_command("makemigrations", "django.contrib.auth", stderr=err)
         self.assertIn(self.did_you_mean_auth_error, err.getvalue())
 
     def test_migrate_nonexistent_app_label(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, self.nonexistent_app_error):
-            call_command('migrate', 'nonexistent_app')
+            call_command("migrate", "nonexistent_app")
 
     def test_migrate_app_name_specified_as_label(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, self.did_you_mean_auth_error):
-            call_command('migrate', 'django.contrib.auth')
+            call_command("migrate", "django.contrib.auth")
 
     def test_showmigrations_nonexistent_app_label(self):
         err = io.StringIO()
         with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
-            call_command('showmigrations', 'nonexistent_app', stderr=err)
+            call_command("showmigrations", "nonexistent_app", stderr=err)
         self.assertIn(self.nonexistent_app_error, err.getvalue())
 
     def test_showmigrations_app_name_specified_as_label(self):
         err = io.StringIO()
         with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
-            call_command('showmigrations', 'django.contrib.auth', stderr=err)
+            call_command("showmigrations", "django.contrib.auth", stderr=err)
         self.assertIn(self.did_you_mean_auth_error, err.getvalue())
 
     def test_sqlmigrate_nonexistent_app_label(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, self.nonexistent_app_error):
-            call_command('sqlmigrate', 'nonexistent_app', '0002')
+            call_command("sqlmigrate", "nonexistent_app", "0002")
 
     def test_sqlmigrate_app_name_specified_as_label(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, self.did_you_mean_auth_error):
-            call_command('sqlmigrate', 'django.contrib.auth', '0002')
+            call_command("sqlmigrate", "django.contrib.auth", "0002")
 
     def test_squashmigrations_nonexistent_app_label(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, self.nonexistent_app_error):
-            call_command('squashmigrations', 'nonexistent_app', '0002')
+            call_command("squashmigrations", "nonexistent_app", "0002")
 
     def test_squashmigrations_app_name_specified_as_label(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, self.did_you_mean_auth_error):
-            call_command('squashmigrations', 'django.contrib.auth', '0002')
+            call_command("squashmigrations", "django.contrib.auth", "0002")
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_deprecated_fields.py b/tests/migrations/test_deprecated_fields.py
index 2e9808e20b..63975514f6 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_deprecated_fields.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_deprecated_fields.py
@@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ class Tests(MigrationTestBase):
     """
     Deprecated model fields should still be usable in historic migrations.
     """
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.deprecated_field_migrations"})
+
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.deprecated_field_migrations"}
+    )
     def test_migrate(self):
         # Make sure no tables are created
         self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_ipaddressfield")
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_exceptions.py b/tests/migrations/test_exceptions.py
index 3d839471f9..64d2109d5a 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_exceptions.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_exceptions.py
@@ -4,9 +4,8 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 class ExceptionTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_node_not_found_error_repr(self):
-        node = ('some_app_label', 'some_migration_label')
-        error_repr = repr(NodeNotFoundError('some message', node))
+        node = ("some_app_label", "some_migration_label")
+        error_repr = repr(NodeNotFoundError("some message", node))
         self.assertEqual(
-            error_repr,
-            "NodeNotFoundError(('some_app_label', 'some_migration_label'))"
+            error_repr, "NodeNotFoundError(('some_app_label', 'some_migration_label'))"
         )
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_executor.py b/tests/migrations/test_executor.py
index cab6ac6cb5..6232b44b98 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_executor.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_executor.py
@@ -8,14 +8,17 @@ from django.db.migrations.graph import MigrationGraph
 from django.db.migrations.recorder import MigrationRecorder
 from django.db.migrations.state import ProjectState
 from django.test import (
-    SimpleTestCase, modify_settings, override_settings, skipUnlessDBFeature,
+    SimpleTestCase,
+    modify_settings,
+    override_settings,
+    skipUnlessDBFeature,
 )
 from django.test.utils import isolate_lru_cache
 
 from .test_base import MigrationTestBase
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'migrations2'})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "migrations2"})
 class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
     """
     Tests the migration executor (full end-to-end running).
@@ -24,7 +27,12 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
     test failures first, as they may be propagating into here.
     """
 
-    available_apps = ["migrations", "migrations2", "django.contrib.auth", "django.contrib.contenttypes"]
+    available_apps = [
+        "migrations",
+        "migrations2",
+        "django.contrib.auth",
+        "django.contrib.contenttypes",
+    ]
 
     @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations"})
     def test_run(self):
@@ -65,21 +73,28 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
         self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_author")
         self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_book")
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed"})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed"}
+    )
     def test_run_with_squashed(self):
         """
         Tests running a squashed migration from zero (should ignore what it replaces)
         """
         executor = MigrationExecutor(connection)
         # Check our leaf node is the squashed one
-        leaves = [key for key in executor.loader.graph.leaf_nodes() if key[0] == "migrations"]
+        leaves = [
+            key for key in executor.loader.graph.leaf_nodes() if key[0] == "migrations"
+        ]
         self.assertEqual(leaves, [("migrations", "0001_squashed_0002")])
         # Check the plan
         plan = executor.migration_plan([("migrations", "0001_squashed_0002")])
         self.assertEqual(
             plan,
             [
-                (executor.loader.graph.nodes["migrations", "0001_squashed_0002"], False),
+                (
+                    executor.loader.graph.nodes["migrations", "0001_squashed_0002"],
+                    False,
+                ),
             ],
         )
         # Were the tables there before?
@@ -106,29 +121,31 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
         self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_book")
 
     @override_settings(
-        MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations_squashed'},
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed"},
     )
     def test_migrate_backward_to_squashed_migration(self):
         executor = MigrationExecutor(connection)
         try:
-            self.assertTableNotExists('migrations_author')
-            self.assertTableNotExists('migrations_book')
-            executor.migrate([('migrations', '0001_squashed_0002')])
-            self.assertTableExists('migrations_author')
-            self.assertTableExists('migrations_book')
+            self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_author")
+            self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_book")
+            executor.migrate([("migrations", "0001_squashed_0002")])
+            self.assertTableExists("migrations_author")
+            self.assertTableExists("migrations_book")
             executor.loader.build_graph()
             # Migrate backward to a squashed migration.
-            executor.migrate([('migrations', '0001_initial')])
-            self.assertTableExists('migrations_author')
-            self.assertTableNotExists('migrations_book')
+            executor.migrate([("migrations", "0001_initial")])
+            self.assertTableExists("migrations_author")
+            self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_book")
         finally:
             # Unmigrate everything.
             executor = MigrationExecutor(connection)
-            executor.migrate([('migrations', None)])
-            self.assertTableNotExists('migrations_author')
-            self.assertTableNotExists('migrations_book')
+            executor.migrate([("migrations", None)])
+            self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_author")
+            self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_book")
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_non_atomic"})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_non_atomic"}
+    )
     def test_non_atomic_migration(self):
         """
         Applying a non-atomic migration works as expected.
@@ -137,12 +154,16 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, "Abort migration"):
             executor.migrate([("migrations", "0001_initial")])
         self.assertTableExists("migrations_publisher")
-        migrations_apps = executor.loader.project_state(("migrations", "0001_initial")).apps
+        migrations_apps = executor.loader.project_state(
+            ("migrations", "0001_initial")
+        ).apps
         Publisher = migrations_apps.get_model("migrations", "Publisher")
         self.assertTrue(Publisher.objects.exists())
         self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_book")
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_atomic_operation"})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_atomic_operation"}
+    )
     def test_atomic_operation_in_non_atomic_migration(self):
         """
         An atomic operation is properly rolled back inside a non-atomic
@@ -151,7 +172,9 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
         executor = MigrationExecutor(connection)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, "Abort migration"):
             executor.migrate([("migrations", "0001_initial")])
-        migrations_apps = executor.loader.project_state(("migrations", "0001_initial")).apps
+        migrations_apps = executor.loader.project_state(
+            ("migrations", "0001_initial")
+        ).apps
         Editor = migrations_apps.get_model("migrations", "Editor")
         self.assertFalse(Editor.objects.exists())
         # Record previous migration as successful.
@@ -163,10 +186,12 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
             executor.migrate([("migrations", None)])
         self.assertFalse(Editor.objects.exists())
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={
-        "migrations": "migrations.test_migrations",
-        "migrations2": "migrations2.test_migrations_2",
-    })
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={
+            "migrations": "migrations.test_migrations",
+            "migrations2": "migrations2.test_migrations_2",
+        }
+    )
     def test_empty_plan(self):
         """
         Re-planning a full migration of a fully-migrated set doesn't
@@ -179,10 +204,12 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
         """
         # Make the initial plan, check it
         executor = MigrationExecutor(connection)
-        plan = executor.migration_plan([
-            ("migrations", "0002_second"),
-            ("migrations2", "0001_initial"),
-        ])
+        plan = executor.migration_plan(
+            [
+                ("migrations", "0002_second"),
+                ("migrations2", "0001_initial"),
+            ]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             plan,
             [
@@ -192,35 +219,40 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
             ],
         )
         # Fake-apply all migrations
-        executor.migrate([
-            ("migrations", "0002_second"),
-            ("migrations2", "0001_initial")
-        ], fake=True)
+        executor.migrate(
+            [("migrations", "0002_second"), ("migrations2", "0001_initial")], fake=True
+        )
         # Rebuild the graph to reflect the new DB state
         executor.loader.build_graph()
         # Now plan a second time and make sure it's empty
-        plan = executor.migration_plan([
-            ("migrations", "0002_second"),
-            ("migrations2", "0001_initial"),
-        ])
+        plan = executor.migration_plan(
+            [
+                ("migrations", "0002_second"),
+                ("migrations2", "0001_initial"),
+            ]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(plan, [])
         # The resulting state should include applied migrations.
-        state = executor.migrate([
-            ("migrations", "0002_second"),
-            ("migrations2", "0001_initial"),
-        ])
-        self.assertIn(('migrations', 'book'), state.models)
-        self.assertIn(('migrations', 'author'), state.models)
-        self.assertIn(('migrations2', 'otherauthor'), state.models)
+        state = executor.migrate(
+            [
+                ("migrations", "0002_second"),
+                ("migrations2", "0001_initial"),
+            ]
+        )
+        self.assertIn(("migrations", "book"), state.models)
+        self.assertIn(("migrations", "author"), state.models)
+        self.assertIn(("migrations2", "otherauthor"), state.models)
         # Erase all the fake records
         executor.recorder.record_unapplied("migrations2", "0001_initial")
         executor.recorder.record_unapplied("migrations", "0002_second")
         executor.recorder.record_unapplied("migrations", "0001_initial")
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={
-        "migrations": "migrations.test_migrations",
-        "migrations2": "migrations2.test_migrations_2_no_deps",
-    })
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={
+            "migrations": "migrations.test_migrations",
+            "migrations2": "migrations2.test_migrations_2_no_deps",
+        }
+    )
     def test_mixed_plan_not_supported(self):
         """
         Although the MigrationExecutor interfaces allows for mixed migration
@@ -240,19 +272,25 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
         executor.migrate(None, plan)
         # Rebuild the graph to reflect the new DB state
         executor.loader.build_graph()
-        self.assertIn(('migrations', '0001_initial'), executor.loader.applied_migrations)
-        self.assertIn(('migrations', '0002_second'), executor.loader.applied_migrations)
-        self.assertNotIn(('migrations2', '0001_initial'), executor.loader.applied_migrations)
+        self.assertIn(
+            ("migrations", "0001_initial"), executor.loader.applied_migrations
+        )
+        self.assertIn(("migrations", "0002_second"), executor.loader.applied_migrations)
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            ("migrations2", "0001_initial"), executor.loader.applied_migrations
+        )
 
         # Generate mixed plan
-        plan = executor.migration_plan([
-            ("migrations", None),
-            ("migrations2", "0001_initial"),
-        ])
+        plan = executor.migration_plan(
+            [
+                ("migrations", None),
+                ("migrations2", "0001_initial"),
+            ]
+        )
         msg = (
-            'Migration plans with both forwards and backwards migrations are '
-            'not supported. Please split your migration process into separate '
-            'plans of only forwards OR backwards migrations.'
+            "Migration plans with both forwards and backwards migrations are "
+            "not supported. Please split your migration process into separate "
+            "plans of only forwards OR backwards migrations."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(InvalidMigrationPlan, msg) as cm:
             executor.migrate(None, plan)
@@ -266,10 +304,12 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
         )
         # Rebuild the graph to reflect the new DB state
         executor.loader.build_graph()
-        executor.migrate([
-            ("migrations", None),
-            ("migrations2", None),
-        ])
+        executor.migrate(
+            [
+                ("migrations", None),
+                ("migrations2", None),
+            ]
+        )
         # Are the tables gone?
         self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_author")
         self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_book")
@@ -284,6 +324,7 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
 
         def fake_storer(phase, migration=None, fake=None):
             state["faked"] = fake
+
         executor = MigrationExecutor(connection, progress_callback=fake_storer)
         # Were the tables there before?
         self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_author")
@@ -347,37 +388,37 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
         """
         with isolate_lru_cache(global_apps.get_swappable_settings_name):
             executor = MigrationExecutor(connection)
-            self.assertTableNotExists('migrations_author')
-            self.assertTableNotExists('migrations_tribble')
+            self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_author")
+            self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_tribble")
             # Migrate forwards
-            executor.migrate([('migrations', '0001_initial')])
-            self.assertTableExists('migrations_author')
-            self.assertTableExists('migrations_tribble')
+            executor.migrate([("migrations", "0001_initial")])
+            self.assertTableExists("migrations_author")
+            self.assertTableExists("migrations_tribble")
             # The soft-application detection works.
             # Change table_names to not return auth_user during this as it
             # wouldn't be there in a normal run, and ensure migrations.Author
             # exists in the global app registry temporarily.
             old_table_names = connection.introspection.table_names
             connection.introspection.table_names = lambda c: [
-                x for x in old_table_names(c) if x != 'auth_user'
+                x for x in old_table_names(c) if x != "auth_user"
             ]
             migrations_apps = executor.loader.project_state(
-                ('migrations', '0001_initial'),
+                ("migrations", "0001_initial"),
             ).apps
-            global_apps.get_app_config('migrations').models['author'] = (
-                migrations_apps.get_model('migrations', 'author')
-            )
+            global_apps.get_app_config("migrations").models[
+                "author"
+            ] = migrations_apps.get_model("migrations", "author")
             try:
-                migration = executor.loader.get_migration('auth', '0001_initial')
+                migration = executor.loader.get_migration("auth", "0001_initial")
                 self.assertIs(executor.detect_soft_applied(None, migration)[0], True)
             finally:
                 connection.introspection.table_names = old_table_names
-                del global_apps.get_app_config('migrations').models['author']
+                del global_apps.get_app_config("migrations").models["author"]
                 # Migrate back to clean up the database.
                 executor.loader.build_graph()
-                executor.migrate([('migrations', None)])
-                self.assertTableNotExists('migrations_author')
-                self.assertTableNotExists('migrations_tribble')
+                executor.migrate([("migrations", None)])
+                self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_author")
+                self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_tribble")
 
     @override_settings(
         MIGRATION_MODULES={
@@ -442,7 +483,7 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
         INSTALLED_APPS=[
             "migrations.migrations_test_apps.lookuperror_a",
             "migrations.migrations_test_apps.lookuperror_b",
-            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.lookuperror_c"
+            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.lookuperror_c",
         ]
     )
     def test_unrelated_model_lookups_forwards(self):
@@ -463,10 +504,12 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
 
             # Migrate forwards -- This led to a lookup LookupErrors because
             # lookuperror_b.B2 is already applied
-            executor.migrate([
-                ("lookuperror_a", "0004_a4"),
-                ("lookuperror_c", "0003_c3"),
-            ])
+            executor.migrate(
+                [
+                    ("lookuperror_a", "0004_a4"),
+                    ("lookuperror_c", "0003_c3"),
+                ]
+            )
             self.assertTableExists("lookuperror_a_a4")
             self.assertTableExists("lookuperror_c_c3")
 
@@ -474,11 +517,13 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
             executor.loader.build_graph()
         finally:
             # Cleanup
-            executor.migrate([
-                ("lookuperror_a", None),
-                ("lookuperror_b", None),
-                ("lookuperror_c", None),
-            ])
+            executor.migrate(
+                [
+                    ("lookuperror_a", None),
+                    ("lookuperror_b", None),
+                    ("lookuperror_c", None),
+                ]
+            )
             self.assertTableNotExists("lookuperror_a_a1")
             self.assertTableNotExists("lookuperror_b_b1")
             self.assertTableNotExists("lookuperror_c_c1")
@@ -487,7 +532,7 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
         INSTALLED_APPS=[
             "migrations.migrations_test_apps.lookuperror_a",
             "migrations.migrations_test_apps.lookuperror_b",
-            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.lookuperror_c"
+            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.lookuperror_c",
         ]
     )
     def test_unrelated_model_lookups_backwards(self):
@@ -501,11 +546,13 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
             self.assertTableNotExists("lookuperror_a_a1")
             self.assertTableNotExists("lookuperror_b_b1")
             self.assertTableNotExists("lookuperror_c_c1")
-            executor.migrate([
-                ("lookuperror_a", "0004_a4"),
-                ("lookuperror_b", "0003_b3"),
-                ("lookuperror_c", "0003_c3"),
-            ])
+            executor.migrate(
+                [
+                    ("lookuperror_a", "0004_a4"),
+                    ("lookuperror_b", "0003_b3"),
+                    ("lookuperror_c", "0003_c3"),
+                ]
+            )
             self.assertTableExists("lookuperror_b_b3")
             self.assertTableExists("lookuperror_a_a4")
             self.assertTableExists("lookuperror_c_c3")
@@ -520,18 +567,15 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
             executor.loader.build_graph()
         finally:
             # Cleanup
-            executor.migrate([
-                ("lookuperror_b", None),
-                ("lookuperror_c", None)
-            ])
+            executor.migrate([("lookuperror_b", None), ("lookuperror_c", None)])
             self.assertTableNotExists("lookuperror_a_a1")
             self.assertTableNotExists("lookuperror_b_b1")
             self.assertTableNotExists("lookuperror_c_c1")
 
     @override_settings(
         INSTALLED_APPS=[
-            'migrations.migrations_test_apps.mutate_state_a',
-            'migrations.migrations_test_apps.mutate_state_b',
+            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.mutate_state_a",
+            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.mutate_state_b",
         ]
     )
     def test_unrelated_applied_migrations_mutate_state(self):
@@ -540,24 +584,32 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
         state in both directions.
         """
         executor = MigrationExecutor(connection)
-        executor.migrate([
-            ('mutate_state_b', '0002_add_field'),
-        ])
+        executor.migrate(
+            [
+                ("mutate_state_b", "0002_add_field"),
+            ]
+        )
         # Migrate forward.
         executor.loader.build_graph()
-        state = executor.migrate([
-            ('mutate_state_a', '0001_initial'),
-        ])
-        self.assertIn('added', state.models['mutate_state_b', 'b'].fields)
+        state = executor.migrate(
+            [
+                ("mutate_state_a", "0001_initial"),
+            ]
+        )
+        self.assertIn("added", state.models["mutate_state_b", "b"].fields)
         executor.loader.build_graph()
         # Migrate backward.
-        state = executor.migrate([
-            ('mutate_state_a', None),
-        ])
-        self.assertIn('added', state.models['mutate_state_b', 'b'].fields)
-        executor.migrate([
-            ('mutate_state_b', None),
-        ])
+        state = executor.migrate(
+            [
+                ("mutate_state_a", None),
+            ]
+        )
+        self.assertIn("added", state.models["mutate_state_b", "b"].fields)
+        executor.migrate(
+            [
+                ("mutate_state_b", None),
+            ]
+        )
 
     @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations"})
     def test_process_callback(self):
@@ -573,17 +625,21 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
         # Were the tables there before?
         self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_author")
         self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_tribble")
-        executor.migrate([
-            ("migrations", "0001_initial"),
-            ("migrations", "0002_second"),
-        ])
+        executor.migrate(
+            [
+                ("migrations", "0001_initial"),
+                ("migrations", "0002_second"),
+            ]
+        )
         # Rebuild the graph to reflect the new DB state
         executor.loader.build_graph()
 
-        executor.migrate([
-            ("migrations", None),
-            ("migrations", None),
-        ])
+        executor.migrate(
+            [
+                ("migrations", None),
+                ("migrations", None),
+            ]
+        )
         self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_author")
         self.assertTableNotExists("migrations_tribble")
 
@@ -591,16 +647,16 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
         expected = [
             ("render_start",),
             ("render_success",),
-            ("apply_start", migrations['migrations', '0001_initial'], False),
-            ("apply_success", migrations['migrations', '0001_initial'], False),
-            ("apply_start", migrations['migrations', '0002_second'], False),
-            ("apply_success", migrations['migrations', '0002_second'], False),
+            ("apply_start", migrations["migrations", "0001_initial"], False),
+            ("apply_success", migrations["migrations", "0001_initial"], False),
+            ("apply_start", migrations["migrations", "0002_second"], False),
+            ("apply_success", migrations["migrations", "0002_second"], False),
             ("render_start",),
             ("render_success",),
-            ("unapply_start", migrations['migrations', '0002_second'], False),
-            ("unapply_success", migrations['migrations', '0002_second'], False),
-            ("unapply_start", migrations['migrations', '0001_initial'], False),
-            ("unapply_success", migrations['migrations', '0001_initial'], False),
+            ("unapply_start", migrations["migrations", "0002_second"], False),
+            ("unapply_success", migrations["migrations", "0002_second"], False),
+            ("unapply_start", migrations["migrations", "0001_initial"], False),
+            ("unapply_success", migrations["migrations", "0001_initial"], False),
         ]
         self.assertEqual(call_args_list, expected)
 
@@ -616,10 +672,12 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
             self.assertTableNotExists("author_app_author")
             self.assertTableNotExists("book_app_book")
             # Apply initial migrations
-            executor.migrate([
-                ("author_app", "0001_initial"),
-                ("book_app", "0001_initial"),
-            ])
+            executor.migrate(
+                [
+                    ("author_app", "0001_initial"),
+                    ("book_app", "0001_initial"),
+                ]
+            )
             self.assertTableExists("author_app_author")
             self.assertTableExists("book_app_book")
             # Rebuild the graph to reflect the new DB state
@@ -640,7 +698,9 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
             self.assertTableNotExists("book_app_book")
             executor.migrate([("author_app", None)], fake=True)
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed"})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed"}
+    )
     def test_apply_all_replaced_marks_replacement_as_applied(self):
         """
         Applying all replaced migrations marks replacement as applied (#24628).
@@ -663,7 +723,9 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
             recorder.applied_migrations(),
         )
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed"})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed"}
+    )
     def test_migrate_marks_replacement_applied_even_if_it_did_nothing(self):
         """
         A new squash migration will be marked as applied even if all its
@@ -684,59 +746,69 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
             recorder.applied_migrations(),
         )
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations_squashed'})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed"}
+    )
     def test_migrate_marks_replacement_unapplied(self):
         executor = MigrationExecutor(connection)
-        executor.migrate([('migrations', '0001_squashed_0002')])
+        executor.migrate([("migrations", "0001_squashed_0002")])
         try:
             self.assertIn(
-                ('migrations', '0001_squashed_0002'),
+                ("migrations", "0001_squashed_0002"),
                 executor.recorder.applied_migrations(),
             )
         finally:
             executor.loader.build_graph()
-            executor.migrate([('migrations', None)])
+            executor.migrate([("migrations", None)])
             self.assertNotIn(
-                ('migrations', '0001_squashed_0002'),
+                ("migrations", "0001_squashed_0002"),
                 executor.recorder.applied_migrations(),
             )
 
     # When the feature is False, the operation and the record won't be
     # performed in a transaction and the test will systematically pass.
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_rollback_ddl')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_rollback_ddl")
     def test_migrations_applied_and_recorded_atomically(self):
         """Migrations are applied and recorded atomically."""
+
         class Migration(migrations.Migration):
             operations = [
-                migrations.CreateModel('model', [
-                    ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ]),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "model",
+                    [
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ],
+                ),
             ]
 
         executor = MigrationExecutor(connection)
-        with mock.patch('django.db.migrations.executor.MigrationExecutor.record_migration') as record_migration:
-            record_migration.side_effect = RuntimeError('Recording migration failed.')
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, 'Recording migration failed.'):
+        with mock.patch(
+            "django.db.migrations.executor.MigrationExecutor.record_migration"
+        ) as record_migration:
+            record_migration.side_effect = RuntimeError("Recording migration failed.")
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, "Recording migration failed."):
                 executor.apply_migration(
                     ProjectState(),
-                    Migration('0001_initial', 'record_migration'),
+                    Migration("0001_initial", "record_migration"),
                 )
-                executor.migrate([('migrations', '0001_initial')])
+                executor.migrate([("migrations", "0001_initial")])
         # The migration isn't recorded as applied since it failed.
         migration_recorder = MigrationRecorder(connection)
         self.assertIs(
             migration_recorder.migration_qs.filter(
-                app='record_migration', name='0001_initial',
+                app="record_migration",
+                name="0001_initial",
             ).exists(),
             False,
         )
-        self.assertTableNotExists('record_migration_model')
+        self.assertTableNotExists("record_migration_model")
 
     def test_migrations_not_applied_on_deferred_sql_failure(self):
         """Migrations are not recorded if deferred SQL application fails."""
+
         class DeferredSQL:
             def __str__(self):
-                raise DatabaseError('Failed to apply deferred SQL')
+                raise DatabaseError("Failed to apply deferred SQL")
 
         class Migration(migrations.Migration):
             atomic = False
@@ -745,21 +817,22 @@ class ExecutorTests(MigrationTestBase):
                 schema_editor.deferred_sql.append(DeferredSQL())
 
         executor = MigrationExecutor(connection)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(DatabaseError, 'Failed to apply deferred SQL'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(DatabaseError, "Failed to apply deferred SQL"):
             executor.apply_migration(
                 ProjectState(),
-                Migration('0001_initial', 'deferred_sql'),
+                Migration("0001_initial", "deferred_sql"),
             )
         # The migration isn't recorded as applied since it failed.
         migration_recorder = MigrationRecorder(connection)
         self.assertIs(
             migration_recorder.migration_qs.filter(
-                app='deferred_sql', name='0001_initial',
+                app="deferred_sql",
+                name="0001_initial",
             ).exists(),
             False,
         )
 
-    @mock.patch.object(MigrationRecorder, 'has_table', return_value=False)
+    @mock.patch.object(MigrationRecorder, "has_table", return_value=False)
     def test_migrate_skips_schema_creation(self, mocked_has_table):
         """
         The django_migrations table is not created if there are no migrations
@@ -780,15 +853,17 @@ class FakeLoader:
 
 class FakeMigration:
     """Really all we need is any object with a debug-useful repr."""
+
     def __init__(self, name):
         self.name = name
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return 'M<%s>' % self.name
+        return "M<%s>" % self.name
 
 
 class ExecutorUnitTests(SimpleTestCase):
     """(More) isolated unit tests for executor methods."""
+
     def test_minimize_rollbacks(self):
         """
         Minimize unnecessary rollbacks in connected apps.
@@ -799,12 +874,12 @@ class ExecutorUnitTests(SimpleTestCase):
         to be rolled back since we're not rolling back appA 0001), we migrate
         to just before appA-0002.
         """
-        a1_impl = FakeMigration('a1')
-        a1 = ('a', '1')
-        a2_impl = FakeMigration('a2')
-        a2 = ('a', '2')
-        b1_impl = FakeMigration('b1')
-        b1 = ('b', '1')
+        a1_impl = FakeMigration("a1")
+        a1 = ("a", "1")
+        a2_impl = FakeMigration("a2")
+        a2 = ("a", "2")
+        b1_impl = FakeMigration("b1")
+        b1 = ("b", "1")
         graph = MigrationGraph()
         graph.add_node(a1, a1_impl)
         graph.add_node(a2, a2_impl)
@@ -813,11 +888,14 @@ class ExecutorUnitTests(SimpleTestCase):
         graph.add_dependency(None, a2, a1)
 
         executor = MigrationExecutor(None)
-        executor.loader = FakeLoader(graph, {
-            a1: a1_impl,
-            b1: b1_impl,
-            a2: a2_impl,
-        })
+        executor.loader = FakeLoader(
+            graph,
+            {
+                a1: a1_impl,
+                b1: b1_impl,
+                a2: a2_impl,
+            },
+        )
 
         plan = executor.migration_plan({a1})
 
@@ -832,18 +910,18 @@ class ExecutorUnitTests(SimpleTestCase):
                \       \
         b:      \- 1 <--- 2
         """
-        a1_impl = FakeMigration('a1')
-        a1 = ('a', '1')
-        a2_impl = FakeMigration('a2')
-        a2 = ('a', '2')
-        a3_impl = FakeMigration('a3')
-        a3 = ('a', '3')
-        a4_impl = FakeMigration('a4')
-        a4 = ('a', '4')
-        b1_impl = FakeMigration('b1')
-        b1 = ('b', '1')
-        b2_impl = FakeMigration('b2')
-        b2 = ('b', '2')
+        a1_impl = FakeMigration("a1")
+        a1 = ("a", "1")
+        a2_impl = FakeMigration("a2")
+        a2 = ("a", "2")
+        a3_impl = FakeMigration("a3")
+        a3 = ("a", "3")
+        a4_impl = FakeMigration("a4")
+        a4 = ("a", "4")
+        b1_impl = FakeMigration("b1")
+        b1 = ("b", "1")
+        b2_impl = FakeMigration("b2")
+        b2 = ("b", "2")
         graph = MigrationGraph()
         graph.add_node(a1, a1_impl)
         graph.add_node(a2, a2_impl)
@@ -860,14 +938,17 @@ class ExecutorUnitTests(SimpleTestCase):
         graph.add_dependency(None, b2, a2)
 
         executor = MigrationExecutor(None)
-        executor.loader = FakeLoader(graph, {
-            a1: a1_impl,
-            b1: b1_impl,
-            a2: a2_impl,
-            b2: b2_impl,
-            a3: a3_impl,
-            a4: a4_impl,
-        })
+        executor.loader = FakeLoader(
+            graph,
+            {
+                a1: a1_impl,
+                b1: b1_impl,
+                a2: a2_impl,
+                b2: b2_impl,
+                a3: a3_impl,
+                a4: a4_impl,
+            },
+        )
 
         plan = executor.migration_plan({a1})
 
@@ -886,14 +967,14 @@ class ExecutorUnitTests(SimpleTestCase):
         If a1 is applied already and a2 is not, and we're asked to migrate to
         a1, don't apply or unapply b1 or c1, regardless of their current state.
         """
-        a1_impl = FakeMigration('a1')
-        a1 = ('a', '1')
-        a2_impl = FakeMigration('a2')
-        a2 = ('a', '2')
-        b1_impl = FakeMigration('b1')
-        b1 = ('b', '1')
-        c1_impl = FakeMigration('c1')
-        c1 = ('c', '1')
+        a1_impl = FakeMigration("a1")
+        a1 = ("a", "1")
+        a2_impl = FakeMigration("a2")
+        a2 = ("a", "2")
+        b1_impl = FakeMigration("b1")
+        b1 = ("b", "1")
+        c1_impl = FakeMigration("c1")
+        c1 = ("c", "1")
         graph = MigrationGraph()
         graph.add_node(a1, a1_impl)
         graph.add_node(a2, a2_impl)
@@ -904,10 +985,13 @@ class ExecutorUnitTests(SimpleTestCase):
         graph.add_dependency(None, c1, a1)
 
         executor = MigrationExecutor(None)
-        executor.loader = FakeLoader(graph, {
-            a1: a1_impl,
-            b1: b1_impl,
-        })
+        executor.loader = FakeLoader(
+            graph,
+            {
+                a1: a1_impl,
+                b1: b1_impl,
+            },
+        )
 
         plan = executor.migration_plan({a1})
 
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_fake_initial_case_insensitive/fake_initial/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/test_fake_initial_case_insensitive/fake_initial/0001_initial.py
index dc492b3486..6fd6a0d435 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_fake_initial_case_insensitive/fake_initial/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_fake_initial_case_insensitive/fake_initial/0001_initial.py
@@ -6,23 +6,25 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            'fakeinitialmodel',
+            "fakeinitialmodel",
             [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('field', models.CharField(max_length=20)),
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("field", models.CharField(max_length=20)),
             ],
             options={
-                'db_table': 'migrations_mIxEd_cAsE_mOdEl',
+                "db_table": "migrations_mIxEd_cAsE_mOdEl",
             },
         ),
         migrations.AddField(
-            model_name='fakeinitialmodel',
-            name='field_mixed_case',
-            field=models.CharField(max_length=20, db_column='fIeLd_mIxEd_cAsE'),
+            model_name="fakeinitialmodel",
+            name="field_mixed_case",
+            field=models.CharField(max_length=20, db_column="fIeLd_mIxEd_cAsE"),
         ),
         migrations.AddField(
-            model_name='fakeinitialmodel',
-            name='fake_initial_model',
-            field=models.ManyToManyField(to='migrations.fakeinitialmodel', db_table='m2m_mIxEd_cAsE'),
+            model_name="fakeinitialmodel",
+            name="fake_initial_model",
+            field=models.ManyToManyField(
+                to="migrations.fakeinitialmodel", db_table="m2m_mIxEd_cAsE"
+            ),
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_fake_initial_case_insensitive/initial/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/test_fake_initial_case_insensitive/initial/0001_initial.py
index 339d57d21c..e3c1fc8d18 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_fake_initial_case_insensitive/initial/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_fake_initial_case_insensitive/initial/0001_initial.py
@@ -6,18 +6,23 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='fakeinitialmodel',
+            name="fakeinitialmodel",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('field', models.CharField(max_length=20)),
-                ('field_mixed_case', models.CharField(max_length=20, db_column='FiEld_MiXeD_CaSe')),
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("field", models.CharField(max_length=20)),
                 (
-                    'fake_initial_mode',
-                    models.ManyToManyField('migrations.FakeInitialModel', db_table='m2m_MiXeD_CaSe'),
+                    "field_mixed_case",
+                    models.CharField(max_length=20, db_column="FiEld_MiXeD_CaSe"),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "fake_initial_mode",
+                    models.ManyToManyField(
+                        "migrations.FakeInitialModel", db_table="m2m_MiXeD_CaSe"
+                    ),
                 ),
             ],
             options={
-                'db_table': 'migrations_MiXeD_CaSe_MoDel',
+                "db_table": "migrations_MiXeD_CaSe_MoDel",
             },
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_graph.py b/tests/migrations/test_graph.py
index 10a5696f57..f62b44180a 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_graph.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_graph.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-from django.db.migrations.exceptions import (
-    CircularDependencyError, NodeNotFoundError,
-)
+from django.db.migrations.exceptions import CircularDependencyError, NodeNotFoundError
 from django.db.migrations.graph import DummyNode, MigrationGraph, Node
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
@@ -34,7 +32,7 @@ class GraphTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # Test root migration case
         self.assertEqual(
             graph.forwards_plan(("app_a", "0001")),
-            [('app_a', '0001')],
+            [("app_a", "0001")],
         )
         # Test branch B only
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -45,23 +43,27 @@ class GraphTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             graph.forwards_plan(("app_a", "0004")),
             [
-                ('app_b', '0001'), ('app_b', '0002'), ('app_a', '0001'),
-                ('app_a', '0002'), ('app_a', '0003'), ('app_a', '0004'),
+                ("app_b", "0001"),
+                ("app_b", "0002"),
+                ("app_a", "0001"),
+                ("app_a", "0002"),
+                ("app_a", "0003"),
+                ("app_a", "0004"),
             ],
         )
         # Test reverse to b:0002
         self.assertEqual(
             graph.backwards_plan(("app_b", "0002")),
-            [('app_a', '0004'), ('app_a', '0003'), ('app_b', '0002')],
+            [("app_a", "0004"), ("app_a", "0003"), ("app_b", "0002")],
         )
         # Test roots and leaves
         self.assertEqual(
             graph.root_nodes(),
-            [('app_a', '0001'), ('app_b', '0001')],
+            [("app_a", "0001"), ("app_b", "0001")],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             graph.leaf_nodes(),
-            [('app_a', '0004'), ('app_b', '0002')],
+            [("app_a", "0004"), ("app_b", "0002")],
         )
 
     def test_complex_graph(self):
@@ -96,33 +98,48 @@ class GraphTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # Test branch C only
         self.assertEqual(
             graph.forwards_plan(("app_c", "0002")),
-            [('app_b', '0001'), ('app_c', '0001'), ('app_a', '0001'), ('app_a', '0002'), ('app_c', '0002')],
+            [
+                ("app_b", "0001"),
+                ("app_c", "0001"),
+                ("app_a", "0001"),
+                ("app_a", "0002"),
+                ("app_c", "0002"),
+            ],
         )
         # Test whole graph
         self.assertEqual(
             graph.forwards_plan(("app_a", "0004")),
             [
-                ('app_b', '0001'), ('app_c', '0001'), ('app_a', '0001'),
-                ('app_a', '0002'), ('app_c', '0002'), ('app_b', '0002'),
-                ('app_a', '0003'), ('app_a', '0004'),
+                ("app_b", "0001"),
+                ("app_c", "0001"),
+                ("app_a", "0001"),
+                ("app_a", "0002"),
+                ("app_c", "0002"),
+                ("app_b", "0002"),
+                ("app_a", "0003"),
+                ("app_a", "0004"),
             ],
         )
         # Test reverse to b:0001
         self.assertEqual(
             graph.backwards_plan(("app_b", "0001")),
             [
-                ('app_a', '0004'), ('app_c', '0002'), ('app_c', '0001'),
-                ('app_a', '0003'), ('app_b', '0002'), ('app_b', '0001'),
+                ("app_a", "0004"),
+                ("app_c", "0002"),
+                ("app_c", "0001"),
+                ("app_a", "0003"),
+                ("app_b", "0002"),
+                ("app_b", "0001"),
             ],
         )
         # Test roots and leaves
         self.assertEqual(
             graph.root_nodes(),
-            [('app_a', '0001'), ('app_b', '0001'), ('app_c', '0001')],
+            [("app_a", "0001"), ("app_b", "0001"), ("app_c", "0001")],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             graph.leaf_nodes(),
-            [('app_a', '0004'), ('app_b', '0002'), ('app_c', '0002')],
+            [("app_a", "0004"), ("app_b", "0002"), ("app_c", "0002")],
         )
 
     def test_circular_graph(self):
@@ -147,12 +164,12 @@ class GraphTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_circular_graph_2(self):
         graph = MigrationGraph()
-        graph.add_node(('A', '0001'), None)
-        graph.add_node(('C', '0001'), None)
-        graph.add_node(('B', '0001'), None)
-        graph.add_dependency('A.0001', ('A', '0001'), ('B', '0001'))
-        graph.add_dependency('B.0001', ('B', '0001'), ('A', '0001'))
-        graph.add_dependency('C.0001', ('C', '0001'), ('B', '0001'))
+        graph.add_node(("A", "0001"), None)
+        graph.add_node(("C", "0001"), None)
+        graph.add_node(("B", "0001"), None)
+        graph.add_dependency("A.0001", ("A", "0001"), ("B", "0001"))
+        graph.add_dependency("B.0001", ("B", "0001"), ("A", "0001"))
+        graph.add_dependency("C.0001", ("C", "0001"), ("B", "0001"))
 
         with self.assertRaises(CircularDependencyError):
             graph.ensure_not_cyclic()
@@ -184,20 +201,18 @@ class GraphTests(SimpleTestCase):
         n = 50
         graph = MigrationGraph()
         for i in range(1, n + 1):
-            graph.add_node(('app_a', str(i)), None)
-            graph.add_node(('app_b', str(i)), None)
-            graph.add_node(('app_c', str(i)), None)
+            graph.add_node(("app_a", str(i)), None)
+            graph.add_node(("app_b", str(i)), None)
+            graph.add_node(("app_c", str(i)), None)
         for i in range(1, n):
-            graph.add_dependency(None, ('app_b', str(i)), ('app_a', str(i)))
-            graph.add_dependency(None, ('app_c', str(i)), ('app_a', str(i)))
-            graph.add_dependency(None, ('app_a', str(i + 1)), ('app_b', str(i)))
-            graph.add_dependency(None, ('app_a', str(i + 1)), ('app_c', str(i)))
-        plan = graph.forwards_plan(('app_a', str(n)))
+            graph.add_dependency(None, ("app_b", str(i)), ("app_a", str(i)))
+            graph.add_dependency(None, ("app_c", str(i)), ("app_a", str(i)))
+            graph.add_dependency(None, ("app_a", str(i + 1)), ("app_b", str(i)))
+            graph.add_dependency(None, ("app_a", str(i + 1)), ("app_c", str(i)))
+        plan = graph.forwards_plan(("app_a", str(n)))
         expected = [
-            (app, str(i))
-            for i in range(1, n)
-            for app in ['app_a', 'app_c', 'app_b']
-        ] + [('app_a', str(n))]
+            (app, str(i)) for i in range(1, n) for app in ["app_a", "app_c", "app_b"]
+        ] + [("app_a", str(n))]
         self.assertEqual(plan, expected)
 
     def test_plan_invalid_node(self):
@@ -243,7 +258,9 @@ class GraphTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_validate_consistency_missing_parent(self):
         graph = MigrationGraph()
         graph.add_node(("app_a", "0001"), None)
-        graph.add_dependency("app_a.0001", ("app_a", "0001"), ("app_b", "0002"), skip_validation=True)
+        graph.add_dependency(
+            "app_a.0001", ("app_a", "0001"), ("app_b", "0002"), skip_validation=True
+        )
         msg = "Migration app_a.0001 dependencies reference nonexistent parent node ('app_b', '0002')"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NodeNotFoundError, msg):
             graph.validate_consistency()
@@ -251,7 +268,9 @@ class GraphTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_validate_consistency_missing_child(self):
         graph = MigrationGraph()
         graph.add_node(("app_b", "0002"), None)
-        graph.add_dependency("app_b.0002", ("app_a", "0001"), ("app_b", "0002"), skip_validation=True)
+        graph.add_dependency(
+            "app_b.0002", ("app_a", "0001"), ("app_b", "0002"), skip_validation=True
+        )
         msg = "Migration app_b.0002 dependencies reference nonexistent child node ('app_a', '0001')"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NodeNotFoundError, msg):
             graph.validate_consistency()
@@ -260,7 +279,9 @@ class GraphTests(SimpleTestCase):
         graph = MigrationGraph()
         graph.add_node(("app_a", "0001"), None)
         graph.add_node(("app_b", "0002"), None)
-        graph.add_dependency("app_a.0001", ("app_a", "0001"), ("app_b", "0002"), skip_validation=True)
+        graph.add_dependency(
+            "app_a.0001", ("app_a", "0001"), ("app_b", "0002"), skip_validation=True
+        )
         graph.validate_consistency()
 
     def test_validate_consistency_dummy(self):
@@ -271,9 +292,7 @@ class GraphTests(SimpleTestCase):
         msg = "app_a.0001 (req'd by app_b.0002) is missing!"
         graph = MigrationGraph()
         graph.add_dummy_node(
-            key=("app_a", "0001"),
-            origin="app_b.0002",
-            error_message=msg
+            key=("app_a", "0001"), origin="app_b.0002", error_message=msg
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NodeNotFoundError, msg):
             graph.validate_consistency()
@@ -284,14 +303,24 @@ class GraphTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         # Add some dummy nodes to be replaced.
         graph = MigrationGraph()
-        graph.add_dummy_node(key=("app_a", "0001"), origin="app_a.0002", error_message="BAD!")
-        graph.add_dummy_node(key=("app_a", "0002"), origin="app_b.0001", error_message="BAD!")
-        graph.add_dependency("app_a.0002", ("app_a", "0002"), ("app_a", "0001"), skip_validation=True)
+        graph.add_dummy_node(
+            key=("app_a", "0001"), origin="app_a.0002", error_message="BAD!"
+        )
+        graph.add_dummy_node(
+            key=("app_a", "0002"), origin="app_b.0001", error_message="BAD!"
+        )
+        graph.add_dependency(
+            "app_a.0002", ("app_a", "0002"), ("app_a", "0001"), skip_validation=True
+        )
         # Add some normal parent and child nodes to test dependency remapping.
         graph.add_node(("app_c", "0001"), None)
         graph.add_node(("app_b", "0001"), None)
-        graph.add_dependency("app_a.0001", ("app_a", "0001"), ("app_c", "0001"), skip_validation=True)
-        graph.add_dependency("app_b.0001", ("app_b", "0001"), ("app_a", "0002"), skip_validation=True)
+        graph.add_dependency(
+            "app_a.0001", ("app_a", "0001"), ("app_c", "0001"), skip_validation=True
+        )
+        graph.add_dependency(
+            "app_b.0001", ("app_b", "0001"), ("app_a", "0002"), skip_validation=True
+        )
         # Try replacing before replacement node exists.
         msg = (
             "Unable to find replacement node ('app_a', '0001_squashed_0002'). It was either"
@@ -300,7 +329,7 @@ class GraphTests(SimpleTestCase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NodeNotFoundError, msg):
             graph.remove_replaced_nodes(
                 replacement=("app_a", "0001_squashed_0002"),
-                replaced=[("app_a", "0001"), ("app_a", "0002")]
+                replaced=[("app_a", "0001"), ("app_a", "0002")],
             )
         graph.add_node(("app_a", "0001_squashed_0002"), None)
         # Ensure `validate_consistency()` still raises an error at this stage.
@@ -309,7 +338,7 @@ class GraphTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # Remove the dummy nodes.
         graph.remove_replaced_nodes(
             replacement=("app_a", "0001_squashed_0002"),
-            replaced=[("app_a", "0001"), ("app_a", "0002")]
+            replaced=[("app_a", "0001"), ("app_a", "0002")],
         )
         # Ensure graph is now consistent and dependencies have been remapped
         graph.validate_consistency()
@@ -339,16 +368,18 @@ class GraphTests(SimpleTestCase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NodeNotFoundError, msg):
             graph.remove_replacement_node(
                 replacement=("app_a", "0001_squashed_0002"),
-                replaced=[("app_a", "0001"), ("app_a", "0002")]
+                replaced=[("app_a", "0001"), ("app_a", "0002")],
             )
         graph.add_node(("app_a", "0001_squashed_0002"), None)
         # Add a child node to test dependency remapping.
         graph.add_node(("app_b", "0001"), None)
-        graph.add_dependency("app_b.0001", ("app_b", "0001"), ("app_a", "0001_squashed_0002"))
+        graph.add_dependency(
+            "app_b.0001", ("app_b", "0001"), ("app_a", "0001_squashed_0002")
+        )
         # Remove the replacement node.
         graph.remove_replacement_node(
             replacement=("app_a", "0001_squashed_0002"),
-            replaced=[("app_a", "0001"), ("app_a", "0002")]
+            replaced=[("app_a", "0001"), ("app_a", "0002")],
         )
         # Ensure graph is consistent and child dependency has been remapped
         graph.validate_consistency()
@@ -380,10 +411,16 @@ class GraphTests(SimpleTestCase):
         graph.add_node(("app_b", "0002"), None)
         graph.add_node(("app_c", "0001_squashed_0002"), None)
 
-        graph.add_dependency("app_b.0001", ("app_b", "0001"), ("app_c", "0001_squashed_0002"))
+        graph.add_dependency(
+            "app_b.0001", ("app_b", "0001"), ("app_c", "0001_squashed_0002")
+        )
         graph.add_dependency("app_b.0002", ("app_b", "0002"), ("app_a", "0001"))
         graph.add_dependency("app_b.0002", ("app_b", "0002"), ("app_b", "0001"))
-        graph.add_dependency("app_c.0001_squashed_0002", ("app_c", "0001_squashed_0002"), ("app_b", "0002"))
+        graph.add_dependency(
+            "app_c.0001_squashed_0002",
+            ("app_c", "0001_squashed_0002"),
+            ("app_b", "0002"),
+        )
 
         with self.assertRaises(CircularDependencyError):
             graph.ensure_not_cyclic()
@@ -407,13 +444,13 @@ class GraphTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 class NodeTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_node_repr(self):
-        node = Node(('app_a', '0001'))
+        node = Node(("app_a", "0001"))
         self.assertEqual(repr(node), "<Node: ('app_a', '0001')>")
 
     def test_dummynode_repr(self):
         node = DummyNode(
-            key=('app_a', '0001'),
-            origin='app_a.0001',
-            error_message='x is missing',
+            key=("app_a", "0001"),
+            origin="app_a.0001",
+            error_message="x is missing",
         )
         self.assertEqual(repr(node), "<DummyNode: ('app_a', '0001')>")
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_loader.py b/tests/migrations/test_loader.py
index 03a98506e3..de70c4d981 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_loader.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_loader.py
@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ from importlib import import_module
 
 from django.db import connection, connections
 from django.db.migrations.exceptions import (
-    AmbiguityError, InconsistentMigrationHistory, NodeNotFoundError,
+    AmbiguityError,
+    InconsistentMigrationHistory,
+    NodeNotFoundError,
 )
 from django.db.migrations.loader import MigrationLoader
 from django.db.migrations.recorder import MigrationRecorder
@@ -17,7 +19,8 @@ class RecorderTests(TestCase):
     """
     Tests recording migrations as applied or not.
     """
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     def test_apply(self):
         """
@@ -34,7 +37,7 @@ class RecorderTests(TestCase):
             {("myapp", "0432_ponies")},
         )
         # That should not affect records of another database
-        recorder_other = MigrationRecorder(connections['other'])
+        recorder_other = MigrationRecorder(connections["other"])
         self.assertEqual(
             {(x, y) for (x, y) in recorder_other.applied_migrations() if x == "myapp"},
             set(),
@@ -51,6 +54,7 @@ class LoaderTests(TestCase):
     Tests the disk and database loader, and running through migrations
     in memory.
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         self.applied_records = []
 
@@ -66,7 +70,7 @@ class LoaderTests(TestCase):
         self.applied_records.append((recorder, app, name))
 
     @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations"})
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'basic'})
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "basic"})
     def test_load(self):
         """
         Makes sure the loader can load the migrations for the test apps,
@@ -87,33 +91,40 @@ class LoaderTests(TestCase):
 
         author_state = project_state.models["migrations", "author"]
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(author_state.fields),
-            ["id", "name", "slug", "age", "rating"]
+            list(author_state.fields), ["id", "name", "slug", "age", "rating"]
         )
 
         book_state = project_state.models["migrations", "book"]
-        self.assertEqual(list(book_state.fields), ['id', 'author'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(book_state.fields), ["id", "author"])
 
         # Ensure we've included unmigrated apps in there too
         self.assertIn("basic", project_state.real_apps)
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={
-        'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations',
-        'migrations2': 'migrations2.test_migrations_2',
-    })
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'migrations2'})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={
+            "migrations": "migrations.test_migrations",
+            "migrations2": "migrations2.test_migrations_2",
+        }
+    )
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "migrations2"})
     def test_plan_handles_repeated_migrations(self):
         """
         _generate_plan() doesn't readd migrations already in the plan (#29180).
         """
         migration_loader = MigrationLoader(connection)
-        nodes = [('migrations', '0002_second'), ('migrations2', '0001_initial')]
+        nodes = [("migrations", "0002_second"), ("migrations2", "0001_initial")]
         self.assertEqual(
             migration_loader.graph._generate_plan(nodes, at_end=True),
-            [('migrations', '0001_initial'), ('migrations', '0002_second'), ('migrations2', '0001_initial')]
+            [
+                ("migrations", "0001_initial"),
+                ("migrations", "0002_second"),
+                ("migrations2", "0001_initial"),
+            ],
         )
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_unmigdep"})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_unmigdep"}
+    )
     def test_load_unmigrated_dependency(self):
         """
         Makes sure the loader can load migrations with a dependency on an unmigrated app.
@@ -123,19 +134,23 @@ class LoaderTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             migration_loader.graph.forwards_plan(("migrations", "0001_initial")),
             [
-                ('contenttypes', '0001_initial'),
-                ('auth', '0001_initial'),
+                ("contenttypes", "0001_initial"),
+                ("auth", "0001_initial"),
                 ("migrations", "0001_initial"),
             ],
         )
         # Now render it out!
         project_state = migration_loader.project_state(("migrations", "0001_initial"))
-        self.assertEqual(len([m for a, m in project_state.models if a == "migrations"]), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len([m for a, m in project_state.models if a == "migrations"]), 1
+        )
 
         book_state = project_state.models["migrations", "book"]
-        self.assertEqual(list(book_state.fields), ['id', 'user'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(book_state.fields), ["id", "user"])
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_run_before"})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_run_before"}
+    )
     def test_run_before(self):
         """
         Makes sure the loader uses Migration.run_before.
@@ -151,11 +166,13 @@ class LoaderTests(TestCase):
             ],
         )
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={
-        "migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_first",
-        "migrations2": "migrations2.test_migrations_2_first",
-    })
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'migrations2'})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={
+            "migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_first",
+            "migrations2": "migrations2.test_migrations_2_first",
+        }
+    )
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "migrations2"})
     def test_first(self):
         """
         Makes sure the '__first__' migrations build correctly.
@@ -187,39 +204,47 @@ class LoaderTests(TestCase):
             migration_loader.get_migration_by_prefix("migrations", "blarg")
 
     def test_load_import_error(self):
-        with override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "import_error_package"}):
+        with override_settings(
+            MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "import_error_package"}
+        ):
             with self.assertRaises(ImportError):
                 MigrationLoader(connection)
 
     def test_load_module_file(self):
-        with override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.faulty_migrations.file"}):
+        with override_settings(
+            MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.faulty_migrations.file"}
+        ):
             loader = MigrationLoader(connection)
             self.assertIn(
-                "migrations", loader.unmigrated_apps,
-                "App with migrations module file not in unmigrated apps."
+                "migrations",
+                loader.unmigrated_apps,
+                "App with migrations module file not in unmigrated apps.",
             )
 
     def test_load_empty_dir(self):
-        with override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.faulty_migrations.namespace"}):
+        with override_settings(
+            MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.faulty_migrations.namespace"}
+        ):
             loader = MigrationLoader(connection)
             self.assertIn(
-                "migrations", loader.unmigrated_apps,
-                "App missing __init__.py in migrations module not in unmigrated apps."
+                "migrations",
+                loader.unmigrated_apps,
+                "App missing __init__.py in migrations module not in unmigrated apps.",
             )
 
     @override_settings(
-        INSTALLED_APPS=['migrations.migrations_test_apps.migrated_app'],
+        INSTALLED_APPS=["migrations.migrations_test_apps.migrated_app"],
     )
     def test_marked_as_migrated(self):
         """
         Undefined MIGRATION_MODULES implies default migration module.
         """
         migration_loader = MigrationLoader(connection)
-        self.assertEqual(migration_loader.migrated_apps, {'migrated_app'})
+        self.assertEqual(migration_loader.migrated_apps, {"migrated_app"})
         self.assertEqual(migration_loader.unmigrated_apps, set())
 
     @override_settings(
-        INSTALLED_APPS=['migrations.migrations_test_apps.migrated_app'],
+        INSTALLED_APPS=["migrations.migrations_test_apps.migrated_app"],
         MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrated_app": None},
     )
     def test_marked_as_unmigrated(self):
@@ -228,11 +253,11 @@ class LoaderTests(TestCase):
         """
         migration_loader = MigrationLoader(connection)
         self.assertEqual(migration_loader.migrated_apps, set())
-        self.assertEqual(migration_loader.unmigrated_apps, {'migrated_app'})
+        self.assertEqual(migration_loader.unmigrated_apps, {"migrated_app"})
 
     @override_settings(
-        INSTALLED_APPS=['migrations.migrations_test_apps.migrated_app'],
-        MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrated_app': 'missing-module'},
+        INSTALLED_APPS=["migrations.migrations_test_apps.migrated_app"],
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrated_app": "missing-module"},
     )
     def test_explicit_missing_module(self):
         """
@@ -240,13 +265,15 @@ class LoaderTests(TestCase):
         raised during the importation attempt should be propagated unless
         `ignore_no_migrations=True`.
         """
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImportError, 'missing-module'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImportError, "missing-module"):
             migration_loader = MigrationLoader(connection)
         migration_loader = MigrationLoader(connection, ignore_no_migrations=True)
         self.assertEqual(migration_loader.migrated_apps, set())
-        self.assertEqual(migration_loader.unmigrated_apps, {'migrated_app'})
+        self.assertEqual(migration_loader.unmigrated_apps, {"migrated_app"})
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed"})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed"}
+    )
     def test_loading_squashed(self):
         "Tests loading a squashed migration"
         migration_loader = MigrationLoader(connection)
@@ -258,14 +285,16 @@ class LoaderTests(TestCase):
             1,
         )
         # However, fake-apply one migration and it should now use the old two
-        self.record_applied(recorder, 'migrations', '0001_initial')
+        self.record_applied(recorder, "migrations", "0001_initial")
         migration_loader.build_graph()
         self.assertEqual(
             len([x for x in migration_loader.graph.nodes if x[0] == "migrations"]),
             2,
         )
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_complex"})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_complex"}
+    )
     def test_loading_squashed_complex(self):
         "Tests loading a complex set of squashed migrations"
 
@@ -274,7 +303,7 @@ class LoaderTests(TestCase):
         self.addCleanup(recorder.flush)
 
         def num_nodes():
-            plan = set(loader.graph.forwards_plan(('migrations', '7_auto')))
+            plan = set(loader.graph.forwards_plan(("migrations", "7_auto")))
             return len(plan - loader.applied_migrations.keys())
 
         # Empty database: use squashed migration
@@ -282,83 +311,99 @@ class LoaderTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(num_nodes(), 5)
 
         # Starting at 1 or 2 should use the squashed migration too
-        self.record_applied(recorder, 'migrations', '1_auto')
+        self.record_applied(recorder, "migrations", "1_auto")
         loader.build_graph()
         self.assertEqual(num_nodes(), 4)
 
-        self.record_applied(recorder, 'migrations', '2_auto')
+        self.record_applied(recorder, "migrations", "2_auto")
         loader.build_graph()
         self.assertEqual(num_nodes(), 3)
 
         # However, starting at 3 to 5 cannot use the squashed migration
-        self.record_applied(recorder, 'migrations', '3_auto')
+        self.record_applied(recorder, "migrations", "3_auto")
         loader.build_graph()
         self.assertEqual(num_nodes(), 4)
 
-        self.record_applied(recorder, 'migrations', '4_auto')
+        self.record_applied(recorder, "migrations", "4_auto")
         loader.build_graph()
         self.assertEqual(num_nodes(), 3)
 
         # Starting at 5 to 7 we are past the squashed migrations.
-        self.record_applied(recorder, 'migrations', '5_auto')
+        self.record_applied(recorder, "migrations", "5_auto")
         loader.build_graph()
         self.assertEqual(num_nodes(), 2)
 
-        self.record_applied(recorder, 'migrations', '6_auto')
+        self.record_applied(recorder, "migrations", "6_auto")
         loader.build_graph()
         self.assertEqual(num_nodes(), 1)
 
-        self.record_applied(recorder, 'migrations', '7_auto')
+        self.record_applied(recorder, "migrations", "7_auto")
         loader.build_graph()
         self.assertEqual(num_nodes(), 0)
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={
-        "app1": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps.app1",
-        "app2": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps.app2",
-    })
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': [
-        "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps.app1",
-        "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps.app2",
-    ]})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={
+            "app1": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps.app1",
+            "app2": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps.app2",
+        }
+    )
+    @modify_settings(
+        INSTALLED_APPS={
+            "append": [
+                "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps.app1",
+                "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps.app2",
+            ]
+        }
+    )
     def test_loading_squashed_complex_multi_apps(self):
         loader = MigrationLoader(connection)
         loader.build_graph()
 
-        plan = set(loader.graph.forwards_plan(('app1', '4_auto')))
+        plan = set(loader.graph.forwards_plan(("app1", "4_auto")))
         expected_plan = {
-            ('app1', '1_auto'),
-            ('app2', '1_squashed_2'),
-            ('app1', '2_squashed_3'),
-            ('app1', '4_auto'),
+            ("app1", "1_auto"),
+            ("app2", "1_squashed_2"),
+            ("app1", "2_squashed_3"),
+            ("app1", "4_auto"),
         }
         self.assertEqual(plan, expected_plan)
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={
-        "app1": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps.app1",
-        "app2": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps.app2",
-    })
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': [
-        "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps.app1",
-        "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps.app2",
-    ]})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={
+            "app1": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps.app1",
+            "app2": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps.app2",
+        }
+    )
+    @modify_settings(
+        INSTALLED_APPS={
+            "append": [
+                "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps.app1",
+                "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps.app2",
+            ]
+        }
+    )
     def test_loading_squashed_complex_multi_apps_partially_applied(self):
         loader = MigrationLoader(connection)
         recorder = MigrationRecorder(connection)
-        self.record_applied(recorder, 'app1', '1_auto')
-        self.record_applied(recorder, 'app1', '2_auto')
+        self.record_applied(recorder, "app1", "1_auto")
+        self.record_applied(recorder, "app1", "2_auto")
         loader.build_graph()
 
-        plan = set(loader.graph.forwards_plan(('app1', '4_auto')))
+        plan = set(loader.graph.forwards_plan(("app1", "4_auto")))
         plan = plan - loader.applied_migrations.keys()
         expected_plan = {
-            ('app2', '1_squashed_2'),
-            ('app1', '3_auto'),
-            ('app1', '4_auto'),
+            ("app2", "1_squashed_2"),
+            ("app1", "3_auto"),
+            ("app1", "4_auto"),
         }
 
         self.assertEqual(plan, expected_plan)
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_erroneous"})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={
+            "migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_erroneous"
+        }
+    )
     def test_loading_squashed_erroneous(self):
         "Tests loading a complex but erroneous set of squashed migrations"
 
@@ -367,7 +412,7 @@ class LoaderTests(TestCase):
         self.addCleanup(recorder.flush)
 
         def num_nodes():
-            plan = set(loader.graph.forwards_plan(('migrations', '7_auto')))
+            plan = set(loader.graph.forwards_plan(("migrations", "7_auto")))
             return len(plan - loader.applied_migrations.keys())
 
         # Empty database: use squashed migration
@@ -375,50 +420,52 @@ class LoaderTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(num_nodes(), 5)
 
         # Starting at 1 or 2 should use the squashed migration too
-        self.record_applied(recorder, 'migrations', '1_auto')
+        self.record_applied(recorder, "migrations", "1_auto")
         loader.build_graph()
         self.assertEqual(num_nodes(), 4)
 
-        self.record_applied(recorder, 'migrations', '2_auto')
+        self.record_applied(recorder, "migrations", "2_auto")
         loader.build_graph()
         self.assertEqual(num_nodes(), 3)
 
         # However, starting at 3 or 4, nonexistent migrations would be needed.
-        msg = ("Migration migrations.6_auto depends on nonexistent node ('migrations', '5_auto'). "
-               "Django tried to replace migration migrations.5_auto with any of "
-               "[migrations.3_squashed_5] but wasn't able to because some of the replaced "
-               "migrations are already applied.")
+        msg = (
+            "Migration migrations.6_auto depends on nonexistent node ('migrations', '5_auto'). "
+            "Django tried to replace migration migrations.5_auto with any of "
+            "[migrations.3_squashed_5] but wasn't able to because some of the replaced "
+            "migrations are already applied."
+        )
 
-        self.record_applied(recorder, 'migrations', '3_auto')
+        self.record_applied(recorder, "migrations", "3_auto")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NodeNotFoundError, msg):
             loader.build_graph()
 
-        self.record_applied(recorder, 'migrations', '4_auto')
+        self.record_applied(recorder, "migrations", "4_auto")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NodeNotFoundError, msg):
             loader.build_graph()
 
         # Starting at 5 to 7 we are passed the squashed migrations
-        self.record_applied(recorder, 'migrations', '5_auto')
+        self.record_applied(recorder, "migrations", "5_auto")
         loader.build_graph()
         self.assertEqual(num_nodes(), 2)
 
-        self.record_applied(recorder, 'migrations', '6_auto')
+        self.record_applied(recorder, "migrations", "6_auto")
         loader.build_graph()
         self.assertEqual(num_nodes(), 1)
 
-        self.record_applied(recorder, 'migrations', '7_auto')
+        self.record_applied(recorder, "migrations", "7_auto")
         loader.build_graph()
         self.assertEqual(num_nodes(), 0)
 
     @override_settings(
-        MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations'},
-        INSTALLED_APPS=['migrations'],
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations"},
+        INSTALLED_APPS=["migrations"],
     )
     def test_check_consistent_history(self):
         loader = MigrationLoader(connection=None)
         loader.check_consistent_history(connection)
         recorder = MigrationRecorder(connection)
-        self.record_applied(recorder, 'migrations', '0002_second')
+        self.record_applied(recorder, "migrations", "0002_second")
         msg = (
             "Migration migrations.0002_second is applied before its dependency "
             "migrations.0001_initial on database 'default'."
@@ -427,8 +474,8 @@ class LoaderTests(TestCase):
             loader.check_consistent_history(connection)
 
     @override_settings(
-        MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations_squashed_extra'},
-        INSTALLED_APPS=['migrations'],
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_extra"},
+        INSTALLED_APPS=["migrations"],
     )
     def test_check_consistent_history_squashed(self):
         """
@@ -437,20 +484,26 @@ class LoaderTests(TestCase):
         """
         loader = MigrationLoader(connection=None)
         recorder = MigrationRecorder(connection)
-        self.record_applied(recorder, 'migrations', '0001_initial')
-        self.record_applied(recorder, 'migrations', '0002_second')
+        self.record_applied(recorder, "migrations", "0001_initial")
+        self.record_applied(recorder, "migrations", "0002_second")
         loader.check_consistent_history(connection)
-        self.record_applied(recorder, 'migrations', '0003_third')
+        self.record_applied(recorder, "migrations", "0003_third")
         loader.check_consistent_history(connection)
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={
-        "app1": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_ref_squashed.app1",
-        "app2": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_ref_squashed.app2",
-    })
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': [
-        "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_ref_squashed.app1",
-        "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_ref_squashed.app2",
-    ]})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={
+            "app1": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_ref_squashed.app1",
+            "app2": "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_ref_squashed.app2",
+        }
+    )
+    @modify_settings(
+        INSTALLED_APPS={
+            "append": [
+                "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_ref_squashed.app1",
+                "migrations.test_migrations_squashed_ref_squashed.app2",
+            ]
+        }
+    )
     def test_loading_squashed_ref_squashed(self):
         "Tests loading a squashed migration with a new migration referencing it"
         r"""
@@ -475,13 +528,13 @@ class LoaderTests(TestCase):
 
         # Load with nothing applied: both migrations squashed.
         loader.build_graph()
-        plan = set(loader.graph.forwards_plan(('app1', '4_auto')))
+        plan = set(loader.graph.forwards_plan(("app1", "4_auto")))
         plan = plan - loader.applied_migrations.keys()
         expected_plan = {
-            ('app1', '1_auto'),
-            ('app2', '1_squashed_2'),
-            ('app1', '2_squashed_3'),
-            ('app1', '4_auto'),
+            ("app1", "1_auto"),
+            ("app2", "1_squashed_2"),
+            ("app1", "2_squashed_3"),
+            ("app1", "4_auto"),
         }
         self.assertEqual(plan, expected_plan)
 
@@ -490,72 +543,80 @@ class LoaderTests(TestCase):
         loader.build_graph()
         msg = "Node ('app1', '3_auto') not a valid node"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NodeNotFoundError, msg):
-            loader.graph.forwards_plan(('app1', '3_auto'))
+            loader.graph.forwards_plan(("app1", "3_auto"))
         # Possible if loader.replace_migrations is False.
         loader.replace_migrations = False
         loader.build_graph()
-        plan = set(loader.graph.forwards_plan(('app1', '3_auto')))
+        plan = set(loader.graph.forwards_plan(("app1", "3_auto")))
         plan = plan - loader.applied_migrations.keys()
         expected_plan = {
-            ('app1', '1_auto'),
-            ('app2', '1_auto'),
-            ('app2', '2_auto'),
-            ('app1', '2_auto'),
-            ('app1', '3_auto'),
+            ("app1", "1_auto"),
+            ("app2", "1_auto"),
+            ("app2", "2_auto"),
+            ("app1", "2_auto"),
+            ("app1", "3_auto"),
         }
         self.assertEqual(plan, expected_plan)
         loader.replace_migrations = True
 
         # Fake-apply a few from app1: unsquashes migration in app1.
-        self.record_applied(recorder, 'app1', '1_auto')
-        self.record_applied(recorder, 'app1', '2_auto')
+        self.record_applied(recorder, "app1", "1_auto")
+        self.record_applied(recorder, "app1", "2_auto")
         loader.build_graph()
-        plan = set(loader.graph.forwards_plan(('app1', '4_auto')))
+        plan = set(loader.graph.forwards_plan(("app1", "4_auto")))
         plan = plan - loader.applied_migrations.keys()
         expected_plan = {
-            ('app2', '1_squashed_2'),
-            ('app1', '3_auto'),
-            ('app1', '4_auto'),
+            ("app2", "1_squashed_2"),
+            ("app1", "3_auto"),
+            ("app1", "4_auto"),
         }
         self.assertEqual(plan, expected_plan)
 
         # Fake-apply one from app2: unsquashes migration in app2 too.
-        self.record_applied(recorder, 'app2', '1_auto')
+        self.record_applied(recorder, "app2", "1_auto")
         loader.build_graph()
-        plan = set(loader.graph.forwards_plan(('app1', '4_auto')))
+        plan = set(loader.graph.forwards_plan(("app1", "4_auto")))
         plan = plan - loader.applied_migrations.keys()
         expected_plan = {
-            ('app2', '2_auto'),
-            ('app1', '3_auto'),
-            ('app1', '4_auto'),
+            ("app2", "2_auto"),
+            ("app1", "3_auto"),
+            ("app1", "4_auto"),
         }
         self.assertEqual(plan, expected_plan)
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations_private'})
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_private"}
+    )
     def test_ignore_files(self):
         """Files prefixed with underscore, tilde, or dot aren't loaded."""
         loader = MigrationLoader(connection)
         loader.load_disk()
-        migrations = [name for app, name in loader.disk_migrations if app == 'migrations']
-        self.assertEqual(migrations, ['0001_initial'])
+        migrations = [
+            name for app, name in loader.disk_migrations if app == "migrations"
+        ]
+        self.assertEqual(migrations, ["0001_initial"])
 
     @override_settings(
-        MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations_namespace_package'},
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={
+            "migrations": "migrations.test_migrations_namespace_package"
+        },
     )
     def test_loading_namespace_package(self):
         """Migration directories without an __init__.py file are ignored."""
         loader = MigrationLoader(connection)
         loader.load_disk()
-        migrations = [name for app, name in loader.disk_migrations if app == 'migrations']
+        migrations = [
+            name for app, name in loader.disk_migrations if app == "migrations"
+        ]
         self.assertEqual(migrations, [])
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': 'migrations.test_migrations'})
+    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": "migrations.test_migrations"})
     def test_loading_package_without__file__(self):
         """
         To support frozen environments, MigrationLoader loads migrations from
         regular packages with no __file__ attribute.
         """
-        test_module = import_module('migrations.test_migrations')
+        test_module = import_module("migrations.test_migrations")
         loader = MigrationLoader(connection)
         # __file__ == __spec__.origin or the latter is None and former is
         # undefined.
@@ -568,11 +629,9 @@ class LoaderTests(TestCase):
             test_module.__spec__.has_location = False
             loader.load_disk()
             migrations = [
-                name
-                for app, name in loader.disk_migrations
-                if app == 'migrations'
+                name for app, name in loader.disk_migrations if app == "migrations"
             ]
-            self.assertCountEqual(migrations, ['0001_initial', '0002_second'])
+            self.assertCountEqual(migrations, ["0001_initial", "0002_second"])
         finally:
             test_module.__file__ = module_file
             test_module.__spec__.origin = module_origin
@@ -580,30 +639,33 @@ class LoaderTests(TestCase):
 
 
 class PycLoaderTests(MigrationTestBase):
-
     def test_valid(self):
         """
         To support frozen environments, MigrationLoader loads .pyc migrations.
         """
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module='migrations.test_migrations') as migration_dir:
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(
+            module="migrations.test_migrations"
+        ) as migration_dir:
             # Compile .py files to .pyc files and delete .py files.
             compileall.compile_dir(migration_dir, force=True, quiet=1, legacy=True)
             for name in os.listdir(migration_dir):
-                if name.endswith('.py'):
+                if name.endswith(".py"):
                     os.remove(os.path.join(migration_dir, name))
             loader = MigrationLoader(connection)
-            self.assertIn(('migrations', '0001_initial'), loader.disk_migrations)
+            self.assertIn(("migrations", "0001_initial"), loader.disk_migrations)
 
     def test_invalid(self):
         """
         MigrationLoader reraises ImportErrors caused by "bad magic number" pyc
         files with a more helpful message.
         """
-        with self.temporary_migration_module(module='migrations.test_migrations_bad_pyc') as migration_dir:
+        with self.temporary_migration_module(
+            module="migrations.test_migrations_bad_pyc"
+        ) as migration_dir:
             # The -tpl suffix is to avoid the pyc exclusion in MANIFEST.in.
             os.rename(
-                os.path.join(migration_dir, '0001_initial.pyc-tpl'),
-                os.path.join(migration_dir, '0001_initial.pyc'),
+                os.path.join(migration_dir, "0001_initial.pyc-tpl"),
+                os.path.join(migration_dir, "0001_initial.pyc"),
             )
             msg = (
                 r"Couldn't import '\w+.migrations.0001_initial' as it appears "
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations/0001_initial.py
index 259568e8d4..72cf48c7aa 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -24,12 +24,12 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
             ],
         ),
         migrations.AddField(
-            model_name='tribble',
-            name='bool',
+            model_name="tribble",
+            name="bool",
             field=models.BooleanField(default=False),
         ),
         migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name='author',
-            unique_together={('name', 'slug')},
+            name="author",
+            unique_together={("name", "slug")},
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations/0002_second.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations/0002_second.py
index 71c300cead..90a1b13b0b 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations/0002_second.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations/0002_second.py
@@ -8,19 +8,17 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
     ]
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.DeleteModel("Tribble"),
-
         migrations.RemoveField("Author", "silly_field"),
-
         migrations.AddField("Author", "rating", models.IntegerField(default=0)),
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Book",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("author", models.ForeignKey("migrations.Author", models.SET_NULL, null=True)),
+                (
+                    "author",
+                    models.ForeignKey("migrations.Author", models.SET_NULL, null=True),
+                ),
             ],
-        )
-
+        ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_atomic_operation/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_atomic_operation/0001_initial.py
index 47ae3df5e9..b3c05c774d 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_atomic_operation/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_atomic_operation/0001_initial.py
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 def raise_error(apps, schema_editor):
     # Test atomic operation in non-atomic migration is wrapped in transaction
-    Editor = apps.get_model('migrations', 'Editor')
-    Editor.objects.create(name='Test Editor')
-    raise RuntimeError('Abort migration')
+    Editor = apps.get_model("migrations", "Editor")
+    Editor.objects.create(name="Test Editor")
+    raise RuntimeError("Abort migration")
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_backwards_deps_1/0002_second.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_backwards_deps_1/0002_second.py
index 6eb831e061..324f3d1b4c 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_backwards_deps_1/0002_second.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_backwards_deps_1/0002_second.py
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ from django.db import migrations
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-    dependencies = [('migrations', '0001_initial')]
+    dependencies = [("migrations", "0001_initial")]
     operations = []
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_clashing_prefix/ab.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_clashing_prefix/ab.py
index 54f8924bac..539e347b0c 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_clashing_prefix/ab.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_clashing_prefix/ab.py
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ from django.db import migrations
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-    dependencies = [('migrations', 'a')]
+    dependencies = [("migrations", "a")]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_conflict/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_conflict/0001_initial.py
index 344bebdfe3..59ad944f67 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_conflict/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_conflict/0001_initial.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Author",
             [
@@ -15,13 +14,11 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                 ("silly_field", models.BooleanField(default=False)),
             ],
         ),
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Tribble",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                 ("fluffy", models.BooleanField(default=True)),
             ],
-        )
-
+        ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_conflict/0002_conflicting_second.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_conflict/0002_conflicting_second.py
index 15ea1f063a..d542d12dd5 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_conflict/0002_conflicting_second.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_conflict/0002_conflicting_second.py
@@ -6,12 +6,10 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
     dependencies = [("migrations", "0001_initial")]
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Something",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
             ],
         )
-
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_conflict/0002_second.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_conflict/0002_second.py
index 60a6999ee4..9b4c3264d6 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_conflict/0002_second.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_conflict/0002_second.py
@@ -6,19 +6,17 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
     dependencies = [("migrations", "0001_initial")]
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.DeleteModel("Tribble"),
-
         migrations.RemoveField("Author", "silly_field"),
-
         migrations.AddField("Author", "rating", models.IntegerField(default=0)),
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Book",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("author", models.ForeignKey("migrations.Author", models.SET_NULL, null=True)),
+                (
+                    "author",
+                    models.ForeignKey("migrations.Author", models.SET_NULL, null=True),
+                ),
             ],
-        )
-
+        ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_conflict_long_name/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_conflict_long_name/0001_initial.py
index e3faa21b3d..8adce29cbd 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_conflict_long_name/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_conflict_long_name/0001_initial.py
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            'Author',
+            "Author",
             [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_conflict_long_name/0002_conflicting_second_migration_with_long_name.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_conflict_long_name/0002_conflicting_second_migration_with_long_name.py
index 747bd7a675..ddac8d8fe5 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_conflict_long_name/0002_conflicting_second_migration_with_long_name.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_conflict_long_name/0002_conflicting_second_migration_with_long_name.py
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-    dependencies = [('migrations', '0001_initial')]
+    dependencies = [("migrations", "0001_initial")]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            'SomethingElse',
+            "SomethingElse",
             [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_conflict_long_name/0002_second.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_conflict_long_name/0002_second.py
index 468dd06938..cc355d3bc0 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_conflict_long_name/0002_second.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_conflict_long_name/0002_second.py
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-    dependencies = [('migrations', '0001_initial')]
+    dependencies = [("migrations", "0001_initial")]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            'Something',
+            "Something",
             [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_custom_user/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_custom_user/0001_initial.py
index 250aa9f51b..e562436df7 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_custom_user/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_custom_user/0001_initial.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
     ]
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Author",
             [
@@ -16,13 +15,16 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                 ("name", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
             ],
         ),
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Tribble",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("author", models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, models.CASCADE, to_field="id")),
+                (
+                    "author",
+                    models.ForeignKey(
+                        settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, models.CASCADE, to_field="id"
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
-        )
-
+        ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_fake_split_initial/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_fake_split_initial/0001_initial.py
index ef17e329ce..f96d1b57cd 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_fake_split_initial/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_fake_split_initial/0001_initial.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
             ],
         ),
         migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name='author',
-            unique_together={('name', 'slug')},
+            name="author",
+            unique_together={("name", "slug")},
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_fake_split_initial/0002_second.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_fake_split_initial/0002_second.py
index 6e9b28efb4..ba8e9660d1 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_fake_split_initial/0002_second.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_fake_split_initial/0002_second.py
@@ -15,7 +15,10 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
             "Book",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("author", models.ForeignKey("migrations.Author", models.SET_NULL, null=True)),
+                (
+                    "author",
+                    models.ForeignKey("migrations.Author", models.SET_NULL, null=True),
+                ),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_first/second.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_first/second.py
index e4cf995dcc..96550a7b0c 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_first/second.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_first/second.py
@@ -9,19 +9,17 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
     ]
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.DeleteModel("Tribble"),
-
         migrations.RemoveField("Author", "silly_field"),
-
         migrations.AddField("Author", "rating", models.IntegerField(default=0)),
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Book",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("author", models.ForeignKey("migrations.Author", models.SET_NULL, null=True)),
+                (
+                    "author",
+                    models.ForeignKey("migrations.Author", models.SET_NULL, null=True),
+                ),
             ],
-        )
-
+        ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_first/thefirst.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_first/thefirst.py
index 344bebdfe3..59ad944f67 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_first/thefirst.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_first/thefirst.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Author",
             [
@@ -15,13 +14,11 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                 ("silly_field", models.BooleanField(default=False)),
             ],
         ),
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Tribble",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                 ("fluffy", models.BooleanField(default=True)),
             ],
-        )
-
+        ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_initial_false/0001_not_initial.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_initial_false/0001_not_initial.py
index 388c3b61e4..dbf58e4428 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_initial_false/0001_not_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_initial_false/0001_not_initial.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
             ],
         ),
         migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name='author',
-            unique_together={('name', 'slug')},
+            name="author",
+            unique_together={("name", "slug")},
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_manual_porting/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_manual_porting/0001_initial.py
index c3e03d6f07..8f827dcdca 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_manual_porting/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_manual_porting/0001_initial.py
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            'SomeModel',
+            "SomeModel",
             [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('name', models.CharField(max_length=255)),
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_manual_porting/0002_second.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_manual_porting/0002_second.py
index 78ab9eebeb..b83c13f84d 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_manual_porting/0002_second.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_manual_porting/0002_second.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ def forwards(apps, schema_editor):
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
     dependencies = [
-        ('migrations', '0001_initial'),
+        ("migrations", "0001_initial"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_ancestor/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_ancestor/0001_initial.py
index 344bebdfe3..59ad944f67 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_ancestor/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_ancestor/0001_initial.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Author",
             [
@@ -15,13 +14,11 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                 ("silly_field", models.BooleanField(default=False)),
             ],
         ),
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Tribble",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                 ("fluffy", models.BooleanField(default=True)),
             ],
-        )
-
+        ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_ancestor/0002_conflicting_second.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_ancestor/0002_conflicting_second.py
index 71625a7116..fe1e0d3686 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_ancestor/0002_conflicting_second.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_ancestor/0002_conflicting_second.py
@@ -3,23 +3,20 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
-    dependencies = [
-    ]
+    dependencies = []
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.DeleteModel("Tribble"),
-
         migrations.RemoveField("Author", "silly_field"),
-
         migrations.AddField("Author", "rating", models.IntegerField(default=0)),
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Book",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("author", models.ForeignKey("migrations.Author", models.SET_NULL, null=True)),
+                (
+                    "author",
+                    models.ForeignKey("migrations.Author", models.SET_NULL, null=True),
+                ),
             ],
-        )
-
+        ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_ancestor/0002_second.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_ancestor/0002_second.py
index 71c300cead..90a1b13b0b 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_ancestor/0002_second.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_ancestor/0002_second.py
@@ -8,19 +8,17 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
     ]
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.DeleteModel("Tribble"),
-
         migrations.RemoveField("Author", "silly_field"),
-
         migrations.AddField("Author", "rating", models.IntegerField(default=0)),
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Book",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("author", models.ForeignKey("migrations.Author", models.SET_NULL, null=True)),
+                (
+                    "author",
+                    models.ForeignKey("migrations.Author", models.SET_NULL, null=True),
+                ),
             ],
-        )
-
+        ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_changes/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_changes/0001_initial.py
index 344bebdfe3..59ad944f67 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_changes/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_changes/0001_initial.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Author",
             [
@@ -15,13 +14,11 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                 ("silly_field", models.BooleanField(default=False)),
             ],
         ),
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Tribble",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                 ("fluffy", models.BooleanField(default=True)),
             ],
-        )
-
+        ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_changes/0002_second.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_changes/0002_second.py
index 71c300cead..90a1b13b0b 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_changes/0002_second.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_changes/0002_second.py
@@ -8,19 +8,17 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
     ]
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.DeleteModel("Tribble"),
-
         migrations.RemoveField("Author", "silly_field"),
-
         migrations.AddField("Author", "rating", models.IntegerField(default=0)),
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Book",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("author", models.ForeignKey("migrations.Author", models.SET_NULL, null=True)),
+                (
+                    "author",
+                    models.ForeignKey("migrations.Author", models.SET_NULL, null=True),
+                ),
             ],
-        )
-
+        ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_changes/0003_third.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_changes/0003_third.py
index 89b3bc030c..8802926437 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_changes/0003_third.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_changes/0003_third.py
@@ -4,30 +4,46 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('migrations', '0002_second'),
+        ("migrations", "0002_second"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='ModelWithCustomBase',
+            name="ModelWithCustomBase",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
             options={},
             bases=(models.Model,),
         ),
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='UnmigratedModel',
+            name="UnmigratedModel",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
             options={},
             bases=(models.Model,),
         ),
         migrations.DeleteModel(
-            name='Author',
+            name="Author",
         ),
         migrations.DeleteModel(
-            name='Book',
+            name="Book",
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_default/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_default/0001_initial.py
index e9176c4958..b247e49271 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_default/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_no_default/0001_initial.py
@@ -3,18 +3,24 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
-    dependencies = [
-    ]
+    dependencies = []
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='SillyModel',
+            name="SillyModel",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('silly_field', models.BooleanField(default=False)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("silly_field", models.BooleanField(default=False)),
             ],
-            options={
-            },
+            options={},
             bases=(models.Model,),
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_non_atomic/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_non_atomic/0001_initial.py
index f1aa1ae371..c8379e8e07 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_non_atomic/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_non_atomic/0001_initial.py
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 def raise_error(apps, schema_editor):
     # Test operation in non-atomic migration is not wrapped in transaction
-    Publisher = apps.get_model('migrations', 'Publisher')
-    Publisher.objects.create(name='Test Publisher')
-    raise RuntimeError('Abort migration')
+    Publisher = apps.get_model("migrations", "Publisher")
+    Publisher.objects.create(name="Test Publisher")
+    raise RuntimeError("Abort migration")
 
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
@@ -23,7 +23,12 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
             "Book",
             [
                 ("title", models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=255)),
-                ("publisher", models.ForeignKey("migrations.Publisher", models.SET_NULL, null=True)),
+                (
+                    "publisher",
+                    models.ForeignKey(
+                        "migrations.Publisher", models.SET_NULL, null=True
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_order/0001.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_order/0001.py
index 2ef88e957d..ee34de77e4 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_order/0001.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_order/0001.py
@@ -5,5 +5,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     initial = True
 
-    operations = [
-    ]
+    operations = []
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_plan/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_plan/0001_initial.py
index 0a4001d52a..4e4338c89b 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_plan/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_plan/0001_initial.py
@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            'Salamander',
+            "Salamander",
             [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('tail', models.IntegerField(default=0)),
-                ('silly_field', models.BooleanField(default=False)),
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("tail", models.IntegerField(default=0)),
+                ("silly_field", models.BooleanField(default=False)),
             ],
         ),
         migrations.RunPython(grow_tail, shrink_tail),
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_plan/0002_second.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_plan/0002_second.py
index 2fc9ea6933..12902ceec8 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_plan/0002_second.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_plan/0002_second.py
@@ -4,17 +4,17 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('migrations', '0001_initial'),
+        ("migrations", "0001_initial"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            'Book',
+            "Book",
             [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
             ],
         ),
-        migrations.RunSQL(['SELECT * FROM migrations_book'], ['SELECT * FROM migrations_salamander'])
-
+        migrations.RunSQL(
+            ["SELECT * FROM migrations_book"], ["SELECT * FROM migrations_salamander"]
+        ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_plan/0003_third.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_plan/0003_third.py
index 6d17e217ec..1507fddb4c 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_plan/0003_third.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_plan/0003_third.py
@@ -4,16 +4,17 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('migrations', '0002_second'),
+        ("migrations", "0002_second"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            'Author',
+            "Author",
             [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
             ],
         ),
-        migrations.RunSQL(['SELECT * FROM migrations_author'], ['SELECT * FROM migrations_book'])
+        migrations.RunSQL(
+            ["SELECT * FROM migrations_author"], ["SELECT * FROM migrations_book"]
+        ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_plan/0004_fourth.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_plan/0004_fourth.py
index d3e1a54b4d..311e56c4b8 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_plan/0004_fourth.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_plan/0004_fourth.py
@@ -7,6 +7,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
         ("migrations", "0003_third"),
     ]
 
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunSQL('SELECT * FROM migrations_author WHERE id = 1')
-    ]
+    operations = [migrations.RunSQL("SELECT * FROM migrations_author WHERE id = 1")]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_plan/0005_fifth.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_plan/0005_fifth.py
index 3c569ffded..0fe4a29cdb 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_plan/0005_fifth.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_plan/0005_fifth.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def feed(x, y):
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
     dependencies = [
-        ('migrations', '0004_fourth'),
+        ("migrations", "0004_fourth"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_run_before/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_run_before/0001_initial.py
index 186c7fbec9..085f3347e8 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_run_before/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_run_before/0001_initial.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Salamander",
             [
@@ -13,5 +12,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                 ("silly_field", models.BooleanField(default=False)),
             ],
         ),
-
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_run_before/0002_second.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_run_before/0002_second.py
index 2be86bb439..9e2784ae6c 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_run_before/0002_second.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_run_before/0002_second.py
@@ -8,13 +8,14 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
     ]
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Book",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("author", models.ForeignKey("migrations.Author", models.SET_NULL, null=True)),
+                (
+                    "author",
+                    models.ForeignKey("migrations.Author", models.SET_NULL, null=True),
+                ),
             ],
         )
-
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_run_before/0003_third.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_run_before/0003_third.py
index d24d28ca1c..ea6b2f3877 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_run_before/0003_third.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_run_before/0003_third.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
     ]
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Author",
             [
@@ -25,5 +24,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                 ("age", models.IntegerField(default=0)),
             ],
         )
-
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed/0001_initial.py
index 344bebdfe3..59ad944f67 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed/0001_initial.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Author",
             [
@@ -15,13 +14,11 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                 ("silly_field", models.BooleanField(default=False)),
             ],
         ),
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Tribble",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                 ("fluffy", models.BooleanField(default=True)),
             ],
-        )
-
+        ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed/0001_squashed_0002.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed/0001_squashed_0002.py
index 1ba7f45e41..4ac4530b02 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed/0001_squashed_0002.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed/0001_squashed_0002.py
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
     ]
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Author",
             [
@@ -20,13 +19,14 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                 ("rating", models.IntegerField(default=0)),
             ],
         ),
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Book",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("author", models.ForeignKey("migrations.Author", models.SET_NULL, null=True)),
+                (
+                    "author",
+                    models.ForeignKey("migrations.Author", models.SET_NULL, null=True),
+                ),
             ],
         ),
-
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed/0002_second.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed/0002_second.py
index 60a6999ee4..9b4c3264d6 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed/0002_second.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed/0002_second.py
@@ -6,19 +6,17 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
     dependencies = [("migrations", "0001_initial")]
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.DeleteModel("Tribble"),
-
         migrations.RemoveField("Author", "silly_field"),
-
         migrations.AddField("Author", "rating", models.IntegerField(default=0)),
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Book",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("author", models.ForeignKey("migrations.Author", models.SET_NULL, null=True)),
+                (
+                    "author",
+                    models.ForeignKey("migrations.Author", models.SET_NULL, null=True),
+                ),
             ],
-        )
-
+        ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/1_auto.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/1_auto.py
index 46fc1242c9..56f45b2a62 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/1_auto.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/1_auto.py
@@ -3,6 +3,4 @@ from django.db import migrations
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)
-    ]
+    operations = [migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/2_auto.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/2_auto.py
index 1964bf8167..379000e317 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/2_auto.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/2_auto.py
@@ -5,6 +5,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [("migrations", "1_auto")]
 
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)
-    ]
+    operations = [migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/3_auto.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/3_auto.py
index 994ddf3619..e90bf593f9 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/3_auto.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/3_auto.py
@@ -5,6 +5,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [("migrations", "2_auto")]
 
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)
-    ]
+    operations = [migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/3_squashed_5.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/3_squashed_5.py
index e8f1eb527e..f750d23b28 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/3_squashed_5.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/3_squashed_5.py
@@ -11,6 +11,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [("migrations", "2_auto")]
 
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)
-    ]
+    operations = [migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/4_auto.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/4_auto.py
index e7d0f09b55..7bbe7b9614 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/4_auto.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/4_auto.py
@@ -5,6 +5,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [("migrations", "3_auto")]
 
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)
-    ]
+    operations = [migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/5_auto.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/5_auto.py
index e7e25d9a71..df5c2edf32 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/5_auto.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/5_auto.py
@@ -5,6 +5,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [("migrations", "4_auto")]
 
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)
-    ]
+    operations = [migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/6_auto.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/6_auto.py
index 4438bb4196..0ce6bbbb45 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/6_auto.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/6_auto.py
@@ -5,6 +5,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [("migrations", "5_auto")]
 
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)
-    ]
+    operations = [migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/7_auto.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/7_auto.py
index f231edfed1..04d9ea4d55 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/7_auto.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex/7_auto.py
@@ -5,6 +5,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [("migrations", "6_auto")]
 
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)
-    ]
+    operations = [migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app1/1_auto.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app1/1_auto.py
index 46fc1242c9..56f45b2a62 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app1/1_auto.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app1/1_auto.py
@@ -3,6 +3,4 @@ from django.db import migrations
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)
-    ]
+    operations = [migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app1/2_auto.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app1/2_auto.py
index 83d6e0bedc..7c01a498d2 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app1/2_auto.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app1/2_auto.py
@@ -5,6 +5,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [("app1", "1_auto")]
 
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)
-    ]
+    operations = [migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app1/2_squashed_3.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app1/2_squashed_3.py
index 838f68f99f..b9c26b89d3 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app1/2_squashed_3.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app1/2_squashed_3.py
@@ -10,6 +10,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [("app1", "1_auto"), ("app2", "2_auto")]
 
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)
-    ]
+    operations = [migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app1/3_auto.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app1/3_auto.py
index 8abccb5bed..4ea2506733 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app1/3_auto.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app1/3_auto.py
@@ -5,6 +5,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [("app1", "2_auto"), ("app2", "2_auto")]
 
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)
-    ]
+    operations = [migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app1/4_auto.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app1/4_auto.py
index 3b44a1d0ab..7752e23ea0 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app1/4_auto.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app1/4_auto.py
@@ -5,6 +5,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [("app1", "3_auto")]
 
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)
-    ]
+    operations = [migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app2/1_auto.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app2/1_auto.py
index 83d6e0bedc..7c01a498d2 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app2/1_auto.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app2/1_auto.py
@@ -5,6 +5,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [("app1", "1_auto")]
 
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)
-    ]
+    operations = [migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app2/1_squashed_2.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app2/1_squashed_2.py
index e12b5754ad..0c182504db 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app2/1_squashed_2.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app2/1_squashed_2.py
@@ -10,6 +10,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [("app1", "1_auto")]
 
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)
-    ]
+    operations = [migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app2/2_auto.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app2/2_auto.py
index 6726beb9d5..b87378ab49 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app2/2_auto.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_complex_multi_apps/app2/2_auto.py
@@ -5,6 +5,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [("app2", "1_auto")]
 
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)
-    ]
+    operations = [migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_erroneous/1_auto.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_erroneous/1_auto.py
index 46fc1242c9..56f45b2a62 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_erroneous/1_auto.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_erroneous/1_auto.py
@@ -3,6 +3,4 @@ from django.db import migrations
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)
-    ]
+    operations = [migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_erroneous/2_auto.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_erroneous/2_auto.py
index 1964bf8167..379000e317 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_erroneous/2_auto.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_erroneous/2_auto.py
@@ -5,6 +5,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [("migrations", "1_auto")]
 
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)
-    ]
+    operations = [migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_erroneous/3_squashed_5.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_erroneous/3_squashed_5.py
index e8f1eb527e..f750d23b28 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_erroneous/3_squashed_5.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_erroneous/3_squashed_5.py
@@ -11,6 +11,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [("migrations", "2_auto")]
 
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)
-    ]
+    operations = [migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_erroneous/6_auto.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_erroneous/6_auto.py
index 4438bb4196..0ce6bbbb45 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_erroneous/6_auto.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_erroneous/6_auto.py
@@ -5,6 +5,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [("migrations", "5_auto")]
 
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)
-    ]
+    operations = [migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_erroneous/7_auto.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_erroneous/7_auto.py
index f231edfed1..04d9ea4d55 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_erroneous/7_auto.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_erroneous/7_auto.py
@@ -5,6 +5,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [("migrations", "6_auto")]
 
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)
-    ]
+    operations = [migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop)]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_no_replaces/0001_squashed_0002.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_no_replaces/0001_squashed_0002.py
index b261b859a1..72eb931d32 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_no_replaces/0001_squashed_0002.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_squashed_no_replaces/0001_squashed_0002.py
@@ -15,7 +15,10 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
             "Book",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("author", models.ForeignKey("migrations.Author", models.SET_NULL, null=True)),
+                (
+                    "author",
+                    models.ForeignKey("migrations.Author", models.SET_NULL, null=True),
+                ),
             ],
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_unmigdep/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_unmigdep/0001_initial.py
index 91b58c3dad..1cb4f8b06e 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_migrations_unmigdep/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_migrations_unmigdep/0001_initial.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
     ]
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Book",
             [
@@ -16,5 +15,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                 ("user", models.ForeignKey("auth.User", models.SET_NULL, null=True)),
             ],
         )
-
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_multidb.py b/tests/migrations/test_multidb.py
index d8986deb81..7bf5d51454 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_multidb.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_multidb.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ class AgnosticRouter:
     """
     A router that doesn't have an opinion regarding migrating.
     """
+
     def allow_migrate(self, db, app_label, **hints):
         return None
 
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ class MigrateNothingRouter:
     """
     A router that doesn't allow migrating.
     """
+
     def allow_migrate(self, db, app_label, **hints):
         return False
 
@@ -25,6 +27,7 @@ class MigrateEverythingRouter:
     """
     A router that always allows migrating.
     """
+
     def allow_migrate(self, db, app_label, **hints):
         return True
 
@@ -33,12 +36,13 @@ class MigrateWhenFooRouter:
     """
     A router that allows migrating depending on a hint.
     """
+
     def allow_migrate(self, db, app_label, **hints):
-        return hints.get('foo', False)
+        return hints.get("foo", False)
 
 
 class MultiDBOperationTests(OperationTestBase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     def _test_create_model(self, app_label, should_run):
         """
@@ -92,9 +96,13 @@ class MultiDBOperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         """
         with override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[AgnosticRouter(), AgnosticRouter()]):
             self._test_create_model("test_mltdb_crmo4", should_run=True)
-        with override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[MigrateNothingRouter(), MigrateEverythingRouter()]):
+        with override_settings(
+            DATABASE_ROUTERS=[MigrateNothingRouter(), MigrateEverythingRouter()]
+        ):
             self._test_create_model("test_mltdb_crmo4", should_run=False)
-        with override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[MigrateEverythingRouter(), MigrateNothingRouter()]):
+        with override_settings(
+            DATABASE_ROUTERS=[MigrateEverythingRouter(), MigrateNothingRouter()]
+        ):
             self._test_create_model("test_mltdb_crmo4", should_run=True)
 
     def _test_run_sql(self, app_label, should_run, hints=None):
@@ -104,7 +112,9 @@ class MultiDBOperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         sql = """
         INSERT INTO {0}_pony (pink, weight) VALUES (1, 3.55);
         INSERT INTO {0}_pony (pink, weight) VALUES (3, 5.0);
-        """.format(app_label)
+        """.format(
+            app_label
+        )
 
         operation = migrations.RunSQL(sql, hints=hints or {})
         # Test the state alteration does nothing
@@ -112,7 +122,9 @@ class MultiDBOperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
         self.assertEqual(new_state, project_state)
         # Test the database alteration
-        self.assertEqual(project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony").objects.count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony").objects.count(), 0
+        )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
         Pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
@@ -131,7 +143,7 @@ class MultiDBOperationTests(OperationTestBase):
 
     @override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[MigrateWhenFooRouter()])
     def test_run_sql_migrate_foo_router_with_hints(self):
-        self._test_run_sql('test_mltdb_runsql3', should_run=True, hints={'foo': True})
+        self._test_run_sql("test_mltdb_runsql3", should_run=True, hints={"foo": True})
 
     def _test_run_python(self, app_label, should_run, hints=None):
         with override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[MigrateEverythingRouter()]):
@@ -149,7 +161,9 @@ class MultiDBOperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
         self.assertEqual(new_state, project_state)
         # Test the database alteration
-        self.assertEqual(project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony").objects.count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony").objects.count(), 0
+        )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
         Pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
@@ -168,4 +182,6 @@ class MultiDBOperationTests(OperationTestBase):
 
     @override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[MigrateWhenFooRouter()])
     def test_run_python_migrate_foo_router_with_hints(self):
-        self._test_run_python('test_mltdb_runpython3', should_run=True, hints={'foo': True})
+        self._test_run_python(
+            "test_mltdb_runpython3", should_run=True, hints={"foo": True}
+        )
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_operations.py b/tests/migrations/test_operations.py
index 7de4dd5d8b..52a798e22d 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_operations.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_operations.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 from django.core.exceptions import FieldDoesNotExist
-from django.db import (
-    IntegrityError, connection, migrations, models, transaction,
-)
+from django.db import IntegrityError, connection, migrations, models, transaction
 from django.db.migrations.migration import Migration
 from django.db.migrations.operations.fields import FieldOperation
 from django.db.migrations.state import ModelState, ProjectState
@@ -38,7 +36,7 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             ],
         )
         self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Create model Pony")
-        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, 'pony')
+        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, "pony")
         # Test the state alteration
         project_state = ProjectState()
         new_state = project_state.clone()
@@ -60,12 +58,16 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
         self.assertEqual(sorted(definition[2]), ["fields", "name"])
         # And default manager not in set
-        operation = migrations.CreateModel("Foo", fields=[], managers=[("objects", models.Manager())])
+        operation = migrations.CreateModel(
+            "Foo", fields=[], managers=[("objects", models.Manager())]
+        )
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
-        self.assertNotIn('managers', definition[2])
+        self.assertNotIn("managers", definition[2])
 
     def test_create_model_with_duplicate_field_name(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Found duplicate value pink in CreateModel fields argument.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Found duplicate value pink in CreateModel fields argument."
+        ):
             migrations.CreateModel(
                 "Pony",
                 [
@@ -76,55 +78,79 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             )
 
     def test_create_model_with_duplicate_base(self):
-        message = 'Found duplicate value test_crmo.pony in CreateModel bases argument.'
+        message = "Found duplicate value test_crmo.pony in CreateModel bases argument."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, message):
             migrations.CreateModel(
                 "Pony",
                 fields=[],
-                bases=("test_crmo.Pony", "test_crmo.Pony",),
+                bases=(
+                    "test_crmo.Pony",
+                    "test_crmo.Pony",
+                ),
             )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, message):
             migrations.CreateModel(
                 "Pony",
                 fields=[],
-                bases=("test_crmo.Pony", "test_crmo.pony",),
+                bases=(
+                    "test_crmo.Pony",
+                    "test_crmo.pony",
+                ),
             )
-        message = 'Found duplicate value migrations.unicodemodel in CreateModel bases argument.'
+        message = "Found duplicate value migrations.unicodemodel in CreateModel bases argument."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, message):
             migrations.CreateModel(
                 "Pony",
                 fields=[],
-                bases=(UnicodeModel, UnicodeModel,),
+                bases=(
+                    UnicodeModel,
+                    UnicodeModel,
+                ),
             )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, message):
             migrations.CreateModel(
                 "Pony",
                 fields=[],
-                bases=(UnicodeModel, 'migrations.unicodemodel',),
+                bases=(
+                    UnicodeModel,
+                    "migrations.unicodemodel",
+                ),
             )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, message):
             migrations.CreateModel(
                 "Pony",
                 fields=[],
-                bases=(UnicodeModel, 'migrations.UnicodeModel',),
+                bases=(
+                    UnicodeModel,
+                    "migrations.UnicodeModel",
+                ),
             )
         message = "Found duplicate value <class 'django.db.models.base.Model'> in CreateModel bases argument."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, message):
             migrations.CreateModel(
                 "Pony",
                 fields=[],
-                bases=(models.Model, models.Model,),
+                bases=(
+                    models.Model,
+                    models.Model,
+                ),
             )
         message = "Found duplicate value <class 'migrations.test_operations.Mixin'> in CreateModel bases argument."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, message):
             migrations.CreateModel(
                 "Pony",
                 fields=[],
-                bases=(Mixin, Mixin,),
+                bases=(
+                    Mixin,
+                    Mixin,
+                ),
             )
 
     def test_create_model_with_duplicate_manager_name(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Found duplicate value objects in CreateModel managers argument.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError,
+            "Found duplicate value objects in CreateModel managers argument.",
+        ):
             migrations.CreateModel(
                 "Pony",
                 fields=[],
@@ -167,13 +193,19 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             new_state = project_state.clone()
             operation1.state_forwards("test_crmoua", new_state)
-            operation1.database_forwards("test_crmoua", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            operation1.database_forwards(
+                "test_crmoua", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
             project_state, new_state = new_state, new_state.clone()
             operation2.state_forwards("test_crmoua", new_state)
-            operation2.database_forwards("test_crmoua", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            operation2.database_forwards(
+                "test_crmoua", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
             project_state, new_state = new_state, new_state.clone()
             operation3.state_forwards("test_crmoua", new_state)
-            operation3.database_forwards("test_crmoua", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            operation3.database_forwards(
+                "test_crmoua", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
         self.assertTableExists("test_crmoua_pony")
         self.assertTableExists("test_crmoua_rider")
 
@@ -187,8 +219,8 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             "Stable",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("ponies", models.ManyToManyField("Pony", related_name="stables"))
-            ]
+                ("ponies", models.ManyToManyField("Pony", related_name="stables")),
+            ],
         )
         # Test the state alteration
         new_state = project_state.clone()
@@ -212,7 +244,9 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             stable.ponies.all().delete()
         # And test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards("test_crmomm", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_crmomm", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmomm_stable")
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmomm_stable_ponies")
 
@@ -225,14 +259,17 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         operation = migrations.CreateModel(
             "ShetlandPony",
             [
-                ('pony_ptr', models.OneToOneField(
-                    'test_crmoih.Pony',
-                    models.CASCADE,
-                    auto_created=True,
-                    primary_key=True,
-                    to_field='id',
-                    serialize=False,
-                )),
+                (
+                    "pony_ptr",
+                    models.OneToOneField(
+                        "test_crmoih.Pony",
+                        models.CASCADE,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                        to_field="id",
+                        serialize=False,
+                    ),
+                ),
                 ("cuteness", models.IntegerField(default=1)),
             ],
         )
@@ -246,7 +283,9 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         self.assertTableExists("test_crmoih_shetlandpony")
         # And test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards("test_crmoih", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_crmoih", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmoih_shetlandpony")
 
     def test_create_proxy_model(self):
@@ -274,7 +313,9 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         self.assertTableExists("test_crprmo_pony")
         # And test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards("test_crprmo", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_crprmo", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_crprmo_proxypony")
         self.assertTableExists("test_crprmo_pony")
         # And deconstruction
@@ -308,28 +349,34 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         self.assertTableExists("test_crummo_pony")
         # And test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards("test_crummo", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_crummo", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_crummo_unmanagedpony")
         self.assertTableExists("test_crummo_pony")
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_table_check_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_table_check_constraints")
     def test_create_model_with_constraint(self):
         where = models.Q(pink__gt=2)
-        check_constraint = models.CheckConstraint(check=where, name='test_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2')
+        check_constraint = models.CheckConstraint(
+            check=where, name="test_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2"
+        )
         operation = migrations.CreateModel(
             "Pony",
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                 ("pink", models.IntegerField(default=3)),
             ],
-            options={'constraints': [check_constraint]},
+            options={"constraints": [check_constraint]},
         )
 
         # Test the state alteration
         project_state = ProjectState()
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards("test_crmo", new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models['test_crmo', 'pony'].options['constraints']), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(new_state.models["test_crmo", "pony"].options["constraints"]), 1
+        )
 
         # Test database alteration
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmo_pony")
@@ -349,35 +396,37 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(definition[0], "CreateModel")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(definition[2]['options']['constraints'], [check_constraint])
+        self.assertEqual(definition[2]["options"]["constraints"], [check_constraint])
 
     def test_create_model_with_partial_unique_constraint(self):
         partial_unique_constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
-            fields=['pink'],
+            fields=["pink"],
             condition=models.Q(weight__gt=5),
-            name='test_constraint_pony_pink_for_weight_gt_5_uniq',
+            name="test_constraint_pony_pink_for_weight_gt_5_uniq",
         )
         operation = migrations.CreateModel(
-            'Pony',
+            "Pony",
             [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('pink', models.IntegerField(default=3)),
-                ('weight', models.FloatField()),
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("pink", models.IntegerField(default=3)),
+                ("weight", models.FloatField()),
             ],
-            options={'constraints': [partial_unique_constraint]},
+            options={"constraints": [partial_unique_constraint]},
         )
         # Test the state alteration
         project_state = ProjectState()
         new_state = project_state.clone()
-        operation.state_forwards('test_crmo', new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models['test_crmo', 'pony'].options['constraints']), 1)
+        operation.state_forwards("test_crmo", new_state)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(new_state.models["test_crmo", "pony"].options["constraints"]), 1
+        )
         # Test database alteration
-        self.assertTableNotExists('test_crmo_pony')
+        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmo_pony")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards('test_crmo', editor, project_state, new_state)
-        self.assertTableExists('test_crmo_pony')
+            operation.database_forwards("test_crmo", editor, project_state, new_state)
+        self.assertTableExists("test_crmo_pony")
         # Test constraint works
-        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model('test_crmo', 'Pony')
+        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_crmo", "Pony")
         Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
         Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
         Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=6.0)
@@ -388,38 +437,42 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=7.0)
         # Test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards('test_crmo', editor, new_state, project_state)
-        self.assertTableNotExists('test_crmo_pony')
+            operation.database_backwards("test_crmo", editor, new_state, project_state)
+        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmo_pony")
         # Test deconstruction
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(definition[0], 'CreateModel')
+        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "CreateModel")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(definition[2]['options']['constraints'], [partial_unique_constraint])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            definition[2]["options"]["constraints"], [partial_unique_constraint]
+        )
 
     def test_create_model_with_deferred_unique_constraint(self):
         deferred_unique_constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
-            fields=['pink'],
-            name='deferrable_pink_constraint',
+            fields=["pink"],
+            name="deferrable_pink_constraint",
             deferrable=models.Deferrable.DEFERRED,
         )
         operation = migrations.CreateModel(
-            'Pony',
+            "Pony",
             [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('pink', models.IntegerField(default=3)),
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("pink", models.IntegerField(default=3)),
             ],
-            options={'constraints': [deferred_unique_constraint]},
+            options={"constraints": [deferred_unique_constraint]},
         )
         project_state = ProjectState()
         new_state = project_state.clone()
-        operation.state_forwards('test_crmo', new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models['test_crmo', 'pony'].options['constraints']), 1)
-        self.assertTableNotExists('test_crmo_pony')
+        operation.state_forwards("test_crmo", new_state)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(new_state.models["test_crmo", "pony"].options["constraints"]), 1
+        )
+        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmo_pony")
         # Create table.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards('test_crmo', editor, project_state, new_state)
-        self.assertTableExists('test_crmo_pony')
-        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model('test_crmo', 'Pony')
+            operation.database_forwards("test_crmo", editor, project_state, new_state)
+        self.assertTableExists("test_crmo_pony")
+        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_crmo", "Pony")
         Pony.objects.create(pink=1)
         if connection.features.supports_deferrable_unique_constraints:
             # Unique constraint is deferred.
@@ -430,8 +483,10 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             # Constraint behavior can be changed with SET CONSTRAINTS.
             with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
                 with transaction.atomic(), connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                    quoted_name = connection.ops.quote_name(deferred_unique_constraint.name)
-                    cursor.execute('SET CONSTRAINTS %s IMMEDIATE' % quoted_name)
+                    quoted_name = connection.ops.quote_name(
+                        deferred_unique_constraint.name
+                    )
+                    cursor.execute("SET CONSTRAINTS %s IMMEDIATE" % quoted_name)
                     obj = Pony.objects.create(pink=1)
                     obj.pink = 3
                     obj.save()
@@ -439,56 +494,58 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             Pony.objects.create(pink=1)
         # Reversal.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards('test_crmo', editor, new_state, project_state)
-        self.assertTableNotExists('test_crmo_pony')
+            operation.database_backwards("test_crmo", editor, new_state, project_state)
+        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmo_pony")
         # Deconstruction.
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(definition[0], 'CreateModel')
+        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "CreateModel")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
         self.assertEqual(
-            definition[2]['options']['constraints'],
+            definition[2]["options"]["constraints"],
             [deferred_unique_constraint],
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_indexes")
     def test_create_model_with_covering_unique_constraint(self):
         covering_unique_constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
-            fields=['pink'],
-            include=['weight'],
-            name='test_constraint_pony_pink_covering_weight',
+            fields=["pink"],
+            include=["weight"],
+            name="test_constraint_pony_pink_covering_weight",
         )
         operation = migrations.CreateModel(
-            'Pony',
+            "Pony",
             [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('pink', models.IntegerField(default=3)),
-                ('weight', models.FloatField()),
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("pink", models.IntegerField(default=3)),
+                ("weight", models.FloatField()),
             ],
-            options={'constraints': [covering_unique_constraint]},
+            options={"constraints": [covering_unique_constraint]},
         )
         project_state = ProjectState()
         new_state = project_state.clone()
-        operation.state_forwards('test_crmo', new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models['test_crmo', 'pony'].options['constraints']), 1)
-        self.assertTableNotExists('test_crmo_pony')
+        operation.state_forwards("test_crmo", new_state)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(new_state.models["test_crmo", "pony"].options["constraints"]), 1
+        )
+        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmo_pony")
         # Create table.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards('test_crmo', editor, project_state, new_state)
-        self.assertTableExists('test_crmo_pony')
-        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model('test_crmo', 'Pony')
+            operation.database_forwards("test_crmo", editor, project_state, new_state)
+        self.assertTableExists("test_crmo_pony")
+        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_crmo", "Pony")
         Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
             Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=7.0)
         # Reversal.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards('test_crmo', editor, new_state, project_state)
-        self.assertTableNotExists('test_crmo_pony')
+            operation.database_backwards("test_crmo", editor, new_state, project_state)
+        self.assertTableNotExists("test_crmo_pony")
         # Deconstruction.
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(definition[0], 'CreateModel')
+        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "CreateModel")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
         self.assertEqual(
-            definition[2]['options']['constraints'],
+            definition[2]["options"]["constraints"],
             [covering_unique_constraint],
         )
 
@@ -507,7 +564,7 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
                 ("food_qs", FoodQuerySet.as_manager()),
                 ("food_mgr", FoodManager("a", "b")),
                 ("food_mgr_kwargs", FoodManager("x", "y", 3, 4)),
-            ]
+            ],
         )
         self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Create model Food")
         new_state = project_state.clone()
@@ -531,7 +588,7 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         # Test the state alteration
         operation = migrations.DeleteModel("Pony")
         self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Delete model Pony")
-        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, 'delete_pony')
+        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, "delete_pony")
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards("test_dlmo", new_state)
         self.assertNotIn(("test_dlmo", "pony"), new_state.models)
@@ -570,32 +627,38 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_dlprmo_proxypony")
         # And test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards("test_dlprmo", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_dlprmo", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         self.assertTableExists("test_dlprmo_pony")
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_dlprmo_proxypony")
 
     def test_delete_mti_model(self):
-        project_state = self.set_up_test_model('test_dlmtimo', mti_model=True)
+        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_dlmtimo", mti_model=True)
         # Test the state alteration
-        operation = migrations.DeleteModel('ShetlandPony')
+        operation = migrations.DeleteModel("ShetlandPony")
         new_state = project_state.clone()
-        operation.state_forwards('test_dlmtimo', new_state)
-        self.assertIn(('test_dlmtimo', 'shetlandpony'), project_state.models)
-        self.assertNotIn(('test_dlmtimo', 'shetlandpony'), new_state.models)
+        operation.state_forwards("test_dlmtimo", new_state)
+        self.assertIn(("test_dlmtimo", "shetlandpony"), project_state.models)
+        self.assertNotIn(("test_dlmtimo", "shetlandpony"), new_state.models)
         # Test the database alteration
-        self.assertTableExists('test_dlmtimo_pony')
-        self.assertTableExists('test_dlmtimo_shetlandpony')
-        self.assertColumnExists('test_dlmtimo_shetlandpony', 'pony_ptr_id')
+        self.assertTableExists("test_dlmtimo_pony")
+        self.assertTableExists("test_dlmtimo_shetlandpony")
+        self.assertColumnExists("test_dlmtimo_shetlandpony", "pony_ptr_id")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards('test_dlmtimo', editor, project_state, new_state)
-        self.assertTableExists('test_dlmtimo_pony')
-        self.assertTableNotExists('test_dlmtimo_shetlandpony')
+            operation.database_forwards(
+                "test_dlmtimo", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
+        self.assertTableExists("test_dlmtimo_pony")
+        self.assertTableNotExists("test_dlmtimo_shetlandpony")
         # And test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards('test_dlmtimo', editor, new_state, project_state)
-        self.assertTableExists('test_dlmtimo_pony')
-        self.assertTableExists('test_dlmtimo_shetlandpony')
-        self.assertColumnExists('test_dlmtimo_shetlandpony', 'pony_ptr_id')
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_dlmtimo", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
+        self.assertTableExists("test_dlmtimo_pony")
+        self.assertTableExists("test_dlmtimo_shetlandpony")
+        self.assertColumnExists("test_dlmtimo_shetlandpony", "pony_ptr_id")
 
     def test_rename_model(self):
         """
@@ -605,51 +668,69 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         # Test the state alteration
         operation = migrations.RenameModel("Pony", "Horse")
         self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Rename model Pony to Horse")
-        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, 'rename_pony_horse')
+        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, "rename_pony_horse")
         # Test initial state and database
         self.assertIn(("test_rnmo", "pony"), project_state.models)
         self.assertNotIn(("test_rnmo", "horse"), project_state.models)
         self.assertTableExists("test_rnmo_pony")
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_rnmo_horse")
         if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
-            self.assertFKExists("test_rnmo_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rnmo_pony", "id"))
-            self.assertFKNotExists("test_rnmo_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rnmo_horse", "id"))
+            self.assertFKExists(
+                "test_rnmo_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rnmo_pony", "id")
+            )
+            self.assertFKNotExists(
+                "test_rnmo_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rnmo_horse", "id")
+            )
         # Migrate forwards
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         atomic_rename = connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename
-        new_state = self.apply_operations("test_rnmo", new_state, [operation], atomic=atomic_rename)
+        new_state = self.apply_operations(
+            "test_rnmo", new_state, [operation], atomic=atomic_rename
+        )
         # Test new state and database
         self.assertNotIn(("test_rnmo", "pony"), new_state.models)
         self.assertIn(("test_rnmo", "horse"), new_state.models)
         # RenameModel also repoints all incoming FKs and M2Ms
         self.assertEqual(
-            new_state.models['test_rnmo', 'rider'].fields['pony'].remote_field.model,
-            'test_rnmo.Horse',
+            new_state.models["test_rnmo", "rider"].fields["pony"].remote_field.model,
+            "test_rnmo.Horse",
         )
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_rnmo_pony")
         self.assertTableExists("test_rnmo_horse")
         if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
-            self.assertFKNotExists("test_rnmo_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rnmo_pony", "id"))
-            self.assertFKExists("test_rnmo_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rnmo_horse", "id"))
+            self.assertFKNotExists(
+                "test_rnmo_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rnmo_pony", "id")
+            )
+            self.assertFKExists(
+                "test_rnmo_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rnmo_horse", "id")
+            )
         # Migrate backwards
-        original_state = self.unapply_operations("test_rnmo", project_state, [operation], atomic=atomic_rename)
+        original_state = self.unapply_operations(
+            "test_rnmo", project_state, [operation], atomic=atomic_rename
+        )
         # Test original state and database
         self.assertIn(("test_rnmo", "pony"), original_state.models)
         self.assertNotIn(("test_rnmo", "horse"), original_state.models)
         self.assertEqual(
-            original_state.models['test_rnmo', 'rider'].fields['pony'].remote_field.model,
-            'Pony',
+            original_state.models["test_rnmo", "rider"]
+            .fields["pony"]
+            .remote_field.model,
+            "Pony",
         )
         self.assertTableExists("test_rnmo_pony")
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_rnmo_horse")
         if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
-            self.assertFKExists("test_rnmo_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rnmo_pony", "id"))
-            self.assertFKNotExists("test_rnmo_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rnmo_horse", "id"))
+            self.assertFKExists(
+                "test_rnmo_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rnmo_pony", "id")
+            )
+            self.assertFKNotExists(
+                "test_rnmo_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rnmo_horse", "id")
+            )
         # And deconstruction
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RenameModel")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {'old_name': "Pony", 'new_name': "Horse"})
+        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {"old_name": "Pony", "new_name": "Horse"})
 
     def test_rename_model_state_forwards(self):
         """
@@ -657,19 +738,19 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         on state without prior apps.
         """
         state = ProjectState()
-        state.add_model(ModelState('migrations', 'Foo', []))
-        operation = migrations.RenameModel('Foo', 'Bar')
-        operation.state_forwards('migrations', state)
-        self.assertNotIn('apps', state.__dict__)
-        self.assertNotIn(('migrations', 'foo'), state.models)
-        self.assertIn(('migrations', 'bar'), state.models)
+        state.add_model(ModelState("migrations", "Foo", []))
+        operation = migrations.RenameModel("Foo", "Bar")
+        operation.state_forwards("migrations", state)
+        self.assertNotIn("apps", state.__dict__)
+        self.assertNotIn(("migrations", "foo"), state.models)
+        self.assertIn(("migrations", "bar"), state.models)
         # Now with apps cached.
         apps = state.apps
-        operation = migrations.RenameModel('Bar', 'Foo')
-        operation.state_forwards('migrations', state)
+        operation = migrations.RenameModel("Bar", "Foo")
+        operation.state_forwards("migrations", state)
         self.assertIs(state.apps, apps)
-        self.assertNotIn(('migrations', 'bar'), state.models)
-        self.assertIn(('migrations', 'foo'), state.models)
+        self.assertNotIn(("migrations", "bar"), state.models)
+        self.assertIn(("migrations", "foo"), state.models)
 
     def test_rename_model_with_self_referential_fk(self):
         """
@@ -685,105 +766,168 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         self.assertIn(("test_rmwsrf", "horserider"), new_state.models)
         # Remember, RenameModel also repoints all incoming FKs and M2Ms
         self.assertEqual(
-            'self',
-            new_state.models["test_rmwsrf", "horserider"].fields['friend'].remote_field.model
+            "self",
+            new_state.models["test_rmwsrf", "horserider"]
+            .fields["friend"]
+            .remote_field.model,
+        )
+        HorseRider = new_state.apps.get_model("test_rmwsrf", "horserider")
+        self.assertIs(
+            HorseRider._meta.get_field("horserider").remote_field.model, HorseRider
         )
-        HorseRider = new_state.apps.get_model('test_rmwsrf', 'horserider')
-        self.assertIs(HorseRider._meta.get_field('horserider').remote_field.model, HorseRider)
         # Test the database alteration
         self.assertTableExists("test_rmwsrf_rider")
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_rmwsrf_horserider")
         if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
-            self.assertFKExists("test_rmwsrf_rider", ["friend_id"], ("test_rmwsrf_rider", "id"))
-            self.assertFKNotExists("test_rmwsrf_rider", ["friend_id"], ("test_rmwsrf_horserider", "id"))
+            self.assertFKExists(
+                "test_rmwsrf_rider", ["friend_id"], ("test_rmwsrf_rider", "id")
+            )
+            self.assertFKNotExists(
+                "test_rmwsrf_rider", ["friend_id"], ("test_rmwsrf_horserider", "id")
+            )
         atomic_rename = connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename
         with connection.schema_editor(atomic=atomic_rename) as editor:
             operation.database_forwards("test_rmwsrf", editor, project_state, new_state)
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_rmwsrf_rider")
         self.assertTableExists("test_rmwsrf_horserider")
         if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
-            self.assertFKNotExists("test_rmwsrf_horserider", ["friend_id"], ("test_rmwsrf_rider", "id"))
-            self.assertFKExists("test_rmwsrf_horserider", ["friend_id"], ("test_rmwsrf_horserider", "id"))
+            self.assertFKNotExists(
+                "test_rmwsrf_horserider", ["friend_id"], ("test_rmwsrf_rider", "id")
+            )
+            self.assertFKExists(
+                "test_rmwsrf_horserider",
+                ["friend_id"],
+                ("test_rmwsrf_horserider", "id"),
+            )
         # And test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor(atomic=atomic_rename) as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards("test_rmwsrf", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_rmwsrf", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         self.assertTableExists("test_rmwsrf_rider")
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_rmwsrf_horserider")
         if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
-            self.assertFKExists("test_rmwsrf_rider", ["friend_id"], ("test_rmwsrf_rider", "id"))
-            self.assertFKNotExists("test_rmwsrf_rider", ["friend_id"], ("test_rmwsrf_horserider", "id"))
+            self.assertFKExists(
+                "test_rmwsrf_rider", ["friend_id"], ("test_rmwsrf_rider", "id")
+            )
+            self.assertFKNotExists(
+                "test_rmwsrf_rider", ["friend_id"], ("test_rmwsrf_horserider", "id")
+            )
 
     def test_rename_model_with_superclass_fk(self):
         """
         Tests the RenameModel operation on a model which has a superclass that
         has a foreign key.
         """
-        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_rmwsc", related_model=True, mti_model=True)
+        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
+            "test_rmwsc", related_model=True, mti_model=True
+        )
         # Test the state alteration
         operation = migrations.RenameModel("ShetlandPony", "LittleHorse")
-        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Rename model ShetlandPony to LittleHorse")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            operation.describe(), "Rename model ShetlandPony to LittleHorse"
+        )
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards("test_rmwsc", new_state)
         self.assertNotIn(("test_rmwsc", "shetlandpony"), new_state.models)
         self.assertIn(("test_rmwsc", "littlehorse"), new_state.models)
         # RenameModel shouldn't repoint the superclass's relations, only local ones
         self.assertEqual(
-            project_state.models['test_rmwsc', 'rider'].fields['pony'].remote_field.model,
-            new_state.models['test_rmwsc', 'rider'].fields['pony'].remote_field.model,
+            project_state.models["test_rmwsc", "rider"]
+            .fields["pony"]
+            .remote_field.model,
+            new_state.models["test_rmwsc", "rider"].fields["pony"].remote_field.model,
         )
         # Before running the migration we have a table for Shetland Pony, not Little Horse
         self.assertTableExists("test_rmwsc_shetlandpony")
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_rmwsc_littlehorse")
         if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
             # and the foreign key on rider points to pony, not shetland pony
-            self.assertFKExists("test_rmwsc_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rmwsc_pony", "id"))
-            self.assertFKNotExists("test_rmwsc_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rmwsc_shetlandpony", "id"))
-        with connection.schema_editor(atomic=connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename) as editor:
+            self.assertFKExists(
+                "test_rmwsc_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rmwsc_pony", "id")
+            )
+            self.assertFKNotExists(
+                "test_rmwsc_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rmwsc_shetlandpony", "id")
+            )
+        with connection.schema_editor(
+            atomic=connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename
+        ) as editor:
             operation.database_forwards("test_rmwsc", editor, project_state, new_state)
         # Now we have a little horse table, not shetland pony
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_rmwsc_shetlandpony")
         self.assertTableExists("test_rmwsc_littlehorse")
         if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
             # but the Foreign keys still point at pony, not little horse
-            self.assertFKExists("test_rmwsc_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rmwsc_pony", "id"))
-            self.assertFKNotExists("test_rmwsc_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rmwsc_littlehorse", "id"))
+            self.assertFKExists(
+                "test_rmwsc_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rmwsc_pony", "id")
+            )
+            self.assertFKNotExists(
+                "test_rmwsc_rider", ["pony_id"], ("test_rmwsc_littlehorse", "id")
+            )
 
     def test_rename_model_with_self_referential_m2m(self):
         app_label = "test_rename_model_with_self_referential_m2m"
 
-        project_state = self.apply_operations(app_label, ProjectState(), operations=[
-            migrations.CreateModel("ReflexivePony", fields=[
-                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("ponies", models.ManyToManyField("self")),
-            ]),
-        ])
-        project_state = self.apply_operations(app_label, project_state, operations=[
-            migrations.RenameModel("ReflexivePony", "ReflexivePony2"),
-        ], atomic=connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename)
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            app_label,
+            ProjectState(),
+            operations=[
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "ReflexivePony",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                        ("ponies", models.ManyToManyField("self")),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            app_label,
+            project_state,
+            operations=[
+                migrations.RenameModel("ReflexivePony", "ReflexivePony2"),
+            ],
+            atomic=connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename,
+        )
         Pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "ReflexivePony2")
         pony = Pony.objects.create()
         pony.ponies.add(pony)
 
     def test_rename_model_with_m2m(self):
         app_label = "test_rename_model_with_m2m"
-        project_state = self.apply_operations(app_label, ProjectState(), operations=[
-            migrations.CreateModel("Rider", fields=[
-                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ]),
-            migrations.CreateModel("Pony", fields=[
-                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("riders", models.ManyToManyField("Rider")),
-            ]),
-        ])
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            app_label,
+            ProjectState(),
+            operations=[
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Rider",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Pony",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                        ("riders", models.ManyToManyField("Rider")),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
         Pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
         Rider = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Rider")
         pony = Pony.objects.create()
         rider = Rider.objects.create()
         pony.riders.add(rider)
 
-        project_state = self.apply_operations(app_label, project_state, operations=[
-            migrations.RenameModel("Pony", "Pony2"),
-        ], atomic=connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename)
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            app_label,
+            project_state,
+            operations=[
+                migrations.RenameModel("Pony", "Pony2"),
+            ],
+            atomic=connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename,
+        )
         Pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony2")
         Rider = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Rider")
         pony = Pony.objects.create()
@@ -791,21 +935,37 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         pony.riders.add(rider)
         self.assertEqual(Pony.objects.count(), 2)
         self.assertEqual(Rider.objects.count(), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(Pony._meta.get_field('riders').remote_field.through.objects.count(), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Pony._meta.get_field("riders").remote_field.through.objects.count(), 2
+        )
 
     def test_rename_model_with_db_table_noop(self):
-        app_label = 'test_rmwdbtn'
-        project_state = self.apply_operations(app_label, ProjectState(), operations=[
-            migrations.CreateModel('Rider', fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ], options={'db_table': 'rider'}),
-            migrations.CreateModel('Pony', fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('rider', models.ForeignKey('%s.Rider' % app_label, models.CASCADE)),
-            ]),
-        ])
+        app_label = "test_rmwdbtn"
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            app_label,
+            ProjectState(),
+            operations=[
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Rider",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ],
+                    options={"db_table": "rider"},
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Pony",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                        (
+                            "rider",
+                            models.ForeignKey("%s.Rider" % app_label, models.CASCADE),
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
         new_state = project_state.clone()
-        operation = migrations.RenameModel('Rider', 'Runner')
+        operation = migrations.RenameModel("Rider", "Runner")
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -813,28 +973,45 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
                 operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-                operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
+                operation.database_backwards(
+                    app_label, editor, new_state, project_state
+                )
 
     def test_rename_m2m_target_model(self):
         app_label = "test_rename_m2m_target_model"
-        project_state = self.apply_operations(app_label, ProjectState(), operations=[
-            migrations.CreateModel("Rider", fields=[
-                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ]),
-            migrations.CreateModel("Pony", fields=[
-                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("riders", models.ManyToManyField("Rider")),
-            ]),
-        ])
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            app_label,
+            ProjectState(),
+            operations=[
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Rider",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Pony",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                        ("riders", models.ManyToManyField("Rider")),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
         Pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
         Rider = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Rider")
         pony = Pony.objects.create()
         rider = Rider.objects.create()
         pony.riders.add(rider)
 
-        project_state = self.apply_operations(app_label, project_state, operations=[
-            migrations.RenameModel("Rider", "Rider2"),
-        ], atomic=connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename)
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            app_label,
+            project_state,
+            operations=[
+                migrations.RenameModel("Rider", "Rider2"),
+            ],
+            atomic=connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename,
+        )
         Pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
         Rider = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Rider2")
         pony = Pony.objects.create()
@@ -842,28 +1019,56 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         pony.riders.add(rider)
         self.assertEqual(Pony.objects.count(), 2)
         self.assertEqual(Rider.objects.count(), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(Pony._meta.get_field('riders').remote_field.through.objects.count(), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Pony._meta.get_field("riders").remote_field.through.objects.count(), 2
+        )
 
     def test_rename_m2m_through_model(self):
         app_label = "test_rename_through"
-        project_state = self.apply_operations(app_label, ProjectState(), operations=[
-            migrations.CreateModel("Rider", fields=[
-                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ]),
-            migrations.CreateModel("Pony", fields=[
-                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ]),
-            migrations.CreateModel("PonyRider", fields=[
-                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("rider", models.ForeignKey("test_rename_through.Rider", models.CASCADE)),
-                ("pony", models.ForeignKey("test_rename_through.Pony", models.CASCADE)),
-            ]),
-            migrations.AddField(
-                "Pony",
-                "riders",
-                models.ManyToManyField("test_rename_through.Rider", through="test_rename_through.PonyRider"),
-            ),
-        ])
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            app_label,
+            ProjectState(),
+            operations=[
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Rider",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Pony",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "PonyRider",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                        (
+                            "rider",
+                            models.ForeignKey(
+                                "test_rename_through.Rider", models.CASCADE
+                            ),
+                        ),
+                        (
+                            "pony",
+                            models.ForeignKey(
+                                "test_rename_through.Pony", models.CASCADE
+                            ),
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Pony",
+                    "riders",
+                    models.ManyToManyField(
+                        "test_rename_through.Rider",
+                        through="test_rename_through.PonyRider",
+                    ),
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
         Pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
         Rider = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Rider")
         PonyRider = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "PonyRider")
@@ -871,9 +1076,13 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         rider = Rider.objects.create()
         PonyRider.objects.create(pony=pony, rider=rider)
 
-        project_state = self.apply_operations(app_label, project_state, operations=[
-            migrations.RenameModel("PonyRider", "PonyRider2"),
-        ])
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            app_label,
+            project_state,
+            operations=[
+                migrations.RenameModel("PonyRider", "PonyRider2"),
+            ],
+        )
         Pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
         Rider = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Rider")
         PonyRider = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "PonyRider2")
@@ -887,28 +1096,49 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
 
     def test_rename_m2m_model_after_rename_field(self):
         """RenameModel renames a many-to-many column after a RenameField."""
-        app_label = 'test_rename_multiple'
-        project_state = self.apply_operations(app_label, ProjectState(), operations=[
-            migrations.CreateModel('Pony', fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('name', models.CharField(max_length=20)),
-            ]),
-            migrations.CreateModel('Rider', fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('pony', models.ForeignKey('test_rename_multiple.Pony', models.CASCADE)),
-            ]),
-            migrations.CreateModel('PonyRider', fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('riders', models.ManyToManyField('Rider')),
-            ]),
-            migrations.RenameField(model_name='pony', old_name='name', new_name='fancy_name'),
-            migrations.RenameModel(old_name='Rider', new_name='Jockey'),
-        ], atomic=connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename)
-        Pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, 'Pony')
-        Jockey = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, 'Jockey')
-        PonyRider = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, 'PonyRider')
+        app_label = "test_rename_multiple"
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            app_label,
+            ProjectState(),
+            operations=[
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Pony",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=20)),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Rider",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                        (
+                            "pony",
+                            models.ForeignKey(
+                                "test_rename_multiple.Pony", models.CASCADE
+                            ),
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "PonyRider",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                        ("riders", models.ManyToManyField("Rider")),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                migrations.RenameField(
+                    model_name="pony", old_name="name", new_name="fancy_name"
+                ),
+                migrations.RenameModel(old_name="Rider", new_name="Jockey"),
+            ],
+            atomic=connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename,
+        )
+        Pony = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
+        Jockey = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Jockey")
+        PonyRider = project_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "PonyRider")
         # No "no such column" error means the column was renamed correctly.
-        pony = Pony.objects.create(fancy_name='a good name')
+        pony = Pony.objects.create(fancy_name="a good name")
         jockey = Jockey.objects.create(pony=pony)
         ponyrider = PonyRider.objects.create()
         ponyrider.riders.add(jockey)
@@ -924,10 +1154,10 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             models.FloatField(null=True, default=5),
         )
         self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Add field height to Pony")
-        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, 'pony_height')
+        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, "pony_height")
         project_state, new_state = self.make_test_state("test_adfl", operation)
         self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models["test_adfl", "pony"].fields), 4)
-        field = new_state.models['test_adfl', 'pony'].fields['height']
+        field = new_state.models["test_adfl", "pony"].fields["height"]
         self.assertEqual(field.default, 5)
         # Test the database alteration
         self.assertColumnNotExists("test_adfl_pony", "height")
@@ -953,30 +1183,34 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         Pony = project_state.apps.get_model("test_adchfl", "Pony")
         pony = Pony.objects.create(weight=42)
 
-        new_state = self.apply_operations("test_adchfl", project_state, [
-            migrations.AddField(
-                "Pony",
-                "text",
-                models.CharField(max_length=10, default="some text"),
-            ),
-            migrations.AddField(
-                "Pony",
-                "empty",
-                models.CharField(max_length=10, default=""),
-            ),
-            # If not properly quoted digits would be interpreted as an int.
-            migrations.AddField(
-                "Pony",
-                "digits",
-                models.CharField(max_length=10, default="42"),
-            ),
-            # Manual quoting is fragile and could trip on quotes. Refs #xyz.
-            migrations.AddField(
-                "Pony",
-                "quotes",
-                models.CharField(max_length=10, default='"\'"'),
-            ),
-        ])
+        new_state = self.apply_operations(
+            "test_adchfl",
+            project_state,
+            [
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Pony",
+                    "text",
+                    models.CharField(max_length=10, default="some text"),
+                ),
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Pony",
+                    "empty",
+                    models.CharField(max_length=10, default=""),
+                ),
+                # If not properly quoted digits would be interpreted as an int.
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Pony",
+                    "digits",
+                    models.CharField(max_length=10, default="42"),
+                ),
+                # Manual quoting is fragile and could trip on quotes. Refs #xyz.
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Pony",
+                    "quotes",
+                    models.CharField(max_length=10, default='"\'"'),
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
         Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_adchfl", "Pony")
         pony = Pony.objects.get(pk=pony.pk)
@@ -994,30 +1228,34 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         Pony = project_state.apps.get_model("test_adtxtfl", "Pony")
         pony = Pony.objects.create(weight=42)
 
-        new_state = self.apply_operations("test_adtxtfl", project_state, [
-            migrations.AddField(
-                "Pony",
-                "text",
-                models.TextField(default="some text"),
-            ),
-            migrations.AddField(
-                "Pony",
-                "empty",
-                models.TextField(default=""),
-            ),
-            # If not properly quoted digits would be interpreted as an int.
-            migrations.AddField(
-                "Pony",
-                "digits",
-                models.TextField(default="42"),
-            ),
-            # Manual quoting is fragile and could trip on quotes. Refs #xyz.
-            migrations.AddField(
-                "Pony",
-                "quotes",
-                models.TextField(default='"\'"'),
-            ),
-        ])
+        new_state = self.apply_operations(
+            "test_adtxtfl",
+            project_state,
+            [
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Pony",
+                    "text",
+                    models.TextField(default="some text"),
+                ),
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Pony",
+                    "empty",
+                    models.TextField(default=""),
+                ),
+                # If not properly quoted digits would be interpreted as an int.
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Pony",
+                    "digits",
+                    models.TextField(default="42"),
+                ),
+                # Manual quoting is fragile and could trip on quotes. Refs #xyz.
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Pony",
+                    "quotes",
+                    models.TextField(default='"\'"'),
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
         Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_adtxtfl", "Pony")
         pony = Pony.objects.get(pk=pony.pk)
@@ -1035,30 +1273,34 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         Pony = project_state.apps.get_model("test_adbinfl", "Pony")
         pony = Pony.objects.create(weight=42)
 
-        new_state = self.apply_operations("test_adbinfl", project_state, [
-            migrations.AddField(
-                "Pony",
-                "blob",
-                models.BinaryField(default=b"some text"),
-            ),
-            migrations.AddField(
-                "Pony",
-                "empty",
-                models.BinaryField(default=b""),
-            ),
-            # If not properly quoted digits would be interpreted as an int.
-            migrations.AddField(
-                "Pony",
-                "digits",
-                models.BinaryField(default=b"42"),
-            ),
-            # Manual quoting is fragile and could trip on quotes. Refs #xyz.
-            migrations.AddField(
-                "Pony",
-                "quotes",
-                models.BinaryField(default=b'"\'"'),
-            ),
-        ])
+        new_state = self.apply_operations(
+            "test_adbinfl",
+            project_state,
+            [
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Pony",
+                    "blob",
+                    models.BinaryField(default=b"some text"),
+                ),
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Pony",
+                    "empty",
+                    models.BinaryField(default=b""),
+                ),
+                # If not properly quoted digits would be interpreted as an int.
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Pony",
+                    "digits",
+                    models.BinaryField(default=b"42"),
+                ),
+                # Manual quoting is fragile and could trip on quotes. Refs #xyz.
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Pony",
+                    "quotes",
+                    models.BinaryField(default=b'"\'"'),
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
         Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_adbinfl", "Pony")
         pony = Pony.objects.get(pk=pony.pk)
@@ -1082,7 +1324,9 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards("test_regr22168", new_state)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards("test_regr22168", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            operation.database_forwards(
+                "test_regr22168", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
         self.assertColumnExists("test_regr22168_pony", "order")
 
     def test_add_field_preserve_default(self):
@@ -1101,7 +1345,7 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards("test_adflpd", new_state)
         self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models["test_adflpd", "pony"].fields), 4)
-        field = new_state.models['test_adflpd', 'pony'].fields['height']
+        field = new_state.models["test_adflpd", "pony"].fields["height"]
         self.assertEqual(field.default, models.NOT_PROVIDED)
         # Test the database alteration
         project_state.apps.get_model("test_adflpd", "pony").objects.create(
@@ -1115,7 +1359,9 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AddField")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(sorted(definition[2]), ["field", "model_name", "name", "preserve_default"])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted(definition[2]), ["field", "model_name", "name", "preserve_default"]
+        )
 
     def test_add_field_m2m(self):
         """
@@ -1123,7 +1369,9 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         """
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_adflmm", second_model=True)
         # Test the state alteration
-        operation = migrations.AddField("Pony", "stables", models.ManyToManyField("Stable", related_name="ponies"))
+        operation = migrations.AddField(
+            "Pony", "stables", models.ManyToManyField("Stable", related_name="ponies")
+        )
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards("test_adflmm", new_state)
         self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models["test_adflmm", "pony"].fields), 4)
@@ -1142,37 +1390,73 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             p.stables.all().delete()
         # And test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards("test_adflmm", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_adflmm", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_adflmm_pony_stables")
 
     def test_alter_field_m2m(self):
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_alflmm", second_model=True)
 
-        project_state = self.apply_operations("test_alflmm", project_state, operations=[
-            migrations.AddField("Pony", "stables", models.ManyToManyField("Stable", related_name="ponies"))
-        ])
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            "test_alflmm",
+            project_state,
+            operations=[
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Pony",
+                    "stables",
+                    models.ManyToManyField("Stable", related_name="ponies"),
+                )
+            ],
+        )
         Pony = project_state.apps.get_model("test_alflmm", "Pony")
-        self.assertFalse(Pony._meta.get_field('stables').blank)
+        self.assertFalse(Pony._meta.get_field("stables").blank)
 
-        project_state = self.apply_operations("test_alflmm", project_state, operations=[
-            migrations.AlterField(
-                "Pony", "stables", models.ManyToManyField(to="Stable", related_name="ponies", blank=True)
-            )
-        ])
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            "test_alflmm",
+            project_state,
+            operations=[
+                migrations.AlterField(
+                    "Pony",
+                    "stables",
+                    models.ManyToManyField(
+                        to="Stable", related_name="ponies", blank=True
+                    ),
+                )
+            ],
+        )
         Pony = project_state.apps.get_model("test_alflmm", "Pony")
-        self.assertTrue(Pony._meta.get_field('stables').blank)
+        self.assertTrue(Pony._meta.get_field("stables").blank)
 
     def test_repoint_field_m2m(self):
-        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_alflmm", second_model=True, third_model=True)
+        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
+            "test_alflmm", second_model=True, third_model=True
+        )
 
-        project_state = self.apply_operations("test_alflmm", project_state, operations=[
-            migrations.AddField("Pony", "places", models.ManyToManyField("Stable", related_name="ponies"))
-        ])
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            "test_alflmm",
+            project_state,
+            operations=[
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Pony",
+                    "places",
+                    models.ManyToManyField("Stable", related_name="ponies"),
+                )
+            ],
+        )
         Pony = project_state.apps.get_model("test_alflmm", "Pony")
 
-        project_state = self.apply_operations("test_alflmm", project_state, operations=[
-            migrations.AlterField("Pony", "places", models.ManyToManyField(to="Van", related_name="ponies"))
-        ])
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            "test_alflmm",
+            project_state,
+            operations=[
+                migrations.AlterField(
+                    "Pony",
+                    "places",
+                    models.ManyToManyField(to="Van", related_name="ponies"),
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
         # Ensure the new field actually works
         Pony = project_state.apps.get_model("test_alflmm", "Pony")
@@ -1184,14 +1468,24 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
     def test_remove_field_m2m(self):
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_rmflmm", second_model=True)
 
-        project_state = self.apply_operations("test_rmflmm", project_state, operations=[
-            migrations.AddField("Pony", "stables", models.ManyToManyField("Stable", related_name="ponies"))
-        ])
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            "test_rmflmm",
+            project_state,
+            operations=[
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Pony",
+                    "stables",
+                    models.ManyToManyField("Stable", related_name="ponies"),
+                )
+            ],
+        )
         self.assertTableExists("test_rmflmm_pony_stables")
 
         with_field_state = project_state.clone()
         operations = [migrations.RemoveField("Pony", "stables")]
-        project_state = self.apply_operations("test_rmflmm", project_state, operations=operations)
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            "test_rmflmm", project_state, operations=operations
+        )
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_rmflmm_pony_stables")
 
         # And test reversal
@@ -1202,19 +1496,40 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_rmflmmwt", second_model=True)
 
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_rmflmmwt_ponystables")
-        project_state = self.apply_operations("test_rmflmmwt", project_state, operations=[
-            migrations.CreateModel("PonyStables", fields=[
-                ("pony", models.ForeignKey('test_rmflmmwt.Pony', models.CASCADE)),
-                ("stable", models.ForeignKey('test_rmflmmwt.Stable', models.CASCADE)),
-            ]),
-            migrations.AddField(
-                "Pony", "stables",
-                models.ManyToManyField("Stable", related_name="ponies", through='test_rmflmmwt.PonyStables')
-            )
-        ])
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            "test_rmflmmwt",
+            project_state,
+            operations=[
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "PonyStables",
+                    fields=[
+                        (
+                            "pony",
+                            models.ForeignKey("test_rmflmmwt.Pony", models.CASCADE),
+                        ),
+                        (
+                            "stable",
+                            models.ForeignKey("test_rmflmmwt.Stable", models.CASCADE),
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Pony",
+                    "stables",
+                    models.ManyToManyField(
+                        "Stable",
+                        related_name="ponies",
+                        through="test_rmflmmwt.PonyStables",
+                    ),
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
         self.assertTableExists("test_rmflmmwt_ponystables")
 
-        operations = [migrations.RemoveField("Pony", "stables"), migrations.DeleteModel("PonyStables")]
+        operations = [
+            migrations.RemoveField("Pony", "stables"),
+            migrations.DeleteModel("PonyStables"),
+        ]
         self.apply_operations("test_rmflmmwt", project_state, operations=operations)
 
     def test_remove_field(self):
@@ -1225,7 +1540,7 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         # Test the state alteration
         operation = migrations.RemoveField("Pony", "pink")
         self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Remove field pink from Pony")
-        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, 'remove_pony_pink')
+        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, "remove_pony_pink")
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards("test_rmfl", new_state)
         self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models["test_rmfl", "pony"].fields), 2)
@@ -1242,7 +1557,7 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RemoveField")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {'model_name': "Pony", 'name': 'pink'})
+        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {"model_name": "Pony", "name": "pink"})
 
     def test_remove_fk(self):
         """
@@ -1268,11 +1583,16 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_almota")
         # Test the state alteration
         operation = migrations.AlterModelTable("Pony", "test_almota_pony_2")
-        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Rename table for Pony to test_almota_pony_2")
-        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, 'alter_pony_table')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            operation.describe(), "Rename table for Pony to test_almota_pony_2"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, "alter_pony_table")
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards("test_almota", new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(new_state.models["test_almota", "pony"].options["db_table"], "test_almota_pony_2")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            new_state.models["test_almota", "pony"].options["db_table"],
+            "test_almota_pony_2",
+        )
         # Test the database alteration
         self.assertTableExists("test_almota_pony")
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_almota_pony_2")
@@ -1282,14 +1602,16 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         self.assertTableExists("test_almota_pony_2")
         # And test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards("test_almota", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_almota", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         self.assertTableExists("test_almota_pony")
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_almota_pony_2")
         # And deconstruction
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AlterModelTable")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {'name': "Pony", 'table': "test_almota_pony_2"})
+        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {"name": "Pony", "table": "test_almota_pony_2"})
 
     def test_alter_model_table_none(self):
         """
@@ -1307,7 +1629,10 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         operation = migrations.AlterModelTable("Pony", "test_almota_pony")
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards("test_almota", new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(new_state.models["test_almota", "pony"].options["db_table"], "test_almota_pony")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            new_state.models["test_almota", "pony"].options["db_table"],
+            "test_almota_pony",
+        )
         # Test the database alteration
         self.assertTableExists("test_almota_pony")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -1315,7 +1640,9 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         self.assertTableExists("test_almota_pony")
         # And test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards("test_almota", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_almota", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         self.assertTableExists("test_almota_pony")
 
     def test_alter_model_table_m2m(self):
@@ -1323,11 +1650,15 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         AlterModelTable should rename auto-generated M2M tables.
         """
         app_label = "test_talflmltlm2m"
-        pony_db_table = 'pony_foo'
-        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label, second_model=True, db_table=pony_db_table)
+        pony_db_table = "pony_foo"
+        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
+            app_label, second_model=True, db_table=pony_db_table
+        )
         # Add the M2M field
         first_state = project_state.clone()
-        operation = migrations.AddField("Pony", "stables", models.ManyToManyField("Stable"))
+        operation = migrations.AddField(
+            "Pony", "stables", models.ManyToManyField("Stable")
+        )
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, first_state)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, first_state)
@@ -1337,7 +1668,7 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         self.assertTableNotExists(new_m2m_table)
         # Rename the Pony db_table which should also rename the m2m table.
         second_state = first_state.clone()
-        operation = migrations.AlterModelTable(name='pony', table=None)
+        operation = migrations.AlterModelTable(name="pony", table=None)
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, second_state)
         atomic_rename = connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename
         with connection.schema_editor(atomic=atomic_rename) as editor:
@@ -1356,13 +1687,17 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         """
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_alfl")
         # Test the state alteration
-        operation = migrations.AlterField("Pony", "pink", models.IntegerField(null=True))
+        operation = migrations.AlterField(
+            "Pony", "pink", models.IntegerField(null=True)
+        )
         self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Alter field pink on Pony")
-        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, 'alter_pony_pink')
+        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, "alter_pony_pink")
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards("test_alfl", new_state)
-        self.assertIs(project_state.models['test_alfl', 'pony'].fields['pink'].null, False)
-        self.assertIs(new_state.models['test_alfl', 'pony'].fields['pink'].null, True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            project_state.models["test_alfl", "pony"].fields["pink"].null, False
+        )
+        self.assertIs(new_state.models["test_alfl", "pony"].fields["pink"].null, True)
         # Test the database alteration
         self.assertColumnNotNull("test_alfl_pony", "pink")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -1383,53 +1718,57 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         AlterField operation is a noop when adding only a db_column and the
         column name is not changed.
         """
-        app_label = 'test_afadbn'
+        app_label = "test_afadbn"
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label, related_model=True)
-        pony_table = '%s_pony' % app_label
-        new_state = project_state.clone()
-        operation = migrations.AlterField('Pony', 'weight', models.FloatField(db_column='weight'))
-        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
-        self.assertIsNone(
-            project_state.models[app_label, 'pony'].fields['weight'].db_column,
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            new_state.models[app_label, 'pony'].fields['weight'].db_column,
-            'weight',
-        )
-        self.assertColumnExists(pony_table, 'weight')
-        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-                operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
-        self.assertColumnExists(pony_table, 'weight')
-        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-                operation.database_backwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
-        self.assertColumnExists(pony_table, 'weight')
-
-        rider_table = '%s_rider' % app_label
+        pony_table = "%s_pony" % app_label
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation = migrations.AlterField(
-            'Rider',
-            'pony',
-            models.ForeignKey('Pony', models.CASCADE, db_column='pony_id'),
+            "Pony", "weight", models.FloatField(db_column="weight")
         )
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
         self.assertIsNone(
-            project_state.models[app_label, 'rider'].fields['pony'].db_column,
+            project_state.models[app_label, "pony"].fields["weight"].db_column,
         )
-        self.assertIs(
-            new_state.models[app_label, 'rider'].fields['pony'].db_column,
-            'pony_id',
+        self.assertEqual(
+            new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].fields["weight"].db_column,
+            "weight",
         )
-        self.assertColumnExists(rider_table, 'pony_id')
+        self.assertColumnExists(pony_table, "weight")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             with self.assertNumQueries(0):
                 operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
-        self.assertColumnExists(rider_table, 'pony_id')
+        self.assertColumnExists(pony_table, "weight")
+        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
+            with self.assertNumQueries(0):
+                operation.database_backwards(
+                    app_label, editor, new_state, project_state
+                )
+        self.assertColumnExists(pony_table, "weight")
+
+        rider_table = "%s_rider" % app_label
+        new_state = project_state.clone()
+        operation = migrations.AlterField(
+            "Rider",
+            "pony",
+            models.ForeignKey("Pony", models.CASCADE, db_column="pony_id"),
+        )
+        operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
+        self.assertIsNone(
+            project_state.models[app_label, "rider"].fields["pony"].db_column,
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            new_state.models[app_label, "rider"].fields["pony"].db_column,
+            "pony_id",
+        )
+        self.assertColumnExists(rider_table, "pony_id")
+        with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
+            with self.assertNumQueries(0):
+                operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
+        self.assertColumnExists(rider_table, "pony_id")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             with self.assertNumQueries(0):
                 operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
-        self.assertColumnExists(rider_table, 'pony_id')
+        self.assertColumnExists(rider_table, "pony_id")
 
     def test_alter_field_pk(self):
         """
@@ -1437,15 +1776,17 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         """
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_alflpk")
         # Test the state alteration
-        operation = migrations.AlterField("Pony", "id", models.IntegerField(primary_key=True))
+        operation = migrations.AlterField(
+            "Pony", "id", models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)
+        )
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards("test_alflpk", new_state)
         self.assertIsInstance(
-            project_state.models['test_alflpk', 'pony'].fields['id'],
+            project_state.models["test_alflpk", "pony"].fields["id"],
             models.AutoField,
         )
         self.assertIsInstance(
-            new_state.models['test_alflpk', 'pony'].fields['id'],
+            new_state.models["test_alflpk", "pony"].fields["id"],
             models.IntegerField,
         )
         # Test the database alteration
@@ -1453,34 +1794,45 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             operation.database_forwards("test_alflpk", editor, project_state, new_state)
         # And test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards("test_alflpk", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_alflpk", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_foreign_keys')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
     def test_alter_field_pk_fk(self):
         """
         Tests the AlterField operation on primary keys changes any FKs pointing to it.
         """
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_alflpkfk", related_model=True)
-        project_state = self.apply_operations('test_alflpkfk', project_state, [
-            migrations.CreateModel('Stable', fields=[
-                ('ponies', models.ManyToManyField('Pony')),
-            ]),
-            migrations.AddField(
-                'Pony',
-                'stables',
-                models.ManyToManyField('Stable'),
-            ),
-        ])
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            "test_alflpkfk",
+            project_state,
+            [
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Stable",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("ponies", models.ManyToManyField("Pony")),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Pony",
+                    "stables",
+                    models.ManyToManyField("Stable"),
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
         # Test the state alteration
-        operation = migrations.AlterField("Pony", "id", models.FloatField(primary_key=True))
+        operation = migrations.AlterField(
+            "Pony", "id", models.FloatField(primary_key=True)
+        )
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards("test_alflpkfk", new_state)
         self.assertIsInstance(
-            project_state.models['test_alflpkfk', 'pony'].fields['id'],
+            project_state.models["test_alflpkfk", "pony"].fields["id"],
             models.AutoField,
         )
         self.assertIsInstance(
-            new_state.models['test_alflpkfk', 'pony'].fields['id'],
+            new_state.models["test_alflpkfk", "pony"].fields["id"],
             models.FloatField,
         )
 
@@ -1488,27 +1840,33 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
                 id_type, id_null = [
                     (c.type_code, c.null_ok)
-                    for c in connection.introspection.get_table_description(cursor, "test_alflpkfk_pony")
+                    for c in connection.introspection.get_table_description(
+                        cursor, "test_alflpkfk_pony"
+                    )
                     if c.name == "id"
                 ][0]
                 fk_type, fk_null = [
                     (c.type_code, c.null_ok)
-                    for c in connection.introspection.get_table_description(cursor, "test_alflpkfk_rider")
+                    for c in connection.introspection.get_table_description(
+                        cursor, "test_alflpkfk_rider"
+                    )
                     if c.name == "pony_id"
                 ][0]
                 m2m_fk_type, m2m_fk_null = [
                     (c.type_code, c.null_ok)
                     for c in connection.introspection.get_table_description(
                         cursor,
-                        'test_alflpkfk_pony_stables',
-                    ) if c.name == 'pony_id'
+                        "test_alflpkfk_pony_stables",
+                    )
+                    if c.name == "pony_id"
                 ][0]
                 remote_m2m_fk_type, remote_m2m_fk_null = [
                     (c.type_code, c.null_ok)
                     for c in connection.introspection.get_table_description(
                         cursor,
-                        'test_alflpkfk_stable_ponies',
-                    ) if c.name == 'pony_id'
+                        "test_alflpkfk_stable_ponies",
+                    )
+                    if c.name == "pony_id"
                 ][0]
             self.assertEqual(id_type, fk_type)
             self.assertEqual(id_type, m2m_fk_type)
@@ -1520,55 +1878,68 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         assertIdTypeEqualsFkType()
         # Test the database alteration
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards("test_alflpkfk", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            operation.database_forwards(
+                "test_alflpkfk", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
         assertIdTypeEqualsFkType()
         if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
             self.assertFKExists(
-                'test_alflpkfk_pony_stables',
-                ['pony_id'],
-                ('test_alflpkfk_pony', 'id'),
+                "test_alflpkfk_pony_stables",
+                ["pony_id"],
+                ("test_alflpkfk_pony", "id"),
             )
             self.assertFKExists(
-                'test_alflpkfk_stable_ponies',
-                ['pony_id'],
-                ('test_alflpkfk_pony', 'id'),
+                "test_alflpkfk_stable_ponies",
+                ["pony_id"],
+                ("test_alflpkfk_pony", "id"),
             )
         # And test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards("test_alflpkfk", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_alflpkfk", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         assertIdTypeEqualsFkType()
         if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
             self.assertFKExists(
-                'test_alflpkfk_pony_stables',
-                ['pony_id'],
-                ('test_alflpkfk_pony', 'id'),
+                "test_alflpkfk_pony_stables",
+                ["pony_id"],
+                ("test_alflpkfk_pony", "id"),
             )
             self.assertFKExists(
-                'test_alflpkfk_stable_ponies',
-                ['pony_id'],
-                ('test_alflpkfk_pony', 'id'),
+                "test_alflpkfk_stable_ponies",
+                ["pony_id"],
+                ("test_alflpkfk_pony", "id"),
             )
 
     def test_alter_field_pk_mti_fk(self):
-        app_label = 'test_alflpkmtifk'
+        app_label = "test_alflpkmtifk"
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label, mti_model=True)
-        project_state = self.apply_operations(app_label, project_state, [
-            migrations.CreateModel('ShetlandRider', fields=[
-                (
-                    'pony',
-                    models.ForeignKey(f'{app_label}.ShetlandPony', models.CASCADE),
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            app_label,
+            project_state,
+            [
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "ShetlandRider",
+                    fields=[
+                        (
+                            "pony",
+                            models.ForeignKey(
+                                f"{app_label}.ShetlandPony", models.CASCADE
+                            ),
+                        ),
+                    ],
                 ),
-            ]),
-        ])
+            ],
+        )
         operation = migrations.AlterField(
-            'Pony',
-            'id',
+            "Pony",
+            "id",
             models.BigAutoField(primary_key=True),
         )
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
         self.assertIsInstance(
-            new_state.models[app_label, 'pony'].fields['id'],
+            new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].fields["id"],
             models.BigAutoField,
         )
 
@@ -1577,16 +1948,18 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
                 c.type_code
                 for c in connection.introspection.get_table_description(
                     cursor,
-                    f'{app_label}_{table}',
+                    f"{app_label}_{table}",
                 )
                 if c.name == column
             ][0]
 
         def assertIdTypeEqualsMTIFkType():
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                parent_id_type = _get_column_id_type(cursor, 'pony', 'id')
-                child_id_type = _get_column_id_type(cursor, 'shetlandpony', 'pony_ptr_id')
-                mti_id_type = _get_column_id_type(cursor, 'shetlandrider', 'pony_id')
+                parent_id_type = _get_column_id_type(cursor, "pony", "id")
+                child_id_type = _get_column_id_type(
+                    cursor, "shetlandpony", "pony_ptr_id"
+                )
+                mti_id_type = _get_column_id_type(cursor, "shetlandrider", "pony_id")
             self.assertEqual(parent_id_type, child_id_type)
             self.assertEqual(parent_id_type, mti_id_type)
 
@@ -1597,14 +1970,14 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         assertIdTypeEqualsMTIFkType()
         if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
             self.assertFKExists(
-                f'{app_label}_shetlandpony',
-                ['pony_ptr_id'],
-                (f'{app_label}_pony', 'id'),
+                f"{app_label}_shetlandpony",
+                ["pony_ptr_id"],
+                (f"{app_label}_pony", "id"),
             )
             self.assertFKExists(
-                f'{app_label}_shetlandrider',
-                ['pony_id'],
-                (f'{app_label}_shetlandpony', 'pony_ptr_id'),
+                f"{app_label}_shetlandrider",
+                ["pony_id"],
+                (f"{app_label}_shetlandpony", "pony_ptr_id"),
             )
         # Reversal.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -1612,30 +1985,32 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         assertIdTypeEqualsMTIFkType()
         if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
             self.assertFKExists(
-                f'{app_label}_shetlandpony',
-                ['pony_ptr_id'],
-                (f'{app_label}_pony', 'id'),
+                f"{app_label}_shetlandpony",
+                ["pony_ptr_id"],
+                (f"{app_label}_pony", "id"),
             )
             self.assertFKExists(
-                f'{app_label}_shetlandrider',
-                ['pony_id'],
-                (f'{app_label}_shetlandpony', 'pony_ptr_id'),
+                f"{app_label}_shetlandrider",
+                ["pony_id"],
+                (f"{app_label}_shetlandpony", "pony_ptr_id"),
             )
 
     def test_alter_field_pk_mti_and_fk_to_base(self):
-        app_label = 'test_alflpkmtiftb'
+        app_label = "test_alflpkmtiftb"
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
-            app_label, mti_model=True, related_model=True,
+            app_label,
+            mti_model=True,
+            related_model=True,
         )
         operation = migrations.AlterField(
-            'Pony',
-            'id',
+            "Pony",
+            "id",
             models.BigAutoField(primary_key=True),
         )
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
         self.assertIsInstance(
-            new_state.models[app_label, 'pony'].fields['id'],
+            new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].fields["id"],
             models.BigAutoField,
         )
 
@@ -1644,16 +2019,18 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
                 c.type_code
                 for c in connection.introspection.get_table_description(
                     cursor,
-                    f'{app_label}_{table}',
+                    f"{app_label}_{table}",
                 )
                 if c.name == column
             ][0]
 
         def assertIdTypeEqualsMTIFkType():
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                parent_id_type = _get_column_id_type(cursor, 'pony', 'id')
-                fk_id_type = _get_column_id_type(cursor, 'rider', 'pony_id')
-                child_id_type = _get_column_id_type(cursor, 'shetlandpony', 'pony_ptr_id')
+                parent_id_type = _get_column_id_type(cursor, "pony", "id")
+                fk_id_type = _get_column_id_type(cursor, "rider", "pony_id")
+                child_id_type = _get_column_id_type(
+                    cursor, "shetlandpony", "pony_ptr_id"
+                )
             self.assertEqual(parent_id_type, child_id_type)
             self.assertEqual(parent_id_type, fk_id_type)
 
@@ -1664,14 +2041,14 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         assertIdTypeEqualsMTIFkType()
         if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
             self.assertFKExists(
-                f'{app_label}_shetlandpony',
-                ['pony_ptr_id'],
-                (f'{app_label}_pony', 'id'),
+                f"{app_label}_shetlandpony",
+                ["pony_ptr_id"],
+                (f"{app_label}_pony", "id"),
             )
             self.assertFKExists(
-                f'{app_label}_rider',
-                ['pony_id'],
-                (f'{app_label}_pony', 'id'),
+                f"{app_label}_rider",
+                ["pony_id"],
+                (f"{app_label}_pony", "id"),
             )
         # Reversal.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -1679,69 +2056,99 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         assertIdTypeEqualsMTIFkType()
         if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
             self.assertFKExists(
-                f'{app_label}_shetlandpony',
-                ['pony_ptr_id'],
-                (f'{app_label}_pony', 'id'),
+                f"{app_label}_shetlandpony",
+                ["pony_ptr_id"],
+                (f"{app_label}_pony", "id"),
             )
             self.assertFKExists(
-                f'{app_label}_rider',
-                ['pony_id'],
-                (f'{app_label}_pony', 'id'),
+                f"{app_label}_rider",
+                ["pony_id"],
+                (f"{app_label}_pony", "id"),
             )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_foreign_keys')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
     def test_alter_field_reloads_state_on_fk_with_to_field_target_type_change(self):
-        app_label = 'test_alflrsfkwtflttc'
-        project_state = self.apply_operations(app_label, ProjectState(), operations=[
-            migrations.CreateModel('Rider', fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('code', models.IntegerField(unique=True)),
-            ]),
-            migrations.CreateModel('Pony', fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('rider', models.ForeignKey('%s.Rider' % app_label, models.CASCADE, to_field='code')),
-            ]),
-        ])
+        app_label = "test_alflrsfkwtflttc"
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            app_label,
+            ProjectState(),
+            operations=[
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Rider",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                        ("code", models.IntegerField(unique=True)),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Pony",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                        (
+                            "rider",
+                            models.ForeignKey(
+                                "%s.Rider" % app_label, models.CASCADE, to_field="code"
+                            ),
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
         operation = migrations.AlterField(
-            'Rider',
-            'code',
+            "Rider",
+            "code",
             models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=True),
         )
         self.apply_operations(app_label, project_state, operations=[operation])
         id_type, id_null = [
             (c.type_code, c.null_ok)
-            for c in self.get_table_description('%s_rider' % app_label)
-            if c.name == 'code'
+            for c in self.get_table_description("%s_rider" % app_label)
+            if c.name == "code"
         ][0]
         fk_type, fk_null = [
             (c.type_code, c.null_ok)
-            for c in self.get_table_description('%s_pony' % app_label)
-            if c.name == 'rider_id'
+            for c in self.get_table_description("%s_pony" % app_label)
+            if c.name == "rider_id"
         ][0]
         self.assertEqual(id_type, fk_type)
         self.assertEqual(id_null, fk_null)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_foreign_keys')
-    def test_alter_field_reloads_state_on_fk_with_to_field_related_name_target_type_change(self):
-        app_label = 'test_alflrsfkwtflrnttc'
-        project_state = self.apply_operations(app_label, ProjectState(), operations=[
-            migrations.CreateModel('Rider', fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('code', models.PositiveIntegerField(unique=True)),
-            ]),
-            migrations.CreateModel('Pony', fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('rider', models.ForeignKey(
-                    '%s.Rider' % app_label,
-                    models.CASCADE,
-                    to_field='code',
-                    related_name='+',
-                )),
-            ]),
-        ])
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
+    def test_alter_field_reloads_state_on_fk_with_to_field_related_name_target_type_change(
+        self,
+    ):
+        app_label = "test_alflrsfkwtflrnttc"
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            app_label,
+            ProjectState(),
+            operations=[
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Rider",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                        ("code", models.PositiveIntegerField(unique=True)),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Pony",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                        (
+                            "rider",
+                            models.ForeignKey(
+                                "%s.Rider" % app_label,
+                                models.CASCADE,
+                                to_field="code",
+                                related_name="+",
+                            ),
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
         operation = migrations.AlterField(
-            'Rider',
-            'code',
+            "Rider",
+            "code",
             models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=True),
         )
         self.apply_operations(app_label, project_state, operations=[operation])
@@ -1752,24 +2159,51 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         crashes on MySQL due to not dropping the PonyRider.pony foreign key
         constraint before modifying the column.
         """
-        app_label = 'alter_alter_field_reloads_state_on_fk_target_changes'
-        project_state = self.apply_operations(app_label, ProjectState(), operations=[
-            migrations.CreateModel('Rider', fields=[
-                ('id', models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=100)),
-            ]),
-            migrations.CreateModel('Pony', fields=[
-                ('id', models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=100)),
-                ('rider', models.ForeignKey('%s.Rider' % app_label, models.CASCADE)),
-            ]),
-            migrations.CreateModel('PonyRider', fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('pony', models.ForeignKey('%s.Pony' % app_label, models.CASCADE)),
-            ]),
-        ])
-        project_state = self.apply_operations(app_label, project_state, operations=[
-            migrations.AlterField('Rider', 'id', models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=99)),
-            migrations.AlterField('Pony', 'id', models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=99)),
-        ])
+        app_label = "alter_alter_field_reloads_state_on_fk_target_changes"
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            app_label,
+            ProjectState(),
+            operations=[
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Rider",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=100)),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Pony",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=100)),
+                        (
+                            "rider",
+                            models.ForeignKey("%s.Rider" % app_label, models.CASCADE),
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "PonyRider",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                        (
+                            "pony",
+                            models.ForeignKey("%s.Pony" % app_label, models.CASCADE),
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            app_label,
+            project_state,
+            operations=[
+                migrations.AlterField(
+                    "Rider", "id", models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=99)
+                ),
+                migrations.AlterField(
+                    "Pony", "id", models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=99)
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_alter_field_reloads_state_on_fk_with_to_field_target_changes(self):
         """
@@ -1777,26 +2211,57 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         crashes on MySQL due to not dropping the PonyRider.pony foreign key
         constraint before modifying the column.
         """
-        app_label = 'alter_alter_field_reloads_state_on_fk_with_to_field_target_changes'
-        project_state = self.apply_operations(app_label, ProjectState(), operations=[
-            migrations.CreateModel('Rider', fields=[
-                ('id', models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=100)),
-                ('slug', models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=100)),
-            ]),
-            migrations.CreateModel('Pony', fields=[
-                ('id', models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=100)),
-                ('rider', models.ForeignKey('%s.Rider' % app_label, models.CASCADE, to_field='slug')),
-                ('slug', models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=100)),
-            ]),
-            migrations.CreateModel('PonyRider', fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('pony', models.ForeignKey('%s.Pony' % app_label, models.CASCADE, to_field='slug')),
-            ]),
-        ])
-        project_state = self.apply_operations(app_label, project_state, operations=[
-            migrations.AlterField('Rider', 'slug', models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=99)),
-            migrations.AlterField('Pony', 'slug', models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=99)),
-        ])
+        app_label = "alter_alter_field_reloads_state_on_fk_with_to_field_target_changes"
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            app_label,
+            ProjectState(),
+            operations=[
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Rider",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=100)),
+                        ("slug", models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=100)),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Pony",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=100)),
+                        (
+                            "rider",
+                            models.ForeignKey(
+                                "%s.Rider" % app_label, models.CASCADE, to_field="slug"
+                            ),
+                        ),
+                        ("slug", models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=100)),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "PonyRider",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                        (
+                            "pony",
+                            models.ForeignKey(
+                                "%s.Pony" % app_label, models.CASCADE, to_field="slug"
+                            ),
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            app_label,
+            project_state,
+            operations=[
+                migrations.AlterField(
+                    "Rider", "slug", models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=99)
+                ),
+                migrations.AlterField(
+                    "Pony", "slug", models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=99)
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_rename_field_reloads_state_on_fk_target_changes(self):
         """
@@ -1804,44 +2269,80 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         crashes on MySQL due to not dropping the PonyRider.pony foreign key
         constraint before modifying the column.
         """
-        app_label = 'alter_rename_field_reloads_state_on_fk_target_changes'
-        project_state = self.apply_operations(app_label, ProjectState(), operations=[
-            migrations.CreateModel('Rider', fields=[
-                ('id', models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=100)),
-            ]),
-            migrations.CreateModel('Pony', fields=[
-                ('id', models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=100)),
-                ('rider', models.ForeignKey('%s.Rider' % app_label, models.CASCADE)),
-            ]),
-            migrations.CreateModel('PonyRider', fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('pony', models.ForeignKey('%s.Pony' % app_label, models.CASCADE)),
-            ]),
-        ])
-        project_state = self.apply_operations(app_label, project_state, operations=[
-            migrations.RenameField('Rider', 'id', 'id2'),
-            migrations.AlterField('Pony', 'id', models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=99)),
-        ], atomic=connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename)
+        app_label = "alter_rename_field_reloads_state_on_fk_target_changes"
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            app_label,
+            ProjectState(),
+            operations=[
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Rider",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=100)),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Pony",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=100)),
+                        (
+                            "rider",
+                            models.ForeignKey("%s.Rider" % app_label, models.CASCADE),
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "PonyRider",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                        (
+                            "pony",
+                            models.ForeignKey("%s.Pony" % app_label, models.CASCADE),
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            app_label,
+            project_state,
+            operations=[
+                migrations.RenameField("Rider", "id", "id2"),
+                migrations.AlterField(
+                    "Pony", "id", models.CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=99)
+                ),
+            ],
+            atomic=connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename,
+        )
 
     def test_rename_field(self):
         """
         Tests the RenameField operation.
         """
-        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_rnfl", unique_together=True, index_together=True)
+        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
+            "test_rnfl", unique_together=True, index_together=True
+        )
         # Test the state alteration
         operation = migrations.RenameField("Pony", "pink", "blue")
         self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Rename field pink on Pony to blue")
-        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, 'rename_pink_pony_blue')
+        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, "rename_pink_pony_blue")
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards("test_rnfl", new_state)
         self.assertIn("blue", new_state.models["test_rnfl", "pony"].fields)
         self.assertNotIn("pink", new_state.models["test_rnfl", "pony"].fields)
         # Make sure the unique_together has the renamed column too
-        self.assertIn("blue", new_state.models["test_rnfl", "pony"].options['unique_together'][0])
-        self.assertNotIn("pink", new_state.models["test_rnfl", "pony"].options['unique_together'][0])
+        self.assertIn(
+            "blue", new_state.models["test_rnfl", "pony"].options["unique_together"][0]
+        )
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            "pink", new_state.models["test_rnfl", "pony"].options["unique_together"][0]
+        )
         # Make sure the index_together has the renamed column too
-        self.assertIn("blue", new_state.models["test_rnfl", "pony"].options['index_together'][0])
-        self.assertNotIn("pink", new_state.models["test_rnfl", "pony"].options['index_together'][0])
+        self.assertIn(
+            "blue", new_state.models["test_rnfl", "pony"].options["index_together"][0]
+        )
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            "pink", new_state.models["test_rnfl", "pony"].options["index_together"][0]
+        )
         # Test the database alteration
         self.assertColumnExists("test_rnfl_pony", "pink")
         self.assertColumnNotExists("test_rnfl_pony", "blue")
@@ -1854,7 +2355,9 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             cursor.execute("INSERT INTO test_rnfl_pony (blue, weight) VALUES (1, 1)")
             with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
                 with atomic():
-                    cursor.execute("INSERT INTO test_rnfl_pony (blue, weight) VALUES (1, 1)")
+                    cursor.execute(
+                        "INSERT INTO test_rnfl_pony (blue, weight) VALUES (1, 1)"
+                    )
             cursor.execute("DELETE FROM test_rnfl_pony")
         # Ensure the index constraint has been ported over
         self.assertIndexExists("test_rnfl_pony", ["weight", "blue"])
@@ -1869,105 +2372,189 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RenameField")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {'model_name': "Pony", 'old_name': "pink", 'new_name': "blue"})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            definition[2],
+            {"model_name": "Pony", "old_name": "pink", "new_name": "blue"},
+        )
 
     def test_rename_field_with_db_column(self):
-        project_state = self.apply_operations('test_rfwdbc', ProjectState(), operations=[
-            migrations.CreateModel('Pony', fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('field', models.IntegerField(db_column='db_field')),
-                ('fk_field', models.ForeignKey(
-                    'Pony',
-                    models.CASCADE,
-                    db_column='db_fk_field',
-                )),
-            ]),
-        ])
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            "test_rfwdbc",
+            ProjectState(),
+            operations=[
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Pony",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                        ("field", models.IntegerField(db_column="db_field")),
+                        (
+                            "fk_field",
+                            models.ForeignKey(
+                                "Pony",
+                                models.CASCADE,
+                                db_column="db_fk_field",
+                            ),
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
         new_state = project_state.clone()
-        operation = migrations.RenameField('Pony', 'field', 'renamed_field')
-        operation.state_forwards('test_rfwdbc', new_state)
-        self.assertIn('renamed_field', new_state.models['test_rfwdbc', 'pony'].fields)
-        self.assertNotIn('field', new_state.models['test_rfwdbc', 'pony'].fields)
-        self.assertColumnExists('test_rfwdbc_pony', 'db_field')
+        operation = migrations.RenameField("Pony", "field", "renamed_field")
+        operation.state_forwards("test_rfwdbc", new_state)
+        self.assertIn("renamed_field", new_state.models["test_rfwdbc", "pony"].fields)
+        self.assertNotIn("field", new_state.models["test_rfwdbc", "pony"].fields)
+        self.assertColumnExists("test_rfwdbc_pony", "db_field")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-                operation.database_forwards('test_rfwdbc', editor, project_state, new_state)
-        self.assertColumnExists('test_rfwdbc_pony', 'db_field')
+                operation.database_forwards(
+                    "test_rfwdbc", editor, project_state, new_state
+                )
+        self.assertColumnExists("test_rfwdbc_pony", "db_field")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-                operation.database_backwards('test_rfwdbc', editor, new_state, project_state)
-        self.assertColumnExists('test_rfwdbc_pony', 'db_field')
+                operation.database_backwards(
+                    "test_rfwdbc", editor, new_state, project_state
+                )
+        self.assertColumnExists("test_rfwdbc_pony", "db_field")
 
         new_state = project_state.clone()
-        operation = migrations.RenameField('Pony', 'fk_field', 'renamed_fk_field')
-        operation.state_forwards('test_rfwdbc', new_state)
-        self.assertIn('renamed_fk_field', new_state.models['test_rfwdbc', 'pony'].fields)
-        self.assertNotIn('fk_field', new_state.models['test_rfwdbc', 'pony'].fields)
-        self.assertColumnExists('test_rfwdbc_pony', 'db_fk_field')
+        operation = migrations.RenameField("Pony", "fk_field", "renamed_fk_field")
+        operation.state_forwards("test_rfwdbc", new_state)
+        self.assertIn(
+            "renamed_fk_field", new_state.models["test_rfwdbc", "pony"].fields
+        )
+        self.assertNotIn("fk_field", new_state.models["test_rfwdbc", "pony"].fields)
+        self.assertColumnExists("test_rfwdbc_pony", "db_fk_field")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-                operation.database_forwards('test_rfwdbc', editor, project_state, new_state)
-        self.assertColumnExists('test_rfwdbc_pony', 'db_fk_field')
+                operation.database_forwards(
+                    "test_rfwdbc", editor, project_state, new_state
+                )
+        self.assertColumnExists("test_rfwdbc_pony", "db_fk_field")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-                operation.database_backwards('test_rfwdbc', editor, new_state, project_state)
-        self.assertColumnExists('test_rfwdbc_pony', 'db_fk_field')
+                operation.database_backwards(
+                    "test_rfwdbc", editor, new_state, project_state
+                )
+        self.assertColumnExists("test_rfwdbc_pony", "db_fk_field")
 
     def test_rename_field_case(self):
-        project_state = self.apply_operations('test_rfmx', ProjectState(), operations=[
-            migrations.CreateModel('Pony', fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('field', models.IntegerField()),
-            ]),
-        ])
+        project_state = self.apply_operations(
+            "test_rfmx",
+            ProjectState(),
+            operations=[
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Pony",
+                    fields=[
+                        ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                        ("field", models.IntegerField()),
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
         new_state = project_state.clone()
-        operation = migrations.RenameField('Pony', 'field', 'FiElD')
-        operation.state_forwards('test_rfmx', new_state)
-        self.assertIn('FiElD', new_state.models['test_rfmx', 'pony'].fields)
-        self.assertColumnExists('test_rfmx_pony', 'field')
+        operation = migrations.RenameField("Pony", "field", "FiElD")
+        operation.state_forwards("test_rfmx", new_state)
+        self.assertIn("FiElD", new_state.models["test_rfmx", "pony"].fields)
+        self.assertColumnExists("test_rfmx_pony", "field")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards('test_rfmx', editor, project_state, new_state)
+            operation.database_forwards("test_rfmx", editor, project_state, new_state)
         self.assertColumnExists(
-            'test_rfmx_pony',
-            connection.introspection.identifier_converter('FiElD'),
+            "test_rfmx_pony",
+            connection.introspection.identifier_converter("FiElD"),
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards('test_rfmx', editor, new_state, project_state)
-        self.assertColumnExists('test_rfmx_pony', 'field')
+            operation.database_backwards("test_rfmx", editor, new_state, project_state)
+        self.assertColumnExists("test_rfmx_pony", "field")
 
     def test_rename_missing_field(self):
         state = ProjectState()
-        state.add_model(ModelState('app', 'model', []))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldDoesNotExist, "app.model has no field named 'field'"):
-            migrations.RenameField('model', 'field', 'new_field').state_forwards('app', state)
+        state.add_model(ModelState("app", "model", []))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldDoesNotExist, "app.model has no field named 'field'"
+        ):
+            migrations.RenameField("model", "field", "new_field").state_forwards(
+                "app", state
+            )
 
     def test_rename_referenced_field_state_forward(self):
         state = ProjectState()
-        state.add_model(ModelState('app', 'Model', [
-            ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ('field', models.IntegerField(unique=True)),
-        ]))
-        state.add_model(ModelState('app', 'OtherModel', [
-            ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ('fk', models.ForeignKey('Model', models.CASCADE, to_field='field')),
-            ('fo', models.ForeignObject('Model', models.CASCADE, from_fields=('fk',), to_fields=('field',))),
-        ]))
-        operation = migrations.RenameField('Model', 'field', 'renamed')
+        state.add_model(
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "Model",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("field", models.IntegerField(unique=True)),
+                ],
+            )
+        )
+        state.add_model(
+            ModelState(
+                "app",
+                "OtherModel",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    (
+                        "fk",
+                        models.ForeignKey("Model", models.CASCADE, to_field="field"),
+                    ),
+                    (
+                        "fo",
+                        models.ForeignObject(
+                            "Model",
+                            models.CASCADE,
+                            from_fields=("fk",),
+                            to_fields=("field",),
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                ],
+            )
+        )
+        operation = migrations.RenameField("Model", "field", "renamed")
         new_state = state.clone()
-        operation.state_forwards('app', new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(new_state.models['app', 'othermodel'].fields['fk'].remote_field.field_name, 'renamed')
-        self.assertEqual(new_state.models['app', 'othermodel'].fields['fk'].from_fields, ['self'])
-        self.assertEqual(new_state.models['app', 'othermodel'].fields['fk'].to_fields, ('renamed',))
-        self.assertEqual(new_state.models['app', 'othermodel'].fields['fo'].from_fields, ('fk',))
-        self.assertEqual(new_state.models['app', 'othermodel'].fields['fo'].to_fields, ('renamed',))
-        operation = migrations.RenameField('OtherModel', 'fk', 'renamed_fk')
+        operation.state_forwards("app", new_state)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            new_state.models["app", "othermodel"].fields["fk"].remote_field.field_name,
+            "renamed",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            new_state.models["app", "othermodel"].fields["fk"].from_fields, ["self"]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            new_state.models["app", "othermodel"].fields["fk"].to_fields, ("renamed",)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            new_state.models["app", "othermodel"].fields["fo"].from_fields, ("fk",)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            new_state.models["app", "othermodel"].fields["fo"].to_fields, ("renamed",)
+        )
+        operation = migrations.RenameField("OtherModel", "fk", "renamed_fk")
         new_state = state.clone()
-        operation.state_forwards('app', new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(new_state.models['app', 'othermodel'].fields['renamed_fk'].remote_field.field_name, 'renamed')
-        self.assertEqual(new_state.models['app', 'othermodel'].fields['renamed_fk'].from_fields, ('self',))
-        self.assertEqual(new_state.models['app', 'othermodel'].fields['renamed_fk'].to_fields, ('renamed',))
-        self.assertEqual(new_state.models['app', 'othermodel'].fields['fo'].from_fields, ('renamed_fk',))
-        self.assertEqual(new_state.models['app', 'othermodel'].fields['fo'].to_fields, ('renamed',))
+        operation.state_forwards("app", new_state)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            new_state.models["app", "othermodel"]
+            .fields["renamed_fk"]
+            .remote_field.field_name,
+            "renamed",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            new_state.models["app", "othermodel"].fields["renamed_fk"].from_fields,
+            ("self",),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            new_state.models["app", "othermodel"].fields["renamed_fk"].to_fields,
+            ("renamed",),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            new_state.models["app", "othermodel"].fields["fo"].from_fields,
+            ("renamed_fk",),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            new_state.models["app", "othermodel"].fields["fo"].to_fields, ("renamed",)
+        )
 
     def test_alter_unique_together(self):
         """
@@ -1976,15 +2563,31 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_alunto")
         # Test the state alteration
         operation = migrations.AlterUniqueTogether("Pony", [("pink", "weight")])
-        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Alter unique_together for Pony (1 constraint(s))")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            operation.describe(), "Alter unique_together for Pony (1 constraint(s))"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             operation.migration_name_fragment,
-            'alter_pony_unique_together',
+            "alter_pony_unique_together",
         )
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards("test_alunto", new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(project_state.models["test_alunto", "pony"].options.get("unique_together", set())), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models["test_alunto", "pony"].options.get("unique_together", set())), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                project_state.models["test_alunto", "pony"].options.get(
+                    "unique_together", set()
+                )
+            ),
+            0,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                new_state.models["test_alunto", "pony"].options.get(
+                    "unique_together", set()
+                )
+            ),
+            1,
+        )
         # Make sure we can insert duplicate rows
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute("INSERT INTO test_alunto_pony (pink, weight) VALUES (1, 1)")
@@ -1992,31 +2595,48 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             cursor.execute("DELETE FROM test_alunto_pony")
             # Test the database alteration
             with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-                operation.database_forwards("test_alunto", editor, project_state, new_state)
+                operation.database_forwards(
+                    "test_alunto", editor, project_state, new_state
+                )
             cursor.execute("INSERT INTO test_alunto_pony (pink, weight) VALUES (1, 1)")
             with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
                 with atomic():
-                    cursor.execute("INSERT INTO test_alunto_pony (pink, weight) VALUES (1, 1)")
+                    cursor.execute(
+                        "INSERT INTO test_alunto_pony (pink, weight) VALUES (1, 1)"
+                    )
             cursor.execute("DELETE FROM test_alunto_pony")
             # And test reversal
             with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-                operation.database_backwards("test_alunto", editor, new_state, project_state)
+                operation.database_backwards(
+                    "test_alunto", editor, new_state, project_state
+                )
             cursor.execute("INSERT INTO test_alunto_pony (pink, weight) VALUES (1, 1)")
             cursor.execute("INSERT INTO test_alunto_pony (pink, weight) VALUES (1, 1)")
             cursor.execute("DELETE FROM test_alunto_pony")
         # Test flat unique_together
         operation = migrations.AlterUniqueTogether("Pony", ("pink", "weight"))
         operation.state_forwards("test_alunto", new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models["test_alunto", "pony"].options.get("unique_together", set())), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                new_state.models["test_alunto", "pony"].options.get(
+                    "unique_together", set()
+                )
+            ),
+            1,
+        )
         # And deconstruction
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AlterUniqueTogether")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {'name': "Pony", 'unique_together': {("pink", "weight")}})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            definition[2], {"name": "Pony", "unique_together": {("pink", "weight")}}
+        )
 
     def test_alter_unique_together_remove(self):
         operation = migrations.AlterUniqueTogether("Pony", None)
-        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Alter unique_together for Pony (0 constraint(s))")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            operation.describe(), "Alter unique_together for Pony (0 constraint(s))"
+        )
 
     def test_add_index(self):
         """
@@ -2031,15 +2651,20 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             migrations.AddIndex("Pony", models.Index(fields=["pink"]))
         index = models.Index(fields=["pink"], name="test_adin_pony_pink_idx")
         operation = migrations.AddIndex("Pony", index)
-        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Create index test_adin_pony_pink_idx on field(s) pink of model Pony")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            operation.describe(),
+            "Create index test_adin_pony_pink_idx on field(s) pink of model Pony",
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             operation.migration_name_fragment,
-            'pony_test_adin_pony_pink_idx',
+            "pony_test_adin_pony_pink_idx",
         )
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards("test_adin", new_state)
         # Test the database alteration
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models["test_adin", "pony"].options['indexes']), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(new_state.models["test_adin", "pony"].options["indexes"]), 1
+        )
         self.assertIndexNotExists("test_adin_pony", ["pink"])
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             operation.database_forwards("test_adin", editor, project_state, new_state)
@@ -2052,7 +2677,7 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AddIndex")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {'model_name': "Pony", 'index': index})
+        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {"model_name": "Pony", "index": index})
 
     def test_remove_index(self):
         """
@@ -2065,12 +2690,14 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Remove index pony_test_idx from Pony")
         self.assertEqual(
             operation.migration_name_fragment,
-            'remove_pony_pony_test_idx',
+            "remove_pony_pony_test_idx",
         )
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards("test_rmin", new_state)
         # Test the state alteration
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models["test_rmin", "pony"].options['indexes']), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(new_state.models["test_rmin", "pony"].options["indexes"]), 0
+        )
         self.assertIndexExists("test_rmin_pony", ["pink", "weight"])
         # Test the database alteration
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -2084,7 +2711,7 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RemoveIndex")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {'model_name': "Pony", 'name': "pony_test_idx"})
+        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {"model_name": "Pony", "name": "pony_test_idx"})
 
         # Also test a field dropped with index - sqlite remake issue
         operations = [
@@ -2095,7 +2722,7 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         self.assertIndexExists("test_rmin_pony", ["pink", "weight"])
         # Test database alteration
         new_state = project_state.clone()
-        self.apply_operations('test_rmin', new_state, operations=operations)
+        self.apply_operations("test_rmin", new_state, operations=operations)
         self.assertColumnNotExists("test_rmin_pony", "pink")
         self.assertIndexNotExists("test_rmin_pony", ["pink", "weight"])
         # And test reversal
@@ -2103,47 +2730,47 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         self.assertIndexExists("test_rmin_pony", ["pink", "weight"])
 
     def test_add_index_state_forwards(self):
-        project_state = self.set_up_test_model('test_adinsf')
-        index = models.Index(fields=['pink'], name='test_adinsf_pony_pink_idx')
-        old_model = project_state.apps.get_model('test_adinsf', 'Pony')
+        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_adinsf")
+        index = models.Index(fields=["pink"], name="test_adinsf_pony_pink_idx")
+        old_model = project_state.apps.get_model("test_adinsf", "Pony")
         new_state = project_state.clone()
 
-        operation = migrations.AddIndex('Pony', index)
-        operation.state_forwards('test_adinsf', new_state)
-        new_model = new_state.apps.get_model('test_adinsf', 'Pony')
+        operation = migrations.AddIndex("Pony", index)
+        operation.state_forwards("test_adinsf", new_state)
+        new_model = new_state.apps.get_model("test_adinsf", "Pony")
         self.assertIsNot(old_model, new_model)
 
     def test_remove_index_state_forwards(self):
-        project_state = self.set_up_test_model('test_rminsf')
-        index = models.Index(fields=['pink'], name='test_rminsf_pony_pink_idx')
-        migrations.AddIndex('Pony', index).state_forwards('test_rminsf', project_state)
-        old_model = project_state.apps.get_model('test_rminsf', 'Pony')
+        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_rminsf")
+        index = models.Index(fields=["pink"], name="test_rminsf_pony_pink_idx")
+        migrations.AddIndex("Pony", index).state_forwards("test_rminsf", project_state)
+        old_model = project_state.apps.get_model("test_rminsf", "Pony")
         new_state = project_state.clone()
 
-        operation = migrations.RemoveIndex('Pony', 'test_rminsf_pony_pink_idx')
-        operation.state_forwards('test_rminsf', new_state)
-        new_model = new_state.apps.get_model('test_rminsf', 'Pony')
+        operation = migrations.RemoveIndex("Pony", "test_rminsf_pony_pink_idx")
+        operation.state_forwards("test_rminsf", new_state)
+        new_model = new_state.apps.get_model("test_rminsf", "Pony")
         self.assertIsNot(old_model, new_model)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_add_func_index(self):
-        app_label = 'test_addfuncin'
-        index_name = f'{app_label}_pony_abs_idx'
-        table_name = f'{app_label}_pony'
+        app_label = "test_addfuncin"
+        index_name = f"{app_label}_pony_abs_idx"
+        table_name = f"{app_label}_pony"
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label)
-        index = models.Index(Abs('weight'), name=index_name)
-        operation = migrations.AddIndex('Pony', index)
+        index = models.Index(Abs("weight"), name=index_name)
+        operation = migrations.AddIndex("Pony", index)
         self.assertEqual(
             operation.describe(),
-            'Create index test_addfuncin_pony_abs_idx on Abs(F(weight)) on model Pony',
+            "Create index test_addfuncin_pony_abs_idx on Abs(F(weight)) on model Pony",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             operation.migration_name_fragment,
-            'pony_test_addfuncin_pony_abs_idx',
+            "pony_test_addfuncin_pony_abs_idx",
         )
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models[app_label, 'pony'].options['indexes']), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].options["indexes"]), 1)
         self.assertIndexNameNotExists(table_name, index_name)
         # Add index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -2155,32 +2782,35 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         self.assertIndexNameNotExists(table_name, index_name)
         # Deconstruction.
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(definition[0], 'AddIndex')
+        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AddIndex")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {'model_name': 'Pony', 'index': index})
+        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {"model_name": "Pony", "index": index})
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_remove_func_index(self):
-        app_label = 'test_rmfuncin'
-        index_name = f'{app_label}_pony_abs_idx'
-        table_name = f'{app_label}_pony'
-        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label, indexes=[
-            models.Index(Abs('weight'), name=index_name),
-        ])
+        app_label = "test_rmfuncin"
+        index_name = f"{app_label}_pony_abs_idx"
+        table_name = f"{app_label}_pony"
+        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
+            app_label,
+            indexes=[
+                models.Index(Abs("weight"), name=index_name),
+            ],
+        )
         self.assertTableExists(table_name)
         self.assertIndexNameExists(table_name, index_name)
-        operation = migrations.RemoveIndex('Pony', index_name)
+        operation = migrations.RemoveIndex("Pony", index_name)
         self.assertEqual(
             operation.describe(),
-            'Remove index test_rmfuncin_pony_abs_idx from Pony',
+            "Remove index test_rmfuncin_pony_abs_idx from Pony",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             operation.migration_name_fragment,
-            'remove_pony_test_rmfuncin_pony_abs_idx',
+            "remove_pony_test_rmfuncin_pony_abs_idx",
         )
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models[app_label, 'pony'].options['indexes']), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].options["indexes"]), 0)
         # Remove index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
@@ -2191,20 +2821,22 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         self.assertIndexNameExists(table_name, index_name)
         # Deconstruction.
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(definition[0], 'RemoveIndex')
+        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RemoveIndex")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {'model_name': 'Pony', 'name': index_name})
+        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {"model_name": "Pony", "name": index_name})
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_alter_field_with_func_index(self):
-        app_label = 'test_alfuncin'
-        index_name = f'{app_label}_pony_idx'
-        table_name = f'{app_label}_pony'
+        app_label = "test_alfuncin"
+        index_name = f"{app_label}_pony_idx"
+        table_name = f"{app_label}_pony"
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
             app_label,
-            indexes=[models.Index(Abs('pink'), name=index_name)],
+            indexes=[models.Index(Abs("pink"), name=index_name)],
+        )
+        operation = migrations.AlterField(
+            "Pony", "pink", models.IntegerField(null=True)
         )
-        operation = migrations.AlterField('Pony', 'pink', models.IntegerField(null=True))
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -2220,7 +2852,9 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         Meta.indexes don't get dropped with sqlite3 remake.
         """
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_alflin", index=True)
-        operation = migrations.AlterField("Pony", "pink", models.IntegerField(null=True))
+        operation = migrations.AlterField(
+            "Pony", "pink", models.IntegerField(null=True)
+        )
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards("test_alflin", new_state)
         # Test the database alteration
@@ -2231,7 +2865,9 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         self.assertIndexExists("test_alflin_pony", ["pink"])
         # And test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards("test_alflin", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_alflin", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         # Ensure the index is still there
         self.assertIndexExists("test_alflin_pony", ["pink"])
 
@@ -2242,15 +2878,31 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_alinto")
         # Test the state alteration
         operation = migrations.AlterIndexTogether("Pony", [("pink", "weight")])
-        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Alter index_together for Pony (1 constraint(s))")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            operation.describe(), "Alter index_together for Pony (1 constraint(s))"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             operation.migration_name_fragment,
-            'alter_pony_index_together',
+            "alter_pony_index_together",
         )
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards("test_alinto", new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(project_state.models["test_alinto", "pony"].options.get("index_together", set())), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models["test_alinto", "pony"].options.get("index_together", set())), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                project_state.models["test_alinto", "pony"].options.get(
+                    "index_together", set()
+                )
+            ),
+            0,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                new_state.models["test_alinto", "pony"].options.get(
+                    "index_together", set()
+                )
+            ),
+            1,
+        )
         # Make sure there's no matching index
         self.assertIndexNotExists("test_alinto_pony", ["pink", "weight"])
         # Test the database alteration
@@ -2259,263 +2911,332 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         self.assertIndexExists("test_alinto_pony", ["pink", "weight"])
         # And test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards("test_alinto", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_alinto", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         self.assertIndexNotExists("test_alinto_pony", ["pink", "weight"])
         # And deconstruction
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AlterIndexTogether")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {'name': "Pony", 'index_together': {("pink", "weight")}})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            definition[2], {"name": "Pony", "index_together": {("pink", "weight")}}
+        )
 
     def test_alter_index_together_remove(self):
         operation = migrations.AlterIndexTogether("Pony", None)
-        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Alter index_together for Pony (0 constraint(s))")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            operation.describe(), "Alter index_together for Pony (0 constraint(s))"
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('allows_multiple_constraints_on_same_fields')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("allows_multiple_constraints_on_same_fields")
     def test_alter_index_together_remove_with_unique_together(self):
-        app_label = 'test_alintoremove_wunto'
-        table_name = '%s_pony' % app_label
+        app_label = "test_alintoremove_wunto"
+        table_name = "%s_pony" % app_label
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label, unique_together=True)
-        self.assertUniqueConstraintExists(table_name, ['pink', 'weight'])
+        self.assertUniqueConstraintExists(table_name, ["pink", "weight"])
         # Add index together.
         new_state = project_state.clone()
-        operation = migrations.AlterIndexTogether('Pony', [('pink', 'weight')])
+        operation = migrations.AlterIndexTogether("Pony", [("pink", "weight")])
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
-        self.assertIndexExists(table_name, ['pink', 'weight'])
+        self.assertIndexExists(table_name, ["pink", "weight"])
         # Remove index together.
         project_state = new_state
         new_state = project_state.clone()
-        operation = migrations.AlterIndexTogether('Pony', set())
+        operation = migrations.AlterIndexTogether("Pony", set())
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
-        self.assertIndexNotExists(table_name, ['pink', 'weight'])
-        self.assertUniqueConstraintExists(table_name, ['pink', 'weight'])
+        self.assertIndexNotExists(table_name, ["pink", "weight"])
+        self.assertUniqueConstraintExists(table_name, ["pink", "weight"])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_table_check_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_table_check_constraints")
     def test_add_constraint(self):
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_addconstraint")
         gt_check = models.Q(pink__gt=2)
-        gt_constraint = models.CheckConstraint(check=gt_check, name="test_add_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2")
+        gt_constraint = models.CheckConstraint(
+            check=gt_check, name="test_add_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2"
+        )
         gt_operation = migrations.AddConstraint("Pony", gt_constraint)
         self.assertEqual(
-            gt_operation.describe(), "Create constraint test_add_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2 on model Pony"
+            gt_operation.describe(),
+            "Create constraint test_add_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2 on model Pony",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             gt_operation.migration_name_fragment,
-            'pony_test_add_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2',
+            "pony_test_add_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2",
         )
         # Test the state alteration
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         gt_operation.state_forwards("test_addconstraint", new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models["test_addconstraint", "pony"].options["constraints"]), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(new_state.models["test_addconstraint", "pony"].options["constraints"]),
+            1,
+        )
         Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_addconstraint", "Pony")
         self.assertEqual(len(Pony._meta.constraints), 1)
         # Test the database alteration
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            gt_operation.database_forwards("test_addconstraint", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            gt_operation.database_forwards(
+                "test_addconstraint", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
             Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=1.0)
         # Add another one.
         lt_check = models.Q(pink__lt=100)
-        lt_constraint = models.CheckConstraint(check=lt_check, name="test_add_constraint_pony_pink_lt_100")
+        lt_constraint = models.CheckConstraint(
+            check=lt_check, name="test_add_constraint_pony_pink_lt_100"
+        )
         lt_operation = migrations.AddConstraint("Pony", lt_constraint)
         lt_operation.state_forwards("test_addconstraint", new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models["test_addconstraint", "pony"].options["constraints"]), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(new_state.models["test_addconstraint", "pony"].options["constraints"]),
+            2,
+        )
         Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_addconstraint", "Pony")
         self.assertEqual(len(Pony._meta.constraints), 2)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            lt_operation.database_forwards("test_addconstraint", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            lt_operation.database_forwards(
+                "test_addconstraint", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
             Pony.objects.create(pink=100, weight=1.0)
         # Test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            gt_operation.database_backwards("test_addconstraint", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            gt_operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_addconstraint", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=1.0)
         # Test deconstruction
         definition = gt_operation.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AddConstraint")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {'model_name': "Pony", 'constraint': gt_constraint})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            definition[2], {"model_name": "Pony", "constraint": gt_constraint}
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_table_check_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_table_check_constraints")
     def test_add_constraint_percent_escaping(self):
-        app_label = 'add_constraint_string_quoting'
+        app_label = "add_constraint_string_quoting"
         operations = [
             migrations.CreateModel(
-                'Author',
+                "Author",
                 fields=[
-                    ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                    ('name', models.CharField(max_length=100)),
-                    ('surname', models.CharField(max_length=100, default='')),
-                    ('rebate', models.CharField(max_length=100)),
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
+                    ("surname", models.CharField(max_length=100, default="")),
+                    ("rebate", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
                 ],
             ),
         ]
         from_state = self.apply_operations(app_label, ProjectState(), operations)
         # "%" generated in startswith lookup should be escaped in a way that is
         # considered a leading wildcard.
-        check = models.Q(name__startswith='Albert')
-        constraint = models.CheckConstraint(check=check, name='name_constraint')
-        operation = migrations.AddConstraint('Author', constraint)
+        check = models.Q(name__startswith="Albert")
+        constraint = models.CheckConstraint(check=check, name="name_constraint")
+        operation = migrations.AddConstraint("Author", constraint)
         to_state = from_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, to_state)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, from_state, to_state)
-        Author = to_state.apps.get_model(app_label, 'Author')
+        Author = to_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Author")
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
-            Author.objects.create(name='Artur')
+            Author.objects.create(name="Artur")
         # Literal "%" should be escaped in a way that is not a considered a
         # wildcard.
-        check = models.Q(rebate__endswith='%')
-        constraint = models.CheckConstraint(check=check, name='rebate_constraint')
-        operation = migrations.AddConstraint('Author', constraint)
+        check = models.Q(rebate__endswith="%")
+        constraint = models.CheckConstraint(check=check, name="rebate_constraint")
+        operation = migrations.AddConstraint("Author", constraint)
         from_state = to_state
         to_state = from_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, to_state)
-        Author = to_state.apps.get_model(app_label, 'Author')
+        Author = to_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Author")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, from_state, to_state)
-        Author = to_state.apps.get_model(app_label, 'Author')
+        Author = to_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Author")
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
-            Author.objects.create(name='Albert', rebate='10$')
-        author = Author.objects.create(name='Albert', rebate='10%')
+            Author.objects.create(name="Albert", rebate="10$")
+        author = Author.objects.create(name="Albert", rebate="10%")
         self.assertEqual(Author.objects.get(), author)
         # Right-hand-side baked "%" literals should not be used for parameters
         # interpolation.
-        check = ~models.Q(surname__startswith=models.F('name'))
-        constraint = models.CheckConstraint(check=check, name='name_constraint_rhs')
-        operation = migrations.AddConstraint('Author', constraint)
+        check = ~models.Q(surname__startswith=models.F("name"))
+        constraint = models.CheckConstraint(check=check, name="name_constraint_rhs")
+        operation = migrations.AddConstraint("Author", constraint)
         from_state = to_state
         to_state = from_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, to_state)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, from_state, to_state)
-        Author = to_state.apps.get_model(app_label, 'Author')
+        Author = to_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Author")
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
-            Author.objects.create(name='Albert', surname='Alberto')
+            Author.objects.create(name="Albert", surname="Alberto")
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_table_check_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_table_check_constraints")
     def test_add_or_constraint(self):
-        app_label = 'test_addorconstraint'
-        constraint_name = 'add_constraint_or'
+        app_label = "test_addorconstraint"
+        constraint_name = "add_constraint_or"
         from_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label)
         check = models.Q(pink__gt=2, weight__gt=2) | models.Q(weight__lt=0)
         constraint = models.CheckConstraint(check=check, name=constraint_name)
-        operation = migrations.AddConstraint('Pony', constraint)
+        operation = migrations.AddConstraint("Pony", constraint)
         to_state = from_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, to_state)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, from_state, to_state)
-        Pony = to_state.apps.get_model(app_label, 'Pony')
+        Pony = to_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
             Pony.objects.create(pink=2, weight=3.0)
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
             Pony.objects.create(pink=3, weight=1.0)
-        Pony.objects.bulk_create([
-            Pony(pink=3, weight=-1.0),
-            Pony(pink=1, weight=-1.0),
-            Pony(pink=3, weight=3.0),
-        ])
+        Pony.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Pony(pink=3, weight=-1.0),
+                Pony(pink=1, weight=-1.0),
+                Pony(pink=3, weight=3.0),
+            ]
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_table_check_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_table_check_constraints")
     def test_add_constraint_combinable(self):
-        app_label = 'test_addconstraint_combinable'
+        app_label = "test_addconstraint_combinable"
         operations = [
             migrations.CreateModel(
-                'Book',
+                "Book",
                 fields=[
-                    ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                    ('read', models.PositiveIntegerField()),
-                    ('unread', models.PositiveIntegerField()),
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("read", models.PositiveIntegerField()),
+                    ("unread", models.PositiveIntegerField()),
                 ],
             ),
         ]
         from_state = self.apply_operations(app_label, ProjectState(), operations)
         constraint = models.CheckConstraint(
-            check=models.Q(read=(100 - models.F('unread'))),
-            name='test_addconstraint_combinable_sum_100',
+            check=models.Q(read=(100 - models.F("unread"))),
+            name="test_addconstraint_combinable_sum_100",
         )
-        operation = migrations.AddConstraint('Book', constraint)
+        operation = migrations.AddConstraint("Book", constraint)
         to_state = from_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, to_state)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, from_state, to_state)
-        Book = to_state.apps.get_model(app_label, 'Book')
+        Book = to_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Book")
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
             Book.objects.create(read=70, unread=10)
         Book.objects.create(read=70, unread=30)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_table_check_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_table_check_constraints")
     def test_remove_constraint(self):
-        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_removeconstraint", constraints=[
-            models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(pink__gt=2), name="test_remove_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2"),
-            models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(pink__lt=100), name="test_remove_constraint_pony_pink_lt_100"),
-        ])
-        gt_operation = migrations.RemoveConstraint("Pony", "test_remove_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2")
+        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
+            "test_removeconstraint",
+            constraints=[
+                models.CheckConstraint(
+                    check=models.Q(pink__gt=2),
+                    name="test_remove_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2",
+                ),
+                models.CheckConstraint(
+                    check=models.Q(pink__lt=100),
+                    name="test_remove_constraint_pony_pink_lt_100",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
+        gt_operation = migrations.RemoveConstraint(
+            "Pony", "test_remove_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
-            gt_operation.describe(), "Remove constraint test_remove_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2 from model Pony"
+            gt_operation.describe(),
+            "Remove constraint test_remove_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2 from model Pony",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             gt_operation.migration_name_fragment,
-            'remove_pony_test_remove_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2',
+            "remove_pony_test_remove_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2",
         )
         # Test state alteration
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         gt_operation.state_forwards("test_removeconstraint", new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models["test_removeconstraint", "pony"].options['constraints']), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                new_state.models["test_removeconstraint", "pony"].options["constraints"]
+            ),
+            1,
+        )
         Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_removeconstraint", "Pony")
         self.assertEqual(len(Pony._meta.constraints), 1)
         # Test database alteration
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            gt_operation.database_forwards("test_removeconstraint", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            gt_operation.database_forwards(
+                "test_removeconstraint", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
         Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=1.0).delete()
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
             Pony.objects.create(pink=100, weight=1.0)
         # Remove the other one.
-        lt_operation = migrations.RemoveConstraint("Pony", "test_remove_constraint_pony_pink_lt_100")
+        lt_operation = migrations.RemoveConstraint(
+            "Pony", "test_remove_constraint_pony_pink_lt_100"
+        )
         lt_operation.state_forwards("test_removeconstraint", new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models["test_removeconstraint", "pony"].options['constraints']), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                new_state.models["test_removeconstraint", "pony"].options["constraints"]
+            ),
+            0,
+        )
         Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_removeconstraint", "Pony")
         self.assertEqual(len(Pony._meta.constraints), 0)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            lt_operation.database_forwards("test_removeconstraint", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            lt_operation.database_forwards(
+                "test_removeconstraint", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
         Pony.objects.create(pink=100, weight=1.0).delete()
         # Test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            gt_operation.database_backwards("test_removeconstraint", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            gt_operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_removeconstraint", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
             Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=1.0)
         # Test deconstruction
         definition = gt_operation.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RemoveConstraint")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {'model_name': "Pony", 'name': "test_remove_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2"})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            definition[2],
+            {"model_name": "Pony", "name": "test_remove_constraint_pony_pink_gt_2"},
+        )
 
     def test_add_partial_unique_constraint(self):
-        project_state = self.set_up_test_model('test_addpartialuniqueconstraint')
+        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_addpartialuniqueconstraint")
         partial_unique_constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
-            fields=['pink'],
+            fields=["pink"],
             condition=models.Q(weight__gt=5),
-            name='test_constraint_pony_pink_for_weight_gt_5_uniq',
+            name="test_constraint_pony_pink_for_weight_gt_5_uniq",
         )
-        operation = migrations.AddConstraint('Pony', partial_unique_constraint)
+        operation = migrations.AddConstraint("Pony", partial_unique_constraint)
         self.assertEqual(
             operation.describe(),
-            'Create constraint test_constraint_pony_pink_for_weight_gt_5_uniq '
-            'on model Pony'
+            "Create constraint test_constraint_pony_pink_for_weight_gt_5_uniq "
+            "on model Pony",
         )
         # Test the state alteration
         new_state = project_state.clone()
-        operation.state_forwards('test_addpartialuniqueconstraint', new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models['test_addpartialuniqueconstraint', 'pony'].options['constraints']), 1)
-        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model('test_addpartialuniqueconstraint', 'Pony')
+        operation.state_forwards("test_addpartialuniqueconstraint", new_state)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                new_state.models["test_addpartialuniqueconstraint", "pony"].options[
+                    "constraints"
+                ]
+            ),
+            1,
+        )
+        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_addpartialuniqueconstraint", "Pony")
         self.assertEqual(len(Pony._meta.constraints), 1)
         # Test the database alteration
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards('test_addpartialuniqueconstraint', editor, project_state, new_state)
+            operation.database_forwards(
+                "test_addpartialuniqueconstraint", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
         # Test constraint works
         Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
         Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
@@ -2527,36 +3248,56 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=7.0)
         # Test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards('test_addpartialuniqueconstraint', editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_addpartialuniqueconstraint", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         # Test constraint doesn't work
         Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=7.0)
         # Test deconstruction
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(definition[0], 'AddConstraint')
+        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AddConstraint")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {'model_name': 'Pony', 'constraint': partial_unique_constraint})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            definition[2],
+            {"model_name": "Pony", "constraint": partial_unique_constraint},
+        )
 
     def test_remove_partial_unique_constraint(self):
-        project_state = self.set_up_test_model('test_removepartialuniqueconstraint', constraints=[
-            models.UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=['pink'],
-                condition=models.Q(weight__gt=5),
-                name='test_constraint_pony_pink_for_weight_gt_5_uniq',
-            ),
-        ])
-        gt_operation = migrations.RemoveConstraint('Pony', 'test_constraint_pony_pink_for_weight_gt_5_uniq')
+        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
+            "test_removepartialuniqueconstraint",
+            constraints=[
+                models.UniqueConstraint(
+                    fields=["pink"],
+                    condition=models.Q(weight__gt=5),
+                    name="test_constraint_pony_pink_for_weight_gt_5_uniq",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
+        gt_operation = migrations.RemoveConstraint(
+            "Pony", "test_constraint_pony_pink_for_weight_gt_5_uniq"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
-            gt_operation.describe(), 'Remove constraint test_constraint_pony_pink_for_weight_gt_5_uniq from model Pony'
+            gt_operation.describe(),
+            "Remove constraint test_constraint_pony_pink_for_weight_gt_5_uniq from model Pony",
         )
         # Test state alteration
         new_state = project_state.clone()
-        gt_operation.state_forwards('test_removepartialuniqueconstraint', new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models['test_removepartialuniqueconstraint', 'pony'].options['constraints']), 0)
-        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model('test_removepartialuniqueconstraint', 'Pony')
+        gt_operation.state_forwards("test_removepartialuniqueconstraint", new_state)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                new_state.models["test_removepartialuniqueconstraint", "pony"].options[
+                    "constraints"
+                ]
+            ),
+            0,
+        )
+        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model("test_removepartialuniqueconstraint", "Pony")
         self.assertEqual(len(Pony._meta.constraints), 0)
         # Test database alteration
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            gt_operation.database_forwards('test_removepartialuniqueconstraint', editor, project_state, new_state)
+            gt_operation.database_forwards(
+                "test_removepartialuniqueconstraint", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
         # Test constraint doesn't work
         Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
         Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
@@ -2564,7 +3305,9 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=7.0).delete()
         # Test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            gt_operation.database_backwards('test_removepartialuniqueconstraint', editor, new_state, project_state)
+            gt_operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_removepartialuniqueconstraint", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         # Test constraint works
         if connection.features.supports_partial_indexes:
             with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
@@ -2573,33 +3316,40 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=7.0)
         # Test deconstruction
         definition = gt_operation.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(definition[0], 'RemoveConstraint')
+        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RemoveConstraint")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {
-            'model_name': 'Pony',
-            'name': 'test_constraint_pony_pink_for_weight_gt_5_uniq',
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            definition[2],
+            {
+                "model_name": "Pony",
+                "name": "test_constraint_pony_pink_for_weight_gt_5_uniq",
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_add_deferred_unique_constraint(self):
-        app_label = 'test_adddeferred_uc'
+        app_label = "test_adddeferred_uc"
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label)
         deferred_unique_constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
-            fields=['pink'],
-            name='deferred_pink_constraint_add',
+            fields=["pink"],
+            name="deferred_pink_constraint_add",
             deferrable=models.Deferrable.DEFERRED,
         )
-        operation = migrations.AddConstraint('Pony', deferred_unique_constraint)
+        operation = migrations.AddConstraint("Pony", deferred_unique_constraint)
         self.assertEqual(
             operation.describe(),
-            'Create constraint deferred_pink_constraint_add on model Pony',
+            "Create constraint deferred_pink_constraint_add on model Pony",
         )
         # Add constraint.
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models[app_label, 'pony'].options['constraints']), 1)
-        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, 'Pony')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].options["constraints"]), 1
+        )
+        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
         self.assertEqual(len(Pony._meta.constraints), 1)
-        with connection.schema_editor() as editor, CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as ctx:
+        with connection.schema_editor() as editor, CaptureQueriesContext(
+            connection
+        ) as ctx:
             operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
         Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
         if connection.features.supports_deferrable_unique_constraints:
@@ -2611,8 +3361,10 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             # Constraint behavior can be changed with SET CONSTRAINTS.
             with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
                 with transaction.atomic(), connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                    quoted_name = connection.ops.quote_name(deferred_unique_constraint.name)
-                    cursor.execute('SET CONSTRAINTS %s IMMEDIATE' % quoted_name)
+                    quoted_name = connection.ops.quote_name(
+                        deferred_unique_constraint.name
+                    )
+                    cursor.execute("SET CONSTRAINTS %s IMMEDIATE" % quoted_name)
                     obj = Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
                     obj.pink = 3
                     obj.save()
@@ -2626,33 +3378,39 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
         # Deconstruction.
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(definition[0], 'AddConstraint')
+        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AddConstraint")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
         self.assertEqual(
             definition[2],
-            {'model_name': 'Pony', 'constraint': deferred_unique_constraint},
+            {"model_name": "Pony", "constraint": deferred_unique_constraint},
         )
 
     def test_remove_deferred_unique_constraint(self):
-        app_label = 'test_removedeferred_uc'
+        app_label = "test_removedeferred_uc"
         deferred_unique_constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
-            fields=['pink'],
-            name='deferred_pink_constraint_rm',
+            fields=["pink"],
+            name="deferred_pink_constraint_rm",
             deferrable=models.Deferrable.DEFERRED,
         )
-        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label, constraints=[deferred_unique_constraint])
-        operation = migrations.RemoveConstraint('Pony', deferred_unique_constraint.name)
+        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
+            app_label, constraints=[deferred_unique_constraint]
+        )
+        operation = migrations.RemoveConstraint("Pony", deferred_unique_constraint.name)
         self.assertEqual(
             operation.describe(),
-            'Remove constraint deferred_pink_constraint_rm from model Pony',
+            "Remove constraint deferred_pink_constraint_rm from model Pony",
         )
         # Remove constraint.
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models[app_label, 'pony'].options['constraints']), 0)
-        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, 'Pony')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].options["constraints"]), 0
+        )
+        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
         self.assertEqual(len(Pony._meta.constraints), 0)
-        with connection.schema_editor() as editor, CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as ctx:
+        with connection.schema_editor() as editor, CaptureQueriesContext(
+            connection
+        ) as ctx:
             operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
         # Constraint doesn't work.
         Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
@@ -2671,8 +3429,10 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             # Constraint behavior can be changed with SET CONSTRAINTS.
             with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
                 with transaction.atomic(), connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                    quoted_name = connection.ops.quote_name(deferred_unique_constraint.name)
-                    cursor.execute('SET CONSTRAINTS %s IMMEDIATE' % quoted_name)
+                    quoted_name = connection.ops.quote_name(
+                        deferred_unique_constraint.name
+                    )
+                    cursor.execute("SET CONSTRAINTS %s IMMEDIATE" % quoted_name)
                     obj = Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
                     obj.pink = 3
                     obj.save()
@@ -2680,33 +3440,40 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
         # Deconstruction.
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(definition[0], 'RemoveConstraint')
+        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RemoveConstraint")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {
-            'model_name': 'Pony',
-            'name': 'deferred_pink_constraint_rm',
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            definition[2],
+            {
+                "model_name": "Pony",
+                "name": "deferred_pink_constraint_rm",
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_add_covering_unique_constraint(self):
-        app_label = 'test_addcovering_uc'
+        app_label = "test_addcovering_uc"
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label)
         covering_unique_constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
-            fields=['pink'],
-            name='covering_pink_constraint_add',
-            include=['weight'],
+            fields=["pink"],
+            name="covering_pink_constraint_add",
+            include=["weight"],
         )
-        operation = migrations.AddConstraint('Pony', covering_unique_constraint)
+        operation = migrations.AddConstraint("Pony", covering_unique_constraint)
         self.assertEqual(
             operation.describe(),
-            'Create constraint covering_pink_constraint_add on model Pony',
+            "Create constraint covering_pink_constraint_add on model Pony",
         )
         # Add constraint.
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models[app_label, 'pony'].options['constraints']), 1)
-        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, 'Pony')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].options["constraints"]), 1
+        )
+        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
         self.assertEqual(len(Pony._meta.constraints), 1)
-        with connection.schema_editor() as editor, CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as ctx:
+        with connection.schema_editor() as editor, CaptureQueriesContext(
+            connection
+        ) as ctx:
             operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
         Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
         if connection.features.supports_covering_indexes:
@@ -2722,33 +3489,39 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
         # Deconstruction.
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(definition[0], 'AddConstraint')
+        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AddConstraint")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
         self.assertEqual(
             definition[2],
-            {'model_name': 'Pony', 'constraint': covering_unique_constraint},
+            {"model_name": "Pony", "constraint": covering_unique_constraint},
         )
 
     def test_remove_covering_unique_constraint(self):
-        app_label = 'test_removecovering_uc'
+        app_label = "test_removecovering_uc"
         covering_unique_constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(
-            fields=['pink'],
-            name='covering_pink_constraint_rm',
-            include=['weight'],
+            fields=["pink"],
+            name="covering_pink_constraint_rm",
+            include=["weight"],
         )
-        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label, constraints=[covering_unique_constraint])
-        operation = migrations.RemoveConstraint('Pony', covering_unique_constraint.name)
+        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
+            app_label, constraints=[covering_unique_constraint]
+        )
+        operation = migrations.RemoveConstraint("Pony", covering_unique_constraint.name)
         self.assertEqual(
             operation.describe(),
-            'Remove constraint covering_pink_constraint_rm from model Pony',
+            "Remove constraint covering_pink_constraint_rm from model Pony",
         )
         # Remove constraint.
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models[app_label, 'pony'].options['constraints']), 0)
-        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, 'Pony')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].options["constraints"]), 0
+        )
+        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
         self.assertEqual(len(Pony._meta.constraints), 0)
-        with connection.schema_editor() as editor, CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as ctx:
+        with connection.schema_editor() as editor, CaptureQueriesContext(
+            connection
+        ) as ctx:
             operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
         # Constraint doesn't work.
         Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
@@ -2765,22 +3538,29 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             Pony.objects.create(pink=1, weight=4.0)
         # Deconstruction.
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(definition[0], 'RemoveConstraint')
+        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RemoveConstraint")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {
-            'model_name': 'Pony',
-            'name': 'covering_pink_constraint_rm',
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            definition[2],
+            {
+                "model_name": "Pony",
+                "name": "covering_pink_constraint_rm",
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_alter_field_with_func_unique_constraint(self):
-        app_label = 'test_alfuncuc'
-        constraint_name = f'{app_label}_pony_uq'
-        table_name = f'{app_label}_pony'
+        app_label = "test_alfuncuc"
+        constraint_name = f"{app_label}_pony_uq"
+        table_name = f"{app_label}_pony"
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
             app_label,
-            constraints=[models.UniqueConstraint('pink', 'weight', name=constraint_name)]
+            constraints=[
+                models.UniqueConstraint("pink", "weight", name=constraint_name)
+            ],
+        )
+        operation = migrations.AlterField(
+            "Pony", "pink", models.IntegerField(null=True)
         )
-        operation = migrations.AlterField('Pony', 'pink', models.IntegerField(null=True))
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -2793,28 +3573,30 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             self.assertIndexNameExists(table_name, constraint_name)
 
     def test_add_func_unique_constraint(self):
-        app_label = 'test_adfuncuc'
-        constraint_name = f'{app_label}_pony_abs_uq'
-        table_name = f'{app_label}_pony'
+        app_label = "test_adfuncuc"
+        constraint_name = f"{app_label}_pony_abs_uq"
+        table_name = f"{app_label}_pony"
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label)
-        constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(Abs('weight'), name=constraint_name)
-        operation = migrations.AddConstraint('Pony', constraint)
+        constraint = models.UniqueConstraint(Abs("weight"), name=constraint_name)
+        operation = migrations.AddConstraint("Pony", constraint)
         self.assertEqual(
             operation.describe(),
-            'Create constraint test_adfuncuc_pony_abs_uq on model Pony',
+            "Create constraint test_adfuncuc_pony_abs_uq on model Pony",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             operation.migration_name_fragment,
-            'pony_test_adfuncuc_pony_abs_uq',
+            "pony_test_adfuncuc_pony_abs_uq",
         )
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models[app_label, 'pony'].options['constraints']), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].options["constraints"]), 1
+        )
         self.assertIndexNameNotExists(table_name, constraint_name)
         # Add constraint.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             operation.database_forwards(app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
-        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, 'Pony')
+        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
         Pony.objects.create(weight=4.0)
         if connection.features.supports_expression_indexes:
             self.assertIndexNameExists(table_name, constraint_name)
@@ -2831,36 +3613,41 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         Pony.objects.create(weight=-4.0)
         # Deconstruction.
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(definition[0], 'AddConstraint')
+        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AddConstraint")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
         self.assertEqual(
             definition[2],
-            {'model_name': 'Pony', 'constraint': constraint},
+            {"model_name": "Pony", "constraint": constraint},
         )
 
     def test_remove_func_unique_constraint(self):
-        app_label = 'test_rmfuncuc'
-        constraint_name = f'{app_label}_pony_abs_uq'
-        table_name = f'{app_label}_pony'
-        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(app_label, constraints=[
-            models.UniqueConstraint(Abs('weight'), name=constraint_name),
-        ])
+        app_label = "test_rmfuncuc"
+        constraint_name = f"{app_label}_pony_abs_uq"
+        table_name = f"{app_label}_pony"
+        project_state = self.set_up_test_model(
+            app_label,
+            constraints=[
+                models.UniqueConstraint(Abs("weight"), name=constraint_name),
+            ],
+        )
         self.assertTableExists(table_name)
         if connection.features.supports_expression_indexes:
             self.assertIndexNameExists(table_name, constraint_name)
-        operation = migrations.RemoveConstraint('Pony', constraint_name)
+        operation = migrations.RemoveConstraint("Pony", constraint_name)
         self.assertEqual(
             operation.describe(),
-            'Remove constraint test_rmfuncuc_pony_abs_uq from model Pony',
+            "Remove constraint test_rmfuncuc_pony_abs_uq from model Pony",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             operation.migration_name_fragment,
-            'remove_pony_test_rmfuncuc_pony_abs_uq',
+            "remove_pony_test_rmfuncuc_pony_abs_uq",
         )
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards(app_label, new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models[app_label, 'pony'].options['constraints']), 0)
-        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, 'Pony')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(new_state.models[app_label, "pony"].options["constraints"]), 0
+        )
+        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model(app_label, "Pony")
         self.assertEqual(len(Pony._meta.constraints), 0)
         # Remove constraint.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -2881,9 +3668,9 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             Pony.objects.create(weight=-4.0)
         # Deconstruction.
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(definition[0], 'RemoveConstraint')
+        self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RemoveConstraint")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {'model_name': 'Pony', 'name': constraint_name})
+        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {"model_name": "Pony", "name": constraint_name})
 
     def test_alter_model_options(self):
         """
@@ -2891,19 +3678,37 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         """
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_almoop")
         # Test the state alteration (no DB alteration to test)
-        operation = migrations.AlterModelOptions("Pony", {"permissions": [("can_groom", "Can groom")]})
+        operation = migrations.AlterModelOptions(
+            "Pony", {"permissions": [("can_groom", "Can groom")]}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Change Meta options on Pony")
-        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, 'alter_pony_options')
+        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, "alter_pony_options")
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards("test_almoop", new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(project_state.models["test_almoop", "pony"].options.get("permissions", [])), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models["test_almoop", "pony"].options.get("permissions", [])), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(new_state.models["test_almoop", "pony"].options["permissions"][0][0], "can_groom")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                project_state.models["test_almoop", "pony"].options.get(
+                    "permissions", []
+                )
+            ),
+            0,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(new_state.models["test_almoop", "pony"].options.get("permissions", [])),
+            1,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            new_state.models["test_almoop", "pony"].options["permissions"][0][0],
+            "can_groom",
+        )
         # And deconstruction
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AlterModelOptions")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {'name': "Pony", 'options': {"permissions": [("can_groom", "Can groom")]}})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            definition[2],
+            {"name": "Pony", "options": {"permissions": [("can_groom", "Can groom")]}},
+        )
 
     def test_alter_model_options_emptying(self):
         """
@@ -2915,13 +3720,23 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Change Meta options on Pony")
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards("test_almoop", new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(project_state.models["test_almoop", "pony"].options.get("permissions", [])), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models["test_almoop", "pony"].options.get("permissions", [])), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                project_state.models["test_almoop", "pony"].options.get(
+                    "permissions", []
+                )
+            ),
+            1,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(new_state.models["test_almoop", "pony"].options.get("permissions", [])),
+            0,
+        )
         # And deconstruction
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AlterModelOptions")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {'name': "Pony", 'options': {}})
+        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {"name": "Pony", "options": {}})
 
     def test_alter_order_with_respect_to(self):
         """
@@ -2930,48 +3745,68 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_alorwrtto", related_model=True)
         # Test the state alteration
         operation = migrations.AlterOrderWithRespectTo("Rider", "pony")
-        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Set order_with_respect_to on Rider to pony")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            operation.describe(), "Set order_with_respect_to on Rider to pony"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             operation.migration_name_fragment,
-            'alter_rider_order_with_respect_to',
+            "alter_rider_order_with_respect_to",
         )
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards("test_alorwrtto", new_state)
         self.assertIsNone(
-            project_state.models["test_alorwrtto", "rider"].options.get("order_with_respect_to", None)
+            project_state.models["test_alorwrtto", "rider"].options.get(
+                "order_with_respect_to", None
+            )
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            new_state.models["test_alorwrtto", "rider"].options.get("order_with_respect_to", None),
-            "pony"
+            new_state.models["test_alorwrtto", "rider"].options.get(
+                "order_with_respect_to", None
+            ),
+            "pony",
         )
         # Make sure there's no matching index
         self.assertColumnNotExists("test_alorwrtto_rider", "_order")
         # Create some rows before alteration
         rendered_state = project_state.apps
-        pony = rendered_state.get_model("test_alorwrtto", "Pony").objects.create(weight=50)
-        rider1 = rendered_state.get_model("test_alorwrtto", "Rider").objects.create(pony=pony)
+        pony = rendered_state.get_model("test_alorwrtto", "Pony").objects.create(
+            weight=50
+        )
+        rider1 = rendered_state.get_model("test_alorwrtto", "Rider").objects.create(
+            pony=pony
+        )
         rider1.friend = rider1
         rider1.save()
-        rider2 = rendered_state.get_model("test_alorwrtto", "Rider").objects.create(pony=pony)
+        rider2 = rendered_state.get_model("test_alorwrtto", "Rider").objects.create(
+            pony=pony
+        )
         rider2.friend = rider2
         rider2.save()
         # Test the database alteration
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards("test_alorwrtto", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            operation.database_forwards(
+                "test_alorwrtto", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
         self.assertColumnExists("test_alorwrtto_rider", "_order")
         # Check for correct value in rows
-        updated_riders = new_state.apps.get_model("test_alorwrtto", "Rider").objects.all()
+        updated_riders = new_state.apps.get_model(
+            "test_alorwrtto", "Rider"
+        ).objects.all()
         self.assertEqual(updated_riders[0]._order, 0)
         self.assertEqual(updated_riders[1]._order, 0)
         # And test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards("test_alorwrtto", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_alorwrtto", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         self.assertColumnNotExists("test_alorwrtto_rider", "_order")
         # And deconstruction
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(definition[0], "AlterOrderWithRespectTo")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(definition[2], {'name': "Rider", 'order_with_respect_to': "pony"})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            definition[2], {"name": "Rider", "order_with_respect_to": "pony"}
+        )
 
     def test_alter_model_managers(self):
         """
@@ -2985,10 +3820,10 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
                 ("food_qs", FoodQuerySet.as_manager()),
                 ("food_mgr", FoodManager("a", "b")),
                 ("food_mgr_kwargs", FoodManager("x", "y", 3, 4)),
-            ]
+            ],
         )
         self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Change managers on Pony")
-        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, 'alter_pony_managers')
+        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, "alter_pony_managers")
         managers = project_state.models["test_almoma", "pony"].managers
         self.assertEqual(managers, [])
 
@@ -3005,7 +3840,7 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         self.assertIsInstance(managers[2][1], FoodManager)
         self.assertEqual(managers[2][1].args, ("x", "y", 3, 4))
         rendered_state = new_state.apps
-        model = rendered_state.get_model('test_almoma', 'pony')
+        model = rendered_state.get_model("test_almoma", "pony")
         self.assertIsInstance(model.food_qs, models.Manager)
         self.assertIsInstance(model.food_mgr, FoodManager)
         self.assertIsInstance(model.food_mgr_kwargs, FoodManager)
@@ -3051,15 +3886,19 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         create_state = project_state.clone()
         create_operation.state_forwards("test_alfk", create_state)
         alter_operation = migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name='Rider',
-            name='pony',
+            model_name="Rider",
+            name="pony",
             field=models.ForeignKey("Pony", models.CASCADE, editable=False),
         )
         alter_state = create_state.clone()
         alter_operation.state_forwards("test_alfk", alter_state)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            create_operation.database_forwards("test_alfk", editor, project_state, create_state)
-            alter_operation.database_forwards("test_alfk", editor, create_state, alter_state)
+            create_operation.database_forwards(
+                "test_alfk", editor, project_state, create_state
+            )
+            alter_operation.database_forwards(
+                "test_alfk", editor, create_state, alter_state
+            )
 
     def test_alter_fk_non_fk(self):
         """
@@ -3071,7 +3910,9 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             name="pony",
             field=models.FloatField(),
         )
-        project_state, new_state = self.make_test_state("test_afknfk", operation, related_model=True)
+        project_state, new_state = self.make_test_state(
+            "test_afknfk", operation, related_model=True
+        )
         # Test the database alteration
         self.assertColumnExists("test_afknfk_rider", "pony_id")
         self.assertColumnNotExists("test_afknfk_rider", "pony")
@@ -3081,7 +3922,9 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         self.assertColumnNotExists("test_afknfk_rider", "pony_id")
         # And test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards("test_afknfk", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_afknfk", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         self.assertColumnExists("test_afknfk_rider", "pony_id")
         self.assertColumnNotExists("test_afknfk_rider", "pony")
 
@@ -3098,27 +3941,33 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             "INSERT INTO i_love_ponies (id, special_thing) VALUES (2, 'i love django');\n"
             "UPDATE i_love_ponies SET special_thing = 'Ponies' WHERE special_thing LIKE '%%ponies';"
             "UPDATE i_love_ponies SET special_thing = 'Django' WHERE special_thing LIKE '%django';",
-
             # Run delete queries to test for parameter substitution failure
             # reported in #23426
             "DELETE FROM i_love_ponies WHERE special_thing LIKE '%Django%';"
             "DELETE FROM i_love_ponies WHERE special_thing LIKE '%%Ponies%%';"
             "DROP TABLE i_love_ponies",
-
-            state_operations=[migrations.CreateModel("SomethingElse", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))])],
+            state_operations=[
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "SomethingElse", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))]
+                )
+            ],
         )
         self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Raw SQL operation")
         # Test the state alteration
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards("test_runsql", new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models["test_runsql", "somethingelse"].fields), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(new_state.models["test_runsql", "somethingelse"].fields), 1
+        )
         # Make sure there's no table
         self.assertTableNotExists("i_love_ponies")
         # Test SQL collection
         with connection.schema_editor(collect_sql=True) as editor:
             operation.database_forwards("test_runsql", editor, project_state, new_state)
             self.assertIn("LIKE '%%ponies';", "\n".join(editor.collected_sql))
-            operation.database_backwards("test_runsql", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_runsql", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
             self.assertIn("LIKE '%%Ponies%%';", "\n".join(editor.collected_sql))
         # Test the database alteration
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -3128,23 +3977,31 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM i_love_ponies")
             self.assertEqual(cursor.fetchall()[0][0], 2)
-            cursor.execute("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM i_love_ponies WHERE special_thing = 'Django'")
+            cursor.execute(
+                "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM i_love_ponies WHERE special_thing = 'Django'"
+            )
             self.assertEqual(cursor.fetchall()[0][0], 1)
-            cursor.execute("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM i_love_ponies WHERE special_thing = 'Ponies'")
+            cursor.execute(
+                "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM i_love_ponies WHERE special_thing = 'Ponies'"
+            )
             self.assertEqual(cursor.fetchall()[0][0], 1)
         # And test reversal
         self.assertTrue(operation.reversible)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards("test_runsql", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_runsql", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         self.assertTableNotExists("i_love_ponies")
         # And deconstruction
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RunSQL")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(sorted(definition[2]), ["reverse_sql", "sql", "state_operations"])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted(definition[2]), ["reverse_sql", "sql", "state_operations"]
+        )
         # And elidable reduction
         self.assertIs(False, operation.reduce(operation, []))
-        elidable_operation = migrations.RunSQL('SELECT 1 FROM void;', elidable=True)
+        elidable_operation = migrations.RunSQL("SELECT 1 FROM void;", elidable=True)
         self.assertEqual(elidable_operation.reduce(operation, []), [operation])
 
     def test_run_sql_params(self):
@@ -3161,15 +4018,27 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             # forwards
             (
                 "INSERT INTO i_love_ponies (id, special_thing) VALUES (1, 'Django');",
-                ["INSERT INTO i_love_ponies (id, special_thing) VALUES (2, %s);", ['Ponies']],
-                ("INSERT INTO i_love_ponies (id, special_thing) VALUES (%s, %s);", (3, 'Python',)),
+                [
+                    "INSERT INTO i_love_ponies (id, special_thing) VALUES (2, %s);",
+                    ["Ponies"],
+                ],
+                (
+                    "INSERT INTO i_love_ponies (id, special_thing) VALUES (%s, %s);",
+                    (
+                        3,
+                        "Python",
+                    ),
+                ),
             ),
             # backwards
             [
                 "DELETE FROM i_love_ponies WHERE special_thing = 'Django';",
                 ["DELETE FROM i_love_ponies WHERE special_thing = 'Ponies';", None],
-                ("DELETE FROM i_love_ponies WHERE id = %s OR special_thing = %s;", [3, 'Python']),
-            ]
+                (
+                    "DELETE FROM i_love_ponies WHERE id = %s OR special_thing = %s;",
+                    [3, "Python"],
+                ),
+            ],
         )
 
         # Make sure there's no table
@@ -3181,21 +4050,27 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
 
         # Test parameter passing
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            param_operation.database_forwards("test_runsql", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            param_operation.database_forwards(
+                "test_runsql", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
         # Make sure all the SQL was processed
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM i_love_ponies")
             self.assertEqual(cursor.fetchall()[0][0], 3)
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            param_operation.database_backwards("test_runsql", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            param_operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_runsql", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM i_love_ponies")
             self.assertEqual(cursor.fetchall()[0][0], 0)
 
         # And test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards("test_runsql", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_runsql", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         self.assertTableNotExists("i_love_ponies")
 
     def test_run_sql_params_invalid(self):
@@ -3207,22 +4082,22 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation = migrations.RunSQL(
             # forwards
-            [
-                ["INSERT INTO foo (bar) VALUES ('buz');"]
-            ],
+            [["INSERT INTO foo (bar) VALUES ('buz');"]],
             # backwards
-            (
-                ("DELETE FROM foo WHERE bar = 'buz';", 'invalid', 'parameter count'),
-            ),
+            (("DELETE FROM foo WHERE bar = 'buz';", "invalid", "parameter count"),),
         )
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Expected a 2-tuple but got 1"):
-                operation.database_forwards("test_runsql", editor, project_state, new_state)
+                operation.database_forwards(
+                    "test_runsql", editor, project_state, new_state
+                )
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Expected a 2-tuple but got 3"):
-                operation.database_backwards("test_runsql", editor, new_state, project_state)
+                operation.database_backwards(
+                    "test_runsql", editor, new_state, project_state
+                )
 
     def test_run_sql_noop(self):
         """
@@ -3234,19 +4109,21 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             operation.database_backwards("test_runsql", editor, None, None)
 
     def test_run_sql_add_missing_semicolon_on_collect_sql(self):
-        project_state = self.set_up_test_model('test_runsql')
+        project_state = self.set_up_test_model("test_runsql")
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         tests = [
-            'INSERT INTO test_runsql_pony (pink, weight) VALUES (1, 1);\n',
-            'INSERT INTO test_runsql_pony (pink, weight) VALUES (1, 1)\n',
+            "INSERT INTO test_runsql_pony (pink, weight) VALUES (1, 1);\n",
+            "INSERT INTO test_runsql_pony (pink, weight) VALUES (1, 1)\n",
         ]
         for sql in tests:
             with self.subTest(sql=sql):
                 operation = migrations.RunSQL(sql, migrations.RunPython.noop)
                 with connection.schema_editor(collect_sql=True) as editor:
-                    operation.database_forwards('test_runsql', editor, project_state, new_state)
-                    collected_sql = '\n'.join(editor.collected_sql)
-                    self.assertEqual(collected_sql.count(';'), 1)
+                    operation.database_forwards(
+                        "test_runsql", editor, project_state, new_state
+                    )
+                    collected_sql = "\n".join(editor.collected_sql)
+                    self.assertEqual(collected_sql.count(";"), 1)
 
     def test_run_python(self):
         """
@@ -3265,24 +4142,39 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             Pony = models.get_model("test_runpython", "Pony")
             Pony.objects.filter(pink=1, weight=3.55).delete()
             Pony.objects.filter(weight=5).delete()
-        operation = migrations.RunPython(inner_method, reverse_code=inner_method_reverse)
+
+        operation = migrations.RunPython(
+            inner_method, reverse_code=inner_method_reverse
+        )
         self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Raw Python operation")
         # Test the state alteration does nothing
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards("test_runpython", new_state)
         self.assertEqual(new_state, project_state)
         # Test the database alteration
-        self.assertEqual(project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpython", "Pony").objects.count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpython", "Pony").objects.count(), 0
+        )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards("test_runpython", editor, project_state, new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpython", "Pony").objects.count(), 2)
+            operation.database_forwards(
+                "test_runpython", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpython", "Pony").objects.count(), 2
+        )
         # Now test reversal
         self.assertTrue(operation.reversible)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards("test_runpython", editor, project_state, new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpython", "Pony").objects.count(), 0)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_runpython", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpython", "Pony").objects.count(), 0
+        )
         # Now test we can't use a string
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'RunPython must be supplied with a callable'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "RunPython must be supplied with a callable"
+        ):
             migrations.RunPython("print 'ahahaha'")
         # And deconstruction
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
@@ -3294,10 +4186,16 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         no_reverse_operation = migrations.RunPython(inner_method)
         self.assertFalse(no_reverse_operation.reversible)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            no_reverse_operation.database_forwards("test_runpython", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            no_reverse_operation.database_forwards(
+                "test_runpython", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
             with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
-                no_reverse_operation.database_backwards("test_runpython", editor, new_state, project_state)
-        self.assertEqual(project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpython", "Pony").objects.count(), 2)
+                no_reverse_operation.database_backwards(
+                    "test_runpython", editor, new_state, project_state
+                )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpython", "Pony").objects.count(), 2
+        )
 
         def create_ponies(models, schema_editor):
             Pony = models.get_model("test_runpython", "Pony")
@@ -3309,8 +4207,12 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
 
         operation = migrations.RunPython(create_ponies)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards("test_runpython", editor, project_state, new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpython", "Pony").objects.count(), 4)
+            operation.database_forwards(
+                "test_runpython", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpython", "Pony").objects.count(), 4
+        )
         # And deconstruction
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RunPython")
@@ -3327,9 +4229,18 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
 
         operation = migrations.RunPython(create_shetlandponies)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards("test_runpython", editor, project_state, new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpython", "Pony").objects.count(), 6)
-        self.assertEqual(project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpython", "ShetlandPony").objects.count(), 2)
+            operation.database_forwards(
+                "test_runpython", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpython", "Pony").objects.count(), 6
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            project_state.apps.get_model(
+                "test_runpython", "ShetlandPony"
+            ).objects.count(),
+            2,
+        )
         # And elidable reduction
         self.assertIs(False, operation.reduce(operation, []))
         elidable_operation = migrations.RunPython(inner_method, elidable=True)
@@ -3348,55 +4259,121 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
 
         # Verify atomicity when applying.
         atomic_migration = Migration("test", "test_runpythonatomic")
-        atomic_migration.operations = [migrations.RunPython(inner_method, reverse_code=inner_method)]
+        atomic_migration.operations = [
+            migrations.RunPython(inner_method, reverse_code=inner_method)
+        ]
         non_atomic_migration = Migration("test", "test_runpythonatomic")
-        non_atomic_migration.operations = [migrations.RunPython(inner_method, reverse_code=inner_method, atomic=False)]
+        non_atomic_migration.operations = [
+            migrations.RunPython(inner_method, reverse_code=inner_method, atomic=False)
+        ]
         # If we're a fully-transactional database, both versions should rollback
         if connection.features.can_rollback_ddl:
-            self.assertEqual(project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpythonatomic", "Pony").objects.count(), 0)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                project_state.apps.get_model(
+                    "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
+                ).objects.count(),
+                0,
+            )
             with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                 with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                     atomic_migration.apply(project_state, editor)
-            self.assertEqual(project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpythonatomic", "Pony").objects.count(), 0)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                project_state.apps.get_model(
+                    "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
+                ).objects.count(),
+                0,
+            )
             with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                 with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                     non_atomic_migration.apply(project_state, editor)
-            self.assertEqual(project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpythonatomic", "Pony").objects.count(), 0)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                project_state.apps.get_model(
+                    "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
+                ).objects.count(),
+                0,
+            )
         # Otherwise, the non-atomic operation should leave a row there
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpythonatomic", "Pony").objects.count(), 0)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                project_state.apps.get_model(
+                    "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
+                ).objects.count(),
+                0,
+            )
             with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                 with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                     atomic_migration.apply(project_state, editor)
-            self.assertEqual(project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpythonatomic", "Pony").objects.count(), 0)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                project_state.apps.get_model(
+                    "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
+                ).objects.count(),
+                0,
+            )
             with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                 with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                     non_atomic_migration.apply(project_state, editor)
-            self.assertEqual(project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpythonatomic", "Pony").objects.count(), 1)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                project_state.apps.get_model(
+                    "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
+                ).objects.count(),
+                1,
+            )
         # Reset object count to zero and verify atomicity when unapplying.
-        project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpythonatomic", "Pony").objects.all().delete()
+        project_state.apps.get_model(
+            "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
+        ).objects.all().delete()
         # On a fully-transactional database, both versions rollback.
         if connection.features.can_rollback_ddl:
-            self.assertEqual(project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpythonatomic", "Pony").objects.count(), 0)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                project_state.apps.get_model(
+                    "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
+                ).objects.count(),
+                0,
+            )
             with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                 with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                     atomic_migration.unapply(project_state, editor)
-            self.assertEqual(project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpythonatomic", "Pony").objects.count(), 0)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                project_state.apps.get_model(
+                    "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
+                ).objects.count(),
+                0,
+            )
             with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                 with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                     non_atomic_migration.unapply(project_state, editor)
-            self.assertEqual(project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpythonatomic", "Pony").objects.count(), 0)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                project_state.apps.get_model(
+                    "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
+                ).objects.count(),
+                0,
+            )
         # Otherwise, the non-atomic operation leaves a row there.
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpythonatomic", "Pony").objects.count(), 0)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                project_state.apps.get_model(
+                    "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
+                ).objects.count(),
+                0,
+            )
             with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                 with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                     atomic_migration.unapply(project_state, editor)
-            self.assertEqual(project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpythonatomic", "Pony").objects.count(), 0)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                project_state.apps.get_model(
+                    "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
+                ).objects.count(),
+                0,
+            )
             with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                 with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                     non_atomic_migration.unapply(project_state, editor)
-            self.assertEqual(project_state.apps.get_model("test_runpythonatomic", "Pony").objects.count(), 1)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                project_state.apps.get_model(
+                    "test_runpythonatomic", "Pony"
+                ).objects.count(),
+                1,
+            )
         # Verify deconstruction.
         definition = non_atomic_migration.operations[0].deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(definition[0], "RunPython")
@@ -3428,7 +4405,7 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             [
                 ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                 ("title", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
-                ("author", models.ForeignKey("test_authors.Author", models.CASCADE))
+                ("author", models.ForeignKey("test_authors.Author", models.CASCADE)),
             ],
             options={},
         )
@@ -3443,35 +4420,44 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             create_author.state_forwards("test_authors", new_state)
-            create_author.database_forwards("test_authors", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            create_author.database_forwards(
+                "test_authors", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
         project_state = new_state
         new_state = new_state.clone()
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             create_book.state_forwards("test_books", new_state)
-            create_book.database_forwards("test_books", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            create_book.database_forwards(
+                "test_books", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
         project_state = new_state
         new_state = new_state.clone()
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             add_hometown.state_forwards("test_authors", new_state)
-            add_hometown.database_forwards("test_authors", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            add_hometown.database_forwards(
+                "test_authors", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
         project_state = new_state
         new_state = new_state.clone()
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             create_old_man.state_forwards("test_books", new_state)
-            create_old_man.database_forwards("test_books", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            create_old_man.database_forwards(
+                "test_books", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
 
     def test_model_with_bigautofield(self):
         """
         A model with BigAutoField can be created.
         """
+
         def create_data(models, schema_editor):
             Author = models.get_model("test_author", "Author")
             Book = models.get_model("test_book", "Book")
             author1 = Author.objects.create(name="Hemingway")
             Book.objects.create(title="Old Man and The Sea", author=author1)
-            Book.objects.create(id=2 ** 33, title="A farewell to arms", author=author1)
+            Book.objects.create(id=2**33, title="A farewell to arms", author=author1)
 
-            author2 = Author.objects.create(id=2 ** 33, name="Remarque")
+            author2 = Author.objects.create(id=2**33, name="Remarque")
             Book.objects.create(title="All quiet on the western front", author=author2)
             Book.objects.create(title="Arc de Triomphe", author=author2)
 
@@ -3488,7 +4474,12 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             [
                 ("id", models.BigAutoField(primary_key=True)),
                 ("title", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
-                ("author", models.ForeignKey(to="test_author.Author", on_delete=models.CASCADE))
+                (
+                    "author",
+                    models.ForeignKey(
+                        to="test_author.Author", on_delete=models.CASCADE
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
             options={},
         )
@@ -3498,7 +4489,9 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             create_author.state_forwards("test_author", new_state)
-            create_author.database_forwards("test_author", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            create_author.database_forwards(
+                "test_author", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
 
         project_state = new_state
         new_state = new_state.clone()
@@ -3512,7 +4505,9 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             fill_data.state_forwards("fill_data", new_state)
             fill_data.database_forwards("fill_data", editor, project_state, new_state)
 
-    def _test_autofield_foreignfield_growth(self, source_field, target_field, target_value):
+    def _test_autofield_foreignfield_growth(
+        self, source_field, target_field, target_value
+    ):
         """
         A field may be migrated in the following ways:
 
@@ -3520,6 +4515,7 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         - SmallAutoField to AutoField
         - SmallAutoField to BigAutoField
         """
+
         def create_initial_data(models, schema_editor):
             Article = models.get_model("test_article", "Article")
             Blog = models.get_model("test_blog", "Blog")
@@ -3546,17 +4542,26 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
             "Article",
             [
                 ("id", source_field(primary_key=True)),
-                ("blog", models.ForeignKey(to="test_blog.Blog", on_delete=models.CASCADE)),
+                (
+                    "blog",
+                    models.ForeignKey(to="test_blog.Blog", on_delete=models.CASCADE),
+                ),
                 ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
                 ("data", models.TextField(default="")),
             ],
             options={},
         )
-        fill_initial_data = migrations.RunPython(create_initial_data, create_initial_data)
+        fill_initial_data = migrations.RunPython(
+            create_initial_data, create_initial_data
+        )
         fill_big_data = migrations.RunPython(create_big_data, create_big_data)
 
-        grow_article_id = migrations.AlterField('Article', 'id', target_field(primary_key=True))
-        grow_blog_id = migrations.AlterField('Blog', 'id', target_field(primary_key=True))
+        grow_article_id = migrations.AlterField(
+            "Article", "id", target_field(primary_key=True)
+        )
+        grow_blog_id = migrations.AlterField(
+            "Blog", "id", target_field(primary_key=True)
+        )
 
         project_state = ProjectState()
         new_state = project_state.clone()
@@ -3568,19 +4573,25 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         new_state = new_state.clone()
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             create_article.state_forwards("test_article", new_state)
-            create_article.database_forwards("test_article", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            create_article.database_forwards(
+                "test_article", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
 
         project_state = new_state
         new_state = new_state.clone()
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             fill_initial_data.state_forwards("fill_initial_data", new_state)
-            fill_initial_data.database_forwards("fill_initial_data", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            fill_initial_data.database_forwards(
+                "fill_initial_data", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
 
         project_state = new_state
         new_state = new_state.clone()
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             grow_article_id.state_forwards("test_article", new_state)
-            grow_article_id.database_forwards("test_article", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            grow_article_id.database_forwards(
+                "test_article", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
 
         state = new_state.clone()
         article = state.apps.get_model("test_article.Article")
@@ -3590,7 +4601,9 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         new_state = new_state.clone()
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             grow_blog_id.state_forwards("test_blog", new_state)
-            grow_blog_id.database_forwards("test_blog", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            grow_blog_id.database_forwards(
+                "test_blog", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
 
         state = new_state.clone()
         blog = state.apps.get_model("test_blog.Blog")
@@ -3600,14 +4613,16 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         new_state = new_state.clone()
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             fill_big_data.state_forwards("fill_big_data", new_state)
-            fill_big_data.database_forwards("fill_big_data", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            fill_big_data.database_forwards(
+                "fill_big_data", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
 
     def test_autofield__bigautofield_foreignfield_growth(self):
         """A field may be migrated from AutoField to BigAutoField."""
         self._test_autofield_foreignfield_growth(
             models.AutoField,
             models.BigAutoField,
-            2 ** 33,
+            2**33,
         )
 
     def test_smallfield_autofield_foreignfield_growth(self):
@@ -3615,7 +4630,7 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         self._test_autofield_foreignfield_growth(
             models.SmallAutoField,
             models.AutoField,
-            2 ** 22,
+            2**22,
         )
 
     def test_smallfield_bigautofield_foreignfield_growth(self):
@@ -3623,7 +4638,7 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         self._test_autofield_foreignfield_growth(
             models.SmallAutoField,
             models.BigAutoField,
-            2 ** 33,
+            2**33,
         )
 
     def test_run_python_noop(self):
@@ -3632,10 +4647,16 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         """
         project_state = ProjectState()
         new_state = project_state.clone()
-        operation = migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop, migrations.RunPython.noop)
+        operation = migrations.RunPython(
+            migrations.RunPython.noop, migrations.RunPython.noop
+        )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards("test_runpython", editor, project_state, new_state)
-            operation.database_backwards("test_runpython", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_forwards(
+                "test_runpython", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_runpython", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
 
     def test_separate_database_and_state(self):
         """
@@ -3645,34 +4666,50 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         # Create the operation
         database_operation = migrations.RunSQL(
             "CREATE TABLE i_love_ponies (id int, special_thing int);",
-            "DROP TABLE i_love_ponies;"
+            "DROP TABLE i_love_ponies;",
+        )
+        state_operation = migrations.CreateModel(
+            "SomethingElse", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))]
         )
-        state_operation = migrations.CreateModel("SomethingElse", [("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))])
         operation = migrations.SeparateDatabaseAndState(
-            state_operations=[state_operation],
-            database_operations=[database_operation]
+            state_operations=[state_operation], database_operations=[database_operation]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            operation.describe(), "Custom state/database change combination"
         )
-        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Custom state/database change combination")
         # Test the state alteration
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation.state_forwards("test_separatedatabaseandstate", new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models["test_separatedatabaseandstate", "somethingelse"].fields), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                new_state.models[
+                    "test_separatedatabaseandstate", "somethingelse"
+                ].fields
+            ),
+            1,
+        )
         # Make sure there's no table
         self.assertTableNotExists("i_love_ponies")
         # Test the database alteration
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards("test_separatedatabaseandstate", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            operation.database_forwards(
+                "test_separatedatabaseandstate", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
         self.assertTableExists("i_love_ponies")
         # And test reversal
         self.assertTrue(operation.reversible)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards("test_separatedatabaseandstate", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_separatedatabaseandstate", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         self.assertTableNotExists("i_love_ponies")
         # And deconstruction
         definition = operation.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(definition[0], "SeparateDatabaseAndState")
         self.assertEqual(definition[1], [])
-        self.assertEqual(sorted(definition[2]), ["database_operations", "state_operations"])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted(definition[2]), ["database_operations", "state_operations"]
+        )
 
     def test_separate_database_and_state2(self):
         """
@@ -3728,7 +4765,10 @@ class OperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         def assertModelsAndTables(after_db):
             # Tables and models exist, or don't, as they should:
             self.assertNotIn((app_label, "somethingelse"), new_state.models)
-            self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models[app_label, "somethingcompletelydifferent"].fields), 1)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                len(new_state.models[app_label, "somethingcompletelydifferent"].fields),
+                1,
+            )
             self.assertNotIn((app_label, "iloveponiesonies"), new_state.models)
             self.assertNotIn((app_label, "ilovemoreponies"), new_state.models)
             self.assertNotIn((app_label, "iloveevenmoreponies"), new_state.models)
@@ -3761,7 +4801,7 @@ class SwappableOperationTests(OperationTestBase):
     is in a common base class anyway)
     """
 
-    available_apps = ['migrations']
+    available_apps = ["migrations"]
 
     @override_settings(TEST_SWAP_MODEL="migrations.SomeFakeModel")
     def test_create_ignore_swapped(self):
@@ -3791,7 +4831,9 @@ class SwappableOperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_crigsw_pony")
         # And test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards("test_crigsw", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_crigsw", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_crigsw_pony")
 
     @override_settings(TEST_SWAP_MODEL="migrations.SomeFakeModel")
@@ -3808,7 +4850,9 @@ class SwappableOperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_dligsw_pony")
         # And test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards("test_dligsw", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_dligsw", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_dligsw_pony")
 
     @override_settings(TEST_SWAP_MODEL="migrations.SomeFakeModel")
@@ -3826,87 +4870,142 @@ class SwappableOperationTests(OperationTestBase):
         # Test the database alteration
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_adfligsw_pony")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards("test_adfligsw", editor, project_state, new_state)
+            operation.database_forwards(
+                "test_adfligsw", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_adfligsw_pony")
         # And test reversal
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards("test_adfligsw", editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_adfligsw", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
         self.assertTableNotExists("test_adfligsw_pony")
 
-    @override_settings(TEST_SWAP_MODEL='migrations.SomeFakeModel')
+    @override_settings(TEST_SWAP_MODEL="migrations.SomeFakeModel")
     def test_indexes_ignore_swapped(self):
         """
         Add/RemoveIndex operations ignore swapped models.
         """
-        operation = migrations.AddIndex('Pony', models.Index(fields=['pink'], name='my_name_idx'))
-        project_state, new_state = self.make_test_state('test_adinigsw', operation)
+        operation = migrations.AddIndex(
+            "Pony", models.Index(fields=["pink"], name="my_name_idx")
+        )
+        project_state, new_state = self.make_test_state("test_adinigsw", operation)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             # No database queries should be run for swapped models
-            operation.database_forwards('test_adinigsw', editor, project_state, new_state)
-            operation.database_backwards('test_adinigsw', editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_forwards(
+                "test_adinigsw", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_adinigsw", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
 
-        operation = migrations.RemoveIndex('Pony', models.Index(fields=['pink'], name='my_name_idx'))
+        operation = migrations.RemoveIndex(
+            "Pony", models.Index(fields=["pink"], name="my_name_idx")
+        )
         project_state, new_state = self.make_test_state("test_rminigsw", operation)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards('test_rminigsw', editor, project_state, new_state)
-            operation.database_backwards('test_rminigsw', editor, new_state, project_state)
+            operation.database_forwards(
+                "test_rminigsw", editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                "test_rminigsw", editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
 
 
 class TestCreateModel(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_references_model_mixin(self):
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            'name',
+            "name",
             fields=[],
             bases=(Mixin, models.Model),
-        ).references_model('other_model', 'migrations')
+        ).references_model("other_model", "migrations")
 
 
 class FieldOperationTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_references_model(self):
-        operation = FieldOperation('MoDel', 'field', models.ForeignKey('Other', models.CASCADE))
+        operation = FieldOperation(
+            "MoDel", "field", models.ForeignKey("Other", models.CASCADE)
+        )
         # Model name match.
-        self.assertIs(operation.references_model('mOdEl', 'migrations'), True)
+        self.assertIs(operation.references_model("mOdEl", "migrations"), True)
         # Referenced field.
-        self.assertIs(operation.references_model('oTher', 'migrations'), True)
+        self.assertIs(operation.references_model("oTher", "migrations"), True)
         # Doesn't reference.
-        self.assertIs(operation.references_model('Whatever', 'migrations'), False)
+        self.assertIs(operation.references_model("Whatever", "migrations"), False)
 
     def test_references_field_by_name(self):
-        operation = FieldOperation('MoDel', 'field', models.BooleanField(default=False))
-        self.assertIs(operation.references_field('model', 'field', 'migrations'), True)
+        operation = FieldOperation("MoDel", "field", models.BooleanField(default=False))
+        self.assertIs(operation.references_field("model", "field", "migrations"), True)
 
     def test_references_field_by_remote_field_model(self):
-        operation = FieldOperation('Model', 'field', models.ForeignKey('Other', models.CASCADE))
-        self.assertIs(operation.references_field('Other', 'whatever', 'migrations'), True)
-        self.assertIs(operation.references_field('Missing', 'whatever', 'migrations'), False)
+        operation = FieldOperation(
+            "Model", "field", models.ForeignKey("Other", models.CASCADE)
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            operation.references_field("Other", "whatever", "migrations"), True
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            operation.references_field("Missing", "whatever", "migrations"), False
+        )
 
     def test_references_field_by_from_fields(self):
         operation = FieldOperation(
-            'Model', 'field', models.fields.related.ForeignObject('Other', models.CASCADE, ['from'], ['to'])
+            "Model",
+            "field",
+            models.fields.related.ForeignObject(
+                "Other", models.CASCADE, ["from"], ["to"]
+            ),
         )
-        self.assertIs(operation.references_field('Model', 'from', 'migrations'), True)
-        self.assertIs(operation.references_field('Model', 'to', 'migrations'), False)
-        self.assertIs(operation.references_field('Other', 'from', 'migrations'), False)
-        self.assertIs(operation.references_field('Model', 'to', 'migrations'), False)
+        self.assertIs(operation.references_field("Model", "from", "migrations"), True)
+        self.assertIs(operation.references_field("Model", "to", "migrations"), False)
+        self.assertIs(operation.references_field("Other", "from", "migrations"), False)
+        self.assertIs(operation.references_field("Model", "to", "migrations"), False)
 
     def test_references_field_by_to_fields(self):
-        operation = FieldOperation('Model', 'field', models.ForeignKey('Other', models.CASCADE, to_field='field'))
-        self.assertIs(operation.references_field('Other', 'field', 'migrations'), True)
-        self.assertIs(operation.references_field('Other', 'whatever', 'migrations'), False)
-        self.assertIs(operation.references_field('Missing', 'whatever', 'migrations'), False)
+        operation = FieldOperation(
+            "Model",
+            "field",
+            models.ForeignKey("Other", models.CASCADE, to_field="field"),
+        )
+        self.assertIs(operation.references_field("Other", "field", "migrations"), True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            operation.references_field("Other", "whatever", "migrations"), False
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            operation.references_field("Missing", "whatever", "migrations"), False
+        )
 
     def test_references_field_by_through(self):
-        operation = FieldOperation('Model', 'field', models.ManyToManyField('Other', through='Through'))
-        self.assertIs(operation.references_field('Other', 'whatever', 'migrations'), True)
-        self.assertIs(operation.references_field('Through', 'whatever', 'migrations'), True)
-        self.assertIs(operation.references_field('Missing', 'whatever', 'migrations'), False)
+        operation = FieldOperation(
+            "Model", "field", models.ManyToManyField("Other", through="Through")
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            operation.references_field("Other", "whatever", "migrations"), True
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            operation.references_field("Through", "whatever", "migrations"), True
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            operation.references_field("Missing", "whatever", "migrations"), False
+        )
 
     def test_reference_field_by_through_fields(self):
         operation = FieldOperation(
-            'Model', 'field', models.ManyToManyField('Other', through='Through', through_fields=('first', 'second'))
+            "Model",
+            "field",
+            models.ManyToManyField(
+                "Other", through="Through", through_fields=("first", "second")
+            ),
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            operation.references_field("Other", "whatever", "migrations"), True
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            operation.references_field("Through", "whatever", "migrations"), False
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            operation.references_field("Through", "first", "migrations"), True
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            operation.references_field("Through", "second", "migrations"), True
         )
-        self.assertIs(operation.references_field('Other', 'whatever', 'migrations'), True)
-        self.assertIs(operation.references_field('Through', 'whatever', 'migrations'), False)
-        self.assertIs(operation.references_field('Through', 'first', 'migrations'), True)
-        self.assertIs(operation.references_field('Through', 'second', 'migrations'), True)
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_optimizer.py b/tests/migrations/test_optimizer.py
index 0caaf66f9e..b69563ebab 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_optimizer.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_optimizer.py
@@ -22,18 +22,22 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def serialize(self, value):
         return serializer_factory(value).serialize()[0]
 
-    def assertOptimizesTo(self, operations, expected, exact=None, less_than=None, app_label=None):
-        result, iterations = self.optimize(operations, app_label or 'migrations')
+    def assertOptimizesTo(
+        self, operations, expected, exact=None, less_than=None, app_label=None
+    ):
+        result, iterations = self.optimize(operations, app_label or "migrations")
         result = [self.serialize(f) for f in result]
         expected = [self.serialize(f) for f in expected]
         self.assertEqual(expected, result)
         if exact is not None and iterations != exact:
             raise self.failureException(
-                "Optimization did not take exactly %s iterations (it took %s)" % (exact, iterations)
+                "Optimization did not take exactly %s iterations (it took %s)"
+                % (exact, iterations)
             )
         if less_than is not None and iterations >= less_than:
             raise self.failureException(
-                "Optimization did not take less than %s iterations (it took %s)" % (less_than, iterations)
+                "Optimization did not take less than %s iterations (it took %s)"
+                % (less_than, iterations)
             )
 
     def assertDoesNotOptimize(self, operations, **kwargs):
@@ -41,7 +45,7 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_none_app_label(self):
         optimizer = MigrationOptimizer()
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, 'app_label must be a str'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, "app_label must be a str"):
             optimizer.optimize([], None)
 
     def test_single(self):
@@ -61,7 +65,9 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
                 migrations.DeleteModel("Foo"),
             ],
             [],
@@ -71,13 +77,13 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         CreateModel should absorb RenameModels.
         """
-        managers = [('objects', EmptyManager())]
+        managers = [("objects", EmptyManager())]
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
                 migrations.CreateModel(
                     name="Foo",
                     fields=[("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))],
-                    options={'verbose_name': 'Foo'},
+                    options={"verbose_name": "Foo"},
                     bases=(UnicodeModel,),
                     managers=managers,
                 ),
@@ -87,7 +93,7 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 migrations.CreateModel(
                     "Bar",
                     [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))],
-                    options={'verbose_name': 'Foo'},
+                    options={"verbose_name": "Foo"},
                     bases=(UnicodeModel,),
                     managers=managers,
                 )
@@ -111,46 +117,50 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_create_alter_model_options(self):
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel('Foo', fields=[]),
-                migrations.AlterModelOptions(name='Foo', options={'verbose_name_plural': 'Foozes'}),
+                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", fields=[]),
+                migrations.AlterModelOptions(
+                    name="Foo", options={"verbose_name_plural": "Foozes"}
+                ),
             ],
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel('Foo', fields=[], options={'verbose_name_plural': 'Foozes'}),
-            ]
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo", fields=[], options={"verbose_name_plural": "Foozes"}
+                ),
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_create_model_and_remove_model_options(self):
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
                 migrations.CreateModel(
-                    'MyModel',
+                    "MyModel",
                     fields=[],
-                    options={'verbose_name': 'My Model'},
+                    options={"verbose_name": "My Model"},
                 ),
-                migrations.AlterModelOptions('MyModel', options={}),
+                migrations.AlterModelOptions("MyModel", options={}),
             ],
-            [migrations.CreateModel('MyModel', fields=[])],
+            [migrations.CreateModel("MyModel", fields=[])],
         )
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
                 migrations.CreateModel(
-                    'MyModel',
+                    "MyModel",
                     fields=[],
                     options={
-                        'verbose_name': 'My Model',
-                        'verbose_name_plural': 'My Model plural',
+                        "verbose_name": "My Model",
+                        "verbose_name_plural": "My Model plural",
                     },
                 ),
                 migrations.AlterModelOptions(
-                    'MyModel',
-                    options={'verbose_name': 'My Model'},
+                    "MyModel",
+                    options={"verbose_name": "My Model"},
                 ),
             ],
             [
                 migrations.CreateModel(
-                    'MyModel',
+                    "MyModel",
                     fields=[],
-                    options={'verbose_name': 'My Model'},
+                    options={"verbose_name": "My Model"},
                 ),
             ],
         )
@@ -162,7 +172,9 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
                 migrations.AlterModelTable("Foo", "woohoo"),
                 alter_foo,
                 migrations.DeleteModel("Foo"),
@@ -171,13 +183,19 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         )
 
     def test_create_alter_unique_delete_model(self):
-        self._test_create_alter_foo_delete_model(migrations.AlterUniqueTogether("Foo", [["a", "b"]]))
+        self._test_create_alter_foo_delete_model(
+            migrations.AlterUniqueTogether("Foo", [["a", "b"]])
+        )
 
     def test_create_alter_index_delete_model(self):
-        self._test_create_alter_foo_delete_model(migrations.AlterIndexTogether("Foo", [["a", "b"]]))
+        self._test_create_alter_foo_delete_model(
+            migrations.AlterIndexTogether("Foo", [["a", "b"]])
+        )
 
     def test_create_alter_owrt_delete_model(self):
-        self._test_create_alter_foo_delete_model(migrations.AlterOrderWithRespectTo("Foo", "a"))
+        self._test_create_alter_foo_delete_model(
+            migrations.AlterOrderWithRespectTo("Foo", "a")
+        )
 
     def _test_alter_alter_model(self, alter_foo, alter_bar):
         """
@@ -227,7 +245,9 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # These should work
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
                 migrations.CreateModel("Bar", [("size", models.IntegerField())]),
                 migrations.DeleteModel("Foo"),
             ],
@@ -237,7 +257,9 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         )
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
                 migrations.CreateModel("Bar", [("size", models.IntegerField())]),
                 migrations.DeleteModel("Bar"),
                 migrations.DeleteModel("Foo"),
@@ -246,7 +268,9 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         )
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
                 migrations.CreateModel("Bar", [("size", models.IntegerField())]),
                 migrations.DeleteModel("Foo"),
                 migrations.DeleteModel("Bar"),
@@ -257,12 +281,18 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # other app.
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
-                migrations.CreateModel("Bar", [("other", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Foo", models.CASCADE))]),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Bar", [("other", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Foo", models.CASCADE))]
+                ),
                 migrations.DeleteModel("Foo"),
             ],
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Bar", [("other", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Foo", models.CASCADE))]),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Bar", [("other", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Foo", models.CASCADE))]
+                ),
             ],
             app_label="otherapp",
         )
@@ -270,15 +300,23 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # app_label.
         self.assertDoesNotOptimize(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel('Foo', [('name', models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
-                migrations.CreateModel('Bar', [('other', models.ForeignKey('Foo', models.CASCADE))]),
-                migrations.DeleteModel('Foo'),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Bar", [("other", models.ForeignKey("Foo", models.CASCADE))]
+                ),
+                migrations.DeleteModel("Foo"),
             ],
         )
         self.assertDoesNotOptimize(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
-                migrations.CreateModel("Bar", [("other", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Foo", models.CASCADE))]),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Bar", [("other", models.ForeignKey("testapp.Foo", models.CASCADE))]
+                ),
                 migrations.DeleteModel("Foo"),
             ],
             app_label="testapp",
@@ -286,37 +324,55 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # This should not work - bases should block it
         self.assertDoesNotOptimize(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel('Foo', [('name', models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
-                migrations.CreateModel('Bar', [('size', models.IntegerField())], bases=('Foo',)),
-                migrations.DeleteModel('Foo'),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Bar", [("size", models.IntegerField())], bases=("Foo",)
+                ),
+                migrations.DeleteModel("Foo"),
             ],
         )
         self.assertDoesNotOptimize(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
-                migrations.CreateModel("Bar", [("size", models.IntegerField())], bases=("testapp.Foo",)),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Bar", [("size", models.IntegerField())], bases=("testapp.Foo",)
+                ),
                 migrations.DeleteModel("Foo"),
             ],
-            app_label='testapp',
+            app_label="testapp",
         )
         # The same operations should be optimized if app_label and none of
         # bases belong to that app.
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
-                migrations.CreateModel("Bar", [("size", models.IntegerField())], bases=("testapp.Foo",)),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Bar", [("size", models.IntegerField())], bases=("testapp.Foo",)
+                ),
                 migrations.DeleteModel("Foo"),
             ],
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Bar", [("size", models.IntegerField())], bases=("testapp.Foo",)),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Bar", [("size", models.IntegerField())], bases=("testapp.Foo",)
+                ),
             ],
             app_label="otherapp",
         )
         # But it shouldn't work if some of bases belongs to the specified app.
         self.assertDoesNotOptimize(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
-                migrations.CreateModel("Bar", [("size", models.IntegerField())], bases=("testapp.Foo",)),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Bar", [("size", models.IntegerField())], bases=("testapp.Foo",)
+                ),
                 migrations.DeleteModel("Foo"),
             ],
             app_label="testapp",
@@ -324,37 +380,64 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel('Book', [('name', models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
-                migrations.CreateModel('Person', [('name', models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
-                migrations.AddField('book', 'author', models.ForeignKey('test_app.Person', models.CASCADE)),
-                migrations.CreateModel('Review', [('book', models.ForeignKey('test_app.Book', models.CASCADE))]),
-                migrations.CreateModel('Reviewer', [('name', models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
-                migrations.AddField('review', 'reviewer', models.ForeignKey('test_app.Reviewer', models.CASCADE)),
-                migrations.RemoveField('book', 'author'),
-                migrations.DeleteModel('Person'),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Book", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Person", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "book",
+                    "author",
+                    models.ForeignKey("test_app.Person", models.CASCADE),
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Review",
+                    [("book", models.ForeignKey("test_app.Book", models.CASCADE))],
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Reviewer", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "review",
+                    "reviewer",
+                    models.ForeignKey("test_app.Reviewer", models.CASCADE),
+                ),
+                migrations.RemoveField("book", "author"),
+                migrations.DeleteModel("Person"),
             ],
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel('Book', [('name', models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
-                migrations.CreateModel('Reviewer', [('name', models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
-                migrations.CreateModel('Review', [
-                    ('book', models.ForeignKey('test_app.Book', models.CASCADE)),
-                    ('reviewer', models.ForeignKey('test_app.Reviewer', models.CASCADE)),
-                ]),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Book", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Reviewer", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Review",
+                    [
+                        ("book", models.ForeignKey("test_app.Book", models.CASCADE)),
+                        (
+                            "reviewer",
+                            models.ForeignKey("test_app.Reviewer", models.CASCADE),
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
             ],
-            app_label='test_app',
+            app_label="test_app",
         )
 
     def test_create_model_add_field(self):
         """
         AddField should optimize into CreateModel.
         """
-        managers = [('objects', EmptyManager())]
+        managers = [("objects", EmptyManager())]
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
                 migrations.CreateModel(
                     name="Foo",
                     fields=[("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))],
-                    options={'verbose_name': 'Foo'},
+                    options={"verbose_name": "Foo"},
                     bases=(UnicodeModel,),
                     managers=managers,
                 ),
@@ -367,7 +450,7 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
                         ("name", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
                         ("age", models.IntegerField()),
                     ],
-                    options={'verbose_name': 'Foo'},
+                    options={"verbose_name": "Foo"},
                     bases=(UnicodeModel,),
                     managers=managers,
                 ),
@@ -382,16 +465,23 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel('Foo', [('name', models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
-                migrations.CreateModel('Link', [('url', models.TextField())]),
-                migrations.AddField('Foo', 'link', models.ForeignKey('migrations.Link', models.CASCADE)),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel("Link", [("url", models.TextField())]),
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Foo", "link", models.ForeignKey("migrations.Link", models.CASCADE)
+                ),
             ],
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel('Link', [('url', models.TextField())]),
-                migrations.CreateModel('Foo', [
-                    ('name', models.CharField(max_length=255)),
-                    ('link', models.ForeignKey('migrations.Link', models.CASCADE))
-                ]),
+                migrations.CreateModel("Link", [("url", models.TextField())]),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo",
+                    [
+                        ("name", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
+                        ("link", models.ForeignKey("migrations.Link", models.CASCADE)),
+                    ],
+                ),
             ],
         )
 
@@ -402,18 +492,31 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel('Bar', [('url', models.TextField())]),
-                migrations.CreateModel('Foo', [('name', models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
-                migrations.AddField('Bar', 'foo_fk', models.ForeignKey('migrations.Foo', models.CASCADE)),
-                migrations.AddField('Foo', 'bar_fk', models.ForeignKey('migrations.Bar', models.CASCADE)),
+                migrations.CreateModel("Bar", [("url", models.TextField())]),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Bar", "foo_fk", models.ForeignKey("migrations.Foo", models.CASCADE)
+                ),
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Foo", "bar_fk", models.ForeignKey("migrations.Bar", models.CASCADE)
+                ),
             ],
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel('Foo', [('name', models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
-                migrations.CreateModel('Bar', [
-                    ('url', models.TextField()),
-                    ('foo_fk', models.ForeignKey('migrations.Foo', models.CASCADE)),
-                ]),
-                migrations.AddField('Foo', 'bar_fk', models.ForeignKey('migrations.Bar', models.CASCADE)),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Bar",
+                    [
+                        ("url", models.TextField()),
+                        ("foo_fk", models.ForeignKey("migrations.Foo", models.CASCADE)),
+                    ],
+                ),
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Foo", "bar_fk", models.ForeignKey("migrations.Bar", models.CASCADE)
+                ),
             ],
         )
 
@@ -424,9 +527,15 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.assertDoesNotOptimize(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel('Foo', [('name', models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
-                migrations.CreateModel('Link', [('url', models.TextField())]),
-                migrations.AddField('Other', 'link', models.ForeignKey('migrations.Link', models.CASCADE)),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel("Link", [("url", models.TextField())]),
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Other",
+                    "link",
+                    models.ForeignKey("migrations.Link", models.CASCADE),
+                ),
             ],
         )
 
@@ -437,27 +546,41 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel('Other', [('foo', models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
-                migrations.CreateModel('ParentModel', [('bar', models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
                 migrations.CreateModel(
-                    'ChildModel',
-                    [('baz', models.CharField(max_length=255))],
-                    bases=('migrations.parentmodel',),
+                    "Other", [("foo", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "ParentModel", [("bar", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "ChildModel",
+                    [("baz", models.CharField(max_length=255))],
+                    bases=("migrations.parentmodel",),
+                ),
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Other",
+                    "fk",
+                    models.ForeignKey("migrations.ChildModel", models.CASCADE),
                 ),
-                migrations.AddField('Other', 'fk', models.ForeignKey('migrations.ChildModel', models.CASCADE)),
             ],
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel('ParentModel', [('bar', models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
                 migrations.CreateModel(
-                    'ChildModel',
-                    [('baz', models.CharField(max_length=255))],
-                    bases=('migrations.parentmodel',),
+                    "ParentModel", [("bar", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
                 ),
                 migrations.CreateModel(
-                    'Other', [
-                        ('foo', models.CharField(max_length=255)),
-                        ('fk', models.ForeignKey('migrations.ChildModel', models.CASCADE)),
-                    ]
+                    "ChildModel",
+                    [("baz", models.CharField(max_length=255))],
+                    bases=("migrations.parentmodel",),
+                ),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Other",
+                    [
+                        ("foo", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
+                        (
+                            "fk",
+                            models.ForeignKey("migrations.ChildModel", models.CASCADE),
+                        ),
+                    ],
                 ),
             ],
         )
@@ -469,16 +592,28 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.assertDoesNotOptimize(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel('Employee', []),
-                migrations.CreateModel('Employer', []),
-                migrations.CreateModel('Employment', [
-                    ('employee', models.ForeignKey('migrations.Employee', models.CASCADE)),
-                    ('employment', models.ForeignKey('migrations.Employer', models.CASCADE)),
-                ]),
+                migrations.CreateModel("Employee", []),
+                migrations.CreateModel("Employer", []),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Employment",
+                    [
+                        (
+                            "employee",
+                            models.ForeignKey("migrations.Employee", models.CASCADE),
+                        ),
+                        (
+                            "employment",
+                            models.ForeignKey("migrations.Employer", models.CASCADE),
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                ),
                 migrations.AddField(
-                    'Employer', 'employees', models.ManyToManyField(
-                        'migrations.Employee', through='migrations.Employment',
-                    )
+                    "Employer",
+                    "employees",
+                    models.ManyToManyField(
+                        "migrations.Employee",
+                        through="migrations.Employment",
+                    ),
                 ),
             ],
         )
@@ -487,13 +622,13 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         AlterField should optimize into CreateModel.
         """
-        managers = [('objects', EmptyManager())]
+        managers = [("objects", EmptyManager())]
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
                 migrations.CreateModel(
                     name="Foo",
                     fields=[("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))],
-                    options={'verbose_name': 'Foo'},
+                    options={"verbose_name": "Foo"},
                     bases=(UnicodeModel,),
                     managers=managers,
                 ),
@@ -505,7 +640,7 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
                     fields=[
                         ("name", models.IntegerField()),
                     ],
-                    options={'verbose_name': 'Foo'},
+                    options={"verbose_name": "Foo"},
                     bases=(UnicodeModel,),
                     managers=managers,
                 ),
@@ -516,13 +651,13 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         RenameField should optimize into CreateModel.
         """
-        managers = [('objects', EmptyManager())]
+        managers = [("objects", EmptyManager())]
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
                 migrations.CreateModel(
                     name="Foo",
                     fields=[("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))],
-                    options={'verbose_name': 'Foo'},
+                    options={"verbose_name": "Foo"},
                     bases=(UnicodeModel,),
                     managers=managers,
                 ),
@@ -534,7 +669,7 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
                     fields=[
                         ("title", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
                     ],
-                    options={'verbose_name': 'Foo'},
+                    options={"verbose_name": "Foo"},
                     bases=(UnicodeModel,),
                     managers=managers,
                 ),
@@ -576,16 +711,16 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertDoesNotOptimize(
             [
                 migrations.CreateModel(
-                    'MyModel',
+                    "MyModel",
                     [
-                        ('field_a', models.IntegerField()),
-                        ('field_b', models.IntegerField()),
+                        ("field_a", models.IntegerField()),
+                        ("field_b", models.IntegerField()),
                     ],
                 ),
                 migrations.RunPython(migrations.RunPython.noop),
-                migrations.RenameField('MyModel', 'field_a', 'field_c'),
-                migrations.RenameField('MyModel', 'field_b', 'field_a'),
-                migrations.RenameField('MyModel', 'field_c', 'field_b'),
+                migrations.RenameField("MyModel", "field_a", "field_c"),
+                migrations.RenameField("MyModel", "field_b", "field_a"),
+                migrations.RenameField("MyModel", "field_c", "field_b"),
             ],
         )
 
@@ -593,7 +728,7 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         RemoveField should optimize into CreateModel.
         """
-        managers = [('objects', EmptyManager())]
+        managers = [("objects", EmptyManager())]
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
                 migrations.CreateModel(
@@ -602,7 +737,7 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
                         ("name", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
                         ("age", models.IntegerField()),
                     ],
-                    options={'verbose_name': 'Foo'},
+                    options={"verbose_name": "Foo"},
                     bases=(UnicodeModel,),
                     managers=managers,
                 ),
@@ -614,7 +749,7 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
                     fields=[
                         ("name", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
                     ],
-                    options={'verbose_name': 'Foo'},
+                    options={"verbose_name": "Foo"},
                     bases=(UnicodeModel,),
                     managers=managers,
                 ),
@@ -631,7 +766,9 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 migrations.AlterField("Foo", "age", models.FloatField(default=2.4)),
             ],
             [
-                migrations.AddField("Foo", name="age", field=models.FloatField(default=2.4)),
+                migrations.AddField(
+                    "Foo", name="age", field=models.FloatField(default=2.4)
+                ),
             ],
         )
 
@@ -672,119 +809,162 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # AddField
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [
-                    ("a", models.IntegerField()),
-                    ("b", models.IntegerField()),
-                ]),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo",
+                    [
+                        ("a", models.IntegerField()),
+                        ("b", models.IntegerField()),
+                    ],
+                ),
                 alter,
                 migrations.AddField("Foo", "c", models.IntegerField()),
             ],
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [
-                    ("a", models.IntegerField()),
-                    ("b", models.IntegerField()),
-                    ("c", models.IntegerField()),
-                ], options=options),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo",
+                    [
+                        ("a", models.IntegerField()),
+                        ("b", models.IntegerField()),
+                        ("c", models.IntegerField()),
+                    ],
+                    options=options,
+                ),
             ],
         )
 
         # AlterField
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [
-                    ("a", models.IntegerField()),
-                    ("b", models.IntegerField()),
-                ]),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo",
+                    [
+                        ("a", models.IntegerField()),
+                        ("b", models.IntegerField()),
+                    ],
+                ),
                 alter,
                 migrations.AlterField("Foo", "b", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
             ],
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [
-                    ("a", models.IntegerField()),
-                    ("b", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
-                ], options=options),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo",
+                    [
+                        ("a", models.IntegerField()),
+                        ("b", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
+                    ],
+                    options=options,
+                ),
             ],
         )
 
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [
-                    ("a", models.IntegerField()),
-                    ("b", models.IntegerField()),
-                    ("c", models.IntegerField()),
-                ]),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo",
+                    [
+                        ("a", models.IntegerField()),
+                        ("b", models.IntegerField()),
+                        ("c", models.IntegerField()),
+                    ],
+                ),
                 alter,
                 migrations.AlterField("Foo", "c", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
             ],
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [
-                    ("a", models.IntegerField()),
-                    ("b", models.IntegerField()),
-                    ("c", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
-                ], options=options),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo",
+                    [
+                        ("a", models.IntegerField()),
+                        ("b", models.IntegerField()),
+                        ("c", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
+                    ],
+                    options=options,
+                ),
             ],
         )
 
         # RenameField
         if isinstance(option_value, str):
-            renamed_options = {alter.option_name: 'c'}
+            renamed_options = {alter.option_name: "c"}
         else:
             renamed_options = {
                 alter.option_name: {
-                    tuple('c' if value == 'b' else value for value in item) for item in option_value
+                    tuple("c" if value == "b" else value for value in item)
+                    for item in option_value
                 }
             }
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [
-                    ("a", models.IntegerField()),
-                    ("b", models.IntegerField()),
-                ]),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo",
+                    [
+                        ("a", models.IntegerField()),
+                        ("b", models.IntegerField()),
+                    ],
+                ),
                 alter,
                 migrations.RenameField("Foo", "b", "c"),
             ],
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [
-                    ("a", models.IntegerField()),
-                    ("c", models.IntegerField()),
-                ], options=renamed_options),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo",
+                    [
+                        ("a", models.IntegerField()),
+                        ("c", models.IntegerField()),
+                    ],
+                    options=renamed_options,
+                ),
             ],
         )
 
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [
-                    ("a", models.IntegerField()),
-                    ("b", models.IntegerField()),
-                ]),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo",
+                    [
+                        ("a", models.IntegerField()),
+                        ("b", models.IntegerField()),
+                    ],
+                ),
                 alter,
                 migrations.RenameField("Foo", "b", "x"),
                 migrations.RenameField("Foo", "x", "c"),
             ],
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [
-                    ("a", models.IntegerField()),
-                    ("c", models.IntegerField()),
-                ], options=renamed_options),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo",
+                    [
+                        ("a", models.IntegerField()),
+                        ("c", models.IntegerField()),
+                    ],
+                    options=renamed_options,
+                ),
             ],
         )
 
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [
-                    ("a", models.IntegerField()),
-                    ("b", models.IntegerField()),
-                    ("c", models.IntegerField()),
-                ]),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo",
+                    [
+                        ("a", models.IntegerField()),
+                        ("b", models.IntegerField()),
+                        ("c", models.IntegerField()),
+                    ],
+                ),
                 alter,
                 migrations.RenameField("Foo", "c", "d"),
             ],
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [
-                    ("a", models.IntegerField()),
-                    ("b", models.IntegerField()),
-                    ("d", models.IntegerField()),
-                ], options=options),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo",
+                    [
+                        ("a", models.IntegerField()),
+                        ("b", models.IntegerField()),
+                        ("d", models.IntegerField()),
+                    ],
+                    options=options,
+                ),
             ],
         )
 
@@ -794,51 +974,72 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         else:
             removed_options = {
                 alter.option_name: {
-                    tuple(value for value in item if value != 'b') for item in option_value
+                    tuple(value for value in item if value != "b")
+                    for item in option_value
                 }
             }
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [
-                    ("a", models.IntegerField()),
-                    ("b", models.IntegerField()),
-                ]),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo",
+                    [
+                        ("a", models.IntegerField()),
+                        ("b", models.IntegerField()),
+                    ],
+                ),
                 alter,
                 migrations.RemoveField("Foo", "b"),
             ],
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [
-                    ("a", models.IntegerField()),
-                ], options=removed_options),
-            ]
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo",
+                    [
+                        ("a", models.IntegerField()),
+                    ],
+                    options=removed_options,
+                ),
+            ],
         )
 
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [
-                    ("a", models.IntegerField()),
-                    ("b", models.IntegerField()),
-                    ("c", models.IntegerField()),
-                ]),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo",
+                    [
+                        ("a", models.IntegerField()),
+                        ("b", models.IntegerField()),
+                        ("c", models.IntegerField()),
+                    ],
+                ),
                 alter,
                 migrations.RemoveField("Foo", "c"),
             ],
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [
-                    ("a", models.IntegerField()),
-                    ("b", models.IntegerField()),
-                ], options=options),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo",
+                    [
+                        ("a", models.IntegerField()),
+                        ("b", models.IntegerField()),
+                    ],
+                    options=options,
+                ),
             ],
         )
 
     def test_create_alter_unique_field(self):
-        self._test_create_alter_foo_field(migrations.AlterUniqueTogether("Foo", [["a", "b"]]))
+        self._test_create_alter_foo_field(
+            migrations.AlterUniqueTogether("Foo", [["a", "b"]])
+        )
 
     def test_create_alter_index_field(self):
-        self._test_create_alter_foo_field(migrations.AlterIndexTogether("Foo", [["a", "b"]]))
+        self._test_create_alter_foo_field(
+            migrations.AlterIndexTogether("Foo", [["a", "b"]])
+        )
 
     def test_create_alter_owrt_field(self):
-        self._test_create_alter_foo_field(migrations.AlterOrderWithRespectTo("Foo", "b"))
+        self._test_create_alter_foo_field(
+            migrations.AlterOrderWithRespectTo("Foo", "b")
+        )
 
     def test_optimize_through_fields(self):
         """
@@ -848,7 +1049,9 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
                 migrations.CreateModel("Bar", [("size", models.IntegerField())]),
                 migrations.AddField("Foo", "age", models.IntegerField()),
                 migrations.AddField("Bar", "width", models.IntegerField()),
@@ -871,7 +1074,9 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertOptimizesTo(
             [
                 elidable_operation,
-                migrations.CreateModel("Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Foo", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
                 elidable_operation,
                 migrations.CreateModel("Bar", [("size", models.IntegerField())]),
                 elidable_operation,
@@ -880,6 +1085,8 @@ class OptimizerTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 elidable_operation,
             ],
             [
-                migrations.CreateModel("Phou", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]),
+                migrations.CreateModel(
+                    "Phou", [("name", models.CharField(max_length=255))]
+                ),
             ],
         )
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_questioner.py b/tests/migrations/test_questioner.py
index 472a3f248f..c1aebcb224 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_questioner.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_questioner.py
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ from unittest import mock
 
 from django.core.management.base import OutputWrapper
 from django.db.migrations.questioner import (
-    InteractiveMigrationQuestioner, MigrationQuestioner,
+    InteractiveMigrationQuestioner,
+    MigrationQuestioner,
 )
 from django.db.models import NOT_PROVIDED
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
@@ -13,21 +14,25 @@ from django.test.utils import override_settings
 
 class QuestionerTests(SimpleTestCase):
     @override_settings(
-        INSTALLED_APPS=['migrations'],
-        MIGRATION_MODULES={'migrations': None},
+        INSTALLED_APPS=["migrations"],
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={"migrations": None},
     )
     def test_ask_initial_with_disabled_migrations(self):
         questioner = MigrationQuestioner()
-        self.assertIs(False, questioner.ask_initial('migrations'))
+        self.assertIs(False, questioner.ask_initial("migrations"))
 
     def test_ask_not_null_alteration(self):
         questioner = MigrationQuestioner()
-        self.assertIsNone(questioner.ask_not_null_alteration('field_name', 'model_name'))
+        self.assertIsNone(
+            questioner.ask_not_null_alteration("field_name", "model_name")
+        )
 
-    @mock.patch('builtins.input', return_value='2')
+    @mock.patch("builtins.input", return_value="2")
     def test_ask_not_null_alteration_not_provided(self, mock):
-        questioner = InteractiveMigrationQuestioner(prompt_output=OutputWrapper(StringIO()))
-        question = questioner.ask_not_null_alteration('field_name', 'model_name')
+        questioner = InteractiveMigrationQuestioner(
+            prompt_output=OutputWrapper(StringIO())
+        )
+        question = questioner.ask_not_null_alteration("field_name", "model_name")
         self.assertEqual(question, NOT_PROVIDED)
 
 
@@ -36,17 +41,17 @@ class QuestionerHelperMethodsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.prompt = OutputWrapper(StringIO())
         self.questioner = InteractiveMigrationQuestioner(prompt_output=self.prompt)
 
-    @mock.patch('builtins.input', return_value='datetime.timedelta(days=1)')
+    @mock.patch("builtins.input", return_value="datetime.timedelta(days=1)")
     def test_questioner_default_timedelta(self, mock_input):
         value = self.questioner._ask_default()
         self.assertEqual(value, datetime.timedelta(days=1))
 
-    @mock.patch('builtins.input', return_value='')
+    @mock.patch("builtins.input", return_value="")
     def test_questioner_default_no_user_entry(self, mock_input):
-        value = self.questioner._ask_default(default='datetime.timedelta(days=1)')
+        value = self.questioner._ask_default(default="datetime.timedelta(days=1)")
         self.assertEqual(value, datetime.timedelta(days=1))
 
-    @mock.patch('builtins.input', side_effect=['', 'exit'])
+    @mock.patch("builtins.input", side_effect=["", "exit"])
     def test_questioner_no_default_no_user_entry(self, mock_input):
         with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
             self.questioner._ask_default()
@@ -55,31 +60,26 @@ class QuestionerHelperMethodsTests(SimpleTestCase):
             self.prompt.getvalue(),
         )
 
-    @mock.patch('builtins.input', side_effect=['bad code', 'exit'])
+    @mock.patch("builtins.input", side_effect=["bad code", "exit"])
     def test_questioner_no_default_bad_user_entry_code(self, mock_input):
         with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
             self.questioner._ask_default()
-        self.assertIn('Invalid input: ', self.prompt.getvalue())
+        self.assertIn("Invalid input: ", self.prompt.getvalue())
 
-    @mock.patch('builtins.input', side_effect=['', 'n'])
+    @mock.patch("builtins.input", side_effect=["", "n"])
     def test_questioner_no_default_no_user_entry_boolean(self, mock_input):
-        value = self.questioner._boolean_input('Proceed?')
+        value = self.questioner._boolean_input("Proceed?")
         self.assertIs(value, False)
 
-    @mock.patch('builtins.input', return_value='')
+    @mock.patch("builtins.input", return_value="")
     def test_questioner_default_no_user_entry_boolean(self, mock_input):
-        value = self.questioner._boolean_input('Proceed?', default=True)
+        value = self.questioner._boolean_input("Proceed?", default=True)
         self.assertIs(value, True)
 
-    @mock.patch('builtins.input', side_effect=[10, 'garbage', 1])
+    @mock.patch("builtins.input", side_effect=[10, "garbage", 1])
     def test_questioner_bad_user_choice(self, mock_input):
-        question = 'Make a choice:'
-        value = self.questioner._choice_input(question, choices='abc')
-        expected_msg = (
-            f'{question}\n'
-            f' 1) a\n'
-            f' 2) b\n'
-            f' 3) c\n'
-        )
+        question = "Make a choice:"
+        value = self.questioner._choice_input(question, choices="abc")
+        expected_msg = f"{question}\n" f" 1) a\n" f" 2) b\n" f" 3) c\n"
         self.assertIn(expected_msg, self.prompt.getvalue())
         self.assertEqual(value, 1)
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_state.py b/tests/migrations/test_state.py
index 9536f19e83..dfb17ae7d8 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_state.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_state.py
@@ -3,16 +3,24 @@ from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey
 from django.db import models
 from django.db.migrations.exceptions import InvalidBasesError
 from django.db.migrations.operations import (
-    AddField, AlterField, DeleteModel, RemoveField,
+    AddField,
+    AlterField,
+    DeleteModel,
+    RemoveField,
 )
 from django.db.migrations.state import (
-    ModelState, ProjectState, get_related_models_recursive,
+    ModelState,
+    ProjectState,
+    get_related_models_recursive,
 )
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 from django.test.utils import isolate_apps
 
 from .models import (
-    FoodManager, FoodQuerySet, ModelWithCustomBase, NoMigrationFoodManager,
+    FoodManager,
+    FoodQuerySet,
+    ModelWithCustomBase,
+    NoMigrationFoodManager,
     UnicodeModel,
 )
 
@@ -64,42 +72,41 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 apps = new_apps
                 verbose_name = "tome"
                 db_table = "test_tome"
-                indexes = [models.Index(fields=['title'])]
+                indexes = [models.Index(fields=["title"])]
 
         class Food(models.Model):
 
-            food_mgr = FoodManager('a', 'b')
+            food_mgr = FoodManager("a", "b")
             food_qs = FoodQuerySet.as_manager()
-            food_no_mgr = NoMigrationFoodManager('x', 'y')
+            food_no_mgr = NoMigrationFoodManager("x", "y")
 
             class Meta:
                 app_label = "migrations"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         class FoodNoManagers(models.Model):
-
             class Meta:
                 app_label = "migrations"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         class FoodNoDefaultManager(models.Model):
 
-            food_no_mgr = NoMigrationFoodManager('x', 'y')
-            food_mgr = FoodManager('a', 'b')
+            food_no_mgr = NoMigrationFoodManager("x", "y")
+            food_mgr = FoodManager("a", "b")
             food_qs = FoodQuerySet.as_manager()
 
             class Meta:
                 app_label = "migrations"
                 apps = new_apps
 
-        mgr1 = FoodManager('a', 'b')
-        mgr2 = FoodManager('x', 'y', c=3, d=4)
+        mgr1 = FoodManager("a", "b")
+        mgr2 = FoodManager("x", "y", c=3, d=4)
 
         class FoodOrderedManagers(models.Model):
             # The managers on this model should be ordered by their creation
             # counter and not by the order in model body
 
-            food_no_mgr = NoMigrationFoodManager('x', 'y')
+            food_no_mgr = NoMigrationFoodManager("x", "y")
             food_mgr2 = mgr2
             food_mgr1 = mgr1
 
@@ -108,23 +115,27 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 apps = new_apps
 
         project_state = ProjectState.from_apps(new_apps)
-        author_state = project_state.models['migrations', 'author']
-        author_proxy_state = project_state.models['migrations', 'authorproxy']
-        sub_author_state = project_state.models['migrations', 'subauthor']
-        book_state = project_state.models['migrations', 'book']
-        food_state = project_state.models['migrations', 'food']
-        food_no_managers_state = project_state.models['migrations', 'foodnomanagers']
-        food_no_default_manager_state = project_state.models['migrations', 'foodnodefaultmanager']
-        food_order_manager_state = project_state.models['migrations', 'foodorderedmanagers']
-        book_index = models.Index(fields=['title'])
+        author_state = project_state.models["migrations", "author"]
+        author_proxy_state = project_state.models["migrations", "authorproxy"]
+        sub_author_state = project_state.models["migrations", "subauthor"]
+        book_state = project_state.models["migrations", "book"]
+        food_state = project_state.models["migrations", "food"]
+        food_no_managers_state = project_state.models["migrations", "foodnomanagers"]
+        food_no_default_manager_state = project_state.models[
+            "migrations", "foodnodefaultmanager"
+        ]
+        food_order_manager_state = project_state.models[
+            "migrations", "foodorderedmanagers"
+        ]
+        book_index = models.Index(fields=["title"])
         book_index.set_name_with_model(Book)
 
         self.assertEqual(author_state.app_label, "migrations")
         self.assertEqual(author_state.name, "Author")
         self.assertEqual(list(author_state.fields), ["id", "name", "bio", "age"])
-        self.assertEqual(author_state.fields['name'].max_length, 255)
-        self.assertIs(author_state.fields['bio'].null, False)
-        self.assertIs(author_state.fields['age'].null, True)
+        self.assertEqual(author_state.fields["name"].max_length, 255)
+        self.assertIs(author_state.fields["bio"].null, False)
+        self.assertIs(author_state.fields["age"].null, True)
         self.assertEqual(
             author_state.options,
             {
@@ -132,19 +143,28 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 "index_together": {("bio", "age")},
                 "indexes": [],
                 "constraints": [],
-            }
+            },
         )
         self.assertEqual(author_state.bases, (models.Model,))
 
         self.assertEqual(book_state.app_label, "migrations")
         self.assertEqual(book_state.name, "Book")
-        self.assertEqual(list(book_state.fields), ["id", "title", "author", "contributors"])
-        self.assertEqual(book_state.fields['title'].max_length, 1000)
-        self.assertIs(book_state.fields['author'].null, False)
-        self.assertEqual(book_state.fields['contributors'].__class__.__name__, 'ManyToManyField')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(book_state.fields), ["id", "title", "author", "contributors"]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(book_state.fields["title"].max_length, 1000)
+        self.assertIs(book_state.fields["author"].null, False)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            book_state.fields["contributors"].__class__.__name__, "ManyToManyField"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             book_state.options,
-            {"verbose_name": "tome", "db_table": "test_tome", "indexes": [book_index], "constraints": []},
+            {
+                "verbose_name": "tome",
+                "db_table": "test_tome",
+                "indexes": [book_index],
+                "constraints": [],
+            },
         )
         self.assertEqual(book_state.bases, (models.Model,))
 
@@ -163,33 +183,50 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(sub_author_state.bases, ("migrations.author",))
 
         # The default manager is used in migrations
-        self.assertEqual([name for name, mgr in food_state.managers], ['food_mgr'])
+        self.assertEqual([name for name, mgr in food_state.managers], ["food_mgr"])
         self.assertTrue(all(isinstance(name, str) for name, mgr in food_state.managers))
-        self.assertEqual(food_state.managers[0][1].args, ('a', 'b', 1, 2))
+        self.assertEqual(food_state.managers[0][1].args, ("a", "b", 1, 2))
 
         # No explicit managers defined. Migrations will fall back to the default
         self.assertEqual(food_no_managers_state.managers, [])
 
         # food_mgr is used in migration but isn't the default mgr, hence add the
         # default
-        self.assertEqual([name for name, mgr in food_no_default_manager_state.managers],
-                         ['food_no_mgr', 'food_mgr'])
-        self.assertTrue(all(isinstance(name, str) for name, mgr in food_no_default_manager_state.managers))
-        self.assertEqual(food_no_default_manager_state.managers[0][1].__class__, models.Manager)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [name for name, mgr in food_no_default_manager_state.managers],
+            ["food_no_mgr", "food_mgr"],
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            all(
+                isinstance(name, str)
+                for name, mgr in food_no_default_manager_state.managers
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            food_no_default_manager_state.managers[0][1].__class__, models.Manager
+        )
         self.assertIsInstance(food_no_default_manager_state.managers[1][1], FoodManager)
 
-        self.assertEqual([name for name, mgr in food_order_manager_state.managers],
-                         ['food_mgr1', 'food_mgr2'])
-        self.assertTrue(all(isinstance(name, str) for name, mgr in food_order_manager_state.managers))
-        self.assertEqual([mgr.args for name, mgr in food_order_manager_state.managers],
-                         [('a', 'b', 1, 2), ('x', 'y', 3, 4)])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [name for name, mgr in food_order_manager_state.managers],
+            ["food_mgr1", "food_mgr2"],
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            all(
+                isinstance(name, str) for name, mgr in food_order_manager_state.managers
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [mgr.args for name, mgr in food_order_manager_state.managers],
+            [("a", "b", 1, 2), ("x", "y", 3, 4)],
+        )
 
     def test_custom_default_manager_added_to_the_model_state(self):
         """
         When the default manager of the model is a custom manager,
         it needs to be added to the model state.
         """
-        new_apps = Apps(['migrations'])
+        new_apps = Apps(["migrations"])
         custom_manager = models.Manager()
 
         class Author(models.Model):
@@ -197,12 +234,12 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
             authors = custom_manager
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'migrations'
+                app_label = "migrations"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         project_state = ProjectState.from_apps(new_apps)
-        author_state = project_state.models['migrations', 'author']
-        self.assertEqual(author_state.managers, [('authors', custom_manager)])
+        author_state = project_state.models["migrations", "author"]
+        self.assertEqual(author_state.managers, [("authors", custom_manager)])
 
     def test_custom_default_manager_named_objects_with_false_migration_flag(self):
         """
@@ -210,17 +247,17 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         have `use_in_migrations = True`, no migration should be added to the
         model state (#26643).
         """
-        new_apps = Apps(['migrations'])
+        new_apps = Apps(["migrations"])
 
         class Author(models.Model):
             objects = models.Manager()
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'migrations'
+                app_label = "migrations"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         project_state = ProjectState.from_apps(new_apps)
-        author_state = project_state.models['migrations', 'author']
+        author_state = project_state.models["migrations", "author"]
         self.assertEqual(author_state.managers, [])
 
     def test_no_duplicate_managers(self):
@@ -229,7 +266,7 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         model had a manager with the same name and `use_in_migrations = True`,
         the parent's manager shouldn't appear in the model state (#26881).
         """
-        new_apps = Apps(['migrations'])
+        new_apps = Apps(["migrations"])
 
         class PersonManager(models.Manager):
             use_in_migrations = True
@@ -247,65 +284,71 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
             objects = BossManager()
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'migrations'
+                app_label = "migrations"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         project_state = ProjectState.from_apps(new_apps)
-        boss_state = project_state.models['migrations', 'boss']
-        self.assertEqual(boss_state.managers, [('objects', Boss.objects)])
+        boss_state = project_state.models["migrations", "boss"]
+        self.assertEqual(boss_state.managers, [("objects", Boss.objects)])
 
     def test_custom_default_manager(self):
-        new_apps = Apps(['migrations'])
+        new_apps = Apps(["migrations"])
 
         class Author(models.Model):
             manager1 = models.Manager()
             manager2 = models.Manager()
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'migrations'
+                app_label = "migrations"
                 apps = new_apps
-                default_manager_name = 'manager2'
+                default_manager_name = "manager2"
 
         project_state = ProjectState.from_apps(new_apps)
-        author_state = project_state.models['migrations', 'author']
-        self.assertEqual(author_state.options['default_manager_name'], 'manager2')
-        self.assertEqual(author_state.managers, [('manager2', Author.manager1)])
+        author_state = project_state.models["migrations", "author"]
+        self.assertEqual(author_state.options["default_manager_name"], "manager2")
+        self.assertEqual(author_state.managers, [("manager2", Author.manager1)])
 
     def test_custom_base_manager(self):
-        new_apps = Apps(['migrations'])
+        new_apps = Apps(["migrations"])
 
         class Author(models.Model):
             manager1 = models.Manager()
             manager2 = models.Manager()
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'migrations'
+                app_label = "migrations"
                 apps = new_apps
-                base_manager_name = 'manager2'
+                base_manager_name = "manager2"
 
         class Author2(models.Model):
             manager1 = models.Manager()
             manager2 = models.Manager()
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'migrations'
+                app_label = "migrations"
                 apps = new_apps
-                base_manager_name = 'manager1'
+                base_manager_name = "manager1"
 
         project_state = ProjectState.from_apps(new_apps)
 
-        author_state = project_state.models['migrations', 'author']
-        self.assertEqual(author_state.options['base_manager_name'], 'manager2')
-        self.assertEqual(author_state.managers, [
-            ('manager1', Author.manager1),
-            ('manager2', Author.manager2),
-        ])
+        author_state = project_state.models["migrations", "author"]
+        self.assertEqual(author_state.options["base_manager_name"], "manager2")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            author_state.managers,
+            [
+                ("manager1", Author.manager1),
+                ("manager2", Author.manager2),
+            ],
+        )
 
-        author2_state = project_state.models['migrations', 'author2']
-        self.assertEqual(author2_state.options['base_manager_name'], 'manager1')
-        self.assertEqual(author2_state.managers, [
-            ('manager1', Author2.manager1),
-        ])
+        author2_state = project_state.models["migrations", "author2"]
+        self.assertEqual(author2_state.options["base_manager_name"], "manager1")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            author2_state.managers,
+            [
+                ("manager1", Author2.manager1),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_apps_bulk_update(self):
         """
@@ -328,62 +371,83 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Tests rendering a ProjectState into an Apps.
         """
         project_state = ProjectState()
-        project_state.add_model(ModelState(
-            app_label="migrations",
-            name="Tag",
-            fields=[
-                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
-                ("hidden", models.BooleanField()),
-            ],
-        ))
-        project_state.add_model(ModelState(
-            app_label="migrations",
-            name="SubTag",
-            fields=[
-                ('tag_ptr', models.OneToOneField(
-                    'migrations.Tag',
-                    models.CASCADE,
-                    auto_created=True,
-                    parent_link=True,
-                    primary_key=True,
-                    to_field='id',
-                    serialize=False,
-                )),
-                ("awesome", models.BooleanField()),
-            ],
-            bases=("migrations.Tag",),
-        ))
+        project_state.add_model(
+            ModelState(
+                app_label="migrations",
+                name="Tag",
+                fields=[
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
+                    ("hidden", models.BooleanField()),
+                ],
+            )
+        )
+        project_state.add_model(
+            ModelState(
+                app_label="migrations",
+                name="SubTag",
+                fields=[
+                    (
+                        "tag_ptr",
+                        models.OneToOneField(
+                            "migrations.Tag",
+                            models.CASCADE,
+                            auto_created=True,
+                            parent_link=True,
+                            primary_key=True,
+                            to_field="id",
+                            serialize=False,
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    ("awesome", models.BooleanField()),
+                ],
+                bases=("migrations.Tag",),
+            )
+        )
 
         base_mgr = models.Manager()
-        mgr1 = FoodManager('a', 'b')
-        mgr2 = FoodManager('x', 'y', c=3, d=4)
-        project_state.add_model(ModelState(
-            app_label="migrations",
-            name="Food",
-            fields=[
-                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-            ],
-            managers=[
-                # The ordering we really want is objects, mgr1, mgr2
-                ('default', base_mgr),
-                ('food_mgr2', mgr2),
-                ('food_mgr1', mgr1),
-            ]
-        ))
+        mgr1 = FoodManager("a", "b")
+        mgr2 = FoodManager("x", "y", c=3, d=4)
+        project_state.add_model(
+            ModelState(
+                app_label="migrations",
+                name="Food",
+                fields=[
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ],
+                managers=[
+                    # The ordering we really want is objects, mgr1, mgr2
+                    ("default", base_mgr),
+                    ("food_mgr2", mgr2),
+                    ("food_mgr1", mgr1),
+                ],
+            )
+        )
 
         new_apps = project_state.apps
-        self.assertEqual(new_apps.get_model("migrations", "Tag")._meta.get_field("name").max_length, 100)
-        self.assertIs(new_apps.get_model("migrations", "Tag")._meta.get_field("hidden").null, False)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            new_apps.get_model("migrations", "Tag")._meta.get_field("name").max_length,
+            100,
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            new_apps.get_model("migrations", "Tag")._meta.get_field("hidden").null,
+            False,
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_apps.get_model("migrations", "SubTag")._meta.local_fields), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(new_apps.get_model("migrations", "SubTag")._meta.local_fields), 2
+        )
 
         Food = new_apps.get_model("migrations", "Food")
-        self.assertEqual([mgr.name for mgr in Food._meta.managers],
-                         ['default', 'food_mgr1', 'food_mgr2'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [mgr.name for mgr in Food._meta.managers],
+            ["default", "food_mgr1", "food_mgr2"],
+        )
         self.assertTrue(all(isinstance(mgr.name, str) for mgr in Food._meta.managers))
-        self.assertEqual([mgr.__class__ for mgr in Food._meta.managers],
-                         [models.Manager, FoodManager, FoodManager])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [mgr.__class__ for mgr in Food._meta.managers],
+            [models.Manager, FoodManager, FoodManager],
+        )
 
     def test_render_model_inheritance(self):
         class Book(models.Model):
@@ -449,9 +513,13 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         ModelState.from_model(Bar).render(apps)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(ModelState.from_model(Bar).bases, [models.Model])
         ModelState.from_model(FooBar).render(apps)
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(ModelState.from_model(FooBar).bases, ['migrations.foo', 'migrations.bar'])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            ModelState.from_model(FooBar).bases, ["migrations.foo", "migrations.bar"]
+        )
         ModelState.from_model(SubFooBar).render(apps)
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(ModelState.from_model(SubFooBar).bases, ['migrations.foobar'])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            ModelState.from_model(SubFooBar).bases, ["migrations.foobar"]
+        )
 
     def test_render_project_dependencies(self):
         """
@@ -518,6 +586,7 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         ImproperlyConfigured exception about unique labels if two dotted app
         names have the same last part.
         """
+
         class A(models.Model):
             class Meta:
                 app_label = "django.contrib.auth"
@@ -539,50 +608,80 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         project_state = ProjectState()
         project_state.apps  # Render project state.
-        project_state.add_model(ModelState('migrations', 'A', []))
-        project_state.add_model(ModelState('migrations', 'B', [
-            ('a', models.ForeignKey('A', models.CASCADE)),
-        ]))
-        project_state.add_model(ModelState('migrations', 'C', [
-            ('b', models.ForeignKey('B', models.CASCADE)),
-            ('name', models.TextField()),
-        ]))
-        project_state.add_model(ModelState('migrations', 'D', [
-            ('a', models.ForeignKey('A', models.CASCADE)),
-        ]))
+        project_state.add_model(ModelState("migrations", "A", []))
+        project_state.add_model(
+            ModelState(
+                "migrations",
+                "B",
+                [
+                    ("a", models.ForeignKey("A", models.CASCADE)),
+                ],
+            )
+        )
+        project_state.add_model(
+            ModelState(
+                "migrations",
+                "C",
+                [
+                    ("b", models.ForeignKey("B", models.CASCADE)),
+                    ("name", models.TextField()),
+                ],
+            )
+        )
+        project_state.add_model(
+            ModelState(
+                "migrations",
+                "D",
+                [
+                    ("a", models.ForeignKey("A", models.CASCADE)),
+                ],
+            )
+        )
         operation = AlterField(
-            model_name='C',
-            name='name',
+            model_name="C",
+            name="name",
             field=models.TextField(blank=True),
         )
-        operation.state_forwards('migrations', project_state)
-        project_state.reload_model('migrations', 'a', delay=True)
-        A = project_state.apps.get_model('migrations.A')
-        B = project_state.apps.get_model('migrations.B')
-        D = project_state.apps.get_model('migrations.D')
-        self.assertIs(B._meta.get_field('a').related_model, A)
-        self.assertIs(D._meta.get_field('a').related_model, A)
+        operation.state_forwards("migrations", project_state)
+        project_state.reload_model("migrations", "a", delay=True)
+        A = project_state.apps.get_model("migrations.A")
+        B = project_state.apps.get_model("migrations.B")
+        D = project_state.apps.get_model("migrations.D")
+        self.assertIs(B._meta.get_field("a").related_model, A)
+        self.assertIs(D._meta.get_field("a").related_model, A)
 
     def test_reload_model_relationship_consistency(self):
         project_state = ProjectState()
-        project_state.add_model(ModelState('migrations', 'A', []))
-        project_state.add_model(ModelState('migrations', 'B', [
-            ('a', models.ForeignKey('A', models.CASCADE)),
-        ]))
-        project_state.add_model(ModelState('migrations', 'C', [
-            ('b', models.ForeignKey('B', models.CASCADE)),
-        ]))
-        A = project_state.apps.get_model('migrations.A')
-        B = project_state.apps.get_model('migrations.B')
-        C = project_state.apps.get_model('migrations.C')
+        project_state.add_model(ModelState("migrations", "A", []))
+        project_state.add_model(
+            ModelState(
+                "migrations",
+                "B",
+                [
+                    ("a", models.ForeignKey("A", models.CASCADE)),
+                ],
+            )
+        )
+        project_state.add_model(
+            ModelState(
+                "migrations",
+                "C",
+                [
+                    ("b", models.ForeignKey("B", models.CASCADE)),
+                ],
+            )
+        )
+        A = project_state.apps.get_model("migrations.A")
+        B = project_state.apps.get_model("migrations.B")
+        C = project_state.apps.get_model("migrations.C")
         self.assertEqual([r.related_model for r in A._meta.related_objects], [B])
         self.assertEqual([r.related_model for r in B._meta.related_objects], [C])
         self.assertEqual([r.related_model for r in C._meta.related_objects], [])
 
-        project_state.reload_model('migrations', 'a', delay=True)
-        A = project_state.apps.get_model('migrations.A')
-        B = project_state.apps.get_model('migrations.B')
-        C = project_state.apps.get_model('migrations.C')
+        project_state.reload_model("migrations", "a", delay=True)
+        A = project_state.apps.get_model("migrations.A")
+        B = project_state.apps.get_model("migrations.B")
+        C = project_state.apps.get_model("migrations.C")
         self.assertEqual([r.related_model for r in A._meta.related_objects], [B])
         self.assertEqual([r.related_model for r in B._meta.related_objects], [C])
         self.assertEqual([r.related_model for r in C._meta.related_objects], [])
@@ -596,17 +695,17 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         class A(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'something'
+                app_label = "something"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         class B(A):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'something'
+                app_label = "something"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         class C(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'something'
+                app_label = "something"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         project_state = ProjectState()
@@ -617,35 +716,39 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         project_state.apps  # We need to work with rendered models
 
         old_state = project_state.clone()
-        model_a_old = old_state.apps.get_model('something', 'A')
-        model_b_old = old_state.apps.get_model('something', 'B')
-        model_c_old = old_state.apps.get_model('something', 'C')
+        model_a_old = old_state.apps.get_model("something", "A")
+        model_b_old = old_state.apps.get_model("something", "B")
+        model_c_old = old_state.apps.get_model("something", "C")
         # The relations between the old models are correct
-        self.assertIs(model_a_old._meta.get_field('b').related_model, model_b_old)
-        self.assertIs(model_b_old._meta.get_field('a_ptr').related_model, model_a_old)
+        self.assertIs(model_a_old._meta.get_field("b").related_model, model_b_old)
+        self.assertIs(model_b_old._meta.get_field("a_ptr").related_model, model_a_old)
 
-        operation = AddField('c', 'to_a', models.OneToOneField(
-            'something.A',
-            models.CASCADE,
-            related_name='from_c',
-        ))
-        operation.state_forwards('something', project_state)
-        model_a_new = project_state.apps.get_model('something', 'A')
-        model_b_new = project_state.apps.get_model('something', 'B')
-        model_c_new = project_state.apps.get_model('something', 'C')
+        operation = AddField(
+            "c",
+            "to_a",
+            models.OneToOneField(
+                "something.A",
+                models.CASCADE,
+                related_name="from_c",
+            ),
+        )
+        operation.state_forwards("something", project_state)
+        model_a_new = project_state.apps.get_model("something", "A")
+        model_b_new = project_state.apps.get_model("something", "B")
+        model_c_new = project_state.apps.get_model("something", "C")
 
         # All models have changed
         self.assertIsNot(model_a_old, model_a_new)
         self.assertIsNot(model_b_old, model_b_new)
         self.assertIsNot(model_c_old, model_c_new)
         # The relations between the old models still hold
-        self.assertIs(model_a_old._meta.get_field('b').related_model, model_b_old)
-        self.assertIs(model_b_old._meta.get_field('a_ptr').related_model, model_a_old)
+        self.assertIs(model_a_old._meta.get_field("b").related_model, model_b_old)
+        self.assertIs(model_b_old._meta.get_field("a_ptr").related_model, model_a_old)
         # The relations between the new models correct
-        self.assertIs(model_a_new._meta.get_field('b').related_model, model_b_new)
-        self.assertIs(model_b_new._meta.get_field('a_ptr').related_model, model_a_new)
-        self.assertIs(model_a_new._meta.get_field('from_c').related_model, model_c_new)
-        self.assertIs(model_c_new._meta.get_field('to_a').related_model, model_a_new)
+        self.assertIs(model_a_new._meta.get_field("b").related_model, model_b_new)
+        self.assertIs(model_b_new._meta.get_field("a_ptr").related_model, model_a_new)
+        self.assertIs(model_a_new._meta.get_field("from_c").related_model, model_c_new)
+        self.assertIs(model_c_new._meta.get_field("to_a").related_model, model_a_new)
 
     def test_remove_relations(self):
         """
@@ -667,7 +770,9 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 apps = new_apps
 
         def get_model_a(state):
-            return [mod for mod in state.apps.get_models() if mod._meta.model_name == 'a'][0]
+            return [
+                mod for mod in state.apps.get_models() if mod._meta.model_name == "a"
+            ][0]
 
         project_state = ProjectState()
         project_state.add_model(ModelState.from_model(A))
@@ -703,14 +808,17 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         #24513 - Modifying an object pointing to itself would cause it to be
         rendered twice and thus breaking its related M2M through objects.
         """
+
         class A(models.Model):
-            to_a = models.ManyToManyField('something.A', symmetrical=False)
+            to_a = models.ManyToManyField("something.A", symmetrical=False)
 
             class Meta:
                 app_label = "something"
 
         def get_model_a(state):
-            return [mod for mod in state.apps.get_models() if mod._meta.model_name == 'a'][0]
+            return [
+                mod for mod in state.apps.get_models() if mod._meta.model_name == "a"
+            ][0]
 
         project_state = ProjectState()
         project_state.add_model(ModelState.from_model(A))
@@ -720,7 +828,7 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         operation = AlterField(
             model_name="a",
             name="to_a",
-            field=models.ManyToManyField("something.A", symmetrical=False, blank=True)
+            field=models.ManyToManyField("something.A", symmetrical=False, blank=True),
         )
         # At this point the model would be rendered twice causing its related
         # M2M through objects to point to an old copy and thus breaking their
@@ -736,16 +844,28 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(field_to_a_old.m2m_field_name(), "from_a")
         self.assertEqual(field_to_a_old.m2m_reverse_field_name(), "to_a")
         self.assertIs(field_to_a_old.related_model, model_a_old)
-        self.assertIs(field_to_a_old.remote_field.through._meta.get_field('to_a').related_model, model_a_old)
-        self.assertIs(field_to_a_old.remote_field.through._meta.get_field('from_a').related_model, model_a_old)
+        self.assertIs(
+            field_to_a_old.remote_field.through._meta.get_field("to_a").related_model,
+            model_a_old,
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            field_to_a_old.remote_field.through._meta.get_field("from_a").related_model,
+            model_a_old,
+        )
 
         # The new model's _meta is still consistent
         field_to_a_new = model_a_new._meta.get_field("to_a")
         self.assertEqual(field_to_a_new.m2m_field_name(), "from_a")
         self.assertEqual(field_to_a_new.m2m_reverse_field_name(), "to_a")
         self.assertIs(field_to_a_new.related_model, model_a_new)
-        self.assertIs(field_to_a_new.remote_field.through._meta.get_field('to_a').related_model, model_a_new)
-        self.assertIs(field_to_a_new.remote_field.through._meta.get_field('from_a').related_model, model_a_new)
+        self.assertIs(
+            field_to_a_new.remote_field.through._meta.get_field("to_a").related_model,
+            model_a_new,
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            field_to_a_new.remote_field.through._meta.get_field("from_a").related_model,
+            model_a_new,
+        )
 
     def test_equality(self):
         """
@@ -753,17 +873,19 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         # Test two things that should be equal
         project_state = ProjectState()
-        project_state.add_model(ModelState(
-            "migrations",
-            "Tag",
-            [
-                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
-                ("hidden", models.BooleanField()),
-            ],
-            {},
-            None,
-        ))
+        project_state.add_model(
+            ModelState(
+                "migrations",
+                "Tag",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
+                    ("hidden", models.BooleanField()),
+                ],
+                {},
+                None,
+            )
+        )
         project_state.apps  # Fill the apps cached property
         other_state = project_state.clone()
         self.assertEqual(project_state, project_state)
@@ -774,17 +896,19 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         # Make a very small change (max_len 99) and see if that affects it
         project_state = ProjectState()
-        project_state.add_model(ModelState(
-            "migrations",
-            "Tag",
-            [
-                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=99)),
-                ("hidden", models.BooleanField()),
-            ],
-            {},
-            None,
-        ))
+        project_state.add_model(
+            ModelState(
+                "migrations",
+                "Tag",
+                [
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("name", models.CharField(max_length=99)),
+                    ("hidden", models.BooleanField()),
+                ],
+                {},
+                None,
+            )
+        )
         self.assertNotEqual(project_state, other_state)
         self.assertIs(project_state == other_state, False)
 
@@ -845,9 +969,9 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         project_state.add_model(ModelState.from_model(Magazine))
         msg = (
             "The field migrations.Magazine.authors was declared with a lazy reference "
-            "to 'migrations.author\', but app 'migrations' doesn't provide model 'author'.\n"
+            "to 'migrations.author', but app 'migrations' doesn't provide model 'author'.\n"
             "The field migrations.Magazine_authors.author was declared with a lazy reference "
-            "to \'migrations.author\', but app 'migrations' doesn't provide model 'author'."
+            "to 'migrations.author', but app 'migrations' doesn't provide model 'author'."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             project_state.apps
@@ -872,21 +996,21 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         class Author(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'MiXedCase_migrations'
+                app_label = "MiXedCase_migrations"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         class Book(models.Model):
             author = models.ForeignKey(Author, models.CASCADE)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'MiXedCase_migrations'
+                app_label = "MiXedCase_migrations"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         class Magazine(models.Model):
             authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'MiXedCase_migrations'
+                app_label = "MiXedCase_migrations"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         project_state = ProjectState()
@@ -916,17 +1040,23 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
             project_state.apps
 
         # If we include the real app it should succeed
-        project_state = ProjectState(real_apps={'contenttypes'})
+        project_state = ProjectState(real_apps={"contenttypes"})
         project_state.add_model(ModelState.from_model(TestModel))
         rendered_state = project_state.apps
         self.assertEqual(
-            len([x for x in rendered_state.get_models() if x._meta.app_label == "migrations"]),
+            len(
+                [
+                    x
+                    for x in rendered_state.get_models()
+                    if x._meta.app_label == "migrations"
+                ]
+            ),
             1,
         )
 
     def test_real_apps_non_set(self):
         with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-            ProjectState(real_apps=['contenttypes'])
+            ProjectState(real_apps=["contenttypes"])
 
     def test_ignore_order_wrt(self):
         """
@@ -955,7 +1085,7 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         project_state.add_model(ModelState.from_model(Author))
         project_state.add_model(ModelState.from_model(Book))
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.models['migrations', 'book'].fields),
+            list(project_state.models["migrations", "book"].fields),
             ["id", "author"],
         )
 
@@ -966,21 +1096,21 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
             name = models.TextField()
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'migrations'
+                app_label = "migrations"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         class Book(models.Model):
             author = models.ForeignKey(Author, models.CASCADE)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'migrations'
+                app_label = "migrations"
                 apps = new_apps
-                order_with_respect_to = 'author'
+                order_with_respect_to = "author"
 
         model_state = ModelState.from_model(Book)
-        order_wrt_field = model_state.get_field('_order')
+        order_wrt_field = model_state.get_field("_order")
         self.assertIsInstance(order_wrt_field, models.ForeignKey)
-        self.assertEqual(order_wrt_field.related_model, 'migrations.author')
+        self.assertEqual(order_wrt_field.related_model, "migrations.author")
 
     def test_modelstate_get_field_no_order_wrt_order_field(self):
         new_apps = Apps()
@@ -989,11 +1119,11 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
             _order = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'migrations'
+                app_label = "migrations"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         model_state = ModelState.from_model(HistoricalRecord)
-        order_field = model_state.get_field('_order')
+        order_field = model_state.get_field("_order")
         self.assertIsNone(order_field.related_model)
         self.assertIsInstance(order_field, models.PositiveSmallIntegerField)
 
@@ -1003,26 +1133,28 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         historical model
         """
         project_state = ProjectState()
-        project_state.add_model(ModelState(
-            app_label="migrations",
-            name="Tag",
-            fields=[
-                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ("hidden", models.BooleanField()),
-            ],
-            managers=[
-                ('food_mgr', FoodManager('a', 'b')),
-                ('food_qs', FoodQuerySet.as_manager()),
-            ]
-        ))
+        project_state.add_model(
+            ModelState(
+                app_label="migrations",
+                name="Tag",
+                fields=[
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("hidden", models.BooleanField()),
+                ],
+                managers=[
+                    ("food_mgr", FoodManager("a", "b")),
+                    ("food_qs", FoodQuerySet.as_manager()),
+                ],
+            )
+        )
 
-        old_model = project_state.apps.get_model('migrations', 'tag')
+        old_model = project_state.apps.get_model("migrations", "tag")
 
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation = RemoveField("tag", "hidden")
         operation.state_forwards("migrations", new_state)
 
-        new_model = new_state.apps.get_model('migrations', 'tag')
+        new_model = new_state.apps.get_model("migrations", "tag")
 
         self.assertIsNot(old_model, new_model)
         self.assertIs(old_model, old_model.food_mgr.model)
@@ -1040,7 +1172,7 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Field.choices iterators.
         """
         new_apps = Apps(["migrations"])
-        choices = [('a', 'A'), ('b', 'B')]
+        choices = [("a", "A"), ("b", "B")]
 
         class Author(models.Model):
             name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
@@ -1051,7 +1183,7 @@ class StateTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 apps = new_apps
 
         ProjectState.from_apps(new_apps)
-        choices_field = Author._meta.get_field('choice')
+        choices_field = Author._meta.get_field("choice")
         self.assertEqual(list(choices_field.choices), choices)
 
 
@@ -1061,16 +1193,16 @@ class StateRelationsTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         class User(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'tests'
+                app_label = "tests"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         class Comment(models.Model):
             text = models.TextField()
             user = models.ForeignKey(User, models.CASCADE)
-            comments = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+            comments = models.ManyToManyField("self")
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'tests'
+                app_label = "tests"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         class Post(models.Model):
@@ -1078,7 +1210,7 @@ class StateRelationsTests(SimpleTestCase):
             authors = models.ManyToManyField(User)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'tests'
+                app_label = "tests"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         project_state = ProjectState()
@@ -1089,31 +1221,40 @@ class StateRelationsTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_relations_population(self):
         tests = [
-            ('add_model', [
-                ModelState(
-                    app_label='migrations',
-                    name='Tag',
-                    fields=[('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True))],
-                ),
-            ]),
-            ('remove_model', ['tests', 'comment']),
-            ('rename_model', ['tests', 'comment', 'opinion']),
-            ('add_field', [
-                'tests',
-                'post',
-                'next_post',
-                models.ForeignKey('self', models.CASCADE),
-                True,
-            ]),
-            ('remove_field', ['tests', 'post', 'text']),
-            ('rename_field', ['tests', 'comment', 'user', 'author']),
-            ('alter_field', [
-                'tests',
-                'comment',
-                'user',
-                models.IntegerField(),
-                True,
-            ]),
+            (
+                "add_model",
+                [
+                    ModelState(
+                        app_label="migrations",
+                        name="Tag",
+                        fields=[("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))],
+                    ),
+                ],
+            ),
+            ("remove_model", ["tests", "comment"]),
+            ("rename_model", ["tests", "comment", "opinion"]),
+            (
+                "add_field",
+                [
+                    "tests",
+                    "post",
+                    "next_post",
+                    models.ForeignKey("self", models.CASCADE),
+                    True,
+                ],
+            ),
+            ("remove_field", ["tests", "post", "text"]),
+            ("rename_field", ["tests", "comment", "user", "author"]),
+            (
+                "alter_field",
+                [
+                    "tests",
+                    "comment",
+                    "user",
+                    models.IntegerField(),
+                    True,
+                ],
+            ),
         ]
         for method, args in tests:
             with self.subTest(method=method):
@@ -1127,328 +1268,366 @@ class StateRelationsTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_add_model(self):
         project_state = self.get_base_project_state()
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'user']),
-            [('tests', 'comment'), ('tests', 'post')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "user"]),
+            [("tests", "comment"), ("tests", "post")],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'comment']),
-            [('tests', 'comment')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "comment"]),
+            [("tests", "comment")],
         )
-        self.assertNotIn(('tests', 'post'), project_state.relations)
+        self.assertNotIn(("tests", "post"), project_state.relations)
 
     def test_add_model_no_relations(self):
         project_state = ProjectState()
-        project_state.add_model(ModelState(
-            app_label='migrations',
-            name='Tag',
-            fields=[('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True))],
-        ))
+        project_state.add_model(
+            ModelState(
+                app_label="migrations",
+                name="Tag",
+                fields=[("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))],
+            )
+        )
         self.assertEqual(project_state.relations, {})
 
     def test_add_model_other_app(self):
         project_state = self.get_base_project_state()
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'user']),
-            [('tests', 'comment'), ('tests', 'post')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "user"]),
+            [("tests", "comment"), ("tests", "post")],
+        )
+        project_state.add_model(
+            ModelState(
+                app_label="tests_other",
+                name="comment",
+                fields=[
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("user", models.ForeignKey("tests.user", models.CASCADE)),
+                ],
+            )
         )
-        project_state.add_model(ModelState(
-            app_label='tests_other',
-            name='comment',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('user', models.ForeignKey('tests.user', models.CASCADE)),
-            ],
-        ))
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'user']),
-            [('tests', 'comment'), ('tests', 'post'), ('tests_other', 'comment')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "user"]),
+            [("tests", "comment"), ("tests", "post"), ("tests_other", "comment")],
         )
 
     def test_remove_model(self):
         project_state = self.get_base_project_state()
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'user']),
-            [('tests', 'comment'), ('tests', 'post')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "user"]),
+            [("tests", "comment"), ("tests", "post")],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'comment']),
-            [('tests', 'comment')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "comment"]),
+            [("tests", "comment")],
         )
 
-        project_state.remove_model('tests', 'comment')
+        project_state.remove_model("tests", "comment")
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'user']),
-            [('tests', 'post')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "user"]),
+            [("tests", "post")],
         )
-        self.assertNotIn(('tests', 'comment'), project_state.relations)
-        project_state.remove_model('tests', 'post')
+        self.assertNotIn(("tests", "comment"), project_state.relations)
+        project_state.remove_model("tests", "post")
         self.assertEqual(project_state.relations, {})
-        project_state.remove_model('tests', 'user')
+        project_state.remove_model("tests", "user")
         self.assertEqual(project_state.relations, {})
 
     def test_rename_model(self):
         project_state = self.get_base_project_state()
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'user']),
-            [('tests', 'comment'), ('tests', 'post')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "user"]),
+            [("tests", "comment"), ("tests", "post")],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'comment']),
-            [('tests', 'comment')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "comment"]),
+            [("tests", "comment")],
         )
 
-        related_field = project_state.relations['tests', 'user']['tests', 'comment']
-        project_state.rename_model('tests', 'comment', 'opinion')
+        related_field = project_state.relations["tests", "user"]["tests", "comment"]
+        project_state.rename_model("tests", "comment", "opinion")
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'user']),
-            [('tests', 'post'), ('tests', 'opinion')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "user"]),
+            [("tests", "post"), ("tests", "opinion")],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'opinion']),
-            [('tests', 'opinion')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "opinion"]),
+            [("tests", "opinion")],
         )
-        self.assertNotIn(('tests', 'comment'), project_state.relations)
+        self.assertNotIn(("tests", "comment"), project_state.relations)
         self.assertEqual(
-            project_state.relations['tests', 'user']['tests', 'opinion'],
+            project_state.relations["tests", "user"]["tests", "opinion"],
             related_field,
         )
 
-        project_state.rename_model('tests', 'user', 'author')
+        project_state.rename_model("tests", "user", "author")
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'author']),
-            [('tests', 'post'), ('tests', 'opinion')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "author"]),
+            [("tests", "post"), ("tests", "opinion")],
         )
-        self.assertNotIn(('tests', 'user'), project_state.relations)
+        self.assertNotIn(("tests", "user"), project_state.relations)
 
     def test_rename_model_no_relations(self):
         project_state = self.get_base_project_state()
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'user']),
-            [('tests', 'comment'), ('tests', 'post')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "user"]),
+            [("tests", "comment"), ("tests", "post")],
         )
-        related_field = project_state.relations['tests', 'user']['tests', 'post']
-        self.assertNotIn(('tests', 'post'), project_state.relations)
+        related_field = project_state.relations["tests", "user"]["tests", "post"]
+        self.assertNotIn(("tests", "post"), project_state.relations)
         # Rename a model without relations.
-        project_state.rename_model('tests', 'post', 'blog')
+        project_state.rename_model("tests", "post", "blog")
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'user']),
-            [('tests', 'comment'), ('tests', 'blog')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "user"]),
+            [("tests", "comment"), ("tests", "blog")],
         )
-        self.assertNotIn(('tests', 'blog'), project_state.relations)
+        self.assertNotIn(("tests", "blog"), project_state.relations)
         self.assertEqual(
             related_field,
-            project_state.relations['tests', 'user']['tests', 'blog'],
+            project_state.relations["tests", "user"]["tests", "blog"],
         )
 
     def test_add_field(self):
         project_state = self.get_base_project_state()
-        self.assertNotIn(('tests', 'post'), project_state.relations)
+        self.assertNotIn(("tests", "post"), project_state.relations)
         # Add a self-referential foreign key.
-        new_field = models.ForeignKey('self', models.CASCADE)
+        new_field = models.ForeignKey("self", models.CASCADE)
         project_state.add_field(
-            'tests', 'post', 'next_post', new_field, preserve_default=True,
+            "tests",
+            "post",
+            "next_post",
+            new_field,
+            preserve_default=True,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'post']),
-            [('tests', 'post')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "post"]),
+            [("tests", "post")],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            project_state.relations['tests', 'post']['tests', 'post'],
-            {'next_post': new_field},
+            project_state.relations["tests", "post"]["tests", "post"],
+            {"next_post": new_field},
         )
         # Add a foreign key.
-        new_field = models.ForeignKey('tests.post', models.CASCADE)
+        new_field = models.ForeignKey("tests.post", models.CASCADE)
         project_state.add_field(
-            'tests', 'comment', 'post', new_field, preserve_default=True,
+            "tests",
+            "comment",
+            "post",
+            new_field,
+            preserve_default=True,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'post']),
-            [('tests', 'post'), ('tests', 'comment')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "post"]),
+            [("tests", "post"), ("tests", "comment")],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            project_state.relations['tests', 'post']['tests', 'comment'],
-            {'post': new_field},
+            project_state.relations["tests", "post"]["tests", "comment"],
+            {"post": new_field},
         )
 
     def test_add_field_m2m_with_through(self):
         project_state = self.get_base_project_state()
-        project_state.add_model(ModelState(
-            app_label='tests',
-            name='Tag',
-            fields=[('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True))],
-        ))
-        project_state.add_model(ModelState(
-            app_label='tests',
-            name='PostTag',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('post', models.ForeignKey('tests.post', models.CASCADE)),
-                ('tag', models.ForeignKey('tests.tag', models.CASCADE)),
-            ],
-        ))
-        self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'post']),
-            [('tests', 'posttag')],
+        project_state.add_model(
+            ModelState(
+                app_label="tests",
+                name="Tag",
+                fields=[("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))],
+            )
+        )
+        project_state.add_model(
+            ModelState(
+                app_label="tests",
+                name="PostTag",
+                fields=[
+                    ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                    ("post", models.ForeignKey("tests.post", models.CASCADE)),
+                    ("tag", models.ForeignKey("tests.tag", models.CASCADE)),
+                ],
+            )
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'tag']),
-            [('tests', 'posttag')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "post"]),
+            [("tests", "posttag")],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "tag"]),
+            [("tests", "posttag")],
         )
         # Add a many-to-many field with the through model.
-        new_field = models.ManyToManyField('tests.tag', through='tests.posttag')
+        new_field = models.ManyToManyField("tests.tag", through="tests.posttag")
         project_state.add_field(
-            'tests', 'post', 'tags', new_field, preserve_default=True,
+            "tests",
+            "post",
+            "tags",
+            new_field,
+            preserve_default=True,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'post']),
-            [('tests', 'posttag')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "post"]),
+            [("tests", "posttag")],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'tag']),
-            [('tests', 'posttag'), ('tests', 'post')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "tag"]),
+            [("tests", "posttag"), ("tests", "post")],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            project_state.relations['tests', 'tag']['tests', 'post'],
-            {'tags': new_field},
+            project_state.relations["tests", "tag"]["tests", "post"],
+            {"tags": new_field},
         )
 
     def test_remove_field(self):
         project_state = self.get_base_project_state()
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'user']),
-            [('tests', 'comment'), ('tests', 'post')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "user"]),
+            [("tests", "comment"), ("tests", "post")],
         )
         # Remove a many-to-many field.
-        project_state.remove_field('tests', 'post', 'authors')
+        project_state.remove_field("tests", "post", "authors")
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'user']),
-            [('tests', 'comment')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "user"]),
+            [("tests", "comment")],
         )
         # Remove a foreign key.
-        project_state.remove_field('tests', 'comment', 'user')
-        self.assertEqual(project_state.relations['tests', 'user'], {})
+        project_state.remove_field("tests", "comment", "user")
+        self.assertEqual(project_state.relations["tests", "user"], {})
 
     def test_remove_field_no_relations(self):
         project_state = self.get_base_project_state()
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'user']),
-            [('tests', 'comment'), ('tests', 'post')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "user"]),
+            [("tests", "comment"), ("tests", "post")],
         )
         # Remove a non-relation field.
-        project_state.remove_field('tests', 'post', 'text')
+        project_state.remove_field("tests", "post", "text")
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'user']),
-            [('tests', 'comment'), ('tests', 'post')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "user"]),
+            [("tests", "comment"), ("tests", "post")],
         )
 
     def test_rename_field(self):
         project_state = self.get_base_project_state()
-        field = project_state.models['tests', 'comment'].fields['user']
+        field = project_state.models["tests", "comment"].fields["user"]
         self.assertEqual(
-            project_state.relations['tests', 'user']['tests', 'comment'],
-            {'user': field},
+            project_state.relations["tests", "user"]["tests", "comment"],
+            {"user": field},
         )
 
-        project_state.rename_field('tests', 'comment', 'user', 'author')
-        renamed_field = project_state.models['tests', 'comment'].fields['author']
+        project_state.rename_field("tests", "comment", "user", "author")
+        renamed_field = project_state.models["tests", "comment"].fields["author"]
         self.assertEqual(
-            project_state.relations['tests', 'user']['tests', 'comment'],
-            {'author': renamed_field},
+            project_state.relations["tests", "user"]["tests", "comment"],
+            {"author": renamed_field},
         )
         self.assertEqual(field, renamed_field)
 
     def test_rename_field_no_relations(self):
         project_state = self.get_base_project_state()
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'user']),
-            [('tests', 'comment'), ('tests', 'post')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "user"]),
+            [("tests", "comment"), ("tests", "post")],
         )
         # Rename a non-relation field.
-        project_state.rename_field('tests', 'post', 'text', 'description')
+        project_state.rename_field("tests", "post", "text", "description")
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'user']),
-            [('tests', 'comment'), ('tests', 'post')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "user"]),
+            [("tests", "comment"), ("tests", "post")],
         )
 
     def test_alter_field(self):
         project_state = self.get_base_project_state()
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'user']),
-            [('tests', 'comment'), ('tests', 'post')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "user"]),
+            [("tests", "comment"), ("tests", "post")],
         )
         # Alter a foreign key to a non-relation field.
         project_state.alter_field(
-            'tests', 'comment', 'user', models.IntegerField(), preserve_default=True,
+            "tests",
+            "comment",
+            "user",
+            models.IntegerField(),
+            preserve_default=True,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'user']),
-            [('tests', 'post')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "user"]),
+            [("tests", "post")],
         )
         # Alter a non-relation field to a many-to-many field.
-        m2m_field = models.ManyToManyField('tests.user')
+        m2m_field = models.ManyToManyField("tests.user")
         project_state.alter_field(
-            'tests', 'comment', 'user', m2m_field, preserve_default=True,
+            "tests",
+            "comment",
+            "user",
+            m2m_field,
+            preserve_default=True,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'user']),
-            [('tests', 'post'), ('tests', 'comment')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "user"]),
+            [("tests", "post"), ("tests", "comment")],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            project_state.relations['tests', 'user']['tests', 'comment'],
-            {'user': m2m_field},
+            project_state.relations["tests", "user"]["tests", "comment"],
+            {"user": m2m_field},
         )
 
     def test_alter_field_m2m_to_fk(self):
         project_state = self.get_base_project_state()
-        project_state.add_model(ModelState(
-            app_label='tests_other',
-            name='user_other',
-            fields=[('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True))],
-        ))
-        self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'user']),
-            [('tests', 'comment'), ('tests', 'post')],
+        project_state.add_model(
+            ModelState(
+                app_label="tests_other",
+                name="user_other",
+                fields=[("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True))],
+            )
         )
-        self.assertNotIn(('tests_other', 'user_other'), project_state.relations)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "user"]),
+            [("tests", "comment"), ("tests", "post")],
+        )
+        self.assertNotIn(("tests_other", "user_other"), project_state.relations)
         # Alter a many-to-many field to a foreign key.
-        foreign_key = models.ForeignKey('tests_other.user_other', models.CASCADE)
+        foreign_key = models.ForeignKey("tests_other.user_other", models.CASCADE)
         project_state.alter_field(
-            'tests', 'post', 'authors', foreign_key, preserve_default=True,
+            "tests",
+            "post",
+            "authors",
+            foreign_key,
+            preserve_default=True,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'user']),
-            [('tests', 'comment')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "user"]),
+            [("tests", "comment")],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests_other', 'user_other']),
-            [('tests', 'post')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests_other", "user_other"]),
+            [("tests", "post")],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            project_state.relations['tests_other', 'user_other']['tests', 'post'],
-            {'authors': foreign_key},
+            project_state.relations["tests_other", "user_other"]["tests", "post"],
+            {"authors": foreign_key},
         )
 
     def test_many_relations_to_same_model(self):
         project_state = self.get_base_project_state()
-        new_field = models.ForeignKey('tests.user', models.CASCADE)
+        new_field = models.ForeignKey("tests.user", models.CASCADE)
         project_state.add_field(
-            'tests', 'comment', 'reviewer', new_field, preserve_default=True,
+            "tests",
+            "comment",
+            "reviewer",
+            new_field,
+            preserve_default=True,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(project_state.relations['tests', 'user']),
-            [('tests', 'comment'), ('tests', 'post')],
+            list(project_state.relations["tests", "user"]),
+            [("tests", "comment"), ("tests", "post")],
         )
-        comment_rels = project_state.relations['tests', 'user']['tests', 'comment']
+        comment_rels = project_state.relations["tests", "user"]["tests", "comment"]
         # Two foreign keys to the same model.
         self.assertEqual(len(comment_rels), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(comment_rels['reviewer'], new_field)
+        self.assertEqual(comment_rels["reviewer"], new_field)
         # Rename the second foreign key.
-        project_state.rename_field('tests', 'comment', 'reviewer', 'supervisor')
+        project_state.rename_field("tests", "comment", "reviewer", "supervisor")
         self.assertEqual(len(comment_rels), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(comment_rels['supervisor'], new_field)
+        self.assertEqual(comment_rels["supervisor"], new_field)
         # Remove the first foreign key.
-        project_state.remove_field('tests', 'comment', 'user')
-        self.assertEqual(comment_rels, {'supervisor': new_field})
+        project_state.remove_field("tests", "comment", "user")
+        self.assertEqual(comment_rels, {"supervisor": new_field})
 
 
 class ModelStateTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -1459,37 +1638,39 @@ class ModelStateTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_bound_field_sanity_check(self):
         field = models.CharField(max_length=1)
         field.model = models.Model
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'ModelState.fields cannot be bound to a model - "field" is.'):
-            ModelState('app', 'Model', [('field', field)])
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, 'ModelState.fields cannot be bound to a model - "field" is.'
+        ):
+            ModelState("app", "Model", [("field", field)])
 
     def test_sanity_check_to(self):
         field = models.ForeignKey(UnicodeModel, models.CASCADE)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(
             ValueError,
             'ModelState.fields cannot refer to a model class - "field.to" does. '
-            'Use a string reference instead.'
+            "Use a string reference instead.",
         ):
-            ModelState('app', 'Model', [('field', field)])
+            ModelState("app", "Model", [("field", field)])
 
     def test_sanity_check_through(self):
-        field = models.ManyToManyField('UnicodeModel')
+        field = models.ManyToManyField("UnicodeModel")
         field.remote_field.through = UnicodeModel
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(
             ValueError,
             'ModelState.fields cannot refer to a model class - "field.through" does. '
-            'Use a string reference instead.'
+            "Use a string reference instead.",
         ):
-            ModelState('app', 'Model', [('field', field)])
+            ModelState("app", "Model", [("field", field)])
 
     def test_sanity_index_name(self):
         field = models.IntegerField()
-        options = {'indexes': [models.Index(fields=['field'])]}
+        options = {"indexes": [models.Index(fields=["field"])]}
         msg = (
             "Indexes passed to ModelState require a name attribute. <Index: "
             "fields=['field']> doesn't have one."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            ModelState('app', 'Model', [('field', field)], options=options)
+            ModelState("app", "Model", [("field", field)], options=options)
 
     def test_fields_immutability(self):
         """
@@ -1497,48 +1678,52 @@ class ModelStateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         apps = Apps()
         field = models.CharField(max_length=1)
-        state = ModelState('app', 'Model', [('name', field)])
+        state = ModelState("app", "Model", [("name", field)])
         Model = state.render(apps)
-        self.assertNotEqual(Model._meta.get_field('name'), field)
+        self.assertNotEqual(Model._meta.get_field("name"), field)
 
     def test_repr(self):
         field = models.CharField(max_length=1)
-        state = ModelState('app', 'Model', [('name', field)], bases=['app.A', 'app.B', 'app.C'])
+        state = ModelState(
+            "app", "Model", [("name", field)], bases=["app.A", "app.B", "app.C"]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(repr(state), "<ModelState: 'app.Model'>")
 
         project_state = ProjectState()
         project_state.add_model(state)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(InvalidBasesError, "Cannot resolve bases for [<ModelState: 'app.Model'>]"):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            InvalidBasesError, "Cannot resolve bases for [<ModelState: 'app.Model'>]"
+        ):
             project_state.apps
 
     def test_fields_ordering_equality(self):
         state = ModelState(
-            'migrations',
-            'Tag',
+            "migrations",
+            "Tag",
             [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
-                ('name', models.CharField(max_length=100)),
-                ('hidden', models.BooleanField()),
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
+                ("hidden", models.BooleanField()),
             ],
         )
         reordered_state = ModelState(
-            'migrations',
-            'Tag',
+            "migrations",
+            "Tag",
             [
-                ('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
+                ("id", models.AutoField(primary_key=True)),
                 # Purposely re-ordered.
-                ('hidden', models.BooleanField()),
-                ('name', models.CharField(max_length=100)),
+                ("hidden", models.BooleanField()),
+                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
             ],
         )
         self.assertEqual(state, reordered_state)
 
-    @override_settings(TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL='migrations.SomeFakeModel')
+    @override_settings(TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL="migrations.SomeFakeModel")
     def test_create_swappable(self):
         """
         Tests making a ProjectState from an Apps with a swappable model
         """
-        new_apps = Apps(['migrations'])
+        new_apps = Apps(["migrations"])
 
         class Author(models.Model):
             name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
@@ -1546,34 +1731,37 @@ class ModelStateTests(SimpleTestCase):
             age = models.IntegerField(blank=True, null=True)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'migrations'
+                app_label = "migrations"
                 apps = new_apps
-                swappable = 'TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL'
+                swappable = "TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL"
 
         author_state = ModelState.from_model(Author)
-        self.assertEqual(author_state.app_label, 'migrations')
-        self.assertEqual(author_state.name, 'Author')
-        self.assertEqual(list(author_state.fields), ['id', 'name', 'bio', 'age'])
-        self.assertEqual(author_state.fields['name'].max_length, 255)
-        self.assertIs(author_state.fields['bio'].null, False)
-        self.assertIs(author_state.fields['age'].null, True)
-        self.assertEqual(author_state.options, {'swappable': 'TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL', 'indexes': [], "constraints": []})
+        self.assertEqual(author_state.app_label, "migrations")
+        self.assertEqual(author_state.name, "Author")
+        self.assertEqual(list(author_state.fields), ["id", "name", "bio", "age"])
+        self.assertEqual(author_state.fields["name"].max_length, 255)
+        self.assertIs(author_state.fields["bio"].null, False)
+        self.assertIs(author_state.fields["age"].null, True)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            author_state.options,
+            {"swappable": "TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL", "indexes": [], "constraints": []},
+        )
         self.assertEqual(author_state.bases, (models.Model,))
         self.assertEqual(author_state.managers, [])
 
-    @override_settings(TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL='migrations.SomeFakeModel')
+    @override_settings(TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL="migrations.SomeFakeModel")
     def test_create_swappable_from_abstract(self):
         """
         A swappable model inheriting from a hierarchy:
         concrete -> abstract -> concrete.
         """
-        new_apps = Apps(['migrations'])
+        new_apps = Apps(["migrations"])
 
         class SearchableLocation(models.Model):
             keywords = models.CharField(max_length=256)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'migrations'
+                app_label = "migrations"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         class Station(SearchableLocation):
@@ -1587,72 +1775,77 @@ class ModelStateTests(SimpleTestCase):
             inbound = models.BooleanField(default=False)
 
             class Meta(Station.Meta):
-                app_label = 'migrations'
+                app_label = "migrations"
                 apps = new_apps
-                swappable = 'TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL'
+                swappable = "TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL"
 
         station_state = ModelState.from_model(BusStation)
-        self.assertEqual(station_state.app_label, 'migrations')
-        self.assertEqual(station_state.name, 'BusStation')
+        self.assertEqual(station_state.app_label, "migrations")
+        self.assertEqual(station_state.name, "BusStation")
         self.assertEqual(
             list(station_state.fields),
-            ['searchablelocation_ptr', 'name', 'bus_routes', 'inbound']
+            ["searchablelocation_ptr", "name", "bus_routes", "inbound"],
         )
-        self.assertEqual(station_state.fields['name'].max_length, 128)
-        self.assertIs(station_state.fields['bus_routes'].null, False)
+        self.assertEqual(station_state.fields["name"].max_length, 128)
+        self.assertIs(station_state.fields["bus_routes"].null, False)
         self.assertEqual(
             station_state.options,
-            {'abstract': False, 'swappable': 'TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL', 'indexes': [], 'constraints': []}
+            {
+                "abstract": False,
+                "swappable": "TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL",
+                "indexes": [],
+                "constraints": [],
+            },
         )
-        self.assertEqual(station_state.bases, ('migrations.searchablelocation',))
+        self.assertEqual(station_state.bases, ("migrations.searchablelocation",))
         self.assertEqual(station_state.managers, [])
 
-    @override_settings(TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL='migrations.SomeFakeModel')
+    @override_settings(TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL="migrations.SomeFakeModel")
     def test_custom_manager_swappable(self):
         """
         Tests making a ProjectState from unused models with custom managers
         """
-        new_apps = Apps(['migrations'])
+        new_apps = Apps(["migrations"])
 
         class Food(models.Model):
 
-            food_mgr = FoodManager('a', 'b')
+            food_mgr = FoodManager("a", "b")
             food_qs = FoodQuerySet.as_manager()
-            food_no_mgr = NoMigrationFoodManager('x', 'y')
+            food_no_mgr = NoMigrationFoodManager("x", "y")
 
             class Meta:
                 app_label = "migrations"
                 apps = new_apps
-                swappable = 'TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL'
+                swappable = "TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL"
 
         food_state = ModelState.from_model(Food)
 
         # The default manager is used in migrations
-        self.assertEqual([name for name, mgr in food_state.managers], ['food_mgr'])
-        self.assertEqual(food_state.managers[0][1].args, ('a', 'b', 1, 2))
+        self.assertEqual([name for name, mgr in food_state.managers], ["food_mgr"])
+        self.assertEqual(food_state.managers[0][1].args, ("a", "b", 1, 2))
 
-    @isolate_apps('migrations', 'django.contrib.contenttypes')
+    @isolate_apps("migrations", "django.contrib.contenttypes")
     def test_order_with_respect_to_private_field(self):
         class PrivateFieldModel(models.Model):
-            content_type = models.ForeignKey('contenttypes.ContentType', models.CASCADE)
+            content_type = models.ForeignKey("contenttypes.ContentType", models.CASCADE)
             object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
             private = GenericForeignKey()
 
             class Meta:
-                order_with_respect_to = 'private'
+                order_with_respect_to = "private"
 
         state = ModelState.from_model(PrivateFieldModel)
-        self.assertNotIn('order_with_respect_to', state.options)
+        self.assertNotIn("order_with_respect_to", state.options)
 
-    @isolate_apps('migrations')
+    @isolate_apps("migrations")
     def test_abstract_model_children_inherit_indexes(self):
         class Abstract(models.Model):
             name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'migrations'
+                app_label = "migrations"
                 abstract = True
-                indexes = [models.Index(fields=['name'])]
+                indexes = [models.Index(fields=["name"])]
 
         class Child1(Abstract):
             pass
@@ -1662,66 +1855,69 @@ class ModelStateTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         child1_state = ModelState.from_model(Child1)
         child2_state = ModelState.from_model(Child2)
-        index_names = [index.name for index in child1_state.options['indexes']]
-        self.assertEqual(index_names, ['migrations__name_b0afd7_idx'])
-        index_names = [index.name for index in child2_state.options['indexes']]
-        self.assertEqual(index_names, ['migrations__name_016466_idx'])
+        index_names = [index.name for index in child1_state.options["indexes"]]
+        self.assertEqual(index_names, ["migrations__name_b0afd7_idx"])
+        index_names = [index.name for index in child2_state.options["indexes"]]
+        self.assertEqual(index_names, ["migrations__name_016466_idx"])
 
         # Modifying the state doesn't modify the index on the model.
-        child1_state.options['indexes'][0].name = 'bar'
-        self.assertEqual(Child1._meta.indexes[0].name, 'migrations__name_b0afd7_idx')
+        child1_state.options["indexes"][0].name = "bar"
+        self.assertEqual(Child1._meta.indexes[0].name, "migrations__name_b0afd7_idx")
 
-    @isolate_apps('migrations')
+    @isolate_apps("migrations")
     def test_explicit_index_name(self):
         class TestModel(models.Model):
             name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'migrations'
-                indexes = [models.Index(fields=['name'], name='foo_idx')]
+                app_label = "migrations"
+                indexes = [models.Index(fields=["name"], name="foo_idx")]
 
         model_state = ModelState.from_model(TestModel)
-        index_names = [index.name for index in model_state.options['indexes']]
-        self.assertEqual(index_names, ['foo_idx'])
+        index_names = [index.name for index in model_state.options["indexes"]]
+        self.assertEqual(index_names, ["foo_idx"])
 
-    @isolate_apps('migrations')
+    @isolate_apps("migrations")
     def test_from_model_constraints(self):
         class ModelWithConstraints(models.Model):
             size = models.IntegerField()
 
             class Meta:
-                constraints = [models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(size__gt=1), name='size_gt_1')]
+                constraints = [
+                    models.CheckConstraint(check=models.Q(size__gt=1), name="size_gt_1")
+                ]
 
         state = ModelState.from_model(ModelWithConstraints)
         model_constraints = ModelWithConstraints._meta.constraints
-        state_constraints = state.options['constraints']
+        state_constraints = state.options["constraints"]
         self.assertEqual(model_constraints, state_constraints)
         self.assertIsNot(model_constraints, state_constraints)
         self.assertIsNot(model_constraints[0], state_constraints[0])
 
 
 class RelatedModelsTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
-        self.apps = Apps(['migrations.related_models_app'])
+        self.apps = Apps(["migrations.related_models_app"])
 
-    def create_model(self, name, foreign_keys=[], bases=(), abstract=False, proxy=False):
-        test_name = 'related_models_app'
+    def create_model(
+        self, name, foreign_keys=[], bases=(), abstract=False, proxy=False
+    ):
+        test_name = "related_models_app"
         assert not (abstract and proxy)
         meta_contents = {
-            'abstract': abstract,
-            'app_label': test_name,
-            'apps': self.apps,
-            'proxy': proxy,
+            "abstract": abstract,
+            "app_label": test_name,
+            "apps": self.apps,
+            "proxy": proxy,
         }
         meta = type("Meta", (), meta_contents)
         if not bases:
             bases = (models.Model,)
         body = {
-            'Meta': meta,
-            '__module__': "__fake__",
+            "Meta": meta,
+            "__module__": "__fake__",
         }
-        fname_base = fname = '%s_%%d' % name.lower()
+        fname_base = fname = "%s_%%d" % name.lower()
         for i, fk in enumerate(foreign_keys, 1):
             fname = fname_base % i
             body[fname] = fk
@@ -1740,13 +1936,17 @@ class RelatedModelsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertRelated(B, [])
 
     def test_direct_fk(self):
-        A = self.create_model("A", foreign_keys=[models.ForeignKey('B', models.CASCADE)])
+        A = self.create_model(
+            "A", foreign_keys=[models.ForeignKey("B", models.CASCADE)]
+        )
         B = self.create_model("B")
         self.assertRelated(A, [B])
         self.assertRelated(B, [A])
 
     def test_direct_hidden_fk(self):
-        A = self.create_model("A", foreign_keys=[models.ForeignKey('B', models.CASCADE, related_name='+')])
+        A = self.create_model(
+            "A", foreign_keys=[models.ForeignKey("B", models.CASCADE, related_name="+")]
+        )
         B = self.create_model("B")
         self.assertRelated(A, [B])
         self.assertRelated(B, [A])
@@ -1755,30 +1955,46 @@ class RelatedModelsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         A = self.create_model("A")
         B = self.create_model("B", bases=(A,), proxy=True)
         C = self.create_model("C", bases=(B,), proxy=True)
-        D = self.create_model("D", foreign_keys=[models.ForeignKey('C', models.CASCADE)])
+        D = self.create_model(
+            "D", foreign_keys=[models.ForeignKey("C", models.CASCADE)]
+        )
         self.assertRelated(A, [B, C, D])
         self.assertRelated(B, [A, C, D])
         self.assertRelated(C, [A, B, D])
         self.assertRelated(D, [A, B, C])
 
     def test_nested_fk(self):
-        A = self.create_model("A", foreign_keys=[models.ForeignKey('B', models.CASCADE)])
-        B = self.create_model("B", foreign_keys=[models.ForeignKey('C', models.CASCADE)])
+        A = self.create_model(
+            "A", foreign_keys=[models.ForeignKey("B", models.CASCADE)]
+        )
+        B = self.create_model(
+            "B", foreign_keys=[models.ForeignKey("C", models.CASCADE)]
+        )
         C = self.create_model("C")
         self.assertRelated(A, [B, C])
         self.assertRelated(B, [A, C])
         self.assertRelated(C, [A, B])
 
     def test_two_sided(self):
-        A = self.create_model("A", foreign_keys=[models.ForeignKey('B', models.CASCADE)])
-        B = self.create_model("B", foreign_keys=[models.ForeignKey('A', models.CASCADE)])
+        A = self.create_model(
+            "A", foreign_keys=[models.ForeignKey("B", models.CASCADE)]
+        )
+        B = self.create_model(
+            "B", foreign_keys=[models.ForeignKey("A", models.CASCADE)]
+        )
         self.assertRelated(A, [B])
         self.assertRelated(B, [A])
 
     def test_circle(self):
-        A = self.create_model("A", foreign_keys=[models.ForeignKey('B', models.CASCADE)])
-        B = self.create_model("B", foreign_keys=[models.ForeignKey('C', models.CASCADE)])
-        C = self.create_model("C", foreign_keys=[models.ForeignKey('A', models.CASCADE)])
+        A = self.create_model(
+            "A", foreign_keys=[models.ForeignKey("B", models.CASCADE)]
+        )
+        B = self.create_model(
+            "B", foreign_keys=[models.ForeignKey("C", models.CASCADE)]
+        )
+        C = self.create_model(
+            "C", foreign_keys=[models.ForeignKey("A", models.CASCADE)]
+        )
         self.assertRelated(A, [B, C])
         self.assertRelated(B, [A, C])
         self.assertRelated(C, [A, B])
@@ -1800,7 +2016,13 @@ class RelatedModelsTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_multiple_bases(self):
         A = self.create_model("A")
         B = self.create_model("B")
-        C = self.create_model("C", bases=(A, B,))
+        C = self.create_model(
+            "C",
+            bases=(
+                A,
+                B,
+            ),
+        )
         self.assertRelated(A, [B, C])
         self.assertRelated(B, [A, C])
         self.assertRelated(C, [A, B])
@@ -1808,10 +2030,22 @@ class RelatedModelsTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_multiple_nested_bases(self):
         A = self.create_model("A")
         B = self.create_model("B")
-        C = self.create_model("C", bases=(A, B,))
+        C = self.create_model(
+            "C",
+            bases=(
+                A,
+                B,
+            ),
+        )
         D = self.create_model("D")
         E = self.create_model("E", bases=(D,))
-        F = self.create_model("F", bases=(C, E,))
+        F = self.create_model(
+            "F",
+            bases=(
+                C,
+                E,
+            ),
+        )
         Y = self.create_model("Y")
         Z = self.create_model("Z", bases=(Y,))
         self.assertRelated(A, [B, C, D, E, F])
@@ -1824,7 +2058,9 @@ class RelatedModelsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertRelated(Z, [Y])
 
     def test_base_to_base_fk(self):
-        A = self.create_model("A", foreign_keys=[models.ForeignKey('Y', models.CASCADE)])
+        A = self.create_model(
+            "A", foreign_keys=[models.ForeignKey("Y", models.CASCADE)]
+        )
         B = self.create_model("B", bases=(A,))
         Y = self.create_model("Y")
         Z = self.create_model("Z", bases=(Y,))
@@ -1834,7 +2070,9 @@ class RelatedModelsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertRelated(Z, [A, B, Y])
 
     def test_base_to_subclass_fk(self):
-        A = self.create_model("A", foreign_keys=[models.ForeignKey('Z', models.CASCADE)])
+        A = self.create_model(
+            "A", foreign_keys=[models.ForeignKey("Z", models.CASCADE)]
+        )
         B = self.create_model("B", bases=(A,))
         Y = self.create_model("Y")
         Z = self.create_model("Z", bases=(Y,))
@@ -1844,70 +2082,97 @@ class RelatedModelsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertRelated(Z, [A, B, Y])
 
     def test_direct_m2m(self):
-        A = self.create_model("A", foreign_keys=[models.ManyToManyField('B')])
+        A = self.create_model("A", foreign_keys=[models.ManyToManyField("B")])
         B = self.create_model("B")
         self.assertRelated(A, [A.a_1.rel.through, B])
         self.assertRelated(B, [A, A.a_1.rel.through])
 
     def test_direct_m2m_self(self):
-        A = self.create_model("A", foreign_keys=[models.ManyToManyField('A')])
+        A = self.create_model("A", foreign_keys=[models.ManyToManyField("A")])
         self.assertRelated(A, [A.a_1.rel.through])
 
     def test_intermediate_m2m_self(self):
-        A = self.create_model("A", foreign_keys=[models.ManyToManyField('A', through='T')])
-        T = self.create_model("T", foreign_keys=[
-            models.ForeignKey('A', models.CASCADE),
-            models.ForeignKey('A', models.CASCADE),
-        ])
+        A = self.create_model(
+            "A", foreign_keys=[models.ManyToManyField("A", through="T")]
+        )
+        T = self.create_model(
+            "T",
+            foreign_keys=[
+                models.ForeignKey("A", models.CASCADE),
+                models.ForeignKey("A", models.CASCADE),
+            ],
+        )
         self.assertRelated(A, [T])
         self.assertRelated(T, [A])
 
     def test_intermediate_m2m(self):
-        A = self.create_model("A", foreign_keys=[models.ManyToManyField('B', through='T')])
+        A = self.create_model(
+            "A", foreign_keys=[models.ManyToManyField("B", through="T")]
+        )
         B = self.create_model("B")
-        T = self.create_model("T", foreign_keys=[
-            models.ForeignKey('A', models.CASCADE),
-            models.ForeignKey('B', models.CASCADE),
-        ])
+        T = self.create_model(
+            "T",
+            foreign_keys=[
+                models.ForeignKey("A", models.CASCADE),
+                models.ForeignKey("B", models.CASCADE),
+            ],
+        )
         self.assertRelated(A, [B, T])
         self.assertRelated(B, [A, T])
         self.assertRelated(T, [A, B])
 
     def test_intermediate_m2m_extern_fk(self):
-        A = self.create_model("A", foreign_keys=[models.ManyToManyField('B', through='T')])
+        A = self.create_model(
+            "A", foreign_keys=[models.ManyToManyField("B", through="T")]
+        )
         B = self.create_model("B")
         Z = self.create_model("Z")
-        T = self.create_model("T", foreign_keys=[
-            models.ForeignKey('A', models.CASCADE),
-            models.ForeignKey('B', models.CASCADE),
-            models.ForeignKey('Z', models.CASCADE),
-        ])
+        T = self.create_model(
+            "T",
+            foreign_keys=[
+                models.ForeignKey("A", models.CASCADE),
+                models.ForeignKey("B", models.CASCADE),
+                models.ForeignKey("Z", models.CASCADE),
+            ],
+        )
         self.assertRelated(A, [B, T, Z])
         self.assertRelated(B, [A, T, Z])
         self.assertRelated(T, [A, B, Z])
         self.assertRelated(Z, [A, B, T])
 
     def test_intermediate_m2m_base(self):
-        A = self.create_model("A", foreign_keys=[models.ManyToManyField('B', through='T')])
+        A = self.create_model(
+            "A", foreign_keys=[models.ManyToManyField("B", through="T")]
+        )
         B = self.create_model("B")
         S = self.create_model("S")
-        T = self.create_model("T", foreign_keys=[
-            models.ForeignKey('A', models.CASCADE),
-            models.ForeignKey('B', models.CASCADE),
-        ], bases=(S,))
+        T = self.create_model(
+            "T",
+            foreign_keys=[
+                models.ForeignKey("A", models.CASCADE),
+                models.ForeignKey("B", models.CASCADE),
+            ],
+            bases=(S,),
+        )
         self.assertRelated(A, [B, S, T])
         self.assertRelated(B, [A, S, T])
         self.assertRelated(S, [A, B, T])
         self.assertRelated(T, [A, B, S])
 
     def test_generic_fk(self):
-        A = self.create_model("A", foreign_keys=[
-            models.ForeignKey('B', models.CASCADE),
-            GenericForeignKey(),
-        ])
-        B = self.create_model("B", foreign_keys=[
-            models.ForeignKey('C', models.CASCADE),
-        ])
+        A = self.create_model(
+            "A",
+            foreign_keys=[
+                models.ForeignKey("B", models.CASCADE),
+                GenericForeignKey(),
+            ],
+        )
+        B = self.create_model(
+            "B",
+            foreign_keys=[
+                models.ForeignKey("C", models.CASCADE),
+            ],
+        )
         self.assertRelated(A, [B])
         self.assertRelated(B, [A])
 
diff --git a/tests/migrations/test_writer.py b/tests/migrations/test_writer.py
index f55c48a0d4..0b45247bc5 100644
--- a/tests/migrations/test_writer.py
+++ b/tests/migrations/test_writer.py
@@ -40,37 +40,38 @@ from .models import FoodManager, FoodQuerySet
 
 class DeconstructibleInstances:
     def deconstruct(self):
-        return ('DeconstructibleInstances', [], {})
+        return ("DeconstructibleInstances", [], {})
 
 
 class Money(decimal.Decimal):
     def deconstruct(self):
         return (
-            '%s.%s' % (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__),
+            "%s.%s" % (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__),
             [str(self)],
-            {}
+            {},
         )
 
 
 class TestModel1:
     def upload_to(self):
-        return '/somewhere/dynamic/'
+        return "/somewhere/dynamic/"
+
     thing = models.FileField(upload_to=upload_to)
 
 
 class TextEnum(enum.Enum):
-    A = 'a-value'
-    B = 'value-b'
+    A = "a-value"
+    B = "value-b"
 
 
 class TextTranslatedEnum(enum.Enum):
-    A = _('a-value')
-    B = _('value-b')
+    A = _("a-value")
+    B = _("value-b")
 
 
 class BinaryEnum(enum.Enum):
-    A = b'a-value'
-    B = b'value-b'
+    A = b"a-value"
+    B = b"value-b"
 
 
 class IntEnum(enum.IntEnum):
@@ -79,97 +80,100 @@ class IntEnum(enum.IntEnum):
 
 
 class OperationWriterTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_empty_signature(self):
         operation = custom_migration_operations.operations.TestOperation()
         buff, imports = OperationWriter(operation, indentation=0).serialize()
-        self.assertEqual(imports, {'import custom_migration_operations.operations'})
+        self.assertEqual(imports, {"import custom_migration_operations.operations"})
         self.assertEqual(
             buff,
-            'custom_migration_operations.operations.TestOperation(\n),',
+            "custom_migration_operations.operations.TestOperation(\n),",
         )
 
     def test_args_signature(self):
         operation = custom_migration_operations.operations.ArgsOperation(1, 2)
         buff, imports = OperationWriter(operation, indentation=0).serialize()
-        self.assertEqual(imports, {'import custom_migration_operations.operations'})
+        self.assertEqual(imports, {"import custom_migration_operations.operations"})
         self.assertEqual(
             buff,
-            'custom_migration_operations.operations.ArgsOperation(\n'
-            '    arg1=1,\n'
-            '    arg2=2,\n'
-            '),'
+            "custom_migration_operations.operations.ArgsOperation(\n"
+            "    arg1=1,\n"
+            "    arg2=2,\n"
+            "),",
         )
 
     def test_kwargs_signature(self):
         operation = custom_migration_operations.operations.KwargsOperation(kwarg1=1)
         buff, imports = OperationWriter(operation, indentation=0).serialize()
-        self.assertEqual(imports, {'import custom_migration_operations.operations'})
+        self.assertEqual(imports, {"import custom_migration_operations.operations"})
         self.assertEqual(
             buff,
-            'custom_migration_operations.operations.KwargsOperation(\n'
-            '    kwarg1=1,\n'
-            '),'
+            "custom_migration_operations.operations.KwargsOperation(\n"
+            "    kwarg1=1,\n"
+            "),",
         )
 
     def test_args_kwargs_signature(self):
-        operation = custom_migration_operations.operations.ArgsKwargsOperation(1, 2, kwarg2=4)
+        operation = custom_migration_operations.operations.ArgsKwargsOperation(
+            1, 2, kwarg2=4
+        )
         buff, imports = OperationWriter(operation, indentation=0).serialize()
-        self.assertEqual(imports, {'import custom_migration_operations.operations'})
+        self.assertEqual(imports, {"import custom_migration_operations.operations"})
         self.assertEqual(
             buff,
-            'custom_migration_operations.operations.ArgsKwargsOperation(\n'
-            '    arg1=1,\n'
-            '    arg2=2,\n'
-            '    kwarg2=4,\n'
-            '),'
+            "custom_migration_operations.operations.ArgsKwargsOperation(\n"
+            "    arg1=1,\n"
+            "    arg2=2,\n"
+            "    kwarg2=4,\n"
+            "),",
         )
 
     def test_nested_args_signature(self):
         operation = custom_migration_operations.operations.ArgsOperation(
             custom_migration_operations.operations.ArgsOperation(1, 2),
-            custom_migration_operations.operations.KwargsOperation(kwarg1=3, kwarg2=4)
+            custom_migration_operations.operations.KwargsOperation(kwarg1=3, kwarg2=4),
         )
         buff, imports = OperationWriter(operation, indentation=0).serialize()
-        self.assertEqual(imports, {'import custom_migration_operations.operations'})
+        self.assertEqual(imports, {"import custom_migration_operations.operations"})
         self.assertEqual(
             buff,
-            'custom_migration_operations.operations.ArgsOperation(\n'
-            '    arg1=custom_migration_operations.operations.ArgsOperation(\n'
-            '        arg1=1,\n'
-            '        arg2=2,\n'
-            '    ),\n'
-            '    arg2=custom_migration_operations.operations.KwargsOperation(\n'
-            '        kwarg1=3,\n'
-            '        kwarg2=4,\n'
-            '    ),\n'
-            '),'
+            "custom_migration_operations.operations.ArgsOperation(\n"
+            "    arg1=custom_migration_operations.operations.ArgsOperation(\n"
+            "        arg1=1,\n"
+            "        arg2=2,\n"
+            "    ),\n"
+            "    arg2=custom_migration_operations.operations.KwargsOperation(\n"
+            "        kwarg1=3,\n"
+            "        kwarg2=4,\n"
+            "    ),\n"
+            "),",
         )
 
     def test_multiline_args_signature(self):
-        operation = custom_migration_operations.operations.ArgsOperation("test\n    arg1", "test\narg2")
+        operation = custom_migration_operations.operations.ArgsOperation(
+            "test\n    arg1", "test\narg2"
+        )
         buff, imports = OperationWriter(operation, indentation=0).serialize()
-        self.assertEqual(imports, {'import custom_migration_operations.operations'})
+        self.assertEqual(imports, {"import custom_migration_operations.operations"})
         self.assertEqual(
             buff,
             "custom_migration_operations.operations.ArgsOperation(\n"
             "    arg1='test\\n    arg1',\n"
             "    arg2='test\\narg2',\n"
-            "),"
+            "),",
         )
 
     def test_expand_args_signature(self):
         operation = custom_migration_operations.operations.ExpandArgsOperation([1, 2])
         buff, imports = OperationWriter(operation, indentation=0).serialize()
-        self.assertEqual(imports, {'import custom_migration_operations.operations'})
+        self.assertEqual(imports, {"import custom_migration_operations.operations"})
         self.assertEqual(
             buff,
-            'custom_migration_operations.operations.ExpandArgsOperation(\n'
-            '    arg=[\n'
-            '        1,\n'
-            '        2,\n'
-            '    ],\n'
-            '),'
+            "custom_migration_operations.operations.ExpandArgsOperation(\n"
+            "    arg=[\n"
+            "        1,\n"
+            "        2,\n"
+            "    ],\n"
+            "),",
         )
 
     def test_nested_operation_expand_args_signature(self):
@@ -182,17 +186,17 @@ class OperationWriterTests(SimpleTestCase):
             ]
         )
         buff, imports = OperationWriter(operation, indentation=0).serialize()
-        self.assertEqual(imports, {'import custom_migration_operations.operations'})
+        self.assertEqual(imports, {"import custom_migration_operations.operations"})
         self.assertEqual(
             buff,
-            'custom_migration_operations.operations.ExpandArgsOperation(\n'
-            '    arg=[\n'
-            '        custom_migration_operations.operations.KwargsOperation(\n'
-            '            kwarg1=1,\n'
-            '            kwarg2=2,\n'
-            '        ),\n'
-            '    ],\n'
-            '),'
+            "custom_migration_operations.operations.ExpandArgsOperation(\n"
+            "    arg=[\n"
+            "        custom_migration_operations.operations.KwargsOperation(\n"
+            "            kwarg1=1,\n"
+            "            kwarg2=2,\n"
+            "        ),\n"
+            "    ],\n"
+            "),",
         )
 
 
@@ -200,13 +204,14 @@ class WriterTests(SimpleTestCase):
     """
     Tests the migration writer (makes migration files from Migration instances)
     """
+
     class NestedEnum(enum.IntEnum):
         A = 1
         B = 2
 
     class NestedChoices(models.TextChoices):
-        X = 'X', 'X value'
-        Y = 'Y', 'Y value'
+        X = "X", "X value"
+        Y = "Y", "Y value"
 
     def safe_exec(self, string, value=None):
         d = {}
@@ -214,14 +219,18 @@ class WriterTests(SimpleTestCase):
             exec(string, globals(), d)
         except Exception as e:
             if value:
-                self.fail("Could not exec %r (from value %r): %s" % (string.strip(), value, e))
+                self.fail(
+                    "Could not exec %r (from value %r): %s" % (string.strip(), value, e)
+                )
             else:
                 self.fail("Could not exec %r: %s" % (string.strip(), e))
         return d
 
     def serialize_round_trip(self, value):
         string, imports = MigrationWriter.serialize(value)
-        return self.safe_exec("%s\ntest_value_result = %s" % ("\n".join(imports), string), value)['test_value_result']
+        return self.safe_exec(
+            "%s\ntest_value_result = %s" % ("\n".join(imports), string), value
+        )["test_value_result"]
 
     def assertSerializedEqual(self, value):
         self.assertEqual(self.serialize_round_trip(value), value)
@@ -243,16 +252,15 @@ class WriterTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertTrue(math.isinf(self.serialize_round_trip(float("-inf"))))
         self.assertTrue(math.isnan(self.serialize_round_trip(float("nan"))))
 
-        self.assertSerializedEqual(decimal.Decimal('1.3'))
+        self.assertSerializedEqual(decimal.Decimal("1.3"))
         self.assertSerializedResultEqual(
-            decimal.Decimal('1.3'),
-            ("Decimal('1.3')", {'from decimal import Decimal'})
+            decimal.Decimal("1.3"), ("Decimal('1.3')", {"from decimal import Decimal"})
         )
 
-        self.assertSerializedEqual(Money('1.3'))
+        self.assertSerializedEqual(Money("1.3"))
         self.assertSerializedResultEqual(
-            Money('1.3'),
-            ("migrations.test_writer.Money('1.3')", {'import migrations.test_writer'})
+            Money("1.3"),
+            ("migrations.test_writer.Money('1.3')", {"import migrations.test_writer"}),
         )
 
     def test_serialize_constants(self):
@@ -281,54 +289,62 @@ class WriterTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertSerializedEqual(["a", 2, True, None])
         self.assertSerializedEqual({2, 3, "eighty"})
         self.assertSerializedEqual({"lalalala": ["yeah", "no", "maybe"]})
-        self.assertSerializedEqual(_('Hello'))
+        self.assertSerializedEqual(_("Hello"))
 
     def test_serialize_builtin_types(self):
         self.assertSerializedEqual([list, tuple, dict, set, frozenset])
         self.assertSerializedResultEqual(
             [list, tuple, dict, set, frozenset],
-            ("[list, tuple, dict, set, frozenset]", set())
+            ("[list, tuple, dict, set, frozenset]", set()),
         )
 
     def test_serialize_lazy_objects(self):
-        pattern = re.compile(r'^foo$')
+        pattern = re.compile(r"^foo$")
         lazy_pattern = SimpleLazyObject(lambda: pattern)
         self.assertEqual(self.serialize_round_trip(lazy_pattern), pattern)
 
     def test_serialize_enums(self):
         self.assertSerializedResultEqual(
             TextEnum.A,
-            ("migrations.test_writer.TextEnum['A']", {'import migrations.test_writer'})
+            ("migrations.test_writer.TextEnum['A']", {"import migrations.test_writer"}),
         )
         self.assertSerializedResultEqual(
             TextTranslatedEnum.A,
-            ("migrations.test_writer.TextTranslatedEnum['A']", {'import migrations.test_writer'})
+            (
+                "migrations.test_writer.TextTranslatedEnum['A']",
+                {"import migrations.test_writer"},
+            ),
         )
         self.assertSerializedResultEqual(
             BinaryEnum.A,
-            ("migrations.test_writer.BinaryEnum['A']", {'import migrations.test_writer'})
+            (
+                "migrations.test_writer.BinaryEnum['A']",
+                {"import migrations.test_writer"},
+            ),
         )
         self.assertSerializedResultEqual(
             IntEnum.B,
-            ("migrations.test_writer.IntEnum['B']", {'import migrations.test_writer'})
+            ("migrations.test_writer.IntEnum['B']", {"import migrations.test_writer"}),
         )
         self.assertSerializedResultEqual(
             self.NestedEnum.A,
             (
                 "migrations.test_writer.WriterTests.NestedEnum['A']",
-                {'import migrations.test_writer'},
+                {"import migrations.test_writer"},
             ),
         )
         self.assertSerializedEqual(self.NestedEnum.A)
 
-        field = models.CharField(default=TextEnum.B, choices=[(m.value, m) for m in TextEnum])
+        field = models.CharField(
+            default=TextEnum.B, choices=[(m.value, m) for m in TextEnum]
+        )
         string = MigrationWriter.serialize(field)[0]
         self.assertEqual(
             string,
             "models.CharField(choices=["
             "('a-value', migrations.test_writer.TextEnum['A']), "
             "('value-b', migrations.test_writer.TextEnum['B'])], "
-            "default=migrations.test_writer.TextEnum['B'])"
+            "default=migrations.test_writer.TextEnum['B'])",
         )
         field = models.CharField(
             default=TextTranslatedEnum.A,
@@ -340,45 +356,49 @@ class WriterTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "models.CharField(choices=["
             "('a-value', migrations.test_writer.TextTranslatedEnum['A']), "
             "('value-b', migrations.test_writer.TextTranslatedEnum['B'])], "
-            "default=migrations.test_writer.TextTranslatedEnum['A'])"
+            "default=migrations.test_writer.TextTranslatedEnum['A'])",
+        )
+        field = models.CharField(
+            default=BinaryEnum.B, choices=[(m.value, m) for m in BinaryEnum]
         )
-        field = models.CharField(default=BinaryEnum.B, choices=[(m.value, m) for m in BinaryEnum])
         string = MigrationWriter.serialize(field)[0]
         self.assertEqual(
             string,
             "models.CharField(choices=["
             "(b'a-value', migrations.test_writer.BinaryEnum['A']), "
             "(b'value-b', migrations.test_writer.BinaryEnum['B'])], "
-            "default=migrations.test_writer.BinaryEnum['B'])"
+            "default=migrations.test_writer.BinaryEnum['B'])",
+        )
+        field = models.IntegerField(
+            default=IntEnum.A, choices=[(m.value, m) for m in IntEnum]
         )
-        field = models.IntegerField(default=IntEnum.A, choices=[(m.value, m) for m in IntEnum])
         string = MigrationWriter.serialize(field)[0]
         self.assertEqual(
             string,
             "models.IntegerField(choices=["
             "(1, migrations.test_writer.IntEnum['A']), "
             "(2, migrations.test_writer.IntEnum['B'])], "
-            "default=migrations.test_writer.IntEnum['A'])"
+            "default=migrations.test_writer.IntEnum['A'])",
         )
 
     def test_serialize_choices(self):
         class TextChoices(models.TextChoices):
-            A = 'A', 'A value'
-            B = 'B', 'B value'
+            A = "A", "A value"
+            B = "B", "B value"
 
         class IntegerChoices(models.IntegerChoices):
-            A = 1, 'One'
-            B = 2, 'Two'
+            A = 1, "One"
+            B = 2, "Two"
 
         class DateChoices(datetime.date, models.Choices):
-            DATE_1 = 1969, 7, 20, 'First date'
-            DATE_2 = 1969, 11, 19, 'Second date'
+            DATE_1 = 1969, 7, 20, "First date"
+            DATE_2 = 1969, 11, 19, "Second date"
 
         self.assertSerializedResultEqual(TextChoices.A, ("'A'", set()))
-        self.assertSerializedResultEqual(IntegerChoices.A, ('1', set()))
+        self.assertSerializedResultEqual(IntegerChoices.A, ("1", set()))
         self.assertSerializedResultEqual(
             DateChoices.DATE_1,
-            ('datetime.date(1969, 7, 20)', {'import datetime'}),
+            ("datetime.date(1969, 7, 20)", {"import datetime"}),
         )
         field = models.CharField(default=TextChoices.B, choices=TextChoices.choices)
         string = MigrationWriter.serialize(field)[0]
@@ -387,20 +407,24 @@ class WriterTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "models.CharField(choices=[('A', 'A value'), ('B', 'B value')], "
             "default='B')",
         )
-        field = models.IntegerField(default=IntegerChoices.B, choices=IntegerChoices.choices)
+        field = models.IntegerField(
+            default=IntegerChoices.B, choices=IntegerChoices.choices
+        )
         string = MigrationWriter.serialize(field)[0]
         self.assertEqual(
             string,
             "models.IntegerField(choices=[(1, 'One'), (2, 'Two')], default=2)",
         )
-        field = models.DateField(default=DateChoices.DATE_2, choices=DateChoices.choices)
+        field = models.DateField(
+            default=DateChoices.DATE_2, choices=DateChoices.choices
+        )
         string = MigrationWriter.serialize(field)[0]
         self.assertEqual(
             string,
             "models.DateField(choices=["
             "(datetime.date(1969, 7, 20), 'First date'), "
             "(datetime.date(1969, 11, 19), 'Second date')], "
-            "default=datetime.date(1969, 11, 19))"
+            "default=datetime.date(1969, 11, 19))",
         )
 
     def test_serialize_nested_class(self):
@@ -411,7 +435,7 @@ class WriterTests(SimpleTestCase):
                     nested_cls,
                     (
                         "migrations.test_writer.WriterTests.%s" % cls_name,
-                        {'import migrations.test_writer'},
+                        {"import migrations.test_writer"},
                     ),
                 )
 
@@ -419,56 +443,58 @@ class WriterTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertSerializedEqual(uuid.uuid1())
         self.assertSerializedEqual(uuid.uuid4())
 
-        uuid_a = uuid.UUID('5c859437-d061-4847-b3f7-e6b78852f8c8')
-        uuid_b = uuid.UUID('c7853ec1-2ea3-4359-b02d-b54e8f1bcee2')
+        uuid_a = uuid.UUID("5c859437-d061-4847-b3f7-e6b78852f8c8")
+        uuid_b = uuid.UUID("c7853ec1-2ea3-4359-b02d-b54e8f1bcee2")
         self.assertSerializedResultEqual(
             uuid_a,
-            ("uuid.UUID('5c859437-d061-4847-b3f7-e6b78852f8c8')", {'import uuid'})
+            ("uuid.UUID('5c859437-d061-4847-b3f7-e6b78852f8c8')", {"import uuid"}),
         )
         self.assertSerializedResultEqual(
             uuid_b,
-            ("uuid.UUID('c7853ec1-2ea3-4359-b02d-b54e8f1bcee2')", {'import uuid'})
+            ("uuid.UUID('c7853ec1-2ea3-4359-b02d-b54e8f1bcee2')", {"import uuid"}),
         )
 
-        field = models.UUIDField(choices=((uuid_a, 'UUID A'), (uuid_b, 'UUID B')), default=uuid_a)
+        field = models.UUIDField(
+            choices=((uuid_a, "UUID A"), (uuid_b, "UUID B")), default=uuid_a
+        )
         string = MigrationWriter.serialize(field)[0]
         self.assertEqual(
             string,
             "models.UUIDField(choices=["
             "(uuid.UUID('5c859437-d061-4847-b3f7-e6b78852f8c8'), 'UUID A'), "
             "(uuid.UUID('c7853ec1-2ea3-4359-b02d-b54e8f1bcee2'), 'UUID B')], "
-            "default=uuid.UUID('5c859437-d061-4847-b3f7-e6b78852f8c8'))"
+            "default=uuid.UUID('5c859437-d061-4847-b3f7-e6b78852f8c8'))",
         )
 
     def test_serialize_pathlib(self):
         # Pure path objects work in all platforms.
         self.assertSerializedEqual(pathlib.PurePosixPath())
         self.assertSerializedEqual(pathlib.PureWindowsPath())
-        path = pathlib.PurePosixPath('/path/file.txt')
-        expected = ("pathlib.PurePosixPath('/path/file.txt')", {'import pathlib'})
+        path = pathlib.PurePosixPath("/path/file.txt")
+        expected = ("pathlib.PurePosixPath('/path/file.txt')", {"import pathlib"})
         self.assertSerializedResultEqual(path, expected)
-        path = pathlib.PureWindowsPath('A:\\File.txt')
-        expected = ("pathlib.PureWindowsPath('A:/File.txt')", {'import pathlib'})
+        path = pathlib.PureWindowsPath("A:\\File.txt")
+        expected = ("pathlib.PureWindowsPath('A:/File.txt')", {"import pathlib"})
         self.assertSerializedResultEqual(path, expected)
         # Concrete path objects work on supported platforms.
-        if sys.platform == 'win32':
+        if sys.platform == "win32":
             self.assertSerializedEqual(pathlib.WindowsPath.cwd())
-            path = pathlib.WindowsPath('A:\\File.txt')
-            expected = ("pathlib.PureWindowsPath('A:/File.txt')", {'import pathlib'})
+            path = pathlib.WindowsPath("A:\\File.txt")
+            expected = ("pathlib.PureWindowsPath('A:/File.txt')", {"import pathlib"})
             self.assertSerializedResultEqual(path, expected)
         else:
             self.assertSerializedEqual(pathlib.PosixPath.cwd())
-            path = pathlib.PosixPath('/path/file.txt')
-            expected = ("pathlib.PurePosixPath('/path/file.txt')", {'import pathlib'})
+            path = pathlib.PosixPath("/path/file.txt")
+            expected = ("pathlib.PurePosixPath('/path/file.txt')", {"import pathlib"})
             self.assertSerializedResultEqual(path, expected)
 
-        field = models.FilePathField(path=pathlib.PurePosixPath('/home/user'))
+        field = models.FilePathField(path=pathlib.PurePosixPath("/home/user"))
         string, imports = MigrationWriter.serialize(field)
         self.assertEqual(
             string,
             "models.FilePathField(path=pathlib.PurePosixPath('/home/user'))",
         )
-        self.assertIn('import pathlib', imports)
+        self.assertIn("import pathlib", imports)
 
     def test_serialize_path_like(self):
         with os.scandir(os.path.dirname(__file__)) as entries:
@@ -478,14 +504,14 @@ class WriterTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         field = models.FilePathField(path=path_like)
         string = MigrationWriter.serialize(field)[0]
-        self.assertEqual(string, 'models.FilePathField(path=%r)' % path_like.path)
+        self.assertEqual(string, "models.FilePathField(path=%r)" % path_like.path)
 
     def test_serialize_functions(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Cannot serialize function: lambda'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot serialize function: lambda"):
             self.assertSerializedEqual(lambda x: 42)
         self.assertSerializedEqual(models.SET_NULL)
         string, imports = MigrationWriter.serialize(models.SET(42))
-        self.assertEqual(string, 'models.SET(42)')
+        self.assertEqual(string, "models.SET(42)")
         self.serialize_round_trip(models.SET(42))
 
     def test_serialize_datetime(self):
@@ -496,11 +522,15 @@ class WriterTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertSerializedEqual(datetime.date.today())
         self.assertSerializedEqual(datetime.date.today)
         self.assertSerializedEqual(datetime.datetime.now().time())
-        self.assertSerializedEqual(datetime.datetime(2014, 1, 1, 1, 1, tzinfo=get_default_timezone()))
-        self.assertSerializedEqual(datetime.datetime(2013, 12, 31, 22, 1, tzinfo=get_fixed_timezone(180)))
+        self.assertSerializedEqual(
+            datetime.datetime(2014, 1, 1, 1, 1, tzinfo=get_default_timezone())
+        )
+        self.assertSerializedEqual(
+            datetime.datetime(2013, 12, 31, 22, 1, tzinfo=get_fixed_timezone(180))
+        )
         self.assertSerializedResultEqual(
             datetime.datetime(2014, 1, 1, 1, 1),
-            ("datetime.datetime(2014, 1, 1, 1, 1)", {'import datetime'})
+            ("datetime.datetime(2014, 1, 1, 1, 1)", {"import datetime"}),
         )
         for tzinfo in (utc, datetime.timezone.utc):
             with self.subTest(tzinfo=tzinfo):
@@ -508,56 +538,64 @@ class WriterTests(SimpleTestCase):
                     datetime.datetime(2012, 1, 1, 1, 1, tzinfo=tzinfo),
                     (
                         "datetime.datetime(2012, 1, 1, 1, 1, tzinfo=utc)",
-                        {'import datetime', 'from django.utils.timezone import utc'},
-                    )
+                        {"import datetime", "from django.utils.timezone import utc"},
+                    ),
                 )
 
         self.assertSerializedResultEqual(
-            datetime.datetime(2012, 1, 1, 2, 1, tzinfo=zoneinfo.ZoneInfo('Europe/Paris')),
+            datetime.datetime(
+                2012, 1, 1, 2, 1, tzinfo=zoneinfo.ZoneInfo("Europe/Paris")
+            ),
             (
                 "datetime.datetime(2012, 1, 1, 1, 1, tzinfo=utc)",
-                {'import datetime', 'from django.utils.timezone import utc'},
-            )
+                {"import datetime", "from django.utils.timezone import utc"},
+            ),
         )
         if pytz:
             self.assertSerializedResultEqual(
-                pytz.timezone('Europe/Paris').localize(datetime.datetime(2012, 1, 1, 2, 1)),
+                pytz.timezone("Europe/Paris").localize(
+                    datetime.datetime(2012, 1, 1, 2, 1)
+                ),
                 (
                     "datetime.datetime(2012, 1, 1, 1, 1, tzinfo=utc)",
-                    {'import datetime', 'from django.utils.timezone import utc'},
-                )
+                    {"import datetime", "from django.utils.timezone import utc"},
+                ),
             )
 
     def test_serialize_fields(self):
         self.assertSerializedFieldEqual(models.CharField(max_length=255))
         self.assertSerializedResultEqual(
             models.CharField(max_length=255),
-            ("models.CharField(max_length=255)", {"from django.db import models"})
+            ("models.CharField(max_length=255)", {"from django.db import models"}),
         )
         self.assertSerializedFieldEqual(models.TextField(null=True, blank=True))
         self.assertSerializedResultEqual(
             models.TextField(null=True, blank=True),
-            ("models.TextField(blank=True, null=True)", {'from django.db import models'})
+            (
+                "models.TextField(blank=True, null=True)",
+                {"from django.db import models"},
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_serialize_settings(self):
-        self.assertSerializedEqual(SettingsReference(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, "AUTH_USER_MODEL"))
+        self.assertSerializedEqual(
+            SettingsReference(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, "AUTH_USER_MODEL")
+        )
         self.assertSerializedResultEqual(
             SettingsReference("someapp.model", "AUTH_USER_MODEL"),
-            ("settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL", {"from django.conf import settings"})
+            ("settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL", {"from django.conf import settings"}),
         )
 
     def test_serialize_iterators(self):
         self.assertSerializedResultEqual(
-            ((x, x * x) for x in range(3)),
-            ("((0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4))", set())
+            ((x, x * x) for x in range(3)), ("((0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4))", set())
         )
 
     def test_serialize_compiled_regex(self):
         """
         Make sure compiled regex can be serialized.
         """
-        regex = re.compile(r'^\w+$')
+        regex = re.compile(r"^\w+$")
         self.assertSerializedEqual(regex)
 
     def test_serialize_class_based_validators(self):
@@ -567,58 +605,82 @@ class WriterTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         validator = RegexValidator(message="hello")
         string = MigrationWriter.serialize(validator)[0]
-        self.assertEqual(string, "django.core.validators.RegexValidator(message='hello')")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            string, "django.core.validators.RegexValidator(message='hello')"
+        )
         self.serialize_round_trip(validator)
 
         # Test with a compiled regex.
-        validator = RegexValidator(regex=re.compile(r'^\w+$'))
+        validator = RegexValidator(regex=re.compile(r"^\w+$"))
         string = MigrationWriter.serialize(validator)[0]
-        self.assertEqual(string, "django.core.validators.RegexValidator(regex=re.compile('^\\\\w+$'))")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            string,
+            "django.core.validators.RegexValidator(regex=re.compile('^\\\\w+$'))",
+        )
         self.serialize_round_trip(validator)
 
         # Test a string regex with flag
-        validator = RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', flags=re.S)
+        validator = RegexValidator(r"^[0-9]+$", flags=re.S)
         string = MigrationWriter.serialize(validator)[0]
-        self.assertEqual(string, "django.core.validators.RegexValidator('^[0-9]+$', flags=re.RegexFlag['DOTALL'])")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            string,
+            "django.core.validators.RegexValidator('^[0-9]+$', flags=re.RegexFlag['DOTALL'])",
+        )
         self.serialize_round_trip(validator)
 
         # Test message and code
-        validator = RegexValidator('^[-a-zA-Z0-9_]+$', 'Invalid', 'invalid')
+        validator = RegexValidator("^[-a-zA-Z0-9_]+$", "Invalid", "invalid")
         string = MigrationWriter.serialize(validator)[0]
-        self.assertEqual(string, "django.core.validators.RegexValidator('^[-a-zA-Z0-9_]+$', 'Invalid', 'invalid')")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            string,
+            "django.core.validators.RegexValidator('^[-a-zA-Z0-9_]+$', 'Invalid', 'invalid')",
+        )
         self.serialize_round_trip(validator)
 
         # Test with a subclass.
         validator = EmailValidator(message="hello")
         string = MigrationWriter.serialize(validator)[0]
-        self.assertEqual(string, "django.core.validators.EmailValidator(message='hello')")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            string, "django.core.validators.EmailValidator(message='hello')"
+        )
         self.serialize_round_trip(validator)
 
-        validator = deconstructible(path="migrations.test_writer.EmailValidator")(EmailValidator)(message="hello")
+        validator = deconstructible(path="migrations.test_writer.EmailValidator")(
+            EmailValidator
+        )(message="hello")
         string = MigrationWriter.serialize(validator)[0]
-        self.assertEqual(string, "migrations.test_writer.EmailValidator(message='hello')")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            string, "migrations.test_writer.EmailValidator(message='hello')"
+        )
 
-        validator = deconstructible(path="custom.EmailValidator")(EmailValidator)(message="hello")
+        validator = deconstructible(path="custom.EmailValidator")(EmailValidator)(
+            message="hello"
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImportError, "No module named 'custom'"):
             MigrationWriter.serialize(validator)
 
-        validator = deconstructible(path="django.core.validators.EmailValidator2")(EmailValidator)(message="hello")
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Could not find object EmailValidator2 in django.core.validators."):
+        validator = deconstructible(path="django.core.validators.EmailValidator2")(
+            EmailValidator
+        )(message="hello")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError,
+            "Could not find object EmailValidator2 in django.core.validators.",
+        ):
             MigrationWriter.serialize(validator)
 
     def test_serialize_complex_func_index(self):
         index = models.Index(
-            models.Func('rating', function='ABS'),
+            models.Func("rating", function="ABS"),
             models.Case(
-                models.When(name='special', then=models.Value('X')),
-                default=models.Value('other'),
+                models.When(name="special", then=models.Value("X")),
+                default=models.Value("other"),
             ),
             models.ExpressionWrapper(
-                models.F('pages'),
+                models.F("pages"),
                 output_field=models.IntegerField(),
             ),
-            models.OrderBy(models.F('name').desc()),
-            name='complex_func_index',
+            models.OrderBy(models.F("name").desc()),
+            name="complex_func_index",
         )
         string, imports = MigrationWriter.serialize(index)
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -629,9 +691,9 @@ class WriterTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "models.ExpressionWrapper("
             "models.F('pages'), output_field=models.IntegerField()), "
             "models.OrderBy(models.OrderBy(models.F('name'), descending=True)), "
-            "name='complex_func_index')"
+            "name='complex_func_index')",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(imports, {'from django.db import models'})
+        self.assertEqual(imports, {"from django.db import models"})
 
     def test_serialize_empty_nonempty_tuple(self):
         """
@@ -639,20 +701,20 @@ class WriterTests(SimpleTestCase):
         tuple) default_permissions = ()
         """
         empty_tuple = ()
-        one_item_tuple = ('a',)
-        many_items_tuple = ('a', 'b', 'c')
+        one_item_tuple = ("a",)
+        many_items_tuple = ("a", "b", "c")
         self.assertSerializedEqual(empty_tuple)
         self.assertSerializedEqual(one_item_tuple)
         self.assertSerializedEqual(many_items_tuple)
 
     def test_serialize_range(self):
         string, imports = MigrationWriter.serialize(range(1, 5))
-        self.assertEqual(string, 'range(1, 5)')
+        self.assertEqual(string, "range(1, 5)")
         self.assertEqual(imports, set())
 
     def test_serialize_builtins(self):
         string, imports = MigrationWriter.serialize(range)
-        self.assertEqual(string, 'range')
+        self.assertEqual(string, "range")
         self.assertEqual(imports, set())
 
     def test_serialize_unbound_method_reference(self):
@@ -661,22 +723,29 @@ class WriterTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_serialize_local_function_reference(self):
         """A reference in a local scope can't be serialized."""
+
         class TestModel2:
             def upload_to(self):
                 return "somewhere dynamic"
+
             thing = models.FileField(upload_to=upload_to)
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Could not find function upload_to in migrations.test_writer'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Could not find function upload_to in migrations.test_writer"
+        ):
             self.serialize_round_trip(TestModel2.thing)
 
     def test_serialize_managers(self):
         self.assertSerializedEqual(models.Manager())
         self.assertSerializedResultEqual(
             FoodQuerySet.as_manager(),
-            ('migrations.models.FoodQuerySet.as_manager()', {'import migrations.models'})
+            (
+                "migrations.models.FoodQuerySet.as_manager()",
+                {"import migrations.models"},
+            ),
         )
-        self.assertSerializedEqual(FoodManager('a', 'b'))
-        self.assertSerializedEqual(FoodManager('x', 'y', c=3, d=4))
+        self.assertSerializedEqual(FoodManager("a", "b"))
+        self.assertSerializedEqual(FoodManager("x", "y", c=3, d=4))
 
     def test_serialize_frozensets(self):
         self.assertSerializedEqual(frozenset())
@@ -684,9 +753,9 @@ class WriterTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_serialize_set(self):
         self.assertSerializedEqual(set())
-        self.assertSerializedResultEqual(set(), ('set()', set()))
-        self.assertSerializedEqual({'a'})
-        self.assertSerializedResultEqual({'a'}, ("{'a'}", set()))
+        self.assertSerializedResultEqual(set(), ("set()", set()))
+        self.assertSerializedEqual({"a"})
+        self.assertSerializedResultEqual({"a"}, ("{'a'}", set()))
 
     def test_serialize_timedelta(self):
         self.assertSerializedEqual(datetime.timedelta())
@@ -722,27 +791,40 @@ class WriterTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Tests serializing a simple migration.
         """
         fields = {
-            'charfield': models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.datetime.now),
-            'datetimefield': models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.datetime.now),
+            "charfield": models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.datetime.now),
+            "datetimefield": models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.datetime.now),
         }
 
         options = {
-            'verbose_name': 'My model',
-            'verbose_name_plural': 'My models',
+            "verbose_name": "My model",
+            "verbose_name_plural": "My models",
         }
 
-        migration = type("Migration", (migrations.Migration,), {
-            "operations": [
-                migrations.CreateModel("MyModel", tuple(fields.items()), options, (models.Model,)),
-                migrations.CreateModel("MyModel2", tuple(fields.items()), bases=(models.Model,)),
-                migrations.CreateModel(
-                    name="MyModel3", fields=tuple(fields.items()), options=options, bases=(models.Model,)
-                ),
-                migrations.DeleteModel("MyModel"),
-                migrations.AddField("OtherModel", "datetimefield", fields["datetimefield"]),
-            ],
-            "dependencies": [("testapp", "some_other_one")],
-        })
+        migration = type(
+            "Migration",
+            (migrations.Migration,),
+            {
+                "operations": [
+                    migrations.CreateModel(
+                        "MyModel", tuple(fields.items()), options, (models.Model,)
+                    ),
+                    migrations.CreateModel(
+                        "MyModel2", tuple(fields.items()), bases=(models.Model,)
+                    ),
+                    migrations.CreateModel(
+                        name="MyModel3",
+                        fields=tuple(fields.items()),
+                        options=options,
+                        bases=(models.Model,),
+                    ),
+                    migrations.DeleteModel("MyModel"),
+                    migrations.AddField(
+                        "OtherModel", "datetimefield", fields["datetimefield"]
+                    ),
+                ],
+                "dependencies": [("testapp", "some_other_one")],
+            },
+        )
         writer = MigrationWriter(migration)
         output = writer.as_string()
         # We don't test the output formatting - that's too fragile.
@@ -752,68 +834,80 @@ class WriterTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_migration_path(self):
         test_apps = [
-            'migrations.migrations_test_apps.normal',
-            'migrations.migrations_test_apps.with_package_model',
-            'migrations.migrations_test_apps.without_init_file',
+            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.normal",
+            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.with_package_model",
+            "migrations.migrations_test_apps.without_init_file",
         ]
 
         base_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__))
 
         for app in test_apps:
-            with self.modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': app}):
-                migration = migrations.Migration('0001_initial', app.split('.')[-1])
-                expected_path = os.path.join(base_dir, *(app.split('.') + ['migrations', '0001_initial.py']))
+            with self.modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": app}):
+                migration = migrations.Migration("0001_initial", app.split(".")[-1])
+                expected_path = os.path.join(
+                    base_dir, *(app.split(".") + ["migrations", "0001_initial.py"])
+                )
                 writer = MigrationWriter(migration)
                 self.assertEqual(writer.path, expected_path)
 
     def test_custom_operation(self):
-        migration = type("Migration", (migrations.Migration,), {
-            "operations": [
-                custom_migration_operations.operations.TestOperation(),
-                custom_migration_operations.operations.CreateModel(),
-                migrations.CreateModel("MyModel", (), {}, (models.Model,)),
-                custom_migration_operations.more_operations.TestOperation()
-            ],
-            "dependencies": []
-        })
+        migration = type(
+            "Migration",
+            (migrations.Migration,),
+            {
+                "operations": [
+                    custom_migration_operations.operations.TestOperation(),
+                    custom_migration_operations.operations.CreateModel(),
+                    migrations.CreateModel("MyModel", (), {}, (models.Model,)),
+                    custom_migration_operations.more_operations.TestOperation(),
+                ],
+                "dependencies": [],
+            },
+        )
         writer = MigrationWriter(migration)
         output = writer.as_string()
         result = self.safe_exec(output)
         self.assertIn("custom_migration_operations", result)
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            result['custom_migration_operations'].operations.TestOperation,
-            result['custom_migration_operations'].more_operations.TestOperation
+            result["custom_migration_operations"].operations.TestOperation,
+            result["custom_migration_operations"].more_operations.TestOperation,
         )
 
     def test_sorted_imports(self):
         """
         #24155 - Tests ordering of imports.
         """
-        migration = type("Migration", (migrations.Migration,), {
-            "operations": [
-                migrations.AddField("mymodel", "myfield", models.DateTimeField(
-                    default=datetime.datetime(2012, 1, 1, 1, 1, tzinfo=utc),
-                )),
-            ]
-        })
+        migration = type(
+            "Migration",
+            (migrations.Migration,),
+            {
+                "operations": [
+                    migrations.AddField(
+                        "mymodel",
+                        "myfield",
+                        models.DateTimeField(
+                            default=datetime.datetime(2012, 1, 1, 1, 1, tzinfo=utc),
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                ]
+            },
+        )
         writer = MigrationWriter(migration)
         output = writer.as_string()
         self.assertIn(
             "import datetime\n"
             "from django.db import migrations, models\n"
             "from django.utils.timezone import utc\n",
-            output
+            output,
         )
 
     def test_migration_file_header_comments(self):
         """
         Test comments at top of file.
         """
-        migration = type("Migration", (migrations.Migration,), {
-            "operations": []
-        })
+        migration = type("Migration", (migrations.Migration,), {"operations": []})
         dt = datetime.datetime(2015, 7, 31, 4, 40, 0, 0, tzinfo=utc)
-        with mock.patch('django.db.migrations.writer.now', lambda: dt):
+        with mock.patch("django.db.migrations.writer.now", lambda: dt):
             for include_header in (True, False):
                 with self.subTest(include_header=include_header):
                     writer = MigrationWriter(migration, include_header)
@@ -822,26 +916,36 @@ class WriterTests(SimpleTestCase):
                     self.assertEqual(
                         include_header,
                         output.startswith(
-                            "# Generated by Django %s on 2015-07-31 04:40\n\n" % get_version()
-                        )
+                            "# Generated by Django %s on 2015-07-31 04:40\n\n"
+                            % get_version()
+                        ),
                     )
                     if not include_header:
                         # Make sure the output starts with something that's not
                         # a comment or indentation or blank line
-                        self.assertRegex(output.splitlines(keepends=True)[0], r"^[^#\s]+")
+                        self.assertRegex(
+                            output.splitlines(keepends=True)[0], r"^[^#\s]+"
+                        )
 
     def test_models_import_omitted(self):
         """
         django.db.models shouldn't be imported if unused.
         """
-        migration = type("Migration", (migrations.Migration,), {
-            "operations": [
-                migrations.AlterModelOptions(
-                    name='model',
-                    options={'verbose_name': 'model', 'verbose_name_plural': 'models'},
-                ),
-            ]
-        })
+        migration = type(
+            "Migration",
+            (migrations.Migration,),
+            {
+                "operations": [
+                    migrations.AlterModelOptions(
+                        name="model",
+                        options={
+                            "verbose_name": "model",
+                            "verbose_name_plural": "models",
+                        },
+                    ),
+                ]
+            },
+        )
         writer = MigrationWriter(migration)
         output = writer.as_string()
         self.assertIn("from django.db import migrations\n", output)
@@ -850,20 +954,27 @@ class WriterTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # Yes, it doesn't make sense to use a class as a default for a
         # CharField. It does make sense for custom fields though, for example
         # an enumfield that takes the enum class as an argument.
-        string = MigrationWriter.serialize(models.CharField(default=DeconstructibleInstances))[0]
-        self.assertEqual(string, "models.CharField(default=migrations.test_writer.DeconstructibleInstances)")
+        string = MigrationWriter.serialize(
+            models.CharField(default=DeconstructibleInstances)
+        )[0]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            string,
+            "models.CharField(default=migrations.test_writer.DeconstructibleInstances)",
+        )
 
     def test_register_serializer(self):
         class ComplexSerializer(BaseSerializer):
             def serialize(self):
-                return 'complex(%r)' % self.value, {}
+                return "complex(%r)" % self.value, {}
 
         MigrationWriter.register_serializer(complex, ComplexSerializer)
         self.assertSerializedEqual(complex(1, 2))
         MigrationWriter.unregister_serializer(complex)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Cannot serialize: (1+2j)'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot serialize: (1+2j)"):
             self.assertSerializedEqual(complex(1, 2))
 
     def test_register_non_serializer(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "'TestModel1' must inherit from 'BaseSerializer'."):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "'TestModel1' must inherit from 'BaseSerializer'."
+        ):
             MigrationWriter.register_serializer(complex, TestModel1)
diff --git a/tests/migrations2/test_migrations_2/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations2/test_migrations_2/0001_initial.py
index 6172f011e8..812e8953be 100644
--- a/tests/migrations2/test_migrations_2/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations2/test_migrations_2/0001_initial.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
     dependencies = [("migrations", "0002_second")]
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "OtherAuthor",
             [
@@ -17,5 +16,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                 ("silly_field", models.BooleanField(default=False)),
             ],
         ),
-
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations2/test_migrations_2_first/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations2/test_migrations_2_first/0001_initial.py
index a290372312..a4d690c7e4 100644
--- a/tests/migrations2/test_migrations_2_first/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations2/test_migrations_2_first/0001_initial.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
     ]
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "OtherAuthor",
             [
@@ -19,5 +18,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                 ("silly_field", models.BooleanField(default=False)),
             ],
         ),
-
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations2/test_migrations_2_first/0002_second.py b/tests/migrations2/test_migrations_2_first/0002_second.py
index 67a422995d..8e85d6aae3 100644
--- a/tests/migrations2/test_migrations_2_first/0002_second.py
+++ b/tests/migrations2/test_migrations_2_first/0002_second.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
     dependencies = [("migrations2", "0001_initial")]
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "Bookstore",
             [
@@ -15,5 +14,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                 ("slug", models.SlugField(null=True)),
             ],
         ),
-
     ]
diff --git a/tests/migrations2/test_migrations_2_no_deps/0001_initial.py b/tests/migrations2/test_migrations_2_no_deps/0001_initial.py
index 1314e3e1e1..d72c6c7a89 100644
--- a/tests/migrations2/test_migrations_2_no_deps/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/migrations2/test_migrations_2_no_deps/0001_initial.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
     dependencies = []
 
     operations = [
-
         migrations.CreateModel(
             "OtherAuthor",
             [
@@ -17,5 +16,4 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                 ("silly_field", models.BooleanField(default=False)),
             ],
         ),
-
     ]
diff --git a/tests/model_enums/tests.py b/tests/model_enums/tests.py
index cda835010d..347c464a8c 100644
--- a/tests/model_enums/tests.py
+++ b/tests/model_enums/tests.py
@@ -11,47 +11,49 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 
 class Suit(models.IntegerChoices):
-    DIAMOND = 1, _('Diamond')
-    SPADE = 2, _('Spade')
-    HEART = 3, _('Heart')
-    CLUB = 4, _('Club')
+    DIAMOND = 1, _("Diamond")
+    SPADE = 2, _("Spade")
+    HEART = 3, _("Heart")
+    CLUB = 4, _("Club")
 
 
 class YearInSchool(models.TextChoices):
-    FRESHMAN = 'FR', _('Freshman')
-    SOPHOMORE = 'SO', _('Sophomore')
-    JUNIOR = 'JR', _('Junior')
-    SENIOR = 'SR', _('Senior')
-    GRADUATE = 'GR', _('Graduate')
+    FRESHMAN = "FR", _("Freshman")
+    SOPHOMORE = "SO", _("Sophomore")
+    JUNIOR = "JR", _("Junior")
+    SENIOR = "SR", _("Senior")
+    GRADUATE = "GR", _("Graduate")
 
 
 class Vehicle(models.IntegerChoices):
-    CAR = 1, 'Carriage'
+    CAR = 1, "Carriage"
     TRUCK = 2
     JET_SKI = 3
 
-    __empty__ = _('(Unknown)')
+    __empty__ = _("(Unknown)")
 
 
 class Gender(models.TextChoices):
-    MALE = 'M'
-    FEMALE = 'F'
-    NOT_SPECIFIED = 'X'
+    MALE = "M"
+    FEMALE = "F"
+    NOT_SPECIFIED = "X"
 
-    __empty__ = '(Undeclared)'
+    __empty__ = "(Undeclared)"
 
 
 class ChoicesTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_integerchoices(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Suit.choices, [(1, 'Diamond'), (2, 'Spade'), (3, 'Heart'), (4, 'Club')])
-        self.assertEqual(Suit.labels, ['Diamond', 'Spade', 'Heart', 'Club'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Suit.choices, [(1, "Diamond"), (2, "Spade"), (3, "Heart"), (4, "Club")]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(Suit.labels, ["Diamond", "Spade", "Heart", "Club"])
         self.assertEqual(Suit.values, [1, 2, 3, 4])
-        self.assertEqual(Suit.names, ['DIAMOND', 'SPADE', 'HEART', 'CLUB'])
+        self.assertEqual(Suit.names, ["DIAMOND", "SPADE", "HEART", "CLUB"])
 
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Suit.DIAMOND), 'Suit.DIAMOND')
-        self.assertEqual(Suit.DIAMOND.label, 'Diamond')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Suit.DIAMOND), "Suit.DIAMOND")
+        self.assertEqual(Suit.DIAMOND.label, "Diamond")
         self.assertEqual(Suit.DIAMOND.value, 1)
-        self.assertEqual(Suit['DIAMOND'], Suit.DIAMOND)
+        self.assertEqual(Suit["DIAMOND"], Suit.DIAMOND)
         self.assertEqual(Suit(1), Suit.DIAMOND)
 
         self.assertIsInstance(Suit, type(models.Choices))
@@ -60,21 +62,21 @@ class ChoicesTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(Suit.DIAMOND.value, int)
 
     def test_integerchoices_auto_label(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Vehicle.CAR.label, 'Carriage')
-        self.assertEqual(Vehicle.TRUCK.label, 'Truck')
-        self.assertEqual(Vehicle.JET_SKI.label, 'Jet Ski')
+        self.assertEqual(Vehicle.CAR.label, "Carriage")
+        self.assertEqual(Vehicle.TRUCK.label, "Truck")
+        self.assertEqual(Vehicle.JET_SKI.label, "Jet Ski")
 
     def test_integerchoices_empty_label(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Vehicle.choices[0], (None, '(Unknown)'))
-        self.assertEqual(Vehicle.labels[0], '(Unknown)')
+        self.assertEqual(Vehicle.choices[0], (None, "(Unknown)"))
+        self.assertEqual(Vehicle.labels[0], "(Unknown)")
         self.assertIsNone(Vehicle.values[0])
-        self.assertEqual(Vehicle.names[0], '__empty__')
+        self.assertEqual(Vehicle.names[0], "__empty__")
 
     def test_integerchoices_functional_api(self):
-        Place = models.IntegerChoices('Place', 'FIRST SECOND THIRD')
-        self.assertEqual(Place.labels, ['First', 'Second', 'Third'])
+        Place = models.IntegerChoices("Place", "FIRST SECOND THIRD")
+        self.assertEqual(Place.labels, ["First", "Second", "Third"])
         self.assertEqual(Place.values, [1, 2, 3])
-        self.assertEqual(Place.names, ['FIRST', 'SECOND', 'THIRD'])
+        self.assertEqual(Place.names, ["FIRST", "SECOND", "THIRD"])
 
     def test_integerchoices_containment(self):
         self.assertIn(Suit.DIAMOND, Suit)
@@ -82,18 +84,31 @@ class ChoicesTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertNotIn(0, Suit)
 
     def test_textchoices(self):
-        self.assertEqual(YearInSchool.choices, [
-            ('FR', 'Freshman'), ('SO', 'Sophomore'), ('JR', 'Junior'), ('SR', 'Senior'), ('GR', 'Graduate'),
-        ])
-        self.assertEqual(YearInSchool.labels, ['Freshman', 'Sophomore', 'Junior', 'Senior', 'Graduate'])
-        self.assertEqual(YearInSchool.values, ['FR', 'SO', 'JR', 'SR', 'GR'])
-        self.assertEqual(YearInSchool.names, ['FRESHMAN', 'SOPHOMORE', 'JUNIOR', 'SENIOR', 'GRADUATE'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            YearInSchool.choices,
+            [
+                ("FR", "Freshman"),
+                ("SO", "Sophomore"),
+                ("JR", "Junior"),
+                ("SR", "Senior"),
+                ("GR", "Graduate"),
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            YearInSchool.labels,
+            ["Freshman", "Sophomore", "Junior", "Senior", "Graduate"],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(YearInSchool.values, ["FR", "SO", "JR", "SR", "GR"])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            YearInSchool.names,
+            ["FRESHMAN", "SOPHOMORE", "JUNIOR", "SENIOR", "GRADUATE"],
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual(repr(YearInSchool.FRESHMAN), 'YearInSchool.FRESHMAN')
-        self.assertEqual(YearInSchool.FRESHMAN.label, 'Freshman')
-        self.assertEqual(YearInSchool.FRESHMAN.value, 'FR')
-        self.assertEqual(YearInSchool['FRESHMAN'], YearInSchool.FRESHMAN)
-        self.assertEqual(YearInSchool('FR'), YearInSchool.FRESHMAN)
+        self.assertEqual(repr(YearInSchool.FRESHMAN), "YearInSchool.FRESHMAN")
+        self.assertEqual(YearInSchool.FRESHMAN.label, "Freshman")
+        self.assertEqual(YearInSchool.FRESHMAN.value, "FR")
+        self.assertEqual(YearInSchool["FRESHMAN"], YearInSchool.FRESHMAN)
+        self.assertEqual(YearInSchool("FR"), YearInSchool.FRESHMAN)
 
         self.assertIsInstance(YearInSchool, type(models.Choices))
         self.assertIsInstance(YearInSchool.FRESHMAN, YearInSchool)
@@ -101,48 +116,50 @@ class ChoicesTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(YearInSchool.FRESHMAN.value, str)
 
     def test_textchoices_auto_label(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Gender.MALE.label, 'Male')
-        self.assertEqual(Gender.FEMALE.label, 'Female')
-        self.assertEqual(Gender.NOT_SPECIFIED.label, 'Not Specified')
+        self.assertEqual(Gender.MALE.label, "Male")
+        self.assertEqual(Gender.FEMALE.label, "Female")
+        self.assertEqual(Gender.NOT_SPECIFIED.label, "Not Specified")
 
     def test_textchoices_empty_label(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Gender.choices[0], (None, '(Undeclared)'))
-        self.assertEqual(Gender.labels[0], '(Undeclared)')
+        self.assertEqual(Gender.choices[0], (None, "(Undeclared)"))
+        self.assertEqual(Gender.labels[0], "(Undeclared)")
         self.assertIsNone(Gender.values[0])
-        self.assertEqual(Gender.names[0], '__empty__')
+        self.assertEqual(Gender.names[0], "__empty__")
 
     def test_textchoices_functional_api(self):
-        Medal = models.TextChoices('Medal', 'GOLD SILVER BRONZE')
-        self.assertEqual(Medal.labels, ['Gold', 'Silver', 'Bronze'])
-        self.assertEqual(Medal.values, ['GOLD', 'SILVER', 'BRONZE'])
-        self.assertEqual(Medal.names, ['GOLD', 'SILVER', 'BRONZE'])
+        Medal = models.TextChoices("Medal", "GOLD SILVER BRONZE")
+        self.assertEqual(Medal.labels, ["Gold", "Silver", "Bronze"])
+        self.assertEqual(Medal.values, ["GOLD", "SILVER", "BRONZE"])
+        self.assertEqual(Medal.names, ["GOLD", "SILVER", "BRONZE"])
 
     def test_textchoices_containment(self):
         self.assertIn(YearInSchool.FRESHMAN, YearInSchool)
-        self.assertIn('FR', YearInSchool)
-        self.assertNotIn('XX', YearInSchool)
+        self.assertIn("FR", YearInSchool)
+        self.assertNotIn("XX", YearInSchool)
 
     def test_textchoices_blank_value(self):
         class BlankStr(models.TextChoices):
-            EMPTY = '', '(Empty)'
-            ONE = 'ONE', 'One'
+            EMPTY = "", "(Empty)"
+            ONE = "ONE", "One"
 
-        self.assertEqual(BlankStr.labels, ['(Empty)', 'One'])
-        self.assertEqual(BlankStr.values, ['', 'ONE'])
-        self.assertEqual(BlankStr.names, ['EMPTY', 'ONE'])
+        self.assertEqual(BlankStr.labels, ["(Empty)", "One"])
+        self.assertEqual(BlankStr.values, ["", "ONE"])
+        self.assertEqual(BlankStr.names, ["EMPTY", "ONE"])
 
     def test_invalid_definition(self):
         msg = "'str' object cannot be interpreted as an integer"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
+
             class InvalidArgumentEnum(models.IntegerChoices):
                 # A string is not permitted as the second argument to int().
-                ONE = 1, 'X', 'Invalid'
+                ONE = 1, "X", "Invalid"
 
         msg = "duplicate values found in <enum 'Fruit'>: PINEAPPLE -> APPLE"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
+
             class Fruit(models.IntegerChoices):
-                APPLE = 1, 'Apple'
-                PINEAPPLE = 1, 'Pineapple'
+                APPLE = 1, "Apple"
+                PINEAPPLE = 1, "Pineapple"
 
     def test_str(self):
         for test in [Gender, Suit, YearInSchool, Vehicle]:
@@ -151,45 +168,45 @@ class ChoicesTests(SimpleTestCase):
                     self.assertEqual(str(test[member.name]), str(member.value))
 
     def test_templates(self):
-        template = Template('{{ Suit.DIAMOND.label }}|{{ Suit.DIAMOND.value }}')
-        output = template.render(Context({'Suit': Suit}))
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Diamond|1')
+        template = Template("{{ Suit.DIAMOND.label }}|{{ Suit.DIAMOND.value }}")
+        output = template.render(Context({"Suit": Suit}))
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Diamond|1")
 
     def test_property_names_conflict_with_member_names(self):
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            models.TextChoices('Properties', 'choices labels names values')
+            models.TextChoices("Properties", "choices labels names values")
 
     def test_label_member(self):
         # label can be used as a member.
-        Stationery = models.TextChoices('Stationery', 'label stamp sticker')
-        self.assertEqual(Stationery.label.label, 'Label')
-        self.assertEqual(Stationery.label.value, 'label')
-        self.assertEqual(Stationery.label.name, 'label')
+        Stationery = models.TextChoices("Stationery", "label stamp sticker")
+        self.assertEqual(Stationery.label.label, "Label")
+        self.assertEqual(Stationery.label.value, "label")
+        self.assertEqual(Stationery.label.name, "label")
 
     def test_do_not_call_in_templates_member(self):
         # do_not_call_in_templates is not implicitly treated as a member.
-        Special = models.IntegerChoices('Special', 'do_not_call_in_templates')
+        Special = models.IntegerChoices("Special", "do_not_call_in_templates")
         self.assertEqual(
             Special.do_not_call_in_templates.label,
-            'Do Not Call In Templates',
+            "Do Not Call In Templates",
         )
         self.assertEqual(Special.do_not_call_in_templates.value, 1)
         self.assertEqual(
             Special.do_not_call_in_templates.name,
-            'do_not_call_in_templates',
+            "do_not_call_in_templates",
         )
 
 
 class Separator(bytes, models.Choices):
-    FS = b'\x1c', 'File Separator'
-    GS = b'\x1d', 'Group Separator'
-    RS = b'\x1e', 'Record Separator'
-    US = b'\x1f', 'Unit Separator'
+    FS = b"\x1c", "File Separator"
+    GS = b"\x1d", "Group Separator"
+    RS = b"\x1e", "Record Separator"
+    US = b"\x1f", "Unit Separator"
 
 
 class Constants(float, models.Choices):
-    PI = 3.141592653589793, 'π'
-    TAU = 6.283185307179586, 'τ'
+    PI = 3.141592653589793, "π"
+    TAU = 6.283185307179586, "τ"
 
 
 class Set(frozenset, models.Choices):
@@ -201,12 +218,12 @@ class Set(frozenset, models.Choices):
 
 
 class MoonLandings(datetime.date, models.Choices):
-    APOLLO_11 = 1969, 7, 20, 'Apollo 11 (Eagle)'
-    APOLLO_12 = 1969, 11, 19, 'Apollo 12 (Intrepid)'
-    APOLLO_14 = 1971, 2, 5, 'Apollo 14 (Antares)'
-    APOLLO_15 = 1971, 7, 30, 'Apollo 15 (Falcon)'
-    APOLLO_16 = 1972, 4, 21, 'Apollo 16 (Orion)'
-    APOLLO_17 = 1972, 12, 11, 'Apollo 17 (Challenger)'
+    APOLLO_11 = 1969, 7, 20, "Apollo 11 (Eagle)"
+    APOLLO_12 = 1969, 11, 19, "Apollo 12 (Intrepid)"
+    APOLLO_14 = 1971, 2, 5, "Apollo 14 (Antares)"
+    APOLLO_15 = 1971, 7, 30, "Apollo 15 (Falcon)"
+    APOLLO_16 = 1972, 4, 21, "Apollo 16 (Orion)"
+    APOLLO_17 = 1972, 12, 11, "Apollo 17 (Challenger)"
 
 
 class DateAndTime(datetime.datetime, models.Choices):
@@ -222,48 +239,57 @@ class MealTimes(datetime.time, models.Choices):
 
 
 class Frequency(datetime.timedelta, models.Choices):
-    WEEK = 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 'Week'
-    DAY = 1, 'Day'
-    HOUR = 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 'Hour'
-    MINUTE = 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 'Hour'
-    SECOND = 0, 1, 'Second'
+    WEEK = 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, "Week"
+    DAY = 1, "Day"
+    HOUR = 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, "Hour"
+    MINUTE = 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, "Hour"
+    SECOND = 0, 1, "Second"
 
 
 class Number(decimal.Decimal, models.Choices):
-    E = 2.718281828459045, 'e'
-    PI = '3.141592653589793', 'π'
-    TAU = decimal.Decimal('6.283185307179586'), 'τ'
+    E = 2.718281828459045, "e"
+    PI = "3.141592653589793", "π"
+    TAU = decimal.Decimal("6.283185307179586"), "τ"
 
 
 class IPv4Address(ipaddress.IPv4Address, models.Choices):
-    LOCALHOST = '127.0.0.1', 'Localhost'
-    GATEWAY = '192.168.0.1', 'Gateway'
-    BROADCAST = '192.168.0.255', 'Broadcast'
+    LOCALHOST = "127.0.0.1", "Localhost"
+    GATEWAY = "192.168.0.1", "Gateway"
+    BROADCAST = "192.168.0.255", "Broadcast"
 
 
 class IPv6Address(ipaddress.IPv6Address, models.Choices):
-    LOCALHOST = '::1', 'Localhost'
-    UNSPECIFIED = '::', 'Unspecified'
+    LOCALHOST = "::1", "Localhost"
+    UNSPECIFIED = "::", "Unspecified"
 
 
 class IPv4Network(ipaddress.IPv4Network, models.Choices):
-    LOOPBACK = '127.0.0.0/8', 'Loopback'
-    LINK_LOCAL = '169.254.0.0/16', 'Link-Local'
-    PRIVATE_USE_A = '10.0.0.0/8', 'Private-Use (Class A)'
+    LOOPBACK = "127.0.0.0/8", "Loopback"
+    LINK_LOCAL = "169.254.0.0/16", "Link-Local"
+    PRIVATE_USE_A = "10.0.0.0/8", "Private-Use (Class A)"
 
 
 class IPv6Network(ipaddress.IPv6Network, models.Choices):
-    LOOPBACK = '::1/128', 'Loopback'
-    UNSPECIFIED = '::/128', 'Unspecified'
-    UNIQUE_LOCAL = 'fc00::/7', 'Unique-Local'
-    LINK_LOCAL_UNICAST = 'fe80::/10', 'Link-Local Unicast'
+    LOOPBACK = "::1/128", "Loopback"
+    UNSPECIFIED = "::/128", "Unspecified"
+    UNIQUE_LOCAL = "fc00::/7", "Unique-Local"
+    LINK_LOCAL_UNICAST = "fe80::/10", "Link-Local Unicast"
 
 
 class CustomChoicesTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_labels_valid(self):
         enums = (
-            Separator, Constants, Set, MoonLandings, DateAndTime, MealTimes,
-            Frequency, Number, IPv4Address, IPv6Address, IPv4Network,
+            Separator,
+            Constants,
+            Set,
+            MoonLandings,
+            DateAndTime,
+            MealTimes,
+            Frequency,
+            Number,
+            IPv4Address,
+            IPv6Address,
+            IPv4Network,
             IPv6Network,
         )
         for choice_enum in enums:
@@ -273,17 +299,20 @@ class CustomChoicesTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_bool_unsupported(self):
         msg = "type 'bool' is not an acceptable base type"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
+
             class Boolean(bool, models.Choices):
                 pass
 
     def test_timezone_unsupported(self):
         msg = "type 'datetime.timezone' is not an acceptable base type"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
+
             class Timezone(datetime.timezone, models.Choices):
                 pass
 
     def test_uuid_unsupported(self):
-        msg = 'UUID objects are immutable'
+        msg = "UUID objects are immutable"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
+
             class Identifier(uuid.UUID, models.Choices):
-                A = '972ce4eb-a95f-4a56-9339-68c208a76f18'
+                A = "972ce4eb-a95f-4a56-9339-68c208a76f18"
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/models.py b/tests/model_fields/models.py
index 9e8baeb565..647916e360 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/models.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/models.py
@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@ import os
 import tempfile
 import uuid
 
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.core.files.storage import FileSystemStorage
 from django.core.serializers.json import DjangoJSONEncoder
@@ -30,23 +28,27 @@ def get_foo():
 
 class Bar(models.Model):
     b = models.CharField(max_length=10)
-    a = models.ForeignKey(Foo, models.CASCADE, default=get_foo, related_name='bars')
+    a = models.ForeignKey(Foo, models.CASCADE, default=get_foo, related_name="bars")
 
 
 class Whiz(models.Model):
     CHOICES = (
-        ('Group 1', (
-            (1, 'First'),
-            (2, 'Second'),
-        )
+        (
+            "Group 1",
+            (
+                (1, "First"),
+                (2, "Second"),
+            ),
         ),
-        ('Group 2', (
-            (3, 'Third'),
-            (4, 'Fourth'),
-        )
+        (
+            "Group 2",
+            (
+                (3, "Third"),
+                (4, "Fourth"),
+            ),
         ),
-        (0, 'Other'),
-        (5, _('translated')),
+        (0, "Other"),
+        (5, _("translated")),
     )
     c = models.IntegerField(choices=CHOICES, null=True)
 
@@ -56,7 +58,7 @@ class WhizDelayed(models.Model):
 
 
 # Contrived way of adding choices later.
-WhizDelayed._meta.get_field('c').choices = Whiz.CHOICES
+WhizDelayed._meta.get_field("c").choices = Whiz.CHOICES
 
 
 class WhizIter(models.Model):
@@ -70,7 +72,7 @@ class WhizIterEmpty(models.Model):
 class Choiceful(models.Model):
     no_choices = models.IntegerField(null=True)
     empty_choices = models.IntegerField(choices=(), null=True)
-    with_choices = models.IntegerField(choices=[(1, 'A')], null=True)
+    with_choices = models.IntegerField(choices=[(1, "A")], null=True)
     empty_choices_bool = models.BooleanField(choices=())
     empty_choices_text = models.TextField(choices=())
 
@@ -139,7 +141,7 @@ class NullBooleanModel(models.Model):
 
 class BooleanModel(models.Model):
     bfield = models.BooleanField()
-    string = models.CharField(max_length=10, default='abc')
+    string = models.CharField(max_length=10, default="abc")
 
 
 class DateTimeModel(models.Model):
@@ -162,17 +164,19 @@ class PrimaryKeyCharModel(models.Model):
 
 class FksToBooleans(models.Model):
     """Model with FKs to models with {Null,}BooleanField's, #15040"""
+
     bf = models.ForeignKey(BooleanModel, models.CASCADE)
     nbf = models.ForeignKey(NullBooleanModel, models.CASCADE)
 
 
 class FkToChar(models.Model):
     """Model with FK to a model with a CharField primary key, #19299"""
+
     out = models.ForeignKey(PrimaryKeyCharModel, models.CASCADE)
 
 
 class RenamedField(models.Model):
-    modelname = models.IntegerField(name="fieldname", choices=((1, 'One'),))
+    modelname = models.IntegerField(name="fieldname", choices=((1, "One"),))
 
 
 class VerboseNameField(models.Model):
@@ -203,7 +207,7 @@ class VerboseNameField(models.Model):
 
 
 class GenericIPAddress(models.Model):
-    ip = models.GenericIPAddressField(null=True, protocol='ipv4')
+    ip = models.GenericIPAddressField(null=True, protocol="ipv4")
 
 
 ###############################################################################
@@ -219,19 +223,21 @@ class DecimalLessThanOne(models.Model):
 class FieldClassAttributeModel(models.Model):
     field_class = models.CharField
 
+
 ###############################################################################
 
 
 class DataModel(models.Model):
-    short_data = models.BinaryField(max_length=10, default=b'\x08')
+    short_data = models.BinaryField(max_length=10, default=b"\x08")
     data = models.BinaryField()
 
+
 ###############################################################################
 # FileField
 
 
 class Document(models.Model):
-    myfile = models.FileField(upload_to='unused', unique=True)
+    myfile = models.FileField(upload_to="unused", unique=True)
 
 
 ###############################################################################
@@ -239,11 +245,13 @@ class Document(models.Model):
 
 # If Pillow available, do these tests.
 if Image:
+
     class TestImageFieldFile(ImageFieldFile):
         """
         Custom Field File class that records whether or not the underlying file
         was opened.
         """
+
         def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
             self.was_opened = False
             super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -258,14 +266,15 @@ if Image:
     # Set up a temp directory for file storage.
     temp_storage_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
     temp_storage = FileSystemStorage(temp_storage_dir)
-    temp_upload_to_dir = os.path.join(temp_storage.location, 'tests')
+    temp_upload_to_dir = os.path.join(temp_storage.location, "tests")
 
     class Person(models.Model):
         """
         Model that defines an ImageField with no dimension fields.
         """
+
         name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
-        mugshot = TestImageField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to='tests')
+        mugshot = TestImageField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to="tests")
 
     class AbstractPersonWithHeight(models.Model):
         """
@@ -273,8 +282,10 @@ if Image:
         to make sure the dimension update is correctly run on concrete subclass
         instance post-initialization.
         """
-        mugshot = TestImageField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to='tests',
-                                 height_field='mugshot_height')
+
+        mugshot = TestImageField(
+            storage=temp_storage, upload_to="tests", height_field="mugshot_height"
+        )
         mugshot_height = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
 
         class Meta:
@@ -285,16 +296,21 @@ if Image:
         Concrete model that subclass an abstract one with only on dimension
         field.
         """
+
         name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
     class PersonWithHeightAndWidth(models.Model):
         """
         Model that defines height and width fields after the ImageField.
         """
+
         name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
-        mugshot = TestImageField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to='tests',
-                                 height_field='mugshot_height',
-                                 width_field='mugshot_width')
+        mugshot = TestImageField(
+            storage=temp_storage,
+            upload_to="tests",
+            height_field="mugshot_height",
+            width_field="mugshot_width",
+        )
         mugshot_height = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
         mugshot_width = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
 
@@ -302,12 +318,16 @@ if Image:
         """
         Model that defines height and width fields before the ImageField.
         """
+
         name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
         mugshot_height = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
         mugshot_width = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
-        mugshot = TestImageField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to='tests',
-                                 height_field='mugshot_height',
-                                 width_field='mugshot_width')
+        mugshot = TestImageField(
+            storage=temp_storage,
+            upload_to="tests",
+            height_field="mugshot_height",
+            width_field="mugshot_width",
+        )
 
     class PersonTwoImages(models.Model):
         """
@@ -316,20 +336,26 @@ if Image:
         * Defines the height/width fields before the ImageFields
         * Has a nullable ImageField
         """
+
         name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
         mugshot_height = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
         mugshot_width = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
-        mugshot = TestImageField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to='tests',
-                                 height_field='mugshot_height',
-                                 width_field='mugshot_width')
-        headshot_height = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField(
-            blank=True, null=True)
-        headshot_width = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField(
-            blank=True, null=True)
-        headshot = TestImageField(blank=True, null=True,
-                                  storage=temp_storage, upload_to='tests',
-                                  height_field='headshot_height',
-                                  width_field='headshot_width')
+        mugshot = TestImageField(
+            storage=temp_storage,
+            upload_to="tests",
+            height_field="mugshot_height",
+            width_field="mugshot_width",
+        )
+        headshot_height = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField(blank=True, null=True)
+        headshot_width = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField(blank=True, null=True)
+        headshot = TestImageField(
+            blank=True,
+            null=True,
+            storage=temp_storage,
+            upload_to="tests",
+            height_field="headshot_height",
+            width_field="headshot_width",
+        )
 
 
 class CustomJSONDecoder(json.JSONDecoder):
@@ -337,8 +363,8 @@ class CustomJSONDecoder(json.JSONDecoder):
         return super().__init__(object_hook=self.as_uuid, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def as_uuid(self, dct):
-        if 'uuid' in dct:
-            dct['uuid'] = uuid.UUID(dct['uuid'])
+        if "uuid" in dct:
+            dct["uuid"] = uuid.UUID(dct["uuid"])
         return dct
 
 
@@ -346,7 +372,7 @@ class JSONModel(models.Model):
     value = models.JSONField()
 
     class Meta:
-        required_db_features = {'supports_json_field'}
+        required_db_features = {"supports_json_field"}
 
 
 class NullableJSONModel(models.Model):
@@ -358,7 +384,7 @@ class NullableJSONModel(models.Model):
     )
 
     class Meta:
-        required_db_features = {'supports_json_field'}
+        required_db_features = {"supports_json_field"}
 
 
 class RelatedJSONModel(models.Model):
@@ -366,7 +392,7 @@ class RelatedJSONModel(models.Model):
     json_model = models.ForeignKey(NullableJSONModel, models.CASCADE)
 
     class Meta:
-        required_db_features = {'supports_json_field'}
+        required_db_features = {"supports_json_field"}
 
 
 class AllFieldsModel(models.Model):
@@ -393,19 +419,15 @@ class AllFieldsModel(models.Model):
     uuid = models.UUIDField()
 
     fo = models.ForeignObject(
-        'self',
+        "self",
         on_delete=models.CASCADE,
-        from_fields=['positive_integer'],
-        to_fields=['id'],
-        related_name='reverse'
+        from_fields=["positive_integer"],
+        to_fields=["id"],
+        related_name="reverse",
     )
-    fk = models.ForeignKey(
-        'self',
-        models.CASCADE,
-        related_name='reverse2'
-    )
-    m2m = models.ManyToManyField('self')
-    oto = models.OneToOneField('self', models.CASCADE)
+    fk = models.ForeignKey("self", models.CASCADE, related_name="reverse2")
+    m2m = models.ManyToManyField("self")
+    oto = models.OneToOneField("self", models.CASCADE)
 
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE)
@@ -414,7 +436,7 @@ class AllFieldsModel(models.Model):
 
 
 class ManyToMany(models.Model):
-    m2m = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+    m2m = models.ManyToManyField("self")
 
 
 ###############################################################################
@@ -433,7 +455,7 @@ class PrimaryKeyUUIDModel(models.Model):
 
 
 class RelatedToUUIDModel(models.Model):
-    uuid_fk = models.ForeignKey('PrimaryKeyUUIDModel', models.CASCADE)
+    uuid_fk = models.ForeignKey("PrimaryKeyUUIDModel", models.CASCADE)
 
 
 class UUIDChild(PrimaryKeyUUIDModel):
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/test_autofield.py b/tests/model_fields/test_autofield.py
index 0ae981c3d9..d2fe5d6125 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/test_autofield.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/test_autofield.py
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 from .models import AutoModel, BigAutoModel, SmallAutoModel
 from .test_integerfield import (
-    BigIntegerFieldTests, IntegerFieldTests, SmallIntegerFieldTests,
+    BigIntegerFieldTests,
+    IntegerFieldTests,
+    SmallIntegerFieldTests,
 )
 
 
@@ -23,7 +25,6 @@ class SmallAutoFieldTests(SmallIntegerFieldTests):
 
 
 class AutoFieldInheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_isinstance_of_autofield(self):
         for field in (models.BigAutoField, models.SmallAutoField):
             with self.subTest(field.__name__):
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/test_binaryfield.py b/tests/model_fields/test_binaryfield.py
index 7796be70a6..05ebce3aab 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/test_binaryfield.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/test_binaryfield.py
@@ -6,10 +6,14 @@ from .models import DataModel
 
 
 class BinaryFieldTests(TestCase):
-    binary_data = b'\x00\x46\xFE'
+    binary_data = b"\x00\x46\xFE"
 
     def test_set_and_retrieve(self):
-        data_set = (self.binary_data, bytearray(self.binary_data), memoryview(self.binary_data))
+        data_set = (
+            self.binary_data,
+            bytearray(self.binary_data),
+            memoryview(self.binary_data),
+        )
         for bdata in data_set:
             with self.subTest(data=repr(bdata)):
                 dm = DataModel(data=bdata)
@@ -21,7 +25,7 @@ class BinaryFieldTests(TestCase):
                 dm = DataModel.objects.get(pk=dm.pk)
                 self.assertEqual(bytes(dm.data), bytes(bdata))
                 # Test default value
-                self.assertEqual(bytes(dm.short_data), b'\x08')
+                self.assertEqual(bytes(dm.short_data), b"\x08")
 
     def test_max_length(self):
         dm = DataModel(short_data=self.binary_data * 4)
@@ -38,15 +42,19 @@ class BinaryFieldTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_filter(self):
         dm = DataModel.objects.create(data=self.binary_data)
-        DataModel.objects.create(data=b'\xef\xbb\xbf')
+        DataModel.objects.create(data=b"\xef\xbb\xbf")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(DataModel.objects.filter(data=self.binary_data), [dm])
 
     def test_filter_bytearray(self):
         dm = DataModel.objects.create(data=self.binary_data)
-        DataModel.objects.create(data=b'\xef\xbb\xbf')
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(DataModel.objects.filter(data=bytearray(self.binary_data)), [dm])
+        DataModel.objects.create(data=b"\xef\xbb\xbf")
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            DataModel.objects.filter(data=bytearray(self.binary_data)), [dm]
+        )
 
     def test_filter_memoryview(self):
         dm = DataModel.objects.create(data=self.binary_data)
-        DataModel.objects.create(data=b'\xef\xbb\xbf')
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(DataModel.objects.filter(data=memoryview(self.binary_data)), [dm])
+        DataModel.objects.create(data=b"\xef\xbb\xbf")
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            DataModel.objects.filter(data=memoryview(self.binary_data)), [dm]
+        )
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/test_booleanfield.py b/tests/model_fields/test_booleanfield.py
index 907385534b..91357b9b20 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/test_booleanfield.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/test_booleanfield.py
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ from .models import BooleanModel, FksToBooleans, NullBooleanModel
 class BooleanFieldTests(TestCase):
     def _test_get_prep_value(self, f):
         self.assertIs(f.get_prep_value(True), True)
-        self.assertIs(f.get_prep_value('1'), True)
+        self.assertIs(f.get_prep_value("1"), True)
         self.assertIs(f.get_prep_value(1), True)
         self.assertIs(f.get_prep_value(False), False)
-        self.assertIs(f.get_prep_value('0'), False)
+        self.assertIs(f.get_prep_value("0"), False)
         self.assertIs(f.get_prep_value(0), False)
         self.assertIsNone(f.get_prep_value(None))
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class BooleanFieldTests(TestCase):
         BooleanField with choices and defaults doesn't generate a formfield
         with the blank option (#9640, #10549).
         """
-        choices = [(1, 'Si'), (2, 'No')]
+        choices = [(1, "Si"), (2, "No")]
         f = models.BooleanField(choices=choices, default=1, null=False)
         self.assertEqual(f.formfield().choices, choices)
 
@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ class BooleanFieldTests(TestCase):
         BooleanField with choices and no default should generated a formfield
         with the blank option.
         """
-        choices = [(1, 'Si'), (2, 'No')]
+        choices = [(1, "Si"), (2, "No")]
         f = models.BooleanField(choices=choices)
-        self.assertEqual(f.formfield().choices, [('', '---------')] + choices)
+        self.assertEqual(f.formfield().choices, [("", "---------")] + choices)
 
     def test_nullbooleanfield_formfield(self):
         f = models.BooleanField(null=True)
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class BooleanFieldTests(TestCase):
 
         # When an extra clause exists, the boolean conversions are applied with
         # an offset (#13293).
-        b5 = BooleanModel.objects.all().extra(select={'string_col': 'string'})[0]
+        b5 = BooleanModel.objects.all().extra(select={"string_col": "string"})[0]
         self.assertNotIsInstance(b5.pk, bool)
 
     def test_select_related(self):
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class BooleanFieldTests(TestCase):
         m2 = FksToBooleans.objects.create(bf=bmf, nbf=nbmf)
 
         # select_related('fk_field_name')
-        ma = FksToBooleans.objects.select_related('bf').get(pk=m1.id)
+        ma = FksToBooleans.objects.select_related("bf").get(pk=m1.id)
         self.assertIs(ma.bf.bfield, True)
         self.assertIs(ma.nbf.nbfield, True)
 
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class BooleanFieldTests(TestCase):
         """
         A BooleanField defaults to None, which isn't a valid value (#15124).
         """
-        boolean_field = BooleanModel._meta.get_field('bfield')
+        boolean_field = BooleanModel._meta.get_field("bfield")
         self.assertFalse(boolean_field.has_default())
         b = BooleanModel()
         self.assertIsNone(b.bfield)
@@ -118,7 +118,6 @@ class BooleanFieldTests(TestCase):
 
 
 class ValidationTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_boolean_field_doesnt_accept_empty_input(self):
         f = models.BooleanField()
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/test_charfield.py b/tests/model_fields/test_charfield.py
index 17c230c776..e9c1444f16 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/test_charfield.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/test_charfield.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from .models import Post
 
 
 class TestCharField(TestCase):
-
     def test_max_length_passed_to_formfield(self):
         """
         CharField passes its max_length attribute to form fields created using
@@ -21,22 +20,22 @@ class TestCharField(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(Post.objects.filter(title=9).count(), 0)
 
     def test_emoji(self):
-        p = Post.objects.create(title='Smile 😀', body='Whatever.')
+        p = Post.objects.create(title="Smile 😀", body="Whatever.")
         p.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(p.title, 'Smile 😀')
+        self.assertEqual(p.title, "Smile 😀")
 
     def test_assignment_from_choice_enum(self):
         class Event(models.TextChoices):
-            C = 'Carnival!'
-            F = 'Festival!'
+            C = "Carnival!"
+            F = "Festival!"
 
         p1 = Post.objects.create(title=Event.C, body=Event.F)
         p1.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(p1.title, 'Carnival!')
-        self.assertEqual(p1.body, 'Festival!')
+        self.assertEqual(p1.title, "Carnival!")
+        self.assertEqual(p1.body, "Festival!")
         self.assertEqual(p1.title, Event.C)
         self.assertEqual(p1.body, Event.F)
-        p2 = Post.objects.get(title='Carnival!')
+        p2 = Post.objects.get(title="Carnival!")
         self.assertEqual(p1, p2)
         self.assertEqual(p2.title, Event.C)
 
@@ -46,48 +45,47 @@ class TestMethods(SimpleTestCase):
         field = models.CharField()
         *_, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {})
-        field = models.CharField(db_collation='utf8_esperanto_ci')
+        field = models.CharField(db_collation="utf8_esperanto_ci")
         *_, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'db_collation': 'utf8_esperanto_ci'})
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"db_collation": "utf8_esperanto_ci"})
 
 
 class ValidationTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     class Choices(models.TextChoices):
-        C = 'c', 'C'
+        C = "c", "C"
 
     def test_charfield_raises_error_on_empty_string(self):
         f = models.CharField()
-        msg = 'This field cannot be blank.'
+        msg = "This field cannot be blank."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('', None)
+            f.clean("", None)
 
     def test_charfield_cleans_empty_string_when_blank_true(self):
         f = models.CharField(blank=True)
-        self.assertEqual('', f.clean('', None))
+        self.assertEqual("", f.clean("", None))
 
     def test_charfield_with_choices_cleans_valid_choice(self):
-        f = models.CharField(max_length=1, choices=[('a', 'A'), ('b', 'B')])
-        self.assertEqual('a', f.clean('a', None))
+        f = models.CharField(max_length=1, choices=[("a", "A"), ("b", "B")])
+        self.assertEqual("a", f.clean("a", None))
 
     def test_charfield_with_choices_raises_error_on_invalid_choice(self):
-        f = models.CharField(choices=[('a', 'A'), ('b', 'B')])
+        f = models.CharField(choices=[("a", "A"), ("b", "B")])
         msg = "Value 'not a' is not a valid choice."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('not a', None)
+            f.clean("not a", None)
 
     def test_enum_choices_cleans_valid_string(self):
         f = models.CharField(choices=self.Choices.choices, max_length=1)
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('c', None), 'c')
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("c", None), "c")
 
     def test_enum_choices_invalid_input(self):
         f = models.CharField(choices=self.Choices.choices, max_length=1)
         msg = "Value 'a' is not a valid choice."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            f.clean('a', None)
+            f.clean("a", None)
 
     def test_charfield_raises_error_on_empty_input(self):
         f = models.CharField(null=False)
-        msg = 'This field cannot be null.'
+        msg = "This field cannot be null."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
             f.clean(None, None)
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/test_datetimefield.py b/tests/model_fields/test_datetimefield.py
index 1c37760711..26efd481e1 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/test_datetimefield.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/test_datetimefield.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 import datetime
 
 from django.db import models
-from django.test import (
-    SimpleTestCase, TestCase, override_settings, skipUnlessDBFeature,
-)
+from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase, override_settings, skipUnlessDBFeature
 from django.test.utils import requires_tz_support
 from django.utils import timezone
 
@@ -11,18 +9,23 @@ from .models import DateTimeModel
 
 
 class DateTimeFieldTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_datetimefield_to_python_microseconds(self):
         """DateTimeField.to_python() supports microseconds."""
         f = models.DateTimeField()
-        self.assertEqual(f.to_python('2001-01-02 03:04:05.000006'), datetime.datetime(2001, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6))
-        self.assertEqual(f.to_python('2001-01-02 03:04:05.999999'), datetime.datetime(2001, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 999999))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f.to_python("2001-01-02 03:04:05.000006"),
+            datetime.datetime(2001, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f.to_python("2001-01-02 03:04:05.999999"),
+            datetime.datetime(2001, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 999999),
+        )
 
     def test_timefield_to_python_microseconds(self):
         """TimeField.to_python() supports microseconds."""
         f = models.TimeField()
-        self.assertEqual(f.to_python('01:02:03.000004'), datetime.time(1, 2, 3, 4))
-        self.assertEqual(f.to_python('01:02:03.999999'), datetime.time(1, 2, 3, 999999))
+        self.assertEqual(f.to_python("01:02:03.000004"), datetime.time(1, 2, 3, 4))
+        self.assertEqual(f.to_python("01:02:03.999999"), datetime.time(1, 2, 3, 999999))
 
     def test_datetimes_save_completely(self):
         dat = datetime.date(2014, 3, 12)
@@ -47,14 +50,18 @@ class DateTimeFieldTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(m, DateTimeModel.objects.get(dt__date=d))
 
     @requires_tz_support
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_zoneinfo_database')
-    @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE='America/Vancouver')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_zoneinfo_database")
+    @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE="America/Vancouver")
     def test_lookup_date_with_use_tz(self):
         d = datetime.date(2014, 3, 12)
         # The following is equivalent to UTC 2014-03-12 18:34:23.24000.
-        dt1 = datetime.datetime(2014, 3, 12, 10, 22, 23, 240000, tzinfo=timezone.get_current_timezone())
+        dt1 = datetime.datetime(
+            2014, 3, 12, 10, 22, 23, 240000, tzinfo=timezone.get_current_timezone()
+        )
         # The following is equivalent to UTC 2014-03-13 05:34:23.24000.
-        dt2 = datetime.datetime(2014, 3, 12, 21, 22, 23, 240000, tzinfo=timezone.get_current_timezone())
+        dt2 = datetime.datetime(
+            2014, 3, 12, 21, 22, 23, 240000, tzinfo=timezone.get_current_timezone()
+        )
         t = datetime.time(21, 22, 23, 240000)
         m1 = DateTimeModel.objects.create(d=d, dt=dt1, t=t)
         m2 = DateTimeModel.objects.create(d=d, dt=dt2, t=t)
@@ -63,13 +70,12 @@ class DateTimeFieldTests(TestCase):
             DateTimeModel.objects.filter(dt__date=d),
             [m1, m2],
         )
-        with self.settings(TIME_ZONE='UTC'):
+        with self.settings(TIME_ZONE="UTC"):
             # But in UTC, the __date only matches one of them.
             self.assertCountEqual(DateTimeModel.objects.filter(dt__date=d), [m1])
 
 
 class ValidationTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_datefield_cleans_date(self):
         f = models.DateField()
-        self.assertEqual(datetime.date(2008, 10, 10), f.clean('2008-10-10', None))
+        self.assertEqual(datetime.date(2008, 10, 10), f.clean("2008-10-10", None))
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/test_decimalfield.py b/tests/model_fields/test_decimalfield.py
index ea06ab9fa2..912d55af72 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/test_decimalfield.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/test_decimalfield.py
@@ -10,21 +10,20 @@ from .models import BigD, Foo
 
 
 class DecimalFieldTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_to_python(self):
         f = models.DecimalField(max_digits=4, decimal_places=2)
-        self.assertEqual(f.to_python(3), Decimal('3'))
-        self.assertEqual(f.to_python('3.14'), Decimal('3.14'))
+        self.assertEqual(f.to_python(3), Decimal("3"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.to_python("3.14"), Decimal("3.14"))
         # to_python() converts floats and honors max_digits.
-        self.assertEqual(f.to_python(3.1415926535897), Decimal('3.142'))
-        self.assertEqual(f.to_python(2.4), Decimal('2.400'))
+        self.assertEqual(f.to_python(3.1415926535897), Decimal("3.142"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.to_python(2.4), Decimal("2.400"))
         # Uses default rounding of ROUND_HALF_EVEN.
-        self.assertEqual(f.to_python(2.0625), Decimal('2.062'))
-        self.assertEqual(f.to_python(2.1875), Decimal('2.188'))
+        self.assertEqual(f.to_python(2.0625), Decimal("2.062"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.to_python(2.1875), Decimal("2.188"))
 
     def test_invalid_value(self):
         field = models.DecimalField(max_digits=4, decimal_places=2)
-        msg = '“%s” value must be a decimal number.'
+        msg = "“%s” value must be a decimal number."
         tests = [
             (),
             [],
@@ -32,8 +31,8 @@ class DecimalFieldTests(TestCase):
             set(),
             object(),
             complex(),
-            'non-numeric string',
-            b'non-numeric byte-string',
+            "non-numeric string",
+            b"non-numeric byte-string",
         ]
         for value in tests:
             with self.subTest(value):
@@ -41,42 +40,42 @@ class DecimalFieldTests(TestCase):
                     field.clean(value, None)
 
     def test_default(self):
-        f = models.DecimalField(default=Decimal('0.00'))
-        self.assertEqual(f.get_default(), Decimal('0.00'))
+        f = models.DecimalField(default=Decimal("0.00"))
+        self.assertEqual(f.get_default(), Decimal("0.00"))
 
     def test_get_prep_value(self):
         f = models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=1)
         self.assertIsNone(f.get_prep_value(None))
-        self.assertEqual(f.get_prep_value('2.4'), Decimal('2.4'))
+        self.assertEqual(f.get_prep_value("2.4"), Decimal("2.4"))
 
     def test_filter_with_strings(self):
         """
         Should be able to filter decimal fields using strings (#8023).
         """
-        foo = Foo.objects.create(a='abc', d=Decimal('12.34'))
-        self.assertEqual(list(Foo.objects.filter(d='12.34')), [foo])
+        foo = Foo.objects.create(a="abc", d=Decimal("12.34"))
+        self.assertEqual(list(Foo.objects.filter(d="12.34")), [foo])
 
     def test_save_without_float_conversion(self):
         """
         Ensure decimals don't go through a corrupting float conversion during
         save (#5079).
         """
-        bd = BigD(d='12.9')
+        bd = BigD(d="12.9")
         bd.save()
         bd = BigD.objects.get(pk=bd.pk)
-        self.assertEqual(bd.d, Decimal('12.9'))
+        self.assertEqual(bd.d, Decimal("12.9"))
 
     def test_save_nan_invalid(self):
-        msg = '“nan” value must be a decimal number.'
+        msg = "“nan” value must be a decimal number."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            BigD.objects.create(d=float('nan'))
+            BigD.objects.create(d=float("nan"))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
             BigD.objects.create(d=math.nan)
 
     def test_fetch_from_db_without_float_rounding(self):
-        big_decimal = BigD.objects.create(d=Decimal('.100000000000000000000000000005'))
+        big_decimal = BigD.objects.create(d=Decimal(".100000000000000000000000000005"))
         big_decimal.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(big_decimal.d, Decimal('.100000000000000000000000000005'))
+        self.assertEqual(big_decimal.d, Decimal(".100000000000000000000000000005"))
 
     def test_lookup_really_big_value(self):
         """
@@ -87,24 +86,30 @@ class DecimalFieldTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_max_digits_validation(self):
         field = models.DecimalField(max_digits=2)
-        expected_message = validators.DecimalValidator.messages['max_digits'] % {'max': 2}
+        expected_message = validators.DecimalValidator.messages["max_digits"] % {
+            "max": 2
+        }
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, expected_message):
             field.clean(100, None)
 
     def test_max_decimal_places_validation(self):
         field = models.DecimalField(decimal_places=1)
-        expected_message = validators.DecimalValidator.messages['max_decimal_places'] % {'max': 1}
+        expected_message = validators.DecimalValidator.messages[
+            "max_decimal_places"
+        ] % {"max": 1}
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, expected_message):
-            field.clean(Decimal('0.99'), None)
+            field.clean(Decimal("0.99"), None)
 
     def test_max_whole_digits_validation(self):
         field = models.DecimalField(max_digits=3, decimal_places=1)
-        expected_message = validators.DecimalValidator.messages['max_whole_digits'] % {'max': 2}
+        expected_message = validators.DecimalValidator.messages["max_whole_digits"] % {
+            "max": 2
+        }
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, expected_message):
-            field.clean(Decimal('999'), None)
+            field.clean(Decimal("999"), None)
 
     def test_roundtrip_with_trailing_zeros(self):
         """Trailing zeros in the fractional part aren't truncated."""
-        obj = Foo.objects.create(a='bar', d=Decimal('8.320'))
+        obj = Foo.objects.create(a="bar", d=Decimal("8.320"))
         obj.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(obj.d.compare_total(Decimal('8.320')), Decimal('0'))
+        self.assertEqual(obj.d.compare_total(Decimal("8.320")), Decimal("0"))
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/test_durationfield.py b/tests/model_fields/test_durationfield.py
index 58768ab1c7..f4e13711d6 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/test_durationfield.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/test_durationfield.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ from .models import DurationModel, NullDurationModel
 
 
 class TestSaveLoad(TestCase):
-
     def test_simple_roundtrip(self):
         duration = datetime.timedelta(microseconds=8999999999999999)
         DurationModel.objects.create(field=duration)
@@ -30,7 +29,6 @@ class TestSaveLoad(TestCase):
 
 
 class TestQuerying(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.objs = [
@@ -42,13 +40,13 @@ class TestQuerying(TestCase):
     def test_exact(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             DurationModel.objects.filter(field=datetime.timedelta(days=1)),
-            [self.objs[0]]
+            [self.objs[0]],
         )
 
     def test_gt(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             DurationModel.objects.filter(field__gt=datetime.timedelta(days=0)),
-            [self.objs[0], self.objs[1]]
+            [self.objs[0], self.objs[1]],
         )
 
 
@@ -57,25 +55,24 @@ class TestSerialization(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_dumping(self):
         instance = DurationModel(field=datetime.timedelta(days=1, hours=1))
-        data = serializers.serialize('json', [instance])
+        data = serializers.serialize("json", [instance])
         self.assertEqual(json.loads(data), json.loads(self.test_data))
 
     def test_loading(self):
-        instance = list(serializers.deserialize('json', self.test_data))[0].object
+        instance = list(serializers.deserialize("json", self.test_data))[0].object
         self.assertEqual(instance.field, datetime.timedelta(days=1, hours=1))
 
 
 class TestValidation(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_invalid_string(self):
         field = models.DurationField()
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean('not a datetime', None)
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 'invalid')
+            field.clean("not a datetime", None)
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, "invalid")
         self.assertEqual(
             cm.exception.message % cm.exception.params,
-            '“not a datetime” value has an invalid format. '
-            'It must be in [DD] [[HH:]MM:]ss[.uuuuuu] format.'
+            "“not a datetime” value has an invalid format. "
+            "It must be in [DD] [[HH:]MM:]ss[.uuuuuu] format.",
         )
 
 
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/test_field_flags.py b/tests/model_fields/test_field_flags.py
index cbc066ac58..33f3334567 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/test_field_flags.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/test_field_flags.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 from django import test
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.db import models
 
 from .models import AllFieldsModel
@@ -48,23 +46,23 @@ ONE_TO_ONE_CLASSES = {
 }
 
 FLAG_PROPERTIES = (
-    'concrete',
-    'editable',
-    'is_relation',
-    'model',
-    'hidden',
-    'one_to_many',
-    'many_to_one',
-    'many_to_many',
-    'one_to_one',
-    'related_model',
+    "concrete",
+    "editable",
+    "is_relation",
+    "model",
+    "hidden",
+    "one_to_many",
+    "many_to_one",
+    "many_to_many",
+    "one_to_one",
+    "related_model",
 )
 
 FLAG_PROPERTIES_FOR_RELATIONS = (
-    'one_to_many',
-    'many_to_one',
-    'many_to_many',
-    'one_to_one',
+    "one_to_many",
+    "many_to_one",
+    "many_to_many",
+    "one_to_one",
 )
 
 
@@ -99,7 +97,10 @@ class FieldFlagsTests(test.SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_each_object_should_have_auto_created(self):
         self.assertTrue(
-            all(f.auto_created.__class__ == bool for f in self.fields_and_reverse_objects)
+            all(
+                f.auto_created.__class__ == bool
+                for f in self.fields_and_reverse_objects
+            )
         )
 
     def test_non_concrete_fields(self):
@@ -130,7 +131,10 @@ class FieldFlagsTests(test.SimpleTestCase):
     def test_all_field_types_should_have_flags(self):
         for field in self.fields_and_reverse_objects:
             for flag in FLAG_PROPERTIES:
-                self.assertTrue(hasattr(field, flag), "Field %s does not have flag %s" % (field, flag))
+                self.assertTrue(
+                    hasattr(field, flag),
+                    "Field %s does not have flag %s" % (field, flag),
+                )
             if field.is_relation:
                 true_cardinality_flags = sum(
                     getattr(field, flag) is True
@@ -142,8 +146,7 @@ class FieldFlagsTests(test.SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_cardinality_m2m(self):
         m2m_type_fields = [
-            f for f in self.all_fields
-            if f.is_relation and f.many_to_many
+            f for f in self.all_fields if f.is_relation and f.many_to_many
         ]
         # Test classes are what we expect
         self.assertEqual(MANY_TO_MANY_CLASSES, {f.__class__ for f in m2m_type_fields})
@@ -157,7 +160,8 @@ class FieldFlagsTests(test.SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_cardinality_o2m(self):
         o2m_type_fields = [
-            f for f in self.fields_and_reverse_objects
+            f
+            for f in self.fields_and_reverse_objects
             if f.is_relation and f.one_to_many
         ]
         # Test classes are what we expect
@@ -171,7 +175,8 @@ class FieldFlagsTests(test.SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_cardinality_m2o(self):
         m2o_type_fields = [
-            f for f in self.fields_and_reverse_objects
+            f
+            for f in self.fields_and_reverse_objects
             if f.is_relation and f.many_to_one
         ]
         # Test classes are what we expect
@@ -179,28 +184,25 @@ class FieldFlagsTests(test.SimpleTestCase):
 
         # Ensure all m2o reverses are o2m
         for obj in m2o_type_fields:
-            if hasattr(obj, 'field'):
+            if hasattr(obj, "field"):
                 reverse_field = obj.field
                 self.assertTrue(reverse_field.is_relation and reverse_field.one_to_many)
 
     def test_cardinality_o2o(self):
-        o2o_type_fields = [
-            f for f in self.all_fields
-            if f.is_relation and f.one_to_one
-        ]
+        o2o_type_fields = [f for f in self.all_fields if f.is_relation and f.one_to_one]
         # Test classes are what we expect
         self.assertEqual(ONE_TO_ONE_CLASSES, {f.__class__ for f in o2o_type_fields})
 
         # Ensure all o2o reverses are o2o
         for obj in o2o_type_fields:
-            if hasattr(obj, 'field'):
+            if hasattr(obj, "field"):
                 reverse_field = obj.field
                 self.assertTrue(reverse_field.is_relation and reverse_field.one_to_one)
 
     def test_hidden_flag(self):
         incl_hidden = set(AllFieldsModel._meta.get_fields(include_hidden=True))
         no_hidden = set(AllFieldsModel._meta.get_fields())
-        fields_that_should_be_hidden = (incl_hidden - no_hidden)
+        fields_that_should_be_hidden = incl_hidden - no_hidden
         for f in incl_hidden:
             self.assertEqual(f in fields_that_should_be_hidden, f.hidden)
 
@@ -215,5 +217,5 @@ class FieldFlagsTests(test.SimpleTestCase):
     def test_null(self):
         # null isn't well defined for a ManyToManyField, but changing it to
         # True causes backwards compatibility problems (#25320).
-        self.assertFalse(AllFieldsModel._meta.get_field('m2m').null)
-        self.assertTrue(AllFieldsModel._meta.get_field('reverse2').null)
+        self.assertFalse(AllFieldsModel._meta.get_field("m2m").null)
+        self.assertTrue(AllFieldsModel._meta.get_field("reverse2").null)
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/test_filefield.py b/tests/model_fields/test_filefield.py
index fb9426e2d1..e7c906112d 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/test_filefield.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/test_filefield.py
@@ -17,39 +17,38 @@ from .models import Document
 
 
 class FileFieldTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_clearable(self):
         """
         FileField.save_form_data() will clear its instance attribute value if
         passed False.
         """
-        d = Document(myfile='something.txt')
-        self.assertEqual(d.myfile, 'something.txt')
-        field = d._meta.get_field('myfile')
+        d = Document(myfile="something.txt")
+        self.assertEqual(d.myfile, "something.txt")
+        field = d._meta.get_field("myfile")
         field.save_form_data(d, False)
-        self.assertEqual(d.myfile, '')
+        self.assertEqual(d.myfile, "")
 
     def test_unchanged(self):
         """
         FileField.save_form_data() considers None to mean "no change" rather
         than "clear".
         """
-        d = Document(myfile='something.txt')
-        self.assertEqual(d.myfile, 'something.txt')
-        field = d._meta.get_field('myfile')
+        d = Document(myfile="something.txt")
+        self.assertEqual(d.myfile, "something.txt")
+        field = d._meta.get_field("myfile")
         field.save_form_data(d, None)
-        self.assertEqual(d.myfile, 'something.txt')
+        self.assertEqual(d.myfile, "something.txt")
 
     def test_changed(self):
         """
         FileField.save_form_data(), if passed a truthy value, updates its
         instance attribute.
         """
-        d = Document(myfile='something.txt')
-        self.assertEqual(d.myfile, 'something.txt')
-        field = d._meta.get_field('myfile')
-        field.save_form_data(d, 'else.txt')
-        self.assertEqual(d.myfile, 'else.txt')
+        d = Document(myfile="something.txt")
+        self.assertEqual(d.myfile, "something.txt")
+        field = d._meta.get_field("myfile")
+        field.save_form_data(d, "else.txt")
+        self.assertEqual(d.myfile, "else.txt")
 
     def test_delete_when_file_unset(self):
         """
@@ -60,33 +59,35 @@ class FileFieldTests(TestCase):
         d.myfile.delete()
 
     def test_refresh_from_db(self):
-        d = Document.objects.create(myfile='something.txt')
+        d = Document.objects.create(myfile="something.txt")
         d.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertIs(d.myfile.instance, d)
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32', "Crashes with OSError on Windows.")
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "win32", "Crashes with OSError on Windows.")
     def test_save_without_name(self):
-        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.txt') as tmp:
-            document = Document.objects.create(myfile='something.txt')
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".txt") as tmp:
+            document = Document.objects.create(myfile="something.txt")
             document.myfile = File(tmp)
             msg = f"Detected path traversal attempt in '{tmp.name}'"
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(SuspiciousFileOperation, msg):
                 document.save()
 
     def test_defer(self):
-        Document.objects.create(myfile='something.txt')
-        self.assertEqual(Document.objects.defer('myfile')[0].myfile, 'something.txt')
+        Document.objects.create(myfile="something.txt")
+        self.assertEqual(Document.objects.defer("myfile")[0].myfile, "something.txt")
 
     def test_unique_when_same_filename(self):
         """
         A FileField with unique=True shouldn't allow two instances with the
         same name to be saved.
         """
-        Document.objects.create(myfile='something.txt')
+        Document.objects.create(myfile="something.txt")
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
-            Document.objects.create(myfile='something.txt')
+            Document.objects.create(myfile="something.txt")
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32', "Windows doesn't support moving open files.")
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        sys.platform == "win32", "Windows doesn't support moving open files."
+    )
     # The file's source and destination must be on the same filesystem.
     @override_settings(MEDIA_ROOT=temp.gettempdir())
     def test_move_temporary_file(self):
@@ -94,35 +95,43 @@ class FileFieldTests(TestCase):
         The temporary uploaded file is moved rather than copied to the
         destination.
         """
-        with TemporaryUploadedFile('something.txt', 'text/plain', 0, 'UTF-8') as tmp_file:
+        with TemporaryUploadedFile(
+            "something.txt", "text/plain", 0, "UTF-8"
+        ) as tmp_file:
             tmp_file_path = tmp_file.temporary_file_path()
             Document.objects.create(myfile=tmp_file)
-            self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(tmp_file_path), 'Temporary file still exists')
+            self.assertFalse(
+                os.path.exists(tmp_file_path), "Temporary file still exists"
+            )
 
     def test_open_returns_self(self):
         """
         FieldField.open() returns self so it can be used as a context manager.
         """
-        d = Document.objects.create(myfile='something.txt')
+        d = Document.objects.create(myfile="something.txt")
         # Replace the FileField's file with an in-memory ContentFile, so that
         # open() doesn't write to disk.
-        d.myfile.file = ContentFile(b'', name='bla')
+        d.myfile.file = ContentFile(b"", name="bla")
         self.assertEqual(d.myfile, d.myfile.open())
 
     def test_media_root_pathlib(self):
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir:
             with override_settings(MEDIA_ROOT=Path(tmp_dir)):
-                with TemporaryUploadedFile('foo.txt', 'text/plain', 1, 'utf-8') as tmp_file:
+                with TemporaryUploadedFile(
+                    "foo.txt", "text/plain", 1, "utf-8"
+                ) as tmp_file:
                     Document.objects.create(myfile=tmp_file)
-                    self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'unused', 'foo.txt')))
+                    self.assertTrue(
+                        os.path.exists(os.path.join(tmp_dir, "unused", "foo.txt"))
+                    )
 
     def test_pickle(self):
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir:
             with override_settings(MEDIA_ROOT=Path(tmp_dir)):
-                with open(__file__, 'rb') as fp:
-                    file1 = File(fp, name='test_file.py')
-                    document = Document(myfile='test_file.py')
-                    document.myfile.save('test_file.py', file1)
+                with open(__file__, "rb") as fp:
+                    file1 = File(fp, name="test_file.py")
+                    document = Document(myfile="test_file.py")
+                    document.myfile.save("test_file.py", file1)
                     try:
                         dump = pickle.dumps(document)
                         loaded_document = pickle.loads(dump)
@@ -159,14 +168,15 @@ class FileFieldTests(TestCase):
                     finally:
                         document.myfile.delete()
 
-    @isolate_apps('model_fields')
+    @isolate_apps("model_fields")
     def test_abstract_filefield_model(self):
         """
         FileField.model returns the concrete model for fields defined in an
         abstract model.
         """
+
         class AbstractMyDocument(models.Model):
-            myfile = models.FileField(upload_to='unused')
+            myfile = models.FileField(upload_to="unused")
 
             class Meta:
                 abstract = True
@@ -174,5 +184,5 @@ class FileFieldTests(TestCase):
         class MyDocument(AbstractMyDocument):
             pass
 
-        document = MyDocument(myfile='test_file.py')
+        document = MyDocument(myfile="test_file.py")
         self.assertEqual(document.myfile.field.model, MyDocument)
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/test_floatfield.py b/tests/model_fields/test_floatfield.py
index 856197cd6e..264b5677e9 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/test_floatfield.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/test_floatfield.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from .models import FloatModel
 
 
 class TestFloatField(TestCase):
-
     def test_float_validates_object(self):
         instance = FloatModel(size=2.5)
         # Try setting float field to unsaved object
@@ -20,8 +19,8 @@ class TestFloatField(TestCase):
         # Set field to object on saved instance
         instance.size = instance
         msg = (
-            'Tried to update field model_fields.FloatModel.size with a model '
-            'instance, %r. Use a value compatible with FloatField.'
+            "Tried to update field model_fields.FloatModel.size with a model "
+            "instance, %r. Use a value compatible with FloatField."
         ) % instance
         with transaction.atomic():
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
@@ -40,8 +39,8 @@ class TestFloatField(TestCase):
             (TypeError, set()),
             (TypeError, object()),
             (TypeError, complex()),
-            (ValueError, 'non-numeric string'),
-            (ValueError, b'non-numeric byte-string'),
+            (ValueError, "non-numeric string"),
+            (ValueError, b"non-numeric byte-string"),
         ]
         for exception, value in tests:
             with self.subTest(value):
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/test_foreignkey.py b/tests/model_fields/test_foreignkey.py
index 0cd6d62a55..2c15dea720 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/test_foreignkey.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/test_foreignkey.py
@@ -11,24 +11,25 @@ from .models import Bar, FkToChar, Foo, PrimaryKeyCharModel
 
 
 class ForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_callable_default(self):
         """A lazy callable may be used for ForeignKey.default."""
-        a = Foo.objects.create(id=1, a='abc', d=Decimal('12.34'))
-        b = Bar.objects.create(b='bcd')
+        a = Foo.objects.create(id=1, a="abc", d=Decimal("12.34"))
+        b = Bar.objects.create(b="bcd")
         self.assertEqual(b.a, a)
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls")
     def test_empty_string_fk(self):
         """
         Empty strings foreign key values don't get converted to None (#19299).
         """
-        char_model_empty = PrimaryKeyCharModel.objects.create(string='')
+        char_model_empty = PrimaryKeyCharModel.objects.create(string="")
         fk_model_empty = FkToChar.objects.create(out=char_model_empty)
-        fk_model_empty = FkToChar.objects.select_related('out').get(id=fk_model_empty.pk)
+        fk_model_empty = FkToChar.objects.select_related("out").get(
+            id=fk_model_empty.pk
+        )
         self.assertEqual(fk_model_empty.out, char_model_empty)
 
-    @isolate_apps('model_fields')
+    @isolate_apps("model_fields")
     def test_warning_when_unique_true_on_fk(self):
         class Foo(models.Model):
             pass
@@ -39,17 +40,17 @@ class ForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         model = FKUniqueTrue()
         expected_warnings = [
             checks.Warning(
-                'Setting unique=True on a ForeignKey has the same effect as using a OneToOneField.',
-                hint='ForeignKey(unique=True) is usually better served by a OneToOneField.',
+                "Setting unique=True on a ForeignKey has the same effect as using a OneToOneField.",
+                hint="ForeignKey(unique=True) is usually better served by a OneToOneField.",
                 obj=FKUniqueTrue.fk_field.field,
-                id='fields.W342',
+                id="fields.W342",
             )
         ]
         warnings = model.check()
         self.assertEqual(warnings, expected_warnings)
 
     def test_related_name_converted_to_text(self):
-        rel_name = Bar._meta.get_field('a').remote_field.related_name
+        rel_name = Bar._meta.get_field("a").remote_field.related_name
         self.assertIsInstance(rel_name, str)
 
     def test_abstract_model_pending_operations(self):
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ class ForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         pending_ops_before = list(apps._pending_operations.items())
 
         class AbstractForeignKeyModel(models.Model):
-            fk = models.ForeignKey('missing.FK', models.CASCADE)
+            fk = models.ForeignKey("missing.FK", models.CASCADE)
 
             class Meta:
                 abstract = True
@@ -69,16 +70,16 @@ class ForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             pending_ops_before,
             list(apps._pending_operations.items()),
-            'Pending lookup added for a foreign key on an abstract model'
+            "Pending lookup added for a foreign key on an abstract model",
         )
 
-    @isolate_apps('model_fields', 'model_fields.tests')
+    @isolate_apps("model_fields", "model_fields.tests")
     def test_abstract_model_app_relative_foreign_key(self):
         class AbstractReferent(models.Model):
-            reference = models.ForeignKey('Referred', on_delete=models.CASCADE)
+            reference = models.ForeignKey("Referred", on_delete=models.CASCADE)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'model_fields'
+                app_label = "model_fields"
                 abstract = True
 
         def assert_app_model_resolved(label):
@@ -90,12 +91,14 @@ class ForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
                 class Meta:
                     app_label = label
 
-            self.assertEqual(ConcreteReferent._meta.get_field('reference').related_model, Referred)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                ConcreteReferent._meta.get_field("reference").related_model, Referred
+            )
 
-        assert_app_model_resolved('model_fields')
-        assert_app_model_resolved('tests')
+        assert_app_model_resolved("model_fields")
+        assert_app_model_resolved("tests")
 
-    @isolate_apps('model_fields')
+    @isolate_apps("model_fields")
     def test_to_python(self):
         class Foo(models.Model):
             pass
@@ -103,9 +106,9 @@ class ForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         class Bar(models.Model):
             fk = models.ForeignKey(Foo, models.CASCADE)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Bar._meta.get_field('fk').to_python('1'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(Bar._meta.get_field("fk").to_python("1"), 1)
 
-    @isolate_apps('model_fields')
+    @isolate_apps("model_fields")
     def test_fk_to_fk_get_col_output_field(self):
         class Foo(models.Model):
             pass
@@ -116,21 +119,21 @@ class ForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
         class Baz(models.Model):
             bar = models.ForeignKey(Bar, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True)
 
-        col = Baz._meta.get_field('bar').get_col('alias')
+        col = Baz._meta.get_field("bar").get_col("alias")
         self.assertIs(col.output_field, Foo._meta.pk)
 
-    @isolate_apps('model_fields')
+    @isolate_apps("model_fields")
     def test_recursive_fks_get_col(self):
         class Foo(models.Model):
-            bar = models.ForeignKey('Bar', models.CASCADE, primary_key=True)
+            bar = models.ForeignKey("Bar", models.CASCADE, primary_key=True)
 
         class Bar(models.Model):
             foo = models.ForeignKey(Foo, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True)
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Cannot resolve output_field'):
-            Foo._meta.get_field('bar').get_col('alias')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot resolve output_field"):
+            Foo._meta.get_field("bar").get_col("alias")
 
-    @isolate_apps('model_fields')
+    @isolate_apps("model_fields")
     def test_non_local_to_field(self):
         class Parent(models.Model):
             key = models.IntegerField(unique=True)
@@ -139,14 +142,14 @@ class ForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
             pass
 
         class Related(models.Model):
-            child = models.ForeignKey(Child, on_delete=models.CASCADE, to_field='key')
+            child = models.ForeignKey(Child, on_delete=models.CASCADE, to_field="key")
 
         msg = (
             "'model_fields.Related.child' refers to field 'key' which is not "
             "local to model 'model_fields.Child'."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
-            Related._meta.get_field('child').related_fields
+            Related._meta.get_field("child").related_fields
 
     def test_invalid_to_parameter(self):
         msg = (
@@ -154,5 +157,6 @@ class ForeignKeyTests(TestCase):
             "either a model, a model name, or the string 'self'"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
+
             class MyModel(models.Model):
                 child = models.ForeignKey(1, models.CASCADE)
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/test_genericipaddressfield.py b/tests/model_fields/test_genericipaddressfield.py
index c65fe805cb..76845238e5 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/test_genericipaddressfield.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/test_genericipaddressfield.py
@@ -6,20 +6,19 @@ from .models import GenericIPAddress
 
 
 class GenericIPAddressFieldTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_genericipaddressfield_formfield_protocol(self):
         """
         GenericIPAddressField with a specified protocol does not generate a
         formfield without a protocol.
         """
-        model_field = models.GenericIPAddressField(protocol='IPv4')
+        model_field = models.GenericIPAddressField(protocol="IPv4")
         form_field = model_field.formfield()
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            form_field.clean('::1')
-        model_field = models.GenericIPAddressField(protocol='IPv6')
+            form_field.clean("::1")
+        model_field = models.GenericIPAddressField(protocol="IPv6")
         form_field = model_field.formfield()
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            form_field.clean('127.0.0.1')
+            form_field.clean("127.0.0.1")
 
     def test_null_value(self):
         """
@@ -30,14 +29,14 @@ class GenericIPAddressFieldTests(TestCase):
         self.assertIsNone(o.ip)
 
     def test_blank_string_saved_as_null(self):
-        o = GenericIPAddress.objects.create(ip='')
+        o = GenericIPAddress.objects.create(ip="")
         o.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertIsNone(o.ip)
-        GenericIPAddress.objects.update(ip='')
+        GenericIPAddress.objects.update(ip="")
         o.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertIsNone(o.ip)
 
     def test_save_load(self):
-        instance = GenericIPAddress.objects.create(ip='::1')
+        instance = GenericIPAddress.objects.create(ip="::1")
         loaded = GenericIPAddress.objects.get()
         self.assertEqual(loaded.ip, instance.ip)
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/test_imagefield.py b/tests/model_fields/test_imagefield.py
index cbb58a0bbd..6ef46ef200 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/test_imagefield.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/test_imagefield.py
@@ -15,13 +15,19 @@ except ImproperlyConfigured:
 
 if Image:
     from .models import (
-        Person, PersonDimensionsFirst, PersonTwoImages, PersonWithHeight,
-        PersonWithHeightAndWidth, TestImageFieldFile, temp_storage_dir,
+        Person,
+        PersonDimensionsFirst,
+        PersonTwoImages,
+        PersonWithHeight,
+        PersonWithHeightAndWidth,
+        TestImageFieldFile,
+        temp_storage_dir,
     )
 else:
     # Pillow not available, create dummy classes (tests will be skipped anyway)
     class Person:
         pass
+
     PersonWithHeight = PersonWithHeightAndWidth = PersonDimensionsFirst = Person
     PersonTwoImages = Person
 
@@ -49,11 +55,11 @@ class ImageFieldTestMixin(SerializeMixin):
             shutil.rmtree(temp_storage_dir)
         os.mkdir(temp_storage_dir)
 
-        file_path1 = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '4x8.png')
-        self.file1 = self.File(open(file_path1, 'rb'), name='4x8.png')
+        file_path1 = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "4x8.png")
+        self.file1 = self.File(open(file_path1, "rb"), name="4x8.png")
 
-        file_path2 = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '8x4.png')
-        self.file2 = self.File(open(file_path2, 'rb'), name='8x4.png')
+        file_path2 = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "8x4.png")
+        self.file2 = self.File(open(file_path2, "rb"), name="8x4.png")
 
     def tearDown(self):
         """
@@ -63,7 +69,7 @@ class ImageFieldTestMixin(SerializeMixin):
         self.file2.close()
         shutil.rmtree(temp_storage_dir)
 
-    def check_dimensions(self, instance, width, height, field_name='mugshot'):
+    def check_dimensions(self, instance, width, height, field_name="mugshot"):
         """
         Asserts that the given width and height values match both the
         field's height and width attributes and the height and width fields
@@ -81,18 +87,18 @@ class ImageFieldTestMixin(SerializeMixin):
         # Check height/width attributes of field.
         if width is None and height is None:
             with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-                getattr(field, 'width')
+                getattr(field, "width")
             with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-                getattr(field, 'height')
+                getattr(field, "height")
         else:
             self.assertEqual(field.width, width)
             self.assertEqual(field.height, height)
 
         # Check height/width fields of model, if defined.
-        width_field_name = field_name + '_width'
+        width_field_name = field_name + "_width"
         if hasattr(instance, width_field_name):
             self.assertEqual(getattr(instance, width_field_name), width)
-        height_field_name = field_name + '_height'
+        height_field_name = field_name + "_height"
         if hasattr(instance, height_field_name):
             self.assertEqual(getattr(instance, height_field_name), height)
 
@@ -137,7 +143,7 @@ class ImageFieldTests(ImageFieldTestMixin, TestCase):
         p.mugshot.save("shot", self.file1)
         p = self.PersonModel.objects.get(name="Joan")
         path = p.mugshot.path
-        shutil.move(path, path + '.moved')
+        shutil.move(path, path + ".moved")
         self.PersonModel.objects.get(name="Joan")
 
     def test_delete_when_missing(self):
@@ -193,11 +199,11 @@ class ImageFieldTests(ImageFieldTestMixin, TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(p.mugshot.field, loaded_mugshot.field)
 
     def test_defer(self):
-        self.PersonModel.objects.create(name='Joe', mugshot=self.file1)
+        self.PersonModel.objects.create(name="Joe", mugshot=self.file1)
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            qs = list(self.PersonModel.objects.defer('mugshot'))
+            qs = list(self.PersonModel.objects.defer("mugshot"))
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            self.assertEqual(qs[0].name, 'Joe')
+            self.assertEqual(qs[0].name, "Joe")
 
 
 @skipIf(Image is None, "Pillow is required to test ImageField")
@@ -210,7 +216,7 @@ class ImageFieldTwoDimensionsTests(ImageFieldTestMixin, TestCase):
         """
         Tests assigning an image field through the model's constructor.
         """
-        p = self.PersonModel(name='Joe', mugshot=self.file1)
+        p = self.PersonModel(name="Joe", mugshot=self.file1)
         self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8)
         p.save()
         self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8)
@@ -219,7 +225,7 @@ class ImageFieldTwoDimensionsTests(ImageFieldTestMixin, TestCase):
         """
         Tests behavior when image is not passed in constructor.
         """
-        p = self.PersonModel(name='Joe')
+        p = self.PersonModel(name="Joe")
         # TestImageField value will default to being an instance of its
         # attr_class, a  TestImageFieldFile, with name == None, which will
         # cause it to evaluate as False.
@@ -227,7 +233,7 @@ class ImageFieldTwoDimensionsTests(ImageFieldTestMixin, TestCase):
         self.assertFalse(p.mugshot)
 
         # Test setting a fresh created model instance.
-        p = self.PersonModel(name='Joe')
+        p = self.PersonModel(name="Joe")
         p.mugshot = self.file1
         self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8)
 
@@ -235,7 +241,7 @@ class ImageFieldTwoDimensionsTests(ImageFieldTestMixin, TestCase):
         """
         Tests assigning an image in Manager.create().
         """
-        p = self.PersonModel.objects.create(name='Joe', mugshot=self.file1)
+        p = self.PersonModel.objects.create(name="Joe", mugshot=self.file1)
         self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8)
 
     def test_default_value(self):
@@ -252,7 +258,7 @@ class ImageFieldTwoDimensionsTests(ImageFieldTestMixin, TestCase):
         """
         Assigning ImageField to None clears dimensions.
         """
-        p = self.PersonModel(name='Joe', mugshot=self.file1)
+        p = self.PersonModel(name="Joe", mugshot=self.file1)
         self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8)
 
         # If image assigned to None, dimension fields should be cleared.
@@ -267,7 +273,7 @@ class ImageFieldTwoDimensionsTests(ImageFieldTestMixin, TestCase):
         Tests assignment using the field's save method and deletion using
         the field's delete method.
         """
-        p = self.PersonModel(name='Joe')
+        p = self.PersonModel(name="Joe")
         p.mugshot.save("mug", self.file1)
         self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8)
 
@@ -284,14 +290,14 @@ class ImageFieldTwoDimensionsTests(ImageFieldTestMixin, TestCase):
         """
         Dimensions are updated correctly in various situations.
         """
-        p = self.PersonModel(name='Joe')
+        p = self.PersonModel(name="Joe")
 
         # Dimensions should get set if file is saved.
         p.mugshot.save("mug", self.file1)
         self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8)
 
         # Test dimensions after fetching from database.
-        p = self.PersonModel.objects.get(name='Joe')
+        p = self.PersonModel.objects.get(name="Joe")
         # Bug 11084: Dimensions should not get recalculated if file is
         # coming from the database.  We test this by checking if the file
         # was opened.
@@ -363,76 +369,76 @@ class TwoImageFieldTests(ImageFieldTestMixin, TestCase):
 
     def test_constructor(self):
         p = self.PersonModel(mugshot=self.file1, headshot=self.file2)
-        self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8, 'mugshot')
-        self.check_dimensions(p, 8, 4, 'headshot')
+        self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8, "mugshot")
+        self.check_dimensions(p, 8, 4, "headshot")
         p.save()
-        self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8, 'mugshot')
-        self.check_dimensions(p, 8, 4, 'headshot')
+        self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8, "mugshot")
+        self.check_dimensions(p, 8, 4, "headshot")
 
     def test_create(self):
         p = self.PersonModel.objects.create(mugshot=self.file1, headshot=self.file2)
         self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8)
-        self.check_dimensions(p, 8, 4, 'headshot')
+        self.check_dimensions(p, 8, 4, "headshot")
 
     def test_assignment(self):
         p = self.PersonModel()
-        self.check_dimensions(p, None, None, 'mugshot')
-        self.check_dimensions(p, None, None, 'headshot')
+        self.check_dimensions(p, None, None, "mugshot")
+        self.check_dimensions(p, None, None, "headshot")
 
         p.mugshot = self.file1
-        self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8, 'mugshot')
-        self.check_dimensions(p, None, None, 'headshot')
+        self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8, "mugshot")
+        self.check_dimensions(p, None, None, "headshot")
         p.headshot = self.file2
-        self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8, 'mugshot')
-        self.check_dimensions(p, 8, 4, 'headshot')
+        self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8, "mugshot")
+        self.check_dimensions(p, 8, 4, "headshot")
 
         # Clear the ImageFields one at a time.
         p.mugshot = None
-        self.check_dimensions(p, None, None, 'mugshot')
-        self.check_dimensions(p, 8, 4, 'headshot')
+        self.check_dimensions(p, None, None, "mugshot")
+        self.check_dimensions(p, 8, 4, "headshot")
         p.headshot = None
-        self.check_dimensions(p, None, None, 'mugshot')
-        self.check_dimensions(p, None, None, 'headshot')
+        self.check_dimensions(p, None, None, "mugshot")
+        self.check_dimensions(p, None, None, "headshot")
 
     def test_field_save_and_delete_methods(self):
-        p = self.PersonModel(name='Joe')
+        p = self.PersonModel(name="Joe")
         p.mugshot.save("mug", self.file1)
-        self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8, 'mugshot')
-        self.check_dimensions(p, None, None, 'headshot')
+        self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8, "mugshot")
+        self.check_dimensions(p, None, None, "headshot")
         p.headshot.save("head", self.file2)
-        self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8, 'mugshot')
-        self.check_dimensions(p, 8, 4, 'headshot')
+        self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8, "mugshot")
+        self.check_dimensions(p, 8, 4, "headshot")
 
         # We can use save=True when deleting the image field with null=True
         # dimension fields and the other field has an image.
         p.headshot.delete(save=True)
-        self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8, 'mugshot')
-        self.check_dimensions(p, None, None, 'headshot')
+        self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8, "mugshot")
+        self.check_dimensions(p, None, None, "headshot")
         p.mugshot.delete(save=False)
-        self.check_dimensions(p, None, None, 'mugshot')
-        self.check_dimensions(p, None, None, 'headshot')
+        self.check_dimensions(p, None, None, "mugshot")
+        self.check_dimensions(p, None, None, "headshot")
 
     def test_dimensions(self):
         """
         Dimensions are updated correctly in various situations.
         """
-        p = self.PersonModel(name='Joe')
+        p = self.PersonModel(name="Joe")
 
         # Dimensions should get set for the saved file.
         p.mugshot.save("mug", self.file1)
         p.headshot.save("head", self.file2)
-        self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8, 'mugshot')
-        self.check_dimensions(p, 8, 4, 'headshot')
+        self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8, "mugshot")
+        self.check_dimensions(p, 8, 4, "headshot")
 
         # Test dimensions after fetching from database.
-        p = self.PersonModel.objects.get(name='Joe')
+        p = self.PersonModel.objects.get(name="Joe")
         # Bug 11084: Dimensions should not get recalculated if file is
         # coming from the database.  We test this by checking if the file
         # was opened.
         self.assertIs(p.mugshot.was_opened, False)
         self.assertIs(p.headshot.was_opened, False)
-        self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8, 'mugshot')
-        self.check_dimensions(p, 8, 4, 'headshot')
+        self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8, "mugshot")
+        self.check_dimensions(p, 8, 4, "headshot")
         # After checking dimensions on the image fields, the files will
         # have been opened.
         self.assertIs(p.mugshot.was_opened, True)
@@ -441,8 +447,8 @@ class TwoImageFieldTests(ImageFieldTestMixin, TestCase):
         # check dimensions again, the file should not have opened.
         p.mugshot.was_opened = False
         p.headshot.was_opened = False
-        self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8, 'mugshot')
-        self.check_dimensions(p, 8, 4, 'headshot')
+        self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8, "mugshot")
+        self.check_dimensions(p, 8, 4, "headshot")
         self.assertIs(p.mugshot.was_opened, False)
         self.assertIs(p.headshot.was_opened, False)
 
@@ -450,8 +456,8 @@ class TwoImageFieldTests(ImageFieldTestMixin, TestCase):
         # update.
         p.mugshot = self.file2
         p.headshot = self.file1
-        self.check_dimensions(p, 8, 4, 'mugshot')
-        self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8, 'headshot')
+        self.check_dimensions(p, 8, 4, "mugshot")
+        self.check_dimensions(p, 4, 8, "headshot")
         # Dimensions were recalculated, and hence file should have opened.
         self.assertIs(p.mugshot.was_opened, True)
         self.assertIs(p.headshot.was_opened, True)
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/test_integerfield.py b/tests/model_fields/test_integerfield.py
index af5a9f2e35..3ee6ac16d8 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/test_integerfield.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/test_integerfield.py
@@ -4,8 +4,12 @@ from django.db import IntegrityError, connection, models
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase
 
 from .models import (
-    BigIntegerModel, IntegerModel, PositiveBigIntegerModel,
-    PositiveIntegerModel, PositiveSmallIntegerModel, SmallIntegerModel,
+    BigIntegerModel,
+    IntegerModel,
+    PositiveBigIntegerModel,
+    PositiveIntegerModel,
+    PositiveSmallIntegerModel,
+    SmallIntegerModel,
 )
 
 
@@ -16,7 +20,7 @@ class IntegerFieldTests(TestCase):
 
     @property
     def backend_range(self):
-        field = self.model._meta.get_field('value')
+        field = self.model._meta.get_field("value")
         internal_type = field.get_internal_type()
         return connection.ops.integer_field_range(internal_type)
 
@@ -73,7 +77,7 @@ class IntegerFieldTests(TestCase):
         if min_value is not None:
             instance = self.model(value=min_value - 1)
             expected_message = validators.MinValueValidator.message % {
-                'limit_value': min_value,
+                "limit_value": min_value,
             }
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, expected_message):
                 instance.full_clean()
@@ -83,7 +87,7 @@ class IntegerFieldTests(TestCase):
         if max_value is not None:
             instance = self.model(value=max_value + 1)
             expected_message = validators.MaxValueValidator.message % {
-                'limit_value': max_value,
+                "limit_value": max_value,
             }
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, expected_message):
                 instance.full_clean()
@@ -101,26 +105,38 @@ class IntegerFieldTests(TestCase):
             with self.subTest(callable_limit=callable_limit):
                 if min_backend_value is not None:
                     min_custom_value = min_backend_value + 1
-                    limit_value = (lambda: min_custom_value) if callable_limit else min_custom_value
-                    ranged_value_field = self.model._meta.get_field('value').__class__(
+                    limit_value = (
+                        (lambda: min_custom_value)
+                        if callable_limit
+                        else min_custom_value
+                    )
+                    ranged_value_field = self.model._meta.get_field("value").__class__(
                         validators=[validators.MinValueValidator(limit_value)]
                     )
                     field_range_message = validators.MinValueValidator.message % {
-                        'limit_value': min_custom_value,
+                        "limit_value": min_custom_value,
                     }
-                    with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, '[%r]' % field_range_message):
+                    with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                        ValidationError, "[%r]" % field_range_message
+                    ):
                         ranged_value_field.run_validators(min_backend_value - 1)
 
                 if max_backend_value is not None:
                     max_custom_value = max_backend_value - 1
-                    limit_value = (lambda: max_custom_value) if callable_limit else max_custom_value
-                    ranged_value_field = self.model._meta.get_field('value').__class__(
+                    limit_value = (
+                        (lambda: max_custom_value)
+                        if callable_limit
+                        else max_custom_value
+                    )
+                    ranged_value_field = self.model._meta.get_field("value").__class__(
                         validators=[validators.MaxValueValidator(limit_value)]
                     )
                     field_range_message = validators.MaxValueValidator.message % {
-                        'limit_value': max_custom_value,
+                        "limit_value": max_custom_value,
                     }
-                    with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, '[%r]' % field_range_message):
+                    with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                        ValidationError, "[%r]" % field_range_message
+                    ):
                         ranged_value_field.run_validators(max_backend_value + 1)
 
     def test_types(self):
@@ -132,8 +148,8 @@ class IntegerFieldTests(TestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(instance.value, int)
 
     def test_coercing(self):
-        self.model.objects.create(value='10')
-        instance = self.model.objects.get(value='10')
+        self.model.objects.create(value="10")
+        instance = self.model.objects.get(value="10")
         self.assertEqual(instance.value, 10)
 
     def test_invalid_value(self):
@@ -144,8 +160,8 @@ class IntegerFieldTests(TestCase):
             (TypeError, set()),
             (TypeError, object()),
             (TypeError, complex()),
-            (ValueError, 'non-numeric string'),
-            (ValueError, b'non-numeric byte-string'),
+            (ValueError, "non-numeric string"),
+            (ValueError, b"non-numeric byte-string"),
         ]
         for exception, value in tests:
             with self.subTest(value):
@@ -154,7 +170,7 @@ class IntegerFieldTests(TestCase):
                     self.model.objects.create(value=value)
 
     def test_rel_db_type(self):
-        field = self.model._meta.get_field('value')
+        field = self.model._meta.get_field("value")
         rel_db_type = field.rel_db_type(connection)
         self.assertEqual(rel_db_type, self.rel_db_type_class().db_type(connection))
 
@@ -192,7 +208,7 @@ class PositiveIntegerFieldTests(IntegerFieldTests):
 
     def test_negative_values(self):
         p = PositiveIntegerModel.objects.create(value=0)
-        p.value = models.F('value') - 1
+        p.value = models.F("value") - 1
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
             p.save()
 
@@ -208,21 +224,20 @@ class PositiveBigIntegerFieldTests(IntegerFieldTests):
 
 
 class ValidationTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     class Choices(models.IntegerChoices):
         A = 1
 
     def test_integerfield_cleans_valid_string(self):
         f = models.IntegerField()
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('2', None), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("2", None), 2)
 
     def test_integerfield_raises_error_on_invalid_intput(self):
         f = models.IntegerField()
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('a', None)
+            f.clean("a", None)
 
     def test_choices_validation_supports_named_groups(self):
-        f = models.IntegerField(choices=(('group', ((10, 'A'), (20, 'B'))), (30, 'C')))
+        f = models.IntegerField(choices=(("group", ((10, "A"), (20, "B"))), (30, "C")))
         self.assertEqual(10, f.clean(10, None))
 
     def test_nullable_integerfield_raises_error_with_blank_false(self):
@@ -239,20 +254,20 @@ class ValidationTests(SimpleTestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
             f.clean(None, None)
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('', None)
+            f.clean("", None)
 
     def test_integerfield_validates_zero_against_choices(self):
         f = models.IntegerField(choices=((1, 1),))
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('0', None)
+            f.clean("0", None)
 
     def test_enum_choices_cleans_valid_string(self):
         f = models.IntegerField(choices=self.Choices.choices)
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean('1', None), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean("1", None), 1)
 
     def test_enum_choices_invalid_input(self):
         f = models.IntegerField(choices=self.Choices.choices)
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('A', None)
+            f.clean("A", None)
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('3', None)
+            f.clean("3", None)
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/test_jsonfield.py b/tests/model_fields/test_jsonfield.py
index faedd451cb..dfd00f4745 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/test_jsonfield.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/test_jsonfield.py
@@ -7,40 +7,51 @@ from django.core import serializers
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 from django.core.serializers.json import DjangoJSONEncoder
 from django.db import (
-    DataError, IntegrityError, NotSupportedError, OperationalError, connection,
+    DataError,
+    IntegrityError,
+    NotSupportedError,
+    OperationalError,
+    connection,
     models,
 )
 from django.db.models import (
-    Count, ExpressionWrapper, F, IntegerField, OuterRef, Q, Subquery,
-    Transform, Value,
+    Count,
+    ExpressionWrapper,
+    F,
+    IntegerField,
+    OuterRef,
+    Q,
+    Subquery,
+    Transform,
+    Value,
 )
 from django.db.models.expressions import RawSQL
 from django.db.models.fields.json import (
-    KeyTextTransform, KeyTransform, KeyTransformFactory,
+    KeyTextTransform,
+    KeyTransform,
+    KeyTransformFactory,
     KeyTransformTextLookupMixin,
 )
 from django.db.models.functions import Cast
-from django.test import (
-    SimpleTestCase, TestCase, skipIfDBFeature, skipUnlessDBFeature,
-)
+from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase, skipIfDBFeature, skipUnlessDBFeature
 from django.test.utils import CaptureQueriesContext
 
-from .models import (
-    CustomJSONDecoder, JSONModel, NullableJSONModel, RelatedJSONModel,
-)
+from .models import CustomJSONDecoder, JSONModel, NullableJSONModel, RelatedJSONModel
 
 
-@skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_json_field')
+@skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_json_field")
 class JSONFieldTests(TestCase):
     def test_invalid_value(self):
-        msg = 'is not JSON serializable'
+        msg = "is not JSON serializable"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            NullableJSONModel.objects.create(value={
-                'uuid': uuid.UUID('d85e2076-b67c-4ee7-8c3a-2bf5a2cc2475'),
-            })
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.create(
+                value={
+                    "uuid": uuid.UUID("d85e2076-b67c-4ee7-8c3a-2bf5a2cc2475"),
+                }
+            )
 
     def test_custom_encoder_decoder(self):
-        value = {'uuid': uuid.UUID('{d85e2076-b67c-4ee7-8c3a-2bf5a2cc2475}')}
+        value = {"uuid": uuid.UUID("{d85e2076-b67c-4ee7-8c3a-2bf5a2cc2475}")}
         obj = NullableJSONModel(value_custom=value)
         obj.clean_fields()
         obj.save()
@@ -48,8 +59,8 @@ class JSONFieldTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(obj.value_custom, value)
 
     def test_db_check_constraints(self):
-        value = '{@!invalid json value 123 $!@#'
-        with mock.patch.object(DjangoJSONEncoder, 'encode', return_value=value):
+        value = "{@!invalid json value 123 $!@#"
+        with mock.patch.object(DjangoJSONEncoder, "encode", return_value=value):
             with self.assertRaises((IntegrityError, DataError, OperationalError)):
                 NullableJSONModel.objects.create(value_custom=value)
 
@@ -58,33 +69,34 @@ class TestMethods(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_deconstruct(self):
         field = models.JSONField()
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.db.models.JSONField')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.JSONField")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {})
 
     def test_deconstruct_custom_encoder_decoder(self):
         field = models.JSONField(encoder=DjangoJSONEncoder, decoder=CustomJSONDecoder)
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs['encoder'], DjangoJSONEncoder)
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs['decoder'], CustomJSONDecoder)
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs["encoder"], DjangoJSONEncoder)
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs["decoder"], CustomJSONDecoder)
 
     def test_get_transforms(self):
         @models.JSONField.register_lookup
         class MyTransform(Transform):
-            lookup_name = 'my_transform'
+            lookup_name = "my_transform"
+
         field = models.JSONField()
-        transform = field.get_transform('my_transform')
+        transform = field.get_transform("my_transform")
         self.assertIs(transform, MyTransform)
         models.JSONField._unregister_lookup(MyTransform)
         models.JSONField._clear_cached_lookups()
-        transform = field.get_transform('my_transform')
+        transform = field.get_transform("my_transform")
         self.assertIsInstance(transform, KeyTransformFactory)
 
     def test_key_transform_text_lookup_mixin_non_key_transform(self):
-        transform = Transform('test')
+        transform = Transform("test")
         msg = (
-            'Transform should be an instance of KeyTransform in order to use '
-            'this lookup.'
+            "Transform should be an instance of KeyTransform in order to use "
+            "this lookup."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             KeyTransformTextLookupMixin(transform)
@@ -92,26 +104,26 @@ class TestMethods(SimpleTestCase):
 
 class TestValidation(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_invalid_encoder(self):
-        msg = 'The encoder parameter must be a callable object.'
+        msg = "The encoder parameter must be a callable object."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             models.JSONField(encoder=DjangoJSONEncoder())
 
     def test_invalid_decoder(self):
-        msg = 'The decoder parameter must be a callable object.'
+        msg = "The decoder parameter must be a callable object."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             models.JSONField(decoder=CustomJSONDecoder())
 
     def test_validation_error(self):
         field = models.JSONField()
-        msg = 'Value must be valid JSON.'
-        value = uuid.UUID('{d85e2076-b67c-4ee7-8c3a-2bf5a2cc2475}')
+        msg = "Value must be valid JSON."
+        value = uuid.UUID("{d85e2076-b67c-4ee7-8c3a-2bf5a2cc2475}")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
-            field.clean({'uuid': value}, None)
+            field.clean({"uuid": value}, None)
 
     def test_custom_encoder(self):
         field = models.JSONField(encoder=DjangoJSONEncoder)
-        value = uuid.UUID('{d85e2076-b67c-4ee7-8c3a-2bf5a2cc2475}')
-        field.clean({'uuid': value}, None)
+        value = uuid.UUID("{d85e2076-b67c-4ee7-8c3a-2bf5a2cc2475}")
+        field.clean({"uuid": value}, None)
 
 
 class TestFormField(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -121,7 +133,9 @@ class TestFormField(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(form_field, forms.JSONField)
 
     def test_formfield_custom_encoder_decoder(self):
-        model_field = models.JSONField(encoder=DjangoJSONEncoder, decoder=CustomJSONDecoder)
+        model_field = models.JSONField(
+            encoder=DjangoJSONEncoder, decoder=CustomJSONDecoder
+        )
         form_field = model_field.formfield()
         self.assertIs(form_field.encoder, DjangoJSONEncoder)
         self.assertIs(form_field.decoder, CustomJSONDecoder)
@@ -133,8 +147,8 @@ class TestSerialization(SimpleTestCase):
     )
     test_values = (
         # (Python value, serialized value),
-        ({'a': 'b', 'c': None}, '{"a": "b", "c": null}'),
-        ('abc', '"abc"'),
+        ({"a": "b", "c": None}, '{"a": "b", "c": null}'),
+        ("abc", '"abc"'),
         ('{"a": "a"}', '"{\\"a\\": \\"a\\"}"'),
     )
 
@@ -142,14 +156,14 @@ class TestSerialization(SimpleTestCase):
         for value, serialized in self.test_values:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
                 instance = JSONModel(value=value)
-                data = serializers.serialize('json', [instance])
+                data = serializers.serialize("json", [instance])
                 self.assertJSONEqual(data, self.test_data % serialized)
 
     def test_loading(self):
         for value, serialized in self.test_values:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
                 instance = list(
-                    serializers.deserialize('json', self.test_data % serialized)
+                    serializers.deserialize("json", self.test_data % serialized)
                 )[0].object
                 self.assertEqual(instance.value, value)
 
@@ -158,18 +172,18 @@ class TestSerialization(SimpleTestCase):
             '<django-objects version="1.0">'
             '<object model="model_fields.nullablejsonmodel">'
             '<field name="value" type="JSONField">%s'
-            '</field></object></django-objects>'
+            "</field></object></django-objects>"
         )
         for value, serialized in self.test_values:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
                 instance = NullableJSONModel(value=value)
-                data = serializers.serialize('xml', [instance], fields=['value'])
+                data = serializers.serialize("xml", [instance], fields=["value"])
                 self.assertXMLEqual(data, test_xml_data % serialized)
-                new_instance = list(serializers.deserialize('xml', data))[0].object
+                new_instance = list(serializers.deserialize("xml", data))[0].object
                 self.assertEqual(new_instance.value, instance.value)
 
 
-@skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_json_field')
+@skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_json_field")
 class TestSaveLoad(TestCase):
     def test_null(self):
         obj = NullableJSONModel(value=None)
@@ -177,15 +191,15 @@ class TestSaveLoad(TestCase):
         obj.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertIsNone(obj.value)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_primitives_in_json_field')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_primitives_in_json_field")
     def test_json_null_different_from_sql_null(self):
-        json_null = NullableJSONModel.objects.create(value=Value('null'))
+        json_null = NullableJSONModel.objects.create(value=Value("null"))
         json_null.refresh_from_db()
         sql_null = NullableJSONModel.objects.create(value=None)
         sql_null.refresh_from_db()
         # 'null' is not equal to NULL in the database.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value=Value('null')),
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value=Value("null")),
             [json_null],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
@@ -199,14 +213,14 @@ class TestSaveLoad(TestCase):
         # 'null' is equal to NULL in Python (None).
         self.assertEqual(json_null.value, sql_null.value)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_primitives_in_json_field')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_primitives_in_json_field")
     def test_primitives(self):
         values = [
             True,
             1,
             1.45,
-            'String',
-            '',
+            "String",
+            "",
         ]
         for value in values:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
@@ -218,8 +232,8 @@ class TestSaveLoad(TestCase):
     def test_dict(self):
         values = [
             {},
-            {'name': 'John', 'age': 20, 'height': 180.3},
-            {'a': True, 'b': {'b1': False, 'b2': None}},
+            {"name": "John", "age": 20, "height": 180.3},
+            {"a": True, "b": {"b1": False, "b2": None}},
         ]
         for value in values:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
@@ -230,7 +244,7 @@ class TestSaveLoad(TestCase):
     def test_list(self):
         values = [
             [],
-            ['John', 20, 180.3],
+            ["John", 20, 180.3],
             [True, [False, None]],
         ]
         for value in values:
@@ -241,16 +255,16 @@ class TestSaveLoad(TestCase):
 
     def test_realistic_object(self):
         value = {
-            'name': 'John',
-            'age': 20,
-            'pets': [
-                {'name': 'Kit', 'type': 'cat', 'age': 2},
-                {'name': 'Max', 'type': 'dog', 'age': 1},
+            "name": "John",
+            "age": 20,
+            "pets": [
+                {"name": "Kit", "type": "cat", "age": 2},
+                {"name": "Max", "type": "dog", "age": 1},
             ],
-            'courses': [
-                ['A1', 'A2', 'A3'],
-                ['B1', 'B2'],
-                ['C1'],
+            "courses": [
+                ["A1", "A2", "A3"],
+                ["B1", "B2"],
+                ["C1"],
             ],
         }
         obj = JSONModel.objects.create(value=value)
@@ -258,48 +272,47 @@ class TestSaveLoad(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(obj.value, value)
 
 
-@skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_json_field')
+@skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_json_field")
 class TestQuerying(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.primitives = [True, False, 'yes', 7, 9.6]
+        cls.primitives = [True, False, "yes", 7, 9.6]
         values = [
             None,
             [],
             {},
-            {'a': 'b', 'c': 14},
+            {"a": "b", "c": 14},
             {
-                'a': 'b',
-                'c': 14,
-                'd': ['e', {'f': 'g'}],
-                'h': True,
-                'i': False,
-                'j': None,
-                'k': {'l': 'm'},
-                'n': [None, True, False],
-                'o': '"quoted"',
-                'p': 4.2,
-                'r': {'s': True, 't': False},
+                "a": "b",
+                "c": 14,
+                "d": ["e", {"f": "g"}],
+                "h": True,
+                "i": False,
+                "j": None,
+                "k": {"l": "m"},
+                "n": [None, True, False],
+                "o": '"quoted"',
+                "p": 4.2,
+                "r": {"s": True, "t": False},
             },
             [1, [2]],
-            {'k': True, 'l': False, 'foo': 'bax'},
+            {"k": True, "l": False, "foo": "bax"},
             {
-                'foo': 'bar',
-                'baz': {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'},
-                'bar': ['foo', 'bar'],
-                'bax': {'foo': 'bar'},
+                "foo": "bar",
+                "baz": {"a": "b", "c": "d"},
+                "bar": ["foo", "bar"],
+                "bax": {"foo": "bar"},
             },
         ]
-        cls.objs = [
-            NullableJSONModel.objects.create(value=value)
-            for value in values
-        ]
+        cls.objs = [NullableJSONModel.objects.create(value=value) for value in values]
         if connection.features.supports_primitives_in_json_field:
-            cls.objs.extend([
-                NullableJSONModel.objects.create(value=value)
-                for value in cls.primitives
-            ])
-        cls.raw_sql = '%s::jsonb' if connection.vendor == 'postgresql' else '%s'
+            cls.objs.extend(
+                [
+                    NullableJSONModel.objects.create(value=value)
+                    for value in cls.primitives
+                ]
+            )
+        cls.raw_sql = "%s::jsonb" if connection.vendor == "postgresql" else "%s"
 
     def test_exact(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
@@ -309,13 +322,13 @@ class TestQuerying(TestCase):
 
     def test_exact_complex(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__exact={'a': 'b', 'c': 14}),
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__exact={"a": "b", "c": 14}),
             [self.objs[3]],
         )
 
     def test_icontains(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__icontains='BaX'),
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__icontains="BaX"),
             self.objs[6:8],
         )
 
@@ -326,25 +339,25 @@ class TestQuerying(TestCase):
         )
 
     def test_ordering_by_transform(self):
-        mariadb = connection.vendor == 'mysql' and connection.mysql_is_mariadb
+        mariadb = connection.vendor == "mysql" and connection.mysql_is_mariadb
         values = [
-            {'ord': 93, 'name': 'bar'},
-            {'ord': 22.1, 'name': 'foo'},
-            {'ord': -1, 'name': 'baz'},
-            {'ord': 21.931902, 'name': 'spam'},
-            {'ord': -100291029, 'name': 'eggs'},
+            {"ord": 93, "name": "bar"},
+            {"ord": 22.1, "name": "foo"},
+            {"ord": -1, "name": "baz"},
+            {"ord": 21.931902, "name": "spam"},
+            {"ord": -100291029, "name": "eggs"},
         ]
-        for field_name in ['value', 'value_custom']:
+        for field_name in ["value", "value_custom"]:
             with self.subTest(field=field_name):
                 objs = [
                     NullableJSONModel.objects.create(**{field_name: value})
                     for value in values
                 ]
                 query = NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(
-                    **{'%s__name__isnull' % field_name: False},
-                ).order_by('%s__ord' % field_name)
+                    **{"%s__name__isnull" % field_name: False},
+                ).order_by("%s__ord" % field_name)
                 expected = [objs[4], objs[2], objs[3], objs[1], objs[0]]
-                if mariadb or connection.vendor == 'oracle':
+                if mariadb or connection.vendor == "oracle":
                     # MariaDB and Oracle return JSON values as strings.
                     expected = [objs[2], objs[4], objs[3], objs[1], objs[0]]
                 self.assertSequenceEqual(query, expected)
@@ -352,104 +365,133 @@ class TestQuerying(TestCase):
     def test_ordering_grouping_by_key_transform(self):
         base_qs = NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__d__0__isnull=False)
         for qs in (
-            base_qs.order_by('value__d__0'),
-            base_qs.annotate(key=KeyTransform('0', KeyTransform('d', 'value'))).order_by('key'),
+            base_qs.order_by("value__d__0"),
+            base_qs.annotate(
+                key=KeyTransform("0", KeyTransform("d", "value"))
+            ).order_by("key"),
         ):
             self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.objs[4]])
         qs = NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__isnull=False)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs.filter(value__isnull=False).annotate(
-                key=KeyTextTransform('f', KeyTransform('1', KeyTransform('d', 'value'))),
-            ).values('key').annotate(count=Count('key')).order_by('count'),
-            [(None, 0), ('g', 1)],
-            operator.itemgetter('key', 'count'),
+            qs.filter(value__isnull=False)
+            .annotate(
+                key=KeyTextTransform(
+                    "f", KeyTransform("1", KeyTransform("d", "value"))
+                ),
+            )
+            .values("key")
+            .annotate(count=Count("key"))
+            .order_by("count"),
+            [(None, 0), ("g", 1)],
+            operator.itemgetter("key", "count"),
         )
 
     def test_ordering_grouping_by_count(self):
-        qs = NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(
-            value__isnull=False,
-        ).values('value__d__0').annotate(count=Count('value__d__0')).order_by('count')
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [0, 1], operator.itemgetter('count'))
+        qs = (
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(
+                value__isnull=False,
+            )
+            .values("value__d__0")
+            .annotate(count=Count("value__d__0"))
+            .order_by("count")
+        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [0, 1], operator.itemgetter("count"))
 
     def test_order_grouping_custom_decoder(self):
-        NullableJSONModel.objects.create(value_custom={'a': 'b'})
+        NullableJSONModel.objects.create(value_custom={"a": "b"})
         qs = NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value_custom__isnull=False)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             qs.values(
-                'value_custom__a',
-            ).annotate(
-                count=Count('id'),
-            ).order_by('value_custom__a'),
-            [{'value_custom__a': 'b', 'count': 1}],
+                "value_custom__a",
+            )
+            .annotate(
+                count=Count("id"),
+            )
+            .order_by("value_custom__a"),
+            [{"value_custom__a": "b", "count": 1}],
         )
 
     def test_key_transform_raw_expression(self):
         expr = RawSQL(self.raw_sql, ['{"x": "bar"}'])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo=KeyTransform('x', expr)),
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo=KeyTransform("x", expr)),
             [self.objs[7]],
         )
 
     def test_nested_key_transform_raw_expression(self):
         expr = RawSQL(self.raw_sql, ['{"x": {"y": "bar"}}'])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo=KeyTransform('y', KeyTransform('x', expr))),
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(
+                value__foo=KeyTransform("y", KeyTransform("x", expr))
+            ),
             [self.objs[7]],
         )
 
     def test_key_transform_expression(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__d__0__isnull=False).annotate(
-                key=KeyTransform('d', 'value'),
-                chain=KeyTransform('0', 'key'),
-                expr=KeyTransform('0', Cast('key', models.JSONField())),
-            ).filter(chain=F('expr')),
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__d__0__isnull=False)
+            .annotate(
+                key=KeyTransform("d", "value"),
+                chain=KeyTransform("0", "key"),
+                expr=KeyTransform("0", Cast("key", models.JSONField())),
+            )
+            .filter(chain=F("expr")),
             [self.objs[4]],
         )
 
     def test_key_transform_annotation_expression(self):
-        obj = NullableJSONModel.objects.create(value={'d': ['e', 'e']})
+        obj = NullableJSONModel.objects.create(value={"d": ["e", "e"]})
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__d__0__isnull=False).annotate(
-                key=F('value__d'),
-                chain=F('key__0'),
-                expr=Cast('key', models.JSONField()),
-            ).filter(chain=F('expr__1')),
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__d__0__isnull=False)
+            .annotate(
+                key=F("value__d"),
+                chain=F("key__0"),
+                expr=Cast("key", models.JSONField()),
+            )
+            .filter(chain=F("expr__1")),
             [obj],
         )
 
     def test_nested_key_transform_expression(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__d__0__isnull=False).annotate(
-                key=KeyTransform('d', 'value'),
-                chain=KeyTransform('f', KeyTransform('1', 'key')),
-                expr=KeyTransform('f', KeyTransform('1', Cast('key', models.JSONField()))),
-            ).filter(chain=F('expr')),
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__d__0__isnull=False)
+            .annotate(
+                key=KeyTransform("d", "value"),
+                chain=KeyTransform("f", KeyTransform("1", "key")),
+                expr=KeyTransform(
+                    "f", KeyTransform("1", Cast("key", models.JSONField()))
+                ),
+            )
+            .filter(chain=F("expr")),
             [self.objs[4]],
         )
 
     def test_nested_key_transform_annotation_expression(self):
         obj = NullableJSONModel.objects.create(
-            value={'d': ['e', {'f': 'g'}, {'f': 'g'}]},
+            value={"d": ["e", {"f": "g"}, {"f": "g"}]},
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__d__0__isnull=False).annotate(
-                key=F('value__d'),
-                chain=F('key__1__f'),
-                expr=Cast('key', models.JSONField()),
-            ).filter(chain=F('expr__2__f')),
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__d__0__isnull=False)
+            .annotate(
+                key=F("value__d"),
+                chain=F("key__1__f"),
+                expr=Cast("key", models.JSONField()),
+            )
+            .filter(chain=F("expr__2__f")),
             [obj],
         )
 
     def test_nested_key_transform_on_subquery(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__d__0__isnull=False).annotate(
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__d__0__isnull=False)
+            .annotate(
                 subquery_value=Subquery(
-                    NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(pk=OuterRef('pk')).values('value')
+                    NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(pk=OuterRef("pk")).values("value")
                 ),
-                key=KeyTransform('d', 'subquery_value'),
-                chain=KeyTransform('f', KeyTransform('1', 'key')),
-            ).filter(chain='g'),
+                key=KeyTransform("d", "subquery_value"),
+                chain=KeyTransform("f", KeyTransform("1", "key")),
+            )
+            .filter(chain="g"),
             [self.objs[4]],
         )
 
@@ -457,7 +499,7 @@ class TestQuerying(TestCase):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             NullableJSONModel.objects.annotate(
                 expr=ExpressionWrapper(
-                    KeyTransform('c', 'value'),
+                    KeyTransform("c", "value"),
                     output_field=IntegerField(),
                 ),
             ).filter(expr__isnull=False),
@@ -466,29 +508,39 @@ class TestQuerying(TestCase):
 
     def test_has_key(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__has_key='a'),
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__has_key="a"),
             [self.objs[3], self.objs[4]],
         )
 
     def test_has_key_null_value(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__has_key='j'),
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__has_key="j"),
             [self.objs[4]],
         )
 
     def test_has_key_deep(self):
         tests = [
-            (Q(value__baz__has_key='a'), self.objs[7]),
-            (Q(value__has_key=KeyTransform('a', KeyTransform('baz', 'value'))), self.objs[7]),
-            (Q(value__has_key=F('value__baz__a')), self.objs[7]),
-            (Q(value__has_key=KeyTransform('c', KeyTransform('baz', 'value'))), self.objs[7]),
-            (Q(value__has_key=F('value__baz__c')), self.objs[7]),
-            (Q(value__d__1__has_key='f'), self.objs[4]),
+            (Q(value__baz__has_key="a"), self.objs[7]),
             (
-                Q(value__has_key=KeyTransform('f', KeyTransform('1', KeyTransform('d', 'value')))),
+                Q(value__has_key=KeyTransform("a", KeyTransform("baz", "value"))),
+                self.objs[7],
+            ),
+            (Q(value__has_key=F("value__baz__a")), self.objs[7]),
+            (
+                Q(value__has_key=KeyTransform("c", KeyTransform("baz", "value"))),
+                self.objs[7],
+            ),
+            (Q(value__has_key=F("value__baz__c")), self.objs[7]),
+            (Q(value__d__1__has_key="f"), self.objs[4]),
+            (
+                Q(
+                    value__has_key=KeyTransform(
+                        "f", KeyTransform("1", KeyTransform("d", "value"))
+                    )
+                ),
                 self.objs[4],
             ),
-            (Q(value__has_key=F('value__d__1__f')), self.objs[4]),
+            (Q(value__has_key=F("value__d__1__f")), self.objs[4]),
         ]
         for condition, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(condition=condition):
@@ -498,12 +550,12 @@ class TestQuerying(TestCase):
                 )
 
     def test_has_key_list(self):
-        obj = NullableJSONModel.objects.create(value=[{'a': 1}, {'b': 'x'}])
+        obj = NullableJSONModel.objects.create(value=[{"a": 1}, {"b": "x"}])
         tests = [
-            Q(value__1__has_key='b'),
-            Q(value__has_key=KeyTransform('b', KeyTransform(1, 'value'))),
-            Q(value__has_key=KeyTransform('b', KeyTransform('1', 'value'))),
-            Q(value__has_key=F('value__1__b')),
+            Q(value__1__has_key="b"),
+            Q(value__has_key=KeyTransform("b", KeyTransform(1, "value"))),
+            Q(value__has_key=KeyTransform("b", KeyTransform("1", "value"))),
+            Q(value__has_key=F("value__1__b")),
         ]
         for condition in tests:
             with self.subTest(condition=condition):
@@ -514,49 +566,49 @@ class TestQuerying(TestCase):
 
     def test_has_keys(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__has_keys=['a', 'c', 'h']),
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__has_keys=["a", "c", "h"]),
             [self.objs[4]],
         )
 
     def test_has_any_keys(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__has_any_keys=['c', 'l']),
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__has_any_keys=["c", "l"]),
             [self.objs[3], self.objs[4], self.objs[6]],
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_json_field_contains')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_json_field_contains")
     def test_contains(self):
         tests = [
             ({}, self.objs[2:5] + self.objs[6:8]),
-            ({'baz': {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'}}, [self.objs[7]]),
-            ({'baz': {'a': 'b'}}, [self.objs[7]]),
-            ({'baz': {'c': 'd'}}, [self.objs[7]]),
-            ({'k': True, 'l': False}, [self.objs[6]]),
-            ({'d': ['e', {'f': 'g'}]}, [self.objs[4]]),
-            ({'d': ['e']}, [self.objs[4]]),
-            ({'d': [{'f': 'g'}]}, [self.objs[4]]),
+            ({"baz": {"a": "b", "c": "d"}}, [self.objs[7]]),
+            ({"baz": {"a": "b"}}, [self.objs[7]]),
+            ({"baz": {"c": "d"}}, [self.objs[7]]),
+            ({"k": True, "l": False}, [self.objs[6]]),
+            ({"d": ["e", {"f": "g"}]}, [self.objs[4]]),
+            ({"d": ["e"]}, [self.objs[4]]),
+            ({"d": [{"f": "g"}]}, [self.objs[4]]),
             ([1, [2]], [self.objs[5]]),
             ([1], [self.objs[5]]),
             ([[2]], [self.objs[5]]),
-            ({'n': [None, True, False]}, [self.objs[4]]),
-            ({'j': None}, [self.objs[4]]),
+            ({"n": [None, True, False]}, [self.objs[4]]),
+            ({"j": None}, [self.objs[4]]),
         ]
         for value, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
                 qs = NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__contains=value)
                 self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, expected)
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_json_field_contains')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_json_field_contains")
     def test_contains_unsupported(self):
-        msg = 'contains lookup is not supported on this database backend.'
+        msg = "contains lookup is not supported on this database backend."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
             NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(
-                value__contains={'baz': {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'}},
+                value__contains={"baz": {"a": "b", "c": "d"}},
             ).get()
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature(
-        'supports_primitives_in_json_field',
-        'supports_json_field_contains',
+        "supports_primitives_in_json_field",
+        "supports_json_field_contains",
     )
     def test_contains_primitives(self):
         for value in self.primitives:
@@ -564,27 +616,31 @@ class TestQuerying(TestCase):
                 qs = NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__contains=value)
                 self.assertIs(qs.exists(), True)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_json_field_contains')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_json_field_contains")
     def test_contained_by(self):
-        qs = NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__contained_by={'a': 'b', 'c': 14, 'h': True})
+        qs = NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(
+            value__contained_by={"a": "b", "c": 14, "h": True}
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, self.objs[2:4])
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_json_field_contains')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_json_field_contains")
     def test_contained_by_unsupported(self):
-        msg = 'contained_by lookup is not supported on this database backend.'
+        msg = "contained_by lookup is not supported on this database backend."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
-            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__contained_by={'a': 'b'}).get()
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__contained_by={"a": "b"}).get()
 
     def test_deep_values(self):
-        qs = NullableJSONModel.objects.values_list('value__k__l')
+        qs = NullableJSONModel.objects.values_list("value__k__l")
         expected_objs = [(None,)] * len(self.objs)
-        expected_objs[4] = ('m',)
+        expected_objs[4] = ("m",)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, expected_objs)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_distinct_on_fields')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_distinct_on_fields")
     def test_deep_distinct(self):
-        query = NullableJSONModel.objects.distinct('value__k__l').values_list('value__k__l')
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(query, [('m',), (None,)])
+        query = NullableJSONModel.objects.distinct("value__k__l").values_list(
+            "value__k__l"
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(query, [("m",), (None,)])
 
     def test_isnull_key(self):
         # key__isnull=False works the same as has_key='key'.
@@ -606,9 +662,11 @@ class TestQuerying(TestCase):
         )
 
     def test_isnull_key_or_none(self):
-        obj = NullableJSONModel.objects.create(value={'a': None})
+        obj = NullableJSONModel.objects.create(value={"a": None})
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(Q(value__a__isnull=True) | Q(value__a=None)),
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(
+                Q(value__a__isnull=True) | Q(value__a=None)
+            ),
             self.objs[:3] + self.objs[5:] + [obj],
         )
 
@@ -619,8 +677,8 @@ class TestQuerying(TestCase):
         )
 
     def test_none_key_exclude(self):
-        obj = NullableJSONModel.objects.create(value={'j': 1})
-        if connection.vendor == 'oracle':
+        obj = NullableJSONModel.objects.create(value={"j": 1})
+        if connection.vendor == "oracle":
             # Oracle supports filtering JSON objects with NULL keys, but the
             # current implementation doesn't support it.
             self.assertSequenceEqual(
@@ -628,7 +686,9 @@ class TestQuerying(TestCase):
                 self.objs[1:4] + self.objs[5:] + [obj],
             )
         else:
-            self.assertSequenceEqual(NullableJSONModel.objects.exclude(value__j=None), [obj])
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                NullableJSONModel.objects.exclude(value__j=None), [obj]
+            )
 
     def test_shallow_list_lookup(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
@@ -638,25 +698,27 @@ class TestQuerying(TestCase):
 
     def test_shallow_obj_lookup(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__a='b'),
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__a="b"),
             [self.objs[3], self.objs[4]],
         )
 
     def test_obj_subquery_lookup(self):
         qs = NullableJSONModel.objects.annotate(
-            field=Subquery(NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(pk=OuterRef('pk')).values('value')),
-        ).filter(field__a='b')
+            field=Subquery(
+                NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(pk=OuterRef("pk")).values("value")
+            ),
+        ).filter(field__a="b")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.objs[3], self.objs[4]])
 
     def test_deep_lookup_objs(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__k__l='m'),
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__k__l="m"),
             [self.objs[4]],
         )
 
     def test_shallow_lookup_obj_target(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__k={'l': 'm'}),
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__k={"l": "m"}),
             [self.objs[4]],
         )
 
@@ -668,7 +730,7 @@ class TestQuerying(TestCase):
 
     def test_deep_lookup_mixed(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__d__1__f='g'),
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__d__1__f="g"),
             [self.objs[4]],
         )
 
@@ -685,8 +747,8 @@ class TestQuerying(TestCase):
 
     def test_lookup_exclude(self):
         tests = [
-            (Q(value__a='b'), [self.objs[0]]),
-            (Q(value__foo='bax'), [self.objs[0], self.objs[7]]),
+            (Q(value__a="b"), [self.objs[0]]),
+            (Q(value__foo="bax"), [self.objs[0], self.objs[7]]),
         ]
         for condition, expected in tests:
             self.assertSequenceEqual(
@@ -700,7 +762,7 @@ class TestQuerying(TestCase):
 
     def test_lookup_exclude_nonexistent_key(self):
         # Values without the key are ignored.
-        condition = Q(value__foo='bax')
+        condition = Q(value__foo="bax")
         objs_with_value = [self.objs[6]]
         objs_with_different_value = [self.objs[0], self.objs[7]]
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
@@ -737,13 +799,13 @@ class TestQuerying(TestCase):
             self.objs[3:5],
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_json_field_contains')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_json_field_contains")
     def test_array_key_contains(self):
         tests = [
             ([], [self.objs[7]]),
-            ('bar', [self.objs[7]]),
-            (['bar'], [self.objs[7]]),
-            ('ar', []),
+            ("bar", [self.objs[7]]),
+            (["bar"], [self.objs[7]]),
+            ("ar", []),
         ]
         for value, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
@@ -753,34 +815,38 @@ class TestQuerying(TestCase):
                 )
 
     def test_key_iexact(self):
-        self.assertIs(NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo__iexact='BaR').exists(), True)
-        self.assertIs(NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo__iexact='"BaR"').exists(), False)
+        self.assertIs(
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo__iexact="BaR").exists(), True
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo__iexact='"BaR"').exists(), False
+        )
 
     def test_key_in(self):
         tests = [
-            ('value__c__in', [14], self.objs[3:5]),
-            ('value__c__in', [14, 15], self.objs[3:5]),
-            ('value__0__in', [1], [self.objs[5]]),
-            ('value__0__in', [1, 3], [self.objs[5]]),
-            ('value__foo__in', ['bar'], [self.objs[7]]),
+            ("value__c__in", [14], self.objs[3:5]),
+            ("value__c__in", [14, 15], self.objs[3:5]),
+            ("value__0__in", [1], [self.objs[5]]),
+            ("value__0__in", [1, 3], [self.objs[5]]),
+            ("value__foo__in", ["bar"], [self.objs[7]]),
             (
-                'value__foo__in',
-                [KeyTransform('foo', KeyTransform('bax', 'value'))],
+                "value__foo__in",
+                [KeyTransform("foo", KeyTransform("bax", "value"))],
                 [self.objs[7]],
             ),
-            ('value__foo__in', [F('value__bax__foo')], [self.objs[7]]),
+            ("value__foo__in", [F("value__bax__foo")], [self.objs[7]]),
             (
-                'value__foo__in',
-                [KeyTransform('foo', KeyTransform('bax', 'value')), 'baz'],
+                "value__foo__in",
+                [KeyTransform("foo", KeyTransform("bax", "value")), "baz"],
                 [self.objs[7]],
             ),
-            ('value__foo__in', [F('value__bax__foo'), 'baz'], [self.objs[7]]),
-            ('value__foo__in', ['bar', 'baz'], [self.objs[7]]),
-            ('value__bar__in', [['foo', 'bar']], [self.objs[7]]),
-            ('value__bar__in', [['foo', 'bar'], ['a']], [self.objs[7]]),
-            ('value__bax__in', [{'foo': 'bar'}, {'a': 'b'}], [self.objs[7]]),
-            ('value__h__in', [True, 'foo'], [self.objs[4]]),
-            ('value__i__in', [False, 'foo'], [self.objs[4]]),
+            ("value__foo__in", [F("value__bax__foo"), "baz"], [self.objs[7]]),
+            ("value__foo__in", ["bar", "baz"], [self.objs[7]]),
+            ("value__bar__in", [["foo", "bar"]], [self.objs[7]]),
+            ("value__bar__in", [["foo", "bar"], ["a"]], [self.objs[7]]),
+            ("value__bax__in", [{"foo": "bar"}, {"a": "b"}], [self.objs[7]]),
+            ("value__h__in", [True, "foo"], [self.objs[4]]),
+            ("value__i__in", [False, "foo"], [self.objs[4]]),
         ]
         for lookup, value, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(lookup=lookup, value=value):
@@ -792,16 +858,16 @@ class TestQuerying(TestCase):
     def test_key_values(self):
         qs = NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__h=True)
         tests = [
-            ('value__a', 'b'),
-            ('value__c', 14),
-            ('value__d', ['e', {'f': 'g'}]),
-            ('value__h', True),
-            ('value__i', False),
-            ('value__j', None),
-            ('value__k', {'l': 'm'}),
-            ('value__n', [None, True, False]),
-            ('value__p', 4.2),
-            ('value__r', {'s': True, 't': False}),
+            ("value__a", "b"),
+            ("value__c", 14),
+            ("value__d", ["e", {"f": "g"}]),
+            ("value__h", True),
+            ("value__i", False),
+            ("value__j", None),
+            ("value__k", {"l": "m"}),
+            ("value__n", [None, True, False]),
+            ("value__p", 4.2),
+            ("value__r", {"s": True, "t": False}),
         ]
         for lookup, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(lookup=lookup):
@@ -810,38 +876,56 @@ class TestQuerying(TestCase):
     def test_key_values_boolean(self):
         qs = NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__h=True, value__i=False)
         tests = [
-            ('value__h', True),
-            ('value__i', False),
+            ("value__h", True),
+            ("value__i", False),
         ]
         for lookup, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(lookup=lookup):
                 self.assertIs(qs.values_list(lookup, flat=True).get(), expected)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_json_field_contains')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_json_field_contains")
     def test_key_contains(self):
-        self.assertIs(NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo__contains='ar').exists(), False)
-        self.assertIs(NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo__contains='bar').exists(), True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo__contains="ar").exists(), False
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo__contains="bar").exists(), True
+        )
 
     def test_key_icontains(self):
-        self.assertIs(NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo__icontains='Ar').exists(), True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo__icontains="Ar").exists(), True
+        )
 
     def test_key_startswith(self):
-        self.assertIs(NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo__startswith='b').exists(), True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo__startswith="b").exists(), True
+        )
 
     def test_key_istartswith(self):
-        self.assertIs(NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo__istartswith='B').exists(), True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo__istartswith="B").exists(), True
+        )
 
     def test_key_endswith(self):
-        self.assertIs(NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo__endswith='r').exists(), True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo__endswith="r").exists(), True
+        )
 
     def test_key_iendswith(self):
-        self.assertIs(NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo__iendswith='R').exists(), True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo__iendswith="R").exists(), True
+        )
 
     def test_key_regex(self):
-        self.assertIs(NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo__regex=r'^bar$').exists(), True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo__regex=r"^bar$").exists(), True
+        )
 
     def test_key_iregex(self):
-        self.assertIs(NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo__iregex=r'^bAr$').exists(), True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__foo__iregex=r"^bAr$").exists(), True
+        )
 
     def test_key_quoted_string(self):
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -849,93 +933,110 @@ class TestQuerying(TestCase):
             self.objs[4],
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_json_operators')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_json_operators")
     def test_key_sql_injection(self):
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as queries:
             self.assertIs(
-                NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(**{
-                    """value__test' = '"a"') OR 1 = 1 OR ('d""": 'x',
-                }).exists(),
+                NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(
+                    **{
+                        """value__test' = '"a"') OR 1 = 1 OR ('d""": "x",
+                    }
+                ).exists(),
                 False,
             )
         self.assertIn(
             """."value" -> 'test'' = ''"a"'') OR 1 = 1 OR (''d') = '"x"' """,
-            queries[0]['sql'],
+            queries[0]["sql"],
         )
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('has_json_operators')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("has_json_operators")
     def test_key_sql_injection_escape(self):
-        query = str(JSONModel.objects.filter(**{
-            """value__test") = '"a"' OR 1 = 1 OR ("d""": 'x',
-        }).query)
+        query = str(
+            JSONModel.objects.filter(
+                **{
+                    """value__test") = '"a"' OR 1 = 1 OR ("d""": "x",
+                }
+            ).query
+        )
         self.assertIn('"test\\"', query)
         self.assertIn('\\"d', query)
 
     def test_key_escape(self):
-        obj = NullableJSONModel.objects.create(value={'%total': 10})
-        self.assertEqual(NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(**{'value__%total': 10}).get(), obj)
+        obj = NullableJSONModel.objects.create(value={"%total": 10})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(**{"value__%total": 10}).get(), obj
+        )
 
     def test_none_key_and_exact_lookup(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__a='b', value__j=None),
+            NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(value__a="b", value__j=None),
             [self.objs[4]],
         )
 
     def test_lookups_with_key_transform(self):
         tests = (
-            ('value__baz__has_key', 'c'),
-            ('value__baz__has_keys', ['a', 'c']),
-            ('value__baz__has_any_keys', ['a', 'x']),
-            ('value__has_key', KeyTextTransform('foo', 'value')),
+            ("value__baz__has_key", "c"),
+            ("value__baz__has_keys", ["a", "c"]),
+            ("value__baz__has_any_keys", ["a", "x"]),
+            ("value__has_key", KeyTextTransform("foo", "value")),
         )
         for lookup, value in tests:
             with self.subTest(lookup=lookup):
-                self.assertIs(NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(
-                    **{lookup: value},
-                ).exists(), True)
+                self.assertIs(
+                    NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(
+                        **{lookup: value},
+                    ).exists(),
+                    True,
+                )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_json_field_contains')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_json_field_contains")
     def test_contains_contained_by_with_key_transform(self):
         tests = [
-            ('value__d__contains', 'e'),
-            ('value__d__contains', [{'f': 'g'}]),
-            ('value__contains', KeyTransform('bax', 'value')),
-            ('value__contains', F('value__bax')),
-            ('value__baz__contains', {'a': 'b'}),
-            ('value__baz__contained_by', {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd', 'e': 'f'}),
+            ("value__d__contains", "e"),
+            ("value__d__contains", [{"f": "g"}]),
+            ("value__contains", KeyTransform("bax", "value")),
+            ("value__contains", F("value__bax")),
+            ("value__baz__contains", {"a": "b"}),
+            ("value__baz__contained_by", {"a": "b", "c": "d", "e": "f"}),
             (
-                'value__contained_by',
-                KeyTransform('x', RawSQL(
-                    self.raw_sql,
-                    ['{"x": {"a": "b", "c": 1, "d": "e"}}'],
-                )),
+                "value__contained_by",
+                KeyTransform(
+                    "x",
+                    RawSQL(
+                        self.raw_sql,
+                        ['{"x": {"a": "b", "c": 1, "d": "e"}}'],
+                    ),
+                ),
             ),
         ]
         # For databases where {'f': 'g'} (without surrounding []) matches
         # [{'f': 'g'}].
         if not connection.features.json_key_contains_list_matching_requires_list:
-            tests.append(('value__d__contains', {'f': 'g'}))
+            tests.append(("value__d__contains", {"f": "g"}))
         for lookup, value in tests:
             with self.subTest(lookup=lookup, value=value):
-                self.assertIs(NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(
-                    **{lookup: value},
-                ).exists(), True)
+                self.assertIs(
+                    NullableJSONModel.objects.filter(
+                        **{lookup: value},
+                    ).exists(),
+                    True,
+                )
 
     def test_join_key_transform_annotation_expression(self):
         related_obj = RelatedJSONModel.objects.create(
-            value={'d': ['f', 'e']},
+            value={"d": ["f", "e"]},
             json_model=self.objs[4],
         )
         RelatedJSONModel.objects.create(
-            value={'d': ['e', 'f']},
+            value={"d": ["e", "f"]},
             json_model=self.objs[4],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             RelatedJSONModel.objects.annotate(
-                key=F('value__d'),
-                related_key=F('json_model__value__d'),
-                chain=F('key__1'),
-                expr=Cast('key', models.JSONField()),
-            ).filter(chain=F('related_key__0')),
+                key=F("value__d"),
+                related_key=F("json_model__value__d"),
+                chain=F("key__1"),
+                expr=Cast("key", models.JSONField()),
+            ).filter(chain=F("related_key__0")),
             [related_obj],
         )
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/test_manytomanyfield.py b/tests/model_fields/test_manytomanyfield.py
index 0ddf57ceaf..3dbc267634 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/test_manytomanyfield.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/test_manytomanyfield.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ from .models import ManyToMany
 
 
 class ManyToManyFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_abstract_model_pending_operations(self):
         """
         Many-to-many fields declared on abstract models should not add lazy
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ class ManyToManyFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
         pending_ops_before = list(apps._pending_operations.items())
 
         class AbstractManyToManyModel(models.Model):
-            fk = models.ForeignKey('missing.FK', models.CASCADE)
+            fk = models.ForeignKey("missing.FK", models.CASCADE)
 
             class Meta:
                 abstract = True
@@ -25,16 +24,16 @@ class ManyToManyFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             pending_ops_before,
             list(apps._pending_operations.items()),
-            'Pending lookup added for a many-to-many field on an abstract model'
+            "Pending lookup added for a many-to-many field on an abstract model",
         )
 
-    @isolate_apps('model_fields', 'model_fields.tests')
+    @isolate_apps("model_fields", "model_fields.tests")
     def test_abstract_model_app_relative_foreign_key(self):
         class AbstractReferent(models.Model):
-            reference = models.ManyToManyField('Referred', through='Through')
+            reference = models.ManyToManyField("Referred", through="Through")
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'model_fields'
+                app_label = "model_fields"
                 abstract = True
 
         def assert_app_model_resolved(label):
@@ -43,8 +42,10 @@ class ManyToManyFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
                     app_label = label
 
             class Through(models.Model):
-                referred = models.ForeignKey('Referred', on_delete=models.CASCADE)
-                referent = models.ForeignKey('ConcreteReferent', on_delete=models.CASCADE)
+                referred = models.ForeignKey("Referred", on_delete=models.CASCADE)
+                referent = models.ForeignKey(
+                    "ConcreteReferent", on_delete=models.CASCADE
+                )
 
                 class Meta:
                     app_label = label
@@ -53,11 +54,13 @@ class ManyToManyFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 class Meta:
                     app_label = label
 
-            self.assertEqual(ConcreteReferent._meta.get_field('reference').related_model, Referred)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                ConcreteReferent._meta.get_field("reference").related_model, Referred
+            )
             self.assertEqual(ConcreteReferent.reference.through, Through)
 
-        assert_app_model_resolved('model_fields')
-        assert_app_model_resolved('tests')
+        assert_app_model_resolved("model_fields")
+        assert_app_model_resolved("tests")
 
     def test_invalid_to_parameter(self):
         msg = (
@@ -66,10 +69,11 @@ class ManyToManyFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "string 'self'"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
+
             class MyModel(models.Model):
                 m2m = models.ManyToManyField(1)
 
-    @isolate_apps('model_fields')
+    @isolate_apps("model_fields")
     def test_through_db_table_mutually_exclusive(self):
         class Child(models.Model):
             pass
@@ -78,24 +82,26 @@ class ManyToManyFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
             referred = models.ForeignKey(Child, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
             referent = models.ForeignKey(Child, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
 
-        msg = 'Cannot specify a db_table if an intermediary model is used.'
+        msg = "Cannot specify a db_table if an intermediary model is used."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
+
             class MyModel(models.Model):
                 m2m = models.ManyToManyField(
                     Child,
-                    through='Through',
-                    db_table='custom_name',
+                    through="Through",
+                    db_table="custom_name",
                 )
 
 
 class ManyToManyFieldDBTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_value_from_object_instance_without_pk(self):
         obj = ManyToMany()
-        self.assertEqual(obj._meta.get_field('m2m').value_from_object(obj), [])
+        self.assertEqual(obj._meta.get_field("m2m").value_from_object(obj), [])
 
     def test_value_from_object_instance_with_pk(self):
         obj = ManyToMany.objects.create()
         related_obj = ManyToMany.objects.create()
         obj.m2m.add(related_obj)
-        self.assertEqual(obj._meta.get_field('m2m').value_from_object(obj), [related_obj])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            obj._meta.get_field("m2m").value_from_object(obj), [related_obj]
+        )
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/test_promises.py b/tests/model_fields/test_promises.py
index f48a4cc34a..bfc09f590d 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/test_promises.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/test_promises.py
@@ -2,24 +2,43 @@ import datetime
 from decimal import Decimal
 
 from django.db.models import (
-    AutoField, BinaryField, BooleanField, CharField, DateField, DateTimeField,
-    DecimalField, EmailField, FileField, FilePathField, FloatField,
-    GenericIPAddressField, ImageField, IntegerField, IPAddressField,
-    PositiveBigIntegerField, PositiveIntegerField, PositiveSmallIntegerField,
-    SlugField, SmallIntegerField, TextField, TimeField, URLField,
+    AutoField,
+    BinaryField,
+    BooleanField,
+    CharField,
+    DateField,
+    DateTimeField,
+    DecimalField,
+    EmailField,
+    FileField,
+    FilePathField,
+    FloatField,
+    GenericIPAddressField,
+    ImageField,
+    IntegerField,
+    IPAddressField,
+    PositiveBigIntegerField,
+    PositiveIntegerField,
+    PositiveSmallIntegerField,
+    SlugField,
+    SmallIntegerField,
+    TextField,
+    TimeField,
+    URLField,
 )
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.utils.functional import lazy
 
 
 class PromiseTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_AutoField(self):
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 1, int)
-        self.assertIsInstance(AutoField(primary_key=True).get_prep_value(lazy_func()), int)
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            AutoField(primary_key=True).get_prep_value(lazy_func()), int
+        )
 
     def test_BinaryField(self):
-        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: b'', bytes)
+        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: b"", bytes)
         self.assertIsInstance(BinaryField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), bytes)
 
     def test_BooleanField(self):
@@ -27,7 +46,7 @@ class PromiseTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(BooleanField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), bool)
 
     def test_CharField(self):
-        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: '', str)
+        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: "", str)
         self.assertIsInstance(CharField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 0, int)
         self.assertIsInstance(CharField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
@@ -38,24 +57,26 @@ class PromiseTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_DateTimeField(self):
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda: datetime.datetime.now(), datetime.datetime)
-        self.assertIsInstance(DateTimeField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), datetime.datetime)
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            DateTimeField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), datetime.datetime
+        )
 
     def test_DecimalField(self):
-        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: Decimal('1.2'), Decimal)
+        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: Decimal("1.2"), Decimal)
         self.assertIsInstance(DecimalField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), Decimal)
 
     def test_EmailField(self):
-        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 'mailbox@domain.com', str)
+        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: "mailbox@domain.com", str)
         self.assertIsInstance(EmailField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
 
     def test_FileField(self):
-        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 'filename.ext', str)
+        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: "filename.ext", str)
         self.assertIsInstance(FileField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 0, int)
         self.assertIsInstance(FileField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
 
     def test_FilePathField(self):
-        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 'tests.py', str)
+        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: "tests.py", str)
         self.assertIsInstance(FilePathField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 0, int)
         self.assertIsInstance(FilePathField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
@@ -65,7 +86,7 @@ class PromiseTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(FloatField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), float)
 
     def test_ImageField(self):
-        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 'filename.ext', str)
+        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: "filename.ext", str)
         self.assertIsInstance(ImageField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
 
     def test_IntegerField(self):
@@ -73,13 +94,13 @@ class PromiseTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(IntegerField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), int)
 
     def test_IPAddressField(self):
-        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: '127.0.0.1', str)
+        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: "127.0.0.1", str)
         self.assertIsInstance(IPAddressField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 0, int)
         self.assertIsInstance(IPAddressField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
 
     def test_GenericIPAddressField(self):
-        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: '127.0.0.1', str)
+        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: "127.0.0.1", str)
         self.assertIsInstance(GenericIPAddressField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 0, int)
         self.assertIsInstance(GenericIPAddressField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
@@ -90,14 +111,18 @@ class PromiseTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_PositiveSmallIntegerField(self):
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 1, int)
-        self.assertIsInstance(PositiveSmallIntegerField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), int)
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            PositiveSmallIntegerField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), int
+        )
 
     def test_PositiveBigIntegerField(self):
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 1, int)
-        self.assertIsInstance(PositiveBigIntegerField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), int)
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            PositiveBigIntegerField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), int
+        )
 
     def test_SlugField(self):
-        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 'slug', str)
+        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: "slug", str)
         self.assertIsInstance(SlugField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 0, int)
         self.assertIsInstance(SlugField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
@@ -107,7 +132,7 @@ class PromiseTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(SmallIntegerField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), int)
 
     def test_TextField(self):
-        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 'Abc', str)
+        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: "Abc", str)
         self.assertIsInstance(TextField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 0, int)
         self.assertIsInstance(TextField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
@@ -117,5 +142,5 @@ class PromiseTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(TimeField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), datetime.time)
 
     def test_URLField(self):
-        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: 'http://domain.com', str)
+        lazy_func = lazy(lambda: "http://domain.com", str)
         self.assertIsInstance(URLField().get_prep_value(lazy_func()), str)
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/test_slugfield.py b/tests/model_fields/test_slugfield.py
index 3dc955d3ad..4d000c9276 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/test_slugfield.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/test_slugfield.py
@@ -4,19 +4,18 @@ from .models import BigS, UnicodeSlugField
 
 
 class SlugFieldTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_slugfield_max_length(self):
         """
         SlugField honors max_length.
         """
-        bs = BigS.objects.create(s='slug' * 50)
+        bs = BigS.objects.create(s="slug" * 50)
         bs = BigS.objects.get(pk=bs.pk)
-        self.assertEqual(bs.s, 'slug' * 50)
+        self.assertEqual(bs.s, "slug" * 50)
 
     def test_slugfield_unicode_max_length(self):
         """
         SlugField with allow_unicode=True honors max_length.
         """
-        bs = UnicodeSlugField.objects.create(s='你好你好' * 50)
+        bs = UnicodeSlugField.objects.create(s="你好你好" * 50)
         bs = UnicodeSlugField.objects.get(pk=bs.pk)
-        self.assertEqual(bs.s, '你好你好' * 50)
+        self.assertEqual(bs.s, "你好你好" * 50)
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/test_textfield.py b/tests/model_fields/test_textfield.py
index dd5f5a5280..63d6f1cda2 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/test_textfield.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/test_textfield.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from .models import Post
 
 
 class TextFieldTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_max_length_passed_to_formfield(self):
         """
         TextField passes its max_length attribute to form fields created using
@@ -19,21 +18,21 @@ class TextFieldTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_choices_generates_select_widget(self):
         """A TextField with choices uses a Select widget."""
-        f = models.TextField(choices=[('A', 'A'), ('B', 'B')])
+        f = models.TextField(choices=[("A", "A"), ("B", "B")])
         self.assertIsInstance(f.formfield().widget, forms.Select)
 
     def test_to_python(self):
         """TextField.to_python() should return a string."""
         f = models.TextField()
-        self.assertEqual(f.to_python(1), '1')
+        self.assertEqual(f.to_python(1), "1")
 
     def test_lookup_integer_in_textfield(self):
         self.assertEqual(Post.objects.filter(body=24).count(), 0)
 
     def test_emoji(self):
-        p = Post.objects.create(title='Whatever', body='Smile 😀.')
+        p = Post.objects.create(title="Whatever", body="Smile 😀.")
         p.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(p.body, 'Smile 😀.')
+        self.assertEqual(p.body, "Smile 😀.")
 
 
 class TestMethods(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -41,6 +40,6 @@ class TestMethods(SimpleTestCase):
         field = models.TextField()
         *_, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {})
-        field = models.TextField(db_collation='utf8_esperanto_ci')
+        field = models.TextField(db_collation="utf8_esperanto_ci")
         *_, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'db_collation': 'utf8_esperanto_ci'})
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"db_collation": "utf8_esperanto_ci"})
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/test_uuid.py b/tests/model_fields/test_uuid.py
index c53df2c7af..c7776cf6b5 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/test_uuid.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/test_uuid.py
@@ -6,11 +6,17 @@ from django.db import IntegrityError, connection, models
 from django.db.models import CharField, F, Value
 from django.db.models.functions import Concat, Repeat
 from django.test import (
-    SimpleTestCase, TestCase, TransactionTestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature,
+    SimpleTestCase,
+    TestCase,
+    TransactionTestCase,
+    skipUnlessDBFeature,
 )
 
 from .models import (
-    NullableUUIDModel, PrimaryKeyUUIDModel, RelatedToUUIDModel, UUIDGrandchild,
+    NullableUUIDModel,
+    PrimaryKeyUUIDModel,
+    RelatedToUUIDModel,
+    UUIDGrandchild,
     UUIDModel,
 )
 
@@ -22,19 +28,19 @@ class TestSaveLoad(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(loaded.field, instance.field)
 
     def test_str_instance_no_hyphens(self):
-        UUIDModel.objects.create(field='550e8400e29b41d4a716446655440000')
+        UUIDModel.objects.create(field="550e8400e29b41d4a716446655440000")
         loaded = UUIDModel.objects.get()
-        self.assertEqual(loaded.field, uuid.UUID('550e8400e29b41d4a716446655440000'))
+        self.assertEqual(loaded.field, uuid.UUID("550e8400e29b41d4a716446655440000"))
 
     def test_str_instance_hyphens(self):
-        UUIDModel.objects.create(field='550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000')
+        UUIDModel.objects.create(field="550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000")
         loaded = UUIDModel.objects.get()
-        self.assertEqual(loaded.field, uuid.UUID('550e8400e29b41d4a716446655440000'))
+        self.assertEqual(loaded.field, uuid.UUID("550e8400e29b41d4a716446655440000"))
 
     def test_str_instance_bad_hyphens(self):
-        UUIDModel.objects.create(field='550e84-00-e29b-41d4-a716-4-466-55440000')
+        UUIDModel.objects.create(field="550e84-00-e29b-41d4-a716-4-466-55440000")
         loaded = UUIDModel.objects.get()
-        self.assertEqual(loaded.field, uuid.UUID('550e8400e29b41d4a716446655440000'))
+        self.assertEqual(loaded.field, uuid.UUID("550e8400e29b41d4a716446655440000"))
 
     def test_null_handling(self):
         NullableUUIDModel.objects.create(field=None)
@@ -42,22 +48,29 @@ class TestSaveLoad(TestCase):
         self.assertIsNone(loaded.field)
 
     def test_pk_validated(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(exceptions.ValidationError, 'is not a valid UUID'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            exceptions.ValidationError, "is not a valid UUID"
+        ):
             PrimaryKeyUUIDModel.objects.get(pk={})
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(exceptions.ValidationError, 'is not a valid UUID'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            exceptions.ValidationError, "is not a valid UUID"
+        ):
             PrimaryKeyUUIDModel.objects.get(pk=[])
 
     def test_wrong_value(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(exceptions.ValidationError, 'is not a valid UUID'):
-            UUIDModel.objects.get(field='not-a-uuid')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            exceptions.ValidationError, "is not a valid UUID"
+        ):
+            UUIDModel.objects.get(field="not-a-uuid")
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(exceptions.ValidationError, 'is not a valid UUID'):
-            UUIDModel.objects.create(field='not-a-uuid')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            exceptions.ValidationError, "is not a valid UUID"
+        ):
+            UUIDModel.objects.create(field="not-a-uuid")
 
 
 class TestMethods(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_deconstruct(self):
         field = models.UUIDField()
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
@@ -69,18 +82,18 @@ class TestMethods(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_to_python_int_values(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             models.UUIDField().to_python(0),
-            uuid.UUID('00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000')
+            uuid.UUID("00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000"),
         )
         # Works for integers less than 128 bits.
         self.assertEqual(
-            models.UUIDField().to_python((2 ** 128) - 1),
-            uuid.UUID('ffffffff-ffff-ffff-ffff-ffffffffffff')
+            models.UUIDField().to_python((2**128) - 1),
+            uuid.UUID("ffffffff-ffff-ffff-ffff-ffffffffffff"),
         )
 
     def test_to_python_int_too_large(self):
         # Fails for integers larger than 128 bits.
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError):
-            models.UUIDField().to_python(2 ** 128)
+            models.UUIDField().to_python(2**128)
 
 
 class TestQuerying(TestCase):
@@ -88,9 +101,9 @@ class TestQuerying(TestCase):
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.objs = [
             NullableUUIDModel.objects.create(
-                field=uuid.UUID('25d405be-4895-4d50-9b2e-d6695359ce47'),
+                field=uuid.UUID("25d405be-4895-4d50-9b2e-d6695359ce47"),
             ),
-            NullableUUIDModel.objects.create(field='550e8400e29b41d4a716446655440000'),
+            NullableUUIDModel.objects.create(field="550e8400e29b41d4a716446655440000"),
             NullableUUIDModel.objects.create(field=None),
         ]
 
@@ -106,12 +119,14 @@ class TestQuerying(TestCase):
 
     def test_exact(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__exact='550e8400e29b41d4a716446655440000'),
-            [self.objs[1]]
+            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(
+                field__exact="550e8400e29b41d4a716446655440000"
+            ),
+            [self.objs[1]],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(
-                field__exact='550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000'
+                field__exact="550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000"
             ),
             [self.objs[1]],
         )
@@ -119,100 +134,101 @@ class TestQuerying(TestCase):
     def test_iexact(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqualWithoutHyphens(
             NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(
-                field__iexact='550E8400E29B41D4A716446655440000'
+                field__iexact="550E8400E29B41D4A716446655440000"
             ),
             [self.objs[1]],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(
-                field__iexact='550E8400-E29B-41D4-A716-446655440000'
+                field__iexact="550E8400-E29B-41D4-A716-446655440000"
             ),
             [self.objs[1]],
         )
 
     def test_isnull(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__isnull=True),
-            [self.objs[2]]
+            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__isnull=True), [self.objs[2]]
         )
 
     def test_contains(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqualWithoutHyphens(
-            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__contains='8400e29b'),
+            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__contains="8400e29b"),
             [self.objs[1]],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__contains='8400-e29b'),
+            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__contains="8400-e29b"),
             [self.objs[1]],
         )
 
     def test_icontains(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqualWithoutHyphens(
-            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__icontains='8400E29B'),
+            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__icontains="8400E29B"),
             [self.objs[1]],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__icontains='8400-E29B'),
+            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__icontains="8400-E29B"),
             [self.objs[1]],
         )
 
     def test_startswith(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqualWithoutHyphens(
-            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__startswith='550e8400e29b4'),
+            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__startswith="550e8400e29b4"),
             [self.objs[1]],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__startswith='550e8400-e29b-4'),
+            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__startswith="550e8400-e29b-4"),
             [self.objs[1]],
         )
 
     def test_istartswith(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqualWithoutHyphens(
-            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__istartswith='550E8400E29B4'),
+            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__istartswith="550E8400E29B4"),
             [self.objs[1]],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__istartswith='550E8400-E29B-4'),
+            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__istartswith="550E8400-E29B-4"),
             [self.objs[1]],
         )
 
     def test_endswith(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqualWithoutHyphens(
-            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__endswith='a716446655440000'),
+            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__endswith="a716446655440000"),
             [self.objs[1]],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__endswith='a716-446655440000'),
+            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__endswith="a716-446655440000"),
             [self.objs[1]],
         )
 
     def test_iendswith(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqualWithoutHyphens(
-            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__iendswith='A716446655440000'),
+            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__iendswith="A716446655440000"),
             [self.objs[1]],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__iendswith='A716-446655440000'),
+            NullableUUIDModel.objects.filter(field__iendswith="A716-446655440000"),
             [self.objs[1]],
         )
 
     def test_filter_with_expr(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqualWithoutHyphens(
             NullableUUIDModel.objects.annotate(
-                value=Concat(Value('8400'), Value('e29b'), output_field=CharField()),
-            ).filter(field__contains=F('value')),
+                value=Concat(Value("8400"), Value("e29b"), output_field=CharField()),
+            ).filter(field__contains=F("value")),
             [self.objs[1]],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             NullableUUIDModel.objects.annotate(
-                value=Concat(Value('8400'), Value('-'), Value('e29b'), output_field=CharField()),
-            ).filter(field__contains=F('value')),
+                value=Concat(
+                    Value("8400"), Value("-"), Value("e29b"), output_field=CharField()
+                ),
+            ).filter(field__contains=F("value")),
             [self.objs[1]],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             NullableUUIDModel.objects.annotate(
-                value=Repeat(Value('0'), 4, output_field=CharField()),
-            ).filter(field__contains=F('value')),
+                value=Repeat(Value("0"), 4, output_field=CharField()),
+            ).filter(field__contains=F("value")),
             [self.objs[1]],
         )
 
@@ -228,16 +244,20 @@ class TestSerialization(SimpleTestCase):
     )
 
     def test_dumping(self):
-        instance = UUIDModel(field=uuid.UUID('550e8400e29b41d4a716446655440000'))
-        data = serializers.serialize('json', [instance])
+        instance = UUIDModel(field=uuid.UUID("550e8400e29b41d4a716446655440000"))
+        data = serializers.serialize("json", [instance])
         self.assertEqual(json.loads(data), json.loads(self.test_data))
 
     def test_loading(self):
-        instance = list(serializers.deserialize('json', self.test_data))[0].object
-        self.assertEqual(instance.field, uuid.UUID('550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000'))
+        instance = list(serializers.deserialize("json", self.test_data))[0].object
+        self.assertEqual(
+            instance.field, uuid.UUID("550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000")
+        )
 
     def test_nullable_loading(self):
-        instance = list(serializers.deserialize('json', self.nullable_test_data))[0].object
+        instance = list(serializers.deserialize("json", self.nullable_test_data))[
+            0
+        ].object
         self.assertIsNone(instance.field)
 
 
@@ -245,9 +265,12 @@ class TestValidation(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_invalid_uuid(self):
         field = models.UUIDField()
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean('550e8400', None)
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 'invalid')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.message % cm.exception.params, '“550e8400” is not a valid UUID.')
+            field.clean("550e8400", None)
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, "invalid")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cm.exception.message % cm.exception.params,
+            "“550e8400” is not a valid UUID.",
+        )
 
     def test_uuid_instance_ok(self):
         field = models.UUIDField()
@@ -311,9 +334,9 @@ class TestAsPrimaryKey(TestCase):
 
 class TestAsPrimaryKeyTransactionTests(TransactionTestCase):
     # Need a TransactionTestCase to avoid deferring FK constraint checking.
-    available_apps = ['model_fields']
+    available_apps = ["model_fields"]
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_foreign_keys')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
     def test_unsaved_fk(self):
         u1 = PrimaryKeyUUIDModel()
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
diff --git a/tests/model_fields/tests.py b/tests/model_fields/tests.py
index 86365989f0..eb21d436d8 100644
--- a/tests/model_fields/tests.py
+++ b/tests/model_fields/tests.py
@@ -7,8 +7,15 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase
 from django.utils.functional import lazy
 
 from .models import (
-    Bar, Choiceful, Foo, RenamedField, VerboseNameField, Whiz, WhizDelayed,
-    WhizIter, WhizIterEmpty,
+    Bar,
+    Choiceful,
+    Foo,
+    RenamedField,
+    VerboseNameField,
+    Whiz,
+    WhizDelayed,
+    WhizIter,
+    WhizIterEmpty,
 )
 
 
@@ -18,7 +25,6 @@ class Nested:
 
 
 class BasicFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_show_hidden_initial(self):
         """
         Fields with choices respect show_hidden_initial as a kwarg to
@@ -36,14 +42,14 @@ class BasicFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         __repr__() of a field displays its name.
         """
-        f = Foo._meta.get_field('a')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(f), '<django.db.models.fields.CharField: a>')
+        f = Foo._meta.get_field("a")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(f), "<django.db.models.fields.CharField: a>")
         f = models.fields.CharField()
-        self.assertEqual(repr(f), '<django.db.models.fields.CharField>')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(f), "<django.db.models.fields.CharField>")
 
     def test_field_repr_nested(self):
         """__repr__() uses __qualname__ for nested class support."""
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Nested.Field()), '<model_fields.tests.Nested.Field>')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Nested.Field()), "<model_fields.tests.Nested.Field>")
 
     def test_field_name(self):
         """
@@ -51,34 +57,36 @@ class BasicFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
         model's attribute name (modelname).
         """
         instance = RenamedField()
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(instance, 'get_fieldname_display'))
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(instance, 'get_modelname_display'))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(instance, "get_fieldname_display"))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(instance, "get_modelname_display"))
 
     def test_field_verbose_name(self):
         m = VerboseNameField
         for i in range(1, 22):
-            self.assertEqual(m._meta.get_field('field%d' % i).verbose_name, 'verbose field%d' % i)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                m._meta.get_field("field%d" % i).verbose_name, "verbose field%d" % i
+            )
 
-        self.assertEqual(m._meta.get_field('id').verbose_name, 'verbose pk')
+        self.assertEqual(m._meta.get_field("id").verbose_name, "verbose pk")
 
     def test_choices_form_class(self):
         """Can supply a custom choices form class to Field.formfield()"""
-        choices = [('a', 'a')]
+        choices = [("a", "a")]
         field = models.CharField(choices=choices)
         klass = forms.TypedMultipleChoiceField
         self.assertIsInstance(field.formfield(choices_form_class=klass), klass)
 
     def test_formfield_disabled(self):
         """Field.formfield() sets disabled for fields with choices."""
-        field = models.CharField(choices=[('a', 'b')])
+        field = models.CharField(choices=[("a", "b")])
         form_field = field.formfield(disabled=True)
         self.assertIs(form_field.disabled, True)
 
     def test_field_str(self):
         f = models.Field()
-        self.assertEqual(str(f), '<django.db.models.fields.Field>')
-        f = Foo._meta.get_field('a')
-        self.assertEqual(str(f), 'model_fields.Foo.a')
+        self.assertEqual(str(f), "<django.db.models.fields.Field>")
+        f = Foo._meta.get_field("a")
+        self.assertEqual(str(f), "model_fields.Foo.a")
 
     def test_field_ordering(self):
         """Fields are ordered based on their creation."""
@@ -88,11 +96,11 @@ class BasicFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertLess(f2, f1)
         self.assertGreater(f3, f1)
         self.assertIsNotNone(f1)
-        self.assertNotIn(f2, (None, 1, ''))
+        self.assertNotIn(f2, (None, 1, ""))
 
     def test_field_instance_is_picklable(self):
         """Field instances can be pickled."""
-        field = models.Field(max_length=100, default='a string')
+        field = models.Field(max_length=100, default="a string")
         # Must be picklable with this cached property populated (#28188).
         field._get_default
         pickle.dumps(field)
@@ -100,10 +108,11 @@ class BasicFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_deconstruct_nested_field(self):
         """deconstruct() uses __qualname__ for nested class support."""
         name, path, args, kwargs = Nested.Field().deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'model_fields.tests.Nested.Field')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "model_fields.tests.Nested.Field")
 
     def test_abstract_inherited_fields(self):
         """Field instances from abstract models are not equal."""
+
         class AbstractModel(models.Model):
             field = models.IntegerField()
 
@@ -116,9 +125,9 @@ class BasicFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class InheritAbstractModel2(AbstractModel):
             pass
 
-        abstract_model_field = AbstractModel._meta.get_field('field')
-        inherit1_model_field = InheritAbstractModel1._meta.get_field('field')
-        inherit2_model_field = InheritAbstractModel2._meta.get_field('field')
+        abstract_model_field = AbstractModel._meta.get_field("field")
+        inherit1_model_field = InheritAbstractModel1._meta.get_field("field")
+        inherit2_model_field = InheritAbstractModel2._meta.get_field("field")
 
         self.assertNotEqual(abstract_model_field, inherit1_model_field)
         self.assertNotEqual(abstract_model_field, inherit2_model_field)
@@ -139,25 +148,24 @@ class BasicFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class ChoicesTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         super().setUpClass()
-        cls.no_choices = Choiceful._meta.get_field('no_choices')
-        cls.empty_choices = Choiceful._meta.get_field('empty_choices')
-        cls.empty_choices_bool = Choiceful._meta.get_field('empty_choices_bool')
-        cls.empty_choices_text = Choiceful._meta.get_field('empty_choices_text')
-        cls.with_choices = Choiceful._meta.get_field('with_choices')
+        cls.no_choices = Choiceful._meta.get_field("no_choices")
+        cls.empty_choices = Choiceful._meta.get_field("empty_choices")
+        cls.empty_choices_bool = Choiceful._meta.get_field("empty_choices_bool")
+        cls.empty_choices_text = Choiceful._meta.get_field("empty_choices_text")
+        cls.with_choices = Choiceful._meta.get_field("with_choices")
 
     def test_choices(self):
         self.assertIsNone(self.no_choices.choices)
         self.assertEqual(self.empty_choices.choices, ())
-        self.assertEqual(self.with_choices.choices, [(1, 'A')])
+        self.assertEqual(self.with_choices.choices, [(1, "A")])
 
     def test_flatchoices(self):
         self.assertEqual(self.no_choices.flatchoices, [])
         self.assertEqual(self.empty_choices.flatchoices, [])
-        self.assertEqual(self.with_choices.flatchoices, [(1, 'A')])
+        self.assertEqual(self.with_choices.flatchoices, [(1, "A")])
 
     def test_check(self):
         self.assertEqual(Choiceful.check(), [])
@@ -175,7 +183,9 @@ class ChoicesTests(SimpleTestCase):
         no_choices_formfield = self.no_choices.formfield()
         self.assertIsInstance(no_choices_formfield, forms.IntegerField)
         fields = (
-            self.empty_choices, self.with_choices, self.empty_choices_bool,
+            self.empty_choices,
+            self.with_choices,
+            self.empty_choices_bool,
             self.empty_choices_text,
         )
         for field in fields:
@@ -184,163 +194,164 @@ class ChoicesTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class GetFieldDisplayTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_choices_and_field_display(self):
         """
         get_choices() interacts with get_FIELD_display() to return the expected
         values.
         """
-        self.assertEqual(Whiz(c=1).get_c_display(), 'First')    # A nested value
-        self.assertEqual(Whiz(c=0).get_c_display(), 'Other')    # A top level value
-        self.assertEqual(Whiz(c=9).get_c_display(), 9)          # Invalid value
-        self.assertIsNone(Whiz(c=None).get_c_display())         # Blank value
-        self.assertEqual(Whiz(c='').get_c_display(), '')        # Empty value
-        self.assertEqual(WhizDelayed(c=0).get_c_display(), 'Other')  # Delayed choices
+        self.assertEqual(Whiz(c=1).get_c_display(), "First")  # A nested value
+        self.assertEqual(Whiz(c=0).get_c_display(), "Other")  # A top level value
+        self.assertEqual(Whiz(c=9).get_c_display(), 9)  # Invalid value
+        self.assertIsNone(Whiz(c=None).get_c_display())  # Blank value
+        self.assertEqual(Whiz(c="").get_c_display(), "")  # Empty value
+        self.assertEqual(WhizDelayed(c=0).get_c_display(), "Other")  # Delayed choices
 
     def test_get_FIELD_display_translated(self):
         """A translated display value is coerced to str."""
         val = Whiz(c=5).get_c_display()
         self.assertIsInstance(val, str)
-        self.assertEqual(val, 'translated')
+        self.assertEqual(val, "translated")
 
     def test_overriding_FIELD_display(self):
         class FooBar(models.Model):
-            foo_bar = models.IntegerField(choices=[(1, 'foo'), (2, 'bar')])
+            foo_bar = models.IntegerField(choices=[(1, "foo"), (2, "bar")])
 
             def get_foo_bar_display(self):
-                return 'something'
+                return "something"
 
         f = FooBar(foo_bar=1)
-        self.assertEqual(f.get_foo_bar_display(), 'something')
+        self.assertEqual(f.get_foo_bar_display(), "something")
 
     def test_overriding_inherited_FIELD_display(self):
         class Base(models.Model):
-            foo = models.CharField(max_length=254, choices=[('A', 'Base A')])
+            foo = models.CharField(max_length=254, choices=[("A", "Base A")])
 
             class Meta:
                 abstract = True
 
         class Child(Base):
-            foo = models.CharField(max_length=254, choices=[('A', 'Child A'), ('B', 'Child B')])
+            foo = models.CharField(
+                max_length=254, choices=[("A", "Child A"), ("B", "Child B")]
+            )
 
-        self.assertEqual(Child(foo='A').get_foo_display(), 'Child A')
-        self.assertEqual(Child(foo='B').get_foo_display(), 'Child B')
+        self.assertEqual(Child(foo="A").get_foo_display(), "Child A")
+        self.assertEqual(Child(foo="B").get_foo_display(), "Child B")
 
     def test_iterator_choices(self):
         """
         get_choices() works with Iterators.
         """
-        self.assertEqual(WhizIter(c=1).c, 1)          # A nested value
-        self.assertEqual(WhizIter(c=9).c, 9)          # Invalid value
-        self.assertIsNone(WhizIter(c=None).c)         # Blank value
-        self.assertEqual(WhizIter(c='').c, '')        # Empty value
+        self.assertEqual(WhizIter(c=1).c, 1)  # A nested value
+        self.assertEqual(WhizIter(c=9).c, 9)  # Invalid value
+        self.assertIsNone(WhizIter(c=None).c)  # Blank value
+        self.assertEqual(WhizIter(c="").c, "")  # Empty value
 
     def test_empty_iterator_choices(self):
         """
         get_choices() works with empty iterators.
         """
-        self.assertEqual(WhizIterEmpty(c="a").c, "a")      # A nested value
-        self.assertEqual(WhizIterEmpty(c="b").c, "b")      # Invalid value
-        self.assertIsNone(WhizIterEmpty(c=None).c)         # Blank value
-        self.assertEqual(WhizIterEmpty(c='').c, '')        # Empty value
+        self.assertEqual(WhizIterEmpty(c="a").c, "a")  # A nested value
+        self.assertEqual(WhizIterEmpty(c="b").c, "b")  # Invalid value
+        self.assertIsNone(WhizIterEmpty(c=None).c)  # Blank value
+        self.assertEqual(WhizIterEmpty(c="").c, "")  # Empty value
 
 
 class GetChoicesTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_empty_choices(self):
         choices = []
         f = models.CharField(choices=choices)
         self.assertEqual(f.get_choices(include_blank=False), choices)
 
     def test_blank_in_choices(self):
-        choices = [('', '<><>'), ('a', 'A')]
+        choices = [("", "<><>"), ("a", "A")]
         f = models.CharField(choices=choices)
         self.assertEqual(f.get_choices(include_blank=True), choices)
 
     def test_blank_in_grouped_choices(self):
         choices = [
-            ('f', 'Foo'),
-            ('b', 'Bar'),
-            ('Group', (
-                ('', 'No Preference'),
-                ('fg', 'Foo'),
-                ('bg', 'Bar'),
-            )),
+            ("f", "Foo"),
+            ("b", "Bar"),
+            (
+                "Group",
+                (
+                    ("", "No Preference"),
+                    ("fg", "Foo"),
+                    ("bg", "Bar"),
+                ),
+            ),
         ]
         f = models.CharField(choices=choices)
         self.assertEqual(f.get_choices(include_blank=True), choices)
 
     def test_lazy_strings_not_evaluated(self):
         lazy_func = lazy(lambda x: 0 / 0, int)  # raises ZeroDivisionError if evaluated.
-        f = models.CharField(choices=[(lazy_func('group'), (('a', 'A'), ('b', 'B')))])
-        self.assertEqual(f.get_choices(include_blank=True)[0], ('', '---------'))
+        f = models.CharField(choices=[(lazy_func("group"), (("a", "A"), ("b", "B")))])
+        self.assertEqual(f.get_choices(include_blank=True)[0], ("", "---------"))
 
 
 class GetChoicesOrderingTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.foo1 = Foo.objects.create(a='a', d='12.35')
-        cls.foo2 = Foo.objects.create(a='b', d='12.34')
-        cls.bar1 = Bar.objects.create(a=cls.foo1, b='b')
-        cls.bar2 = Bar.objects.create(a=cls.foo2, b='a')
-        cls.field = Bar._meta.get_field('a')
+        cls.foo1 = Foo.objects.create(a="a", d="12.35")
+        cls.foo2 = Foo.objects.create(a="b", d="12.34")
+        cls.bar1 = Bar.objects.create(a=cls.foo1, b="b")
+        cls.bar2 = Bar.objects.create(a=cls.foo2, b="a")
+        cls.field = Bar._meta.get_field("a")
 
     def assertChoicesEqual(self, choices, objs):
         self.assertEqual(choices, [(obj.pk, str(obj)) for obj in objs])
 
     def test_get_choices(self):
         self.assertChoicesEqual(
-            self.field.get_choices(include_blank=False, ordering=('a',)),
-            [self.foo1, self.foo2]
+            self.field.get_choices(include_blank=False, ordering=("a",)),
+            [self.foo1, self.foo2],
         )
         self.assertChoicesEqual(
-            self.field.get_choices(include_blank=False, ordering=('-a',)),
-            [self.foo2, self.foo1]
+            self.field.get_choices(include_blank=False, ordering=("-a",)),
+            [self.foo2, self.foo1],
         )
 
     def test_get_choices_default_ordering(self):
-        self.addCleanup(setattr, Foo._meta, 'ordering', Foo._meta.ordering)
-        Foo._meta.ordering = ('d',)
+        self.addCleanup(setattr, Foo._meta, "ordering", Foo._meta.ordering)
+        Foo._meta.ordering = ("d",)
         self.assertChoicesEqual(
-            self.field.get_choices(include_blank=False),
-            [self.foo2, self.foo1]
+            self.field.get_choices(include_blank=False), [self.foo2, self.foo1]
         )
 
     def test_get_choices_reverse_related_field(self):
         self.assertChoicesEqual(
-            self.field.remote_field.get_choices(include_blank=False, ordering=('a',)),
-            [self.bar1, self.bar2]
+            self.field.remote_field.get_choices(include_blank=False, ordering=("a",)),
+            [self.bar1, self.bar2],
         )
         self.assertChoicesEqual(
-            self.field.remote_field.get_choices(include_blank=False, ordering=('-a',)),
-            [self.bar2, self.bar1]
+            self.field.remote_field.get_choices(include_blank=False, ordering=("-a",)),
+            [self.bar2, self.bar1],
         )
 
     def test_get_choices_reverse_related_field_default_ordering(self):
-        self.addCleanup(setattr, Bar._meta, 'ordering', Bar._meta.ordering)
-        Bar._meta.ordering = ('b',)
+        self.addCleanup(setattr, Bar._meta, "ordering", Bar._meta.ordering)
+        Bar._meta.ordering = ("b",)
         self.assertChoicesEqual(
             self.field.remote_field.get_choices(include_blank=False),
-            [self.bar2, self.bar1]
+            [self.bar2, self.bar1],
         )
 
 
 class GetChoicesLimitChoicesToTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.foo1 = Foo.objects.create(a='a', d='12.34')
-        cls.foo2 = Foo.objects.create(a='b', d='12.34')
-        cls.bar1 = Bar.objects.create(a=cls.foo1, b='b')
-        cls.bar2 = Bar.objects.create(a=cls.foo2, b='a')
-        cls.field = Bar._meta.get_field('a')
+        cls.foo1 = Foo.objects.create(a="a", d="12.34")
+        cls.foo2 = Foo.objects.create(a="b", d="12.34")
+        cls.bar1 = Bar.objects.create(a=cls.foo1, b="b")
+        cls.bar2 = Bar.objects.create(a=cls.foo2, b="a")
+        cls.field = Bar._meta.get_field("a")
 
     def assertChoicesEqual(self, choices, objs):
         self.assertEqual(choices, [(obj.pk, str(obj)) for obj in objs])
 
     def test_get_choices(self):
         self.assertChoicesEqual(
-            self.field.get_choices(include_blank=False, limit_choices_to={'a': 'a'}),
+            self.field.get_choices(include_blank=False, limit_choices_to={"a": "a"}),
             [self.foo1],
         )
         self.assertChoicesEqual(
@@ -351,7 +362,7 @@ class GetChoicesLimitChoicesToTests(TestCase):
     def test_get_choices_reverse_related_field(self):
         field = self.field.remote_field
         self.assertChoicesEqual(
-            field.get_choices(include_blank=False, limit_choices_to={'b': 'b'}),
+            field.get_choices(include_blank=False, limit_choices_to={"b": "b"}),
             [self.bar1],
         )
         self.assertChoicesEqual(
diff --git a/tests/model_forms/models.py b/tests/model_forms/models.py
index c0b3a64148..a6f306c5b2 100644
--- a/tests/model_forms/models.py
+++ b/tests/model_forms/models.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class Person(models.Model):
 class Category(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     slug = models.SlugField(max_length=20)
-    url = models.CharField('The URL', max_length=40)
+    url = models.CharField("The URL", max_length=40)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -35,13 +35,13 @@ class WriterManager(models.Manager):
 
 
 class Writer(models.Model):
-    name = models.CharField(max_length=50, help_text='Use both first and last names.')
+    name = models.CharField(max_length=50, help_text="Use both first and last names.")
     archived = models.BooleanField(default=False, editable=False)
 
     objects = WriterManager()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -49,9 +49,9 @@ class Writer(models.Model):
 
 class Article(models.Model):
     ARTICLE_STATUS = (
-        (1, 'Draft'),
-        (2, 'Pending'),
-        (3, 'Live'),
+        (1, "Draft"),
+        (2, "Pending"),
+        (3, "Live"),
     )
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     slug = models.SlugField()
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class Publication(models.Model):
 
 
 def default_mode():
-    return 'di'
+    return "di"
 
 
 def default_category():
@@ -100,19 +100,21 @@ def default_category():
 
 
 class PublicationDefaults(models.Model):
-    MODE_CHOICES = (('di', 'direct'), ('de', 'delayed'))
-    CATEGORY_CHOICES = ((1, 'Games'), (2, 'Comics'), (3, 'Novel'))
+    MODE_CHOICES = (("di", "direct"), ("de", "delayed"))
+    CATEGORY_CHOICES = ((1, "Games"), (2, "Comics"), (3, "Novel"))
     title = models.CharField(max_length=30)
     date_published = models.DateField(default=datetime.date.today)
     datetime_published = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.datetime(2000, 1, 1))
     mode = models.CharField(max_length=2, choices=MODE_CHOICES, default=default_mode)
     category = models.IntegerField(choices=CATEGORY_CHOICES, default=default_category)
     active = models.BooleanField(default=True)
-    file = models.FileField(default='default.txt')
+    file = models.FileField(default="default.txt")
 
 
 class Author(models.Model):
-    publication = models.OneToOneField(Publication, models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True)
+    publication = models.OneToOneField(
+        Publication, models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True
+    )
     full_name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
 
 
@@ -130,12 +132,12 @@ class WriterProfile(models.Model):
 
 
 class Document(models.Model):
-    myfile = models.FileField(upload_to='unused', blank=True)
+    myfile = models.FileField(upload_to="unused", blank=True)
 
 
 class TextFile(models.Model):
     description = models.CharField(max_length=20)
-    file = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to='tests', max_length=15)
+    file = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to="tests", max_length=15)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.description
@@ -143,17 +145,19 @@ class TextFile(models.Model):
 
 class CustomFileField(models.FileField):
     def save_form_data(self, instance, data):
-        been_here = getattr(self, 'been_saved', False)
+        been_here = getattr(self, "been_saved", False)
         assert not been_here, "save_form_data called more than once"
-        setattr(self, 'been_saved', True)
+        setattr(self, "been_saved", True)
 
 
 class CustomFF(models.Model):
-    f = CustomFileField(upload_to='unused', blank=True)
+    f = CustomFileField(upload_to="unused", blank=True)
 
 
 class FilePathModel(models.Model):
-    path = models.FilePathField(path=os.path.dirname(__file__), match='models.py', blank=True)
+    path = models.FilePathField(
+        path=os.path.dirname(__file__), match="models.py", blank=True
+    )
 
 
 try:
@@ -163,8 +167,8 @@ try:
 
     class ImageFile(models.Model):
         def custom_upload_path(self, filename):
-            path = self.path or 'tests'
-            return '%s/%s' % (path, filename)
+            path = self.path or "tests"
+            return "%s/%s" % (path, filename)
 
         description = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
@@ -172,32 +176,41 @@ try:
         # trigger the bug in #10404 with width/height not getting assigned.
         width = models.IntegerField(editable=False)
         height = models.IntegerField(editable=False)
-        image = models.ImageField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to=custom_upload_path,
-                                  width_field='width', height_field='height')
-        path = models.CharField(max_length=16, blank=True, default='')
+        image = models.ImageField(
+            storage=temp_storage,
+            upload_to=custom_upload_path,
+            width_field="width",
+            height_field="height",
+        )
+        path = models.CharField(max_length=16, blank=True, default="")
 
         def __str__(self):
             return self.description
 
     class OptionalImageFile(models.Model):
         def custom_upload_path(self, filename):
-            path = self.path or 'tests'
-            return '%s/%s' % (path, filename)
+            path = self.path or "tests"
+            return "%s/%s" % (path, filename)
 
         description = models.CharField(max_length=20)
-        image = models.ImageField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to=custom_upload_path,
-                                  width_field='width', height_field='height',
-                                  blank=True, null=True)
+        image = models.ImageField(
+            storage=temp_storage,
+            upload_to=custom_upload_path,
+            width_field="width",
+            height_field="height",
+            blank=True,
+            null=True,
+        )
         width = models.IntegerField(editable=False, null=True)
         height = models.IntegerField(editable=False, null=True)
-        path = models.CharField(max_length=16, blank=True, default='')
+        path = models.CharField(max_length=16, blank=True, default="")
 
         def __str__(self):
             return self.description
 
     class NoExtensionImageFile(models.Model):
         def upload_to(self, filename):
-            return 'tests/no_extension'
+            return "tests/no_extension"
 
         description = models.CharField(max_length=20)
         image = models.ImageField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to=upload_to)
@@ -225,7 +238,7 @@ class Price(models.Model):
     quantity = models.PositiveIntegerField()
 
     class Meta:
-        unique_together = (('price', 'quantity'),)
+        unique_together = (("price", "quantity"),)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return "%s for %s" % (self.quantity, self.price)
@@ -237,25 +250,29 @@ class Triple(models.Model):
     right = models.IntegerField()
 
     class Meta:
-        unique_together = (('left', 'middle'), ('middle', 'right'))
+        unique_together = (("left", "middle"), ("middle", "right"))
 
 
 class ArticleStatus(models.Model):
     ARTICLE_STATUS_CHAR = (
-        ('d', 'Draft'),
-        ('p', 'Pending'),
-        ('l', 'Live'),
+        ("d", "Draft"),
+        ("p", "Pending"),
+        ("l", "Live"),
+    )
+    status = models.CharField(
+        max_length=2, choices=ARTICLE_STATUS_CHAR, blank=True, null=True
     )
-    status = models.CharField(max_length=2, choices=ARTICLE_STATUS_CHAR, blank=True, null=True)
 
 
 class Inventory(models.Model):
     barcode = models.PositiveIntegerField(unique=True)
-    parent = models.ForeignKey('self', models.SET_NULL, to_field='barcode', blank=True, null=True)
+    parent = models.ForeignKey(
+        "self", models.SET_NULL, to_field="barcode", blank=True, null=True
+    )
     name = models.CharField(blank=False, max_length=20)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -270,7 +287,7 @@ class Book(models.Model):
     special_id = models.IntegerField(blank=True, null=True, unique=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        unique_together = ('title', 'author')
+        unique_together = ("title", "author")
 
 
 class BookXtra(models.Model):
@@ -279,7 +296,7 @@ class BookXtra(models.Model):
     suffix2 = models.IntegerField(blank=True, default=0)
 
     class Meta:
-        unique_together = (('suffix1', 'suffix2'))
+        unique_together = ("suffix1", "suffix2")
         abstract = True
 
 
@@ -292,16 +309,16 @@ class ExplicitPK(models.Model):
     desc = models.CharField(max_length=20, blank=True, unique=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        unique_together = ('key', 'desc')
+        unique_together = ("key", "desc")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.key
 
 
 class Post(models.Model):
-    title = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_date='posted', blank=True)
-    slug = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_year='posted', blank=True)
-    subtitle = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_month='posted', blank=True)
+    title = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_date="posted", blank=True)
+    slug = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_year="posted", blank=True)
+    subtitle = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_month="posted", blank=True)
     posted = models.DateField()
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -309,9 +326,9 @@ class Post(models.Model):
 
 
 class DateTimePost(models.Model):
-    title = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_date='posted', blank=True)
-    slug = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_year='posted', blank=True)
-    subtitle = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_month='posted', blank=True)
+    title = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_date="posted", blank=True)
+    slug = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_year="posted", blank=True)
+    subtitle = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_month="posted", blank=True)
     posted = models.DateTimeField(editable=False)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -348,9 +365,9 @@ class CustomFieldForExclusionModel(models.Model):
 
 
 class FlexibleDatePost(models.Model):
-    title = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_date='posted', blank=True)
-    slug = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_year='posted', blank=True)
-    subtitle = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_month='posted', blank=True)
+    title = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_date="posted", blank=True)
+    slug = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_year="posted", blank=True)
+    subtitle = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_month="posted", blank=True)
     posted = models.DateField(blank=True, null=True)
 
 
@@ -373,20 +390,24 @@ class CustomErrorMessage(models.Model):
     name1 = models.CharField(
         max_length=50,
         validators=[validators.validate_slug],
-        error_messages={'invalid': 'Model custom error message.'},
+        error_messages={"invalid": "Model custom error message."},
     )
     name2 = models.CharField(
         max_length=50,
         validators=[validators.validate_slug],
-        error_messages={'invalid': 'Model custom error message.'},
+        error_messages={"invalid": "Model custom error message."},
     )
 
     def clean(self):
-        if self.name1 == 'FORBIDDEN_VALUE':
-            raise ValidationError({'name1': [ValidationError('Model.clean() error messages.')]})
-        elif self.name1 == 'FORBIDDEN_VALUE2':
-            raise ValidationError({'name1': 'Model.clean() error messages (simpler syntax).'})
-        elif self.name1 == 'GLOBAL_ERROR':
+        if self.name1 == "FORBIDDEN_VALUE":
+            raise ValidationError(
+                {"name1": [ValidationError("Model.clean() error messages.")]}
+            )
+        elif self.name1 == "FORBIDDEN_VALUE2":
+            raise ValidationError(
+                {"name1": "Model.clean() error messages (simpler syntax)."}
+            )
+        elif self.name1 == "GLOBAL_ERROR":
             raise ValidationError("Global error message.")
 
 
@@ -411,12 +432,12 @@ class StumpJoke(models.Model):
         Character,
         models.CASCADE,
         limit_choices_to=today_callable_dict,
-        related_name='jokes',
+        related_name="jokes",
     )
     has_fooled_today = models.ManyToManyField(
         Character,
         limit_choices_to=today_callable_q,
-        related_name='jokes_today',
+        related_name="jokes_today",
     )
     funny = models.BooleanField(default=False)
 
@@ -430,7 +451,7 @@ class Student(models.Model):
 # Model for #639
 class Photo(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=30)
-    image = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to='tests')
+    image = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to="tests")
 
     # Support code for the tests; this keeps track of how many times save()
     # gets called on each instance.
@@ -455,7 +476,7 @@ class StrictAssignmentFieldSpecific(models.Model):
 
     def __setattr__(self, key, value):
         if self._should_error is True:
-            raise ValidationError(message={key: "Cannot set attribute"}, code='invalid')
+            raise ValidationError(message={key: "Cannot set attribute"}, code="invalid")
         super().__setattr__(key, value)
 
 
@@ -465,7 +486,7 @@ class StrictAssignmentAll(models.Model):
 
     def __setattr__(self, key, value):
         if self._should_error is True:
-            raise ValidationError(message="Cannot set attribute", code='invalid')
+            raise ValidationError(message="Cannot set attribute", code="invalid")
         super().__setattr__(key, value)
 
 
@@ -487,8 +508,8 @@ class Number(models.Model):
 
 
 class NumbersToDice(models.Model):
-    number = models.ForeignKey('Number', on_delete=models.CASCADE)
-    die = models.ForeignKey('Dice', on_delete=models.CASCADE)
+    number = models.ForeignKey("Number", on_delete=models.CASCADE)
+    die = models.ForeignKey("Dice", on_delete=models.CASCADE)
 
 
 class Dice(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/model_forms/test_modelchoicefield.py b/tests/model_forms/test_modelchoicefield.py
index 30d1a05821..8c3909f8a8 100644
--- a/tests/model_forms/test_modelchoicefield.py
+++ b/tests/model_forms/test_modelchoicefield.py
@@ -13,20 +13,25 @@ from .models import Article, Author, Book, Category, Writer
 class ModelChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.c1 = Category.objects.create(name='Entertainment', slug='entertainment', url='entertainment')
-        cls.c2 = Category.objects.create(name='A test', slug='test', url='test')
-        cls.c3 = Category.objects.create(name='Third', slug='third-test', url='third')
+        cls.c1 = Category.objects.create(
+            name="Entertainment", slug="entertainment", url="entertainment"
+        )
+        cls.c2 = Category.objects.create(name="A test", slug="test", url="test")
+        cls.c3 = Category.objects.create(name="Third", slug="third-test", url="third")
 
     def test_basics(self):
         f = forms.ModelChoiceField(Category.objects.all())
-        self.assertEqual(list(f.choices), [
-            ('', '---------'),
-            (self.c1.pk, 'Entertainment'),
-            (self.c2.pk, 'A test'),
-            (self.c3.pk, 'Third'),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(f.choices),
+            [
+                ("", "---------"),
+                (self.c1.pk, "Entertainment"),
+                (self.c2.pk, "A test"),
+                (self.c3.pk, "Third"),
+            ],
+        )
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('')
+            f.clean("")
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
             f.clean(None)
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
@@ -34,23 +39,23 @@ class ModelChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
 
         # Invalid types that require TypeError to be caught.
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean([['fail']])
+            f.clean([["fail"]])
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean([{'foo': 'bar'}])
+            f.clean([{"foo": "bar"}])
 
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(self.c2.id).name, 'A test')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(self.c3.id).name, 'Third')
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(self.c2.id).name, "A test")
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(self.c3.id).name, "Third")
 
         # Add a Category object *after* the ModelChoiceField has already been
         # instantiated. This proves clean() checks the database during clean()
         # rather than caching it at  instantiation time.
-        c4 = Category.objects.create(name='Fourth', url='4th')
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(c4.id).name, 'Fourth')
+        c4 = Category.objects.create(name="Fourth", url="4th")
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(c4.id).name, "Fourth")
 
         # Delete a Category object *after* the ModelChoiceField has already been
         # instantiated. This proves clean() checks the database during clean()
         # rather than caching it at instantiation time.
-        Category.objects.get(url='4th').delete()
+        Category.objects.get(url="4th").delete()
         msg = "['Select a valid choice. That choice is not one of the available choices.']"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
             f.clean(c4.id)
@@ -64,69 +69,86 @@ class ModelChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
             f.clean(Book.objects.create())
 
     def test_clean_to_field_name(self):
-        f = forms.ModelChoiceField(Category.objects.all(), to_field_name='slug')
+        f = forms.ModelChoiceField(Category.objects.all(), to_field_name="slug")
         self.assertEqual(f.clean(self.c1.slug), self.c1)
         self.assertEqual(f.clean(self.c1), self.c1)
 
     def test_choices(self):
-        f = forms.ModelChoiceField(Category.objects.filter(pk=self.c1.id), required=False)
-        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(''))
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(str(self.c1.id)).name, 'Entertainment')
+        f = forms.ModelChoiceField(
+            Category.objects.filter(pk=self.c1.id), required=False
+        )
+        self.assertIsNone(f.clean(""))
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(str(self.c1.id)).name, "Entertainment")
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('100')
+            f.clean("100")
 
         # len() can be called on choices.
         self.assertEqual(len(f.choices), 2)
 
         # queryset can be changed after the field is created.
-        f.queryset = Category.objects.exclude(name='Third')
-        self.assertEqual(list(f.choices), [
-            ('', '---------'),
-            (self.c1.pk, 'Entertainment'),
-            (self.c2.pk, 'A test'),
-        ])
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(self.c2.id).name, 'A test')
+        f.queryset = Category.objects.exclude(name="Third")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(f.choices),
+            [
+                ("", "---------"),
+                (self.c1.pk, "Entertainment"),
+                (self.c2.pk, "A test"),
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(self.c2.id).name, "A test")
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
             f.clean(self.c3.id)
 
         # Choices can be iterated repeatedly.
         gen_one = list(f.choices)
         gen_two = f.choices
-        self.assertEqual(gen_one[2], (self.c2.pk, 'A test'))
-        self.assertEqual(list(gen_two), [
-            ('', '---------'),
-            (self.c1.pk, 'Entertainment'),
-            (self.c2.pk, 'A test'),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(gen_one[2], (self.c2.pk, "A test"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(gen_two),
+            [
+                ("", "---------"),
+                (self.c1.pk, "Entertainment"),
+                (self.c2.pk, "A test"),
+            ],
+        )
 
         # Overriding label_from_instance() to print custom labels.
         f.queryset = Category.objects.all()
-        f.label_from_instance = lambda obj: 'category ' + str(obj)
-        self.assertEqual(list(f.choices), [
-            ('', '---------'),
-            (self.c1.pk, 'category Entertainment'),
-            (self.c2.pk, 'category A test'),
-            (self.c3.pk, 'category Third'),
-        ])
+        f.label_from_instance = lambda obj: "category " + str(obj)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(f.choices),
+            [
+                ("", "---------"),
+                (self.c1.pk, "category Entertainment"),
+                (self.c2.pk, "category A test"),
+                (self.c3.pk, "category Third"),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_choices_freshness(self):
         f = forms.ModelChoiceField(Category.objects.all())
         self.assertEqual(len(f.choices), 4)
-        self.assertEqual(list(f.choices), [
-            ('', '---------'),
-            (self.c1.pk, 'Entertainment'),
-            (self.c2.pk, 'A test'),
-            (self.c3.pk, 'Third'),
-        ])
-        c4 = Category.objects.create(name='Fourth', slug='4th', url='4th')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(f.choices),
+            [
+                ("", "---------"),
+                (self.c1.pk, "Entertainment"),
+                (self.c2.pk, "A test"),
+                (self.c3.pk, "Third"),
+            ],
+        )
+        c4 = Category.objects.create(name="Fourth", slug="4th", url="4th")
         self.assertEqual(len(f.choices), 5)
-        self.assertEqual(list(f.choices), [
-            ('', '---------'),
-            (self.c1.pk, 'Entertainment'),
-            (self.c2.pk, 'A test'),
-            (self.c3.pk, 'Third'),
-            (c4.pk, 'Fourth'),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(f.choices),
+            [
+                ("", "---------"),
+                (self.c1.pk, "Entertainment"),
+                (self.c2.pk, "A test"),
+                (self.c3.pk, "Third"),
+                (c4.pk, "Fourth"),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_choices_bool(self):
         f = forms.ModelChoiceField(Category.objects.all(), empty_label=None)
@@ -135,15 +157,15 @@ class ModelChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
         self.assertIs(bool(f.choices), False)
 
     def test_choices_bool_empty_label(self):
-        f = forms.ModelChoiceField(Category.objects.all(), empty_label='--------')
+        f = forms.ModelChoiceField(Category.objects.all(), empty_label="--------")
         Category.objects.all().delete()
         self.assertIs(bool(f.choices), True)
 
     def test_choices_radio_blank(self):
         choices = [
-            (self.c1.pk, 'Entertainment'),
-            (self.c2.pk, 'A test'),
-            (self.c3.pk, 'Third'),
+            (self.c1.pk, "Entertainment"),
+            (self.c2.pk, "A test"),
+            (self.c3.pk, "Third"),
         ]
         categories = Category.objects.all()
         for widget in [forms.RadioSelect, forms.RadioSelect()]:
@@ -156,7 +178,7 @@ class ModelChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
                     )
                     self.assertEqual(
                         list(f.choices),
-                        [('', '---------')] + choices if blank else choices,
+                        [("", "---------")] + choices if blank else choices,
                     )
 
     def test_deepcopies_widget(self):
@@ -164,10 +186,10 @@ class ModelChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
             category = forms.ModelChoiceField(Category.objects.all())
 
         form1 = ModelChoiceForm()
-        field1 = form1.fields['category']
+        field1 = form1.fields["category"]
         # To allow the widget to change the queryset of field1.widget.choices
         # without affecting other forms, the following must hold (#11183):
-        self.assertIsNot(field1, ModelChoiceForm.base_fields['category'])
+        self.assertIsNot(field1, ModelChoiceForm.base_fields["category"])
         self.assertIs(field1.widget.choices.field, field1)
 
     def test_result_cache_not_shared(self):
@@ -175,9 +197,11 @@ class ModelChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
             category = forms.ModelChoiceField(Category.objects.all())
 
         form1 = ModelChoiceForm()
-        self.assertCountEqual(form1.fields['category'].queryset, [self.c1, self.c2, self.c3])
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            form1.fields["category"].queryset, [self.c1, self.c2, self.c3]
+        )
         form2 = ModelChoiceForm()
-        self.assertIsNone(form2.fields['category'].queryset._result_cache)
+        self.assertIsNone(form2.fields["category"].queryset._result_cache)
 
     def test_queryset_none(self):
         class ModelChoiceForm(forms.Form):
@@ -185,24 +209,29 @@ class ModelChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
 
             def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
                 super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-                self.fields['category'].queryset = Category.objects.filter(slug__contains='test')
+                self.fields["category"].queryset = Category.objects.filter(
+                    slug__contains="test"
+                )
 
         form = ModelChoiceForm()
-        self.assertCountEqual(form.fields['category'].queryset, [self.c2, self.c3])
+        self.assertCountEqual(form.fields["category"].queryset, [self.c2, self.c3])
 
     def test_no_extra_query_when_accessing_attrs(self):
         """
         ModelChoiceField with RadioSelect widget doesn't produce unnecessary
         db queries when accessing its BoundField's attrs.
         """
+
         class ModelChoiceForm(forms.Form):
-            category = forms.ModelChoiceField(Category.objects.all(), widget=forms.RadioSelect)
+            category = forms.ModelChoiceField(
+                Category.objects.all(), widget=forms.RadioSelect
+            )
 
         form = ModelChoiceForm()
-        field = form['category']  # BoundField
-        template = Template('{{ field.name }}{{ field }}{{ field.help_text }}')
+        field = form["category"]  # BoundField
+        template = Template("{{ field.name }}{{ field }}{{ field.help_text }}")
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            template.render(Context({'field': field}))
+            template.render(Context({"field": field}))
 
     def test_disabled_modelchoicefield(self):
         class ModelChoiceForm(forms.ModelForm):
@@ -210,18 +239,18 @@ class ModelChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
 
             class Meta:
                 model = Book
-                fields = ['author']
+                fields = ["author"]
 
-        book = Book.objects.create(author=Writer.objects.create(name='Test writer'))
+        book = Book.objects.create(author=Writer.objects.create(name="Test writer"))
         form = ModelChoiceForm({}, instance=book)
         self.assertEqual(
-            form.errors['author'],
-            ['Select a valid choice. That choice is not one of the available choices.']
+            form.errors["author"],
+            ["Select a valid choice. That choice is not one of the available choices."],
         )
 
     def test_disabled_modelchoicefield_has_changed(self):
         field = forms.ModelChoiceField(Author.objects.all(), disabled=True)
-        self.assertIs(field.has_changed('x', 'y'), False)
+        self.assertIs(field.has_changed("x", "y"), False)
 
     def test_disabled_modelchoicefield_initial_model_instance(self):
         class ModelChoiceForm(forms.Form):
@@ -231,36 +260,42 @@ class ModelChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
                 initial=self.c1,
             )
 
-        self.assertTrue(ModelChoiceForm(data={'categories': self.c1.pk}).is_valid())
+        self.assertTrue(ModelChoiceForm(data={"categories": self.c1.pk}).is_valid())
 
     def test_disabled_multiplemodelchoicefield(self):
         class ArticleForm(forms.ModelForm):
-            categories = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(Category.objects.all(), required=False)
+            categories = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(
+                Category.objects.all(), required=False
+            )
 
             class Meta:
                 model = Article
-                fields = ['categories']
+                fields = ["categories"]
 
-        category1 = Category.objects.create(name='cat1')
-        category2 = Category.objects.create(name='cat2')
+        category1 = Category.objects.create(name="cat1")
+        category2 = Category.objects.create(name="cat2")
         article = Article.objects.create(
             pub_date=datetime.date(1988, 1, 4),
-            writer=Writer.objects.create(name='Test writer'),
+            writer=Writer.objects.create(name="Test writer"),
         )
         article.categories.set([category1.pk])
 
-        form = ArticleForm(data={'categories': [category2.pk]}, instance=article)
+        form = ArticleForm(data={"categories": [category2.pk]}, instance=article)
         self.assertEqual(form.errors, {})
-        self.assertEqual([x.pk for x in form.cleaned_data['categories']], [category2.pk])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [x.pk for x in form.cleaned_data["categories"]], [category2.pk]
+        )
         # Disabled fields use the value from `instance` rather than `data`.
-        form = ArticleForm(data={'categories': [category2.pk]}, instance=article)
-        form.fields['categories'].disabled = True
+        form = ArticleForm(data={"categories": [category2.pk]}, instance=article)
+        form.fields["categories"].disabled = True
         self.assertEqual(form.errors, {})
-        self.assertEqual([x.pk for x in form.cleaned_data['categories']], [category1.pk])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [x.pk for x in form.cleaned_data["categories"]], [category1.pk]
+        )
 
     def test_disabled_modelmultiplechoicefield_has_changed(self):
         field = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(Author.objects.all(), disabled=True)
-        self.assertIs(field.has_changed('x', 'y'), False)
+        self.assertIs(field.has_changed("x", "y"), False)
 
     def test_overridable_choice_iterator(self):
         """
@@ -281,11 +316,15 @@ class ModelChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_choice_iterator_passes_model_to_widget(self):
         class CustomCheckboxSelectMultiple(CheckboxSelectMultiple):
-            def create_option(self, name, value, label, selected, index, subindex=None, attrs=None):
-                option = super().create_option(name, value, label, selected, index, subindex, attrs)
+            def create_option(
+                self, name, value, label, selected, index, subindex=None, attrs=None
+            ):
+                option = super().create_option(
+                    name, value, label, selected, index, subindex, attrs
+                )
                 # Modify the HTML based on the object being rendered.
                 c = value.instance
-                option['attrs']['data-slug'] = c.slug
+                option["attrs"]["data-slug"] = c.slug
                 return option
 
         class CustomModelMultipleChoiceField(forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField):
@@ -293,16 +332,18 @@ class ModelChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
 
         field = CustomModelMultipleChoiceField(Category.objects.all())
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            field.widget.render('name', []), (
-                '<div>'
+            field.widget.render("name", []),
+            (
+                "<div>"
                 '<div><label><input type="checkbox" name="name" value="%d" '
                 'data-slug="entertainment">Entertainment</label></div>'
                 '<div><label><input type="checkbox" name="name" value="%d" '
                 'data-slug="test">A test</label></div>'
                 '<div><label><input type="checkbox" name="name" value="%d" '
                 'data-slug="third-test">Third</label></div>'
-                '</div>'
-            ) % (self.c1.pk, self.c2.pk, self.c3.pk),
+                "</div>"
+            )
+            % (self.c1.pk, self.c2.pk, self.c3.pk),
         )
 
     def test_custom_choice_iterator_passes_model_to_widget(self):
@@ -320,11 +361,15 @@ class ModelChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
                 return CustomModelChoiceValue(value, obj), label
 
         class CustomCheckboxSelectMultiple(CheckboxSelectMultiple):
-            def create_option(self, name, value, label, selected, index, subindex=None, attrs=None):
-                option = super().create_option(name, value, label, selected, index, subindex, attrs)
+            def create_option(
+                self, name, value, label, selected, index, subindex=None, attrs=None
+            ):
+                option = super().create_option(
+                    name, value, label, selected, index, subindex, attrs
+                )
                 # Modify the HTML based on the object being rendered.
                 c = value.obj
-                option['attrs']['data-slug'] = c.slug
+                option["attrs"]["data-slug"] = c.slug
                 return option
 
         class CustomModelMultipleChoiceField(forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField):
@@ -333,34 +378,40 @@ class ModelChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
 
         field = CustomModelMultipleChoiceField(Category.objects.all())
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            field.widget.render('name', []),
+            field.widget.render("name", []),
             """<div>
 <div><label><input type="checkbox" name="name" value="%d" data-slug="entertainment">Entertainment</label></div>
 <div><label><input type="checkbox" name="name" value="%d" data-slug="test">A test</label></div>
 <div><label><input type="checkbox" name="name" value="%d" data-slug="third-test">Third</label></div>
-</div>""" % (self.c1.pk, self.c2.pk, self.c3.pk),
+</div>"""
+            % (self.c1.pk, self.c2.pk, self.c3.pk),
         )
 
     def test_choice_value_hash(self):
         value_1 = ModelChoiceIteratorValue(self.c1.pk, self.c1)
         value_2 = ModelChoiceIteratorValue(self.c2.pk, self.c2)
-        self.assertEqual(hash(value_1), hash(ModelChoiceIteratorValue(self.c1.pk, None)))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            hash(value_1), hash(ModelChoiceIteratorValue(self.c1.pk, None))
+        )
         self.assertNotEqual(hash(value_1), hash(value_2))
 
     def test_choices_not_fetched_when_not_rendering(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            field = forms.ModelChoiceField(Category.objects.order_by('-name'))
-            self.assertEqual('Entertainment', field.clean(self.c1.pk).name)
+            field = forms.ModelChoiceField(Category.objects.order_by("-name"))
+            self.assertEqual("Entertainment", field.clean(self.c1.pk).name)
 
     def test_queryset_manager(self):
         f = forms.ModelChoiceField(Category.objects)
         self.assertEqual(len(f.choices), 4)
-        self.assertEqual(list(f.choices), [
-            ('', '---------'),
-            (self.c1.pk, 'Entertainment'),
-            (self.c2.pk, 'A test'),
-            (self.c3.pk, 'Third'),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(f.choices),
+            [
+                ("", "---------"),
+                (self.c1.pk, "Entertainment"),
+                (self.c2.pk, "A test"),
+                (self.c3.pk, "Third"),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_num_queries(self):
         """
@@ -370,12 +421,16 @@ class ModelChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
         categories = Category.objects.all()
 
         class CategoriesForm(forms.Form):
-            radio = forms.ModelChoiceField(queryset=categories, widget=forms.RadioSelect)
-            checkbox = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(queryset=categories, widget=forms.CheckboxSelectMultiple)
+            radio = forms.ModelChoiceField(
+                queryset=categories, widget=forms.RadioSelect
+            )
+            checkbox = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(
+                queryset=categories, widget=forms.CheckboxSelectMultiple
+            )
 
         template = Template(
-            '{% for widget in form.checkbox %}{{ widget }}{% endfor %}'
-            '{% for widget in form.radio %}{{ widget }}{% endfor %}'
+            "{% for widget in form.checkbox %}{{ widget }}{% endfor %}"
+            "{% for widget in form.radio %}{{ widget }}{% endfor %}"
         )
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            template.render(Context({'form': CategoriesForm()}))
+            template.render(Context({"form": CategoriesForm()}))
diff --git a/tests/model_forms/test_uuid.py b/tests/model_forms/test_uuid.py
index a0d59c3d03..583b3fea94 100644
--- a/tests/model_forms/test_uuid.py
+++ b/tests/model_forms/test_uuid.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from .models import UUIDPK
 class UUIDPKForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = UUIDPK
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
             form.save()
 
     def test_update_save_error(self):
-        obj = UUIDPK.objects.create(name='foo')
+        obj = UUIDPK.objects.create(name="foo")
         form = UUIDPKForm({}, instance=obj)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
         msg = "The UUIDPK could not be changed because the data didn't validate."
@@ -29,5 +29,7 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
 
     def test_model_multiple_choice_field_uuid_pk(self):
         f = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(UUIDPK.objects.all())
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, '“invalid_uuid” is not a valid UUID.'):
-            f.clean(['invalid_uuid'])
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, "“invalid_uuid” is not a valid UUID."
+        ):
+            f.clean(["invalid_uuid"])
diff --git a/tests/model_forms/tests.py b/tests/model_forms/tests.py
index db36216d14..dd397785a1 100644
--- a/tests/model_forms/tests.py
+++ b/tests/model_forms/tests.py
@@ -5,13 +5,19 @@ from unittest import mock, skipUnless
 
 from django import forms
 from django.core.exceptions import (
-    NON_FIELD_ERRORS, FieldError, ImproperlyConfigured, ValidationError,
+    NON_FIELD_ERRORS,
+    FieldError,
+    ImproperlyConfigured,
+    ValidationError,
 )
 from django.core.files.uploadedfile import SimpleUploadedFile
 from django.db import connection, models
 from django.db.models.query import EmptyQuerySet
 from django.forms.models import (
-    ModelFormMetaclass, construct_instance, fields_for_model, model_to_dict,
+    ModelFormMetaclass,
+    construct_instance,
+    fields_for_model,
+    model_to_dict,
     modelform_factory,
 )
 from django.template import Context, Template
@@ -19,15 +25,51 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
 from django.test.utils import isolate_apps
 
 from .models import (
-    Article, ArticleStatus, Author, Author1, Award, BetterWriter, BigInt, Book,
-    Category, Character, Colour, ColourfulItem, CustomErrorMessage, CustomFF,
-    CustomFieldForExclusionModel, DateTimePost, DerivedBook, DerivedPost, Dice,
-    Document, ExplicitPK, FilePathModel, FlexibleDatePost, Homepage,
-    ImprovedArticle, ImprovedArticleWithParentLink, Inventory,
-    NullableUniqueCharFieldModel, Number, Person, Photo, Post, Price, Product,
-    Publication, PublicationDefaults, StrictAssignmentAll,
-    StrictAssignmentFieldSpecific, Student, StumpJoke, TextFile, Triple,
-    Writer, WriterProfile, test_images,
+    Article,
+    ArticleStatus,
+    Author,
+    Author1,
+    Award,
+    BetterWriter,
+    BigInt,
+    Book,
+    Category,
+    Character,
+    Colour,
+    ColourfulItem,
+    CustomErrorMessage,
+    CustomFF,
+    CustomFieldForExclusionModel,
+    DateTimePost,
+    DerivedBook,
+    DerivedPost,
+    Dice,
+    Document,
+    ExplicitPK,
+    FilePathModel,
+    FlexibleDatePost,
+    Homepage,
+    ImprovedArticle,
+    ImprovedArticleWithParentLink,
+    Inventory,
+    NullableUniqueCharFieldModel,
+    Number,
+    Person,
+    Photo,
+    Post,
+    Price,
+    Product,
+    Publication,
+    PublicationDefaults,
+    StrictAssignmentAll,
+    StrictAssignmentFieldSpecific,
+    Student,
+    StumpJoke,
+    TextFile,
+    Triple,
+    Writer,
+    WriterProfile,
+    test_images,
 )
 
 if test_images:
@@ -36,59 +78,62 @@ if test_images:
     class ImageFileForm(forms.ModelForm):
         class Meta:
             model = ImageFile
-            fields = '__all__'
+            fields = "__all__"
 
     class OptionalImageFileForm(forms.ModelForm):
         class Meta:
             model = OptionalImageFile
-            fields = '__all__'
+            fields = "__all__"
 
     class NoExtensionImageFileForm(forms.ModelForm):
         class Meta:
             model = NoExtensionImageFile
-            fields = '__all__'
+            fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class ProductForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = Product
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class PriceForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = Price
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class BookForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = Book
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class DerivedBookForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = DerivedBook
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class ExplicitPKForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = ExplicitPK
-        fields = ('key', 'desc',)
+        fields = (
+            "key",
+            "desc",
+        )
 
 
 class PostForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = Post
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class DerivedPostForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = DerivedPost
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class CustomWriterForm(forms.ModelForm):
@@ -96,89 +141,92 @@ class CustomWriterForm(forms.ModelForm):
 
     class Meta:
         model = Writer
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class BaseCategoryForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = Category
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class ArticleForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = Article
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class RoykoForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = Writer
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class ArticleStatusForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = ArticleStatus
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class InventoryForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = Inventory
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class SelectInventoryForm(forms.Form):
-    items = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(Inventory.objects.all(), to_field_name='barcode')
+    items = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(
+        Inventory.objects.all(), to_field_name="barcode"
+    )
 
 
 class CustomFieldForExclusionForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = CustomFieldForExclusionModel
-        fields = ['name', 'markup']
+        fields = ["name", "markup"]
 
 
 class TextFileForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = TextFile
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class BigIntForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = BigInt
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class ModelFormWithMedia(forms.ModelForm):
     class Media:
-        js = ('/some/form/javascript',)
-        css = {
-            'all': ('/some/form/css',)
-        }
+        js = ("/some/form/javascript",)
+        css = {"all": ("/some/form/css",)}
 
     class Meta:
         model = TextFile
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class CustomErrorMessageForm(forms.ModelForm):
-    name1 = forms.CharField(error_messages={'invalid': 'Form custom error message.'})
+    name1 = forms.CharField(error_messages={"invalid": "Form custom error message."})
 
     class Meta:
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
         model = CustomErrorMessage
 
 
 class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
     def test_base_form(self):
-        self.assertEqual(list(BaseCategoryForm.base_fields), ['name', 'slug', 'url'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(BaseCategoryForm.base_fields), ["name", "slug", "url"])
 
     def test_no_model_class(self):
         class NoModelModelForm(forms.ModelForm):
             pass
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'ModelForm has no model class specified.'):
+
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "ModelForm has no model class specified."
+        ):
             NoModelModelForm()
 
     def test_empty_fields_to_fields_for_model(self):
@@ -192,6 +240,7 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
         """
         No fields on a ModelForm should actually result in no fields.
         """
+
         class EmptyPersonForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Person
@@ -204,28 +253,31 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
         """
         No fields should be set on a model instance if construct_instance receives fields=().
         """
-        form = modelform_factory(Person, fields="__all__")({'name': 'John Doe'})
+        form = modelform_factory(Person, fields="__all__")({"name": "John Doe"})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         instance = construct_instance(form, Person(), fields=())
-        self.assertEqual(instance.name, '')
+        self.assertEqual(instance.name, "")
 
     def test_blank_with_null_foreign_key_field(self):
         """
         #13776 -- ModelForm's with models having a FK set to null=False and
         required=False should be valid.
         """
+
         class FormForTestingIsValid(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Student
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
             def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
                 super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-                self.fields['character'].required = False
+                self.fields["character"].required = False
 
-        char = Character.objects.create(username='user', last_action=datetime.datetime.today())
-        data = {'study': 'Engineering'}
-        data2 = {'study': 'Engineering', 'character': char.pk}
+        char = Character.objects.create(
+            username="user", last_action=datetime.datetime.today()
+        )
+        data = {"study": "Engineering"}
+        data2 = {"study": "Engineering", "character": char.pk}
 
         # form is valid because required=False for field 'character'
         f1 = FormForTestingIsValid(data)
@@ -242,18 +294,21 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
         and the form field set to required=False should allow the field to be
         unset.
         """
+
         class AwardForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Award
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
             def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
                 super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-                self.fields['character'].required = False
+                self.fields["character"].required = False
 
-        character = Character.objects.create(username='user', last_action=datetime.datetime.today())
-        award = Award.objects.create(name='Best sprinter', character=character)
-        data = {'name': 'Best tester', 'character': ''}  # remove character
+        character = Character.objects.create(
+            username="user", last_action=datetime.datetime.today()
+        )
+        award = Award.objects.create(name="Best sprinter", character=character)
+        data = {"name": "Best tester", "character": ""}  # remove character
         form = AwardForm(data=data, instance=award)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         award = form.save()
@@ -263,31 +318,34 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
         class BookForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Book
-                fields = ['author']
-                widgets = {'author': forms.RadioSelect()}
+                fields = ["author"]
+                widgets = {"author": forms.RadioSelect()}
 
-        writer = Writer.objects.create(name='Joe Doe')
+        writer = Writer.objects.create(name="Joe Doe")
         form = BookForm()
-        self.assertEqual(list(form.fields['author'].choices), [
-            ('', '---------'),
-            (writer.pk, 'Joe Doe'),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(form.fields["author"].choices),
+            [
+                ("", "---------"),
+                (writer.pk, "Joe Doe"),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_non_blank_foreign_key_with_radio(self):
         class AwardForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Award
-                fields = ['character']
-                widgets = {'character': forms.RadioSelect()}
+                fields = ["character"]
+                widgets = {"character": forms.RadioSelect()}
 
         character = Character.objects.create(
-            username='user',
+            username="user",
             last_action=datetime.datetime.today(),
         )
         form = AwardForm()
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(form.fields['character'].choices),
-            [(character.pk, 'user')],
+            list(form.fields["character"].choices),
+            [(character.pk, "user")],
         )
 
     def test_save_blank_false_with_required_false(self):
@@ -295,20 +353,24 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
         A ModelForm with a model with a field set to blank=False and the form
         field set to required=False should allow the field to be unset.
         """
-        obj = Writer.objects.create(name='test')
-        form = CustomWriterForm(data={'name': ''}, instance=obj)
+        obj = Writer.objects.create(name="test")
+        form = CustomWriterForm(data={"name": ""}, instance=obj)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         obj = form.save()
-        self.assertEqual(obj.name, '')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.name, "")
 
     def test_save_blank_null_unique_charfield_saves_null(self):
-        form_class = modelform_factory(model=NullableUniqueCharFieldModel, fields='__all__')
-        empty_value = '' if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls else None
+        form_class = modelform_factory(
+            model=NullableUniqueCharFieldModel, fields="__all__"
+        )
+        empty_value = (
+            "" if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls else None
+        )
         data = {
-            'codename': '',
-            'email': '',
-            'slug': '',
-            'url': '',
+            "codename": "",
+            "email": "",
+            "slug": "",
+            "url": "",
         }
         form = form_class(data=data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
@@ -334,6 +396,7 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
             "MissingFieldsForm needs updating."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, message):
+
             class MissingFieldsForm(forms.ModelForm):
                 class Meta:
                     model = Category
@@ -342,31 +405,37 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
         class ExtraFields(BaseCategoryForm):
             some_extra_field = forms.BooleanField()
 
-        self.assertEqual(list(ExtraFields.base_fields),
-                         ['name', 'slug', 'url', 'some_extra_field'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(ExtraFields.base_fields), ["name", "slug", "url", "some_extra_field"]
+        )
 
     def test_extra_field_model_form(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, 'no-field'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, "no-field"):
+
             class ExtraPersonForm(forms.ModelForm):
-                """ ModelForm with an extra field """
+                """ModelForm with an extra field"""
+
                 age = forms.IntegerField()
 
                 class Meta:
                     model = Person
-                    fields = ('name', 'no-field')
+                    fields = ("name", "no-field")
 
     def test_extra_declared_field_model_form(self):
         class ExtraPersonForm(forms.ModelForm):
-            """ ModelForm with an extra field """
+            """ModelForm with an extra field"""
+
             age = forms.IntegerField()
 
             class Meta:
                 model = Person
-                fields = ('name', 'age')
+                fields = ("name", "age")
 
     def test_extra_field_modelform_factory(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, 'Unknown field(s) (no-field) specified for Person'):
-            modelform_factory(Person, fields=['no-field', 'name'])
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldError, "Unknown field(s) (no-field) specified for Person"
+        ):
+            modelform_factory(Person, fields=["no-field", "name"])
 
     def test_replace_field(self):
         class ReplaceField(forms.ModelForm):
@@ -374,9 +443,11 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
 
             class Meta:
                 model = Category
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
-        self.assertIsInstance(ReplaceField.base_fields['url'], forms.fields.BooleanField)
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            ReplaceField.base_fields["url"], forms.fields.BooleanField
+        )
 
     def test_replace_field_variant_2(self):
         # Should have the same result as before,
@@ -386,9 +457,11 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
 
             class Meta:
                 model = Category
-                fields = ['url']
+                fields = ["url"]
 
-        self.assertIsInstance(ReplaceField.base_fields['url'], forms.fields.BooleanField)
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            ReplaceField.base_fields["url"], forms.fields.BooleanField
+        )
 
     def test_replace_field_variant_3(self):
         # Should have the same result as before,
@@ -400,7 +473,9 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
                 model = Category
                 fields = []  # url will still appear, since it is explicit above
 
-        self.assertIsInstance(ReplaceField.base_fields['url'], forms.fields.BooleanField)
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            ReplaceField.base_fields["url"], forms.fields.BooleanField
+        )
 
     def test_override_field(self):
         class WriterForm(forms.ModelForm):
@@ -408,50 +483,53 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
 
             class Meta:
                 model = Writer
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
-        wf = WriterForm({'name': 'Richard Lockridge'})
+        wf = WriterForm({"name": "Richard Lockridge"})
         self.assertTrue(wf.is_valid())
 
     def test_limit_nonexistent_field(self):
-        expected_msg = 'Unknown field(s) (nonexistent) specified for Category'
+        expected_msg = "Unknown field(s) (nonexistent) specified for Category"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, expected_msg):
+
             class InvalidCategoryForm(forms.ModelForm):
                 class Meta:
                     model = Category
-                    fields = ['nonexistent']
+                    fields = ["nonexistent"]
 
     def test_limit_fields_with_string(self):
         expected_msg = "CategoryForm.Meta.fields cannot be a string. Did you mean to type: ('url',)?"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, expected_msg):
+
             class CategoryForm(forms.ModelForm):
                 class Meta:
                     model = Category
-                    fields = ('url')  # note the missing comma
+                    fields = "url"  # note the missing comma
 
     def test_exclude_fields(self):
         class ExcludeFields(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Category
-                exclude = ['url']
+                exclude = ["url"]
 
-        self.assertEqual(list(ExcludeFields.base_fields), ['name', 'slug'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(ExcludeFields.base_fields), ["name", "slug"])
 
     def test_exclude_nonexistent_field(self):
         class ExcludeFields(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Category
-                exclude = ['nonexistent']
+                exclude = ["nonexistent"]
 
-        self.assertEqual(list(ExcludeFields.base_fields), ['name', 'slug', 'url'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(ExcludeFields.base_fields), ["name", "slug", "url"])
 
     def test_exclude_fields_with_string(self):
         expected_msg = "CategoryForm.Meta.exclude cannot be a string. Did you mean to type: ('url',)?"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, expected_msg):
+
             class CategoryForm(forms.ModelForm):
                 class Meta:
                     model = Category
-                    exclude = ('url')  # note the missing comma
+                    exclude = "url"  # note the missing comma
 
     def test_exclude_and_validation(self):
         # This Price instance generated by this form is not valid because the quantity
@@ -460,9 +538,9 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
         class PriceFormWithoutQuantity(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Price
-                exclude = ('quantity',)
+                exclude = ("quantity",)
 
-        form = PriceFormWithoutQuantity({'price': '6.00'})
+        form = PriceFormWithoutQuantity({"price": "6.00"})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         price = form.save(commit=False)
         msg = "{'quantity': ['This field cannot be null.']}"
@@ -474,52 +552,71 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
         class PriceFormWithoutQuantity(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Price
-                fields = ('price',)
-        form = PriceFormWithoutQuantity({'price': '6.00'})
+                fields = ("price",)
+
+        form = PriceFormWithoutQuantity({"price": "6.00"})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
 
         # The form should still have an instance of a model that is not complete and
         # not saved into a DB yet.
-        self.assertEqual(form.instance.price, Decimal('6.00'))
+        self.assertEqual(form.instance.price, Decimal("6.00"))
         self.assertIsNone(form.instance.quantity)
         self.assertIsNone(form.instance.pk)
 
     def test_confused_form(self):
         class ConfusedForm(forms.ModelForm):
-            """ Using 'fields' *and* 'exclude'. Not sure why you'd want to do
+            """Using 'fields' *and* 'exclude'. Not sure why you'd want to do
             this, but uh, "be liberal in what you accept" and all.
             """
+
             class Meta:
                 model = Category
-                fields = ['name', 'url']
-                exclude = ['url']
+                fields = ["name", "url"]
+                exclude = ["url"]
 
-        self.assertEqual(list(ConfusedForm.base_fields),
-                         ['name'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(ConfusedForm.base_fields), ["name"])
 
     def test_mixmodel_form(self):
         class MixModelForm(BaseCategoryForm):
-            """ Don't allow more than one 'model' definition in the
+            """Don't allow more than one 'model' definition in the
             inheritance hierarchy.  Technically, it would generate a valid
             form, but the fact that the resulting save method won't deal with
             multiple objects is likely to trip up people not familiar with the
             mechanics.
             """
+
             class Meta:
                 model = Article
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
+
             # MixModelForm is now an Article-related thing, because MixModelForm.Meta
             # overrides BaseCategoryForm.Meta.
 
         self.assertEqual(
             list(MixModelForm.base_fields),
-            ['headline', 'slug', 'pub_date', 'writer', 'article', 'categories', 'status']
+            [
+                "headline",
+                "slug",
+                "pub_date",
+                "writer",
+                "article",
+                "categories",
+                "status",
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_article_form(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             list(ArticleForm.base_fields),
-            ['headline', 'slug', 'pub_date', 'writer', 'article', 'categories', 'status']
+            [
+                "headline",
+                "slug",
+                "pub_date",
+                "writer",
+                "article",
+                "categories",
+                "status",
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_bad_form(self):
@@ -529,7 +626,15 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(
             list(BadForm.base_fields),
-            ['headline', 'slug', 'pub_date', 'writer', 'article', 'categories', 'status']
+            [
+                "headline",
+                "slug",
+                "pub_date",
+                "writer",
+                "article",
+                "categories",
+                "status",
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_invalid_meta_model(self):
@@ -538,7 +643,7 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
                 pass  # no model
 
         # Can't create new form
-        msg = 'ModelForm has no model class specified.'
+        msg = "ModelForm has no model class specified."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             InvalidModelForm()
 
@@ -548,13 +653,14 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
 
     def test_subcategory_form(self):
         class SubCategoryForm(BaseCategoryForm):
-            """ Subclassing without specifying a Meta on the class will use
+            """Subclassing without specifying a Meta on the class will use
             the parent's Meta (or the first parent in the MRO if there are
             multiple parent classes).
             """
+
             pass
 
-        self.assertEqual(list(SubCategoryForm.base_fields), ['name', 'slug', 'url'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(SubCategoryForm.base_fields), ["name", "slug", "url"])
 
     def test_subclassmeta_form(self):
         class SomeCategoryForm(forms.ModelForm):
@@ -562,14 +668,15 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
 
             class Meta:
                 model = Category
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
         class SubclassMeta(SomeCategoryForm):
-            """ We can also subclass the Meta inner class to change the fields
+            """We can also subclass the Meta inner class to change the fields
             list.
             """
+
             class Meta(SomeCategoryForm.Meta):
-                exclude = ['url']
+                exclude = ["url"]
 
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             str(SubclassMeta()),
@@ -578,33 +685,32 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
 <tr><th><label for="id_slug">Slug:</label></th>
 <td><input id="id_slug" type="text" name="slug" maxlength="20" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th><label for="id_checkbox">Checkbox:</label></th>
-<td><input type="checkbox" name="checkbox" id="id_checkbox" required></td></tr>"""
+<td><input type="checkbox" name="checkbox" id="id_checkbox" required></td></tr>""",
         )
 
     def test_orderfields_form(self):
         class OrderFields(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Category
-                fields = ['url', 'name']
+                fields = ["url", "name"]
 
-        self.assertEqual(list(OrderFields.base_fields),
-                         ['url', 'name'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(OrderFields.base_fields), ["url", "name"])
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             str(OrderFields()),
             """<tr><th><label for="id_url">The URL:</label></th>
 <td><input id="id_url" type="text" name="url" maxlength="40" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th><label for="id_name">Name:</label></th>
-<td><input id="id_name" type="text" name="name" maxlength="20" required></td></tr>"""
+<td><input id="id_name" type="text" name="name" maxlength="20" required></td></tr>""",
         )
 
     def test_orderfields2_form(self):
         class OrderFields2(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Category
-                fields = ['slug', 'url', 'name']
-                exclude = ['url']
+                fields = ["slug", "url", "name"]
+                exclude = ["url"]
 
-        self.assertEqual(list(OrderFields2.base_fields), ['slug', 'name'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(OrderFields2.base_fields), ["slug", "name"])
 
     def test_default_populated_on_optional_field(self):
         class PubForm(forms.ModelForm):
@@ -612,20 +718,20 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
 
             class Meta:
                 model = PublicationDefaults
-                fields = ('mode',)
+                fields = ("mode",)
 
         # Empty data uses the model field default.
         mf1 = PubForm({})
         self.assertEqual(mf1.errors, {})
         m1 = mf1.save(commit=False)
-        self.assertEqual(m1.mode, 'di')
-        self.assertEqual(m1._meta.get_field('mode').get_default(), 'di')
+        self.assertEqual(m1.mode, "di")
+        self.assertEqual(m1._meta.get_field("mode").get_default(), "di")
 
         # Blank data doesn't use the model field default.
-        mf2 = PubForm({'mode': ''})
+        mf2 = PubForm({"mode": ""})
         self.assertEqual(mf2.errors, {})
         m2 = mf2.save(commit=False)
-        self.assertEqual(m2.mode, '')
+        self.assertEqual(m2.mode, "")
 
     def test_default_not_populated_on_non_empty_value_in_cleaned_data(self):
         class PubForm(forms.ModelForm):
@@ -633,20 +739,20 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
             mocked_mode = None
 
             def clean(self):
-                self.cleaned_data['mode'] = self.mocked_mode
+                self.cleaned_data["mode"] = self.mocked_mode
                 return self.cleaned_data
 
             class Meta:
                 model = PublicationDefaults
-                fields = ('mode',)
+                fields = ("mode",)
 
         pub_form = PubForm({})
-        pub_form.mocked_mode = 'de'
+        pub_form.mocked_mode = "de"
         pub = pub_form.save(commit=False)
-        self.assertEqual(pub.mode, 'de')
+        self.assertEqual(pub.mode, "de")
         # Default should be populated on an empty value in cleaned_data.
-        default_mode = 'di'
-        for empty_value in pub_form.fields['mode'].empty_values:
+        default_mode = "di"
+        for empty_value in pub_form.fields["mode"].empty_values:
             with self.subTest(empty_value=empty_value):
                 pub_form = PubForm({})
                 pub_form.mocked_mode = empty_value
@@ -657,7 +763,7 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
         class PubForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = PublicationDefaults
-                fields = ('active',)
+                fields = ("active",)
 
         # Empty data doesn't use the model default because CheckboxInput
         # doesn't have a value in HTML form submission.
@@ -665,8 +771,8 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(mf1.errors, {})
         m1 = mf1.save(commit=False)
         self.assertIs(m1.active, False)
-        self.assertIsInstance(mf1.fields['active'].widget, forms.CheckboxInput)
-        self.assertIs(m1._meta.get_field('active').get_default(), True)
+        self.assertIsInstance(mf1.fields["active"].widget, forms.CheckboxInput)
+        self.assertIs(m1._meta.get_field("active").get_default(), True)
 
     def test_default_not_populated_on_checkboxselectmultiple(self):
         class PubForm(forms.ModelForm):
@@ -674,15 +780,15 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
 
             class Meta:
                 model = PublicationDefaults
-                fields = ('mode',)
+                fields = ("mode",)
 
         # Empty data doesn't use the model default because an unchecked
         # CheckboxSelectMultiple doesn't have a value in HTML form submission.
         mf1 = PubForm({})
         self.assertEqual(mf1.errors, {})
         m1 = mf1.save(commit=False)
-        self.assertEqual(m1.mode, '')
-        self.assertEqual(m1._meta.get_field('mode').get_default(), 'di')
+        self.assertEqual(m1.mode, "")
+        self.assertEqual(m1._meta.get_field("mode").get_default(), "di")
 
     def test_default_not_populated_on_selectmultiple(self):
         class PubForm(forms.ModelForm):
@@ -690,28 +796,30 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
 
             class Meta:
                 model = PublicationDefaults
-                fields = ('mode',)
+                fields = ("mode",)
 
         # Empty data doesn't use the model default because an unselected
         # SelectMultiple doesn't have a value in HTML form submission.
         mf1 = PubForm({})
         self.assertEqual(mf1.errors, {})
         m1 = mf1.save(commit=False)
-        self.assertEqual(m1.mode, '')
-        self.assertEqual(m1._meta.get_field('mode').get_default(), 'di')
+        self.assertEqual(m1.mode, "")
+        self.assertEqual(m1._meta.get_field("mode").get_default(), "di")
 
     def test_prefixed_form_with_default_field(self):
         class PubForm(forms.ModelForm):
-            prefix = 'form-prefix'
+            prefix = "form-prefix"
 
             class Meta:
                 model = PublicationDefaults
-                fields = ('mode',)
+                fields = ("mode",)
 
-        mode = 'de'
-        self.assertNotEqual(mode, PublicationDefaults._meta.get_field('mode').get_default())
+        mode = "de"
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            mode, PublicationDefaults._meta.get_field("mode").get_default()
+        )
 
-        mf1 = PubForm({'form-prefix-mode': mode})
+        mf1 = PubForm({"form-prefix-mode": mode})
         self.assertEqual(mf1.errors, {})
         m1 = mf1.save(commit=False)
         self.assertEqual(m1.mode, mode)
@@ -726,14 +834,16 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
 
             class Meta:
                 model = PublicationDefaults
-                fields = ('datetime_published',)
+                fields = ("datetime_published",)
 
         mf1 = PubForm({})
         self.assertEqual(mf1.errors, {})
         m1 = mf1.save(commit=False)
         self.assertEqual(m1.datetime_published, datetime.datetime(2000, 1, 1))
 
-        mf2 = PubForm({'datetime_published_0': '2010-01-01', 'datetime_published_1': '0:00:00'})
+        mf2 = PubForm(
+            {"datetime_published_0": "2010-01-01", "datetime_published_1": "0:00:00"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(mf2.errors, {})
         m2 = mf2.save(commit=False)
         self.assertEqual(m2.datetime_published, datetime.datetime(2010, 1, 1))
@@ -742,32 +852,40 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
         class PubForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = PublicationDefaults
-                fields = ('file',)
+                fields = ("file",)
 
         mf1 = PubForm({})
         self.assertEqual(mf1.errors, {})
         m1 = mf1.save(commit=False)
-        self.assertEqual(m1.file.name, 'default.txt')
+        self.assertEqual(m1.file.name, "default.txt")
 
-        mf2 = PubForm({}, {'file': SimpleUploadedFile('name', b'foo')})
+        mf2 = PubForm({}, {"file": SimpleUploadedFile("name", b"foo")})
         self.assertEqual(mf2.errors, {})
         m2 = mf2.save(commit=False)
-        self.assertEqual(m2.file.name, 'name')
+        self.assertEqual(m2.file.name, "name")
 
     def test_default_selectdatewidget(self):
         class PubForm(forms.ModelForm):
-            date_published = forms.DateField(required=False, widget=forms.SelectDateWidget)
+            date_published = forms.DateField(
+                required=False, widget=forms.SelectDateWidget
+            )
 
             class Meta:
                 model = PublicationDefaults
-                fields = ('date_published',)
+                fields = ("date_published",)
 
         mf1 = PubForm({})
         self.assertEqual(mf1.errors, {})
         m1 = mf1.save(commit=False)
         self.assertEqual(m1.date_published, datetime.date.today())
 
-        mf2 = PubForm({'date_published_year': '2010', 'date_published_month': '1', 'date_published_day': '1'})
+        mf2 = PubForm(
+            {
+                "date_published_year": "2010",
+                "date_published_month": "1",
+                "date_published_day": "1",
+            }
+        )
         self.assertEqual(mf2.errors, {})
         m2 = mf2.save(commit=False)
         self.assertEqual(m2.date_published, datetime.date(2010, 1, 1))
@@ -776,27 +894,27 @@ class ModelFormBaseTest(TestCase):
 class FieldOverridesByFormMetaForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = Category
-        fields = ['name', 'url', 'slug']
+        fields = ["name", "url", "slug"]
         widgets = {
-            'name': forms.Textarea,
-            'url': forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'url'})
+            "name": forms.Textarea,
+            "url": forms.TextInput(attrs={"class": "url"}),
         }
         labels = {
-            'name': 'Title',
+            "name": "Title",
         }
         help_texts = {
-            'slug': 'Watch out! Letters, numbers, underscores and hyphens only.',
+            "slug": "Watch out! Letters, numbers, underscores and hyphens only.",
         }
         error_messages = {
-            'slug': {
-                'invalid': (
+            "slug": {
+                "invalid": (
                     "Didn't you read the help text? "
                     "We said letters, numbers, underscores and hyphens only!"
                 )
             }
         }
         field_classes = {
-            'url': forms.URLField,
+            "url": forms.URLField,
         }
 
 
@@ -804,70 +922,72 @@ class TestFieldOverridesByFormMeta(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_widget_overrides(self):
         form = FieldOverridesByFormMetaForm()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(form['name']),
+            str(form["name"]),
             '<textarea id="id_name" rows="10" cols="40" name="name" maxlength="20" required></textarea>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(form['url']),
+            str(form["url"]),
             '<input id="id_url" type="text" class="url" name="url" maxlength="40" required>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(form['slug']),
+            str(form["slug"]),
             '<input id="id_slug" type="text" name="slug" maxlength="20" required>',
         )
 
     def test_label_overrides(self):
         form = FieldOverridesByFormMetaForm()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(form['name'].label_tag()),
+            str(form["name"].label_tag()),
             '<label for="id_name">Title:</label>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(form['url'].label_tag()),
+            str(form["url"].label_tag()),
             '<label for="id_url">The URL:</label>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(form['slug'].label_tag()),
+            str(form["slug"].label_tag()),
             '<label for="id_slug">Slug:</label>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            form['name'].legend_tag(),
+            form["name"].legend_tag(),
             '<legend for="id_name">Title:</legend>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            form['url'].legend_tag(),
+            form["url"].legend_tag(),
             '<legend for="id_url">The URL:</legend>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            form['slug'].legend_tag(),
+            form["slug"].legend_tag(),
             '<legend for="id_slug">Slug:</legend>',
         )
 
     def test_help_text_overrides(self):
         form = FieldOverridesByFormMetaForm()
         self.assertEqual(
-            form['slug'].help_text,
-            'Watch out! Letters, numbers, underscores and hyphens only.',
+            form["slug"].help_text,
+            "Watch out! Letters, numbers, underscores and hyphens only.",
         )
 
     def test_error_messages_overrides(self):
-        form = FieldOverridesByFormMetaForm(data={
-            'name': 'Category',
-            'url': 'http://www.example.com/category/',
-            'slug': '!%#*@',
-        })
+        form = FieldOverridesByFormMetaForm(
+            data={
+                "name": "Category",
+                "url": "http://www.example.com/category/",
+                "slug": "!%#*@",
+            }
+        )
         form.full_clean()
 
         error = [
             "Didn't you read the help text? "
             "We said letters, numbers, underscores and hyphens only!",
         ]
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {'slug': error})
+        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {"slug": error})
 
     def test_field_type_overrides(self):
         form = FieldOverridesByFormMetaForm()
-        self.assertIs(Category._meta.get_field('url').__class__, models.CharField)
-        self.assertIsInstance(form.fields['url'], forms.URLField)
+        self.assertIs(Category._meta.get_field("url").__class__, models.CharField)
+        self.assertIsInstance(form.fields["url"], forms.URLField)
 
 
 class IncompleteCategoryFormWithFields(forms.ModelForm):
@@ -875,10 +995,11 @@ class IncompleteCategoryFormWithFields(forms.ModelForm):
     A form that replaces the model's url field with a custom one. This should
     prevent the model field's validation from being called.
     """
+
     url = forms.CharField(required=False)
 
     class Meta:
-        fields = ('name', 'slug')
+        fields = ("name", "slug")
         model = Category
 
 
@@ -887,20 +1008,25 @@ class IncompleteCategoryFormWithExclude(forms.ModelForm):
     A form that replaces the model's url field with a custom one. This should
     prevent the model field's validation from being called.
     """
+
     url = forms.CharField(required=False)
 
     class Meta:
-        exclude = ['url']
+        exclude = ["url"]
         model = Category
 
 
 class ValidationTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_validates_with_replaced_field_not_specified(self):
-        form = IncompleteCategoryFormWithFields(data={'name': 'some name', 'slug': 'some-slug'})
+        form = IncompleteCategoryFormWithFields(
+            data={"name": "some name", "slug": "some-slug"}
+        )
         self.assertIs(form.is_valid(), True)
 
     def test_validates_with_replaced_field_excluded(self):
-        form = IncompleteCategoryFormWithExclude(data={'name': 'some name', 'slug': 'some-slug'})
+        form = IncompleteCategoryFormWithExclude(
+            data={"name": "some name", "slug": "some-slug"}
+        )
         self.assertIs(form.is_valid(), True)
 
     def test_notrequired_overrides_notblank(self):
@@ -912,29 +1038,35 @@ class UniqueTest(TestCase):
     """
     unique/unique_together validation.
     """
+
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.writer = Writer.objects.create(name='Mike Royko')
+        cls.writer = Writer.objects.create(name="Mike Royko")
 
     def test_simple_unique(self):
-        form = ProductForm({'slug': 'teddy-bear-blue'})
+        form = ProductForm({"slug": "teddy-bear-blue"})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         obj = form.save()
-        form = ProductForm({'slug': 'teddy-bear-blue'})
+        form = ProductForm({"slug": "teddy-bear-blue"})
         self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors['slug'], ['Product with this Slug already exists.'])
-        form = ProductForm({'slug': 'teddy-bear-blue'}, instance=obj)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.errors["slug"], ["Product with this Slug already exists."]
+        )
+        form = ProductForm({"slug": "teddy-bear-blue"}, instance=obj)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
 
     def test_unique_together(self):
         """ModelForm test of unique_together constraint"""
-        form = PriceForm({'price': '6.00', 'quantity': '1'})
+        form = PriceForm({"price": "6.00", "quantity": "1"})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         form.save()
-        form = PriceForm({'price': '6.00', 'quantity': '1'})
+        form = PriceForm({"price": "6.00", "quantity": "1"})
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors['__all__'], ['Price with this Price and Quantity already exists.'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.errors["__all__"],
+            ["Price with this Price and Quantity already exists."],
+        )
 
     def test_unique_together_exclusion(self):
         """
@@ -943,16 +1075,17 @@ class UniqueTest(TestCase):
         form.save(commit=False) and then assigning the missing field(s) to the
         model instance.
         """
+
         class BookForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = DerivedBook
-                fields = ('isbn', 'suffix1')
+                fields = ("isbn", "suffix1")
 
         # The unique_together is on suffix1/suffix2 but only suffix1 is part
         # of the form. The fields must have defaults, otherwise they'll be
         # skipped by other logic.
-        self.assertEqual(DerivedBook._meta.unique_together, (('suffix1', 'suffix2'),))
-        for name in ('suffix1', 'suffix2'):
+        self.assertEqual(DerivedBook._meta.unique_together, (("suffix1", "suffix2"),))
+        for name in ("suffix1", "suffix2"):
             with self.subTest(name=name):
                 field = DerivedBook._meta.get_field(name)
                 self.assertEqual(field.default, 0)
@@ -960,8 +1093,8 @@ class UniqueTest(TestCase):
         # The form fails validation with "Derived book with this Suffix1 and
         # Suffix2 already exists." if the unique_together validation isn't
         # skipped.
-        DerivedBook.objects.create(isbn='12345')
-        form = BookForm({'isbn': '56789', 'suffix1': '0'})
+        DerivedBook.objects.create(isbn="12345")
+        form = BookForm({"isbn": "56789", "suffix1": "0"})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid(), form.errors)
 
     def test_multiple_field_unique_together(self):
@@ -971,131 +1104,176 @@ class UniqueTest(TestCase):
         before doing all the validation checking (not just failing after
         the first one).
         """
+
         class TripleForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Triple
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
         Triple.objects.create(left=1, middle=2, right=3)
 
-        form = TripleForm({'left': '1', 'middle': '2', 'right': '3'})
+        form = TripleForm({"left": "1", "middle": "2", "right": "3"})
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
 
-        form = TripleForm({'left': '1', 'middle': '3', 'right': '1'})
+        form = TripleForm({"left": "1", "middle": "3", "right": "1"})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_nullable_unique_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_nullable_unique_constraints")
     def test_unique_null(self):
-        title = 'I May Be Wrong But I Doubt It'
-        form = BookForm({'title': title, 'author': self.writer.pk})
+        title = "I May Be Wrong But I Doubt It"
+        form = BookForm({"title": title, "author": self.writer.pk})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         form.save()
-        form = BookForm({'title': title, 'author': self.writer.pk})
-        self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors['__all__'], ['Book with this Title and Author already exists.'])
-        form = BookForm({'title': title})
-        self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        form.save()
-        form = BookForm({'title': title})
-        self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-
-    def test_inherited_unique(self):
-        title = 'Boss'
-        Book.objects.create(title=title, author=self.writer, special_id=1)
-        form = DerivedBookForm({'title': 'Other', 'author': self.writer.pk, 'special_id': '1', 'isbn': '12345'})
-        self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors['special_id'], ['Book with this Special id already exists.'])
-
-    def test_inherited_unique_together(self):
-        title = 'Boss'
-        form = BookForm({'title': title, 'author': self.writer.pk})
-        self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        form.save()
-        form = DerivedBookForm({'title': title, 'author': self.writer.pk, 'isbn': '12345'})
-        self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors['__all__'], ['Book with this Title and Author already exists.'])
-
-    def test_abstract_inherited_unique(self):
-        title = 'Boss'
-        isbn = '12345'
-        DerivedBook.objects.create(title=title, author=self.writer, isbn=isbn)
-        form = DerivedBookForm({
-            'title': 'Other', 'author': self.writer.pk, 'isbn': isbn,
-            'suffix1': '1', 'suffix2': '2',
-        })
-        self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors['isbn'], ['Derived book with this Isbn already exists.'])
-
-    def test_abstract_inherited_unique_together(self):
-        title = 'Boss'
-        isbn = '12345'
-        DerivedBook.objects.create(title=title, author=self.writer, isbn=isbn)
-        form = DerivedBookForm({
-            'title': 'Other',
-            'author': self.writer.pk,
-            'isbn': '9876',
-            'suffix1': '0',
-            'suffix2': '0'
-        })
+        form = BookForm({"title": title, "author": self.writer.pk})
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
         self.assertEqual(
-            form.errors['__all__'],
-            ['Derived book with this Suffix1 and Suffix2 already exists.'],
+            form.errors["__all__"], ["Book with this Title and Author already exists."]
+        )
+        form = BookForm({"title": title})
+        self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
+        form.save()
+        form = BookForm({"title": title})
+        self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
+
+    def test_inherited_unique(self):
+        title = "Boss"
+        Book.objects.create(title=title, author=self.writer, special_id=1)
+        form = DerivedBookForm(
+            {
+                "title": "Other",
+                "author": self.writer.pk,
+                "special_id": "1",
+                "isbn": "12345",
+            }
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
+        self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.errors["special_id"], ["Book with this Special id already exists."]
+        )
+
+    def test_inherited_unique_together(self):
+        title = "Boss"
+        form = BookForm({"title": title, "author": self.writer.pk})
+        self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
+        form.save()
+        form = DerivedBookForm(
+            {"title": title, "author": self.writer.pk, "isbn": "12345"}
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
+        self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.errors["__all__"], ["Book with this Title and Author already exists."]
+        )
+
+    def test_abstract_inherited_unique(self):
+        title = "Boss"
+        isbn = "12345"
+        DerivedBook.objects.create(title=title, author=self.writer, isbn=isbn)
+        form = DerivedBookForm(
+            {
+                "title": "Other",
+                "author": self.writer.pk,
+                "isbn": isbn,
+                "suffix1": "1",
+                "suffix2": "2",
+            }
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
+        self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.errors["isbn"], ["Derived book with this Isbn already exists."]
+        )
+
+    def test_abstract_inherited_unique_together(self):
+        title = "Boss"
+        isbn = "12345"
+        DerivedBook.objects.create(title=title, author=self.writer, isbn=isbn)
+        form = DerivedBookForm(
+            {
+                "title": "Other",
+                "author": self.writer.pk,
+                "isbn": "9876",
+                "suffix1": "0",
+                "suffix2": "0",
+            }
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
+        self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.errors["__all__"],
+            ["Derived book with this Suffix1 and Suffix2 already exists."],
         )
 
     def test_explicitpk_unspecified(self):
         """Test for primary_key being in the form and failing validation."""
-        form = ExplicitPKForm({'key': '', 'desc': ''})
+        form = ExplicitPKForm({"key": "", "desc": ""})
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
 
     def test_explicitpk_unique(self):
         """Ensure keys and blank character strings are tested for uniqueness."""
-        form = ExplicitPKForm({'key': 'key1', 'desc': ''})
+        form = ExplicitPKForm({"key": "key1", "desc": ""})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         form.save()
-        form = ExplicitPKForm({'key': 'key1', 'desc': ''})
+        form = ExplicitPKForm({"key": "key1", "desc": ""})
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
         if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls:
             self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
-            self.assertEqual(form.errors['key'], ['Explicit pk with this Key already exists.'])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                form.errors["key"], ["Explicit pk with this Key already exists."]
+            )
         else:
             self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 3)
-            self.assertEqual(form.errors['__all__'], ['Explicit pk with this Key and Desc already exists.'])
-            self.assertEqual(form.errors['desc'], ['Explicit pk with this Desc already exists.'])
-            self.assertEqual(form.errors['key'], ['Explicit pk with this Key already exists.'])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                form.errors["__all__"],
+                ["Explicit pk with this Key and Desc already exists."],
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                form.errors["desc"], ["Explicit pk with this Desc already exists."]
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                form.errors["key"], ["Explicit pk with this Key already exists."]
+            )
 
     def test_unique_for_date(self):
         p = Post.objects.create(
-            title="Django 1.0 is released", slug="Django 1.0",
-            subtitle="Finally", posted=datetime.date(2008, 9, 3),
+            title="Django 1.0 is released",
+            slug="Django 1.0",
+            subtitle="Finally",
+            posted=datetime.date(2008, 9, 3),
         )
-        form = PostForm({'title': "Django 1.0 is released", 'posted': '2008-09-03'})
+        form = PostForm({"title": "Django 1.0 is released", "posted": "2008-09-03"})
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors['title'], ['Title must be unique for Posted date.'])
-        form = PostForm({'title': "Work on Django 1.1 begins", 'posted': '2008-09-03'})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.errors["title"], ["Title must be unique for Posted date."]
+        )
+        form = PostForm({"title": "Work on Django 1.1 begins", "posted": "2008-09-03"})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        form = PostForm({'title': "Django 1.0 is released", 'posted': '2008-09-04'})
+        form = PostForm({"title": "Django 1.0 is released", "posted": "2008-09-04"})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        form = PostForm({'slug': "Django 1.0", 'posted': '2008-01-01'})
+        form = PostForm({"slug": "Django 1.0", "posted": "2008-01-01"})
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors['slug'], ['Slug must be unique for Posted year.'])
-        form = PostForm({'subtitle': "Finally", 'posted': '2008-09-30'})
+        self.assertEqual(form.errors["slug"], ["Slug must be unique for Posted year."])
+        form = PostForm({"subtitle": "Finally", "posted": "2008-09-30"})
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors['subtitle'], ['Subtitle must be unique for Posted month.'])
-        data = {'subtitle': "Finally", "title": "Django 1.0 is released", "slug": "Django 1.0", 'posted': '2008-09-03'}
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.errors["subtitle"], ["Subtitle must be unique for Posted month."]
+        )
+        data = {
+            "subtitle": "Finally",
+            "title": "Django 1.0 is released",
+            "slug": "Django 1.0",
+            "posted": "2008-09-03",
+        }
         form = PostForm(data, instance=p)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        form = PostForm({'title': "Django 1.0 is released"})
+        form = PostForm({"title": "Django 1.0 is released"})
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors['posted'], ['This field is required.'])
+        self.assertEqual(form.errors["posted"], ["This field is required."])
 
     def test_unique_for_date_in_exclude(self):
         """
@@ -1103,46 +1281,68 @@ class UniqueTest(TestCase):
         ModelForm (in this case 'posted' has editable=False, then the
         constraint should be ignored.
         """
+
         class DateTimePostForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = DateTimePost
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
         DateTimePost.objects.create(
-            title="Django 1.0 is released", slug="Django 1.0",
-            subtitle="Finally", posted=datetime.datetime(2008, 9, 3, 10, 10, 1),
+            title="Django 1.0 is released",
+            slug="Django 1.0",
+            subtitle="Finally",
+            posted=datetime.datetime(2008, 9, 3, 10, 10, 1),
         )
         # 'title' has unique_for_date='posted'
-        form = DateTimePostForm({'title': "Django 1.0 is released", 'posted': '2008-09-03'})
+        form = DateTimePostForm(
+            {"title": "Django 1.0 is released", "posted": "2008-09-03"}
+        )
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         # 'slug' has unique_for_year='posted'
-        form = DateTimePostForm({'slug': "Django 1.0", 'posted': '2008-01-01'})
+        form = DateTimePostForm({"slug": "Django 1.0", "posted": "2008-01-01"})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         # 'subtitle' has unique_for_month='posted'
-        form = DateTimePostForm({'subtitle': "Finally", 'posted': '2008-09-30'})
+        form = DateTimePostForm({"subtitle": "Finally", "posted": "2008-09-30"})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
 
     def test_inherited_unique_for_date(self):
         p = Post.objects.create(
-            title="Django 1.0 is released", slug="Django 1.0",
-            subtitle="Finally", posted=datetime.date(2008, 9, 3),
+            title="Django 1.0 is released",
+            slug="Django 1.0",
+            subtitle="Finally",
+            posted=datetime.date(2008, 9, 3),
+        )
+        form = DerivedPostForm(
+            {"title": "Django 1.0 is released", "posted": "2008-09-03"}
         )
-        form = DerivedPostForm({'title': "Django 1.0 is released", 'posted': '2008-09-03'})
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors['title'], ['Title must be unique for Posted date.'])
-        form = DerivedPostForm({'title': "Work on Django 1.1 begins", 'posted': '2008-09-03'})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.errors["title"], ["Title must be unique for Posted date."]
+        )
+        form = DerivedPostForm(
+            {"title": "Work on Django 1.1 begins", "posted": "2008-09-03"}
+        )
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        form = DerivedPostForm({'title': "Django 1.0 is released", 'posted': '2008-09-04'})
+        form = DerivedPostForm(
+            {"title": "Django 1.0 is released", "posted": "2008-09-04"}
+        )
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        form = DerivedPostForm({'slug': "Django 1.0", 'posted': '2008-01-01'})
+        form = DerivedPostForm({"slug": "Django 1.0", "posted": "2008-01-01"})
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors['slug'], ['Slug must be unique for Posted year.'])
-        form = DerivedPostForm({'subtitle': "Finally", 'posted': '2008-09-30'})
+        self.assertEqual(form.errors["slug"], ["Slug must be unique for Posted year."])
+        form = DerivedPostForm({"subtitle": "Finally", "posted": "2008-09-30"})
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors['subtitle'], ['Subtitle must be unique for Posted month.'])
-        data = {'subtitle': "Finally", "title": "Django 1.0 is released", "slug": "Django 1.0", 'posted': '2008-09-03'}
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.errors["subtitle"], ["Subtitle must be unique for Posted month."]
+        )
+        data = {
+            "subtitle": "Finally",
+            "title": "Django 1.0 is released",
+            "slug": "Django 1.0",
+            "posted": "2008-09-03",
+        }
         form = DerivedPostForm(data, instance=p)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
 
@@ -1150,20 +1350,26 @@ class UniqueTest(TestCase):
         class FlexDatePostForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = FlexibleDatePost
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
         p = FlexibleDatePost.objects.create(
-            title="Django 1.0 is released", slug="Django 1.0",
-            subtitle="Finally", posted=datetime.date(2008, 9, 3),
+            title="Django 1.0 is released",
+            slug="Django 1.0",
+            subtitle="Finally",
+            posted=datetime.date(2008, 9, 3),
         )
 
-        form = FlexDatePostForm({'title': "Django 1.0 is released"})
+        form = FlexDatePostForm({"title": "Django 1.0 is released"})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        form = FlexDatePostForm({'slug': "Django 1.0"})
+        form = FlexDatePostForm({"slug": "Django 1.0"})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        form = FlexDatePostForm({'subtitle': "Finally"})
+        form = FlexDatePostForm({"subtitle": "Finally"})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        data = {'subtitle': "Finally", "title": "Django 1.0 is released", "slug": "Django 1.0"}
+        data = {
+            "subtitle": "Finally",
+            "title": "Django 1.0 is released",
+            "slug": "Django 1.0",
+        }
         form = FlexDatePostForm(data, instance=p)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
 
@@ -1171,36 +1377,38 @@ class UniqueTest(TestCase):
         class CustomProductForm(ProductForm):
             class Meta(ProductForm.Meta):
                 error_messages = {
-                    'slug': {
-                        'unique': "%(model_name)s's %(field_label)s not unique.",
+                    "slug": {
+                        "unique": "%(model_name)s's %(field_label)s not unique.",
                     }
                 }
 
-        Product.objects.create(slug='teddy-bear-blue')
-        form = CustomProductForm({'slug': 'teddy-bear-blue'})
+        Product.objects.create(slug="teddy-bear-blue")
+        form = CustomProductForm({"slug": "teddy-bear-blue"})
         self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors['slug'], ["Product's Slug not unique."])
+        self.assertEqual(form.errors["slug"], ["Product's Slug not unique."])
 
     def test_override_unique_together_message(self):
         class CustomPriceForm(PriceForm):
             class Meta(PriceForm.Meta):
                 error_messages = {
                     NON_FIELD_ERRORS: {
-                        'unique_together': "%(model_name)s's %(field_labels)s not unique.",
+                        "unique_together": "%(model_name)s's %(field_labels)s not unique.",
                     }
                 }
 
         Price.objects.create(price=6.00, quantity=1)
-        form = CustomPriceForm({'price': '6.00', 'quantity': '1'})
+        form = CustomPriceForm({"price": "6.00", "quantity": "1"})
         self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors[NON_FIELD_ERRORS], ["Price's Price and Quantity not unique."])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.errors[NON_FIELD_ERRORS], ["Price's Price and Quantity not unique."]
+        )
 
     def test_override_unique_for_date_message(self):
         class CustomPostForm(PostForm):
             class Meta(PostForm.Meta):
                 error_messages = {
-                    'title': {
-                        'unique_for_date': (
+                    "title": {
+                        "unique_for_date": (
                             "%(model_name)s's %(field_label)s not unique "
                             "for %(date_field_label)s date."
                         ),
@@ -1208,21 +1416,33 @@ class UniqueTest(TestCase):
                 }
 
         Post.objects.create(
-            title="Django 1.0 is released", slug="Django 1.0",
-            subtitle="Finally", posted=datetime.date(2008, 9, 3),
+            title="Django 1.0 is released",
+            slug="Django 1.0",
+            subtitle="Finally",
+            posted=datetime.date(2008, 9, 3),
+        )
+        form = CustomPostForm(
+            {"title": "Django 1.0 is released", "posted": "2008-09-03"}
         )
-        form = CustomPostForm({'title': "Django 1.0 is released", 'posted': '2008-09-03'})
         self.assertEqual(len(form.errors), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors['title'], ["Post's Title not unique for Posted date."])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.errors["title"], ["Post's Title not unique for Posted date."]
+        )
 
 
 class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
     def create_basic_data(self):
-        self.c1 = Category.objects.create(name='Entertainment', slug='entertainment', url='entertainment')
-        self.c2 = Category.objects.create(name="It's a test", slug='its-test', url='test')
-        self.c3 = Category.objects.create(name='Third test', slug='third-test', url='third')
-        self.w_royko = Writer.objects.create(name='Mike Royko')
-        self.w_woodward = Writer.objects.create(name='Bob Woodward')
+        self.c1 = Category.objects.create(
+            name="Entertainment", slug="entertainment", url="entertainment"
+        )
+        self.c2 = Category.objects.create(
+            name="It's a test", slug="its-test", url="test"
+        )
+        self.c3 = Category.objects.create(
+            name="Third test", slug="third-test", url="third"
+        )
+        self.w_royko = Writer.objects.create(name="Mike Royko")
+        self.w_woodward = Writer.objects.create(name="Bob Woodward")
 
     def test_base_form(self):
         self.assertEqual(Category.objects.count(), 0)
@@ -1234,17 +1454,18 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
 <tr><th><label for="id_slug">Slug:</label></th>
 <td><input id="id_slug" type="text" name="slug" maxlength="20" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th><label for="id_url">The URL:</label></th>
-<td><input id="id_url" type="text" name="url" maxlength="40" required></td></tr>"""
+<td><input id="id_url" type="text" name="url" maxlength="40" required></td></tr>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             str(f.as_ul()),
             """<li><label for="id_name">Name:</label> <input id="id_name" type="text" name="name" maxlength="20" required></li>
 <li><label for="id_slug">Slug:</label> <input id="id_slug" type="text" name="slug" maxlength="20" required></li>
-<li><label for="id_url">The URL:</label> <input id="id_url" type="text" name="url" maxlength="40" required></li>"""
+<li><label for="id_url">The URL:</label> <input id="id_url" type="text" name="url" maxlength="40" required></li>""",
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             str(f["name"]),
-            """<input id="id_name" type="text" name="name" maxlength="20" required>""")
+            """<input id="id_name" type="text" name="name" maxlength="20" required>""",
+        )
 
     def test_auto_id(self):
         f = BaseCategoryForm(auto_id=False)
@@ -1252,7 +1473,7 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
             str(f.as_ul()),
             """<li>Name: <input type="text" name="name" maxlength="20" required></li>
 <li>Slug: <input type="text" name="slug" maxlength="20" required></li>
-<li>The URL: <input type="text" name="url" maxlength="40" required></li>"""
+<li>The URL: <input type="text" name="url" maxlength="40" required></li>""",
         )
 
     def test_initial_values(self):
@@ -1261,12 +1482,13 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
         f = ArticleForm(
             auto_id=False,
             initial={
-                'headline': 'Your headline here',
-                'categories': [str(self.c1.id), str(self.c2.id)]
-            })
+                "headline": "Your headline here",
+                "categories": [str(self.c1.id), str(self.c2.id)],
+            },
+        )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_ul(),
-            '''<li>Headline: <input type="text" name="headline" value="Your headline here" maxlength="50" required></li>
+            """<li>Headline: <input type="text" name="headline" value="Your headline here" maxlength="50" required></li>
 <li>Slug: <input type="text" name="slug" maxlength="50" required></li>
 <li>Pub date: <input type="text" name="pub_date" required></li>
 <li>Writer: <select name="writer" required>
@@ -1285,30 +1507,32 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
 <option value="1">Draft</option>
 <option value="2">Pending</option>
 <option value="3">Live</option>
-</select></li>''' % (self.w_woodward.pk, self.w_royko.pk, self.c1.pk, self.c2.pk, self.c3.pk))
+</select></li>"""
+            % (self.w_woodward.pk, self.w_royko.pk, self.c1.pk, self.c2.pk, self.c3.pk),
+        )
 
         # When the ModelForm is passed an instance, that instance's current values are
         # inserted as 'initial' data in each Field.
         f = RoykoForm(auto_id=False, instance=self.w_royko)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             str(f),
-            '''<tr><th>Name:</th><td><input type="text" name="name" value="Mike Royko" maxlength="50" required><br>
-            <span class="helptext">Use both first and last names.</span></td></tr>'''
+            """<tr><th>Name:</th><td><input type="text" name="name" value="Mike Royko" maxlength="50" required><br>
+            <span class="helptext">Use both first and last names.</span></td></tr>""",
         )
 
         art = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Test article',
-            slug='test-article',
+            headline="Test article",
+            slug="test-article",
             pub_date=datetime.date(1988, 1, 4),
             writer=self.w_royko,
-            article='Hello.'
+            article="Hello.",
         )
         art_id_1 = art.id
 
         f = ArticleForm(auto_id=False, instance=art)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_ul(),
-            '''<li>Headline: <input type="text" name="headline" value="Test article" maxlength="50" required></li>
+            """<li>Headline: <input type="text" name="headline" value="Test article" maxlength="50" required></li>
 <li>Slug: <input type="text" name="slug" value="test-article" maxlength="50" required></li>
 <li>Pub date: <input type="text" name="pub_date" value="1988-01-04" required></li>
 <li>Writer: <select name="writer" required>
@@ -1327,21 +1551,26 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
 <option value="1">Draft</option>
 <option value="2">Pending</option>
 <option value="3">Live</option>
-</select></li>''' % (self.w_woodward.pk, self.w_royko.pk, self.c1.pk, self.c2.pk, self.c3.pk))
+</select></li>"""
+            % (self.w_woodward.pk, self.w_royko.pk, self.c1.pk, self.c2.pk, self.c3.pk),
+        )
 
-        f = ArticleForm({
-            'headline': 'Test headline',
-            'slug': 'test-headline',
-            'pub_date': '1984-02-06',
-            'writer': str(self.w_royko.pk),
-            'article': 'Hello.'
-        }, instance=art)
+        f = ArticleForm(
+            {
+                "headline": "Test headline",
+                "slug": "test-headline",
+                "pub_date": "1984-02-06",
+                "writer": str(self.w_royko.pk),
+                "article": "Hello.",
+            },
+            instance=art,
+        )
         self.assertEqual(f.errors, {})
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
         test_art = f.save()
         self.assertEqual(test_art.id, art_id_1)
         test_art = Article.objects.get(id=art_id_1)
-        self.assertEqual(test_art.headline, 'Test headline')
+        self.assertEqual(test_art.headline, "Test headline")
 
     def test_m2m_initial_callable(self):
         """
@@ -1352,14 +1581,14 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
 
         # Set up a callable initial value
         def formfield_for_dbfield(db_field, **kwargs):
-            if db_field.name == 'categories':
-                kwargs['initial'] = lambda: Category.objects.all().order_by('name')[:2]
+            if db_field.name == "categories":
+                kwargs["initial"] = lambda: Category.objects.all().order_by("name")[:2]
             return db_field.formfield(**kwargs)
 
         # Create a ModelForm, instantiate it, and check that the output is as expected
         ModelForm = modelform_factory(
             Article,
-            fields=['headline', 'categories'],
+            fields=["headline", "categories"],
             formfield_callback=formfield_for_dbfield,
         )
         form = ModelForm()
@@ -1373,19 +1602,22 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
 <option value="%d" selected>It&#x27;s a test</option>
 <option value="%d">Third test</option>
 </select></li>"""
-            % (self.c1.pk, self.c2.pk, self.c3.pk))
+            % (self.c1.pk, self.c2.pk, self.c3.pk),
+        )
 
     def test_basic_creation(self):
         self.assertEqual(Category.objects.count(), 0)
-        f = BaseCategoryForm({
-            'name': 'Entertainment',
-            'slug': 'entertainment',
-            'url': 'entertainment',
-        })
+        f = BaseCategoryForm(
+            {
+                "name": "Entertainment",
+                "slug": "entertainment",
+                "url": "entertainment",
+            }
+        )
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['name'], 'Entertainment')
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['slug'], 'entertainment')
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['url'], 'entertainment')
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["name"], "Entertainment")
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["slug"], "entertainment")
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["url"], "entertainment")
         c1 = f.save()
         # Testing whether the same object is returned from the
         # ORM... not the fastest way...
@@ -1398,7 +1630,9 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
         # If you call save() with commit=False, then it will return an object that
         # hasn't yet been saved to the database. In this case, it's up to you to call
         # save() on the resulting model instance.
-        f = BaseCategoryForm({'name': 'Third test', 'slug': 'third-test', 'url': 'third'})
+        f = BaseCategoryForm(
+            {"name": "Third test", "slug": "third-test", "url": "third"}
+        )
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
         c1 = f.save(commit=False)
         self.assertEqual(c1.name, "Third test")
@@ -1408,17 +1642,19 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_save_with_data_errors(self):
         # If you call save() with invalid data, you'll get a ValueError.
-        f = BaseCategoryForm({'name': '', 'slug': 'not a slug!', 'url': 'foo'})
-        self.assertEqual(f.errors['name'], ['This field is required.'])
+        f = BaseCategoryForm({"name": "", "slug": "not a slug!", "url": "foo"})
+        self.assertEqual(f.errors["name"], ["This field is required."])
         self.assertEqual(
-            f.errors['slug'],
-            ['Enter a valid “slug” consisting of letters, numbers, underscores or hyphens.']
+            f.errors["slug"],
+            [
+                "Enter a valid “slug” consisting of letters, numbers, underscores or hyphens."
+            ],
         )
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data, {'url': 'foo'})
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data, {"url": "foo"})
         msg = "The Category could not be created because the data didn't validate."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             f.save()
-        f = BaseCategoryForm({'name': '', 'slug': '', 'url': 'foo'})
+        f = BaseCategoryForm({"name": "", "slug": "", "url": "foo"})
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             f.save()
 
@@ -1430,7 +1666,7 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
         f = ArticleForm(auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             str(f),
-            '''<tr><th>Headline:</th><td><input type="text" name="headline" maxlength="50" required></td></tr>
+            """<tr><th>Headline:</th><td><input type="text" name="headline" maxlength="50" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Slug:</th><td><input type="text" name="slug" maxlength="50" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Pub date:</th><td><input type="text" name="pub_date" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th>Writer:</th><td><select name="writer" required>
@@ -1449,18 +1685,24 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
 <option value="1">Draft</option>
 <option value="2">Pending</option>
 <option value="3">Live</option>
-</select></td></tr>''' % (self.w_woodward.pk, self.w_royko.pk, self.c1.pk, self.c2.pk, self.c3.pk))
+</select></td></tr>"""
+            % (self.w_woodward.pk, self.w_royko.pk, self.c1.pk, self.c2.pk, self.c3.pk),
+        )
 
         # Add some categories and test the many-to-many form output.
         new_art = Article.objects.create(
-            article="Hello.", headline="New headline", slug="new-headline",
-            pub_date=datetime.date(1988, 1, 4), writer=self.w_royko)
-        new_art.categories.add(Category.objects.get(name='Entertainment'))
+            article="Hello.",
+            headline="New headline",
+            slug="new-headline",
+            pub_date=datetime.date(1988, 1, 4),
+            writer=self.w_royko,
+        )
+        new_art.categories.add(Category.objects.get(name="Entertainment"))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(new_art.categories.all(), [self.c1])
         f = ArticleForm(auto_id=False, instance=new_art)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_ul(),
-            '''<li>Headline: <input type="text" name="headline" value="New headline" maxlength="50" required></li>
+            """<li>Headline: <input type="text" name="headline" value="New headline" maxlength="50" required></li>
 <li>Slug: <input type="text" name="slug" value="new-headline" maxlength="50" required></li>
 <li>Pub date: <input type="text" name="pub_date" value="1988-01-04" required></li>
 <li>Writer: <select name="writer" required>
@@ -1479,7 +1721,9 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
 <option value="1">Draft</option>
 <option value="2">Pending</option>
 <option value="3">Live</option>
-</select></li>''' % (self.w_woodward.pk, self.w_royko.pk, self.c1.pk, self.c2.pk, self.c3.pk))
+</select></li>"""
+            % (self.w_woodward.pk, self.w_royko.pk, self.c1.pk, self.c2.pk, self.c3.pk),
+        )
 
     def test_subset_fields(self):
         # You can restrict a form to a subset of the complete list of fields
@@ -1491,59 +1735,70 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
         class PartialArticleForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Article
-                fields = ('headline', 'pub_date')
+                fields = ("headline", "pub_date")
 
         f = PartialArticleForm(auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             str(f),
-            '''<tr><th>Headline:</th><td><input type="text" name="headline" maxlength="50" required></td></tr>
-<tr><th>Pub date:</th><td><input type="text" name="pub_date" required></td></tr>''')
+            """<tr><th>Headline:</th><td><input type="text" name="headline" maxlength="50" required></td></tr>
+<tr><th>Pub date:</th><td><input type="text" name="pub_date" required></td></tr>""",
+        )
 
         class PartialArticleFormWithSlug(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Article
-                fields = ('headline', 'slug', 'pub_date')
+                fields = ("headline", "slug", "pub_date")
 
-        w_royko = Writer.objects.create(name='Mike Royko')
+        w_royko = Writer.objects.create(name="Mike Royko")
         art = Article.objects.create(
-            article="Hello.", headline="New headline", slug="new-headline",
-            pub_date=datetime.date(1988, 1, 4), writer=w_royko)
-        f = PartialArticleFormWithSlug({
-            'headline': 'New headline',
-            'slug': 'new-headline',
-            'pub_date': '1988-01-04'
-        }, auto_id=False, instance=art)
+            article="Hello.",
+            headline="New headline",
+            slug="new-headline",
+            pub_date=datetime.date(1988, 1, 4),
+            writer=w_royko,
+        )
+        f = PartialArticleFormWithSlug(
+            {
+                "headline": "New headline",
+                "slug": "new-headline",
+                "pub_date": "1988-01-04",
+            },
+            auto_id=False,
+            instance=art,
+        )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_ul(),
-            '''<li>Headline: <input type="text" name="headline" value="New headline" maxlength="50" required></li>
+            """<li>Headline: <input type="text" name="headline" value="New headline" maxlength="50" required></li>
 <li>Slug: <input type="text" name="slug" value="new-headline" maxlength="50" required></li>
-<li>Pub date: <input type="text" name="pub_date" value="1988-01-04" required></li>'''
+<li>Pub date: <input type="text" name="pub_date" value="1988-01-04" required></li>""",
         )
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
         new_art = f.save()
         self.assertEqual(new_art.id, art.id)
         new_art = Article.objects.get(id=art.id)
-        self.assertEqual(new_art.headline, 'New headline')
+        self.assertEqual(new_art.headline, "New headline")
 
     def test_m2m_editing(self):
         self.create_basic_data()
         form_data = {
-            'headline': 'New headline',
-            'slug': 'new-headline',
-            'pub_date': '1988-01-04',
-            'writer': str(self.w_royko.pk),
-            'article': 'Hello.',
-            'categories': [str(self.c1.id), str(self.c2.id)]
+            "headline": "New headline",
+            "slug": "new-headline",
+            "pub_date": "1988-01-04",
+            "writer": str(self.w_royko.pk),
+            "article": "Hello.",
+            "categories": [str(self.c1.id), str(self.c2.id)],
         }
         # Create a new article, with categories, via the form.
         f = ArticleForm(form_data)
         new_art = f.save()
         new_art = Article.objects.get(id=new_art.id)
         art_id_1 = new_art.id
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(new_art.categories.order_by('name'), [self.c1, self.c2])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            new_art.categories.order_by("name"), [self.c1, self.c2]
+        )
 
         # Now, submit form data with no categories. This deletes the existing categories.
-        form_data['categories'] = []
+        form_data["categories"] = []
         f = ArticleForm(form_data, instance=new_art)
         new_art = f.save()
         self.assertEqual(new_art.id, art_id_1)
@@ -1560,7 +1815,7 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
 
         # Create a new article, with categories, via the form, but use commit=False.
         # The m2m data won't be saved until save_m2m() is invoked on the form.
-        form_data['categories'] = [str(self.c1.id), str(self.c2.id)]
+        form_data["categories"] = [str(self.c1.id), str(self.c2.id)]
         f = ArticleForm(form_data)
         new_art = f.save(commit=False)
 
@@ -1575,7 +1830,9 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
 
         # Save the m2m data on the form
         f.save_m2m()
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(new_art.categories.order_by('name'), [self.c1, self.c2])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            new_art.categories.order_by("name"), [self.c1, self.c2]
+        )
 
     def test_custom_form_fields(self):
         # Here, we define a custom ModelForm. Because it happens to have the same fields as
@@ -1588,12 +1845,14 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
 
             class Meta:
                 model = Category
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
-        cat = Category.objects.create(name='Third test')
-        form = ShortCategory({'name': 'Third', 'slug': 'third', 'url': '3rd'}, instance=cat)
-        self.assertEqual(form.save().name, 'Third')
-        self.assertEqual(Category.objects.get(id=cat.id).name, 'Third')
+        cat = Category.objects.create(name="Third test")
+        form = ShortCategory(
+            {"name": "Third", "slug": "third", "url": "3rd"}, instance=cat
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(form.save().name, "Third")
+        self.assertEqual(Category.objects.get(id=cat.id).name, "Third")
 
     def test_runtime_choicefield_populated(self):
         self.maxDiff = None
@@ -1604,7 +1863,7 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
         f = ArticleForm(auto_id=False)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_ul(),
-            '''<li>Headline: <input type="text" name="headline" maxlength="50" required></li>
+            """<li>Headline: <input type="text" name="headline" maxlength="50" required></li>
 <li>Slug: <input type="text" name="slug" maxlength="50" required></li>
 <li>Pub date: <input type="text" name="pub_date" required></li>
 <li>Writer: <select name="writer" required>
@@ -1623,13 +1882,15 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
 <option value="1">Draft</option>
 <option value="2">Pending</option>
 <option value="3">Live</option>
-</select></li>''' % (self.w_woodward.pk, self.w_royko.pk, self.c1.pk, self.c2.pk, self.c3.pk))
+</select></li>"""
+            % (self.w_woodward.pk, self.w_royko.pk, self.c1.pk, self.c2.pk, self.c3.pk),
+        )
 
-        c4 = Category.objects.create(name='Fourth', url='4th')
-        w_bernstein = Writer.objects.create(name='Carl Bernstein')
+        c4 = Category.objects.create(name="Fourth", url="4th")
+        w_bernstein = Writer.objects.create(name="Carl Bernstein")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             f.as_ul(),
-            '''<li>Headline: <input type="text" name="headline" maxlength="50" required></li>
+            """<li>Headline: <input type="text" name="headline" maxlength="50" required></li>
 <li>Slug: <input type="text" name="slug" maxlength="50" required></li>
 <li>Pub date: <input type="text" name="pub_date" required></li>
 <li>Writer: <select name="writer" required>
@@ -1650,64 +1911,79 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
 <option value="1">Draft</option>
 <option value="2">Pending</option>
 <option value="3">Live</option>
-</select></li>''' % (self.w_woodward.pk, w_bernstein.pk, self.w_royko.pk, self.c1.pk, self.c2.pk, self.c3.pk, c4.pk))
+</select></li>"""
+            % (
+                self.w_woodward.pk,
+                w_bernstein.pk,
+                self.w_royko.pk,
+                self.c1.pk,
+                self.c2.pk,
+                self.c3.pk,
+                c4.pk,
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_recleaning_model_form_instance(self):
         """
         Re-cleaning an instance that was added via a ModelForm shouldn't raise
         a pk uniqueness error.
         """
+
         class AuthorForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Author
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
-        form = AuthorForm({'full_name': 'Bob'})
+        form = AuthorForm({"full_name": "Bob"})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         obj = form.save()
-        obj.name = 'Alice'
+        obj.name = "Alice"
         obj.full_clean()
 
     def test_validate_foreign_key_uses_default_manager(self):
         class MyForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Article
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
         # Archived writers are filtered out by the default manager.
-        w = Writer.objects.create(name='Randy', archived=True)
+        w = Writer.objects.create(name="Randy", archived=True)
         data = {
-            'headline': 'My Article',
-            'slug': 'my-article',
-            'pub_date': datetime.date.today(),
-            'writer': w.pk,
-            'article': 'lorem ipsum',
+            "headline": "My Article",
+            "slug": "my-article",
+            "pub_date": datetime.date.today(),
+            "writer": w.pk,
+            "article": "lorem ipsum",
         }
         form = MyForm(data)
         self.assertIs(form.is_valid(), False)
         self.assertEqual(
             form.errors,
-            {'writer': ['Select a valid choice. That choice is not one of the available choices.']},
+            {
+                "writer": [
+                    "Select a valid choice. That choice is not one of the available choices."
+                ]
+            },
         )
 
     def test_validate_foreign_key_to_model_with_overridden_manager(self):
         class MyForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Article
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
             def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
                 super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
                 # Allow archived authors.
-                self.fields['writer'].queryset = Writer._base_manager.all()
+                self.fields["writer"].queryset = Writer._base_manager.all()
 
-        w = Writer.objects.create(name='Randy', archived=True)
+        w = Writer.objects.create(name="Randy", archived=True)
         data = {
-            'headline': 'My Article',
-            'slug': 'my-article',
-            'pub_date': datetime.date.today(),
-            'writer': w.pk,
-            'article': 'lorem ipsum',
+            "headline": "My Article",
+            "slug": "my-article",
+            "pub_date": datetime.date.today(),
+            "writer": w.pk,
+            "article": "lorem ipsum",
         }
         form = MyForm(data)
         self.assertIs(form.is_valid(), True)
@@ -1718,16 +1994,24 @@ class ModelFormBasicTests(TestCase):
 class ModelMultipleChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.c1 = Category.objects.create(name='Entertainment', slug='entertainment', url='entertainment')
-        cls.c2 = Category.objects.create(name="It's a test", slug='its-test', url='test')
-        cls.c3 = Category.objects.create(name='Third', slug='third-test', url='third')
+        cls.c1 = Category.objects.create(
+            name="Entertainment", slug="entertainment", url="entertainment"
+        )
+        cls.c2 = Category.objects.create(
+            name="It's a test", slug="its-test", url="test"
+        )
+        cls.c3 = Category.objects.create(name="Third", slug="third-test", url="third")
 
     def test_model_multiple_choice_field(self):
         f = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(Category.objects.all())
-        self.assertEqual(list(f.choices), [
-            (self.c1.pk, 'Entertainment'),
-            (self.c2.pk, "It's a test"),
-            (self.c3.pk, 'Third')])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(f.choices),
+            [
+                (self.c1.pk, "Entertainment"),
+                (self.c2.pk, "It's a test"),
+                (self.c3.pk, "Third"),
+            ],
+        )
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
             f.clean(None)
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
@@ -1748,17 +2032,17 @@ class ModelMultipleChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
             [self.c1, self.c2],
         )
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean(['100'])
+            f.clean(["100"])
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean('hello')
+            f.clean("hello")
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean(['fail'])
+            f.clean(["fail"])
 
         # Invalid types that require TypeError to be caught (#22808).
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean([['fail']])
+            f.clean([["fail"]])
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean([{'foo': 'bar'}])
+            f.clean([{"foo": "bar"}])
 
         # Add a Category object *after* the ModelMultipleChoiceField has already been
         # instantiated. This proves clean() checks the database during clean() rather
@@ -1766,13 +2050,13 @@ class ModelMultipleChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
         # Note, we are using an id of 1006 here since tests that run before
         # this may create categories with primary keys up to 6. Use
         # a number that will not conflict.
-        c6 = Category.objects.create(id=1006, name='Sixth', url='6th')
+        c6 = Category.objects.create(id=1006, name="Sixth", url="6th")
         self.assertCountEqual(f.clean([c6.id]), [c6])
 
         # Delete a Category object *after* the ModelMultipleChoiceField has already been
         # instantiated. This proves clean() checks the database during clean() rather
         # than caching it at time of instantiation.
-        Category.objects.get(url='6th').delete()
+        Category.objects.get(url="6th").delete()
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
             f.clean([c6.id])
 
@@ -1781,17 +2065,18 @@ class ModelMultipleChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(f.clean([]), EmptyQuerySet)
         self.assertIsInstance(f.clean(()), EmptyQuerySet)
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean(['0'])
+            f.clean(["0"])
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean([str(self.c3.id), '0'])
+            f.clean([str(self.c3.id), "0"])
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.clean([str(self.c1.id), '0'])
+            f.clean([str(self.c1.id), "0"])
 
         # queryset can be changed after the field is created.
-        f.queryset = Category.objects.exclude(name='Third')
-        self.assertEqual(list(f.choices), [
-            (self.c1.pk, 'Entertainment'),
-            (self.c2.pk, "It's a test")])
+        f.queryset = Category.objects.exclude(name="Third")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(f.choices),
+            [(self.c1.pk, "Entertainment"), (self.c2.pk, "It's a test")],
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(f.clean([self.c2.id]), [self.c2])
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
             f.clean([self.c3.id])
@@ -1800,10 +2085,14 @@ class ModelMultipleChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
 
         f.queryset = Category.objects.all()
         f.label_from_instance = lambda obj: "multicategory " + str(obj)
-        self.assertEqual(list(f.choices), [
-            (self.c1.pk, 'multicategory Entertainment'),
-            (self.c2.pk, "multicategory It's a test"),
-            (self.c3.pk, 'multicategory Third')])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(f.choices),
+            [
+                (self.c1.pk, "multicategory Entertainment"),
+                (self.c2.pk, "multicategory It's a test"),
+                (self.c3.pk, "multicategory Third"),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_model_multiple_choice_number_of_queries(self):
         """
@@ -1826,7 +2115,9 @@ class ModelMultipleChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
         def my_validator(value):
             self._validator_run = True
 
-        f = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(queryset=Writer.objects.all(), validators=[my_validator])
+        f = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(
+            queryset=Writer.objects.all(), validators=[my_validator]
+        )
         f.clean([p.pk for p in Writer.objects.all()[8:9]])
         self.assertTrue(self._validator_run)
 
@@ -1834,27 +2125,30 @@ class ModelMultipleChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
         """
         Test support of show_hidden_initial by ModelMultipleChoiceField.
         """
+
         class WriterForm(forms.Form):
-            persons = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(show_hidden_initial=True, queryset=Writer.objects.all())
+            persons = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(
+                show_hidden_initial=True, queryset=Writer.objects.all()
+            )
 
         person1 = Writer.objects.create(name="Person 1")
         person2 = Writer.objects.create(name="Person 2")
 
         form = WriterForm(
-            initial={'persons': [person1, person2]},
+            initial={"persons": [person1, person2]},
             data={
-                'initial-persons': [str(person1.pk), str(person2.pk)],
-                'persons': [str(person1.pk), str(person2.pk)],
+                "initial-persons": [str(person1.pk), str(person2.pk)],
+                "persons": [str(person1.pk), str(person2.pk)],
             },
         )
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         self.assertFalse(form.has_changed())
 
         form = WriterForm(
-            initial={'persons': [person1, person2]},
+            initial={"persons": [person1, person2]},
             data={
-                'initial-persons': [str(person1.pk), str(person2.pk)],
-                'persons': [str(person2.pk)],
+                "initial-persons": [str(person1.pk), str(person2.pk)],
+                "persons": [str(person2.pk)],
             },
         )
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
@@ -1866,23 +2160,27 @@ class ModelMultipleChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
         CheckboxSelectMultiple widget doesn't produce unnecessary db queries
         when accessing its BoundField's attrs.
         """
+
         class ModelMultipleChoiceForm(forms.Form):
-            categories = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(Category.objects.all(), widget=forms.CheckboxSelectMultiple)
+            categories = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(
+                Category.objects.all(), widget=forms.CheckboxSelectMultiple
+            )
 
         form = ModelMultipleChoiceForm()
-        field = form['categories']  # BoundField
-        template = Template('{{ field.name }}{{ field }}{{ field.help_text }}')
+        field = form["categories"]  # BoundField
+        template = Template("{{ field.name }}{{ field }}{{ field.help_text }}")
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            template.render(Context({'field': field}))
+            template.render(Context({"field": field}))
 
     def test_show_hidden_initial_changed_queries_efficiently(self):
         class WriterForm(forms.Form):
             persons = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(
-                show_hidden_initial=True, queryset=Writer.objects.all())
+                show_hidden_initial=True, queryset=Writer.objects.all()
+            )
 
         writers = (Writer.objects.create(name=str(x)) for x in range(0, 50))
         writer_pks = tuple(x.pk for x in writers)
-        form = WriterForm(data={'initial-persons': writer_pks})
+        form = WriterForm(data={"initial-persons": writer_pks})
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             self.assertTrue(form.has_changed())
 
@@ -1890,30 +2188,32 @@ class ModelMultipleChoiceFieldTests(TestCase):
         class PersonForm(forms.Form):
             persons = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(queryset=Person.objects.all())
 
-        person1 = Person.objects.create(name='Person 1')
+        person1 = Person.objects.create(name="Person 1")
         form = PersonForm(data={})
-        queryset = form.fields['persons'].clean([str(person1.pk)] * 50)
+        queryset = form.fields["persons"].clean([str(person1.pk)] * 50)
         sql, params = queryset.query.sql_with_params()
         self.assertEqual(len(params), 1)
 
     def test_to_field_name_with_initial_data(self):
         class ArticleCategoriesForm(forms.ModelForm):
-            categories = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(Category.objects.all(), to_field_name='slug')
+            categories = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(
+                Category.objects.all(), to_field_name="slug"
+            )
 
             class Meta:
                 model = Article
-                fields = ['categories']
+                fields = ["categories"]
 
         article = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Test article',
-            slug='test-article',
+            headline="Test article",
+            slug="test-article",
             pub_date=datetime.date(1988, 1, 4),
-            writer=Writer.objects.create(name='Test writer'),
-            article='Hello.',
+            writer=Writer.objects.create(name="Test writer"),
+            article="Hello.",
         )
         article.categories.add(self.c2, self.c3)
         form = ArticleCategoriesForm(instance=article)
-        self.assertCountEqual(form['categories'].value(), [self.c2.slug, self.c3.slug])
+        self.assertCountEqual(form["categories"].value(), [self.c2.slug, self.c3.slug])
 
 
 class ModelOneToOneFieldTests(TestCase):
@@ -1921,14 +2221,14 @@ class ModelOneToOneFieldTests(TestCase):
         class ImprovedArticleForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = ImprovedArticle
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
         class ImprovedArticleWithParentLinkForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = ImprovedArticleWithParentLink
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
-        self.assertEqual(list(ImprovedArticleForm.base_fields), ['article'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(ImprovedArticleForm.base_fields), ["article"])
         self.assertEqual(list(ImprovedArticleWithParentLinkForm.base_fields), [])
 
     def test_modelform_subclassed_model(self):
@@ -1936,16 +2236,24 @@ class ModelOneToOneFieldTests(TestCase):
             class Meta:
                 # BetterWriter model is a subclass of Writer with an additional `score` field
                 model = BetterWriter
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
-        bw = BetterWriter.objects.create(name='Joe Better', score=10)
-        self.assertEqual(sorted(model_to_dict(bw)), ['id', 'name', 'score', 'writer_ptr'])
+        bw = BetterWriter.objects.create(name="Joe Better", score=10)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted(model_to_dict(bw)), ["id", "name", "score", "writer_ptr"]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(sorted(model_to_dict(bw, fields=[])), [])
-        self.assertEqual(sorted(model_to_dict(bw, fields=['id', 'name'])), ['id', 'name'])
-        self.assertEqual(sorted(model_to_dict(bw, exclude=[])), ['id', 'name', 'score', 'writer_ptr'])
-        self.assertEqual(sorted(model_to_dict(bw, exclude=['id', 'name'])), ['score', 'writer_ptr'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted(model_to_dict(bw, fields=["id", "name"])), ["id", "name"]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted(model_to_dict(bw, exclude=[])), ["id", "name", "score", "writer_ptr"]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted(model_to_dict(bw, exclude=["id", "name"])), ["score", "writer_ptr"]
+        )
 
-        form = BetterWriterForm({'name': 'Some Name', 'score': 12})
+        form = BetterWriterForm({"name": "Some Name", "score": 12})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         bw2 = form.save()
         self.assertEqual(bw2.score, 12)
@@ -1955,57 +2263,63 @@ class ModelOneToOneFieldTests(TestCase):
             class Meta:
                 # WriterProfile has a OneToOneField to Writer
                 model = WriterProfile
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
-        self.w_royko = Writer.objects.create(name='Mike Royko')
-        self.w_woodward = Writer.objects.create(name='Bob Woodward')
+        self.w_royko = Writer.objects.create(name="Mike Royko")
+        self.w_woodward = Writer.objects.create(name="Bob Woodward")
 
         form = WriterProfileForm()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             form.as_p(),
-            '''<p><label for="id_writer">Writer:</label> <select name="writer" id="id_writer" required>
+            """<p><label for="id_writer">Writer:</label> <select name="writer" id="id_writer" required>
 <option value="" selected>---------</option>
 <option value="%s">Bob Woodward</option>
 <option value="%s">Mike Royko</option>
 </select></p>
-<p><label for="id_age">Age:</label> <input type="number" name="age" id="id_age" min="0" required></p>''' % (
-                self.w_woodward.pk, self.w_royko.pk,
-            )
+<p><label for="id_age">Age:</label> <input type="number" name="age" id="id_age" min="0" required></p>"""
+            % (
+                self.w_woodward.pk,
+                self.w_royko.pk,
+            ),
         )
 
         data = {
-            'writer': str(self.w_woodward.pk),
-            'age': '65',
+            "writer": str(self.w_woodward.pk),
+            "age": "65",
         }
         form = WriterProfileForm(data)
         instance = form.save()
-        self.assertEqual(str(instance), 'Bob Woodward is 65')
+        self.assertEqual(str(instance), "Bob Woodward is 65")
 
         form = WriterProfileForm(instance=instance)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             form.as_p(),
-            '''<p><label for="id_writer">Writer:</label> <select name="writer" id="id_writer" required>
+            """<p><label for="id_writer">Writer:</label> <select name="writer" id="id_writer" required>
 <option value="">---------</option>
 <option value="%s" selected>Bob Woodward</option>
 <option value="%s">Mike Royko</option>
 </select></p>
 <p><label for="id_age">Age:</label>
-<input type="number" name="age" value="65" id="id_age" min="0" required></p>''' % (
-                self.w_woodward.pk, self.w_royko.pk,
-            )
+<input type="number" name="age" value="65" id="id_age" min="0" required></p>"""
+            % (
+                self.w_woodward.pk,
+                self.w_royko.pk,
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_assignment_of_none(self):
         class AuthorForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Author
-                fields = ['publication', 'full_name']
+                fields = ["publication", "full_name"]
 
-        publication = Publication.objects.create(title="Pravda", date_published=datetime.date(1991, 8, 22))
-        author = Author.objects.create(publication=publication, full_name='John Doe')
-        form = AuthorForm({'publication': '', 'full_name': 'John Doe'}, instance=author)
+        publication = Publication.objects.create(
+            title="Pravda", date_published=datetime.date(1991, 8, 22)
+        )
+        author = Author.objects.create(publication=publication, full_name="John Doe")
+        form = AuthorForm({"publication": "", "full_name": "John Doe"}, instance=author)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertIsNone(form.cleaned_data['publication'])
+        self.assertIsNone(form.cleaned_data["publication"])
         author = form.save()
         # author object returned from form still retains original publication object
         # that's why we need to retrieve it from database again
@@ -2016,11 +2330,13 @@ class ModelOneToOneFieldTests(TestCase):
         class AuthorForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Author1
-                fields = ['publication', 'full_name']
+                fields = ["publication", "full_name"]
 
-        publication = Publication.objects.create(title="Pravda", date_published=datetime.date(1991, 8, 22))
-        author = Author1.objects.create(publication=publication, full_name='John Doe')
-        form = AuthorForm({'publication': '', 'full_name': 'John Doe'}, instance=author)
+        publication = Publication.objects.create(
+            title="Pravda", date_published=datetime.date(1991, 8, 22)
+        )
+        author = Author1.objects.create(publication=publication, full_name="John Doe")
+        form = AuthorForm({"publication": "", "full_name": "John Doe"}, instance=author)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
 
 
@@ -2033,7 +2349,7 @@ class FileAndImageFieldTests(TestCase):
         """
         f = forms.FileField(required=False)
         self.assertIs(f.clean(False), False)
-        self.assertIs(f.clean(False, 'initial'), False)
+        self.assertIs(f.clean(False, "initial"), False)
 
     def test_clean_false_required(self):
         """
@@ -2042,7 +2358,7 @@ class FileAndImageFieldTests(TestCase):
         otherwise the validation catches the lack of a required value.
         """
         f = forms.FileField(required=True)
-        self.assertEqual(f.clean(False, 'initial'), 'initial')
+        self.assertEqual(f.clean(False, "initial"), "initial")
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
             f.clean(False)
 
@@ -2051,21 +2367,24 @@ class FileAndImageFieldTests(TestCase):
         Integration happy-path test that a model FileField can actually be set
         and cleared via a ModelForm.
         """
+
         class DocumentForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Document
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
         form = DocumentForm()
         self.assertIn('name="myfile"', str(form))
-        self.assertNotIn('myfile-clear', str(form))
-        form = DocumentForm(files={'myfile': SimpleUploadedFile('something.txt', b'content')})
+        self.assertNotIn("myfile-clear", str(form))
+        form = DocumentForm(
+            files={"myfile": SimpleUploadedFile("something.txt", b"content")}
+        )
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         doc = form.save(commit=False)
-        self.assertEqual(doc.myfile.name, 'something.txt')
+        self.assertEqual(doc.myfile.name, "something.txt")
         form = DocumentForm(instance=doc)
-        self.assertIn('myfile-clear', str(form))
-        form = DocumentForm(instance=doc, data={'myfile-clear': 'true'})
+        self.assertIn("myfile-clear", str(form))
+        form = DocumentForm(instance=doc, data={"myfile-clear": "true"})
         doc = form.save(commit=False)
         self.assertFalse(doc.myfile)
 
@@ -2075,94 +2394,98 @@ class FileAndImageFieldTests(TestCase):
         they get a validation error, and the bound redisplay of the form still
         includes the current file and the clear checkbox.
         """
+
         class DocumentForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Document
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
-        form = DocumentForm(files={'myfile': SimpleUploadedFile('something.txt', b'content')})
+        form = DocumentForm(
+            files={"myfile": SimpleUploadedFile("something.txt", b"content")}
+        )
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         doc = form.save(commit=False)
         form = DocumentForm(
             instance=doc,
-            files={'myfile': SimpleUploadedFile('something.txt', b'content')},
-            data={'myfile-clear': 'true'},
+            files={"myfile": SimpleUploadedFile("something.txt", b"content")},
+            data={"myfile-clear": "true"},
         )
         self.assertTrue(not form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors['myfile'],
-                         ['Please either submit a file or check the clear checkbox, not both.'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.errors["myfile"],
+            ["Please either submit a file or check the clear checkbox, not both."],
+        )
         rendered = str(form)
-        self.assertIn('something.txt', rendered)
-        self.assertIn('myfile-clear', rendered)
+        self.assertIn("something.txt", rendered)
+        self.assertIn("myfile-clear", rendered)
 
     def test_render_empty_file_field(self):
         class DocumentForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Document
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
         doc = Document.objects.create()
         form = DocumentForm(instance=doc)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(form['myfile']),
-            '<input id="id_myfile" name="myfile" type="file">'
+            str(form["myfile"]), '<input id="id_myfile" name="myfile" type="file">'
         )
 
     def test_file_field_data(self):
         # Test conditions when files is either not given or empty.
-        f = TextFileForm(data={'description': 'Assistance'})
+        f = TextFileForm(data={"description": "Assistance"})
         self.assertFalse(f.is_valid())
-        f = TextFileForm(data={'description': 'Assistance'}, files={})
+        f = TextFileForm(data={"description": "Assistance"}, files={})
         self.assertFalse(f.is_valid())
 
         # Upload a file and ensure it all works as expected.
         f = TextFileForm(
-            data={'description': 'Assistance'},
-            files={'file': SimpleUploadedFile('test1.txt', b'hello world')},
+            data={"description": "Assistance"},
+            files={"file": SimpleUploadedFile("test1.txt", b"hello world")},
         )
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(type(f.cleaned_data['file']), SimpleUploadedFile)
+        self.assertEqual(type(f.cleaned_data["file"]), SimpleUploadedFile)
         instance = f.save()
-        self.assertEqual(instance.file.name, 'tests/test1.txt')
+        self.assertEqual(instance.file.name, "tests/test1.txt")
         instance.file.delete()
 
         # If the previous file has been deleted, the file name can be reused
         f = TextFileForm(
-            data={'description': 'Assistance'},
-            files={'file': SimpleUploadedFile('test1.txt', b'hello world')},
+            data={"description": "Assistance"},
+            files={"file": SimpleUploadedFile("test1.txt", b"hello world")},
         )
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(type(f.cleaned_data['file']), SimpleUploadedFile)
+        self.assertEqual(type(f.cleaned_data["file"]), SimpleUploadedFile)
         instance = f.save()
-        self.assertEqual(instance.file.name, 'tests/test1.txt')
+        self.assertEqual(instance.file.name, "tests/test1.txt")
 
         # Check if the max_length attribute has been inherited from the model.
         f = TextFileForm(
-            data={'description': 'Assistance'},
-            files={'file': SimpleUploadedFile('test-maxlength.txt', b'hello world')},
+            data={"description": "Assistance"},
+            files={"file": SimpleUploadedFile("test-maxlength.txt", b"hello world")},
         )
         self.assertFalse(f.is_valid())
 
         # Edit an instance that already has the file defined in the model. This will not
         # save the file again, but leave it exactly as it is.
-        f = TextFileForm({'description': 'Assistance'}, instance=instance)
+        f = TextFileForm({"description": "Assistance"}, instance=instance)
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['file'].name, 'tests/test1.txt')
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["file"].name, "tests/test1.txt")
         instance = f.save()
-        self.assertEqual(instance.file.name, 'tests/test1.txt')
+        self.assertEqual(instance.file.name, "tests/test1.txt")
 
         # Delete the current file since this is not done by Django.
         instance.file.delete()
 
         # Override the file by uploading a new one.
         f = TextFileForm(
-            data={'description': 'Assistance'},
-            files={'file': SimpleUploadedFile('test2.txt', b'hello world')},
+            data={"description": "Assistance"},
+            files={"file": SimpleUploadedFile("test2.txt", b"hello world")},
             instance=instance,
         )
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
         instance = f.save()
-        self.assertEqual(instance.file.name, 'tests/test2.txt')
+        self.assertEqual(instance.file.name, "tests/test2.txt")
 
         # Delete the current file since this is not done by Django.
         instance.file.delete()
@@ -2170,28 +2493,28 @@ class FileAndImageFieldTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_filefield_required_false(self):
         # Test the non-required FileField
-        f = TextFileForm(data={'description': 'Assistance'})
-        f.fields['file'].required = False
+        f = TextFileForm(data={"description": "Assistance"})
+        f.fields["file"].required = False
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
         instance = f.save()
-        self.assertEqual(instance.file.name, '')
+        self.assertEqual(instance.file.name, "")
 
         f = TextFileForm(
-            data={'description': 'Assistance'},
-            files={'file': SimpleUploadedFile('test3.txt', b'hello world')},
+            data={"description": "Assistance"},
+            files={"file": SimpleUploadedFile("test3.txt", b"hello world")},
             instance=instance,
         )
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
         instance = f.save()
-        self.assertEqual(instance.file.name, 'tests/test3.txt')
+        self.assertEqual(instance.file.name, "tests/test3.txt")
 
         # Instance can be edited w/out re-uploading the file and existing file should be preserved.
-        f = TextFileForm({'description': 'New Description'}, instance=instance)
-        f.fields['file'].required = False
+        f = TextFileForm({"description": "New Description"}, instance=instance)
+        f.fields["file"].required = False
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
         instance = f.save()
-        self.assertEqual(instance.description, 'New Description')
-        self.assertEqual(instance.file.name, 'tests/test3.txt')
+        self.assertEqual(instance.description, "New Description")
+        self.assertEqual(instance.file.name, "tests/test3.txt")
 
         # Delete the current file since this is not done by Django.
         instance.file.delete()
@@ -2201,14 +2524,15 @@ class FileAndImageFieldTests(TestCase):
         """
         Regression for #11149: save_form_data should be called only once
         """
+
         class CFFForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = CustomFF
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
         # It's enough that the form saves without error -- the custom save routine will
         # generate an AssertionError if it is called more than once during save.
-        form = CFFForm(data={'f': None})
+        form = CFFForm(data={"f": None})
         form.save()
 
     def test_file_field_multiple_save(self):
@@ -2216,19 +2540,20 @@ class FileAndImageFieldTests(TestCase):
         Simulate a file upload and check how many times Model.save() gets
         called. Test for bug #639.
         """
+
         class PhotoForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Photo
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
         # Grab an image for testing.
-        filename = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'test.png')
+        filename = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "test.png")
         with open(filename, "rb") as fp:
             img = fp.read()
 
         # Fake a POST QueryDict and FILES MultiValueDict.
-        data = {'title': 'Testing'}
-        files = {"image": SimpleUploadedFile('test.png', img, 'image/png')}
+        data = {"title": "Testing"}
+        files = {"image": SimpleUploadedFile("test.png", img, "image/png")}
 
         form = PhotoForm(data=data, files=files)
         p = form.save()
@@ -2243,13 +2568,16 @@ class FileAndImageFieldTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_file_path_field_blank(self):
         """FilePathField(blank=True) includes the empty option."""
+
         class FPForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = FilePathModel
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
         form = FPForm()
-        self.assertEqual([name for _, name in form['path'].field.choices], ['---------', 'models.py'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [name for _, name in form["path"].field.choices], ["---------", "models.py"]
+        )
 
     @skipUnless(test_images, "Pillow not installed")
     def test_image_field(self):
@@ -2257,19 +2585,19 @@ class FileAndImageFieldTests(TestCase):
         # it comes to validation. This specifically tests that #6302 is fixed for
         # both file fields and image fields.
 
-        with open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'test.png'), 'rb') as fp:
+        with open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "test.png"), "rb") as fp:
             image_data = fp.read()
-        with open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'test2.png'), 'rb') as fp:
+        with open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "test2.png"), "rb") as fp:
             image_data2 = fp.read()
 
         f = ImageFileForm(
-            data={'description': 'An image'},
-            files={'image': SimpleUploadedFile('test.png', image_data)},
+            data={"description": "An image"},
+            files={"image": SimpleUploadedFile("test.png", image_data)},
         )
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(type(f.cleaned_data['image']), SimpleUploadedFile)
+        self.assertEqual(type(f.cleaned_data["image"]), SimpleUploadedFile)
         instance = f.save()
-        self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, 'tests/test.png')
+        self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, "tests/test.png")
         self.assertEqual(instance.width, 16)
         self.assertEqual(instance.height, 16)
 
@@ -2277,24 +2605,24 @@ class FileAndImageFieldTests(TestCase):
         # because the dimension fields are not null=True.
         instance.image.delete(save=False)
         f = ImageFileForm(
-            data={'description': 'An image'},
-            files={'image': SimpleUploadedFile('test.png', image_data)},
+            data={"description": "An image"},
+            files={"image": SimpleUploadedFile("test.png", image_data)},
         )
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(type(f.cleaned_data['image']), SimpleUploadedFile)
+        self.assertEqual(type(f.cleaned_data["image"]), SimpleUploadedFile)
         instance = f.save()
-        self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, 'tests/test.png')
+        self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, "tests/test.png")
         self.assertEqual(instance.width, 16)
         self.assertEqual(instance.height, 16)
 
         # Edit an instance that already has the (required) image defined in the model. This will not
         # save the image again, but leave it exactly as it is.
 
-        f = ImageFileForm(data={'description': 'Look, it changed'}, instance=instance)
+        f = ImageFileForm(data={"description": "Look, it changed"}, instance=instance)
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['image'].name, 'tests/test.png')
+        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data["image"].name, "tests/test.png")
         instance = f.save()
-        self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, 'tests/test.png')
+        self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, "tests/test.png")
         self.assertEqual(instance.height, 16)
         self.assertEqual(instance.width, 16)
 
@@ -2304,13 +2632,13 @@ class FileAndImageFieldTests(TestCase):
         # Override the file by uploading a new one.
 
         f = ImageFileForm(
-            data={'description': 'Changed it'},
-            files={'image': SimpleUploadedFile('test2.png', image_data2)},
+            data={"description": "Changed it"},
+            files={"image": SimpleUploadedFile("test2.png", image_data2)},
             instance=instance,
         )
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
         instance = f.save()
-        self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, 'tests/test2.png')
+        self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, "tests/test2.png")
         self.assertEqual(instance.height, 32)
         self.assertEqual(instance.width, 48)
 
@@ -2320,12 +2648,12 @@ class FileAndImageFieldTests(TestCase):
         instance.delete()
 
         f = ImageFileForm(
-            data={'description': 'Changed it'},
-            files={'image': SimpleUploadedFile('test2.png', image_data2)},
+            data={"description": "Changed it"},
+            files={"image": SimpleUploadedFile("test2.png", image_data2)},
         )
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
         instance = f.save()
-        self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, 'tests/test2.png')
+        self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, "tests/test2.png")
         self.assertEqual(instance.height, 32)
         self.assertEqual(instance.width, 48)
 
@@ -2338,11 +2666,11 @@ class FileAndImageFieldTests(TestCase):
         # Note: In Oracle, we expect a null ImageField to return '' instead of
         # None.
         if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls:
-            expected_null_imagefield_repr = ''
+            expected_null_imagefield_repr = ""
         else:
             expected_null_imagefield_repr = None
 
-        f = OptionalImageFileForm(data={'description': 'Test'})
+        f = OptionalImageFileForm(data={"description": "Test"})
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
         instance = f.save()
         self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, expected_null_imagefield_repr)
@@ -2350,23 +2678,23 @@ class FileAndImageFieldTests(TestCase):
         self.assertIsNone(instance.height)
 
         f = OptionalImageFileForm(
-            data={'description': 'And a final one'},
-            files={'image': SimpleUploadedFile('test3.png', image_data)},
+            data={"description": "And a final one"},
+            files={"image": SimpleUploadedFile("test3.png", image_data)},
             instance=instance,
         )
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
         instance = f.save()
-        self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, 'tests/test3.png')
+        self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, "tests/test3.png")
         self.assertEqual(instance.width, 16)
         self.assertEqual(instance.height, 16)
 
         # Editing the instance without re-uploading the image should not affect
         # the image or its width/height properties.
-        f = OptionalImageFileForm({'description': 'New Description'}, instance=instance)
+        f = OptionalImageFileForm({"description": "New Description"}, instance=instance)
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
         instance = f.save()
-        self.assertEqual(instance.description, 'New Description')
-        self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, 'tests/test3.png')
+        self.assertEqual(instance.description, "New Description")
+        self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, "tests/test3.png")
         self.assertEqual(instance.width, 16)
         self.assertEqual(instance.height, 16)
 
@@ -2375,75 +2703,91 @@ class FileAndImageFieldTests(TestCase):
         instance.delete()
 
         f = OptionalImageFileForm(
-            data={'description': 'And a final one'},
-            files={'image': SimpleUploadedFile('test4.png', image_data2)}
+            data={"description": "And a final one"},
+            files={"image": SimpleUploadedFile("test4.png", image_data2)},
         )
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
         instance = f.save()
-        self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, 'tests/test4.png')
+        self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, "tests/test4.png")
         self.assertEqual(instance.width, 48)
         self.assertEqual(instance.height, 32)
         instance.delete()
         # Test callable upload_to behavior that's dependent on the value of another field in the model
         f = ImageFileForm(
-            data={'description': 'And a final one', 'path': 'foo'},
-            files={'image': SimpleUploadedFile('test4.png', image_data)},
+            data={"description": "And a final one", "path": "foo"},
+            files={"image": SimpleUploadedFile("test4.png", image_data)},
         )
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
         instance = f.save()
-        self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, 'foo/test4.png')
+        self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, "foo/test4.png")
         instance.delete()
 
         # Editing an instance that has an image without an extension shouldn't
         # fail validation. First create:
         f = NoExtensionImageFileForm(
-            data={'description': 'An image'},
-            files={'image': SimpleUploadedFile('test.png', image_data)},
+            data={"description": "An image"},
+            files={"image": SimpleUploadedFile("test.png", image_data)},
         )
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
         instance = f.save()
-        self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, 'tests/no_extension')
+        self.assertEqual(instance.image.name, "tests/no_extension")
         # Then edit:
-        f = NoExtensionImageFileForm(data={'description': 'Edited image'}, instance=instance)
+        f = NoExtensionImageFileForm(
+            data={"description": "Edited image"}, instance=instance
+        )
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
 
 
 class ModelOtherFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_big_integer_field(self):
-        bif = BigIntForm({'biggie': '-9223372036854775808'})
+        bif = BigIntForm({"biggie": "-9223372036854775808"})
         self.assertTrue(bif.is_valid())
-        bif = BigIntForm({'biggie': '-9223372036854775809'})
+        bif = BigIntForm({"biggie": "-9223372036854775809"})
         self.assertFalse(bif.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(
             bif.errors,
-            {'biggie': ['Ensure this value is greater than or equal to -9223372036854775808.']}
+            {
+                "biggie": [
+                    "Ensure this value is greater than or equal to -9223372036854775808."
+                ]
+            },
         )
-        bif = BigIntForm({'biggie': '9223372036854775807'})
+        bif = BigIntForm({"biggie": "9223372036854775807"})
         self.assertTrue(bif.is_valid())
-        bif = BigIntForm({'biggie': '9223372036854775808'})
+        bif = BigIntForm({"biggie": "9223372036854775808"})
         self.assertFalse(bif.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(bif.errors, {'biggie': ['Ensure this value is less than or equal to 9223372036854775807.']})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            bif.errors,
+            {
+                "biggie": [
+                    "Ensure this value is less than or equal to 9223372036854775807."
+                ]
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_url_on_modelform(self):
         "Check basic URL field validation on model forms"
+
         class HomepageForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Homepage
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
-        self.assertFalse(HomepageForm({'url': 'foo'}).is_valid())
-        self.assertFalse(HomepageForm({'url': 'http://'}).is_valid())
-        self.assertFalse(HomepageForm({'url': 'http://example'}).is_valid())
-        self.assertFalse(HomepageForm({'url': 'http://example.'}).is_valid())
-        self.assertFalse(HomepageForm({'url': 'http://com.'}).is_valid())
+        self.assertFalse(HomepageForm({"url": "foo"}).is_valid())
+        self.assertFalse(HomepageForm({"url": "http://"}).is_valid())
+        self.assertFalse(HomepageForm({"url": "http://example"}).is_valid())
+        self.assertFalse(HomepageForm({"url": "http://example."}).is_valid())
+        self.assertFalse(HomepageForm({"url": "http://com."}).is_valid())
 
-        self.assertTrue(HomepageForm({'url': 'http://localhost'}).is_valid())
-        self.assertTrue(HomepageForm({'url': 'http://example.com'}).is_valid())
-        self.assertTrue(HomepageForm({'url': 'http://www.example.com'}).is_valid())
-        self.assertTrue(HomepageForm({'url': 'http://www.example.com:8000'}).is_valid())
-        self.assertTrue(HomepageForm({'url': 'http://www.example.com/test'}).is_valid())
-        self.assertTrue(HomepageForm({'url': 'http://www.example.com:8000/test'}).is_valid())
-        self.assertTrue(HomepageForm({'url': 'http://example.com/foo/bar'}).is_valid())
+        self.assertTrue(HomepageForm({"url": "http://localhost"}).is_valid())
+        self.assertTrue(HomepageForm({"url": "http://example.com"}).is_valid())
+        self.assertTrue(HomepageForm({"url": "http://www.example.com"}).is_valid())
+        self.assertTrue(HomepageForm({"url": "http://www.example.com:8000"}).is_valid())
+        self.assertTrue(HomepageForm({"url": "http://www.example.com/test"}).is_valid())
+        self.assertTrue(
+            HomepageForm({"url": "http://www.example.com:8000/test"}).is_valid()
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(HomepageForm({"url": "http://example.com/foo/bar"}).is_valid())
 
     def test_modelform_non_editable_field(self):
         """
@@ -2451,31 +2795,33 @@ class ModelOtherFieldTests(SimpleTestCase):
         error message should be explicit.
         """
         # 'created', non-editable, is excluded by default
-        self.assertNotIn('created', ArticleForm().fields)
+        self.assertNotIn("created", ArticleForm().fields)
 
         msg = "'created' cannot be specified for Article model form as it is a non-editable field"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
+
             class InvalidArticleForm(forms.ModelForm):
                 class Meta:
                     model = Article
-                    fields = ('headline', 'created')
+                    fields = ("headline", "created")
 
     def test_http_prefixing(self):
         """
         If the http:// prefix is omitted on form input, the field adds it again. (Refs #13613)
         """
+
         class HomepageForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Homepage
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
-        form = HomepageForm({'url': 'example.com'})
+        form = HomepageForm({"url": "example.com"})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['url'], 'http://example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data["url"], "http://example.com")
 
-        form = HomepageForm({'url': 'example.com/test'})
+        form = HomepageForm({"url": "example.com/test"})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['url'], 'http://example.com/test')
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data["url"], "http://example.com/test")
 
 
 class OtherModelFormTests(TestCase):
@@ -2486,25 +2832,25 @@ class OtherModelFormTests(TestCase):
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             str(f.media),
             '<link href="/some/form/css" media="all" rel="stylesheet">'
-            '<script src="/some/form/javascript"></script>'
+            '<script src="/some/form/javascript"></script>',
         )
 
     def test_choices_type(self):
         # Choices on CharField and IntegerField
         f = ArticleForm()
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.fields['status'].clean('42')
+            f.fields["status"].clean("42")
 
         f = ArticleStatusForm()
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
-            f.fields['status'].clean('z')
+            f.fields["status"].clean("z")
 
     def test_prefetch_related_queryset(self):
         """
         ModelChoiceField should respect a prefetch_related() on its queryset.
         """
-        blue = Colour.objects.create(name='blue')
-        red = Colour.objects.create(name='red')
+        blue = Colour.objects.create(name="blue")
+        red = Colour.objects.create(name="red")
         multicolor_item = ColourfulItem.objects.create()
         multicolor_item.colours.add(blue, red)
         red_item = ColourfulItem.objects.create()
@@ -2512,83 +2858,92 @@ class OtherModelFormTests(TestCase):
 
         class ColorModelChoiceField(forms.ModelChoiceField):
             def label_from_instance(self, obj):
-                return ', '.join(c.name for c in obj.colours.all())
+                return ", ".join(c.name for c in obj.colours.all())
 
-        field = ColorModelChoiceField(ColourfulItem.objects.prefetch_related('colours'))
+        field = ColorModelChoiceField(ColourfulItem.objects.prefetch_related("colours"))
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):  # would be 4 if prefetch is ignored
-            self.assertEqual(tuple(field.choices), (
-                ('', '---------'),
-                (multicolor_item.pk, 'blue, red'),
-                (red_item.pk, 'red'),
-            ))
+            self.assertEqual(
+                tuple(field.choices),
+                (
+                    ("", "---------"),
+                    (multicolor_item.pk, "blue, red"),
+                    (red_item.pk, "red"),
+                ),
+            )
 
     def test_foreignkeys_which_use_to_field(self):
-        apple = Inventory.objects.create(barcode=86, name='Apple')
-        pear = Inventory.objects.create(barcode=22, name='Pear')
-        core = Inventory.objects.create(barcode=87, name='Core', parent=apple)
+        apple = Inventory.objects.create(barcode=86, name="Apple")
+        pear = Inventory.objects.create(barcode=22, name="Pear")
+        core = Inventory.objects.create(barcode=87, name="Core", parent=apple)
 
-        field = forms.ModelChoiceField(Inventory.objects.all(), to_field_name='barcode')
-        self.assertEqual(tuple(field.choices), (
-            ('', '---------'),
-            (86, 'Apple'),
-            (87, 'Core'),
-            (22, 'Pear')))
+        field = forms.ModelChoiceField(Inventory.objects.all(), to_field_name="barcode")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            tuple(field.choices),
+            (("", "---------"), (86, "Apple"), (87, "Core"), (22, "Pear")),
+        )
 
         form = InventoryForm(instance=core)
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(form['parent']), '''<select name="parent" id="id_parent">
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(form["parent"]),
+            """<select name="parent" id="id_parent">
 <option value="">---------</option>
 <option value="86" selected>Apple</option>
 <option value="87">Core</option>
 <option value="22">Pear</option>
-</select>''')
+</select>""",
+        )
         data = model_to_dict(core)
-        data['parent'] = '22'
+        data["parent"] = "22"
         form = InventoryForm(data=data, instance=core)
         core = form.save()
-        self.assertEqual(core.parent.name, 'Pear')
+        self.assertEqual(core.parent.name, "Pear")
 
         class CategoryForm(forms.ModelForm):
             description = forms.CharField()
 
             class Meta:
                 model = Category
-                fields = ['description', 'url']
+                fields = ["description", "url"]
 
-        self.assertEqual(list(CategoryForm.base_fields), ['description', 'url'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(CategoryForm.base_fields), ["description", "url"])
 
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             str(CategoryForm()),
-            '''<tr><th><label for="id_description">Description:</label></th>
+            """<tr><th><label for="id_description">Description:</label></th>
 <td><input type="text" name="description" id="id_description" required></td></tr>
 <tr><th><label for="id_url">The URL:</label></th>
-<td><input id="id_url" type="text" name="url" maxlength="40" required></td></tr>'''
+<td><input id="id_url" type="text" name="url" maxlength="40" required></td></tr>""",
         )
         # to_field_name should also work on ModelMultipleChoiceField ##################
 
-        field = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(Inventory.objects.all(), to_field_name='barcode')
-        self.assertEqual(tuple(field.choices), ((86, 'Apple'), (87, 'Core'), (22, 'Pear')))
+        field = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(
+            Inventory.objects.all(), to_field_name="barcode"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            tuple(field.choices), ((86, "Apple"), (87, "Core"), (22, "Pear"))
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(field.clean([86]), [apple])
 
-        form = SelectInventoryForm({'items': [87, 22]})
+        form = SelectInventoryForm({"items": [87, 22]})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(len(form.cleaned_data), 1)
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(form.cleaned_data['items'], [core, pear])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(form.cleaned_data["items"], [core, pear])
 
     def test_model_field_that_returns_none_to_exclude_itself_with_explicit_fields(self):
-        self.assertEqual(list(CustomFieldForExclusionForm.base_fields), ['name'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(CustomFieldForExclusionForm.base_fields), ["name"])
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             str(CustomFieldForExclusionForm()),
-            '''<tr><th><label for="id_name">Name:</label></th>
-<td><input id="id_name" type="text" name="name" maxlength="10" required></td></tr>'''
+            """<tr><th><label for="id_name">Name:</label></th>
+<td><input id="id_name" type="text" name="name" maxlength="10" required></td></tr>""",
         )
 
     def test_iterable_model_m2m(self):
         class ColourfulItemForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = ColourfulItem
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
-        colour = Colour.objects.create(name='Blue')
+        colour = Colour.objects.create(name="Blue")
         form = ColourfulItemForm()
         self.maxDiff = 1024
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
@@ -2598,13 +2953,14 @@ class OtherModelFormTests(TestCase):
         <select multiple name="colours" id="id_colours" required>
         <option value="%(blue_pk)s">Blue</option>
         </select></p>"""
-            % {'blue_pk': colour.pk})
+            % {"blue_pk": colour.pk},
+        )
 
     def test_callable_field_default(self):
         class PublicationDefaultsForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = PublicationDefaults
-                fields = ('title', 'date_published', 'mode', 'category')
+                fields = ("title", "date_published", "mode", "category")
 
         self.maxDiff = 2000
         form = PublicationDefaultsForm()
@@ -2626,16 +2982,18 @@ class OtherModelFormTests(TestCase):
                 <option value="2">Comics</option>
                 <option value="3" selected>Novel</option></select>
                 <input id="initial-id_category" name="initial-category" type="hidden" value="3">
-            """.format(today_str)
+            """.format(
+                today_str
+            ),
         )
         empty_data = {
-            'title': '',
-            'date_published': today_str,
-            'initial-date_published': today_str,
-            'mode': 'di',
-            'initial-mode': 'di',
-            'category': '3',
-            'initial-category': '3',
+            "title": "",
+            "date_published": today_str,
+            "initial-date_published": today_str,
+            "mode": "di",
+            "initial-mode": "di",
+            "category": "3",
+            "initial-category": "3",
         }
         bound_form = PublicationDefaultsForm(empty_data)
         self.assertFalse(bound_form.has_changed())
@@ -2643,36 +3001,36 @@ class OtherModelFormTests(TestCase):
 
 class ModelFormCustomErrorTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_custom_error_messages(self):
-        data = {'name1': '@#$!!**@#$', 'name2': '@#$!!**@#$'}
+        data = {"name1": "@#$!!**@#$", "name2": "@#$!!**@#$"}
         errors = CustomErrorMessageForm(data).errors
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(errors['name1']),
-            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Form custom error message.</li></ul>'
+            str(errors["name1"]),
+            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Form custom error message.</li></ul>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(errors['name2']),
-            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Model custom error message.</li></ul>'
+            str(errors["name2"]),
+            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Model custom error message.</li></ul>',
         )
 
     def test_model_clean_error_messages(self):
-        data = {'name1': 'FORBIDDEN_VALUE', 'name2': 'ABC'}
+        data = {"name1": "FORBIDDEN_VALUE", "name2": "ABC"}
         form = CustomErrorMessageForm(data)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(form.errors['name1']),
-            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Model.clean() error messages.</li></ul>'
+            str(form.errors["name1"]),
+            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Model.clean() error messages.</li></ul>',
         )
-        data = {'name1': 'FORBIDDEN_VALUE2', 'name2': 'ABC'}
+        data = {"name1": "FORBIDDEN_VALUE2", "name2": "ABC"}
         form = CustomErrorMessageForm(data)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(form.errors['name1']),
-            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Model.clean() error messages (simpler syntax).</li></ul>'
+            str(form.errors["name1"]),
+            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Model.clean() error messages (simpler syntax).</li></ul>',
         )
-        data = {'name1': 'GLOBAL_ERROR', 'name2': 'ABC'}
+        data = {"name1": "GLOBAL_ERROR", "name2": "ABC"}
         form = CustomErrorMessageForm(data)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors['__all__'], ['Global error message.'])
+        self.assertEqual(form.errors["__all__"], ["Global error message."])
 
 
 class CustomCleanTests(TestCase):
@@ -2681,17 +3039,18 @@ class CustomCleanTests(TestCase):
         Regression for #12596: Calling super from ModelForm.clean() should be
         optional.
         """
+
         class TripleFormWithCleanOverride(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Triple
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
             def clean(self):
-                if not self.cleaned_data['left'] == self.cleaned_data['right']:
-                    raise ValidationError('Left and right should be equal')
+                if not self.cleaned_data["left"] == self.cleaned_data["right"]:
+                    raise ValidationError("Left and right should be equal")
                 return self.cleaned_data
 
-        form = TripleFormWithCleanOverride({'left': 1, 'middle': 2, 'right': 1})
+        form = TripleFormWithCleanOverride({"left": 1, "middle": 2, "right": 1})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         # form.instance.left will be None if the instance was not constructed
         # by form.full_clean().
@@ -2702,19 +3061,20 @@ class CustomCleanTests(TestCase):
         Regression test for #12960. Make sure the cleaned_data returned from
         ModelForm.clean() is applied to the model instance.
         """
+
         class CategoryForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Category
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
             def clean(self):
-                self.cleaned_data['name'] = self.cleaned_data['name'].upper()
+                self.cleaned_data["name"] = self.cleaned_data["name"].upper()
                 return self.cleaned_data
 
-        data = {'name': 'Test', 'slug': 'test', 'url': '/test'}
+        data = {"name": "Test", "slug": "test", "url": "/test"}
         form = CategoryForm(data)
         category = form.save()
-        self.assertEqual(category.name, 'TEST')
+        self.assertEqual(category.name, "TEST")
 
 
 class ModelFormInheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -2725,15 +3085,15 @@ class ModelFormInheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class ModelForm(forms.ModelForm, Form):
             class Meta:
                 model = Writer
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
-        self.assertEqual(list(ModelForm().fields), ['name', 'age'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(ModelForm().fields), ["name", "age"])
 
     def test_field_removal(self):
         class ModelForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Writer
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
         class Mixin:
             age = None
@@ -2744,39 +3104,51 @@ class ModelFormInheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class Form2(forms.Form):
             foo = forms.IntegerField()
 
-        self.assertEqual(list(ModelForm().fields), ['name'])
-        self.assertEqual(list(type('NewForm', (Mixin, Form), {})().fields), [])
-        self.assertEqual(list(type('NewForm', (Form2, Mixin, Form), {})().fields), ['foo'])
-        self.assertEqual(list(type('NewForm', (Mixin, ModelForm, Form), {})().fields), ['name'])
-        self.assertEqual(list(type('NewForm', (ModelForm, Mixin, Form), {})().fields), ['name'])
-        self.assertEqual(list(type('NewForm', (ModelForm, Form, Mixin), {})().fields), ['name', 'age'])
-        self.assertEqual(list(type('NewForm', (ModelForm, Form), {'age': None})().fields), ['name'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(ModelForm().fields), ["name"])
+        self.assertEqual(list(type("NewForm", (Mixin, Form), {})().fields), [])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(type("NewForm", (Form2, Mixin, Form), {})().fields), ["foo"]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(type("NewForm", (Mixin, ModelForm, Form), {})().fields), ["name"]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(type("NewForm", (ModelForm, Mixin, Form), {})().fields), ["name"]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(type("NewForm", (ModelForm, Form, Mixin), {})().fields),
+            ["name", "age"],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(type("NewForm", (ModelForm, Form), {"age": None})().fields), ["name"]
+        )
 
     def test_field_removal_name_clashes(self):
         """
         Form fields can be removed in subclasses by setting them to None
         (#22510).
         """
+
         class MyForm(forms.ModelForm):
             media = forms.CharField()
 
             class Meta:
                 model = Writer
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
         class SubForm(MyForm):
             media = None
 
-        self.assertIn('media', MyForm().fields)
-        self.assertNotIn('media', SubForm().fields)
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(MyForm, 'media'))
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(SubForm, 'media'))
+        self.assertIn("media", MyForm().fields)
+        self.assertNotIn("media", SubForm().fields)
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(MyForm, "media"))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(SubForm, "media"))
 
 
 class StumpJokeForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = StumpJoke
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class CustomFieldWithQuerysetButNoLimitChoicesTo(forms.Field):
@@ -2795,14 +3167,15 @@ class LimitChoicesToTests(TestCase):
     """
     Tests the functionality of ``limit_choices_to``.
     """
+
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.threepwood = Character.objects.create(
-            username='threepwood',
+            username="threepwood",
             last_action=datetime.datetime.today() + datetime.timedelta(days=1),
         )
         cls.marley = Character.objects.create(
-            username='marley',
+            username="marley",
             last_action=datetime.datetime.today() - datetime.timedelta(days=1),
         )
 
@@ -2811,14 +3184,18 @@ class LimitChoicesToTests(TestCase):
         A ForeignKey can use limit_choices_to as a callable (#2554).
         """
         stumpjokeform = StumpJokeForm()
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(stumpjokeform.fields['most_recently_fooled'].queryset, [self.threepwood])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            stumpjokeform.fields["most_recently_fooled"].queryset, [self.threepwood]
+        )
 
     def test_limit_choices_to_callable_for_m2m_rel(self):
         """
         A ManyToManyField can use limit_choices_to as a callable (#2554).
         """
         stumpjokeform = StumpJokeForm()
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(stumpjokeform.fields['most_recently_fooled'].queryset, [self.threepwood])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            stumpjokeform.fields["most_recently_fooled"].queryset, [self.threepwood]
+        )
 
     def test_custom_field_with_queryset_but_no_limit_choices_to(self):
         """
@@ -2826,15 +3203,15 @@ class LimitChoicesToTests(TestCase):
         works (#23795).
         """
         f = StumpJokeWithCustomFieldForm()
-        self.assertEqual(f.fields['custom'].queryset, 42)
+        self.assertEqual(f.fields["custom"].queryset, 42)
 
     def test_fields_for_model_applies_limit_choices_to(self):
-        fields = fields_for_model(StumpJoke, ['has_fooled_today'])
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(fields['has_fooled_today'].queryset, [self.threepwood])
+        fields = fields_for_model(StumpJoke, ["has_fooled_today"])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(fields["has_fooled_today"].queryset, [self.threepwood])
 
     def test_callable_called_each_time_form_is_instantiated(self):
-        field = StumpJokeForm.base_fields['most_recently_fooled']
-        with mock.patch.object(field, 'limit_choices_to') as today_callable_dict:
+        field = StumpJokeForm.base_fields["most_recently_fooled"]
+        with mock.patch.object(field, "limit_choices_to") as today_callable_dict:
             StumpJokeForm()
             self.assertEqual(today_callable_dict.call_count, 1)
             StumpJokeForm()
@@ -2842,7 +3219,7 @@ class LimitChoicesToTests(TestCase):
             StumpJokeForm()
             self.assertEqual(today_callable_dict.call_count, 3)
 
-    @isolate_apps('model_forms')
+    @isolate_apps("model_forms")
     def test_limit_choices_to_no_duplicates(self):
         joke1 = StumpJoke.objects.create(
             funny=True,
@@ -2869,16 +3246,16 @@ class LimitChoicesToTests(TestCase):
                     jokes__funny=True,
                     jokes_today__funny=True,
                 ),
-                related_name='details_fk_1',
+                related_name="details_fk_1",
             )
             character2 = models.ForeignKey(
                 Character,
                 models.CASCADE,
                 limit_choices_to={
-                    'jokes__funny': True,
-                    'jokes_today__funny': True,
+                    "jokes__funny": True,
+                    "jokes_today__funny": True,
                 },
-                related_name='details_fk_2',
+                related_name="details_fk_2",
             )
             character3 = models.ManyToManyField(
                 Character,
@@ -2886,25 +3263,25 @@ class LimitChoicesToTests(TestCase):
                     jokes__funny=True,
                     jokes_today__funny=True,
                 ),
-                related_name='details_m2m_1',
+                related_name="details_m2m_1",
             )
 
         class CharacterDetailsForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = CharacterDetails
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
         form = CharacterDetailsForm()
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            form.fields['character1'].queryset,
+            form.fields["character1"].queryset,
             [self.marley, self.threepwood],
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            form.fields['character2'].queryset,
+            form.fields["character2"].queryset,
             [self.marley, self.threepwood],
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            form.fields['character3'].queryset,
+            form.fields["character3"].queryset,
             [self.marley, self.threepwood],
         )
 
@@ -2912,18 +3289,17 @@ class LimitChoicesToTests(TestCase):
         class DiceForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Dice
-                fields = ['numbers']
+                fields = ["numbers"]
 
         Number.objects.create(value=0)
         n1 = Number.objects.create(value=1)
         n2 = Number.objects.create(value=2)
 
         form = DiceForm()
-        self.assertCountEqual(form.fields['numbers'].queryset, [n1, n2])
+        self.assertCountEqual(form.fields["numbers"].queryset, [n1, n2])
 
 
 class FormFieldCallbackTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_baseform_with_widgets_in_meta(self):
         """Regression for #13095: Using base forms with widgets defined in Meta should not raise errors."""
         widget = forms.Textarea()
@@ -2931,28 +3307,28 @@ class FormFieldCallbackTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class BaseForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Person
-                widgets = {'name': widget}
+                widgets = {"name": widget}
                 fields = "__all__"
 
         Form = modelform_factory(Person, form=BaseForm)
-        self.assertIsInstance(Form.base_fields['name'].widget, forms.Textarea)
+        self.assertIsInstance(Form.base_fields["name"].widget, forms.Textarea)
 
     def test_factory_with_widget_argument(self):
-        """ Regression for #15315: modelform_factory should accept widgets
-            argument
+        """Regression for #15315: modelform_factory should accept widgets
+        argument
         """
         widget = forms.Textarea()
 
         # Without a widget should not set the widget to textarea
         Form = modelform_factory(Person, fields="__all__")
-        self.assertNotEqual(Form.base_fields['name'].widget.__class__, forms.Textarea)
+        self.assertNotEqual(Form.base_fields["name"].widget.__class__, forms.Textarea)
 
         # With a widget should not set the widget to textarea
-        Form = modelform_factory(Person, fields="__all__", widgets={'name': widget})
-        self.assertEqual(Form.base_fields['name'].widget.__class__, forms.Textarea)
+        Form = modelform_factory(Person, fields="__all__", widgets={"name": widget})
+        self.assertEqual(Form.base_fields["name"].widget.__class__, forms.Textarea)
 
     def test_modelform_factory_without_fields(self):
-        """ Regression for #19733 """
+        """Regression for #19733"""
         message = (
             "Calling modelform_factory without defining 'fields' or 'exclude' "
             "explicitly is prohibited."
@@ -2961,7 +3337,7 @@ class FormFieldCallbackTests(SimpleTestCase):
             modelform_factory(Person)
 
     def test_modelform_factory_with_all_fields(self):
-        """ Regression for #19733 """
+        """Regression for #19733"""
         form = modelform_factory(Person, fields="__all__")
         self.assertEqual(list(form.base_fields), ["name"])
 
@@ -2978,18 +3354,24 @@ class FormFieldCallbackTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class BaseForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Person
-                widgets = {'name': widget}
+                widgets = {"name": widget}
                 fields = "__all__"
 
         modelform_factory(Person, form=BaseForm, formfield_callback=callback)
         id_field, name_field = Person._meta.fields
 
-        self.assertEqual(callback_args, [(id_field, {}), (name_field, {'widget': widget})])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            callback_args, [(id_field, {}), (name_field, {"widget": widget})]
+        )
 
     def test_bad_callback(self):
         # A bad callback provided by user still gives an error
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            modelform_factory(Person, fields="__all__", formfield_callback='not a function or callable')
+            modelform_factory(
+                Person,
+                fields="__all__",
+                formfield_callback="not a function or callable",
+            )
 
     def test_inherit_after_custom_callback(self):
         def callback(db_field, **kwargs):
@@ -3000,7 +3382,7 @@ class FormFieldCallbackTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class BaseForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Person
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
         NewForm = modelform_factory(Person, form=BaseForm, formfield_callback=callback)
 
@@ -3010,7 +3392,7 @@ class FormFieldCallbackTests(SimpleTestCase):
         for name in NewForm.base_fields:
             self.assertEqual(
                 type(InheritedForm.base_fields[name].widget),
-                type(NewForm.base_fields[name].widget)
+                type(NewForm.base_fields[name].widget),
             )
 
 
@@ -3019,27 +3401,30 @@ class LocalizedModelFormTest(TestCase):
         class PartiallyLocalizedTripleForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Triple
-                localized_fields = ('left', 'right',)
-                fields = '__all__'
+                localized_fields = (
+                    "left",
+                    "right",
+                )
+                fields = "__all__"
 
-        f = PartiallyLocalizedTripleForm({'left': 10, 'middle': 10, 'right': 10})
+        f = PartiallyLocalizedTripleForm({"left": 10, "middle": 10, "right": 10})
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
-        self.assertTrue(f.fields['left'].localize)
-        self.assertFalse(f.fields['middle'].localize)
-        self.assertTrue(f.fields['right'].localize)
+        self.assertTrue(f.fields["left"].localize)
+        self.assertFalse(f.fields["middle"].localize)
+        self.assertTrue(f.fields["right"].localize)
 
     def test_model_form_applies_localize_to_all_fields(self):
         class FullyLocalizedTripleForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Triple
-                localized_fields = '__all__'
-                fields = '__all__'
+                localized_fields = "__all__"
+                fields = "__all__"
 
-        f = FullyLocalizedTripleForm({'left': 10, 'middle': 10, 'right': 10})
+        f = FullyLocalizedTripleForm({"left": 10, "middle": 10, "right": 10})
         self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
-        self.assertTrue(f.fields['left'].localize)
-        self.assertTrue(f.fields['middle'].localize)
-        self.assertTrue(f.fields['right'].localize)
+        self.assertTrue(f.fields["left"].localize)
+        self.assertTrue(f.fields["middle"].localize)
+        self.assertTrue(f.fields["right"].localize)
 
     def test_model_form_refuses_arbitrary_string(self):
         msg = (
@@ -3047,6 +3432,7 @@ class LocalizedModelFormTest(TestCase):
             "cannot be a string. Did you mean to type: ('foo',)?"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
+
             class BrokenLocalizedTripleForm(forms.ModelForm):
                 class Meta:
                     model = Triple
@@ -3081,41 +3467,47 @@ class StrictAssignmentTests(SimpleTestCase):
         A model ValidationError using the dict form should put the error
         message into the correct key of form.errors.
         """
-        form_class = modelform_factory(model=StrictAssignmentFieldSpecific, fields=['title'])
-        form = form_class(data={'title': 'testing setattr'}, files=None)
+        form_class = modelform_factory(
+            model=StrictAssignmentFieldSpecific, fields=["title"]
+        )
+        form = form_class(data={"title": "testing setattr"}, files=None)
         # This line turns on the ValidationError; it avoids the model erroring
         # when its own __init__() is called when creating form.instance.
         form.instance._should_error = True
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {
-            'title': ['Cannot set attribute', 'This field cannot be blank.']
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.errors,
+            {"title": ["Cannot set attribute", "This field cannot be blank."]},
+        )
 
     def test_setattr_raises_validation_error_non_field(self):
         """
         A model ValidationError not using the dict form should put the error
         message into __all__ (i.e. non-field errors) on the form.
         """
-        form_class = modelform_factory(model=StrictAssignmentAll, fields=['title'])
-        form = form_class(data={'title': 'testing setattr'}, files=None)
+        form_class = modelform_factory(model=StrictAssignmentAll, fields=["title"])
+        form = form_class(data={"title": "testing setattr"}, files=None)
         # This line turns on the ValidationError; it avoids the model erroring
         # when its own __init__() is called when creating form.instance.
         form.instance._should_error = True
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {
-            '__all__': ['Cannot set attribute'],
-            'title': ['This field cannot be blank.']
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.errors,
+            {
+                "__all__": ["Cannot set attribute"],
+                "title": ["This field cannot be blank."],
+            },
+        )
 
 
 class ModelToDictTests(TestCase):
     def test_many_to_many(self):
         """Data for a ManyToManyField is a list rather than a lazy QuerySet."""
-        blue = Colour.objects.create(name='blue')
-        red = Colour.objects.create(name='red')
+        blue = Colour.objects.create(name="blue")
+        red = Colour.objects.create(name="red")
         item = ColourfulItem.objects.create()
         item.colours.set([blue])
-        data = model_to_dict(item)['colours']
+        data = model_to_dict(item)["colours"]
         self.assertEqual(data, [blue])
         item.colours.set([red])
         # If data were a QuerySet, it would be reevaluated here and give "red"
diff --git a/tests/model_formsets/models.py b/tests/model_formsets/models.py
index 72728ec582..a2965395d6 100644
--- a/tests/model_formsets/models.py
+++ b/tests/model_formsets/models.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ class Author(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -23,10 +23,8 @@ class Book(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
     class Meta:
-        unique_together = (
-            ('author', 'title'),
-        )
-        ordering = ['id']
+        unique_together = (("author", "title"),)
+        ordering = ["id"]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.title
@@ -42,7 +40,7 @@ class BookWithCustomPK(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s: %s' % (self.my_pk, self.title)
+        return "%s: %s" % (self.my_pk, self.title)
 
 
 class Editor(models.Model):
@@ -56,9 +54,7 @@ class BookWithOptionalAltEditor(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
     class Meta:
-        unique_together = (
-            ('author', 'title', 'alt_editor'),
-        )
+        unique_together = (("author", "title", "alt_editor"),)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.title
@@ -68,7 +64,7 @@ class AlternateBook(Book):
     notes = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s - %s' % (self.title, self.notes)
+        return "%s - %s" % (self.title, self.notes)
 
 
 class AuthorMeeting(models.Model):
@@ -136,7 +132,7 @@ class Price(models.Model):
     quantity = models.PositiveIntegerField()
 
     class Meta:
-        unique_together = (('price', 'quantity'),)
+        unique_together = (("price", "quantity"),)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return "%s for %s" % (self.quantity, self.price)
@@ -147,7 +143,9 @@ class MexicanRestaurant(Restaurant):
 
 
 class ClassyMexicanRestaurant(MexicanRestaurant):
-    the_restaurant = models.OneToOneField(MexicanRestaurant, models.CASCADE, parent_link=True, primary_key=True)
+    the_restaurant = models.OneToOneField(
+        MexicanRestaurant, models.CASCADE, parent_link=True, primary_key=True
+    )
     tacos_are_yummy = models.BooleanField(default=False)
 
 
@@ -214,9 +212,9 @@ class Poem(models.Model):
 
 
 class Post(models.Model):
-    title = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_date='posted', blank=True)
-    slug = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_year='posted', blank=True)
-    subtitle = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_month='posted', blank=True)
+    title = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_date="posted", blank=True)
+    slug = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_year="posted", blank=True)
+    subtitle = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_month="posted", blank=True)
     posted = models.DateField()
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -262,4 +260,6 @@ class ParentWithUUIDAlternateKey(models.Model):
 
 class ChildRelatedViaAK(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
-    parent = models.ForeignKey(ParentWithUUIDAlternateKey, models.CASCADE, to_field='uuid')
+    parent = models.ForeignKey(
+        ParentWithUUIDAlternateKey, models.CASCADE, to_field="uuid"
+    )
diff --git a/tests/model_formsets/test_uuid.py b/tests/model_formsets/test_uuid.py
index bd44595530..2097bde82b 100644
--- a/tests/model_formsets/test_uuid.py
+++ b/tests/model_formsets/test_uuid.py
@@ -2,9 +2,14 @@ from django.forms.models import inlineformset_factory
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 from .models import (
-    AutoPKChildOfUUIDPKParent, AutoPKParent, ChildRelatedViaAK,
-    ChildWithEditablePK, ParentWithUUIDAlternateKey, UUIDPKChild,
-    UUIDPKChildOfAutoPKParent, UUIDPKParent,
+    AutoPKChildOfUUIDPKParent,
+    AutoPKParent,
+    ChildRelatedViaAK,
+    ChildWithEditablePK,
+    ParentWithUUIDAlternateKey,
+    UUIDPKChild,
+    UUIDPKChildOfAutoPKParent,
+    UUIDPKParent,
 )
 
 
@@ -17,24 +22,26 @@ class InlineFormsetTests(TestCase):
 
         Tests the case where both the parent and child have a UUID primary key.
         """
-        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(UUIDPKParent, UUIDPKChild, fields='__all__')
+        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(UUIDPKParent, UUIDPKChild, fields="__all__")
         formset = FormSet()
-        self.assertIsNone(formset.forms[0].fields['parent'].initial)
+        self.assertIsNone(formset.forms[0].fields["parent"].initial)
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_ignores_default_pks_on_submit(self):
         """
         #24377 - Inlines with a model field default should ignore that default
         value to avoid triggering validation on empty forms.
         """
-        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(UUIDPKParent, UUIDPKChild, fields='__all__')
-        formset = FormSet({
-            'uuidpkchild_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 3,
-            'uuidpkchild_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 0,
-            'uuidpkchild_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'uuidpkchild_set-0-name': 'Foo',
-            'uuidpkchild_set-1-name': '',
-            'uuidpkchild_set-2-name': '',
-        })
+        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(UUIDPKParent, UUIDPKChild, fields="__all__")
+        formset = FormSet(
+            {
+                "uuidpkchild_set-TOTAL_FORMS": 3,
+                "uuidpkchild_set-INITIAL_FORMS": 0,
+                "uuidpkchild_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+                "uuidpkchild_set-0-name": "Foo",
+                "uuidpkchild_set-1-name": "",
+                "uuidpkchild_set-2-name": "",
+            }
+        )
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_nulls_default_pks_uuid_parent_auto_child(self):
@@ -43,9 +50,11 @@ class InlineFormsetTests(TestCase):
         the case of a parent object with a UUID primary key and a child object
         with an AutoField primary key.
         """
-        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(UUIDPKParent, AutoPKChildOfUUIDPKParent, fields='__all__')
+        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            UUIDPKParent, AutoPKChildOfUUIDPKParent, fields="__all__"
+        )
         formset = FormSet()
-        self.assertIsNone(formset.forms[0].fields['parent'].initial)
+        self.assertIsNone(formset.forms[0].fields["parent"].initial)
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_nulls_default_pks_auto_parent_uuid_child(self):
         """
@@ -53,9 +62,11 @@ class InlineFormsetTests(TestCase):
         the case of a parent object with an AutoField primary key and a child
         object with a UUID primary key.
         """
-        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(AutoPKParent, UUIDPKChildOfAutoPKParent, fields='__all__')
+        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            AutoPKParent, UUIDPKChildOfAutoPKParent, fields="__all__"
+        )
         formset = FormSet()
-        self.assertIsNone(formset.forms[0].fields['parent'].initial)
+        self.assertIsNone(formset.forms[0].fields["parent"].initial)
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_nulls_default_pks_child_editable_pk(self):
         """
@@ -63,9 +74,11 @@ class InlineFormsetTests(TestCase):
         the case of a parent object with a UUID primary key and a child
         object with an editable natural key for a primary key.
         """
-        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(UUIDPKParent, ChildWithEditablePK, fields='__all__')
+        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            UUIDPKParent, ChildWithEditablePK, fields="__all__"
+        )
         formset = FormSet()
-        self.assertIsNone(formset.forms[0].fields['parent'].initial)
+        self.assertIsNone(formset.forms[0].fields["parent"].initial)
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_nulls_default_pks_alternate_key_relation(self):
         """
@@ -73,6 +86,8 @@ class InlineFormsetTests(TestCase):
         the case of a parent object with a UUID alternate key and a child
         object that relates to that alternate key.
         """
-        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(ParentWithUUIDAlternateKey, ChildRelatedViaAK, fields='__all__')
+        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            ParentWithUUIDAlternateKey, ChildRelatedViaAK, fields="__all__"
+        )
         formset = FormSet()
-        self.assertIsNone(formset.forms[0].fields['parent'].initial)
+        self.assertIsNone(formset.forms[0].fields["parent"].initial)
diff --git a/tests/model_formsets/tests.py b/tests/model_formsets/tests.py
index 06129c90f5..dbc06f3555 100644
--- a/tests/model_formsets/tests.py
+++ b/tests/model_formsets/tests.py
@@ -7,32 +7,55 @@ from django import forms
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.db import models
 from django.forms.models import (
-    BaseModelFormSet, _get_foreign_key, inlineformset_factory,
+    BaseModelFormSet,
+    _get_foreign_key,
+    inlineformset_factory,
     modelformset_factory,
 )
 from django.http import QueryDict
 from django.test import TestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
 
 from .models import (
-    AlternateBook, Author, AuthorMeeting, BetterAuthor, Book, BookWithCustomPK,
-    BookWithOptionalAltEditor, ClassyMexicanRestaurant, CustomPrimaryKey,
-    Location, Membership, MexicanRestaurant, Owner, OwnerProfile, Person,
-    Place, Player, Poem, Poet, Post, Price, Product, Repository, Restaurant,
-    Revision, Team,
+    AlternateBook,
+    Author,
+    AuthorMeeting,
+    BetterAuthor,
+    Book,
+    BookWithCustomPK,
+    BookWithOptionalAltEditor,
+    ClassyMexicanRestaurant,
+    CustomPrimaryKey,
+    Location,
+    Membership,
+    MexicanRestaurant,
+    Owner,
+    OwnerProfile,
+    Person,
+    Place,
+    Player,
+    Poem,
+    Poet,
+    Post,
+    Price,
+    Product,
+    Repository,
+    Restaurant,
+    Revision,
+    Team,
 )
 
 
 class DeletionTests(TestCase):
     def test_deletion(self):
         PoetFormSet = modelformset_factory(Poet, fields="__all__", can_delete=True)
-        poet = Poet.objects.create(name='test')
+        poet = Poet.objects.create(name="test")
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-0-id': str(poet.pk),
-            'form-0-name': 'test',
-            'form-0-DELETE': 'on',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-0-id": str(poet.pk),
+            "form-0-name": "test",
+            "form-0-DELETE": "on",
         }
         formset = PoetFormSet(data, queryset=Poet.objects.all())
         formset.save(commit=False)
@@ -48,18 +71,18 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
         doesn't cause validation errors.
         """
         PoetFormSet = modelformset_factory(Poet, fields="__all__", can_delete=True)
-        poet = Poet.objects.create(name='test')
+        poet = Poet.objects.create(name="test")
         # One existing untouched and two new unvalid forms
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-0-id': str(poet.id),
-            'form-0-name': 'test',
-            'form-1-id': '',
-            'form-1-name': 'x' * 1000,  # Too long
-            'form-2-id': str(poet.id),  # Violate unique constraint
-            'form-2-name': 'test2',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-0-id": str(poet.id),
+            "form-0-name": "test",
+            "form-1-id": "",
+            "form-1-name": "x" * 1000,  # Too long
+            "form-2-id": str(poet.id),  # Violate unique constraint
+            "form-2-name": "test2",
         }
         formset = PoetFormSet(data, queryset=Poet.objects.all())
         # Make sure this form doesn't pass validation.
@@ -68,9 +91,9 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
 
         # Then make sure that it *does* pass validation and delete the object,
         # even though the data in new forms aren't actually valid.
-        data['form-0-DELETE'] = 'on'
-        data['form-1-DELETE'] = 'on'
-        data['form-2-DELETE'] = 'on'
+        data["form-0-DELETE"] = "on"
+        data["form-1-DELETE"] = "on"
+        data["form-2-DELETE"] = "on"
         formset = PoetFormSet(data, queryset=Poet.objects.all())
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), True)
         formset.save()
@@ -82,13 +105,13 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
         doesn't cause validation errors.
         """
         PoetFormSet = modelformset_factory(Poet, fields="__all__", can_delete=True)
-        poet = Poet.objects.create(name='test')
+        poet = Poet.objects.create(name="test")
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-0-id': str(poet.id),
-            'form-0-name': 'x' * 1000,
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-0-id": str(poet.id),
+            "form-0-name": "x" * 1000,
         }
         formset = PoetFormSet(data, queryset=Poet.objects.all())
         # Make sure this form doesn't pass validation.
@@ -97,27 +120,29 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
 
         # Then make sure that it *does* pass validation and delete the object,
         # even though the data isn't actually valid.
-        data['form-0-DELETE'] = 'on'
+        data["form-0-DELETE"] = "on"
         formset = PoetFormSet(data, queryset=Poet.objects.all())
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), True)
         formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(Poet.objects.count(), 0)
 
     def test_outdated_deletion(self):
-        poet = Poet.objects.create(name='test')
-        poem = Poem.objects.create(name='Brevity is the soul of wit', poet=poet)
+        poet = Poet.objects.create(name="test")
+        poem = Poem.objects.create(name="Brevity is the soul of wit", poet=poet)
 
-        PoemFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Poet, Poem, fields="__all__", can_delete=True)
+        PoemFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Poet, Poem, fields="__all__", can_delete=True
+        )
 
         # Simulate deletion of an object that doesn't exist in the database
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-0-id': str(poem.pk),
-            'form-0-name': 'foo',
-            'form-1-id': str(poem.pk + 1),  # doesn't exist
-            'form-1-name': 'bar',
-            'form-1-DELETE': 'on',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-0-id": str(poem.pk),
+            "form-0-name": "foo",
+            "form-1-id": str(poem.pk + 1),  # doesn't exist
+            "form-1-name": "bar",
+            "form-1-DELETE": "on",
         }
         formset = PoemFormSet(data, instance=poet, prefix="form")
 
@@ -135,7 +160,7 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
 
 class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
     def test_modelformset_factory_without_fields(self):
-        """ Regression for #19733 """
+        """Regression for #19733"""
         message = (
             "Calling modelformset_factory without defining 'fields' or 'exclude' "
             "explicitly is prohibited."
@@ -153,28 +178,28 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             formset.forms[0].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_form-0-name">Name:</label>'
             '<input id="id_form-0-name" type="text" name="form-0-name" maxlength="100">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-id" id="id_form-0-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-id" id="id_form-0-id"></p>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[1].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_form-1-name">Name:</label>'
             '<input id="id_form-1-name" type="text" name="form-1-name" maxlength="100">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-1-id" id="id_form-1-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-1-id" id="id_form-1-id"></p>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[2].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_form-2-name">Name:</label>'
             ' <input id="id_form-2-name" type="text" name="form-2-name" maxlength="100">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-2-id" id="id_form-2-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-2-id" id="id_form-2-id"></p>',
         )
 
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'form-0-name': 'Charles Baudelaire',
-            'form-1-name': 'Arthur Rimbaud',
-            'form-2-name': '',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "form-0-name": "Charles Baudelaire",
+            "form-1-name": "Arthur Rimbaud",
+            "form-2-name": "",
         }
 
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data=data, queryset=qs)
@@ -183,10 +208,10 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 2)
         author1, author2 = saved
-        self.assertEqual(author1, Author.objects.get(name='Charles Baudelaire'))
-        self.assertEqual(author2, Author.objects.get(name='Arthur Rimbaud'))
+        self.assertEqual(author1, Author.objects.get(name="Charles Baudelaire"))
+        self.assertEqual(author2, Author.objects.get(name="Arthur Rimbaud"))
 
-        authors = list(Author.objects.order_by('name'))
+        authors = list(Author.objects.order_by("name"))
         self.assertEqual(authors, [author2, author1])
 
         # Gah! We forgot Paul Verlaine. Let's create a formset to edit the
@@ -194,8 +219,10 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         # queryset to restrict the Author objects we edit, but in this case
         # we'll use it to display them in alphabetical order by name.
 
-        qs = Author.objects.order_by('name')
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__", extra=1, can_delete=False)
+        qs = Author.objects.order_by("name")
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Author, fields="__all__", extra=1, can_delete=False
+        )
 
         formset = AuthorFormSet(queryset=qs)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 3)
@@ -203,30 +230,32 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             formset.forms[0].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_form-0-name">Name:</label>'
             '<input id="id_form-0-name" type="text" name="form-0-name" value="Arthur Rimbaud" maxlength="100">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-id" value="%d" id="id_form-0-id"></p>' % author2.id
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-id" value="%d" id="id_form-0-id"></p>'
+            % author2.id,
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[1].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_form-1-name">Name:</label>'
             '<input id="id_form-1-name" type="text" name="form-1-name" value="Charles Baudelaire" maxlength="100">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-1-id" value="%d" id="id_form-1-id"></p>' % author1.id
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-1-id" value="%d" id="id_form-1-id"></p>'
+            % author1.id,
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[2].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_form-2-name">Name:</label>'
             '<input id="id_form-2-name" type="text" name="form-2-name" maxlength="100">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-2-id" id="id_form-2-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-2-id" id="id_form-2-id"></p>',
         )
 
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'form-0-id': str(author2.id),
-            'form-0-name': 'Arthur Rimbaud',
-            'form-1-id': str(author1.id),
-            'form-1-name': 'Charles Baudelaire',
-            'form-2-name': 'Paul Verlaine',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "form-0-id": str(author2.id),
+            "form-0-name": "Arthur Rimbaud",
+            "form-1-id": str(author1.id),
+            "form-1-name": "Charles Baudelaire",
+            "form-2-name": "Paul Verlaine",
         }
 
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data=data, queryset=qs)
@@ -236,16 +265,18 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
         author3 = saved[0]
-        self.assertEqual(author3, Author.objects.get(name='Paul Verlaine'))
+        self.assertEqual(author3, Author.objects.get(name="Paul Verlaine"))
 
-        authors = list(Author.objects.order_by('name'))
+        authors = list(Author.objects.order_by("name"))
         self.assertEqual(authors, [author2, author1, author3])
 
         # This probably shouldn't happen, but it will. If an add form was
         # marked for deletion, make sure we don't save that form.
 
-        qs = Author.objects.order_by('name')
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__", extra=1, can_delete=True)
+        qs = Author.objects.order_by("name")
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Author, fields="__all__", extra=1, can_delete=True
+        )
 
         formset = AuthorFormSet(queryset=qs)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 4)
@@ -256,7 +287,8 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             'value="Arthur Rimbaud" maxlength="100"></p>'
             '<p><label for="id_form-0-DELETE">Delete:</label>'
             '<input type="checkbox" name="form-0-DELETE" id="id_form-0-DELETE">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-id" value="%d" id="id_form-0-id"></p>' % author2.id
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-id" value="%d" id="id_form-0-id"></p>'
+            % author2.id,
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[1].as_p(),
@@ -265,7 +297,8 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             'value="Charles Baudelaire" maxlength="100"></p>'
             '<p><label for="id_form-1-DELETE">Delete:</label>'
             '<input type="checkbox" name="form-1-DELETE" id="id_form-1-DELETE">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-1-id" value="%d" id="id_form-1-id"></p>' % author1.id
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-1-id" value="%d" id="id_form-1-id"></p>'
+            % author1.id,
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[2].as_p(),
@@ -274,7 +307,8 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             'value="Paul Verlaine" maxlength="100"></p>'
             '<p><label for="id_form-2-DELETE">Delete:</label>'
             '<input type="checkbox" name="form-2-DELETE" id="id_form-2-DELETE">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-2-id" value="%d" id="id_form-2-id"></p>' % author3.id
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-2-id" value="%d" id="id_form-2-id"></p>'
+            % author3.id,
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[3].as_p(),
@@ -282,21 +316,21 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input id="id_form-3-name" type="text" name="form-3-name" maxlength="100"></p>'
             '<p><label for="id_form-3-DELETE">Delete:</label>'
             '<input type="checkbox" name="form-3-DELETE" id="id_form-3-DELETE">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-3-id" id="id_form-3-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-3-id" id="id_form-3-id"></p>',
         )
 
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '4',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'form-0-id': str(author2.id),
-            'form-0-name': 'Arthur Rimbaud',
-            'form-1-id': str(author1.id),
-            'form-1-name': 'Charles Baudelaire',
-            'form-2-id': str(author3.id),
-            'form-2-name': 'Paul Verlaine',
-            'form-3-name': 'Walt Whitman',
-            'form-3-DELETE': 'on',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "4",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "form-0-id": str(author2.id),
+            "form-0-name": "Arthur Rimbaud",
+            "form-1-id": str(author1.id),
+            "form-1-name": "Charles Baudelaire",
+            "form-2-id": str(author3.id),
+            "form-2-name": "Paul Verlaine",
+            "form-3-name": "Walt Whitman",
+            "form-3-DELETE": "on",
         }
 
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data=data, queryset=qs)
@@ -306,23 +340,23 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(formset.save(), [])
 
-        authors = list(Author.objects.order_by('name'))
+        authors = list(Author.objects.order_by("name"))
         self.assertEqual(authors, [author2, author1, author3])
 
         # Let's edit a record to ensure save only returns that one record.
 
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '4',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'form-0-id': str(author2.id),
-            'form-0-name': 'Walt Whitman',
-            'form-1-id': str(author1.id),
-            'form-1-name': 'Charles Baudelaire',
-            'form-2-id': str(author3.id),
-            'form-2-name': 'Paul Verlaine',
-            'form-3-name': '',
-            'form-3-DELETE': '',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "4",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "form-0-id": str(author2.id),
+            "form-0-name": "Walt Whitman",
+            "form-1-id": str(author1.id),
+            "form-1-name": "Charles Baudelaire",
+            "form-2-id": str(author3.id),
+            "form-2-name": "Paul Verlaine",
+            "form-3-name": "",
+            "form-3-DELETE": "",
         }
 
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data=data, queryset=qs)
@@ -332,33 +366,35 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
 
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(saved[0], Author.objects.get(name='Walt Whitman'))
+        self.assertEqual(saved[0], Author.objects.get(name="Walt Whitman"))
 
     def test_commit_false(self):
         # Test the behavior of commit=False and save_m2m
 
-        author1 = Author.objects.create(name='Charles Baudelaire')
-        author2 = Author.objects.create(name='Paul Verlaine')
-        author3 = Author.objects.create(name='Walt Whitman')
+        author1 = Author.objects.create(name="Charles Baudelaire")
+        author2 = Author.objects.create(name="Paul Verlaine")
+        author3 = Author.objects.create(name="Walt Whitman")
 
         meeting = AuthorMeeting.objects.create(created=date.today())
         meeting.authors.set(Author.objects.all())
 
         # create an Author instance to add to the meeting.
 
-        author4 = Author.objects.create(name='John Steinbeck')
+        author4 = Author.objects.create(name="John Steinbeck")
 
-        AuthorMeetingFormSet = modelformset_factory(AuthorMeeting, fields="__all__", extra=1, can_delete=True)
+        AuthorMeetingFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            AuthorMeeting, fields="__all__", extra=1, can_delete=True
+        )
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'form-0-id': str(meeting.id),
-            'form-0-name': '2nd Tuesday of the Week Meeting',
-            'form-0-authors': [author2.id, author1.id, author3.id, author4.id],
-            'form-1-name': '',
-            'form-1-authors': '',
-            'form-1-DELETE': '',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "form-0-id": str(meeting.id),
+            "form-0-name": "2nd Tuesday of the Week Meeting",
+            "form-0-authors": [author2.id, author1.id, author3.id, author4.id],
+            "form-1-name": "",
+            "form-1-authors": "",
+            "form-1-DELETE": "",
         }
         formset = AuthorMeetingFormSet(data=data, queryset=AuthorMeeting.objects.all())
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
@@ -378,23 +414,29 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         # all existing related objects/inlines for a given object to be
         # displayed, but not allow the creation of new inlines beyond max_num.
 
-        a1 = Author.objects.create(name='Charles Baudelaire')
-        a2 = Author.objects.create(name='Paul Verlaine')
-        a3 = Author.objects.create(name='Walt Whitman')
+        a1 = Author.objects.create(name="Charles Baudelaire")
+        a2 = Author.objects.create(name="Paul Verlaine")
+        a3 = Author.objects.create(name="Walt Whitman")
 
-        qs = Author.objects.order_by('name')
+        qs = Author.objects.order_by("name")
 
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__", max_num=None, extra=3)
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Author, fields="__all__", max_num=None, extra=3
+        )
         formset = AuthorFormSet(queryset=qs)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 6)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.extra_forms), 3)
 
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__", max_num=4, extra=3)
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Author, fields="__all__", max_num=4, extra=3
+        )
         formset = AuthorFormSet(queryset=qs)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 4)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.extra_forms), 1)
 
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__", max_num=0, extra=3)
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Author, fields="__all__", max_num=0, extra=3
+        )
         formset = AuthorFormSet(queryset=qs)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 3)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.extra_forms), 0)
@@ -420,20 +462,26 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         formset = AuthorFormSet(queryset=qs)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 0)
 
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__", min_num=1, extra=0)
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Author, fields="__all__", min_num=1, extra=0
+        )
         formset = AuthorFormSet(queryset=qs)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 1)
 
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__", min_num=1, extra=1)
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Author, fields="__all__", min_num=1, extra=1
+        )
         formset = AuthorFormSet(queryset=qs)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 2)
 
     def test_min_num_with_existing(self):
         # Test the behavior of min_num with existing objects.
-        Author.objects.create(name='Charles Baudelaire')
+        Author.objects.create(name="Charles Baudelaire")
         qs = Author.objects.all()
 
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__", extra=0, min_num=1)
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Author, fields="__all__", extra=0, min_num=1
+        )
         formset = AuthorFormSet(queryset=qs)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 1)
 
@@ -450,12 +498,12 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         PoetFormSet = modelformset_factory(Poet, fields="__all__", form=PoetForm)
 
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'form-0-name': 'Walt Whitman',
-            'form-1-name': 'Charles Baudelaire',
-            'form-2-name': '',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "form-0-name": "Walt Whitman",
+            "form-1-name": "Charles Baudelaire",
+            "form-2-name": "",
         }
 
         qs = Poet.objects.all()
@@ -465,23 +513,24 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         poets = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(poets), 2)
         poet1, poet2 = poets
-        self.assertEqual(poet1.name, 'Vladimir Mayakovsky')
-        self.assertEqual(poet2.name, 'Vladimir Mayakovsky')
+        self.assertEqual(poet1.name, "Vladimir Mayakovsky")
+        self.assertEqual(poet2.name, "Vladimir Mayakovsky")
 
     def test_custom_form(self):
         """
         model_formset_factory() respects fields and exclude parameters of a
         custom form.
         """
+
         class PostForm1(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Post
-                fields = ('title', 'posted')
+                fields = ("title", "posted")
 
         class PostForm2(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Post
-                exclude = ('subtitle',)
+                exclude = ("subtitle",)
 
         PostFormSet = modelformset_factory(Post, form=PostForm1)
         formset = PostFormSet()
@@ -495,15 +544,17 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         """
         A queryset can be overridden in the formset's __init__() method.
         """
-        Author.objects.create(name='Charles Baudelaire')
-        Author.objects.create(name='Paul Verlaine')
+        Author.objects.create(name="Charles Baudelaire")
+        Author.objects.create(name="Paul Verlaine")
 
         class BaseAuthorFormSet(BaseModelFormSet):
             def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
                 super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-                self.queryset = Author.objects.filter(name__startswith='Charles')
+                self.queryset = Author.objects.filter(name__startswith="Charles")
 
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields='__all__', formset=BaseAuthorFormSet)
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Author, fields="__all__", formset=BaseAuthorFormSet
+        )
         formset = AuthorFormSet()
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.get_queryset()), 1)
 
@@ -517,24 +568,24 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input id="id_form-0-name" type="text" name="form-0-name" maxlength="100"></p>'
             '<p><label for="id_form-0-write_speed">Write speed:</label>'
             '<input type="number" name="form-0-write_speed" id="id_form-0-write_speed">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-author_ptr" id="id_form-0-author_ptr"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-author_ptr" id="id_form-0-author_ptr"></p>',
         )
 
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'form-0-author_ptr': '',
-            'form-0-name': 'Ernest Hemingway',
-            'form-0-write_speed': '10',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "form-0-author_ptr": "",
+            "form-0-name": "Ernest Hemingway",
+            "form-0-write_speed": "10",
         }
 
         formset = BetterAuthorFormSet(data)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        author1, = saved
-        self.assertEqual(author1, BetterAuthor.objects.get(name='Ernest Hemingway'))
+        (author1,) = saved
+        self.assertEqual(author1, BetterAuthor.objects.get(name="Ernest Hemingway"))
         hemingway_id = BetterAuthor.objects.get(name="Ernest Hemingway").pk
 
         formset = BetterAuthorFormSet()
@@ -545,7 +596,8 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input id="id_form-0-name" type="text" name="form-0-name" value="Ernest Hemingway" maxlength="100"></p>'
             '<p><label for="id_form-0-write_speed">Write speed:</label>'
             '<input type="number" name="form-0-write_speed" value="10" id="id_form-0-write_speed">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-author_ptr" value="%d" id="id_form-0-author_ptr"></p>' % hemingway_id
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-author_ptr" value="%d" id="id_form-0-author_ptr"></p>'
+            % hemingway_id,
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[1].as_p(),
@@ -553,19 +605,19 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input id="id_form-1-name" type="text" name="form-1-name" maxlength="100"></p>'
             '<p><label for="id_form-1-write_speed">Write speed:</label>'
             '<input type="number" name="form-1-write_speed" id="id_form-1-write_speed">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-1-author_ptr" id="id_form-1-author_ptr"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-1-author_ptr" id="id_form-1-author_ptr"></p>',
         )
 
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'form-0-author_ptr': hemingway_id,
-            'form-0-name': 'Ernest Hemingway',
-            'form-0-write_speed': '10',
-            'form-1-author_ptr': '',
-            'form-1-name': '',
-            'form-1-write_speed': '',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "form-0-author_ptr": hemingway_id,
+            "form-0-name": "Ernest Hemingway",
+            "form-0-write_speed": "10",
+            "form-1-author_ptr": "",
+            "form-1-name": "",
+            "form-1-write_speed": "",
         }
 
         formset = BetterAuthorFormSet(data)
@@ -576,8 +628,10 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         # We can also create a formset that is tied to a parent model. This is
         # how the admin system's edit inline functionality works.
 
-        AuthorBooksFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, can_delete=False, extra=3, fields="__all__")
-        author = Author.objects.create(name='Charles Baudelaire')
+        AuthorBooksFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Author, Book, can_delete=False, extra=3, fields="__all__"
+        )
+        author = Author.objects.create(name="Charles Baudelaire")
 
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet(instance=author)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 3)
@@ -586,30 +640,32 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<p><label for="id_book_set-0-title">Title:</label> <input id="id_book_set-0-title" type="text" '
             'name="book_set-0-title" maxlength="100"><input type="hidden" name="book_set-0-author" value="%d" '
             'id="id_book_set-0-author"><input type="hidden" name="book_set-0-id" id="id_book_set-0-id">'
-            '</p>' % author.id
+            "</p>" % author.id,
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[1].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_book_set-1-title">Title:</label>'
             '<input id="id_book_set-1-title" type="text" name="book_set-1-title" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-1-author" value="%d" id="id_book_set-1-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-1-id" id="id_book_set-1-id"></p>' % author.id
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-1-id" id="id_book_set-1-id"></p>'
+            % author.id,
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[2].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_book_set-2-title">Title:</label>'
             '<input id="id_book_set-2-title" type="text" name="book_set-2-title" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-2-author" value="%d" id="id_book_set-2-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-2-id" id="id_book_set-2-id"></p>' % author.id
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-2-id" id="id_book_set-2-id"></p>'
+            % author.id,
         )
 
         data = {
-            'book_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'book_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'book_set-0-title': 'Les Fleurs du Mal',
-            'book_set-1-title': '',
-            'book_set-2-title': '',
+            "book_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "book_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "book_set-0-title": "Les Fleurs du Mal",
+            "book_set-1-title": "",
+            "book_set-2-title": "",
         }
 
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet(data, instance=author)
@@ -617,16 +673,18 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
 
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        book1, = saved
-        self.assertEqual(book1, Book.objects.get(title='Les Fleurs du Mal'))
+        (book1,) = saved
+        self.assertEqual(book1, Book.objects.get(title="Les Fleurs du Mal"))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(author.book_set.all(), [book1])
 
         # Now that we've added a book to Charles Baudelaire, let's try adding
         # another one. This time though, an edit form will be available for
         # every existing book.
 
-        AuthorBooksFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, can_delete=False, extra=2, fields="__all__")
-        author = Author.objects.get(name='Charles Baudelaire')
+        AuthorBooksFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Author, Book, can_delete=False, extra=2, fields="__all__"
+        )
+        author = Author.objects.get(name="Charles Baudelaire")
 
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet(instance=author)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 3)
@@ -636,33 +694,37 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input id="id_book_set-0-title" type="text" name="book_set-0-title" '
             'value="Les Fleurs du Mal" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-0-author" value="%d" id="id_book_set-0-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-0-id" value="%d" id="id_book_set-0-id"></p>' % (
-                author.id, book1.id,
-            )
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-0-id" value="%d" id="id_book_set-0-id"></p>'
+            % (
+                author.id,
+                book1.id,
+            ),
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[1].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_book_set-1-title">Title:</label>'
             '<input id="id_book_set-1-title" type="text" name="book_set-1-title" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-1-author" value="%d" id="id_book_set-1-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-1-id" id="id_book_set-1-id"></p>' % author.id
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-1-id" id="id_book_set-1-id"></p>'
+            % author.id,
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[2].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_book_set-2-title">Title:</label>'
             '<input id="id_book_set-2-title" type="text" name="book_set-2-title" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-2-author" value="%d" id="id_book_set-2-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-2-id" id="id_book_set-2-id"></p>' % author.id
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-2-id" id="id_book_set-2-id"></p>'
+            % author.id,
         )
 
         data = {
-            'book_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'book_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'book_set-0-id': str(book1.id),
-            'book_set-0-title': 'Les Fleurs du Mal',
-            'book_set-1-title': 'Les Paradis Artificiels',
-            'book_set-2-title': '',
+            "book_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "book_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "book_set-0-id": str(book1.id),
+            "book_set-0-title": "Les Fleurs du Mal",
+            "book_set-1-title": "Les Paradis Artificiels",
+            "book_set-2-title": "",
         }
 
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet(data, instance=author)
@@ -670,44 +732,48 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
 
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        book2, = saved
-        self.assertEqual(book2, Book.objects.get(title='Les Paradis Artificiels'))
+        (book2,) = saved
+        self.assertEqual(book2, Book.objects.get(title="Les Paradis Artificiels"))
 
         # As you can see, 'Les Paradis Artificiels' is now a book belonging to
         # Charles Baudelaire.
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(author.book_set.order_by('title'), [book1, book2])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(author.book_set.order_by("title"), [book1, book2])
 
     def test_inline_formsets_save_as_new(self):
         # The save_as_new parameter lets you re-associate the data to a new
         # instance.  This is used in the admin for save_as functionality.
-        AuthorBooksFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, can_delete=False, extra=2, fields="__all__")
-        Author.objects.create(name='Charles Baudelaire')
+        AuthorBooksFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Author, Book, can_delete=False, extra=2, fields="__all__"
+        )
+        Author.objects.create(name="Charles Baudelaire")
 
         # An immutable QueryDict simulates request.POST.
         data = QueryDict(mutable=True)
-        data.update({
-            'book_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'book_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'book_set-0-id': '1',
-            'book_set-0-title': 'Les Fleurs du Mal',
-            'book_set-1-id': '2',
-            'book_set-1-title': 'Les Paradis Artificiels',
-            'book_set-2-title': '',
-        })
+        data.update(
+            {
+                "book_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms rendered
+                "book_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",  # the number of forms with initial data
+                "book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+                "book_set-0-id": "1",
+                "book_set-0-title": "Les Fleurs du Mal",
+                "book_set-1-id": "2",
+                "book_set-1-title": "Les Paradis Artificiels",
+                "book_set-2-title": "",
+            }
+        )
         data._mutable = False
 
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet(data, instance=Author(), save_as_new=True)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         self.assertIs(data._mutable, False)
 
-        new_author = Author.objects.create(name='Charles Baudelaire')
+        new_author = Author.objects.create(name="Charles Baudelaire")
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet(data, instance=new_author, save_as_new=True)
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 2)
         book1, book2 = saved
-        self.assertEqual(book1.title, 'Les Fleurs du Mal')
-        self.assertEqual(book2.title, 'Les Paradis Artificiels')
+        self.assertEqual(book1.title, "Les Fleurs du Mal")
+        self.assertEqual(book2.title, "Les Paradis Artificiels")
 
         # Test using a custom prefix on an inline formset.
 
@@ -718,7 +784,7 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<p><label for="id_test-0-title">Title:</label>'
             '<input id="id_test-0-title" type="text" name="test-0-title" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="test-0-author" id="id_test-0-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="test-0-id" id="id_test-0-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="test-0-id" id="id_test-0-id"></p>',
         )
 
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
@@ -726,7 +792,7 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<p><label for="id_test-1-title">Title:</label>'
             '<input id="id_test-1-title" type="text" name="test-1-title" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="test-1-author" id="id_test-1-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="test-1-id" id="id_test-1-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="test-1-id" id="id_test-1-id"></p>',
         )
 
     def test_inline_formsets_with_custom_pk(self):
@@ -737,7 +803,7 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         AuthorBooksFormSet2 = inlineformset_factory(
             Author, BookWithCustomPK, can_delete=False, extra=1, fields="__all__"
         )
-        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name='Charles Baudelaire')
+        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name="Charles Baudelaire")
 
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet2(instance=author)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 1)
@@ -750,15 +816,15 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input id="id_bookwithcustompk_set-0-title" type="text" '
             'name="bookwithcustompk_set-0-title" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="bookwithcustompk_set-0-author" '
-            'value="1" id="id_bookwithcustompk_set-0-author"></p>'
+            'value="1" id="id_bookwithcustompk_set-0-author"></p>',
         )
 
         data = {
-            'bookwithcustompk_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'bookwithcustompk_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'bookwithcustompk_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'bookwithcustompk_set-0-my_pk': '77777',
-            'bookwithcustompk_set-0-title': 'Les Fleurs du Mal',
+            "bookwithcustompk_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "bookwithcustompk_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "bookwithcustompk_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "bookwithcustompk_set-0-my_pk": "77777",
+            "bookwithcustompk_set-0-title": "Les Fleurs du Mal",
         }
 
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet2(data, instance=author)
@@ -766,18 +832,20 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
 
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        book1, = saved
+        (book1,) = saved
         self.assertEqual(book1.pk, 77777)
 
         book1 = author.bookwithcustompk_set.get()
-        self.assertEqual(book1.title, 'Les Fleurs du Mal')
+        self.assertEqual(book1.title, "Les Fleurs du Mal")
 
     def test_inline_formsets_with_multi_table_inheritance(self):
         # Test inline formsets where the inline-edited object uses multi-table
         # inheritance, thus has a non AutoField yet auto-created primary key.
 
-        AuthorBooksFormSet3 = inlineformset_factory(Author, AlternateBook, can_delete=False, extra=1, fields="__all__")
-        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name='Charles Baudelaire')
+        AuthorBooksFormSet3 = inlineformset_factory(
+            Author, AlternateBook, can_delete=False, extra=1, fields="__all__"
+        )
+        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name="Charles Baudelaire")
 
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet3(instance=author)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 1)
@@ -792,15 +860,15 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input type="hidden" name="alternatebook_set-0-author" value="1" '
             'id="id_alternatebook_set-0-author">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="alternatebook_set-0-book_ptr" '
-            'id="id_alternatebook_set-0-book_ptr"></p>'
+            'id="id_alternatebook_set-0-book_ptr"></p>',
         )
 
         data = {
-            'alternatebook_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'alternatebook_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'alternatebook_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'alternatebook_set-0-title': 'Flowers of Evil',
-            'alternatebook_set-0-notes': 'English translation of Les Fleurs du Mal'
+            "alternatebook_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "alternatebook_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "alternatebook_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "alternatebook_set-0-title": "Flowers of Evil",
+            "alternatebook_set-0-notes": "English translation of Les Fleurs du Mal",
         }
 
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet3(data, instance=author)
@@ -808,28 +876,32 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
 
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        book1, = saved
-        self.assertEqual(book1.title, 'Flowers of Evil')
-        self.assertEqual(book1.notes, 'English translation of Les Fleurs du Mal')
+        (book1,) = saved
+        self.assertEqual(book1.title, "Flowers of Evil")
+        self.assertEqual(book1.notes, "English translation of Les Fleurs du Mal")
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_partially_nullable_unique_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_partially_nullable_unique_constraints")
     def test_inline_formsets_with_nullable_unique_together(self):
         # Test inline formsets where the inline-edited object has a
         # unique_together constraint with a nullable member
 
         AuthorBooksFormSet4 = inlineformset_factory(
-            Author, BookWithOptionalAltEditor, can_delete=False, extra=2, fields="__all__"
+            Author,
+            BookWithOptionalAltEditor,
+            can_delete=False,
+            extra=2,
+            fields="__all__",
         )
-        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name='Charles Baudelaire')
+        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name="Charles Baudelaire")
 
         data = {
-            'bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-0-author': '1',
-            'bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-0-title': 'Les Fleurs du Mal',
-            'bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-1-author': '1',
-            'bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-1-title': 'Les Fleurs du Mal',
+            "bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-0-author": "1",
+            "bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-0-title": "Les Fleurs du Mal",
+            "bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-1-author": "1",
+            "bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-1-title": "Les Fleurs du Mal",
         }
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet4(data, instance=author)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
@@ -838,16 +910,20 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 2)
         book1, book2 = saved
         self.assertEqual(book1.author_id, 1)
-        self.assertEqual(book1.title, 'Les Fleurs du Mal')
+        self.assertEqual(book1.title, "Les Fleurs du Mal")
         self.assertEqual(book2.author_id, 1)
-        self.assertEqual(book2.title, 'Les Fleurs du Mal')
+        self.assertEqual(book2.title, "Les Fleurs du Mal")
 
     def test_inline_formsets_with_custom_save_method(self):
-        AuthorBooksFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, can_delete=False, extra=2, fields="__all__")
-        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name='Charles Baudelaire')
-        book1 = Book.objects.create(pk=1, author=author, title='Les Paradis Artificiels')
-        book2 = Book.objects.create(pk=2, author=author, title='Les Fleurs du Mal')
-        book3 = Book.objects.create(pk=3, author=author, title='Flowers of Evil')
+        AuthorBooksFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Author, Book, can_delete=False, extra=2, fields="__all__"
+        )
+        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name="Charles Baudelaire")
+        book1 = Book.objects.create(
+            pk=1, author=author, title="Les Paradis Artificiels"
+        )
+        book2 = Book.objects.create(pk=2, author=author, title="Les Fleurs du Mal")
+        book3 = Book.objects.create(pk=3, author=author, title="Flowers of Evil")
 
         class PoemForm(forms.ModelForm):
             def save(self, commit=True):
@@ -861,27 +937,27 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         PoemFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Poet, Poem, form=PoemForm, fields="__all__")
 
         data = {
-            'poem_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'poem_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'poem_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'poem_set-0-name': 'The Cloud in Trousers',
-            'poem_set-1-name': 'I',
-            'poem_set-2-name': '',
+            "poem_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "poem_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "poem_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "poem_set-0-name": "The Cloud in Trousers",
+            "poem_set-1-name": "I",
+            "poem_set-2-name": "",
         }
 
-        poet = Poet.objects.create(name='Vladimir Mayakovsky')
+        poet = Poet.objects.create(name="Vladimir Mayakovsky")
         formset = PoemFormSet(data=data, instance=poet)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
 
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 2)
         poem1, poem2 = saved
-        self.assertEqual(poem1.name, 'Brooklyn Bridge')
-        self.assertEqual(poem2.name, 'Brooklyn Bridge')
+        self.assertEqual(poem1.name, "Brooklyn Bridge")
+        self.assertEqual(poem2.name, "Brooklyn Bridge")
 
         # We can provide a custom queryset to our InlineFormSet:
 
-        custom_qs = Book.objects.order_by('-title')
+        custom_qs = Book.objects.order_by("-title")
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet(instance=author, queryset=custom_qs)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 5)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
@@ -890,7 +966,7 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input id="id_book_set-0-title" type="text" name="book_set-0-title" '
             'value="Les Paradis Artificiels" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-0-author" value="1" id="id_book_set-0-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-0-id" value="1" id="id_book_set-0-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-0-id" value="1" id="id_book_set-0-id"></p>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[1].as_p(),
@@ -898,7 +974,7 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input id="id_book_set-1-title" type="text" name="book_set-1-title" '
             'value="Les Fleurs du Mal" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-1-author" value="1" id="id_book_set-1-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-1-id" value="2" id="id_book_set-1-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-1-id" value="2" id="id_book_set-1-id"></p>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[2].as_p(),
@@ -906,40 +982,40 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input id="id_book_set-2-title" type="text" name="book_set-2-title" '
             'value="Flowers of Evil" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-2-author" value="1" id="id_book_set-2-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-2-id" value="3" id="id_book_set-2-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-2-id" value="3" id="id_book_set-2-id"></p>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[3].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_book_set-3-title">Title:</label>'
             '<input id="id_book_set-3-title" type="text" name="book_set-3-title" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-3-author" value="1" id="id_book_set-3-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-3-id" id="id_book_set-3-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-3-id" id="id_book_set-3-id"></p>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[4].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_book_set-4-title">Title:</label>'
             '<input id="id_book_set-4-title" type="text" name="book_set-4-title" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-4-author" value="1" id="id_book_set-4-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-4-id" id="id_book_set-4-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-4-id" id="id_book_set-4-id"></p>',
         )
 
         data = {
-            'book_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '5',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'book_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'book_set-0-id': str(book1.id),
-            'book_set-0-title': 'Les Paradis Artificiels',
-            'book_set-1-id': str(book2.id),
-            'book_set-1-title': 'Les Fleurs du Mal',
-            'book_set-2-id': str(book3.id),
-            'book_set-2-title': 'Flowers of Evil',
-            'book_set-3-title': 'Revue des deux mondes',
-            'book_set-4-title': '',
+            "book_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "5",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "book_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "book_set-0-id": str(book1.id),
+            "book_set-0-title": "Les Paradis Artificiels",
+            "book_set-1-id": str(book2.id),
+            "book_set-1-title": "Les Fleurs du Mal",
+            "book_set-2-id": str(book3.id),
+            "book_set-2-title": "Flowers of Evil",
+            "book_set-3-title": "Revue des deux mondes",
+            "book_set-4-title": "",
         }
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet(data, instance=author, queryset=custom_qs)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
 
-        custom_qs = Book.objects.filter(title__startswith='F')
+        custom_qs = Book.objects.filter(title__startswith="F")
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet(instance=author, queryset=custom_qs)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[0].as_p(),
@@ -947,31 +1023,31 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input id="id_book_set-0-title" type="text" name="book_set-0-title" '
             'value="Flowers of Evil" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-0-author" value="1" id="id_book_set-0-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-0-id" value="3" id="id_book_set-0-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-0-id" value="3" id="id_book_set-0-id"></p>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[1].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_book_set-1-title">Title:</label>'
             '<input id="id_book_set-1-title" type="text" name="book_set-1-title" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-1-author" value="1" id="id_book_set-1-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-1-id" id="id_book_set-1-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-1-id" id="id_book_set-1-id"></p>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[2].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_book_set-2-title">Title:</label>'
             '<input id="id_book_set-2-title" type="text" name="book_set-2-title" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-2-author" value="1" id="id_book_set-2-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-2-id" id="id_book_set-2-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-2-id" id="id_book_set-2-id"></p>',
         )
 
         data = {
-            'book_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'book_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'book_set-0-id': str(book3.id),
-            'book_set-0-title': 'Flowers of Evil',
-            'book_set-1-title': 'Revue des deux mondes',
-            'book_set-2-title': '',
+            "book_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "book_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "book_set-0-id": str(book3.id),
+            "book_set-0-title": "Flowers of Evil",
+            "book_set-1-title": "Revue des deux mondes",
+            "book_set-2-title": "",
         }
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet(data, instance=author, queryset=custom_qs)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
@@ -981,6 +1057,7 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         The ModelForm.save() method should be able to access the related object
         if it exists in the database (#24395).
         """
+
         class PoemForm2(forms.ModelForm):
             def save(self, commit=True):
                 poem = super().save(commit=False)
@@ -989,12 +1066,14 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
                     poem.save()
                 return poem
 
-        PoemFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Poet, Poem, form=PoemForm2, fields="__all__")
+        PoemFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Poet, Poem, form=PoemForm2, fields="__all__"
+        )
         data = {
-            'poem_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'poem_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'poem_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'poem_set-0-name': 'Le Lac',
+            "poem_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "poem_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "poem_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "poem_set-0-name": "Le Lac",
         }
         poet = Poet()
         formset = PoemFormSet(data=data, instance=poet)
@@ -1003,21 +1082,23 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         # The Poet instance is saved after the formset instantiation. This
         # happens in admin's changeform_view() when adding a new object and
         # some inlines in the same request.
-        poet.name = 'Lamartine'
+        poet.name = "Lamartine"
         poet.save()
         poem = formset.save()[0]
-        self.assertEqual(poem.name, 'Le Lac by Lamartine')
+        self.assertEqual(poem.name, "Le Lac by Lamartine")
 
     def test_inline_formsets_with_wrong_fk_name(self):
-        """ Regression for #23451 """
+        """Regression for #23451"""
         message = "fk_name 'title' is not a ForeignKey to 'model_formsets.Author'."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, message):
-            inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, fields="__all__", fk_name='title')
+            inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, fields="__all__", fk_name="title")
 
     def test_custom_pk(self):
         # We need to ensure that it is displayed
 
-        CustomPrimaryKeyFormSet = modelformset_factory(CustomPrimaryKey, fields="__all__")
+        CustomPrimaryKeyFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            CustomPrimaryKey, fields="__all__"
+        )
         formset = CustomPrimaryKeyFormSet()
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 1)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
@@ -1025,14 +1106,16 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<p><label for="id_form-0-my_pk">My pk:</label> <input id="id_form-0-my_pk" type="text" '
             'name="form-0-my_pk" maxlength="10"></p>'
             '<p><label for="id_form-0-some_field">Some field:</label>'
-            '<input id="id_form-0-some_field" type="text" name="form-0-some_field" maxlength="100"></p>'
+            '<input id="id_form-0-some_field" type="text" name="form-0-some_field" maxlength="100"></p>',
         )
 
         # Custom primary keys with ForeignKey, OneToOneField and AutoField ############
 
-        place = Place.objects.create(pk=1, name='Giordanos', city='Chicago')
+        place = Place.objects.create(pk=1, name="Giordanos", city="Chicago")
 
-        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(Place, Owner, extra=2, can_delete=False, fields="__all__")
+        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Place, Owner, extra=2, can_delete=False, fields="__all__"
+        )
         formset = FormSet(instance=place)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 2)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
@@ -1040,32 +1123,32 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<p><label for="id_owner_set-0-name">Name:</label>'
             '<input id="id_owner_set-0-name" type="text" name="owner_set-0-name" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-0-place" value="1" id="id_owner_set-0-place">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-0-auto_id" id="id_owner_set-0-auto_id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-0-auto_id" id="id_owner_set-0-auto_id"></p>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[1].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_owner_set-1-name">Name:</label>'
             '<input id="id_owner_set-1-name" type="text" name="owner_set-1-name" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-1-place" value="1" id="id_owner_set-1-place">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-1-auto_id" id="id_owner_set-1-auto_id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-1-auto_id" id="id_owner_set-1-auto_id"></p>',
         )
 
         data = {
-            'owner_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'owner_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'owner_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'owner_set-0-auto_id': '',
-            'owner_set-0-name': 'Joe Perry',
-            'owner_set-1-auto_id': '',
-            'owner_set-1-name': '',
+            "owner_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "owner_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "owner_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "owner_set-0-auto_id": "",
+            "owner_set-0-name": "Joe Perry",
+            "owner_set-1-auto_id": "",
+            "owner_set-1-name": "",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data, instance=place)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        owner1, = saved
-        self.assertEqual(owner1.name, 'Joe Perry')
-        self.assertEqual(owner1.place.name, 'Giordanos')
+        (owner1,) = saved
+        self.assertEqual(owner1.name, "Joe Perry")
+        self.assertEqual(owner1.place.name, "Giordanos")
 
         formset = FormSet(instance=place)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 3)
@@ -1075,41 +1158,41 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input id="id_owner_set-0-name" type="text" name="owner_set-0-name" value="Joe Perry" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-0-place" value="1" id="id_owner_set-0-place">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-0-auto_id" value="%d" id="id_owner_set-0-auto_id"></p>'
-            % owner1.auto_id
+            % owner1.auto_id,
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[1].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_owner_set-1-name">Name:</label>'
             '<input id="id_owner_set-1-name" type="text" name="owner_set-1-name" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-1-place" value="1" id="id_owner_set-1-place">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-1-auto_id" id="id_owner_set-1-auto_id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-1-auto_id" id="id_owner_set-1-auto_id"></p>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[2].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_owner_set-2-name">Name:</label>'
             '<input id="id_owner_set-2-name" type="text" name="owner_set-2-name" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-2-place" value="1" id="id_owner_set-2-place">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-2-auto_id" id="id_owner_set-2-auto_id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-2-auto_id" id="id_owner_set-2-auto_id"></p>',
         )
 
         data = {
-            'owner_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',
-            'owner_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'owner_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'owner_set-0-auto_id': str(owner1.auto_id),
-            'owner_set-0-name': 'Joe Perry',
-            'owner_set-1-auto_id': '',
-            'owner_set-1-name': 'Jack Berry',
-            'owner_set-2-auto_id': '',
-            'owner_set-2-name': '',
+            "owner_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
+            "owner_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "owner_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "owner_set-0-auto_id": str(owner1.auto_id),
+            "owner_set-0-name": "Joe Perry",
+            "owner_set-1-auto_id": "",
+            "owner_set-1-name": "Jack Berry",
+            "owner_set-2-auto_id": "",
+            "owner_set-2-name": "",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data, instance=place)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        owner2, = saved
-        self.assertEqual(owner2.name, 'Jack Berry')
-        self.assertEqual(owner2.place.name, 'Giordanos')
+        (owner2,) = saved
+        self.assertEqual(owner2.name, "Jack Berry")
+        self.assertEqual(owner2.place.name, "Giordanos")
 
         # Ensure a custom primary key that is a ForeignKey or OneToOneField get rendered for the user to choose.
 
@@ -1122,14 +1205,16 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<option value="" selected>---------</option>'
             '<option value="%d">Joe Perry at Giordanos</option>'
             '<option value="%d">Jack Berry at Giordanos</option>'
-            '</select></p>'
+            "</select></p>"
             '<p><label for="id_form-0-age">Age:</label>'
             '<input type="number" name="form-0-age" id="id_form-0-age" min="0"></p>'
-            % (owner1.auto_id, owner2.auto_id)
+            % (owner1.auto_id, owner2.auto_id),
         )
 
-        owner1 = Owner.objects.get(name='Joe Perry')
-        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(Owner, OwnerProfile, max_num=1, can_delete=False, fields="__all__")
+        owner1 = Owner.objects.get(name="Joe Perry")
+        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Owner, OwnerProfile, max_num=1, can_delete=False, fields="__all__"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(FormSet.max_num, 1)
 
         formset = FormSet(instance=owner1)
@@ -1139,21 +1224,21 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<p><label for="id_ownerprofile-0-age">Age:</label>'
             '<input type="number" name="ownerprofile-0-age" id="id_ownerprofile-0-age" min="0">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="ownerprofile-0-owner" value="%d" id="id_ownerprofile-0-owner"></p>'
-            % owner1.auto_id
+            % owner1.auto_id,
         )
 
         data = {
-            'ownerprofile-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'ownerprofile-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'ownerprofile-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '1',
-            'ownerprofile-0-owner': '',
-            'ownerprofile-0-age': '54',
+            "ownerprofile-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "ownerprofile-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "ownerprofile-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "1",
+            "ownerprofile-0-owner": "",
+            "ownerprofile-0-age": "54",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data, instance=owner1)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        profile1, = saved
+        (profile1,) = saved
         self.assertEqual(profile1.owner, owner1)
         self.assertEqual(profile1.age, 54)
 
@@ -1164,30 +1249,32 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<p><label for="id_ownerprofile-0-age">Age:</label>'
             '<input type="number" name="ownerprofile-0-age" value="54" id="id_ownerprofile-0-age" min="0">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="ownerprofile-0-owner" value="%d" id="id_ownerprofile-0-owner"></p>'
-            % owner1.auto_id
+            % owner1.auto_id,
         )
 
         data = {
-            'ownerprofile-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'ownerprofile-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'ownerprofile-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '1',
-            'ownerprofile-0-owner': str(owner1.auto_id),
-            'ownerprofile-0-age': '55',
+            "ownerprofile-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "ownerprofile-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "ownerprofile-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "1",
+            "ownerprofile-0-owner": str(owner1.auto_id),
+            "ownerprofile-0-age": "55",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data, instance=owner1)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        profile1, = saved
+        (profile1,) = saved
         self.assertEqual(profile1.owner, owner1)
         self.assertEqual(profile1.age, 55)
 
     def test_unique_true_enforces_max_num_one(self):
         # ForeignKey with unique=True should enforce max_num=1
 
-        place = Place.objects.create(pk=1, name='Giordanos', city='Chicago')
+        place = Place.objects.create(pk=1, name="Giordanos", city="Chicago")
 
-        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(Place, Location, can_delete=False, fields="__all__")
+        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Place, Location, can_delete=False, fields="__all__"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(FormSet.max_num, 1)
 
         formset = FormSet(instance=place)
@@ -1199,37 +1286,41 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<p><label for="id_location_set-0-lon">Lon:</label> '
             '<input id="id_location_set-0-lon" type="text" name="location_set-0-lon" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="location_set-0-place" value="1" id="id_location_set-0-place">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="location_set-0-id" id="id_location_set-0-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="location_set-0-id" id="id_location_set-0-id"></p>',
         )
 
     def test_foreign_keys_in_parents(self):
         self.assertEqual(type(_get_foreign_key(Restaurant, Owner)), models.ForeignKey)
-        self.assertEqual(type(_get_foreign_key(MexicanRestaurant, Owner)), models.ForeignKey)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            type(_get_foreign_key(MexicanRestaurant, Owner)), models.ForeignKey
+        )
 
     def test_unique_validation(self):
         FormSet = modelformset_factory(Product, fields="__all__", extra=1)
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-slug': 'car-red',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-slug": "car-red",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        product1, = saved
-        self.assertEqual(product1.slug, 'car-red')
+        (product1,) = saved
+        self.assertEqual(product1.slug, "car-red")
 
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-slug': 'car-red',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-slug": "car-red",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(formset.errors, [{'slug': ['Product with this Slug already exists.']}])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            formset.errors, [{"slug": ["Product with this Slug already exists."]}]
+        )
 
     def test_modelformset_validate_max_flag(self):
         # If validate_max is set and max_num is less than TOTAL_FORMS in the
@@ -1238,19 +1329,21 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         # value in the returned data is not checked)
 
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '2',  # should be ignored
-            'form-0-price': '12.00',
-            'form-0-quantity': '1',
-            'form-1-price': '24.00',
-            'form-1-quantity': '2',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "2",  # should be ignored
+            "form-0-price": "12.00",
+            "form-0-quantity": "1",
+            "form-1-price": "24.00",
+            "form-1-quantity": "2",
         }
 
-        FormSet = modelformset_factory(Price, fields="__all__", extra=1, max_num=1, validate_max=True)
+        FormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Price, fields="__all__", extra=1, max_num=1, validate_max=True
+        )
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(formset.non_form_errors(), ['Please submit at most 1 form.'])
+        self.assertEqual(formset.non_form_errors(), ["Please submit at most 1 form."])
 
         # Now test the same thing without the validate_max flag to ensure
         # default behavior is unchanged
@@ -1260,16 +1353,16 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
 
     def test_modelformset_min_num_equals_max_num_less_than(self):
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-0-slug': 'car-red',
-            'form-1-slug': 'car-blue',
-            'form-2-slug': 'car-black',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-0-slug": "car-red",
+            "form-1-slug": "car-blue",
+            "form-2-slug": "car-black",
         }
         FormSet = modelformset_factory(
             Product,
-            fields='__all__',
+            fields="__all__",
             extra=1,
             max_num=2,
             validate_max=True,
@@ -1278,18 +1371,18 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         )
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(formset.non_form_errors(), ['Please submit at most 2 forms.'])
+        self.assertEqual(formset.non_form_errors(), ["Please submit at most 2 forms."])
 
     def test_modelformset_min_num_equals_max_num_more_than(self):
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-0-slug': 'car-red',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-0-slug": "car-red",
         }
         FormSet = modelformset_factory(
             Product,
-            fields='__all__',
+            fields="__all__",
             extra=1,
             max_num=2,
             validate_max=True,
@@ -1298,81 +1391,95 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         )
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(formset.non_form_errors(), ['Please submit at least 2 forms.'])
+        self.assertEqual(formset.non_form_errors(), ["Please submit at least 2 forms."])
 
     def test_unique_together_validation(self):
         FormSet = modelformset_factory(Price, fields="__all__", extra=1)
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-price': '12.00',
-            'form-0-quantity': '1',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-price": "12.00",
+            "form-0-quantity": "1",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        price1, = saved
-        self.assertEqual(price1.price, Decimal('12.00'))
+        (price1,) = saved
+        self.assertEqual(price1.price, Decimal("12.00"))
         self.assertEqual(price1.quantity, 1)
 
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-price': '12.00',
-            'form-0-quantity': '1',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-price": "12.00",
+            "form-0-quantity": "1",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(formset.errors, [{'__all__': ['Price with this Price and Quantity already exists.']}])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            formset.errors,
+            [{"__all__": ["Price with this Price and Quantity already exists."]}],
+        )
 
     def test_unique_together_with_inlineformset_factory(self):
         # Also see bug #8882.
 
-        repository = Repository.objects.create(name='Test Repo')
+        repository = Repository.objects.create(name="Test Repo")
         FormSet = inlineformset_factory(Repository, Revision, extra=1, fields="__all__")
         data = {
-            'revision_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'revision_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'revision_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'revision_set-0-repository': repository.pk,
-            'revision_set-0-revision': '146239817507f148d448db38840db7c3cbf47c76',
-            'revision_set-0-DELETE': '',
+            "revision_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "revision_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "revision_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "revision_set-0-repository": repository.pk,
+            "revision_set-0-revision": "146239817507f148d448db38840db7c3cbf47c76",
+            "revision_set-0-DELETE": "",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data, instance=repository)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        revision1, = saved
+        (revision1,) = saved
         self.assertEqual(revision1.repository, repository)
-        self.assertEqual(revision1.revision, '146239817507f148d448db38840db7c3cbf47c76')
+        self.assertEqual(revision1.revision, "146239817507f148d448db38840db7c3cbf47c76")
 
         # attempt to save the same revision against the same repo.
         data = {
-            'revision_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'revision_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'revision_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'revision_set-0-repository': repository.pk,
-            'revision_set-0-revision': '146239817507f148d448db38840db7c3cbf47c76',
-            'revision_set-0-DELETE': '',
+            "revision_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "revision_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "revision_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "revision_set-0-repository": repository.pk,
+            "revision_set-0-revision": "146239817507f148d448db38840db7c3cbf47c76",
+            "revision_set-0-DELETE": "",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data, instance=repository)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(formset.errors, [{'__all__': ['Revision with this Repository and Revision already exists.']}])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            formset.errors,
+            [
+                {
+                    "__all__": [
+                        "Revision with this Repository and Revision already exists."
+                    ]
+                }
+            ],
+        )
 
         # unique_together with inlineformset_factory with overridden form fields
         # Also see #9494
 
-        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(Repository, Revision, fields=('revision',), extra=1)
+        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Repository, Revision, fields=("revision",), extra=1
+        )
         data = {
-            'revision_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'revision_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'revision_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'revision_set-0-repository': repository.pk,
-            'revision_set-0-revision': '146239817507f148d448db38840db7c3cbf47c76',
-            'revision_set-0-DELETE': '',
+            "revision_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "revision_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "revision_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "revision_set-0-repository": repository.pk,
+            "revision_set-0-revision": "146239817507f148d448db38840db7c3cbf47c76",
+            "revision_set-0-DELETE": "",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data, instance=repository)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
@@ -1380,8 +1487,10 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
     def test_callable_defaults(self):
         # Use of callable defaults (see bug #7975).
 
-        person = Person.objects.create(name='Ringo')
-        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(Person, Membership, can_delete=False, extra=1, fields="__all__")
+        person = Person.objects.create(name="Ringo")
+        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Person, Membership, can_delete=False, extra=1, fields="__all__"
+        )
         formset = FormSet(instance=person)
 
         # Django will render a hidden field for model fields that have a callable
@@ -1390,9 +1499,13 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 1)  # this formset only has one form
         form = formset.forms[0]
-        now = form.fields['date_joined'].initial()
+        now = form.fields["date_joined"].initial()
         result = form.as_p()
-        result = re.sub(r'[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}(?:\.[0-9]+)?', '__DATETIME__', result)
+        result = re.sub(
+            r"[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}(?:\.[0-9]+)?",
+            "__DATETIME__",
+            result,
+        )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             result,
             '<p><label for="id_membership_set-0-date_joined">Date joined:</label>'
@@ -1404,17 +1517,18 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input type="number" name="membership_set-0-karma" id="id_membership_set-0-karma">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="membership_set-0-person" value="%d" id="id_membership_set-0-person">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="membership_set-0-id" id="id_membership_set-0-id"></p>'
-            % person.id)
+            % person.id,
+        )
 
         # test for validation with callable defaults. Validations rely on hidden fields
 
         data = {
-            'membership_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'membership_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'membership_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'membership_set-0-date_joined': now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'),
-            'initial-membership_set-0-date_joined': now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'),
-            'membership_set-0-karma': '',
+            "membership_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "membership_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "membership_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "membership_set-0-date_joined": now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
+            "initial-membership_set-0-date_joined": now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
+            "membership_set-0-karma": "",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data, instance=person)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
@@ -1423,12 +1537,12 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
 
         one_day_later = now + datetime.timedelta(days=1)
         filled_data = {
-            'membership_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'membership_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'membership_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'membership_set-0-date_joined': one_day_later.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'),
-            'initial-membership_set-0-date_joined': now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'),
-            'membership_set-0-karma': '',
+            "membership_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "membership_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "membership_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "membership_set-0-date_joined": one_day_later.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
+            "initial-membership_set-0-date_joined": now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
+            "membership_set-0-karma": "",
         }
         formset = FormSet(filled_data, instance=person)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
@@ -1444,7 +1558,7 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
 
             def __init__(self, **kwargs):
                 super().__init__(**kwargs)
-                self.fields['date_joined'].widget = forms.SplitDateTimeWidget()
+                self.fields["date_joined"].widget = forms.SplitDateTimeWidget()
 
         FormSet = inlineformset_factory(
             Person,
@@ -1455,13 +1569,13 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             fields="__all__",
         )
         data = {
-            'membership_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'membership_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'membership_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'membership_set-0-date_joined_0': now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d'),
-            'membership_set-0-date_joined_1': now.strftime('%H:%M:%S'),
-            'initial-membership_set-0-date_joined': now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'),
-            'membership_set-0-karma': '',
+            "membership_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "membership_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "membership_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "membership_set-0-date_joined_0": now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d"),
+            "membership_set-0-date_joined_1": now.strftime("%H:%M:%S"),
+            "initial-membership_set-0-date_joined": now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
+            "membership_set-0-karma": "",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data, instance=person)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
@@ -1480,227 +1594,247 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         formset = PlayerInlineFormSet(instance=team)
         players = formset.get_queryset()
         self.assertEqual(len(players), 1)
-        player1, = players
+        (player1,) = players
         self.assertEqual(player1.team, team)
-        self.assertEqual(player1.name, 'Bobby')
+        self.assertEqual(player1.name, "Bobby")
 
     def test_inlineformset_with_arrayfield(self):
         class SimpleArrayField(forms.CharField):
             """A proxy for django.contrib.postgres.forms.SimpleArrayField."""
+
             def to_python(self, value):
                 value = super().to_python(value)
-                return value.split(',') if value else []
+                return value.split(",") if value else []
 
         class BookForm(forms.ModelForm):
             title = SimpleArrayField()
 
             class Meta:
                 model = Book
-                fields = ('title',)
+                fields = ("title",)
 
         BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, form=BookForm)
         data = {
-            'book_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',
-            'book_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'book_set-0-title': 'test1,test2',
-            'book_set-1-title': 'test1,test2',
-            'book_set-2-title': 'test3,test4',
+            "book_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
+            "book_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "book_set-0-title": "test1,test2",
+            "book_set-1-title": "test1,test2",
+            "book_set-2-title": "test3,test4",
         }
-        author = Author.objects.create(name='test')
+        author = Author.objects.create(name="test")
         formset = BookFormSet(data, instance=author)
-        self.assertEqual(formset.errors, [{}, {'__all__': ['Please correct the duplicate values below.']}, {}])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            formset.errors,
+            [{}, {"__all__": ["Please correct the duplicate values below."]}, {}],
+        )
 
     def test_model_formset_with_custom_pk(self):
         # a formset for a Model that has a custom primary key that still needs to be
         # added to the formset automatically
-        FormSet = modelformset_factory(ClassyMexicanRestaurant, fields=["tacos_are_yummy"])
-        self.assertEqual(sorted(FormSet().forms[0].fields), ['tacos_are_yummy', 'the_restaurant'])
+        FormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            ClassyMexicanRestaurant, fields=["tacos_are_yummy"]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted(FormSet().forms[0].fields), ["tacos_are_yummy", "the_restaurant"]
+        )
 
     def test_model_formset_with_initial_model_instance(self):
         # has_changed should compare model instance and primary key
         # see #18898
-        FormSet = modelformset_factory(Poem, fields='__all__')
+        FormSet = modelformset_factory(Poem, fields="__all__")
         john_milton = Poet(name="John Milton")
         john_milton.save()
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': 1,
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': 0,
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-name': '',
-            'form-0-poet': str(john_milton.id),
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": 1,
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": 0,
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-name": "",
+            "form-0-poet": str(john_milton.id),
         }
-        formset = FormSet(initial=[{'poet': john_milton}], data=data)
+        formset = FormSet(initial=[{"poet": john_milton}], data=data)
         self.assertFalse(formset.extra_forms[0].has_changed())
 
     def test_model_formset_with_initial_queryset(self):
         # has_changed should work with queryset and list of pk's
         # see #18898
-        FormSet = modelformset_factory(AuthorMeeting, fields='__all__')
-        Author.objects.create(pk=1, name='Charles Baudelaire')
+        FormSet = modelformset_factory(AuthorMeeting, fields="__all__")
+        Author.objects.create(pk=1, name="Charles Baudelaire")
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': 1,
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': 0,
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-name': '',
-            'form-0-created': '',
-            'form-0-authors': list(Author.objects.values_list('id', flat=True)),
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": 1,
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": 0,
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-name": "",
+            "form-0-created": "",
+            "form-0-authors": list(Author.objects.values_list("id", flat=True)),
         }
-        formset = FormSet(initial=[{'authors': Author.objects.all()}], data=data)
+        formset = FormSet(initial=[{"authors": Author.objects.all()}], data=data)
         self.assertFalse(formset.extra_forms[0].has_changed())
 
     def test_prevent_duplicates_from_with_the_same_formset(self):
         FormSet = modelformset_factory(Product, fields="__all__", extra=2)
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': 2,
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': 0,
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-slug': 'red_car',
-            'form-1-slug': 'red_car',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": 2,
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": 0,
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-slug": "red_car",
+            "form-1-slug": "red_car",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(formset._non_form_errors, ['Please correct the duplicate data for slug.'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            formset._non_form_errors, ["Please correct the duplicate data for slug."]
+        )
 
         FormSet = modelformset_factory(Price, fields="__all__", extra=2)
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': 2,
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': 0,
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-price': '25',
-            'form-0-quantity': '7',
-            'form-1-price': '25',
-            'form-1-quantity': '7',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": 2,
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": 0,
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-price": "25",
+            "form-0-quantity": "7",
+            "form-1-price": "25",
+            "form-1-quantity": "7",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(
             formset._non_form_errors,
-            ['Please correct the duplicate data for price and quantity, which must be unique.']
+            [
+                "Please correct the duplicate data for price and quantity, which must be unique."
+            ],
         )
 
         # Only the price field is specified, this should skip any unique checks since
         # the unique_together is not fulfilled. This will fail with a KeyError if broken.
         FormSet = modelformset_factory(Price, fields=("price",), extra=2)
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-price': '24',
-            'form-1-price': '24',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-price": "24",
+            "form-1-price": "24",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
 
         FormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, extra=0, fields="__all__")
-        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name='Charles Baudelaire')
-        Book.objects.create(pk=1, author=author, title='Les Paradis Artificiels')
-        Book.objects.create(pk=2, author=author, title='Les Fleurs du Mal')
-        Book.objects.create(pk=3, author=author, title='Flowers of Evil')
+        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name="Charles Baudelaire")
+        Book.objects.create(pk=1, author=author, title="Les Paradis Artificiels")
+        Book.objects.create(pk=2, author=author, title="Les Fleurs du Mal")
+        Book.objects.create(pk=3, author=author, title="Flowers of Evil")
 
-        book_ids = author.book_set.order_by('id').values_list('id', flat=True)
+        book_ids = author.book_set.order_by("id").values_list("id", flat=True)
         data = {
-            'book_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'book_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-
-            'book_set-0-title': 'The 2008 Election',
-            'book_set-0-author': str(author.id),
-            'book_set-0-id': str(book_ids[0]),
-
-            'book_set-1-title': 'The 2008 Election',
-            'book_set-1-author': str(author.id),
-            'book_set-1-id': str(book_ids[1]),
+            "book_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "book_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "book_set-0-title": "The 2008 Election",
+            "book_set-0-author": str(author.id),
+            "book_set-0-id": str(book_ids[0]),
+            "book_set-1-title": "The 2008 Election",
+            "book_set-1-author": str(author.id),
+            "book_set-1-id": str(book_ids[1]),
         }
         formset = FormSet(data=data, instance=author)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(formset._non_form_errors, ['Please correct the duplicate data for title.'])
-        self.assertEqual(formset.errors, [{}, {'__all__': ['Please correct the duplicate values below.']}])
-
-        FormSet = modelformset_factory(Post, fields="__all__", extra=2)
-        data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-
-            'form-0-title': 'blah',
-            'form-0-slug': 'Morning',
-            'form-0-subtitle': 'foo',
-            'form-0-posted': '2009-01-01',
-            'form-1-title': 'blah',
-            'form-1-slug': 'Morning in Prague',
-            'form-1-subtitle': 'rawr',
-            'form-1-posted': '2009-01-01'
-        }
-        formset = FormSet(data)
-        self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(
-            formset._non_form_errors,
-            ['Please correct the duplicate data for title which must be unique for the date in posted.']
+            formset._non_form_errors, ["Please correct the duplicate data for title."]
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.errors,
-            [{}, {'__all__': ['Please correct the duplicate values below.']}]
+            [{}, {"__all__": ["Please correct the duplicate values below."]}],
         )
 
+        FormSet = modelformset_factory(Post, fields="__all__", extra=2)
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-
-            'form-0-title': 'foo',
-            'form-0-slug': 'Morning in Prague',
-            'form-0-subtitle': 'foo',
-            'form-0-posted': '2009-01-01',
-            'form-1-title': 'blah',
-            'form-1-slug': 'Morning in Prague',
-            'form-1-subtitle': 'rawr',
-            'form-1-posted': '2009-08-02'
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-title": "blah",
+            "form-0-slug": "Morning",
+            "form-0-subtitle": "foo",
+            "form-0-posted": "2009-01-01",
+            "form-1-title": "blah",
+            "form-1-slug": "Morning in Prague",
+            "form-1-subtitle": "rawr",
+            "form-1-posted": "2009-01-01",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(
             formset._non_form_errors,
-            ['Please correct the duplicate data for slug which must be unique for the year in posted.']
+            [
+                "Please correct the duplicate data for title which must be unique for the date in posted."
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            formset.errors,
+            [{}, {"__all__": ["Please correct the duplicate values below."]}],
         )
 
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-
-            'form-0-title': 'foo',
-            'form-0-slug': 'Morning in Prague',
-            'form-0-subtitle': 'rawr',
-            'form-0-posted': '2008-08-01',
-            'form-1-title': 'blah',
-            'form-1-slug': 'Prague',
-            'form-1-subtitle': 'rawr',
-            'form-1-posted': '2009-08-02'
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-title": "foo",
+            "form-0-slug": "Morning in Prague",
+            "form-0-subtitle": "foo",
+            "form-0-posted": "2009-01-01",
+            "form-1-title": "blah",
+            "form-1-slug": "Morning in Prague",
+            "form-1-subtitle": "rawr",
+            "form-1-posted": "2009-08-02",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(
             formset._non_form_errors,
-            ['Please correct the duplicate data for subtitle which must be unique for the month in posted.']
+            [
+                "Please correct the duplicate data for slug which must be unique for the year in posted."
+            ],
+        )
+
+        data = {
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-title": "foo",
+            "form-0-slug": "Morning in Prague",
+            "form-0-subtitle": "rawr",
+            "form-0-posted": "2008-08-01",
+            "form-1-title": "blah",
+            "form-1-slug": "Prague",
+            "form-1-subtitle": "rawr",
+            "form-1-posted": "2009-08-02",
+        }
+        formset = FormSet(data)
+        self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
+        self.assertEqual(
+            formset._non_form_errors,
+            [
+                "Please correct the duplicate data for subtitle which must be unique for the month in posted."
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_prevent_change_outer_model_and_create_invalid_data(self):
-        author = Author.objects.create(name='Charles')
-        other_author = Author.objects.create(name='Walt')
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields='__all__')
+        author = Author.objects.create(name="Charles")
+        other_author = Author.objects.create(name="Walt")
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__")
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-id': str(author.id),
-            'form-0-name': 'Charles',
-            'form-1-id': str(other_author.id),  # A model not in the formset's queryset.
-            'form-1-name': 'Changed name',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-id": str(author.id),
+            "form-0-name": "Charles",
+            "form-1-id": str(other_author.id),  # A model not in the formset's queryset.
+            "form-1-name": "Changed name",
         }
         # This formset is only for Walt Whitman and shouldn't accept data for
         # other_author.
-        formset = AuthorFormSet(data=data, queryset=Author.objects.filter(id__in=(author.id,)))
+        formset = AuthorFormSet(
+            data=data, queryset=Author.objects.filter(id__in=(author.id,))
+        )
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         formset.save()
         # The name of other_author shouldn't be changed and new models aren't
@@ -1708,131 +1842,147 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Author.objects.all(), [author, other_author])
 
     def test_validation_without_id(self):
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields='__all__')
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__")
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-name': 'Charles',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-name": "Charles",
         }
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data)
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.errors,
-            [{'id': ['This field is required.']}],
+            [{"id": ["This field is required."]}],
         )
 
     def test_validation_with_child_model_without_id(self):
-        BetterAuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(BetterAuthor, fields='__all__')
+        BetterAuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(BetterAuthor, fields="__all__")
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-name': 'Charles',
-            'form-0-write_speed': '10',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-name": "Charles",
+            "form-0-write_speed": "10",
         }
         formset = BetterAuthorFormSet(data)
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.errors,
-            [{'author_ptr': ['This field is required.']}],
+            [{"author_ptr": ["This field is required."]}],
         )
 
     def test_validation_with_invalid_id(self):
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields='__all__')
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__")
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-id': 'abc',
-            'form-0-name': 'Charles',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-id": "abc",
+            "form-0-name": "Charles",
         }
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data)
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.errors,
-            [{'id': ['Select a valid choice. That choice is not one of the available choices.']}],
+            [
+                {
+                    "id": [
+                        "Select a valid choice. That choice is not one of the available choices."
+                    ]
+                }
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_validation_with_nonexistent_id(self):
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields='__all__')
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__")
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-id': '12345',
-            'form-0-name': 'Charles',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-id": "12345",
+            "form-0-name": "Charles",
         }
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data)
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.errors,
-            [{'id': ['Select a valid choice. That choice is not one of the available choices.']}],
+            [
+                {
+                    "id": [
+                        "Select a valid choice. That choice is not one of the available choices."
+                    ]
+                }
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_initial_form_count_empty_data(self):
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields='__all__')
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__")
         formset = AuthorFormSet({})
         self.assertEqual(formset.initial_form_count(), 0)
 
     def test_edit_only(self):
-        charles = Author.objects.create(name='Charles Baudelaire')
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields='__all__', edit_only=True)
+        charles = Author.objects.create(name="Charles Baudelaire")
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__", edit_only=True)
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-0-name': 'Arthur Rimbaud',
-            'form-1-name': 'Walt Whitman',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-0-name": "Arthur Rimbaud",
+            "form-1-name": "Walt Whitman",
         }
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data)
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), True)
         formset.save()
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Author.objects.all(), [charles])
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-0-id': charles.pk,
-            'form-0-name': 'Arthur Rimbaud',
-            'form-1-name': 'Walt Whitman',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-0-id": charles.pk,
+            "form-0-name": "Arthur Rimbaud",
+            "form-1-name": "Walt Whitman",
         }
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data)
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), True)
         formset.save()
         charles.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(charles.name, 'Arthur Rimbaud')
+        self.assertEqual(charles.name, "Arthur Rimbaud")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Author.objects.all(), [charles])
 
     def test_edit_only_inlineformset_factory(self):
-        charles = Author.objects.create(name='Charles Baudelaire')
-        book = Book.objects.create(author=charles, title='Les Paradis Artificiels')
+        charles = Author.objects.create(name="Charles Baudelaire")
+        book = Book.objects.create(author=charles, title="Les Paradis Artificiels")
         AuthorFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
-            Author, Book, can_delete=False, fields='__all__', edit_only=True,
+            Author,
+            Book,
+            can_delete=False,
+            fields="__all__",
+            edit_only=True,
         )
         data = {
-            'book_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '4',
-            'book_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'book_set-0-id': book.pk,
-            'book_set-0-title': 'Les Fleurs du Mal',
-            'book_set-0-author': charles.pk,
-            'book_set-1-title': 'Flowers of Evil',
-            'book_set-1-author': charles.pk,
+            "book_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "4",
+            "book_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "book_set-0-id": book.pk,
+            "book_set-0-title": "Les Fleurs du Mal",
+            "book_set-0-author": charles.pk,
+            "book_set-1-title": "Flowers of Evil",
+            "book_set-1-author": charles.pk,
         }
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data, instance=charles)
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), True)
         formset.save()
         book.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(book.title, 'Les Fleurs du Mal')
+        self.assertEqual(book.title, "Les Fleurs du Mal")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Book.objects.all(), [book])
 
     def test_edit_only_object_outside_of_queryset(self):
-        charles = Author.objects.create(name='Charles Baudelaire')
-        walt = Author.objects.create(name='Walt Whitman')
+        charles = Author.objects.create(name="Charles Baudelaire")
+        walt = Author.objects.create(name="Walt Whitman")
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-0-id': walt.pk,
-            'form-0-name': 'Parth Patil',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-0-id": walt.pk,
+            "form-0-name": "Parth Patil",
         }
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields='__all__', edit_only=True)
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__", edit_only=True)
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data, queryset=Author.objects.filter(pk=charles.pk))
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), True)
         formset.save()
@@ -1841,242 +1991,257 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
 
 class TestModelFormsetOverridesTroughFormMeta(TestCase):
     def test_modelformset_factory_widgets(self):
-        widgets = {
-            'name': forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'poet'})
-        }
+        widgets = {"name": forms.TextInput(attrs={"class": "poet"})}
         PoetFormSet = modelformset_factory(Poet, fields="__all__", widgets=widgets)
         form = PoetFormSet.form()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(form['name']),
-            '<input id="id_name" maxlength="100" type="text" class="poet" name="name" required>'
+            str(form["name"]),
+            '<input id="id_name" maxlength="100" type="text" class="poet" name="name" required>',
         )
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_widgets(self):
-        widgets = {
-            'title': forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'book'})
-        }
-        BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, widgets=widgets, fields="__all__")
+        widgets = {"title": forms.TextInput(attrs={"class": "book"})}
+        BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Author, Book, widgets=widgets, fields="__all__"
+        )
         form = BookFormSet.form()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(form['title']),
-            '<input class="book" id="id_title" maxlength="100" name="title" type="text" required>'
+            str(form["title"]),
+            '<input class="book" id="id_title" maxlength="100" name="title" type="text" required>',
         )
 
     def test_modelformset_factory_labels_overrides(self):
-        BookFormSet = modelformset_factory(Book, fields="__all__", labels={
-            'title': 'Name'
-        })
+        BookFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Book, fields="__all__", labels={"title": "Name"}
+        )
         form = BookFormSet.form()
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(form['title'].label_tag(), '<label for="id_title">Name:</label>')
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            form['title'].legend_tag(),
+            form["title"].label_tag(), '<label for="id_title">Name:</label>'
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            form["title"].legend_tag(),
             '<legend for="id_title">Name:</legend>',
         )
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_labels_overrides(self):
-        BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, fields="__all__", labels={
-            'title': 'Name'
-        })
+        BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Author, Book, fields="__all__", labels={"title": "Name"}
+        )
         form = BookFormSet.form()
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(form['title'].label_tag(), '<label for="id_title">Name:</label>')
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            form['title'].legend_tag(),
+            form["title"].label_tag(), '<label for="id_title">Name:</label>'
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            form["title"].legend_tag(),
             '<legend for="id_title">Name:</legend>',
         )
 
     def test_modelformset_factory_help_text_overrides(self):
-        BookFormSet = modelformset_factory(Book, fields="__all__", help_texts={
-            'title': 'Choose carefully.'
-        })
+        BookFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Book, fields="__all__", help_texts={"title": "Choose carefully."}
+        )
         form = BookFormSet.form()
-        self.assertEqual(form['title'].help_text, 'Choose carefully.')
+        self.assertEqual(form["title"].help_text, "Choose carefully.")
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_help_text_overrides(self):
-        BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, fields="__all__", help_texts={
-            'title': 'Choose carefully.'
-        })
+        BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Author, Book, fields="__all__", help_texts={"title": "Choose carefully."}
+        )
         form = BookFormSet.form()
-        self.assertEqual(form['title'].help_text, 'Choose carefully.')
+        self.assertEqual(form["title"].help_text, "Choose carefully.")
 
     def test_modelformset_factory_error_messages_overrides(self):
-        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name='Charles Baudelaire')
-        BookFormSet = modelformset_factory(Book, fields="__all__", error_messages={
-            'title': {
-                'max_length': 'Title too long!!'
-            }
-        })
-        form = BookFormSet.form(data={'title': 'Foo ' * 30, 'author': author.id})
+        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name="Charles Baudelaire")
+        BookFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Book,
+            fields="__all__",
+            error_messages={"title": {"max_length": "Title too long!!"}},
+        )
+        form = BookFormSet.form(data={"title": "Foo " * 30, "author": author.id})
         form.full_clean()
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {'title': ['Title too long!!']})
+        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {"title": ["Title too long!!"]})
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_error_messages_overrides(self):
-        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name='Charles Baudelaire')
-        BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, fields="__all__", error_messages={
-            'title': {
-                'max_length': 'Title too long!!'
-            }
-        })
-        form = BookFormSet.form(data={'title': 'Foo ' * 30, 'author': author.id})
+        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name="Charles Baudelaire")
+        BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Author,
+            Book,
+            fields="__all__",
+            error_messages={"title": {"max_length": "Title too long!!"}},
+        )
+        form = BookFormSet.form(data={"title": "Foo " * 30, "author": author.id})
         form.full_clean()
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {'title': ['Title too long!!']})
+        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {"title": ["Title too long!!"]})
 
     def test_modelformset_factory_field_class_overrides(self):
-        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name='Charles Baudelaire')
-        BookFormSet = modelformset_factory(Book, fields="__all__", field_classes={
-            'title': forms.SlugField,
-        })
-        form = BookFormSet.form(data={'title': 'Foo ' * 30, 'author': author.id})
-        self.assertIs(Book._meta.get_field('title').__class__, models.CharField)
-        self.assertIsInstance(form.fields['title'], forms.SlugField)
+        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name="Charles Baudelaire")
+        BookFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Book,
+            fields="__all__",
+            field_classes={
+                "title": forms.SlugField,
+            },
+        )
+        form = BookFormSet.form(data={"title": "Foo " * 30, "author": author.id})
+        self.assertIs(Book._meta.get_field("title").__class__, models.CharField)
+        self.assertIsInstance(form.fields["title"], forms.SlugField)
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_field_class_overrides(self):
-        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name='Charles Baudelaire')
-        BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, fields="__all__", field_classes={
-            'title': forms.SlugField,
-        })
-        form = BookFormSet.form(data={'title': 'Foo ' * 30, 'author': author.id})
-        self.assertIs(Book._meta.get_field('title').__class__, models.CharField)
-        self.assertIsInstance(form.fields['title'], forms.SlugField)
+        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name="Charles Baudelaire")
+        BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Author,
+            Book,
+            fields="__all__",
+            field_classes={
+                "title": forms.SlugField,
+            },
+        )
+        form = BookFormSet.form(data={"title": "Foo " * 30, "author": author.id})
+        self.assertIs(Book._meta.get_field("title").__class__, models.CharField)
+        self.assertIsInstance(form.fields["title"], forms.SlugField)
 
     def test_modelformset_factory_absolute_max(self):
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields='__all__', absolute_max=1500)
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Author, fields="__all__", absolute_max=1500
+        )
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1501',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1501",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
         }
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data=data)
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), False)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 1500)
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.non_form_errors(),
-            ['Please submit at most 1000 forms.'],
+            ["Please submit at most 1000 forms."],
         )
 
     def test_modelformset_factory_absolute_max_with_max_num(self):
         AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
             Author,
-            fields='__all__',
+            fields="__all__",
             max_num=20,
             absolute_max=100,
         )
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '101',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "101",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
         }
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data=data)
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), False)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 100)
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.non_form_errors(),
-            ['Please submit at most 20 forms.'],
+            ["Please submit at most 20 forms."],
         )
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_absolute_max(self):
-        author = Author.objects.create(name='Charles Baudelaire')
+        author = Author.objects.create(name="Charles Baudelaire")
         BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
             Author,
             Book,
-            fields='__all__',
+            fields="__all__",
             absolute_max=1500,
         )
         data = {
-            'book_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1501',
-            'book_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
+            "book_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1501",
+            "book_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
         }
         formset = BookFormSet(data, instance=author)
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), False)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 1500)
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.non_form_errors(),
-            ['Please submit at most 1000 forms.'],
+            ["Please submit at most 1000 forms."],
         )
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_absolute_max_with_max_num(self):
-        author = Author.objects.create(name='Charles Baudelaire')
+        author = Author.objects.create(name="Charles Baudelaire")
         BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
             Author,
             Book,
-            fields='__all__',
+            fields="__all__",
             max_num=20,
             absolute_max=100,
         )
         data = {
-            'book_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '101',
-            'book_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
+            "book_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "101",
+            "book_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
         }
         formset = BookFormSet(data, instance=author)
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), False)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 100)
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.non_form_errors(),
-            ['Please submit at most 20 forms.'],
+            ["Please submit at most 20 forms."],
         )
 
     def test_modelformset_factory_can_delete_extra(self):
         AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
             Author,
-            fields='__all__',
+            fields="__all__",
             can_delete=True,
             can_delete_extra=True,
             extra=2,
         )
         formset = AuthorFormSet()
         self.assertEqual(len(formset), 2)
-        self.assertIn('DELETE', formset.forms[0].fields)
-        self.assertIn('DELETE', formset.forms[1].fields)
+        self.assertIn("DELETE", formset.forms[0].fields)
+        self.assertIn("DELETE", formset.forms[1].fields)
 
     def test_modelformset_factory_disable_delete_extra(self):
         AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
             Author,
-            fields='__all__',
+            fields="__all__",
             can_delete=True,
             can_delete_extra=False,
             extra=2,
         )
         formset = AuthorFormSet()
         self.assertEqual(len(formset), 2)
-        self.assertNotIn('DELETE', formset.forms[0].fields)
-        self.assertNotIn('DELETE', formset.forms[1].fields)
+        self.assertNotIn("DELETE", formset.forms[0].fields)
+        self.assertNotIn("DELETE", formset.forms[1].fields)
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_can_delete_extra(self):
         BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
             Author,
             Book,
-            fields='__all__',
+            fields="__all__",
             can_delete=True,
             can_delete_extra=True,
             extra=2,
         )
         formset = BookFormSet()
         self.assertEqual(len(formset), 2)
-        self.assertIn('DELETE', formset.forms[0].fields)
-        self.assertIn('DELETE', formset.forms[1].fields)
+        self.assertIn("DELETE", formset.forms[0].fields)
+        self.assertIn("DELETE", formset.forms[1].fields)
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_can_not_delete_extra(self):
         BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
             Author,
             Book,
-            fields='__all__',
+            fields="__all__",
             can_delete=True,
             can_delete_extra=False,
             extra=2,
         )
         formset = BookFormSet()
         self.assertEqual(len(formset), 2)
-        self.assertNotIn('DELETE', formset.forms[0].fields)
-        self.assertNotIn('DELETE', formset.forms[1].fields)
+        self.assertNotIn("DELETE", formset.forms[0].fields)
+        self.assertNotIn("DELETE", formset.forms[1].fields)
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_passes_renderer(self):
         from django.forms.renderers import Jinja2
+
         renderer = Jinja2()
         BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
             Author,
             Book,
-            fields='__all__',
+            fields="__all__",
             renderer=renderer,
         )
         formset = BookFormSet()
@@ -2084,7 +2249,8 @@ class TestModelFormsetOverridesTroughFormMeta(TestCase):
 
     def test_modelformset_factory_passes_renderer(self):
         from django.forms.renderers import Jinja2
+
         renderer = Jinja2()
-        BookFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields='__all__', renderer=renderer)
+        BookFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__", renderer=renderer)
         formset = BookFormSet()
         self.assertEqual(formset.renderer, renderer)
diff --git a/tests/model_formsets_regress/models.py b/tests/model_formsets_regress/models.py
index d0f4532a04..cc735ad1e7 100644
--- a/tests/model_formsets_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/model_formsets_regress/models.py
@@ -18,8 +18,9 @@ class UserProfile(models.Model):
 
 class UserPreferences(models.Model):
     user = models.OneToOneField(
-        User, models.CASCADE,
-        to_field='username',
+        User,
+        models.CASCADE,
+        to_field="username",
         primary_key=True,
     )
     favorite_number = models.IntegerField()
diff --git a/tests/model_formsets_regress/tests.py b/tests/model_formsets_regress/tests.py
index 8e480b7266..696235a948 100644
--- a/tests/model_formsets_regress/tests.py
+++ b/tests/model_formsets_regress/tests.py
@@ -1,15 +1,24 @@
 from django import forms
 from django.forms.formsets import DELETION_FIELD_NAME, BaseFormSet
 from django.forms.models import (
-    BaseModelFormSet, inlineformset_factory, modelform_factory,
+    BaseModelFormSet,
+    inlineformset_factory,
+    modelform_factory,
     modelformset_factory,
 )
 from django.forms.utils import ErrorDict, ErrorList
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 from .models import (
-    Host, Manager, Network, ProfileNetwork, Restaurant, User, UserPreferences,
-    UserProfile, UserSite,
+    Host,
+    Manager,
+    Network,
+    ProfileNetwork,
+    Restaurant,
+    User,
+    UserPreferences,
+    UserProfile,
+    UserSite,
 )
 
 
@@ -26,69 +35,69 @@ class InlineFormsetTests(TestCase):
 
         # Now create a new User and UserSite instance
         data = {
-            'serial': '1',
-            'username': 'apollo13',
-            'usersite_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'usersite_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'usersite_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'usersite_set-0-data': '10',
-            'usersite_set-0-user': 'apollo13'
+            "serial": "1",
+            "username": "apollo13",
+            "usersite_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "usersite_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "usersite_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "usersite_set-0-data": "10",
+            "usersite_set-0-user": "apollo13",
         }
         user = User()
         form = Form(data)
         if form.is_valid():
             user = form.save()
         else:
-            self.fail('Errors found on form:%s' % form_set)
+            self.fail("Errors found on form:%s" % form_set)
 
         form_set = FormSet(data, instance=user)
         if form_set.is_valid():
             form_set.save()
             usersite = UserSite.objects.all().values()
-            self.assertEqual(usersite[0]['data'], 10)
-            self.assertEqual(usersite[0]['user_id'], 'apollo13')
+            self.assertEqual(usersite[0]["data"], 10)
+            self.assertEqual(usersite[0]["user_id"], "apollo13")
         else:
-            self.fail('Errors found on formset:%s' % form_set.errors)
+            self.fail("Errors found on formset:%s" % form_set.errors)
 
         # Now update the UserSite instance
         data = {
-            'usersite_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'usersite_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'usersite_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'usersite_set-0-id': str(usersite[0]['id']),
-            'usersite_set-0-data': '11',
-            'usersite_set-0-user': 'apollo13'
+            "usersite_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "usersite_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "usersite_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "usersite_set-0-id": str(usersite[0]["id"]),
+            "usersite_set-0-data": "11",
+            "usersite_set-0-user": "apollo13",
         }
         form_set = FormSet(data, instance=user)
         if form_set.is_valid():
             form_set.save()
             usersite = UserSite.objects.all().values()
-            self.assertEqual(usersite[0]['data'], 11)
-            self.assertEqual(usersite[0]['user_id'], 'apollo13')
+            self.assertEqual(usersite[0]["data"], 11)
+            self.assertEqual(usersite[0]["user_id"], "apollo13")
         else:
-            self.fail('Errors found on formset:%s' % form_set.errors)
+            self.fail("Errors found on formset:%s" % form_set.errors)
 
         # Now add a new UserSite instance
         data = {
-            'usersite_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'usersite_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'usersite_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'usersite_set-0-id': str(usersite[0]['id']),
-            'usersite_set-0-data': '11',
-            'usersite_set-0-user': 'apollo13',
-            'usersite_set-1-data': '42',
-            'usersite_set-1-user': 'apollo13'
+            "usersite_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "usersite_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "usersite_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "usersite_set-0-id": str(usersite[0]["id"]),
+            "usersite_set-0-data": "11",
+            "usersite_set-0-user": "apollo13",
+            "usersite_set-1-data": "42",
+            "usersite_set-1-user": "apollo13",
         }
         form_set = FormSet(data, instance=user)
         if form_set.is_valid():
             form_set.save()
-            usersite = UserSite.objects.all().values().order_by('data')
-            self.assertEqual(usersite[0]['data'], 11)
-            self.assertEqual(usersite[0]['user_id'], 'apollo13')
-            self.assertEqual(usersite[1]['data'], 42)
-            self.assertEqual(usersite[1]['user_id'], 'apollo13')
+            usersite = UserSite.objects.all().values().order_by("data")
+            self.assertEqual(usersite[0]["data"], 11)
+            self.assertEqual(usersite[0]["user_id"], "apollo13")
+            self.assertEqual(usersite[1]["data"], 42)
+            self.assertEqual(usersite[1]["user_id"], "apollo13")
         else:
-            self.fail('Errors found on formset:%s' % form_set.errors)
+            self.fail("Errors found on formset:%s" % form_set.errors)
 
     def test_formset_over_inherited_model(self):
         "A formset over a ForeignKey with a to_field can be saved. Regression for #11120"
@@ -102,67 +111,67 @@ class InlineFormsetTests(TestCase):
 
         # Now create a new Restaurant and Manager instance
         data = {
-            'name': "Guido's House of Pasta",
-            'manager_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'manager_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'manager_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'manager_set-0-name': 'Guido Van Rossum'
+            "name": "Guido's House of Pasta",
+            "manager_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "manager_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "manager_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "manager_set-0-name": "Guido Van Rossum",
         }
         restaurant = User()
         form = Form(data)
         if form.is_valid():
             restaurant = form.save()
         else:
-            self.fail('Errors found on form:%s' % form_set)
+            self.fail("Errors found on form:%s" % form_set)
 
         form_set = FormSet(data, instance=restaurant)
         if form_set.is_valid():
             form_set.save()
             manager = Manager.objects.all().values()
-            self.assertEqual(manager[0]['name'], 'Guido Van Rossum')
+            self.assertEqual(manager[0]["name"], "Guido Van Rossum")
         else:
-            self.fail('Errors found on formset:%s' % form_set.errors)
+            self.fail("Errors found on formset:%s" % form_set.errors)
 
         # Now update the Manager instance
         data = {
-            'manager_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'manager_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'manager_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'manager_set-0-id': str(manager[0]['id']),
-            'manager_set-0-name': 'Terry Gilliam'
+            "manager_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "manager_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "manager_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "manager_set-0-id": str(manager[0]["id"]),
+            "manager_set-0-name": "Terry Gilliam",
         }
         form_set = FormSet(data, instance=restaurant)
         if form_set.is_valid():
             form_set.save()
             manager = Manager.objects.all().values()
-            self.assertEqual(manager[0]['name'], 'Terry Gilliam')
+            self.assertEqual(manager[0]["name"], "Terry Gilliam")
         else:
-            self.fail('Errors found on formset:%s' % form_set.errors)
+            self.fail("Errors found on formset:%s" % form_set.errors)
 
         # Now add a new Manager instance
         data = {
-            'manager_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'manager_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'manager_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'manager_set-0-id': str(manager[0]['id']),
-            'manager_set-0-name': 'Terry Gilliam',
-            'manager_set-1-name': 'John Cleese'
+            "manager_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "manager_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "manager_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "manager_set-0-id": str(manager[0]["id"]),
+            "manager_set-0-name": "Terry Gilliam",
+            "manager_set-1-name": "John Cleese",
         }
         form_set = FormSet(data, instance=restaurant)
         if form_set.is_valid():
             form_set.save()
-            manager = Manager.objects.all().values().order_by('name')
-            self.assertEqual(manager[0]['name'], 'John Cleese')
-            self.assertEqual(manager[1]['name'], 'Terry Gilliam')
+            manager = Manager.objects.all().values().order_by("name")
+            self.assertEqual(manager[0]["name"], "John Cleese")
+            self.assertEqual(manager[1]["name"], "Terry Gilliam")
         else:
-            self.fail('Errors found on formset:%s' % form_set.errors)
+            self.fail("Errors found on formset:%s" % form_set.errors)
 
     def test_inline_model_with_to_field(self):
         """
         #13794 --- An inline model with a to_field of a formset with instance
         has working relations.
         """
-        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(User, UserSite, exclude=('is_superuser',))
+        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(User, UserSite, exclude=("is_superuser",))
 
         user = User.objects.create(username="guido", serial=1337)
         UserSite.objects.create(user=user, data=10)
@@ -173,11 +182,13 @@ class InlineFormsetTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_inline_model_with_primary_to_field(self):
         """An inline model with a OneToOneField with to_field & primary key."""
-        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(User, UserPreferences, exclude=('is_superuser',))
-        user = User.objects.create(username='guido', serial=1337)
+        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            User, UserPreferences, exclude=("is_superuser",)
+        )
+        user = User.objects.create(username="guido", serial=1337)
         UserPreferences.objects.create(user=user, favorite_number=10)
         formset = FormSet(instance=user)
-        self.assertEqual(formset[0].fields['user'].initial, 'guido')
+        self.assertEqual(formset[0].fields["user"].initial, "guido")
 
     def test_inline_model_with_to_field_to_rel(self):
         """
@@ -214,7 +225,7 @@ class InlineFormsetTests(TestCase):
         UserFormSet = modelformset_factory(User, fields=())
         formset = UserFormSet()
         for form in formset.forms:
-            self.assertIn('id', form.fields)
+            self.assertIn("id", form.fields)
             self.assertEqual(len(form.fields), 1)
 
     def test_save_as_new_with_new_inlines(self):
@@ -230,12 +241,12 @@ class InlineFormsetTests(TestCase):
 
         # Add a new host, modify previous host, and save-as-new
         data = {
-            'host_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'host_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'host_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'host_set-0-id': str(host1.id),
-            'host_set-0-hostname': 'tranquility.hub.dal.net',
-            'host_set-1-hostname': 'matrix.de.eu.dal.net'
+            "host_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "host_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "host_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "host_set-0-id": str(host1.id),
+            "host_set-0-hostname": "tranquility.hub.dal.net",
+            "host_set-1-hostname": "matrix.de.eu.dal.net",
         }
 
         # To save a formset as new, it needs a new hub instance
@@ -246,10 +257,12 @@ class InlineFormsetTests(TestCase):
         formset.save()
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             dalnet.host_set.order_by("hostname"),
-            Host.objects.filter(hostname__in=[
-                'matrix.de.eu.dal.net',
-                'tranquility.hub.dal.net',
-            ]).order_by('hostname'),
+            Host.objects.filter(
+                hostname__in=[
+                    "matrix.de.eu.dal.net",
+                    "tranquility.hub.dal.net",
+                ]
+            ).order_by("hostname"),
         )
 
     def test_initial_data(self):
@@ -257,28 +270,28 @@ class InlineFormsetTests(TestCase):
         UserSite.objects.create(user=user, data=7)
         FormSet = inlineformset_factory(User, UserSite, extra=2, fields="__all__")
 
-        formset = FormSet(instance=user, initial=[{'data': 41}, {'data': 42}])
-        self.assertEqual(formset.forms[0].initial['data'], 7)
-        self.assertEqual(formset.extra_forms[0].initial['data'], 41)
+        formset = FormSet(instance=user, initial=[{"data": 41}, {"data": 42}])
+        self.assertEqual(formset.forms[0].initial["data"], 7)
+        self.assertEqual(formset.extra_forms[0].initial["data"], 41)
         self.assertIn('value="42"', formset.extra_forms[1].as_p())
 
 
 class FormsetTests(TestCase):
     def test_error_class(self):
-        '''
+        """
         Test the type of Formset and Form error attributes
-        '''
+        """
         Formset = modelformset_factory(User, fields="__all__")
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-0-id': '',
-            'form-0-username': 'apollo13',
-            'form-0-serial': '1',
-            'form-1-id': '',
-            'form-1-username': 'apollo13',
-            'form-1-serial': '2',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-0-id": "",
+            "form-0-username": "apollo13",
+            "form-0-serial": "1",
+            "form-1-id": "",
+            "form-1-username": "apollo13",
+            "form-1-serial": "2",
         }
         formset = Formset(data)
         # check if the returned error classes are correct
@@ -292,18 +305,18 @@ class FormsetTests(TestCase):
     def test_initial_data(self):
         User.objects.create(username="bibi", serial=1)
         Formset = modelformset_factory(User, fields="__all__", extra=2)
-        formset = Formset(initial=[{'username': 'apollo11'}, {'username': 'apollo12'}])
-        self.assertEqual(formset.forms[0].initial['username'], "bibi")
-        self.assertEqual(formset.extra_forms[0].initial['username'], "apollo11")
+        formset = Formset(initial=[{"username": "apollo11"}, {"username": "apollo12"}])
+        self.assertEqual(formset.forms[0].initial["username"], "bibi")
+        self.assertEqual(formset.extra_forms[0].initial["username"], "apollo11")
         self.assertIn('value="apollo12"', formset.extra_forms[1].as_p())
 
     def test_extraneous_query_is_not_run(self):
         Formset = modelformset_factory(Network, fields="__all__")
         data = {
-            'test-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'test-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'test-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'test-0-name': 'Random Place',
+            "test-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "test-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "test-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "test-0-name": "Random Place",
         }
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             formset = Formset(data, prefix="test")
@@ -319,14 +332,13 @@ class UserSiteForm(forms.ModelForm):
         model = UserSite
         fields = "__all__"
         widgets = {
-            'id': CustomWidget,
-            'data': CustomWidget,
+            "id": CustomWidget,
+            "data": CustomWidget,
         }
-        localized_fields = ('data',)
+        localized_fields = ("data",)
 
 
 class Callback:
-
     def __init__(self):
         self.log = []
 
@@ -343,34 +355,41 @@ class FormfieldCallbackTests(TestCase):
     """
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_default(self):
-        Formset = inlineformset_factory(User, UserSite, form=UserSiteForm, fields="__all__")
+        Formset = inlineformset_factory(
+            User, UserSite, form=UserSiteForm, fields="__all__"
+        )
         form = Formset().forms[0]
-        self.assertIsInstance(form['id'].field.widget, CustomWidget)
-        self.assertIsInstance(form['data'].field.widget, CustomWidget)
-        self.assertFalse(form.fields['id'].localize)
-        self.assertTrue(form.fields['data'].localize)
+        self.assertIsInstance(form["id"].field.widget, CustomWidget)
+        self.assertIsInstance(form["data"].field.widget, CustomWidget)
+        self.assertFalse(form.fields["id"].localize)
+        self.assertTrue(form.fields["data"].localize)
 
     def test_modelformset_factory_default(self):
         Formset = modelformset_factory(UserSite, form=UserSiteForm)
         form = Formset().forms[0]
-        self.assertIsInstance(form['id'].field.widget, CustomWidget)
-        self.assertIsInstance(form['data'].field.widget, CustomWidget)
-        self.assertFalse(form.fields['id'].localize)
-        self.assertTrue(form.fields['data'].localize)
+        self.assertIsInstance(form["id"].field.widget, CustomWidget)
+        self.assertIsInstance(form["data"].field.widget, CustomWidget)
+        self.assertFalse(form.fields["id"].localize)
+        self.assertTrue(form.fields["data"].localize)
 
     def assertCallbackCalled(self, callback):
         id_field, user_field, data_field = UserSite._meta.fields
         expected_log = [
-            (id_field, {'widget': CustomWidget}),
+            (id_field, {"widget": CustomWidget}),
             (user_field, {}),
-            (data_field, {'widget': CustomWidget, 'localize': True}),
+            (data_field, {"widget": CustomWidget, "localize": True}),
         ]
         self.assertEqual(callback.log, expected_log)
 
     def test_inlineformset_custom_callback(self):
         callback = Callback()
-        inlineformset_factory(User, UserSite, form=UserSiteForm,
-                              formfield_callback=callback, fields="__all__")
+        inlineformset_factory(
+            User,
+            UserSite,
+            form=UserSiteForm,
+            formfield_callback=callback,
+            fields="__all__",
+        )
         self.assertCallbackCalled(callback)
 
     def test_modelformset_custom_callback(self):
@@ -386,6 +405,7 @@ class BaseCustomDeleteFormSet(BaseFormSet):
 
     form.should_delete() is called. The formset delete field is also suppressed.
     """
+
     def add_fields(self, form, index):
         super().add_fields(form, index)
         self.can_delete = True
@@ -393,7 +413,7 @@ class BaseCustomDeleteFormSet(BaseFormSet):
             del form.fields[DELETION_FIELD_NAME]
 
     def _should_delete_form(self, form):
-        return hasattr(form, 'should_delete') and form.should_delete()
+        return hasattr(form, "should_delete") and form.should_delete()
 
 
 class FormfieldShouldDeleteFormTests(TestCase):
@@ -402,10 +422,11 @@ class FormfieldShouldDeleteFormTests(TestCase):
     """
 
     class BaseCustomDeleteModelFormSet(BaseModelFormSet, BaseCustomDeleteFormSet):
-        """ Model FormSet with CustomDelete MixIn """
+        """Model FormSet with CustomDelete MixIn"""
 
     class CustomDeleteUserForm(forms.ModelForm):
-        """ A model form with a 'should_delete' method """
+        """A model form with a 'should_delete' method"""
+
         class Meta:
             model = User
             fields = "__all__"
@@ -414,65 +435,67 @@ class FormfieldShouldDeleteFormTests(TestCase):
             """Delete form if odd serial."""
             return self.instance.serial % 2 != 0
 
-    NormalFormset = modelformset_factory(User, form=CustomDeleteUserForm, can_delete=True)
-    DeleteFormset = modelformset_factory(User, form=CustomDeleteUserForm, formset=BaseCustomDeleteModelFormSet)
+    NormalFormset = modelformset_factory(
+        User, form=CustomDeleteUserForm, can_delete=True
+    )
+    DeleteFormset = modelformset_factory(
+        User, form=CustomDeleteUserForm, formset=BaseCustomDeleteModelFormSet
+    )
 
     data = {
-        'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '4',
-        'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-        'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '4',
-        'form-0-username': 'John',
-        'form-0-serial': '1',
-        'form-1-username': 'Paul',
-        'form-1-serial': '2',
-        'form-2-username': 'George',
-        'form-2-serial': '3',
-        'form-3-username': 'Ringo',
-        'form-3-serial': '5',
+        "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "4",
+        "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+        "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "4",
+        "form-0-username": "John",
+        "form-0-serial": "1",
+        "form-1-username": "Paul",
+        "form-1-serial": "2",
+        "form-2-username": "George",
+        "form-2-serial": "3",
+        "form-3-username": "Ringo",
+        "form-3-serial": "5",
     }
 
     delete_all_ids = {
-        'form-0-DELETE': '1',
-        'form-1-DELETE': '1',
-        'form-2-DELETE': '1',
-        'form-3-DELETE': '1',
+        "form-0-DELETE": "1",
+        "form-1-DELETE": "1",
+        "form-2-DELETE": "1",
+        "form-3-DELETE": "1",
     }
 
     def test_init_database(self):
-        """ Add test data to database via formset """
+        """Add test data to database via formset"""
         formset = self.NormalFormset(self.data)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.save()), 4)
 
     def test_no_delete(self):
-        """ Verify base formset doesn't modify database """
+        """Verify base formset doesn't modify database"""
         # reload database
         self.test_init_database()
 
         # pass standard data dict & see none updated
         data = dict(self.data)
-        data['form-INITIAL_FORMS'] = 4
-        data.update({
-            'form-%d-id' % i: user.pk
-            for i, user in enumerate(User.objects.all())
-        })
+        data["form-INITIAL_FORMS"] = 4
+        data.update(
+            {"form-%d-id" % i: user.pk for i, user in enumerate(User.objects.all())}
+        )
         formset = self.NormalFormset(data, queryset=User.objects.all())
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.save()), 0)
         self.assertEqual(len(User.objects.all()), 4)
 
     def test_all_delete(self):
-        """ Verify base formset honors DELETE field """
+        """Verify base formset honors DELETE field"""
         # reload database
         self.test_init_database()
 
         # create data dict with all fields marked for deletion
         data = dict(self.data)
-        data['form-INITIAL_FORMS'] = 4
-        data.update({
-            'form-%d-id' % i: user.pk
-            for i, user in enumerate(User.objects.all())
-        })
+        data["form-INITIAL_FORMS"] = 4
+        data.update(
+            {"form-%d-id" % i: user.pk for i, user in enumerate(User.objects.all())}
+        )
         data.update(self.delete_all_ids)
         formset = self.NormalFormset(data, queryset=User.objects.all())
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
@@ -480,18 +503,17 @@ class FormfieldShouldDeleteFormTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(len(User.objects.all()), 0)
 
     def test_custom_delete(self):
-        """ Verify DeleteFormset ignores DELETE field and uses form method """
+        """Verify DeleteFormset ignores DELETE field and uses form method"""
         # reload database
         self.test_init_database()
 
         # Create formset with custom Delete function
         # create data dict with all fields marked for deletion
         data = dict(self.data)
-        data['form-INITIAL_FORMS'] = 4
-        data.update({
-            'form-%d-id' % i: user.pk
-            for i, user in enumerate(User.objects.all())
-        })
+        data["form-INITIAL_FORMS"] = 4
+        data.update(
+            {"form-%d-id" % i: user.pk for i, user in enumerate(User.objects.all())}
+        )
         data.update(self.delete_all_ids)
         formset = self.DeleteFormset(data, queryset=User.objects.all())
 
@@ -507,19 +529,19 @@ class FormfieldShouldDeleteFormTests(TestCase):
 
 class RedeleteTests(TestCase):
     def test_resubmit(self):
-        u = User.objects.create(username='foo', serial=1)
+        u = User.objects.create(username="foo", serial=1)
         us = UserSite.objects.create(user=u, data=7)
         formset_cls = inlineformset_factory(User, UserSite, fields="__all__")
         data = {
-            'serial': '1',
-            'username': 'foo',
-            'usersite_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'usersite_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'usersite_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '1',
-            'usersite_set-0-id': str(us.pk),
-            'usersite_set-0-data': '7',
-            'usersite_set-0-user': 'foo',
-            'usersite_set-0-DELETE': '1'
+            "serial": "1",
+            "username": "foo",
+            "usersite_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "usersite_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "usersite_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "1",
+            "usersite_set-0-id": str(us.pk),
+            "usersite_set-0-data": "7",
+            "usersite_set-0-user": "foo",
+            "usersite_set-0-DELETE": "1",
         }
         formset = formset_cls(data, instance=u)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
@@ -533,19 +555,19 @@ class RedeleteTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(UserSite.objects.count(), 0)
 
     def test_delete_already_deleted(self):
-        u = User.objects.create(username='foo', serial=1)
+        u = User.objects.create(username="foo", serial=1)
         us = UserSite.objects.create(user=u, data=7)
         formset_cls = inlineformset_factory(User, UserSite, fields="__all__")
         data = {
-            'serial': '1',
-            'username': 'foo',
-            'usersite_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'usersite_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'usersite_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '1',
-            'usersite_set-0-id': str(us.pk),
-            'usersite_set-0-data': '7',
-            'usersite_set-0-user': 'foo',
-            'usersite_set-0-DELETE': '1'
+            "serial": "1",
+            "username": "foo",
+            "usersite_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "usersite_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "usersite_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "1",
+            "usersite_set-0-id": str(us.pk),
+            "usersite_set-0-data": "7",
+            "usersite_set-0-user": "foo",
+            "usersite_set-0-DELETE": "1",
         }
         formset = formset_cls(data, instance=u)
         us.delete()
diff --git a/tests/model_indexes/models.py b/tests/model_indexes/models.py
index 42651cd868..3bda606904 100644
--- a/tests/model_indexes/models.py
+++ b/tests/model_indexes/models.py
@@ -4,16 +4,18 @@ from django.db import models
 class Book(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     author = models.CharField(max_length=50)
-    pages = models.IntegerField(db_column='page_count')
-    shortcut = models.CharField(max_length=50, db_tablespace='idx_tbls')
-    isbn = models.CharField(max_length=50, db_tablespace='idx_tbls')
+    pages = models.IntegerField(db_column="page_count")
+    shortcut = models.CharField(max_length=50, db_tablespace="idx_tbls")
+    isbn = models.CharField(max_length=50, db_tablespace="idx_tbls")
     barcode = models.CharField(max_length=31)
 
     class Meta:
         indexes = [
-            models.Index(fields=['title']),
-            models.Index(fields=['isbn', 'id']),
-            models.Index(fields=['barcode'], name='%(app_label)s_%(class)s_barcode_idx'),
+            models.Index(fields=["title"]),
+            models.Index(fields=["isbn", "id"]),
+            models.Index(
+                fields=["barcode"], name="%(app_label)s_%(class)s_barcode_idx"
+            ),
         ]
 
 
@@ -24,8 +26,8 @@ class AbstractModel(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         abstract = True
         indexes = [
-            models.Index(fields=['name']),
-            models.Index(fields=['shortcut'], name='%(app_label)s_%(class)s_idx'),
+            models.Index(fields=["name"]),
+            models.Index(fields=["shortcut"], name="%(app_label)s_%(class)s_idx"),
         ]
 
 
diff --git a/tests/model_indexes/tests.py b/tests/model_indexes/tests.py
index 95dec7ef48..6f40011a5b 100644
--- a/tests/model_indexes/tests.py
+++ b/tests/model_indexes/tests.py
@@ -10,30 +10,31 @@ from .models import Book, ChildModel1, ChildModel2
 
 
 class SimpleIndexesTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_suffix(self):
-        self.assertEqual(models.Index.suffix, 'idx')
+        self.assertEqual(models.Index.suffix, "idx")
 
     def test_repr(self):
-        index = models.Index(fields=['title'])
-        named_index = models.Index(fields=['title'], name='title_idx')
-        multi_col_index = models.Index(fields=['title', 'author'])
-        partial_index = models.Index(fields=['title'], name='long_books_idx', condition=models.Q(pages__gt=400))
+        index = models.Index(fields=["title"])
+        named_index = models.Index(fields=["title"], name="title_idx")
+        multi_col_index = models.Index(fields=["title", "author"])
+        partial_index = models.Index(
+            fields=["title"], name="long_books_idx", condition=models.Q(pages__gt=400)
+        )
         covering_index = models.Index(
-            fields=['title'],
-            name='include_idx',
-            include=['author', 'pages'],
+            fields=["title"],
+            name="include_idx",
+            include=["author", "pages"],
         )
         opclasses_index = models.Index(
-            fields=['headline', 'body'],
-            name='opclasses_idx',
-            opclasses=['varchar_pattern_ops', 'text_pattern_ops'],
+            fields=["headline", "body"],
+            name="opclasses_idx",
+            opclasses=["varchar_pattern_ops", "text_pattern_ops"],
         )
-        func_index = models.Index(Lower('title'), 'subtitle', name='book_func_idx')
+        func_index = models.Index(Lower("title"), "subtitle", name="book_func_idx")
         tablespace_index = models.Index(
-            fields=['title'],
-            db_tablespace='idx_tbls',
-            name='book_tablespace_idx',
+            fields=["title"],
+            db_tablespace="idx_tbls",
+            name="book_tablespace_idx",
         )
         self.assertEqual(repr(index), "<Index: fields=['title']>")
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -68,9 +69,9 @@ class SimpleIndexesTests(SimpleTestCase):
         )
 
     def test_eq(self):
-        index = models.Index(fields=['title'])
-        same_index = models.Index(fields=['title'])
-        another_index = models.Index(fields=['title', 'author'])
+        index = models.Index(fields=["title"])
+        same_index = models.Index(fields=["title"])
+        another_index = models.Index(fields=["title", "author"])
         index.model = Book
         same_index.model = Book
         another_index.model = Book
@@ -79,108 +80,124 @@ class SimpleIndexesTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertNotEqual(index, another_index)
 
     def test_eq_func(self):
-        index = models.Index(Lower('title'), models.F('author'), name='book_func_idx')
-        same_index = models.Index(Lower('title'), 'author', name='book_func_idx')
-        another_index = models.Index(Lower('title'), name='book_func_idx')
+        index = models.Index(Lower("title"), models.F("author"), name="book_func_idx")
+        same_index = models.Index(Lower("title"), "author", name="book_func_idx")
+        another_index = models.Index(Lower("title"), name="book_func_idx")
         self.assertEqual(index, same_index)
         self.assertEqual(index, mock.ANY)
         self.assertNotEqual(index, another_index)
 
     def test_index_fields_type(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Index.fields must be a list or tuple.'):
-            models.Index(fields='title')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Index.fields must be a list or tuple."
+        ):
+            models.Index(fields="title")
 
     def test_index_fields_strings(self):
-        msg = 'Index.fields must contain only strings with field names.'
+        msg = "Index.fields must contain only strings with field names."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            models.Index(fields=[models.F('title')])
+            models.Index(fields=[models.F("title")])
 
     def test_fields_tuple(self):
-        self.assertEqual(models.Index(fields=('title',)).fields, ['title'])
+        self.assertEqual(models.Index(fields=("title",)).fields, ["title"])
 
     def test_requires_field_or_expression(self):
-        msg = 'At least one field or expression is required to define an index.'
+        msg = "At least one field or expression is required to define an index."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             models.Index()
 
     def test_expressions_and_fields_mutually_exclusive(self):
         msg = "Index.fields and expressions are mutually exclusive."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            models.Index(Upper('foo'), fields=['field'])
+            models.Index(Upper("foo"), fields=["field"])
 
     def test_opclasses_requires_index_name(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'An index must be named to use opclasses.'):
-            models.Index(opclasses=['jsonb_path_ops'])
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "An index must be named to use opclasses."
+        ):
+            models.Index(opclasses=["jsonb_path_ops"])
 
     def test_opclasses_requires_list_or_tuple(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Index.opclasses must be a list or tuple.'):
-            models.Index(name='test_opclass', fields=['field'], opclasses='jsonb_path_ops')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Index.opclasses must be a list or tuple."
+        ):
+            models.Index(
+                name="test_opclass", fields=["field"], opclasses="jsonb_path_ops"
+            )
 
     def test_opclasses_and_fields_same_length(self):
-        msg = 'Index.fields and Index.opclasses must have the same number of elements.'
+        msg = "Index.fields and Index.opclasses must have the same number of elements."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            models.Index(name='test_opclass', fields=['field', 'other'], opclasses=['jsonb_path_ops'])
+            models.Index(
+                name="test_opclass",
+                fields=["field", "other"],
+                opclasses=["jsonb_path_ops"],
+            )
 
     def test_condition_requires_index_name(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'An index must be named to use condition.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "An index must be named to use condition."
+        ):
             models.Index(condition=models.Q(pages__gt=400))
 
     def test_expressions_requires_index_name(self):
-        msg = 'An index must be named to use expressions.'
+        msg = "An index must be named to use expressions."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            models.Index(Lower('field'))
+            models.Index(Lower("field"))
 
     def test_expressions_with_opclasses(self):
         msg = (
-            'Index.opclasses cannot be used with expressions. Use '
-            'django.contrib.postgres.indexes.OpClass() instead.'
+            "Index.opclasses cannot be used with expressions. Use "
+            "django.contrib.postgres.indexes.OpClass() instead."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             models.Index(
-                Lower('field'),
-                name='test_func_opclass',
-                opclasses=['jsonb_path_ops'],
+                Lower("field"),
+                name="test_func_opclass",
+                opclasses=["jsonb_path_ops"],
             )
 
     def test_condition_must_be_q(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Index.condition must be a Q instance.'):
-            models.Index(condition='invalid', name='long_book_idx')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Index.condition must be a Q instance."
+        ):
+            models.Index(condition="invalid", name="long_book_idx")
 
     def test_include_requires_list_or_tuple(self):
-        msg = 'Index.include must be a list or tuple.'
+        msg = "Index.include must be a list or tuple."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            models.Index(name='test_include', fields=['field'], include='other')
+            models.Index(name="test_include", fields=["field"], include="other")
 
     def test_include_requires_index_name(self):
-        msg = 'A covering index must be named.'
+        msg = "A covering index must be named."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            models.Index(fields=['field'], include=['other'])
+            models.Index(fields=["field"], include=["other"])
 
     def test_name_auto_generation(self):
-        index = models.Index(fields=['author'])
+        index = models.Index(fields=["author"])
         index.set_name_with_model(Book)
-        self.assertEqual(index.name, 'model_index_author_0f5565_idx')
+        self.assertEqual(index.name, "model_index_author_0f5565_idx")
 
         # '-' for DESC columns should be accounted for in the index name.
-        index = models.Index(fields=['-author'])
+        index = models.Index(fields=["-author"])
         index.set_name_with_model(Book)
-        self.assertEqual(index.name, 'model_index_author_708765_idx')
+        self.assertEqual(index.name, "model_index_author_708765_idx")
 
         # fields may be truncated in the name. db_column is used for naming.
-        long_field_index = models.Index(fields=['pages'])
+        long_field_index = models.Index(fields=["pages"])
         long_field_index.set_name_with_model(Book)
-        self.assertEqual(long_field_index.name, 'model_index_page_co_69235a_idx')
+        self.assertEqual(long_field_index.name, "model_index_page_co_69235a_idx")
 
         # suffix can't be longer than 3 characters.
-        long_field_index.suffix = 'suff'
+        long_field_index.suffix = "suff"
         msg = (
-            'Index too long for multiple database support. Is self.suffix '
-            'longer than 3 characters?'
+            "Index too long for multiple database support. Is self.suffix "
+            "longer than 3 characters?"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             long_field_index.set_name_with_model(Book)
 
-    @isolate_apps('model_indexes')
+    @isolate_apps("model_indexes")
     def test_name_auto_generation_with_quoted_db_table(self):
         class QuotedDbTable(models.Model):
             name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
@@ -188,74 +205,78 @@ class SimpleIndexesTests(SimpleTestCase):
             class Meta:
                 db_table = '"t_quoted"'
 
-        index = models.Index(fields=['name'])
+        index = models.Index(fields=["name"])
         index.set_name_with_model(QuotedDbTable)
-        self.assertEqual(index.name, 't_quoted_name_e4ed1b_idx')
+        self.assertEqual(index.name, "t_quoted_name_e4ed1b_idx")
 
     def test_deconstruction(self):
-        index = models.Index(fields=['title'], db_tablespace='idx_tbls')
+        index = models.Index(fields=["title"], db_tablespace="idx_tbls")
         index.set_name_with_model(Book)
         path, args, kwargs = index.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.db.models.Index')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.Index")
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
         self.assertEqual(
             kwargs,
-            {'fields': ['title'], 'name': 'model_index_title_196f42_idx', 'db_tablespace': 'idx_tbls'}
+            {
+                "fields": ["title"],
+                "name": "model_index_title_196f42_idx",
+                "db_tablespace": "idx_tbls",
+            },
         )
 
     def test_deconstruct_with_condition(self):
         index = models.Index(
-            name='big_book_index',
-            fields=['title'],
+            name="big_book_index",
+            fields=["title"],
             condition=models.Q(pages__gt=400),
         )
         index.set_name_with_model(Book)
         path, args, kwargs = index.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.db.models.Index')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.Index")
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
         self.assertEqual(
             kwargs,
             {
-                'fields': ['title'],
-                'name': 'model_index_title_196f42_idx',
-                'condition': models.Q(pages__gt=400),
-            }
+                "fields": ["title"],
+                "name": "model_index_title_196f42_idx",
+                "condition": models.Q(pages__gt=400),
+            },
         )
 
     def test_deconstruct_with_include(self):
         index = models.Index(
-            name='book_include_idx',
-            fields=['title'],
-            include=['author'],
+            name="book_include_idx",
+            fields=["title"],
+            include=["author"],
         )
         index.set_name_with_model(Book)
         path, args, kwargs = index.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.db.models.Index')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.Index")
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
         self.assertEqual(
             kwargs,
             {
-                'fields': ['title'],
-                'name': 'model_index_title_196f42_idx',
-                'include': ('author',),
+                "fields": ["title"],
+                "name": "model_index_title_196f42_idx",
+                "include": ("author",),
             },
         )
 
     def test_deconstruct_with_expressions(self):
-        index = models.Index(Upper('title'), name='book_func_idx')
+        index = models.Index(Upper("title"), name="book_func_idx")
         path, args, kwargs = index.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.db.models.Index')
-        self.assertEqual(args, (Upper('title'),))
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'name': 'book_func_idx'})
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.Index")
+        self.assertEqual(args, (Upper("title"),))
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"name": "book_func_idx"})
 
     def test_clone(self):
-        index = models.Index(fields=['title'])
+        index = models.Index(fields=["title"])
         new_index = index.clone()
         self.assertIsNot(index, new_index)
         self.assertEqual(index.fields, new_index.fields)
 
     def test_clone_with_expressions(self):
-        index = models.Index(Upper('title'), name='book_func_idx')
+        index = models.Index(Upper("title"), name="book_func_idx")
         new_index = index.clone()
         self.assertIsNot(index, new_index)
         self.assertEqual(index.expressions, new_index.expressions)
@@ -265,9 +286,9 @@ class SimpleIndexesTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertCountEqual(
             index_names,
             [
-                'model_index_title_196f42_idx',
-                'model_index_isbn_34f975_idx',
-                'model_indexes_book_barcode_idx',
+                "model_index_title_196f42_idx",
+                "model_index_isbn_34f975_idx",
+                "model_indexes_book_barcode_idx",
             ],
         )
 
@@ -275,36 +296,37 @@ class SimpleIndexesTests(SimpleTestCase):
         index_names = [index.name for index in ChildModel1._meta.indexes]
         self.assertEqual(
             index_names,
-            ['model_index_name_440998_idx', 'model_indexes_childmodel1_idx'],
+            ["model_index_name_440998_idx", "model_indexes_childmodel1_idx"],
         )
         index_names = [index.name for index in ChildModel2._meta.indexes]
         self.assertEqual(
             index_names,
-            ['model_index_name_b6c374_idx', 'model_indexes_childmodel2_idx'],
+            ["model_index_name_b6c374_idx", "model_indexes_childmodel2_idx"],
         )
 
 
 class IndexesTests(TestCase):
-
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_tablespaces')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_tablespaces")
     def test_db_tablespace(self):
         editor = connection.schema_editor()
         # Index with db_tablespace attribute.
         for fields in [
             # Field with db_tablespace specified on model.
-            ['shortcut'],
+            ["shortcut"],
             # Field without db_tablespace specified on model.
-            ['author'],
+            ["author"],
             # Multi-column with db_tablespaces specified on model.
-            ['shortcut', 'isbn'],
+            ["shortcut", "isbn"],
             # Multi-column without db_tablespace specified on model.
-            ['title', 'author'],
+            ["title", "author"],
         ]:
             with self.subTest(fields=fields):
-                index = models.Index(fields=fields, db_tablespace='idx_tbls2')
-                self.assertIn('"idx_tbls2"', str(index.create_sql(Book, editor)).lower())
+                index = models.Index(fields=fields, db_tablespace="idx_tbls2")
+                self.assertIn(
+                    '"idx_tbls2"', str(index.create_sql(Book, editor)).lower()
+                )
         # Indexes without db_tablespace attribute.
-        for fields in [['author'], ['shortcut', 'isbn'], ['title', 'author']]:
+        for fields in [["author"], ["shortcut", "isbn"], ["title", "author"]]:
             with self.subTest(fields=fields):
                 index = models.Index(fields=fields)
                 # The DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE setting can't be tested because
@@ -313,28 +335,28 @@ class IndexesTests(TestCase):
                 if settings.DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE:
                     self.assertIn(
                         '"%s"' % settings.DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE,
-                        str(index.create_sql(Book, editor)).lower()
+                        str(index.create_sql(Book, editor)).lower(),
                     )
                 else:
-                    self.assertNotIn('TABLESPACE', str(index.create_sql(Book, editor)))
+                    self.assertNotIn("TABLESPACE", str(index.create_sql(Book, editor)))
         # Field with db_tablespace specified on the model and an index without
         # db_tablespace.
-        index = models.Index(fields=['shortcut'])
+        index = models.Index(fields=["shortcut"])
         self.assertIn('"idx_tbls"', str(index.create_sql(Book, editor)).lower())
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_tablespaces')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_tablespaces")
     def test_func_with_tablespace(self):
         # Functional index with db_tablespace attribute.
         index = models.Index(
-            Lower('shortcut').desc(),
-            name='functional_tbls',
-            db_tablespace='idx_tbls2',
+            Lower("shortcut").desc(),
+            name="functional_tbls",
+            db_tablespace="idx_tbls2",
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             sql = str(index.create_sql(Book, editor))
-            self.assertIn(editor.quote_name('idx_tbls2'), sql)
+            self.assertIn(editor.quote_name("idx_tbls2"), sql)
         # Functional index without db_tablespace attribute.
-        index = models.Index(Lower('shortcut').desc(), name='functional_no_tbls')
+        index = models.Index(Lower("shortcut").desc(), name="functional_no_tbls")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             sql = str(index.create_sql(Book, editor))
             # The DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE setting can't be tested because it's
@@ -346,4 +368,4 @@ class IndexesTests(TestCase):
                     sql,
                 )
             else:
-                self.assertNotIn('TABLESPACE', sql)
+                self.assertNotIn("TABLESPACE", sql)
diff --git a/tests/model_inheritance/models.py b/tests/model_inheritance/models.py
index fa37e121ea..a479faeda5 100644
--- a/tests/model_inheritance/models.py
+++ b/tests/model_inheritance/models.py
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ class CommonInfo(models.Model):
 
     class Meta:
         abstract = True
-        ordering = ['name']
+        ordering = ["name"]
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s %s' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name)
+        return "%s %s" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name)
 
 
 class Worker(CommonInfo):
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ class Student(CommonInfo):
 # Abstract base classes with related models
 #
 
+
 class Post(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
@@ -53,8 +54,8 @@ class Attachment(models.Model):
     post = models.ForeignKey(
         Post,
         models.CASCADE,
-        related_name='attached_%(class)s_set',
-        related_query_name='attached_%(app_label)s_%(class)ss',
+        related_name="attached_%(class)s_set",
+        related_query_name="attached_%(app_label)s_%(class)ss",
     )
     content = models.TextField()
 
@@ -74,6 +75,7 @@ class Link(Attachment):
 # Multi-table inheritance
 #
 
+
 class Chef(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
@@ -88,7 +90,7 @@ class Rating(models.Model):
 
     class Meta:
         abstract = True
-        ordering = ['-rating']
+        ordering = ["-rating"]
 
 
 class Restaurant(Place, Rating):
@@ -97,7 +99,7 @@ class Restaurant(Place, Rating):
     chef = models.ForeignKey(Chef, models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True)
 
     class Meta(Rating.Meta):
-        db_table = 'my_restaurant'
+        db_table = "my_restaurant"
 
 
 class ItalianRestaurant(Restaurant):
@@ -105,13 +107,15 @@ class ItalianRestaurant(Restaurant):
 
 
 class Supplier(Place):
-    customers = models.ManyToManyField(Restaurant, related_name='provider')
+    customers = models.ManyToManyField(Restaurant, related_name="provider")
 
 
 class ParkingLot(Place):
     # An explicit link to the parent (we can control the attribute name).
-    parent = models.OneToOneField(Place, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True, parent_link=True)
-    main_site = models.ForeignKey(Place, models.CASCADE, related_name='lot')
+    parent = models.OneToOneField(
+        Place, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True, parent_link=True
+    )
+    main_site = models.ForeignKey(Place, models.CASCADE, related_name="lot")
 
 
 #
@@ -123,12 +127,15 @@ class ParkingLot(Place):
 #       here in order to have the name conflict between apps
 #
 
+
 class Title(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
 
 class NamedURL(models.Model):
-    title = models.ForeignKey(Title, models.CASCADE, related_name='attached_%(app_label)s_%(class)s_set')
+    title = models.ForeignKey(
+        Title, models.CASCADE, related_name="attached_%(app_label)s_%(class)s_set"
+    )
     url = models.URLField()
 
     class Meta:
@@ -157,12 +164,12 @@ class GrandParent(models.Model):
     first_name = models.CharField(max_length=80)
     last_name = models.CharField(max_length=80)
     email = models.EmailField(unique=True)
-    place = models.ForeignKey(Place, models.CASCADE, null=True, related_name='+')
+    place = models.ForeignKey(Place, models.CASCADE, null=True, related_name="+")
 
     class Meta:
         # Ordering used by test_inherited_ordering_pk_desc.
-        ordering = ['-pk']
-        unique_together = ('first_name', 'last_name')
+        ordering = ["-pk"]
+        unique_together = ("first_name", "last_name")
 
 
 class Parent(GrandParent):
diff --git a/tests/model_inheritance/test_abstract_inheritance.py b/tests/model_inheritance/test_abstract_inheritance.py
index 80da06aeff..24362292a1 100644
--- a/tests/model_inheritance/test_abstract_inheritance.py
+++ b/tests/model_inheritance/test_abstract_inheritance.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.core.checks import Error
 from django.core.exceptions import FieldDoesNotExist, FieldError
@@ -9,7 +7,7 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.test.utils import isolate_apps
 
 
-@isolate_apps('model_inheritance')
+@isolate_apps("model_inheritance")
 class AbstractInheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_single_parent(self):
         class AbstractBase(models.Model):
@@ -30,9 +28,9 @@ class AbstractInheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class DerivedGrandChild(AbstractDescendant):
             pass
 
-        self.assertEqual(AbstractDescendant._meta.get_field('name').max_length, 50)
-        self.assertEqual(DerivedChild._meta.get_field('name').max_length, 50)
-        self.assertEqual(DerivedGrandChild._meta.get_field('name').max_length, 50)
+        self.assertEqual(AbstractDescendant._meta.get_field("name").max_length, 50)
+        self.assertEqual(DerivedChild._meta.get_field("name").max_length, 50)
+        self.assertEqual(DerivedGrandChild._meta.get_field("name").max_length, 50)
 
     def test_multiple_inheritance_allows_inherited_field(self):
         """
@@ -56,7 +54,7 @@ class AbstractInheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
             pass
 
         self.assertEqual(Child.check(), [])
-        inherited_field = Child._meta.get_field('name')
+        inherited_field = Child._meta.get_field("name")
         self.assertIsInstance(inherited_field, models.CharField)
         self.assertEqual(inherited_field.max_length, 255)
 
@@ -92,7 +90,7 @@ class AbstractInheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
             pass
 
         self.assertEqual(Child.check(), [])
-        inherited_field = Child._meta.get_field('name')
+        inherited_field = Child._meta.get_field("name")
         self.assertIsInstance(inherited_field, models.CharField)
         self.assertEqual(inherited_field.max_length, 255)
 
@@ -123,7 +121,7 @@ class AbstractInheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
             name = models.IntegerField()
 
         self.assertEqual(Child.check(), [])
-        inherited_field = Child._meta.get_field('name')
+        inherited_field = Child._meta.get_field("name")
         self.assertIsInstance(inherited_field, models.IntegerField)
 
     def test_multiple_inheritance_cannot_shadow_concrete_inherited_field(self):
@@ -142,22 +140,24 @@ class AbstractInheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class AnotherChild(AbstractParent, ConcreteParent):
             pass
 
-        self.assertIsInstance(FirstChild._meta.get_field('name'), models.CharField)
+        self.assertIsInstance(FirstChild._meta.get_field("name"), models.CharField)
         self.assertEqual(
             AnotherChild.check(),
-            [Error(
-                "The field 'name' clashes with the field 'name' "
-                "from model 'model_inheritance.concreteparent'.",
-                obj=AnotherChild._meta.get_field('name'),
-                id="models.E006",
-            )]
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The field 'name' clashes with the field 'name' "
+                    "from model 'model_inheritance.concreteparent'.",
+                    obj=AnotherChild._meta.get_field("name"),
+                    id="models.E006",
+                )
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_virtual_field(self):
         class RelationModel(models.Model):
             content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE)
             object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-            content_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
+            content_object = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")
 
         class RelatedModelAbstract(models.Model):
             field = GenericRelation(RelationModel)
@@ -177,8 +177,12 @@ class AbstractInheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class ExtendModelAbstract(ModelAbstract):
             field = GenericRelation(RelationModel)
 
-        self.assertIsInstance(OverrideRelatedModelAbstract._meta.get_field('field'), models.CharField)
-        self.assertIsInstance(ExtendModelAbstract._meta.get_field('field'), GenericRelation)
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            OverrideRelatedModelAbstract._meta.get_field("field"), models.CharField
+        )
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            ExtendModelAbstract._meta.get_field("field"), GenericRelation
+        )
 
     def test_cannot_override_indirect_abstract_field(self):
         class AbstractBase(models.Model):
@@ -195,6 +199,7 @@ class AbstractInheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "the same name from base class 'ConcreteDescendant'."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
+
             class Descendant(ConcreteDescendant):
                 name = models.IntegerField()
 
@@ -215,11 +220,11 @@ class AbstractInheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 return self.first_name + self.last_name
 
         msg = "Descendant has no field named %r"
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldDoesNotExist, msg % 'middle_name'):
-            Descendant._meta.get_field('middle_name')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldDoesNotExist, msg % "middle_name"):
+            Descendant._meta.get_field("middle_name")
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldDoesNotExist, msg % 'full_name'):
-            Descendant._meta.get_field('full_name')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldDoesNotExist, msg % "full_name"):
+            Descendant._meta.get_field("full_name")
 
     def test_overriding_field_removed_by_concrete_model(self):
         class AbstractModel(models.Model):
@@ -234,7 +239,9 @@ class AbstractInheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class OverrideRemovedFieldByConcreteModel(RemovedAbstractModelField):
             foo = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
-        self.assertEqual(OverrideRemovedFieldByConcreteModel._meta.get_field('foo').max_length, 50)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            OverrideRemovedFieldByConcreteModel._meta.get_field("foo").max_length, 50
+        )
 
     def test_shadowed_fkey_id(self):
         class Foo(models.Model):
@@ -251,12 +258,14 @@ class AbstractInheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(
             Descendant.check(),
-            [Error(
-                "The field 'foo_id' clashes with the field 'foo' "
-                "from model 'model_inheritance.descendant'.",
-                obj=Descendant._meta.get_field('foo_id'),
-                id='models.E006',
-            )]
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The field 'foo_id' clashes with the field 'foo' "
+                    "from model 'model_inheritance.descendant'.",
+                    obj=Descendant._meta.get_field("foo_id"),
+                    id="models.E006",
+                )
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_shadow_related_name_when_set_to_none(self):
@@ -271,7 +280,7 @@ class AbstractInheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
             foo = models.IntegerField()
 
         class Bar(models.Model):
-            bar = models.ForeignKey(Foo, models.CASCADE, related_name='bar')
+            bar = models.ForeignKey(Foo, models.CASCADE, related_name="bar")
 
         self.assertEqual(Bar.check(), [])
 
@@ -286,10 +295,10 @@ class AbstractInheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
             pass
 
         class Foo(models.Model):
-            foo = models.ForeignKey(Descendant, models.CASCADE, related_name='foo')
+            foo = models.ForeignKey(Descendant, models.CASCADE, related_name="foo")
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            Foo._meta.get_field('foo').check(),
+            Foo._meta.get_field("foo").check(),
             [
                 Error(
                     "Reverse accessor 'Descendant.foo' for "
@@ -300,8 +309,8 @@ class AbstractInheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
                         "add/change a related_name argument to the definition "
                         "for field 'model_inheritance.Foo.foo'."
                     ),
-                    obj=Foo._meta.get_field('foo'),
-                    id='fields.E302',
+                    obj=Foo._meta.get_field("foo"),
+                    id="fields.E302",
                 ),
                 Error(
                     "Reverse query name for 'model_inheritance.Foo.foo' "
@@ -312,10 +321,10 @@ class AbstractInheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
                         "add/change a related_name argument to the definition "
                         "for field 'model_inheritance.Foo.foo'."
                     ),
-                    obj=Foo._meta.get_field('foo'),
-                    id='fields.E303',
+                    obj=Foo._meta.get_field("foo"),
+                    id="fields.E303",
                 ),
-            ]
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_multi_inheritance_field_clashes(self):
@@ -337,12 +346,14 @@ class AbstractInheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(
             ConcreteDescendant.check(),
-            [Error(
-                "The field 'name' clashes with the field 'name' from "
-                "model 'model_inheritance.concretebase'.",
-                obj=ConcreteDescendant._meta.get_field('name'),
-                id="models.E006",
-            )]
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The field 'name' clashes with the field 'name' from "
+                    "model 'model_inheritance.concretebase'.",
+                    obj=ConcreteDescendant._meta.get_field("name"),
+                    id="models.E006",
+                )
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_override_one2one_relation_auto_field_clashes(self):
@@ -361,6 +372,7 @@ class AbstractInheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "declared field of the same name."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
+
             class Descendant(ConcreteParent, AbstractParent):
                 concreteparent_ptr = models.CharField(max_length=30)
 
@@ -388,36 +400,50 @@ class AbstractInheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
             age = models.SmallIntegerField()
 
         def fields(model):
-            if not hasattr(model, '_meta'):
+            if not hasattr(model, "_meta"):
                 return []
             return [(f.name, f.__class__) for f in model._meta.get_fields()]
 
-        model_dict = {'__module__': 'model_inheritance'}
-        model1 = type('Model1', (AbstractModel, Mixin), model_dict.copy())
-        model2 = type('Model2', (Mixin2, AbstractModel), model_dict.copy())
-        model3 = type('Model3', (DescendantMixin, AbstractModel), model_dict.copy())
-        model4 = type('Model4', (Mixin2, Mixin, AbstractModel), model_dict.copy())
-        model5 = type('Model5', (Mixin2, ConcreteModel2, Mixin, AbstractModel), model_dict.copy())
+        model_dict = {"__module__": "model_inheritance"}
+        model1 = type("Model1", (AbstractModel, Mixin), model_dict.copy())
+        model2 = type("Model2", (Mixin2, AbstractModel), model_dict.copy())
+        model3 = type("Model3", (DescendantMixin, AbstractModel), model_dict.copy())
+        model4 = type("Model4", (Mixin2, Mixin, AbstractModel), model_dict.copy())
+        model5 = type(
+            "Model5", (Mixin2, ConcreteModel2, Mixin, AbstractModel), model_dict.copy()
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(
             fields(model1),
-            [('id', models.AutoField), ('name', models.CharField), ('age', models.IntegerField)]
+            [
+                ("id", models.AutoField),
+                ("name", models.CharField),
+                ("age", models.IntegerField),
+            ],
         )
 
-        self.assertEqual(fields(model2), [('id', models.AutoField), ('name', models.CharField)])
-        self.assertEqual(getattr(model2, 'age'), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            fields(model2), [("id", models.AutoField), ("name", models.CharField)]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(getattr(model2, "age"), 2)
 
-        self.assertEqual(fields(model3), [('id', models.AutoField), ('name', models.CharField)])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            fields(model3), [("id", models.AutoField), ("name", models.CharField)]
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual(fields(model4), [('id', models.AutoField), ('name', models.CharField)])
-        self.assertEqual(getattr(model4, 'age'), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            fields(model4), [("id", models.AutoField), ("name", models.CharField)]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(getattr(model4, "age"), 2)
 
         self.assertEqual(
             fields(model5),
             [
-                ('id', models.AutoField), ('foo', models.IntegerField),
-                ('concretemodel_ptr', models.OneToOneField),
-                ('age', models.SmallIntegerField), ('concretemodel2_ptr', models.OneToOneField),
-                ('name', models.CharField),
-            ]
+                ("id", models.AutoField),
+                ("foo", models.IntegerField),
+                ("concretemodel_ptr", models.OneToOneField),
+                ("age", models.SmallIntegerField),
+                ("concretemodel2_ptr", models.OneToOneField),
+                ("name", models.CharField),
+            ],
         )
diff --git a/tests/model_inheritance/tests.py b/tests/model_inheritance/tests.py
index 550a297fb3..882f2999e2 100644
--- a/tests/model_inheritance/tests.py
+++ b/tests/model_inheritance/tests.py
@@ -7,9 +7,23 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase
 from django.test.utils import CaptureQueriesContext, isolate_apps
 
 from .models import (
-    Base, Chef, CommonInfo, GrandChild, GrandParent, ItalianRestaurant,
-    MixinModel, Parent, ParkingLot, Place, Post, Restaurant, Student, SubBase,
-    Supplier, Title, Worker,
+    Base,
+    Chef,
+    CommonInfo,
+    GrandChild,
+    GrandParent,
+    ItalianRestaurant,
+    MixinModel,
+    Parent,
+    ParkingLot,
+    Place,
+    Post,
+    Restaurant,
+    Student,
+    SubBase,
+    Supplier,
+    Title,
+    Worker,
 )
 
 
@@ -31,7 +45,8 @@ class ModelInheritanceTests(TestCase):
         # The children inherit the Meta class of their parents (if they don't
         # specify their own).
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Worker.objects.values("name"), [
+            Worker.objects.values("name"),
+            [
                 {"name": "Barney"},
                 {"name": "Fred"},
             ],
@@ -44,7 +59,9 @@ class ModelInheritanceTests(TestCase):
 
         # However, the CommonInfo class cannot be used as a normal model (it
         # doesn't exist as a model).
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, "'CommonInfo' has no attribute 'objects'"):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            AttributeError, "'CommonInfo' has no attribute 'objects'"
+        ):
             CommonInfo.objects.all()
 
     def test_reverse_relation_for_different_hierarchy_tree(self):
@@ -66,7 +83,7 @@ class ModelInheritanceTests(TestCase):
         post.attached_comment_set.create(content="Save $ on V1agr@", is_spam=True)
         post.attached_link_set.create(
             content="The web framework for perfections with deadlines.",
-            url="http://www.djangoproject.com/"
+            url="http://www.djangoproject.com/",
         )
 
         # The Post model doesn't have an attribute called
@@ -76,7 +93,9 @@ class ModelInheritanceTests(TestCase):
             getattr(post, "attached_%(class)s_set")
 
     def test_model_with_distinct_related_query_name(self):
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Post.objects.filter(attached_model_inheritance_comments__is_spam=True), [])
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            Post.objects.filter(attached_model_inheritance_comments__is_spam=True), []
+        )
 
         # The Post model doesn't have a related query accessor based on
         # related_name (attached_comment_set).
@@ -89,13 +108,31 @@ class ModelInheritanceTests(TestCase):
         # the right order.
         self.assertEqual(
             [f.name for f in Restaurant._meta.fields],
-            ["id", "name", "address", "place_ptr", "rating", "serves_hot_dogs",
-             "serves_pizza", "chef"]
+            [
+                "id",
+                "name",
+                "address",
+                "place_ptr",
+                "rating",
+                "serves_hot_dogs",
+                "serves_pizza",
+                "chef",
+            ],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             [f.name for f in ItalianRestaurant._meta.fields],
-            ["id", "name", "address", "place_ptr", "rating", "serves_hot_dogs",
-             "serves_pizza", "chef", "restaurant_ptr", "serves_gnocchi"],
+            [
+                "id",
+                "name",
+                "address",
+                "place_ptr",
+                "rating",
+                "serves_hot_dogs",
+                "serves_pizza",
+                "chef",
+                "restaurant_ptr",
+                "serves_gnocchi",
+            ],
         )
         self.assertEqual(Restaurant._meta.ordering, ["-rating"])
 
@@ -117,38 +154,42 @@ class ModelInheritanceTests(TestCase):
         query constrained by an inner query (#10399).
         """
         supplier = Supplier.objects.create(
-            name='Central market',
-            address='610 some street',
+            name="Central market",
+            address="610 some street",
         )
         # Capture the expected query in a database agnostic way
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             Place.objects.filter(pk=supplier.pk).update(name=supplier.name)
-        expected_sql = captured_queries[0]['sql']
+        expected_sql = captured_queries[0]["sql"]
         # Capture the queries executed when a subclassed model instance is saved.
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
-            supplier.save(update_fields=('name',))
+            supplier.save(update_fields=("name",))
         for query in captured_queries:
-            sql = query['sql']
-            if 'UPDATE' in sql:
+            sql = query["sql"]
+            if "UPDATE" in sql:
                 self.assertEqual(expected_sql, sql)
 
     def test_create_child_no_update(self):
         """Creating a child with non-abstract parents only issues INSERTs."""
+
         def a():
             GrandChild.objects.create(
-                email='grand_parent@example.com',
-                first_name='grand',
-                last_name='parent',
+                email="grand_parent@example.com",
+                first_name="grand",
+                last_name="parent",
             )
 
         def b():
             GrandChild().save()
+
         for i, test in enumerate([a, b]):
-            with self.subTest(i=i), self.assertNumQueries(4), CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as queries:
+            with self.subTest(i=i), self.assertNumQueries(4), CaptureQueriesContext(
+                connection
+            ) as queries:
                 test()
                 for query in queries:
-                    sql = query['sql']
-                    self.assertIn('INSERT INTO', sql, sql)
+                    sql = query["sql"]
+                    self.assertIn("INSERT INTO", sql, sql)
 
     def test_eq(self):
         # Equality doesn't transfer in multitable inheritance.
@@ -159,13 +200,13 @@ class ModelInheritanceTests(TestCase):
         m = MixinModel()
         self.assertEqual(m.other_attr, 1)
 
-    @isolate_apps('model_inheritance')
+    @isolate_apps("model_inheritance")
     def test_abstract_parent_link(self):
         class A(models.Model):
             pass
 
         class B(A):
-            a = models.OneToOneField('A', parent_link=True, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
+            a = models.OneToOneField("A", parent_link=True, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
 
             class Meta:
                 abstract = True
@@ -173,9 +214,9 @@ class ModelInheritanceTests(TestCase):
         class C(B):
             pass
 
-        self.assertIs(C._meta.parents[A], C._meta.get_field('a'))
+        self.assertIs(C._meta.parents[A], C._meta.get_field("a"))
 
-    @isolate_apps('model_inheritance')
+    @isolate_apps("model_inheritance")
     def test_init_subclass(self):
         saved_kwargs = {}
 
@@ -184,14 +225,14 @@ class ModelInheritanceTests(TestCase):
                 super().__init_subclass__()
                 saved_kwargs.update(kwargs)
 
-        kwargs = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'z': 3}
+        kwargs = {"x": 1, "y": 2, "z": 3}
 
         class B(A, **kwargs):
             pass
 
         self.assertEqual(saved_kwargs, kwargs)
 
-    @isolate_apps('model_inheritance')
+    @isolate_apps("model_inheritance")
     def test_set_name(self):
         class ClassAttr:
             called = None
@@ -203,16 +244,14 @@ class ModelInheritanceTests(TestCase):
         class A(models.Model):
             attr = ClassAttr()
 
-        self.assertEqual(A.attr.called, (A, 'attr'))
+        self.assertEqual(A.attr.called, (A, "attr"))
 
     def test_inherited_ordering_pk_desc(self):
-        p1 = Parent.objects.create(first_name='Joe', email='joe@email.com')
-        p2 = Parent.objects.create(first_name='Jon', email='jon@email.com')
-        expected_order_by_sql = 'ORDER BY %s.%s DESC' % (
+        p1 = Parent.objects.create(first_name="Joe", email="joe@email.com")
+        p2 = Parent.objects.create(first_name="Jon", email="jon@email.com")
+        expected_order_by_sql = "ORDER BY %s.%s DESC" % (
             connection.ops.quote_name(Parent._meta.db_table),
-            connection.ops.quote_name(
-                Parent._meta.get_field('grandparent_ptr').column
-            ),
+            connection.ops.quote_name(Parent._meta.get_field("grandparent_ptr").column),
         )
         qs = Parent.objects.all()
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [p2, p1])
@@ -278,35 +317,39 @@ class ModelInheritanceDataTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_filter_inherited_model(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            ItalianRestaurant.objects.filter(address="1234 W. Ash"), [
+            ItalianRestaurant.objects.filter(address="1234 W. Ash"),
+            [
                 "Ristorante Miron",
             ],
-            attrgetter("name")
+            attrgetter("name"),
         )
 
     def test_update_inherited_model(self):
         self.italian_restaurant.address = "1234 W. Elm"
         self.italian_restaurant.save()
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            ItalianRestaurant.objects.filter(address="1234 W. Elm"), [
+            ItalianRestaurant.objects.filter(address="1234 W. Elm"),
+            [
                 "Ristorante Miron",
             ],
-            attrgetter("name")
+            attrgetter("name"),
         )
 
     def test_parent_fields_available_for_filtering_in_child_model(self):
         # Parent fields can be used directly in filters on the child model.
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Restaurant.objects.filter(name="Demon Dogs"), [
+            Restaurant.objects.filter(name="Demon Dogs"),
+            [
                 "Demon Dogs",
             ],
-            attrgetter("name")
+            attrgetter("name"),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            ItalianRestaurant.objects.filter(address="1234 W. Ash"), [
+            ItalianRestaurant.objects.filter(address="1234 W. Ash"),
+            [
                 "Ristorante Miron",
             ],
-            attrgetter("name")
+            attrgetter("name"),
         )
 
     def test_filter_on_parent_returns_object_of_parent_type(self):
@@ -320,15 +363,15 @@ class ModelInheritanceDataTests(TestCase):
         # child's name.
         self.assertEqual(
             Place.objects.get(name="Demon Dogs").restaurant,
-            Restaurant.objects.get(name="Demon Dogs")
+            Restaurant.objects.get(name="Demon Dogs"),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             Place.objects.get(name="Ristorante Miron").restaurant.italianrestaurant,
-            ItalianRestaurant.objects.get(name="Ristorante Miron")
+            ItalianRestaurant.objects.get(name="Ristorante Miron"),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             Restaurant.objects.get(name="Ristorante Miron").italianrestaurant,
-            ItalianRestaurant.objects.get(name="Ristorante Miron")
+            ItalianRestaurant.objects.get(name="Ristorante Miron"),
         )
 
     def test_parent_child_one_to_one_link_on_nonrelated_objects(self):
@@ -363,36 +406,33 @@ class ModelInheritanceDataTests(TestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(p.supplier, s1)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.italian_restaurant.provider.order_by("-name"), [
-                "Luigi's Pasta",
-                "Joe's Chickens"
-            ],
-            attrgetter("name")
+            self.italian_restaurant.provider.order_by("-name"),
+            ["Luigi's Pasta", "Joe's Chickens"],
+            attrgetter("name"),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Restaurant.objects.filter(provider__name__contains="Chickens"), [
+            Restaurant.objects.filter(provider__name__contains="Chickens"),
+            [
                 "Ristorante Miron",
                 "Demon Dogs",
             ],
-            attrgetter("name")
+            attrgetter("name"),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            ItalianRestaurant.objects.filter(provider__name__contains="Chickens"), [
+            ItalianRestaurant.objects.filter(provider__name__contains="Chickens"),
+            [
                 "Ristorante Miron",
             ],
             attrgetter("name"),
         )
 
-        ParkingLot.objects.create(
-            name="Main St", address="111 Main St", main_site=s1
-        )
+        ParkingLot.objects.create(name="Main St", address="111 Main St", main_site=s1)
         ParkingLot.objects.create(
             name="Well Lit", address="124 Sesame St", main_site=self.italian_restaurant
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            Restaurant.objects.get(lot__name="Well Lit").name,
-            "Ristorante Miron"
+            Restaurant.objects.get(lot__name="Well Lit").name, "Ristorante Miron"
         )
 
     def test_update_works_on_parent_and_child_models_at_once(self):
@@ -400,9 +440,7 @@ class ModelInheritanceDataTests(TestCase):
         # once (although it executed multiple SQL queries to do so).
         rows = Restaurant.objects.filter(
             serves_hot_dogs=True, name__contains="D"
-        ).update(
-            name="Demon Puppies", serves_hot_dogs=False
-        )
+        ).update(name="Demon Puppies", serves_hot_dogs=False)
         self.assertEqual(rows, 1)
 
         r1 = Restaurant.objects.get(pk=self.restaurant.pk)
@@ -412,7 +450,8 @@ class ModelInheritanceDataTests(TestCase):
     def test_values_works_on_parent_model_fields(self):
         # The values() command also works on fields from parent models.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            ItalianRestaurant.objects.values("name", "rating"), [
+            ItalianRestaurant.objects.values("name", "rating"),
+            [
                 {"rating": 4, "name": "Ristorante Miron"},
             ],
         )
@@ -420,9 +459,7 @@ class ModelInheritanceDataTests(TestCase):
     def test_select_related_works_on_parent_model_fields(self):
         # select_related works with fields from the parent object as if they
         # were a normal part of the model.
-        self.assertNumQueries(
-            2, lambda: ItalianRestaurant.objects.all()[0].chef
-        )
+        self.assertNumQueries(2, lambda: ItalianRestaurant.objects.all()[0].chef)
         self.assertNumQueries(
             1, lambda: ItalianRestaurant.objects.select_related("chef")[0].chef
         )
@@ -432,8 +469,11 @@ class ModelInheritanceDataTests(TestCase):
         #23370 - Should be able to defer child fields when using
         select_related() from parent to child.
         """
-        qs = (Restaurant.objects.select_related("italianrestaurant")
-              .defer("italianrestaurant__serves_gnocchi").order_by("rating"))
+        qs = (
+            Restaurant.objects.select_related("italianrestaurant")
+            .defer("italianrestaurant__serves_gnocchi")
+            .order_by("rating")
+        )
 
         # The field was actually deferred
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
@@ -441,15 +481,15 @@ class ModelInheritanceDataTests(TestCase):
             self.assertTrue(objs[1].italianrestaurant.serves_gnocchi)
 
         # Model fields where assigned correct values
-        self.assertEqual(qs[0].name, 'Demon Dogs')
+        self.assertEqual(qs[0].name, "Demon Dogs")
         self.assertEqual(qs[0].rating, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(qs[1].italianrestaurant.name, 'Ristorante Miron')
+        self.assertEqual(qs[1].italianrestaurant.name, "Ristorante Miron")
         self.assertEqual(qs[1].italianrestaurant.rating, 4)
 
     def test_parent_cache_reuse(self):
         place = Place.objects.create()
         GrandChild.objects.create(place=place)
-        grand_parent = GrandParent.objects.latest('pk')
+        grand_parent = GrandParent.objects.latest("pk")
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             self.assertEqual(grand_parent.place, place)
         parent = grand_parent.parent
@@ -476,17 +516,19 @@ class ModelInheritanceDataTests(TestCase):
             address="610 some street",
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Place.objects.filter(supplier__isnull=False), [
+            Place.objects.filter(supplier__isnull=False),
+            [
                 "Central market",
             ],
-            attrgetter("name")
+            attrgetter("name"),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Place.objects.filter(supplier__isnull=True).order_by("name"), [
+            Place.objects.filter(supplier__isnull=True).order_by("name"),
+            [
                 "Demon Dogs",
                 "Ristorante Miron",
             ],
-            attrgetter("name")
+            attrgetter("name"),
         )
 
     def test_exclude_inherited_on_null(self):
@@ -496,50 +538,56 @@ class ModelInheritanceDataTests(TestCase):
             address="610 some street",
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Place.objects.exclude(supplier__isnull=False).order_by("name"), [
+            Place.objects.exclude(supplier__isnull=False).order_by("name"),
+            [
                 "Demon Dogs",
                 "Ristorante Miron",
             ],
-            attrgetter("name")
+            attrgetter("name"),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Place.objects.exclude(supplier__isnull=True), [
+            Place.objects.exclude(supplier__isnull=True),
+            [
                 "Central market",
             ],
-            attrgetter("name")
+            attrgetter("name"),
         )
 
 
-@isolate_apps('model_inheritance', 'model_inheritance.tests')
+@isolate_apps("model_inheritance", "model_inheritance.tests")
 class InheritanceSameModelNameTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_abstract_fk_related_name(self):
-        related_name = '%(app_label)s_%(class)s_references'
+        related_name = "%(app_label)s_%(class)s_references"
 
         class Referenced(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'model_inheritance'
+                app_label = "model_inheritance"
 
         class AbstractReferent(models.Model):
-            reference = models.ForeignKey(Referenced, models.CASCADE, related_name=related_name)
+            reference = models.ForeignKey(
+                Referenced, models.CASCADE, related_name=related_name
+            )
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'model_inheritance'
+                app_label = "model_inheritance"
                 abstract = True
 
         class Referent(AbstractReferent):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'model_inheritance'
+                app_label = "model_inheritance"
 
         LocalReferent = Referent
 
         class Referent(AbstractReferent):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'tests'
+                app_label = "tests"
 
         ForeignReferent = Referent
 
         self.assertFalse(hasattr(Referenced, related_name))
-        self.assertIs(Referenced.model_inheritance_referent_references.field.model, LocalReferent)
+        self.assertIs(
+            Referenced.model_inheritance_referent_references.field.model, LocalReferent
+        )
         self.assertIs(Referenced.tests_referent_references.field.model, ForeignReferent)
 
 
@@ -547,27 +595,27 @@ class InheritanceUniqueTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.grand_parent = GrandParent.objects.create(
-            email='grand_parent@example.com',
-            first_name='grand',
-            last_name='parent',
+            email="grand_parent@example.com",
+            first_name="grand",
+            last_name="parent",
         )
 
     def test_unique(self):
         grand_child = GrandChild(
             email=self.grand_parent.email,
-            first_name='grand',
-            last_name='child',
+            first_name="grand",
+            last_name="child",
         )
-        msg = 'Grand parent with this Email already exists.'
+        msg = "Grand parent with this Email already exists."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
             grand_child.validate_unique()
 
     def test_unique_together(self):
         grand_child = GrandChild(
-            email='grand_child@example.com',
+            email="grand_child@example.com",
             first_name=self.grand_parent.first_name,
             last_name=self.grand_parent.last_name,
         )
-        msg = 'Grand parent with this First name and Last name already exists.'
+        msg = "Grand parent with this First name and Last name already exists."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
             grand_child.validate_unique()
diff --git a/tests/model_inheritance_regress/models.py b/tests/model_inheritance_regress/models.py
index 1f5f516aac..11886bb48d 100644
--- a/tests/model_inheritance_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/model_inheritance_regress/models.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ class Place(models.Model):
     address = models.CharField(max_length=80)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
 
 class Restaurant(Place):
@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@ class ItalianRestaurant(Restaurant):
 
 class ParkingLot(Place):
     # An explicit link to the parent (we can control the attribute name).
-    parent = models.OneToOneField(Place, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True, parent_link=True)
+    parent = models.OneToOneField(
+        Place, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True, parent_link=True
+    )
     capacity = models.IntegerField()
 
 
@@ -54,7 +56,9 @@ class Supplier(models.Model):
 
 
 class Wholesaler(Supplier):
-    retailer = models.ForeignKey(Supplier, models.CASCADE, related_name='wholesale_supplier')
+    retailer = models.ForeignKey(
+        Supplier, models.CASCADE, related_name="wholesale_supplier"
+    )
 
 
 class Parent(models.Model):
@@ -67,7 +71,7 @@ class Child(Parent):
 
 class SelfRefParent(models.Model):
     parent_data = models.IntegerField()
-    self_data = models.ForeignKey('self', models.SET_NULL, null=True)
+    self_data = models.ForeignKey("self", models.SET_NULL, null=True)
 
 
 class SelfRefChild(SelfRefParent):
@@ -79,7 +83,7 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('-pub_date', 'headline')
+        ordering = ("-pub_date", "headline")
 
 
 class ArticleWithAuthor(Article):
@@ -119,7 +123,7 @@ class AuditBase(models.Model):
 
     class Meta:
         abstract = True
-        verbose_name_plural = 'Audits'
+        verbose_name_plural = "Audits"
 
 
 class CertificationAudit(AuditBase):
@@ -136,7 +140,7 @@ class Person(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
 
 class AbstractEvent(models.Model):
@@ -145,7 +149,7 @@ class AbstractEvent(models.Model):
 
     class Meta:
         abstract = True
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
 
 class BirthdayParty(AbstractEvent):
diff --git a/tests/model_inheritance_regress/tests.py b/tests/model_inheritance_regress/tests.py
index ff1531b3f0..d1d007f277 100644
--- a/tests/model_inheritance_regress/tests.py
+++ b/tests/model_inheritance_regress/tests.py
@@ -9,12 +9,34 @@ from django import forms
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 from .models import (
-    ArticleWithAuthor, BachelorParty, BirthdayParty, BusStation, Child,
-    Congressman, DerivedM, InternalCertificationAudit, ItalianRestaurant,
-    M2MChild, MessyBachelorParty, ParkingLot, ParkingLot3, ParkingLot4A,
-    ParkingLot4B, Person, Place, Politician, Profile, QualityControl,
-    Restaurant, SelfRefChild, SelfRefParent, Senator, Supplier, TrainStation,
-    User, Wholesaler,
+    ArticleWithAuthor,
+    BachelorParty,
+    BirthdayParty,
+    BusStation,
+    Child,
+    Congressman,
+    DerivedM,
+    InternalCertificationAudit,
+    ItalianRestaurant,
+    M2MChild,
+    MessyBachelorParty,
+    ParkingLot,
+    ParkingLot3,
+    ParkingLot4A,
+    ParkingLot4B,
+    Person,
+    Place,
+    Politician,
+    Profile,
+    QualityControl,
+    Restaurant,
+    SelfRefChild,
+    SelfRefParent,
+    Senator,
+    Supplier,
+    TrainStation,
+    User,
+    Wholesaler,
 )
 
 
@@ -28,7 +50,7 @@ class ModelInheritanceTest(TestCase):
         # 'narrow()' API would require a similar approach.
 
         # Create a child-parent-grandparent chain
-        place1 = Place(name="Guido's House of Pasta", address='944 W. Fullerton')
+        place1 = Place(name="Guido's House of Pasta", address="944 W. Fullerton")
         place1.save_base(raw=True)
         restaurant = Restaurant(
             place_ptr=place1,
@@ -36,11 +58,13 @@ class ModelInheritanceTest(TestCase):
             serves_pizza=False,
         )
         restaurant.save_base(raw=True)
-        italian_restaurant = ItalianRestaurant(restaurant_ptr=restaurant, serves_gnocchi=True)
+        italian_restaurant = ItalianRestaurant(
+            restaurant_ptr=restaurant, serves_gnocchi=True
+        )
         italian_restaurant.save_base(raw=True)
 
         # Create a child-parent chain with an explicit parent link
-        place2 = Place(name='Main St', address='111 Main St')
+        place2 = Place(name="Main St", address="111 Main St")
         place2.save_base(raw=True)
         park = ParkingLot(parent=place2, capacity=100)
         park.save_base(raw=True)
@@ -49,25 +73,37 @@ class ModelInheritanceTest(TestCase):
         places = list(Place.objects.all())
         self.assertEqual(places, [place1, place2])
 
-        dicts = list(Restaurant.objects.values('name', 'serves_hot_dogs'))
-        self.assertEqual(dicts, [{
-            'name': "Guido's House of Pasta",
-            'serves_hot_dogs': True
-        }])
+        dicts = list(Restaurant.objects.values("name", "serves_hot_dogs"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            dicts, [{"name": "Guido's House of Pasta", "serves_hot_dogs": True}]
+        )
 
-        dicts = list(ItalianRestaurant.objects.values(
-            'name', 'serves_hot_dogs', 'serves_gnocchi'))
-        self.assertEqual(dicts, [{
-            'name': "Guido's House of Pasta",
-            'serves_gnocchi': True,
-            'serves_hot_dogs': True,
-        }])
+        dicts = list(
+            ItalianRestaurant.objects.values(
+                "name", "serves_hot_dogs", "serves_gnocchi"
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            dicts,
+            [
+                {
+                    "name": "Guido's House of Pasta",
+                    "serves_gnocchi": True,
+                    "serves_hot_dogs": True,
+                }
+            ],
+        )
 
-        dicts = list(ParkingLot.objects.values('name', 'capacity'))
-        self.assertEqual(dicts, [{
-            'capacity': 100,
-            'name': 'Main St',
-        }])
+        dicts = list(ParkingLot.objects.values("name", "capacity"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            dicts,
+            [
+                {
+                    "capacity": 100,
+                    "name": "Main St",
+                }
+            ],
+        )
 
         # You can also update objects when using a raw save.
         place1.name = "Guido's All New House of Pasta"
@@ -79,7 +115,7 @@ class ModelInheritanceTest(TestCase):
         italian_restaurant.serves_gnocchi = False
         italian_restaurant.save_base(raw=True)
 
-        place2.name = 'Derelict lot'
+        place2.name = "Derelict lot"
         place2.save_base(raw=True)
 
         park.capacity = 50
@@ -88,28 +124,46 @@ class ModelInheritanceTest(TestCase):
         # No extra parent objects after an update, either.
         places = list(Place.objects.all())
         self.assertEqual(places, [place2, place1])
-        self.assertEqual(places[0].name, 'Derelict lot')
+        self.assertEqual(places[0].name, "Derelict lot")
         self.assertEqual(places[1].name, "Guido's All New House of Pasta")
 
-        dicts = list(Restaurant.objects.values('name', 'serves_hot_dogs'))
-        self.assertEqual(dicts, [{
-            'name': "Guido's All New House of Pasta",
-            'serves_hot_dogs': False,
-        }])
+        dicts = list(Restaurant.objects.values("name", "serves_hot_dogs"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            dicts,
+            [
+                {
+                    "name": "Guido's All New House of Pasta",
+                    "serves_hot_dogs": False,
+                }
+            ],
+        )
 
-        dicts = list(ItalianRestaurant.objects.values(
-            'name', 'serves_hot_dogs', 'serves_gnocchi'))
-        self.assertEqual(dicts, [{
-            'name': "Guido's All New House of Pasta",
-            'serves_gnocchi': False,
-            'serves_hot_dogs': False,
-        }])
+        dicts = list(
+            ItalianRestaurant.objects.values(
+                "name", "serves_hot_dogs", "serves_gnocchi"
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            dicts,
+            [
+                {
+                    "name": "Guido's All New House of Pasta",
+                    "serves_gnocchi": False,
+                    "serves_hot_dogs": False,
+                }
+            ],
+        )
 
-        dicts = list(ParkingLot.objects.values('name', 'capacity'))
-        self.assertEqual(dicts, [{
-            'capacity': 50,
-            'name': 'Derelict lot',
-        }])
+        dicts = list(ParkingLot.objects.values("name", "capacity"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            dicts,
+            [
+                {
+                    "capacity": 50,
+                    "name": "Derelict lot",
+                }
+            ],
+        )
 
         # If you try to raw_save a parent attribute onto a child object,
         # the attribute will be ignored.
@@ -119,28 +173,36 @@ class ModelInheritanceTest(TestCase):
 
         # Note that the name has not changed
         # - name is an attribute of Place, not ItalianRestaurant
-        dicts = list(ItalianRestaurant.objects.values(
-            'name', 'serves_hot_dogs', 'serves_gnocchi'))
-        self.assertEqual(dicts, [{
-            'name': "Guido's All New House of Pasta",
-            'serves_gnocchi': False,
-            'serves_hot_dogs': False,
-        }])
+        dicts = list(
+            ItalianRestaurant.objects.values(
+                "name", "serves_hot_dogs", "serves_gnocchi"
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            dicts,
+            [
+                {
+                    "name": "Guido's All New House of Pasta",
+                    "serves_gnocchi": False,
+                    "serves_hot_dogs": False,
+                }
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_issue_7105(self):
         # Regressions tests for #7105: dates() queries should be able to use
         # fields from the parent model as easily as the child.
         Child.objects.create(
-            name='child',
-            created=datetime.datetime(2008, 6, 26, 17, 0, 0))
-        datetimes = list(Child.objects.datetimes('created', 'month'))
+            name="child", created=datetime.datetime(2008, 6, 26, 17, 0, 0)
+        )
+        datetimes = list(Child.objects.datetimes("created", "month"))
         self.assertEqual(datetimes, [datetime.datetime(2008, 6, 1, 0, 0)])
 
     def test_issue_7276(self):
         # Regression test for #7276: calling delete() on a model with
         # multi-table inheritance should delete the associated rows from any
         # ancestor tables, as well as any descendent objects.
-        place1 = Place(name="Guido's House of Pasta", address='944 W. Fullerton')
+        place1 = Place(name="Guido's House of Pasta", address="944 W. Fullerton")
         place1.save_base(raw=True)
         restaurant = Restaurant(
             place_ptr=place1,
@@ -148,14 +210,16 @@ class ModelInheritanceTest(TestCase):
             serves_pizza=False,
         )
         restaurant.save_base(raw=True)
-        italian_restaurant = ItalianRestaurant(restaurant_ptr=restaurant, serves_gnocchi=True)
+        italian_restaurant = ItalianRestaurant(
+            restaurant_ptr=restaurant, serves_gnocchi=True
+        )
         italian_restaurant.save_base(raw=True)
 
         ident = ItalianRestaurant.objects.all()[0].id
         self.assertEqual(Place.objects.get(pk=ident), place1)
         Restaurant.objects.create(
-            name='a',
-            address='xx',
+            name="a",
+            address="xx",
             serves_hot_dogs=True,
             serves_pizza=False,
         )
@@ -187,7 +251,8 @@ class ModelInheritanceTest(TestCase):
         # equivalent of what the admin interface has to do for the edit-inline
         # case.
         suppliers = Supplier.objects.filter(
-            restaurant=Restaurant(name='xx', address='yy'))
+            restaurant=Restaurant(name="xx", address="yy")
+        )
         suppliers = list(suppliers)
         self.assertEqual(suppliers, [])
 
@@ -213,19 +278,22 @@ class ModelInheritanceTest(TestCase):
         get_(next/previous)_by_date should work
         """
         c1 = ArticleWithAuthor(
-            headline='ArticleWithAuthor 1',
+            headline="ArticleWithAuthor 1",
             author="Person 1",
-            pub_date=datetime.datetime(2005, 8, 1, 3, 0))
+            pub_date=datetime.datetime(2005, 8, 1, 3, 0),
+        )
         c1.save()
         c2 = ArticleWithAuthor(
-            headline='ArticleWithAuthor 2',
+            headline="ArticleWithAuthor 2",
             author="Person 2",
-            pub_date=datetime.datetime(2005, 8, 1, 10, 0))
+            pub_date=datetime.datetime(2005, 8, 1, 10, 0),
+        )
         c2.save()
         c3 = ArticleWithAuthor(
-            headline='ArticleWithAuthor 3',
+            headline="ArticleWithAuthor 3",
             author="Person 3",
-            pub_date=datetime.datetime(2005, 8, 2))
+            pub_date=datetime.datetime(2005, 8, 2),
+        )
         c3.save()
 
         self.assertEqual(c1.get_next_by_pub_date(), c2)
@@ -251,11 +319,11 @@ class ModelInheritanceTest(TestCase):
         # check it here). Regression test for #9390. This necessarily pokes at
         # the SQL string for the query, since the duplicate problems are only
         # apparent at that late stage.
-        qs = ArticleWithAuthor.objects.order_by('pub_date', 'pk')
+        qs = ArticleWithAuthor.objects.order_by("pub_date", "pk")
         sql = qs.query.get_compiler(qs.db).as_sql()[0]
-        fragment = sql[sql.find('ORDER BY'):]
-        pos = fragment.find('pub_date')
-        self.assertEqual(fragment.find('pub_date', pos + 1), -1)
+        fragment = sql[sql.find("ORDER BY") :]
+        pos = fragment.find("pub_date")
+        self.assertEqual(fragment.find("pub_date", pos + 1), -1)
 
     def test_queryset_update_on_parent_model(self):
         """
@@ -268,19 +336,23 @@ class ModelInheritanceTest(TestCase):
             headline="Hey there!",
             pub_date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 1, 8, 0, 0),
         )
-        update = ArticleWithAuthor.objects.filter(author='fred').update(headline='Oh, no!')
+        update = ArticleWithAuthor.objects.filter(author="fred").update(
+            headline="Oh, no!"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(update, 1)
-        update = ArticleWithAuthor.objects.filter(pk=article.pk).update(headline='Oh, no!')
+        update = ArticleWithAuthor.objects.filter(pk=article.pk).update(
+            headline="Oh, no!"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(update, 1)
 
         derivedm1 = DerivedM.objects.create(
             customPK=44,
             base_name="b1",
-            derived_name='d1',
+            derived_name="d1",
         )
         self.assertEqual(derivedm1.customPK, 44)
-        self.assertEqual(derivedm1.base_name, 'b1')
-        self.assertEqual(derivedm1.derived_name, 'd1')
+        self.assertEqual(derivedm1.base_name, "b1")
+        self.assertEqual(derivedm1.derived_name, "d1")
         derivedms = list(DerivedM.objects.all())
         self.assertEqual(derivedms, [derivedm1])
 
@@ -296,13 +368,13 @@ class ModelInheritanceTest(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(ParkingLot4A._meta.pk.name, "parent")
         ParkingLot4A.objects.create(
             name="Parking4A",
-            address='21 Jump Street',
+            address="21 Jump Street",
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(ParkingLot4B._meta.pk.name, "parent")
         ParkingLot4A.objects.create(
             name="Parking4B",
-            address='21 Jump Street',
+            address="21 Jump Street",
         )
 
     def test_all_fields_from_abstract_base_class(self):
@@ -316,21 +388,21 @@ class ModelInheritanceTest(TestCase):
             headline="Problems in Django",
             pub_date=datetime.datetime.now(),
             quality=10,
-            assignee='adrian',
+            assignee="adrian",
         )
 
     def test_abstract_base_class_m2m_relation_inheritance(self):
         # many-to-many relations defined on an abstract base class are
         # correctly inherited (and created) on the child class.
-        p1 = Person.objects.create(name='Alice')
-        p2 = Person.objects.create(name='Bob')
-        p3 = Person.objects.create(name='Carol')
-        p4 = Person.objects.create(name='Dave')
+        p1 = Person.objects.create(name="Alice")
+        p2 = Person.objects.create(name="Bob")
+        p3 = Person.objects.create(name="Carol")
+        p4 = Person.objects.create(name="Dave")
 
-        birthday = BirthdayParty.objects.create(name='Birthday party for Alice')
+        birthday = BirthdayParty.objects.create(name="Birthday party for Alice")
         birthday.attendees.set([p1, p3])
 
-        bachelor = BachelorParty.objects.create(name='Bachelor party for Bob')
+        bachelor = BachelorParty.objects.create(name="Bachelor party for Bob")
         bachelor.attendees.set([p2, p4])
 
         parties = list(p1.birthdayparty_set.all())
@@ -344,10 +416,10 @@ class ModelInheritanceTest(TestCase):
 
         # A subclass of a subclass of an abstract model doesn't get its own
         # accessor.
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(p2, 'messybachelorparty_set'))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(p2, "messybachelorparty_set"))
 
         # ... but it does inherit the m2m from its parent
-        messy = MessyBachelorParty.objects.create(name='Bachelor party for Dave')
+        messy = MessyBachelorParty.objects.create(name="Bachelor party for Dave")
         messy.attendees.set([p4])
         messy_parent = messy.bachelorparty_ptr
 
@@ -355,7 +427,7 @@ class ModelInheritanceTest(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(parties, [bachelor, messy_parent])
 
     def test_abstract_base_class_m2m_relation_inheritance_manager_reused(self):
-        p1 = Person.objects.create(name='Alice')
+        p1 = Person.objects.create(name="Alice")
         self.assertIs(p1.birthdayparty_set, p1.birthdayparty_set)
         self.assertIs(p1.bachelorparty_set, p1.bachelorparty_set)
 
@@ -368,24 +440,15 @@ class ModelInheritanceTest(TestCase):
         # from an ABC even when there are one or more intermediate
         # abstract models in the inheritance chain, for consistency with
         # verbose_name.
-        self.assertEqual(
-            InternalCertificationAudit._meta.verbose_name_plural,
-            'Audits'
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(InternalCertificationAudit._meta.verbose_name_plural, "Audits")
 
     def test_inherited_nullable_exclude(self):
         obj = SelfRefChild.objects.create(child_data=37, parent_data=42)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            SelfRefParent.objects.exclude(self_data=72), [
-                obj.pk
-            ],
-            attrgetter("pk")
+            SelfRefParent.objects.exclude(self_data=72), [obj.pk], attrgetter("pk")
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            SelfRefChild.objects.exclude(self_data=72), [
-                obj.pk
-            ],
-            attrgetter("pk")
+            SelfRefChild.objects.exclude(self_data=72), [obj.pk], attrgetter("pk")
         )
 
     def test_concrete_abstract_concrete_pk(self):
@@ -396,12 +459,20 @@ class ModelInheritanceTest(TestCase):
         # when more than one model has a concrete->abstract->concrete
         # inheritance hierarchy.
         self.assertEqual(
-            len([field for field in BusStation._meta.local_fields if field.primary_key]),
-            1
+            len(
+                [field for field in BusStation._meta.local_fields if field.primary_key]
+            ),
+            1,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            len([field for field in TrainStation._meta.local_fields if field.primary_key]),
-            1
+            len(
+                [
+                    field
+                    for field in TrainStation._meta.local_fields
+                    if field.primary_key
+                ]
+            ),
+            1,
         )
         self.assertIs(BusStation._meta.pk.model, BusStation)
         self.assertIs(TrainStation._meta.pk.model, TrainStation)
@@ -411,43 +482,50 @@ class ModelInheritanceTest(TestCase):
         A model which has different primary key for the parent model passes
         unique field checking correctly (#17615).
         """
+
         class ProfileForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Profile
-                fields = '__all__'
+                fields = "__all__"
 
         User.objects.create(username="user_only")
         p = Profile.objects.create(username="user_with_profile")
-        form = ProfileForm({'username': "user_with_profile", 'extra': "hello"}, instance=p)
+        form = ProfileForm(
+            {"username": "user_with_profile", "extra": "hello"}, instance=p
+        )
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
 
     def test_inheritance_joins(self):
         # Test for #17502 - check that filtering through two levels of
         # inheritance chain doesn't generate extra joins.
         qs = ItalianRestaurant.objects.all()
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('JOIN'), 2)
-        qs = ItalianRestaurant.objects.filter(name='foo')
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('JOIN'), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("JOIN"), 2)
+        qs = ItalianRestaurant.objects.filter(name="foo")
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("JOIN"), 2)
 
     @expectedFailure
     def test_inheritance_values_joins(self):
         # It would be nice (but not too important) to skip the middle join in
         # this case. Skipping is possible as nothing from the middle model is
         # used in the qs and top contains direct pointer to the bottom model.
-        qs = ItalianRestaurant.objects.values_list('serves_gnocchi').filter(name='foo')
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('JOIN'), 1)
+        qs = ItalianRestaurant.objects.values_list("serves_gnocchi").filter(name="foo")
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("JOIN"), 1)
 
     def test_issue_21554(self):
-        senator = Senator.objects.create(name='John Doe', title='X', state='Y')
+        senator = Senator.objects.create(name="John Doe", title="X", state="Y")
         senator = Senator.objects.get(pk=senator.pk)
-        self.assertEqual(senator.name, 'John Doe')
-        self.assertEqual(senator.title, 'X')
-        self.assertEqual(senator.state, 'Y')
+        self.assertEqual(senator.name, "John Doe")
+        self.assertEqual(senator.title, "X")
+        self.assertEqual(senator.state, "Y")
 
     def test_inheritance_resolve_columns(self):
-        Restaurant.objects.create(name='Bobs Cafe', address="Somewhere",
-                                  serves_pizza=True, serves_hot_dogs=True)
-        p = Place.objects.all().select_related('restaurant')[0]
+        Restaurant.objects.create(
+            name="Bobs Cafe",
+            address="Somewhere",
+            serves_pizza=True,
+            serves_hot_dogs=True,
+        )
+        p = Place.objects.all().select_related("restaurant")[0]
         self.assertIsInstance(p.restaurant.serves_pizza, bool)
 
     def test_inheritance_select_related(self):
@@ -462,11 +540,12 @@ class ModelInheritanceTest(TestCase):
         Supplier.objects.create(name="Jane", restaurant=r2)
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Supplier.objects.order_by("name").select_related(), [
+            Supplier.objects.order_by("name").select_related(),
+            [
                 "Jane",
                 "John",
             ],
-            attrgetter("name")
+            attrgetter("name"),
         )
 
         jane = Supplier.objects.order_by("name").select_related("restaurant")[0]
@@ -476,17 +555,19 @@ class ModelInheritanceTest(TestCase):
         r = Restaurant.objects.create()
         s = Supplier.objects.create(restaurant=r)
         # The mismatch between Restaurant and Place is intentional (#28175).
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Supplier.objects.filter(restaurant__in=Place.objects.all()), [s])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Supplier.objects.filter(restaurant__in=Place.objects.all()), [s]
+        )
 
     def test_ptr_accessor_assigns_state(self):
         r = Restaurant.objects.create()
         self.assertIs(r.place_ptr._state.adding, False)
-        self.assertEqual(r.place_ptr._state.db, 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(r.place_ptr._state.db, "default")
 
     def test_related_filtering_query_efficiency_ticket_15844(self):
         r = Restaurant.objects.create(
             name="Guido's House of Pasta",
-            address='944 W. Fullerton',
+            address="944 W. Fullerton",
             serves_hot_dogs=True,
             serves_pizza=False,
         )
@@ -499,7 +580,7 @@ class ModelInheritanceTest(TestCase):
     def test_queries_on_parent_access(self):
         italian_restaurant = ItalianRestaurant.objects.create(
             name="Guido's House of Pasta",
-            address='944 W. Fullerton',
+            address="944 W. Fullerton",
             serves_hot_dogs=True,
             serves_pizza=False,
             serves_gnocchi=True,
@@ -514,7 +595,9 @@ class ModelInheritanceTest(TestCase):
 
         # One query is made when accessing the parent objects when the instance
         # is deferred.
-        italian_restaurant = ItalianRestaurant.objects.only('serves_gnocchi').get(pk=italian_restaurant.pk)
+        italian_restaurant = ItalianRestaurant.objects.only("serves_gnocchi").get(
+            pk=italian_restaurant.pk
+        )
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             restaurant = italian_restaurant.restaurant_ptr
             self.assertEqual(restaurant.place_ptr.restaurant, restaurant)
@@ -522,16 +605,18 @@ class ModelInheritanceTest(TestCase):
 
         # No queries are made when accessing the parent objects when the
         # instance has deferred a field not present in the parent table.
-        italian_restaurant = ItalianRestaurant.objects.defer('serves_gnocchi').get(pk=italian_restaurant.pk)
+        italian_restaurant = ItalianRestaurant.objects.defer("serves_gnocchi").get(
+            pk=italian_restaurant.pk
+        )
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             restaurant = italian_restaurant.restaurant_ptr
             self.assertEqual(restaurant.place_ptr.restaurant, restaurant)
             self.assertEqual(restaurant.italianrestaurant, italian_restaurant)
 
     def test_id_field_update_on_ancestor_change(self):
-        place1 = Place.objects.create(name='House of Pasta', address='944 Fullerton')
-        place2 = Place.objects.create(name='House of Pizza', address='954 Fullerton')
-        place3 = Place.objects.create(name='Burger house', address='964 Fullerton')
+        place1 = Place.objects.create(name="House of Pasta", address="944 Fullerton")
+        place2 = Place.objects.create(name="House of Pizza", address="954 Fullerton")
+        place3 = Place.objects.create(name="Burger house", address="964 Fullerton")
         restaurant1 = Restaurant.objects.create(
             place_ptr=place1,
             serves_hot_dogs=True,
@@ -566,29 +651,29 @@ class ModelInheritanceTest(TestCase):
         self.assertIsNone(italian_restaurant.id)
 
     def test_create_new_instance_with_pk_equals_none(self):
-        p1 = Profile.objects.create(username='john')
+        p1 = Profile.objects.create(username="john")
         p2 = User.objects.get(pk=p1.user_ptr_id).profile
         # Create a new profile by setting pk = None.
         p2.pk = None
         p2.user_ptr_id = None
-        p2.username = 'bill'
+        p2.username = "bill"
         p2.save()
         self.assertEqual(Profile.objects.count(), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(User.objects.get(pk=p1.user_ptr_id).username, 'john')
+        self.assertEqual(User.objects.get(pk=p1.user_ptr_id).username, "john")
 
     def test_create_new_instance_with_pk_equals_none_multi_inheritance(self):
-        c1 = Congressman.objects.create(state='PA', name='John', title='senator 1')
+        c1 = Congressman.objects.create(state="PA", name="John", title="senator 1")
         c2 = Person.objects.get(pk=c1.pk).congressman
         # Create a new congressman by setting pk = None.
         c2.pk = None
         c2.id = None
         c2.politician_ptr_id = None
-        c2.name = 'Bill'
-        c2.title = 'senator 2'
+        c2.name = "Bill"
+        c2.title = "senator 2"
         c2.save()
         self.assertEqual(Congressman.objects.count(), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.get(pk=c1.pk).name, 'John')
+        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.get(pk=c1.pk).name, "John")
         self.assertEqual(
             Politician.objects.get(pk=c1.politician_ptr_id).title,
-            'senator 1',
+            "senator 1",
         )
diff --git a/tests/model_meta/models.py b/tests/model_meta/models.py
index b240832d06..684d655ad3 100644
--- a/tests/model_meta/models.py
+++ b/tests/model_meta/models.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.db import models
 
@@ -12,33 +10,41 @@ class Relation(models.Model):
 class InstanceOnlyDescriptor:
     def __get__(self, instance, cls=None):
         if instance is None:
-            raise AttributeError('Instance only')
+            raise AttributeError("Instance only")
         return 1
 
 
 class AbstractPerson(models.Model):
     # DATA fields
     data_abstract = models.CharField(max_length=10)
-    fk_abstract = models.ForeignKey(Relation, models.CASCADE, related_name='fk_abstract_rel')
+    fk_abstract = models.ForeignKey(
+        Relation, models.CASCADE, related_name="fk_abstract_rel"
+    )
 
     # M2M fields
-    m2m_abstract = models.ManyToManyField(Relation, related_name='m2m_abstract_rel')
-    friends_abstract = models.ManyToManyField('self', symmetrical=True)
-    following_abstract = models.ManyToManyField('self', related_name='followers_abstract', symmetrical=False)
+    m2m_abstract = models.ManyToManyField(Relation, related_name="m2m_abstract_rel")
+    friends_abstract = models.ManyToManyField("self", symmetrical=True)
+    following_abstract = models.ManyToManyField(
+        "self", related_name="followers_abstract", symmetrical=False
+    )
 
     # VIRTUAL fields
     data_not_concrete_abstract = models.ForeignObject(
         Relation,
         on_delete=models.CASCADE,
-        from_fields=['abstract_non_concrete_id'],
-        to_fields=['id'],
-        related_name='fo_abstract_rel',
+        from_fields=["abstract_non_concrete_id"],
+        to_fields=["id"],
+        related_name="fo_abstract_rel",
     )
 
     # GFK fields
-    content_type_abstract = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE, related_name='+')
+    content_type_abstract = models.ForeignKey(
+        ContentType, models.CASCADE, related_name="+"
+    )
     object_id_abstract = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-    content_object_abstract = GenericForeignKey('content_type_abstract', 'object_id_abstract')
+    content_object_abstract = GenericForeignKey(
+        "content_type_abstract", "object_id_abstract"
+    )
 
     # GR fields
     generic_relation_abstract = GenericRelation(Relation)
@@ -56,26 +62,28 @@ class AbstractPerson(models.Model):
 class BasePerson(AbstractPerson):
     # DATA fields
     data_base = models.CharField(max_length=10)
-    fk_base = models.ForeignKey(Relation, models.CASCADE, related_name='fk_base_rel')
+    fk_base = models.ForeignKey(Relation, models.CASCADE, related_name="fk_base_rel")
 
     # M2M fields
-    m2m_base = models.ManyToManyField(Relation, related_name='m2m_base_rel')
-    friends_base = models.ManyToManyField('self', symmetrical=True)
-    following_base = models.ManyToManyField('self', related_name='followers_base', symmetrical=False)
+    m2m_base = models.ManyToManyField(Relation, related_name="m2m_base_rel")
+    friends_base = models.ManyToManyField("self", symmetrical=True)
+    following_base = models.ManyToManyField(
+        "self", related_name="followers_base", symmetrical=False
+    )
 
     # VIRTUAL fields
     data_not_concrete_base = models.ForeignObject(
         Relation,
         on_delete=models.CASCADE,
-        from_fields=['base_non_concrete_id'],
-        to_fields=['id'],
-        related_name='fo_base_rel',
+        from_fields=["base_non_concrete_id"],
+        to_fields=["id"],
+        related_name="fo_base_rel",
     )
 
     # GFK fields
-    content_type_base = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE, related_name='+')
+    content_type_base = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE, related_name="+")
     object_id_base = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-    content_object_base = GenericForeignKey('content_type_base', 'object_id_base')
+    content_object_base = GenericForeignKey("content_type_base", "object_id_base")
 
     # GR fields
     generic_relation_base = GenericRelation(Relation)
@@ -84,26 +92,34 @@ class BasePerson(AbstractPerson):
 class Person(BasePerson):
     # DATA fields
     data_inherited = models.CharField(max_length=10)
-    fk_inherited = models.ForeignKey(Relation, models.CASCADE, related_name='fk_concrete_rel')
+    fk_inherited = models.ForeignKey(
+        Relation, models.CASCADE, related_name="fk_concrete_rel"
+    )
 
     # M2M Fields
-    m2m_inherited = models.ManyToManyField(Relation, related_name='m2m_concrete_rel')
-    friends_inherited = models.ManyToManyField('self', symmetrical=True)
-    following_inherited = models.ManyToManyField('self', related_name='followers_concrete', symmetrical=False)
+    m2m_inherited = models.ManyToManyField(Relation, related_name="m2m_concrete_rel")
+    friends_inherited = models.ManyToManyField("self", symmetrical=True)
+    following_inherited = models.ManyToManyField(
+        "self", related_name="followers_concrete", symmetrical=False
+    )
 
     # VIRTUAL fields
     data_not_concrete_inherited = models.ForeignObject(
         Relation,
         on_delete=models.CASCADE,
-        from_fields=['model_non_concrete_id'],
-        to_fields=['id'],
-        related_name='fo_concrete_rel',
+        from_fields=["model_non_concrete_id"],
+        to_fields=["id"],
+        related_name="fo_concrete_rel",
     )
 
     # GFK fields
-    content_type_concrete = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE, related_name='+')
+    content_type_concrete = models.ForeignKey(
+        ContentType, models.CASCADE, related_name="+"
+    )
     object_id_concrete = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-    content_object_concrete = GenericForeignKey('content_type_concrete', 'object_id_concrete')
+    content_object_concrete = GenericForeignKey(
+        "content_type_concrete", "object_id_concrete"
+    )
 
     # GR fields
     generic_relation_concrete = GenericRelation(Relation)
@@ -121,24 +137,30 @@ class PersonThroughProxySubclass(ProxyPerson):
 class Relating(models.Model):
 
     # ForeignKey to BasePerson
-    baseperson = models.ForeignKey(BasePerson, models.CASCADE, related_name='relating_baseperson')
-    baseperson_hidden = models.ForeignKey(BasePerson, models.CASCADE, related_name='+')
+    baseperson = models.ForeignKey(
+        BasePerson, models.CASCADE, related_name="relating_baseperson"
+    )
+    baseperson_hidden = models.ForeignKey(BasePerson, models.CASCADE, related_name="+")
 
     # ForeignKey to Person
-    person = models.ForeignKey(Person, models.CASCADE, related_name='relating_person')
-    person_hidden = models.ForeignKey(Person, models.CASCADE, related_name='+')
+    person = models.ForeignKey(Person, models.CASCADE, related_name="relating_person")
+    person_hidden = models.ForeignKey(Person, models.CASCADE, related_name="+")
 
     # ForeignKey to ProxyPerson
-    proxyperson = models.ForeignKey(ProxyPerson, models.CASCADE, related_name='relating_proxyperson')
-    proxyperson_hidden = models.ForeignKey(ProxyPerson, models.CASCADE, related_name='relating_proxyperson_hidden+')
+    proxyperson = models.ForeignKey(
+        ProxyPerson, models.CASCADE, related_name="relating_proxyperson"
+    )
+    proxyperson_hidden = models.ForeignKey(
+        ProxyPerson, models.CASCADE, related_name="relating_proxyperson_hidden+"
+    )
 
     # ManyToManyField to BasePerson
-    basepeople = models.ManyToManyField(BasePerson, related_name='relating_basepeople')
-    basepeople_hidden = models.ManyToManyField(BasePerson, related_name='+')
+    basepeople = models.ManyToManyField(BasePerson, related_name="relating_basepeople")
+    basepeople_hidden = models.ManyToManyField(BasePerson, related_name="+")
 
     # ManyToManyField to Person
-    people = models.ManyToManyField(Person, related_name='relating_people')
-    people_hidden = models.ManyToManyField(Person, related_name='+')
+    people = models.ManyToManyField(Person, related_name="relating_people")
+    people_hidden = models.ManyToManyField(Person, related_name="+")
 
 
 # ParentListTests models
@@ -147,11 +169,15 @@ class CommonAncestor(models.Model):
 
 
 class FirstParent(CommonAncestor):
-    first_ancestor = models.OneToOneField(CommonAncestor, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True, parent_link=True)
+    first_ancestor = models.OneToOneField(
+        CommonAncestor, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True, parent_link=True
+    )
 
 
 class SecondParent(CommonAncestor):
-    second_ancestor = models.OneToOneField(CommonAncestor, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True, parent_link=True)
+    second_ancestor = models.OneToOneField(
+        CommonAncestor, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True, parent_link=True
+    )
 
 
 class Child(FirstParent, SecondParent):
diff --git a/tests/model_meta/results.py b/tests/model_meta/results.py
index 00aae72d60..2b942ee814 100644
--- a/tests/model_meta/results.py
+++ b/tests/model_meta/results.py
@@ -1,274 +1,272 @@
-from .models import (
-    AbstractPerson, BasePerson, Person, ProxyPerson, Relating, Relation,
-)
+from .models import AbstractPerson, BasePerson, Person, ProxyPerson, Relating, Relation
 
 TEST_RESULTS = {
-    'get_all_field_names': {
+    "get_all_field_names": {
         Person: [
-            'baseperson_ptr',
-            'baseperson_ptr_id',
-            'content_type_abstract',
-            'content_type_abstract_id',
-            'content_type_base',
-            'content_type_base_id',
-            'content_type_concrete',
-            'content_type_concrete_id',
-            'data_abstract',
-            'data_base',
-            'data_inherited',
-            'data_not_concrete_abstract',
-            'data_not_concrete_base',
-            'data_not_concrete_inherited',
-            'fk_abstract',
-            'fk_abstract_id',
-            'fk_base',
-            'fk_base_id',
-            'fk_inherited',
-            'fk_inherited_id',
-            'followers_abstract',
-            'followers_base',
-            'followers_concrete',
-            'following_abstract',
-            'following_base',
-            'following_inherited',
-            'friends_abstract',
-            'friends_base',
-            'friends_inherited',
-            'generic_relation_abstract',
-            'generic_relation_base',
-            'generic_relation_concrete',
-            'id',
-            'm2m_abstract',
-            'm2m_base',
-            'm2m_inherited',
-            'object_id_abstract',
-            'object_id_base',
-            'object_id_concrete',
-            'relating_basepeople',
-            'relating_baseperson',
-            'relating_people',
-            'relating_person',
+            "baseperson_ptr",
+            "baseperson_ptr_id",
+            "content_type_abstract",
+            "content_type_abstract_id",
+            "content_type_base",
+            "content_type_base_id",
+            "content_type_concrete",
+            "content_type_concrete_id",
+            "data_abstract",
+            "data_base",
+            "data_inherited",
+            "data_not_concrete_abstract",
+            "data_not_concrete_base",
+            "data_not_concrete_inherited",
+            "fk_abstract",
+            "fk_abstract_id",
+            "fk_base",
+            "fk_base_id",
+            "fk_inherited",
+            "fk_inherited_id",
+            "followers_abstract",
+            "followers_base",
+            "followers_concrete",
+            "following_abstract",
+            "following_base",
+            "following_inherited",
+            "friends_abstract",
+            "friends_base",
+            "friends_inherited",
+            "generic_relation_abstract",
+            "generic_relation_base",
+            "generic_relation_concrete",
+            "id",
+            "m2m_abstract",
+            "m2m_base",
+            "m2m_inherited",
+            "object_id_abstract",
+            "object_id_base",
+            "object_id_concrete",
+            "relating_basepeople",
+            "relating_baseperson",
+            "relating_people",
+            "relating_person",
         ],
         BasePerson: [
-            'content_type_abstract',
-            'content_type_abstract_id',
-            'content_type_base',
-            'content_type_base_id',
-            'data_abstract',
-            'data_base',
-            'data_not_concrete_abstract',
-            'data_not_concrete_base',
-            'fk_abstract',
-            'fk_abstract_id',
-            'fk_base',
-            'fk_base_id',
-            'followers_abstract',
-            'followers_base',
-            'following_abstract',
-            'following_base',
-            'friends_abstract',
-            'friends_base',
-            'generic_relation_abstract',
-            'generic_relation_base',
-            'id',
-            'm2m_abstract',
-            'm2m_base',
-            'object_id_abstract',
-            'object_id_base',
-            'person',
-            'relating_basepeople',
-            'relating_baseperson'
+            "content_type_abstract",
+            "content_type_abstract_id",
+            "content_type_base",
+            "content_type_base_id",
+            "data_abstract",
+            "data_base",
+            "data_not_concrete_abstract",
+            "data_not_concrete_base",
+            "fk_abstract",
+            "fk_abstract_id",
+            "fk_base",
+            "fk_base_id",
+            "followers_abstract",
+            "followers_base",
+            "following_abstract",
+            "following_base",
+            "friends_abstract",
+            "friends_base",
+            "generic_relation_abstract",
+            "generic_relation_base",
+            "id",
+            "m2m_abstract",
+            "m2m_base",
+            "object_id_abstract",
+            "object_id_base",
+            "person",
+            "relating_basepeople",
+            "relating_baseperson",
         ],
         AbstractPerson: [
-            'content_type_abstract',
-            'content_type_abstract_id',
-            'data_abstract',
-            'data_not_concrete_abstract',
-            'fk_abstract',
-            'fk_abstract_id',
-            'following_abstract',
-            'friends_abstract',
-            'generic_relation_abstract',
-            'm2m_abstract',
-            'object_id_abstract',
+            "content_type_abstract",
+            "content_type_abstract_id",
+            "data_abstract",
+            "data_not_concrete_abstract",
+            "fk_abstract",
+            "fk_abstract_id",
+            "following_abstract",
+            "friends_abstract",
+            "generic_relation_abstract",
+            "m2m_abstract",
+            "object_id_abstract",
         ],
         Relating: [
-            'basepeople',
-            'basepeople_hidden',
-            'baseperson',
-            'baseperson_hidden',
-            'baseperson_hidden_id',
-            'baseperson_id',
-            'id',
-            'people',
-            'people_hidden',
-            'person',
-            'person_hidden',
-            'person_hidden_id',
-            'person_id',
-            'proxyperson',
-            'proxyperson_hidden',
-            'proxyperson_hidden_id',
-            'proxyperson_id',
+            "basepeople",
+            "basepeople_hidden",
+            "baseperson",
+            "baseperson_hidden",
+            "baseperson_hidden_id",
+            "baseperson_id",
+            "id",
+            "people",
+            "people_hidden",
+            "person",
+            "person_hidden",
+            "person_hidden_id",
+            "person_id",
+            "proxyperson",
+            "proxyperson_hidden",
+            "proxyperson_hidden_id",
+            "proxyperson_id",
         ],
     },
-    'fields': {
+    "fields": {
         Person: [
-            'id',
-            'data_abstract',
-            'fk_abstract_id',
-            'data_not_concrete_abstract',
-            'content_type_abstract_id',
-            'object_id_abstract',
-            'data_base',
-            'fk_base_id',
-            'data_not_concrete_base',
-            'content_type_base_id',
-            'object_id_base',
-            'baseperson_ptr_id',
-            'data_inherited',
-            'fk_inherited_id',
-            'data_not_concrete_inherited',
-            'content_type_concrete_id',
-            'object_id_concrete',
+            "id",
+            "data_abstract",
+            "fk_abstract_id",
+            "data_not_concrete_abstract",
+            "content_type_abstract_id",
+            "object_id_abstract",
+            "data_base",
+            "fk_base_id",
+            "data_not_concrete_base",
+            "content_type_base_id",
+            "object_id_base",
+            "baseperson_ptr_id",
+            "data_inherited",
+            "fk_inherited_id",
+            "data_not_concrete_inherited",
+            "content_type_concrete_id",
+            "object_id_concrete",
         ],
         BasePerson: [
-            'id',
-            'data_abstract',
-            'fk_abstract_id',
-            'data_not_concrete_abstract',
-            'content_type_abstract_id',
-            'object_id_abstract',
-            'data_base',
-            'fk_base_id',
-            'data_not_concrete_base',
-            'content_type_base_id',
-            'object_id_base',
+            "id",
+            "data_abstract",
+            "fk_abstract_id",
+            "data_not_concrete_abstract",
+            "content_type_abstract_id",
+            "object_id_abstract",
+            "data_base",
+            "fk_base_id",
+            "data_not_concrete_base",
+            "content_type_base_id",
+            "object_id_base",
         ],
         AbstractPerson: [
-            'data_abstract',
-            'fk_abstract_id',
-            'data_not_concrete_abstract',
-            'content_type_abstract_id',
-            'object_id_abstract',
+            "data_abstract",
+            "fk_abstract_id",
+            "data_not_concrete_abstract",
+            "content_type_abstract_id",
+            "object_id_abstract",
         ],
         Relating: [
-            'id',
-            'baseperson_id',
-            'baseperson_hidden_id',
-            'person_id',
-            'person_hidden_id',
-            'proxyperson_id',
-            'proxyperson_hidden_id',
+            "id",
+            "baseperson_id",
+            "baseperson_hidden_id",
+            "person_id",
+            "person_hidden_id",
+            "proxyperson_id",
+            "proxyperson_hidden_id",
         ],
     },
-    'local_fields': {
+    "local_fields": {
         Person: [
-            'baseperson_ptr_id',
-            'data_inherited',
-            'fk_inherited_id',
-            'data_not_concrete_inherited',
-            'content_type_concrete_id',
-            'object_id_concrete',
+            "baseperson_ptr_id",
+            "data_inherited",
+            "fk_inherited_id",
+            "data_not_concrete_inherited",
+            "content_type_concrete_id",
+            "object_id_concrete",
         ],
         BasePerson: [
-            'id',
-            'data_abstract',
-            'fk_abstract_id',
-            'data_not_concrete_abstract',
-            'content_type_abstract_id',
-            'object_id_abstract',
-            'data_base',
-            'fk_base_id',
-            'data_not_concrete_base',
-            'content_type_base_id',
-            'object_id_base',
+            "id",
+            "data_abstract",
+            "fk_abstract_id",
+            "data_not_concrete_abstract",
+            "content_type_abstract_id",
+            "object_id_abstract",
+            "data_base",
+            "fk_base_id",
+            "data_not_concrete_base",
+            "content_type_base_id",
+            "object_id_base",
         ],
         AbstractPerson: [
-            'data_abstract',
-            'fk_abstract_id',
-            'data_not_concrete_abstract',
-            'content_type_abstract_id',
-            'object_id_abstract',
+            "data_abstract",
+            "fk_abstract_id",
+            "data_not_concrete_abstract",
+            "content_type_abstract_id",
+            "object_id_abstract",
         ],
         Relating: [
-            'id',
-            'baseperson_id',
-            'baseperson_hidden_id',
-            'person_id',
-            'person_hidden_id',
-            'proxyperson_id',
-            'proxyperson_hidden_id',
+            "id",
+            "baseperson_id",
+            "baseperson_hidden_id",
+            "person_id",
+            "person_hidden_id",
+            "proxyperson_id",
+            "proxyperson_hidden_id",
         ],
     },
-    'local_concrete_fields': {
+    "local_concrete_fields": {
         Person: [
-            'baseperson_ptr_id',
-            'data_inherited',
-            'fk_inherited_id',
-            'content_type_concrete_id',
-            'object_id_concrete',
+            "baseperson_ptr_id",
+            "data_inherited",
+            "fk_inherited_id",
+            "content_type_concrete_id",
+            "object_id_concrete",
         ],
         BasePerson: [
-            'id',
-            'data_abstract',
-            'fk_abstract_id',
-            'content_type_abstract_id',
-            'object_id_abstract',
-            'data_base',
-            'fk_base_id',
-            'content_type_base_id',
-            'object_id_base',
+            "id",
+            "data_abstract",
+            "fk_abstract_id",
+            "content_type_abstract_id",
+            "object_id_abstract",
+            "data_base",
+            "fk_base_id",
+            "content_type_base_id",
+            "object_id_base",
         ],
         AbstractPerson: [
-            'data_abstract',
-            'fk_abstract_id',
-            'content_type_abstract_id',
-            'object_id_abstract',
+            "data_abstract",
+            "fk_abstract_id",
+            "content_type_abstract_id",
+            "object_id_abstract",
         ],
         Relating: [
-            'id',
-            'baseperson_id',
-            'baseperson_hidden_id',
-            'person_id',
-            'person_hidden_id',
-            'proxyperson_id',
-            'proxyperson_hidden_id',
+            "id",
+            "baseperson_id",
+            "baseperson_hidden_id",
+            "person_id",
+            "person_hidden_id",
+            "proxyperson_id",
+            "proxyperson_hidden_id",
         ],
     },
-    'many_to_many': {
+    "many_to_many": {
         Person: [
-            'm2m_abstract',
-            'friends_abstract',
-            'following_abstract',
-            'm2m_base',
-            'friends_base',
-            'following_base',
-            'm2m_inherited',
-            'friends_inherited',
-            'following_inherited',
+            "m2m_abstract",
+            "friends_abstract",
+            "following_abstract",
+            "m2m_base",
+            "friends_base",
+            "following_base",
+            "m2m_inherited",
+            "friends_inherited",
+            "following_inherited",
         ],
         BasePerson: [
-            'm2m_abstract',
-            'friends_abstract',
-            'following_abstract',
-            'm2m_base',
-            'friends_base',
-            'following_base',
+            "m2m_abstract",
+            "friends_abstract",
+            "following_abstract",
+            "m2m_base",
+            "friends_base",
+            "following_base",
         ],
         AbstractPerson: [
-            'm2m_abstract',
-            'friends_abstract',
-            'following_abstract',
+            "m2m_abstract",
+            "friends_abstract",
+            "following_abstract",
         ],
         Relating: [
-            'basepeople',
-            'basepeople_hidden',
-            'people',
-            'people_hidden',
+            "basepeople",
+            "basepeople_hidden",
+            "people",
+            "people_hidden",
         ],
     },
-    'many_to_many_with_model': {
+    "many_to_many_with_model": {
         Person: [
             BasePerson,
             BasePerson,
@@ -300,599 +298,598 @@ TEST_RESULTS = {
             None,
         ],
     },
-    'get_all_related_objects_with_model_legacy': {
+    "get_all_related_objects_with_model_legacy": {
         Person: (
-            ('relating_baseperson', BasePerson),
-            ('relating_person', None),
+            ("relating_baseperson", BasePerson),
+            ("relating_person", None),
         ),
         BasePerson: (
-            ('person', None),
-            ('relating_baseperson', None),
+            ("person", None),
+            ("relating_baseperson", None),
         ),
         Relation: (
-            ('fk_abstract_rel', None),
-            ('fo_abstract_rel', None),
-            ('fk_base_rel', None),
-            ('fo_base_rel', None),
-            ('fk_concrete_rel', None),
-            ('fo_concrete_rel', None),
+            ("fk_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("fo_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("fk_base_rel", None),
+            ("fo_base_rel", None),
+            ("fk_concrete_rel", None),
+            ("fo_concrete_rel", None),
         ),
     },
-    'get_all_related_objects_with_model_hidden_local': {
+    "get_all_related_objects_with_model_hidden_local": {
         Person: (
-            ('+', None),
-            ('_model_meta_relating_people_hidden_+', None),
-            ('Person_following_inherited+', None),
-            ('Person_following_inherited+', None),
-            ('Person_friends_inherited+', None),
-            ('Person_friends_inherited+', None),
-            ('Person_m2m_inherited+', None),
-            ('Relating_people+', None),
-            ('Relating_people_hidden+', None),
-            ('followers_concrete', None),
-            ('friends_inherited_rel_+', None),
-            ('personthroughproxysubclass', None),
-            ('relating_people', None),
-            ('relating_person', None),
-            ('relating_proxyperson', None),
-            ('relating_proxyperson_hidden+', None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("_model_meta_relating_people_hidden_+", None),
+            ("Person_following_inherited+", None),
+            ("Person_following_inherited+", None),
+            ("Person_friends_inherited+", None),
+            ("Person_friends_inherited+", None),
+            ("Person_m2m_inherited+", None),
+            ("Relating_people+", None),
+            ("Relating_people_hidden+", None),
+            ("followers_concrete", None),
+            ("friends_inherited_rel_+", None),
+            ("personthroughproxysubclass", None),
+            ("relating_people", None),
+            ("relating_person", None),
+            ("relating_proxyperson", None),
+            ("relating_proxyperson_hidden+", None),
         ),
         ProxyPerson: (
-            ('+', Person),
-            ('_model_meta_relating_people_hidden_+', Person),
-            ('Person_following_inherited+', Person),
-            ('Person_following_inherited+', Person),
-            ('Person_friends_inherited+', Person),
-            ('Person_friends_inherited+', Person),
-            ('Person_m2m_inherited+', Person),
-            ('Relating_people+', Person),
-            ('Relating_people_hidden+', Person),
-            ('followers_concrete', Person),
-            ('friends_inherited_rel_+', Person),
-            ('personthroughproxysubclass', Person),
-            ('relating_people', Person),
-            ('relating_person', Person),
-            ('relating_proxyperson', Person),
-            ('relating_proxyperson_hidden+', Person),
+            ("+", Person),
+            ("_model_meta_relating_people_hidden_+", Person),
+            ("Person_following_inherited+", Person),
+            ("Person_following_inherited+", Person),
+            ("Person_friends_inherited+", Person),
+            ("Person_friends_inherited+", Person),
+            ("Person_m2m_inherited+", Person),
+            ("Relating_people+", Person),
+            ("Relating_people_hidden+", Person),
+            ("followers_concrete", Person),
+            ("friends_inherited_rel_+", Person),
+            ("personthroughproxysubclass", Person),
+            ("relating_people", Person),
+            ("relating_person", Person),
+            ("relating_proxyperson", Person),
+            ("relating_proxyperson_hidden+", Person),
         ),
         BasePerson: (
-            ('+', None),
-            ('_model_meta_relating_basepeople_hidden_+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_following_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_following_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_following_base+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_following_base+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_base+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_base+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_base+', None),
-            ('Relating_basepeople+', None),
-            ('Relating_basepeople_hidden+', None),
-            ('followers_abstract', None),
-            ('followers_base', None),
-            ('friends_abstract_rel_+', None),
-            ('friends_base_rel_+', None),
-            ('person', None),
-            ('relating_basepeople', None),
-            ('relating_baseperson', None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("_model_meta_relating_basepeople_hidden_+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_following_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_following_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_following_base+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_following_base+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_base+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_base+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_base+", None),
+            ("Relating_basepeople+", None),
+            ("Relating_basepeople_hidden+", None),
+            ("followers_abstract", None),
+            ("followers_base", None),
+            ("friends_abstract_rel_+", None),
+            ("friends_base_rel_+", None),
+            ("person", None),
+            ("relating_basepeople", None),
+            ("relating_baseperson", None),
         ),
         Relation: (
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_base+', None),
-            ('Person_m2m_inherited+', None),
-            ('fk_abstract_rel', None),
-            ('fk_base_rel', None),
-            ('fk_concrete_rel', None),
-            ('fo_abstract_rel', None),
-            ('fo_base_rel', None),
-            ('fo_concrete_rel', None),
-            ('m2m_abstract_rel', None),
-            ('m2m_base_rel', None),
-            ('m2m_concrete_rel', None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_base+", None),
+            ("Person_m2m_inherited+", None),
+            ("fk_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("fk_base_rel", None),
+            ("fk_concrete_rel", None),
+            ("fo_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("fo_base_rel", None),
+            ("fo_concrete_rel", None),
+            ("m2m_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("m2m_base_rel", None),
+            ("m2m_concrete_rel", None),
         ),
     },
-    'get_all_related_objects_with_model_hidden': {
+    "get_all_related_objects_with_model_hidden": {
         Person: (
-            ('+', BasePerson),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('_model_meta_relating_basepeople_hidden_+', BasePerson),
-            ('_model_meta_relating_people_hidden_+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_following_abstract+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_following_abstract+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_following_base+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_following_base+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_abstract+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_abstract+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_base+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_base+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_abstract+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_base+', BasePerson),
-            ('Person_following_inherited+', None),
-            ('Person_following_inherited+', None),
-            ('Person_friends_inherited+', None),
-            ('Person_friends_inherited+', None),
-            ('Person_m2m_inherited+', None),
-            ('Relating_basepeople+', BasePerson),
-            ('Relating_basepeople_hidden+', BasePerson),
-            ('Relating_people+', None),
-            ('Relating_people_hidden+', None),
-            ('followers_abstract', BasePerson),
-            ('followers_base', BasePerson),
-            ('followers_concrete', None),
-            ('friends_abstract_rel_+', BasePerson),
-            ('friends_base_rel_+', BasePerson),
-            ('friends_inherited_rel_+', None),
-            ('personthroughproxysubclass', None),
-            ('relating_basepeople', BasePerson),
-            ('relating_baseperson', BasePerson),
-            ('relating_people', None),
-            ('relating_person', None),
-            ('relating_proxyperson', None),
-            ('relating_proxyperson_hidden+', None),
+            ("+", BasePerson),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("_model_meta_relating_basepeople_hidden_+", BasePerson),
+            ("_model_meta_relating_people_hidden_+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_following_abstract+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_following_abstract+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_following_base+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_following_base+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_abstract+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_abstract+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_base+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_base+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_abstract+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_base+", BasePerson),
+            ("Person_following_inherited+", None),
+            ("Person_following_inherited+", None),
+            ("Person_friends_inherited+", None),
+            ("Person_friends_inherited+", None),
+            ("Person_m2m_inherited+", None),
+            ("Relating_basepeople+", BasePerson),
+            ("Relating_basepeople_hidden+", BasePerson),
+            ("Relating_people+", None),
+            ("Relating_people_hidden+", None),
+            ("followers_abstract", BasePerson),
+            ("followers_base", BasePerson),
+            ("followers_concrete", None),
+            ("friends_abstract_rel_+", BasePerson),
+            ("friends_base_rel_+", BasePerson),
+            ("friends_inherited_rel_+", None),
+            ("personthroughproxysubclass", None),
+            ("relating_basepeople", BasePerson),
+            ("relating_baseperson", BasePerson),
+            ("relating_people", None),
+            ("relating_person", None),
+            ("relating_proxyperson", None),
+            ("relating_proxyperson_hidden+", None),
         ),
         ProxyPerson: (
-            ('+', BasePerson),
-            ('+', Person),
-            ('_model_meta_relating_basepeople_hidden_+', BasePerson),
-            ('_model_meta_relating_people_hidden_+', Person),
-            ('BasePerson_following_abstract+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_following_abstract+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_following_base+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_following_base+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_abstract+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_abstract+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_base+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_base+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_abstract+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_base+', BasePerson),
-            ('Person_following_inherited+', Person),
-            ('Person_following_inherited+', Person),
-            ('Person_friends_inherited+', Person),
-            ('Person_friends_inherited+', Person),
-            ('Person_m2m_inherited+', Person),
-            ('Relating_basepeople+', BasePerson),
-            ('Relating_basepeople_hidden+', BasePerson),
-            ('Relating_people+', Person),
-            ('Relating_people_hidden+', Person),
-            ('followers_abstract', BasePerson),
-            ('followers_base', BasePerson),
-            ('followers_concrete', Person),
-            ('friends_abstract_rel_+', BasePerson),
-            ('friends_base_rel_+', BasePerson),
-            ('friends_inherited_rel_+', Person),
-            ('personthroughproxysubclass', Person),
-            ('relating_basepeople', BasePerson),
-            ('relating_baseperson', BasePerson),
-            ('relating_people', Person),
-            ('relating_person', Person),
-            ('relating_proxyperson', Person),
-            ('relating_proxyperson_hidden+', Person),
+            ("+", BasePerson),
+            ("+", Person),
+            ("_model_meta_relating_basepeople_hidden_+", BasePerson),
+            ("_model_meta_relating_people_hidden_+", Person),
+            ("BasePerson_following_abstract+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_following_abstract+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_following_base+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_following_base+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_abstract+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_abstract+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_base+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_base+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_abstract+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_base+", BasePerson),
+            ("Person_following_inherited+", Person),
+            ("Person_following_inherited+", Person),
+            ("Person_friends_inherited+", Person),
+            ("Person_friends_inherited+", Person),
+            ("Person_m2m_inherited+", Person),
+            ("Relating_basepeople+", BasePerson),
+            ("Relating_basepeople_hidden+", BasePerson),
+            ("Relating_people+", Person),
+            ("Relating_people_hidden+", Person),
+            ("followers_abstract", BasePerson),
+            ("followers_base", BasePerson),
+            ("followers_concrete", Person),
+            ("friends_abstract_rel_+", BasePerson),
+            ("friends_base_rel_+", BasePerson),
+            ("friends_inherited_rel_+", Person),
+            ("personthroughproxysubclass", Person),
+            ("relating_basepeople", BasePerson),
+            ("relating_baseperson", BasePerson),
+            ("relating_people", Person),
+            ("relating_person", Person),
+            ("relating_proxyperson", Person),
+            ("relating_proxyperson_hidden+", Person),
         ),
         BasePerson: (
-            ('+', None),
-            ('_model_meta_relating_basepeople_hidden_+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_following_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_following_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_following_base+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_following_base+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_base+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_base+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_base+', None),
-            ('Relating_basepeople+', None),
-            ('Relating_basepeople_hidden+', None),
-            ('followers_abstract', None),
-            ('followers_base', None),
-            ('friends_abstract_rel_+', None),
-            ('friends_base_rel_+', None),
-            ('person', None),
-            ('relating_basepeople', None),
-            ('relating_baseperson', None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("_model_meta_relating_basepeople_hidden_+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_following_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_following_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_following_base+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_following_base+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_base+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_base+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_base+", None),
+            ("Relating_basepeople+", None),
+            ("Relating_basepeople_hidden+", None),
+            ("followers_abstract", None),
+            ("followers_base", None),
+            ("friends_abstract_rel_+", None),
+            ("friends_base_rel_+", None),
+            ("person", None),
+            ("relating_basepeople", None),
+            ("relating_baseperson", None),
         ),
         Relation: (
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_base+', None),
-            ('Person_m2m_inherited+', None),
-            ('fk_abstract_rel', None),
-            ('fk_base_rel', None),
-            ('fk_concrete_rel', None),
-            ('fo_abstract_rel', None),
-            ('fo_base_rel', None),
-            ('fo_concrete_rel', None),
-            ('m2m_abstract_rel', None),
-            ('m2m_base_rel', None),
-            ('m2m_concrete_rel', None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_base+", None),
+            ("Person_m2m_inherited+", None),
+            ("fk_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("fk_base_rel", None),
+            ("fk_concrete_rel", None),
+            ("fo_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("fo_base_rel", None),
+            ("fo_concrete_rel", None),
+            ("m2m_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("m2m_base_rel", None),
+            ("m2m_concrete_rel", None),
         ),
     },
-    'get_all_related_objects_with_model_local': {
+    "get_all_related_objects_with_model_local": {
         Person: (
-            ('followers_concrete', None),
-            ('personthroughproxysubclass', None),
-            ('relating_person', None),
-            ('relating_people', None),
-            ('relating_proxyperson', None),
+            ("followers_concrete", None),
+            ("personthroughproxysubclass", None),
+            ("relating_person", None),
+            ("relating_people", None),
+            ("relating_proxyperson", None),
         ),
         ProxyPerson: (
-            ('followers_concrete', Person),
-            ('personthroughproxysubclass', Person),
-            ('relating_person', Person),
-            ('relating_people', Person),
-            ('relating_proxyperson', Person),
+            ("followers_concrete", Person),
+            ("personthroughproxysubclass", Person),
+            ("relating_person", Person),
+            ("relating_people", Person),
+            ("relating_proxyperson", Person),
         ),
         BasePerson: (
-            ('followers_abstract', None),
-            ('followers_base', None),
-            ('person', None),
-            ('relating_baseperson', None),
-            ('relating_basepeople', None),
+            ("followers_abstract", None),
+            ("followers_base", None),
+            ("person", None),
+            ("relating_baseperson", None),
+            ("relating_basepeople", None),
         ),
         Relation: (
-            ('fk_abstract_rel', None),
-            ('fo_abstract_rel', None),
-            ('fk_base_rel', None),
-            ('fo_base_rel', None),
-            ('m2m_abstract_rel', None),
-            ('m2m_base_rel', None),
-            ('fk_concrete_rel', None),
-            ('fo_concrete_rel', None),
-            ('m2m_concrete_rel', None),
+            ("fk_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("fo_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("fk_base_rel", None),
+            ("fo_base_rel", None),
+            ("m2m_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("m2m_base_rel", None),
+            ("fk_concrete_rel", None),
+            ("fo_concrete_rel", None),
+            ("m2m_concrete_rel", None),
         ),
     },
-    'get_all_related_objects_with_model': {
+    "get_all_related_objects_with_model": {
         Person: (
-            ('followers_abstract', BasePerson),
-            ('followers_base', BasePerson),
-            ('relating_baseperson', BasePerson),
-            ('relating_basepeople', BasePerson),
-            ('followers_concrete', None),
-            ('personthroughproxysubclass', None),
-            ('relating_person', None),
-            ('relating_people', None),
-            ('relating_proxyperson', None),
+            ("followers_abstract", BasePerson),
+            ("followers_base", BasePerson),
+            ("relating_baseperson", BasePerson),
+            ("relating_basepeople", BasePerson),
+            ("followers_concrete", None),
+            ("personthroughproxysubclass", None),
+            ("relating_person", None),
+            ("relating_people", None),
+            ("relating_proxyperson", None),
         ),
         ProxyPerson: (
-            ('followers_abstract', BasePerson),
-            ('followers_base', BasePerson),
-            ('relating_baseperson', BasePerson),
-            ('relating_basepeople', BasePerson),
-            ('followers_concrete', Person),
-            ('personthroughproxysubclass', Person),
-            ('relating_person', Person),
-            ('relating_people', Person),
-            ('relating_proxyperson', Person),
+            ("followers_abstract", BasePerson),
+            ("followers_base", BasePerson),
+            ("relating_baseperson", BasePerson),
+            ("relating_basepeople", BasePerson),
+            ("followers_concrete", Person),
+            ("personthroughproxysubclass", Person),
+            ("relating_person", Person),
+            ("relating_people", Person),
+            ("relating_proxyperson", Person),
         ),
         BasePerson: (
-            ('followers_abstract', None),
-            ('followers_base', None),
-            ('person', None),
-            ('relating_baseperson', None),
-            ('relating_basepeople', None),
+            ("followers_abstract", None),
+            ("followers_base", None),
+            ("person", None),
+            ("relating_baseperson", None),
+            ("relating_basepeople", None),
         ),
         Relation: (
-            ('fk_abstract_rel', None),
-            ('fo_abstract_rel', None),
-            ('fk_base_rel', None),
-            ('fo_base_rel', None),
-            ('m2m_abstract_rel', None),
-            ('m2m_base_rel', None),
-            ('fk_concrete_rel', None),
-            ('fo_concrete_rel', None),
-            ('m2m_concrete_rel', None),
+            ("fk_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("fo_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("fk_base_rel", None),
+            ("fo_base_rel", None),
+            ("m2m_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("m2m_base_rel", None),
+            ("fk_concrete_rel", None),
+            ("fo_concrete_rel", None),
+            ("m2m_concrete_rel", None),
         ),
     },
-    'get_all_related_objects_with_model_local_legacy': {
-        Person: (
-            ('relating_person', None),
-        ),
-        BasePerson: (
-            ('person', None),
-            ('relating_baseperson', None)
-        ),
+    "get_all_related_objects_with_model_local_legacy": {
+        Person: (("relating_person", None),),
+        BasePerson: (("person", None), ("relating_baseperson", None)),
         Relation: (
-            ('fk_abstract_rel', None),
-            ('fo_abstract_rel', None),
-            ('fk_base_rel', None),
-            ('fo_base_rel', None),
-            ('fk_concrete_rel', None),
-            ('fo_concrete_rel', None),
+            ("fk_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("fo_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("fk_base_rel", None),
+            ("fo_base_rel", None),
+            ("fk_concrete_rel", None),
+            ("fo_concrete_rel", None),
         ),
     },
-    'get_all_related_objects_with_model_hidden_legacy': {
+    "get_all_related_objects_with_model_hidden_legacy": {
         BasePerson: (
-            ('+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_following_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_following_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_following_base+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_following_base+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_base+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_base+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_base+', None),
-            ('Relating_basepeople+', None),
-            ('Relating_basepeople_hidden+', None),
-            ('person', None),
-            ('relating_baseperson', None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_following_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_following_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_following_base+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_following_base+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_base+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_base+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_base+", None),
+            ("Relating_basepeople+", None),
+            ("Relating_basepeople_hidden+", None),
+            ("person", None),
+            ("relating_baseperson", None),
         ),
         Person: (
-            ('+', BasePerson),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_following_abstract+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_following_abstract+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_following_base+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_following_base+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_abstract+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_abstract+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_base+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_base+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_abstract+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_base+', BasePerson),
-            ('Person_following_inherited+', None),
-            ('Person_following_inherited+', None),
-            ('Person_friends_inherited+', None),
-            ('Person_friends_inherited+', None),
-            ('Person_m2m_inherited+', None),
-            ('Relating_basepeople+', BasePerson),
-            ('Relating_basepeople_hidden+', BasePerson),
-            ('Relating_people+', None),
-            ('Relating_people_hidden+', None),
-            ('relating_baseperson', BasePerson),
-            ('relating_person', None),
+            ("+", BasePerson),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_following_abstract+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_following_abstract+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_following_base+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_following_base+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_abstract+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_abstract+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_base+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_base+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_abstract+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_base+", BasePerson),
+            ("Person_following_inherited+", None),
+            ("Person_following_inherited+", None),
+            ("Person_friends_inherited+", None),
+            ("Person_friends_inherited+", None),
+            ("Person_m2m_inherited+", None),
+            ("Relating_basepeople+", BasePerson),
+            ("Relating_basepeople_hidden+", BasePerson),
+            ("Relating_people+", None),
+            ("Relating_people_hidden+", None),
+            ("relating_baseperson", BasePerson),
+            ("relating_person", None),
         ),
         Relation: (
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_base+', None),
-            ('Person_m2m_inherited+', None),
-            ('fk_abstract_rel', None),
-            ('fk_base_rel', None),
-            ('fk_concrete_rel', None),
-            ('fo_abstract_rel', None),
-            ('fo_base_rel', None),
-            ('fo_concrete_rel', None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_base+", None),
+            ("Person_m2m_inherited+", None),
+            ("fk_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("fk_base_rel", None),
+            ("fk_concrete_rel", None),
+            ("fo_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("fo_base_rel", None),
+            ("fo_concrete_rel", None),
         ),
     },
-    'get_all_related_objects_with_model_hidden_local_legacy': {
+    "get_all_related_objects_with_model_hidden_local_legacy": {
         BasePerson: (
-            ('+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_following_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_following_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_following_base+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_following_base+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_base+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_base+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_base+', None),
-            ('Relating_basepeople+', None),
-            ('Relating_basepeople_hidden+', None),
-            ('person', None),
-            ('relating_baseperson', None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_following_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_following_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_following_base+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_following_base+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_base+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_base+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_base+", None),
+            ("Relating_basepeople+", None),
+            ("Relating_basepeople_hidden+", None),
+            ("person", None),
+            ("relating_baseperson", None),
         ),
         Person: (
-            ('+', None),
-            ('Person_following_inherited+', None),
-            ('Person_following_inherited+', None),
-            ('Person_friends_inherited+', None),
-            ('Person_friends_inherited+', None),
-            ('Person_m2m_inherited+', None),
-            ('Relating_people+', None),
-            ('Relating_people_hidden+', None),
-            ('relating_person', None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("Person_following_inherited+", None),
+            ("Person_following_inherited+", None),
+            ("Person_friends_inherited+", None),
+            ("Person_friends_inherited+", None),
+            ("Person_m2m_inherited+", None),
+            ("Relating_people+", None),
+            ("Relating_people_hidden+", None),
+            ("relating_person", None),
         ),
         Relation: (
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_base+', None),
-            ('Person_m2m_inherited+', None),
-            ('fk_abstract_rel', None),
-            ('fk_base_rel', None),
-            ('fk_concrete_rel', None),
-            ('fo_abstract_rel', None),
-            ('fo_base_rel', None),
-            ('fo_concrete_rel', None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_base+", None),
+            ("Person_m2m_inherited+", None),
+            ("fk_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("fk_base_rel", None),
+            ("fk_concrete_rel", None),
+            ("fo_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("fo_base_rel", None),
+            ("fo_concrete_rel", None),
         ),
     },
-    'get_all_related_objects_with_model_proxy_legacy': {
+    "get_all_related_objects_with_model_proxy_legacy": {
         BasePerson: (
-            ('person', None),
-            ('relating_baseperson', None),
+            ("person", None),
+            ("relating_baseperson", None),
         ),
         Person: (
-            ('relating_baseperson', BasePerson),
-            ('relating_person', None), ('relating_proxyperson', None),
+            ("relating_baseperson", BasePerson),
+            ("relating_person", None),
+            ("relating_proxyperson", None),
         ),
         Relation: (
-            ('fk_abstract_rel', None), ('fo_abstract_rel', None),
-            ('fk_base_rel', None), ('fo_base_rel', None),
-            ('fk_concrete_rel', None), ('fo_concrete_rel', None),
+            ("fk_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("fo_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("fk_base_rel", None),
+            ("fo_base_rel", None),
+            ("fk_concrete_rel", None),
+            ("fo_concrete_rel", None),
         ),
     },
-    'get_all_related_objects_with_model_proxy_hidden_legacy': {
+    "get_all_related_objects_with_model_proxy_hidden_legacy": {
         BasePerson: (
-            ('+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_following_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_following_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_following_base+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_following_base+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_base+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_base+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_base+', None),
-            ('Relating_basepeople+', None),
-            ('Relating_basepeople_hidden+', None),
-            ('person', None),
-            ('relating_baseperson', None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_following_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_following_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_following_base+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_following_base+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_base+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_base+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_base+", None),
+            ("Relating_basepeople+", None),
+            ("Relating_basepeople_hidden+", None),
+            ("person", None),
+            ("relating_baseperson", None),
         ),
         Person: (
-            ('+', BasePerson),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_following_abstract+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_following_abstract+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_following_base+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_following_base+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_abstract+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_abstract+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_base+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_friends_base+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_abstract+', BasePerson),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_base+', BasePerson),
-            ('Person_following_inherited+', None),
-            ('Person_following_inherited+', None),
-            ('Person_friends_inherited+', None),
-            ('Person_friends_inherited+', None),
-            ('Person_m2m_inherited+', None),
-            ('Relating_basepeople+', BasePerson),
-            ('Relating_basepeople_hidden+', BasePerson),
-            ('Relating_people+', None),
-            ('Relating_people_hidden+', None),
-            ('relating_baseperson', BasePerson),
-            ('relating_person', None),
-            ('relating_proxyperson', None),
+            ("+", BasePerson),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_following_abstract+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_following_abstract+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_following_base+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_following_base+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_abstract+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_abstract+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_base+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_friends_base+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_abstract+", BasePerson),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_base+", BasePerson),
+            ("Person_following_inherited+", None),
+            ("Person_following_inherited+", None),
+            ("Person_friends_inherited+", None),
+            ("Person_friends_inherited+", None),
+            ("Person_m2m_inherited+", None),
+            ("Relating_basepeople+", BasePerson),
+            ("Relating_basepeople_hidden+", BasePerson),
+            ("Relating_people+", None),
+            ("Relating_people_hidden+", None),
+            ("relating_baseperson", BasePerson),
+            ("relating_person", None),
+            ("relating_proxyperson", None),
         ),
         Relation: (
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_abstract+', None),
-            ('BasePerson_m2m_base+', None),
-            ('Person_m2m_inherited+', None),
-            ('fk_abstract_rel', None),
-            ('fk_base_rel', None),
-            ('fk_concrete_rel', None),
-            ('fo_abstract_rel', None),
-            ('fo_base_rel', None),
-            ('fo_concrete_rel', None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_abstract+", None),
+            ("BasePerson_m2m_base+", None),
+            ("Person_m2m_inherited+", None),
+            ("fk_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("fk_base_rel", None),
+            ("fk_concrete_rel", None),
+            ("fo_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("fo_base_rel", None),
+            ("fo_concrete_rel", None),
         ),
     },
-    'get_all_related_many_to_many_with_model_legacy': {
+    "get_all_related_many_to_many_with_model_legacy": {
         BasePerson: (
-            ('friends_abstract_rel_+', None),
-            ('followers_abstract', None),
-            ('friends_base_rel_+', None),
-            ('followers_base', None),
-            ('relating_basepeople', None),
-            ('_model_meta_relating_basepeople_hidden_+', None),
+            ("friends_abstract_rel_+", None),
+            ("followers_abstract", None),
+            ("friends_base_rel_+", None),
+            ("followers_base", None),
+            ("relating_basepeople", None),
+            ("_model_meta_relating_basepeople_hidden_+", None),
         ),
         Person: (
-            ('friends_abstract_rel_+', BasePerson),
-            ('followers_abstract', BasePerson),
-            ('friends_base_rel_+', BasePerson),
-            ('followers_base', BasePerson),
-            ('relating_basepeople', BasePerson),
-            ('_model_meta_relating_basepeople_hidden_+', BasePerson),
-            ('friends_inherited_rel_+', None),
-            ('followers_concrete', None),
-            ('relating_people', None),
-            ('_relating_people_hidden_+', None),
+            ("friends_abstract_rel_+", BasePerson),
+            ("followers_abstract", BasePerson),
+            ("friends_base_rel_+", BasePerson),
+            ("followers_base", BasePerson),
+            ("relating_basepeople", BasePerson),
+            ("_model_meta_relating_basepeople_hidden_+", BasePerson),
+            ("friends_inherited_rel_+", None),
+            ("followers_concrete", None),
+            ("relating_people", None),
+            ("_relating_people_hidden_+", None),
         ),
         Relation: (
-            ('m2m_abstract_rel', None),
-            ('m2m_base_rel', None),
-            ('m2m_concrete_rel', None),
+            ("m2m_abstract_rel", None),
+            ("m2m_base_rel", None),
+            ("m2m_concrete_rel", None),
         ),
     },
-    'get_all_related_many_to_many_local_legacy': {
+    "get_all_related_many_to_many_local_legacy": {
         BasePerson: [
-            'friends_abstract_rel_+',
-            'followers_abstract',
-            'friends_base_rel_+',
-            'followers_base',
-            'relating_basepeople',
-            '_model_meta_relating_basepeople_hidden_+',
+            "friends_abstract_rel_+",
+            "followers_abstract",
+            "friends_base_rel_+",
+            "followers_base",
+            "relating_basepeople",
+            "_model_meta_relating_basepeople_hidden_+",
         ],
         Person: [
-            'friends_inherited_rel_+',
-            'followers_concrete',
-            'relating_people',
-            '_relating_people_hidden_+',
+            "friends_inherited_rel_+",
+            "followers_concrete",
+            "relating_people",
+            "_relating_people_hidden_+",
         ],
         Relation: [
-            'm2m_abstract_rel',
-            'm2m_base_rel',
-            'm2m_concrete_rel',
+            "m2m_abstract_rel",
+            "m2m_base_rel",
+            "m2m_concrete_rel",
         ],
     },
-    'private_fields': {
+    "private_fields": {
         AbstractPerson: [
-            'generic_relation_abstract',
-            'content_object_abstract',
+            "generic_relation_abstract",
+            "content_object_abstract",
         ],
         BasePerson: [
-            'generic_relation_base',
-            'content_object_base',
-            'generic_relation_abstract',
-            'content_object_abstract',
+            "generic_relation_base",
+            "content_object_base",
+            "generic_relation_abstract",
+            "content_object_abstract",
         ],
         Person: [
-            'content_object_concrete',
-            'generic_relation_concrete',
-            'generic_relation_base',
-            'content_object_base',
-            'generic_relation_abstract',
-            'content_object_abstract',
+            "content_object_concrete",
+            "generic_relation_concrete",
+            "generic_relation_base",
+            "content_object_base",
+            "generic_relation_abstract",
+            "content_object_abstract",
         ],
     },
-    'labels': {
-        AbstractPerson: 'model_meta.AbstractPerson',
-        BasePerson: 'model_meta.BasePerson',
-        Person: 'model_meta.Person',
-        Relating: 'model_meta.Relating',
+    "labels": {
+        AbstractPerson: "model_meta.AbstractPerson",
+        BasePerson: "model_meta.BasePerson",
+        Person: "model_meta.Person",
+        Relating: "model_meta.Relating",
     },
-    'lower_labels': {
-        AbstractPerson: 'model_meta.abstractperson',
-        BasePerson: 'model_meta.baseperson',
-        Person: 'model_meta.person',
-        Relating: 'model_meta.relating',
+    "lower_labels": {
+        AbstractPerson: "model_meta.abstractperson",
+        BasePerson: "model_meta.baseperson",
+        Person: "model_meta.person",
+        Relating: "model_meta.relating",
     },
 }
diff --git a/tests/model_meta/tests.py b/tests/model_meta/tests.py
index b3d469a903..fe2f6e63da 100644
--- a/tests/model_meta/tests.py
+++ b/tests/model_meta/tests.py
@@ -1,23 +1,26 @@
 from django.apps import apps
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.core.exceptions import FieldDoesNotExist
-from django.db.models import (
-    CharField, Field, ForeignObjectRel, ManyToManyField,
-)
+from django.db.models import CharField, Field, ForeignObjectRel, ManyToManyField
 from django.db.models.options import EMPTY_RELATION_TREE, IMMUTABLE_WARNING
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 from .models import (
-    AbstractPerson, BasePerson, Child, CommonAncestor, FirstParent, Person,
-    ProxyPerson, Relating, Relation, SecondParent,
+    AbstractPerson,
+    BasePerson,
+    Child,
+    CommonAncestor,
+    FirstParent,
+    Person,
+    ProxyPerson,
+    Relating,
+    Relation,
+    SecondParent,
 )
 from .results import TEST_RESULTS
 
 
 class OptionsBaseTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def _map_related_query_names(self, res):
         return tuple((o.name, m) for o, m in res)
 
@@ -35,11 +38,15 @@ class OptionsBaseTests(SimpleTestCase):
             model = None
 
         field = relation if direct else relation.field
-        return relation, model, direct, bool(field.many_to_many)  # many_to_many can be None
+        return (
+            relation,
+            model,
+            direct,
+            bool(field.many_to_many),
+        )  # many_to_many can be None
 
 
 class GetFieldsTests(OptionsBaseTests):
-
     def test_get_fields_is_immutable(self):
         msg = IMMUTABLE_WARNING % "get_fields()"
         for _ in range(2):
@@ -51,20 +58,18 @@ class GetFieldsTests(OptionsBaseTests):
 
 
 class LabelTests(OptionsBaseTests):
-
     def test_label(self):
-        for model, expected_result in TEST_RESULTS['labels'].items():
+        for model, expected_result in TEST_RESULTS["labels"].items():
             self.assertEqual(model._meta.label, expected_result)
 
     def test_label_lower(self):
-        for model, expected_result in TEST_RESULTS['lower_labels'].items():
+        for model, expected_result in TEST_RESULTS["lower_labels"].items():
             self.assertEqual(model._meta.label_lower, expected_result)
 
 
 class DataTests(OptionsBaseTests):
-
     def test_fields(self):
-        for model, expected_result in TEST_RESULTS['fields'].items():
+        for model, expected_result in TEST_RESULTS["fields"].items():
             fields = model._meta.fields
             self.assertEqual([f.attname for f in fields], expected_result)
 
@@ -72,7 +77,7 @@ class DataTests(OptionsBaseTests):
         def is_data_field(f):
             return isinstance(f, Field) and not f.many_to_many
 
-        for model, expected_result in TEST_RESULTS['local_fields'].items():
+        for model, expected_result in TEST_RESULTS["local_fields"].items():
             fields = model._meta.local_fields
             self.assertEqual([f.attname for f in fields], expected_result)
             for f in fields:
@@ -80,7 +85,7 @@ class DataTests(OptionsBaseTests):
                 self.assertTrue(is_data_field(f))
 
     def test_local_concrete_fields(self):
-        for model, expected_result in TEST_RESULTS['local_concrete_fields'].items():
+        for model, expected_result in TEST_RESULTS["local_concrete_fields"].items():
             fields = model._meta.local_concrete_fields
             self.assertEqual([f.attname for f in fields], expected_result)
             for f in fields:
@@ -88,16 +93,15 @@ class DataTests(OptionsBaseTests):
 
 
 class M2MTests(OptionsBaseTests):
-
     def test_many_to_many(self):
-        for model, expected_result in TEST_RESULTS['many_to_many'].items():
+        for model, expected_result in TEST_RESULTS["many_to_many"].items():
             fields = model._meta.many_to_many
             self.assertEqual([f.attname for f in fields], expected_result)
             for f in fields:
                 self.assertTrue(f.many_to_many and f.is_relation)
 
     def test_many_to_many_with_model(self):
-        for model, expected_result in TEST_RESULTS['many_to_many_with_model'].items():
+        for model, expected_result in TEST_RESULTS["many_to_many_with_model"].items():
             models = [self._model(model, field) for field in model._meta.many_to_many]
             self.assertEqual(models, expected_result)
 
@@ -107,7 +111,7 @@ class RelatedObjectsTests(OptionsBaseTests):
         return r[0]
 
     def test_related_objects(self):
-        result_key = 'get_all_related_objects_with_model'
+        result_key = "get_all_related_objects_with_model"
         for model, expected in TEST_RESULTS[result_key].items():
             objects = [
                 (field, self._model(model, field))
@@ -120,7 +124,7 @@ class RelatedObjectsTests(OptionsBaseTests):
             )
 
     def test_related_objects_local(self):
-        result_key = 'get_all_related_objects_with_model_local'
+        result_key = "get_all_related_objects_with_model_local"
         for model, expected in TEST_RESULTS[result_key].items():
             objects = [
                 (field, self._model(model, field))
@@ -133,7 +137,7 @@ class RelatedObjectsTests(OptionsBaseTests):
             )
 
     def test_related_objects_include_hidden(self):
-        result_key = 'get_all_related_objects_with_model_hidden'
+        result_key = "get_all_related_objects_with_model_hidden"
         for model, expected in TEST_RESULTS[result_key].items():
             objects = [
                 (field, self._model(model, field))
@@ -142,55 +146,59 @@ class RelatedObjectsTests(OptionsBaseTests):
             ]
             self.assertEqual(
                 sorted(self._map_names(objects), key=self.key_name),
-                sorted(expected, key=self.key_name)
+                sorted(expected, key=self.key_name),
             )
 
     def test_related_objects_include_hidden_local_only(self):
-        result_key = 'get_all_related_objects_with_model_hidden_local'
+        result_key = "get_all_related_objects_with_model_hidden_local"
         for model, expected in TEST_RESULTS[result_key].items():
             objects = [
                 (field, self._model(model, field))
-                for field in model._meta.get_fields(include_hidden=True, include_parents=False)
+                for field in model._meta.get_fields(
+                    include_hidden=True, include_parents=False
+                )
                 if field.auto_created and not field.concrete
             ]
             self.assertEqual(
                 sorted(self._map_names(objects), key=self.key_name),
-                sorted(expected, key=self.key_name)
+                sorted(expected, key=self.key_name),
             )
 
 
 class PrivateFieldsTests(OptionsBaseTests):
-
     def test_private_fields(self):
-        for model, expected_names in TEST_RESULTS['private_fields'].items():
+        for model, expected_names in TEST_RESULTS["private_fields"].items():
             objects = model._meta.private_fields
             self.assertEqual(sorted(f.name for f in objects), sorted(expected_names))
 
 
 class GetFieldByNameTests(OptionsBaseTests):
-
     def test_get_data_field(self):
-        field_info = self._details(Person, Person._meta.get_field('data_abstract'))
+        field_info = self._details(Person, Person._meta.get_field("data_abstract"))
         self.assertEqual(field_info[1:], (BasePerson, True, False))
         self.assertIsInstance(field_info[0], CharField)
 
     def test_get_m2m_field(self):
-        field_info = self._details(Person, Person._meta.get_field('m2m_base'))
+        field_info = self._details(Person, Person._meta.get_field("m2m_base"))
         self.assertEqual(field_info[1:], (BasePerson, True, True))
         self.assertIsInstance(field_info[0], ManyToManyField)
 
     def test_get_related_object(self):
-        field_info = self._details(Person, Person._meta.get_field('relating_baseperson'))
+        field_info = self._details(
+            Person, Person._meta.get_field("relating_baseperson")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(field_info[1:], (BasePerson, False, False))
         self.assertIsInstance(field_info[0], ForeignObjectRel)
 
     def test_get_related_m2m(self):
-        field_info = self._details(Person, Person._meta.get_field('relating_people'))
+        field_info = self._details(Person, Person._meta.get_field("relating_people"))
         self.assertEqual(field_info[1:], (None, False, True))
         self.assertIsInstance(field_info[0], ForeignObjectRel)
 
     def test_get_generic_relation(self):
-        field_info = self._details(Person, Person._meta.get_field('generic_relation_base'))
+        field_info = self._details(
+            Person, Person._meta.get_field("generic_relation_base")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(field_info[1:], (None, True, False))
         self.assertIsInstance(field_info[0], GenericRelation)
 
@@ -201,7 +209,7 @@ class GetFieldByNameTests(OptionsBaseTests):
         opts.apps.models_ready = False
         try:
             # 'data_abstract' is a forward field, and therefore will be found
-            self.assertTrue(opts.get_field('data_abstract'))
+            self.assertTrue(opts.get_field("data_abstract"))
             msg = (
                 "Person has no field named 'relating_baseperson'. The app "
                 "cache isn't ready yet, so if this is an auto-created related "
@@ -209,7 +217,7 @@ class GetFieldByNameTests(OptionsBaseTests):
             )
             # 'data_abstract' is a reverse field, and will raise an exception
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldDoesNotExist, msg):
-                opts.get_field('relating_baseperson')
+                opts.get_field("relating_baseperson")
         finally:
             opts.apps.models_ready = True
 
@@ -226,7 +234,7 @@ class RelationTreeTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # and have no cache.
         all_models_with_cache = (m for m in self.all_models if not m._meta.abstract)
         for m in all_models_with_cache:
-            self.assertNotIn('_relation_tree', m._meta.__dict__)
+            self.assertNotIn("_relation_tree", m._meta.__dict__)
 
     def test_first_relation_tree_access_populates_all(self):
         # On first access, relation tree should have populated cache.
@@ -238,34 +246,72 @@ class RelationTreeTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         # All the other models should already have their relation tree
         # in the internal __dict__ .
-        all_models_but_abstractperson = (m for m in self.all_models if m is not AbstractPerson)
+        all_models_but_abstractperson = (
+            m for m in self.all_models if m is not AbstractPerson
+        )
         for m in all_models_but_abstractperson:
-            self.assertIn('_relation_tree', m._meta.__dict__)
+            self.assertIn("_relation_tree", m._meta.__dict__)
 
     def test_relations_related_objects(self):
         # Testing non hidden related objects
         self.assertEqual(
-            sorted(field.related_query_name() for field in Relation._meta._relation_tree
-                   if not field.remote_field.field.remote_field.is_hidden()),
-            sorted([
-                'fk_abstract_rel', 'fk_base_rel', 'fk_concrete_rel', 'fo_abstract_rel',
-                'fo_base_rel', 'fo_concrete_rel', 'm2m_abstract_rel',
-                'm2m_base_rel', 'm2m_concrete_rel'
-            ])
+            sorted(
+                field.related_query_name()
+                for field in Relation._meta._relation_tree
+                if not field.remote_field.field.remote_field.is_hidden()
+            ),
+            sorted(
+                [
+                    "fk_abstract_rel",
+                    "fk_base_rel",
+                    "fk_concrete_rel",
+                    "fo_abstract_rel",
+                    "fo_base_rel",
+                    "fo_concrete_rel",
+                    "m2m_abstract_rel",
+                    "m2m_base_rel",
+                    "m2m_concrete_rel",
+                ]
+            ),
         )
         # Testing hidden related objects
         self.assertEqual(
-            sorted(field.related_query_name() for field in BasePerson._meta._relation_tree),
-            sorted([
-                '+', '_model_meta_relating_basepeople_hidden_+', 'BasePerson_following_abstract+',
-                'BasePerson_following_abstract+', 'BasePerson_following_base+', 'BasePerson_following_base+',
-                'BasePerson_friends_abstract+', 'BasePerson_friends_abstract+', 'BasePerson_friends_base+',
-                'BasePerson_friends_base+', 'BasePerson_m2m_abstract+', 'BasePerson_m2m_base+', 'Relating_basepeople+',
-                'Relating_basepeople_hidden+', 'followers_abstract', 'followers_base', 'friends_abstract_rel_+',
-                'friends_base_rel_+', 'person', 'relating_basepeople', 'relating_baseperson',
-            ])
+            sorted(
+                field.related_query_name() for field in BasePerson._meta._relation_tree
+            ),
+            sorted(
+                [
+                    "+",
+                    "_model_meta_relating_basepeople_hidden_+",
+                    "BasePerson_following_abstract+",
+                    "BasePerson_following_abstract+",
+                    "BasePerson_following_base+",
+                    "BasePerson_following_base+",
+                    "BasePerson_friends_abstract+",
+                    "BasePerson_friends_abstract+",
+                    "BasePerson_friends_base+",
+                    "BasePerson_friends_base+",
+                    "BasePerson_m2m_abstract+",
+                    "BasePerson_m2m_base+",
+                    "Relating_basepeople+",
+                    "Relating_basepeople_hidden+",
+                    "followers_abstract",
+                    "followers_base",
+                    "friends_abstract_rel_+",
+                    "friends_base_rel_+",
+                    "person",
+                    "relating_basepeople",
+                    "relating_baseperson",
+                ]
+            ),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [
+                field.related_query_name()
+                for field in AbstractPerson._meta._relation_tree
+            ],
+            [],
         )
-        self.assertEqual([field.related_query_name() for field in AbstractPerson._meta._relation_tree], [])
 
 
 class ParentListTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -273,16 +319,20 @@ class ParentListTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(CommonAncestor._meta.get_parent_list(), [])
         self.assertEqual(FirstParent._meta.get_parent_list(), [CommonAncestor])
         self.assertEqual(SecondParent._meta.get_parent_list(), [CommonAncestor])
-        self.assertEqual(Child._meta.get_parent_list(), [FirstParent, SecondParent, CommonAncestor])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Child._meta.get_parent_list(), [FirstParent, SecondParent, CommonAncestor]
+        )
 
 
 class PropertyNamesTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_person(self):
         # Instance only descriptors don't appear in _property_names.
         self.assertEqual(BasePerson().test_instance_only_descriptor, 1)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, 'Instance only'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, "Instance only"):
             AbstractPerson.test_instance_only_descriptor
-        self.assertEqual(AbstractPerson._meta._property_names, frozenset(['pk', 'test_property']))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            AbstractPerson._meta._property_names, frozenset(["pk", "test_property"])
+        )
 
 
 class ReturningFieldsTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -292,6 +342,6 @@ class ReturningFieldsTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 class AbstractModelTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_abstract_model_not_instantiated(self):
-        msg = 'Abstract models cannot be instantiated.'
+        msg = "Abstract models cannot be instantiated."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             AbstractPerson()
diff --git a/tests/model_options/apps.py b/tests/model_options/apps.py
index be2250fe7a..fdb9c64821 100644
--- a/tests/model_options/apps.py
+++ b/tests/model_options/apps.py
@@ -2,24 +2,24 @@ from django.apps import AppConfig
 
 
 class ModelDefaultPKConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'model_options'
+    name = "model_options"
 
 
 class ModelPKConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'model_options'
-    default_auto_field = 'django.db.models.SmallAutoField'
+    name = "model_options"
+    default_auto_field = "django.db.models.SmallAutoField"
 
 
 class ModelPKNonAutoConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'model_options'
-    default_auto_field = 'django.db.models.TextField'
+    name = "model_options"
+    default_auto_field = "django.db.models.TextField"
 
 
 class ModelPKNoneConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'model_options'
+    name = "model_options"
     default_auto_field = None
 
 
 class ModelPKNonexistentConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'model_options'
-    default_auto_field = 'django.db.models.NonexistentAutoField'
+    name = "model_options"
+    default_auto_field = "django.db.models.NonexistentAutoField"
diff --git a/tests/model_options/models/tablespaces.py b/tests/model_options/models/tablespaces.py
index 0ee0e20ef4..19bfd31890 100644
--- a/tests/model_options/models/tablespaces.py
+++ b/tests/model_options/models/tablespaces.py
@@ -15,35 +15,39 @@ class ScientistRef(models.Model):
 class ArticleRef(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique=True)
     code = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique=True)
-    authors = models.ManyToManyField(ScientistRef, related_name='articles_written_set')
-    reviewers = models.ManyToManyField(ScientistRef, related_name='articles_reviewed_set')
+    authors = models.ManyToManyField(ScientistRef, related_name="articles_written_set")
+    reviewers = models.ManyToManyField(
+        ScientistRef, related_name="articles_reviewed_set"
+    )
 
 
 class Scientist(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
     class Meta:
-        db_table = 'model_options_scientistref'
-        db_tablespace = 'tbl_tbsp'
+        db_table = "model_options_scientistref"
+        db_tablespace = "tbl_tbsp"
         managed = False
 
 
 class Article(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique=True)
-    code = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique=True, db_tablespace='idx_tbsp')
-    authors = models.ManyToManyField(Scientist, related_name='articles_written_set')
-    reviewers = models.ManyToManyField(Scientist, related_name='articles_reviewed_set', db_tablespace='idx_tbsp')
+    code = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique=True, db_tablespace="idx_tbsp")
+    authors = models.ManyToManyField(Scientist, related_name="articles_written_set")
+    reviewers = models.ManyToManyField(
+        Scientist, related_name="articles_reviewed_set", db_tablespace="idx_tbsp"
+    )
 
     class Meta:
-        db_table = 'model_options_articleref'
-        db_tablespace = 'tbl_tbsp'
+        db_table = "model_options_articleref"
+        db_tablespace = "tbl_tbsp"
         managed = False
 
 
 # Also set the tables for automatically created models
 
-Authors = Article._meta.get_field('authors').remote_field.through
-Authors._meta.db_table = 'model_options_articleref_authors'
+Authors = Article._meta.get_field("authors").remote_field.through
+Authors._meta.db_table = "model_options_articleref_authors"
 
-Reviewers = Article._meta.get_field('reviewers').remote_field.through
-Reviewers._meta.db_table = 'model_options_articleref_reviewers'
+Reviewers = Article._meta.get_field("reviewers").remote_field.through
+Reviewers._meta.db_table = "model_options_articleref_reviewers"
diff --git a/tests/model_options/test_default_pk.py b/tests/model_options/test_default_pk.py
index a3beaba7c3..896eddd828 100644
--- a/tests/model_options/test_default_pk.py
+++ b/tests/model_options/test_default_pk.py
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ class MyBigAutoField(models.BigAutoField):
     pass
 
 
-@isolate_apps('model_options')
+@isolate_apps("model_options")
 class TestDefaultPK(SimpleTestCase):
-    @override_settings(DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD='django.db.models.NonexistentAutoField')
+    @override_settings(DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD="django.db.models.NonexistentAutoField")
     def test_default_auto_field_setting_nonexistent(self):
         msg = (
             "DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD refers to the module "
@@ -18,10 +18,11 @@ class TestDefaultPK(SimpleTestCase):
             "imported."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
+
             class Model(models.Model):
                 pass
 
-    @isolate_apps('model_options.apps.ModelPKNonexistentConfig')
+    @isolate_apps("model_options.apps.ModelPKNonexistentConfig")
     def test_app_default_auto_field_nonexistent(self):
         msg = (
             "model_options.apps.ModelPKNonexistentConfig.default_auto_field "
@@ -29,20 +30,22 @@ class TestDefaultPK(SimpleTestCase):
             "that could not be imported."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
+
             class Model(models.Model):
                 pass
 
-    @override_settings(DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD='django.db.models.TextField')
+    @override_settings(DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD="django.db.models.TextField")
     def test_default_auto_field_setting_non_auto(self):
         msg = (
             "Primary key 'django.db.models.TextField' referred by "
             "DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD must subclass AutoField."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
+
             class Model(models.Model):
                 pass
 
-    @isolate_apps('model_options.apps.ModelPKNonAutoConfig')
+    @isolate_apps("model_options.apps.ModelPKNonAutoConfig")
     def test_app_default_auto_field_non_auto(self):
         msg = (
             "Primary key 'django.db.models.TextField' referred by "
@@ -50,28 +53,31 @@ class TestDefaultPK(SimpleTestCase):
             "subclass AutoField."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
+
             class Model(models.Model):
                 pass
 
     @override_settings(DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD=None)
     def test_default_auto_field_setting_none(self):
-        msg = 'DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD must not be empty.'
+        msg = "DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD must not be empty."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
+
             class Model(models.Model):
                 pass
 
-    @isolate_apps('model_options.apps.ModelPKNoneConfig')
+    @isolate_apps("model_options.apps.ModelPKNoneConfig")
     def test_app_default_auto_field_none(self):
         msg = (
-            'model_options.apps.ModelPKNoneConfig.default_auto_field must not '
-            'be empty.'
+            "model_options.apps.ModelPKNoneConfig.default_auto_field must not "
+            "be empty."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
+
             class Model(models.Model):
                 pass
 
-    @isolate_apps('model_options.apps.ModelDefaultPKConfig')
-    @override_settings(DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD='django.db.models.SmallAutoField')
+    @isolate_apps("model_options.apps.ModelDefaultPKConfig")
+    @override_settings(DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD="django.db.models.SmallAutoField")
     def test_default_auto_field_setting(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             pass
@@ -79,7 +85,7 @@ class TestDefaultPK(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(Model._meta.pk, models.SmallAutoField)
 
     @override_settings(
-        DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD='model_options.test_default_pk.MyBigAutoField'
+        DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD="model_options.test_default_pk.MyBigAutoField"
     )
     def test_default_auto_field_setting_bigautofield_subclass(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
@@ -87,28 +93,28 @@ class TestDefaultPK(SimpleTestCase):
 
         self.assertIsInstance(Model._meta.pk, MyBigAutoField)
 
-    @isolate_apps('model_options.apps.ModelPKConfig')
-    @override_settings(DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD='django.db.models.AutoField')
+    @isolate_apps("model_options.apps.ModelPKConfig")
+    @override_settings(DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD="django.db.models.AutoField")
     def test_app_default_auto_field(self):
         class Model(models.Model):
             pass
 
         self.assertIsInstance(Model._meta.pk, models.SmallAutoField)
 
-    @isolate_apps('model_options.apps.ModelDefaultPKConfig')
-    @override_settings(DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD='django.db.models.SmallAutoField')
+    @isolate_apps("model_options.apps.ModelDefaultPKConfig")
+    @override_settings(DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD="django.db.models.SmallAutoField")
     def test_m2m_default_auto_field_setting(self):
         class M2MModel(models.Model):
-            m2m = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+            m2m = models.ManyToManyField("self")
 
-        m2m_pk = M2MModel._meta.get_field('m2m').remote_field.through._meta.pk
+        m2m_pk = M2MModel._meta.get_field("m2m").remote_field.through._meta.pk
         self.assertIsInstance(m2m_pk, models.SmallAutoField)
 
-    @isolate_apps('model_options.apps.ModelPKConfig')
-    @override_settings(DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD='django.db.models.AutoField')
+    @isolate_apps("model_options.apps.ModelPKConfig")
+    @override_settings(DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD="django.db.models.AutoField")
     def test_m2m_app_default_auto_field(self):
         class M2MModel(models.Model):
-            m2m = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+            m2m = models.ManyToManyField("self")
 
-        m2m_pk = M2MModel._meta.get_field('m2m').remote_field.through._meta.pk
+        m2m_pk = M2MModel._meta.get_field("m2m").remote_field.through._meta.pk
         self.assertIsInstance(m2m_pk, models.SmallAutoField)
diff --git a/tests/model_options/test_default_related_name.py b/tests/model_options/test_default_related_name.py
index a6b7533e1d..1a59899bb0 100644
--- a/tests/model_options/test_default_related_name.py
+++ b/tests/model_options/test_default_related_name.py
@@ -5,12 +5,13 @@ from .models.default_related_name import Author, Book, Editor
 
 
 class DefaultRelatedNameTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.author = Author.objects.create(first_name='Dave', last_name='Loper')
-        cls.editor = Editor.objects.create(name='Test Editions', bestselling_author=cls.author)
-        cls.book = Book.objects.create(title='Test Book', editor=cls.editor)
+        cls.author = Author.objects.create(first_name="Dave", last_name="Loper")
+        cls.editor = Editor.objects.create(
+            name="Test Editions", bestselling_author=cls.author
+        )
+        cls.book = Book.objects.create(title="Test Book", editor=cls.editor)
         cls.book.authors.add(cls.author)
 
     def test_no_default_related_name(self):
diff --git a/tests/model_options/test_tablespaces.py b/tests/model_options/test_tablespaces.py
index 8502d8790f..0aa2e0fccf 100644
--- a/tests/model_options/test_tablespaces.py
+++ b/tests/model_options/test_tablespaces.py
@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
 from django.apps import apps
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.db import connection
-from django.test import (
-    TransactionTestCase, skipIfDBFeature, skipUnlessDBFeature,
-)
+from django.test import TransactionTestCase, skipIfDBFeature, skipUnlessDBFeature
 
 from .models.tablespaces import (
-    Article, ArticleRef, Authors, Reviewers, Scientist, ScientistRef,
+    Article,
+    ArticleRef,
+    Authors,
+    Reviewers,
+    Scientist,
+    ScientistRef,
 )
 
 
@@ -17,19 +20,21 @@ def sql_for_table(model):
 
 
 def sql_for_index(model):
-    return '\n'.join(str(sql) for sql in connection.schema_editor()._model_indexes_sql(model))
+    return "\n".join(
+        str(sql) for sql in connection.schema_editor()._model_indexes_sql(model)
+    )
 
 
 # We can't test the DEFAULT_TABLESPACE and DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE settings
 # because they're evaluated when the model class is defined. As a consequence,
 # @override_settings doesn't work, and the tests depend
 class TablespacesTests(TransactionTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['model_options']
+    available_apps = ["model_options"]
 
     def setUp(self):
         # The unmanaged models need to be removed after the test in order to
         # prevent bad interactions with the flush operation in other tests.
-        self._old_models = apps.app_configs['model_options'].models.copy()
+        self._old_models = apps.app_configs["model_options"].models.copy()
 
         for model in Article, Authors, Reviewers, Scientist:
             model._meta.managed = True
@@ -38,67 +43,69 @@ class TablespacesTests(TransactionTestCase):
         for model in Article, Authors, Reviewers, Scientist:
             model._meta.managed = False
 
-        apps.app_configs['model_options'].models = self._old_models
-        apps.all_models['model_options'] = self._old_models
+        apps.app_configs["model_options"].models = self._old_models
+        apps.all_models["model_options"] = self._old_models
         apps.clear_cache()
 
     def assertNumContains(self, haystack, needle, count):
         real_count = haystack.count(needle)
-        self.assertEqual(real_count, count, "Found %d instances of '%s', expected %d" % (real_count, needle, count))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            real_count,
+            count,
+            "Found %d instances of '%s', expected %d" % (real_count, needle, count),
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_tablespaces')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_tablespaces")
     def test_tablespace_for_model(self):
         sql = sql_for_table(Scientist).lower()
         if settings.DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE:
             # 1 for the table
-            self.assertNumContains(sql, 'tbl_tbsp', 1)
+            self.assertNumContains(sql, "tbl_tbsp", 1)
             # 1 for the index on the primary key
             self.assertNumContains(sql, settings.DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE, 1)
         else:
             # 1 for the table + 1 for the index on the primary key
-            self.assertNumContains(sql, 'tbl_tbsp', 2)
+            self.assertNumContains(sql, "tbl_tbsp", 2)
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_tablespaces')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_tablespaces")
     def test_tablespace_ignored_for_model(self):
         # No tablespace-related SQL
-        self.assertEqual(sql_for_table(Scientist),
-                         sql_for_table(ScientistRef))
+        self.assertEqual(sql_for_table(Scientist), sql_for_table(ScientistRef))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_tablespaces')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_tablespaces")
     def test_tablespace_for_indexed_field(self):
         sql = sql_for_table(Article).lower()
         if settings.DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE:
             # 1 for the table
-            self.assertNumContains(sql, 'tbl_tbsp', 1)
+            self.assertNumContains(sql, "tbl_tbsp", 1)
             # 1 for the primary key + 1 for the index on code
             self.assertNumContains(sql, settings.DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE, 2)
         else:
             # 1 for the table + 1 for the primary key + 1 for the index on code
-            self.assertNumContains(sql, 'tbl_tbsp', 3)
+            self.assertNumContains(sql, "tbl_tbsp", 3)
 
         # 1 for the index on reference
-        self.assertNumContains(sql, 'idx_tbsp', 1)
+        self.assertNumContains(sql, "idx_tbsp", 1)
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_tablespaces')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_tablespaces")
     def test_tablespace_ignored_for_indexed_field(self):
         # No tablespace-related SQL
-        self.assertEqual(sql_for_table(Article),
-                         sql_for_table(ArticleRef))
+        self.assertEqual(sql_for_table(Article), sql_for_table(ArticleRef))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_tablespaces')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_tablespaces")
     def test_tablespace_for_many_to_many_field(self):
         sql = sql_for_table(Authors).lower()
         # The join table of the ManyToManyField goes to the model's tablespace,
         # and its indexes too, unless DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE is set.
         if settings.DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE:
             # 1 for the table
-            self.assertNumContains(sql, 'tbl_tbsp', 1)
+            self.assertNumContains(sql, "tbl_tbsp", 1)
             # 1 for the primary key
             self.assertNumContains(sql, settings.DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE, 1)
         else:
             # 1 for the table + 1 for the index on the primary key
-            self.assertNumContains(sql, 'tbl_tbsp', 2)
-        self.assertNumContains(sql, 'idx_tbsp', 0)
+            self.assertNumContains(sql, "tbl_tbsp", 2)
+        self.assertNumContains(sql, "idx_tbsp", 0)
 
         sql = sql_for_index(Authors).lower()
         # The ManyToManyField declares no db_tablespace, its indexes go to
@@ -106,23 +113,23 @@ class TablespacesTests(TransactionTestCase):
         if settings.DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE:
             self.assertNumContains(sql, settings.DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE, 2)
         else:
-            self.assertNumContains(sql, 'tbl_tbsp', 2)
-        self.assertNumContains(sql, 'idx_tbsp', 0)
+            self.assertNumContains(sql, "tbl_tbsp", 2)
+        self.assertNumContains(sql, "idx_tbsp", 0)
 
         sql = sql_for_table(Reviewers).lower()
         # The join table of the ManyToManyField goes to the model's tablespace,
         # and its indexes too, unless DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE is set.
         if settings.DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE:
             # 1 for the table
-            self.assertNumContains(sql, 'tbl_tbsp', 1)
+            self.assertNumContains(sql, "tbl_tbsp", 1)
             # 1 for the primary key
             self.assertNumContains(sql, settings.DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE, 1)
         else:
             # 1 for the table + 1 for the index on the primary key
-            self.assertNumContains(sql, 'tbl_tbsp', 2)
-        self.assertNumContains(sql, 'idx_tbsp', 0)
+            self.assertNumContains(sql, "tbl_tbsp", 2)
+        self.assertNumContains(sql, "idx_tbsp", 0)
 
         sql = sql_for_index(Reviewers).lower()
         # The ManyToManyField declares db_tablespace, its indexes go there.
-        self.assertNumContains(sql, 'tbl_tbsp', 0)
-        self.assertNumContains(sql, 'idx_tbsp', 2)
+        self.assertNumContains(sql, "tbl_tbsp", 0)
+        self.assertNumContains(sql, "idx_tbsp", 2)
diff --git a/tests/model_package/models/__init__.py b/tests/model_package/models/__init__.py
index 943b8fa4aa..b4a637f6eb 100644
--- a/tests/model_package/models/__init__.py
+++ b/tests/model_package/models/__init__.py
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 from .article import Article
 from .publication import Publication
 
-__all__ = ['Article', 'Publication']
+__all__ = ["Article", "Publication"]
diff --git a/tests/model_package/tests.py b/tests/model_package/tests.py
index bdb1cfba5a..aa625465a6 100644
--- a/tests/model_package/tests.py
+++ b/tests/model_package/tests.py
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ class Advertisement(models.Model):
 
 
 class ModelPackageTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_m2m_tables_in_subpackage_models(self):
         """
         Regression for #12168: models split into subpackages still get M2M
@@ -47,30 +46,29 @@ class ModelPackageTests(TestCase):
         class that are specified as dotted strings don't retain any path
         component for the field or column name.
         """
-        self.assertEqual(
-            Article.publications.through._meta.fields[1].name, 'article'
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(Article.publications.through._meta.fields[1].name, "article")
         self.assertEqual(
             Article.publications.through._meta.fields[1].get_attname_column(),
-            ('article_id', 'article_id')
+            ("article_id", "article_id"),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            Article.publications.through._meta.fields[2].name, 'publication'
+            Article.publications.through._meta.fields[2].name, "publication"
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             Article.publications.through._meta.fields[2].get_attname_column(),
-            ('publication_id', 'publication_id')
+            ("publication_id", "publication_id"),
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            Article._meta.get_field('publications').m2m_db_table(),
-            truncate_name('model_package_article_publications', connection.ops.max_name_length()),
+            Article._meta.get_field("publications").m2m_db_table(),
+            truncate_name(
+                "model_package_article_publications", connection.ops.max_name_length()
+            ),
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            Article._meta.get_field('publications').m2m_column_name(), 'article_id'
+            Article._meta.get_field("publications").m2m_column_name(), "article_id"
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            Article._meta.get_field('publications').m2m_reverse_name(),
-            'publication_id'
+            Article._meta.get_field("publications").m2m_reverse_name(), "publication_id"
         )
diff --git a/tests/model_regress/models.py b/tests/model_regress/models.py
index b55ed96097..350850393a 100644
--- a/tests/model_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/model_regress/models.py
@@ -3,17 +3,17 @@ from django.db import models
 
 class Article(models.Model):
     CHOICES = (
-        (1, 'first'),
-        (2, 'second'),
+        (1, "first"),
+        (2, "second"),
     )
-    headline = models.CharField(max_length=100, default='Default headline')
+    headline = models.CharField(max_length=100, default="Default headline")
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
     status = models.IntegerField(blank=True, null=True, choices=CHOICES)
     misc_data = models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=True)
     article_text = models.TextField()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('pub_date', 'headline')
+        ordering = ("pub_date", "headline")
         # A utf-8 verbose name (Ångström's Articles) to test they are valid.
         verbose_name = "\xc3\x85ngstr\xc3\xb6m's Articles"
 
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ class Model1(models.Model):
 
 
 class Model2(models.Model):
-    model1 = models.ForeignKey(Model1, models.CASCADE, unique=True, to_field='pkey')
+    model1 = models.ForeignKey(Model1, models.CASCADE, unique=True, to_field="pkey")
 
 
 class Model3(models.Model):
-    model2 = models.ForeignKey(Model2, models.CASCADE, unique=True, to_field='model1')
+    model2 = models.ForeignKey(Model2, models.CASCADE, unique=True, to_field="model1")
diff --git a/tests/model_regress/test_pickle.py b/tests/model_regress/test_pickle.py
index 6a09c3734f..1beebc6330 100644
--- a/tests/model_regress/test_pickle.py
+++ b/tests/model_regress/test_pickle.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ class ModelPickleTests(SimpleTestCase):
         #21430 -- Verifies a warning is raised for models that are
         unpickled without a Django version
         """
+
         class MissingDjangoVersion(models.Model):
             title = models.CharField(max_length=10)
 
@@ -30,13 +31,14 @@ class ModelPickleTests(SimpleTestCase):
         #21430 -- Verifies a warning is raised for models that are
         unpickled with a different Django version than the current
         """
+
         class DifferentDjangoVersion(models.Model):
             title = models.CharField(max_length=10)
 
             def __reduce__(self):
                 reduce_list = super().__reduce__()
                 data = reduce_list[-1]
-                data[DJANGO_VERSION_PICKLE_KEY] = '1.0'
+                data[DJANGO_VERSION_PICKLE_KEY] = "1.0"
                 return reduce_list
 
         p = DifferentDjangoVersion(title="FooBar")
@@ -51,10 +53,11 @@ class ModelPickleTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         A model may override __getstate__() to choose the attributes to pickle.
         """
+
         class PickledModel(models.Model):
             def __getstate__(self):
                 state = super().__getstate__().copy()
-                del state['dont_pickle']
+                del state["dont_pickle"]
                 return state
 
         m = PickledModel()
@@ -62,4 +65,4 @@ class ModelPickleTests(SimpleTestCase):
         dumped = pickle.dumps(m)
         self.assertEqual(m.dont_pickle, 1)
         reloaded = pickle.loads(dumped)
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(reloaded, 'dont_pickle'))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(reloaded, "dont_pickle"))
diff --git a/tests/model_regress/test_state.py b/tests/model_regress/test_state.py
index 66e519702a..1814458ba7 100644
--- a/tests/model_regress/test_state.py
+++ b/tests/model_regress/test_state.py
@@ -3,9 +3,10 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class ModelStateTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_fields_cache_descriptor(self):
         self.assertIsInstance(ModelState.fields_cache, ModelStateCacheDescriptor)
 
     def test_related_managers_descriptor(self):
-        self.assertIsInstance(ModelState.related_managers_cache, ModelStateCacheDescriptor)
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            ModelState.related_managers_cache, ModelStateCacheDescriptor
+        )
diff --git a/tests/model_regress/tests.py b/tests/model_regress/tests.py
index 1a4e689b45..eec8fa36eb 100644
--- a/tests/model_regress/tests.py
+++ b/tests/model_regress/tests.py
@@ -10,7 +10,14 @@ from django.test.utils import isolate_apps
 from django.utils.timezone import get_fixed_timezone
 
 from .models import (
-    Article, Department, Event, Model1, Model2, Model3, NonAutoPK, Party,
+    Article,
+    Department,
+    Event,
+    Model1,
+    Model2,
+    Model3,
+    NonAutoPK,
+    Party,
     Worker,
 )
 
@@ -56,7 +63,7 @@ class ModelTests(TestCase):
 
         # Empty strings should be returned as string
         a = Article.objects.get(pk=a.pk)
-        self.assertEqual(a.misc_data, '')
+        self.assertEqual(a.misc_data, "")
 
     def test_long_textfield(self):
         # TextFields can hold more than 4000 characters (this was broken in
@@ -64,7 +71,7 @@ class ModelTests(TestCase):
         a = Article.objects.create(
             headline="Really, really big",
             pub_date=datetime.datetime.now(),
-            article_text="ABCDE" * 1000
+            article_text="ABCDE" * 1000,
         )
         a = Article.objects.get(pk=a.pk)
         self.assertEqual(len(a.article_text), 5000)
@@ -75,7 +82,7 @@ class ModelTests(TestCase):
         a = Article.objects.create(
             headline="Really, really big",
             pub_date=datetime.datetime.now(),
-            article_text='\u05d0\u05d1\u05d2' * 1000
+            article_text="\u05d0\u05d1\u05d2" * 1000,
         )
         a = Article.objects.get(pk=a.pk)
         self.assertEqual(len(a.article_text), 3000)
@@ -86,65 +93,69 @@ class ModelTests(TestCase):
         Party.objects.create(when=datetime.datetime(1998, 12, 31))
         Party.objects.create(when=datetime.datetime(1999, 1, 1))
         Party.objects.create(when=datetime.datetime(1, 3, 3))
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Party.objects.filter(when__month=2), [])
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Party.objects.filter(when__month=2), []
+            Party.objects.filter(when__month=1),
+            [datetime.date(1999, 1, 1)],
+            attrgetter("when"),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Party.objects.filter(when__month=1), [
-                datetime.date(1999, 1, 1)
-            ],
-            attrgetter("when")
-        )
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Party.objects.filter(when__month=12), [
+            Party.objects.filter(when__month=12),
+            [
                 datetime.date(1999, 12, 31),
                 datetime.date(1998, 12, 31),
             ],
             attrgetter("when"),
-            ordered=False
+            ordered=False,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Party.objects.filter(when__year=1998), [
+            Party.objects.filter(when__year=1998),
+            [
                 datetime.date(1998, 12, 31),
             ],
-            attrgetter("when")
+            attrgetter("when"),
         )
         # Regression test for #8510
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Party.objects.filter(when__day="31"), [
+            Party.objects.filter(when__day="31"),
+            [
                 datetime.date(1999, 12, 31),
                 datetime.date(1998, 12, 31),
             ],
             attrgetter("when"),
-            ordered=False
+            ordered=False,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Party.objects.filter(when__month="12"), [
+            Party.objects.filter(when__month="12"),
+            [
                 datetime.date(1999, 12, 31),
                 datetime.date(1998, 12, 31),
             ],
             attrgetter("when"),
-            ordered=False
+            ordered=False,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Party.objects.filter(when__year="1998"), [
+            Party.objects.filter(when__year="1998"),
+            [
                 datetime.date(1998, 12, 31),
             ],
-            attrgetter("when")
+            attrgetter("when"),
         )
 
         # Regression test for #18969
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Party.objects.filter(when__year=1), [
+            Party.objects.filter(when__year=1),
+            [
                 datetime.date(1, 3, 3),
             ],
-            attrgetter("when")
+            attrgetter("when"),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Party.objects.filter(when__year='1'), [
+            Party.objects.filter(when__year="1"),
+            [
                 datetime.date(1, 3, 3),
             ],
-            attrgetter("when")
+            attrgetter("when"),
         )
 
     def test_date_filter_null(self):
@@ -155,10 +166,9 @@ class ModelTests(TestCase):
         p = Party.objects.filter(when__month=1)[0]
         self.assertEqual(p.when, datetime.date(1999, 1, 1))
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Party.objects.filter(pk=p.pk).dates("when", "month"), [
-                1
-            ],
-            attrgetter("month")
+            Party.objects.filter(pk=p.pk).dates("when", "month"),
+            [1],
+            attrgetter("month"),
         )
 
     def test_get_next_prev_by_field(self):
@@ -176,7 +186,7 @@ class ModelTests(TestCase):
         )
 
     def test_get_next_prev_by_field_unsaved(self):
-        msg = 'get_next/get_previous cannot be used on unsaved objects.'
+        msg = "get_next/get_previous cannot be used on unsaved objects."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             Event().get_next_by_when()
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
@@ -202,8 +212,7 @@ class ModelTests(TestCase):
         obj.pub_date = dt2
         obj.save()
         self.assertEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline="A headline").update(pub_date=dt1),
-            1
+            Article.objects.filter(headline="A headline").update(pub_date=dt1), 1
         )
 
     def test_chained_fks(self):
@@ -219,16 +228,17 @@ class ModelTests(TestCase):
         m3 = Model3.objects.get(model2=1000)
         m3.model2
 
-    @isolate_apps('model_regress')
+    @isolate_apps("model_regress")
     def test_metaclass_can_access_attribute_dict(self):
         """
         Model metaclasses have access to the class attribute dict in
         __init__() (#30254).
         """
+
         class HorseBase(models.base.ModelBase):
             def __init__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
                 super().__init__(name, bases, attrs)
-                cls.horns = (1 if 'magic' in attrs else 0)
+                cls.horns = 1 if "magic" in attrs else 0
 
         class Horse(models.Model, metaclass=HorseBase):
             name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
@@ -254,16 +264,16 @@ class EvaluateMethodTest(TestCase):
         """
         You can filter by objects that have an 'evaluate' attr
         """
-        dept = Department.objects.create(pk=1, name='abc')
-        dept.evaluate = 'abc'
+        dept = Department.objects.create(pk=1, name="abc")
+        dept.evaluate = "abc"
         Worker.objects.filter(department=dept)
 
 
 class ModelFieldsCacheTest(TestCase):
     def test_fields_cache_reset_on_copy(self):
-        department1 = Department.objects.create(id=1, name='department1')
-        department2 = Department.objects.create(id=2, name='department2')
-        worker1 = Worker.objects.create(name='worker', department=department1)
+        department1 = Department.objects.create(id=1, name="department1")
+        department2 = Department.objects.create(id=2, name="department2")
+        worker1 = Worker.objects.create(name="worker", department=department1)
         worker2 = copy.copy(worker1)
 
         self.assertEqual(worker2.department, department1)
diff --git a/tests/model_utils/tests.py b/tests/model_utils/tests.py
index be4dd4300b..4f1db84f3b 100644
--- a/tests/model_utils/tests.py
+++ b/tests/model_utils/tests.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 class NamedTupleClassTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_immutability(self):
-        row_class = create_namedtuple_class('field1', 'field2')
-        row = row_class('value1', 'value2')
+        row_class = create_namedtuple_class("field1", "field2")
+        row = row_class("value1", "value2")
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            row.field3 = 'value3'
+            row.field3 = "value3"
diff --git a/tests/modeladmin/models.py b/tests/modeladmin/models.py
index c0d3c772c9..51ebca768c 100644
--- a/tests/modeladmin/models.py
+++ b/tests/modeladmin/models.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ class Band(models.Model):
     sign_date = models.DateField()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -17,37 +17,39 @@ class Band(models.Model):
 class Song(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     band = models.ForeignKey(Band, models.CASCADE)
-    featuring = models.ManyToManyField(Band, related_name='featured')
+    featuring = models.ManyToManyField(Band, related_name="featured")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
 class Concert(models.Model):
-    main_band = models.ForeignKey(Band, models.CASCADE, related_name='main_concerts')
-    opening_band = models.ForeignKey(Band, models.CASCADE, related_name='opening_concerts', blank=True)
-    day = models.CharField(max_length=3, choices=((1, 'Fri'), (2, 'Sat')))
-    transport = models.CharField(max_length=100, choices=(
-        (1, 'Plane'),
-        (2, 'Train'),
-        (3, 'Bus')
-    ), blank=True)
+    main_band = models.ForeignKey(Band, models.CASCADE, related_name="main_concerts")
+    opening_band = models.ForeignKey(
+        Band, models.CASCADE, related_name="opening_concerts", blank=True
+    )
+    day = models.CharField(max_length=3, choices=((1, "Fri"), (2, "Sat")))
+    transport = models.CharField(
+        max_length=100, choices=((1, "Plane"), (2, "Train"), (3, "Bus")), blank=True
+    )
 
 
 class ValidationTestModel(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     slug = models.SlugField()
     users = models.ManyToManyField(User)
-    state = models.CharField(max_length=2, choices=(("CO", "Colorado"), ("WA", "Washington")))
+    state = models.CharField(
+        max_length=2, choices=(("CO", "Colorado"), ("WA", "Washington"))
+    )
     is_active = models.BooleanField(default=False)
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
     band = models.ForeignKey(Band, models.CASCADE)
-    best_friend = models.OneToOneField(User, models.CASCADE, related_name='best_friend')
+    best_friend = models.OneToOneField(User, models.CASCADE, related_name="best_friend")
     # This field is intentionally 2 characters long (#16080).
     no = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="Number", blank=True, null=True)
 
     def decade_published_in(self):
-        return self.pub_date.strftime('%Y')[:3] + "0's"
+        return self.pub_date.strftime("%Y")[:3] + "0's"
 
 
 class ValidationTestInlineModel(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/modeladmin/test_actions.py b/tests/modeladmin/test_actions.py
index b61641c0c9..fa3108ce08 100644
--- a/tests/modeladmin/test_actions.py
+++ b/tests/modeladmin/test_actions.py
@@ -7,16 +7,23 @@ from .models import Band
 
 
 class AdminActionsTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
         content_type = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Band)
-        Permission.objects.create(name='custom', codename='custom_band', content_type=content_type)
-        for user_type in ('view', 'add', 'change', 'delete', 'custom'):
-            username = '%suser' % user_type
-            user = User.objects.create_user(username=username, password='secret', is_staff=True)
-            permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='%s_band' % user_type, content_type=content_type)
+        Permission.objects.create(
+            name="custom", codename="custom_band", content_type=content_type
+        )
+        for user_type in ("view", "add", "change", "delete", "custom"):
+            username = "%suser" % user_type
+            user = User.objects.create_user(
+                username=username, password="secret", is_staff=True
+            )
+            permission = Permission.objects.get(
+                codename="%s_band" % user_type, content_type=content_type
+            )
             user.user_permissions.add(permission)
             setattr(cls, username, user)
 
@@ -25,31 +32,31 @@ class AdminActionsTests(TestCase):
             pass
 
         class BandAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            actions = ['custom_action']
+            actions = ["custom_action"]
 
             @admin.action
             def custom_action(modeladmin, request, queryset):
                 pass
 
             def has_custom_permission(self, request):
-                return request.user.has_perm('%s.custom_band' % self.opts.app_label)
+                return request.user.has_perm("%s.custom_band" % self.opts.app_label)
 
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, admin.AdminSite())
         mock_request = MockRequest()
         mock_request.GET = {}
         cases = [
-            (None, self.viewuser, ['custom_action']),
-            ('view', self.superuser, ['delete_selected', 'custom_action']),
-            ('view', self.viewuser, ['custom_action']),
-            ('add', self.adduser, ['custom_action']),
-            ('change', self.changeuser, ['custom_action']),
-            ('delete', self.deleteuser, ['delete_selected', 'custom_action']),
-            ('custom', self.customuser, ['custom_action']),
+            (None, self.viewuser, ["custom_action"]),
+            ("view", self.superuser, ["delete_selected", "custom_action"]),
+            ("view", self.viewuser, ["custom_action"]),
+            ("add", self.adduser, ["custom_action"]),
+            ("change", self.changeuser, ["custom_action"]),
+            ("delete", self.deleteuser, ["delete_selected", "custom_action"]),
+            ("custom", self.customuser, ["custom_action"]),
         ]
         for permission, user, expected in cases:
             with self.subTest(permission=permission, user=user):
                 if permission is None:
-                    if hasattr(BandAdmin.custom_action, 'allowed_permissions'):
+                    if hasattr(BandAdmin.custom_action, "allowed_permissions"):
                         del BandAdmin.custom_action.allowed_permissions
                 else:
                     BandAdmin.custom_action.allowed_permissions = (permission,)
@@ -59,7 +66,7 @@ class AdminActionsTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_actions_inheritance(self):
         class AdminBase(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            actions = ['custom_action']
+            actions = ["custom_action"]
 
             @admin.action
             def custom_action(modeladmin, request, queryset):
@@ -73,14 +80,14 @@ class AdminActionsTests(TestCase):
 
         ma1 = AdminA(Band, admin.AdminSite())
         action_names = [name for _, name, _ in ma1._get_base_actions()]
-        self.assertEqual(action_names, ['delete_selected', 'custom_action'])
+        self.assertEqual(action_names, ["delete_selected", "custom_action"])
         # `actions = None` removes actions from superclasses.
         ma2 = AdminB(Band, admin.AdminSite())
         action_names = [name for _, name, _ in ma2._get_base_actions()]
-        self.assertEqual(action_names, ['delete_selected'])
+        self.assertEqual(action_names, ["delete_selected"])
 
     def test_global_actions_description(self):
-        @admin.action(description='Site-wide admin action 1.')
+        @admin.action(description="Site-wide admin action 1.")
         def global_action_1(modeladmin, request, queryset):
             pass
 
@@ -99,32 +106,32 @@ class AdminActionsTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             [description for _, _, description in ma._get_base_actions()],
             [
-                'Delete selected %(verbose_name_plural)s',
-                'Site-wide admin action 1.',
-                'Global action 2',
+                "Delete selected %(verbose_name_plural)s",
+                "Site-wide admin action 1.",
+                "Global action 2",
             ],
         )
 
     def test_actions_replace_global_action(self):
-        @admin.action(description='Site-wide admin action 1.')
+        @admin.action(description="Site-wide admin action 1.")
         def global_action_1(modeladmin, request, queryset):
             pass
 
-        @admin.action(description='Site-wide admin action 2.')
+        @admin.action(description="Site-wide admin action 2.")
         def global_action_2(modeladmin, request, queryset):
             pass
 
-        admin.site.add_action(global_action_1, name='custom_action_1')
-        admin.site.add_action(global_action_2, name='custom_action_2')
+        admin.site.add_action(global_action_1, name="custom_action_1")
+        admin.site.add_action(global_action_2, name="custom_action_2")
 
-        @admin.action(description='Local admin action 1.')
+        @admin.action(description="Local admin action 1.")
         def custom_action_1(modeladmin, request, queryset):
             pass
 
         class BandAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-            actions = [custom_action_1, 'custom_action_2']
+            actions = [custom_action_1, "custom_action_2"]
 
-            @admin.action(description='Local admin action 2.')
+            @admin.action(description="Local admin action 2.")
             def custom_action_2(self, request, queryset):
                 pass
 
@@ -134,10 +141,10 @@ class AdminActionsTests(TestCase):
             [
                 desc
                 for _, name, desc in ma._get_base_actions()
-                if name.startswith('custom_action')
+                if name.startswith("custom_action")
             ],
             [
-                'Local admin action 1.',
-                'Local admin action 2.',
+                "Local admin action 1.",
+                "Local admin action 2.",
             ],
         )
diff --git a/tests/modeladmin/test_checks.py b/tests/modeladmin/test_checks.py
index b08d52e6dd..c74c35f76f 100644
--- a/tests/modeladmin/test_checks.py
+++ b/tests/modeladmin/test_checks.py
@@ -9,21 +9,31 @@ from django.db.models.functions import Upper
 from django.forms.models import BaseModelFormSet
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
-from .models import (
-    Band, Song, User, ValidationTestInlineModel, ValidationTestModel,
-)
+from .models import Band, Song, User, ValidationTestInlineModel, ValidationTestModel
 
 
 class CheckTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    def assertIsInvalid(self, model_admin, model, msg, id=None, hint=None, invalid_obj=None, admin_site=None):
+    def assertIsInvalid(
+        self,
+        model_admin,
+        model,
+        msg,
+        id=None,
+        hint=None,
+        invalid_obj=None,
+        admin_site=None,
+    ):
         if admin_site is None:
             admin_site = AdminSite()
         invalid_obj = invalid_obj or model_admin
         admin_obj = model_admin(model, admin_site)
-        self.assertEqual(admin_obj.check(), [Error(msg, hint=hint, obj=invalid_obj, id=id)])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            admin_obj.check(), [Error(msg, hint=hint, obj=invalid_obj, id=id)]
+        )
 
-    def assertIsInvalidRegexp(self, model_admin, model, msg, id=None, hint=None, invalid_obj=None):
+    def assertIsInvalidRegexp(
+        self, model_admin, model, msg, id=None, hint=None, invalid_obj=None
+    ):
         """
         Same as assertIsInvalid but treats the given msg as a regexp.
         """
@@ -45,63 +55,64 @@ class CheckTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class RawIdCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_not_iterable(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             raw_id_fields = 10
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'raw_id_fields' must be a list or tuple.",
-            'admin.E001'
+            "admin.E001",
         )
 
     def test_missing_field(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            raw_id_fields = ('non_existent_field',)
+            raw_id_fields = ("non_existent_field",)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'raw_id_fields[0]' refers to 'non_existent_field', "
             "which is not a field of 'modeladmin.ValidationTestModel'.",
-            'admin.E002'
+            "admin.E002",
         )
 
     def test_invalid_field_type(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            raw_id_fields = ('name',)
+            raw_id_fields = ("name",)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'raw_id_fields[0]' must be a foreign key or a "
             "many-to-many field.",
-            'admin.E003'
+            "admin.E003",
         )
 
     def test_valid_case(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            raw_id_fields = ('users',)
+            raw_id_fields = ("users",)
 
         self.assertIsValid(TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel)
 
     def test_field_attname(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            raw_id_fields = ['band_id']
+            raw_id_fields = ["band_id"]
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
             TestModelAdmin,
             ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'raw_id_fields[0]' refers to 'band_id', which is "
             "not a field of 'modeladmin.ValidationTestModel'.",
-            'admin.E002',
+            "admin.E002",
         )
 
 
 class FieldsetsCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_valid_case(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            fieldsets = (('General', {'fields': ('name',)}),)
+            fieldsets = (("General", {"fields": ("name",)}),)
 
         self.assertIsValid(TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel)
 
@@ -110,9 +121,10 @@ class FieldsetsCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
             fieldsets = 10
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'fieldsets' must be a list or tuple.",
-            'admin.E007'
+            "admin.E007",
         )
 
     def test_non_iterable_item(self):
@@ -120,9 +132,10 @@ class FieldsetsCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
             fieldsets = ({},)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'fieldsets[0]' must be a list or tuple.",
-            'admin.E008'
+            "admin.E008",
         )
 
     def test_item_not_a_pair(self):
@@ -130,87 +143,93 @@ class FieldsetsCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
             fieldsets = ((),)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'fieldsets[0]' must be of length 2.",
-            'admin.E009'
+            "admin.E009",
         )
 
     def test_second_element_of_item_not_a_dict(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            fieldsets = (('General', ()),)
+            fieldsets = (("General", ()),)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'fieldsets[0][1]' must be a dictionary.",
-            'admin.E010'
+            "admin.E010",
         )
 
     def test_missing_fields_key(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            fieldsets = (('General', {}),)
+            fieldsets = (("General", {}),)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'fieldsets[0][1]' must contain the key 'fields'.",
-            'admin.E011'
+            "admin.E011",
         )
 
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            fieldsets = (('General', {'fields': ('name',)}),)
+            fieldsets = (("General", {"fields": ("name",)}),)
 
         self.assertIsValid(TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel)
 
     def test_specified_both_fields_and_fieldsets(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            fieldsets = (('General', {'fields': ('name',)}),)
-            fields = ['name']
+            fieldsets = (("General", {"fields": ("name",)}),)
+            fields = ["name"]
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "Both 'fieldsets' and 'fields' are specified.",
-            'admin.E005'
+            "admin.E005",
         )
 
     def test_duplicate_fields(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            fieldsets = [(None, {'fields': ['name', 'name']})]
+            fieldsets = [(None, {"fields": ["name", "name"]})]
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "There are duplicate field(s) in 'fieldsets[0][1]'.",
-            'admin.E012'
+            "admin.E012",
         )
 
     def test_duplicate_fields_in_fieldsets(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             fieldsets = [
-                (None, {'fields': ['name']}),
-                (None, {'fields': ['name']}),
+                (None, {"fields": ["name"]}),
+                (None, {"fields": ["name"]}),
             ]
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "There are duplicate field(s) in 'fieldsets[1][1]'.",
-            'admin.E012'
+            "admin.E012",
         )
 
     def test_fieldsets_with_custom_form_validation(self):
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            fieldsets = (('Band', {'fields': ('name',)}),)
+            fieldsets = (("Band", {"fields": ("name",)}),)
 
         self.assertIsValid(BandAdmin, Band)
 
 
 class FieldsCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_duplicate_fields_in_fields(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            fields = ['name', 'name']
+            fields = ["name", "name"]
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'fields' contains duplicate field(s).",
-            'admin.E006'
+            "admin.E006",
         )
 
     def test_inline(self):
@@ -222,15 +241,15 @@ class FieldsCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
             inlines = [ValidationTestInline]
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'fields' must be a list or tuple.",
-            'admin.E004',
-            invalid_obj=ValidationTestInline
+            "admin.E004",
+            invalid_obj=ValidationTestInline,
         )
 
 
 class FormCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_invalid_type(self):
         class FakeForm:
             pass
@@ -239,20 +258,20 @@ class FormCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
             form = FakeForm
 
         class TestModelAdminWithNoForm(ModelAdmin):
-            form = 'not a form'
+            form = "not a form"
 
         for model_admin in (TestModelAdmin, TestModelAdminWithNoForm):
             with self.subTest(model_admin):
                 self.assertIsInvalid(
-                    model_admin, ValidationTestModel,
+                    model_admin,
+                    ValidationTestModel,
                     "The value of 'form' must inherit from 'BaseModelForm'.",
-                    'admin.E016'
+                    "admin.E016",
                 )
 
     def test_fieldsets_with_custom_form_validation(self):
-
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            fieldsets = (('Band', {'fields': ('name',)}),)
+            fieldsets = (("Band", {"fields": ("name",)}),)
 
         self.assertIsValid(BandAdmin, Band)
 
@@ -262,157 +281,159 @@ class FormCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
 
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             form = AdminBandForm
-            fieldsets = (
-                ('Band', {
-                    'fields': ('name', 'bio', 'sign_date', 'delete')
-                }),
-            )
+            fieldsets = (("Band", {"fields": ("name", "bio", "sign_date", "delete")}),)
 
         self.assertIsValid(BandAdmin, Band)
 
 
 class FilterVerticalCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_not_iterable(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             filter_vertical = 10
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'filter_vertical' must be a list or tuple.",
-            'admin.E017'
+            "admin.E017",
         )
 
     def test_missing_field(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            filter_vertical = ('non_existent_field',)
+            filter_vertical = ("non_existent_field",)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'filter_vertical[0]' refers to 'non_existent_field', "
             "which is not a field of 'modeladmin.ValidationTestModel'.",
-            'admin.E019'
+            "admin.E019",
         )
 
     def test_invalid_field_type(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            filter_vertical = ('name',)
+            filter_vertical = ("name",)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'filter_vertical[0]' must be a many-to-many field.",
-            'admin.E020'
+            "admin.E020",
         )
 
     def test_valid_case(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            filter_vertical = ('users',)
+            filter_vertical = ("users",)
 
         self.assertIsValid(TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel)
 
 
 class FilterHorizontalCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_not_iterable(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             filter_horizontal = 10
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'filter_horizontal' must be a list or tuple.",
-            'admin.E018'
+            "admin.E018",
         )
 
     def test_missing_field(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            filter_horizontal = ('non_existent_field',)
+            filter_horizontal = ("non_existent_field",)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'filter_horizontal[0]' refers to 'non_existent_field', "
             "which is not a field of 'modeladmin.ValidationTestModel'.",
-            'admin.E019'
+            "admin.E019",
         )
 
     def test_invalid_field_type(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            filter_horizontal = ('name',)
+            filter_horizontal = ("name",)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'filter_horizontal[0]' must be a many-to-many field.",
-            'admin.E020'
+            "admin.E020",
         )
 
     def test_valid_case(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            filter_horizontal = ('users',)
+            filter_horizontal = ("users",)
 
         self.assertIsValid(TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel)
 
 
 class RadioFieldsCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_not_dictionary(self):
-
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             radio_fields = ()
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'radio_fields' must be a dictionary.",
-            'admin.E021'
+            "admin.E021",
         )
 
     def test_missing_field(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            radio_fields = {'non_existent_field': VERTICAL}
+            radio_fields = {"non_existent_field": VERTICAL}
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'radio_fields' refers to 'non_existent_field', "
             "which is not a field of 'modeladmin.ValidationTestModel'.",
-            'admin.E022'
+            "admin.E022",
         )
 
     def test_invalid_field_type(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            radio_fields = {'name': VERTICAL}
+            radio_fields = {"name": VERTICAL}
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'radio_fields' refers to 'name', which is not an instance "
             "of ForeignKey, and does not have a 'choices' definition.",
-            'admin.E023'
+            "admin.E023",
         )
 
     def test_invalid_value(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            radio_fields = {'state': None}
+            radio_fields = {"state": None}
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'radio_fields[\"state\"]' must be either admin.HORIZONTAL or admin.VERTICAL.",
-            'admin.E024'
+            "admin.E024",
         )
 
     def test_valid_case(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            radio_fields = {'state': VERTICAL}
+            radio_fields = {"state": VERTICAL}
 
         self.assertIsValid(TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel)
 
 
 class PrepopulatedFieldsCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_not_list_or_tuple(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            prepopulated_fields = {'slug': 'test'}
+            prepopulated_fields = {"slug": "test"}
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
-            'The value of \'prepopulated_fields["slug"]\' must be a list or tuple.',
-            'admin.E029'
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
+            "The value of 'prepopulated_fields[\"slug\"]' must be a list or tuple.",
+            "admin.E029",
         )
 
     def test_not_dictionary(self):
@@ -420,94 +441,101 @@ class PrepopulatedFieldsCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
             prepopulated_fields = ()
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'prepopulated_fields' must be a dictionary.",
-            'admin.E026'
+            "admin.E026",
         )
 
     def test_missing_field(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            prepopulated_fields = {'non_existent_field': ('slug',)}
+            prepopulated_fields = {"non_existent_field": ("slug",)}
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'prepopulated_fields' refers to 'non_existent_field', "
             "which is not a field of 'modeladmin.ValidationTestModel'.",
-            'admin.E027'
+            "admin.E027",
         )
 
     def test_missing_field_again(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            prepopulated_fields = {'slug': ('non_existent_field',)}
+            prepopulated_fields = {"slug": ("non_existent_field",)}
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'prepopulated_fields[\"slug\"][0]' refers to 'non_existent_field', "
             "which is not a field of 'modeladmin.ValidationTestModel'.",
-            'admin.E030'
+            "admin.E030",
         )
 
     def test_invalid_field_type(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            prepopulated_fields = {'users': ('name',)}
+            prepopulated_fields = {"users": ("name",)}
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'prepopulated_fields' refers to 'users', which must not be "
             "a DateTimeField, a ForeignKey, a OneToOneField, or a ManyToManyField.",
-            'admin.E028'
+            "admin.E028",
         )
 
     def test_valid_case(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            prepopulated_fields = {'slug': ('name',)}
+            prepopulated_fields = {"slug": ("name",)}
 
         self.assertIsValid(TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel)
 
     def test_one_to_one_field(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            prepopulated_fields = {'best_friend': ('name',)}
+            prepopulated_fields = {"best_friend": ("name",)}
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'prepopulated_fields' refers to 'best_friend', which must not be "
             "a DateTimeField, a ForeignKey, a OneToOneField, or a ManyToManyField.",
-            'admin.E028'
+            "admin.E028",
         )
 
 
 class ListDisplayTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_not_iterable(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             list_display = 10
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'list_display' must be a list or tuple.",
-            'admin.E107'
+            "admin.E107",
         )
 
     def test_missing_field(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_display = ('non_existent_field',)
+            list_display = ("non_existent_field",)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'list_display[0]' refers to 'non_existent_field', "
             "which is not a callable, an attribute of 'TestModelAdmin', "
             "or an attribute or method on 'modeladmin.ValidationTestModel'.",
-            'admin.E108'
+            "admin.E108",
         )
 
     def test_invalid_field_type(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_display = ('users',)
+            list_display = ("users",)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'list_display[0]' must not be a ManyToManyField.",
-            'admin.E109'
+            "admin.E109",
         )
 
     def test_valid_case(self):
@@ -519,13 +547,15 @@ class ListDisplayTests(CheckTestCase):
             @admin.display
             def a_method(self, obj):
                 pass
-            list_display = ('name', 'decade_published_in', 'a_method', a_callable)
+
+            list_display = ("name", "decade_published_in", "a_method", a_callable)
 
         self.assertIsValid(TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel)
 
     def test_valid_field_accessible_via_instance(self):
         class PositionField(Field):
             """Custom field accessible only via instance."""
+
             def contribute_to_class(self, cls, name):
                 super().contribute_to_class(cls, name)
                 setattr(cls, self.name, self)
@@ -538,42 +568,46 @@ class ListDisplayTests(CheckTestCase):
             field = PositionField()
 
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_display = ('field',)
+            list_display = ("field",)
 
         self.assertIsValid(TestModelAdmin, TestModel)
 
 
 class ListDisplayLinksCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_not_iterable(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             list_display_links = 10
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'list_display_links' must be a list, a tuple, or None.",
-            'admin.E110'
+            "admin.E110",
         )
 
     def test_missing_field(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_display_links = ('non_existent_field',)
+            list_display_links = ("non_existent_field",)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel, (
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
+            (
                 "The value of 'list_display_links[0]' refers to "
                 "'non_existent_field', which is not defined in 'list_display'."
-            ), 'admin.E111'
+            ),
+            "admin.E111",
         )
 
     def test_missing_in_list_display(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_display_links = ('name',)
+            list_display_links = ("name",)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'list_display_links[0]' refers to 'name', which is not defined in 'list_display'.",
-            'admin.E111'
+            "admin.E111",
         )
 
     def test_valid_case(self):
@@ -585,8 +619,9 @@ class ListDisplayLinksCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
             @admin.display
             def a_method(self, obj):
                 pass
-            list_display = ('name', 'decade_published_in', 'a_method', a_callable)
-            list_display_links = ('name', 'decade_published_in', 'a_method', a_callable)
+
+            list_display = ("name", "decade_published_in", "a_method", a_callable)
+            list_display_links = ("name", "decade_published_in", "a_method", a_callable)
 
         self.assertIsValid(TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel)
 
@@ -600,53 +635,59 @@ class ListDisplayLinksCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
         """
         list_display_links check is skipped if get_list_display() is overridden.
         """
+
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_display_links = ['name', 'subtitle']
+            list_display_links = ["name", "subtitle"]
 
             def get_list_display(self, request):
                 pass
 
         self.assertIsValid(TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel)
 
-    def test_list_display_link_checked_for_list_tuple_if_get_list_display_overridden(self):
+    def test_list_display_link_checked_for_list_tuple_if_get_list_display_overridden(
+        self,
+    ):
         """
         list_display_links is checked for list/tuple/None even if
         get_list_display() is overridden.
         """
+
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_display_links = 'non-list/tuple'
+            list_display_links = "non-list/tuple"
 
             def get_list_display(self, request):
                 pass
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'list_display_links' must be a list, a tuple, or None.",
-            'admin.E110'
+            "admin.E110",
         )
 
 
 class ListFilterTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_list_filter_validation(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             list_filter = 10
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'list_filter' must be a list or tuple.",
-            'admin.E112'
+            "admin.E112",
         )
 
     def test_not_list_filter_class(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_filter = ['RandomClass']
+            list_filter = ["RandomClass"]
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'list_filter[0]' refers to 'RandomClass', which "
             "does not refer to a Field.",
-            'admin.E116'
+            "admin.E116",
         )
 
     def test_callable(self):
@@ -657,9 +698,10 @@ class ListFilterTests(CheckTestCase):
             list_filter = [random_callable]
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'list_filter[0]' must inherit from 'ListFilter'.",
-            'admin.E113'
+            "admin.E113",
         )
 
     def test_not_callable(self):
@@ -667,20 +709,22 @@ class ListFilterTests(CheckTestCase):
             list_filter = [[42, 42]]
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'list_filter[0][1]' must inherit from 'FieldListFilter'.",
-            'admin.E115'
+            "admin.E115",
         )
 
     def test_missing_field(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_filter = ('non_existent_field',)
+            list_filter = ("non_existent_field",)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'list_filter[0]' refers to 'non_existent_field', "
             "which does not refer to a Field.",
-            'admin.E116'
+            "admin.E116",
         )
 
     def test_not_filter(self):
@@ -691,9 +735,10 @@ class ListFilterTests(CheckTestCase):
             list_filter = (RandomClass,)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'list_filter[0]' must inherit from 'ListFilter'.",
-            'admin.E113'
+            "admin.E113",
         )
 
     def test_not_filter_again(self):
@@ -701,32 +746,34 @@ class ListFilterTests(CheckTestCase):
             pass
 
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_filter = (('is_active', RandomClass),)
+            list_filter = (("is_active", RandomClass),)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'list_filter[0][1]' must inherit from 'FieldListFilter'.",
-            'admin.E115'
+            "admin.E115",
         )
 
     def test_not_filter_again_again(self):
         class AwesomeFilter(SimpleListFilter):
             def get_title(self):
-                return 'awesomeness'
+                return "awesomeness"
 
             def get_choices(self, request):
-                return (('bit', 'A bit awesome'), ('very', 'Very awesome'))
+                return (("bit", "A bit awesome"), ("very", "Very awesome"))
 
             def get_queryset(self, cl, qs):
                 return qs
 
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_filter = (('is_active', AwesomeFilter),)
+            list_filter = (("is_active", AwesomeFilter),)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'list_filter[0][1]' must inherit from 'FieldListFilter'.",
-            'admin.E115'
+            "admin.E115",
         )
 
     def test_list_filter_is_func(self):
@@ -737,9 +784,10 @@ class ListFilterTests(CheckTestCase):
             list_filter = [get_filter]
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'list_filter[0]' must inherit from 'ListFilter'.",
-            'admin.E113'
+            "admin.E113",
         )
 
     def test_not_associated_with_field_name(self):
@@ -747,38 +795,44 @@ class ListFilterTests(CheckTestCase):
             list_filter = (BooleanFieldListFilter,)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'list_filter[0]' must not inherit from 'FieldListFilter'.",
-            'admin.E114'
+            "admin.E114",
         )
 
     def test_valid_case(self):
         class AwesomeFilter(SimpleListFilter):
             def get_title(self):
-                return 'awesomeness'
+                return "awesomeness"
 
             def get_choices(self, request):
-                return (('bit', 'A bit awesome'), ('very', 'Very awesome'))
+                return (("bit", "A bit awesome"), ("very", "Very awesome"))
 
             def get_queryset(self, cl, qs):
                 return qs
 
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_filter = ('is_active', AwesomeFilter, ('is_active', BooleanFieldListFilter), 'no')
+            list_filter = (
+                "is_active",
+                AwesomeFilter,
+                ("is_active", BooleanFieldListFilter),
+                "no",
+            )
 
         self.assertIsValid(TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel)
 
 
 class ListPerPageCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_not_integer(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_per_page = 'hello'
+            list_per_page = "hello"
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'list_per_page' must be an integer.",
-            'admin.E118'
+            "admin.E118",
         )
 
     def test_valid_case(self):
@@ -789,15 +843,15 @@ class ListPerPageCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
 
 
 class ListMaxShowAllCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_not_integer(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_max_show_all = 'hello'
+            list_max_show_all = "hello"
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'list_max_show_all' must be an integer.",
-            'admin.E119'
+            "admin.E119",
         )
 
     def test_valid_case(self):
@@ -808,144 +862,149 @@ class ListMaxShowAllCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
 
 
 class SearchFieldsCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_not_iterable(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             search_fields = 10
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'search_fields' must be a list or tuple.",
-            'admin.E126'
+            "admin.E126",
         )
 
 
 class DateHierarchyCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_missing_field(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            date_hierarchy = 'non_existent_field'
+            date_hierarchy = "non_existent_field"
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'date_hierarchy' refers to 'non_existent_field', "
             "which does not refer to a Field.",
-            'admin.E127'
+            "admin.E127",
         )
 
     def test_invalid_field_type(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            date_hierarchy = 'name'
+            date_hierarchy = "name"
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'date_hierarchy' must be a DateField or DateTimeField.",
-            'admin.E128'
+            "admin.E128",
         )
 
     def test_valid_case(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            date_hierarchy = 'pub_date'
+            date_hierarchy = "pub_date"
 
         self.assertIsValid(TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel)
 
     def test_related_valid_case(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            date_hierarchy = 'band__sign_date'
+            date_hierarchy = "band__sign_date"
 
         self.assertIsValid(TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel)
 
     def test_related_invalid_field_type(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            date_hierarchy = 'band__name'
+            date_hierarchy = "band__name"
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'date_hierarchy' must be a DateField or DateTimeField.",
-            'admin.E128'
+            "admin.E128",
         )
 
 
 class OrderingCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_not_iterable(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             ordering = 10
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'ordering' must be a list or tuple.",
-            'admin.E031'
+            "admin.E031",
         )
 
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            ordering = ('non_existent_field',)
+            ordering = ("non_existent_field",)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'ordering[0]' refers to 'non_existent_field', "
             "which is not a field of 'modeladmin.ValidationTestModel'.",
-            'admin.E033'
+            "admin.E033",
         )
 
     def test_random_marker_not_alone(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            ordering = ('?', 'name')
+            ordering = ("?", "name")
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'ordering' has the random ordering marker '?', but contains "
             "other fields as well.",
-            'admin.E032',
-            hint='Either remove the "?", or remove the other fields.'
+            "admin.E032",
+            hint='Either remove the "?", or remove the other fields.',
         )
 
     def test_valid_random_marker_case(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            ordering = ('?',)
+            ordering = ("?",)
 
         self.assertIsValid(TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel)
 
     def test_valid_complex_case(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            ordering = ('band__name',)
+            ordering = ("band__name",)
 
         self.assertIsValid(TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel)
 
     def test_valid_case(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            ordering = ('name', 'pk')
+            ordering = ("name", "pk")
 
         self.assertIsValid(TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel)
 
     def test_invalid_expression(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            ordering = (F('nonexistent'), )
+            ordering = (F("nonexistent"),)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'ordering[0]' refers to 'nonexistent', which is not "
             "a field of 'modeladmin.ValidationTestModel'.",
-            'admin.E033'
+            "admin.E033",
         )
 
     def test_valid_expression(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            ordering = (Upper('name'), Upper('band__name').desc())
+            ordering = (Upper("name"), Upper("band__name").desc())
 
         self.assertIsValid(TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel)
 
 
 class ListSelectRelatedCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_invalid_type(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             list_select_related = 1
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'list_select_related' must be a boolean, tuple or list.",
-            'admin.E117'
+            "admin.E117",
         )
 
     def test_valid_case(self):
@@ -956,15 +1015,15 @@ class ListSelectRelatedCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
 
 
 class SaveAsCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_not_boolean(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             save_as = 1
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'save_as' must be a boolean.",
-            'admin.E101'
+            "admin.E101",
         )
 
     def test_valid_case(self):
@@ -975,15 +1034,15 @@ class SaveAsCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
 
 
 class SaveOnTopCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_not_boolean(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             save_on_top = 1
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'save_on_top' must be a boolean.",
-            'admin.E102'
+            "admin.E102",
         )
 
     def test_valid_case(self):
@@ -994,15 +1053,15 @@ class SaveOnTopCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
 
 
 class InlinesCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_not_iterable(self):
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             inlines = 10
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'inlines' must be a list or tuple.",
-            'admin.E103'
+            "admin.E103",
         )
 
     def test_not_correct_inline_field(self):
@@ -1010,9 +1069,10 @@ class InlinesCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
             inlines = [42]
 
         self.assertIsInvalidRegexp(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             r"'.*\.TestModelAdmin' must inherit from 'InlineModelAdmin'\.",
-            'admin.E104'
+            "admin.E104",
         )
 
     def test_not_model_admin(self):
@@ -1023,9 +1083,10 @@ class InlinesCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
             inlines = [ValidationTestInline]
 
         self.assertIsInvalidRegexp(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             r"'.*\.ValidationTestInline' must inherit from 'InlineModelAdmin'\.",
-            'admin.E104'
+            "admin.E104",
         )
 
     def test_missing_model_field(self):
@@ -1036,9 +1097,10 @@ class InlinesCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
             inlines = [ValidationTestInline]
 
         self.assertIsInvalidRegexp(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             r"'.*\.ValidationTestInline' must have a 'model' attribute\.",
-            'admin.E105'
+            "admin.E105",
         )
 
     def test_invalid_model_type(self):
@@ -1052,22 +1114,24 @@ class InlinesCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
             inlines = [ValidationTestInline]
 
         self.assertIsInvalidRegexp(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             r"The value of '.*\.ValidationTestInline.model' must be a Model\.",
-            'admin.E106'
+            "admin.E106",
         )
 
     def test_invalid_model(self):
         class ValidationTestInline(TabularInline):
-            model = 'Not a class'
+            model = "Not a class"
 
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             inlines = [ValidationTestInline]
 
         self.assertIsInvalidRegexp(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             r"The value of '.*\.ValidationTestInline.model' must be a Model\.",
-            'admin.E106'
+            "admin.E106",
         )
 
     def test_invalid_callable(self):
@@ -1078,9 +1142,10 @@ class InlinesCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
             inlines = [random_obj]
 
         self.assertIsInvalidRegexp(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             r"'.*\.random_obj' must inherit from 'InlineModelAdmin'\.",
-            'admin.E104'
+            "admin.E104",
         )
 
     def test_valid_case(self):
@@ -1094,26 +1159,26 @@ class InlinesCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
 
 
 class FkNameCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_missing_field(self):
         class ValidationTestInline(TabularInline):
             model = ValidationTestInlineModel
-            fk_name = 'non_existent_field'
+            fk_name = "non_existent_field"
 
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             inlines = [ValidationTestInline]
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "'modeladmin.ValidationTestInlineModel' has no field named 'non_existent_field'.",
-            'admin.E202',
-            invalid_obj=ValidationTestInline
+            "admin.E202",
+            invalid_obj=ValidationTestInline,
         )
 
     def test_valid_case(self):
         class ValidationTestInline(TabularInline):
             model = ValidationTestInlineModel
-            fk_name = 'parent'
+            fk_name = "parent"
 
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             inlines = [ValidationTestInline]
@@ -1137,7 +1202,7 @@ class FkNameCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
 
         class InlineFkName(admin.TabularInline):
             model = Related
-            fk_name = 'proxy_child'
+            fk_name = "proxy_child"
 
         class InlineNoFkName(admin.TabularInline):
             model = Related
@@ -1149,20 +1214,20 @@ class FkNameCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
 
 
 class ExtraCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_not_integer(self):
         class ValidationTestInline(TabularInline):
             model = ValidationTestInlineModel
-            extra = 'hello'
+            extra = "hello"
 
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             inlines = [ValidationTestInline]
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'extra' must be an integer.",
-            'admin.E203',
-            invalid_obj=ValidationTestInline
+            "admin.E203",
+            invalid_obj=ValidationTestInline,
         )
 
     def test_valid_case(self):
@@ -1177,20 +1242,20 @@ class ExtraCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
 
 
 class MaxNumCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_not_integer(self):
         class ValidationTestInline(TabularInline):
             model = ValidationTestInlineModel
-            max_num = 'hello'
+            max_num = "hello"
 
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             inlines = [ValidationTestInline]
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'max_num' must be an integer.",
-            'admin.E204',
-            invalid_obj=ValidationTestInline
+            "admin.E204",
+            invalid_obj=ValidationTestInline,
         )
 
     def test_valid_case(self):
@@ -1205,20 +1270,20 @@ class MaxNumCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
 
 
 class MinNumCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_not_integer(self):
         class ValidationTestInline(TabularInline):
             model = ValidationTestInlineModel
-            min_num = 'hello'
+            min_num = "hello"
 
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             inlines = [ValidationTestInline]
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'min_num' must be an integer.",
-            'admin.E205',
-            invalid_obj=ValidationTestInline
+            "admin.E205",
+            invalid_obj=ValidationTestInline,
         )
 
     def test_valid_case(self):
@@ -1233,7 +1298,6 @@ class MinNumCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
 
 
 class FormsetCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_invalid_type(self):
         class FakeFormSet:
             pass
@@ -1246,25 +1310,27 @@ class FormsetCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
             inlines = [ValidationTestInline]
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'formset' must inherit from 'BaseModelFormSet'.",
-            'admin.E206',
-            invalid_obj=ValidationTestInline
+            "admin.E206",
+            invalid_obj=ValidationTestInline,
         )
 
     def test_inline_without_formset_class(self):
         class ValidationTestInlineWithoutFormsetClass(TabularInline):
             model = ValidationTestInlineModel
-            formset = 'Not a FormSet Class'
+            formset = "Not a FormSet Class"
 
         class TestModelAdminWithoutFormsetClass(ModelAdmin):
             inlines = [ValidationTestInlineWithoutFormsetClass]
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            TestModelAdminWithoutFormsetClass, ValidationTestModel,
+            TestModelAdminWithoutFormsetClass,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'formset' must inherit from 'BaseModelFormSet'.",
-            'admin.E206',
-            invalid_obj=ValidationTestInlineWithoutFormsetClass
+            "admin.E206",
+            invalid_obj=ValidationTestInlineWithoutFormsetClass,
         )
 
     def test_valid_case(self):
@@ -1287,10 +1353,12 @@ class ListDisplayEditableTests(CheckTestCase):
         list_display and list_editable can contain the same values
         when list_display_links is None
         """
+
         class ProductAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_display = ['name', 'slug', 'pub_date']
+            list_display = ["name", "slug", "pub_date"]
             list_editable = list_display
             list_display_links = None
+
         self.assertIsValid(ProductAdmin, ValidationTestModel)
 
     def test_list_display_first_item_same_as_list_editable_first_item(self):
@@ -1298,10 +1366,12 @@ class ListDisplayEditableTests(CheckTestCase):
         The first item in list_display can be the same as the first in
         list_editable.
         """
+
         class ProductAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_display = ['name', 'slug', 'pub_date']
-            list_editable = ['name', 'slug']
-            list_display_links = ['pub_date']
+            list_display = ["name", "slug", "pub_date"]
+            list_editable = ["name", "slug"]
+            list_display_links = ["pub_date"]
+
         self.assertIsValid(ProductAdmin, ValidationTestModel)
 
     def test_list_display_first_item_in_list_editable(self):
@@ -1309,10 +1379,12 @@ class ListDisplayEditableTests(CheckTestCase):
         The first item in list_display can be in list_editable as long as
         list_display_links is defined.
         """
+
         class ProductAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_display = ['name', 'slug', 'pub_date']
-            list_editable = ['slug', 'name']
-            list_display_links = ['pub_date']
+            list_display = ["name", "slug", "pub_date"]
+            list_editable = ["slug", "name"]
+            list_display_links = ["pub_date"]
+
         self.assertIsValid(ProductAdmin, ValidationTestModel)
 
     def test_list_display_first_item_same_as_list_editable_no_list_display_links(self):
@@ -1320,15 +1392,18 @@ class ListDisplayEditableTests(CheckTestCase):
         The first item in list_display cannot be the same as the first item
         in list_editable if list_display_links is not defined.
         """
+
         class ProductAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_display = ['name']
-            list_editable = ['name']
+            list_display = ["name"]
+            list_editable = ["name"]
+
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            ProductAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            ProductAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'list_editable[0]' refers to the first field "
             "in 'list_display' ('name'), which cannot be used unless "
             "'list_display_links' is set.",
-            id='admin.E124',
+            id="admin.E124",
         )
 
     def test_list_display_first_item_in_list_editable_no_list_display_links(self):
@@ -1336,81 +1411,90 @@ class ListDisplayEditableTests(CheckTestCase):
         The first item in list_display cannot be in list_editable if
         list_display_links isn't defined.
         """
+
         class ProductAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_display = ['name', 'slug', 'pub_date']
-            list_editable = ['slug', 'name']
+            list_display = ["name", "slug", "pub_date"]
+            list_editable = ["slug", "name"]
+
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            ProductAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            ProductAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'list_editable[1]' refers to the first field "
             "in 'list_display' ('name'), which cannot be used unless "
             "'list_display_links' is set.",
-            id='admin.E124',
+            id="admin.E124",
         )
 
     def test_both_list_editable_and_list_display_links(self):
         class ProductAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            list_editable = ('name',)
-            list_display = ('name',)
-            list_display_links = ('name',)
+            list_editable = ("name",)
+            list_display = ("name",)
+            list_display_links = ("name",)
+
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            ProductAdmin, ValidationTestModel,
+            ProductAdmin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             "The value of 'name' cannot be in both 'list_editable' and "
             "'list_display_links'.",
-            id='admin.E123',
+            id="admin.E123",
         )
 
 
 class AutocompleteFieldsTests(CheckTestCase):
     def test_autocomplete_e036(self):
         class Admin(ModelAdmin):
-            autocomplete_fields = 'name'
+            autocomplete_fields = "name"
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            Admin, Band,
+            Admin,
+            Band,
             msg="The value of 'autocomplete_fields' must be a list or tuple.",
-            id='admin.E036',
+            id="admin.E036",
             invalid_obj=Admin,
         )
 
     def test_autocomplete_e037(self):
         class Admin(ModelAdmin):
-            autocomplete_fields = ('nonexistent',)
+            autocomplete_fields = ("nonexistent",)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            Admin, ValidationTestModel,
+            Admin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             msg=(
                 "The value of 'autocomplete_fields[0]' refers to 'nonexistent', "
                 "which is not a field of 'modeladmin.ValidationTestModel'."
             ),
-            id='admin.E037',
+            id="admin.E037",
             invalid_obj=Admin,
         )
 
     def test_autocomplete_e38(self):
         class Admin(ModelAdmin):
-            autocomplete_fields = ('name',)
+            autocomplete_fields = ("name",)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            Admin, ValidationTestModel,
+            Admin,
+            ValidationTestModel,
             msg=(
                 "The value of 'autocomplete_fields[0]' must be a foreign "
                 "key or a many-to-many field."
             ),
-            id='admin.E038',
+            id="admin.E038",
             invalid_obj=Admin,
         )
 
     def test_autocomplete_e039(self):
         class Admin(ModelAdmin):
-            autocomplete_fields = ('band',)
+            autocomplete_fields = ("band",)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            Admin, Song,
+            Admin,
+            Song,
             msg=(
                 'An admin for model "Band" has to be registered '
-                'to be referenced by Admin.autocomplete_fields.'
+                "to be referenced by Admin.autocomplete_fields."
             ),
-            id='admin.E039',
+            id="admin.E039",
             invalid_obj=Admin,
         )
 
@@ -1419,27 +1503,28 @@ class AutocompleteFieldsTests(CheckTestCase):
             pass
 
         class AutocompleteAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            autocomplete_fields = ('featuring',)
+            autocomplete_fields = ("featuring",)
 
         site = AdminSite()
         site.register(Band, NoSearchFieldsAdmin)
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            AutocompleteAdmin, Song,
+            AutocompleteAdmin,
+            Song,
             msg=(
                 'NoSearchFieldsAdmin must define "search_fields", because '
-                'it\'s referenced by AutocompleteAdmin.autocomplete_fields.'
+                "it's referenced by AutocompleteAdmin.autocomplete_fields."
             ),
-            id='admin.E040',
+            id="admin.E040",
             invalid_obj=AutocompleteAdmin,
             admin_site=site,
         )
 
     def test_autocomplete_is_valid(self):
         class SearchFieldsAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            search_fields = 'name'
+            search_fields = "name"
 
         class AutocompleteAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            autocomplete_fields = ('featuring',)
+            autocomplete_fields = ("featuring",)
 
         site = AdminSite()
         site.register(Band, SearchFieldsAdmin)
@@ -1447,10 +1532,10 @@ class AutocompleteFieldsTests(CheckTestCase):
 
     def test_autocomplete_is_onetoone(self):
         class UserAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            search_fields = ('name',)
+            search_fields = ("name",)
 
         class Admin(ModelAdmin):
-            autocomplete_fields = ('best_friend',)
+            autocomplete_fields = ("best_friend",)
 
         site = AdminSite()
         site.register(User, UserAdmin)
@@ -1458,9 +1543,8 @@ class AutocompleteFieldsTests(CheckTestCase):
 
 
 class ActionsCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
-
     def test_custom_permissions_require_matching_has_method(self):
-        @admin.action(permissions=['custom'])
+        @admin.action(permissions=["custom"])
         def custom_permission_action(modeladmin, request, queryset):
             pass
 
@@ -1468,10 +1552,11 @@ class ActionsCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
             actions = (custom_permission_action,)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            BandAdmin, Band,
-            'BandAdmin must define a has_custom_permission() method for the '
-            'custom_permission_action action.',
-            id='admin.E129',
+            BandAdmin,
+            Band,
+            "BandAdmin must define a has_custom_permission() method for the "
+            "custom_permission_action action.",
+            id="admin.E129",
         )
 
     def test_actions_not_unique(self):
@@ -1483,10 +1568,11 @@ class ActionsCheckTests(CheckTestCase):
             actions = (action, action)
 
         self.assertIsInvalid(
-            BandAdmin, Band,
+            BandAdmin,
+            Band,
             "__name__ attributes of actions defined in BandAdmin must be "
             "unique. Name 'action' is not unique.",
-            id='admin.E130',
+            id="admin.E130",
         )
 
     def test_actions_unique(self):
diff --git a/tests/modeladmin/tests.py b/tests/modeladmin/tests.py
index 6432679735..ede1a09212 100644
--- a/tests/modeladmin/tests.py
+++ b/tests/modeladmin/tests.py
@@ -3,12 +3,17 @@ from datetime import date
 from django import forms
 from django.contrib.admin.models import ADDITION, CHANGE, DELETION, LogEntry
 from django.contrib.admin.options import (
-    HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL, ModelAdmin, TabularInline,
+    HORIZONTAL,
+    VERTICAL,
+    ModelAdmin,
+    TabularInline,
     get_content_type_for_model,
 )
 from django.contrib.admin.sites import AdminSite
 from django.contrib.admin.widgets import (
-    AdminDateWidget, AdminRadioSelect, AutocompleteSelect,
+    AdminDateWidget,
+    AdminRadioSelect,
+    AutocompleteSelect,
     AutocompleteSelectMultiple,
 )
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
@@ -34,12 +39,11 @@ request.user = MockSuperUser()
 
 
 class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.band = Band.objects.create(
-            name='The Doors',
-            bio='',
+            name="The Doors",
+            bio="",
             sign_date=date(1965, 1, 1),
         )
 
@@ -48,7 +52,7 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_modeladmin_str(self):
         ma = ModelAdmin(Band, self.site)
-        self.assertEqual(str(ma), 'modeladmin.ModelAdmin')
+        self.assertEqual(str(ma), "modeladmin.ModelAdmin")
 
     def test_default_attributes(self):
         ma = ModelAdmin(Band, self.site)
@@ -59,9 +63,13 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_default_fields(self):
         ma = ModelAdmin(Band, self.site)
-        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields), ['name', 'bio', 'sign_date'])
-        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_fields(request)), ['name', 'bio', 'sign_date'])
-        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_fields(request, self.band)), ['name', 'bio', 'sign_date'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields), ["name", "bio", "sign_date"]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_fields(request)), ["name", "bio", "sign_date"])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(ma.get_fields(request, self.band)), ["name", "bio", "sign_date"]
+        )
         self.assertIsNone(ma.get_exclude(request, self.band))
 
     def test_default_fieldsets(self):
@@ -72,43 +80,50 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
         # Here's the default case. There are no custom form_add/form_change methods,
         # no fields argument, and no fieldsets argument.
         ma = ModelAdmin(Band, self.site)
-        self.assertEqual(ma.get_fieldsets(request), [(None, {'fields': ['name', 'bio', 'sign_date']})])
-        self.assertEqual(ma.get_fieldsets(request, self.band), [(None, {'fields': ['name', 'bio', 'sign_date']})])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ma.get_fieldsets(request),
+            [(None, {"fields": ["name", "bio", "sign_date"]})],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ma.get_fieldsets(request, self.band),
+            [(None, {"fields": ["name", "bio", "sign_date"]})],
+        )
 
     def test_get_fieldsets(self):
         # get_fieldsets() is called when figuring out form fields (#18681).
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             def get_fieldsets(self, request, obj=None):
-                return [(None, {'fields': ['name', 'bio']})]
+                return [(None, {"fields": ["name", "bio"]})]
 
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, self.site)
         form = ma.get_form(None)
-        self.assertEqual(form._meta.fields, ['name', 'bio'])
+        self.assertEqual(form._meta.fields, ["name", "bio"])
 
         class InlineBandAdmin(TabularInline):
             model = Concert
-            fk_name = 'main_band'
+            fk_name = "main_band"
             can_delete = False
 
             def get_fieldsets(self, request, obj=None):
-                return [(None, {'fields': ['day', 'transport']})]
+                return [(None, {"fields": ["day", "transport"]})]
 
         ma = InlineBandAdmin(Band, self.site)
         form = ma.get_formset(None).form
-        self.assertEqual(form._meta.fields, ['day', 'transport'])
+        self.assertEqual(form._meta.fields, ["day", "transport"])
 
     def test_lookup_allowed_allows_nonexistent_lookup(self):
         """
         A lookup_allowed allows a parameter whose field lookup doesn't exist.
         (#21129).
         """
+
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            fields = ['name']
+            fields = ["name"]
 
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, self.site)
-        self.assertTrue(ma.lookup_allowed('name__nonexistent', 'test_value'))
+        self.assertTrue(ma.lookup_allowed("name__nonexistent", "test_value"))
 
-    @isolate_apps('modeladmin')
+    @isolate_apps("modeladmin")
     def test_lookup_allowed_onetoone(self):
         class Department(models.Model):
             code = models.CharField(max_length=4, unique=True)
@@ -125,28 +140,34 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
 
         class EmployeeProfileAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             list_filter = [
-                'employee__employeeinfo__description',
-                'employee__department__code',
+                "employee__employeeinfo__description",
+                "employee__department__code",
             ]
 
         ma = EmployeeProfileAdmin(EmployeeProfile, self.site)
         # Reverse OneToOneField
-        self.assertIs(ma.lookup_allowed('employee__employeeinfo__description', 'test_value'), True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            ma.lookup_allowed("employee__employeeinfo__description", "test_value"), True
+        )
         # OneToOneField and ForeignKey
-        self.assertIs(ma.lookup_allowed('employee__department__code', 'test_value'), True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            ma.lookup_allowed("employee__department__code", "test_value"), True
+        )
 
     def test_field_arguments(self):
         # If fields is specified, fieldsets_add and fieldsets_change should
         # just stick the fields into a formsets structure and return it.
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            fields = ['name']
+            fields = ["name"]
 
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, self.site)
 
-        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_fields(request)), ['name'])
-        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_fields(request, self.band)), ['name'])
-        self.assertEqual(ma.get_fieldsets(request), [(None, {'fields': ['name']})])
-        self.assertEqual(ma.get_fieldsets(request, self.band), [(None, {'fields': ['name']})])
+        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_fields(request)), ["name"])
+        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_fields(request, self.band)), ["name"])
+        self.assertEqual(ma.get_fieldsets(request), [(None, {"fields": ["name"]})])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ma.get_fieldsets(request, self.band), [(None, {"fields": ["name"]})]
+        )
 
     def test_field_arguments_restricted_on_form(self):
         # If fields or fieldsets is specified, it should exclude fields on the
@@ -157,41 +178,41 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
 
         # Using `fields`.
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            fields = ['name']
+            fields = ["name"]
 
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, self.site)
-        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields), ['name'])
-        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request, self.band).base_fields), ['name'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields), ["name"])
+        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request, self.band).base_fields), ["name"])
 
         # Using `fieldsets`.
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            fieldsets = [(None, {'fields': ['name']})]
+            fieldsets = [(None, {"fields": ["name"]})]
 
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, self.site)
-        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields), ['name'])
-        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request, self.band).base_fields), ['name'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields), ["name"])
+        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request, self.band).base_fields), ["name"])
 
         # Using `exclude`.
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            exclude = ['bio']
+            exclude = ["bio"]
 
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, self.site)
-        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields), ['name', 'sign_date'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields), ["name", "sign_date"])
 
         # You can also pass a tuple to `exclude`.
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            exclude = ('bio',)
+            exclude = ("bio",)
 
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, self.site)
-        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields), ['name', 'sign_date'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields), ["name", "sign_date"])
 
         # Using `fields` and `exclude`.
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            fields = ['name', 'bio']
-            exclude = ['bio']
+            fields = ["name", "bio"]
+            exclude = ["bio"]
 
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, self.site)
-        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields), ['name'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields), ["name"])
 
     def test_custom_form_meta_exclude_with_readonly(self):
         """
@@ -203,25 +224,25 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
         class AdminBandForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Band
-                exclude = ['bio']
+                exclude = ["bio"]
 
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            readonly_fields = ['name']
+            readonly_fields = ["name"]
             form = AdminBandForm
 
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, self.site)
-        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields), ['sign_date'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields), ["sign_date"])
 
         # With InlineModelAdmin
         class AdminConcertForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Concert
-                exclude = ['day']
+                exclude = ["day"]
 
         class ConcertInline(TabularInline):
-            readonly_fields = ['transport']
+            readonly_fields = ["transport"]
             form = AdminConcertForm
-            fk_name = 'main_band'
+            fk_name = "main_band"
             model = Concert
 
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
@@ -230,7 +251,8 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, self.site)
         self.assertEqual(
             list(list(ma.get_formsets_with_inlines(request))[0][0]().forms[0].fields),
-            ['main_band', 'opening_band', 'id', 'DELETE'])
+            ["main_band", "opening_band", "id", "DELETE"],
+        )
 
     def test_custom_formfield_override_readonly(self):
         class AdminBandForm(forms.ModelForm):
@@ -242,25 +264,19 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
 
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             form = AdminBandForm
-            readonly_fields = ['name']
+            readonly_fields = ["name"]
 
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, self.site)
 
         # `name` shouldn't appear in base_fields because it's part of
         # readonly_fields.
-        self.assertEqual(
-            list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields),
-            ['bio', 'sign_date']
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields), ["bio", "sign_date"])
         # But it should appear in get_fields()/fieldsets() so it can be
         # displayed as read-only.
-        self.assertEqual(
-            list(ma.get_fields(request)),
-            ['bio', 'sign_date', 'name']
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_fields(request)), ["bio", "sign_date", "name"])
         self.assertEqual(
             list(ma.get_fieldsets(request)),
-            [(None, {'fields': ['bio', 'sign_date', 'name']})]
+            [(None, {"fields": ["bio", "sign_date", "name"]})],
         )
 
     def test_custom_form_meta_exclude(self):
@@ -272,25 +288,25 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
         class AdminBandForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Band
-                exclude = ['bio']
+                exclude = ["bio"]
 
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            exclude = ['name']
+            exclude = ["name"]
             form = AdminBandForm
 
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, self.site)
-        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields), ['bio', 'sign_date'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields), ["bio", "sign_date"])
 
         # With InlineModelAdmin
         class AdminConcertForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Concert
-                exclude = ['day']
+                exclude = ["day"]
 
         class ConcertInline(TabularInline):
-            exclude = ['transport']
+            exclude = ["transport"]
             form = AdminConcertForm
-            fk_name = 'main_band'
+            fk_name = "main_band"
             model = Concert
 
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
@@ -299,41 +315,41 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, self.site)
         self.assertEqual(
             list(list(ma.get_formsets_with_inlines(request))[0][0]().forms[0].fields),
-            ['main_band', 'opening_band', 'day', 'id', 'DELETE']
+            ["main_band", "opening_band", "day", "id", "DELETE"],
         )
 
     def test_overriding_get_exclude(self):
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             def get_exclude(self, request, obj=None):
-                return ['name']
+                return ["name"]
 
         self.assertEqual(
             list(BandAdmin(Band, self.site).get_form(request).base_fields),
-            ['bio', 'sign_date']
+            ["bio", "sign_date"],
         )
 
     def test_get_exclude_overrides_exclude(self):
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            exclude = ['bio']
+            exclude = ["bio"]
 
             def get_exclude(self, request, obj=None):
-                return ['name']
+                return ["name"]
 
         self.assertEqual(
             list(BandAdmin(Band, self.site).get_form(request).base_fields),
-            ['bio', 'sign_date']
+            ["bio", "sign_date"],
         )
 
     def test_get_exclude_takes_obj(self):
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             def get_exclude(self, request, obj=None):
                 if obj:
-                    return ['sign_date']
-                return ['name']
+                    return ["sign_date"]
+                return ["name"]
 
         self.assertEqual(
             list(BandAdmin(Band, self.site).get_form(request, self.band).base_fields),
-            ['name', 'bio']
+            ["name", "bio"],
         )
 
     def test_custom_form_validation(self):
@@ -346,48 +362,55 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
             form = AdminBandForm
 
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, self.site)
-        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields), ['name', 'bio', 'sign_date', 'delete'])
-        self.assertEqual(type(ma.get_form(request).base_fields['sign_date'].widget), AdminDateWidget)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields),
+            ["name", "bio", "sign_date", "delete"],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            type(ma.get_form(request).base_fields["sign_date"].widget), AdminDateWidget
+        )
 
     def test_form_exclude_kwarg_override(self):
         """
         The `exclude` kwarg passed to `ModelAdmin.get_form()` overrides all
         other declarations (#8999).
         """
+
         class AdminBandForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Band
-                exclude = ['name']
+                exclude = ["name"]
 
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            exclude = ['sign_date']
+            exclude = ["sign_date"]
             form = AdminBandForm
 
             def get_form(self, request, obj=None, **kwargs):
-                kwargs['exclude'] = ['bio']
+                kwargs["exclude"] = ["bio"]
                 return super().get_form(request, obj, **kwargs)
 
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, self.site)
-        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields), ['name', 'sign_date'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields), ["name", "sign_date"])
 
     def test_formset_exclude_kwarg_override(self):
         """
         The `exclude` kwarg passed to `InlineModelAdmin.get_formset()`
         overrides all other declarations (#8999).
         """
+
         class AdminConcertForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Concert
-                exclude = ['day']
+                exclude = ["day"]
 
         class ConcertInline(TabularInline):
-            exclude = ['transport']
+            exclude = ["transport"]
             form = AdminConcertForm
-            fk_name = 'main_band'
+            fk_name = "main_band"
             model = Concert
 
             def get_formset(self, request, obj=None, **kwargs):
-                kwargs['exclude'] = ['opening_band']
+                kwargs["exclude"] = ["opening_band"]
                 return super().get_formset(request, obj, **kwargs)
 
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
@@ -396,22 +419,22 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, self.site)
         self.assertEqual(
             list(list(ma.get_formsets_with_inlines(request))[0][0]().forms[0].fields),
-            ['main_band', 'day', 'transport', 'id', 'DELETE']
+            ["main_band", "day", "transport", "id", "DELETE"],
         )
 
     def test_formset_overriding_get_exclude_with_form_fields(self):
         class AdminConcertForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Concert
-                fields = ['main_band', 'opening_band', 'day', 'transport']
+                fields = ["main_band", "opening_band", "day", "transport"]
 
         class ConcertInline(TabularInline):
             form = AdminConcertForm
-            fk_name = 'main_band'
+            fk_name = "main_band"
             model = Concert
 
             def get_exclude(self, request, obj=None):
-                return ['opening_band']
+                return ["opening_band"]
 
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             inlines = [ConcertInline]
@@ -419,22 +442,22 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, self.site)
         self.assertEqual(
             list(list(ma.get_formsets_with_inlines(request))[0][0]().forms[0].fields),
-            ['main_band', 'day', 'transport', 'id', 'DELETE']
+            ["main_band", "day", "transport", "id", "DELETE"],
         )
 
     def test_formset_overriding_get_exclude_with_form_exclude(self):
         class AdminConcertForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Concert
-                exclude = ['day']
+                exclude = ["day"]
 
         class ConcertInline(TabularInline):
             form = AdminConcertForm
-            fk_name = 'main_band'
+            fk_name = "main_band"
             model = Concert
 
             def get_exclude(self, request, obj=None):
-                return ['opening_band']
+                return ["opening_band"]
 
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             inlines = [ConcertInline]
@@ -442,7 +465,7 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, self.site)
         self.assertEqual(
             list(list(ma.get_formsets_with_inlines(request))[0][0]().forms[0].fields),
-            ['main_band', 'day', 'transport', 'id', 'DELETE']
+            ["main_band", "day", "transport", "id", "DELETE"],
         )
 
     def test_raw_id_fields_widget_override(self):
@@ -450,27 +473,35 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
         The autocomplete_fields, raw_id_fields, and radio_fields widgets may
         overridden by specifying a widget in get_formset().
         """
+
         class ConcertInline(TabularInline):
             model = Concert
-            fk_name = 'main_band'
-            raw_id_fields = ('opening_band',)
+            fk_name = "main_band"
+            raw_id_fields = ("opening_band",)
 
             def get_formset(self, request, obj=None, **kwargs):
-                kwargs['widgets'] = {'opening_band': Select}
+                kwargs["widgets"] = {"opening_band": Select}
                 return super().get_formset(request, obj, **kwargs)
 
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             inlines = [ConcertInline]
 
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, self.site)
-        band_widget = list(ma.get_formsets_with_inlines(request))[0][0]().forms[0].fields['opening_band'].widget
+        band_widget = (
+            list(ma.get_formsets_with_inlines(request))[0][0]()
+            .forms[0]
+            .fields["opening_band"]
+            .widget
+        )
         # Without the override this would be ForeignKeyRawIdWidget.
         self.assertIsInstance(band_widget, Select)
 
     def test_queryset_override(self):
         # If the queryset of a ModelChoiceField in a custom form is overridden,
         # RelatedFieldWidgetWrapper doesn't mess that up.
-        band2 = Band.objects.create(name='The Beatles', bio='', sign_date=date(1962, 1, 1))
+        band2 = Band.objects.create(
+            name="The Beatles", bio="", sign_date=date(1962, 1, 1)
+        )
 
         ma = ModelAdmin(Concert, self.site)
         form = ma.get_form(request)()
@@ -482,13 +513,15 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
             '<option value="" selected>---------</option>'
             '<option value="%d">The Beatles</option>'
             '<option value="%d">The Doors</option>'
-            '</select></div>' % (band2.id, self.band.id)
+            "</select></div>" % (band2.id, self.band.id),
         )
 
         class AdminConcertForm(forms.ModelForm):
             def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
                 super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-                self.fields["main_band"].queryset = Band.objects.filter(name='The Doors')
+                self.fields["main_band"].queryset = Band.objects.filter(
+                    name="The Doors"
+                )
 
         class ConcertAdminWithForm(ModelAdmin):
             form = AdminConcertForm
@@ -502,7 +535,7 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
             '<select name="main_band" id="id_main_band" required>'
             '<option value="" selected>---------</option>'
             '<option value="%d">The Doors</option>'
-            '</select></div>' % self.band.id
+            "</select></div>" % self.band.id,
         )
 
     def test_regression_for_ticket_15820(self):
@@ -510,18 +543,19 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
         `obj` is passed from `InlineModelAdmin.get_fieldsets()` to
         `InlineModelAdmin.get_formset()`.
         """
+
         class CustomConcertForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Concert
-                fields = ['day']
+                fields = ["day"]
 
         class ConcertInline(TabularInline):
             model = Concert
-            fk_name = 'main_band'
+            fk_name = "main_band"
 
             def get_formset(self, request, obj=None, **kwargs):
                 if obj:
-                    kwargs['form'] = CustomConcertForm
+                    kwargs["form"] = CustomConcertForm
                 return super().get_formset(request, obj, **kwargs)
 
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
@@ -531,9 +565,13 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, self.site)
         inline_instances = ma.get_inline_instances(request)
         fieldsets = list(inline_instances[0].get_fieldsets(request))
-        self.assertEqual(fieldsets[0][1]['fields'], ['main_band', 'opening_band', 'day', 'transport'])
-        fieldsets = list(inline_instances[0].get_fieldsets(request, inline_instances[0].model))
-        self.assertEqual(fieldsets[0][1]['fields'], ['day'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            fieldsets[0][1]["fields"], ["main_band", "opening_band", "day", "transport"]
+        )
+        fieldsets = list(
+            inline_instances[0].get_fieldsets(request, inline_instances[0].model)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(fieldsets[0][1]["fields"], ["day"])
 
     # radio_fields behavior ###########################################
 
@@ -546,25 +584,27 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
         cma = ModelAdmin(Concert, self.site)
         cmafa = cma.get_form(request)
 
-        self.assertEqual(type(cmafa.base_fields['main_band'].widget.widget), Select)
+        self.assertEqual(type(cmafa.base_fields["main_band"].widget.widget), Select)
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(cmafa.base_fields['main_band'].widget.choices),
-            [('', '---------'), (self.band.id, 'The Doors')])
+            list(cmafa.base_fields["main_band"].widget.choices),
+            [("", "---------"), (self.band.id, "The Doors")],
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual(type(cmafa.base_fields['opening_band'].widget.widget), Select)
+        self.assertEqual(type(cmafa.base_fields["opening_band"].widget.widget), Select)
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(cmafa.base_fields['opening_band'].widget.choices),
-            [('', '---------'), (self.band.id, 'The Doors')]
+            list(cmafa.base_fields["opening_band"].widget.choices),
+            [("", "---------"), (self.band.id, "The Doors")],
         )
-        self.assertEqual(type(cmafa.base_fields['day'].widget), Select)
+        self.assertEqual(type(cmafa.base_fields["day"].widget), Select)
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(cmafa.base_fields['day'].widget.choices),
-            [('', '---------'), (1, 'Fri'), (2, 'Sat')]
+            list(cmafa.base_fields["day"].widget.choices),
+            [("", "---------"), (1, "Fri"), (2, "Sat")],
         )
-        self.assertEqual(type(cmafa.base_fields['transport'].widget), Select)
+        self.assertEqual(type(cmafa.base_fields["transport"].widget), Select)
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(cmafa.base_fields['transport'].widget.choices),
-            [('', '---------'), (1, 'Plane'), (2, 'Train'), (3, 'Bus')])
+            list(cmafa.base_fields["transport"].widget.choices),
+            [("", "---------"), (1, "Plane"), (2, "Train"), (3, "Bus")],
+        )
 
     def test_foreign_key_as_radio_field(self):
         # Now specify all the fields as radio_fields.  Widgets should now be
@@ -573,67 +613,81 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
         # 'radiolist' attr, and 'inline' as well if the field is specified HORIZONTAL.
         class ConcertAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             radio_fields = {
-                'main_band': HORIZONTAL,
-                'opening_band': VERTICAL,
-                'day': VERTICAL,
-                'transport': HORIZONTAL,
+                "main_band": HORIZONTAL,
+                "opening_band": VERTICAL,
+                "day": VERTICAL,
+                "transport": HORIZONTAL,
             }
 
         cma = ConcertAdmin(Concert, self.site)
         cmafa = cma.get_form(request)
 
-        self.assertEqual(type(cmafa.base_fields['main_band'].widget.widget), AdminRadioSelect)
-        self.assertEqual(cmafa.base_fields['main_band'].widget.attrs, {'class': 'radiolist inline'})
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(cmafa.base_fields['main_band'].widget.choices),
-            [(self.band.id, 'The Doors')]
+            type(cmafa.base_fields["main_band"].widget.widget), AdminRadioSelect
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cmafa.base_fields["main_band"].widget.attrs, {"class": "radiolist inline"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(cmafa.base_fields["main_band"].widget.choices),
+            [(self.band.id, "The Doors")],
         )
 
-        self.assertEqual(type(cmafa.base_fields['opening_band'].widget.widget), AdminRadioSelect)
-        self.assertEqual(cmafa.base_fields['opening_band'].widget.attrs, {'class': 'radiolist'})
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(cmafa.base_fields['opening_band'].widget.choices),
-            [('', 'None'), (self.band.id, 'The Doors')]
+            type(cmafa.base_fields["opening_band"].widget.widget), AdminRadioSelect
         )
-        self.assertEqual(type(cmafa.base_fields['day'].widget), AdminRadioSelect)
-        self.assertEqual(cmafa.base_fields['day'].widget.attrs, {'class': 'radiolist'})
-        self.assertEqual(list(cmafa.base_fields['day'].widget.choices), [(1, 'Fri'), (2, 'Sat')])
-
-        self.assertEqual(type(cmafa.base_fields['transport'].widget), AdminRadioSelect)
-        self.assertEqual(cmafa.base_fields['transport'].widget.attrs, {'class': 'radiolist inline'})
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(cmafa.base_fields['transport'].widget.choices),
-            [('', 'None'), (1, 'Plane'), (2, 'Train'), (3, 'Bus')]
+            cmafa.base_fields["opening_band"].widget.attrs, {"class": "radiolist"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(cmafa.base_fields["opening_band"].widget.choices),
+            [("", "None"), (self.band.id, "The Doors")],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(type(cmafa.base_fields["day"].widget), AdminRadioSelect)
+        self.assertEqual(cmafa.base_fields["day"].widget.attrs, {"class": "radiolist"})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(cmafa.base_fields["day"].widget.choices), [(1, "Fri"), (2, "Sat")]
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(type(cmafa.base_fields["transport"].widget), AdminRadioSelect)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cmafa.base_fields["transport"].widget.attrs, {"class": "radiolist inline"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(cmafa.base_fields["transport"].widget.choices),
+            [("", "None"), (1, "Plane"), (2, "Train"), (3, "Bus")],
         )
 
         class AdminConcertForm(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Concert
-                exclude = ('transport',)
+                exclude = ("transport",)
 
         class ConcertAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             form = AdminConcertForm
 
         ma = ConcertAdmin(Concert, self.site)
-        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields), ['main_band', 'opening_band', 'day'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields), ["main_band", "opening_band", "day"]
+        )
 
         class AdminConcertForm(forms.ModelForm):
             extra = forms.CharField()
 
             class Meta:
                 model = Concert
-                fields = ['extra', 'transport']
+                fields = ["extra", "transport"]
 
         class ConcertAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             form = AdminConcertForm
 
         ma = ConcertAdmin(Concert, self.site)
-        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields), ['extra', 'transport'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(ma.get_form(request).base_fields), ["extra", "transport"])
 
         class ConcertInline(TabularInline):
             form = AdminConcertForm
             model = Concert
-            fk_name = 'main_band'
+            fk_name = "main_band"
             can_delete = True
 
         class BandAdmin(ModelAdmin):
@@ -642,30 +696,30 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
         ma = BandAdmin(Band, self.site)
         self.assertEqual(
             list(list(ma.get_formsets_with_inlines(request))[0][0]().forms[0].fields),
-            ['extra', 'transport', 'id', 'DELETE', 'main_band']
+            ["extra", "transport", "id", "DELETE", "main_band"],
         )
 
     def test_log_actions(self):
         ma = ModelAdmin(Band, self.site)
         mock_request = MockRequest()
-        mock_request.user = User.objects.create(username='bill')
+        mock_request.user = User.objects.create(username="bill")
         content_type = get_content_type_for_model(self.band)
         tests = (
-            (ma.log_addition, ADDITION, {'added': {}}),
-            (ma.log_change, CHANGE, {'changed': {'fields': ['name', 'bio']}}),
+            (ma.log_addition, ADDITION, {"added": {}}),
+            (ma.log_change, CHANGE, {"changed": {"fields": ["name", "bio"]}}),
             (ma.log_deletion, DELETION, str(self.band)),
         )
         for method, flag, message in tests:
             with self.subTest(name=method.__name__):
                 created = method(mock_request, self.band, message)
-                fetched = LogEntry.objects.filter(action_flag=flag).latest('id')
+                fetched = LogEntry.objects.filter(action_flag=flag).latest("id")
                 self.assertEqual(created, fetched)
                 self.assertEqual(fetched.action_flag, flag)
                 self.assertEqual(fetched.content_type, content_type)
                 self.assertEqual(fetched.object_id, str(self.band.pk))
                 self.assertEqual(fetched.user, mock_request.user)
                 if flag == DELETION:
-                    self.assertEqual(fetched.change_message, '')
+                    self.assertEqual(fetched.change_message, "")
                     self.assertEqual(fetched.object_repr, message)
                 else:
                     self.assertEqual(fetched.change_message, str(message))
@@ -673,37 +727,46 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_get_autocomplete_fields(self):
         class NameAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            search_fields = ['name']
+            search_fields = ["name"]
 
         class SongAdmin(ModelAdmin):
-            autocomplete_fields = ['featuring']
-            fields = ['featuring', 'band']
+            autocomplete_fields = ["featuring"]
+            fields = ["featuring", "band"]
 
         class OtherSongAdmin(SongAdmin):
             def get_autocomplete_fields(self, request):
-                return ['band']
+                return ["band"]
 
         self.site.register(Band, NameAdmin)
         try:
             # Uses autocomplete_fields if not overridden.
             model_admin = SongAdmin(Song, self.site)
             form = model_admin.get_form(request)()
-            self.assertIsInstance(form.fields['featuring'].widget.widget, AutocompleteSelectMultiple)
+            self.assertIsInstance(
+                form.fields["featuring"].widget.widget, AutocompleteSelectMultiple
+            )
             # Uses overridden get_autocomplete_fields
             model_admin = OtherSongAdmin(Song, self.site)
             form = model_admin.get_form(request)()
-            self.assertIsInstance(form.fields['band'].widget.widget, AutocompleteSelect)
+            self.assertIsInstance(form.fields["band"].widget.widget, AutocompleteSelect)
         finally:
             self.site.unregister(Band)
 
     def test_get_deleted_objects(self):
         mock_request = MockRequest()
-        mock_request.user = User.objects.create_superuser(username='bob', email='bob@test.com', password='test')
+        mock_request.user = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="bob", email="bob@test.com", password="test"
+        )
         self.site.register(Band, ModelAdmin)
         ma = self.site._registry[Band]
-        deletable_objects, model_count, perms_needed, protected = ma.get_deleted_objects([self.band], request)
-        self.assertEqual(deletable_objects, ['Band: The Doors'])
-        self.assertEqual(model_count, {'bands': 1})
+        (
+            deletable_objects,
+            model_count,
+            perms_needed,
+            protected,
+        ) = ma.get_deleted_objects([self.band], request)
+        self.assertEqual(deletable_objects, ["Band: The Doors"])
+        self.assertEqual(model_count, {"bands": 1})
         self.assertEqual(perms_needed, set())
         self.assertEqual(protected, [])
 
@@ -713,7 +776,9 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
         for permissions checking.
         """
         mock_request = MockRequest()
-        mock_request.user = User.objects.create_superuser(username='bob', email='bob@test.com', password='test')
+        mock_request.user = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="bob", email="bob@test.com", password="test"
+        )
 
         class TestModelAdmin(ModelAdmin):
             def has_delete_permission(self, request, obj=None):
@@ -721,10 +786,15 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
 
         self.site.register(Band, TestModelAdmin)
         ma = self.site._registry[Band]
-        deletable_objects, model_count, perms_needed, protected = ma.get_deleted_objects([self.band], request)
-        self.assertEqual(deletable_objects, ['Band: The Doors'])
-        self.assertEqual(model_count, {'bands': 1})
-        self.assertEqual(perms_needed, {'band'})
+        (
+            deletable_objects,
+            model_count,
+            perms_needed,
+            protected,
+        ) = ma.get_deleted_objects([self.band], request)
+        self.assertEqual(deletable_objects, ["Band: The Doors"])
+        self.assertEqual(model_count, {"bands": 1})
+        self.assertEqual(perms_needed, {"band"})
         self.assertEqual(protected, [])
 
     def test_modeladmin_repr(self):
@@ -736,26 +806,25 @@ class ModelAdminTests(TestCase):
 
 
 class ModelAdminPermissionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     class MockUser:
         def has_module_perms(self, app_label):
-            return app_label == 'modeladmin'
+            return app_label == "modeladmin"
 
     class MockViewUser(MockUser):
         def has_perm(self, perm, obj=None):
-            return perm == 'modeladmin.view_band'
+            return perm == "modeladmin.view_band"
 
     class MockAddUser(MockUser):
         def has_perm(self, perm, obj=None):
-            return perm == 'modeladmin.add_band'
+            return perm == "modeladmin.add_band"
 
     class MockChangeUser(MockUser):
         def has_perm(self, perm, obj=None):
-            return perm == 'modeladmin.change_band'
+            return perm == "modeladmin.change_band"
 
     class MockDeleteUser(MockUser):
         def has_perm(self, perm, obj=None):
-            return perm == 'modeladmin.delete_band'
+            return perm == "modeladmin.delete_band"
 
     def test_has_view_permission(self):
         """
@@ -803,7 +872,7 @@ class ModelAdminPermissionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         request = MockRequest()
         request.user = self.MockAddUser()
         self.assertEqual(ma.get_inline_instances(request), [])
-        band = Band(name='The Doors', bio='', sign_date=date(1965, 1, 1))
+        band = Band(name="The Doors", bio="", sign_date=date(1965, 1, 1))
         inline_instances = ma.get_inline_instances(request, band)
         self.assertEqual(len(inline_instances), 1)
         self.assertIsInstance(inline_instances[0], ConcertInline)
@@ -857,7 +926,7 @@ class ModelAdminPermissionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertTrue(ma.has_module_permission(request))
 
         original_app_label = ma.opts.app_label
-        ma.opts.app_label = 'anotherapp'
+        ma.opts.app_label = "anotherapp"
         try:
             request.user = self.MockViewUser()
             self.assertIs(ma.has_module_permission(request), False)
diff --git a/tests/multiple_database/models.py b/tests/multiple_database/models.py
index e4e764d6a5..7de784e149 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_database/models.py
+++ b/tests/multiple_database/models.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.db import models
 
@@ -13,7 +11,7 @@ class Review(models.Model):
     content_object = GenericForeignKey()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('source',)
+        ordering = ("source",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.source
@@ -30,7 +28,7 @@ class Person(models.Model):
     objects = PersonManager()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -52,14 +50,16 @@ class Book(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     published = models.DateField()
     authors = models.ManyToManyField(Person)
-    editor = models.ForeignKey(Person, models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name='edited')
+    editor = models.ForeignKey(
+        Person, models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name="edited"
+    )
     reviews = GenericRelation(Review)
     pages = models.IntegerField(default=100)
 
     objects = BookManager()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('title',)
+        ordering = ("title",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.title
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class Pet(models.Model):
     owner = models.ForeignKey(Person, models.CASCADE)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
 
 class UserProfile(models.Model):
@@ -78,4 +78,4 @@ class UserProfile(models.Model):
     flavor = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('flavor',)
+        ordering = ("flavor",)
diff --git a/tests/multiple_database/routers.py b/tests/multiple_database/routers.py
index 7891e22969..0cc7f1729c 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_database/routers.py
+++ b/tests/multiple_database/routers.py
@@ -9,14 +9,17 @@ class TestRouter:
 
     def db_for_read(self, model, instance=None, **hints):
         if instance:
-            return instance._state.db or 'other'
-        return 'other'
+            return instance._state.db or "other"
+        return "other"
 
     def db_for_write(self, model, **hints):
         return DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS
 
     def allow_relation(self, obj1, obj2, **hints):
-        return obj1._state.db in ('default', 'other') and obj2._state.db in ('default', 'other')
+        return obj1._state.db in ("default", "other") and obj2._state.db in (
+            "default",
+            "other",
+        )
 
     def allow_migrate(self, db, app_label, **hints):
         return True
@@ -29,30 +32,30 @@ class AuthRouter:
 
     def db_for_read(self, model, **hints):
         "Point all read operations on auth models to 'default'"
-        if model._meta.app_label == 'auth':
+        if model._meta.app_label == "auth":
             # We use default here to ensure we can tell the difference
             # between a read request and a write request for Auth objects
-            return 'default'
+            return "default"
         return None
 
     def db_for_write(self, model, **hints):
         "Point all operations on auth models to 'other'"
-        if model._meta.app_label == 'auth':
-            return 'other'
+        if model._meta.app_label == "auth":
+            return "other"
         return None
 
     def allow_relation(self, obj1, obj2, **hints):
         "Allow any relation if a model in Auth is involved"
-        return obj1._meta.app_label == 'auth' or obj2._meta.app_label == 'auth' or None
+        return obj1._meta.app_label == "auth" or obj2._meta.app_label == "auth" or None
 
     def allow_migrate(self, db, app_label, **hints):
         "Make sure the auth app only appears on the 'other' db"
-        if app_label == 'auth':
-            return db == 'other'
+        if app_label == "auth":
+            return db == "other"
         return None
 
 
 class WriteRouter:
     # A router that only expresses an opinion on writes
     def db_for_write(self, model, **hints):
-        return 'writer'
+        return "writer"
diff --git a/tests/multiple_database/tests.py b/tests/multiple_database/tests.py
index 946137dc12..3f5548d761 100644
--- a/tests/multiple_database/tests.py
+++ b/tests/multiple_database/tests.py
@@ -17,17 +17,17 @@ from .routers import AuthRouter, TestRouter, WriteRouter
 
 
 class QueryTestCase(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     def test_db_selection(self):
         "Querysets will use the default database by default"
         self.assertEqual(Book.objects.db, DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS)
         self.assertEqual(Book.objects.all().db, DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using('other').db, 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using("other").db, "other")
 
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.db_manager('other').db, 'other')
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.db_manager('other').all().db, 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.db_manager("other").db, "other")
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.db_manager("other").all().db, "other")
 
     def test_default_creation(self):
         "Objects created on the default database don't leak onto other databases"
@@ -43,122 +43,130 @@ class QueryTestCase(TestCase):
         # Book exists on the default database, but not on other database
         try:
             Book.objects.get(title="Pro Django")
-            Book.objects.using('default').get(title="Pro Django")
+            Book.objects.using("default").get(title="Pro Django")
         except Book.DoesNotExist:
             self.fail('"Pro Django" should exist on default database')
 
         with self.assertRaises(Book.DoesNotExist):
-            Book.objects.using('other').get(title="Pro Django")
+            Book.objects.using("other").get(title="Pro Django")
 
         try:
             Book.objects.get(title="Dive into Python")
-            Book.objects.using('default').get(title="Dive into Python")
+            Book.objects.using("default").get(title="Dive into Python")
         except Book.DoesNotExist:
             self.fail('"Dive into Python" should exist on default database')
 
         with self.assertRaises(Book.DoesNotExist):
-            Book.objects.using('other').get(title="Dive into Python")
+            Book.objects.using("other").get(title="Dive into Python")
 
     def test_other_creation(self):
         "Objects created on another database don't leak onto the default database"
         # Create a book on the second database
-        Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Pro Django",
-                                           published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
 
         # Create a book on the default database using a save
         dive = Book()
         dive.title = "Dive into Python"
         dive.published = datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)
-        dive.save(using='other')
+        dive.save(using="other")
 
         # Book exists on the default database, but not on other database
         try:
-            Book.objects.using('other').get(title="Pro Django")
+            Book.objects.using("other").get(title="Pro Django")
         except Book.DoesNotExist:
             self.fail('"Pro Django" should exist on other database')
 
         with self.assertRaises(Book.DoesNotExist):
             Book.objects.get(title="Pro Django")
         with self.assertRaises(Book.DoesNotExist):
-            Book.objects.using('default').get(title="Pro Django")
+            Book.objects.using("default").get(title="Pro Django")
 
         try:
-            Book.objects.using('other').get(title="Dive into Python")
+            Book.objects.using("other").get(title="Dive into Python")
         except Book.DoesNotExist:
             self.fail('"Dive into Python" should exist on other database')
 
         with self.assertRaises(Book.DoesNotExist):
             Book.objects.get(title="Dive into Python")
         with self.assertRaises(Book.DoesNotExist):
-            Book.objects.using('default').get(title="Dive into Python")
+            Book.objects.using("default").get(title="Dive into Python")
 
     def test_refresh(self):
         dive = Book(title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
-        dive.save(using='other')
-        dive2 = Book.objects.using('other').get()
+        dive.save(using="other")
+        dive2 = Book.objects.using("other").get()
         dive2.title = "Dive into Python (on default)"
-        dive2.save(using='default')
+        dive2.save(using="default")
         dive.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertEqual(dive.title, "Dive into Python")
-        dive.refresh_from_db(using='default')
+        dive.refresh_from_db(using="default")
         self.assertEqual(dive.title, "Dive into Python (on default)")
         self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, "default")
 
     def test_refresh_router_instance_hint(self):
         router = Mock()
         router.db_for_read.return_value = None
-        book = Book.objects.create(title='Dive Into Python', published=datetime.date(1957, 10, 12))
+        book = Book.objects.create(
+            title="Dive Into Python", published=datetime.date(1957, 10, 12)
+        )
         with self.settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[router]):
             book.refresh_from_db()
         router.db_for_read.assert_called_once_with(Book, instance=book)
 
     def test_basic_queries(self):
         "Queries are constrained to a single database"
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)
+        )
 
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').get(published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").get(published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
         self.assertEqual(dive.title, "Dive into Python")
         with self.assertRaises(Book.DoesNotExist):
-            Book.objects.using('default').get(published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
+            Book.objects.using("default").get(published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
 
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').get(title__icontains="dive")
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").get(title__icontains="dive")
         self.assertEqual(dive.title, "Dive into Python")
         with self.assertRaises(Book.DoesNotExist):
-            Book.objects.using('default').get(title__icontains="dive")
+            Book.objects.using("default").get(title__icontains="dive")
 
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').get(title__iexact="dive INTO python")
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").get(title__iexact="dive INTO python")
         self.assertEqual(dive.title, "Dive into Python")
         with self.assertRaises(Book.DoesNotExist):
-            Book.objects.using('default').get(title__iexact="dive INTO python")
+            Book.objects.using("default").get(title__iexact="dive INTO python")
 
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').get(published__year=2009)
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").get(published__year=2009)
         self.assertEqual(dive.title, "Dive into Python")
         self.assertEqual(dive.published, datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
         with self.assertRaises(Book.DoesNotExist):
-            Book.objects.using('default').get(published__year=2009)
+            Book.objects.using("default").get(published__year=2009)
 
-        years = Book.objects.using('other').dates('published', 'year')
+        years = Book.objects.using("other").dates("published", "year")
         self.assertEqual([o.year for o in years], [2009])
-        years = Book.objects.using('default').dates('published', 'year')
+        years = Book.objects.using("default").dates("published", "year")
         self.assertEqual([o.year for o in years], [])
 
-        months = Book.objects.using('other').dates('published', 'month')
+        months = Book.objects.using("other").dates("published", "month")
         self.assertEqual([o.month for o in months], [5])
-        months = Book.objects.using('default').dates('published', 'month')
+        months = Book.objects.using("default").dates("published", "month")
         self.assertEqual([o.month for o in months], [])
 
     def test_m2m_separation(self):
         "M2M fields are constrained to a single database"
         # Create a book and author on the default database
-        pro = Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django",
-                                  published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        pro = Book.objects.create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
 
         marty = Person.objects.create(name="Marty Alchin")
 
         # Create a book and author on the other database
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)
+        )
 
-        mark = Person.objects.using('other').create(name="Mark Pilgrim")
+        mark = Person.objects.using("other").create(name="Mark Pilgrim")
 
         # Save the author relations
         pro.authors.set([marty])
@@ -166,176 +174,271 @@ class QueryTestCase(TestCase):
 
         # Inspect the m2m tables directly.
         # There should be 1 entry in each database
-        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using('default').count(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using('other').count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using("default").count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using("other").count(), 1)
 
         # Queries work across m2m joins
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Book.objects.using('default').filter(authors__name='Marty Alchin').values_list('title', flat=True)),
-            ['Pro Django']
+            list(
+                Book.objects.using("default")
+                .filter(authors__name="Marty Alchin")
+                .values_list("title", flat=True)
+            ),
+            ["Pro Django"],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Book.objects.using('other').filter(authors__name='Marty Alchin').values_list('title', flat=True)),
-            []
+            list(
+                Book.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(authors__name="Marty Alchin")
+                .values_list("title", flat=True)
+            ),
+            [],
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Book.objects.using('default').filter(authors__name='Mark Pilgrim').values_list('title', flat=True)),
-            []
+            list(
+                Book.objects.using("default")
+                .filter(authors__name="Mark Pilgrim")
+                .values_list("title", flat=True)
+            ),
+            [],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Book.objects.using('other').filter(authors__name='Mark Pilgrim').values_list('title', flat=True)),
-            ['Dive into Python']
+            list(
+                Book.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(authors__name="Mark Pilgrim")
+                .values_list("title", flat=True)
+            ),
+            ["Dive into Python"],
         )
 
         # Reget the objects to clear caches
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').get(title="Dive into Python")
-        mark = Person.objects.using('other').get(name="Mark Pilgrim")
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").get(title="Dive into Python")
+        mark = Person.objects.using("other").get(name="Mark Pilgrim")
 
         # Retrieve related object by descriptor. Related objects should be database-bound
-        self.assertEqual(list(dive.authors.all().values_list('name', flat=True)), ['Mark Pilgrim'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(dive.authors.all().values_list("name", flat=True)), ["Mark Pilgrim"]
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual(list(mark.book_set.all().values_list('title', flat=True)), ['Dive into Python'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(mark.book_set.all().values_list("title", flat=True)),
+            ["Dive into Python"],
+        )
 
     def test_m2m_forward_operations(self):
         "M2M forward manipulations are all constrained to a single DB"
         # Create a book and author on the other database
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
-        mark = Person.objects.using('other').create(name="Mark Pilgrim")
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)
+        )
+        mark = Person.objects.using("other").create(name="Mark Pilgrim")
 
         # Save the author relations
         dive.authors.set([mark])
 
         # Add a second author
-        john = Person.objects.using('other').create(name="John Smith")
+        john = Person.objects.using("other").create(name="John Smith")
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Book.objects.using('other').filter(authors__name='John Smith').values_list('title', flat=True)),
-            []
+            list(
+                Book.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(authors__name="John Smith")
+                .values_list("title", flat=True)
+            ),
+            [],
         )
 
         dive.authors.add(john)
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Book.objects.using('other').filter(authors__name='Mark Pilgrim').values_list('title', flat=True)),
-            ['Dive into Python']
+            list(
+                Book.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(authors__name="Mark Pilgrim")
+                .values_list("title", flat=True)
+            ),
+            ["Dive into Python"],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Book.objects.using('other').filter(authors__name='John Smith').values_list('title', flat=True)),
-            ['Dive into Python']
+            list(
+                Book.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(authors__name="John Smith")
+                .values_list("title", flat=True)
+            ),
+            ["Dive into Python"],
         )
 
         # Remove the second author
         dive.authors.remove(john)
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Book.objects.using('other').filter(authors__name='Mark Pilgrim').values_list('title', flat=True)),
-            ['Dive into Python']
+            list(
+                Book.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(authors__name="Mark Pilgrim")
+                .values_list("title", flat=True)
+            ),
+            ["Dive into Python"],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Book.objects.using('other').filter(authors__name='John Smith').values_list('title', flat=True)),
-            []
+            list(
+                Book.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(authors__name="John Smith")
+                .values_list("title", flat=True)
+            ),
+            [],
         )
 
         # Clear all authors
         dive.authors.clear()
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Book.objects.using('other').filter(authors__name='Mark Pilgrim').values_list('title', flat=True)),
-            []
+            list(
+                Book.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(authors__name="Mark Pilgrim")
+                .values_list("title", flat=True)
+            ),
+            [],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Book.objects.using('other').filter(authors__name='John Smith').values_list('title', flat=True)),
-            []
+            list(
+                Book.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(authors__name="John Smith")
+                .values_list("title", flat=True)
+            ),
+            [],
         )
 
         # Create an author through the m2m interface
-        dive.authors.create(name='Jane Brown')
+        dive.authors.create(name="Jane Brown")
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Book.objects.using('other').filter(authors__name='Mark Pilgrim').values_list('title', flat=True)),
-            []
+            list(
+                Book.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(authors__name="Mark Pilgrim")
+                .values_list("title", flat=True)
+            ),
+            [],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Book.objects.using('other').filter(authors__name='Jane Brown').values_list('title', flat=True)),
-            ['Dive into Python']
+            list(
+                Book.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(authors__name="Jane Brown")
+                .values_list("title", flat=True)
+            ),
+            ["Dive into Python"],
         )
 
     def test_m2m_reverse_operations(self):
         "M2M reverse manipulations are all constrained to a single DB"
         # Create a book and author on the other database
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
-        mark = Person.objects.using('other').create(name="Mark Pilgrim")
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)
+        )
+        mark = Person.objects.using("other").create(name="Mark Pilgrim")
 
         # Save the author relations
         dive.authors.set([mark])
 
         # Create a second book on the other database
-        grease = Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Greasemonkey Hacks", published=datetime.date(2005, 11, 1))
+        grease = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Greasemonkey Hacks", published=datetime.date(2005, 11, 1)
+        )
 
         # Add a books to the m2m
         mark.book_set.add(grease)
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Person.objects.using('other').filter(book__title='Dive into Python').values_list('name', flat=True)),
-            ['Mark Pilgrim']
+            list(
+                Person.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(book__title="Dive into Python")
+                .values_list("name", flat=True)
+            ),
+            ["Mark Pilgrim"],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                Person.objects.using('other').filter(book__title='Greasemonkey Hacks').values_list('name', flat=True)
+                Person.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(book__title="Greasemonkey Hacks")
+                .values_list("name", flat=True)
             ),
-            ['Mark Pilgrim']
+            ["Mark Pilgrim"],
         )
 
         # Remove a book from the m2m
         mark.book_set.remove(grease)
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Person.objects.using('other').filter(book__title='Dive into Python').values_list('name', flat=True)),
-            ['Mark Pilgrim']
+            list(
+                Person.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(book__title="Dive into Python")
+                .values_list("name", flat=True)
+            ),
+            ["Mark Pilgrim"],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                Person.objects.using('other').filter(book__title='Greasemonkey Hacks').values_list('name', flat=True)
+                Person.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(book__title="Greasemonkey Hacks")
+                .values_list("name", flat=True)
             ),
-            []
+            [],
         )
 
         # Clear the books associated with mark
         mark.book_set.clear()
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Person.objects.using('other').filter(book__title='Dive into Python').values_list('name', flat=True)),
-            []
+            list(
+                Person.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(book__title="Dive into Python")
+                .values_list("name", flat=True)
+            ),
+            [],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                Person.objects.using('other').filter(book__title='Greasemonkey Hacks').values_list('name', flat=True)
+                Person.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(book__title="Greasemonkey Hacks")
+                .values_list("name", flat=True)
             ),
-            []
+            [],
         )
 
         # Create a book through the m2m interface
-        mark.book_set.create(title="Dive into HTML5", published=datetime.date(2020, 1, 1))
-        self.assertEqual(
-            list(Person.objects.using('other').filter(book__title='Dive into Python').values_list('name', flat=True)),
-            []
+        mark.book_set.create(
+            title="Dive into HTML5", published=datetime.date(2020, 1, 1)
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Person.objects.using('other').filter(book__title='Dive into HTML5').values_list('name', flat=True)),
-            ['Mark Pilgrim']
+            list(
+                Person.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(book__title="Dive into Python")
+                .values_list("name", flat=True)
+            ),
+            [],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(
+                Person.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(book__title="Dive into HTML5")
+                .values_list("name", flat=True)
+            ),
+            ["Mark Pilgrim"],
         )
 
     def test_m2m_cross_database_protection(self):
         "Operations that involve sharing M2M objects across databases raise an error"
         # Create a book and author on the default database
-        pro = Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        pro = Book.objects.create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
 
         marty = Person.objects.create(name="Marty Alchin")
 
         # Create a book and author on the other database
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)
+        )
 
-        mark = Person.objects.using('other').create(name="Mark Pilgrim")
+        mark = Person.objects.using("other").create(name="Mark Pilgrim")
         # Set a foreign key set with an object from a different database
         msg = (
             'Cannot assign "<Person: Marty Alchin>": the current database '
-            'router prevents this relation.'
+            "router prevents this relation."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            with transaction.atomic(using='default'):
+            with transaction.atomic(using="default"):
                 marty.edited.set([pro, dive])
 
         # Add to an m2m with an object from a different database
@@ -344,12 +447,12 @@ class QueryTestCase(TestCase):
             'database "default", value is on database "other"'
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            with transaction.atomic(using='default'):
+            with transaction.atomic(using="default"):
                 marty.book_set.add(dive)
 
         # Set a m2m with an object from a different database
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            with transaction.atomic(using='default'):
+            with transaction.atomic(using="default"):
                 marty.book_set.set([pro, dive])
 
         # Add to a reverse m2m with an object from a different database
@@ -358,81 +461,89 @@ class QueryTestCase(TestCase):
             'database "other", value is on database "default"'
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            with transaction.atomic(using='other'):
+            with transaction.atomic(using="other"):
                 dive.authors.add(marty)
 
         # Set a reverse m2m with an object from a different database
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            with transaction.atomic(using='other'):
+            with transaction.atomic(using="other"):
                 dive.authors.set([mark, marty])
 
     def test_m2m_deletion(self):
         "Cascaded deletions of m2m relations issue queries on the right database"
         # Create a book and author on the other database
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
-        mark = Person.objects.using('other').create(name="Mark Pilgrim")
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)
+        )
+        mark = Person.objects.using("other").create(name="Mark Pilgrim")
         dive.authors.set([mark])
 
         # Check the initial state
-        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using('default').count(), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using('default').count(), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using('default').count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using("default").count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using("default").count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using("default").count(), 0)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using('other').count(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using('other').count(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using('other').count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using("other").count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using("other").count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using("other").count(), 1)
 
         # Delete the object on the other database
-        dive.delete(using='other')
+        dive.delete(using="other")
 
-        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using('default').count(), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using('default').count(), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using('default').count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using("default").count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using("default").count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using("default").count(), 0)
 
         # The person still exists ...
-        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using('other').count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using("other").count(), 1)
         # ... but the book has been deleted
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using('other').count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using("other").count(), 0)
         # ... and the relationship object has also been deleted.
-        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using('other').count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using("other").count(), 0)
 
         # Now try deletion in the reverse direction. Set up the relation again
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)
+        )
         dive.authors.set([mark])
 
         # Check the initial state
-        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using('default').count(), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using('default').count(), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using('default').count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using("default").count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using("default").count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using("default").count(), 0)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using('other').count(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using('other').count(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using('other').count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using("other").count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using("other").count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using("other").count(), 1)
 
         # Delete the object on the other database
-        mark.delete(using='other')
+        mark.delete(using="other")
 
-        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using('default').count(), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using('default').count(), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using('default').count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using("default").count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using("default").count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using("default").count(), 0)
 
         # The person has been deleted ...
-        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using('other').count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using("other").count(), 0)
         # ... but the book still exists
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using('other').count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using("other").count(), 1)
         # ... and the relationship object has been deleted.
-        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using('other').count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using("other").count(), 0)
 
     def test_foreign_key_separation(self):
         "FK fields are constrained to a single database"
         # Create a book and author on the default database
-        pro = Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        pro = Book.objects.create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
 
         george = Person.objects.create(name="George Vilches")
 
         # Create a book and author on the other database
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
-        chris = Person.objects.using('other').create(name="Chris Mills")
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)
+        )
+        chris = Person.objects.using("other").create(name="Chris Mills")
 
         # Save the author's favorite books
         pro.editor = george
@@ -441,166 +552,222 @@ class QueryTestCase(TestCase):
         dive.editor = chris
         dive.save()
 
-        pro = Book.objects.using('default').get(title="Pro Django")
+        pro = Book.objects.using("default").get(title="Pro Django")
         self.assertEqual(pro.editor.name, "George Vilches")
 
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').get(title="Dive into Python")
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").get(title="Dive into Python")
         self.assertEqual(dive.editor.name, "Chris Mills")
 
         # Queries work across foreign key joins
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Person.objects.using('default').filter(edited__title='Pro Django').values_list('name', flat=True)),
-            ['George Vilches']
+            list(
+                Person.objects.using("default")
+                .filter(edited__title="Pro Django")
+                .values_list("name", flat=True)
+            ),
+            ["George Vilches"],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Person.objects.using('other').filter(edited__title='Pro Django').values_list('name', flat=True)),
-            []
+            list(
+                Person.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(edited__title="Pro Django")
+                .values_list("name", flat=True)
+            ),
+            [],
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                Person.objects.using('default').filter(edited__title='Dive into Python').values_list('name', flat=True)
+                Person.objects.using("default")
+                .filter(edited__title="Dive into Python")
+                .values_list("name", flat=True)
             ),
-            []
+            [],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                Person.objects.using('other').filter(edited__title='Dive into Python').values_list('name', flat=True)
+                Person.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(edited__title="Dive into Python")
+                .values_list("name", flat=True)
             ),
-            ['Chris Mills']
+            ["Chris Mills"],
         )
 
         # Reget the objects to clear caches
-        chris = Person.objects.using('other').get(name="Chris Mills")
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').get(title="Dive into Python")
+        chris = Person.objects.using("other").get(name="Chris Mills")
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").get(title="Dive into Python")
 
         # Retrieve related object by descriptor. Related objects should be database-bound
-        self.assertEqual(list(chris.edited.values_list('title', flat=True)), ['Dive into Python'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(chris.edited.values_list("title", flat=True)), ["Dive into Python"]
+        )
 
     def test_foreign_key_reverse_operations(self):
         "FK reverse manipulations are all constrained to a single DB"
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
-        chris = Person.objects.using('other').create(name="Chris Mills")
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)
+        )
+        chris = Person.objects.using("other").create(name="Chris Mills")
 
         # Save the author relations
         dive.editor = chris
         dive.save()
 
         # Add a second book edited by chris
-        html5 = Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Dive into HTML5", published=datetime.date(2010, 3, 15))
+        html5 = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Dive into HTML5", published=datetime.date(2010, 3, 15)
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Person.objects.using('other').filter(edited__title='Dive into HTML5').values_list('name', flat=True)),
-            []
+            list(
+                Person.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(edited__title="Dive into HTML5")
+                .values_list("name", flat=True)
+            ),
+            [],
         )
 
         chris.edited.add(html5)
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Person.objects.using('other').filter(edited__title='Dive into HTML5').values_list('name', flat=True)),
-            ['Chris Mills']
+            list(
+                Person.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(edited__title="Dive into HTML5")
+                .values_list("name", flat=True)
+            ),
+            ["Chris Mills"],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                Person.objects.using('other').filter(edited__title='Dive into Python').values_list('name', flat=True)
+                Person.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(edited__title="Dive into Python")
+                .values_list("name", flat=True)
             ),
-            ['Chris Mills']
+            ["Chris Mills"],
         )
 
         # Remove the second editor
         chris.edited.remove(html5)
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Person.objects.using('other').filter(edited__title='Dive into HTML5').values_list('name', flat=True)),
-            []
+            list(
+                Person.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(edited__title="Dive into HTML5")
+                .values_list("name", flat=True)
+            ),
+            [],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                Person.objects.using('other').filter(edited__title='Dive into Python').values_list('name', flat=True)
+                Person.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(edited__title="Dive into Python")
+                .values_list("name", flat=True)
             ),
-            ['Chris Mills']
+            ["Chris Mills"],
         )
 
         # Clear all edited books
         chris.edited.clear()
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Person.objects.using('other').filter(edited__title='Dive into HTML5').values_list('name', flat=True)),
-            []
+            list(
+                Person.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(edited__title="Dive into HTML5")
+                .values_list("name", flat=True)
+            ),
+            [],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                Person.objects.using('other').filter(edited__title='Dive into Python').values_list('name', flat=True)
+                Person.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(edited__title="Dive into Python")
+                .values_list("name", flat=True)
             ),
-            []
+            [],
         )
 
         # Create an author through the m2m interface
-        chris.edited.create(title='Dive into Water', published=datetime.date(2010, 3, 15))
-        self.assertEqual(
-            list(Person.objects.using('other').filter(edited__title='Dive into HTML5').values_list('name', flat=True)),
-            []
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            list(Person.objects.using('other').filter(edited__title='Dive into Water').values_list('name', flat=True)),
-            ['Chris Mills']
+        chris.edited.create(
+            title="Dive into Water", published=datetime.date(2010, 3, 15)
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                Person.objects.using('other').filter(edited__title='Dive into Python').values_list('name', flat=True)
+                Person.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(edited__title="Dive into HTML5")
+                .values_list("name", flat=True)
             ),
-            []
+            [],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(
+                Person.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(edited__title="Dive into Water")
+                .values_list("name", flat=True)
+            ),
+            ["Chris Mills"],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(
+                Person.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(edited__title="Dive into Python")
+                .values_list("name", flat=True)
+            ),
+            [],
         )
 
     def test_foreign_key_cross_database_protection(self):
         "Operations that involve sharing FK objects across databases raise an error"
         # Create a book and author on the default database
-        pro = Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        pro = Book.objects.create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
         marty = Person.objects.create(name="Marty Alchin")
 
         # Create a book and author on the other database
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)
+        )
 
         # Set a foreign key with an object from a different database
         msg = (
             'Cannot assign "<Person: Marty Alchin>": the current database '
-            'router prevents this relation.'
+            "router prevents this relation."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             dive.editor = marty
 
         # Set a foreign key set with an object from a different database
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            with transaction.atomic(using='default'):
+            with transaction.atomic(using="default"):
                 marty.edited.set([pro, dive])
 
         # Add to a foreign key set with an object from a different database
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            with transaction.atomic(using='default'):
+            with transaction.atomic(using="default"):
                 marty.edited.add(dive)
 
     def test_foreign_key_deletion(self):
         "Cascaded deletions of Foreign Key relations issue queries on the right database"
-        mark = Person.objects.using('other').create(name="Mark Pilgrim")
-        Pet.objects.using('other').create(name="Fido", owner=mark)
+        mark = Person.objects.using("other").create(name="Mark Pilgrim")
+        Pet.objects.using("other").create(name="Fido", owner=mark)
 
         # Check the initial state
-        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using('default').count(), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(Pet.objects.using('default').count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using("default").count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Pet.objects.using("default").count(), 0)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using('other').count(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(Pet.objects.using('other').count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using("other").count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(Pet.objects.using("other").count(), 1)
 
         # Delete the person object, which will cascade onto the pet
-        mark.delete(using='other')
+        mark.delete(using="other")
 
-        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using('default').count(), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(Pet.objects.using('default').count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using("default").count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Pet.objects.using("default").count(), 0)
 
         # Both the pet and the person have been deleted from the right database
-        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using('other').count(), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(Pet.objects.using('other').count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using("other").count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Pet.objects.using("other").count(), 0)
 
     def test_foreign_key_validation(self):
         "ForeignKey.validate() uses the correct database"
-        mickey = Person.objects.using('other').create(name="Mickey")
-        pluto = Pet.objects.using('other').create(name="Pluto", owner=mickey)
+        mickey = Person.objects.using("other").create(name="Mickey")
+        pluto = Pet.objects.using("other").create(name="Pluto", owner=mickey)
         self.assertIsNone(pluto.full_clean())
 
     # Any router that accesses `model` in db_for_read() works here.
@@ -611,78 +778,92 @@ class QueryTestCase(TestCase):
         model_instance=None.
         """
         mickey = Person.objects.create(name="Mickey")
-        owner_field = Pet._meta.get_field('owner')
+        owner_field = Pet._meta.get_field("owner")
         self.assertEqual(owner_field.clean(mickey.pk, None), mickey.pk)
 
     def test_o2o_separation(self):
         "OneToOne fields are constrained to a single database"
         # Create a user and profile on the default database
-        alice = User.objects.db_manager('default').create_user('alice', 'alice@example.com')
-        alice_profile = UserProfile.objects.using('default').create(user=alice, flavor='chocolate')
+        alice = User.objects.db_manager("default").create_user(
+            "alice", "alice@example.com"
+        )
+        alice_profile = UserProfile.objects.using("default").create(
+            user=alice, flavor="chocolate"
+        )
 
         # Create a user and profile on the other database
-        bob = User.objects.db_manager('other').create_user('bob', 'bob@example.com')
-        bob_profile = UserProfile.objects.using('other').create(user=bob, flavor='crunchy frog')
+        bob = User.objects.db_manager("other").create_user("bob", "bob@example.com")
+        bob_profile = UserProfile.objects.using("other").create(
+            user=bob, flavor="crunchy frog"
+        )
 
         # Retrieve related objects; queries should be database constrained
-        alice = User.objects.using('default').get(username="alice")
+        alice = User.objects.using("default").get(username="alice")
         self.assertEqual(alice.userprofile.flavor, "chocolate")
 
-        bob = User.objects.using('other').get(username="bob")
+        bob = User.objects.using("other").get(username="bob")
         self.assertEqual(bob.userprofile.flavor, "crunchy frog")
 
         # Queries work across joins
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                User.objects.using('default')
-                .filter(userprofile__flavor='chocolate').values_list('username', flat=True)
+                User.objects.using("default")
+                .filter(userprofile__flavor="chocolate")
+                .values_list("username", flat=True)
             ),
-            ['alice']
+            ["alice"],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                User.objects.using('other')
-                .filter(userprofile__flavor='chocolate').values_list('username', flat=True)
+                User.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(userprofile__flavor="chocolate")
+                .values_list("username", flat=True)
             ),
-            []
+            [],
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                User.objects.using('default')
-                .filter(userprofile__flavor='crunchy frog').values_list('username', flat=True)
+                User.objects.using("default")
+                .filter(userprofile__flavor="crunchy frog")
+                .values_list("username", flat=True)
             ),
-            []
+            [],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             list(
-                User.objects.using('other')
-                .filter(userprofile__flavor='crunchy frog').values_list('username', flat=True)
+                User.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(userprofile__flavor="crunchy frog")
+                .values_list("username", flat=True)
             ),
-            ['bob']
+            ["bob"],
         )
 
         # Reget the objects to clear caches
-        alice_profile = UserProfile.objects.using('default').get(flavor='chocolate')
-        bob_profile = UserProfile.objects.using('other').get(flavor='crunchy frog')
+        alice_profile = UserProfile.objects.using("default").get(flavor="chocolate")
+        bob_profile = UserProfile.objects.using("other").get(flavor="crunchy frog")
 
         # Retrieve related object by descriptor. Related objects should be database-bound
-        self.assertEqual(alice_profile.user.username, 'alice')
-        self.assertEqual(bob_profile.user.username, 'bob')
+        self.assertEqual(alice_profile.user.username, "alice")
+        self.assertEqual(bob_profile.user.username, "bob")
 
     def test_o2o_cross_database_protection(self):
         "Operations that involve sharing FK objects across databases raise an error"
         # Create a user and profile on the default database
-        alice = User.objects.db_manager('default').create_user('alice', 'alice@example.com')
+        alice = User.objects.db_manager("default").create_user(
+            "alice", "alice@example.com"
+        )
 
         # Create a user and profile on the other database
-        bob = User.objects.db_manager('other').create_user('bob', 'bob@example.com')
+        bob = User.objects.db_manager("other").create_user("bob", "bob@example.com")
 
         # Set a one-to-one relation with an object from a different database
-        alice_profile = UserProfile.objects.using('default').create(user=alice, flavor='chocolate')
+        alice_profile = UserProfile.objects.using("default").create(
+            user=alice, flavor="chocolate"
+        )
         msg = (
             'Cannot assign "%r": the current database router prevents this '
-            'relation.' % alice_profile
+            "relation." % alice_profile
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             bob.userprofile = alice_profile
@@ -690,12 +871,14 @@ class QueryTestCase(TestCase):
         # BUT! if you assign a FK object when the base object hasn't
         # been saved yet, you implicitly assign the database for the
         # base object.
-        bob_profile = UserProfile.objects.using('other').create(user=bob, flavor='crunchy frog')
+        bob_profile = UserProfile.objects.using("other").create(
+            user=bob, flavor="crunchy frog"
+        )
 
         new_bob_profile = UserProfile(flavor="spring surprise")
 
         # assigning a profile requires an explicit pk as the object isn't saved
-        charlie = User(pk=51, username='charlie', email='charlie@example.com')
+        charlie = User(pk=51, username="charlie", email="charlie@example.com")
         charlie.set_unusable_password()
 
         # initially, no db assigned
@@ -705,143 +888,228 @@ class QueryTestCase(TestCase):
         # old object comes from 'other', so the new object is set to use 'other'...
         new_bob_profile.user = bob
         charlie.userprofile = bob_profile
-        self.assertEqual(new_bob_profile._state.db, 'other')
-        self.assertEqual(charlie._state.db, 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(new_bob_profile._state.db, "other")
+        self.assertEqual(charlie._state.db, "other")
 
         # ... but it isn't saved yet
-        self.assertEqual(list(User.objects.using('other').values_list('username', flat=True)), ['bob'])
-        self.assertEqual(list(UserProfile.objects.using('other').values_list('flavor', flat=True)), ['crunchy frog'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(User.objects.using("other").values_list("username", flat=True)),
+            ["bob"],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(UserProfile.objects.using("other").values_list("flavor", flat=True)),
+            ["crunchy frog"],
+        )
 
         # When saved (no using required), new objects goes to 'other'
         charlie.save()
         bob_profile.save()
         new_bob_profile.save()
-        self.assertEqual(list(User.objects.using('default').values_list('username', flat=True)), ['alice'])
-        self.assertEqual(list(User.objects.using('other').values_list('username', flat=True)), ['bob', 'charlie'])
-        self.assertEqual(list(UserProfile.objects.using('default').values_list('flavor', flat=True)), ['chocolate'])
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(UserProfile.objects.using('other').values_list('flavor', flat=True)),
-            ['crunchy frog', 'spring surprise']
+            list(User.objects.using("default").values_list("username", flat=True)),
+            ["alice"],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(User.objects.using("other").values_list("username", flat=True)),
+            ["bob", "charlie"],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(UserProfile.objects.using("default").values_list("flavor", flat=True)),
+            ["chocolate"],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(UserProfile.objects.using("other").values_list("flavor", flat=True)),
+            ["crunchy frog", "spring surprise"],
         )
 
         # This also works if you assign the O2O relation in the constructor
-        denise = User.objects.db_manager('other').create_user('denise', 'denise@example.com')
+        denise = User.objects.db_manager("other").create_user(
+            "denise", "denise@example.com"
+        )
         denise_profile = UserProfile(flavor="tofu", user=denise)
 
-        self.assertEqual(denise_profile._state.db, 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(denise_profile._state.db, "other")
         # ... but it isn't saved yet
-        self.assertEqual(list(UserProfile.objects.using('default').values_list('flavor', flat=True)), ['chocolate'])
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(UserProfile.objects.using('other').values_list('flavor', flat=True)),
-            ['crunchy frog', 'spring surprise']
+            list(UserProfile.objects.using("default").values_list("flavor", flat=True)),
+            ["chocolate"],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(UserProfile.objects.using("other").values_list("flavor", flat=True)),
+            ["crunchy frog", "spring surprise"],
         )
 
         # When saved, the new profile goes to 'other'
         denise_profile.save()
-        self.assertEqual(list(UserProfile.objects.using('default').values_list('flavor', flat=True)), ['chocolate'])
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(UserProfile.objects.using('other').values_list('flavor', flat=True)),
-            ['crunchy frog', 'spring surprise', 'tofu']
+            list(UserProfile.objects.using("default").values_list("flavor", flat=True)),
+            ["chocolate"],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(UserProfile.objects.using("other").values_list("flavor", flat=True)),
+            ["crunchy frog", "spring surprise", "tofu"],
         )
 
     def test_generic_key_separation(self):
         "Generic fields are constrained to a single database"
         # Create a book and author on the default database
-        pro = Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        pro = Book.objects.create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
         review1 = Review.objects.create(source="Python Monthly", content_object=pro)
 
         # Create a book and author on the other database
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)
+        )
 
-        review2 = Review.objects.using('other').create(source="Python Weekly", content_object=dive)
+        review2 = Review.objects.using("other").create(
+            source="Python Weekly", content_object=dive
+        )
 
-        review1 = Review.objects.using('default').get(source="Python Monthly")
+        review1 = Review.objects.using("default").get(source="Python Monthly")
         self.assertEqual(review1.content_object.title, "Pro Django")
 
-        review2 = Review.objects.using('other').get(source="Python Weekly")
+        review2 = Review.objects.using("other").get(source="Python Weekly")
         self.assertEqual(review2.content_object.title, "Dive into Python")
 
         # Reget the objects to clear caches
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').get(title="Dive into Python")
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").get(title="Dive into Python")
 
         # Retrieve related object by descriptor. Related objects should be database-bound
-        self.assertEqual(list(dive.reviews.all().values_list('source', flat=True)), ['Python Weekly'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(dive.reviews.all().values_list("source", flat=True)), ["Python Weekly"]
+        )
 
     def test_generic_key_reverse_operations(self):
         "Generic reverse manipulations are all constrained to a single DB"
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
-        temp = Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Temp", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
-        review1 = Review.objects.using('other').create(source="Python Weekly", content_object=dive)
-        review2 = Review.objects.using('other').create(source="Python Monthly", content_object=temp)
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)
+        )
+        temp = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Temp", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)
+        )
+        review1 = Review.objects.using("other").create(
+            source="Python Weekly", content_object=dive
+        )
+        review2 = Review.objects.using("other").create(
+            source="Python Monthly", content_object=temp
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Review.objects.using('default').filter(object_id=dive.pk).values_list('source', flat=True)),
-            []
+            list(
+                Review.objects.using("default")
+                .filter(object_id=dive.pk)
+                .values_list("source", flat=True)
+            ),
+            [],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Review.objects.using('other').filter(object_id=dive.pk).values_list('source', flat=True)),
-            ['Python Weekly']
+            list(
+                Review.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(object_id=dive.pk)
+                .values_list("source", flat=True)
+            ),
+            ["Python Weekly"],
         )
 
         # Add a second review
         dive.reviews.add(review2)
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Review.objects.using('default').filter(object_id=dive.pk).values_list('source', flat=True)),
-            []
+            list(
+                Review.objects.using("default")
+                .filter(object_id=dive.pk)
+                .values_list("source", flat=True)
+            ),
+            [],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Review.objects.using('other').filter(object_id=dive.pk).values_list('source', flat=True)),
-            ['Python Monthly', 'Python Weekly']
+            list(
+                Review.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(object_id=dive.pk)
+                .values_list("source", flat=True)
+            ),
+            ["Python Monthly", "Python Weekly"],
         )
 
         # Remove the second author
         dive.reviews.remove(review1)
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Review.objects.using('default').filter(object_id=dive.pk).values_list('source', flat=True)),
-            []
+            list(
+                Review.objects.using("default")
+                .filter(object_id=dive.pk)
+                .values_list("source", flat=True)
+            ),
+            [],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Review.objects.using('other').filter(object_id=dive.pk).values_list('source', flat=True)),
-            ['Python Monthly']
+            list(
+                Review.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(object_id=dive.pk)
+                .values_list("source", flat=True)
+            ),
+            ["Python Monthly"],
         )
 
         # Clear all reviews
         dive.reviews.clear()
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Review.objects.using('default').filter(object_id=dive.pk).values_list('source', flat=True)),
-            []
+            list(
+                Review.objects.using("default")
+                .filter(object_id=dive.pk)
+                .values_list("source", flat=True)
+            ),
+            [],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Review.objects.using('other').filter(object_id=dive.pk).values_list('source', flat=True)),
-            []
+            list(
+                Review.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(object_id=dive.pk)
+                .values_list("source", flat=True)
+            ),
+            [],
         )
 
         # Create an author through the generic interface
-        dive.reviews.create(source='Python Daily')
+        dive.reviews.create(source="Python Daily")
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Review.objects.using('default').filter(object_id=dive.pk).values_list('source', flat=True)),
-            []
+            list(
+                Review.objects.using("default")
+                .filter(object_id=dive.pk)
+                .values_list("source", flat=True)
+            ),
+            [],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Review.objects.using('other').filter(object_id=dive.pk).values_list('source', flat=True)),
-            ['Python Daily']
+            list(
+                Review.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(object_id=dive.pk)
+                .values_list("source", flat=True)
+            ),
+            ["Python Daily"],
         )
 
     def test_generic_key_cross_database_protection(self):
         "Operations that involve sharing generic key objects across databases raise an error"
         # Create a book and author on the default database
-        pro = Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        pro = Book.objects.create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
         review1 = Review.objects.create(source="Python Monthly", content_object=pro)
 
         # Create a book and author on the other database
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)
+        )
 
-        Review.objects.using('other').create(source="Python Weekly", content_object=dive)
+        Review.objects.using("other").create(
+            source="Python Weekly", content_object=dive
+        )
 
         # Set a foreign key with an object from a different database
         msg = (
             'Cannot assign "<ContentType: multiple_database | book>": the '
-            'current database router prevents this relation.'
+            "current database router prevents this relation."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             review1.content_object = dive
@@ -852,7 +1120,7 @@ class QueryTestCase(TestCase):
             "Use bulk=False or save the object first."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            with transaction.atomic(using='other'):
+            with transaction.atomic(using="other"):
                 dive.reviews.add(review1)
 
         # BUT! if you assign a FK object when the base object hasn't
@@ -864,87 +1132,119 @@ class QueryTestCase(TestCase):
 
         # Dive comes from 'other', so review3 is set to use 'other'...
         review3.content_object = dive
-        self.assertEqual(review3._state.db, 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(review3._state.db, "other")
         # ... but it isn't saved yet
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Review.objects.using('default').filter(object_id=pro.pk).values_list('source', flat=True)),
-            ['Python Monthly']
+            list(
+                Review.objects.using("default")
+                .filter(object_id=pro.pk)
+                .values_list("source", flat=True)
+            ),
+            ["Python Monthly"],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Review.objects.using('other').filter(object_id=dive.pk).values_list('source', flat=True)),
-            ['Python Weekly']
+            list(
+                Review.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(object_id=dive.pk)
+                .values_list("source", flat=True)
+            ),
+            ["Python Weekly"],
         )
 
         # When saved, John goes to 'other'
         review3.save()
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Review.objects.using('default').filter(object_id=pro.pk).values_list('source', flat=True)),
-            ['Python Monthly']
+            list(
+                Review.objects.using("default")
+                .filter(object_id=pro.pk)
+                .values_list("source", flat=True)
+            ),
+            ["Python Monthly"],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Review.objects.using('other').filter(object_id=dive.pk).values_list('source', flat=True)),
-            ['Python Daily', 'Python Weekly']
+            list(
+                Review.objects.using("other")
+                .filter(object_id=dive.pk)
+                .values_list("source", flat=True)
+            ),
+            ["Python Daily", "Python Weekly"],
         )
 
     def test_generic_key_deletion(self):
         "Cascaded deletions of Generic Key relations issue queries on the right database"
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
-        Review.objects.using('other').create(source="Python Weekly", content_object=dive)
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)
+        )
+        Review.objects.using("other").create(
+            source="Python Weekly", content_object=dive
+        )
 
         # Check the initial state
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using('default').count(), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(Review.objects.using('default').count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using("default").count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Review.objects.using("default").count(), 0)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using('other').count(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(Review.objects.using('other').count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using("other").count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(Review.objects.using("other").count(), 1)
 
         # Delete the Book object, which will cascade onto the pet
-        dive.delete(using='other')
+        dive.delete(using="other")
 
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using('default').count(), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(Review.objects.using('default').count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using("default").count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Review.objects.using("default").count(), 0)
 
         # Both the pet and the person have been deleted from the right database
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using('other').count(), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(Review.objects.using('other').count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using("other").count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Review.objects.using("other").count(), 0)
 
     def test_ordering(self):
         "get_next_by_XXX commands stick to a single database"
         Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
-        learn = Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Learning Python", published=datetime.date(2008, 7, 16))
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)
+        )
+        learn = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Learning Python", published=datetime.date(2008, 7, 16)
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(learn.get_next_by_published().title, "Dive into Python")
         self.assertEqual(dive.get_previous_by_published().title, "Learning Python")
 
     def test_raw(self):
         "test the raw() method across databases"
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
-        val = Book.objects.db_manager("other").raw('SELECT id FROM multiple_database_book')
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)
+        )
+        val = Book.objects.db_manager("other").raw(
+            "SELECT id FROM multiple_database_book"
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(val, [dive.pk], attrgetter("pk"))
 
-        val = Book.objects.raw('SELECT id FROM multiple_database_book').using('other')
+        val = Book.objects.raw("SELECT id FROM multiple_database_book").using("other")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(val, [dive.pk], attrgetter("pk"))
 
     def test_select_related(self):
         "Database assignment is retained if an object is retrieved with select_related()"
         # Create a book and author on the other database
-        mark = Person.objects.using('other').create(name="Mark Pilgrim")
-        Book.objects.using('other').create(
+        mark = Person.objects.using("other").create(name="Mark Pilgrim")
+        Book.objects.using("other").create(
             title="Dive into Python",
             published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4),
             editor=mark,
         )
 
         # Retrieve the Person using select_related()
-        book = Book.objects.using('other').select_related('editor').get(title="Dive into Python")
+        book = (
+            Book.objects.using("other")
+            .select_related("editor")
+            .get(title="Dive into Python")
+        )
 
         # The editor instance should have a db state
-        self.assertEqual(book.editor._state.db, 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(book.editor._state.db, "other")
 
     def test_subquery(self):
         """Make sure as_sql works with subqueries and primary/replica."""
-        sub = Person.objects.using('other').filter(name='fff')
+        sub = Person.objects.using("other").filter(name="fff")
         qs = Book.objects.filter(editor__in=sub)
 
         # When you call __str__ on the query object, it doesn't know about using
@@ -964,142 +1264,175 @@ class QueryTestCase(TestCase):
 
     def test_related_manager(self):
         "Related managers return managers, not querysets"
-        mark = Person.objects.using('other').create(name="Mark Pilgrim")
+        mark = Person.objects.using("other").create(name="Mark Pilgrim")
 
         # extra_arg is removed by the BookManager's implementation of
         # create(); but the BookManager's implementation won't get called
         # unless edited returns a Manager, not a queryset
-        mark.book_set.create(title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4), extra_arg=True)
-        mark.book_set.get_or_create(title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4), extra_arg=True)
-        mark.edited.create(title="Dive into Water", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4), extra_arg=True)
-        mark.edited.get_or_create(title="Dive into Water", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4), extra_arg=True)
+        mark.book_set.create(
+            title="Dive into Python",
+            published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4),
+            extra_arg=True,
+        )
+        mark.book_set.get_or_create(
+            title="Dive into Python",
+            published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4),
+            extra_arg=True,
+        )
+        mark.edited.create(
+            title="Dive into Water", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4), extra_arg=True
+        )
+        mark.edited.get_or_create(
+            title="Dive into Water", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4), extra_arg=True
+        )
 
 
 class ConnectionRouterTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
-    @override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[
-        'multiple_database.tests.TestRouter',
-        'multiple_database.tests.WriteRouter'])
+    @override_settings(
+        DATABASE_ROUTERS=[
+            "multiple_database.tests.TestRouter",
+            "multiple_database.tests.WriteRouter",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_router_init_default(self):
         connection_router = ConnectionRouter()
-        self.assertEqual([r.__class__.__name__ for r in connection_router.routers], ['TestRouter', 'WriteRouter'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [r.__class__.__name__ for r in connection_router.routers],
+            ["TestRouter", "WriteRouter"],
+        )
 
     def test_router_init_arg(self):
-        connection_router = ConnectionRouter([
-            'multiple_database.tests.TestRouter',
-            'multiple_database.tests.WriteRouter'
-        ])
-        self.assertEqual([r.__class__.__name__ for r in connection_router.routers], ['TestRouter', 'WriteRouter'])
+        connection_router = ConnectionRouter(
+            [
+                "multiple_database.tests.TestRouter",
+                "multiple_database.tests.WriteRouter",
+            ]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [r.__class__.__name__ for r in connection_router.routers],
+            ["TestRouter", "WriteRouter"],
+        )
 
         # Init with instances instead of strings
         connection_router = ConnectionRouter([TestRouter(), WriteRouter()])
-        self.assertEqual([r.__class__.__name__ for r in connection_router.routers], ['TestRouter', 'WriteRouter'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [r.__class__.__name__ for r in connection_router.routers],
+            ["TestRouter", "WriteRouter"],
+        )
 
 
 # Make the 'other' database appear to be a replica of the 'default'
 @override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[TestRouter()])
 class RouterTestCase(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     def test_db_selection(self):
         "Querysets obey the router for db suggestions"
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.db, 'other')
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.all().db, 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.db, "other")
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.all().db, "other")
 
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using('default').db, 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using("default").db, "default")
 
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.db_manager('default').db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.db_manager('default').all().db, 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.db_manager("default").db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.db_manager("default").all().db, "default")
 
     def test_migrate_selection(self):
         "Synchronization behavior is predictable"
 
-        self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model('default', User))
-        self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model('default', Book))
+        self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model("default", User))
+        self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model("default", Book))
 
-        self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model('other', User))
-        self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model('other', Book))
+        self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model("other", User))
+        self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model("other", Book))
 
         with override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[TestRouter(), AuthRouter()]):
             # Add the auth router to the chain. TestRouter is a universal
             # synchronizer, so it should have no effect.
-            self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model('default', User))
-            self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model('default', Book))
+            self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model("default", User))
+            self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model("default", Book))
 
-            self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model('other', User))
-            self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model('other', Book))
+            self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model("other", User))
+            self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model("other", Book))
 
         with override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[AuthRouter(), TestRouter()]):
             # Now check what happens if the router order is reversed.
-            self.assertFalse(router.allow_migrate_model('default', User))
-            self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model('default', Book))
+            self.assertFalse(router.allow_migrate_model("default", User))
+            self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model("default", Book))
 
-            self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model('other', User))
-            self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model('other', Book))
+            self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model("other", User))
+            self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model("other", Book))
 
     def test_partial_router(self):
         "A router can choose to implement a subset of methods"
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Dive into Python",
-                                                  published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)
+        )
 
         # First check the baseline behavior.
 
-        self.assertEqual(router.db_for_read(User), 'other')
-        self.assertEqual(router.db_for_read(Book), 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(router.db_for_read(User), "other")
+        self.assertEqual(router.db_for_read(Book), "other")
 
-        self.assertEqual(router.db_for_write(User), 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(router.db_for_write(Book), 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(router.db_for_write(User), "default")
+        self.assertEqual(router.db_for_write(Book), "default")
 
         self.assertTrue(router.allow_relation(dive, dive))
 
-        self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model('default', User))
-        self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model('default', Book))
+        self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model("default", User))
+        self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model("default", Book))
 
-        with override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[WriteRouter(), AuthRouter(), TestRouter()]):
-            self.assertEqual(router.db_for_read(User), 'default')
-            self.assertEqual(router.db_for_read(Book), 'other')
+        with override_settings(
+            DATABASE_ROUTERS=[WriteRouter(), AuthRouter(), TestRouter()]
+        ):
+            self.assertEqual(router.db_for_read(User), "default")
+            self.assertEqual(router.db_for_read(Book), "other")
 
-            self.assertEqual(router.db_for_write(User), 'writer')
-            self.assertEqual(router.db_for_write(Book), 'writer')
+            self.assertEqual(router.db_for_write(User), "writer")
+            self.assertEqual(router.db_for_write(Book), "writer")
 
             self.assertTrue(router.allow_relation(dive, dive))
 
-            self.assertFalse(router.allow_migrate_model('default', User))
-            self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model('default', Book))
+            self.assertFalse(router.allow_migrate_model("default", User))
+            self.assertTrue(router.allow_migrate_model("default", Book))
 
     def test_database_routing(self):
-        marty = Person.objects.using('default').create(name="Marty Alchin")
-        pro = Book.objects.using('default').create(
-            title='Pro Django',
+        marty = Person.objects.using("default").create(name="Marty Alchin")
+        pro = Book.objects.using("default").create(
+            title="Pro Django",
             published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16),
             editor=marty,
         )
         pro.authors.set([marty])
 
         # Create a book and author on the other database
-        Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
+        Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)
+        )
 
         # An update query will be routed to the default database
-        Book.objects.filter(title='Pro Django').update(pages=200)
+        Book.objects.filter(title="Pro Django").update(pages=200)
 
         with self.assertRaises(Book.DoesNotExist):
             # By default, the get query will be directed to 'other'
-            Book.objects.get(title='Pro Django')
+            Book.objects.get(title="Pro Django")
 
         # But the same query issued explicitly at a database will work.
-        pro = Book.objects.using('default').get(title='Pro Django')
+        pro = Book.objects.using("default").get(title="Pro Django")
 
         # The update worked.
         self.assertEqual(pro.pages, 200)
 
         # An update query with an explicit using clause will be routed
         # to the requested database.
-        Book.objects.using('other').filter(title='Dive into Python').update(pages=300)
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.get(title='Dive into Python').pages, 300)
+        Book.objects.using("other").filter(title="Dive into Python").update(pages=300)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.get(title="Dive into Python").pages, 300)
 
         # Related object queries stick to the same database
         # as the original object, regardless of the router
-        self.assertEqual(list(pro.authors.values_list('name', flat=True)), ['Marty Alchin'])
-        self.assertEqual(pro.editor.name, 'Marty Alchin')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(pro.authors.values_list("name", flat=True)), ["Marty Alchin"]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(pro.editor.name, "Marty Alchin")
 
         # get_or_create is a special case. The get needs to be targeted at
         # the write database in order to avoid potential transaction
@@ -1107,13 +1440,14 @@ class RouterTestCase(TestCase):
         book, created = Book.objects.get_or_create(title="Pro Django")
         self.assertFalse(created)
 
-        book, created = Book.objects.get_or_create(title="Dive Into Python",
-                                                   defaults={'published': datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)})
+        book, created = Book.objects.get_or_create(
+            title="Dive Into Python", defaults={"published": datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)}
+        )
         self.assertTrue(created)
 
         # Check the head count of objects
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using('default').count(), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using('other').count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using("default").count(), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using("other").count(), 1)
         # If a database isn't specified, the read database is used
         self.assertEqual(Book.objects.count(), 1)
 
@@ -1121,12 +1455,12 @@ class RouterTestCase(TestCase):
         Book.objects.filter(pages__gt=150).delete()
 
         # The default database has lost the book.
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using('default').count(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using('other').count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using("default").count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using("other").count(), 1)
 
     def test_invalid_set_foreign_key_assignment(self):
-        marty = Person.objects.using('default').create(name="Marty Alchin")
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').create(
+        marty = Person.objects.using("default").create(name="Marty Alchin")
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").create(
             title="Dive into Python",
             published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4),
         )
@@ -1138,67 +1472,69 @@ class RouterTestCase(TestCase):
     def test_foreign_key_cross_database_protection(self):
         "Foreign keys can cross databases if they two databases have a common source"
         # Create a book and author on the default database
-        pro = Book.objects.using('default').create(title="Pro Django",
-                                                   published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        pro = Book.objects.using("default").create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
 
-        marty = Person.objects.using('default').create(name="Marty Alchin")
+        marty = Person.objects.using("default").create(name="Marty Alchin")
 
         # Create a book and author on the other database
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Dive into Python",
-                                                  published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)
+        )
 
-        mark = Person.objects.using('other').create(name="Mark Pilgrim")
+        mark = Person.objects.using("other").create(name="Mark Pilgrim")
 
         # Set a foreign key with an object from a different database
         dive.editor = marty
 
         # Database assignments of original objects haven't changed...
-        self.assertEqual(marty._state.db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(pro._state.db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, 'other')
-        self.assertEqual(mark._state.db, 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(marty._state.db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(pro._state.db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, "other")
+        self.assertEqual(mark._state.db, "other")
 
         # ... but they will when the affected object is saved.
         dive.save()
-        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, "default")
 
         # ...and the source database now has a copy of any object saved
-        Book.objects.using('default').get(title='Dive into Python').delete()
+        Book.objects.using("default").get(title="Dive into Python").delete()
 
         # This isn't a real primary/replica database, so restore the original from other
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').get(title='Dive into Python')
-        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, 'other')
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").get(title="Dive into Python")
+        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, "other")
 
         # Set a foreign key set with an object from a different database
         marty.edited.set([pro, dive], bulk=False)
 
         # Assignment implies a save, so database assignments of original objects have changed...
-        self.assertEqual(marty._state.db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(pro._state.db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(mark._state.db, 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(marty._state.db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(pro._state.db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(mark._state.db, "other")
 
         # ...and the source database now has a copy of any object saved
-        Book.objects.using('default').get(title='Dive into Python').delete()
+        Book.objects.using("default").get(title="Dive into Python").delete()
 
         # This isn't a real primary/replica database, so restore the original from other
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').get(title='Dive into Python')
-        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, 'other')
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").get(title="Dive into Python")
+        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, "other")
 
         # Add to a foreign key set with an object from a different database
         marty.edited.add(dive, bulk=False)
 
         # Add implies a save, so database assignments of original objects have changed...
-        self.assertEqual(marty._state.db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(pro._state.db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(mark._state.db, 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(marty._state.db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(pro._state.db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(mark._state.db, "other")
 
         # ...and the source database now has a copy of any object saved
-        Book.objects.using('default').get(title='Dive into Python').delete()
+        Book.objects.using("default").get(title="Dive into Python").delete()
 
         # This isn't a real primary/replica database, so restore the original from other
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').get(title='Dive into Python')
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").get(title="Dive into Python")
 
         # If you assign a FK object when the base object hasn't
         # been saved yet, you implicitly assign the database for the
@@ -1211,222 +1547,236 @@ class RouterTestCase(TestCase):
 
         # old object comes from 'other', so the new object is set to use the
         # source of 'other'...
-        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, "other")
         chris.save()
         dive.editor = chris
         html5.editor = mark
 
-        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, 'other')
-        self.assertEqual(mark._state.db, 'other')
-        self.assertEqual(chris._state.db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(html5._state.db, 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, "other")
+        self.assertEqual(mark._state.db, "other")
+        self.assertEqual(chris._state.db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(html5._state.db, "default")
 
         # This also works if you assign the FK in the constructor
-        water = Book(title="Dive into Water", published=datetime.date(2001, 1, 1), editor=mark)
-        self.assertEqual(water._state.db, 'default')
+        water = Book(
+            title="Dive into Water", published=datetime.date(2001, 1, 1), editor=mark
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(water._state.db, "default")
 
         # For the remainder of this test, create a copy of 'mark' in the
         # 'default' database to prevent integrity errors on backends that
         # don't defer constraints checks until the end of the transaction
-        mark.save(using='default')
+        mark.save(using="default")
 
         # This moved 'mark' in the 'default' database, move it back in 'other'
-        mark.save(using='other')
-        self.assertEqual(mark._state.db, 'other')
+        mark.save(using="other")
+        self.assertEqual(mark._state.db, "other")
 
         # If you create an object through a FK relation, it will be
         # written to the write database, even if the original object
         # was on the read database
-        cheesecake = mark.edited.create(title='Dive into Cheesecake', published=datetime.date(2010, 3, 15))
-        self.assertEqual(cheesecake._state.db, 'default')
+        cheesecake = mark.edited.create(
+            title="Dive into Cheesecake", published=datetime.date(2010, 3, 15)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(cheesecake._state.db, "default")
 
         # Same goes for get_or_create, regardless of whether getting or creating
         cheesecake, created = mark.edited.get_or_create(
-            title='Dive into Cheesecake',
+            title="Dive into Cheesecake",
             published=datetime.date(2010, 3, 15),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(cheesecake._state.db, 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(cheesecake._state.db, "default")
 
-        puddles, created = mark.edited.get_or_create(title='Dive into Puddles', published=datetime.date(2010, 3, 15))
-        self.assertEqual(puddles._state.db, 'default')
+        puddles, created = mark.edited.get_or_create(
+            title="Dive into Puddles", published=datetime.date(2010, 3, 15)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(puddles._state.db, "default")
 
     def test_m2m_cross_database_protection(self):
         "M2M relations can cross databases if the database share a source"
         # Create books and authors on the inverse to the usual database
-        pro = Book.objects.using('other').create(pk=1, title="Pro Django",
-                                                 published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        pro = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            pk=1, title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
 
-        marty = Person.objects.using('other').create(pk=1, name="Marty Alchin")
+        marty = Person.objects.using("other").create(pk=1, name="Marty Alchin")
 
-        dive = Book.objects.using('default').create(pk=2, title="Dive into Python",
-                                                    published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
+        dive = Book.objects.using("default").create(
+            pk=2, title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)
+        )
 
-        mark = Person.objects.using('default').create(pk=2, name="Mark Pilgrim")
+        mark = Person.objects.using("default").create(pk=2, name="Mark Pilgrim")
 
         # Now save back onto the usual database.
         # This simulates primary/replica - the objects exist on both database,
         # but the _state.db is as it is for all other tests.
-        pro.save(using='default')
-        marty.save(using='default')
-        dive.save(using='other')
-        mark.save(using='other')
+        pro.save(using="default")
+        marty.save(using="default")
+        dive.save(using="other")
+        mark.save(using="other")
 
         # We have 2 of both types of object on both databases
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using('default').count(), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using('other').count(), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using('default').count(), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using('other').count(), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using("default").count(), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using("other").count(), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using("default").count(), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.using("other").count(), 2)
 
         # Set a m2m set with an object from a different database
         marty.book_set.set([pro, dive])
 
         # Database assignments don't change
-        self.assertEqual(marty._state.db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(pro._state.db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, 'other')
-        self.assertEqual(mark._state.db, 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(marty._state.db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(pro._state.db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, "other")
+        self.assertEqual(mark._state.db, "other")
 
         # All m2m relations should be saved on the default database
-        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using('default').count(), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using('other').count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using("default").count(), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using("other").count(), 0)
 
         # Reset relations
-        Book.authors.through.objects.using('default').delete()
+        Book.authors.through.objects.using("default").delete()
 
         # Add to an m2m with an object from a different database
         marty.book_set.add(dive)
 
         # Database assignments don't change
-        self.assertEqual(marty._state.db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(pro._state.db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, 'other')
-        self.assertEqual(mark._state.db, 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(marty._state.db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(pro._state.db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, "other")
+        self.assertEqual(mark._state.db, "other")
 
         # All m2m relations should be saved on the default database
-        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using('default').count(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using('other').count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using("default").count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using("other").count(), 0)
 
         # Reset relations
-        Book.authors.through.objects.using('default').delete()
+        Book.authors.through.objects.using("default").delete()
 
         # Set a reverse m2m with an object from a different database
         dive.authors.set([mark, marty])
 
         # Database assignments don't change
-        self.assertEqual(marty._state.db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(pro._state.db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, 'other')
-        self.assertEqual(mark._state.db, 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(marty._state.db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(pro._state.db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, "other")
+        self.assertEqual(mark._state.db, "other")
 
         # All m2m relations should be saved on the default database
-        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using('default').count(), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using('other').count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using("default").count(), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using("other").count(), 0)
 
         # Reset relations
-        Book.authors.through.objects.using('default').delete()
+        Book.authors.through.objects.using("default").delete()
 
-        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using('default').count(), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using('other').count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using("default").count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using("other").count(), 0)
 
         # Add to a reverse m2m with an object from a different database
         dive.authors.add(marty)
 
         # Database assignments don't change
-        self.assertEqual(marty._state.db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(pro._state.db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, 'other')
-        self.assertEqual(mark._state.db, 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(marty._state.db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(pro._state.db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, "other")
+        self.assertEqual(mark._state.db, "other")
 
         # All m2m relations should be saved on the default database
-        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using('default').count(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using('other').count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using("default").count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(Book.authors.through.objects.using("other").count(), 0)
 
         # If you create an object through a M2M relation, it will be
         # written to the write database, even if the original object
         # was on the read database
-        alice = dive.authors.create(name='Alice', pk=3)
-        self.assertEqual(alice._state.db, 'default')
+        alice = dive.authors.create(name="Alice", pk=3)
+        self.assertEqual(alice._state.db, "default")
 
         # Same goes for get_or_create, regardless of whether getting or creating
-        alice, created = dive.authors.get_or_create(name='Alice')
-        self.assertEqual(alice._state.db, 'default')
+        alice, created = dive.authors.get_or_create(name="Alice")
+        self.assertEqual(alice._state.db, "default")
 
-        bob, created = dive.authors.get_or_create(name='Bob', defaults={'pk': 4})
-        self.assertEqual(bob._state.db, 'default')
+        bob, created = dive.authors.get_or_create(name="Bob", defaults={"pk": 4})
+        self.assertEqual(bob._state.db, "default")
 
     def test_o2o_cross_database_protection(self):
         "Operations that involve sharing FK objects across databases raise an error"
         # Create a user and profile on the default database
-        alice = User.objects.db_manager('default').create_user('alice', 'alice@example.com')
+        alice = User.objects.db_manager("default").create_user(
+            "alice", "alice@example.com"
+        )
 
         # Create a user and profile on the other database
-        bob = User.objects.db_manager('other').create_user('bob', 'bob@example.com')
+        bob = User.objects.db_manager("other").create_user("bob", "bob@example.com")
 
         # Set a one-to-one relation with an object from a different database
-        alice_profile = UserProfile.objects.create(user=alice, flavor='chocolate')
+        alice_profile = UserProfile.objects.create(user=alice, flavor="chocolate")
         bob.userprofile = alice_profile
 
         # Database assignments of original objects haven't changed...
-        self.assertEqual(alice._state.db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(alice_profile._state.db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(bob._state.db, 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(alice._state.db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(alice_profile._state.db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(bob._state.db, "other")
 
         # ... but they will when the affected object is saved.
         bob.save()
-        self.assertEqual(bob._state.db, 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(bob._state.db, "default")
 
     def test_generic_key_cross_database_protection(self):
         "Generic Key operations can span databases if they share a source"
         # Create a book and author on the default database
-        pro = Book.objects.using(
-            'default').create(title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        pro = Book.objects.using("default").create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
 
-        review1 = Review.objects.using(
-            'default').create(source="Python Monthly", content_object=pro)
+        review1 = Review.objects.using("default").create(
+            source="Python Monthly", content_object=pro
+        )
 
         # Create a book and author on the other database
-        dive = Book.objects.using(
-            'other').create(title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)
+        )
 
-        review2 = Review.objects.using(
-            'other').create(source="Python Weekly", content_object=dive)
+        review2 = Review.objects.using("other").create(
+            source="Python Weekly", content_object=dive
+        )
 
         # Set a generic foreign key with an object from a different database
         review1.content_object = dive
 
         # Database assignments of original objects haven't changed...
-        self.assertEqual(pro._state.db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(review1._state.db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, 'other')
-        self.assertEqual(review2._state.db, 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(pro._state.db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(review1._state.db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, "other")
+        self.assertEqual(review2._state.db, "other")
 
         # ... but they will when the affected object is saved.
         dive.save()
-        self.assertEqual(review1._state.db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(review1._state.db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, "default")
 
         # ...and the source database now has a copy of any object saved
-        Book.objects.using('default').get(title='Dive into Python').delete()
+        Book.objects.using("default").get(title="Dive into Python").delete()
 
         # This isn't a real primary/replica database, so restore the original from other
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').get(title='Dive into Python')
-        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, 'other')
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").get(title="Dive into Python")
+        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, "other")
 
         # Add to a generic foreign key set with an object from a different database
         dive.reviews.add(review1)
 
         # Database assignments of original objects haven't changed...
-        self.assertEqual(pro._state.db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(review1._state.db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, 'other')
-        self.assertEqual(review2._state.db, 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(pro._state.db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(review1._state.db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, "other")
+        self.assertEqual(review2._state.db, "other")
 
         # ... but they will when the affected object is saved.
         dive.save()
-        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(dive._state.db, "default")
 
         # ...and the source database now has a copy of any object saved
-        Book.objects.using('default').get(title='Dive into Python').delete()
+        Book.objects.using("default").get(title="Dive into Python").delete()
 
         # BUT! if you assign a FK object when the base object hasn't
         # been saved yet, you implicitly assign the database for the
@@ -1437,66 +1787,70 @@ class RouterTestCase(TestCase):
 
         # Dive comes from 'other', so review3 is set to use the source of 'other'...
         review3.content_object = dive
-        self.assertEqual(review3._state.db, 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(review3._state.db, "default")
 
         # If you create an object through a M2M relation, it will be
         # written to the write database, even if the original object
         # was on the read database
-        dive = Book.objects.using('other').get(title='Dive into Python')
+        dive = Book.objects.using("other").get(title="Dive into Python")
         nyt = dive.reviews.create(source="New York Times", content_object=dive)
-        self.assertEqual(nyt._state.db, 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(nyt._state.db, "default")
 
     def test_m2m_managers(self):
         "M2M relations are represented by managers, and can be controlled like managers"
-        pro = Book.objects.using('other').create(pk=1, title="Pro Django",
-                                                 published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        pro = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            pk=1, title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
 
-        marty = Person.objects.using('other').create(pk=1, name="Marty Alchin")
+        marty = Person.objects.using("other").create(pk=1, name="Marty Alchin")
 
-        self.assertEqual(pro.authors.db, 'other')
-        self.assertEqual(pro.authors.db_manager('default').db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(pro.authors.db_manager('default').all().db, 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(pro.authors.db, "other")
+        self.assertEqual(pro.authors.db_manager("default").db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(pro.authors.db_manager("default").all().db, "default")
 
-        self.assertEqual(marty.book_set.db, 'other')
-        self.assertEqual(marty.book_set.db_manager('default').db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(marty.book_set.db_manager('default').all().db, 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(marty.book_set.db, "other")
+        self.assertEqual(marty.book_set.db_manager("default").db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(marty.book_set.db_manager("default").all().db, "default")
 
     def test_foreign_key_managers(self):
         "FK reverse relations are represented by managers, and can be controlled like managers"
-        marty = Person.objects.using('other').create(pk=1, name="Marty Alchin")
-        Book.objects.using('other').create(
+        marty = Person.objects.using("other").create(pk=1, name="Marty Alchin")
+        Book.objects.using("other").create(
             pk=1,
-            title='Pro Django',
+            title="Pro Django",
             published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16),
             editor=marty,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(marty.edited.db, 'other')
-        self.assertEqual(marty.edited.db_manager('default').db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(marty.edited.db_manager('default').all().db, 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(marty.edited.db, "other")
+        self.assertEqual(marty.edited.db_manager("default").db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(marty.edited.db_manager("default").all().db, "default")
 
     def test_generic_key_managers(self):
         "Generic key relations are represented by managers, and can be controlled like managers"
-        pro = Book.objects.using('other').create(title="Pro Django",
-                                                 published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        pro = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
 
-        Review.objects.using('other').create(source='Python Monthly', content_object=pro)
+        Review.objects.using("other").create(
+            source="Python Monthly", content_object=pro
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual(pro.reviews.db, 'other')
-        self.assertEqual(pro.reviews.db_manager('default').db, 'default')
-        self.assertEqual(pro.reviews.db_manager('default').all().db, 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(pro.reviews.db, "other")
+        self.assertEqual(pro.reviews.db_manager("default").db, "default")
+        self.assertEqual(pro.reviews.db_manager("default").all().db, "default")
 
     def test_subquery(self):
         """Make sure as_sql works with subqueries and primary/replica."""
         # Create a book and author on the other database
 
-        mark = Person.objects.using('other').create(name="Mark Pilgrim")
-        Book.objects.using('other').create(
-            title='Dive into Python',
+        mark = Person.objects.using("other").create(name="Mark Pilgrim")
+        Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Dive into Python",
             published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4),
             editor=mark,
         )
 
-        sub = Person.objects.filter(name='Mark Pilgrim')
+        sub = Person.objects.filter(name="Mark Pilgrim")
         qs = Book.objects.filter(editor__in=sub)
 
         # When you call __str__ on the query object, it doesn't know about using
@@ -1505,74 +1859,80 @@ class RouterTestCase(TestCase):
         str(qs.query)
 
         # If you evaluate the query, it should work, running on 'other'
-        self.assertEqual(list(qs.values_list('title', flat=True)), ['Dive into Python'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(qs.values_list("title", flat=True)), ["Dive into Python"])
 
     def test_deferred_models(self):
-        mark_def = Person.objects.using('default').create(name="Mark Pilgrim")
-        mark_other = Person.objects.using('other').create(name="Mark Pilgrim")
-        orig_b = Book.objects.using('other').create(
-            title='Dive into Python',
+        mark_def = Person.objects.using("default").create(name="Mark Pilgrim")
+        mark_other = Person.objects.using("other").create(name="Mark Pilgrim")
+        orig_b = Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            title="Dive into Python",
             published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4),
             editor=mark_other,
         )
-        b = Book.objects.using('other').only('title').get(pk=orig_b.pk)
+        b = Book.objects.using("other").only("title").get(pk=orig_b.pk)
         self.assertEqual(b.published, datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
-        b = Book.objects.using('other').only('title').get(pk=orig_b.pk)
+        b = Book.objects.using("other").only("title").get(pk=orig_b.pk)
         b.editor = mark_def
-        b.save(using='default')
-        self.assertEqual(Book.objects.using('default').get(pk=b.pk).published,
-                         datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
+        b.save(using="default")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Book.objects.using("default").get(pk=b.pk).published,
+            datetime.date(2009, 5, 4),
+        )
 
 
 @override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[AuthRouter()])
 class AuthTestCase(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     def test_auth_manager(self):
         "The methods on the auth manager obey database hints"
         # Create one user using default allocation policy
-        User.objects.create_user('alice', 'alice@example.com')
+        User.objects.create_user("alice", "alice@example.com")
 
         # Create another user, explicitly specifying the database
-        User.objects.db_manager('default').create_user('bob', 'bob@example.com')
+        User.objects.db_manager("default").create_user("bob", "bob@example.com")
 
         # The second user only exists on the other database
-        alice = User.objects.using('other').get(username='alice')
+        alice = User.objects.using("other").get(username="alice")
 
-        self.assertEqual(alice.username, 'alice')
-        self.assertEqual(alice._state.db, 'other')
+        self.assertEqual(alice.username, "alice")
+        self.assertEqual(alice._state.db, "other")
 
         with self.assertRaises(User.DoesNotExist):
-            User.objects.using('default').get(username='alice')
+            User.objects.using("default").get(username="alice")
 
         # The second user only exists on the default database
-        bob = User.objects.using('default').get(username='bob')
+        bob = User.objects.using("default").get(username="bob")
 
-        self.assertEqual(bob.username, 'bob')
-        self.assertEqual(bob._state.db, 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(bob.username, "bob")
+        self.assertEqual(bob._state.db, "default")
 
         with self.assertRaises(User.DoesNotExist):
-            User.objects.using('other').get(username='bob')
+            User.objects.using("other").get(username="bob")
 
         # That is... there is one user on each database
-        self.assertEqual(User.objects.using('default').count(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(User.objects.using('other').count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(User.objects.using("default").count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(User.objects.using("other").count(), 1)
 
     def test_dumpdata(self):
         "dumpdata honors allow_migrate restrictions on the router"
-        User.objects.create_user('alice', 'alice@example.com')
-        User.objects.db_manager('default').create_user('bob', 'bob@example.com')
+        User.objects.create_user("alice", "alice@example.com")
+        User.objects.db_manager("default").create_user("bob", "bob@example.com")
 
         # dumping the default database doesn't try to include auth because
         # allow_migrate prohibits auth on default
         new_io = StringIO()
-        management.call_command('dumpdata', 'auth', format='json', database='default', stdout=new_io)
+        management.call_command(
+            "dumpdata", "auth", format="json", database="default", stdout=new_io
+        )
         command_output = new_io.getvalue().strip()
-        self.assertEqual(command_output, '[]')
+        self.assertEqual(command_output, "[]")
 
         # dumping the other database does include auth
         new_io = StringIO()
-        management.call_command('dumpdata', 'auth', format='json', database='other', stdout=new_io)
+        management.call_command(
+            "dumpdata", "auth", format="json", database="other", stdout=new_io
+        )
         command_output = new_io.getvalue().strip()
         self.assertIn('"email": "alice@example.com"', command_output)
 
@@ -1582,38 +1942,38 @@ class AntiPetRouter:
     # passing pets to the 'other' database
 
     def allow_migrate(self, db, app_label, model_name=None, **hints):
-        if db == 'other':
-            return model_name == 'pet'
+        if db == "other":
+            return model_name == "pet"
         else:
-            return model_name != 'pet'
+            return model_name != "pet"
 
 
 class FixtureTestCase(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
-    fixtures = ['multidb-common', 'multidb']
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
+    fixtures = ["multidb-common", "multidb"]
 
     @override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[AntiPetRouter()])
     def test_fixture_loading(self):
         "Multi-db fixtures are loaded correctly"
         # "Pro Django" exists on the default database, but not on other database
         Book.objects.get(title="Pro Django")
-        Book.objects.using('default').get(title="Pro Django")
+        Book.objects.using("default").get(title="Pro Django")
 
         with self.assertRaises(Book.DoesNotExist):
-            Book.objects.using('other').get(title="Pro Django")
+            Book.objects.using("other").get(title="Pro Django")
 
         # "Dive into Python" exists on the default database, but not on other database
-        Book.objects.using('other').get(title="Dive into Python")
+        Book.objects.using("other").get(title="Dive into Python")
 
         with self.assertRaises(Book.DoesNotExist):
             Book.objects.get(title="Dive into Python")
         with self.assertRaises(Book.DoesNotExist):
-            Book.objects.using('default').get(title="Dive into Python")
+            Book.objects.using("default").get(title="Dive into Python")
 
         # "Definitive Guide" exists on the both databases
         Book.objects.get(title="The Definitive Guide to Django")
-        Book.objects.using('default').get(title="The Definitive Guide to Django")
-        Book.objects.using('other').get(title="The Definitive Guide to Django")
+        Book.objects.using("default").get(title="The Definitive Guide to Django")
+        Book.objects.using("other").get(title="The Definitive Guide to Django")
 
     @override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[AntiPetRouter()])
     def test_pseudo_empty_fixtures(self):
@@ -1622,18 +1982,22 @@ class FixtureTestCase(TestCase):
         this shouldn't raise an error (#14068).
         """
         new_io = StringIO()
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'pets', stdout=new_io, stderr=new_io)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "pets", stdout=new_io, stderr=new_io)
         command_output = new_io.getvalue().strip()
         # No objects will actually be loaded
-        self.assertEqual(command_output, "Installed 0 object(s) (of 2) from 1 fixture(s)")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            command_output, "Installed 0 object(s) (of 2) from 1 fixture(s)"
+        )
 
 
 class PickleQuerySetTestCase(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     def test_pickling(self):
         for db in self.databases:
-            Book.objects.using(db).create(title='Dive into Python', published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4))
+            Book.objects.using(db).create(
+                title="Dive into Python", published=datetime.date(2009, 5, 4)
+            )
             qs = Book.objects.all()
             self.assertEqual(qs.db, pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(qs)).db)
 
@@ -1642,20 +2006,22 @@ class DatabaseReceiver:
     """
     Used in the tests for the database argument in signals (#13552)
     """
+
     def __call__(self, signal, sender, **kwargs):
-        self._database = kwargs['using']
+        self._database = kwargs["using"]
 
 
 class WriteToOtherRouter:
     """
     A router that sends all writes to the other database.
     """
+
     def db_for_write(self, model, **hints):
         return "other"
 
 
 class SignalTests(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     def override_router(self):
         return override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[WriteToOtherRouter()])
@@ -1674,7 +2040,7 @@ class SignalTests(TestCase):
         signals.post_save.connect(sender=Person, receiver=post_save_receiver)
         signals.pre_delete.connect(sender=Person, receiver=pre_delete_receiver)
         signals.post_delete.connect(sender=Person, receiver=post_delete_receiver)
-        p = Person.objects.create(name='Darth Vader')
+        p = Person.objects.create(name="Darth Vader")
         # Save and test receivers got calls
         p.save()
         self.assertEqual(pre_save_receiver._database, DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS)
@@ -1707,14 +2073,17 @@ class SignalTests(TestCase):
         signals.m2m_changed.connect(receiver=receiver)
 
         # Create the models that will be used for the tests
-        b = Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django",
-                                published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        b = Book.objects.create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
         p = Person.objects.create(name="Marty Alchin")
 
         # Create a copy of the models on the 'other' database to prevent
         # integrity errors on backends that don't defer constraints checks
-        Book.objects.using('other').create(pk=b.pk, title=b.title, published=b.published)
-        Person.objects.using('other').create(pk=p.pk, name=p.name)
+        Book.objects.using("other").create(
+            pk=b.pk, title=b.title, published=b.published
+        )
+        Person.objects.using("other").create(pk=p.pk, name=p.name)
 
         # Test addition
         b.authors.add(p)
@@ -1747,6 +2116,7 @@ class SignalTests(TestCase):
 
 class AttributeErrorRouter:
     "A router to test the exception handling of ConnectionRouter"
+
     def db_for_read(self, model, **hints):
         raise AttributeError
 
@@ -1755,15 +2125,16 @@ class AttributeErrorRouter:
 
 
 class RouterAttributeErrorTestCase(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     def override_router(self):
         return override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[AttributeErrorRouter()])
 
     def test_attribute_error_read(self):
         "The AttributeError from AttributeErrorRouter bubbles up"
-        b = Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django",
-                                published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        b = Book.objects.create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
         with self.override_router():
             with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
                 Book.objects.get(pk=b.pk)
@@ -1779,8 +2150,9 @@ class RouterAttributeErrorTestCase(TestCase):
 
     def test_attribute_error_delete(self):
         "The AttributeError from AttributeErrorRouter bubbles up"
-        b = Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django",
-                                published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        b = Book.objects.create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
         p = Person.objects.create(name="Marty Alchin")
         b.authors.set([p])
         b.editor = p
@@ -1790,8 +2162,9 @@ class RouterAttributeErrorTestCase(TestCase):
 
     def test_attribute_error_m2m(self):
         "The AttributeError from AttributeErrorRouter bubbles up"
-        b = Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django",
-                                published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        b = Book.objects.create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
         p = Person.objects.create(name="Marty Alchin")
         with self.override_router():
             with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
@@ -1800,18 +2173,20 @@ class RouterAttributeErrorTestCase(TestCase):
 
 class ModelMetaRouter:
     "A router to ensure model arguments are real model classes"
+
     def db_for_write(self, model, **hints):
-        if not hasattr(model, '_meta'):
+        if not hasattr(model, "_meta"):
             raise ValueError
 
 
 @override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[ModelMetaRouter()])
 class RouterModelArgumentTestCase(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     def test_m2m_collection(self):
-        b = Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django",
-                                published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        b = Book.objects.create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
 
         p = Person.objects.create(name="Marty Alchin")
         # test add
@@ -1826,8 +2201,8 @@ class RouterModelArgumentTestCase(TestCase):
         b.delete()
 
     def test_foreignkey_collection(self):
-        person = Person.objects.create(name='Bob')
-        Pet.objects.create(owner=person, name='Wart')
+        person = Person.objects.create(name="Bob")
+        Pet.objects.create(owner=person, name="Wart")
         # test related FK collection
         person.delete()
 
@@ -1841,36 +2216,40 @@ class MigrateTestCase(TestCase):
 
     # Limit memory usage when calling 'migrate'.
     available_apps = [
-        'multiple_database',
-        'django.contrib.auth',
-        'django.contrib.contenttypes'
+        "multiple_database",
+        "django.contrib.auth",
+        "django.contrib.contenttypes",
     ]
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     def test_migrate_to_other_database(self):
         """Regression test for #16039: migrate with --database option."""
-        cts = ContentType.objects.using('other').filter(app_label='multiple_database')
+        cts = ContentType.objects.using("other").filter(app_label="multiple_database")
 
         count = cts.count()
         self.assertGreater(count, 0)
 
         cts.delete()
-        management.call_command('migrate', verbosity=0, interactive=False, database='other')
+        management.call_command(
+            "migrate", verbosity=0, interactive=False, database="other"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(cts.count(), count)
 
     def test_migrate_to_other_database_with_router(self):
         """Regression test for #16039: migrate with --database option."""
-        cts = ContentType.objects.using('other').filter(app_label='multiple_database')
+        cts = ContentType.objects.using("other").filter(app_label="multiple_database")
 
         cts.delete()
         with override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[SyncOnlyDefaultDatabaseRouter()]):
-            management.call_command('migrate', verbosity=0, interactive=False, database='other')
+            management.call_command(
+                "migrate", verbosity=0, interactive=False, database="other"
+            )
 
         self.assertEqual(cts.count(), 0)
 
 
 class RouterUsed(Exception):
-    WRITE = 'write'
+    WRITE = "write"
 
     def __init__(self, mode, model, hints):
         self.mode = mode
@@ -1879,28 +2258,30 @@ class RouterUsed(Exception):
 
 
 class RouteForWriteTestCase(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     class WriteCheckRouter:
         def db_for_write(self, model, **hints):
             raise RouterUsed(mode=RouterUsed.WRITE, model=model, hints=hints)
 
     def override_router(self):
-        return override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[RouteForWriteTestCase.WriteCheckRouter()])
+        return override_settings(
+            DATABASE_ROUTERS=[RouteForWriteTestCase.WriteCheckRouter()]
+        )
 
     def test_fk_delete(self):
-        owner = Person.objects.create(name='Someone')
-        pet = Pet.objects.create(name='fido', owner=owner)
+        owner = Person.objects.create(name="Someone")
+        pet = Pet.objects.create(name="fido", owner=owner)
         with self.assertRaises(RouterUsed) as cm:
             with self.override_router():
                 pet.owner.delete()
         e = cm.exception
         self.assertEqual(e.mode, RouterUsed.WRITE)
         self.assertEqual(e.model, Person)
-        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {'instance': owner})
+        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {"instance": owner})
 
     def test_reverse_fk_delete(self):
-        owner = Person.objects.create(name='Someone')
+        owner = Person.objects.create(name="Someone")
         to_del_qs = owner.pet_set.all()
         with self.assertRaises(RouterUsed) as cm:
             with self.override_router():
@@ -1908,45 +2289,47 @@ class RouteForWriteTestCase(TestCase):
         e = cm.exception
         self.assertEqual(e.mode, RouterUsed.WRITE)
         self.assertEqual(e.model, Pet)
-        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {'instance': owner})
+        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {"instance": owner})
 
     def test_reverse_fk_get_or_create(self):
-        owner = Person.objects.create(name='Someone')
+        owner = Person.objects.create(name="Someone")
         with self.assertRaises(RouterUsed) as cm:
             with self.override_router():
-                owner.pet_set.get_or_create(name='fido')
+                owner.pet_set.get_or_create(name="fido")
         e = cm.exception
         self.assertEqual(e.mode, RouterUsed.WRITE)
         self.assertEqual(e.model, Pet)
-        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {'instance': owner})
+        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {"instance": owner})
 
     def test_reverse_fk_update(self):
-        owner = Person.objects.create(name='Someone')
-        Pet.objects.create(name='fido', owner=owner)
+        owner = Person.objects.create(name="Someone")
+        Pet.objects.create(name="fido", owner=owner)
         with self.assertRaises(RouterUsed) as cm:
             with self.override_router():
-                owner.pet_set.update(name='max')
+                owner.pet_set.update(name="max")
         e = cm.exception
         self.assertEqual(e.mode, RouterUsed.WRITE)
         self.assertEqual(e.model, Pet)
-        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {'instance': owner})
+        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {"instance": owner})
 
     def test_m2m_add(self):
-        auth = Person.objects.create(name='Someone')
-        book = Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django",
-                                   published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        auth = Person.objects.create(name="Someone")
+        book = Book.objects.create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
         with self.assertRaises(RouterUsed) as cm:
             with self.override_router():
                 book.authors.add(auth)
         e = cm.exception
         self.assertEqual(e.mode, RouterUsed.WRITE)
         self.assertEqual(e.model, Book.authors.through)
-        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {'instance': book})
+        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {"instance": book})
 
     def test_m2m_clear(self):
-        auth = Person.objects.create(name='Someone')
-        book = Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django",
-                                   published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        auth = Person.objects.create(name="Someone")
+        book = Book.objects.create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
         book.authors.add(auth)
         with self.assertRaises(RouterUsed) as cm:
             with self.override_router():
@@ -1954,12 +2337,13 @@ class RouteForWriteTestCase(TestCase):
         e = cm.exception
         self.assertEqual(e.mode, RouterUsed.WRITE)
         self.assertEqual(e.model, Book.authors.through)
-        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {'instance': book})
+        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {"instance": book})
 
     def test_m2m_delete(self):
-        auth = Person.objects.create(name='Someone')
-        book = Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django",
-                                   published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        auth = Person.objects.create(name="Someone")
+        book = Book.objects.create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
         book.authors.add(auth)
         with self.assertRaises(RouterUsed) as cm:
             with self.override_router():
@@ -1967,24 +2351,26 @@ class RouteForWriteTestCase(TestCase):
         e = cm.exception
         self.assertEqual(e.mode, RouterUsed.WRITE)
         self.assertEqual(e.model, Person)
-        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {'instance': book})
+        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {"instance": book})
 
     def test_m2m_get_or_create(self):
-        Person.objects.create(name='Someone')
-        book = Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django",
-                                   published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        Person.objects.create(name="Someone")
+        book = Book.objects.create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
         with self.assertRaises(RouterUsed) as cm:
             with self.override_router():
-                book.authors.get_or_create(name='Someone else')
+                book.authors.get_or_create(name="Someone else")
         e = cm.exception
         self.assertEqual(e.mode, RouterUsed.WRITE)
         self.assertEqual(e.model, Book)
-        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {'instance': book})
+        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {"instance": book})
 
     def test_m2m_remove(self):
-        auth = Person.objects.create(name='Someone')
-        book = Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django",
-                                   published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        auth = Person.objects.create(name="Someone")
+        book = Book.objects.create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
         book.authors.add(auth)
         with self.assertRaises(RouterUsed) as cm:
             with self.override_router():
@@ -1992,37 +2378,40 @@ class RouteForWriteTestCase(TestCase):
         e = cm.exception
         self.assertEqual(e.mode, RouterUsed.WRITE)
         self.assertEqual(e.model, Book.authors.through)
-        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {'instance': book})
+        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {"instance": book})
 
     def test_m2m_update(self):
-        auth = Person.objects.create(name='Someone')
-        book = Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django",
-                                   published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        auth = Person.objects.create(name="Someone")
+        book = Book.objects.create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
         book.authors.add(auth)
         with self.assertRaises(RouterUsed) as cm:
             with self.override_router():
-                book.authors.all().update(name='Different')
+                book.authors.all().update(name="Different")
         e = cm.exception
         self.assertEqual(e.mode, RouterUsed.WRITE)
         self.assertEqual(e.model, Person)
-        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {'instance': book})
+        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {"instance": book})
 
     def test_reverse_m2m_add(self):
-        auth = Person.objects.create(name='Someone')
-        book = Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django",
-                                   published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        auth = Person.objects.create(name="Someone")
+        book = Book.objects.create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
         with self.assertRaises(RouterUsed) as cm:
             with self.override_router():
                 auth.book_set.add(book)
         e = cm.exception
         self.assertEqual(e.mode, RouterUsed.WRITE)
         self.assertEqual(e.model, Book.authors.through)
-        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {'instance': auth})
+        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {"instance": auth})
 
     def test_reverse_m2m_clear(self):
-        auth = Person.objects.create(name='Someone')
-        book = Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django",
-                                   published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        auth = Person.objects.create(name="Someone")
+        book = Book.objects.create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
         book.authors.add(auth)
         with self.assertRaises(RouterUsed) as cm:
             with self.override_router():
@@ -2030,12 +2419,13 @@ class RouteForWriteTestCase(TestCase):
         e = cm.exception
         self.assertEqual(e.mode, RouterUsed.WRITE)
         self.assertEqual(e.model, Book.authors.through)
-        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {'instance': auth})
+        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {"instance": auth})
 
     def test_reverse_m2m_delete(self):
-        auth = Person.objects.create(name='Someone')
-        book = Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django",
-                                   published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        auth = Person.objects.create(name="Someone")
+        book = Book.objects.create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
         book.authors.add(auth)
         with self.assertRaises(RouterUsed) as cm:
             with self.override_router():
@@ -2043,24 +2433,26 @@ class RouteForWriteTestCase(TestCase):
         e = cm.exception
         self.assertEqual(e.mode, RouterUsed.WRITE)
         self.assertEqual(e.model, Book)
-        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {'instance': auth})
+        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {"instance": auth})
 
     def test_reverse_m2m_get_or_create(self):
-        auth = Person.objects.create(name='Someone')
-        Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django",
-                            published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        auth = Person.objects.create(name="Someone")
+        Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
         with self.assertRaises(RouterUsed) as cm:
             with self.override_router():
-                auth.book_set.get_or_create(title="New Book", published=datetime.datetime.now())
+                auth.book_set.get_or_create(
+                    title="New Book", published=datetime.datetime.now()
+                )
         e = cm.exception
         self.assertEqual(e.mode, RouterUsed.WRITE)
         self.assertEqual(e.model, Person)
-        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {'instance': auth})
+        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {"instance": auth})
 
     def test_reverse_m2m_remove(self):
-        auth = Person.objects.create(name='Someone')
-        book = Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django",
-                                   published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        auth = Person.objects.create(name="Someone")
+        book = Book.objects.create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
         book.authors.add(auth)
         with self.assertRaises(RouterUsed) as cm:
             with self.override_router():
@@ -2068,24 +2460,26 @@ class RouteForWriteTestCase(TestCase):
         e = cm.exception
         self.assertEqual(e.mode, RouterUsed.WRITE)
         self.assertEqual(e.model, Book.authors.through)
-        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {'instance': auth})
+        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {"instance": auth})
 
     def test_reverse_m2m_update(self):
-        auth = Person.objects.create(name='Someone')
-        book = Book.objects.create(title="Pro Django",
-                                   published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16))
+        auth = Person.objects.create(name="Someone")
+        book = Book.objects.create(
+            title="Pro Django", published=datetime.date(2008, 12, 16)
+        )
         book.authors.add(auth)
         with self.assertRaises(RouterUsed) as cm:
             with self.override_router():
-                auth.book_set.all().update(title='Different')
+                auth.book_set.all().update(title="Different")
         e = cm.exception
         self.assertEqual(e.mode, RouterUsed.WRITE)
         self.assertEqual(e.model, Book)
-        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {'instance': auth})
+        self.assertEqual(e.hints, {"instance": auth})
 
 
 class NoRelationRouter:
     """Disallow all relations."""
+
     def allow_relation(self, obj1, obj2, **hints):
         return False
 
@@ -2093,17 +2487,18 @@ class NoRelationRouter:
 @override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[NoRelationRouter()])
 class RelationAssignmentTests(SimpleTestCase):
     """allow_relation() is called with unsaved model instances."""
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
-    router_prevents_msg = 'the current database router prevents this relation'
+
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
+    router_prevents_msg = "the current database router prevents this relation"
 
     def test_foreign_key_relation(self):
-        person = Person(name='Someone')
+        person = Person(name="Someone")
         pet = Pet()
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, self.router_prevents_msg):
             pet.owner = person
 
     def test_reverse_one_to_one_relation(self):
-        user = User(username='Someone', password='fake_hash')
+        user = User(username="Someone", password="fake_hash")
         profile = UserProfile()
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, self.router_prevents_msg):
             user.userprofile = profile
diff --git a/tests/mutually_referential/models.py b/tests/mutually_referential/models.py
index cc1dacc118..d82bfb4518 100644
--- a/tests/mutually_referential/models.py
+++ b/tests/mutually_referential/models.py
@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ class Parent(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
     # Use a simple string for forward declarations.
-    bestchild = models.ForeignKey("Child", models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name="favored_by")
+    bestchild = models.ForeignKey(
+        "Child", models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name="favored_by"
+    )
 
 
 class Child(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/mutually_referential/tests.py b/tests/mutually_referential/tests.py
index 8c0ff69565..d54c03ec9a 100644
--- a/tests/mutually_referential/tests.py
+++ b/tests/mutually_referential/tests.py
@@ -4,15 +4,14 @@ from .models import Parent
 
 
 class MutuallyReferentialTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_mutually_referential(self):
         # Create a Parent
-        q = Parent(name='Elizabeth')
+        q = Parent(name="Elizabeth")
         q.save()
 
         # Create some children
-        c = q.child_set.create(name='Charles')
-        q.child_set.create(name='Edward')
+        c = q.child_set.create(name="Charles")
+        q.child_set.create(name="Edward")
 
         # Set the best child
         # No assertion require here; if basic assignment and
diff --git a/tests/nested_foreign_keys/tests.py b/tests/nested_foreign_keys/tests.py
index 08a19504e4..840d5f21fa 100644
--- a/tests/nested_foreign_keys/tests.py
+++ b/tests/nested_foreign_keys/tests.py
@@ -1,7 +1,13 @@
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 from .models import (
-    Event, Movie, Package, PackageNullFK, Person, Screening, ScreeningNullFK,
+    Event,
+    Movie,
+    Package,
+    PackageNullFK,
+    Person,
+    Screening,
+    ScreeningNullFK,
 )
 
 
@@ -27,8 +33,10 @@ from .models import (
 class NestedForeignKeysTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.director = Person.objects.create(name='Terry Gilliam / Terry Jones')
-        cls.movie = Movie.objects.create(title='Monty Python and the Holy Grail', director=cls.director)
+        cls.director = Person.objects.create(name="Terry Gilliam / Terry Jones")
+        cls.movie = Movie.objects.create(
+            title="Monty Python and the Holy Grail", director=cls.director
+        )
 
     # This test failed in #16715 because in some cases INNER JOIN was selected
     # for the second foreign key relation instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN.
@@ -37,16 +45,21 @@ class NestedForeignKeysTests(TestCase):
         Screening.objects.create(movie=self.movie)
 
         self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.all()), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.select_related('screening')), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.select_related("screening")), 2)
         # This failed.
-        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.select_related('screening__movie')), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.select_related("screening__movie")), 2)
 
         self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.values()), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.values('screening__pk')), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.values('screening__movie__pk')), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.values('screening__movie__title')), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.values("screening__pk")), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.values("screening__movie__pk")), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.values("screening__movie__title")), 2)
         # This failed.
-        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.values('screening__movie__pk', 'screening__movie__title')), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                Event.objects.values("screening__movie__pk", "screening__movie__title")
+            ),
+            2,
+        )
 
         # Simple filter/exclude queries for good measure.
         self.assertEqual(Event.objects.filter(screening__movie=self.movie).count(), 1)
@@ -59,24 +72,35 @@ class NestedForeignKeysTests(TestCase):
         ScreeningNullFK.objects.create(movie=self.movie)
 
         self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.all()), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.select_related('screeningnullfk')), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.select_related('screeningnullfk__movie')), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.select_related("screeningnullfk")), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.select_related("screeningnullfk__movie")), 3)
 
         self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.values()), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.values('screeningnullfk__pk')), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.values('screeningnullfk__movie__pk')), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.values('screeningnullfk__movie__title')), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.values('screeningnullfk__movie__pk', 'screeningnullfk__movie__title')), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.values("screeningnullfk__pk")), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.values("screeningnullfk__movie__pk")), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.values("screeningnullfk__movie__title")), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                Event.objects.values(
+                    "screeningnullfk__movie__pk", "screeningnullfk__movie__title"
+                )
+            ),
+            3,
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual(Event.objects.filter(screeningnullfk__movie=self.movie).count(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(Event.objects.exclude(screeningnullfk__movie=self.movie).count(), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Event.objects.filter(screeningnullfk__movie=self.movie).count(), 1
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Event.objects.exclude(screeningnullfk__movie=self.movie).count(), 2
+        )
 
     def test_null_exclude(self):
         screening = ScreeningNullFK.objects.create(movie=None)
         ScreeningNullFK.objects.create(movie=self.movie)
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(ScreeningNullFK.objects.exclude(movie__id=self.movie.pk)),
-            [screening])
+            list(ScreeningNullFK.objects.exclude(movie__id=self.movie.pk)), [screening]
+        )
 
     # This test failed in #16715 because in some cases INNER JOIN was selected
     # for the second foreign key relation instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN.
@@ -86,18 +110,27 @@ class NestedForeignKeysTests(TestCase):
         Package.objects.create(screening=screening)
 
         self.assertEqual(len(Package.objects.all()), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Package.objects.select_related('screening')), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Package.objects.select_related('screening__movie')), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Package.objects.select_related("screening")), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Package.objects.select_related("screening__movie")), 2)
 
         self.assertEqual(len(Package.objects.values()), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Package.objects.values('screening__pk')), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Package.objects.values('screening__movie__pk')), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Package.objects.values('screening__movie__title')), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Package.objects.values("screening__pk")), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Package.objects.values("screening__movie__pk")), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Package.objects.values("screening__movie__title")), 2)
         # This failed.
-        self.assertEqual(len(Package.objects.values('screening__movie__pk', 'screening__movie__title')), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                Package.objects.values(
+                    "screening__movie__pk", "screening__movie__title"
+                )
+            ),
+            2,
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(Package.objects.filter(screening__movie=self.movie).count(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(Package.objects.exclude(screening__movie=self.movie).count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Package.objects.exclude(screening__movie=self.movie).count(), 1
+        )
 
     # These all work because the second foreign key in the chain has null=True.
     def test_explicit_ForeignKey_NullFK(self):
@@ -108,17 +141,32 @@ class NestedForeignKeysTests(TestCase):
         PackageNullFK.objects.create(screening=screening_with_movie)
 
         self.assertEqual(len(PackageNullFK.objects.all()), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(len(PackageNullFK.objects.select_related('screening')), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(len(PackageNullFK.objects.select_related('screening__movie')), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(PackageNullFK.objects.select_related("screening")), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(PackageNullFK.objects.select_related("screening__movie")), 3
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(len(PackageNullFK.objects.values()), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(len(PackageNullFK.objects.values('screening__pk')), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(len(PackageNullFK.objects.values('screening__movie__pk')), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(len(PackageNullFK.objects.values('screening__movie__title')), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(len(PackageNullFK.objects.values('screening__movie__pk', 'screening__movie__title')), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(PackageNullFK.objects.values("screening__pk")), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(PackageNullFK.objects.values("screening__movie__pk")), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(PackageNullFK.objects.values("screening__movie__title")), 3
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                PackageNullFK.objects.values(
+                    "screening__movie__pk", "screening__movie__title"
+                )
+            ),
+            3,
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual(PackageNullFK.objects.filter(screening__movie=self.movie).count(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(PackageNullFK.objects.exclude(screening__movie=self.movie).count(), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            PackageNullFK.objects.filter(screening__movie=self.movie).count(), 1
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            PackageNullFK.objects.exclude(screening__movie=self.movie).count(), 2
+        )
 
 
 # Some additional tests for #16715. The only difference is the depth of the
@@ -127,30 +175,72 @@ class NestedForeignKeysTests(TestCase):
 class DeeplyNestedForeignKeysTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.director = Person.objects.create(name='Terry Gilliam / Terry Jones')
-        cls.movie = Movie.objects.create(title='Monty Python and the Holy Grail', director=cls.director)
+        cls.director = Person.objects.create(name="Terry Gilliam / Terry Jones")
+        cls.movie = Movie.objects.create(
+            title="Monty Python and the Holy Grail", director=cls.director
+        )
 
     def test_inheritance(self):
         Event.objects.create()
         Screening.objects.create(movie=self.movie)
 
         self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.all()), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.select_related('screening__movie__director')), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(Event.objects.select_related("screening__movie__director")), 2
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.values()), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.values('screening__movie__director__pk')), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.values('screening__movie__director__name')), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.values("screening__movie__director__pk")), 2)
         self.assertEqual(
-            len(Event.objects.values('screening__movie__director__pk', 'screening__movie__director__name')),
-            2
+            len(Event.objects.values("screening__movie__director__name")), 2
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                Event.objects.values(
+                    "screening__movie__director__pk", "screening__movie__director__name"
+                )
+            ),
+            2,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                Event.objects.values(
+                    "screening__movie__pk", "screening__movie__director__pk"
+                )
+            ),
+            2,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                Event.objects.values(
+                    "screening__movie__pk", "screening__movie__director__name"
+                )
+            ),
+            2,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                Event.objects.values(
+                    "screening__movie__title", "screening__movie__director__pk"
+                )
+            ),
+            2,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                Event.objects.values(
+                    "screening__movie__title", "screening__movie__director__name"
+                )
+            ),
+            2,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.values('screening__movie__pk', 'screening__movie__director__pk')), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.values('screening__movie__pk', 'screening__movie__director__name')), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.values('screening__movie__title', 'screening__movie__director__pk')), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Event.objects.values('screening__movie__title', 'screening__movie__director__name')), 2)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Event.objects.filter(screening__movie__director=self.director).count(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(Event.objects.exclude(screening__movie__director=self.director).count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Event.objects.filter(screening__movie__director=self.director).count(), 1
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Event.objects.exclude(screening__movie__director=self.director).count(), 1
+        )
 
     def test_explicit_ForeignKey(self):
         Package.objects.create()
@@ -158,19 +248,61 @@ class DeeplyNestedForeignKeysTests(TestCase):
         Package.objects.create(screening=screening)
 
         self.assertEqual(len(Package.objects.all()), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Package.objects.select_related('screening__movie__director')), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(Package.objects.select_related("screening__movie__director")), 2
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(len(Package.objects.values()), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Package.objects.values('screening__movie__director__pk')), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Package.objects.values('screening__movie__director__name')), 2)
         self.assertEqual(
-            len(Package.objects.values('screening__movie__director__pk', 'screening__movie__director__name')),
-            2
+            len(Package.objects.values("screening__movie__director__pk")), 2
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(Package.objects.values("screening__movie__director__name")), 2
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                Package.objects.values(
+                    "screening__movie__director__pk", "screening__movie__director__name"
+                )
+            ),
+            2,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                Package.objects.values(
+                    "screening__movie__pk", "screening__movie__director__pk"
+                )
+            ),
+            2,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                Package.objects.values(
+                    "screening__movie__pk", "screening__movie__director__name"
+                )
+            ),
+            2,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                Package.objects.values(
+                    "screening__movie__title", "screening__movie__director__pk"
+                )
+            ),
+            2,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                Package.objects.values(
+                    "screening__movie__title", "screening__movie__director__name"
+                )
+            ),
+            2,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(len(Package.objects.values('screening__movie__pk', 'screening__movie__director__pk')), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Package.objects.values('screening__movie__pk', 'screening__movie__director__name')), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Package.objects.values('screening__movie__title', 'screening__movie__director__pk')), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Package.objects.values('screening__movie__title', 'screening__movie__director__name')), 2)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Package.objects.filter(screening__movie__director=self.director).count(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(Package.objects.exclude(screening__movie__director=self.director).count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Package.objects.filter(screening__movie__director=self.director).count(), 1
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Package.objects.exclude(screening__movie__director=self.director).count(), 1
+        )
diff --git a/tests/no_models/tests.py b/tests/no_models/tests.py
index d5661e09c7..d20a834e30 100644
--- a/tests/no_models/tests.py
+++ b/tests/no_models/tests.py
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class NoModelTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_no_models(self):
         """It's possible to load an app with no models.py file."""
-        app_config = apps.get_app_config('no_models')
+        app_config = apps.get_app_config("no_models")
         self.assertIsNone(app_config.models_module)
diff --git a/tests/null_fk/models.py b/tests/null_fk/models.py
index 01f69c1807..13a425f646 100644
--- a/tests/null_fk/models.py
+++ b/tests/null_fk/models.py
@@ -32,7 +32,8 @@ class Comment(models.Model):
     comment_text = models.CharField(max_length=250)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('comment_text',)
+        ordering = ("comment_text",)
+
 
 # Ticket 15823
 
@@ -46,6 +47,6 @@ class PropertyValue(models.Model):
 
 
 class Property(models.Model):
-    item = models.ForeignKey(Item, models.CASCADE, related_name='props')
+    item = models.ForeignKey(Item, models.CASCADE, related_name="props")
     key = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     value = models.ForeignKey(PropertyValue, models.SET_NULL, null=True)
diff --git a/tests/null_fk/tests.py b/tests/null_fk/tests.py
index e587d6551b..174d5ba064 100644
--- a/tests/null_fk/tests.py
+++ b/tests/null_fk/tests.py
@@ -1,20 +1,17 @@
 from django.db.models import Q
 from django.test import TestCase
 
-from .models import (
-    Comment, Forum, Item, Post, PropertyValue, SystemDetails, SystemInfo,
-)
+from .models import Comment, Forum, Item, Post, PropertyValue, SystemDetails, SystemInfo
 
 
 class NullFkTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_null_fk(self):
-        d = SystemDetails.objects.create(details='First details')
-        s = SystemInfo.objects.create(system_name='First forum', system_details=d)
-        f = Forum.objects.create(system_info=s, forum_name='First forum')
-        p = Post.objects.create(forum=f, title='First Post')
-        c1 = Comment.objects.create(post=p, comment_text='My first comment')
-        c2 = Comment.objects.create(comment_text='My second comment')
+        d = SystemDetails.objects.create(details="First details")
+        s = SystemInfo.objects.create(system_name="First forum", system_details=d)
+        f = Forum.objects.create(system_info=s, forum_name="First forum")
+        p = Post.objects.create(forum=f, title="First Post")
+        c1 = Comment.objects.create(post=p, comment_text="My first comment")
+        c2 = Comment.objects.create(comment_text="My second comment")
 
         # Starting from comment, make sure that a .select_related(...) with a specified
         # set of fields will properly LEFT JOIN multiple levels of NULLs (and the things
@@ -25,33 +22,35 @@ class NullFkTests(TestCase):
         self.assertIsNone(Comment.objects.select_related().get(id=c2.id).post)
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Comment.objects.select_related('post__forum__system_info').all(),
+            Comment.objects.select_related("post__forum__system_info").all(),
             [
-                (c1.id, 'My first comment', '<Post: First Post>'),
-                (c2.id, 'My second comment', 'None')
+                (c1.id, "My first comment", "<Post: First Post>"),
+                (c2.id, "My second comment", "None"),
             ],
-            transform=lambda c: (c.id, c.comment_text, repr(c.post))
+            transform=lambda c: (c.id, c.comment_text, repr(c.post)),
         )
 
         # Regression test for #7530, #7716.
-        self.assertIsNone(Comment.objects.select_related('post').filter(post__isnull=True)[0].post)
+        self.assertIsNone(
+            Comment.objects.select_related("post").filter(post__isnull=True)[0].post
+        )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Comment.objects.select_related('post__forum__system_info__system_details'),
+            Comment.objects.select_related("post__forum__system_info__system_details"),
             [
-                (c1.id, 'My first comment', '<Post: First Post>'),
-                (c2.id, 'My second comment', 'None')
+                (c1.id, "My first comment", "<Post: First Post>"),
+                (c2.id, "My second comment", "None"),
             ],
-            transform=lambda c: (c.id, c.comment_text, repr(c.post))
+            transform=lambda c: (c.id, c.comment_text, repr(c.post)),
         )
 
     def test_combine_isnull(self):
-        item = Item.objects.create(title='Some Item')
-        pv = PropertyValue.objects.create(label='Some Value')
-        item.props.create(key='a', value=pv)
-        item.props.create(key='b')  # value=NULL
-        q1 = Q(props__key='a', props__value=pv)
-        q2 = Q(props__key='b', props__value__isnull=True)
+        item = Item.objects.create(title="Some Item")
+        pv = PropertyValue.objects.create(label="Some Value")
+        item.props.create(key="a", value=pv)
+        item.props.create(key="b")  # value=NULL
+        q1 = Q(props__key="a", props__value=pv)
+        q2 = Q(props__key="b", props__value__isnull=True)
 
         # Each of these individually should return the item.
         self.assertEqual(Item.objects.get(q1), item)
diff --git a/tests/null_fk_ordering/models.py b/tests/null_fk_ordering/models.py
index f42ff7b8d5..adfdbf3bea 100644
--- a/tests/null_fk_ordering/models.py
+++ b/tests/null_fk_ordering/models.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     author = models.ForeignKey(Author, models.SET_NULL, null=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['author__name']
+        ordering = ["author__name"]
 
 
 # These following 4 models represent a far more complex ordering case.
@@ -41,4 +41,4 @@ class Comment(models.Model):
     comment_text = models.CharField(max_length=250)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['post__forum__system_info__system_name', 'comment_text']
+        ordering = ["post__forum__system_info__system_name", "comment_text"]
diff --git a/tests/null_fk_ordering/tests.py b/tests/null_fk_ordering/tests.py
index ac3f0f8373..506c8b4086 100644
--- a/tests/null_fk_ordering/tests.py
+++ b/tests/null_fk_ordering/tests.py
@@ -4,34 +4,37 @@ from .models import Article, Author, Comment, Forum, Post, SystemInfo
 
 
 class NullFkOrderingTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_ordering_across_null_fk(self):
         """
         Regression test for #7512
 
         ordering across nullable Foreign Keys shouldn't exclude results
         """
-        author_1 = Author.objects.create(name='Tom Jones')
-        author_2 = Author.objects.create(name='Bob Smith')
-        Article.objects.create(title='No author on this article')
-        Article.objects.create(author=author_1, title='This article written by Tom Jones')
-        Article.objects.create(author=author_2, title='This article written by Bob Smith')
+        author_1 = Author.objects.create(name="Tom Jones")
+        author_2 = Author.objects.create(name="Bob Smith")
+        Article.objects.create(title="No author on this article")
+        Article.objects.create(
+            author=author_1, title="This article written by Tom Jones"
+        )
+        Article.objects.create(
+            author=author_2, title="This article written by Bob Smith"
+        )
 
         # We can't compare results directly (since different databases sort NULLs to
         # different ends of the ordering), but we can check that all results are
         # returned.
         self.assertEqual(len(list(Article.objects.all())), 3)
 
-        s = SystemInfo.objects.create(system_name='System Info')
-        f = Forum.objects.create(system_info=s, forum_name='First forum')
-        p = Post.objects.create(forum=f, title='First Post')
-        Comment.objects.create(post=p, comment_text='My first comment')
-        Comment.objects.create(comment_text='My second comment')
-        s2 = SystemInfo.objects.create(system_name='More System Info')
-        f2 = Forum.objects.create(system_info=s2, forum_name='Second forum')
-        p2 = Post.objects.create(forum=f2, title='Second Post')
-        Comment.objects.create(comment_text='Another first comment')
-        Comment.objects.create(post=p2, comment_text='Another second comment')
+        s = SystemInfo.objects.create(system_name="System Info")
+        f = Forum.objects.create(system_info=s, forum_name="First forum")
+        p = Post.objects.create(forum=f, title="First Post")
+        Comment.objects.create(post=p, comment_text="My first comment")
+        Comment.objects.create(comment_text="My second comment")
+        s2 = SystemInfo.objects.create(system_name="More System Info")
+        f2 = Forum.objects.create(system_info=s2, forum_name="Second forum")
+        p2 = Post.objects.create(forum=f2, title="Second Post")
+        Comment.objects.create(comment_text="Another first comment")
+        Comment.objects.create(post=p2, comment_text="Another second comment")
 
         # We have to test this carefully. Some databases sort NULL values before
         # everything else, some sort them afterward. So we extract the ordered list
diff --git a/tests/null_queries/models.py b/tests/null_queries/models.py
index 298d4d9277..2ed7fef2cc 100644
--- a/tests/null_queries/models.py
+++ b/tests/null_queries/models.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ class Choice(models.Model):
     poll = models.ForeignKey(Poll, models.CASCADE)
     choice = models.CharField(max_length=200)
 
+
 # A set of models with an inner one pointing to two outer ones.
 
 
diff --git a/tests/null_queries/tests.py b/tests/null_queries/tests.py
index 342b43f126..f0aad73057 100644
--- a/tests/null_queries/tests.py
+++ b/tests/null_queries/tests.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from .models import Choice, Inner, OuterA, OuterB, Poll
 
 
 class NullQueriesTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_none_as_null(self):
         """
         Regression test for the use of None as a query value.
@@ -14,11 +13,11 @@ class NullQueriesTests(TestCase):
         queries.
         Set up some initial polls and choices
         """
-        p1 = Poll(question='Why?')
+        p1 = Poll(question="Why?")
         p1.save()
-        c1 = Choice(poll=p1, choice='Because.')
+        c1 = Choice(poll=p1, choice="Because.")
         c1.save()
-        c2 = Choice(poll=p1, choice='Why Not?')
+        c2 = Choice(poll=p1, choice="Why Not?")
         c2.save()
 
         # Exact query with value None returns nothing ("is NULL" in sql,
@@ -29,7 +28,9 @@ class NullQueriesTests(TestCase):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Choice.objects.filter(choice__iexact=None), [])
 
         # Excluding the previous result returns everything.
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Choice.objects.exclude(choice=None).order_by('id'), [c1, c2])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Choice.objects.exclude(choice=None).order_by("id"), [c1, c2]
+        )
 
         # Valid query, but fails because foo isn't a keyword
         msg = "Cannot resolve keyword 'foo' into field. Choices are: choice, id, poll, poll_id"
@@ -37,12 +38,12 @@ class NullQueriesTests(TestCase):
             Choice.objects.filter(foo__exact=None)
 
         # Can't use None on anything other than __exact and __iexact
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Cannot use None as a query value'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Cannot use None as a query value"):
             Choice.objects.filter(id__gt=None)
 
         # Related managers use __exact=None implicitly if the object hasn't been saved.
         p2 = Poll(question="How?")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(p2.choice_set.all()), '<QuerySet []>')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(p2.choice_set.all()), "<QuerySet []>")
 
     def test_reverse_relations(self):
         """
@@ -54,11 +55,13 @@ class NullQueriesTests(TestCase):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(OuterA.objects.filter(inner__third__data=None), [obj])
 
         inner = Inner.objects.create(first=obj)
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Inner.objects.filter(first__inner__third=None), [inner])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Inner.objects.filter(first__inner__third=None), [inner]
+        )
 
         # Ticket #13815: check if <reverse>_isnull=False does not produce
         # faulty empty lists
-        outerb = OuterB.objects.create(data='reverse')
+        outerb = OuterB.objects.create(data="reverse")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(OuterB.objects.filter(inner__isnull=False), [])
         Inner.objects.create(first=obj)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(OuterB.objects.exclude(inner__isnull=False), [outerb])
diff --git a/tests/one_to_one/models.py b/tests/one_to_one/models.py
index 827dd89afa..ca459e9edf 100644
--- a/tests/one_to_one/models.py
+++ b/tests/one_to_one/models.py
@@ -76,15 +76,17 @@ class Pointer(models.Model):
 
 
 class Pointer2(models.Model):
-    other = models.OneToOneField(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name='second_pointer')
+    other = models.OneToOneField(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name="second_pointer")
 
 
 class HiddenPointer(models.Model):
-    target = models.OneToOneField(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name='hidden+')
+    target = models.OneToOneField(Target, models.CASCADE, related_name="hidden+")
 
 
 class ToFieldPointer(models.Model):
-    target = models.OneToOneField(Target, models.CASCADE, to_field='name', primary_key=True)
+    target = models.OneToOneField(
+        Target, models.CASCADE, to_field="name", primary_key=True
+    )
 
 
 # Test related objects visibility.
diff --git a/tests/one_to_one/tests.py b/tests/one_to_one/tests.py
index 6100e53208..885e753567 100644
--- a/tests/one_to_one/tests.py
+++ b/tests/one_to_one/tests.py
@@ -2,59 +2,83 @@ from django.db import IntegrityError, connection, transaction
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 from .models import (
-    Bar, Director, Favorites, HiddenPointer, ManualPrimaryKey, MultiModel,
-    Place, Pointer, RelatedModel, Restaurant, School, Target, ToFieldPointer,
-    UndergroundBar, Waiter,
+    Bar,
+    Director,
+    Favorites,
+    HiddenPointer,
+    ManualPrimaryKey,
+    MultiModel,
+    Place,
+    Pointer,
+    RelatedModel,
+    Restaurant,
+    School,
+    Target,
+    ToFieldPointer,
+    UndergroundBar,
+    Waiter,
 )
 
 
 class OneToOneTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.p1 = Place.objects.create(name='Demon Dogs', address='944 W. Fullerton')
-        cls.p2 = Place.objects.create(name='Ace Hardware', address='1013 N. Ashland')
-        cls.r1 = Restaurant.objects.create(place=cls.p1, serves_hot_dogs=True, serves_pizza=False)
+        cls.p1 = Place.objects.create(name="Demon Dogs", address="944 W. Fullerton")
+        cls.p2 = Place.objects.create(name="Ace Hardware", address="1013 N. Ashland")
+        cls.r1 = Restaurant.objects.create(
+            place=cls.p1, serves_hot_dogs=True, serves_pizza=False
+        )
         cls.b1 = Bar.objects.create(place=cls.p1, serves_cocktails=False)
 
     def test_getter(self):
         # A Restaurant can access its place.
-        self.assertEqual(repr(self.r1.place), '<Place: Demon Dogs the place>')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(self.r1.place), "<Place: Demon Dogs the place>")
         # A Place can access its restaurant, if available.
-        self.assertEqual(repr(self.p1.restaurant), '<Restaurant: Demon Dogs the restaurant>')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(self.p1.restaurant), "<Restaurant: Demon Dogs the restaurant>"
+        )
         # p2 doesn't have an associated restaurant.
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(Restaurant.DoesNotExist, 'Place has no restaurant'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            Restaurant.DoesNotExist, "Place has no restaurant"
+        ):
             self.p2.restaurant
         # The exception raised on attribute access when a related object
         # doesn't exist should be an instance of a subclass of `AttributeError`
         # refs #21563
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(self.p2, 'restaurant'))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(self.p2, "restaurant"))
 
     def test_setter(self):
         # Set the place using assignment notation. Because place is the primary
         # key on Restaurant, the save will create a new restaurant
         self.r1.place = self.p2
         self.r1.save()
-        self.assertEqual(repr(self.p2.restaurant), '<Restaurant: Ace Hardware the restaurant>')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(self.r1.place), '<Place: Ace Hardware the place>')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(self.p2.restaurant), "<Restaurant: Ace Hardware the restaurant>"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(repr(self.r1.place), "<Place: Ace Hardware the place>")
         self.assertEqual(self.p2.pk, self.r1.pk)
         # Set the place back again, using assignment in the reverse direction.
         self.p1.restaurant = self.r1
-        self.assertEqual(repr(self.p1.restaurant), '<Restaurant: Demon Dogs the restaurant>')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(self.p1.restaurant), "<Restaurant: Demon Dogs the restaurant>"
+        )
         r = Restaurant.objects.get(pk=self.p1.id)
-        self.assertEqual(repr(r.place), '<Place: Demon Dogs the place>')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(r.place), "<Place: Demon Dogs the place>")
 
     def test_manager_all(self):
         # Restaurant.objects.all() just returns the Restaurants, not the Places.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Restaurant.objects.all(), [self.r1])
         # Place.objects.all() returns all Places, regardless of whether they
         # have Restaurants.
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Place.objects.order_by('name'), [self.p2, self.p1])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(Place.objects.order_by("name"), [self.p2, self.p1])
 
     def test_manager_get(self):
         def assert_get_restaurant(**params):
-            self.assertEqual(repr(Restaurant.objects.get(**params)),
-                             '<Restaurant: Demon Dogs the restaurant>')
+            self.assertEqual(
+                repr(Restaurant.objects.get(**params)),
+                "<Restaurant: Demon Dogs the restaurant>",
+            )
+
         assert_get_restaurant(place__id__exact=self.p1.pk)
         assert_get_restaurant(place__id=self.p1.pk)
         assert_get_restaurant(place__exact=self.p1.pk)
@@ -67,8 +91,10 @@ class OneToOneTests(TestCase):
         assert_get_restaurant(place__name__startswith="Demon")
 
         def assert_get_place(**params):
-            self.assertEqual(repr(Place.objects.get(**params)),
-                             '<Place: Demon Dogs the place>')
+            self.assertEqual(
+                repr(Place.objects.get(**params)), "<Place: Demon Dogs the place>"
+            )
+
         assert_get_place(restaurant__place__exact=self.p1.pk)
         assert_get_place(restaurant__place__exact=self.p1)
         assert_get_place(restaurant__place__pk=self.p1.pk)
@@ -82,12 +108,15 @@ class OneToOneTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_foreign_key(self):
         # Add a Waiter to the Restaurant.
-        w = self.r1.waiter_set.create(name='Joe')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(w), '<Waiter: Joe the waiter at Demon Dogs the restaurant>')
+        w = self.r1.waiter_set.create(name="Joe")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(w), "<Waiter: Joe the waiter at Demon Dogs the restaurant>"
+        )
 
         # Query the waiters
         def assert_filter_waiters(**params):
             self.assertSequenceEqual(Waiter.objects.filter(**params), [w])
+
         assert_filter_waiters(restaurant__place__exact=self.p1.pk)
         assert_filter_waiters(restaurant__place__exact=self.p1)
         assert_filter_waiters(restaurant__place__pk=self.p1.pk)
@@ -113,7 +142,7 @@ class OneToOneTests(TestCase):
         # You can have multiple one-to-one fields on a model, too.
         x1 = MultiModel(link1=self.p1, link2=o1, name="x1")
         x1.save()
-        self.assertEqual(repr(o1.multimodel), '<MultiModel: Multimodel x1>')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(o1.multimodel), "<MultiModel: Multimodel x1>")
         # This will fail because each one-to-one field must be unique (and
         # link2=o1 was used for x1, above).
         mm = MultiModel(link1=self.p2, link2=o1, name="x1")
@@ -126,12 +155,14 @@ class OneToOneTests(TestCase):
         #10811 -- Assigning an unsaved object to a OneToOneField
         should raise an exception.
         """
-        place = Place(name='User', address='London')
+        place = Place(name="User", address="London")
         with self.assertRaises(Restaurant.DoesNotExist):
             place.restaurant
         msg = "save() prohibited to prevent data loss due to unsaved related object 'place'."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Restaurant.objects.create(place=place, serves_hot_dogs=True, serves_pizza=False)
+            Restaurant.objects.create(
+                place=place, serves_hot_dogs=True, serves_pizza=False
+            )
         # place should not cache restaurant
         with self.assertRaises(Restaurant.DoesNotExist):
             place.restaurant
@@ -146,7 +177,7 @@ class OneToOneTests(TestCase):
         # The bug in #9023: if you access the one-to-one relation *before*
         # setting to None and deleting, the cascade happens anyway.
         self.p1.undergroundbar
-        bar.place.name = 'foo'
+        bar.place.name = "foo"
         bar.place = None
         bar.save()
         self.p1.delete()
@@ -159,7 +190,7 @@ class OneToOneTests(TestCase):
         Models are created via the m2m relation if the remote model has a
         OneToOneField (#1064, #1506).
         """
-        f = Favorites(name='Fred')
+        f = Favorites(name="Fred")
         f.save()
         f.restaurants.set([self.r1])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(f.restaurants.all(), [self.r1])
@@ -188,10 +219,10 @@ class OneToOneTests(TestCase):
         p.undergroundbar = None
 
     def test_assign_none_to_null_cached_reverse_relation(self):
-        p = Place.objects.get(name='Demon Dogs')
+        p = Place.objects.get(name="Demon Dogs")
         # Prime the relation's cache with a value of None.
         with self.assertRaises(Place.undergroundbar.RelatedObjectDoesNotExist):
-            getattr(p, 'undergroundbar')
+            getattr(p, "undergroundbar")
         # Assigning None works if there isn't a related UndergroundBar and the
         # reverse cache has a value of None.
         p.undergroundbar = None
@@ -218,7 +249,7 @@ class OneToOneTests(TestCase):
         self.assertTrue(UndergroundBar.place.is_cached(b))
 
     def test_related_object_cache(self):
-        """ Regression test for #6886 (the related-object cache) """
+        """Regression test for #6886 (the related-object cache)"""
 
         # Look up the objects again so that we get "fresh" objects
         p = Place.objects.get(name="Demon Dogs")
@@ -228,7 +259,7 @@ class OneToOneTests(TestCase):
         self.assertIs(p.restaurant, r)
 
         # But if we kill the cache, we get a new object
-        del p._state.fields_cache['restaurant']
+        del p._state.fields_cache["restaurant"]
         self.assertIsNot(p.restaurant, r)
 
         # Reassigning the Restaurant object results in an immediate cache update
@@ -244,7 +275,7 @@ class OneToOneTests(TestCase):
         self.assertIsNone(ug_bar.place)
 
         # Assigning None will not fail: Place.restaurant is null=False
-        setattr(p, 'restaurant', None)
+        setattr(p, "restaurant", None)
 
         # You also can't assign an object of the wrong type here
         msg = (
@@ -252,7 +283,7 @@ class OneToOneTests(TestCase):
             '"Place.restaurant" must be a "Restaurant" instance.'
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            setattr(p, 'restaurant', p)
+            setattr(p, "restaurant", p)
 
         # Creation using keyword argument should cache the related object.
         p = Place.objects.get(name="Demon Dogs")
@@ -286,14 +317,14 @@ class OneToOneTests(TestCase):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Target.objects.exclude(second_pointer=None), [])
 
     def test_o2o_primary_key_delete(self):
-        t = Target.objects.create(name='name')
+        t = Target.objects.create(name="name")
         Pointer.objects.create(other=t)
-        num_deleted, objs = Pointer.objects.filter(other__name='name').delete()
+        num_deleted, objs = Pointer.objects.filter(other__name="name").delete()
         self.assertEqual(num_deleted, 1)
-        self.assertEqual(objs, {'one_to_one.Pointer': 1})
+        self.assertEqual(objs, {"one_to_one.Pointer": 1})
 
     def test_save_nullable_o2o_after_parent(self):
-        place = Place(name='Rose tattoo')
+        place = Place(name="Rose tattoo")
         bar = UndergroundBar(place=place)
         place.save()
         bar.save()
@@ -306,7 +337,7 @@ class OneToOneTests(TestCase):
 
         DoesNotExist on a reverse one-to-one relation is cached.
         """
-        p = Place(name='Zombie Cats', address='Not sure')
+        p = Place(name="Zombie Cats", address="Not sure")
         p.save()
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             with self.assertRaises(Restaurant.DoesNotExist):
@@ -347,7 +378,7 @@ class OneToOneTests(TestCase):
 
         The target of a one-to-one relation is always cached.
         """
-        p = Place(name='Zombie Cats', address='Not sure')
+        p = Place(name="Zombie Cats", address="Not sure")
         p.save()
         self.r1.place = p
         self.r1.save()
@@ -433,7 +464,12 @@ class OneToOneTests(TestCase):
         be added to the related model.
         """
         self.assertFalse(
-            hasattr(Target, HiddenPointer._meta.get_field('target').remote_field.get_accessor_name())
+            hasattr(
+                Target,
+                HiddenPointer._meta.get_field(
+                    "target"
+                ).remote_field.get_accessor_name(),
+            )
         )
 
     def test_related_object(self):
@@ -462,7 +498,7 @@ class OneToOneTests(TestCase):
         # allow it.
         self.assertEqual(private_school.director, private_director)
 
-        School._meta.base_manager_name = 'objects'
+        School._meta.base_manager_name = "objects"
         School._meta._expire_cache()
         try:
             private_director = Director._base_manager.get(pk=private_director.pk)
@@ -472,7 +508,7 @@ class OneToOneTests(TestCase):
             School._meta.base_manager_name = None
             School._meta._expire_cache()
 
-        Director._meta.base_manager_name = 'objects'
+        Director._meta.base_manager_name = "objects"
         Director._meta._expire_cache()
         try:
             private_school = School._base_manager.get(pk=private_school.pk)
@@ -486,8 +522,8 @@ class OneToOneTests(TestCase):
         # The exception raised on attribute access when a related object
         # doesn't exist should be an instance of a subclass of `AttributeError`
         # refs #21563
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(Director(), 'director'))
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(School(), 'school'))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(Director(), "director"))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(School(), "school"))
 
     def test_update_one_to_one_pk(self):
         p1 = Place.objects.create()
@@ -523,10 +559,14 @@ class OneToOneTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(r, r2)
 
     def test_primary_key_to_field_filter(self):
-        target = Target.objects.create(name='foo')
+        target = Target.objects.create(name="foo")
         pointer = ToFieldPointer.objects.create(target=target)
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(ToFieldPointer.objects.filter(target=target), [pointer])
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(ToFieldPointer.objects.filter(pk__exact=pointer), [pointer])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            ToFieldPointer.objects.filter(target=target), [pointer]
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            ToFieldPointer.objects.filter(pk__exact=pointer), [pointer]
+        )
 
     def test_cached_relation_invalidated_on_save(self):
         """
diff --git a/tests/or_lookups/models.py b/tests/or_lookups/models.py
index bd1840338f..76090da9f3 100644
--- a/tests/or_lookups/models.py
+++ b/tests/or_lookups/models.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('pub_date',)
+        ordering = ("pub_date",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
diff --git a/tests/or_lookups/tests.py b/tests/or_lookups/tests.py
index f2d2ec2fad..1a7264015c 100644
--- a/tests/or_lookups/tests.py
+++ b/tests/or_lookups/tests.py
@@ -8,57 +8,48 @@ from .models import Article
 
 
 class OrLookupsTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Hello', pub_date=datetime(2005, 11, 27)
+            headline="Hello", pub_date=datetime(2005, 11, 27)
         ).pk
         cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Goodbye', pub_date=datetime(2005, 11, 28)
+            headline="Goodbye", pub_date=datetime(2005, 11, 28)
         ).pk
         cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Hello and goodbye', pub_date=datetime(2005, 11, 29)
+            headline="Hello and goodbye", pub_date=datetime(2005, 11, 29)
         ).pk
 
     def test_filter_or(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             (
-                Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith='Hello') |
-                Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith='Goodbye')
-            ), [
-                'Hello',
-                'Goodbye',
-                'Hello and goodbye'
-            ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+                Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith="Hello")
+                | Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith="Goodbye")
+            ),
+            ["Hello", "Goodbye", "Hello and goodbye"],
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__contains='Hello') | Article.objects.filter(headline__contains='bye'), [
-                'Hello',
-                'Goodbye',
-                'Hello and goodbye'
-            ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__contains="Hello")
+            | Article.objects.filter(headline__contains="bye"),
+            ["Hello", "Goodbye", "Hello and goodbye"],
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline__iexact='Hello') | Article.objects.filter(headline__contains='ood'), [
-                'Hello',
-                'Goodbye',
-                'Hello and goodbye'
-            ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            Article.objects.filter(headline__iexact="Hello")
+            | Article.objects.filter(headline__contains="ood"),
+            ["Hello", "Goodbye", "Hello and goodbye"],
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(Q(headline__startswith='Hello') | Q(headline__startswith='Goodbye')), [
-                'Hello',
-                'Goodbye',
-                'Hello and goodbye'
-            ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            Article.objects.filter(
+                Q(headline__startswith="Hello") | Q(headline__startswith="Goodbye")
+            ),
+            ["Hello", "Goodbye", "Hello and goodbye"],
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
     def test_stages(self):
@@ -66,59 +57,46 @@ class OrLookupsTests(TestCase):
         # especially useful if building the query in stages:
         articles = Article.objects.all()
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            articles.filter(headline__startswith='Hello') & articles.filter(headline__startswith='Goodbye'),
-            []
+            articles.filter(headline__startswith="Hello")
+            & articles.filter(headline__startswith="Goodbye"),
+            [],
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            articles.filter(headline__startswith='Hello') & articles.filter(headline__contains='bye'), [
-                'Hello and goodbye'
-            ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            articles.filter(headline__startswith="Hello")
+            & articles.filter(headline__contains="bye"),
+            ["Hello and goodbye"],
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
     def test_pk_q(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(Q(pk=self.a1) | Q(pk=self.a2)), [
-                'Hello',
-                'Goodbye'
-            ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            Article.objects.filter(Q(pk=self.a1) | Q(pk=self.a2)),
+            ["Hello", "Goodbye"],
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(Q(pk=self.a1) | Q(pk=self.a2) | Q(pk=self.a3)), [
-                'Hello',
-                'Goodbye',
-                'Hello and goodbye'
-            ],
+            Article.objects.filter(Q(pk=self.a1) | Q(pk=self.a2) | Q(pk=self.a3)),
+            ["Hello", "Goodbye", "Hello and goodbye"],
             attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
     def test_pk_in(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(pk__in=[self.a1, self.a2, self.a3]), [
-                'Hello',
-                'Goodbye',
-                'Hello and goodbye'
-            ],
+            Article.objects.filter(pk__in=[self.a1, self.a2, self.a3]),
+            ["Hello", "Goodbye", "Hello and goodbye"],
             attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(pk__in=(self.a1, self.a2, self.a3)), [
-                'Hello',
-                'Goodbye',
-                'Hello and goodbye'
-            ],
+            Article.objects.filter(pk__in=(self.a1, self.a2, self.a3)),
+            ["Hello", "Goodbye", "Hello and goodbye"],
             attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(pk__in=[self.a1, self.a2, self.a3, 40000]), [
-                'Hello',
-                'Goodbye',
-                'Hello and goodbye'
-            ],
+            Article.objects.filter(pk__in=[self.a1, self.a2, self.a3, 40000]),
+            ["Hello", "Goodbye", "Hello and goodbye"],
             attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
@@ -131,25 +109,21 @@ class OrLookupsTests(TestCase):
     def test_q_negated(self):
         # Q objects can be negated
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(Q(pk=self.a1) | ~Q(pk=self.a2)), [
-                'Hello',
-                'Hello and goodbye'
-            ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            Article.objects.filter(Q(pk=self.a1) | ~Q(pk=self.a2)),
+            ["Hello", "Hello and goodbye"],
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(~Q(pk=self.a1) & ~Q(pk=self.a2)), [
-                'Hello and goodbye'
-            ],
+            Article.objects.filter(~Q(pk=self.a1) & ~Q(pk=self.a2)),
+            ["Hello and goodbye"],
             attrgetter("headline"),
         )
         # This allows for more complex queries than filter() and exclude()
         # alone would allow
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(Q(pk=self.a1) & (~Q(pk=self.a2) | Q(pk=self.a3))), [
-                'Hello'
-            ],
+            Article.objects.filter(Q(pk=self.a1) & (~Q(pk=self.a2) | Q(pk=self.a3))),
+            ["Hello"],
             attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
@@ -158,83 +132,91 @@ class OrLookupsTests(TestCase):
         # 'limit_choices_to' which normally take a single dictionary of lookup
         # arguments but need to support arbitrary queries via Q objects too.
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.complex_filter({'pk': self.a1}), [
-                'Hello'
-            ],
+            Article.objects.complex_filter({"pk": self.a1}),
+            ["Hello"],
             attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.complex_filter(Q(pk=self.a1) | Q(pk=self.a2)), [
-                'Hello',
-                'Goodbye'
-            ],
+            Article.objects.complex_filter(Q(pk=self.a1) | Q(pk=self.a2)),
+            ["Hello", "Goodbye"],
             attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
     def test_empty_in(self):
         # Passing "in" an empty list returns no results ...
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(pk__in=[]),
-            []
-        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.filter(pk__in=[]), [])
         # ... but can return results if we OR it with another query.
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(Q(pk__in=[]) | Q(headline__icontains='goodbye')), [
-                'Goodbye',
-                'Hello and goodbye'
-            ],
+            Article.objects.filter(Q(pk__in=[]) | Q(headline__icontains="goodbye")),
+            ["Goodbye", "Hello and goodbye"],
             attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
     def test_q_and(self):
         # Q arg objects are ANDed
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(Q(headline__startswith='Hello'), Q(headline__contains='bye')), [
-                'Hello and goodbye'
-            ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            Article.objects.filter(
+                Q(headline__startswith="Hello"), Q(headline__contains="bye")
+            ),
+            ["Hello and goodbye"],
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
         # Q arg AND order is irrelevant
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(Q(headline__contains='bye'), headline__startswith='Hello'), [
-                'Hello and goodbye'
-            ],
+            Article.objects.filter(
+                Q(headline__contains="bye"), headline__startswith="Hello"
+            ),
+            ["Hello and goodbye"],
             attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(Q(headline__startswith='Hello') & Q(headline__startswith='Goodbye')),
-            []
+            Article.objects.filter(
+                Q(headline__startswith="Hello") & Q(headline__startswith="Goodbye")
+            ),
+            [],
         )
 
     def test_q_exclude(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.exclude(Q(headline__startswith='Hello')), [
-                'Goodbye'
-            ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            Article.objects.exclude(Q(headline__startswith="Hello")),
+            ["Goodbye"],
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
     def test_other_arg_queries(self):
         # Try some arg queries with operations other than filter.
         self.assertEqual(
-            Article.objects.get(Q(headline__startswith='Hello'), Q(headline__contains='bye')).headline,
-            'Hello and goodbye'
+            Article.objects.get(
+                Q(headline__startswith="Hello"), Q(headline__contains="bye")
+            ).headline,
+            "Hello and goodbye",
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(Q(headline__startswith='Hello') | Q(headline__contains='bye')).count(),
-            3
+            Article.objects.filter(
+                Q(headline__startswith="Hello") | Q(headline__contains="bye")
+            ).count(),
+            3,
         )
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(Q(headline__startswith='Hello'), Q(headline__contains='bye')).values(), [
-                {"headline": "Hello and goodbye", "id": self.a3, "pub_date": datetime(2005, 11, 29)},
+            Article.objects.filter(
+                Q(headline__startswith="Hello"), Q(headline__contains="bye")
+            ).values(),
+            [
+                {
+                    "headline": "Hello and goodbye",
+                    "id": self.a3,
+                    "pub_date": datetime(2005, 11, 29),
+                },
             ],
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(Q(headline__startswith='Hello')).in_bulk([self.a1, self.a2]),
-            {self.a1: Article.objects.get(pk=self.a1)}
+            Article.objects.filter(Q(headline__startswith="Hello")).in_bulk(
+                [self.a1, self.a2]
+            ),
+            {self.a1: Article.objects.get(pk=self.a1)},
         )
diff --git a/tests/order_with_respect_to/base_tests.py b/tests/order_with_respect_to/base_tests.py
index a99b632436..0767d5080f 100644
--- a/tests/order_with_respect_to/base_tests.py
+++ b/tests/order_with_respect_to/base_tests.py
@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@ class BaseOrderWithRespectToTests:
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.q1 = cls.Question.objects.create(text="Which Beatle starts with the letter 'R'?")
+        cls.q1 = cls.Question.objects.create(
+            text="Which Beatle starts with the letter 'R'?"
+        )
         cls.Answer.objects.create(text="John", question=cls.q1)
         cls.Answer.objects.create(text="Paul", question=cls.q1)
         cls.Answer.objects.create(text="George", question=cls.q1)
@@ -22,8 +24,12 @@ class BaseOrderWithRespectToTests:
     def test_default_to_insertion_order(self):
         # Answers will always be ordered in the order they were inserted.
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.q1.answer_set.all(), [
-                "John", "Paul", "George", "Ringo",
+            self.q1.answer_set.all(),
+            [
+                "John",
+                "Paul",
+                "George",
+                "Ringo",
             ],
             attrgetter("text"),
         )
@@ -48,12 +54,14 @@ class BaseOrderWithRespectToTests:
         # It doesn't matter which answer we use to check the order, it will
         # always be the same.
         a2 = self.Answer.objects.create(text="Number five", question=self.q1)
-        self.assertEqual(list(a1.question.get_answer_order()), list(a2.question.get_answer_order()))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(a1.question.get_answer_order()), list(a2.question.get_answer_order())
+        )
 
     def test_set_order_unrelated_object(self):
         """An answer that's not related isn't updated."""
-        q = self.Question.objects.create(text='other')
-        a = self.Answer.objects.create(text='Number five', question=q)
+        q = self.Question.objects.create(text="other")
+        a = self.Answer.objects.create(text="Number five", question=q)
         self.q1.set_answer_order([o.pk for o in self.q1.answer_set.all()] + [a.pk])
         self.assertEqual(self.Answer.objects.get(pk=a.pk)._order, 0)
 
@@ -73,10 +81,9 @@ class BaseOrderWithRespectToTests:
         # this changes the ordering of the queryset.
         a.question.set_answer_order(id_list)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.q1.answer_set.all(), [
-                "John", "Paul", "George", "Number five", "Ringo"
-            ],
-            attrgetter("text")
+            self.q1.answer_set.all(),
+            ["John", "Paul", "George", "Number five", "Ringo"],
+            attrgetter("text"),
         )
 
     def test_recursive_ordering(self):
@@ -89,15 +96,15 @@ class BaseOrderWithRespectToTests:
         self.assertSequenceEqual(p1.get_post_order(), [p1_1.pk, p1_2.pk, p1_3.pk])
 
     def test_delete_and_insert(self):
-        q1 = self.Question.objects.create(text='What is your favorite color?')
-        q2 = self.Question.objects.create(text='What color is it?')
-        a1 = self.Answer.objects.create(text='Blue', question=q1)
-        a2 = self.Answer.objects.create(text='Red', question=q1)
-        a3 = self.Answer.objects.create(text='Green', question=q1)
-        a4 = self.Answer.objects.create(text='Yellow', question=q1)
+        q1 = self.Question.objects.create(text="What is your favorite color?")
+        q2 = self.Question.objects.create(text="What color is it?")
+        a1 = self.Answer.objects.create(text="Blue", question=q1)
+        a2 = self.Answer.objects.create(text="Red", question=q1)
+        a3 = self.Answer.objects.create(text="Green", question=q1)
+        a4 = self.Answer.objects.create(text="Yellow", question=q1)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q1.answer_set.all(), [a1, a2, a3, a4])
         a3.question = q2
         a3.save()
         a1.delete()
-        new_answer = self.Answer.objects.create(text='Black', question=q1)
+        new_answer = self.Answer.objects.create(text="Black", question=q1)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q1.answer_set.all(), [a2, a4, new_answer])
diff --git a/tests/order_with_respect_to/models.py b/tests/order_with_respect_to/models.py
index 7f6cd8f8fd..7b3e8da3fa 100644
--- a/tests/order_with_respect_to/models.py
+++ b/tests/order_with_respect_to/models.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class Answer(models.Model):
     question = models.ForeignKey(Question, models.CASCADE)
 
     class Meta:
-        order_with_respect_to = 'question'
+        order_with_respect_to = "question"
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.text
@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@ class Answer(models.Model):
 
 class Post(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=200)
-    parent = models.ForeignKey("self", models.SET_NULL, related_name="children", null=True)
+    parent = models.ForeignKey(
+        "self", models.SET_NULL, related_name="children", null=True
+    )
 
     class Meta:
         order_with_respect_to = "parent"
@@ -37,11 +39,11 @@ class Entity(models.Model):
 
 
 class Dimension(models.Model):
-    entity = models.OneToOneField('Entity', primary_key=True, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
+    entity = models.OneToOneField("Entity", primary_key=True, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
 
 
 class Component(models.Model):
-    dimension = models.ForeignKey('Dimension', on_delete=models.CASCADE)
+    dimension = models.ForeignKey("Dimension", on_delete=models.CASCADE)
 
     class Meta:
-        order_with_respect_to = 'dimension'
+        order_with_respect_to = "dimension"
diff --git a/tests/order_with_respect_to/tests.py b/tests/order_with_respect_to/tests.py
index c433269a3b..1a85693eac 100644
--- a/tests/order_with_respect_to/tests.py
+++ b/tests/order_with_respect_to/tests.py
@@ -15,20 +15,19 @@ class OrderWithRespectToBaseTests(BaseOrderWithRespectToTests, TestCase):
 
 
 class OrderWithRespectToTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @isolate_apps('order_with_respect_to')
+    @isolate_apps("order_with_respect_to")
     def test_duplicate_order_field(self):
         class Bar(models.Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'order_with_respect_to'
+                app_label = "order_with_respect_to"
 
         class Foo(models.Model):
             bar = models.ForeignKey(Bar, models.CASCADE)
             order = models.OrderWrt()
 
             class Meta:
-                order_with_respect_to = 'bar'
-                app_label = 'order_with_respect_to'
+                order_with_respect_to = "bar"
+                app_label = "order_with_respect_to"
 
         count = 0
         for field in Foo._meta.local_fields:
@@ -45,4 +44,6 @@ class TestOrderWithRespectToOneToOnePK(TestCase):
         c1 = d.component_set.create()
         c2 = d.component_set.create()
         d.set_component_order([c1.id, c2.id])
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(d.component_set.all(), [c1.id, c2.id], attrgetter('pk'))
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            d.component_set.all(), [c1.id, c2.id], attrgetter("pk")
+        )
diff --git a/tests/ordering/models.py b/tests/ordering/models.py
index 95780c6a16..fce8b9cd42 100644
--- a/tests/ordering/models.py
+++ b/tests/ordering/models.py
@@ -18,37 +18,39 @@ from django.db import models
 
 class Author(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=63, null=True, blank=True)
-    editor = models.ForeignKey('self', models.CASCADE, null=True)
+    editor = models.ForeignKey("self", models.CASCADE, null=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('-pk',)
+        ordering = ("-pk",)
 
 
 class Article(models.Model):
     author = models.ForeignKey(Author, models.SET_NULL, null=True)
-    second_author = models.ForeignKey(Author, models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name='+')
+    second_author = models.ForeignKey(
+        Author, models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name="+"
+    )
     headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
 
     class Meta:
         ordering = (
-            '-pub_date',
-            models.F('headline'),
-            models.F('author__name').asc(),
-            models.OrderBy(models.F('second_author__name')),
+            "-pub_date",
+            models.F("headline"),
+            models.F("author__name").asc(),
+            models.OrderBy(models.F("second_author__name")),
         )
 
 
 class OrderedByAuthorArticle(Article):
     class Meta:
         proxy = True
-        ordering = ('author', 'second_author')
+        ordering = ("author", "second_author")
 
 
 class OrderedByFArticle(Article):
     class Meta:
         proxy = True
-        ordering = (models.F('author').asc(nulls_first=True), 'id')
+        ordering = (models.F("author").asc(nulls_first=True), "id")
 
 
 class ChildArticle(Article):
@@ -59,4 +61,4 @@ class Reference(models.Model):
     article = models.ForeignKey(OrderedByAuthorArticle, models.CASCADE)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('article',)
+        ordering = ("article",)
diff --git a/tests/ordering/tests.py b/tests/ordering/tests.py
index 604c72c1a2..83f3cc7993 100644
--- a/tests/ordering/tests.py
+++ b/tests/ordering/tests.py
@@ -2,7 +2,14 @@ from datetime import datetime
 from operator import attrgetter
 
 from django.db.models import (
-    CharField, Count, DateTimeField, F, Max, OuterRef, Subquery, Value,
+    CharField,
+    Count,
+    DateTimeField,
+    F,
+    Max,
+    OuterRef,
+    Subquery,
+    Value,
 )
 from django.db.models.functions import Upper
 from django.test import TestCase
@@ -11,13 +18,20 @@ from .models import Article, Author, ChildArticle, OrderedByFArticle, Reference
 
 
 class OrderingTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(headline="Article 1", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 26))
-        cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(headline="Article 2", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 27))
-        cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(headline="Article 3", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 27))
-        cls.a4 = Article.objects.create(headline="Article 4", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28))
+        cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
+            headline="Article 1", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 26)
+        )
+        cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
+            headline="Article 2", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 27)
+        )
+        cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
+            headline="Article 3", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 27)
+        )
+        cls.a4 = Article.objects.create(
+            headline="Article 4", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28)
+        )
         cls.author_1 = Author.objects.create(name="Name 1")
         cls.author_2 = Author.objects.create(name="Name 2")
         for i in range(2):
@@ -29,13 +43,14 @@ class OrderingTests(TestCase):
         headline ascending.
         """
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.all(), [
+            Article.objects.all(),
+            [
                 "Article 4",
                 "Article 2",
                 "Article 3",
                 "Article 1",
             ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
         # Getting a single item should work too:
@@ -47,22 +62,24 @@ class OrderingTests(TestCase):
         ordering attribute in models.
         """
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.order_by("headline"), [
+            Article.objects.order_by("headline"),
+            [
                 "Article 1",
                 "Article 2",
                 "Article 3",
                 "Article 4",
             ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.order_by("pub_date", "-headline"), [
+            Article.objects.order_by("pub_date", "-headline"),
+            [
                 "Article 1",
                 "Article 3",
                 "Article 2",
                 "Article 4",
             ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
     def test_order_by_override(self):
@@ -71,28 +88,32 @@ class OrderingTests(TestCase):
         previous ordering).
         """
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.order_by("id"), [
+            Article.objects.order_by("id"),
+            [
                 "Article 1",
                 "Article 2",
                 "Article 3",
                 "Article 4",
             ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.order_by("id").order_by("-headline"), [
+            Article.objects.order_by("id").order_by("-headline"),
+            [
                 "Article 4",
                 "Article 3",
                 "Article 2",
                 "Article 1",
             ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
     def test_order_by_nulls_first_and_last(self):
         msg = "nulls_first and nulls_last are mutually exclusive"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Article.objects.order_by(F("author").desc(nulls_last=True, nulls_first=True))
+            Article.objects.order_by(
+                F("author").desc(nulls_last=True, nulls_first=True)
+            )
 
     def assertQuerysetEqualReversible(self, queryset, sequence):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(queryset, sequence)
@@ -103,19 +124,23 @@ class OrderingTests(TestCase):
         Article.objects.filter(headline="Article 4").update(author=self.author_2)
         # asc and desc are chainable with nulls_last.
         self.assertQuerysetEqualReversible(
-            Article.objects.order_by(F("author").desc(nulls_last=True), 'headline'),
+            Article.objects.order_by(F("author").desc(nulls_last=True), "headline"),
             [self.a4, self.a3, self.a1, self.a2],
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqualReversible(
-            Article.objects.order_by(F("author").asc(nulls_last=True), 'headline'),
+            Article.objects.order_by(F("author").asc(nulls_last=True), "headline"),
             [self.a3, self.a4, self.a1, self.a2],
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqualReversible(
-            Article.objects.order_by(Upper("author__name").desc(nulls_last=True), 'headline'),
+            Article.objects.order_by(
+                Upper("author__name").desc(nulls_last=True), "headline"
+            ),
             [self.a4, self.a3, self.a1, self.a2],
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqualReversible(
-            Article.objects.order_by(Upper("author__name").asc(nulls_last=True), 'headline'),
+            Article.objects.order_by(
+                Upper("author__name").asc(nulls_last=True), "headline"
+            ),
             [self.a3, self.a4, self.a1, self.a2],
         )
 
@@ -124,40 +149,50 @@ class OrderingTests(TestCase):
         Article.objects.filter(headline="Article 4").update(author=self.author_2)
         # asc and desc are chainable with nulls_first.
         self.assertQuerysetEqualReversible(
-            Article.objects.order_by(F("author").asc(nulls_first=True), 'headline'),
+            Article.objects.order_by(F("author").asc(nulls_first=True), "headline"),
             [self.a1, self.a2, self.a3, self.a4],
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqualReversible(
-            Article.objects.order_by(F("author").desc(nulls_first=True), 'headline'),
+            Article.objects.order_by(F("author").desc(nulls_first=True), "headline"),
             [self.a1, self.a2, self.a4, self.a3],
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqualReversible(
-            Article.objects.order_by(Upper("author__name").asc(nulls_first=True), 'headline'),
+            Article.objects.order_by(
+                Upper("author__name").asc(nulls_first=True), "headline"
+            ),
             [self.a1, self.a2, self.a3, self.a4],
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqualReversible(
-            Article.objects.order_by(Upper("author__name").desc(nulls_first=True), 'headline'),
+            Article.objects.order_by(
+                Upper("author__name").desc(nulls_first=True), "headline"
+            ),
             [self.a1, self.a2, self.a4, self.a3],
         )
 
     def test_orders_nulls_first_on_filtered_subquery(self):
-        Article.objects.filter(headline='Article 1').update(author=self.author_1)
-        Article.objects.filter(headline='Article 2').update(author=self.author_1)
-        Article.objects.filter(headline='Article 4').update(author=self.author_2)
+        Article.objects.filter(headline="Article 1").update(author=self.author_1)
+        Article.objects.filter(headline="Article 2").update(author=self.author_1)
+        Article.objects.filter(headline="Article 4").update(author=self.author_2)
         Author.objects.filter(name__isnull=True).delete()
-        author_3 = Author.objects.create(name='Name 3')
-        article_subquery = Article.objects.filter(
-            author=OuterRef('pk'),
-            headline__icontains='Article',
-        ).order_by().values('author').annotate(
-            last_date=Max('pub_date'),
-        ).values('last_date')
+        author_3 = Author.objects.create(name="Name 3")
+        article_subquery = (
+            Article.objects.filter(
+                author=OuterRef("pk"),
+                headline__icontains="Article",
+            )
+            .order_by()
+            .values("author")
+            .annotate(
+                last_date=Max("pub_date"),
+            )
+            .values("last_date")
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqualReversible(
             Author.objects.annotate(
                 last_date=Subquery(article_subquery, output_field=DateTimeField())
-            ).order_by(
-                F('last_date').asc(nulls_first=True)
-            ).distinct(),
+            )
+            .order_by(F("last_date").asc(nulls_first=True))
+            .distinct(),
             [author_3, self.author_1, self.author_2],
         )
 
@@ -166,11 +201,12 @@ class OrderingTests(TestCase):
         Use the 'stop' part of slicing notation to limit the results.
         """
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.order_by("headline")[:2], [
+            Article.objects.order_by("headline")[:2],
+            [
                 "Article 1",
                 "Article 2",
             ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
     def test_stop_start_slicing(self):
@@ -179,20 +215,19 @@ class OrderingTests(TestCase):
         result list.
         """
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.order_by("headline")[1:3], [
+            Article.objects.order_by("headline")[1:3],
+            [
                 "Article 2",
                 "Article 3",
             ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
     def test_random_ordering(self):
         """
         Use '?' to order randomly.
         """
-        self.assertEqual(
-            len(list(Article.objects.order_by("?"))), 4
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(list(Article.objects.order_by("?"))), 4)
 
     def test_reversed_ordering(self):
         """
@@ -201,61 +236,64 @@ class OrderingTests(TestCase):
         and then take the first two).
         """
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.all().reverse()[:2], [
+            Article.objects.all().reverse()[:2],
+            [
                 "Article 1",
                 "Article 3",
             ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
     def test_reverse_ordering_pure(self):
-        qs1 = Article.objects.order_by(F('headline').asc())
+        qs1 = Article.objects.order_by(F("headline").asc())
         qs2 = qs1.reverse()
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs2, [
-                'Article 4',
-                'Article 3',
-                'Article 2',
-                'Article 1',
+            qs2,
+            [
+                "Article 4",
+                "Article 3",
+                "Article 2",
+                "Article 1",
             ],
-            attrgetter('headline'),
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs1, [
+            qs1,
+            [
                 "Article 1",
                 "Article 2",
                 "Article 3",
                 "Article 4",
             ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
     def test_reverse_meta_ordering_pure(self):
         Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Article 5',
+            headline="Article 5",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 30),
             author=self.author_1,
             second_author=self.author_2,
         )
         Article.objects.create(
-            headline='Article 5',
+            headline="Article 5",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 30),
             author=self.author_2,
             second_author=self.author_1,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline='Article 5').reverse(),
-            ['Name 2', 'Name 1'],
-            attrgetter('author.name'),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline="Article 5").reverse(),
+            ["Name 2", "Name 1"],
+            attrgetter("author.name"),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(headline='Article 5'),
-            ['Name 1', 'Name 2'],
-            attrgetter('author.name'),
+            Article.objects.filter(headline="Article 5"),
+            ["Name 1", "Name 2"],
+            attrgetter("author.name"),
         )
 
     def test_no_reordering_after_slicing(self):
-        msg = 'Cannot reverse a query once a slice has been taken.'
+        msg = "Cannot reverse a query once a slice has been taken."
         qs = Article.objects.all()[0:2]
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             qs.reverse()
@@ -267,13 +305,16 @@ class OrderingTests(TestCase):
         Ordering can be based on fields included from an 'extra' clause
         """
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.extra(select={"foo": "pub_date"}, order_by=["foo", "headline"]), [
+            Article.objects.extra(
+                select={"foo": "pub_date"}, order_by=["foo", "headline"]
+            ),
+            [
                 "Article 1",
                 "Article 2",
                 "Article 3",
                 "Article 4",
             ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
     def test_extra_ordering_quoting(self):
@@ -282,33 +323,38 @@ class OrderingTests(TestCase):
         protected by quoting.
         """
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.extra(select={"order": "pub_date"}, order_by=["order", "headline"]), [
+            Article.objects.extra(
+                select={"order": "pub_date"}, order_by=["order", "headline"]
+            ),
+            [
                 "Article 1",
                 "Article 2",
                 "Article 3",
                 "Article 4",
             ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
     def test_extra_ordering_with_table_name(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.extra(order_by=['ordering_article.headline']), [
+            Article.objects.extra(order_by=["ordering_article.headline"]),
+            [
                 "Article 1",
                 "Article 2",
                 "Article 3",
                 "Article 4",
             ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.extra(order_by=['-ordering_article.headline']), [
+            Article.objects.extra(order_by=["-ordering_article.headline"]),
+            [
                 "Article 4",
                 "Article 3",
                 "Article 2",
                 "Article 1",
             ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
     def test_order_by_pk(self):
@@ -317,7 +363,7 @@ class OrderingTests(TestCase):
         """
         self.assertEqual(
             [a.pk for a in Author.objects.all()],
-            [a.pk for a in Author.objects.order_by('-pk')],
+            [a.pk for a in Author.objects.order_by("-pk")],
         )
 
     def test_order_by_fk_attname(self):
@@ -325,21 +371,22 @@ class OrderingTests(TestCase):
         ordering by a foreign key by its attribute name prevents the query
         from inheriting its related model ordering option (#19195).
         """
-        authors = list(Author.objects.order_by('id'))
+        authors = list(Author.objects.order_by("id"))
         for i in range(1, 5):
             author = authors[i - 1]
             article = getattr(self, "a%d" % (5 - i))
             article.author = author
-            article.save(update_fields={'author'})
+            article.save(update_fields={"author"})
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.order_by('author_id'), [
+            Article.objects.order_by("author_id"),
+            [
                 "Article 4",
                 "Article 3",
                 "Article 2",
                 "Article 1",
             ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
     def test_order_by_self_referential_fk(self):
@@ -348,43 +395,46 @@ class OrderingTests(TestCase):
         self.a2.author = Author.objects.create(editor=self.author_2)
         self.a2.save()
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(author__isnull=False).order_by('author__editor'),
-            ['Article 2', 'Article 1'],
-            attrgetter('headline'),
+            Article.objects.filter(author__isnull=False).order_by("author__editor"),
+            ["Article 2", "Article 1"],
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.filter(author__isnull=False).order_by('author__editor_id'),
-            ['Article 1', 'Article 2'],
-            attrgetter('headline'),
+            Article.objects.filter(author__isnull=False).order_by("author__editor_id"),
+            ["Article 1", "Article 2"],
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
     def test_order_by_f_expression(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.order_by(F('headline')), [
+            Article.objects.order_by(F("headline")),
+            [
                 "Article 1",
                 "Article 2",
                 "Article 3",
                 "Article 4",
             ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.order_by(F('headline').asc()), [
+            Article.objects.order_by(F("headline").asc()),
+            [
                 "Article 1",
                 "Article 2",
                 "Article 3",
                 "Article 4",
             ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Article.objects.order_by(F('headline').desc()), [
+            Article.objects.order_by(F("headline").desc()),
+            [
                 "Article 4",
                 "Article 3",
                 "Article 2",
                 "Article 1",
             ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
     def test_order_by_f_expression_duplicates(self):
@@ -392,50 +442,53 @@ class OrderingTests(TestCase):
         A column may only be included once (the first occurrence) so we check
         to ensure there are no duplicates by inspecting the SQL.
         """
-        qs = Article.objects.order_by(F('headline').asc(), F('headline').desc())
+        qs = Article.objects.order_by(F("headline").asc(), F("headline").desc())
         sql = str(qs.query).upper()
-        fragment = sql[sql.find('ORDER BY'):]
-        self.assertEqual(fragment.count('HEADLINE'), 1)
+        fragment = sql[sql.find("ORDER BY") :]
+        self.assertEqual(fragment.count("HEADLINE"), 1)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs, [
+            qs,
+            [
                 "Article 1",
                 "Article 2",
                 "Article 3",
                 "Article 4",
             ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
-        qs = Article.objects.order_by(F('headline').desc(), F('headline').asc())
+        qs = Article.objects.order_by(F("headline").desc(), F("headline").asc())
         sql = str(qs.query).upper()
-        fragment = sql[sql.find('ORDER BY'):]
-        self.assertEqual(fragment.count('HEADLINE'), 1)
+        fragment = sql[sql.find("ORDER BY") :]
+        self.assertEqual(fragment.count("HEADLINE"), 1)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs, [
+            qs,
+            [
                 "Article 4",
                 "Article 3",
                 "Article 2",
                 "Article 1",
             ],
-            attrgetter("headline")
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
     def test_order_by_constant_value(self):
         # Order by annotated constant from selected columns.
         qs = Article.objects.annotate(
-            constant=Value('1', output_field=CharField()),
-        ).order_by('constant', '-headline')
+            constant=Value("1", output_field=CharField()),
+        ).order_by("constant", "-headline")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.a4, self.a3, self.a2, self.a1])
         # Order by annotated constant which is out of selected columns.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            qs.values_list('headline', flat=True), [
-                'Article 4',
-                'Article 3',
-                'Article 2',
-                'Article 1',
+            qs.values_list("headline", flat=True),
+            [
+                "Article 4",
+                "Article 3",
+                "Article 2",
+                "Article 1",
             ],
         )
         # Order by constant.
-        qs = Article.objects.order_by(Value('1', output_field=CharField()), '-headline')
+        qs = Article.objects.order_by(Value("1", output_field=CharField()), "-headline")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.a4, self.a3, self.a2, self.a1])
 
     def test_related_ordering_duplicate_table_reference(self):
@@ -458,38 +511,42 @@ class OrderingTests(TestCase):
     def test_default_ordering_by_f_expression(self):
         """F expressions can be used in Meta.ordering."""
         articles = OrderedByFArticle.objects.all()
-        articles.filter(headline='Article 2').update(author=self.author_2)
-        articles.filter(headline='Article 3').update(author=self.author_1)
+        articles.filter(headline="Article 2").update(author=self.author_2)
+        articles.filter(headline="Article 3").update(author=self.author_1)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            articles, ['Article 1', 'Article 4', 'Article 3', 'Article 2'],
-            attrgetter('headline')
+            articles,
+            ["Article 1", "Article 4", "Article 3", "Article 2"],
+            attrgetter("headline"),
         )
 
     def test_order_by_ptr_field_with_default_ordering_by_expression(self):
         ca1 = ChildArticle.objects.create(
-            headline='h2',
+            headline="h2",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 27),
             author=self.author_2,
         )
         ca2 = ChildArticle.objects.create(
-            headline='h2',
+            headline="h2",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 27),
             author=self.author_1,
         )
         ca3 = ChildArticle.objects.create(
-            headline='h3',
+            headline="h3",
             pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 27),
             author=self.author_1,
         )
-        ca4 = ChildArticle.objects.create(headline='h1', pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28))
-        articles = ChildArticle.objects.order_by('article_ptr')
+        ca4 = ChildArticle.objects.create(headline="h1", pub_date=datetime(2005, 7, 28))
+        articles = ChildArticle.objects.order_by("article_ptr")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(articles, [ca4, ca2, ca1, ca3])
 
     def test_default_ordering_does_not_affect_group_by(self):
-        Article.objects.exclude(headline='Article 4').update(author=self.author_1)
-        Article.objects.filter(headline='Article 4').update(author=self.author_2)
-        articles = Article.objects.values('author').annotate(count=Count('author'))
-        self.assertCountEqual(articles, [
-            {'author': self.author_1.pk, 'count': 3},
-            {'author': self.author_2.pk, 'count': 1},
-        ])
+        Article.objects.exclude(headline="Article 4").update(author=self.author_1)
+        Article.objects.filter(headline="Article 4").update(author=self.author_2)
+        articles = Article.objects.values("author").annotate(count=Count("author"))
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            articles,
+            [
+                {"author": self.author_1.pk, "count": 3},
+                {"author": self.author_2.pk, "count": 1},
+            ],
+        )
diff --git a/tests/pagination/custom.py b/tests/pagination/custom.py
index 5f3df3c33c..ea04083576 100644
--- a/tests/pagination/custom.py
+++ b/tests/pagination/custom.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from django.core.paginator import Page, Paginator
 
 
 class ValidAdjacentNumsPage(Page):
-
     def next_page_number(self):
         if not self.has_next():
             return None
@@ -15,6 +14,5 @@ class ValidAdjacentNumsPage(Page):
 
 
 class ValidAdjacentNumsPaginator(Paginator):
-
     def _get_page(self, *args, **kwargs):
         return ValidAdjacentNumsPage(*args, **kwargs)
diff --git a/tests/pagination/models.py b/tests/pagination/models.py
index d84dd42ee6..9c11806820 100644
--- a/tests/pagination/models.py
+++ b/tests/pagination/models.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ from django.db import models
 
 
 class Article(models.Model):
-    headline = models.CharField(max_length=100, default='Default headline')
+    headline = models.CharField(max_length=100, default="Default headline")
     pub_date = models.DateTimeField()
 
     def __str__(self):
diff --git a/tests/pagination/tests.py b/tests/pagination/tests.py
index 43e8c28046..79d60530fa 100644
--- a/tests/pagination/tests.py
+++ b/tests/pagination/tests.py
@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@ import warnings
 from datetime import datetime
 
 from django.core.paginator import (
-    EmptyPage, InvalidPage, PageNotAnInteger, Paginator,
+    EmptyPage,
+    InvalidPage,
+    PageNotAnInteger,
+    Paginator,
     UnorderedObjectListWarning,
 )
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase
@@ -25,9 +28,9 @@ class PaginationTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         count, num_pages, page_range = output
         paginator = Paginator(*params)
-        self.check_attribute('count', paginator, count, params)
-        self.check_attribute('num_pages', paginator, num_pages, params)
-        self.check_attribute('page_range', paginator, page_range, params, coerce=list)
+        self.check_attribute("count", paginator, count, params)
+        self.check_attribute("num_pages", paginator, num_pages, params)
+        self.check_attribute("page_range", paginator, page_range, params, coerce=list)
 
     def check_attribute(self, name, paginator, expected, params, coerce=None):
         """
@@ -38,9 +41,10 @@ class PaginationTests(SimpleTestCase):
         if coerce is not None:
             got = coerce(got)
         self.assertEqual(
-            expected, got,
+            expected,
+            got,
             "For '%s', expected %s but got %s.  Paginator parameters were: %s"
-            % (name, expected, got, params)
+            % (name, expected, got, params),
         )
 
     def test_paginator(self):
@@ -102,10 +106,10 @@ class PaginationTests(SimpleTestCase):
             (([1, 2, 3], 2, 1, True), (3, 1, [1])),
             ((eleven, 10, 1, True), (11, 1, [1])),
             # Non-integer inputs
-            ((ten, '4', 1, False), (10, 3, [1, 2, 3])),
-            ((ten, '4', 1, False), (10, 3, [1, 2, 3])),
-            ((ten, 4, '1', False), (10, 3, [1, 2, 3])),
-            ((ten, 4, '1', False), (10, 3, [1, 2, 3])),
+            ((ten, "4", 1, False), (10, 3, [1, 2, 3])),
+            ((ten, "4", 1, False), (10, 3, [1, 2, 3])),
+            ((ten, 4, "1", False), (10, 3, [1, 2, 3])),
+            ((ten, 4, "1", False), (10, 3, [1, 2, 3])),
         )
         for params, output in tests:
             self.check_paginator(params, output)
@@ -120,7 +124,7 @@ class PaginationTests(SimpleTestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(PageNotAnInteger):
             paginator.validate_number(None)
         with self.assertRaises(PageNotAnInteger):
-            paginator.validate_number('x')
+            paginator.validate_number("x")
         with self.assertRaises(PageNotAnInteger):
             paginator.validate_number(1.2)
 
@@ -137,6 +141,7 @@ class PaginationTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class CountContainer:
             def count(self):
                 return 42
+
         # Paginator can be passed other objects with a count() method.
         paginator = Paginator(CountContainer(), 10)
         self.assertEqual(42, paginator.count)
@@ -147,6 +152,7 @@ class PaginationTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class LenContainer:
             def __len__(self):
                 return 42
+
         paginator = Paginator(LenContainer(), 10)
         self.assertEqual(42, paginator.count)
         self.assertEqual(5, paginator.num_pages)
@@ -155,17 +161,17 @@ class PaginationTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_count_does_not_silence_attribute_error(self):
         class AttributeErrorContainer:
             def count(self):
-                raise AttributeError('abc')
+                raise AttributeError("abc")
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, 'abc'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, "abc"):
             Paginator(AttributeErrorContainer(), 10).count
 
     def test_count_does_not_silence_type_error(self):
         class TypeErrorContainer:
             def count(self):
-                raise TypeError('abc')
+                raise TypeError("abc")
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, 'abc'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, "abc"):
             Paginator(TypeErrorContainer(), 10).count
 
     def check_indexes(self, params, page_num, indexes):
@@ -175,15 +181,23 @@ class PaginationTests(SimpleTestCase):
         page_num match those given as a 2-tuple in indexes.
         """
         paginator = Paginator(*params)
-        if page_num == 'first':
+        if page_num == "first":
             page_num = 1
-        elif page_num == 'last':
+        elif page_num == "last":
             page_num = paginator.num_pages
         page = paginator.page(page_num)
         start, end = indexes
-        msg = ("For %s of page %s, expected %s but got %s. Paginator parameters were: %s")
-        self.assertEqual(start, page.start_index(), msg % ('start index', page_num, start, page.start_index(), params))
-        self.assertEqual(end, page.end_index(), msg % ('end index', page_num, end, page.end_index(), params))
+        msg = "For %s of page %s, expected %s but got %s. Paginator parameters were: %s"
+        self.assertEqual(
+            start,
+            page.start_index(),
+            msg % ("start index", page_num, start, page.start_index(), params),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            end,
+            page.end_index(),
+            msg % ("end index", page_num, end, page.end_index(), params),
+        )
 
     def test_page_indexes(self):
         """
@@ -224,8 +238,8 @@ class PaginationTests(SimpleTestCase):
             (([], 4, 2, True), (0, 0), (0, 0)),
         )
         for params, first, last in tests:
-            self.check_indexes(params, 'first', first)
-            self.check_indexes(params, 'last', last)
+            self.check_indexes(params, "first", first)
+            self.check_indexes(params, "last", last)
 
         # When no items and no empty first page, we should get EmptyPage error.
         with self.assertRaises(EmptyPage):
@@ -239,20 +253,20 @@ class PaginationTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         A paginator page acts like a standard sequence.
         """
-        eleven = 'abcdefghijk'
+        eleven = "abcdefghijk"
         page2 = Paginator(eleven, per_page=5, orphans=1).page(2)
         self.assertEqual(len(page2), 6)
-        self.assertIn('k', page2)
-        self.assertNotIn('a', page2)
-        self.assertEqual(''.join(page2), 'fghijk')
-        self.assertEqual(''.join(reversed(page2)), 'kjihgf')
+        self.assertIn("k", page2)
+        self.assertNotIn("a", page2)
+        self.assertEqual("".join(page2), "fghijk")
+        self.assertEqual("".join(reversed(page2)), "kjihgf")
 
     def test_get_page_hook(self):
         """
         A Paginator subclass can use the ``_get_page`` hook to
         return an alternative to the standard Page class.
         """
-        eleven = 'abcdefghijk'
+        eleven = "abcdefghijk"
         paginator = ValidAdjacentNumsPaginator(eleven, per_page=6)
         page1 = paginator.page(1)
         page2 = paginator.page(2)
@@ -309,7 +323,7 @@ class PaginationTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_get_elided_page_range(self):
         # Paginator.validate_number() must be called:
         paginator = Paginator([1, 2, 3], 2)
-        with unittest.mock.patch.object(paginator, 'validate_number') as mock:
+        with unittest.mock.patch.object(paginator, "validate_number") as mock:
             mock.assert_not_called()
             list(paginator.get_elided_page_range(2))
             mock.assert_called_with(2)
@@ -347,15 +361,25 @@ class PaginationTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         # Range is not elided if not enough pages when using custom arguments:
         tests = [
-            (6, 2, 1, 1), (8, 1, 3, 1), (8, 4, 0, 1), (4, 1, 1, 1),
+            (6, 2, 1, 1),
+            (8, 1, 3, 1),
+            (8, 4, 0, 1),
+            (4, 1, 1, 1),
             # When on_each_side and on_ends are both <= 1 but not both == 1 it
             # is a special case where the range is not elided until an extra
             # page is added.
-            (2, 0, 1, 2), (2, 1, 0, 2), (1, 0, 0, 2),
+            (2, 0, 1, 2),
+            (2, 1, 0, 2),
+            (1, 0, 0, 2),
         ]
         for pages, on_each_side, on_ends, elided_after in tests:
             for offset in range(elided_after + 1):
-                with self.subTest(pages=pages, offset=elided_after, on_each_side=on_each_side, on_ends=on_ends):
+                with self.subTest(
+                    pages=pages,
+                    offset=elided_after,
+                    on_each_side=on_each_side,
+                    on_ends=on_ends,
+                ):
                     paginator = Paginator(range((pages + offset) * 100), 100)
                     page_range = paginator.get_elided_page_range(
                         1,
@@ -416,7 +440,9 @@ class PaginationTests(SimpleTestCase):
         ]
         paginator = Paginator(range(5000), 100)
         for number, on_each_side, on_ends, expected in tests:
-            with self.subTest(number=number, on_each_side=on_each_side, on_ends=on_ends):
+            with self.subTest(
+                number=number, on_each_side=on_each_side, on_ends=on_ends
+            ):
                 page_range = paginator.get_elided_page_range(
                     number,
                     on_each_side=on_each_side,
@@ -430,17 +456,18 @@ class ModelPaginationTests(TestCase):
     """
     Test pagination with Django model instances
     """
+
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         # Prepare a list of objects for pagination.
         pub_date = datetime(2005, 7, 29)
         cls.articles = [
-            Article.objects.create(headline=f'Article {x}', pub_date=pub_date)
+            Article.objects.create(headline=f"Article {x}", pub_date=pub_date)
             for x in range(1, 10)
         ]
 
     def test_first_page(self):
-        paginator = Paginator(Article.objects.order_by('id'), 5)
+        paginator = Paginator(Article.objects.order_by("id"), 5)
         p = paginator.page(1)
         self.assertEqual("<Page 1 of 2>", str(p))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(p.object_list, self.articles[:5])
@@ -454,7 +481,7 @@ class ModelPaginationTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(5, p.end_index())
 
     def test_last_page(self):
-        paginator = Paginator(Article.objects.order_by('id'), 5)
+        paginator = Paginator(Article.objects.order_by("id"), 5)
         p = paginator.page(2)
         self.assertEqual("<Page 2 of 2>", str(p))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(p.object_list, self.articles[5:])
@@ -472,15 +499,15 @@ class ModelPaginationTests(TestCase):
         Tests proper behavior of a paginator page __getitem__ (queryset
         evaluation, slicing, exception raised).
         """
-        paginator = Paginator(Article.objects.order_by('id'), 5)
+        paginator = Paginator(Article.objects.order_by("id"), 5)
         p = paginator.page(1)
 
         # Make sure object_list queryset is not evaluated by an invalid __getitem__ call.
         # (this happens from the template engine when using eg: {% page_obj.has_previous %})
         self.assertIsNone(p.object_list._result_cache)
-        msg = 'Page indices must be integers or slices, not str.'
+        msg = "Page indices must be integers or slices, not str."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            p['has_previous']
+            p["has_previous"]
         self.assertIsNone(p.object_list._result_cache)
         self.assertNotIsInstance(p.object_list, list)
 
@@ -511,8 +538,10 @@ class ModelPaginationTests(TestCase):
         Unordered object list warning with an object that has an ordered
         attribute but not a model attribute.
         """
+
         class ObjectList:
             ordered = False
+
         object_list = ObjectList()
         msg = (
             "Pagination may yield inconsistent results with an unordered "
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/__init__.py b/tests/postgres_tests/__init__.py
index 2b84fc25db..6f02531ed0 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/__init__.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/__init__.py
@@ -6,18 +6,18 @@ from django.db import connection
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase, modify_settings
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', "PostgreSQL specific tests")
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific tests")
 class PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
     pass
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', "PostgreSQL specific tests")
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific tests")
 class PostgreSQLTestCase(TestCase):
     pass
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', "PostgreSQL specific tests")
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific tests")
 # To locate the widget's template.
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.postgres'})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.postgres"})
 class PostgreSQLWidgetTestCase(WidgetTest, PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
     pass
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/array_default_migrations/0001_initial.py b/tests/postgres_tests/array_default_migrations/0001_initial.py
index eb523218ef..10eaef2aab 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/array_default_migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/array_default_migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -4,18 +4,29 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
-    dependencies = [
-    ]
+    dependencies = []
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='IntegerArrayDefaultModel',
+            name="IntegerArrayDefaultModel",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('field', django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField(models.IntegerField(), size=None)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "field",
+                    django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField(
+                        models.IntegerField(), size=None
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
-            options={
-            },
+            options={},
             bases=(models.Model,),
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/array_default_migrations/0002_integerarraymodel_field_2.py b/tests/postgres_tests/array_default_migrations/0002_integerarraymodel_field_2.py
index 679c9bb0d3..b15b575e54 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/array_default_migrations/0002_integerarraymodel_field_2.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/array_default_migrations/0002_integerarraymodel_field_2.py
@@ -5,14 +5,16 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('postgres_tests', '0001_initial'),
+        ("postgres_tests", "0001_initial"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.AddField(
-            model_name='integerarraydefaultmodel',
-            name='field_2',
-            field=django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField(models.IntegerField(), default=[], size=None),
+            model_name="integerarraydefaultmodel",
+            name="field_2",
+            field=django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField(
+                models.IntegerField(), default=[], size=None
+            ),
             preserve_default=False,
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/array_index_migrations/0001_initial.py b/tests/postgres_tests/array_index_migrations/0001_initial.py
index 505e53e4e8..5c74be326a 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/array_index_migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/array_index_migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -4,22 +4,36 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
-    dependencies = [
-    ]
+    dependencies = []
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='CharTextArrayIndexModel',
+            name="CharTextArrayIndexModel",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('char', django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField(
-                    models.CharField(max_length=10), db_index=True, size=100)
-                 ),
-                ('char2', models.CharField(max_length=11, db_index=True)),
-                ('text', django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField(models.TextField(), db_index=True)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "char",
+                    django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField(
+                        models.CharField(max_length=10), db_index=True, size=100
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("char2", models.CharField(max_length=11, db_index=True)),
+                (
+                    "text",
+                    django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField(
+                        models.TextField(), db_index=True
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
-            options={
-            },
+            options={},
             bases=(models.Model,),
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/fields.py b/tests/postgres_tests/fields.py
index 1c0cb05d46..2d62e26a92 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/fields.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/fields.py
@@ -8,31 +8,41 @@ from django.db import models
 
 try:
     from django.contrib.postgres.fields import (
-        ArrayField, BigIntegerRangeField, CICharField, CIEmailField,
-        CITextField, DateRangeField, DateTimeRangeField, DecimalRangeField,
-        HStoreField, IntegerRangeField,
+        ArrayField,
+        BigIntegerRangeField,
+        CICharField,
+        CIEmailField,
+        CITextField,
+        DateRangeField,
+        DateTimeRangeField,
+        DecimalRangeField,
+        HStoreField,
+        IntegerRangeField,
     )
     from django.contrib.postgres.search import SearchVector, SearchVectorField
 except ImportError:
+
     class DummyArrayField(models.Field):
         def __init__(self, base_field, size=None, **kwargs):
             super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
         def deconstruct(self):
             name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
-            kwargs.update({
-                'base_field': '',
-                'size': 1,
-            })
+            kwargs.update(
+                {
+                    "base_field": "",
+                    "size": 1,
+                }
+            )
             return name, path, args, kwargs
 
     class DummyContinuousRangeField(models.Field):
-        def __init__(self, *args, default_bounds='[)', **kwargs):
+        def __init__(self, *args, default_bounds="[)", **kwargs):
             super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
         def deconstruct(self):
             name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
-            kwargs['default_bounds'] = '[)'
+            kwargs["default_bounds"] = "[)"
             return name, path, args, kwargs
 
     ArrayField = DummyArrayField
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/integration_settings.py b/tests/postgres_tests/integration_settings.py
index c4ec0d1157..7e2ea9c8d0 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/integration_settings.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/integration_settings.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-SECRET_KEY = 'abcdefg'
+SECRET_KEY = "abcdefg"
 
 INSTALLED_APPS = [
-    'django.contrib.postgres',
+    "django.contrib.postgres",
 ]
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/migrations/0001_setup_extensions.py b/tests/postgres_tests/migrations/0001_setup_extensions.py
index bd5da83d15..090abf9649 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/migrations/0001_setup_extensions.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/migrations/0001_setup_extensions.py
@@ -4,8 +4,14 @@ from django.db import connection, migrations
 
 try:
     from django.contrib.postgres.operations import (
-        BloomExtension, BtreeGinExtension, BtreeGistExtension, CITextExtension,
-        CreateExtension, CryptoExtension, HStoreExtension, TrigramExtension,
+        BloomExtension,
+        BtreeGinExtension,
+        BtreeGistExtension,
+        CITextExtension,
+        CreateExtension,
+        CryptoExtension,
+        HStoreExtension,
+        TrigramExtension,
         UnaccentExtension,
     )
 except ImportError:
@@ -20,8 +26,7 @@ except ImportError:
     needs_crypto_extension = False
 else:
     needs_crypto_extension = (
-        connection.vendor == 'postgresql' and
-        not connection.features.is_postgresql_13
+        connection.vendor == "postgresql" and not connection.features.is_postgresql_13
     )
 
 
@@ -34,7 +39,7 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
         CITextExtension(),
         # Ensure CreateExtension quotes extension names by creating one with a
         # dash in its name.
-        CreateExtension('uuid-ossp'),
+        CreateExtension("uuid-ossp"),
         # CryptoExtension is required for RandomUUID() on PostgreSQL < 13.
         CryptoExtension() if needs_crypto_extension else mock.Mock(),
         HStoreExtension(),
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/migrations/0002_create_test_models.py b/tests/postgres_tests/migrations/0002_create_test_models.py
index 7ede593dae..a78563f80d 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/migrations/0002_create_test_models.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/migrations/0002_create_test_models.py
@@ -1,9 +1,18 @@
 from django.db import migrations, models
 
 from ..fields import (
-    ArrayField, BigIntegerRangeField, CICharField, CIEmailField, CITextField,
-    DateRangeField, DateTimeRangeField, DecimalRangeField, EnumField,
-    HStoreField, IntegerRangeField, SearchVectorField,
+    ArrayField,
+    BigIntegerRangeField,
+    CICharField,
+    CIEmailField,
+    CITextField,
+    DateRangeField,
+    DateTimeRangeField,
+    DecimalRangeField,
+    EnumField,
+    HStoreField,
+    IntegerRangeField,
+    SearchVectorField,
 )
 from ..models import TagField
 
@@ -11,305 +20,538 @@ from ..models import TagField
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('postgres_tests', '0001_setup_extensions'),
+        ("postgres_tests", "0001_setup_extensions"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='CharArrayModel',
+            name="CharArrayModel",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('field', ArrayField(models.CharField(max_length=10), size=None)),
-            ],
-            options={
-                'required_db_vendor': 'postgresql',
-            },
-            bases=(models.Model,),
-        ),
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='DateTimeArrayModel',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('datetimes', ArrayField(models.DateTimeField(), size=None)),
-                ('dates', ArrayField(models.DateField(), size=None)),
-                ('times', ArrayField(models.TimeField(), size=None)),
-            ],
-            options={
-                'required_db_vendor': 'postgresql',
-            },
-            bases=(models.Model,),
-        ),
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='HStoreModel',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('field', HStoreField(blank=True, null=True)),
-                ('array_field', ArrayField(HStoreField(), null=True)),
-            ],
-            options={
-                'required_db_vendor': 'postgresql',
-            },
-            bases=(models.Model,),
-        ),
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='OtherTypesArrayModel',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('ips', ArrayField(models.GenericIPAddressField(), size=None, default=list)),
-                ('uuids', ArrayField(models.UUIDField(), size=None, default=list)),
-                ('decimals', ArrayField(models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2), size=None, default=list)),
-                ('tags', ArrayField(TagField(), blank=True, null=True, size=None)),
-                ('json', ArrayField(models.JSONField(default={}), default=[])),
-                ('int_ranges', ArrayField(IntegerRangeField(), null=True, blank=True)),
-                ('bigint_ranges', ArrayField(BigIntegerRangeField(), null=True, blank=True)),
-            ],
-            options={
-                'required_db_vendor': 'postgresql',
-            },
-            bases=(models.Model,),
-        ),
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='IntegerArrayModel',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('field', ArrayField(models.IntegerField(), size=None)),
-            ],
-            options={
-                'required_db_vendor': 'postgresql',
-            },
-            bases=(models.Model,),
-        ),
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='NestedIntegerArrayModel',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('field', ArrayField(ArrayField(models.IntegerField(), size=None), size=None)),
-            ],
-            options={
-                'required_db_vendor': 'postgresql',
-            },
-            bases=(models.Model,),
-        ),
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='NullableIntegerArrayModel',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('field', ArrayField(models.IntegerField(), size=None, null=True, blank=True)),
                 (
-                    'field_nested',
-                    ArrayField(ArrayField(models.IntegerField(), size=None, null=True), size=None, null=True),
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
                 ),
-                ('order', models.IntegerField(null=True)),
+                ("field", ArrayField(models.CharField(max_length=10), size=None)),
             ],
             options={
-                'required_db_vendor': 'postgresql',
+                "required_db_vendor": "postgresql",
             },
             bases=(models.Model,),
         ),
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='CharFieldModel',
+            name="DateTimeArrayModel",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('field', models.CharField(max_length=64)),
-            ],
-            options=None,
-            bases=None,
-        ),
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='TextFieldModel',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('field', models.TextField()),
-            ],
-            options=None,
-            bases=None,
-        ),
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='SmallAutoFieldModel',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.SmallAutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, primary_key=True)),
-            ],
-            options=None,
-        ),
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='BigAutoFieldModel',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.BigAutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, primary_key=True)),
-            ],
-            options=None,
-        ),
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Scene',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('scene', models.TextField()),
-                ('setting', models.CharField(max_length=255)),
-            ],
-            options=None,
-            bases=None,
-        ),
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Character',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('name', models.CharField(max_length=255)),
-            ],
-            options=None,
-            bases=None,
-        ),
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='CITestModel',
-            fields=[
-                ('name', CICharField(primary_key=True, max_length=255)),
-                ('email', CIEmailField()),
-                ('description', CITextField()),
-                ('array_field', ArrayField(CITextField(), null=True)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("datetimes", ArrayField(models.DateTimeField(), size=None)),
+                ("dates", ArrayField(models.DateField(), size=None)),
+                ("times", ArrayField(models.TimeField(), size=None)),
             ],
             options={
-                'required_db_vendor': 'postgresql',
-            },
-            bases=None,
-        ),
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Line',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('scene', models.ForeignKey('postgres_tests.Scene', on_delete=models.SET_NULL)),
-                ('character', models.ForeignKey('postgres_tests.Character', on_delete=models.SET_NULL)),
-                ('dialogue', models.TextField(blank=True, null=True)),
-                ('dialogue_search_vector', SearchVectorField(blank=True, null=True)),
-                ('dialogue_config', models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=True, null=True)),
-            ],
-            options={
-                'required_db_vendor': 'postgresql',
-            },
-            bases=None,
-        ),
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='LineSavedSearch',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('line', models.ForeignKey('postgres_tests.Line', on_delete=models.CASCADE)),
-                ('query', models.CharField(max_length=100)),
-            ],
-            options={
-                'required_db_vendor': 'postgresql',
-            },
-        ),
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='AggregateTestModel',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('boolean_field', models.BooleanField(null=True)),
-                ('char_field', models.CharField(max_length=30, blank=True)),
-                ('text_field', models.TextField(blank=True)),
-                ('integer_field', models.IntegerField(null=True)),
-                ('json_field', models.JSONField(null=True)),
-            ],
-            options={
-                'required_db_vendor': 'postgresql',
-            },
-        ),
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='StatTestModel',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('int1', models.IntegerField()),
-                ('int2', models.IntegerField()),
-                ('related_field', models.ForeignKey(
-                    'postgres_tests.AggregateTestModel',
-                    models.SET_NULL,
-                    null=True,
-                )),
-            ],
-            options={
-                'required_db_vendor': 'postgresql',
-            },
-        ),
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='NowTestModel',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('when', models.DateTimeField(null=True, default=None)),
-            ]
-        ),
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='UUIDTestModel',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('uuid', models.UUIDField(default=None, null=True)),
-            ]
-        ),
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='RangesModel',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('ints', IntegerRangeField(null=True, blank=True)),
-                ('bigints', BigIntegerRangeField(null=True, blank=True)),
-                ('decimals', DecimalRangeField(null=True, blank=True)),
-                ('timestamps', DateTimeRangeField(null=True, blank=True)),
-                ('timestamps_inner', DateTimeRangeField(null=True, blank=True)),
-                ('timestamps_closed_bounds', DateTimeRangeField(null=True, blank=True, default_bounds='[]')),
-                ('dates', DateRangeField(null=True, blank=True)),
-                ('dates_inner', DateRangeField(null=True, blank=True)),
-            ],
-            options={
-                'required_db_vendor': 'postgresql'
-            },
-            bases=(models.Model,)
-        ),
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='RangeLookupsModel',
-            fields=[
-                ('parent', models.ForeignKey(
-                    'postgres_tests.RangesModel',
-                    models.SET_NULL,
-                    blank=True, null=True,
-                )),
-                ('integer', models.IntegerField(blank=True, null=True)),
-                ('big_integer', models.BigIntegerField(blank=True, null=True)),
-                ('float', models.FloatField(blank=True, null=True)),
-                ('timestamp', models.DateTimeField(blank=True, null=True)),
-                ('date', models.DateField(blank=True, null=True)),
-                ('small_integer', models.SmallIntegerField(blank=True, null=True)),
-                ('decimal_field', models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2, blank=True, null=True)),
-            ],
-            options={
-                'required_db_vendor': 'postgresql',
+                "required_db_vendor": "postgresql",
             },
             bases=(models.Model,),
         ),
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='ArrayEnumModel',
+            name="HStoreModel",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('array_of_enums', ArrayField(EnumField(max_length=20), null=True, blank=True)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("field", HStoreField(blank=True, null=True)),
+                ("array_field", ArrayField(HStoreField(), null=True)),
             ],
             options={
-                'required_db_vendor': 'postgresql',
+                "required_db_vendor": "postgresql",
             },
             bases=(models.Model,),
         ),
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='Room',
+            name="OtherTypesArrayModel",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('number', models.IntegerField(unique=True)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "ips",
+                    ArrayField(models.GenericIPAddressField(), size=None, default=list),
+                ),
+                ("uuids", ArrayField(models.UUIDField(), size=None, default=list)),
+                (
+                    "decimals",
+                    ArrayField(
+                        models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2),
+                        size=None,
+                        default=list,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("tags", ArrayField(TagField(), blank=True, null=True, size=None)),
+                ("json", ArrayField(models.JSONField(default={}), default=[])),
+                ("int_ranges", ArrayField(IntegerRangeField(), null=True, blank=True)),
+                (
+                    "bigint_ranges",
+                    ArrayField(BigIntegerRangeField(), null=True, blank=True),
+                ),
+            ],
+            options={
+                "required_db_vendor": "postgresql",
+            },
+            bases=(models.Model,),
+        ),
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name="IntegerArrayModel",
+            fields=[
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("field", ArrayField(models.IntegerField(), size=None)),
+            ],
+            options={
+                "required_db_vendor": "postgresql",
+            },
+            bases=(models.Model,),
+        ),
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name="NestedIntegerArrayModel",
+            fields=[
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "field",
+                    ArrayField(ArrayField(models.IntegerField(), size=None), size=None),
+                ),
+            ],
+            options={
+                "required_db_vendor": "postgresql",
+            },
+            bases=(models.Model,),
+        ),
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name="NullableIntegerArrayModel",
+            fields=[
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "field",
+                    ArrayField(models.IntegerField(), size=None, null=True, blank=True),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "field_nested",
+                    ArrayField(
+                        ArrayField(models.IntegerField(), size=None, null=True),
+                        size=None,
+                        null=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("order", models.IntegerField(null=True)),
+            ],
+            options={
+                "required_db_vendor": "postgresql",
+            },
+            bases=(models.Model,),
+        ),
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name="CharFieldModel",
+            fields=[
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("field", models.CharField(max_length=64)),
+            ],
+            options=None,
+            bases=None,
+        ),
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name="TextFieldModel",
+            fields=[
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("field", models.TextField()),
+            ],
+            options=None,
+            bases=None,
+        ),
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name="SmallAutoFieldModel",
+            fields=[
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.SmallAutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID", serialize=False, primary_key=True
+                    ),
+                ),
+            ],
+            options=None,
+        ),
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name="BigAutoFieldModel",
+            fields=[
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.BigAutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID", serialize=False, primary_key=True
+                    ),
+                ),
+            ],
+            options=None,
+        ),
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name="Scene",
+            fields=[
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("scene", models.TextField()),
+                ("setting", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
+            ],
+            options=None,
+            bases=None,
+        ),
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name="Character",
+            fields=[
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("name", models.CharField(max_length=255)),
+            ],
+            options=None,
+            bases=None,
+        ),
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name="CITestModel",
+            fields=[
+                ("name", CICharField(primary_key=True, max_length=255)),
+                ("email", CIEmailField()),
+                ("description", CITextField()),
+                ("array_field", ArrayField(CITextField(), null=True)),
+            ],
+            options={
+                "required_db_vendor": "postgresql",
+            },
+            bases=None,
+        ),
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name="Line",
+            fields=[
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "scene",
+                    models.ForeignKey(
+                        "postgres_tests.Scene", on_delete=models.SET_NULL
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "character",
+                    models.ForeignKey(
+                        "postgres_tests.Character", on_delete=models.SET_NULL
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("dialogue", models.TextField(blank=True, null=True)),
+                ("dialogue_search_vector", SearchVectorField(blank=True, null=True)),
+                (
+                    "dialogue_config",
+                    models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=True, null=True),
+                ),
+            ],
+            options={
+                "required_db_vendor": "postgresql",
+            },
+            bases=None,
+        ),
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name="LineSavedSearch",
+            fields=[
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "line",
+                    models.ForeignKey("postgres_tests.Line", on_delete=models.CASCADE),
+                ),
+                ("query", models.CharField(max_length=100)),
+            ],
+            options={
+                "required_db_vendor": "postgresql",
+            },
+        ),
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name="AggregateTestModel",
+            fields=[
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("boolean_field", models.BooleanField(null=True)),
+                ("char_field", models.CharField(max_length=30, blank=True)),
+                ("text_field", models.TextField(blank=True)),
+                ("integer_field", models.IntegerField(null=True)),
+                ("json_field", models.JSONField(null=True)),
+            ],
+            options={
+                "required_db_vendor": "postgresql",
+            },
+        ),
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name="StatTestModel",
+            fields=[
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("int1", models.IntegerField()),
+                ("int2", models.IntegerField()),
+                (
+                    "related_field",
+                    models.ForeignKey(
+                        "postgres_tests.AggregateTestModel",
+                        models.SET_NULL,
+                        null=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+            ],
+            options={
+                "required_db_vendor": "postgresql",
+            },
+        ),
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name="NowTestModel",
+            fields=[
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("when", models.DateTimeField(null=True, default=None)),
             ],
         ),
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='HotelReservation',
+            name="UUIDTestModel",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('room', models.ForeignKey('postgres_tests.Room', models.CASCADE)),
-                ('datespan', DateRangeField()),
-                ('start', models.DateTimeField()),
-                ('end', models.DateTimeField()),
-                ('cancelled', models.BooleanField(default=False)),
-                ('requirements', models.JSONField(blank=True, null=True)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("uuid", models.UUIDField(default=None, null=True)),
+            ],
+        ),
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name="RangesModel",
+            fields=[
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("ints", IntegerRangeField(null=True, blank=True)),
+                ("bigints", BigIntegerRangeField(null=True, blank=True)),
+                ("decimals", DecimalRangeField(null=True, blank=True)),
+                ("timestamps", DateTimeRangeField(null=True, blank=True)),
+                ("timestamps_inner", DateTimeRangeField(null=True, blank=True)),
+                (
+                    "timestamps_closed_bounds",
+                    DateTimeRangeField(null=True, blank=True, default_bounds="[]"),
+                ),
+                ("dates", DateRangeField(null=True, blank=True)),
+                ("dates_inner", DateRangeField(null=True, blank=True)),
+            ],
+            options={"required_db_vendor": "postgresql"},
+            bases=(models.Model,),
+        ),
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name="RangeLookupsModel",
+            fields=[
+                (
+                    "parent",
+                    models.ForeignKey(
+                        "postgres_tests.RangesModel",
+                        models.SET_NULL,
+                        blank=True,
+                        null=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("integer", models.IntegerField(blank=True, null=True)),
+                ("big_integer", models.BigIntegerField(blank=True, null=True)),
+                ("float", models.FloatField(blank=True, null=True)),
+                ("timestamp", models.DateTimeField(blank=True, null=True)),
+                ("date", models.DateField(blank=True, null=True)),
+                ("small_integer", models.SmallIntegerField(blank=True, null=True)),
+                (
+                    "decimal_field",
+                    models.DecimalField(
+                        max_digits=5, decimal_places=2, blank=True, null=True
+                    ),
+                ),
             ],
             options={
-                'required_db_vendor': 'postgresql',
+                "required_db_vendor": "postgresql",
+            },
+            bases=(models.Model,),
+        ),
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name="ArrayEnumModel",
+            fields=[
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "array_of_enums",
+                    ArrayField(EnumField(max_length=20), null=True, blank=True),
+                ),
+            ],
+            options={
+                "required_db_vendor": "postgresql",
+            },
+            bases=(models.Model,),
+        ),
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name="Room",
+            fields=[
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("number", models.IntegerField(unique=True)),
+            ],
+        ),
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name="HotelReservation",
+            fields=[
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("room", models.ForeignKey("postgres_tests.Room", models.CASCADE)),
+                ("datespan", DateRangeField()),
+                ("start", models.DateTimeField()),
+                ("end", models.DateTimeField()),
+                ("cancelled", models.BooleanField(default=False)),
+                ("requirements", models.JSONField(blank=True, null=True)),
+            ],
+            options={
+                "required_db_vendor": "postgresql",
             },
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/models.py b/tests/postgres_tests/models.py
index 444b039840..8f27838ad5 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/models.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/models.py
@@ -1,9 +1,18 @@
 from django.db import models
 
 from .fields import (
-    ArrayField, BigIntegerRangeField, CICharField, CIEmailField, CITextField,
-    DateRangeField, DateTimeRangeField, DecimalRangeField, EnumField,
-    HStoreField, IntegerRangeField, SearchVectorField,
+    ArrayField,
+    BigIntegerRangeField,
+    CICharField,
+    CIEmailField,
+    CITextField,
+    DateRangeField,
+    DateTimeRangeField,
+    DecimalRangeField,
+    EnumField,
+    HStoreField,
+    IntegerRangeField,
+    SearchVectorField,
 )
 
 
@@ -16,7 +25,6 @@ class Tag:
 
 
 class TagField(models.SmallIntegerField):
-
     def from_db_value(self, value, expression, connection):
         if value is None:
             return value
@@ -36,7 +44,7 @@ class TagField(models.SmallIntegerField):
 class PostgreSQLModel(models.Model):
     class Meta:
         abstract = True
-        required_db_vendor = 'postgresql'
+        required_db_vendor = "postgresql"
 
 
 class IntegerArrayModel(PostgreSQLModel):
@@ -66,7 +74,9 @@ class NestedIntegerArrayModel(PostgreSQLModel):
 class OtherTypesArrayModel(PostgreSQLModel):
     ips = ArrayField(models.GenericIPAddressField(), default=list)
     uuids = ArrayField(models.UUIDField(), default=list)
-    decimals = ArrayField(models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2), default=list)
+    decimals = ArrayField(
+        models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2), default=list
+    )
     tags = ArrayField(TagField(), blank=True, null=True)
     json = ArrayField(models.JSONField(default=dict), default=list)
     int_ranges = ArrayField(IntegerRangeField(), blank=True, null=True)
@@ -117,15 +127,15 @@ class CITestModel(PostgreSQLModel):
 
 
 class Line(PostgreSQLModel):
-    scene = models.ForeignKey('Scene', models.CASCADE)
-    character = models.ForeignKey('Character', models.CASCADE)
+    scene = models.ForeignKey("Scene", models.CASCADE)
+    character = models.ForeignKey("Character", models.CASCADE)
     dialogue = models.TextField(blank=True, null=True)
     dialogue_search_vector = SearchVectorField(blank=True, null=True)
     dialogue_config = models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=True, null=True)
 
 
 class LineSavedSearch(PostgreSQLModel):
-    line = models.ForeignKey('Line', models.CASCADE)
+    line = models.ForeignKey("Line", models.CASCADE)
     query = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
 
@@ -136,7 +146,9 @@ class RangesModel(PostgreSQLModel):
     timestamps = DateTimeRangeField(blank=True, null=True)
     timestamps_inner = DateTimeRangeField(blank=True, null=True)
     timestamps_closed_bounds = DateTimeRangeField(
-        blank=True, null=True, default_bounds='[]',
+        blank=True,
+        null=True,
+        default_bounds="[]",
     )
     dates = DateRangeField(blank=True, null=True)
     dates_inner = DateRangeField(blank=True, null=True)
@@ -150,7 +162,9 @@ class RangeLookupsModel(PostgreSQLModel):
     timestamp = models.DateTimeField(blank=True, null=True)
     date = models.DateField(blank=True, null=True)
     small_integer = models.SmallIntegerField(blank=True, null=True)
-    decimal_field = models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2, blank=True, null=True)
+    decimal_field = models.DecimalField(
+        max_digits=5, decimal_places=2, blank=True, null=True
+    )
 
 
 class ArrayFieldSubclass(ArrayField):
@@ -162,6 +176,7 @@ class AggregateTestModel(PostgreSQLModel):
     """
     To test postgres-specific general aggregation functions
     """
+
     char_field = models.CharField(max_length=30, blank=True)
     text_field = models.TextField(blank=True)
     integer_field = models.IntegerField(null=True)
@@ -173,6 +188,7 @@ class StatTestModel(PostgreSQLModel):
     """
     To test postgres-specific aggregation functions for statistics
     """
+
     int1 = models.IntegerField()
     int2 = models.IntegerField()
     related_field = models.ForeignKey(AggregateTestModel, models.SET_NULL, null=True)
@@ -191,7 +207,7 @@ class Room(models.Model):
 
 
 class HotelReservation(PostgreSQLModel):
-    room = models.ForeignKey('Room', on_delete=models.CASCADE)
+    room = models.ForeignKey("Room", on_delete=models.CASCADE)
     datespan = DateRangeField()
     start = models.DateTimeField()
     end = models.DateTimeField()
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/test_aggregates.py b/tests/postgres_tests/test_aggregates.py
index 399c4fa8a9..c3df490fcf 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/test_aggregates.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/test_aggregates.py
@@ -1,6 +1,13 @@
 from django.db import connection
 from django.db.models import (
-    CharField, F, Func, IntegerField, OuterRef, Q, Subquery, Value,
+    CharField,
+    F,
+    Func,
+    IntegerField,
+    OuterRef,
+    Q,
+    Subquery,
+    Value,
 )
 from django.db.models.fields.json import KeyTextTransform, KeyTransform
 from django.db.models.functions import Cast, Concat, Substr
@@ -14,9 +21,26 @@ from .models import AggregateTestModel, HotelReservation, Room, StatTestModel
 
 try:
     from django.contrib.postgres.aggregates import (
-        ArrayAgg, BitAnd, BitOr, BitXor, BoolAnd, BoolOr, Corr, CovarPop,
-        JSONBAgg, RegrAvgX, RegrAvgY, RegrCount, RegrIntercept, RegrR2,
-        RegrSlope, RegrSXX, RegrSXY, RegrSYY, StatAggregate, StringAgg,
+        ArrayAgg,
+        BitAnd,
+        BitOr,
+        BitXor,
+        BoolAnd,
+        BoolOr,
+        Corr,
+        CovarPop,
+        JSONBAgg,
+        RegrAvgX,
+        RegrAvgY,
+        RegrCount,
+        RegrIntercept,
+        RegrR2,
+        RegrSlope,
+        RegrSXX,
+        RegrSXY,
+        RegrSYY,
+        StatAggregate,
+        StringAgg,
     )
     from django.contrib.postgres.fields import ArrayField
 except ImportError:
@@ -26,52 +50,54 @@ except ImportError:
 class TestGeneralAggregate(PostgreSQLTestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.aggs = AggregateTestModel.objects.bulk_create([
-            AggregateTestModel(
-                boolean_field=True,
-                char_field='Foo1',
-                text_field='Text1',
-                integer_field=0,
-            ),
-            AggregateTestModel(
-                boolean_field=False,
-                char_field='Foo2',
-                text_field='Text2',
-                integer_field=1,
-                json_field={'lang': 'pl'},
-            ),
-            AggregateTestModel(
-                boolean_field=False,
-                char_field='Foo4',
-                text_field='Text4',
-                integer_field=2,
-                json_field={'lang': 'en'},
-            ),
-            AggregateTestModel(
-                boolean_field=True,
-                char_field='Foo3',
-                text_field='Text3',
-                integer_field=0,
-                json_field={'breed': 'collie'},
-            ),
-        ])
+        cls.aggs = AggregateTestModel.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                AggregateTestModel(
+                    boolean_field=True,
+                    char_field="Foo1",
+                    text_field="Text1",
+                    integer_field=0,
+                ),
+                AggregateTestModel(
+                    boolean_field=False,
+                    char_field="Foo2",
+                    text_field="Text2",
+                    integer_field=1,
+                    json_field={"lang": "pl"},
+                ),
+                AggregateTestModel(
+                    boolean_field=False,
+                    char_field="Foo4",
+                    text_field="Text4",
+                    integer_field=2,
+                    json_field={"lang": "en"},
+                ),
+                AggregateTestModel(
+                    boolean_field=True,
+                    char_field="Foo3",
+                    text_field="Text3",
+                    integer_field=0,
+                    json_field={"breed": "collie"},
+                ),
+            ]
+        )
 
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
     def test_empty_result_set(self):
         AggregateTestModel.objects.all().delete()
         tests = [
-            (ArrayAgg('char_field'), []),
-            (ArrayAgg('integer_field'), []),
-            (ArrayAgg('boolean_field'), []),
-            (BitAnd('integer_field'), None),
-            (BitOr('integer_field'), None),
-            (BoolAnd('boolean_field'), None),
-            (BoolOr('boolean_field'), None),
-            (JSONBAgg('integer_field'), []),
-            (StringAgg('char_field', delimiter=';'), ''),
+            (ArrayAgg("char_field"), []),
+            (ArrayAgg("integer_field"), []),
+            (ArrayAgg("boolean_field"), []),
+            (BitAnd("integer_field"), None),
+            (BitOr("integer_field"), None),
+            (BoolAnd("boolean_field"), None),
+            (BoolOr("boolean_field"), None),
+            (JSONBAgg("integer_field"), []),
+            (StringAgg("char_field", delimiter=";"), ""),
         ]
         if connection.features.has_bit_xor:
-            tests.append((BitXor('integer_field'), None))
+            tests.append((BitXor("integer_field"), None))
         for aggregation, expected_result in tests:
             with self.subTest(aggregation=aggregation):
                 # Empty result with non-execution optimization.
@@ -79,29 +105,32 @@ class TestGeneralAggregate(PostgreSQLTestCase):
                     values = AggregateTestModel.objects.none().aggregate(
                         aggregation=aggregation,
                     )
-                    self.assertEqual(values, {'aggregation': expected_result})
+                    self.assertEqual(values, {"aggregation": expected_result})
                 # Empty result when query must be executed.
                 with self.assertNumQueries(1):
                     values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
                         aggregation=aggregation,
                     )
-                    self.assertEqual(values, {'aggregation': expected_result})
+                    self.assertEqual(values, {"aggregation": expected_result})
 
     def test_default_argument(self):
         AggregateTestModel.objects.all().delete()
         tests = [
-            (ArrayAgg('char_field', default=['<empty>']), ['<empty>']),
-            (ArrayAgg('integer_field', default=[0]), [0]),
-            (ArrayAgg('boolean_field', default=[False]), [False]),
-            (BitAnd('integer_field', default=0), 0),
-            (BitOr('integer_field', default=0), 0),
-            (BoolAnd('boolean_field', default=False), False),
-            (BoolOr('boolean_field', default=False), False),
-            (JSONBAgg('integer_field', default=Value('["<empty>"]')), ['<empty>']),
-            (StringAgg('char_field', delimiter=';', default=Value('<empty>')), '<empty>'),
+            (ArrayAgg("char_field", default=["<empty>"]), ["<empty>"]),
+            (ArrayAgg("integer_field", default=[0]), [0]),
+            (ArrayAgg("boolean_field", default=[False]), [False]),
+            (BitAnd("integer_field", default=0), 0),
+            (BitOr("integer_field", default=0), 0),
+            (BoolAnd("boolean_field", default=False), False),
+            (BoolOr("boolean_field", default=False), False),
+            (JSONBAgg("integer_field", default=Value('["<empty>"]')), ["<empty>"]),
+            (
+                StringAgg("char_field", delimiter=";", default=Value("<empty>")),
+                "<empty>",
+            ),
         ]
         if connection.features.has_bit_xor:
-            tests.append((BitXor('integer_field', default=0), 0))
+            tests.append((BitXor("integer_field", default=0), 0))
         for aggregation, expected_result in tests:
             with self.subTest(aggregation=aggregation):
                 # Empty result with non-execution optimization.
@@ -109,135 +138,159 @@ class TestGeneralAggregate(PostgreSQLTestCase):
                     values = AggregateTestModel.objects.none().aggregate(
                         aggregation=aggregation,
                     )
-                    self.assertEqual(values, {'aggregation': expected_result})
+                    self.assertEqual(values, {"aggregation": expected_result})
                 # Empty result when query must be executed.
                 with self.assertNumQueries(1):
                     values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
                         aggregation=aggregation,
                     )
-                    self.assertEqual(values, {'aggregation': expected_result})
+                    self.assertEqual(values, {"aggregation": expected_result})
 
     def test_convert_value_deprecation(self):
         AggregateTestModel.objects.all().delete()
         queryset = AggregateTestModel.objects.all()
 
-        with self.assertWarnsMessage(RemovedInDjango50Warning, ArrayAgg.deprecation_msg):
-            queryset.aggregate(aggregation=ArrayAgg('boolean_field'))
+        with self.assertWarnsMessage(
+            RemovedInDjango50Warning, ArrayAgg.deprecation_msg
+        ):
+            queryset.aggregate(aggregation=ArrayAgg("boolean_field"))
 
-        with self.assertWarnsMessage(RemovedInDjango50Warning, JSONBAgg.deprecation_msg):
-            queryset.aggregate(aggregation=JSONBAgg('integer_field'))
+        with self.assertWarnsMessage(
+            RemovedInDjango50Warning, JSONBAgg.deprecation_msg
+        ):
+            queryset.aggregate(aggregation=JSONBAgg("integer_field"))
 
-        with self.assertWarnsMessage(RemovedInDjango50Warning, StringAgg.deprecation_msg):
-            queryset.aggregate(aggregation=StringAgg('char_field', delimiter=';'))
+        with self.assertWarnsMessage(
+            RemovedInDjango50Warning, StringAgg.deprecation_msg
+        ):
+            queryset.aggregate(aggregation=StringAgg("char_field", delimiter=";"))
 
         # No warnings raised if default argument provided.
         self.assertEqual(
-            queryset.aggregate(aggregation=ArrayAgg('boolean_field', default=None)),
-            {'aggregation': None},
+            queryset.aggregate(aggregation=ArrayAgg("boolean_field", default=None)),
+            {"aggregation": None},
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            queryset.aggregate(aggregation=JSONBAgg('integer_field', default=None)),
-            {'aggregation': None},
+            queryset.aggregate(aggregation=JSONBAgg("integer_field", default=None)),
+            {"aggregation": None},
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             queryset.aggregate(
-                aggregation=StringAgg('char_field', delimiter=';', default=None),
+                aggregation=StringAgg("char_field", delimiter=";", default=None),
             ),
-            {'aggregation': None},
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            queryset.aggregate(aggregation=ArrayAgg('boolean_field', default=Value([]))),
-            {'aggregation': []},
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            queryset.aggregate(aggregation=JSONBAgg('integer_field', default=Value('[]'))),
-            {'aggregation': []},
+            {"aggregation": None},
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             queryset.aggregate(
-                aggregation=StringAgg('char_field', delimiter=';', default=Value('')),
+                aggregation=ArrayAgg("boolean_field", default=Value([]))
             ),
-            {'aggregation': ''},
+            {"aggregation": []},
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            queryset.aggregate(
+                aggregation=JSONBAgg("integer_field", default=Value("[]"))
+            ),
+            {"aggregation": []},
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            queryset.aggregate(
+                aggregation=StringAgg("char_field", delimiter=";", default=Value("")),
+            ),
+            {"aggregation": ""},
         )
 
     def test_array_agg_charfield(self):
-        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(arrayagg=ArrayAgg('char_field'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'arrayagg': ['Foo1', 'Foo2', 'Foo4', 'Foo3']})
+        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(arrayagg=ArrayAgg("char_field"))
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"arrayagg": ["Foo1", "Foo2", "Foo4", "Foo3"]})
 
     def test_array_agg_charfield_ordering(self):
         ordering_test_cases = (
-            (F('char_field').desc(), ['Foo4', 'Foo3', 'Foo2', 'Foo1']),
-            (F('char_field').asc(), ['Foo1', 'Foo2', 'Foo3', 'Foo4']),
-            (F('char_field'), ['Foo1', 'Foo2', 'Foo3', 'Foo4']),
-            ([F('boolean_field'), F('char_field').desc()], ['Foo4', 'Foo2', 'Foo3', 'Foo1']),
-            ((F('boolean_field'), F('char_field').desc()), ['Foo4', 'Foo2', 'Foo3', 'Foo1']),
-            ('char_field', ['Foo1', 'Foo2', 'Foo3', 'Foo4']),
-            ('-char_field', ['Foo4', 'Foo3', 'Foo2', 'Foo1']),
-            (Concat('char_field', Value('@')), ['Foo1', 'Foo2', 'Foo3', 'Foo4']),
-            (Concat('char_field', Value('@')).desc(), ['Foo4', 'Foo3', 'Foo2', 'Foo1']),
+            (F("char_field").desc(), ["Foo4", "Foo3", "Foo2", "Foo1"]),
+            (F("char_field").asc(), ["Foo1", "Foo2", "Foo3", "Foo4"]),
+            (F("char_field"), ["Foo1", "Foo2", "Foo3", "Foo4"]),
             (
-                (Substr('char_field', 1, 1), F('integer_field'), Substr('char_field', 4, 1).desc()),
-                ['Foo3', 'Foo1', 'Foo2', 'Foo4'],
+                [F("boolean_field"), F("char_field").desc()],
+                ["Foo4", "Foo2", "Foo3", "Foo1"],
+            ),
+            (
+                (F("boolean_field"), F("char_field").desc()),
+                ["Foo4", "Foo2", "Foo3", "Foo1"],
+            ),
+            ("char_field", ["Foo1", "Foo2", "Foo3", "Foo4"]),
+            ("-char_field", ["Foo4", "Foo3", "Foo2", "Foo1"]),
+            (Concat("char_field", Value("@")), ["Foo1", "Foo2", "Foo3", "Foo4"]),
+            (Concat("char_field", Value("@")).desc(), ["Foo4", "Foo3", "Foo2", "Foo1"]),
+            (
+                (
+                    Substr("char_field", 1, 1),
+                    F("integer_field"),
+                    Substr("char_field", 4, 1).desc(),
+                ),
+                ["Foo3", "Foo1", "Foo2", "Foo4"],
             ),
         )
         for ordering, expected_output in ordering_test_cases:
             with self.subTest(ordering=ordering, expected_output=expected_output):
                 values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
-                    arrayagg=ArrayAgg('char_field', ordering=ordering)
+                    arrayagg=ArrayAgg("char_field", ordering=ordering)
                 )
-                self.assertEqual(values, {'arrayagg': expected_output})
+                self.assertEqual(values, {"arrayagg": expected_output})
 
     def test_array_agg_integerfield(self):
-        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(arrayagg=ArrayAgg('integer_field'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'arrayagg': [0, 1, 2, 0]})
+        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
+            arrayagg=ArrayAgg("integer_field")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"arrayagg": [0, 1, 2, 0]})
 
     def test_array_agg_integerfield_ordering(self):
         values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
-            arrayagg=ArrayAgg('integer_field', ordering=F('integer_field').desc())
+            arrayagg=ArrayAgg("integer_field", ordering=F("integer_field").desc())
         )
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'arrayagg': [2, 1, 0, 0]})
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"arrayagg": [2, 1, 0, 0]})
 
     def test_array_agg_booleanfield(self):
-        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(arrayagg=ArrayAgg('boolean_field'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'arrayagg': [True, False, False, True]})
+        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
+            arrayagg=ArrayAgg("boolean_field")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"arrayagg": [True, False, False, True]})
 
     def test_array_agg_booleanfield_ordering(self):
         ordering_test_cases = (
-            (F('boolean_field').asc(), [False, False, True, True]),
-            (F('boolean_field').desc(), [True, True, False, False]),
-            (F('boolean_field'), [False, False, True, True]),
+            (F("boolean_field").asc(), [False, False, True, True]),
+            (F("boolean_field").desc(), [True, True, False, False]),
+            (F("boolean_field"), [False, False, True, True]),
         )
         for ordering, expected_output in ordering_test_cases:
             with self.subTest(ordering=ordering, expected_output=expected_output):
                 values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
-                    arrayagg=ArrayAgg('boolean_field', ordering=ordering)
+                    arrayagg=ArrayAgg("boolean_field", ordering=ordering)
                 )
-                self.assertEqual(values, {'arrayagg': expected_output})
+                self.assertEqual(values, {"arrayagg": expected_output})
 
     def test_array_agg_jsonfield(self):
         values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
             arrayagg=ArrayAgg(
-                KeyTransform('lang', 'json_field'),
+                KeyTransform("lang", "json_field"),
                 filter=Q(json_field__lang__isnull=False),
             ),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'arrayagg': ['pl', 'en']})
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"arrayagg": ["pl", "en"]})
 
     def test_array_agg_jsonfield_ordering(self):
         values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
             arrayagg=ArrayAgg(
-                KeyTransform('lang', 'json_field'),
+                KeyTransform("lang", "json_field"),
                 filter=Q(json_field__lang__isnull=False),
-                ordering=KeyTransform('lang', 'json_field'),
+                ordering=KeyTransform("lang", "json_field"),
             ),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'arrayagg': ['en', 'pl']})
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"arrayagg": ["en", "pl"]})
 
     def test_array_agg_filter(self):
         values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
-            arrayagg=ArrayAgg('integer_field', filter=Q(integer_field__gt=0)),
+            arrayagg=ArrayAgg("integer_field", filter=Q(integer_field__gt=0)),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'arrayagg': [1, 2]})
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"arrayagg": [1, 2]})
 
     def test_array_agg_lookups(self):
         aggr1 = AggregateTestModel.objects.create()
@@ -246,194 +299,207 @@ class TestGeneralAggregate(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         StatTestModel.objects.create(related_field=aggr1, int1=2, int2=0)
         StatTestModel.objects.create(related_field=aggr2, int1=3, int2=0)
         StatTestModel.objects.create(related_field=aggr2, int1=4, int2=0)
-        qs = StatTestModel.objects.values('related_field').annotate(
-            array=ArrayAgg('int1')
-        ).filter(array__overlap=[2]).values_list('array', flat=True)
+        qs = (
+            StatTestModel.objects.values("related_field")
+            .annotate(array=ArrayAgg("int1"))
+            .filter(array__overlap=[2])
+            .values_list("array", flat=True)
+        )
         self.assertCountEqual(qs.get(), [1, 2])
 
     def test_bit_and_general(self):
-        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.filter(
-            integer_field__in=[0, 1]).aggregate(bitand=BitAnd('integer_field'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'bitand': 0})
+        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.filter(integer_field__in=[0, 1]).aggregate(
+            bitand=BitAnd("integer_field")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"bitand": 0})
 
     def test_bit_and_on_only_true_values(self):
-        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.filter(
-            integer_field=1).aggregate(bitand=BitAnd('integer_field'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'bitand': 1})
+        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.filter(integer_field=1).aggregate(
+            bitand=BitAnd("integer_field")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"bitand": 1})
 
     def test_bit_and_on_only_false_values(self):
-        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.filter(
-            integer_field=0).aggregate(bitand=BitAnd('integer_field'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'bitand': 0})
+        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.filter(integer_field=0).aggregate(
+            bitand=BitAnd("integer_field")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"bitand": 0})
 
     def test_bit_or_general(self):
-        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.filter(
-            integer_field__in=[0, 1]).aggregate(bitor=BitOr('integer_field'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'bitor': 1})
+        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.filter(integer_field__in=[0, 1]).aggregate(
+            bitor=BitOr("integer_field")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"bitor": 1})
 
     def test_bit_or_on_only_true_values(self):
-        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.filter(
-            integer_field=1).aggregate(bitor=BitOr('integer_field'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'bitor': 1})
+        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.filter(integer_field=1).aggregate(
+            bitor=BitOr("integer_field")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"bitor": 1})
 
     def test_bit_or_on_only_false_values(self):
-        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.filter(
-            integer_field=0).aggregate(bitor=BitOr('integer_field'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'bitor': 0})
+        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.filter(integer_field=0).aggregate(
+            bitor=BitOr("integer_field")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"bitor": 0})
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_bit_xor')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_bit_xor")
     def test_bit_xor_general(self):
         AggregateTestModel.objects.create(integer_field=3)
         values = AggregateTestModel.objects.filter(
             integer_field__in=[1, 3],
-        ).aggregate(bitxor=BitXor('integer_field'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'bitxor': 2})
+        ).aggregate(bitxor=BitXor("integer_field"))
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"bitxor": 2})
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_bit_xor')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_bit_xor")
     def test_bit_xor_on_only_true_values(self):
         values = AggregateTestModel.objects.filter(
             integer_field=1,
-        ).aggregate(bitxor=BitXor('integer_field'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'bitxor': 1})
+        ).aggregate(bitxor=BitXor("integer_field"))
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"bitxor": 1})
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_bit_xor')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_bit_xor")
     def test_bit_xor_on_only_false_values(self):
         values = AggregateTestModel.objects.filter(
             integer_field=0,
-        ).aggregate(bitxor=BitXor('integer_field'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'bitxor': 0})
+        ).aggregate(bitxor=BitXor("integer_field"))
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"bitxor": 0})
 
     def test_bool_and_general(self):
-        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(booland=BoolAnd('boolean_field'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'booland': False})
+        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(booland=BoolAnd("boolean_field"))
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"booland": False})
 
     def test_bool_and_q_object(self):
         values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
             booland=BoolAnd(Q(integer_field__gt=2)),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'booland': False})
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"booland": False})
 
     def test_bool_or_general(self):
-        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(boolor=BoolOr('boolean_field'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'boolor': True})
+        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(boolor=BoolOr("boolean_field"))
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"boolor": True})
 
     def test_bool_or_q_object(self):
         values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
             boolor=BoolOr(Q(integer_field__gt=2)),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'boolor': False})
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"boolor": False})
 
     def test_string_agg_requires_delimiter(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(stringagg=StringAgg('char_field'))
+            AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(stringagg=StringAgg("char_field"))
 
     def test_string_agg_delimiter_escaping(self):
-        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(stringagg=StringAgg('char_field', delimiter="'"))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'stringagg': "Foo1'Foo2'Foo4'Foo3"})
+        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
+            stringagg=StringAgg("char_field", delimiter="'")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"stringagg": "Foo1'Foo2'Foo4'Foo3"})
 
     def test_string_agg_charfield(self):
-        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(stringagg=StringAgg('char_field', delimiter=';'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'stringagg': 'Foo1;Foo2;Foo4;Foo3'})
+        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
+            stringagg=StringAgg("char_field", delimiter=";")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"stringagg": "Foo1;Foo2;Foo4;Foo3"})
 
     def test_string_agg_default_output_field(self):
         values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
-            stringagg=StringAgg('text_field', delimiter=';'),
+            stringagg=StringAgg("text_field", delimiter=";"),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'stringagg': 'Text1;Text2;Text4;Text3'})
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"stringagg": "Text1;Text2;Text4;Text3"})
 
     def test_string_agg_charfield_ordering(self):
         ordering_test_cases = (
-            (F('char_field').desc(), 'Foo4;Foo3;Foo2;Foo1'),
-            (F('char_field').asc(), 'Foo1;Foo2;Foo3;Foo4'),
-            (F('char_field'), 'Foo1;Foo2;Foo3;Foo4'),
-            ('char_field', 'Foo1;Foo2;Foo3;Foo4'),
-            ('-char_field', 'Foo4;Foo3;Foo2;Foo1'),
-            (Concat('char_field', Value('@')), 'Foo1;Foo2;Foo3;Foo4'),
-            (Concat('char_field', Value('@')).desc(), 'Foo4;Foo3;Foo2;Foo1'),
+            (F("char_field").desc(), "Foo4;Foo3;Foo2;Foo1"),
+            (F("char_field").asc(), "Foo1;Foo2;Foo3;Foo4"),
+            (F("char_field"), "Foo1;Foo2;Foo3;Foo4"),
+            ("char_field", "Foo1;Foo2;Foo3;Foo4"),
+            ("-char_field", "Foo4;Foo3;Foo2;Foo1"),
+            (Concat("char_field", Value("@")), "Foo1;Foo2;Foo3;Foo4"),
+            (Concat("char_field", Value("@")).desc(), "Foo4;Foo3;Foo2;Foo1"),
         )
         for ordering, expected_output in ordering_test_cases:
             with self.subTest(ordering=ordering, expected_output=expected_output):
                 values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
-                    stringagg=StringAgg('char_field', delimiter=';', ordering=ordering)
+                    stringagg=StringAgg("char_field", delimiter=";", ordering=ordering)
                 )
-                self.assertEqual(values, {'stringagg': expected_output})
+                self.assertEqual(values, {"stringagg": expected_output})
 
     def test_string_agg_jsonfield_ordering(self):
         values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
             stringagg=StringAgg(
-                KeyTextTransform('lang', 'json_field'),
-                delimiter=';',
-                ordering=KeyTextTransform('lang', 'json_field'),
+                KeyTextTransform("lang", "json_field"),
+                delimiter=";",
+                ordering=KeyTextTransform("lang", "json_field"),
                 output_field=CharField(),
             ),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'stringagg': 'en;pl'})
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"stringagg": "en;pl"})
 
     def test_string_agg_filter(self):
         values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
             stringagg=StringAgg(
-                'char_field',
-                delimiter=';',
-                filter=Q(char_field__endswith='3') | Q(char_field__endswith='1'),
+                "char_field",
+                delimiter=";",
+                filter=Q(char_field__endswith="3") | Q(char_field__endswith="1"),
             )
         )
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'stringagg': 'Foo1;Foo3'})
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"stringagg": "Foo1;Foo3"})
 
     def test_orderable_agg_alternative_fields(self):
         values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
-            arrayagg=ArrayAgg('integer_field', ordering=F('char_field').asc())
+            arrayagg=ArrayAgg("integer_field", ordering=F("char_field").asc())
         )
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'arrayagg': [0, 1, 0, 2]})
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"arrayagg": [0, 1, 0, 2]})
 
     def test_jsonb_agg(self):
-        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(jsonbagg=JSONBAgg('char_field'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'jsonbagg': ['Foo1', 'Foo2', 'Foo4', 'Foo3']})
+        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(jsonbagg=JSONBAgg("char_field"))
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"jsonbagg": ["Foo1", "Foo2", "Foo4", "Foo3"]})
 
     def test_jsonb_agg_charfield_ordering(self):
         ordering_test_cases = (
-            (F('char_field').desc(), ['Foo4', 'Foo3', 'Foo2', 'Foo1']),
-            (F('char_field').asc(), ['Foo1', 'Foo2', 'Foo3', 'Foo4']),
-            (F('char_field'), ['Foo1', 'Foo2', 'Foo3', 'Foo4']),
-            ('char_field', ['Foo1', 'Foo2', 'Foo3', 'Foo4']),
-            ('-char_field', ['Foo4', 'Foo3', 'Foo2', 'Foo1']),
-            (Concat('char_field', Value('@')), ['Foo1', 'Foo2', 'Foo3', 'Foo4']),
-            (Concat('char_field', Value('@')).desc(), ['Foo4', 'Foo3', 'Foo2', 'Foo1']),
+            (F("char_field").desc(), ["Foo4", "Foo3", "Foo2", "Foo1"]),
+            (F("char_field").asc(), ["Foo1", "Foo2", "Foo3", "Foo4"]),
+            (F("char_field"), ["Foo1", "Foo2", "Foo3", "Foo4"]),
+            ("char_field", ["Foo1", "Foo2", "Foo3", "Foo4"]),
+            ("-char_field", ["Foo4", "Foo3", "Foo2", "Foo1"]),
+            (Concat("char_field", Value("@")), ["Foo1", "Foo2", "Foo3", "Foo4"]),
+            (Concat("char_field", Value("@")).desc(), ["Foo4", "Foo3", "Foo2", "Foo1"]),
         )
         for ordering, expected_output in ordering_test_cases:
             with self.subTest(ordering=ordering, expected_output=expected_output):
                 values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
-                    jsonbagg=JSONBAgg('char_field', ordering=ordering),
+                    jsonbagg=JSONBAgg("char_field", ordering=ordering),
                 )
-                self.assertEqual(values, {'jsonbagg': expected_output})
+                self.assertEqual(values, {"jsonbagg": expected_output})
 
     def test_jsonb_agg_integerfield_ordering(self):
         values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
-            jsonbagg=JSONBAgg('integer_field', ordering=F('integer_field').desc()),
+            jsonbagg=JSONBAgg("integer_field", ordering=F("integer_field").desc()),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'jsonbagg': [2, 1, 0, 0]})
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"jsonbagg": [2, 1, 0, 0]})
 
     def test_jsonb_agg_booleanfield_ordering(self):
         ordering_test_cases = (
-            (F('boolean_field').asc(), [False, False, True, True]),
-            (F('boolean_field').desc(), [True, True, False, False]),
-            (F('boolean_field'), [False, False, True, True]),
+            (F("boolean_field").asc(), [False, False, True, True]),
+            (F("boolean_field").desc(), [True, True, False, False]),
+            (F("boolean_field"), [False, False, True, True]),
         )
         for ordering, expected_output in ordering_test_cases:
             with self.subTest(ordering=ordering, expected_output=expected_output):
                 values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
-                    jsonbagg=JSONBAgg('boolean_field', ordering=ordering),
+                    jsonbagg=JSONBAgg("boolean_field", ordering=ordering),
                 )
-                self.assertEqual(values, {'jsonbagg': expected_output})
+                self.assertEqual(values, {"jsonbagg": expected_output})
 
     def test_jsonb_agg_jsonfield_ordering(self):
         values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
             jsonbagg=JSONBAgg(
-                KeyTransform('lang', 'json_field'),
+                KeyTransform("lang", "json_field"),
                 filter=Q(json_field__lang__isnull=False),
-                ordering=KeyTransform('lang', 'json_field'),
+                ordering=KeyTransform("lang", "json_field"),
             ),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'jsonbagg': ['en', 'pl']})
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"jsonbagg": ["en", "pl"]})
 
     def test_jsonb_agg_key_index_transforms(self):
         room101 = Room.objects.create(number=101)
@@ -448,160 +514,206 @@ class TestGeneralAggregate(PostgreSQLTestCase):
             start=datetimes[0],
             end=datetimes[1],
             room=room102,
-            requirements={'double_bed': True, 'parking': True},
+            requirements={"double_bed": True, "parking": True},
         )
         HotelReservation.objects.create(
             datespan=(datetimes[1].date(), datetimes[2].date()),
             start=datetimes[1],
             end=datetimes[2],
             room=room102,
-            requirements={'double_bed': False, 'sea_view': True, 'parking': False},
+            requirements={"double_bed": False, "sea_view": True, "parking": False},
         )
         HotelReservation.objects.create(
             datespan=(datetimes[0].date(), datetimes[2].date()),
             start=datetimes[0],
             end=datetimes[2],
             room=room101,
-            requirements={'sea_view': False},
+            requirements={"sea_view": False},
         )
-        values = Room.objects.annotate(
-            requirements=JSONBAgg(
-                'hotelreservation__requirements',
-                ordering='-hotelreservation__start',
+        values = (
+            Room.objects.annotate(
+                requirements=JSONBAgg(
+                    "hotelreservation__requirements",
+                    ordering="-hotelreservation__start",
+                )
             )
-        ).filter(requirements__0__sea_view=True).values('number', 'requirements')
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(values, [
-            {'number': 102, 'requirements': [
-                {'double_bed': False, 'sea_view': True, 'parking': False},
-                {'double_bed': True, 'parking': True},
-            ]},
-        ])
+            .filter(requirements__0__sea_view=True)
+            .values("number", "requirements")
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            values,
+            [
+                {
+                    "number": 102,
+                    "requirements": [
+                        {"double_bed": False, "sea_view": True, "parking": False},
+                        {"double_bed": True, "parking": True},
+                    ],
+                },
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_string_agg_array_agg_ordering_in_subquery(self):
         stats = []
-        for i, agg in enumerate(AggregateTestModel.objects.order_by('char_field')):
+        for i, agg in enumerate(AggregateTestModel.objects.order_by("char_field")):
             stats.append(StatTestModel(related_field=agg, int1=i, int2=i + 1))
             stats.append(StatTestModel(related_field=agg, int1=i + 1, int2=i))
         StatTestModel.objects.bulk_create(stats)
 
         for aggregate, expected_result in (
             (
-                ArrayAgg('stattestmodel__int1', ordering='-stattestmodel__int2'),
-                [('Foo1', [0, 1]), ('Foo2', [1, 2]), ('Foo3', [2, 3]), ('Foo4', [3, 4])],
+                ArrayAgg("stattestmodel__int1", ordering="-stattestmodel__int2"),
+                [
+                    ("Foo1", [0, 1]),
+                    ("Foo2", [1, 2]),
+                    ("Foo3", [2, 3]),
+                    ("Foo4", [3, 4]),
+                ],
             ),
             (
                 StringAgg(
-                    Cast('stattestmodel__int1', CharField()),
-                    delimiter=';',
-                    ordering='-stattestmodel__int2',
+                    Cast("stattestmodel__int1", CharField()),
+                    delimiter=";",
+                    ordering="-stattestmodel__int2",
                 ),
-                [('Foo1', '0;1'), ('Foo2', '1;2'), ('Foo3', '2;3'), ('Foo4', '3;4')],
+                [("Foo1", "0;1"), ("Foo2", "1;2"), ("Foo3", "2;3"), ("Foo4", "3;4")],
             ),
         ):
             with self.subTest(aggregate=aggregate.__class__.__name__):
-                subquery = AggregateTestModel.objects.filter(
-                    pk=OuterRef('pk'),
-                ).annotate(agg=aggregate).values('agg')
-                values = AggregateTestModel.objects.annotate(
-                    agg=Subquery(subquery),
-                ).order_by('char_field').values_list('char_field', 'agg')
+                subquery = (
+                    AggregateTestModel.objects.filter(
+                        pk=OuterRef("pk"),
+                    )
+                    .annotate(agg=aggregate)
+                    .values("agg")
+                )
+                values = (
+                    AggregateTestModel.objects.annotate(
+                        agg=Subquery(subquery),
+                    )
+                    .order_by("char_field")
+                    .values_list("char_field", "agg")
+                )
                 self.assertEqual(list(values), expected_result)
 
     def test_string_agg_array_agg_filter_in_subquery(self):
-        StatTestModel.objects.bulk_create([
-            StatTestModel(related_field=self.aggs[0], int1=0, int2=5),
-            StatTestModel(related_field=self.aggs[0], int1=1, int2=4),
-            StatTestModel(related_field=self.aggs[0], int1=2, int2=3),
-        ])
+        StatTestModel.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                StatTestModel(related_field=self.aggs[0], int1=0, int2=5),
+                StatTestModel(related_field=self.aggs[0], int1=1, int2=4),
+                StatTestModel(related_field=self.aggs[0], int1=2, int2=3),
+            ]
+        )
         for aggregate, expected_result in (
             (
-                ArrayAgg('stattestmodel__int1', filter=Q(stattestmodel__int2__gt=3)),
-                [('Foo1', [0, 1]), ('Foo2', None)],
+                ArrayAgg("stattestmodel__int1", filter=Q(stattestmodel__int2__gt=3)),
+                [("Foo1", [0, 1]), ("Foo2", None)],
             ),
             (
                 StringAgg(
-                    Cast('stattestmodel__int2', CharField()),
-                    delimiter=';',
+                    Cast("stattestmodel__int2", CharField()),
+                    delimiter=";",
                     filter=Q(stattestmodel__int1__lt=2),
                 ),
-                [('Foo1', '5;4'), ('Foo2', None)],
+                [("Foo1", "5;4"), ("Foo2", None)],
             ),
         ):
             with self.subTest(aggregate=aggregate.__class__.__name__):
-                subquery = AggregateTestModel.objects.filter(
-                    pk=OuterRef('pk'),
-                ).annotate(agg=aggregate).values('agg')
-                values = AggregateTestModel.objects.annotate(
-                    agg=Subquery(subquery),
-                ).filter(
-                    char_field__in=['Foo1', 'Foo2'],
-                ).order_by('char_field').values_list('char_field', 'agg')
+                subquery = (
+                    AggregateTestModel.objects.filter(
+                        pk=OuterRef("pk"),
+                    )
+                    .annotate(agg=aggregate)
+                    .values("agg")
+                )
+                values = (
+                    AggregateTestModel.objects.annotate(
+                        agg=Subquery(subquery),
+                    )
+                    .filter(
+                        char_field__in=["Foo1", "Foo2"],
+                    )
+                    .order_by("char_field")
+                    .values_list("char_field", "agg")
+                )
                 self.assertEqual(list(values), expected_result)
 
     def test_string_agg_filter_in_subquery_with_exclude(self):
-        subquery = AggregateTestModel.objects.annotate(
-            stringagg=StringAgg(
-                'char_field',
-                delimiter=';',
-                filter=Q(char_field__endswith='1'),
+        subquery = (
+            AggregateTestModel.objects.annotate(
+                stringagg=StringAgg(
+                    "char_field",
+                    delimiter=";",
+                    filter=Q(char_field__endswith="1"),
+                )
             )
-        ).exclude(stringagg='').values('id')
+            .exclude(stringagg="")
+            .values("id")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             AggregateTestModel.objects.filter(id__in=Subquery(subquery)),
             [self.aggs[0]],
         )
 
     def test_ordering_isnt_cleared_for_array_subquery(self):
-        inner_qs = AggregateTestModel.objects.order_by('-integer_field')
+        inner_qs = AggregateTestModel.objects.order_by("-integer_field")
         qs = AggregateTestModel.objects.annotate(
             integers=Func(
-                Subquery(inner_qs.values('integer_field')),
-                function='ARRAY',
+                Subquery(inner_qs.values("integer_field")),
+                function="ARRAY",
                 output_field=ArrayField(base_field=IntegerField()),
             ),
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             qs.first().integers,
-            inner_qs.values_list('integer_field', flat=True),
+            inner_qs.values_list("integer_field", flat=True),
         )
 
 
 class TestAggregateDistinct(PostgreSQLTestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        AggregateTestModel.objects.create(char_field='Foo')
-        AggregateTestModel.objects.create(char_field='Foo')
-        AggregateTestModel.objects.create(char_field='Bar')
+        AggregateTestModel.objects.create(char_field="Foo")
+        AggregateTestModel.objects.create(char_field="Foo")
+        AggregateTestModel.objects.create(char_field="Bar")
 
     def test_string_agg_distinct_false(self):
-        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(stringagg=StringAgg('char_field', delimiter=' ', distinct=False))
-        self.assertEqual(values['stringagg'].count('Foo'), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(values['stringagg'].count('Bar'), 1)
+        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
+            stringagg=StringAgg("char_field", delimiter=" ", distinct=False)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(values["stringagg"].count("Foo"), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(values["stringagg"].count("Bar"), 1)
 
     def test_string_agg_distinct_true(self):
-        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(stringagg=StringAgg('char_field', delimiter=' ', distinct=True))
-        self.assertEqual(values['stringagg'].count('Foo'), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(values['stringagg'].count('Bar'), 1)
+        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
+            stringagg=StringAgg("char_field", delimiter=" ", distinct=True)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(values["stringagg"].count("Foo"), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(values["stringagg"].count("Bar"), 1)
 
     def test_array_agg_distinct_false(self):
-        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(arrayagg=ArrayAgg('char_field', distinct=False))
-        self.assertEqual(sorted(values['arrayagg']), ['Bar', 'Foo', 'Foo'])
+        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
+            arrayagg=ArrayAgg("char_field", distinct=False)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(values["arrayagg"]), ["Bar", "Foo", "Foo"])
 
     def test_array_agg_distinct_true(self):
-        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(arrayagg=ArrayAgg('char_field', distinct=True))
-        self.assertEqual(sorted(values['arrayagg']), ['Bar', 'Foo'])
+        values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
+            arrayagg=ArrayAgg("char_field", distinct=True)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(values["arrayagg"]), ["Bar", "Foo"])
 
     def test_jsonb_agg_distinct_false(self):
         values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
-            jsonbagg=JSONBAgg('char_field', distinct=False),
+            jsonbagg=JSONBAgg("char_field", distinct=False),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(sorted(values['jsonbagg']), ['Bar', 'Foo', 'Foo'])
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(values["jsonbagg"]), ["Bar", "Foo", "Foo"])
 
     def test_jsonb_agg_distinct_true(self):
         values = AggregateTestModel.objects.aggregate(
-            jsonbagg=JSONBAgg('char_field', distinct=True),
+            jsonbagg=JSONBAgg("char_field", distinct=True),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(sorted(values['jsonbagg']), ['Bar', 'Foo'])
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(values["jsonbagg"]), ["Bar", "Foo"])
 
 
 class TestStatisticsAggregate(PostgreSQLTestCase):
@@ -626,37 +738,38 @@ class TestStatisticsAggregate(PostgreSQLTestCase):
     # Tests for base class (StatAggregate)
 
     def test_missing_arguments_raises_exception(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Both y and x must be provided.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Both y and x must be provided."):
             StatAggregate(x=None, y=None)
 
     def test_correct_source_expressions(self):
-        func = StatAggregate(x='test', y=13)
+        func = StatAggregate(x="test", y=13)
         self.assertIsInstance(func.source_expressions[0], Value)
         self.assertIsInstance(func.source_expressions[1], F)
 
     def test_alias_is_required(self):
         class SomeFunc(StatAggregate):
-            function = 'TEST'
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, 'Complex aggregates require an alias'):
-            StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(SomeFunc(y='int2', x='int1'))
+            function = "TEST"
+
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, "Complex aggregates require an alias"):
+            StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(SomeFunc(y="int2", x="int1"))
 
     # Test aggregates
 
     def test_empty_result_set(self):
         StatTestModel.objects.all().delete()
         tests = [
-            (Corr(y='int2', x='int1'), None),
-            (CovarPop(y='int2', x='int1'), None),
-            (CovarPop(y='int2', x='int1', sample=True), None),
-            (RegrAvgX(y='int2', x='int1'), None),
-            (RegrAvgY(y='int2', x='int1'), None),
-            (RegrCount(y='int2', x='int1'), 0),
-            (RegrIntercept(y='int2', x='int1'), None),
-            (RegrR2(y='int2', x='int1'), None),
-            (RegrSlope(y='int2', x='int1'), None),
-            (RegrSXX(y='int2', x='int1'), None),
-            (RegrSXY(y='int2', x='int1'), None),
-            (RegrSYY(y='int2', x='int1'), None),
+            (Corr(y="int2", x="int1"), None),
+            (CovarPop(y="int2", x="int1"), None),
+            (CovarPop(y="int2", x="int1", sample=True), None),
+            (RegrAvgX(y="int2", x="int1"), None),
+            (RegrAvgY(y="int2", x="int1"), None),
+            (RegrCount(y="int2", x="int1"), 0),
+            (RegrIntercept(y="int2", x="int1"), None),
+            (RegrR2(y="int2", x="int1"), None),
+            (RegrSlope(y="int2", x="int1"), None),
+            (RegrSXX(y="int2", x="int1"), None),
+            (RegrSXY(y="int2", x="int1"), None),
+            (RegrSYY(y="int2", x="int1"), None),
         ]
         for aggregation, expected_result in tests:
             with self.subTest(aggregation=aggregation):
@@ -665,29 +778,29 @@ class TestStatisticsAggregate(PostgreSQLTestCase):
                     values = StatTestModel.objects.none().aggregate(
                         aggregation=aggregation,
                     )
-                    self.assertEqual(values, {'aggregation': expected_result})
+                    self.assertEqual(values, {"aggregation": expected_result})
                 # Empty result when query must be executed.
                 with self.assertNumQueries(1):
                     values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(
                         aggregation=aggregation,
                     )
-                    self.assertEqual(values, {'aggregation': expected_result})
+                    self.assertEqual(values, {"aggregation": expected_result})
 
     def test_default_argument(self):
         StatTestModel.objects.all().delete()
         tests = [
-            (Corr(y='int2', x='int1', default=0), 0),
-            (CovarPop(y='int2', x='int1', default=0), 0),
-            (CovarPop(y='int2', x='int1', sample=True, default=0), 0),
-            (RegrAvgX(y='int2', x='int1', default=0), 0),
-            (RegrAvgY(y='int2', x='int1', default=0), 0),
+            (Corr(y="int2", x="int1", default=0), 0),
+            (CovarPop(y="int2", x="int1", default=0), 0),
+            (CovarPop(y="int2", x="int1", sample=True, default=0), 0),
+            (RegrAvgX(y="int2", x="int1", default=0), 0),
+            (RegrAvgY(y="int2", x="int1", default=0), 0),
             # RegrCount() doesn't support the default argument.
-            (RegrIntercept(y='int2', x='int1', default=0), 0),
-            (RegrR2(y='int2', x='int1', default=0), 0),
-            (RegrSlope(y='int2', x='int1', default=0), 0),
-            (RegrSXX(y='int2', x='int1', default=0), 0),
-            (RegrSXY(y='int2', x='int1', default=0), 0),
-            (RegrSYY(y='int2', x='int1', default=0), 0),
+            (RegrIntercept(y="int2", x="int1", default=0), 0),
+            (RegrR2(y="int2", x="int1", default=0), 0),
+            (RegrSlope(y="int2", x="int1", default=0), 0),
+            (RegrSXX(y="int2", x="int1", default=0), 0),
+            (RegrSXY(y="int2", x="int1", default=0), 0),
+            (RegrSYY(y="int2", x="int1", default=0), 0),
         ]
         for aggregation, expected_result in tests:
             with self.subTest(aggregation=aggregation):
@@ -696,71 +809,81 @@ class TestStatisticsAggregate(PostgreSQLTestCase):
                     values = StatTestModel.objects.none().aggregate(
                         aggregation=aggregation,
                     )
-                    self.assertEqual(values, {'aggregation': expected_result})
+                    self.assertEqual(values, {"aggregation": expected_result})
                 # Empty result when query must be executed.
                 with self.assertNumQueries(1):
                     values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(
                         aggregation=aggregation,
                     )
-                    self.assertEqual(values, {'aggregation': expected_result})
+                    self.assertEqual(values, {"aggregation": expected_result})
 
     def test_corr_general(self):
-        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(corr=Corr(y='int2', x='int1'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'corr': -1.0})
+        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(corr=Corr(y="int2", x="int1"))
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"corr": -1.0})
 
     def test_covar_pop_general(self):
-        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(covarpop=CovarPop(y='int2', x='int1'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'covarpop': Approximate(-0.66, places=1)})
+        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(covarpop=CovarPop(y="int2", x="int1"))
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"covarpop": Approximate(-0.66, places=1)})
 
     def test_covar_pop_sample(self):
-        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(covarpop=CovarPop(y='int2', x='int1', sample=True))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'covarpop': -1.0})
+        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(
+            covarpop=CovarPop(y="int2", x="int1", sample=True)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"covarpop": -1.0})
 
     def test_regr_avgx_general(self):
-        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(regravgx=RegrAvgX(y='int2', x='int1'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'regravgx': 2.0})
+        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(regravgx=RegrAvgX(y="int2", x="int1"))
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"regravgx": 2.0})
 
     def test_regr_avgy_general(self):
-        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(regravgy=RegrAvgY(y='int2', x='int1'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'regravgy': 2.0})
+        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(regravgy=RegrAvgY(y="int2", x="int1"))
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"regravgy": 2.0})
 
     def test_regr_count_general(self):
-        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(regrcount=RegrCount(y='int2', x='int1'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'regrcount': 3})
+        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(
+            regrcount=RegrCount(y="int2", x="int1")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"regrcount": 3})
 
     def test_regr_count_default(self):
-        msg = 'RegrCount does not allow default.'
+        msg = "RegrCount does not allow default."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            RegrCount(y='int2', x='int1', default=0)
+            RegrCount(y="int2", x="int1", default=0)
 
     def test_regr_intercept_general(self):
-        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(regrintercept=RegrIntercept(y='int2', x='int1'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'regrintercept': 4})
+        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(
+            regrintercept=RegrIntercept(y="int2", x="int1")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"regrintercept": 4})
 
     def test_regr_r2_general(self):
-        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(regrr2=RegrR2(y='int2', x='int1'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'regrr2': 1})
+        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(regrr2=RegrR2(y="int2", x="int1"))
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"regrr2": 1})
 
     def test_regr_slope_general(self):
-        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(regrslope=RegrSlope(y='int2', x='int1'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'regrslope': -1})
+        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(
+            regrslope=RegrSlope(y="int2", x="int1")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"regrslope": -1})
 
     def test_regr_sxx_general(self):
-        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(regrsxx=RegrSXX(y='int2', x='int1'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'regrsxx': 2.0})
+        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(regrsxx=RegrSXX(y="int2", x="int1"))
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"regrsxx": 2.0})
 
     def test_regr_sxy_general(self):
-        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(regrsxy=RegrSXY(y='int2', x='int1'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'regrsxy': -2.0})
+        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(regrsxy=RegrSXY(y="int2", x="int1"))
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"regrsxy": -2.0})
 
     def test_regr_syy_general(self):
-        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(regrsyy=RegrSYY(y='int2', x='int1'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'regrsyy': 2.0})
+        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(regrsyy=RegrSYY(y="int2", x="int1"))
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"regrsyy": 2.0})
 
     def test_regr_avgx_with_related_obj_and_number_as_argument(self):
         """
         This is more complex test to check if JOIN on field and
         number as argument works as expected.
         """
-        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(complex_regravgx=RegrAvgX(y=5, x='related_field__integer_field'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, {'complex_regravgx': 1.0})
+        values = StatTestModel.objects.aggregate(
+            complex_regravgx=RegrAvgX(y=5, x="related_field__integer_field")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(values, {"complex_regravgx": 1.0})
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/test_apps.py b/tests/postgres_tests/test_apps.py
index 94001822c2..340e555609 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/test_apps.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/test_apps.py
@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ from django.test.utils import modify_settings
 from . import PostgreSQLTestCase
 
 try:
-    from psycopg2.extras import (
-        DateRange, DateTimeRange, DateTimeTZRange, NumericRange,
-    )
+    from psycopg2.extras import DateRange, DateTimeRange, DateTimeTZRange, NumericRange
 
     from django.contrib.postgres.fields import (
-        DateRangeField, DateTimeRangeField, DecimalRangeField,
+        DateRangeField,
+        DateTimeRangeField,
+        DecimalRangeField,
         IntegerRangeField,
     )
 except ImportError:
@@ -22,17 +22,24 @@ except ImportError:
 class PostgresConfigTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
     def test_register_type_handlers_connection(self):
         from django.contrib.postgres.signals import register_type_handlers
-        self.assertNotIn(register_type_handlers, connection_created._live_receivers(None))
-        with modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.postgres'}):
-            self.assertIn(register_type_handlers, connection_created._live_receivers(None))
-        self.assertNotIn(register_type_handlers, connection_created._live_receivers(None))
+
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            register_type_handlers, connection_created._live_receivers(None)
+        )
+        with modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.postgres"}):
+            self.assertIn(
+                register_type_handlers, connection_created._live_receivers(None)
+            )
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            register_type_handlers, connection_created._live_receivers(None)
+        )
 
     def test_register_serializer_for_migrations(self):
         tests = (
             (DateRange(empty=True), DateRangeField),
             (DateTimeRange(empty=True), DateRangeField),
-            (DateTimeTZRange(None, None, '[]'), DateTimeRangeField),
-            (NumericRange(Decimal('1.0'), Decimal('5.0'), '()'), DecimalRangeField),
+            (DateTimeTZRange(None, None, "[]"), DateTimeRangeField),
+            (NumericRange(Decimal("1.0"), Decimal("5.0"), "()"), DecimalRangeField),
             (NumericRange(1, 10), IntegerRangeField),
         )
 
@@ -40,25 +47,31 @@ class PostgresConfigTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
             for default, test_field in tests:
                 with self.subTest(default=default):
                     field = test_field(default=default)
-                    with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Cannot serialize: %s' % default.__class__.__name__):
+                    with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                        ValueError, "Cannot serialize: %s" % default.__class__.__name__
+                    ):
                         MigrationWriter.serialize(field)
 
         assertNotSerializable()
-        with self.modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.postgres'}):
+        with self.modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.postgres"}):
             for default, test_field in tests:
                 with self.subTest(default=default):
                     field = test_field(default=default)
                     serialized_field, imports = MigrationWriter.serialize(field)
-                    self.assertEqual(imports, {
-                        'import django.contrib.postgres.fields.ranges',
-                        'import psycopg2.extras',
-                    })
+                    self.assertEqual(
+                        imports,
+                        {
+                            "import django.contrib.postgres.fields.ranges",
+                            "import psycopg2.extras",
+                        },
+                    )
                     self.assertIn(
-                        '%s.%s(default=psycopg2.extras.%r)' % (
+                        "%s.%s(default=psycopg2.extras.%r)"
+                        % (
                             field.__module__,
                             field.__class__.__name__,
                             default,
                         ),
-                        serialized_field
+                        serialized_field,
                     )
         assertNotSerializable()
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/test_array.py b/tests/postgres_tests/test_array.py
index ba04c15e24..512972b8e6 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/test_array.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/test_array.py
@@ -15,13 +15,18 @@ from django.test import TransactionTestCase, modify_settings, override_settings
 from django.test.utils import isolate_apps
 from django.utils import timezone
 
-from . import (
-    PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase, PostgreSQLTestCase, PostgreSQLWidgetTestCase,
-)
+from . import PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase, PostgreSQLTestCase, PostgreSQLWidgetTestCase
 from .models import (
-    ArrayEnumModel, ArrayFieldSubclass, CharArrayModel, DateTimeArrayModel,
-    IntegerArrayModel, NestedIntegerArrayModel, NullableIntegerArrayModel,
-    OtherTypesArrayModel, PostgreSQLModel, Tag,
+    ArrayEnumModel,
+    ArrayFieldSubclass,
+    CharArrayModel,
+    DateTimeArrayModel,
+    IntegerArrayModel,
+    NestedIntegerArrayModel,
+    NullableIntegerArrayModel,
+    OtherTypesArrayModel,
+    PostgreSQLModel,
+    Tag,
 )
 
 try:
@@ -30,33 +35,33 @@ try:
     from django.contrib.postgres.aggregates import ArrayAgg
     from django.contrib.postgres.expressions import ArraySubquery
     from django.contrib.postgres.fields import ArrayField
-    from django.contrib.postgres.fields.array import (
-        IndexTransform, SliceTransform,
-    )
+    from django.contrib.postgres.fields.array import IndexTransform, SliceTransform
     from django.contrib.postgres.forms import (
-        SimpleArrayField, SplitArrayField, SplitArrayWidget,
+        SimpleArrayField,
+        SplitArrayField,
+        SplitArrayWidget,
     )
 except ImportError:
     pass
 
 
-@isolate_apps('postgres_tests')
+@isolate_apps("postgres_tests")
 class BasicTests(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
     def test_get_field_display(self):
         class MyModel(PostgreSQLModel):
             field = ArrayField(
                 models.CharField(max_length=16),
                 choices=[
-                    ['Media', [(['vinyl', 'cd'], 'Audio')]],
-                    (('mp3', 'mp4'), 'Digital'),
+                    ["Media", [(["vinyl", "cd"], "Audio")]],
+                    (("mp3", "mp4"), "Digital"),
                 ],
             )
 
         tests = (
-            (['vinyl', 'cd'], 'Audio'),
-            (('mp3', 'mp4'), 'Digital'),
-            (('a', 'b'), "('a', 'b')"),
-            (['c', 'd'], "['c', 'd']"),
+            (["vinyl", "cd"], "Audio"),
+            (("mp3", "mp4"), "Digital"),
+            (("a", "b"), "('a', 'b')"),
+            (["c", "d"], "['c', 'd']"),
         )
         for value, display in tests:
             with self.subTest(value=value, display=display):
@@ -69,17 +74,18 @@ class BasicTests(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
                 ArrayField(models.CharField(max_length=16)),
                 choices=[
                     [
-                        'Media',
-                        [([['vinyl', 'cd'], ('x',)], 'Audio')],
+                        "Media",
+                        [([["vinyl", "cd"], ("x",)], "Audio")],
                     ],
-                    ((['mp3'], ('mp4',)), 'Digital'),
+                    ((["mp3"], ("mp4",)), "Digital"),
                 ],
             )
+
         tests = (
-            ([['vinyl', 'cd'], ('x',)], 'Audio'),
-            ((['mp3'], ('mp4',)), 'Digital'),
-            ((('a', 'b'), ('c',)), "(('a', 'b'), ('c',))"),
-            ([['a', 'b'], ['c']], "[['a', 'b'], ['c']]"),
+            ([["vinyl", "cd"], ("x",)], "Audio"),
+            ((["mp3"], ("mp4",)), "Digital"),
+            ((("a", "b"), ("c",)), "(('a', 'b'), ('c',))"),
+            ([["a", "b"], ["c"]], "[['a', 'b'], ['c']]"),
         )
         for value, display in tests:
             with self.subTest(value=value, display=display):
@@ -88,7 +94,6 @@ class BasicTests(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class TestSaveLoad(PostgreSQLTestCase):
-
     def test_integer(self):
         instance = IntegerArrayModel(field=[1, 2, 3])
         instance.save()
@@ -96,7 +101,7 @@ class TestSaveLoad(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(instance.field, loaded.field)
 
     def test_char(self):
-        instance = CharArrayModel(field=['hello', 'goodbye'])
+        instance = CharArrayModel(field=["hello", "goodbye"])
         instance.save()
         loaded = CharArrayModel.objects.get()
         self.assertEqual(instance.field, loaded.field)
@@ -121,7 +126,7 @@ class TestSaveLoad(PostgreSQLTestCase):
 
     def test_integers_passed_as_strings(self):
         # This checks that get_prep_value is deferred properly
-        instance = IntegerArrayModel(field=['1'])
+        instance = IntegerArrayModel(field=["1"])
         instance.save()
         loaded = IntegerArrayModel.objects.get()
         self.assertEqual(loaded.field, [1])
@@ -151,16 +156,16 @@ class TestSaveLoad(PostgreSQLTestCase):
 
     def test_other_array_types(self):
         instance = OtherTypesArrayModel(
-            ips=['192.168.0.1', '::1'],
+            ips=["192.168.0.1", "::1"],
             uuids=[uuid.uuid4()],
             decimals=[decimal.Decimal(1.25), 1.75],
             tags=[Tag(1), Tag(2), Tag(3)],
-            json=[{'a': 1}, {'b': 2}],
+            json=[{"a": 1}, {"b": 2}],
             int_ranges=[NumericRange(10, 20), NumericRange(30, 40)],
             bigint_ranges=[
                 NumericRange(7000000000, 10000000000),
                 NumericRange(50000000000, 70000000000),
-            ]
+            ],
         )
         instance.save()
         loaded = OtherTypesArrayModel.objects.get()
@@ -174,7 +179,7 @@ class TestSaveLoad(PostgreSQLTestCase):
 
     def test_null_from_db_value_handling(self):
         instance = OtherTypesArrayModel.objects.create(
-            ips=['192.168.0.1', '::1'],
+            ips=["192.168.0.1", "::1"],
             uuids=[uuid.uuid4()],
             decimals=[decimal.Decimal(1.25), 1.75],
             tags=None,
@@ -187,7 +192,7 @@ class TestSaveLoad(PostgreSQLTestCase):
 
     def test_model_set_on_base_field(self):
         instance = IntegerArrayModel()
-        field = instance._meta.get_field('field')
+        field = instance._meta.get_field("field")
         self.assertEqual(field.model, IntegerArrayModel)
         self.assertEqual(field.base_field.model, IntegerArrayModel)
 
@@ -199,29 +204,35 @@ class TestSaveLoad(PostgreSQLTestCase):
 
 
 class TestQuerying(PostgreSQLTestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.objs = NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.bulk_create([
-            NullableIntegerArrayModel(order=1, field=[1]),
-            NullableIntegerArrayModel(order=2, field=[2]),
-            NullableIntegerArrayModel(order=3, field=[2, 3]),
-            NullableIntegerArrayModel(order=4, field=[20, 30, 40]),
-            NullableIntegerArrayModel(order=5, field=None),
-        ])
+        cls.objs = NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                NullableIntegerArrayModel(order=1, field=[1]),
+                NullableIntegerArrayModel(order=2, field=[2]),
+                NullableIntegerArrayModel(order=3, field=[2, 3]),
+                NullableIntegerArrayModel(order=4, field=[20, 30, 40]),
+                NullableIntegerArrayModel(order=5, field=None),
+            ]
+        )
 
     def test_empty_list(self):
         NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.create(field=[])
-        obj = NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.annotate(
-            empty_array=models.Value([], output_field=ArrayField(models.IntegerField())),
-        ).filter(field=models.F('empty_array')).get()
+        obj = (
+            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.annotate(
+                empty_array=models.Value(
+                    [], output_field=ArrayField(models.IntegerField())
+                ),
+            )
+            .filter(field=models.F("empty_array"))
+            .get()
+        )
         self.assertEqual(obj.field, [])
         self.assertEqual(obj.empty_array, [])
 
     def test_exact(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__exact=[1]),
-            self.objs[:1]
+            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__exact=[1]), self.objs[:1]
         )
 
     def test_exact_with_expression(self):
@@ -231,50 +242,47 @@ class TestQuerying(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         )
 
     def test_exact_charfield(self):
-        instance = CharArrayModel.objects.create(field=['text'])
+        instance = CharArrayModel.objects.create(field=["text"])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            CharArrayModel.objects.filter(field=['text']),
-            [instance]
+            CharArrayModel.objects.filter(field=["text"]), [instance]
         )
 
     def test_exact_nested(self):
         instance = NestedIntegerArrayModel.objects.create(field=[[1, 2], [3, 4]])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NestedIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field=[[1, 2], [3, 4]]),
-            [instance]
+            NestedIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field=[[1, 2], [3, 4]]), [instance]
         )
 
     def test_isnull(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__isnull=True),
-            self.objs[-1:]
+            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__isnull=True), self.objs[-1:]
         )
 
     def test_gt(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__gt=[0]),
-            self.objs[:4]
+            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__gt=[0]), self.objs[:4]
         )
 
     def test_lt(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__lt=[2]),
-            self.objs[:1]
+            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__lt=[2]), self.objs[:1]
         )
 
     def test_in(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__in=[[1], [2]]),
-            self.objs[:2]
+            self.objs[:2],
         )
 
     def test_in_subquery(self):
         IntegerArrayModel.objects.create(field=[2, 3])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(
-                field__in=IntegerArrayModel.objects.all().values_list('field', flat=True)
+                field__in=IntegerArrayModel.objects.all().values_list(
+                    "field", flat=True
+                )
             ),
-            self.objs[2:3]
+            self.objs[2:3],
         )
 
     @unittest.expectedFailure
@@ -284,42 +292,44 @@ class TestQuerying(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         # psycopg2 mogrify method that generates the ARRAY() syntax is
         # expecting literals, not column references (#27095).
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__in=[[models.F('id')]]),
-            self.objs[:2]
+            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__in=[[models.F("id")]]),
+            self.objs[:2],
         )
 
     def test_in_as_F_object(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__in=[models.F('field')]),
-            self.objs[:4]
+            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__in=[models.F("field")]),
+            self.objs[:4],
         )
 
     def test_contained_by(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__contained_by=[1, 2]),
-            self.objs[:2]
+            self.objs[:2],
         )
 
     def test_contained_by_including_F_object(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__contained_by=[models.F('order'), 2]),
+            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(
+                field__contained_by=[models.F("order"), 2]
+            ),
             self.objs[:3],
         )
 
     def test_contains(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__contains=[2]),
-            self.objs[1:3]
+            self.objs[1:3],
         )
 
     def test_contains_subquery(self):
         IntegerArrayModel.objects.create(field=[2, 3])
-        inner_qs = IntegerArrayModel.objects.values_list('field', flat=True)
+        inner_qs = IntegerArrayModel.objects.values_list("field", flat=True)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__contains=inner_qs[:1]),
             self.objs[2:3],
         )
-        inner_qs = IntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__contains=OuterRef('field'))
+        inner_qs = IntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__contains=OuterRef("field"))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(Exists(inner_qs)),
             self.objs[1:3],
@@ -335,93 +345,92 @@ class TestQuerying(PostgreSQLTestCase):
 
     def test_icontains(self):
         # Using the __icontains lookup with ArrayField is inefficient.
-        instance = CharArrayModel.objects.create(field=['FoO'])
+        instance = CharArrayModel.objects.create(field=["FoO"])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            CharArrayModel.objects.filter(field__icontains='foo'),
-            [instance]
+            CharArrayModel.objects.filter(field__icontains="foo"), [instance]
         )
 
     def test_contains_charfield(self):
         # Regression for #22907
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            CharArrayModel.objects.filter(field__contains=['text']),
-            []
+            CharArrayModel.objects.filter(field__contains=["text"]), []
         )
 
     def test_contained_by_charfield(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            CharArrayModel.objects.filter(field__contained_by=['text']),
-            []
+            CharArrayModel.objects.filter(field__contained_by=["text"]), []
         )
 
     def test_overlap_charfield(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            CharArrayModel.objects.filter(field__overlap=['text']),
-            []
+            CharArrayModel.objects.filter(field__overlap=["text"]), []
         )
 
     def test_overlap_charfield_including_expression(self):
-        obj_1 = CharArrayModel.objects.create(field=['TEXT', 'lower text'])
-        obj_2 = CharArrayModel.objects.create(field=['lower text', 'TEXT'])
-        CharArrayModel.objects.create(field=['lower text', 'text'])
+        obj_1 = CharArrayModel.objects.create(field=["TEXT", "lower text"])
+        obj_2 = CharArrayModel.objects.create(field=["lower text", "TEXT"])
+        CharArrayModel.objects.create(field=["lower text", "text"])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            CharArrayModel.objects.filter(field__overlap=[
-                Upper(Value('text')),
-                'other',
-            ]),
+            CharArrayModel.objects.filter(
+                field__overlap=[
+                    Upper(Value("text")),
+                    "other",
+                ]
+            ),
             [obj_1, obj_2],
         )
 
     def test_lookups_autofield_array(self):
-        qs = NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(
-            field__0__isnull=False,
-        ).values('field__0').annotate(
-            arrayagg=ArrayAgg('id'),
-        ).order_by('field__0')
+        qs = (
+            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(
+                field__0__isnull=False,
+            )
+            .values("field__0")
+            .annotate(
+                arrayagg=ArrayAgg("id"),
+            )
+            .order_by("field__0")
+        )
         tests = (
-            ('contained_by', [self.objs[1].pk, self.objs[2].pk, 0], [2]),
-            ('contains', [self.objs[2].pk], [2]),
-            ('exact', [self.objs[3].pk], [20]),
-            ('overlap', [self.objs[1].pk, self.objs[3].pk], [2, 20]),
+            ("contained_by", [self.objs[1].pk, self.objs[2].pk, 0], [2]),
+            ("contains", [self.objs[2].pk], [2]),
+            ("exact", [self.objs[3].pk], [20]),
+            ("overlap", [self.objs[1].pk, self.objs[3].pk], [2, 20]),
         )
         for lookup, value, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(lookup=lookup):
                 self.assertSequenceEqual(
                     qs.filter(
-                        **{'arrayagg__' + lookup: value},
-                    ).values_list('field__0', flat=True),
+                        **{"arrayagg__" + lookup: value},
+                    ).values_list("field__0", flat=True),
                     expected,
                 )
 
     def test_index(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__0=2),
-            self.objs[1:3]
+            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__0=2), self.objs[1:3]
         )
 
     def test_index_chained(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__0__lt=3),
-            self.objs[0:3]
+            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__0__lt=3), self.objs[0:3]
         )
 
     def test_index_nested(self):
         instance = NestedIntegerArrayModel.objects.create(field=[[1, 2], [3, 4]])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NestedIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__0__0=1),
-            [instance]
+            NestedIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__0__0=1), [instance]
         )
 
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_index_used_on_nested_data(self):
         instance = NestedIntegerArrayModel.objects.create(field=[[1, 2], [3, 4]])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NestedIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__0=[1, 2]),
-            [instance]
+            NestedIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__0=[1, 2]), [instance]
         )
 
     def test_index_transform_expression(self):
-        expr = RawSQL("string_to_array(%s, ';')", ['1;2'])
+        expr = RawSQL("string_to_array(%s, ';')", ["1;2"])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(
                 field__0=Cast(
@@ -433,40 +442,36 @@ class TestQuerying(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         )
 
     def test_index_annotation(self):
-        qs = NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.annotate(second=models.F('field__1'))
+        qs = NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.annotate(second=models.F("field__1"))
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            qs.values_list('second', flat=True),
+            qs.values_list("second", flat=True),
             [None, None, None, 3, 30],
         )
 
     def test_overlap(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__overlap=[1, 2]),
-            self.objs[0:3]
+            self.objs[0:3],
         )
 
     def test_len(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__len__lte=2),
-            self.objs[0:3]
+            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__len__lte=2), self.objs[0:3]
         )
 
     def test_len_empty_array(self):
         obj = NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.create(field=[])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__len=0),
-            [obj]
+            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__len=0), [obj]
         )
 
     def test_slice(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__0_1=[2]),
-            self.objs[1:3]
+            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__0_1=[2]), self.objs[1:3]
         )
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__0_2=[2, 3]),
-            self.objs[2:3]
+            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__0_2=[2, 3]), self.objs[2:3]
         )
 
     def test_order_by_slice(self):
@@ -477,35 +482,42 @@ class TestQuerying(PostgreSQLTestCase):
             NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.create(field=[4, 2]),
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.order_by('field__1'),
+            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.order_by("field__1"),
             [
-                more_objs[2], more_objs[1], more_objs[3], self.objs[2],
-                self.objs[3], more_objs[0], self.objs[4], self.objs[1],
+                more_objs[2],
+                more_objs[1],
+                more_objs[3],
+                self.objs[2],
+                self.objs[3],
+                more_objs[0],
+                self.objs[4],
+                self.objs[1],
                 self.objs[0],
-            ]
+            ],
         )
 
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_slice_nested(self):
         instance = NestedIntegerArrayModel.objects.create(field=[[1, 2], [3, 4]])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NestedIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__0__0_1=[1]),
-            [instance]
+            NestedIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__0__0_1=[1]), [instance]
         )
 
     def test_slice_transform_expression(self):
-        expr = RawSQL("string_to_array(%s, ';')", ['9;2;3'])
+        expr = RawSQL("string_to_array(%s, ';')", ["9;2;3"])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__0_2=SliceTransform(2, 3, expr)),
+            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(
+                field__0_2=SliceTransform(2, 3, expr)
+            ),
             self.objs[2:3],
         )
 
     def test_slice_annotation(self):
         qs = NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.annotate(
-            first_two=models.F('field__0_2'),
+            first_two=models.F("field__0_2"),
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            qs.values_list('first_two', flat=True),
+            qs.values_list("first_two", flat=True),
             [None, [1], [2], [2, 3], [20, 30]],
         )
 
@@ -514,17 +526,17 @@ class TestQuerying(PostgreSQLTestCase):
             NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(
                 id__in=NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(field__len=3)
             ),
-            [self.objs[3]]
+            [self.objs[3]],
         )
 
     def test_enum_lookup(self):
         class TestEnum(enum.Enum):
-            VALUE_1 = 'value_1'
+            VALUE_1 = "value_1"
 
         instance = ArrayEnumModel.objects.create(array_of_enums=[TestEnum.VALUE_1])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             ArrayEnumModel.objects.filter(array_of_enums__contains=[TestEnum.VALUE_1]),
-            [instance]
+            [instance],
         )
 
     def test_unsupported_lookup(self):
@@ -541,18 +553,24 @@ class TestQuerying(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(
             NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.annotate(
                 array_length=models.Func(
-                    value, 1, function='ARRAY_LENGTH', output_field=models.IntegerField(),
+                    value,
+                    1,
+                    function="ARRAY_LENGTH",
+                    output_field=models.IntegerField(),
                 ),
-            ).values('array_length').annotate(
-                count=models.Count('pk'),
-            ).get()['array_length'],
+            )
+            .values("array_length")
+            .annotate(
+                count=models.Count("pk"),
+            )
+            .get()["array_length"],
             1,
         )
 
     def test_filter_by_array_subquery(self):
         inner_qs = NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.filter(
-            field__len=models.OuterRef('field__len'),
-        ).values('field')
+            field__len=models.OuterRef("field__len"),
+        ).values("field")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.alias(
                 same_sized_fields=ArraySubquery(inner_qs),
@@ -562,56 +580,63 @@ class TestQuerying(PostgreSQLTestCase):
 
     def test_annotated_array_subquery(self):
         inner_qs = NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.exclude(
-            pk=models.OuterRef('pk')
-        ).values('order')
+            pk=models.OuterRef("pk")
+        ).values("order")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.annotate(
                 sibling_ids=ArraySubquery(inner_qs),
-            ).get(order=1).sibling_ids,
+            )
+            .get(order=1)
+            .sibling_ids,
             [2, 3, 4, 5],
         )
 
     def test_group_by_with_annotated_array_subquery(self):
         inner_qs = NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.exclude(
-            pk=models.OuterRef('pk')
-        ).values('order')
+            pk=models.OuterRef("pk")
+        ).values("order")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.annotate(
                 sibling_ids=ArraySubquery(inner_qs),
-                sibling_count=models.Max('sibling_ids__len'),
-            ).values_list('sibling_count', flat=True),
+                sibling_count=models.Max("sibling_ids__len"),
+            ).values_list("sibling_count", flat=True),
             [len(self.objs) - 1] * len(self.objs),
         )
 
     def test_annotated_ordered_array_subquery(self):
-        inner_qs = NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.order_by('-order').values('order')
+        inner_qs = NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.order_by("-order").values("order")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.annotate(
                 ids=ArraySubquery(inner_qs),
-            ).first().ids,
+            )
+            .first()
+            .ids,
             [5, 4, 3, 2, 1],
         )
 
     def test_annotated_array_subquery_with_json_objects(self):
         inner_qs = NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.exclude(
-            pk=models.OuterRef('pk')
-        ).values(json=JSONObject(order='order', field='field'))
-        siblings_json = NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.annotate(
-            siblings_json=ArraySubquery(inner_qs),
-        ).values_list('siblings_json', flat=True).get(order=1)
+            pk=models.OuterRef("pk")
+        ).values(json=JSONObject(order="order", field="field"))
+        siblings_json = (
+            NullableIntegerArrayModel.objects.annotate(
+                siblings_json=ArraySubquery(inner_qs),
+            )
+            .values_list("siblings_json", flat=True)
+            .get(order=1)
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             siblings_json,
             [
-                {'field': [2], 'order': 2},
-                {'field': [2, 3], 'order': 3},
-                {'field': [20, 30, 40], 'order': 4},
-                {'field': None, 'order': 5},
+                {"field": [2], "order": 2},
+                {"field": [2, 3], "order": 3},
+                {"field": [20, 30, 40], "order": 4},
+                {"field": None, "order": 5},
             ],
         )
 
 
 class TestDateTimeExactQuerying(PostgreSQLTestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         now = timezone.now()
@@ -619,33 +644,31 @@ class TestDateTimeExactQuerying(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         cls.dates = [now.date()]
         cls.times = [now.time()]
         cls.objs = [
-            DateTimeArrayModel.objects.create(datetimes=cls.datetimes, dates=cls.dates, times=cls.times),
+            DateTimeArrayModel.objects.create(
+                datetimes=cls.datetimes, dates=cls.dates, times=cls.times
+            ),
         ]
 
     def test_exact_datetimes(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            DateTimeArrayModel.objects.filter(datetimes=self.datetimes),
-            self.objs
+            DateTimeArrayModel.objects.filter(datetimes=self.datetimes), self.objs
         )
 
     def test_exact_dates(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            DateTimeArrayModel.objects.filter(dates=self.dates),
-            self.objs
+            DateTimeArrayModel.objects.filter(dates=self.dates), self.objs
         )
 
     def test_exact_times(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            DateTimeArrayModel.objects.filter(times=self.times),
-            self.objs
+            DateTimeArrayModel.objects.filter(times=self.times), self.objs
         )
 
 
 class TestOtherTypesExactQuerying(PostgreSQLTestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.ips = ['192.168.0.1', '::1']
+        cls.ips = ["192.168.0.1", "::1"]
         cls.uuids = [uuid.uuid4()]
         cls.decimals = [decimal.Decimal(1.25), 1.75]
         cls.tags = [Tag(1), Tag(2), Tag(3)]
@@ -660,32 +683,27 @@ class TestOtherTypesExactQuerying(PostgreSQLTestCase):
 
     def test_exact_ip_addresses(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            OtherTypesArrayModel.objects.filter(ips=self.ips),
-            self.objs
+            OtherTypesArrayModel.objects.filter(ips=self.ips), self.objs
         )
 
     def test_exact_uuids(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            OtherTypesArrayModel.objects.filter(uuids=self.uuids),
-            self.objs
+            OtherTypesArrayModel.objects.filter(uuids=self.uuids), self.objs
         )
 
     def test_exact_decimals(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            OtherTypesArrayModel.objects.filter(decimals=self.decimals),
-            self.objs
+            OtherTypesArrayModel.objects.filter(decimals=self.decimals), self.objs
         )
 
     def test_exact_tags(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            OtherTypesArrayModel.objects.filter(tags=self.tags),
-            self.objs
+            OtherTypesArrayModel.objects.filter(tags=self.tags), self.objs
         )
 
 
-@isolate_apps('postgres_tests')
+@isolate_apps("postgres_tests")
 class TestChecks(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_field_checks(self):
         class MyModel(PostgreSQLModel):
             field = ArrayField(models.CharField())
@@ -694,35 +712,40 @@ class TestChecks(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
         errors = model.check()
         self.assertEqual(len(errors), 1)
         # The inner CharField is missing a max_length.
-        self.assertEqual(errors[0].id, 'postgres.E001')
-        self.assertIn('max_length', errors[0].msg)
+        self.assertEqual(errors[0].id, "postgres.E001")
+        self.assertIn("max_length", errors[0].msg)
 
     def test_invalid_base_fields(self):
         class MyModel(PostgreSQLModel):
-            field = ArrayField(models.ManyToManyField('postgres_tests.IntegerArrayModel'))
+            field = ArrayField(
+                models.ManyToManyField("postgres_tests.IntegerArrayModel")
+            )
 
         model = MyModel()
         errors = model.check()
         self.assertEqual(len(errors), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(errors[0].id, 'postgres.E002')
+        self.assertEqual(errors[0].id, "postgres.E002")
 
     def test_invalid_default(self):
         class MyModel(PostgreSQLModel):
             field = ArrayField(models.IntegerField(), default=[])
 
         model = MyModel()
-        self.assertEqual(model.check(), [
-            checks.Warning(
-                msg=(
-                    "ArrayField default should be a callable instead of an "
-                    "instance so that it's not shared between all field "
-                    "instances."
-                ),
-                hint='Use a callable instead, e.g., use `list` instead of `[]`.',
-                obj=MyModel._meta.get_field('field'),
-                id='fields.E010',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            model.check(),
+            [
+                checks.Warning(
+                    msg=(
+                        "ArrayField default should be a callable instead of an "
+                        "instance so that it's not shared between all field "
+                        "instances."
+                    ),
+                    hint="Use a callable instead, e.g., use `list` instead of `[]`.",
+                    obj=MyModel._meta.get_field("field"),
+                    id="fields.E010",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_valid_default(self):
         class MyModel(PostgreSQLModel):
@@ -742,6 +765,7 @@ class TestChecks(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
         """
         Nested ArrayFields are permitted.
         """
+
         class MyModel(PostgreSQLModel):
             field = ArrayField(ArrayField(models.CharField()))
 
@@ -749,8 +773,8 @@ class TestChecks(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
         errors = model.check()
         self.assertEqual(len(errors), 1)
         # The inner CharField is missing a max_length.
-        self.assertEqual(errors[0].id, 'postgres.E001')
-        self.assertIn('max_length', errors[0].msg)
+        self.assertEqual(errors[0].id, "postgres.E001")
+        self.assertIn("max_length", errors[0].msg)
 
     def test_choices_tuple_list(self):
         class MyModel(PostgreSQLModel):
@@ -758,19 +782,20 @@ class TestChecks(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
                 models.CharField(max_length=16),
                 choices=[
                     [
-                        'Media',
-                        [(['vinyl', 'cd'], 'Audio'), (('vhs', 'dvd'), 'Video')],
+                        "Media",
+                        [(["vinyl", "cd"], "Audio"), (("vhs", "dvd"), "Video")],
                     ],
-                    (['mp3', 'mp4'], 'Digital'),
+                    (["mp3", "mp4"], "Digital"),
                 ],
             )
-        self.assertEqual(MyModel._meta.get_field('field').check(), [])
+
+        self.assertEqual(MyModel._meta.get_field("field").check(), [])
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', "PostgreSQL specific tests")
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific tests")
 class TestMigrations(TransactionTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['postgres_tests']
+    available_apps = ["postgres_tests"]
 
     def test_deconstruct(self):
         field = ArrayField(models.IntegerField())
@@ -794,84 +819,89 @@ class TestMigrations(TransactionTestCase):
     def test_subclass_deconstruct(self):
         field = ArrayField(models.IntegerField())
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.contrib.postgres.fields.ArrayField")
 
         field = ArrayFieldSubclass()
         name, path, args, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'postgres_tests.models.ArrayFieldSubclass')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "postgres_tests.models.ArrayFieldSubclass")
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={
-        "postgres_tests": "postgres_tests.array_default_migrations",
-    })
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={
+            "postgres_tests": "postgres_tests.array_default_migrations",
+        }
+    )
     def test_adding_field_with_default(self):
         # See #22962
-        table_name = 'postgres_tests_integerarraydefaultmodel'
+        table_name = "postgres_tests_integerarraydefaultmodel"
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             self.assertNotIn(table_name, connection.introspection.table_names(cursor))
-        call_command('migrate', 'postgres_tests', verbosity=0)
+        call_command("migrate", "postgres_tests", verbosity=0)
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             self.assertIn(table_name, connection.introspection.table_names(cursor))
-        call_command('migrate', 'postgres_tests', 'zero', verbosity=0)
+        call_command("migrate", "postgres_tests", "zero", verbosity=0)
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             self.assertNotIn(table_name, connection.introspection.table_names(cursor))
 
-    @override_settings(MIGRATION_MODULES={
-        "postgres_tests": "postgres_tests.array_index_migrations",
-    })
+    @override_settings(
+        MIGRATION_MODULES={
+            "postgres_tests": "postgres_tests.array_index_migrations",
+        }
+    )
     def test_adding_arrayfield_with_index(self):
         """
         ArrayField shouldn't have varchar_patterns_ops or text_patterns_ops indexes.
         """
-        table_name = 'postgres_tests_chartextarrayindexmodel'
-        call_command('migrate', 'postgres_tests', verbosity=0)
+        table_name = "postgres_tests_chartextarrayindexmodel"
+        call_command("migrate", "postgres_tests", verbosity=0)
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             like_constraint_columns_list = [
-                v['columns']
-                for k, v in list(connection.introspection.get_constraints(cursor, table_name).items())
-                if k.endswith('_like')
+                v["columns"]
+                for k, v in list(
+                    connection.introspection.get_constraints(cursor, table_name).items()
+                )
+                if k.endswith("_like")
             ]
         # Only the CharField should have a LIKE index.
-        self.assertEqual(like_constraint_columns_list, [['char2']])
+        self.assertEqual(like_constraint_columns_list, [["char2"]])
         # All fields should have regular indexes.
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             indexes = [
-                c['columns'][0]
-                for c in connection.introspection.get_constraints(cursor, table_name).values()
-                if c['index'] and len(c['columns']) == 1
+                c["columns"][0]
+                for c in connection.introspection.get_constraints(
+                    cursor, table_name
+                ).values()
+                if c["index"] and len(c["columns"]) == 1
             ]
-        self.assertIn('char', indexes)
-        self.assertIn('char2', indexes)
-        self.assertIn('text', indexes)
-        call_command('migrate', 'postgres_tests', 'zero', verbosity=0)
+        self.assertIn("char", indexes)
+        self.assertIn("char2", indexes)
+        self.assertIn("text", indexes)
+        call_command("migrate", "postgres_tests", "zero", verbosity=0)
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             self.assertNotIn(table_name, connection.introspection.table_names(cursor))
 
 
 class TestSerialization(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
-    test_data = (
-        '[{"fields": {"field": "[\\"1\\", \\"2\\", null]"}, "model": "postgres_tests.integerarraymodel", "pk": null}]'
-    )
+    test_data = '[{"fields": {"field": "[\\"1\\", \\"2\\", null]"}, "model": "postgres_tests.integerarraymodel", "pk": null}]'
 
     def test_dumping(self):
         instance = IntegerArrayModel(field=[1, 2, None])
-        data = serializers.serialize('json', [instance])
+        data = serializers.serialize("json", [instance])
         self.assertEqual(json.loads(data), json.loads(self.test_data))
 
     def test_loading(self):
-        instance = list(serializers.deserialize('json', self.test_data))[0].object
+        instance = list(serializers.deserialize("json", self.test_data))[0].object
         self.assertEqual(instance.field, [1, 2, None])
 
 
 class TestValidation(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_unbounded(self):
         field = ArrayField(models.IntegerField())
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
             field.clean([1, None], None)
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 'item_invalid')
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, "item_invalid")
         self.assertEqual(
             cm.exception.message % cm.exception.params,
-            'Item 2 in the array did not validate: This field cannot be null.'
+            "Item 2 in the array did not validate: This field cannot be null.",
         )
 
     def test_blank_true(self):
@@ -884,31 +914,41 @@ class TestValidation(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
         field.clean([1, 2, 3], None)
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
             field.clean([1, 2, 3, 4], None)
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'List contains 4 items, it should contain no more than 3.')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cm.exception.messages[0],
+            "List contains 4 items, it should contain no more than 3.",
+        )
 
     def test_nested_array_mismatch(self):
         field = ArrayField(ArrayField(models.IntegerField()))
         field.clean([[1, 2], [3, 4]], None)
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
             field.clean([[1, 2], [3, 4, 5]], None)
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 'nested_array_mismatch')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'Nested arrays must have the same length.')
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, "nested_array_mismatch")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cm.exception.messages[0], "Nested arrays must have the same length."
+        )
 
     def test_with_base_field_error_params(self):
         field = ArrayField(models.CharField(max_length=2))
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean(['abc'], None)
+            field.clean(["abc"], None)
         self.assertEqual(len(cm.exception.error_list), 1)
         exception = cm.exception.error_list[0]
         self.assertEqual(
             exception.message,
-            'Item 1 in the array did not validate: Ensure this value has at most 2 characters (it has 3).'
+            "Item 1 in the array did not validate: Ensure this value has at most 2 characters (it has 3).",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(exception.code, "item_invalid")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            exception.params,
+            {"nth": 1, "value": "abc", "limit_value": 2, "show_value": 3},
         )
-        self.assertEqual(exception.code, 'item_invalid')
-        self.assertEqual(exception.params, {'nth': 1, 'value': 'abc', 'limit_value': 2, 'show_value': 3})
 
     def test_with_validators(self):
-        field = ArrayField(models.IntegerField(validators=[validators.MinValueValidator(1)]))
+        field = ArrayField(
+            models.IntegerField(validators=[validators.MinValueValidator(1)])
+        )
         field.clean([1, 2], None)
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
             field.clean([0], None)
@@ -916,90 +956,112 @@ class TestValidation(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
         exception = cm.exception.error_list[0]
         self.assertEqual(
             exception.message,
-            'Item 1 in the array did not validate: Ensure this value is greater than or equal to 1.'
+            "Item 1 in the array did not validate: Ensure this value is greater than or equal to 1.",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(exception.code, "item_invalid")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            exception.params, {"nth": 1, "value": 0, "limit_value": 1, "show_value": 0}
         )
-        self.assertEqual(exception.code, 'item_invalid')
-        self.assertEqual(exception.params, {'nth': 1, 'value': 0, 'limit_value': 1, 'show_value': 0})
 
 
 class TestSimpleFormField(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_valid(self):
         field = SimpleArrayField(forms.CharField())
-        value = field.clean('a,b,c')
-        self.assertEqual(value, ['a', 'b', 'c'])
+        value = field.clean("a,b,c")
+        self.assertEqual(value, ["a", "b", "c"])
 
     def test_to_python_fail(self):
         field = SimpleArrayField(forms.IntegerField())
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean('a,b,9')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'Item 1 in the array did not validate: Enter a whole number.')
+            field.clean("a,b,9")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cm.exception.messages[0],
+            "Item 1 in the array did not validate: Enter a whole number.",
+        )
 
     def test_validate_fail(self):
         field = SimpleArrayField(forms.CharField(required=True))
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean('a,b,')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'Item 3 in the array did not validate: This field is required.')
+            field.clean("a,b,")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cm.exception.messages[0],
+            "Item 3 in the array did not validate: This field is required.",
+        )
 
     def test_validate_fail_base_field_error_params(self):
         field = SimpleArrayField(forms.CharField(max_length=2))
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean('abc,c,defg')
+            field.clean("abc,c,defg")
         errors = cm.exception.error_list
         self.assertEqual(len(errors), 2)
         first_error = errors[0]
         self.assertEqual(
             first_error.message,
-            'Item 1 in the array did not validate: Ensure this value has at most 2 characters (it has 3).'
+            "Item 1 in the array did not validate: Ensure this value has at most 2 characters (it has 3).",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(first_error.code, "item_invalid")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            first_error.params,
+            {"nth": 1, "value": "abc", "limit_value": 2, "show_value": 3},
         )
-        self.assertEqual(first_error.code, 'item_invalid')
-        self.assertEqual(first_error.params, {'nth': 1, 'value': 'abc', 'limit_value': 2, 'show_value': 3})
         second_error = errors[1]
         self.assertEqual(
             second_error.message,
-            'Item 3 in the array did not validate: Ensure this value has at most 2 characters (it has 4).'
+            "Item 3 in the array did not validate: Ensure this value has at most 2 characters (it has 4).",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(second_error.code, "item_invalid")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            second_error.params,
+            {"nth": 3, "value": "defg", "limit_value": 2, "show_value": 4},
         )
-        self.assertEqual(second_error.code, 'item_invalid')
-        self.assertEqual(second_error.params, {'nth': 3, 'value': 'defg', 'limit_value': 2, 'show_value': 4})
 
     def test_validators_fail(self):
-        field = SimpleArrayField(forms.RegexField('[a-e]{2}'))
+        field = SimpleArrayField(forms.RegexField("[a-e]{2}"))
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean('a,bc,de')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'Item 1 in the array did not validate: Enter a valid value.')
+            field.clean("a,bc,de")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cm.exception.messages[0],
+            "Item 1 in the array did not validate: Enter a valid value.",
+        )
 
     def test_delimiter(self):
-        field = SimpleArrayField(forms.CharField(), delimiter='|')
-        value = field.clean('a|b|c')
-        self.assertEqual(value, ['a', 'b', 'c'])
+        field = SimpleArrayField(forms.CharField(), delimiter="|")
+        value = field.clean("a|b|c")
+        self.assertEqual(value, ["a", "b", "c"])
 
     def test_delimiter_with_nesting(self):
-        field = SimpleArrayField(SimpleArrayField(forms.CharField()), delimiter='|')
-        value = field.clean('a,b|c,d')
-        self.assertEqual(value, [['a', 'b'], ['c', 'd']])
+        field = SimpleArrayField(SimpleArrayField(forms.CharField()), delimiter="|")
+        value = field.clean("a,b|c,d")
+        self.assertEqual(value, [["a", "b"], ["c", "d"]])
 
     def test_prepare_value(self):
         field = SimpleArrayField(forms.CharField())
-        value = field.prepare_value(['a', 'b', 'c'])
-        self.assertEqual(value, 'a,b,c')
+        value = field.prepare_value(["a", "b", "c"])
+        self.assertEqual(value, "a,b,c")
 
     def test_max_length(self):
         field = SimpleArrayField(forms.CharField(), max_length=2)
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean('a,b,c')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'List contains 3 items, it should contain no more than 2.')
+            field.clean("a,b,c")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cm.exception.messages[0],
+            "List contains 3 items, it should contain no more than 2.",
+        )
 
     def test_min_length(self):
         field = SimpleArrayField(forms.CharField(), min_length=4)
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean('a,b,c')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'List contains 3 items, it should contain no fewer than 4.')
+            field.clean("a,b,c")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cm.exception.messages[0],
+            "List contains 3 items, it should contain no fewer than 4.",
+        )
 
     def test_required(self):
         field = SimpleArrayField(forms.CharField(), required=True)
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean('')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'This field is required.')
+            field.clean("")
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], "This field is required.")
 
     def test_model_field_formfield(self):
         model_field = ArrayField(models.CharField(max_length=27))
@@ -1015,59 +1077,66 @@ class TestSimpleFormField(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(form_field.max_length, 4)
 
     def test_model_field_choices(self):
-        model_field = ArrayField(models.IntegerField(choices=((1, 'A'), (2, 'B'))))
+        model_field = ArrayField(models.IntegerField(choices=((1, "A"), (2, "B"))))
         form_field = model_field.formfield()
-        self.assertEqual(form_field.clean('1,2'), [1, 2])
+        self.assertEqual(form_field.clean("1,2"), [1, 2])
 
     def test_already_converted_value(self):
         field = SimpleArrayField(forms.CharField())
-        vals = ['a', 'b', 'c']
+        vals = ["a", "b", "c"]
         self.assertEqual(field.clean(vals), vals)
 
     def test_has_changed(self):
         field = SimpleArrayField(forms.IntegerField())
         self.assertIs(field.has_changed([1, 2], [1, 2]), False)
-        self.assertIs(field.has_changed([1, 2], '1,2'), False)
-        self.assertIs(field.has_changed([1, 2], '1,2,3'), True)
-        self.assertIs(field.has_changed([1, 2], 'a,b'), True)
+        self.assertIs(field.has_changed([1, 2], "1,2"), False)
+        self.assertIs(field.has_changed([1, 2], "1,2,3"), True)
+        self.assertIs(field.has_changed([1, 2], "a,b"), True)
 
     def test_has_changed_empty(self):
         field = SimpleArrayField(forms.CharField())
         self.assertIs(field.has_changed(None, None), False)
-        self.assertIs(field.has_changed(None, ''), False)
+        self.assertIs(field.has_changed(None, ""), False)
         self.assertIs(field.has_changed(None, []), False)
         self.assertIs(field.has_changed([], None), False)
-        self.assertIs(field.has_changed([], ''), False)
+        self.assertIs(field.has_changed([], ""), False)
 
 
 class TestSplitFormField(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_valid(self):
         class SplitForm(forms.Form):
             array = SplitArrayField(forms.CharField(), size=3)
 
-        data = {'array_0': 'a', 'array_1': 'b', 'array_2': 'c'}
+        data = {"array_0": "a", "array_1": "b", "array_2": "c"}
         form = SplitForm(data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data, {'array': ['a', 'b', 'c']})
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data, {"array": ["a", "b", "c"]})
 
     def test_required(self):
         class SplitForm(forms.Form):
             array = SplitArrayField(forms.CharField(), required=True, size=3)
 
-        data = {'array_0': '', 'array_1': '', 'array_2': ''}
+        data = {"array_0": "", "array_1": "", "array_2": ""}
         form = SplitForm(data)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {'array': ['This field is required.']})
+        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {"array": ["This field is required."]})
 
     def test_remove_trailing_nulls(self):
         class SplitForm(forms.Form):
-            array = SplitArrayField(forms.CharField(required=False), size=5, remove_trailing_nulls=True)
+            array = SplitArrayField(
+                forms.CharField(required=False), size=5, remove_trailing_nulls=True
+            )
 
-        data = {'array_0': 'a', 'array_1': '', 'array_2': 'b', 'array_3': '', 'array_4': ''}
+        data = {
+            "array_0": "a",
+            "array_1": "",
+            "array_2": "b",
+            "array_3": "",
+            "array_4": "",
+        }
         form = SplitForm(data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid(), form.errors)
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data, {'array': ['a', '', 'b']})
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data, {"array": ["a", "", "b"]})
 
     def test_remove_trailing_nulls_not_required(self):
         class SplitForm(forms.Form):
@@ -1078,32 +1147,41 @@ class TestSplitFormField(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
                 required=False,
             )
 
-        data = {'array_0': '', 'array_1': ''}
+        data = {"array_0": "", "array_1": ""}
         form = SplitForm(data)
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data, {'array': []})
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data, {"array": []})
 
     def test_required_field(self):
         class SplitForm(forms.Form):
             array = SplitArrayField(forms.CharField(), size=3)
 
-        data = {'array_0': 'a', 'array_1': 'b', 'array_2': ''}
+        data = {"array_0": "a", "array_1": "b", "array_2": ""}
         form = SplitForm(data)
         self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {'array': ['Item 3 in the array did not validate: This field is required.']})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.errors,
+            {
+                "array": [
+                    "Item 3 in the array did not validate: This field is required."
+                ]
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_invalid_integer(self):
-        msg = 'Item 2 in the array did not validate: Ensure this value is less than or equal to 100.'
+        msg = "Item 2 in the array did not validate: Ensure this value is less than or equal to 100."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(exceptions.ValidationError, msg):
             SplitArrayField(forms.IntegerField(max_value=100), size=2).clean([0, 101])
 
     # To locate the widget's template.
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.postgres'})
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.postgres"})
     def test_rendering(self):
         class SplitForm(forms.Form):
             array = SplitArrayField(forms.CharField(), size=3)
 
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(SplitForm()), '''
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(SplitForm()),
+            """
             <tr>
                 <th><label for="id_array_0">Array:</label></th>
                 <td>
@@ -1112,16 +1190,20 @@ class TestSplitFormField(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
                     <input id="id_array_2" name="array_2" type="text" required>
                 </td>
             </tr>
-        ''')
+        """,
+        )
 
     def test_invalid_char_length(self):
         field = SplitArrayField(forms.CharField(max_length=2), size=3)
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean(['abc', 'c', 'defg'])
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages, [
-            'Item 1 in the array did not validate: Ensure this value has at most 2 characters (it has 3).',
-            'Item 3 in the array did not validate: Ensure this value has at most 2 characters (it has 4).',
-        ])
+            field.clean(["abc", "c", "defg"])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cm.exception.messages,
+            [
+                "Item 1 in the array did not validate: Ensure this value has at most 2 characters (it has 3).",
+                "Item 3 in the array did not validate: Ensure this value has at most 2 characters (it has 4).",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_splitarraywidget_value_omitted_from_data(self):
         class Form(forms.ModelForm):
@@ -1129,9 +1211,9 @@ class TestSplitFormField(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
 
             class Meta:
                 model = IntegerArrayModel
-                fields = ('field',)
+                fields = ("field",)
 
-        form = Form({'field_0': '1', 'field_1': '2'})
+        form = Form({"field_0": "1", "field_1": "2"})
         self.assertEqual(form.errors, {})
         obj = form.save(commit=False)
         self.assertEqual(obj.field, [1, 2])
@@ -1142,15 +1224,15 @@ class TestSplitFormField(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
 
             class Meta:
                 model = IntegerArrayModel
-                fields = ('field',)
+                fields = ("field",)
 
         tests = [
-            ({}, {'field_0': '', 'field_1': ''}, True),
-            ({'field': None}, {'field_0': '', 'field_1': ''}, True),
-            ({'field': [1]}, {'field_0': '', 'field_1': ''}, True),
-            ({'field': [1]}, {'field_0': '1', 'field_1': '0'}, True),
-            ({'field': [1, 2]}, {'field_0': '1', 'field_1': '2'}, False),
-            ({'field': [1, 2]}, {'field_0': 'a', 'field_1': 'b'}, True),
+            ({}, {"field_0": "", "field_1": ""}, True),
+            ({"field": None}, {"field_0": "", "field_1": ""}, True),
+            ({"field": [1]}, {"field_0": "", "field_1": ""}, True),
+            ({"field": [1]}, {"field_0": "1", "field_1": "0"}, True),
+            ({"field": [1, 2]}, {"field_0": "1", "field_1": "2"}, False),
+            ({"field": [1, 2]}, {"field_0": "a", "field_1": "b"}, True),
         ]
         for initial, data, expected_result in tests:
             with self.subTest(initial=initial, data=data):
@@ -1160,17 +1242,19 @@ class TestSplitFormField(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_splitarrayfield_remove_trailing_nulls_has_changed(self):
         class Form(forms.ModelForm):
-            field = SplitArrayField(forms.IntegerField(), required=False, size=2, remove_trailing_nulls=True)
+            field = SplitArrayField(
+                forms.IntegerField(), required=False, size=2, remove_trailing_nulls=True
+            )
 
             class Meta:
                 model = IntegerArrayModel
-                fields = ('field',)
+                fields = ("field",)
 
         tests = [
-            ({}, {'field_0': '', 'field_1': ''}, False),
-            ({'field': None}, {'field_0': '', 'field_1': ''}, False),
-            ({'field': []}, {'field_0': '', 'field_1': ''}, False),
-            ({'field': [1]}, {'field_0': '1', 'field_1': ''}, False),
+            ({}, {"field_0": "", "field_1": ""}, False),
+            ({"field": None}, {"field_0": "", "field_1": ""}, False),
+            ({"field": []}, {"field_0": "", "field_1": ""}, False),
+            ({"field": [1]}, {"field_0": "1", "field_1": ""}, False),
         ]
         for initial, data, expected_result in tests:
             with self.subTest(initial=initial, data=data):
@@ -1180,77 +1264,91 @@ class TestSplitFormField(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class TestSplitFormWidget(PostgreSQLWidgetTestCase):
-
     def test_get_context(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            SplitArrayWidget(forms.TextInput(), size=2).get_context('name', ['val1', 'val2']),
+            SplitArrayWidget(forms.TextInput(), size=2).get_context(
+                "name", ["val1", "val2"]
+            ),
             {
-                'widget': {
-                    'name': 'name',
-                    'is_hidden': False,
-                    'required': False,
-                    'value': "['val1', 'val2']",
-                    'attrs': {},
-                    'template_name': 'postgres/widgets/split_array.html',
-                    'subwidgets': [
+                "widget": {
+                    "name": "name",
+                    "is_hidden": False,
+                    "required": False,
+                    "value": "['val1', 'val2']",
+                    "attrs": {},
+                    "template_name": "postgres/widgets/split_array.html",
+                    "subwidgets": [
                         {
-                            'name': 'name_0',
-                            'is_hidden': False,
-                            'required': False,
-                            'value': 'val1',
-                            'attrs': {},
-                            'template_name': 'django/forms/widgets/text.html',
-                            'type': 'text',
+                            "name": "name_0",
+                            "is_hidden": False,
+                            "required": False,
+                            "value": "val1",
+                            "attrs": {},
+                            "template_name": "django/forms/widgets/text.html",
+                            "type": "text",
                         },
                         {
-                            'name': 'name_1',
-                            'is_hidden': False,
-                            'required': False,
-                            'value': 'val2',
-                            'attrs': {},
-                            'template_name': 'django/forms/widgets/text.html',
-                            'type': 'text',
+                            "name": "name_1",
+                            "is_hidden": False,
+                            "required": False,
+                            "value": "val2",
+                            "attrs": {},
+                            "template_name": "django/forms/widgets/text.html",
+                            "type": "text",
                         },
-                    ]
+                    ],
                 }
-            }
+            },
         )
 
     def test_checkbox_get_context_attrs(self):
         context = SplitArrayWidget(
             forms.CheckboxInput(),
             size=2,
-        ).get_context('name', [True, False])
-        self.assertEqual(context['widget']['value'], '[True, False]')
+        ).get_context("name", [True, False])
+        self.assertEqual(context["widget"]["value"], "[True, False]")
         self.assertEqual(
-            [subwidget['attrs'] for subwidget in context['widget']['subwidgets']],
-            [{'checked': True}, {}]
+            [subwidget["attrs"] for subwidget in context["widget"]["subwidgets"]],
+            [{"checked": True}, {}],
         )
 
     def test_render(self):
         self.check_html(
-            SplitArrayWidget(forms.TextInput(), size=2), 'array', None,
+            SplitArrayWidget(forms.TextInput(), size=2),
+            "array",
+            None,
             """
             <input name="array_0" type="text">
             <input name="array_1" type="text">
-            """
+            """,
         )
 
     def test_render_attrs(self):
         self.check_html(
             SplitArrayWidget(forms.TextInput(), size=2),
-            'array', ['val1', 'val2'], attrs={'id': 'foo'},
+            "array",
+            ["val1", "val2"],
+            attrs={"id": "foo"},
             html=(
                 """
                 <input id="foo_0" name="array_0" type="text" value="val1">
                 <input id="foo_1" name="array_1" type="text" value="val2">
                 """
-            )
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_value_omitted_from_data(self):
         widget = SplitArrayWidget(forms.TextInput(), size=2)
-        self.assertIs(widget.value_omitted_from_data({}, {}, 'field'), True)
-        self.assertIs(widget.value_omitted_from_data({'field_0': 'value'}, {}, 'field'), False)
-        self.assertIs(widget.value_omitted_from_data({'field_1': 'value'}, {}, 'field'), False)
-        self.assertIs(widget.value_omitted_from_data({'field_0': 'value', 'field_1': 'value'}, {}, 'field'), False)
+        self.assertIs(widget.value_omitted_from_data({}, {}, "field"), True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            widget.value_omitted_from_data({"field_0": "value"}, {}, "field"), False
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            widget.value_omitted_from_data({"field_1": "value"}, {}, "field"), False
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            widget.value_omitted_from_data(
+                {"field_0": "value", "field_1": "value"}, {}, "field"
+            ),
+            False,
+        )
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/test_bulk_update.py b/tests/postgres_tests/test_bulk_update.py
index da5aee0f70..f0b473efa7 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/test_bulk_update.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/test_bulk_update.py
@@ -2,8 +2,12 @@ from datetime import date
 
 from . import PostgreSQLTestCase
 from .models import (
-    HStoreModel, IntegerArrayModel, NestedIntegerArrayModel,
-    NullableIntegerArrayModel, OtherTypesArrayModel, RangesModel,
+    HStoreModel,
+    IntegerArrayModel,
+    NestedIntegerArrayModel,
+    NullableIntegerArrayModel,
+    OtherTypesArrayModel,
+    RangesModel,
 )
 
 try:
@@ -15,19 +19,28 @@ except ImportError:
 class BulkSaveTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
     def test_bulk_update(self):
         test_data = [
-            (IntegerArrayModel, 'field', [], [1, 2, 3]),
-            (NullableIntegerArrayModel, 'field', [1, 2, 3], None),
-            (NestedIntegerArrayModel, 'field', [], [[1, 2, 3]]),
-            (HStoreModel, 'field', {}, {1: 2}),
-            (RangesModel, 'ints', None, NumericRange(lower=1, upper=10)),
-            (RangesModel, 'dates', None, DateRange(lower=date.today(), upper=date.today())),
-            (OtherTypesArrayModel, 'ips', [], ['1.2.3.4']),
-            (OtherTypesArrayModel, 'json', [], [{'a': 'b'}])
+            (IntegerArrayModel, "field", [], [1, 2, 3]),
+            (NullableIntegerArrayModel, "field", [1, 2, 3], None),
+            (NestedIntegerArrayModel, "field", [], [[1, 2, 3]]),
+            (HStoreModel, "field", {}, {1: 2}),
+            (RangesModel, "ints", None, NumericRange(lower=1, upper=10)),
+            (
+                RangesModel,
+                "dates",
+                None,
+                DateRange(lower=date.today(), upper=date.today()),
+            ),
+            (OtherTypesArrayModel, "ips", [], ["1.2.3.4"]),
+            (OtherTypesArrayModel, "json", [], [{"a": "b"}]),
         ]
         for Model, field, initial, new in test_data:
             with self.subTest(model=Model, field=field):
-                instances = Model.objects.bulk_create(Model(**{field: initial}) for _ in range(20))
+                instances = Model.objects.bulk_create(
+                    Model(**{field: initial}) for _ in range(20)
+                )
                 for instance in instances:
                     setattr(instance, field, new)
                 Model.objects.bulk_update(instances, [field])
-                self.assertSequenceEqual(Model.objects.filter(**{field: new}), instances)
+                self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                    Model.objects.filter(**{field: new}), instances
+                )
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/test_citext.py b/tests/postgres_tests/test_citext.py
index 350f34ba33..f1c13184b6 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/test_citext.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/test_citext.py
@@ -10,26 +10,35 @@ from . import PostgreSQLTestCase
 from .models import CITestModel
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.postgres'})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.postgres"})
 class CITextTestCase(PostgreSQLTestCase):
-    case_sensitive_lookups = ('contains', 'startswith', 'endswith', 'regex')
+    case_sensitive_lookups = ("contains", "startswith", "endswith", "regex")
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.john = CITestModel.objects.create(
-            name='JoHn',
-            email='joHn@johN.com',
-            description='Average Joe named JoHn',
-            array_field=['JoE', 'jOhn'],
+            name="JoHn",
+            email="joHn@johN.com",
+            description="Average Joe named JoHn",
+            array_field=["JoE", "jOhn"],
         )
 
     def test_equal_lowercase(self):
         """
         citext removes the need for iexact as the index is case-insensitive.
         """
-        self.assertEqual(CITestModel.objects.filter(name=self.john.name.lower()).count(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(CITestModel.objects.filter(email=self.john.email.lower()).count(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(CITestModel.objects.filter(description=self.john.description.lower()).count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            CITestModel.objects.filter(name=self.john.name.lower()).count(), 1
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            CITestModel.objects.filter(email=self.john.email.lower()).count(), 1
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            CITestModel.objects.filter(
+                description=self.john.description.lower()
+            ).count(),
+            1,
+        )
 
     def test_fail_citext_primary_key(self):
         """
@@ -37,27 +46,39 @@ class CITextTestCase(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         clashes with an existing value isn't allowed.
         """
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
-            CITestModel.objects.create(name='John')
+            CITestModel.objects.create(name="John")
 
     def test_array_field(self):
         instance = CITestModel.objects.get()
         self.assertEqual(instance.array_field, self.john.array_field)
-        self.assertTrue(CITestModel.objects.filter(array_field__contains=['joe']).exists())
+        self.assertTrue(
+            CITestModel.objects.filter(array_field__contains=["joe"]).exists()
+        )
 
     def test_lookups_name_char(self):
         for lookup in self.case_sensitive_lookups:
             with self.subTest(lookup=lookup):
-                query = {'name__{}'.format(lookup): 'john'}
-                self.assertSequenceEqual(CITestModel.objects.filter(**query), [self.john])
+                query = {"name__{}".format(lookup): "john"}
+                self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                    CITestModel.objects.filter(**query), [self.john]
+                )
 
     def test_lookups_description_text(self):
-        for lookup, string in zip(self.case_sensitive_lookups, ('average', 'average joe', 'john', 'Joe.named')):
+        for lookup, string in zip(
+            self.case_sensitive_lookups, ("average", "average joe", "john", "Joe.named")
+        ):
             with self.subTest(lookup=lookup, string=string):
-                query = {'description__{}'.format(lookup): string}
-                self.assertSequenceEqual(CITestModel.objects.filter(**query), [self.john])
+                query = {"description__{}".format(lookup): string}
+                self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                    CITestModel.objects.filter(**query), [self.john]
+                )
 
     def test_lookups_email(self):
-        for lookup, string in zip(self.case_sensitive_lookups, ('john', 'john', 'john.com', 'john.com')):
+        for lookup, string in zip(
+            self.case_sensitive_lookups, ("john", "john", "john.com", "john.com")
+        ):
             with self.subTest(lookup=lookup, string=string):
-                query = {'email__{}'.format(lookup): string}
-                self.assertSequenceEqual(CITestModel.objects.filter(**query), [self.john])
+                query = {"email__{}".format(lookup): string}
+                self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                    CITestModel.objects.filter(**query), [self.john]
+                )
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/test_constraints.py b/tests/postgres_tests/test_constraints.py
index 22506ed62d..14b45f9b7f 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/test_constraints.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/test_constraints.py
@@ -2,11 +2,15 @@ import datetime
 from unittest import mock
 
 from django.contrib.postgres.indexes import OpClass
-from django.db import (
-    IntegrityError, NotSupportedError, connection, transaction,
-)
+from django.db import IntegrityError, NotSupportedError, connection, transaction
 from django.db.models import (
-    CheckConstraint, Deferrable, F, Func, IntegerField, Q, UniqueConstraint,
+    CheckConstraint,
+    Deferrable,
+    F,
+    Func,
+    IntegerField,
+    Q,
+    UniqueConstraint,
 )
 from django.db.models.fields.json import KeyTextTransform
 from django.db.models.functions import Cast, Left, Lower
@@ -15,29 +19,29 @@ from django.utils import timezone
 from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango50Warning
 
 from . import PostgreSQLTestCase
-from .models import (
-    HotelReservation, IntegerArrayModel, RangesModel, Room, Scene,
-)
+from .models import HotelReservation, IntegerArrayModel, RangesModel, Room, Scene
 
 try:
     from psycopg2.extras import DateRange, NumericRange
 
     from django.contrib.postgres.constraints import ExclusionConstraint
     from django.contrib.postgres.fields import (
-        DateTimeRangeField, RangeBoundary, RangeOperators,
+        DateTimeRangeField,
+        RangeBoundary,
+        RangeOperators,
     )
 except ImportError:
     pass
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.postgres'})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.postgres"})
 class SchemaTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
-    get_opclass_query = '''
+    get_opclass_query = """
         SELECT opcname, c.relname FROM pg_opclass AS oc
         JOIN pg_index as i on oc.oid = ANY(i.indclass)
         JOIN pg_class as c on c.oid = i.indexrelid
         WHERE c.relname = %s
-    '''
+    """
 
     def get_constraints(self, table):
         """Get the constraints on the table using a new cursor."""
@@ -45,8 +49,10 @@ class SchemaTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
             return connection.introspection.get_constraints(cursor, table)
 
     def test_check_constraint_range_value(self):
-        constraint_name = 'ints_between'
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
+        constraint_name = "ints_between"
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
         constraint = CheckConstraint(
             check=Q(ints__contained_by=NumericRange(10, 30)),
             name=constraint_name,
@@ -59,10 +65,12 @@ class SchemaTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         RangesModel.objects.create(ints=(10, 30))
 
     def test_check_constraint_daterange_contains(self):
-        constraint_name = 'dates_contains'
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
+        constraint_name = "dates_contains"
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
         constraint = CheckConstraint(
-            check=Q(dates__contains=F('dates_inner')),
+            check=Q(dates__contains=F("dates_inner")),
             name=constraint_name,
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -81,10 +89,12 @@ class SchemaTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         )
 
     def test_check_constraint_datetimerange_contains(self):
-        constraint_name = 'timestamps_contains'
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
+        constraint_name = "timestamps_contains"
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
         constraint = CheckConstraint(
-            check=Q(timestamps__contains=F('timestamps_inner')),
+            check=Q(timestamps__contains=F("timestamps_inner")),
             name=constraint_name,
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -104,9 +114,9 @@ class SchemaTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
 
     def test_opclass(self):
         constraint = UniqueConstraint(
-            name='test_opclass',
-            fields=['scene'],
-            opclasses=['varchar_pattern_ops'],
+            name="test_opclass",
+            fields=["scene"],
+            opclasses=["varchar_pattern_ops"],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_constraint(Scene, constraint)
@@ -115,7 +125,7 @@ class SchemaTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
             cursor.execute(self.get_opclass_query, [constraint.name])
             self.assertEqual(
                 cursor.fetchall(),
-                [('varchar_pattern_ops', constraint.name)],
+                [("varchar_pattern_ops", constraint.name)],
             )
         # Drop the constraint.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -124,25 +134,25 @@ class SchemaTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
 
     def test_opclass_multiple_columns(self):
         constraint = UniqueConstraint(
-            name='test_opclass_multiple',
-            fields=['scene', 'setting'],
-            opclasses=['varchar_pattern_ops', 'text_pattern_ops'],
+            name="test_opclass_multiple",
+            fields=["scene", "setting"],
+            opclasses=["varchar_pattern_ops", "text_pattern_ops"],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_constraint(Scene, constraint)
         with editor.connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(self.get_opclass_query, [constraint.name])
             expected_opclasses = (
-                ('varchar_pattern_ops', constraint.name),
-                ('text_pattern_ops', constraint.name),
+                ("varchar_pattern_ops", constraint.name),
+                ("text_pattern_ops", constraint.name),
             )
             self.assertCountEqual(cursor.fetchall(), expected_opclasses)
 
     def test_opclass_partial(self):
         constraint = UniqueConstraint(
-            name='test_opclass_partial',
-            fields=['scene'],
-            opclasses=['varchar_pattern_ops'],
+            name="test_opclass_partial",
+            fields=["scene"],
+            opclasses=["varchar_pattern_ops"],
             condition=Q(setting__contains="Sir Bedemir's Castle"),
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -151,16 +161,16 @@ class SchemaTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
             cursor.execute(self.get_opclass_query, [constraint.name])
             self.assertCountEqual(
                 cursor.fetchall(),
-                [('varchar_pattern_ops', constraint.name)],
+                [("varchar_pattern_ops", constraint.name)],
             )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_indexes")
     def test_opclass_include(self):
         constraint = UniqueConstraint(
-            name='test_opclass_include',
-            fields=['scene'],
-            opclasses=['varchar_pattern_ops'],
-            include=['setting'],
+            name="test_opclass_include",
+            fields=["scene"],
+            opclasses=["varchar_pattern_ops"],
+            include=["setting"],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_constraint(Scene, constraint)
@@ -168,38 +178,38 @@ class SchemaTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
             cursor.execute(self.get_opclass_query, [constraint.name])
             self.assertCountEqual(
                 cursor.fetchall(),
-                [('varchar_pattern_ops', constraint.name)],
+                [("varchar_pattern_ops", constraint.name)],
             )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_opclass_func(self):
         constraint = UniqueConstraint(
-            OpClass(Lower('scene'), name='text_pattern_ops'),
-            name='test_opclass_func',
+            OpClass(Lower("scene"), name="text_pattern_ops"),
+            name="test_opclass_func",
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_constraint(Scene, constraint)
         constraints = self.get_constraints(Scene._meta.db_table)
-        self.assertIs(constraints[constraint.name]['unique'], True)
+        self.assertIs(constraints[constraint.name]["unique"], True)
         self.assertIn(constraint.name, constraints)
         with editor.connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(self.get_opclass_query, [constraint.name])
             self.assertEqual(
                 cursor.fetchall(),
-                [('text_pattern_ops', constraint.name)],
+                [("text_pattern_ops", constraint.name)],
             )
-        Scene.objects.create(scene='Scene 10', setting='The dark forest of Ewing')
+        Scene.objects.create(scene="Scene 10", setting="The dark forest of Ewing")
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
-            Scene.objects.create(scene='ScEnE 10', setting="Sir Bedemir's Castle")
-        Scene.objects.create(scene='Scene 5', setting="Sir Bedemir's Castle")
+            Scene.objects.create(scene="ScEnE 10", setting="Sir Bedemir's Castle")
+        Scene.objects.create(scene="Scene 5", setting="Sir Bedemir's Castle")
         # Drop the constraint.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_constraint(Scene, constraint)
         self.assertNotIn(constraint.name, self.get_constraints(Scene._meta.db_table))
-        Scene.objects.create(scene='ScEnE 10', setting="Sir Bedemir's Castle")
+        Scene.objects.create(scene="ScEnE 10", setting="Sir Bedemir's Castle")
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.postgres'})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.postgres"})
 class ExclusionConstraintTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
     def get_constraints(self, table):
         """Get the constraints on the table using a new cursor."""
@@ -207,102 +217,104 @@ class ExclusionConstraintTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
             return connection.introspection.get_constraints(cursor, table)
 
     def test_invalid_condition(self):
-        msg = 'ExclusionConstraint.condition must be a Q instance.'
+        msg = "ExclusionConstraint.condition must be a Q instance."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             ExclusionConstraint(
-                index_type='GIST',
-                name='exclude_invalid_condition',
-                expressions=[(F('datespan'), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
-                condition=F('invalid'),
+                index_type="GIST",
+                name="exclude_invalid_condition",
+                expressions=[(F("datespan"), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
+                condition=F("invalid"),
             )
 
     def test_invalid_index_type(self):
-        msg = 'Exclusion constraints only support GiST or SP-GiST indexes.'
+        msg = "Exclusion constraints only support GiST or SP-GiST indexes."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             ExclusionConstraint(
-                index_type='gin',
-                name='exclude_invalid_index_type',
-                expressions=[(F('datespan'), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
+                index_type="gin",
+                name="exclude_invalid_index_type",
+                expressions=[(F("datespan"), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
             )
 
     def test_invalid_expressions(self):
-        msg = 'The expressions must be a list of 2-tuples.'
-        for expressions in (['foo'], [('foo')], [('foo_1', 'foo_2', 'foo_3')]):
+        msg = "The expressions must be a list of 2-tuples."
+        for expressions in (["foo"], [("foo")], [("foo_1", "foo_2", "foo_3")]):
             with self.subTest(expressions), self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
                 ExclusionConstraint(
-                    index_type='GIST',
-                    name='exclude_invalid_expressions',
+                    index_type="GIST",
+                    name="exclude_invalid_expressions",
                     expressions=expressions,
                 )
 
     def test_empty_expressions(self):
-        msg = 'At least one expression is required to define an exclusion constraint.'
+        msg = "At least one expression is required to define an exclusion constraint."
         for empty_expressions in (None, []):
-            with self.subTest(empty_expressions), self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
+            with self.subTest(empty_expressions), self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                ValueError, msg
+            ):
                 ExclusionConstraint(
-                    index_type='GIST',
-                    name='exclude_empty_expressions',
+                    index_type="GIST",
+                    name="exclude_empty_expressions",
                     expressions=empty_expressions,
                 )
 
     def test_invalid_deferrable(self):
-        msg = 'ExclusionConstraint.deferrable must be a Deferrable instance.'
+        msg = "ExclusionConstraint.deferrable must be a Deferrable instance."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             ExclusionConstraint(
-                name='exclude_invalid_deferrable',
-                expressions=[(F('datespan'), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
-                deferrable='invalid',
+                name="exclude_invalid_deferrable",
+                expressions=[(F("datespan"), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
+                deferrable="invalid",
             )
 
     def test_deferrable_with_condition(self):
-        msg = 'ExclusionConstraint with conditions cannot be deferred.'
+        msg = "ExclusionConstraint with conditions cannot be deferred."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             ExclusionConstraint(
-                name='exclude_invalid_condition',
-                expressions=[(F('datespan'), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
+                name="exclude_invalid_condition",
+                expressions=[(F("datespan"), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
                 condition=Q(cancelled=False),
                 deferrable=Deferrable.DEFERRED,
             )
 
     def test_invalid_include_type(self):
-        msg = 'ExclusionConstraint.include must be a list or tuple.'
+        msg = "ExclusionConstraint.include must be a list or tuple."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             ExclusionConstraint(
-                name='exclude_invalid_include',
-                expressions=[(F('datespan'), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
-                include='invalid',
+                name="exclude_invalid_include",
+                expressions=[(F("datespan"), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
+                include="invalid",
             )
 
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
     def test_invalid_opclasses_type(self):
-        msg = 'ExclusionConstraint.opclasses must be a list or tuple.'
+        msg = "ExclusionConstraint.opclasses must be a list or tuple."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             ExclusionConstraint(
-                name='exclude_invalid_opclasses',
-                expressions=[(F('datespan'), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
-                opclasses='invalid',
+                name="exclude_invalid_opclasses",
+                expressions=[(F("datespan"), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
+                opclasses="invalid",
             )
 
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
     def test_opclasses_and_expressions_same_length(self):
         msg = (
-            'ExclusionConstraint.expressions and '
-            'ExclusionConstraint.opclasses must have the same number of '
-            'elements.'
+            "ExclusionConstraint.expressions and "
+            "ExclusionConstraint.opclasses must have the same number of "
+            "elements."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             ExclusionConstraint(
-                name='exclude_invalid_expressions_opclasses_length',
-                expressions=[(F('datespan'), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
-                opclasses=['foo', 'bar'],
+                name="exclude_invalid_expressions_opclasses_length",
+                expressions=[(F("datespan"), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
+                opclasses=["foo", "bar"],
             )
 
     def test_repr(self):
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
-            name='exclude_overlapping',
+            name="exclude_overlapping",
             expressions=[
-                (F('datespan'), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
-                (F('room'), RangeOperators.EQUAL),
+                (F("datespan"), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
+                (F("room"), RangeOperators.EQUAL),
             ],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -311,10 +323,10 @@ class ExclusionConstraintTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
             "(F(datespan), '&&'), (F(room), '=')] name='exclude_overlapping'>",
         )
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
-            name='exclude_overlapping',
-            expressions=[(F('datespan'), RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
+            name="exclude_overlapping",
+            expressions=[(F("datespan"), RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
             condition=Q(cancelled=False),
-            index_type='SPGiST',
+            index_type="SPGiST",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(constraint),
@@ -323,8 +335,8 @@ class ExclusionConstraintTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
             "condition=(AND: ('cancelled', False))>",
         )
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
-            name='exclude_overlapping',
-            expressions=[(F('datespan'), RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
+            name="exclude_overlapping",
+            expressions=[(F("datespan"), RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
             deferrable=Deferrable.IMMEDIATE,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -334,9 +346,9 @@ class ExclusionConstraintTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
             "deferrable=Deferrable.IMMEDIATE>",
         )
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
-            name='exclude_overlapping',
-            expressions=[(F('datespan'), RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
-            include=['cancelled', 'room'],
+            name="exclude_overlapping",
+            expressions=[(F("datespan"), RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
+            include=["cancelled", "room"],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(constraint),
@@ -345,9 +357,9 @@ class ExclusionConstraintTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
             "include=('cancelled', 'room')>",
         )
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
-            name='exclude_overlapping',
+            name="exclude_overlapping",
             expressions=[
-                (OpClass('datespan', name='range_ops'), RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO),
+                (OpClass("datespan", name="range_ops"), RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO),
             ],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -359,75 +371,75 @@ class ExclusionConstraintTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
 
     def test_eq(self):
         constraint_1 = ExclusionConstraint(
-            name='exclude_overlapping',
+            name="exclude_overlapping",
             expressions=[
-                (F('datespan'), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
-                (F('room'), RangeOperators.EQUAL),
+                (F("datespan"), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
+                (F("room"), RangeOperators.EQUAL),
             ],
             condition=Q(cancelled=False),
         )
         constraint_2 = ExclusionConstraint(
-            name='exclude_overlapping',
+            name="exclude_overlapping",
             expressions=[
-                ('datespan', RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
-                ('room', RangeOperators.EQUAL),
+                ("datespan", RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
+                ("room", RangeOperators.EQUAL),
             ],
         )
         constraint_3 = ExclusionConstraint(
-            name='exclude_overlapping',
-            expressions=[('datespan', RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
+            name="exclude_overlapping",
+            expressions=[("datespan", RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
             condition=Q(cancelled=False),
         )
         constraint_4 = ExclusionConstraint(
-            name='exclude_overlapping',
+            name="exclude_overlapping",
             expressions=[
-                ('datespan', RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
-                ('room', RangeOperators.EQUAL),
+                ("datespan", RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
+                ("room", RangeOperators.EQUAL),
             ],
             deferrable=Deferrable.DEFERRED,
         )
         constraint_5 = ExclusionConstraint(
-            name='exclude_overlapping',
+            name="exclude_overlapping",
             expressions=[
-                ('datespan', RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
-                ('room', RangeOperators.EQUAL),
+                ("datespan", RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
+                ("room", RangeOperators.EQUAL),
             ],
             deferrable=Deferrable.IMMEDIATE,
         )
         constraint_6 = ExclusionConstraint(
-            name='exclude_overlapping',
+            name="exclude_overlapping",
             expressions=[
-                ('datespan', RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
-                ('room', RangeOperators.EQUAL),
+                ("datespan", RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
+                ("room", RangeOperators.EQUAL),
             ],
             deferrable=Deferrable.IMMEDIATE,
-            include=['cancelled'],
+            include=["cancelled"],
         )
         constraint_7 = ExclusionConstraint(
-            name='exclude_overlapping',
+            name="exclude_overlapping",
             expressions=[
-                ('datespan', RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
-                ('room', RangeOperators.EQUAL),
+                ("datespan", RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
+                ("room", RangeOperators.EQUAL),
             ],
-            include=['cancelled'],
+            include=["cancelled"],
         )
         with ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning):
             constraint_8 = ExclusionConstraint(
-                name='exclude_overlapping',
+                name="exclude_overlapping",
                 expressions=[
-                    ('datespan', RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
-                    ('room', RangeOperators.EQUAL),
+                    ("datespan", RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
+                    ("room", RangeOperators.EQUAL),
                 ],
-                include=['cancelled'],
-                opclasses=['range_ops', 'range_ops']
+                include=["cancelled"],
+                opclasses=["range_ops", "range_ops"],
             )
             constraint_9 = ExclusionConstraint(
-                name='exclude_overlapping',
+                name="exclude_overlapping",
                 expressions=[
-                    ('datespan', RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
-                    ('room', RangeOperators.EQUAL),
+                    ("datespan", RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
+                    ("room", RangeOperators.EQUAL),
                 ],
-                opclasses=['range_ops', 'range_ops']
+                opclasses=["range_ops", "range_ops"],
             )
             self.assertNotEqual(constraint_2, constraint_9)
             self.assertNotEqual(constraint_7, constraint_8)
@@ -445,99 +457,151 @@ class ExclusionConstraintTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
 
     def test_deconstruct(self):
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
-            name='exclude_overlapping',
-            expressions=[('datespan', RangeOperators.OVERLAPS), ('room', RangeOperators.EQUAL)],
+            name="exclude_overlapping",
+            expressions=[
+                ("datespan", RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
+                ("room", RangeOperators.EQUAL),
+            ],
         )
         path, args, kwargs = constraint.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.postgres.constraints.ExclusionConstraint')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            path, "django.contrib.postgres.constraints.ExclusionConstraint"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {
-            'name': 'exclude_overlapping',
-            'expressions': [('datespan', RangeOperators.OVERLAPS), ('room', RangeOperators.EQUAL)],
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs,
+            {
+                "name": "exclude_overlapping",
+                "expressions": [
+                    ("datespan", RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
+                    ("room", RangeOperators.EQUAL),
+                ],
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_deconstruct_index_type(self):
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
-            name='exclude_overlapping',
-            index_type='SPGIST',
-            expressions=[('datespan', RangeOperators.OVERLAPS), ('room', RangeOperators.EQUAL)],
+            name="exclude_overlapping",
+            index_type="SPGIST",
+            expressions=[
+                ("datespan", RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
+                ("room", RangeOperators.EQUAL),
+            ],
         )
         path, args, kwargs = constraint.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.postgres.constraints.ExclusionConstraint')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            path, "django.contrib.postgres.constraints.ExclusionConstraint"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {
-            'name': 'exclude_overlapping',
-            'index_type': 'SPGIST',
-            'expressions': [('datespan', RangeOperators.OVERLAPS), ('room', RangeOperators.EQUAL)],
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs,
+            {
+                "name": "exclude_overlapping",
+                "index_type": "SPGIST",
+                "expressions": [
+                    ("datespan", RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
+                    ("room", RangeOperators.EQUAL),
+                ],
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_deconstruct_condition(self):
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
-            name='exclude_overlapping',
-            expressions=[('datespan', RangeOperators.OVERLAPS), ('room', RangeOperators.EQUAL)],
+            name="exclude_overlapping",
+            expressions=[
+                ("datespan", RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
+                ("room", RangeOperators.EQUAL),
+            ],
             condition=Q(cancelled=False),
         )
         path, args, kwargs = constraint.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.postgres.constraints.ExclusionConstraint')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            path, "django.contrib.postgres.constraints.ExclusionConstraint"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {
-            'name': 'exclude_overlapping',
-            'expressions': [('datespan', RangeOperators.OVERLAPS), ('room', RangeOperators.EQUAL)],
-            'condition': Q(cancelled=False),
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs,
+            {
+                "name": "exclude_overlapping",
+                "expressions": [
+                    ("datespan", RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
+                    ("room", RangeOperators.EQUAL),
+                ],
+                "condition": Q(cancelled=False),
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_deconstruct_deferrable(self):
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
-            name='exclude_overlapping',
-            expressions=[('datespan', RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
+            name="exclude_overlapping",
+            expressions=[("datespan", RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
             deferrable=Deferrable.DEFERRED,
         )
         path, args, kwargs = constraint.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.postgres.constraints.ExclusionConstraint')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            path, "django.contrib.postgres.constraints.ExclusionConstraint"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {
-            'name': 'exclude_overlapping',
-            'expressions': [('datespan', RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
-            'deferrable': Deferrable.DEFERRED,
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs,
+            {
+                "name": "exclude_overlapping",
+                "expressions": [("datespan", RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
+                "deferrable": Deferrable.DEFERRED,
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_deconstruct_include(self):
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
-            name='exclude_overlapping',
-            expressions=[('datespan', RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
-            include=['cancelled', 'room'],
+            name="exclude_overlapping",
+            expressions=[("datespan", RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
+            include=["cancelled", "room"],
         )
         path, args, kwargs = constraint.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.postgres.constraints.ExclusionConstraint')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            path, "django.contrib.postgres.constraints.ExclusionConstraint"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {
-            'name': 'exclude_overlapping',
-            'expressions': [('datespan', RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
-            'include': ('cancelled', 'room'),
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs,
+            {
+                "name": "exclude_overlapping",
+                "expressions": [("datespan", RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
+                "include": ("cancelled", "room"),
+            },
+        )
 
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
     def test_deconstruct_opclasses(self):
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
-            name='exclude_overlapping',
-            expressions=[('datespan', RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
-            opclasses=['range_ops'],
+            name="exclude_overlapping",
+            expressions=[("datespan", RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
+            opclasses=["range_ops"],
         )
         path, args, kwargs = constraint.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.postgres.constraints.ExclusionConstraint')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            path, "django.contrib.postgres.constraints.ExclusionConstraint"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {
-            'name': 'exclude_overlapping',
-            'expressions': [('datespan', RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
-            'opclasses': ['range_ops'],
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs,
+            {
+                "name": "exclude_overlapping",
+                "expressions": [("datespan", RangeOperators.OVERLAPS)],
+                "opclasses": ["range_ops"],
+            },
+        )
 
     def _test_range_overlaps(self, constraint):
         # Create exclusion constraint.
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint.name, self.get_constraints(HotelReservation._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint.name, self.get_constraints(HotelReservation._meta.db_table)
+        )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_constraint(HotelReservation, constraint)
-        self.assertIn(constraint.name, self.get_constraints(HotelReservation._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertIn(
+            constraint.name, self.get_constraints(HotelReservation._meta.db_table)
+        )
         # Add initial reservations.
         room101 = Room.objects.create(number=101)
         room102 = Room.objects.create(number=102)
@@ -570,61 +634,63 @@ class ExclusionConstraintTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
             )
             reservation.save()
         # Valid range.
-        HotelReservation.objects.bulk_create([
-            # Other room.
-            HotelReservation(
-                datespan=(datetimes[1].date(), datetimes[2].date()),
-                start=datetimes[1],
-                end=datetimes[2],
-                room=room101,
-            ),
-            # Cancelled reservation.
-            HotelReservation(
-                datespan=(datetimes[1].date(), datetimes[1].date()),
-                start=datetimes[1],
-                end=datetimes[2],
-                room=room102,
-                cancelled=True,
-            ),
-            # Other adjacent dates.
-            HotelReservation(
-                datespan=(datetimes[3].date(), datetimes[4].date()),
-                start=datetimes[3],
-                end=datetimes[4],
-                room=room102,
-            ),
-        ])
+        HotelReservation.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                # Other room.
+                HotelReservation(
+                    datespan=(datetimes[1].date(), datetimes[2].date()),
+                    start=datetimes[1],
+                    end=datetimes[2],
+                    room=room101,
+                ),
+                # Cancelled reservation.
+                HotelReservation(
+                    datespan=(datetimes[1].date(), datetimes[1].date()),
+                    start=datetimes[1],
+                    end=datetimes[2],
+                    room=room102,
+                    cancelled=True,
+                ),
+                # Other adjacent dates.
+                HotelReservation(
+                    datespan=(datetimes[3].date(), datetimes[4].date()),
+                    start=datetimes[3],
+                    end=datetimes[4],
+                    room=room102,
+                ),
+            ]
+        )
 
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
     def test_range_overlaps_custom_opclasses(self):
         class TsTzRange(Func):
-            function = 'TSTZRANGE'
+            function = "TSTZRANGE"
             output_field = DateTimeRangeField()
 
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
-            name='exclude_overlapping_reservations_custom',
+            name="exclude_overlapping_reservations_custom",
             expressions=[
-                (TsTzRange('start', 'end', RangeBoundary()), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
-                ('room', RangeOperators.EQUAL)
+                (TsTzRange("start", "end", RangeBoundary()), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
+                ("room", RangeOperators.EQUAL),
             ],
             condition=Q(cancelled=False),
-            opclasses=['range_ops', 'gist_int4_ops'],
+            opclasses=["range_ops", "gist_int4_ops"],
         )
         self._test_range_overlaps(constraint)
 
     def test_range_overlaps_custom(self):
         class TsTzRange(Func):
-            function = 'TSTZRANGE'
+            function = "TSTZRANGE"
             output_field = DateTimeRangeField()
 
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
-            name='exclude_overlapping_reservations_custom_opclass',
+            name="exclude_overlapping_reservations_custom_opclass",
             expressions=[
                 (
-                    OpClass(TsTzRange('start', 'end', RangeBoundary()), 'range_ops'),
+                    OpClass(TsTzRange("start", "end", RangeBoundary()), "range_ops"),
                     RangeOperators.OVERLAPS,
                 ),
-                (OpClass('room', 'gist_int4_ops'), RangeOperators.EQUAL),
+                (OpClass("room", "gist_int4_ops"), RangeOperators.EQUAL),
             ],
             condition=Q(cancelled=False),
         )
@@ -632,21 +698,23 @@ class ExclusionConstraintTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
 
     def test_range_overlaps(self):
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
-            name='exclude_overlapping_reservations',
+            name="exclude_overlapping_reservations",
             expressions=[
-                (F('datespan'), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
-                ('room', RangeOperators.EQUAL)
+                (F("datespan"), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
+                ("room", RangeOperators.EQUAL),
             ],
             condition=Q(cancelled=False),
         )
         self._test_range_overlaps(constraint)
 
     def test_range_adjacent(self):
-        constraint_name = 'ints_adjacent'
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
+        constraint_name = "ints_adjacent"
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
             name=constraint_name,
-            expressions=[('ints', RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
+            expressions=[("ints", RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_constraint(RangesModel, constraint)
@@ -659,26 +727,28 @@ class ExclusionConstraintTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         # Drop the constraint.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_constraint(RangesModel, constraint)
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
 
     def test_expressions_with_params(self):
-        constraint_name = 'scene_left_equal'
+        constraint_name = "scene_left_equal"
         self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(Scene._meta.db_table))
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
             name=constraint_name,
-            expressions=[(Left('scene', 4), RangeOperators.EQUAL)],
+            expressions=[(Left("scene", 4), RangeOperators.EQUAL)],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_constraint(Scene, constraint)
         self.assertIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(Scene._meta.db_table))
 
     def test_expressions_with_key_transform(self):
-        constraint_name = 'exclude_overlapping_reservations_smoking'
+        constraint_name = "exclude_overlapping_reservations_smoking"
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
             name=constraint_name,
             expressions=[
-                (F('datespan'), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
-                (KeyTextTransform('smoking', 'requirements'), RangeOperators.EQUAL),
+                (F("datespan"), RangeOperators.OVERLAPS),
+                (KeyTextTransform("smoking", "requirements"), RangeOperators.EQUAL),
             ],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -689,10 +759,10 @@ class ExclusionConstraintTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         )
 
     def test_index_transform(self):
-        constraint_name = 'first_index_equal'
+        constraint_name = "first_index_equal"
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
             name=constraint_name,
-            expressions=[('field__0', RangeOperators.EQUAL)],
+            expressions=[("field__0", RangeOperators.EQUAL)],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_constraint(IntegerArrayModel, constraint)
@@ -702,11 +772,13 @@ class ExclusionConstraintTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         )
 
     def test_range_adjacent_initially_deferred(self):
-        constraint_name = 'ints_adjacent_deferred'
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
+        constraint_name = "ints_adjacent_deferred"
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
             name=constraint_name,
-            expressions=[('ints', RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
+            expressions=[("ints", RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
             deferrable=Deferrable.DEFERRED,
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -718,21 +790,23 @@ class ExclusionConstraintTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
             with transaction.atomic(), connection.cursor() as cursor:
                 quoted_name = connection.ops.quote_name(constraint_name)
-                cursor.execute('SET CONSTRAINTS %s IMMEDIATE' % quoted_name)
+                cursor.execute("SET CONSTRAINTS %s IMMEDIATE" % quoted_name)
         # Remove adjacent range before the end of transaction.
         adjacent_range.delete()
         RangesModel.objects.create(ints=(10, 19))
         RangesModel.objects.create(ints=(51, 60))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_gist_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_gist_indexes")
     def test_range_adjacent_gist_include(self):
-        constraint_name = 'ints_adjacent_gist_include'
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
+        constraint_name = "ints_adjacent_gist_include"
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
             name=constraint_name,
-            expressions=[('ints', RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
-            index_type='gist',
-            include=['decimals', 'ints'],
+            expressions=[("ints", RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
+            index_type="gist",
+            include=["decimals", "ints"],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_constraint(RangesModel, constraint)
@@ -743,15 +817,17 @@ class ExclusionConstraintTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         RangesModel.objects.create(ints=(10, 19))
         RangesModel.objects.create(ints=(51, 60))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_spgist_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_spgist_indexes")
     def test_range_adjacent_spgist_include(self):
-        constraint_name = 'ints_adjacent_spgist_include'
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
+        constraint_name = "ints_adjacent_spgist_include"
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
             name=constraint_name,
-            expressions=[('ints', RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
-            index_type='spgist',
-            include=['decimals', 'ints'],
+            expressions=[("ints", RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
+            index_type="spgist",
+            include=["decimals", "ints"],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_constraint(RangesModel, constraint)
@@ -762,60 +838,68 @@ class ExclusionConstraintTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         RangesModel.objects.create(ints=(10, 19))
         RangesModel.objects.create(ints=(51, 60))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_gist_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_gist_indexes")
     def test_range_adjacent_gist_include_condition(self):
-        constraint_name = 'ints_adjacent_gist_include_condition'
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
+        constraint_name = "ints_adjacent_gist_include_condition"
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
             name=constraint_name,
-            expressions=[('ints', RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
-            index_type='gist',
-            include=['decimals'],
+            expressions=[("ints", RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
+            index_type="gist",
+            include=["decimals"],
             condition=Q(id__gte=100),
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_constraint(RangesModel, constraint)
         self.assertIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_spgist_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_spgist_indexes")
     def test_range_adjacent_spgist_include_condition(self):
-        constraint_name = 'ints_adjacent_spgist_include_condition'
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
+        constraint_name = "ints_adjacent_spgist_include_condition"
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
             name=constraint_name,
-            expressions=[('ints', RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
-            index_type='spgist',
-            include=['decimals'],
+            expressions=[("ints", RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
+            index_type="spgist",
+            include=["decimals"],
             condition=Q(id__gte=100),
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_constraint(RangesModel, constraint)
         self.assertIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_gist_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_gist_indexes")
     def test_range_adjacent_gist_include_deferrable(self):
-        constraint_name = 'ints_adjacent_gist_include_deferrable'
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
+        constraint_name = "ints_adjacent_gist_include_deferrable"
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
             name=constraint_name,
-            expressions=[('ints', RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
-            index_type='gist',
-            include=['decimals'],
+            expressions=[("ints", RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
+            index_type="gist",
+            include=["decimals"],
             deferrable=Deferrable.DEFERRED,
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_constraint(RangesModel, constraint)
         self.assertIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_spgist_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_spgist_indexes")
     def test_range_adjacent_spgist_include_deferrable(self):
-        constraint_name = 'ints_adjacent_spgist_include_deferrable'
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
+        constraint_name = "ints_adjacent_spgist_include_deferrable"
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
             name=constraint_name,
-            expressions=[('ints', RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
-            index_type='spgist',
-            include=['decimals'],
+            expressions=[("ints", RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
+            index_type="spgist",
+            include=["decimals"],
             deferrable=Deferrable.DEFERRED,
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -823,53 +907,55 @@ class ExclusionConstraintTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         self.assertIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
 
     def test_gist_include_not_supported(self):
-        constraint_name = 'ints_adjacent_gist_include_not_supported'
+        constraint_name = "ints_adjacent_gist_include_not_supported"
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
             name=constraint_name,
-            expressions=[('ints', RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
-            index_type='gist',
-            include=['id'],
+            expressions=[("ints", RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
+            index_type="gist",
+            include=["id"],
         )
         msg = (
-            'Covering exclusion constraints using a GiST index require '
-            'PostgreSQL 12+.'
+            "Covering exclusion constraints using a GiST index require "
+            "PostgreSQL 12+."
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             with mock.patch(
-                'django.db.backends.postgresql.features.DatabaseFeatures.supports_covering_gist_indexes',
+                "django.db.backends.postgresql.features.DatabaseFeatures.supports_covering_gist_indexes",
                 False,
             ):
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
                     editor.add_constraint(RangesModel, constraint)
 
     def test_spgist_include_not_supported(self):
-        constraint_name = 'ints_adjacent_spgist_include_not_supported'
+        constraint_name = "ints_adjacent_spgist_include_not_supported"
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
             name=constraint_name,
-            expressions=[('ints', RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
-            index_type='spgist',
-            include=['id'],
+            expressions=[("ints", RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
+            index_type="spgist",
+            include=["id"],
         )
         msg = (
-            'Covering exclusion constraints using an SP-GiST index require '
-            'PostgreSQL 14+.'
+            "Covering exclusion constraints using an SP-GiST index require "
+            "PostgreSQL 14+."
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             with mock.patch(
-                'django.db.backends.postgresql.features.DatabaseFeatures.'
-                'supports_covering_spgist_indexes',
+                "django.db.backends.postgresql.features.DatabaseFeatures."
+                "supports_covering_spgist_indexes",
                 False,
             ):
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
                     editor.add_constraint(RangesModel, constraint)
 
     def test_range_adjacent_opclass(self):
-        constraint_name = 'ints_adjacent_opclass'
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
+        constraint_name = "ints_adjacent_opclass"
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
             name=constraint_name,
             expressions=[
-                (OpClass('ints', name='range_ops'), RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO),
+                (OpClass("ints", name="range_ops"), RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO),
             ],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -880,7 +966,7 @@ class ExclusionConstraintTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
             cursor.execute(SchemaTests.get_opclass_query, [constraint_name])
             self.assertEqual(
                 cursor.fetchall(),
-                [('range_ops', constraint_name)],
+                [("range_ops", constraint_name)],
             )
         RangesModel.objects.create(ints=(20, 50))
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
@@ -890,15 +976,19 @@ class ExclusionConstraintTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         # Drop the constraint.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_constraint(RangesModel, constraint)
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
 
     def test_range_adjacent_opclass_condition(self):
-        constraint_name = 'ints_adjacent_opclass_condition'
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
+        constraint_name = "ints_adjacent_opclass_condition"
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
             name=constraint_name,
             expressions=[
-                (OpClass('ints', name='range_ops'), RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO),
+                (OpClass("ints", name="range_ops"), RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO),
             ],
             condition=Q(id__gte=100),
         )
@@ -907,12 +997,14 @@ class ExclusionConstraintTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         self.assertIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
 
     def test_range_adjacent_opclass_deferrable(self):
-        constraint_name = 'ints_adjacent_opclass_deferrable'
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
+        constraint_name = "ints_adjacent_opclass_deferrable"
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
             name=constraint_name,
             expressions=[
-                (OpClass('ints', name='range_ops'), RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO),
+                (OpClass("ints", name="range_ops"), RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO),
             ],
             deferrable=Deferrable.DEFERRED,
         )
@@ -920,51 +1012,55 @@ class ExclusionConstraintTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
             editor.add_constraint(RangesModel, constraint)
         self.assertIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_gist_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_gist_indexes")
     def test_range_adjacent_gist_opclass_include(self):
-        constraint_name = 'ints_adjacent_gist_opclass_include'
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
+        constraint_name = "ints_adjacent_gist_opclass_include"
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
             name=constraint_name,
             expressions=[
-                (OpClass('ints', name='range_ops'), RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO),
+                (OpClass("ints", name="range_ops"), RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO),
             ],
-            index_type='gist',
-            include=['decimals'],
+            index_type="gist",
+            include=["decimals"],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_constraint(RangesModel, constraint)
         self.assertIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_spgist_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_spgist_indexes")
     def test_range_adjacent_spgist_opclass_include(self):
-        constraint_name = 'ints_adjacent_spgist_opclass_include'
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
+        constraint_name = "ints_adjacent_spgist_opclass_include"
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
             name=constraint_name,
             expressions=[
-                (OpClass('ints', name='range_ops'), RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO),
+                (OpClass("ints", name="range_ops"), RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO),
             ],
-            index_type='spgist',
-            include=['decimals'],
+            index_type="spgist",
+            include=["decimals"],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_constraint(RangesModel, constraint)
         self.assertIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
 
     def test_range_equal_cast(self):
-        constraint_name = 'exclusion_equal_room_cast'
+        constraint_name = "exclusion_equal_room_cast"
         self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(Room._meta.db_table))
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
             name=constraint_name,
-            expressions=[(Cast('number', IntegerField()), RangeOperators.EQUAL)],
+            expressions=[(Cast("number", IntegerField()), RangeOperators.EQUAL)],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_constraint(Room, constraint)
         self.assertIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(Room._meta.db_table))
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.postgres'})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.postgres"})
 class ExclusionConstraintOpclassesDepracationTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
     def get_constraints(self, table):
         """Get the constraints on the table using a new cursor."""
@@ -973,23 +1069,23 @@ class ExclusionConstraintOpclassesDepracationTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
 
     def test_warning(self):
         msg = (
-            'The opclasses argument is deprecated in favor of using '
-            'django.contrib.postgres.indexes.OpClass in '
-            'ExclusionConstraint.expressions.'
+            "The opclasses argument is deprecated in favor of using "
+            "django.contrib.postgres.indexes.OpClass in "
+            "ExclusionConstraint.expressions."
         )
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(RemovedInDjango50Warning, msg):
             ExclusionConstraint(
-                name='exclude_overlapping',
-                expressions=[(F('datespan'), RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
-                opclasses=['range_ops'],
+                name="exclude_overlapping",
+                expressions=[(F("datespan"), RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
+                opclasses=["range_ops"],
             )
 
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
     def test_repr(self):
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
-            name='exclude_overlapping',
-            expressions=[(F('datespan'), RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
-            opclasses=['range_ops'],
+            name="exclude_overlapping",
+            expressions=[(F("datespan"), RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
+            opclasses=["range_ops"],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(constraint),
@@ -1000,12 +1096,14 @@ class ExclusionConstraintOpclassesDepracationTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
 
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
     def test_range_adjacent_opclasses(self):
-        constraint_name = 'ints_adjacent_opclasses'
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
+        constraint_name = "ints_adjacent_opclasses"
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
             name=constraint_name,
-            expressions=[('ints', RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
-            opclasses=['range_ops'],
+            expressions=[("ints", RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
+            opclasses=["range_ops"],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_constraint(RangesModel, constraint)
@@ -1015,7 +1113,7 @@ class ExclusionConstraintOpclassesDepracationTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
             cursor.execute(SchemaTests.get_opclass_query, [constraint.name])
             self.assertEqual(
                 cursor.fetchall(),
-                [('range_ops', constraint.name)],
+                [("range_ops", constraint.name)],
             )
         RangesModel.objects.create(ints=(20, 50))
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError), transaction.atomic():
@@ -1025,16 +1123,20 @@ class ExclusionConstraintOpclassesDepracationTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         # Drop the constraint.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_constraint(RangesModel, constraint)
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
 
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
     def test_range_adjacent_opclasses_condition(self):
-        constraint_name = 'ints_adjacent_opclasses_condition'
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
+        constraint_name = "ints_adjacent_opclasses_condition"
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
             name=constraint_name,
-            expressions=[('ints', RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
-            opclasses=['range_ops'],
+            expressions=[("ints", RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
+            opclasses=["range_ops"],
             condition=Q(id__gte=100),
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -1043,12 +1145,14 @@ class ExclusionConstraintOpclassesDepracationTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
 
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
     def test_range_adjacent_opclasses_deferrable(self):
-        constraint_name = 'ints_adjacent_opclasses_deferrable'
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
+        constraint_name = "ints_adjacent_opclasses_deferrable"
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
             name=constraint_name,
-            expressions=[('ints', RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
-            opclasses=['range_ops'],
+            expressions=[("ints", RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
+            opclasses=["range_ops"],
             deferrable=Deferrable.DEFERRED,
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -1056,32 +1160,36 @@ class ExclusionConstraintOpclassesDepracationTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         self.assertIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
 
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_gist_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_gist_indexes")
     def test_range_adjacent_gist_opclasses_include(self):
-        constraint_name = 'ints_adjacent_gist_opclasses_include'
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
+        constraint_name = "ints_adjacent_gist_opclasses_include"
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
             name=constraint_name,
-            expressions=[('ints', RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
-            index_type='gist',
-            opclasses=['range_ops'],
-            include=['decimals'],
+            expressions=[("ints", RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
+            index_type="gist",
+            opclasses=["range_ops"],
+            include=["decimals"],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_constraint(RangesModel, constraint)
         self.assertIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
 
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_spgist_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_spgist_indexes")
     def test_range_adjacent_spgist_opclasses_include(self):
-        constraint_name = 'ints_adjacent_spgist_opclasses_include'
-        self.assertNotIn(constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table))
+        constraint_name = "ints_adjacent_spgist_opclasses_include"
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            constraint_name, self.get_constraints(RangesModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
         constraint = ExclusionConstraint(
             name=constraint_name,
-            expressions=[('ints', RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
-            index_type='spgist',
-            opclasses=['range_ops'],
-            include=['decimals'],
+            expressions=[("ints", RangeOperators.ADJACENT_TO)],
+            index_type="spgist",
+            opclasses=["range_ops"],
+            include=["decimals"],
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_constraint(RangesModel, constraint)
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/test_functions.py b/tests/postgres_tests/test_functions.py
index 875a4b9520..e500580645 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/test_functions.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/test_functions.py
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ from .models import NowTestModel, UUIDTestModel
 
 
 class TestTransactionNow(PostgreSQLTestCase):
-
     def test_transaction_now(self):
         """
         The test case puts everything under a transaction, so two models
@@ -30,7 +29,6 @@ class TestTransactionNow(PostgreSQLTestCase):
 
 
 class TestRandomUUID(PostgreSQLTestCase):
-
     def test_random_uuid(self):
         m1 = UUIDTestModel.objects.create()
         m2 = UUIDTestModel.objects.create()
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/test_hstore.py b/tests/postgres_tests/test_hstore.py
index b6fdd2da60..2aaad637c6 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/test_hstore.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/test_hstore.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ except ImportError:
 
 class SimpleTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
     def test_save_load_success(self):
-        value = {'a': 'b'}
+        value = {"a": "b"}
         instance = HStoreModel(field=value)
         instance.save()
         reloaded = HStoreModel.objects.get()
@@ -34,15 +34,15 @@ class SimpleTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         self.assertIsNone(reloaded.field)
 
     def test_value_null(self):
-        value = {'a': None}
+        value = {"a": None}
         instance = HStoreModel(field=value)
         instance.save()
         reloaded = HStoreModel.objects.get()
         self.assertEqual(reloaded.field, value)
 
     def test_key_val_cast_to_string(self):
-        value = {'a': 1, 'b': 'B', 2: 'c', 'ï': 'ê'}
-        expected_value = {'a': '1', 'b': 'B', '2': 'c', 'ï': 'ê'}
+        value = {"a": 1, "b": "B", 2: "c", "ï": "ê"}
+        expected_value = {"a": "1", "b": "B", "2": "c", "ï": "ê"}
 
         instance = HStoreModel.objects.create(field=value)
         instance = HStoreModel.objects.get()
@@ -51,17 +51,17 @@ class SimpleTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         instance = HStoreModel.objects.get(field__a=1)
         self.assertEqual(instance.field, expected_value)
 
-        instance = HStoreModel.objects.get(field__has_keys=[2, 'a', 'ï'])
+        instance = HStoreModel.objects.get(field__has_keys=[2, "a", "ï"])
         self.assertEqual(instance.field, expected_value)
 
     def test_array_field(self):
         value = [
-            {'a': 1, 'b': 'B', 2: 'c', 'ï': 'ê'},
-            {'a': 1, 'b': 'B', 2: 'c', 'ï': 'ê'},
+            {"a": 1, "b": "B", 2: "c", "ï": "ê"},
+            {"a": 1, "b": "B", 2: "c", "ï": "ê"},
         ]
         expected_value = [
-            {'a': '1', 'b': 'B', '2': 'c', 'ï': 'ê'},
-            {'a': '1', 'b': 'B', '2': 'c', 'ï': 'ê'},
+            {"a": "1", "b": "B", "2": "c", "ï": "ê"},
+            {"a": "1", "b": "B", "2": "c", "ï": "ê"},
         ]
         instance = HStoreModel.objects.create(array_field=value)
         instance.refresh_from_db()
@@ -69,231 +69,225 @@ class SimpleTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
 
 
 class TestQuerying(PostgreSQLTestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.objs = HStoreModel.objects.bulk_create([
-            HStoreModel(field={'a': 'b'}),
-            HStoreModel(field={'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'}),
-            HStoreModel(field={'c': 'd'}),
-            HStoreModel(field={}),
-            HStoreModel(field=None),
-            HStoreModel(field={'cat': 'TigrOu', 'breed': 'birman'}),
-            HStoreModel(field={'cat': 'minou', 'breed': 'ragdoll'}),
-            HStoreModel(field={'cat': 'kitty', 'breed': 'Persian'}),
-            HStoreModel(field={'cat': 'Kit Kat', 'breed': 'persian'}),
-        ])
+        cls.objs = HStoreModel.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                HStoreModel(field={"a": "b"}),
+                HStoreModel(field={"a": "b", "c": "d"}),
+                HStoreModel(field={"c": "d"}),
+                HStoreModel(field={}),
+                HStoreModel(field=None),
+                HStoreModel(field={"cat": "TigrOu", "breed": "birman"}),
+                HStoreModel(field={"cat": "minou", "breed": "ragdoll"}),
+                HStoreModel(field={"cat": "kitty", "breed": "Persian"}),
+                HStoreModel(field={"cat": "Kit Kat", "breed": "persian"}),
+            ]
+        )
 
     def test_exact(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__exact={'a': 'b'}),
-            self.objs[:1]
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__exact={"a": "b"}), self.objs[:1]
         )
 
     def test_contained_by(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__contained_by={'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'}),
-            self.objs[:4]
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__contained_by={"a": "b", "c": "d"}),
+            self.objs[:4],
         )
 
     def test_contains(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__contains={'a': 'b'}),
-            self.objs[:2]
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__contains={"a": "b"}), self.objs[:2]
         )
 
     def test_in_generator(self):
         def search():
-            yield {'a': 'b'}
+            yield {"a": "b"}
+
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__in=search()),
-            self.objs[:1]
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__in=search()), self.objs[:1]
         )
 
     def test_has_key(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__has_key='c'),
-            self.objs[1:3]
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__has_key="c"), self.objs[1:3]
         )
 
     def test_has_keys(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__has_keys=['a', 'c']),
-            self.objs[1:2]
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__has_keys=["a", "c"]), self.objs[1:2]
         )
 
     def test_has_any_keys(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__has_any_keys=['a', 'c']),
-            self.objs[:3]
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__has_any_keys=["a", "c"]), self.objs[:3]
         )
 
     def test_key_transform(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__a='b'),
-            self.objs[:2]
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__a="b"), self.objs[:2]
         )
 
     def test_key_transform_raw_expression(self):
-        expr = RawSQL('%s::hstore', ['x => b, y => c'])
+        expr = RawSQL("%s::hstore", ["x => b, y => c"])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__a=KeyTransform('x', expr)),
-            self.objs[:2]
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__a=KeyTransform("x", expr)), self.objs[:2]
         )
 
     def test_key_transform_annotation(self):
-        qs = HStoreModel.objects.annotate(a=F('field__a'))
+        qs = HStoreModel.objects.annotate(a=F("field__a"))
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            qs.values_list('a', flat=True),
-            ['b', 'b', None, None, None, None, None, None, None],
+            qs.values_list("a", flat=True),
+            ["b", "b", None, None, None, None, None, None, None],
         )
 
     def test_keys(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__keys=['a']),
-            self.objs[:1]
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__keys=["a"]), self.objs[:1]
         )
 
     def test_values(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__values=['b']),
-            self.objs[:1]
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__values=["b"]), self.objs[:1]
         )
 
     def test_field_chaining_contains(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__a__contains='b'),
-            self.objs[:2]
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__a__contains="b"), self.objs[:2]
         )
 
     def test_field_chaining_icontains(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__cat__icontains='INo'),
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__cat__icontains="INo"),
             [self.objs[6]],
         )
 
     def test_field_chaining_startswith(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__cat__startswith='kit'),
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__cat__startswith="kit"),
             [self.objs[7]],
         )
 
     def test_field_chaining_istartswith(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__cat__istartswith='kit'),
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__cat__istartswith="kit"),
             self.objs[7:],
         )
 
     def test_field_chaining_endswith(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__cat__endswith='ou'),
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__cat__endswith="ou"),
             [self.objs[6]],
         )
 
     def test_field_chaining_iendswith(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__cat__iendswith='ou'),
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__cat__iendswith="ou"),
             self.objs[5:7],
         )
 
     def test_field_chaining_iexact(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__breed__iexact='persian'),
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__breed__iexact="persian"),
             self.objs[7:],
         )
 
     def test_field_chaining_regex(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__cat__regex=r'ou$'),
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__cat__regex=r"ou$"),
             [self.objs[6]],
         )
 
     def test_field_chaining_iregex(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__cat__iregex=r'oU$'),
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__cat__iregex=r"oU$"),
             self.objs[5:7],
         )
 
     def test_order_by_field(self):
         more_objs = (
-            HStoreModel.objects.create(field={'g': '637'}),
-            HStoreModel.objects.create(field={'g': '002'}),
-            HStoreModel.objects.create(field={'g': '042'}),
-            HStoreModel.objects.create(field={'g': '981'}),
+            HStoreModel.objects.create(field={"g": "637"}),
+            HStoreModel.objects.create(field={"g": "002"}),
+            HStoreModel.objects.create(field={"g": "042"}),
+            HStoreModel.objects.create(field={"g": "981"}),
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__has_key='g').order_by('field__g'),
-            [more_objs[1], more_objs[2], more_objs[0], more_objs[3]]
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__has_key="g").order_by("field__g"),
+            [more_objs[1], more_objs[2], more_objs[0], more_objs[3]],
         )
 
     def test_keys_contains(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__keys__contains=['a']),
-            self.objs[:2]
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__keys__contains=["a"]), self.objs[:2]
         )
 
     def test_values_overlap(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__values__overlap=['b', 'd']),
-            self.objs[:3]
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__values__overlap=["b", "d"]), self.objs[:3]
         )
 
     def test_key_isnull(self):
-        obj = HStoreModel.objects.create(field={'a': None})
+        obj = HStoreModel.objects.create(field={"a": None})
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__a__isnull=True),
             self.objs[2:9] + [obj],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__a__isnull=False),
-            self.objs[:2]
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__a__isnull=False), self.objs[:2]
         )
 
     def test_usage_in_subquery(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            HStoreModel.objects.filter(id__in=HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__a='b')),
-            self.objs[:2]
+            HStoreModel.objects.filter(id__in=HStoreModel.objects.filter(field__a="b")),
+            self.objs[:2],
         )
 
     def test_key_sql_injection(self):
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as queries:
             self.assertFalse(
-                HStoreModel.objects.filter(**{
-                    "field__test' = 'a') OR 1 = 1 OR ('d": 'x',
-                }).exists()
+                HStoreModel.objects.filter(
+                    **{
+                        "field__test' = 'a') OR 1 = 1 OR ('d": "x",
+                    }
+                ).exists()
             )
         self.assertIn(
             """."field" -> 'test'' = ''a'') OR 1 = 1 OR (''d') = 'x' """,
-            queries[0]['sql'],
+            queries[0]["sql"],
         )
 
     def test_obj_subquery_lookup(self):
         qs = HStoreModel.objects.annotate(
-            value=Subquery(HStoreModel.objects.filter(pk=OuterRef('pk')).values('field')),
-        ).filter(value__a='b')
+            value=Subquery(
+                HStoreModel.objects.filter(pk=OuterRef("pk")).values("field")
+            ),
+        ).filter(value__a="b")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, self.objs[:2])
 
 
-@isolate_apps('postgres_tests')
+@isolate_apps("postgres_tests")
 class TestChecks(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_invalid_default(self):
         class MyModel(PostgreSQLModel):
             field = HStoreField(default={})
 
         model = MyModel()
-        self.assertEqual(model.check(), [
-            checks.Warning(
-                msg=(
-                    "HStoreField default should be a callable instead of an "
-                    "instance so that it's not shared between all field "
-                    "instances."
-                ),
-                hint='Use a callable instead, e.g., use `dict` instead of `{}`.',
-                obj=MyModel._meta.get_field('field'),
-                id='fields.E010',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            model.check(),
+            [
+                checks.Warning(
+                    msg=(
+                        "HStoreField default should be a callable instead of an "
+                        "instance so that it's not shared between all field "
+                        "instances."
+                    ),
+                    hint="Use a callable instead, e.g., use `dict` instead of `{}`.",
+                    obj=MyModel._meta.get_field("field"),
+                    id="fields.E010",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_valid_default(self):
         class MyModel(PostgreSQLModel):
@@ -303,83 +297,90 @@ class TestChecks(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class TestSerialization(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
-    test_data = json.dumps([{
-        'model': 'postgres_tests.hstoremodel',
-        'pk': None,
-        'fields': {
-            'field': json.dumps({'a': 'b'}),
-            'array_field': json.dumps([
-                json.dumps({'a': 'b'}),
-                json.dumps({'b': 'a'}),
-            ]),
-        },
-    }])
+    test_data = json.dumps(
+        [
+            {
+                "model": "postgres_tests.hstoremodel",
+                "pk": None,
+                "fields": {
+                    "field": json.dumps({"a": "b"}),
+                    "array_field": json.dumps(
+                        [
+                            json.dumps({"a": "b"}),
+                            json.dumps({"b": "a"}),
+                        ]
+                    ),
+                },
+            }
+        ]
+    )
 
     def test_dumping(self):
-        instance = HStoreModel(field={'a': 'b'}, array_field=[{'a': 'b'}, {'b': 'a'}])
-        data = serializers.serialize('json', [instance])
+        instance = HStoreModel(field={"a": "b"}, array_field=[{"a": "b"}, {"b": "a"}])
+        data = serializers.serialize("json", [instance])
         self.assertEqual(json.loads(data), json.loads(self.test_data))
 
     def test_loading(self):
-        instance = list(serializers.deserialize('json', self.test_data))[0].object
-        self.assertEqual(instance.field, {'a': 'b'})
-        self.assertEqual(instance.array_field, [{'a': 'b'}, {'b': 'a'}])
+        instance = list(serializers.deserialize("json", self.test_data))[0].object
+        self.assertEqual(instance.field, {"a": "b"})
+        self.assertEqual(instance.array_field, [{"a": "b"}, {"b": "a"}])
 
     def test_roundtrip_with_null(self):
-        instance = HStoreModel(field={'a': 'b', 'c': None})
-        data = serializers.serialize('json', [instance])
-        new_instance = list(serializers.deserialize('json', data))[0].object
+        instance = HStoreModel(field={"a": "b", "c": None})
+        data = serializers.serialize("json", [instance])
+        new_instance = list(serializers.deserialize("json", data))[0].object
         self.assertEqual(instance.field, new_instance.field)
 
 
 class TestValidation(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_not_a_string(self):
         field = HStoreField()
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean({'a': 1}, None)
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 'not_a_string')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.message % cm.exception.params, 'The value of “a” is not a string or null.')
+            field.clean({"a": 1}, None)
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, "not_a_string")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cm.exception.message % cm.exception.params,
+            "The value of “a” is not a string or null.",
+        )
 
     def test_none_allowed_as_value(self):
         field = HStoreField()
-        self.assertEqual(field.clean({'a': None}, None), {'a': None})
+        self.assertEqual(field.clean({"a": None}, None), {"a": None})
 
 
 class TestFormField(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_valid(self):
         field = forms.HStoreField()
         value = field.clean('{"a": "b"}')
-        self.assertEqual(value, {'a': 'b'})
+        self.assertEqual(value, {"a": "b"})
 
     def test_invalid_json(self):
         field = forms.HStoreField()
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
             field.clean('{"a": "b"')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'Could not load JSON data.')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 'invalid_json')
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], "Could not load JSON data.")
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, "invalid_json")
 
     def test_non_dict_json(self):
         field = forms.HStoreField()
-        msg = 'Input must be a JSON dictionary.'
+        msg = "Input must be a JSON dictionary."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(exceptions.ValidationError, msg) as cm:
             field.clean('["a", "b", 1]')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 'invalid_format')
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, "invalid_format")
 
     def test_not_string_values(self):
         field = forms.HStoreField()
         value = field.clean('{"a": 1}')
-        self.assertEqual(value, {'a': '1'})
+        self.assertEqual(value, {"a": "1"})
 
     def test_none_value(self):
         field = forms.HStoreField()
         value = field.clean('{"a": null}')
-        self.assertEqual(value, {'a': None})
+        self.assertEqual(value, {"a": None})
 
     def test_empty(self):
         field = forms.HStoreField(required=False)
-        value = field.clean('')
+        value = field.clean("")
         self.assertEqual(value, {})
 
     def test_model_field_formfield(self):
@@ -390,69 +391,71 @@ class TestFormField(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
     def test_field_has_changed(self):
         class HStoreFormTest(Form):
             f1 = forms.HStoreField()
+
         form_w_hstore = HStoreFormTest()
         self.assertFalse(form_w_hstore.has_changed())
 
-        form_w_hstore = HStoreFormTest({'f1': '{"a": 1}'})
+        form_w_hstore = HStoreFormTest({"f1": '{"a": 1}'})
         self.assertTrue(form_w_hstore.has_changed())
 
-        form_w_hstore = HStoreFormTest({'f1': '{"a": 1}'}, initial={'f1': '{"a": 1}'})
+        form_w_hstore = HStoreFormTest({"f1": '{"a": 1}'}, initial={"f1": '{"a": 1}'})
         self.assertFalse(form_w_hstore.has_changed())
 
-        form_w_hstore = HStoreFormTest({'f1': '{"a": 2}'}, initial={'f1': '{"a": 1}'})
+        form_w_hstore = HStoreFormTest({"f1": '{"a": 2}'}, initial={"f1": '{"a": 1}'})
         self.assertTrue(form_w_hstore.has_changed())
 
-        form_w_hstore = HStoreFormTest({'f1': '{"a": 1}'}, initial={'f1': {"a": 1}})
+        form_w_hstore = HStoreFormTest({"f1": '{"a": 1}'}, initial={"f1": {"a": 1}})
         self.assertFalse(form_w_hstore.has_changed())
 
-        form_w_hstore = HStoreFormTest({'f1': '{"a": 2}'}, initial={'f1': {"a": 1}})
+        form_w_hstore = HStoreFormTest({"f1": '{"a": 2}'}, initial={"f1": {"a": 1}})
         self.assertTrue(form_w_hstore.has_changed())
 
 
 class TestValidator(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_simple_valid(self):
-        validator = KeysValidator(keys=['a', 'b'])
-        validator({'a': 'foo', 'b': 'bar', 'c': 'baz'})
+        validator = KeysValidator(keys=["a", "b"])
+        validator({"a": "foo", "b": "bar", "c": "baz"})
 
     def test_missing_keys(self):
-        validator = KeysValidator(keys=['a', 'b'])
+        validator = KeysValidator(keys=["a", "b"])
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            validator({'a': 'foo', 'c': 'baz'})
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'Some keys were missing: b')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 'missing_keys')
+            validator({"a": "foo", "c": "baz"})
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], "Some keys were missing: b")
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, "missing_keys")
 
     def test_strict_valid(self):
-        validator = KeysValidator(keys=['a', 'b'], strict=True)
-        validator({'a': 'foo', 'b': 'bar'})
+        validator = KeysValidator(keys=["a", "b"], strict=True)
+        validator({"a": "foo", "b": "bar"})
 
     def test_extra_keys(self):
-        validator = KeysValidator(keys=['a', 'b'], strict=True)
+        validator = KeysValidator(keys=["a", "b"], strict=True)
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            validator({'a': 'foo', 'b': 'bar', 'c': 'baz'})
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'Some unknown keys were provided: c')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 'extra_keys')
+            validator({"a": "foo", "b": "bar", "c": "baz"})
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], "Some unknown keys were provided: c")
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, "extra_keys")
 
     def test_custom_messages(self):
         messages = {
-            'missing_keys': 'Foobar',
+            "missing_keys": "Foobar",
         }
-        validator = KeysValidator(keys=['a', 'b'], strict=True, messages=messages)
+        validator = KeysValidator(keys=["a", "b"], strict=True, messages=messages)
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            validator({'a': 'foo', 'c': 'baz'})
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'Foobar')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 'missing_keys')
+            validator({"a": "foo", "c": "baz"})
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], "Foobar")
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, "missing_keys")
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            validator({'a': 'foo', 'b': 'bar', 'c': 'baz'})
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'Some unknown keys were provided: c')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 'extra_keys')
+            validator({"a": "foo", "b": "bar", "c": "baz"})
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], "Some unknown keys were provided: c")
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, "extra_keys")
 
     def test_deconstruct(self):
         messages = {
-            'missing_keys': 'Foobar',
+            "missing_keys": "Foobar",
         }
-        validator = KeysValidator(keys=['a', 'b'], strict=True, messages=messages)
+        validator = KeysValidator(keys=["a", "b"], strict=True, messages=messages)
         path, args, kwargs = validator.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.postgres.validators.KeysValidator')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.contrib.postgres.validators.KeysValidator")
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'keys': ['a', 'b'], 'strict': True, 'messages': messages})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs, {"keys": ["a", "b"], "strict": True, "messages": messages}
+        )
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/test_indexes.py b/tests/postgres_tests/test_indexes.py
index 75d0640a08..f57e7a7c80 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/test_indexes.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/test_indexes.py
@@ -1,7 +1,13 @@
 from unittest import mock
 
 from django.contrib.postgres.indexes import (
-    BloomIndex, BrinIndex, BTreeIndex, GinIndex, GistIndex, HashIndex, OpClass,
+    BloomIndex,
+    BrinIndex,
+    BTreeIndex,
+    GinIndex,
+    GistIndex,
+    HashIndex,
+    OpClass,
     SpGistIndex,
 )
 from django.db import NotSupportedError, connection
@@ -16,191 +22,226 @@ from .models import CharFieldModel, IntegerArrayModel, Scene, TextFieldModel
 
 
 class IndexTestMixin:
-
     def test_name_auto_generation(self):
-        index = self.index_class(fields=['field'])
+        index = self.index_class(fields=["field"])
         index.set_name_with_model(CharFieldModel)
-        self.assertRegex(index.name, r'postgres_te_field_[0-9a-f]{6}_%s' % self.index_class.suffix)
+        self.assertRegex(
+            index.name, r"postgres_te_field_[0-9a-f]{6}_%s" % self.index_class.suffix
+        )
 
     def test_deconstruction_no_customization(self):
-        index = self.index_class(fields=['title'], name='test_title_%s' % self.index_class.suffix)
+        index = self.index_class(
+            fields=["title"], name="test_title_%s" % self.index_class.suffix
+        )
         path, args, kwargs = index.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.postgres.indexes.%s' % self.index_class.__name__)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            path, "django.contrib.postgres.indexes.%s" % self.index_class.__name__
+        )
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'fields': ['title'], 'name': 'test_title_%s' % self.index_class.suffix})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs,
+            {"fields": ["title"], "name": "test_title_%s" % self.index_class.suffix},
+        )
 
     def test_deconstruction_with_expressions_no_customization(self):
-        name = f'test_title_{self.index_class.suffix}'
-        index = self.index_class(Lower('title'), name=name)
+        name = f"test_title_{self.index_class.suffix}"
+        index = self.index_class(Lower("title"), name=name)
         path, args, kwargs = index.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(
             path,
-            f'django.contrib.postgres.indexes.{self.index_class.__name__}',
+            f"django.contrib.postgres.indexes.{self.index_class.__name__}",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(args, (Lower('title'),))
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'name': name})
+        self.assertEqual(args, (Lower("title"),))
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"name": name})
 
 
 class BloomIndexTests(IndexTestMixin, PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
     index_class = BloomIndex
 
     def test_suffix(self):
-        self.assertEqual(BloomIndex.suffix, 'bloom')
+        self.assertEqual(BloomIndex.suffix, "bloom")
 
     def test_deconstruction(self):
-        index = BloomIndex(fields=['title'], name='test_bloom', length=80, columns=[4])
+        index = BloomIndex(fields=["title"], name="test_bloom", length=80, columns=[4])
         path, args, kwargs = index.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.postgres.indexes.BloomIndex')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.contrib.postgres.indexes.BloomIndex")
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {
-            'fields': ['title'],
-            'name': 'test_bloom',
-            'length': 80,
-            'columns': [4],
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs,
+            {
+                "fields": ["title"],
+                "name": "test_bloom",
+                "length": 80,
+                "columns": [4],
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_invalid_fields(self):
-        msg = 'Bloom indexes support a maximum of 32 fields.'
+        msg = "Bloom indexes support a maximum of 32 fields."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            BloomIndex(fields=['title'] * 33, name='test_bloom')
+            BloomIndex(fields=["title"] * 33, name="test_bloom")
 
     def test_invalid_columns(self):
-        msg = 'BloomIndex.columns must be a list or tuple.'
+        msg = "BloomIndex.columns must be a list or tuple."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            BloomIndex(fields=['title'], name='test_bloom', columns='x')
-        msg = 'BloomIndex.columns cannot have more values than fields.'
+            BloomIndex(fields=["title"], name="test_bloom", columns="x")
+        msg = "BloomIndex.columns cannot have more values than fields."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            BloomIndex(fields=['title'], name='test_bloom', columns=[4, 3])
+            BloomIndex(fields=["title"], name="test_bloom", columns=[4, 3])
 
     def test_invalid_columns_value(self):
-        msg = 'BloomIndex.columns must contain integers from 1 to 4095.'
+        msg = "BloomIndex.columns must contain integers from 1 to 4095."
         for length in (0, 4096):
             with self.subTest(length), self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-                BloomIndex(fields=['title'], name='test_bloom', columns=[length])
+                BloomIndex(fields=["title"], name="test_bloom", columns=[length])
 
     def test_invalid_length(self):
-        msg = 'BloomIndex.length must be None or an integer from 1 to 4096.'
+        msg = "BloomIndex.length must be None or an integer from 1 to 4096."
         for length in (0, 4097):
             with self.subTest(length), self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-                BloomIndex(fields=['title'], name='test_bloom', length=length)
+                BloomIndex(fields=["title"], name="test_bloom", length=length)
 
 
 class BrinIndexTests(IndexTestMixin, PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
     index_class = BrinIndex
 
     def test_suffix(self):
-        self.assertEqual(BrinIndex.suffix, 'brin')
+        self.assertEqual(BrinIndex.suffix, "brin")
 
     def test_deconstruction(self):
-        index = BrinIndex(fields=['title'], name='test_title_brin', autosummarize=True, pages_per_range=16)
+        index = BrinIndex(
+            fields=["title"],
+            name="test_title_brin",
+            autosummarize=True,
+            pages_per_range=16,
+        )
         path, args, kwargs = index.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.postgres.indexes.BrinIndex')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.contrib.postgres.indexes.BrinIndex")
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {
-            'fields': ['title'],
-            'name': 'test_title_brin',
-            'autosummarize': True,
-            'pages_per_range': 16,
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs,
+            {
+                "fields": ["title"],
+                "name": "test_title_brin",
+                "autosummarize": True,
+                "pages_per_range": 16,
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_invalid_pages_per_range(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'pages_per_range must be None or a positive integer'):
-            BrinIndex(fields=['title'], name='test_title_brin', pages_per_range=0)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "pages_per_range must be None or a positive integer"
+        ):
+            BrinIndex(fields=["title"], name="test_title_brin", pages_per_range=0)
 
 
 class BTreeIndexTests(IndexTestMixin, PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
     index_class = BTreeIndex
 
     def test_suffix(self):
-        self.assertEqual(BTreeIndex.suffix, 'btree')
+        self.assertEqual(BTreeIndex.suffix, "btree")
 
     def test_deconstruction(self):
-        index = BTreeIndex(fields=['title'], name='test_title_btree', fillfactor=80)
+        index = BTreeIndex(fields=["title"], name="test_title_btree", fillfactor=80)
         path, args, kwargs = index.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.postgres.indexes.BTreeIndex')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.contrib.postgres.indexes.BTreeIndex")
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'fields': ['title'], 'name': 'test_title_btree', 'fillfactor': 80})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs, {"fields": ["title"], "name": "test_title_btree", "fillfactor": 80}
+        )
 
 
 class GinIndexTests(IndexTestMixin, PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
     index_class = GinIndex
 
     def test_suffix(self):
-        self.assertEqual(GinIndex.suffix, 'gin')
+        self.assertEqual(GinIndex.suffix, "gin")
 
     def test_deconstruction(self):
         index = GinIndex(
-            fields=['title'],
-            name='test_title_gin',
+            fields=["title"],
+            name="test_title_gin",
             fastupdate=True,
             gin_pending_list_limit=128,
         )
         path, args, kwargs = index.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.postgres.indexes.GinIndex')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.contrib.postgres.indexes.GinIndex")
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {
-            'fields': ['title'],
-            'name': 'test_title_gin',
-            'fastupdate': True,
-            'gin_pending_list_limit': 128,
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs,
+            {
+                "fields": ["title"],
+                "name": "test_title_gin",
+                "fastupdate": True,
+                "gin_pending_list_limit": 128,
+            },
+        )
 
 
 class GistIndexTests(IndexTestMixin, PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
     index_class = GistIndex
 
     def test_suffix(self):
-        self.assertEqual(GistIndex.suffix, 'gist')
+        self.assertEqual(GistIndex.suffix, "gist")
 
     def test_deconstruction(self):
-        index = GistIndex(fields=['title'], name='test_title_gist', buffering=False, fillfactor=80)
+        index = GistIndex(
+            fields=["title"], name="test_title_gist", buffering=False, fillfactor=80
+        )
         path, args, kwargs = index.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.postgres.indexes.GistIndex')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.contrib.postgres.indexes.GistIndex")
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {
-            'fields': ['title'],
-            'name': 'test_title_gist',
-            'buffering': False,
-            'fillfactor': 80,
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs,
+            {
+                "fields": ["title"],
+                "name": "test_title_gist",
+                "buffering": False,
+                "fillfactor": 80,
+            },
+        )
 
 
 class HashIndexTests(IndexTestMixin, PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
     index_class = HashIndex
 
     def test_suffix(self):
-        self.assertEqual(HashIndex.suffix, 'hash')
+        self.assertEqual(HashIndex.suffix, "hash")
 
     def test_deconstruction(self):
-        index = HashIndex(fields=['title'], name='test_title_hash', fillfactor=80)
+        index = HashIndex(fields=["title"], name="test_title_hash", fillfactor=80)
         path, args, kwargs = index.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.postgres.indexes.HashIndex')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.contrib.postgres.indexes.HashIndex")
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'fields': ['title'], 'name': 'test_title_hash', 'fillfactor': 80})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs, {"fields": ["title"], "name": "test_title_hash", "fillfactor": 80}
+        )
 
 
 class SpGistIndexTests(IndexTestMixin, PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
     index_class = SpGistIndex
 
     def test_suffix(self):
-        self.assertEqual(SpGistIndex.suffix, 'spgist')
+        self.assertEqual(SpGistIndex.suffix, "spgist")
 
     def test_deconstruction(self):
-        index = SpGistIndex(fields=['title'], name='test_title_spgist', fillfactor=80)
+        index = SpGistIndex(fields=["title"], name="test_title_spgist", fillfactor=80)
         path, args, kwargs = index.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.contrib.postgres.indexes.SpGistIndex')
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.contrib.postgres.indexes.SpGistIndex")
         self.assertEqual(args, ())
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'fields': ['title'], 'name': 'test_title_spgist', 'fillfactor': 80})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs, {"fields": ["title"], "name": "test_title_spgist", "fillfactor": 80}
+        )
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.postgres'})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.postgres"})
 class SchemaTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
-    get_opclass_query = '''
+    get_opclass_query = """
         SELECT opcname, c.relname FROM pg_opclass AS oc
         JOIN pg_index as i on oc.oid = ANY(i.indclass)
         JOIN pg_class as c on c.oid = i.indexrelid
         WHERE c.relname = %s
-    '''
+    """
 
     def get_constraints(self, table):
         """
@@ -211,229 +252,274 @@ class SchemaTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
 
     def test_gin_index(self):
         # Ensure the table is there and doesn't have an index.
-        self.assertNotIn('field', self.get_constraints(IntegerArrayModel._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            "field", self.get_constraints(IntegerArrayModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
         # Add the index
-        index_name = 'integer_array_model_field_gin'
-        index = GinIndex(fields=['field'], name=index_name)
+        index_name = "integer_array_model_field_gin"
+        index = GinIndex(fields=["field"], name=index_name)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(IntegerArrayModel, index)
         constraints = self.get_constraints(IntegerArrayModel._meta.db_table)
         # Check gin index was added
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['type'], GinIndex.suffix)
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["type"], GinIndex.suffix)
         # Drop the index
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(IntegerArrayModel, index)
-        self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(IntegerArrayModel._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            index_name, self.get_constraints(IntegerArrayModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
 
     def test_gin_fastupdate(self):
-        index_name = 'integer_array_gin_fastupdate'
-        index = GinIndex(fields=['field'], name=index_name, fastupdate=False)
+        index_name = "integer_array_gin_fastupdate"
+        index = GinIndex(fields=["field"], name=index_name, fastupdate=False)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(IntegerArrayModel, index)
         constraints = self.get_constraints(IntegerArrayModel._meta.db_table)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['type'], 'gin')
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['options'], ['fastupdate=off'])
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["type"], "gin")
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["options"], ["fastupdate=off"])
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(IntegerArrayModel, index)
-        self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(IntegerArrayModel._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            index_name, self.get_constraints(IntegerArrayModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
 
     def test_partial_gin_index(self):
         with register_lookup(CharField, Length):
-            index_name = 'char_field_gin_partial_idx'
-            index = GinIndex(fields=['field'], name=index_name, condition=Q(field__length=40))
-            with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-                editor.add_index(CharFieldModel, index)
-            constraints = self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
-            self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['type'], 'gin')
-            with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-                editor.remove_index(CharFieldModel, index)
-            self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table))
-
-    def test_partial_gin_index_with_tablespace(self):
-        with register_lookup(CharField, Length):
-            index_name = 'char_field_gin_partial_idx'
+            index_name = "char_field_gin_partial_idx"
             index = GinIndex(
-                fields=['field'],
-                name=index_name,
-                condition=Q(field__length=40),
-                db_tablespace='pg_default',
+                fields=["field"], name=index_name, condition=Q(field__length=40)
             )
             with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                 editor.add_index(CharFieldModel, index)
-                self.assertIn('TABLESPACE "pg_default" ', str(index.create_sql(CharFieldModel, editor)))
             constraints = self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
-            self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['type'], 'gin')
+            self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["type"], "gin")
             with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                 editor.remove_index(CharFieldModel, index)
-            self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table))
+            self.assertNotIn(
+                index_name, self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
+            )
+
+    def test_partial_gin_index_with_tablespace(self):
+        with register_lookup(CharField, Length):
+            index_name = "char_field_gin_partial_idx"
+            index = GinIndex(
+                fields=["field"],
+                name=index_name,
+                condition=Q(field__length=40),
+                db_tablespace="pg_default",
+            )
+            with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
+                editor.add_index(CharFieldModel, index)
+                self.assertIn(
+                    'TABLESPACE "pg_default" ',
+                    str(index.create_sql(CharFieldModel, editor)),
+                )
+            constraints = self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
+            self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["type"], "gin")
+            with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
+                editor.remove_index(CharFieldModel, index)
+            self.assertNotIn(
+                index_name, self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
+            )
 
     def test_gin_parameters(self):
-        index_name = 'integer_array_gin_params'
-        index = GinIndex(fields=['field'], name=index_name, fastupdate=True, gin_pending_list_limit=64)
+        index_name = "integer_array_gin_params"
+        index = GinIndex(
+            fields=["field"],
+            name=index_name,
+            fastupdate=True,
+            gin_pending_list_limit=64,
+        )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(IntegerArrayModel, index)
         constraints = self.get_constraints(IntegerArrayModel._meta.db_table)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['type'], 'gin')
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['options'], ['gin_pending_list_limit=64', 'fastupdate=on'])
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["type"], "gin")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            constraints[index_name]["options"],
+            ["gin_pending_list_limit=64", "fastupdate=on"],
+        )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(IntegerArrayModel, index)
-        self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(IntegerArrayModel._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            index_name, self.get_constraints(IntegerArrayModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
 
     def test_trigram_op_class_gin_index(self):
-        index_name = 'trigram_op_class_gin'
-        index = GinIndex(OpClass(F('scene'), name='gin_trgm_ops'), name=index_name)
+        index_name = "trigram_op_class_gin"
+        index = GinIndex(OpClass(F("scene"), name="gin_trgm_ops"), name=index_name)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(Scene, index)
         with editor.connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(self.get_opclass_query, [index_name])
-            self.assertCountEqual(cursor.fetchall(), [('gin_trgm_ops', index_name)])
+            self.assertCountEqual(cursor.fetchall(), [("gin_trgm_ops", index_name)])
         constraints = self.get_constraints(Scene._meta.db_table)
         self.assertIn(index_name, constraints)
-        self.assertIn(constraints[index_name]['type'], GinIndex.suffix)
+        self.assertIn(constraints[index_name]["type"], GinIndex.suffix)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(Scene, index)
         self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(Scene._meta.db_table))
 
     def test_cast_search_vector_gin_index(self):
-        index_name = 'cast_search_vector_gin'
-        index = GinIndex(Cast('field', SearchVectorField()), name=index_name)
+        index_name = "cast_search_vector_gin"
+        index = GinIndex(Cast("field", SearchVectorField()), name=index_name)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(TextFieldModel, index)
             sql = index.create_sql(TextFieldModel, editor)
         table = TextFieldModel._meta.db_table
         constraints = self.get_constraints(table)
         self.assertIn(index_name, constraints)
-        self.assertIn(constraints[index_name]['type'], GinIndex.suffix)
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'field'), True)
-        self.assertIn('::tsvector', str(sql))
+        self.assertIn(constraints[index_name]["type"], GinIndex.suffix)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "field"), True)
+        self.assertIn("::tsvector", str(sql))
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(TextFieldModel, index)
         self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(table))
 
     def test_bloom_index(self):
-        index_name = 'char_field_model_field_bloom'
-        index = BloomIndex(fields=['field'], name=index_name)
+        index_name = "char_field_model_field_bloom"
+        index = BloomIndex(fields=["field"], name=index_name)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(CharFieldModel, index)
         constraints = self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['type'], BloomIndex.suffix)
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["type"], BloomIndex.suffix)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(CharFieldModel, index)
-        self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            index_name, self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
 
     def test_bloom_parameters(self):
-        index_name = 'char_field_model_field_bloom_params'
-        index = BloomIndex(fields=['field'], name=index_name, length=512, columns=[3])
+        index_name = "char_field_model_field_bloom_params"
+        index = BloomIndex(fields=["field"], name=index_name, length=512, columns=[3])
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(CharFieldModel, index)
         constraints = self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['type'], BloomIndex.suffix)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['options'], ['length=512', 'col1=3'])
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["type"], BloomIndex.suffix)
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["options"], ["length=512", "col1=3"])
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(CharFieldModel, index)
-        self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            index_name, self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
 
     def test_brin_index(self):
-        index_name = 'char_field_model_field_brin'
-        index = BrinIndex(fields=['field'], name=index_name, pages_per_range=4)
+        index_name = "char_field_model_field_brin"
+        index = BrinIndex(fields=["field"], name=index_name, pages_per_range=4)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(CharFieldModel, index)
         constraints = self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['type'], BrinIndex.suffix)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['options'], ['pages_per_range=4'])
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["type"], BrinIndex.suffix)
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["options"], ["pages_per_range=4"])
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(CharFieldModel, index)
-        self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            index_name, self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
 
     def test_brin_parameters(self):
-        index_name = 'char_field_brin_params'
-        index = BrinIndex(fields=['field'], name=index_name, autosummarize=True)
+        index_name = "char_field_brin_params"
+        index = BrinIndex(fields=["field"], name=index_name, autosummarize=True)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(CharFieldModel, index)
         constraints = self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['type'], BrinIndex.suffix)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['options'], ['autosummarize=on'])
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["type"], BrinIndex.suffix)
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["options"], ["autosummarize=on"])
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(CharFieldModel, index)
-        self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            index_name, self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
 
     def test_btree_index(self):
         # Ensure the table is there and doesn't have an index.
-        self.assertNotIn('field', self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn("field", self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table))
         # Add the index.
-        index_name = 'char_field_model_field_btree'
-        index = BTreeIndex(fields=['field'], name=index_name)
+        index_name = "char_field_model_field_btree"
+        index = BTreeIndex(fields=["field"], name=index_name)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(CharFieldModel, index)
         constraints = self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
         # The index was added.
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['type'], BTreeIndex.suffix)
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["type"], BTreeIndex.suffix)
         # Drop the index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(CharFieldModel, index)
-        self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            index_name, self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
 
     def test_btree_parameters(self):
-        index_name = 'integer_array_btree_fillfactor'
-        index = BTreeIndex(fields=['field'], name=index_name, fillfactor=80)
+        index_name = "integer_array_btree_fillfactor"
+        index = BTreeIndex(fields=["field"], name=index_name, fillfactor=80)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(CharFieldModel, index)
         constraints = self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['type'], BTreeIndex.suffix)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['options'], ['fillfactor=80'])
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["type"], BTreeIndex.suffix)
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["options"], ["fillfactor=80"])
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(CharFieldModel, index)
-        self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            index_name, self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
 
     def test_gist_index(self):
         # Ensure the table is there and doesn't have an index.
-        self.assertNotIn('field', self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn("field", self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table))
         # Add the index.
-        index_name = 'char_field_model_field_gist'
-        index = GistIndex(fields=['field'], name=index_name)
+        index_name = "char_field_model_field_gist"
+        index = GistIndex(fields=["field"], name=index_name)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(CharFieldModel, index)
         constraints = self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
         # The index was added.
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['type'], GistIndex.suffix)
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["type"], GistIndex.suffix)
         # Drop the index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(CharFieldModel, index)
-        self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            index_name, self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
 
     def test_gist_parameters(self):
-        index_name = 'integer_array_gist_buffering'
-        index = GistIndex(fields=['field'], name=index_name, buffering=True, fillfactor=80)
+        index_name = "integer_array_gist_buffering"
+        index = GistIndex(
+            fields=["field"], name=index_name, buffering=True, fillfactor=80
+        )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(CharFieldModel, index)
         constraints = self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['type'], GistIndex.suffix)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['options'], ['buffering=on', 'fillfactor=80'])
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["type"], GistIndex.suffix)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            constraints[index_name]["options"], ["buffering=on", "fillfactor=80"]
+        )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(CharFieldModel, index)
-        self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            index_name, self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_gist_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_gist_indexes")
     def test_gist_include(self):
-        index_name = 'scene_gist_include_setting'
-        index = GistIndex(name=index_name, fields=['scene'], include=['setting'])
+        index_name = "scene_gist_include_setting"
+        index = GistIndex(name=index_name, fields=["scene"], include=["setting"])
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(Scene, index)
         constraints = self.get_constraints(Scene._meta.db_table)
         self.assertIn(index_name, constraints)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['type'], GistIndex.suffix)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['columns'], ['scene', 'setting'])
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["type"], GistIndex.suffix)
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["columns"], ["scene", "setting"])
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(Scene, index)
         self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(Scene._meta.db_table))
 
     def test_gist_include_not_supported(self):
-        index_name = 'gist_include_exception'
-        index = GistIndex(fields=['scene'], name=index_name, include=['setting'])
-        msg = 'Covering GiST indexes require PostgreSQL 12+.'
+        index_name = "gist_include_exception"
+        index = GistIndex(fields=["scene"], name=index_name, include=["setting"])
+        msg = "Covering GiST indexes require PostgreSQL 12+."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
             with mock.patch(
-                'django.db.backends.postgresql.features.DatabaseFeatures.supports_covering_gist_indexes',
+                "django.db.backends.postgresql.features.DatabaseFeatures.supports_covering_gist_indexes",
                 False,
             ):
                 with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -441,11 +527,11 @@ class SchemaTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(Scene._meta.db_table))
 
     def test_tsvector_op_class_gist_index(self):
-        index_name = 'tsvector_op_class_gist'
+        index_name = "tsvector_op_class_gist"
         index = GistIndex(
             OpClass(
-                SearchVector('scene', 'setting', config='english'),
-                name='tsvector_ops',
+                SearchVector("scene", "setting", config="english"),
+                name="tsvector_ops",
             ),
             name=index_name,
         )
@@ -455,90 +541,98 @@ class SchemaTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         table = Scene._meta.db_table
         constraints = self.get_constraints(table)
         self.assertIn(index_name, constraints)
-        self.assertIn(constraints[index_name]['type'], GistIndex.suffix)
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'scene'), True)
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'setting'), True)
+        self.assertIn(constraints[index_name]["type"], GistIndex.suffix)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "scene"), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "setting"), True)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(Scene, index)
         self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(table))
 
     def test_hash_index(self):
         # Ensure the table is there and doesn't have an index.
-        self.assertNotIn('field', self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn("field", self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table))
         # Add the index.
-        index_name = 'char_field_model_field_hash'
-        index = HashIndex(fields=['field'], name=index_name)
+        index_name = "char_field_model_field_hash"
+        index = HashIndex(fields=["field"], name=index_name)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(CharFieldModel, index)
         constraints = self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
         # The index was added.
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['type'], HashIndex.suffix)
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["type"], HashIndex.suffix)
         # Drop the index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(CharFieldModel, index)
-        self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            index_name, self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
 
     def test_hash_parameters(self):
-        index_name = 'integer_array_hash_fillfactor'
-        index = HashIndex(fields=['field'], name=index_name, fillfactor=80)
+        index_name = "integer_array_hash_fillfactor"
+        index = HashIndex(fields=["field"], name=index_name, fillfactor=80)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(CharFieldModel, index)
         constraints = self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['type'], HashIndex.suffix)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['options'], ['fillfactor=80'])
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["type"], HashIndex.suffix)
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["options"], ["fillfactor=80"])
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(CharFieldModel, index)
-        self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            index_name, self.get_constraints(CharFieldModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
 
     def test_spgist_index(self):
         # Ensure the table is there and doesn't have an index.
-        self.assertNotIn('field', self.get_constraints(TextFieldModel._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn("field", self.get_constraints(TextFieldModel._meta.db_table))
         # Add the index.
-        index_name = 'text_field_model_field_spgist'
-        index = SpGistIndex(fields=['field'], name=index_name)
+        index_name = "text_field_model_field_spgist"
+        index = SpGistIndex(fields=["field"], name=index_name)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(TextFieldModel, index)
         constraints = self.get_constraints(TextFieldModel._meta.db_table)
         # The index was added.
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['type'], SpGistIndex.suffix)
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["type"], SpGistIndex.suffix)
         # Drop the index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(TextFieldModel, index)
-        self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(TextFieldModel._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            index_name, self.get_constraints(TextFieldModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
 
     def test_spgist_parameters(self):
-        index_name = 'text_field_model_spgist_fillfactor'
-        index = SpGistIndex(fields=['field'], name=index_name, fillfactor=80)
+        index_name = "text_field_model_spgist_fillfactor"
+        index = SpGistIndex(fields=["field"], name=index_name, fillfactor=80)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(TextFieldModel, index)
         constraints = self.get_constraints(TextFieldModel._meta.db_table)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['type'], SpGistIndex.suffix)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['options'], ['fillfactor=80'])
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["type"], SpGistIndex.suffix)
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["options"], ["fillfactor=80"])
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(TextFieldModel, index)
-        self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(TextFieldModel._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            index_name, self.get_constraints(TextFieldModel._meta.db_table)
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_covering_spgist_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_covering_spgist_indexes")
     def test_spgist_include(self):
-        index_name = 'scene_spgist_include_setting'
-        index = SpGistIndex(name=index_name, fields=['scene'], include=['setting'])
+        index_name = "scene_spgist_include_setting"
+        index = SpGistIndex(name=index_name, fields=["scene"], include=["setting"])
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(Scene, index)
         constraints = self.get_constraints(Scene._meta.db_table)
         self.assertIn(index_name, constraints)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['type'], SpGistIndex.suffix)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['columns'], ['scene', 'setting'])
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["type"], SpGistIndex.suffix)
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["columns"], ["scene", "setting"])
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(Scene, index)
         self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(Scene._meta.db_table))
 
     def test_spgist_include_not_supported(self):
-        index_name = 'spgist_include_exception'
-        index = SpGistIndex(fields=['scene'], name=index_name, include=['setting'])
-        msg = 'Covering SP-GiST indexes require PostgreSQL 14+.'
+        index_name = "spgist_include_exception"
+        index = SpGistIndex(fields=["scene"], name=index_name, include=["setting"])
+        msg = "Covering SP-GiST indexes require PostgreSQL 14+."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
             with mock.patch(
-                'django.db.backends.postgresql.features.DatabaseFeatures.supports_covering_spgist_indexes',
+                "django.db.backends.postgresql.features.DatabaseFeatures.supports_covering_spgist_indexes",
                 False,
             ):
                 with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -546,27 +640,25 @@ class SchemaTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(Scene._meta.db_table))
 
     def test_op_class(self):
-        index_name = 'test_op_class'
+        index_name = "test_op_class"
         index = Index(
-            OpClass(Lower('field'), name='text_pattern_ops'),
+            OpClass(Lower("field"), name="text_pattern_ops"),
             name=index_name,
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(TextFieldModel, index)
         with editor.connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(self.get_opclass_query, [index_name])
-            self.assertCountEqual(cursor.fetchall(), [('text_pattern_ops', index_name)])
+            self.assertCountEqual(cursor.fetchall(), [("text_pattern_ops", index_name)])
 
     def test_op_class_descending_collation(self):
-        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get('non_default')
+        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get("non_default")
         if not collation:
-            self.skipTest(
-                'This backend does not support case-insensitive collations.'
-            )
-        index_name = 'test_op_class_descending_collation'
+            self.skipTest("This backend does not support case-insensitive collations.")
+        index_name = "test_op_class_descending_collation"
         index = Index(
             Collate(
-                OpClass(Lower('field'), name='text_pattern_ops').desc(nulls_last=True),
+                OpClass(Lower("field"), name="text_pattern_ops").desc(nulls_last=True),
                 collation=collation,
             ),
             name=index_name,
@@ -574,53 +666,53 @@ class SchemaTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(TextFieldModel, index)
             self.assertIn(
-                'COLLATE %s' % editor.quote_name(collation),
+                "COLLATE %s" % editor.quote_name(collation),
                 str(index.create_sql(TextFieldModel, editor)),
             )
         with editor.connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(self.get_opclass_query, [index_name])
-            self.assertCountEqual(cursor.fetchall(), [('text_pattern_ops', index_name)])
+            self.assertCountEqual(cursor.fetchall(), [("text_pattern_ops", index_name)])
         table = TextFieldModel._meta.db_table
         constraints = self.get_constraints(table)
         self.assertIn(index_name, constraints)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['orders'], ['DESC'])
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["orders"], ["DESC"])
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(TextFieldModel, index)
         self.assertNotIn(index_name, self.get_constraints(table))
 
     def test_op_class_descending_partial(self):
-        index_name = 'test_op_class_descending_partial'
+        index_name = "test_op_class_descending_partial"
         index = Index(
-            OpClass(Lower('field'), name='text_pattern_ops').desc(),
+            OpClass(Lower("field"), name="text_pattern_ops").desc(),
             name=index_name,
-            condition=Q(field__contains='China'),
+            condition=Q(field__contains="China"),
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(TextFieldModel, index)
         with editor.connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(self.get_opclass_query, [index_name])
-            self.assertCountEqual(cursor.fetchall(), [('text_pattern_ops', index_name)])
+            self.assertCountEqual(cursor.fetchall(), [("text_pattern_ops", index_name)])
         constraints = self.get_constraints(TextFieldModel._meta.db_table)
         self.assertIn(index_name, constraints)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['orders'], ['DESC'])
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["orders"], ["DESC"])
 
     def test_op_class_descending_partial_tablespace(self):
-        index_name = 'test_op_class_descending_partial_tablespace'
+        index_name = "test_op_class_descending_partial_tablespace"
         index = Index(
-            OpClass(Lower('field').desc(), name='text_pattern_ops'),
+            OpClass(Lower("field").desc(), name="text_pattern_ops"),
             name=index_name,
-            condition=Q(field__contains='China'),
-            db_tablespace='pg_default',
+            condition=Q(field__contains="China"),
+            db_tablespace="pg_default",
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(TextFieldModel, index)
             self.assertIn(
                 'TABLESPACE "pg_default" ',
-                str(index.create_sql(TextFieldModel, editor))
+                str(index.create_sql(TextFieldModel, editor)),
             )
         with editor.connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(self.get_opclass_query, [index_name])
-            self.assertCountEqual(cursor.fetchall(), [('text_pattern_ops', index_name)])
+            self.assertCountEqual(cursor.fetchall(), [("text_pattern_ops", index_name)])
         constraints = self.get_constraints(TextFieldModel._meta.db_table)
         self.assertIn(index_name, constraints)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]['orders'], ['DESC'])
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index_name]["orders"], ["DESC"])
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/test_integration.py b/tests/postgres_tests/test_integration.py
index db082a6495..e3c62a93e9 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/test_integration.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/test_integration.py
@@ -8,15 +8,22 @@ from . import PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase
 class PostgresIntegrationTests(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
     def test_check(self):
         test_environ = os.environ.copy()
-        if 'DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE' in test_environ:
-            del test_environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE']
-        test_environ['PYTHONPATH'] = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '../../')
+        if "DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE" in test_environ:
+            del test_environ["DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE"]
+        test_environ["PYTHONPATH"] = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "../../")
         result = subprocess.run(
-            [sys.executable, '-m', 'django', 'check', '--settings', 'integration_settings'],
+            [
+                sys.executable,
+                "-m",
+                "django",
+                "check",
+                "--settings",
+                "integration_settings",
+            ],
             stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
             stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
             cwd=os.path.dirname(__file__),
             env=test_environ,
-            encoding='utf-8',
+            encoding="utf-8",
         )
         self.assertEqual(result.returncode, 0, msg=result.stderr)
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/test_introspection.py b/tests/postgres_tests/test_introspection.py
index 50cb9b2828..670be46536 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/test_introspection.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/test_introspection.py
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ from django.test.utils import modify_settings
 from . import PostgreSQLTestCase
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.postgres'})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.postgres"})
 class InspectDBTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
     def assertFieldsInModel(self, model, field_outputs):
         out = StringIO()
         call_command(
-            'inspectdb',
+            "inspectdb",
             table_name_filter=lambda tn: tn.startswith(model),
             stdout=out,
         )
@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ class InspectDBTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
 
     def test_range_fields(self):
         self.assertFieldsInModel(
-            'postgres_tests_rangesmodel',
+            "postgres_tests_rangesmodel",
             [
-                'ints = django.contrib.postgres.fields.IntegerRangeField(blank=True, null=True)',
-                'bigints = django.contrib.postgres.fields.BigIntegerRangeField(blank=True, null=True)',
-                'decimals = django.contrib.postgres.fields.DecimalRangeField(blank=True, null=True)',
-                'timestamps = django.contrib.postgres.fields.DateTimeRangeField(blank=True, null=True)',
-                'dates = django.contrib.postgres.fields.DateRangeField(blank=True, null=True)',
+                "ints = django.contrib.postgres.fields.IntegerRangeField(blank=True, null=True)",
+                "bigints = django.contrib.postgres.fields.BigIntegerRangeField(blank=True, null=True)",
+                "decimals = django.contrib.postgres.fields.DecimalRangeField(blank=True, null=True)",
+                "timestamps = django.contrib.postgres.fields.DateTimeRangeField(blank=True, null=True)",
+                "dates = django.contrib.postgres.fields.DateRangeField(blank=True, null=True)",
             ],
         )
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/test_operations.py b/tests/postgres_tests/test_operations.py
index 790fef8332..a54f8811ba 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/test_operations.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/test_operations.py
@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@ from unittest import mock
 
 from migrations.test_base import OperationTestBase
 
-from django.db import (
-    IntegrityError, NotSupportedError, connection, transaction,
-)
+from django.db import IntegrityError, NotSupportedError, connection, transaction
 from django.db.migrations.state import ProjectState
 from django.db.models import CheckConstraint, Index, Q, UniqueConstraint
 from django.db.utils import ProgrammingError
@@ -17,262 +15,315 @@ from . import PostgreSQLTestCase
 try:
     from django.contrib.postgres.indexes import BrinIndex, BTreeIndex
     from django.contrib.postgres.operations import (
-        AddConstraintNotValid, AddIndexConcurrently, BloomExtension,
-        CreateCollation, CreateExtension, RemoveCollation,
-        RemoveIndexConcurrently, ValidateConstraint,
+        AddConstraintNotValid,
+        AddIndexConcurrently,
+        BloomExtension,
+        CreateCollation,
+        CreateExtension,
+        RemoveCollation,
+        RemoveIndexConcurrently,
+        ValidateConstraint,
     )
 except ImportError:
     pass
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'PostgreSQL specific tests.')
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'migrations'})
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific tests.")
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "migrations"})
 class AddIndexConcurrentlyTests(OperationTestBase):
-    app_label = 'test_add_concurrently'
+    app_label = "test_add_concurrently"
 
     def test_requires_atomic_false(self):
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model(self.app_label)
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation = AddIndexConcurrently(
-            'Pony',
-            Index(fields=['pink'], name='pony_pink_idx'),
+            "Pony",
+            Index(fields=["pink"], name="pony_pink_idx"),
         )
         msg = (
-            'The AddIndexConcurrently operation cannot be executed inside '
-            'a transaction (set atomic = False on the migration).'
+            "The AddIndexConcurrently operation cannot be executed inside "
+            "a transaction (set atomic = False on the migration)."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
             with connection.schema_editor(atomic=True) as editor:
-                operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
+                operation.database_forwards(
+                    self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+                )
 
     def test_add(self):
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model(self.app_label, index=False)
-        table_name = '%s_pony' % self.app_label
-        index = Index(fields=['pink'], name='pony_pink_idx')
+        table_name = "%s_pony" % self.app_label
+        index = Index(fields=["pink"], name="pony_pink_idx")
         new_state = project_state.clone()
-        operation = AddIndexConcurrently('Pony', index)
+        operation = AddIndexConcurrently("Pony", index)
         self.assertEqual(
             operation.describe(),
-            'Concurrently create index pony_pink_idx on field(s) pink of model Pony',
+            "Concurrently create index pony_pink_idx on field(s) pink of model Pony",
         )
         operation.state_forwards(self.app_label, new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models[self.app_label, 'pony'].options['indexes']), 1)
-        self.assertIndexNotExists(table_name, ['pink'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(new_state.models[self.app_label, "pony"].options["indexes"]), 1
+        )
+        self.assertIndexNotExists(table_name, ["pink"])
         # Add index.
         with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
-        self.assertIndexExists(table_name, ['pink'])
+            operation.database_forwards(
+                self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
+        self.assertIndexExists(table_name, ["pink"])
         # Reversal.
         with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards(self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
-        self.assertIndexNotExists(table_name, ['pink'])
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
+        self.assertIndexNotExists(table_name, ["pink"])
         # Deconstruction.
         name, args, kwargs = operation.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(name, 'AddIndexConcurrently')
+        self.assertEqual(name, "AddIndexConcurrently")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'model_name': 'Pony', 'index': index})
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"model_name": "Pony", "index": index})
 
     def test_add_other_index_type(self):
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model(self.app_label, index=False)
-        table_name = '%s_pony' % self.app_label
+        table_name = "%s_pony" % self.app_label
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         operation = AddIndexConcurrently(
-            'Pony',
-            BrinIndex(fields=['pink'], name='pony_pink_brin_idx'),
+            "Pony",
+            BrinIndex(fields=["pink"], name="pony_pink_brin_idx"),
         )
-        self.assertIndexNotExists(table_name, ['pink'])
+        self.assertIndexNotExists(table_name, ["pink"])
         # Add index.
         with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
-        self.assertIndexExists(table_name, ['pink'], index_type='brin')
+            operation.database_forwards(
+                self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
+        self.assertIndexExists(table_name, ["pink"], index_type="brin")
         # Reversal.
         with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards(self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
-        self.assertIndexNotExists(table_name, ['pink'])
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
+        self.assertIndexNotExists(table_name, ["pink"])
 
     def test_add_with_options(self):
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model(self.app_label, index=False)
-        table_name = '%s_pony' % self.app_label
+        table_name = "%s_pony" % self.app_label
         new_state = project_state.clone()
-        index = BTreeIndex(fields=['pink'], name='pony_pink_btree_idx', fillfactor=70)
-        operation = AddIndexConcurrently('Pony', index)
-        self.assertIndexNotExists(table_name, ['pink'])
+        index = BTreeIndex(fields=["pink"], name="pony_pink_btree_idx", fillfactor=70)
+        operation = AddIndexConcurrently("Pony", index)
+        self.assertIndexNotExists(table_name, ["pink"])
         # Add index.
         with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
-        self.assertIndexExists(table_name, ['pink'], index_type='btree')
+            operation.database_forwards(
+                self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
+        self.assertIndexExists(table_name, ["pink"], index_type="btree")
         # Reversal.
         with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards(self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
-        self.assertIndexNotExists(table_name, ['pink'])
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
+        self.assertIndexNotExists(table_name, ["pink"])
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'PostgreSQL specific tests.')
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'migrations'})
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific tests.")
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "migrations"})
 class RemoveIndexConcurrentlyTests(OperationTestBase):
-    app_label = 'test_rm_concurrently'
+    app_label = "test_rm_concurrently"
 
     def test_requires_atomic_false(self):
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model(self.app_label, index=True)
         new_state = project_state.clone()
-        operation = RemoveIndexConcurrently('Pony', 'pony_pink_idx')
+        operation = RemoveIndexConcurrently("Pony", "pony_pink_idx")
         msg = (
-            'The RemoveIndexConcurrently operation cannot be executed inside '
-            'a transaction (set atomic = False on the migration).'
+            "The RemoveIndexConcurrently operation cannot be executed inside "
+            "a transaction (set atomic = False on the migration)."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
             with connection.schema_editor(atomic=True) as editor:
-                operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
+                operation.database_forwards(
+                    self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+                )
 
     def test_remove(self):
         project_state = self.set_up_test_model(self.app_label, index=True)
-        table_name = '%s_pony' % self.app_label
+        table_name = "%s_pony" % self.app_label
         self.assertTableExists(table_name)
         new_state = project_state.clone()
-        operation = RemoveIndexConcurrently('Pony', 'pony_pink_idx')
+        operation = RemoveIndexConcurrently("Pony", "pony_pink_idx")
         self.assertEqual(
             operation.describe(),
-            'Concurrently remove index pony_pink_idx from Pony',
+            "Concurrently remove index pony_pink_idx from Pony",
         )
         operation.state_forwards(self.app_label, new_state)
-        self.assertEqual(len(new_state.models[self.app_label, 'pony'].options['indexes']), 0)
-        self.assertIndexExists(table_name, ['pink'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(new_state.models[self.app_label, "pony"].options["indexes"]), 0
+        )
+        self.assertIndexExists(table_name, ["pink"])
         # Remove index.
         with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
-        self.assertIndexNotExists(table_name, ['pink'])
+            operation.database_forwards(
+                self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
+        self.assertIndexNotExists(table_name, ["pink"])
         # Reversal.
         with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards(self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
-        self.assertIndexExists(table_name, ['pink'])
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state
+            )
+        self.assertIndexExists(table_name, ["pink"])
         # Deconstruction.
         name, args, kwargs = operation.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(name, 'RemoveIndexConcurrently')
+        self.assertEqual(name, "RemoveIndexConcurrently")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'model_name': 'Pony', 'name': 'pony_pink_idx'})
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"model_name": "Pony", "name": "pony_pink_idx"})
 
 
-class NoMigrationRouter():
+class NoMigrationRouter:
     def allow_migrate(self, db, app_label, **hints):
         return False
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'PostgreSQL specific tests.')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific tests.")
 class CreateExtensionTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
-    app_label = 'test_allow_create_extention'
+    app_label = "test_allow_create_extention"
 
     @override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[NoMigrationRouter()])
     def test_no_allow_migrate(self):
-        operation = CreateExtension('tablefunc')
+        operation = CreateExtension("tablefunc")
         project_state = ProjectState()
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         # Don't create an extension.
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-                operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
+                operation.database_forwards(
+                    self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+                )
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 0)
         # Reversal.
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-                operation.database_backwards(self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
+                operation.database_backwards(
+                    self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state
+                )
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 0)
 
     def test_allow_migrate(self):
-        operation = CreateExtension('tablefunc')
-        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, 'create_extension_tablefunc')
+        operation = CreateExtension("tablefunc")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            operation.migration_name_fragment, "create_extension_tablefunc"
+        )
         project_state = ProjectState()
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         # Create an extension.
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-                operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
+                operation.database_forwards(
+                    self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+                )
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 4)
-        self.assertIn('CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS', captured_queries[1]['sql'])
+        self.assertIn("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS", captured_queries[1]["sql"])
         # Reversal.
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-                operation.database_backwards(self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
+                operation.database_backwards(
+                    self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state
+                )
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 2)
-        self.assertIn('DROP EXTENSION IF EXISTS', captured_queries[1]['sql'])
+        self.assertIn("DROP EXTENSION IF EXISTS", captured_queries[1]["sql"])
 
     def test_create_existing_extension(self):
         operation = BloomExtension()
-        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, 'create_extension_bloom')
+        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, "create_extension_bloom")
         project_state = ProjectState()
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         # Don't create an existing extension.
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-                operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
+                operation.database_forwards(
+                    self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+                )
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 3)
-        self.assertIn('SELECT', captured_queries[0]['sql'])
+        self.assertIn("SELECT", captured_queries[0]["sql"])
 
     def test_drop_nonexistent_extension(self):
-        operation = CreateExtension('tablefunc')
+        operation = CreateExtension("tablefunc")
         project_state = ProjectState()
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         # Don't drop a nonexistent extension.
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-                operation.database_backwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
+                operation.database_backwards(
+                    self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+                )
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 1)
-        self.assertIn('SELECT', captured_queries[0]['sql'])
+        self.assertIn("SELECT", captured_queries[0]["sql"])
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'PostgreSQL specific tests.')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific tests.")
 class CreateCollationTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
-    app_label = 'test_allow_create_collation'
+    app_label = "test_allow_create_collation"
 
     @override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[NoMigrationRouter()])
     def test_no_allow_migrate(self):
-        operation = CreateCollation('C_test', locale='C')
+        operation = CreateCollation("C_test", locale="C")
         project_state = ProjectState()
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         # Don't create a collation.
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-                operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
+                operation.database_forwards(
+                    self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+                )
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 0)
         # Reversal.
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-                operation.database_backwards(self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
+                operation.database_backwards(
+                    self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state
+                )
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 0)
 
     def test_create(self):
-        operation = CreateCollation('C_test', locale='C')
-        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, 'create_collation_c_test')
-        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), 'Create collation C_test')
+        operation = CreateCollation("C_test", locale="C")
+        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, "create_collation_c_test")
+        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Create collation C_test")
         project_state = ProjectState()
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         # Create a collation.
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-                operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
+                operation.database_forwards(
+                    self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+                )
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 1)
-        self.assertIn('CREATE COLLATION', captured_queries[0]['sql'])
+        self.assertIn("CREATE COLLATION", captured_queries[0]["sql"])
         # Creating the same collation raises an exception.
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ProgrammingError, 'already exists'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ProgrammingError, "already exists"):
             with connection.schema_editor(atomic=True) as editor:
-                operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
+                operation.database_forwards(
+                    self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+                )
         # Reversal.
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-                operation.database_backwards(self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
+                operation.database_backwards(
+                    self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state
+                )
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 1)
-        self.assertIn('DROP COLLATION', captured_queries[0]['sql'])
+        self.assertIn("DROP COLLATION", captured_queries[0]["sql"])
         # Deconstruction.
         name, args, kwargs = operation.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(name, 'CreateCollation')
+        self.assertEqual(name, "CreateCollation")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'name': 'C_test', 'locale': 'C'})
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"name": "C_test", "locale": "C"})
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_non_deterministic_collations')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_non_deterministic_collations")
     def test_create_non_deterministic_collation(self):
         operation = CreateCollation(
-            'case_insensitive_test',
-            'und-u-ks-level2',
-            provider='icu',
+            "case_insensitive_test",
+            "und-u-ks-level2",
+            provider="icu",
             deterministic=False,
         )
         project_state = ProjectState()
@@ -280,216 +331,253 @@ class CreateCollationTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         # Create a collation.
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-                operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
+                operation.database_forwards(
+                    self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+                )
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 1)
-        self.assertIn('CREATE COLLATION', captured_queries[0]['sql'])
+        self.assertIn("CREATE COLLATION", captured_queries[0]["sql"])
         # Reversal.
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-                operation.database_backwards(self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
+                operation.database_backwards(
+                    self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state
+                )
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 1)
-        self.assertIn('DROP COLLATION', captured_queries[0]['sql'])
+        self.assertIn("DROP COLLATION", captured_queries[0]["sql"])
         # Deconstruction.
         name, args, kwargs = operation.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(name, 'CreateCollation')
+        self.assertEqual(name, "CreateCollation")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {
-            'name': 'case_insensitive_test',
-            'locale': 'und-u-ks-level2',
-            'provider': 'icu',
-            'deterministic': False,
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            kwargs,
+            {
+                "name": "case_insensitive_test",
+                "locale": "und-u-ks-level2",
+                "provider": "icu",
+                "deterministic": False,
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_create_collation_alternate_provider(self):
         operation = CreateCollation(
-            'german_phonebook_test',
-            provider='icu',
-            locale='de-u-co-phonebk',
+            "german_phonebook_test",
+            provider="icu",
+            locale="de-u-co-phonebk",
         )
         project_state = ProjectState()
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         # Create an collation.
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-                operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
+                operation.database_forwards(
+                    self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+                )
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 1)
-        self.assertIn('CREATE COLLATION', captured_queries[0]['sql'])
+        self.assertIn("CREATE COLLATION", captured_queries[0]["sql"])
         # Reversal.
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-                operation.database_backwards(self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
+                operation.database_backwards(
+                    self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state
+                )
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 1)
-        self.assertIn('DROP COLLATION', captured_queries[0]['sql'])
+        self.assertIn("DROP COLLATION", captured_queries[0]["sql"])
 
     def test_nondeterministic_collation_not_supported(self):
         operation = CreateCollation(
-            'case_insensitive_test',
-            provider='icu',
-            locale='und-u-ks-level2',
+            "case_insensitive_test",
+            provider="icu",
+            locale="und-u-ks-level2",
             deterministic=False,
         )
         project_state = ProjectState()
         new_state = project_state.clone()
-        msg = 'Non-deterministic collations require PostgreSQL 12+.'
+        msg = "Non-deterministic collations require PostgreSQL 12+."
         with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
             with mock.patch(
-                'django.db.backends.postgresql.features.DatabaseFeatures.'
-                'supports_non_deterministic_collations',
+                "django.db.backends.postgresql.features.DatabaseFeatures."
+                "supports_non_deterministic_collations",
                 False,
             ):
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
-                    operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
+                    operation.database_forwards(
+                        self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+                    )
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'PostgreSQL specific tests.')
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific tests.")
 class RemoveCollationTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
-    app_label = 'test_allow_remove_collation'
+    app_label = "test_allow_remove_collation"
 
     @override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[NoMigrationRouter()])
     def test_no_allow_migrate(self):
-        operation = RemoveCollation('C_test', locale='C')
+        operation = RemoveCollation("C_test", locale="C")
         project_state = ProjectState()
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         # Don't create a collation.
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-                operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
+                operation.database_forwards(
+                    self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+                )
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 0)
         # Reversal.
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-                operation.database_backwards(self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
+                operation.database_backwards(
+                    self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state
+                )
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 0)
 
     def test_remove(self):
-        operation = CreateCollation('C_test', locale='C')
+        operation = CreateCollation("C_test", locale="C")
         project_state = ProjectState()
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
+            operation.database_forwards(
+                self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
 
-        operation = RemoveCollation('C_test', locale='C')
-        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, 'remove_collation_c_test')
-        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), 'Remove collation C_test')
+        operation = RemoveCollation("C_test", locale="C")
+        self.assertEqual(operation.migration_name_fragment, "remove_collation_c_test")
+        self.assertEqual(operation.describe(), "Remove collation C_test")
         project_state = ProjectState()
         new_state = project_state.clone()
         # Remove a collation.
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-                operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
+                operation.database_forwards(
+                    self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+                )
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 1)
-        self.assertIn('DROP COLLATION', captured_queries[0]['sql'])
+        self.assertIn("DROP COLLATION", captured_queries[0]["sql"])
         # Removing a nonexistent collation raises an exception.
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ProgrammingError, 'does not exist'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ProgrammingError, "does not exist"):
             with connection.schema_editor(atomic=True) as editor:
-                operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
+                operation.database_forwards(
+                    self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+                )
         # Reversal.
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             with connection.schema_editor(atomic=False) as editor:
-                operation.database_backwards(self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
+                operation.database_backwards(
+                    self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state
+                )
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 1)
-        self.assertIn('CREATE COLLATION', captured_queries[0]['sql'])
+        self.assertIn("CREATE COLLATION", captured_queries[0]["sql"])
         # Deconstruction.
         name, args, kwargs = operation.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(name, 'RemoveCollation')
+        self.assertEqual(name, "RemoveCollation")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'name': 'C_test', 'locale': 'C'})
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"name": "C_test", "locale": "C"})
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'PostgreSQL specific tests.')
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'migrations'})
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific tests.")
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "migrations"})
 class AddConstraintNotValidTests(OperationTestBase):
-    app_label = 'test_add_constraint_not_valid'
+    app_label = "test_add_constraint_not_valid"
 
     def test_non_check_constraint_not_supported(self):
-        constraint = UniqueConstraint(fields=['pink'], name='pony_pink_uniq')
-        msg = 'AddConstraintNotValid.constraint must be a check constraint.'
+        constraint = UniqueConstraint(fields=["pink"], name="pony_pink_uniq")
+        msg = "AddConstraintNotValid.constraint must be a check constraint."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            AddConstraintNotValid(model_name='pony', constraint=constraint)
+            AddConstraintNotValid(model_name="pony", constraint=constraint)
 
     def test_add(self):
-        table_name = f'{self.app_label}_pony'
-        constraint_name = 'pony_pink_gte_check'
+        table_name = f"{self.app_label}_pony"
+        constraint_name = "pony_pink_gte_check"
         constraint = CheckConstraint(check=Q(pink__gte=4), name=constraint_name)
-        operation = AddConstraintNotValid('Pony', constraint=constraint)
+        operation = AddConstraintNotValid("Pony", constraint=constraint)
         project_state, new_state = self.make_test_state(self.app_label, operation)
         self.assertEqual(
             operation.describe(),
-            f'Create not valid constraint {constraint_name} on model Pony',
+            f"Create not valid constraint {constraint_name} on model Pony",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             operation.migration_name_fragment,
-            f'pony_{constraint_name}_not_valid',
+            f"pony_{constraint_name}_not_valid",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            len(new_state.models[self.app_label, 'pony'].options['constraints']),
+            len(new_state.models[self.app_label, "pony"].options["constraints"]),
             1,
         )
         self.assertConstraintNotExists(table_name, constraint_name)
-        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model(self.app_label, 'Pony')
+        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model(self.app_label, "Pony")
         self.assertEqual(len(Pony._meta.constraints), 1)
         Pony.objects.create(pink=2, weight=1.0)
         # Add constraint.
         with connection.schema_editor(atomic=True) as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
+            operation.database_forwards(
+                self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
         msg = f'check constraint "{constraint_name}"'
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(IntegrityError, msg), transaction.atomic():
             Pony.objects.create(pink=3, weight=1.0)
         self.assertConstraintExists(table_name, constraint_name)
         # Reversal.
         with connection.schema_editor(atomic=True) as editor:
-            operation.database_backwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
+            operation.database_backwards(
+                self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
         self.assertConstraintNotExists(table_name, constraint_name)
         Pony.objects.create(pink=3, weight=1.0)
         # Deconstruction.
         name, args, kwargs = operation.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(name, 'AddConstraintNotValid')
+        self.assertEqual(name, "AddConstraintNotValid")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'model_name': 'Pony', 'constraint': constraint})
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"model_name": "Pony", "constraint": constraint})
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'PostgreSQL specific tests.')
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'migrations'})
+@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific tests.")
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "migrations"})
 class ValidateConstraintTests(OperationTestBase):
-    app_label = 'test_validate_constraint'
+    app_label = "test_validate_constraint"
 
     def test_validate(self):
-        constraint_name = 'pony_pink_gte_check'
+        constraint_name = "pony_pink_gte_check"
         constraint = CheckConstraint(check=Q(pink__gte=4), name=constraint_name)
-        operation = AddConstraintNotValid('Pony', constraint=constraint)
+        operation = AddConstraintNotValid("Pony", constraint=constraint)
         project_state, new_state = self.make_test_state(self.app_label, operation)
-        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model(self.app_label, 'Pony')
+        Pony = new_state.apps.get_model(self.app_label, "Pony")
         obj = Pony.objects.create(pink=2, weight=1.0)
         # Add constraint.
         with connection.schema_editor(atomic=True) as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
+            operation.database_forwards(
+                self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
         project_state = new_state
         new_state = new_state.clone()
-        operation = ValidateConstraint('Pony', name=constraint_name)
+        operation = ValidateConstraint("Pony", name=constraint_name)
         operation.state_forwards(self.app_label, new_state)
         self.assertEqual(
             operation.describe(),
-            f'Validate constraint {constraint_name} on model Pony',
+            f"Validate constraint {constraint_name} on model Pony",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             operation.migration_name_fragment,
-            f'pony_validate_{constraint_name}',
+            f"pony_validate_{constraint_name}",
         )
         # Validate constraint.
         with connection.schema_editor(atomic=True) as editor:
             msg = f'check constraint "{constraint_name}"'
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(IntegrityError, msg):
-                operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
+                operation.database_forwards(
+                    self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+                )
         obj.pink = 5
         obj.save()
         with connection.schema_editor(atomic=True) as editor:
-            operation.database_forwards(self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state)
+            operation.database_forwards(
+                self.app_label, editor, project_state, new_state
+            )
         # Reversal is a noop.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-                operation.database_backwards(self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state)
+                operation.database_backwards(
+                    self.app_label, editor, new_state, project_state
+                )
         # Deconstruction.
         name, args, kwargs = operation.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(name, 'ValidateConstraint')
+        self.assertEqual(name, "ValidateConstraint")
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'model_name': 'Pony', 'name': constraint_name})
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"model_name": "Pony", "name": constraint_name})
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/test_ranges.py b/tests/postgres_tests/test_ranges.py
index c2f9d443dd..7563b4ffff 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/test_ranges.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/test_ranges.py
@@ -12,38 +12,43 @@ from django.utils import timezone
 
 from . import PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase, PostgreSQLTestCase
 from .models import (
-    BigAutoFieldModel, PostgreSQLModel, RangeLookupsModel, RangesModel,
+    BigAutoFieldModel,
+    PostgreSQLModel,
+    RangeLookupsModel,
+    RangesModel,
     SmallAutoFieldModel,
 )
 
 try:
     from psycopg2.extras import DateRange, DateTimeTZRange, NumericRange
 
-    from django.contrib.postgres import fields as pg_fields, forms as pg_forms
+    from django.contrib.postgres import fields as pg_fields
+    from django.contrib.postgres import forms as pg_forms
     from django.contrib.postgres.validators import (
-        RangeMaxValueValidator, RangeMinValueValidator,
+        RangeMaxValueValidator,
+        RangeMinValueValidator,
     )
 except ImportError:
     pass
 
 
-@isolate_apps('postgres_tests')
+@isolate_apps("postgres_tests")
 class BasicTests(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
     def test_get_field_display(self):
         class Model(PostgreSQLModel):
             field = pg_fields.IntegerRangeField(
                 choices=[
-                    ['1-50', [((1, 25), '1-25'), ([26, 50], '26-50')]],
-                    ((51, 100), '51-100'),
+                    ["1-50", [((1, 25), "1-25"), ([26, 50], "26-50")]],
+                    ((51, 100), "51-100"),
                 ],
             )
 
         tests = (
-            ((1, 25), '1-25'),
-            ([26, 50], '26-50'),
-            ((51, 100), '51-100'),
-            ((1, 2), '(1, 2)'),
-            ([1, 2], '[1, 2]'),
+            ((1, 25), "1-25"),
+            ([26, 50], "26-50"),
+            ((51, 100), "51-100"),
+            ((1, 2), "(1, 2)"),
+            ([1, 2], "[1, 2]"),
         )
         for value, display in tests:
             with self.subTest(value=value, display=display):
@@ -59,7 +64,7 @@ class BasicTests(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
         for field_type in discrete_range_types:
             msg = f"Cannot use 'default_bounds' with {field_type.__name__}."
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-                field_type(choices=[((51, 100), '51-100')], default_bounds='[]')
+                field_type(choices=[((51, 100), "51-100")], default_bounds="[]")
 
     def test_continuous_range_fields_default_bounds(self):
         continuous_range_types = [
@@ -67,11 +72,11 @@ class BasicTests(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
             pg_fields.DateTimeRangeField,
         ]
         for field_type in continuous_range_types:
-            field = field_type(choices=[((51, 100), '51-100')], default_bounds='[]')
-            self.assertEqual(field.default_bounds, '[]')
+            field = field_type(choices=[((51, 100), "51-100")], default_bounds="[]")
+            self.assertEqual(field.default_bounds, "[]")
 
     def test_invalid_default_bounds(self):
-        tests = [')]', ')[', '](', '])', '([', '[(', 'x', '', None]
+        tests = [")]", ")[", "](", "])", "([", "[(", "x", "", None]
         msg = "default_bounds must be one of '[)', '(]', '()', or '[]'."
         for invalid_bounds in tests:
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
@@ -81,13 +86,12 @@ class BasicTests(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
         field = pg_fields.DecimalRangeField()
         *_, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {})
-        field = pg_fields.DecimalRangeField(default_bounds='[]')
+        field = pg_fields.DecimalRangeField(default_bounds="[]")
         *_, kwargs = field.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'default_bounds': '[]'})
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"default_bounds": "[]"})
 
 
 class TestSaveLoad(PostgreSQLTestCase):
-
     def test_all_fields(self):
         now = timezone.now()
         instance = RangesModel(
@@ -124,15 +128,15 @@ class TestSaveLoad(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         loaded = RangesModel.objects.get()
         self.assertEqual(
             loaded.timestamps_closed_bounds,
-            DateTimeTZRange(range_[0], range_[1], '[]'),
+            DateTimeTZRange(range_[0], range_[1], "[]"),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             loaded.timestamps,
-            DateTimeTZRange(range_[0], range_[1], '[)'),
+            DateTimeTZRange(range_[0], range_[1], "[)"),
         )
 
     def test_range_object_boundaries(self):
-        r = NumericRange(0, 10, '[]')
+        r = NumericRange(0, 10, "[]")
         instance = RangesModel(decimals=r)
         instance.save()
         loaded = RangesModel.objects.get()
@@ -143,14 +147,14 @@ class TestSaveLoad(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         range_ = DateTimeTZRange(
             timezone.now(),
             timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(hours=1),
-            bounds='()',
+            bounds="()",
         )
         RangesModel.objects.create(timestamps_closed_bounds=range_)
         loaded = RangesModel.objects.get()
         self.assertEqual(loaded.timestamps_closed_bounds, range_)
 
     def test_unbounded(self):
-        r = NumericRange(None, None, '()')
+        r = NumericRange(None, None, "()")
         instance = RangesModel(decimals=r)
         instance.save()
         loaded = RangesModel.objects.get()
@@ -171,13 +175,12 @@ class TestSaveLoad(PostgreSQLTestCase):
 
     def test_model_set_on_base_field(self):
         instance = RangesModel()
-        field = instance._meta.get_field('ints')
+        field = instance._meta.get_field("ints")
         self.assertEqual(field.model, RangesModel)
         self.assertEqual(field.base_field.model, RangesModel)
 
 
 class TestRangeContainsLookup(PostgreSQLTestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.timestamps = [
@@ -189,8 +192,7 @@ class TestRangeContainsLookup(PostgreSQLTestCase):
             datetime.datetime(year=2016, month=2, day=2),
         ]
         cls.aware_timestamps = [
-            timezone.make_aware(timestamp)
-            for timestamp in cls.timestamps
+            timezone.make_aware(timestamp) for timestamp in cls.timestamps
         ]
         cls.dates = [
             datetime.date(year=2016, month=1, day=1),
@@ -230,13 +232,13 @@ class TestRangeContainsLookup(PostgreSQLTestCase):
             (self.timestamps[1], self.timestamps[2]),
             (self.aware_timestamps[1], self.aware_timestamps[2]),
             Value(self.dates[0]),
-            Func(F('dates'), function='lower', output_field=DateTimeField()),
-            F('timestamps_inner'),
+            Func(F("dates"), function="lower", output_field=DateTimeField()),
+            F("timestamps_inner"),
         )
         for filter_arg in filter_args:
             with self.subTest(filter_arg=filter_arg):
                 self.assertCountEqual(
-                    RangesModel.objects.filter(**{'timestamps__contains': filter_arg}),
+                    RangesModel.objects.filter(**{"timestamps__contains": filter_arg}),
                     [self.obj, self.aware_obj],
                 )
 
@@ -245,28 +247,29 @@ class TestRangeContainsLookup(PostgreSQLTestCase):
             self.timestamps[1],
             (self.dates[1], self.dates[2]),
             Value(self.dates[0], output_field=DateField()),
-            Func(F('timestamps'), function='lower', output_field=DateField()),
-            F('dates_inner'),
+            Func(F("timestamps"), function="lower", output_field=DateField()),
+            F("dates_inner"),
         )
         for filter_arg in filter_args:
             with self.subTest(filter_arg=filter_arg):
                 self.assertCountEqual(
-                    RangesModel.objects.filter(**{'dates__contains': filter_arg}),
+                    RangesModel.objects.filter(**{"dates__contains": filter_arg}),
                     [self.obj, self.aware_obj],
                 )
 
 
 class TestQuerying(PostgreSQLTestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.objs = RangesModel.objects.bulk_create([
-            RangesModel(ints=NumericRange(0, 10)),
-            RangesModel(ints=NumericRange(5, 15)),
-            RangesModel(ints=NumericRange(None, 0)),
-            RangesModel(ints=NumericRange(empty=True)),
-            RangesModel(ints=None),
-        ])
+        cls.objs = RangesModel.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                RangesModel(ints=NumericRange(0, 10)),
+                RangesModel(ints=NumericRange(5, 15)),
+                RangesModel(ints=NumericRange(None, 0)),
+                RangesModel(ints=NumericRange(empty=True)),
+                RangesModel(ints=None),
+            ]
+        )
 
     def test_exact(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
@@ -359,26 +362,28 @@ class TestQuerying(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         )
 
     def test_bound_type(self):
-        decimals = RangesModel.objects.bulk_create([
-            RangesModel(decimals=NumericRange(None, 10)),
-            RangesModel(decimals=NumericRange(10, None)),
-            RangesModel(decimals=NumericRange(5, 15)),
-            RangesModel(decimals=NumericRange(5, 15, '(]')),
-        ])
+        decimals = RangesModel.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                RangesModel(decimals=NumericRange(None, 10)),
+                RangesModel(decimals=NumericRange(10, None)),
+                RangesModel(decimals=NumericRange(5, 15)),
+                RangesModel(decimals=NumericRange(5, 15, "(]")),
+            ]
+        )
         tests = [
-            ('lower_inc', True, [decimals[1], decimals[2]]),
-            ('lower_inc', False, [decimals[0], decimals[3]]),
-            ('lower_inf', True, [decimals[0]]),
-            ('lower_inf', False, [decimals[1], decimals[2], decimals[3]]),
-            ('upper_inc', True, [decimals[3]]),
-            ('upper_inc', False, [decimals[0], decimals[1], decimals[2]]),
-            ('upper_inf', True, [decimals[1]]),
-            ('upper_inf', False, [decimals[0], decimals[2], decimals[3]]),
+            ("lower_inc", True, [decimals[1], decimals[2]]),
+            ("lower_inc", False, [decimals[0], decimals[3]]),
+            ("lower_inf", True, [decimals[0]]),
+            ("lower_inf", False, [decimals[1], decimals[2], decimals[3]]),
+            ("upper_inc", True, [decimals[3]]),
+            ("upper_inc", False, [decimals[0], decimals[1], decimals[2]]),
+            ("upper_inf", True, [decimals[1]]),
+            ("upper_inf", False, [decimals[0], decimals[2], decimals[3]]),
         ]
         for lookup, filter_arg, excepted_result in tests:
             with self.subTest(lookup=lookup, filter_arg=filter_arg):
                 self.assertSequenceEqual(
-                    RangesModel.objects.filter(**{'decimals__%s' % lookup: filter_arg}),
+                    RangesModel.objects.filter(**{"decimals__%s" % lookup: filter_arg}),
                     excepted_result,
                 )
 
@@ -386,32 +391,38 @@ class TestQuerying(PostgreSQLTestCase):
 class TestQueryingWithRanges(PostgreSQLTestCase):
     def test_date_range(self):
         objs = [
-            RangeLookupsModel.objects.create(date='2015-01-01'),
-            RangeLookupsModel.objects.create(date='2015-05-05'),
+            RangeLookupsModel.objects.create(date="2015-01-01"),
+            RangeLookupsModel.objects.create(date="2015-05-05"),
         ]
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            RangeLookupsModel.objects.filter(date__contained_by=DateRange('2015-01-01', '2015-05-04')),
+            RangeLookupsModel.objects.filter(
+                date__contained_by=DateRange("2015-01-01", "2015-05-04")
+            ),
             [objs[0]],
         )
 
     def test_date_range_datetime_field(self):
         objs = [
-            RangeLookupsModel.objects.create(timestamp='2015-01-01'),
-            RangeLookupsModel.objects.create(timestamp='2015-05-05'),
+            RangeLookupsModel.objects.create(timestamp="2015-01-01"),
+            RangeLookupsModel.objects.create(timestamp="2015-05-05"),
         ]
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            RangeLookupsModel.objects.filter(timestamp__date__contained_by=DateRange('2015-01-01', '2015-05-04')),
+            RangeLookupsModel.objects.filter(
+                timestamp__date__contained_by=DateRange("2015-01-01", "2015-05-04")
+            ),
             [objs[0]],
         )
 
     def test_datetime_range(self):
         objs = [
-            RangeLookupsModel.objects.create(timestamp='2015-01-01T09:00:00'),
-            RangeLookupsModel.objects.create(timestamp='2015-05-05T17:00:00'),
+            RangeLookupsModel.objects.create(timestamp="2015-01-01T09:00:00"),
+            RangeLookupsModel.objects.create(timestamp="2015-05-05T17:00:00"),
         ]
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             RangeLookupsModel.objects.filter(
-                timestamp__contained_by=DateTimeTZRange('2015-01-01T09:00', '2015-05-04T23:55')
+                timestamp__contained_by=DateTimeTZRange(
+                    "2015-01-01T09:00", "2015-05-04T23:55"
+                )
             ),
             [objs[0]],
         )
@@ -423,7 +434,9 @@ class TestQueryingWithRanges(PostgreSQLTestCase):
             RangeLookupsModel.objects.create(small_integer=-1),
         ]
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            RangeLookupsModel.objects.filter(small_integer__contained_by=NumericRange(4, 6)),
+            RangeLookupsModel.objects.filter(
+                small_integer__contained_by=NumericRange(4, 6)
+            ),
             [objs[1]],
         )
 
@@ -435,7 +448,7 @@ class TestQueryingWithRanges(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         ]
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             RangeLookupsModel.objects.filter(integer__contained_by=NumericRange(1, 98)),
-            [objs[0]]
+            [objs[0]],
         )
 
     def test_biginteger_range(self):
@@ -445,19 +458,23 @@ class TestQueryingWithRanges(PostgreSQLTestCase):
             RangeLookupsModel.objects.create(big_integer=-1),
         ]
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            RangeLookupsModel.objects.filter(big_integer__contained_by=NumericRange(1, 98)),
-            [objs[0]]
+            RangeLookupsModel.objects.filter(
+                big_integer__contained_by=NumericRange(1, 98)
+            ),
+            [objs[0]],
         )
 
     def test_decimal_field_contained_by(self):
         objs = [
-            RangeLookupsModel.objects.create(decimal_field=Decimal('1.33')),
-            RangeLookupsModel.objects.create(decimal_field=Decimal('2.88')),
-            RangeLookupsModel.objects.create(decimal_field=Decimal('99.17')),
+            RangeLookupsModel.objects.create(decimal_field=Decimal("1.33")),
+            RangeLookupsModel.objects.create(decimal_field=Decimal("2.88")),
+            RangeLookupsModel.objects.create(decimal_field=Decimal("99.17")),
         ]
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             RangeLookupsModel.objects.filter(
-                decimal_field__contained_by=NumericRange(Decimal('1.89'), Decimal('7.91')),
+                decimal_field__contained_by=NumericRange(
+                    Decimal("1.89"), Decimal("7.91")
+                ),
             ),
             [objs[1]],
         )
@@ -470,13 +487,13 @@ class TestQueryingWithRanges(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         ]
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             RangeLookupsModel.objects.filter(float__contained_by=NumericRange(1, 98)),
-            [objs[0]]
+            [objs[0]],
         )
 
     def test_small_auto_field_contained_by(self):
-        objs = SmallAutoFieldModel.objects.bulk_create([
-            SmallAutoFieldModel() for i in range(1, 5)
-        ])
+        objs = SmallAutoFieldModel.objects.bulk_create(
+            [SmallAutoFieldModel() for i in range(1, 5)]
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             SmallAutoFieldModel.objects.filter(
                 id__contained_by=NumericRange(objs[1].pk, objs[3].pk),
@@ -485,9 +502,9 @@ class TestQueryingWithRanges(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         )
 
     def test_auto_field_contained_by(self):
-        objs = RangeLookupsModel.objects.bulk_create([
-            RangeLookupsModel() for i in range(1, 5)
-        ])
+        objs = RangeLookupsModel.objects.bulk_create(
+            [RangeLookupsModel() for i in range(1, 5)]
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             RangeLookupsModel.objects.filter(
                 id__contained_by=NumericRange(objs[1].pk, objs[3].pk),
@@ -496,9 +513,9 @@ class TestQueryingWithRanges(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         )
 
     def test_big_auto_field_contained_by(self):
-        objs = BigAutoFieldModel.objects.bulk_create([
-            BigAutoFieldModel() for i in range(1, 5)
-        ])
+        objs = BigAutoFieldModel.objects.bulk_create(
+            [BigAutoFieldModel() for i in range(1, 5)]
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             BigAutoFieldModel.objects.filter(
                 id__contained_by=NumericRange(objs[1].pk, objs[3].pk),
@@ -513,8 +530,8 @@ class TestQueryingWithRanges(PostgreSQLTestCase):
             RangeLookupsModel.objects.create(float=99, parent=parent),
         ]
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            RangeLookupsModel.objects.filter(float__contained_by=F('parent__decimals')),
-            [objs[0]]
+            RangeLookupsModel.objects.filter(float__contained_by=F("parent__decimals")),
+            [objs[0]],
         )
 
     def test_exclude(self):
@@ -525,7 +542,7 @@ class TestQueryingWithRanges(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         ]
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             RangeLookupsModel.objects.exclude(float__contained_by=NumericRange(0, 100)),
-            [objs[2]]
+            [objs[2]],
         )
 
 
@@ -550,44 +567,49 @@ class TestSerialization(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_dumping(self):
         instance = RangesModel(
-            ints=NumericRange(0, 10), decimals=NumericRange(empty=True),
+            ints=NumericRange(0, 10),
+            decimals=NumericRange(empty=True),
             timestamps=DateTimeTZRange(self.lower_dt, self.upper_dt),
             timestamps_closed_bounds=DateTimeTZRange(
-                self.lower_dt, self.upper_dt, bounds='()',
+                self.lower_dt,
+                self.upper_dt,
+                bounds="()",
             ),
             dates=DateRange(self.lower_date, self.upper_date),
         )
-        data = serializers.serialize('json', [instance])
+        data = serializers.serialize("json", [instance])
         dumped = json.loads(data)
-        for field in ('ints', 'dates', 'timestamps', 'timestamps_closed_bounds'):
-            dumped[0]['fields'][field] = json.loads(dumped[0]['fields'][field])
+        for field in ("ints", "dates", "timestamps", "timestamps_closed_bounds"):
+            dumped[0]["fields"][field] = json.loads(dumped[0]["fields"][field])
         check = json.loads(self.test_data)
-        for field in ('ints', 'dates', 'timestamps', 'timestamps_closed_bounds'):
-            check[0]['fields'][field] = json.loads(check[0]['fields'][field])
+        for field in ("ints", "dates", "timestamps", "timestamps_closed_bounds"):
+            check[0]["fields"][field] = json.loads(check[0]["fields"][field])
 
         self.assertEqual(dumped, check)
 
     def test_loading(self):
-        instance = list(serializers.deserialize('json', self.test_data))[0].object
+        instance = list(serializers.deserialize("json", self.test_data))[0].object
         self.assertEqual(instance.ints, NumericRange(0, 10))
         self.assertEqual(instance.decimals, NumericRange(empty=True))
         self.assertIsNone(instance.bigints)
         self.assertEqual(instance.dates, DateRange(self.lower_date, self.upper_date))
-        self.assertEqual(instance.timestamps, DateTimeTZRange(self.lower_dt, self.upper_dt))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            instance.timestamps, DateTimeTZRange(self.lower_dt, self.upper_dt)
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             instance.timestamps_closed_bounds,
-            DateTimeTZRange(self.lower_dt, self.upper_dt, bounds='()'),
+            DateTimeTZRange(self.lower_dt, self.upper_dt, bounds="()"),
         )
 
     def test_serialize_range_with_null(self):
         instance = RangesModel(ints=NumericRange(None, 10))
-        data = serializers.serialize('json', [instance])
-        new_instance = list(serializers.deserialize('json', data))[0].object
+        data = serializers.serialize("json", [instance])
+        new_instance = list(serializers.deserialize("json", data))[0].object
         self.assertEqual(new_instance.ints, NumericRange(None, 10))
 
         instance = RangesModel(ints=NumericRange(10, None))
-        data = serializers.serialize('json', [instance])
-        new_instance = list(serializers.deserialize('json', data))[0].object
+        data = serializers.serialize("json", [instance])
+        new_instance = list(serializers.deserialize("json", data))[0].object
         self.assertEqual(new_instance.ints, NumericRange(10, None))
 
 
@@ -596,60 +618,59 @@ class TestChecks(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
         class Model(PostgreSQLModel):
             field = pg_fields.IntegerRangeField(
                 choices=[
-                    ['1-50', [((1, 25), '1-25'), ([26, 50], '26-50')]],
-                    ((51, 100), '51-100'),
+                    ["1-50", [((1, 25), "1-25"), ([26, 50], "26-50")]],
+                    ((51, 100), "51-100"),
                 ],
             )
-        self.assertEqual(Model._meta.get_field('field').check(), [])
+
+        self.assertEqual(Model._meta.get_field("field").check(), [])
 
 
 class TestValidators(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_max(self):
         validator = RangeMaxValueValidator(5)
         validator(NumericRange(0, 5))
-        msg = 'Ensure that this range is completely less than or equal to 5.'
+        msg = "Ensure that this range is completely less than or equal to 5."
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
             validator(NumericRange(0, 10))
         self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], msg)
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 'max_value')
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, "max_value")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(exceptions.ValidationError, msg):
             validator(NumericRange(0, None))  # an unbound range
 
     def test_min(self):
         validator = RangeMinValueValidator(5)
         validator(NumericRange(10, 15))
-        msg = 'Ensure that this range is completely greater than or equal to 5.'
+        msg = "Ensure that this range is completely greater than or equal to 5."
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
             validator(NumericRange(0, 10))
         self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], msg)
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 'min_value')
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, "min_value")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(exceptions.ValidationError, msg):
             validator(NumericRange(None, 10))  # an unbound range
 
 
 class TestFormField(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_valid_integer(self):
         field = pg_forms.IntegerRangeField()
-        value = field.clean(['1', '2'])
+        value = field.clean(["1", "2"])
         self.assertEqual(value, NumericRange(1, 2))
 
     def test_valid_decimal(self):
         field = pg_forms.DecimalRangeField()
-        value = field.clean(['1.12345', '2.001'])
-        self.assertEqual(value, NumericRange(Decimal('1.12345'), Decimal('2.001')))
+        value = field.clean(["1.12345", "2.001"])
+        self.assertEqual(value, NumericRange(Decimal("1.12345"), Decimal("2.001")))
 
     def test_valid_timestamps(self):
         field = pg_forms.DateTimeRangeField()
-        value = field.clean(['01/01/2014 00:00:00', '02/02/2014 12:12:12'])
+        value = field.clean(["01/01/2014 00:00:00", "02/02/2014 12:12:12"])
         lower = datetime.datetime(2014, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)
         upper = datetime.datetime(2014, 2, 2, 12, 12, 12)
         self.assertEqual(value, DateTimeTZRange(lower, upper))
 
     def test_valid_dates(self):
         field = pg_forms.DateRangeField()
-        value = field.clean(['01/01/2014', '02/02/2014'])
+        value = field.clean(["01/01/2014", "02/02/2014"])
         lower = datetime.date(2014, 1, 1)
         upper = datetime.date(2014, 2, 2)
         self.assertEqual(value, DateRange(lower, upper))
@@ -662,7 +683,9 @@ class TestFormField(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
             field = SplitDateTimeRangeField()
 
         form = SplitForm()
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(form), '''
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(form),
+            """
             <tr>
                 <th>
                 <label>Field:</label>
@@ -674,21 +697,24 @@ class TestFormField(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
                     <input id="id_field_1_1" name="field_1_1" type="text">
                 </td>
             </tr>
-        ''')
-        form = SplitForm({
-            'field_0_0': '01/01/2014',
-            'field_0_1': '00:00:00',
-            'field_1_0': '02/02/2014',
-            'field_1_1': '12:12:12',
-        })
+        """,
+        )
+        form = SplitForm(
+            {
+                "field_0_0": "01/01/2014",
+                "field_0_1": "00:00:00",
+                "field_1_0": "02/02/2014",
+                "field_1_1": "12:12:12",
+            }
+        )
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
         lower = datetime.datetime(2014, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)
         upper = datetime.datetime(2014, 2, 2, 12, 12, 12)
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['field'], DateTimeTZRange(lower, upper))
+        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data["field"], DateTimeTZRange(lower, upper))
 
     def test_none(self):
         field = pg_forms.IntegerRangeField(required=False)
-        value = field.clean(['', ''])
+        value = field.clean(["", ""])
         self.assertIsNone(value)
 
     def test_datetime_form_as_table(self):
@@ -707,12 +733,14 @@ class TestFormField(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
             <input type="hidden" name="initial-datetime_field_0" id="initial-id_datetime_field_0">
             <input type="hidden" name="initial-datetime_field_1" id="initial-id_datetime_field_1">
             </td></tr>
-            """
+            """,
+        )
+        form = DateTimeRangeForm(
+            {
+                "datetime_field_0": "2010-01-01 11:13:00",
+                "datetime_field_1": "2020-12-12 16:59:00",
+            }
         )
-        form = DateTimeRangeForm({
-            'datetime_field_0': '2010-01-01 11:13:00',
-            'datetime_field_1': '2020-12-12 16:59:00',
-        })
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             form.as_table(),
             """
@@ -727,7 +755,7 @@ class TestFormField(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
             id="initial-id_datetime_field_0">
             <input type="hidden" name="initial-datetime_field_1" value="2020-12-12 16:59:00"
             id="initial-id_datetime_field_1"></td></tr>
-            """
+            """,
         )
 
     def test_datetime_form_initial_data(self):
@@ -735,16 +763,18 @@ class TestFormField(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
             datetime_field = pg_forms.DateTimeRangeField(show_hidden_initial=True)
 
         data = QueryDict(mutable=True)
-        data.update({
-            'datetime_field_0': '2010-01-01 11:13:00',
-            'datetime_field_1': '',
-            'initial-datetime_field_0': '2010-01-01 10:12:00',
-            'initial-datetime_field_1': '',
-        })
+        data.update(
+            {
+                "datetime_field_0": "2010-01-01 11:13:00",
+                "datetime_field_1": "",
+                "initial-datetime_field_0": "2010-01-01 10:12:00",
+                "initial-datetime_field_1": "",
+            }
+        )
         form = DateTimeRangeForm(data=data)
         self.assertTrue(form.has_changed())
 
-        data['initial-datetime_field_0'] = '2010-01-01 11:13:00'
+        data["initial-datetime_field_0"] = "2010-01-01 11:13:00"
         form = DateTimeRangeForm(data=data)
         self.assertFalse(form.has_changed())
 
@@ -752,7 +782,9 @@ class TestFormField(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
         class RangeForm(forms.Form):
             ints = pg_forms.IntegerRangeField()
 
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(RangeForm()), '''
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            str(RangeForm()),
+            """
         <tr>
             <th><label>Ints:</label></th>
             <td>
@@ -760,195 +792,222 @@ class TestFormField(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
                 <input id="id_ints_1" name="ints_1" type="number">
             </td>
         </tr>
-        ''')
+        """,
+        )
 
     def test_integer_lower_bound_higher(self):
         field = pg_forms.IntegerRangeField()
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean(['10', '2'])
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'The start of the range must not exceed the end of the range.')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 'bound_ordering')
+            field.clean(["10", "2"])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cm.exception.messages[0],
+            "The start of the range must not exceed the end of the range.",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, "bound_ordering")
 
     def test_integer_open(self):
         field = pg_forms.IntegerRangeField()
-        value = field.clean(['', '0'])
+        value = field.clean(["", "0"])
         self.assertEqual(value, NumericRange(None, 0))
 
     def test_integer_incorrect_data_type(self):
         field = pg_forms.IntegerRangeField()
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean('1')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'Enter two whole numbers.')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 'invalid')
+            field.clean("1")
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], "Enter two whole numbers.")
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, "invalid")
 
     def test_integer_invalid_lower(self):
         field = pg_forms.IntegerRangeField()
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean(['a', '2'])
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'Enter a whole number.')
+            field.clean(["a", "2"])
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], "Enter a whole number.")
 
     def test_integer_invalid_upper(self):
         field = pg_forms.IntegerRangeField()
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean(['1', 'b'])
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'Enter a whole number.')
+            field.clean(["1", "b"])
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], "Enter a whole number.")
 
     def test_integer_required(self):
         field = pg_forms.IntegerRangeField(required=True)
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean(['', ''])
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'This field is required.')
-        value = field.clean([1, ''])
+            field.clean(["", ""])
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], "This field is required.")
+        value = field.clean([1, ""])
         self.assertEqual(value, NumericRange(1, None))
 
     def test_decimal_lower_bound_higher(self):
         field = pg_forms.DecimalRangeField()
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean(['1.8', '1.6'])
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'The start of the range must not exceed the end of the range.')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 'bound_ordering')
+            field.clean(["1.8", "1.6"])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cm.exception.messages[0],
+            "The start of the range must not exceed the end of the range.",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, "bound_ordering")
 
     def test_decimal_open(self):
         field = pg_forms.DecimalRangeField()
-        value = field.clean(['', '3.1415926'])
-        self.assertEqual(value, NumericRange(None, Decimal('3.1415926')))
+        value = field.clean(["", "3.1415926"])
+        self.assertEqual(value, NumericRange(None, Decimal("3.1415926")))
 
     def test_decimal_incorrect_data_type(self):
         field = pg_forms.DecimalRangeField()
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean('1.6')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'Enter two numbers.')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 'invalid')
+            field.clean("1.6")
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], "Enter two numbers.")
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, "invalid")
 
     def test_decimal_invalid_lower(self):
         field = pg_forms.DecimalRangeField()
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean(['a', '3.1415926'])
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'Enter a number.')
+            field.clean(["a", "3.1415926"])
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], "Enter a number.")
 
     def test_decimal_invalid_upper(self):
         field = pg_forms.DecimalRangeField()
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean(['1.61803399', 'b'])
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'Enter a number.')
+            field.clean(["1.61803399", "b"])
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], "Enter a number.")
 
     def test_decimal_required(self):
         field = pg_forms.DecimalRangeField(required=True)
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean(['', ''])
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'This field is required.')
-        value = field.clean(['1.61803399', ''])
-        self.assertEqual(value, NumericRange(Decimal('1.61803399'), None))
+            field.clean(["", ""])
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], "This field is required.")
+        value = field.clean(["1.61803399", ""])
+        self.assertEqual(value, NumericRange(Decimal("1.61803399"), None))
 
     def test_date_lower_bound_higher(self):
         field = pg_forms.DateRangeField()
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean(['2013-04-09', '1976-04-16'])
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'The start of the range must not exceed the end of the range.')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 'bound_ordering')
+            field.clean(["2013-04-09", "1976-04-16"])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cm.exception.messages[0],
+            "The start of the range must not exceed the end of the range.",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, "bound_ordering")
 
     def test_date_open(self):
         field = pg_forms.DateRangeField()
-        value = field.clean(['', '2013-04-09'])
+        value = field.clean(["", "2013-04-09"])
         self.assertEqual(value, DateRange(None, datetime.date(2013, 4, 9)))
 
     def test_date_incorrect_data_type(self):
         field = pg_forms.DateRangeField()
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean('1')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'Enter two valid dates.')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 'invalid')
+            field.clean("1")
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], "Enter two valid dates.")
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, "invalid")
 
     def test_date_invalid_lower(self):
         field = pg_forms.DateRangeField()
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean(['a', '2013-04-09'])
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'Enter a valid date.')
+            field.clean(["a", "2013-04-09"])
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], "Enter a valid date.")
 
     def test_date_invalid_upper(self):
         field = pg_forms.DateRangeField()
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean(['2013-04-09', 'b'])
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'Enter a valid date.')
+            field.clean(["2013-04-09", "b"])
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], "Enter a valid date.")
 
     def test_date_required(self):
         field = pg_forms.DateRangeField(required=True)
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean(['', ''])
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'This field is required.')
-        value = field.clean(['1976-04-16', ''])
+            field.clean(["", ""])
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], "This field is required.")
+        value = field.clean(["1976-04-16", ""])
         self.assertEqual(value, DateRange(datetime.date(1976, 4, 16), None))
 
     def test_date_has_changed_first(self):
-        self.assertTrue(pg_forms.DateRangeField().has_changed(
-            ['2010-01-01', '2020-12-12'],
-            ['2010-01-31', '2020-12-12'],
-        ))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            pg_forms.DateRangeField().has_changed(
+                ["2010-01-01", "2020-12-12"],
+                ["2010-01-31", "2020-12-12"],
+            )
+        )
 
     def test_date_has_changed_last(self):
-        self.assertTrue(pg_forms.DateRangeField().has_changed(
-            ['2010-01-01', '2020-12-12'],
-            ['2010-01-01', '2020-12-31'],
-        ))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            pg_forms.DateRangeField().has_changed(
+                ["2010-01-01", "2020-12-12"],
+                ["2010-01-01", "2020-12-31"],
+            )
+        )
 
     def test_datetime_lower_bound_higher(self):
         field = pg_forms.DateTimeRangeField()
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean(['2006-10-25 14:59', '2006-10-25 14:58'])
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'The start of the range must not exceed the end of the range.')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 'bound_ordering')
+            field.clean(["2006-10-25 14:59", "2006-10-25 14:58"])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cm.exception.messages[0],
+            "The start of the range must not exceed the end of the range.",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, "bound_ordering")
 
     def test_datetime_open(self):
         field = pg_forms.DateTimeRangeField()
-        value = field.clean(['', '2013-04-09 11:45'])
-        self.assertEqual(value, DateTimeTZRange(None, datetime.datetime(2013, 4, 9, 11, 45)))
+        value = field.clean(["", "2013-04-09 11:45"])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            value, DateTimeTZRange(None, datetime.datetime(2013, 4, 9, 11, 45))
+        )
 
     def test_datetime_incorrect_data_type(self):
         field = pg_forms.DateTimeRangeField()
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean('2013-04-09 11:45')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'Enter two valid date/times.')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 'invalid')
+            field.clean("2013-04-09 11:45")
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], "Enter two valid date/times.")
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, "invalid")
 
     def test_datetime_invalid_lower(self):
         field = pg_forms.DateTimeRangeField()
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean(['45', '2013-04-09 11:45'])
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'Enter a valid date/time.')
+            field.clean(["45", "2013-04-09 11:45"])
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], "Enter a valid date/time.")
 
     def test_datetime_invalid_upper(self):
         field = pg_forms.DateTimeRangeField()
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean(['2013-04-09 11:45', 'sweet pickles'])
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'Enter a valid date/time.')
+            field.clean(["2013-04-09 11:45", "sweet pickles"])
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], "Enter a valid date/time.")
 
     def test_datetime_required(self):
         field = pg_forms.DateTimeRangeField(required=True)
         with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ValidationError) as cm:
-            field.clean(['', ''])
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], 'This field is required.')
-        value = field.clean(['2013-04-09 11:45', ''])
-        self.assertEqual(value, DateTimeTZRange(datetime.datetime(2013, 4, 9, 11, 45), None))
+            field.clean(["", ""])
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.messages[0], "This field is required.")
+        value = field.clean(["2013-04-09 11:45", ""])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            value, DateTimeTZRange(datetime.datetime(2013, 4, 9, 11, 45), None)
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE='Africa/Johannesburg')
+    @override_settings(USE_TZ=True, TIME_ZONE="Africa/Johannesburg")
     def test_datetime_prepare_value(self):
         field = pg_forms.DateTimeRangeField()
         value = field.prepare_value(
-            DateTimeTZRange(datetime.datetime(2015, 5, 22, 16, 6, 33, tzinfo=timezone.utc), None)
+            DateTimeTZRange(
+                datetime.datetime(2015, 5, 22, 16, 6, 33, tzinfo=timezone.utc), None
+            )
         )
         self.assertEqual(value, [datetime.datetime(2015, 5, 22, 18, 6, 33), None])
 
     def test_datetime_has_changed_first(self):
-        self.assertTrue(pg_forms.DateTimeRangeField().has_changed(
-            ['2010-01-01 00:00', '2020-12-12 00:00'],
-            ['2010-01-31 23:00', '2020-12-12 00:00'],
-        ))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            pg_forms.DateTimeRangeField().has_changed(
+                ["2010-01-01 00:00", "2020-12-12 00:00"],
+                ["2010-01-31 23:00", "2020-12-12 00:00"],
+            )
+        )
 
     def test_datetime_has_changed_last(self):
-        self.assertTrue(pg_forms.DateTimeRangeField().has_changed(
-            ['2010-01-01 00:00', '2020-12-12 00:00'],
-            ['2010-01-01 00:00', '2020-12-31 23:00'],
-        ))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            pg_forms.DateTimeRangeField().has_changed(
+                ["2010-01-01 00:00", "2020-12-12 00:00"],
+                ["2010-01-01 00:00", "2020-12-31 23:00"],
+            )
+        )
 
     def test_model_field_formfield_integer(self):
         model_field = pg_fields.IntegerRangeField()
@@ -963,10 +1022,10 @@ class TestFormField(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(form_field.range_kwargs, {})
 
     def test_model_field_formfield_float(self):
-        model_field = pg_fields.DecimalRangeField(default_bounds='()')
+        model_field = pg_fields.DecimalRangeField(default_bounds="()")
         form_field = model_field.formfield()
         self.assertIsInstance(form_field, pg_forms.DecimalRangeField)
-        self.assertEqual(form_field.range_kwargs, {'bounds': '()'})
+        self.assertEqual(form_field.range_kwargs, {"bounds": "()"})
 
     def test_model_field_formfield_date(self):
         model_field = pg_fields.DateRangeField()
@@ -980,33 +1039,33 @@ class TestFormField(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(form_field, pg_forms.DateTimeRangeField)
         self.assertEqual(
             form_field.range_kwargs,
-            {'bounds': pg_fields.ranges.CANONICAL_RANGE_BOUNDS},
+            {"bounds": pg_fields.ranges.CANONICAL_RANGE_BOUNDS},
         )
 
     def test_model_field_formfield_datetime_default_bounds(self):
-        model_field = pg_fields.DateTimeRangeField(default_bounds='[]')
+        model_field = pg_fields.DateTimeRangeField(default_bounds="[]")
         form_field = model_field.formfield()
         self.assertIsInstance(form_field, pg_forms.DateTimeRangeField)
-        self.assertEqual(form_field.range_kwargs, {'bounds': '[]'})
+        self.assertEqual(form_field.range_kwargs, {"bounds": "[]"})
 
     def test_model_field_with_default_bounds(self):
-        field = pg_forms.DateTimeRangeField(default_bounds='[]')
-        value = field.clean(['2014-01-01 00:00:00', '2014-02-03 12:13:14'])
+        field = pg_forms.DateTimeRangeField(default_bounds="[]")
+        value = field.clean(["2014-01-01 00:00:00", "2014-02-03 12:13:14"])
         lower = datetime.datetime(2014, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)
         upper = datetime.datetime(2014, 2, 3, 12, 13, 14)
-        self.assertEqual(value, DateTimeTZRange(lower, upper, '[]'))
+        self.assertEqual(value, DateTimeTZRange(lower, upper, "[]"))
 
     def test_has_changed(self):
         for field, value in (
-            (pg_forms.DateRangeField(), ['2010-01-01', '2020-12-12']),
-            (pg_forms.DateTimeRangeField(), ['2010-01-01 11:13', '2020-12-12 14:52']),
+            (pg_forms.DateRangeField(), ["2010-01-01", "2020-12-12"]),
+            (pg_forms.DateTimeRangeField(), ["2010-01-01 11:13", "2020-12-12 14:52"]),
             (pg_forms.IntegerRangeField(), [1, 2]),
-            (pg_forms.DecimalRangeField(), ['1.12345', '2.001']),
+            (pg_forms.DecimalRangeField(), ["1.12345", "2.001"]),
         ):
             with self.subTest(field=field.__class__.__name__):
                 self.assertTrue(field.has_changed(None, value))
-                self.assertTrue(field.has_changed([value[0], ''], value))
-                self.assertTrue(field.has_changed(['', value[1]], value))
+                self.assertTrue(field.has_changed([value[0], ""], value))
+                self.assertTrue(field.has_changed(["", value[1]], value))
                 self.assertFalse(field.has_changed(value, value))
 
 
@@ -1014,19 +1073,18 @@ class TestWidget(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
     def test_range_widget(self):
         f = pg_forms.ranges.DateTimeRangeField()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            f.widget.render('datetimerange', ''),
-            '<input type="text" name="datetimerange_0"><input type="text" name="datetimerange_1">'
+            f.widget.render("datetimerange", ""),
+            '<input type="text" name="datetimerange_0"><input type="text" name="datetimerange_1">',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            f.widget.render('datetimerange', None),
-            '<input type="text" name="datetimerange_0"><input type="text" name="datetimerange_1">'
+            f.widget.render("datetimerange", None),
+            '<input type="text" name="datetimerange_0"><input type="text" name="datetimerange_1">',
         )
         dt_range = DateTimeTZRange(
-            datetime.datetime(2006, 1, 10, 7, 30),
-            datetime.datetime(2006, 2, 12, 9, 50)
+            datetime.datetime(2006, 1, 10, 7, 30), datetime.datetime(2006, 2, 12, 9, 50)
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            f.widget.render('datetimerange', dt_range),
+            f.widget.render("datetimerange", dt_range),
             '<input type="text" name="datetimerange_0" value="2006-01-10 07:30:00">'
-            '<input type="text" name="datetimerange_1" value="2006-02-12 09:50:00">'
+            '<input type="text" name="datetimerange_1" value="2006-02-12 09:50:00">',
         )
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/test_search.py b/tests/postgres_tests/test_search.py
index bf6f53ddb2..670b0aaaa9 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/test_search.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/test_search.py
@@ -14,108 +14,125 @@ from .models import Character, Line, LineSavedSearch, Scene
 
 try:
     from django.contrib.postgres.search import (
-        SearchConfig, SearchHeadline, SearchQuery, SearchRank, SearchVector,
+        SearchConfig,
+        SearchHeadline,
+        SearchQuery,
+        SearchRank,
+        SearchVector,
     )
 except ImportError:
     pass
 
 
 class GrailTestData:
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.robin = Scene.objects.create(scene='Scene 10', setting='The dark forest of Ewing')
-        cls.minstrel = Character.objects.create(name='Minstrel')
+        cls.robin = Scene.objects.create(
+            scene="Scene 10", setting="The dark forest of Ewing"
+        )
+        cls.minstrel = Character.objects.create(name="Minstrel")
         verses = [
             (
-                'Bravely bold Sir Robin, rode forth from Camelot. '
-                'He was not afraid to die, o Brave Sir Robin. '
-                'He was not at all afraid to be killed in nasty ways. '
-                'Brave, brave, brave, brave Sir Robin'
+                "Bravely bold Sir Robin, rode forth from Camelot. "
+                "He was not afraid to die, o Brave Sir Robin. "
+                "He was not at all afraid to be killed in nasty ways. "
+                "Brave, brave, brave, brave Sir Robin"
             ),
             (
-                'He was not in the least bit scared to be mashed into a pulp, '
-                'Or to have his eyes gouged out, and his elbows broken. '
-                'To have his kneecaps split, and his body burned away, '
-                'And his limbs all hacked and mangled, brave Sir Robin!'
+                "He was not in the least bit scared to be mashed into a pulp, "
+                "Or to have his eyes gouged out, and his elbows broken. "
+                "To have his kneecaps split, and his body burned away, "
+                "And his limbs all hacked and mangled, brave Sir Robin!"
             ),
             (
-                'His head smashed in and his heart cut out, '
-                'And his liver removed and his bowels unplugged, '
-                'And his nostrils ripped and his bottom burned off,'
-                'And his --'
+                "His head smashed in and his heart cut out, "
+                "And his liver removed and his bowels unplugged, "
+                "And his nostrils ripped and his bottom burned off,"
+                "And his --"
             ),
         ]
-        cls.verses = [Line.objects.create(
-            scene=cls.robin,
-            character=cls.minstrel,
-            dialogue=verse,
-        ) for verse in verses]
+        cls.verses = [
+            Line.objects.create(
+                scene=cls.robin,
+                character=cls.minstrel,
+                dialogue=verse,
+            )
+            for verse in verses
+        ]
         cls.verse0, cls.verse1, cls.verse2 = cls.verses
 
-        cls.witch_scene = Scene.objects.create(scene='Scene 5', setting="Sir Bedemir's Castle")
-        bedemir = Character.objects.create(name='Bedemir')
-        crowd = Character.objects.create(name='Crowd')
-        witch = Character.objects.create(name='Witch')
-        duck = Character.objects.create(name='Duck')
+        cls.witch_scene = Scene.objects.create(
+            scene="Scene 5", setting="Sir Bedemir's Castle"
+        )
+        bedemir = Character.objects.create(name="Bedemir")
+        crowd = Character.objects.create(name="Crowd")
+        witch = Character.objects.create(name="Witch")
+        duck = Character.objects.create(name="Duck")
 
         cls.bedemir0 = Line.objects.create(
             scene=cls.witch_scene,
             character=bedemir,
-            dialogue='We shall use my larger scales!',
-            dialogue_config='english',
+            dialogue="We shall use my larger scales!",
+            dialogue_config="english",
         )
         cls.bedemir1 = Line.objects.create(
             scene=cls.witch_scene,
             character=bedemir,
-            dialogue='Right, remove the supports!',
-            dialogue_config='english',
+            dialogue="Right, remove the supports!",
+            dialogue_config="english",
+        )
+        cls.duck = Line.objects.create(
+            scene=cls.witch_scene, character=duck, dialogue=None
+        )
+        cls.crowd = Line.objects.create(
+            scene=cls.witch_scene, character=crowd, dialogue="A witch! A witch!"
+        )
+        cls.witch = Line.objects.create(
+            scene=cls.witch_scene, character=witch, dialogue="It's a fair cop."
         )
-        cls.duck = Line.objects.create(scene=cls.witch_scene, character=duck, dialogue=None)
-        cls.crowd = Line.objects.create(scene=cls.witch_scene, character=crowd, dialogue='A witch! A witch!')
-        cls.witch = Line.objects.create(scene=cls.witch_scene, character=witch, dialogue="It's a fair cop.")
 
-        trojan_rabbit = Scene.objects.create(scene='Scene 8', setting="The castle of Our Master Ruiz' de lu la Ramper")
-        guards = Character.objects.create(name='French Guards')
+        trojan_rabbit = Scene.objects.create(
+            scene="Scene 8", setting="The castle of Our Master Ruiz' de lu la Ramper"
+        )
+        guards = Character.objects.create(name="French Guards")
         cls.french = Line.objects.create(
             scene=trojan_rabbit,
             character=guards,
-            dialogue='Oh. Un beau cadeau. Oui oui.',
-            dialogue_config='french',
+            dialogue="Oh. Un beau cadeau. Oui oui.",
+            dialogue_config="french",
         )
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.postgres'})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.postgres"})
 class SimpleSearchTest(GrailTestData, PostgreSQLTestCase):
-
     def test_simple(self):
-        searched = Line.objects.filter(dialogue__search='elbows')
+        searched = Line.objects.filter(dialogue__search="elbows")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.verse1])
 
     def test_non_exact_match(self):
-        searched = Line.objects.filter(dialogue__search='hearts')
+        searched = Line.objects.filter(dialogue__search="hearts")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.verse2])
 
     def test_search_two_terms(self):
-        searched = Line.objects.filter(dialogue__search='heart bowel')
+        searched = Line.objects.filter(dialogue__search="heart bowel")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.verse2])
 
     def test_search_two_terms_with_partial_match(self):
-        searched = Line.objects.filter(dialogue__search='Robin killed')
+        searched = Line.objects.filter(dialogue__search="Robin killed")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.verse0])
 
     def test_search_query_config(self):
         searched = Line.objects.filter(
-            dialogue__search=SearchQuery('nostrils', config='simple'),
+            dialogue__search=SearchQuery("nostrils", config="simple"),
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.verse2])
 
     def test_search_with_F_expression(self):
         # Non-matching query.
-        LineSavedSearch.objects.create(line=self.verse1, query='hearts')
+        LineSavedSearch.objects.create(line=self.verse1, query="hearts")
         # Matching query.
-        match = LineSavedSearch.objects.create(line=self.verse1, query='elbows')
-        for query_expression in [F('query'), SearchQuery(F('query'))]:
+        match = LineSavedSearch.objects.create(line=self.verse1, query="elbows")
+        for query_expression in [F("query"), SearchQuery(F("query"))]:
             with self.subTest(query_expression):
                 searched = LineSavedSearch.objects.filter(
                     line__dialogue__search=query_expression,
@@ -123,254 +140,296 @@ class SimpleSearchTest(GrailTestData, PostgreSQLTestCase):
                 self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [match])
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.postgres'})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.postgres"})
 class SearchVectorFieldTest(GrailTestData, PostgreSQLTestCase):
     def test_existing_vector(self):
-        Line.objects.update(dialogue_search_vector=SearchVector('dialogue'))
-        searched = Line.objects.filter(dialogue_search_vector=SearchQuery('Robin killed'))
+        Line.objects.update(dialogue_search_vector=SearchVector("dialogue"))
+        searched = Line.objects.filter(
+            dialogue_search_vector=SearchQuery("Robin killed")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.verse0])
 
     def test_existing_vector_config_explicit(self):
-        Line.objects.update(dialogue_search_vector=SearchVector('dialogue'))
-        searched = Line.objects.filter(dialogue_search_vector=SearchQuery('cadeaux', config='french'))
+        Line.objects.update(dialogue_search_vector=SearchVector("dialogue"))
+        searched = Line.objects.filter(
+            dialogue_search_vector=SearchQuery("cadeaux", config="french")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.french])
 
     def test_single_coalesce_expression(self):
-        searched = Line.objects.annotate(search=SearchVector('dialogue')).filter(search='cadeaux')
-        self.assertNotIn('COALESCE(COALESCE', str(searched.query))
+        searched = Line.objects.annotate(search=SearchVector("dialogue")).filter(
+            search="cadeaux"
+        )
+        self.assertNotIn("COALESCE(COALESCE", str(searched.query))
 
 
 class SearchConfigTests(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
     def test_from_parameter(self):
         self.assertIsNone(SearchConfig.from_parameter(None))
-        self.assertEqual(SearchConfig.from_parameter('foo'), SearchConfig('foo'))
-        self.assertEqual(SearchConfig.from_parameter(SearchConfig('bar')), SearchConfig('bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(SearchConfig.from_parameter("foo"), SearchConfig("foo"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            SearchConfig.from_parameter(SearchConfig("bar")), SearchConfig("bar")
+        )
 
 
 class MultipleFieldsTest(GrailTestData, PostgreSQLTestCase):
-
     def test_simple_on_dialogue(self):
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
-            search=SearchVector('scene__setting', 'dialogue'),
-        ).filter(search='elbows')
+            search=SearchVector("scene__setting", "dialogue"),
+        ).filter(search="elbows")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.verse1])
 
     def test_simple_on_scene(self):
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
-            search=SearchVector('scene__setting', 'dialogue'),
-        ).filter(search='Forest')
+            search=SearchVector("scene__setting", "dialogue"),
+        ).filter(search="Forest")
         self.assertCountEqual(searched, self.verses)
 
     def test_non_exact_match(self):
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
-            search=SearchVector('scene__setting', 'dialogue'),
-        ).filter(search='heart')
+            search=SearchVector("scene__setting", "dialogue"),
+        ).filter(search="heart")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.verse2])
 
     def test_search_two_terms(self):
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
-            search=SearchVector('scene__setting', 'dialogue'),
-        ).filter(search='heart forest')
+            search=SearchVector("scene__setting", "dialogue"),
+        ).filter(search="heart forest")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.verse2])
 
     def test_terms_adjacent(self):
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
-            search=SearchVector('character__name', 'dialogue'),
-        ).filter(search='minstrel')
+            search=SearchVector("character__name", "dialogue"),
+        ).filter(search="minstrel")
         self.assertCountEqual(searched, self.verses)
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
-            search=SearchVector('scene__setting', 'dialogue'),
-        ).filter(search='minstrelbravely')
+            search=SearchVector("scene__setting", "dialogue"),
+        ).filter(search="minstrelbravely")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [])
 
     def test_search_with_null(self):
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
-            search=SearchVector('scene__setting', 'dialogue'),
-        ).filter(search='bedemir')
-        self.assertCountEqual(searched, [self.bedemir0, self.bedemir1, self.crowd, self.witch, self.duck])
+            search=SearchVector("scene__setting", "dialogue"),
+        ).filter(search="bedemir")
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            searched, [self.bedemir0, self.bedemir1, self.crowd, self.witch, self.duck]
+        )
 
     def test_search_with_non_text(self):
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
-            search=SearchVector('id'),
+            search=SearchVector("id"),
         ).filter(search=str(self.crowd.id))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.crowd])
 
     def test_phrase_search(self):
-        line_qs = Line.objects.annotate(search=SearchVector('dialogue'))
-        searched = line_qs.filter(search=SearchQuery('burned body his away', search_type='phrase'))
+        line_qs = Line.objects.annotate(search=SearchVector("dialogue"))
+        searched = line_qs.filter(
+            search=SearchQuery("burned body his away", search_type="phrase")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [])
-        searched = line_qs.filter(search=SearchQuery('his body burned away', search_type='phrase'))
+        searched = line_qs.filter(
+            search=SearchQuery("his body burned away", search_type="phrase")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.verse1])
 
     def test_phrase_search_with_config(self):
         line_qs = Line.objects.annotate(
-            search=SearchVector('scene__setting', 'dialogue', config='french'),
+            search=SearchVector("scene__setting", "dialogue", config="french"),
         )
         searched = line_qs.filter(
-            search=SearchQuery('cadeau beau un', search_type='phrase', config='french'),
+            search=SearchQuery("cadeau beau un", search_type="phrase", config="french"),
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [])
         searched = line_qs.filter(
-            search=SearchQuery('un beau cadeau', search_type='phrase', config='french'),
+            search=SearchQuery("un beau cadeau", search_type="phrase", config="french"),
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.french])
 
     def test_raw_search(self):
-        line_qs = Line.objects.annotate(search=SearchVector('dialogue'))
-        searched = line_qs.filter(search=SearchQuery('Robin', search_type='raw'))
+        line_qs = Line.objects.annotate(search=SearchVector("dialogue"))
+        searched = line_qs.filter(search=SearchQuery("Robin", search_type="raw"))
         self.assertCountEqual(searched, [self.verse0, self.verse1])
-        searched = line_qs.filter(search=SearchQuery("Robin & !'Camelot'", search_type='raw'))
+        searched = line_qs.filter(
+            search=SearchQuery("Robin & !'Camelot'", search_type="raw")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.verse1])
 
     def test_raw_search_with_config(self):
-        line_qs = Line.objects.annotate(search=SearchVector('dialogue', config='french'))
+        line_qs = Line.objects.annotate(
+            search=SearchVector("dialogue", config="french")
+        )
         searched = line_qs.filter(
-            search=SearchQuery("'cadeaux' & 'beaux'", search_type='raw', config='french'),
+            search=SearchQuery(
+                "'cadeaux' & 'beaux'", search_type="raw", config="french"
+            ),
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.french])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_websearch_to_tsquery')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_websearch_to_tsquery")
     def test_web_search(self):
-        line_qs = Line.objects.annotate(search=SearchVector('dialogue'))
+        line_qs = Line.objects.annotate(search=SearchVector("dialogue"))
         searched = line_qs.filter(
             search=SearchQuery(
                 '"burned body" "split kneecaps"',
-                search_type='websearch',
+                search_type="websearch",
             ),
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [])
         searched = line_qs.filter(
             search=SearchQuery(
                 '"body burned" "kneecaps split" -"nostrils"',
-                search_type='websearch',
+                search_type="websearch",
             ),
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.verse1])
         searched = line_qs.filter(
             search=SearchQuery(
                 '"Sir Robin" ("kneecaps" OR "Camelot")',
-                search_type='websearch',
+                search_type="websearch",
             ),
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.verse0, self.verse1])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_websearch_to_tsquery')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_websearch_to_tsquery")
     def test_web_search_with_config(self):
         line_qs = Line.objects.annotate(
-            search=SearchVector('scene__setting', 'dialogue', config='french'),
+            search=SearchVector("scene__setting", "dialogue", config="french"),
         )
         searched = line_qs.filter(
-            search=SearchQuery('cadeau -beau', search_type='websearch', config='french'),
+            search=SearchQuery(
+                "cadeau -beau", search_type="websearch", config="french"
+            ),
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [])
         searched = line_qs.filter(
-            search=SearchQuery('beau cadeau', search_type='websearch', config='french'),
+            search=SearchQuery("beau cadeau", search_type="websearch", config="french"),
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.french])
 
     def test_bad_search_type(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Unknown search_type argument 'foo'."):
-            SearchQuery('kneecaps', search_type='foo')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Unknown search_type argument 'foo'."
+        ):
+            SearchQuery("kneecaps", search_type="foo")
 
     def test_config_query_explicit(self):
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
-            search=SearchVector('scene__setting', 'dialogue', config='french'),
-        ).filter(search=SearchQuery('cadeaux', config='french'))
+            search=SearchVector("scene__setting", "dialogue", config="french"),
+        ).filter(search=SearchQuery("cadeaux", config="french"))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.french])
 
     def test_config_query_implicit(self):
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
-            search=SearchVector('scene__setting', 'dialogue', config='french'),
-        ).filter(search='cadeaux')
+            search=SearchVector("scene__setting", "dialogue", config="french"),
+        ).filter(search="cadeaux")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.french])
 
     def test_config_from_field_explicit(self):
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
-            search=SearchVector('scene__setting', 'dialogue', config=F('dialogue_config')),
-        ).filter(search=SearchQuery('cadeaux', config=F('dialogue_config')))
+            search=SearchVector(
+                "scene__setting", "dialogue", config=F("dialogue_config")
+            ),
+        ).filter(search=SearchQuery("cadeaux", config=F("dialogue_config")))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.french])
 
     def test_config_from_field_implicit(self):
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
-            search=SearchVector('scene__setting', 'dialogue', config=F('dialogue_config')),
-        ).filter(search='cadeaux')
+            search=SearchVector(
+                "scene__setting", "dialogue", config=F("dialogue_config")
+            ),
+        ).filter(search="cadeaux")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.french])
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.postgres'})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.postgres"})
 class TestCombinations(GrailTestData, PostgreSQLTestCase):
-
     def test_vector_add(self):
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
-            search=SearchVector('scene__setting') + SearchVector('character__name'),
-        ).filter(search='bedemir')
-        self.assertCountEqual(searched, [self.bedemir0, self.bedemir1, self.crowd, self.witch, self.duck])
+            search=SearchVector("scene__setting") + SearchVector("character__name"),
+        ).filter(search="bedemir")
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            searched, [self.bedemir0, self.bedemir1, self.crowd, self.witch, self.duck]
+        )
 
     def test_vector_add_multi(self):
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
             search=(
-                SearchVector('scene__setting') +
-                SearchVector('character__name') +
-                SearchVector('dialogue')
+                SearchVector("scene__setting")
+                + SearchVector("character__name")
+                + SearchVector("dialogue")
             ),
-        ).filter(search='bedemir')
-        self.assertCountEqual(searched, [self.bedemir0, self.bedemir1, self.crowd, self.witch, self.duck])
+        ).filter(search="bedemir")
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            searched, [self.bedemir0, self.bedemir1, self.crowd, self.witch, self.duck]
+        )
 
     def test_vector_combined_mismatch(self):
         msg = (
-            'SearchVector can only be combined with other SearchVector '
-            'instances, got NoneType.'
+            "SearchVector can only be combined with other SearchVector "
+            "instances, got NoneType."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            Line.objects.filter(dialogue__search=None + SearchVector('character__name'))
+            Line.objects.filter(dialogue__search=None + SearchVector("character__name"))
 
     def test_combine_different_vector_configs(self):
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
             search=(
-                SearchVector('dialogue', config='english') +
-                SearchVector('dialogue', config='french')
+                SearchVector("dialogue", config="english")
+                + SearchVector("dialogue", config="french")
             ),
         ).filter(
-            search=SearchQuery('cadeaux', config='french') | SearchQuery('nostrils')
+            search=SearchQuery("cadeaux", config="french") | SearchQuery("nostrils")
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(searched, [self.french, self.verse2])
 
     def test_query_and(self):
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
-            search=SearchVector('scene__setting', 'dialogue'),
-        ).filter(search=SearchQuery('bedemir') & SearchQuery('scales'))
+            search=SearchVector("scene__setting", "dialogue"),
+        ).filter(search=SearchQuery("bedemir") & SearchQuery("scales"))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.bedemir0])
 
     def test_query_multiple_and(self):
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
-            search=SearchVector('scene__setting', 'dialogue'),
-        ).filter(search=SearchQuery('bedemir') & SearchQuery('scales') & SearchQuery('nostrils'))
+            search=SearchVector("scene__setting", "dialogue"),
+        ).filter(
+            search=SearchQuery("bedemir")
+            & SearchQuery("scales")
+            & SearchQuery("nostrils")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [])
 
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
-            search=SearchVector('scene__setting', 'dialogue'),
-        ).filter(search=SearchQuery('shall') & SearchQuery('use') & SearchQuery('larger'))
+            search=SearchVector("scene__setting", "dialogue"),
+        ).filter(
+            search=SearchQuery("shall") & SearchQuery("use") & SearchQuery("larger")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.bedemir0])
 
     def test_query_or(self):
-        searched = Line.objects.filter(dialogue__search=SearchQuery('kneecaps') | SearchQuery('nostrils'))
+        searched = Line.objects.filter(
+            dialogue__search=SearchQuery("kneecaps") | SearchQuery("nostrils")
+        )
         self.assertCountEqual(searched, [self.verse1, self.verse2])
 
     def test_query_multiple_or(self):
         searched = Line.objects.filter(
-            dialogue__search=SearchQuery('kneecaps') | SearchQuery('nostrils') | SearchQuery('Sir Robin')
+            dialogue__search=SearchQuery("kneecaps")
+            | SearchQuery("nostrils")
+            | SearchQuery("Sir Robin")
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(searched, [self.verse1, self.verse2, self.verse0])
 
     def test_query_invert(self):
-        searched = Line.objects.filter(character=self.minstrel, dialogue__search=~SearchQuery('kneecaps'))
+        searched = Line.objects.filter(
+            character=self.minstrel, dialogue__search=~SearchQuery("kneecaps")
+        )
         self.assertCountEqual(searched, [self.verse0, self.verse2])
 
     def test_combine_different_configs(self):
         searched = Line.objects.filter(
             dialogue__search=(
-                SearchQuery('cadeau', config='french') |
-                SearchQuery('nostrils', config='english')
+                SearchQuery("cadeau", config="french")
+                | SearchQuery("nostrils", config="english")
             )
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(searched, [self.french, self.verse2])
@@ -378,8 +437,8 @@ class TestCombinations(GrailTestData, PostgreSQLTestCase):
     def test_combined_configs(self):
         searched = Line.objects.filter(
             dialogue__search=(
-                SearchQuery('nostrils', config='simple') &
-                SearchQuery('bowels', config='simple')
+                SearchQuery("nostrils", config="simple")
+                & SearchQuery("bowels", config="simple")
             ),
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.verse2])
@@ -387,63 +446,96 @@ class TestCombinations(GrailTestData, PostgreSQLTestCase):
     def test_combine_raw_phrase(self):
         searched = Line.objects.filter(
             dialogue__search=(
-                SearchQuery('burn:*', search_type='raw', config='simple') |
-                SearchQuery('rode forth from Camelot', search_type='phrase')
+                SearchQuery("burn:*", search_type="raw", config="simple")
+                | SearchQuery("rode forth from Camelot", search_type="phrase")
             )
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(searched, [self.verse0, self.verse1, self.verse2])
 
     def test_query_combined_mismatch(self):
         msg = (
-            'SearchQuery can only be combined with other SearchQuery '
-            'instances, got NoneType.'
+            "SearchQuery can only be combined with other SearchQuery "
+            "instances, got NoneType."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            Line.objects.filter(dialogue__search=None | SearchQuery('kneecaps'))
+            Line.objects.filter(dialogue__search=None | SearchQuery("kneecaps"))
 
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            Line.objects.filter(dialogue__search=None & SearchQuery('kneecaps'))
+            Line.objects.filter(dialogue__search=None & SearchQuery("kneecaps"))
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.postgres'})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.postgres"})
 class TestRankingAndWeights(GrailTestData, PostgreSQLTestCase):
-
     def test_ranking(self):
-        searched = Line.objects.filter(character=self.minstrel).annotate(
-            rank=SearchRank(SearchVector('dialogue'), SearchQuery('brave sir robin')),
-        ).order_by('rank')
+        searched = (
+            Line.objects.filter(character=self.minstrel)
+            .annotate(
+                rank=SearchRank(
+                    SearchVector("dialogue"), SearchQuery("brave sir robin")
+                ),
+            )
+            .order_by("rank")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.verse2, self.verse1, self.verse0])
 
     def test_rank_passing_untyped_args(self):
-        searched = Line.objects.filter(character=self.minstrel).annotate(
-            rank=SearchRank('dialogue', 'brave sir robin'),
-        ).order_by('rank')
+        searched = (
+            Line.objects.filter(character=self.minstrel)
+            .annotate(
+                rank=SearchRank("dialogue", "brave sir robin"),
+            )
+            .order_by("rank")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.verse2, self.verse1, self.verse0])
 
     def test_weights_in_vector(self):
-        vector = SearchVector('dialogue', weight='A') + SearchVector('character__name', weight='D')
-        searched = Line.objects.filter(scene=self.witch_scene).annotate(
-            rank=SearchRank(vector, SearchQuery('witch')),
-        ).order_by('-rank')[:2]
+        vector = SearchVector("dialogue", weight="A") + SearchVector(
+            "character__name", weight="D"
+        )
+        searched = (
+            Line.objects.filter(scene=self.witch_scene)
+            .annotate(
+                rank=SearchRank(vector, SearchQuery("witch")),
+            )
+            .order_by("-rank")[:2]
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.crowd, self.witch])
 
-        vector = SearchVector('dialogue', weight='D') + SearchVector('character__name', weight='A')
-        searched = Line.objects.filter(scene=self.witch_scene).annotate(
-            rank=SearchRank(vector, SearchQuery('witch')),
-        ).order_by('-rank')[:2]
+        vector = SearchVector("dialogue", weight="D") + SearchVector(
+            "character__name", weight="A"
+        )
+        searched = (
+            Line.objects.filter(scene=self.witch_scene)
+            .annotate(
+                rank=SearchRank(vector, SearchQuery("witch")),
+            )
+            .order_by("-rank")[:2]
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.witch, self.crowd])
 
     def test_ranked_custom_weights(self):
-        vector = SearchVector('dialogue', weight='D') + SearchVector('character__name', weight='A')
-        searched = Line.objects.filter(scene=self.witch_scene).annotate(
-            rank=SearchRank(vector, SearchQuery('witch'), weights=[1, 0, 0, 0.5]),
-        ).order_by('-rank')[:2]
+        vector = SearchVector("dialogue", weight="D") + SearchVector(
+            "character__name", weight="A"
+        )
+        searched = (
+            Line.objects.filter(scene=self.witch_scene)
+            .annotate(
+                rank=SearchRank(vector, SearchQuery("witch"), weights=[1, 0, 0, 0.5]),
+            )
+            .order_by("-rank")[:2]
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.crowd, self.witch])
 
     def test_ranking_chaining(self):
-        searched = Line.objects.filter(character=self.minstrel).annotate(
-            rank=SearchRank(SearchVector('dialogue'), SearchQuery('brave sir robin')),
-        ).filter(rank__gt=0.3)
+        searched = (
+            Line.objects.filter(character=self.minstrel)
+            .annotate(
+                rank=SearchRank(
+                    SearchVector("dialogue"), SearchQuery("brave sir robin")
+                ),
+            )
+            .filter(rank__gt=0.3)
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(searched, [self.verse0])
 
     def test_cover_density_ranking(self):
@@ -451,17 +543,21 @@ class TestRankingAndWeights(GrailTestData, PostgreSQLTestCase):
             scene=self.robin,
             character=self.minstrel,
             dialogue=(
-                'Bravely taking to his feet, he beat a very brave retreat. '
-                'A brave retreat brave Sir Robin.'
-            )
-        )
-        searched = Line.objects.filter(character=self.minstrel).annotate(
-            rank=SearchRank(
-                SearchVector('dialogue'),
-                SearchQuery('brave robin'),
-                cover_density=True,
+                "Bravely taking to his feet, he beat a very brave retreat. "
+                "A brave retreat brave Sir Robin."
             ),
-        ).order_by('rank', '-pk')
+        )
+        searched = (
+            Line.objects.filter(character=self.minstrel)
+            .annotate(
+                rank=SearchRank(
+                    SearchVector("dialogue"),
+                    SearchQuery("brave robin"),
+                    cover_density=True,
+                ),
+            )
+            .order_by("rank", "-pk")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             searched,
             [self.verse2, not_dense_verse, self.verse1, self.verse0],
@@ -471,16 +567,20 @@ class TestRankingAndWeights(GrailTestData, PostgreSQLTestCase):
         short_verse = Line.objects.create(
             scene=self.robin,
             character=self.minstrel,
-            dialogue='A brave retreat brave Sir Robin.',
+            dialogue="A brave retreat brave Sir Robin.",
+        )
+        searched = (
+            Line.objects.filter(character=self.minstrel)
+            .annotate(
+                rank=SearchRank(
+                    SearchVector("dialogue"),
+                    SearchQuery("brave sir robin"),
+                    # Divide the rank by the document length.
+                    normalization=2,
+                ),
+            )
+            .order_by("rank")
         )
-        searched = Line.objects.filter(character=self.minstrel).annotate(
-            rank=SearchRank(
-                SearchVector('dialogue'),
-                SearchQuery('brave sir robin'),
-                # Divide the rank by the document length.
-                normalization=2,
-            ),
-        ).order_by('rank')
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             searched,
             [self.verse2, self.verse1, self.verse0, short_verse],
@@ -490,17 +590,21 @@ class TestRankingAndWeights(GrailTestData, PostgreSQLTestCase):
         short_verse = Line.objects.create(
             scene=self.robin,
             character=self.minstrel,
-            dialogue='A brave retreat brave Sir Robin.',
+            dialogue="A brave retreat brave Sir Robin.",
+        )
+        searched = (
+            Line.objects.filter(character=self.minstrel)
+            .annotate(
+                rank=SearchRank(
+                    SearchVector("dialogue"),
+                    SearchQuery("brave sir robin"),
+                    # Divide the rank by the document length and by the number of
+                    # unique words in document.
+                    normalization=Value(2).bitor(Value(8)),
+                ),
+            )
+            .order_by("rank")
         )
-        searched = Line.objects.filter(character=self.minstrel).annotate(
-            rank=SearchRank(
-                SearchVector('dialogue'),
-                SearchQuery('brave sir robin'),
-                # Divide the rank by the document length and by the number of
-                # unique words in document.
-                normalization=Value(2).bitor(Value(8)),
-            ),
-        ).order_by('rank')
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             searched,
             [self.verse2, self.verse1, self.verse0, short_verse],
@@ -513,13 +617,16 @@ class SearchVectorIndexTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         # This test should be moved to test_indexes and use a functional
         # index instead once support lands (see #26167).
         query = Line.objects.all().query
-        resolved = SearchVector('id', 'dialogue', config='english').resolve_expression(query)
+        resolved = SearchVector("id", "dialogue", config="english").resolve_expression(
+            query
+        )
         compiler = query.get_compiler(connection.alias)
         sql, params = resolved.as_sql(compiler, connection)
         # Indexed function must be IMMUTABLE.
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute(
-                'CREATE INDEX search_vector_index ON %s USING GIN (%s)' % (Line._meta.db_table, sql),
+                "CREATE INDEX search_vector_index ON %s USING GIN (%s)"
+                % (Line._meta.db_table, sql),
                 params,
             )
 
@@ -527,24 +634,26 @@ class SearchVectorIndexTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
 class SearchQueryTests(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
     def test_str(self):
         tests = (
-            (~SearchQuery('a'), "~SearchQuery(Value('a'))"),
+            (~SearchQuery("a"), "~SearchQuery(Value('a'))"),
             (
-                (SearchQuery('a') | SearchQuery('b')) & (SearchQuery('c') | SearchQuery('d')),
+                (SearchQuery("a") | SearchQuery("b"))
+                & (SearchQuery("c") | SearchQuery("d")),
                 "((SearchQuery(Value('a')) || SearchQuery(Value('b'))) && "
                 "(SearchQuery(Value('c')) || SearchQuery(Value('d'))))",
             ),
             (
-                SearchQuery('a') & (SearchQuery('b') | SearchQuery('c')),
+                SearchQuery("a") & (SearchQuery("b") | SearchQuery("c")),
                 "(SearchQuery(Value('a')) && (SearchQuery(Value('b')) || "
                 "SearchQuery(Value('c'))))",
             ),
             (
-                (SearchQuery('a') | SearchQuery('b')) & SearchQuery('c'),
+                (SearchQuery("a") | SearchQuery("b")) & SearchQuery("c"),
                 "((SearchQuery(Value('a')) || SearchQuery(Value('b'))) && "
-                "SearchQuery(Value('c')))"
+                "SearchQuery(Value('c')))",
             ),
             (
-                SearchQuery('a') & (SearchQuery('b') & (SearchQuery('c') | SearchQuery('d'))),
+                SearchQuery("a")
+                & (SearchQuery("b") & (SearchQuery("c") | SearchQuery("d"))),
                 "(SearchQuery(Value('a')) && (SearchQuery(Value('b')) && "
                 "(SearchQuery(Value('c')) || SearchQuery(Value('d')))))",
             ),
@@ -554,109 +663,112 @@ class SearchQueryTests(PostgreSQLSimpleTestCase):
                 self.assertEqual(str(query), expected_str)
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.postgres'})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.postgres"})
 class SearchHeadlineTests(GrailTestData, PostgreSQLTestCase):
     def test_headline(self):
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
             headline=SearchHeadline(
-                F('dialogue'),
-                SearchQuery('brave sir robin'),
-                config=SearchConfig('english'),
+                F("dialogue"),
+                SearchQuery("brave sir robin"),
+                config=SearchConfig("english"),
             ),
         ).get(pk=self.verse0.pk)
         self.assertEqual(
             searched.headline,
-            '<b>Robin</b>. He was not at all afraid to be killed in nasty '
-            'ways. <b>Brave</b>, <b>brave</b>, <b>brave</b>, <b>brave</b> '
-            '<b>Sir</b> <b>Robin</b>',
+            "<b>Robin</b>. He was not at all afraid to be killed in nasty "
+            "ways. <b>Brave</b>, <b>brave</b>, <b>brave</b>, <b>brave</b> "
+            "<b>Sir</b> <b>Robin</b>",
         )
 
     def test_headline_untyped_args(self):
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
-            headline=SearchHeadline('dialogue', 'killed', config='english'),
+            headline=SearchHeadline("dialogue", "killed", config="english"),
         ).get(pk=self.verse0.pk)
         self.assertEqual(
             searched.headline,
-            'Robin. He was not at all afraid to be <b>killed</b> in nasty '
-            'ways. Brave, brave, brave, brave Sir Robin',
+            "Robin. He was not at all afraid to be <b>killed</b> in nasty "
+            "ways. Brave, brave, brave, brave Sir Robin",
         )
 
     def test_headline_with_config(self):
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
             headline=SearchHeadline(
-                'dialogue',
-                SearchQuery('cadeaux', config='french'),
-                config='french',
+                "dialogue",
+                SearchQuery("cadeaux", config="french"),
+                config="french",
             ),
         ).get(pk=self.french.pk)
         self.assertEqual(
             searched.headline,
-            'Oh. Un beau <b>cadeau</b>. Oui oui.',
+            "Oh. Un beau <b>cadeau</b>. Oui oui.",
         )
 
     def test_headline_with_config_from_field(self):
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
             headline=SearchHeadline(
-                'dialogue',
-                SearchQuery('cadeaux', config=F('dialogue_config')),
-                config=F('dialogue_config'),
+                "dialogue",
+                SearchQuery("cadeaux", config=F("dialogue_config")),
+                config=F("dialogue_config"),
             ),
         ).get(pk=self.french.pk)
         self.assertEqual(
             searched.headline,
-            'Oh. Un beau <b>cadeau</b>. Oui oui.',
+            "Oh. Un beau <b>cadeau</b>. Oui oui.",
         )
 
     def test_headline_separator_options(self):
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
             headline=SearchHeadline(
-                'dialogue',
-                'brave sir robin',
-                start_sel='<span>',
-                stop_sel='</span>',
+                "dialogue",
+                "brave sir robin",
+                start_sel="<span>",
+                stop_sel="</span>",
             ),
         ).get(pk=self.verse0.pk)
         self.assertEqual(
             searched.headline,
-            '<span>Robin</span>. He was not at all afraid to be killed in '
-            'nasty ways. <span>Brave</span>, <span>brave</span>, <span>brave'
-            '</span>, <span>brave</span> <span>Sir</span> <span>Robin</span>',
+            "<span>Robin</span>. He was not at all afraid to be killed in "
+            "nasty ways. <span>Brave</span>, <span>brave</span>, <span>brave"
+            "</span>, <span>brave</span> <span>Sir</span> <span>Robin</span>",
         )
 
     def test_headline_highlight_all_option(self):
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
             headline=SearchHeadline(
-                'dialogue',
-                SearchQuery('brave sir robin', config='english'),
+                "dialogue",
+                SearchQuery("brave sir robin", config="english"),
                 highlight_all=True,
             ),
         ).get(pk=self.verse0.pk)
         self.assertIn(
-            '<b>Bravely</b> bold <b>Sir</b> <b>Robin</b>, rode forth from '
-            'Camelot. He was not afraid to die, o ',
+            "<b>Bravely</b> bold <b>Sir</b> <b>Robin</b>, rode forth from "
+            "Camelot. He was not afraid to die, o ",
             searched.headline,
         )
 
     def test_headline_short_word_option(self):
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
             headline=SearchHeadline(
-                'dialogue',
-                SearchQuery('Camelot', config='english'),
+                "dialogue",
+                SearchQuery("Camelot", config="english"),
                 short_word=5,
                 min_words=8,
             ),
         ).get(pk=self.verse0.pk)
-        self.assertEqual(searched.headline, (
-            '<b>Camelot</b>. He was not afraid to die, o Brave Sir Robin. He '
-            'was not at all afraid'
-        ))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            searched.headline,
+            (
+                "<b>Camelot</b>. He was not afraid to die, o Brave Sir Robin. He "
+                "was not at all afraid"
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_headline_fragments_words_options(self):
         searched = Line.objects.annotate(
             headline=SearchHeadline(
-                'dialogue',
-                SearchQuery('brave sir robin', config='english'),
-                fragment_delimiter='...<br>',
+                "dialogue",
+                SearchQuery("brave sir robin", config="english"),
+                fragment_delimiter="...<br>",
                 max_fragments=4,
                 max_words=3,
                 min_words=1,
@@ -664,8 +776,8 @@ class SearchHeadlineTests(GrailTestData, PostgreSQLTestCase):
         ).get(pk=self.verse0.pk)
         self.assertEqual(
             searched.headline,
-            '<b>Sir</b> <b>Robin</b>, rode...<br>'
-            '<b>Brave</b> <b>Sir</b> <b>Robin</b>...<br>'
-            '<b>Brave</b>, <b>brave</b>, <b>brave</b>...<br>'
-            '<b>brave</b> <b>Sir</b> <b>Robin</b>',
+            "<b>Sir</b> <b>Robin</b>, rode...<br>"
+            "<b>Brave</b> <b>Sir</b> <b>Robin</b>...<br>"
+            "<b>Brave</b>, <b>brave</b>, <b>brave</b>...<br>"
+            "<b>brave</b> <b>Sir</b> <b>Robin</b>",
         )
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/test_signals.py b/tests/postgres_tests/test_signals.py
index f1569c361c..764524d8e6 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/test_signals.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/test_signals.py
@@ -4,14 +4,15 @@ from . import PostgreSQLTestCase
 
 try:
     from django.contrib.postgres.signals import (
-        get_citext_oids, get_hstore_oids, register_type_handlers,
+        get_citext_oids,
+        get_hstore_oids,
+        register_type_handlers,
     )
 except ImportError:
     pass  # pyscogp2 isn't installed.
 
 
 class OIDTests(PostgreSQLTestCase):
-
     def assertOIDs(self, oids):
         self.assertIsInstance(oids, tuple)
         self.assertGreater(len(oids), 0)
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/test_trigram.py b/tests/postgres_tests/test_trigram.py
index 079a32a19b..a0502e0b9b 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/test_trigram.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/test_trigram.py
@@ -5,65 +5,74 @@ from .models import CharFieldModel, TextFieldModel
 
 try:
     from django.contrib.postgres.search import (
-        TrigramDistance, TrigramSimilarity, TrigramWordDistance,
+        TrigramDistance,
+        TrigramSimilarity,
+        TrigramWordDistance,
         TrigramWordSimilarity,
     )
 except ImportError:
     pass
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.postgres'})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.postgres"})
 class TrigramTest(PostgreSQLTestCase):
     Model = CharFieldModel
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.Model.objects.bulk_create([
-            cls.Model(field='Matthew'),
-            cls.Model(field='Cat sat on mat.'),
-            cls.Model(field='Dog sat on rug.'),
-        ])
+        cls.Model.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                cls.Model(field="Matthew"),
+                cls.Model(field="Cat sat on mat."),
+                cls.Model(field="Dog sat on rug."),
+            ]
+        )
 
     def test_trigram_search(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.Model.objects.filter(field__trigram_similar='Mathew'),
-            ['Matthew'],
+            self.Model.objects.filter(field__trigram_similar="Mathew"),
+            ["Matthew"],
             transform=lambda instance: instance.field,
         )
 
     def test_trigram_word_search(self):
         obj = self.Model.objects.create(
-            field='Gumby rides on the path of Middlesbrough',
+            field="Gumby rides on the path of Middlesbrough",
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            self.Model.objects.filter(field__trigram_word_similar='Middlesborough'),
+            self.Model.objects.filter(field__trigram_word_similar="Middlesborough"),
             [obj],
         )
 
     def test_trigram_similarity(self):
-        search = 'Bat sat on cat.'
+        search = "Bat sat on cat."
         # Round result of similarity because PostgreSQL 12+ uses greater
         # precision.
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             self.Model.objects.filter(
                 field__trigram_similar=search,
-            ).annotate(similarity=TrigramSimilarity('field', search)).order_by('-similarity'),
-            [('Cat sat on mat.', 0.625), ('Dog sat on rug.', 0.333333)],
+            )
+            .annotate(similarity=TrigramSimilarity("field", search))
+            .order_by("-similarity"),
+            [("Cat sat on mat.", 0.625), ("Dog sat on rug.", 0.333333)],
             transform=lambda instance: (instance.field, round(instance.similarity, 6)),
             ordered=True,
         )
 
     def test_trigram_word_similarity(self):
-        search = 'mat'
+        search = "mat"
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             self.Model.objects.filter(
                 field__trigram_word_similar=search,
-            ).annotate(
-                word_similarity=TrigramWordSimilarity(search, 'field'),
-            ).values('field', 'word_similarity').order_by('-word_similarity'),
+            )
+            .annotate(
+                word_similarity=TrigramWordSimilarity(search, "field"),
+            )
+            .values("field", "word_similarity")
+            .order_by("-word_similarity"),
             [
-                {'field': 'Cat sat on mat.', 'word_similarity': 1.0},
-                {'field': 'Matthew', 'word_similarity': 0.75},
+                {"field": "Cat sat on mat.", "word_similarity": 1.0},
+                {"field": "Matthew", "word_similarity": 0.75},
             ],
         )
 
@@ -72,9 +81,11 @@ class TrigramTest(PostgreSQLTestCase):
         # precision.
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             self.Model.objects.annotate(
-                distance=TrigramDistance('field', 'Bat sat on cat.'),
-            ).filter(distance__lte=0.7).order_by('distance'),
-            [('Cat sat on mat.', 0.375), ('Dog sat on rug.', 0.666667)],
+                distance=TrigramDistance("field", "Bat sat on cat."),
+            )
+            .filter(distance__lte=0.7)
+            .order_by("distance"),
+            [("Cat sat on mat.", 0.375), ("Dog sat on rug.", 0.666667)],
             transform=lambda instance: (instance.field, round(instance.distance, 6)),
             ordered=True,
         )
@@ -82,13 +93,16 @@ class TrigramTest(PostgreSQLTestCase):
     def test_trigram_word_similarity_alternate(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             self.Model.objects.annotate(
-                word_distance=TrigramWordDistance('mat', 'field'),
-            ).filter(
+                word_distance=TrigramWordDistance("mat", "field"),
+            )
+            .filter(
                 word_distance__lte=0.7,
-            ).values('field', 'word_distance').order_by('word_distance'),
+            )
+            .values("field", "word_distance")
+            .order_by("word_distance"),
             [
-                {'field': 'Cat sat on mat.', 'word_distance': 0},
-                {'field': 'Matthew', 'word_distance': 0.25},
+                {"field": "Cat sat on mat.", "word_distance": 0},
+                {"field": "Matthew", "word_distance": 0.25},
             ],
         )
 
@@ -97,4 +111,5 @@ class TrigramTextFieldTest(TrigramTest):
     """
     TextField has the same behavior as CharField regarding trigram lookups.
     """
+
     Model = TextFieldModel
diff --git a/tests/postgres_tests/test_unaccent.py b/tests/postgres_tests/test_unaccent.py
index 6d52f1d7dd..4188d90794 100644
--- a/tests/postgres_tests/test_unaccent.py
+++ b/tests/postgres_tests/test_unaccent.py
@@ -5,25 +5,27 @@ from . import PostgreSQLTestCase
 from .models import CharFieldModel, TextFieldModel
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.postgres'})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.postgres"})
 class UnaccentTest(PostgreSQLTestCase):
 
     Model = CharFieldModel
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.Model.objects.bulk_create([
-            cls.Model(field="àéÖ"),
-            cls.Model(field="aeO"),
-            cls.Model(field="aeo"),
-        ])
+        cls.Model.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                cls.Model(field="àéÖ"),
+                cls.Model(field="aeO"),
+                cls.Model(field="aeo"),
+            ]
+        )
 
     def test_unaccent(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             self.Model.objects.filter(field__unaccent="aeO"),
             ["àéÖ", "aeO"],
             transform=lambda instance: instance.field,
-            ordered=False
+            ordered=False,
         )
 
     def test_unaccent_chained(self):
@@ -35,39 +37,39 @@ class UnaccentTest(PostgreSQLTestCase):
             self.Model.objects.filter(field__unaccent__iexact="aeO"),
             ["àéÖ", "aeO", "aeo"],
             transform=lambda instance: instance.field,
-            ordered=False
+            ordered=False,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             self.Model.objects.filter(field__unaccent__endswith="éÖ"),
             ["àéÖ", "aeO"],
             transform=lambda instance: instance.field,
-            ordered=False
+            ordered=False,
         )
 
     def test_unaccent_with_conforming_strings_off(self):
         """SQL is valid when standard_conforming_strings is off."""
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute('SHOW standard_conforming_strings')
-            disable_conforming_strings = cursor.fetchall()[0][0] == 'on'
+            cursor.execute("SHOW standard_conforming_strings")
+            disable_conforming_strings = cursor.fetchall()[0][0] == "on"
             if disable_conforming_strings:
-                cursor.execute('SET standard_conforming_strings TO off')
+                cursor.execute("SET standard_conforming_strings TO off")
             try:
                 self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-                    self.Model.objects.filter(field__unaccent__endswith='éÖ'),
-                    ['àéÖ', 'aeO'],
+                    self.Model.objects.filter(field__unaccent__endswith="éÖ"),
+                    ["àéÖ", "aeO"],
                     transform=lambda instance: instance.field,
                     ordered=False,
                 )
             finally:
                 if disable_conforming_strings:
-                    cursor.execute('SET standard_conforming_strings TO on')
+                    cursor.execute("SET standard_conforming_strings TO on")
 
     def test_unaccent_accentuated_needle(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             self.Model.objects.filter(field__unaccent="aéÖ"),
             ["àéÖ", "aeO"],
             transform=lambda instance: instance.field,
-            ordered=False
+            ordered=False,
         )
 
 
@@ -76,4 +78,5 @@ class UnaccentTextFieldTest(UnaccentTest):
     TextField should have the exact same behavior as CharField
     regarding unaccent lookups.
     """
+
     Model = TextFieldModel
diff --git a/tests/prefetch_related/models.py b/tests/prefetch_related/models.py
index 0ded7e8b4a..0d9dbe6066 100644
--- a/tests/prefetch_related/models.py
+++ b/tests/prefetch_related/models.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 import uuid
 
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.db import models
 from django.db.models.query import ModelIterable
@@ -11,12 +9,15 @@ from django.utils.functional import cached_property
 
 class Author(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique=True)
-    first_book = models.ForeignKey('Book', models.CASCADE, related_name='first_time_authors')
+    first_book = models.ForeignKey(
+        "Book", models.CASCADE, related_name="first_time_authors"
+    )
     favorite_authors = models.ManyToManyField(
-        'self', through='FavoriteAuthors', symmetrical=False, related_name='favors_me')
+        "self", through="FavoriteAuthors", symmetrical=False, related_name="favors_me"
+    )
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['id']
+        ordering = ["id"]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -28,34 +29,39 @@ class AuthorWithAge(Author):
 
 
 class FavoriteAuthors(models.Model):
-    author = models.ForeignKey(Author, models.CASCADE, to_field='name', related_name='i_like')
-    likes_author = models.ForeignKey(Author, models.CASCADE, to_field='name', related_name='likes_me')
+    author = models.ForeignKey(
+        Author, models.CASCADE, to_field="name", related_name="i_like"
+    )
+    likes_author = models.ForeignKey(
+        Author, models.CASCADE, to_field="name", related_name="likes_me"
+    )
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['id']
+        ordering = ["id"]
 
 
 class AuthorAddress(models.Model):
-    author = models.ForeignKey(Author, models.CASCADE, to_field='name', related_name='addresses')
+    author = models.ForeignKey(
+        Author, models.CASCADE, to_field="name", related_name="addresses"
+    )
     address = models.TextField()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['id']
+        ordering = ["id"]
 
 
 class Book(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=255)
-    authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author, related_name='books')
+    authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author, related_name="books")
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['id']
+        ordering = ["id"]
 
 
 class BookWithYear(Book):
     book = models.OneToOneField(Book, models.CASCADE, parent_link=True)
     published_year = models.IntegerField()
-    aged_authors = models.ManyToManyField(
-        AuthorWithAge, related_name='books_with_year')
+    aged_authors = models.ManyToManyField(AuthorWithAge, related_name="books_with_year")
 
 
 class Bio(models.Model):
@@ -63,17 +69,17 @@ class Bio(models.Model):
         Author,
         models.CASCADE,
         primary_key=True,
-        to_field='name',
+        to_field="name",
     )
     books = models.ManyToManyField(Book, blank=True)
 
 
 class Reader(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
-    books_read = models.ManyToManyField(Book, related_name='read_by')
+    books_read = models.ManyToManyField(Book, related_name="read_by")
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['id']
+        ordering = ["id"]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -87,11 +93,12 @@ class BookReview(models.Model):
 
 # Models for default manager tests
 
+
 class Qualification(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['id']
+        ordering = ["id"]
 
 
 class ModelIterableSubclass(ModelIterable):
@@ -106,7 +113,7 @@ class TeacherQuerySet(models.QuerySet):
 
 class TeacherManager(models.Manager):
     def get_queryset(self):
-        return super().get_queryset().prefetch_related('qualifications')
+        return super().get_queryset().prefetch_related("qualifications")
 
 
 class Teacher(models.Model):
@@ -117,10 +124,13 @@ class Teacher(models.Model):
     objects_custom = TeacherQuerySet.as_manager()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['id']
+        ordering = ["id"]
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "%s (%s)" % (self.name, ", ".join(q.name for q in self.qualifications.all()))
+        return "%s (%s)" % (
+            self.name,
+            ", ".join(q.name for q in self.qualifications.all()),
+        )
 
 
 class Department(models.Model):
@@ -128,11 +138,12 @@ class Department(models.Model):
     teachers = models.ManyToManyField(Teacher)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['id']
+        ordering = ["id"]
 
 
 # GenericRelation/GenericForeignKey tests
 
+
 class TaggedItem(models.Model):
     tag = models.SlugField()
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(
@@ -141,26 +152,29 @@ class TaggedItem(models.Model):
         related_name="taggeditem_set2",
     )
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-    content_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
+    content_object = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")
     created_by_ct = models.ForeignKey(
         ContentType,
         models.SET_NULL,
         null=True,
-        related_name='taggeditem_set3',
+        related_name="taggeditem_set3",
     )
     created_by_fkey = models.PositiveIntegerField(null=True)
-    created_by = GenericForeignKey('created_by_ct', 'created_by_fkey',)
+    created_by = GenericForeignKey(
+        "created_by_ct",
+        "created_by_fkey",
+    )
     favorite_ct = models.ForeignKey(
         ContentType,
         models.SET_NULL,
         null=True,
-        related_name='taggeditem_set4',
+        related_name="taggeditem_set4",
     )
     favorite_fkey = models.CharField(max_length=64, null=True)
-    favorite = GenericForeignKey('favorite_ct', 'favorite_fkey')
+    favorite = GenericForeignKey("favorite_ct", "favorite_fkey")
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['id']
+        ordering = ["id"]
 
 
 class Article(models.Model):
@@ -170,14 +184,16 @@ class Article(models.Model):
 
 class Bookmark(models.Model):
     url = models.URLField()
-    tags = GenericRelation(TaggedItem, related_query_name='bookmarks')
-    favorite_tags = GenericRelation(TaggedItem,
-                                    content_type_field='favorite_ct',
-                                    object_id_field='favorite_fkey',
-                                    related_query_name='favorite_bookmarks')
+    tags = GenericRelation(TaggedItem, related_query_name="bookmarks")
+    favorite_tags = GenericRelation(
+        TaggedItem,
+        content_type_field="favorite_ct",
+        object_id_field="favorite_fkey",
+        related_query_name="favorite_bookmarks",
+    )
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['id']
+        ordering = ["id"]
 
 
 class Comment(models.Model):
@@ -187,37 +203,44 @@ class Comment(models.Model):
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE, null=True)
     object_pk = models.TextField()
     content_object = GenericForeignKey(ct_field="content_type", fk_field="object_pk")
-    content_type_uuid = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE, related_name='comments', null=True)
+    content_type_uuid = models.ForeignKey(
+        ContentType, models.CASCADE, related_name="comments", null=True
+    )
     object_pk_uuid = models.TextField()
-    content_object_uuid = GenericForeignKey(ct_field='content_type_uuid', fk_field='object_pk_uuid')
+    content_object_uuid = GenericForeignKey(
+        ct_field="content_type_uuid", fk_field="object_pk_uuid"
+    )
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['id']
+        ordering = ["id"]
 
 
 # Models for lookup ordering tests
 
+
 class House(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     address = models.CharField(max_length=255)
-    owner = models.ForeignKey('Person', models.SET_NULL, null=True)
-    main_room = models.OneToOneField('Room', models.SET_NULL, related_name='main_room_of', null=True)
+    owner = models.ForeignKey("Person", models.SET_NULL, null=True)
+    main_room = models.OneToOneField(
+        "Room", models.SET_NULL, related_name="main_room_of", null=True
+    )
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['id']
+        ordering = ["id"]
 
 
 class Room(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
-    house = models.ForeignKey(House, models.CASCADE, related_name='rooms')
+    house = models.ForeignKey(House, models.CASCADE, related_name="rooms")
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['id']
+        ordering = ["id"]
 
 
 class Person(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
-    houses = models.ManyToManyField(House, related_name='occupants')
+    houses = models.ManyToManyField(House, related_name="occupants")
 
     @property
     def primary_house(self):
@@ -233,21 +256,23 @@ class Person(models.Model):
         return self.all_houses
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['id']
+        ordering = ["id"]
 
 
 # Models for nullable FK tests
 
+
 class Employee(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
-    boss = models.ForeignKey('self', models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name='serfs')
+    boss = models.ForeignKey("self", models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name="serfs")
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['id']
+        ordering = ["id"]
 
 
 # Ticket #19607
 
+
 class LessonEntry(models.Model):
     name1 = models.CharField(max_length=200)
     name2 = models.CharField(max_length=200)
@@ -260,25 +285,31 @@ class WordEntry(models.Model):
 
 # Ticket #21410: Regression when related_name="+"
 
+
 class Author2(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique=True)
-    first_book = models.ForeignKey('Book', models.CASCADE, related_name='first_time_authors+')
-    favorite_books = models.ManyToManyField('Book', related_name='+')
+    first_book = models.ForeignKey(
+        "Book", models.CASCADE, related_name="first_time_authors+"
+    )
+    favorite_books = models.ManyToManyField("Book", related_name="+")
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['id']
+        ordering = ["id"]
 
 
 # Models for many-to-many with UUID pk test:
 
+
 class Pet(models.Model):
     id = models.UUIDField(primary_key=True, default=uuid.uuid4, editable=False)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
-    people = models.ManyToManyField(Person, related_name='pets')
+    people = models.ManyToManyField(Person, related_name="pets")
 
 
 class Flea(models.Model):
     id = models.UUIDField(primary_key=True, default=uuid.uuid4, editable=False)
-    current_room = models.ForeignKey(Room, models.SET_NULL, related_name='fleas', null=True)
-    pets_visited = models.ManyToManyField(Pet, related_name='fleas_hosted')
-    people_visited = models.ManyToManyField(Person, related_name='fleas_hosted')
+    current_room = models.ForeignKey(
+        Room, models.SET_NULL, related_name="fleas", null=True
+    )
+    pets_visited = models.ManyToManyField(Pet, related_name="fleas_hosted")
+    people_visited = models.ManyToManyField(Person, related_name="fleas_hosted")
diff --git a/tests/prefetch_related/test_prefetch_related_objects.py b/tests/prefetch_related/test_prefetch_related_objects.py
index 20d4da5a0a..ca1f904c52 100644
--- a/tests/prefetch_related/test_prefetch_related_objects.py
+++ b/tests/prefetch_related/test_prefetch_related_objects.py
@@ -9,25 +9,26 @@ class PrefetchRelatedObjectsTests(TestCase):
     Since prefetch_related_objects() is just the inner part of
     prefetch_related(), only do basic tests to ensure its API hasn't changed.
     """
+
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.book1 = Book.objects.create(title='Poems')
-        cls.book2 = Book.objects.create(title='Jane Eyre')
-        cls.book3 = Book.objects.create(title='Wuthering Heights')
-        cls.book4 = Book.objects.create(title='Sense and Sensibility')
+        cls.book1 = Book.objects.create(title="Poems")
+        cls.book2 = Book.objects.create(title="Jane Eyre")
+        cls.book3 = Book.objects.create(title="Wuthering Heights")
+        cls.book4 = Book.objects.create(title="Sense and Sensibility")
 
-        cls.author1 = Author.objects.create(name='Charlotte', first_book=cls.book1)
-        cls.author2 = Author.objects.create(name='Anne', first_book=cls.book1)
-        cls.author3 = Author.objects.create(name='Emily', first_book=cls.book1)
-        cls.author4 = Author.objects.create(name='Jane', first_book=cls.book4)
+        cls.author1 = Author.objects.create(name="Charlotte", first_book=cls.book1)
+        cls.author2 = Author.objects.create(name="Anne", first_book=cls.book1)
+        cls.author3 = Author.objects.create(name="Emily", first_book=cls.book1)
+        cls.author4 = Author.objects.create(name="Jane", first_book=cls.book4)
 
         cls.book1.authors.add(cls.author1, cls.author2, cls.author3)
         cls.book2.authors.add(cls.author1)
         cls.book3.authors.add(cls.author3)
         cls.book4.authors.add(cls.author4)
 
-        cls.reader1 = Reader.objects.create(name='Amy')
-        cls.reader2 = Reader.objects.create(name='Belinda')
+        cls.reader1 = Reader.objects.create(name="Amy")
+        cls.reader2 = Reader.objects.create(name="Belinda")
 
         cls.reader1.books_read.add(cls.book1, cls.book4)
         cls.reader2.books_read.add(cls.book2, cls.book4)
@@ -35,20 +36,22 @@ class PrefetchRelatedObjectsTests(TestCase):
     def test_unknown(self):
         book1 = Book.objects.get(id=self.book1.id)
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            prefetch_related_objects([book1], 'unknown_attribute')
+            prefetch_related_objects([book1], "unknown_attribute")
 
     def test_m2m_forward(self):
         book1 = Book.objects.get(id=self.book1.id)
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            prefetch_related_objects([book1], 'authors')
+            prefetch_related_objects([book1], "authors")
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            self.assertCountEqual(book1.authors.all(), [self.author1, self.author2, self.author3])
+            self.assertCountEqual(
+                book1.authors.all(), [self.author1, self.author2, self.author3]
+            )
 
     def test_m2m_reverse(self):
         author1 = Author.objects.get(id=self.author1.id)
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            prefetch_related_objects([author1], 'books')
+            prefetch_related_objects([author1], "books")
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             self.assertCountEqual(author1.books.all(), [self.book1, self.book2])
@@ -56,7 +59,7 @@ class PrefetchRelatedObjectsTests(TestCase):
     def test_foreignkey_forward(self):
         authors = list(Author.objects.all())
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            prefetch_related_objects(authors, 'first_book')
+            prefetch_related_objects(authors, "first_book")
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             [author.first_book for author in authors]
@@ -64,7 +67,7 @@ class PrefetchRelatedObjectsTests(TestCase):
     def test_foreignkey_reverse(self):
         books = list(Book.objects.all())
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            prefetch_related_objects(books, 'first_time_authors')
+            prefetch_related_objects(books, "first_time_authors")
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             [list(book.first_time_authors.all()) for book in books]
@@ -73,7 +76,7 @@ class PrefetchRelatedObjectsTests(TestCase):
         """A m2m can be followed through another m2m."""
         authors = list(Author.objects.all())
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            prefetch_related_objects(authors, 'books__read_by')
+            prefetch_related_objects(authors, "books__read_by")
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             self.assertEqual(
@@ -82,38 +85,44 @@ class PrefetchRelatedObjectsTests(TestCase):
                     for a in authors
                 ],
                 [
-                    [['Amy'], ['Belinda']],  # Charlotte - Poems, Jane Eyre
-                    [['Amy']],               # Anne - Poems
-                    [['Amy'], []],           # Emily - Poems, Wuthering Heights
-                    [['Amy', 'Belinda']],    # Jane - Sense and Sense
-                ]
+                    [["Amy"], ["Belinda"]],  # Charlotte - Poems, Jane Eyre
+                    [["Amy"]],  # Anne - Poems
+                    [["Amy"], []],  # Emily - Poems, Wuthering Heights
+                    [["Amy", "Belinda"]],  # Jane - Sense and Sense
+                ],
             )
 
     def test_prefetch_object(self):
         book1 = Book.objects.get(id=self.book1.id)
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            prefetch_related_objects([book1], Prefetch('authors'))
+            prefetch_related_objects([book1], Prefetch("authors"))
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            self.assertCountEqual(book1.authors.all(), [self.author1, self.author2, self.author3])
+            self.assertCountEqual(
+                book1.authors.all(), [self.author1, self.author2, self.author3]
+            )
 
     def test_prefetch_object_twice(self):
         book1 = Book.objects.get(id=self.book1.id)
         book2 = Book.objects.get(id=self.book2.id)
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            prefetch_related_objects([book1], Prefetch('authors'))
+            prefetch_related_objects([book1], Prefetch("authors"))
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            prefetch_related_objects([book1, book2], Prefetch('authors'))
+            prefetch_related_objects([book1, book2], Prefetch("authors"))
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             self.assertCountEqual(book2.authors.all(), [self.author1])
 
     def test_prefetch_object_to_attr(self):
         book1 = Book.objects.get(id=self.book1.id)
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            prefetch_related_objects([book1], Prefetch('authors', to_attr='the_authors'))
+            prefetch_related_objects(
+                [book1], Prefetch("authors", to_attr="the_authors")
+            )
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            self.assertCountEqual(book1.the_authors, [self.author1, self.author2, self.author3])
+            self.assertCountEqual(
+                book1.the_authors, [self.author1, self.author2, self.author3]
+            )
 
     def test_prefetch_object_to_attr_twice(self):
         book1 = Book.objects.get(id=self.book1.id)
@@ -121,12 +130,12 @@ class PrefetchRelatedObjectsTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             prefetch_related_objects(
                 [book1],
-                Prefetch('authors', to_attr='the_authors'),
+                Prefetch("authors", to_attr="the_authors"),
             )
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             prefetch_related_objects(
                 [book1, book2],
-                Prefetch('authors', to_attr='the_authors'),
+                Prefetch("authors", to_attr="the_authors"),
             )
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             self.assertCountEqual(book2.the_authors, [self.author1])
@@ -136,7 +145,12 @@ class PrefetchRelatedObjectsTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             prefetch_related_objects(
                 [book1],
-                Prefetch('authors', queryset=Author.objects.filter(id__in=[self.author1.id, self.author2.id]))
+                Prefetch(
+                    "authors",
+                    queryset=Author.objects.filter(
+                        id__in=[self.author1.id, self.author2.id]
+                    ),
+                ),
             )
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
diff --git a/tests/prefetch_related/test_uuid.py b/tests/prefetch_related/test_uuid.py
index 11a2474f4a..55332b7b5d 100644
--- a/tests/prefetch_related/test_uuid.py
+++ b/tests/prefetch_related/test_uuid.py
@@ -4,66 +4,64 @@ from .models import Flea, House, Person, Pet, Room
 
 
 class UUIDPrefetchRelated(TestCase):
-
     def test_prefetch_related_from_uuid_model(self):
-        Pet.objects.create(name='Fifi').people.add(
-            Person.objects.create(name='Ellen'),
-            Person.objects.create(name='George'),
+        Pet.objects.create(name="Fifi").people.add(
+            Person.objects.create(name="Ellen"),
+            Person.objects.create(name="George"),
         )
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            pet = Pet.objects.prefetch_related('people').get(name='Fifi')
+            pet = Pet.objects.prefetch_related("people").get(name="Fifi")
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             self.assertEqual(2, len(pet.people.all()))
 
     def test_prefetch_related_to_uuid_model(self):
-        Person.objects.create(name='Bella').pets.add(
-            Pet.objects.create(name='Socks'),
-            Pet.objects.create(name='Coffee'),
+        Person.objects.create(name="Bella").pets.add(
+            Pet.objects.create(name="Socks"),
+            Pet.objects.create(name="Coffee"),
         )
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            person = Person.objects.prefetch_related('pets').get(name='Bella')
+            person = Person.objects.prefetch_related("pets").get(name="Bella")
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             self.assertEqual(2, len(person.pets.all()))
 
     def test_prefetch_related_from_uuid_model_to_uuid_model(self):
         fleas = [Flea.objects.create() for i in range(3)]
-        Pet.objects.create(name='Fifi').fleas_hosted.add(*fleas)
-        Pet.objects.create(name='Bobo').fleas_hosted.add(*fleas)
+        Pet.objects.create(name="Fifi").fleas_hosted.add(*fleas)
+        Pet.objects.create(name="Bobo").fleas_hosted.add(*fleas)
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            pet = Pet.objects.prefetch_related('fleas_hosted').get(name='Fifi')
+            pet = Pet.objects.prefetch_related("fleas_hosted").get(name="Fifi")
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             self.assertEqual(3, len(pet.fleas_hosted.all()))
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            flea = Flea.objects.prefetch_related('pets_visited').get(pk=fleas[0].pk)
+            flea = Flea.objects.prefetch_related("pets_visited").get(pk=fleas[0].pk)
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             self.assertEqual(2, len(flea.pets_visited.all()))
 
     def test_prefetch_related_from_uuid_model_to_uuid_model_with_values_flat(self):
-        pet = Pet.objects.create(name='Fifi')
+        pet = Pet.objects.create(name="Fifi")
         pet.people.add(
-            Person.objects.create(name='Ellen'),
-            Person.objects.create(name='George'),
+            Person.objects.create(name="Ellen"),
+            Person.objects.create(name="George"),
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Pet.objects.prefetch_related('fleas_hosted').values_list('id', flat=True),
-            [pet.id]
+            Pet.objects.prefetch_related("fleas_hosted").values_list("id", flat=True),
+            [pet.id],
         )
 
 
 class UUIDPrefetchRelatedLookups(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        house = House.objects.create(name='Redwood', address='Arcata')
-        room = Room.objects.create(name='Racoon', house=house)
+        house = House.objects.create(name="Redwood", address="Arcata")
+        room = Room.objects.create(name="Racoon", house=house)
         fleas = [Flea.objects.create(current_room=room) for i in range(3)]
-        pet = Pet.objects.create(name='Spooky')
+        pet = Pet.objects.create(name="Spooky")
         pet.fleas_hosted.add(*fleas)
-        person = Person.objects.create(name='Bob')
+        person = Person.objects.create(name="Bob")
         person.houses.add(house)
         person.pets.add(pet)
         person.fleas_hosted.add(*fleas)
@@ -71,34 +69,48 @@ class UUIDPrefetchRelatedLookups(TestCase):
     def test_from_uuid_pk_lookup_uuid_pk_integer_pk(self):
         # From uuid-pk model, prefetch <uuid-pk model>.<integer-pk model>:
         with self.assertNumQueries(4):
-            spooky = Pet.objects.prefetch_related('fleas_hosted__current_room__house').get(name='Spooky')
+            spooky = Pet.objects.prefetch_related(
+                "fleas_hosted__current_room__house"
+            ).get(name="Spooky")
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            self.assertEqual('Racoon', spooky.fleas_hosted.all()[0].current_room.name)
+            self.assertEqual("Racoon", spooky.fleas_hosted.all()[0].current_room.name)
 
     def test_from_uuid_pk_lookup_integer_pk2_uuid_pk2(self):
         # From uuid-pk model, prefetch <integer-pk model>.<integer-pk model>.<uuid-pk model>.<uuid-pk model>:
         with self.assertNumQueries(5):
-            spooky = Pet.objects.prefetch_related('people__houses__rooms__fleas').get(name='Spooky')
+            spooky = Pet.objects.prefetch_related("people__houses__rooms__fleas").get(
+                name="Spooky"
+            )
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            self.assertEqual(3, len(spooky.people.all()[0].houses.all()[0].rooms.all()[0].fleas.all()))
+            self.assertEqual(
+                3,
+                len(spooky.people.all()[0].houses.all()[0].rooms.all()[0].fleas.all()),
+            )
 
     def test_from_integer_pk_lookup_uuid_pk_integer_pk(self):
         # From integer-pk model, prefetch <uuid-pk model>.<integer-pk model>:
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
-            racoon = Room.objects.prefetch_related('fleas__people_visited').get(name='Racoon')
+            racoon = Room.objects.prefetch_related("fleas__people_visited").get(
+                name="Racoon"
+            )
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            self.assertEqual('Bob', racoon.fleas.all()[0].people_visited.all()[0].name)
+            self.assertEqual("Bob", racoon.fleas.all()[0].people_visited.all()[0].name)
 
     def test_from_integer_pk_lookup_integer_pk_uuid_pk(self):
         # From integer-pk model, prefetch <integer-pk model>.<uuid-pk model>:
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
-            redwood = House.objects.prefetch_related('rooms__fleas').get(name='Redwood')
+            redwood = House.objects.prefetch_related("rooms__fleas").get(name="Redwood")
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             self.assertEqual(3, len(redwood.rooms.all()[0].fleas.all()))
 
     def test_from_integer_pk_lookup_integer_pk_uuid_pk_uuid_pk(self):
         # From integer-pk model, prefetch <integer-pk model>.<uuid-pk model>.<uuid-pk model>:
         with self.assertNumQueries(4):
-            redwood = House.objects.prefetch_related('rooms__fleas__pets_visited').get(name='Redwood')
+            redwood = House.objects.prefetch_related("rooms__fleas__pets_visited").get(
+                name="Redwood"
+            )
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            self.assertEqual('Spooky', redwood.rooms.all()[0].fleas.all()[0].pets_visited.all()[0].name)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                "Spooky",
+                redwood.rooms.all()[0].fleas.all()[0].pets_visited.all()[0].name,
+            )
diff --git a/tests/prefetch_related/tests.py b/tests/prefetch_related/tests.py
index b6de765391..bc34bb870d 100644
--- a/tests/prefetch_related/tests.py
+++ b/tests/prefetch_related/tests.py
@@ -11,33 +11,53 @@ from django.test.utils import CaptureQueriesContext, ignore_warnings
 from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango50Warning
 
 from .models import (
-    Article, Author, Author2, AuthorAddress, AuthorWithAge, Bio, Book,
-    Bookmark, BookReview, BookWithYear, Comment, Department, Employee,
-    FavoriteAuthors, House, LessonEntry, ModelIterableSubclass, Person,
-    Qualification, Reader, Room, TaggedItem, Teacher, WordEntry,
+    Article,
+    Author,
+    Author2,
+    AuthorAddress,
+    AuthorWithAge,
+    Bio,
+    Book,
+    Bookmark,
+    BookReview,
+    BookWithYear,
+    Comment,
+    Department,
+    Employee,
+    FavoriteAuthors,
+    House,
+    LessonEntry,
+    ModelIterableSubclass,
+    Person,
+    Qualification,
+    Reader,
+    Room,
+    TaggedItem,
+    Teacher,
+    WordEntry,
 )
 
 
 class TestDataMixin:
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.book1 = Book.objects.create(title='Poems')
-        cls.book2 = Book.objects.create(title='Jane Eyre')
-        cls.book3 = Book.objects.create(title='Wuthering Heights')
-        cls.book4 = Book.objects.create(title='Sense and Sensibility')
+        cls.book1 = Book.objects.create(title="Poems")
+        cls.book2 = Book.objects.create(title="Jane Eyre")
+        cls.book3 = Book.objects.create(title="Wuthering Heights")
+        cls.book4 = Book.objects.create(title="Sense and Sensibility")
 
-        cls.author1 = Author.objects.create(name='Charlotte', first_book=cls.book1)
-        cls.author2 = Author.objects.create(name='Anne', first_book=cls.book1)
-        cls.author3 = Author.objects.create(name='Emily', first_book=cls.book1)
-        cls.author4 = Author.objects.create(name='Jane', first_book=cls.book4)
+        cls.author1 = Author.objects.create(name="Charlotte", first_book=cls.book1)
+        cls.author2 = Author.objects.create(name="Anne", first_book=cls.book1)
+        cls.author3 = Author.objects.create(name="Emily", first_book=cls.book1)
+        cls.author4 = Author.objects.create(name="Jane", first_book=cls.book4)
 
         cls.book1.authors.add(cls.author1, cls.author2, cls.author3)
         cls.book2.authors.add(cls.author1)
         cls.book3.authors.add(cls.author3)
         cls.book4.authors.add(cls.author4)
 
-        cls.reader1 = Reader.objects.create(name='Amy')
-        cls.reader2 = Reader.objects.create(name='Belinda')
+        cls.reader1 = Reader.objects.create(name="Amy")
+        cls.reader2 = Reader.objects.create(name="Belinda")
 
         cls.reader1.books_read.add(cls.book1, cls.book4)
         cls.reader2.books_read.add(cls.book2, cls.book4)
@@ -45,44 +65,54 @@ class TestDataMixin:
 
 class PrefetchRelatedTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
     def assertWhereContains(self, sql, needle):
-        where_idx = sql.index('WHERE')
+        where_idx = sql.index("WHERE")
         self.assertEqual(
-            sql.count(str(needle), where_idx), 1,
-            msg="WHERE clause doesn't contain %s, actual SQL: %s" % (needle, sql[where_idx:])
+            sql.count(str(needle), where_idx),
+            1,
+            msg="WHERE clause doesn't contain %s, actual SQL: %s"
+            % (needle, sql[where_idx:]),
         )
 
     def test_m2m_forward(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            lists = [list(b.authors.all()) for b in Book.objects.prefetch_related('authors')]
+            lists = [
+                list(b.authors.all()) for b in Book.objects.prefetch_related("authors")
+            ]
 
         normal_lists = [list(b.authors.all()) for b in Book.objects.all()]
         self.assertEqual(lists, normal_lists)
 
     def test_m2m_reverse(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            lists = [list(a.books.all()) for a in Author.objects.prefetch_related('books')]
+            lists = [
+                list(a.books.all()) for a in Author.objects.prefetch_related("books")
+            ]
 
         normal_lists = [list(a.books.all()) for a in Author.objects.all()]
         self.assertEqual(lists, normal_lists)
 
     def test_foreignkey_forward(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            books = [a.first_book for a in Author.objects.prefetch_related('first_book')]
+            books = [
+                a.first_book for a in Author.objects.prefetch_related("first_book")
+            ]
 
         normal_books = [a.first_book for a in Author.objects.all()]
         self.assertEqual(books, normal_books)
 
     def test_foreignkey_reverse(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            [list(b.first_time_authors.all())
-             for b in Book.objects.prefetch_related('first_time_authors')]
+            [
+                list(b.first_time_authors.all())
+                for b in Book.objects.prefetch_related("first_time_authors")
+            ]
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.book2.authors.all(), [self.author1])
 
     def test_onetoone_reverse_no_match(self):
         # Regression for #17439
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            book = Book.objects.prefetch_related('bookwithyear').all()[0]
+            book = Book.objects.prefetch_related("bookwithyear").all()[0]
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             with self.assertRaises(BookWithYear.DoesNotExist):
                 book.bookwithyear
@@ -92,43 +122,49 @@ class PrefetchRelatedTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         A model (Bio) with a OneToOneField primary key (author) that references
         a non-pk field (name) on the related model (Author) is prefetchable.
         """
-        Bio.objects.bulk_create([
-            Bio(author=self.author1),
-            Bio(author=self.author2),
-            Bio(author=self.author3),
-        ])
+        Bio.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Bio(author=self.author1),
+                Bio(author=self.author2),
+                Bio(author=self.author3),
+            ]
+        )
         authors = Author.objects.filter(
             name__in=[self.author1, self.author2, self.author3],
-        ).prefetch_related('bio')
+        ).prefetch_related("bio")
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
             for author in authors:
                 self.assertEqual(author.name, author.bio.author.name)
 
     def test_survives_clone(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            [list(b.first_time_authors.all())
-             for b in Book.objects.prefetch_related('first_time_authors').exclude(id=1000)]
+            [
+                list(b.first_time_authors.all())
+                for b in Book.objects.prefetch_related("first_time_authors").exclude(
+                    id=1000
+                )
+            ]
 
     def test_len(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            qs = Book.objects.prefetch_related('first_time_authors')
+            qs = Book.objects.prefetch_related("first_time_authors")
             len(qs)
             [list(b.first_time_authors.all()) for b in qs]
 
     def test_bool(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            qs = Book.objects.prefetch_related('first_time_authors')
+            qs = Book.objects.prefetch_related("first_time_authors")
             bool(qs)
             [list(b.first_time_authors.all()) for b in qs]
 
     def test_count(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            qs = Book.objects.prefetch_related('first_time_authors')
+            qs = Book.objects.prefetch_related("first_time_authors")
             [b.first_time_authors.count() for b in qs]
 
     def test_exists(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            qs = Book.objects.prefetch_related('first_time_authors')
+            qs = Book.objects.prefetch_related("first_time_authors")
             [b.first_time_authors.exists() for b in qs]
 
     def test_in_and_prefetch_related(self):
@@ -138,52 +174,61 @@ class PrefetchRelatedTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         reads from QuerySet iteration in
         70679243d1786e03557c28929f9762a119e3ac14.
         """
-        qs = Book.objects.prefetch_related('first_time_authors')
+        qs = Book.objects.prefetch_related("first_time_authors")
         self.assertIn(qs[0], qs)
 
     def test_clear(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(5):
-            with_prefetch = Author.objects.prefetch_related('books')
+            with_prefetch = Author.objects.prefetch_related("books")
             without_prefetch = with_prefetch.prefetch_related(None)
             [list(a.books.all()) for a in without_prefetch]
 
     def test_m2m_then_m2m(self):
         """A m2m can be followed through another m2m."""
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
-            qs = Author.objects.prefetch_related('books__read_by')
-            lists = [[[str(r) for r in b.read_by.all()]
-                      for b in a.books.all()]
-                     for a in qs]
-            self.assertEqual(lists, [
-                [["Amy"], ["Belinda"]],  # Charlotte - Poems, Jane Eyre
-                [["Amy"]],                # Anne - Poems
-                [["Amy"], []],            # Emily - Poems, Wuthering Heights
-                [["Amy", "Belinda"]],    # Jane - Sense and Sense
-            ])
+            qs = Author.objects.prefetch_related("books__read_by")
+            lists = [
+                [[str(r) for r in b.read_by.all()] for b in a.books.all()] for a in qs
+            ]
+            self.assertEqual(
+                lists,
+                [
+                    [["Amy"], ["Belinda"]],  # Charlotte - Poems, Jane Eyre
+                    [["Amy"]],  # Anne - Poems
+                    [["Amy"], []],  # Emily - Poems, Wuthering Heights
+                    [["Amy", "Belinda"]],  # Jane - Sense and Sense
+                ],
+            )
 
     def test_overriding_prefetch(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
-            qs = Author.objects.prefetch_related('books', 'books__read_by')
-            lists = [[[str(r) for r in b.read_by.all()]
-                      for b in a.books.all()]
-                     for a in qs]
-            self.assertEqual(lists, [
-                [["Amy"], ["Belinda"]],  # Charlotte - Poems, Jane Eyre
-                [["Amy"]],                # Anne - Poems
-                [["Amy"], []],            # Emily - Poems, Wuthering Heights
-                [["Amy", "Belinda"]],    # Jane - Sense and Sense
-            ])
+            qs = Author.objects.prefetch_related("books", "books__read_by")
+            lists = [
+                [[str(r) for r in b.read_by.all()] for b in a.books.all()] for a in qs
+            ]
+            self.assertEqual(
+                lists,
+                [
+                    [["Amy"], ["Belinda"]],  # Charlotte - Poems, Jane Eyre
+                    [["Amy"]],  # Anne - Poems
+                    [["Amy"], []],  # Emily - Poems, Wuthering Heights
+                    [["Amy", "Belinda"]],  # Jane - Sense and Sense
+                ],
+            )
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
-            qs = Author.objects.prefetch_related('books__read_by', 'books')
-            lists = [[[str(r) for r in b.read_by.all()]
-                      for b in a.books.all()]
-                     for a in qs]
-            self.assertEqual(lists, [
-                [["Amy"], ["Belinda"]],  # Charlotte - Poems, Jane Eyre
-                [["Amy"]],                # Anne - Poems
-                [["Amy"], []],            # Emily - Poems, Wuthering Heights
-                [["Amy", "Belinda"]],    # Jane - Sense and Sense
-            ])
+            qs = Author.objects.prefetch_related("books__read_by", "books")
+            lists = [
+                [[str(r) for r in b.read_by.all()] for b in a.books.all()] for a in qs
+            ]
+            self.assertEqual(
+                lists,
+                [
+                    [["Amy"], ["Belinda"]],  # Charlotte - Poems, Jane Eyre
+                    [["Amy"]],  # Anne - Poems
+                    [["Amy"], []],  # Emily - Poems, Wuthering Heights
+                    [["Amy", "Belinda"]],  # Jane - Sense and Sense
+                ],
+            )
 
     def test_get(self):
         """
@@ -191,7 +236,9 @@ class PrefetchRelatedTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         """
         # Need a double
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
-            author = Author.objects.prefetch_related('books__read_by').get(name="Charlotte")
+            author = Author.objects.prefetch_related("books__read_by").get(
+                name="Charlotte"
+            )
             lists = [[str(r) for r in b.read_by.all()] for b in author.books.all()]
             self.assertEqual(lists, [["Amy"], ["Belinda"]])  # Poems, Jane Eyre
 
@@ -201,9 +248,10 @@ class PrefetchRelatedTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         doesn't have many objects.
         """
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            qs = Author.objects.select_related('first_book').prefetch_related('first_book__read_by')
-            lists = [[str(r) for r in a.first_book.read_by.all()]
-                     for a in qs]
+            qs = Author.objects.select_related("first_book").prefetch_related(
+                "first_book__read_by"
+            )
+            lists = [[str(r) for r in a.first_book.read_by.all()] for a in qs]
             self.assertEqual(lists, [["Amy"], ["Amy"], ["Amy"], ["Amy", "Belinda"]])
 
     def test_reverse_one_to_one_then_m2m(self):
@@ -211,7 +259,7 @@ class PrefetchRelatedTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         A m2m relation can be followed after going through the select_related
         reverse of an o2o.
         """
-        qs = Author.objects.prefetch_related('bio__books').select_related('bio')
+        qs = Author.objects.prefetch_related("bio__books").select_related("bio")
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             list(qs.all())
@@ -221,7 +269,7 @@ class PrefetchRelatedTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
             list(qs.all())
 
     def test_attribute_error(self):
-        qs = Reader.objects.all().prefetch_related('books_read__xyz')
+        qs = Reader.objects.all().prefetch_related("books_read__xyz")
         msg = (
             "Cannot find 'xyz' on Book object, 'books_read__xyz' "
             "is an invalid parameter to prefetch_related()"
@@ -229,10 +277,10 @@ class PrefetchRelatedTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, msg) as cm:
             list(qs)
 
-        self.assertIn('prefetch_related', str(cm.exception))
+        self.assertIn("prefetch_related", str(cm.exception))
 
     def test_invalid_final_lookup(self):
-        qs = Book.objects.prefetch_related('authors__name')
+        qs = Book.objects.prefetch_related("authors__name")
         msg = (
             "'authors__name' does not resolve to an item that supports "
             "prefetching - this is an invalid parameter to prefetch_related()."
@@ -240,57 +288,61 @@ class PrefetchRelatedTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg) as cm:
             list(qs)
 
-        self.assertIn('prefetch_related', str(cm.exception))
+        self.assertIn("prefetch_related", str(cm.exception))
         self.assertIn("name", str(cm.exception))
 
     def test_prefetch_eq(self):
-        prefetch_1 = Prefetch('authors', queryset=Author.objects.all())
-        prefetch_2 = Prefetch('books', queryset=Book.objects.all())
+        prefetch_1 = Prefetch("authors", queryset=Author.objects.all())
+        prefetch_2 = Prefetch("books", queryset=Book.objects.all())
         self.assertEqual(prefetch_1, prefetch_1)
         self.assertEqual(prefetch_1, mock.ANY)
         self.assertNotEqual(prefetch_1, prefetch_2)
 
     def test_forward_m2m_to_attr_conflict(self):
-        msg = 'to_attr=authors conflicts with a field on the Book model.'
+        msg = "to_attr=authors conflicts with a field on the Book model."
         authors = Author.objects.all()
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            list(Book.objects.prefetch_related(
-                Prefetch('authors', queryset=authors, to_attr='authors'),
-            ))
+            list(
+                Book.objects.prefetch_related(
+                    Prefetch("authors", queryset=authors, to_attr="authors"),
+                )
+            )
         # Without the ValueError, an author was deleted due to the implicit
         # save of the relation assignment.
         self.assertEqual(self.book1.authors.count(), 3)
 
     def test_reverse_m2m_to_attr_conflict(self):
-        msg = 'to_attr=books conflicts with a field on the Author model.'
-        poems = Book.objects.filter(title='Poems')
+        msg = "to_attr=books conflicts with a field on the Author model."
+        poems = Book.objects.filter(title="Poems")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            list(Author.objects.prefetch_related(
-                Prefetch('books', queryset=poems, to_attr='books'),
-            ))
+            list(
+                Author.objects.prefetch_related(
+                    Prefetch("books", queryset=poems, to_attr="books"),
+                )
+            )
         # Without the ValueError, a book was deleted due to the implicit
         # save of reverse relation assignment.
         self.assertEqual(self.author1.books.count(), 2)
 
     def test_m2m_then_reverse_fk_object_ids(self):
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as queries:
-            list(Book.objects.prefetch_related('authors__addresses'))
+            list(Book.objects.prefetch_related("authors__addresses"))
 
-        sql = queries[-1]['sql']
+        sql = queries[-1]["sql"]
         self.assertWhereContains(sql, self.author1.name)
 
     def test_m2m_then_m2m_object_ids(self):
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as queries:
-            list(Book.objects.prefetch_related('authors__favorite_authors'))
+            list(Book.objects.prefetch_related("authors__favorite_authors"))
 
-        sql = queries[-1]['sql']
+        sql = queries[-1]["sql"]
         self.assertWhereContains(sql, self.author1.name)
 
     def test_m2m_then_reverse_one_to_one_object_ids(self):
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as queries:
-            list(Book.objects.prefetch_related('authors__authorwithage'))
+            list(Book.objects.prefetch_related("authors__authorwithage"))
 
-        sql = queries[-1]['sql']
+        sql = queries[-1]["sql"]
         self.assertWhereContains(sql, self.author1.id)
 
     def test_filter_deferred(self):
@@ -299,11 +351,11 @@ class PrefetchRelatedTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         reverse m2o relations until necessary.
         """
         add_q = Query.add_q
-        for relation in ['authors', 'first_time_authors']:
+        for relation in ["authors", "first_time_authors"]:
             with self.subTest(relation=relation):
                 with mock.patch.object(
                     Query,
-                    'add_q',
+                    "add_q",
                     autospec=True,
                     side_effect=lambda self, q: add_q(self, q),
                 ) as add_q_mock:
@@ -311,17 +363,17 @@ class PrefetchRelatedTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
                     self.assertEqual(add_q_mock.call_count, 1)
 
     def test_named_values_list(self):
-        qs = Author.objects.prefetch_related('books')
+        qs = Author.objects.prefetch_related("books")
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            [value.name for value in qs.values_list('name', named=True)],
-            ['Anne', 'Charlotte', 'Emily', 'Jane'],
+            [value.name for value in qs.values_list("name", named=True)],
+            ["Anne", "Charlotte", "Emily", "Jane"],
         )
 
     def test_m2m_prefetching_iterator_with_chunks(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
             authors = [
                 b.authors.first()
-                for b in Book.objects.prefetch_related('authors').iterator(chunk_size=2)
+                for b in Book.objects.prefetch_related("authors").iterator(chunk_size=2)
             ]
         self.assertEqual(
             authors,
@@ -334,7 +386,7 @@ class PrefetchRelatedTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         with self.assertNumQueries(5):
             authors = [
                 b.authors.first()
-                for b in Book.objects.prefetch_related('authors').iterator()
+                for b in Book.objects.prefetch_related("authors").iterator()
             ]
         self.assertEqual(
             authors,
@@ -343,41 +395,43 @@ class PrefetchRelatedTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
 
     def test_m2m_prefetching_iterator_without_chunks_warning(self):
         msg = (
-            'Using QuerySet.iterator() after prefetch_related() without '
-            'specifying chunk_size is deprecated.'
+            "Using QuerySet.iterator() after prefetch_related() without "
+            "specifying chunk_size is deprecated."
         )
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(RemovedInDjango50Warning, msg):
-            Book.objects.prefetch_related('authors').iterator()
+            Book.objects.prefetch_related("authors").iterator()
 
 
 class RawQuerySetTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
     def test_basic(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
             books = Book.objects.raw(
-                "SELECT * FROM prefetch_related_book WHERE id = %s",
-                (self.book1.id,)
-            ).prefetch_related('authors')
+                "SELECT * FROM prefetch_related_book WHERE id = %s", (self.book1.id,)
+            ).prefetch_related("authors")
             book1 = list(books)[0]
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            self.assertCountEqual(book1.authors.all(), [self.author1, self.author2, self.author3])
+            self.assertCountEqual(
+                book1.authors.all(), [self.author1, self.author2, self.author3]
+            )
 
     def test_prefetch_before_raw(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            books = Book.objects.prefetch_related('authors').raw(
-                "SELECT * FROM prefetch_related_book WHERE id = %s",
-                (self.book1.id,)
+            books = Book.objects.prefetch_related("authors").raw(
+                "SELECT * FROM prefetch_related_book WHERE id = %s", (self.book1.id,)
             )
             book1 = list(books)[0]
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            self.assertCountEqual(book1.authors.all(), [self.author1, self.author2, self.author3])
+            self.assertCountEqual(
+                book1.authors.all(), [self.author1, self.author2, self.author3]
+            )
 
     def test_clear(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(5):
             with_prefetch = Author.objects.raw(
                 "SELECT * FROM prefetch_related_author"
-            ).prefetch_related('books')
+            ).prefetch_related("books")
             without_prefetch = with_prefetch.prefetch_related(None)
             [list(a.books.all()) for a in without_prefetch]
 
@@ -392,7 +446,7 @@ class CustomPrefetchTests(TestCase):
         """
         ret_val = []
 
-        if hasattr(obj_iter, 'all'):
+        if hasattr(obj_iter, "all"):
             obj_iter = obj_iter.all()
 
         try:
@@ -416,49 +470,58 @@ class CustomPrefetchTests(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.person1 = Person.objects.create(name='Joe')
-        cls.person2 = Person.objects.create(name='Mary')
+        cls.person1 = Person.objects.create(name="Joe")
+        cls.person2 = Person.objects.create(name="Mary")
 
         # Set main_room for each house before creating the next one for
         # databases where supports_nullable_unique_constraints is False.
 
-        cls.house1 = House.objects.create(name='House 1', address='123 Main St', owner=cls.person1)
-        cls.room1_1 = Room.objects.create(name='Dining room', house=cls.house1)
-        cls.room1_2 = Room.objects.create(name='Lounge', house=cls.house1)
-        cls.room1_3 = Room.objects.create(name='Kitchen', house=cls.house1)
+        cls.house1 = House.objects.create(
+            name="House 1", address="123 Main St", owner=cls.person1
+        )
+        cls.room1_1 = Room.objects.create(name="Dining room", house=cls.house1)
+        cls.room1_2 = Room.objects.create(name="Lounge", house=cls.house1)
+        cls.room1_3 = Room.objects.create(name="Kitchen", house=cls.house1)
         cls.house1.main_room = cls.room1_1
         cls.house1.save()
         cls.person1.houses.add(cls.house1)
 
-        cls.house2 = House.objects.create(name='House 2', address='45 Side St', owner=cls.person1)
-        cls.room2_1 = Room.objects.create(name='Dining room', house=cls.house2)
-        cls.room2_2 = Room.objects.create(name='Lounge', house=cls.house2)
-        cls.room2_3 = Room.objects.create(name='Kitchen', house=cls.house2)
+        cls.house2 = House.objects.create(
+            name="House 2", address="45 Side St", owner=cls.person1
+        )
+        cls.room2_1 = Room.objects.create(name="Dining room", house=cls.house2)
+        cls.room2_2 = Room.objects.create(name="Lounge", house=cls.house2)
+        cls.room2_3 = Room.objects.create(name="Kitchen", house=cls.house2)
         cls.house2.main_room = cls.room2_1
         cls.house2.save()
         cls.person1.houses.add(cls.house2)
 
-        cls.house3 = House.objects.create(name='House 3', address='6 Downing St', owner=cls.person2)
-        cls.room3_1 = Room.objects.create(name='Dining room', house=cls.house3)
-        cls.room3_2 = Room.objects.create(name='Lounge', house=cls.house3)
-        cls.room3_3 = Room.objects.create(name='Kitchen', house=cls.house3)
+        cls.house3 = House.objects.create(
+            name="House 3", address="6 Downing St", owner=cls.person2
+        )
+        cls.room3_1 = Room.objects.create(name="Dining room", house=cls.house3)
+        cls.room3_2 = Room.objects.create(name="Lounge", house=cls.house3)
+        cls.room3_3 = Room.objects.create(name="Kitchen", house=cls.house3)
         cls.house3.main_room = cls.room3_1
         cls.house3.save()
         cls.person2.houses.add(cls.house3)
 
-        cls.house4 = House.objects.create(name='house 4', address="7 Regents St", owner=cls.person2)
-        cls.room4_1 = Room.objects.create(name='Dining room', house=cls.house4)
-        cls.room4_2 = Room.objects.create(name='Lounge', house=cls.house4)
-        cls.room4_3 = Room.objects.create(name='Kitchen', house=cls.house4)
+        cls.house4 = House.objects.create(
+            name="house 4", address="7 Regents St", owner=cls.person2
+        )
+        cls.room4_1 = Room.objects.create(name="Dining room", house=cls.house4)
+        cls.room4_2 = Room.objects.create(name="Lounge", house=cls.house4)
+        cls.room4_3 = Room.objects.create(name="Kitchen", house=cls.house4)
         cls.house4.main_room = cls.room4_1
         cls.house4.save()
         cls.person2.houses.add(cls.house4)
 
     def test_traverse_qs(self):
-        qs = Person.objects.prefetch_related('houses')
-        related_objs_normal = [list(p.houses.all()) for p in qs],
-        related_objs_from_traverse = [[inner[0] for inner in o[1]]
-                                      for o in self.traverse_qs(qs, [['houses']])]
+        qs = Person.objects.prefetch_related("houses")
+        related_objs_normal = ([list(p.houses.all()) for p in qs],)
+        related_objs_from_traverse = [
+            [inner[0] for inner in o[1]] for o in self.traverse_qs(qs, [["houses"]])
+        ]
         self.assertEqual(related_objs_normal, (related_objs_from_traverse,))
 
     def test_ambiguous(self):
@@ -472,10 +535,10 @@ class CustomPrefetchTests(TestCase):
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
                 self.traverse_qs(
                     Person.objects.prefetch_related(
-                        'houses__rooms',
-                        Prefetch('houses', queryset=House.objects.all()),
+                        "houses__rooms",
+                        Prefetch("houses", queryset=House.objects.all()),
                     ),
-                    [['houses', 'rooms']],
+                    [["houses", "rooms"]],
                 )
 
         # Ambiguous: Lookup houses_lst doesn't yet exist when performing houses_lst__rooms.
@@ -486,45 +549,47 @@ class CustomPrefetchTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, msg):
             self.traverse_qs(
                 Person.objects.prefetch_related(
-                    'houses_lst__rooms',
-                    Prefetch('houses', queryset=House.objects.all(), to_attr='houses_lst')
+                    "houses_lst__rooms",
+                    Prefetch(
+                        "houses", queryset=House.objects.all(), to_attr="houses_lst"
+                    ),
                 ),
-                [['houses', 'rooms']]
+                [["houses", "rooms"]],
             )
 
         # Not ambiguous.
         self.traverse_qs(
-            Person.objects.prefetch_related('houses__rooms', 'houses'),
-            [['houses', 'rooms']]
+            Person.objects.prefetch_related("houses__rooms", "houses"),
+            [["houses", "rooms"]],
         )
 
         self.traverse_qs(
             Person.objects.prefetch_related(
-                'houses__rooms',
-                Prefetch('houses', queryset=House.objects.all(), to_attr='houses_lst')
+                "houses__rooms",
+                Prefetch("houses", queryset=House.objects.all(), to_attr="houses_lst"),
             ),
-            [['houses', 'rooms']]
+            [["houses", "rooms"]],
         )
 
     def test_m2m(self):
         # Control lookups.
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
             lst1 = self.traverse_qs(
-                Person.objects.prefetch_related('houses'),
-                [['houses']]
+                Person.objects.prefetch_related("houses"), [["houses"]]
             )
 
         # Test lookups.
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
             lst2 = self.traverse_qs(
-                Person.objects.prefetch_related(Prefetch('houses')),
-                [['houses']]
+                Person.objects.prefetch_related(Prefetch("houses")), [["houses"]]
             )
         self.assertEqual(lst1, lst2)
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
             lst2 = self.traverse_qs(
-                Person.objects.prefetch_related(Prefetch('houses', to_attr='houses_lst')),
-                [['houses_lst']]
+                Person.objects.prefetch_related(
+                    Prefetch("houses", to_attr="houses_lst")
+                ),
+                [["houses_lst"]],
             )
         self.assertEqual(lst1, lst2)
 
@@ -532,21 +597,21 @@ class CustomPrefetchTests(TestCase):
         # Control lookups.
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
             lst1 = self.traverse_qs(
-                House.objects.prefetch_related('occupants'),
-                [['occupants']]
+                House.objects.prefetch_related("occupants"), [["occupants"]]
             )
 
         # Test lookups.
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
             lst2 = self.traverse_qs(
-                House.objects.prefetch_related(Prefetch('occupants')),
-                [['occupants']]
+                House.objects.prefetch_related(Prefetch("occupants")), [["occupants"]]
             )
         self.assertEqual(lst1, lst2)
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
             lst2 = self.traverse_qs(
-                House.objects.prefetch_related(Prefetch('occupants', to_attr='occupants_lst')),
-                [['occupants_lst']]
+                House.objects.prefetch_related(
+                    Prefetch("occupants", to_attr="occupants_lst")
+                ),
+                [["occupants_lst"]],
             )
         self.assertEqual(lst1, lst2)
 
@@ -554,21 +619,23 @@ class CustomPrefetchTests(TestCase):
         # Control lookups.
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
             lst1 = self.traverse_qs(
-                Room.objects.prefetch_related('house__occupants'),
-                [['house', 'occupants']]
+                Room.objects.prefetch_related("house__occupants"),
+                [["house", "occupants"]],
             )
 
         # Test lookups.
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
             lst2 = self.traverse_qs(
-                Room.objects.prefetch_related(Prefetch('house__occupants')),
-                [['house', 'occupants']]
+                Room.objects.prefetch_related(Prefetch("house__occupants")),
+                [["house", "occupants"]],
             )
         self.assertEqual(lst1, lst2)
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
             lst2 = self.traverse_qs(
-                Room.objects.prefetch_related(Prefetch('house__occupants', to_attr='occupants_lst')),
-                [['house', 'occupants_lst']]
+                Room.objects.prefetch_related(
+                    Prefetch("house__occupants", to_attr="occupants_lst")
+                ),
+                [["house", "occupants_lst"]],
             )
         self.assertEqual(lst1, lst2)
 
@@ -579,18 +646,20 @@ class CustomPrefetchTests(TestCase):
         # Control lookups.
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
             lst1 = self.traverse_qs(
-                TaggedItem.objects.filter(tag='houses').prefetch_related('content_object__rooms'),
-                [['content_object', 'rooms']]
+                TaggedItem.objects.filter(tag="houses").prefetch_related(
+                    "content_object__rooms"
+                ),
+                [["content_object", "rooms"]],
             )
 
         # Test lookups.
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
             lst2 = self.traverse_qs(
                 TaggedItem.objects.prefetch_related(
-                    Prefetch('content_object'),
-                    Prefetch('content_object__rooms', to_attr='rooms_lst')
+                    Prefetch("content_object"),
+                    Prefetch("content_object__rooms", to_attr="rooms_lst"),
                 ),
-                [['content_object', 'rooms_lst']]
+                [["content_object", "rooms_lst"]],
             )
         self.assertEqual(lst1, lst2)
 
@@ -598,60 +667,68 @@ class CustomPrefetchTests(TestCase):
         # Control lookups.
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
             lst1 = self.traverse_qs(
-                Person.objects.prefetch_related('houses', 'houses__rooms'),
-                [['houses', 'rooms']]
+                Person.objects.prefetch_related("houses", "houses__rooms"),
+                [["houses", "rooms"]],
             )
 
         # Test lookups.
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
             lst2 = self.traverse_qs(
-                Person.objects.prefetch_related(Prefetch('houses'), 'houses__rooms'),
-                [['houses', 'rooms']]
-            )
-        self.assertEqual(lst1, lst2)
-        with self.assertNumQueries(3):
-            lst2 = self.traverse_qs(
-                Person.objects.prefetch_related(Prefetch('houses'), Prefetch('houses__rooms')),
-                [['houses', 'rooms']]
-            )
-        self.assertEqual(lst1, lst2)
-        with self.assertNumQueries(3):
-            lst2 = self.traverse_qs(
-                Person.objects.prefetch_related(Prefetch('houses', to_attr='houses_lst'), 'houses_lst__rooms'),
-                [['houses_lst', 'rooms']]
+                Person.objects.prefetch_related(Prefetch("houses"), "houses__rooms"),
+                [["houses", "rooms"]],
             )
         self.assertEqual(lst1, lst2)
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
             lst2 = self.traverse_qs(
                 Person.objects.prefetch_related(
-                    Prefetch('houses', to_attr='houses_lst'),
-                    Prefetch('houses_lst__rooms', to_attr='rooms_lst')
+                    Prefetch("houses"), Prefetch("houses__rooms")
                 ),
-                [['houses_lst', 'rooms_lst']]
+                [["houses", "rooms"]],
+            )
+        self.assertEqual(lst1, lst2)
+        with self.assertNumQueries(3):
+            lst2 = self.traverse_qs(
+                Person.objects.prefetch_related(
+                    Prefetch("houses", to_attr="houses_lst"), "houses_lst__rooms"
+                ),
+                [["houses_lst", "rooms"]],
+            )
+        self.assertEqual(lst1, lst2)
+        with self.assertNumQueries(3):
+            lst2 = self.traverse_qs(
+                Person.objects.prefetch_related(
+                    Prefetch("houses", to_attr="houses_lst"),
+                    Prefetch("houses_lst__rooms", to_attr="rooms_lst"),
+                ),
+                [["houses_lst", "rooms_lst"]],
             )
         self.assertEqual(lst1, lst2)
 
     def test_generic_rel(self):
-        bookmark = Bookmark.objects.create(url='http://www.djangoproject.com/')
-        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=bookmark, tag='django')
-        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=bookmark, favorite=bookmark, tag='python')
+        bookmark = Bookmark.objects.create(url="http://www.djangoproject.com/")
+        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=bookmark, tag="django")
+        TaggedItem.objects.create(
+            content_object=bookmark, favorite=bookmark, tag="python"
+        )
 
         # Control lookups.
         with self.assertNumQueries(4):
             lst1 = self.traverse_qs(
-                Bookmark.objects.prefetch_related('tags', 'tags__content_object', 'favorite_tags'),
-                [['tags', 'content_object'], ['favorite_tags']]
+                Bookmark.objects.prefetch_related(
+                    "tags", "tags__content_object", "favorite_tags"
+                ),
+                [["tags", "content_object"], ["favorite_tags"]],
             )
 
         # Test lookups.
         with self.assertNumQueries(4):
             lst2 = self.traverse_qs(
                 Bookmark.objects.prefetch_related(
-                    Prefetch('tags', to_attr='tags_lst'),
-                    Prefetch('tags_lst__content_object'),
-                    Prefetch('favorite_tags'),
+                    Prefetch("tags", to_attr="tags_lst"),
+                    Prefetch("tags_lst__content_object"),
+                    Prefetch("favorite_tags"),
                 ),
-                [['tags_lst', 'content_object'], ['favorite_tags']]
+                [["tags_lst", "content_object"], ["favorite_tags"]],
             )
         self.assertEqual(lst1, lst2)
 
@@ -660,21 +737,21 @@ class CustomPrefetchTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertNumQueries(5):
             lst1 = self.traverse_qs(
                 Person.objects.prefetch_related(
-                    'houses__rooms',
-                    'primary_house__occupants__houses',
+                    "houses__rooms",
+                    "primary_house__occupants__houses",
                 ),
-                [['primary_house', 'occupants', 'houses']]
+                [["primary_house", "occupants", "houses"]],
             )
 
         # Test lookups.
         with self.assertNumQueries(5):
             lst2 = self.traverse_qs(
                 Person.objects.prefetch_related(
-                    'houses__rooms',
-                    Prefetch('primary_house__occupants', to_attr='occupants_lst'),
-                    'primary_house__occupants_lst__houses',
+                    "houses__rooms",
+                    Prefetch("primary_house__occupants", to_attr="occupants_lst"),
+                    "primary_house__occupants_lst__houses",
                 ),
-                [['primary_house', 'occupants_lst', 'houses']]
+                [["primary_house", "occupants_lst", "houses"]],
             )
         self.assertEqual(lst1, lst2)
 
@@ -683,34 +760,39 @@ class CustomPrefetchTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertNumQueries(4):
             lst1 = self.traverse_qs(
                 Person.objects.prefetch_related(
-                    'houses',
-                    'all_houses__occupants__houses',
+                    "houses",
+                    "all_houses__occupants__houses",
                 ),
-                [['all_houses', 'occupants', 'houses']]
+                [["all_houses", "occupants", "houses"]],
             )
 
         # Test lookups.
         with self.assertNumQueries(4):
             lst2 = self.traverse_qs(
                 Person.objects.prefetch_related(
-                    'houses',
-                    Prefetch('all_houses__occupants', to_attr='occupants_lst'),
-                    'all_houses__occupants_lst__houses',
+                    "houses",
+                    Prefetch("all_houses__occupants", to_attr="occupants_lst"),
+                    "all_houses__occupants_lst__houses",
                 ),
-                [['all_houses', 'occupants_lst', 'houses']]
+                [["all_houses", "occupants_lst", "houses"]],
             )
         self.assertEqual(lst1, lst2)
 
     def test_custom_qs(self):
         # Test basic.
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            lst1 = list(Person.objects.prefetch_related('houses'))
+            lst1 = list(Person.objects.prefetch_related("houses"))
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            lst2 = list(Person.objects.prefetch_related(
-                Prefetch('houses', queryset=House.objects.all(), to_attr='houses_lst')))
+            lst2 = list(
+                Person.objects.prefetch_related(
+                    Prefetch(
+                        "houses", queryset=House.objects.all(), to_attr="houses_lst"
+                    )
+                )
+            )
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.traverse_qs(lst1, [['houses']]),
-            self.traverse_qs(lst2, [['houses_lst']])
+            self.traverse_qs(lst1, [["houses"]]),
+            self.traverse_qs(lst2, [["houses_lst"]]),
         )
 
         # Test queryset filtering.
@@ -718,9 +800,11 @@ class CustomPrefetchTests(TestCase):
             lst2 = list(
                 Person.objects.prefetch_related(
                     Prefetch(
-                        'houses',
-                        queryset=House.objects.filter(pk__in=[self.house1.pk, self.house3.pk]),
-                        to_attr='houses_lst',
+                        "houses",
+                        queryset=House.objects.filter(
+                            pk__in=[self.house1.pk, self.house3.pk]
+                        ),
+                        to_attr="houses_lst",
                     )
                 )
             )
@@ -731,35 +815,52 @@ class CustomPrefetchTests(TestCase):
 
         # Test flattened.
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
-            lst1 = list(Person.objects.prefetch_related('houses__rooms'))
+            lst1 = list(Person.objects.prefetch_related("houses__rooms"))
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
-            lst2 = list(Person.objects.prefetch_related(
-                Prefetch('houses__rooms', queryset=Room.objects.all(), to_attr='rooms_lst')))
+            lst2 = list(
+                Person.objects.prefetch_related(
+                    Prefetch(
+                        "houses__rooms",
+                        queryset=Room.objects.all(),
+                        to_attr="rooms_lst",
+                    )
+                )
+            )
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.traverse_qs(lst1, [['houses', 'rooms']]),
-            self.traverse_qs(lst2, [['houses', 'rooms_lst']])
+            self.traverse_qs(lst1, [["houses", "rooms"]]),
+            self.traverse_qs(lst2, [["houses", "rooms_lst"]]),
         )
 
         # Test inner select_related.
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
-            lst1 = list(Person.objects.prefetch_related('houses__owner'))
+            lst1 = list(Person.objects.prefetch_related("houses__owner"))
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            lst2 = list(Person.objects.prefetch_related(
-                Prefetch('houses', queryset=House.objects.select_related('owner'))))
+            lst2 = list(
+                Person.objects.prefetch_related(
+                    Prefetch("houses", queryset=House.objects.select_related("owner"))
+                )
+            )
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.traverse_qs(lst1, [['houses', 'owner']]),
-            self.traverse_qs(lst2, [['houses', 'owner']])
+            self.traverse_qs(lst1, [["houses", "owner"]]),
+            self.traverse_qs(lst2, [["houses", "owner"]]),
         )
 
         # Test inner prefetch.
         inner_rooms_qs = Room.objects.filter(pk__in=[self.room1_1.pk, self.room1_2.pk])
         houses_qs_prf = House.objects.prefetch_related(
-            Prefetch('rooms', queryset=inner_rooms_qs, to_attr='rooms_lst'))
+            Prefetch("rooms", queryset=inner_rooms_qs, to_attr="rooms_lst")
+        )
         with self.assertNumQueries(4):
-            lst2 = list(Person.objects.prefetch_related(
-                Prefetch('houses', queryset=houses_qs_prf.filter(pk=self.house1.pk), to_attr='houses_lst'),
-                Prefetch('houses_lst__rooms_lst__main_room_of')
-            ))
+            lst2 = list(
+                Person.objects.prefetch_related(
+                    Prefetch(
+                        "houses",
+                        queryset=houses_qs_prf.filter(pk=self.house1.pk),
+                        to_attr="houses_lst",
+                    ),
+                    Prefetch("houses_lst__rooms_lst__main_room_of"),
+                )
+            )
 
         self.assertEqual(len(lst2[0].houses_lst[0].rooms_lst), 2)
         self.assertEqual(lst2[0].houses_lst[0].rooms_lst[0], self.room1_1)
@@ -768,65 +869,101 @@ class CustomPrefetchTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(len(lst2[1].houses_lst), 0)
 
         # Test ForwardManyToOneDescriptor.
-        houses = House.objects.select_related('owner')
+        houses = House.objects.select_related("owner")
         with self.assertNumQueries(6):
-            rooms = Room.objects.all().prefetch_related('house')
-            lst1 = self.traverse_qs(rooms, [['house', 'owner']])
+            rooms = Room.objects.all().prefetch_related("house")
+            lst1 = self.traverse_qs(rooms, [["house", "owner"]])
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            rooms = Room.objects.all().prefetch_related(Prefetch('house', queryset=houses.all()))
-            lst2 = self.traverse_qs(rooms, [['house', 'owner']])
+            rooms = Room.objects.all().prefetch_related(
+                Prefetch("house", queryset=houses.all())
+            )
+            lst2 = self.traverse_qs(rooms, [["house", "owner"]])
         self.assertEqual(lst1, lst2)
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            houses = House.objects.select_related('owner')
-            rooms = Room.objects.all().prefetch_related(Prefetch('house', queryset=houses.all(), to_attr='house_attr'))
-            lst2 = self.traverse_qs(rooms, [['house_attr', 'owner']])
+            houses = House.objects.select_related("owner")
+            rooms = Room.objects.all().prefetch_related(
+                Prefetch("house", queryset=houses.all(), to_attr="house_attr")
+            )
+            lst2 = self.traverse_qs(rooms, [["house_attr", "owner"]])
         self.assertEqual(lst1, lst2)
-        room = Room.objects.all().prefetch_related(
-            Prefetch('house', queryset=houses.filter(address='DoesNotExist'))
-        ).first()
+        room = (
+            Room.objects.all()
+            .prefetch_related(
+                Prefetch("house", queryset=houses.filter(address="DoesNotExist"))
+            )
+            .first()
+        )
         with self.assertRaises(ObjectDoesNotExist):
-            getattr(room, 'house')
-        room = Room.objects.all().prefetch_related(
-            Prefetch('house', queryset=houses.filter(address='DoesNotExist'), to_attr='house_attr')
-        ).first()
+            getattr(room, "house")
+        room = (
+            Room.objects.all()
+            .prefetch_related(
+                Prefetch(
+                    "house",
+                    queryset=houses.filter(address="DoesNotExist"),
+                    to_attr="house_attr",
+                )
+            )
+            .first()
+        )
         self.assertIsNone(room.house_attr)
-        rooms = Room.objects.all().prefetch_related(Prefetch('house', queryset=House.objects.only('name')))
+        rooms = Room.objects.all().prefetch_related(
+            Prefetch("house", queryset=House.objects.only("name"))
+        )
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            getattr(rooms.first().house, 'name')
+            getattr(rooms.first().house, "name")
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
-            getattr(rooms.first().house, 'address')
+            getattr(rooms.first().house, "address")
 
         # Test ReverseOneToOneDescriptor.
-        houses = House.objects.select_related('owner')
+        houses = House.objects.select_related("owner")
         with self.assertNumQueries(6):
-            rooms = Room.objects.all().prefetch_related('main_room_of')
-            lst1 = self.traverse_qs(rooms, [['main_room_of', 'owner']])
+            rooms = Room.objects.all().prefetch_related("main_room_of")
+            lst1 = self.traverse_qs(rooms, [["main_room_of", "owner"]])
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            rooms = Room.objects.all().prefetch_related(Prefetch('main_room_of', queryset=houses.all()))
-            lst2 = self.traverse_qs(rooms, [['main_room_of', 'owner']])
+            rooms = Room.objects.all().prefetch_related(
+                Prefetch("main_room_of", queryset=houses.all())
+            )
+            lst2 = self.traverse_qs(rooms, [["main_room_of", "owner"]])
         self.assertEqual(lst1, lst2)
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
             rooms = list(
                 Room.objects.all().prefetch_related(
-                    Prefetch('main_room_of', queryset=houses.all(), to_attr='main_room_of_attr')
+                    Prefetch(
+                        "main_room_of",
+                        queryset=houses.all(),
+                        to_attr="main_room_of_attr",
+                    )
                 )
             )
-            lst2 = self.traverse_qs(rooms, [['main_room_of_attr', 'owner']])
+            lst2 = self.traverse_qs(rooms, [["main_room_of_attr", "owner"]])
         self.assertEqual(lst1, lst2)
-        room = Room.objects.filter(main_room_of__isnull=False).prefetch_related(
-            Prefetch('main_room_of', queryset=houses.filter(address='DoesNotExist'))
-        ).first()
+        room = (
+            Room.objects.filter(main_room_of__isnull=False)
+            .prefetch_related(
+                Prefetch("main_room_of", queryset=houses.filter(address="DoesNotExist"))
+            )
+            .first()
+        )
         with self.assertRaises(ObjectDoesNotExist):
-            getattr(room, 'main_room_of')
-        room = Room.objects.filter(main_room_of__isnull=False).prefetch_related(
-            Prefetch('main_room_of', queryset=houses.filter(address='DoesNotExist'), to_attr='main_room_of_attr')
-        ).first()
+            getattr(room, "main_room_of")
+        room = (
+            Room.objects.filter(main_room_of__isnull=False)
+            .prefetch_related(
+                Prefetch(
+                    "main_room_of",
+                    queryset=houses.filter(address="DoesNotExist"),
+                    to_attr="main_room_of_attr",
+                )
+            )
+            .first()
+        )
         self.assertIsNone(room.main_room_of_attr)
 
         # The custom queryset filters should be applied to the queryset
         # instance returned by the manager.
         person = Person.objects.prefetch_related(
-            Prefetch('houses', queryset=House.objects.filter(name='House 1')),
+            Prefetch("houses", queryset=House.objects.filter(name="House 1")),
         ).get(pk=self.person1.pk)
         self.assertEqual(
             list(person.houses.all()),
@@ -835,13 +972,13 @@ class CustomPrefetchTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_nested_prefetch_related_are_not_overwritten(self):
         # Regression test for #24873
-        houses_2 = House.objects.prefetch_related(Prefetch('rooms'))
-        persons = Person.objects.prefetch_related(Prefetch('houses', queryset=houses_2))
-        houses = House.objects.prefetch_related(Prefetch('occupants', queryset=persons))
+        houses_2 = House.objects.prefetch_related(Prefetch("rooms"))
+        persons = Person.objects.prefetch_related(Prefetch("houses", queryset=houses_2))
+        houses = House.objects.prefetch_related(Prefetch("occupants", queryset=persons))
         list(houses)  # queryset must be evaluated once to reproduce the bug.
         self.assertEqual(
             houses.all()[0].occupants.all()[0].houses.all()[1].rooms.all()[0],
-            self.room2_1
+            self.room2_1,
         )
 
     def test_nested_prefetch_related_with_duplicate_prefetcher(self):
@@ -850,37 +987,41 @@ class CustomPrefetchTests(TestCase):
         (Person.houses here) are allowed.
         """
         occupants = Person.objects.prefetch_related(
-            Prefetch('houses', to_attr='some_attr_name'),
-            Prefetch('houses', queryset=House.objects.prefetch_related('main_room')),
+            Prefetch("houses", to_attr="some_attr_name"),
+            Prefetch("houses", queryset=House.objects.prefetch_related("main_room")),
+        )
+        houses = House.objects.prefetch_related(
+            Prefetch("occupants", queryset=occupants)
         )
-        houses = House.objects.prefetch_related(Prefetch('occupants', queryset=occupants))
         with self.assertNumQueries(5):
-            self.traverse_qs(list(houses), [['occupants', 'houses', 'main_room']])
+            self.traverse_qs(list(houses), [["occupants", "houses", "main_room"]])
 
     def test_values_queryset(self):
-        msg = 'Prefetch querysets cannot use raw(), values(), and values_list().'
+        msg = "Prefetch querysets cannot use raw(), values(), and values_list()."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Prefetch('houses', House.objects.values('pk'))
+            Prefetch("houses", House.objects.values("pk"))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Prefetch('houses', House.objects.values_list('pk'))
+            Prefetch("houses", House.objects.values_list("pk"))
         # That error doesn't affect managers with custom ModelIterable subclasses
-        self.assertIs(Teacher.objects_custom.all()._iterable_class, ModelIterableSubclass)
-        Prefetch('teachers', Teacher.objects_custom.all())
+        self.assertIs(
+            Teacher.objects_custom.all()._iterable_class, ModelIterableSubclass
+        )
+        Prefetch("teachers", Teacher.objects_custom.all())
 
     def test_raw_queryset(self):
-        msg = 'Prefetch querysets cannot use raw(), values(), and values_list().'
+        msg = "Prefetch querysets cannot use raw(), values(), and values_list()."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Prefetch('houses', House.objects.raw('select pk from house'))
+            Prefetch("houses", House.objects.raw("select pk from house"))
 
     def test_to_attr_doesnt_cache_through_attr_as_list(self):
         house = House.objects.prefetch_related(
-            Prefetch('rooms', queryset=Room.objects.all(), to_attr='to_rooms'),
+            Prefetch("rooms", queryset=Room.objects.all(), to_attr="to_rooms"),
         ).get(pk=self.house3.pk)
         self.assertIsInstance(house.rooms.all(), QuerySet)
 
     def test_to_attr_cached_property(self):
         persons = Person.objects.prefetch_related(
-            Prefetch('houses', House.objects.all(), to_attr='cached_all_houses'),
+            Prefetch("houses", House.objects.all(), to_attr="cached_all_houses"),
         )
         for person in persons:
             # To bypass caching at the related descriptor level, don't use
@@ -896,34 +1037,35 @@ class CustomPrefetchTests(TestCase):
         add_q = Query.add_q
         with mock.patch.object(
             Query,
-            'add_q',
+            "add_q",
             autospec=True,
             side_effect=lambda self, q: add_q(self, q),
         ) as add_q_mock:
-            list(House.objects.prefetch_related(
-                Prefetch('occupants', queryset=Person.objects.all())
-            ))
+            list(
+                House.objects.prefetch_related(
+                    Prefetch("occupants", queryset=Person.objects.all())
+                )
+            )
             self.assertEqual(add_q_mock.call_count, 1)
 
 
 class DefaultManagerTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.qual1 = Qualification.objects.create(name='BA')
-        cls.qual2 = Qualification.objects.create(name='BSci')
-        cls.qual3 = Qualification.objects.create(name='MA')
-        cls.qual4 = Qualification.objects.create(name='PhD')
+        cls.qual1 = Qualification.objects.create(name="BA")
+        cls.qual2 = Qualification.objects.create(name="BSci")
+        cls.qual3 = Qualification.objects.create(name="MA")
+        cls.qual4 = Qualification.objects.create(name="PhD")
 
-        cls.teacher1 = Teacher.objects.create(name='Mr Cleese')
-        cls.teacher2 = Teacher.objects.create(name='Mr Idle')
-        cls.teacher3 = Teacher.objects.create(name='Mr Chapman')
+        cls.teacher1 = Teacher.objects.create(name="Mr Cleese")
+        cls.teacher2 = Teacher.objects.create(name="Mr Idle")
+        cls.teacher3 = Teacher.objects.create(name="Mr Chapman")
         cls.teacher1.qualifications.add(cls.qual1, cls.qual2, cls.qual3, cls.qual4)
         cls.teacher2.qualifications.add(cls.qual1)
         cls.teacher3.qualifications.add(cls.qual2)
 
-        cls.dept1 = Department.objects.create(name='English')
-        cls.dept2 = Department.objects.create(name='Physics')
+        cls.dept1 = Department.objects.create(name="English")
+        cls.dept2 = Department.objects.create(name="Physics")
         cls.dept1.teachers.add(cls.teacher1, cls.teacher2)
         cls.dept2.teachers.add(cls.teacher1, cls.teacher3)
 
@@ -932,18 +1074,21 @@ class DefaultManagerTests(TestCase):
             # When we prefetch the teachers, and force the query, we don't want
             # the default manager on teachers to immediately get all the related
             # qualifications, since this will do one query per teacher.
-            qs = Department.objects.prefetch_related('teachers')
-            depts = "".join("%s department: %s\n" %
-                            (dept.name, ", ".join(str(t) for t in dept.teachers.all()))
-                            for dept in qs)
+            qs = Department.objects.prefetch_related("teachers")
+            depts = "".join(
+                "%s department: %s\n"
+                % (dept.name, ", ".join(str(t) for t in dept.teachers.all()))
+                for dept in qs
+            )
 
-            self.assertEqual(depts,
-                             "English department: Mr Cleese (BA, BSci, MA, PhD), Mr Idle (BA)\n"
-                             "Physics department: Mr Cleese (BA, BSci, MA, PhD), Mr Chapman (BSci)\n")
+            self.assertEqual(
+                depts,
+                "English department: Mr Cleese (BA, BSci, MA, PhD), Mr Idle (BA)\n"
+                "Physics department: Mr Cleese (BA, BSci, MA, PhD), Mr Chapman (BSci)\n",
+            )
 
 
 class GenericRelationTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         book1 = Book.objects.create(title="Winnie the Pooh")
@@ -969,7 +1114,7 @@ class GenericRelationTests(TestCase):
 
         # 1 for TaggedItem table, 1 for Book table, 1 for Reader table
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
-            qs = TaggedItem.objects.prefetch_related('content_object')
+            qs = TaggedItem.objects.prefetch_related("content_object")
             list(qs)
 
     def test_prefetch_GFK_nonint_pk(self):
@@ -977,20 +1122,20 @@ class GenericRelationTests(TestCase):
 
         # 1 for Comment table, 1 for Book table
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            qs = Comment.objects.prefetch_related('content_object')
+            qs = Comment.objects.prefetch_related("content_object")
             [c.content_object for c in qs]
 
     def test_prefetch_GFK_uuid_pk(self):
-        article = Article.objects.create(name='Django')
-        Comment.objects.create(comment='awesome', content_object_uuid=article)
-        qs = Comment.objects.prefetch_related('content_object_uuid')
+        article = Article.objects.create(name="Django")
+        Comment.objects.create(comment="awesome", content_object_uuid=article)
+        qs = Comment.objects.prefetch_related("content_object_uuid")
         self.assertEqual([c.content_object_uuid for c in qs], [article])
 
     def test_prefetch_GFK_fk_pk(self):
-        book = Book.objects.create(title='Poems')
+        book = Book.objects.create(title="Poems")
         book_with_year = BookWithYear.objects.create(book=book, published_year=2019)
-        Comment.objects.create(comment='awesome', content_object=book_with_year)
-        qs = Comment.objects.prefetch_related('content_object')
+        Comment.objects.create(comment="awesome", content_object=book_with_year)
+        qs = Comment.objects.prefetch_related("content_object")
         self.assertEqual([c.content_object for c in qs], [book_with_year])
 
     def test_traverse_GFK(self):
@@ -1012,51 +1157,63 @@ class GenericRelationTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
             # If we limit to books, we know that they will have 'read_by'
             # attributes, so the following makes sense:
-            qs = TaggedItem.objects.filter(content_type=ct, tag='awesome').prefetch_related('content_object__read_by')
-            readers_of_awesome_books = {r.name for tag in qs
-                                        for r in tag.content_object.read_by.all()}
+            qs = TaggedItem.objects.filter(
+                content_type=ct, tag="awesome"
+            ).prefetch_related("content_object__read_by")
+            readers_of_awesome_books = {
+                r.name for tag in qs for r in tag.content_object.read_by.all()
+            }
             self.assertEqual(readers_of_awesome_books, {"me", "you", "someone"})
 
     def test_nullable_GFK(self):
-        TaggedItem.objects.create(tag="awesome", content_object=self.book1,
-                                  created_by=self.reader1)
+        TaggedItem.objects.create(
+            tag="awesome", content_object=self.book1, created_by=self.reader1
+        )
         TaggedItem.objects.create(tag="great", content_object=self.book2)
         TaggedItem.objects.create(tag="rubbish", content_object=self.book3)
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            result = [t.created_by for t in TaggedItem.objects.prefetch_related('created_by')]
+            result = [
+                t.created_by for t in TaggedItem.objects.prefetch_related("created_by")
+            ]
 
-        self.assertEqual(result,
-                         [t.created_by for t in TaggedItem.objects.all()])
+        self.assertEqual(result, [t.created_by for t in TaggedItem.objects.all()])
 
     def test_generic_relation(self):
-        bookmark = Bookmark.objects.create(url='http://www.djangoproject.com/')
-        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=bookmark, tag='django')
-        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=bookmark, tag='python')
+        bookmark = Bookmark.objects.create(url="http://www.djangoproject.com/")
+        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=bookmark, tag="django")
+        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=bookmark, tag="python")
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            tags = [t.tag for b in Bookmark.objects.prefetch_related('tags')
-                    for t in b.tags.all()]
+            tags = [
+                t.tag
+                for b in Bookmark.objects.prefetch_related("tags")
+                for t in b.tags.all()
+            ]
             self.assertEqual(sorted(tags), ["django", "python"])
 
     def test_charfield_GFK(self):
-        b = Bookmark.objects.create(url='http://www.djangoproject.com/')
-        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=b, tag='django')
-        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=b, favorite=b, tag='python')
+        b = Bookmark.objects.create(url="http://www.djangoproject.com/")
+        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=b, tag="django")
+        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=b, favorite=b, tag="python")
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
-            bookmark = Bookmark.objects.filter(pk=b.pk).prefetch_related('tags', 'favorite_tags')[0]
-            self.assertEqual(sorted(i.tag for i in bookmark.tags.all()), ["django", "python"])
+            bookmark = Bookmark.objects.filter(pk=b.pk).prefetch_related(
+                "tags", "favorite_tags"
+            )[0]
+            self.assertEqual(
+                sorted(i.tag for i in bookmark.tags.all()), ["django", "python"]
+            )
             self.assertEqual([i.tag for i in bookmark.favorite_tags.all()], ["python"])
 
     def test_custom_queryset(self):
-        bookmark = Bookmark.objects.create(url='http://www.djangoproject.com/')
-        django_tag = TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=bookmark, tag='django')
-        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=bookmark, tag='python')
+        bookmark = Bookmark.objects.create(url="http://www.djangoproject.com/")
+        django_tag = TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=bookmark, tag="django")
+        TaggedItem.objects.create(content_object=bookmark, tag="python")
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
             bookmark = Bookmark.objects.prefetch_related(
-                Prefetch('tags', TaggedItem.objects.filter(tag='django')),
+                Prefetch("tags", TaggedItem.objects.filter(tag="django")),
             ).get()
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
@@ -1067,59 +1224,75 @@ class GenericRelationTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(list(bookmark.tags.all()), list(bookmark.tags.all().all()))
 
     def test_deleted_GFK(self):
-        TaggedItem.objects.create(tag='awesome', content_object=self.book1)
-        TaggedItem.objects.create(tag='awesome', content_object=self.book2)
+        TaggedItem.objects.create(tag="awesome", content_object=self.book1)
+        TaggedItem.objects.create(tag="awesome", content_object=self.book2)
         ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Book)
 
         book1_pk = self.book1.pk
         self.book1.delete()
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            qs = TaggedItem.objects.filter(tag='awesome').prefetch_related('content_object')
+            qs = TaggedItem.objects.filter(tag="awesome").prefetch_related(
+                "content_object"
+            )
             result = [
                 (tag.object_id, tag.content_type_id, tag.content_object) for tag in qs
             ]
-            self.assertEqual(result, [
-                (book1_pk, ct.pk, None),
-                (self.book2.pk, ct.pk, self.book2),
-            ])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                result,
+                [
+                    (book1_pk, ct.pk, None),
+                    (self.book2.pk, ct.pk, self.book2),
+                ],
+            )
 
 
 class MultiTableInheritanceTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.book1 = BookWithYear.objects.create(title='Poems', published_year=2010)
-        cls.book2 = BookWithYear.objects.create(title='More poems', published_year=2011)
-        cls.author1 = AuthorWithAge.objects.create(name='Jane', first_book=cls.book1, age=50)
-        cls.author2 = AuthorWithAge.objects.create(name='Tom', first_book=cls.book1, age=49)
-        cls.author3 = AuthorWithAge.objects.create(name='Robert', first_book=cls.book2, age=48)
-        cls.author_address = AuthorAddress.objects.create(author=cls.author1, address='SomeStreet 1')
+        cls.book1 = BookWithYear.objects.create(title="Poems", published_year=2010)
+        cls.book2 = BookWithYear.objects.create(title="More poems", published_year=2011)
+        cls.author1 = AuthorWithAge.objects.create(
+            name="Jane", first_book=cls.book1, age=50
+        )
+        cls.author2 = AuthorWithAge.objects.create(
+            name="Tom", first_book=cls.book1, age=49
+        )
+        cls.author3 = AuthorWithAge.objects.create(
+            name="Robert", first_book=cls.book2, age=48
+        )
+        cls.author_address = AuthorAddress.objects.create(
+            author=cls.author1, address="SomeStreet 1"
+        )
         cls.book2.aged_authors.add(cls.author2, cls.author3)
-        cls.br1 = BookReview.objects.create(book=cls.book1, notes='review book1')
-        cls.br2 = BookReview.objects.create(book=cls.book2, notes='review book2')
+        cls.br1 = BookReview.objects.create(book=cls.book1, notes="review book1")
+        cls.br2 = BookReview.objects.create(book=cls.book2, notes="review book2")
 
     def test_foreignkey(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            qs = AuthorWithAge.objects.prefetch_related('addresses')
-            addresses = [[str(address) for address in obj.addresses.all()] for obj in qs]
+            qs = AuthorWithAge.objects.prefetch_related("addresses")
+            addresses = [
+                [str(address) for address in obj.addresses.all()] for obj in qs
+            ]
         self.assertEqual(addresses, [[str(self.author_address)], [], []])
 
     def test_foreignkey_to_inherited(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            qs = BookReview.objects.prefetch_related('book')
+            qs = BookReview.objects.prefetch_related("book")
             titles = [obj.book.title for obj in qs]
         self.assertEqual(titles, ["Poems", "More poems"])
 
     def test_m2m_to_inheriting_model(self):
-        qs = AuthorWithAge.objects.prefetch_related('books_with_year')
+        qs = AuthorWithAge.objects.prefetch_related("books_with_year")
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            lst = [[str(book) for book in author.books_with_year.all()] for author in qs]
+            lst = [
+                [str(book) for book in author.books_with_year.all()] for author in qs
+            ]
         qs = AuthorWithAge.objects.all()
         lst2 = [[str(book) for book in author.books_with_year.all()] for author in qs]
         self.assertEqual(lst, lst2)
 
-        qs = BookWithYear.objects.prefetch_related('aged_authors')
+        qs = BookWithYear.objects.prefetch_related("aged_authors")
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
             lst = [[str(author) for author in book.aged_authors.all()] for book in qs]
         qs = BookWithYear.objects.all()
@@ -1128,62 +1301,70 @@ class MultiTableInheritanceTest(TestCase):
 
     def test_parent_link_prefetch(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            [a.author for a in AuthorWithAge.objects.prefetch_related('author')]
+            [a.author for a in AuthorWithAge.objects.prefetch_related("author")]
 
     @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
     def test_child_link_prefetch(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            authors = [a.authorwithage for a in Author.objects.prefetch_related('authorwithage')]
+            authors = [
+                a.authorwithage
+                for a in Author.objects.prefetch_related("authorwithage")
+            ]
 
         # Regression for #18090: the prefetching query must include an IN clause.
         # Note that on Oracle the table name is upper case in the generated SQL,
         # thus the .lower() call.
-        self.assertIn('authorwithage', connection.queries[-1]['sql'].lower())
-        self.assertIn(' IN ', connection.queries[-1]['sql'])
+        self.assertIn("authorwithage", connection.queries[-1]["sql"].lower())
+        self.assertIn(" IN ", connection.queries[-1]["sql"])
 
         self.assertEqual(authors, [a.authorwithage for a in Author.objects.all()])
 
 
 class ForeignKeyToFieldTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.book = Book.objects.create(title='Poems')
-        cls.author1 = Author.objects.create(name='Jane', first_book=cls.book)
-        cls.author2 = Author.objects.create(name='Tom', first_book=cls.book)
-        cls.author3 = Author.objects.create(name='Robert', first_book=cls.book)
-        cls.author_address = AuthorAddress.objects.create(author=cls.author1, address='SomeStreet 1')
+        cls.book = Book.objects.create(title="Poems")
+        cls.author1 = Author.objects.create(name="Jane", first_book=cls.book)
+        cls.author2 = Author.objects.create(name="Tom", first_book=cls.book)
+        cls.author3 = Author.objects.create(name="Robert", first_book=cls.book)
+        cls.author_address = AuthorAddress.objects.create(
+            author=cls.author1, address="SomeStreet 1"
+        )
         FavoriteAuthors.objects.create(author=cls.author1, likes_author=cls.author2)
         FavoriteAuthors.objects.create(author=cls.author2, likes_author=cls.author3)
         FavoriteAuthors.objects.create(author=cls.author3, likes_author=cls.author1)
 
     def test_foreignkey(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            qs = Author.objects.prefetch_related('addresses')
-            addresses = [[str(address) for address in obj.addresses.all()]
-                         for obj in qs]
+            qs = Author.objects.prefetch_related("addresses")
+            addresses = [
+                [str(address) for address in obj.addresses.all()] for obj in qs
+            ]
         self.assertEqual(addresses, [[str(self.author_address)], [], []])
 
     def test_m2m(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
-            qs = Author.objects.all().prefetch_related('favorite_authors', 'favors_me')
-            favorites = [(
-                [str(i_like) for i_like in author.favorite_authors.all()],
-                [str(likes_me) for likes_me in author.favors_me.all()]
-            ) for author in qs]
+            qs = Author.objects.all().prefetch_related("favorite_authors", "favors_me")
+            favorites = [
+                (
+                    [str(i_like) for i_like in author.favorite_authors.all()],
+                    [str(likes_me) for likes_me in author.favors_me.all()],
+                )
+                for author in qs
+            ]
             self.assertEqual(
                 favorites,
                 [
                     ([str(self.author2)], [str(self.author3)]),
                     ([str(self.author3)], [str(self.author1)]),
-                    ([str(self.author1)], [str(self.author2)])
-                ]
+                    ([str(self.author1)], [str(self.author2)]),
+                ],
             )
 
     def test_m2m_manager_reused(self):
         author = Author.objects.prefetch_related(
-            'favorite_authors',
-            'favors_me',
+            "favorite_authors",
+            "favors_me",
         ).first()
         self.assertIs(author.favorite_authors, author.favorite_authors)
         self.assertIs(author.favors_me, author.favors_me)
@@ -1197,37 +1378,37 @@ class LookupOrderingTest(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        person1 = Person.objects.create(name='Joe')
-        person2 = Person.objects.create(name='Mary')
+        person1 = Person.objects.create(name="Joe")
+        person2 = Person.objects.create(name="Mary")
 
         # Set main_room for each house before creating the next one for
         # databases where supports_nullable_unique_constraints is False.
-        house1 = House.objects.create(address='123 Main St')
-        room1_1 = Room.objects.create(name='Dining room', house=house1)
-        Room.objects.create(name='Lounge', house=house1)
-        Room.objects.create(name='Kitchen', house=house1)
+        house1 = House.objects.create(address="123 Main St")
+        room1_1 = Room.objects.create(name="Dining room", house=house1)
+        Room.objects.create(name="Lounge", house=house1)
+        Room.objects.create(name="Kitchen", house=house1)
         house1.main_room = room1_1
         house1.save()
         person1.houses.add(house1)
 
-        house2 = House.objects.create(address='45 Side St')
-        room2_1 = Room.objects.create(name='Dining room', house=house2)
-        Room.objects.create(name='Lounge', house=house2)
+        house2 = House.objects.create(address="45 Side St")
+        room2_1 = Room.objects.create(name="Dining room", house=house2)
+        Room.objects.create(name="Lounge", house=house2)
         house2.main_room = room2_1
         house2.save()
         person1.houses.add(house2)
 
-        house3 = House.objects.create(address='6 Downing St')
-        room3_1 = Room.objects.create(name='Dining room', house=house3)
-        Room.objects.create(name='Lounge', house=house3)
-        Room.objects.create(name='Kitchen', house=house3)
+        house3 = House.objects.create(address="6 Downing St")
+        room3_1 = Room.objects.create(name="Dining room", house=house3)
+        Room.objects.create(name="Lounge", house=house3)
+        Room.objects.create(name="Kitchen", house=house3)
         house3.main_room = room3_1
         house3.save()
         person2.houses.add(house3)
 
-        house4 = House.objects.create(address='7 Regents St')
-        room4_1 = Room.objects.create(name='Dining room', house=house4)
-        Room.objects.create(name='Lounge', house=house4)
+        house4 = House.objects.create(address="7 Regents St")
+        room4_1 = Room.objects.create(name="Dining room", house=house4)
+        Room.objects.create(name="Lounge", house=house4)
         house4.main_room = room4_1
         house4.save()
         person2.houses.add(house4)
@@ -1236,13 +1417,13 @@ class LookupOrderingTest(TestCase):
         with self.assertNumQueries(4):
             # The following two queries must be done in the same order as written,
             # otherwise 'primary_house' will cause non-prefetched lookups
-            qs = Person.objects.prefetch_related('houses__rooms',
-                                                 'primary_house__occupants')
+            qs = Person.objects.prefetch_related(
+                "houses__rooms", "primary_house__occupants"
+            )
             [list(p.primary_house.occupants.all()) for p in qs]
 
 
 class NullableTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         boss = Employee.objects.create(name="Peter")
@@ -1253,24 +1434,30 @@ class NullableTest(TestCase):
         # Because we use select_related() for 'boss', it doesn't need to be
         # prefetched, but we can still traverse it although it contains some nulls
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            qs = Employee.objects.select_related('boss').prefetch_related('boss__serfs')
-            co_serfs = [list(e.boss.serfs.all()) if e.boss is not None else []
-                        for e in qs]
+            qs = Employee.objects.select_related("boss").prefetch_related("boss__serfs")
+            co_serfs = [
+                list(e.boss.serfs.all()) if e.boss is not None else [] for e in qs
+            ]
 
-        qs2 = Employee.objects.select_related('boss')
-        co_serfs2 = [list(e.boss.serfs.all()) if e.boss is not None else [] for e in qs2]
+        qs2 = Employee.objects.select_related("boss")
+        co_serfs2 = [
+            list(e.boss.serfs.all()) if e.boss is not None else [] for e in qs2
+        ]
 
         self.assertEqual(co_serfs, co_serfs2)
 
     def test_prefetch_nullable(self):
         # One for main employee, one for boss, one for serfs
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
-            qs = Employee.objects.prefetch_related('boss__serfs')
-            co_serfs = [list(e.boss.serfs.all()) if e.boss is not None else []
-                        for e in qs]
+            qs = Employee.objects.prefetch_related("boss__serfs")
+            co_serfs = [
+                list(e.boss.serfs.all()) if e.boss is not None else [] for e in qs
+            ]
 
         qs2 = Employee.objects.all()
-        co_serfs2 = [list(e.boss.serfs.all()) if e.boss is not None else [] for e in qs2]
+        co_serfs2 = [
+            list(e.boss.serfs.all()) if e.boss is not None else [] for e in qs2
+        ]
 
         self.assertEqual(co_serfs, co_serfs2)
 
@@ -1283,17 +1470,19 @@ class NullableTest(TestCase):
         boss2 = Employee.objects.create(name="Jack")
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
             # Prefetch is done and it does not cause any errors.
-            bulk = Employee.objects.prefetch_related('serfs').in_bulk([boss1.pk, boss2.pk])
+            bulk = Employee.objects.prefetch_related("serfs").in_bulk(
+                [boss1.pk, boss2.pk]
+            )
             for b in bulk.values():
                 list(b.serfs.all())
 
 
 class MultiDbTests(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     def test_using_is_honored_m2m(self):
-        B = Book.objects.using('other')
-        A = Author.objects.using('other')
+        B = Book.objects.using("other")
+        A = Author.objects.using("other")
         book1 = B.create(title="Poems")
         book2 = B.create(title="Jane Eyre")
         book3 = B.create(title="Wuthering Heights")
@@ -1310,32 +1499,40 @@ class MultiDbTests(TestCase):
         book4.authors.add(author4)
 
         # Forward
-        qs1 = B.prefetch_related('authors')
-        with self.assertNumQueries(2, using='other'):
-            books = "".join("%s (%s)\n" %
-                            (book.title, ", ".join(a.name for a in book.authors.all()))
-                            for book in qs1)
-        self.assertEqual(books,
-                         "Poems (Charlotte, Anne, Emily)\n"
-                         "Jane Eyre (Charlotte)\n"
-                         "Wuthering Heights (Emily)\n"
-                         "Sense and Sensibility (Jane)\n")
+        qs1 = B.prefetch_related("authors")
+        with self.assertNumQueries(2, using="other"):
+            books = "".join(
+                "%s (%s)\n"
+                % (book.title, ", ".join(a.name for a in book.authors.all()))
+                for book in qs1
+            )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            books,
+            "Poems (Charlotte, Anne, Emily)\n"
+            "Jane Eyre (Charlotte)\n"
+            "Wuthering Heights (Emily)\n"
+            "Sense and Sensibility (Jane)\n",
+        )
 
         # Reverse
-        qs2 = A.prefetch_related('books')
-        with self.assertNumQueries(2, using='other'):
-            authors = "".join("%s: %s\n" %
-                              (author.name, ", ".join(b.title for b in author.books.all()))
-                              for author in qs2)
-        self.assertEqual(authors,
-                         "Charlotte: Poems, Jane Eyre\n"
-                         "Anne: Poems\n"
-                         "Emily: Poems, Wuthering Heights\n"
-                         "Jane: Sense and Sensibility\n")
+        qs2 = A.prefetch_related("books")
+        with self.assertNumQueries(2, using="other"):
+            authors = "".join(
+                "%s: %s\n"
+                % (author.name, ", ".join(b.title for b in author.books.all()))
+                for author in qs2
+            )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            authors,
+            "Charlotte: Poems, Jane Eyre\n"
+            "Anne: Poems\n"
+            "Emily: Poems, Wuthering Heights\n"
+            "Jane: Sense and Sensibility\n",
+        )
 
     def test_using_is_honored_fkey(self):
-        B = Book.objects.using('other')
-        A = Author.objects.using('other')
+        B = Book.objects.using("other")
+        A = Author.objects.using("other")
         book1 = B.create(title="Poems")
         book2 = B.create(title="Sense and Sensibility")
 
@@ -1343,43 +1540,49 @@ class MultiDbTests(TestCase):
         A.create(name="Jane Austen", first_book=book2)
 
         # Forward
-        with self.assertNumQueries(2, using='other'):
-            books = ", ".join(a.first_book.title for a in A.prefetch_related('first_book'))
+        with self.assertNumQueries(2, using="other"):
+            books = ", ".join(
+                a.first_book.title for a in A.prefetch_related("first_book")
+            )
         self.assertEqual("Poems, Sense and Sensibility", books)
 
         # Reverse
-        with self.assertNumQueries(2, using='other'):
-            books = "".join("%s (%s)\n" %
-                            (b.title, ", ".join(a.name for a in b.first_time_authors.all()))
-                            for b in B.prefetch_related('first_time_authors'))
+        with self.assertNumQueries(2, using="other"):
+            books = "".join(
+                "%s (%s)\n"
+                % (b.title, ", ".join(a.name for a in b.first_time_authors.all()))
+                for b in B.prefetch_related("first_time_authors")
+            )
         self.assertEqual(
             books,
             "Poems (Charlotte Bronte)\nSense and Sensibility (Jane Austen)\n",
         )
 
     def test_using_is_honored_inheritance(self):
-        B = BookWithYear.objects.using('other')
-        A = AuthorWithAge.objects.using('other')
+        B = BookWithYear.objects.using("other")
+        A = AuthorWithAge.objects.using("other")
         book1 = B.create(title="Poems", published_year=2010)
         B.create(title="More poems", published_year=2011)
-        A.create(name='Jane', first_book=book1, age=50)
-        A.create(name='Tom', first_book=book1, age=49)
+        A.create(name="Jane", first_book=book1, age=50)
+        A.create(name="Tom", first_book=book1, age=49)
 
         # parent link
-        with self.assertNumQueries(2, using='other'):
-            authors = ", ".join(a.author.name for a in A.prefetch_related('author'))
+        with self.assertNumQueries(2, using="other"):
+            authors = ", ".join(a.author.name for a in A.prefetch_related("author"))
 
         self.assertEqual(authors, "Jane, Tom")
 
         # child link
-        with self.assertNumQueries(2, using='other'):
-            ages = ", ".join(str(a.authorwithage.age) for a in A.prefetch_related('authorwithage'))
+        with self.assertNumQueries(2, using="other"):
+            ages = ", ".join(
+                str(a.authorwithage.age) for a in A.prefetch_related("authorwithage")
+            )
 
         self.assertEqual(ages, "50, 49")
 
     def test_using_is_honored_custom_qs(self):
-        B = Book.objects.using('other')
-        A = Author.objects.using('other')
+        B = Book.objects.using("other")
+        A = Author.objects.using("other")
         book1 = B.create(title="Poems")
         book2 = B.create(title="Sense and Sensibility")
 
@@ -1387,35 +1590,45 @@ class MultiDbTests(TestCase):
         A.create(name="Jane Austen", first_book=book2)
 
         # Implicit hinting
-        with self.assertNumQueries(2, using='other'):
-            prefetch = Prefetch('first_time_authors', queryset=Author.objects.all())
-            books = "".join("%s (%s)\n" %
-                            (b.title, ", ".join(a.name for a in b.first_time_authors.all()))
-                            for b in B.prefetch_related(prefetch))
+        with self.assertNumQueries(2, using="other"):
+            prefetch = Prefetch("first_time_authors", queryset=Author.objects.all())
+            books = "".join(
+                "%s (%s)\n"
+                % (b.title, ", ".join(a.name for a in b.first_time_authors.all()))
+                for b in B.prefetch_related(prefetch)
+            )
         self.assertEqual(
             books,
             "Poems (Charlotte Bronte)\nSense and Sensibility (Jane Austen)\n",
         )
         # Explicit using on the same db.
-        with self.assertNumQueries(2, using='other'):
-            prefetch = Prefetch('first_time_authors', queryset=Author.objects.using('other'))
-            books = "".join("%s (%s)\n" %
-                            (b.title, ", ".join(a.name for a in b.first_time_authors.all()))
-                            for b in B.prefetch_related(prefetch))
+        with self.assertNumQueries(2, using="other"):
+            prefetch = Prefetch(
+                "first_time_authors", queryset=Author.objects.using("other")
+            )
+            books = "".join(
+                "%s (%s)\n"
+                % (b.title, ", ".join(a.name for a in b.first_time_authors.all()))
+                for b in B.prefetch_related(prefetch)
+            )
         self.assertEqual(
             books,
             "Poems (Charlotte Bronte)\nSense and Sensibility (Jane Austen)\n",
         )
 
         # Explicit using on a different db.
-        with self.assertNumQueries(1, using='default'), self.assertNumQueries(1, using='other'):
-            prefetch = Prefetch('first_time_authors', queryset=Author.objects.using('default'))
-            books = "".join("%s (%s)\n" %
-                            (b.title, ", ".join(a.name for a in b.first_time_authors.all()))
-                            for b in B.prefetch_related(prefetch))
-        self.assertEqual(books,
-                         "Poems ()\n"
-                         "Sense and Sensibility ()\n")
+        with self.assertNumQueries(1, using="default"), self.assertNumQueries(
+            1, using="other"
+        ):
+            prefetch = Prefetch(
+                "first_time_authors", queryset=Author.objects.using("default")
+            )
+            books = "".join(
+                "%s (%s)\n"
+                % (b.title, ", ".join(a.name for a in b.first_time_authors.all()))
+                for b in B.prefetch_related(prefetch)
+            )
+        self.assertEqual(books, "Poems ()\n" "Sense and Sensibility ()\n")
 
 
 class Ticket19607Tests(TestCase):
@@ -1424,36 +1637,40 @@ class Ticket19607Tests(TestCase):
         LessonEntry.objects.bulk_create(
             LessonEntry(id=id_, name1=name1, name2=name2)
             for id_, name1, name2 in [
-                (1, 'einfach', 'simple'),
-                (2, 'schwierig', 'difficult'),
+                (1, "einfach", "simple"),
+                (2, "schwierig", "difficult"),
             ]
         )
         WordEntry.objects.bulk_create(
             WordEntry(id=id_, lesson_entry_id=lesson_entry_id, name=name)
             for id_, lesson_entry_id, name in [
-                (1, 1, 'einfach'),
-                (2, 1, 'simple'),
-                (3, 2, 'schwierig'),
-                (4, 2, 'difficult'),
+                (1, 1, "einfach"),
+                (2, 1, "simple"),
+                (3, 2, "schwierig"),
+                (4, 2, "difficult"),
             ]
         )
 
     def test_bug(self):
-        list(WordEntry.objects.prefetch_related('lesson_entry', 'lesson_entry__wordentry_set'))
+        list(
+            WordEntry.objects.prefetch_related(
+                "lesson_entry", "lesson_entry__wordentry_set"
+            )
+        )
 
 
 class Ticket21410Tests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        book1 = Book.objects.create(title='Poems')
-        book2 = Book.objects.create(title='Jane Eyre')
-        book3 = Book.objects.create(title='Wuthering Heights')
-        book4 = Book.objects.create(title='Sense and Sensibility')
+        book1 = Book.objects.create(title="Poems")
+        book2 = Book.objects.create(title="Jane Eyre")
+        book3 = Book.objects.create(title="Wuthering Heights")
+        book4 = Book.objects.create(title="Sense and Sensibility")
 
-        author1 = Author2.objects.create(name='Charlotte', first_book=book1)
-        author2 = Author2.objects.create(name='Anne', first_book=book1)
-        author3 = Author2.objects.create(name='Emily', first_book=book1)
-        author4 = Author2.objects.create(name='Jane', first_book=book4)
+        author1 = Author2.objects.create(name="Charlotte", first_book=book1)
+        author2 = Author2.objects.create(name="Anne", first_book=book1)
+        author3 = Author2.objects.create(name="Emily", first_book=book1)
+        author4 = Author2.objects.create(name="Jane", first_book=book4)
 
         author1.favorite_books.add(book1, book2, book3)
         author2.favorite_books.add(book1)
@@ -1461,11 +1678,10 @@ class Ticket21410Tests(TestCase):
         author4.favorite_books.add(book3)
 
     def test_bug(self):
-        list(Author2.objects.prefetch_related('first_book', 'favorite_books'))
+        list(Author2.objects.prefetch_related("first_book", "favorite_books"))
 
 
 class Ticket21760Tests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.rooms = []
@@ -1479,9 +1695,9 @@ class Ticket21760Tests(TestCase):
             house.save()
 
     def test_bug(self):
-        prefetcher = get_prefetcher(self.rooms[0], 'house', 'house')[0]
+        prefetcher = get_prefetcher(self.rooms[0], "house", "house")[0]
         queryset = prefetcher.get_prefetch_queryset(list(Room.objects.all()))[0]
-        self.assertNotIn(' JOIN ', str(queryset.query))
+        self.assertNotIn(" JOIN ", str(queryset.query))
 
 
 class DirectPrefetchedObjectCacheReuseTests(TestCase):
@@ -1502,20 +1718,22 @@ class DirectPrefetchedObjectCacheReuseTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.book1, cls.book2 = [
-            Book.objects.create(title='book1'),
-            Book.objects.create(title='book2'),
+            Book.objects.create(title="book1"),
+            Book.objects.create(title="book2"),
         ]
         cls.author11, cls.author12, cls.author21 = [
-            Author.objects.create(first_book=cls.book1, name='Author11'),
-            Author.objects.create(first_book=cls.book1, name='Author12'),
-            Author.objects.create(first_book=cls.book2, name='Author21'),
+            Author.objects.create(first_book=cls.book1, name="Author11"),
+            Author.objects.create(first_book=cls.book1, name="Author12"),
+            Author.objects.create(first_book=cls.book2, name="Author21"),
         ]
         cls.author1_address1, cls.author1_address2, cls.author2_address1 = [
-            AuthorAddress.objects.create(author=cls.author11, address='Happy place'),
-            AuthorAddress.objects.create(author=cls.author12, address='Haunted house'),
-            AuthorAddress.objects.create(author=cls.author21, address='Happy place'),
+            AuthorAddress.objects.create(author=cls.author11, address="Happy place"),
+            AuthorAddress.objects.create(author=cls.author12, address="Haunted house"),
+            AuthorAddress.objects.create(author=cls.author21, address="Happy place"),
         ]
-        cls.bookwithyear1 = BookWithYear.objects.create(title='Poems', published_year=2010)
+        cls.bookwithyear1 = BookWithYear.objects.create(
+            title="Poems", published_year=2010
+        )
         cls.bookreview1 = BookReview.objects.create(book=cls.bookwithyear1)
 
     def test_detect_is_fetched(self):
@@ -1524,15 +1742,13 @@ class DirectPrefetchedObjectCacheReuseTests(TestCase):
         lookup.
         """
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
-            books = Book.objects.filter(
-                title__in=['book1', 'book2'],
-            ).prefetch_related(
+            books = Book.objects.filter(title__in=["book1", "book2"],).prefetch_related(
                 Prefetch(
-                    'first_time_authors',
+                    "first_time_authors",
                     Author.objects.prefetch_related(
                         Prefetch(
-                            'addresses',
-                            AuthorAddress.objects.filter(address='Happy place'),
+                            "addresses",
+                            AuthorAddress.objects.filter(address="Happy place"),
                         )
                     ),
                 ),
@@ -1540,47 +1756,57 @@ class DirectPrefetchedObjectCacheReuseTests(TestCase):
             book1, book2 = list(books)
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            self.assertSequenceEqual(book1.first_time_authors.all(), [self.author11, self.author12])
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                book1.first_time_authors.all(), [self.author11, self.author12]
+            )
             self.assertSequenceEqual(book2.first_time_authors.all(), [self.author21])
 
-            self.assertSequenceEqual(book1.first_time_authors.all()[0].addresses.all(), [self.author1_address1])
-            self.assertSequenceEqual(book1.first_time_authors.all()[1].addresses.all(), [])
-            self.assertSequenceEqual(book2.first_time_authors.all()[0].addresses.all(), [self.author2_address1])
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                book1.first_time_authors.all()[0].addresses.all(),
+                [self.author1_address1],
+            )
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                book1.first_time_authors.all()[1].addresses.all(), []
+            )
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                book2.first_time_authors.all()[0].addresses.all(),
+                [self.author2_address1],
+            )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(book1.first_time_authors.all()), list(book1.first_time_authors.all().all())
+            list(book1.first_time_authors.all()),
+            list(book1.first_time_authors.all().all()),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(book2.first_time_authors.all()), list(book2.first_time_authors.all().all())
+            list(book2.first_time_authors.all()),
+            list(book2.first_time_authors.all().all()),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             list(book1.first_time_authors.all()[0].addresses.all()),
-            list(book1.first_time_authors.all()[0].addresses.all().all())
+            list(book1.first_time_authors.all()[0].addresses.all().all()),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             list(book1.first_time_authors.all()[1].addresses.all()),
-            list(book1.first_time_authors.all()[1].addresses.all().all())
+            list(book1.first_time_authors.all()[1].addresses.all().all()),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             list(book2.first_time_authors.all()[0].addresses.all()),
-            list(book2.first_time_authors.all()[0].addresses.all().all())
+            list(book2.first_time_authors.all()[0].addresses.all().all()),
         )
 
     def test_detect_is_fetched_with_to_attr(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
-            books = Book.objects.filter(
-                title__in=['book1', 'book2'],
-            ).prefetch_related(
+            books = Book.objects.filter(title__in=["book1", "book2"],).prefetch_related(
                 Prefetch(
-                    'first_time_authors',
+                    "first_time_authors",
                     Author.objects.prefetch_related(
                         Prefetch(
-                            'addresses',
-                            AuthorAddress.objects.filter(address='Happy place'),
-                            to_attr='happy_place',
+                            "addresses",
+                            AuthorAddress.objects.filter(address="Happy place"),
+                            to_attr="happy_place",
                         )
                     ),
-                    to_attr='first_authors',
+                    to_attr="first_authors",
                 ),
             )
             book1, book2 = list(books)
@@ -1589,29 +1815,37 @@ class DirectPrefetchedObjectCacheReuseTests(TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(book1.first_authors, [self.author11, self.author12])
             self.assertEqual(book2.first_authors, [self.author21])
 
-            self.assertEqual(book1.first_authors[0].happy_place, [self.author1_address1])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                book1.first_authors[0].happy_place, [self.author1_address1]
+            )
             self.assertEqual(book1.first_authors[1].happy_place, [])
-            self.assertEqual(book2.first_authors[0].happy_place, [self.author2_address1])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                book2.first_authors[0].happy_place, [self.author2_address1]
+            )
 
     def test_prefetch_reverse_foreign_key(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            bookwithyear1, = BookWithYear.objects.prefetch_related('bookreview_set')
+            (bookwithyear1,) = BookWithYear.objects.prefetch_related("bookreview_set")
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            self.assertCountEqual(bookwithyear1.bookreview_set.all(), [self.bookreview1])
+            self.assertCountEqual(
+                bookwithyear1.bookreview_set.all(), [self.bookreview1]
+            )
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            prefetch_related_objects([bookwithyear1], 'bookreview_set')
+            prefetch_related_objects([bookwithyear1], "bookreview_set")
 
     def test_add_clears_prefetched_objects(self):
         bookwithyear = BookWithYear.objects.get(pk=self.bookwithyear1.pk)
-        prefetch_related_objects([bookwithyear], 'bookreview_set')
+        prefetch_related_objects([bookwithyear], "bookreview_set")
         self.assertCountEqual(bookwithyear.bookreview_set.all(), [self.bookreview1])
         new_review = BookReview.objects.create()
         bookwithyear.bookreview_set.add(new_review)
-        self.assertCountEqual(bookwithyear.bookreview_set.all(), [self.bookreview1, new_review])
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            bookwithyear.bookreview_set.all(), [self.bookreview1, new_review]
+        )
 
     def test_remove_clears_prefetched_objects(self):
         bookwithyear = BookWithYear.objects.get(pk=self.bookwithyear1.pk)
-        prefetch_related_objects([bookwithyear], 'bookreview_set')
+        prefetch_related_objects([bookwithyear], "bookreview_set")
         self.assertCountEqual(bookwithyear.bookreview_set.all(), [self.bookreview1])
         bookwithyear.bookreview_set.remove(self.bookreview1)
         self.assertCountEqual(bookwithyear.bookreview_set.all(), [])
@@ -1620,10 +1854,14 @@ class DirectPrefetchedObjectCacheReuseTests(TestCase):
 class ReadPrefetchedObjectsCacheTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.book1 = Book.objects.create(title='Les confessions Volume I')
-        cls.book2 = Book.objects.create(title='Candide')
-        cls.author1 = AuthorWithAge.objects.create(name='Rousseau', first_book=cls.book1, age=70)
-        cls.author2 = AuthorWithAge.objects.create(name='Voltaire', first_book=cls.book2, age=65)
+        cls.book1 = Book.objects.create(title="Les confessions Volume I")
+        cls.book2 = Book.objects.create(title="Candide")
+        cls.author1 = AuthorWithAge.objects.create(
+            name="Rousseau", first_book=cls.book1, age=70
+        )
+        cls.author2 = AuthorWithAge.objects.create(
+            name="Voltaire", first_book=cls.book2, age=65
+        )
         cls.book1.authors.add(cls.author1)
         cls.book2.authors.add(cls.author2)
         FavoriteAuthors.objects.create(author=cls.author1, likes_author=cls.author2)
@@ -1637,12 +1875,12 @@ class ReadPrefetchedObjectsCacheTests(TestCase):
         """
         authors = AuthorWithAge.objects.prefetch_related(
             Prefetch(
-                'author',
+                "author",
                 queryset=Author.objects.prefetch_related(
                     # Results are saved in the RelatedManager's cache
                     # (_prefetched_objects_cache) and do not replace the
                     # RelatedManager on Author instances (favorite_authors)
-                    Prefetch('favorite_authors__first_book'),
+                    Prefetch("favorite_authors__first_book"),
                 ),
             ),
         )
@@ -1654,8 +1892,8 @@ class ReadPrefetchedObjectsCacheTests(TestCase):
 class NestedPrefetchTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        house = House.objects.create(name='Big house', address='123 Main St')
-        cls.room = Room.objects.create(name='Kitchen', house=house)
+        house = House.objects.create(name="Big house", address="123 Main St")
+        cls.room = Room.objects.create(name="Kitchen", house=house)
 
     def test_nested_prefetch_is_not_overwritten_by_related_object(self):
         """
@@ -1664,10 +1902,13 @@ class NestedPrefetchTests(TestCase):
         related to a set of parent objects and the child queryset itself
         specifies a prefetch back to the parent.
         """
-        queryset = House.objects.only('name').prefetch_related(
-            Prefetch('rooms', queryset=Room.objects.prefetch_related(
-                Prefetch('house', queryset=House.objects.only('address')),
-            )),
+        queryset = House.objects.only("name").prefetch_related(
+            Prefetch(
+                "rooms",
+                queryset=Room.objects.prefetch_related(
+                    Prefetch("house", queryset=House.objects.only("address")),
+                ),
+            ),
         )
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
             house = queryset.first()
diff --git a/tests/project_template/test_settings.py b/tests/project_template/test_settings.py
index e526e10331..ba3dee7405 100644
--- a/tests/project_template/test_settings.py
+++ b/tests/project_template/test_settings.py
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ class TestStartProjectSettings(SimpleTestCase):
         self.addCleanup(self.temp_dir.cleanup)
         template_settings_py = os.path.join(
             os.path.dirname(conf.__file__),
-            'project_template',
-            'project_name',
-            'settings.py-tpl',
+            "project_template",
+            "project_name",
+            "settings.py-tpl",
         )
-        test_settings_py = os.path.join(self.temp_dir.name, 'test_settings.py')
+        test_settings_py = os.path.join(self.temp_dir.name, "test_settings.py")
         shutil.copyfile(template_settings_py, test_settings_py)
 
     def test_middleware_headers(self):
@@ -31,15 +31,18 @@ class TestStartProjectSettings(SimpleTestCase):
 
         with self.settings(
             MIDDLEWARE=MIDDLEWARE,
-            ROOT_URLCONF='project_template.urls',
+            ROOT_URLCONF="project_template.urls",
         ):
-            response = self.client.get('/empty/')
-            headers = sorted(response.serialize_headers().split(b'\r\n'))
-            self.assertEqual(headers, [
-                b'Content-Length: 0',
-                b'Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8',
-                b'Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy: same-origin',
-                b'Referrer-Policy: same-origin',
-                b'X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff',
-                b'X-Frame-Options: DENY',
-            ])
+            response = self.client.get("/empty/")
+            headers = sorted(response.serialize_headers().split(b"\r\n"))
+            self.assertEqual(
+                headers,
+                [
+                    b"Content-Length: 0",
+                    b"Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8",
+                    b"Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy: same-origin",
+                    b"Referrer-Policy: same-origin",
+                    b"X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff",
+                    b"X-Frame-Options: DENY",
+                ],
+            )
diff --git a/tests/project_template/urls.py b/tests/project_template/urls.py
index 5a368ecef7..ae864b8e2d 100644
--- a/tests/project_template/urls.py
+++ b/tests/project_template/urls.py
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ from django.urls import path
 from . import views
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('empty/', views.empty_view),
+    path("empty/", views.empty_view),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/properties/models.py b/tests/properties/models.py
index 913c9edf00..c5b75c7d31 100644
--- a/tests/properties/models.py
+++ b/tests/properties/models.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class Person(models.Model):
         return "%s %s" % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
 
     def _set_full_name(self, combined_name):
-        self.first_name, self.last_name = combined_name.split(' ', 1)
+        self.first_name, self.last_name = combined_name.split(" ", 1)
 
     full_name = property(_get_full_name)
 
diff --git a/tests/properties/tests.py b/tests/properties/tests.py
index dd7a6287d6..da51934d8c 100644
--- a/tests/properties/tests.py
+++ b/tests/properties/tests.py
@@ -4,24 +4,23 @@ from .models import Person
 
 
 class PropertyTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.a = Person.objects.create(first_name='John', last_name='Lennon')
+        cls.a = Person.objects.create(first_name="John", last_name="Lennon")
 
     def test_getter(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.a.full_name, 'John Lennon')
+        self.assertEqual(self.a.full_name, "John Lennon")
 
     def test_setter(self):
         # The "full_name" property hasn't provided a "set" method.
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            setattr(self.a, 'full_name', 'Paul McCartney')
+            setattr(self.a, "full_name", "Paul McCartney")
 
         # And cannot be used to initialize the class.
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            Person(full_name='Paul McCartney')
+            Person(full_name="Paul McCartney")
 
         # But "full_name_2" has, and it can be used to initialize the class.
-        a2 = Person(full_name_2='Paul McCartney')
+        a2 = Person(full_name_2="Paul McCartney")
         a2.save()
-        self.assertEqual(a2.first_name, 'Paul')
+        self.assertEqual(a2.first_name, "Paul")
diff --git a/tests/proxy_model_inheritance/models.py b/tests/proxy_model_inheritance/models.py
index 240fd60c4e..ae1d24228d 100644
--- a/tests/proxy_model_inheritance/models.py
+++ b/tests/proxy_model_inheritance/models.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 from django.db import models
 
 
diff --git a/tests/proxy_model_inheritance/tests.py b/tests/proxy_model_inheritance/tests.py
index 9fb5f4e924..06756f7869 100644
--- a/tests/proxy_model_inheritance/tests.py
+++ b/tests/proxy_model_inheritance/tests.py
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ from django.test import TestCase, TransactionTestCase
 from django.test.utils import extend_sys_path
 
 from .models import (
-    ConcreteModel, ConcreteModelSubclass, ConcreteModelSubclassProxy,
+    ConcreteModel,
+    ConcreteModelSubclass,
+    ConcreteModelSubclassProxy,
     ProxyModel,
 )
 
@@ -16,20 +18,21 @@ class ProxyModelInheritanceTests(TransactionTestCase):
     for the proxied model (as described in #12286).  This test creates two dummy
     apps and calls migrate, then verifies that the table has been created.
     """
+
     available_apps = []
 
     def test_table_exists(self):
         with extend_sys_path(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))):
-            with self.modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': ['app1', 'app2']}):
-                call_command('migrate', verbosity=0, run_syncdb=True)
+            with self.modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": ["app1", "app2"]}):
+                call_command("migrate", verbosity=0, run_syncdb=True)
                 from app1.models import ProxyModel
                 from app2.models import NiceModel
+
                 self.assertEqual(NiceModel.objects.all().count(), 0)
                 self.assertEqual(ProxyModel.objects.all().count(), 0)
 
 
 class MultiTableInheritanceProxyTest(TestCase):
-
     def test_model_subclass_proxy(self):
         """
         Deleting an instance of a model proxying a multi-table inherited
diff --git a/tests/proxy_models/admin.py b/tests/proxy_models/admin.py
index ba67f7829f..0adcac3687 100644
--- a/tests/proxy_models/admin.py
+++ b/tests/proxy_models/admin.py
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@ from django.contrib import admin
 
 from .models import ProxyTrackerUser, TrackerUser
 
-site = admin.AdminSite(name='admin_proxy')
+site = admin.AdminSite(name="admin_proxy")
 site.register(TrackerUser)
 site.register(ProxyTrackerUser)
diff --git a/tests/proxy_models/models.py b/tests/proxy_models/models.py
index 5e6fdd2b93..604136b5ac 100644
--- a/tests/proxy_models/models.py
+++ b/tests/proxy_models/models.py
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ class Person(models.Model):
     """
     A simple concrete base class.
     """
+
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
     objects = PersonManager()
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ class Abstract(models.Model):
     """
     A simple abstract base class, to be used for error checking.
     """
+
     data = models.CharField(max_length=10)
 
     class Meta:
@@ -46,12 +48,11 @@ class MyPerson(Person):
     A proxy subclass, this should not get a new table. Overrides the default
     manager.
     """
+
     class Meta:
         proxy = True
         ordering = ["name"]
-        permissions = (
-            ("display_users", "May display users information"),
-        )
+        permissions = (("display_users", "May display users information"),)
 
     objects = SubManager()
     other = PersonManager()
@@ -71,6 +72,7 @@ class OtherPerson(Person, ManagerMixin):
     """
     A class with the default manager from Person, plus a secondary manager.
     """
+
     class Meta:
         proxy = True
         ordering = ["name"]
@@ -80,10 +82,12 @@ class StatusPerson(MyPerson):
     """
     A non-proxy subclass of a proxy, it should get a new table.
     """
+
     status = models.CharField(max_length=80)
 
     objects = models.Manager()
 
+
 # We can even have proxies of proxies (and subclass of those).
 
 
@@ -124,6 +128,7 @@ class MultiUserProxy(UserProxy, AnotherUserProxy):
     class Meta:
         proxy = True
 
+
 # We can still use `select_related()` to include related models in our querysets.
 
 
@@ -143,6 +148,7 @@ class StateProxy(State):
     class Meta:
         proxy = True
 
+
 # Proxy models still works with filters (on related fields)
 # and select_related, even when mixed with model inheritance
 
@@ -151,7 +157,12 @@ class BaseUser(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return ':'.join((self.__class__.__name__, self.name,))
+        return ":".join(
+            (
+                self.__class__.__name__,
+                self.name,
+            )
+        )
 
 
 class TrackerUser(BaseUser):
@@ -165,10 +176,17 @@ class ProxyTrackerUser(TrackerUser):
 
 class Issue(models.Model):
     summary = models.CharField(max_length=255)
-    assignee = models.ForeignKey(ProxyTrackerUser, models.CASCADE, related_name='issues')
+    assignee = models.ForeignKey(
+        ProxyTrackerUser, models.CASCADE, related_name="issues"
+    )
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return ':'.join((self.__class__.__name__, self.summary,))
+        return ":".join(
+            (
+                self.__class__.__name__,
+                self.summary,
+            )
+        )
 
 
 class Bug(Issue):
@@ -180,6 +198,7 @@ class ProxyBug(Bug):
     """
     Proxy of an inherited class
     """
+
     class Meta:
         proxy = True
 
@@ -188,6 +207,7 @@ class ProxyProxyBug(ProxyBug):
     """
     A proxy of proxy model with related field
     """
+
     class Meta:
         proxy = True
 
@@ -197,6 +217,7 @@ class Improvement(Issue):
     A model that has relation to a proxy model
     or to a proxy of proxy model
     """
+
     version = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     reporter = models.ForeignKey(ProxyTrackerUser, models.CASCADE)
     associated_bug = models.ForeignKey(ProxyProxyBug, models.CASCADE)
diff --git a/tests/proxy_models/tests.py b/tests/proxy_models/tests.py
index 50d2c57dd4..f7c4a30496 100644
--- a/tests/proxy_models/tests.py
+++ b/tests/proxy_models/tests.py
@@ -10,10 +10,29 @@ from django.urls import reverse
 
 from .admin import admin as force_admin_model_registration  # NOQA
 from .models import (
-    Abstract, BaseUser, Bug, Country, Improvement, Issue, LowerStatusPerson,
-    MultiUserProxy, MyPerson, MyPersonProxy, OtherPerson, Person, ProxyBug,
-    ProxyImprovement, ProxyProxyBug, ProxyTrackerUser, State, StateProxy,
-    StatusPerson, TrackerUser, User, UserProxy, UserProxyProxy,
+    Abstract,
+    BaseUser,
+    Bug,
+    Country,
+    Improvement,
+    Issue,
+    LowerStatusPerson,
+    MultiUserProxy,
+    MyPerson,
+    MyPersonProxy,
+    OtherPerson,
+    Person,
+    ProxyBug,
+    ProxyImprovement,
+    ProxyProxyBug,
+    ProxyTrackerUser,
+    State,
+    StateProxy,
+    StatusPerson,
+    TrackerUser,
+    User,
+    UserProxy,
+    UserProxyProxy,
 )
 
 
@@ -23,10 +42,14 @@ class ProxyModelTests(TestCase):
         The MyPerson model should be generating the same database queries as
         the Person model (when the same manager is used in each case).
         """
-        my_person_sql = MyPerson.other.all().query.get_compiler(
-            DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS).as_sql()
-        person_sql = Person.objects.order_by("name").query.get_compiler(
-            DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS).as_sql()
+        my_person_sql = (
+            MyPerson.other.all().query.get_compiler(DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS).as_sql()
+        )
+        person_sql = (
+            Person.objects.order_by("name")
+            .query.get_compiler(DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS)
+            .as_sql()
+        )
         self.assertEqual(my_person_sql, person_sql)
 
     def test_inheritance_new_table(self):
@@ -34,10 +57,10 @@ class ProxyModelTests(TestCase):
         The StatusPerson models should have its own table (it's using ORM-level
         inheritance).
         """
-        sp_sql = StatusPerson.objects.all().query.get_compiler(
-            DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS).as_sql()
-        p_sql = Person.objects.all().query.get_compiler(
-            DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS).as_sql()
+        sp_sql = (
+            StatusPerson.objects.all().query.get_compiler(DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS).as_sql()
+        )
+        p_sql = Person.objects.all().query.get_compiler(DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS).as_sql()
         self.assertNotEqual(sp_sql, p_sql)
 
     def test_basic_proxy(self):
@@ -77,7 +100,7 @@ class ProxyModelTests(TestCase):
         MyPerson.objects.create(name="Bazza del Frob")
         LowerStatusPerson.objects.create(status="low", name="homer")
         pp = sorted(mpp.name for mpp in MyPersonProxy.objects.all())
-        self.assertEqual(pp, ['Bazza del Frob', 'Foo McBar', 'homer'])
+        self.assertEqual(pp, ["Bazza del Frob", "Foo McBar", "homer"])
 
     def test_proxy_included_in_ancestors(self):
         """
@@ -87,18 +110,18 @@ class ProxyModelTests(TestCase):
         Person.objects.create(name="Foo McBar")
         MyPerson.objects.create(name="Bazza del Frob")
         LowerStatusPerson.objects.create(status="low", name="homer")
-        max_id = Person.objects.aggregate(max_id=models.Max('id'))['max_id']
+        max_id = Person.objects.aggregate(max_id=models.Max("id"))["max_id"]
 
         with self.assertRaises(Person.DoesNotExist):
-            MyPersonProxy.objects.get(name='Zathras')
+            MyPersonProxy.objects.get(name="Zathras")
         with self.assertRaises(Person.MultipleObjectsReturned):
             MyPersonProxy.objects.get(id__lt=max_id + 1)
         with self.assertRaises(Person.DoesNotExist):
-            StatusPerson.objects.get(name='Zathras')
+            StatusPerson.objects.get(name="Zathras")
 
-        StatusPerson.objects.create(name='Bazza Jr.')
-        StatusPerson.objects.create(name='Foo Jr.')
-        max_id = Person.objects.aggregate(max_id=models.Max('id'))['max_id']
+        StatusPerson.objects.create(name="Bazza Jr.")
+        StatusPerson.objects.create(name="Foo Jr.")
+        max_id = Person.objects.aggregate(max_id=models.Max("id"))["max_id"]
 
         with self.assertRaises(Person.MultipleObjectsReturned):
             StatusPerson.objects.get(id__lt=max_id + 1)
@@ -106,6 +129,7 @@ class ProxyModelTests(TestCase):
     def test_abstract_base_with_model_fields(self):
         msg = "Abstract base class containing model fields not permitted for proxy model 'NoAbstract'."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
+
             class NoAbstract(Abstract):
                 class Meta:
                     proxy = True
@@ -113,6 +137,7 @@ class ProxyModelTests(TestCase):
     def test_too_many_concrete_classes(self):
         msg = "Proxy model 'TooManyBases' has more than one non-abstract model base class."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
+
             class TooManyBases(User, Person):
                 class Meta:
                     proxy = True
@@ -120,11 +145,12 @@ class ProxyModelTests(TestCase):
     def test_no_base_classes(self):
         msg = "Proxy model 'NoBaseClasses' has no non-abstract model base class."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
+
             class NoBaseClasses(models.Model):
                 class Meta:
                     proxy = True
 
-    @isolate_apps('proxy_models')
+    @isolate_apps("proxy_models")
     def test_new_fields(self):
         class NoNewFields(Person):
             newfield = models.BooleanField()
@@ -136,26 +162,25 @@ class ProxyModelTests(TestCase):
         expected = [
             checks.Error(
                 "Proxy model 'NoNewFields' contains model fields.",
-                id='models.E017',
+                id="models.E017",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
 
-    @override_settings(TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL='proxy_models.AlternateModel')
-    @isolate_apps('proxy_models')
+    @override_settings(TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL="proxy_models.AlternateModel")
+    @isolate_apps("proxy_models")
     def test_swappable(self):
         class SwappableModel(models.Model):
-
             class Meta:
-                swappable = 'TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL'
+                swappable = "TEST_SWAPPABLE_MODEL"
 
         class AlternateModel(models.Model):
             pass
 
         # You can't proxy a swapped model
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            class ProxyModel(SwappableModel):
 
+            class ProxyModel(SwappableModel):
                 class Meta:
                     proxy = True
 
@@ -165,10 +190,10 @@ class ProxyModelTests(TestCase):
         Person.objects.create(name="barney")
 
         resp = [p.name for p in MyPerson.objects.all()]
-        self.assertEqual(resp, ['barney', 'fred'])
+        self.assertEqual(resp, ["barney", "fred"])
 
         resp = [p.name for p in MyPerson._default_manager.all()]
-        self.assertEqual(resp, ['barney', 'fred'])
+        self.assertEqual(resp, ["barney", "fred"])
 
     def test_otherperson_manager(self):
         Person.objects.create(name="fred")
@@ -176,16 +201,17 @@ class ProxyModelTests(TestCase):
         Person.objects.create(name="barney")
 
         resp = [p.name for p in OtherPerson.objects.all()]
-        self.assertEqual(resp, ['barney', 'wilma'])
+        self.assertEqual(resp, ["barney", "wilma"])
 
         resp = [p.name for p in OtherPerson.excluder.all()]
-        self.assertEqual(resp, ['barney', 'fred'])
+        self.assertEqual(resp, ["barney", "fred"])
 
         resp = [p.name for p in OtherPerson._default_manager.all()]
-        self.assertEqual(resp, ['barney', 'wilma'])
+        self.assertEqual(resp, ["barney", "wilma"])
 
     def test_permissions_created(self):
         from django.contrib.auth.models import Permission
+
         Permission.objects.get(name="May display users information")
 
     def test_proxy_model_signals(self):
@@ -196,13 +222,14 @@ class ProxyModelTests(TestCase):
 
         def make_handler(model, event):
             def _handler(*args, **kwargs):
-                output.append('%s %s save' % (model, event))
+                output.append("%s %s save" % (model, event))
+
             return _handler
 
-        h1 = make_handler('MyPerson', 'pre')
-        h2 = make_handler('MyPerson', 'post')
-        h3 = make_handler('Person', 'pre')
-        h4 = make_handler('Person', 'post')
+        h1 = make_handler("MyPerson", "pre")
+        h2 = make_handler("MyPerson", "post")
+        h3 = make_handler("Person", "pre")
+        h4 = make_handler("Person", "post")
 
         signals.pre_save.connect(h1, sender=MyPerson)
         signals.post_save.connect(h2, sender=MyPerson)
@@ -210,25 +237,19 @@ class ProxyModelTests(TestCase):
         signals.post_save.connect(h4, sender=Person)
 
         MyPerson.objects.create(name="dino")
-        self.assertEqual(output, [
-            'MyPerson pre save',
-            'MyPerson post save'
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(output, ["MyPerson pre save", "MyPerson post save"])
 
         output = []
 
-        h5 = make_handler('MyPersonProxy', 'pre')
-        h6 = make_handler('MyPersonProxy', 'post')
+        h5 = make_handler("MyPersonProxy", "pre")
+        h6 = make_handler("MyPersonProxy", "post")
 
         signals.pre_save.connect(h5, sender=MyPersonProxy)
         signals.post_save.connect(h6, sender=MyPersonProxy)
 
         MyPersonProxy.objects.create(name="pebbles")
 
-        self.assertEqual(output, [
-            'MyPersonProxy pre save',
-            'MyPersonProxy post save'
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(output, ["MyPersonProxy pre save", "MyPersonProxy post save"])
 
         signals.pre_save.disconnect(h1, sender=MyPerson)
         signals.post_save.disconnect(h2, sender=MyPerson)
@@ -242,18 +263,18 @@ class ProxyModelTests(TestCase):
         self.assertIs(ctype(Person), ctype(OtherPerson))
 
     def test_user_proxy_models(self):
-        User.objects.create(name='Bruce')
+        User.objects.create(name="Bruce")
 
         resp = [u.name for u in User.objects.all()]
-        self.assertEqual(resp, ['Bruce'])
+        self.assertEqual(resp, ["Bruce"])
 
         resp = [u.name for u in UserProxy.objects.all()]
-        self.assertEqual(resp, ['Bruce'])
+        self.assertEqual(resp, ["Bruce"])
 
         resp = [u.name for u in UserProxyProxy.objects.all()]
-        self.assertEqual(resp, ['Bruce'])
+        self.assertEqual(resp, ["Bruce"])
 
-        self.assertEqual([u.name for u in MultiUserProxy.objects.all()], ['Bruce'])
+        self.assertEqual([u.name for u in MultiUserProxy.objects.all()], ["Bruce"])
 
     def test_proxy_for_model(self):
         self.assertEqual(UserProxy, UserProxyProxy._meta.proxy_for_model)
@@ -265,45 +286,47 @@ class ProxyModelTests(TestCase):
         """
         Proxy objects can be deleted
         """
-        User.objects.create(name='Bruce')
-        u2 = UserProxy.objects.create(name='George')
+        User.objects.create(name="Bruce")
+        u2 = UserProxy.objects.create(name="George")
 
         resp = [u.name for u in UserProxy.objects.all()]
-        self.assertEqual(resp, ['Bruce', 'George'])
+        self.assertEqual(resp, ["Bruce", "George"])
 
         u2.delete()
 
         resp = [u.name for u in UserProxy.objects.all()]
-        self.assertEqual(resp, ['Bruce'])
+        self.assertEqual(resp, ["Bruce"])
 
     def test_proxy_update(self):
-        user = User.objects.create(name='Bruce')
+        user = User.objects.create(name="Bruce")
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            UserProxy.objects.filter(id=user.id).update(name='George')
+            UserProxy.objects.filter(id=user.id).update(name="George")
         user.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(user.name, 'George')
+        self.assertEqual(user.name, "George")
 
     def test_select_related(self):
         """
         We can still use `select_related()` to include related models in our
         querysets.
         """
-        country = Country.objects.create(name='Australia')
-        State.objects.create(name='New South Wales', country=country)
+        country = Country.objects.create(name="Australia")
+        State.objects.create(name="New South Wales", country=country)
 
         resp = [s.name for s in State.objects.select_related()]
-        self.assertEqual(resp, ['New South Wales'])
+        self.assertEqual(resp, ["New South Wales"])
 
         resp = [s.name for s in StateProxy.objects.select_related()]
-        self.assertEqual(resp, ['New South Wales'])
+        self.assertEqual(resp, ["New South Wales"])
 
-        self.assertEqual(StateProxy.objects.get(name='New South Wales').name, 'New South Wales')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            StateProxy.objects.get(name="New South Wales").name, "New South Wales"
+        )
 
-        resp = StateProxy.objects.select_related().get(name='New South Wales')
-        self.assertEqual(resp.name, 'New South Wales')
+        resp = StateProxy.objects.select_related().get(name="New South Wales")
+        self.assertEqual(resp.name, "New South Wales")
 
     def test_filter_proxy_relation_reverse(self):
-        tu = TrackerUser.objects.create(name='Contributor', status='contrib')
+        tu = TrackerUser.objects.create(name="Contributor", status="contrib")
         ptu = ProxyTrackerUser.objects.get()
         issue = Issue.objects.create(assignee=tu)
         self.assertEqual(tu.issues.get(), issue)
@@ -312,64 +335,70 @@ class ProxyModelTests(TestCase):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(ProxyTrackerUser.objects.filter(issues=issue), [ptu])
 
     def test_proxy_bug(self):
-        contributor = ProxyTrackerUser.objects.create(name='Contributor', status='contrib')
-        someone = BaseUser.objects.create(name='Someone')
-        Bug.objects.create(summary='fix this', version='1.1beta', assignee=contributor, reporter=someone)
-        pcontributor = ProxyTrackerUser.objects.create(name='OtherContributor', status='proxy')
+        contributor = ProxyTrackerUser.objects.create(
+            name="Contributor", status="contrib"
+        )
+        someone = BaseUser.objects.create(name="Someone")
+        Bug.objects.create(
+            summary="fix this",
+            version="1.1beta",
+            assignee=contributor,
+            reporter=someone,
+        )
+        pcontributor = ProxyTrackerUser.objects.create(
+            name="OtherContributor", status="proxy"
+        )
         Improvement.objects.create(
-            summary='improve that', version='1.1beta',
-            assignee=contributor, reporter=pcontributor,
+            summary="improve that",
+            version="1.1beta",
+            assignee=contributor,
+            reporter=pcontributor,
             associated_bug=ProxyProxyBug.objects.all()[0],
         )
 
         # Related field filter on proxy
-        resp = ProxyBug.objects.get(version__icontains='beta')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(resp), '<ProxyBug: ProxyBug:fix this>')
+        resp = ProxyBug.objects.get(version__icontains="beta")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(resp), "<ProxyBug: ProxyBug:fix this>")
 
         # Select related + filter on proxy
-        resp = ProxyBug.objects.select_related().get(version__icontains='beta')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(resp), '<ProxyBug: ProxyBug:fix this>')
+        resp = ProxyBug.objects.select_related().get(version__icontains="beta")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(resp), "<ProxyBug: ProxyBug:fix this>")
 
         # Proxy of proxy, select_related + filter
-        resp = ProxyProxyBug.objects.select_related().get(
-            version__icontains='beta'
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(repr(resp), '<ProxyProxyBug: ProxyProxyBug:fix this>')
+        resp = ProxyProxyBug.objects.select_related().get(version__icontains="beta")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(resp), "<ProxyProxyBug: ProxyProxyBug:fix this>")
 
         # Select related + filter on a related proxy field
         resp = ProxyImprovement.objects.select_related().get(
-            reporter__name__icontains='butor'
+            reporter__name__icontains="butor"
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            repr(resp),
-            '<ProxyImprovement: ProxyImprovement:improve that>'
+            repr(resp), "<ProxyImprovement: ProxyImprovement:improve that>"
         )
 
         # Select related + filter on a related proxy of proxy field
         resp = ProxyImprovement.objects.select_related().get(
-            associated_bug__summary__icontains='fix'
+            associated_bug__summary__icontains="fix"
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            repr(resp),
-            '<ProxyImprovement: ProxyImprovement:improve that>'
+            repr(resp), "<ProxyImprovement: ProxyImprovement:improve that>"
         )
 
     def test_proxy_load_from_fixture(self):
-        management.call_command('loaddata', 'mypeople.json', verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("loaddata", "mypeople.json", verbosity=0)
         p = MyPerson.objects.get(pk=100)
-        self.assertEqual(p.name, 'Elvis Presley')
+        self.assertEqual(p.name, "Elvis Presley")
 
     def test_eq(self):
         self.assertEqual(MyPerson(id=100), Person(id=100))
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='proxy_models.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="proxy_models.urls")
 class ProxyModelAdminTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.superuser = AuthUser.objects.create(is_superuser=True, is_staff=True)
-        cls.tu1 = ProxyTrackerUser.objects.create(name='Django Pony', status='emperor')
+        cls.tu1 = ProxyTrackerUser.objects.create(name="Django Pony", status="emperor")
         cls.i1 = Issue.objects.create(summary="Pony's Issue", assignee=cls.tu1)
 
     def test_cascade_delete_proxy_model_admin_warning(self):
@@ -381,7 +410,7 @@ class ProxyModelAdminTests(TestCase):
         base_user = BaseUser.objects.all()[0]
         issue = Issue.objects.all()[0]
         with self.assertNumQueries(6):
-            collector = admin.utils.NestedObjects('default')
+            collector = admin.utils.NestedObjects("default")
             collector.collect(ProxyTrackerUser.objects.all())
         self.assertIn(tracker_user, collector.edges.get(None, ()))
         self.assertIn(base_user, collector.edges.get(None, ()))
@@ -392,20 +421,30 @@ class ProxyModelAdminTests(TestCase):
         Test if the admin delete page shows the correct string representation
         for a proxy model.
         """
-        user = TrackerUser.objects.get(name='Django Pony')
-        proxy = ProxyTrackerUser.objects.get(name='Django Pony')
+        user = TrackerUser.objects.get(name="Django Pony")
+        proxy = ProxyTrackerUser.objects.get(name="Django Pony")
 
         user_str = 'Tracker user: <a href="%s">%s</a>' % (
-            reverse('admin_proxy:proxy_models_trackeruser_change', args=(user.pk,)), user
+            reverse("admin_proxy:proxy_models_trackeruser_change", args=(user.pk,)),
+            user,
         )
         proxy_str = 'Proxy tracker user: <a href="%s">%s</a>' % (
-            reverse('admin_proxy:proxy_models_proxytrackeruser_change', args=(proxy.pk,)), proxy
+            reverse(
+                "admin_proxy:proxy_models_proxytrackeruser_change", args=(proxy.pk,)
+            ),
+            proxy,
         )
 
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin_proxy:proxy_models_trackeruser_delete', args=(user.pk,)))
-        delete_str = response.context['deleted_objects'][0]
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin_proxy:proxy_models_trackeruser_delete", args=(user.pk,))
+        )
+        delete_str = response.context["deleted_objects"][0]
         self.assertEqual(delete_str, user_str)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin_proxy:proxy_models_proxytrackeruser_delete', args=(proxy.pk,)))
-        delete_str = response.context['deleted_objects'][0]
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse(
+                "admin_proxy:proxy_models_proxytrackeruser_delete", args=(proxy.pk,)
+            )
+        )
+        delete_str = response.context["deleted_objects"][0]
         self.assertEqual(delete_str, proxy_str)
diff --git a/tests/proxy_models/urls.py b/tests/proxy_models/urls.py
index 13910ef999..50c12eace4 100644
--- a/tests/proxy_models/urls.py
+++ b/tests/proxy_models/urls.py
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ from django.urls import path
 from .admin import site
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('admin/', site.urls),
+    path("admin/", site.urls),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/queries/models.py b/tests/queries/models.py
index 8e7ee1625c..155b74b0c9 100644
--- a/tests/queries/models.py
+++ b/tests/queries/models.py
@@ -24,15 +24,18 @@ class NamedCategory(DumbCategory):
 class Tag(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
     parent = models.ForeignKey(
-        'self',
+        "self",
         models.SET_NULL,
-        blank=True, null=True,
-        related_name='children',
+        blank=True,
+        null=True,
+        related_name="children",
+    )
+    category = models.ForeignKey(
+        NamedCategory, models.SET_NULL, null=True, default=None
     )
-    category = models.ForeignKey(NamedCategory, models.SET_NULL, null=True, default=None)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['name']
+        ordering = ["name"]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -45,7 +48,7 @@ class Note(models.Model):
     negate = models.BooleanField(default=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['note']
+        ordering = ["note"]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.note
@@ -72,7 +75,7 @@ class ExtraInfo(models.Model):
     filterable = models.BooleanField(default=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['info']
+        ordering = ["info"]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.info
@@ -84,7 +87,7 @@ class Author(models.Model):
     extra = models.ForeignKey(ExtraInfo, models.CASCADE)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['name']
+        ordering = ["name"]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -99,7 +102,7 @@ class Item(models.Model):
     note = models.ForeignKey(Note, models.CASCADE)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['-note', 'name']
+        ordering = ["-note", "name"]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -107,7 +110,7 @@ class Item(models.Model):
 
 class Report(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
-    creator = models.ForeignKey(Author, models.SET_NULL, to_field='num', null=True)
+    creator = models.ForeignKey(Author, models.SET_NULL, to_field="num", null=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -123,10 +126,10 @@ class Ranking(models.Model):
 
     class Meta:
         # A complex ordering specification. Should stress the system a bit.
-        ordering = ('author__extra__note', 'author__name', 'rank')
+        ordering = ("author__extra__note", "author__name", "rank")
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%d: %s' % (self.rank, self.author.name)
+        return "%d: %s" % (self.rank, self.author.name)
 
 
 class Cover(models.Model):
@@ -134,7 +137,7 @@ class Cover(models.Model):
     item = models.ForeignKey(Item, models.CASCADE)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['item']
+        ordering = ["item"]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.title
@@ -148,51 +151,54 @@ class Number(models.Model):
     def __str__(self):
         return str(self.num)
 
+
 # Symmetrical m2m field with a normal field using the reverse accessor name
 # ("valid").
 
 
 class Valid(models.Model):
     valid = models.CharField(max_length=10)
-    parent = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+    parent = models.ManyToManyField("self")
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['valid']
+        ordering = ["valid"]
+
 
 # Some funky cross-linked models for testing a couple of infinite recursion
 # cases.
 
 
 class X(models.Model):
-    y = models.ForeignKey('Y', models.CASCADE)
+    y = models.ForeignKey("Y", models.CASCADE)
 
 
 class Y(models.Model):
-    x1 = models.ForeignKey(X, models.CASCADE, related_name='y1')
+    x1 = models.ForeignKey(X, models.CASCADE, related_name="y1")
+
 
 # Some models with a cycle in the default ordering. This would be bad if we
 # didn't catch the infinite loop.
 
 
 class LoopX(models.Model):
-    y = models.ForeignKey('LoopY', models.CASCADE)
+    y = models.ForeignKey("LoopY", models.CASCADE)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['y']
+        ordering = ["y"]
 
 
 class LoopY(models.Model):
     x = models.ForeignKey(LoopX, models.CASCADE)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['x']
+        ordering = ["x"]
 
 
 class LoopZ(models.Model):
-    z = models.ForeignKey('self', models.CASCADE)
+    z = models.ForeignKey("self", models.CASCADE)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['z']
+        ordering = ["z"]
 
 
 # A model and custom default manager combination.
@@ -201,7 +207,7 @@ class LoopZ(models.Model):
 class CustomManager(models.Manager):
     def get_queryset(self):
         qs = super().get_queryset()
-        return qs.filter(public=True, tag__name='t1')
+        return qs.filter(public=True, tag__name="t1")
 
 
 class ManagedModel(models.Model):
@@ -215,6 +221,7 @@ class ManagedModel(models.Model):
     def __str__(self):
         return self.data
 
+
 # An inter-related setup with multiple paths from Child to Detail.
 
 
@@ -238,6 +245,7 @@ class Child(models.Model):
     person = models.OneToOneField(Member, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True)
     parent = models.ForeignKey(Member, models.CASCADE, related_name="children")
 
+
 # Custom primary keys interfered with ordering in the past.
 
 
@@ -246,7 +254,7 @@ class CustomPk(models.Model):
     extra = models.CharField(max_length=10)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['name', 'extra']
+        ordering = ["name", "extra"]
 
 
 class Related(models.Model):
@@ -258,6 +266,7 @@ class CustomPkTag(models.Model):
     custom_pk = models.ManyToManyField(CustomPk)
     tag = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
+
 # An inter-related setup with a model subclass that has a nullable
 # path to another model, and a return path from that model.
 
@@ -277,6 +286,7 @@ class TvChef(Celebrity):
 class Fan(models.Model):
     fan_of = models.ForeignKey(Celebrity, models.CASCADE)
 
+
 # Multiple foreign keys
 
 
@@ -303,6 +313,7 @@ class ReservedName(models.Model):
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+
 # A simpler shared-foreign-key setup that can expose some problems.
 
 
@@ -320,6 +331,7 @@ class PointerA(models.Model):
 class PointerB(models.Model):
     connection = models.ForeignKey(SharedConnection, models.CASCADE)
 
+
 # Multi-layer ordering
 
 
@@ -327,7 +339,7 @@ class SingleObject(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['name']
+        ordering = ["name"]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -338,7 +350,7 @@ class RelatedObject(models.Model):
     f = models.IntegerField(null=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['single']
+        ordering = ["single"]
 
 
 class Plaything(models.Model):
@@ -346,7 +358,7 @@ class Plaything(models.Model):
     others = models.ForeignKey(RelatedObject, models.SET_NULL, null=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['others']
+        ordering = ["others"]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -382,6 +394,7 @@ class Node(models.Model):
     def __str__(self):
         return str(self.num)
 
+
 # Bug #12252
 
 
@@ -393,7 +406,7 @@ class ObjectA(models.Model):
 
     def __iter__(self):
         # Ticket #23721
-        assert False, 'type checking should happen without calling model __iter__'
+        assert False, "type checking should happen without calling model __iter__"
 
 
 class ProxyObjectA(ObjectA):
@@ -423,7 +436,9 @@ class ObjectC(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     objecta = models.ForeignKey(ObjectA, models.SET_NULL, null=True)
     objectb = models.ForeignKey(ObjectB, models.SET_NULL, null=True)
-    childobjecta = models.ForeignKey(ChildObjectA, models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name='ca_pk')
+    childobjecta = models.ForeignKey(
+        ChildObjectA, models.SET_NULL, null=True, related_name="ca_pk"
+    )
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -455,7 +470,9 @@ class MixedCaseFieldCategoryItem(models.Model):
 
 
 class MixedCaseDbColumnCategoryItem(models.Model):
-    category = models.ForeignKey(SimpleCategory, models.CASCADE, db_column='CaTeGoRy_Id')
+    category = models.ForeignKey(
+        SimpleCategory, models.CASCADE, db_column="CaTeGoRy_Id"
+    )
 
 
 class OneToOneCategory(models.Model):
@@ -467,21 +484,27 @@ class OneToOneCategory(models.Model):
 
 
 class CategoryRelationship(models.Model):
-    first = models.ForeignKey(SimpleCategory, models.CASCADE, related_name='first_rel')
-    second = models.ForeignKey(SimpleCategory, models.CASCADE, related_name='second_rel')
+    first = models.ForeignKey(SimpleCategory, models.CASCADE, related_name="first_rel")
+    second = models.ForeignKey(
+        SimpleCategory, models.CASCADE, related_name="second_rel"
+    )
 
 
 class CommonMixedCaseForeignKeys(models.Model):
     category = models.ForeignKey(CategoryItem, models.CASCADE)
-    mixed_case_field_category = models.ForeignKey(MixedCaseFieldCategoryItem, models.CASCADE)
-    mixed_case_db_column_category = models.ForeignKey(MixedCaseDbColumnCategoryItem, models.CASCADE)
+    mixed_case_field_category = models.ForeignKey(
+        MixedCaseFieldCategoryItem, models.CASCADE
+    )
+    mixed_case_db_column_category = models.ForeignKey(
+        MixedCaseDbColumnCategoryItem, models.CASCADE
+    )
 
 
 class NullableName(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20, null=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['id']
+        ordering = ["id"]
 
 
 class ModelD(models.Model):
@@ -511,18 +534,22 @@ class Job(models.Model):
 
 
 class JobResponsibilities(models.Model):
-    job = models.ForeignKey(Job, models.CASCADE, to_field='name')
-    responsibility = models.ForeignKey('Responsibility', models.CASCADE, to_field='description')
+    job = models.ForeignKey(Job, models.CASCADE, to_field="name")
+    responsibility = models.ForeignKey(
+        "Responsibility", models.CASCADE, to_field="description"
+    )
 
 
 class Responsibility(models.Model):
     description = models.CharField(max_length=20, unique=True)
-    jobs = models.ManyToManyField(Job, through=JobResponsibilities,
-                                  related_name='responsibilities')
+    jobs = models.ManyToManyField(
+        Job, through=JobResponsibilities, related_name="responsibilities"
+    )
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.description
 
+
 # Models for disjunction join promotion low level testing.
 
 
@@ -565,17 +592,17 @@ class Channel(models.Model):
 
 class Book(models.Model):
     title = models.TextField()
-    chapter = models.ForeignKey('Chapter', models.CASCADE)
+    chapter = models.ForeignKey("Chapter", models.CASCADE)
 
 
 class Chapter(models.Model):
     title = models.TextField()
-    paragraph = models.ForeignKey('Paragraph', models.CASCADE)
+    paragraph = models.ForeignKey("Paragraph", models.CASCADE)
 
 
 class Paragraph(models.Model):
     text = models.TextField()
-    page = models.ManyToManyField('Page')
+    page = models.ManyToManyField("Page")
 
 
 class Page(models.Model):
@@ -583,30 +610,33 @@ class Page(models.Model):
 
 
 class MyObject(models.Model):
-    parent = models.ForeignKey('self', models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True, related_name='children')
+    parent = models.ForeignKey(
+        "self", models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True, related_name="children"
+    )
     data = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
 
+
 # Models for #17600 regressions
 
 
 class Order(models.Model):
     id = models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)
-    name = models.CharField(max_length=12, null=True, default='')
+    name = models.CharField(max_length=12, null=True, default="")
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('pk',)
+        ordering = ("pk",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return str(self.pk)
 
 
 class OrderItem(models.Model):
-    order = models.ForeignKey(Order, models.CASCADE, related_name='items')
+    order = models.ForeignKey(Order, models.CASCADE, related_name="items")
     status = models.IntegerField()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('pk',)
+        ordering = ("pk",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return str(self.pk)
@@ -618,8 +648,8 @@ class BaseUser(models.Model):
 
 class Task(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=10)
-    owner = models.ForeignKey(BaseUser, models.CASCADE, related_name='owner')
-    creator = models.ForeignKey(BaseUser, models.CASCADE, related_name='creator')
+    owner = models.ForeignKey(BaseUser, models.CASCADE, related_name="owner")
+    creator = models.ForeignKey(BaseUser, models.CASCADE, related_name="creator")
     note = models.ForeignKey(Note, on_delete=models.CASCADE, null=True, blank=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -634,7 +664,7 @@ class Staff(models.Model):
 
 
 class StaffUser(BaseUser):
-    staff = models.OneToOneField(Staff, models.CASCADE, related_name='user')
+    staff = models.OneToOneField(Staff, models.CASCADE, related_name="user")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return str(self.staff)
@@ -657,7 +687,9 @@ class Person(models.Model):
 
 class Company(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
-    employees = models.ManyToManyField(Person, related_name='employers', through='Employment')
+    employees = models.ManyToManyField(
+        Person, related_name="employers", through="Employment"
+    )
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -681,12 +713,12 @@ class Classroom(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     has_blackboard = models.BooleanField(null=True)
     school = models.ForeignKey(School, models.CASCADE)
-    students = models.ManyToManyField(Student, related_name='classroom')
+    students = models.ManyToManyField(Student, related_name="classroom")
 
 
 class Teacher(models.Model):
     schools = models.ManyToManyField(School)
-    friends = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+    friends = models.ManyToManyField("self")
 
 
 class Ticket23605AParent(models.Model):
@@ -713,18 +745,20 @@ class Individual(models.Model):
     alive = models.BooleanField()
 
     class Meta:
-        db_table = 'Individual'
+        db_table = "Individual"
 
 
 class RelatedIndividual(models.Model):
-    related = models.ForeignKey(Individual, models.CASCADE, related_name='related_individual')
+    related = models.ForeignKey(
+        Individual, models.CASCADE, related_name="related_individual"
+    )
 
     class Meta:
-        db_table = 'RelatedIndividual'
+        db_table = "RelatedIndividual"
 
 
 class CustomDbColumn(models.Model):
-    custom_column = models.IntegerField(db_column='custom_name', null=True)
+    custom_column = models.IntegerField(db_column="custom_name", null=True)
     ip_address = models.GenericIPAddressField(null=True)
 
 
@@ -732,7 +766,7 @@ class CreatedField(models.DateTimeField):
     db_returning = True
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        kwargs.setdefault('default', Now)
+        kwargs.setdefault("default", Now)
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
 
@@ -748,4 +782,4 @@ class JSONFieldNullable(models.Model):
     json_field = models.JSONField(blank=True, null=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        required_db_features = {'supports_json_field'}
+        required_db_features = {"supports_json_field"}
diff --git a/tests/queries/test_bulk_update.py b/tests/queries/test_bulk_update.py
index b63046f9d2..389d6c1c41 100644
--- a/tests/queries/test_bulk_update.py
+++ b/tests/queries/test_bulk_update.py
@@ -6,67 +6,74 @@ from django.db.models.functions import Lower
 from django.test import TestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
 
 from .models import (
-    Article, CustomDbColumn, CustomPk, Detail, Individual, JSONFieldNullable,
-    Member, Note, Number, Order, Paragraph, RelatedObject, SingleObject,
-    SpecialCategory, Tag, Valid,
+    Article,
+    CustomDbColumn,
+    CustomPk,
+    Detail,
+    Individual,
+    JSONFieldNullable,
+    Member,
+    Note,
+    Number,
+    Order,
+    Paragraph,
+    RelatedObject,
+    SingleObject,
+    SpecialCategory,
+    Tag,
+    Valid,
 )
 
 
 class BulkUpdateNoteTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.notes = [
-            Note.objects.create(note=str(i), misc=str(i))
-            for i in range(10)
-        ]
+        cls.notes = [Note.objects.create(note=str(i), misc=str(i)) for i in range(10)]
 
     def create_tags(self):
-        self.tags = [
-            Tag.objects.create(name=str(i))
-            for i in range(10)
-        ]
+        self.tags = [Tag.objects.create(name=str(i)) for i in range(10)]
 
     def test_simple(self):
         for note in self.notes:
-            note.note = 'test-%s' % note.id
+            note.note = "test-%s" % note.id
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            Note.objects.bulk_update(self.notes, ['note'])
+            Note.objects.bulk_update(self.notes, ["note"])
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            Note.objects.values_list('note', flat=True),
-            [cat.note for cat in self.notes]
+            Note.objects.values_list("note", flat=True),
+            [cat.note for cat in self.notes],
         )
 
     def test_multiple_fields(self):
         for note in self.notes:
-            note.note = 'test-%s' % note.id
-            note.misc = 'misc-%s' % note.id
+            note.note = "test-%s" % note.id
+            note.misc = "misc-%s" % note.id
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            Note.objects.bulk_update(self.notes, ['note', 'misc'])
+            Note.objects.bulk_update(self.notes, ["note", "misc"])
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            Note.objects.values_list('note', flat=True),
-            [cat.note for cat in self.notes]
+            Note.objects.values_list("note", flat=True),
+            [cat.note for cat in self.notes],
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            Note.objects.values_list('misc', flat=True),
-            [cat.misc for cat in self.notes]
+            Note.objects.values_list("misc", flat=True),
+            [cat.misc for cat in self.notes],
         )
 
     def test_batch_size(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(len(self.notes)):
-            Note.objects.bulk_update(self.notes, fields=['note'], batch_size=1)
+            Note.objects.bulk_update(self.notes, fields=["note"], batch_size=1)
 
     def test_unsaved_models(self):
-        objs = self.notes + [Note(note='test', misc='test')]
-        msg = 'All bulk_update() objects must have a primary key set.'
+        objs = self.notes + [Note(note="test", misc="test")]
+        msg = "All bulk_update() objects must have a primary key set."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Note.objects.bulk_update(objs, fields=['note'])
+            Note.objects.bulk_update(objs, fields=["note"])
 
     def test_foreign_keys_do_not_lookup(self):
         self.create_tags()
         for note, tag in zip(self.notes, self.tags):
             note.tag = tag
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            Note.objects.bulk_update(self.notes, ['tag'])
+            Note.objects.bulk_update(self.notes, ["tag"])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Note.objects.filter(tag__isnull=False), self.notes)
 
     def test_set_field_to_null(self):
@@ -74,7 +81,7 @@ class BulkUpdateNoteTests(TestCase):
         Note.objects.update(tag=self.tags[0])
         for note in self.notes:
             note.tag = None
-        Note.objects.bulk_update(self.notes, ['tag'])
+        Note.objects.bulk_update(self.notes, ["tag"])
         self.assertCountEqual(Note.objects.filter(tag__isnull=True), self.notes)
 
     def test_set_mixed_fields_to_null(self):
@@ -85,106 +92,106 @@ class BulkUpdateNoteTests(TestCase):
             note.tag = None
         for note in bottom:
             note.tag = self.tags[0]
-        Note.objects.bulk_update(self.notes, ['tag'])
+        Note.objects.bulk_update(self.notes, ["tag"])
         self.assertCountEqual(Note.objects.filter(tag__isnull=True), top)
         self.assertCountEqual(Note.objects.filter(tag__isnull=False), bottom)
 
     def test_functions(self):
-        Note.objects.update(note='TEST')
+        Note.objects.update(note="TEST")
         for note in self.notes:
-            note.note = Lower('note')
-        Note.objects.bulk_update(self.notes, ['note'])
-        self.assertEqual(set(Note.objects.values_list('note', flat=True)), {'test'})
+            note.note = Lower("note")
+        Note.objects.bulk_update(self.notes, ["note"])
+        self.assertEqual(set(Note.objects.values_list("note", flat=True)), {"test"})
 
     # Tests that use self.notes go here, otherwise put them in another class.
 
 
 class BulkUpdateTests(TestCase):
     def test_no_fields(self):
-        msg = 'Field names must be given to bulk_update().'
+        msg = "Field names must be given to bulk_update()."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             Note.objects.bulk_update([], fields=[])
 
     def test_invalid_batch_size(self):
-        msg = 'Batch size must be a positive integer.'
+        msg = "Batch size must be a positive integer."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Note.objects.bulk_update([], fields=['note'], batch_size=-1)
+            Note.objects.bulk_update([], fields=["note"], batch_size=-1)
 
     def test_nonexistent_field(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldDoesNotExist, "Note has no field named 'nonexistent'"):
-            Note.objects.bulk_update([], ['nonexistent'])
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldDoesNotExist, "Note has no field named 'nonexistent'"
+        ):
+            Note.objects.bulk_update([], ["nonexistent"])
 
-    pk_fields_error = 'bulk_update() cannot be used with primary key fields.'
+    pk_fields_error = "bulk_update() cannot be used with primary key fields."
 
     def test_update_primary_key(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, self.pk_fields_error):
-            Note.objects.bulk_update([], ['id'])
+            Note.objects.bulk_update([], ["id"])
 
     def test_update_custom_primary_key(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, self.pk_fields_error):
-            CustomPk.objects.bulk_update([], ['name'])
+            CustomPk.objects.bulk_update([], ["name"])
 
     def test_empty_objects(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            rows_updated = Note.objects.bulk_update([], ['note'])
+            rows_updated = Note.objects.bulk_update([], ["note"])
         self.assertEqual(rows_updated, 0)
 
     def test_large_batch(self):
-        Note.objects.bulk_create([
-            Note(note=str(i), misc=str(i))
-            for i in range(0, 2000)
-        ])
+        Note.objects.bulk_create(
+            [Note(note=str(i), misc=str(i)) for i in range(0, 2000)]
+        )
         notes = list(Note.objects.all())
-        rows_updated = Note.objects.bulk_update(notes, ['note'])
+        rows_updated = Note.objects.bulk_update(notes, ["note"])
         self.assertEqual(rows_updated, 2000)
 
     def test_updated_rows_when_passing_duplicates(self):
-        note = Note.objects.create(note='test-note', misc='test')
-        rows_updated = Note.objects.bulk_update([note, note], ['note'])
+        note = Note.objects.create(note="test-note", misc="test")
+        rows_updated = Note.objects.bulk_update([note, note], ["note"])
         self.assertEqual(rows_updated, 1)
         # Duplicates in different batches.
-        rows_updated = Note.objects.bulk_update([note, note], ['note'], batch_size=1)
+        rows_updated = Note.objects.bulk_update([note, note], ["note"], batch_size=1)
         self.assertEqual(rows_updated, 2)
 
     def test_only_concrete_fields_allowed(self):
-        obj = Valid.objects.create(valid='test')
-        detail = Detail.objects.create(data='test')
-        paragraph = Paragraph.objects.create(text='test')
-        Member.objects.create(name='test', details=detail)
-        msg = 'bulk_update() can only be used with concrete fields.'
+        obj = Valid.objects.create(valid="test")
+        detail = Detail.objects.create(data="test")
+        paragraph = Paragraph.objects.create(text="test")
+        Member.objects.create(name="test", details=detail)
+        msg = "bulk_update() can only be used with concrete fields."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Detail.objects.bulk_update([detail], fields=['member'])
+            Detail.objects.bulk_update([detail], fields=["member"])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Paragraph.objects.bulk_update([paragraph], fields=['page'])
+            Paragraph.objects.bulk_update([paragraph], fields=["page"])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Valid.objects.bulk_update([obj], fields=['parent'])
+            Valid.objects.bulk_update([obj], fields=["parent"])
 
     def test_custom_db_columns(self):
         model = CustomDbColumn.objects.create(custom_column=1)
         model.custom_column = 2
-        CustomDbColumn.objects.bulk_update([model], fields=['custom_column'])
+        CustomDbColumn.objects.bulk_update([model], fields=["custom_column"])
         model.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertEqual(model.custom_column, 2)
 
     def test_custom_pk(self):
         custom_pks = [
-            CustomPk.objects.create(name='pk-%s' % i, extra='')
-            for i in range(10)
+            CustomPk.objects.create(name="pk-%s" % i, extra="") for i in range(10)
         ]
         for model in custom_pks:
-            model.extra = 'extra-%s' % model.pk
-        CustomPk.objects.bulk_update(custom_pks, ['extra'])
+            model.extra = "extra-%s" % model.pk
+        CustomPk.objects.bulk_update(custom_pks, ["extra"])
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            CustomPk.objects.values_list('extra', flat=True),
-            [cat.extra for cat in custom_pks]
+            CustomPk.objects.values_list("extra", flat=True),
+            [cat.extra for cat in custom_pks],
         )
 
     def test_falsey_pk_value(self):
-        order = Order.objects.create(pk=0, name='test')
-        order.name = 'updated'
-        Order.objects.bulk_update([order], ['name'])
+        order = Order.objects.create(pk=0, name="test")
+        order.name = "updated"
+        Order.objects.bulk_update([order], ["name"])
         order.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(order.name, 'updated')
+        self.assertEqual(order.name, "updated")
 
     def test_inherited_fields(self):
         special_categories = [
@@ -192,53 +199,56 @@ class BulkUpdateTests(TestCase):
             for i in range(10)
         ]
         for category in special_categories:
-            category.name = 'test-%s' % category.id
-            category.special_name = 'special-test-%s' % category.special_name
-        SpecialCategory.objects.bulk_update(special_categories, ['name', 'special_name'])
-        self.assertCountEqual(
-            SpecialCategory.objects.values_list('name', flat=True),
-            [cat.name for cat in special_categories]
+            category.name = "test-%s" % category.id
+            category.special_name = "special-test-%s" % category.special_name
+        SpecialCategory.objects.bulk_update(
+            special_categories, ["name", "special_name"]
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(
-            SpecialCategory.objects.values_list('special_name', flat=True),
-            [cat.special_name for cat in special_categories]
+            SpecialCategory.objects.values_list("name", flat=True),
+            [cat.name for cat in special_categories],
+        )
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            SpecialCategory.objects.values_list("special_name", flat=True),
+            [cat.special_name for cat in special_categories],
         )
 
     def test_field_references(self):
         numbers = [Number.objects.create(num=0) for _ in range(10)]
         for number in numbers:
-            number.num = F('num') + 1
-        Number.objects.bulk_update(numbers, ['num'])
+            number.num = F("num") + 1
+        Number.objects.bulk_update(numbers, ["num"])
         self.assertCountEqual(Number.objects.filter(num=1), numbers)
 
     def test_f_expression(self):
         notes = [
-            Note.objects.create(note='test_note', misc='test_misc')
-            for _ in range(10)
+            Note.objects.create(note="test_note", misc="test_misc") for _ in range(10)
         ]
         for note in notes:
-            note.misc = F('note')
-        Note.objects.bulk_update(notes, ['misc'])
-        self.assertCountEqual(Note.objects.filter(misc='test_note'), notes)
+            note.misc = F("note")
+        Note.objects.bulk_update(notes, ["misc"])
+        self.assertCountEqual(Note.objects.filter(misc="test_note"), notes)
 
     def test_booleanfield(self):
         individuals = [Individual.objects.create(alive=False) for _ in range(10)]
         for individual in individuals:
             individual.alive = True
-        Individual.objects.bulk_update(individuals, ['alive'])
+        Individual.objects.bulk_update(individuals, ["alive"])
         self.assertCountEqual(Individual.objects.filter(alive=True), individuals)
 
     def test_ipaddressfield(self):
-        for ip in ('2001::1', '1.2.3.4'):
+        for ip in ("2001::1", "1.2.3.4"):
             with self.subTest(ip=ip):
                 models = [
-                    CustomDbColumn.objects.create(ip_address='0.0.0.0')
+                    CustomDbColumn.objects.create(ip_address="0.0.0.0")
                     for _ in range(10)
                 ]
                 for model in models:
                     model.ip_address = ip
-                CustomDbColumn.objects.bulk_update(models, ['ip_address'])
-                self.assertCountEqual(CustomDbColumn.objects.filter(ip_address=ip), models)
+                CustomDbColumn.objects.bulk_update(models, ["ip_address"])
+                self.assertCountEqual(
+                    CustomDbColumn.objects.filter(ip_address=ip), models
+                )
 
     def test_datetime_field(self):
         articles = [
@@ -248,26 +258,28 @@ class BulkUpdateTests(TestCase):
         point_in_time = datetime.datetime(1991, 10, 31)
         for article in articles:
             article.created = point_in_time
-        Article.objects.bulk_update(articles, ['created'])
+        Article.objects.bulk_update(articles, ["created"])
         self.assertCountEqual(Article.objects.filter(created=point_in_time), articles)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_json_field')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_json_field")
     def test_json_field(self):
-        JSONFieldNullable.objects.bulk_create([
-            JSONFieldNullable(json_field={'a': i}) for i in range(10)
-        ])
+        JSONFieldNullable.objects.bulk_create(
+            [JSONFieldNullable(json_field={"a": i}) for i in range(10)]
+        )
         objs = JSONFieldNullable.objects.all()
         for obj in objs:
-            obj.json_field = {'c': obj.json_field['a'] + 1}
-        JSONFieldNullable.objects.bulk_update(objs, ['json_field'])
-        self.assertCountEqual(JSONFieldNullable.objects.filter(json_field__has_key='c'), objs)
+            obj.json_field = {"c": obj.json_field["a"] + 1}
+        JSONFieldNullable.objects.bulk_update(objs, ["json_field"])
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            JSONFieldNullable.objects.filter(json_field__has_key="c"), objs
+        )
 
     def test_nullable_fk_after_related_save(self):
         parent = RelatedObject.objects.create()
         child = SingleObject()
         parent.single = child
         parent.single.save()
-        RelatedObject.objects.bulk_update([parent], fields=['single'])
+        RelatedObject.objects.bulk_update([parent], fields=["single"])
         self.assertEqual(parent.single_id, parent.single.pk)
         parent.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertEqual(parent.single, child)
@@ -280,13 +292,13 @@ class BulkUpdateTests(TestCase):
             "related object 'single'."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            RelatedObject.objects.bulk_update([parent], fields=['single'])
+            RelatedObject.objects.bulk_update([parent], fields=["single"])
 
     def test_unspecified_unsaved_parent(self):
         parent = RelatedObject.objects.create()
         parent.single = SingleObject()
         parent.f = 42
-        RelatedObject.objects.bulk_update([parent], fields=['f'])
+        RelatedObject.objects.bulk_update([parent], fields=["f"])
         parent.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertEqual(parent.f, 42)
         self.assertIsNone(parent.single)
diff --git a/tests/queries/test_contains.py b/tests/queries/test_contains.py
index a58dbe180f..2aa4badc72 100644
--- a/tests/queries/test_contains.py
+++ b/tests/queries/test_contains.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class ContainsTests(TestCase):
         cls.proxy_category = ProxyCategory.objects.create()
 
     def test_unsaved_obj(self):
-        msg = 'QuerySet.contains() cannot be used on unsaved objects.'
+        msg = "QuerySet.contains() cannot be used on unsaved objects."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             DumbCategory.objects.contains(DumbCategory())
 
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ class ContainsTests(TestCase):
             DumbCategory.objects.contains(object())
 
     def test_values(self):
-        msg = 'Cannot call QuerySet.contains() after .values() or .values_list().'
+        msg = "Cannot call QuerySet.contains() after .values() or .values_list()."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            DumbCategory.objects.values_list('pk').contains(self.category)
+            DumbCategory.objects.values_list("pk").contains(self.category)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            DumbCategory.objects.values('pk').contains(self.category)
+            DumbCategory.objects.values("pk").contains(self.category)
 
     def test_basic(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class ContainsTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_wrong_model(self):
         qs = DumbCategory.objects.all()
-        named_category = NamedCategory(name='category')
+        named_category = NamedCategory(name="category")
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             self.assertIs(qs.contains(named_category), False)
         # Evaluate the queryset.
diff --git a/tests/queries/test_db_returning.py b/tests/queries/test_db_returning.py
index 9ba352a7ab..50c164a57f 100644
--- a/tests/queries/test_db_returning.py
+++ b/tests/queries/test_db_returning.py
@@ -7,17 +7,18 @@ from django.test.utils import CaptureQueriesContext
 from .models import DumbCategory, NonIntegerPKReturningModel, ReturningModel
 
 
-@skipUnlessDBFeature('can_return_columns_from_insert')
+@skipUnlessDBFeature("can_return_columns_from_insert")
 class ReturningValuesTests(TestCase):
     def test_insert_returning(self):
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             DumbCategory.objects.create()
         self.assertIn(
-            'RETURNING %s.%s' % (
+            "RETURNING %s.%s"
+            % (
                 connection.ops.quote_name(DumbCategory._meta.db_table),
-                connection.ops.quote_name(DumbCategory._meta.get_field('id').column),
+                connection.ops.quote_name(DumbCategory._meta.get_field("id").column),
             ),
-            captured_queries[-1]['sql'],
+            captured_queries[-1]["sql"],
         )
 
     def test_insert_returning_non_integer(self):
@@ -30,20 +31,23 @@ class ReturningValuesTests(TestCase):
             obj = ReturningModel.objects.create()
         table_name = connection.ops.quote_name(ReturningModel._meta.db_table)
         self.assertIn(
-            'RETURNING %s.%s, %s.%s' % (
+            "RETURNING %s.%s, %s.%s"
+            % (
                 table_name,
-                connection.ops.quote_name(ReturningModel._meta.get_field('id').column),
+                connection.ops.quote_name(ReturningModel._meta.get_field("id").column),
                 table_name,
-                connection.ops.quote_name(ReturningModel._meta.get_field('created').column),
+                connection.ops.quote_name(
+                    ReturningModel._meta.get_field("created").column
+                ),
             ),
-            captured_queries[-1]['sql'],
+            captured_queries[-1]["sql"],
         )
         self.assertTrue(obj.pk)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.created, datetime.datetime)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_return_rows_from_bulk_insert")
     def test_bulk_insert(self):
-        objs = [ReturningModel(), ReturningModel(pk=2 ** 11), ReturningModel()]
+        objs = [ReturningModel(), ReturningModel(pk=2**11), ReturningModel()]
         ReturningModel.objects.bulk_create(objs)
         for obj in objs:
             with self.subTest(obj=obj):
diff --git a/tests/queries/test_explain.py b/tests/queries/test_explain.py
index f1108c062f..2acd6a685c 100644
--- a/tests/queries/test_explain.py
+++ b/tests/queries/test_explain.py
@@ -10,110 +10,122 @@ from django.test.utils import CaptureQueriesContext
 from .models import Tag
 
 
-@skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_explaining_query_execution')
+@skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_explaining_query_execution")
 class ExplainTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_basic(self):
         querysets = [
-            Tag.objects.filter(name='test'),
-            Tag.objects.filter(name='test').select_related('parent'),
-            Tag.objects.filter(name='test').prefetch_related('children'),
-            Tag.objects.filter(name='test').annotate(Count('children')),
-            Tag.objects.filter(name='test').values_list('name'),
-            Tag.objects.order_by().union(Tag.objects.order_by().filter(name='test')),
-            Tag.objects.all().select_for_update().filter(name='test'),
+            Tag.objects.filter(name="test"),
+            Tag.objects.filter(name="test").select_related("parent"),
+            Tag.objects.filter(name="test").prefetch_related("children"),
+            Tag.objects.filter(name="test").annotate(Count("children")),
+            Tag.objects.filter(name="test").values_list("name"),
+            Tag.objects.order_by().union(Tag.objects.order_by().filter(name="test")),
+            Tag.objects.all().select_for_update().filter(name="test"),
         ]
         supported_formats = connection.features.supported_explain_formats
-        all_formats = (None,) + tuple(supported_formats) + tuple(f.lower() for f in supported_formats)
+        all_formats = (
+            (None,)
+            + tuple(supported_formats)
+            + tuple(f.lower() for f in supported_formats)
+        )
         for idx, queryset in enumerate(querysets):
             for format in all_formats:
                 with self.subTest(format=format, queryset=idx):
-                    with self.assertNumQueries(1), CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
+                    with self.assertNumQueries(1), CaptureQueriesContext(
+                        connection
+                    ) as captured_queries:
                         result = queryset.explain(format=format)
-                        self.assertTrue(captured_queries[0]['sql'].startswith(connection.ops.explain_prefix))
+                        self.assertTrue(
+                            captured_queries[0]["sql"].startswith(
+                                connection.ops.explain_prefix
+                            )
+                        )
                         self.assertIsInstance(result, str)
                         self.assertTrue(result)
-                        if format == 'xml':
+                        if format == "xml":
                             try:
                                 xml.etree.ElementTree.fromstring(result)
                             except xml.etree.ElementTree.ParseError as e:
                                 self.fail(
-                                    f'QuerySet.explain() result is not valid XML: {e}'
+                                    f"QuerySet.explain() result is not valid XML: {e}"
                                 )
-                        elif format == 'json':
+                        elif format == "json":
                             try:
                                 json.loads(result)
                             except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
                                 self.fail(
-                                    f'QuerySet.explain() result is not valid JSON: {e}'
+                                    f"QuerySet.explain() result is not valid JSON: {e}"
                                 )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('validates_explain_options')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("validates_explain_options")
     def test_unknown_options(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Unknown options: test, test2'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Unknown options: test, test2"):
             Tag.objects.all().explain(test=1, test2=1)
 
     def test_unknown_format(self):
-        msg = 'DOES NOT EXIST is not a recognized format.'
+        msg = "DOES NOT EXIST is not a recognized format."
         if connection.features.supported_explain_formats:
-            msg += ' Allowed formats: %s' % ', '.join(sorted(connection.features.supported_explain_formats))
+            msg += " Allowed formats: %s" % ", ".join(
+                sorted(connection.features.supported_explain_formats)
+            )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Tag.objects.all().explain(format='does not exist')
+            Tag.objects.all().explain(format="does not exist")
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'PostgreSQL specific')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific")
     def test_postgres_options(self):
-        qs = Tag.objects.filter(name='test')
+        qs = Tag.objects.filter(name="test")
         test_options = [
-            {'COSTS': False, 'BUFFERS': True, 'ANALYZE': True},
-            {'costs': False, 'buffers': True, 'analyze': True},
-            {'verbose': True, 'timing': True, 'analyze': True},
-            {'verbose': False, 'timing': False, 'analyze': True},
-            {'summary': True},
+            {"COSTS": False, "BUFFERS": True, "ANALYZE": True},
+            {"costs": False, "buffers": True, "analyze": True},
+            {"verbose": True, "timing": True, "analyze": True},
+            {"verbose": False, "timing": False, "analyze": True},
+            {"summary": True},
         ]
         if connection.features.is_postgresql_12:
-            test_options.append({'settings': True})
+            test_options.append({"settings": True})
         if connection.features.is_postgresql_13:
-            test_options.append({'analyze': True, 'wal': True})
+            test_options.append({"analyze": True, "wal": True})
         for options in test_options:
             with self.subTest(**options), transaction.atomic():
                 with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
-                    qs.explain(format='text', **options)
+                    qs.explain(format="text", **options)
                 self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 1)
                 for name, value in options.items():
-                    option = '{} {}'.format(name.upper(), 'true' if value else 'false')
-                    self.assertIn(option, captured_queries[0]['sql'])
+                    option = "{} {}".format(name.upper(), "true" if value else "false")
+                    self.assertIn(option, captured_queries[0]["sql"])
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'mysql', 'MySQL specific')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "mysql", "MySQL specific")
     def test_mysql_text_to_traditional(self):
         # Ensure these cached properties are initialized to prevent queries for
         # the MariaDB or MySQL version during the QuerySet evaluation.
         connection.features.supported_explain_formats
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
-            Tag.objects.filter(name='test').explain(format='text')
+            Tag.objects.filter(name="test").explain(format="text")
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 1)
-        self.assertIn('FORMAT=TRADITIONAL', captured_queries[0]['sql'])
+        self.assertIn("FORMAT=TRADITIONAL", captured_queries[0]["sql"])
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'mysql', 'MariaDB and MySQL >= 8.0.18 specific.')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(
+        connection.vendor == "mysql", "MariaDB and MySQL >= 8.0.18 specific."
+    )
     def test_mysql_analyze(self):
-        qs = Tag.objects.filter(name='test')
+        qs = Tag.objects.filter(name="test")
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             qs.explain(analyze=True)
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 1)
-        prefix = 'ANALYZE ' if connection.mysql_is_mariadb else 'EXPLAIN ANALYZE '
-        self.assertTrue(captured_queries[0]['sql'].startswith(prefix))
+        prefix = "ANALYZE " if connection.mysql_is_mariadb else "EXPLAIN ANALYZE "
+        self.assertTrue(captured_queries[0]["sql"].startswith(prefix))
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
-            qs.explain(analyze=True, format='JSON')
+            qs.explain(analyze=True, format="JSON")
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 1)
         if connection.mysql_is_mariadb:
-            self.assertIn('FORMAT=JSON', captured_queries[0]['sql'])
+            self.assertIn("FORMAT=JSON", captured_queries[0]["sql"])
         else:
-            self.assertNotIn('FORMAT=JSON', captured_queries[0]['sql'])
+            self.assertNotIn("FORMAT=JSON", captured_queries[0]["sql"])
 
 
-@skipIfDBFeature('supports_explaining_query_execution')
+@skipIfDBFeature("supports_explaining_query_execution")
 class ExplainUnsupportedTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_message(self):
-        msg = 'This backend does not support explaining query execution.'
+        msg = "This backend does not support explaining query execution."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
-            Tag.objects.filter(name='test').explain()
+            Tag.objects.filter(name="test").explain()
diff --git a/tests/queries/test_iterator.py b/tests/queries/test_iterator.py
index 7fc37b00a1..558bd15c02 100644
--- a/tests/queries/test_iterator.py
+++ b/tests/queries/test_iterator.py
@@ -13,18 +13,22 @@ class QuerySetIteratorTests(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        Article.objects.create(name='Article 1', created=datetime.datetime.now())
-        Article.objects.create(name='Article 2', created=datetime.datetime.now())
+        Article.objects.create(name="Article 1", created=datetime.datetime.now())
+        Article.objects.create(name="Article 2", created=datetime.datetime.now())
 
     def test_iterator_invalid_chunk_size(self):
         for size in (0, -1):
             with self.subTest(size=size):
-                with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Chunk size must be strictly positive.'):
+                with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                    ValueError, "Chunk size must be strictly positive."
+                ):
                     Article.objects.iterator(chunk_size=size)
 
     def test_default_iterator_chunk_size(self):
         qs = Article.objects.iterator()
-        with mock.patch('django.db.models.sql.compiler.cursor_iter', side_effect=cursor_iter) as cursor_iter_mock:
+        with mock.patch(
+            "django.db.models.sql.compiler.cursor_iter", side_effect=cursor_iter
+        ) as cursor_iter_mock:
             next(qs)
         self.assertEqual(cursor_iter_mock.call_count, 1)
         mock_args, _mock_kwargs = cursor_iter_mock.call_args
@@ -33,7 +37,9 @@ class QuerySetIteratorTests(TestCase):
     def test_iterator_chunk_size(self):
         batch_size = 3
         qs = Article.objects.iterator(chunk_size=batch_size)
-        with mock.patch('django.db.models.sql.compiler.cursor_iter', side_effect=cursor_iter) as cursor_iter_mock:
+        with mock.patch(
+            "django.db.models.sql.compiler.cursor_iter", side_effect=cursor_iter
+        ) as cursor_iter_mock:
             next(qs)
         self.assertEqual(cursor_iter_mock.call_count, 1)
         mock_args, _mock_kwargs = cursor_iter_mock.call_args
@@ -47,6 +53,6 @@ class QuerySetIteratorTests(TestCase):
         qs = Article.objects.all()
         compiler = qs.query.get_compiler(using=qs.db)
         features = connections[qs.db].features
-        with mock.patch.object(features, 'can_use_chunked_reads', False):
+        with mock.patch.object(features, "can_use_chunked_reads", False):
             result = compiler.execute_sql(chunked_fetch=True)
         self.assertIsInstance(result, list)
diff --git a/tests/queries/test_q.py b/tests/queries/test_q.py
index bd39b2dc32..b1dc45be13 100644
--- a/tests/queries/test_q.py
+++ b/tests/queries/test_q.py
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class QTests(SimpleTestCase):
             q & obj
 
     def test_combine_negated_boolean_expression(self):
-        tagged = Tag.objects.filter(category=OuterRef('pk'))
+        tagged = Tag.objects.filter(category=OuterRef("pk"))
         tests = [
             Q() & ~Exists(tagged),
             Q() | ~Exists(tagged),
@@ -62,82 +62,91 @@ class QTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 self.assertIs(q.negated, True)
 
     def test_deconstruct(self):
-        q = Q(price__gt=F('discounted_price'))
+        q = Q(price__gt=F("discounted_price"))
         path, args, kwargs = q.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'django.db.models.Q')
-        self.assertEqual(args, (('price__gt', F('discounted_price')),))
+        self.assertEqual(path, "django.db.models.Q")
+        self.assertEqual(args, (("price__gt", F("discounted_price")),))
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {})
 
     def test_deconstruct_negated(self):
-        q = ~Q(price__gt=F('discounted_price'))
+        q = ~Q(price__gt=F("discounted_price"))
         path, args, kwargs = q.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(args, (('price__gt', F('discounted_price')),))
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'_negated': True})
+        self.assertEqual(args, (("price__gt", F("discounted_price")),))
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"_negated": True})
 
     def test_deconstruct_or(self):
-        q1 = Q(price__gt=F('discounted_price'))
-        q2 = Q(price=F('discounted_price'))
+        q1 = Q(price__gt=F("discounted_price"))
+        q2 = Q(price=F("discounted_price"))
         q = q1 | q2
         path, args, kwargs = q.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(args, (
-            ('price__gt', F('discounted_price')),
-            ('price', F('discounted_price')),
-        ))
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'_connector': 'OR'})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            args,
+            (
+                ("price__gt", F("discounted_price")),
+                ("price", F("discounted_price")),
+            ),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"_connector": "OR"})
 
     def test_deconstruct_and(self):
-        q1 = Q(price__gt=F('discounted_price'))
-        q2 = Q(price=F('discounted_price'))
+        q1 = Q(price__gt=F("discounted_price"))
+        q2 = Q(price=F("discounted_price"))
         q = q1 & q2
         path, args, kwargs = q.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(args, (
-            ('price__gt', F('discounted_price')),
-            ('price', F('discounted_price')),
-        ))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            args,
+            (
+                ("price__gt", F("discounted_price")),
+                ("price", F("discounted_price")),
+            ),
+        )
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {})
 
     def test_deconstruct_multiple_kwargs(self):
-        q = Q(price__gt=F('discounted_price'), price=F('discounted_price'))
+        q = Q(price__gt=F("discounted_price"), price=F("discounted_price"))
         path, args, kwargs = q.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(args, (
-            ('price', F('discounted_price')),
-            ('price__gt', F('discounted_price')),
-        ))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            args,
+            (
+                ("price", F("discounted_price")),
+                ("price__gt", F("discounted_price")),
+            ),
+        )
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {})
 
     def test_deconstruct_nested(self):
-        q = Q(Q(price__gt=F('discounted_price')))
+        q = Q(Q(price__gt=F("discounted_price")))
         path, args, kwargs = q.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(args, (Q(price__gt=F('discounted_price')),))
+        self.assertEqual(args, (Q(price__gt=F("discounted_price")),))
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {})
 
     def test_deconstruct_boolean_expression(self):
-        expr = RawSQL('1 = 1', BooleanField())
+        expr = RawSQL("1 = 1", BooleanField())
         q = Q(expr)
         _, args, kwargs = q.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(args, (expr,))
         self.assertEqual(kwargs, {})
 
     def test_reconstruct(self):
-        q = Q(price__gt=F('discounted_price'))
+        q = Q(price__gt=F("discounted_price"))
         path, args, kwargs = q.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(Q(*args, **kwargs), q)
 
     def test_reconstruct_negated(self):
-        q = ~Q(price__gt=F('discounted_price'))
+        q = ~Q(price__gt=F("discounted_price"))
         path, args, kwargs = q.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(Q(*args, **kwargs), q)
 
     def test_reconstruct_or(self):
-        q1 = Q(price__gt=F('discounted_price'))
-        q2 = Q(price=F('discounted_price'))
+        q1 = Q(price__gt=F("discounted_price"))
+        q2 = Q(price=F("discounted_price"))
         q = q1 | q2
         path, args, kwargs = q.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(Q(*args, **kwargs), q)
 
     def test_reconstruct_and(self):
-        q1 = Q(price__gt=F('discounted_price'))
-        q2 = Q(price=F('discounted_price'))
+        q1 = Q(price__gt=F("discounted_price"))
+        q2 = Q(price=F("discounted_price"))
         q = q1 & q2
         path, args, kwargs = q.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(Q(*args, **kwargs), q)
diff --git a/tests/queries/test_qs_combinators.py b/tests/queries/test_qs_combinators.py
index 37ce37c2c1..000185bbe6 100644
--- a/tests/queries/test_qs_combinators.py
+++ b/tests/queries/test_qs_combinators.py
@@ -8,14 +8,16 @@ from django.test.utils import CaptureQueriesContext
 from .models import Author, Celebrity, ExtraInfo, Number, ReservedName
 
 
-@skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_select_union')
+@skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_select_union")
 class QuerySetSetOperationTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         Number.objects.bulk_create(Number(num=i, other_num=10 - i) for i in range(10))
 
     def assertNumbersEqual(self, queryset, expected_numbers, ordered=True):
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(queryset, expected_numbers, operator.attrgetter('num'), ordered)
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
+            queryset, expected_numbers, operator.attrgetter("num"), ordered
+        )
 
     def test_simple_union(self):
         qs1 = Number.objects.filter(num__lte=1)
@@ -23,24 +25,24 @@ class QuerySetSetOperationTests(TestCase):
         qs3 = Number.objects.filter(num=5)
         self.assertNumbersEqual(qs1.union(qs2, qs3), [0, 1, 5, 8, 9], ordered=False)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_select_intersection')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_select_intersection")
     def test_simple_intersection(self):
         qs1 = Number.objects.filter(num__lte=5)
         qs2 = Number.objects.filter(num__gte=5)
         qs3 = Number.objects.filter(num__gte=4, num__lte=6)
         self.assertNumbersEqual(qs1.intersection(qs2, qs3), [5], ordered=False)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_select_intersection')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_select_intersection")
     def test_intersection_with_values(self):
-        ReservedName.objects.create(name='a', order=2)
+        ReservedName.objects.create(name="a", order=2)
         qs1 = ReservedName.objects.all()
-        reserved_name = qs1.intersection(qs1).values('name', 'order', 'id').get()
-        self.assertEqual(reserved_name['name'], 'a')
-        self.assertEqual(reserved_name['order'], 2)
-        reserved_name = qs1.intersection(qs1).values_list('name', 'order', 'id').get()
-        self.assertEqual(reserved_name[:2], ('a', 2))
+        reserved_name = qs1.intersection(qs1).values("name", "order", "id").get()
+        self.assertEqual(reserved_name["name"], "a")
+        self.assertEqual(reserved_name["order"], 2)
+        reserved_name = qs1.intersection(qs1).values_list("name", "order", "id").get()
+        self.assertEqual(reserved_name[:2], ("a", 2))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_select_difference')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_select_difference")
     def test_simple_difference(self):
         qs1 = Number.objects.filter(num__lte=5)
         qs2 = Number.objects.filter(num__lte=4)
@@ -59,7 +61,7 @@ class QuerySetSetOperationTests(TestCase):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs3.none(), [])
         self.assertNumbersEqual(qs3, [0, 1, 8, 9], ordered=False)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_select_intersection')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_select_intersection")
     def test_intersection_with_empty_qs(self):
         qs1 = Number.objects.all()
         qs2 = Number.objects.none()
@@ -71,7 +73,7 @@ class QuerySetSetOperationTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(len(qs2.intersection(qs2)), 0)
         self.assertEqual(len(qs3.intersection(qs3)), 0)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_select_difference')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_select_difference")
     def test_difference_with_empty_qs(self):
         qs1 = Number.objects.all()
         qs2 = Number.objects.none()
@@ -83,16 +85,16 @@ class QuerySetSetOperationTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(len(qs2.difference(qs2)), 0)
         self.assertEqual(len(qs3.difference(qs3)), 0)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_select_difference')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_select_difference")
     def test_difference_with_values(self):
-        ReservedName.objects.create(name='a', order=2)
+        ReservedName.objects.create(name="a", order=2)
         qs1 = ReservedName.objects.all()
         qs2 = ReservedName.objects.none()
-        reserved_name = qs1.difference(qs2).values('name', 'order', 'id').get()
-        self.assertEqual(reserved_name['name'], 'a')
-        self.assertEqual(reserved_name['order'], 2)
-        reserved_name = qs1.difference(qs2).values_list('name', 'order', 'id').get()
-        self.assertEqual(reserved_name[:2], ('a', 2))
+        reserved_name = qs1.difference(qs2).values("name", "order", "id").get()
+        self.assertEqual(reserved_name["name"], "a")
+        self.assertEqual(reserved_name["order"], 2)
+        reserved_name = qs1.difference(qs2).values_list("name", "order", "id").get()
+        self.assertEqual(reserved_name[:2], ("a", 2))
 
     def test_union_with_empty_qs(self):
         qs1 = Number.objects.all()
@@ -108,8 +110,8 @@ class QuerySetSetOperationTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(len(qs3.union(qs3)), 0)
 
     def test_empty_qs_union_with_ordered_qs(self):
-        qs1 = Number.objects.all().order_by('num')
-        qs2 = Number.objects.none().union(qs1).order_by('num')
+        qs1 = Number.objects.all().order_by("num")
+        qs2 = Number.objects.none().union(qs1).order_by("num")
         self.assertEqual(list(qs1), list(qs2))
 
     def test_limits(self):
@@ -120,94 +122,116 @@ class QuerySetSetOperationTests(TestCase):
     def test_ordering(self):
         qs1 = Number.objects.filter(num__lte=1)
         qs2 = Number.objects.filter(num__gte=2, num__lte=3)
-        self.assertNumbersEqual(qs1.union(qs2).order_by('-num'), [3, 2, 1, 0])
+        self.assertNumbersEqual(qs1.union(qs2).order_by("-num"), [3, 2, 1, 0])
 
     def test_ordering_by_alias(self):
-        qs1 = Number.objects.filter(num__lte=1).values(alias=F('num'))
-        qs2 = Number.objects.filter(num__gte=2, num__lte=3).values(alias=F('num'))
+        qs1 = Number.objects.filter(num__lte=1).values(alias=F("num"))
+        qs2 = Number.objects.filter(num__gte=2, num__lte=3).values(alias=F("num"))
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs1.union(qs2).order_by('-alias'),
+            qs1.union(qs2).order_by("-alias"),
             [3, 2, 1, 0],
-            operator.itemgetter('alias'),
+            operator.itemgetter("alias"),
         )
 
     def test_ordering_by_f_expression(self):
         qs1 = Number.objects.filter(num__lte=1)
         qs2 = Number.objects.filter(num__gte=2, num__lte=3)
-        self.assertNumbersEqual(qs1.union(qs2).order_by(F('num').desc()), [3, 2, 1, 0])
+        self.assertNumbersEqual(qs1.union(qs2).order_by(F("num").desc()), [3, 2, 1, 0])
 
     def test_ordering_by_f_expression_and_alias(self):
-        qs1 = Number.objects.filter(num__lte=1).values(alias=F('other_num'))
-        qs2 = Number.objects.filter(num__gte=2, num__lte=3).values(alias=F('other_num'))
+        qs1 = Number.objects.filter(num__lte=1).values(alias=F("other_num"))
+        qs2 = Number.objects.filter(num__gte=2, num__lte=3).values(alias=F("other_num"))
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs1.union(qs2).order_by(F('alias').desc()),
+            qs1.union(qs2).order_by(F("alias").desc()),
             [10, 9, 8, 7],
-            operator.itemgetter('alias'),
+            operator.itemgetter("alias"),
         )
         Number.objects.create(num=-1)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs1.union(qs2).order_by(F('alias').desc(nulls_last=True)),
+            qs1.union(qs2).order_by(F("alias").desc(nulls_last=True)),
             [10, 9, 8, 7, None],
-            operator.itemgetter('alias'),
+            operator.itemgetter("alias"),
         )
 
     def test_union_with_values(self):
-        ReservedName.objects.create(name='a', order=2)
+        ReservedName.objects.create(name="a", order=2)
         qs1 = ReservedName.objects.all()
-        reserved_name = qs1.union(qs1).values('name', 'order', 'id').get()
-        self.assertEqual(reserved_name['name'], 'a')
-        self.assertEqual(reserved_name['order'], 2)
-        reserved_name = qs1.union(qs1).values_list('name', 'order', 'id').get()
-        self.assertEqual(reserved_name[:2], ('a', 2))
+        reserved_name = qs1.union(qs1).values("name", "order", "id").get()
+        self.assertEqual(reserved_name["name"], "a")
+        self.assertEqual(reserved_name["order"], 2)
+        reserved_name = qs1.union(qs1).values_list("name", "order", "id").get()
+        self.assertEqual(reserved_name[:2], ("a", 2))
         # List of columns can be changed.
-        reserved_name = qs1.union(qs1).values_list('order').get()
+        reserved_name = qs1.union(qs1).values_list("order").get()
         self.assertEqual(reserved_name, (2,))
 
     def test_union_with_two_annotated_values_list(self):
-        qs1 = Number.objects.filter(num=1).annotate(
-            count=Value(0, IntegerField()),
-        ).values_list('num', 'count')
-        qs2 = Number.objects.filter(num=2).values('pk').annotate(
-            count=F('num'),
-        ).annotate(
-            num=Value(1, IntegerField()),
-        ).values_list('num', 'count')
+        qs1 = (
+            Number.objects.filter(num=1)
+            .annotate(
+                count=Value(0, IntegerField()),
+            )
+            .values_list("num", "count")
+        )
+        qs2 = (
+            Number.objects.filter(num=2)
+            .values("pk")
+            .annotate(
+                count=F("num"),
+            )
+            .annotate(
+                num=Value(1, IntegerField()),
+            )
+            .values_list("num", "count")
+        )
         self.assertCountEqual(qs1.union(qs2), [(1, 0), (2, 1)])
 
     def test_union_with_extra_and_values_list(self):
-        qs1 = Number.objects.filter(num=1).extra(
-            select={'count': 0},
-        ).values_list('num', 'count')
-        qs2 = Number.objects.filter(num=2).extra(select={'count': 1})
+        qs1 = (
+            Number.objects.filter(num=1)
+            .extra(
+                select={"count": 0},
+            )
+            .values_list("num", "count")
+        )
+        qs2 = Number.objects.filter(num=2).extra(select={"count": 1})
         self.assertCountEqual(qs1.union(qs2), [(1, 0), (2, 1)])
 
     def test_union_with_values_list_on_annotated_and_unannotated(self):
-        ReservedName.objects.create(name='rn1', order=1)
+        ReservedName.objects.create(name="rn1", order=1)
         qs1 = Number.objects.annotate(
-            has_reserved_name=Exists(ReservedName.objects.filter(order=OuterRef('num')))
+            has_reserved_name=Exists(ReservedName.objects.filter(order=OuterRef("num")))
         ).filter(has_reserved_name=True)
         qs2 = Number.objects.filter(num=9)
-        self.assertCountEqual(qs1.union(qs2).values_list('num', flat=True), [1, 9])
+        self.assertCountEqual(qs1.union(qs2).values_list("num", flat=True), [1, 9])
 
     def test_union_with_values_list_and_order(self):
-        ReservedName.objects.bulk_create([
-            ReservedName(name='rn1', order=7),
-            ReservedName(name='rn2', order=5),
-            ReservedName(name='rn0', order=6),
-            ReservedName(name='rn9', order=-1),
-        ])
+        ReservedName.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                ReservedName(name="rn1", order=7),
+                ReservedName(name="rn2", order=5),
+                ReservedName(name="rn0", order=6),
+                ReservedName(name="rn9", order=-1),
+            ]
+        )
         qs1 = ReservedName.objects.filter(order__gte=6)
         qs2 = ReservedName.objects.filter(order__lte=5)
         union_qs = qs1.union(qs2)
         for qs, expected_result in (
             # Order by a single column.
-            (union_qs.order_by('-pk').values_list('order', flat=True), [-1, 6, 5, 7]),
-            (union_qs.order_by('pk').values_list('order', flat=True), [7, 5, 6, -1]),
-            (union_qs.values_list('order', flat=True).order_by('-pk'), [-1, 6, 5, 7]),
-            (union_qs.values_list('order', flat=True).order_by('pk'), [7, 5, 6, -1]),
+            (union_qs.order_by("-pk").values_list("order", flat=True), [-1, 6, 5, 7]),
+            (union_qs.order_by("pk").values_list("order", flat=True), [7, 5, 6, -1]),
+            (union_qs.values_list("order", flat=True).order_by("-pk"), [-1, 6, 5, 7]),
+            (union_qs.values_list("order", flat=True).order_by("pk"), [7, 5, 6, -1]),
             # Order by multiple columns.
-            (union_qs.order_by('-name', 'pk').values_list('order', flat=True), [-1, 5, 7, 6]),
-            (union_qs.values_list('order', flat=True).order_by('-name', 'pk'), [-1, 5, 7, 6]),
+            (
+                union_qs.order_by("-name", "pk").values_list("order", flat=True),
+                [-1, 5, 7, 6],
+            ),
+            (
+                union_qs.values_list("order", flat=True).order_by("-name", "pk"),
+                [-1, 5, 7, 6],
+            ),
         ):
             with self.subTest(qs=qs):
                 self.assertEqual(list(qs), expected_result)
@@ -215,92 +239,104 @@ class QuerySetSetOperationTests(TestCase):
     def test_union_with_values_list_and_order_on_annotation(self):
         qs1 = Number.objects.annotate(
             annotation=Value(-1),
-            multiplier=F('annotation'),
+            multiplier=F("annotation"),
         ).filter(num__gte=6)
         qs2 = Number.objects.annotate(
             annotation=Value(2),
-            multiplier=F('annotation'),
+            multiplier=F("annotation"),
         ).filter(num__lte=5)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            qs1.union(qs2).order_by('annotation', 'num').values_list('num', flat=True),
+            qs1.union(qs2).order_by("annotation", "num").values_list("num", flat=True),
             [6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            qs1.union(qs2).order_by(
-                F('annotation') * F('multiplier'),
-                'num',
-            ).values('num'),
+            qs1.union(qs2)
+            .order_by(
+                F("annotation") * F("multiplier"),
+                "num",
+            )
+            .values("num"),
             [6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
-            operator.itemgetter('num'),
+            operator.itemgetter("num"),
         )
 
     def test_union_multiple_models_with_values_list_and_order(self):
-        reserved_name = ReservedName.objects.create(name='rn1', order=0)
+        reserved_name = ReservedName.objects.create(name="rn1", order=0)
         qs1 = Celebrity.objects.all()
         qs2 = ReservedName.objects.all()
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            qs1.union(qs2).order_by('name').values_list('pk', flat=True),
+            qs1.union(qs2).order_by("name").values_list("pk", flat=True),
             [reserved_name.pk],
         )
 
     def test_union_multiple_models_with_values_list_and_order_by_extra_select(self):
-        reserved_name = ReservedName.objects.create(name='rn1', order=0)
-        qs1 = Celebrity.objects.extra(select={'extra_name': 'name'})
-        qs2 = ReservedName.objects.extra(select={'extra_name': 'name'})
+        reserved_name = ReservedName.objects.create(name="rn1", order=0)
+        qs1 = Celebrity.objects.extra(select={"extra_name": "name"})
+        qs2 = ReservedName.objects.extra(select={"extra_name": "name"})
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            qs1.union(qs2).order_by('extra_name').values_list('pk', flat=True),
+            qs1.union(qs2).order_by("extra_name").values_list("pk", flat=True),
             [reserved_name.pk],
         )
 
     def test_union_in_subquery(self):
-        ReservedName.objects.bulk_create([
-            ReservedName(name='rn1', order=8),
-            ReservedName(name='rn2', order=1),
-            ReservedName(name='rn3', order=5),
-        ])
-        qs1 = Number.objects.filter(num__gt=7, num=OuterRef('order'))
-        qs2 = Number.objects.filter(num__lt=2, num=OuterRef('order'))
+        ReservedName.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                ReservedName(name="rn1", order=8),
+                ReservedName(name="rn2", order=1),
+                ReservedName(name="rn3", order=5),
+            ]
+        )
+        qs1 = Number.objects.filter(num__gt=7, num=OuterRef("order"))
+        qs2 = Number.objects.filter(num__lt=2, num=OuterRef("order"))
         self.assertCountEqual(
             ReservedName.objects.annotate(
-                number=Subquery(qs1.union(qs2).values('num')),
-            ).filter(number__isnull=False).values_list('order', flat=True),
+                number=Subquery(qs1.union(qs2).values("num")),
+            )
+            .filter(number__isnull=False)
+            .values_list("order", flat=True),
             [8, 1],
         )
 
     def test_union_in_subquery_related_outerref(self):
-        e1 = ExtraInfo.objects.create(value=7, info='e3')
-        e2 = ExtraInfo.objects.create(value=5, info='e2')
-        e3 = ExtraInfo.objects.create(value=1, info='e1')
-        Author.objects.bulk_create([
-            Author(name='a1', num=1, extra=e1),
-            Author(name='a2', num=3, extra=e2),
-            Author(name='a3', num=2, extra=e3),
-        ])
-        qs1 = ExtraInfo.objects.order_by().filter(value=OuterRef('num'))
-        qs2 = ExtraInfo.objects.order_by().filter(value__lt=OuterRef('extra__value'))
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(
-            info=Subquery(qs1.union(qs2).values('info')[:1]),
-        ).filter(info__isnull=False).values_list('name', flat=True)
-        self.assertCountEqual(qs, ['a1', 'a2'])
+        e1 = ExtraInfo.objects.create(value=7, info="e3")
+        e2 = ExtraInfo.objects.create(value=5, info="e2")
+        e3 = ExtraInfo.objects.create(value=1, info="e1")
+        Author.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Author(name="a1", num=1, extra=e1),
+                Author(name="a2", num=3, extra=e2),
+                Author(name="a3", num=2, extra=e3),
+            ]
+        )
+        qs1 = ExtraInfo.objects.order_by().filter(value=OuterRef("num"))
+        qs2 = ExtraInfo.objects.order_by().filter(value__lt=OuterRef("extra__value"))
+        qs = (
+            Author.objects.annotate(
+                info=Subquery(qs1.union(qs2).values("info")[:1]),
+            )
+            .filter(info__isnull=False)
+            .values_list("name", flat=True)
+        )
+        self.assertCountEqual(qs, ["a1", "a2"])
         # Combined queries don't mutate.
-        self.assertCountEqual(qs, ['a1', 'a2'])
+        self.assertCountEqual(qs, ["a1", "a2"])
 
     def test_count_union(self):
-        qs1 = Number.objects.filter(num__lte=1).values('num')
-        qs2 = Number.objects.filter(num__gte=2, num__lte=3).values('num')
+        qs1 = Number.objects.filter(num__lte=1).values("num")
+        qs2 = Number.objects.filter(num__gte=2, num__lte=3).values("num")
         self.assertEqual(qs1.union(qs2).count(), 4)
 
     def test_count_union_empty_result(self):
         qs = Number.objects.filter(pk__in=[])
         self.assertEqual(qs.union(qs).count(), 0)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_select_difference')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_select_difference")
     def test_count_difference(self):
         qs1 = Number.objects.filter(num__lt=10)
         qs2 = Number.objects.filter(num__lt=9)
         self.assertEqual(qs1.difference(qs2).count(), 1)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_select_intersection')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_select_intersection")
     def test_count_intersection(self):
         qs1 = Number.objects.filter(num__gte=5)
         qs2 = Number.objects.filter(num__lte=5)
@@ -313,28 +349,28 @@ class QuerySetSetOperationTests(TestCase):
             self.assertIs(qs1.union(qs2).exists(), True)
         captured_queries = context.captured_queries
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 1)
-        captured_sql = captured_queries[0]['sql']
+        captured_sql = captured_queries[0]["sql"]
         self.assertNotIn(
             connection.ops.quote_name(Number._meta.pk.column),
             captured_sql,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             captured_sql.count(connection.ops.limit_offset_sql(None, 1)),
-            3 if connection.features.supports_slicing_ordering_in_compound else 1
+            3 if connection.features.supports_slicing_ordering_in_compound else 1,
         )
 
     def test_exists_union_empty_result(self):
         qs = Number.objects.filter(pk__in=[])
         self.assertIs(qs.union(qs).exists(), False)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_select_intersection')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_select_intersection")
     def test_exists_intersection(self):
         qs1 = Number.objects.filter(num__gt=5)
         qs2 = Number.objects.filter(num__lt=5)
         self.assertIs(qs1.intersection(qs1).exists(), True)
         self.assertIs(qs1.intersection(qs2).exists(), False)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_select_difference')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_select_difference")
     def test_exists_difference(self):
         qs1 = Number.objects.filter(num__gte=5)
         qs2 = Number.objects.filter(num__gte=3)
@@ -345,75 +381,79 @@ class QuerySetSetOperationTests(TestCase):
         qs = Number.objects.filter(num=2)
         self.assertEqual(qs.union(qs).get().num, 2)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_select_difference')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_select_difference")
     def test_get_difference(self):
         qs1 = Number.objects.all()
         qs2 = Number.objects.exclude(num=2)
         self.assertEqual(qs1.difference(qs2).get().num, 2)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_select_intersection')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_select_intersection")
     def test_get_intersection(self):
         qs1 = Number.objects.all()
         qs2 = Number.objects.filter(num=2)
         self.assertEqual(qs1.intersection(qs2).get().num, 2)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_slicing_ordering_in_compound')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_slicing_ordering_in_compound")
     def test_ordering_subqueries(self):
-        qs1 = Number.objects.order_by('num')[:2]
-        qs2 = Number.objects.order_by('-num')[:2]
-        self.assertNumbersEqual(qs1.union(qs2).order_by('-num')[:4], [9, 8, 1, 0])
+        qs1 = Number.objects.order_by("num")[:2]
+        qs2 = Number.objects.order_by("-num")[:2]
+        self.assertNumbersEqual(qs1.union(qs2).order_by("-num")[:4], [9, 8, 1, 0])
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_slicing_ordering_in_compound')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_slicing_ordering_in_compound")
     def test_unsupported_ordering_slicing_raises_db_error(self):
         qs1 = Number.objects.all()
         qs2 = Number.objects.all()
         qs3 = Number.objects.all()
-        msg = 'LIMIT/OFFSET not allowed in subqueries of compound statements'
+        msg = "LIMIT/OFFSET not allowed in subqueries of compound statements"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DatabaseError, msg):
             list(qs1.union(qs2[:10]))
-        msg = 'ORDER BY not allowed in subqueries of compound statements'
+        msg = "ORDER BY not allowed in subqueries of compound statements"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DatabaseError, msg):
-            list(qs1.order_by('id').union(qs2))
+            list(qs1.order_by("id").union(qs2))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DatabaseError, msg):
-            list(qs1.union(qs2).order_by('id').union(qs3))
+            list(qs1.union(qs2).order_by("id").union(qs3))
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_select_intersection')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_select_intersection")
     def test_unsupported_intersection_raises_db_error(self):
         qs1 = Number.objects.all()
         qs2 = Number.objects.all()
-        msg = 'intersection is not supported on this database backend'
+        msg = "intersection is not supported on this database backend"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
             list(qs1.intersection(qs2))
 
     def test_combining_multiple_models(self):
-        ReservedName.objects.create(name='99 little bugs', order=99)
-        qs1 = Number.objects.filter(num=1).values_list('num', flat=True)
-        qs2 = ReservedName.objects.values_list('order')
-        self.assertEqual(list(qs1.union(qs2).order_by('num')), [1, 99])
+        ReservedName.objects.create(name="99 little bugs", order=99)
+        qs1 = Number.objects.filter(num=1).values_list("num", flat=True)
+        qs2 = ReservedName.objects.values_list("order")
+        self.assertEqual(list(qs1.union(qs2).order_by("num")), [1, 99])
 
     def test_order_raises_on_non_selected_column(self):
-        qs1 = Number.objects.filter().annotate(
-            annotation=Value(1, IntegerField()),
-        ).values('annotation', num2=F('num'))
-        qs2 = Number.objects.filter().values('id', 'num')
+        qs1 = (
+            Number.objects.filter()
+            .annotate(
+                annotation=Value(1, IntegerField()),
+            )
+            .values("annotation", num2=F("num"))
+        )
+        qs2 = Number.objects.filter().values("id", "num")
         # Should not raise
-        list(qs1.union(qs2).order_by('annotation'))
-        list(qs1.union(qs2).order_by('num2'))
-        msg = 'ORDER BY term does not match any column in the result set'
+        list(qs1.union(qs2).order_by("annotation"))
+        list(qs1.union(qs2).order_by("num2"))
+        msg = "ORDER BY term does not match any column in the result set"
         # 'id' is not part of the select
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DatabaseError, msg):
-            list(qs1.union(qs2).order_by('id'))
+            list(qs1.union(qs2).order_by("id"))
         # 'num' got realiased to num2
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DatabaseError, msg):
-            list(qs1.union(qs2).order_by('num'))
+            list(qs1.union(qs2).order_by("num"))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DatabaseError, msg):
-            list(qs1.union(qs2).order_by(F('num')))
+            list(qs1.union(qs2).order_by(F("num")))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DatabaseError, msg):
-            list(qs1.union(qs2).order_by(F('num').desc()))
+            list(qs1.union(qs2).order_by(F("num").desc()))
         # switched order, now 'exists' again:
-        list(qs2.union(qs1).order_by('num'))
+        list(qs2.union(qs1).order_by("num"))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_select_difference', 'supports_select_intersection')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_select_difference", "supports_select_intersection")
     def test_qs_with_subcompound_qs(self):
         qs1 = Number.objects.all()
         qs2 = Number.objects.intersection(Number.objects.filter(num__gt=1))
@@ -423,31 +463,31 @@ class QuerySetSetOperationTests(TestCase):
         qs = Number.objects.all()
         union = qs.union(qs)
         numbers = list(range(10))
-        self.assertNumbersEqual(union.order_by('num'), numbers)
-        self.assertNumbersEqual(union.order_by('other_num'), reversed(numbers))
+        self.assertNumbersEqual(union.order_by("num"), numbers)
+        self.assertNumbersEqual(union.order_by("other_num"), reversed(numbers))
 
     def test_unsupported_operations_on_combined_qs(self):
         qs = Number.objects.all()
-        msg = 'Calling QuerySet.%s() after %s() is not supported.'
-        combinators = ['union']
+        msg = "Calling QuerySet.%s() after %s() is not supported."
+        combinators = ["union"]
         if connection.features.supports_select_difference:
-            combinators.append('difference')
+            combinators.append("difference")
         if connection.features.supports_select_intersection:
-            combinators.append('intersection')
+            combinators.append("intersection")
         for combinator in combinators:
             for operation in (
-                'alias',
-                'annotate',
-                'defer',
-                'delete',
-                'distinct',
-                'exclude',
-                'extra',
-                'filter',
-                'only',
-                'prefetch_related',
-                'select_related',
-                'update',
+                "alias",
+                "annotate",
+                "defer",
+                "delete",
+                "distinct",
+                "exclude",
+                "extra",
+                "filter",
+                "only",
+                "prefetch_related",
+                "select_related",
+                "update",
             ):
                 with self.subTest(combinator=combinator, operation=operation):
                     with self.assertRaisesMessage(
@@ -457,19 +497,19 @@ class QuerySetSetOperationTests(TestCase):
                         getattr(getattr(qs, combinator)(qs), operation)()
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(
                 NotSupportedError,
-                msg % ('contains', combinator),
+                msg % ("contains", combinator),
             ):
                 obj = Number.objects.first()
                 getattr(qs, combinator)(qs).contains(obj)
 
     def test_get_with_filters_unsupported_on_combined_qs(self):
         qs = Number.objects.all()
-        msg = 'Calling QuerySet.get(...) with filters after %s() is not supported.'
-        combinators = ['union']
+        msg = "Calling QuerySet.get(...) with filters after %s() is not supported."
+        combinators = ["union"]
         if connection.features.supports_select_difference:
-            combinators.append('difference')
+            combinators.append("difference")
         if connection.features.supports_select_intersection:
-            combinators.append('intersection')
+            combinators.append("intersection")
         for combinator in combinators:
             with self.subTest(combinator=combinator):
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg % combinator):
@@ -477,15 +517,15 @@ class QuerySetSetOperationTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_operator_on_combined_qs_error(self):
         qs = Number.objects.all()
-        msg = 'Cannot use %s operator with combined queryset.'
-        combinators = ['union']
+        msg = "Cannot use %s operator with combined queryset."
+        combinators = ["union"]
         if connection.features.supports_select_difference:
-            combinators.append('difference')
+            combinators.append("difference")
         if connection.features.supports_select_intersection:
-            combinators.append('intersection')
+            combinators.append("intersection")
         operators = [
-            ('|', operator.or_),
-            ('&', operator.and_),
+            ("|", operator.or_),
+            ("&", operator.and_),
         ]
         for combinator in combinators:
             combined_qs = getattr(qs, combinator)(qs)
diff --git a/tests/queries/test_query.py b/tests/queries/test_query.py
index 6ed766e3ae..e69d569ac3 100644
--- a/tests/queries/test_query.py
+++ b/tests/queries/test_query.py
@@ -21,11 +21,11 @@ class TestQuery(SimpleTestCase):
         lookup = where.children[0]
         self.assertIsInstance(lookup, GreaterThan)
         self.assertEqual(lookup.rhs, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(lookup.lhs.target, Author._meta.get_field('num'))
+        self.assertEqual(lookup.lhs.target, Author._meta.get_field("num"))
 
     def test_non_alias_cols_query(self):
         query = Query(Author, alias_cols=False)
-        where = query.build_where(Q(num__gt=2, name__isnull=False) | Q(num__lt=F('id')))
+        where = query.build_where(Q(num__gt=2, name__isnull=False) | Q(num__lt=F("id")))
 
         name_isnull_lookup, num_gt_lookup = where.children[0].children
         self.assertIsInstance(num_gt_lookup, GreaterThan)
@@ -50,35 +50,35 @@ class TestQuery(SimpleTestCase):
         lookup = where.children[0]
         self.assertIsInstance(lookup, GreaterThan)
         self.assertEqual(lookup.rhs, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(lookup.lhs.target, Author._meta.get_field('num'))
+        self.assertEqual(lookup.lhs.target, Author._meta.get_field("num"))
 
         lookup = where.children[1]
         self.assertIsInstance(lookup, LessThan)
         self.assertEqual(lookup.rhs, 0)
-        self.assertEqual(lookup.lhs.target, Author._meta.get_field('num'))
+        self.assertEqual(lookup.lhs.target, Author._meta.get_field("num"))
 
     def test_multiple_fields(self):
         query = Query(Item, alias_cols=False)
-        where = query.build_where(Q(modified__gt=F('created')))
+        where = query.build_where(Q(modified__gt=F("created")))
         lookup = where.children[0]
         self.assertIsInstance(lookup, GreaterThan)
         self.assertIsInstance(lookup.rhs, Col)
         self.assertIsNone(lookup.rhs.alias)
         self.assertIsInstance(lookup.lhs, Col)
         self.assertIsNone(lookup.lhs.alias)
-        self.assertEqual(lookup.rhs.target, Item._meta.get_field('created'))
-        self.assertEqual(lookup.lhs.target, Item._meta.get_field('modified'))
+        self.assertEqual(lookup.rhs.target, Item._meta.get_field("created"))
+        self.assertEqual(lookup.lhs.target, Item._meta.get_field("modified"))
 
     def test_transform(self):
         query = Query(Author, alias_cols=False)
         with register_lookup(CharField, Lower):
-            where = query.build_where(~Q(name__lower='foo'))
+            where = query.build_where(~Q(name__lower="foo"))
         lookup = where.children[0]
         self.assertIsInstance(lookup, Exact)
         self.assertIsInstance(lookup.lhs, Lower)
         self.assertIsInstance(lookup.lhs.lhs, Col)
         self.assertIsNone(lookup.lhs.lhs.alias)
-        self.assertEqual(lookup.lhs.lhs.target, Author._meta.get_field('name'))
+        self.assertEqual(lookup.lhs.lhs.target, Author._meta.get_field("name"))
 
     def test_negated_nullable(self):
         query = Query(Item)
@@ -86,21 +86,21 @@ class TestQuery(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertTrue(where.negated)
         lookup = where.children[0]
         self.assertIsInstance(lookup, LessThan)
-        self.assertEqual(lookup.lhs.target, Item._meta.get_field('modified'))
+        self.assertEqual(lookup.lhs.target, Item._meta.get_field("modified"))
         lookup = where.children[1]
         self.assertIsInstance(lookup, IsNull)
-        self.assertEqual(lookup.lhs.target, Item._meta.get_field('modified'))
+        self.assertEqual(lookup.lhs.target, Item._meta.get_field("modified"))
 
     def test_foreign_key(self):
         query = Query(Item)
-        msg = 'Joined field references are not permitted in this query'
+        msg = "Joined field references are not permitted in this query"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
             query.build_where(Q(creator__num__gt=2))
 
     def test_foreign_key_f(self):
         query = Query(Ranking)
         with self.assertRaises(FieldError):
-            query.build_where(Q(rank__gt=F('author__num')))
+            query.build_where(Q(rank__gt=F("author__num")))
 
     def test_foreign_key_exclusive(self):
         query = Query(ObjectC, alias_cols=False)
@@ -109,23 +109,23 @@ class TestQuery(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(a_isnull, RelatedIsNull)
         self.assertIsInstance(a_isnull.lhs, Col)
         self.assertIsNone(a_isnull.lhs.alias)
-        self.assertEqual(a_isnull.lhs.target, ObjectC._meta.get_field('objecta'))
+        self.assertEqual(a_isnull.lhs.target, ObjectC._meta.get_field("objecta"))
         b_isnull = where.children[1]
         self.assertIsInstance(b_isnull, RelatedIsNull)
         self.assertIsInstance(b_isnull.lhs, Col)
         self.assertIsNone(b_isnull.lhs.alias)
-        self.assertEqual(b_isnull.lhs.target, ObjectC._meta.get_field('objectb'))
+        self.assertEqual(b_isnull.lhs.target, ObjectC._meta.get_field("objectb"))
 
     def test_clone_select_related(self):
         query = Query(Item)
-        query.add_select_related(['creator'])
+        query.add_select_related(["creator"])
         clone = query.clone()
-        clone.add_select_related(['note', 'creator__extra'])
-        self.assertEqual(query.select_related, {'creator': {}})
+        clone.add_select_related(["note", "creator__extra"])
+        self.assertEqual(query.select_related, {"creator": {}})
 
     def test_iterable_lookup_value(self):
         query = Query(Item)
-        where = query.build_where(Q(name=['a', 'b']))
+        where = query.build_where(Q(name=["a", "b"]))
         name_exact = where.children[0]
         self.assertIsInstance(name_exact, Exact)
         self.assertEqual(name_exact.rhs, "['a', 'b']")
@@ -140,14 +140,14 @@ class TestQuery(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_filter_conditional_join(self):
         query = Query(Item)
-        filter_expr = Func('note__note', output_field=BooleanField())
-        msg = 'Joined field references are not permitted in this query'
+        filter_expr = Func("note__note", output_field=BooleanField())
+        msg = "Joined field references are not permitted in this query"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
             query.build_where(filter_expr)
 
     def test_filter_non_conditional(self):
         query = Query(Item)
-        msg = 'Cannot filter against a non-conditional expression.'
+        msg = "Cannot filter against a non-conditional expression."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             query.build_where(Func(output_field=CharField()))
 
@@ -155,6 +155,6 @@ class TestQuery(SimpleTestCase):
 class JoinPromoterTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            repr(JoinPromoter('AND', 3, True)),
+            repr(JoinPromoter("AND", 3, True)),
             "JoinPromoter(connector='AND', num_children=3, negated=True)",
         )
diff --git a/tests/queries/test_sqlcompiler.py b/tests/queries/test_sqlcompiler.py
index 3116429c05..72a66ad07c 100644
--- a/tests/queries/test_sqlcompiler.py
+++ b/tests/queries/test_sqlcompiler.py
@@ -13,5 +13,5 @@ class SQLCompilerTest(SimpleTestCase):
             repr(compiler),
             f"<SQLCompiler model=Item connection="
             f"<DatabaseWrapper vendor={connection.vendor!r} alias='default'> "
-            f"using='default'>"
+            f"using='default'>",
         )
diff --git a/tests/queries/tests.py b/tests/queries/tests.py
index 09aaad95a9..e1fd8b24b6 100644
--- a/tests/queries/tests.py
+++ b/tests/queries/tests.py
@@ -15,21 +15,99 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
 from django.test.utils import CaptureQueriesContext
 
 from .models import (
-    FK1, Annotation, Article, Author, BaseA, BaseUser, Book, CategoryItem,
-    CategoryRelationship, Celebrity, Channel, Chapter, Child, ChildObjectA,
-    Classroom, CommonMixedCaseForeignKeys, Company, Cover, CustomPk,
-    CustomPkTag, DateTimePK, Detail, DumbCategory, Eaten, Employment,
-    ExtraInfo, Fan, Food, Identifier, Individual, Item, Job,
-    JobResponsibilities, Join, LeafA, LeafB, LoopX, LoopZ, ManagedModel,
-    Member, MixedCaseDbColumnCategoryItem, MixedCaseFieldCategoryItem, ModelA,
-    ModelB, ModelC, ModelD, MyObject, NamedCategory, Node, Note, NullableName,
-    Number, ObjectA, ObjectB, ObjectC, OneToOneCategory, Order, OrderItem,
-    Page, Paragraph, Person, Plaything, PointerA, Program, ProxyCategory,
-    ProxyObjectA, ProxyObjectB, Ranking, Related, RelatedIndividual,
-    RelatedObject, Report, ReportComment, ReservedName, Responsibility, School,
-    SharedConnection, SimpleCategory, SingleObject, SpecialCategory, Staff,
-    StaffUser, Student, Tag, Task, Teacher, Ticket21203Child,
-    Ticket21203Parent, Ticket23605A, Ticket23605B, Ticket23605C, TvChef, Valid,
+    FK1,
+    Annotation,
+    Article,
+    Author,
+    BaseA,
+    BaseUser,
+    Book,
+    CategoryItem,
+    CategoryRelationship,
+    Celebrity,
+    Channel,
+    Chapter,
+    Child,
+    ChildObjectA,
+    Classroom,
+    CommonMixedCaseForeignKeys,
+    Company,
+    Cover,
+    CustomPk,
+    CustomPkTag,
+    DateTimePK,
+    Detail,
+    DumbCategory,
+    Eaten,
+    Employment,
+    ExtraInfo,
+    Fan,
+    Food,
+    Identifier,
+    Individual,
+    Item,
+    Job,
+    JobResponsibilities,
+    Join,
+    LeafA,
+    LeafB,
+    LoopX,
+    LoopZ,
+    ManagedModel,
+    Member,
+    MixedCaseDbColumnCategoryItem,
+    MixedCaseFieldCategoryItem,
+    ModelA,
+    ModelB,
+    ModelC,
+    ModelD,
+    MyObject,
+    NamedCategory,
+    Node,
+    Note,
+    NullableName,
+    Number,
+    ObjectA,
+    ObjectB,
+    ObjectC,
+    OneToOneCategory,
+    Order,
+    OrderItem,
+    Page,
+    Paragraph,
+    Person,
+    Plaything,
+    PointerA,
+    Program,
+    ProxyCategory,
+    ProxyObjectA,
+    ProxyObjectB,
+    Ranking,
+    Related,
+    RelatedIndividual,
+    RelatedObject,
+    Report,
+    ReportComment,
+    ReservedName,
+    Responsibility,
+    School,
+    SharedConnection,
+    SimpleCategory,
+    SingleObject,
+    SpecialCategory,
+    Staff,
+    StaffUser,
+    Student,
+    Tag,
+    Task,
+    Teacher,
+    Ticket21203Child,
+    Ticket21203Parent,
+    Ticket23605A,
+    Ticket23605B,
+    Ticket23605C,
+    TvChef,
+    Valid,
     X,
 )
 
@@ -38,46 +116,60 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.nc1 = generic = NamedCategory.objects.create(name="Generic")
-        cls.t1 = Tag.objects.create(name='t1', category=generic)
-        cls.t2 = Tag.objects.create(name='t2', parent=cls.t1, category=generic)
-        cls.t3 = Tag.objects.create(name='t3', parent=cls.t1)
-        cls.t4 = Tag.objects.create(name='t4', parent=cls.t3)
-        cls.t5 = Tag.objects.create(name='t5', parent=cls.t3)
+        cls.t1 = Tag.objects.create(name="t1", category=generic)
+        cls.t2 = Tag.objects.create(name="t2", parent=cls.t1, category=generic)
+        cls.t3 = Tag.objects.create(name="t3", parent=cls.t1)
+        cls.t4 = Tag.objects.create(name="t4", parent=cls.t3)
+        cls.t5 = Tag.objects.create(name="t5", parent=cls.t3)
 
-        cls.n1 = Note.objects.create(note='n1', misc='foo', id=1)
-        cls.n2 = Note.objects.create(note='n2', misc='bar', id=2)
-        cls.n3 = Note.objects.create(note='n3', misc='foo', id=3, negate=False)
+        cls.n1 = Note.objects.create(note="n1", misc="foo", id=1)
+        cls.n2 = Note.objects.create(note="n2", misc="bar", id=2)
+        cls.n3 = Note.objects.create(note="n3", misc="foo", id=3, negate=False)
 
-        cls.ann1 = Annotation.objects.create(name='a1', tag=cls.t1)
+        cls.ann1 = Annotation.objects.create(name="a1", tag=cls.t1)
         cls.ann1.notes.add(cls.n1)
-        ann2 = Annotation.objects.create(name='a2', tag=cls.t4)
+        ann2 = Annotation.objects.create(name="a2", tag=cls.t4)
         ann2.notes.add(cls.n2, cls.n3)
 
         # Create these out of order so that sorting by 'id' will be different to sorting
         # by 'info'. Helps detect some problems later.
-        cls.e2 = ExtraInfo.objects.create(info='e2', note=cls.n2, value=41, filterable=False)
-        e1 = ExtraInfo.objects.create(info='e1', note=cls.n1, value=42)
+        cls.e2 = ExtraInfo.objects.create(
+            info="e2", note=cls.n2, value=41, filterable=False
+        )
+        e1 = ExtraInfo.objects.create(info="e1", note=cls.n1, value=42)
 
-        cls.a1 = Author.objects.create(name='a1', num=1001, extra=e1)
-        cls.a2 = Author.objects.create(name='a2', num=2002, extra=e1)
-        cls.a3 = Author.objects.create(name='a3', num=3003, extra=cls.e2)
-        cls.a4 = Author.objects.create(name='a4', num=4004, extra=cls.e2)
+        cls.a1 = Author.objects.create(name="a1", num=1001, extra=e1)
+        cls.a2 = Author.objects.create(name="a2", num=2002, extra=e1)
+        cls.a3 = Author.objects.create(name="a3", num=3003, extra=cls.e2)
+        cls.a4 = Author.objects.create(name="a4", num=4004, extra=cls.e2)
 
         cls.time1 = datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 19, 22, 25, 0)
         cls.time2 = datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 19, 21, 0, 0)
         time3 = datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 20, 22, 25, 0)
         time4 = datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 20, 21, 0, 0)
-        cls.i1 = Item.objects.create(name='one', created=cls.time1, modified=cls.time1, creator=cls.a1, note=cls.n3)
+        cls.i1 = Item.objects.create(
+            name="one",
+            created=cls.time1,
+            modified=cls.time1,
+            creator=cls.a1,
+            note=cls.n3,
+        )
         cls.i1.tags.set([cls.t1, cls.t2])
-        cls.i2 = Item.objects.create(name='two', created=cls.time2, creator=cls.a2, note=cls.n2)
+        cls.i2 = Item.objects.create(
+            name="two", created=cls.time2, creator=cls.a2, note=cls.n2
+        )
         cls.i2.tags.set([cls.t1, cls.t3])
-        cls.i3 = Item.objects.create(name='three', created=time3, creator=cls.a2, note=cls.n3)
-        cls.i4 = Item.objects.create(name='four', created=time4, creator=cls.a4, note=cls.n3)
+        cls.i3 = Item.objects.create(
+            name="three", created=time3, creator=cls.a2, note=cls.n3
+        )
+        cls.i4 = Item.objects.create(
+            name="four", created=time4, creator=cls.a4, note=cls.n3
+        )
         cls.i4.tags.set([cls.t4])
 
-        cls.r1 = Report.objects.create(name='r1', creator=cls.a1)
-        cls.r2 = Report.objects.create(name='r2', creator=cls.a3)
-        cls.r3 = Report.objects.create(name='r3')
+        cls.r1 = Report.objects.create(name="r1", creator=cls.a1)
+        cls.r2 = Report.objects.create(name="r2", creator=cls.a3)
+        cls.r3 = Report.objects.create(name="r3")
 
         # Ordering by 'rank' gives us rank2, rank1, rank3. Ordering by the Meta.ordering
         # will be rank3, rank2, rank1.
@@ -90,14 +182,14 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
         qs1 = Tag.objects.filter(pk__lte=0)
         qs2 = Tag.objects.filter(parent__in=qs1)
         qs3 = Tag.objects.filter(parent__in=qs2)
-        self.assertEqual(qs3.query.subq_aliases, {'T', 'U', 'V'})
-        self.assertIn('v0', str(qs3.query).lower())
+        self.assertEqual(qs3.query.subq_aliases, {"T", "U", "V"})
+        self.assertIn("v0", str(qs3.query).lower())
         qs4 = qs3.filter(parent__in=qs1)
-        self.assertEqual(qs4.query.subq_aliases, {'T', 'U', 'V'})
+        self.assertEqual(qs4.query.subq_aliases, {"T", "U", "V"})
         # It is possible to reuse U for the second subquery, no need to use W.
-        self.assertNotIn('w0', str(qs4.query).lower())
+        self.assertNotIn("w0", str(qs4.query).lower())
         # So, 'U0."id"' is referenced in SELECT and WHERE twice.
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs4.query).lower().count('u0.'), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs4.query).lower().count("u0."), 4)
 
     def test_ticket1050(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
@@ -129,7 +221,7 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
         self.assertNotIn(LOUTER, [x.join_type for x in query.alias_map.values()])
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.filter(Q(tags=self.t1)).order_by('name'),
+            Item.objects.filter(Q(tags=self.t1)).order_by("name"),
             [self.i1, self.i2],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
@@ -137,7 +229,9 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
             [self.i1],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.filter(Q(tags=self.t1)).filter(Q(creator__name='fred') | Q(tags=self.t2)),
+            Item.objects.filter(Q(tags=self.t1)).filter(
+                Q(creator__name="fred") | Q(tags=self.t2)
+            ),
             [self.i1],
         )
 
@@ -145,12 +239,13 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
         # different from the previous example as it tries to find tags that are two
         # things at once (rather than two tags).
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.filter(Q(tags=self.t1) & Q(tags=self.t2)),
-            []
+            Item.objects.filter(Q(tags=self.t1) & Q(tags=self.t2)), []
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.filter(Q(tags=self.t1), Q(creator__name='fred') | Q(tags=self.t2)),
-            []
+            Item.objects.filter(
+                Q(tags=self.t1), Q(creator__name="fred") | Q(tags=self.t2)
+            ),
+            [],
         )
 
         qs = Author.objects.filter(ranking__rank=2, ranking__id=self.rank1.id)
@@ -165,7 +260,9 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
             [self.i1],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.filter(tags__in=[self.t1, self.t2]).distinct().order_by('name'),
+            Item.objects.filter(tags__in=[self.t1, self.t2])
+            .distinct()
+            .order_by("name"),
             [self.i1, self.i2],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
@@ -175,29 +272,31 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
 
         # Make sure .distinct() works with slicing (this was broken in Oracle).
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.filter(tags__in=[self.t1, self.t2]).order_by('name')[:3],
+            Item.objects.filter(tags__in=[self.t1, self.t2]).order_by("name")[:3],
             [self.i1, self.i1, self.i2],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.filter(tags__in=[self.t1, self.t2]).distinct().order_by('name')[:3],
+            Item.objects.filter(tags__in=[self.t1, self.t2])
+            .distinct()
+            .order_by("name")[:3],
             [self.i1, self.i2],
         )
 
     def test_tickets_2080_3592(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Author.objects.filter(item__name='one') | Author.objects.filter(name='a3'),
+            Author.objects.filter(item__name="one") | Author.objects.filter(name="a3"),
             [self.a1, self.a3],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Author.objects.filter(Q(item__name='one') | Q(name='a3')),
+            Author.objects.filter(Q(item__name="one") | Q(name="a3")),
             [self.a1, self.a3],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Author.objects.filter(Q(name='a3') | Q(item__name='one')),
+            Author.objects.filter(Q(name="a3") | Q(item__name="one")),
             [self.a1, self.a3],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Author.objects.filter(Q(item__name='three') | Q(report__name='r3')),
+            Author.objects.filter(Q(item__name="three") | Q(report__name="r3")),
             [self.a2],
         )
 
@@ -205,114 +304,112 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
         # Merging two empty result sets shouldn't leave a queryset with no constraints
         # (which would match everything).
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Author.objects.filter(Q(id__in=[])), [])
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Author.objects.filter(Q(id__in=[]) | Q(id__in=[])),
-            []
-        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(Author.objects.filter(Q(id__in=[]) | Q(id__in=[])), [])
 
     def test_tickets_1878_2939(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Item.objects.values('creator').distinct().count(), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(Item.objects.values("creator").distinct().count(), 3)
 
         # Create something with a duplicate 'name' so that we can test multi-column
         # cases (which require some tricky SQL transformations under the covers).
-        xx = Item(name='four', created=self.time1, creator=self.a2, note=self.n1)
+        xx = Item(name="four", created=self.time1, creator=self.a2, note=self.n1)
         xx.save()
         self.assertEqual(
-            Item.objects.exclude(name='two').values('creator', 'name').distinct().count(),
-            4
+            Item.objects.exclude(name="two")
+            .values("creator", "name")
+            .distinct()
+            .count(),
+            4,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             (
-                Item.objects
-                .exclude(name='two')
-                .extra(select={'foo': '%s'}, select_params=(1,))
-                .values('creator', 'name', 'foo')
+                Item.objects.exclude(name="two")
+                .extra(select={"foo": "%s"}, select_params=(1,))
+                .values("creator", "name", "foo")
                 .distinct()
                 .count()
             ),
-            4
+            4,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             (
-                Item.objects
-                .exclude(name='two')
-                .extra(select={'foo': '%s'}, select_params=(1,))
-                .values('creator', 'name')
+                Item.objects.exclude(name="two")
+                .extra(select={"foo": "%s"}, select_params=(1,))
+                .values("creator", "name")
                 .distinct()
                 .count()
             ),
-            4
+            4,
         )
         xx.delete()
 
     def test_ticket7323(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Item.objects.values('creator', 'name').count(), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(Item.objects.values("creator", "name").count(), 4)
 
     def test_ticket2253(self):
-        q1 = Item.objects.order_by('name')
+        q1 = Item.objects.order_by("name")
         q2 = Item.objects.filter(id=self.i1.id)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q1, [self.i4, self.i1, self.i3, self.i2])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q2, [self.i1])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            (q1 | q2).order_by('name'),
+            (q1 | q2).order_by("name"),
             [self.i4, self.i1, self.i3, self.i2],
         )
-        self.assertSequenceEqual((q1 & q2).order_by('name'), [self.i1])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual((q1 & q2).order_by("name"), [self.i1])
 
         q1 = Item.objects.filter(tags=self.t1)
         q2 = Item.objects.filter(note=self.n3, tags=self.t2)
         q3 = Item.objects.filter(creator=self.a4)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            ((q1 & q2) | q3).order_by('name'),
+            ((q1 & q2) | q3).order_by("name"),
             [self.i4, self.i1],
         )
 
     def test_order_by_tables(self):
-        q1 = Item.objects.order_by('name')
+        q1 = Item.objects.order_by("name")
         q2 = Item.objects.filter(id=self.i1.id)
         list(q2)
-        combined_query = (q1 & q2).order_by('name').query
-        self.assertEqual(len([
-            t for t in combined_query.alias_map if combined_query.alias_refcount[t]
-        ]), 1)
+        combined_query = (q1 & q2).order_by("name").query
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(
+                [
+                    t
+                    for t in combined_query.alias_map
+                    if combined_query.alias_refcount[t]
+                ]
+            ),
+            1,
+        )
 
     def test_order_by_join_unref(self):
         """
         This test is related to the above one, testing that there aren't
         old JOINs in the query.
         """
-        qs = Celebrity.objects.order_by('greatest_fan__fan_of')
-        self.assertIn('OUTER JOIN', str(qs.query))
-        qs = qs.order_by('id')
-        self.assertNotIn('OUTER JOIN', str(qs.query))
+        qs = Celebrity.objects.order_by("greatest_fan__fan_of")
+        self.assertIn("OUTER JOIN", str(qs.query))
+        qs = qs.order_by("id")
+        self.assertNotIn("OUTER JOIN", str(qs.query))
 
     def test_get_clears_ordering(self):
         """
         get() should clear ordering for optimization purposes.
         """
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
-            Author.objects.order_by('name').get(pk=self.a1.pk)
-        self.assertNotIn('order by', captured_queries[0]['sql'].lower())
+            Author.objects.order_by("name").get(pk=self.a1.pk)
+        self.assertNotIn("order by", captured_queries[0]["sql"].lower())
 
     def test_tickets_4088_4306(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Report.objects.filter(creator=1001), [self.r1])
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Report.objects.filter(creator__num=1001),
-            [self.r1]
-        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(Report.objects.filter(creator__num=1001), [self.r1])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Report.objects.filter(creator__id=1001), [])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Report.objects.filter(creator__id=self.a1.id),
-            [self.r1]
-        )
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Report.objects.filter(creator__name='a1'),
-            [self.r1]
+            Report.objects.filter(creator__id=self.a1.id), [self.r1]
         )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(Report.objects.filter(creator__name="a1"), [self.r1])
 
     def test_ticket4510(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Author.objects.filter(report__name='r1'),
+            Author.objects.filter(report__name="r1"),
             [self.a1],
         )
 
@@ -321,30 +418,30 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
 
     def test_tickets_5324_6704(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.filter(tags__name='t4'),
+            Item.objects.filter(tags__name="t4"),
             [self.i4],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.exclude(tags__name='t4').order_by('name').distinct(),
+            Item.objects.exclude(tags__name="t4").order_by("name").distinct(),
             [self.i1, self.i3, self.i2],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.exclude(tags__name='t4').order_by('name').distinct().reverse(),
+            Item.objects.exclude(tags__name="t4").order_by("name").distinct().reverse(),
             [self.i2, self.i3, self.i1],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Author.objects.exclude(item__name='one').distinct().order_by('name'),
+            Author.objects.exclude(item__name="one").distinct().order_by("name"),
             [self.a2, self.a3, self.a4],
         )
 
         # Excluding across a m2m relation when there is more than one related
         # object associated was problematic.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.exclude(tags__name='t1').order_by('name'),
+            Item.objects.exclude(tags__name="t1").order_by("name"),
             [self.i4, self.i3],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.exclude(tags__name='t1').exclude(tags__name='t4'),
+            Item.objects.exclude(tags__name="t1").exclude(tags__name="t4"),
             [self.i3],
         )
 
@@ -356,49 +453,57 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
         # values (Author -> ExtraInfo, in the following), it should never be
         # promoted to a left outer join. So the following query should only
         # involve one "left outer" join (Author -> Item is 0-to-many).
-        qs = Author.objects.filter(id=self.a1.id).filter(Q(extra__note=self.n1) | Q(item__note=self.n3))
+        qs = Author.objects.filter(id=self.a1.id).filter(
+            Q(extra__note=self.n1) | Q(item__note=self.n3)
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
-            len([
-                x for x in qs.query.alias_map.values()
-                if x.join_type == LOUTER and qs.query.alias_refcount[x.table_alias]
-            ]),
-            1
+            len(
+                [
+                    x
+                    for x in qs.query.alias_map.values()
+                    if x.join_type == LOUTER and qs.query.alias_refcount[x.table_alias]
+                ]
+            ),
+            1,
         )
 
         # The previous changes shouldn't affect nullable foreign key joins.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Tag.objects.filter(parent__isnull=True).order_by('name'),
-            [self.t1]
+            Tag.objects.filter(parent__isnull=True).order_by("name"), [self.t1]
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Tag.objects.exclude(parent__isnull=True).order_by('name'),
+            Tag.objects.exclude(parent__isnull=True).order_by("name"),
             [self.t2, self.t3, self.t4, self.t5],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Tag.objects.exclude(Q(parent__name='t1') | Q(parent__isnull=True)).order_by('name'),
+            Tag.objects.exclude(Q(parent__name="t1") | Q(parent__isnull=True)).order_by(
+                "name"
+            ),
             [self.t4, self.t5],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Tag.objects.exclude(Q(parent__isnull=True) | Q(parent__name='t1')).order_by('name'),
+            Tag.objects.exclude(Q(parent__isnull=True) | Q(parent__name="t1")).order_by(
+                "name"
+            ),
             [self.t4, self.t5],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Tag.objects.exclude(Q(parent__parent__isnull=True)).order_by('name'),
+            Tag.objects.exclude(Q(parent__parent__isnull=True)).order_by("name"),
             [self.t4, self.t5],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Tag.objects.filter(~Q(parent__parent__isnull=True)).order_by('name'),
+            Tag.objects.filter(~Q(parent__parent__isnull=True)).order_by("name"),
             [self.t4, self.t5],
         )
 
     def test_ticket2091(self):
-        t = Tag.objects.get(name='t4')
+        t = Tag.objects.get(name="t4")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Item.objects.filter(tags__in=[t]), [self.i4])
 
     def test_avoid_infinite_loop_on_too_many_subqueries(self):
         x = Tag.objects.filter(pk=1)
         local_recursion_limit = sys.getrecursionlimit() // 16
-        msg = 'Maximum recursion depth exceeded: too many subqueries.'
+        msg = "Maximum recursion depth exceeded: too many subqueries."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(RecursionError, msg):
             for i in range(local_recursion_limit + 2):
                 x = Tag.objects.filter(pk__in=x)
@@ -408,26 +513,45 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
         for _ in range(20):
             x = Tag.objects.filter(pk__in=x)
         self.assertEqual(
-            x.query.subq_aliases, {
-                'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', 'AA', 'AB', 'AC', 'AD',
-                'AE', 'AF', 'AG', 'AH', 'AI', 'AJ', 'AK', 'AL', 'AM', 'AN',
-            }
+            x.query.subq_aliases,
+            {
+                "T",
+                "U",
+                "V",
+                "W",
+                "X",
+                "Y",
+                "Z",
+                "AA",
+                "AB",
+                "AC",
+                "AD",
+                "AE",
+                "AF",
+                "AG",
+                "AH",
+                "AI",
+                "AJ",
+                "AK",
+                "AL",
+                "AM",
+                "AN",
+            },
         )
 
     def test_heterogeneous_qs_combination(self):
         # Combining querysets built on different models should behave in a well-defined
         # fashion. We raise an error.
-        msg = 'Cannot combine queries on two different base models.'
+        msg = "Cannot combine queries on two different base models."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             Author.objects.all() & Tag.objects.all()
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             Author.objects.all() | Tag.objects.all()
 
     def test_ticket3141(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Author.objects.extra(select={'foo': '1'}).count(), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(Author.objects.extra(select={"foo": "1"}).count(), 4)
         self.assertEqual(
-            Author.objects.extra(select={'foo': '%s'}, select_params=(1,)).count(),
-            4
+            Author.objects.extra(select={"foo": "%s"}, select_params=(1,)).count(), 4
         )
 
     def test_ticket2400(self):
@@ -442,26 +566,28 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
 
     def test_ticket2496(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.extra(tables=['queries_author']).select_related().order_by('name')[:1],
+            Item.objects.extra(tables=["queries_author"])
+            .select_related()
+            .order_by("name")[:1],
             [self.i4],
         )
 
     def test_error_raised_on_filter_with_dictionary(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, 'Cannot parse keyword query as dict'):
-            Note.objects.filter({'note': 'n1', 'misc': 'foo'})
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, "Cannot parse keyword query as dict"):
+            Note.objects.filter({"note": "n1", "misc": "foo"})
 
     def test_tickets_2076_7256(self):
         # Ordering on related tables should be possible, even if the table is
         # not otherwise involved.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.order_by('note__note', 'name'),
+            Item.objects.order_by("note__note", "name"),
             [self.i2, self.i4, self.i1, self.i3],
         )
 
         # Ordering on a related field should use the remote model's default
         # ordering as a final step.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Author.objects.order_by('extra', '-name'),
+            Author.objects.order_by("extra", "-name"),
             [self.a2, self.a1, self.a4, self.a3],
         )
 
@@ -472,7 +598,7 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
         # If the remote model does not have a default ordering, we order by its 'id'
         # field.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.order_by('creator', 'name'),
+            Item.objects.order_by("creator", "name"),
             [self.i1, self.i3, self.i2, self.i4],
         )
 
@@ -480,29 +606,31 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
         # ForeignKey) is legal, but the results might not make sense. That
         # isn't Django's problem. Garbage in, garbage out.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.filter(tags__isnull=False).order_by('tags', 'id'),
+            Item.objects.filter(tags__isnull=False).order_by("tags", "id"),
             [self.i1, self.i2, self.i1, self.i2, self.i4],
         )
 
         # If we replace the default ordering, Django adjusts the required
         # tables automatically. Item normally requires a join with Note to do
         # the default ordering, but that isn't needed here.
-        qs = Item.objects.order_by('name')
+        qs = Item.objects.order_by("name")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.i4, self.i1, self.i3, self.i2])
         self.assertEqual(len(qs.query.alias_map), 1)
 
     def test_tickets_2874_3002(self):
-        qs = Item.objects.select_related().order_by('note__note', 'name')
+        qs = Item.objects.select_related().order_by("note__note", "name")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs, [self.i2, self.i4, self.i1, self.i3])
 
         # This is also a good select_related() test because there are multiple
         # Note entries in the SQL. The two Note items should be different.
-        self.assertEqual(repr(qs[0].note), '<Note: n2>')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(qs[0].creator.extra.note), '<Note: n1>')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(qs[0].note), "<Note: n2>")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(qs[0].creator.extra.note), "<Note: n1>")
 
     def test_ticket3037(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.filter(Q(creator__name='a3', name='two') | Q(creator__name='a4', name='four')),
+            Item.objects.filter(
+                Q(creator__name="a3", name="two") | Q(creator__name="a4", name="four")
+            ),
             [self.i4],
         )
 
@@ -513,8 +641,8 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
         # isn't a bug; it's a warning to be careful with the selection of
         # ordering columns.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Note.objects.values('misc').distinct().order_by('note', '-misc'),
-            [{'misc': 'foo'}, {'misc': 'bar'}, {'misc': 'foo'}]
+            Note.objects.values("misc").distinct().order_by("note", "-misc"),
+            [{"misc": "foo"}, {"misc": "bar"}, {"misc": "foo"}],
         )
 
     def test_ticket4358(self):
@@ -523,121 +651,146 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
         # able to pass "foo_id" in the fields list and have it work, too. We
         # actually allow both "foo" and "foo_id".
         # The *_id version is returned by default.
-        self.assertIn('note_id', ExtraInfo.objects.values()[0])
+        self.assertIn("note_id", ExtraInfo.objects.values()[0])
         # You can also pass it in explicitly.
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(ExtraInfo.objects.values('note_id'), [{'note_id': 1}, {'note_id': 2}])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            ExtraInfo.objects.values("note_id"), [{"note_id": 1}, {"note_id": 2}]
+        )
         # ...or use the field name.
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(ExtraInfo.objects.values('note'), [{'note': 1}, {'note': 2}])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            ExtraInfo.objects.values("note"), [{"note": 1}, {"note": 2}]
+        )
 
     def test_ticket6154(self):
         # Multiple filter statements are joined using "AND" all the time.
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Author.objects.filter(id=self.a1.id).filter(Q(extra__note=self.n1) | Q(item__note=self.n3)),
+            Author.objects.filter(id=self.a1.id).filter(
+                Q(extra__note=self.n1) | Q(item__note=self.n3)
+            ),
             [self.a1],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Author.objects.filter(Q(extra__note=self.n1) | Q(item__note=self.n3)).filter(id=self.a1.id),
+            Author.objects.filter(
+                Q(extra__note=self.n1) | Q(item__note=self.n3)
+            ).filter(id=self.a1.id),
             [self.a1],
         )
 
     def test_ticket6981(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Tag.objects.select_related('parent').order_by('name'),
+            Tag.objects.select_related("parent").order_by("name"),
             [self.t1, self.t2, self.t3, self.t4, self.t5],
         )
 
     def test_ticket9926(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Tag.objects.select_related("parent", "category").order_by('name'),
+            Tag.objects.select_related("parent", "category").order_by("name"),
             [self.t1, self.t2, self.t3, self.t4, self.t5],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Tag.objects.select_related('parent', "parent__category").order_by('name'),
+            Tag.objects.select_related("parent", "parent__category").order_by("name"),
             [self.t1, self.t2, self.t3, self.t4, self.t5],
         )
 
     def test_tickets_6180_6203(self):
         # Dates with limits and/or counts
         self.assertEqual(Item.objects.count(), 4)
-        self.assertEqual(Item.objects.datetimes('created', 'month').count(), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(Item.objects.datetimes('created', 'day').count(), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Item.objects.datetimes('created', 'day')), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(Item.objects.datetimes('created', 'day')[0], datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 19, 0, 0))
+        self.assertEqual(Item.objects.datetimes("created", "month").count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(Item.objects.datetimes("created", "day").count(), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Item.objects.datetimes("created", "day")), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Item.objects.datetimes("created", "day")[0],
+            datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 19, 0, 0),
+        )
 
     def test_tickets_7087_12242(self):
         # Dates with extra select columns
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.datetimes('created', 'day').extra(select={'a': 1}),
-            [datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 19, 0, 0), datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 20, 0, 0)],
+            Item.objects.datetimes("created", "day").extra(select={"a": 1}),
+            [
+                datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 19, 0, 0),
+                datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 20, 0, 0),
+            ],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.extra(select={'a': 1}).datetimes('created', 'day'),
-            [datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 19, 0, 0), datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 20, 0, 0)],
+            Item.objects.extra(select={"a": 1}).datetimes("created", "day"),
+            [
+                datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 19, 0, 0),
+                datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 20, 0, 0),
+            ],
         )
 
         name = "one"
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.datetimes('created', 'day').extra(where=['name=%s'], params=[name]),
+            Item.objects.datetimes("created", "day").extra(
+                where=["name=%s"], params=[name]
+            ),
             [datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 19, 0, 0)],
         )
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.extra(where=['name=%s'], params=[name]).datetimes('created', 'day'),
+            Item.objects.extra(where=["name=%s"], params=[name]).datetimes(
+                "created", "day"
+            ),
             [datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 19, 0, 0)],
         )
 
     def test_ticket7155(self):
         # Nullable dates
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.datetimes('modified', 'day'),
+            Item.objects.datetimes("modified", "day"),
             [datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 19, 0, 0)],
         )
 
     def test_order_by_rawsql(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.values('note__note').order_by(
-                RawSQL('queries_note.note', ()),
-                'id',
+            Item.objects.values("note__note").order_by(
+                RawSQL("queries_note.note", ()),
+                "id",
             ),
             [
-                {'note__note': 'n2'},
-                {'note__note': 'n3'},
-                {'note__note': 'n3'},
-                {'note__note': 'n3'},
+                {"note__note": "n2"},
+                {"note__note": "n3"},
+                {"note__note": "n3"},
+                {"note__note": "n3"},
             ],
         )
 
     def test_ticket7096(self):
         # Make sure exclude() with multiple conditions continues to work.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Tag.objects.filter(parent=self.t1, name='t3').order_by('name'),
+            Tag.objects.filter(parent=self.t1, name="t3").order_by("name"),
             [self.t3],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Tag.objects.exclude(parent=self.t1, name='t3').order_by('name'),
+            Tag.objects.exclude(parent=self.t1, name="t3").order_by("name"),
             [self.t1, self.t2, self.t4, self.t5],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.exclude(tags__name='t1', name='one').order_by('name').distinct(),
+            Item.objects.exclude(tags__name="t1", name="one")
+            .order_by("name")
+            .distinct(),
             [self.i4, self.i3, self.i2],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.filter(name__in=['three', 'four']).exclude(tags__name='t1').order_by('name'),
+            Item.objects.filter(name__in=["three", "four"])
+            .exclude(tags__name="t1")
+            .order_by("name"),
             [self.i4, self.i3],
         )
 
         # More twisted cases, involving nested negations.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.exclude(~Q(tags__name='t1', name='one')),
+            Item.objects.exclude(~Q(tags__name="t1", name="one")),
             [self.i1],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.filter(~Q(tags__name='t1', name='one'), name='two'),
+            Item.objects.filter(~Q(tags__name="t1", name="one"), name="two"),
             [self.i2],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.exclude(~Q(tags__name='t1', name='one'), name='two'),
+            Item.objects.exclude(~Q(tags__name="t1", name="one"), name="two"),
             [self.i4, self.i1, self.i3],
         )
 
@@ -653,14 +806,11 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
         qs = Item.objects.select_related()
         query = qs.query.get_compiler(qs.db).as_sql()[0]
         query2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(qs.query))
-        self.assertEqual(
-            query2.get_compiler(qs.db).as_sql()[0],
-            query
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(query2.get_compiler(qs.db).as_sql()[0], query)
 
     def test_deferred_load_qs_pickling(self):
         # Check pickling of deferred-loading querysets
-        qs = Item.objects.defer('name', 'creator')
+        qs = Item.objects.defer("name", "creator")
         q2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(qs))
         self.assertEqual(list(qs), list(q2))
         q3 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(qs, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL))
@@ -669,7 +819,9 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
     def test_ticket7277(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             self.n1.annotation_set.filter(
-                Q(tag=self.t5) | Q(tag__children=self.t5) | Q(tag__children__children=self.t5)
+                Q(tag=self.t5)
+                | Q(tag__children=self.t5)
+                | Q(tag__children__children=self.t5)
             ),
             [self.ann1],
         )
@@ -684,39 +836,33 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
 
     def test_ticket7235(self):
         # An EmptyQuerySet should not raise exceptions if it is filtered.
-        Eaten.objects.create(meal='m')
+        Eaten.objects.create(meal="m")
         q = Eaten.objects.none()
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             self.assertQuerysetEqual(q.all(), [])
-            self.assertQuerysetEqual(q.filter(meal='m'), [])
-            self.assertQuerysetEqual(q.exclude(meal='m'), [])
-            self.assertQuerysetEqual(q.complex_filter({'pk': 1}), [])
-            self.assertQuerysetEqual(q.select_related('food'), [])
-            self.assertQuerysetEqual(q.annotate(Count('food')), [])
-            self.assertQuerysetEqual(q.order_by('meal', 'food'), [])
+            self.assertQuerysetEqual(q.filter(meal="m"), [])
+            self.assertQuerysetEqual(q.exclude(meal="m"), [])
+            self.assertQuerysetEqual(q.complex_filter({"pk": 1}), [])
+            self.assertQuerysetEqual(q.select_related("food"), [])
+            self.assertQuerysetEqual(q.annotate(Count("food")), [])
+            self.assertQuerysetEqual(q.order_by("meal", "food"), [])
             self.assertQuerysetEqual(q.distinct(), [])
-            self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-                q.extra(select={'foo': "1"}),
-                []
-            )
+            self.assertQuerysetEqual(q.extra(select={"foo": "1"}), [])
             self.assertQuerysetEqual(q.reverse(), [])
             q.query.low_mark = 1
-            msg = 'Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken.'
+            msg = "Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken."
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-                q.extra(select={'foo': "1"})
-            self.assertQuerysetEqual(q.defer('meal'), [])
-            self.assertQuerysetEqual(q.only('meal'), [])
+                q.extra(select={"foo": "1"})
+            self.assertQuerysetEqual(q.defer("meal"), [])
+            self.assertQuerysetEqual(q.only("meal"), [])
 
     def test_ticket7791(self):
         # There were "issues" when ordering and distinct-ing on fields related
         # via ForeignKeys.
-        self.assertEqual(
-            len(Note.objects.order_by('extrainfo__info').distinct()),
-            3
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(Note.objects.order_by("extrainfo__info").distinct()), 3)
 
         # Pickling of QuerySets using datetimes() should work.
-        qs = Item.objects.datetimes('created', 'month')
+        qs = Item.objects.datetimes("created", "month")
         pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(qs))
 
     def test_ticket9997(self):
@@ -724,24 +870,38 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
         # make sure it's only requesting a single value and use that as the
         # thing to select.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Tag.objects.filter(name__in=Tag.objects.filter(parent=self.t1).values('name')),
+            Tag.objects.filter(
+                name__in=Tag.objects.filter(parent=self.t1).values("name")
+            ),
             [self.t2, self.t3],
         )
 
         # Multi-valued values() and values_list() querysets should raise errors.
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, 'Cannot use multi-field values as a filter value.'):
-            Tag.objects.filter(name__in=Tag.objects.filter(parent=self.t1).values('name', 'id'))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, 'Cannot use multi-field values as a filter value.'):
-            Tag.objects.filter(name__in=Tag.objects.filter(parent=self.t1).values_list('name', 'id'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TypeError, "Cannot use multi-field values as a filter value."
+        ):
+            Tag.objects.filter(
+                name__in=Tag.objects.filter(parent=self.t1).values("name", "id")
+            )
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TypeError, "Cannot use multi-field values as a filter value."
+        ):
+            Tag.objects.filter(
+                name__in=Tag.objects.filter(parent=self.t1).values_list("name", "id")
+            )
 
     def test_ticket9985(self):
         # qs.values_list(...).values(...) combinations should work.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Note.objects.values_list("note", flat=True).values("id").order_by("id"),
-            [{'id': 1}, {'id': 2}, {'id': 3}]
+            [{"id": 1}, {"id": 2}, {"id": 3}],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Annotation.objects.filter(notes__in=Note.objects.filter(note="n1").values_list('note').values('id')),
+            Annotation.objects.filter(
+                notes__in=Note.objects.filter(note="n1")
+                .values_list("note")
+                .values("id")
+            ),
             [self.ann1],
         )
 
@@ -754,10 +914,12 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
         # Testing an empty "__in" filter with a generator as the value.
         def f():
             return iter([])
+
         n_obj = Note.objects.all()[0]
 
         def g():
             yield n_obj.pk
+
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(Note.objects.filter(pk__in=f()), [])
         self.assertEqual(list(Note.objects.filter(pk__in=g())), [n_obj])
 
@@ -780,7 +942,7 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
 
         subq = Author.objects.filter(num__lt=3000)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Author.objects.filter(Q(pk__in=subq) & Q(name='a1')),
+            Author.objects.filter(Q(pk__in=subq) & Q(name="a1")),
             [self.a1],
         )
 
@@ -790,7 +952,7 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
     def test_ticket7076(self):
         # Excluding shouldn't eliminate NULL entries.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Item.objects.exclude(modified=self.time1).order_by('name'),
+            Item.objects.exclude(modified=self.time1).order_by("name"),
             [self.i4, self.i3, self.i2],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
@@ -802,7 +964,7 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
         # Ordering by related tables should accommodate nullable fields (this
         # test is a little tricky, since NULL ordering is database dependent.
         # Instead, we just count the number of results).
-        self.assertEqual(len(Tag.objects.order_by('parent__name')), 5)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Tag.objects.order_by("parent__name")), 5)
 
         # Empty querysets can be merged with others.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
@@ -820,26 +982,38 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
         # Complex combinations of conjunctions, disjunctions and nullable
         # relations.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Author.objects.filter(Q(item__note__extrainfo=self.e2) | Q(report=self.r1, name='xyz')),
+            Author.objects.filter(
+                Q(item__note__extrainfo=self.e2) | Q(report=self.r1, name="xyz")
+            ),
             [self.a2],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Author.objects.filter(Q(report=self.r1, name='xyz') | Q(item__note__extrainfo=self.e2)),
+            Author.objects.filter(
+                Q(report=self.r1, name="xyz") | Q(item__note__extrainfo=self.e2)
+            ),
             [self.a2],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Annotation.objects.filter(Q(tag__parent=self.t1) | Q(notes__note='n1', name='a1')),
+            Annotation.objects.filter(
+                Q(tag__parent=self.t1) | Q(notes__note="n1", name="a1")
+            ),
             [self.ann1],
         )
-        xx = ExtraInfo.objects.create(info='xx', note=self.n3)
+        xx = ExtraInfo.objects.create(info="xx", note=self.n3)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Note.objects.filter(Q(extrainfo__author=self.a1) | Q(extrainfo=xx)),
             [self.n1, self.n3],
         )
         q = Note.objects.filter(Q(extrainfo__author=self.a1) | Q(extrainfo=xx)).query
         self.assertEqual(
-            len([x for x in q.alias_map.values() if x.join_type == LOUTER and q.alias_refcount[x.table_alias]]),
-            1
+            len(
+                [
+                    x
+                    for x in q.alias_map.values()
+                    if x.join_type == LOUTER and q.alias_refcount[x.table_alias]
+                ]
+            ),
+            1,
         )
 
     def test_ticket17429(self):
@@ -858,35 +1032,43 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
 
     def test_exclude(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Item.objects.exclude(tags__name='t4'),
-            Item.objects.filter(~Q(tags__name='t4')))
+            Item.objects.exclude(tags__name="t4"),
+            Item.objects.filter(~Q(tags__name="t4")),
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Item.objects.exclude(Q(tags__name='t4') | Q(tags__name='t3')),
-            Item.objects.filter(~(Q(tags__name='t4') | Q(tags__name='t3'))))
+            Item.objects.exclude(Q(tags__name="t4") | Q(tags__name="t3")),
+            Item.objects.filter(~(Q(tags__name="t4") | Q(tags__name="t3"))),
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Item.objects.exclude(Q(tags__name='t4') | ~Q(tags__name='t3')),
-            Item.objects.filter(~(Q(tags__name='t4') | ~Q(tags__name='t3'))))
+            Item.objects.exclude(Q(tags__name="t4") | ~Q(tags__name="t3")),
+            Item.objects.filter(~(Q(tags__name="t4") | ~Q(tags__name="t3"))),
+        )
 
     def test_nested_exclude(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Item.objects.exclude(~Q(tags__name='t4')),
-            Item.objects.filter(~~Q(tags__name='t4')))
+            Item.objects.exclude(~Q(tags__name="t4")),
+            Item.objects.filter(~~Q(tags__name="t4")),
+        )
 
     def test_double_exclude(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Item.objects.filter(Q(tags__name='t4')),
-            Item.objects.filter(~~Q(tags__name='t4')))
+            Item.objects.filter(Q(tags__name="t4")),
+            Item.objects.filter(~~Q(tags__name="t4")),
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Item.objects.filter(Q(tags__name='t4')),
-            Item.objects.filter(~Q(~Q(tags__name='t4'))))
+            Item.objects.filter(Q(tags__name="t4")),
+            Item.objects.filter(~Q(~Q(tags__name="t4"))),
+        )
 
     def test_exclude_in(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Item.objects.exclude(Q(tags__name__in=['t4', 't3'])),
-            Item.objects.filter(~Q(tags__name__in=['t4', 't3'])))
+            Item.objects.exclude(Q(tags__name__in=["t4", "t3"])),
+            Item.objects.filter(~Q(tags__name__in=["t4", "t3"])),
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Item.objects.filter(Q(tags__name__in=['t4', 't3'])),
-            Item.objects.filter(~~Q(tags__name__in=['t4', 't3'])))
+            Item.objects.filter(Q(tags__name__in=["t4", "t3"])),
+            Item.objects.filter(~~Q(tags__name__in=["t4", "t3"])),
+        )
 
     def test_ticket_10790_1(self):
         # Querying direct fields with isnull should trim the left outer join.
@@ -894,26 +1076,26 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
         q = Tag.objects.filter(parent__isnull=True)
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q, [self.t1])
-        self.assertNotIn('JOIN', str(q.query))
+        self.assertNotIn("JOIN", str(q.query))
 
         q = Tag.objects.filter(parent__isnull=False)
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q, [self.t2, self.t3, self.t4, self.t5])
-        self.assertNotIn('JOIN', str(q.query))
+        self.assertNotIn("JOIN", str(q.query))
 
         q = Tag.objects.exclude(parent__isnull=True)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q, [self.t2, self.t3, self.t4, self.t5])
-        self.assertNotIn('JOIN', str(q.query))
+        self.assertNotIn("JOIN", str(q.query))
 
         q = Tag.objects.exclude(parent__isnull=False)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q, [self.t1])
-        self.assertNotIn('JOIN', str(q.query))
+        self.assertNotIn("JOIN", str(q.query))
 
         q = Tag.objects.exclude(parent__parent__isnull=False)
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q, [self.t1, self.t2, self.t3])
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 1)
-        self.assertNotIn('INNER JOIN', str(q.query))
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 1)
+        self.assertNotIn("INNER JOIN", str(q.query))
 
     def test_ticket_10790_2(self):
         # Querying across several tables should strip only the last outer join,
@@ -921,58 +1103,58 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
         q = Tag.objects.filter(parent__parent__isnull=False)
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q, [self.t4, self.t5])
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
 
         # Querying without isnull should not convert anything to left outer join.
         q = Tag.objects.filter(parent__parent=self.t1)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q, [self.t4, self.t5])
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
 
     def test_ticket_10790_3(self):
         # Querying via indirect fields should populate the left outer join
         q = NamedCategory.objects.filter(tag__isnull=True)
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 1)
         # join to dumbcategory ptr_id
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q, [])
 
         # Querying across several tables should strip only the last join, while
         # preserving the preceding left outer joins.
         q = NamedCategory.objects.filter(tag__parent__isnull=True)
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 1)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q, [self.nc1])
 
     def test_ticket_10790_4(self):
         # Querying across m2m field should not strip the m2m table from join.
         q = Author.objects.filter(item__tags__isnull=True)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q, [self.a2, self.a3])
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 2)
-        self.assertNotIn('INNER JOIN', str(q.query))
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 2)
+        self.assertNotIn("INNER JOIN", str(q.query))
 
         q = Author.objects.filter(item__tags__parent__isnull=True)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q, [self.a1, self.a2, self.a2, self.a3])
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 3)
-        self.assertNotIn('INNER JOIN', str(q.query))
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 3)
+        self.assertNotIn("INNER JOIN", str(q.query))
 
     def test_ticket_10790_5(self):
         # Querying with isnull=False across m2m field should not create outer joins
         q = Author.objects.filter(item__tags__isnull=False)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q, [self.a1, self.a1, self.a2, self.a2, self.a4])
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 2)
 
         q = Author.objects.filter(item__tags__parent__isnull=False)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q, [self.a1, self.a2, self.a4])
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 3)
 
         q = Author.objects.filter(item__tags__parent__parent__isnull=False)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q, [self.a4])
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 4)
 
     def test_ticket_10790_6(self):
         # Querying with isnull=True across m2m field should not create inner joins
@@ -982,32 +1164,32 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
             q,
             [self.a1, self.a1, self.a2, self.a2, self.a2, self.a3],
         )
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 4)
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 0)
 
         q = Author.objects.filter(item__tags__parent__isnull=True)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q, [self.a1, self.a2, self.a2, self.a3])
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 0)
 
     def test_ticket_10790_7(self):
         # Reverse querying with isnull should not strip the join
         q = Author.objects.filter(item__isnull=True)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q, [self.a3])
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 0)
 
         q = Author.objects.filter(item__isnull=False)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q, [self.a1, self.a2, self.a2, self.a4])
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
 
     def test_ticket_10790_8(self):
         # Querying with combined q-objects should also strip the left outer join
         q = Tag.objects.filter(Q(parent__isnull=True) | Q(parent=self.t1))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q, [self.t1, self.t2, self.t3])
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 0)
 
     def test_ticket_10790_combine(self):
         # Combining queries should not re-populate the left outer join
@@ -1016,50 +1198,52 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
 
         q3 = q1 | q2
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q3, [self.t1, self.t2, self.t3, self.t4, self.t5])
-        self.assertEqual(str(q3.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(str(q3.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q3.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q3.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 0)
 
         q3 = q1 & q2
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q3, [])
-        self.assertEqual(str(q3.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(str(q3.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q3.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q3.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 0)
 
         q2 = Tag.objects.filter(parent=self.t1)
         q3 = q1 | q2
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q3, [self.t1, self.t2, self.t3])
-        self.assertEqual(str(q3.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(str(q3.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q3.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q3.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 0)
 
         q3 = q2 | q1
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q3, [self.t1, self.t2, self.t3])
-        self.assertEqual(str(q3.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(str(q3.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q3.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q3.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 0)
 
         q1 = Tag.objects.filter(parent__isnull=True)
         q2 = Tag.objects.filter(parent__parent__isnull=True)
 
         q3 = q1 | q2
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q3, [self.t1, self.t2, self.t3])
-        self.assertEqual(str(q3.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(str(q3.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q3.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q3.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 0)
 
         q3 = q2 | q1
         self.assertSequenceEqual(q3, [self.t1, self.t2, self.t3])
-        self.assertEqual(str(q3.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(str(q3.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q3.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(q3.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 0)
 
     def test_ticket19672(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Report.objects.filter(Q(creator__isnull=False) & ~Q(creator__extra__value=41)),
+            Report.objects.filter(
+                Q(creator__isnull=False) & ~Q(creator__extra__value=41)
+            ),
             [self.r1],
         )
 
     def test_ticket_20250(self):
         # A negated Q along with an annotated queryset failed in Django 1.4
-        qs = Author.objects.annotate(Count('item'))
-        qs = qs.filter(~Q(extra__value=0)).order_by('name')
+        qs = Author.objects.annotate(Count("item"))
+        qs = qs.filter(~Q(extra__value=0)).order_by("name")
 
-        self.assertIn('SELECT', str(qs.query))
+        self.assertIn("SELECT", str(qs.query))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [self.a1, self.a2, self.a3, self.a4])
 
     def test_lookup_constraint_fielderror(self):
@@ -1069,41 +1253,47 @@ class Queries1Tests(TestCase):
             "managedmodel, name, note, parent, parent_id"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
-            Tag.objects.filter(unknown_field__name='generic')
+            Tag.objects.filter(unknown_field__name="generic")
 
     def test_common_mixed_case_foreign_keys(self):
         """
         Valid query should be generated when fields fetched from joined tables
         include FKs whose names only differ by case.
         """
-        c1 = SimpleCategory.objects.create(name='c1')
-        c2 = SimpleCategory.objects.create(name='c2')
-        c3 = SimpleCategory.objects.create(name='c3')
+        c1 = SimpleCategory.objects.create(name="c1")
+        c2 = SimpleCategory.objects.create(name="c2")
+        c3 = SimpleCategory.objects.create(name="c3")
         category = CategoryItem.objects.create(category=c1)
-        mixed_case_field_category = MixedCaseFieldCategoryItem.objects.create(CaTeGoRy=c2)
-        mixed_case_db_column_category = MixedCaseDbColumnCategoryItem.objects.create(category=c3)
+        mixed_case_field_category = MixedCaseFieldCategoryItem.objects.create(
+            CaTeGoRy=c2
+        )
+        mixed_case_db_column_category = MixedCaseDbColumnCategoryItem.objects.create(
+            category=c3
+        )
         CommonMixedCaseForeignKeys.objects.create(
             category=category,
             mixed_case_field_category=mixed_case_field_category,
             mixed_case_db_column_category=mixed_case_db_column_category,
         )
         qs = CommonMixedCaseForeignKeys.objects.values(
-            'category',
-            'mixed_case_field_category',
-            'mixed_case_db_column_category',
-            'category__category',
-            'mixed_case_field_category__CaTeGoRy',
-            'mixed_case_db_column_category__category',
+            "category",
+            "mixed_case_field_category",
+            "mixed_case_db_column_category",
+            "category__category",
+            "mixed_case_field_category__CaTeGoRy",
+            "mixed_case_db_column_category__category",
         )
         self.assertTrue(qs.first())
 
     def test_excluded_intermediary_m2m_table_joined(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Note.objects.filter(~Q(tag__annotation__name=F('note'))),
+            Note.objects.filter(~Q(tag__annotation__name=F("note"))),
             [self.n1, self.n2, self.n3],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Note.objects.filter(tag__annotation__name='a1').filter(~Q(tag__annotation__name=F('note'))),
+            Note.objects.filter(tag__annotation__name="a1").filter(
+                ~Q(tag__annotation__name=F("note"))
+            ),
             [],
         )
 
@@ -1138,16 +1328,13 @@ class Queries2Tests(TestCase):
             [self.num12],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Number.objects.filter(Q(num__lt=4) | Q(num__gt=8, num__lt=12)),
-            []
+            Number.objects.filter(Q(num__lt=4) | Q(num__gt=8, num__lt=12)), []
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Number.objects.filter(Q(num__gt=8, num__lt=12) | Q(num__lt=4)),
-            []
+            Number.objects.filter(Q(num__gt=8, num__lt=12) | Q(num__lt=4)), []
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Number.objects.filter(Q(num__gt=8) & Q(num__lt=12) | Q(num__lt=4)),
-            []
+            Number.objects.filter(Q(num__gt=8) & Q(num__lt=12) | Q(num__lt=4)), []
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Number.objects.filter(Q(num__gt=7) & Q(num__lt=12) | Q(num__lt=4)),
@@ -1219,6 +1406,7 @@ class Queries2Tests(TestCase):
         def run():
             for obj in qs:
                 return qs.count() == count
+
         self.assertTrue(run())
 
 
@@ -1232,13 +1420,17 @@ class Queries3Tests(TestCase):
         # wrong type of field.
         msg = "'name' isn't a DateField, TimeField, or DateTimeField."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            Item.objects.datetimes('name', 'month')
+            Item.objects.datetimes("name", "month")
 
     def test_ticket22023(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, "Cannot call only() after .values() or .values_list()"):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TypeError, "Cannot call only() after .values() or .values_list()"
+        ):
             Valid.objects.values().only()
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, "Cannot call defer() after .values() or .values_list()"):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TypeError, "Cannot call defer() after .values() or .values_list()"
+        ):
             Valid.objects.values().defer()
 
 
@@ -1246,38 +1438,44 @@ class Queries4Tests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         generic = NamedCategory.objects.create(name="Generic")
-        cls.t1 = Tag.objects.create(name='t1', category=generic)
+        cls.t1 = Tag.objects.create(name="t1", category=generic)
 
-        n1 = Note.objects.create(note='n1', misc='foo')
-        n2 = Note.objects.create(note='n2', misc='bar')
+        n1 = Note.objects.create(note="n1", misc="foo")
+        n2 = Note.objects.create(note="n2", misc="bar")
 
-        e1 = ExtraInfo.objects.create(info='e1', note=n1)
-        e2 = ExtraInfo.objects.create(info='e2', note=n2)
+        e1 = ExtraInfo.objects.create(info="e1", note=n1)
+        e2 = ExtraInfo.objects.create(info="e2", note=n2)
 
-        cls.a1 = Author.objects.create(name='a1', num=1001, extra=e1)
-        cls.a3 = Author.objects.create(name='a3', num=3003, extra=e2)
+        cls.a1 = Author.objects.create(name="a1", num=1001, extra=e1)
+        cls.a3 = Author.objects.create(name="a3", num=3003, extra=e2)
 
-        cls.r1 = Report.objects.create(name='r1', creator=cls.a1)
-        cls.r2 = Report.objects.create(name='r2', creator=cls.a3)
-        cls.r3 = Report.objects.create(name='r3')
+        cls.r1 = Report.objects.create(name="r1", creator=cls.a1)
+        cls.r2 = Report.objects.create(name="r2", creator=cls.a3)
+        cls.r3 = Report.objects.create(name="r3")
 
-        cls.i1 = Item.objects.create(name='i1', created=datetime.datetime.now(), note=n1, creator=cls.a1)
-        cls.i2 = Item.objects.create(name='i2', created=datetime.datetime.now(), note=n1, creator=cls.a3)
+        cls.i1 = Item.objects.create(
+            name="i1", created=datetime.datetime.now(), note=n1, creator=cls.a1
+        )
+        cls.i2 = Item.objects.create(
+            name="i2", created=datetime.datetime.now(), note=n1, creator=cls.a3
+        )
 
     def test_ticket24525(self):
         tag = Tag.objects.create()
-        anth100 = tag.note_set.create(note='ANTH', misc='100')
-        math101 = tag.note_set.create(note='MATH', misc='101')
-        s1 = tag.annotation_set.create(name='1')
-        s2 = tag.annotation_set.create(name='2')
+        anth100 = tag.note_set.create(note="ANTH", misc="100")
+        math101 = tag.note_set.create(note="MATH", misc="101")
+        s1 = tag.annotation_set.create(name="1")
+        s2 = tag.annotation_set.create(name="2")
         s1.notes.set([math101, anth100])
         s2.notes.set([math101])
-        result = math101.annotation_set.all() & tag.annotation_set.exclude(notes__in=[anth100])
+        result = math101.annotation_set.all() & tag.annotation_set.exclude(
+            notes__in=[anth100]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(list(result), [s2])
 
     def test_ticket11811(self):
         unsaved_category = NamedCategory(name="Other")
-        msg = 'Unsaved model instance <NamedCategory: Other> cannot be used in an ORM query.'
+        msg = "Unsaved model instance <NamedCategory: Other> cannot be used in an ORM query."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             Tag.objects.filter(pk=self.t1.pk).update(category=unsaved_category)
 
@@ -1286,29 +1484,40 @@ class Queries4Tests(TestCase):
         # about the join type of the trimmed "creator__isnull" join. If we
         # don't have that information, then the join is created as INNER JOIN
         # and results will be incorrect.
-        q1 = Report.objects.filter(Q(creator__isnull=True) | Q(creator__extra__info='e1'))
-        q2 = Report.objects.filter(Q(creator__isnull=True)) | Report.objects.filter(Q(creator__extra__info='e1'))
+        q1 = Report.objects.filter(
+            Q(creator__isnull=True) | Q(creator__extra__info="e1")
+        )
+        q2 = Report.objects.filter(Q(creator__isnull=True)) | Report.objects.filter(
+            Q(creator__extra__info="e1")
+        )
         self.assertCountEqual(q1, [self.r1, self.r3])
         self.assertEqual(str(q1.query), str(q2.query))
 
-        q1 = Report.objects.filter(Q(creator__extra__info='e1') | Q(creator__isnull=True))
-        q2 = Report.objects.filter(Q(creator__extra__info='e1')) | Report.objects.filter(Q(creator__isnull=True))
+        q1 = Report.objects.filter(
+            Q(creator__extra__info="e1") | Q(creator__isnull=True)
+        )
+        q2 = Report.objects.filter(
+            Q(creator__extra__info="e1")
+        ) | Report.objects.filter(Q(creator__isnull=True))
         self.assertCountEqual(q1, [self.r1, self.r3])
         self.assertEqual(str(q1.query), str(q2.query))
 
-        q1 = Item.objects.filter(Q(creator=self.a1) | Q(creator__report__name='r1')).order_by()
+        q1 = Item.objects.filter(
+            Q(creator=self.a1) | Q(creator__report__name="r1")
+        ).order_by()
         q2 = (
-            Item.objects
-            .filter(Q(creator=self.a1)).order_by() | Item.objects.filter(Q(creator__report__name='r1'))
-            .order_by()
+            Item.objects.filter(Q(creator=self.a1)).order_by()
+            | Item.objects.filter(Q(creator__report__name="r1")).order_by()
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(q1, [self.i1])
         self.assertEqual(str(q1.query), str(q2.query))
 
-        q1 = Item.objects.filter(Q(creator__report__name='e1') | Q(creator=self.a1)).order_by()
+        q1 = Item.objects.filter(
+            Q(creator__report__name="e1") | Q(creator=self.a1)
+        ).order_by()
         q2 = (
-            Item.objects.filter(Q(creator__report__name='e1')).order_by() |
-            Item.objects.filter(Q(creator=self.a1)).order_by()
+            Item.objects.filter(Q(creator__report__name="e1")).order_by()
+            | Item.objects.filter(Q(creator=self.a1)).order_by()
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(q1, [self.i1])
         self.assertEqual(str(q1.query), str(q2.query))
@@ -1316,17 +1525,17 @@ class Queries4Tests(TestCase):
     def test_combine_join_reuse(self):
         # Joins having identical connections are correctly recreated in the
         # rhs query, in case the query is ORed together (#18748).
-        Report.objects.create(name='r4', creator=self.a1)
-        q1 = Author.objects.filter(report__name='r5')
-        q2 = Author.objects.filter(report__name='r4').filter(report__name='r1')
+        Report.objects.create(name="r4", creator=self.a1)
+        q1 = Author.objects.filter(report__name="r5")
+        q2 = Author.objects.filter(report__name="r4").filter(report__name="r1")
         combined = q1 | q2
-        self.assertEqual(str(combined.query).count('JOIN'), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(str(combined.query).count("JOIN"), 2)
         self.assertEqual(len(combined), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(combined[0].name, 'a1')
+        self.assertEqual(combined[0].name, "a1")
 
     def test_combine_or_filter_reuse(self):
-        combined = Author.objects.filter(name='a1') | Author.objects.filter(name='a3')
-        self.assertEqual(combined.get(name='a1'), self.a1)
+        combined = Author.objects.filter(name="a1") | Author.objects.filter(name="a3")
+        self.assertEqual(combined.get(name="a1"), self.a1)
 
     def test_join_reuse_order(self):
         # Join aliases are reused in order. This shouldn't raise AssertionError
@@ -1343,27 +1552,29 @@ class Queries4Tests(TestCase):
     def test_ticket7095(self):
         # Updates that are filtered on the model being updated are somewhat
         # tricky in MySQL.
-        ManagedModel.objects.create(data='mm1', tag=self.t1, public=True)
-        self.assertEqual(ManagedModel.objects.update(data='mm'), 1)
+        ManagedModel.objects.create(data="mm1", tag=self.t1, public=True)
+        self.assertEqual(ManagedModel.objects.update(data="mm"), 1)
 
         # A values() or values_list() query across joined models must use outer
         # joins appropriately.
         # Note: In Oracle, we expect a null CharField to return '' instead of
         # None.
         if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls:
-            expected_null_charfield_repr = ''
+            expected_null_charfield_repr = ""
         else:
             expected_null_charfield_repr = None
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Report.objects.values_list("creator__extra__info", flat=True).order_by("name"),
-            ['e1', 'e2', expected_null_charfield_repr],
+            Report.objects.values_list("creator__extra__info", flat=True).order_by(
+                "name"
+            ),
+            ["e1", "e2", expected_null_charfield_repr],
         )
 
         # Similarly for select_related(), joins beyond an initial nullable join
         # must use outer joins so that all results are included.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Report.objects.select_related("creator", "creator__extra").order_by("name"),
-            [self.r1, self.r2, self.r3]
+            [self.r1, self.r2, self.r3],
         )
 
         # When there are multiple paths to a table from another table, we have
@@ -1377,13 +1588,13 @@ class Queries4Tests(TestCase):
         m2 = Member.objects.create(name="m2", details=d2)
         Child.objects.create(person=m2, parent=m1)
         obj = m1.children.select_related("person__details")[0]
-        self.assertEqual(obj.person.details.data, 'd2')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.person.details.data, "d2")
 
     def test_order_by_resetting(self):
         # Calling order_by() with no parameters removes any existing ordering on the
         # model. But it should still be possible to add new ordering after that.
-        qs = Author.objects.order_by().order_by('name')
-        self.assertIn('ORDER BY', qs.query.get_compiler(qs.db).as_sql()[0])
+        qs = Author.objects.order_by().order_by("name")
+        self.assertIn("ORDER BY", qs.query.get_compiler(qs.db).as_sql()[0])
 
     def test_order_by_reverse_fk(self):
         # It is possible to order by reverse of foreign key, although that can lead
@@ -1393,11 +1604,13 @@ class Queries4Tests(TestCase):
         CategoryItem.objects.create(category=c1)
         CategoryItem.objects.create(category=c2)
         CategoryItem.objects.create(category=c1)
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(SimpleCategory.objects.order_by('categoryitem', 'pk'), [c1, c2, c1])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            SimpleCategory.objects.order_by("categoryitem", "pk"), [c1, c2, c1]
+        )
 
     def test_filter_reverse_non_integer_pk(self):
         date_obj = DateTimePK.objects.create()
-        extra_obj = ExtraInfo.objects.create(info='extra', date=date_obj)
+        extra_obj = ExtraInfo.objects.create(info="extra", date=date_obj)
         self.assertEqual(
             DateTimePK.objects.filter(extrainfo=extra_obj).get(),
             date_obj,
@@ -1407,14 +1620,17 @@ class Queries4Tests(TestCase):
         # Avoid raising an EmptyResultSet if an inner query is probably
         # empty (and hence, not executed).
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Tag.objects.filter(id__in=Tag.objects.filter(id__in=[])),
-            []
+            Tag.objects.filter(id__in=Tag.objects.filter(id__in=[])), []
         )
 
     def test_ticket15316_filter_false(self):
         c1 = SimpleCategory.objects.create(name="category1")
-        c2 = SpecialCategory.objects.create(name="named category1", special_name="special1")
-        c3 = SpecialCategory.objects.create(name="named category2", special_name="special2")
+        c2 = SpecialCategory.objects.create(
+            name="named category1", special_name="special1"
+        )
+        c3 = SpecialCategory.objects.create(
+            name="named category2", special_name="special2"
+        )
 
         CategoryItem.objects.create(category=c1)
         ci2 = CategoryItem.objects.create(category=c2)
@@ -1426,8 +1642,12 @@ class Queries4Tests(TestCase):
 
     def test_ticket15316_exclude_false(self):
         c1 = SimpleCategory.objects.create(name="category1")
-        c2 = SpecialCategory.objects.create(name="named category1", special_name="special1")
-        c3 = SpecialCategory.objects.create(name="named category2", special_name="special2")
+        c2 = SpecialCategory.objects.create(
+            name="named category1", special_name="special1"
+        )
+        c3 = SpecialCategory.objects.create(
+            name="named category2", special_name="special2"
+        )
 
         ci1 = CategoryItem.objects.create(category=c1)
         CategoryItem.objects.create(category=c2)
@@ -1439,8 +1659,12 @@ class Queries4Tests(TestCase):
 
     def test_ticket15316_filter_true(self):
         c1 = SimpleCategory.objects.create(name="category1")
-        c2 = SpecialCategory.objects.create(name="named category1", special_name="special1")
-        c3 = SpecialCategory.objects.create(name="named category2", special_name="special2")
+        c2 = SpecialCategory.objects.create(
+            name="named category1", special_name="special1"
+        )
+        c3 = SpecialCategory.objects.create(
+            name="named category2", special_name="special2"
+        )
 
         ci1 = CategoryItem.objects.create(category=c1)
         CategoryItem.objects.create(category=c2)
@@ -1452,8 +1676,12 @@ class Queries4Tests(TestCase):
 
     def test_ticket15316_exclude_true(self):
         c1 = SimpleCategory.objects.create(name="category1")
-        c2 = SpecialCategory.objects.create(name="named category1", special_name="special1")
-        c3 = SpecialCategory.objects.create(name="named category2", special_name="special2")
+        c2 = SpecialCategory.objects.create(
+            name="named category1", special_name="special1"
+        )
+        c3 = SpecialCategory.objects.create(
+            name="named category2", special_name="special2"
+        )
 
         CategoryItem.objects.create(category=c1)
         ci2 = CategoryItem.objects.create(category=c2)
@@ -1475,7 +1703,9 @@ class Queries4Tests(TestCase):
         ci2 = CategoryItem.objects.create(category=c0)
         ci3 = CategoryItem.objects.create(category=c1)
 
-        qs = CategoryItem.objects.filter(category__onetoonecategory__isnull=False).order_by('pk')
+        qs = CategoryItem.objects.filter(
+            category__onetoonecategory__isnull=False
+        ).order_by("pk")
         self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 2)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [ci2, ci3])
 
@@ -1523,7 +1753,9 @@ class Queries4Tests(TestCase):
         ci2 = CategoryItem.objects.create(category=c0)
         ci3 = CategoryItem.objects.create(category=c1)
 
-        qs = CategoryItem.objects.exclude(category__onetoonecategory__isnull=True).order_by('pk')
+        qs = CategoryItem.objects.exclude(
+            category__onetoonecategory__isnull=True
+        ).order_by("pk")
         self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 2)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [ci2, ci3])
 
@@ -1533,13 +1765,13 @@ class Queries5Tests(TestCase):
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         # Ordering by 'rank' gives us rank2, rank1, rank3. Ordering by the
         # Meta.ordering will be rank3, rank2, rank1.
-        cls.n1 = Note.objects.create(note='n1', misc='foo', id=1)
-        cls.n2 = Note.objects.create(note='n2', misc='bar', id=2)
-        e1 = ExtraInfo.objects.create(info='e1', note=cls.n1)
-        e2 = ExtraInfo.objects.create(info='e2', note=cls.n2)
-        a1 = Author.objects.create(name='a1', num=1001, extra=e1)
-        a2 = Author.objects.create(name='a2', num=2002, extra=e1)
-        a3 = Author.objects.create(name='a3', num=3003, extra=e2)
+        cls.n1 = Note.objects.create(note="n1", misc="foo", id=1)
+        cls.n2 = Note.objects.create(note="n2", misc="bar", id=2)
+        e1 = ExtraInfo.objects.create(info="e1", note=cls.n1)
+        e2 = ExtraInfo.objects.create(info="e2", note=cls.n2)
+        a1 = Author.objects.create(name="a1", num=1001, extra=e1)
+        a2 = Author.objects.create(name="a2", num=2002, extra=e1)
+        a3 = Author.objects.create(name="a3", num=3003, extra=e2)
         cls.rank2 = Ranking.objects.create(rank=2, author=a2)
         cls.rank1 = Ranking.objects.create(rank=1, author=a3)
         cls.rank3 = Ranking.objects.create(rank=3, author=a1)
@@ -1551,53 +1783,55 @@ class Queries5Tests(TestCase):
             [self.rank3, self.rank2, self.rank1],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Ranking.objects.all().order_by('rank'),
+            Ranking.objects.all().order_by("rank"),
             [self.rank1, self.rank2, self.rank3],
         )
 
         # Ordering of extra() pieces is possible, too and you can mix extra
         # fields and model fields in the ordering.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Ranking.objects.extra(tables=['django_site'], order_by=['-django_site.id', 'rank']),
+            Ranking.objects.extra(
+                tables=["django_site"], order_by=["-django_site.id", "rank"]
+            ),
             [self.rank1, self.rank2, self.rank3],
         )
 
-        sql = 'case when %s > 2 then 1 else 0 end' % connection.ops.quote_name('rank')
-        qs = Ranking.objects.extra(select={'good': sql})
+        sql = "case when %s > 2 then 1 else 0 end" % connection.ops.quote_name("rank")
+        qs = Ranking.objects.extra(select={"good": sql})
         self.assertEqual(
-            [o.good for o in qs.extra(order_by=('-good',))],
-            [True, False, False]
+            [o.good for o in qs.extra(order_by=("-good",))], [True, False, False]
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            qs.extra(order_by=('-good', 'id')),
+            qs.extra(order_by=("-good", "id")),
             [self.rank3, self.rank2, self.rank1],
         )
 
         # Despite having some extra aliases in the query, we can still omit
         # them in a values() query.
-        dicts = qs.values('id', 'rank').order_by('id')
-        self.assertEqual(
-            [d['rank'] for d in dicts],
-            [2, 1, 3]
-        )
+        dicts = qs.values("id", "rank").order_by("id")
+        self.assertEqual([d["rank"] for d in dicts], [2, 1, 3])
 
     def test_ticket7256(self):
         # An empty values() call includes all aliases, including those from an
         # extra()
-        sql = 'case when %s > 2 then 1 else 0 end' % connection.ops.quote_name('rank')
-        qs = Ranking.objects.extra(select={'good': sql})
-        dicts = qs.values().order_by('id')
+        sql = "case when %s > 2 then 1 else 0 end" % connection.ops.quote_name("rank")
+        qs = Ranking.objects.extra(select={"good": sql})
+        dicts = qs.values().order_by("id")
         for d in dicts:
-            del d['id']
-            del d['author_id']
+            del d["id"]
+            del d["author_id"]
         self.assertEqual(
             [sorted(d.items()) for d in dicts],
-            [[('good', 0), ('rank', 2)], [('good', 0), ('rank', 1)], [('good', 1), ('rank', 3)]]
+            [
+                [("good", 0), ("rank", 2)],
+                [("good", 0), ("rank", 1)],
+                [("good", 1), ("rank", 3)],
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_ticket7045(self):
         # Extra tables used to crash SQL construction on the second use.
-        qs = Ranking.objects.extra(tables=['django_site'])
+        qs = Ranking.objects.extra(tables=["django_site"])
         qs.query.get_compiler(qs.db).as_sql()
         # test passes if this doesn't raise an exception.
         qs.query.get_compiler(qs.db).as_sql()
@@ -1605,20 +1839,17 @@ class Queries5Tests(TestCase):
     def test_ticket9848(self):
         # Make sure that updates which only filter on sub-tables don't
         # inadvertently update the wrong records (bug #9848).
-        author_start = Author.objects.get(name='a1')
-        ranking_start = Ranking.objects.get(author__name='a1')
+        author_start = Author.objects.get(name="a1")
+        ranking_start = Ranking.objects.get(author__name="a1")
 
         # Make sure that the IDs from different tables don't happen to match.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Ranking.objects.filter(author__name='a1'),
+            Ranking.objects.filter(author__name="a1"),
             [self.rank3],
         )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            Ranking.objects.filter(author__name='a1').update(rank=4636),
-            1
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(Ranking.objects.filter(author__name="a1").update(rank=4636), 1)
 
-        r = Ranking.objects.get(author__name='a1')
+        r = Ranking.objects.get(author__name="a1")
         self.assertEqual(r.id, ranking_start.id)
         self.assertEqual(r.author.id, author_start.id)
         self.assertEqual(r.rank, 4636)
@@ -1650,22 +1881,17 @@ class Queries5Tests(TestCase):
 
     def test_extra_select_literal_percent_s(self):
         # Allow %%s to escape select clauses
+        self.assertEqual(Note.objects.extra(select={"foo": "'%%s'"})[0].foo, "%s")
         self.assertEqual(
-            Note.objects.extra(select={'foo': "'%%s'"})[0].foo,
-            '%s'
+            Note.objects.extra(select={"foo": "'%%s bar %%s'"})[0].foo, "%s bar %s"
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            Note.objects.extra(select={'foo': "'%%s bar %%s'"})[0].foo,
-            '%s bar %s'
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            Note.objects.extra(select={'foo': "'bar %%s'"})[0].foo,
-            'bar %s'
+            Note.objects.extra(select={"foo": "'bar %%s'"})[0].foo, "bar %s"
         )
 
     def test_queryset_reuse(self):
         # Using querysets doesn't mutate aliases.
-        authors = Author.objects.filter(Q(name='a1') | Q(name='nonexistent'))
+        authors = Author.objects.filter(Q(name="a1") | Q(name="nonexistent"))
         self.assertEqual(Ranking.objects.filter(author__in=authors).get(), self.rank3)
         self.assertEqual(authors.count(), 1)
 
@@ -1697,7 +1923,7 @@ class SubclassFKTests(TestCase):
 
 class CustomPkTests(TestCase):
     def test_ticket7371(self):
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Related.objects.order_by('custom'), [])
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Related.objects.order_by("custom"), [])
 
 
 class NullableRelOrderingTests(TestCase):
@@ -1711,49 +1937,55 @@ class NullableRelOrderingTests(TestCase):
         # Ordering by model related to nullable relations should not change
         # the join type of already existing joins.
         Plaything.objects.create(name="p1")
-        s = SingleObject.objects.create(name='s')
+        s = SingleObject.objects.create(name="s")
         r = RelatedObject.objects.create(single=s, f=1)
         p2 = Plaything.objects.create(name="p2", others=r)
-        qs = Plaything.objects.all().filter(others__isnull=False).order_by('pk')
-        self.assertNotIn('JOIN', str(qs.query))
-        qs = Plaything.objects.all().filter(others__f__isnull=False).order_by('pk')
-        self.assertIn('INNER', str(qs.query))
-        qs = qs.order_by('others__single__name')
+        qs = Plaything.objects.all().filter(others__isnull=False).order_by("pk")
+        self.assertNotIn("JOIN", str(qs.query))
+        qs = Plaything.objects.all().filter(others__f__isnull=False).order_by("pk")
+        self.assertIn("INNER", str(qs.query))
+        qs = qs.order_by("others__single__name")
         # The ordering by others__single__pk will add one new join (to single)
         # and that join must be LEFT join. The already existing join to related
         # objects must be kept INNER. So, we have both an INNER and a LEFT join
         # in the query.
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('LEFT'), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("LEFT"), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER"), 1)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [p2])
 
 
 class DisjunctiveFilterTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.n1 = Note.objects.create(note='n1', misc='foo', id=1)
-        cls.e1 = ExtraInfo.objects.create(info='e1', note=cls.n1)
+        cls.n1 = Note.objects.create(note="n1", misc="foo", id=1)
+        cls.e1 = ExtraInfo.objects.create(info="e1", note=cls.n1)
 
     def test_ticket7872(self):
         # Another variation on the disjunctive filtering theme.
 
         # For the purposes of this regression test, it's important that there is no
         # Join object related to the LeafA we create.
-        l1 = LeafA.objects.create(data='first')
+        l1 = LeafA.objects.create(data="first")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(LeafA.objects.all(), [l1])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            LeafA.objects.filter(Q(data='first') | Q(join__b__data='second')),
+            LeafA.objects.filter(Q(data="first") | Q(join__b__data="second")),
             [l1],
         )
 
     def test_ticket8283(self):
         # Checking that applying filters after a disjunction works correctly.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            (ExtraInfo.objects.filter(note=self.n1) | ExtraInfo.objects.filter(info='e2')).filter(note=self.n1),
+            (
+                ExtraInfo.objects.filter(note=self.n1)
+                | ExtraInfo.objects.filter(info="e2")
+            ).filter(note=self.n1),
             [self.e1],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            (ExtraInfo.objects.filter(info='e2') | ExtraInfo.objects.filter(note=self.n1)).filter(note=self.n1),
+            (
+                ExtraInfo.objects.filter(info="e2")
+                | ExtraInfo.objects.filter(note=self.n1)
+            ).filter(note=self.n1),
             [self.e1],
         )
 
@@ -1762,26 +1994,26 @@ class Queries6Tests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         generic = NamedCategory.objects.create(name="Generic")
-        cls.t1 = Tag.objects.create(name='t1', category=generic)
-        cls.t2 = Tag.objects.create(name='t2', parent=cls.t1, category=generic)
-        cls.t3 = Tag.objects.create(name='t3', parent=cls.t1)
-        cls.t4 = Tag.objects.create(name='t4', parent=cls.t3)
-        cls.t5 = Tag.objects.create(name='t5', parent=cls.t3)
-        n1 = Note.objects.create(note='n1', misc='foo', id=1)
-        cls.ann1 = Annotation.objects.create(name='a1', tag=cls.t1)
+        cls.t1 = Tag.objects.create(name="t1", category=generic)
+        cls.t2 = Tag.objects.create(name="t2", parent=cls.t1, category=generic)
+        cls.t3 = Tag.objects.create(name="t3", parent=cls.t1)
+        cls.t4 = Tag.objects.create(name="t4", parent=cls.t3)
+        cls.t5 = Tag.objects.create(name="t5", parent=cls.t3)
+        n1 = Note.objects.create(note="n1", misc="foo", id=1)
+        cls.ann1 = Annotation.objects.create(name="a1", tag=cls.t1)
         cls.ann1.notes.add(n1)
-        cls.ann2 = Annotation.objects.create(name='a2', tag=cls.t4)
+        cls.ann2 = Annotation.objects.create(name="a2", tag=cls.t4)
 
     def test_parallel_iterators(self):
         # Parallel iterators work.
         qs = Tag.objects.all()
         i1, i2 = iter(qs), iter(qs)
-        self.assertEqual(repr(next(i1)), '<Tag: t1>')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(next(i1)), '<Tag: t2>')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(next(i2)), '<Tag: t1>')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(next(i2)), '<Tag: t2>')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(next(i2)), '<Tag: t3>')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(next(i1)), '<Tag: t3>')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(next(i1)), "<Tag: t1>")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(next(i1)), "<Tag: t2>")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(next(i2)), "<Tag: t1>")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(next(i2)), "<Tag: t2>")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(next(i2)), "<Tag: t3>")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(next(i1)), "<Tag: t3>")
 
         qs = X.objects.all()
         self.assertFalse(qs)
@@ -1791,10 +2023,7 @@ class Queries6Tests(TestCase):
         # Nested queries should not evaluate the inner query as part of constructing the
         # SQL (so we should see a nested query here, indicated by two "SELECT" calls).
         qs = Annotation.objects.filter(notes__in=Note.objects.filter(note="xyzzy"))
-        self.assertEqual(
-            qs.query.get_compiler(qs.db).as_sql()[0].count('SELECT'),
-            2
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(qs.query.get_compiler(qs.db).as_sql()[0].count("SELECT"), 2)
 
     def test_tickets_8921_9188(self):
         # Incorrect SQL was being generated for certain types of exclude()
@@ -1802,12 +2031,10 @@ class Queries6Tests(TestCase):
         # preemptively discovered cases).
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            PointerA.objects.filter(connection__pointerb__id=1),
-            []
+            PointerA.objects.filter(connection__pointerb__id=1), []
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            PointerA.objects.exclude(connection__pointerb__id=1),
-            []
+            PointerA.objects.exclude(connection__pointerb__id=1), []
         )
 
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
@@ -1839,62 +2066,73 @@ class Queries6Tests(TestCase):
 
     def test_ticket3739(self):
         # The all() method on querysets returns a copy of the queryset.
-        q1 = Tag.objects.order_by('name')
+        q1 = Tag.objects.order_by("name")
         self.assertIsNot(q1, q1.all())
 
     def test_ticket_11320(self):
-        qs = Tag.objects.exclude(category=None).exclude(category__name='foo')
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count(' INNER JOIN '), 1)
+        qs = Tag.objects.exclude(category=None).exclude(category__name="foo")
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count(" INNER JOIN "), 1)
 
     def test_distinct_ordered_sliced_subquery_aggregation(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Tag.objects.distinct().order_by('category__name')[:3].count(), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Tag.objects.distinct().order_by("category__name")[:3].count(), 3
+        )
 
     def test_multiple_columns_with_the_same_name_slice(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Tag.objects.order_by('name').values_list('name', 'category__name')[:2]),
-            [('t1', 'Generic'), ('t2', 'Generic')],
+            list(
+                Tag.objects.order_by("name").values_list("name", "category__name")[:2]
+            ),
+            [("t1", "Generic"), ("t2", "Generic")],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Tag.objects.order_by('name').select_related('category')[:2],
+            Tag.objects.order_by("name").select_related("category")[:2],
             [self.t1, self.t2],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(Tag.objects.order_by('-name').values_list('name', 'parent__name')[:2]),
-            [('t5', 't3'), ('t4', 't3')],
+            list(Tag.objects.order_by("-name").values_list("name", "parent__name")[:2]),
+            [("t5", "t3"), ("t4", "t3")],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Tag.objects.order_by('-name').select_related('parent')[:2],
+            Tag.objects.order_by("-name").select_related("parent")[:2],
             [self.t5, self.t4],
         )
 
     def test_col_alias_quoted(self):
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             self.assertEqual(
-                Tag.objects.values('parent').annotate(
-                    tag_per_parent=Count('pk'),
-                ).aggregate(Max('tag_per_parent')),
-                {'tag_per_parent__max': 2},
+                Tag.objects.values("parent")
+                .annotate(
+                    tag_per_parent=Count("pk"),
+                )
+                .aggregate(Max("tag_per_parent")),
+                {"tag_per_parent__max": 2},
             )
-        sql = captured_queries[0]['sql']
-        self.assertIn('AS %s' % connection.ops.quote_name('col1'), sql)
+        sql = captured_queries[0]["sql"]
+        self.assertIn("AS %s" % connection.ops.quote_name("col1"), sql)
 
 
 class RawQueriesTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        Note.objects.create(note='n1', misc='foo', id=1)
+        Note.objects.create(note="n1", misc="foo", id=1)
 
     def test_ticket14729(self):
         # Test representation of raw query with one or few parameters passed as list
         query = "SELECT * FROM queries_note WHERE note = %s"
-        params = ['n1']
+        params = ["n1"]
         qs = Note.objects.raw(query, params=params)
-        self.assertEqual(repr(qs), "<RawQuerySet: SELECT * FROM queries_note WHERE note = n1>")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(qs), "<RawQuerySet: SELECT * FROM queries_note WHERE note = n1>"
+        )
 
         query = "SELECT * FROM queries_note WHERE note = %s and misc = %s"
-        params = ['n1', 'foo']
+        params = ["n1", "foo"]
         qs = Note.objects.raw(query, params=params)
-        self.assertEqual(repr(qs), "<RawQuerySet: SELECT * FROM queries_note WHERE note = n1 and misc = foo>")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(qs),
+            "<RawQuerySet: SELECT * FROM queries_note WHERE note = n1 and misc = foo>",
+        )
 
 
 class GeneratorExpressionTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -1907,14 +2145,18 @@ class GeneratorExpressionTests(SimpleTestCase):
 class ComparisonTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.n1 = Note.objects.create(note='n1', misc='foo', id=1)
-        e1 = ExtraInfo.objects.create(info='e1', note=cls.n1)
-        cls.a2 = Author.objects.create(name='a2', num=2002, extra=e1)
+        cls.n1 = Note.objects.create(note="n1", misc="foo", id=1)
+        e1 = ExtraInfo.objects.create(info="e1", note=cls.n1)
+        cls.a2 = Author.objects.create(name="a2", num=2002, extra=e1)
 
     def test_ticket8597(self):
         # Regression tests for case-insensitive comparisons
-        item_ab = Item.objects.create(name="a_b", created=datetime.datetime.now(), creator=self.a2, note=self.n1)
-        item_xy = Item.objects.create(name="x%y", created=datetime.datetime.now(), creator=self.a2, note=self.n1)
+        item_ab = Item.objects.create(
+            name="a_b", created=datetime.datetime.now(), creator=self.a2, note=self.n1
+        )
+        item_xy = Item.objects.create(
+            name="x%y", created=datetime.datetime.now(), creator=self.a2, note=self.n1
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Item.objects.filter(name__iexact="A_b"),
             [item_ab],
@@ -1939,28 +2181,28 @@ class ExistsSql(TestCase):
             self.assertFalse(Tag.objects.exists())
         # Ok - so the exist query worked - but did it include too many columns?
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 1)
-        qstr = captured_queries[0]['sql']
-        id, name = connection.ops.quote_name('id'), connection.ops.quote_name('name')
+        qstr = captured_queries[0]["sql"]
+        id, name = connection.ops.quote_name("id"), connection.ops.quote_name("name")
         self.assertNotIn(id, qstr)
         self.assertNotIn(name, qstr)
 
     def test_ticket_18414(self):
-        Article.objects.create(name='one', created=datetime.datetime.now())
-        Article.objects.create(name='one', created=datetime.datetime.now())
-        Article.objects.create(name='two', created=datetime.datetime.now())
+        Article.objects.create(name="one", created=datetime.datetime.now())
+        Article.objects.create(name="one", created=datetime.datetime.now())
+        Article.objects.create(name="two", created=datetime.datetime.now())
         self.assertTrue(Article.objects.exists())
         self.assertTrue(Article.objects.distinct().exists())
         self.assertTrue(Article.objects.distinct()[1:3].exists())
         self.assertFalse(Article.objects.distinct()[1:1].exists())
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_distinct_on_fields')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_distinct_on_fields")
     def test_ticket_18414_distinct_on(self):
-        Article.objects.create(name='one', created=datetime.datetime.now())
-        Article.objects.create(name='one', created=datetime.datetime.now())
-        Article.objects.create(name='two', created=datetime.datetime.now())
-        self.assertTrue(Article.objects.distinct('name').exists())
-        self.assertTrue(Article.objects.distinct('name')[1:2].exists())
-        self.assertFalse(Article.objects.distinct('name')[2:3].exists())
+        Article.objects.create(name="one", created=datetime.datetime.now())
+        Article.objects.create(name="one", created=datetime.datetime.now())
+        Article.objects.create(name="two", created=datetime.datetime.now())
+        self.assertTrue(Article.objects.distinct("name").exists())
+        self.assertTrue(Article.objects.distinct("name")[1:2].exists())
+        self.assertFalse(Article.objects.distinct("name")[2:3].exists())
 
 
 class QuerysetOrderedTests(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -1976,64 +2218,78 @@ class QuerysetOrderedTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertIs(Tag.objects.all().order_by().ordered, False)
 
     def test_explicit_ordering(self):
-        self.assertIs(Annotation.objects.all().order_by('id').ordered, True)
+        self.assertIs(Annotation.objects.all().order_by("id").ordered, True)
 
     def test_empty_queryset(self):
         self.assertIs(Annotation.objects.none().ordered, True)
 
     def test_order_by_extra(self):
-        self.assertIs(Annotation.objects.all().extra(order_by=['id']).ordered, True)
+        self.assertIs(Annotation.objects.all().extra(order_by=["id"]).ordered, True)
 
     def test_annotated_ordering(self):
-        qs = Annotation.objects.annotate(num_notes=Count('notes'))
+        qs = Annotation.objects.annotate(num_notes=Count("notes"))
         self.assertIs(qs.ordered, False)
-        self.assertIs(qs.order_by('num_notes').ordered, True)
+        self.assertIs(qs.order_by("num_notes").ordered, True)
 
     def test_annotated_default_ordering(self):
-        qs = Tag.objects.annotate(num_notes=Count('pk'))
+        qs = Tag.objects.annotate(num_notes=Count("pk"))
         self.assertIs(qs.ordered, False)
-        self.assertIs(qs.order_by('name').ordered, True)
+        self.assertIs(qs.order_by("name").ordered, True)
 
     def test_annotated_values_default_ordering(self):
-        qs = Tag.objects.values('name').annotate(num_notes=Count('pk'))
+        qs = Tag.objects.values("name").annotate(num_notes=Count("pk"))
         self.assertIs(qs.ordered, False)
-        self.assertIs(qs.order_by('name').ordered, True)
+        self.assertIs(qs.order_by("name").ordered, True)
 
 
-@skipUnlessDBFeature('allow_sliced_subqueries_with_in')
+@skipUnlessDBFeature("allow_sliced_subqueries_with_in")
 class SubqueryTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        NamedCategory.objects.create(id=1, name='first')
-        NamedCategory.objects.create(id=2, name='second')
-        NamedCategory.objects.create(id=3, name='third')
-        NamedCategory.objects.create(id=4, name='fourth')
+        NamedCategory.objects.create(id=1, name="first")
+        NamedCategory.objects.create(id=2, name="second")
+        NamedCategory.objects.create(id=3, name="third")
+        NamedCategory.objects.create(id=4, name="fourth")
 
     def test_ordered_subselect(self):
         "Subselects honor any manual ordering"
-        query = DumbCategory.objects.filter(id__in=DumbCategory.objects.order_by('-id')[0:2])
-        self.assertEqual(set(query.values_list('id', flat=True)), {3, 4})
+        query = DumbCategory.objects.filter(
+            id__in=DumbCategory.objects.order_by("-id")[0:2]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(set(query.values_list("id", flat=True)), {3, 4})
 
-        query = DumbCategory.objects.filter(id__in=DumbCategory.objects.order_by('-id')[:2])
-        self.assertEqual(set(query.values_list('id', flat=True)), {3, 4})
+        query = DumbCategory.objects.filter(
+            id__in=DumbCategory.objects.order_by("-id")[:2]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(set(query.values_list("id", flat=True)), {3, 4})
 
-        query = DumbCategory.objects.filter(id__in=DumbCategory.objects.order_by('-id')[1:2])
-        self.assertEqual(set(query.values_list('id', flat=True)), {3})
+        query = DumbCategory.objects.filter(
+            id__in=DumbCategory.objects.order_by("-id")[1:2]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(set(query.values_list("id", flat=True)), {3})
 
-        query = DumbCategory.objects.filter(id__in=DumbCategory.objects.order_by('-id')[2:])
-        self.assertEqual(set(query.values_list('id', flat=True)), {1, 2})
+        query = DumbCategory.objects.filter(
+            id__in=DumbCategory.objects.order_by("-id")[2:]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(set(query.values_list("id", flat=True)), {1, 2})
 
     def test_slice_subquery_and_query(self):
         """
         Slice a query that has a sliced subquery
         """
-        query = DumbCategory.objects.filter(id__in=DumbCategory.objects.order_by('-id')[0:2])[0:2]
+        query = DumbCategory.objects.filter(
+            id__in=DumbCategory.objects.order_by("-id")[0:2]
+        )[0:2]
         self.assertEqual({x.id for x in query}, {3, 4})
 
-        query = DumbCategory.objects.filter(id__in=DumbCategory.objects.order_by('-id')[1:3])[1:3]
+        query = DumbCategory.objects.filter(
+            id__in=DumbCategory.objects.order_by("-id")[1:3]
+        )[1:3]
         self.assertEqual({x.id for x in query}, {3})
 
-        query = DumbCategory.objects.filter(id__in=DumbCategory.objects.order_by('-id')[2:])[1:]
+        query = DumbCategory.objects.filter(
+            id__in=DumbCategory.objects.order_by("-id")[2:]
+        )[1:]
         self.assertEqual({x.id for x in query}, {2})
 
     def test_related_sliced_subquery(self):
@@ -2042,47 +2298,67 @@ class SubqueryTests(TestCase):
         refs #22434
         """
         generic = NamedCategory.objects.create(id=5, name="Generic")
-        t1 = Tag.objects.create(name='t1', category=generic)
-        t2 = Tag.objects.create(name='t2', category=generic)
-        ManagedModel.objects.create(data='mm1', tag=t1, public=True)
-        mm2 = ManagedModel.objects.create(data='mm2', tag=t2, public=True)
+        t1 = Tag.objects.create(name="t1", category=generic)
+        t2 = Tag.objects.create(name="t2", category=generic)
+        ManagedModel.objects.create(data="mm1", tag=t1, public=True)
+        mm2 = ManagedModel.objects.create(data="mm2", tag=t2, public=True)
 
         query = ManagedModel.normal_manager.filter(
-            tag__in=Tag.objects.order_by('-id')[:1]
+            tag__in=Tag.objects.order_by("-id")[:1]
         )
         self.assertEqual({x.id for x in query}, {mm2.id})
 
     def test_sliced_delete(self):
         "Delete queries can safely contain sliced subqueries"
-        DumbCategory.objects.filter(id__in=DumbCategory.objects.order_by('-id')[0:1]).delete()
-        self.assertEqual(set(DumbCategory.objects.values_list('id', flat=True)), {1, 2, 3})
+        DumbCategory.objects.filter(
+            id__in=DumbCategory.objects.order_by("-id")[0:1]
+        ).delete()
+        self.assertEqual(
+            set(DumbCategory.objects.values_list("id", flat=True)), {1, 2, 3}
+        )
 
-        DumbCategory.objects.filter(id__in=DumbCategory.objects.order_by('-id')[1:2]).delete()
-        self.assertEqual(set(DumbCategory.objects.values_list('id', flat=True)), {1, 3})
+        DumbCategory.objects.filter(
+            id__in=DumbCategory.objects.order_by("-id")[1:2]
+        ).delete()
+        self.assertEqual(set(DumbCategory.objects.values_list("id", flat=True)), {1, 3})
 
-        DumbCategory.objects.filter(id__in=DumbCategory.objects.order_by('-id')[1:]).delete()
-        self.assertEqual(set(DumbCategory.objects.values_list('id', flat=True)), {3})
+        DumbCategory.objects.filter(
+            id__in=DumbCategory.objects.order_by("-id")[1:]
+        ).delete()
+        self.assertEqual(set(DumbCategory.objects.values_list("id", flat=True)), {3})
 
     def test_distinct_ordered_sliced_subquery(self):
         # Implicit values('id').
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             NamedCategory.objects.filter(
-                id__in=NamedCategory.objects.distinct().order_by('name')[0:2],
-            ).order_by('name').values_list('name', flat=True), ['first', 'fourth']
+                id__in=NamedCategory.objects.distinct().order_by("name")[0:2],
+            )
+            .order_by("name")
+            .values_list("name", flat=True),
+            ["first", "fourth"],
         )
         # Explicit values('id').
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             NamedCategory.objects.filter(
-                id__in=NamedCategory.objects.distinct().order_by('-name').values('id')[0:2],
-            ).order_by('name').values_list('name', flat=True), ['second', 'third']
+                id__in=NamedCategory.objects.distinct()
+                .order_by("-name")
+                .values("id")[0:2],
+            )
+            .order_by("name")
+            .values_list("name", flat=True),
+            ["second", "third"],
         )
         # Annotated value.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             DumbCategory.objects.filter(
-                id__in=DumbCategory.objects.annotate(
-                    double_id=F('id') * 2
-                ).order_by('id').distinct().values('double_id')[0:2],
-            ).order_by('id').values_list('id', flat=True), [2, 4]
+                id__in=DumbCategory.objects.annotate(double_id=F("id") * 2)
+                .order_by("id")
+                .distinct()
+                .values("double_id")[0:2],
+            )
+            .order_by("id")
+            .values_list("id", flat=True),
+            [2, 4],
         )
 
 
@@ -2090,10 +2366,18 @@ class QuerySetBitwiseOperationTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.school = School.objects.create()
-        cls.room_1 = Classroom.objects.create(school=cls.school, has_blackboard=False, name='Room 1')
-        cls.room_2 = Classroom.objects.create(school=cls.school, has_blackboard=True, name='Room 2')
-        cls.room_3 = Classroom.objects.create(school=cls.school, has_blackboard=True, name='Room 3')
-        cls.room_4 = Classroom.objects.create(school=cls.school, has_blackboard=False, name='Room 4')
+        cls.room_1 = Classroom.objects.create(
+            school=cls.school, has_blackboard=False, name="Room 1"
+        )
+        cls.room_2 = Classroom.objects.create(
+            school=cls.school, has_blackboard=True, name="Room 2"
+        )
+        cls.room_3 = Classroom.objects.create(
+            school=cls.school, has_blackboard=True, name="Room 3"
+        )
+        cls.room_4 = Classroom.objects.create(
+            school=cls.school, has_blackboard=False, name="Room 4"
+        )
         tag = Tag.objects.create()
         cls.annotation_1 = Annotation.objects.create(tag=tag)
         annotation_2 = Annotation.objects.create(tag=tag)
@@ -2101,49 +2385,53 @@ class QuerySetBitwiseOperationTests(TestCase):
         cls.base_user_1 = BaseUser.objects.create(annotation=cls.annotation_1)
         cls.base_user_2 = BaseUser.objects.create(annotation=annotation_2)
         cls.task = Task.objects.create(
-            owner=cls.base_user_2, creator=cls.base_user_2, note=note,
+            owner=cls.base_user_2,
+            creator=cls.base_user_2,
+            note=note,
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('allow_sliced_subqueries_with_in')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("allow_sliced_subqueries_with_in")
     def test_or_with_rhs_slice(self):
         qs1 = Classroom.objects.filter(has_blackboard=True)
         qs2 = Classroom.objects.filter(has_blackboard=False)[:1]
         self.assertCountEqual(qs1 | qs2, [self.room_1, self.room_2, self.room_3])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('allow_sliced_subqueries_with_in')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("allow_sliced_subqueries_with_in")
     def test_or_with_lhs_slice(self):
         qs1 = Classroom.objects.filter(has_blackboard=True)[:1]
         qs2 = Classroom.objects.filter(has_blackboard=False)
         self.assertCountEqual(qs1 | qs2, [self.room_1, self.room_2, self.room_4])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('allow_sliced_subqueries_with_in')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("allow_sliced_subqueries_with_in")
     def test_or_with_both_slice(self):
         qs1 = Classroom.objects.filter(has_blackboard=False)[:1]
         qs2 = Classroom.objects.filter(has_blackboard=True)[:1]
         self.assertCountEqual(qs1 | qs2, [self.room_1, self.room_2])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('allow_sliced_subqueries_with_in')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("allow_sliced_subqueries_with_in")
     def test_or_with_both_slice_and_ordering(self):
-        qs1 = Classroom.objects.filter(has_blackboard=False).order_by('-pk')[:1]
-        qs2 = Classroom.objects.filter(has_blackboard=True).order_by('-name')[:1]
+        qs1 = Classroom.objects.filter(has_blackboard=False).order_by("-pk")[:1]
+        qs2 = Classroom.objects.filter(has_blackboard=True).order_by("-name")[:1]
         self.assertCountEqual(qs1 | qs2, [self.room_3, self.room_4])
 
     def test_subquery_aliases(self):
         combined = School.objects.filter(pk__isnull=False) & School.objects.filter(
-            Exists(Classroom.objects.filter(
-                has_blackboard=True,
-                school=OuterRef('pk'),
-            )),
+            Exists(
+                Classroom.objects.filter(
+                    has_blackboard=True,
+                    school=OuterRef("pk"),
+                )
+            ),
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(combined, [self.school])
-        nested_combined = School.objects.filter(pk__in=combined.values('pk'))
+        nested_combined = School.objects.filter(pk__in=combined.values("pk"))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(nested_combined, [self.school])
 
     def test_conflicting_aliases_during_combine(self):
         qs1 = self.annotation_1.baseuser_set.all()
         qs2 = BaseUser.objects.filter(
-            Q(owner__note__in=self.annotation_1.notes.all()) |
-            Q(creator__note__in=self.annotation_1.notes.all())
+            Q(owner__note__in=self.annotation_1.notes.all())
+            | Q(creator__note__in=self.annotation_1.notes.all())
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs1, [self.base_user_1])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs2, [self.base_user_2])
@@ -2152,12 +2440,11 @@ class QuerySetBitwiseOperationTests(TestCase):
 
 
 class CloneTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_evaluated_queryset_as_argument(self):
         "#13227 -- If a queryset is already evaluated, it can still be used as a query arg"
-        n = Note(note='Test1', misc='misc')
+        n = Note(note="Test1", misc="misc")
         n.save()
-        e = ExtraInfo(info='good', note=n)
+        e = ExtraInfo(info="good", note=n)
         e.save()
 
         n_list = Note.objects.all()
@@ -2169,7 +2456,7 @@ class CloneTests(TestCase):
             pickle.dumps(n_list)
         # Use the note queryset in a query, and evaluate
         # that query in a way that involves cloning.
-        self.assertEqual(ExtraInfo.objects.filter(note__in=n_list)[0].info, 'good')
+        self.assertEqual(ExtraInfo.objects.filter(note__in=n_list)[0].info, "good")
 
     def test_no_model_options_cloning(self):
         """
@@ -2179,9 +2466,11 @@ class CloneTests(TestCase):
         """
         opts_class = type(Note._meta)
         note_deepcopy = getattr(opts_class, "__deepcopy__", None)
-        opts_class.__deepcopy__ = lambda obj, memo: self.fail("Model options shouldn't be cloned.")
+        opts_class.__deepcopy__ = lambda obj, memo: self.fail(
+            "Model options shouldn't be cloned."
+        )
         try:
-            Note.objects.filter(pk__lte=F('pk') + 1).all()
+            Note.objects.filter(pk__lte=F("pk") + 1).all()
         finally:
             if note_deepcopy is None:
                 delattr(opts_class, "__deepcopy__")
@@ -2196,9 +2485,11 @@ class CloneTests(TestCase):
         """
         opts_class = type(Note._meta.get_field("misc"))
         note_deepcopy = getattr(opts_class, "__deepcopy__", None)
-        opts_class.__deepcopy__ = lambda obj, memo: self.fail("Model fields shouldn't be cloned")
+        opts_class.__deepcopy__ = lambda obj, memo: self.fail(
+            "Model fields shouldn't be cloned"
+        )
         try:
-            Note.objects.filter(note=F('misc')).all()
+            Note.objects.filter(note=F("misc")).all()
         finally:
             if note_deepcopy is None:
                 delattr(opts_class, "__deepcopy__")
@@ -2210,11 +2501,15 @@ class EmptyQuerySetTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_emptyqueryset_values(self):
         # #14366 -- Calling .values() on an empty QuerySet and then cloning
         # that should not cause an error
-        self.assertCountEqual(Number.objects.none().values('num').order_by('num'), [])
+        self.assertCountEqual(Number.objects.none().values("num").order_by("num"), [])
 
     def test_values_subquery(self):
-        self.assertCountEqual(Number.objects.filter(pk__in=Number.objects.none().values('pk')), [])
-        self.assertCountEqual(Number.objects.filter(pk__in=Number.objects.none().values_list('pk')), [])
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            Number.objects.filter(pk__in=Number.objects.none().values("pk")), []
+        )
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            Number.objects.filter(pk__in=Number.objects.none().values_list("pk")), []
+        )
 
     def test_ticket_19151(self):
         # #19151 -- Calling .values() or .values_list() on an empty QuerySet
@@ -2236,138 +2531,158 @@ class ValuesQuerysetTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_extra_values(self):
         # testing for ticket 14930 issues
-        qs = Number.objects.extra(select={'value_plus_x': 'num+%s', 'value_minus_x': 'num-%s'}, select_params=(1, 2))
-        qs = qs.order_by('value_minus_x')
-        qs = qs.values('num')
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [{'num': 72}])
+        qs = Number.objects.extra(
+            select={"value_plus_x": "num+%s", "value_minus_x": "num-%s"},
+            select_params=(1, 2),
+        )
+        qs = qs.order_by("value_minus_x")
+        qs = qs.values("num")
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [{"num": 72}])
 
     def test_extra_values_order_twice(self):
         # testing for ticket 14930 issues
-        qs = Number.objects.extra(select={'value_plus_one': 'num+1', 'value_minus_one': 'num-1'})
-        qs = qs.order_by('value_minus_one').order_by('value_plus_one')
-        qs = qs.values('num')
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [{'num': 72}])
+        qs = Number.objects.extra(
+            select={"value_plus_one": "num+1", "value_minus_one": "num-1"}
+        )
+        qs = qs.order_by("value_minus_one").order_by("value_plus_one")
+        qs = qs.values("num")
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [{"num": 72}])
 
     def test_extra_values_order_multiple(self):
         # Postgres doesn't allow constants in order by, so check for that.
-        qs = Number.objects.extra(select={
-            'value_plus_one': 'num+1',
-            'value_minus_one': 'num-1',
-            'constant_value': '1'
-        })
-        qs = qs.order_by('value_plus_one', 'value_minus_one', 'constant_value')
-        qs = qs.values('num')
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [{'num': 72}])
+        qs = Number.objects.extra(
+            select={
+                "value_plus_one": "num+1",
+                "value_minus_one": "num-1",
+                "constant_value": "1",
+            }
+        )
+        qs = qs.order_by("value_plus_one", "value_minus_one", "constant_value")
+        qs = qs.values("num")
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [{"num": 72}])
 
     def test_extra_values_order_in_extra(self):
         # testing for ticket 14930 issues
         qs = Number.objects.extra(
-            select={'value_plus_one': 'num+1', 'value_minus_one': 'num-1'},
-            order_by=['value_minus_one'],
+            select={"value_plus_one": "num+1", "value_minus_one": "num-1"},
+            order_by=["value_minus_one"],
         )
-        qs = qs.values('num')
+        qs = qs.values("num")
 
     def test_extra_select_params_values_order_in_extra(self):
         # testing for 23259 issue
         qs = Number.objects.extra(
-            select={'value_plus_x': 'num+%s'},
+            select={"value_plus_x": "num+%s"},
             select_params=[1],
-            order_by=['value_plus_x'],
+            order_by=["value_plus_x"],
         )
         qs = qs.filter(num=72)
-        qs = qs.values('num')
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [{'num': 72}])
+        qs = qs.values("num")
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [{"num": 72}])
 
     def test_extra_multiple_select_params_values_order_by(self):
         # testing for 23259 issue
-        qs = Number.objects.extra(select={'value_plus_x': 'num+%s', 'value_minus_x': 'num-%s'}, select_params=(72, 72))
-        qs = qs.order_by('value_minus_x')
+        qs = Number.objects.extra(
+            select={"value_plus_x": "num+%s", "value_minus_x": "num-%s"},
+            select_params=(72, 72),
+        )
+        qs = qs.order_by("value_minus_x")
         qs = qs.filter(num=1)
-        qs = qs.values('num')
+        qs = qs.values("num")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [])
 
     def test_extra_values_list(self):
         # testing for ticket 14930 issues
-        qs = Number.objects.extra(select={'value_plus_one': 'num+1'})
-        qs = qs.order_by('value_plus_one')
-        qs = qs.values_list('num')
+        qs = Number.objects.extra(select={"value_plus_one": "num+1"})
+        qs = qs.order_by("value_plus_one")
+        qs = qs.values_list("num")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [(72,)])
 
     def test_flat_extra_values_list(self):
         # testing for ticket 14930 issues
-        qs = Number.objects.extra(select={'value_plus_one': 'num+1'})
-        qs = qs.order_by('value_plus_one')
-        qs = qs.values_list('num', flat=True)
+        qs = Number.objects.extra(select={"value_plus_one": "num+1"})
+        qs = qs.order_by("value_plus_one")
+        qs = qs.values_list("num", flat=True)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [72])
 
     def test_field_error_values_list(self):
         # see #23443
-        msg = "Cannot resolve keyword %r into field. Join on 'name' not permitted." % 'foo'
+        msg = (
+            "Cannot resolve keyword %r into field. Join on 'name' not permitted."
+            % "foo"
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
-            Tag.objects.values_list('name__foo')
+            Tag.objects.values_list("name__foo")
 
     def test_named_values_list_flat(self):
         msg = "'flat' and 'named' can't be used together."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            Number.objects.values_list('num', flat=True, named=True)
+            Number.objects.values_list("num", flat=True, named=True)
 
     def test_named_values_list_bad_field_name(self):
         msg = "Type names and field names must be valid identifiers: '1'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Number.objects.extra(select={'1': 'num+1'}).values_list('1', named=True).first()
+            Number.objects.extra(select={"1": "num+1"}).values_list(
+                "1", named=True
+            ).first()
 
     def test_named_values_list_with_fields(self):
-        qs = Number.objects.extra(select={'num2': 'num+1'}).annotate(Count('id'))
-        values = qs.values_list('num', 'num2', named=True).first()
-        self.assertEqual(type(values).__name__, 'Row')
-        self.assertEqual(values._fields, ('num', 'num2'))
+        qs = Number.objects.extra(select={"num2": "num+1"}).annotate(Count("id"))
+        values = qs.values_list("num", "num2", named=True).first()
+        self.assertEqual(type(values).__name__, "Row")
+        self.assertEqual(values._fields, ("num", "num2"))
         self.assertEqual(values.num, 72)
         self.assertEqual(values.num2, 73)
 
     def test_named_values_list_without_fields(self):
-        qs = Number.objects.extra(select={'num2': 'num+1'}).annotate(Count('id'))
+        qs = Number.objects.extra(select={"num2": "num+1"}).annotate(Count("id"))
         values = qs.values_list(named=True).first()
-        self.assertEqual(type(values).__name__, 'Row')
+        self.assertEqual(type(values).__name__, "Row")
         self.assertEqual(
             values._fields,
-            ('num2', 'id', 'num', 'other_num', 'another_num', 'id__count'),
+            ("num2", "id", "num", "other_num", "another_num", "id__count"),
         )
         self.assertEqual(values.num, 72)
         self.assertEqual(values.num2, 73)
         self.assertEqual(values.id__count, 1)
 
     def test_named_values_list_expression_with_default_alias(self):
-        expr = Count('id')
-        values = Number.objects.annotate(id__count1=expr).values_list(expr, 'id__count1', named=True).first()
-        self.assertEqual(values._fields, ('id__count2', 'id__count1'))
+        expr = Count("id")
+        values = (
+            Number.objects.annotate(id__count1=expr)
+            .values_list(expr, "id__count1", named=True)
+            .first()
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(values._fields, ("id__count2", "id__count1"))
 
     def test_named_values_list_expression(self):
-        expr = F('num') + 1
-        qs = Number.objects.annotate(combinedexpression1=expr).values_list(expr, 'combinedexpression1', named=True)
+        expr = F("num") + 1
+        qs = Number.objects.annotate(combinedexpression1=expr).values_list(
+            expr, "combinedexpression1", named=True
+        )
         values = qs.first()
-        self.assertEqual(values._fields, ('combinedexpression2', 'combinedexpression1'))
+        self.assertEqual(values._fields, ("combinedexpression2", "combinedexpression1"))
 
     def test_named_values_pickle(self):
-        value = Number.objects.values_list('num', 'other_num', named=True).get()
+        value = Number.objects.values_list("num", "other_num", named=True).get()
         self.assertEqual(value, (72, None))
         self.assertEqual(pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(value)), value)
 
 
 class QuerySetSupportsPythonIdioms(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         some_date = datetime.datetime(2014, 5, 16, 12, 1)
         cls.articles = [
-            Article.objects.create(name=f'Article {i}', created=some_date)
+            Article.objects.create(name=f"Article {i}", created=some_date)
             for i in range(1, 8)
         ]
 
     def get_ordered_articles(self):
-        return Article.objects.all().order_by('name')
+        return Article.objects.all().order_by("name")
 
     def test_can_get_items_using_index_and_slice_notation(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.get_ordered_articles()[0].name, 'Article 1')
+        self.assertEqual(self.get_ordered_articles()[0].name, "Article 1")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             self.get_ordered_articles()[1:3],
             [self.articles[1], self.articles[2]],
@@ -2375,12 +2690,13 @@ class QuerySetSupportsPythonIdioms(TestCase):
 
     def test_slicing_with_steps_can_be_used(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            self.get_ordered_articles()[::2], [
+            self.get_ordered_articles()[::2],
+            [
                 self.articles[0],
                 self.articles[2],
                 self.articles[4],
                 self.articles[6],
-            ]
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_slicing_without_step_is_lazy(self):
@@ -2396,7 +2712,9 @@ class QuerySetSupportsPythonIdioms(TestCase):
             self.get_ordered_articles()[0:5][0:2],
             [self.articles[0], self.articles[1]],
         )
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(self.get_ordered_articles()[0:5][4:], [self.articles[4]])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            self.get_ordered_articles()[0:5][4:], [self.articles[4]]
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(self.get_ordered_articles()[0:5][5:], [])
 
         # Some more tests!
@@ -2408,7 +2726,9 @@ class QuerySetSupportsPythonIdioms(TestCase):
             self.get_ordered_articles()[2:][:2],
             [self.articles[2], self.articles[3]],
         )
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(self.get_ordered_articles()[2:][2:3], [self.articles[4]])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            self.get_ordered_articles()[2:][2:3], [self.articles[4]]
+        )
 
         # Using an offset without a limit is also possible.
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
@@ -2417,47 +2737,47 @@ class QuerySetSupportsPythonIdioms(TestCase):
         )
 
     def test_slicing_cannot_filter_queryset_once_sliced(self):
-        msg = 'Cannot filter a query once a slice has been taken.'
+        msg = "Cannot filter a query once a slice has been taken."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             Article.objects.all()[0:5].filter(id=1)
 
     def test_slicing_cannot_reorder_queryset_once_sliced(self):
-        msg = 'Cannot reorder a query once a slice has been taken.'
+        msg = "Cannot reorder a query once a slice has been taken."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            Article.objects.all()[0:5].order_by('id')
+            Article.objects.all()[0:5].order_by("id")
 
     def test_slicing_cannot_combine_queries_once_sliced(self):
-        msg = 'Cannot combine queries once a slice has been taken.'
+        msg = "Cannot combine queries once a slice has been taken."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             Article.objects.all()[0:1] & Article.objects.all()[4:5]
 
     def test_slicing_negative_indexing_not_supported_for_single_element(self):
         """hint: inverting your ordering might do what you need"""
-        msg = 'Negative indexing is not supported.'
+        msg = "Negative indexing is not supported."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             Article.objects.all()[-1]
 
     def test_slicing_negative_indexing_not_supported_for_range(self):
         """hint: inverting your ordering might do what you need"""
-        msg = 'Negative indexing is not supported.'
+        msg = "Negative indexing is not supported."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             Article.objects.all()[0:-5]
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             Article.objects.all()[-1:]
 
     def test_invalid_index(self):
-        msg = 'QuerySet indices must be integers or slices, not str.'
+        msg = "QuerySet indices must be integers or slices, not str."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            Article.objects.all()['foo']
+            Article.objects.all()["foo"]
 
     def test_can_get_number_of_items_in_queryset_using_standard_len(self):
-        self.assertEqual(len(Article.objects.filter(name__exact='Article 1')), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Article.objects.filter(name__exact="Article 1")), 1)
 
     def test_can_combine_queries_using_and_and_or_operators(self):
-        s1 = Article.objects.filter(name__exact='Article 1')
-        s2 = Article.objects.filter(name__exact='Article 2')
+        s1 = Article.objects.filter(name__exact="Article 1")
+        s2 = Article.objects.filter(name__exact="Article 2")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            (s1 | s2).order_by('name'),
+            (s1 | s2).order_by("name"),
             [self.articles[0], self.articles[1]],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(s1 & s2, [])
@@ -2469,32 +2789,36 @@ class WeirdQuerysetSlicingTests(TestCase):
         Number.objects.create(num=1)
         Number.objects.create(num=2)
 
-        Article.objects.create(name='one', created=datetime.datetime.now())
-        Article.objects.create(name='two', created=datetime.datetime.now())
-        Article.objects.create(name='three', created=datetime.datetime.now())
-        Article.objects.create(name='four', created=datetime.datetime.now())
+        Article.objects.create(name="one", created=datetime.datetime.now())
+        Article.objects.create(name="two", created=datetime.datetime.now())
+        Article.objects.create(name="three", created=datetime.datetime.now())
+        Article.objects.create(name="four", created=datetime.datetime.now())
 
-        food = Food.objects.create(name='spam')
-        Eaten.objects.create(meal='spam with eggs', food=food)
+        food = Food.objects.create(name="spam")
+        Eaten.objects.create(meal="spam with eggs", food=food)
 
     def test_tickets_7698_10202(self):
         # People like to slice with '0' as the high-water mark.
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.all()[0:0], [])
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(Article.objects.all()[0:0][:10], [])
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.all()[:0].count(), 0)
-        msg = 'Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken.'
+        msg = "Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            Article.objects.all()[:0].latest('created')
+            Article.objects.all()[:0].latest("created")
 
     def test_empty_resultset_sql(self):
         # ticket #12192
         self.assertNumQueries(0, lambda: list(Number.objects.all()[1:1]))
 
     def test_empty_sliced_subquery(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Eaten.objects.filter(food__in=Food.objects.all()[0:0]).count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Eaten.objects.filter(food__in=Food.objects.all()[0:0]).count(), 0
+        )
 
     def test_empty_sliced_subquery_exclude(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Eaten.objects.exclude(food__in=Food.objects.all()[0:0]).count(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Eaten.objects.exclude(food__in=Food.objects.all()[0:0]).count(), 1
+        )
 
     def test_zero_length_values_slicing(self):
         n = 42
@@ -2506,14 +2830,16 @@ class WeirdQuerysetSlicingTests(TestCase):
 class EscapingTests(TestCase):
     def test_ticket_7302(self):
         # Reserved names are appropriately escaped
-        r_a = ReservedName.objects.create(name='a', order=42)
-        r_b = ReservedName.objects.create(name='b', order=37)
+        r_a = ReservedName.objects.create(name="a", order=42)
+        r_b = ReservedName.objects.create(name="b", order=37)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            ReservedName.objects.all().order_by('order'),
+            ReservedName.objects.all().order_by("order"),
             [r_b, r_a],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            ReservedName.objects.extra(select={'stuff': 'name'}, order_by=('order', 'stuff')),
+            ReservedName.objects.extra(
+                select={"stuff": "name"}, order_by=("order", "stuff")
+            ),
             [r_b, r_a],
         )
 
@@ -2534,16 +2860,20 @@ class ToFieldTests(TestCase):
         apple = Food.objects.create(name="apple")
         lunch = Eaten.objects.create(food=apple, meal="lunch")
         self.assertEqual(
-            set(Eaten.objects.filter(food__in=Food.objects.filter(name='apple'))),
-            {lunch}
+            set(Eaten.objects.filter(food__in=Food.objects.filter(name="apple"))),
+            {lunch},
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            set(Eaten.objects.filter(food__in=Food.objects.filter(name='apple').values('eaten__meal'))),
-            set()
+            set(
+                Eaten.objects.filter(
+                    food__in=Food.objects.filter(name="apple").values("eaten__meal")
+                )
+            ),
+            set(),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            set(Food.objects.filter(eaten__in=Eaten.objects.filter(meal='lunch'))),
-            {apple}
+            set(Food.objects.filter(eaten__in=Eaten.objects.filter(meal="lunch"))),
+            {apple},
         )
 
     def test_nested_in_subquery(self):
@@ -2565,8 +2895,7 @@ class ToFieldTests(TestCase):
         lunch_pear = Eaten.objects.create(food=pear, meal="dinner")
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            set(Food.objects.filter(eaten__in=[lunch_apple, lunch_pear])),
-            {apple, pear}
+            set(Food.objects.filter(eaten__in=[lunch_apple, lunch_pear])), {apple, pear}
         )
 
     def test_single_object(self):
@@ -2574,45 +2903,35 @@ class ToFieldTests(TestCase):
         lunch = Eaten.objects.create(food=apple, meal="lunch")
         dinner = Eaten.objects.create(food=apple, meal="dinner")
 
-        self.assertEqual(
-            set(Eaten.objects.filter(food=apple)),
-            {lunch, dinner}
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(set(Eaten.objects.filter(food=apple)), {lunch, dinner})
 
     def test_single_object_reverse(self):
         apple = Food.objects.create(name="apple")
         lunch = Eaten.objects.create(food=apple, meal="lunch")
 
-        self.assertEqual(
-            set(Food.objects.filter(eaten=lunch)),
-            {apple}
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(set(Food.objects.filter(eaten=lunch)), {apple})
 
     def test_recursive_fk(self):
         node1 = Node.objects.create(num=42)
         node2 = Node.objects.create(num=1, parent=node1)
 
-        self.assertEqual(
-            list(Node.objects.filter(parent=node1)),
-            [node2]
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(list(Node.objects.filter(parent=node1)), [node2])
 
     def test_recursive_fk_reverse(self):
         node1 = Node.objects.create(num=42)
         node2 = Node.objects.create(num=1, parent=node1)
 
-        self.assertEqual(
-            list(Node.objects.filter(node=node2)),
-            [node1]
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(list(Node.objects.filter(node=node2)), [node1])
 
 
 class IsNullTests(TestCase):
     def test_primary_key(self):
-        custom = CustomPk.objects.create(name='pk')
+        custom = CustomPk.objects.create(name="pk")
         null = Related.objects.create()
         notnull = Related.objects.create(custom=custom)
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Related.objects.filter(custom__isnull=False), [notnull])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Related.objects.filter(custom__isnull=False), [notnull]
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Related.objects.filter(custom__isnull=True), [null])
 
     def test_to_field(self):
@@ -2636,39 +2955,36 @@ class ConditionalTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         generic = NamedCategory.objects.create(name="Generic")
-        t1 = Tag.objects.create(name='t1', category=generic)
-        Tag.objects.create(name='t2', parent=t1, category=generic)
-        t3 = Tag.objects.create(name='t3', parent=t1)
-        Tag.objects.create(name='t4', parent=t3)
-        Tag.objects.create(name='t5', parent=t3)
+        t1 = Tag.objects.create(name="t1", category=generic)
+        Tag.objects.create(name="t2", parent=t1, category=generic)
+        t3 = Tag.objects.create(name="t3", parent=t1)
+        Tag.objects.create(name="t4", parent=t3)
+        Tag.objects.create(name="t5", parent=t3)
 
     def test_infinite_loop(self):
         # If you're not careful, it's possible to introduce infinite loops via
         # default ordering on foreign keys in a cycle. We detect that.
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, 'Infinite loop caused by ordering.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, "Infinite loop caused by ordering."):
             list(LoopX.objects.all())  # Force queryset evaluation with list()
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, 'Infinite loop caused by ordering.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, "Infinite loop caused by ordering."):
             list(LoopZ.objects.all())  # Force queryset evaluation with list()
 
         # Note that this doesn't cause an infinite loop, since the default
         # ordering on the Tag model is empty (and thus defaults to using "id"
         # for the related field).
-        self.assertEqual(len(Tag.objects.order_by('parent')), 5)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Tag.objects.order_by("parent")), 5)
 
         # ... but you can still order in a non-recursive fashion among linked
         # fields (the previous test failed because the default ordering was
         # recursive).
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            LoopX.objects.all().order_by('y__x__y__x__id'),
-            []
-        )
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(LoopX.objects.all().order_by("y__x__y__x__id"), [])
 
     # When grouping without specifying ordering, we add an explicit "ORDER BY NULL"
     # portion in MySQL to prevent unnecessary sorting.
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('requires_explicit_null_ordering_when_grouping')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("requires_explicit_null_ordering_when_grouping")
     def test_null_ordering_added(self):
-        query = Tag.objects.values_list('parent_id', flat=True).order_by().query
-        query.group_by = ['parent_id']
+        query = Tag.objects.values_list("parent_id", flat=True).order_by().query
+        query.group_by = ["parent_id"]
         sql = query.get_compiler(DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS).as_sql()[0]
         fragment = "ORDER BY "
         pos = sql.find(fragment)
@@ -2685,29 +3001,36 @@ class ConditionalTests(TestCase):
             Number.objects.bulk_create(Number(num=num) for num in numbers)
             for number in [1000, 1001, 2000, len(numbers)]:
                 with self.subTest(number=number):
-                    self.assertEqual(Number.objects.filter(num__in=numbers[:number]).count(), number)
+                    self.assertEqual(
+                        Number.objects.filter(num__in=numbers[:number]).count(), number
+                    )
 
 
 class UnionTests(unittest.TestCase):
     """
     Tests for the union of two querysets. Bug #12252.
     """
+
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         objectas = []
         objectbs = []
         objectcs = []
-        a_info = ['one', 'two', 'three']
+        a_info = ["one", "two", "three"]
         for name in a_info:
             o = ObjectA(name=name)
             o.save()
             objectas.append(o)
-        b_info = [('un', 1, objectas[0]), ('deux', 2, objectas[0]), ('trois', 3, objectas[2])]
+        b_info = [
+            ("un", 1, objectas[0]),
+            ("deux", 2, objectas[0]),
+            ("trois", 3, objectas[2]),
+        ]
         for name, number, objecta in b_info:
             o = ObjectB(name=name, num=number, objecta=objecta)
             o.save()
             objectbs.append(o)
-        c_info = [('ein', objectas[2], objectbs[2]), ('zwei', objectas[1], objectbs[1])]
+        c_info = [("ein", objectas[2], objectbs[2]), ("zwei", objectas[1], objectbs[1])]
         for name, objecta, objectb in c_info:
             o = ObjectC(name=name, objecta=objecta, objectb=objectb)
             o.save()
@@ -2719,33 +3042,37 @@ class UnionTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(set(filter(Q2) | filter(Q1)), set(filter(Q1 | Q2)))
 
     def test_A_AB(self):
-        Q1 = Q(name='two')
-        Q2 = Q(objectb__name='deux')
+        Q1 = Q(name="two")
+        Q2 = Q(objectb__name="deux")
         self.check_union(ObjectA, Q1, Q2)
 
     def test_A_AB2(self):
-        Q1 = Q(name='two')
-        Q2 = Q(objectb__name='deux', objectb__num=2)
+        Q1 = Q(name="two")
+        Q2 = Q(objectb__name="deux", objectb__num=2)
         self.check_union(ObjectA, Q1, Q2)
 
     def test_AB_ACB(self):
-        Q1 = Q(objectb__name='deux')
-        Q2 = Q(objectc__objectb__name='deux')
+        Q1 = Q(objectb__name="deux")
+        Q2 = Q(objectc__objectb__name="deux")
         self.check_union(ObjectA, Q1, Q2)
 
     def test_BAB_BAC(self):
-        Q1 = Q(objecta__objectb__name='deux')
-        Q2 = Q(objecta__objectc__name='ein')
+        Q1 = Q(objecta__objectb__name="deux")
+        Q2 = Q(objecta__objectc__name="ein")
         self.check_union(ObjectB, Q1, Q2)
 
     def test_BAB_BACB(self):
-        Q1 = Q(objecta__objectb__name='deux')
-        Q2 = Q(objecta__objectc__objectb__name='trois')
+        Q1 = Q(objecta__objectb__name="deux")
+        Q2 = Q(objecta__objectc__objectb__name="trois")
         self.check_union(ObjectB, Q1, Q2)
 
     def test_BA_BCA__BAB_BAC_BCA(self):
-        Q1 = Q(objecta__name='one', objectc__objecta__name='two')
-        Q2 = Q(objecta__objectc__name='ein', objectc__objecta__name='three', objecta__objectb__name='trois')
+        Q1 = Q(objecta__name="one", objectc__objecta__name="two")
+        Q2 = Q(
+            objecta__objectc__name="ein",
+            objectc__objecta__name="three",
+            objecta__objectb__name="trois",
+        )
         self.check_union(ObjectB, Q1, Q2)
 
 
@@ -2760,72 +3087,84 @@ class DefaultValuesInsertTest(TestCase):
 class ExcludeTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        f1 = Food.objects.create(name='apples')
-        cls.f2 = Food.objects.create(name='oranges')
-        Eaten.objects.create(food=f1, meal='dinner')
-        cls.j1 = Job.objects.create(name='Manager')
-        cls.r1 = Responsibility.objects.create(description='Playing golf')
-        cls.j2 = Job.objects.create(name='Programmer')
-        cls.r2 = Responsibility.objects.create(description='Programming')
+        f1 = Food.objects.create(name="apples")
+        cls.f2 = Food.objects.create(name="oranges")
+        Eaten.objects.create(food=f1, meal="dinner")
+        cls.j1 = Job.objects.create(name="Manager")
+        cls.r1 = Responsibility.objects.create(description="Playing golf")
+        cls.j2 = Job.objects.create(name="Programmer")
+        cls.r2 = Responsibility.objects.create(description="Programming")
         JobResponsibilities.objects.create(job=cls.j1, responsibility=cls.r1)
         JobResponsibilities.objects.create(job=cls.j2, responsibility=cls.r2)
 
     def test_to_field(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Food.objects.exclude(eaten__meal='dinner'),
+            Food.objects.exclude(eaten__meal="dinner"),
             [self.f2],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Job.objects.exclude(responsibilities__description='Playing golf'),
+            Job.objects.exclude(responsibilities__description="Playing golf"),
             [self.j2],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Responsibility.objects.exclude(jobs__name='Manager'),
+            Responsibility.objects.exclude(jobs__name="Manager"),
             [self.r2],
         )
 
     def test_ticket14511(self):
-        alex = Person.objects.get_or_create(name='Alex')[0]
-        jane = Person.objects.get_or_create(name='Jane')[0]
+        alex = Person.objects.get_or_create(name="Alex")[0]
+        jane = Person.objects.get_or_create(name="Jane")[0]
 
-        oracle = Company.objects.get_or_create(name='Oracle')[0]
-        google = Company.objects.get_or_create(name='Google')[0]
-        microsoft = Company.objects.get_or_create(name='Microsoft')[0]
-        intel = Company.objects.get_or_create(name='Intel')[0]
+        oracle = Company.objects.get_or_create(name="Oracle")[0]
+        google = Company.objects.get_or_create(name="Google")[0]
+        microsoft = Company.objects.get_or_create(name="Microsoft")[0]
+        intel = Company.objects.get_or_create(name="Intel")[0]
 
         def employ(employer, employee, title):
-            Employment.objects.get_or_create(employee=employee, employer=employer, title=title)
+            Employment.objects.get_or_create(
+                employee=employee, employer=employer, title=title
+            )
 
-        employ(oracle, alex, 'Engineer')
-        employ(oracle, alex, 'Developer')
-        employ(google, alex, 'Engineer')
-        employ(google, alex, 'Manager')
-        employ(microsoft, alex, 'Manager')
-        employ(intel, alex, 'Manager')
+        employ(oracle, alex, "Engineer")
+        employ(oracle, alex, "Developer")
+        employ(google, alex, "Engineer")
+        employ(google, alex, "Manager")
+        employ(microsoft, alex, "Manager")
+        employ(intel, alex, "Manager")
 
-        employ(microsoft, jane, 'Developer')
-        employ(intel, jane, 'Manager')
+        employ(microsoft, jane, "Developer")
+        employ(intel, jane, "Manager")
 
-        alex_tech_employers = alex.employers.filter(
-            employment__title__in=('Engineer', 'Developer')).distinct().order_by('name')
+        alex_tech_employers = (
+            alex.employers.filter(employment__title__in=("Engineer", "Developer"))
+            .distinct()
+            .order_by("name")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(alex_tech_employers, [google, oracle])
 
-        alex_nontech_employers = alex.employers.exclude(
-            employment__title__in=('Engineer', 'Developer')).distinct().order_by('name')
+        alex_nontech_employers = (
+            alex.employers.exclude(employment__title__in=("Engineer", "Developer"))
+            .distinct()
+            .order_by("name")
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(alex_nontech_employers, [google, intel, microsoft])
 
     def test_exclude_reverse_fk_field_ref(self):
         tag = Tag.objects.create()
-        Note.objects.create(tag=tag, note='note')
-        annotation = Annotation.objects.create(name='annotation', tag=tag)
-        self.assertEqual(Annotation.objects.exclude(tag__note__note=F('name')).get(), annotation)
+        Note.objects.create(tag=tag, note="note")
+        annotation = Annotation.objects.create(name="annotation", tag=tag)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Annotation.objects.exclude(tag__note__note=F("name")).get(), annotation
+        )
 
     def test_exclude_with_circular_fk_relation(self):
-        self.assertEqual(ObjectB.objects.exclude(objecta__objectb__name=F('name')).count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ObjectB.objects.exclude(objecta__objectb__name=F("name")).count(), 0
+        )
 
     def test_subquery_exclude_outerref(self):
         qs = JobResponsibilities.objects.filter(
-            Exists(Responsibility.objects.exclude(jobs=OuterRef('job'))),
+            Exists(Responsibility.objects.exclude(jobs=OuterRef("job"))),
         )
         self.assertTrue(qs.exists())
         self.r1.delete()
@@ -2835,44 +3174,46 @@ class ExcludeTests(TestCase):
         number = Number.objects.create(num=1, other_num=1)
         Number.objects.create(num=2, other_num=2, another_num=2)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Number.objects.exclude(other_num=F('another_num')),
+            Number.objects.exclude(other_num=F("another_num")),
             [number],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Number.objects.exclude(num=F('another_num')),
+            Number.objects.exclude(num=F("another_num")),
             [number],
         )
 
     def test_exclude_multivalued_exists(self):
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             self.assertSequenceEqual(
-                Job.objects.exclude(responsibilities__description='Programming'),
+                Job.objects.exclude(responsibilities__description="Programming"),
                 [self.j1],
             )
-        self.assertIn('exists', captured_queries[0]['sql'].lower())
+        self.assertIn("exists", captured_queries[0]["sql"].lower())
 
     def test_exclude_subquery(self):
         subquery = JobResponsibilities.objects.filter(
-            responsibility__description='bar',
+            responsibility__description="bar",
         ) | JobResponsibilities.objects.exclude(
-            job__responsibilities__description='foo',
+            job__responsibilities__description="foo",
         )
         self.assertCountEqual(
             Job.objects.annotate(
-                responsibility=subquery.filter(
-                    job=OuterRef('name'),
-                ).values('id')[:1]
+                responsibility=subquery.filter(job=OuterRef("name"),).values(
+                    "id"
+                )[:1]
             ),
             [self.j1, self.j2],
         )
 
     def test_exclude_unsaved_o2o_object(self):
-        jack = Staff.objects.create(name='jack')
+        jack = Staff.objects.create(name="jack")
         jack_staff = StaffUser.objects.create(staff=jack)
-        unsaved_object = Staff(name='jane')
+        unsaved_object = Staff(name="jane")
 
         self.assertIsNone(unsaved_object.pk)
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(StaffUser.objects.exclude(staff=unsaved_object), [jack_staff])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            StaffUser.objects.exclude(staff=unsaved_object), [jack_staff]
+        )
 
 
 class ExcludeTest17600(TestCase):
@@ -2880,6 +3221,7 @@ class ExcludeTest17600(TestCase):
     Some regressiontests for ticket #17600. Some of these likely duplicate
     other existing tests.
     """
+
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         # Create a few Orders.
@@ -2948,7 +3290,8 @@ class ExcludeTest17600(TestCase):
         """
         self.assertEqual(
             list(Order.objects.exclude(items__status=1).distinct()),
-            list(Order.objects.exclude(Q(items__status=1)).distinct()))
+            list(Order.objects.exclude(Q(items__status=1)).distinct()),
+        )
 
     def test_exclude_with_q_is_equal_to_plain_exclude_variation(self):
         """
@@ -2957,7 +3300,8 @@ class ExcludeTest17600(TestCase):
         """
         self.assertEqual(
             list(Order.objects.exclude(items__status=1)),
-            list(Order.objects.exclude(Q(items__status=1)).distinct()))
+            list(Order.objects.exclude(Q(items__status=1)).distinct()),
+        )
 
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_only_orders_with_all_items_having_status_1(self):
@@ -2974,40 +3318,50 @@ class ExcludeTest17600(TestCase):
 
 class Exclude15786(TestCase):
     """Regression test for #15786"""
+
     def test_ticket15786(self):
-        c1 = SimpleCategory.objects.create(name='c1')
-        c2 = SimpleCategory.objects.create(name='c2')
+        c1 = SimpleCategory.objects.create(name="c1")
+        c2 = SimpleCategory.objects.create(name="c2")
         OneToOneCategory.objects.create(category=c1)
         OneToOneCategory.objects.create(category=c2)
         rel = CategoryRelationship.objects.create(first=c1, second=c2)
         self.assertEqual(
             CategoryRelationship.objects.exclude(
-                first__onetoonecategory=F('second__onetoonecategory')
-            ).get(), rel
+                first__onetoonecategory=F("second__onetoonecategory")
+            ).get(),
+            rel,
         )
 
 
 class NullInExcludeTest(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        NullableName.objects.create(name='i1')
+        NullableName.objects.create(name="i1")
         NullableName.objects.create()
 
     def test_null_in_exclude_qs(self):
-        none_val = '' if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls else None
+        none_val = "" if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls else None
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             NullableName.objects.exclude(name__in=[]),
-            ['i1', none_val], attrgetter('name'))
+            ["i1", none_val],
+            attrgetter("name"),
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            NullableName.objects.exclude(name__in=['i1']),
-            [none_val], attrgetter('name'))
+            NullableName.objects.exclude(name__in=["i1"]),
+            [none_val],
+            attrgetter("name"),
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            NullableName.objects.exclude(name__in=['i3']),
-            ['i1', none_val], attrgetter('name'))
-        inner_qs = NullableName.objects.filter(name='i1').values_list('name')
+            NullableName.objects.exclude(name__in=["i3"]),
+            ["i1", none_val],
+            attrgetter("name"),
+        )
+        inner_qs = NullableName.objects.filter(name="i1").values_list("name")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
             NullableName.objects.exclude(name__in=inner_qs),
-            [none_val], attrgetter('name'))
+            [none_val],
+            attrgetter("name"),
+        )
         # The inner queryset wasn't executed - it should be turned
         # into subquery above
         self.assertIs(inner_qs._result_cache, None)
@@ -3020,16 +3374,17 @@ class NullInExcludeTest(TestCase):
         abstract away.
         """
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            NullableName.objects.exclude(name__in=[None]),
-            ['i1'], attrgetter('name'))
+            NullableName.objects.exclude(name__in=[None]), ["i1"], attrgetter("name")
+        )
 
     def test_double_exclude(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            list(NullableName.objects.filter(~~Q(name='i1'))),
-            list(NullableName.objects.filter(Q(name='i1'))))
+            list(NullableName.objects.filter(~~Q(name="i1"))),
+            list(NullableName.objects.filter(Q(name="i1"))),
+        )
         self.assertNotIn(
-            'IS NOT NULL',
-            str(NullableName.objects.filter(~~Q(name='i1')).query))
+            "IS NOT NULL", str(NullableName.objects.filter(~~Q(name="i1")).query)
+        )
 
 
 class EmptyStringsAsNullTest(TestCase):
@@ -3038,27 +3393,29 @@ class EmptyStringsAsNullTest(TestCase):
     The reason for these tests is that Oracle treats '' as NULL, and this
     can cause problems in query construction. Refs #17957.
     """
+
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.nc = NamedCategory.objects.create(name='')
+        cls.nc = NamedCategory.objects.create(name="")
 
     def test_direct_exclude(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            NamedCategory.objects.exclude(name__in=['nonexistent']),
-            [self.nc.pk], attrgetter('pk')
+            NamedCategory.objects.exclude(name__in=["nonexistent"]),
+            [self.nc.pk],
+            attrgetter("pk"),
         )
 
     def test_joined_exclude(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            DumbCategory.objects.exclude(namedcategory__name__in=['nonexistent']),
-            [self.nc.pk], attrgetter('pk')
+            DumbCategory.objects.exclude(namedcategory__name__in=["nonexistent"]),
+            [self.nc.pk],
+            attrgetter("pk"),
         )
 
     def test_21001(self):
-        foo = NamedCategory.objects.create(name='foo')
+        foo = NamedCategory.objects.create(name="foo")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            NamedCategory.objects.exclude(name=''),
-            [foo.pk], attrgetter('pk')
+            NamedCategory.objects.exclude(name=""), [foo.pk], attrgetter("pk")
         )
 
 
@@ -3078,7 +3435,7 @@ class ProxyQueryCleanupTest(TestCase):
 class WhereNodeTest(SimpleTestCase):
     class DummyNode:
         def as_sql(self, compiler, connection):
-            return 'dummy', []
+            return "dummy", []
 
     class MockCompiler:
         def compile(self, node):
@@ -3093,66 +3450,64 @@ class WhereNodeTest(SimpleTestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(EmptyResultSet):
             w.as_sql(compiler, connection)
         w.negate()
-        self.assertEqual(w.as_sql(compiler, connection), ('', []))
+        self.assertEqual(w.as_sql(compiler, connection), ("", []))
         w = WhereNode(children=[self.DummyNode(), self.DummyNode()])
-        self.assertEqual(w.as_sql(compiler, connection), ('(dummy AND dummy)', []))
+        self.assertEqual(w.as_sql(compiler, connection), ("(dummy AND dummy)", []))
         w.negate()
-        self.assertEqual(w.as_sql(compiler, connection), ('NOT (dummy AND dummy)', []))
+        self.assertEqual(w.as_sql(compiler, connection), ("NOT (dummy AND dummy)", []))
         w = WhereNode(children=[NothingNode(), self.DummyNode()])
         with self.assertRaises(EmptyResultSet):
             w.as_sql(compiler, connection)
         w.negate()
-        self.assertEqual(w.as_sql(compiler, connection), ('', []))
+        self.assertEqual(w.as_sql(compiler, connection), ("", []))
 
     def test_empty_full_handling_disjunction(self):
         compiler = WhereNodeTest.MockCompiler()
-        w = WhereNode(children=[NothingNode()], connector='OR')
+        w = WhereNode(children=[NothingNode()], connector="OR")
         with self.assertRaises(EmptyResultSet):
             w.as_sql(compiler, connection)
         w.negate()
-        self.assertEqual(w.as_sql(compiler, connection), ('', []))
-        w = WhereNode(children=[self.DummyNode(), self.DummyNode()], connector='OR')
-        self.assertEqual(w.as_sql(compiler, connection), ('(dummy OR dummy)', []))
+        self.assertEqual(w.as_sql(compiler, connection), ("", []))
+        w = WhereNode(children=[self.DummyNode(), self.DummyNode()], connector="OR")
+        self.assertEqual(w.as_sql(compiler, connection), ("(dummy OR dummy)", []))
         w.negate()
-        self.assertEqual(w.as_sql(compiler, connection), ('NOT (dummy OR dummy)', []))
-        w = WhereNode(children=[NothingNode(), self.DummyNode()], connector='OR')
-        self.assertEqual(w.as_sql(compiler, connection), ('dummy', []))
+        self.assertEqual(w.as_sql(compiler, connection), ("NOT (dummy OR dummy)", []))
+        w = WhereNode(children=[NothingNode(), self.DummyNode()], connector="OR")
+        self.assertEqual(w.as_sql(compiler, connection), ("dummy", []))
         w.negate()
-        self.assertEqual(w.as_sql(compiler, connection), ('NOT (dummy)', []))
+        self.assertEqual(w.as_sql(compiler, connection), ("NOT (dummy)", []))
 
     def test_empty_nodes(self):
         compiler = WhereNodeTest.MockCompiler()
         empty_w = WhereNode()
         w = WhereNode(children=[empty_w, empty_w])
-        self.assertEqual(w.as_sql(compiler, connection), ('', []))
+        self.assertEqual(w.as_sql(compiler, connection), ("", []))
         w.negate()
         with self.assertRaises(EmptyResultSet):
             w.as_sql(compiler, connection)
-        w.connector = 'OR'
+        w.connector = "OR"
         with self.assertRaises(EmptyResultSet):
             w.as_sql(compiler, connection)
         w.negate()
-        self.assertEqual(w.as_sql(compiler, connection), ('', []))
-        w = WhereNode(children=[empty_w, NothingNode()], connector='OR')
-        self.assertEqual(w.as_sql(compiler, connection), ('', []))
-        w = WhereNode(children=[empty_w, NothingNode()], connector='AND')
+        self.assertEqual(w.as_sql(compiler, connection), ("", []))
+        w = WhereNode(children=[empty_w, NothingNode()], connector="OR")
+        self.assertEqual(w.as_sql(compiler, connection), ("", []))
+        w = WhereNode(children=[empty_w, NothingNode()], connector="AND")
         with self.assertRaises(EmptyResultSet):
             w.as_sql(compiler, connection)
 
 
 class QuerySetExceptionTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_iter_exceptions(self):
-        qs = ExtraInfo.objects.only('author')
+        qs = ExtraInfo.objects.only("author")
         msg = "'ManyToOneRel' object has no attribute 'attname'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, msg):
             list(qs)
 
     def test_invalid_order_by(self):
-        msg = (
-            "Cannot resolve keyword '*' into field. Choices are: created, id, name"
-        )
+        msg = "Cannot resolve keyword '*' into field. Choices are: created, id, name"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
-            Article.objects.order_by('*')
+            Article.objects.order_by("*")
 
     def test_invalid_order_by_raw_column_alias(self):
         msg = (
@@ -3161,7 +3516,7 @@ class QuerySetExceptionTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "note, note_id, tags"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
-            Item.objects.values('creator__name').order_by('queries_author.name')
+            Item.objects.values("creator__name").order_by("queries_author.name")
 
     def test_invalid_queryset_model(self):
         msg = 'Cannot use QuerySet for "Article": Use a QuerySet for "ExtraInfo".'
@@ -3172,12 +3527,12 @@ class QuerySetExceptionTests(SimpleTestCase):
 class NullJoinPromotionOrTest(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.d1 = ModelD.objects.create(name='foo')
-        d2 = ModelD.objects.create(name='bar')
-        cls.a1 = ModelA.objects.create(name='a1', d=cls.d1)
-        c = ModelC.objects.create(name='c')
-        b = ModelB.objects.create(name='b', c=c)
-        cls.a2 = ModelA.objects.create(name='a2', b=b, d=d2)
+        cls.d1 = ModelD.objects.create(name="foo")
+        d2 = ModelD.objects.create(name="bar")
+        cls.a1 = ModelA.objects.create(name="a1", d=cls.d1)
+        c = ModelC.objects.create(name="c")
+        b = ModelB.objects.create(name="b", c=c)
+        cls.a2 = ModelA.objects.create(name="a2", b=b, d=d2)
 
     def test_ticket_17886(self):
         # The first Q-object is generating the match, the rest of the filters
@@ -3185,101 +3540,108 @@ class NullJoinPromotionOrTest(TestCase):
         # problem here was that b__name generates a LOUTER JOIN, then
         # b__c__name generates join to c, which the ORM tried to promote but
         # failed as that join isn't nullable.
-        q_obj = (
-            Q(d__name='foo') |
-            Q(b__name='foo') |
-            Q(b__c__name='foo')
-        )
+        q_obj = Q(d__name="foo") | Q(b__name="foo") | Q(b__c__name="foo")
         qset = ModelA.objects.filter(q_obj)
         self.assertEqual(list(qset), [self.a1])
         # We generate one INNER JOIN to D. The join is direct and not nullable
         # so we can use INNER JOIN for it. However, we can NOT use INNER JOIN
         # for the b->c join, as a->b is nullable.
-        self.assertEqual(str(qset.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qset.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
 
     def test_isnull_filter_promotion(self):
         qs = ModelA.objects.filter(Q(b__name__isnull=True))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('LEFT OUTER'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("LEFT OUTER"), 1)
         self.assertEqual(list(qs), [self.a1])
 
         qs = ModelA.objects.filter(~Q(b__name__isnull=True))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
         self.assertEqual(list(qs), [self.a2])
 
         qs = ModelA.objects.filter(~~Q(b__name__isnull=True))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('LEFT OUTER'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("LEFT OUTER"), 1)
         self.assertEqual(list(qs), [self.a1])
 
         qs = ModelA.objects.filter(Q(b__name__isnull=False))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
         self.assertEqual(list(qs), [self.a2])
 
         qs = ModelA.objects.filter(~Q(b__name__isnull=False))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('LEFT OUTER'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("LEFT OUTER"), 1)
         self.assertEqual(list(qs), [self.a1])
 
         qs = ModelA.objects.filter(~~Q(b__name__isnull=False))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
         self.assertEqual(list(qs), [self.a2])
 
     def test_null_join_demotion(self):
         qs = ModelA.objects.filter(Q(b__name__isnull=False) & Q(b__name__isnull=True))
-        self.assertIn(' INNER JOIN ', str(qs.query))
+        self.assertIn(" INNER JOIN ", str(qs.query))
         qs = ModelA.objects.filter(Q(b__name__isnull=True) & Q(b__name__isnull=False))
-        self.assertIn(' INNER JOIN ', str(qs.query))
+        self.assertIn(" INNER JOIN ", str(qs.query))
         qs = ModelA.objects.filter(Q(b__name__isnull=False) | Q(b__name__isnull=True))
-        self.assertIn(' LEFT OUTER JOIN ', str(qs.query))
+        self.assertIn(" LEFT OUTER JOIN ", str(qs.query))
         qs = ModelA.objects.filter(Q(b__name__isnull=True) | Q(b__name__isnull=False))
-        self.assertIn(' LEFT OUTER JOIN ', str(qs.query))
+        self.assertIn(" LEFT OUTER JOIN ", str(qs.query))
 
     def test_ticket_21366(self):
-        n = Note.objects.create(note='n', misc='m')
-        e = ExtraInfo.objects.create(info='info', note=n)
-        a = Author.objects.create(name='Author1', num=1, extra=e)
+        n = Note.objects.create(note="n", misc="m")
+        e = ExtraInfo.objects.create(info="info", note=n)
+        a = Author.objects.create(name="Author1", num=1, extra=e)
         Ranking.objects.create(rank=1, author=a)
-        r1 = Report.objects.create(name='Foo', creator=a)
-        r2 = Report.objects.create(name='Bar')
-        Report.objects.create(name='Bar', creator=a)
+        r1 = Report.objects.create(name="Foo", creator=a)
+        r2 = Report.objects.create(name="Bar")
+        Report.objects.create(name="Bar", creator=a)
         qs = Report.objects.filter(
-            Q(creator__ranking__isnull=True) |
-            Q(creator__ranking__rank=1, name='Foo')
+            Q(creator__ranking__isnull=True) | Q(creator__ranking__rank=1, name="Foo")
         )
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count(' JOIN '), 2)
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs.order_by('name'), [r2, r1])
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count(" JOIN "), 2)
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(qs.order_by("name"), [r2, r1])
 
     def test_ticket_21748(self):
-        i1 = Identifier.objects.create(name='i1')
-        i2 = Identifier.objects.create(name='i2')
-        i3 = Identifier.objects.create(name='i3')
+        i1 = Identifier.objects.create(name="i1")
+        i2 = Identifier.objects.create(name="i2")
+        i3 = Identifier.objects.create(name="i3")
         Program.objects.create(identifier=i1)
         Channel.objects.create(identifier=i1)
         Program.objects.create(identifier=i2)
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Identifier.objects.filter(program=None, channel=None), [i3])
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Identifier.objects.exclude(program=None, channel=None).order_by('name'), [i1, i2])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Identifier.objects.filter(program=None, channel=None), [i3]
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Identifier.objects.exclude(program=None, channel=None).order_by("name"),
+            [i1, i2],
+        )
 
     def test_ticket_21748_double_negated_and(self):
-        i1 = Identifier.objects.create(name='i1')
-        i2 = Identifier.objects.create(name='i2')
-        Identifier.objects.create(name='i3')
+        i1 = Identifier.objects.create(name="i1")
+        i2 = Identifier.objects.create(name="i2")
+        Identifier.objects.create(name="i3")
         p1 = Program.objects.create(identifier=i1)
         c1 = Channel.objects.create(identifier=i1)
         Program.objects.create(identifier=i2)
         # Check the ~~Q() (or equivalently .exclude(~Q)) works like Q() for
         # join promotion.
-        qs1_doubleneg = Identifier.objects.exclude(~Q(program__id=p1.id, channel__id=c1.id)).order_by('pk')
-        qs1_filter = Identifier.objects.filter(program__id=p1.id, channel__id=c1.id).order_by('pk')
+        qs1_doubleneg = Identifier.objects.exclude(
+            ~Q(program__id=p1.id, channel__id=c1.id)
+        ).order_by("pk")
+        qs1_filter = Identifier.objects.filter(
+            program__id=p1.id, channel__id=c1.id
+        ).order_by("pk")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs1_doubleneg, qs1_filter, lambda x: x)
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs1_filter.query).count('JOIN'),
-                         str(qs1_doubleneg.query).count('JOIN'))
-        self.assertEqual(2, str(qs1_doubleneg.query).count('INNER JOIN'))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs1_filter.query).count('INNER JOIN'),
-                         str(qs1_doubleneg.query).count('INNER JOIN'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            str(qs1_filter.query).count("JOIN"), str(qs1_doubleneg.query).count("JOIN")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(2, str(qs1_doubleneg.query).count("INNER JOIN"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            str(qs1_filter.query).count("INNER JOIN"),
+            str(qs1_doubleneg.query).count("INNER JOIN"),
+        )
 
     def test_ticket_21748_double_negated_or(self):
-        i1 = Identifier.objects.create(name='i1')
-        i2 = Identifier.objects.create(name='i2')
-        Identifier.objects.create(name='i3')
+        i1 = Identifier.objects.create(name="i1")
+        i2 = Identifier.objects.create(name="i2")
+        Identifier.objects.create(name="i3")
         p1 = Program.objects.create(identifier=i1)
         c1 = Channel.objects.create(identifier=i1)
         p2 = Program.objects.create(identifier=i2)
@@ -3287,21 +3649,24 @@ class NullJoinPromotionOrTest(TestCase):
         # joined, program INNER joined
         qs1_filter = Identifier.objects.filter(
             Q(program__id=p2.id, channel__id=c1.id) | Q(program__id=p1.id)
-        ).order_by('pk')
+        ).order_by("pk")
         qs1_doubleneg = Identifier.objects.exclude(
             ~Q(Q(program__id=p2.id, channel__id=c1.id) | Q(program__id=p1.id))
-        ).order_by('pk')
+        ).order_by("pk")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs1_doubleneg, qs1_filter, lambda x: x)
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs1_filter.query).count('JOIN'),
-                         str(qs1_doubleneg.query).count('JOIN'))
-        self.assertEqual(1, str(qs1_doubleneg.query).count('INNER JOIN'))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs1_filter.query).count('INNER JOIN'),
-                         str(qs1_doubleneg.query).count('INNER JOIN'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            str(qs1_filter.query).count("JOIN"), str(qs1_doubleneg.query).count("JOIN")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(1, str(qs1_doubleneg.query).count("INNER JOIN"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            str(qs1_filter.query).count("INNER JOIN"),
+            str(qs1_doubleneg.query).count("INNER JOIN"),
+        )
 
     def test_ticket_21748_complex_filter(self):
-        i1 = Identifier.objects.create(name='i1')
-        i2 = Identifier.objects.create(name='i2')
-        Identifier.objects.create(name='i3')
+        i1 = Identifier.objects.create(name="i1")
+        i2 = Identifier.objects.create(name="i2")
+        Identifier.objects.create(name="i3")
         p1 = Program.objects.create(identifier=i1)
         c1 = Channel.objects.create(identifier=i1)
         p2 = Program.objects.create(identifier=i2)
@@ -3310,16 +3675,16 @@ class NullJoinPromotionOrTest(TestCase):
         # another query where this isn't done.
         qs1 = Identifier.objects.filter(
             ~Q(~Q(program__id=p2.id, channel__id=c1.id) & Q(program__id=p1.id))
-        ).order_by('pk')
+        ).order_by("pk")
         qs2 = Identifier.objects.filter(
             Q(Q(program__id=p2.id, channel__id=c1.id) | ~Q(program__id=p1.id))
-        ).order_by('pk')
+        ).order_by("pk")
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(qs1, qs2, lambda x: x)
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs1.query).count('JOIN'),
-                         str(qs2.query).count('JOIN'))
-        self.assertEqual(0, str(qs1.query).count('INNER JOIN'))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs1.query).count('INNER JOIN'),
-                         str(qs2.query).count('INNER JOIN'))
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs1.query).count("JOIN"), str(qs2.query).count("JOIN"))
+        self.assertEqual(0, str(qs1.query).count("INNER JOIN"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            str(qs1.query).count("INNER JOIN"), str(qs2.query).count("INNER JOIN")
+        )
 
 
 class ReverseJoinTrimmingTest(TestCase):
@@ -3329,7 +3694,7 @@ class ReverseJoinTrimmingTest(TestCase):
         # can't be done, ever.
         t = Tag.objects.create()
         qs = Tag.objects.filter(annotation__tag=t.pk)
-        self.assertIn('INNER JOIN', str(qs.query))
+        self.assertIn("INNER JOIN", str(qs.query))
         self.assertEqual(list(qs), [])
 
 
@@ -3338,33 +3703,34 @@ class JoinReuseTest(TestCase):
     The queries reuse joins sensibly (for example, direct joins
     are always reused).
     """
+
     def test_fk_reuse(self):
-        qs = Annotation.objects.filter(tag__name='foo').filter(tag__name='bar')
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('JOIN'), 1)
+        qs = Annotation.objects.filter(tag__name="foo").filter(tag__name="bar")
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("JOIN"), 1)
 
     def test_fk_reuse_select_related(self):
-        qs = Annotation.objects.filter(tag__name='foo').select_related('tag')
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('JOIN'), 1)
+        qs = Annotation.objects.filter(tag__name="foo").select_related("tag")
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("JOIN"), 1)
 
     def test_fk_reuse_annotation(self):
-        qs = Annotation.objects.filter(tag__name='foo').annotate(cnt=Count('tag__name'))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('JOIN'), 1)
+        qs = Annotation.objects.filter(tag__name="foo").annotate(cnt=Count("tag__name"))
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("JOIN"), 1)
 
     def test_fk_reuse_disjunction(self):
-        qs = Annotation.objects.filter(Q(tag__name='foo') | Q(tag__name='bar'))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('JOIN'), 1)
+        qs = Annotation.objects.filter(Q(tag__name="foo") | Q(tag__name="bar"))
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("JOIN"), 1)
 
     def test_fk_reuse_order_by(self):
-        qs = Annotation.objects.filter(tag__name='foo').order_by('tag__name')
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('JOIN'), 1)
+        qs = Annotation.objects.filter(tag__name="foo").order_by("tag__name")
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("JOIN"), 1)
 
     def test_revo2o_reuse(self):
-        qs = Detail.objects.filter(member__name='foo').filter(member__name='foo')
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('JOIN'), 1)
+        qs = Detail.objects.filter(member__name="foo").filter(member__name="foo")
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("JOIN"), 1)
 
     def test_revfk_noreuse(self):
-        qs = Author.objects.filter(report__name='r4').filter(report__name='r1')
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('JOIN'), 2)
+        qs = Author.objects.filter(report__name="r4").filter(report__name="r1")
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("JOIN"), 2)
 
     def test_inverted_q_across_relations(self):
         """
@@ -3378,23 +3744,26 @@ class JoinReuseTest(TestCase):
         hogward = School.objects.create()
         Student.objects.create(school=springfield_elementary)
         hp = Student.objects.create(school=hogward)
-        Classroom.objects.create(school=hogward, name='Potion')
-        Classroom.objects.create(school=springfield_elementary, name='Main')
+        Classroom.objects.create(school=hogward, name="Potion")
+        Classroom.objects.create(school=springfield_elementary, name="Main")
         qs = Student.objects.filter(
-            ~(Q(school__classroom__name='Main') & Q(school__classroom__has_blackboard=None))
+            ~(
+                Q(school__classroom__name="Main")
+                & Q(school__classroom__has_blackboard=None)
+            )
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [hp])
 
 
 class DisjunctionPromotionTests(TestCase):
     def test_disjunction_promotion_select_related(self):
-        fk1 = FK1.objects.create(f1='f1', f2='f2')
+        fk1 = FK1.objects.create(f1="f1", f2="f2")
         basea = BaseA.objects.create(a=fk1)
         qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(a=fk1) | Q(b=2))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count(' JOIN '), 0)
-        qs = qs.select_related('a', 'b')
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count(' INNER JOIN '), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count(' LEFT OUTER JOIN '), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count(" JOIN "), 0)
+        qs = qs.select_related("a", "b")
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count(" INNER JOIN "), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count(" LEFT OUTER JOIN "), 2)
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [basea])
             self.assertEqual(qs[0].a, fk1)
@@ -3403,161 +3772,162 @@ class DisjunctionPromotionTests(TestCase):
     def test_disjunction_promotion1(self):
         # Pre-existing join, add two ORed filters to the same join,
         # all joins can be INNER JOINS.
-        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(a__f1='foo')
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
-        qs = qs.filter(Q(b__f1='foo') | Q(b__f2='foo'))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 2)
+        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(a__f1="foo")
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
+        qs = qs.filter(Q(b__f1="foo") | Q(b__f2="foo"))
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 2)
         # Reverse the order of AND and OR filters.
-        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(b__f1='foo') | Q(b__f2='foo'))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
-        qs = qs.filter(a__f1='foo')
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 2)
+        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(b__f1="foo") | Q(b__f2="foo"))
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
+        qs = qs.filter(a__f1="foo")
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 2)
 
     def test_disjunction_promotion2(self):
-        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(a__f1='foo')
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
+        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(a__f1="foo")
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
         # Now we have two different joins in an ORed condition, these
         # must be OUTER joins. The pre-existing join should remain INNER.
-        qs = qs.filter(Q(b__f1='foo') | Q(c__f2='foo'))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 2)
+        qs = qs.filter(Q(b__f1="foo") | Q(c__f2="foo"))
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 2)
         # Reverse case.
-        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(b__f1='foo') | Q(c__f2='foo'))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 2)
-        qs = qs.filter(a__f1='foo')
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 2)
+        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(b__f1="foo") | Q(c__f2="foo"))
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 2)
+        qs = qs.filter(a__f1="foo")
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 2)
 
     def test_disjunction_promotion3(self):
-        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(a__f2='bar')
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
+        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(a__f2="bar")
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
         # The ANDed a__f2 filter allows us to use keep using INNER JOIN
         # even inside the ORed case. If the join to a__ returns nothing,
         # the ANDed filter for a__f2 can't be true.
-        qs = qs.filter(Q(a__f1='foo') | Q(b__f2='foo'))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 1)
+        qs = qs.filter(Q(a__f1="foo") | Q(b__f2="foo"))
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 1)
 
     def test_disjunction_promotion3_demote(self):
         # This one needs demotion logic: the first filter causes a to be
         # outer joined, the second filter makes it inner join again.
-        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(
-            Q(a__f1='foo') | Q(b__f2='foo')).filter(a__f2='bar')
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 1)
+        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(a__f1="foo") | Q(b__f2="foo")).filter(a__f2="bar")
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 1)
 
     def test_disjunction_promotion4_demote(self):
         qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(a=1) | Q(a=2))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('JOIN'), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("JOIN"), 0)
         # Demote needed for the "a" join. It is marked as outer join by
         # above filter (even if it is trimmed away).
-        qs = qs.filter(a__f1='foo')
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
+        qs = qs.filter(a__f1="foo")
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
 
     def test_disjunction_promotion4(self):
-        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(a__f1='foo')
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
+        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(a__f1="foo")
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
         qs = qs.filter(Q(a=1) | Q(a=2))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
 
     def test_disjunction_promotion5_demote(self):
         qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(a=1) | Q(a=2))
         # Note that the above filters on a force the join to an
         # inner join even if it is trimmed.
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('JOIN'), 0)
-        qs = qs.filter(Q(a__f1='foo') | Q(b__f1='foo'))
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("JOIN"), 0)
+        qs = qs.filter(Q(a__f1="foo") | Q(b__f1="foo"))
         # So, now the a__f1 join doesn't need promotion.
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
         # But b__f1 does.
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 1)
-        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(a__f1='foo') | Q(b__f1='foo'))
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 1)
+        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(a__f1="foo") | Q(b__f1="foo"))
         # Now the join to a is created as LOUTER
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 2)
         qs = qs.filter(Q(a=1) | Q(a=2))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 1)
 
     def test_disjunction_promotion6(self):
         qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(a=1) | Q(a=2))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('JOIN'), 0)
-        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(a__f1='foo') & Q(b__f1='foo'))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("JOIN"), 0)
+        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(a__f1="foo") & Q(b__f1="foo"))
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 0)
 
-        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(a__f1='foo') & Q(b__f1='foo'))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 2)
+        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(a__f1="foo") & Q(b__f1="foo"))
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 2)
         qs = qs.filter(Q(a=1) | Q(a=2))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 0)
 
     def test_disjunction_promotion7(self):
         qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(a=1) | Q(a=2))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('JOIN'), 0)
-        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(a__f1='foo') | (Q(b__f1='foo') & Q(a__f1='bar')))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("JOIN"), 0)
+        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(a__f1="foo") | (Q(b__f1="foo") & Q(a__f1="bar")))
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 1)
         qs = BaseA.objects.filter(
-            (Q(a__f1='foo') | Q(b__f1='foo')) & (Q(a__f1='bar') | Q(c__f1='foo'))
+            (Q(a__f1="foo") | Q(b__f1="foo")) & (Q(a__f1="bar") | Q(c__f1="foo"))
         )
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 0)
         qs = BaseA.objects.filter(
-            Q(a__f1='foo') | Q(a__f1='bar') & (Q(b__f1='bar') | Q(c__f1='foo'))
+            Q(a__f1="foo") | Q(a__f1="bar") & (Q(b__f1="bar") | Q(c__f1="foo"))
         )
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
 
     def test_disjunction_promotion_fexpression(self):
-        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(a__f1=F('b__f1')) | Q(b__f1='foo'))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 1)
-        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(a__f1=F('c__f1')) | Q(b__f1='foo'))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 3)
-        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(a__f1=F('b__f1')) | Q(a__f2=F('b__f2')) | Q(c__f1='foo'))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 3)
-        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(a__f1=F('c__f1')) | (Q(pk=1) & Q(pk=2)))
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('LEFT OUTER JOIN'), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'), 0)
+        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(a__f1=F("b__f1")) | Q(b__f1="foo"))
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 1)
+        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(a__f1=F("c__f1")) | Q(b__f1="foo"))
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 3)
+        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(
+            Q(a__f1=F("b__f1")) | Q(a__f2=F("b__f2")) | Q(c__f1="foo")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 3)
+        qs = BaseA.objects.filter(Q(a__f1=F("c__f1")) | (Q(pk=1) & Q(pk=2)))
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("LEFT OUTER JOIN"), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"), 0)
 
 
 class ManyToManyExcludeTest(TestCase):
     def test_exclude_many_to_many(self):
-        i_extra = Identifier.objects.create(name='extra')
-        i_program = Identifier.objects.create(name='program')
+        i_extra = Identifier.objects.create(name="extra")
+        i_program = Identifier.objects.create(name="program")
         program = Program.objects.create(identifier=i_program)
-        i_channel = Identifier.objects.create(name='channel')
+        i_channel = Identifier.objects.create(name="channel")
         channel = Channel.objects.create(identifier=i_channel)
         channel.programs.add(program)
 
         # channel contains 'program1', so all Identifiers except that one
         # should be returned
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Identifier.objects.exclude(program__channel=channel).order_by('name'),
+            Identifier.objects.exclude(program__channel=channel).order_by("name"),
             [i_channel, i_extra],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Identifier.objects.exclude(program__channel=None).order_by('name'),
+            Identifier.objects.exclude(program__channel=None).order_by("name"),
             [i_program],
         )
 
     def test_ticket_12823(self):
-        pg3 = Page.objects.create(text='pg3')
-        pg2 = Page.objects.create(text='pg2')
-        pg1 = Page.objects.create(text='pg1')
-        pa1 = Paragraph.objects.create(text='pa1')
+        pg3 = Page.objects.create(text="pg3")
+        pg2 = Page.objects.create(text="pg2")
+        pg1 = Page.objects.create(text="pg1")
+        pa1 = Paragraph.objects.create(text="pa1")
         pa1.page.set([pg1, pg2])
-        pa2 = Paragraph.objects.create(text='pa2')
+        pa2 = Paragraph.objects.create(text="pa2")
         pa2.page.set([pg2, pg3])
-        pa3 = Paragraph.objects.create(text='pa3')
-        ch1 = Chapter.objects.create(title='ch1', paragraph=pa1)
-        ch2 = Chapter.objects.create(title='ch2', paragraph=pa2)
-        ch3 = Chapter.objects.create(title='ch3', paragraph=pa3)
-        b1 = Book.objects.create(title='b1', chapter=ch1)
-        b2 = Book.objects.create(title='b2', chapter=ch2)
-        b3 = Book.objects.create(title='b3', chapter=ch3)
-        q = Book.objects.exclude(chapter__paragraph__page__text='pg1')
-        self.assertNotIn('IS NOT NULL', str(q.query))
+        pa3 = Paragraph.objects.create(text="pa3")
+        ch1 = Chapter.objects.create(title="ch1", paragraph=pa1)
+        ch2 = Chapter.objects.create(title="ch2", paragraph=pa2)
+        ch3 = Chapter.objects.create(title="ch3", paragraph=pa3)
+        b1 = Book.objects.create(title="b1", chapter=ch1)
+        b2 = Book.objects.create(title="b2", chapter=ch2)
+        b3 = Book.objects.create(title="b3", chapter=ch3)
+        q = Book.objects.exclude(chapter__paragraph__page__text="pg1")
+        self.assertNotIn("IS NOT NULL", str(q.query))
         self.assertEqual(len(q), 2)
         self.assertNotIn(b1, q)
         self.assertIn(b2, q)
@@ -3566,12 +3936,12 @@ class ManyToManyExcludeTest(TestCase):
 
 class RelabelCloneTest(TestCase):
     def test_ticket_19964(self):
-        my1 = MyObject.objects.create(data='foo')
+        my1 = MyObject.objects.create(data="foo")
         my1.parent = my1
         my1.save()
-        my2 = MyObject.objects.create(data='bar', parent=my1)
-        parents = MyObject.objects.filter(parent=F('id'))
-        children = MyObject.objects.filter(parent__in=parents).exclude(parent=F('id'))
+        my2 = MyObject.objects.create(data="bar", parent=my1)
+        parents = MyObject.objects.filter(parent=F("id"))
+        children = MyObject.objects.filter(parent__in=parents).exclude(parent=F("id"))
         self.assertEqual(list(parents), [my1])
         # Evaluating the children query (which has parents as part of it) does
         # not change results for the parents query.
@@ -3584,11 +3954,11 @@ class Ticket20101Tests(TestCase):
         """
         Tests QuerySet ORed combining in exclude subquery case.
         """
-        t = Tag.objects.create(name='foo')
-        a1 = Annotation.objects.create(tag=t, name='a1')
-        a2 = Annotation.objects.create(tag=t, name='a2')
-        a3 = Annotation.objects.create(tag=t, name='a3')
-        n = Note.objects.create(note='foo', misc='bar')
+        t = Tag.objects.create(name="foo")
+        a1 = Annotation.objects.create(tag=t, name="a1")
+        a2 = Annotation.objects.create(tag=t, name="a2")
+        a3 = Annotation.objects.create(tag=t, name="a3")
+        n = Note.objects.create(note="foo", misc="bar")
         qs1 = Note.objects.exclude(annotation__in=[a1, a2])
         qs2 = Note.objects.filter(annotation__in=[a3])
         self.assertIn(n, qs1)
@@ -3598,11 +3968,11 @@ class Ticket20101Tests(TestCase):
 
 class EmptyStringPromotionTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_empty_string_promotion(self):
-        qs = RelatedObject.objects.filter(single__name='')
+        qs = RelatedObject.objects.filter(single__name="")
         if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls:
-            self.assertIn('LEFT OUTER JOIN', str(qs.query))
+            self.assertIn("LEFT OUTER JOIN", str(qs.query))
         else:
-            self.assertNotIn('LEFT OUTER JOIN', str(qs.query))
+            self.assertNotIn("LEFT OUTER JOIN", str(qs.query))
 
 
 class ValuesSubqueryTests(TestCase):
@@ -3618,19 +3988,22 @@ class ValuesSubqueryTests(TestCase):
 
         # The query below should match o1 as it has related order_item
         # with id == status.
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Order.objects.filter(items__in=OrderItem.objects.values_list('status')), [o1])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Order.objects.filter(items__in=OrderItem.objects.values_list("status")),
+            [o1],
+        )
 
 
 class DoubleInSubqueryTests(TestCase):
     def test_double_subquery_in(self):
-        lfa1 = LeafA.objects.create(data='foo')
-        lfa2 = LeafA.objects.create(data='bar')
-        lfb1 = LeafB.objects.create(data='lfb1')
-        lfb2 = LeafB.objects.create(data='lfb2')
+        lfa1 = LeafA.objects.create(data="foo")
+        lfa2 = LeafA.objects.create(data="bar")
+        lfb1 = LeafB.objects.create(data="lfb1")
+        lfb2 = LeafB.objects.create(data="lfb2")
         Join.objects.create(a=lfa1, b=lfb1)
         Join.objects.create(a=lfa2, b=lfb2)
-        leaf_as = LeafA.objects.filter(data='foo').values_list('pk', flat=True)
-        joins = Join.objects.filter(a__in=leaf_as).values_list('b__id', flat=True)
+        leaf_as = LeafA.objects.filter(data="foo").values_list("pk", flat=True)
+        joins = Join.objects.filter(a__in=leaf_as).values_list("b__id", flat=True)
         qs = LeafB.objects.filter(pk__in=joins)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [lfb1])
 
@@ -3638,13 +4011,13 @@ class DoubleInSubqueryTests(TestCase):
 class Ticket18785Tests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_ticket_18785(self):
         # Test join trimming from ticket18785
-        qs = Item.objects.exclude(
-            note__isnull=False
-        ).filter(
-            name='something', creator__extra__isnull=True
-        ).order_by()
-        self.assertEqual(1, str(qs.query).count('INNER JOIN'))
-        self.assertEqual(0, str(qs.query).count('OUTER JOIN'))
+        qs = (
+            Item.objects.exclude(note__isnull=False)
+            .filter(name="something", creator__extra__isnull=True)
+            .order_by()
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(1, str(qs.query).count("INNER JOIN"))
+        self.assertEqual(0, str(qs.query).count("OUTER JOIN"))
 
 
 class Ticket20788Tests(TestCase):
@@ -3694,23 +4067,35 @@ class RelatedLookupTypeTests(TestCase):
         query lookup.
         """
         # Passing incorrect object type
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, self.error % (self.wrong_type, ObjectA._meta.object_name)):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, self.error % (self.wrong_type, ObjectA._meta.object_name)
+        ):
             ObjectB.objects.get(objecta=self.wrong_type)
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, self.error % (self.wrong_type, ObjectA._meta.object_name)):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, self.error % (self.wrong_type, ObjectA._meta.object_name)
+        ):
             ObjectB.objects.filter(objecta__in=[self.wrong_type])
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, self.error % (self.wrong_type, ObjectA._meta.object_name)):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, self.error % (self.wrong_type, ObjectA._meta.object_name)
+        ):
             ObjectB.objects.filter(objecta=self.wrong_type)
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, self.error % (self.wrong_type, ObjectB._meta.object_name)):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, self.error % (self.wrong_type, ObjectB._meta.object_name)
+        ):
             ObjectA.objects.filter(objectb__in=[self.wrong_type, self.ob])
 
         # Passing an object of the class on which query is done.
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, self.error % (self.ob, ObjectA._meta.object_name)):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, self.error % (self.ob, ObjectA._meta.object_name)
+        ):
             ObjectB.objects.filter(objecta__in=[self.poa, self.ob])
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, self.error % (self.ob, ChildObjectA._meta.object_name)):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, self.error % (self.ob, ChildObjectA._meta.object_name)
+        ):
             ObjectC.objects.exclude(childobjecta__in=[self.coa, self.ob])
 
     def test_wrong_backward_lookup(self):
@@ -3718,13 +4103,19 @@ class RelatedLookupTypeTests(TestCase):
         A ValueError is raised when the incorrect object type is passed to a
         query lookup for backward relations.
         """
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, self.error % (self.oa, ObjectB._meta.object_name)):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, self.error % (self.oa, ObjectB._meta.object_name)
+        ):
             ObjectA.objects.filter(objectb__in=[self.oa, self.ob])
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, self.error % (self.oa, ObjectB._meta.object_name)):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, self.error % (self.oa, ObjectB._meta.object_name)
+        ):
             ObjectA.objects.exclude(objectb=self.oa)
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, self.error % (self.wrong_type, ObjectB._meta.object_name)):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, self.error % (self.wrong_type, ObjectB._meta.object_name)
+        ):
             ObjectA.objects.get(objectb=self.wrong_type)
 
     def test_correct_lookup(self):
@@ -3737,15 +4128,24 @@ class RelatedLookupTypeTests(TestCase):
         out_c = [self.c]
 
         # proxy model objects
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(ObjectB.objects.filter(objecta=self.poa).order_by('name'), out_b)
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(ObjectA.objects.filter(objectb__in=self.pob).order_by('pk'), out_a * 2)
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            ObjectB.objects.filter(objecta=self.poa).order_by("name"), out_b
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            ObjectA.objects.filter(objectb__in=self.pob).order_by("pk"), out_a * 2
+        )
 
         # child objects
         self.assertSequenceEqual(ObjectB.objects.filter(objecta__in=[self.coa]), [])
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(ObjectB.objects.filter(objecta__in=[self.poa, self.coa]).order_by('name'), out_b)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            ObjectB.objects.filter(objecta__in=iter([self.poa, self.coa])).order_by('name'),
-            out_b
+            ObjectB.objects.filter(objecta__in=[self.poa, self.coa]).order_by("name"),
+            out_b,
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            ObjectB.objects.filter(objecta__in=iter([self.poa, self.coa])).order_by(
+                "name"
+            ),
+            out_b,
         )
 
         # parent objects
@@ -3761,35 +4161,40 @@ class RelatedLookupTypeTests(TestCase):
         #23396 - Ensure ValueQuerySets are not checked for compatibility with the lookup field
         """
         # Make sure the num and objecta field values match.
-        ob = ObjectB.objects.get(name='ob')
+        ob = ObjectB.objects.get(name="ob")
         ob.num = ob.objecta.pk
         ob.save()
-        pob = ObjectB.objects.get(name='pob')
+        pob = ObjectB.objects.get(name="pob")
         pob.num = pob.objecta.pk
         pob.save()
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(ObjectB.objects.filter(
-            objecta__in=ObjectB.objects.all().values_list('num')
-        ).order_by('pk'), [ob, pob])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            ObjectB.objects.filter(
+                objecta__in=ObjectB.objects.all().values_list("num")
+            ).order_by("pk"),
+            [ob, pob],
+        )
 
 
 class Ticket14056Tests(TestCase):
     def test_ticket_14056(self):
-        s1 = SharedConnection.objects.create(data='s1')
-        s2 = SharedConnection.objects.create(data='s2')
-        s3 = SharedConnection.objects.create(data='s3')
+        s1 = SharedConnection.objects.create(data="s1")
+        s2 = SharedConnection.objects.create(data="s2")
+        s3 = SharedConnection.objects.create(data="s3")
         PointerA.objects.create(connection=s2)
         expected_ordering = (
-            [s1, s3, s2] if connection.features.nulls_order_largest
-            else [s2, s1, s3]
+            [s1, s3, s2] if connection.features.nulls_order_largest else [s2, s1, s3]
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            SharedConnection.objects.order_by("-pointera__connection", "pk"),
+            expected_ordering,
         )
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(SharedConnection.objects.order_by('-pointera__connection', 'pk'), expected_ordering)
 
 
 class Ticket20955Tests(TestCase):
     def test_ticket_20955(self):
-        jack = Staff.objects.create(name='jackstaff')
+        jack = Staff.objects.create(name="jackstaff")
         jackstaff = StaffUser.objects.create(staff=jack)
-        jill = Staff.objects.create(name='jillstaff')
+        jill = Staff.objects.create(name="jillstaff")
         jillstaff = StaffUser.objects.create(staff=jill)
         task = Task.objects.create(creator=jackstaff, owner=jillstaff, title="task")
         task_get = Task.objects.get(pk=task.pk)
@@ -3798,21 +4203,26 @@ class Ticket20955Tests(TestCase):
         task_get.creator.staffuser.staff
         task_get.owner.staffuser.staff
         qs = Task.objects.select_related(
-            'creator__staffuser__staff', 'owner__staffuser__staff')
-        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count(' JOIN '), 6)
+            "creator__staffuser__staff", "owner__staffuser__staff"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(str(qs.query).count(" JOIN "), 6)
         task_select_related = qs.get(pk=task.pk)
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            self.assertEqual(task_select_related.creator.staffuser.staff,
-                             task_get.creator.staffuser.staff)
-            self.assertEqual(task_select_related.owner.staffuser.staff,
-                             task_get.owner.staffuser.staff)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                task_select_related.creator.staffuser.staff,
+                task_get.creator.staffuser.staff,
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                task_select_related.owner.staffuser.staff,
+                task_get.owner.staffuser.staff,
+            )
 
 
 class Ticket21203Tests(TestCase):
     def test_ticket_21203(self):
         p = Ticket21203Parent.objects.create(parent_bool=True)
         c = Ticket21203Child.objects.create(parent=p)
-        qs = Ticket21203Child.objects.select_related('parent').defer('parent__created')
+        qs = Ticket21203Child.objects.select_related("parent").defer("parent__created")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs, [c])
         self.assertIs(qs[0].parent.parent_bool, True)
 
@@ -3820,16 +4230,16 @@ class Ticket21203Tests(TestCase):
 class ValuesJoinPromotionTests(TestCase):
     def test_values_no_promotion_for_existing(self):
         qs = Node.objects.filter(parent__parent__isnull=False)
-        self.assertIn(' INNER JOIN ', str(qs.query))
-        qs = qs.values('parent__parent__id')
-        self.assertIn(' INNER JOIN ', str(qs.query))
+        self.assertIn(" INNER JOIN ", str(qs.query))
+        qs = qs.values("parent__parent__id")
+        self.assertIn(" INNER JOIN ", str(qs.query))
         # Make sure there is a left outer join without the filter.
-        qs = Node.objects.values('parent__parent__id')
-        self.assertIn(' LEFT OUTER JOIN ', str(qs.query))
+        qs = Node.objects.values("parent__parent__id")
+        self.assertIn(" LEFT OUTER JOIN ", str(qs.query))
 
     def test_non_nullable_fk_not_promoted(self):
-        qs = ObjectB.objects.values('objecta__name')
-        self.assertIn(' INNER JOIN ', str(qs.query))
+        qs = ObjectB.objects.values("objecta__name")
+        self.assertIn(" INNER JOIN ", str(qs.query))
 
     def test_ticket_21376(self):
         a = ObjectA.objects.create()
@@ -3842,24 +4252,29 @@ class ValuesJoinPromotionTests(TestCase):
         )
         self.assertEqual(qs.count(), 1)
         tblname = connection.ops.quote_name(ObjectB._meta.db_table)
-        self.assertIn(' LEFT OUTER JOIN %s' % tblname, str(qs.query))
+        self.assertIn(" LEFT OUTER JOIN %s" % tblname, str(qs.query))
 
 
 class ForeignKeyToBaseExcludeTests(TestCase):
     def test_ticket_21787(self):
-        sc1 = SpecialCategory.objects.create(special_name='sc1', name='sc1')
-        sc2 = SpecialCategory.objects.create(special_name='sc2', name='sc2')
-        sc3 = SpecialCategory.objects.create(special_name='sc3', name='sc3')
+        sc1 = SpecialCategory.objects.create(special_name="sc1", name="sc1")
+        sc2 = SpecialCategory.objects.create(special_name="sc2", name="sc2")
+        sc3 = SpecialCategory.objects.create(special_name="sc3", name="sc3")
         c1 = CategoryItem.objects.create(category=sc1)
         CategoryItem.objects.create(category=sc2)
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(SpecialCategory.objects.exclude(categoryitem__id=c1.pk).order_by('name'), [sc2, sc3])
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(SpecialCategory.objects.filter(categoryitem__id=c1.pk), [sc1])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            SpecialCategory.objects.exclude(categoryitem__id=c1.pk).order_by("name"),
+            [sc2, sc3],
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            SpecialCategory.objects.filter(categoryitem__id=c1.pk), [sc1]
+        )
 
 
 class ReverseM2MCustomPkTests(TestCase):
     def test_ticket_21879(self):
-        cpt1 = CustomPkTag.objects.create(id='cpt1', tag='cpt1')
-        cp1 = CustomPk.objects.create(name='cp1', extra='extra')
+        cpt1 = CustomPkTag.objects.create(id="cpt1", tag="cpt1")
+        cp1 = CustomPk.objects.create(name="cp1", extra="extra")
         cp1.custompktag_set.add(cpt1)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(CustomPk.objects.filter(custompktag=cpt1), [cp1])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(CustomPkTag.objects.filter(custom_pk=cp1), [cpt1])
@@ -3876,7 +4291,7 @@ class Ticket22429Tests(TestCase):
         cr = Classroom.objects.create(school=sc1)
         cr.students.add(st1)
 
-        queryset = Student.objects.filter(~Q(classroom__school=F('school')))
+        queryset = Student.objects.filter(~Q(classroom__school=F("school")))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(queryset, [st2])
 
 
@@ -3891,25 +4306,32 @@ class Ticket23605Tests(TestCase):
         a2 = Ticket23605A.objects.create()
         c1 = Ticket23605C.objects.create(field_c0=10000.0)
         Ticket23605B.objects.create(
-            field_b0=10000.0, field_b1=True,
-            modelc_fk=c1, modela_fk=a1)
-        complex_q = Q(pk__in=Ticket23605A.objects.filter(
-            Q(
-                # True for a1 as field_b0 = 10000, field_c0=10000
-                # False for a2 as no ticket23605b found
-                ticket23605b__field_b0__gte=1000000 /
-                F("ticket23605b__modelc_fk__field_c0")
-            ) &
-            # True for a1 (field_b1=True)
-            Q(ticket23605b__field_b1=True) & ~Q(ticket23605b__pk__in=Ticket23605B.objects.filter(
-                ~(
-                    # Same filters as above commented filters, but
-                    # double-negated (one for Q() above, one for
-                    # parentheses). So, again a1 match, a2 not.
-                    Q(field_b1=True) &
-                    Q(field_b0__gte=1000000 / F("modelc_fk__field_c0"))
+            field_b0=10000.0, field_b1=True, modelc_fk=c1, modela_fk=a1
+        )
+        complex_q = Q(
+            pk__in=Ticket23605A.objects.filter(
+                Q(
+                    # True for a1 as field_b0 = 10000, field_c0=10000
+                    # False for a2 as no ticket23605b found
+                    ticket23605b__field_b0__gte=1000000
+                    / F("ticket23605b__modelc_fk__field_c0")
                 )
-            ))).filter(ticket23605b__field_b1=True))
+                &
+                # True for a1 (field_b1=True)
+                Q(ticket23605b__field_b1=True)
+                & ~Q(
+                    ticket23605b__pk__in=Ticket23605B.objects.filter(
+                        ~(
+                            # Same filters as above commented filters, but
+                            # double-negated (one for Q() above, one for
+                            # parentheses). So, again a1 match, a2 not.
+                            Q(field_b1=True)
+                            & Q(field_b0__gte=1000000 / F("modelc_fk__field_c0"))
+                        )
+                    )
+                )
+            ).filter(ticket23605b__field_b1=True)
+        )
         qs1 = Ticket23605A.objects.filter(complex_q)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(qs1, [a1])
         qs2 = Ticket23605A.objects.exclude(complex_q)
@@ -3927,9 +4349,9 @@ class TestInvalidValuesRelation(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_invalid_values(self):
         msg = "Field 'id' expected a number but got 'abc'."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Annotation.objects.filter(tag='abc')
+            Annotation.objects.filter(tag="abc")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            Annotation.objects.filter(tag__in=[123, 'abc'])
+            Annotation.objects.filter(tag__in=[123, "abc"])
 
 
 class TestTicket24605(TestCase):
@@ -3944,15 +4366,22 @@ class TestTicket24605(TestCase):
         i3 = Individual.objects.create(alive=True)
         i4 = Individual.objects.create(alive=False)
 
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Individual.objects.filter(Q(alive=False), Q(related_individual__isnull=True)), [i4])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Individual.objects.exclude(Q(alive=False), Q(related_individual__isnull=True)).order_by('pk'),
-            [i1, i2, i3]
+            Individual.objects.filter(
+                Q(alive=False), Q(related_individual__isnull=True)
+            ),
+            [i4],
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Individual.objects.exclude(
+                Q(alive=False), Q(related_individual__isnull=True)
+            ).order_by("pk"),
+            [i1, i2, i3],
         )
 
 
 class Ticket23622Tests(TestCase):
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_distinct_on_fields')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_distinct_on_fields")
     def test_ticket_23622(self):
         """
         Make sure __pk__in and __in work the same for related fields when
@@ -3962,55 +4391,65 @@ class Ticket23622Tests(TestCase):
         a2 = Ticket23605A.objects.create()
         c1 = Ticket23605C.objects.create(field_c0=0.0)
         Ticket23605B.objects.create(
-            modela_fk=a1, field_b0=123,
+            modela_fk=a1,
+            field_b0=123,
             field_b1=True,
             modelc_fk=c1,
         )
         Ticket23605B.objects.create(
-            modela_fk=a1, field_b0=23,
+            modela_fk=a1,
+            field_b0=23,
             field_b1=True,
             modelc_fk=c1,
         )
         Ticket23605B.objects.create(
-            modela_fk=a1, field_b0=234,
+            modela_fk=a1,
+            field_b0=234,
             field_b1=True,
             modelc_fk=c1,
         )
         Ticket23605B.objects.create(
-            modela_fk=a1, field_b0=12,
+            modela_fk=a1,
+            field_b0=12,
             field_b1=True,
             modelc_fk=c1,
         )
         Ticket23605B.objects.create(
-            modela_fk=a2, field_b0=567,
+            modela_fk=a2,
+            field_b0=567,
             field_b1=True,
             modelc_fk=c1,
         )
         Ticket23605B.objects.create(
-            modela_fk=a2, field_b0=76,
+            modela_fk=a2,
+            field_b0=76,
             field_b1=True,
             modelc_fk=c1,
         )
         Ticket23605B.objects.create(
-            modela_fk=a2, field_b0=7,
+            modela_fk=a2,
+            field_b0=7,
             field_b1=True,
             modelc_fk=c1,
         )
         Ticket23605B.objects.create(
-            modela_fk=a2, field_b0=56,
+            modela_fk=a2,
+            field_b0=56,
             field_b1=True,
             modelc_fk=c1,
         )
-        qx = (
-            Q(ticket23605b__pk__in=Ticket23605B.objects.order_by('modela_fk', '-field_b1').distinct('modela_fk')) &
-            Q(ticket23605b__field_b0__gte=300)
-        )
-        qy = (
-            Q(ticket23605b__in=Ticket23605B.objects.order_by('modela_fk', '-field_b1').distinct('modela_fk')) &
-            Q(ticket23605b__field_b0__gte=300)
-        )
+        qx = Q(
+            ticket23605b__pk__in=Ticket23605B.objects.order_by(
+                "modela_fk", "-field_b1"
+            ).distinct("modela_fk")
+        ) & Q(ticket23605b__field_b0__gte=300)
+        qy = Q(
+            ticket23605b__in=Ticket23605B.objects.order_by(
+                "modela_fk", "-field_b1"
+            ).distinct("modela_fk")
+        ) & Q(ticket23605b__field_b0__gte=300)
         self.assertEqual(
-            set(Ticket23605A.objects.filter(qx).values_list('pk', flat=True)),
-            set(Ticket23605A.objects.filter(qy).values_list('pk', flat=True))
+            set(Ticket23605A.objects.filter(qx).values_list("pk", flat=True)),
+            set(Ticket23605A.objects.filter(qy).values_list("pk", flat=True)),
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Ticket23605A.objects.filter(qx), [a2])
diff --git a/tests/queryset_pickle/models.py b/tests/queryset_pickle/models.py
index f780dc2a18..033cd2bbf9 100644
--- a/tests/queryset_pickle/models.py
+++ b/tests/queryset_pickle/models.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class Numbers:
 class PreviousDjangoVersionQuerySet(models.QuerySet):
     def __getstate__(self):
         state = super().__getstate__()
-        state[DJANGO_VERSION_PICKLE_KEY] = '1.0'
+        state[DJANGO_VERSION_PICKLE_KEY] = "1.0"
         return state
 
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class MissingDjangoVersionQuerySet(models.QuerySet):
 
 
 class Group(models.Model):
-    name = models.CharField(_('name'), max_length=100)
+    name = models.CharField(_("name"), max_length=100)
     objects = models.Manager()
     previous_django_version_objects = PreviousDjangoVersionQuerySet.as_manager()
     missing_django_version_objects = MissingDjangoVersionQuerySet.as_manager()
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class M2MModel(models.Model):
 class AbstractEvent(Event):
     class Meta:
         abstract = True
-        ordering = ['title']
+        ordering = ["title"]
 
 
 class MyEvent(AbstractEvent):
@@ -76,4 +76,4 @@ class MyEvent(AbstractEvent):
 
 
 class Edition(models.Model):
-    event = models.ForeignKey('MyEvent', on_delete=models.CASCADE)
+    event = models.ForeignKey("MyEvent", on_delete=models.CASCADE)
diff --git a/tests/queryset_pickle/tests.py b/tests/queryset_pickle/tests.py
index 1d47f13c7d..337c5193ce 100644
--- a/tests/queryset_pickle/tests.py
+++ b/tests/queryset_pickle/tests.py
@@ -6,20 +6,28 @@ from django.db import models
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 from .models import (
-    BinaryFieldModel, Container, Event, Group, Happening, M2MModel, MyEvent,
+    BinaryFieldModel,
+    Container,
+    Event,
+    Group,
+    Happening,
+    M2MModel,
+    MyEvent,
 )
 
 
 class PickleabilityTestCase(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.happening = Happening.objects.create()  # make sure the defaults are working (#20158)
+        cls.happening = (
+            Happening.objects.create()
+        )  # make sure the defaults are working (#20158)
 
     def assert_pickles(self, qs):
         self.assertEqual(list(pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(qs))), list(qs))
 
     def test_binaryfield(self):
-        BinaryFieldModel.objects.create(data=b'binary data')
+        BinaryFieldModel.objects.create(data=b"binary data")
         self.assert_pickles(BinaryFieldModel.objects.all())
 
     def test_related_field(self):
@@ -87,7 +95,7 @@ class PickleabilityTestCase(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(original, reloaded)
         # Also, deferred dynamic model works
         Container.SomeModel.objects.create(somefield=1)
-        original = Container.SomeModel.objects.defer('somefield')[0]
+        original = Container.SomeModel.objects.defer("somefield")[0]
         dumped = pickle.dumps(original)
         reloaded = pickle.loads(dumped)
         self.assertEqual(original, reloaded)
@@ -98,9 +106,9 @@ class PickleabilityTestCase(TestCase):
         Test intentionally the automatically created through model.
         """
         m1 = M2MModel.objects.create()
-        g1 = Group.objects.create(name='foof')
+        g1 = Group.objects.create(name="foof")
         m1.groups.add(g1)
-        m2m_through = M2MModel._meta.get_field('groups').remote_field.through
+        m2m_through = M2MModel._meta.get_field("groups").remote_field.through
         original = m2m_through.objects.get()
         dumped = pickle.dumps(original)
         reloaded = pickle.loads(dumped)
@@ -109,7 +117,12 @@ class PickleabilityTestCase(TestCase):
     def test_model_pickle_dynamic(self):
         class Meta:
             proxy = True
-        dynclass = type("DynamicEventSubclass", (Event,), {'Meta': Meta, '__module__': Event.__module__})
+
+        dynclass = type(
+            "DynamicEventSubclass",
+            (Event,),
+            {"Meta": Meta, "__module__": Event.__module__},
+        )
         original = dynclass(pk=1)
         dumped = pickle.dumps(original)
         reloaded = pickle.loads(dumped)
@@ -117,16 +130,18 @@ class PickleabilityTestCase(TestCase):
         self.assertIs(reloaded.__class__, dynclass)
 
     def test_specialized_queryset(self):
-        self.assert_pickles(Happening.objects.values('name'))
-        self.assert_pickles(Happening.objects.values('name').dates('when', 'year'))
+        self.assert_pickles(Happening.objects.values("name"))
+        self.assert_pickles(Happening.objects.values("name").dates("when", "year"))
         # With related field (#14515)
         self.assert_pickles(
-            Event.objects.select_related('group').order_by('title').values_list('title', 'group__name')
+            Event.objects.select_related("group")
+            .order_by("title")
+            .values_list("title", "group__name")
         )
 
     def test_pickle_prefetch_related_idempotence(self):
-        g = Group.objects.create(name='foo')
-        groups = Group.objects.prefetch_related('event_set')
+        g = Group.objects.create(name="foo")
+        groups = Group.objects.prefetch_related("event_set")
 
         # First pickling
         groups = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(groups))
@@ -139,26 +154,26 @@ class PickleabilityTestCase(TestCase):
     def test_pickle_prefetch_queryset_usable_outside_of_prefetch(self):
         # Prefetch shouldn't affect the fetch-on-pickle behavior of the
         # queryset passed to it.
-        Group.objects.create(name='foo')
-        events = Event.objects.order_by('id')
-        Group.objects.prefetch_related(models.Prefetch('event_set', queryset=events))
+        Group.objects.create(name="foo")
+        events = Event.objects.order_by("id")
+        Group.objects.prefetch_related(models.Prefetch("event_set", queryset=events))
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             events2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(events))
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             list(events2)
 
     def test_pickle_prefetch_queryset_still_usable(self):
-        g = Group.objects.create(name='foo')
+        g = Group.objects.create(name="foo")
         groups = Group.objects.prefetch_related(
-            models.Prefetch('event_set', queryset=Event.objects.order_by('id'))
+            models.Prefetch("event_set", queryset=Event.objects.order_by("id"))
         )
         groups2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(groups))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(groups2.filter(id__gte=0), [g])
 
     def test_pickle_prefetch_queryset_not_evaluated(self):
-        Group.objects.create(name='foo')
+        Group.objects.create(name="foo")
         groups = Group.objects.prefetch_related(
-            models.Prefetch('event_set', queryset=Event.objects.order_by('id'))
+            models.Prefetch("event_set", queryset=Event.objects.order_by("id"))
         )
         list(groups)  # evaluate QuerySet
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
@@ -169,43 +184,45 @@ class PickleabilityTestCase(TestCase):
         #24831 -- Cached properties on ManyToOneRel created in QuerySet.delete()
         caused subsequent QuerySet pickling to fail.
         """
-        g = Group.objects.create(name='foo')
+        g = Group.objects.create(name="foo")
         m2m = M2MModel.objects.create()
         m2m.groups.add(g)
         Group.objects.all().delete()
 
-        m2ms = M2MModel.objects.prefetch_related('groups')
+        m2ms = M2MModel.objects.prefetch_related("groups")
         m2ms = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(m2ms))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(m2ms, [m2m])
 
     def test_pickle_boolean_expression_in_Q__queryset(self):
-        group = Group.objects.create(name='group')
-        Event.objects.create(title='event', group=group)
+        group = Group.objects.create(name="group")
+        Event.objects.create(title="event", group=group)
         groups = Group.objects.filter(
-            models.Q(models.Exists(
-                Event.objects.filter(group_id=models.OuterRef('id')),
-            )),
+            models.Q(
+                models.Exists(
+                    Event.objects.filter(group_id=models.OuterRef("id")),
+                )
+            ),
         )
         groups2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(groups))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(groups2, [group])
 
     def test_pickle_exists_queryset_still_usable(self):
-        group = Group.objects.create(name='group')
-        Event.objects.create(title='event', group=group)
+        group = Group.objects.create(name="group")
+        Event.objects.create(title="event", group=group)
         groups = Group.objects.annotate(
             has_event=models.Exists(
-                Event.objects.filter(group_id=models.OuterRef('id')),
+                Event.objects.filter(group_id=models.OuterRef("id")),
             ),
         )
         groups2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(groups))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(groups2.filter(has_event=True), [group])
 
     def test_pickle_exists_queryset_not_evaluated(self):
-        group = Group.objects.create(name='group')
-        Event.objects.create(title='event', group=group)
+        group = Group.objects.create(name="group")
+        Event.objects.create(title="event", group=group)
         groups = Group.objects.annotate(
             has_event=models.Exists(
-                Event.objects.filter(group_id=models.OuterRef('id')),
+                Event.objects.filter(group_id=models.OuterRef("id")),
             ),
         )
         list(groups)  # evaluate QuerySet.
@@ -213,11 +230,11 @@ class PickleabilityTestCase(TestCase):
             self.assert_pickles(groups)
 
     def test_pickle_exists_kwargs_queryset_not_evaluated(self):
-        group = Group.objects.create(name='group')
-        Event.objects.create(title='event', group=group)
+        group = Group.objects.create(name="group")
+        Event.objects.create(title="event", group=group)
         groups = Group.objects.annotate(
             has_event=models.Exists(
-                queryset=Event.objects.filter(group_id=models.OuterRef('id')),
+                queryset=Event.objects.filter(group_id=models.OuterRef("id")),
             ),
         )
         list(groups)  # evaluate QuerySet.
@@ -225,11 +242,11 @@ class PickleabilityTestCase(TestCase):
             self.assert_pickles(groups)
 
     def test_pickle_subquery_queryset_not_evaluated(self):
-        group = Group.objects.create(name='group')
-        Event.objects.create(title='event', group=group)
+        group = Group.objects.create(name="group")
+        Event.objects.create(title="event", group=group)
         groups = Group.objects.annotate(
             event_title=models.Subquery(
-                Event.objects.filter(group_id=models.OuterRef('id')).values('title'),
+                Event.objects.filter(group_id=models.OuterRef("id")).values("title"),
             ),
         )
         list(groups)  # evaluate QuerySet.
@@ -237,34 +254,36 @@ class PickleabilityTestCase(TestCase):
             self.assert_pickles(groups)
 
     def test_pickle_filteredrelation(self):
-        group = Group.objects.create(name='group')
-        event_1 = Event.objects.create(title='Big event', group=group)
-        event_2 = Event.objects.create(title='Small event', group=group)
-        Happening.objects.bulk_create([
-            Happening(event=event_1, number1=5),
-            Happening(event=event_2, number1=3),
-        ])
+        group = Group.objects.create(name="group")
+        event_1 = Event.objects.create(title="Big event", group=group)
+        event_2 = Event.objects.create(title="Small event", group=group)
+        Happening.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Happening(event=event_1, number1=5),
+                Happening(event=event_2, number1=3),
+            ]
+        )
         groups = Group.objects.annotate(
             big_events=models.FilteredRelation(
-                'event',
-                condition=models.Q(event__title__startswith='Big'),
+                "event",
+                condition=models.Q(event__title__startswith="Big"),
             ),
-        ).annotate(sum_number=models.Sum('big_events__happening__number1'))
+        ).annotate(sum_number=models.Sum("big_events__happening__number1"))
         groups_query = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(groups.query))
         groups = Group.objects.all()
         groups.query = groups_query
         self.assertEqual(groups.get().sum_number, 5)
 
     def test_pickle_filteredrelation_m2m(self):
-        group = Group.objects.create(name='group')
+        group = Group.objects.create(name="group")
         m2mmodel = M2MModel.objects.create(added=datetime.date(2020, 1, 1))
         m2mmodel.groups.add(group)
         groups = Group.objects.annotate(
             first_m2mmodels=models.FilteredRelation(
-                'm2mmodel',
+                "m2mmodel",
                 condition=models.Q(m2mmodel__added__year=2020),
             ),
-        ).annotate(count_groups=models.Count('first_m2mmodels__groups'))
+        ).annotate(count_groups=models.Count("first_m2mmodels__groups"))
         groups_query = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(groups.query))
         groups = Group.objects.all()
         groups.query = groups_query
@@ -272,30 +291,30 @@ class PickleabilityTestCase(TestCase):
 
     def test_annotation_with_callable_default(self):
         # Happening.when has a callable default of datetime.datetime.now.
-        qs = Happening.objects.annotate(latest_time=models.Max('when'))
+        qs = Happening.objects.annotate(latest_time=models.Max("when"))
         self.assert_pickles(qs)
 
     def test_annotation_values(self):
-        qs = Happening.objects.values('name').annotate(latest_time=models.Max('when'))
+        qs = Happening.objects.values("name").annotate(latest_time=models.Max("when"))
         reloaded = Happening.objects.all()
         reloaded.query = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(qs.query))
         self.assertEqual(
             reloaded.get(),
-            {'name': 'test', 'latest_time': self.happening.when},
+            {"name": "test", "latest_time": self.happening.when},
         )
 
     def test_annotation_values_list(self):
         # values_list() is reloaded to values() when using a pickled query.
         tests = [
-            Happening.objects.values_list('name'),
-            Happening.objects.values_list('name', flat=True),
-            Happening.objects.values_list('name', named=True),
+            Happening.objects.values_list("name"),
+            Happening.objects.values_list("name", flat=True),
+            Happening.objects.values_list("name", named=True),
         ]
         for qs in tests:
             with self.subTest(qs._iterable_class.__name__):
                 reloaded = Happening.objects.all()
                 reloaded.query = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(qs.query))
-                self.assertEqual(reloaded.get(), {'name': 'test'})
+                self.assertEqual(reloaded.get(), {"name": "test"})
 
     def test_filter_deferred(self):
         qs = Happening.objects.all()
@@ -327,19 +346,18 @@ class PickleabilityTestCase(TestCase):
             pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(qs))
 
     def test_order_by_model_with_abstract_inheritance_and_meta_ordering(self):
-        group = Group.objects.create(name='test')
-        event = MyEvent.objects.create(title='test event', group=group)
+        group = Group.objects.create(name="test")
+        event = MyEvent.objects.create(title="test event", group=group)
         event.edition_set.create()
-        self.assert_pickles(event.edition_set.order_by('event'))
+        self.assert_pickles(event.edition_set.order_by("event"))
 
 
 class InLookupTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         for i in range(1, 3):
-            group = Group.objects.create(name='Group {}'.format(i))
-        cls.e1 = Event.objects.create(title='Event 1', group=group)
+            group = Group.objects.create(name="Group {}".format(i))
+        cls.e1 = Event.objects.create(title="Event 1", group=group)
 
     def test_in_lookup_queryset_evaluation(self):
         """
@@ -359,7 +377,7 @@ class InLookupTests(TestCase):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(reloaded_events, [self.e1])
 
     def test_in_lookup_query_evaluation(self):
-        events = Event.objects.filter(group__in=Group.objects.values('id').query)
+        events = Event.objects.filter(group__in=Group.objects.values("id").query)
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             dumped = pickle.dumps(events.query)
diff --git a/tests/raw_query/models.py b/tests/raw_query/models.py
index f0e6c3abb2..a8ccc11147 100644
--- a/tests/raw_query/models.py
+++ b/tests/raw_query/models.py
@@ -12,8 +12,9 @@ class Author(models.Model):
         # this'll make the test suite get angry if annotations aren't
         # treated differently than fields.
         for k in kwargs:
-            assert k in [f.attname for f in self._meta.fields], \
+            assert k in [f.attname for f in self._meta.fields], (
                 "Author.__init__ got an unexpected parameter: %s" % k
+            )
 
 
 class Book(models.Model):
@@ -24,7 +25,9 @@ class Book(models.Model):
 
 
 class BookFkAsPk(models.Model):
-    book = models.ForeignKey(Book, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True, db_column="not_the_default")
+    book = models.ForeignKey(
+        Book, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True, db_column="not_the_default"
+    )
 
 
 class Coffee(models.Model):
@@ -33,7 +36,7 @@ class Coffee(models.Model):
 
 
 class MixedCaseIDColumn(models.Model):
-    id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True, db_column='MiXeD_CaSe_Id')
+    id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True, db_column="MiXeD_CaSe_Id")
 
 
 class Reviewer(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/raw_query/tests.py b/tests/raw_query/tests.py
index fdc16823c1..24c96b5954 100644
--- a/tests/raw_query/tests.py
+++ b/tests/raw_query/tests.py
@@ -6,51 +6,80 @@ from django.db.models.query import RawQuerySet
 from django.test import TestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
 
 from .models import (
-    Author, Book, BookFkAsPk, Coffee, FriendlyAuthor, MixedCaseIDColumn,
+    Author,
+    Book,
+    BookFkAsPk,
+    Coffee,
+    FriendlyAuthor,
+    MixedCaseIDColumn,
     Reviewer,
 )
 
 
 class RawQueryTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.a1 = Author.objects.create(first_name='Joe', last_name='Smith', dob=date(1950, 9, 20))
-        cls.a2 = Author.objects.create(first_name='Jill', last_name='Doe', dob=date(1920, 4, 2))
-        cls.a3 = Author.objects.create(first_name='Bob', last_name='Smith', dob=date(1986, 1, 25))
-        cls.a4 = Author.objects.create(first_name='Bill', last_name='Jones', dob=date(1932, 5, 10))
+        cls.a1 = Author.objects.create(
+            first_name="Joe", last_name="Smith", dob=date(1950, 9, 20)
+        )
+        cls.a2 = Author.objects.create(
+            first_name="Jill", last_name="Doe", dob=date(1920, 4, 2)
+        )
+        cls.a3 = Author.objects.create(
+            first_name="Bob", last_name="Smith", dob=date(1986, 1, 25)
+        )
+        cls.a4 = Author.objects.create(
+            first_name="Bill", last_name="Jones", dob=date(1932, 5, 10)
+        )
         cls.b1 = Book.objects.create(
-            title='The awesome book', author=cls.a1, paperback=False,
-            opening_line='It was a bright cold day in April and the clocks were striking thirteen.',
+            title="The awesome book",
+            author=cls.a1,
+            paperback=False,
+            opening_line="It was a bright cold day in April and the clocks were striking thirteen.",
         )
         cls.b2 = Book.objects.create(
-            title='The horrible book', author=cls.a1, paperback=True,
+            title="The horrible book",
+            author=cls.a1,
+            paperback=True,
             opening_line=(
-                'On an evening in the latter part of May a middle-aged man '
-                'was walking homeward from Shaston to the village of Marlott, '
-                'in the adjoining Vale of Blakemore, or Blackmoor.'
+                "On an evening in the latter part of May a middle-aged man "
+                "was walking homeward from Shaston to the village of Marlott, "
+                "in the adjoining Vale of Blakemore, or Blackmoor."
             ),
         )
         cls.b3 = Book.objects.create(
-            title='Another awesome book', author=cls.a1, paperback=False,
-            opening_line='A squat gray building of only thirty-four stories.',
+            title="Another awesome book",
+            author=cls.a1,
+            paperback=False,
+            opening_line="A squat gray building of only thirty-four stories.",
         )
         cls.b4 = Book.objects.create(
-            title='Some other book', author=cls.a3, paperback=True,
-            opening_line='It was the day my grandmother exploded.',
+            title="Some other book",
+            author=cls.a3,
+            paperback=True,
+            opening_line="It was the day my grandmother exploded.",
         )
-        cls.c1 = Coffee.objects.create(brand='dunkin doughnuts')
-        cls.c2 = Coffee.objects.create(brand='starbucks')
+        cls.c1 = Coffee.objects.create(brand="dunkin doughnuts")
+        cls.c2 = Coffee.objects.create(brand="starbucks")
         cls.r1 = Reviewer.objects.create()
         cls.r2 = Reviewer.objects.create()
         cls.r1.reviewed.add(cls.b2, cls.b3, cls.b4)
 
-    def assertSuccessfulRawQuery(self, model, query, expected_results,
-                                 expected_annotations=(), params=[], translations=None):
+    def assertSuccessfulRawQuery(
+        self,
+        model,
+        query,
+        expected_results,
+        expected_annotations=(),
+        params=[],
+        translations=None,
+    ):
         """
         Execute the passed query against the passed model and check the output
         """
-        results = list(model.objects.raw(query, params=params, translations=translations))
+        results = list(
+            model.objects.raw(query, params=params, translations=translations)
+        )
         self.assertProcessed(model, results, expected_results, expected_annotations)
         self.assertAnnotations(results, expected_annotations)
 
@@ -67,13 +96,12 @@ class RawQueryTests(TestCase):
             for field in model._meta.fields:
                 # All values on the model are equal
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    getattr(item, field.attname),
-                    getattr(orig_item, field.attname)
+                    getattr(item, field.attname), getattr(orig_item, field.attname)
                 )
                 # This includes checking that they are the same type
                 self.assertEqual(
                     type(getattr(item, field.attname)),
-                    type(getattr(orig_item, field.attname))
+                    type(getattr(orig_item, field.attname)),
                 )
 
     def assertNoAnnotations(self, results):
@@ -93,9 +121,13 @@ class RawQueryTests(TestCase):
                 self.assertEqual(getattr(result, annotation), value)
 
     def test_rawqueryset_repr(self):
-        queryset = RawQuerySet(raw_query='SELECT * FROM raw_query_author')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(queryset), '<RawQuerySet: SELECT * FROM raw_query_author>')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(queryset.query), '<RawQuery: SELECT * FROM raw_query_author>')
+        queryset = RawQuerySet(raw_query="SELECT * FROM raw_query_author")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(queryset), "<RawQuerySet: SELECT * FROM raw_query_author>"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(queryset.query), "<RawQuery: SELECT * FROM raw_query_author>"
+        )
 
     def test_simple_raw_query(self):
         """
@@ -110,7 +142,7 @@ class RawQueryTests(TestCase):
         Raw queries are lazy: they aren't actually executed until they're
         iterated over.
         """
-        q = Author.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM raw_query_author')
+        q = Author.objects.raw("SELECT * FROM raw_query_author")
         self.assertIsNone(q.query.cursor)
         list(q)
         self.assertIsNotNone(q.query.cursor)
@@ -146,9 +178,9 @@ class RawQueryTests(TestCase):
         order
         """
         selects = (
-            ('dob, last_name, first_name, id'),
-            ('last_name, dob, first_name, id'),
-            ('first_name, last_name, dob, id'),
+            ("dob, last_name, first_name, id"),
+            ("last_name, dob, first_name, id"),
+            ("first_name, last_name, dob, id"),
         )
 
         for select in selects:
@@ -162,7 +194,7 @@ class RawQueryTests(TestCase):
         column names to specific model fields
         """
         query = "SELECT first_name AS first, last_name AS last, dob, id FROM raw_query_author"
-        translations = {'first': 'first_name', 'last': 'last_name'}
+        translations = {"first": "first_name", "last": "last_name"}
         authors = Author.objects.all()
         self.assertSuccessfulRawQuery(Author, query, authors, translations=translations)
 
@@ -190,14 +222,14 @@ class RawQueryTests(TestCase):
         qset = Author.objects.raw(query)
         self.assertEqual(len(qset), 2)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_paramstyle_pyformat')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_paramstyle_pyformat")
     def test_pyformat_params(self):
         """
         Test passing optional query parameters
         """
         query = "SELECT * FROM raw_query_author WHERE first_name = %(first)s"
         author = Author.objects.all()[2]
-        params = {'first': author.first_name}
+        params = {"first": author.first_name}
         qset = Author.objects.raw(query, params=params)
         results = list(qset)
         self.assertProcessed(Author, results, [author])
@@ -210,14 +242,26 @@ class RawQueryTests(TestCase):
         Test representation of raw query with parameters
         """
         query = "SELECT * FROM raw_query_author WHERE last_name = %(last)s"
-        qset = Author.objects.raw(query, {'last': 'foo'})
-        self.assertEqual(repr(qset), "<RawQuerySet: SELECT * FROM raw_query_author WHERE last_name = foo>")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(qset.query), "<RawQuery: SELECT * FROM raw_query_author WHERE last_name = foo>")
+        qset = Author.objects.raw(query, {"last": "foo"})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(qset),
+            "<RawQuerySet: SELECT * FROM raw_query_author WHERE last_name = foo>",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(qset.query),
+            "<RawQuery: SELECT * FROM raw_query_author WHERE last_name = foo>",
+        )
 
         query = "SELECT * FROM raw_query_author WHERE last_name = %s"
-        qset = Author.objects.raw(query, {'foo'})
-        self.assertEqual(repr(qset), "<RawQuerySet: SELECT * FROM raw_query_author WHERE last_name = foo>")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(qset.query), "<RawQuery: SELECT * FROM raw_query_author WHERE last_name = foo>")
+        qset = Author.objects.raw(query, {"foo"})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(qset),
+            "<RawQuerySet: SELECT * FROM raw_query_author WHERE last_name = foo>",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(qset.query),
+            "<RawQuery: SELECT * FROM raw_query_author WHERE last_name = foo>",
+        )
 
     def test_many_to_many(self):
         """
@@ -230,7 +274,7 @@ class RawQueryTests(TestCase):
     def test_extra_conversions(self):
         """Extra translations are ignored."""
         query = "SELECT * FROM raw_query_author"
-        translations = {'something': 'else'}
+        translations = {"something": "else"}
         authors = Author.objects.all()
         self.assertSuccessfulRawQuery(Author, query, authors, translations=translations)
 
@@ -243,7 +287,7 @@ class RawQueryTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_missing_fields_without_PK(self):
         query = "SELECT first_name, dob FROM raw_query_author"
-        msg = 'Raw query must include the primary key'
+        msg = "Raw query must include the primary key"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldDoesNotExist, msg):
             list(Author.objects.raw(query))
 
@@ -255,10 +299,10 @@ class RawQueryTests(TestCase):
             "GROUP BY a.id, a.first_name, a.last_name, a.dob ORDER BY a.id"
         )
         expected_annotations = (
-            ('book_count', 3),
-            ('book_count', 0),
-            ('book_count', 1),
-            ('book_count', 0),
+            ("book_count", 3),
+            ("book_count", 0),
+            ("book_count", 1),
+            ("book_count", 0),
         )
         authors = Author.objects.all()
         self.assertSuccessfulRawQuery(Author, query, authors, expected_annotations)
@@ -291,26 +335,32 @@ class RawQueryTests(TestCase):
         # Indexing on RawQuerySets
         query = "SELECT * FROM raw_query_author ORDER BY id ASC"
         third_author = Author.objects.raw(query)[2]
-        self.assertEqual(third_author.first_name, 'Bob')
+        self.assertEqual(third_author.first_name, "Bob")
 
         first_two = Author.objects.raw(query)[0:2]
         self.assertEqual(len(first_two), 2)
 
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            Author.objects.raw(query)['test']
+            Author.objects.raw(query)["test"]
 
     def test_inheritance(self):
-        f = FriendlyAuthor.objects.create(first_name="Wesley", last_name="Chun", dob=date(1962, 10, 28))
-        query = "SELECT * FROM raw_query_friendlyauthor"
-        self.assertEqual(
-            [o.pk for o in FriendlyAuthor.objects.raw(query)], [f.pk]
+        f = FriendlyAuthor.objects.create(
+            first_name="Wesley", last_name="Chun", dob=date(1962, 10, 28)
         )
+        query = "SELECT * FROM raw_query_friendlyauthor"
+        self.assertEqual([o.pk for o in FriendlyAuthor.objects.raw(query)], [f.pk])
 
     def test_query_count(self):
-        self.assertNumQueries(1, list, Author.objects.raw("SELECT * FROM raw_query_author"))
+        self.assertNumQueries(
+            1, list, Author.objects.raw("SELECT * FROM raw_query_author")
+        )
 
     def test_subquery_in_raw_sql(self):
-        list(Book.objects.raw('SELECT id FROM (SELECT * FROM raw_query_book WHERE paperback IS NOT NULL) sq'))
+        list(
+            Book.objects.raw(
+                "SELECT id FROM (SELECT * FROM raw_query_book WHERE paperback IS NOT NULL) sq"
+            )
+        )
 
     def test_db_column_name_is_used_in_raw_query(self):
         """
@@ -321,29 +371,42 @@ class RawQueryTests(TestCase):
         same.
         """
         b = BookFkAsPk.objects.create(book=self.b1)
-        self.assertEqual(list(BookFkAsPk.objects.raw('SELECT not_the_default FROM raw_query_bookfkaspk')), [b])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(
+                BookFkAsPk.objects.raw(
+                    "SELECT not_the_default FROM raw_query_bookfkaspk"
+                )
+            ),
+            [b],
+        )
 
     def test_decimal_parameter(self):
-        c = Coffee.objects.create(brand='starbucks', price=20.5)
-        qs = Coffee.objects.raw("SELECT * FROM raw_query_coffee WHERE price >= %s", params=[Decimal(20)])
+        c = Coffee.objects.create(brand="starbucks", price=20.5)
+        qs = Coffee.objects.raw(
+            "SELECT * FROM raw_query_coffee WHERE price >= %s", params=[Decimal(20)]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(list(qs), [c])
 
     def test_result_caching(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            books = Book.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM raw_query_book')
+            books = Book.objects.raw("SELECT * FROM raw_query_book")
             list(books)
             list(books)
 
     def test_iterator(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            books = Book.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM raw_query_book')
+            books = Book.objects.raw("SELECT * FROM raw_query_book")
             list(books.iterator())
             list(books.iterator())
 
     def test_bool(self):
-        self.assertIs(bool(Book.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM raw_query_book')), True)
-        self.assertIs(bool(Book.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM raw_query_book WHERE id = 0')), False)
+        self.assertIs(bool(Book.objects.raw("SELECT * FROM raw_query_book")), True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            bool(Book.objects.raw("SELECT * FROM raw_query_book WHERE id = 0")), False
+        )
 
     def test_len(self):
-        self.assertEqual(len(Book.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM raw_query_book')), 4)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Book.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM raw_query_book WHERE id = 0')), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Book.objects.raw("SELECT * FROM raw_query_book")), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(Book.objects.raw("SELECT * FROM raw_query_book WHERE id = 0")), 0
+        )
diff --git a/tests/redirects_tests/tests.py b/tests/redirects_tests/tests.py
index b9c5e04334..d175be62fb 100644
--- a/tests/redirects_tests/tests.py
+++ b/tests/redirects_tests/tests.py
@@ -3,40 +3,55 @@ from django.contrib.redirects.middleware import RedirectFallbackMiddleware
 from django.contrib.redirects.models import Redirect
 from django.contrib.sites.models import Site
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
-from django.http import (
-    HttpResponse, HttpResponseForbidden, HttpResponseRedirect,
-)
+from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseForbidden, HttpResponseRedirect
 from django.test import TestCase, modify_settings, override_settings
 
 
-@modify_settings(MIDDLEWARE={'append': 'django.contrib.redirects.middleware.RedirectFallbackMiddleware'})
-@override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=False, ROOT_URLCONF='redirects_tests.urls', SITE_ID=1)
+@modify_settings(
+    MIDDLEWARE={
+        "append": "django.contrib.redirects.middleware.RedirectFallbackMiddleware"
+    }
+)
+@override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=False, ROOT_URLCONF="redirects_tests.urls", SITE_ID=1)
 class RedirectTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.site = Site.objects.get(pk=settings.SITE_ID)
 
     def test_model(self):
-        r1 = Redirect.objects.create(site=self.site, old_path='/initial', new_path='/new_target')
+        r1 = Redirect.objects.create(
+            site=self.site, old_path="/initial", new_path="/new_target"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(str(r1), "/initial ---> /new_target")
 
     def test_redirect(self):
-        Redirect.objects.create(site=self.site, old_path='/initial', new_path='/new_target')
-        response = self.client.get('/initial')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/new_target', status_code=301, target_status_code=404)
+        Redirect.objects.create(
+            site=self.site, old_path="/initial", new_path="/new_target"
+        )
+        response = self.client.get("/initial")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/new_target", status_code=301, target_status_code=404
+        )
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
     def test_redirect_with_append_slash(self):
-        Redirect.objects.create(site=self.site, old_path='/initial/', new_path='/new_target/')
-        response = self.client.get('/initial')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/new_target/', status_code=301, target_status_code=404)
+        Redirect.objects.create(
+            site=self.site, old_path="/initial/", new_path="/new_target/"
+        )
+        response = self.client.get("/initial")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/new_target/", status_code=301, target_status_code=404
+        )
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
     def test_redirect_with_append_slash_and_query_string(self):
-        Redirect.objects.create(site=self.site, old_path='/initial/?foo', new_path='/new_target/')
-        response = self.client.get('/initial?foo')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/new_target/', status_code=301, target_status_code=404)
+        Redirect.objects.create(
+            site=self.site, old_path="/initial/?foo", new_path="/new_target/"
+        )
+        response = self.client.get("/initial?foo")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/new_target/", status_code=301, target_status_code=404
+        )
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
     def test_redirect_not_found_with_append_slash(self):
@@ -44,28 +59,28 @@ class RedirectTests(TestCase):
         Exercise the second Redirect.DoesNotExist branch in
         RedirectFallbackMiddleware.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/test')
+        response = self.client.get("/test")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_redirect_shortcircuits_non_404_response(self):
         """RedirectFallbackMiddleware short-circuits on non-404 requests."""
-        response = self.client.get('/')
+        response = self.client.get("/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_response_gone(self):
         """When the redirect target is '', return a 410"""
-        Redirect.objects.create(site=self.site, old_path='/initial', new_path='')
-        response = self.client.get('/initial')
+        Redirect.objects.create(site=self.site, old_path="/initial", new_path="")
+        response = self.client.get("/initial")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 410)
 
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'remove': 'django.contrib.sites'})
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"remove": "django.contrib.sites"})
     def test_sites_not_installed(self):
         def get_response(request):
             return HttpResponse()
 
         msg = (
-            'You cannot use RedirectFallbackMiddleware when '
-            'django.contrib.sites is not installed.'
+            "You cannot use RedirectFallbackMiddleware when "
+            "django.contrib.sites is not installed."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
             RedirectFallbackMiddleware(get_response)
@@ -77,20 +92,23 @@ class OverriddenRedirectFallbackMiddleware(RedirectFallbackMiddleware):
     response_redirect_class = HttpResponseRedirect
 
 
-@modify_settings(MIDDLEWARE={'append': 'redirects_tests.tests.OverriddenRedirectFallbackMiddleware'})
+@modify_settings(
+    MIDDLEWARE={"append": "redirects_tests.tests.OverriddenRedirectFallbackMiddleware"}
+)
 @override_settings(SITE_ID=1)
 class OverriddenRedirectMiddlewareTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.site = Site.objects.get(pk=settings.SITE_ID)
 
     def test_response_gone_class(self):
-        Redirect.objects.create(site=self.site, old_path='/initial/', new_path='')
-        response = self.client.get('/initial/')
+        Redirect.objects.create(site=self.site, old_path="/initial/", new_path="")
+        response = self.client.get("/initial/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
 
     def test_response_redirect_class(self):
-        Redirect.objects.create(site=self.site, old_path='/initial/', new_path='/new_target/')
-        response = self.client.get('/initial/')
+        Redirect.objects.create(
+            site=self.site, old_path="/initial/", new_path="/new_target/"
+        )
+        response = self.client.get("/initial/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
diff --git a/tests/redirects_tests/urls.py b/tests/redirects_tests/urls.py
index b29f8f5a03..0b17a91504 100644
--- a/tests/redirects_tests/urls.py
+++ b/tests/redirects_tests/urls.py
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ from django.http import HttpResponse
 from django.urls import path
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('', lambda req: HttpResponse('OK')),
+    path("", lambda req: HttpResponse("OK")),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/requests/test_accept_header.py b/tests/requests/test_accept_header.py
index 76559920af..c6eed0e479 100644
--- a/tests/requests/test_accept_header.py
+++ b/tests/requests/test_accept_header.py
@@ -6,39 +6,39 @@ from django.http.request import MediaType
 
 class MediaTypeTests(TestCase):
     def test_empty(self):
-        for empty_media_type in (None, ''):
+        for empty_media_type in (None, ""):
             with self.subTest(media_type=empty_media_type):
                 media_type = MediaType(empty_media_type)
                 self.assertIs(media_type.is_all_types, False)
-                self.assertEqual(str(media_type), '')
-                self.assertEqual(repr(media_type), '<MediaType: >')
+                self.assertEqual(str(media_type), "")
+                self.assertEqual(repr(media_type), "<MediaType: >")
 
     def test_str(self):
-        self.assertEqual(str(MediaType('*/*; q=0.8')), '*/*; q=0.8')
-        self.assertEqual(str(MediaType('application/xml')), 'application/xml')
+        self.assertEqual(str(MediaType("*/*; q=0.8")), "*/*; q=0.8")
+        self.assertEqual(str(MediaType("application/xml")), "application/xml")
 
     def test_repr(self):
-        self.assertEqual(repr(MediaType('*/*; q=0.8')), '<MediaType: */*; q=0.8>')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(MediaType("*/*; q=0.8")), "<MediaType: */*; q=0.8>")
         self.assertEqual(
-            repr(MediaType('application/xml')),
-            '<MediaType: application/xml>',
+            repr(MediaType("application/xml")),
+            "<MediaType: application/xml>",
         )
 
     def test_is_all_types(self):
-        self.assertIs(MediaType('*/*').is_all_types, True)
-        self.assertIs(MediaType('*/*; q=0.8').is_all_types, True)
-        self.assertIs(MediaType('text/*').is_all_types, False)
-        self.assertIs(MediaType('application/xml').is_all_types, False)
+        self.assertIs(MediaType("*/*").is_all_types, True)
+        self.assertIs(MediaType("*/*; q=0.8").is_all_types, True)
+        self.assertIs(MediaType("text/*").is_all_types, False)
+        self.assertIs(MediaType("application/xml").is_all_types, False)
 
     def test_match(self):
         tests = [
-            ('*/*; q=0.8', '*/*'),
-            ('*/*', 'application/json'),
-            (' */* ', 'application/json'),
-            ('application/*', 'application/json'),
-            ('application/xml', 'application/xml'),
-            (' application/xml ', 'application/xml'),
-            ('application/xml', ' application/xml '),
+            ("*/*; q=0.8", "*/*"),
+            ("*/*", "application/json"),
+            (" */* ", "application/json"),
+            ("application/*", "application/json"),
+            ("application/xml", "application/xml"),
+            (" application/xml ", "application/xml"),
+            ("application/xml", " application/xml "),
         ]
         for accepted_type, mime_type in tests:
             with self.subTest(accepted_type, mime_type=mime_type):
@@ -46,11 +46,11 @@ class MediaTypeTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_no_match(self):
         tests = [
-            (None, '*/*'),
-            ('', '*/*'),
-            ('; q=0.8', '*/*'),
-            ('application/xml', 'application/html'),
-            ('application/xml', '*/*'),
+            (None, "*/*"),
+            ("", "*/*"),
+            ("; q=0.8", "*/*"),
+            ("application/xml", "application/html"),
+            ("application/xml", "*/*"),
         ]
         for accepted_type, mime_type in tests:
             with self.subTest(accepted_type, mime_type=mime_type):
@@ -63,39 +63,41 @@ class AcceptHeaderTests(TestCase):
         request = HttpRequest()
         self.assertEqual(
             [str(accepted_type) for accepted_type in request.accepted_types],
-            ['*/*'],
+            ["*/*"],
         )
 
     def test_accept_headers(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
-        request.META['HTTP_ACCEPT'] = (
-            'text/html, application/xhtml+xml,application/xml ;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8'
-        )
+        request.META[
+            "HTTP_ACCEPT"
+        ] = "text/html, application/xhtml+xml,application/xml ;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8"
         self.assertEqual(
             [str(accepted_type) for accepted_type in request.accepted_types],
             [
-                'text/html',
-                'application/xhtml+xml',
-                'application/xml; q=0.9',
-                '*/*; q=0.8',
+                "text/html",
+                "application/xhtml+xml",
+                "application/xml; q=0.9",
+                "*/*; q=0.8",
             ],
         )
 
     def test_request_accepts_any(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
-        request.META['HTTP_ACCEPT'] = '*/*'
-        self.assertIs(request.accepts('application/json'), True)
+        request.META["HTTP_ACCEPT"] = "*/*"
+        self.assertIs(request.accepts("application/json"), True)
 
     def test_request_accepts_none(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
-        request.META['HTTP_ACCEPT'] = ''
-        self.assertIs(request.accepts('application/json'), False)
+        request.META["HTTP_ACCEPT"] = ""
+        self.assertIs(request.accepts("application/json"), False)
         self.assertEqual(request.accepted_types, [])
 
     def test_request_accepts_some(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
-        request.META['HTTP_ACCEPT'] = 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9'
-        self.assertIs(request.accepts('text/html'), True)
-        self.assertIs(request.accepts('application/xhtml+xml'), True)
-        self.assertIs(request.accepts('application/xml'), True)
-        self.assertIs(request.accepts('application/json'), False)
+        request.META[
+            "HTTP_ACCEPT"
+        ] = "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9"
+        self.assertIs(request.accepts("text/html"), True)
+        self.assertIs(request.accepts("application/xhtml+xml"), True)
+        self.assertIs(request.accepts("application/xml"), True)
+        self.assertIs(request.accepts("application/json"), False)
diff --git a/tests/requests/test_data_upload_settings.py b/tests/requests/test_data_upload_settings.py
index 6f44dbd10d..363e9a966f 100644
--- a/tests/requests/test_data_upload_settings.py
+++ b/tests/requests/test_data_upload_settings.py
@@ -5,19 +5,23 @@ from django.core.handlers.wsgi import WSGIRequest
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.test.client import FakePayload
 
-TOO_MANY_FIELDS_MSG = 'The number of GET/POST parameters exceeded settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_NUMBER_FIELDS.'
-TOO_MUCH_DATA_MSG = 'Request body exceeded settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE.'
+TOO_MANY_FIELDS_MSG = (
+    "The number of GET/POST parameters exceeded settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_NUMBER_FIELDS."
+)
+TOO_MUCH_DATA_MSG = "Request body exceeded settings.DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE."
 
 
 class DataUploadMaxMemorySizeFormPostTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
-        payload = FakePayload('a=1&a=2&a=3\r\n')
-        self.request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
-        })
+        payload = FakePayload("a=1&a=2&a=3\r\n")
+        self.request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+                "wsgi.input": payload,
+            }
+        )
 
     def test_size_exceeded(self):
         with self.settings(DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE=12):
@@ -35,19 +39,25 @@ class DataUploadMaxMemorySizeFormPostTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 class DataUploadMaxMemorySizeMultipartPostTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
-        payload = FakePayload("\r\n".join([
-            '--boundary',
-            'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="name"',
-            '',
-            'value',
-            '--boundary--'
-        ]))
-        self.request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=boundary',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
-        })
+        payload = FakePayload(
+            "\r\n".join(
+                [
+                    "--boundary",
+                    'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="name"',
+                    "",
+                    "value",
+                    "--boundary--",
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+        self.request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "multipart/form-data; boundary=boundary",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+                "wsgi.input": payload,
+            }
+        )
 
     def test_size_exceeded(self):
         with self.settings(DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE=10):
@@ -63,31 +73,39 @@ class DataUploadMaxMemorySizeMultipartPostTests(SimpleTestCase):
             self.request._load_post_and_files()
 
     def test_file_passes(self):
-        payload = FakePayload("\r\n".join([
-            '--boundary',
-            'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file1"; filename="test.file"',
-            '',
-            'value',
-            '--boundary--'
-        ]))
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=boundary',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
-        })
+        payload = FakePayload(
+            "\r\n".join(
+                [
+                    "--boundary",
+                    'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file1"; filename="test.file"',
+                    "",
+                    "value",
+                    "--boundary--",
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "multipart/form-data; boundary=boundary",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+                "wsgi.input": payload,
+            }
+        )
         with self.settings(DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE=1):
             request._load_post_and_files()
-            self.assertIn('file1', request.FILES, "Upload file not present")
+            self.assertIn("file1", request.FILES, "Upload file not present")
 
 
 class DataUploadMaxMemorySizeGetTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
-        self.request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET',
-            'wsgi.input': BytesIO(b''),
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': 3,
-        })
+        self.request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "GET",
+                "wsgi.input": BytesIO(b""),
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": 3,
+            }
+        )
 
     def test_data_upload_max_memory_size_exceeded(self):
         with self.settings(DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE=2):
@@ -103,51 +121,60 @@ class DataUploadMaxMemorySizeGetTests(SimpleTestCase):
             self.request.body
 
     def test_empty_content_length(self):
-        self.request.environ['CONTENT_LENGTH'] = ''
+        self.request.environ["CONTENT_LENGTH"] = ""
         self.request.body
 
 
 class DataUploadMaxNumberOfFieldsGet(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_get_max_fields_exceeded(self):
         with self.settings(DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_NUMBER_FIELDS=1):
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(TooManyFieldsSent, TOO_MANY_FIELDS_MSG):
-                request = WSGIRequest({
-                    'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET',
-                    'wsgi.input': BytesIO(b''),
-                    'QUERY_STRING': 'a=1&a=2&a=3',
-                })
-                request.GET['a']
+                request = WSGIRequest(
+                    {
+                        "REQUEST_METHOD": "GET",
+                        "wsgi.input": BytesIO(b""),
+                        "QUERY_STRING": "a=1&a=2&a=3",
+                    }
+                )
+                request.GET["a"]
 
     def test_get_max_fields_not_exceeded(self):
         with self.settings(DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_NUMBER_FIELDS=3):
-            request = WSGIRequest({
-                'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET',
-                'wsgi.input': BytesIO(b''),
-                'QUERY_STRING': 'a=1&a=2&a=3',
-            })
-            request.GET['a']
+            request = WSGIRequest(
+                {
+                    "REQUEST_METHOD": "GET",
+                    "wsgi.input": BytesIO(b""),
+                    "QUERY_STRING": "a=1&a=2&a=3",
+                }
+            )
+            request.GET["a"]
 
 
 class DataUploadMaxNumberOfFieldsMultipartPost(SimpleTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
-        payload = FakePayload("\r\n".join([
-            '--boundary',
-            'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="name1"',
-            '',
-            'value1',
-            '--boundary',
-            'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="name2"',
-            '',
-            'value2',
-            '--boundary--'
-        ]))
-        self.request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=boundary',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
-        })
+        payload = FakePayload(
+            "\r\n".join(
+                [
+                    "--boundary",
+                    'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="name1"',
+                    "",
+                    "value1",
+                    "--boundary",
+                    'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="name2"',
+                    "",
+                    "value2",
+                    "--boundary--",
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+        self.request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "multipart/form-data; boundary=boundary",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+                "wsgi.input": payload,
+            }
+        )
 
     def test_number_exceeded(self):
         with self.settings(DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_NUMBER_FIELDS=1):
@@ -165,13 +192,15 @@ class DataUploadMaxNumberOfFieldsMultipartPost(SimpleTestCase):
 
 class DataUploadMaxNumberOfFieldsFormPost(SimpleTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
-        payload = FakePayload("\r\n".join(['a=1&a=2&a=3', '']))
-        self.request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
-        })
+        payload = FakePayload("\r\n".join(["a=1&a=2&a=3", ""]))
+        self.request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+                "wsgi.input": payload,
+            }
+        )
 
     def test_number_exceeded(self):
         with self.settings(DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_NUMBER_FIELDS=2):
diff --git a/tests/requests/tests.py b/tests/requests/tests.py
index bc7c0165b2..6be47efc8b 100644
--- a/tests/requests/tests.py
+++ b/tests/requests/tests.py
@@ -20,40 +20,40 @@ class RequestsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(list(request.META), [])
 
         # .GET and .POST should be QueryDicts
-        self.assertEqual(request.GET.urlencode(), '')
-        self.assertEqual(request.POST.urlencode(), '')
+        self.assertEqual(request.GET.urlencode(), "")
+        self.assertEqual(request.POST.urlencode(), "")
 
         # and FILES should be MultiValueDict
-        self.assertEqual(request.FILES.getlist('foo'), [])
+        self.assertEqual(request.FILES.getlist("foo"), [])
 
         self.assertIsNone(request.content_type)
         self.assertIsNone(request.content_params)
 
     def test_httprequest_full_path(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
-        request.path = '/;some/?awful/=path/foo:bar/'
-        request.path_info = '/prefix' + request.path
-        request.META['QUERY_STRING'] = ';some=query&+query=string'
-        expected = '/%3Bsome/%3Fawful/%3Dpath/foo:bar/?;some=query&+query=string'
+        request.path = "/;some/?awful/=path/foo:bar/"
+        request.path_info = "/prefix" + request.path
+        request.META["QUERY_STRING"] = ";some=query&+query=string"
+        expected = "/%3Bsome/%3Fawful/%3Dpath/foo:bar/?;some=query&+query=string"
         self.assertEqual(request.get_full_path(), expected)
-        self.assertEqual(request.get_full_path_info(), '/prefix' + expected)
+        self.assertEqual(request.get_full_path_info(), "/prefix" + expected)
 
     def test_httprequest_full_path_with_query_string_and_fragment(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
-        request.path = '/foo#bar'
-        request.path_info = '/prefix' + request.path
-        request.META['QUERY_STRING'] = 'baz#quux'
-        self.assertEqual(request.get_full_path(), '/foo%23bar?baz#quux')
-        self.assertEqual(request.get_full_path_info(), '/prefix/foo%23bar?baz#quux')
+        request.path = "/foo#bar"
+        request.path_info = "/prefix" + request.path
+        request.META["QUERY_STRING"] = "baz#quux"
+        self.assertEqual(request.get_full_path(), "/foo%23bar?baz#quux")
+        self.assertEqual(request.get_full_path_info(), "/prefix/foo%23bar?baz#quux")
 
     def test_httprequest_repr(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
-        request.path = '/somepath/'
-        request.method = 'GET'
-        request.GET = {'get-key': 'get-value'}
-        request.POST = {'post-key': 'post-value'}
-        request.COOKIES = {'post-key': 'post-value'}
-        request.META = {'post-key': 'post-value'}
+        request.path = "/somepath/"
+        request.method = "GET"
+        request.GET = {"get-key": "get-value"}
+        request.POST = {"post-key": "post-value"}
+        request.COOKIES = {"post-key": "post-value"}
+        request.META = {"post-key": "post-value"}
         self.assertEqual(repr(request), "<HttpRequest: GET '/somepath/'>")
 
     def test_httprequest_repr_invalid_method_and_path(self):
@@ -67,24 +67,32 @@ class RequestsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(repr(request), "<HttpRequest>")
 
     def test_wsgirequest(self):
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'PATH_INFO': 'bogus',
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'bogus',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'text/html; charset=utf8',
-            'wsgi.input': BytesIO(b''),
-        })
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "PATH_INFO": "bogus",
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "bogus",
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "text/html; charset=utf8",
+                "wsgi.input": BytesIO(b""),
+            }
+        )
         self.assertEqual(list(request.GET), [])
         self.assertEqual(list(request.POST), [])
         self.assertEqual(list(request.COOKIES), [])
         self.assertEqual(
             set(request.META),
-            {'PATH_INFO', 'REQUEST_METHOD', 'SCRIPT_NAME', 'CONTENT_TYPE', 'wsgi.input'}
+            {
+                "PATH_INFO",
+                "REQUEST_METHOD",
+                "SCRIPT_NAME",
+                "CONTENT_TYPE",
+                "wsgi.input",
+            },
         )
-        self.assertEqual(request.META['PATH_INFO'], 'bogus')
-        self.assertEqual(request.META['REQUEST_METHOD'], 'bogus')
-        self.assertEqual(request.META['SCRIPT_NAME'], '')
-        self.assertEqual(request.content_type, 'text/html')
-        self.assertEqual(request.content_params, {'charset': 'utf8'})
+        self.assertEqual(request.META["PATH_INFO"], "bogus")
+        self.assertEqual(request.META["REQUEST_METHOD"], "bogus")
+        self.assertEqual(request.META["SCRIPT_NAME"], "")
+        self.assertEqual(request.content_type, "text/html")
+        self.assertEqual(request.content_params, {"charset": "utf8"})
 
     def test_wsgirequest_with_script_name(self):
         """
@@ -92,21 +100,25 @@ class RequestsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         not the SCRIPT_NAME has a trailing slash (#20169).
         """
         # With trailing slash
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'PATH_INFO': '/somepath/',
-            'SCRIPT_NAME': '/PREFIX/',
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'get',
-            'wsgi.input': BytesIO(b''),
-        })
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, '/PREFIX/somepath/')
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "PATH_INFO": "/somepath/",
+                "SCRIPT_NAME": "/PREFIX/",
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "get",
+                "wsgi.input": BytesIO(b""),
+            }
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, "/PREFIX/somepath/")
         # Without trailing slash
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'PATH_INFO': '/somepath/',
-            'SCRIPT_NAME': '/PREFIX',
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'get',
-            'wsgi.input': BytesIO(b''),
-        })
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, '/PREFIX/somepath/')
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "PATH_INFO": "/somepath/",
+                "SCRIPT_NAME": "/PREFIX",
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "get",
+                "wsgi.input": BytesIO(b""),
+            }
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, "/PREFIX/somepath/")
 
     def test_wsgirequest_script_url_double_slashes(self):
         """
@@ -114,28 +126,32 @@ class RequestsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         should take that into account when populating request.path and
         request.META['SCRIPT_NAME'] (#17133).
         """
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'SCRIPT_URL': '/mst/milestones//accounts/login//help',
-            'PATH_INFO': '/milestones/accounts/login/help',
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'get',
-            'wsgi.input': BytesIO(b''),
-        })
-        self.assertEqual(request.path, '/mst/milestones/accounts/login/help')
-        self.assertEqual(request.META['SCRIPT_NAME'], '/mst')
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "SCRIPT_URL": "/mst/milestones//accounts/login//help",
+                "PATH_INFO": "/milestones/accounts/login/help",
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "get",
+                "wsgi.input": BytesIO(b""),
+            }
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(request.path, "/mst/milestones/accounts/login/help")
+        self.assertEqual(request.META["SCRIPT_NAME"], "/mst")
 
     def test_wsgirequest_with_force_script_name(self):
         """
         The FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME setting takes precedence over the request's
         SCRIPT_NAME environment parameter (#20169).
         """
-        with override_settings(FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME='/FORCED_PREFIX/'):
-            request = WSGIRequest({
-                'PATH_INFO': '/somepath/',
-                'SCRIPT_NAME': '/PREFIX/',
-                'REQUEST_METHOD': 'get',
-                'wsgi.input': BytesIO(b''),
-            })
-            self.assertEqual(request.path, '/FORCED_PREFIX/somepath/')
+        with override_settings(FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME="/FORCED_PREFIX/"):
+            request = WSGIRequest(
+                {
+                    "PATH_INFO": "/somepath/",
+                    "SCRIPT_NAME": "/PREFIX/",
+                    "REQUEST_METHOD": "get",
+                    "wsgi.input": BytesIO(b""),
+                }
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(request.path, "/FORCED_PREFIX/somepath/")
 
     def test_wsgirequest_path_with_force_script_name_trailing_slash(self):
         """
@@ -143,165 +159,206 @@ class RequestsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         the FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME setting has a trailing slash (#20169).
         """
         # With trailing slash
-        with override_settings(FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME='/FORCED_PREFIX/'):
-            request = WSGIRequest({'PATH_INFO': '/somepath/', 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'get', 'wsgi.input': BytesIO(b'')})
-            self.assertEqual(request.path, '/FORCED_PREFIX/somepath/')
+        with override_settings(FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME="/FORCED_PREFIX/"):
+            request = WSGIRequest(
+                {
+                    "PATH_INFO": "/somepath/",
+                    "REQUEST_METHOD": "get",
+                    "wsgi.input": BytesIO(b""),
+                }
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(request.path, "/FORCED_PREFIX/somepath/")
         # Without trailing slash
-        with override_settings(FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME='/FORCED_PREFIX'):
-            request = WSGIRequest({'PATH_INFO': '/somepath/', 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'get', 'wsgi.input': BytesIO(b'')})
-            self.assertEqual(request.path, '/FORCED_PREFIX/somepath/')
+        with override_settings(FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME="/FORCED_PREFIX"):
+            request = WSGIRequest(
+                {
+                    "PATH_INFO": "/somepath/",
+                    "REQUEST_METHOD": "get",
+                    "wsgi.input": BytesIO(b""),
+                }
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(request.path, "/FORCED_PREFIX/somepath/")
 
     def test_wsgirequest_repr(self):
-        request = WSGIRequest({'REQUEST_METHOD': 'get', 'wsgi.input': BytesIO(b'')})
+        request = WSGIRequest({"REQUEST_METHOD": "get", "wsgi.input": BytesIO(b"")})
         self.assertEqual(repr(request), "<WSGIRequest: GET '/'>")
-        request = WSGIRequest({'PATH_INFO': '/somepath/', 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'get', 'wsgi.input': BytesIO(b'')})
-        request.GET = {'get-key': 'get-value'}
-        request.POST = {'post-key': 'post-value'}
-        request.COOKIES = {'post-key': 'post-value'}
-        request.META = {'post-key': 'post-value'}
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "PATH_INFO": "/somepath/",
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "get",
+                "wsgi.input": BytesIO(b""),
+            }
+        )
+        request.GET = {"get-key": "get-value"}
+        request.POST = {"post-key": "post-value"}
+        request.COOKIES = {"post-key": "post-value"}
+        request.META = {"post-key": "post-value"}
         self.assertEqual(repr(request), "<WSGIRequest: GET '/somepath/'>")
 
     def test_wsgirequest_path_info(self):
-        def wsgi_str(path_info, encoding='utf-8'):
-            path_info = path_info.encode(encoding)  # Actual URL sent by the browser (bytestring)
-            path_info = path_info.decode('iso-8859-1')  # Value in the WSGI environ dict (native string)
+        def wsgi_str(path_info, encoding="utf-8"):
+            path_info = path_info.encode(
+                encoding
+            )  # Actual URL sent by the browser (bytestring)
+            path_info = path_info.decode(
+                "iso-8859-1"
+            )  # Value in the WSGI environ dict (native string)
             return path_info
+
         # Regression for #19468
-        request = WSGIRequest({'PATH_INFO': wsgi_str("/سلام/"), 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'get', 'wsgi.input': BytesIO(b'')})
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "PATH_INFO": wsgi_str("/سلام/"),
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "get",
+                "wsgi.input": BytesIO(b""),
+            }
+        )
         self.assertEqual(request.path, "/سلام/")
 
         # The URL may be incorrectly encoded in a non-UTF-8 encoding (#26971)
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'PATH_INFO': wsgi_str("/café/", encoding='iso-8859-1'),
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'get',
-            'wsgi.input': BytesIO(b''),
-        })
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "PATH_INFO": wsgi_str("/café/", encoding="iso-8859-1"),
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "get",
+                "wsgi.input": BytesIO(b""),
+            }
+        )
         # Since it's impossible to decide the (wrong) encoding of the URL, it's
         # left percent-encoded in the path.
         self.assertEqual(request.path, "/caf%E9/")
 
     def test_limited_stream(self):
         # Read all of a limited stream
-        stream = LimitedStream(BytesIO(b'test'), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(stream.read(), b'te')
+        stream = LimitedStream(BytesIO(b"test"), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(stream.read(), b"te")
         # Reading again returns nothing.
-        self.assertEqual(stream.read(), b'')
+        self.assertEqual(stream.read(), b"")
 
         # Read a number of characters greater than the stream has to offer
-        stream = LimitedStream(BytesIO(b'test'), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(stream.read(5), b'te')
+        stream = LimitedStream(BytesIO(b"test"), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(stream.read(5), b"te")
         # Reading again returns nothing.
-        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(5), b'')
+        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(5), b"")
 
         # Read sequentially from a stream
-        stream = LimitedStream(BytesIO(b'12345678'), 8)
-        self.assertEqual(stream.read(5), b'12345')
-        self.assertEqual(stream.read(5), b'678')
+        stream = LimitedStream(BytesIO(b"12345678"), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(stream.read(5), b"12345")
+        self.assertEqual(stream.read(5), b"678")
         # Reading again returns nothing.
-        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(5), b'')
+        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(5), b"")
 
         # Read lines from a stream
-        stream = LimitedStream(BytesIO(b'1234\n5678\nabcd\nefgh\nijkl'), 24)
+        stream = LimitedStream(BytesIO(b"1234\n5678\nabcd\nefgh\nijkl"), 24)
         # Read a full line, unconditionally
-        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(), b'1234\n')
+        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(), b"1234\n")
         # Read a number of characters less than a line
-        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(2), b'56')
+        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(2), b"56")
         # Read the rest of the partial line
-        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(), b'78\n')
+        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(), b"78\n")
         # Read a full line, with a character limit greater than the line length
-        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(6), b'abcd\n')
+        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(6), b"abcd\n")
         # Read the next line, deliberately terminated at the line end
-        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(4), b'efgh')
+        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(4), b"efgh")
         # Read the next line... just the line end
-        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(), b'\n')
+        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(), b"\n")
         # Read everything else.
-        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(), b'ijkl')
+        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(), b"ijkl")
 
         # Regression for #15018
         # If a stream contains a newline, but the provided length
         # is less than the number of provided characters, the newline
         # doesn't reset the available character count
-        stream = LimitedStream(BytesIO(b'1234\nabcdef'), 9)
-        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(10), b'1234\n')
-        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(3), b'abc')
+        stream = LimitedStream(BytesIO(b"1234\nabcdef"), 9)
+        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(10), b"1234\n")
+        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(3), b"abc")
         # Now expire the available characters
-        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(3), b'd')
+        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(3), b"d")
         # Reading again returns nothing.
-        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(2), b'')
+        self.assertEqual(stream.readline(2), b"")
 
         # Same test, but with read, not readline.
-        stream = LimitedStream(BytesIO(b'1234\nabcdef'), 9)
-        self.assertEqual(stream.read(6), b'1234\na')
-        self.assertEqual(stream.read(2), b'bc')
-        self.assertEqual(stream.read(2), b'd')
-        self.assertEqual(stream.read(2), b'')
-        self.assertEqual(stream.read(), b'')
+        stream = LimitedStream(BytesIO(b"1234\nabcdef"), 9)
+        self.assertEqual(stream.read(6), b"1234\na")
+        self.assertEqual(stream.read(2), b"bc")
+        self.assertEqual(stream.read(2), b"d")
+        self.assertEqual(stream.read(2), b"")
+        self.assertEqual(stream.read(), b"")
 
     def test_stream(self):
-        payload = FakePayload('name=value')
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'wsgi.input': payload},
+        payload = FakePayload("name=value")
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+                "wsgi.input": payload,
+            },
         )
-        self.assertEqual(request.read(), b'name=value')
+        self.assertEqual(request.read(), b"name=value")
 
     def test_read_after_value(self):
         """
         Reading from request is allowed after accessing request contents as
         POST or body.
         """
-        payload = FakePayload('name=value')
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
-        })
-        self.assertEqual(request.POST, {'name': ['value']})
-        self.assertEqual(request.body, b'name=value')
-        self.assertEqual(request.read(), b'name=value')
+        payload = FakePayload("name=value")
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+                "wsgi.input": payload,
+            }
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(request.POST, {"name": ["value"]})
+        self.assertEqual(request.body, b"name=value")
+        self.assertEqual(request.read(), b"name=value")
 
     def test_value_after_read(self):
         """
         Construction of POST or body is not allowed after reading
         from request.
         """
-        payload = FakePayload('name=value')
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
-        })
-        self.assertEqual(request.read(2), b'na')
+        payload = FakePayload("name=value")
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+                "wsgi.input": payload,
+            }
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(request.read(2), b"na")
         with self.assertRaises(RawPostDataException):
             request.body
         self.assertEqual(request.POST, {})
 
     def test_non_ascii_POST(self):
-        payload = FakePayload(urlencode({'key': 'España'}))
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
-        })
-        self.assertEqual(request.POST, {'key': ['España']})
+        payload = FakePayload(urlencode({"key": "España"}))
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+                "wsgi.input": payload,
+            }
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(request.POST, {"key": ["España"]})
 
     def test_alternate_charset_POST(self):
         """
         Test a POST with non-utf-8 payload encoding.
         """
-        payload = FakePayload(urlencode({'key': 'España'.encode('latin-1')}))
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=iso-8859-1',
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
-        })
-        self.assertEqual(request.POST, {'key': ['España']})
+        payload = FakePayload(urlencode({"key": "España".encode("latin-1")}))
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=iso-8859-1",
+                "wsgi.input": payload,
+            }
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(request.POST, {"key": ["España"]})
 
     def test_body_after_POST_multipart_form_data(self):
         """
@@ -310,20 +367,26 @@ class RequestsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # Because multipart is used for large amounts of data i.e. file uploads,
         # we don't want the data held in memory twice, and we don't want to
         # silence the error by setting body = '' either.
-        payload = FakePayload("\r\n".join([
-            '--boundary',
-            'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="name"',
-            '',
-            'value',
-            '--boundary--'
-        ]))
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=boundary',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
-        })
-        self.assertEqual(request.POST, {'name': ['value']})
+        payload = FakePayload(
+            "\r\n".join(
+                [
+                    "--boundary",
+                    'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="name"',
+                    "",
+                    "value",
+                    "--boundary--",
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "multipart/form-data; boundary=boundary",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+                "wsgi.input": payload,
+            }
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(request.POST, {"name": ["value"]})
         with self.assertRaises(RawPostDataException):
             request.body
 
@@ -335,20 +398,24 @@ class RequestsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # There are cases in which the multipart data is related instead of
         # being a binary upload, in which case it should still be accessible
         # via body.
-        payload_data = b"\r\n".join([
-            b'--boundary',
-            b'Content-ID: id; name="name"',
-            b'',
-            b'value',
-            b'--boundary--'
-        ])
+        payload_data = b"\r\n".join(
+            [
+                b"--boundary",
+                b'Content-ID: id; name="name"',
+                b"",
+                b"value",
+                b"--boundary--",
+            ]
+        )
         payload = FakePayload(payload_data)
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'multipart/related; boundary=boundary',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
-        })
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "multipart/related; boundary=boundary",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+                "wsgi.input": payload,
+            }
+        )
         self.assertEqual(request.POST, {})
         self.assertEqual(request.body, payload_data)
 
@@ -360,28 +427,34 @@ class RequestsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # https://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.13
         # Every request.POST with Content-Length >= 0 is a valid request,
         # this test ensures that we handle Content-Length == 0.
-        payload = FakePayload("\r\n".join([
-            '--boundary',
-            'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="name"',
-            '',
-            'value',
-            '--boundary--'
-        ]))
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=boundary',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': 0,
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
-        })
+        payload = FakePayload(
+            "\r\n".join(
+                [
+                    "--boundary",
+                    'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="name"',
+                    "",
+                    "value",
+                    "--boundary--",
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "multipart/form-data; boundary=boundary",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": 0,
+                "wsgi.input": payload,
+            }
+        )
         self.assertEqual(request.POST, {})
 
     def test_POST_binary_only(self):
-        payload = b'\r\n\x01\x00\x00\x00ab\x00\x00\xcd\xcc,@'
+        payload = b"\r\n\x01\x00\x00\x00ab\x00\x00\xcd\xcc,@"
         environ = {
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/octet-stream',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'wsgi.input': BytesIO(payload),
+            "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+            "CONTENT_TYPE": "application/octet-stream",
+            "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+            "wsgi.input": BytesIO(payload),
         }
         request = WSGIRequest(environ)
         self.assertEqual(request.POST, {})
@@ -389,112 +462,136 @@ class RequestsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(request.body, payload)
 
         # Same test without specifying content-type
-        environ.update({'CONTENT_TYPE': '', 'wsgi.input': BytesIO(payload)})
+        environ.update({"CONTENT_TYPE": "", "wsgi.input": BytesIO(payload)})
         request = WSGIRequest(environ)
         self.assertEqual(request.POST, {})
         self.assertEqual(request.FILES, {})
         self.assertEqual(request.body, payload)
 
     def test_read_by_lines(self):
-        payload = FakePayload('name=value')
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
-        })
-        self.assertEqual(list(request), [b'name=value'])
+        payload = FakePayload("name=value")
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+                "wsgi.input": payload,
+            }
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(list(request), [b"name=value"])
 
     def test_POST_after_body_read(self):
         """
         POST should be populated even if body is read first
         """
-        payload = FakePayload('name=value')
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
-        })
+        payload = FakePayload("name=value")
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+                "wsgi.input": payload,
+            }
+        )
         request.body  # evaluate
-        self.assertEqual(request.POST, {'name': ['value']})
+        self.assertEqual(request.POST, {"name": ["value"]})
 
     def test_POST_after_body_read_and_stream_read(self):
         """
         POST should be populated even if body is read first, and then
         the stream is read second.
         """
-        payload = FakePayload('name=value')
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
-        })
+        payload = FakePayload("name=value")
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+                "wsgi.input": payload,
+            }
+        )
         request.body  # evaluate
-        self.assertEqual(request.read(1), b'n')
-        self.assertEqual(request.POST, {'name': ['value']})
+        self.assertEqual(request.read(1), b"n")
+        self.assertEqual(request.POST, {"name": ["value"]})
 
     def test_POST_after_body_read_and_stream_read_multipart(self):
         """
         POST should be populated even if body is read first, and then
         the stream is read second. Using multipart/form-data instead of urlencoded.
         """
-        payload = FakePayload("\r\n".join([
-            '--boundary',
-            'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="name"',
-            '',
-            'value',
-            '--boundary--'
-            '']))
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=boundary',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
-        })
+        payload = FakePayload(
+            "\r\n".join(
+                [
+                    "--boundary",
+                    'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="name"',
+                    "",
+                    "value",
+                    "--boundary--" "",
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "multipart/form-data; boundary=boundary",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+                "wsgi.input": payload,
+            }
+        )
         request.body  # evaluate
         # Consume enough data to mess up the parsing:
-        self.assertEqual(request.read(13), b'--boundary\r\nC')
-        self.assertEqual(request.POST, {'name': ['value']})
+        self.assertEqual(request.read(13), b"--boundary\r\nC")
+        self.assertEqual(request.POST, {"name": ["value"]})
 
     def test_POST_immutable_for_multipart(self):
         """
         MultiPartParser.parse() leaves request.POST immutable.
         """
-        payload = FakePayload("\r\n".join([
-            '--boundary',
-            'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="name"',
-            '',
-            'value',
-            '--boundary--',
-        ]))
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=boundary',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
-        })
+        payload = FakePayload(
+            "\r\n".join(
+                [
+                    "--boundary",
+                    'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="name"',
+                    "",
+                    "value",
+                    "--boundary--",
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "multipart/form-data; boundary=boundary",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+                "wsgi.input": payload,
+            }
+        )
         self.assertFalse(request.POST._mutable)
 
     def test_multipart_without_boundary(self):
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'multipart/form-data;',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': 0,
-            'wsgi.input': FakePayload(),
-        })
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(MultiPartParserError, 'Invalid boundary in multipart: None'):
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "multipart/form-data;",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": 0,
+                "wsgi.input": FakePayload(),
+            }
+        )
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            MultiPartParserError, "Invalid boundary in multipart: None"
+        ):
             request.POST
 
     def test_multipart_non_ascii_content_type(self):
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'multipart/form-data; boundary = \xe0',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': 0,
-            'wsgi.input': FakePayload(),
-        })
-        msg = 'Invalid non-ASCII Content-Type in multipart: multipart/form-data; boundary = à'
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "multipart/form-data; boundary = \xe0",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": 0,
+                "wsgi.input": FakePayload(),
+            }
+        )
+        msg = "Invalid non-ASCII Content-Type in multipart: multipart/form-data; boundary = à"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(MultiPartParserError, msg):
             request.POST
 
@@ -503,200 +600,217 @@ class RequestsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         If wsgi.input.read() raises an exception while trying to read() the
         POST, the exception is identifiable (not a generic OSError).
         """
+
         class ExplodingBytesIO(BytesIO):
             def read(self, len=0):
-                raise OSError('kaboom!')
+                raise OSError("kaboom!")
 
-        payload = b'name=value'
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'wsgi.input': ExplodingBytesIO(payload),
-        })
+        payload = b"name=value"
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+                "wsgi.input": ExplodingBytesIO(payload),
+            }
+        )
         with self.assertRaises(UnreadablePostError):
             request.body
 
     def test_set_encoding_clears_POST(self):
-        payload = FakePayload('name=Hello Günter')
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'wsgi.input': payload,
-        })
-        self.assertEqual(request.POST, {'name': ['Hello Günter']})
-        request.encoding = 'iso-8859-16'
-        self.assertEqual(request.POST, {'name': ['Hello GĂŒnter']})
+        payload = FakePayload("name=Hello Günter")
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+                "wsgi.input": payload,
+            }
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(request.POST, {"name": ["Hello Günter"]})
+        request.encoding = "iso-8859-16"
+        self.assertEqual(request.POST, {"name": ["Hello GĂŒnter"]})
 
     def test_set_encoding_clears_GET(self):
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET',
-            'wsgi.input': '',
-            'QUERY_STRING': 'name=Hello%20G%C3%BCnter',
-        })
-        self.assertEqual(request.GET, {'name': ['Hello Günter']})
-        request.encoding = 'iso-8859-16'
-        self.assertEqual(request.GET, {'name': ['Hello G\u0102\u0152nter']})
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "GET",
+                "wsgi.input": "",
+                "QUERY_STRING": "name=Hello%20G%C3%BCnter",
+            }
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(request.GET, {"name": ["Hello Günter"]})
+        request.encoding = "iso-8859-16"
+        self.assertEqual(request.GET, {"name": ["Hello G\u0102\u0152nter"]})
 
     def test_FILES_connection_error(self):
         """
         If wsgi.input.read() raises an exception while trying to read() the
         FILES, the exception is identifiable (not a generic OSError).
         """
+
         class ExplodingBytesIO(BytesIO):
             def read(self, len=0):
-                raise OSError('kaboom!')
+                raise OSError("kaboom!")
 
-        payload = b'x'
-        request = WSGIRequest({
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=foo_',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': len(payload),
-            'wsgi.input': ExplodingBytesIO(payload),
-        })
+        payload = b"x"
+        request = WSGIRequest(
+            {
+                "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
+                "CONTENT_TYPE": "multipart/form-data; boundary=foo_",
+                "CONTENT_LENGTH": len(payload),
+                "wsgi.input": ExplodingBytesIO(payload),
+            }
+        )
         with self.assertRaises(UnreadablePostError):
             request.FILES
 
 
 class HostValidationTests(SimpleTestCase):
     poisoned_hosts = [
-        'example.com@evil.tld',
-        'example.com:dr.frankenstein@evil.tld',
-        'example.com:dr.frankenstein@evil.tld:80',
-        'example.com:80/badpath',
-        'example.com: recovermypassword.com',
+        "example.com@evil.tld",
+        "example.com:dr.frankenstein@evil.tld",
+        "example.com:dr.frankenstein@evil.tld:80",
+        "example.com:80/badpath",
+        "example.com: recovermypassword.com",
     ]
 
     @override_settings(
         USE_X_FORWARDED_HOST=False,
         ALLOWED_HOSTS=[
-            'forward.com', 'example.com', 'internal.com', '12.34.56.78',
-            '[2001:19f0:feee::dead:beef:cafe]', 'xn--4ca9at.com',
-            '.multitenant.com', 'INSENSITIVE.com', '[::ffff:169.254.169.254]',
-        ])
+            "forward.com",
+            "example.com",
+            "internal.com",
+            "12.34.56.78",
+            "[2001:19f0:feee::dead:beef:cafe]",
+            "xn--4ca9at.com",
+            ".multitenant.com",
+            "INSENSITIVE.com",
+            "[::ffff:169.254.169.254]",
+        ],
+    )
     def test_http_get_host(self):
         # Check if X_FORWARDED_HOST is provided.
         request = HttpRequest()
         request.META = {
-            'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST': 'forward.com',
-            'HTTP_HOST': 'example.com',
-            'SERVER_NAME': 'internal.com',
-            'SERVER_PORT': 80,
+            "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST": "forward.com",
+            "HTTP_HOST": "example.com",
+            "SERVER_NAME": "internal.com",
+            "SERVER_PORT": 80,
         }
         # X_FORWARDED_HOST is ignored.
-        self.assertEqual(request.get_host(), 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(request.get_host(), "example.com")
 
         # Check if X_FORWARDED_HOST isn't provided.
         request = HttpRequest()
         request.META = {
-            'HTTP_HOST': 'example.com',
-            'SERVER_NAME': 'internal.com',
-            'SERVER_PORT': 80,
+            "HTTP_HOST": "example.com",
+            "SERVER_NAME": "internal.com",
+            "SERVER_PORT": 80,
         }
-        self.assertEqual(request.get_host(), 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(request.get_host(), "example.com")
 
         # Check if HTTP_HOST isn't provided.
         request = HttpRequest()
         request.META = {
-            'SERVER_NAME': 'internal.com',
-            'SERVER_PORT': 80,
+            "SERVER_NAME": "internal.com",
+            "SERVER_PORT": 80,
         }
-        self.assertEqual(request.get_host(), 'internal.com')
+        self.assertEqual(request.get_host(), "internal.com")
 
         # Check if HTTP_HOST isn't provided, and we're on a nonstandard port
         request = HttpRequest()
         request.META = {
-            'SERVER_NAME': 'internal.com',
-            'SERVER_PORT': 8042,
+            "SERVER_NAME": "internal.com",
+            "SERVER_PORT": 8042,
         }
-        self.assertEqual(request.get_host(), 'internal.com:8042')
+        self.assertEqual(request.get_host(), "internal.com:8042")
 
         legit_hosts = [
-            'example.com',
-            'example.com:80',
-            '12.34.56.78',
-            '12.34.56.78:443',
-            '[2001:19f0:feee::dead:beef:cafe]',
-            '[2001:19f0:feee::dead:beef:cafe]:8080',
-            'xn--4ca9at.com',  # Punycode for öäü.com
-            'anything.multitenant.com',
-            'multitenant.com',
-            'insensitive.com',
-            'example.com.',
-            'example.com.:80',
-            '[::ffff:169.254.169.254]',
+            "example.com",
+            "example.com:80",
+            "12.34.56.78",
+            "12.34.56.78:443",
+            "[2001:19f0:feee::dead:beef:cafe]",
+            "[2001:19f0:feee::dead:beef:cafe]:8080",
+            "xn--4ca9at.com",  # Punycode for öäü.com
+            "anything.multitenant.com",
+            "multitenant.com",
+            "insensitive.com",
+            "example.com.",
+            "example.com.:80",
+            "[::ffff:169.254.169.254]",
         ]
 
         for host in legit_hosts:
             request = HttpRequest()
             request.META = {
-                'HTTP_HOST': host,
+                "HTTP_HOST": host,
             }
             request.get_host()
 
         # Poisoned host headers are rejected as suspicious
-        for host in chain(self.poisoned_hosts, ['other.com', 'example.com..']):
+        for host in chain(self.poisoned_hosts, ["other.com", "example.com.."]):
             with self.assertRaises(DisallowedHost):
                 request = HttpRequest()
                 request.META = {
-                    'HTTP_HOST': host,
+                    "HTTP_HOST": host,
                 }
                 request.get_host()
 
-    @override_settings(USE_X_FORWARDED_HOST=True, ALLOWED_HOSTS=['*'])
+    @override_settings(USE_X_FORWARDED_HOST=True, ALLOWED_HOSTS=["*"])
     def test_http_get_host_with_x_forwarded_host(self):
         # Check if X_FORWARDED_HOST is provided.
         request = HttpRequest()
         request.META = {
-            'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST': 'forward.com',
-            'HTTP_HOST': 'example.com',
-            'SERVER_NAME': 'internal.com',
-            'SERVER_PORT': 80,
+            "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST": "forward.com",
+            "HTTP_HOST": "example.com",
+            "SERVER_NAME": "internal.com",
+            "SERVER_PORT": 80,
         }
         # X_FORWARDED_HOST is obeyed.
-        self.assertEqual(request.get_host(), 'forward.com')
+        self.assertEqual(request.get_host(), "forward.com")
 
         # Check if X_FORWARDED_HOST isn't provided.
         request = HttpRequest()
         request.META = {
-            'HTTP_HOST': 'example.com',
-            'SERVER_NAME': 'internal.com',
-            'SERVER_PORT': 80,
+            "HTTP_HOST": "example.com",
+            "SERVER_NAME": "internal.com",
+            "SERVER_PORT": 80,
         }
-        self.assertEqual(request.get_host(), 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(request.get_host(), "example.com")
 
         # Check if HTTP_HOST isn't provided.
         request = HttpRequest()
         request.META = {
-            'SERVER_NAME': 'internal.com',
-            'SERVER_PORT': 80,
+            "SERVER_NAME": "internal.com",
+            "SERVER_PORT": 80,
         }
-        self.assertEqual(request.get_host(), 'internal.com')
+        self.assertEqual(request.get_host(), "internal.com")
 
         # Check if HTTP_HOST isn't provided, and we're on a nonstandard port
         request = HttpRequest()
         request.META = {
-            'SERVER_NAME': 'internal.com',
-            'SERVER_PORT': 8042,
+            "SERVER_NAME": "internal.com",
+            "SERVER_PORT": 8042,
         }
-        self.assertEqual(request.get_host(), 'internal.com:8042')
+        self.assertEqual(request.get_host(), "internal.com:8042")
 
         # Poisoned host headers are rejected as suspicious
         legit_hosts = [
-            'example.com',
-            'example.com:80',
-            '12.34.56.78',
-            '12.34.56.78:443',
-            '[2001:19f0:feee::dead:beef:cafe]',
-            '[2001:19f0:feee::dead:beef:cafe]:8080',
-            'xn--4ca9at.com',  # Punycode for öäü.com
+            "example.com",
+            "example.com:80",
+            "12.34.56.78",
+            "12.34.56.78:443",
+            "[2001:19f0:feee::dead:beef:cafe]",
+            "[2001:19f0:feee::dead:beef:cafe]:8080",
+            "xn--4ca9at.com",  # Punycode for öäü.com
         ]
 
         for host in legit_hosts:
             request = HttpRequest()
             request.META = {
-                'HTTP_HOST': host,
+                "HTTP_HOST": host,
             }
             request.get_host()
 
@@ -704,7 +818,7 @@ class HostValidationTests(SimpleTestCase):
             with self.assertRaises(DisallowedHost):
                 request = HttpRequest()
                 request.META = {
-                    'HTTP_HOST': host,
+                    "HTTP_HOST": host,
                 }
                 request.get_host()
 
@@ -712,33 +826,33 @@ class HostValidationTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_get_port(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
         request.META = {
-            'SERVER_PORT': '8080',
-            'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PORT': '80',
+            "SERVER_PORT": "8080",
+            "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PORT": "80",
         }
         # Shouldn't use the X-Forwarded-Port header
-        self.assertEqual(request.get_port(), '8080')
+        self.assertEqual(request.get_port(), "8080")
 
         request = HttpRequest()
         request.META = {
-            'SERVER_PORT': '8080',
+            "SERVER_PORT": "8080",
         }
-        self.assertEqual(request.get_port(), '8080')
+        self.assertEqual(request.get_port(), "8080")
 
     @override_settings(USE_X_FORWARDED_PORT=True)
     def test_get_port_with_x_forwarded_port(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
         request.META = {
-            'SERVER_PORT': '8080',
-            'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PORT': '80',
+            "SERVER_PORT": "8080",
+            "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PORT": "80",
         }
         # Should use the X-Forwarded-Port header
-        self.assertEqual(request.get_port(), '80')
+        self.assertEqual(request.get_port(), "80")
 
         request = HttpRequest()
         request.META = {
-            'SERVER_PORT': '8080',
+            "SERVER_PORT": "8080",
         }
-        self.assertEqual(request.get_port(), '8080')
+        self.assertEqual(request.get_port(), "8080")
 
     @override_settings(DEBUG=True, ALLOWED_HOSTS=[])
     def test_host_validation_in_debug_mode(self):
@@ -746,16 +860,16 @@ class HostValidationTests(SimpleTestCase):
         If ALLOWED_HOSTS is empty and DEBUG is True, variants of localhost are
         allowed.
         """
-        valid_hosts = ['localhost', 'subdomain.localhost', '127.0.0.1', '[::1]']
+        valid_hosts = ["localhost", "subdomain.localhost", "127.0.0.1", "[::1]"]
         for host in valid_hosts:
             request = HttpRequest()
-            request.META = {'HTTP_HOST': host}
+            request.META = {"HTTP_HOST": host}
             self.assertEqual(request.get_host(), host)
 
         # Other hostnames raise a DisallowedHost.
         with self.assertRaises(DisallowedHost):
             request = HttpRequest()
-            request.META = {'HTTP_HOST': 'example.com'}
+            request.META = {"HTTP_HOST": "example.com"}
             request.get_host()
 
     @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=[])
@@ -763,45 +877,54 @@ class HostValidationTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """get_host() makes helpful suggestions if a valid-looking host is not in ALLOWED_HOSTS."""
         msg_invalid_host = "Invalid HTTP_HOST header: %r."
         msg_suggestion = msg_invalid_host + " You may need to add %r to ALLOWED_HOSTS."
-        msg_suggestion2 = msg_invalid_host + " The domain name provided is not valid according to RFC 1034/1035"
+        msg_suggestion2 = (
+            msg_invalid_host
+            + " The domain name provided is not valid according to RFC 1034/1035"
+        )
 
         for host in [  # Valid-looking hosts
-            'example.com',
-            '12.34.56.78',
-            '[2001:19f0:feee::dead:beef:cafe]',
-            'xn--4ca9at.com',  # Punycode for öäü.com
+            "example.com",
+            "12.34.56.78",
+            "[2001:19f0:feee::dead:beef:cafe]",
+            "xn--4ca9at.com",  # Punycode for öäü.com
         ]:
             request = HttpRequest()
-            request.META = {'HTTP_HOST': host}
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(DisallowedHost, msg_suggestion % (host, host)):
+            request.META = {"HTTP_HOST": host}
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                DisallowedHost, msg_suggestion % (host, host)
+            ):
                 request.get_host()
 
         for domain, port in [  # Valid-looking hosts with a port number
-            ('example.com', 80),
-            ('12.34.56.78', 443),
-            ('[2001:19f0:feee::dead:beef:cafe]', 8080),
+            ("example.com", 80),
+            ("12.34.56.78", 443),
+            ("[2001:19f0:feee::dead:beef:cafe]", 8080),
         ]:
-            host = '%s:%s' % (domain, port)
+            host = "%s:%s" % (domain, port)
             request = HttpRequest()
-            request.META = {'HTTP_HOST': host}
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(DisallowedHost, msg_suggestion % (host, domain)):
+            request.META = {"HTTP_HOST": host}
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                DisallowedHost, msg_suggestion % (host, domain)
+            ):
                 request.get_host()
 
         for host in self.poisoned_hosts:
             request = HttpRequest()
-            request.META = {'HTTP_HOST': host}
+            request.META = {"HTTP_HOST": host}
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(DisallowedHost, msg_invalid_host % host):
                 request.get_host()
 
         request = HttpRequest()
-        request.META = {'HTTP_HOST': "invalid_hostname.com"}
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(DisallowedHost, msg_suggestion2 % "invalid_hostname.com"):
+        request.META = {"HTTP_HOST": "invalid_hostname.com"}
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            DisallowedHost, msg_suggestion2 % "invalid_hostname.com"
+        ):
             request.get_host()
 
     def test_split_domain_port_removes_trailing_dot(self):
-        domain, port = split_domain_port('example.com.:8080')
-        self.assertEqual(domain, 'example.com')
-        self.assertEqual(port, '8080')
+        domain, port = split_domain_port("example.com.:8080")
+        self.assertEqual(domain, "example.com")
+        self.assertEqual(port, "8080")
 
 
 class BuildAbsoluteURITests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -809,116 +932,127 @@ class BuildAbsoluteURITests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_absolute_url(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
-        url = 'https://www.example.com/asdf'
+        url = "https://www.example.com/asdf"
         self.assertEqual(request.build_absolute_uri(location=url), url)
 
     def test_host_retrieval(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
-        request.get_host = lambda: 'www.example.com'
-        request.path = ''
+        request.get_host = lambda: "www.example.com"
+        request.path = ""
         self.assertEqual(
-            request.build_absolute_uri(location='/path/with:colons'),
-            'http://www.example.com/path/with:colons'
+            request.build_absolute_uri(location="/path/with:colons"),
+            "http://www.example.com/path/with:colons",
         )
 
     def test_request_path_begins_with_two_slashes(self):
         # //// creates a request with a path beginning with //
-        request = self.factory.get('////absolute-uri')
+        request = self.factory.get("////absolute-uri")
         tests = (
             # location isn't provided
-            (None, 'http://testserver//absolute-uri'),
+            (None, "http://testserver//absolute-uri"),
             # An absolute URL
-            ('http://example.com/?foo=bar', 'http://example.com/?foo=bar'),
+            ("http://example.com/?foo=bar", "http://example.com/?foo=bar"),
             # A schema-relative URL
-            ('//example.com/?foo=bar', 'http://example.com/?foo=bar'),
+            ("//example.com/?foo=bar", "http://example.com/?foo=bar"),
             # Relative URLs
-            ('/foo/bar/', 'http://testserver/foo/bar/'),
-            ('/foo/./bar/', 'http://testserver/foo/bar/'),
-            ('/foo/../bar/', 'http://testserver/bar/'),
-            ('///foo/bar/', 'http://testserver/foo/bar/'),
+            ("/foo/bar/", "http://testserver/foo/bar/"),
+            ("/foo/./bar/", "http://testserver/foo/bar/"),
+            ("/foo/../bar/", "http://testserver/bar/"),
+            ("///foo/bar/", "http://testserver/foo/bar/"),
         )
         for location, expected_url in tests:
             with self.subTest(location=location):
-                self.assertEqual(request.build_absolute_uri(location=location), expected_url)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    request.build_absolute_uri(location=location), expected_url
+                )
 
 
 class RequestHeadersTests(SimpleTestCase):
     ENVIRON = {
         # Non-headers are ignored.
-        'PATH_INFO': '/somepath/',
-        'REQUEST_METHOD': 'get',
-        'wsgi.input': BytesIO(b''),
-        'SERVER_NAME': 'internal.com',
-        'SERVER_PORT': 80,
+        "PATH_INFO": "/somepath/",
+        "REQUEST_METHOD": "get",
+        "wsgi.input": BytesIO(b""),
+        "SERVER_NAME": "internal.com",
+        "SERVER_PORT": 80,
         # These non-HTTP prefixed headers are included.
-        'CONTENT_TYPE': 'text/html',
-        'CONTENT_LENGTH': '100',
+        "CONTENT_TYPE": "text/html",
+        "CONTENT_LENGTH": "100",
         # All HTTP-prefixed headers are included.
-        'HTTP_ACCEPT': '*',
-        'HTTP_HOST': 'example.com',
-        'HTTP_USER_AGENT': 'python-requests/1.2.0',
+        "HTTP_ACCEPT": "*",
+        "HTTP_HOST": "example.com",
+        "HTTP_USER_AGENT": "python-requests/1.2.0",
     }
 
     def test_base_request_headers(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
         request.META = self.ENVIRON
-        self.assertEqual(dict(request.headers), {
-            'Content-Type': 'text/html',
-            'Content-Length': '100',
-            'Accept': '*',
-            'Host': 'example.com',
-            'User-Agent': 'python-requests/1.2.0',
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            dict(request.headers),
+            {
+                "Content-Type": "text/html",
+                "Content-Length": "100",
+                "Accept": "*",
+                "Host": "example.com",
+                "User-Agent": "python-requests/1.2.0",
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_wsgi_request_headers(self):
         request = WSGIRequest(self.ENVIRON)
-        self.assertEqual(dict(request.headers), {
-            'Content-Type': 'text/html',
-            'Content-Length': '100',
-            'Accept': '*',
-            'Host': 'example.com',
-            'User-Agent': 'python-requests/1.2.0',
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            dict(request.headers),
+            {
+                "Content-Type": "text/html",
+                "Content-Length": "100",
+                "Accept": "*",
+                "Host": "example.com",
+                "User-Agent": "python-requests/1.2.0",
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_wsgi_request_headers_getitem(self):
         request = WSGIRequest(self.ENVIRON)
-        self.assertEqual(request.headers['User-Agent'], 'python-requests/1.2.0')
-        self.assertEqual(request.headers['user-agent'], 'python-requests/1.2.0')
-        self.assertEqual(request.headers['user_agent'], 'python-requests/1.2.0')
-        self.assertEqual(request.headers['Content-Type'], 'text/html')
-        self.assertEqual(request.headers['Content-Length'], '100')
+        self.assertEqual(request.headers["User-Agent"], "python-requests/1.2.0")
+        self.assertEqual(request.headers["user-agent"], "python-requests/1.2.0")
+        self.assertEqual(request.headers["user_agent"], "python-requests/1.2.0")
+        self.assertEqual(request.headers["Content-Type"], "text/html")
+        self.assertEqual(request.headers["Content-Length"], "100")
 
     def test_wsgi_request_headers_get(self):
         request = WSGIRequest(self.ENVIRON)
-        self.assertEqual(request.headers.get('User-Agent'), 'python-requests/1.2.0')
-        self.assertEqual(request.headers.get('user-agent'), 'python-requests/1.2.0')
-        self.assertEqual(request.headers.get('Content-Type'), 'text/html')
-        self.assertEqual(request.headers.get('Content-Length'), '100')
+        self.assertEqual(request.headers.get("User-Agent"), "python-requests/1.2.0")
+        self.assertEqual(request.headers.get("user-agent"), "python-requests/1.2.0")
+        self.assertEqual(request.headers.get("Content-Type"), "text/html")
+        self.assertEqual(request.headers.get("Content-Length"), "100")
 
 
 class HttpHeadersTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_basic(self):
         environ = {
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'text/html',
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': '100',
-            'HTTP_HOST': 'example.com',
+            "CONTENT_TYPE": "text/html",
+            "CONTENT_LENGTH": "100",
+            "HTTP_HOST": "example.com",
         }
         headers = HttpHeaders(environ)
-        self.assertEqual(sorted(headers), ['Content-Length', 'Content-Type', 'Host'])
-        self.assertEqual(headers, {
-            'Content-Type': 'text/html',
-            'Content-Length': '100',
-            'Host': 'example.com',
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(headers), ["Content-Length", "Content-Type", "Host"])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            headers,
+            {
+                "Content-Type": "text/html",
+                "Content-Length": "100",
+                "Host": "example.com",
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_parse_header_name(self):
         tests = (
-            ('PATH_INFO', None),
-            ('HTTP_ACCEPT', 'Accept'),
-            ('HTTP_USER_AGENT', 'User-Agent'),
-            ('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO', 'X-Forwarded-Proto'),
-            ('CONTENT_TYPE', 'Content-Type'),
-            ('CONTENT_LENGTH', 'Content-Length'),
+            ("PATH_INFO", None),
+            ("HTTP_ACCEPT", "Accept"),
+            ("HTTP_USER_AGENT", "User-Agent"),
+            ("HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO", "X-Forwarded-Proto"),
+            ("CONTENT_TYPE", "Content-Type"),
+            ("CONTENT_LENGTH", "Content-Length"),
         )
         for header, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(header=header):
diff --git a/tests/reserved_names/models.py b/tests/reserved_names/models.py
index 4548f78e7e..0d76373603 100644
--- a/tests/reserved_names/models.py
+++ b/tests/reserved_names/models.py
@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ class Thing(models.Model):
     alter = models.CharField(max_length=1)
     having = models.CharField(max_length=1)
     where = models.DateField(max_length=1)
-    has_hyphen = models.CharField(max_length=1, db_column='has-hyphen')
+    has_hyphen = models.CharField(max_length=1, db_column="has-hyphen")
 
     class Meta:
-        db_table = 'select'
+        db_table = "select"
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.when
diff --git a/tests/reserved_names/tests.py b/tests/reserved_names/tests.py
index 7e2510cd97..060ba22db5 100644
--- a/tests/reserved_names/tests.py
+++ b/tests/reserved_names/tests.py
@@ -9,49 +9,74 @@ class ReservedNameTests(TestCase):
     def generate(self):
         day1 = datetime.date(2005, 1, 1)
         Thing.objects.create(
-            when='a', join='b', like='c', drop='d', alter='e', having='f',
-            where=day1, has_hyphen='h',
+            when="a",
+            join="b",
+            like="c",
+            drop="d",
+            alter="e",
+            having="f",
+            where=day1,
+            has_hyphen="h",
         )
         day2 = datetime.date(2006, 2, 2)
         Thing.objects.create(
-            when='h', join='i', like='j', drop='k', alter='l', having='m',
+            when="h",
+            join="i",
+            like="j",
+            drop="k",
+            alter="l",
+            having="m",
             where=day2,
         )
 
     def test_simple(self):
         day1 = datetime.date(2005, 1, 1)
         t = Thing.objects.create(
-            when='a', join='b', like='c', drop='d',
-            alter='e', having='f', where=day1, has_hyphen='h',
+            when="a",
+            join="b",
+            like="c",
+            drop="d",
+            alter="e",
+            having="f",
+            where=day1,
+            has_hyphen="h",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(t.when, 'a')
+        self.assertEqual(t.when, "a")
 
         day2 = datetime.date(2006, 2, 2)
         u = Thing.objects.create(
-            when='h', join='i', like='j', drop='k', alter='l', having='m',
+            when="h",
+            join="i",
+            like="j",
+            drop="k",
+            alter="l",
+            having="m",
             where=day2,
         )
-        self.assertEqual(u.when, 'h')
+        self.assertEqual(u.when, "h")
 
     def test_order_by(self):
         self.generate()
-        things = [t.when for t in Thing.objects.order_by('when')]
-        self.assertEqual(things, ['a', 'h'])
+        things = [t.when for t in Thing.objects.order_by("when")]
+        self.assertEqual(things, ["a", "h"])
 
     def test_fields(self):
         self.generate()
-        v = Thing.objects.get(pk='a')
-        self.assertEqual(v.join, 'b')
+        v = Thing.objects.get(pk="a")
+        self.assertEqual(v.join, "b")
         self.assertEqual(v.where, datetime.date(year=2005, month=1, day=1))
 
     def test_dates(self):
         self.generate()
-        resp = Thing.objects.dates('where', 'year')
-        self.assertEqual(list(resp), [
-            datetime.date(2005, 1, 1),
-            datetime.date(2006, 1, 1),
-        ])
+        resp = Thing.objects.dates("where", "year")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(resp),
+            [
+                datetime.date(2005, 1, 1),
+                datetime.date(2006, 1, 1),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_month_filter(self):
         self.generate()
-        self.assertEqual(Thing.objects.filter(where__month=1)[0].when, 'a')
+        self.assertEqual(Thing.objects.filter(where__month=1)[0].when, "a")
diff --git a/tests/resolve_url/models.py b/tests/resolve_url/models.py
index 1477bef685..85d072a79f 100644
--- a/tests/resolve_url/models.py
+++ b/tests/resolve_url/models.py
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ class UnimportantThing(models.Model):
     importance = models.IntegerField()
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
-        return '/importance/%d/' % self.importance
+        return "/importance/%d/" % self.importance
diff --git a/tests/resolve_url/tests.py b/tests/resolve_url/tests.py
index 5a90282afa..26fe783bf3 100644
--- a/tests/resolve_url/tests.py
+++ b/tests/resolve_url/tests.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from .models import UnimportantThing
 from .urls import some_view
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='resolve_url.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="resolve_url.urls")
 class ResolveUrlTests(SimpleTestCase):
     """
     Tests for the resolve_url() function.
@@ -16,22 +16,22 @@ class ResolveUrlTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         Passing a URL path to resolve_url() results in the same url.
         """
-        self.assertEqual('/something/', resolve_url('/something/'))
+        self.assertEqual("/something/", resolve_url("/something/"))
 
     def test_relative_path(self):
         """
         Passing a relative URL path to resolve_url() results in the same url.
         """
-        self.assertEqual('../', resolve_url('../'))
-        self.assertEqual('../relative/', resolve_url('../relative/'))
-        self.assertEqual('./', resolve_url('./'))
-        self.assertEqual('./relative/', resolve_url('./relative/'))
+        self.assertEqual("../", resolve_url("../"))
+        self.assertEqual("../relative/", resolve_url("../relative/"))
+        self.assertEqual("./", resolve_url("./"))
+        self.assertEqual("./relative/", resolve_url("./relative/"))
 
     def test_full_url(self):
         """
         Passing a full URL to resolve_url() results in the same url.
         """
-        url = 'http://example.com/'
+        url = "http://example.com/"
         self.assertEqual(url, resolve_url(url))
 
     def test_model(self):
@@ -48,30 +48,30 @@ class ResolveUrlTests(SimpleTestCase):
         mapping to that view name.
         """
         resolved_url = resolve_url(some_view)
-        self.assertEqual('/some-url/', resolved_url)
+        self.assertEqual("/some-url/", resolved_url)
 
     def test_lazy_reverse(self):
         """
         Passing the result of reverse_lazy is resolved to a real URL
         string.
         """
-        resolved_url = resolve_url(reverse_lazy('some-view'))
+        resolved_url = resolve_url(reverse_lazy("some-view"))
         self.assertIsInstance(resolved_url, str)
-        self.assertEqual('/some-url/', resolved_url)
+        self.assertEqual("/some-url/", resolved_url)
 
     def test_valid_view_name(self):
         """
         Passing a view name to resolve_url() results in the URL path mapping
         to that view.
         """
-        resolved_url = resolve_url('some-view')
-        self.assertEqual('/some-url/', resolved_url)
+        resolved_url = resolve_url("some-view")
+        self.assertEqual("/some-url/", resolved_url)
 
     def test_domain(self):
         """
         Passing a domain to resolve_url() returns the same domain.
         """
-        self.assertEqual(resolve_url('example.com'), 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(resolve_url("example.com"), "example.com")
 
     def test_non_view_callable_raises_no_reverse_match(self):
         """
@@ -79,4 +79,4 @@ class ResolveUrlTests(SimpleTestCase):
         NoReverseMatch exception.
         """
         with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
-            resolve_url(lambda: 'asdf')
+            resolve_url(lambda: "asdf")
diff --git a/tests/resolve_url/urls.py b/tests/resolve_url/urls.py
index 58797dbb71..4cd4ffa03f 100644
--- a/tests/resolve_url/urls.py
+++ b/tests/resolve_url/urls.py
@@ -6,5 +6,5 @@ def some_view(request):
 
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('some-url/', some_view, name='some-view'),
+    path("some-url/", some_view, name="some-view"),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/responses/test_cookie.py b/tests/responses/test_cookie.py
index 96dd603aac..b37c6fb7b6 100644
--- a/tests/responses/test_cookie.py
+++ b/tests/responses/test_cookie.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ from django.utils.timezone import utc
 
 
 class SetCookieTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_near_expiration(self):
         """Cookie will expire when a near expiration time is provided."""
         response = HttpResponse()
@@ -21,38 +20,40 @@ class SetCookieTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # larger. The sleep guarantees that there will be a time difference.
         expires = datetime.now(tz=utc).replace(tzinfo=None) + timedelta(seconds=10)
         time.sleep(0.001)
-        response.set_cookie('datetime', expires=expires)
-        datetime_cookie = response.cookies['datetime']
-        self.assertEqual(datetime_cookie['max-age'], 10)
+        response.set_cookie("datetime", expires=expires)
+        datetime_cookie = response.cookies["datetime"]
+        self.assertEqual(datetime_cookie["max-age"], 10)
 
     def test_aware_expiration(self):
         """set_cookie() accepts an aware datetime as expiration time."""
         response = HttpResponse()
         expires = datetime.now(tz=utc) + timedelta(seconds=10)
         time.sleep(0.001)
-        response.set_cookie('datetime', expires=expires)
-        datetime_cookie = response.cookies['datetime']
-        self.assertEqual(datetime_cookie['max-age'], 10)
+        response.set_cookie("datetime", expires=expires)
+        datetime_cookie = response.cookies["datetime"]
+        self.assertEqual(datetime_cookie["max-age"], 10)
 
     def test_create_cookie_after_deleting_cookie(self):
         """Setting a cookie after deletion clears the expiry date."""
         response = HttpResponse()
-        response.set_cookie('c', 'old-value')
-        self.assertEqual(response.cookies['c']['expires'], '')
-        response.delete_cookie('c')
-        self.assertEqual(response.cookies['c']['expires'], 'Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT')
-        response.set_cookie('c', 'new-value')
-        self.assertEqual(response.cookies['c']['expires'], '')
+        response.set_cookie("c", "old-value")
+        self.assertEqual(response.cookies["c"]["expires"], "")
+        response.delete_cookie("c")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.cookies["c"]["expires"], "Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT"
+        )
+        response.set_cookie("c", "new-value")
+        self.assertEqual(response.cookies["c"]["expires"], "")
 
     def test_far_expiration(self):
         """Cookie will expire when a distant expiration time is provided."""
         response = HttpResponse()
-        response.set_cookie('datetime', expires=datetime(2038, 1, 1, 4, 5, 6))
-        datetime_cookie = response.cookies['datetime']
+        response.set_cookie("datetime", expires=datetime(2038, 1, 1, 4, 5, 6))
+        datetime_cookie = response.cookies["datetime"]
         self.assertIn(
-            datetime_cookie['expires'],
+            datetime_cookie["expires"],
             # assertIn accounts for slight time dependency (#23450)
-            ('Fri, 01 Jan 2038 04:05:06 GMT', 'Fri, 01 Jan 2038 04:05:07 GMT')
+            ("Fri, 01 Jan 2038 04:05:06 GMT", "Fri, 01 Jan 2038 04:05:07 GMT"),
         )
 
     def test_max_age_expiration(self):
@@ -60,57 +61,58 @@ class SetCookieTests(SimpleTestCase):
         response = HttpResponse()
         set_cookie_time = time.time()
         with freeze_time(set_cookie_time):
-            response.set_cookie('max_age', max_age=10)
-        max_age_cookie = response.cookies['max_age']
-        self.assertEqual(max_age_cookie['max-age'], 10)
-        self.assertEqual(max_age_cookie['expires'], http_date(set_cookie_time + 10))
+            response.set_cookie("max_age", max_age=10)
+        max_age_cookie = response.cookies["max_age"]
+        self.assertEqual(max_age_cookie["max-age"], 10)
+        self.assertEqual(max_age_cookie["expires"], http_date(set_cookie_time + 10))
 
     def test_max_age_int(self):
         response = HttpResponse()
-        response.set_cookie('max_age', max_age=10.6)
-        self.assertEqual(response.cookies['max_age']['max-age'], 10)
+        response.set_cookie("max_age", max_age=10.6)
+        self.assertEqual(response.cookies["max_age"]["max-age"], 10)
 
     def test_httponly_cookie(self):
         response = HttpResponse()
-        response.set_cookie('example', httponly=True)
-        example_cookie = response.cookies['example']
-        self.assertIn('; %s' % cookies.Morsel._reserved['httponly'], str(example_cookie))
-        self.assertIs(example_cookie['httponly'], True)
+        response.set_cookie("example", httponly=True)
+        example_cookie = response.cookies["example"]
+        self.assertIn(
+            "; %s" % cookies.Morsel._reserved["httponly"], str(example_cookie)
+        )
+        self.assertIs(example_cookie["httponly"], True)
 
     def test_unicode_cookie(self):
         """HttpResponse.set_cookie() works with Unicode data."""
         response = HttpResponse()
-        cookie_value = '清風'
-        response.set_cookie('test', cookie_value)
-        self.assertEqual(response.cookies['test'].value, cookie_value)
+        cookie_value = "清風"
+        response.set_cookie("test", cookie_value)
+        self.assertEqual(response.cookies["test"].value, cookie_value)
 
     def test_samesite(self):
         response = HttpResponse()
-        response.set_cookie('example', samesite='None')
-        self.assertEqual(response.cookies['example']['samesite'], 'None')
-        response.set_cookie('example', samesite='Lax')
-        self.assertEqual(response.cookies['example']['samesite'], 'Lax')
-        response.set_cookie('example', samesite='strict')
-        self.assertEqual(response.cookies['example']['samesite'], 'strict')
+        response.set_cookie("example", samesite="None")
+        self.assertEqual(response.cookies["example"]["samesite"], "None")
+        response.set_cookie("example", samesite="Lax")
+        self.assertEqual(response.cookies["example"]["samesite"], "Lax")
+        response.set_cookie("example", samesite="strict")
+        self.assertEqual(response.cookies["example"]["samesite"], "strict")
 
     def test_invalid_samesite(self):
         msg = 'samesite must be "lax", "none", or "strict".'
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            HttpResponse().set_cookie('example', samesite='invalid')
+            HttpResponse().set_cookie("example", samesite="invalid")
 
 
 class DeleteCookieTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_default(self):
         response = HttpResponse()
-        response.delete_cookie('c')
-        cookie = response.cookies['c']
-        self.assertEqual(cookie['expires'], 'Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT')
-        self.assertEqual(cookie['max-age'], 0)
-        self.assertEqual(cookie['path'], '/')
-        self.assertEqual(cookie['secure'], '')
-        self.assertEqual(cookie['domain'], '')
-        self.assertEqual(cookie['samesite'], '')
+        response.delete_cookie("c")
+        cookie = response.cookies["c"]
+        self.assertEqual(cookie["expires"], "Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT")
+        self.assertEqual(cookie["max-age"], 0)
+        self.assertEqual(cookie["path"], "/")
+        self.assertEqual(cookie["secure"], "")
+        self.assertEqual(cookie["domain"], "")
+        self.assertEqual(cookie["samesite"], "")
 
     def test_delete_cookie_secure_prefix(self):
         """
@@ -119,19 +121,19 @@ class DeleteCookieTests(SimpleTestCase):
         prefixes).
         """
         response = HttpResponse()
-        for prefix in ('Secure', 'Host'):
+        for prefix in ("Secure", "Host"):
             with self.subTest(prefix=prefix):
-                cookie_name = '__%s-c' % prefix
+                cookie_name = "__%s-c" % prefix
                 response.delete_cookie(cookie_name)
-                self.assertIs(response.cookies[cookie_name]['secure'], True)
+                self.assertIs(response.cookies[cookie_name]["secure"], True)
 
     def test_delete_cookie_secure_samesite_none(self):
         # delete_cookie() sets the secure flag if samesite='none'.
         response = HttpResponse()
-        response.delete_cookie('c', samesite='none')
-        self.assertIs(response.cookies['c']['secure'], True)
+        response.delete_cookie("c", samesite="none")
+        self.assertIs(response.cookies["c"]["secure"], True)
 
     def test_delete_cookie_samesite(self):
         response = HttpResponse()
-        response.delete_cookie('c', samesite='lax')
-        self.assertEqual(response.cookies['c']['samesite'], 'lax')
+        response.delete_cookie("c", samesite="lax")
+        self.assertEqual(response.cookies["c"]["samesite"], "lax")
diff --git a/tests/responses/test_fileresponse.py b/tests/responses/test_fileresponse.py
index 4e10105ce5..ebb7876be2 100644
--- a/tests/responses/test_fileresponse.py
+++ b/tests/responses/test_fileresponse.py
@@ -17,32 +17,36 @@ class UnseekableBytesIO(io.BytesIO):
 
 class FileResponseTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_content_length_file(self):
-        response = FileResponse(open(__file__, 'rb'))
+        response = FileResponse(open(__file__, "rb"))
         response.close()
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Content-Length'], str(os.path.getsize(__file__)))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.headers["Content-Length"], str(os.path.getsize(__file__))
+        )
 
     def test_content_length_buffer(self):
-        response = FileResponse(io.BytesIO(b'binary content'))
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Content-Length'], '14')
+        response = FileResponse(io.BytesIO(b"binary content"))
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["Content-Length"], "14")
 
     def test_content_length_nonzero_starting_position_file(self):
-        file = open(__file__, 'rb')
+        file = open(__file__, "rb")
         file.seek(10)
         response = FileResponse(file)
         response.close()
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Content-Length'], str(os.path.getsize(__file__) - 10))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.headers["Content-Length"], str(os.path.getsize(__file__) - 10)
+        )
 
     def test_content_length_nonzero_starting_position_buffer(self):
         test_tuples = (
-            ('BytesIO', io.BytesIO),
-            ('UnseekableBytesIO', UnseekableBytesIO),
+            ("BytesIO", io.BytesIO),
+            ("UnseekableBytesIO", UnseekableBytesIO),
         )
         for buffer_class_name, BufferClass in test_tuples:
             with self.subTest(buffer_class_name=buffer_class_name):
-                buffer = BufferClass(b'binary content')
+                buffer = BufferClass(b"binary content")
                 buffer.seek(10)
                 response = FileResponse(buffer)
-                self.assertEqual(response.headers['Content-Length'], '4')
+                self.assertEqual(response.headers["Content-Length"], "4")
 
     def test_content_length_nonzero_starting_position_file_seekable_no_tell(self):
         class TestFile:
@@ -73,125 +77,136 @@ class FileResponseTests(SimpleTestCase):
             def __exit__(self, e_type, e_val, e_tb):
                 self.close()
 
-        file = TestFile(__file__, 'rb')
+        file = TestFile(__file__, "rb")
         file.seek(10)
         response = FileResponse(file)
         response.close()
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Content-Length'], str(os.path.getsize(__file__) - 10))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.headers["Content-Length"], str(os.path.getsize(__file__) - 10)
+        )
 
     def test_content_type_file(self):
-        response = FileResponse(open(__file__, 'rb'))
+        response = FileResponse(open(__file__, "rb"))
         response.close()
-        self.assertIn(response.headers['Content-Type'], ['text/x-python', 'text/plain'])
+        self.assertIn(response.headers["Content-Type"], ["text/x-python", "text/plain"])
 
     def test_content_type_buffer(self):
-        response = FileResponse(io.BytesIO(b'binary content'))
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Content-Type'], 'application/octet-stream')
+        response = FileResponse(io.BytesIO(b"binary content"))
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["Content-Type"], "application/octet-stream")
 
     def test_content_type_buffer_explicit(self):
-        response = FileResponse(io.BytesIO(b'binary content'), content_type='video/webm')
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Content-Type'], 'video/webm')
+        response = FileResponse(
+            io.BytesIO(b"binary content"), content_type="video/webm"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["Content-Type"], "video/webm")
 
     def test_content_type_buffer_explicit_default(self):
-        response = FileResponse(io.BytesIO(b'binary content'), content_type='text/html')
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Content-Type'], 'text/html')
+        response = FileResponse(io.BytesIO(b"binary content"), content_type="text/html")
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["Content-Type"], "text/html")
 
     def test_content_type_buffer_named(self):
         test_tuples = (
-            (__file__, ['text/x-python', 'text/plain']),
-            (__file__ + 'nosuchfile', ['application/octet-stream']),
-            ('test_fileresponse.py', ['text/x-python', 'text/plain']),
-            ('test_fileresponse.pynosuchfile', ['application/octet-stream']),
+            (__file__, ["text/x-python", "text/plain"]),
+            (__file__ + "nosuchfile", ["application/octet-stream"]),
+            ("test_fileresponse.py", ["text/x-python", "text/plain"]),
+            ("test_fileresponse.pynosuchfile", ["application/octet-stream"]),
         )
         for filename, content_types in test_tuples:
             with self.subTest(filename=filename):
-                buffer = io.BytesIO(b'binary content')
+                buffer = io.BytesIO(b"binary content")
                 buffer.name = filename
                 response = FileResponse(buffer)
-                self.assertIn(response.headers['Content-Type'], content_types)
+                self.assertIn(response.headers["Content-Type"], content_types)
 
     def test_content_disposition_file(self):
         filenames = (
-            ('', 'test_fileresponse.py'),
-            ('custom_name.py', 'custom_name.py'),
+            ("", "test_fileresponse.py"),
+            ("custom_name.py", "custom_name.py"),
         )
         dispositions = (
-            (False, 'inline'),
-            (True, 'attachment'),
+            (False, "inline"),
+            (True, "attachment"),
         )
-        for (filename, header_filename), (as_attachment, header_disposition) in itertools.product(
-            filenames, dispositions
-        ):
+        for (filename, header_filename), (
+            as_attachment,
+            header_disposition,
+        ) in itertools.product(filenames, dispositions):
             with self.subTest(filename=filename, disposition=header_disposition):
-                response = FileResponse(open(__file__, 'rb'), filename=filename, as_attachment=as_attachment)
+                response = FileResponse(
+                    open(__file__, "rb"), filename=filename, as_attachment=as_attachment
+                )
                 response.close()
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    response.headers['Content-Disposition'],
+                    response.headers["Content-Disposition"],
                     '%s; filename="%s"' % (header_disposition, header_filename),
                 )
 
     def test_content_disposition_buffer(self):
-        response = FileResponse(io.BytesIO(b'binary content'))
-        self.assertFalse(response.has_header('Content-Disposition'))
+        response = FileResponse(io.BytesIO(b"binary content"))
+        self.assertFalse(response.has_header("Content-Disposition"))
 
     def test_content_disposition_buffer_attachment(self):
-        response = FileResponse(io.BytesIO(b'binary content'), as_attachment=True)
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Content-Disposition'], 'attachment')
+        response = FileResponse(io.BytesIO(b"binary content"), as_attachment=True)
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["Content-Disposition"], "attachment")
 
     def test_content_disposition_buffer_explicit_filename(self):
         dispositions = (
-            (False, 'inline'),
-            (True, 'attachment'),
+            (False, "inline"),
+            (True, "attachment"),
         )
         for as_attachment, header_disposition in dispositions:
             response = FileResponse(
-                io.BytesIO(b'binary content'),
+                io.BytesIO(b"binary content"),
                 as_attachment=as_attachment,
-                filename='custom_name.py',
+                filename="custom_name.py",
             )
             self.assertEqual(
-                response.headers['Content-Disposition'], '%s; filename="custom_name.py"' % header_disposition,
+                response.headers["Content-Disposition"],
+                '%s; filename="custom_name.py"' % header_disposition,
             )
 
     def test_response_buffer(self):
-        response = FileResponse(io.BytesIO(b'binary content'))
-        self.assertEqual(list(response), [b'binary content'])
+        response = FileResponse(io.BytesIO(b"binary content"))
+        self.assertEqual(list(response), [b"binary content"])
 
     def test_response_nonzero_starting_position(self):
         test_tuples = (
-            ('BytesIO', io.BytesIO),
-            ('UnseekableBytesIO', UnseekableBytesIO),
+            ("BytesIO", io.BytesIO),
+            ("UnseekableBytesIO", UnseekableBytesIO),
         )
         for buffer_class_name, BufferClass in test_tuples:
             with self.subTest(buffer_class_name=buffer_class_name):
-                buffer = BufferClass(b'binary content')
+                buffer = BufferClass(b"binary content")
                 buffer.seek(10)
                 response = FileResponse(buffer)
-                self.assertEqual(list(response), [b'tent'])
+                self.assertEqual(list(response), [b"tent"])
 
     def test_buffer_explicit_absolute_filename(self):
         """
         Headers are set correctly with a buffer when an absolute filename is
         provided.
         """
-        response = FileResponse(io.BytesIO(b'binary content'), filename=__file__)
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Content-Length'], '14')
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Content-Disposition'], 'inline; filename="test_fileresponse.py"')
+        response = FileResponse(io.BytesIO(b"binary content"), filename=__file__)
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["Content-Length"], "14")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.headers["Content-Disposition"],
+            'inline; filename="test_fileresponse.py"',
+        )
 
-    @skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32', "Named pipes are Unix-only.")
+    @skipIf(sys.platform == "win32", "Named pipes are Unix-only.")
     def test_file_from_named_pipe_response(self):
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as temp_dir:
-            pipe_file = os.path.join(temp_dir, 'named_pipe')
+            pipe_file = os.path.join(temp_dir, "named_pipe")
             os.mkfifo(pipe_file)
             pipe_for_read = os.open(pipe_file, os.O_RDONLY | os.O_NONBLOCK)
-            with open(pipe_file, 'wb') as pipe_for_write:
-                pipe_for_write.write(b'binary content')
+            with open(pipe_file, "wb") as pipe_for_write:
+                pipe_for_write.write(b"binary content")
 
-            response = FileResponse(os.fdopen(pipe_for_read, mode='rb'))
+            response = FileResponse(os.fdopen(pipe_for_read, mode="rb"))
             response_content = list(response)
             response.close()
-            self.assertEqual(response_content, [b'binary content'])
-            self.assertFalse(response.has_header('Content-Length'))
+            self.assertEqual(response_content, [b"binary content"])
+            self.assertFalse(response.has_header("Content-Length"))
 
     def test_compressed_response(self):
         """
@@ -200,33 +215,34 @@ class FileResponseTests(SimpleTestCase):
         uncompress the file, which is most probably not wanted.
         """
         test_tuples = (
-            ('.tar.gz', 'application/gzip'),
-            ('.tar.bz2', 'application/x-bzip'),
-            ('.tar.xz', 'application/x-xz'),
+            (".tar.gz", "application/gzip"),
+            (".tar.bz2", "application/x-bzip"),
+            (".tar.xz", "application/x-xz"),
         )
         for extension, mimetype in test_tuples:
             with self.subTest(ext=extension):
                 with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=extension) as tmp:
                     response = FileResponse(tmp)
-                self.assertEqual(response.headers['Content-Type'], mimetype)
-                self.assertFalse(response.has_header('Content-Encoding'))
+                self.assertEqual(response.headers["Content-Type"], mimetype)
+                self.assertFalse(response.has_header("Content-Encoding"))
 
     def test_unicode_attachment(self):
         response = FileResponse(
-            ContentFile(b'binary content', name="祝您平安.odt"), as_attachment=True,
-            content_type='application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text',
+            ContentFile(b"binary content", name="祝您平安.odt"),
+            as_attachment=True,
+            content_type="application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            response.headers['Content-Type'],
-            'application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text',
+            response.headers["Content-Type"],
+            "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            response.headers['Content-Disposition'],
+            response.headers["Content-Disposition"],
             "attachment; filename*=utf-8''%E7%A5%9D%E6%82%A8%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89.odt",
         )
 
     def test_repr(self):
-        response = FileResponse(io.BytesIO(b'binary content'))
+        response = FileResponse(io.BytesIO(b"binary content"))
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(response),
             '<FileResponse status_code=200, "application/octet-stream">',
diff --git a/tests/responses/tests.py b/tests/responses/tests.py
index 059cdf86ed..035dd39174 100644
--- a/tests/responses/tests.py
+++ b/tests/responses/tests.py
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ from django.http import HttpResponse
 from django.http.response import HttpResponseBase
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
-UTF8 = 'utf-8'
-ISO88591 = 'iso-8859-1'
+UTF8 = "utf-8"
+ISO88591 = "iso-8859-1"
 
 
 class HttpResponseBaseTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -22,14 +22,20 @@ class HttpResponseBaseTests(SimpleTestCase):
         r = HttpResponseBase()
         self.assertIs(r.writable(), False)
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(OSError, 'This HttpResponseBase instance is not writable'):
-            r.write('asdf')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(OSError, 'This HttpResponseBase instance is not writable'):
-            r.writelines(['asdf\n', 'qwer\n'])
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            OSError, "This HttpResponseBase instance is not writable"
+        ):
+            r.write("asdf")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            OSError, "This HttpResponseBase instance is not writable"
+        ):
+            r.writelines(["asdf\n", "qwer\n"])
 
     def test_tell(self):
         r = HttpResponseBase()
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(OSError, 'This HttpResponseBase instance cannot tell its position'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            OSError, "This HttpResponseBase instance cannot tell its position"
+        ):
             r.tell()
 
     def test_setdefault(self):
@@ -39,12 +45,12 @@ class HttpResponseBaseTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         r = HttpResponseBase()
 
-        r.headers['Header'] = 'Value'
-        r.setdefault('header', 'changed')
-        self.assertEqual(r.headers['header'], 'Value')
+        r.headers["Header"] = "Value"
+        r.setdefault("header", "changed")
+        self.assertEqual(r.headers["header"], "Value")
 
-        r.setdefault('x-header', 'DefaultValue')
-        self.assertEqual(r.headers['X-Header'], 'DefaultValue')
+        r.setdefault("x-header", "DefaultValue")
+        self.assertEqual(r.headers["X-Header"], "DefaultValue")
 
 
 class HttpResponseTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -60,16 +66,18 @@ class HttpResponseTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(resp.reason_phrase, "Service Unavailable")
 
     def test_valid_status_code_string(self):
-        resp = HttpResponse(status='100')
+        resp = HttpResponse(status="100")
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 100)
-        resp = HttpResponse(status='404')
+        resp = HttpResponse(status="404")
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 404)
-        resp = HttpResponse(status='599')
+        resp = HttpResponse(status="599")
         self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 599)
 
     def test_invalid_status_code(self):
-        must_be_integer = 'HTTP status code must be an integer.'
-        must_be_integer_in_range = 'HTTP status code must be an integer from 100 to 599.'
+        must_be_integer = "HTTP status code must be an integer."
+        must_be_integer_in_range = (
+            "HTTP status code must be an integer from 100 to 599."
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, must_be_integer):
             HttpResponse(status=object())
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, must_be_integer):
@@ -86,27 +94,31 @@ class HttpResponseTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(resp.reason_phrase, reason)
 
     def test_charset_detection(self):
-        """ HttpResponse should parse charset from content_type."""
-        response = HttpResponse('ok')
+        """HttpResponse should parse charset from content_type."""
+        response = HttpResponse("ok")
         self.assertEqual(response.charset, settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET)
 
         response = HttpResponse(charset=ISO88591)
         self.assertEqual(response.charset, ISO88591)
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Content-Type'], 'text/html; charset=%s' % ISO88591)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.headers["Content-Type"], "text/html; charset=%s" % ISO88591
+        )
 
-        response = HttpResponse(content_type='text/plain; charset=%s' % UTF8, charset=ISO88591)
+        response = HttpResponse(
+            content_type="text/plain; charset=%s" % UTF8, charset=ISO88591
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.charset, ISO88591)
 
-        response = HttpResponse(content_type='text/plain; charset=%s' % ISO88591)
+        response = HttpResponse(content_type="text/plain; charset=%s" % ISO88591)
         self.assertEqual(response.charset, ISO88591)
 
         response = HttpResponse(content_type='text/plain; charset="%s"' % ISO88591)
         self.assertEqual(response.charset, ISO88591)
 
-        response = HttpResponse(content_type='text/plain; charset=')
+        response = HttpResponse(content_type="text/plain; charset=")
         self.assertEqual(response.charset, settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET)
 
-        response = HttpResponse(content_type='text/plain')
+        response = HttpResponse(content_type="text/plain")
         self.assertEqual(response.charset, settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET)
 
     def test_response_content_charset(self):
@@ -118,13 +130,15 @@ class HttpResponseTests(SimpleTestCase):
         response = HttpResponse(utf8_content)
         self.assertContains(response, utf8_content)
 
-        response = HttpResponse(iso_content, content_type='text/plain; charset=%s' % ISO88591)
+        response = HttpResponse(
+            iso_content, content_type="text/plain; charset=%s" % ISO88591
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, iso_content)
 
         response = HttpResponse(iso_content)
         self.assertContains(response, iso_content)
 
-        response = HttpResponse(iso_content, content_type='text/plain')
+        response = HttpResponse(iso_content, content_type="text/plain")
         self.assertContains(response, iso_content)
 
     def test_repr(self):
@@ -134,8 +148,8 @@ class HttpResponseTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_repr_no_content_type(self):
         response = HttpResponse(status=204)
-        del response.headers['Content-Type']
-        self.assertEqual(repr(response), '<HttpResponse status_code=204>')
+        del response.headers["Content-Type"]
+        self.assertEqual(repr(response), "<HttpResponse status_code=204>")
 
     def test_wrap_textiowrapper(self):
         content = "Café :)"
@@ -147,10 +161,10 @@ class HttpResponseTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_generator_cache(self):
         generator = (str(i) for i in range(10))
         response = HttpResponse(content=generator)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'0123456789')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"0123456789")
         with self.assertRaises(StopIteration):
             next(generator)
 
-        cache.set('my-response-key', response)
-        response = cache.get('my-response-key')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'0123456789')
+        cache.set("my-response-key", response)
+        response = cache.get("my-response-key")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"0123456789")
diff --git a/tests/reverse_lookup/models.py b/tests/reverse_lookup/models.py
index 97c1cd289a..7c249b4fda 100644
--- a/tests/reverse_lookup/models.py
+++ b/tests/reverse_lookup/models.py
@@ -19,4 +19,6 @@ class Poll(models.Model):
 class Choice(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     poll = models.ForeignKey(Poll, models.CASCADE, related_name="poll_choice")
-    related_poll = models.ForeignKey(Poll, models.CASCADE, related_name="related_choice")
+    related_poll = models.ForeignKey(
+        Poll, models.CASCADE, related_name="related_choice"
+    )
diff --git a/tests/reverse_lookup/tests.py b/tests/reverse_lookup/tests.py
index e9eee35f47..2417a1ed62 100644
--- a/tests/reverse_lookup/tests.py
+++ b/tests/reverse_lookup/tests.py
@@ -5,41 +5,32 @@ from .models import Choice, Poll, User
 
 
 class ReverseLookupTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         john = User.objects.create(name="John Doe")
         jim = User.objects.create(name="Jim Bo")
         first_poll = Poll.objects.create(
-            question="What's the first question?",
-            creator=john
+            question="What's the first question?", creator=john
         )
         second_poll = Poll.objects.create(
-            question="What's the second question?",
-            creator=jim
+            question="What's the second question?", creator=jim
         )
         Choice.objects.create(
-            poll=first_poll,
-            related_poll=second_poll,
-            name="This is the answer."
+            poll=first_poll, related_poll=second_poll, name="This is the answer."
         )
 
     def test_reverse_by_field(self):
-        u1 = User.objects.get(
-            poll__question__exact="What's the first question?"
-        )
+        u1 = User.objects.get(poll__question__exact="What's the first question?")
         self.assertEqual(u1.name, "John Doe")
 
-        u2 = User.objects.get(
-            poll__question__exact="What's the second question?"
-        )
+        u2 = User.objects.get(poll__question__exact="What's the second question?")
         self.assertEqual(u2.name, "Jim Bo")
 
     def test_reverse_by_related_name(self):
         p1 = Poll.objects.get(poll_choice__name__exact="This is the answer.")
         self.assertEqual(p1.question, "What's the first question?")
 
-        p2 = Poll.objects.get(related_choice__name__exact='This is the answer.')
+        p2 = Poll.objects.get(related_choice__name__exact="This is the answer.")
         self.assertEqual(p2.question, "What's the second question?")
 
     def test_reverse_field_name_disallowed(self):
diff --git a/tests/runtests.py b/tests/runtests.py
index 64400bd892..4408dd92e5 100755
--- a/tests/runtests.py
+++ b/tests/runtests.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ try:
     import django
 except ImportError as e:
     raise RuntimeError(
-        'Django module not found, reference tests/README.rst for instructions.'
+        "Django module not found, reference tests/README.rst for instructions."
     ) from e
 else:
     from django.apps import apps
@@ -36,16 +36,18 @@ except ImportError:
     pass
 else:
     # Ignore informational warnings from QuerySet.explain().
-    warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', r'\(1003, *', category=MySQLdb.Warning)
+    warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", r"\(1003, *", category=MySQLdb.Warning)
 
 # Make deprecation warnings errors to ensure no usage of deprecated features.
-warnings.simplefilter('error', RemovedInDjango50Warning)
+warnings.simplefilter("error", RemovedInDjango50Warning)
 # Make resource and runtime warning errors to ensure no usage of error prone
 # patterns.
 warnings.simplefilter("error", ResourceWarning)
 warnings.simplefilter("error", RuntimeWarning)
 # Ignore known warnings in test dependencies.
-warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "'U' mode is deprecated", DeprecationWarning, module='docutils.io')
+warnings.filterwarnings(
+    "ignore", "'U' mode is deprecated", DeprecationWarning, module="docutils.io"
+)
 
 # Reduce garbage collection frequency to improve performance. Since CPython
 # uses refcounting, garbage collection only collects objects with cyclic
@@ -56,13 +58,13 @@ gc.set_threshold(100_000)
 
 RUNTESTS_DIR = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
 
-TEMPLATE_DIR = os.path.join(RUNTESTS_DIR, 'templates')
+TEMPLATE_DIR = os.path.join(RUNTESTS_DIR, "templates")
 
 # Create a specific subdirectory for the duration of the test suite.
-TMPDIR = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='django_')
+TMPDIR = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="django_")
 # Set the TMPDIR environment variable in addition to tempfile.tempdir
 # so that children processes inherit it.
-tempfile.tempdir = os.environ['TMPDIR'] = TMPDIR
+tempfile.tempdir = os.environ["TMPDIR"] = TMPDIR
 
 # Removing the temporary TMPDIR.
 atexit.register(shutil.rmtree, TMPDIR)
@@ -71,35 +73,35 @@ atexit.register(shutil.rmtree, TMPDIR)
 # This is a dict mapping RUNTESTS_DIR subdirectory to subdirectories of that
 # directory to skip when searching for test modules.
 SUBDIRS_TO_SKIP = {
-    '': {'import_error_package', 'test_runner_apps'},
-    'gis_tests': {'data'},
+    "": {"import_error_package", "test_runner_apps"},
+    "gis_tests": {"data"},
 }
 
 ALWAYS_INSTALLED_APPS = [
-    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
-    'django.contrib.auth',
-    'django.contrib.sites',
-    'django.contrib.sessions',
-    'django.contrib.messages',
-    'django.contrib.admin.apps.SimpleAdminConfig',
-    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
+    "django.contrib.contenttypes",
+    "django.contrib.auth",
+    "django.contrib.sites",
+    "django.contrib.sessions",
+    "django.contrib.messages",
+    "django.contrib.admin.apps.SimpleAdminConfig",
+    "django.contrib.staticfiles",
 ]
 
 ALWAYS_MIDDLEWARE = [
-    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
-    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
-    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
-    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
-    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
+    "django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware",
+    "django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware",
+    "django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware",
+    "django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware",
+    "django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware",
 ]
 
 # Need to add the associated contrib app to INSTALLED_APPS in some cases to
 # avoid "RuntimeError: Model class X doesn't declare an explicit app_label
 # and isn't in an application in INSTALLED_APPS."
 CONTRIB_TESTS_TO_APPS = {
-    'deprecation': ['django.contrib.flatpages', 'django.contrib.redirects'],
-    'flatpages_tests': ['django.contrib.flatpages'],
-    'redirects_tests': ['django.contrib.redirects'],
+    "deprecation": ["django.contrib.flatpages", "django.contrib.redirects"],
+    "flatpages_tests": ["django.contrib.flatpages"],
+    "redirects_tests": ["django.contrib.redirects"],
 }
 
 
@@ -110,12 +112,12 @@ def get_test_modules(gis_enabled):
     The yielded names have either one dotted part like "test_runner" or, in
     the case of GIS tests, two dotted parts like "gis_tests.gdal_tests".
     """
-    discovery_dirs = ['']
+    discovery_dirs = [""]
     if gis_enabled:
         # GIS tests are in nested apps
-        discovery_dirs.append('gis_tests')
+        discovery_dirs.append("gis_tests")
     else:
-        SUBDIRS_TO_SKIP[''].add('gis_tests')
+        SUBDIRS_TO_SKIP[""].add("gis_tests")
 
     for dirname in discovery_dirs:
         dirpath = os.path.join(RUNTESTS_DIR, dirname)
@@ -123,15 +125,15 @@ def get_test_modules(gis_enabled):
         with os.scandir(dirpath) as entries:
             for f in entries:
                 if (
-                    '.' in f.name or
-                    os.path.basename(f.name) in subdirs_to_skip or
-                    f.is_file() or
-                    not os.path.exists(os.path.join(f.path, '__init__.py'))
+                    "." in f.name
+                    or os.path.basename(f.name) in subdirs_to_skip
+                    or f.is_file()
+                    or not os.path.exists(os.path.join(f.path, "__init__.py"))
                 ):
                     continue
                 test_module = f.name
                 if dirname:
-                    test_module = dirname + '.' + test_module
+                    test_module = dirname + "." + test_module
                 yield test_module
 
 
@@ -140,12 +142,12 @@ def get_label_module(label):
     path = Path(label)
     if len(path.parts) == 1:
         # Interpret the label as a dotted module name.
-        return label.split('.')[0]
+        return label.split(".")[0]
 
     # Otherwise, interpret the label as a path. Check existence first to
     # provide a better error message than relative_to() if it doesn't exist.
     if not path.exists():
-        raise RuntimeError(f'Test label path {label} does not exist')
+        raise RuntimeError(f"Test label path {label} does not exist")
     path = path.resolve()
     rel_path = path.relative_to(RUNTESTS_DIR)
     return rel_path.parts[0]
@@ -162,20 +164,20 @@ def get_filtered_test_modules(start_at, start_after, gis_enabled, test_labels=No
 
     # It would be nice to put this validation earlier but it must come after
     # django.setup() so that connection.features.gis_enabled can be accessed.
-    if 'gis_tests' in label_modules and not gis_enabled:
-        print('Aborting: A GIS database backend is required to run gis_tests.')
+    if "gis_tests" in label_modules and not gis_enabled:
+        print("Aborting: A GIS database backend is required to run gis_tests.")
         sys.exit(1)
 
     def _module_match_label(module_name, label):
         # Exact or ancestor match.
-        return module_name == label or module_name.startswith(label + '.')
+        return module_name == label or module_name.startswith(label + ".")
 
     start_label = start_at or start_after
     for test_module in get_test_modules(gis_enabled):
         if start_label:
             if not _module_match_label(test_module, start_label):
                 continue
-            start_label = ''
+            start_label = ""
             if not start_at:
                 assert start_after
                 # Skip the current one before starting.
@@ -183,58 +185,60 @@ def get_filtered_test_modules(start_at, start_after, gis_enabled, test_labels=No
         # If the module (or an ancestor) was named on the command line, or
         # no modules were named (i.e., run all), include the test module.
         if not test_labels or any(
-            _module_match_label(test_module, label_module) for
-            label_module in label_modules
+            _module_match_label(test_module, label_module)
+            for label_module in label_modules
         ):
             yield test_module
 
 
 def setup_collect_tests(start_at, start_after, test_labels=None):
     state = {
-        'INSTALLED_APPS': settings.INSTALLED_APPS,
-        'ROOT_URLCONF': getattr(settings, "ROOT_URLCONF", ""),
-        'TEMPLATES': settings.TEMPLATES,
-        'LANGUAGE_CODE': settings.LANGUAGE_CODE,
-        'STATIC_URL': settings.STATIC_URL,
-        'STATIC_ROOT': settings.STATIC_ROOT,
-        'MIDDLEWARE': settings.MIDDLEWARE,
+        "INSTALLED_APPS": settings.INSTALLED_APPS,
+        "ROOT_URLCONF": getattr(settings, "ROOT_URLCONF", ""),
+        "TEMPLATES": settings.TEMPLATES,
+        "LANGUAGE_CODE": settings.LANGUAGE_CODE,
+        "STATIC_URL": settings.STATIC_URL,
+        "STATIC_ROOT": settings.STATIC_ROOT,
+        "MIDDLEWARE": settings.MIDDLEWARE,
     }
 
     # Redirect some settings for the duration of these tests.
     settings.INSTALLED_APPS = ALWAYS_INSTALLED_APPS
-    settings.ROOT_URLCONF = 'urls'
-    settings.STATIC_URL = 'static/'
-    settings.STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(TMPDIR, 'static')
-    settings.TEMPLATES = [{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'DIRS': [TEMPLATE_DIR],
-        'APP_DIRS': True,
-        'OPTIONS': {
-            'context_processors': [
-                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
-                'django.template.context_processors.request',
-                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
-                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
-            ],
-        },
-    }]
-    settings.LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en'
+    settings.ROOT_URLCONF = "urls"
+    settings.STATIC_URL = "static/"
+    settings.STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(TMPDIR, "static")
+    settings.TEMPLATES = [
+        {
+            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            "DIRS": [TEMPLATE_DIR],
+            "APP_DIRS": True,
+            "OPTIONS": {
+                "context_processors": [
+                    "django.template.context_processors.debug",
+                    "django.template.context_processors.request",
+                    "django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth",
+                    "django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages",
+                ],
+            },
+        }
+    ]
+    settings.LANGUAGE_CODE = "en"
     settings.SITE_ID = 1
     settings.MIDDLEWARE = ALWAYS_MIDDLEWARE
     settings.MIGRATION_MODULES = {
         # This lets us skip creating migrations for the test models as many of
         # them depend on one of the following contrib applications.
-        'auth': None,
-        'contenttypes': None,
-        'sessions': None,
+        "auth": None,
+        "contenttypes": None,
+        "sessions": None,
     }
     log_config = copy.deepcopy(DEFAULT_LOGGING)
     # Filter out non-error logging so we don't have to capture it in lots of
     # tests.
-    log_config['loggers']['django']['level'] = 'ERROR'
+    log_config["loggers"]["django"]["level"] = "ERROR"
     settings.LOGGING = log_config
     settings.SILENCED_SYSTEM_CHECKS = [
-        'fields.W342',  # ForeignKey(unique=True) -> OneToOneField
+        "fields.W342",  # ForeignKey(unique=True) -> OneToOneField
     ]
 
     # Load all the ALWAYS_INSTALLED_APPS.
@@ -245,9 +249,14 @@ def setup_collect_tests(start_at, start_after, test_labels=None):
     # backends (e.g. PostGIS).
     gis_enabled = connection.features.gis_enabled
 
-    test_modules = list(get_filtered_test_modules(
-        start_at, start_after, gis_enabled, test_labels=test_labels,
-    ))
+    test_modules = list(
+        get_filtered_test_modules(
+            start_at,
+            start_after,
+            gis_enabled,
+            test_labels=test_labels,
+        )
+    )
     return test_modules, state
 
 
@@ -272,18 +281,20 @@ def get_apps_to_install(test_modules):
     # Add contrib.gis to INSTALLED_APPS if needed (rather than requiring
     # @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=...) on all test cases.
     if connection.features.gis_enabled:
-        yield 'django.contrib.gis'
+        yield "django.contrib.gis"
 
 
 def setup_run_tests(verbosity, start_at, start_after, test_labels=None):
-    test_modules, state = setup_collect_tests(start_at, start_after, test_labels=test_labels)
+    test_modules, state = setup_collect_tests(
+        start_at, start_after, test_labels=test_labels
+    )
 
     installed_apps = set(get_installed())
     for app in get_apps_to_install(test_modules):
         if app in installed_apps:
             continue
         if verbosity >= 2:
-            print(f'Importing application {app}')
+            print(f"Importing application {app}")
         settings.INSTALLED_APPS.append(app)
         installed_apps.add(app)
 
@@ -292,14 +303,15 @@ def setup_run_tests(verbosity, start_at, start_after, test_labels=None):
     # Force declaring available_apps in TransactionTestCase for faster tests.
     def no_available_apps(self):
         raise Exception(
-            'Please define available_apps in TransactionTestCase and its subclasses.'
+            "Please define available_apps in TransactionTestCase and its subclasses."
         )
+
     TransactionTestCase.available_apps = property(no_available_apps)
     TestCase.available_apps = None
 
     # Set an environment variable that other code may consult to see if
     # Django's own test suite is running.
-    os.environ['RUNNING_DJANGOS_TEST_SUITE'] = 'true'
+    os.environ["RUNNING_DJANGOS_TEST_SUITE"] = "true"
 
     test_labels = test_labels or test_modules
     return test_labels, state
@@ -312,49 +324,70 @@ def teardown_run_tests(state):
     # atexit.register(shutil.rmtree, TMPDIR) handler. Prevents
     # FileNotFoundError at the end of a test run (#27890).
     from multiprocessing.util import _finalizer_registry
+
     _finalizer_registry.pop((-100, 0), None)
-    del os.environ['RUNNING_DJANGOS_TEST_SUITE']
+    del os.environ["RUNNING_DJANGOS_TEST_SUITE"]
 
 
 class ActionSelenium(argparse.Action):
     """
     Validate the comma-separated list of requested browsers.
     """
+
     def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
         try:
             import selenium  # NOQA
         except ImportError as e:
-            raise ImproperlyConfigured(f'Error loading selenium module: {e}')
-        browsers = values.split(',')
+            raise ImproperlyConfigured(f"Error loading selenium module: {e}")
+        browsers = values.split(",")
         for browser in browsers:
             try:
                 SeleniumTestCaseBase.import_webdriver(browser)
             except ImportError:
-                raise argparse.ArgumentError(self, "Selenium browser specification '%s' is not valid." % browser)
+                raise argparse.ArgumentError(
+                    self, "Selenium browser specification '%s' is not valid." % browser
+                )
         setattr(namespace, self.dest, browsers)
 
 
-def django_tests(verbosity, interactive, failfast, keepdb, reverse,
-                 test_labels, debug_sql, parallel, tags, exclude_tags,
-                 test_name_patterns, start_at, start_after, pdb, buffer,
-                 timing, shuffle):
-    if parallel in {0, 'auto'}:
+def django_tests(
+    verbosity,
+    interactive,
+    failfast,
+    keepdb,
+    reverse,
+    test_labels,
+    debug_sql,
+    parallel,
+    tags,
+    exclude_tags,
+    test_name_patterns,
+    start_at,
+    start_after,
+    pdb,
+    buffer,
+    timing,
+    shuffle,
+):
+    if parallel in {0, "auto"}:
         max_parallel = get_max_test_processes()
     else:
         max_parallel = parallel
 
     if verbosity >= 1:
-        msg = "Testing against Django installed in '%s'" % os.path.dirname(django.__file__)
+        msg = "Testing against Django installed in '%s'" % os.path.dirname(
+            django.__file__
+        )
         if max_parallel > 1:
             msg += " with up to %d processes" % max_parallel
         print(msg)
 
     test_labels, state = setup_run_tests(verbosity, start_at, start_after, test_labels)
     # Run the test suite, including the extra validation tests.
-    if not hasattr(settings, 'TEST_RUNNER'):
-        settings.TEST_RUNNER = 'django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner'
+    if not hasattr(settings, "TEST_RUNNER"):
+        settings.TEST_RUNNER = "django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner"
 
-    if parallel in {0, 'auto'}:
+    if parallel in {0, "auto"}:
         # This doesn't work before django.setup() on some databases.
         if all(conn.features.can_clone_databases for conn in connections.all()):
             parallel = max_parallel
@@ -390,24 +423,22 @@ def collect_test_modules(start_at, start_after):
 
 
 def get_subprocess_args(options):
-    subprocess_args = [
-        sys.executable, __file__, '--settings=%s' % options.settings
-    ]
+    subprocess_args = [sys.executable, __file__, "--settings=%s" % options.settings]
     if options.failfast:
-        subprocess_args.append('--failfast')
+        subprocess_args.append("--failfast")
     if options.verbosity:
-        subprocess_args.append('--verbosity=%s' % options.verbosity)
+        subprocess_args.append("--verbosity=%s" % options.verbosity)
     if not options.interactive:
-        subprocess_args.append('--noinput')
+        subprocess_args.append("--noinput")
     if options.tags:
-        subprocess_args.append('--tag=%s' % options.tags)
+        subprocess_args.append("--tag=%s" % options.tags)
     if options.exclude_tags:
-        subprocess_args.append('--exclude_tag=%s' % options.exclude_tags)
+        subprocess_args.append("--exclude_tag=%s" % options.exclude_tags)
     if options.shuffle is not False:
         if options.shuffle is None:
-            subprocess_args.append('--shuffle')
+            subprocess_args.append("--shuffle")
         else:
-            subprocess_args.append('--shuffle=%s' % options.shuffle)
+            subprocess_args.append("--shuffle=%s" % options.shuffle)
     return subprocess_args
 
 
@@ -415,11 +446,11 @@ def bisect_tests(bisection_label, options, test_labels, start_at, start_after):
     if not test_labels:
         test_labels = collect_test_modules(start_at, start_after)
 
-    print('***** Bisecting test suite: %s' % ' '.join(test_labels))
+    print("***** Bisecting test suite: %s" % " ".join(test_labels))
 
     # Make sure the bisection point isn't in the test list
     # Also remove tests that need to be run in specific combinations
-    for label in [bisection_label, 'model_inheritance_same_model_name']:
+    for label in [bisection_label, "model_inheritance_same_model_name"]:
         try:
             test_labels.remove(label)
         except ValueError:
@@ -432,13 +463,13 @@ def bisect_tests(bisection_label, options, test_labels, start_at, start_after):
         midpoint = len(test_labels) // 2
         test_labels_a = test_labels[:midpoint] + [bisection_label]
         test_labels_b = test_labels[midpoint:] + [bisection_label]
-        print('***** Pass %da: Running the first half of the test suite' % iteration)
-        print('***** Test labels: %s' % ' '.join(test_labels_a))
+        print("***** Pass %da: Running the first half of the test suite" % iteration)
+        print("***** Test labels: %s" % " ".join(test_labels_a))
         failures_a = subprocess.run(subprocess_args + test_labels_a)
 
-        print('***** Pass %db: Running the second half of the test suite' % iteration)
-        print('***** Test labels: %s' % ' '.join(test_labels_b))
-        print('')
+        print("***** Pass %db: Running the second half of the test suite" % iteration)
+        print("***** Test labels: %s" % " ".join(test_labels_b))
+        print("")
         failures_b = subprocess.run(subprocess_args + test_labels_b)
 
         if failures_a.returncode and not failures_b.returncode:
@@ -464,11 +495,11 @@ def paired_tests(paired_test, options, test_labels, start_at, start_after):
     if not test_labels:
         test_labels = collect_test_modules(start_at, start_after)
 
-    print('***** Trying paired execution')
+    print("***** Trying paired execution")
 
     # Make sure the constant member of the pair isn't in the test list
     # Also remove tests that need to be run in specific combinations
-    for label in [paired_test, 'model_inheritance_same_model_name']:
+    for label in [paired_test, "model_inheritance_same_model_name"]:
         try:
             test_labels.remove(label)
         except ValueError:
@@ -477,131 +508,167 @@ def paired_tests(paired_test, options, test_labels, start_at, start_after):
     subprocess_args = get_subprocess_args(options)
 
     for i, label in enumerate(test_labels):
-        print('***** %d of %d: Check test pairing with %s' % (
-              i + 1, len(test_labels), label))
+        print(
+            "***** %d of %d: Check test pairing with %s"
+            % (i + 1, len(test_labels), label)
+        )
         failures = subprocess.call(subprocess_args + [label, paired_test])
         if failures:
-            print('***** Found problem pair with %s' % label)
+            print("***** Found problem pair with %s" % label)
             return
 
-    print('***** No problem pair found')
+    print("***** No problem pair found")
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Run the Django test suite.")
     parser.add_argument(
-        'modules', nargs='*', metavar='module',
+        "modules",
+        nargs="*",
+        metavar="module",
         help='Optional path(s) to test modules; e.g. "i18n" or '
-             '"i18n.tests.TranslationTests.test_lazy_objects".',
+        '"i18n.tests.TranslationTests.test_lazy_objects".',
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '-v', '--verbosity', default=1, type=int, choices=[0, 1, 2, 3],
-        help='Verbosity level; 0=minimal output, 1=normal output, 2=all output',
+        "-v",
+        "--verbosity",
+        default=1,
+        type=int,
+        choices=[0, 1, 2, 3],
+        help="Verbosity level; 0=minimal output, 1=normal output, 2=all output",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '--noinput', action='store_false', dest='interactive',
-        help='Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.',
+        "--noinput",
+        action="store_false",
+        dest="interactive",
+        help="Tells Django to NOT prompt the user for input of any kind.",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '--failfast', action='store_true',
-        help='Tells Django to stop running the test suite after first failed test.',
+        "--failfast",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Tells Django to stop running the test suite after first failed test.",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '--keepdb', action='store_true',
-        help='Tells Django to preserve the test database between runs.',
+        "--keepdb",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Tells Django to preserve the test database between runs.",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '--settings',
+        "--settings",
         help='Python path to settings module, e.g. "myproject.settings". If '
-             'this isn\'t provided, either the DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE '
-             'environment variable or "test_sqlite" will be used.',
+        "this isn't provided, either the DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE "
+        'environment variable or "test_sqlite" will be used.',
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '--bisect',
-        help='Bisect the test suite to discover a test that causes a test '
-             'failure when combined with the named test.',
+        "--bisect",
+        help="Bisect the test suite to discover a test that causes a test "
+        "failure when combined with the named test.",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '--pair',
-        help='Run the test suite in pairs with the named test to find problem pairs.',
+        "--pair",
+        help="Run the test suite in pairs with the named test to find problem pairs.",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '--shuffle', nargs='?', default=False, type=int, metavar='SEED',
+        "--shuffle",
+        nargs="?",
+        default=False,
+        type=int,
+        metavar="SEED",
         help=(
-            'Shuffle the order of test cases to help check that tests are '
-            'properly isolated.'
+            "Shuffle the order of test cases to help check that tests are "
+            "properly isolated."
         ),
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '--reverse', action='store_true',
-        help='Sort test suites and test cases in opposite order to debug '
-             'test side effects not apparent with normal execution lineup.',
+        "--reverse",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Sort test suites and test cases in opposite order to debug "
+        "test side effects not apparent with normal execution lineup.",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '--selenium', action=ActionSelenium, metavar='BROWSERS',
-        help='A comma-separated list of browsers to run the Selenium tests against.',
+        "--selenium",
+        action=ActionSelenium,
+        metavar="BROWSERS",
+        help="A comma-separated list of browsers to run the Selenium tests against.",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '--headless', action='store_true',
-        help='Run selenium tests in headless mode, if the browser supports the option.',
+        "--headless",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Run selenium tests in headless mode, if the browser supports the option.",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '--selenium-hub',
-        help='A URL for a selenium hub instance to use in combination with --selenium.',
+        "--selenium-hub",
+        help="A URL for a selenium hub instance to use in combination with --selenium.",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '--external-host', default=socket.gethostname(),
-        help='The external host that can be reached by the selenium hub instance when running Selenium '
-             'tests via Selenium Hub.',
+        "--external-host",
+        default=socket.gethostname(),
+        help="The external host that can be reached by the selenium hub instance when running Selenium "
+        "tests via Selenium Hub.",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '--debug-sql', action='store_true',
-        help='Turn on the SQL query logger within tests.',
+        "--debug-sql",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Turn on the SQL query logger within tests.",
     )
     # 0 is converted to "auto" or 1 later on, depending on a method used by
     # multiprocessing to start subprocesses and on the backend support for
     # cloning databases.
     parser.add_argument(
-        '--parallel', nargs='?', const='auto', default=0,
-        type=parallel_type, metavar='N',
+        "--parallel",
+        nargs="?",
+        const="auto",
+        default=0,
+        type=parallel_type,
+        metavar="N",
         help=(
             'Run tests using up to N parallel processes. Use the value "auto" '
-            'to run one test process for each processor core.'
+            "to run one test process for each processor core."
         ),
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '--tag', dest='tags', action='append',
-        help='Run only tests with the specified tags. Can be used multiple times.',
+        "--tag",
+        dest="tags",
+        action="append",
+        help="Run only tests with the specified tags. Can be used multiple times.",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '--exclude-tag', dest='exclude_tags', action='append',
-        help='Do not run tests with the specified tag. Can be used multiple times.',
+        "--exclude-tag",
+        dest="exclude_tags",
+        action="append",
+        help="Do not run tests with the specified tag. Can be used multiple times.",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '--start-after', dest='start_after',
-        help='Run tests starting after the specified top-level module.',
+        "--start-after",
+        dest="start_after",
+        help="Run tests starting after the specified top-level module.",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '--start-at', dest='start_at',
-        help='Run tests starting at the specified top-level module.',
+        "--start-at",
+        dest="start_at",
+        help="Run tests starting at the specified top-level module.",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '--pdb', action='store_true',
-        help='Runs the PDB debugger on error or failure.'
+        "--pdb", action="store_true", help="Runs the PDB debugger on error or failure."
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '-b', '--buffer', action='store_true',
-        help='Discard output of passing tests.',
+        "-b",
+        "--buffer",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Discard output of passing tests.",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '--timing', action='store_true',
-        help='Output timings, including database set up and total run time.',
+        "--timing",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Output timings, including database set up and total run time.",
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        '-k', dest='test_name_patterns', action='append',
+        "-k",
+        dest="test_name_patterns",
+        action="append",
         help=(
-            'Only run test methods and classes matching test name pattern. '
-            'Same as unittest -k option. Can be used multiple times.'
+            "Only run test methods and classes matching test name pattern. "
+            "Same as unittest -k option. Can be used multiple times."
         ),
     )
 
@@ -609,36 +676,49 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
 
     using_selenium_hub = options.selenium and options.selenium_hub
     if options.selenium_hub and not options.selenium:
-        parser.error('--selenium-hub and --external-host require --selenium to be used.')
+        parser.error(
+            "--selenium-hub and --external-host require --selenium to be used."
+        )
     if using_selenium_hub and not options.external_host:
-        parser.error('--selenium-hub and --external-host must be used together.')
+        parser.error("--selenium-hub and --external-host must be used together.")
 
     # Allow including a trailing slash on app_labels for tab completion convenience
     options.modules = [os.path.normpath(labels) for labels in options.modules]
 
-    mutually_exclusive_options = [options.start_at, options.start_after, options.modules]
-    enabled_module_options = [bool(option) for option in mutually_exclusive_options].count(True)
+    mutually_exclusive_options = [
+        options.start_at,
+        options.start_after,
+        options.modules,
+    ]
+    enabled_module_options = [
+        bool(option) for option in mutually_exclusive_options
+    ].count(True)
     if enabled_module_options > 1:
-        print('Aborting: --start-at, --start-after, and test labels are mutually exclusive.')
+        print(
+            "Aborting: --start-at, --start-after, and test labels are mutually exclusive."
+        )
         sys.exit(1)
-    for opt_name in ['start_at', 'start_after']:
+    for opt_name in ["start_at", "start_after"]:
         opt_val = getattr(options, opt_name)
         if opt_val:
-            if '.' in opt_val:
-                print('Aborting: --%s must be a top-level module.' % opt_name.replace('_', '-'))
+            if "." in opt_val:
+                print(
+                    "Aborting: --%s must be a top-level module."
+                    % opt_name.replace("_", "-")
+                )
                 sys.exit(1)
             setattr(options, opt_name, os.path.normpath(opt_val))
     if options.settings:
-        os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = options.settings
+        os.environ["DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE"] = options.settings
     else:
-        os.environ.setdefault('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE', 'test_sqlite')
-        options.settings = os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE']
+        os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "test_sqlite")
+        options.settings = os.environ["DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE"]
 
     if options.selenium:
         if not options.tags:
-            options.tags = ['selenium']
-        elif 'selenium' not in options.tags:
-            options.tags.append('selenium')
+            options.tags = ["selenium"]
+        elif "selenium" not in options.tags:
+            options.tags.append("selenium")
         if options.selenium_hub:
             SeleniumTestCaseBase.selenium_hub = options.selenium_hub
             SeleniumTestCaseBase.external_host = options.external_host
@@ -647,25 +727,41 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
 
     if options.bisect:
         bisect_tests(
-            options.bisect, options, options.modules, options.start_at,
+            options.bisect,
+            options,
+            options.modules,
+            options.start_at,
             options.start_after,
         )
     elif options.pair:
         paired_tests(
-            options.pair, options, options.modules, options.start_at,
+            options.pair,
+            options,
+            options.modules,
+            options.start_at,
             options.start_after,
         )
     else:
         time_keeper = TimeKeeper() if options.timing else NullTimeKeeper()
-        with time_keeper.timed('Total run'):
+        with time_keeper.timed("Total run"):
             failures = django_tests(
-                options.verbosity, options.interactive, options.failfast,
-                options.keepdb, options.reverse, options.modules,
-                options.debug_sql, options.parallel, options.tags,
+                options.verbosity,
+                options.interactive,
+                options.failfast,
+                options.keepdb,
+                options.reverse,
+                options.modules,
+                options.debug_sql,
+                options.parallel,
+                options.tags,
                 options.exclude_tags,
-                getattr(options, 'test_name_patterns', None),
-                options.start_at, options.start_after, options.pdb, options.buffer,
-                options.timing, options.shuffle,
+                getattr(options, "test_name_patterns", None),
+                options.start_at,
+                options.start_after,
+                options.pdb,
+                options.buffer,
+                options.timing,
+                options.shuffle,
             )
         time_keeper.print_results()
         if failures:
diff --git a/tests/save_delete_hooks/tests.py b/tests/save_delete_hooks/tests.py
index 874cb7eb72..755fb1a008 100644
--- a/tests/save_delete_hooks/tests.py
+++ b/tests/save_delete_hooks/tests.py
@@ -8,23 +8,30 @@ class SaveDeleteHookTests(TestCase):
         p = Person(first_name="John", last_name="Smith")
         self.assertEqual(p.data, [])
         p.save()
-        self.assertEqual(p.data, [
-            "Before save",
-            "After save",
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            p.data,
+            [
+                "Before save",
+                "After save",
+            ],
+        )
 
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Person.objects.all(), [
+            Person.objects.all(),
+            [
                 "John Smith",
             ],
-            str
+            str,
         )
 
         p.delete()
-        self.assertEqual(p.data, [
-            "Before save",
-            "After save",
-            "Before deletion",
-            "After deletion",
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            p.data,
+            [
+                "Before save",
+                "After save",
+                "Before deletion",
+                "After deletion",
+            ],
+        )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(Person.objects.all(), [])
diff --git a/tests/schema/fields.py b/tests/schema/fields.py
index 0e567e2d19..998cb28b8c 100644
--- a/tests/schema/fields.py
+++ b/tests/schema/fields.py
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ from functools import partial
 
 from django.db import models
 from django.db.models.fields.related import (
-    RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT, ManyToManyDescriptor, RelatedField,
+    RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT,
+    ManyToManyDescriptor,
+    RelatedField,
     create_many_to_many_intermediary_model,
 )
 
@@ -12,29 +14,45 @@ class CustomManyToManyField(RelatedField):
     Ticket #24104 - Need to have a custom ManyToManyField,
     which is not an inheritor of ManyToManyField.
     """
+
     many_to_many = True
 
-    def __init__(self, to, db_constraint=True, swappable=True, related_name=None, related_query_name=None,
-                 limit_choices_to=None, symmetrical=None, through=None, through_fields=None, db_table=None, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        to,
+        db_constraint=True,
+        swappable=True,
+        related_name=None,
+        related_query_name=None,
+        limit_choices_to=None,
+        symmetrical=None,
+        through=None,
+        through_fields=None,
+        db_table=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
         try:
             to._meta
         except AttributeError:
             to = str(to)
-        kwargs['rel'] = models.ManyToManyRel(
-            self, to,
+        kwargs["rel"] = models.ManyToManyRel(
+            self,
+            to,
             related_name=related_name,
             related_query_name=related_query_name,
             limit_choices_to=limit_choices_to,
-            symmetrical=symmetrical if symmetrical is not None else (to == RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT),
+            symmetrical=symmetrical
+            if symmetrical is not None
+            else (to == RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT),
             through=through,
             through_fields=through_fields,
             db_constraint=db_constraint,
         )
         self.swappable = swappable
         self.db_table = db_table
-        if kwargs['rel'].through is not None and self.db_table is not None:
+        if kwargs["rel"].through is not None and self.db_table is not None:
             raise ValueError(
-                'Cannot specify a db_table if an intermediary model is used.'
+                "Cannot specify a db_table if an intermediary model is used."
             )
         super().__init__(
             related_name=related_name,
@@ -45,22 +63,32 @@ class CustomManyToManyField(RelatedField):
 
     def contribute_to_class(self, cls, name, **kwargs):
         if self.remote_field.symmetrical and (
-                self.remote_field.model == "self" or self.remote_field.model == cls._meta.object_name):
+            self.remote_field.model == "self"
+            or self.remote_field.model == cls._meta.object_name
+        ):
             self.remote_field.related_name = "%s_rel_+" % name
         super().contribute_to_class(cls, name, **kwargs)
-        if not self.remote_field.through and not cls._meta.abstract and not cls._meta.swapped:
-            self.remote_field.through = create_many_to_many_intermediary_model(self, cls)
+        if (
+            not self.remote_field.through
+            and not cls._meta.abstract
+            and not cls._meta.swapped
+        ):
+            self.remote_field.through = create_many_to_many_intermediary_model(
+                self, cls
+            )
         setattr(cls, self.name, ManyToManyDescriptor(self.remote_field))
         self.m2m_db_table = partial(self._get_m2m_db_table, cls._meta)
 
     def get_internal_type(self):
-        return 'ManyToManyField'
+        return "ManyToManyField"
 
     # Copy those methods from ManyToManyField because they don't call super() internally
-    contribute_to_related_class = models.ManyToManyField.__dict__['contribute_to_related_class']
-    _get_m2m_attr = models.ManyToManyField.__dict__['_get_m2m_attr']
-    _get_m2m_reverse_attr = models.ManyToManyField.__dict__['_get_m2m_reverse_attr']
-    _get_m2m_db_table = models.ManyToManyField.__dict__['_get_m2m_db_table']
+    contribute_to_related_class = models.ManyToManyField.__dict__[
+        "contribute_to_related_class"
+    ]
+    _get_m2m_attr = models.ManyToManyField.__dict__["_get_m2m_attr"]
+    _get_m2m_reverse_attr = models.ManyToManyField.__dict__["_get_m2m_reverse_attr"]
+    _get_m2m_db_table = models.ManyToManyField.__dict__["_get_m2m_db_table"]
 
 
 class InheritedManyToManyField(models.ManyToManyField):
@@ -71,5 +99,6 @@ class MediumBlobField(models.BinaryField):
     """
     A MySQL BinaryField that uses a different blob size.
     """
+
     def db_type(self, connection):
-        return 'MEDIUMBLOB'
+        return "MEDIUMBLOB"
diff --git a/tests/schema/models.py b/tests/schema/models.py
index 75e4de0874..55f7d2c13c 100644
--- a/tests/schema/models.py
+++ b/tests/schema/models.py
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class AuthorWithIndexedNameAndBirthday(models.Model):
 
     class Meta:
         apps = new_apps
-        index_together = [['name', 'birthday']]
+        index_together = [["name", "birthday"]]
 
 
 class AuthorWithUniqueNameAndBirthday(models.Model):
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class AuthorWithUniqueNameAndBirthday(models.Model):
 
     class Meta:
         apps = new_apps
-        unique_together = [['name', 'birthday']]
+        unique_together = [["name", "birthday"]]
 
 
 class Book(models.Model):
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ class Thing(models.Model):
 
     class Meta:
         apps = new_apps
-        db_table = 'drop'
+        db_table = "drop"
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.when
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ class UniqueTest(models.Model):
 
 class Node(models.Model):
     node_id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
-    parent = models.ForeignKey('self', models.CASCADE, null=True, blank=True)
+    parent = models.ForeignKey("self", models.CASCADE, null=True, blank=True)
 
     class Meta:
         apps = new_apps
diff --git a/tests/schema/test_logging.py b/tests/schema/test_logging.py
index 453bdd798e..2821e5f406 100644
--- a/tests/schema/test_logging.py
+++ b/tests/schema/test_logging.py
@@ -3,16 +3,15 @@ from django.test import TestCase
 
 
 class SchemaLoggerTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_extra_args(self):
         editor = connection.schema_editor(collect_sql=True)
-        sql = 'SELECT * FROM foo WHERE id in (%s, %s)'
+        sql = "SELECT * FROM foo WHERE id in (%s, %s)"
         params = [42, 1337]
-        with self.assertLogs('django.db.backends.schema', 'DEBUG') as cm:
+        with self.assertLogs("django.db.backends.schema", "DEBUG") as cm:
             editor.execute(sql, params)
         self.assertEqual(cm.records[0].sql, sql)
         self.assertEqual(cm.records[0].params, params)
         self.assertEqual(
             cm.records[0].getMessage(),
-            'SELECT * FROM foo WHERE id in (%s, %s); (params [42, 1337])',
+            "SELECT * FROM foo WHERE id in (%s, %s); (params [42, 1337])",
         )
diff --git a/tests/schema/tests.py b/tests/schema/tests.py
index 60e69503cc..267a7c971b 100644
--- a/tests/schema/tests.py
+++ b/tests/schema/tests.py
@@ -7,40 +7,85 @@ from unittest import mock
 from django.core.exceptions import FieldError
 from django.core.management.color import no_style
 from django.db import (
-    DatabaseError, DataError, IntegrityError, OperationalError, connection,
+    DatabaseError,
+    DataError,
+    IntegrityError,
+    OperationalError,
+    connection,
 )
 from django.db.models import (
-    CASCADE, PROTECT, AutoField, BigAutoField, BigIntegerField, BinaryField,
-    BooleanField, CharField, CheckConstraint, DateField, DateTimeField,
-    DecimalField, DurationField, F, FloatField, ForeignKey, ForeignObject,
-    Index, IntegerField, JSONField, ManyToManyField, Model, OneToOneField,
-    OrderBy, PositiveIntegerField, Q, SlugField, SmallAutoField,
-    SmallIntegerField, TextField, TimeField, UniqueConstraint, UUIDField,
+    CASCADE,
+    PROTECT,
+    AutoField,
+    BigAutoField,
+    BigIntegerField,
+    BinaryField,
+    BooleanField,
+    CharField,
+    CheckConstraint,
+    DateField,
+    DateTimeField,
+    DecimalField,
+    DurationField,
+    F,
+    FloatField,
+    ForeignKey,
+    ForeignObject,
+    Index,
+    IntegerField,
+    JSONField,
+    ManyToManyField,
+    Model,
+    OneToOneField,
+    OrderBy,
+    PositiveIntegerField,
+    Q,
+    SlugField,
+    SmallAutoField,
+    SmallIntegerField,
+    TextField,
+    TimeField,
+    UniqueConstraint,
+    UUIDField,
     Value,
 )
 from django.db.models.fields.json import KeyTextTransform
 from django.db.models.functions import Abs, Cast, Collate, Lower, Random, Upper
 from django.db.models.indexes import IndexExpression
 from django.db.transaction import TransactionManagementError, atomic
-from django.test import (
-    TransactionTestCase, skipIfDBFeature, skipUnlessDBFeature,
-)
-from django.test.utils import (
-    CaptureQueriesContext, isolate_apps, register_lookup,
-)
+from django.test import TransactionTestCase, skipIfDBFeature, skipUnlessDBFeature
+from django.test.utils import CaptureQueriesContext, isolate_apps, register_lookup
 from django.utils import timezone
 
-from .fields import (
-    CustomManyToManyField, InheritedManyToManyField, MediumBlobField,
-)
+from .fields import CustomManyToManyField, InheritedManyToManyField, MediumBlobField
 from .models import (
-    Author, AuthorCharFieldWithIndex, AuthorTextFieldWithIndex,
-    AuthorWithDefaultHeight, AuthorWithEvenLongerName, AuthorWithIndexedName,
-    AuthorWithIndexedNameAndBirthday, AuthorWithUniqueName,
-    AuthorWithUniqueNameAndBirthday, Book, BookForeignObj, BookWeak,
-    BookWithLongName, BookWithO2O, BookWithoutAuthor, BookWithSlug, IntegerPK,
-    Node, Note, NoteRename, Tag, TagIndexed, TagM2MTest, TagUniqueRename,
-    Thing, UniqueTest, new_apps,
+    Author,
+    AuthorCharFieldWithIndex,
+    AuthorTextFieldWithIndex,
+    AuthorWithDefaultHeight,
+    AuthorWithEvenLongerName,
+    AuthorWithIndexedName,
+    AuthorWithIndexedNameAndBirthday,
+    AuthorWithUniqueName,
+    AuthorWithUniqueNameAndBirthday,
+    Book,
+    BookForeignObj,
+    BookWeak,
+    BookWithLongName,
+    BookWithO2O,
+    BookWithoutAuthor,
+    BookWithSlug,
+    IntegerPK,
+    Node,
+    Note,
+    NoteRename,
+    Tag,
+    TagIndexed,
+    TagM2MTest,
+    TagUniqueRename,
+    Thing,
+    UniqueTest,
+    new_apps,
 )
 
 
@@ -56,10 +101,25 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
     available_apps = []
 
     models = [
-        Author, AuthorCharFieldWithIndex, AuthorTextFieldWithIndex,
-        AuthorWithDefaultHeight, AuthorWithEvenLongerName, Book, BookWeak,
-        BookWithLongName, BookWithO2O, BookWithSlug, IntegerPK, Node, Note,
-        Tag, TagIndexed, TagM2MTest, TagUniqueRename, Thing, UniqueTest,
+        Author,
+        AuthorCharFieldWithIndex,
+        AuthorTextFieldWithIndex,
+        AuthorWithDefaultHeight,
+        AuthorWithEvenLongerName,
+        Book,
+        BookWeak,
+        BookWithLongName,
+        BookWithO2O,
+        BookWithSlug,
+        IntegerPK,
+        Node,
+        Note,
+        Tag,
+        TagIndexed,
+        TagM2MTest,
+        TagUniqueRename,
+        Thing,
+        UniqueTest,
     ]
 
     # Utility functions
@@ -78,13 +138,13 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         new_apps.clear_cache()
         for model in new_apps.get_models():
             model._meta._expire_cache()
-        if 'schema' in new_apps.all_models:
+        if "schema" in new_apps.all_models:
             for model in self.local_models:
                 for many_to_many in model._meta.many_to_many:
                     through = many_to_many.remote_field.through
                     if through and through._meta.auto_created:
-                        del new_apps.all_models['schema'][through._meta.model_name]
-                del new_apps.all_models['schema'][model._meta.model_name]
+                        del new_apps.all_models["schema"][through._meta.model_name]
+                del new_apps.all_models["schema"][model._meta.model_name]
         if self.isolated_local_models:
             with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                 for model in self.isolated_local_models:
@@ -132,17 +192,21 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         """
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             return [
-                c['columns'][0]
-                for c in connection.introspection.get_constraints(cursor, table).values()
-                if c['index'] and len(c['columns']) == 1
+                c["columns"][0]
+                for c in connection.introspection.get_constraints(
+                    cursor, table
+                ).values()
+                if c["index"] and len(c["columns"]) == 1
             ]
 
     def get_uniques(self, table):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             return [
-                c['columns'][0]
-                for c in connection.introspection.get_constraints(cursor, table).values()
-                if c['unique'] and len(c['columns']) == 1
+                c["columns"][0]
+                for c in connection.introspection.get_constraints(
+                    cursor, table
+                ).values()
+                if c["unique"] and len(c["columns"]) == 1
             ]
 
     def get_constraints(self, table):
@@ -156,15 +220,24 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         constraints = self.get_constraints(model._meta.db_table)
         constraints_for_column = []
         for name, details in constraints.items():
-            if details['columns'] == [column_name]:
+            if details["columns"] == [column_name]:
                 constraints_for_column.append(name)
         return sorted(constraints_for_column)
 
-    def check_added_field_default(self, schema_editor, model, field, field_name, expected_default,
-                                  cast_function=None):
+    def check_added_field_default(
+        self,
+        schema_editor,
+        model,
+        field,
+        field_name,
+        expected_default,
+        cast_function=None,
+    ):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             schema_editor.add_field(model, field)
-            cursor.execute("SELECT {} FROM {};".format(field_name, model._meta.db_table))
+            cursor.execute(
+                "SELECT {} FROM {};".format(field_name, model._meta.db_table)
+            )
             database_default = cursor.fetchall()[0][0]
             if cast_function and type(database_default) != type(expected_default):
                 database_default = cast_function(database_default)
@@ -179,15 +252,15 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         """
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             constraints = connection.introspection.get_constraints(cursor, table)
-        counts = {'fks': 0, 'uniques': 0, 'indexes': 0}
+        counts = {"fks": 0, "uniques": 0, "indexes": 0}
         for c in constraints.values():
-            if c['columns'] == [column]:
-                if c['foreign_key'] == fk_to:
-                    counts['fks'] += 1
-                if c['unique']:
-                    counts['uniques'] += 1
-                elif c['index']:
-                    counts['indexes'] += 1
+            if c["columns"] == [column]:
+                if c["foreign_key"] == fk_to:
+                    counts["fks"] += 1
+                if c["unique"]:
+                    counts["uniques"] += 1
+                elif c["index"]:
+                    counts["indexes"] += 1
         return counts
 
     def get_column_collation(self, table, column):
@@ -201,10 +274,12 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
     def assertIndexOrder(self, table, index, order):
         constraints = self.get_constraints(table)
         self.assertIn(index, constraints)
-        index_orders = constraints[index]['orders']
-        self.assertTrue(all(val == expected for val, expected in zip(index_orders, order)))
+        index_orders = constraints[index]["orders"]
+        self.assertTrue(
+            all(val == expected for val, expected in zip(index_orders, order))
+        )
 
-    def assertForeignKeyExists(self, model, column, expected_fk_table, field='id'):
+    def assertForeignKeyExists(self, model, column, expected_fk_table, field="id"):
         """
         Fail if the FK constraint on `model.Meta.db_table`.`column` to
         `expected_fk_table`.id doesn't exist.
@@ -212,8 +287,8 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         constraints = self.get_constraints(model._meta.db_table)
         constraint_fk = None
         for details in constraints.values():
-            if details['columns'] == [column] and details['foreign_key']:
-                constraint_fk = details['foreign_key']
+            if details["columns"] == [column] and details["foreign_key"]:
+                constraint_fk = details["foreign_key"]
                 break
         self.assertEqual(constraint_fk, (expected_fk_table, field))
 
@@ -239,7 +314,7 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(DatabaseError):
             list(Author.objects.all())
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_foreign_keys')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
     def test_fk(self):
         "Creating tables out of FK order, then repointing, works"
         # Create the table
@@ -263,124 +338,138 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         new_field.set_attributes_from_name("author")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Book, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
-        self.assertForeignKeyExists(Book, 'author_id', 'schema_tag')
+        self.assertForeignKeyExists(Book, "author_id", "schema_tag")
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_create_inline_fk')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_create_inline_fk")
     def test_inline_fk(self):
         # Create some tables.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
             editor.create_model(Book)
             editor.create_model(Note)
-        self.assertForeignKeyNotExists(Note, 'book_id', 'schema_book')
+        self.assertForeignKeyNotExists(Note, "book_id", "schema_book")
         # Add a foreign key from one to the other.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             new_field = ForeignKey(Book, CASCADE)
-            new_field.set_attributes_from_name('book')
+            new_field.set_attributes_from_name("book")
             editor.add_field(Note, new_field)
-        self.assertForeignKeyExists(Note, 'book_id', 'schema_book')
+        self.assertForeignKeyExists(Note, "book_id", "schema_book")
         # Creating a FK field with a constraint uses a single statement without
         # a deferred ALTER TABLE.
-        self.assertFalse([
-            sql for sql in (str(statement) for statement in editor.deferred_sql)
-            if sql.startswith('ALTER TABLE') and 'ADD CONSTRAINT' in sql
-        ])
+        self.assertFalse(
+            [
+                sql
+                for sql in (str(statement) for statement in editor.deferred_sql)
+                if sql.startswith("ALTER TABLE") and "ADD CONSTRAINT" in sql
+            ]
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_create_inline_fk')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_create_inline_fk")
     def test_add_inline_fk_update_data(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Node)
         # Add an inline foreign key and update data in the same transaction.
-        new_field = ForeignKey(Node, CASCADE, related_name='new_fk', null=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('new_parent_fk')
+        new_field = ForeignKey(Node, CASCADE, related_name="new_fk", null=True)
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("new_parent_fk")
         parent = Node.objects.create()
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_field(Node, new_field)
-            editor.execute('UPDATE schema_node SET new_parent_fk_id = %s;', [parent.pk])
+            editor.execute("UPDATE schema_node SET new_parent_fk_id = %s;", [parent.pk])
         assertIndex = (
             self.assertIn
             if connection.features.indexes_foreign_keys
             else self.assertNotIn
         )
-        assertIndex('new_parent_fk_id', self.get_indexes(Node._meta.db_table))
+        assertIndex("new_parent_fk_id", self.get_indexes(Node._meta.db_table))
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature(
-        'can_create_inline_fk',
-        'allows_multiple_constraints_on_same_fields',
+        "can_create_inline_fk",
+        "allows_multiple_constraints_on_same_fields",
     )
-    @isolate_apps('schema')
+    @isolate_apps("schema")
     def test_add_inline_fk_index_update_data(self):
         class Node(Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Node)
         # Add an inline foreign key, update data, and an index in the same
         # transaction.
-        new_field = ForeignKey(Node, CASCADE, related_name='new_fk', null=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('new_parent_fk')
+        new_field = ForeignKey(Node, CASCADE, related_name="new_fk", null=True)
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("new_parent_fk")
         parent = Node.objects.create()
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_field(Node, new_field)
             Node._meta.add_field(new_field)
-            editor.execute('UPDATE schema_node SET new_parent_fk_id = %s;', [parent.pk])
-            editor.add_index(Node, Index(fields=['new_parent_fk'], name='new_parent_inline_fk_idx'))
-        self.assertIn('new_parent_fk_id', self.get_indexes(Node._meta.db_table))
+            editor.execute("UPDATE schema_node SET new_parent_fk_id = %s;", [parent.pk])
+            editor.add_index(
+                Node, Index(fields=["new_parent_fk"], name="new_parent_inline_fk_idx")
+            )
+        self.assertIn("new_parent_fk_id", self.get_indexes(Node._meta.db_table))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_foreign_keys')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
     def test_char_field_with_db_index_to_fk(self):
         # Create the table
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
             editor.create_model(AuthorCharFieldWithIndex)
         # Change CharField to FK
-        old_field = AuthorCharFieldWithIndex._meta.get_field('char_field')
+        old_field = AuthorCharFieldWithIndex._meta.get_field("char_field")
         new_field = ForeignKey(Author, CASCADE, blank=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('char_field')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("char_field")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            editor.alter_field(AuthorCharFieldWithIndex, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
-        self.assertForeignKeyExists(AuthorCharFieldWithIndex, 'char_field_id', 'schema_author')
+            editor.alter_field(
+                AuthorCharFieldWithIndex, old_field, new_field, strict=True
+            )
+        self.assertForeignKeyExists(
+            AuthorCharFieldWithIndex, "char_field_id", "schema_author"
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_foreign_keys')
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_index_on_text_field')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_index_on_text_field")
     def test_text_field_with_db_index_to_fk(self):
         # Create the table
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
             editor.create_model(AuthorTextFieldWithIndex)
         # Change TextField to FK
-        old_field = AuthorTextFieldWithIndex._meta.get_field('text_field')
+        old_field = AuthorTextFieldWithIndex._meta.get_field("text_field")
         new_field = ForeignKey(Author, CASCADE, blank=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('text_field')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("text_field")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            editor.alter_field(AuthorTextFieldWithIndex, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
-        self.assertForeignKeyExists(AuthorTextFieldWithIndex, 'text_field_id', 'schema_author')
+            editor.alter_field(
+                AuthorTextFieldWithIndex, old_field, new_field, strict=True
+            )
+        self.assertForeignKeyExists(
+            AuthorTextFieldWithIndex, "text_field_id", "schema_author"
+        )
 
-    @isolate_apps('schema')
+    @isolate_apps("schema")
     def test_char_field_pk_to_auto_field(self):
         class Foo(Model):
             id = CharField(max_length=255, primary_key=True)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Foo)
         self.isolated_local_models = [Foo]
-        old_field = Foo._meta.get_field('id')
+        old_field = Foo._meta.get_field("id")
         new_field = AutoField(primary_key=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('id')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("id")
         new_field.model = Foo
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Foo, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_foreign_keys')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
     def test_fk_to_proxy(self):
         "Creating a FK to a proxy model creates database constraints."
+
         class AuthorProxy(Author):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
                 apps = new_apps
                 proxy = True
 
@@ -388,7 +477,7 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             author = ForeignKey(AuthorProxy, on_delete=CASCADE)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         self.local_models = [AuthorProxy, AuthorRef]
@@ -397,9 +486,9 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
             editor.create_model(AuthorRef)
-        self.assertForeignKeyExists(AuthorRef, 'author_id', 'schema_author')
+        self.assertForeignKeyExists(AuthorRef, "author_id", "schema_author")
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_foreign_keys')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
     def test_fk_db_constraint(self):
         "The db_constraint parameter is respected"
         # Create the table
@@ -411,63 +500,64 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         list(Author.objects.all())
         list(Tag.objects.all())
         list(BookWeak.objects.all())
-        self.assertForeignKeyNotExists(BookWeak, 'author_id', 'schema_author')
+        self.assertForeignKeyNotExists(BookWeak, "author_id", "schema_author")
         # Make a db_constraint=False FK
         new_field = ForeignKey(Tag, CASCADE, db_constraint=False)
         new_field.set_attributes_from_name("tag")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_field(Author, new_field)
-        self.assertForeignKeyNotExists(Author, 'tag_id', 'schema_tag')
+        self.assertForeignKeyNotExists(Author, "tag_id", "schema_tag")
         # Alter to one with a constraint
         new_field2 = ForeignKey(Tag, CASCADE)
         new_field2.set_attributes_from_name("tag")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, new_field, new_field2, strict=True)
-        self.assertForeignKeyExists(Author, 'tag_id', 'schema_tag')
+        self.assertForeignKeyExists(Author, "tag_id", "schema_tag")
         # Alter to one without a constraint again
         new_field2 = ForeignKey(Tag, CASCADE)
         new_field2.set_attributes_from_name("tag")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, new_field2, new_field, strict=True)
-        self.assertForeignKeyNotExists(Author, 'tag_id', 'schema_tag')
+        self.assertForeignKeyNotExists(Author, "tag_id", "schema_tag")
 
-    @isolate_apps('schema')
+    @isolate_apps("schema")
     def test_no_db_constraint_added_during_primary_key_change(self):
         """
         When a primary key that's pointed to by a ForeignKey with
         db_constraint=False is altered, a foreign key constraint isn't added.
         """
+
         class Author(Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         class BookWeak(Model):
             author = ForeignKey(Author, CASCADE, db_constraint=False)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
             editor.create_model(BookWeak)
-        self.assertForeignKeyNotExists(BookWeak, 'author_id', 'schema_author')
-        old_field = Author._meta.get_field('id')
+        self.assertForeignKeyNotExists(BookWeak, "author_id", "schema_author")
+        old_field = Author._meta.get_field("id")
         new_field = BigAutoField(primary_key=True)
         new_field.model = Author
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('id')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("id")
         # @isolate_apps() and inner models are needed to have the model
         # relations populated, otherwise this doesn't act as a regression test.
         self.assertEqual(len(new_field.model._meta.related_objects), 1)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
-        self.assertForeignKeyNotExists(BookWeak, 'author_id', 'schema_author')
+        self.assertForeignKeyNotExists(BookWeak, "author_id", "schema_author")
 
     def _test_m2m_db_constraint(self, M2MFieldClass):
         class LocalAuthorWithM2M(Model):
             name = CharField(max_length=255)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         self.local_models = [LocalAuthorWithM2M]
@@ -485,17 +575,19 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         # Add the field
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_field(LocalAuthorWithM2M, new_field)
-        self.assertForeignKeyNotExists(new_field.remote_field.through, 'tag_id', 'schema_tag')
+        self.assertForeignKeyNotExists(
+            new_field.remote_field.through, "tag_id", "schema_tag"
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_foreign_keys')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
     def test_m2m_db_constraint(self):
         self._test_m2m_db_constraint(ManyToManyField)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_foreign_keys')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
     def test_m2m_db_constraint_custom(self):
         self._test_m2m_db_constraint(CustomManyToManyField)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_foreign_keys')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
     def test_m2m_db_constraint_inherited(self):
         self._test_m2m_db_constraint(InheritedManyToManyField)
 
@@ -512,24 +604,29 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         # Add the new field
         new_field = IntegerField(null=True)
         new_field.set_attributes_from_name("age")
-        with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as ctx, connection.schema_editor() as editor:
+        with CaptureQueriesContext(
+            connection
+        ) as ctx, connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_field(Author, new_field)
         drop_default_sql = editor.sql_alter_column_no_default % {
-            'column': editor.quote_name(new_field.name),
+            "column": editor.quote_name(new_field.name),
         }
-        self.assertFalse(any(drop_default_sql in query['sql'] for query in ctx.captured_queries))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            any(drop_default_sql in query["sql"] for query in ctx.captured_queries)
+        )
         # Table is not rebuilt.
-        self.assertIs(any(
-            'CREATE TABLE' in query['sql']
-            for query in ctx.captured_queries
-        ), False)
-        self.assertIs(any(
-            'DROP TABLE' in query['sql']
-            for query in ctx.captured_queries
-        ), False)
+        self.assertIs(
+            any("CREATE TABLE" in query["sql"] for query in ctx.captured_queries), False
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            any("DROP TABLE" in query["sql"] for query in ctx.captured_queries), False
+        )
         columns = self.column_classes(Author)
-        self.assertEqual(columns['age'][0], connection.features.introspected_field_types['IntegerField'])
-        self.assertTrue(columns['age'][1][6])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            columns["age"][0],
+            connection.features.introspected_field_types["IntegerField"],
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(columns["age"][1][6])
 
     def test_add_field_remove_field(self):
         """
@@ -539,7 +636,7 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             # Create a table with a unique constraint on the slug field.
             editor.create_model(Tag)
             # Remove the slug column.
-            editor.remove_field(Tag, Tag._meta.get_field('slug'))
+            editor.remove_field(Tag, Tag._meta.get_field("slug"))
         self.assertEqual(editor.deferred_sql, [])
 
     def test_add_field_temp_default(self):
@@ -561,9 +658,14 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_field(Author, new_field)
         columns = self.column_classes(Author)
-        self.assertEqual(columns['surname'][0], connection.features.introspected_field_types['CharField'])
-        self.assertEqual(columns['surname'][1][6],
-                         connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            columns["surname"][0],
+            connection.features.introspected_field_types["CharField"],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            columns["surname"][1][6],
+            connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls,
+        )
 
     def test_add_field_temp_default_boolean(self):
         """
@@ -586,8 +688,10 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.add_field(Author, new_field)
         columns = self.column_classes(Author)
         # BooleanField are stored as TINYINT(1) on MySQL.
-        field_type = columns['awesome'][0]
-        self.assertEqual(field_type, connection.features.introspected_field_types['BooleanField'])
+        field_type = columns["awesome"][0]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field_type, connection.features.introspected_field_types["BooleanField"]
+        )
 
     def test_add_field_default_transform(self):
         """
@@ -619,8 +723,10 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.add_field(Author, new_field)
         # Ensure the field is there
         columns = self.column_classes(Author)
-        field_type, field_info = columns['thing']
-        self.assertEqual(field_type, connection.features.introspected_field_types['IntegerField'])
+        field_type, field_info = columns["thing"]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            field_type, connection.features.introspected_field_types["IntegerField"]
+        )
         # Make sure the values were transformed correctly
         self.assertEqual(Author.objects.extra(where=["thing = 1"]).count(), 2)
 
@@ -629,12 +735,12 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.create_model(Author)
             editor.create_model(Note)
         new_field = OneToOneField(Note, CASCADE, null=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('note')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("note")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_field(Author, new_field)
         columns = self.column_classes(Author)
-        self.assertIn('note_id', columns)
-        self.assertTrue(columns['note_id'][1][6])
+        self.assertIn("note_id", columns)
+        self.assertTrue(columns["note_id"][1][6])
 
     def test_add_field_binary(self):
         """
@@ -651,22 +757,22 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         columns = self.column_classes(Author)
         # MySQL annoyingly uses the same backend, so it'll come back as one of
         # these two types.
-        self.assertIn(columns['bits'][0], ("BinaryField", "TextField"))
+        self.assertIn(columns["bits"][0], ("BinaryField", "TextField"))
 
     def test_add_field_durationfield_with_default(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
         new_field = DurationField(default=datetime.timedelta(minutes=10))
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('duration')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("duration")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_field(Author, new_field)
         columns = self.column_classes(Author)
         self.assertEqual(
-            columns['duration'][0],
-            connection.features.introspected_field_types['DurationField'],
+            columns["duration"][0],
+            connection.features.introspected_field_types["DurationField"],
         )
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'mysql', "MySQL specific")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "mysql", "MySQL specific")
     def test_add_binaryfield_mediumblob(self):
         """
         Test adding a custom-sized binary field on MySQL (#24846).
@@ -675,13 +781,13 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
         # Add the new field with default
-        new_field = MediumBlobField(blank=True, default=b'123')
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('bits')
+        new_field = MediumBlobField(blank=True, default=b"123")
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("bits")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_field(Author, new_field)
         columns = self.column_classes(Author)
         # Introspection treats BLOBs as TextFields
-        self.assertEqual(columns['bits'][0], "TextField")
+        self.assertEqual(columns["bits"][0], "TextField")
 
     def test_alter(self):
         """
@@ -692,8 +798,14 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.create_model(Author)
         # Ensure the field is right to begin with
         columns = self.column_classes(Author)
-        self.assertEqual(columns['name'][0], connection.features.introspected_field_types['CharField'])
-        self.assertEqual(bool(columns['name'][1][6]), bool(connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            columns["name"][0],
+            connection.features.introspected_field_types["CharField"],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            bool(columns["name"][1][6]),
+            bool(connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls),
+        )
         # Alter the name field to a TextField
         old_field = Author._meta.get_field("name")
         new_field = TextField(null=True)
@@ -701,25 +813,28 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         columns = self.column_classes(Author)
-        self.assertEqual(columns['name'][0], "TextField")
-        self.assertTrue(columns['name'][1][6])
+        self.assertEqual(columns["name"][0], "TextField")
+        self.assertTrue(columns["name"][1][6])
         # Change nullability again
         new_field2 = TextField(null=False)
         new_field2.set_attributes_from_name("name")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, new_field, new_field2, strict=True)
         columns = self.column_classes(Author)
-        self.assertEqual(columns['name'][0], "TextField")
-        self.assertEqual(bool(columns['name'][1][6]), bool(connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls))
+        self.assertEqual(columns["name"][0], "TextField")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            bool(columns["name"][1][6]),
+            bool(connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls),
+        )
 
     def test_alter_auto_field_to_integer_field(self):
         # Create the table
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
         # Change AutoField to IntegerField
-        old_field = Author._meta.get_field('id')
+        old_field = Author._meta.get_field("id")
         new_field = IntegerField(primary_key=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('id')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("id")
         new_field.model = Author
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
@@ -734,29 +849,29 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
         # Change AutoField to CharField
-        old_field = Author._meta.get_field('id')
+        old_field = Author._meta.get_field("id")
         new_field = CharField(primary_key=True, max_length=50)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('id')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("id")
         new_field.model = Author
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
 
-    @isolate_apps('schema')
+    @isolate_apps("schema")
     def test_alter_auto_field_quoted_db_column(self):
         class Foo(Model):
             id = AutoField(primary_key=True, db_column='"quoted_id"')
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Foo)
         self.isolated_local_models = [Foo]
-        old_field = Foo._meta.get_field('id')
+        old_field = Foo._meta.get_field("id")
         new_field = BigAutoField(primary_key=True)
         new_field.model = Foo
         new_field.db_column = '"quoted_id"'
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('id')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("id")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Foo, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         Foo.objects.create()
@@ -766,35 +881,35 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
         # Change UUIDField to primary key.
-        old_field = Author._meta.get_field('uuid')
+        old_field = Author._meta.get_field("uuid")
         new_field = UUIDField(primary_key=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('uuid')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("uuid")
         new_field.model = Author
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            editor.remove_field(Author, Author._meta.get_field('id'))
+            editor.remove_field(Author, Author._meta.get_field("id"))
             editor.alter_field(Author, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         # Redundant unique constraint is not added.
         count = self.get_constraints_count(
             Author._meta.db_table,
-            Author._meta.get_field('uuid').column,
+            Author._meta.get_field("uuid").column,
             None,
         )
-        self.assertLessEqual(count['uniques'], 1)
+        self.assertLessEqual(count["uniques"], 1)
 
-    @isolate_apps('schema')
+    @isolate_apps("schema")
     def test_alter_primary_key_quoted_db_table(self):
         class Foo(Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
                 db_table = '"foo"'
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Foo)
         self.isolated_local_models = [Foo]
-        old_field = Foo._meta.get_field('id')
+        old_field = Foo._meta.get_field("id")
         new_field = BigAutoField(primary_key=True)
         new_field.model = Foo
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('id')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("id")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Foo, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         Foo.objects.create()
@@ -814,13 +929,13 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
     def test_alter_text_field_to_not_null_with_default_value(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Note)
-        old_field = Note._meta.get_field('address')
-        new_field = TextField(blank=True, default='', null=False)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('address')
+        old_field = Note._meta.get_field("address")
+        new_field = TextField(blank=True, default="", null=False)
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("address")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Note, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_defer_constraint_checks', 'can_rollback_ddl')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_defer_constraint_checks", "can_rollback_ddl")
     def test_alter_fk_checks_deferred_constraints(self):
         """
         #25492 - Altering a foreign key's structure and data in the same
@@ -828,9 +943,9 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         """
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Node)
-        old_field = Node._meta.get_field('parent')
+        old_field = Node._meta.get_field("parent")
         new_field = ForeignKey(Node, CASCADE)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('parent')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("parent")
         parent = Node.objects.create()
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             # Update the parent FK to create a deferred constraint check.
@@ -843,15 +958,15 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         """
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Note)
-        Note.objects.create(info='1988-05-05')
-        old_field = Note._meta.get_field('info')
+        Note.objects.create(info="1988-05-05")
+        old_field = Note._meta.get_field("info")
         new_field = DateField(blank=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('info')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("info")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Note, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         # Make sure the field isn't nullable
         columns = self.column_classes(Note)
-        self.assertFalse(columns['info'][1][6])
+        self.assertFalse(columns["info"][1][6])
 
     def test_alter_text_field_to_datetime_field(self):
         """
@@ -859,15 +974,15 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         """
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Note)
-        Note.objects.create(info='1988-05-05 3:16:17.4567')
-        old_field = Note._meta.get_field('info')
+        Note.objects.create(info="1988-05-05 3:16:17.4567")
+        old_field = Note._meta.get_field("info")
         new_field = DateTimeField(blank=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('info')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("info")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Note, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         # Make sure the field isn't nullable
         columns = self.column_classes(Note)
-        self.assertFalse(columns['info'][1][6])
+        self.assertFalse(columns["info"][1][6])
 
     def test_alter_text_field_to_time_field(self):
         """
@@ -875,17 +990,17 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         """
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Note)
-        Note.objects.create(info='3:16:17.4567')
-        old_field = Note._meta.get_field('info')
+        Note.objects.create(info="3:16:17.4567")
+        old_field = Note._meta.get_field("info")
         new_field = TimeField(blank=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('info')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("info")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Note, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         # Make sure the field isn't nullable
         columns = self.column_classes(Note)
-        self.assertFalse(columns['info'][1][6])
+        self.assertFalse(columns["info"][1][6])
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls")
     def test_alter_textual_field_keep_null_status(self):
         """
         Changing a field type shouldn't affect the not null status.
@@ -902,7 +1017,7 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
             Note.objects.create(info=None)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls")
     def test_alter_textual_field_not_null_to_null(self):
         """
         Nullability for textual fields is preserved on databases that
@@ -912,16 +1027,16 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.create_model(Author)
         columns = self.column_classes(Author)
         # Field is nullable.
-        self.assertTrue(columns['uuid'][1][6])
+        self.assertTrue(columns["uuid"][1][6])
         # Change to NOT NULL.
-        old_field = Author._meta.get_field('uuid')
+        old_field = Author._meta.get_field("uuid")
         new_field = SlugField(null=False, blank=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('uuid')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("uuid")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         columns = self.column_classes(Author)
         # Nullability is preserved.
-        self.assertTrue(columns['uuid'][1][6])
+        self.assertTrue(columns["uuid"][1][6])
 
     def test_alter_numeric_field_keep_null_status(self):
         """
@@ -930,14 +1045,14 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(UniqueTest)
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
-            UniqueTest.objects.create(year=None, slug='aaa')
+            UniqueTest.objects.create(year=None, slug="aaa")
         old_field = UniqueTest._meta.get_field("year")
         new_field = BigIntegerField()
         new_field.set_attributes_from_name("year")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(UniqueTest, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
-            UniqueTest.objects.create(year=None, slug='bbb')
+            UniqueTest.objects.create(year=None, slug="bbb")
 
     def test_alter_null_to_not_null(self):
         """
@@ -948,13 +1063,13 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.create_model(Author)
         # Ensure the field is right to begin with
         columns = self.column_classes(Author)
-        self.assertTrue(columns['height'][1][6])
+        self.assertTrue(columns["height"][1][6])
         # Create some test data
-        Author.objects.create(name='Not null author', height=12)
-        Author.objects.create(name='Null author')
+        Author.objects.create(name="Not null author", height=12)
+        Author.objects.create(name="Null author")
         # Verify null value
-        self.assertEqual(Author.objects.get(name='Not null author').height, 12)
-        self.assertIsNone(Author.objects.get(name='Null author').height)
+        self.assertEqual(Author.objects.get(name="Not null author").height, 12)
+        self.assertIsNone(Author.objects.get(name="Null author").height)
         # Alter the height field to NOT NULL with default
         old_field = Author._meta.get_field("height")
         new_field = PositiveIntegerField(default=42)
@@ -962,10 +1077,10 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         columns = self.column_classes(Author)
-        self.assertFalse(columns['height'][1][6])
+        self.assertFalse(columns["height"][1][6])
         # Verify default value
-        self.assertEqual(Author.objects.get(name='Not null author').height, 12)
-        self.assertEqual(Author.objects.get(name='Null author').height, 42)
+        self.assertEqual(Author.objects.get(name="Not null author").height, 12)
+        self.assertEqual(Author.objects.get(name="Null author").height, 42)
 
     def test_alter_charfield_to_null(self):
         """
@@ -976,28 +1091,28 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
         # Change the CharField to null
-        old_field = Author._meta.get_field('name')
+        old_field = Author._meta.get_field("name")
         new_field = copy(old_field)
         new_field.null = True
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'PostgreSQL specific')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific")
     def test_alter_char_field_decrease_length(self):
         # Create the table.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
-        Author.objects.create(name='x' * 255)
+        Author.objects.create(name="x" * 255)
         # Change max_length of CharField.
-        old_field = Author._meta.get_field('name')
+        old_field = Author._meta.get_field("name")
         new_field = CharField(max_length=254)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('name')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("name")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            msg = 'value too long for type character varying(254)'
+            msg = "value too long for type character varying(254)"
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(DataError, msg):
                 editor.alter_field(Author, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'PostgreSQL specific')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific")
     def test_alter_field_with_custom_db_type(self):
         from django.contrib.postgres.fields import ArrayField
 
@@ -1005,20 +1120,20 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             field = ArrayField(CharField(max_length=255))
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Foo)
         self.isolated_local_models = [Foo]
-        old_field = Foo._meta.get_field('field')
+        old_field = Foo._meta.get_field("field")
         new_field = ArrayField(CharField(max_length=16))
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('field')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("field")
         new_field.model = Foo
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Foo, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
 
-    @isolate_apps('schema')
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'PostgreSQL specific')
+    @isolate_apps("schema")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific")
     def test_alter_array_field_decrease_base_field_length(self):
         from django.contrib.postgres.fields import ArrayField
 
@@ -1026,23 +1141,23 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             field = ArrayField(CharField(max_length=16))
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(ArrayModel)
         self.isolated_local_models = [ArrayModel]
-        ArrayModel.objects.create(field=['x' * 16])
-        old_field = ArrayModel._meta.get_field('field')
+        ArrayModel.objects.create(field=["x" * 16])
+        old_field = ArrayModel._meta.get_field("field")
         new_field = ArrayField(CharField(max_length=15))
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('field')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("field")
         new_field.model = ArrayModel
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            msg = 'value too long for type character varying(15)'
+            msg = "value too long for type character varying(15)"
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(DataError, msg):
                 editor.alter_field(ArrayModel, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
 
-    @isolate_apps('schema')
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'PostgreSQL specific')
+    @isolate_apps("schema")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific")
     def test_alter_array_field_decrease_nested_base_field_length(self):
         from django.contrib.postgres.fields import ArrayField
 
@@ -1050,18 +1165,18 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             field = ArrayField(ArrayField(CharField(max_length=16)))
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(ArrayModel)
         self.isolated_local_models = [ArrayModel]
-        ArrayModel.objects.create(field=[['x' * 16]])
-        old_field = ArrayModel._meta.get_field('field')
+        ArrayModel.objects.create(field=[["x" * 16]])
+        old_field = ArrayModel._meta.get_field("field")
         new_field = ArrayField(ArrayField(CharField(max_length=15)))
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('field')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("field")
         new_field.model = ArrayModel
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            msg = 'value too long for type character varying(15)'
+            msg = "value too long for type character varying(15)"
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(DataError, msg):
                 editor.alter_field(ArrayModel, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
 
@@ -1074,7 +1189,7 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Note)
         # Change the TextField to null
-        old_field = Note._meta.get_field('info')
+        old_field = Note._meta.get_field("info")
         new_field = copy(old_field)
         new_field.null = True
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -1090,17 +1205,19 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.create_model(AuthorWithDefaultHeight)
         # Ensure the field is right to begin with
         columns = self.column_classes(AuthorWithDefaultHeight)
-        self.assertTrue(columns['height'][1][6])
+        self.assertTrue(columns["height"][1][6])
         # Alter the height field to NOT NULL keeping the previous default
         old_field = AuthorWithDefaultHeight._meta.get_field("height")
         new_field = PositiveIntegerField(default=42)
         new_field.set_attributes_from_name("height")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            editor.alter_field(AuthorWithDefaultHeight, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
+            editor.alter_field(
+                AuthorWithDefaultHeight, old_field, new_field, strict=True
+            )
         columns = self.column_classes(AuthorWithDefaultHeight)
-        self.assertFalse(columns['height'][1][6])
+        self.assertFalse(columns["height"][1][6])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_foreign_keys')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
     def test_alter_fk(self):
         """
         Tests altering of FKs
@@ -1111,8 +1228,11 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.create_model(Book)
         # Ensure the field is right to begin with
         columns = self.column_classes(Book)
-        self.assertEqual(columns['author_id'][0], connection.features.introspected_field_types['IntegerField'])
-        self.assertForeignKeyExists(Book, 'author_id', 'schema_author')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            columns["author_id"][0],
+            connection.features.introspected_field_types["IntegerField"],
+        )
+        self.assertForeignKeyExists(Book, "author_id", "schema_author")
         # Alter the FK
         old_field = Book._meta.get_field("author")
         new_field = ForeignKey(Author, CASCADE, editable=False)
@@ -1120,21 +1240,25 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Book, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         columns = self.column_classes(Book)
-        self.assertEqual(columns['author_id'][0], connection.features.introspected_field_types['IntegerField'])
-        self.assertForeignKeyExists(Book, 'author_id', 'schema_author')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            columns["author_id"][0],
+            connection.features.introspected_field_types["IntegerField"],
+        )
+        self.assertForeignKeyExists(Book, "author_id", "schema_author")
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_foreign_keys')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
     def test_alter_to_fk(self):
         """
         #24447 - Tests adding a FK constraint for an existing column
         """
+
         class LocalBook(Model):
             author = IntegerField()
             title = CharField(max_length=100, db_index=True)
             pub_date = DateTimeField()
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         self.local_models = [LocalBook]
@@ -1146,16 +1270,18 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         # Ensure no FK constraint exists
         constraints = self.get_constraints(LocalBook._meta.db_table)
         for details in constraints.values():
-            if details['foreign_key']:
-                self.fail('Found an unexpected FK constraint to %s' % details['columns'])
+            if details["foreign_key"]:
+                self.fail(
+                    "Found an unexpected FK constraint to %s" % details["columns"]
+                )
         old_field = LocalBook._meta.get_field("author")
         new_field = ForeignKey(Author, CASCADE)
         new_field.set_attributes_from_name("author")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(LocalBook, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
-        self.assertForeignKeyExists(LocalBook, 'author_id', 'schema_author')
+        self.assertForeignKeyExists(LocalBook, "author_id", "schema_author")
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_foreign_keys')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
     def test_alter_o2o_to_fk(self):
         """
         #24163 - Tests altering of OneToOneField to ForeignKey
@@ -1166,14 +1292,21 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.create_model(BookWithO2O)
         # Ensure the field is right to begin with
         columns = self.column_classes(BookWithO2O)
-        self.assertEqual(columns['author_id'][0], connection.features.introspected_field_types['IntegerField'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            columns["author_id"][0],
+            connection.features.introspected_field_types["IntegerField"],
+        )
         # Ensure the field is unique
         author = Author.objects.create(name="Joe")
-        BookWithO2O.objects.create(author=author, title="Django 1", pub_date=datetime.datetime.now())
+        BookWithO2O.objects.create(
+            author=author, title="Django 1", pub_date=datetime.datetime.now()
+        )
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
-            BookWithO2O.objects.create(author=author, title="Django 2", pub_date=datetime.datetime.now())
+            BookWithO2O.objects.create(
+                author=author, title="Django 2", pub_date=datetime.datetime.now()
+            )
         BookWithO2O.objects.all().delete()
-        self.assertForeignKeyExists(BookWithO2O, 'author_id', 'schema_author')
+        self.assertForeignKeyExists(BookWithO2O, "author_id", "schema_author")
         # Alter the OneToOneField to ForeignKey
         old_field = BookWithO2O._meta.get_field("author")
         new_field = ForeignKey(Author, CASCADE)
@@ -1181,13 +1314,20 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(BookWithO2O, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         columns = self.column_classes(Book)
-        self.assertEqual(columns['author_id'][0], connection.features.introspected_field_types['IntegerField'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            columns["author_id"][0],
+            connection.features.introspected_field_types["IntegerField"],
+        )
         # Ensure the field is not unique anymore
-        Book.objects.create(author=author, title="Django 1", pub_date=datetime.datetime.now())
-        Book.objects.create(author=author, title="Django 2", pub_date=datetime.datetime.now())
-        self.assertForeignKeyExists(Book, 'author_id', 'schema_author')
+        Book.objects.create(
+            author=author, title="Django 1", pub_date=datetime.datetime.now()
+        )
+        Book.objects.create(
+            author=author, title="Django 2", pub_date=datetime.datetime.now()
+        )
+        self.assertForeignKeyExists(Book, "author_id", "schema_author")
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_foreign_keys')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
     def test_alter_fk_to_o2o(self):
         """
         #24163 - Tests altering of ForeignKey to OneToOneField
@@ -1198,13 +1338,20 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.create_model(Book)
         # Ensure the field is right to begin with
         columns = self.column_classes(Book)
-        self.assertEqual(columns['author_id'][0], connection.features.introspected_field_types['IntegerField'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            columns["author_id"][0],
+            connection.features.introspected_field_types["IntegerField"],
+        )
         # Ensure the field is not unique
         author = Author.objects.create(name="Joe")
-        Book.objects.create(author=author, title="Django 1", pub_date=datetime.datetime.now())
-        Book.objects.create(author=author, title="Django 2", pub_date=datetime.datetime.now())
+        Book.objects.create(
+            author=author, title="Django 1", pub_date=datetime.datetime.now()
+        )
+        Book.objects.create(
+            author=author, title="Django 2", pub_date=datetime.datetime.now()
+        )
         Book.objects.all().delete()
-        self.assertForeignKeyExists(Book, 'author_id', 'schema_author')
+        self.assertForeignKeyExists(Book, "author_id", "schema_author")
         # Alter the ForeignKey to OneToOneField
         old_field = Book._meta.get_field("author")
         new_field = OneToOneField(Author, CASCADE)
@@ -1212,12 +1359,19 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Book, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         columns = self.column_classes(BookWithO2O)
-        self.assertEqual(columns['author_id'][0], connection.features.introspected_field_types['IntegerField'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            columns["author_id"][0],
+            connection.features.introspected_field_types["IntegerField"],
+        )
         # Ensure the field is unique now
-        BookWithO2O.objects.create(author=author, title="Django 1", pub_date=datetime.datetime.now())
+        BookWithO2O.objects.create(
+            author=author, title="Django 1", pub_date=datetime.datetime.now()
+        )
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
-            BookWithO2O.objects.create(author=author, title="Django 2", pub_date=datetime.datetime.now())
-        self.assertForeignKeyExists(BookWithO2O, 'author_id', 'schema_author')
+            BookWithO2O.objects.create(
+                author=author, title="Django 2", pub_date=datetime.datetime.now()
+            )
+        self.assertForeignKeyExists(BookWithO2O, "author_id", "schema_author")
 
     def test_alter_field_fk_to_o2o(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -1229,27 +1383,27 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         # Check the index is right to begin with.
         counts = self.get_constraints_count(
             Book._meta.db_table,
-            Book._meta.get_field('author').column,
+            Book._meta.get_field("author").column,
             (Author._meta.db_table, Author._meta.pk.column),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             counts,
-            {'fks': expected_fks, 'uniques': 0, 'indexes': expected_indexes},
+            {"fks": expected_fks, "uniques": 0, "indexes": expected_indexes},
         )
 
-        old_field = Book._meta.get_field('author')
+        old_field = Book._meta.get_field("author")
         new_field = OneToOneField(Author, CASCADE)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('author')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("author")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Book, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
 
         counts = self.get_constraints_count(
             Book._meta.db_table,
-            Book._meta.get_field('author').column,
+            Book._meta.get_field("author").column,
             (Author._meta.db_table, Author._meta.pk.column),
         )
         # The index on ForeignKey is replaced with a unique constraint for OneToOneField.
-        self.assertEqual(counts, {'fks': expected_fks, 'uniques': 1, 'indexes': 0})
+        self.assertEqual(counts, {"fks": expected_fks, "uniques": 1, "indexes": 0})
 
     def test_alter_field_fk_keeps_index(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -1261,30 +1415,30 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         # Check the index is right to begin with.
         counts = self.get_constraints_count(
             Book._meta.db_table,
-            Book._meta.get_field('author').column,
+            Book._meta.get_field("author").column,
             (Author._meta.db_table, Author._meta.pk.column),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             counts,
-            {'fks': expected_fks, 'uniques': 0, 'indexes': expected_indexes},
+            {"fks": expected_fks, "uniques": 0, "indexes": expected_indexes},
         )
 
-        old_field = Book._meta.get_field('author')
+        old_field = Book._meta.get_field("author")
         # on_delete changed from CASCADE.
         new_field = ForeignKey(Author, PROTECT)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('author')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("author")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Book, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
 
         counts = self.get_constraints_count(
             Book._meta.db_table,
-            Book._meta.get_field('author').column,
+            Book._meta.get_field("author").column,
             (Author._meta.db_table, Author._meta.pk.column),
         )
         # The index remains.
         self.assertEqual(
             counts,
-            {'fks': expected_fks, 'uniques': 0, 'indexes': expected_indexes},
+            {"fks": expected_fks, "uniques": 0, "indexes": expected_indexes},
         )
 
     def test_alter_field_o2o_to_fk(self):
@@ -1296,24 +1450,24 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         # Check the unique constraint is right to begin with.
         counts = self.get_constraints_count(
             BookWithO2O._meta.db_table,
-            BookWithO2O._meta.get_field('author').column,
+            BookWithO2O._meta.get_field("author").column,
             (Author._meta.db_table, Author._meta.pk.column),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(counts, {'fks': expected_fks, 'uniques': 1, 'indexes': 0})
+        self.assertEqual(counts, {"fks": expected_fks, "uniques": 1, "indexes": 0})
 
-        old_field = BookWithO2O._meta.get_field('author')
+        old_field = BookWithO2O._meta.get_field("author")
         new_field = ForeignKey(Author, CASCADE)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('author')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("author")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(BookWithO2O, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
 
         counts = self.get_constraints_count(
             BookWithO2O._meta.db_table,
-            BookWithO2O._meta.get_field('author').column,
+            BookWithO2O._meta.get_field("author").column,
             (Author._meta.db_table, Author._meta.pk.column),
         )
         # The unique constraint on OneToOneField is replaced with an index for ForeignKey.
-        self.assertEqual(counts, {'fks': expected_fks, 'uniques': 0, 'indexes': 1})
+        self.assertEqual(counts, {"fks": expected_fks, "uniques": 0, "indexes": 1})
 
     def test_alter_field_o2o_keeps_unique(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -1324,27 +1478,27 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         # Check the unique constraint is right to begin with.
         counts = self.get_constraints_count(
             BookWithO2O._meta.db_table,
-            BookWithO2O._meta.get_field('author').column,
+            BookWithO2O._meta.get_field("author").column,
             (Author._meta.db_table, Author._meta.pk.column),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(counts, {'fks': expected_fks, 'uniques': 1, 'indexes': 0})
+        self.assertEqual(counts, {"fks": expected_fks, "uniques": 1, "indexes": 0})
 
-        old_field = BookWithO2O._meta.get_field('author')
+        old_field = BookWithO2O._meta.get_field("author")
         # on_delete changed from CASCADE.
         new_field = OneToOneField(Author, PROTECT)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('author')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("author")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(BookWithO2O, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
 
         counts = self.get_constraints_count(
             BookWithO2O._meta.db_table,
-            BookWithO2O._meta.get_field('author').column,
+            BookWithO2O._meta.get_field("author").column,
             (Author._meta.db_table, Author._meta.pk.column),
         )
         # The unique constraint remains.
-        self.assertEqual(counts, {'fks': expected_fks, 'uniques': 1, 'indexes': 0})
+        self.assertEqual(counts, {"fks": expected_fks, "uniques": 1, "indexes": 0})
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('ignores_table_name_case')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("ignores_table_name_case")
     def test_alter_db_table_case(self):
         # Create the table
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -1370,8 +1524,8 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.alter_field(Author, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         # This will fail if DROP DEFAULT is inadvertently executed on this
         # field which drops the id sequence, at least on PostgreSQL.
-        Author.objects.create(name='Foo')
-        Author.objects.create(name='Bar')
+        Author.objects.create(name="Foo")
+        Author.objects.create(name="Bar")
 
     def test_alter_autofield_pk_to_bigautofield_pk_sequence_owner(self):
         """
@@ -1380,20 +1534,22 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         """
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
-        old_field = Author._meta.get_field('id')
+        old_field = Author._meta.get_field("id")
         new_field = BigAutoField(primary_key=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('id')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("id")
         new_field.model = Author
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
 
-        Author.objects.create(name='Foo', pk=1)
+        Author.objects.create(name="Foo", pk=1)
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            sequence_reset_sqls = connection.ops.sequence_reset_sql(no_style(), [Author])
+            sequence_reset_sqls = connection.ops.sequence_reset_sql(
+                no_style(), [Author]
+            )
             if sequence_reset_sqls:
                 cursor.execute(sequence_reset_sqls[0])
         # Fail on PostgreSQL if sequence is missing an owner.
-        self.assertIsNotNone(Author.objects.create(name='Bar'))
+        self.assertIsNotNone(Author.objects.create(name="Bar"))
 
     def test_alter_autofield_pk_to_smallautofield_pk_sequence_owner(self):
         """
@@ -1402,20 +1558,22 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         """
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
-        old_field = Author._meta.get_field('id')
+        old_field = Author._meta.get_field("id")
         new_field = SmallAutoField(primary_key=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('id')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("id")
         new_field.model = Author
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
 
-        Author.objects.create(name='Foo', pk=1)
+        Author.objects.create(name="Foo", pk=1)
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            sequence_reset_sqls = connection.ops.sequence_reset_sql(no_style(), [Author])
+            sequence_reset_sqls = connection.ops.sequence_reset_sql(
+                no_style(), [Author]
+            )
             if sequence_reset_sqls:
                 cursor.execute(sequence_reset_sqls[0])
         # Fail on PostgreSQL if sequence is missing an owner.
-        self.assertIsNotNone(Author.objects.create(name='Bar'))
+        self.assertIsNotNone(Author.objects.create(name="Bar"))
 
     def test_alter_int_pk_to_autofield_pk(self):
         """
@@ -1425,10 +1583,10 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(IntegerPK)
 
-        old_field = IntegerPK._meta.get_field('i')
+        old_field = IntegerPK._meta.get_field("i")
         new_field = AutoField(primary_key=True)
         new_field.model = IntegerPK
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('i')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("i")
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(IntegerPK, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
@@ -1439,7 +1597,7 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             j = IntegerField(unique=True)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
                 apps = new_apps
                 db_table = IntegerPK._meta.db_table
 
@@ -1455,10 +1613,10 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(IntegerPK)
 
-        old_field = IntegerPK._meta.get_field('i')
+        old_field = IntegerPK._meta.get_field("i")
         new_field = BigAutoField(primary_key=True)
         new_field.model = IntegerPK
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('i')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("i")
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(IntegerPK, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
@@ -1469,7 +1627,7 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             j = IntegerField(unique=True)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
                 apps = new_apps
                 db_table = IntegerPK._meta.db_table
 
@@ -1477,25 +1635,26 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         obj = IntegerPKToBigAutoField.objects.create(j=1)
         self.assertIsNotNone(obj.i)
 
-    @isolate_apps('schema')
+    @isolate_apps("schema")
     def test_alter_smallint_pk_to_smallautofield_pk(self):
         """
         Should be able to rename an SmallIntegerField(primary_key=True) to
         SmallAutoField(primary_key=True).
         """
+
         class SmallIntegerPK(Model):
             i = SmallIntegerField(primary_key=True)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(SmallIntegerPK)
         self.isolated_local_models = [SmallIntegerPK]
-        old_field = SmallIntegerPK._meta.get_field('i')
+        old_field = SmallIntegerPK._meta.get_field("i")
         new_field = SmallAutoField(primary_key=True)
         new_field.model = SmallIntegerPK
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('i')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("i")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(SmallIntegerPK, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
 
@@ -1507,15 +1666,15 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(IntegerPK)
         # Delete the old PK
-        old_field = IntegerPK._meta.get_field('i')
+        old_field = IntegerPK._meta.get_field("i")
         new_field = IntegerField(unique=True)
         new_field.model = IntegerPK
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('i')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("i")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(IntegerPK, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         # The primary key constraint is gone. Result depends on database:
         # 'id' for SQLite, None for others (must not be 'i').
-        self.assertIn(self.get_primary_key(IntegerPK._meta.db_table), ('id', None))
+        self.assertIn(self.get_primary_key(IntegerPK._meta.db_table), ("id", None))
 
         # Set up a model class as it currently stands. The original IntegerPK
         # class is now out of date and some backends make use of the whole
@@ -1526,15 +1685,15 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             j = IntegerField(unique=True)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
                 apps = new_apps
-                db_table = 'INTEGERPK'
+                db_table = "INTEGERPK"
 
         # model requires a new PK
-        old_field = Transitional._meta.get_field('j')
+        old_field = Transitional._meta.get_field("j")
         new_field = IntegerField(primary_key=True)
         new_field.model = Transitional
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('j')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("j")
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Transitional, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
@@ -1545,9 +1704,9 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             j = IntegerField(primary_key=True)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
                 apps = new_apps
-                db_table = 'INTEGERPK'
+                db_table = "INTEGERPK"
 
         # Ensure unique constraint works.
         IntegerUnique.objects.create(i=1, j=1)
@@ -1563,7 +1722,10 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.create_model(Author)
         # Ensure the field is right to begin with
         columns = self.column_classes(Author)
-        self.assertEqual(columns['name'][0], connection.features.introspected_field_types['CharField'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            columns["name"][0],
+            connection.features.introspected_field_types["CharField"],
+        )
         self.assertNotIn("display_name", columns)
         # Alter the name field's name
         old_field = Author._meta.get_field("name")
@@ -1572,34 +1734,39 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         columns = self.column_classes(Author)
-        self.assertEqual(columns['display_name'][0], connection.features.introspected_field_types['CharField'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            columns["display_name"][0],
+            connection.features.introspected_field_types["CharField"],
+        )
         self.assertNotIn("name", columns)
 
-    @isolate_apps('schema')
+    @isolate_apps("schema")
     def test_rename_referenced_field(self):
         class Author(Model):
             name = CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         class Book(Model):
-            author = ForeignKey(Author, CASCADE, to_field='name')
+            author = ForeignKey(Author, CASCADE, to_field="name")
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
             editor.create_model(Book)
         new_field = CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('renamed')
-        with connection.schema_editor(atomic=connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename) as editor:
-            editor.alter_field(Author, Author._meta.get_field('name'), new_field)
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("renamed")
+        with connection.schema_editor(
+            atomic=connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename
+        ) as editor:
+            editor.alter_field(Author, Author._meta.get_field("name"), new_field)
         # Ensure the foreign key reference was updated.
-        self.assertForeignKeyExists(Book, 'author_id', 'schema_author', 'renamed')
+        self.assertForeignKeyExists(Book, "author_id", "schema_author", "renamed")
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls")
     def test_rename_keep_null_status(self):
         """
         Renaming a field shouldn't affect the not null status.
@@ -1614,7 +1781,7 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Note, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         columns = self.column_classes(Note)
-        self.assertEqual(columns['detail_info'][0], "TextField")
+        self.assertEqual(columns["detail_info"][0], "TextField")
         self.assertNotIn("info", columns)
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
             NoteRename.objects.create(detail_info=None)
@@ -1623,6 +1790,7 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         """
         Tests M2M fields on models during creation
         """
+
         class LocalBookWithM2M(Model):
             author = ForeignKey(Author, CASCADE)
             title = CharField(max_length=100, db_index=True)
@@ -1630,8 +1798,9 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             tags = M2MFieldClass("TagM2MTest", related_name="books")
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
                 apps = new_apps
+
         self.local_models = [LocalBookWithM2M]
         # Create the tables
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -1639,8 +1808,13 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.create_model(TagM2MTest)
             editor.create_model(LocalBookWithM2M)
         # Ensure there is now an m2m table there
-        columns = self.column_classes(LocalBookWithM2M._meta.get_field("tags").remote_field.through)
-        self.assertEqual(columns['tagm2mtest_id'][0], connection.features.introspected_field_types['IntegerField'])
+        columns = self.column_classes(
+            LocalBookWithM2M._meta.get_field("tags").remote_field.through
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            columns["tagm2mtest_id"][0],
+            connection.features.introspected_field_types["IntegerField"],
+        )
 
     def test_m2m_create(self):
         self._test_m2m_create(ManyToManyField)
@@ -1655,19 +1829,22 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         """
         Tests M2M fields on models during creation with through models
         """
+
         class LocalTagThrough(Model):
             book = ForeignKey("schema.LocalBookWithM2MThrough", CASCADE)
             tag = ForeignKey("schema.TagM2MTest", CASCADE)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         class LocalBookWithM2MThrough(Model):
-            tags = M2MFieldClass("TagM2MTest", related_name="books", through=LocalTagThrough)
+            tags = M2MFieldClass(
+                "TagM2MTest", related_name="books", through=LocalTagThrough
+            )
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         self.local_models = [LocalTagThrough, LocalBookWithM2MThrough]
@@ -1679,8 +1856,14 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.create_model(LocalBookWithM2MThrough)
         # Ensure there is now an m2m table there
         columns = self.column_classes(LocalTagThrough)
-        self.assertEqual(columns['book_id'][0], connection.features.introspected_field_types['IntegerField'])
-        self.assertEqual(columns['tag_id'][0], connection.features.introspected_field_types['IntegerField'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            columns["book_id"][0],
+            connection.features.introspected_field_types["IntegerField"],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            columns["tag_id"][0],
+            connection.features.introspected_field_types["IntegerField"],
+        )
 
     def test_m2m_create_through(self):
         self._test_m2m_create_through(ManyToManyField)
@@ -1695,11 +1878,12 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         """
         Tests adding/removing M2M fields on models
         """
+
         class LocalAuthorWithM2M(Model):
             name = CharField(max_length=255)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         self.local_models = [LocalAuthorWithM2M]
@@ -1719,7 +1903,10 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.add_field(LocalAuthorWithM2M, new_field)
         # Ensure there is now an m2m table there
         columns = self.column_classes(new_field.remote_field.through)
-        self.assertEqual(columns['tagm2mtest_id'][0], connection.features.introspected_field_types['IntegerField'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            columns["tagm2mtest_id"][0],
+            connection.features.introspected_field_types["IntegerField"],
+        )
 
         # "Alter" the field. This should not rename the DB table to itself.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -1736,7 +1923,9 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         # we've removed the tags field.
         opts = LocalAuthorWithM2M._meta
         opts.local_many_to_many.remove(new_field)
-        del new_apps.all_models['schema'][new_field.remote_field.through._meta.model_name]
+        del new_apps.all_models["schema"][
+            new_field.remote_field.through._meta.model_name
+        ]
         opts._expire_cache()
 
     def test_m2m(self):
@@ -1752,20 +1941,23 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         """
         Tests altering M2Ms with explicit through models (should no-op)
         """
+
         class LocalAuthorTag(Model):
             author = ForeignKey("schema.LocalAuthorWithM2MThrough", CASCADE)
             tag = ForeignKey("schema.TagM2MTest", CASCADE)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         class LocalAuthorWithM2MThrough(Model):
             name = CharField(max_length=255)
-            tags = M2MFieldClass("schema.TagM2MTest", related_name="authors", through=LocalAuthorTag)
+            tags = M2MFieldClass(
+                "schema.TagM2MTest", related_name="authors", through=LocalAuthorTag
+            )
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
                 apps = new_apps
 
         self.local_models = [LocalAuthorTag, LocalAuthorWithM2MThrough]
@@ -1779,10 +1971,14 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(len(self.column_classes(LocalAuthorTag)), 3)
         # "Alter" the field's blankness. This should not actually do anything.
         old_field = LocalAuthorWithM2MThrough._meta.get_field("tags")
-        new_field = M2MFieldClass("schema.TagM2MTest", related_name="authors", through=LocalAuthorTag)
+        new_field = M2MFieldClass(
+            "schema.TagM2MTest", related_name="authors", through=LocalAuthorTag
+        )
         new_field.contribute_to_class(LocalAuthorWithM2MThrough, "tags")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            editor.alter_field(LocalAuthorWithM2MThrough, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
+            editor.alter_field(
+                LocalAuthorWithM2MThrough, old_field, new_field, strict=True
+            )
         # Ensure the m2m table is still there
         self.assertEqual(len(self.column_classes(LocalAuthorTag)), 3)
 
@@ -1799,6 +1995,7 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         """
         Tests repointing M2M fields
         """
+
         class LocalBookWithM2M(Model):
             author = ForeignKey(Author, CASCADE)
             title = CharField(max_length=100, db_index=True)
@@ -1806,8 +2003,9 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             tags = M2MFieldClass("TagM2MTest", related_name="books")
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
                 apps = new_apps
+
         self.local_models = [LocalBookWithM2M]
         # Create the tables
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -1819,8 +2017,8 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
             self.assertForeignKeyExists(
                 LocalBookWithM2M._meta.get_field("tags").remote_field.through,
-                'tagm2mtest_id',
-                'schema_tagm2mtest',
+                "tagm2mtest_id",
+                "schema_tagm2mtest",
             )
         # Repoint the M2M
         old_field = LocalBookWithM2M._meta.get_field("tags")
@@ -1830,14 +2028,18 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.alter_field(LocalBookWithM2M, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         # Ensure old M2M is gone
         with self.assertRaises(DatabaseError):
-            self.column_classes(LocalBookWithM2M._meta.get_field("tags").remote_field.through)
+            self.column_classes(
+                LocalBookWithM2M._meta.get_field("tags").remote_field.through
+            )
 
         # This model looks like the new model and is used for teardown.
         opts = LocalBookWithM2M._meta
         opts.local_many_to_many.remove(old_field)
         # Ensure the new M2M exists and points to UniqueTest
         if connection.features.supports_foreign_keys:
-            self.assertForeignKeyExists(new_field.remote_field.through, 'uniquetest_id', 'schema_uniquetest')
+            self.assertForeignKeyExists(
+                new_field.remote_field.through, "uniquetest_id", "schema_uniquetest"
+            )
 
     def test_m2m_repoint(self):
         self._test_m2m_repoint(ManyToManyField)
@@ -1848,19 +2050,19 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
     def test_m2m_repoint_inherited(self):
         self._test_m2m_repoint(InheritedManyToManyField)
 
-    @isolate_apps('schema')
+    @isolate_apps("schema")
     def test_m2m_rename_field_in_target_model(self):
         class LocalTagM2MTest(Model):
             title = CharField(max_length=255)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         class LocalM2M(Model):
             tags = ManyToManyField(LocalTagM2MTest)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         # Create the tables.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -1870,9 +2072,9 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         # Ensure the m2m table is there.
         self.assertEqual(len(self.column_classes(LocalM2M)), 1)
         # Alter a field in LocalTagM2MTest.
-        old_field = LocalTagM2MTest._meta.get_field('title')
+        old_field = LocalTagM2MTest._meta.get_field("title")
         new_field = CharField(max_length=254)
-        new_field.contribute_to_class(LocalTagM2MTest, 'title1')
+        new_field.contribute_to_class(LocalTagM2MTest, "title1")
         # @isolate_apps() and inner models are needed to have the model
         # relations populated, otherwise this doesn't act as a regression test.
         self.assertEqual(len(new_field.model._meta.related_objects), 1)
@@ -1881,7 +2083,9 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         # Ensure the m2m table is still there.
         self.assertEqual(len(self.column_classes(LocalM2M)), 1)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_column_check_constraints', 'can_introspect_check_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature(
+        "supports_column_check_constraints", "can_introspect_check_constraints"
+    )
     def test_check_constraints(self):
         """
         Tests creating/deleting CHECK constraints
@@ -1891,7 +2095,10 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.create_model(Author)
         # Ensure the constraint exists
         constraints = self.get_constraints(Author._meta.db_table)
-        if not any(details['columns'] == ['height'] and details['check'] for details in constraints.values()):
+        if not any(
+            details["columns"] == ["height"] and details["check"]
+            for details in constraints.values()
+        ):
             self.fail("No check constraint for height found")
         # Alter the column to remove it
         old_field = Author._meta.get_field("height")
@@ -1901,29 +2108,34 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.alter_field(Author, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         constraints = self.get_constraints(Author._meta.db_table)
         for details in constraints.values():
-            if details['columns'] == ["height"] and details['check']:
+            if details["columns"] == ["height"] and details["check"]:
                 self.fail("Check constraint for height found")
         # Alter the column to re-add it
         new_field2 = Author._meta.get_field("height")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, new_field, new_field2, strict=True)
         constraints = self.get_constraints(Author._meta.db_table)
-        if not any(details['columns'] == ['height'] and details['check'] for details in constraints.values()):
+        if not any(
+            details["columns"] == ["height"] and details["check"]
+            for details in constraints.values()
+        ):
             self.fail("No check constraint for height found")
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_column_check_constraints', 'can_introspect_check_constraints')
-    @isolate_apps('schema')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature(
+        "supports_column_check_constraints", "can_introspect_check_constraints"
+    )
+    @isolate_apps("schema")
     def test_check_constraint_timedelta_param(self):
         class DurationModel(Model):
             duration = DurationField()
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(DurationModel)
         self.isolated_local_models = [DurationModel]
-        constraint_name = 'duration_gte_5_minutes'
+        constraint_name = "duration_gte_5_minutes"
         constraint = CheckConstraint(
             check=Q(duration__gt=datetime.timedelta(minutes=5)),
             name=constraint_name,
@@ -1937,12 +2149,16 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             DurationModel.objects.create(duration=datetime.timedelta(minutes=4))
         DurationModel.objects.create(duration=datetime.timedelta(minutes=10))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_column_check_constraints', 'can_introspect_check_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature(
+        "supports_column_check_constraints", "can_introspect_check_constraints"
+    )
     def test_remove_field_check_does_not_remove_meta_constraints(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
         # Add the custom check constraint
-        constraint = CheckConstraint(check=Q(height__gte=0), name='author_height_gte_0_check')
+        constraint = CheckConstraint(
+            check=Q(height__gte=0), name="author_height_gte_0_check"
+        )
         custom_constraint_name = constraint.name
         Author._meta.constraints = [constraint]
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -1951,32 +2167,41 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         constraints = self.get_constraints(Author._meta.db_table)
         self.assertIn(custom_constraint_name, constraints)
         other_constraints = [
-            name for name, details in constraints.items()
-            if details['columns'] == ['height'] and details['check'] and name != custom_constraint_name
+            name
+            for name, details in constraints.items()
+            if details["columns"] == ["height"]
+            and details["check"]
+            and name != custom_constraint_name
         ]
         self.assertEqual(len(other_constraints), 1)
         # Alter the column to remove field check
-        old_field = Author._meta.get_field('height')
+        old_field = Author._meta.get_field("height")
         new_field = IntegerField(null=True, blank=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('height')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("height")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         constraints = self.get_constraints(Author._meta.db_table)
         self.assertIn(custom_constraint_name, constraints)
         other_constraints = [
-            name for name, details in constraints.items()
-            if details['columns'] == ['height'] and details['check'] and name != custom_constraint_name
+            name
+            for name, details in constraints.items()
+            if details["columns"] == ["height"]
+            and details["check"]
+            and name != custom_constraint_name
         ]
         self.assertEqual(len(other_constraints), 0)
         # Alter the column to re-add field check
-        new_field2 = Author._meta.get_field('height')
+        new_field2 = Author._meta.get_field("height")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, new_field, new_field2, strict=True)
         constraints = self.get_constraints(Author._meta.db_table)
         self.assertIn(custom_constraint_name, constraints)
         other_constraints = [
-            name for name, details in constraints.items()
-            if details['columns'] == ['height'] and details['check'] and name != custom_constraint_name
+            name
+            for name, details in constraints.items()
+            if details["columns"] == ["height"]
+            and details["check"]
+            and name != custom_constraint_name
         ]
         self.assertEqual(len(other_constraints), 1)
         # Drop the check constraint
@@ -2032,15 +2257,15 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         try:
             with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                 editor.create_model(TagUniqueRename)
-                editor.alter_db_table(TagUniqueRename, old_table_name, 'unique-table')
-                TagUniqueRename._meta.db_table = 'unique-table'
+                editor.alter_db_table(TagUniqueRename, old_table_name, "unique-table")
+                TagUniqueRename._meta.db_table = "unique-table"
                 # This fails if the unique index name isn't quoted.
-                editor.alter_unique_together(TagUniqueRename, [], (('title', 'slug2'),))
+                editor.alter_unique_together(TagUniqueRename, [], (("title", "slug2"),))
         finally:
             TagUniqueRename._meta.db_table = old_table_name
 
-    @isolate_apps('schema')
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_foreign_keys')
+    @isolate_apps("schema")
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
     def test_unique_no_unnecessary_fk_drops(self):
         """
         If AlterField isn't selective about dropping foreign key constraints
@@ -2048,72 +2273,74 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         incorrectly drops and recreates the Book.author foreign key even though
         it doesn't restrict the field being changed (#29193).
         """
+
         class Author(Model):
             name = CharField(max_length=254, unique=True)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         class Book(Model):
             author = ForeignKey(Author, CASCADE)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
             editor.create_model(Book)
         new_field = CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)
         new_field.model = Author
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('name')
-        with self.assertLogs('django.db.backends.schema', 'DEBUG') as cm:
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("name")
+        with self.assertLogs("django.db.backends.schema", "DEBUG") as cm:
             with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-                editor.alter_field(Author, Author._meta.get_field('name'), new_field)
+                editor.alter_field(Author, Author._meta.get_field("name"), new_field)
         # One SQL statement is executed to alter the field.
         self.assertEqual(len(cm.records), 1)
 
-    @isolate_apps('schema')
+    @isolate_apps("schema")
     def test_unique_and_reverse_m2m(self):
         """
         AlterField can modify a unique field when there's a reverse M2M
         relation on the model.
         """
+
         class Tag(Model):
             title = CharField(max_length=255)
             slug = SlugField(unique=True)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         class Book(Model):
-            tags = ManyToManyField(Tag, related_name='books')
+            tags = ManyToManyField(Tag, related_name="books")
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
-        self.isolated_local_models = [Book._meta.get_field('tags').remote_field.through]
+        self.isolated_local_models = [Book._meta.get_field("tags").remote_field.through]
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Tag)
             editor.create_model(Book)
         new_field = SlugField(max_length=75, unique=True)
         new_field.model = Tag
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('slug')
-        with self.assertLogs('django.db.backends.schema', 'DEBUG') as cm:
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("slug")
+        with self.assertLogs("django.db.backends.schema", "DEBUG") as cm:
             with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-                editor.alter_field(Tag, Tag._meta.get_field('slug'), new_field)
+                editor.alter_field(Tag, Tag._meta.get_field("slug"), new_field)
         # One SQL statement is executed to alter the field.
         self.assertEqual(len(cm.records), 1)
         # Ensure that the field is still unique.
-        Tag.objects.create(title='foo', slug='foo')
+        Tag.objects.create(title="foo", slug="foo")
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
-            Tag.objects.create(title='bar', slug='foo')
+            Tag.objects.create(title="bar", slug="foo")
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('allows_multiple_constraints_on_same_fields')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("allows_multiple_constraints_on_same_fields")
     def test_remove_field_unique_does_not_remove_meta_constraints(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(AuthorWithUniqueName)
         # Add the custom unique constraint
-        constraint = UniqueConstraint(fields=['name'], name='author_name_uniq')
+        constraint = UniqueConstraint(fields=["name"], name="author_name_uniq")
         custom_constraint_name = constraint.name
         AuthorWithUniqueName._meta.constraints = [constraint]
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -2122,32 +2349,41 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         constraints = self.get_constraints(AuthorWithUniqueName._meta.db_table)
         self.assertIn(custom_constraint_name, constraints)
         other_constraints = [
-            name for name, details in constraints.items()
-            if details['columns'] == ['name'] and details['unique'] and name != custom_constraint_name
+            name
+            for name, details in constraints.items()
+            if details["columns"] == ["name"]
+            and details["unique"]
+            and name != custom_constraint_name
         ]
         self.assertEqual(len(other_constraints), 1)
         # Alter the column to remove field uniqueness
-        old_field = AuthorWithUniqueName._meta.get_field('name')
+        old_field = AuthorWithUniqueName._meta.get_field("name")
         new_field = CharField(max_length=255)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('name')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("name")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(AuthorWithUniqueName, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         constraints = self.get_constraints(AuthorWithUniqueName._meta.db_table)
         self.assertIn(custom_constraint_name, constraints)
         other_constraints = [
-            name for name, details in constraints.items()
-            if details['columns'] == ['name'] and details['unique'] and name != custom_constraint_name
+            name
+            for name, details in constraints.items()
+            if details["columns"] == ["name"]
+            and details["unique"]
+            and name != custom_constraint_name
         ]
         self.assertEqual(len(other_constraints), 0)
         # Alter the column to re-add field uniqueness
-        new_field2 = AuthorWithUniqueName._meta.get_field('name')
+        new_field2 = AuthorWithUniqueName._meta.get_field("name")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(AuthorWithUniqueName, new_field, new_field2, strict=True)
         constraints = self.get_constraints(AuthorWithUniqueName._meta.db_table)
         self.assertIn(custom_constraint_name, constraints)
         other_constraints = [
-            name for name, details in constraints.items()
-            if details['columns'] == ['name'] and details['unique'] and name != custom_constraint_name
+            name
+            for name, details in constraints.items()
+            if details["columns"] == ["name"]
+            and details["unique"]
+            and name != custom_constraint_name
         ]
         self.assertEqual(len(other_constraints), 1)
         # Drop the unique constraint
@@ -2171,7 +2407,9 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         UniqueTest.objects.all().delete()
         # Alter the model to its non-unique-together companion
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            editor.alter_unique_together(UniqueTest, UniqueTest._meta.unique_together, [])
+            editor.alter_unique_together(
+                UniqueTest, UniqueTest._meta.unique_together, []
+            )
         # Ensure the fields are no longer unique
         UniqueTest.objects.create(year=2012, slug="foo")
         UniqueTest.objects.create(year=2012, slug="foo")
@@ -2180,7 +2418,9 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         new_field2 = SlugField(unique=True)
         new_field2.set_attributes_from_name("slug")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            editor.alter_unique_together(UniqueTest, [], UniqueTest._meta.unique_together)
+            editor.alter_unique_together(
+                UniqueTest, [], UniqueTest._meta.unique_together
+            )
         # Ensure the fields are unique again
         UniqueTest.objects.create(year=2012, slug="foo")
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
@@ -2200,10 +2440,10 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(Book._meta.unique_together, ())
         # Add the unique_together constraint
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            editor.alter_unique_together(Book, [], [['author', 'title']])
+            editor.alter_unique_together(Book, [], [["author", "title"]])
         # Alter it back
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            editor.alter_unique_together(Book, [['author', 'title']], [])
+            editor.alter_unique_together(Book, [["author", "title"]], [])
 
     def test_unique_together_with_fk_with_existing_index(self):
         """
@@ -2216,54 +2456,75 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.create_model(Author)
             editor.create_model(BookWithoutAuthor)
             new_field = ForeignKey(Author, CASCADE)
-            new_field.set_attributes_from_name('author')
+            new_field.set_attributes_from_name("author")
             editor.add_field(BookWithoutAuthor, new_field)
         # Ensure the fields aren't unique to begin with
         self.assertEqual(Book._meta.unique_together, ())
         # Add the unique_together constraint
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            editor.alter_unique_together(Book, [], [['author', 'title']])
+            editor.alter_unique_together(Book, [], [["author", "title"]])
         # Alter it back
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            editor.alter_unique_together(Book, [['author', 'title']], [])
+            editor.alter_unique_together(Book, [["author", "title"]], [])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('allows_multiple_constraints_on_same_fields')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("allows_multiple_constraints_on_same_fields")
     def test_remove_unique_together_does_not_remove_meta_constraints(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(AuthorWithUniqueNameAndBirthday)
         # Add the custom unique constraint
-        constraint = UniqueConstraint(fields=['name', 'birthday'], name='author_name_birthday_uniq')
+        constraint = UniqueConstraint(
+            fields=["name", "birthday"], name="author_name_birthday_uniq"
+        )
         custom_constraint_name = constraint.name
         AuthorWithUniqueNameAndBirthday._meta.constraints = [constraint]
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_constraint(AuthorWithUniqueNameAndBirthday, constraint)
         # Ensure the constraints exist
-        constraints = self.get_constraints(AuthorWithUniqueNameAndBirthday._meta.db_table)
+        constraints = self.get_constraints(
+            AuthorWithUniqueNameAndBirthday._meta.db_table
+        )
         self.assertIn(custom_constraint_name, constraints)
         other_constraints = [
-            name for name, details in constraints.items()
-            if details['columns'] == ['name', 'birthday'] and details['unique'] and name != custom_constraint_name
+            name
+            for name, details in constraints.items()
+            if details["columns"] == ["name", "birthday"]
+            and details["unique"]
+            and name != custom_constraint_name
         ]
         self.assertEqual(len(other_constraints), 1)
         # Remove unique together
         unique_together = AuthorWithUniqueNameAndBirthday._meta.unique_together
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            editor.alter_unique_together(AuthorWithUniqueNameAndBirthday, unique_together, [])
-        constraints = self.get_constraints(AuthorWithUniqueNameAndBirthday._meta.db_table)
+            editor.alter_unique_together(
+                AuthorWithUniqueNameAndBirthday, unique_together, []
+            )
+        constraints = self.get_constraints(
+            AuthorWithUniqueNameAndBirthday._meta.db_table
+        )
         self.assertIn(custom_constraint_name, constraints)
         other_constraints = [
-            name for name, details in constraints.items()
-            if details['columns'] == ['name', 'birthday'] and details['unique'] and name != custom_constraint_name
+            name
+            for name, details in constraints.items()
+            if details["columns"] == ["name", "birthday"]
+            and details["unique"]
+            and name != custom_constraint_name
         ]
         self.assertEqual(len(other_constraints), 0)
         # Re-add unique together
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            editor.alter_unique_together(AuthorWithUniqueNameAndBirthday, [], unique_together)
-        constraints = self.get_constraints(AuthorWithUniqueNameAndBirthday._meta.db_table)
+            editor.alter_unique_together(
+                AuthorWithUniqueNameAndBirthday, [], unique_together
+            )
+        constraints = self.get_constraints(
+            AuthorWithUniqueNameAndBirthday._meta.db_table
+        )
         self.assertIn(custom_constraint_name, constraints)
         other_constraints = [
-            name for name, details in constraints.items()
-            if details['columns'] == ['name', 'birthday'] and details['unique'] and name != custom_constraint_name
+            name
+            for name, details in constraints.items()
+            if details["columns"] == ["name", "birthday"]
+            and details["unique"]
+            and name != custom_constraint_name
         ]
         self.assertEqual(len(other_constraints), 1)
         # Drop the unique constraint
@@ -2274,24 +2535,24 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
     def test_unique_constraint(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
-        constraint = UniqueConstraint(fields=['name'], name='name_uq')
+        constraint = UniqueConstraint(fields=["name"], name="name_uq")
         # Add constraint.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_constraint(Author, constraint)
             sql = constraint.create_sql(Author, editor)
         table = Author._meta.db_table
         self.assertIs(sql.references_table(table), True)
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'name'), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "name"), True)
         # Remove constraint.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_constraint(Author, constraint)
         self.assertNotIn(constraint.name, self.get_constraints(table))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_func_unique_constraint(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
-        constraint = UniqueConstraint(Upper('name').desc(), name='func_upper_uq')
+        constraint = UniqueConstraint(Upper("name").desc(), name="func_upper_uq")
         # Add constraint.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_constraint(Author, constraint)
@@ -2299,26 +2560,26 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         table = Author._meta.db_table
         constraints = self.get_constraints(table)
         if connection.features.supports_index_column_ordering:
-            self.assertIndexOrder(table, constraint.name, ['DESC'])
+            self.assertIndexOrder(table, constraint.name, ["DESC"])
         self.assertIn(constraint.name, constraints)
-        self.assertIs(constraints[constraint.name]['unique'], True)
+        self.assertIs(constraints[constraint.name]["unique"], True)
         # SQL contains a database function.
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'name'), True)
-        self.assertIn('UPPER(%s)' % editor.quote_name('name'), str(sql))
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "name"), True)
+        self.assertIn("UPPER(%s)" % editor.quote_name("name"), str(sql))
         # Remove constraint.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_constraint(Author, constraint)
         self.assertNotIn(constraint.name, self.get_constraints(table))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_composite_func_unique_constraint(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
             editor.create_model(BookWithSlug)
         constraint = UniqueConstraint(
-            Upper('title'),
-            Lower('slug'),
-            name='func_upper_lower_unq',
+            Upper("title"),
+            Lower("slug"),
+            name="func_upper_lower_unq",
         )
         # Add constraint.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -2327,28 +2588,28 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         table = BookWithSlug._meta.db_table
         constraints = self.get_constraints(table)
         self.assertIn(constraint.name, constraints)
-        self.assertIs(constraints[constraint.name]['unique'], True)
+        self.assertIs(constraints[constraint.name]["unique"], True)
         # SQL contains database functions.
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'title'), True)
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'slug'), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "title"), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "slug"), True)
         sql = str(sql)
-        self.assertIn('UPPER(%s)' % editor.quote_name('title'), sql)
-        self.assertIn('LOWER(%s)' % editor.quote_name('slug'), sql)
-        self.assertLess(sql.index('UPPER'), sql.index('LOWER'))
+        self.assertIn("UPPER(%s)" % editor.quote_name("title"), sql)
+        self.assertIn("LOWER(%s)" % editor.quote_name("slug"), sql)
+        self.assertLess(sql.index("UPPER"), sql.index("LOWER"))
         # Remove constraint.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_constraint(BookWithSlug, constraint)
         self.assertNotIn(constraint.name, self.get_constraints(table))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_unique_constraint_field_and_expression(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
         constraint = UniqueConstraint(
-            F('height').desc(),
-            'uuid',
-            Lower('name').asc(),
-            name='func_f_lower_field_unq',
+            F("height").desc(),
+            "uuid",
+            Lower("name").asc(),
+            name="func_f_lower_field_unq",
         )
         # Add constraint.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -2356,28 +2617,28 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             sql = constraint.create_sql(Author, editor)
         table = Author._meta.db_table
         if connection.features.supports_index_column_ordering:
-            self.assertIndexOrder(table, constraint.name, ['DESC', 'ASC', 'ASC'])
+            self.assertIndexOrder(table, constraint.name, ["DESC", "ASC", "ASC"])
         constraints = self.get_constraints(table)
-        self.assertIs(constraints[constraint.name]['unique'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(len(constraints[constraint.name]['columns']), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[constraint.name]['columns'][1], 'uuid')
+        self.assertIs(constraints[constraint.name]["unique"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(len(constraints[constraint.name]["columns"]), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[constraint.name]["columns"][1], "uuid")
         # SQL contains database functions and columns.
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'height'), True)
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'name'), True)
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'uuid'), True)
-        self.assertIn('LOWER(%s)' % editor.quote_name('name'), str(sql))
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "height"), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "name"), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "uuid"), True)
+        self.assertIn("LOWER(%s)" % editor.quote_name("name"), str(sql))
         # Remove constraint.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_constraint(Author, constraint)
         self.assertNotIn(constraint.name, self.get_constraints(table))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes', 'supports_partial_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes", "supports_partial_indexes")
     def test_func_unique_constraint_partial(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
         constraint = UniqueConstraint(
-            Upper('name'),
-            name='func_upper_cond_weight_uq',
+            Upper("name"),
+            name="func_upper_cond_weight_uq",
             condition=Q(weight__isnull=False),
         )
         # Add constraint.
@@ -2387,11 +2648,11 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         table = Author._meta.db_table
         constraints = self.get_constraints(table)
         self.assertIn(constraint.name, constraints)
-        self.assertIs(constraints[constraint.name]['unique'], True)
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'name'), True)
-        self.assertIn('UPPER(%s)' % editor.quote_name('name'), str(sql))
+        self.assertIs(constraints[constraint.name]["unique"], True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "name"), True)
+        self.assertIn("UPPER(%s)" % editor.quote_name("name"), str(sql))
         self.assertIn(
-            'WHERE %s IS NOT NULL' % editor.quote_name('weight'),
+            "WHERE %s IS NOT NULL" % editor.quote_name("weight"),
             str(sql),
         )
         # Remove constraint.
@@ -2399,14 +2660,14 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.remove_constraint(Author, constraint)
         self.assertNotIn(constraint.name, self.get_constraints(table))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes', 'supports_covering_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes", "supports_covering_indexes")
     def test_func_unique_constraint_covering(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
         constraint = UniqueConstraint(
-            Upper('name'),
-            name='func_upper_covering_uq',
-            include=['weight', 'height'],
+            Upper("name"),
+            name="func_upper_covering_uq",
+            include=["weight", "height"],
         )
         # Add constraint.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -2415,19 +2676,20 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         table = Author._meta.db_table
         constraints = self.get_constraints(table)
         self.assertIn(constraint.name, constraints)
-        self.assertIs(constraints[constraint.name]['unique'], True)
+        self.assertIs(constraints[constraint.name]["unique"], True)
         self.assertEqual(
-            constraints[constraint.name]['columns'],
-            [None, 'weight', 'height'],
+            constraints[constraint.name]["columns"],
+            [None, "weight", "height"],
         )
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'name'), True)
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'weight'), True)
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'height'), True)
-        self.assertIn('UPPER(%s)' % editor.quote_name('name'), str(sql))
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "name"), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "weight"), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "height"), True)
+        self.assertIn("UPPER(%s)" % editor.quote_name("name"), str(sql))
         self.assertIn(
-            'INCLUDE (%s, %s)' % (
-                editor.quote_name('weight'),
-                editor.quote_name('height'),
+            "INCLUDE (%s, %s)"
+            % (
+                editor.quote_name("weight"),
+                editor.quote_name("height"),
             ),
             str(sql),
         )
@@ -2436,15 +2698,15 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.remove_constraint(Author, constraint)
         self.assertNotIn(constraint.name, self.get_constraints(table))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_func_unique_constraint_lookups(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
         with register_lookup(CharField, Lower), register_lookup(IntegerField, Abs):
             constraint = UniqueConstraint(
-                F('name__lower'),
-                F('weight__abs'),
-                name='func_lower_abs_lookup_uq',
+                F("name__lower"),
+                F("weight__abs"),
+                name="func_lower_abs_lookup_uq",
             )
             # Add constraint.
             with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -2453,29 +2715,27 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         table = Author._meta.db_table
         constraints = self.get_constraints(table)
         self.assertIn(constraint.name, constraints)
-        self.assertIs(constraints[constraint.name]['unique'], True)
+        self.assertIs(constraints[constraint.name]["unique"], True)
         # SQL contains columns.
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'name'), True)
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'weight'), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "name"), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "weight"), True)
         # Remove constraint.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_constraint(Author, constraint)
         self.assertNotIn(constraint.name, self.get_constraints(table))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_func_unique_constraint_collate(self):
-        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get('non_default')
+        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get("non_default")
         if not collation:
-            self.skipTest(
-                'This backend does not support case-insensitive collations.'
-            )
+            self.skipTest("This backend does not support case-insensitive collations.")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
             editor.create_model(BookWithSlug)
         constraint = UniqueConstraint(
-            Collate(F('title'), collation=collation).desc(),
-            Collate('slug', collation=collation),
-            name='func_collate_uq',
+            Collate(F("title"), collation=collation).desc(),
+            Collate("slug", collation=collation),
+            name="func_collate_uq",
         )
         # Add constraint.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -2484,32 +2744,32 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         table = BookWithSlug._meta.db_table
         constraints = self.get_constraints(table)
         self.assertIn(constraint.name, constraints)
-        self.assertIs(constraints[constraint.name]['unique'], True)
+        self.assertIs(constraints[constraint.name]["unique"], True)
         if connection.features.supports_index_column_ordering:
-            self.assertIndexOrder(table, constraint.name, ['DESC', 'ASC'])
+            self.assertIndexOrder(table, constraint.name, ["DESC", "ASC"])
         # SQL contains columns and a collation.
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'title'), True)
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'slug'), True)
-        self.assertIn('COLLATE %s' % editor.quote_name(collation), str(sql))
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "title"), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "slug"), True)
+        self.assertIn("COLLATE %s" % editor.quote_name(collation), str(sql))
         # Remove constraint.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_constraint(BookWithSlug, constraint)
         self.assertNotIn(constraint.name, self.get_constraints(table))
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_func_unique_constraint_unsupported(self):
         # UniqueConstraint is ignored on databases that don't support indexes on
         # expressions.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
-        constraint = UniqueConstraint(F('name'), name='func_name_uq')
+        constraint = UniqueConstraint(F("name"), name="func_name_uq")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor, self.assertNumQueries(0):
             self.assertIsNone(editor.add_constraint(Author, constraint))
             self.assertIsNone(editor.remove_constraint(Author, constraint))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_func_unique_constraint_nonexistent_field(self):
-        constraint = UniqueConstraint(Lower('nonexistent'), name='func_nonexistent_uq')
+        constraint = UniqueConstraint(Lower("nonexistent"), name="func_nonexistent_uq")
         msg = (
             "Cannot resolve keyword 'nonexistent' into field. Choices are: "
             "height, id, name, uuid, weight"
@@ -2518,11 +2778,11 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                 editor.add_constraint(Author, constraint)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_func_unique_constraint_nondeterministic(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
-        constraint = UniqueConstraint(Random(), name='func_random_uq')
+        constraint = UniqueConstraint(Random(), name="func_random_uq")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             with self.assertRaises(DatabaseError):
                 editor.add_constraint(Author, constraint)
@@ -2539,7 +2799,7 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             any(
                 c["index"]
                 for c in self.get_constraints("schema_tag").values()
-                if c['columns'] == ["slug", "title"]
+                if c["columns"] == ["slug", "title"]
             ),
             False,
         )
@@ -2551,7 +2811,7 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             any(
                 c["index"]
                 for c in self.get_constraints("schema_tag").values()
-                if c['columns'] == ["slug", "title"]
+                if c["columns"] == ["slug", "title"]
             ),
             True,
         )
@@ -2565,7 +2825,7 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             any(
                 c["index"]
                 for c in self.get_constraints("schema_tag").values()
-                if c['columns'] == ["slug", "title"]
+                if c["columns"] == ["slug", "title"]
             ),
             False,
         )
@@ -2583,10 +2843,10 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(Book._meta.index_together, ())
         # Add the unique_together constraint
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            editor.alter_index_together(Book, [], [['author', 'title']])
+            editor.alter_index_together(Book, [], [["author", "title"]])
         # Alter it back
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            editor.alter_index_together(Book, [['author', 'title']], [])
+            editor.alter_index_together(Book, [["author", "title"]], [])
 
     def test_create_index_together(self):
         """
@@ -2600,48 +2860,67 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             any(
                 c["index"]
                 for c in self.get_constraints("schema_tagindexed").values()
-                if c['columns'] == ["slug", "title"]
+                if c["columns"] == ["slug", "title"]
             ),
             True,
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('allows_multiple_constraints_on_same_fields')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("allows_multiple_constraints_on_same_fields")
     def test_remove_index_together_does_not_remove_meta_indexes(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(AuthorWithIndexedNameAndBirthday)
         # Add the custom index
-        index = Index(fields=['name', 'birthday'], name='author_name_birthday_idx')
+        index = Index(fields=["name", "birthday"], name="author_name_birthday_idx")
         custom_index_name = index.name
         AuthorWithIndexedNameAndBirthday._meta.indexes = [index]
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(AuthorWithIndexedNameAndBirthday, index)
         # Ensure the indexes exist
-        constraints = self.get_constraints(AuthorWithIndexedNameAndBirthday._meta.db_table)
+        constraints = self.get_constraints(
+            AuthorWithIndexedNameAndBirthday._meta.db_table
+        )
         self.assertIn(custom_index_name, constraints)
         other_constraints = [
-            name for name, details in constraints.items()
-            if details['columns'] == ['name', 'birthday'] and details['index'] and name != custom_index_name
+            name
+            for name, details in constraints.items()
+            if details["columns"] == ["name", "birthday"]
+            and details["index"]
+            and name != custom_index_name
         ]
         self.assertEqual(len(other_constraints), 1)
         # Remove index together
         index_together = AuthorWithIndexedNameAndBirthday._meta.index_together
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            editor.alter_index_together(AuthorWithIndexedNameAndBirthday, index_together, [])
-        constraints = self.get_constraints(AuthorWithIndexedNameAndBirthday._meta.db_table)
+            editor.alter_index_together(
+                AuthorWithIndexedNameAndBirthday, index_together, []
+            )
+        constraints = self.get_constraints(
+            AuthorWithIndexedNameAndBirthday._meta.db_table
+        )
         self.assertIn(custom_index_name, constraints)
         other_constraints = [
-            name for name, details in constraints.items()
-            if details['columns'] == ['name', 'birthday'] and details['index'] and name != custom_index_name
+            name
+            for name, details in constraints.items()
+            if details["columns"] == ["name", "birthday"]
+            and details["index"]
+            and name != custom_index_name
         ]
         self.assertEqual(len(other_constraints), 0)
         # Re-add index together
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-            editor.alter_index_together(AuthorWithIndexedNameAndBirthday, [], index_together)
-        constraints = self.get_constraints(AuthorWithIndexedNameAndBirthday._meta.db_table)
+            editor.alter_index_together(
+                AuthorWithIndexedNameAndBirthday, [], index_together
+            )
+        constraints = self.get_constraints(
+            AuthorWithIndexedNameAndBirthday._meta.db_table
+        )
         self.assertIn(custom_index_name, constraints)
         other_constraints = [
-            name for name, details in constraints.items()
-            if details['columns'] == ['name', 'birthday'] and details['index'] and name != custom_index_name
+            name
+            for name, details in constraints.items()
+            if details["columns"] == ["name", "birthday"]
+            and details["index"]
+            and name != custom_index_name
         ]
         self.assertEqual(len(other_constraints), 1)
         # Drop the index
@@ -2649,22 +2928,23 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             AuthorWithIndexedNameAndBirthday._meta.indexes = []
             editor.remove_index(AuthorWithIndexedNameAndBirthday, index)
 
-    @isolate_apps('schema')
+    @isolate_apps("schema")
     def test_db_table(self):
         """
         Tests renaming of the table
         """
+
         class Author(Model):
             name = CharField(max_length=255)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         class Book(Model):
             author = ForeignKey(Author, CASCADE)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         # Create the table and one referring it.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -2672,22 +2952,35 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.create_model(Book)
         # Ensure the table is there to begin with
         columns = self.column_classes(Author)
-        self.assertEqual(columns['name'][0], connection.features.introspected_field_types['CharField'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            columns["name"][0],
+            connection.features.introspected_field_types["CharField"],
+        )
         # Alter the table
-        with connection.schema_editor(atomic=connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename) as editor:
+        with connection.schema_editor(
+            atomic=connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename
+        ) as editor:
             editor.alter_db_table(Author, "schema_author", "schema_otherauthor")
         Author._meta.db_table = "schema_otherauthor"
         columns = self.column_classes(Author)
-        self.assertEqual(columns['name'][0], connection.features.introspected_field_types['CharField'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            columns["name"][0],
+            connection.features.introspected_field_types["CharField"],
+        )
         # Ensure the foreign key reference was updated
         self.assertForeignKeyExists(Book, "author_id", "schema_otherauthor")
         # Alter the table again
-        with connection.schema_editor(atomic=connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename) as editor:
+        with connection.schema_editor(
+            atomic=connection.features.supports_atomic_references_rename
+        ) as editor:
             editor.alter_db_table(Author, "schema_otherauthor", "schema_author")
         # Ensure the table is still there
         Author._meta.db_table = "schema_author"
         columns = self.column_classes(Author)
-        self.assertEqual(columns['name'][0], connection.features.introspected_field_types['CharField'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            columns["name"][0],
+            connection.features.introspected_field_types["CharField"],
+        )
 
     def test_add_remove_index(self):
         """
@@ -2697,16 +2990,16 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
         # Ensure the table is there and has no index
-        self.assertNotIn('title', self.get_indexes(Author._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn("title", self.get_indexes(Author._meta.db_table))
         # Add the index
-        index = Index(fields=['name'], name='author_title_idx')
+        index = Index(fields=["name"], name="author_title_idx")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(Author, index)
-        self.assertIn('name', self.get_indexes(Author._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertIn("name", self.get_indexes(Author._meta.db_table))
         # Drop the index
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(Author, index)
-        self.assertNotIn('name', self.get_indexes(Author._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertNotIn("name", self.get_indexes(Author._meta.db_table))
 
     def test_remove_db_index_doesnt_remove_custom_indexes(self):
         """
@@ -2715,15 +3008,15 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(AuthorWithIndexedName)
         # Ensure the table has its index
-        self.assertIn('name', self.get_indexes(AuthorWithIndexedName._meta.db_table))
+        self.assertIn("name", self.get_indexes(AuthorWithIndexedName._meta.db_table))
 
         # Add the custom index
-        index = Index(fields=['-name'], name='author_name_idx')
+        index = Index(fields=["-name"], name="author_name_idx")
         author_index_name = index.name
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             db_index_name = editor._create_index_name(
                 table_name=AuthorWithIndexedName._meta.db_table,
-                column_names=('name',),
+                column_names=("name",),
             )
         try:
             AuthorWithIndexedName._meta.indexes = [index]
@@ -2733,11 +3026,13 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             self.assertIn(author_index_name, old_constraints)
             self.assertIn(db_index_name, old_constraints)
             # Change name field to db_index=False
-            old_field = AuthorWithIndexedName._meta.get_field('name')
+            old_field = AuthorWithIndexedName._meta.get_field("name")
             new_field = CharField(max_length=255)
-            new_field.set_attributes_from_name('name')
+            new_field.set_attributes_from_name("name")
             with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
-                editor.alter_field(AuthorWithIndexedName, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
+                editor.alter_field(
+                    AuthorWithIndexedName, old_field, new_field, strict=True
+                )
             new_constraints = self.get_constraints(AuthorWithIndexedName._meta.db_table)
             self.assertNotIn(db_index_name, new_constraints)
             # The index from Meta.indexes is still in the database.
@@ -2755,14 +3050,14 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
         # The table doesn't have an index
-        self.assertNotIn('title', self.get_indexes(Author._meta.db_table))
-        index_name = 'author_name_idx'
+        self.assertNotIn("title", self.get_indexes(Author._meta.db_table))
+        index_name = "author_name_idx"
         # Add the index
-        index = Index(fields=['name', '-weight'], name=index_name)
+        index = Index(fields=["name", "-weight"], name=index_name)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(Author, index)
         if connection.features.supports_index_column_ordering:
-            self.assertIndexOrder(Author._meta.db_table, index_name, ['ASC', 'DESC'])
+            self.assertIndexOrder(Author._meta.db_table, index_name, ["ASC", "DESC"])
         # Drop the index
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(Author, index)
@@ -2822,19 +3117,28 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(AuthorTextFieldWithIndex)
         # The text_field index is present if the database supports it.
-        assertion = self.assertIn if connection.features.supports_index_on_text_field else self.assertNotIn
-        assertion('text_field', self.get_indexes(AuthorTextFieldWithIndex._meta.db_table))
+        assertion = (
+            self.assertIn
+            if connection.features.supports_index_on_text_field
+            else self.assertNotIn
+        )
+        assertion(
+            "text_field", self.get_indexes(AuthorTextFieldWithIndex._meta.db_table)
+        )
 
     def _index_expressions_wrappers(self):
         index_expression = IndexExpression()
         index_expression.set_wrapper_classes(connection)
-        return ', '.join([
-            wrapper_cls.__qualname__ for wrapper_cls in index_expression.wrapper_classes
-        ])
+        return ", ".join(
+            [
+                wrapper_cls.__qualname__
+                for wrapper_cls in index_expression.wrapper_classes
+            ]
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_func_index_multiple_wrapper_references(self):
-        index = Index(OrderBy(F('name').desc(), descending=True), name='name')
+        index = Index(OrderBy(F("name").desc(), descending=True), name="name")
         msg = (
             "Multiple references to %s can't be used in an indexed expression."
             % self._index_expressions_wrappers()
@@ -2843,42 +3147,42 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
                 editor.add_index(Author, index)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_func_index_invalid_topmost_expressions(self):
-        index = Index(Upper(F('name').desc()), name='name')
+        index = Index(Upper(F("name").desc()), name="name")
         msg = (
-            '%s must be topmost expressions in an indexed expression.'
+            "%s must be topmost expressions in an indexed expression."
             % self._index_expressions_wrappers()
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
                 editor.add_index(Author, index)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_func_index(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
-        index = Index(Lower('name').desc(), name='func_lower_idx')
+        index = Index(Lower("name").desc(), name="func_lower_idx")
         # Add index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(Author, index)
             sql = index.create_sql(Author, editor)
         table = Author._meta.db_table
         if connection.features.supports_index_column_ordering:
-            self.assertIndexOrder(table, index.name, ['DESC'])
+            self.assertIndexOrder(table, index.name, ["DESC"])
         # SQL contains a database function.
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'name'), True)
-        self.assertIn('LOWER(%s)' % editor.quote_name('name'), str(sql))
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "name"), True)
+        self.assertIn("LOWER(%s)" % editor.quote_name("name"), str(sql))
         # Remove index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(Author, index)
         self.assertNotIn(index.name, self.get_constraints(table))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_func_index_f(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Tag)
-        index = Index('slug', F('title').desc(), name='func_f_idx')
+        index = Index("slug", F("title").desc(), name="func_f_idx")
         # Add index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(Tag, index)
@@ -2886,24 +3190,24 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         table = Tag._meta.db_table
         self.assertIn(index.name, self.get_constraints(table))
         if connection.features.supports_index_column_ordering:
-            self.assertIndexOrder(Tag._meta.db_table, index.name, ['ASC', 'DESC'])
+            self.assertIndexOrder(Tag._meta.db_table, index.name, ["ASC", "DESC"])
         # SQL contains columns.
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'slug'), True)
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'title'), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "slug"), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "title"), True)
         # Remove index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(Tag, index)
         self.assertNotIn(index.name, self.get_constraints(table))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_func_index_lookups(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
         with register_lookup(CharField, Lower), register_lookup(IntegerField, Abs):
             index = Index(
-                F('name__lower'),
-                F('weight__abs'),
-                name='func_lower_abs_lookup_idx',
+                F("name__lower"),
+                F("weight__abs"),
+                name="func_lower_abs_lookup_idx",
             )
             # Add index.
             with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -2912,18 +3216,18 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         table = Author._meta.db_table
         self.assertIn(index.name, self.get_constraints(table))
         # SQL contains columns.
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'name'), True)
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'weight'), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "name"), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "weight"), True)
         # Remove index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(Author, index)
         self.assertNotIn(index.name, self.get_constraints(table))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_composite_func_index(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
-        index = Index(Lower('name'), Upper('name'), name='func_lower_upper_idx')
+        index = Index(Lower("name"), Upper("name"), name="func_lower_upper_idx")
         # Add index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(Author, index)
@@ -2931,26 +3235,26 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         table = Author._meta.db_table
         self.assertIn(index.name, self.get_constraints(table))
         # SQL contains database functions.
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'name'), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "name"), True)
         sql = str(sql)
-        self.assertIn('LOWER(%s)' % editor.quote_name('name'), sql)
-        self.assertIn('UPPER(%s)' % editor.quote_name('name'), sql)
-        self.assertLess(sql.index('LOWER'), sql.index('UPPER'))
+        self.assertIn("LOWER(%s)" % editor.quote_name("name"), sql)
+        self.assertIn("UPPER(%s)" % editor.quote_name("name"), sql)
+        self.assertLess(sql.index("LOWER"), sql.index("UPPER"))
         # Remove index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(Author, index)
         self.assertNotIn(index.name, self.get_constraints(table))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_composite_func_index_field_and_expression(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
             editor.create_model(Book)
         index = Index(
-            F('author').desc(),
-            Lower('title').asc(),
-            'pub_date',
-            name='func_f_lower_field_idx',
+            F("author").desc(),
+            Lower("title").asc(),
+            "pub_date",
+            name="func_f_lower_field_idx",
         )
         # Add index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -2959,76 +3263,74 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         table = Book._meta.db_table
         constraints = self.get_constraints(table)
         if connection.features.supports_index_column_ordering:
-            self.assertIndexOrder(table, index.name, ['DESC', 'ASC', 'ASC'])
-        self.assertEqual(len(constraints[index.name]['columns']), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(constraints[index.name]['columns'][2], 'pub_date')
+            self.assertIndexOrder(table, index.name, ["DESC", "ASC", "ASC"])
+        self.assertEqual(len(constraints[index.name]["columns"]), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(constraints[index.name]["columns"][2], "pub_date")
         # SQL contains database functions and columns.
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'author_id'), True)
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'title'), True)
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'pub_date'), True)
-        self.assertIn('LOWER(%s)' % editor.quote_name('title'), str(sql))
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "author_id"), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "title"), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "pub_date"), True)
+        self.assertIn("LOWER(%s)" % editor.quote_name("title"), str(sql))
         # Remove index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(Book, index)
         self.assertNotIn(index.name, self.get_constraints(table))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
-    @isolate_apps('schema')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
+    @isolate_apps("schema")
     def test_func_index_f_decimalfield(self):
         class Node(Model):
             value = DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Node)
-        index = Index(F('value'), name='func_f_decimalfield_idx')
+        index = Index(F("value"), name="func_f_decimalfield_idx")
         # Add index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(Node, index)
             sql = index.create_sql(Node, editor)
         table = Node._meta.db_table
         self.assertIn(index.name, self.get_constraints(table))
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'value'), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "value"), True)
         # SQL doesn't contain casting.
-        self.assertNotIn('CAST', str(sql))
+        self.assertNotIn("CAST", str(sql))
         # Remove index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(Node, index)
         self.assertNotIn(index.name, self.get_constraints(table))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_func_index_cast(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
-        index = Index(Cast('weight', FloatField()), name='func_cast_idx')
+        index = Index(Cast("weight", FloatField()), name="func_cast_idx")
         # Add index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(Author, index)
             sql = index.create_sql(Author, editor)
         table = Author._meta.db_table
         self.assertIn(index.name, self.get_constraints(table))
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'weight'), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "weight"), True)
         # Remove index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(Author, index)
         self.assertNotIn(index.name, self.get_constraints(table))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_func_index_collate(self):
-        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get('non_default')
+        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get("non_default")
         if not collation:
-            self.skipTest(
-                'This backend does not support case-insensitive collations.'
-            )
+            self.skipTest("This backend does not support case-insensitive collations.")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
             editor.create_model(BookWithSlug)
         index = Index(
-            Collate(F('title'), collation=collation).desc(),
-            Collate('slug', collation=collation),
-            name='func_collate_idx',
+            Collate(F("title"), collation=collation).desc(),
+            Collate("slug", collation=collation),
+            name="func_collate_idx",
         )
         # Add index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -3037,29 +3339,27 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         table = Book._meta.db_table
         self.assertIn(index.name, self.get_constraints(table))
         if connection.features.supports_index_column_ordering:
-            self.assertIndexOrder(table, index.name, ['DESC', 'ASC'])
+            self.assertIndexOrder(table, index.name, ["DESC", "ASC"])
         # SQL contains columns and a collation.
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'title'), True)
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'slug'), True)
-        self.assertIn('COLLATE %s' % editor.quote_name(collation), str(sql))
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "title"), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "slug"), True)
+        self.assertIn("COLLATE %s" % editor.quote_name(collation), str(sql))
         # Remove index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(Book, index)
         self.assertNotIn(index.name, self.get_constraints(table))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
-    @skipIfDBFeature('collate_as_index_expression')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
+    @skipIfDBFeature("collate_as_index_expression")
     def test_func_index_collate_f_ordered(self):
-        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get('non_default')
+        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get("non_default")
         if not collation:
-            self.skipTest(
-                'This backend does not support case-insensitive collations.'
-            )
+            self.skipTest("This backend does not support case-insensitive collations.")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
         index = Index(
-            Collate(F('name').desc(), collation=collation),
-            name='func_collate_f_desc_idx',
+            Collate(F("name").desc(), collation=collation),
+            name="func_collate_f_desc_idx",
         )
         # Add index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -3068,20 +3368,20 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         table = Author._meta.db_table
         self.assertIn(index.name, self.get_constraints(table))
         if connection.features.supports_index_column_ordering:
-            self.assertIndexOrder(table, index.name, ['DESC'])
+            self.assertIndexOrder(table, index.name, ["DESC"])
         # SQL contains columns and a collation.
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'name'), True)
-        self.assertIn('COLLATE %s' % editor.quote_name(collation), str(sql))
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "name"), True)
+        self.assertIn("COLLATE %s" % editor.quote_name(collation), str(sql))
         # Remove index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(Author, index)
         self.assertNotIn(index.name, self.get_constraints(table))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_func_index_calc(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
-        index = Index(F('height') / (F('weight') + Value(5)), name='func_calc_idx')
+        index = Index(F("height") / (F("weight") + Value(5)), name="func_calc_idx")
         # Add index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(Author, index)
@@ -3089,15 +3389,15 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         table = Author._meta.db_table
         self.assertIn(index.name, self.get_constraints(table))
         # SQL contains columns and expressions.
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'height'), True)
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'weight'), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "height"), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "weight"), True)
         sql = str(sql)
         self.assertIs(
-            sql.index(editor.quote_name('height')) <
-            sql.index('/') <
-            sql.index(editor.quote_name('weight')) <
-            sql.index('+') <
-            sql.index('5'),
+            sql.index(editor.quote_name("height"))
+            < sql.index("/")
+            < sql.index(editor.quote_name("weight"))
+            < sql.index("+")
+            < sql.index("5"),
             True,
         )
         # Remove index.
@@ -3105,69 +3405,69 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.remove_index(Author, index)
         self.assertNotIn(index.name, self.get_constraints(table))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes', 'supports_json_field')
-    @isolate_apps('schema')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes", "supports_json_field")
+    @isolate_apps("schema")
     def test_func_index_json_key_transform(self):
         class JSONModel(Model):
             field = JSONField()
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(JSONModel)
         self.isolated_local_models = [JSONModel]
-        index = Index('field__some_key', name='func_json_key_idx')
+        index = Index("field__some_key", name="func_json_key_idx")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(JSONModel, index)
             sql = index.create_sql(JSONModel, editor)
         table = JSONModel._meta.db_table
         self.assertIn(index.name, self.get_constraints(table))
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'field'), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "field"), True)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(JSONModel, index)
         self.assertNotIn(index.name, self.get_constraints(table))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes', 'supports_json_field')
-    @isolate_apps('schema')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes", "supports_json_field")
+    @isolate_apps("schema")
     def test_func_index_json_key_transform_cast(self):
         class JSONModel(Model):
             field = JSONField()
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(JSONModel)
         self.isolated_local_models = [JSONModel]
         index = Index(
-            Cast(KeyTextTransform('some_key', 'field'), IntegerField()),
-            name='func_json_key_cast_idx',
+            Cast(KeyTextTransform("some_key", "field"), IntegerField()),
+            name="func_json_key_cast_idx",
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_index(JSONModel, index)
             sql = index.create_sql(JSONModel, editor)
         table = JSONModel._meta.db_table
         self.assertIn(index.name, self.get_constraints(table))
-        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, 'field'), True)
+        self.assertIs(sql.references_column(table, "field"), True)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.remove_index(JSONModel, index)
         self.assertNotIn(index.name, self.get_constraints(table))
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_func_index_unsupported(self):
         # Index is ignored on databases that don't support indexes on
         # expressions.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
-        index = Index(F('name'), name='random_idx')
+        index = Index(F("name"), name="random_idx")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor, self.assertNumQueries(0):
             self.assertIsNone(editor.add_index(Author, index))
             self.assertIsNone(editor.remove_index(Author, index))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_func_index_nonexistent_field(self):
-        index = Index(Lower('nonexistent'), name='func_nonexistent_idx')
+        index = Index(Lower("nonexistent"), name="func_nonexistent_idx")
         msg = (
             "Cannot resolve keyword 'nonexistent' into field. Choices are: "
             "height, id, name, uuid, weight"
@@ -3176,11 +3476,11 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                 editor.add_index(Author, index)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_expression_indexes')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_expression_indexes")
     def test_func_index_nondeterministic(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
-        index = Index(Random(), name='func_random_idx')
+        index = Index(Random(), name="func_random_idx")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             with self.assertRaises(DatabaseError):
                 editor.add_index(Author, index)
@@ -3193,7 +3493,7 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Tag)
         # Ensure the table is there and has the right PK
-        self.assertEqual(self.get_primary_key(Tag._meta.db_table), 'id')
+        self.assertEqual(self.get_primary_key(Tag._meta.db_table), "id")
         # Alter to change the PK
         id_field = Tag._meta.get_field("id")
         old_field = Tag._meta.get_field("slug")
@@ -3205,25 +3505,27 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.alter_field(Tag, old_field, new_field)
         # Ensure the PK changed
         self.assertNotIn(
-            'id',
+            "id",
             self.get_indexes(Tag._meta.db_table),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(self.get_primary_key(Tag._meta.db_table), 'slug')
+        self.assertEqual(self.get_primary_key(Tag._meta.db_table), "slug")
 
     def test_context_manager_exit(self):
         """
         Ensures transaction is correctly closed when an error occurs
         inside a SchemaEditor context.
         """
+
         class SomeError(Exception):
             pass
+
         try:
             with connection.schema_editor():
                 raise SomeError
         except SomeError:
             self.assertFalse(connection.in_atomic_block)
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('can_rollback_ddl')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("can_rollback_ddl")
     def test_unsupported_transactional_ddl_disallowed(self):
         message = (
             "Executing DDL statements while in a transaction on databases "
@@ -3231,9 +3533,11 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         )
         with atomic(), connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(TransactionManagementError, message):
-                editor.execute(editor.sql_create_table % {'table': 'foo', 'definition': ''})
+                editor.execute(
+                    editor.sql_create_table % {"table": "foo", "definition": ""}
+                )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_foreign_keys', 'indexes_foreign_keys')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys", "indexes_foreign_keys")
     def test_foreign_key_index_long_names_regression(self):
         """
         Regression test for #21497.
@@ -3244,7 +3548,9 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.create_model(AuthorWithEvenLongerName)
             editor.create_model(BookWithLongName)
         # Find the properly shortened column name
-        column_name = connection.ops.quote_name("author_foreign_key_with_really_long_field_name_id")
+        column_name = connection.ops.quote_name(
+            "author_foreign_key_with_really_long_field_name_id"
+        )
         column_name = column_name[1:-1].lower()  # unquote, and, for Oracle, un-upcase
         # Ensure the table is there and has an index on the column
         self.assertIn(
@@ -3252,7 +3558,7 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             self.get_indexes(BookWithLongName._meta.db_table),
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_foreign_keys')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
     def test_add_foreign_key_long_names(self):
         """
         Regression test for #23009.
@@ -3263,39 +3569,47 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.create_model(AuthorWithEvenLongerName)
             editor.create_model(BookWithLongName)
         # Add a second FK, this would fail due to long ref name before the fix
-        new_field = ForeignKey(AuthorWithEvenLongerName, CASCADE, related_name="something")
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("author_other_really_long_named_i_mean_so_long_fk")
+        new_field = ForeignKey(
+            AuthorWithEvenLongerName, CASCADE, related_name="something"
+        )
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name(
+            "author_other_really_long_named_i_mean_so_long_fk"
+        )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_field(BookWithLongName, new_field)
 
-    @isolate_apps('schema')
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_foreign_keys')
+    @isolate_apps("schema")
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
     def test_add_foreign_key_quoted_db_table(self):
         class Author(Model):
             class Meta:
                 db_table = '"table_author_double_quoted"'
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         class Book(Model):
             author = ForeignKey(Author, CASCADE)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
             editor.create_model(Book)
-        if connection.vendor == 'mysql':
-            self.assertForeignKeyExists(Book, 'author_id', '"table_author_double_quoted"')
+        if connection.vendor == "mysql":
+            self.assertForeignKeyExists(
+                Book, "author_id", '"table_author_double_quoted"'
+            )
         else:
-            self.assertForeignKeyExists(Book, 'author_id', 'table_author_double_quoted')
+            self.assertForeignKeyExists(Book, "author_id", "table_author_double_quoted")
 
     def test_add_foreign_object(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(BookForeignObj)
 
-        new_field = ForeignObject(Author, on_delete=CASCADE, from_fields=['author_id'], to_fields=['id'])
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('author')
+        new_field = ForeignObject(
+            Author, on_delete=CASCADE, from_fields=["author_id"], to_fields=["id"]
+        )
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("author")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_field(BookForeignObj, new_field)
 
@@ -3309,8 +3623,10 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             try:
                 editor.create_model(Thing)
             except OperationalError as e:
-                self.fail("Errors when applying initial migration for a model "
-                          "with a table named after an SQL reserved word: %s" % e)
+                self.fail(
+                    "Errors when applying initial migration for a model "
+                    "with a table named after an SQL reserved word: %s" % e
+                )
         # The table is there
         list(Thing.objects.all())
         # Clean up that table
@@ -3324,8 +3640,9 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         """
         #23065 - Constraint names must be quoted if they contain capital letters.
         """
+
         def get_field(*args, field_class=IntegerField, **kwargs):
-            kwargs['db_column'] = "CamelCase"
+            kwargs["db_column"] = "CamelCase"
             field = field_class(*args, **kwargs)
             field.set_attributes_from_name("CamelCase")
             return field
@@ -3340,10 +3657,11 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.create_model(model)
             editor.add_field(model, field)
 
-            constraint_name = 'CamelCaseIndex'
+            constraint_name = "CamelCaseIndex"
             expected_constraint_name = identifier_converter(constraint_name)
             editor.execute(
-                editor.sql_create_index % {
+                editor.sql_create_index
+                % {
                     "table": editor.quote_name(table),
                     "name": editor.quote_name(constraint_name),
                     "using": "",
@@ -3353,22 +3671,31 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
                     "include": "",
                 }
             )
-            self.assertIn(expected_constraint_name, self.get_constraints(model._meta.db_table))
+            self.assertIn(
+                expected_constraint_name, self.get_constraints(model._meta.db_table)
+            )
             editor.alter_field(model, get_field(db_index=True), field, strict=True)
-            self.assertNotIn(expected_constraint_name, self.get_constraints(model._meta.db_table))
+            self.assertNotIn(
+                expected_constraint_name, self.get_constraints(model._meta.db_table)
+            )
 
-            constraint_name = 'CamelCaseUniqConstraint'
+            constraint_name = "CamelCaseUniqConstraint"
             expected_constraint_name = identifier_converter(constraint_name)
             editor.execute(editor._create_unique_sql(model, [field], constraint_name))
-            self.assertIn(expected_constraint_name, self.get_constraints(model._meta.db_table))
+            self.assertIn(
+                expected_constraint_name, self.get_constraints(model._meta.db_table)
+            )
             editor.alter_field(model, get_field(unique=True), field, strict=True)
-            self.assertNotIn(expected_constraint_name, self.get_constraints(model._meta.db_table))
+            self.assertNotIn(
+                expected_constraint_name, self.get_constraints(model._meta.db_table)
+            )
 
             if editor.sql_create_fk:
-                constraint_name = 'CamelCaseFKConstraint'
+                constraint_name = "CamelCaseFKConstraint"
                 expected_constraint_name = identifier_converter(constraint_name)
                 editor.execute(
-                    editor.sql_create_fk % {
+                    editor.sql_create_fk
+                    % {
                         "table": editor.quote_name(table),
                         "name": editor.quote_name(constraint_name),
                         "column": editor.quote_name(column),
@@ -3377,9 +3704,18 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
                         "deferrable": connection.ops.deferrable_sql(),
                     }
                 )
-                self.assertIn(expected_constraint_name, self.get_constraints(model._meta.db_table))
-                editor.alter_field(model, get_field(Author, CASCADE, field_class=ForeignKey), field, strict=True)
-                self.assertNotIn(expected_constraint_name, self.get_constraints(model._meta.db_table))
+                self.assertIn(
+                    expected_constraint_name, self.get_constraints(model._meta.db_table)
+                )
+                editor.alter_field(
+                    model,
+                    get_field(Author, CASCADE, field_class=ForeignKey),
+                    field,
+                    strict=True,
+                )
+                self.assertNotIn(
+                    expected_constraint_name, self.get_constraints(model._meta.db_table)
+                )
 
     def test_add_field_use_effective_default(self):
         """
@@ -3393,7 +3729,7 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         columns = self.column_classes(Author)
         self.assertNotIn("surname", columns)
         # Create a row
-        Author.objects.create(name='Anonymous1')
+        Author.objects.create(name="Anonymous1")
         # Add new CharField to ensure default will be used from effective_default
         new_field = CharField(max_length=15, blank=True)
         new_field.set_attributes_from_name("surname")
@@ -3403,7 +3739,10 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute("SELECT surname FROM schema_author;")
             item = cursor.fetchall()[0]
-            self.assertEqual(item[0], None if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls else '')
+            self.assertEqual(
+                item[0],
+                None if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls else "",
+            )
 
     def test_add_field_default_dropped(self):
         # Create the table
@@ -3413,9 +3752,9 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         columns = self.column_classes(Author)
         self.assertNotIn("surname", columns)
         # Create a row
-        Author.objects.create(name='Anonymous1')
+        Author.objects.create(name="Anonymous1")
         # Add new CharField with a default
-        new_field = CharField(max_length=15, blank=True, default='surname default')
+        new_field = CharField(max_length=15, blank=True, default="surname default")
         new_field.set_attributes_from_name("surname")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_field(Author, new_field)
@@ -3423,10 +3762,13 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             cursor.execute("SELECT surname FROM schema_author;")
             item = cursor.fetchall()[0]
-            self.assertEqual(item[0], 'surname default')
+            self.assertEqual(item[0], "surname default")
             # And that the default is no longer set in the database.
             field = next(
-                f for f in connection.introspection.get_table_description(cursor, "schema_author")
+                f
+                for f in connection.introspection.get_table_description(
+                    cursor, "schema_author"
+                )
                 if f.name == "surname"
             )
             if connection.features.can_introspect_default:
@@ -3436,74 +3778,77 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
         # Add new nullable CharField with a default.
-        new_field = CharField(max_length=15, blank=True, null=True, default='surname')
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('surname')
+        new_field = CharField(max_length=15, blank=True, null=True, default="surname")
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("surname")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_field(Author, new_field)
-        Author.objects.create(name='Anonymous1')
+        Author.objects.create(name="Anonymous1")
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute('SELECT surname FROM schema_author;')
+            cursor.execute("SELECT surname FROM schema_author;")
             item = cursor.fetchall()[0]
             self.assertIsNone(item[0])
             field = next(
                 f
                 for f in connection.introspection.get_table_description(
                     cursor,
-                    'schema_author',
+                    "schema_author",
                 )
-                if f.name == 'surname'
+                if f.name == "surname"
             )
             # Field is still nullable.
             self.assertTrue(field.null_ok)
             # The database default is no longer set.
             if connection.features.can_introspect_default:
-                self.assertIn(field.default, ['NULL', None])
+                self.assertIn(field.default, ["NULL", None])
 
     def test_add_textfield_default_nullable(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
         # Add new nullable TextField with a default.
-        new_field = TextField(blank=True, null=True, default='text')
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('description')
+        new_field = TextField(blank=True, null=True, default="text")
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("description")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_field(Author, new_field)
-        Author.objects.create(name='Anonymous1')
+        Author.objects.create(name="Anonymous1")
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute('SELECT description FROM schema_author;')
+            cursor.execute("SELECT description FROM schema_author;")
             item = cursor.fetchall()[0]
             self.assertIsNone(item[0])
             field = next(
                 f
                 for f in connection.introspection.get_table_description(
                     cursor,
-                    'schema_author',
+                    "schema_author",
                 )
-                if f.name == 'description'
+                if f.name == "description"
             )
             # Field is still nullable.
             self.assertTrue(field.null_ok)
             # The database default is no longer set.
             if connection.features.can_introspect_default:
-                self.assertIn(field.default, ['NULL', None])
+                self.assertIn(field.default, ["NULL", None])
 
     def test_alter_field_default_dropped(self):
         # Create the table
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
         # Create a row
-        Author.objects.create(name='Anonymous1')
+        Author.objects.create(name="Anonymous1")
         self.assertIsNone(Author.objects.get().height)
-        old_field = Author._meta.get_field('height')
+        old_field = Author._meta.get_field("height")
         # The default from the new field is used in updating existing rows.
         new_field = IntegerField(blank=True, default=42)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('height')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("height")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         self.assertEqual(Author.objects.get().height, 42)
         # The database default should be removed.
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             field = next(
-                f for f in connection.introspection.get_table_description(cursor, "schema_author")
+                f
+                for f in connection.introspection.get_table_description(
+                    cursor, "schema_author"
+                )
                 if f.name == "height"
             )
             if connection.features.can_introspect_default:
@@ -3516,14 +3861,16 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         """
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(AuthorWithDefaultHeight)
-        old_field = AuthorWithDefaultHeight._meta.get_field('height')
+        old_field = AuthorWithDefaultHeight._meta.get_field("height")
         new_default = old_field.default * 2
         new_field = PositiveIntegerField(null=True, blank=True, default=new_default)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('height')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("height")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor, self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            editor.alter_field(AuthorWithDefaultHeight, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
+            editor.alter_field(
+                AuthorWithDefaultHeight, old_field, new_field, strict=True
+            )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_foreign_keys')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
     def test_alter_field_fk_attributes_noop(self):
         """
         No queries are performed when changing field attributes that don't
@@ -3532,21 +3879,21 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
             editor.create_model(Book)
-        old_field = Book._meta.get_field('author')
+        old_field = Book._meta.get_field("author")
         new_field = ForeignKey(
             Author,
             blank=True,
             editable=False,
-            error_messages={'invalid': 'error message'},
-            help_text='help text',
-            limit_choices_to={'limit': 'choice'},
+            error_messages={"invalid": "error message"},
+            help_text="help text",
+            limit_choices_to={"limit": "choice"},
             on_delete=PROTECT,
-            related_name='related_name',
-            related_query_name='related_query_name',
+            related_name="related_name",
+            related_query_name="related_query_name",
             validators=[lambda x: x],
-            verbose_name='verbose name',
+            verbose_name="verbose name",
         )
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('author')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("author")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor, self.assertNumQueries(0):
             editor.alter_field(Book, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor, self.assertNumQueries(0):
@@ -3557,233 +3904,244 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
         # Create a row
-        Author.objects.create(name='Anonymous1')
+        Author.objects.create(name="Anonymous1")
         # Create a field that has an unhashable default
         new_field = TextField(default={})
         new_field.set_attributes_from_name("info")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_field(Author, new_field)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', "PostgreSQL specific")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific")
     def test_add_indexed_charfield(self):
         field = CharField(max_length=255, db_index=True)
-        field.set_attributes_from_name('nom_de_plume')
+        field.set_attributes_from_name("nom_de_plume")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
             editor.add_field(Author, field)
         # Should create two indexes; one for like operator.
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.get_constraints_for_column(Author, 'nom_de_plume'),
-            ['schema_author_nom_de_plume_7570a851', 'schema_author_nom_de_plume_7570a851_like'],
+            self.get_constraints_for_column(Author, "nom_de_plume"),
+            [
+                "schema_author_nom_de_plume_7570a851",
+                "schema_author_nom_de_plume_7570a851_like",
+            ],
         )
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', "PostgreSQL specific")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific")
     def test_add_unique_charfield(self):
         field = CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)
-        field.set_attributes_from_name('nom_de_plume')
+        field.set_attributes_from_name("nom_de_plume")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
             editor.add_field(Author, field)
         # Should create two indexes; one for like operator.
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.get_constraints_for_column(Author, 'nom_de_plume'),
-            ['schema_author_nom_de_plume_7570a851_like', 'schema_author_nom_de_plume_key']
+            self.get_constraints_for_column(Author, "nom_de_plume"),
+            [
+                "schema_author_nom_de_plume_7570a851_like",
+                "schema_author_nom_de_plume_key",
+            ],
         )
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', "PostgreSQL specific")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific")
     def test_alter_field_add_index_to_charfield(self):
         # Create the table and verify no initial indexes.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
-        self.assertEqual(self.get_constraints_for_column(Author, 'name'), [])
+        self.assertEqual(self.get_constraints_for_column(Author, "name"), [])
         # Alter to add db_index=True and create 2 indexes.
-        old_field = Author._meta.get_field('name')
+        old_field = Author._meta.get_field("name")
         new_field = CharField(max_length=255, db_index=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('name')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("name")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.get_constraints_for_column(Author, 'name'),
-            ['schema_author_name_1fbc5617', 'schema_author_name_1fbc5617_like']
+            self.get_constraints_for_column(Author, "name"),
+            ["schema_author_name_1fbc5617", "schema_author_name_1fbc5617_like"],
         )
         # Remove db_index=True to drop both indexes.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, new_field, old_field, strict=True)
-        self.assertEqual(self.get_constraints_for_column(Author, 'name'), [])
+        self.assertEqual(self.get_constraints_for_column(Author, "name"), [])
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', "PostgreSQL specific")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific")
     def test_alter_field_add_unique_to_charfield(self):
         # Create the table and verify no initial indexes.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
-        self.assertEqual(self.get_constraints_for_column(Author, 'name'), [])
+        self.assertEqual(self.get_constraints_for_column(Author, "name"), [])
         # Alter to add unique=True and create 2 indexes.
-        old_field = Author._meta.get_field('name')
+        old_field = Author._meta.get_field("name")
         new_field = CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('name')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("name")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.get_constraints_for_column(Author, 'name'),
-            ['schema_author_name_1fbc5617_like', 'schema_author_name_1fbc5617_uniq']
+            self.get_constraints_for_column(Author, "name"),
+            ["schema_author_name_1fbc5617_like", "schema_author_name_1fbc5617_uniq"],
         )
         # Remove unique=True to drop both indexes.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, new_field, old_field, strict=True)
-        self.assertEqual(self.get_constraints_for_column(Author, 'name'), [])
+        self.assertEqual(self.get_constraints_for_column(Author, "name"), [])
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', "PostgreSQL specific")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific")
     def test_alter_field_add_index_to_textfield(self):
         # Create the table and verify no initial indexes.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Note)
-        self.assertEqual(self.get_constraints_for_column(Note, 'info'), [])
+        self.assertEqual(self.get_constraints_for_column(Note, "info"), [])
         # Alter to add db_index=True and create 2 indexes.
-        old_field = Note._meta.get_field('info')
+        old_field = Note._meta.get_field("info")
         new_field = TextField(db_index=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('info')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("info")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Note, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.get_constraints_for_column(Note, 'info'),
-            ['schema_note_info_4b0ea695', 'schema_note_info_4b0ea695_like']
+            self.get_constraints_for_column(Note, "info"),
+            ["schema_note_info_4b0ea695", "schema_note_info_4b0ea695_like"],
         )
         # Remove db_index=True to drop both indexes.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Note, new_field, old_field, strict=True)
-        self.assertEqual(self.get_constraints_for_column(Note, 'info'), [])
+        self.assertEqual(self.get_constraints_for_column(Note, "info"), [])
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', "PostgreSQL specific")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific")
     def test_alter_field_add_unique_to_charfield_with_db_index(self):
         # Create the table and verify initial indexes.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(BookWithoutAuthor)
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.get_constraints_for_column(BookWithoutAuthor, 'title'),
-            ['schema_book_title_2dfb2dff', 'schema_book_title_2dfb2dff_like']
+            self.get_constraints_for_column(BookWithoutAuthor, "title"),
+            ["schema_book_title_2dfb2dff", "schema_book_title_2dfb2dff_like"],
         )
         # Alter to add unique=True (should replace the index)
-        old_field = BookWithoutAuthor._meta.get_field('title')
+        old_field = BookWithoutAuthor._meta.get_field("title")
         new_field = CharField(max_length=100, db_index=True, unique=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('title')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("title")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(BookWithoutAuthor, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.get_constraints_for_column(BookWithoutAuthor, 'title'),
-            ['schema_book_title_2dfb2dff_like', 'schema_book_title_2dfb2dff_uniq']
+            self.get_constraints_for_column(BookWithoutAuthor, "title"),
+            ["schema_book_title_2dfb2dff_like", "schema_book_title_2dfb2dff_uniq"],
         )
         # Alter to remove unique=True (should drop unique index)
         new_field2 = CharField(max_length=100, db_index=True)
-        new_field2.set_attributes_from_name('title')
+        new_field2.set_attributes_from_name("title")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(BookWithoutAuthor, new_field, new_field2, strict=True)
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.get_constraints_for_column(BookWithoutAuthor, 'title'),
-            ['schema_book_title_2dfb2dff', 'schema_book_title_2dfb2dff_like']
+            self.get_constraints_for_column(BookWithoutAuthor, "title"),
+            ["schema_book_title_2dfb2dff", "schema_book_title_2dfb2dff_like"],
         )
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', "PostgreSQL specific")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific")
     def test_alter_field_remove_unique_and_db_index_from_charfield(self):
         # Create the table and verify initial indexes.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(BookWithoutAuthor)
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.get_constraints_for_column(BookWithoutAuthor, 'title'),
-            ['schema_book_title_2dfb2dff', 'schema_book_title_2dfb2dff_like']
+            self.get_constraints_for_column(BookWithoutAuthor, "title"),
+            ["schema_book_title_2dfb2dff", "schema_book_title_2dfb2dff_like"],
         )
         # Alter to add unique=True (should replace the index)
-        old_field = BookWithoutAuthor._meta.get_field('title')
+        old_field = BookWithoutAuthor._meta.get_field("title")
         new_field = CharField(max_length=100, db_index=True, unique=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('title')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("title")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(BookWithoutAuthor, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.get_constraints_for_column(BookWithoutAuthor, 'title'),
-            ['schema_book_title_2dfb2dff_like', 'schema_book_title_2dfb2dff_uniq']
+            self.get_constraints_for_column(BookWithoutAuthor, "title"),
+            ["schema_book_title_2dfb2dff_like", "schema_book_title_2dfb2dff_uniq"],
         )
         # Alter to remove both unique=True and db_index=True (should drop all indexes)
         new_field2 = CharField(max_length=100)
-        new_field2.set_attributes_from_name('title')
+        new_field2.set_attributes_from_name("title")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(BookWithoutAuthor, new_field, new_field2, strict=True)
-        self.assertEqual(self.get_constraints_for_column(BookWithoutAuthor, 'title'), [])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.get_constraints_for_column(BookWithoutAuthor, "title"), []
+        )
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', "PostgreSQL specific")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific")
     def test_alter_field_swap_unique_and_db_index_with_charfield(self):
         # Create the table and verify initial indexes.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(BookWithoutAuthor)
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.get_constraints_for_column(BookWithoutAuthor, 'title'),
-            ['schema_book_title_2dfb2dff', 'schema_book_title_2dfb2dff_like']
+            self.get_constraints_for_column(BookWithoutAuthor, "title"),
+            ["schema_book_title_2dfb2dff", "schema_book_title_2dfb2dff_like"],
         )
         # Alter to set unique=True and remove db_index=True (should replace the index)
-        old_field = BookWithoutAuthor._meta.get_field('title')
+        old_field = BookWithoutAuthor._meta.get_field("title")
         new_field = CharField(max_length=100, unique=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('title')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("title")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(BookWithoutAuthor, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.get_constraints_for_column(BookWithoutAuthor, 'title'),
-            ['schema_book_title_2dfb2dff_like', 'schema_book_title_2dfb2dff_uniq']
+            self.get_constraints_for_column(BookWithoutAuthor, "title"),
+            ["schema_book_title_2dfb2dff_like", "schema_book_title_2dfb2dff_uniq"],
         )
         # Alter to set db_index=True and remove unique=True (should restore index)
         new_field2 = CharField(max_length=100, db_index=True)
-        new_field2.set_attributes_from_name('title')
+        new_field2.set_attributes_from_name("title")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(BookWithoutAuthor, new_field, new_field2, strict=True)
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.get_constraints_for_column(BookWithoutAuthor, 'title'),
-            ['schema_book_title_2dfb2dff', 'schema_book_title_2dfb2dff_like']
+            self.get_constraints_for_column(BookWithoutAuthor, "title"),
+            ["schema_book_title_2dfb2dff", "schema_book_title_2dfb2dff_like"],
         )
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', "PostgreSQL specific")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific")
     def test_alter_field_add_db_index_to_charfield_with_unique(self):
         # Create the table and verify initial indexes.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Tag)
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.get_constraints_for_column(Tag, 'slug'),
-            ['schema_tag_slug_2c418ba3_like', 'schema_tag_slug_key']
+            self.get_constraints_for_column(Tag, "slug"),
+            ["schema_tag_slug_2c418ba3_like", "schema_tag_slug_key"],
         )
         # Alter to add db_index=True
-        old_field = Tag._meta.get_field('slug')
+        old_field = Tag._meta.get_field("slug")
         new_field = SlugField(db_index=True, unique=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('slug')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("slug")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Tag, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.get_constraints_for_column(Tag, 'slug'),
-            ['schema_tag_slug_2c418ba3_like', 'schema_tag_slug_key']
+            self.get_constraints_for_column(Tag, "slug"),
+            ["schema_tag_slug_2c418ba3_like", "schema_tag_slug_key"],
         )
         # Alter to remove db_index=True
         new_field2 = SlugField(unique=True)
-        new_field2.set_attributes_from_name('slug')
+        new_field2.set_attributes_from_name("slug")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Tag, new_field, new_field2, strict=True)
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.get_constraints_for_column(Tag, 'slug'),
-            ['schema_tag_slug_2c418ba3_like', 'schema_tag_slug_key']
+            self.get_constraints_for_column(Tag, "slug"),
+            ["schema_tag_slug_2c418ba3_like", "schema_tag_slug_key"],
         )
 
     def test_alter_field_add_index_to_integerfield(self):
         # Create the table and verify no initial indexes.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
-        self.assertEqual(self.get_constraints_for_column(Author, 'weight'), [])
+        self.assertEqual(self.get_constraints_for_column(Author, "weight"), [])
 
         # Alter to add db_index=True and create index.
-        old_field = Author._meta.get_field('weight')
+        old_field = Author._meta.get_field("weight")
         new_field = IntegerField(null=True, db_index=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('weight')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("weight")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
-        self.assertEqual(self.get_constraints_for_column(Author, 'weight'), ['schema_author_weight_587740f9'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.get_constraints_for_column(Author, "weight"),
+            ["schema_author_weight_587740f9"],
+        )
 
         # Remove db_index=True to drop index.
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, new_field, old_field, strict=True)
-        self.assertEqual(self.get_constraints_for_column(Author, 'weight'), [])
+        self.assertEqual(self.get_constraints_for_column(Author, "weight"), [])
 
     def test_alter_pk_with_self_referential_field(self):
         """
@@ -3792,22 +4150,26 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         """
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Node)
-        old_field = Node._meta.get_field('node_id')
+        old_field = Node._meta.get_field("node_id")
         new_field = AutoField(primary_key=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('id')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("id")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Node, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
-        self.assertForeignKeyExists(Node, 'parent_id', Node._meta.db_table)
+        self.assertForeignKeyExists(Node, "parent_id", Node._meta.db_table)
 
-    @mock.patch('django.db.backends.base.schema.datetime')
-    @mock.patch('django.db.backends.base.schema.timezone')
-    def test_add_datefield_and_datetimefield_use_effective_default(self, mocked_datetime, mocked_tz):
+    @mock.patch("django.db.backends.base.schema.datetime")
+    @mock.patch("django.db.backends.base.schema.timezone")
+    def test_add_datefield_and_datetimefield_use_effective_default(
+        self, mocked_datetime, mocked_tz
+    ):
         """
         effective_default() should be used for DateField, DateTimeField, and
         TimeField if auto_now or auto_now_add is set (#25005).
         """
         now = datetime.datetime(month=1, day=1, year=2000, hour=1, minute=1)
-        now_tz = datetime.datetime(month=1, day=1, year=2000, hour=1, minute=1, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        now_tz = datetime.datetime(
+            month=1, day=1, year=2000, hour=1, minute=1, tzinfo=timezone.utc
+        )
         mocked_datetime.now = mock.MagicMock(return_value=now)
         mocked_tz.now = mock.MagicMock(return_value=now_tz)
         # Create the table
@@ -3822,40 +4184,64 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         self.assertNotIn("tob_auto_now", columns)
         self.assertNotIn("tob_auto_now_add", columns)
         # Create a row
-        Author.objects.create(name='Anonymous1')
+        Author.objects.create(name="Anonymous1")
         # Ensure fields were added with the correct defaults
         dob_auto_now = DateField(auto_now=True)
-        dob_auto_now.set_attributes_from_name('dob_auto_now')
+        dob_auto_now.set_attributes_from_name("dob_auto_now")
         self.check_added_field_default(
-            editor, Author, dob_auto_now, 'dob_auto_now', now.date(),
+            editor,
+            Author,
+            dob_auto_now,
+            "dob_auto_now",
+            now.date(),
             cast_function=lambda x: x.date(),
         )
         dob_auto_now_add = DateField(auto_now_add=True)
-        dob_auto_now_add.set_attributes_from_name('dob_auto_now_add')
+        dob_auto_now_add.set_attributes_from_name("dob_auto_now_add")
         self.check_added_field_default(
-            editor, Author, dob_auto_now_add, 'dob_auto_now_add', now.date(),
+            editor,
+            Author,
+            dob_auto_now_add,
+            "dob_auto_now_add",
+            now.date(),
             cast_function=lambda x: x.date(),
         )
         dtob_auto_now = DateTimeField(auto_now=True)
-        dtob_auto_now.set_attributes_from_name('dtob_auto_now')
+        dtob_auto_now.set_attributes_from_name("dtob_auto_now")
         self.check_added_field_default(
-            editor, Author, dtob_auto_now, 'dtob_auto_now', now,
+            editor,
+            Author,
+            dtob_auto_now,
+            "dtob_auto_now",
+            now,
         )
         dt_tm_of_birth_auto_now_add = DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
-        dt_tm_of_birth_auto_now_add.set_attributes_from_name('dtob_auto_now_add')
+        dt_tm_of_birth_auto_now_add.set_attributes_from_name("dtob_auto_now_add")
         self.check_added_field_default(
-            editor, Author, dt_tm_of_birth_auto_now_add, 'dtob_auto_now_add', now,
+            editor,
+            Author,
+            dt_tm_of_birth_auto_now_add,
+            "dtob_auto_now_add",
+            now,
         )
         tob_auto_now = TimeField(auto_now=True)
-        tob_auto_now.set_attributes_from_name('tob_auto_now')
+        tob_auto_now.set_attributes_from_name("tob_auto_now")
         self.check_added_field_default(
-            editor, Author, tob_auto_now, 'tob_auto_now', now.time(),
+            editor,
+            Author,
+            tob_auto_now,
+            "tob_auto_now",
+            now.time(),
             cast_function=lambda x: x.time(),
         )
         tob_auto_now_add = TimeField(auto_now_add=True)
-        tob_auto_now_add.set_attributes_from_name('tob_auto_now_add')
+        tob_auto_now_add.set_attributes_from_name("tob_auto_now_add")
         self.check_added_field_default(
-            editor, Author, tob_auto_now_add, 'tob_auto_now_add', now.time(),
+            editor,
+            Author,
+            tob_auto_now_add,
+            "tob_auto_now_add",
+            now.time(),
             cast_function=lambda x: x.time(),
         )
 
@@ -3866,15 +4252,17 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         """
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             max_name_length = connection.ops.max_name_length() or 200
-            namespace = 'n' * max_name_length
-            table_name = 't' * max_name_length
+            namespace = "n" * max_name_length
+            table_name = "t" * max_name_length
             namespaced_table_name = '"%s"."%s"' % (namespace, table_name)
             self.assertEqual(
                 editor._create_index_name(table_name, []),
                 editor._create_index_name(namespaced_table_name, []),
             )
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'oracle', 'Oracle specific db_table syntax')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(
+        connection.vendor == "oracle", "Oracle specific db_table syntax"
+    )
     def test_creation_with_db_table_double_quotes(self):
         oracle_user = connection.creation._test_database_user()
 
@@ -3882,7 +4270,7 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             name = CharField(max_length=30)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
                 apps = new_apps
                 db_table = '"%s"."DJANGO_STUDENT_TABLE"' % oracle_user
 
@@ -3891,7 +4279,7 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             students = ManyToManyField(Student)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
                 apps = new_apps
                 db_table = '"%s"."DJANGO_DOCUMENT_TABLE"' % oracle_user
 
@@ -3901,33 +4289,35 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.create_model(Student)
             editor.create_model(Document)
 
-        doc = Document.objects.create(name='Test Name')
-        student = Student.objects.create(name='Some man')
+        doc = Document.objects.create(name="Test Name")
+        student = Student.objects.create(name="Some man")
         doc.students.add(student)
 
-    @isolate_apps('schema')
-    @unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'postgresql', 'PostgreSQL specific db_table syntax.')
+    @isolate_apps("schema")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(
+        connection.vendor == "postgresql", "PostgreSQL specific db_table syntax."
+    )
     def test_namespaced_db_table_foreign_key_reference(self):
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute('CREATE SCHEMA django_schema_tests')
+            cursor.execute("CREATE SCHEMA django_schema_tests")
 
         def delete_schema():
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                cursor.execute('DROP SCHEMA django_schema_tests CASCADE')
+                cursor.execute("DROP SCHEMA django_schema_tests CASCADE")
 
         self.addCleanup(delete_schema)
 
         class Author(Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         class Book(Model):
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
                 db_table = '"django_schema_tests"."schema_book"'
 
         author = ForeignKey(Author, CASCADE)
-        author.set_attributes_from_name('author')
+        author.set_attributes_from_name("author")
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
@@ -3939,51 +4329,52 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with connection.schema_editor(atomic=atomic_rename) as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
             editor.create_model(Book)
-            editor.alter_db_table(Author, 'schema_author', 'schema_renamed_author')
-            editor.alter_db_table(Author, 'schema_book', 'schema_renamed_book')
+            editor.alter_db_table(Author, "schema_author", "schema_renamed_author")
+            editor.alter_db_table(Author, "schema_book", "schema_renamed_book")
             try:
                 self.assertGreater(len(editor.deferred_sql), 0)
                 for statement in editor.deferred_sql:
-                    self.assertIs(statement.references_table('schema_author'), False)
-                    self.assertIs(statement.references_table('schema_book'), False)
+                    self.assertIs(statement.references_table("schema_author"), False)
+                    self.assertIs(statement.references_table("schema_book"), False)
             finally:
-                editor.alter_db_table(Author, 'schema_renamed_author', 'schema_author')
-                editor.alter_db_table(Author, 'schema_renamed_book', 'schema_book')
+                editor.alter_db_table(Author, "schema_renamed_author", "schema_author")
+                editor.alter_db_table(Author, "schema_renamed_book", "schema_book")
 
     def test_rename_column_renames_deferred_sql_references(self):
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
             editor.create_model(Book)
-            old_title = Book._meta.get_field('title')
+            old_title = Book._meta.get_field("title")
             new_title = CharField(max_length=100, db_index=True)
-            new_title.set_attributes_from_name('renamed_title')
+            new_title.set_attributes_from_name("renamed_title")
             editor.alter_field(Book, old_title, new_title)
-            old_author = Book._meta.get_field('author')
+            old_author = Book._meta.get_field("author")
             new_author = ForeignKey(Author, CASCADE)
-            new_author.set_attributes_from_name('renamed_author')
+            new_author.set_attributes_from_name("renamed_author")
             editor.alter_field(Book, old_author, new_author)
             self.assertGreater(len(editor.deferred_sql), 0)
             for statement in editor.deferred_sql:
-                self.assertIs(statement.references_column('book', 'title'), False)
-                self.assertIs(statement.references_column('book', 'author_id'), False)
+                self.assertIs(statement.references_column("book", "title"), False)
+                self.assertIs(statement.references_column("book", "author_id"), False)
 
-    @isolate_apps('schema')
+    @isolate_apps("schema")
     def test_referenced_field_without_constraint_rename_inside_atomic_block(self):
         """
         Foreign keys without database level constraint don't prevent the field
         they reference from being renamed in an atomic block.
         """
+
         class Foo(Model):
             field = CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         class Bar(Model):
-            foo = ForeignKey(Foo, CASCADE, to_field='field', db_constraint=False)
+            foo = ForeignKey(Foo, CASCADE, to_field="field", db_constraint=False)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         self.isolated_local_models = [Foo, Bar]
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -3991,27 +4382,28 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.create_model(Bar)
 
         new_field = CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('renamed')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("renamed")
         with connection.schema_editor(atomic=True) as editor:
-            editor.alter_field(Foo, Foo._meta.get_field('field'), new_field)
+            editor.alter_field(Foo, Foo._meta.get_field("field"), new_field)
 
-    @isolate_apps('schema')
+    @isolate_apps("schema")
     def test_referenced_table_without_constraint_rename_inside_atomic_block(self):
         """
         Foreign keys without database level constraint don't prevent the table
         they reference from being renamed in an atomic block.
         """
+
         class Foo(Model):
             field = CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         class Bar(Model):
-            foo = ForeignKey(Foo, CASCADE, to_field='field', db_constraint=False)
+            foo = ForeignKey(Foo, CASCADE, to_field="field", db_constraint=False)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         self.isolated_local_models = [Foo, Bar]
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
@@ -4019,164 +4411,164 @@ class SchemaTests(TransactionTestCase):
             editor.create_model(Bar)
 
         new_field = CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('renamed')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("renamed")
         with connection.schema_editor(atomic=True) as editor:
-            editor.alter_db_table(Foo, Foo._meta.db_table, 'renamed_table')
-        Foo._meta.db_table = 'renamed_table'
+            editor.alter_db_table(Foo, Foo._meta.db_table, "renamed_table")
+        Foo._meta.db_table = "renamed_table"
 
-    @isolate_apps('schema')
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_collation_on_charfield')
+    @isolate_apps("schema")
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_collation_on_charfield")
     def test_db_collation_charfield(self):
-        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get('non_default')
+        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get("non_default")
         if not collation:
-            self.skipTest('Language collations are not supported.')
+            self.skipTest("Language collations are not supported.")
 
         class Foo(Model):
             field = CharField(max_length=255, db_collation=collation)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         self.isolated_local_models = [Foo]
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Foo)
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.get_column_collation(Foo._meta.db_table, 'field'),
+            self.get_column_collation(Foo._meta.db_table, "field"),
             collation,
         )
 
-    @isolate_apps('schema')
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_collation_on_textfield')
+    @isolate_apps("schema")
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_collation_on_textfield")
     def test_db_collation_textfield(self):
-        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get('non_default')
+        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get("non_default")
         if not collation:
-            self.skipTest('Language collations are not supported.')
+            self.skipTest("Language collations are not supported.")
 
         class Foo(Model):
             field = TextField(db_collation=collation)
 
             class Meta:
-                app_label = 'schema'
+                app_label = "schema"
 
         self.isolated_local_models = [Foo]
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Foo)
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.get_column_collation(Foo._meta.db_table, 'field'),
+            self.get_column_collation(Foo._meta.db_table, "field"),
             collation,
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_collation_on_charfield')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_collation_on_charfield")
     def test_add_field_db_collation(self):
-        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get('non_default')
+        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get("non_default")
         if not collation:
-            self.skipTest('Language collations are not supported.')
+            self.skipTest("Language collations are not supported.")
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
 
         new_field = CharField(max_length=255, db_collation=collation)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('alias')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("alias")
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.add_field(Author, new_field)
         columns = self.column_classes(Author)
         self.assertEqual(
-            columns['alias'][0],
-            connection.features.introspected_field_types['CharField'],
+            columns["alias"][0],
+            connection.features.introspected_field_types["CharField"],
         )
-        self.assertEqual(columns['alias'][1][8], collation)
+        self.assertEqual(columns["alias"][1][8], collation)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_collation_on_charfield')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_collation_on_charfield")
     def test_alter_field_db_collation(self):
-        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get('non_default')
+        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get("non_default")
         if not collation:
-            self.skipTest('Language collations are not supported.')
+            self.skipTest("Language collations are not supported.")
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Author)
 
-        old_field = Author._meta.get_field('name')
+        old_field = Author._meta.get_field("name")
         new_field = CharField(max_length=255, db_collation=collation)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('name')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("name")
         new_field.model = Author
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.get_column_collation(Author._meta.db_table, 'name'),
+            self.get_column_collation(Author._meta.db_table, "name"),
             collation,
         )
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Author, new_field, old_field, strict=True)
-        self.assertIsNone(self.get_column_collation(Author._meta.db_table, 'name'))
+        self.assertIsNone(self.get_column_collation(Author._meta.db_table, "name"))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_collation_on_charfield')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_collation_on_charfield")
     def test_alter_field_type_and_db_collation(self):
-        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get('non_default')
+        collation = connection.features.test_collations.get("non_default")
         if not collation:
-            self.skipTest('Language collations are not supported.')
+            self.skipTest("Language collations are not supported.")
 
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.create_model(Note)
 
-        old_field = Note._meta.get_field('info')
+        old_field = Note._meta.get_field("info")
         new_field = CharField(max_length=255, db_collation=collation)
-        new_field.set_attributes_from_name('info')
+        new_field.set_attributes_from_name("info")
         new_field.model = Note
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Note, old_field, new_field, strict=True)
         columns = self.column_classes(Note)
         self.assertEqual(
-            columns['info'][0],
-            connection.features.introspected_field_types['CharField'],
+            columns["info"][0],
+            connection.features.introspected_field_types["CharField"],
         )
-        self.assertEqual(columns['info'][1][8], collation)
+        self.assertEqual(columns["info"][1][8], collation)
         with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
             editor.alter_field(Note, new_field, old_field, strict=True)
         columns = self.column_classes(Note)
-        self.assertEqual(columns['info'][0], 'TextField')
-        self.assertIsNone(columns['info'][1][8])
+        self.assertEqual(columns["info"][0], "TextField")
+        self.assertIsNone(columns["info"][1][8])
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature(
-        'supports_collation_on_charfield',
-        'supports_non_deterministic_collations',
+        "supports_collation_on_charfield",
+        "supports_non_deterministic_collations",
     )
     def test_ci_cs_db_collation(self):
-        cs_collation = connection.features.test_collations.get('cs')
-        ci_collation = connection.features.test_collations.get('ci')
+        cs_collation = connection.features.test_collations.get("cs")
+        ci_collation = connection.features.test_collations.get("ci")
         try:
-            if connection.vendor == 'mysql':
-                cs_collation = 'latin1_general_cs'
-            elif connection.vendor == 'postgresql':
-                cs_collation = 'en-x-icu'
+            if connection.vendor == "mysql":
+                cs_collation = "latin1_general_cs"
+            elif connection.vendor == "postgresql":
+                cs_collation = "en-x-icu"
                 with connection.cursor() as cursor:
                     cursor.execute(
                         "CREATE COLLATION IF NOT EXISTS case_insensitive "
                         "(provider = icu, locale = 'und-u-ks-level2', "
                         "deterministic = false)"
                     )
-                    ci_collation = 'case_insensitive'
+                    ci_collation = "case_insensitive"
             # Create the table.
             with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                 editor.create_model(Author)
             # Case-insensitive collation.
-            old_field = Author._meta.get_field('name')
+            old_field = Author._meta.get_field("name")
             new_field_ci = CharField(max_length=255, db_collation=ci_collation)
-            new_field_ci.set_attributes_from_name('name')
+            new_field_ci.set_attributes_from_name("name")
             new_field_ci.model = Author
             with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                 editor.alter_field(Author, old_field, new_field_ci, strict=True)
-            Author.objects.create(name='ANDREW')
-            self.assertIs(Author.objects.filter(name='Andrew').exists(), True)
+            Author.objects.create(name="ANDREW")
+            self.assertIs(Author.objects.filter(name="Andrew").exists(), True)
             # Case-sensitive collation.
             new_field_cs = CharField(max_length=255, db_collation=cs_collation)
-            new_field_cs.set_attributes_from_name('name')
+            new_field_cs.set_attributes_from_name("name")
             new_field_cs.model = Author
             with connection.schema_editor() as editor:
                 editor.alter_field(Author, new_field_ci, new_field_cs, strict=True)
-            self.assertIs(Author.objects.filter(name='Andrew').exists(), False)
+            self.assertIs(Author.objects.filter(name="Andrew").exists(), False)
         finally:
-            if connection.vendor == 'postgresql':
+            if connection.vendor == "postgresql":
                 with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                    cursor.execute('DROP COLLATION IF EXISTS case_insensitive')
+                    cursor.execute("DROP COLLATION IF EXISTS case_insensitive")
diff --git a/tests/select_for_update/models.py b/tests/select_for_update/models.py
index 0a6396bc70..c1b42f026d 100644
--- a/tests/select_for_update/models.py
+++ b/tests/select_for_update/models.py
@@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ class CityCountryProxy(models.Model):
 
 class Person(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
-    born = models.ForeignKey(City, models.CASCADE, related_name='+')
-    died = models.ForeignKey(City, models.CASCADE, related_name='+')
+    born = models.ForeignKey(City, models.CASCADE, related_name="+")
+    died = models.ForeignKey(City, models.CASCADE, related_name="+")
 
 
 class PersonProfile(models.Model):
-    person = models.OneToOneField(Person, models.CASCADE, related_name='profile')
+    person = models.OneToOneField(Person, models.CASCADE, related_name="profile")
diff --git a/tests/select_for_update/tests.py b/tests/select_for_update/tests.py
index 5bae8a355a..9d73c59af9 100644
--- a/tests/select_for_update/tests.py
+++ b/tests/select_for_update/tests.py
@@ -6,32 +6,46 @@ from multiple_database.routers import TestRouter
 
 from django.core.exceptions import FieldError
 from django.db import (
-    DatabaseError, NotSupportedError, connection, connections, router,
+    DatabaseError,
+    NotSupportedError,
+    connection,
+    connections,
+    router,
     transaction,
 )
 from django.test import (
-    TransactionTestCase, override_settings, skipIfDBFeature,
+    TransactionTestCase,
+    override_settings,
+    skipIfDBFeature,
     skipUnlessDBFeature,
 )
 from django.test.utils import CaptureQueriesContext
 
 from .models import (
-    City, CityCountryProxy, Country, EUCity, EUCountry, Person, PersonProfile,
+    City,
+    CityCountryProxy,
+    Country,
+    EUCity,
+    EUCountry,
+    Person,
+    PersonProfile,
 )
 
 
 class SelectForUpdateTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['select_for_update']
+    available_apps = ["select_for_update"]
 
     def setUp(self):
         # This is executed in autocommit mode so that code in
         # run_select_for_update can see this data.
-        self.country1 = Country.objects.create(name='Belgium')
-        self.country2 = Country.objects.create(name='France')
-        self.city1 = City.objects.create(name='Liberchies', country=self.country1)
-        self.city2 = City.objects.create(name='Samois-sur-Seine', country=self.country2)
-        self.person = Person.objects.create(name='Reinhardt', born=self.city1, died=self.city2)
+        self.country1 = Country.objects.create(name="Belgium")
+        self.country2 = Country.objects.create(name="France")
+        self.city1 = City.objects.create(name="Liberchies", country=self.country1)
+        self.city2 = City.objects.create(name="Samois-sur-Seine", country=self.country2)
+        self.person = Person.objects.create(
+            name="Reinhardt", born=self.city1, died=self.city2
+        )
         self.person_profile = PersonProfile.objects.create(person=self.person)
 
         # We need another database connection in transaction to test that one
@@ -50,9 +64,9 @@ class SelectForUpdateTests(TransactionTestCase):
         # Start a blocking transaction. At some point,
         # end_blocking_transaction() should be called.
         self.cursor = self.new_connection.cursor()
-        sql = 'SELECT * FROM %(db_table)s %(for_update)s;' % {
-            'db_table': Person._meta.db_table,
-            'for_update': self.new_connection.ops.for_update_sql(),
+        sql = "SELECT * FROM %(db_table)s %(for_update)s;" % {
+            "db_table": Person._meta.db_table,
+            "for_update": self.new_connection.ops.for_update_sql(),
         }
         self.cursor.execute(sql, ())
         self.cursor.fetchone()
@@ -67,9 +81,9 @@ class SelectForUpdateTests(TransactionTestCase):
         # Examine the SQL that was executed to determine whether it
         # contains the 'SELECT..FOR UPDATE' stanza.
         for_update_sql = connection.ops.for_update_sql(**kwargs)
-        return any(for_update_sql in query['sql'] for query in queries)
+        return any(for_update_sql in query["sql"] for query in queries)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update")
     def test_for_update_sql_generated(self):
         """
         The backend's FOR UPDATE variant appears in
@@ -79,7 +93,7 @@ class SelectForUpdateTests(TransactionTestCase):
             list(Person.objects.all().select_for_update())
         self.assertTrue(self.has_for_update_sql(ctx.captured_queries))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update_nowait')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update_nowait")
     def test_for_update_sql_generated_nowait(self):
         """
         The backend's FOR UPDATE NOWAIT variant appears in
@@ -89,7 +103,7 @@ class SelectForUpdateTests(TransactionTestCase):
             list(Person.objects.all().select_for_update(nowait=True))
         self.assertTrue(self.has_for_update_sql(ctx.captured_queries, nowait=True))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update_skip_locked')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update_skip_locked")
     def test_for_update_sql_generated_skip_locked(self):
         """
         The backend's FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED variant appears in
@@ -99,7 +113,7 @@ class SelectForUpdateTests(TransactionTestCase):
             list(Person.objects.all().select_for_update(skip_locked=True))
         self.assertTrue(self.has_for_update_sql(ctx.captured_queries, skip_locked=True))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_no_key_update')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_no_key_update")
     def test_update_sql_generated_no_key(self):
         """
         The backend's FOR NO KEY UPDATE variant appears in generated SQL when
@@ -109,150 +123,175 @@ class SelectForUpdateTests(TransactionTestCase):
             list(Person.objects.all().select_for_update(no_key=True))
         self.assertIs(self.has_for_update_sql(ctx.captured_queries, no_key=True), True)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update_of')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update_of")
     def test_for_update_sql_generated_of(self):
         """
         The backend's FOR UPDATE OF variant appears in the generated SQL when
         select_for_update() is invoked.
         """
         with transaction.atomic(), CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as ctx:
-            list(Person.objects.select_related(
-                'born__country',
-            ).select_for_update(
-                of=('born__country',),
-            ).select_for_update(
-                of=('self', 'born__country')
-            ))
-        features = connections['default'].features
+            list(
+                Person.objects.select_related(
+                    "born__country",
+                )
+                .select_for_update(
+                    of=("born__country",),
+                )
+                .select_for_update(of=("self", "born__country"))
+            )
+        features = connections["default"].features
         if features.select_for_update_of_column:
             expected = [
                 'select_for_update_person"."id',
                 'select_for_update_country"."entity_ptr_id',
             ]
         else:
-            expected = ['select_for_update_person', 'select_for_update_country']
+            expected = ["select_for_update_person", "select_for_update_country"]
         expected = [connection.ops.quote_name(value) for value in expected]
         self.assertTrue(self.has_for_update_sql(ctx.captured_queries, of=expected))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update_of')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update_of")
     def test_for_update_sql_model_inheritance_generated_of(self):
         with transaction.atomic(), CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as ctx:
-            list(EUCountry.objects.select_for_update(of=('self',)))
+            list(EUCountry.objects.select_for_update(of=("self",)))
         if connection.features.select_for_update_of_column:
             expected = ['select_for_update_eucountry"."country_ptr_id']
         else:
-            expected = ['select_for_update_eucountry']
+            expected = ["select_for_update_eucountry"]
         expected = [connection.ops.quote_name(value) for value in expected]
         self.assertTrue(self.has_for_update_sql(ctx.captured_queries, of=expected))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update_of')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update_of")
     def test_for_update_sql_model_inheritance_ptr_generated_of(self):
         with transaction.atomic(), CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as ctx:
-            list(EUCountry.objects.select_for_update(of=('self', 'country_ptr',)))
+            list(
+                EUCountry.objects.select_for_update(
+                    of=(
+                        "self",
+                        "country_ptr",
+                    )
+                )
+            )
         if connection.features.select_for_update_of_column:
             expected = [
                 'select_for_update_eucountry"."country_ptr_id',
                 'select_for_update_country"."entity_ptr_id',
             ]
         else:
-            expected = ['select_for_update_eucountry', 'select_for_update_country']
+            expected = ["select_for_update_eucountry", "select_for_update_country"]
         expected = [connection.ops.quote_name(value) for value in expected]
         self.assertTrue(self.has_for_update_sql(ctx.captured_queries, of=expected))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update_of')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update_of")
     def test_for_update_sql_related_model_inheritance_generated_of(self):
         with transaction.atomic(), CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as ctx:
-            list(EUCity.objects.select_related('country').select_for_update(
-                of=('self', 'country'),
-            ))
+            list(
+                EUCity.objects.select_related("country").select_for_update(
+                    of=("self", "country"),
+                )
+            )
         if connection.features.select_for_update_of_column:
             expected = [
                 'select_for_update_eucity"."id',
                 'select_for_update_eucountry"."country_ptr_id',
             ]
         else:
-            expected = ['select_for_update_eucity', 'select_for_update_eucountry']
+            expected = ["select_for_update_eucity", "select_for_update_eucountry"]
         expected = [connection.ops.quote_name(value) for value in expected]
         self.assertTrue(self.has_for_update_sql(ctx.captured_queries, of=expected))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update_of')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update_of")
     def test_for_update_sql_model_inheritance_nested_ptr_generated_of(self):
         with transaction.atomic(), CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as ctx:
-            list(EUCity.objects.select_related('country').select_for_update(
-                of=('self', 'country__country_ptr',),
-            ))
+            list(
+                EUCity.objects.select_related("country").select_for_update(
+                    of=(
+                        "self",
+                        "country__country_ptr",
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
         if connection.features.select_for_update_of_column:
             expected = [
                 'select_for_update_eucity"."id',
                 'select_for_update_country"."entity_ptr_id',
             ]
         else:
-            expected = ['select_for_update_eucity', 'select_for_update_country']
+            expected = ["select_for_update_eucity", "select_for_update_country"]
         expected = [connection.ops.quote_name(value) for value in expected]
         self.assertTrue(self.has_for_update_sql(ctx.captured_queries, of=expected))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update_of')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update_of")
     def test_for_update_sql_multilevel_model_inheritance_ptr_generated_of(self):
         with transaction.atomic(), CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as ctx:
-            list(EUCountry.objects.select_for_update(
-                of=('country_ptr', 'country_ptr__entity_ptr'),
-            ))
+            list(
+                EUCountry.objects.select_for_update(
+                    of=("country_ptr", "country_ptr__entity_ptr"),
+                )
+            )
         if connection.features.select_for_update_of_column:
             expected = [
                 'select_for_update_country"."entity_ptr_id',
                 'select_for_update_entity"."id',
             ]
         else:
-            expected = ['select_for_update_country', 'select_for_update_entity']
+            expected = ["select_for_update_country", "select_for_update_entity"]
         expected = [connection.ops.quote_name(value) for value in expected]
         self.assertTrue(self.has_for_update_sql(ctx.captured_queries, of=expected))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update_of')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update_of")
     def test_for_update_sql_model_proxy_generated_of(self):
         with transaction.atomic(), CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as ctx:
-            list(CityCountryProxy.objects.select_related(
-                'country',
-            ).select_for_update(
-                of=('country',),
-            ))
+            list(
+                CityCountryProxy.objects.select_related("country",).select_for_update(
+                    of=("country",),
+                )
+            )
         if connection.features.select_for_update_of_column:
             expected = ['select_for_update_country"."entity_ptr_id']
         else:
-            expected = ['select_for_update_country']
+            expected = ["select_for_update_country"]
         expected = [connection.ops.quote_name(value) for value in expected]
         self.assertTrue(self.has_for_update_sql(ctx.captured_queries, of=expected))
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update_of')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update_of")
     def test_for_update_of_followed_by_values(self):
         with transaction.atomic():
-            values = list(Person.objects.select_for_update(of=('self',)).values('pk'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, [{'pk': self.person.pk}])
+            values = list(Person.objects.select_for_update(of=("self",)).values("pk"))
+        self.assertEqual(values, [{"pk": self.person.pk}])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update_of')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update_of")
     def test_for_update_of_followed_by_values_list(self):
         with transaction.atomic():
-            values = list(Person.objects.select_for_update(of=('self',)).values_list('pk'))
+            values = list(
+                Person.objects.select_for_update(of=("self",)).values_list("pk")
+            )
         self.assertEqual(values, [(self.person.pk,)])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update_of')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update_of")
     def test_for_update_of_self_when_self_is_not_selected(self):
         """
         select_for_update(of=['self']) when the only columns selected are from
         related tables.
         """
         with transaction.atomic():
-            values = list(Person.objects.select_related('born').select_for_update(of=('self',)).values('born__name'))
-        self.assertEqual(values, [{'born__name': self.city1.name}])
+            values = list(
+                Person.objects.select_related("born")
+                .select_for_update(of=("self",))
+                .values("born__name")
+            )
+        self.assertEqual(values, [{"born__name": self.city1.name}])
 
     @skipUnlessDBFeature(
-        'has_select_for_update_of', 'supports_select_for_update_with_limit',
+        "has_select_for_update_of",
+        "supports_select_for_update_with_limit",
     )
     def test_for_update_of_with_exists(self):
         with transaction.atomic():
-            qs = Person.objects.select_for_update(of=('self', 'born'))
+            qs = Person.objects.select_for_update(of=("self", "born"))
             self.assertIs(qs.exists(), True)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update_nowait')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update_nowait")
     def test_nowait_raises_error_on_block(self):
         """
         If nowait is specified, we expect an error to be raised rather
@@ -264,7 +303,7 @@ class SelectForUpdateTests(TransactionTestCase):
         thread = threading.Thread(
             target=self.run_select_for_update,
             args=(status,),
-            kwargs={'nowait': True},
+            kwargs={"nowait": True},
         )
 
         thread.start()
@@ -273,7 +312,7 @@ class SelectForUpdateTests(TransactionTestCase):
         self.end_blocking_transaction()
         self.assertIsInstance(status[-1], DatabaseError)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update_skip_locked')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update_skip_locked")
     def test_skip_locked_skips_locked_rows(self):
         """
         If skip_locked is specified, the locked row is skipped resulting in
@@ -284,7 +323,7 @@ class SelectForUpdateTests(TransactionTestCase):
         thread = threading.Thread(
             target=self.run_select_for_update,
             args=(status,),
-            kwargs={'skip_locked': True},
+            kwargs={"skip_locked": True},
         )
         thread.start()
         time.sleep(1)
@@ -292,158 +331,177 @@ class SelectForUpdateTests(TransactionTestCase):
         self.end_blocking_transaction()
         self.assertIsInstance(status[-1], Person.DoesNotExist)
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('has_select_for_update_nowait')
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("has_select_for_update_nowait")
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update")
     def test_unsupported_nowait_raises_error(self):
         """
         NotSupportedError is raised if a SELECT...FOR UPDATE NOWAIT is run on
         a database backend that supports FOR UPDATE but not NOWAIT.
         """
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, 'NOWAIT is not supported on this database backend.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            NotSupportedError, "NOWAIT is not supported on this database backend."
+        ):
             with transaction.atomic():
                 Person.objects.select_for_update(nowait=True).get()
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('has_select_for_update_skip_locked')
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("has_select_for_update_skip_locked")
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update")
     def test_unsupported_skip_locked_raises_error(self):
         """
         NotSupportedError is raised if a SELECT...FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED is run
         on a database backend that supports FOR UPDATE but not SKIP LOCKED.
         """
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, 'SKIP LOCKED is not supported on this database backend.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            NotSupportedError, "SKIP LOCKED is not supported on this database backend."
+        ):
             with transaction.atomic():
                 Person.objects.select_for_update(skip_locked=True).get()
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('has_select_for_update_of')
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("has_select_for_update_of")
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update")
     def test_unsupported_of_raises_error(self):
         """
         NotSupportedError is raised if a SELECT...FOR UPDATE OF... is run on
         a database backend that supports FOR UPDATE but not OF.
         """
-        msg = 'FOR UPDATE OF is not supported on this database backend.'
+        msg = "FOR UPDATE OF is not supported on this database backend."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
             with transaction.atomic():
-                Person.objects.select_for_update(of=('self',)).get()
+                Person.objects.select_for_update(of=("self",)).get()
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('has_select_for_no_key_update')
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("has_select_for_no_key_update")
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update")
     def test_unsuported_no_key_raises_error(self):
         """
         NotSupportedError is raised if a SELECT...FOR NO KEY UPDATE... is run
         on a database backend that supports FOR UPDATE but not NO KEY.
         """
-        msg = 'FOR NO KEY UPDATE is not supported on this database backend.'
+        msg = "FOR NO KEY UPDATE is not supported on this database backend."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
             with transaction.atomic():
                 Person.objects.select_for_update(no_key=True).get()
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update', 'has_select_for_update_of')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update", "has_select_for_update_of")
     def test_unrelated_of_argument_raises_error(self):
         """
         FieldError is raised if a non-relation field is specified in of=(...).
         """
         msg = (
-            'Invalid field name(s) given in select_for_update(of=(...)): %s. '
-            'Only relational fields followed in the query are allowed. '
-            'Choices are: self, born, born__country, '
-            'born__country__entity_ptr.'
+            "Invalid field name(s) given in select_for_update(of=(...)): %s. "
+            "Only relational fields followed in the query are allowed. "
+            "Choices are: self, born, born__country, "
+            "born__country__entity_ptr."
         )
         invalid_of = [
-            ('nonexistent',),
-            ('name',),
-            ('born__nonexistent',),
-            ('born__name',),
-            ('born__nonexistent', 'born__name'),
+            ("nonexistent",),
+            ("name",),
+            ("born__nonexistent",),
+            ("born__name",),
+            ("born__nonexistent", "born__name"),
         ]
         for of in invalid_of:
             with self.subTest(of=of):
-                with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg % ', '.join(of)):
+                with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg % ", ".join(of)):
                     with transaction.atomic():
-                        Person.objects.select_related('born__country').select_for_update(of=of).get()
+                        Person.objects.select_related(
+                            "born__country"
+                        ).select_for_update(of=of).get()
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update', 'has_select_for_update_of')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update", "has_select_for_update_of")
     def test_related_but_unselected_of_argument_raises_error(self):
         """
         FieldError is raised if a relation field that is not followed in the
         query is specified in of=(...).
         """
         msg = (
-            'Invalid field name(s) given in select_for_update(of=(...)): %s. '
-            'Only relational fields followed in the query are allowed. '
-            'Choices are: self, born, profile.'
+            "Invalid field name(s) given in select_for_update(of=(...)): %s. "
+            "Only relational fields followed in the query are allowed. "
+            "Choices are: self, born, profile."
         )
-        for name in ['born__country', 'died', 'died__country']:
+        for name in ["born__country", "died", "died__country"]:
             with self.subTest(name=name):
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg % name):
                     with transaction.atomic():
-                        Person.objects.select_related(
-                            'born', 'profile',
-                        ).exclude(profile=None).select_for_update(of=(name,)).get()
+                        Person.objects.select_related("born", "profile",).exclude(
+                            profile=None
+                        ).select_for_update(of=(name,)).get()
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update', 'has_select_for_update_of')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update", "has_select_for_update_of")
     def test_model_inheritance_of_argument_raises_error_ptr_in_choices(self):
         msg = (
-            'Invalid field name(s) given in select_for_update(of=(...)): '
-            'name. Only relational fields followed in the query are allowed. '
-            'Choices are: self, %s.'
+            "Invalid field name(s) given in select_for_update(of=(...)): "
+            "name. Only relational fields followed in the query are allowed. "
+            "Choices are: self, %s."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(
             FieldError,
-            msg % 'country, country__country_ptr, country__country_ptr__entity_ptr',
+            msg % "country, country__country_ptr, country__country_ptr__entity_ptr",
         ):
             with transaction.atomic():
                 EUCity.objects.select_related(
-                    'country',
-                ).select_for_update(of=('name',)).get()
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg % 'country_ptr, country_ptr__entity_ptr'):
+                    "country",
+                ).select_for_update(of=("name",)).get()
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldError, msg % "country_ptr, country_ptr__entity_ptr"
+        ):
             with transaction.atomic():
-                EUCountry.objects.select_for_update(of=('name',)).get()
+                EUCountry.objects.select_for_update(of=("name",)).get()
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update', 'has_select_for_update_of')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update", "has_select_for_update_of")
     def test_model_proxy_of_argument_raises_error_proxy_field_in_choices(self):
         msg = (
-            'Invalid field name(s) given in select_for_update(of=(...)): '
-            'name. Only relational fields followed in the query are allowed. '
-            'Choices are: self, country, country__entity_ptr.'
+            "Invalid field name(s) given in select_for_update(of=(...)): "
+            "name. Only relational fields followed in the query are allowed. "
+            "Choices are: self, country, country__entity_ptr."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
             with transaction.atomic():
                 CityCountryProxy.objects.select_related(
-                    'country',
-                ).select_for_update(of=('name',)).get()
+                    "country",
+                ).select_for_update(of=("name",)).get()
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update', 'has_select_for_update_of')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update", "has_select_for_update_of")
     def test_reverse_one_to_one_of_arguments(self):
         """
         Reverse OneToOneFields may be included in of=(...) as long as NULLs
         are excluded because LEFT JOIN isn't allowed in SELECT FOR UPDATE.
         """
         with transaction.atomic():
-            person = Person.objects.select_related(
-                'profile',
-            ).exclude(profile=None).select_for_update(of=('profile',)).get()
+            person = (
+                Person.objects.select_related(
+                    "profile",
+                )
+                .exclude(profile=None)
+                .select_for_update(of=("profile",))
+                .get()
+            )
             self.assertEqual(person.profile, self.person_profile)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update")
     def test_for_update_after_from(self):
-        features_class = connections['default'].features.__class__
-        attribute_to_patch = "%s.%s.for_update_after_from" % (features_class.__module__, features_class.__name__)
+        features_class = connections["default"].features.__class__
+        attribute_to_patch = "%s.%s.for_update_after_from" % (
+            features_class.__module__,
+            features_class.__name__,
+        )
         with mock.patch(attribute_to_patch, return_value=True):
             with transaction.atomic():
-                self.assertIn('FOR UPDATE WHERE', str(Person.objects.filter(name='foo').select_for_update().query))
+                self.assertIn(
+                    "FOR UPDATE WHERE",
+                    str(Person.objects.filter(name="foo").select_for_update().query),
+                )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update")
     def test_for_update_requires_transaction(self):
         """
         A TransactionManagementError is raised
         when a select_for_update query is executed outside of a transaction.
         """
-        msg = 'select_for_update cannot be used outside of a transaction.'
+        msg = "select_for_update cannot be used outside of a transaction."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(transaction.TransactionManagementError, msg):
             list(Person.objects.all().select_for_update())
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update")
     def test_for_update_requires_transaction_only_in_execution(self):
         """
         No TransactionManagementError is raised
@@ -451,23 +509,23 @@ class SelectForUpdateTests(TransactionTestCase):
         only when the query is executed.
         """
         people = Person.objects.all().select_for_update()
-        msg = 'select_for_update cannot be used outside of a transaction.'
+        msg = "select_for_update cannot be used outside of a transaction."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(transaction.TransactionManagementError, msg):
             list(people)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_select_for_update_with_limit')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_select_for_update_with_limit")
     def test_select_for_update_with_limit(self):
-        other = Person.objects.create(name='Grappeli', born=self.city1, died=self.city2)
+        other = Person.objects.create(name="Grappeli", born=self.city1, died=self.city2)
         with transaction.atomic():
-            qs = list(Person.objects.all().order_by('pk').select_for_update()[1:2])
+            qs = list(Person.objects.all().order_by("pk").select_for_update()[1:2])
             self.assertEqual(qs[0], other)
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_select_for_update_with_limit')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_select_for_update_with_limit")
     def test_unsupported_select_for_update_with_limit(self):
-        msg = 'LIMIT/OFFSET is not supported with select_for_update on this database backend.'
+        msg = "LIMIT/OFFSET is not supported with select_for_update on this database backend."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotSupportedError, msg):
             with transaction.atomic():
-                list(Person.objects.all().order_by('pk').select_for_update()[1:2])
+                list(Person.objects.all().order_by("pk").select_for_update()[1:2])
 
     def run_select_for_update(self, status, **kwargs):
         """
@@ -477,13 +535,13 @@ class SelectForUpdateTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
         This function expects to run in a separate thread.
         """
-        status.append('started')
+        status.append("started")
         try:
             # We need to enter transaction management again, as this is done on
             # per-thread basis
             with transaction.atomic():
                 person = Person.objects.select_for_update(**kwargs).get()
-                person.name = 'Fred'
+                person.name = "Fred"
                 person.save()
         except (DatabaseError, Person.DoesNotExist) as e:
             status.append(e)
@@ -492,8 +550,8 @@ class SelectForUpdateTests(TransactionTestCase):
             # database connection. Close it without waiting for the GC.
             connection.close()
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_transactions')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update")
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_transactions")
     def test_block(self):
         """
         A thread running a select_for_update that accesses rows being touched
@@ -505,9 +563,7 @@ class SelectForUpdateTests(TransactionTestCase):
         # Now, try it again using the ORM's select_for_update
         # facility. Do this in a separate thread.
         status = []
-        thread = threading.Thread(
-            target=self.run_select_for_update, args=(status,)
-        )
+        thread = threading.Thread(target=self.run_select_for_update, args=(status,))
 
         # The thread should immediately block, but we'll sleep
         # for a bit to make sure.
@@ -517,12 +573,12 @@ class SelectForUpdateTests(TransactionTestCase):
             sanity_count += 1
             time.sleep(1)
         if sanity_count >= 10:
-            raise ValueError('Thread did not run and block')
+            raise ValueError("Thread did not run and block")
 
         # Check the person hasn't been updated. Since this isn't
         # using FOR UPDATE, it won't block.
         p = Person.objects.get(pk=self.person.pk)
-        self.assertEqual('Reinhardt', p.name)
+        self.assertEqual("Reinhardt", p.name)
 
         # When we end our blocking transaction, our thread should
         # be able to continue.
@@ -538,9 +594,9 @@ class SelectForUpdateTests(TransactionTestCase):
         transaction.commit()
 
         p = Person.objects.get(pk=self.person.pk)
-        self.assertEqual('Fred', p.name)
+        self.assertEqual("Fred", p.name)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update")
     def test_raw_lock_not_available(self):
         """
         Running a raw query which can't obtain a FOR UPDATE lock raises
@@ -552,9 +608,10 @@ class SelectForUpdateTests(TransactionTestCase):
             try:
                 list(
                     Person.objects.raw(
-                        'SELECT * FROM %s %s' % (
+                        "SELECT * FROM %s %s"
+                        % (
                             Person._meta.db_table,
-                            connection.ops.for_update_sql(nowait=True)
+                            connection.ops.for_update_sql(nowait=True),
                         )
                     )
                 )
@@ -565,31 +622,33 @@ class SelectForUpdateTests(TransactionTestCase):
                 # database connection. Close it without waiting for the GC.
                 # Connection cannot be closed on Oracle because cursor is still
                 # open.
-                if connection.vendor != 'oracle':
+                if connection.vendor != "oracle":
                     connection.close()
 
         status = []
-        thread = threading.Thread(target=raw, kwargs={'status': status})
+        thread = threading.Thread(target=raw, kwargs={"status": status})
         thread.start()
         time.sleep(1)
         thread.join()
         self.end_blocking_transaction()
         self.assertIsInstance(status[-1], DatabaseError)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update")
     @override_settings(DATABASE_ROUTERS=[TestRouter()])
     def test_select_for_update_on_multidb(self):
         query = Person.objects.select_for_update()
         self.assertEqual(router.db_for_write(Person), query.db)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_select_for_update')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_select_for_update")
     def test_select_for_update_with_get(self):
         with transaction.atomic():
-            person = Person.objects.select_for_update().get(name='Reinhardt')
-        self.assertEqual(person.name, 'Reinhardt')
+            person = Person.objects.select_for_update().get(name="Reinhardt")
+        self.assertEqual(person.name, "Reinhardt")
 
     def test_nowait_and_skip_locked(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'The nowait option cannot be used with skip_locked.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "The nowait option cannot be used with skip_locked."
+        ):
             Person.objects.select_for_update(nowait=True, skip_locked=True)
 
     def test_ordered_select_for_update(self):
@@ -598,5 +657,7 @@ class SelectForUpdateTests(TransactionTestCase):
         to specify a row locking order to prevent deadlocks (#27193).
         """
         with transaction.atomic():
-            qs = Person.objects.filter(id__in=Person.objects.order_by('-id').select_for_update())
-            self.assertIn('ORDER BY', str(qs.query))
+            qs = Person.objects.filter(
+                id__in=Person.objects.order_by("-id").select_for_update()
+            )
+            self.assertIn("ORDER BY", str(qs.query))
diff --git a/tests/select_related/models.py b/tests/select_related/models.py
index 7cb083fc20..d407dbdb11 100644
--- a/tests/select_related/models.py
+++ b/tests/select_related/models.py
@@ -7,9 +7,7 @@ isn't always a good idea, so the ``depth`` argument control how many "levels"
 the select-related behavior will traverse.
 """
 
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.db import models
 
@@ -54,13 +52,14 @@ class Species(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     genus = models.ForeignKey(Genus, models.CASCADE)
 
+
 # and we'll invent a new thing so we have a model with two foreign keys
 
 
 class HybridSpecies(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
-    parent_1 = models.ForeignKey(Species, models.CASCADE, related_name='child_1')
-    parent_2 = models.ForeignKey(Species, models.CASCADE, related_name='child_2')
+    parent_1 = models.ForeignKey(Species, models.CASCADE, related_name="child_1")
+    parent_2 = models.ForeignKey(Species, models.CASCADE, related_name="child_2")
 
 
 class Topping(models.Model):
@@ -75,9 +74,11 @@ class Pizza(models.Model):
 class TaggedItem(models.Model):
     tag = models.CharField(max_length=30)
 
-    content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE, related_name='select_related_tagged_items')
+    content_type = models.ForeignKey(
+        ContentType, models.CASCADE, related_name="select_related_tagged_items"
+    )
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-    content_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
+    content_object = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")
 
 
 class Bookmark(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/select_related/tests.py b/tests/select_related/tests.py
index 6debf0d67b..3ac36dc7e4 100644
--- a/tests/select_related/tests.py
+++ b/tests/select_related/tests.py
@@ -2,13 +2,22 @@ from django.core.exceptions import FieldError
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase
 
 from .models import (
-    Bookmark, Domain, Family, Genus, HybridSpecies, Kingdom, Klass, Order,
-    Phylum, Pizza, Species, TaggedItem,
+    Bookmark,
+    Domain,
+    Family,
+    Genus,
+    HybridSpecies,
+    Kingdom,
+    Klass,
+    Order,
+    Phylum,
+    Pizza,
+    Species,
+    TaggedItem,
 )
 
 
 class SelectRelatedTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def create_tree(cls, stringtree):
         """
@@ -31,10 +40,18 @@ class SelectRelatedTests(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.create_tree("Eukaryota Animalia Anthropoda Insecta Diptera Drosophilidae Drosophila melanogaster")
-        cls.create_tree("Eukaryota Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens")
-        cls.create_tree("Eukaryota Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Pisum sativum")
-        cls.create_tree("Eukaryota Fungi Basidiomycota Homobasidiomycatae Agaricales Amanitacae Amanita muscaria")
+        cls.create_tree(
+            "Eukaryota Animalia Anthropoda Insecta Diptera Drosophilidae Drosophila melanogaster"
+        )
+        cls.create_tree(
+            "Eukaryota Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens"
+        )
+        cls.create_tree(
+            "Eukaryota Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Pisum sativum"
+        )
+        cls.create_tree(
+            "Eukaryota Fungi Basidiomycota Homobasidiomycatae Agaricales Amanitacae Amanita muscaria"
+        )
 
     def test_access_fks_without_select_related(self):
         """
@@ -43,7 +60,7 @@ class SelectRelatedTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertNumQueries(8):
             fly = Species.objects.get(name="melanogaster")
             domain = fly.genus.family.order.klass.phylum.kingdom.domain
-            self.assertEqual(domain.name, 'Eukaryota')
+            self.assertEqual(domain.name, "Eukaryota")
 
     def test_access_fks_with_select_related(self):
         """
@@ -51,36 +68,40 @@ class SelectRelatedTests(TestCase):
         extra queries
         """
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            person = (
-                Species.objects
-                .select_related('genus__family__order__klass__phylum__kingdom__domain')
-                .get(name="sapiens")
-            )
+            person = Species.objects.select_related(
+                "genus__family__order__klass__phylum__kingdom__domain"
+            ).get(name="sapiens")
             domain = person.genus.family.order.klass.phylum.kingdom.domain
-            self.assertEqual(domain.name, 'Eukaryota')
+            self.assertEqual(domain.name, "Eukaryota")
 
     def test_list_without_select_related(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(9):
             world = Species.objects.all()
             families = [o.genus.family.name for o in world]
-            self.assertEqual(sorted(families), [
-                'Amanitacae',
-                'Drosophilidae',
-                'Fabaceae',
-                'Hominidae',
-            ])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                sorted(families),
+                [
+                    "Amanitacae",
+                    "Drosophilidae",
+                    "Fabaceae",
+                    "Hominidae",
+                ],
+            )
 
     def test_list_with_select_related(self):
         """select_related() applies to entire lists, not just items."""
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             world = Species.objects.all().select_related()
             families = [o.genus.family.name for o in world]
-            self.assertEqual(sorted(families), [
-                'Amanitacae',
-                'Drosophilidae',
-                'Fabaceae',
-                'Hominidae',
-            ])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                sorted(families),
+                [
+                    "Amanitacae",
+                    "Drosophilidae",
+                    "Fabaceae",
+                    "Hominidae",
+                ],
+            )
 
     def test_list_with_depth(self):
         """
@@ -89,14 +110,18 @@ class SelectRelatedTests(TestCase):
         well.
         """
         with self.assertNumQueries(5):
-            world = Species.objects.all().select_related('genus__family')
+            world = Species.objects.all().select_related("genus__family")
             orders = [o.genus.family.order.name for o in world]
-            self.assertEqual(sorted(orders), ['Agaricales', 'Diptera', 'Fabales', 'Primates'])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                sorted(orders), ["Agaricales", "Diptera", "Fabales", "Primates"]
+            )
 
     def test_select_related_with_extra(self):
-        s = (Species.objects.all()
-             .select_related()
-             .extra(select={'a': 'select_related_species.id + 10'})[0])
+        s = (
+            Species.objects.all()
+            .select_related()
+            .extra(select={"a": "select_related_species.id + 10"})[0]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(s.id + 10, s.a)
 
     def test_certain_fields(self):
@@ -108,9 +133,12 @@ class SelectRelatedTests(TestCase):
         'genus.family' models, leading to the same number of queries as before.
         """
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            world = Species.objects.select_related('genus__family')
+            world = Species.objects.select_related("genus__family")
             families = [o.genus.family.name for o in world]
-            self.assertEqual(sorted(families), ['Amanitacae', 'Drosophilidae', 'Fabaceae', 'Hominidae'])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                sorted(families),
+                ["Amanitacae", "Drosophilidae", "Fabaceae", "Hominidae"],
+            )
 
     def test_more_certain_fields(self):
         """
@@ -118,39 +146,50 @@ class SelectRelatedTests(TestCase):
         'genus.family' models, leading to the same number of queries as before.
         """
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            world = Species.objects.filter(genus__name='Amanita')\
-                .select_related('genus__family')
+            world = Species.objects.filter(genus__name="Amanita").select_related(
+                "genus__family"
+            )
             orders = [o.genus.family.order.name for o in world]
-            self.assertEqual(orders, ['Agaricales'])
+            self.assertEqual(orders, ["Agaricales"])
 
     def test_field_traversal(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            s = (Species.objects.all()
-                 .select_related('genus__family__order')
-                 .order_by('id')[0:1].get().genus.family.order.name)
-            self.assertEqual(s, 'Diptera')
+            s = (
+                Species.objects.all()
+                .select_related("genus__family__order")
+                .order_by("id")[0:1]
+                .get()
+                .genus.family.order.name
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(s, "Diptera")
 
     def test_none_clears_list(self):
-        queryset = Species.objects.select_related('genus').select_related(None)
+        queryset = Species.objects.select_related("genus").select_related(None)
         self.assertIs(queryset.query.select_related, False)
 
     def test_chaining(self):
         parent_1, parent_2 = Species.objects.all()[:2]
-        HybridSpecies.objects.create(name='hybrid', parent_1=parent_1, parent_2=parent_2)
-        queryset = HybridSpecies.objects.select_related('parent_1').select_related('parent_2')
+        HybridSpecies.objects.create(
+            name="hybrid", parent_1=parent_1, parent_2=parent_2
+        )
+        queryset = HybridSpecies.objects.select_related("parent_1").select_related(
+            "parent_2"
+        )
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             obj = queryset[0]
             self.assertEqual(obj.parent_1, parent_1)
             self.assertEqual(obj.parent_2, parent_2)
 
     def test_reverse_relation_caching(self):
-        species = Species.objects.select_related('genus').filter(name='melanogaster').first()
+        species = (
+            Species.objects.select_related("genus").filter(name="melanogaster").first()
+        )
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            self.assertEqual(species.genus.name, 'Drosophila')
+            self.assertEqual(species.genus.name, "Drosophila")
         # The species_set reverse relation isn't cached.
         self.assertEqual(species.genus._state.fields_cache, {})
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            self.assertEqual(species.genus.species_set.first().name, 'melanogaster')
+            self.assertEqual(species.genus.species_set.first().name, "melanogaster")
 
     def test_select_related_after_values(self):
         """
@@ -158,7 +197,7 @@ class SelectRelatedTests(TestCase):
         """
         message = "Cannot call select_related() after .values() or .values_list()"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, message):
-            list(Species.objects.values('name').select_related('genus'))
+            list(Species.objects.values("name").select_related("genus"))
 
     def test_select_related_after_values_list(self):
         """
@@ -166,7 +205,7 @@ class SelectRelatedTests(TestCase):
         """
         message = "Cannot call select_related() after .values() or .values_list()"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, message):
-            list(Species.objects.values_list('name').select_related('genus'))
+            list(Species.objects.values_list("name").select_related("genus"))
 
 
 class SelectRelatedValidationTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -174,44 +213,69 @@ class SelectRelatedValidationTests(SimpleTestCase):
     select_related() should thrown an error on fields that do not exist and
     non-relational fields.
     """
-    non_relational_error = "Non-relational field given in select_related: '%s'. Choices are: %s"
-    invalid_error = "Invalid field name(s) given in select_related: '%s'. Choices are: %s"
+
+    non_relational_error = (
+        "Non-relational field given in select_related: '%s'. Choices are: %s"
+    )
+    invalid_error = (
+        "Invalid field name(s) given in select_related: '%s'. Choices are: %s"
+    )
 
     def test_non_relational_field(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, self.non_relational_error % ('name', 'genus')):
-            list(Species.objects.select_related('name__some_field'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldError, self.non_relational_error % ("name", "genus")
+        ):
+            list(Species.objects.select_related("name__some_field"))
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, self.non_relational_error % ('name', 'genus')):
-            list(Species.objects.select_related('name'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldError, self.non_relational_error % ("name", "genus")
+        ):
+            list(Species.objects.select_related("name"))
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, self.non_relational_error % ('name', '(none)')):
-            list(Domain.objects.select_related('name'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldError, self.non_relational_error % ("name", "(none)")
+        ):
+            list(Domain.objects.select_related("name"))
 
     def test_non_relational_field_nested(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, self.non_relational_error % ('name', 'family')):
-            list(Species.objects.select_related('genus__name'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldError, self.non_relational_error % ("name", "family")
+        ):
+            list(Species.objects.select_related("genus__name"))
 
     def test_many_to_many_field(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, self.invalid_error % ('toppings', '(none)')):
-            list(Pizza.objects.select_related('toppings'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldError, self.invalid_error % ("toppings", "(none)")
+        ):
+            list(Pizza.objects.select_related("toppings"))
 
     def test_reverse_relational_field(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, self.invalid_error % ('child_1', 'genus')):
-            list(Species.objects.select_related('child_1'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldError, self.invalid_error % ("child_1", "genus")
+        ):
+            list(Species.objects.select_related("child_1"))
 
     def test_invalid_field(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, self.invalid_error % ('invalid_field', 'genus')):
-            list(Species.objects.select_related('invalid_field'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldError, self.invalid_error % ("invalid_field", "genus")
+        ):
+            list(Species.objects.select_related("invalid_field"))
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, self.invalid_error % ('related_invalid_field', 'family')):
-            list(Species.objects.select_related('genus__related_invalid_field'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldError, self.invalid_error % ("related_invalid_field", "family")
+        ):
+            list(Species.objects.select_related("genus__related_invalid_field"))
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, self.invalid_error % ('invalid_field', '(none)')):
-            list(Domain.objects.select_related('invalid_field'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldError, self.invalid_error % ("invalid_field", "(none)")
+        ):
+            list(Domain.objects.select_related("invalid_field"))
 
     def test_generic_relations(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, self.invalid_error % ('tags', '')):
-            list(Bookmark.objects.select_related('tags'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, self.invalid_error % ("tags", "")):
+            list(Bookmark.objects.select_related("tags"))
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, self.invalid_error % ('content_object', 'content_type')):
-            list(TaggedItem.objects.select_related('content_object'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldError, self.invalid_error % ("content_object", "content_type")
+        ):
+            list(TaggedItem.objects.select_related("content_object"))
diff --git a/tests/select_related_onetoone/models.py b/tests/select_related_onetoone/models.py
index aefa3518a9..5ffb6bfd8c 100644
--- a/tests/select_related_onetoone/models.py
+++ b/tests/select_related_onetoone/models.py
@@ -70,7 +70,9 @@ class Child4(Child1):
 class LinkedList(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
     previous_item = models.OneToOneField(
-        'self', models.CASCADE,
-        related_name='next_item',
-        blank=True, null=True,
+        "self",
+        models.CASCADE,
+        related_name="next_item",
+        blank=True,
+        null=True,
     )
diff --git a/tests/select_related_onetoone/tests.py b/tests/select_related_onetoone/tests.py
index a7eee5efb8..8bdfb83fe8 100644
--- a/tests/select_related_onetoone/tests.py
+++ b/tests/select_related_onetoone/tests.py
@@ -3,8 +3,20 @@ from django.db.models import FilteredRelation
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase
 
 from .models import (
-    AdvancedUserStat, Child1, Child2, Child3, Child4, Image, LinkedList,
-    Parent1, Parent2, Product, StatDetails, User, UserProfile, UserStat,
+    AdvancedUserStat,
+    Child1,
+    Child2,
+    Child3,
+    Child4,
+    Image,
+    LinkedList,
+    Parent1,
+    Parent2,
+    Product,
+    StatDetails,
+    User,
+    UserProfile,
+    UserStat,
     UserStatResult,
 )
 
@@ -14,13 +26,15 @@ class ReverseSelectRelatedTestCase(TestCase):
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         user = User.objects.create(username="test")
         UserProfile.objects.create(user=user, state="KS", city="Lawrence")
-        results = UserStatResult.objects.create(results='first results')
+        results = UserStatResult.objects.create(results="first results")
         userstat = UserStat.objects.create(user=user, posts=150, results=results)
         StatDetails.objects.create(base_stats=userstat, comments=259)
 
         user2 = User.objects.create(username="bob")
-        results2 = UserStatResult.objects.create(results='moar results')
-        advstat = AdvancedUserStat.objects.create(user=user2, posts=200, karma=5, results=results2)
+        results2 = UserStatResult.objects.create(results="moar results")
+        advstat = AdvancedUserStat.objects.create(
+            user=user2, posts=200, karma=5, results=results2
+        )
         StatDetails.objects.create(base_stats=advstat, comments=250)
         p1 = Parent1(name1="Only Parent1")
         p1.save()
@@ -40,30 +54,36 @@ class ReverseSelectRelatedTestCase(TestCase):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             u = User.objects.select_related("userstat__results").get(username="test")
             self.assertEqual(u.userstat.posts, 150)
-            self.assertEqual(u.userstat.results.results, 'first results')
+            self.assertEqual(u.userstat.results.results, "first results")
 
     def test_follow_two(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            u = User.objects.select_related("userprofile", "userstat").get(username="test")
+            u = User.objects.select_related("userprofile", "userstat").get(
+                username="test"
+            )
             self.assertEqual(u.userprofile.state, "KS")
             self.assertEqual(u.userstat.posts, 150)
 
     def test_follow_two_next_level(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            u = User.objects.select_related("userstat__results", "userstat__statdetails").get(username="test")
-            self.assertEqual(u.userstat.results.results, 'first results')
+            u = User.objects.select_related(
+                "userstat__results", "userstat__statdetails"
+            ).get(username="test")
+            self.assertEqual(u.userstat.results.results, "first results")
             self.assertEqual(u.userstat.statdetails.comments, 259)
 
     def test_forward_and_back(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            stat = UserStat.objects.select_related("user__userprofile").get(user__username="test")
-            self.assertEqual(stat.user.userprofile.state, 'KS')
+            stat = UserStat.objects.select_related("user__userprofile").get(
+                user__username="test"
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(stat.user.userprofile.state, "KS")
             self.assertEqual(stat.user.userstat.posts, 150)
 
     def test_back_and_forward(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             u = User.objects.select_related("userstat").get(username="test")
-            self.assertEqual(u.userstat.user.username, 'test')
+            self.assertEqual(u.userstat.user.username, "test")
 
     def test_not_followed_by_default(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
@@ -72,17 +92,21 @@ class ReverseSelectRelatedTestCase(TestCase):
 
     def test_follow_from_child_class(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            stat = AdvancedUserStat.objects.select_related('user', 'statdetails').get(posts=200)
+            stat = AdvancedUserStat.objects.select_related("user", "statdetails").get(
+                posts=200
+            )
             self.assertEqual(stat.statdetails.comments, 250)
-            self.assertEqual(stat.user.username, 'bob')
+            self.assertEqual(stat.user.username, "bob")
 
     def test_follow_inheritance(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            stat = UserStat.objects.select_related('user', 'advanceduserstat').get(posts=200)
+            stat = UserStat.objects.select_related("user", "advanceduserstat").get(
+                posts=200
+            )
             self.assertEqual(stat.advanceduserstat.posts, 200)
-            self.assertEqual(stat.user.username, 'bob')
+            self.assertEqual(stat.user.username, "bob")
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            self.assertEqual(stat.advanceduserstat.user.username, 'bob')
+            self.assertEqual(stat.advanceduserstat.user.username, "bob")
 
     def test_nullable_relation(self):
         im = Image.objects.create(name="imag1")
@@ -90,8 +114,12 @@ class ReverseSelectRelatedTestCase(TestCase):
         p2 = Product.objects.create(name="Talking Django Plushie")
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            result = sorted(Product.objects.select_related("image"), key=lambda x: x.name)
-            self.assertEqual([p.name for p in result], ["Django Plushie", "Talking Django Plushie"])
+            result = sorted(
+                Product.objects.select_related("image"), key=lambda x: x.name
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                [p.name for p in result], ["Django Plushie", "Talking Django Plushie"]
+            )
 
             self.assertEqual(p1.image, im)
             # Check for ticket #13839
@@ -103,7 +131,7 @@ class ReverseSelectRelatedTestCase(TestCase):
         for missing objects on a reverse 1-1 relation.
         """
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            user = User.objects.select_related('userprofile').get(username='bob')
+            user = User.objects.select_related("userprofile").get(username="bob")
             with self.assertRaises(UserProfile.DoesNotExist):
                 user.userprofile
 
@@ -115,31 +143,33 @@ class ReverseSelectRelatedTestCase(TestCase):
         Image.objects.create(name="imag1")
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            image = Image.objects.select_related('product').get()
+            image = Image.objects.select_related("product").get()
             with self.assertRaises(Product.DoesNotExist):
                 image.product
 
     def test_parent_only(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            p = Parent1.objects.select_related('child1').get(name1="Only Parent1")
+            p = Parent1.objects.select_related("child1").get(name1="Only Parent1")
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             with self.assertRaises(Child1.DoesNotExist):
                 p.child1
 
     def test_multiple_subclass(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            p = Parent1.objects.select_related('child1').get(name1="Child1 Parent1")
-            self.assertEqual(p.child1.name2, 'Child1 Parent2')
+            p = Parent1.objects.select_related("child1").get(name1="Child1 Parent1")
+            self.assertEqual(p.child1.name2, "Child1 Parent2")
 
     def test_onetoone_with_subclass(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            p = Parent2.objects.select_related('child2').get(name2="Child2 Parent2")
-            self.assertEqual(p.child2.name1, 'Child2 Parent1')
+            p = Parent2.objects.select_related("child2").get(name2="Child2 Parent2")
+            self.assertEqual(p.child2.name1, "Child2 Parent1")
 
     def test_onetoone_with_two_subclasses(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            p = Parent2.objects.select_related('child2', "child2__child3").get(name2="Child2 Parent2")
-            self.assertEqual(p.child2.name1, 'Child2 Parent1')
+            p = Parent2.objects.select_related("child2", "child2__child3").get(
+                name2="Child2 Parent2"
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(p.child2.name1, "Child2 Parent1")
             with self.assertRaises(Child3.DoesNotExist):
                 p.child2.child3
         p3 = Parent2(name2="Child3 Parent2")
@@ -147,24 +177,30 @@ class ReverseSelectRelatedTestCase(TestCase):
         c2 = Child3(name1="Child3 Parent1", parent2=p3, value=2, value3=3)
         c2.save()
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            p = Parent2.objects.select_related('child2', "child2__child3").get(name2="Child3 Parent2")
-            self.assertEqual(p.child2.name1, 'Child3 Parent1')
+            p = Parent2.objects.select_related("child2", "child2__child3").get(
+                name2="Child3 Parent2"
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(p.child2.name1, "Child3 Parent1")
             self.assertEqual(p.child2.child3.value3, 3)
             self.assertEqual(p.child2.child3.value, p.child2.value)
             self.assertEqual(p.child2.name1, p.child2.child3.name1)
 
     def test_multiinheritance_two_subclasses(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            p = Parent1.objects.select_related('child1', 'child1__child4').get(name1="Child1 Parent1")
-            self.assertEqual(p.child1.name2, 'Child1 Parent2')
+            p = Parent1.objects.select_related("child1", "child1__child4").get(
+                name1="Child1 Parent1"
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(p.child1.name2, "Child1 Parent2")
             self.assertEqual(p.child1.name1, p.name1)
             with self.assertRaises(Child4.DoesNotExist):
                 p.child1.child4
-        Child4(name1='n1', name2='n2', value=1, value4=4).save()
+        Child4(name1="n1", name2="n2", value=1, value4=4).save()
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            p = Parent2.objects.select_related('child1', 'child1__child4').get(name2="n2")
-            self.assertEqual(p.name2, 'n2')
-            self.assertEqual(p.child1.name1, 'n1')
+            p = Parent2.objects.select_related("child1", "child1__child4").get(
+                name2="n2"
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(p.name2, "n2")
+            self.assertEqual(p.child1.name1, "n1")
             self.assertEqual(p.child1.name2, p.name2)
             self.assertEqual(p.child1.value, 1)
             self.assertEqual(p.child1.child4.name1, p.child1.name1)
@@ -173,25 +209,35 @@ class ReverseSelectRelatedTestCase(TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(p.child1.child4.value4, 4)
 
     def test_inheritance_deferred(self):
-        c = Child4.objects.create(name1='n1', name2='n2', value=1, value4=4)
+        c = Child4.objects.create(name1="n1", name2="n2", value=1, value4=4)
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            p = Parent2.objects.select_related('child1').only(
-                'id2', 'child1__value').get(name2="n2")
+            p = (
+                Parent2.objects.select_related("child1")
+                .only("id2", "child1__value")
+                .get(name2="n2")
+            )
             self.assertEqual(p.id2, c.id2)
             self.assertEqual(p.child1.value, 1)
-        p = Parent2.objects.select_related('child1').only(
-            'id2', 'child1__value').get(name2="n2")
+        p = (
+            Parent2.objects.select_related("child1")
+            .only("id2", "child1__value")
+            .get(name2="n2")
+        )
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            self.assertEqual(p.name2, 'n2')
-        p = Parent2.objects.select_related('child1').only(
-            'id2', 'child1__value').get(name2="n2")
+            self.assertEqual(p.name2, "n2")
+        p = (
+            Parent2.objects.select_related("child1")
+            .only("id2", "child1__value")
+            .get(name2="n2")
+        )
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            self.assertEqual(p.child1.name2, 'n2')
+            self.assertEqual(p.child1.name2, "n2")
 
     def test_inheritance_deferred2(self):
-        c = Child4.objects.create(name1='n1', name2='n2', value=1, value4=4)
-        qs = Parent2.objects.select_related('child1', 'child1__child4').only(
-            'id2', 'child1__value', 'child1__child4__value4')
+        c = Child4.objects.create(name1="n1", name2="n2", value=1, value4=4)
+        qs = Parent2.objects.select_related("child1", "child1__child4").only(
+            "id2", "child1__value", "child1__child4__value4"
+        )
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             p = qs.get(name2="n2")
             self.assertEqual(p.id2, c.id2)
@@ -200,18 +246,18 @@ class ReverseSelectRelatedTestCase(TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(p.child1.child4.id2, c.id2)
         p = qs.get(name2="n2")
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            self.assertEqual(p.child1.name2, 'n2')
+            self.assertEqual(p.child1.name2, "n2")
         p = qs.get(name2="n2")
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            self.assertEqual(p.child1.name1, 'n1')
-            self.assertEqual(p.child1.child4.name1, 'n1')
+            self.assertEqual(p.child1.name1, "n1")
+            self.assertEqual(p.child1.child4.name1, "n1")
 
     def test_self_relation(self):
-        item1 = LinkedList.objects.create(name='item1')
-        LinkedList.objects.create(name='item2', previous_item=item1)
+        item1 = LinkedList.objects.create(name="item1")
+        LinkedList.objects.create(name="item2", previous_item=item1)
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            item1_db = LinkedList.objects.select_related('next_item').get(name='item1')
-            self.assertEqual(item1_db.next_item.name, 'item2')
+            item1_db = LinkedList.objects.select_related("next_item").get(name="item1")
+            self.assertEqual(item1_db.next_item.name, "item2")
 
 
 class ReverseSelectRelatedValidationTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -219,19 +265,34 @@ class ReverseSelectRelatedValidationTests(SimpleTestCase):
     Rverse related fields should be listed in the validation message when an
     invalid field is given in select_related().
     """
-    non_relational_error = "Non-relational field given in select_related: '%s'. Choices are: %s"
-    invalid_error = "Invalid field name(s) given in select_related: '%s'. Choices are: %s"
+
+    non_relational_error = (
+        "Non-relational field given in select_related: '%s'. Choices are: %s"
+    )
+    invalid_error = (
+        "Invalid field name(s) given in select_related: '%s'. Choices are: %s"
+    )
 
     def test_reverse_related_validation(self):
-        fields = 'userprofile, userstat'
+        fields = "userprofile, userstat"
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, self.invalid_error % ('foobar', fields)):
-            list(User.objects.select_related('foobar'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldError, self.invalid_error % ("foobar", fields)
+        ):
+            list(User.objects.select_related("foobar"))
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, self.non_relational_error % ('username', fields)):
-            list(User.objects.select_related('username'))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldError, self.non_relational_error % ("username", fields)
+        ):
+            list(User.objects.select_related("username"))
 
     def test_reverse_related_validation_with_filtered_relation(self):
-        fields = 'userprofile, userstat, relation'
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, self.invalid_error % ('foobar', fields)):
-            list(User.objects.annotate(relation=FilteredRelation('userprofile')).select_related('foobar'))
+        fields = "userprofile, userstat, relation"
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            FieldError, self.invalid_error % ("foobar", fields)
+        ):
+            list(
+                User.objects.annotate(
+                    relation=FilteredRelation("userprofile")
+                ).select_related("foobar")
+            )
diff --git a/tests/select_related_regress/models.py b/tests/select_related_regress/models.py
index 83e9321ef7..9bae754196 100644
--- a/tests/select_related_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/select_related_regress/models.py
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ class Building(models.Model):
 
 
 class Device(models.Model):
-    building = models.ForeignKey('Building', models.CASCADE)
+    building = models.ForeignKey("Building", models.CASCADE)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=10)
 
 
 class Port(models.Model):
-    device = models.ForeignKey('Device', models.CASCADE)
+    device = models.ForeignKey("Device", models.CASCADE)
     port_number = models.CharField(max_length=10)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -22,16 +22,17 @@ class Connection(models.Model):
     start = models.ForeignKey(
         Port,
         models.CASCADE,
-        related_name='connection_start',
+        related_name="connection_start",
         unique=True,
     )
     end = models.ForeignKey(
         Port,
         models.CASCADE,
-        related_name='connection_end',
+        related_name="connection_end",
         unique=True,
     )
 
+
 # Another non-tree hierarchy that exercises code paths similar to the above
 # example, but in a slightly different configuration.
 
@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@ class Enrollment(models.Model):
     std = models.ForeignKey(Student, models.CASCADE)
     cls = models.ForeignKey(Class, models.CASCADE)
 
+
 # Models for testing bug #8036.
 
 
@@ -85,6 +87,7 @@ class Client(models.Model):
 class SpecialClient(Client):
     value = models.IntegerField()
 
+
 # Some model inheritance exercises
 
 
@@ -103,6 +106,7 @@ class Item(models.Model):
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
+
 # Models for testing bug #19870.
 
 
diff --git a/tests/select_related_regress/tests.py b/tests/select_related_regress/tests.py
index 47e5e4f3c9..5ce331d332 100644
--- a/tests/select_related_regress/tests.py
+++ b/tests/select_related_regress/tests.py
@@ -1,14 +1,32 @@
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 from .models import (
-    A, B, Building, C, Chick, Child, Class, Client, ClientStatus, Connection,
-    Country, Device, Enrollment, Hen, Item, Organizer, Person, Port,
-    SpecialClient, State, Student, TUser,
+    A,
+    B,
+    Building,
+    C,
+    Chick,
+    Child,
+    Class,
+    Client,
+    ClientStatus,
+    Connection,
+    Country,
+    Device,
+    Enrollment,
+    Hen,
+    Item,
+    Organizer,
+    Person,
+    Port,
+    SpecialClient,
+    State,
+    Student,
+    TUser,
 )
 
 
 class SelectRelatedRegressTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_regression_7110(self):
         """
         Regression test for bug #7110.
@@ -22,31 +40,34 @@ class SelectRelatedRegressTests(TestCase):
         and include some unnecessary bonus joins).
         """
 
-        b = Building.objects.create(name='101')
+        b = Building.objects.create(name="101")
         dev1 = Device.objects.create(name="router", building=b)
         dev2 = Device.objects.create(name="switch", building=b)
         dev3 = Device.objects.create(name="server", building=b)
-        port1 = Port.objects.create(port_number='4', device=dev1)
-        port2 = Port.objects.create(port_number='7', device=dev2)
-        port3 = Port.objects.create(port_number='1', device=dev3)
+        port1 = Port.objects.create(port_number="4", device=dev1)
+        port2 = Port.objects.create(port_number="7", device=dev2)
+        port3 = Port.objects.create(port_number="1", device=dev3)
         c1 = Connection.objects.create(start=port1, end=port2)
         c2 = Connection.objects.create(start=port2, end=port3)
 
-        connections = Connection.objects.filter(start__device__building=b, end__device__building=b).order_by('id')
+        connections = Connection.objects.filter(
+            start__device__building=b, end__device__building=b
+        ).order_by("id")
         self.assertEqual(
             [(c.id, str(c.start), str(c.end)) for c in connections],
-            [(c1.id, 'router/4', 'switch/7'), (c2.id, 'switch/7', 'server/1')]
+            [(c1.id, "router/4", "switch/7"), (c2.id, "switch/7", "server/1")],
         )
 
         connections = (
-            Connection.objects
-            .filter(start__device__building=b, end__device__building=b)
+            Connection.objects.filter(
+                start__device__building=b, end__device__building=b
+            )
             .select_related()
-            .order_by('id')
+            .order_by("id")
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             [(c.id, str(c.start), str(c.end)) for c in connections],
-            [(c1.id, 'router/4', 'switch/7'), (c2.id, 'switch/7', 'server/1')]
+            [(c1.id, "router/4", "switch/7"), (c2.id, "switch/7", "server/1")],
         )
 
         # This final query should only have seven tables (port, device and building
@@ -85,20 +106,26 @@ class SelectRelatedRegressTests(TestCase):
         for country before getting status.
         """
 
-        Country.objects.create(name='Australia')
-        active = ClientStatus.objects.create(name='active')
-        client = Client.objects.create(name='client', status=active)
+        Country.objects.create(name="Australia")
+        active = ClientStatus.objects.create(name="active")
+        client = Client.objects.create(name="client", status=active)
 
         self.assertEqual(client.status, active)
         self.assertEqual(Client.objects.select_related()[0].status, active)
-        self.assertEqual(Client.objects.select_related('state')[0].status, active)
-        self.assertEqual(Client.objects.select_related('state', 'status')[0].status, active)
-        self.assertEqual(Client.objects.select_related('state__country')[0].status, active)
-        self.assertEqual(Client.objects.select_related('state__country', 'status')[0].status, active)
-        self.assertEqual(Client.objects.select_related('status')[0].status, active)
+        self.assertEqual(Client.objects.select_related("state")[0].status, active)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Client.objects.select_related("state", "status")[0].status, active
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Client.objects.select_related("state__country")[0].status, active
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Client.objects.select_related("state__country", "status")[0].status, active
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(Client.objects.select_related("status")[0].status, active)
 
     def test_multi_table_inheritance(self):
-        """ Exercising select_related() with multi-table model inheritance. """
+        """Exercising select_related() with multi-table model inheritance."""
         c1 = Child.objects.create(name="child1", value=42)
         i1 = Item.objects.create(name="item1", child=c1)
         i2 = Item.objects.create(name="item2")
@@ -115,90 +142,120 @@ class SelectRelatedRegressTests(TestCase):
         Deferred fields are used correctly if you select_related a subset
         of fields.
         """
-        australia = Country.objects.create(name='Australia')
-        active = ClientStatus.objects.create(name='active')
+        australia = Country.objects.create(name="Australia")
+        active = ClientStatus.objects.create(name="active")
 
         wa = State.objects.create(name="Western Australia", country=australia)
-        Client.objects.create(name='Brian Burke', state=wa, status=active)
-        burke = Client.objects.select_related('state').defer('state__name').get(name='Brian Burke')
+        Client.objects.create(name="Brian Burke", state=wa, status=active)
+        burke = (
+            Client.objects.select_related("state")
+            .defer("state__name")
+            .get(name="Brian Burke")
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual(burke.name, 'Brian Burke')
-        self.assertEqual(burke.state.name, 'Western Australia')
+        self.assertEqual(burke.name, "Brian Burke")
+        self.assertEqual(burke.state.name, "Western Australia")
 
         # Still works if we're dealing with an inherited class
-        SpecialClient.objects.create(name='Troy Buswell', state=wa, status=active, value=42)
-        troy = SpecialClient.objects.select_related('state').defer('state__name').get(name='Troy Buswell')
+        SpecialClient.objects.create(
+            name="Troy Buswell", state=wa, status=active, value=42
+        )
+        troy = (
+            SpecialClient.objects.select_related("state")
+            .defer("state__name")
+            .get(name="Troy Buswell")
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual(troy.name, 'Troy Buswell')
+        self.assertEqual(troy.name, "Troy Buswell")
         self.assertEqual(troy.value, 42)
-        self.assertEqual(troy.state.name, 'Western Australia')
+        self.assertEqual(troy.state.name, "Western Australia")
 
         # Still works if we defer an attribute on the inherited class
-        troy = SpecialClient.objects.select_related('state').defer('value', 'state__name').get(name='Troy Buswell')
+        troy = (
+            SpecialClient.objects.select_related("state")
+            .defer("value", "state__name")
+            .get(name="Troy Buswell")
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual(troy.name, 'Troy Buswell')
+        self.assertEqual(troy.name, "Troy Buswell")
         self.assertEqual(troy.value, 42)
-        self.assertEqual(troy.state.name, 'Western Australia')
+        self.assertEqual(troy.state.name, "Western Australia")
 
         # Also works if you use only, rather than defer
-        troy = SpecialClient.objects.select_related('state').only('name', 'state').get(name='Troy Buswell')
+        troy = (
+            SpecialClient.objects.select_related("state")
+            .only("name", "state")
+            .get(name="Troy Buswell")
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual(troy.name, 'Troy Buswell')
+        self.assertEqual(troy.name, "Troy Buswell")
         self.assertEqual(troy.value, 42)
-        self.assertEqual(troy.state.name, 'Western Australia')
+        self.assertEqual(troy.state.name, "Western Australia")
 
     def test_null_join_promotion(self):
-        australia = Country.objects.create(name='Australia')
-        active = ClientStatus.objects.create(name='active')
+        australia = Country.objects.create(name="Australia")
+        active = ClientStatus.objects.create(name="active")
 
         wa = State.objects.create(name="Western Australia", country=australia)
-        bob = Client.objects.create(name='Bob', status=active)
-        jack = Client.objects.create(name='Jack', status=active, state=wa)
-        qs = Client.objects.filter(state=wa).select_related('state')
+        bob = Client.objects.create(name="Bob", status=active)
+        jack = Client.objects.create(name="Jack", status=active, state=wa)
+        qs = Client.objects.filter(state=wa).select_related("state")
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             self.assertEqual(list(qs), [jack])
             self.assertEqual(qs[0].state, wa)
             # The select_related join wasn't promoted as there was already an
             # existing (even if trimmed) inner join to state.
-            self.assertNotIn('LEFT OUTER', str(qs.query))
-        qs = Client.objects.select_related('state').order_by('name')
+            self.assertNotIn("LEFT OUTER", str(qs.query))
+        qs = Client.objects.select_related("state").order_by("name")
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             self.assertEqual(list(qs), [bob, jack])
             self.assertIs(qs[0].state, None)
             self.assertEqual(qs[1].state, wa)
             # The select_related join was promoted as there is already an
             # existing join.
-            self.assertIn('LEFT OUTER', str(qs.query))
+            self.assertIn("LEFT OUTER", str(qs.query))
 
     def test_regression_19870(self):
-        hen = Hen.objects.create(name='Hen')
-        Chick.objects.create(name='Chick', mother=hen)
+        hen = Hen.objects.create(name="Hen")
+        Chick.objects.create(name="Chick", mother=hen)
 
-        self.assertEqual(Chick.objects.all()[0].mother.name, 'Hen')
-        self.assertEqual(Chick.objects.select_related()[0].mother.name, 'Hen')
+        self.assertEqual(Chick.objects.all()[0].mother.name, "Hen")
+        self.assertEqual(Chick.objects.select_related()[0].mother.name, "Hen")
 
     def test_regression_10733(self):
-        a = A.objects.create(name='a', lots_of_text='lots_of_text_a', a_field='a_field')
-        b = B.objects.create(name='b', lots_of_text='lots_of_text_b', b_field='b_field')
-        c = C.objects.create(name='c', lots_of_text='lots_of_text_c', is_published=True,
-                             c_a=a, c_b=b)
-        results = C.objects.all().only('name', 'lots_of_text', 'c_a', 'c_b', 'c_b__lots_of_text',
-                                       'c_a__name', 'c_b__name').select_related()
+        a = A.objects.create(name="a", lots_of_text="lots_of_text_a", a_field="a_field")
+        b = B.objects.create(name="b", lots_of_text="lots_of_text_b", b_field="b_field")
+        c = C.objects.create(
+            name="c", lots_of_text="lots_of_text_c", is_published=True, c_a=a, c_b=b
+        )
+        results = (
+            C.objects.all()
+            .only(
+                "name",
+                "lots_of_text",
+                "c_a",
+                "c_b",
+                "c_b__lots_of_text",
+                "c_a__name",
+                "c_b__name",
+            )
+            .select_related()
+        )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(results, [c])
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             qs_c = results[0]
-            self.assertEqual(qs_c.name, 'c')
-            self.assertEqual(qs_c.lots_of_text, 'lots_of_text_c')
-            self.assertEqual(qs_c.c_b.lots_of_text, 'lots_of_text_b')
-            self.assertEqual(qs_c.c_a.name, 'a')
-            self.assertEqual(qs_c.c_b.name, 'b')
+            self.assertEqual(qs_c.name, "c")
+            self.assertEqual(qs_c.lots_of_text, "lots_of_text_c")
+            self.assertEqual(qs_c.c_b.lots_of_text, "lots_of_text_b")
+            self.assertEqual(qs_c.c_a.name, "a")
+            self.assertEqual(qs_c.c_b.name, "b")
 
     def test_regression_22508(self):
-        building = Building.objects.create(name='101')
+        building = Building.objects.create(name="101")
         device = Device.objects.create(name="router", building=building)
-        Port.objects.create(port_number='1', device=device)
+        Port.objects.create(port_number="1", device=device)
 
         device = Device.objects.get()
-        port = device.port_set.select_related('device__building').get()
+        port = device.port_set.select_related("device__building").get()
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             port.device.building
diff --git a/tests/serializers/models/base.py b/tests/serializers/models/base.py
index 0004099f19..af9ca2b20a 100644
--- a/tests/serializers/models/base.py
+++ b/tests/serializers/models/base.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ from django.db import models
 
 
 class CategoryMetaDataManager(models.Manager):
-
     def get_by_natural_key(self, kind, name):
         return self.get(kind=kind, name=name)
 
@@ -22,10 +21,10 @@ class CategoryMetaData(models.Model):
     objects = CategoryMetaDataManager()
 
     class Meta:
-        unique_together = (('kind', 'name'),)
+        unique_together = (("kind", "name"),)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '[%s:%s]=%s' % (self.kind, self.name, self.value)
+        return "[%s:%s]=%s" % (self.kind, self.name, self.value)
 
     def natural_key(self):
         return (self.kind, self.name)
@@ -33,10 +32,12 @@ class CategoryMetaData(models.Model):
 
 class Category(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
-    meta_data = models.ForeignKey(CategoryMetaData, models.SET_NULL, null=True, default=None)
+    meta_data = models.ForeignKey(
+        CategoryMetaData, models.SET_NULL, null=True, default=None
+    )
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ class Author(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     meta_data = models.ManyToManyField(CategoryMetaData)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('pub_date',)
+        ordering = ("pub_date",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.headline
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ class Actor(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20, primary_key=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('name',)
+        ordering = ("name",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -87,10 +88,10 @@ class Actor(models.Model):
 class Movie(models.Model):
     actor = models.ForeignKey(Actor, models.CASCADE)
     title = models.CharField(max_length=50)
-    price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=6, decimal_places=2, default=Decimal('0.00'))
+    price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=6, decimal_places=2, default=Decimal("0.00"))
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('title',)
+        ordering = ("title",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.title
@@ -112,7 +113,6 @@ class Team:
 
 
 class TeamField(models.CharField):
-
     def __init__(self):
         super().__init__(max_length=100)
 
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ class TeamField(models.CharField):
 
     def deconstruct(self):
         name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
-        del kwargs['max_length']
+        del kwargs["max_length"]
         return name, path, args, kwargs
 
 
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ class Player(models.Model):
     team = TeamField()
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s (%d) playing for %s' % (self.name, self.rank, self.team.to_string())
+        return "%s (%d) playing for %s" % (self.name, self.rank, self.team.to_string())
 
 
 class BaseModel(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/serializers/models/data.py b/tests/serializers/models/data.py
index 94c4a215fc..3d863a3fb2 100644
--- a/tests/serializers/models/data.py
+++ b/tests/serializers/models/data.py
@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@ The basic idea is to have a model for each Django data type.
 """
 import uuid
 
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.db import models
 
@@ -62,6 +60,7 @@ class IntegerData(models.Model):
 class BigIntegerData(models.Model):
     data = models.BigIntegerField(null=True)
 
+
 # class ImageData(models.Model):
 #    data = models.ImageField(null=True)
 
@@ -100,6 +99,7 @@ class TimeData(models.Model):
 
 class Tag(models.Model):
     """A tag on an item."""
+
     data = models.SlugField()
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE)
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
@@ -115,6 +115,7 @@ class GenericData(models.Model):
 
     tags = GenericRelation(Tag)
 
+
 # The following test classes are all for validation
 # of related objects; in particular, forward, backward,
 # and self references.
@@ -127,7 +128,7 @@ class Anchor(models.Model):
     data = models.CharField(max_length=30)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('id',)
+        ordering = ("id",)
 
 
 class UniqueAnchor(models.Model):
@@ -151,15 +152,15 @@ class O2OData(models.Model):
 
 
 class FKSelfData(models.Model):
-    data = models.ForeignKey('self', models.CASCADE, null=True)
+    data = models.ForeignKey("self", models.CASCADE, null=True)
 
 
 class M2MSelfData(models.Model):
-    data = models.ManyToManyField('self', symmetrical=False)
+    data = models.ManyToManyField("self", symmetrical=False)
 
 
 class FKDataToField(models.Model):
-    data = models.ForeignKey(UniqueAnchor, models.SET_NULL, null=True, to_field='data')
+    data = models.ForeignKey(UniqueAnchor, models.SET_NULL, null=True, to_field="data")
 
 
 class FKDataToO2O(models.Model):
@@ -167,7 +168,7 @@ class FKDataToO2O(models.Model):
 
 
 class M2MIntermediateData(models.Model):
-    data = models.ManyToManyField(Anchor, through='Intermediate')
+    data = models.ManyToManyField(Anchor, through="Intermediate")
 
 
 class Intermediate(models.Model):
@@ -175,6 +176,7 @@ class Intermediate(models.Model):
     right = models.ForeignKey(Anchor, models.CASCADE)
     extra = models.CharField(max_length=30, blank=True, default="doesn't matter")
 
+
 # The following test classes are for validating the
 # deserialization of objects that use a user-defined
 # field as the primary key.
@@ -206,6 +208,7 @@ class DecimalPKData(models.Model):
 class EmailPKData(models.Model):
     data = models.EmailField(primary_key=True)
 
+
 # class FilePKData(models.Model):
 #    data = models.FileField(primary_key=True)
 
@@ -221,6 +224,7 @@ class FloatPKData(models.Model):
 class IntegerPKData(models.Model):
     data = models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)
 
+
 # class ImagePKData(models.Model):
 #    data = models.ImageField(primary_key=True)
 
@@ -244,6 +248,7 @@ class SlugPKData(models.Model):
 class SmallPKData(models.Model):
     data = models.SmallIntegerField(primary_key=True)
 
+
 # class TextPKData(models.Model):
 #     data = models.TextField(primary_key=True)
 
@@ -283,6 +288,7 @@ class ModifyingSaveData(models.Model):
         self.data = 666
         super().save(*args, **kwargs)
 
+
 # Tests for serialization of models using inheritance.
 # Regression for #7202, #7350
 
diff --git a/tests/serializers/models/multi_table.py b/tests/serializers/models/multi_table.py
index 4b07880925..2f42b57137 100644
--- a/tests/serializers/models/multi_table.py
+++ b/tests/serializers/models/multi_table.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ class ParentManager(models.Manager):
 
 class Parent(models.Model):
     parent_data = models.CharField(max_length=30, unique=True)
-    parent_m2m = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+    parent_m2m = models.ManyToManyField("self")
 
     objects = ParentManager()
 
diff --git a/tests/serializers/models/natural.py b/tests/serializers/models/natural.py
index d062d7a45b..1e439b34eb 100644
--- a/tests/serializers/models/natural.py
+++ b/tests/serializers/models/natural.py
@@ -25,8 +25,12 @@ class FKDataNaturalKey(models.Model):
 
 class NaturalKeyThing(models.Model):
     key = models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=True)
-    other_thing = models.ForeignKey('NaturalKeyThing', on_delete=models.CASCADE, null=True)
-    other_things = models.ManyToManyField('NaturalKeyThing', related_name='thing_m2m_set')
+    other_thing = models.ForeignKey(
+        "NaturalKeyThing", on_delete=models.CASCADE, null=True
+    )
+    other_things = models.ManyToManyField(
+        "NaturalKeyThing", related_name="thing_m2m_set"
+    )
 
     class Manager(models.Manager):
         def get_by_natural_key(self, key):
@@ -61,9 +65,11 @@ class FKAsPKNoNaturalKeyManager(models.Manager):
 
 
 class FKAsPKNoNaturalKey(models.Model):
-    pk_fk = models.ForeignKey(NaturalKeyAnchor, on_delete=models.CASCADE, primary_key=True)
+    pk_fk = models.ForeignKey(
+        NaturalKeyAnchor, on_delete=models.CASCADE, primary_key=True
+    )
 
     objects = FKAsPKNoNaturalKeyManager()
 
     def natural_key(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError('This method was not expected to be called.')
+        raise NotImplementedError("This method was not expected to be called.")
diff --git a/tests/serializers/test_data.py b/tests/serializers/test_data.py
index 91cad48e0f..330e5016e4 100644
--- a/tests/serializers/test_data.py
+++ b/tests/serializers/test_data.py
@@ -15,18 +15,62 @@ from django.db import connection, models
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 from .models import (
-    Anchor, AutoNowDateTimeData, BigIntegerData, BinaryData, BooleanData,
-    BooleanPKData, CharData, CharPKData, DateData, DatePKData, DateTimeData,
-    DateTimePKData, DecimalData, DecimalPKData, EmailData, EmailPKData,
-    ExplicitInheritBaseModel, FileData, FilePathData, FilePathPKData, FKData,
-    FKDataToField, FKDataToO2O, FKSelfData, FKToUUID, FloatData, FloatPKData,
-    GenericData, GenericIPAddressData, GenericIPAddressPKData,
-    InheritAbstractModel, InheritBaseModel, IntegerData, IntegerPKData,
-    Intermediate, LengthModel, M2MData, M2MIntermediateData, M2MSelfData,
-    ModifyingSaveData, O2OData, PositiveBigIntegerData, PositiveIntegerData,
-    PositiveIntegerPKData, PositiveSmallIntegerData,
-    PositiveSmallIntegerPKData, SlugData, SlugPKData, SmallData, SmallPKData,
-    Tag, TextData, TimeData, UniqueAnchor, UUIDData, UUIDDefaultData,
+    Anchor,
+    AutoNowDateTimeData,
+    BigIntegerData,
+    BinaryData,
+    BooleanData,
+    BooleanPKData,
+    CharData,
+    CharPKData,
+    DateData,
+    DatePKData,
+    DateTimeData,
+    DateTimePKData,
+    DecimalData,
+    DecimalPKData,
+    EmailData,
+    EmailPKData,
+    ExplicitInheritBaseModel,
+    FileData,
+    FilePathData,
+    FilePathPKData,
+    FKData,
+    FKDataToField,
+    FKDataToO2O,
+    FKSelfData,
+    FKToUUID,
+    FloatData,
+    FloatPKData,
+    GenericData,
+    GenericIPAddressData,
+    GenericIPAddressPKData,
+    InheritAbstractModel,
+    InheritBaseModel,
+    IntegerData,
+    IntegerPKData,
+    Intermediate,
+    LengthModel,
+    M2MData,
+    M2MIntermediateData,
+    M2MSelfData,
+    ModifyingSaveData,
+    O2OData,
+    PositiveBigIntegerData,
+    PositiveIntegerData,
+    PositiveIntegerPKData,
+    PositiveSmallIntegerData,
+    PositiveSmallIntegerPKData,
+    SlugData,
+    SlugPKData,
+    SmallData,
+    SmallPKData,
+    Tag,
+    TextData,
+    TimeData,
+    UniqueAnchor,
+    UUIDData,
+    UUIDDefaultData,
 )
 from .tests import register_tests
 
@@ -55,7 +99,7 @@ def generic_create(pk, klass, data):
 
 def fk_create(pk, klass, data):
     instance = klass(id=pk)
-    setattr(instance, 'data_id', data)
+    setattr(instance, "data_id", data)
     models.Model.save_base(instance, raw=True)
     return [instance]
 
@@ -75,10 +119,10 @@ def im2m_create(pk, klass, data):
 
 def im_create(pk, klass, data):
     instance = klass(id=pk)
-    instance.right_id = data['right']
-    instance.left_id = data['left']
-    if 'extra' in data:
-        instance.extra = data['extra']
+    instance.right_id = data["right"]
+    instance.left_id = data["left"]
+    if "extra" in data:
+        instance.extra = data["extra"]
     models.Model.save_base(instance, raw=True)
     return [instance]
 
@@ -110,6 +154,7 @@ def inherited_create(pk, klass, data):
         created.append(klass.objects.get(id=pk))
     return created
 
+
 # A set of functions that can be used to compare
 # test data objects of various kinds
 
@@ -118,25 +163,36 @@ def data_compare(testcase, pk, klass, data):
     instance = klass.objects.get(id=pk)
     if klass == BinaryData and data is not None:
         testcase.assertEqual(
-            bytes(data), bytes(instance.data),
-            "Objects with PK=%d not equal; expected '%s' (%s), got '%s' (%s)" % (
-                pk, repr(bytes(data)), type(data), repr(bytes(instance.data)),
+            bytes(data),
+            bytes(instance.data),
+            "Objects with PK=%d not equal; expected '%s' (%s), got '%s' (%s)"
+            % (
+                pk,
+                repr(bytes(data)),
+                type(data),
+                repr(bytes(instance.data)),
                 type(instance.data),
-            )
+            ),
         )
     else:
         testcase.assertEqual(
-            data, instance.data,
-            "Objects with PK=%d not equal; expected '%s' (%s), got '%s' (%s)" % (
-                pk, data, type(data), instance, type(instance.data),
-            )
+            data,
+            instance.data,
+            "Objects with PK=%d not equal; expected '%s' (%s), got '%s' (%s)"
+            % (
+                pk,
+                data,
+                type(data),
+                instance,
+                type(instance.data),
+            ),
         )
 
 
 def generic_compare(testcase, pk, klass, data):
     instance = klass.objects.get(id=pk)
     testcase.assertEqual(data[0], instance.data)
-    testcase.assertEqual(data[1:], [t.data for t in instance.tags.order_by('id')])
+    testcase.assertEqual(data[1:], [t.data for t in instance.tags.order_by("id")])
 
 
 def fk_compare(testcase, pk, klass, data):
@@ -146,7 +202,7 @@ def fk_compare(testcase, pk, klass, data):
 
 def m2m_compare(testcase, pk, klass, data):
     instance = klass.objects.get(id=pk)
-    testcase.assertEqual(data, [obj.id for obj in instance.data.order_by('id')])
+    testcase.assertEqual(data, [obj.id for obj in instance.data.order_by("id")])
 
 
 def im2m_compare(testcase, pk, klass, data):
@@ -156,10 +212,10 @@ def im2m_compare(testcase, pk, klass, data):
 
 def im_compare(testcase, pk, klass, data):
     instance = klass.objects.get(id=pk)
-    testcase.assertEqual(data['left'], instance.left_id)
-    testcase.assertEqual(data['right'], instance.right_id)
-    if 'extra' in data:
-        testcase.assertEqual(data['extra'], instance.extra)
+    testcase.assertEqual(data["left"], instance.left_id)
+    testcase.assertEqual(data["right"], instance.right_id)
+    if "extra" in data:
+        testcase.assertEqual(data["extra"], instance.extra)
     else:
         testcase.assertEqual("doesn't matter", instance.extra)
 
@@ -209,7 +265,7 @@ test_data = [
     (data_obj, 15, CharData, None),
     # (We use something that will fit into a latin1 database encoding here,
     # because that is still the default used on many system setups.)
-    (data_obj, 16, CharData, '\xa5'),
+    (data_obj, 16, CharData, "\xa5"),
     (data_obj, 20, DateData, datetime.date(2006, 6, 16)),
     (data_obj, 21, DateData, None),
     (data_obj, 30, DateTimeData, datetime.datetime(2006, 6, 16, 10, 42, 37)),
@@ -217,15 +273,15 @@ test_data = [
     (data_obj, 40, EmailData, "hovercraft@example.com"),
     (data_obj, 41, EmailData, None),
     (data_obj, 42, EmailData, ""),
-    (data_obj, 50, FileData, 'file:///foo/bar/whiz.txt'),
+    (data_obj, 50, FileData, "file:///foo/bar/whiz.txt"),
     # (data_obj, 51, FileData, None),
     (data_obj, 52, FileData, ""),
     (data_obj, 60, FilePathData, "/foo/bar/whiz.txt"),
     (data_obj, 61, FilePathData, None),
     (data_obj, 62, FilePathData, ""),
-    (data_obj, 70, DecimalData, decimal.Decimal('12.345')),
-    (data_obj, 71, DecimalData, decimal.Decimal('-12.345')),
-    (data_obj, 72, DecimalData, decimal.Decimal('0.0')),
+    (data_obj, 70, DecimalData, decimal.Decimal("12.345")),
+    (data_obj, 71, DecimalData, decimal.Decimal("-12.345")),
+    (data_obj, 72, DecimalData, decimal.Decimal("0.0")),
     (data_obj, 73, DecimalData, None),
     (data_obj, 74, FloatData, 12.345),
     (data_obj, 75, FloatData, -12.345),
@@ -251,38 +307,36 @@ test_data = [
     (data_obj, 151, SmallData, -12),
     (data_obj, 152, SmallData, 0),
     (data_obj, 153, SmallData, None),
-    (data_obj, 160, TextData, """This is a long piece of text.
+    (
+        data_obj,
+        160,
+        TextData,
+        """This is a long piece of text.
 It contains line breaks.
 Several of them.
-The end."""),
+The end.""",
+    ),
     (data_obj, 161, TextData, ""),
     (data_obj, 162, TextData, None),
     (data_obj, 170, TimeData, datetime.time(10, 42, 37)),
     (data_obj, 171, TimeData, None),
-
-    (generic_obj, 200, GenericData, ['Generic Object 1', 'tag1', 'tag2']),
-    (generic_obj, 201, GenericData, ['Generic Object 2', 'tag2', 'tag3']),
-
+    (generic_obj, 200, GenericData, ["Generic Object 1", "tag1", "tag2"]),
+    (generic_obj, 201, GenericData, ["Generic Object 2", "tag2", "tag3"]),
     (data_obj, 300, Anchor, "Anchor 1"),
     (data_obj, 301, Anchor, "Anchor 2"),
     (data_obj, 302, UniqueAnchor, "UAnchor 1"),
-
     (fk_obj, 400, FKData, 300),  # Post reference
     (fk_obj, 401, FKData, 500),  # Pre reference
     (fk_obj, 402, FKData, None),  # Empty reference
-
     (m2m_obj, 410, M2MData, []),  # Empty set
     (m2m_obj, 411, M2MData, [300, 301]),  # Post reference
     (m2m_obj, 412, M2MData, [500, 501]),  # Pre reference
     (m2m_obj, 413, M2MData, [300, 301, 500, 501]),  # Pre and Post reference
-
     (o2o_obj, None, O2OData, 300),  # Post reference
     (o2o_obj, None, O2OData, 500),  # Pre reference
-
     (fk_obj, 430, FKSelfData, 431),  # Pre reference
     (fk_obj, 431, FKSelfData, 430),  # Post reference
     (fk_obj, 432, FKSelfData, None),  # Empty reference
-
     (m2m_obj, 440, M2MSelfData, []),
     (m2m_obj, 441, M2MSelfData, []),
     (m2m_obj, 442, M2MSelfData, [440, 441]),
@@ -290,31 +344,24 @@ The end."""),
     (m2m_obj, 444, M2MSelfData, [440, 441, 445, 446]),
     (m2m_obj, 445, M2MSelfData, []),
     (m2m_obj, 446, M2MSelfData, []),
-
     (fk_obj, 450, FKDataToField, "UAnchor 1"),
     (fk_obj, 451, FKDataToField, "UAnchor 2"),
     (fk_obj, 452, FKDataToField, None),
-
     (fk_obj, 460, FKDataToO2O, 300),
-
     (im2m_obj, 470, M2MIntermediateData, None),
-
     # testing post- and pre-references and extra fields
-    (im_obj, 480, Intermediate, {'right': 300, 'left': 470}),
-    (im_obj, 481, Intermediate, {'right': 300, 'left': 490}),
-    (im_obj, 482, Intermediate, {'right': 500, 'left': 470}),
-    (im_obj, 483, Intermediate, {'right': 500, 'left': 490}),
-    (im_obj, 484, Intermediate, {'right': 300, 'left': 470, 'extra': "extra"}),
-    (im_obj, 485, Intermediate, {'right': 300, 'left': 490, 'extra': "extra"}),
-    (im_obj, 486, Intermediate, {'right': 500, 'left': 470, 'extra': "extra"}),
-    (im_obj, 487, Intermediate, {'right': 500, 'left': 490, 'extra': "extra"}),
-
+    (im_obj, 480, Intermediate, {"right": 300, "left": 470}),
+    (im_obj, 481, Intermediate, {"right": 300, "left": 490}),
+    (im_obj, 482, Intermediate, {"right": 500, "left": 470}),
+    (im_obj, 483, Intermediate, {"right": 500, "left": 490}),
+    (im_obj, 484, Intermediate, {"right": 300, "left": 470, "extra": "extra"}),
+    (im_obj, 485, Intermediate, {"right": 300, "left": 490, "extra": "extra"}),
+    (im_obj, 486, Intermediate, {"right": 500, "left": 470, "extra": "extra"}),
+    (im_obj, 487, Intermediate, {"right": 500, "left": 490, "extra": "extra"}),
     (im2m_obj, 490, M2MIntermediateData, []),
-
     (data_obj, 500, Anchor, "Anchor 3"),
     (data_obj, 501, Anchor, "Anchor 4"),
     (data_obj, 502, UniqueAnchor, "UAnchor 2"),
-
     (pk_obj, 601, BooleanPKData, True),
     (pk_obj, 602, BooleanPKData, False),
     (pk_obj, 610, CharPKData, "Test Char PKData"),
@@ -323,9 +370,9 @@ The end."""),
     (pk_obj, 640, EmailPKData, "hovercraft@example.com"),
     # (pk_obj, 650, FilePKData, 'file:///foo/bar/whiz.txt'),
     (pk_obj, 660, FilePathPKData, "/foo/bar/whiz.txt"),
-    (pk_obj, 670, DecimalPKData, decimal.Decimal('12.345')),
-    (pk_obj, 671, DecimalPKData, decimal.Decimal('-12.345')),
-    (pk_obj, 672, DecimalPKData, decimal.Decimal('0.0')),
+    (pk_obj, 670, DecimalPKData, decimal.Decimal("12.345")),
+    (pk_obj, 671, DecimalPKData, decimal.Decimal("-12.345")),
+    (pk_obj, 672, DecimalPKData, decimal.Decimal("0.0")),
     (pk_obj, 673, FloatPKData, 12.345),
     (pk_obj, 674, FloatPKData, -12.345),
     (pk_obj, 675, FloatPKData, 0.0),
@@ -349,14 +396,16 @@ The end."""),
     (pk_obj, 791, UUIDData, uuid_obj),
     (fk_obj, 792, FKToUUID, uuid_obj),
     (pk_obj, 793, UUIDDefaultData, uuid_obj),
-
     (data_obj, 800, AutoNowDateTimeData, datetime.datetime(2006, 6, 16, 10, 42, 37)),
     (data_obj, 810, ModifyingSaveData, 42),
-
-    (inherited_obj, 900, InheritAbstractModel, {'child_data': 37, 'parent_data': 42}),
-    (inherited_obj, 910, ExplicitInheritBaseModel, {'child_data': 37, 'parent_data': 42}),
-    (inherited_obj, 920, InheritBaseModel, {'child_data': 37, 'parent_data': 42}),
-
+    (inherited_obj, 900, InheritAbstractModel, {"child_data": 37, "parent_data": 42}),
+    (
+        inherited_obj,
+        910,
+        ExplicitInheritBaseModel,
+        {"child_data": 37, "parent_data": 42},
+    ),
+    (inherited_obj, 920, InheritBaseModel, {"child_data": 37, "parent_data": 42}),
     (data_obj, 1000, BigIntegerData, 9223372036854775807),
     (data_obj, 1001, BigIntegerData, -9223372036854775808),
     (data_obj, 1002, BigIntegerData, 0),
@@ -370,10 +419,15 @@ The end."""),
 # when field.empty_strings_allowed is True and the value is None; skip these
 # tests.
 if connection.features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls:
-    test_data = [data for data in test_data
-                 if not (data[0] == data_obj and
-                         data[2]._meta.get_field('data').empty_strings_allowed and
-                         data[3] is None)]
+    test_data = [
+        data
+        for data in test_data
+        if not (
+            data[0] == data_obj
+            and data[2]._meta.get_field("data").empty_strings_allowed
+            and data[3] is None
+        )
+    ]
 
 
 class SerializerDataTests(TestCase):
@@ -385,10 +439,12 @@ def serializerTest(self, format):
     # NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO SQL mode since it won't let you create an object
     # with an autoincrement primary key of 0.
     if connection.features.allows_auto_pk_0:
-        test_data.extend([
-            (data_obj, 0, Anchor, 'Anchor 0'),
-            (fk_obj, 465, FKData, 0),
-        ])
+        test_data.extend(
+            [
+                (data_obj, 0, Anchor, "Anchor 0"),
+                (fk_obj, 465, FKData, 0),
+            ]
+        )
 
     # Create all the objects defined in the test data
     objects = []
@@ -421,4 +477,4 @@ def serializerTest(self, format):
         self.assertEqual(count, klass.objects.count())
 
 
-register_tests(SerializerDataTests, 'test_%s_serializer', serializerTest)
+register_tests(SerializerDataTests, "test_%s_serializer", serializerTest)
diff --git a/tests/serializers/test_deserializedobject.py b/tests/serializers/test_deserializedobject.py
index d9c313b78d..1252052100 100644
--- a/tests/serializers/test_deserializedobject.py
+++ b/tests/serializers/test_deserializedobject.py
@@ -5,8 +5,9 @@ from .models import Author
 
 
 class TestDeserializedObjectTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_repr(self):
-        author = Author(name='John', pk=1)
+        author = Author(name="John", pk=1)
         deserial_obj = DeserializedObject(obj=author)
-        self.assertEqual(repr(deserial_obj), '<DeserializedObject: serializers.Author(pk=1)>')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(deserial_obj), "<DeserializedObject: serializers.Author(pk=1)>"
+        )
diff --git a/tests/serializers/test_json.py b/tests/serializers/test_json.py
index 93e51e124c..0c625684ac 100644
--- a/tests/serializers/test_json.py
+++ b/tests/serializers/test_json.py
@@ -56,21 +56,25 @@ class JsonSerializerTestCase(SerializersTestBase, TestCase):
     @staticmethod
     def _get_pk_values(serial_str):
         serial_list = json.loads(serial_str)
-        return [obj_dict['pk'] for obj_dict in serial_list]
+        return [obj_dict["pk"] for obj_dict in serial_list]
 
     @staticmethod
     def _get_field_values(serial_str, field_name):
         serial_list = json.loads(serial_str)
-        return [obj_dict['fields'][field_name] for obj_dict in serial_list if field_name in obj_dict['fields']]
+        return [
+            obj_dict["fields"][field_name]
+            for obj_dict in serial_list
+            if field_name in obj_dict["fields"]
+        ]
 
     def test_indentation_whitespace(self):
         s = serializers.json.Serializer()
         json_data = s.serialize([Score(score=5.0), Score(score=6.0)], indent=2)
         for line in json_data.splitlines():
-            if re.search(r'.+,\s*$', line):
+            if re.search(r".+,\s*$", line):
                 self.assertEqual(line, line.rstrip())
 
-    @isolate_apps('serializers')
+    @isolate_apps("serializers")
     def test_custom_encoder(self):
         class ScoreDecimal(models.Model):
             score = models.DecimalField()
@@ -106,8 +110,10 @@ class JsonSerializerTestCase(SerializersTestBase, TestCase):
                 "team": "Team"
             }
         }]"""
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(DeserializationError, "(serializers.player:pk=badpk)"):
-            list(serializers.deserialize('json', test_string))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            DeserializationError, "(serializers.player:pk=badpk)"
+        ):
+            list(serializers.deserialize("json", test_string))
 
     def test_helpful_error_message_invalid_field(self):
         """
@@ -125,7 +131,7 @@ class JsonSerializerTestCase(SerializersTestBase, TestCase):
         }]"""
         expected = "(serializers.player:pk=1) field_value was 'invalidint'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DeserializationError, expected):
-            list(serializers.deserialize('json', test_string))
+            list(serializers.deserialize("json", test_string))
 
     def test_helpful_error_message_for_foreign_keys(self):
         """
@@ -146,7 +152,7 @@ class JsonSerializerTestCase(SerializersTestBase, TestCase):
         key = ["doesnotexist", "metadata"]
         expected = "(serializers.category:pk=1) field_value was '%r'" % key
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DeserializationError, expected):
-            list(serializers.deserialize('json', test_string))
+            list(serializers.deserialize("json", test_string))
 
     def test_helpful_error_message_for_many2many_non_natural(self):
         """
@@ -176,7 +182,7 @@ class JsonSerializerTestCase(SerializersTestBase, TestCase):
         }]"""
         expected = "(serializers.article:pk=1) field_value was 'doesnotexist'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DeserializationError, expected):
-            list(serializers.deserialize('json', test_string))
+            list(serializers.deserialize("json", test_string))
 
     def test_helpful_error_message_for_many2many_natural1(self):
         """
@@ -214,7 +220,7 @@ class JsonSerializerTestCase(SerializersTestBase, TestCase):
         key = ["doesnotexist", "meta1"]
         expected = "(serializers.article:pk=1) field_value was '%r'" % key
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DeserializationError, expected):
-            for obj in serializers.deserialize('json', test_string):
+            for obj in serializers.deserialize("json", test_string):
                 obj.save()
 
     def test_helpful_error_message_for_many2many_natural2(self):
@@ -249,7 +255,7 @@ class JsonSerializerTestCase(SerializersTestBase, TestCase):
         }]"""
         expected = "(serializers.article:pk=1) field_value was 'doesnotexist'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DeserializationError, expected):
-            for obj in serializers.deserialize('json', test_string, ignore=False):
+            for obj in serializers.deserialize("json", test_string, ignore=False):
                 obj.save()
 
     def test_helpful_error_message_for_many2many_not_iterable(self):
@@ -264,10 +270,12 @@ class JsonSerializerTestCase(SerializersTestBase, TestCase):
 
         expected = "(serializers.m2mdata:pk=1) field_value was 'None'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DeserializationError, expected):
-            next(serializers.deserialize('json', test_string, ignore=False))
+            next(serializers.deserialize("json", test_string, ignore=False))
 
 
-class JsonSerializerTransactionTestCase(SerializersTransactionTestBase, TransactionTestCase):
+class JsonSerializerTransactionTestCase(
+    SerializersTransactionTestBase, TransactionTestCase
+):
     serializer_name = "json"
     fwd_ref_str = """[
     {
@@ -299,23 +307,23 @@ class JsonSerializerTransactionTestCase(SerializersTransactionTestBase, Transact
 class DjangoJSONEncoderTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_lazy_string_encoding(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            json.dumps({'lang': gettext_lazy("French")}, cls=DjangoJSONEncoder),
-            '{"lang": "French"}'
+            json.dumps({"lang": gettext_lazy("French")}, cls=DjangoJSONEncoder),
+            '{"lang": "French"}',
         )
-        with override('fr'):
+        with override("fr"):
             self.assertEqual(
-                json.dumps({'lang': gettext_lazy("French")}, cls=DjangoJSONEncoder),
-                '{"lang": "Fran\\u00e7ais"}'
+                json.dumps({"lang": gettext_lazy("French")}, cls=DjangoJSONEncoder),
+                '{"lang": "Fran\\u00e7ais"}',
             )
 
     def test_timedelta(self):
         duration = datetime.timedelta(days=1, hours=2, seconds=3)
         self.assertEqual(
-            json.dumps({'duration': duration}, cls=DjangoJSONEncoder),
-            '{"duration": "P1DT02H00M03S"}'
+            json.dumps({"duration": duration}, cls=DjangoJSONEncoder),
+            '{"duration": "P1DT02H00M03S"}',
         )
         duration = datetime.timedelta(0)
         self.assertEqual(
-            json.dumps({'duration': duration}, cls=DjangoJSONEncoder),
-            '{"duration": "P0DT00H00M00S"}'
+            json.dumps({"duration": duration}, cls=DjangoJSONEncoder),
+            '{"duration": "P0DT00H00M00S"}',
         )
diff --git a/tests/serializers/test_jsonl.py b/tests/serializers/test_jsonl.py
index e4f1a3e80f..16a0759e74 100644
--- a/tests/serializers/test_jsonl.py
+++ b/tests/serializers/test_jsonl.py
@@ -44,20 +44,24 @@ class JsonlSerializerTestCase(SerializersTestBase, TestCase):
     @staticmethod
     def _get_pk_values(serial_str):
         serial_list = [json.loads(line) for line in serial_str.split("\n") if line]
-        return [obj_dict['pk'] for obj_dict in serial_list]
+        return [obj_dict["pk"] for obj_dict in serial_list]
 
     @staticmethod
     def _get_field_values(serial_str, field_name):
         serial_list = [json.loads(line) for line in serial_str.split("\n") if line]
-        return [obj_dict['fields'][field_name] for obj_dict in serial_list if field_name in obj_dict['fields']]
+        return [
+            obj_dict["fields"][field_name]
+            for obj_dict in serial_list
+            if field_name in obj_dict["fields"]
+        ]
 
     def test_no_indentation(self):
         s = serializers.jsonl.Serializer()
         json_data = s.serialize([Score(score=5.0), Score(score=6.0)], indent=2)
         for line in json_data.splitlines():
-            self.assertIsNone(re.search(r'.+,\s*$', line))
+            self.assertIsNone(re.search(r".+,\s*$", line))
 
-    @isolate_apps('serializers')
+    @isolate_apps("serializers")
     def test_custom_encoder(self):
         class ScoreDecimal(models.Model):
             score = models.DecimalField()
@@ -70,7 +74,8 @@ class JsonlSerializerTestCase(SerializersTestBase, TestCase):
 
         s = serializers.jsonl.Serializer()
         json_data = s.serialize(
-            [ScoreDecimal(score=decimal.Decimal(1.0))], cls=CustomJSONEncoder,
+            [ScoreDecimal(score=decimal.Decimal(1.0))],
+            cls=CustomJSONEncoder,
         )
         self.assertIn('"fields": {"score": "1"}', json_data)
 
@@ -88,8 +93,10 @@ class JsonlSerializerTestCase(SerializersTestBase, TestCase):
             '{"pk": "badpk","model": "serializers.player",'
             '"fields": {"name": "Bob","rank": 1,"team": "Team"}}'
         )
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(DeserializationError, "(serializers.player:pk=badpk)"):
-            list(serializers.deserialize('jsonl', test_string))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            DeserializationError, "(serializers.player:pk=badpk)"
+        ):
+            list(serializers.deserialize("jsonl", test_string))
 
     def test_helpful_error_message_invalid_field(self):
         """
@@ -102,7 +109,7 @@ class JsonlSerializerTestCase(SerializersTestBase, TestCase):
         )
         expected = "(serializers.player:pk=1) field_value was 'invalidint'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DeserializationError, expected):
-            list(serializers.deserialize('jsonl', test_string))
+            list(serializers.deserialize("jsonl", test_string))
 
     def test_helpful_error_message_for_foreign_keys(self):
         """
@@ -118,7 +125,7 @@ class JsonlSerializerTestCase(SerializersTestBase, TestCase):
         key = ["doesnotexist", "metadata"]
         expected = "(serializers.category:pk=1) field_value was '%r'" % key
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DeserializationError, expected):
-            list(serializers.deserialize('jsonl', test_string))
+            list(serializers.deserialize("jsonl", test_string))
 
     def test_helpful_error_message_for_many2many_non_natural(self):
         """
@@ -144,12 +151,12 @@ class JsonlSerializerTestCase(SerializersTestBase, TestCase):
                 "pk": 1,
                 "model": "serializers.category",
                 "fields": {"name": "Reference"}
-            }"""
+            }""",
         ]
         test_string = "\n".join([s.replace("\n", "") for s in test_strings])
         expected = "(serializers.article:pk=1) field_value was 'doesnotexist'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DeserializationError, expected):
-            list(serializers.deserialize('jsonl', test_string))
+            list(serializers.deserialize("jsonl", test_string))
 
     def test_helpful_error_message_for_many2many_natural1(self):
         """
@@ -180,13 +187,13 @@ class JsonlSerializerTestCase(SerializersTestBase, TestCase):
                 "pk": 1,
                 "model": "serializers.author",
                 "fields": {"name": "Agnes"}
-            }"""
+            }""",
         ]
         test_string = "\n".join([s.replace("\n", "") for s in test_strings])
         key = ["doesnotexist", "meta1"]
         expected = "(serializers.article:pk=1) field_value was '%r'" % key
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DeserializationError, expected):
-            for obj in serializers.deserialize('jsonl', test_string):
+            for obj in serializers.deserialize("jsonl", test_string):
                 obj.save()
 
     def test_helpful_error_message_for_many2many_natural2(self):
@@ -214,12 +221,12 @@ class JsonlSerializerTestCase(SerializersTestBase, TestCase):
                 "pk": 1,
                 "model": "serializers.author",
                 "fields": {"name": "Agnes"}
-            }"""
+            }""",
         ]
         test_string = "\n".join([s.replace("\n", "") for s in test_strings])
         expected = "(serializers.article:pk=1) field_value was 'doesnotexist'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DeserializationError, expected):
-            for obj in serializers.deserialize('jsonl', test_string, ignore=False):
+            for obj in serializers.deserialize("jsonl", test_string, ignore=False):
                 obj.save()
 
     def test_helpful_error_message_for_many2many_not_iterable(self):
@@ -231,10 +238,12 @@ class JsonlSerializerTestCase(SerializersTestBase, TestCase):
         )
         expected = "(serializers.m2mdata:pk=1) field_value was 'None'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DeserializationError, expected):
-            next(serializers.deserialize('jsonl', test_string, ignore=False))
+            next(serializers.deserialize("jsonl", test_string, ignore=False))
 
 
-class JsonSerializerTransactionTestCase(SerializersTransactionTestBase, TransactionTestCase):
+class JsonSerializerTransactionTestCase(
+    SerializersTransactionTestBase, TransactionTestCase
+):
     serializer_name = "jsonl"
     fwd_ref_str = [
         """{
@@ -256,6 +265,6 @@ class JsonSerializerTransactionTestCase(SerializersTransactionTestBase, Transact
             "pk": 1,
             "model": "serializers.author",
             "fields": {"name": "Agnes"}
-        }"""
+        }""",
     ]
     fwd_ref_str = "\n".join([s.replace("\n", "") for s in fwd_ref_str])
diff --git a/tests/serializers/test_natural.py b/tests/serializers/test_natural.py
index 7d05f3a71f..6b6cfae6f3 100644
--- a/tests/serializers/test_natural.py
+++ b/tests/serializers/test_natural.py
@@ -3,8 +3,12 @@ from django.db import connection
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 from .models import (
-    Child, FKAsPKNoNaturalKey, FKDataNaturalKey, NaturalKeyAnchor,
-    NaturalKeyThing, NaturalPKWithDefault,
+    Child,
+    FKAsPKNoNaturalKey,
+    FKDataNaturalKey,
+    NaturalKeyAnchor,
+    NaturalKeyThing,
+    NaturalPKWithDefault,
 )
 from .tests import register_tests
 
@@ -22,7 +26,9 @@ def natural_key_serializer_test(self, format):
             FKDataNaturalKey.objects.create(id=1102, data_id=None),
         ]
     # Serialize the test database
-    serialized_data = serializers.serialize(format, objects, indent=2, use_natural_foreign_keys=True)
+    serialized_data = serializers.serialize(
+        format, objects, indent=2, use_natural_foreign_keys=True
+    )
 
     for obj in serializers.deserialize(format, serialized_data):
         obj.save()
@@ -32,19 +38,25 @@ def natural_key_serializer_test(self, format):
     for obj in objects:
         instance = obj.__class__.objects.get(id=obj.pk)
         self.assertEqual(
-            obj.data, instance.data,
-            "Objects with PK=%d not equal; expected '%s' (%s), got '%s' (%s)" % (
-                obj.pk, obj.data, type(obj.data), instance, type(instance.data),
-            )
+            obj.data,
+            instance.data,
+            "Objects with PK=%d not equal; expected '%s' (%s), got '%s' (%s)"
+            % (
+                obj.pk,
+                obj.data,
+                type(obj.data),
+                instance,
+                type(instance.data),
+            ),
         )
 
 
 def natural_key_test(self, format):
     book1 = {
-        'data': '978-1590597255',
-        'title': 'The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right',
+        "data": "978-1590597255",
+        "title": "The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right",
     }
-    book2 = {'data': '978-1590599969', 'title': 'Practical Django Projects'}
+    book2 = {"data": "978-1590599969", "title": "Practical Django Projects"}
 
     # Create the books.
     adrian = NaturalKeyAnchor.objects.create(**book1)
@@ -52,8 +64,11 @@ def natural_key_test(self, format):
 
     # Serialize the books.
     string_data = serializers.serialize(
-        format, NaturalKeyAnchor.objects.all(), indent=2,
-        use_natural_foreign_keys=True, use_natural_primary_keys=True,
+        format,
+        NaturalKeyAnchor.objects.all(),
+        indent=2,
+        use_natural_foreign_keys=True,
+        use_natural_primary_keys=True,
     )
 
     # Delete one book (to prove that the natural key generation will only
@@ -64,9 +79,9 @@ def natural_key_test(self, format):
     # Deserialize and test.
     books = list(serializers.deserialize(format, string_data))
     self.assertEqual(len(books), 2)
-    self.assertEqual(books[0].object.title, book1['title'])
+    self.assertEqual(books[0].object.title, book1["title"])
     self.assertEqual(books[0].object.pk, adrian.pk)
-    self.assertEqual(books[1].object.title, book2['title'])
+    self.assertEqual(books[1].object.title, book2["title"])
     self.assertIsNone(books[1].object.pk)
 
 
@@ -77,12 +92,13 @@ def natural_pk_mti_test(self, format):
     the fields of the child so it's possible to relate the child to the parent
     when deserializing.
     """
-    child_1 = Child.objects.create(parent_data='1', child_data='1')
-    child_2 = Child.objects.create(parent_data='2', child_data='2')
+    child_1 = Child.objects.create(parent_data="1", child_data="1")
+    child_2 = Child.objects.create(parent_data="2", child_data="2")
     string_data = serializers.serialize(
         format,
         [child_1.parent_ptr, child_2.parent_ptr, child_2, child_1],
-        use_natural_foreign_keys=True, use_natural_primary_keys=True,
+        use_natural_foreign_keys=True,
+        use_natural_primary_keys=True,
     )
     child_1.delete()
     child_2.delete()
@@ -97,90 +113,106 @@ def natural_pk_mti_test(self, format):
 
 
 def forward_ref_fk_test(self, format):
-    t1 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.create(key='t1')
-    t2 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.create(key='t2', other_thing=t1)
+    t1 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.create(key="t1")
+    t2 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.create(key="t2", other_thing=t1)
     t1.other_thing = t2
     t1.save()
     string_data = serializers.serialize(
-        format, [t1, t2], use_natural_primary_keys=True,
+        format,
+        [t1, t2],
+        use_natural_primary_keys=True,
         use_natural_foreign_keys=True,
     )
     NaturalKeyThing.objects.all().delete()
     objs_with_deferred_fields = []
-    for obj in serializers.deserialize(format, string_data, handle_forward_references=True):
+    for obj in serializers.deserialize(
+        format, string_data, handle_forward_references=True
+    ):
         obj.save()
         if obj.deferred_fields:
             objs_with_deferred_fields.append(obj)
     for obj in objs_with_deferred_fields:
         obj.save_deferred_fields()
-    t1 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.get(key='t1')
-    t2 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.get(key='t2')
+    t1 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.get(key="t1")
+    t2 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.get(key="t2")
     self.assertEqual(t1.other_thing, t2)
     self.assertEqual(t2.other_thing, t1)
 
 
 def forward_ref_fk_with_error_test(self, format):
-    t1 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.create(key='t1')
-    t2 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.create(key='t2', other_thing=t1)
+    t1 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.create(key="t1")
+    t2 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.create(key="t2", other_thing=t1)
     t1.other_thing = t2
     t1.save()
     string_data = serializers.serialize(
-        format, [t1], use_natural_primary_keys=True,
+        format,
+        [t1],
+        use_natural_primary_keys=True,
         use_natural_foreign_keys=True,
     )
     NaturalKeyThing.objects.all().delete()
     objs_with_deferred_fields = []
-    for obj in serializers.deserialize(format, string_data, handle_forward_references=True):
+    for obj in serializers.deserialize(
+        format, string_data, handle_forward_references=True
+    ):
         obj.save()
         if obj.deferred_fields:
             objs_with_deferred_fields.append(obj)
     obj = objs_with_deferred_fields[0]
-    msg = 'NaturalKeyThing matching query does not exist'
+    msg = "NaturalKeyThing matching query does not exist"
     with self.assertRaisesMessage(serializers.base.DeserializationError, msg):
         obj.save_deferred_fields()
 
 
 def forward_ref_m2m_test(self, format):
-    t1 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.create(key='t1')
-    t2 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.create(key='t2')
-    t3 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.create(key='t3')
+    t1 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.create(key="t1")
+    t2 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.create(key="t2")
+    t3 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.create(key="t3")
     t1.other_things.set([t2, t3])
     string_data = serializers.serialize(
-        format, [t1, t2, t3], use_natural_primary_keys=True,
+        format,
+        [t1, t2, t3],
+        use_natural_primary_keys=True,
         use_natural_foreign_keys=True,
     )
     NaturalKeyThing.objects.all().delete()
     objs_with_deferred_fields = []
-    for obj in serializers.deserialize(format, string_data, handle_forward_references=True):
+    for obj in serializers.deserialize(
+        format, string_data, handle_forward_references=True
+    ):
         obj.save()
         if obj.deferred_fields:
             objs_with_deferred_fields.append(obj)
     for obj in objs_with_deferred_fields:
         obj.save_deferred_fields()
-    t1 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.get(key='t1')
-    t2 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.get(key='t2')
-    t3 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.get(key='t3')
+    t1 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.get(key="t1")
+    t2 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.get(key="t2")
+    t3 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.get(key="t3")
     self.assertCountEqual(t1.other_things.all(), [t2, t3])
 
 
 def forward_ref_m2m_with_error_test(self, format):
-    t1 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.create(key='t1')
-    t2 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.create(key='t2')
-    t3 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.create(key='t3')
+    t1 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.create(key="t1")
+    t2 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.create(key="t2")
+    t3 = NaturalKeyThing.objects.create(key="t3")
     t1.other_things.set([t2, t3])
     t1.save()
     string_data = serializers.serialize(
-        format, [t1, t2], use_natural_primary_keys=True,
+        format,
+        [t1, t2],
+        use_natural_primary_keys=True,
         use_natural_foreign_keys=True,
     )
     NaturalKeyThing.objects.all().delete()
     objs_with_deferred_fields = []
-    for obj in serializers.deserialize(format, string_data, handle_forward_references=True):
+    for obj in serializers.deserialize(
+        format, string_data, handle_forward_references=True
+    ):
         obj.save()
         if obj.deferred_fields:
             objs_with_deferred_fields.append(obj)
     obj = objs_with_deferred_fields[0]
-    msg = 'NaturalKeyThing matching query does not exist'
+    msg = "NaturalKeyThing matching query does not exist"
     with self.assertRaisesMessage(serializers.base.DeserializationError, msg):
         obj.save_deferred_fields()
 
@@ -190,9 +222,11 @@ def pk_with_default(self, format):
     The deserializer works with natural keys when the primary key has a default
     value.
     """
-    obj = NaturalPKWithDefault.objects.create(name='name')
+    obj = NaturalPKWithDefault.objects.create(name="name")
     string_data = serializers.serialize(
-        format, NaturalPKWithDefault.objects.all(), use_natural_foreign_keys=True,
+        format,
+        NaturalPKWithDefault.objects.all(),
+        use_natural_foreign_keys=True,
         use_natural_primary_keys=True,
     )
     objs = list(serializers.deserialize(format, string_data))
@@ -205,7 +239,7 @@ def fk_as_pk_natural_key_not_called(self, format):
     The deserializer doesn't rely on natural keys when a model has a custom
     primary key that is a ForeignKey.
     """
-    o1 = NaturalKeyAnchor.objects.create(data='978-1590599969')
+    o1 = NaturalKeyAnchor.objects.create(data="978-1590599969")
     o2 = FKAsPKNoNaturalKey.objects.create(pk_fk=o1)
     serialized_data = serializers.serialize(format, [o1, o2])
     deserialized_objects = list(serializers.deserialize(format, serialized_data))
@@ -215,16 +249,36 @@ def fk_as_pk_natural_key_not_called(self, format):
 
 
 # Dynamically register tests for each serializer
-register_tests(NaturalKeySerializerTests, 'test_%s_natural_key_serializer', natural_key_serializer_test)
-register_tests(NaturalKeySerializerTests, 'test_%s_serializer_natural_keys', natural_key_test)
-register_tests(NaturalKeySerializerTests, 'test_%s_serializer_natural_pks_mti', natural_pk_mti_test)
-register_tests(NaturalKeySerializerTests, 'test_%s_forward_references_fks', forward_ref_fk_test)
-register_tests(NaturalKeySerializerTests, 'test_%s_forward_references_fk_errors', forward_ref_fk_with_error_test)
-register_tests(NaturalKeySerializerTests, 'test_%s_forward_references_m2ms', forward_ref_m2m_test)
-register_tests(NaturalKeySerializerTests, 'test_%s_forward_references_m2m_errors', forward_ref_m2m_with_error_test)
-register_tests(NaturalKeySerializerTests, 'test_%s_pk_with_default', pk_with_default)
 register_tests(
     NaturalKeySerializerTests,
-    'test_%s_fk_as_pk_natural_key_not_called',
+    "test_%s_natural_key_serializer",
+    natural_key_serializer_test,
+)
+register_tests(
+    NaturalKeySerializerTests, "test_%s_serializer_natural_keys", natural_key_test
+)
+register_tests(
+    NaturalKeySerializerTests, "test_%s_serializer_natural_pks_mti", natural_pk_mti_test
+)
+register_tests(
+    NaturalKeySerializerTests, "test_%s_forward_references_fks", forward_ref_fk_test
+)
+register_tests(
+    NaturalKeySerializerTests,
+    "test_%s_forward_references_fk_errors",
+    forward_ref_fk_with_error_test,
+)
+register_tests(
+    NaturalKeySerializerTests, "test_%s_forward_references_m2ms", forward_ref_m2m_test
+)
+register_tests(
+    NaturalKeySerializerTests,
+    "test_%s_forward_references_m2m_errors",
+    forward_ref_m2m_with_error_test,
+)
+register_tests(NaturalKeySerializerTests, "test_%s_pk_with_default", pk_with_default)
+register_tests(
+    NaturalKeySerializerTests,
+    "test_%s_fk_as_pk_natural_key_not_called",
     fk_as_pk_natural_key_not_called,
 )
diff --git a/tests/serializers/test_xml.py b/tests/serializers/test_xml.py
index b11cfdd864..bfa91559ff 100644
--- a/tests/serializers/test_xml.py
+++ b/tests/serializers/test_xml.py
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class XmlSerializerTestCase(SerializersTestBase, TestCase):
         self.a1.headline = "HT \u0009, LF \u000A, and CR \u000D are allowed"
         self.assertIn(
             "HT \t, LF \n, and CR \r are allowed",
-            serializers.serialize(self.serializer_name, [self.a1])
+            serializers.serialize(self.serializer_name, [self.a1]),
         )
 
     def test_no_dtd(self):
@@ -84,10 +84,12 @@ class XmlSerializerTestCase(SerializersTestBase, TestCase):
         """
         xml = '<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?><!DOCTYPE example SYSTEM "http://example.com/example.dtd">'
         with self.assertRaises(DTDForbidden):
-            next(serializers.deserialize('xml', xml))
+            next(serializers.deserialize("xml", xml))
 
 
-class XmlSerializerTransactionTestCase(SerializersTransactionTestBase, TransactionTestCase):
+class XmlSerializerTransactionTestCase(
+    SerializersTransactionTestBase, TransactionTestCase
+):
     serializer_name = "xml"
     fwd_ref_str = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
 <django-objects version="1.0">
diff --git a/tests/serializers/test_yaml.py b/tests/serializers/test_yaml.py
index 6e11b93040..683e0e0688 100644
--- a/tests/serializers/test_yaml.py
+++ b/tests/serializers/test_yaml.py
@@ -11,11 +11,12 @@ from .tests import SerializersTestBase, SerializersTransactionTestBase
 
 try:
     import yaml
+
     HAS_YAML = True
 except ImportError:
     HAS_YAML = False
 
-YAML_IMPORT_ERROR_MESSAGE = r'No module named yaml'
+YAML_IMPORT_ERROR_MESSAGE = r"No module named yaml"
 
 
 class YamlImportModuleMock:
@@ -29,11 +30,12 @@ class YamlImportModuleMock:
 
     Refs: #12756
     """
+
     def __init__(self):
         self._import_module = importlib.import_module
 
     def import_module(self, module_path):
-        if module_path == serializers.BUILTIN_SERIALIZERS['yaml']:
+        if module_path == serializers.BUILTIN_SERIALIZERS["yaml"]:
             raise ImportError(YAML_IMPORT_ERROR_MESSAGE)
 
         return self._import_module(module_path)
@@ -44,6 +46,7 @@ class NoYamlSerializerTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 
     Refs: #12756
     """
+
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         """Removes imported yaml and stubs importlib.import_module"""
@@ -78,8 +81,10 @@ class NoYamlSerializerTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_dumpdata_pyyaml_error_message(self):
         """Calling dumpdata produces an error when yaml package missing"""
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(management.CommandError, YAML_IMPORT_ERROR_MESSAGE):
-            management.call_command('dumpdata', format='yaml')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            management.CommandError, YAML_IMPORT_ERROR_MESSAGE
+        ):
+            management.call_command("dumpdata", format="yaml")
 
 
 @unittest.skipUnless(HAS_YAML, "No yaml library detected")
@@ -93,17 +98,23 @@ class YamlSerializerTestCase(SerializersTestBase, TestCase):
   fields:
     name: Non-fiction"""
 
-    mapping_ordering_str = """- model: serializers.article
+    mapping_ordering_str = (
+        """- model: serializers.article
   pk: %(article_pk)s
   fields:
     author: %(author_pk)s
     headline: Poker has no place on ESPN
     pub_date: 2006-06-16 11:00:00
-    categories:""" + (
-        ' [%(first_category_pk)s, %(second_category_pk)s]' if HAS_YAML and yaml.__version__ < '5.1'
-        else '\n    - %(first_category_pk)s\n    - %(second_category_pk)s') + """
+    categories:"""
+        + (
+            " [%(first_category_pk)s, %(second_category_pk)s]"
+            if HAS_YAML and yaml.__version__ < "5.1"
+            else "\n    - %(first_category_pk)s\n    - %(second_category_pk)s"
+        )
+        + """
     meta_data: []
 """
+    )
 
     @staticmethod
     def _validate_output(serial_str):
@@ -145,7 +156,9 @@ class YamlSerializerTestCase(SerializersTestBase, TestCase):
 
 
 @unittest.skipUnless(HAS_YAML, "No yaml library detected")
-class YamlSerializerTransactionTestCase(SerializersTransactionTestBase, TransactionTestCase):
+class YamlSerializerTransactionTestCase(
+    SerializersTransactionTestBase, TransactionTestCase
+):
     serializer_name = "yaml"
     fwd_ref_str = """- model: serializers.article
   pk: 1
diff --git a/tests/serializers/tests.py b/tests/serializers/tests.py
index 1b375a4a1e..8778d6f7da 100644
--- a/tests/serializers/tests.py
+++ b/tests/serializers/tests.py
@@ -14,8 +14,19 @@ from django.test.utils import Approximate, ignore_warnings
 from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango50Warning
 
 from .models import (
-    Actor, Article, Author, AuthorProfile, BaseModel, Category, Child,
-    ComplexModel, Movie, Player, ProxyBaseModel, ProxyProxyBaseModel, Score,
+    Actor,
+    Article,
+    Author,
+    AuthorProfile,
+    BaseModel,
+    Category,
+    Child,
+    ComplexModel,
+    Movie,
+    Player,
+    ProxyBaseModel,
+    ProxyProxyBaseModel,
+    Score,
     Team,
 )
 
@@ -35,22 +46,22 @@ class SerializerRegistrationTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_register(self):
         "Registering a new serializer populates the full registry. Refs #14823"
-        serializers.register_serializer('json3', 'django.core.serializers.json')
+        serializers.register_serializer("json3", "django.core.serializers.json")
 
         public_formats = serializers.get_public_serializer_formats()
-        self.assertIn('json3', public_formats)
-        self.assertIn('json2', public_formats)
-        self.assertIn('xml', public_formats)
+        self.assertIn("json3", public_formats)
+        self.assertIn("json2", public_formats)
+        self.assertIn("xml", public_formats)
 
     def test_unregister(self):
         "Unregistering a serializer doesn't cause the registry to be repopulated. Refs #14823"
-        serializers.unregister_serializer('xml')
-        serializers.register_serializer('json3', 'django.core.serializers.json')
+        serializers.unregister_serializer("xml")
+        serializers.register_serializer("json3", "django.core.serializers.json")
 
         public_formats = serializers.get_public_serializer_formats()
 
-        self.assertNotIn('xml', public_formats)
-        self.assertIn('json3', public_formats)
+        self.assertNotIn("xml", public_formats)
+        self.assertIn("json3", public_formats)
 
     def test_unregister_unknown_serializer(self):
         with self.assertRaises(SerializerDoesNotExist):
@@ -61,14 +72,14 @@ class SerializerRegistrationTests(SimpleTestCase):
         all_formats = set(serializers.get_serializer_formats())
         public_formats = set(serializers.get_public_serializer_formats())
 
-        self.assertIn('xml', all_formats),
-        self.assertIn('xml', public_formats)
+        self.assertIn("xml", all_formats),
+        self.assertIn("xml", public_formats)
 
-        self.assertIn('json2', all_formats)
-        self.assertIn('json2', public_formats)
+        self.assertIn("json2", all_formats)
+        self.assertIn("json2", public_formats)
 
-        self.assertIn('python', all_formats)
-        self.assertNotIn('python', public_formats)
+        self.assertIn("python", all_formats)
+        self.assertNotIn("python", public_formats)
 
     def test_get_unknown_serializer(self):
         """
@@ -81,7 +92,7 @@ class SerializerRegistrationTests(SimpleTestCase):
             serializers.get_serializer("nonsense")
 
         # SerializerDoesNotExist is instantiated with the nonexistent format
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(SerializerDoesNotExist, 'nonsense'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(SerializerDoesNotExist, "nonsense"):
             serializers.get_serializer("nonsense")
 
     def test_get_unknown_deserializer(self):
@@ -98,13 +109,13 @@ class SerializersTestBase:
         music = Category.objects.create(name="Music")
         op_ed = Category.objects.create(name="Op-Ed")
 
-        cls.joe = Author.objects.create(name='Joe')
-        cls.jane = Author.objects.create(name='Jane')
+        cls.joe = Author.objects.create(name="Joe")
+        cls.jane = Author.objects.create(name="Jane")
 
         cls.a1 = Article(
             author=cls.jane,
             headline="Poker has no place on ESPN",
-            pub_date=datetime(2006, 6, 16, 11, 00)
+            pub_date=datetime(2006, 6, 16, 11, 00),
         )
         cls.a1.save()
         cls.a1.categories.set([sports, op_ed])
@@ -112,7 +123,7 @@ class SerializersTestBase:
         cls.a2 = Article(
             author=cls.joe,
             headline="Time to reform copyright",
-            pub_date=datetime(2006, 6, 16, 13, 00, 11, 345)
+            pub_date=datetime(2006, 6, 16, 13, 00, 11, 345),
         )
         cls.a2.save()
         cls.a2.categories.set([music, op_ed])
@@ -129,7 +140,7 @@ class SerializersTestBase:
         self.assertEqual(len(models), 2)
 
     def test_serialize_to_stream(self):
-        obj = ComplexModel(field1='first', field2='second', field3='third')
+        obj = ComplexModel(field1="first", field2="second", field3="third")
         obj.save_base(raw=True)
 
         # Serialize the test database to a stream
@@ -146,19 +157,19 @@ class SerializersTestBase:
                 self.assertEqual(string_data, stream.content.decode())
 
     def test_serialize_specific_fields(self):
-        obj = ComplexModel(field1='first', field2='second', field3='third')
+        obj = ComplexModel(field1="first", field2="second", field3="third")
         obj.save_base(raw=True)
 
         # Serialize then deserialize the test database
         serialized_data = serializers.serialize(
-            self.serializer_name, [obj], indent=2, fields=('field1', 'field3')
+            self.serializer_name, [obj], indent=2, fields=("field1", "field3")
         )
         result = next(serializers.deserialize(self.serializer_name, serialized_data))
 
         # The deserialized object contains data in only the serialized fields.
-        self.assertEqual(result.object.field1, 'first')
-        self.assertEqual(result.object.field2, '')
-        self.assertEqual(result.object.field3, 'third')
+        self.assertEqual(result.object.field1, "first")
+        self.assertEqual(result.object.field2, "")
+        self.assertEqual(result.object.field3, "third")
 
     def test_altering_serialized_output(self):
         """
@@ -187,18 +198,24 @@ class SerializersTestBase:
         doesn't appear in the serialized field list - it replaces the pk
         identifier.
         """
-        AuthorProfile.objects.create(author=self.joe, date_of_birth=datetime(1970, 1, 1))
-        serial_str = serializers.serialize(self.serializer_name, AuthorProfile.objects.all())
-        self.assertFalse(self._get_field_values(serial_str, 'author'))
+        AuthorProfile.objects.create(
+            author=self.joe, date_of_birth=datetime(1970, 1, 1)
+        )
+        serial_str = serializers.serialize(
+            self.serializer_name, AuthorProfile.objects.all()
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(self._get_field_values(serial_str, "author"))
 
         for obj in serializers.deserialize(self.serializer_name, serial_str):
             self.assertEqual(obj.object.pk, self.joe.pk)
 
     def test_serialize_field_subset(self):
         """Output can be restricted to a subset of fields"""
-        valid_fields = ('headline', 'pub_date')
+        valid_fields = ("headline", "pub_date")
         invalid_fields = ("author", "categories")
-        serial_str = serializers.serialize(self.serializer_name, Article.objects.all(), fields=valid_fields)
+        serial_str = serializers.serialize(
+            self.serializer_name, Article.objects.all(), fields=valid_fields
+        )
         for field_name in invalid_fields:
             self.assertFalse(self._get_field_values(serial_str, field_name))
 
@@ -208,7 +225,7 @@ class SerializersTestBase:
     def test_serialize_unicode_roundtrip(self):
         """Unicode makes the roundtrip intact"""
         actor_name = "Za\u017c\u00f3\u0142\u0107"
-        movie_title = 'G\u0119\u015bl\u0105 ja\u017a\u0144'
+        movie_title = "G\u0119\u015bl\u0105 ja\u017a\u0144"
         ac = Actor(name=actor_name)
         mv = Movie(title=movie_title, actor=ac)
         ac.save()
@@ -223,7 +240,7 @@ class SerializersTestBase:
         self.assertEqual(mv_obj.title, movie_title)
 
     def test_unicode_serialization(self):
-        unicode_name = 'יוניקוד'
+        unicode_name = "יוניקוד"
         data = serializers.serialize(self.serializer_name, [Author(name=unicode_name)])
         self.assertIn(unicode_name, data)
         objs = list(serializers.deserialize(self.serializer_name, data))
@@ -232,11 +249,15 @@ class SerializersTestBase:
     def test_serialize_progressbar(self):
         fake_stdout = StringIO()
         serializers.serialize(
-            self.serializer_name, Article.objects.all(),
-            progress_output=fake_stdout, object_count=Article.objects.count()
+            self.serializer_name,
+            Article.objects.all(),
+            progress_output=fake_stdout,
+            object_count=Article.objects.count(),
         )
         self.assertTrue(
-            fake_stdout.getvalue().endswith('[' + '.' * ProgressBar.progress_width + ']\n')
+            fake_stdout.getvalue().endswith(
+                "[" + "." * ProgressBar.progress_width + "]\n"
+            )
         )
 
     def test_serialize_superfluous_queries(self):
@@ -244,9 +265,9 @@ class SerializersTestBase:
 
         #17602
         """
-        ac = Actor(name='Actor name')
+        ac = Actor(name="Actor name")
         ac.save()
-        mv = Movie(title='Movie title', actor_id=ac.pk)
+        mv = Movie(title="Movie title", actor_id=ac.pk)
         mv.save()
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
@@ -258,7 +279,7 @@ class SerializersTestBase:
         with self.assertNumQueries(3):
             serializers.serialize(
                 self.serializer_name,
-                Article.objects.all().prefetch_related('categories', 'meta_data'),
+                Article.objects.all().prefetch_related("categories", "meta_data"),
             )
         # One query for the Article table, and two m2m queries for each
         # article.
@@ -275,7 +296,9 @@ class SerializersTestBase:
         pk_value = self._get_pk_values(serial_str)[0]
         self.assertFalse(pk_value)
 
-        cat_obj = list(serializers.deserialize(self.serializer_name, serial_str))[0].object
+        cat_obj = list(serializers.deserialize(self.serializer_name, serial_str))[
+            0
+        ].object
         self.assertIsNone(cat_obj.id)
 
     def test_float_serialization(self):
@@ -287,8 +310,8 @@ class SerializersTestBase:
         self.assertEqual(deserial_objs[0].object.score, Approximate(3.4, places=1))
 
     def test_deferred_field_serialization(self):
-        author = Author.objects.create(name='Victor Hugo')
-        author = Author.objects.defer('name').get(pk=author.pk)
+        author = Author.objects.create(name="Victor Hugo")
+        author = Author.objects.defer("name").get(pk=author.pk)
         serial_str = serializers.serialize(self.serializer_name, [author])
         deserial_objs = list(serializers.deserialize(self.serializer_name, serial_str))
         self.assertIsInstance(deserial_objs[0].object, Author)
@@ -307,7 +330,9 @@ class SerializersTestBase:
         self.assertEqual(team[0], team_str)
 
         deserial_objs = list(serializers.deserialize(self.serializer_name, serial_str))
-        self.assertEqual(deserial_objs[0].object.team.to_string(), player.team.to_string())
+        self.assertEqual(
+            deserial_objs[0].object.team.to_string(), player.team.to_string()
+        )
 
     def test_pre_1000ad_date(self):
         """Year values before 1000AD are properly formatted"""
@@ -316,17 +341,20 @@ class SerializersTestBase:
         a = Article.objects.create(
             author=self.jane,
             headline="Nobody remembers the early years",
-            pub_date=datetime(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6))
+            pub_date=datetime(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6),
+        )
 
         serial_str = serializers.serialize(self.serializer_name, [a])
         date_values = self._get_field_values(serial_str, "pub_date")
-        self.assertEqual(date_values[0].replace('T', ' '), "0001-02-03 04:05:06")
+        self.assertEqual(date_values[0].replace("T", " "), "0001-02-03 04:05:06")
 
     def test_pkless_serialized_strings(self):
         """
         Serialized strings without PKs can be turned into models
         """
-        deserial_objs = list(serializers.deserialize(self.serializer_name, self.pkless_str))
+        deserial_objs = list(
+            serializers.deserialize(self.serializer_name, self.pkless_str)
+        )
         for obj in deserial_objs:
             self.assertFalse(obj.object.id)
             obj.save()
@@ -335,23 +363,31 @@ class SerializersTestBase:
     def test_deterministic_mapping_ordering(self):
         """Mapping such as fields should be deterministically ordered. (#24558)"""
         output = serializers.serialize(self.serializer_name, [self.a1], indent=2)
-        categories = self.a1.categories.values_list('pk', flat=True)
-        self.assertEqual(output, self.mapping_ordering_str % {
-            'article_pk': self.a1.pk,
-            'author_pk': self.a1.author_id,
-            'first_category_pk': categories[0],
-            'second_category_pk': categories[1],
-        })
+        categories = self.a1.categories.values_list("pk", flat=True)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            output,
+            self.mapping_ordering_str
+            % {
+                "article_pk": self.a1.pk,
+                "author_pk": self.a1.author_id,
+                "first_category_pk": categories[0],
+                "second_category_pk": categories[1],
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_deserialize_force_insert(self):
         """Deserialized content can be saved with force_insert as a parameter."""
         serial_str = serializers.serialize(self.serializer_name, [self.a1])
-        deserial_obj = list(serializers.deserialize(self.serializer_name, serial_str))[0]
-        with mock.patch('django.db.models.Model') as mock_model:
+        deserial_obj = list(serializers.deserialize(self.serializer_name, serial_str))[
+            0
+        ]
+        with mock.patch("django.db.models.Model") as mock_model:
             deserial_obj.save(force_insert=False)
-            mock_model.save_base.assert_called_with(deserial_obj.object, raw=True, using=None, force_insert=False)
+            mock_model.save_base.assert_called_with(
+                deserial_obj.object, raw=True, using=None, force_insert=False
+            )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_defer_constraint_checks')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_defer_constraint_checks")
     def test_serialize_proxy_model(self):
         BaseModel.objects.create(parent_data=1)
         base_objects = BaseModel.objects.all()
@@ -360,20 +396,19 @@ class SerializersTestBase:
         base_data = serializers.serialize("json", base_objects)
         proxy_data = serializers.serialize("json", proxy_objects)
         proxy_proxy_data = serializers.serialize("json", proxy_proxy_objects)
-        self.assertEqual(base_data, proxy_data.replace('proxy', ''))
-        self.assertEqual(base_data, proxy_proxy_data.replace('proxy', ''))
+        self.assertEqual(base_data, proxy_data.replace("proxy", ""))
+        self.assertEqual(base_data, proxy_proxy_data.replace("proxy", ""))
 
     def test_serialize_inherited_fields(self):
-        child_1 = Child.objects.create(parent_data='a', child_data='b')
-        child_2 = Child.objects.create(parent_data='c', child_data='d')
+        child_1 = Child.objects.create(parent_data="a", child_data="b")
+        child_2 = Child.objects.create(parent_data="c", child_data="d")
         child_1.parent_m2m.add(child_2)
         child_data = serializers.serialize(self.serializer_name, [child_1, child_2])
-        self.assertEqual(self._get_field_values(child_data, 'parent_m2m'), [])
-        self.assertEqual(self._get_field_values(child_data, 'parent_data'), [])
+        self.assertEqual(self._get_field_values(child_data, "parent_m2m"), [])
+        self.assertEqual(self._get_field_values(child_data, "parent_data"), [])
 
 
 class SerializerAPITests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_stream_class(self):
         class File:
             def __init__(self):
@@ -383,7 +418,7 @@ class SerializerAPITests(SimpleTestCase):
                 self.lines.append(line)
 
             def getvalue(self):
-                return ''.join(self.lines)
+                return "".join(self.lines)
 
         class Serializer(serializers.json.Serializer):
             stream_class = File
@@ -392,14 +427,16 @@ class SerializerAPITests(SimpleTestCase):
         data = serializer.serialize([Score(id=1, score=3.4)])
         self.assertIs(serializer.stream_class, File)
         self.assertIsInstance(serializer.stream, File)
-        self.assertEqual(data, '[{"model": "serializers.score", "pk": 1, "fields": {"score": 3.4}}]')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data, '[{"model": "serializers.score", "pk": 1, "fields": {"score": 3.4}}]'
+        )
 
 
 class SerializersTransactionTestBase:
 
-    available_apps = ['serializers']
+    available_apps = ["serializers"]
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_forward_references')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_forward_references")
     def test_forward_refs(self):
         """
         Objects ids can be referenced before they are
@@ -432,14 +469,14 @@ class PickleSerializerTests(SimpleTestCase):
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
     def test_serializer_loads_dumps(self):
         serializer = PickleSerializer()
-        test_data = 'test data'
+        test_data = "test data"
         dump = serializer.dumps(test_data)
         self.assertEqual(serializer.loads(dump), test_data)
 
     def test_serializer_warning(self):
         msg = (
-            'PickleSerializer is deprecated due to its security risk. Use '
-            'JSONSerializer instead.'
+            "PickleSerializer is deprecated due to its security risk. Use "
+            "JSONSerializer instead."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(RemovedInDjango50Warning, msg):
             PickleSerializer()
@@ -451,10 +488,12 @@ def register_tests(test_class, method_name, test_func, exclude=()):
     serializers are automatically tested.
     """
     for format_ in serializers.get_serializer_formats():
-        if format_ == 'geojson' or format_ in exclude:
+        if format_ == "geojson" or format_ in exclude:
             continue
         decorated_func = skipIf(
             isinstance(serializers.get_serializer(format_), serializers.BadSerializer),
-            'The Python library for the %s serializer is not installed.' % format_,
+            "The Python library for the %s serializer is not installed." % format_,
         )(test_func)
-        setattr(test_class, method_name % format_, partialmethod(decorated_func, format_))
+        setattr(
+            test_class, method_name % format_, partialmethod(decorated_func, format_)
+        )
diff --git a/tests/servers/test_basehttp.py b/tests/servers/test_basehttp.py
index b90e8565a6..a6e75a9c48 100644
--- a/tests/servers/test_basehttp.py
+++ b/tests/servers/test_basehttp.py
@@ -12,46 +12,48 @@ class Stub:
         self.__dict__.update(kwargs)
 
     def sendall(self, data):
-        self.makefile('wb').write(data)
+        self.makefile("wb").write(data)
 
 
 class WSGIRequestHandlerTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
     request_factory = RequestFactory()
 
     def test_log_message(self):
-        request = WSGIRequest(self.request_factory.get('/').environ)
+        request = WSGIRequest(self.request_factory.get("/").environ)
         request.makefile = lambda *args, **kwargs: BytesIO()
-        handler = WSGIRequestHandler(request, '192.168.0.2', None)
+        handler = WSGIRequestHandler(request, "192.168.0.2", None)
         level_status_codes = {
-            'info': [200, 301, 304],
-            'warning': [400, 403, 404],
-            'error': [500, 503],
+            "info": [200, 301, 304],
+            "warning": [400, 403, 404],
+            "error": [500, 503],
         }
         for level, status_codes in level_status_codes.items():
             for status_code in status_codes:
                 # The correct level gets the message.
-                with self.assertLogs('django.server', level.upper()) as cm:
-                    handler.log_message('GET %s %s', 'A', str(status_code))
-                self.assertIn('GET A %d' % status_code, cm.output[0])
+                with self.assertLogs("django.server", level.upper()) as cm:
+                    handler.log_message("GET %s %s", "A", str(status_code))
+                self.assertIn("GET A %d" % status_code, cm.output[0])
                 # Incorrect levels don't have any messages.
                 for wrong_level in level_status_codes:
                     if wrong_level != level:
-                        with self.assertLogs('django.server', 'INFO') as cm:
-                            handler.log_message('GET %s %s', 'A', str(status_code))
-                        self.assertNotEqual(cm.records[0].levelname, wrong_level.upper())
+                        with self.assertLogs("django.server", "INFO") as cm:
+                            handler.log_message("GET %s %s", "A", str(status_code))
+                        self.assertNotEqual(
+                            cm.records[0].levelname, wrong_level.upper()
+                        )
 
     def test_https(self):
-        request = WSGIRequest(self.request_factory.get('/').environ)
+        request = WSGIRequest(self.request_factory.get("/").environ)
         request.makefile = lambda *args, **kwargs: BytesIO()
 
-        handler = WSGIRequestHandler(request, '192.168.0.2', None)
+        handler = WSGIRequestHandler(request, "192.168.0.2", None)
 
-        with self.assertLogs('django.server', 'ERROR') as cm:
-            handler.log_message("GET %s %s", '\x16\x03', "4")
+        with self.assertLogs("django.server", "ERROR") as cm:
+            handler.log_message("GET %s %s", "\x16\x03", "4")
         self.assertIn(
             "You're accessing the development server over HTTPS, "
             "but it only supports HTTP.",
-            cm.records[0].getMessage()
+            cm.records[0].getMessage(),
         )
 
     def test_strips_underscore_headers(self):
@@ -61,14 +63,14 @@ class WSGIRequestHandlerTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         ambiguity between dashes and underscores in mapping to WSGI environ,
         which can have security implications.
         """
+
         def test_app(environ, start_response):
             """A WSGI app that just reflects its HTTP environ."""
-            start_response('200 OK', [])
+            start_response("200 OK", [])
             http_environ_items = sorted(
-                '%s:%s' % (k, v) for k, v in environ.items()
-                if k.startswith('HTTP_')
+                "%s:%s" % (k, v) for k, v in environ.items() if k.startswith("HTTP_")
             )
-            yield (','.join(http_environ_items)).encode()
+            yield (",".join(http_environ_items)).encode()
 
         rfile = BytesIO()
         rfile.write(b"GET / HTTP/1.0\r\n")
@@ -86,23 +88,23 @@ class WSGIRequestHandlerTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         wfile = UnclosableBytesIO()
 
         def makefile(mode, *a, **kw):
-            if mode == 'rb':
+            if mode == "rb":
                 return rfile
-            elif mode == 'wb':
+            elif mode == "wb":
                 return wfile
 
         request = Stub(makefile=makefile)
         server = Stub(base_environ={}, get_app=lambda: test_app)
 
         # Prevent logging from appearing in test output.
-        with self.assertLogs('django.server', 'INFO'):
+        with self.assertLogs("django.server", "INFO"):
             # instantiating a handler runs the request as side effect
-            WSGIRequestHandler(request, '192.168.0.2', server)
+            WSGIRequestHandler(request, "192.168.0.2", server)
 
         wfile.seek(0)
         body = list(wfile.readlines())[-1]
 
-        self.assertEqual(body, b'HTTP_SOME_HEADER:good')
+        self.assertEqual(body, b"HTTP_SOME_HEADER:good")
 
 
 class WSGIServerTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -110,9 +112,9 @@ class WSGIServerTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_broken_pipe_errors(self):
         """WSGIServer handles broken pipe errors."""
-        request = WSGIRequest(self.request_factory.get('/').environ)
-        client_address = ('192.168.2.0', 8080)
-        msg = f'- Broken pipe from {client_address}\n'
+        request = WSGIRequest(self.request_factory.get("/").environ)
+        client_address = ("192.168.2.0", 8080)
+        msg = f"- Broken pipe from {client_address}\n"
         tests = [
             BrokenPipeError,
             ConnectionAbortedError,
@@ -121,14 +123,14 @@ class WSGIServerTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         for exception in tests:
             with self.subTest(exception=exception):
                 try:
-                    server = WSGIServer(('localhost', 0), WSGIRequestHandler)
+                    server = WSGIServer(("localhost", 0), WSGIRequestHandler)
                     try:
                         raise exception()
                     except Exception:
                         with captured_stderr() as err:
-                            with self.assertLogs('django.server', 'INFO') as cm:
+                            with self.assertLogs("django.server", "INFO") as cm:
                                 server.handle_error(request, client_address)
-                        self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), '')
+                        self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), "")
                         self.assertEqual(cm.records[0].getMessage(), msg)
                 finally:
                     server.server_close()
diff --git a/tests/servers/tests.py b/tests/servers/tests.py
index 2b2eab20aa..0601e1b837 100644
--- a/tests/servers/tests.py
+++ b/tests/servers/tests.py
@@ -20,23 +20,23 @@ from .models import Person
 
 TEST_ROOT = os.path.dirname(__file__)
 TEST_SETTINGS = {
-    'MEDIA_URL': 'media/',
-    'MEDIA_ROOT': os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, 'media'),
-    'STATIC_URL': 'static/',
-    'STATIC_ROOT': os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, 'static'),
+    "MEDIA_URL": "media/",
+    "MEDIA_ROOT": os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, "media"),
+    "STATIC_URL": "static/",
+    "STATIC_ROOT": os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, "static"),
 }
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='servers.urls', **TEST_SETTINGS)
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="servers.urls", **TEST_SETTINGS)
 class LiveServerBase(LiveServerTestCase):
 
     available_apps = [
-        'servers',
-        'django.contrib.auth',
-        'django.contrib.contenttypes',
-        'django.contrib.sessions',
+        "servers",
+        "django.contrib.auth",
+        "django.contrib.contenttypes",
+        "django.contrib.sessions",
     ]
-    fixtures = ['testdata.json']
+    fixtures = ["testdata.json"]
 
     def urlopen(self, url):
         return urlopen(self.live_server_url + url)
@@ -70,19 +70,19 @@ class LiveServerTestCloseConnectionTest(LiveServerBase):
     def _make_connections_override(cls):
         conn = connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS]
         cls.conn = conn
-        cls.old_conn_max_age = conn.settings_dict['CONN_MAX_AGE']
+        cls.old_conn_max_age = conn.settings_dict["CONN_MAX_AGE"]
         # Set the connection's CONN_MAX_AGE to None to simulate the
         # CONN_MAX_AGE setting being set to None on the server. This prevents
         # Django from closing the connection and allows testing that
         # ThreadedWSGIServer closes connections.
-        conn.settings_dict['CONN_MAX_AGE'] = None
+        conn.settings_dict["CONN_MAX_AGE"] = None
         # Pass a database connection through to the server to check it is being
         # closed by ThreadedWSGIServer.
         return {DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS: conn}
 
     @classmethod
     def tearDownConnectionTest(cls):
-        cls.conn.settings_dict['CONN_MAX_AGE'] = cls.old_conn_max_age
+        cls.conn.settings_dict["CONN_MAX_AGE"] = cls.old_conn_max_age
 
     @classmethod
     def tearDownClass(cls):
@@ -97,9 +97,9 @@ class LiveServerTestCloseConnectionTest(LiveServerBase):
         # Open a connection to the database.
         conn.connect()
         self.assertIsNotNone(conn.connection)
-        with self.urlopen('/model_view/') as f:
+        with self.urlopen("/model_view/") as f:
             # The server can access the database.
-            self.assertEqual(f.read().splitlines(), [b'jane', b'robert'])
+            self.assertEqual(f.read().splitlines(), [b"jane", b"robert"])
         # Wait for the server's request thread to close the connection.
         # A timeout of 0.1 seconds should be more than enough. If the wait
         # times out, the assertion after should fail.
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class LiveServerTestCloseConnectionTest(LiveServerBase):
 
 class FailingLiveServerThread(LiveServerThread):
     def _create_server(self):
-        raise RuntimeError('Error creating server.')
+        raise RuntimeError("Error creating server.")
 
 
 class LiveServerTestCaseSetupTest(LiveServerBase):
@@ -118,19 +118,19 @@ class LiveServerTestCaseSetupTest(LiveServerBase):
     @classmethod
     def check_allowed_hosts(cls, expected):
         if settings.ALLOWED_HOSTS != expected:
-            raise RuntimeError(f'{settings.ALLOWED_HOSTS} != {expected}')
+            raise RuntimeError(f"{settings.ALLOWED_HOSTS} != {expected}")
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
-        cls.check_allowed_hosts(['testserver'])
+        cls.check_allowed_hosts(["testserver"])
         try:
             super().setUpClass()
         except RuntimeError:
             # LiveServerTestCase's change to ALLOWED_HOSTS should be reverted.
             cls.doClassCleanups()
-            cls.check_allowed_hosts(['testserver'])
+            cls.check_allowed_hosts(["testserver"])
         else:
-            raise RuntimeError('Server did not fail.')
+            raise RuntimeError("Server did not fail.")
         cls.set_up_called = True
 
     def test_set_up_class(self):
@@ -138,7 +138,6 @@ class LiveServerTestCaseSetupTest(LiveServerBase):
 
 
 class LiveServerAddress(LiveServerBase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         super().setUpClass()
@@ -152,7 +151,9 @@ class LiveServerAddress(LiveServerBase):
 
 class LiveServerSingleThread(LiveServerThread):
     def _create_server(self):
-        return WSGIServer((self.host, self.port), QuietWSGIRequestHandler, allow_reuse_address=False)
+        return WSGIServer(
+            (self.host, self.port), QuietWSGIRequestHandler, allow_reuse_address=False
+        )
 
 
 class SingleThreadLiveServerTestCase(LiveServerTestCase):
@@ -162,7 +163,7 @@ class SingleThreadLiveServerTestCase(LiveServerTestCase):
 class LiveServerViews(LiveServerBase):
     def test_protocol(self):
         """Launched server serves with HTTP 1.1."""
-        with self.urlopen('/example_view/') as f:
+        with self.urlopen("/example_view/") as f:
             self.assertEqual(f.version, 11)
 
     def test_closes_connection_without_content_length(self):
@@ -178,21 +179,29 @@ class LiveServerViews(LiveServerBase):
         header to `close` to notify the client that we do not actually support
         it.
         """
-        conn = HTTPConnection(LiveServerViews.server_thread.host, LiveServerViews.server_thread.port, timeout=1)
+        conn = HTTPConnection(
+            LiveServerViews.server_thread.host,
+            LiveServerViews.server_thread.port,
+            timeout=1,
+        )
         try:
-            conn.request('GET', '/streaming_example_view/', headers={'Connection': 'keep-alive'})
+            conn.request(
+                "GET", "/streaming_example_view/", headers={"Connection": "keep-alive"}
+            )
             response = conn.getresponse()
             self.assertTrue(response.will_close)
-            self.assertEqual(response.read(), b'Iamastream')
+            self.assertEqual(response.read(), b"Iamastream")
             self.assertEqual(response.status, 200)
-            self.assertEqual(response.getheader('Connection'), 'close')
+            self.assertEqual(response.getheader("Connection"), "close")
 
-            conn.request('GET', '/streaming_example_view/', headers={'Connection': 'close'})
+            conn.request(
+                "GET", "/streaming_example_view/", headers={"Connection": "close"}
+            )
             response = conn.getresponse()
             self.assertTrue(response.will_close)
-            self.assertEqual(response.read(), b'Iamastream')
+            self.assertEqual(response.read(), b"Iamastream")
             self.assertEqual(response.status, 200)
-            self.assertEqual(response.getheader('Connection'), 'close')
+            self.assertEqual(response.getheader("Connection"), "close")
         finally:
             conn.close()
 
@@ -202,54 +211,62 @@ class LiveServerViews(LiveServerBase):
         is a follow up test, which ensure that we do not close the connection
         if not needed, hence allowing us to take advantage of keep-alive.
         """
-        conn = HTTPConnection(LiveServerViews.server_thread.host, LiveServerViews.server_thread.port)
+        conn = HTTPConnection(
+            LiveServerViews.server_thread.host, LiveServerViews.server_thread.port
+        )
         try:
-            conn.request('GET', '/example_view/', headers={"Connection": "keep-alive"})
+            conn.request("GET", "/example_view/", headers={"Connection": "keep-alive"})
             response = conn.getresponse()
             self.assertFalse(response.will_close)
-            self.assertEqual(response.read(), b'example view')
+            self.assertEqual(response.read(), b"example view")
             self.assertEqual(response.status, 200)
-            self.assertIsNone(response.getheader('Connection'))
+            self.assertIsNone(response.getheader("Connection"))
 
-            conn.request('GET', '/example_view/', headers={"Connection": "close"})
+            conn.request("GET", "/example_view/", headers={"Connection": "close"})
             response = conn.getresponse()
             self.assertFalse(response.will_close)
-            self.assertEqual(response.read(), b'example view')
+            self.assertEqual(response.read(), b"example view")
             self.assertEqual(response.status, 200)
-            self.assertIsNone(response.getheader('Connection'))
+            self.assertIsNone(response.getheader("Connection"))
         finally:
             conn.close()
 
     def test_keep_alive_connection_clears_previous_request_data(self):
-        conn = HTTPConnection(LiveServerViews.server_thread.host, LiveServerViews.server_thread.port)
+        conn = HTTPConnection(
+            LiveServerViews.server_thread.host, LiveServerViews.server_thread.port
+        )
         try:
-            conn.request('POST', '/method_view/', b'{}', headers={"Connection": "keep-alive"})
+            conn.request(
+                "POST", "/method_view/", b"{}", headers={"Connection": "keep-alive"}
+            )
             response = conn.getresponse()
             self.assertFalse(response.will_close)
             self.assertEqual(response.status, 200)
-            self.assertEqual(response.read(), b'POST')
+            self.assertEqual(response.read(), b"POST")
 
-            conn.request('POST', '/method_view/', b'{}', headers={"Connection": "close"})
+            conn.request(
+                "POST", "/method_view/", b"{}", headers={"Connection": "close"}
+            )
             response = conn.getresponse()
             self.assertFalse(response.will_close)
             self.assertEqual(response.status, 200)
-            self.assertEqual(response.read(), b'POST')
+            self.assertEqual(response.read(), b"POST")
         finally:
             conn.close()
 
     def test_404(self):
         with self.assertRaises(HTTPError) as err:
-            self.urlopen('/')
+            self.urlopen("/")
         err.exception.close()
-        self.assertEqual(err.exception.code, 404, 'Expected 404 response')
+        self.assertEqual(err.exception.code, 404, "Expected 404 response")
 
     def test_view(self):
-        with self.urlopen('/example_view/') as f:
-            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b'example view')
+        with self.urlopen("/example_view/") as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"example view")
 
     def test_static_files(self):
-        with self.urlopen('/static/example_static_file.txt') as f:
-            self.assertEqual(f.read().rstrip(b'\r\n'), b'example static file')
+        with self.urlopen("/static/example_static_file.txt") as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read().rstrip(b"\r\n"), b"example static file")
 
     def test_no_collectstatic_emulation(self):
         """
@@ -258,22 +275,22 @@ class LiveServerViews(LiveServerBase):
         STATIC_ROOT.
         """
         with self.assertRaises(HTTPError) as err:
-            self.urlopen('/static/another_app/another_app_static_file.txt')
+            self.urlopen("/static/another_app/another_app_static_file.txt")
         err.exception.close()
-        self.assertEqual(err.exception.code, 404, 'Expected 404 response')
+        self.assertEqual(err.exception.code, 404, "Expected 404 response")
 
     def test_media_files(self):
-        with self.urlopen('/media/example_media_file.txt') as f:
-            self.assertEqual(f.read().rstrip(b'\r\n'), b'example media file')
+        with self.urlopen("/media/example_media_file.txt") as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read().rstrip(b"\r\n"), b"example media file")
 
     def test_environ(self):
-        with self.urlopen('/environ_view/?%s' % urlencode({'q': 'тест'})) as f:
+        with self.urlopen("/environ_view/?%s" % urlencode({"q": "тест"})) as f:
             self.assertIn(b"QUERY_STRING: 'q=%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82'", f.read())
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='servers.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="servers.urls")
 class SingleThreadLiveServerViews(SingleThreadLiveServerTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['servers']
+    available_apps = ["servers"]
 
     def test_closes_connection_with_content_length(self):
         """
@@ -287,40 +304,38 @@ class SingleThreadLiveServerViews(SingleThreadLiveServerTestCase):
             timeout=1,
         )
         try:
-            conn.request('GET', '/example_view/', headers={'Connection': 'keep-alive'})
+            conn.request("GET", "/example_view/", headers={"Connection": "keep-alive"})
             response = conn.getresponse()
             self.assertTrue(response.will_close)
-            self.assertEqual(response.read(), b'example view')
+            self.assertEqual(response.read(), b"example view")
             self.assertEqual(response.status, 200)
-            self.assertEqual(response.getheader('Connection'), 'close')
+            self.assertEqual(response.getheader("Connection"), "close")
         finally:
             conn.close()
 
 
 class LiveServerDatabase(LiveServerBase):
-
     def test_fixtures_loaded(self):
         """
         Fixtures are properly loaded and visible to the live server thread.
         """
-        with self.urlopen('/model_view/') as f:
-            self.assertEqual(f.read().splitlines(), [b'jane', b'robert'])
+        with self.urlopen("/model_view/") as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read().splitlines(), [b"jane", b"robert"])
 
     def test_database_writes(self):
         """
         Data written to the database by a view can be read.
         """
-        with self.urlopen('/create_model_instance/'):
+        with self.urlopen("/create_model_instance/"):
             pass
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Person.objects.all().order_by('pk'),
-            ['jane', 'robert', 'emily'],
-            lambda b: b.name
+            Person.objects.all().order_by("pk"),
+            ["jane", "robert", "emily"],
+            lambda b: b.name,
         )
 
 
 class LiveServerPort(LiveServerBase):
-
     def test_port_bind(self):
         """
         Each LiveServerTestCase binds to a unique port or fails to start a
@@ -339,24 +354,24 @@ class LiveServerPort(LiveServerBase):
         self.assertNotEqual(
             self.live_server_url,
             TestCase.live_server_url,
-            f'Acquired duplicate server addresses for server threads: '
-            f'{self.live_server_url}',
+            f"Acquired duplicate server addresses for server threads: "
+            f"{self.live_server_url}",
         )
 
     def test_specified_port_bind(self):
         """LiveServerTestCase.port customizes the server's port."""
-        TestCase = type('TestCase', (LiveServerBase,), {})
+        TestCase = type("TestCase", (LiveServerBase,), {})
         # Find an open port and tell TestCase to use it.
         s = socket.socket()
-        s.bind(('', 0))
+        s.bind(("", 0))
         TestCase.port = s.getsockname()[1]
         s.close()
         TestCase._start_server_thread()
         self.assertEqual(
             TestCase.port,
             TestCase.server_thread.port,
-            f'Did not use specified port for LiveServerTestCase thread: '
-            f'{TestCase.port}',
+            f"Did not use specified port for LiveServerTestCase thread: "
+            f"{TestCase.port}",
         )
 
 
@@ -364,13 +379,15 @@ class LiveServerThreadedTests(LiveServerBase):
     """If LiveServerTestCase isn't threaded, these tests will hang."""
 
     def test_view_calls_subview(self):
-        url = '/subview_calling_view/?%s' % urlencode({'url': self.live_server_url})
+        url = "/subview_calling_view/?%s" % urlencode({"url": self.live_server_url})
         with self.urlopen(url) as f:
-            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b'subview calling view: subview')
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"subview calling view: subview")
 
     def test_check_model_instance_from_subview(self):
-        url = '/check_model_instance_from_subview/?%s' % urlencode({
-            'url': self.live_server_url,
-        })
+        url = "/check_model_instance_from_subview/?%s" % urlencode(
+            {
+                "url": self.live_server_url,
+            }
+        )
         with self.urlopen(url) as f:
-            self.assertIn(b'emily', f.read())
+            self.assertIn(b"emily", f.read())
diff --git a/tests/servers/urls.py b/tests/servers/urls.py
index d07712776a..54c2dcb834 100644
--- a/tests/servers/urls.py
+++ b/tests/servers/urls.py
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ from django.urls import path
 from . import views
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('example_view/', views.example_view),
-    path('streaming_example_view/', views.streaming_example_view),
-    path('model_view/', views.model_view),
-    path('create_model_instance/', views.create_model_instance),
-    path('environ_view/', views.environ_view),
-    path('subview_calling_view/', views.subview_calling_view),
-    path('subview/', views.subview),
-    path('check_model_instance_from_subview/', views.check_model_instance_from_subview),
-    path('method_view/', views.method_view),
+    path("example_view/", views.example_view),
+    path("streaming_example_view/", views.streaming_example_view),
+    path("model_view/", views.model_view),
+    path("create_model_instance/", views.create_model_instance),
+    path("environ_view/", views.environ_view),
+    path("subview_calling_view/", views.subview_calling_view),
+    path("subview/", views.subview),
+    path("check_model_instance_from_subview/", views.check_model_instance_from_subview),
+    path("method_view/", views.method_view),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/servers/views.py b/tests/servers/views.py
index fa30b0ce7b..97a467f0b0 100644
--- a/tests/servers/views.py
+++ b/tests/servers/views.py
@@ -7,42 +7,44 @@ from .models import Person
 
 
 def example_view(request):
-    return HttpResponse('example view')
+    return HttpResponse("example view")
 
 
 def streaming_example_view(request):
-    return StreamingHttpResponse((b'I', b'am', b'a', b'stream'))
+    return StreamingHttpResponse((b"I", b"am", b"a", b"stream"))
 
 
 def model_view(request):
     people = Person.objects.all()
-    return HttpResponse('\n'.join(person.name for person in people))
+    return HttpResponse("\n".join(person.name for person in people))
 
 
 def create_model_instance(request):
-    person = Person(name='emily')
+    person = Person(name="emily")
     person.save()
     return HttpResponse()
 
 
 def environ_view(request):
-    return HttpResponse("\n".join("%s: %r" % (k, v) for k, v in request.environ.items()))
+    return HttpResponse(
+        "\n".join("%s: %r" % (k, v) for k, v in request.environ.items())
+    )
 
 
 def subview(request):
-    return HttpResponse('subview')
+    return HttpResponse("subview")
 
 
 def subview_calling_view(request):
-    with urlopen(request.GET['url'] + '/subview/') as response:
-        return HttpResponse('subview calling view: {}'.format(response.read().decode()))
+    with urlopen(request.GET["url"] + "/subview/") as response:
+        return HttpResponse("subview calling view: {}".format(response.read().decode()))
 
 
 def check_model_instance_from_subview(request):
-    with urlopen(request.GET['url'] + '/create_model_instance/'):
+    with urlopen(request.GET["url"] + "/create_model_instance/"):
         pass
-    with urlopen(request.GET['url'] + '/model_view/') as response:
-        return HttpResponse('subview calling view: {}'.format(response.read().decode()))
+    with urlopen(request.GET["url"] + "/model_view/") as response:
+        return HttpResponse("subview calling view: {}".format(response.read().decode()))
 
 
 @csrf_exempt
diff --git a/tests/sessions_tests/models.py b/tests/sessions_tests/models.py
index 557dbf7865..6eda26f22a 100644
--- a/tests/sessions_tests/models.py
+++ b/tests/sessions_tests/models.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ class CustomSession(AbstractBaseSession):
     """
     A session model with a column for an account ID.
     """
+
     account_id = models.IntegerField(null=True, db_index=True)
 
     @classmethod
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ class SessionStore(DBStore):
     A database session store, that handles updating the account ID column
     inside the custom session model.
     """
+
     @classmethod
     def get_model_class(cls):
         return CustomSession
@@ -32,7 +34,7 @@ class SessionStore(DBStore):
         obj = super().create_model_instance(data)
 
         try:
-            account_id = int(data.get('_auth_user_id'))
+            account_id = int(data.get("_auth_user_id"))
         except (ValueError, TypeError):
             account_id = None
         obj.account_id = account_id
diff --git a/tests/sessions_tests/no_clear_expired.py b/tests/sessions_tests/no_clear_expired.py
index 0bdfcab6da..4a229868ce 100644
--- a/tests/sessions_tests/no_clear_expired.py
+++ b/tests/sessions_tests/no_clear_expired.py
@@ -3,4 +3,5 @@ from django.contrib.sessions.backends.base import SessionBase
 
 class SessionStore(SessionBase):
     """Session store without support for clearing expired sessions."""
+
     pass
diff --git a/tests/sessions_tests/tests.py b/tests/sessions_tests/tests.py
index 367c40fcc3..42e68df420 100644
--- a/tests/sessions_tests/tests.py
+++ b/tests/sessions_tests/tests.py
@@ -12,17 +12,13 @@ from unittest import mock
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib.sessions.backends.base import UpdateError
 from django.contrib.sessions.backends.cache import SessionStore as CacheSession
-from django.contrib.sessions.backends.cached_db import (
-    SessionStore as CacheDBSession,
-)
+from django.contrib.sessions.backends.cached_db import SessionStore as CacheDBSession
 from django.contrib.sessions.backends.db import SessionStore as DatabaseSession
 from django.contrib.sessions.backends.file import SessionStore as FileSession
 from django.contrib.sessions.backends.signed_cookies import (
     SessionStore as CookieSession,
 )
-from django.contrib.sessions.exceptions import (
-    InvalidSessionKey, SessionInterrupted,
-)
+from django.contrib.sessions.exceptions import InvalidSessionKey, SessionInterrupted
 from django.contrib.sessions.middleware import SessionMiddleware
 from django.contrib.sessions.models import Session
 from django.contrib.sessions.serializers import JSONSerializer
@@ -33,7 +29,10 @@ from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.core.signing import TimestampSigner
 from django.http import HttpResponse
 from django.test import (
-    RequestFactory, SimpleTestCase, TestCase, ignore_warnings,
+    RequestFactory,
+    SimpleTestCase,
+    TestCase,
+    ignore_warnings,
     override_settings,
 )
 from django.utils import timezone
@@ -62,63 +61,66 @@ class SessionTestsMixin:
         self.assertIs(self.session.accessed, False)
 
     def test_get_empty(self):
-        self.assertIsNone(self.session.get('cat'))
+        self.assertIsNone(self.session.get("cat"))
 
     def test_store(self):
-        self.session['cat'] = "dog"
+        self.session["cat"] = "dog"
         self.assertIs(self.session.modified, True)
-        self.assertEqual(self.session.pop('cat'), 'dog')
+        self.assertEqual(self.session.pop("cat"), "dog")
 
     def test_pop(self):
-        self.session['some key'] = 'exists'
+        self.session["some key"] = "exists"
         # Need to reset these to pretend we haven't accessed it:
         self.accessed = False
         self.modified = False
 
-        self.assertEqual(self.session.pop('some key'), 'exists')
+        self.assertEqual(self.session.pop("some key"), "exists")
         self.assertIs(self.session.accessed, True)
         self.assertIs(self.session.modified, True)
-        self.assertIsNone(self.session.get('some key'))
+        self.assertIsNone(self.session.get("some key"))
 
     def test_pop_default(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.session.pop('some key', 'does not exist'),
-                         'does not exist')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.session.pop("some key", "does not exist"), "does not exist"
+        )
         self.assertIs(self.session.accessed, True)
         self.assertIs(self.session.modified, False)
 
     def test_pop_default_named_argument(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.session.pop('some key', default='does not exist'), 'does not exist')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.session.pop("some key", default="does not exist"), "does not exist"
+        )
         self.assertIs(self.session.accessed, True)
         self.assertIs(self.session.modified, False)
 
     def test_pop_no_default_keyerror_raised(self):
         with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
-            self.session.pop('some key')
+            self.session.pop("some key")
 
     def test_setdefault(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.session.setdefault('foo', 'bar'), 'bar')
-        self.assertEqual(self.session.setdefault('foo', 'baz'), 'bar')
+        self.assertEqual(self.session.setdefault("foo", "bar"), "bar")
+        self.assertEqual(self.session.setdefault("foo", "baz"), "bar")
         self.assertIs(self.session.accessed, True)
         self.assertIs(self.session.modified, True)
 
     def test_update(self):
-        self.session.update({'update key': 1})
+        self.session.update({"update key": 1})
         self.assertIs(self.session.accessed, True)
         self.assertIs(self.session.modified, True)
-        self.assertEqual(self.session.get('update key', None), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(self.session.get("update key", None), 1)
 
     def test_has_key(self):
-        self.session['some key'] = 1
+        self.session["some key"] = 1
         self.session.modified = False
         self.session.accessed = False
-        self.assertIn('some key', self.session)
+        self.assertIn("some key", self.session)
         self.assertIs(self.session.accessed, True)
         self.assertIs(self.session.modified, False)
 
     def test_values(self):
         self.assertEqual(list(self.session.values()), [])
         self.assertIs(self.session.accessed, True)
-        self.session['some key'] = 1
+        self.session["some key"] = 1
         self.session.modified = False
         self.session.accessed = False
         self.assertEqual(list(self.session.values()), [1])
@@ -126,26 +128,26 @@ class SessionTestsMixin:
         self.assertIs(self.session.modified, False)
 
     def test_keys(self):
-        self.session['x'] = 1
+        self.session["x"] = 1
         self.session.modified = False
         self.session.accessed = False
-        self.assertEqual(list(self.session.keys()), ['x'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(self.session.keys()), ["x"])
         self.assertIs(self.session.accessed, True)
         self.assertIs(self.session.modified, False)
 
     def test_items(self):
-        self.session['x'] = 1
+        self.session["x"] = 1
         self.session.modified = False
         self.session.accessed = False
-        self.assertEqual(list(self.session.items()), [('x', 1)])
+        self.assertEqual(list(self.session.items()), [("x", 1)])
         self.assertIs(self.session.accessed, True)
         self.assertIs(self.session.modified, False)
 
     def test_clear(self):
-        self.session['x'] = 1
+        self.session["x"] = 1
         self.session.modified = False
         self.session.accessed = False
-        self.assertEqual(list(self.session.items()), [('x', 1)])
+        self.assertEqual(list(self.session.items()), [("x", 1)])
         self.session.clear()
         self.assertEqual(list(self.session.items()), [])
         self.assertIs(self.session.accessed, True)
@@ -161,7 +163,7 @@ class SessionTestsMixin:
         self.assertIs(self.session.exists(self.session.session_key), False)
 
     def test_flush(self):
-        self.session['foo'] = 'bar'
+        self.session["foo"] = "bar"
         self.session.save()
         prev_key = self.session.session_key
         self.session.flush()
@@ -172,7 +174,7 @@ class SessionTestsMixin:
         self.assertIs(self.session.accessed, True)
 
     def test_cycle(self):
-        self.session['a'], self.session['b'] = 'c', 'd'
+        self.session["a"], self.session["b"] = "c", "d"
         self.session.save()
         prev_key = self.session.session_key
         prev_data = list(self.session.items())
@@ -182,51 +184,52 @@ class SessionTestsMixin:
         self.assertEqual(list(self.session.items()), prev_data)
 
     def test_cycle_with_no_session_cache(self):
-        self.session['a'], self.session['b'] = 'c', 'd'
+        self.session["a"], self.session["b"] = "c", "d"
         self.session.save()
         prev_data = self.session.items()
         self.session = self.backend(self.session.session_key)
-        self.assertIs(hasattr(self.session, '_session_cache'), False)
+        self.assertIs(hasattr(self.session, "_session_cache"), False)
         self.session.cycle_key()
         self.assertCountEqual(self.session.items(), prev_data)
 
     def test_save_doesnt_clear_data(self):
-        self.session['a'] = 'b'
+        self.session["a"] = "b"
         self.session.save()
-        self.assertEqual(self.session['a'], 'b')
+        self.assertEqual(self.session["a"], "b")
 
     def test_invalid_key(self):
         # Submitting an invalid session key (either by guessing, or if the db has
         # removed the key) results in a new key being generated.
         try:
-            session = self.backend('1')
+            session = self.backend("1")
             session.save()
-            self.assertNotEqual(session.session_key, '1')
-            self.assertIsNone(session.get('cat'))
+            self.assertNotEqual(session.session_key, "1")
+            self.assertIsNone(session.get("cat"))
             session.delete()
         finally:
             # Some backends leave a stale cache entry for the invalid
             # session key; make sure that entry is manually deleted
-            session.delete('1')
+            session.delete("1")
 
     def test_session_key_empty_string_invalid(self):
         """Falsey values (Such as an empty string) are rejected."""
-        self.session._session_key = ''
+        self.session._session_key = ""
         self.assertIsNone(self.session.session_key)
 
     def test_session_key_too_short_invalid(self):
         """Strings shorter than 8 characters are rejected."""
-        self.session._session_key = '1234567'
+        self.session._session_key = "1234567"
         self.assertIsNone(self.session.session_key)
 
     def test_session_key_valid_string_saved(self):
         """Strings of length 8 and up are accepted and stored."""
-        self.session._session_key = '12345678'
-        self.assertEqual(self.session.session_key, '12345678')
+        self.session._session_key = "12345678"
+        self.assertEqual(self.session.session_key, "12345678")
 
     def test_session_key_is_read_only(self):
         def set_session_key(session):
             session.session_key = session._get_new_session_key()
+
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
             set_session_key(self.session)
 
@@ -310,39 +313,41 @@ class SessionTestsMixin:
 
     def test_decode(self):
         # Ensure we can decode what we encode
-        data = {'a test key': 'a test value'}
+        data = {"a test key": "a test value"}
         encoded = self.session.encode(data)
         self.assertEqual(self.session.decode(encoded), data)
 
     def test_decode_failure_logged_to_security(self):
         tests = [
-            base64.b64encode(b'flaskdj:alkdjf').decode('ascii'),
-            'bad:encoded:value',
+            base64.b64encode(b"flaskdj:alkdjf").decode("ascii"),
+            "bad:encoded:value",
         ]
         for encoded in tests:
             with self.subTest(encoded=encoded):
-                with self.assertLogs('django.security.SuspiciousSession', 'WARNING') as cm:
+                with self.assertLogs(
+                    "django.security.SuspiciousSession", "WARNING"
+                ) as cm:
                     self.assertEqual(self.session.decode(encoded), {})
                 # The failed decode is logged.
-                self.assertIn('Session data corrupted', cm.output[0])
+                self.assertIn("Session data corrupted", cm.output[0])
 
     def test_decode_serializer_exception(self):
         signer = TimestampSigner(salt=self.session.key_salt)
-        encoded = signer.sign(b'invalid data')
+        encoded = signer.sign(b"invalid data")
         self.assertEqual(self.session.decode(encoded), {})
 
     def test_actual_expiry(self):
         old_session_key = None
         new_session_key = None
         try:
-            self.session['foo'] = 'bar'
+            self.session["foo"] = "bar"
             self.session.set_expiry(-timedelta(seconds=10))
             self.session.save()
             old_session_key = self.session.session_key
             # With an expiry date in the past, the session expires instantly.
             new_session = self.backend(self.session.session_key)
             new_session_key = new_session.session_key
-            self.assertNotIn('foo', new_session)
+            self.assertNotIn("foo", new_session)
         finally:
             self.session.delete(old_session_key)
             self.session.delete(new_session_key)
@@ -353,13 +358,13 @@ class SessionTestsMixin:
 
         Creating session records on load is a DOS vulnerability.
         """
-        session = self.backend('someunknownkey')
+        session = self.backend("someunknownkey")
         session.load()
 
         self.assertIsNone(session.session_key)
         self.assertIs(session.exists(session.session_key), False)
         # provided unknown key was cycled, not reused
-        self.assertNotEqual(session.session_key, 'someunknownkey')
+        self.assertNotEqual(session.session_key, "someunknownkey")
 
     def test_session_save_does_not_resurrect_session_logged_out_in_other_context(self):
         """
@@ -367,7 +372,7 @@ class SessionTestsMixin:
         """
         # Create new session.
         s1 = self.backend()
-        s1['test_data'] = 'value1'
+        s1["test_data"] = "value1"
         s1.save(must_create=True)
 
         # Logout in another context.
@@ -375,7 +380,7 @@ class SessionTestsMixin:
         s2.delete()
 
         # Modify session in first context.
-        s1['test_data'] = 'value2'
+        s1["test_data"] = "value2"
         with self.assertRaises(UpdateError):
             # This should throw an exception as the session is deleted, not
             # resurrect the session.
@@ -387,7 +392,7 @@ class SessionTestsMixin:
 class DatabaseSessionTests(SessionTestsMixin, TestCase):
 
     backend = DatabaseSession
-    session_engine = 'django.contrib.sessions.backends.db'
+    session_engine = "django.contrib.sessions.backends.db"
 
     @property
     def model(self):
@@ -395,7 +400,7 @@ class DatabaseSessionTests(SessionTestsMixin, TestCase):
 
     def test_session_str(self):
         "Session repr should be the session key."
-        self.session['x'] = 1
+        self.session["x"] = 1
         self.session.save()
 
         session_key = self.session.session_key
@@ -408,27 +413,27 @@ class DatabaseSessionTests(SessionTestsMixin, TestCase):
         Test we can use Session.get_decoded to retrieve data stored
         in normal way
         """
-        self.session['x'] = 1
+        self.session["x"] = 1
         self.session.save()
 
         s = self.model.objects.get(session_key=self.session.session_key)
 
-        self.assertEqual(s.get_decoded(), {'x': 1})
+        self.assertEqual(s.get_decoded(), {"x": 1})
 
     def test_sessionmanager_save(self):
         """
         Test SessionManager.save method
         """
         # Create a session
-        self.session['y'] = 1
+        self.session["y"] = 1
         self.session.save()
 
         s = self.model.objects.get(session_key=self.session.session_key)
         # Change it
-        self.model.objects.save(s.session_key, {'y': 2}, s.expire_date)
+        self.model.objects.save(s.session_key, {"y": 2}, s.expire_date)
         # Clear cache, so that it will be retrieved from DB
         del self.session._session_cache
-        self.assertEqual(self.session['y'], 2)
+        self.assertEqual(self.session["y"], 2)
 
     def test_clearsessions_command(self):
         """
@@ -437,20 +442,20 @@ class DatabaseSessionTests(SessionTestsMixin, TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(0, self.model.objects.count())
 
         # One object in the future
-        self.session['foo'] = 'bar'
+        self.session["foo"] = "bar"
         self.session.set_expiry(3600)
         self.session.save()
 
         # One object in the past
         other_session = self.backend()
-        other_session['foo'] = 'bar'
+        other_session["foo"] = "bar"
         other_session.set_expiry(-3600)
         other_session.save()
 
         # Two sessions are in the database before clearsessions...
         self.assertEqual(2, self.model.objects.count())
         with override_settings(SESSION_ENGINE=self.session_engine):
-            management.call_command('clearsessions')
+            management.call_command("clearsessions")
         # ... and one is deleted.
         self.assertEqual(1, self.model.objects.count())
 
@@ -462,13 +467,13 @@ class DatabaseSessionWithTimeZoneTests(DatabaseSessionTests):
 
 class CustomDatabaseSessionTests(DatabaseSessionTests):
     backend = CustomDatabaseSession
-    session_engine = 'sessions_tests.models'
+    session_engine = "sessions_tests.models"
     custom_session_cookie_age = 60 * 60 * 24  # One day.
 
     def test_extra_session_field(self):
         # Set the account ID to be picked up by a custom session storage
         # and saved to a custom session model database column.
-        self.session['_auth_user_id'] = 42
+        self.session["_auth_user_id"] = 42
         self.session.save()
 
         # Make sure that the customized create_model_instance() was called.
@@ -476,7 +481,7 @@ class CustomDatabaseSessionTests(DatabaseSessionTests):
         self.assertEqual(s.account_id, 42)
 
         # Make the session "anonymous".
-        self.session.pop('_auth_user_id')
+        self.session.pop("_auth_user_id")
         self.session.save()
 
         # Make sure that save() on an existing session did the right job.
@@ -510,7 +515,7 @@ class CacheDBSessionTests(SessionTestsMixin, TestCase):
         self.session._session_key = (string.ascii_letters + string.digits) * 20
         self.assertEqual(self.session.load(), {})
 
-    @override_settings(SESSION_CACHE_ALIAS='sessions')
+    @override_settings(SESSION_CACHE_ALIAS="sessions")
     def test_non_default_cache(self):
         # 21000 - CacheDB backend should respect SESSION_CACHE_ALIAS.
         with self.assertRaises(InvalidCacheBackendError):
@@ -531,7 +536,7 @@ class FileSessionTests(SessionTestsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         self.original_session_file_path = settings.SESSION_FILE_PATH
         self.temp_session_store = settings.SESSION_FILE_PATH = self.mkdtemp()
         # Reset the file session backend's internal caches
-        if hasattr(self.backend, '_storage_path'):
+        if hasattr(self.backend, "_storage_path"):
             del self.backend._storage_path
         super().setUp()
 
@@ -544,7 +549,7 @@ class FileSessionTests(SessionTestsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         return tempfile.mkdtemp()
 
     @override_settings(
-        SESSION_FILE_PATH='/if/this/directory/exists/you/have/a/weird/computer',
+        SESSION_FILE_PATH="/if/this/directory/exists/you/have/a/weird/computer",
     )
     def test_configuration_check(self):
         del self.backend._storage_path
@@ -577,21 +582,24 @@ class FileSessionTests(SessionTestsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         file_prefix = settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME
 
         def count_sessions():
-            return len([
-                session_file for session_file in os.listdir(storage_path)
-                if session_file.startswith(file_prefix)
-            ])
+            return len(
+                [
+                    session_file
+                    for session_file in os.listdir(storage_path)
+                    if session_file.startswith(file_prefix)
+                ]
+            )
 
         self.assertEqual(0, count_sessions())
 
         # One object in the future
-        self.session['foo'] = 'bar'
+        self.session["foo"] = "bar"
         self.session.set_expiry(3600)
         self.session.save()
 
         # One object in the past
         other_session = self.backend()
-        other_session['foo'] = 'bar'
+        other_session["foo"] = "bar"
         other_session.set_expiry(-3600)
         other_session.save()
 
@@ -599,12 +607,12 @@ class FileSessionTests(SessionTestsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         # its modification time + SESSION_COOKIE_AGE will be in the past when
         # clearsessions runs).
         other_session2 = self.backend()
-        other_session2['foo'] = 'bar'
+        other_session2["foo"] = "bar"
         other_session2.save()
 
         # Three sessions are in the filesystem before clearsessions...
         self.assertEqual(3, count_sessions())
-        management.call_command('clearsessions')
+        management.call_command("clearsessions")
         # ... and two are deleted.
         self.assertEqual(1, count_sessions())
 
@@ -627,30 +635,33 @@ class CacheSessionTests(SessionTestsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_default_cache(self):
         self.session.save()
-        self.assertIsNotNone(caches['default'].get(self.session.cache_key))
+        self.assertIsNotNone(caches["default"].get(self.session.cache_key))
 
-    @override_settings(CACHES={
-        'default': {
-            'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.dummy.DummyCache',
+    @override_settings(
+        CACHES={
+            "default": {
+                "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.dummy.DummyCache",
+            },
+            "sessions": {
+                "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache",
+                "LOCATION": "session",
+            },
         },
-        'sessions': {
-            'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache',
-            'LOCATION': 'session',
-        },
-    }, SESSION_CACHE_ALIAS='sessions')
+        SESSION_CACHE_ALIAS="sessions",
+    )
     def test_non_default_cache(self):
         # Re-initialize the session backend to make use of overridden settings.
         self.session = self.backend()
 
         self.session.save()
-        self.assertIsNone(caches['default'].get(self.session.cache_key))
-        self.assertIsNotNone(caches['sessions'].get(self.session.cache_key))
+        self.assertIsNone(caches["default"].get(self.session.cache_key))
+        self.assertIsNotNone(caches["sessions"].get(self.session.cache_key))
 
     def test_create_and_save(self):
         self.session = self.backend()
         self.session.create()
         self.session.save()
-        self.assertIsNotNone(caches['default'].get(self.session.cache_key))
+        self.assertIsNotNone(caches["default"].get(self.session.cache_key))
 
 
 class SessionMiddlewareTests(TestCase):
@@ -658,61 +669,63 @@ class SessionMiddlewareTests(TestCase):
 
     @staticmethod
     def get_response_touching_session(request):
-        request.session['hello'] = 'world'
-        return HttpResponse('Session test')
+        request.session["hello"] = "world"
+        return HttpResponse("Session test")
 
     @override_settings(SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE=True)
     def test_secure_session_cookie(self):
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         middleware = SessionMiddleware(self.get_response_touching_session)
 
         # Handle the response through the middleware
         response = middleware(request)
-        self.assertIs(response.cookies[settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME]['secure'], True)
+        self.assertIs(response.cookies[settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME]["secure"], True)
 
     @override_settings(SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY=True)
     def test_httponly_session_cookie(self):
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         middleware = SessionMiddleware(self.get_response_touching_session)
 
         # Handle the response through the middleware
         response = middleware(request)
-        self.assertIs(response.cookies[settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME]['httponly'], True)
+        self.assertIs(response.cookies[settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME]["httponly"], True)
         self.assertIn(
-            cookies.Morsel._reserved['httponly'],
-            str(response.cookies[settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME])
+            cookies.Morsel._reserved["httponly"],
+            str(response.cookies[settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME]),
         )
 
-    @override_settings(SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE='Strict')
+    @override_settings(SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE="Strict")
     def test_samesite_session_cookie(self):
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         middleware = SessionMiddleware(self.get_response_touching_session)
         response = middleware(request)
-        self.assertEqual(response.cookies[settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME]['samesite'], 'Strict')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.cookies[settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME]["samesite"], "Strict"
+        )
 
     @override_settings(SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY=False)
     def test_no_httponly_session_cookie(self):
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         middleware = SessionMiddleware(self.get_response_touching_session)
         response = middleware(request)
-        self.assertEqual(response.cookies[settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME]['httponly'], '')
+        self.assertEqual(response.cookies[settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME]["httponly"], "")
         self.assertNotIn(
-            cookies.Morsel._reserved['httponly'],
-            str(response.cookies[settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME])
+            cookies.Morsel._reserved["httponly"],
+            str(response.cookies[settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME]),
         )
 
     def test_session_save_on_500(self):
         def response_500(requset):
-            response = HttpResponse('Horrible error')
+            response = HttpResponse("Horrible error")
             response.status_code = 500
-            request.session['hello'] = 'world'
+            request.session["hello"] = "world"
             return response
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         SessionMiddleware(response_500)(request)
 
         # The value wasn't saved above.
-        self.assertNotIn('hello', request.session.load())
+        self.assertNotIn("hello", request.session.load())
 
     def test_session_update_error_redirect(self):
         def response_delete_session(request):
@@ -721,7 +734,7 @@ class SessionMiddlewareTests(TestCase):
             request.session.delete()
             return HttpResponse()
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/foo/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/foo/")
         middleware = SessionMiddleware(response_delete_session)
 
         msg = (
@@ -737,13 +750,13 @@ class SessionMiddlewareTests(TestCase):
     def test_session_delete_on_end(self):
         def response_ending_session(request):
             request.session.flush()
-            return HttpResponse('Session test')
+            return HttpResponse("Session test")
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         middleware = SessionMiddleware(response_ending_session)
 
         # Before deleting, there has to be an existing cookie
-        request.COOKIES[settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME] = 'abc'
+        request.COOKIES[settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME] = "abc"
 
         # Handle the response through the middleware
         response = middleware(request)
@@ -753,27 +766,29 @@ class SessionMiddlewareTests(TestCase):
         #  Set-Cookie: sessionid=; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT; Max-Age=0; Path=/
         self.assertEqual(
             'Set-Cookie: {}=""; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT; '
-            'Max-Age=0; Path=/; SameSite={}'.format(
+            "Max-Age=0; Path=/; SameSite={}".format(
                 settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME,
                 settings.SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE,
             ),
-            str(response.cookies[settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME])
+            str(response.cookies[settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME]),
         )
         # SessionMiddleware sets 'Vary: Cookie' to prevent the 'Set-Cookie'
         # from being cached.
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Vary'], 'Cookie')
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["Vary"], "Cookie")
 
-    @override_settings(SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN='.example.local', SESSION_COOKIE_PATH='/example/')
+    @override_settings(
+        SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN=".example.local", SESSION_COOKIE_PATH="/example/"
+    )
     def test_session_delete_on_end_with_custom_domain_and_path(self):
         def response_ending_session(request):
             request.session.flush()
-            return HttpResponse('Session test')
+            return HttpResponse("Session test")
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         middleware = SessionMiddleware(response_ending_session)
 
         # Before deleting, there has to be an existing cookie
-        request.COOKIES[settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME] = 'abc'
+        request.COOKIES[settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME] = "abc"
 
         # Handle the response through the middleware
         response = middleware(request)
@@ -785,19 +800,19 @@ class SessionMiddlewareTests(TestCase):
         #              Path=/example/
         self.assertEqual(
             'Set-Cookie: {}=""; Domain=.example.local; expires=Thu, '
-            '01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT; Max-Age=0; Path=/example/; SameSite={}'.format(
+            "01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT; Max-Age=0; Path=/example/; SameSite={}".format(
                 settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME,
                 settings.SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE,
             ),
-            str(response.cookies[settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME])
+            str(response.cookies[settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME]),
         )
 
     def test_flush_empty_without_session_cookie_doesnt_set_cookie(self):
         def response_ending_session(request):
             request.session.flush()
-            return HttpResponse('Session test')
+            return HttpResponse("Session test")
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         middleware = SessionMiddleware(response_ending_session)
 
         # Handle the response through the middleware
@@ -806,35 +821,36 @@ class SessionMiddlewareTests(TestCase):
         # A cookie should not be set.
         self.assertEqual(response.cookies, {})
         # The session is accessed so "Vary: Cookie" should be set.
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Vary'], 'Cookie')
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["Vary"], "Cookie")
 
     def test_empty_session_saved(self):
         """
         If a session is emptied of data but still has a key, it should still
         be updated.
         """
+
         def response_set_session(request):
             # Set a session key and some data.
-            request.session['foo'] = 'bar'
-            return HttpResponse('Session test')
+            request.session["foo"] = "bar"
+            return HttpResponse("Session test")
 
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         middleware = SessionMiddleware(response_set_session)
 
         # Handle the response through the middleware.
         response = middleware(request)
-        self.assertEqual(tuple(request.session.items()), (('foo', 'bar'),))
+        self.assertEqual(tuple(request.session.items()), (("foo", "bar"),))
         # A cookie should be set, along with Vary: Cookie.
         self.assertIn(
-            'Set-Cookie: sessionid=%s' % request.session.session_key,
-            str(response.cookies)
+            "Set-Cookie: sessionid=%s" % request.session.session_key,
+            str(response.cookies),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Vary'], 'Cookie')
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["Vary"], "Cookie")
 
         # Empty the session data.
-        del request.session['foo']
+        del request.session["foo"]
         # Handle the response through the middleware.
-        response = HttpResponse('Session test')
+        response = HttpResponse("Session test")
         response = middleware.process_response(request, response)
         self.assertEqual(dict(request.session.values()), {})
         session = Session.objects.get(session_key=request.session.session_key)
@@ -843,10 +859,10 @@ class SessionMiddlewareTests(TestCase):
         # still be set, along with Vary: Cookie.
         self.assertGreater(len(request.session.session_key), 8)
         self.assertIn(
-            'Set-Cookie: sessionid=%s' % request.session.session_key,
-            str(response.cookies)
+            "Set-Cookie: sessionid=%s" % request.session.session_key,
+            str(response.cookies),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Vary'], 'Cookie')
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["Vary"], "Cookie")
 
 
 class CookieSessionTests(SessionTestsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
@@ -879,14 +895,18 @@ class CookieSessionTests(SessionTestsMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         # by creating a new session
         self.assertEqual(self.session.serializer, JSONSerializer)
         self.session.save()
-        with mock.patch('django.core.signing.loads', side_effect=ValueError):
+        with mock.patch("django.core.signing.loads", side_effect=ValueError):
             self.session.load()
 
-    @unittest.skip("Cookie backend doesn't have an external store to create records in.")
+    @unittest.skip(
+        "Cookie backend doesn't have an external store to create records in."
+    )
     def test_session_load_does_not_create_record(self):
         pass
 
-    @unittest.skip("CookieSession is stored in the client and there is no way to query it.")
+    @unittest.skip(
+        "CookieSession is stored in the client and there is no way to query it."
+    )
     def test_session_save_does_not_resurrect_session_logged_out_in_other_context(self):
         pass
 
@@ -897,6 +917,6 @@ class ClearSessionsCommandTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "Session engine 'tests.sessions_tests.no_clear_expired' doesn't "
             "support clearing expired sessions."
         )
-        with self.settings(SESSION_ENGINE='tests.sessions_tests.no_clear_expired'):
+        with self.settings(SESSION_ENGINE="tests.sessions_tests.no_clear_expired"):
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(management.CommandError, msg):
-                management.call_command('clearsessions')
+                management.call_command("clearsessions")
diff --git a/tests/settings_tests/tests.py b/tests/settings_tests/tests.py
index ffe096087a..1b095533b1 100644
--- a/tests/settings_tests/tests.py
+++ b/tests/settings_tests/tests.py
@@ -5,99 +5,109 @@ from types import ModuleType, SimpleNamespace
 from unittest import mock
 
 from django.conf import (
-    ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE, USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ_DEPRECATED_MSG, LazySettings,
-    Settings, settings,
+    ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE,
+    USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ_DEPRECATED_MSG,
+    LazySettings,
+    Settings,
+    settings,
 )
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.http import HttpRequest
 from django.test import (
-    SimpleTestCase, TestCase, TransactionTestCase, modify_settings,
-    override_settings, signals,
+    SimpleTestCase,
+    TestCase,
+    TransactionTestCase,
+    modify_settings,
+    override_settings,
+    signals,
 )
 from django.test.utils import requires_tz_support
 from django.urls import clear_script_prefix, set_script_prefix
 from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango50Warning
 
 
-@modify_settings(ITEMS={
-    'prepend': ['b'],
-    'append': ['d'],
-    'remove': ['a', 'e']
-})
-@override_settings(ITEMS=['a', 'c', 'e'], ITEMS_OUTER=[1, 2, 3], TEST='override', TEST_OUTER='outer')
+@modify_settings(ITEMS={"prepend": ["b"], "append": ["d"], "remove": ["a", "e"]})
+@override_settings(
+    ITEMS=["a", "c", "e"], ITEMS_OUTER=[1, 2, 3], TEST="override", TEST_OUTER="outer"
+)
 class FullyDecoratedTranTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
 
     available_apps = []
 
     def test_override(self):
-        self.assertEqual(settings.ITEMS, ['b', 'c', 'd'])
+        self.assertEqual(settings.ITEMS, ["b", "c", "d"])
         self.assertEqual(settings.ITEMS_OUTER, [1, 2, 3])
-        self.assertEqual(settings.TEST, 'override')
-        self.assertEqual(settings.TEST_OUTER, 'outer')
+        self.assertEqual(settings.TEST, "override")
+        self.assertEqual(settings.TEST_OUTER, "outer")
 
-    @modify_settings(ITEMS={
-        'append': ['e', 'f'],
-        'prepend': ['a'],
-        'remove': ['d', 'c'],
-    })
+    @modify_settings(
+        ITEMS={
+            "append": ["e", "f"],
+            "prepend": ["a"],
+            "remove": ["d", "c"],
+        }
+    )
     def test_method_list_override(self):
-        self.assertEqual(settings.ITEMS, ['a', 'b', 'e', 'f'])
+        self.assertEqual(settings.ITEMS, ["a", "b", "e", "f"])
         self.assertEqual(settings.ITEMS_OUTER, [1, 2, 3])
 
-    @modify_settings(ITEMS={
-        'append': ['b'],
-        'prepend': ['d'],
-        'remove': ['a', 'c', 'e'],
-    })
+    @modify_settings(
+        ITEMS={
+            "append": ["b"],
+            "prepend": ["d"],
+            "remove": ["a", "c", "e"],
+        }
+    )
     def test_method_list_override_no_ops(self):
-        self.assertEqual(settings.ITEMS, ['b', 'd'])
+        self.assertEqual(settings.ITEMS, ["b", "d"])
 
-    @modify_settings(ITEMS={
-        'append': 'e',
-        'prepend': 'a',
-        'remove': 'c',
-    })
+    @modify_settings(
+        ITEMS={
+            "append": "e",
+            "prepend": "a",
+            "remove": "c",
+        }
+    )
     def test_method_list_override_strings(self):
-        self.assertEqual(settings.ITEMS, ['a', 'b', 'd', 'e'])
+        self.assertEqual(settings.ITEMS, ["a", "b", "d", "e"])
 
-    @modify_settings(ITEMS={'remove': ['b', 'd']})
-    @modify_settings(ITEMS={'append': ['b'], 'prepend': ['d']})
+    @modify_settings(ITEMS={"remove": ["b", "d"]})
+    @modify_settings(ITEMS={"append": ["b"], "prepend": ["d"]})
     def test_method_list_override_nested_order(self):
-        self.assertEqual(settings.ITEMS, ['d', 'c', 'b'])
+        self.assertEqual(settings.ITEMS, ["d", "c", "b"])
 
-    @override_settings(TEST='override2')
+    @override_settings(TEST="override2")
     def test_method_override(self):
-        self.assertEqual(settings.TEST, 'override2')
-        self.assertEqual(settings.TEST_OUTER, 'outer')
+        self.assertEqual(settings.TEST, "override2")
+        self.assertEqual(settings.TEST_OUTER, "outer")
 
     def test_decorated_testcase_name(self):
-        self.assertEqual(FullyDecoratedTranTestCase.__name__, 'FullyDecoratedTranTestCase')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            FullyDecoratedTranTestCase.__name__, "FullyDecoratedTranTestCase"
+        )
 
     def test_decorated_testcase_module(self):
         self.assertEqual(FullyDecoratedTranTestCase.__module__, __name__)
 
 
-@modify_settings(ITEMS={
-    'prepend': ['b'],
-    'append': ['d'],
-    'remove': ['a', 'e']
-})
-@override_settings(ITEMS=['a', 'c', 'e'], TEST='override')
+@modify_settings(ITEMS={"prepend": ["b"], "append": ["d"], "remove": ["a", "e"]})
+@override_settings(ITEMS=["a", "c", "e"], TEST="override")
 class FullyDecoratedTestCase(TestCase):
-
     def test_override(self):
-        self.assertEqual(settings.ITEMS, ['b', 'c', 'd'])
-        self.assertEqual(settings.TEST, 'override')
+        self.assertEqual(settings.ITEMS, ["b", "c", "d"])
+        self.assertEqual(settings.TEST, "override")
 
-    @modify_settings(ITEMS={
-        'append': 'e',
-        'prepend': 'a',
-        'remove': 'c',
-    })
-    @override_settings(TEST='override2')
+    @modify_settings(
+        ITEMS={
+            "append": "e",
+            "prepend": "a",
+            "remove": "c",
+        }
+    )
+    @override_settings(TEST="override2")
     def test_method_override(self):
-        self.assertEqual(settings.ITEMS, ['a', 'b', 'd', 'e'])
-        self.assertEqual(settings.TEST, 'override2')
+        self.assertEqual(settings.ITEMS, ["a", "b", "d", "e"])
+        self.assertEqual(settings.TEST, "override2")
 
 
 class ClassDecoratedTestCaseSuper(TestCase):
@@ -105,28 +115,28 @@ class ClassDecoratedTestCaseSuper(TestCase):
     Dummy class for testing max recursion error in child class call to
     super().  Refs #17011.
     """
+
     def test_max_recursion_error(self):
         pass
 
 
-@override_settings(TEST='override')
+@override_settings(TEST="override")
 class ClassDecoratedTestCase(ClassDecoratedTestCaseSuper):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         super().setUpClass()
-        cls.foo = getattr(settings, 'TEST', 'BUG')
+        cls.foo = getattr(settings, "TEST", "BUG")
 
     def test_override(self):
-        self.assertEqual(settings.TEST, 'override')
+        self.assertEqual(settings.TEST, "override")
 
     def test_setupclass_override(self):
         """Settings are overridden within setUpClass (#21281)."""
-        self.assertEqual(self.foo, 'override')
+        self.assertEqual(self.foo, "override")
 
-    @override_settings(TEST='override2')
+    @override_settings(TEST="override2")
     def test_method_override(self):
-        self.assertEqual(settings.TEST, 'override2')
+        self.assertEqual(settings.TEST, "override2")
 
     def test_max_recursion_error(self):
         """
@@ -136,18 +146,18 @@ class ClassDecoratedTestCase(ClassDecoratedTestCaseSuper):
         super().test_max_recursion_error()
 
 
-@modify_settings(ITEMS={'append': 'mother'})
-@override_settings(ITEMS=['father'], TEST='override-parent')
+@modify_settings(ITEMS={"append": "mother"})
+@override_settings(ITEMS=["father"], TEST="override-parent")
 class ParentDecoratedTestCase(TestCase):
     pass
 
 
-@modify_settings(ITEMS={'append': ['child']})
-@override_settings(TEST='override-child')
+@modify_settings(ITEMS={"append": ["child"]})
+@override_settings(TEST="override-child")
 class ChildDecoratedTestCase(ParentDecoratedTestCase):
     def test_override_settings_inheritance(self):
-        self.assertEqual(settings.ITEMS, ['father', 'mother', 'child'])
-        self.assertEqual(settings.TEST, 'override-child')
+        self.assertEqual(settings.ITEMS, ["father", "mother", "child"])
+        self.assertEqual(settings.TEST, "override-child")
 
 
 class SettingsTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -159,50 +169,50 @@ class SettingsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         signals.setting_changed.disconnect(self.signal_callback)
 
     def signal_callback(self, sender, setting, value, **kwargs):
-        if setting == 'TEST':
+        if setting == "TEST":
             self.testvalue = value
 
     def test_override(self):
-        settings.TEST = 'test'
-        self.assertEqual('test', settings.TEST)
-        with self.settings(TEST='override'):
-            self.assertEqual('override', settings.TEST)
-        self.assertEqual('test', settings.TEST)
+        settings.TEST = "test"
+        self.assertEqual("test", settings.TEST)
+        with self.settings(TEST="override"):
+            self.assertEqual("override", settings.TEST)
+        self.assertEqual("test", settings.TEST)
         del settings.TEST
 
     def test_override_change(self):
-        settings.TEST = 'test'
-        self.assertEqual('test', settings.TEST)
-        with self.settings(TEST='override'):
-            self.assertEqual('override', settings.TEST)
-            settings.TEST = 'test2'
-        self.assertEqual('test', settings.TEST)
+        settings.TEST = "test"
+        self.assertEqual("test", settings.TEST)
+        with self.settings(TEST="override"):
+            self.assertEqual("override", settings.TEST)
+            settings.TEST = "test2"
+        self.assertEqual("test", settings.TEST)
         del settings.TEST
 
     def test_override_doesnt_leak(self):
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            getattr(settings, 'TEST')
-        with self.settings(TEST='override'):
-            self.assertEqual('override', settings.TEST)
-            settings.TEST = 'test'
+            getattr(settings, "TEST")
+        with self.settings(TEST="override"):
+            self.assertEqual("override", settings.TEST)
+            settings.TEST = "test"
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            getattr(settings, 'TEST')
+            getattr(settings, "TEST")
 
-    @override_settings(TEST='override')
+    @override_settings(TEST="override")
     def test_decorator(self):
-        self.assertEqual('override', settings.TEST)
+        self.assertEqual("override", settings.TEST)
 
     def test_context_manager(self):
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            getattr(settings, 'TEST')
-        override = override_settings(TEST='override')
+            getattr(settings, "TEST")
+        override = override_settings(TEST="override")
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            getattr(settings, 'TEST')
+            getattr(settings, "TEST")
         override.enable()
-        self.assertEqual('override', settings.TEST)
+        self.assertEqual("override", settings.TEST)
         override.disable()
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            getattr(settings, 'TEST')
+            getattr(settings, "TEST")
 
     def test_class_decorator(self):
         # SimpleTestCase can be decorated by override_settings, but not ut.TestCase
@@ -212,39 +222,41 @@ class SettingsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         class UnittestTestCaseSubclass(unittest.TestCase):
             pass
 
-        decorated = override_settings(TEST='override')(SimpleTestCaseSubclass)
+        decorated = override_settings(TEST="override")(SimpleTestCaseSubclass)
         self.assertIsInstance(decorated, type)
         self.assertTrue(issubclass(decorated, SimpleTestCase))
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(Exception, "Only subclasses of Django SimpleTestCase"):
-            decorated = override_settings(TEST='override')(UnittestTestCaseSubclass)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            Exception, "Only subclasses of Django SimpleTestCase"
+        ):
+            decorated = override_settings(TEST="override")(UnittestTestCaseSubclass)
 
     def test_signal_callback_context_manager(self):
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            getattr(settings, 'TEST')
-        with self.settings(TEST='override'):
-            self.assertEqual(self.testvalue, 'override')
+            getattr(settings, "TEST")
+        with self.settings(TEST="override"):
+            self.assertEqual(self.testvalue, "override")
         self.assertIsNone(self.testvalue)
 
-    @override_settings(TEST='override')
+    @override_settings(TEST="override")
     def test_signal_callback_decorator(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.testvalue, 'override')
+        self.assertEqual(self.testvalue, "override")
 
     #
     # Regression tests for #10130: deleting settings.
     #
 
     def test_settings_delete(self):
-        settings.TEST = 'test'
-        self.assertEqual('test', settings.TEST)
+        settings.TEST = "test"
+        self.assertEqual("test", settings.TEST)
         del settings.TEST
         msg = "'Settings' object has no attribute 'TEST'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, msg):
-            getattr(settings, 'TEST')
+            getattr(settings, "TEST")
 
     def test_settings_delete_wrapped(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, "can't delete _wrapped."):
-            delattr(settings, '_wrapped')
+            delattr(settings, "_wrapped")
 
     def test_override_settings_delete(self):
         """
@@ -255,13 +267,13 @@ class SettingsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         with self.settings(USE_I18N=False):
             del settings.USE_I18N
             with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-                getattr(settings, 'USE_I18N')
+                getattr(settings, "USE_I18N")
             # Should also work for a non-overridden setting
             del settings.USE_TZ
             with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-                getattr(settings, 'USE_TZ')
-            self.assertNotIn('USE_I18N', dir(settings))
-            self.assertNotIn('USE_TZ', dir(settings))
+                getattr(settings, "USE_TZ")
+            self.assertNotIn("USE_I18N", dir(settings))
+            self.assertNotIn("USE_TZ", dir(settings))
         self.assertEqual(settings.USE_I18N, previous_i18n)
         self.assertEqual(settings.USE_TZ, previous_tz)
 
@@ -272,184 +284,187 @@ class SettingsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
 
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            getattr(settings, 'TEST')
+            getattr(settings, "TEST")
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            getattr(settings, 'TEST2')
+            getattr(settings, "TEST2")
 
-        inner = override_settings(TEST2='override')
-        with override_settings(TEST='override'):
-            self.assertEqual('override', settings.TEST)
+        inner = override_settings(TEST2="override")
+        with override_settings(TEST="override"):
+            self.assertEqual("override", settings.TEST)
             with inner:
-                self.assertEqual('override', settings.TEST)
-                self.assertEqual('override', settings.TEST2)
+                self.assertEqual("override", settings.TEST)
+                self.assertEqual("override", settings.TEST2)
             # inner's __exit__ should have restored the settings of the outer
             # context manager, not those when the class was instantiated
-            self.assertEqual('override', settings.TEST)
+            self.assertEqual("override", settings.TEST)
             with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-                getattr(settings, 'TEST2')
+                getattr(settings, "TEST2")
 
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            getattr(settings, 'TEST')
+            getattr(settings, "TEST")
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            getattr(settings, 'TEST2')
+            getattr(settings, "TEST2")
 
-    @override_settings(SECRET_KEY='')
+    @override_settings(SECRET_KEY="")
     def test_no_secret_key(self):
-        msg = 'The SECRET_KEY setting must not be empty.'
+        msg = "The SECRET_KEY setting must not be empty."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
             settings.SECRET_KEY
 
     def test_no_settings_module(self):
         msg = (
-            'Requested setting%s, but settings are not configured. You '
-            'must either define the environment variable DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE '
-            'or call settings.configure() before accessing settings.'
+            "Requested setting%s, but settings are not configured. You "
+            "must either define the environment variable DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE "
+            "or call settings.configure() before accessing settings."
         )
         orig_settings = os.environ[ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE]
-        os.environ[ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE] = ''
+        os.environ[ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE] = ""
         try:
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg % 's'):
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg % "s"):
                 settings._setup()
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg % ' TEST'):
-                settings._setup('TEST')
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg % " TEST"):
+                settings._setup("TEST")
         finally:
             os.environ[ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE] = orig_settings
 
     def test_already_configured(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, 'Settings already configured.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, "Settings already configured."):
             settings.configure()
 
     def test_nonupper_settings_prohibited_in_configure(self):
         s = LazySettings()
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, "Setting 'foo' must be uppercase."):
-            s.configure(foo='bar')
+            s.configure(foo="bar")
 
     def test_nonupper_settings_ignored_in_default_settings(self):
         s = LazySettings()
-        s.configure(SimpleNamespace(foo='bar'))
+        s.configure(SimpleNamespace(foo="bar"))
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            getattr(s, 'foo')
+            getattr(s, "foo")
 
     @requires_tz_support
-    @mock.patch('django.conf.global_settings.TIME_ZONE', 'test')
+    @mock.patch("django.conf.global_settings.TIME_ZONE", "test")
     def test_incorrect_timezone(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Incorrect timezone setting: test'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Incorrect timezone setting: test"):
             settings._setup()
 
     def test_use_tz_false_deprecation(self):
-        settings_module = ModuleType('fake_settings_module')
-        settings_module.SECRET_KEY = 'foo'
-        sys.modules['fake_settings_module'] = settings_module
+        settings_module = ModuleType("fake_settings_module")
+        settings_module.SECRET_KEY = "foo"
+        sys.modules["fake_settings_module"] = settings_module
         msg = (
-            'The default value of USE_TZ will change from False to True in '
-            'Django 5.0. Set USE_TZ to False in your project settings if you '
-            'want to keep the current default behavior.'
+            "The default value of USE_TZ will change from False to True in "
+            "Django 5.0. Set USE_TZ to False in your project settings if you "
+            "want to keep the current default behavior."
         )
         try:
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(RemovedInDjango50Warning, msg):
-                Settings('fake_settings_module')
+                Settings("fake_settings_module")
         finally:
-            del sys.modules['fake_settings_module']
+            del sys.modules["fake_settings_module"]
 
     def test_use_deprecated_pytz_deprecation(self):
-        settings_module = ModuleType('fake_settings_module')
+        settings_module = ModuleType("fake_settings_module")
         settings_module.USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ = True
         settings_module.USE_TZ = True
-        sys.modules['fake_settings_module'] = settings_module
+        sys.modules["fake_settings_module"] = settings_module
         try:
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(RemovedInDjango50Warning, USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ_DEPRECATED_MSG):
-                Settings('fake_settings_module')
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                RemovedInDjango50Warning, USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ_DEPRECATED_MSG
+            ):
+                Settings("fake_settings_module")
         finally:
-            del sys.modules['fake_settings_module']
+            del sys.modules["fake_settings_module"]
 
         holder = LazySettings()
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(RemovedInDjango50Warning, USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ_DEPRECATED_MSG):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            RemovedInDjango50Warning, USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ_DEPRECATED_MSG
+        ):
             holder.configure(USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ=True)
 
 
 class TestComplexSettingOverride(SimpleTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self.old_warn_override_settings = signals.COMPLEX_OVERRIDE_SETTINGS.copy()
-        signals.COMPLEX_OVERRIDE_SETTINGS.add('TEST_WARN')
+        signals.COMPLEX_OVERRIDE_SETTINGS.add("TEST_WARN")
 
     def tearDown(self):
         signals.COMPLEX_OVERRIDE_SETTINGS = self.old_warn_override_settings
-        self.assertNotIn('TEST_WARN', signals.COMPLEX_OVERRIDE_SETTINGS)
+        self.assertNotIn("TEST_WARN", signals.COMPLEX_OVERRIDE_SETTINGS)
 
     def test_complex_override_warning(self):
         """Regression test for #19031"""
-        msg = 'Overriding setting TEST_WARN can lead to unexpected behavior.'
+        msg = "Overriding setting TEST_WARN can lead to unexpected behavior."
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(UserWarning, msg) as cm:
-            with override_settings(TEST_WARN='override'):
-                self.assertEqual(settings.TEST_WARN, 'override')
+            with override_settings(TEST_WARN="override"):
+                self.assertEqual(settings.TEST_WARN, "override")
         self.assertEqual(cm.filename, __file__)
 
 
 class SecureProxySslHeaderTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     @override_settings(SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER=None)
     def test_none(self):
         req = HttpRequest()
         self.assertIs(req.is_secure(), False)
 
-    @override_settings(SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER=('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO', 'https'))
+    @override_settings(SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER=("HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO", "https"))
     def test_set_without_xheader(self):
         req = HttpRequest()
         self.assertIs(req.is_secure(), False)
 
-    @override_settings(SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER=('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO', 'https'))
+    @override_settings(SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER=("HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO", "https"))
     def test_set_with_xheader_wrong(self):
         req = HttpRequest()
-        req.META['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO'] = 'wrongvalue'
+        req.META["HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO"] = "wrongvalue"
         self.assertIs(req.is_secure(), False)
 
-    @override_settings(SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER=('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO', 'https'))
+    @override_settings(SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER=("HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO", "https"))
     def test_set_with_xheader_right(self):
         req = HttpRequest()
-        req.META['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO'] = 'https'
+        req.META["HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO"] = "https"
         self.assertIs(req.is_secure(), True)
 
-    @override_settings(SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER=('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO', 'https'))
+    @override_settings(SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER=("HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO", "https"))
     def test_xheader_preferred_to_underlying_request(self):
         class ProxyRequest(HttpRequest):
             def _get_scheme(self):
                 """Proxy always connecting via HTTPS"""
-                return 'https'
+                return "https"
 
         # Client connects via HTTP.
         req = ProxyRequest()
-        req.META['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO'] = 'http'
+        req.META["HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO"] = "http"
         self.assertIs(req.is_secure(), False)
 
 
 class IsOverriddenTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_configure(self):
         s = LazySettings()
-        s.configure(SECRET_KEY='foo')
+        s.configure(SECRET_KEY="foo")
 
-        self.assertTrue(s.is_overridden('SECRET_KEY'))
+        self.assertTrue(s.is_overridden("SECRET_KEY"))
 
     def test_module(self):
-        settings_module = ModuleType('fake_settings_module')
-        settings_module.SECRET_KEY = 'foo'
+        settings_module = ModuleType("fake_settings_module")
+        settings_module.SECRET_KEY = "foo"
         settings_module.USE_TZ = False
-        sys.modules['fake_settings_module'] = settings_module
+        sys.modules["fake_settings_module"] = settings_module
         try:
-            s = Settings('fake_settings_module')
+            s = Settings("fake_settings_module")
 
-            self.assertTrue(s.is_overridden('SECRET_KEY'))
-            self.assertFalse(s.is_overridden('ALLOWED_HOSTS'))
+            self.assertTrue(s.is_overridden("SECRET_KEY"))
+            self.assertFalse(s.is_overridden("ALLOWED_HOSTS"))
         finally:
-            del sys.modules['fake_settings_module']
+            del sys.modules["fake_settings_module"]
 
     def test_override(self):
-        self.assertFalse(settings.is_overridden('ALLOWED_HOSTS'))
+        self.assertFalse(settings.is_overridden("ALLOWED_HOSTS"))
         with override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=[]):
-            self.assertTrue(settings.is_overridden('ALLOWED_HOSTS'))
+            self.assertTrue(settings.is_overridden("ALLOWED_HOSTS"))
 
     def test_unevaluated_lazysettings_repr(self):
         lazy_settings = LazySettings()
-        expected = '<LazySettings [Unevaluated]>'
+        expected = "<LazySettings [Unevaluated]>"
         self.assertEqual(repr(lazy_settings), expected)
 
     def test_evaluated_lazysettings_repr(self):
@@ -463,7 +478,7 @@ class IsOverriddenTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_usersettingsholder_repr(self):
         lazy_settings = LazySettings()
         lazy_settings.configure(APPEND_SLASH=False)
-        expected = '<UserSettingsHolder>'
+        expected = "<UserSettingsHolder>"
         self.assertEqual(repr(lazy_settings._wrapped), expected)
 
     def test_settings_repr(self):
@@ -478,8 +493,9 @@ class TestListSettings(SimpleTestCase):
     Make sure settings that should be lists or tuples throw
     ImproperlyConfigured if they are set to a string instead of a list or tuple.
     """
+
     list_or_tuple_settings = (
-        'ALLOWED_HOSTS',
+        "ALLOWED_HOSTS",
         "INSTALLED_APPS",
         "TEMPLATE_DIRS",
         "LOCALE_PATHS",
@@ -487,17 +503,17 @@ class TestListSettings(SimpleTestCase):
     )
 
     def test_tuple_settings(self):
-        settings_module = ModuleType('fake_settings_module')
-        settings_module.SECRET_KEY = 'foo'
-        msg = 'The %s setting must be a list or a tuple.'
+        settings_module = ModuleType("fake_settings_module")
+        settings_module.SECRET_KEY = "foo"
+        msg = "The %s setting must be a list or a tuple."
         for setting in self.list_or_tuple_settings:
-            setattr(settings_module, setting, ('non_list_or_tuple_value'))
-            sys.modules['fake_settings_module'] = settings_module
+            setattr(settings_module, setting, ("non_list_or_tuple_value"))
+            sys.modules["fake_settings_module"] = settings_module
             try:
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg % setting):
-                    Settings('fake_settings_module')
+                    Settings("fake_settings_module")
             finally:
-                del sys.modules['fake_settings_module']
+                del sys.modules["fake_settings_module"]
                 delattr(settings_module, setting)
 
 
@@ -516,6 +532,7 @@ class OverrideSettingsIsolationOnExceptionTests(SimpleTestCase):
     receiver failure detailed in receiver(). In each case, ALL receivers are
     called when exiting the context manager.
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         signals.setting_changed.connect(self.receiver)
         self.addCleanup(signals.setting_changed.disconnect, self.receiver)
@@ -533,19 +550,19 @@ class OverrideSettingsIsolationOnExceptionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         - SETTING_ENTER raises an error only on enter.
         - SETTING_EXIT raises an error only on exit.
         """
-        setting = kwargs['setting']
-        enter = kwargs['enter']
-        if setting in ('SETTING_BOTH', 'SETTING_ENTER') and enter:
+        setting = kwargs["setting"]
+        enter = kwargs["enter"]
+        if setting in ("SETTING_BOTH", "SETTING_ENTER") and enter:
             raise SettingChangeEnterException
-        if setting in ('SETTING_BOTH', 'SETTING_EXIT') and not enter:
+        if setting in ("SETTING_BOTH", "SETTING_EXIT") and not enter:
             raise SettingChangeExitException
 
     def check_settings(self):
         """Assert that settings for these tests aren't present."""
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(settings, 'SETTING_BOTH'))
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(settings, 'SETTING_ENTER'))
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(settings, 'SETTING_EXIT'))
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(settings, 'SETTING_PASS'))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(settings, "SETTING_BOTH"))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(settings, "SETTING_ENTER"))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(settings, "SETTING_EXIT"))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(settings, "SETTING_PASS"))
 
     def check_spy_receiver_exit_calls(self, call_count):
         """
@@ -553,15 +570,16 @@ class OverrideSettingsIsolationOnExceptionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         with the ``enter=False`` keyword argument.
         """
         kwargs_with_exit = [
-            kwargs for args, kwargs in self.spy_receiver.call_args_list
-            if ('enter', False) in kwargs.items()
+            kwargs
+            for args, kwargs in self.spy_receiver.call_args_list
+            if ("enter", False) in kwargs.items()
         ]
         self.assertEqual(len(kwargs_with_exit), call_count)
 
     def test_override_settings_both(self):
         """Receiver fails on both enter and exit."""
         with self.assertRaises(SettingChangeEnterException):
-            with override_settings(SETTING_PASS='BOTH', SETTING_BOTH='BOTH'):
+            with override_settings(SETTING_PASS="BOTH", SETTING_BOTH="BOTH"):
                 pass
 
         self.check_settings()
@@ -571,7 +589,7 @@ class OverrideSettingsIsolationOnExceptionTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_override_settings_enter(self):
         """Receiver fails on enter only."""
         with self.assertRaises(SettingChangeEnterException):
-            with override_settings(SETTING_PASS='ENTER', SETTING_ENTER='ENTER'):
+            with override_settings(SETTING_PASS="ENTER", SETTING_ENTER="ENTER"):
                 pass
 
         self.check_settings()
@@ -581,7 +599,7 @@ class OverrideSettingsIsolationOnExceptionTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_override_settings_exit(self):
         """Receiver fails on exit only."""
         with self.assertRaises(SettingChangeExitException):
-            with override_settings(SETTING_PASS='EXIT', SETTING_EXIT='EXIT'):
+            with override_settings(SETTING_PASS="EXIT", SETTING_EXIT="EXIT"):
                 pass
 
         self.check_settings()
@@ -593,7 +611,8 @@ class OverrideSettingsIsolationOnExceptionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Error is raised correctly when reusing the same override_settings
         instance.
         """
-        @override_settings(SETTING_ENTER='ENTER')
+
+        @override_settings(SETTING_ENTER="ENTER")
         def decorated_function():
             pass
 
@@ -613,17 +632,17 @@ class MediaURLStaticURLPrefixTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_not_prefixed(self):
         # Don't add SCRIPT_NAME prefix to absolute paths, URLs, or None.
         tests = (
-            '/path/',
-            'http://myhost.com/path/',
-            'http://myhost/path/',
-            'https://myhost/path/',
+            "/path/",
+            "http://myhost.com/path/",
+            "http://myhost/path/",
+            "https://myhost/path/",
             None,
         )
-        for setting in ('MEDIA_URL', 'STATIC_URL'):
+        for setting in ("MEDIA_URL", "STATIC_URL"):
             for path in tests:
                 new_settings = {setting: path}
                 with self.settings(**new_settings):
-                    for script_name in ['/somesubpath', '/somesubpath/', '/', '', None]:
+                    for script_name in ["/somesubpath", "/somesubpath/", "/", "", None]:
                         with self.subTest(script_name=script_name, **new_settings):
                             try:
                                 self.set_script_name(script_name)
@@ -634,15 +653,19 @@ class MediaURLStaticURLPrefixTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_add_script_name_prefix(self):
         tests = (
             # Relative paths.
-            ('/somesubpath', 'path/', '/somesubpath/path/'),
-            ('/somesubpath/', 'path/', '/somesubpath/path/'),
-            ('/', 'path/', '/path/'),
+            ("/somesubpath", "path/", "/somesubpath/path/"),
+            ("/somesubpath/", "path/", "/somesubpath/path/"),
+            ("/", "path/", "/path/"),
             # Invalid URLs.
-            ('/somesubpath/', 'htp://myhost.com/path/', '/somesubpath/htp://myhost.com/path/'),
+            (
+                "/somesubpath/",
+                "htp://myhost.com/path/",
+                "/somesubpath/htp://myhost.com/path/",
+            ),
             # Blank settings.
-            ('/somesubpath/', '', '/somesubpath/'),
+            ("/somesubpath/", "", "/somesubpath/"),
         )
-        for setting in ('MEDIA_URL', 'STATIC_URL'):
+        for setting in ("MEDIA_URL", "STATIC_URL"):
             for script_name, path, expected_path in tests:
                 new_settings = {setting: path}
                 with self.settings(**new_settings):
diff --git a/tests/shell/tests.py b/tests/shell/tests.py
index aadd618109..1a5f22f032 100644
--- a/tests/shell/tests.py
+++ b/tests/shell/tests.py
@@ -11,15 +11,15 @@ from django.test.utils import captured_stdin, captured_stdout
 class ShellCommandTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
     script_globals = 'print("__name__" in globals())'
     script_with_inline_function = (
-        'import django\ndef f():\n    print(django.__version__)\nf()'
+        "import django\ndef f():\n    print(django.__version__)\nf()"
     )
 
     def test_command_option(self):
-        with self.assertLogs('test', 'INFO') as cm:
+        with self.assertLogs("test", "INFO") as cm:
             call_command(
-                'shell',
+                "shell",
                 command=(
-                    'import django; from logging import getLogger; '
+                    "import django; from logging import getLogger; "
                     'getLogger("test").info(django.__version__)'
                 ),
             )
@@ -27,60 +27,66 @@ class ShellCommandTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_command_option_globals(self):
         with captured_stdout() as stdout:
-            call_command('shell', command=self.script_globals)
-        self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue().strip(), 'True')
+            call_command("shell", command=self.script_globals)
+        self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue().strip(), "True")
 
     def test_command_option_inline_function_call(self):
         with captured_stdout() as stdout:
-            call_command('shell', command=self.script_with_inline_function)
+            call_command("shell", command=self.script_with_inline_function)
         self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue().strip(), __version__)
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32', "Windows select() doesn't support file descriptors.")
-    @mock.patch('django.core.management.commands.shell.select')
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        sys.platform == "win32", "Windows select() doesn't support file descriptors."
+    )
+    @mock.patch("django.core.management.commands.shell.select")
     def test_stdin_read(self, select):
         with captured_stdin() as stdin, captured_stdout() as stdout:
-            stdin.write('print(100)\n')
+            stdin.write("print(100)\n")
             stdin.seek(0)
-            call_command('shell')
-        self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue().strip(), '100')
+            call_command("shell")
+        self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue().strip(), "100")
 
     @unittest.skipIf(
-        sys.platform == 'win32',
+        sys.platform == "win32",
         "Windows select() doesn't support file descriptors.",
     )
-    @mock.patch('django.core.management.commands.shell.select')  # [1]
+    @mock.patch("django.core.management.commands.shell.select")  # [1]
     def test_stdin_read_globals(self, select):
         with captured_stdin() as stdin, captured_stdout() as stdout:
             stdin.write(self.script_globals)
             stdin.seek(0)
-            call_command('shell')
-        self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue().strip(), 'True')
+            call_command("shell")
+        self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue().strip(), "True")
 
     @unittest.skipIf(
-        sys.platform == 'win32',
+        sys.platform == "win32",
         "Windows select() doesn't support file descriptors.",
     )
-    @mock.patch('django.core.management.commands.shell.select')  # [1]
+    @mock.patch("django.core.management.commands.shell.select")  # [1]
     def test_stdin_read_inline_function_call(self, select):
         with captured_stdin() as stdin, captured_stdout() as stdout:
             stdin.write(self.script_with_inline_function)
             stdin.seek(0)
-            call_command('shell')
+            call_command("shell")
         self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue().strip(), __version__)
 
-    @mock.patch('django.core.management.commands.shell.select.select')  # [1]
-    @mock.patch.dict('sys.modules', {'IPython': None})
+    @mock.patch("django.core.management.commands.shell.select.select")  # [1]
+    @mock.patch.dict("sys.modules", {"IPython": None})
     def test_shell_with_ipython_not_installed(self, select):
         select.return_value = ([], [], [])
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, "Couldn't import ipython interface."):
-            call_command('shell', interface='ipython')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            CommandError, "Couldn't import ipython interface."
+        ):
+            call_command("shell", interface="ipython")
 
-    @mock.patch('django.core.management.commands.shell.select.select')  # [1]
-    @mock.patch.dict('sys.modules', {'bpython': None})
+    @mock.patch("django.core.management.commands.shell.select.select")  # [1]
+    @mock.patch.dict("sys.modules", {"bpython": None})
     def test_shell_with_bpython_not_installed(self, select):
         select.return_value = ([], [], [])
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, "Couldn't import bpython interface."):
-            call_command('shell', interface='bpython')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            CommandError, "Couldn't import bpython interface."
+        ):
+            call_command("shell", interface="bpython")
 
     # [1] Patch select to prevent tests failing when when the test suite is run
     # in parallel mode. The tests are run in a subprocess and the subprocess's
diff --git a/tests/shortcuts/tests.py b/tests/shortcuts/tests.py
index 000b9eca00..8e9c13d206 100644
--- a/tests/shortcuts/tests.py
+++ b/tests/shortcuts/tests.py
@@ -2,37 +2,36 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 from django.test.utils import require_jinja2
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='shortcuts.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="shortcuts.urls")
 class RenderTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_render(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/render/')
+        response = self.client.get("/render/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'FOO.BAR../render/\n')
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Content-Type'], 'text/html; charset=utf-8')
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(response.context.request, 'current_app'))
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"FOO.BAR../render/\n")
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["Content-Type"], "text/html; charset=utf-8")
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(response.context.request, "current_app"))
 
     def test_render_with_multiple_templates(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/render/multiple_templates/')
+        response = self.client.get("/render/multiple_templates/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'FOO.BAR../render/multiple_templates/\n')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"FOO.BAR../render/multiple_templates/\n")
 
     def test_render_with_content_type(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/render/content_type/')
+        response = self.client.get("/render/content_type/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'FOO.BAR../render/content_type/\n')
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Content-Type'], 'application/x-rendertest')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"FOO.BAR../render/content_type/\n")
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["Content-Type"], "application/x-rendertest")
 
     def test_render_with_status(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/render/status/')
+        response = self.client.get("/render/status/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'FOO.BAR../render/status/\n')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"FOO.BAR../render/status/\n")
 
     @require_jinja2
     def test_render_with_using(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/render/using/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'DTL\n')
-        response = self.client.get('/render/using/?using=django')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'DTL\n')
-        response = self.client.get('/render/using/?using=jinja2')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Jinja2\n')
+        response = self.client.get("/render/using/")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"DTL\n")
+        response = self.client.get("/render/using/?using=django")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"DTL\n")
+        response = self.client.get("/render/using/?using=jinja2")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Jinja2\n")
diff --git a/tests/shortcuts/urls.py b/tests/shortcuts/urls.py
index a506896bcf..a80b35a92a 100644
--- a/tests/shortcuts/urls.py
+++ b/tests/shortcuts/urls.py
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ from django.urls import path
 from . import views
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('render/', views.render_view),
-    path('render/multiple_templates/', views.render_view_with_multiple_templates),
-    path('render/content_type/', views.render_view_with_content_type),
-    path('render/status/', views.render_view_with_status),
-    path('render/using/', views.render_view_with_using),
+    path("render/", views.render_view),
+    path("render/multiple_templates/", views.render_view_with_multiple_templates),
+    path("render/content_type/", views.render_view_with_content_type),
+    path("render/status/", views.render_view_with_status),
+    path("render/using/", views.render_view_with_using),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/shortcuts/views.py b/tests/shortcuts/views.py
index bba17b3eea..ddfbdd65bd 100644
--- a/tests/shortcuts/views.py
+++ b/tests/shortcuts/views.py
@@ -2,36 +2,54 @@ from django.shortcuts import render
 
 
 def render_view(request):
-    return render(request, 'shortcuts/render_test.html', {
-        'foo': 'FOO',
-        'bar': 'BAR',
-    })
+    return render(
+        request,
+        "shortcuts/render_test.html",
+        {
+            "foo": "FOO",
+            "bar": "BAR",
+        },
+    )
 
 
 def render_view_with_multiple_templates(request):
-    return render(request, [
-        'shortcuts/no_such_template.html',
-        'shortcuts/render_test.html',
-    ], {
-        'foo': 'FOO',
-        'bar': 'BAR',
-    })
+    return render(
+        request,
+        [
+            "shortcuts/no_such_template.html",
+            "shortcuts/render_test.html",
+        ],
+        {
+            "foo": "FOO",
+            "bar": "BAR",
+        },
+    )
 
 
 def render_view_with_content_type(request):
-    return render(request, 'shortcuts/render_test.html', {
-        'foo': 'FOO',
-        'bar': 'BAR',
-    }, content_type='application/x-rendertest')
+    return render(
+        request,
+        "shortcuts/render_test.html",
+        {
+            "foo": "FOO",
+            "bar": "BAR",
+        },
+        content_type="application/x-rendertest",
+    )
 
 
 def render_view_with_status(request):
-    return render(request, 'shortcuts/render_test.html', {
-        'foo': 'FOO',
-        'bar': 'BAR',
-    }, status=403)
+    return render(
+        request,
+        "shortcuts/render_test.html",
+        {
+            "foo": "FOO",
+            "bar": "BAR",
+        },
+        status=403,
+    )
 
 
 def render_view_with_using(request):
-    using = request.GET.get('using')
-    return render(request, 'shortcuts/using.html', using=using)
+    using = request.GET.get("using")
+    return render(request, "shortcuts/using.html", using=using)
diff --git a/tests/signals/tests.py b/tests/signals/tests.py
index b89b7bd91c..57e9703546 100644
--- a/tests/signals/tests.py
+++ b/tests/signals/tests.py
@@ -37,11 +37,13 @@ class SignalTests(BaseSignalSetup, TestCase):
         data = []
 
         def pre_init_callback(sender, args, **kwargs):
-            data.append(kwargs['kwargs'])
+            data.append(kwargs["kwargs"])
+
         signals.pre_init.connect(pre_init_callback)
 
         def post_init_callback(sender, instance, **kwargs):
             data.append(instance)
+
         signals.post_init.connect(post_init_callback)
 
         p1 = Person(first_name="John", last_name="Doe")
@@ -51,9 +53,7 @@ class SignalTests(BaseSignalSetup, TestCase):
         data = []
 
         def pre_save_handler(signal, sender, instance, **kwargs):
-            data.append(
-                (instance, sender, kwargs.get("raw", False))
-            )
+            data.append((instance, sender, kwargs.get("raw", False)))
 
         def post_save_handler(signal, sender, instance, **kwargs):
             data.append(
@@ -65,52 +65,70 @@ class SignalTests(BaseSignalSetup, TestCase):
         try:
             p1 = Person.objects.create(first_name="John", last_name="Smith")
 
-            self.assertEqual(data, [
-                (p1, Person, False),
-                (p1, Person, True, False),
-            ])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                data,
+                [
+                    (p1, Person, False),
+                    (p1, Person, True, False),
+                ],
+            )
             data[:] = []
 
             p1.first_name = "Tom"
             p1.save()
-            self.assertEqual(data, [
-                (p1, Person, False),
-                (p1, Person, False, False),
-            ])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                data,
+                [
+                    (p1, Person, False),
+                    (p1, Person, False, False),
+                ],
+            )
             data[:] = []
 
             # Calling an internal method purely so that we can trigger a "raw" save.
             p1.save_base(raw=True)
-            self.assertEqual(data, [
-                (p1, Person, True),
-                (p1, Person, False, True),
-            ])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                data,
+                [
+                    (p1, Person, True),
+                    (p1, Person, False, True),
+                ],
+            )
             data[:] = []
 
             p2 = Person(first_name="James", last_name="Jones")
             p2.id = 99999
             p2.save()
-            self.assertEqual(data, [
-                (p2, Person, False),
-                (p2, Person, True, False),
-            ])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                data,
+                [
+                    (p2, Person, False),
+                    (p2, Person, True, False),
+                ],
+            )
             data[:] = []
             p2.id = 99998
             p2.save()
-            self.assertEqual(data, [
-                (p2, Person, False),
-                (p2, Person, True, False),
-            ])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                data,
+                [
+                    (p2, Person, False),
+                    (p2, Person, True, False),
+                ],
+            )
 
             # The sender should stay the same when using defer().
             data[:] = []
-            p3 = Person.objects.defer('first_name').get(pk=p1.pk)
-            p3.last_name = 'Reese'
+            p3 = Person.objects.defer("first_name").get(pk=p1.pk)
+            p3.last_name = "Reese"
             p3.save()
-            self.assertEqual(data, [
-                (p3, Person, False),
-                (p3, Person, False, False),
-            ])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                data,
+                [
+                    (p3, Person, False),
+                    (p3, Person, False, False),
+                ],
+            )
         finally:
             signals.pre_save.disconnect(pre_save_handler)
             signals.post_save.disconnect(post_save_handler)
@@ -119,9 +137,7 @@ class SignalTests(BaseSignalSetup, TestCase):
         data = []
 
         def pre_delete_handler(signal, sender, instance, origin, **kwargs):
-            data.append(
-                (instance, sender, instance.id is None, origin)
-            )
+            data.append((instance, sender, instance.id is None, origin))
 
         # #8285: signals can be any callable
         class PostDeleteHandler:
@@ -129,9 +145,8 @@ class SignalTests(BaseSignalSetup, TestCase):
                 self.data = data
 
             def __call__(self, signal, sender, instance, origin, **kwargs):
-                self.data.append(
-                    (instance, sender, instance.id is None, origin)
-                )
+                self.data.append((instance, sender, instance.id is None, origin))
+
         post_delete_handler = PostDeleteHandler(data)
 
         signals.pre_delete.connect(pre_delete_handler, weak=False)
@@ -139,10 +154,13 @@ class SignalTests(BaseSignalSetup, TestCase):
         try:
             p1 = Person.objects.create(first_name="John", last_name="Smith")
             p1.delete()
-            self.assertEqual(data, [
-                (p1, Person, False, p1),
-                (p1, Person, False, p1),
-            ])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                data,
+                [
+                    (p1, Person, False, p1),
+                    (p1, Person, False, p1),
+                ],
+            )
             data[:] = []
 
             p2 = Person(first_name="James", last_name="Jones")
@@ -151,17 +169,21 @@ class SignalTests(BaseSignalSetup, TestCase):
             p2.id = 99998
             p2.save()
             p2.delete()
-            self.assertEqual(data, [
-                (p2, Person, False, p2),
-                (p2, Person, False, p2),
-            ])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                data,
+                [
+                    (p2, Person, False, p2),
+                    (p2, Person, False, p2),
+                ],
+            )
             data[:] = []
 
             self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-                Person.objects.all(), [
+                Person.objects.all(),
+                [
                     "James Jones",
                 ],
-                str
+                str,
             )
         finally:
             signals.pre_delete.disconnect(pre_delete_handler)
@@ -176,10 +198,10 @@ class SignalTests(BaseSignalSetup, TestCase):
         def post_delete_handler(signal, sender, instance, origin, **kwargs):
             data.append((sender, origin))
 
-        person = Person.objects.create(first_name='John', last_name='Smith')
-        book = Book.objects.create(name='Rayuela')
-        Page.objects.create(text='Page 1', book=book)
-        Page.objects.create(text='Page 2', book=book)
+        person = Person.objects.create(first_name="John", last_name="Smith")
+        book = Book.objects.create(name="Rayuela")
+        Page.objects.create(text="Page 1", book=book)
+        Page.objects.create(text="Page 2", book=book)
 
         signals.pre_delete.connect(pre_delete_handler, weak=False)
         signals.post_delete.connect(post_delete_handler, weak=False)
@@ -190,14 +212,17 @@ class SignalTests(BaseSignalSetup, TestCase):
             data[:] = []
             # Cascade deletion.
             book.delete()
-            self.assertEqual(data, [
-                (Page, book),
-                (Page, book),
-                (Book, book),
-                (Page, book),
-                (Page, book),
-                (Book, book),
-            ])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                data,
+                [
+                    (Page, book),
+                    (Page, book),
+                    (Book, book),
+                    (Page, book),
+                    (Page, book),
+                    (Book, book),
+                ],
+            )
         finally:
             signals.pre_delete.disconnect(pre_delete_handler)
             signals.post_delete.disconnect(post_delete_handler)
@@ -211,10 +236,10 @@ class SignalTests(BaseSignalSetup, TestCase):
         def post_delete_handler(signal, sender, instance, origin, **kwargs):
             data.append((sender, origin))
 
-        Person.objects.create(first_name='John', last_name='Smith')
-        book = Book.objects.create(name='Rayuela')
-        Page.objects.create(text='Page 1', book=book)
-        Page.objects.create(text='Page 2', book=book)
+        Person.objects.create(first_name="John", last_name="Smith")
+        book = Book.objects.create(name="Rayuela")
+        Page.objects.create(text="Page 1", book=book)
+        Page.objects.create(text="Page 2", book=book)
 
         signals.pre_delete.connect(pre_delete_handler, weak=False)
         signals.post_delete.connect(post_delete_handler, weak=False)
@@ -227,14 +252,17 @@ class SignalTests(BaseSignalSetup, TestCase):
             # Cascade deletion.
             qs = Book.objects.all()
             qs.delete()
-            self.assertEqual(data, [
-                (Page, qs),
-                (Page, qs),
-                (Book, qs),
-                (Page, qs),
-                (Page, qs),
-                (Book, qs),
-            ])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                data,
+                [
+                    (Page, qs),
+                    (Page, qs),
+                    (Book, qs),
+                    (Page, qs),
+                    (Page, qs),
+                    (Book, qs),
+                ],
+            )
         finally:
             signals.pre_delete.disconnect(pre_delete_handler)
             signals.post_delete.disconnect(post_delete_handler)
@@ -261,47 +289,53 @@ class SignalTests(BaseSignalSetup, TestCase):
         data = []
 
         def pre_save_handler(signal, sender, instance, **kwargs):
-            data.append('pre_save signal, %s' % instance)
-            if kwargs.get('raw'):
-                data.append('Is raw')
+            data.append("pre_save signal, %s" % instance)
+            if kwargs.get("raw"):
+                data.append("Is raw")
 
         def post_save_handler(signal, sender, instance, **kwargs):
-            data.append('post_save signal, %s' % instance)
-            if 'created' in kwargs:
-                if kwargs['created']:
-                    data.append('Is created')
+            data.append("post_save signal, %s" % instance)
+            if "created" in kwargs:
+                if kwargs["created"]:
+                    data.append("Is created")
                 else:
-                    data.append('Is updated')
-            if kwargs.get('raw'):
-                data.append('Is raw')
+                    data.append("Is updated")
+            if kwargs.get("raw"):
+                data.append("Is raw")
 
         def pre_delete_handler(signal, sender, instance, **kwargs):
-            data.append('pre_delete signal, %s' % instance)
-            data.append('instance.id is not None: %s' % (instance.id is not None))
+            data.append("pre_delete signal, %s" % instance)
+            data.append("instance.id is not None: %s" % (instance.id is not None))
 
         def post_delete_handler(signal, sender, instance, **kwargs):
-            data.append('post_delete signal, %s' % instance)
-            data.append('instance.id is not None: %s' % (instance.id is not None))
+            data.append("post_delete signal, %s" % instance)
+            data.append("instance.id is not None: %s" % (instance.id is not None))
 
         signals.pre_save.connect(pre_save_handler, weak=False)
         signals.post_save.connect(post_save_handler, weak=False)
         signals.pre_delete.connect(pre_delete_handler, weak=False)
         signals.post_delete.connect(post_delete_handler, weak=False)
         try:
-            a1 = Author.objects.create(name='Neal Stephenson')
-            self.assertEqual(data, [
-                "pre_save signal, Neal Stephenson",
-                "post_save signal, Neal Stephenson",
-                "Is created"
-            ])
+            a1 = Author.objects.create(name="Neal Stephenson")
+            self.assertEqual(
+                data,
+                [
+                    "pre_save signal, Neal Stephenson",
+                    "post_save signal, Neal Stephenson",
+                    "Is created",
+                ],
+            )
             data[:] = []
 
-            b1 = Book.objects.create(name='Snow Crash')
-            self.assertEqual(data, [
-                "pre_save signal, Snow Crash",
-                "post_save signal, Snow Crash",
-                "Is created"
-            ])
+            b1 = Book.objects.create(name="Snow Crash")
+            self.assertEqual(
+                data,
+                [
+                    "pre_save signal, Snow Crash",
+                    "post_save signal, Snow Crash",
+                    "Is created",
+                ],
+            )
             data[:] = []
 
             # Assigning and removing to/from m2m shouldn't generate an m2m signal.
@@ -333,16 +367,17 @@ class SignalTests(BaseSignalSetup, TestCase):
         a, b = Handler(1), Handler(2)
         signals.post_save.connect(a, sender=Person, weak=False)
         signals.post_save.connect(b, sender=Person, weak=False)
-        Person.objects.create(first_name='John', last_name='Smith')
+        Person.objects.create(first_name="John", last_name="Smith")
 
         self.assertTrue(a._run)
         self.assertTrue(b._run)
         self.assertEqual(signals.post_save.receivers, [])
 
-    @mock.patch('weakref.ref')
+    @mock.patch("weakref.ref")
     def test_lazy_model_signal(self, ref):
         def callback(sender, args, **kwargs):
             pass
+
         signals.pre_init.connect(callback)
         signals.pre_init.disconnect(callback)
         self.assertTrue(ref.called)
@@ -352,7 +387,7 @@ class SignalTests(BaseSignalSetup, TestCase):
         signals.pre_init.disconnect(callback)
         ref.assert_not_called()
 
-    @isolate_apps('signals', kwarg_name='apps')
+    @isolate_apps("signals", kwarg_name="apps")
     def test_disconnect_model(self, apps):
         received = []
 
@@ -389,40 +424,45 @@ class LazyModelRefTests(BaseSignalSetup, SimpleTestCase):
     def test_invalid_sender_model_name(self):
         msg = "Invalid model reference 'invalid'. String model references must be of the form 'app_label.ModelName'."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            signals.post_init.connect(self.receiver, sender='invalid')
+            signals.post_init.connect(self.receiver, sender="invalid")
 
     def test_already_loaded_model(self):
-        signals.post_init.connect(
-            self.receiver, sender='signals.Book', weak=False
-        )
+        signals.post_init.connect(self.receiver, sender="signals.Book", weak=False)
         try:
             instance = Book()
-            self.assertEqual(self.received, [{
-                'signal': signals.post_init,
-                'sender': Book,
-                'instance': instance
-            }])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                self.received,
+                [{"signal": signals.post_init, "sender": Book, "instance": instance}],
+            )
         finally:
             signals.post_init.disconnect(self.receiver, sender=Book)
 
-    @isolate_apps('signals', kwarg_name='apps')
+    @isolate_apps("signals", kwarg_name="apps")
     def test_not_loaded_model(self, apps):
         signals.post_init.connect(
-            self.receiver, sender='signals.Created', weak=False, apps=apps
+            self.receiver, sender="signals.Created", weak=False, apps=apps
         )
 
         try:
+
             class Created(models.Model):
                 pass
 
             instance = Created()
-            self.assertEqual(self.received, [{
-                'signal': signals.post_init, 'sender': Created, 'instance': instance
-            }])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                self.received,
+                [
+                    {
+                        "signal": signals.post_init,
+                        "sender": Created,
+                        "instance": instance,
+                    }
+                ],
+            )
         finally:
             signals.post_init.disconnect(self.receiver, sender=Created)
 
-    @isolate_apps('signals', kwarg_name='apps')
+    @isolate_apps("signals", kwarg_name="apps")
     def test_disconnect_registered_model(self, apps):
         received = []
 
@@ -432,33 +472,41 @@ class LazyModelRefTests(BaseSignalSetup, SimpleTestCase):
         class Created(models.Model):
             pass
 
-        signals.post_init.connect(receiver, sender='signals.Created', apps=apps)
+        signals.post_init.connect(receiver, sender="signals.Created", apps=apps)
         try:
             self.assertIsNone(
-                signals.post_init.disconnect(receiver, sender='signals.Created', apps=apps)
+                signals.post_init.disconnect(
+                    receiver, sender="signals.Created", apps=apps
+                )
             )
             self.assertIsNone(
-                signals.post_init.disconnect(receiver, sender='signals.Created', apps=apps)
+                signals.post_init.disconnect(
+                    receiver, sender="signals.Created", apps=apps
+                )
             )
             Created()
             self.assertEqual(received, [])
         finally:
-            signals.post_init.disconnect(receiver, sender='signals.Created')
+            signals.post_init.disconnect(receiver, sender="signals.Created")
 
-    @isolate_apps('signals', kwarg_name='apps')
+    @isolate_apps("signals", kwarg_name="apps")
     def test_disconnect_unregistered_model(self, apps):
         received = []
 
         def receiver(**kwargs):
             received.append(kwargs)
 
-        signals.post_init.connect(receiver, sender='signals.Created', apps=apps)
+        signals.post_init.connect(receiver, sender="signals.Created", apps=apps)
         try:
             self.assertIsNone(
-                signals.post_init.disconnect(receiver, sender='signals.Created', apps=apps)
+                signals.post_init.disconnect(
+                    receiver, sender="signals.Created", apps=apps
+                )
             )
             self.assertIsNone(
-                signals.post_init.disconnect(receiver, sender='signals.Created', apps=apps)
+                signals.post_init.disconnect(
+                    receiver, sender="signals.Created", apps=apps
+                )
             )
 
             class Created(models.Model):
@@ -467,7 +515,7 @@ class LazyModelRefTests(BaseSignalSetup, SimpleTestCase):
             Created()
             self.assertEqual(received, [])
         finally:
-            signals.post_init.disconnect(receiver, sender='signals.Created')
+            signals.post_init.disconnect(receiver, sender="signals.Created")
 
     def test_register_model_class_senders_immediately(self):
         """
diff --git a/tests/signed_cookies_tests/tests.py b/tests/signed_cookies_tests/tests.py
index b7ea902bf4..cca30bb005 100644
--- a/tests/signed_cookies_tests/tests.py
+++ b/tests/signed_cookies_tests/tests.py
@@ -5,62 +5,61 @@ from django.test.utils import freeze_time
 
 
 class SignedCookieTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_can_set_and_read_signed_cookies(self):
         response = HttpResponse()
-        response.set_signed_cookie('c', 'hello')
-        self.assertIn('c', response.cookies)
-        self.assertTrue(response.cookies['c'].value.startswith('hello:'))
+        response.set_signed_cookie("c", "hello")
+        self.assertIn("c", response.cookies)
+        self.assertTrue(response.cookies["c"].value.startswith("hello:"))
         request = HttpRequest()
-        request.COOKIES['c'] = response.cookies['c'].value
-        value = request.get_signed_cookie('c')
-        self.assertEqual(value, 'hello')
+        request.COOKIES["c"] = response.cookies["c"].value
+        value = request.get_signed_cookie("c")
+        self.assertEqual(value, "hello")
 
     def test_can_use_salt(self):
         response = HttpResponse()
-        response.set_signed_cookie('a', 'hello', salt='one')
+        response.set_signed_cookie("a", "hello", salt="one")
         request = HttpRequest()
-        request.COOKIES['a'] = response.cookies['a'].value
-        value = request.get_signed_cookie('a', salt='one')
-        self.assertEqual(value, 'hello')
+        request.COOKIES["a"] = response.cookies["a"].value
+        value = request.get_signed_cookie("a", salt="one")
+        self.assertEqual(value, "hello")
         with self.assertRaises(signing.BadSignature):
-            request.get_signed_cookie('a', salt='two')
+            request.get_signed_cookie("a", salt="two")
 
     def test_detects_tampering(self):
         response = HttpResponse()
-        response.set_signed_cookie('c', 'hello')
+        response.set_signed_cookie("c", "hello")
         request = HttpRequest()
-        request.COOKIES['c'] = response.cookies['c'].value[:-2] + '$$'
+        request.COOKIES["c"] = response.cookies["c"].value[:-2] + "$$"
         with self.assertRaises(signing.BadSignature):
-            request.get_signed_cookie('c')
+            request.get_signed_cookie("c")
 
     def test_default_argument_suppresses_exceptions(self):
         response = HttpResponse()
-        response.set_signed_cookie('c', 'hello')
+        response.set_signed_cookie("c", "hello")
         request = HttpRequest()
-        request.COOKIES['c'] = response.cookies['c'].value[:-2] + '$$'
-        self.assertIsNone(request.get_signed_cookie('c', default=None))
+        request.COOKIES["c"] = response.cookies["c"].value[:-2] + "$$"
+        self.assertIsNone(request.get_signed_cookie("c", default=None))
 
     def test_max_age_argument(self):
-        value = 'hello'
+        value = "hello"
         with freeze_time(123456789):
             response = HttpResponse()
-            response.set_signed_cookie('c', value)
+            response.set_signed_cookie("c", value)
             request = HttpRequest()
-            request.COOKIES['c'] = response.cookies['c'].value
-            self.assertEqual(request.get_signed_cookie('c'), value)
+            request.COOKIES["c"] = response.cookies["c"].value
+            self.assertEqual(request.get_signed_cookie("c"), value)
 
         with freeze_time(123456800):
-            self.assertEqual(request.get_signed_cookie('c', max_age=12), value)
-            self.assertEqual(request.get_signed_cookie('c', max_age=11), value)
+            self.assertEqual(request.get_signed_cookie("c", max_age=12), value)
+            self.assertEqual(request.get_signed_cookie("c", max_age=11), value)
             with self.assertRaises(signing.SignatureExpired):
-                request.get_signed_cookie('c', max_age=10)
+                request.get_signed_cookie("c", max_age=10)
 
-    @override_settings(SECRET_KEY=b'\xe7')
+    @override_settings(SECRET_KEY=b"\xe7")
     def test_signed_cookies_with_binary_key(self):
         response = HttpResponse()
-        response.set_signed_cookie('c', 'hello')
+        response.set_signed_cookie("c", "hello")
 
         request = HttpRequest()
-        request.COOKIES['c'] = response.cookies['c'].value
-        self.assertEqual(request.get_signed_cookie('c'), 'hello')
+        request.COOKIES["c"] = response.cookies["c"].value
+        self.assertEqual(request.get_signed_cookie("c"), "hello")
diff --git a/tests/signing/tests.py b/tests/signing/tests.py
index c375f2dbf2..15d66f29d8 100644
--- a/tests/signing/tests.py
+++ b/tests/signing/tests.py
@@ -7,66 +7,66 @@ from django.utils.crypto import InvalidAlgorithm
 
 
 class TestSigner(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_signature(self):
         "signature() method should generate a signature"
-        signer = signing.Signer('predictable-secret')
-        signer2 = signing.Signer('predictable-secret2')
+        signer = signing.Signer("predictable-secret")
+        signer2 = signing.Signer("predictable-secret2")
         for s in (
-            b'hello',
-            b'3098247:529:087:',
-            '\u2019'.encode(),
+            b"hello",
+            b"3098247:529:087:",
+            "\u2019".encode(),
         ):
             self.assertEqual(
                 signer.signature(s),
                 signing.base64_hmac(
-                    signer.salt + 'signer',
+                    signer.salt + "signer",
                     s,
-                    'predictable-secret',
+                    "predictable-secret",
                     algorithm=signer.algorithm,
-                )
+                ),
             )
             self.assertNotEqual(signer.signature(s), signer2.signature(s))
 
     def test_signature_with_salt(self):
         "signature(value, salt=...) should work"
-        signer = signing.Signer('predictable-secret', salt='extra-salt')
+        signer = signing.Signer("predictable-secret", salt="extra-salt")
         self.assertEqual(
-            signer.signature('hello'),
+            signer.signature("hello"),
             signing.base64_hmac(
-                'extra-salt' + 'signer',
-                'hello',
-                'predictable-secret',
+                "extra-salt" + "signer",
+                "hello",
+                "predictable-secret",
                 algorithm=signer.algorithm,
-            )
+            ),
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            signing.Signer('predictable-secret', salt='one').signature('hello'),
-            signing.Signer('predictable-secret', salt='two').signature('hello'))
+            signing.Signer("predictable-secret", salt="one").signature("hello"),
+            signing.Signer("predictable-secret", salt="two").signature("hello"),
+        )
 
     def test_custom_algorithm(self):
-        signer = signing.Signer('predictable-secret', algorithm='sha512')
+        signer = signing.Signer("predictable-secret", algorithm="sha512")
         self.assertEqual(
-            signer.signature('hello'),
-            'Usf3uVQOZ9m6uPfVonKR-EBXjPe7bjMbp3_Fq8MfsptgkkM1ojidN0BxYaT5HAEN1'
-            'VzO9_jVu7R-VkqknHYNvw',
+            signer.signature("hello"),
+            "Usf3uVQOZ9m6uPfVonKR-EBXjPe7bjMbp3_Fq8MfsptgkkM1ojidN0BxYaT5HAEN1"
+            "VzO9_jVu7R-VkqknHYNvw",
         )
 
     def test_invalid_algorithm(self):
-        signer = signing.Signer('predictable-secret', algorithm='whatever')
+        signer = signing.Signer("predictable-secret", algorithm="whatever")
         msg = "'whatever' is not an algorithm accepted by the hashlib module."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(InvalidAlgorithm, msg):
-            signer.sign('hello')
+            signer.sign("hello")
 
     def test_sign_unsign(self):
         "sign/unsign should be reversible"
-        signer = signing.Signer('predictable-secret')
+        signer = signing.Signer("predictable-secret")
         examples = [
-            'q;wjmbk;wkmb',
-            '3098247529087',
-            '3098247:529:087:',
-            'jkw osanteuh ,rcuh nthu aou oauh ,ud du',
-            '\u2019',
+            "q;wjmbk;wkmb",
+            "3098247529087",
+            "3098247:529:087:",
+            "jkw osanteuh ,rcuh nthu aou oauh ,ud du",
+            "\u2019",
         ]
         for example in examples:
             signed = signer.sign(example)
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class TestSigner(SimpleTestCase):
             self.assertEqual(example, signer.unsign(signed))
 
     def test_sign_unsign_non_string(self):
-        signer = signing.Signer('predictable-secret')
+        signer = signing.Signer("predictable-secret")
         values = [
             123,
             1.23,
@@ -91,14 +91,14 @@ class TestSigner(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_unsign_detects_tampering(self):
         "unsign should raise an exception if the value has been tampered with"
-        signer = signing.Signer('predictable-secret')
-        value = 'Another string'
+        signer = signing.Signer("predictable-secret")
+        value = "Another string"
         signed_value = signer.sign(value)
         transforms = (
             lambda s: s.upper(),
-            lambda s: s + 'a',
-            lambda s: 'a' + s[1:],
-            lambda s: s.replace(':', ''),
+            lambda s: s + "a",
+            lambda s: "a" + s[1:],
+            lambda s: s.replace(":", ""),
         )
         self.assertEqual(value, signer.unsign(signed_value))
         for transform in transforms:
@@ -106,11 +106,11 @@ class TestSigner(SimpleTestCase):
                 signer.unsign(transform(signed_value))
 
     def test_sign_unsign_object(self):
-        signer = signing.Signer('predictable-secret')
+        signer = signing.Signer("predictable-secret")
         tests = [
-            ['a', 'list'],
-            'a string \u2019',
-            {'a': 'dictionary'},
+            ["a", "list"],
+            "a string \u2019",
+            {"a": "dictionary"},
         ]
         for obj in tests:
             with self.subTest(obj=obj):
@@ -124,9 +124,9 @@ class TestSigner(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_dumps_loads(self):
         "dumps and loads be reversible for any JSON serializable object"
         objects = [
-            ['a', 'list'],
-            'a string \u2019',
-            {'a': 'dictionary'},
+            ["a", "list"],
+            "a string \u2019",
+            {"a": "dictionary"},
         ]
         for o in objects:
             self.assertNotEqual(o, signing.dumps(o))
@@ -138,13 +138,13 @@ class TestSigner(SimpleTestCase):
         "loads should raise exception for tampered objects"
         transforms = (
             lambda s: s.upper(),
-            lambda s: s + 'a',
-            lambda s: 'a' + s[1:],
-            lambda s: s.replace(':', ''),
+            lambda s: s + "a",
+            lambda s: "a" + s[1:],
+            lambda s: s.replace(":", ""),
         )
         value = {
-            'foo': 'bar',
-            'baz': 1,
+            "foo": "bar",
+            "baz": 1,
         }
         encoded = signing.dumps(value)
         self.assertEqual(value, signing.loads(encoded))
@@ -153,85 +153,90 @@ class TestSigner(SimpleTestCase):
                 signing.loads(transform(encoded))
 
     def test_works_with_non_ascii_keys(self):
-        binary_key = b'\xe7'  # Set some binary (non-ASCII key)
+        binary_key = b"\xe7"  # Set some binary (non-ASCII key)
 
         s = signing.Signer(binary_key)
         self.assertEqual(
-            'foo:EE4qGC5MEKyQG5msxYA0sBohAxLC0BJf8uRhemh0BGU',
-            s.sign('foo'),
+            "foo:EE4qGC5MEKyQG5msxYA0sBohAxLC0BJf8uRhemh0BGU",
+            s.sign("foo"),
         )
 
     def test_valid_sep(self):
-        separators = ['/', '*sep*', ',']
+        separators = ["/", "*sep*", ","]
         for sep in separators:
-            signer = signing.Signer('predictable-secret', sep=sep)
+            signer = signing.Signer("predictable-secret", sep=sep)
             self.assertEqual(
-                'foo%sjZQoX_FtSO70jX9HLRGg2A_2s4kdDBxz1QoO_OpEQb0' % sep,
-                signer.sign('foo'),
+                "foo%sjZQoX_FtSO70jX9HLRGg2A_2s4kdDBxz1QoO_OpEQb0" % sep,
+                signer.sign("foo"),
             )
 
     def test_invalid_sep(self):
         """should warn on invalid separator"""
-        msg = 'Unsafe Signer separator: %r (cannot be empty or consist of only A-z0-9-_=)'
-        separators = ['', '-', 'abc']
+        msg = (
+            "Unsafe Signer separator: %r (cannot be empty or consist of only A-z0-9-_=)"
+        )
+        separators = ["", "-", "abc"]
         for sep in separators:
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg % sep):
                 signing.Signer(sep=sep)
 
     def test_verify_with_non_default_key(self):
-        old_signer = signing.Signer('secret')
-        new_signer = signing.Signer('newsecret', fallback_keys=['othersecret', 'secret'])
-        signed = old_signer.sign('abc')
-        self.assertEqual(new_signer.unsign(signed), 'abc')
+        old_signer = signing.Signer("secret")
+        new_signer = signing.Signer(
+            "newsecret", fallback_keys=["othersecret", "secret"]
+        )
+        signed = old_signer.sign("abc")
+        self.assertEqual(new_signer.unsign(signed), "abc")
 
     def test_sign_unsign_multiple_keys(self):
         """The default key is a valid verification key."""
-        signer = signing.Signer('secret', fallback_keys=['oldsecret'])
-        signed = signer.sign('abc')
-        self.assertEqual(signer.unsign(signed), 'abc')
+        signer = signing.Signer("secret", fallback_keys=["oldsecret"])
+        signed = signer.sign("abc")
+        self.assertEqual(signer.unsign(signed), "abc")
 
     @override_settings(
-        SECRET_KEY='secret',
-        SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS=['oldsecret'],
+        SECRET_KEY="secret",
+        SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS=["oldsecret"],
     )
     def test_sign_unsign_ignore_secret_key_fallbacks(self):
-        old_signer = signing.Signer('oldsecret')
-        signed = old_signer.sign('abc')
+        old_signer = signing.Signer("oldsecret")
+        signed = old_signer.sign("abc")
         signer = signing.Signer(fallback_keys=[])
         with self.assertRaises(signing.BadSignature):
             signer.unsign(signed)
 
     @override_settings(
-        SECRET_KEY='secret',
-        SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS=['oldsecret'],
+        SECRET_KEY="secret",
+        SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS=["oldsecret"],
     )
     def test_default_keys_verification(self):
-        old_signer = signing.Signer('oldsecret')
-        signed = old_signer.sign('abc')
+        old_signer = signing.Signer("oldsecret")
+        signed = old_signer.sign("abc")
         signer = signing.Signer()
-        self.assertEqual(signer.unsign(signed), 'abc')
+        self.assertEqual(signer.unsign(signed), "abc")
 
 
 class TestTimestampSigner(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_timestamp_signer(self):
-        value = 'hello'
+        value = "hello"
         with freeze_time(123456789):
-            signer = signing.TimestampSigner('predictable-key')
+            signer = signing.TimestampSigner("predictable-key")
             ts = signer.sign(value)
-            self.assertNotEqual(ts, signing.Signer('predictable-key').sign(value))
+            self.assertNotEqual(ts, signing.Signer("predictable-key").sign(value))
             self.assertEqual(signer.unsign(ts), value)
 
         with freeze_time(123456800):
             self.assertEqual(signer.unsign(ts, max_age=12), value)
             # max_age parameter can also accept a datetime.timedelta object
-            self.assertEqual(signer.unsign(ts, max_age=datetime.timedelta(seconds=11)), value)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                signer.unsign(ts, max_age=datetime.timedelta(seconds=11)), value
+            )
             with self.assertRaises(signing.SignatureExpired):
                 signer.unsign(ts, max_age=10)
 
 
 class TestBase62(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_base62(self):
-        tests = [-10 ** 10, 10 ** 10, 1620378259, *range(-100, 100)]
+        tests = [-(10**10), 10**10, 1620378259, *range(-100, 100)]
         for i in tests:
             self.assertEqual(i, signing.b62_decode(signing.b62_encode(i)))
diff --git a/tests/sitemaps_tests/base.py b/tests/sitemaps_tests/base.py
index 3373af98e7..ba9902c6f7 100644
--- a/tests/sitemaps_tests/base.py
+++ b/tests/sitemaps_tests/base.py
@@ -6,21 +6,21 @@ from django.test import TestCase, modify_settings, override_settings
 from .models import I18nTestModel, TestModel
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.sitemaps'})
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='sitemaps_tests.urls.http')
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.sitemaps"})
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="sitemaps_tests.urls.http")
 class SitemapTestsBase(TestCase):
-    protocol = 'http'
-    sites_installed = apps.is_installed('django.contrib.sites')
-    domain = 'example.com' if sites_installed else 'testserver'
+    protocol = "http"
+    sites_installed = apps.is_installed("django.contrib.sites")
+    domain = "example.com" if sites_installed else "testserver"
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         # Create an object for sitemap content.
-        TestModel.objects.create(name='Test Object')
-        cls.i18n_model = I18nTestModel.objects.create(name='Test Object')
+        TestModel.objects.create(name="Test Object")
+        cls.i18n_model = I18nTestModel.objects.create(name="Test Object")
 
     def setUp(self):
-        self.base_url = '%s://%s' % (self.protocol, self.domain)
+        self.base_url = "%s://%s" % (self.protocol, self.domain)
         cache.clear()
 
     @classmethod
diff --git a/tests/sitemaps_tests/models.py b/tests/sitemaps_tests/models.py
index 77ac601841..45edc7e7c8 100644
--- a/tests/sitemaps_tests/models.py
+++ b/tests/sitemaps_tests/models.py
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ class TestModel(models.Model):
     lastmod = models.DateTimeField(null=True)
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
-        return '/testmodel/%s/' % self.id
+        return "/testmodel/%s/" % self.id
 
 
 class I18nTestModel(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
-        return reverse('i18n_testmodel', args=[self.id])
+        return reverse("i18n_testmodel", args=[self.id])
diff --git a/tests/sitemaps_tests/test_generic.py b/tests/sitemaps_tests/test_generic.py
index 3c25f04d3a..33a8ee5592 100644
--- a/tests/sitemaps_tests/test_generic.py
+++ b/tests/sitemaps_tests/test_generic.py
@@ -10,24 +10,23 @@ from .models import TestModel
 
 @override_settings(ABSOLUTE_URL_OVERRIDES={})
 class GenericViewsSitemapTests(SitemapTestsBase):
-
     def test_generic_sitemap_attributes(self):
         datetime_value = datetime.now()
         queryset = TestModel.objects.all()
         generic_sitemap = GenericSitemap(
             info_dict={
-                'queryset': queryset,
-                'date_field': datetime_value,
+                "queryset": queryset,
+                "date_field": datetime_value,
             },
             priority=0.6,
-            changefreq='monthly',
-            protocol='https',
+            changefreq="monthly",
+            protocol="https",
         )
         attr_values = (
-            ('date_field', datetime_value),
-            ('priority', 0.6),
-            ('changefreq', 'monthly'),
-            ('protocol', 'https'),
+            ("date_field", datetime_value),
+            ("priority", 0.6),
+            ("changefreq", "monthly"),
+            ("protocol", "https"),
         )
         for attr_name, expected_value in attr_values:
             with self.subTest(attr_name=attr_name):
@@ -36,48 +35,56 @@ class GenericViewsSitemapTests(SitemapTestsBase):
 
     def test_generic_sitemap(self):
         "A minimal generic sitemap can be rendered"
-        response = self.client.get('/generic/sitemap.xml')
-        expected = ''
+        response = self.client.get("/generic/sitemap.xml")
+        expected = ""
         for pk in TestModel.objects.values_list("id", flat=True):
             expected += "<url><loc>%s/testmodel/%s/</loc></url>" % (self.base_url, pk)
-        expected_content = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+        expected_content = (
+            """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
 %s
 </urlset>
-""" % expected
+"""
+            % expected
+        )
         self.assertXMLEqual(response.content.decode(), expected_content)
 
     def test_generic_sitemap_lastmod(self):
         test_model = TestModel.objects.first()
         TestModel.objects.update(lastmod=datetime(2013, 3, 13, 10, 0, 0))
-        response = self.client.get('/generic-lastmod/sitemap.xml')
+        response = self.client.get("/generic-lastmod/sitemap.xml")
         expected_content = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
 <url><loc>%s/testmodel/%s/</loc><lastmod>2013-03-13</lastmod></url>
 </urlset>
-""" % (self.base_url, test_model.pk)
+""" % (
+            self.base_url,
+            test_model.pk,
+        )
         self.assertXMLEqual(response.content.decode(), expected_content)
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Last-Modified'], 'Wed, 13 Mar 2013 10:00:00 GMT')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.headers["Last-Modified"], "Wed, 13 Mar 2013 10:00:00 GMT"
+        )
 
     def test_get_protocol_defined_in_constructor(self):
-        for protocol in ['http', 'https']:
+        for protocol in ["http", "https"]:
             with self.subTest(protocol=protocol):
-                sitemap = GenericSitemap({'queryset': None}, protocol=protocol)
+                sitemap = GenericSitemap({"queryset": None}, protocol=protocol)
                 self.assertEqual(sitemap.get_protocol(), protocol)
 
     def test_get_protocol_passed_as_argument(self):
-        sitemap = GenericSitemap({'queryset': None})
-        for protocol in ['http', 'https']:
+        sitemap = GenericSitemap({"queryset": None})
+        for protocol in ["http", "https"]:
             with self.subTest(protocol=protocol):
                 self.assertEqual(sitemap.get_protocol(protocol), protocol)
 
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
     def test_get_protocol_default(self):
-        sitemap = GenericSitemap({'queryset': None})
-        self.assertEqual(sitemap.get_protocol(), 'http')
+        sitemap = GenericSitemap({"queryset": None})
+        self.assertEqual(sitemap.get_protocol(), "http")
 
     def test_get_protocol_default_warning(self):
-        sitemap = GenericSitemap({'queryset': None})
+        sitemap = GenericSitemap({"queryset": None})
         msg = (
             "The default sitemap protocol will be changed from 'http' to "
             "'https' in Django 5.0. Set Sitemap.protocol to silence this "
@@ -88,9 +95,9 @@ class GenericViewsSitemapTests(SitemapTestsBase):
 
     def test_generic_sitemap_index(self):
         TestModel.objects.update(lastmod=datetime(2013, 3, 13, 10, 0, 0))
-        response = self.client.get('/generic-lastmod/index.xml')
+        response = self.client.get("/generic-lastmod/index.xml")
         expected_content = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <sitemapindex xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9">
 <sitemap><loc>http://example.com/simple/sitemap-generic.xml</loc><lastmod>2013-03-13T10:00:00</lastmod></sitemap>
 </sitemapindex>"""
-        self.assertXMLEqual(response.content.decode('utf-8'), expected_content)
+        self.assertXMLEqual(response.content.decode("utf-8"), expected_content)
diff --git a/tests/sitemaps_tests/test_http.py b/tests/sitemaps_tests/test_http.py
index 5fea5ac3d3..76707e16e3 100644
--- a/tests/sitemaps_tests/test_http.py
+++ b/tests/sitemaps_tests/test_http.py
@@ -15,210 +15,254 @@ from .models import TestModel
 
 class HTTPSitemapTests(SitemapTestsBase):
     use_sitemap_err_msg = (
-        'To use sitemaps, either enable the sites framework or pass a '
-        'Site/RequestSite object in your view.'
+        "To use sitemaps, either enable the sites framework or pass a "
+        "Site/RequestSite object in your view."
     )
 
     def test_simple_sitemap_index(self):
         "A simple sitemap index can be rendered"
-        response = self.client.get('/simple/index.xml')
+        response = self.client.get("/simple/index.xml")
         expected_content = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <sitemapindex xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9">
 <sitemap><loc>%s/simple/sitemap-simple.xml</loc><lastmod>%s</lastmod></sitemap>
 </sitemapindex>
-""" % (self.base_url, date.today())
+""" % (
+            self.base_url,
+            date.today(),
+        )
         self.assertXMLEqual(response.content.decode(), expected_content)
 
     def test_sitemap_not_callable(self):
         """A sitemap may not be callable."""
-        response = self.client.get('/simple-not-callable/index.xml')
+        response = self.client.get("/simple-not-callable/index.xml")
         expected_content = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <sitemapindex xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9">
 <sitemap><loc>%s/simple/sitemap-simple.xml</loc><lastmod>%s</lastmod></sitemap>
 </sitemapindex>
-""" % (self.base_url, date.today())
+""" % (
+            self.base_url,
+            date.today(),
+        )
         self.assertXMLEqual(response.content.decode(), expected_content)
 
     def test_paged_sitemap(self):
         """A sitemap may have multiple pages."""
-        response = self.client.get('/simple-paged/index.xml')
+        response = self.client.get("/simple-paged/index.xml")
         expected_content = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <sitemapindex xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9">
 <sitemap><loc>{0}/simple/sitemap-simple.xml</loc><lastmod>{1}</lastmod></sitemap><sitemap><loc>{0}/simple/sitemap-simple.xml?p=2</loc><lastmod>{1}</lastmod></sitemap>
 </sitemapindex>
-""".format(self.base_url, date.today())
+""".format(
+            self.base_url, date.today()
+        )
         self.assertXMLEqual(response.content.decode(), expected_content)
 
-    @override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'DIRS': [os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'templates')],
-    }])
+    @override_settings(
+        TEMPLATES=[
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                "DIRS": [os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "templates")],
+            }
+        ]
+    )
     def test_simple_sitemap_custom_lastmod_index(self):
         "A simple sitemap index can be rendered with a custom template"
-        response = self.client.get('/simple/custom-lastmod-index.xml')
+        response = self.client.get("/simple/custom-lastmod-index.xml")
         expected_content = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <!-- This is a customised template -->
 <sitemapindex xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9">
 <sitemap><loc>%s/simple/sitemap-simple.xml</loc><lastmod>%s</lastmod></sitemap>
 </sitemapindex>
-""" % (self.base_url, date.today())
+""" % (
+            self.base_url,
+            date.today(),
+        )
         self.assertXMLEqual(response.content.decode(), expected_content)
 
     def test_simple_sitemap_section(self):
         "A simple sitemap section can be rendered"
-        response = self.client.get('/simple/sitemap-simple.xml')
+        response = self.client.get("/simple/sitemap-simple.xml")
         expected_content = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
 <url><loc>%s/location/</loc><lastmod>%s</lastmod><changefreq>never</changefreq><priority>0.5</priority></url>
 </urlset>
-""" % (self.base_url, date.today())
+""" % (
+            self.base_url,
+            date.today(),
+        )
         self.assertXMLEqual(response.content.decode(), expected_content)
 
     def test_no_section(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/simple/sitemap-simple2.xml')
-        self.assertEqual(str(response.context['exception']), "No sitemap available for section: 'simple2'")
+        response = self.client.get("/simple/sitemap-simple2.xml")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            str(response.context["exception"]),
+            "No sitemap available for section: 'simple2'",
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_empty_page(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/simple/sitemap-simple.xml?p=0')
-        self.assertEqual(str(response.context['exception']), 'Page 0 empty')
+        response = self.client.get("/simple/sitemap-simple.xml?p=0")
+        self.assertEqual(str(response.context["exception"]), "Page 0 empty")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_page_not_int(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/simple/sitemap-simple.xml?p=test')
-        self.assertEqual(str(response.context['exception']), "No page 'test'")
+        response = self.client.get("/simple/sitemap-simple.xml?p=test")
+        self.assertEqual(str(response.context["exception"]), "No page 'test'")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_simple_sitemap(self):
         "A simple sitemap can be rendered"
-        response = self.client.get('/simple/sitemap.xml')
+        response = self.client.get("/simple/sitemap.xml")
         expected_content = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
 <url><loc>%s/location/</loc><lastmod>%s</lastmod><changefreq>never</changefreq><priority>0.5</priority></url>
 </urlset>
-""" % (self.base_url, date.today())
+""" % (
+            self.base_url,
+            date.today(),
+        )
         self.assertXMLEqual(response.content.decode(), expected_content)
 
-    @override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'DIRS': [os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'templates')],
-    }])
+    @override_settings(
+        TEMPLATES=[
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                "DIRS": [os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "templates")],
+            }
+        ]
+    )
     def test_simple_custom_sitemap(self):
         "A simple sitemap can be rendered with a custom template"
-        response = self.client.get('/simple/custom-sitemap.xml')
+        response = self.client.get("/simple/custom-sitemap.xml")
         expected_content = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <!-- This is a customised template -->
 <urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9">
 <url><loc>%s/location/</loc><lastmod>%s</lastmod><changefreq>never</changefreq><priority>0.5</priority></url>
 </urlset>
-""" % (self.base_url, date.today())
+""" % (
+            self.base_url,
+            date.today(),
+        )
         self.assertXMLEqual(response.content.decode(), expected_content)
 
     def test_sitemap_last_modified(self):
         "Last-Modified header is set correctly"
-        response = self.client.get('/lastmod/sitemap.xml')
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Last-Modified'], 'Wed, 13 Mar 2013 10:00:00 GMT')
+        response = self.client.get("/lastmod/sitemap.xml")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.headers["Last-Modified"], "Wed, 13 Mar 2013 10:00:00 GMT"
+        )
 
     def test_sitemap_last_modified_date(self):
         """
         The Last-Modified header should be support dates (without time).
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/lastmod/date-sitemap.xml')
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Last-Modified'], 'Wed, 13 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT')
+        response = self.client.get("/lastmod/date-sitemap.xml")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.headers["Last-Modified"], "Wed, 13 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT"
+        )
 
     def test_sitemap_last_modified_tz(self):
         """
         The Last-Modified header should be converted from timezone aware dates
         to GMT.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/lastmod/tz-sitemap.xml')
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Last-Modified'], 'Wed, 13 Mar 2013 15:00:00 GMT')
+        response = self.client.get("/lastmod/tz-sitemap.xml")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.headers["Last-Modified"], "Wed, 13 Mar 2013 15:00:00 GMT"
+        )
 
     def test_sitemap_last_modified_missing(self):
         "Last-Modified header is missing when sitemap has no lastmod"
-        response = self.client.get('/generic/sitemap.xml')
-        self.assertFalse(response.has_header('Last-Modified'))
+        response = self.client.get("/generic/sitemap.xml")
+        self.assertFalse(response.has_header("Last-Modified"))
 
     def test_sitemap_last_modified_mixed(self):
         "Last-Modified header is omitted when lastmod not on all items"
-        response = self.client.get('/lastmod-mixed/sitemap.xml')
-        self.assertFalse(response.has_header('Last-Modified'))
+        response = self.client.get("/lastmod-mixed/sitemap.xml")
+        self.assertFalse(response.has_header("Last-Modified"))
 
     def test_sitemaps_lastmod_mixed_ascending_last_modified_missing(self):
         """
         The Last-Modified header is omitted when lastmod isn't found in all
         sitemaps. Test sitemaps are sorted by lastmod in ascending order.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/lastmod-sitemaps/mixed-ascending.xml')
-        self.assertFalse(response.has_header('Last-Modified'))
+        response = self.client.get("/lastmod-sitemaps/mixed-ascending.xml")
+        self.assertFalse(response.has_header("Last-Modified"))
 
     def test_sitemaps_lastmod_mixed_descending_last_modified_missing(self):
         """
         The Last-Modified header is omitted when lastmod isn't found in all
         sitemaps. Test sitemaps are sorted by lastmod in descending order.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/lastmod-sitemaps/mixed-descending.xml')
-        self.assertFalse(response.has_header('Last-Modified'))
+        response = self.client.get("/lastmod-sitemaps/mixed-descending.xml")
+        self.assertFalse(response.has_header("Last-Modified"))
 
     def test_sitemaps_lastmod_ascending(self):
         """
         The Last-Modified header is set to the most recent sitemap lastmod.
         Test sitemaps are sorted by lastmod in ascending order.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/lastmod-sitemaps/ascending.xml')
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Last-Modified'], 'Sat, 20 Apr 2013 05:00:00 GMT')
+        response = self.client.get("/lastmod-sitemaps/ascending.xml")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.headers["Last-Modified"], "Sat, 20 Apr 2013 05:00:00 GMT"
+        )
 
     def test_sitemaps_lastmod_descending(self):
         """
         The Last-Modified header is set to the most recent sitemap lastmod.
         Test sitemaps are sorted by lastmod in descending order.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/lastmod-sitemaps/descending.xml')
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Last-Modified'], 'Sat, 20 Apr 2013 05:00:00 GMT')
+        response = self.client.get("/lastmod-sitemaps/descending.xml")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.headers["Last-Modified"], "Sat, 20 Apr 2013 05:00:00 GMT"
+        )
 
     def test_sitemap_get_latest_lastmod_none(self):
         """
         sitemapindex.lastmod is ommitted when Sitemap.lastmod is
         callable and Sitemap.get_latest_lastmod is not implemented
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/lastmod/get-latest-lastmod-none-sitemap.xml')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, '<lastmod>')
+        response = self.client.get("/lastmod/get-latest-lastmod-none-sitemap.xml")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "<lastmod>")
 
     def test_sitemap_get_latest_lastmod(self):
         """
         sitemapindex.lastmod is included when Sitemap.lastmod is
         attribute and Sitemap.get_latest_lastmod is implemented
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/lastmod/get-latest-lastmod-sitemap.xml')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<lastmod>2013-03-13T10:00:00</lastmod>')
+        response = self.client.get("/lastmod/get-latest-lastmod-sitemap.xml")
+        self.assertContains(response, "<lastmod>2013-03-13T10:00:00</lastmod>")
 
     def test_sitemap_latest_lastmod_timezone(self):
         """
         lastmod datestamp shows timezones if Sitemap.get_latest_lastmod
         returns an aware datetime.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/lastmod/latest-lastmod-timezone-sitemap.xml')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<lastmod>2013-03-13T10:00:00-05:00</lastmod>')
+        response = self.client.get("/lastmod/latest-lastmod-timezone-sitemap.xml")
+        self.assertContains(response, "<lastmod>2013-03-13T10:00:00-05:00</lastmod>")
 
     def test_localized_priority(self):
         """The priority value should not be localized."""
-        with translation.override('fr'):
-            self.assertEqual('0,3', localize(0.3))
+        with translation.override("fr"):
+            self.assertEqual("0,3", localize(0.3))
             # Priorities aren't rendered in localized format.
-            response = self.client.get('/simple/sitemap.xml')
-            self.assertContains(response, '<priority>0.5</priority>')
-            self.assertContains(response, '<lastmod>%s</lastmod>' % date.today())
+            response = self.client.get("/simple/sitemap.xml")
+            self.assertContains(response, "<priority>0.5</priority>")
+            self.assertContains(response, "<lastmod>%s</lastmod>" % date.today())
 
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'remove': 'django.contrib.sites'})
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"remove": "django.contrib.sites"})
     def test_requestsite_sitemap(self):
         # Hitting the flatpages sitemap without the sites framework installed
         # doesn't raise an exception.
-        response = self.client.get('/simple/sitemap.xml')
-        expected_content = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+        response = self.client.get("/simple/sitemap.xml")
+        expected_content = (
+            """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
 <url><loc>http://testserver/location/</loc><lastmod>%s</lastmod><changefreq>never</changefreq><priority>0.5</priority></url>
 </urlset>
-""" % date.today()
+"""
+            % date.today()
+        )
         self.assertXMLEqual(response.content.decode(), expected_content)
 
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
@@ -231,7 +275,7 @@ class HTTPSitemapTests(SitemapTestsBase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, self.use_sitemap_err_msg):
             Sitemap().get_urls()
 
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'remove': 'django.contrib.sites'})
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"remove": "django.contrib.sites"})
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
     def test_sitemap_get_urls_no_site_2(self):
         """
@@ -249,10 +293,11 @@ class HTTPSitemapTests(SitemapTestsBase):
         Sitemap.get_url() url result.
         """
         test_sitemap = Sitemap()
-        test_sitemap.items = TestModel.objects.order_by('pk').all
+        test_sitemap.items = TestModel.objects.order_by("pk").all
 
         def is_testmodel(url):
-            return isinstance(url['item'], TestModel)
+            return isinstance(url["item"], TestModel)
+
         item_in_url_info = all(map(is_testmodel, test_sitemap.get_urls()))
         self.assertTrue(item_in_url_info)
 
@@ -260,46 +305,51 @@ class HTTPSitemapTests(SitemapTestsBase):
         """
         A cached sitemap index can be rendered (#2713).
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/cached/index.xml')
+        response = self.client.get("/cached/index.xml")
         expected_content = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <sitemapindex xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9">
 <sitemap><loc>%s/cached/sitemap-simple.xml</loc><lastmod>%s</lastmod></sitemap>
 </sitemapindex>
-""" % (self.base_url, date.today())
+""" % (
+            self.base_url,
+            date.today(),
+        )
         self.assertXMLEqual(response.content.decode(), expected_content)
 
     def test_x_robots_sitemap(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/simple/index.xml')
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['X-Robots-Tag'], 'noindex, noodp, noarchive')
+        response = self.client.get("/simple/index.xml")
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["X-Robots-Tag"], "noindex, noodp, noarchive")
 
-        response = self.client.get('/simple/sitemap.xml')
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['X-Robots-Tag'], 'noindex, noodp, noarchive')
+        response = self.client.get("/simple/sitemap.xml")
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["X-Robots-Tag"], "noindex, noodp, noarchive")
 
     def test_empty_sitemap(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/empty/sitemap.xml')
+        response = self.client.get("/empty/sitemap.xml")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
-    @override_settings(LANGUAGES=(('en', 'English'), ('pt', 'Portuguese')))
+    @override_settings(LANGUAGES=(("en", "English"), ("pt", "Portuguese")))
     def test_simple_i18n_sitemap_index(self):
         """
         A simple i18n sitemap index can be rendered, without logging variable
         lookup errors.
         """
-        with self.assertNoLogs('django.template', 'DEBUG'):
-            response = self.client.get('/simple/i18n.xml')
+        with self.assertNoLogs("django.template", "DEBUG"):
+            response = self.client.get("/simple/i18n.xml")
         expected_content = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
 <url><loc>{0}/en/i18n/testmodel/{1}/</loc><changefreq>never</changefreq><priority>0.5</priority></url><url><loc>{0}/pt/i18n/testmodel/{1}/</loc><changefreq>never</changefreq><priority>0.5</priority></url>
 </urlset>
-""".format(self.base_url, self.i18n_model.pk)
+""".format(
+            self.base_url, self.i18n_model.pk
+        )
         self.assertXMLEqual(response.content.decode(), expected_content)
 
-    @override_settings(LANGUAGES=(('en', 'English'), ('pt', 'Portuguese')))
+    @override_settings(LANGUAGES=(("en", "English"), ("pt", "Portuguese")))
     def test_alternate_i18n_sitemap_index(self):
         """
         A i18n sitemap with alternate/hreflang links can be rendered.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/alternates/i18n.xml')
+        response = self.client.get("/alternates/i18n.xml")
         url, pk = self.base_url, self.i18n_model.pk
         expected_urls = f"""
 <url><loc>{url}/en/i18n/testmodel/{pk}/</loc><changefreq>never</changefreq><priority>0.5</priority>
@@ -310,7 +360,9 @@ class HTTPSitemapTests(SitemapTestsBase):
 <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="{url}/en/i18n/testmodel/{pk}/"/>
 <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="pt" href="{url}/pt/i18n/testmodel/{pk}/"/>
 </url>
-""".replace('\n', '')
+""".replace(
+            "\n", ""
+        )
         expected_content = f"""<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
 {expected_urls}
@@ -318,12 +370,14 @@ class HTTPSitemapTests(SitemapTestsBase):
 """
         self.assertXMLEqual(response.content.decode(), expected_content)
 
-    @override_settings(LANGUAGES=(('en', 'English'), ('pt', 'Portuguese'), ('es', 'Spanish')))
+    @override_settings(
+        LANGUAGES=(("en", "English"), ("pt", "Portuguese"), ("es", "Spanish"))
+    )
     def test_alternate_i18n_sitemap_limited(self):
         """
         A i18n sitemap index with limited languages can be rendered.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/limited/i18n.xml')
+        response = self.client.get("/limited/i18n.xml")
         url, pk = self.base_url, self.i18n_model.pk
         expected_urls = f"""
 <url><loc>{url}/en/i18n/testmodel/{pk}/</loc><changefreq>never</changefreq><priority>0.5</priority>
@@ -334,7 +388,9 @@ class HTTPSitemapTests(SitemapTestsBase):
 <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="{url}/en/i18n/testmodel/{pk}/"/>
 <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="es" href="{url}/es/i18n/testmodel/{pk}/"/>
 </url>
-""".replace('\n', '')
+""".replace(
+            "\n", ""
+        )
         expected_content = f"""<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
 {expected_urls}
@@ -342,12 +398,12 @@ class HTTPSitemapTests(SitemapTestsBase):
 """
         self.assertXMLEqual(response.content.decode(), expected_content)
 
-    @override_settings(LANGUAGES=(('en', 'English'), ('pt', 'Portuguese')))
+    @override_settings(LANGUAGES=(("en", "English"), ("pt", "Portuguese")))
     def test_alternate_i18n_sitemap_xdefault(self):
         """
         A i18n sitemap index with x-default can be rendered.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/x-default/i18n.xml')
+        response = self.client.get("/x-default/i18n.xml")
         url, pk = self.base_url, self.i18n_model.pk
         expected_urls = f"""
 <url><loc>{url}/en/i18n/testmodel/{pk}/</loc><changefreq>never</changefreq><priority>0.5</priority>
@@ -360,7 +416,9 @@ class HTTPSitemapTests(SitemapTestsBase):
 <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="pt" href="{url}/pt/i18n/testmodel/{pk}/"/>
 <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="{url}/i18n/testmodel/{pk}/"/>
 </url>
-""".replace('\n', '')
+""".replace(
+            "\n", ""
+        )
         expected_content = f"""<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
 {expected_urls}
@@ -369,7 +427,7 @@ class HTTPSitemapTests(SitemapTestsBase):
         self.assertXMLEqual(response.content.decode(), expected_content)
 
     def test_sitemap_without_entries(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/sitemap-without-entries/sitemap.xml')
+        response = self.client.get("/sitemap-without-entries/sitemap.xml")
         expected_content = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
 
@@ -381,10 +439,10 @@ class HTTPSitemapTests(SitemapTestsBase):
         Not all items have `lastmod`. Therefore the `Last-Modified` header
         is not set by the detail or index sitemap view.
         """
-        index_response = self.client.get('/callable-lastmod-partial/index.xml')
-        sitemap_response = self.client.get('/callable-lastmod-partial/sitemap.xml')
-        self.assertNotIn('Last-Modified', index_response)
-        self.assertNotIn('Last-Modified', sitemap_response)
+        index_response = self.client.get("/callable-lastmod-partial/index.xml")
+        sitemap_response = self.client.get("/callable-lastmod-partial/sitemap.xml")
+        self.assertNotIn("Last-Modified", index_response)
+        self.assertNotIn("Last-Modified", sitemap_response)
         expected_content_index = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
         <sitemapindex xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9">
         <sitemap><loc>http://example.com/simple/sitemap-callable-lastmod.xml</loc></sitemap>
@@ -403,10 +461,14 @@ class HTTPSitemapTests(SitemapTestsBase):
         All items in the sitemap have `lastmod`. The `Last-Modified` header
         is set for the detail and index sitemap view.
         """
-        index_response = self.client.get('/callable-lastmod-full/index.xml')
-        sitemap_response = self.client.get('/callable-lastmod-full/sitemap.xml')
-        self.assertEqual(index_response.headers['Last-Modified'], 'Thu, 13 Mar 2014 10:00:00 GMT')
-        self.assertEqual(sitemap_response.headers['Last-Modified'], 'Thu, 13 Mar 2014 10:00:00 GMT')
+        index_response = self.client.get("/callable-lastmod-full/index.xml")
+        sitemap_response = self.client.get("/callable-lastmod-full/sitemap.xml")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            index_response.headers["Last-Modified"], "Thu, 13 Mar 2014 10:00:00 GMT"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sitemap_response.headers["Last-Modified"], "Thu, 13 Mar 2014 10:00:00 GMT"
+        )
         expected_content_index = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
         <sitemapindex xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9">
         <sitemap><loc>http://example.com/simple/sitemap-callable-lastmod.xml</loc><lastmod>2014-03-13T10:00:00</lastmod></sitemap>
@@ -423,27 +485,37 @@ class HTTPSitemapTests(SitemapTestsBase):
 
 # RemovedInDjango50Warning
 class DeprecatedTests(SitemapTestsBase):
-    @override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'DIRS': [os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'templates')],
-    }])
+    @override_settings(
+        TEMPLATES=[
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                "DIRS": [os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "templates")],
+            }
+        ]
+    )
     def test_simple_sitemap_custom_index_warning(self):
-        msg = 'Calling `__str__` on SitemapIndexItem is deprecated, use the `location` attribute instead.'
+        msg = "Calling `__str__` on SitemapIndexItem is deprecated, use the `location` attribute instead."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(RemovedInDjango50Warning, msg):
-            self.client.get('/simple/custom-index.xml')
+            self.client.get("/simple/custom-index.xml")
 
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
-    @override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'DIRS': [os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'templates')],
-    }])
+    @override_settings(
+        TEMPLATES=[
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                "DIRS": [os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "templates")],
+            }
+        ]
+    )
     def test_simple_sitemap_custom_index(self):
         "A simple sitemap index can be rendered with a custom template"
-        response = self.client.get('/simple/custom-index.xml')
+        response = self.client.get("/simple/custom-index.xml")
         expected_content = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
     <!-- This is a customised template -->
     <sitemapindex xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9">
     <sitemap><loc>%s/simple/sitemap-simple.xml</loc></sitemap>
     </sitemapindex>
-    """ % (self.base_url)
+    """ % (
+            self.base_url
+        )
         self.assertXMLEqual(response.content.decode(), expected_content)
diff --git a/tests/sitemaps_tests/test_https.py b/tests/sitemaps_tests/test_https.py
index 1e8c28d6c3..e2923cf6f4 100644
--- a/tests/sitemaps_tests/test_https.py
+++ b/tests/sitemaps_tests/test_https.py
@@ -5,51 +5,63 @@ from django.test import override_settings
 from .base import SitemapTestsBase
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='sitemaps_tests.urls.https')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="sitemaps_tests.urls.https")
 class HTTPSSitemapTests(SitemapTestsBase):
-    protocol = 'https'
+    protocol = "https"
 
     def test_secure_sitemap_index(self):
         "A secure sitemap index can be rendered"
-        response = self.client.get('/secure/index.xml')
+        response = self.client.get("/secure/index.xml")
         expected_content = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <sitemapindex xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9">
 <sitemap><loc>%s/secure/sitemap-simple.xml</loc><lastmod>%s</lastmod></sitemap>
 </sitemapindex>
-""" % (self.base_url, date.today())
+""" % (
+            self.base_url,
+            date.today(),
+        )
         self.assertXMLEqual(response.content.decode(), expected_content)
 
     def test_secure_sitemap_section(self):
         "A secure sitemap section can be rendered"
-        response = self.client.get('/secure/sitemap-simple.xml')
+        response = self.client.get("/secure/sitemap-simple.xml")
         expected_content = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
 <url><loc>%s/location/</loc><lastmod>%s</lastmod><changefreq>never</changefreq><priority>0.5</priority></url>
 </urlset>
-""" % (self.base_url, date.today())
+""" % (
+            self.base_url,
+            date.today(),
+        )
         self.assertXMLEqual(response.content.decode(), expected_content)
 
 
 @override_settings(SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER=False)
 class HTTPSDetectionSitemapTests(SitemapTestsBase):
-    extra = {'wsgi.url_scheme': 'https'}
+    extra = {"wsgi.url_scheme": "https"}
 
     def test_sitemap_index_with_https_request(self):
         "A sitemap index requested in HTTPS is rendered with HTTPS links"
-        response = self.client.get('/simple/index.xml', **self.extra)
+        response = self.client.get("/simple/index.xml", **self.extra)
         expected_content = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <sitemapindex xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9">
 <sitemap><loc>%s/simple/sitemap-simple.xml</loc><lastmod>%s</lastmod></sitemap>
 </sitemapindex>
-""" % (self.base_url.replace('http://', 'https://'), date.today())
+""" % (
+            self.base_url.replace("http://", "https://"),
+            date.today(),
+        )
         self.assertXMLEqual(response.content.decode(), expected_content)
 
     def test_sitemap_section_with_https_request(self):
         "A sitemap section requested in HTTPS is rendered with HTTPS links"
-        response = self.client.get('/simple/sitemap-simple.xml', **self.extra)
+        response = self.client.get("/simple/sitemap-simple.xml", **self.extra)
         expected_content = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
 <url><loc>%s/location/</loc><lastmod>%s</lastmod><changefreq>never</changefreq><priority>0.5</priority></url>
 </urlset>
-""" % (self.base_url.replace('http://', 'https://'), date.today())
+""" % (
+            self.base_url.replace("http://", "https://"),
+            date.today(),
+        )
         self.assertXMLEqual(response.content.decode(), expected_content)
diff --git a/tests/sitemaps_tests/test_management.py b/tests/sitemaps_tests/test_management.py
index f91de8ac4b..aa797216e4 100644
--- a/tests/sitemaps_tests/test_management.py
+++ b/tests/sitemaps_tests/test_management.py
@@ -5,13 +5,14 @@ from django.core.management import call_command
 from .base import SitemapTestsBase
 
 
-@mock.patch('django.contrib.sitemaps.management.commands.ping_google.ping_google')
+@mock.patch("django.contrib.sitemaps.management.commands.ping_google.ping_google")
 class PingGoogleTests(SitemapTestsBase):
-
     def test_default(self, ping_google_func):
-        call_command('ping_google')
+        call_command("ping_google")
         ping_google_func.assert_called_with(sitemap_url=None, sitemap_uses_https=True)
 
     def test_args(self, ping_google_func):
-        call_command('ping_google', 'foo.xml', '--sitemap-uses-http')
-        ping_google_func.assert_called_with(sitemap_url='foo.xml', sitemap_uses_https=False)
+        call_command("ping_google", "foo.xml", "--sitemap-uses-http")
+        ping_google_func.assert_called_with(
+            sitemap_url="foo.xml", sitemap_uses_https=False
+        )
diff --git a/tests/sitemaps_tests/test_utils.py b/tests/sitemaps_tests/test_utils.py
index d230e1a358..e83b50cd73 100644
--- a/tests/sitemaps_tests/test_utils.py
+++ b/tests/sitemaps_tests/test_utils.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 from unittest import mock
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 
-from django.contrib.sitemaps import (
-    SitemapNotFound, _get_sitemap_full_url, ping_google,
-)
+from django.contrib.sitemaps import SitemapNotFound, _get_sitemap_full_url, ping_google
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.test import modify_settings, override_settings
 
@@ -11,39 +9,47 @@ from .base import SitemapTestsBase
 
 
 class PingGoogleTests(SitemapTestsBase):
-
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='sitemaps_tests.urls.sitemap_only')
-    @mock.patch('django.contrib.sitemaps.urlopen')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="sitemaps_tests.urls.sitemap_only")
+    @mock.patch("django.contrib.sitemaps.urlopen")
     def test_something(self, urlopen):
         ping_google()
-        params = urlencode({'sitemap': 'https://example.com/sitemap-without-entries/sitemap.xml'})
-        full_url = 'https://www.google.com/webmasters/tools/ping?%s' % params
+        params = urlencode(
+            {"sitemap": "https://example.com/sitemap-without-entries/sitemap.xml"}
+        )
+        full_url = "https://www.google.com/webmasters/tools/ping?%s" % params
         urlopen.assert_called_with(full_url)
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='sitemaps_tests.urls.sitemap_only')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="sitemaps_tests.urls.sitemap_only")
     def test_get_sitemap_full_url_global(self):
-        self.assertEqual(_get_sitemap_full_url(None), 'https://example.com/sitemap-without-entries/sitemap.xml')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            _get_sitemap_full_url(None),
+            "https://example.com/sitemap-without-entries/sitemap.xml",
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='sitemaps_tests.urls.index_only')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="sitemaps_tests.urls.index_only")
     def test_get_sitemap_full_url_index(self):
-        self.assertEqual(_get_sitemap_full_url(None), 'https://example.com/simple/index.xml')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            _get_sitemap_full_url(None), "https://example.com/simple/index.xml"
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='sitemaps_tests.urls.empty')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="sitemaps_tests.urls.empty")
     def test_get_sitemap_full_url_not_detected(self):
         msg = "You didn't provide a sitemap_url, and the sitemap URL couldn't be auto-detected."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(SitemapNotFound, msg):
             _get_sitemap_full_url(None)
 
     def test_get_sitemap_full_url_exact_url(self):
-        self.assertEqual(_get_sitemap_full_url('/foo.xml'), 'https://example.com/foo.xml')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            _get_sitemap_full_url("/foo.xml"), "https://example.com/foo.xml"
+        )
 
     def test_get_sitemap_full_url_insecure(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            _get_sitemap_full_url('/foo.xml', sitemap_uses_https=False),
-            'http://example.com/foo.xml'
+            _get_sitemap_full_url("/foo.xml", sitemap_uses_https=False),
+            "http://example.com/foo.xml",
         )
 
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'remove': 'django.contrib.sites'})
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"remove": "django.contrib.sites"})
     def test_get_sitemap_full_url_no_sites(self):
         msg = "ping_google requires django.contrib.sites, which isn't installed."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
diff --git a/tests/sitemaps_tests/urls/http.py b/tests/sitemaps_tests/urls/http.py
index f0c0cf68b9..9a468de476 100644
--- a/tests/sitemaps_tests/urls/http.py
+++ b/tests/sitemaps_tests/urls/http.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ from ..models import I18nTestModel, TestModel
 class SimpleSitemap(Sitemap):
     changefreq = "never"
     priority = 0.5
-    location = '/location/'
+    location = "/location/"
     lastmod = date.today()
 
     def items(self):
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class SimpleI18nSitemap(Sitemap):
     i18n = True
 
     def items(self):
-        return I18nTestModel.objects.order_by('pk').all()
+        return I18nTestModel.objects.order_by("pk").all()
 
 
 class AlternatesI18nSitemap(SimpleI18nSitemap):
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class AlternatesI18nSitemap(SimpleI18nSitemap):
 
 
 class LimitedI18nSitemap(AlternatesI18nSitemap):
-    languages = ['en', 'es']
+    languages = ["en", "es"]
 
 
 class XDefaultI18nSitemap(AlternatesI18nSitemap):
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class XDefaultI18nSitemap(AlternatesI18nSitemap):
 class EmptySitemap(Sitemap):
     changefreq = "never"
     priority = 0.5
-    location = '/location/'
+    location = "/location/"
 
 
 class FixedLastmodSitemap(SimpleSitemap):
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class FixedLastmodSitemap(SimpleSitemap):
 class FixedLastmodMixedSitemap(Sitemap):
     changefreq = "never"
     priority = 0.5
-    location = '/location/'
+    location = "/location/"
     loop = 0
 
     def items(self):
@@ -85,7 +85,8 @@ class TimezoneSiteMap(SimpleSitemap):
 
 class CallableLastmodPartialSitemap(Sitemap):
     """Not all items have `lastmod`."""
-    location = '/location/'
+
+    location = "/location/"
 
     def items(self):
         o1 = TestModel()
@@ -99,7 +100,8 @@ class CallableLastmodPartialSitemap(Sitemap):
 
 class CallableLastmodFullSitemap(Sitemap):
     """All items have `lastmod`."""
-    location = '/location/'
+
+    location = "/location/"
 
     def items(self):
         o1 = TestModel()
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ class CallableLastmodFullSitemap(Sitemap):
 class GetLatestLastmodNoneSiteMap(Sitemap):
     changefreq = "never"
     priority = 0.5
-    location = '/location/'
+    location = "/location/"
 
     def items(self):
         return [object()]
@@ -137,216 +139,292 @@ def testmodelview(request, id):
 
 
 simple_sitemaps = {
-    'simple': SimpleSitemap,
+    "simple": SimpleSitemap,
 }
 
 simple_i18n_sitemaps = {
-    'i18n': SimpleI18nSitemap,
+    "i18n": SimpleI18nSitemap,
 }
 
 alternates_i18n_sitemaps = {
-    'i18n-alternates': AlternatesI18nSitemap,
+    "i18n-alternates": AlternatesI18nSitemap,
 }
 
 limited_i18n_sitemaps = {
-    'i18n-limited': LimitedI18nSitemap,
+    "i18n-limited": LimitedI18nSitemap,
 }
 
 xdefault_i18n_sitemaps = {
-    'i18n-xdefault': XDefaultI18nSitemap,
+    "i18n-xdefault": XDefaultI18nSitemap,
 }
 
 simple_sitemaps_not_callable = {
-    'simple': SimpleSitemap(),
+    "simple": SimpleSitemap(),
 }
 
 simple_sitemaps_paged = {
-    'simple': SimplePagedSitemap,
+    "simple": SimplePagedSitemap,
 }
 
 empty_sitemaps = {
-    'empty': EmptySitemap,
+    "empty": EmptySitemap,
 }
 
 fixed_lastmod_sitemaps = {
-    'fixed-lastmod': FixedLastmodSitemap,
+    "fixed-lastmod": FixedLastmodSitemap,
 }
 
 fixed_lastmod_mixed_sitemaps = {
-    'fixed-lastmod-mixed': FixedLastmodMixedSitemap,
+    "fixed-lastmod-mixed": FixedLastmodMixedSitemap,
 }
 
 sitemaps_lastmod_mixed_ascending = {
-    'no-lastmod': EmptySitemap,
-    'lastmod': FixedLastmodSitemap,
+    "no-lastmod": EmptySitemap,
+    "lastmod": FixedLastmodSitemap,
 }
 
 sitemaps_lastmod_mixed_descending = {
-    'lastmod': FixedLastmodSitemap,
-    'no-lastmod': EmptySitemap,
+    "lastmod": FixedLastmodSitemap,
+    "no-lastmod": EmptySitemap,
 }
 
 sitemaps_lastmod_ascending = {
-    'date': DateSiteMap,
-    'datetime': FixedLastmodSitemap,
-    'datetime-newer': FixedNewerLastmodSitemap,
+    "date": DateSiteMap,
+    "datetime": FixedLastmodSitemap,
+    "datetime-newer": FixedNewerLastmodSitemap,
 }
 
 sitemaps_lastmod_descending = {
-    'datetime-newer': FixedNewerLastmodSitemap,
-    'datetime': FixedLastmodSitemap,
-    'date': DateSiteMap,
+    "datetime-newer": FixedNewerLastmodSitemap,
+    "datetime": FixedLastmodSitemap,
+    "date": DateSiteMap,
 }
 
 generic_sitemaps = {
-    'generic': GenericSitemap({'queryset': TestModel.objects.order_by('pk').all()}),
+    "generic": GenericSitemap({"queryset": TestModel.objects.order_by("pk").all()}),
 }
 
 get_latest_lastmod_none_sitemaps = {
-    'get-latest-lastmod-none': GetLatestLastmodNoneSiteMap,
+    "get-latest-lastmod-none": GetLatestLastmodNoneSiteMap,
 }
 
 get_latest_lastmod_sitemaps = {
-    'get-latest-lastmod': GetLatestLastmodSiteMap,
+    "get-latest-lastmod": GetLatestLastmodSiteMap,
 }
 
 latest_lastmod_timezone_sitemaps = {
-    'latest-lastmod-timezone': TimezoneSiteMap,
+    "latest-lastmod-timezone": TimezoneSiteMap,
 }
 
 generic_sitemaps_lastmod = {
-    'generic': GenericSitemap({
-        'queryset': TestModel.objects.order_by('pk').all(),
-        'date_field': 'lastmod',
-    }),
+    "generic": GenericSitemap(
+        {
+            "queryset": TestModel.objects.order_by("pk").all(),
+            "date_field": "lastmod",
+        }
+    ),
 }
 
 callable_lastmod_partial_sitemap = {
-    'callable-lastmod': CallableLastmodPartialSitemap,
+    "callable-lastmod": CallableLastmodPartialSitemap,
 }
 
 callable_lastmod_full_sitemap = {
-    'callable-lastmod': CallableLastmodFullSitemap,
+    "callable-lastmod": CallableLastmodFullSitemap,
 }
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('simple/index.xml', views.index, {'sitemaps': simple_sitemaps}),
-    path('simple-paged/index.xml', views.index, {'sitemaps': simple_sitemaps_paged}),
-    path('simple-not-callable/index.xml', views.index, {'sitemaps': simple_sitemaps_not_callable}),
+    path("simple/index.xml", views.index, {"sitemaps": simple_sitemaps}),
+    path("simple-paged/index.xml", views.index, {"sitemaps": simple_sitemaps_paged}),
     path(
-        'simple/custom-index.xml', views.index,
-        {'sitemaps': simple_sitemaps, 'template_name': 'custom_sitemap_index.xml'}),
-    path(
-        'simple/custom-lastmod-index.xml', views.index,
-        {'sitemaps': simple_sitemaps, 'template_name': 'custom_sitemap_lastmod_index.xml'},
+        "simple-not-callable/index.xml",
+        views.index,
+        {"sitemaps": simple_sitemaps_not_callable},
     ),
     path(
-        'simple/sitemap-<section>.xml', views.sitemap,
-        {'sitemaps': simple_sitemaps},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
-    path(
-        'simple/sitemap.xml', views.sitemap,
-        {'sitemaps': simple_sitemaps},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
-    path(
-        'simple/i18n.xml', views.sitemap,
-        {'sitemaps': simple_i18n_sitemaps},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
-    path(
-        'alternates/i18n.xml', views.sitemap,
-        {'sitemaps': alternates_i18n_sitemaps},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
-    path(
-        'limited/i18n.xml', views.sitemap,
-        {'sitemaps': limited_i18n_sitemaps},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
-    path(
-        'x-default/i18n.xml', views.sitemap,
-        {'sitemaps': xdefault_i18n_sitemaps},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
-    path(
-        'simple/custom-sitemap.xml', views.sitemap,
-        {'sitemaps': simple_sitemaps, 'template_name': 'custom_sitemap.xml'},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
-    path(
-        'empty/sitemap.xml', views.sitemap,
-        {'sitemaps': empty_sitemaps},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
-    path(
-        'lastmod/sitemap.xml', views.sitemap,
-        {'sitemaps': fixed_lastmod_sitemaps},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
-    path(
-        'lastmod-mixed/sitemap.xml', views.sitemap,
-        {'sitemaps': fixed_lastmod_mixed_sitemaps},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
-    path(
-        'lastmod/date-sitemap.xml', views.sitemap,
-        {'sitemaps': {'date-sitemap': DateSiteMap}},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
-    path(
-        'lastmod/tz-sitemap.xml', views.sitemap,
-        {'sitemaps': {'tz-sitemap': TimezoneSiteMap}},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
-    path(
-        'lastmod-sitemaps/mixed-ascending.xml', views.sitemap,
-        {'sitemaps': sitemaps_lastmod_mixed_ascending},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
-    path(
-        'lastmod-sitemaps/mixed-descending.xml', views.sitemap,
-        {'sitemaps': sitemaps_lastmod_mixed_descending},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
-    path(
-        'lastmod-sitemaps/ascending.xml', views.sitemap,
-        {'sitemaps': sitemaps_lastmod_ascending},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
-    path(
-        'lastmod-sitemaps/descending.xml', views.sitemap,
-        {'sitemaps': sitemaps_lastmod_descending},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
-    path(
-        'lastmod/get-latest-lastmod-none-sitemap.xml', views.index,
-        {'sitemaps': get_latest_lastmod_none_sitemaps},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.index',
+        "simple/custom-index.xml",
+        views.index,
+        {"sitemaps": simple_sitemaps, "template_name": "custom_sitemap_index.xml"},
     ),
     path(
-        'lastmod/get-latest-lastmod-sitemap.xml', views.index,
-        {'sitemaps': get_latest_lastmod_sitemaps},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.index',
+        "simple/custom-lastmod-index.xml",
+        views.index,
+        {
+            "sitemaps": simple_sitemaps,
+            "template_name": "custom_sitemap_lastmod_index.xml",
+        },
     ),
     path(
-        'lastmod/latest-lastmod-timezone-sitemap.xml', views.index,
-        {'sitemaps': latest_lastmod_timezone_sitemaps},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.index',
+        "simple/sitemap-<section>.xml",
+        views.sitemap,
+        {"sitemaps": simple_sitemaps},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap",
     ),
     path(
-        'generic/sitemap.xml', views.sitemap,
-        {'sitemaps': generic_sitemaps},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
+        "simple/sitemap.xml",
+        views.sitemap,
+        {"sitemaps": simple_sitemaps},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap",
+    ),
     path(
-        'generic-lastmod/sitemap.xml', views.sitemap,
-        {'sitemaps': generic_sitemaps_lastmod},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
+        "simple/i18n.xml",
+        views.sitemap,
+        {"sitemaps": simple_i18n_sitemaps},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap",
+    ),
     path(
-        'cached/index.xml', cache_page(1)(views.index),
-        {'sitemaps': simple_sitemaps, 'sitemap_url_name': 'cached_sitemap'}),
+        "alternates/i18n.xml",
+        views.sitemap,
+        {"sitemaps": alternates_i18n_sitemaps},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap",
+    ),
     path(
-        'cached/sitemap-<section>.xml', cache_page(1)(views.sitemap),
-        {'sitemaps': simple_sitemaps}, name='cached_sitemap'),
+        "limited/i18n.xml",
+        views.sitemap,
+        {"sitemaps": limited_i18n_sitemaps},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap",
+    ),
     path(
-        'sitemap-without-entries/sitemap.xml', views.sitemap,
-        {'sitemaps': {}}, name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
-    path('callable-lastmod-partial/index.xml', views.index, {'sitemaps': callable_lastmod_partial_sitemap}),
-    path('callable-lastmod-partial/sitemap.xml', views.sitemap, {'sitemaps': callable_lastmod_partial_sitemap}),
-    path('callable-lastmod-full/index.xml', views.index, {'sitemaps': callable_lastmod_full_sitemap}),
-    path('callable-lastmod-full/sitemap.xml', views.sitemap, {'sitemaps': callable_lastmod_full_sitemap}),
+        "x-default/i18n.xml",
+        views.sitemap,
+        {"sitemaps": xdefault_i18n_sitemaps},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap",
+    ),
     path(
-        'generic-lastmod/index.xml', views.index,
-        {'sitemaps': generic_sitemaps_lastmod},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.index',
+        "simple/custom-sitemap.xml",
+        views.sitemap,
+        {"sitemaps": simple_sitemaps, "template_name": "custom_sitemap.xml"},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap",
+    ),
+    path(
+        "empty/sitemap.xml",
+        views.sitemap,
+        {"sitemaps": empty_sitemaps},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap",
+    ),
+    path(
+        "lastmod/sitemap.xml",
+        views.sitemap,
+        {"sitemaps": fixed_lastmod_sitemaps},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap",
+    ),
+    path(
+        "lastmod-mixed/sitemap.xml",
+        views.sitemap,
+        {"sitemaps": fixed_lastmod_mixed_sitemaps},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap",
+    ),
+    path(
+        "lastmod/date-sitemap.xml",
+        views.sitemap,
+        {"sitemaps": {"date-sitemap": DateSiteMap}},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap",
+    ),
+    path(
+        "lastmod/tz-sitemap.xml",
+        views.sitemap,
+        {"sitemaps": {"tz-sitemap": TimezoneSiteMap}},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap",
+    ),
+    path(
+        "lastmod-sitemaps/mixed-ascending.xml",
+        views.sitemap,
+        {"sitemaps": sitemaps_lastmod_mixed_ascending},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap",
+    ),
+    path(
+        "lastmod-sitemaps/mixed-descending.xml",
+        views.sitemap,
+        {"sitemaps": sitemaps_lastmod_mixed_descending},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap",
+    ),
+    path(
+        "lastmod-sitemaps/ascending.xml",
+        views.sitemap,
+        {"sitemaps": sitemaps_lastmod_ascending},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap",
+    ),
+    path(
+        "lastmod-sitemaps/descending.xml",
+        views.sitemap,
+        {"sitemaps": sitemaps_lastmod_descending},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap",
+    ),
+    path(
+        "lastmod/get-latest-lastmod-none-sitemap.xml",
+        views.index,
+        {"sitemaps": get_latest_lastmod_none_sitemaps},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.index",
+    ),
+    path(
+        "lastmod/get-latest-lastmod-sitemap.xml",
+        views.index,
+        {"sitemaps": get_latest_lastmod_sitemaps},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.index",
+    ),
+    path(
+        "lastmod/latest-lastmod-timezone-sitemap.xml",
+        views.index,
+        {"sitemaps": latest_lastmod_timezone_sitemaps},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.index",
+    ),
+    path(
+        "generic/sitemap.xml",
+        views.sitemap,
+        {"sitemaps": generic_sitemaps},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap",
+    ),
+    path(
+        "generic-lastmod/sitemap.xml",
+        views.sitemap,
+        {"sitemaps": generic_sitemaps_lastmod},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap",
+    ),
+    path(
+        "cached/index.xml",
+        cache_page(1)(views.index),
+        {"sitemaps": simple_sitemaps, "sitemap_url_name": "cached_sitemap"},
+    ),
+    path(
+        "cached/sitemap-<section>.xml",
+        cache_page(1)(views.sitemap),
+        {"sitemaps": simple_sitemaps},
+        name="cached_sitemap",
+    ),
+    path(
+        "sitemap-without-entries/sitemap.xml",
+        views.sitemap,
+        {"sitemaps": {}},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap",
+    ),
+    path(
+        "callable-lastmod-partial/index.xml",
+        views.index,
+        {"sitemaps": callable_lastmod_partial_sitemap},
+    ),
+    path(
+        "callable-lastmod-partial/sitemap.xml",
+        views.sitemap,
+        {"sitemaps": callable_lastmod_partial_sitemap},
+    ),
+    path(
+        "callable-lastmod-full/index.xml",
+        views.index,
+        {"sitemaps": callable_lastmod_full_sitemap},
+    ),
+    path(
+        "callable-lastmod-full/sitemap.xml",
+        views.sitemap,
+        {"sitemaps": callable_lastmod_full_sitemap},
+    ),
+    path(
+        "generic-lastmod/index.xml",
+        views.index,
+        {"sitemaps": generic_sitemaps_lastmod},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.index",
     ),
 ]
 
 urlpatterns += i18n_patterns(
-    path('i18n/testmodel/<int:id>/', testmodelview, name='i18n_testmodel'),
+    path("i18n/testmodel/<int:id>/", testmodelview, name="i18n_testmodel"),
 )
diff --git a/tests/sitemaps_tests/urls/https.py b/tests/sitemaps_tests/urls/https.py
index 191fb5163e..da7ecaf5db 100644
--- a/tests/sitemaps_tests/urls/https.py
+++ b/tests/sitemaps_tests/urls/https.py
@@ -5,17 +5,19 @@ from .http import SimpleSitemap
 
 
 class HTTPSSitemap(SimpleSitemap):
-    protocol = 'https'
+    protocol = "https"
 
 
 secure_sitemaps = {
-    'simple': HTTPSSitemap,
+    "simple": HTTPSSitemap,
 }
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('secure/index.xml', views.index, {'sitemaps': secure_sitemaps}),
+    path("secure/index.xml", views.index, {"sitemaps": secure_sitemaps}),
     path(
-        'secure/sitemap-<section>.xml', views.sitemap,
-        {'sitemaps': secure_sitemaps},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap'),
+        "secure/sitemap-<section>.xml",
+        views.sitemap,
+        {"sitemaps": secure_sitemaps},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap",
+    ),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/sitemaps_tests/urls/index_only.py b/tests/sitemaps_tests/urls/index_only.py
index 6f8f8e162e..238172b2e8 100644
--- a/tests/sitemaps_tests/urls/index_only.py
+++ b/tests/sitemaps_tests/urls/index_only.py
@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@ from .http import simple_sitemaps
 
 urlpatterns = [
     path(
-        'simple/index.xml', views.index, {'sitemaps': simple_sitemaps},
-        name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.index'),
+        "simple/index.xml",
+        views.index,
+        {"sitemaps": simple_sitemaps},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.index",
+    ),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/sitemaps_tests/urls/sitemap_only.py b/tests/sitemaps_tests/urls/sitemap_only.py
index 3831fe4787..1b23977b28 100644
--- a/tests/sitemaps_tests/urls/sitemap_only.py
+++ b/tests/sitemaps_tests/urls/sitemap_only.py
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ from django.urls import path
 
 urlpatterns = [
     path(
-        'sitemap-without-entries/sitemap.xml', views.sitemap,
-        {'sitemaps': {}}, name='django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap',
+        "sitemap-without-entries/sitemap.xml",
+        views.sitemap,
+        {"sitemaps": {}},
+        name="django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap",
     ),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/sites_framework/migrations/0001_initial.py b/tests/sites_framework/migrations/0001_initial.py
index f4a2ba9460..ba0cd36d48 100644
--- a/tests/sites_framework/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/tests/sites_framework/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -4,43 +4,70 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
 
     dependencies = [
-        ('sites', '0001_initial'),
+        ("sites", "0001_initial"),
     ]
 
     operations = [
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='CustomArticle',
+            name="CustomArticle",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('title', models.CharField(max_length=50)),
-                ('places_this_article_should_appear', models.ForeignKey('sites.Site', models.CASCADE)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("title", models.CharField(max_length=50)),
+                (
+                    "places_this_article_should_appear",
+                    models.ForeignKey("sites.Site", models.CASCADE),
+                ),
             ],
             options={
-                'abstract': False,
+                "abstract": False,
             },
             bases=(models.Model,),
         ),
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='ExclusiveArticle',
+            name="ExclusiveArticle",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('title', models.CharField(max_length=50)),
-                ('site', models.ForeignKey('sites.Site', models.CASCADE)),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("title", models.CharField(max_length=50)),
+                ("site", models.ForeignKey("sites.Site", models.CASCADE)),
             ],
             options={
-                'abstract': False,
+                "abstract": False,
             },
             bases=(models.Model,),
         ),
         migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='SyndicatedArticle',
+            name="SyndicatedArticle",
             fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
-                ('title', models.CharField(max_length=50)),
-                ('sites', models.ManyToManyField('sites.Site')),
+                (
+                    "id",
+                    models.AutoField(
+                        verbose_name="ID",
+                        serialize=False,
+                        auto_created=True,
+                        primary_key=True,
+                    ),
+                ),
+                ("title", models.CharField(max_length=50)),
+                ("sites", models.ManyToManyField("sites.Site")),
             ],
             options={
-                'abstract': False,
+                "abstract": False,
             },
             bases=(models.Model,),
         ),
diff --git a/tests/sites_framework/tests.py b/tests/sites_framework/tests.py
index e44b3a6d84..bb0f79e5fe 100644
--- a/tests/sites_framework/tests.py
+++ b/tests/sites_framework/tests.py
@@ -12,11 +12,17 @@ from .models import CustomArticle, ExclusiveArticle, SyndicatedArticle
 class SitesFrameworkTestCase(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        Site.objects.get_or_create(id=settings.SITE_ID, domain="example.com", name="example.com")
-        Site.objects.create(id=settings.SITE_ID + 1, domain="example2.com", name="example2.com")
+        Site.objects.get_or_create(
+            id=settings.SITE_ID, domain="example.com", name="example.com"
+        )
+        Site.objects.create(
+            id=settings.SITE_ID + 1, domain="example2.com", name="example2.com"
+        )
 
     def test_site_fk(self):
-        article = ExclusiveArticle.objects.create(title="Breaking News!", site_id=settings.SITE_ID)
+        article = ExclusiveArticle.objects.create(
+            title="Breaking News!", site_id=settings.SITE_ID
+        )
         self.assertEqual(ExclusiveArticle.on_site.all().get(), article)
 
     def test_sites_m2m(self):
@@ -35,9 +41,8 @@ class SitesFrameworkTestCase(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(CustomArticle.on_site.all().get(), article)
 
 
-@isolate_apps('sites_framework')
+@isolate_apps("sites_framework")
 class CurrentSiteManagerChecksTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_invalid_name(self):
         class InvalidArticle(models.Model):
             on_site = CurrentSiteManager("places_this_article_should_appear")
@@ -48,13 +53,12 @@ class CurrentSiteManagerChecksTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 "CurrentSiteManager could not find a field named "
                 "'places_this_article_should_appear'.",
                 obj=InvalidArticle.on_site,
-                id='sites.E001',
+                id="sites.E001",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
 
     def test_invalid_field_type(self):
-
         class ConfusedArticle(models.Model):
             site = models.IntegerField()
             on_site = CurrentSiteManager()
@@ -65,7 +69,7 @@ class CurrentSiteManagerChecksTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 "CurrentSiteManager cannot use 'ConfusedArticle.site' as it is "
                 "not a foreign key or a many-to-many field.",
                 obj=ConfusedArticle.on_site,
-                id='sites.E002',
+                id="sites.E002",
             )
         ]
         self.assertEqual(errors, expected)
diff --git a/tests/sites_tests/tests.py b/tests/sites_tests/tests.py
index 896830fffb..f0ac9dc2ec 100644
--- a/tests/sites_tests/tests.py
+++ b/tests/sites_tests/tests.py
@@ -12,19 +12,17 @@ from django.core import checks
 from django.core.exceptions import ObjectDoesNotExist, ValidationError
 from django.db.models.signals import post_migrate
 from django.http import HttpRequest, HttpResponse
-from django.test import (
-    SimpleTestCase, TestCase, modify_settings, override_settings,
-)
+from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase, modify_settings, override_settings
 from django.test.utils import captured_stdout
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.sites'})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.sites"})
 class SitesFrameworkTests(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.site = Site(id=settings.SITE_ID, domain='example.com', name='example.com')
+        cls.site = Site(id=settings.SITE_ID, domain="example.com", name="example.com")
         cls.site.save()
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -60,7 +58,7 @@ class SitesFrameworkTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(Site.DoesNotExist):
             Site.objects.get_current()
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=['example.com'])
+    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=["example.com"])
     def test_get_current_site(self):
         # The correct Site object is returned
         request = HttpRequest()
@@ -79,12 +77,12 @@ class SitesFrameworkTests(TestCase):
             get_current_site(request)
 
         # A RequestSite is returned if the sites framework is not installed
-        with self.modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'remove': 'django.contrib.sites'}):
+        with self.modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"remove": "django.contrib.sites"}):
             site = get_current_site(request)
             self.assertIsInstance(site, RequestSite)
             self.assertEqual(site.name, "example.com")
 
-    @override_settings(SITE_ID=None, ALLOWED_HOSTS=['example.com'])
+    @override_settings(SITE_ID=None, ALLOWED_HOSTS=["example.com"])
     def test_get_current_site_no_site_id(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
         request.META = {
@@ -95,54 +93,54 @@ class SitesFrameworkTests(TestCase):
         site = get_current_site(request)
         self.assertEqual(site.name, "example.com")
 
-    @override_settings(SITE_ID=None, ALLOWED_HOSTS=['example.com'])
+    @override_settings(SITE_ID=None, ALLOWED_HOSTS=["example.com"])
     def test_get_current_site_host_with_trailing_dot(self):
         """
         The site is matched if the name in the request has a trailing dot.
         """
         request = HttpRequest()
         request.META = {
-            'SERVER_NAME': 'example.com.',
-            'SERVER_PORT': '80',
+            "SERVER_NAME": "example.com.",
+            "SERVER_PORT": "80",
         }
         site = get_current_site(request)
-        self.assertEqual(site.name, 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(site.name, "example.com")
 
-    @override_settings(SITE_ID=None, ALLOWED_HOSTS=['example.com', 'example.net'])
+    @override_settings(SITE_ID=None, ALLOWED_HOSTS=["example.com", "example.net"])
     def test_get_current_site_no_site_id_and_handle_port_fallback(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
         s1 = self.site
-        s2 = Site.objects.create(domain='example.com:80', name='example.com:80')
+        s2 = Site.objects.create(domain="example.com:80", name="example.com:80")
 
         # Host header without port
-        request.META = {'HTTP_HOST': 'example.com'}
+        request.META = {"HTTP_HOST": "example.com"}
         site = get_current_site(request)
         self.assertEqual(site, s1)
 
         # Host header with port - match, no fallback without port
-        request.META = {'HTTP_HOST': 'example.com:80'}
+        request.META = {"HTTP_HOST": "example.com:80"}
         site = get_current_site(request)
         self.assertEqual(site, s2)
 
         # Host header with port - no match, fallback without port
-        request.META = {'HTTP_HOST': 'example.com:81'}
+        request.META = {"HTTP_HOST": "example.com:81"}
         site = get_current_site(request)
         self.assertEqual(site, s1)
 
         # Host header with non-matching domain
-        request.META = {'HTTP_HOST': 'example.net'}
+        request.META = {"HTTP_HOST": "example.net"}
         with self.assertRaises(ObjectDoesNotExist):
             get_current_site(request)
 
         # Ensure domain for RequestSite always matches host header
-        with self.modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'remove': 'django.contrib.sites'}):
-            request.META = {'HTTP_HOST': 'example.com'}
+        with self.modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"remove": "django.contrib.sites"}):
+            request.META = {"HTTP_HOST": "example.com"}
             site = get_current_site(request)
-            self.assertEqual(site.name, 'example.com')
+            self.assertEqual(site.name, "example.com")
 
-            request.META = {'HTTP_HOST': 'example.com:80'}
+            request.META = {"HTTP_HOST": "example.com:80"}
             site = get_current_site(request)
-            self.assertEqual(site.name, 'example.com:80')
+            self.assertEqual(site.name, "example.com:80")
 
     def test_domain_name_with_whitespaces(self):
         # Regression for #17320
@@ -157,7 +155,7 @@ class SitesFrameworkTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError):
             site.full_clean()
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=['example.com'])
+    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=["example.com"])
     def test_clear_site_cache(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
         request.META = {
@@ -175,12 +173,12 @@ class SitesFrameworkTests(TestCase):
         expected_cache.update({self.site.domain: self.site})
         self.assertEqual(models.SITE_CACHE, expected_cache)
 
-        clear_site_cache(Site, instance=self.site, using='default')
+        clear_site_cache(Site, instance=self.site, using="default")
         self.assertEqual(models.SITE_CACHE, {})
 
-    @override_settings(SITE_ID=None, ALLOWED_HOSTS=['example2.com'])
+    @override_settings(SITE_ID=None, ALLOWED_HOSTS=["example2.com"])
     def test_clear_site_cache_domain(self):
-        site = Site.objects.create(name='example2.com', domain='example2.com')
+        site = Site.objects.create(name="example2.com", domain="example2.com")
         request = HttpRequest()
         request.META = {
             "SERVER_NAME": "example2.com",
@@ -191,15 +189,15 @@ class SitesFrameworkTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(models.SITE_CACHE, expected_cache)
 
         # Site exists in 'default' database so using='other' shouldn't clear.
-        clear_site_cache(Site, instance=site, using='other')
+        clear_site_cache(Site, instance=site, using="other")
         self.assertEqual(models.SITE_CACHE, expected_cache)
         # using='default' should clear.
-        clear_site_cache(Site, instance=site, using='default')
+        clear_site_cache(Site, instance=site, using="default")
         self.assertEqual(models.SITE_CACHE, {})
 
     def test_unique_domain(self):
         site = Site(domain=self.site.domain)
-        msg = 'Site with this Domain name already exists.'
+        msg = "Site with this Domain name already exists."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, msg):
             site.validate_unique()
 
@@ -207,14 +205,17 @@ class SitesFrameworkTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(Site.objects.get_by_natural_key(self.site.domain), self.site)
         self.assertEqual(self.site.natural_key(), (self.site.domain,))
 
-    @override_settings(SITE_ID='1')
+    @override_settings(SITE_ID="1")
     def test_check_site_id(self):
-        self.assertEqual(check_site_id(None), [
-            checks.Error(
-                msg='The SITE_ID setting must be an integer',
-                id='sites.E101',
-            ),
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            check_site_id(None),
+            [
+                checks.Error(
+                    msg="The SITE_ID setting must be an integer",
+                    id="sites.E101",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_valid_site_id(self):
         for site_id in [1, None]:
@@ -222,40 +223,39 @@ class SitesFrameworkTests(TestCase):
                 self.assertEqual(check_site_id(None), [])
 
 
-@override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=['example.com'])
+@override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=["example.com"])
 class RequestSiteTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
-        request.META = {'HTTP_HOST': 'example.com'}
+        request.META = {"HTTP_HOST": "example.com"}
         self.site = RequestSite(request)
 
     def test_init_attributes(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.site.domain, 'example.com')
-        self.assertEqual(self.site.name, 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(self.site.domain, "example.com")
+        self.assertEqual(self.site.name, "example.com")
 
     def test_str(self):
-        self.assertEqual(str(self.site), 'example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.site), "example.com")
 
     def test_save(self):
-        msg = 'RequestSite cannot be saved.'
+        msg = "RequestSite cannot be saved."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
             self.site.save()
 
     def test_delete(self):
-        msg = 'RequestSite cannot be deleted.'
+        msg = "RequestSite cannot be deleted."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
             self.site.delete()
 
 
 class JustOtherRouter:
     def allow_migrate(self, db, app_label, **hints):
-        return db == 'other'
+        return db == "other"
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'django.contrib.sites'})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "django.contrib.sites"})
 class CreateDefaultSiteTests(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ class CreateDefaultSiteTests(TestCase):
         Site.objects.all().delete()
 
     def setUp(self):
-        self.app_config = apps.get_app_config('sites')
+        self.app_config = apps.get_app_config("sites")
 
     def test_basic(self):
         """
@@ -285,16 +285,16 @@ class CreateDefaultSiteTests(TestCase):
         """
         #16353, #16828 - The default site creation should respect db routing.
         """
-        create_default_site(self.app_config, using='default', verbosity=0)
-        create_default_site(self.app_config, using='other', verbosity=0)
-        self.assertFalse(Site.objects.using('default').exists())
-        self.assertTrue(Site.objects.using('other').exists())
+        create_default_site(self.app_config, using="default", verbosity=0)
+        create_default_site(self.app_config, using="other", verbosity=0)
+        self.assertFalse(Site.objects.using("default").exists())
+        self.assertTrue(Site.objects.using("other").exists())
 
     def test_multi_db(self):
-        create_default_site(self.app_config, using='default', verbosity=0)
-        create_default_site(self.app_config, using='other', verbosity=0)
-        self.assertTrue(Site.objects.using('default').exists())
-        self.assertTrue(Site.objects.using('other').exists())
+        create_default_site(self.app_config, using="default", verbosity=0)
+        create_default_site(self.app_config, using="other", verbosity=0)
+        self.assertTrue(Site.objects.using("default").exists())
+        self.assertTrue(Site.objects.using("other").exists())
 
     def test_save_another(self):
         """
@@ -306,14 +306,16 @@ class CreateDefaultSiteTests(TestCase):
         for automatic primary keys such as PostgreSQL and Oracle.
         """
         create_default_site(self.app_config, verbosity=0)
-        Site(domain='example2.com', name='example2.com').save()
+        Site(domain="example2.com", name="example2.com").save()
 
     def test_signal(self):
         """
         #23641 - Sending the ``post_migrate`` signal triggers creation of the
         default site.
         """
-        post_migrate.send(sender=self.app_config, app_config=self.app_config, verbosity=0)
+        post_migrate.send(
+            sender=self.app_config, app_config=self.app_config, verbosity=0
+        )
         self.assertTrue(Site.objects.exists())
 
     @override_settings(SITE_ID=35696)
@@ -346,5 +348,6 @@ class MiddlewareTest(TestCase):
     def test_request(self):
         def get_response(request):
             return HttpResponse(str(request.site.id))
+
         response = CurrentSiteMiddleware(get_response)(HttpRequest())
         self.assertContains(response, settings.SITE_ID)
diff --git a/tests/staticfiles_tests/apps/staticfiles_config.py b/tests/staticfiles_tests/apps/staticfiles_config.py
index b8b3960c9d..cf2147f1fa 100644
--- a/tests/staticfiles_tests/apps/staticfiles_config.py
+++ b/tests/staticfiles_tests/apps/staticfiles_config.py
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ from django.contrib.staticfiles.apps import StaticFilesConfig
 
 
 class IgnorePatternsAppConfig(StaticFilesConfig):
-    ignore_patterns = ['*.css', '*/vendor/*.js']
+    ignore_patterns = ["*.css", "*/vendor/*.js"]
diff --git a/tests/staticfiles_tests/cases.py b/tests/staticfiles_tests/cases.py
index 4e767d9cb0..5e8b150b33 100644
--- a/tests/staticfiles_tests/cases.py
+++ b/tests/staticfiles_tests/cases.py
@@ -33,7 +33,10 @@ class BaseStaticFilesMixin:
 
     def static_template_snippet(self, path, asvar=False):
         if asvar:
-            return "{%% load static from static %%}{%% static '%s' as var %%}{{ var }}" % path
+            return (
+                "{%% load static from static %%}{%% static '%s' as var %%}{{ var }}"
+                % path
+            )
         return "{%% load static from static %%}{%% static '%s' %%}" % path
 
     def assertStaticRenders(self, path, result, asvar=False, **kwargs):
@@ -60,6 +63,7 @@ class CollectionTestCase(BaseStaticFilesMixin, SimpleTestCase):
     is separated because some test cases need those asserts without
     all these tests.
     """
+
     run_collectstatic_in_setUp = True
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -82,13 +86,18 @@ class CollectionTestCase(BaseStaticFilesMixin, SimpleTestCase):
         return tempfile.mkdtemp()
 
     def run_collectstatic(self, *, verbosity=0, **kwargs):
-        call_command('collectstatic', interactive=False, verbosity=verbosity,
-                     ignore_patterns=['*.ignoreme'], **kwargs)
+        call_command(
+            "collectstatic",
+            interactive=False,
+            verbosity=verbosity,
+            ignore_patterns=["*.ignoreme"],
+            **kwargs,
+        )
 
     def _get_file(self, filepath):
-        assert filepath, 'filepath is empty.'
+        assert filepath, "filepath is empty."
         filepath = os.path.join(settings.STATIC_ROOT, filepath)
-        with open(filepath, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        with open(filepath, encoding="utf-8") as f:
             return f.read()
 
 
@@ -96,43 +105,44 @@ class TestDefaults:
     """
     A few standard test cases.
     """
+
     def test_staticfiles_dirs(self):
         """
         Can find a file in a STATICFILES_DIRS directory.
         """
-        self.assertFileContains('test.txt', 'Can we find')
-        self.assertFileContains(os.path.join('prefix', 'test.txt'), 'Prefix')
+        self.assertFileContains("test.txt", "Can we find")
+        self.assertFileContains(os.path.join("prefix", "test.txt"), "Prefix")
 
     def test_staticfiles_dirs_subdir(self):
         """
         Can find a file in a subdirectory of a STATICFILES_DIRS
         directory.
         """
-        self.assertFileContains('subdir/test.txt', 'Can we find')
+        self.assertFileContains("subdir/test.txt", "Can we find")
 
     def test_staticfiles_dirs_priority(self):
         """
         File in STATICFILES_DIRS has priority over file in app.
         """
-        self.assertFileContains('test/file.txt', 'STATICFILES_DIRS')
+        self.assertFileContains("test/file.txt", "STATICFILES_DIRS")
 
     def test_app_files(self):
         """
         Can find a file in an app static/ directory.
         """
-        self.assertFileContains('test/file1.txt', 'file1 in the app dir')
+        self.assertFileContains("test/file1.txt", "file1 in the app dir")
 
     def test_nonascii_filenames(self):
         """
         Can find a file with non-ASCII character in an app static/ directory.
         """
-        self.assertFileContains('test/⊗.txt', '⊗ in the app dir')
+        self.assertFileContains("test/⊗.txt", "⊗ in the app dir")
 
     def test_camelcase_filenames(self):
         """
         Can find a file with capital letters.
         """
-        self.assertFileContains('test/camelCase.txt', 'camelCase')
+        self.assertFileContains("test/camelCase.txt", "camelCase")
 
     def test_filename_with_percent_sign(self):
-        self.assertFileContains('test/%2F.txt', '%2F content')
+        self.assertFileContains("test/%2F.txt", "%2F content")
diff --git a/tests/staticfiles_tests/settings.py b/tests/staticfiles_tests/settings.py
index 3bd581824d..a5fd116c0a 100644
--- a/tests/staticfiles_tests/settings.py
+++ b/tests/staticfiles_tests/settings.py
@@ -4,27 +4,27 @@ from pathlib import Path
 TEST_ROOT = os.path.dirname(__file__)
 
 TEST_SETTINGS = {
-    'MEDIA_URL': 'media/',
-    'STATIC_URL': 'static/',
-    'MEDIA_ROOT': os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, 'project', 'site_media', 'media'),
-    'STATIC_ROOT': os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, 'project', 'site_media', 'static'),
-    'STATICFILES_DIRS': [
-        os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, 'project', 'documents'),
-        ('prefix', os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, 'project', 'prefixed')),
-        Path(TEST_ROOT) / 'project' / 'pathlib',
+    "MEDIA_URL": "media/",
+    "STATIC_URL": "static/",
+    "MEDIA_ROOT": os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, "project", "site_media", "media"),
+    "STATIC_ROOT": os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, "project", "site_media", "static"),
+    "STATICFILES_DIRS": [
+        os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, "project", "documents"),
+        ("prefix", os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, "project", "prefixed")),
+        Path(TEST_ROOT) / "project" / "pathlib",
     ],
-    'STATICFILES_FINDERS': [
-        'django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder',
-        'django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.AppDirectoriesFinder',
-        'django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.DefaultStorageFinder',
+    "STATICFILES_FINDERS": [
+        "django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder",
+        "django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.AppDirectoriesFinder",
+        "django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.DefaultStorageFinder",
     ],
-    'INSTALLED_APPS': [
-        'django.contrib.staticfiles',
-        'staticfiles_tests',
-        'staticfiles_tests.apps.test',
-        'staticfiles_tests.apps.no_label',
+    "INSTALLED_APPS": [
+        "django.contrib.staticfiles",
+        "staticfiles_tests",
+        "staticfiles_tests.apps.test",
+        "staticfiles_tests.apps.no_label",
     ],
     # In particular, AuthenticationMiddleware can't be used because
     # contrib.auth isn't in INSTALLED_APPS.
-    'MIDDLEWARE': [],
+    "MIDDLEWARE": [],
 }
diff --git a/tests/staticfiles_tests/storage.py b/tests/staticfiles_tests/storage.py
index 6a319f934d..1bb4e37485 100644
--- a/tests/staticfiles_tests/storage.py
+++ b/tests/staticfiles_tests/storage.py
@@ -12,8 +12,9 @@ class DummyStorage(storage.Storage):
     A storage class that implements get_modified_time() but raises
     NotImplementedError for path().
     """
+
     def _save(self, name, content):
-        return 'dummy'
+        return "dummy"
 
     def delete(self, name):
         pass
@@ -26,9 +27,8 @@ class DummyStorage(storage.Storage):
 
 
 class PathNotImplementedStorage(storage.Storage):
-
     def _save(self, name, content):
-        return 'dummy'
+        return "dummy"
 
     def _path(self, name):
         return os.path.join(settings.STATIC_ROOT, name)
@@ -62,19 +62,19 @@ class NeverCopyRemoteStorage(PathNotImplementedStorage):
     """
     Return a future modified time for all files so that nothing is collected.
     """
+
     def get_modified_time(self, name):
         return datetime.now() + timedelta(days=30)
 
 
 class QueryStringStorage(storage.Storage):
     def url(self, path):
-        return path + '?a=b&c=d'
+        return path + "?a=b&c=d"
 
 
 class SimpleStorage(ManifestStaticFilesStorage):
-
     def file_hash(self, name, content=None):
-        return 'deploy12345'
+        return "deploy12345"
 
 
 class ExtraPatternsStorage(ManifestStaticFilesStorage):
@@ -82,9 +82,11 @@ class ExtraPatternsStorage(ManifestStaticFilesStorage):
     A storage class to test pattern substitutions with more than one pattern
     entry. The added pattern rewrites strings like "url(...)" to JS_URL("...").
     """
+
     patterns = tuple(ManifestStaticFilesStorage.patterns) + (
         (
-            "*.js", (
+            "*.js",
+            (
                 (
                     r"""(?P<matched>url\(['"]{0,1}\s*(?P<url>.*?)["']{0,1}\))""",
                     'JS_URL("%(url)s")',
diff --git a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_checks.py b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_checks.py
index 4b2195b46f..5a4cbe7d0f 100644
--- a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_checks.py
+++ b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_checks.py
@@ -16,15 +16,15 @@ class FindersCheckTests(CollectionTestCase):
 
     def test_base_finder_check_not_implemented(self):
         finder = BaseFinder()
-        msg = 'subclasses may provide a check() method to verify the finder is configured correctly.'
+        msg = "subclasses may provide a check() method to verify the finder is configured correctly."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
             finder.check()
 
     def test_check_finders(self):
         """check_finders() concatenates all errors."""
-        error1 = Error('1')
-        error2 = Error('2')
-        error3 = Error('3')
+        error1 = Error("1")
+        error2 = Error("2")
+        error3 = Error("3")
 
         def get_finders():
             class Finder1(BaseFinder):
@@ -44,71 +44,88 @@ class FindersCheckTests(CollectionTestCase):
 
             return [Finder1(), Finder2(), Finder3(), Finder4()]
 
-        with mock.patch('django.contrib.staticfiles.checks.get_finders', get_finders):
+        with mock.patch("django.contrib.staticfiles.checks.get_finders", get_finders):
             errors = check_finders(None)
             self.assertEqual(errors, [error1, error2, error3])
 
     def test_no_errors_with_test_settings(self):
         self.assertEqual(check_finders(None), [])
 
-    @override_settings(STATICFILES_DIRS='a string')
+    @override_settings(STATICFILES_DIRS="a string")
     def test_dirs_not_tuple_or_list(self):
-        self.assertEqual(check_finders(None), [
-            Error(
-                'The STATICFILES_DIRS setting is not a tuple or list.',
-                hint='Perhaps you forgot a trailing comma?',
-                id='staticfiles.E001',
-            )
-        ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            check_finders(None),
+            [
+                Error(
+                    "The STATICFILES_DIRS setting is not a tuple or list.",
+                    hint="Perhaps you forgot a trailing comma?",
+                    id="staticfiles.E001",
+                )
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_dirs_contains_static_root(self):
         with self.settings(STATICFILES_DIRS=[settings.STATIC_ROOT]):
-            self.assertEqual(check_finders(None), [
-                Error(
-                    'The STATICFILES_DIRS setting should not contain the '
-                    'STATIC_ROOT setting.',
-                    id='staticfiles.E002',
-                )
-            ])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                check_finders(None),
+                [
+                    Error(
+                        "The STATICFILES_DIRS setting should not contain the "
+                        "STATIC_ROOT setting.",
+                        id="staticfiles.E002",
+                    )
+                ],
+            )
 
     def test_dirs_contains_static_root_in_tuple(self):
-        with self.settings(STATICFILES_DIRS=[('prefix', settings.STATIC_ROOT)]):
-            self.assertEqual(check_finders(None), [
-                Error(
-                    'The STATICFILES_DIRS setting should not contain the '
-                    'STATIC_ROOT setting.',
-                    id='staticfiles.E002',
-                )
-            ])
+        with self.settings(STATICFILES_DIRS=[("prefix", settings.STATIC_ROOT)]):
+            self.assertEqual(
+                check_finders(None),
+                [
+                    Error(
+                        "The STATICFILES_DIRS setting should not contain the "
+                        "STATIC_ROOT setting.",
+                        id="staticfiles.E002",
+                    )
+                ],
+            )
 
     def test_prefix_contains_trailing_slash(self):
-        static_dir = Path(TEST_ROOT) / 'project' / 'documents'
-        with self.settings(STATICFILES_DIRS=[('prefix/', static_dir)]):
-            self.assertEqual(check_finders(None), [
-                Error(
-                    "The prefix 'prefix/' in the STATICFILES_DIRS setting must "
-                    "not end with a slash.",
-                    id='staticfiles.E003',
-                ),
-            ])
+        static_dir = Path(TEST_ROOT) / "project" / "documents"
+        with self.settings(STATICFILES_DIRS=[("prefix/", static_dir)]):
+            self.assertEqual(
+                check_finders(None),
+                [
+                    Error(
+                        "The prefix 'prefix/' in the STATICFILES_DIRS setting must "
+                        "not end with a slash.",
+                        id="staticfiles.E003",
+                    ),
+                ],
+            )
 
     def test_nonexistent_directories(self):
-        with self.settings(STATICFILES_DIRS=[
-            '/fake/path',
-            ('prefix', '/fake/prefixed/path'),
-        ]):
-            self.assertEqual(check_finders(None), [
-                Warning(
-                    "The directory '/fake/path' in the STATICFILES_DIRS "
-                    "setting does not exist.",
-                    id='staticfiles.W004',
-                ),
-                Warning(
-                    "The directory '/fake/prefixed/path' in the "
-                    "STATICFILES_DIRS setting does not exist.",
-                    id='staticfiles.W004',
-                ),
-            ])
+        with self.settings(
+            STATICFILES_DIRS=[
+                "/fake/path",
+                ("prefix", "/fake/prefixed/path"),
+            ]
+        ):
+            self.assertEqual(
+                check_finders(None),
+                [
+                    Warning(
+                        "The directory '/fake/path' in the STATICFILES_DIRS "
+                        "setting does not exist.",
+                        id="staticfiles.W004",
+                    ),
+                    Warning(
+                        "The directory '/fake/prefixed/path' in the "
+                        "STATICFILES_DIRS setting does not exist.",
+                        id="staticfiles.W004",
+                    ),
+                ],
+            )
             # Nonexistent directories are skipped.
-            finder = get_finder('django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder')
+            finder = get_finder("django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder")
             self.assertEqual(list(finder.list(None)), [])
diff --git a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_finders.py b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_finders.py
index 9d5707cc2d..9f2509d533 100644
--- a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_finders.py
+++ b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_finders.py
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ class TestFinders:
     path(s) they find can differ. Compare them using os.path.normcase() to
     avoid false negatives.
     """
+
     def test_find_first(self):
         src, dst = self.find_first
         found = self.finder.find(src)
@@ -34,76 +35,86 @@ class TestFileSystemFinder(TestFinders, StaticFilesTestCase):
     """
     Test FileSystemFinder.
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
         self.finder = finders.FileSystemFinder()
-        test_file_path = os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, 'project', 'documents', 'test', 'file.txt')
-        self.find_first = (os.path.join('test', 'file.txt'), test_file_path)
-        self.find_all = (os.path.join('test', 'file.txt'), [test_file_path])
+        test_file_path = os.path.join(
+            TEST_ROOT, "project", "documents", "test", "file.txt"
+        )
+        self.find_first = (os.path.join("test", "file.txt"), test_file_path)
+        self.find_all = (os.path.join("test", "file.txt"), [test_file_path])
 
 
 class TestAppDirectoriesFinder(TestFinders, StaticFilesTestCase):
     """
     Test AppDirectoriesFinder.
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
         self.finder = finders.AppDirectoriesFinder()
-        test_file_path = os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, 'apps', 'test', 'static', 'test', 'file1.txt')
-        self.find_first = (os.path.join('test', 'file1.txt'), test_file_path)
-        self.find_all = (os.path.join('test', 'file1.txt'), [test_file_path])
+        test_file_path = os.path.join(
+            TEST_ROOT, "apps", "test", "static", "test", "file1.txt"
+        )
+        self.find_first = (os.path.join("test", "file1.txt"), test_file_path)
+        self.find_all = (os.path.join("test", "file1.txt"), [test_file_path])
 
 
 class TestDefaultStorageFinder(TestFinders, StaticFilesTestCase):
     """
     Test DefaultStorageFinder.
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
         self.finder = finders.DefaultStorageFinder(
-            storage=storage.StaticFilesStorage(location=settings.MEDIA_ROOT))
-        test_file_path = os.path.join(settings.MEDIA_ROOT, 'media-file.txt')
-        self.find_first = ('media-file.txt', test_file_path)
-        self.find_all = ('media-file.txt', [test_file_path])
+            storage=storage.StaticFilesStorage(location=settings.MEDIA_ROOT)
+        )
+        test_file_path = os.path.join(settings.MEDIA_ROOT, "media-file.txt")
+        self.find_first = ("media-file.txt", test_file_path)
+        self.find_all = ("media-file.txt", [test_file_path])
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    STATICFILES_FINDERS=['django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder'],
-    STATICFILES_DIRS=[os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, 'project', 'documents')],
+    STATICFILES_FINDERS=["django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder"],
+    STATICFILES_DIRS=[os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, "project", "documents")],
 )
 class TestMiscFinder(SimpleTestCase):
     """
     A few misc finder tests.
     """
+
     def test_get_finder(self):
-        self.assertIsInstance(finders.get_finder(
-            'django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder'),
-            finders.FileSystemFinder)
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            finders.get_finder("django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder"),
+            finders.FileSystemFinder,
+        )
 
     def test_get_finder_bad_classname(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ImportError):
-            finders.get_finder('django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FooBarFinder')
+            finders.get_finder("django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FooBarFinder")
 
     def test_get_finder_bad_module(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ImportError):
-            finders.get_finder('foo.bar.FooBarFinder')
+            finders.get_finder("foo.bar.FooBarFinder")
 
     def test_cache(self):
         finders.get_finder.cache_clear()
         for n in range(10):
-            finders.get_finder('django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder')
+            finders.get_finder("django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder")
         cache_info = finders.get_finder.cache_info()
         self.assertEqual(cache_info.hits, 9)
         self.assertEqual(cache_info.currsize, 1)
 
     def test_searched_locations(self):
-        finders.find('spam')
+        finders.find("spam")
         self.assertEqual(
             finders.searched_locations,
-            [os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, 'project', 'documents')]
+            [os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, "project", "documents")],
         )
 
-    @override_settings(MEDIA_ROOT='')
+    @override_settings(MEDIA_ROOT="")
     def test_location_empty(self):
         msg = (
             "The storage backend of the staticfiles finder "
diff --git a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_forms.py b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_forms.py
index fadbe6e1d5..d95fed43cc 100644
--- a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_forms.py
+++ b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_forms.py
@@ -8,23 +8,23 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 
 class StaticTestStorage(storage.StaticFilesStorage):
     def url(self, name):
-        return urljoin('https://example.com/assets/', name)
+        return urljoin("https://example.com/assets/", name)
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    STATIC_URL='http://media.example.com/static/',
-    INSTALLED_APPS=('django.contrib.staticfiles',),
-    STATICFILES_STORAGE='staticfiles_tests.test_forms.StaticTestStorage',
+    STATIC_URL="http://media.example.com/static/",
+    INSTALLED_APPS=("django.contrib.staticfiles",),
+    STATICFILES_STORAGE="staticfiles_tests.test_forms.StaticTestStorage",
 )
 class StaticFilesFormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_absolute_url(self):
         m = Media(
-            css={'all': ('path/to/css1', '/path/to/css2')},
+            css={"all": ("path/to/css1", "/path/to/css2")},
             js=(
-                '/path/to/js1',
-                'http://media.other.com/path/to/js2',
-                'https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3',
-                static('relative/path/to/js4'),
+                "/path/to/js1",
+                "http://media.other.com/path/to/js2",
+                "https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3",
+                static("relative/path/to/js4"),
             ),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -34,5 +34,5 @@ class StaticFilesFormsMediaTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 <script src="/path/to/js1"></script>
 <script src="http://media.other.com/path/to/js2"></script>
 <script src="https://secure.other.com/path/to/js3"></script>
-<script src="https://example.com/assets/relative/path/to/js4"></script>"""
+<script src="https://example.com/assets/relative/path/to/js4"></script>""",
         )
diff --git a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_handlers.py b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_handlers.py
index 4cd5811d88..e0451c6e16 100644
--- a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_handlers.py
+++ b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_handlers.py
@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ class TestASGIStaticFilesHandler(StaticFilesTestCase):
     async_request_factory = AsyncRequestFactory()
 
     async def test_get_async_response(self):
-        request = self.async_request_factory.get('/static/test/file.txt')
+        request = self.async_request_factory.get("/static/test/file.txt")
         handler = ASGIStaticFilesHandler(ASGIHandler())
         response = await handler.get_response_async(request)
         response.close()
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     async def test_get_async_response_not_found(self):
-        request = self.async_request_factory.get('/static/test/not-found.txt')
+        request = self.async_request_factory.get("/static/test/not-found.txt")
         handler = ASGIStaticFilesHandler(ASGIHandler())
         response = await handler.get_response_async(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
diff --git a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_liveserver.py b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_liveserver.py
index 38d1513c9a..214459555d 100644
--- a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_liveserver.py
+++ b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_liveserver.py
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ from django.test import modify_settings, override_settings
 
 TEST_ROOT = os.path.dirname(__file__)
 TEST_SETTINGS = {
-    'MEDIA_URL': 'media/',
-    'STATIC_URL': 'static/',
-    'MEDIA_ROOT': os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, 'project', 'site_media', 'media'),
-    'STATIC_ROOT': os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, 'project', 'site_media', 'static'),
+    "MEDIA_URL": "media/",
+    "STATIC_URL": "static/",
+    "MEDIA_ROOT": os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, "project", "site_media", "media"),
+    "STATIC_ROOT": os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, "project", "site_media", "static"),
 }
 
 
@@ -34,17 +34,16 @@ class LiveServerBase(StaticLiveServerTestCase):
 
 
 class StaticLiveServerChecks(LiveServerBase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         # If contrib.staticfiles isn't configured properly, the exception
         # should bubble up to the main thread.
-        old_STATIC_URL = TEST_SETTINGS['STATIC_URL']
-        TEST_SETTINGS['STATIC_URL'] = None
+        old_STATIC_URL = TEST_SETTINGS["STATIC_URL"]
+        TEST_SETTINGS["STATIC_URL"] = None
         try:
             cls.raises_exception()
         finally:
-            TEST_SETTINGS['STATIC_URL'] = old_STATIC_URL
+            TEST_SETTINGS["STATIC_URL"] = old_STATIC_URL
 
     @classmethod
     def tearDownClass(cls):
@@ -60,7 +59,7 @@ class StaticLiveServerChecks(LiveServerBase):
             # app without having set the required STATIC_URL setting.")
             pass
         else:
-            raise Exception('setUpClass() should have raised an exception.')
+            raise Exception("setUpClass() should have raised an exception.")
 
     def test_test_test(self):
         # Intentionally empty method so that the test is picked up by the
@@ -69,16 +68,15 @@ class StaticLiveServerChecks(LiveServerBase):
 
 
 class StaticLiveServerView(LiveServerBase):
-
     def urlopen(self, url):
         return urlopen(self.live_server_url + url)
 
     # The test is going to access a static file stored in this application.
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'staticfiles_tests.apps.test'})
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "staticfiles_tests.apps.test"})
     def test_collectstatic_emulation(self):
         """
         StaticLiveServerTestCase use of staticfiles' serve() allows it
         to discover app's static assets without having to collectstatic first.
         """
-        with self.urlopen('/static/test/file.txt') as f:
-            self.assertEqual(f.read().rstrip(b'\r\n'), b'In static directory.')
+        with self.urlopen("/static/test/file.txt") as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read().rstrip(b"\r\n"), b"In static directory.")
diff --git a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_management.py b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_management.py
index 7ebac48239..afc8cc1637 100644
--- a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_management.py
+++ b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_management.py
@@ -11,9 +11,7 @@ from admin_scripts.tests import AdminScriptTestCase
 
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib.staticfiles import storage
-from django.contrib.staticfiles.management.commands import (
-    collectstatic, runserver,
-)
+from django.contrib.staticfiles.management.commands import collectstatic, runserver
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.core.management import CommandError, call_command
 from django.core.management.base import SystemCheckError
@@ -29,7 +27,6 @@ from .storage import DummyStorage
 
 
 class TestNoFilesCreated:
-
     def test_no_files_created(self):
         """
         Make sure no files were create in the destination directory.
@@ -38,17 +35,17 @@ class TestNoFilesCreated:
 
 
 class TestRunserver(StaticFilesTestCase):
-    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=['django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware'])
+    @override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=["django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware"])
     def test_middleware_loaded_only_once(self):
         command = runserver.Command()
-        with mock.patch('django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware') as mocked:
+        with mock.patch("django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware") as mocked:
             command.get_handler(use_static_handler=True, insecure_serving=True)
             self.assertEqual(mocked.call_count, 1)
 
     def test_404_response(self):
         command = runserver.Command()
         handler = command.get_handler(use_static_handler=True, insecure_serving=True)
-        missing_static_file = os.path.join(settings.STATIC_URL, 'unknown.css')
+        missing_static_file = os.path.join(settings.STATIC_URL, "unknown.css")
         req = RequestFactory().get(missing_static_file)
         with override_settings(DEBUG=False):
             response = handler.get_response(req)
@@ -62,75 +59,98 @@ class TestFindStatic(TestDefaults, CollectionTestCase):
     """
     Test ``findstatic`` management command.
     """
+
     def _get_file(self, filepath):
-        path = call_command('findstatic', filepath, all=False, verbosity=0, stdout=StringIO())
-        with open(path, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        path = call_command(
+            "findstatic", filepath, all=False, verbosity=0, stdout=StringIO()
+        )
+        with open(path, encoding="utf-8") as f:
             return f.read()
 
     def test_all_files(self):
         """
         findstatic returns all candidate files if run without --first and -v1.
         """
-        result = call_command('findstatic', 'test/file.txt', verbosity=1, stdout=StringIO())
-        lines = [line.strip() for line in result.split('\n')]
-        self.assertEqual(len(lines), 3)  # three because there is also the "Found <file> here" line
-        self.assertIn('project', lines[1])
-        self.assertIn('apps', lines[2])
+        result = call_command(
+            "findstatic", "test/file.txt", verbosity=1, stdout=StringIO()
+        )
+        lines = [line.strip() for line in result.split("\n")]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(lines), 3
+        )  # three because there is also the "Found <file> here" line
+        self.assertIn("project", lines[1])
+        self.assertIn("apps", lines[2])
 
     def test_all_files_less_verbose(self):
         """
         findstatic returns all candidate files if run without --first and -v0.
         """
-        result = call_command('findstatic', 'test/file.txt', verbosity=0, stdout=StringIO())
-        lines = [line.strip() for line in result.split('\n')]
+        result = call_command(
+            "findstatic", "test/file.txt", verbosity=0, stdout=StringIO()
+        )
+        lines = [line.strip() for line in result.split("\n")]
         self.assertEqual(len(lines), 2)
-        self.assertIn('project', lines[0])
-        self.assertIn('apps', lines[1])
+        self.assertIn("project", lines[0])
+        self.assertIn("apps", lines[1])
 
     def test_all_files_more_verbose(self):
         """
         findstatic returns all candidate files if run without --first and -v2.
         Also, test that findstatic returns the searched locations with -v2.
         """
-        result = call_command('findstatic', 'test/file.txt', verbosity=2, stdout=StringIO())
-        lines = [line.strip() for line in result.split('\n')]
-        self.assertIn('project', lines[1])
-        self.assertIn('apps', lines[2])
+        result = call_command(
+            "findstatic", "test/file.txt", verbosity=2, stdout=StringIO()
+        )
+        lines = [line.strip() for line in result.split("\n")]
+        self.assertIn("project", lines[1])
+        self.assertIn("apps", lines[2])
         self.assertIn("Looking in the following locations:", lines[3])
-        searched_locations = ', '.join(lines[4:])
+        searched_locations = ", ".join(lines[4:])
         # AppDirectoriesFinder searched locations
-        self.assertIn(os.path.join('staticfiles_tests', 'apps', 'test', 'static'), searched_locations)
-        self.assertIn(os.path.join('staticfiles_tests', 'apps', 'no_label', 'static'), searched_locations)
+        self.assertIn(
+            os.path.join("staticfiles_tests", "apps", "test", "static"),
+            searched_locations,
+        )
+        self.assertIn(
+            os.path.join("staticfiles_tests", "apps", "no_label", "static"),
+            searched_locations,
+        )
         # FileSystemFinder searched locations
-        self.assertIn(TEST_SETTINGS['STATICFILES_DIRS'][1][1], searched_locations)
-        self.assertIn(TEST_SETTINGS['STATICFILES_DIRS'][0], searched_locations)
-        self.assertIn(str(TEST_SETTINGS['STATICFILES_DIRS'][2]), searched_locations)
+        self.assertIn(TEST_SETTINGS["STATICFILES_DIRS"][1][1], searched_locations)
+        self.assertIn(TEST_SETTINGS["STATICFILES_DIRS"][0], searched_locations)
+        self.assertIn(str(TEST_SETTINGS["STATICFILES_DIRS"][2]), searched_locations)
         # DefaultStorageFinder searched locations
         self.assertIn(
-            os.path.join('staticfiles_tests', 'project', 'site_media', 'media'),
-            searched_locations
+            os.path.join("staticfiles_tests", "project", "site_media", "media"),
+            searched_locations,
         )
 
 
 class TestConfiguration(StaticFilesTestCase):
     def test_location_empty(self):
-        msg = 'without having set the STATIC_ROOT setting to a filesystem path'
+        msg = "without having set the STATIC_ROOT setting to a filesystem path"
         err = StringIO()
-        for root in ['', None]:
+        for root in ["", None]:
             with override_settings(STATIC_ROOT=root):
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-                    call_command('collectstatic', interactive=False, verbosity=0, stderr=err)
+                    call_command(
+                        "collectstatic", interactive=False, verbosity=0, stderr=err
+                    )
 
     def test_local_storage_detection_helper(self):
         staticfiles_storage = storage.staticfiles_storage
         try:
             storage.staticfiles_storage._wrapped = empty
-            with self.settings(STATICFILES_STORAGE='django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.StaticFilesStorage'):
+            with self.settings(
+                STATICFILES_STORAGE="django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.StaticFilesStorage"
+            ):
                 command = collectstatic.Command()
                 self.assertTrue(command.is_local_storage())
 
             storage.staticfiles_storage._wrapped = empty
-            with self.settings(STATICFILES_STORAGE='staticfiles_tests.storage.DummyStorage'):
+            with self.settings(
+                STATICFILES_STORAGE="staticfiles_tests.storage.DummyStorage"
+            ):
                 command = collectstatic.Command()
                 self.assertFalse(command.is_local_storage())
 
@@ -146,11 +166,11 @@ class TestConfiguration(StaticFilesTestCase):
             collectstatic.staticfiles_storage = staticfiles_storage
             storage.staticfiles_storage = staticfiles_storage
 
-    @override_settings(STATICFILES_DIRS=('test'))
+    @override_settings(STATICFILES_DIRS=("test"))
     def test_collectstatis_check(self):
-        msg = 'The STATICFILES_DIRS setting is not a tuple or list.'
+        msg = "The STATICFILES_DIRS setting is not a tuple or list."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(SystemCheckError, msg):
-            call_command('collectstatic', skip_checks=False)
+            call_command("collectstatic", skip_checks=False)
 
 
 class TestCollectionHelpSubcommand(AdminScriptTestCase):
@@ -160,8 +180,8 @@ class TestCollectionHelpSubcommand(AdminScriptTestCase):
         Even if the STATIC_ROOT setting is not set, one can still call the
         `manage.py help collectstatic` command.
         """
-        self.write_settings('settings.py', apps=['django.contrib.staticfiles'])
-        out, err = self.run_manage(['help', 'collectstatic'])
+        self.write_settings("settings.py", apps=["django.contrib.staticfiles"])
+        out, err = self.run_manage(["help", "collectstatic"])
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
 
 
@@ -169,22 +189,23 @@ class TestCollection(TestDefaults, CollectionTestCase):
     """
     Test ``collectstatic`` management command.
     """
+
     def test_ignore(self):
         """
         -i patterns are ignored.
         """
-        self.assertFileNotFound('test/test.ignoreme')
+        self.assertFileNotFound("test/test.ignoreme")
 
     def test_common_ignore_patterns(self):
         """
         Common ignore patterns (*~, .*, CVS) are ignored.
         """
-        self.assertFileNotFound('test/.hidden')
-        self.assertFileNotFound('test/backup~')
-        self.assertFileNotFound('test/CVS')
+        self.assertFileNotFound("test/.hidden")
+        self.assertFileNotFound("test/backup~")
+        self.assertFileNotFound("test/CVS")
 
     def test_pathlib(self):
-        self.assertFileContains('pathlib.txt', 'pathlib')
+        self.assertFileContains("pathlib.txt", "pathlib")
 
 
 class TestCollectionPathLib(TestCollection):
@@ -194,15 +215,15 @@ class TestCollectionPathLib(TestCollection):
 
 
 class TestCollectionVerbosity(CollectionTestCase):
-    copying_msg = 'Copying '
+    copying_msg = "Copying "
     run_collectstatic_in_setUp = False
-    post_process_msg = 'Post-processed'
-    staticfiles_copied_msg = 'static files copied to'
+    post_process_msg = "Post-processed"
+    staticfiles_copied_msg = "static files copied to"
 
     def test_verbosity_0(self):
         stdout = StringIO()
         self.run_collectstatic(verbosity=0, stdout=stdout)
-        self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue(), '')
+        self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue(), "")
 
     def test_verbosity_1(self):
         stdout = StringIO()
@@ -218,13 +239,17 @@ class TestCollectionVerbosity(CollectionTestCase):
         self.assertIn(self.staticfiles_copied_msg, output)
         self.assertIn(self.copying_msg, output)
 
-    @override_settings(STATICFILES_STORAGE='django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage')
+    @override_settings(
+        STATICFILES_STORAGE="django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage"
+    )
     def test_verbosity_1_with_post_process(self):
         stdout = StringIO()
         self.run_collectstatic(verbosity=1, stdout=stdout, post_process=True)
         self.assertNotIn(self.post_process_msg, stdout.getvalue())
 
-    @override_settings(STATICFILES_STORAGE='django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage')
+    @override_settings(
+        STATICFILES_STORAGE="django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage"
+    )
     def test_verbosity_2_with_post_process(self):
         stdout = StringIO()
         self.run_collectstatic(verbosity=2, stdout=stdout, post_process=True)
@@ -235,23 +260,26 @@ class TestCollectionClear(CollectionTestCase):
     """
     Test the ``--clear`` option of the ``collectstatic`` management command.
     """
+
     def run_collectstatic(self, **kwargs):
-        clear_filepath = os.path.join(settings.STATIC_ROOT, 'cleared.txt')
-        with open(clear_filepath, 'w') as f:
-            f.write('should be cleared')
+        clear_filepath = os.path.join(settings.STATIC_ROOT, "cleared.txt")
+        with open(clear_filepath, "w") as f:
+            f.write("should be cleared")
         super().run_collectstatic(clear=True)
 
     def test_cleared_not_found(self):
-        self.assertFileNotFound('cleared.txt')
+        self.assertFileNotFound("cleared.txt")
 
     def test_dir_not_exists(self, **kwargs):
         shutil.rmtree(settings.STATIC_ROOT)
         super().run_collectstatic(clear=True)
 
-    @override_settings(STATICFILES_STORAGE='staticfiles_tests.storage.PathNotImplementedStorage')
+    @override_settings(
+        STATICFILES_STORAGE="staticfiles_tests.storage.PathNotImplementedStorage"
+    )
     def test_handle_path_notimplemented(self):
         self.run_collectstatic()
-        self.assertFileNotFound('cleared.txt')
+        self.assertFileNotFound("cleared.txt")
 
 
 class TestInteractiveMessages(CollectionTestCase):
@@ -263,14 +291,15 @@ class TestInteractiveMessages(CollectionTestCase):
     def mock_input(stdout):
         def _input(msg):
             stdout.write(msg)
-            return 'yes'
+            return "yes"
+
         return _input
 
     def test_warning_when_clearing_staticdir(self):
         stdout = StringIO()
         self.run_collectstatic()
-        with mock.patch('builtins.input', side_effect=self.mock_input(stdout)):
-            call_command('collectstatic', interactive=True, clear=True, stdout=stdout)
+        with mock.patch("builtins.input", side_effect=self.mock_input(stdout)):
+            call_command("collectstatic", interactive=True, clear=True, stdout=stdout)
 
         output = stdout.getvalue()
         self.assertNotIn(self.overwrite_warning_msg, output)
@@ -279,8 +308,8 @@ class TestInteractiveMessages(CollectionTestCase):
     def test_warning_when_overwriting_files_in_staticdir(self):
         stdout = StringIO()
         self.run_collectstatic()
-        with mock.patch('builtins.input', side_effect=self.mock_input(stdout)):
-            call_command('collectstatic', interactive=True, stdout=stdout)
+        with mock.patch("builtins.input", side_effect=self.mock_input(stdout)):
+            call_command("collectstatic", interactive=True, stdout=stdout)
         output = stdout.getvalue()
         self.assertIn(self.overwrite_warning_msg, output)
         self.assertNotIn(self.delete_warning_msg, output)
@@ -288,7 +317,7 @@ class TestInteractiveMessages(CollectionTestCase):
     def test_no_warning_when_staticdir_does_not_exist(self):
         stdout = StringIO()
         shutil.rmtree(settings.STATIC_ROOT)
-        call_command('collectstatic', interactive=True, stdout=stdout)
+        call_command("collectstatic", interactive=True, stdout=stdout)
         output = stdout.getvalue()
         self.assertNotIn(self.overwrite_warning_msg, output)
         self.assertNotIn(self.delete_warning_msg, output)
@@ -296,9 +325,11 @@ class TestInteractiveMessages(CollectionTestCase):
 
     def test_no_warning_for_empty_staticdir(self):
         stdout = StringIO()
-        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix='collectstatic_empty_staticdir_test') as static_dir:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(
+            prefix="collectstatic_empty_staticdir_test"
+        ) as static_dir:
             with override_settings(STATIC_ROOT=static_dir):
-                call_command('collectstatic', interactive=True, stdout=stdout)
+                call_command("collectstatic", interactive=True, stdout=stdout)
         output = stdout.getvalue()
         self.assertNotIn(self.overwrite_warning_msg, output)
         self.assertNotIn(self.delete_warning_msg, output)
@@ -306,9 +337,11 @@ class TestInteractiveMessages(CollectionTestCase):
 
     def test_cancelled(self):
         self.run_collectstatic()
-        with mock.patch('builtins.input', side_effect=lambda _: 'no'):
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, 'Collecting static files cancelled'):
-                call_command('collectstatic', interactive=True)
+        with mock.patch("builtins.input", side_effect=lambda _: "no"):
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                CommandError, "Collecting static files cancelled"
+            ):
+                call_command("collectstatic", interactive=True)
 
 
 class TestCollectionNoDefaultIgnore(TestDefaults, CollectionTestCase):
@@ -316,6 +349,7 @@ class TestCollectionNoDefaultIgnore(TestDefaults, CollectionTestCase):
     The ``--no-default-ignore`` option of the ``collectstatic`` management
     command.
     """
+
     def run_collectstatic(self):
         super().run_collectstatic(use_default_ignore_patterns=False)
 
@@ -324,35 +358,40 @@ class TestCollectionNoDefaultIgnore(TestDefaults, CollectionTestCase):
         With --no-default-ignore, common ignore patterns (*~, .*, CVS)
         are not ignored.
         """
-        self.assertFileContains('test/.hidden', 'should be ignored')
-        self.assertFileContains('test/backup~', 'should be ignored')
-        self.assertFileContains('test/CVS', 'should be ignored')
+        self.assertFileContains("test/.hidden", "should be ignored")
+        self.assertFileContains("test/backup~", "should be ignored")
+        self.assertFileContains("test/CVS", "should be ignored")
 
 
-@override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=[
-    'staticfiles_tests.apps.staticfiles_config.IgnorePatternsAppConfig',
-    'staticfiles_tests.apps.test',
-])
+@override_settings(
+    INSTALLED_APPS=[
+        "staticfiles_tests.apps.staticfiles_config.IgnorePatternsAppConfig",
+        "staticfiles_tests.apps.test",
+    ]
+)
 class TestCollectionCustomIgnorePatterns(CollectionTestCase):
     def test_custom_ignore_patterns(self):
         """
         A custom ignore_patterns list, ['*.css', '*/vendor/*.js'] in this case,
         can be specified in an AppConfig definition.
         """
-        self.assertFileNotFound('test/nonascii.css')
-        self.assertFileContains('test/.hidden', 'should be ignored')
-        self.assertFileNotFound(os.path.join('test', 'vendor', 'module.js'))
+        self.assertFileNotFound("test/nonascii.css")
+        self.assertFileContains("test/.hidden", "should be ignored")
+        self.assertFileNotFound(os.path.join("test", "vendor", "module.js"))
 
 
 class TestCollectionDryRun(TestNoFilesCreated, CollectionTestCase):
     """
     Test ``--dry-run`` option for ``collectstatic`` management command.
     """
+
     def run_collectstatic(self):
         super().run_collectstatic(dry_run=True)
 
 
-@override_settings(STATICFILES_STORAGE='django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage')
+@override_settings(
+    STATICFILES_STORAGE="django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage"
+)
 class TestCollectionDryRunManifestStaticFilesStorage(TestCollectionDryRun):
     pass
 
@@ -365,12 +404,15 @@ class TestCollectionFilesOverride(CollectionTestCase):
         'staticfiles_test_app',
         'staticfiles_tests.apps.no_label',
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         self.temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
         self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, self.temp_dir)
 
         # get modification and access times for no_label/static/file2.txt
-        self.orig_path = os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, 'apps', 'no_label', 'static', 'file2.txt')
+        self.orig_path = os.path.join(
+            TEST_ROOT, "apps", "no_label", "static", "file2.txt"
+        )
         self.orig_mtime = os.path.getmtime(self.orig_path)
         self.orig_atime = os.path.getatime(self.orig_path)
 
@@ -378,21 +420,21 @@ class TestCollectionFilesOverride(CollectionTestCase):
         # this file will have modification time older than no_label/static/file2.txt
         # anyway it should be taken to STATIC_ROOT because the temporary app is before
         # 'no_label' app in installed apps
-        self.temp_app_path = os.path.join(self.temp_dir, 'staticfiles_test_app')
-        self.testfile_path = os.path.join(self.temp_app_path, 'static', 'file2.txt')
+        self.temp_app_path = os.path.join(self.temp_dir, "staticfiles_test_app")
+        self.testfile_path = os.path.join(self.temp_app_path, "static", "file2.txt")
 
         os.makedirs(self.temp_app_path)
-        with open(os.path.join(self.temp_app_path, '__init__.py'), 'w+'):
+        with open(os.path.join(self.temp_app_path, "__init__.py"), "w+"):
             pass
 
         os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(self.testfile_path))
-        with open(self.testfile_path, 'w+') as f:
-            f.write('duplicate of file2.txt')
+        with open(self.testfile_path, "w+") as f:
+            f.write("duplicate of file2.txt")
 
         os.utime(self.testfile_path, (self.orig_atime - 1, self.orig_mtime - 1))
 
         self.settings_with_test_app = self.modify_settings(
-            INSTALLED_APPS={'prepend': 'staticfiles_test_app'},
+            INSTALLED_APPS={"prepend": "staticfiles_test_app"},
         )
         with extend_sys_path(self.temp_dir):
             self.settings_with_test_app.enable()
@@ -407,12 +449,12 @@ class TestCollectionFilesOverride(CollectionTestCase):
         """
         Test if collectstatic takes files in proper order
         """
-        self.assertFileContains('file2.txt', 'duplicate of file2.txt')
+        self.assertFileContains("file2.txt", "duplicate of file2.txt")
 
         # run collectstatic again
         self.run_collectstatic()
 
-        self.assertFileContains('file2.txt', 'duplicate of file2.txt')
+        self.assertFileContains("file2.txt", "duplicate of file2.txt")
 
 
 # The collectstatic test suite already has conflicting files since both
@@ -425,9 +467,10 @@ class TestCollectionOverwriteWarning(CollectionTestCase):
     Test warning in ``collectstatic`` output when a file is skipped because a
     previous file was already written to the same path.
     """
+
     # If this string is in the collectstatic output, it means the warning we're
     # looking for was emitted.
-    warning_string = 'Found another file'
+    warning_string = "Found another file"
 
     def _collectstatic_output(self, **kwargs):
         """
@@ -436,7 +479,9 @@ class TestCollectionOverwriteWarning(CollectionTestCase):
         just call e.g. BaseCollectionTestCase.run_collectstatic()
         """
         out = StringIO()
-        call_command('collectstatic', interactive=False, verbosity=3, stdout=out, **kwargs)
+        call_command(
+            "collectstatic", interactive=False, verbosity=3, stdout=out, **kwargs
+        )
         return out.getvalue()
 
     def test_no_warning(self):
@@ -451,10 +496,10 @@ class TestCollectionOverwriteWarning(CollectionTestCase):
         There is a warning when there are duplicate destinations.
         """
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as static_dir:
-            duplicate = os.path.join(static_dir, 'test', 'file.txt')
+            duplicate = os.path.join(static_dir, "test", "file.txt")
             os.mkdir(os.path.dirname(duplicate))
-            with open(duplicate, 'w+') as f:
-                f.write('duplicate of file.txt')
+            with open(duplicate, "w+") as f:
+                f.write("duplicate of file.txt")
 
             with self.settings(STATICFILES_DIRS=[static_dir]):
                 output = self._collectstatic_output(clear=True)
@@ -468,23 +513,30 @@ class TestCollectionOverwriteWarning(CollectionTestCase):
             self.assertNotIn(self.warning_string, output)
 
 
-@override_settings(STATICFILES_STORAGE='staticfiles_tests.storage.DummyStorage')
+@override_settings(STATICFILES_STORAGE="staticfiles_tests.storage.DummyStorage")
 class TestCollectionNonLocalStorage(TestNoFilesCreated, CollectionTestCase):
     """
     Tests for a Storage that implements get_modified_time() but not path()
     (#15035).
     """
+
     def test_storage_properties(self):
         # Properties of the Storage as described in the ticket.
         storage = DummyStorage()
-        self.assertEqual(storage.get_modified_time('name'), datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, "This backend doesn't support absolute paths."):
-            storage.path('name')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            storage.get_modified_time("name"),
+            datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
+        )
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            NotImplementedError, "This backend doesn't support absolute paths."
+        ):
+            storage.path("name")
 
 
 class TestCollectionNeverCopyStorage(CollectionTestCase):
-
-    @override_settings(STATICFILES_STORAGE='staticfiles_tests.storage.NeverCopyRemoteStorage')
+    @override_settings(
+        STATICFILES_STORAGE="staticfiles_tests.storage.NeverCopyRemoteStorage"
+    )
     def test_skips_newer_files_in_remote_storage(self):
         """
         collectstatic skips newer files in a remote storage.
@@ -508,6 +560,7 @@ class TestCollectionLinks(TestDefaults, CollectionTestCase):
     the standard file resolving tests here, to make sure using
     ``--link`` does not change the file-selection semantics.
     """
+
     def run_collectstatic(self, clear=False, link=True, **kwargs):
         super().run_collectstatic(link=link, clear=clear, **kwargs)
 
@@ -515,13 +568,13 @@ class TestCollectionLinks(TestDefaults, CollectionTestCase):
         """
         With ``--link``, symbolic links are created.
         """
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.islink(os.path.join(settings.STATIC_ROOT, 'test.txt')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.islink(os.path.join(settings.STATIC_ROOT, "test.txt")))
 
     def test_broken_symlink(self):
         """
         Test broken symlink gets deleted.
         """
-        path = os.path.join(settings.STATIC_ROOT, 'test.txt')
+        path = os.path.join(settings.STATIC_ROOT, "test.txt")
         os.unlink(path)
         self.run_collectstatic()
         self.assertTrue(os.path.islink(path))
@@ -531,7 +584,7 @@ class TestCollectionLinks(TestDefaults, CollectionTestCase):
         Running collectstatic in non-symlink mode replaces symlinks with files,
         while symlink mode replaces files with symlinks.
         """
-        path = os.path.join(settings.STATIC_ROOT, 'test.txt')
+        path = os.path.join(settings.STATIC_ROOT, "test.txt")
         self.assertTrue(os.path.islink(path))
         self.run_collectstatic(link=False)
         self.assertFalse(os.path.islink(path))
@@ -542,13 +595,17 @@ class TestCollectionLinks(TestDefaults, CollectionTestCase):
         """
         With ``--clear``, broken symbolic links are deleted.
         """
-        nonexistent_file_path = os.path.join(settings.STATIC_ROOT, 'nonexistent.txt')
-        broken_symlink_path = os.path.join(settings.STATIC_ROOT, 'symlink.txt')
+        nonexistent_file_path = os.path.join(settings.STATIC_ROOT, "nonexistent.txt")
+        broken_symlink_path = os.path.join(settings.STATIC_ROOT, "symlink.txt")
         os.symlink(nonexistent_file_path, broken_symlink_path)
         self.run_collectstatic(clear=True)
         self.assertFalse(os.path.lexists(broken_symlink_path))
 
-    @override_settings(STATICFILES_STORAGE='staticfiles_tests.storage.PathNotImplementedStorage')
+    @override_settings(
+        STATICFILES_STORAGE="staticfiles_tests.storage.PathNotImplementedStorage"
+    )
     def test_no_remote_link(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, "Can't symlink to a remote destination."):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            CommandError, "Can't symlink to a remote destination."
+        ):
             self.run_collectstatic()
diff --git a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_storage.py b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_storage.py
index 62484205b7..513d0cf010 100644
--- a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_storage.py
+++ b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_storage.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ from .settings import TEST_ROOT
 
 def hashed_file_path(test, path):
     fullpath = test.render_template(test.static_template_snippet(path))
-    return fullpath.replace(settings.STATIC_URL, '')
+    return fullpath.replace(settings.STATIC_URL, "")
 
 
 class TestHashedFiles:
@@ -40,10 +40,16 @@ class TestHashedFiles:
         pass
 
     def test_template_tag_return(self):
-        self.assertStaticRaises(ValueError, "does/not/exist.png", "/static/does/not/exist.png")
+        self.assertStaticRaises(
+            ValueError, "does/not/exist.png", "/static/does/not/exist.png"
+        )
         self.assertStaticRenders("test/file.txt", "/static/test/file.dad0999e4f8f.txt")
-        self.assertStaticRenders("test/file.txt", "/static/test/file.dad0999e4f8f.txt", asvar=True)
-        self.assertStaticRenders("cached/styles.css", "/static/cached/styles.5e0040571e1a.css")
+        self.assertStaticRenders(
+            "test/file.txt", "/static/test/file.dad0999e4f8f.txt", asvar=True
+        )
+        self.assertStaticRenders(
+            "cached/styles.css", "/static/cached/styles.5e0040571e1a.css"
+        )
         self.assertStaticRenders("path/", "/static/path/")
         self.assertStaticRenders("path/?query", "/static/path/?query")
         self.assertPostCondition()
@@ -62,18 +68,20 @@ class TestHashedFiles:
         self.assertEqual(relpath, "cached/css/ignored.554da52152af.css")
         with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(relpath) as relfile:
             content = relfile.read()
-            self.assertIn(b'#foobar', content)
-            self.assertIn(b'http:foobar', content)
-            self.assertIn(b'https:foobar', content)
-            self.assertIn(b'data:foobar', content)
-            self.assertIn(b'chrome:foobar', content)
-            self.assertIn(b'//foobar', content)
+            self.assertIn(b"#foobar", content)
+            self.assertIn(b"http:foobar", content)
+            self.assertIn(b"https:foobar", content)
+            self.assertIn(b"data:foobar", content)
+            self.assertIn(b"chrome:foobar", content)
+            self.assertIn(b"//foobar", content)
         self.assertPostCondition()
 
     def test_path_with_querystring(self):
         relpath = self.hashed_file_path("cached/styles.css?spam=eggs")
         self.assertEqual(relpath, "cached/styles.5e0040571e1a.css?spam=eggs")
-        with storage.staticfiles_storage.open("cached/styles.5e0040571e1a.css") as relfile:
+        with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(
+            "cached/styles.5e0040571e1a.css"
+        ) as relfile:
             content = relfile.read()
             self.assertNotIn(b"cached/other.css", content)
             self.assertIn(b"other.d41d8cd98f00.css", content)
@@ -82,7 +90,9 @@ class TestHashedFiles:
     def test_path_with_fragment(self):
         relpath = self.hashed_file_path("cached/styles.css#eggs")
         self.assertEqual(relpath, "cached/styles.5e0040571e1a.css#eggs")
-        with storage.staticfiles_storage.open("cached/styles.5e0040571e1a.css") as relfile:
+        with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(
+            "cached/styles.5e0040571e1a.css"
+        ) as relfile:
             content = relfile.read()
             self.assertNotIn(b"cached/other.css", content)
             self.assertIn(b"other.d41d8cd98f00.css", content)
@@ -93,11 +103,16 @@ class TestHashedFiles:
         self.assertEqual(relpath, "cached/css/fragments.a60c0e74834f.css")
         with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(relpath) as relfile:
             content = relfile.read()
-            self.assertIn(b'fonts/font.b9b105392eb8.eot?#iefix', content)
-            self.assertIn(b'fonts/font.b8d603e42714.svg#webfontIyfZbseF', content)
-            self.assertIn(b'fonts/font.b8d603e42714.svg#path/to/../../fonts/font.svg', content)
-            self.assertIn(b'data:font/woff;charset=utf-8;base64,d09GRgABAAAAADJoAA0AAAAAR2QAAQAAAAAAAAAAAAA', content)
-            self.assertIn(b'#default#VML', content)
+            self.assertIn(b"fonts/font.b9b105392eb8.eot?#iefix", content)
+            self.assertIn(b"fonts/font.b8d603e42714.svg#webfontIyfZbseF", content)
+            self.assertIn(
+                b"fonts/font.b8d603e42714.svg#path/to/../../fonts/font.svg", content
+            )
+            self.assertIn(
+                b"data:font/woff;charset=utf-8;base64,d09GRgABAAAAADJoAA0AAAAAR2QAAQAAAAAAAAAAAAA",
+                content,
+            )
+            self.assertIn(b"#default#VML", content)
         self.assertPostCondition()
 
     def test_template_tag_absolute(self):
@@ -109,7 +124,7 @@ class TestHashedFiles:
             self.assertIn(b"/static/cached/styles.5e0040571e1a.css", content)
             self.assertNotIn(b"/static/styles_root.css", content)
             self.assertIn(b"/static/styles_root.401f2509a628.css", content)
-            self.assertIn(b'/static/cached/img/relative.acae32e4532b.png', content)
+            self.assertIn(b"/static/cached/img/relative.acae32e4532b.png", content)
         self.assertPostCondition()
 
     def test_template_tag_absolute_root(self):
@@ -131,7 +146,7 @@ class TestHashedFiles:
             content = relfile.read()
             self.assertNotIn(b"../cached/styles.css", content)
             self.assertNotIn(b'@import "styles.css"', content)
-            self.assertNotIn(b'url(img/relative.png)', content)
+            self.assertNotIn(b"url(img/relative.png)", content)
             self.assertIn(b'url("img/relative.acae32e4532b.png")', content)
             self.assertIn(b"../cached/styles.5e0040571e1a.css", content)
         self.assertPostCondition()
@@ -149,7 +164,7 @@ class TestHashedFiles:
         self.assertEqual(relpath, "cached/css/window.5d5c10836967.css")
         with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(relpath) as relfile:
             content = relfile.read()
-            self.assertNotIn(b'url(img/window.png)', content)
+            self.assertNotIn(b"url(img/window.png)", content)
             self.assertIn(b'url("img/window.acae32e4532b.png")', content)
         self.assertPostCondition()
 
@@ -161,14 +176,14 @@ class TestHashedFiles:
         self.assertPostCondition()
 
     @override_settings(
-        STATICFILES_DIRS=[os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, 'project', 'loop')],
-        STATICFILES_FINDERS=['django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder'],
+        STATICFILES_DIRS=[os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, "project", "loop")],
+        STATICFILES_FINDERS=["django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder"],
     )
     def test_import_loop(self):
         finders.get_finder.cache_clear()
         err = StringIO()
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, 'Max post-process passes exceeded'):
-            call_command('collectstatic', interactive=False, verbosity=0, stderr=err)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, "Max post-process passes exceeded"):
+            call_command("collectstatic", interactive=False, verbosity=0, stderr=err)
         self.assertEqual("Post-processing 'All' failed!\n\n", err.getvalue())
         self.assertPostCondition()
 
@@ -183,24 +198,28 @@ class TestHashedFiles:
         therefore we check by verifying behavior on a second run.
         """
         collectstatic_args = {
-            'interactive': False,
-            'verbosity': 0,
-            'link': False,
-            'clear': False,
-            'dry_run': False,
-            'post_process': True,
-            'use_default_ignore_patterns': True,
-            'ignore_patterns': ['*.ignoreme'],
+            "interactive": False,
+            "verbosity": 0,
+            "link": False,
+            "clear": False,
+            "dry_run": False,
+            "post_process": True,
+            "use_default_ignore_patterns": True,
+            "ignore_patterns": ["*.ignoreme"],
         }
 
         collectstatic_cmd = CollectstaticCommand()
         collectstatic_cmd.set_options(**collectstatic_args)
         stats = collectstatic_cmd.collect()
-        self.assertIn(os.path.join('cached', 'css', 'window.css'), stats['post_processed'])
-        self.assertIn(os.path.join('cached', 'css', 'img', 'window.png'), stats['unmodified'])
-        self.assertIn(os.path.join('test', 'nonascii.css'), stats['post_processed'])
+        self.assertIn(
+            os.path.join("cached", "css", "window.css"), stats["post_processed"]
+        )
+        self.assertIn(
+            os.path.join("cached", "css", "img", "window.png"), stats["unmodified"]
+        )
+        self.assertIn(os.path.join("test", "nonascii.css"), stats["post_processed"])
         # No file should be yielded twice.
-        self.assertCountEqual(stats['post_processed'], set(stats['post_processed']))
+        self.assertCountEqual(stats["post_processed"], set(stats["post_processed"]))
         self.assertPostCondition()
 
     def test_css_import_case_insensitive(self):
@@ -213,56 +232,56 @@ class TestHashedFiles:
         self.assertPostCondition()
 
     def test_css_source_map(self):
-        relpath = self.hashed_file_path('cached/source_map.css')
-        self.assertEqual(relpath, 'cached/source_map.b2fceaf426aa.css')
+        relpath = self.hashed_file_path("cached/source_map.css")
+        self.assertEqual(relpath, "cached/source_map.b2fceaf426aa.css")
         with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(relpath) as relfile:
             content = relfile.read()
-            self.assertNotIn(b'/*# sourceMappingURL=source_map.css.map */', content)
+            self.assertNotIn(b"/*# sourceMappingURL=source_map.css.map */", content)
             self.assertIn(
-                b'/*# sourceMappingURL=source_map.css.99914b932bd3.map */',
+                b"/*# sourceMappingURL=source_map.css.99914b932bd3.map */",
                 content,
             )
         self.assertPostCondition()
 
     def test_css_source_map_sensitive(self):
-        relpath = self.hashed_file_path('cached/source_map_sensitive.css')
-        self.assertEqual(relpath, 'cached/source_map_sensitive.456683f2106f.css')
+        relpath = self.hashed_file_path("cached/source_map_sensitive.css")
+        self.assertEqual(relpath, "cached/source_map_sensitive.456683f2106f.css")
         with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(relpath) as relfile:
             content = relfile.read()
-            self.assertIn(b'/*# sOuRcEMaPpInGURL=source_map.css.map */', content)
+            self.assertIn(b"/*# sOuRcEMaPpInGURL=source_map.css.map */", content)
             self.assertNotIn(
-                b'/*# sourceMappingURL=source_map.css.99914b932bd3.map */',
+                b"/*# sourceMappingURL=source_map.css.99914b932bd3.map */",
                 content,
             )
         self.assertPostCondition()
 
     def test_js_source_map(self):
-        relpath = self.hashed_file_path('cached/source_map.js')
-        self.assertEqual(relpath, 'cached/source_map.cd45b8534a87.js')
+        relpath = self.hashed_file_path("cached/source_map.js")
+        self.assertEqual(relpath, "cached/source_map.cd45b8534a87.js")
         with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(relpath) as relfile:
             content = relfile.read()
-            self.assertNotIn(b'//# sourceMappingURL=source_map.js.map', content)
+            self.assertNotIn(b"//# sourceMappingURL=source_map.js.map", content)
             self.assertIn(
-                b'//# sourceMappingURL=source_map.js.99914b932bd3.map',
+                b"//# sourceMappingURL=source_map.js.99914b932bd3.map",
                 content,
             )
         self.assertPostCondition()
 
     def test_js_source_map_sensitive(self):
-        relpath = self.hashed_file_path('cached/source_map_sensitive.js')
-        self.assertEqual(relpath, 'cached/source_map_sensitive.5da96fdd3cb3.js')
+        relpath = self.hashed_file_path("cached/source_map_sensitive.js")
+        self.assertEqual(relpath, "cached/source_map_sensitive.5da96fdd3cb3.js")
         with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(relpath) as relfile:
             content = relfile.read()
-            self.assertIn(b'//# sOuRcEMaPpInGURL=source_map.js.map', content)
+            self.assertIn(b"//# sOuRcEMaPpInGURL=source_map.js.map", content)
             self.assertNotIn(
-                b'//# sourceMappingURL=source_map.js.99914b932bd3.map',
+                b"//# sourceMappingURL=source_map.js.99914b932bd3.map",
                 content,
             )
         self.assertPostCondition()
 
     @override_settings(
-        STATICFILES_DIRS=[os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, 'project', 'faulty')],
-        STATICFILES_FINDERS=['django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder'],
+        STATICFILES_DIRS=[os.path.join(TEST_ROOT, "project", "faulty")],
+        STATICFILES_FINDERS=["django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder"],
     )
     def test_post_processing_failure(self):
         """
@@ -271,21 +290,20 @@ class TestHashedFiles:
         finders.get_finder.cache_clear()
         err = StringIO()
         with self.assertRaises(Exception):
-            call_command('collectstatic', interactive=False, verbosity=0, stderr=err)
+            call_command("collectstatic", interactive=False, verbosity=0, stderr=err)
         self.assertEqual("Post-processing 'faulty.css' failed!\n\n", err.getvalue())
         self.assertPostCondition()
 
 
-@override_settings(STATICFILES_STORAGE='staticfiles_tests.storage.ExtraPatternsStorage')
+@override_settings(STATICFILES_STORAGE="staticfiles_tests.storage.ExtraPatternsStorage")
 class TestExtraPatternsStorage(CollectionTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         storage.staticfiles_storage.hashed_files.clear()  # avoid cache interference
         super().setUp()
 
     def cached_file_path(self, path):
         fullpath = self.render_template(self.static_template_snippet(path))
-        return fullpath.replace(settings.STATIC_URL, '')
+        return fullpath.replace(settings.STATIC_URL, "")
 
     def test_multi_extension_patterns(self):
         """
@@ -307,20 +325,21 @@ class TestExtraPatternsStorage(CollectionTestCase):
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    STATICFILES_STORAGE='django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage',
+    STATICFILES_STORAGE="django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage",
 )
 class TestCollectionManifestStorage(TestHashedFiles, CollectionTestCase):
     """
     Tests for the Cache busting storage
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
 
         temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-        os.makedirs(os.path.join(temp_dir, 'test'))
-        self._clear_filename = os.path.join(temp_dir, 'test', 'cleared.txt')
-        with open(self._clear_filename, 'w') as f:
-            f.write('to be deleted in one test')
+        os.makedirs(os.path.join(temp_dir, "test"))
+        self._clear_filename = os.path.join(temp_dir, "test", "cleared.txt")
+        with open(self._clear_filename, "w") as f:
+            f.write("to be deleted in one test")
 
         self.patched_settings = self.settings(
             STATICFILES_DIRS=settings.STATICFILES_DIRS + [temp_dir],
@@ -352,11 +371,11 @@ class TestCollectionManifestStorage(TestHashedFiles, CollectionTestCase):
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(path))
 
     def test_manifest_does_not_exist(self):
-        storage.staticfiles_storage.manifest_name = 'does.not.exist.json'
+        storage.staticfiles_storage.manifest_name = "does.not.exist.json"
         self.assertIsNone(storage.staticfiles_storage.read_manifest())
 
     def test_manifest_does_not_ignore_permission_error(self):
-        with mock.patch('builtins.open', side_effect=PermissionError):
+        with mock.patch("builtins.open", side_effect=PermissionError):
             with self.assertRaises(PermissionError):
                 storage.staticfiles_storage.read_manifest()
 
@@ -365,7 +384,7 @@ class TestCollectionManifestStorage(TestHashedFiles, CollectionTestCase):
         manifest_content = storage.staticfiles_storage.read_manifest()
         self.assertIn(
             '"version": "%s"' % storage.staticfiles_storage.manifest_version,
-            manifest_content
+            manifest_content,
         )
 
     def test_parse_cache(self):
@@ -374,7 +393,9 @@ class TestCollectionManifestStorage(TestHashedFiles, CollectionTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(hashed_files, manifest)
 
     def test_clear_empties_manifest(self):
-        cleared_file_name = storage.staticfiles_storage.clean_name(os.path.join('test', 'cleared.txt'))
+        cleared_file_name = storage.staticfiles_storage.clean_name(
+            os.path.join("test", "cleared.txt")
+        )
         # collect the additional file
         self.run_collectstatic()
 
@@ -400,50 +421,58 @@ class TestCollectionManifestStorage(TestHashedFiles, CollectionTestCase):
         self.assertNotIn(cleared_file_name, manifest_content)
 
     def test_missing_entry(self):
-        missing_file_name = 'cached/missing.css'
+        missing_file_name = "cached/missing.css"
         configured_storage = storage.staticfiles_storage
         self.assertNotIn(missing_file_name, configured_storage.hashed_files)
 
         # File name not found in manifest
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Missing staticfiles manifest entry for '%s'" % missing_file_name):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError,
+            "Missing staticfiles manifest entry for '%s'" % missing_file_name,
+        ):
             self.hashed_file_path(missing_file_name)
 
         configured_storage.manifest_strict = False
         # File doesn't exist on disk
-        err_msg = "The file '%s' could not be found with %r." % (missing_file_name, configured_storage._wrapped)
+        err_msg = "The file '%s' could not be found with %r." % (
+            missing_file_name,
+            configured_storage._wrapped,
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, err_msg):
             self.hashed_file_path(missing_file_name)
 
         content = StringIO()
-        content.write('Found')
+        content.write("Found")
         configured_storage.save(missing_file_name, content)
         # File exists on disk
         self.hashed_file_path(missing_file_name)
 
     def test_intermediate_files(self):
-        cached_files = os.listdir(os.path.join(settings.STATIC_ROOT, 'cached'))
+        cached_files = os.listdir(os.path.join(settings.STATIC_ROOT, "cached"))
         # Intermediate files shouldn't be created for reference.
         self.assertEqual(
-            len([
-                cached_file
-                for cached_file in cached_files
-                if cached_file.startswith('relative.')
-            ]),
+            len(
+                [
+                    cached_file
+                    for cached_file in cached_files
+                    if cached_file.startswith("relative.")
+                ]
+            ),
             2,
         )
 
 
-@override_settings(STATICFILES_STORAGE='staticfiles_tests.storage.NoneHashStorage')
+@override_settings(STATICFILES_STORAGE="staticfiles_tests.storage.NoneHashStorage")
 class TestCollectionNoneHashStorage(CollectionTestCase):
     hashed_file_path = hashed_file_path
 
     def test_hashed_name(self):
-        relpath = self.hashed_file_path('cached/styles.css')
-        self.assertEqual(relpath, 'cached/styles.css')
+        relpath = self.hashed_file_path("cached/styles.css")
+        self.assertEqual(relpath, "cached/styles.css")
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    STATICFILES_STORAGE='staticfiles_tests.storage.NoPostProcessReplacedPathStorage'
+    STATICFILES_STORAGE="staticfiles_tests.storage.NoPostProcessReplacedPathStorage"
 )
 class TestCollectionNoPostProcessReplacedPaths(CollectionTestCase):
     run_collectstatic_in_setUp = False
@@ -451,10 +480,10 @@ class TestCollectionNoPostProcessReplacedPaths(CollectionTestCase):
     def test_collectstatistic_no_post_process_replaced_paths(self):
         stdout = StringIO()
         self.run_collectstatic(verbosity=1, stdout=stdout)
-        self.assertIn('post-processed', stdout.getvalue())
+        self.assertIn("post-processed", stdout.getvalue())
 
 
-@override_settings(STATICFILES_STORAGE='staticfiles_tests.storage.SimpleStorage')
+@override_settings(STATICFILES_STORAGE="staticfiles_tests.storage.SimpleStorage")
 class TestCollectionSimpleStorage(CollectionTestCase):
     hashed_file_path = hashed_file_path
 
@@ -463,9 +492,13 @@ class TestCollectionSimpleStorage(CollectionTestCase):
         super().setUp()
 
     def test_template_tag_return(self):
-        self.assertStaticRaises(ValueError, "does/not/exist.png", "/static/does/not/exist.png")
+        self.assertStaticRaises(
+            ValueError, "does/not/exist.png", "/static/does/not/exist.png"
+        )
         self.assertStaticRenders("test/file.txt", "/static/test/file.deploy12345.txt")
-        self.assertStaticRenders("cached/styles.css", "/static/cached/styles.deploy12345.css")
+        self.assertStaticRenders(
+            "cached/styles.css", "/static/cached/styles.deploy12345.css"
+        )
         self.assertStaticRenders("path/", "/static/path/")
         self.assertStaticRenders("path/?query", "/static/path/?query")
 
@@ -481,7 +514,7 @@ class TestCollectionSimpleStorage(CollectionTestCase):
 class CustomManifestStorage(storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage):
     def __init__(self, *args, manifest_storage=None, **kwargs):
         manifest_storage = storage.StaticFilesStorage(
-            location=kwargs.pop('manifest_location'),
+            location=kwargs.pop("manifest_location"),
         )
         super().__init__(*args, manifest_storage=manifest_storage, **kwargs)
 
@@ -496,8 +529,8 @@ class TestCustomManifestStorage(SimpleTestCase):
         )
         self.manifest_file = self.manifest_path / self.staticfiles_storage.manifest_name
         # Manifest without paths.
-        self.manifest = {'version': self.staticfiles_storage.manifest_version}
-        with self.manifest_file.open('w') as manifest_file:
+        self.manifest = {"version": self.staticfiles_storage.manifest_version}
+        with self.manifest_file.open("w") as manifest_file:
             json.dump(self.manifest, manifest_file)
 
     def test_read_manifest(self):
@@ -515,7 +548,7 @@ class TestCustomManifestStorage(SimpleTestCase):
         self.staticfiles_storage.save_manifest()
         self.assertIs(self.manifest_file.exists(), True)
         new_manifest = json.loads(self.staticfiles_storage.read_manifest())
-        self.assertIn('paths', new_manifest)
+        self.assertIn("paths", new_manifest)
         self.assertNotEqual(new_manifest, self.manifest)
 
     def test_save_manifest_create(self):
@@ -523,7 +556,7 @@ class TestCustomManifestStorage(SimpleTestCase):
         self.staticfiles_storage.save_manifest()
         self.assertIs(self.manifest_file.exists(), True)
         new_manifest = json.loads(self.staticfiles_storage.read_manifest())
-        self.assertIn('paths', new_manifest)
+        self.assertIn("paths", new_manifest)
         self.assertNotEqual(new_manifest, self.manifest)
 
 
@@ -531,19 +564,20 @@ class CustomStaticFilesStorage(storage.StaticFilesStorage):
     """
     Used in TestStaticFilePermissions
     """
+
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        kwargs['file_permissions_mode'] = 0o640
-        kwargs['directory_permissions_mode'] = 0o740
+        kwargs["file_permissions_mode"] = 0o640
+        kwargs["directory_permissions_mode"] = 0o740
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
 
-@unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32', "Windows only partially supports chmod.")
+@unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "win32", "Windows only partially supports chmod.")
 class TestStaticFilePermissions(CollectionTestCase):
 
     command_params = {
-        'interactive': False,
-        'verbosity': 0,
-        'ignore_patterns': ['*.ignoreme'],
+        "interactive": False,
+        "verbosity": 0,
+        "ignore_patterns": ["*.ignoreme"],
     }
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -564,15 +598,15 @@ class TestStaticFilePermissions(CollectionTestCase):
         FILE_UPLOAD_DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS=0o765,
     )
     def test_collect_static_files_permissions(self):
-        call_command('collectstatic', **self.command_params)
+        call_command("collectstatic", **self.command_params)
         static_root = Path(settings.STATIC_ROOT)
-        test_file = static_root / 'test.txt'
+        test_file = static_root / "test.txt"
         file_mode = test_file.stat().st_mode & 0o777
         self.assertEqual(file_mode, 0o655)
         tests = [
-            static_root / 'subdir',
-            static_root / 'nested',
-            static_root / 'nested' / 'css',
+            static_root / "subdir",
+            static_root / "nested",
+            static_root / "nested" / "css",
         ]
         for directory in tests:
             with self.subTest(directory=directory):
@@ -584,15 +618,15 @@ class TestStaticFilePermissions(CollectionTestCase):
         FILE_UPLOAD_DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS=None,
     )
     def test_collect_static_files_default_permissions(self):
-        call_command('collectstatic', **self.command_params)
+        call_command("collectstatic", **self.command_params)
         static_root = Path(settings.STATIC_ROOT)
-        test_file = static_root / 'test.txt'
+        test_file = static_root / "test.txt"
         file_mode = test_file.stat().st_mode & 0o777
         self.assertEqual(file_mode, 0o666 & ~self.umask)
         tests = [
-            static_root / 'subdir',
-            static_root / 'nested',
-            static_root / 'nested' / 'css',
+            static_root / "subdir",
+            static_root / "nested",
+            static_root / "nested" / "css",
         ]
         for directory in tests:
             with self.subTest(directory=directory):
@@ -602,18 +636,18 @@ class TestStaticFilePermissions(CollectionTestCase):
     @override_settings(
         FILE_UPLOAD_PERMISSIONS=0o655,
         FILE_UPLOAD_DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS=0o765,
-        STATICFILES_STORAGE='staticfiles_tests.test_storage.CustomStaticFilesStorage',
+        STATICFILES_STORAGE="staticfiles_tests.test_storage.CustomStaticFilesStorage",
     )
     def test_collect_static_files_subclass_of_static_storage(self):
-        call_command('collectstatic', **self.command_params)
+        call_command("collectstatic", **self.command_params)
         static_root = Path(settings.STATIC_ROOT)
-        test_file = static_root / 'test.txt'
+        test_file = static_root / "test.txt"
         file_mode = test_file.stat().st_mode & 0o777
         self.assertEqual(file_mode, 0o640)
         tests = [
-            static_root / 'subdir',
-            static_root / 'nested',
-            static_root / 'nested' / 'css',
+            static_root / "subdir",
+            static_root / "nested",
+            static_root / "nested" / "css",
         ]
         for directory in tests:
             with self.subTest(directory=directory):
@@ -622,56 +656,57 @@ class TestStaticFilePermissions(CollectionTestCase):
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    STATICFILES_STORAGE='django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage',
+    STATICFILES_STORAGE="django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.ManifestStaticFilesStorage",
 )
 class TestCollectionHashedFilesCache(CollectionTestCase):
     """
     Files referenced from CSS use the correct final hashed name regardless of
     the order in which the files are post-processed.
     """
+
     hashed_file_path = hashed_file_path
 
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
         self._temp_dir = temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-        os.makedirs(os.path.join(temp_dir, 'test'))
+        os.makedirs(os.path.join(temp_dir, "test"))
         self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, temp_dir)
 
     def _get_filename_path(self, filename):
-        return os.path.join(self._temp_dir, 'test', filename)
+        return os.path.join(self._temp_dir, "test", filename)
 
     def test_file_change_after_collectstatic(self):
         # Create initial static files.
         file_contents = (
-            ('foo.png', 'foo'),
-            ('bar.css', 'url("foo.png")\nurl("xyz.png")'),
-            ('xyz.png', 'xyz'),
+            ("foo.png", "foo"),
+            ("bar.css", 'url("foo.png")\nurl("xyz.png")'),
+            ("xyz.png", "xyz"),
         )
         for filename, content in file_contents:
-            with open(self._get_filename_path(filename), 'w') as f:
+            with open(self._get_filename_path(filename), "w") as f:
                 f.write(content)
 
-        with self.modify_settings(STATICFILES_DIRS={'append': self._temp_dir}):
+        with self.modify_settings(STATICFILES_DIRS={"append": self._temp_dir}):
             finders.get_finder.cache_clear()
             err = StringIO()
             # First collectstatic run.
-            call_command('collectstatic', interactive=False, verbosity=0, stderr=err)
-            relpath = self.hashed_file_path('test/bar.css')
+            call_command("collectstatic", interactive=False, verbosity=0, stderr=err)
+            relpath = self.hashed_file_path("test/bar.css")
             with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(relpath) as relfile:
                 content = relfile.read()
-                self.assertIn(b'foo.acbd18db4cc2.png', content)
-                self.assertIn(b'xyz.d16fb36f0911.png', content)
+                self.assertIn(b"foo.acbd18db4cc2.png", content)
+                self.assertIn(b"xyz.d16fb36f0911.png", content)
 
             # Change the contents of the png files.
-            for filename in ('foo.png', 'xyz.png'):
-                with open(self._get_filename_path(filename), 'w+b') as f:
+            for filename in ("foo.png", "xyz.png"):
+                with open(self._get_filename_path(filename), "w+b") as f:
                     f.write(b"new content of file to change its hash")
 
             # The hashes of the png files in the CSS file are updated after
             # a second collectstatic.
-            call_command('collectstatic', interactive=False, verbosity=0, stderr=err)
-            relpath = self.hashed_file_path('test/bar.css')
+            call_command("collectstatic", interactive=False, verbosity=0, stderr=err)
+            relpath = self.hashed_file_path("test/bar.css")
             with storage.staticfiles_storage.open(relpath) as relfile:
                 content = relfile.read()
-                self.assertIn(b'foo.57a5cb9ba68d.png', content)
-                self.assertIn(b'xyz.57a5cb9ba68d.png', content)
+                self.assertIn(b"foo.57a5cb9ba68d.png", content)
+                self.assertIn(b"xyz.57a5cb9ba68d.png", content)
diff --git a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_templatetags.py b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_templatetags.py
index cd3f7d4bfa..4cc3f95ab1 100644
--- a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_templatetags.py
+++ b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_templatetags.py
@@ -4,18 +4,21 @@ from .cases import StaticFilesTestCase
 
 
 class TestTemplateTag(StaticFilesTestCase):
-
     def test_template_tag(self):
         self.assertStaticRenders("does/not/exist.png", "/static/does/not/exist.png")
         self.assertStaticRenders("testfile.txt", "/static/testfile.txt")
-        self.assertStaticRenders("special?chars&quoted.html", "/static/special%3Fchars%26quoted.html")
+        self.assertStaticRenders(
+            "special?chars&quoted.html", "/static/special%3Fchars%26quoted.html"
+        )
 
-    @override_settings(STATICFILES_STORAGE='staticfiles_tests.storage.QueryStringStorage')
+    @override_settings(
+        STATICFILES_STORAGE="staticfiles_tests.storage.QueryStringStorage"
+    )
     def test_template_tag_escapes(self):
         """
         Storage.url() should return an encoded path and might be overridden
         to also include a querystring. {% static %} escapes the URL to avoid
         raw '&', for example.
         """
-        self.assertStaticRenders('a.html', 'a.html?a=b&amp;c=d')
-        self.assertStaticRenders('a.html', 'a.html?a=b&c=d', autoescape=False)
+        self.assertStaticRenders("a.html", "a.html?a=b&amp;c=d")
+        self.assertStaticRenders("a.html", "a.html?a=b&c=d", autoescape=False)
diff --git a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_utils.py b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_utils.py
index 2fe7344646..5acd406b68 100644
--- a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_utils.py
+++ b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_utils.py
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 
 
 class CheckSettingsTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @override_settings(DEBUG=True, MEDIA_URL='static/media/', STATIC_URL='static/')
+    @override_settings(DEBUG=True, MEDIA_URL="static/media/", STATIC_URL="static/")
     def test_media_url_in_static_url(self):
         msg = "runserver can't serve media if MEDIA_URL is within STATIC_URL."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
diff --git a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_views.py b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_views.py
index d16f4a2cec..44c0cfe17f 100644
--- a/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_views.py
+++ b/tests/staticfiles_tests/test_views.py
@@ -7,11 +7,12 @@ from django.test import override_settings
 from .cases import StaticFilesTestCase, TestDefaults
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='staticfiles_tests.urls.default')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="staticfiles_tests.urls.default")
 class TestServeStatic(StaticFilesTestCase):
     """
     Test static asset serving view.
     """
+
     def _response(self, filepath):
         return self.client.get(quote(posixpath.join(settings.STATIC_URL, filepath)))
 
@@ -27,8 +28,9 @@ class TestServeDisabled(TestServeStatic):
     """
     Test serving static files disabled when DEBUG is False.
     """
+
     def test_disabled_serving(self):
-        self.assertFileNotFound('test.txt')
+        self.assertFileNotFound("test.txt")
 
 
 @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ class TestServeStaticWithDefaultURL(TestDefaults, TestServeStatic):
     """
 
 
-@override_settings(DEBUG=True, ROOT_URLCONF='staticfiles_tests.urls.helper')
+@override_settings(DEBUG=True, ROOT_URLCONF="staticfiles_tests.urls.helper")
 class TestServeStaticWithURLHelper(TestDefaults, TestServeStatic):
     """
     Test static asset serving view with staticfiles_urlpatterns helper.
diff --git a/tests/staticfiles_tests/urls/default.py b/tests/staticfiles_tests/urls/default.py
index 7d45483131..a7345cf455 100644
--- a/tests/staticfiles_tests/urls/default.py
+++ b/tests/staticfiles_tests/urls/default.py
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ from django.contrib.staticfiles import views
 from django.urls import re_path
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    re_path('^static/(?P<path>.*)$', views.serve),
+    re_path("^static/(?P<path>.*)$", views.serve),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/str/tests.py b/tests/str/tests.py
index 181906fa0d..6213af63cd 100644
--- a/tests/str/tests.py
+++ b/tests/str/tests.py
@@ -8,20 +8,20 @@ from .models import InternationalArticle
 
 
 class SimpleTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_international(self):
         a = InternationalArticle.objects.create(
-            headline='Girl wins €12.500 in lottery',
-            pub_date=datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 28)
+            headline="Girl wins €12.500 in lottery",
+            pub_date=datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 28),
         )
-        self.assertEqual(str(a), 'Girl wins €12.500 in lottery')
+        self.assertEqual(str(a), "Girl wins €12.500 in lottery")
 
-    @isolate_apps('str')
+    @isolate_apps("str")
     def test_defaults(self):
         """
         The default implementation of __str__ and __repr__ should return
         instances of str.
         """
+
         class Default(models.Model):
             pass
 
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ class SimpleTests(TestCase):
         # coerce the returned value.
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.__str__(), str)
         self.assertIsInstance(obj.__repr__(), str)
-        self.assertEqual(str(obj), 'Default object (None)')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(obj), '<Default: Default object (None)>')
+        self.assertEqual(str(obj), "Default object (None)")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(obj), "<Default: Default object (None)>")
         obj2 = Default(pk=100)
-        self.assertEqual(str(obj2), 'Default object (100)')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(obj2), '<Default: Default object (100)>')
+        self.assertEqual(str(obj2), "Default object (100)")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(obj2), "<Default: Default object (100)>")
diff --git a/tests/string_lookup/models.py b/tests/string_lookup/models.py
index 48001b42d7..71510f5b2f 100644
--- a/tests/string_lookup/models.py
+++ b/tests/string_lookup/models.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ class Foo(models.Model):
 
 class Bar(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
-    normal = models.ForeignKey(Foo, models.CASCADE, related_name='normal_foo')
+    normal = models.ForeignKey(Foo, models.CASCADE, related_name="normal_foo")
     fwd = models.ForeignKey("Whiz", models.CASCADE)
     back = models.ForeignKey("Foo", models.CASCADE)
 
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class Whiz(models.Model):
 
 
 class Child(models.Model):
-    parent = models.OneToOneField('Base', models.CASCADE)
+    parent = models.OneToOneField("Base", models.CASCADE)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
 
 
diff --git a/tests/string_lookup/tests.py b/tests/string_lookup/tests.py
index a8e39dbb6c..cc7d36061a 100644
--- a/tests/string_lookup/tests.py
+++ b/tests/string_lookup/tests.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from .models import Article, Bar, Base, Child, Foo, Whiz
 
 
 class StringLookupTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_string_form_referencing(self):
         """
         Regression test for #1661 and #1662
@@ -47,9 +46,9 @@ class StringLookupTests(TestCase):
         A properly configured UTF-8 database can handle this.
         """
 
-        fx = Foo(name='Bjorn', friend='François')
+        fx = Foo(name="Bjorn", friend="François")
         fx.save()
-        self.assertEqual(Foo.objects.get(friend__contains='\xe7'), fx)
+        self.assertEqual(Foo.objects.get(friend__contains="\xe7"), fx)
 
     def test_queries_on_textfields(self):
         """
@@ -58,11 +57,16 @@ class StringLookupTests(TestCase):
         make sure we can perform queries on TextFields.
         """
 
-        a = Article(name='Test', text='The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.')
+        a = Article(name="Test", text="The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.")
         a.save()
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(text__exact='The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.'), a)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.get(
+                text__exact="The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."
+            ),
+            a,
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(text__contains='quick brown fox'), a)
+        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(text__contains="quick brown fox"), a)
 
     def test_ipaddress_on_postgresql(self):
         """
@@ -70,8 +74,12 @@ class StringLookupTests(TestCase):
 
         "like" queries on IP address fields require casting with HOST() (on PostgreSQL).
         """
-        a = Article(name='IP test', text='The body', submitted_from='192.0.2.100')
+        a = Article(name="IP test", text="The body", submitted_from="192.0.2.100")
         a.save()
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Article.objects.filter(submitted_from__contains='192.0.2'), [a])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Article.objects.filter(submitted_from__contains="192.0.2"), [a]
+        )
         # The searches do not match the subnet mask (/32 in this case)
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.filter(submitted_from__contains='32').count(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.filter(submitted_from__contains="32").count(), 0
+        )
diff --git a/tests/swappable_models/models.py b/tests/swappable_models/models.py
index c5b4425489..02a1eb99c0 100644
--- a/tests/swappable_models/models.py
+++ b/tests/swappable_models/models.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     publication_date = models.DateField()
 
     class Meta:
-        swappable = 'TEST_ARTICLE_MODEL'
+        swappable = "TEST_ARTICLE_MODEL"
 
 
 class AlternateArticle(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/swappable_models/tests.py b/tests/swappable_models/tests.py
index b1bcaa9f70..a2d043cb56 100644
--- a/tests/swappable_models/tests.py
+++ b/tests/swappable_models/tests.py
@@ -10,35 +10,36 @@ class SwappableModelTests(TestCase):
 
     # Limit memory usage when calling 'migrate'.
     available_apps = [
-        'swappable_models',
-        'django.contrib.auth',
-        'django.contrib.contenttypes',
+        "swappable_models",
+        "django.contrib.auth",
+        "django.contrib.contenttypes",
     ]
 
-    @override_settings(TEST_ARTICLE_MODEL='swappable_models.AlternateArticle')
+    @override_settings(TEST_ARTICLE_MODEL="swappable_models.AlternateArticle")
     def test_generated_data(self):
         "Permissions and content types are not created for a swapped model"
 
         # Delete all permissions and content_types
-        Permission.objects.filter(content_type__app_label='swappable_models').delete()
-        ContentType.objects.filter(app_label='swappable_models').delete()
+        Permission.objects.filter(content_type__app_label="swappable_models").delete()
+        ContentType.objects.filter(app_label="swappable_models").delete()
 
         # Re-run migrate. This will re-build the permissions and content types.
-        management.call_command('migrate', interactive=False, verbosity=0)
+        management.call_command("migrate", interactive=False, verbosity=0)
 
         # Content types and permissions exist for the swapped model,
         # but not for the swappable model.
-        apps_models = [(p.content_type.app_label, p.content_type.model)
-                       for p in Permission.objects.all()]
-        self.assertIn(('swappable_models', 'alternatearticle'), apps_models)
-        self.assertNotIn(('swappable_models', 'article'), apps_models)
+        apps_models = [
+            (p.content_type.app_label, p.content_type.model)
+            for p in Permission.objects.all()
+        ]
+        self.assertIn(("swappable_models", "alternatearticle"), apps_models)
+        self.assertNotIn(("swappable_models", "article"), apps_models)
 
-        apps_models = [(ct.app_label, ct.model)
-                       for ct in ContentType.objects.all()]
-        self.assertIn(('swappable_models', 'alternatearticle'), apps_models)
-        self.assertNotIn(('swappable_models', 'article'), apps_models)
+        apps_models = [(ct.app_label, ct.model) for ct in ContentType.objects.all()]
+        self.assertIn(("swappable_models", "alternatearticle"), apps_models)
+        self.assertNotIn(("swappable_models", "article"), apps_models)
 
-    @override_settings(TEST_ARTICLE_MODEL='swappable_models.article')
+    @override_settings(TEST_ARTICLE_MODEL="swappable_models.article")
     def test_case_insensitive(self):
         "Model names are case insensitive. Model swapping honors this."
         Article.objects.all()
diff --git a/tests/syndication_tests/feeds.py b/tests/syndication_tests/feeds.py
index 94c36c1fd8..17d807f302 100644
--- a/tests/syndication_tests/feeds.py
+++ b/tests/syndication_tests/feeds.py
@@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ from .models import Article, Entry
 
 
 class TestRss2Feed(views.Feed):
-    title = 'My blog'
-    description = 'A more thorough description of my blog.'
-    link = '/blog/'
-    feed_guid = '/foo/bar/1234'
-    author_name = 'Sally Smith'
-    author_email = 'test@example.com'
-    author_link = 'http://www.example.com/'
-    categories = ('python', 'django')
-    feed_copyright = 'Copyright (c) 2007, Sally Smith'
+    title = "My blog"
+    description = "A more thorough description of my blog."
+    link = "/blog/"
+    feed_guid = "/foo/bar/1234"
+    author_name = "Sally Smith"
+    author_email = "test@example.com"
+    author_link = "http://www.example.com/"
+    categories = ("python", "django")
+    feed_copyright = "Copyright (c) 2007, Sally Smith"
     ttl = 600
 
     def items(self):
@@ -32,11 +32,11 @@ class TestRss2Feed(views.Feed):
     def item_comments(self, item):
         return "%scomments" % item.get_absolute_url()
 
-    item_author_name = 'Sally Smith'
-    item_author_email = 'test@example.com'
-    item_author_link = 'http://www.example.com/'
-    item_categories = ('python', 'testing')
-    item_copyright = 'Copyright (c) 2007, Sally Smith'
+    item_author_name = "Sally Smith"
+    item_author_email = "test@example.com"
+    item_author_link = "http://www.example.com/"
+    item_categories = ("python", "testing")
+    item_copyright = "Copyright (c) 2007, Sally Smith"
 
 
 class TestRss2FeedWithGuidIsPermaLinkTrue(TestRss2Feed):
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ class TestRss091Feed(TestRss2Feed):
 
 
 class TestNoPubdateFeed(views.Feed):
-    title = 'Test feed'
-    link = '/feed/'
+    title = "Test feed"
+    link = "/feed/"
 
     def items(self):
         return Entry.objects.all()
@@ -73,11 +73,12 @@ class TestLatestFeed(TestRss2Feed):
     """
     A feed where the latest entry date is an `updated` element.
     """
+
     feed_type = feedgenerator.Atom1Feed
     subtitle = TestRss2Feed.description
 
     def items(self):
-        return Entry.objects.exclude(title='My last entry')
+        return Entry.objects.exclude(title="My last entry")
 
 
 class ArticlesFeed(TestRss2Feed):
@@ -85,6 +86,7 @@ class ArticlesFeed(TestRss2Feed):
     A feed to test no link being defined. Articles have no get_absolute_url()
     method, and item_link() is not defined.
     """
+
     def items(self):
         return Article.objects.all()
 
@@ -93,24 +95,26 @@ class TestSingleEnclosureRSSFeed(TestRss2Feed):
     """
     A feed to test that RSS feeds work with a single enclosure.
     """
+
     def item_enclosure_url(self, item):
-        return 'http://example.com'
+        return "http://example.com"
 
     def item_enclosure_size(self, item):
         return 0
 
     def item_mime_type(self, item):
-        return 'image/png'
+        return "image/png"
 
 
 class TestMultipleEnclosureRSSFeed(TestRss2Feed):
     """
     A feed to test that RSS feeds raise an exception with multiple enclosures.
     """
+
     def item_enclosures(self, item):
         return [
-            feedgenerator.Enclosure('http://example.com/hello.png', 0, 'image/png'),
-            feedgenerator.Enclosure('http://example.com/goodbye.png', 0, 'image/png'),
+            feedgenerator.Enclosure("http://example.com/hello.png", 0, "image/png"),
+            feedgenerator.Enclosure("http://example.com/goodbye.png", 0, "image/png"),
         ]
 
 
@@ -118,8 +122,9 @@ class TemplateFeed(TestRss2Feed):
     """
     A feed to test defining item titles and descriptions with templates.
     """
-    title_template = 'syndication/title.html'
-    description_template = 'syndication/description.html'
+
+    title_template = "syndication/title.html"
+    description_template = "syndication/description.html"
 
     # Defining a template overrides any item_title definition
     def item_title(self):
@@ -130,17 +135,18 @@ class TemplateContextFeed(TestRss2Feed):
     """
     A feed to test custom context data in templates for title or description.
     """
-    title_template = 'syndication/title_context.html'
-    description_template = 'syndication/description_context.html'
+
+    title_template = "syndication/title_context.html"
+    description_template = "syndication/description_context.html"
 
     def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
         context = super().get_context_data(**kwargs)
-        context['foo'] = 'bar'
+        context["foo"] = "bar"
         return context
 
 
 class TestLanguageFeed(TestRss2Feed):
-    language = 'de'
+    language = "de"
 
 
 class TestGetObjectFeed(TestRss2Feed):
@@ -151,22 +157,23 @@ class TestGetObjectFeed(TestRss2Feed):
         return Article.objects.filter(entry=obj)
 
     def item_link(self, item):
-        return '%sarticle/%s/' % (item.entry.get_absolute_url(), item.pk)
+        return "%sarticle/%s/" % (item.entry.get_absolute_url(), item.pk)
 
     def item_comments(self, item):
-        return '%scomments' % self.item_link(item)
+        return "%scomments" % self.item_link(item)
 
     def item_description(self, item):
-        return 'Article description: %s' % item.title
+        return "Article description: %s" % item.title
 
     def item_title(self, item):
-        return 'Title: %s' % item.title
+        return "Title: %s" % item.title
 
 
 class NaiveDatesFeed(TestAtomFeed):
     """
     A feed with naive (non-timezone-aware) dates.
     """
+
     def item_pubdate(self, item):
         return item.published
 
@@ -175,6 +182,7 @@ class TZAwareDatesFeed(TestAtomFeed):
     """
     A feed with timezone-aware dates.
     """
+
     def item_pubdate(self, item):
         # Provide a weird offset so that the test can know it's getting this
         # specific offset and not accidentally getting on from
@@ -183,30 +191,31 @@ class TZAwareDatesFeed(TestAtomFeed):
 
 
 class TestFeedUrlFeed(TestAtomFeed):
-    feed_url = 'http://example.com/customfeedurl/'
+    feed_url = "http://example.com/customfeedurl/"
 
 
 class MyCustomAtom1Feed(feedgenerator.Atom1Feed):
     """
     Test of a custom feed generator class.
     """
+
     def root_attributes(self):
         attrs = super().root_attributes()
-        attrs['django'] = 'rocks'
+        attrs["django"] = "rocks"
         return attrs
 
     def add_root_elements(self, handler):
         super().add_root_elements(handler)
-        handler.addQuickElement('spam', 'eggs')
+        handler.addQuickElement("spam", "eggs")
 
     def item_attributes(self, item):
         attrs = super().item_attributes(item)
-        attrs['bacon'] = 'yum'
+        attrs["bacon"] = "yum"
         return attrs
 
     def add_item_elements(self, handler, item):
         super().add_item_elements(handler, item)
-        handler.addQuickElement('ministry', 'silly walks')
+        handler.addQuickElement("ministry", "silly walks")
 
 
 class TestCustomFeed(TestAtomFeed):
@@ -217,22 +226,24 @@ class TestSingleEnclosureAtomFeed(TestAtomFeed):
     """
     A feed to test that Atom feeds work with a single enclosure.
     """
+
     def item_enclosure_url(self, item):
-        return 'http://example.com'
+        return "http://example.com"
 
     def item_enclosure_size(self, item):
         return 0
 
     def item_mime_type(self, item):
-        return 'image/png'
+        return "image/png"
 
 
 class TestMultipleEnclosureAtomFeed(TestAtomFeed):
     """
     A feed to test that Atom feeds work with multiple enclosures.
     """
+
     def item_enclosures(self, item):
         return [
-            feedgenerator.Enclosure('http://example.com/hello.png', '0', 'image/png'),
-            feedgenerator.Enclosure('http://example.com/goodbye.png', '0', 'image/png'),
+            feedgenerator.Enclosure("http://example.com/hello.png", "0", "image/png"),
+            feedgenerator.Enclosure("http://example.com/goodbye.png", "0", "image/png"),
         ]
diff --git a/tests/syndication_tests/models.py b/tests/syndication_tests/models.py
index f31a7e2f2f..9bf1799c82 100644
--- a/tests/syndication_tests/models.py
+++ b/tests/syndication_tests/models.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class Entry(models.Model):
     published = models.DateTimeField()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('updated',)
+        ordering = ("updated",)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.title
@@ -23,4 +23,4 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     published = models.DateTimeField()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['updated']
+        ordering = ["updated"]
diff --git a/tests/syndication_tests/tests.py b/tests/syndication_tests/tests.py
index 5a668911f5..464ca76d54 100644
--- a/tests/syndication_tests/tests.py
+++ b/tests/syndication_tests/tests.py
@@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ from django.test import TestCase, override_settings
 from django.test.utils import requires_tz_support
 from django.utils import timezone
 from django.utils.feedgenerator import (
-    Atom1Feed, Rss201rev2Feed, rfc2822_date, rfc3339_date,
+    Atom1Feed,
+    Rss201rev2Feed,
+    rfc2822_date,
+    rfc3339_date,
 )
 
 from .models import Article, Entry
@@ -17,31 +20,35 @@ TZ = timezone.get_default_timezone()
 
 
 class FeedTestCase(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.e1 = Entry.objects.create(
-            title='My first entry', updated=datetime.datetime(1980, 1, 1, 12, 30),
-            published=datetime.datetime(1986, 9, 25, 20, 15, 00)
+            title="My first entry",
+            updated=datetime.datetime(1980, 1, 1, 12, 30),
+            published=datetime.datetime(1986, 9, 25, 20, 15, 00),
         )
         cls.e2 = Entry.objects.create(
-            title='My second entry', updated=datetime.datetime(2008, 1, 2, 12, 30),
-            published=datetime.datetime(2006, 3, 17, 18, 0)
+            title="My second entry",
+            updated=datetime.datetime(2008, 1, 2, 12, 30),
+            published=datetime.datetime(2006, 3, 17, 18, 0),
         )
         cls.e3 = Entry.objects.create(
-            title='My third entry', updated=datetime.datetime(2008, 1, 2, 13, 30),
-            published=datetime.datetime(2005, 6, 14, 10, 45)
+            title="My third entry",
+            updated=datetime.datetime(2008, 1, 2, 13, 30),
+            published=datetime.datetime(2005, 6, 14, 10, 45),
         )
         cls.e4 = Entry.objects.create(
-            title='A & B < C > D', updated=datetime.datetime(2008, 1, 3, 13, 30),
-            published=datetime.datetime(2005, 11, 25, 12, 11, 23)
+            title="A & B < C > D",
+            updated=datetime.datetime(2008, 1, 3, 13, 30),
+            published=datetime.datetime(2005, 11, 25, 12, 11, 23),
         )
         cls.e5 = Entry.objects.create(
-            title='My last entry', updated=datetime.datetime(2013, 1, 20, 0, 0),
-            published=datetime.datetime(2013, 3, 25, 20, 0)
+            title="My last entry",
+            updated=datetime.datetime(2013, 1, 20, 0, 0),
+            published=datetime.datetime(2013, 3, 25, 20, 0),
         )
         cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
-            title='My first article',
+            title="My first article",
             entry=cls.e1,
             updated=datetime.datetime(1986, 11, 21, 9, 12, 18),
             published=datetime.datetime(1986, 10, 21, 9, 12, 18),
@@ -54,21 +61,25 @@ class FeedTestCase(TestCase):
 
     def assertChildNodeContent(self, elem, expected):
         for k, v in expected.items():
-            self.assertEqual(
-                elem.getElementsByTagName(k)[0].firstChild.wholeText, v)
+            self.assertEqual(elem.getElementsByTagName(k)[0].firstChild.wholeText, v)
 
     def assertCategories(self, elem, expected):
         self.assertEqual(
-            {i.firstChild.wholeText for i in elem.childNodes if i.nodeName == 'category'},
-            set(expected)
+            {
+                i.firstChild.wholeText
+                for i in elem.childNodes
+                if i.nodeName == "category"
+            },
+            set(expected),
         )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='syndication_tests.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="syndication_tests.urls")
 class SyndicationFeedTest(FeedTestCase):
     """
     Tests for the high-level syndication feed framework.
     """
+
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         super().setUpClass()
@@ -80,250 +91,306 @@ class SyndicationFeedTest(FeedTestCase):
         """
         Test the structure and content of feeds generated by Rss201rev2Feed.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/syndication/rss2/')
+        response = self.client.get("/syndication/rss2/")
         doc = minidom.parseString(response.content)
 
         # Making sure there's only 1 `rss` element and that the correct
         # RSS version was specified.
-        feed_elem = doc.getElementsByTagName('rss')
+        feed_elem = doc.getElementsByTagName("rss")
         self.assertEqual(len(feed_elem), 1)
         feed = feed_elem[0]
-        self.assertEqual(feed.getAttribute('version'), '2.0')
-        self.assertEqual(feed.getElementsByTagName('language')[0].firstChild.nodeValue, 'en')
+        self.assertEqual(feed.getAttribute("version"), "2.0")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            feed.getElementsByTagName("language")[0].firstChild.nodeValue, "en"
+        )
 
         # Making sure there's only one `channel` element w/in the
         # `rss` element.
-        chan_elem = feed.getElementsByTagName('channel')
+        chan_elem = feed.getElementsByTagName("channel")
         self.assertEqual(len(chan_elem), 1)
         chan = chan_elem[0]
 
         # Find the last build date
-        d = Entry.objects.latest('published').published
+        d = Entry.objects.latest("published").published
         last_build_date = rfc2822_date(timezone.make_aware(d, TZ))
 
         self.assertChildNodes(
-            chan, [
-                'title', 'link', 'description', 'language', 'lastBuildDate',
-                'item', 'atom:link', 'ttl', 'copyright', 'category',
-            ]
+            chan,
+            [
+                "title",
+                "link",
+                "description",
+                "language",
+                "lastBuildDate",
+                "item",
+                "atom:link",
+                "ttl",
+                "copyright",
+                "category",
+            ],
         )
-        self.assertChildNodeContent(chan, {
-            'title': 'My blog',
-            'description': 'A more thorough description of my blog.',
-            'link': 'http://example.com/blog/',
-            'language': 'en',
-            'lastBuildDate': last_build_date,
-            'ttl': '600',
-            'copyright': 'Copyright (c) 2007, Sally Smith',
-        })
-        self.assertCategories(chan, ['python', 'django'])
+        self.assertChildNodeContent(
+            chan,
+            {
+                "title": "My blog",
+                "description": "A more thorough description of my blog.",
+                "link": "http://example.com/blog/",
+                "language": "en",
+                "lastBuildDate": last_build_date,
+                "ttl": "600",
+                "copyright": "Copyright (c) 2007, Sally Smith",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertCategories(chan, ["python", "django"])
 
         # Ensure the content of the channel is correct
-        self.assertChildNodeContent(chan, {
-            'title': 'My blog',
-            'link': 'http://example.com/blog/',
-        })
+        self.assertChildNodeContent(
+            chan,
+            {
+                "title": "My blog",
+                "link": "http://example.com/blog/",
+            },
+        )
 
         # Check feed_url is passed
         self.assertEqual(
-            chan.getElementsByTagName('atom:link')[0].getAttribute('href'),
-            'http://example.com/syndication/rss2/'
+            chan.getElementsByTagName("atom:link")[0].getAttribute("href"),
+            "http://example.com/syndication/rss2/",
         )
 
         # Find the pubdate of the first feed item
         d = Entry.objects.get(pk=self.e1.pk).published
         pub_date = rfc2822_date(timezone.make_aware(d, TZ))
 
-        items = chan.getElementsByTagName('item')
+        items = chan.getElementsByTagName("item")
         self.assertEqual(len(items), Entry.objects.count())
-        self.assertChildNodeContent(items[0], {
-            'title': 'My first entry',
-            'description': 'Overridden description: My first entry',
-            'link': 'http://example.com/blog/%s/' % self.e1.pk,
-            'guid': 'http://example.com/blog/%s/' % self.e1.pk,
-            'pubDate': pub_date,
-            'author': 'test@example.com (Sally Smith)',
-            'comments': '/blog/%s/comments' % self.e1.pk,
-        })
-        self.assertCategories(items[0], ['python', 'testing'])
+        self.assertChildNodeContent(
+            items[0],
+            {
+                "title": "My first entry",
+                "description": "Overridden description: My first entry",
+                "link": "http://example.com/blog/%s/" % self.e1.pk,
+                "guid": "http://example.com/blog/%s/" % self.e1.pk,
+                "pubDate": pub_date,
+                "author": "test@example.com (Sally Smith)",
+                "comments": "/blog/%s/comments" % self.e1.pk,
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertCategories(items[0], ["python", "testing"])
         for item in items:
-            self.assertChildNodes(item, [
-                'title',
-                'link',
-                'description',
-                'guid',
-                'category',
-                'pubDate',
-                'author',
-                'comments',
-            ])
+            self.assertChildNodes(
+                item,
+                [
+                    "title",
+                    "link",
+                    "description",
+                    "guid",
+                    "category",
+                    "pubDate",
+                    "author",
+                    "comments",
+                ],
+            )
             # Assert that <guid> does not have any 'isPermaLink' attribute
-            self.assertIsNone(item.getElementsByTagName(
-                'guid')[0].attributes.get('isPermaLink'))
+            self.assertIsNone(
+                item.getElementsByTagName("guid")[0].attributes.get("isPermaLink")
+            )
 
     def test_rss2_feed_guid_permalink_false(self):
         """
         Test if the 'isPermaLink' attribute of <guid> element of an item
         in the RSS feed is 'false'.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(
-            '/syndication/rss2/guid_ispermalink_false/')
+        response = self.client.get("/syndication/rss2/guid_ispermalink_false/")
         doc = minidom.parseString(response.content)
-        chan = doc.getElementsByTagName(
-            'rss')[0].getElementsByTagName('channel')[0]
-        items = chan.getElementsByTagName('item')
+        chan = doc.getElementsByTagName("rss")[0].getElementsByTagName("channel")[0]
+        items = chan.getElementsByTagName("item")
         for item in items:
             self.assertEqual(
-                item.getElementsByTagName('guid')[0].attributes.get(
-                    'isPermaLink').value, "false")
+                item.getElementsByTagName("guid")[0]
+                .attributes.get("isPermaLink")
+                .value,
+                "false",
+            )
 
     def test_rss2_feed_guid_permalink_true(self):
         """
         Test if the 'isPermaLink' attribute of <guid> element of an item
         in the RSS feed is 'true'.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(
-            '/syndication/rss2/guid_ispermalink_true/')
+        response = self.client.get("/syndication/rss2/guid_ispermalink_true/")
         doc = minidom.parseString(response.content)
-        chan = doc.getElementsByTagName(
-            'rss')[0].getElementsByTagName('channel')[0]
-        items = chan.getElementsByTagName('item')
+        chan = doc.getElementsByTagName("rss")[0].getElementsByTagName("channel")[0]
+        items = chan.getElementsByTagName("item")
         for item in items:
             self.assertEqual(
-                item.getElementsByTagName('guid')[0].attributes.get(
-                    'isPermaLink').value, "true")
+                item.getElementsByTagName("guid")[0]
+                .attributes.get("isPermaLink")
+                .value,
+                "true",
+            )
 
     def test_rss2_single_enclosure(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/syndication/rss2/single-enclosure/')
+        response = self.client.get("/syndication/rss2/single-enclosure/")
         doc = minidom.parseString(response.content)
-        chan = doc.getElementsByTagName('rss')[0].getElementsByTagName('channel')[0]
-        items = chan.getElementsByTagName('item')
+        chan = doc.getElementsByTagName("rss")[0].getElementsByTagName("channel")[0]
+        items = chan.getElementsByTagName("item")
         for item in items:
-            enclosures = item.getElementsByTagName('enclosure')
+            enclosures = item.getElementsByTagName("enclosure")
             self.assertEqual(len(enclosures), 1)
 
     def test_rss2_multiple_enclosures(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(
             ValueError,
             "RSS feed items may only have one enclosure, see "
-            "http://www.rssboard.org/rss-profile#element-channel-item-enclosure"
+            "http://www.rssboard.org/rss-profile#element-channel-item-enclosure",
         ):
-            self.client.get('/syndication/rss2/multiple-enclosure/')
+            self.client.get("/syndication/rss2/multiple-enclosure/")
 
     def test_rss091_feed(self):
         """
         Test the structure and content of feeds generated by RssUserland091Feed.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/syndication/rss091/')
+        response = self.client.get("/syndication/rss091/")
         doc = minidom.parseString(response.content)
 
         # Making sure there's only 1 `rss` element and that the correct
         # RSS version was specified.
-        feed_elem = doc.getElementsByTagName('rss')
+        feed_elem = doc.getElementsByTagName("rss")
         self.assertEqual(len(feed_elem), 1)
         feed = feed_elem[0]
-        self.assertEqual(feed.getAttribute('version'), '0.91')
+        self.assertEqual(feed.getAttribute("version"), "0.91")
 
         # Making sure there's only one `channel` element w/in the
         # `rss` element.
-        chan_elem = feed.getElementsByTagName('channel')
+        chan_elem = feed.getElementsByTagName("channel")
         self.assertEqual(len(chan_elem), 1)
         chan = chan_elem[0]
         self.assertChildNodes(
-            chan, [
-                'title', 'link', 'description', 'language', 'lastBuildDate',
-                'item', 'atom:link', 'ttl', 'copyright', 'category',
-            ]
+            chan,
+            [
+                "title",
+                "link",
+                "description",
+                "language",
+                "lastBuildDate",
+                "item",
+                "atom:link",
+                "ttl",
+                "copyright",
+                "category",
+            ],
         )
 
         # Ensure the content of the channel is correct
-        self.assertChildNodeContent(chan, {
-            'title': 'My blog',
-            'link': 'http://example.com/blog/',
-        })
-        self.assertCategories(chan, ['python', 'django'])
+        self.assertChildNodeContent(
+            chan,
+            {
+                "title": "My blog",
+                "link": "http://example.com/blog/",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertCategories(chan, ["python", "django"])
 
         # Check feed_url is passed
         self.assertEqual(
-            chan.getElementsByTagName('atom:link')[0].getAttribute('href'),
-            'http://example.com/syndication/rss091/'
+            chan.getElementsByTagName("atom:link")[0].getAttribute("href"),
+            "http://example.com/syndication/rss091/",
         )
 
-        items = chan.getElementsByTagName('item')
+        items = chan.getElementsByTagName("item")
         self.assertEqual(len(items), Entry.objects.count())
-        self.assertChildNodeContent(items[0], {
-            'title': 'My first entry',
-            'description': 'Overridden description: My first entry',
-            'link': 'http://example.com/blog/%s/' % self.e1.pk,
-        })
+        self.assertChildNodeContent(
+            items[0],
+            {
+                "title": "My first entry",
+                "description": "Overridden description: My first entry",
+                "link": "http://example.com/blog/%s/" % self.e1.pk,
+            },
+        )
         for item in items:
-            self.assertChildNodes(item, ['title', 'link', 'description'])
+            self.assertChildNodes(item, ["title", "link", "description"])
             self.assertCategories(item, [])
 
     def test_atom_feed(self):
         """
         Test the structure and content of feeds generated by Atom1Feed.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/syndication/atom/')
+        response = self.client.get("/syndication/atom/")
         feed = minidom.parseString(response.content).firstChild
 
-        self.assertEqual(feed.nodeName, 'feed')
-        self.assertEqual(feed.getAttribute('xmlns'), 'http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom')
+        self.assertEqual(feed.nodeName, "feed")
+        self.assertEqual(feed.getAttribute("xmlns"), "http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom")
         self.assertChildNodes(
             feed,
-            ['title', 'subtitle', 'link', 'id', 'updated', 'entry', 'rights', 'category', 'author']
+            [
+                "title",
+                "subtitle",
+                "link",
+                "id",
+                "updated",
+                "entry",
+                "rights",
+                "category",
+                "author",
+            ],
         )
-        for link in feed.getElementsByTagName('link'):
-            if link.getAttribute('rel') == 'self':
-                self.assertEqual(link.getAttribute('href'), 'http://example.com/syndication/atom/')
+        for link in feed.getElementsByTagName("link"):
+            if link.getAttribute("rel") == "self":
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    link.getAttribute("href"), "http://example.com/syndication/atom/"
+                )
 
-        entries = feed.getElementsByTagName('entry')
+        entries = feed.getElementsByTagName("entry")
         self.assertEqual(len(entries), Entry.objects.count())
         for entry in entries:
-            self.assertChildNodes(entry, [
-                'title',
-                'link',
-                'id',
-                'summary',
-                'category',
-                'updated',
-                'published',
-                'rights',
-                'author',
-            ])
-            summary = entry.getElementsByTagName('summary')[0]
-            self.assertEqual(summary.getAttribute('type'), 'html')
+            self.assertChildNodes(
+                entry,
+                [
+                    "title",
+                    "link",
+                    "id",
+                    "summary",
+                    "category",
+                    "updated",
+                    "published",
+                    "rights",
+                    "author",
+                ],
+            )
+            summary = entry.getElementsByTagName("summary")[0]
+            self.assertEqual(summary.getAttribute("type"), "html")
 
     def test_atom_feed_published_and_updated_elements(self):
         """
         The published and updated elements are not
         the same and now adhere to RFC 4287.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/syndication/atom/')
+        response = self.client.get("/syndication/atom/")
         feed = minidom.parseString(response.content).firstChild
-        entries = feed.getElementsByTagName('entry')
+        entries = feed.getElementsByTagName("entry")
 
-        published = entries[0].getElementsByTagName('published')[0].firstChild.wholeText
-        updated = entries[0].getElementsByTagName('updated')[0].firstChild.wholeText
+        published = entries[0].getElementsByTagName("published")[0].firstChild.wholeText
+        updated = entries[0].getElementsByTagName("updated")[0].firstChild.wholeText
 
         self.assertNotEqual(published, updated)
 
     def test_atom_single_enclosure(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/syndication/atom/single-enclosure/')
+        response = self.client.get("/syndication/atom/single-enclosure/")
         feed = minidom.parseString(response.content).firstChild
-        items = feed.getElementsByTagName('entry')
+        items = feed.getElementsByTagName("entry")
         for item in items:
-            links = item.getElementsByTagName('link')
-            links = [link for link in links if link.getAttribute('rel') == 'enclosure']
+            links = item.getElementsByTagName("link")
+            links = [link for link in links if link.getAttribute("rel") == "enclosure"]
             self.assertEqual(len(links), 1)
 
     def test_atom_multiple_enclosures(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/syndication/atom/multiple-enclosure/')
+        response = self.client.get("/syndication/atom/multiple-enclosure/")
         feed = minidom.parseString(response.content).firstChild
-        items = feed.getElementsByTagName('entry')
+        items = feed.getElementsByTagName("entry")
         for item in items:
-            links = item.getElementsByTagName('link')
-            links = [link for link in links if link.getAttribute('rel') == 'enclosure']
+            links = item.getElementsByTagName("link")
+            links = [link for link in links if link.getAttribute("rel") == "enclosure"]
             self.assertEqual(len(links), 2)
 
     def test_latest_post_date(self):
@@ -332,71 +399,88 @@ class SyndicationFeedTest(FeedTestCase):
         considered when determining the latest post date.
         """
         # this feed has a `published` element with the latest date
-        response = self.client.get('/syndication/atom/')
+        response = self.client.get("/syndication/atom/")
         feed = minidom.parseString(response.content).firstChild
-        updated = feed.getElementsByTagName('updated')[0].firstChild.wholeText
+        updated = feed.getElementsByTagName("updated")[0].firstChild.wholeText
 
-        d = Entry.objects.latest('published').published
+        d = Entry.objects.latest("published").published
         latest_published = rfc3339_date(timezone.make_aware(d, TZ))
 
         self.assertEqual(updated, latest_published)
 
         # this feed has an `updated` element with the latest date
-        response = self.client.get('/syndication/latest/')
+        response = self.client.get("/syndication/latest/")
         feed = minidom.parseString(response.content).firstChild
-        updated = feed.getElementsByTagName('updated')[0].firstChild.wholeText
+        updated = feed.getElementsByTagName("updated")[0].firstChild.wholeText
 
-        d = Entry.objects.exclude(title='My last entry').latest('updated').updated
+        d = Entry.objects.exclude(title="My last entry").latest("updated").updated
         latest_updated = rfc3339_date(timezone.make_aware(d, TZ))
 
         self.assertEqual(updated, latest_updated)
 
     def test_custom_feed_generator(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/syndication/custom/')
+        response = self.client.get("/syndication/custom/")
         feed = minidom.parseString(response.content).firstChild
 
-        self.assertEqual(feed.nodeName, 'feed')
-        self.assertEqual(feed.getAttribute('django'), 'rocks')
+        self.assertEqual(feed.nodeName, "feed")
+        self.assertEqual(feed.getAttribute("django"), "rocks")
         self.assertChildNodes(
             feed,
-            ['title', 'subtitle', 'link', 'id', 'updated', 'entry', 'spam', 'rights', 'category', 'author']
+            [
+                "title",
+                "subtitle",
+                "link",
+                "id",
+                "updated",
+                "entry",
+                "spam",
+                "rights",
+                "category",
+                "author",
+            ],
         )
 
-        entries = feed.getElementsByTagName('entry')
+        entries = feed.getElementsByTagName("entry")
         self.assertEqual(len(entries), Entry.objects.count())
         for entry in entries:
-            self.assertEqual(entry.getAttribute('bacon'), 'yum')
-            self.assertChildNodes(entry, [
-                'title',
-                'link',
-                'id',
-                'summary',
-                'ministry',
-                'rights',
-                'author',
-                'updated',
-                'published',
-                'category',
-            ])
-            summary = entry.getElementsByTagName('summary')[0]
-            self.assertEqual(summary.getAttribute('type'), 'html')
+            self.assertEqual(entry.getAttribute("bacon"), "yum")
+            self.assertChildNodes(
+                entry,
+                [
+                    "title",
+                    "link",
+                    "id",
+                    "summary",
+                    "ministry",
+                    "rights",
+                    "author",
+                    "updated",
+                    "published",
+                    "category",
+                ],
+            )
+            summary = entry.getElementsByTagName("summary")[0]
+            self.assertEqual(summary.getAttribute("type"), "html")
 
     def test_feed_generator_language_attribute(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/syndication/language/')
+        response = self.client.get("/syndication/language/")
         feed = minidom.parseString(response.content).firstChild
-        self.assertEqual(feed.firstChild.getElementsByTagName('language')[0].firstChild.nodeValue, 'de')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            feed.firstChild.getElementsByTagName("language")[0].firstChild.nodeValue,
+            "de",
+        )
 
     def test_title_escaping(self):
         """
         Titles are escaped correctly in RSS feeds.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/syndication/rss2/')
+        response = self.client.get("/syndication/rss2/")
         doc = minidom.parseString(response.content)
-        for item in doc.getElementsByTagName('item'):
-            link = item.getElementsByTagName('link')[0]
-            if link.firstChild.wholeText == 'http://example.com/blog/4/':
-                title = item.getElementsByTagName('title')[0]
-                self.assertEqual(title.firstChild.wholeText, 'A &amp; B &lt; C &gt; D')
+        for item in doc.getElementsByTagName("item"):
+            link = item.getElementsByTagName("link")[0]
+            if link.firstChild.wholeText == "http://example.com/blog/4/":
+                title = item.getElementsByTagName("title")[0]
+                self.assertEqual(title.firstChild.wholeText, "A &amp; B &lt; C &gt; D")
 
     def test_naive_datetime_conversion(self):
         """
@@ -404,11 +488,11 @@ class SyndicationFeedTest(FeedTestCase):
         """
         # Naive date times passed in get converted to the local time zone, so
         # check the received zone offset against the local offset.
-        response = self.client.get('/syndication/naive-dates/')
+        response = self.client.get("/syndication/naive-dates/")
         doc = minidom.parseString(response.content)
-        updated = doc.getElementsByTagName('updated')[0].firstChild.wholeText
+        updated = doc.getElementsByTagName("updated")[0].firstChild.wholeText
 
-        d = Entry.objects.latest('published').published
+        d = Entry.objects.latest("published").published
         latest = rfc3339_date(timezone.make_aware(d, TZ))
 
         self.assertEqual(updated, latest)
@@ -417,25 +501,25 @@ class SyndicationFeedTest(FeedTestCase):
         """
         Datetimes with timezones don't get trodden on.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/syndication/aware-dates/')
+        response = self.client.get("/syndication/aware-dates/")
         doc = minidom.parseString(response.content)
-        published = doc.getElementsByTagName('published')[0].firstChild.wholeText
-        self.assertEqual(published[-6:], '+00:42')
+        published = doc.getElementsByTagName("published")[0].firstChild.wholeText
+        self.assertEqual(published[-6:], "+00:42")
 
     def test_feed_no_content_self_closing_tag(self):
         tests = [
-            (Atom1Feed, 'link'),
-            (Rss201rev2Feed, 'atom:link'),
+            (Atom1Feed, "link"),
+            (Rss201rev2Feed, "atom:link"),
         ]
         for feedgenerator, tag in tests:
             with self.subTest(feedgenerator=feedgenerator.__name__):
                 feed = feedgenerator(
-                    title='title',
-                    link='https://example.com',
-                    description='self closing tags test',
-                    feed_url='https://feed.url.com',
+                    title="title",
+                    link="https://example.com",
+                    description="self closing tags test",
+                    feed_url="https://feed.url.com",
                 )
-                doc = feed.writeString('utf-8')
+                doc = feed.writeString("utf-8")
                 self.assertIn(f'<{tag} href="https://feed.url.com" rel="self"/>', doc)
 
     @requires_tz_support
@@ -443,48 +527,56 @@ class SyndicationFeedTest(FeedTestCase):
         """
         Tests the Last-Modified header with naive publication dates.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/syndication/naive-dates/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Last-Modified'], 'Tue, 26 Mar 2013 01:00:00 GMT')
+        response = self.client.get("/syndication/naive-dates/")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.headers["Last-Modified"], "Tue, 26 Mar 2013 01:00:00 GMT"
+        )
 
     def test_feed_last_modified_time(self):
         """
         Tests the Last-Modified header with aware publication dates.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/syndication/aware-dates/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Last-Modified'], 'Mon, 25 Mar 2013 19:18:00 GMT')
+        response = self.client.get("/syndication/aware-dates/")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.headers["Last-Modified"], "Mon, 25 Mar 2013 19:18:00 GMT"
+        )
 
         # No last-modified when feed has no item_pubdate
-        response = self.client.get('/syndication/no_pubdate/')
-        self.assertFalse(response.has_header('Last-Modified'))
+        response = self.client.get("/syndication/no_pubdate/")
+        self.assertFalse(response.has_header("Last-Modified"))
 
     def test_feed_url(self):
         """
         The feed_url can be overridden.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/syndication/feedurl/')
+        response = self.client.get("/syndication/feedurl/")
         doc = minidom.parseString(response.content)
-        for link in doc.getElementsByTagName('link'):
-            if link.getAttribute('rel') == 'self':
-                self.assertEqual(link.getAttribute('href'), 'http://example.com/customfeedurl/')
+        for link in doc.getElementsByTagName("link"):
+            if link.getAttribute("rel") == "self":
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    link.getAttribute("href"), "http://example.com/customfeedurl/"
+                )
 
     def test_secure_urls(self):
         """
         Test URLs are prefixed with https:// when feed is requested over HTTPS.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/syndication/rss2/', **{
-            'wsgi.url_scheme': 'https',
-        })
-        doc = minidom.parseString(response.content)
-        chan = doc.getElementsByTagName('channel')[0]
-        self.assertEqual(
-            chan.getElementsByTagName('link')[0].firstChild.wholeText[0:5],
-            'https'
+        response = self.client.get(
+            "/syndication/rss2/",
+            **{
+                "wsgi.url_scheme": "https",
+            },
         )
-        atom_link = chan.getElementsByTagName('atom:link')[0]
-        self.assertEqual(atom_link.getAttribute('href')[0:5], 'https')
-        for link in doc.getElementsByTagName('link'):
-            if link.getAttribute('rel') == 'self':
-                self.assertEqual(link.getAttribute('href')[0:5], 'https')
+        doc = minidom.parseString(response.content)
+        chan = doc.getElementsByTagName("channel")[0]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            chan.getElementsByTagName("link")[0].firstChild.wholeText[0:5], "https"
+        )
+        atom_link = chan.getElementsByTagName("atom:link")[0]
+        self.assertEqual(atom_link.getAttribute("href")[0:5], "https")
+        for link in doc.getElementsByTagName("link"):
+            if link.getAttribute("rel") == "self":
+                self.assertEqual(link.getAttribute("href")[0:5], "https")
 
     def test_item_link_error(self):
         """
@@ -492,75 +584,100 @@ class SyndicationFeedTest(FeedTestCase):
         item(s).
         """
         msg = (
-            'Give your Article class a get_absolute_url() method, or define '
-            'an item_link() method in your Feed class.'
+            "Give your Article class a get_absolute_url() method, or define "
+            "an item_link() method in your Feed class."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            self.client.get('/syndication/articles/')
+            self.client.get("/syndication/articles/")
 
     def test_template_feed(self):
         """
         The item title and description can be overridden with templates.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/syndication/template/')
+        response = self.client.get("/syndication/template/")
         doc = minidom.parseString(response.content)
-        feed = doc.getElementsByTagName('rss')[0]
-        chan = feed.getElementsByTagName('channel')[0]
-        items = chan.getElementsByTagName('item')
+        feed = doc.getElementsByTagName("rss")[0]
+        chan = feed.getElementsByTagName("channel")[0]
+        items = chan.getElementsByTagName("item")
 
-        self.assertChildNodeContent(items[0], {
-            'title': 'Title in your templates: My first entry\n',
-            'description': 'Description in your templates: My first entry\n',
-            'link': 'http://example.com/blog/%s/' % self.e1.pk,
-        })
+        self.assertChildNodeContent(
+            items[0],
+            {
+                "title": "Title in your templates: My first entry\n",
+                "description": "Description in your templates: My first entry\n",
+                "link": "http://example.com/blog/%s/" % self.e1.pk,
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_template_context_feed(self):
         """
         Custom context data can be passed to templates for title
         and description.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/syndication/template_context/')
+        response = self.client.get("/syndication/template_context/")
         doc = minidom.parseString(response.content)
-        feed = doc.getElementsByTagName('rss')[0]
-        chan = feed.getElementsByTagName('channel')[0]
-        items = chan.getElementsByTagName('item')
+        feed = doc.getElementsByTagName("rss")[0]
+        chan = feed.getElementsByTagName("channel")[0]
+        items = chan.getElementsByTagName("item")
 
-        self.assertChildNodeContent(items[0], {
-            'title': 'My first entry (foo is bar)\n',
-            'description': 'My first entry (foo is bar)\n',
-        })
+        self.assertChildNodeContent(
+            items[0],
+            {
+                "title": "My first entry (foo is bar)\n",
+                "description": "My first entry (foo is bar)\n",
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_add_domain(self):
         """
         add_domain() prefixes domains onto the correct URLs.
         """
         prefix_domain_mapping = (
-            (('example.com', '/foo/?arg=value'), 'http://example.com/foo/?arg=value'),
-            (('example.com', '/foo/?arg=value', True), 'https://example.com/foo/?arg=value'),
-            (('example.com', 'http://djangoproject.com/doc/'), 'http://djangoproject.com/doc/'),
-            (('example.com', 'https://djangoproject.com/doc/'), 'https://djangoproject.com/doc/'),
-            (('example.com', 'mailto:uhoh@djangoproject.com'), 'mailto:uhoh@djangoproject.com'),
-            (('example.com', '//example.com/foo/?arg=value'), 'http://example.com/foo/?arg=value'),
+            (("example.com", "/foo/?arg=value"), "http://example.com/foo/?arg=value"),
+            (
+                ("example.com", "/foo/?arg=value", True),
+                "https://example.com/foo/?arg=value",
+            ),
+            (
+                ("example.com", "http://djangoproject.com/doc/"),
+                "http://djangoproject.com/doc/",
+            ),
+            (
+                ("example.com", "https://djangoproject.com/doc/"),
+                "https://djangoproject.com/doc/",
+            ),
+            (
+                ("example.com", "mailto:uhoh@djangoproject.com"),
+                "mailto:uhoh@djangoproject.com",
+            ),
+            (
+                ("example.com", "//example.com/foo/?arg=value"),
+                "http://example.com/foo/?arg=value",
+            ),
         )
         for prefix in prefix_domain_mapping:
             with self.subTest(prefix=prefix):
                 self.assertEqual(views.add_domain(*prefix[0]), prefix[1])
 
     def test_get_object(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/syndication/rss2/articles/%s/' % self.e1.pk)
+        response = self.client.get("/syndication/rss2/articles/%s/" % self.e1.pk)
         doc = minidom.parseString(response.content)
-        feed = doc.getElementsByTagName('rss')[0]
-        chan = feed.getElementsByTagName('channel')[0]
-        items = chan.getElementsByTagName('item')
+        feed = doc.getElementsByTagName("rss")[0]
+        chan = feed.getElementsByTagName("channel")[0]
+        items = chan.getElementsByTagName("item")
 
-        self.assertChildNodeContent(items[0], {
-            'comments': '/blog/%s/article/%s/comments' % (self.e1.pk, self.a1.pk),
-            'description': 'Article description: My first article',
-            'link': 'http://example.com/blog/%s/article/%s/' % (self.e1.pk, self.a1.pk),
-            'title': 'Title: My first article',
-            'pubDate': rfc2822_date(timezone.make_aware(self.a1.published, TZ)),
-        })
+        self.assertChildNodeContent(
+            items[0],
+            {
+                "comments": "/blog/%s/article/%s/comments" % (self.e1.pk, self.a1.pk),
+                "description": "Article description: My first article",
+                "link": "http://example.com/blog/%s/article/%s/"
+                % (self.e1.pk, self.a1.pk),
+                "title": "Title: My first article",
+                "pubDate": rfc2822_date(timezone.make_aware(self.a1.published, TZ)),
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_get_non_existent_object(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/syndication/rss2/articles/0/')
+        response = self.client.get("/syndication/rss2/articles/0/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
diff --git a/tests/syndication_tests/urls.py b/tests/syndication_tests/urls.py
index 438aa6f508..511f977ebc 100644
--- a/tests/syndication_tests/urls.py
+++ b/tests/syndication_tests/urls.py
@@ -3,28 +3,30 @@ from django.urls import path
 from . import feeds
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('syndication/rss2/', feeds.TestRss2Feed()),
-    path('syndication/rss2/articles/<int:entry_id>/', feeds.TestGetObjectFeed()),
+    path("syndication/rss2/", feeds.TestRss2Feed()),
+    path("syndication/rss2/articles/<int:entry_id>/", feeds.TestGetObjectFeed()),
     path(
-        'syndication/rss2/guid_ispermalink_true/',
-        feeds.TestRss2FeedWithGuidIsPermaLinkTrue()),
+        "syndication/rss2/guid_ispermalink_true/",
+        feeds.TestRss2FeedWithGuidIsPermaLinkTrue(),
+    ),
     path(
-        'syndication/rss2/guid_ispermalink_false/',
-        feeds.TestRss2FeedWithGuidIsPermaLinkFalse()),
-    path('syndication/rss091/', feeds.TestRss091Feed()),
-    path('syndication/no_pubdate/', feeds.TestNoPubdateFeed()),
-    path('syndication/atom/', feeds.TestAtomFeed()),
-    path('syndication/latest/', feeds.TestLatestFeed()),
-    path('syndication/custom/', feeds.TestCustomFeed()),
-    path('syndication/language/', feeds.TestLanguageFeed()),
-    path('syndication/naive-dates/', feeds.NaiveDatesFeed()),
-    path('syndication/aware-dates/', feeds.TZAwareDatesFeed()),
-    path('syndication/feedurl/', feeds.TestFeedUrlFeed()),
-    path('syndication/articles/', feeds.ArticlesFeed()),
-    path('syndication/template/', feeds.TemplateFeed()),
-    path('syndication/template_context/', feeds.TemplateContextFeed()),
-    path('syndication/rss2/single-enclosure/', feeds.TestSingleEnclosureRSSFeed()),
-    path('syndication/rss2/multiple-enclosure/', feeds.TestMultipleEnclosureRSSFeed()),
-    path('syndication/atom/single-enclosure/', feeds.TestSingleEnclosureAtomFeed()),
-    path('syndication/atom/multiple-enclosure/', feeds.TestMultipleEnclosureAtomFeed()),
+        "syndication/rss2/guid_ispermalink_false/",
+        feeds.TestRss2FeedWithGuidIsPermaLinkFalse(),
+    ),
+    path("syndication/rss091/", feeds.TestRss091Feed()),
+    path("syndication/no_pubdate/", feeds.TestNoPubdateFeed()),
+    path("syndication/atom/", feeds.TestAtomFeed()),
+    path("syndication/latest/", feeds.TestLatestFeed()),
+    path("syndication/custom/", feeds.TestCustomFeed()),
+    path("syndication/language/", feeds.TestLanguageFeed()),
+    path("syndication/naive-dates/", feeds.NaiveDatesFeed()),
+    path("syndication/aware-dates/", feeds.TZAwareDatesFeed()),
+    path("syndication/feedurl/", feeds.TestFeedUrlFeed()),
+    path("syndication/articles/", feeds.ArticlesFeed()),
+    path("syndication/template/", feeds.TemplateFeed()),
+    path("syndication/template_context/", feeds.TemplateContextFeed()),
+    path("syndication/rss2/single-enclosure/", feeds.TestSingleEnclosureRSSFeed()),
+    path("syndication/rss2/multiple-enclosure/", feeds.TestMultipleEnclosureRSSFeed()),
+    path("syndication/atom/single-enclosure/", feeds.TestSingleEnclosureAtomFeed()),
+    path("syndication/atom/multiple-enclosure/", feeds.TestMultipleEnclosureAtomFeed()),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/template_backends/test_django.py b/tests/template_backends/test_django.py
index 047af67df5..abd4e3cdb5 100644
--- a/tests/template_backends/test_django.py
+++ b/tests/template_backends/test_django.py
@@ -13,89 +13,95 @@ from .test_dummy import TemplateStringsTests
 class DjangoTemplatesTests(TemplateStringsTests):
 
     engine_class = DjangoTemplates
-    backend_name = 'django'
+    backend_name = "django"
     request_factory = RequestFactory()
 
     def test_context_has_priority_over_template_context_processors(self):
         # See ticket #23789.
-        engine = DjangoTemplates({
-            'DIRS': [],
-            'APP_DIRS': False,
-            'NAME': 'django',
-            'OPTIONS': {
-                'context_processors': [test_processor_name],
-            },
-        })
+        engine = DjangoTemplates(
+            {
+                "DIRS": [],
+                "APP_DIRS": False,
+                "NAME": "django",
+                "OPTIONS": {
+                    "context_processors": [test_processor_name],
+                },
+            }
+        )
 
-        template = engine.from_string('{{ processors }}')
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        template = engine.from_string("{{ processors }}")
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
 
         # Context processors run
         content = template.render({}, request)
-        self.assertEqual(content, 'yes')
+        self.assertEqual(content, "yes")
 
         # Context overrides context processors
-        content = template.render({'processors': 'no'}, request)
-        self.assertEqual(content, 'no')
+        content = template.render({"processors": "no"}, request)
+        self.assertEqual(content, "no")
 
     def test_render_requires_dict(self):
         """django.Template.render() requires a dict."""
-        engine = DjangoTemplates({
-            'DIRS': [],
-            'APP_DIRS': False,
-            'NAME': 'django',
-            'OPTIONS': {},
-        })
-        template = engine.from_string('')
+        engine = DjangoTemplates(
+            {
+                "DIRS": [],
+                "APP_DIRS": False,
+                "NAME": "django",
+                "OPTIONS": {},
+            }
+        )
+        template = engine.from_string("")
         context = Context()
-        request_context = RequestContext(self.request_factory.get('/'), {})
-        msg = 'context must be a dict rather than Context.'
+        request_context = RequestContext(self.request_factory.get("/"), {})
+        msg = "context must be a dict rather than Context."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             template.render(context)
-        msg = 'context must be a dict rather than RequestContext.'
+        msg = "context must be a dict rather than RequestContext."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             template.render(request_context)
 
-    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['template_backends.apps.good'])
+    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["template_backends.apps.good"])
     def test_templatetag_discovery(self):
-        engine = DjangoTemplates({
-            'DIRS': [],
-            'APP_DIRS': False,
-            'NAME': 'django',
-            'OPTIONS': {
-                'libraries': {
-                    'alternate': 'template_backends.apps.good.templatetags.good_tags',
-                    'override': 'template_backends.apps.good.templatetags.good_tags',
+        engine = DjangoTemplates(
+            {
+                "DIRS": [],
+                "APP_DIRS": False,
+                "NAME": "django",
+                "OPTIONS": {
+                    "libraries": {
+                        "alternate": "template_backends.apps.good.templatetags.good_tags",
+                        "override": "template_backends.apps.good.templatetags.good_tags",
+                    },
                 },
-            },
-        })
+            }
+        )
 
         # libraries are discovered from installed applications
         self.assertEqual(
-            engine.engine.libraries['good_tags'],
-            'template_backends.apps.good.templatetags.good_tags',
+            engine.engine.libraries["good_tags"],
+            "template_backends.apps.good.templatetags.good_tags",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            engine.engine.libraries['subpackage.tags'],
-            'template_backends.apps.good.templatetags.subpackage.tags',
+            engine.engine.libraries["subpackage.tags"],
+            "template_backends.apps.good.templatetags.subpackage.tags",
         )
         # libraries are discovered from django.templatetags
         self.assertEqual(
-            engine.engine.libraries['static'],
-            'django.templatetags.static',
+            engine.engine.libraries["static"],
+            "django.templatetags.static",
         )
         # libraries passed in OPTIONS are registered
         self.assertEqual(
-            engine.engine.libraries['alternate'],
-            'template_backends.apps.good.templatetags.good_tags',
+            engine.engine.libraries["alternate"],
+            "template_backends.apps.good.templatetags.good_tags",
         )
         # libraries passed in OPTIONS take precedence over discovered ones
         self.assertEqual(
-            engine.engine.libraries['override'],
-            'template_backends.apps.good.templatetags.good_tags',
+            engine.engine.libraries["override"],
+            "template_backends.apps.good.templatetags.good_tags",
         )
 
-    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['template_backends.apps.importerror'])
+    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["template_backends.apps.importerror"])
     def test_templatetag_discovery_import_error(self):
         """
         Import errors in tag modules should be reraised with a helpful message.
@@ -103,77 +109,99 @@ class DjangoTemplatesTests(TemplateStringsTests):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(
             InvalidTemplateLibrary,
             "ImportError raised when trying to load "
-            "'template_backends.apps.importerror.templatetags.broken_tags'"
+            "'template_backends.apps.importerror.templatetags.broken_tags'",
         ) as cm:
-            DjangoTemplates({
-                'DIRS': [],
-                'APP_DIRS': False,
-                'NAME': 'django',
-                'OPTIONS': {},
-            })
+            DjangoTemplates(
+                {
+                    "DIRS": [],
+                    "APP_DIRS": False,
+                    "NAME": "django",
+                    "OPTIONS": {},
+                }
+            )
         self.assertIsInstance(cm.exception.__cause__, ImportError)
 
     def test_builtins_discovery(self):
-        engine = DjangoTemplates({
-            'DIRS': [],
-            'APP_DIRS': False,
-            'NAME': 'django',
-            'OPTIONS': {
-                'builtins': ['template_backends.apps.good.templatetags.good_tags'],
-            },
-        })
+        engine = DjangoTemplates(
+            {
+                "DIRS": [],
+                "APP_DIRS": False,
+                "NAME": "django",
+                "OPTIONS": {
+                    "builtins": ["template_backends.apps.good.templatetags.good_tags"],
+                },
+            }
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            engine.engine.builtins, [
-                'django.template.defaulttags',
-                'django.template.defaultfilters',
-                'django.template.loader_tags',
-                'template_backends.apps.good.templatetags.good_tags',
-            ]
+            engine.engine.builtins,
+            [
+                "django.template.defaulttags",
+                "django.template.defaultfilters",
+                "django.template.loader_tags",
+                "template_backends.apps.good.templatetags.good_tags",
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_autoescape_off(self):
-        templates = [{
-            'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-            'OPTIONS': {'autoescape': False},
-        }]
+        templates = [
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                "OPTIONS": {"autoescape": False},
+            }
+        ]
         engines = EngineHandler(templates=templates)
         self.assertEqual(
-            engines['django'].from_string('Hello, {{ name }}').render({'name': 'Bob & Jim'}),
-            'Hello, Bob & Jim'
+            engines["django"]
+            .from_string("Hello, {{ name }}")
+            .render({"name": "Bob & Jim"}),
+            "Hello, Bob & Jim",
         )
 
     def test_autoescape_default(self):
-        templates = [{
-            'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        }]
+        templates = [
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            }
+        ]
         engines = EngineHandler(templates=templates)
         self.assertEqual(
-            engines['django'].from_string('Hello, {{ name }}').render({'name': 'Bob & Jim'}),
-            'Hello, Bob &amp; Jim'
+            engines["django"]
+            .from_string("Hello, {{ name }}")
+            .render({"name": "Bob & Jim"}),
+            "Hello, Bob &amp; Jim",
         )
 
     default_loaders = [
-        'django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader',
-        'django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader',
+        "django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader",
+        "django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader",
     ]
 
     @override_settings(DEBUG=False)
     def test_non_debug_default_template_loaders(self):
-        engine = DjangoTemplates({'DIRS': [], 'APP_DIRS': True, 'NAME': 'django', 'OPTIONS': {}})
-        self.assertEqual(engine.engine.loaders, [('django.template.loaders.cached.Loader', self.default_loaders)])
+        engine = DjangoTemplates(
+            {"DIRS": [], "APP_DIRS": True, "NAME": "django", "OPTIONS": {}}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            engine.engine.loaders,
+            [("django.template.loaders.cached.Loader", self.default_loaders)],
+        )
 
     @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
     def test_debug_default_template_loaders(self):
-        engine = DjangoTemplates({'DIRS': [], 'APP_DIRS': True, 'NAME': 'django', 'OPTIONS': {}})
+        engine = DjangoTemplates(
+            {"DIRS": [], "APP_DIRS": True, "NAME": "django", "OPTIONS": {}}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(engine.engine.loaders, self.default_loaders)
 
     def test_dirs_pathlib(self):
-        engine = DjangoTemplates({
-            'DIRS': [Path(__file__).parent / 'templates' / 'template_backends'],
-            'APP_DIRS': False,
-            'NAME': 'django',
-            'OPTIONS': {},
-        })
-        template = engine.get_template('hello.html')
-        self.assertEqual(template.render({'name': 'Joe'}), 'Hello Joe!\n')
+        engine = DjangoTemplates(
+            {
+                "DIRS": [Path(__file__).parent / "templates" / "template_backends"],
+                "APP_DIRS": False,
+                "NAME": "django",
+                "OPTIONS": {},
+            }
+        )
+        template = engine.get_template("hello.html")
+        self.assertEqual(template.render({"name": "Joe"}), "Hello Joe!\n")
diff --git a/tests/template_backends/test_dummy.py b/tests/template_backends/test_dummy.py
index 8c8cef68ce..adddbc6000 100644
--- a/tests/template_backends/test_dummy.py
+++ b/tests/template_backends/test_dummy.py
@@ -3,7 +3,10 @@ import re
 from django.forms import CharField, Form, Media
 from django.http import HttpRequest, HttpResponse
 from django.middleware.csrf import (
-    CSRF_TOKEN_LENGTH, CsrfViewMiddleware, _unmask_cipher_token, get_token,
+    CSRF_TOKEN_LENGTH,
+    CsrfViewMiddleware,
+    _unmask_cipher_token,
+    get_token,
 )
 from django.template import TemplateDoesNotExist, TemplateSyntaxError
 from django.template.backends.dummy import TemplateStrings
@@ -13,17 +16,17 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 class TemplateStringsTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     engine_class = TemplateStrings
-    backend_name = 'dummy'
+    backend_name = "dummy"
     options = {}
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         super().setUpClass()
         params = {
-            'DIRS': [],
-            'APP_DIRS': True,
-            'NAME': cls.backend_name,
-            'OPTIONS': cls.options,
+            "DIRS": [],
+            "APP_DIRS": True,
+            "NAME": cls.backend_name,
+            "OPTIONS": cls.options,
         }
         cls.engine = cls.engine_class(params)
 
@@ -33,44 +36,44 @@ class TemplateStringsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(content, "Hello!\n")
 
     def test_get_template(self):
-        template = self.engine.get_template('template_backends/hello.html')
-        content = template.render({'name': 'world'})
+        template = self.engine.get_template("template_backends/hello.html")
+        content = template.render({"name": "world"})
         self.assertEqual(content, "Hello world!\n")
 
     def test_get_template_nonexistent(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateDoesNotExist) as e:
-            self.engine.get_template('template_backends/nonexistent.html')
+            self.engine.get_template("template_backends/nonexistent.html")
         self.assertEqual(e.exception.backend, self.engine)
 
     def test_get_template_syntax_error(self):
         # There's no way to trigger a syntax error with the dummy backend.
         # The test still lives here to factor it between other backends.
-        if self.backend_name == 'dummy':
+        if self.backend_name == "dummy":
             self.skipTest("test doesn't apply to dummy backend")
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('template_backends/syntax_error.html')
+            self.engine.get_template("template_backends/syntax_error.html")
 
     def test_html_escaping(self):
-        template = self.engine.get_template('template_backends/hello.html')
-        context = {'name': '<script>alert("XSS!");</script>'}
+        template = self.engine.get_template("template_backends/hello.html")
+        context = {"name": '<script>alert("XSS!");</script>'}
         content = template.render(context)
 
-        self.assertIn('&lt;script&gt;', content)
-        self.assertNotIn('<script>', content)
+        self.assertIn("&lt;script&gt;", content)
+        self.assertNotIn("<script>", content)
 
     def test_django_html_escaping(self):
-        if self.backend_name == 'dummy':
+        if self.backend_name == "dummy":
             self.skipTest("test doesn't apply to dummy backend")
 
         class TestForm(Form):
             test_field = CharField()
 
-        media = Media(js=['my-script.js'])
+        media = Media(js=["my-script.js"])
         form = TestForm()
-        template = self.engine.get_template('template_backends/django_escaping.html')
-        content = template.render({'media': media, 'test_form': form})
+        template = self.engine.get_template("template_backends/django_escaping.html")
+        content = template.render({"media": media, "test_form": form})
 
-        expected = '{}\n\n{}\n\n{}'.format(media, form, form['test_field'])
+        expected = "{}\n\n{}\n\n{}".format(media, form, form["test_field"])
 
         self.assertHTMLEqual(content, expected)
 
@@ -82,21 +85,25 @@ class TemplateStringsTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_csrf_token(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
-        CsrfViewMiddleware(lambda req: HttpResponse()).process_view(request, lambda r: None, (), {})
+        CsrfViewMiddleware(lambda req: HttpResponse()).process_view(
+            request, lambda r: None, (), {}
+        )
 
-        template = self.engine.get_template('template_backends/csrf.html')
+        template = self.engine.get_template("template_backends/csrf.html")
         content = template.render(request=request)
 
         expected = '<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="([^"]+)">'
-        match = re.match(expected, content) or re.match(expected.replace('"', "'"), content)
+        match = re.match(expected, content) or re.match(
+            expected.replace('"', "'"), content
+        )
         self.assertTrue(match, "hidden csrftoken field not found in output")
         self.check_tokens_equivalent(match[1], get_token(request))
 
     def test_no_directory_traversal(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateDoesNotExist):
-            self.engine.get_template('../forbidden/template_backends/hello.html')
+            self.engine.get_template("../forbidden/template_backends/hello.html")
 
     def test_non_ascii_characters(self):
-        template = self.engine.get_template('template_backends/hello.html')
-        content = template.render({'name': 'Jérôme'})
+        template = self.engine.get_template("template_backends/hello.html")
+        content = template.render({"name": "Jérôme"})
         self.assertEqual(content, "Hello Jérôme!\n")
diff --git a/tests/template_backends/test_jinja2.py b/tests/template_backends/test_jinja2.py
index b908431914..8b282d43af 100644
--- a/tests/template_backends/test_jinja2.py
+++ b/tests/template_backends/test_jinja2.py
@@ -19,22 +19,22 @@ else:
 class Jinja2Tests(TemplateStringsTests):
 
     engine_class = Jinja2
-    backend_name = 'jinja2'
+    backend_name = "jinja2"
     options = {
-        'keep_trailing_newline': True,
-        'context_processors': [
-            'django.template.context_processors.static',
+        "keep_trailing_newline": True,
+        "context_processors": [
+            "django.template.context_processors.static",
         ],
     }
 
     def test_origin(self):
-        template = self.engine.get_template('template_backends/hello.html')
-        self.assertTrue(template.origin.name.endswith('hello.html'))
-        self.assertEqual(template.origin.template_name, 'template_backends/hello.html')
+        template = self.engine.get_template("template_backends/hello.html")
+        self.assertTrue(template.origin.name.endswith("hello.html"))
+        self.assertEqual(template.origin.template_name, "template_backends/hello.html")
 
     def test_origin_from_string(self):
-        template = self.engine.from_string('Hello!\n')
-        self.assertEqual(template.origin.name, '<template>')
+        template = self.engine.from_string("Hello!\n")
+        self.assertEqual(template.origin.name, "<template>")
         self.assertIsNone(template.origin.template_name)
 
     def test_self_context(self):
@@ -44,91 +44,95 @@ class Jinja2Tests(TemplateStringsTests):
         # self will be overridden to be a TemplateReference, so the self
         # variable will not come through. Attempting to use one though should
         # not throw an error.
-        template = self.engine.from_string('hello {{ foo }}!')
-        content = template.render(context={'self': 'self', 'foo': 'world'})
-        self.assertEqual(content, 'hello world!')
+        template = self.engine.from_string("hello {{ foo }}!")
+        content = template.render(context={"self": "self", "foo": "world"})
+        self.assertEqual(content, "hello world!")
 
     def test_exception_debug_info_min_context(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError) as e:
-            self.engine.get_template('template_backends/syntax_error.html')
+            self.engine.get_template("template_backends/syntax_error.html")
         debug = e.exception.template_debug
-        self.assertEqual(debug['after'], '')
-        self.assertEqual(debug['before'], '')
-        self.assertEqual(debug['during'], '{% block %}')
-        self.assertEqual(debug['bottom'], 1)
-        self.assertEqual(debug['top'], 0)
-        self.assertEqual(debug['line'], 1)
-        self.assertEqual(debug['total'], 1)
-        self.assertEqual(len(debug['source_lines']), 1)
-        self.assertTrue(debug['name'].endswith('syntax_error.html'))
-        self.assertIn('message', debug)
+        self.assertEqual(debug["after"], "")
+        self.assertEqual(debug["before"], "")
+        self.assertEqual(debug["during"], "{% block %}")
+        self.assertEqual(debug["bottom"], 1)
+        self.assertEqual(debug["top"], 0)
+        self.assertEqual(debug["line"], 1)
+        self.assertEqual(debug["total"], 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(debug["source_lines"]), 1)
+        self.assertTrue(debug["name"].endswith("syntax_error.html"))
+        self.assertIn("message", debug)
 
     def test_exception_debug_info_max_context(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError) as e:
-            self.engine.get_template('template_backends/syntax_error2.html')
+            self.engine.get_template("template_backends/syntax_error2.html")
         debug = e.exception.template_debug
-        self.assertEqual(debug['after'], '')
-        self.assertEqual(debug['before'], '')
-        self.assertEqual(debug['during'], '{% block %}')
-        self.assertEqual(debug['bottom'], 26)
-        self.assertEqual(debug['top'], 5)
-        self.assertEqual(debug['line'], 16)
-        self.assertEqual(debug['total'], 31)
-        self.assertEqual(len(debug['source_lines']), 21)
-        self.assertTrue(debug['name'].endswith('syntax_error2.html'))
-        self.assertIn('message', debug)
+        self.assertEqual(debug["after"], "")
+        self.assertEqual(debug["before"], "")
+        self.assertEqual(debug["during"], "{% block %}")
+        self.assertEqual(debug["bottom"], 26)
+        self.assertEqual(debug["top"], 5)
+        self.assertEqual(debug["line"], 16)
+        self.assertEqual(debug["total"], 31)
+        self.assertEqual(len(debug["source_lines"]), 21)
+        self.assertTrue(debug["name"].endswith("syntax_error2.html"))
+        self.assertIn("message", debug)
 
     def test_context_processors(self):
-        request = RequestFactory().get('/')
-        template = self.engine.from_string('Static URL: {{ STATIC_URL }}')
+        request = RequestFactory().get("/")
+        template = self.engine.from_string("Static URL: {{ STATIC_URL }}")
         content = template.render(request=request)
-        self.assertEqual(content, 'Static URL: /static/')
-        with self.settings(STATIC_URL='/s/'):
+        self.assertEqual(content, "Static URL: /static/")
+        with self.settings(STATIC_URL="/s/"):
             content = template.render(request=request)
-        self.assertEqual(content, 'Static URL: /s/')
+        self.assertEqual(content, "Static URL: /s/")
 
     def test_dirs_pathlib(self):
-        engine = Jinja2({
-            'DIRS': [Path(__file__).parent / 'templates' / 'template_backends'],
-            'APP_DIRS': False,
-            'NAME': 'jinja2',
-            'OPTIONS': {},
-        })
-        template = engine.get_template('hello.html')
-        self.assertEqual(template.render({'name': 'Joe'}), 'Hello Joe!')
+        engine = Jinja2(
+            {
+                "DIRS": [Path(__file__).parent / "templates" / "template_backends"],
+                "APP_DIRS": False,
+                "NAME": "jinja2",
+                "OPTIONS": {},
+            }
+        )
+        template = engine.get_template("hello.html")
+        self.assertEqual(template.render({"name": "Joe"}), "Hello Joe!")
 
     def test_template_render_nested_error(self):
-        template = self.engine.get_template('template_backends/syntax_error_include.html')
+        template = self.engine.get_template(
+            "template_backends/syntax_error_include.html"
+        )
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError) as e:
             template.render(context={})
         debug = e.exception.template_debug
-        self.assertEqual(debug['after'], '')
-        self.assertEqual(debug['before'], '')
-        self.assertEqual(debug['during'], '{% block %}')
-        self.assertEqual(debug['bottom'], 1)
-        self.assertEqual(debug['top'], 0)
-        self.assertEqual(debug['line'], 1)
-        self.assertEqual(debug['total'], 1)
-        self.assertEqual(len(debug['source_lines']), 1)
-        self.assertTrue(debug['name'].endswith('syntax_error.html'))
-        self.assertIn('message', debug)
+        self.assertEqual(debug["after"], "")
+        self.assertEqual(debug["before"], "")
+        self.assertEqual(debug["during"], "{% block %}")
+        self.assertEqual(debug["bottom"], 1)
+        self.assertEqual(debug["top"], 0)
+        self.assertEqual(debug["line"], 1)
+        self.assertEqual(debug["total"], 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(debug["source_lines"]), 1)
+        self.assertTrue(debug["name"].endswith("syntax_error.html"))
+        self.assertIn("message", debug)
 
     def test_template_render_error_nonexistent_source(self):
-        template = self.engine.get_template('template_backends/hello.html')
+        template = self.engine.get_template("template_backends/hello.html")
         with mock.patch(
-            'jinja2.environment.Template.render',
-            side_effect=jinja2.TemplateSyntaxError('', 1, filename='nonexistent.html'),
+            "jinja2.environment.Template.render",
+            side_effect=jinja2.TemplateSyntaxError("", 1, filename="nonexistent.html"),
         ):
             with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError) as e:
                 template.render(context={})
         debug = e.exception.template_debug
-        self.assertEqual(debug['after'], '')
-        self.assertEqual(debug['before'], '')
-        self.assertEqual(debug['during'], '')
-        self.assertEqual(debug['bottom'], 0)
-        self.assertEqual(debug['top'], 0)
-        self.assertEqual(debug['line'], 1)
-        self.assertEqual(debug['total'], 0)
-        self.assertEqual(len(debug['source_lines']), 0)
-        self.assertTrue(debug['name'].endswith('nonexistent.html'))
-        self.assertIn('message', debug)
+        self.assertEqual(debug["after"], "")
+        self.assertEqual(debug["before"], "")
+        self.assertEqual(debug["during"], "")
+        self.assertEqual(debug["bottom"], 0)
+        self.assertEqual(debug["top"], 0)
+        self.assertEqual(debug["line"], 1)
+        self.assertEqual(debug["total"], 0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(debug["source_lines"]), 0)
+        self.assertTrue(debug["name"].endswith("nonexistent.html"))
+        self.assertIn("message", debug)
diff --git a/tests/template_backends/test_utils.py b/tests/template_backends/test_utils.py
index d0bd01cdc2..15dbaae818 100644
--- a/tests/template_backends/test_utils.py
+++ b/tests/template_backends/test_utils.py
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 
 
 class TemplateUtilsTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{'BACKEND': 'raise.import.error'}])
+    @override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{"BACKEND": "raise.import.error"}])
     def test_backend_import_error(self):
         """
         Failing to import a backend keeps raising the original import error
@@ -16,28 +15,37 @@ class TemplateUtilsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImportError, "No module named 'raise"):
             engines.all()
 
-    @override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        # Incorrect: APP_DIRS and loaders are mutually incompatible.
-        'APP_DIRS': True,
-        'OPTIONS': {'loaders': []},
-    }])
+    @override_settings(
+        TEMPLATES=[
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                # Incorrect: APP_DIRS and loaders are mutually incompatible.
+                "APP_DIRS": True,
+                "OPTIONS": {"loaders": []},
+            }
+        ]
+    )
     def test_backend_improperly_configured(self):
         """
         Failing to initialize a backend keeps raising the original exception
         (#24265).
         """
-        msg = 'app_dirs must not be set when loaders is defined.'
+        msg = "app_dirs must not be set when loaders is defined."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
             engines.all()
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
             engines.all()
 
-    @override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-    }, {
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-    }])
+    @override_settings(
+        TEMPLATES=[
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            },
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            },
+        ]
+    )
     def test_backend_names_must_be_unique(self):
         msg = (
             "Template engine aliases aren't unique, duplicates: django. Set "
diff --git a/tests/template_loader/tests.py b/tests/template_loader/tests.py
index c3bb444175..569f86b391 100644
--- a/tests/template_loader/tests.py
+++ b/tests/template_loader/tests.py
@@ -1,28 +1,30 @@
 from django.template import TemplateDoesNotExist
-from django.template.loader import (
-    get_template, render_to_string, select_template,
-)
+from django.template.loader import get_template, render_to_string, select_template
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 from django.test.client import RequestFactory
 
 
-@override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{
-    'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.dummy.TemplateStrings',
-    'APP_DIRS': True,
-}, {
-    'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-    'OPTIONS': {
-        'context_processors': [
-            'django.template.context_processors.request',
-        ],
-        'loaders': [
-            'django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader',
-            'django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader',
-        ]
-    },
-}])
+@override_settings(
+    TEMPLATES=[
+        {
+            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.dummy.TemplateStrings",
+            "APP_DIRS": True,
+        },
+        {
+            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            "OPTIONS": {
+                "context_processors": [
+                    "django.template.context_processors.request",
+                ],
+                "loaders": [
+                    "django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader",
+                    "django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader",
+                ],
+            },
+        },
+    ]
+)
 class TemplateLoaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_get_template_first_engine(self):
         template = get_template("template_loader/hello.html")
         self.assertEqual(template.render(), "Hello! (template strings)\n")
@@ -40,23 +42,27 @@ class TemplateLoaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
             get_template("template_loader/unknown.html")
         self.assertEqual(
             e.exception.chain[-1].tried[0][0].template_name,
-            'template_loader/unknown.html',
+            "template_loader/unknown.html",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(e.exception.chain[-1].backend.name, 'django')
+        self.assertEqual(e.exception.chain[-1].backend.name, "django")
 
     def test_select_template_first_engine(self):
-        template = select_template(["template_loader/unknown.html",
-                                    "template_loader/hello.html"])
+        template = select_template(
+            ["template_loader/unknown.html", "template_loader/hello.html"]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(template.render(), "Hello! (template strings)\n")
 
     def test_select_template_second_engine(self):
-        template = select_template(["template_loader/unknown.html",
-                                    "template_loader/goodbye.html"])
+        template = select_template(
+            ["template_loader/unknown.html", "template_loader/goodbye.html"]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(template.render(), "Goodbye! (Django templates)\n")
 
     def test_select_template_using_engine(self):
-        template = select_template(["template_loader/unknown.html",
-                                    "template_loader/hello.html"], using="django")
+        template = select_template(
+            ["template_loader/unknown.html", "template_loader/hello.html"],
+            using="django",
+        )
         self.assertEqual(template.render(), "Hello! (Django templates)\n")
 
     def test_select_template_empty(self):
@@ -68,28 +74,30 @@ class TemplateLoaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
             TypeError,
             "select_template() takes an iterable of template names but got a "
             "string: 'template_loader/hello.html'. Use get_template() if you "
-            "want to load a single template by name."
+            "want to load a single template by name.",
         ):
-            select_template('template_loader/hello.html')
+            select_template("template_loader/hello.html")
 
     def test_select_template_not_found(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateDoesNotExist) as e:
-            select_template(["template_loader/unknown.html",
-                             "template_loader/missing.html"])
+            select_template(
+                ["template_loader/unknown.html", "template_loader/missing.html"]
+            )
         self.assertEqual(
             e.exception.chain[0].tried[0][0].template_name,
-            'template_loader/unknown.html',
+            "template_loader/unknown.html",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(e.exception.chain[0].backend.name, 'dummy')
+        self.assertEqual(e.exception.chain[0].backend.name, "dummy")
         self.assertEqual(
             e.exception.chain[-1].tried[0][0].template_name,
-            'template_loader/missing.html',
+            "template_loader/missing.html",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(e.exception.chain[-1].backend.name, 'django')
+        self.assertEqual(e.exception.chain[-1].backend.name, "django")
 
     def test_select_template_tries_all_engines_before_names(self):
-        template = select_template(["template_loader/goodbye.html",
-                                    "template_loader/hello.html"])
+        template = select_template(
+            ["template_loader/goodbye.html", "template_loader/hello.html"]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(template.render(), "Goodbye! (Django templates)\n")
 
     def test_render_to_string_first_engine(self):
@@ -101,7 +109,7 @@ class TemplateLoaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(content, "Goodbye! (Django templates)\n")
 
     def test_render_to_string_with_request(self):
-        request = RequestFactory().get('/foobar/')
+        request = RequestFactory().get("/foobar/")
         content = render_to_string("template_loader/request.html", request=request)
         self.assertEqual(content, "/foobar/\n")
 
@@ -114,23 +122,27 @@ class TemplateLoaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
             render_to_string("template_loader/unknown.html")
         self.assertEqual(
             e.exception.chain[-1].tried[0][0].template_name,
-            'template_loader/unknown.html',
+            "template_loader/unknown.html",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(e.exception.chain[-1].backend.name, 'django')
+        self.assertEqual(e.exception.chain[-1].backend.name, "django")
 
     def test_render_to_string_with_list_first_engine(self):
-        content = render_to_string(["template_loader/unknown.html",
-                                    "template_loader/hello.html"])
+        content = render_to_string(
+            ["template_loader/unknown.html", "template_loader/hello.html"]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(content, "Hello! (template strings)\n")
 
     def test_render_to_string_with_list_second_engine(self):
-        content = render_to_string(["template_loader/unknown.html",
-                                    "template_loader/goodbye.html"])
+        content = render_to_string(
+            ["template_loader/unknown.html", "template_loader/goodbye.html"]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(content, "Goodbye! (Django templates)\n")
 
     def test_render_to_string_with_list_using_engine(self):
-        content = render_to_string(["template_loader/unknown.html",
-                                    "template_loader/hello.html"], using="django")
+        content = render_to_string(
+            ["template_loader/unknown.html", "template_loader/hello.html"],
+            using="django",
+        )
         self.assertEqual(content, "Hello! (Django templates)\n")
 
     def test_render_to_string_with_list_empty(self):
@@ -139,30 +151,32 @@ class TemplateLoaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_render_to_string_with_list_not_found(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateDoesNotExist) as e:
-            render_to_string(["template_loader/unknown.html",
-                              "template_loader/missing.html"])
+            render_to_string(
+                ["template_loader/unknown.html", "template_loader/missing.html"]
+            )
         self.assertEqual(
             e.exception.chain[0].tried[0][0].template_name,
-            'template_loader/unknown.html',
+            "template_loader/unknown.html",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(e.exception.chain[0].backend.name, 'dummy')
+        self.assertEqual(e.exception.chain[0].backend.name, "dummy")
         self.assertEqual(
             e.exception.chain[1].tried[0][0].template_name,
-            'template_loader/unknown.html',
+            "template_loader/unknown.html",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(e.exception.chain[1].backend.name, 'django')
+        self.assertEqual(e.exception.chain[1].backend.name, "django")
         self.assertEqual(
             e.exception.chain[2].tried[0][0].template_name,
-            'template_loader/missing.html',
+            "template_loader/missing.html",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(e.exception.chain[2].backend.name, 'dummy')
+        self.assertEqual(e.exception.chain[2].backend.name, "dummy")
         self.assertEqual(
             e.exception.chain[3].tried[0][0].template_name,
-            'template_loader/missing.html',
+            "template_loader/missing.html",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(e.exception.chain[3].backend.name, 'django')
+        self.assertEqual(e.exception.chain[3].backend.name, "django")
 
     def test_render_to_string_with_list_tries_all_engines_before_names(self):
-        content = render_to_string(["template_loader/goodbye.html",
-                                    "template_loader/hello.html"])
+        content = render_to_string(
+            ["template_loader/goodbye.html", "template_loader/hello.html"]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(content, "Goodbye! (Django templates)\n")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/alternate_urls.py b/tests/template_tests/alternate_urls.py
index 181e5c50a5..236f393dd0 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/alternate_urls.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/alternate_urls.py
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ from . import views
 
 urlpatterns = [
     # View returning a template response
-    path('template_response_view/', views.template_response_view),
-
+    path("template_response_view/", views.template_response_view),
     # A view that can be hard to find...
-    path('snark/', views.snark, name='snark'),
+    path("snark/", views.snark, name="snark"),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_add.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_add.py
index b5786ca136..9b798f4aa7 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_add.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_add.py
@@ -12,59 +12,60 @@ class AddTests(SimpleTestCase):
     Tests for #11687 and #16676
     """
 
-    @setup({'add01': '{{ i|add:"5" }}'})
+    @setup({"add01": '{{ i|add:"5" }}'})
     def test_add01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('add01', {'i': 2000})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '2005')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("add01", {"i": 2000})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "2005")
 
-    @setup({'add02': '{{ i|add:"napis" }}'})
+    @setup({"add02": '{{ i|add:"napis" }}'})
     def test_add02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('add02', {'i': 2000})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("add02", {"i": 2000})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'add03': '{{ i|add:16 }}'})
+    @setup({"add03": "{{ i|add:16 }}"})
     def test_add03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('add03', {'i': 'not_an_int'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("add03", {"i": "not_an_int"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'add04': '{{ i|add:"16" }}'})
+    @setup({"add04": '{{ i|add:"16" }}'})
     def test_add04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('add04', {'i': 'not_an_int'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'not_an_int16')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("add04", {"i": "not_an_int"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "not_an_int16")
 
-    @setup({'add05': '{{ l1|add:l2 }}'})
+    @setup({"add05": "{{ l1|add:l2 }}"})
     def test_add05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('add05', {'l1': [1, 2], 'l2': [3, 4]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '[1, 2, 3, 4]')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("add05", {"l1": [1, 2], "l2": [3, 4]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "[1, 2, 3, 4]")
 
-    @setup({'add06': '{{ t1|add:t2 }}'})
+    @setup({"add06": "{{ t1|add:t2 }}"})
     def test_add06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('add06', {'t1': (3, 4), 't2': (1, 2)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '(3, 4, 1, 2)')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("add06", {"t1": (3, 4), "t2": (1, 2)})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "(3, 4, 1, 2)")
 
-    @setup({'add07': '{{ d|add:t }}'})
+    @setup({"add07": "{{ d|add:t }}"})
     def test_add07(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('add07', {'d': date(2000, 1, 1), 't': timedelta(10)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Jan. 11, 2000')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "add07", {"d": date(2000, 1, 1), "t": timedelta(10)}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Jan. 11, 2000")
 
-    @setup({'add08': '{{ s1|add:lazy_s2 }}'})
+    @setup({"add08": "{{ s1|add:lazy_s2 }}"})
     def test_add08(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'add08',
-            {'s1': 'string', 'lazy_s2': gettext_lazy('lazy')},
+            "add08",
+            {"s1": "string", "lazy_s2": gettext_lazy("lazy")},
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'stringlazy')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "stringlazy")
 
-    @setup({'add09': '{{ lazy_s1|add:lazy_s2 }}'})
+    @setup({"add09": "{{ lazy_s1|add:lazy_s2 }}"})
     def test_add09(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'add09',
-            {'lazy_s1': gettext_lazy('string'), 'lazy_s2': gettext_lazy('lazy')},
+            "add09",
+            {"lazy_s1": gettext_lazy("string"), "lazy_s2": gettext_lazy("lazy")},
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'stringlazy')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "stringlazy")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_add(self):
-        self.assertEqual(add('1', '2'), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(add("1", "2"), 3)
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_addslashes.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_addslashes.py
index ede25cfb14..2626918f3d 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_addslashes.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_addslashes.py
@@ -6,28 +6,34 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class AddslashesTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'addslashes01': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|addslashes }} {{ b|addslashes }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "addslashes01": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|addslashes }} {{ b|addslashes }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_addslashes01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('addslashes01', {"a": "<a>'", "b": mark_safe("<a>'")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "addslashes01", {"a": "<a>'", "b": mark_safe("<a>'")}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, r"<a>\' <a>\'")
 
-    @setup({'addslashes02': '{{ a|addslashes }} {{ b|addslashes }}'})
+    @setup({"addslashes02": "{{ a|addslashes }} {{ b|addslashes }}"})
     def test_addslashes02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('addslashes02', {"a": "<a>'", "b": mark_safe("<a>'")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "addslashes02", {"a": "<a>'", "b": mark_safe("<a>'")}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, r"&lt;a&gt;\&#x27; <a>\'")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_quotes(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            addslashes('"double quotes" and \'single quotes\''),
-            '\\"double quotes\\" and \\\'single quotes\\\'',
+            addslashes("\"double quotes\" and 'single quotes'"),
+            "\\\"double quotes\\\" and \\'single quotes\\'",
         )
 
     def test_backslashes(self):
-        self.assertEqual(addslashes(r'\ : backslashes, too'), '\\\\ : backslashes, too')
+        self.assertEqual(addslashes(r"\ : backslashes, too"), "\\\\ : backslashes, too")
 
     def test_non_string_input(self):
-        self.assertEqual(addslashes(123), '123')
+        self.assertEqual(addslashes(123), "123")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_autoescape.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_autoescape.py
index 35faada9c6..de58956f2c 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_autoescape.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_autoescape.py
@@ -8,22 +8,38 @@ class AutoescapeStringfilterTests(SimpleTestCase):
     Filters decorated with stringfilter still respect is_safe.
     """
 
-    @setup({'autoescape-stringfilter01': '{{ unsafe|capfirst }}'})
+    @setup({"autoescape-stringfilter01": "{{ unsafe|capfirst }}"})
     def test_autoescape_stringfilter01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('autoescape-stringfilter01', {'unsafe': UnsafeClass()})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'You &amp; me')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "autoescape-stringfilter01", {"unsafe": UnsafeClass()}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "You &amp; me")
 
-    @setup({'autoescape-stringfilter02': '{% autoescape off %}{{ unsafe|capfirst }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "autoescape-stringfilter02": "{% autoescape off %}{{ unsafe|capfirst }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_autoescape_stringfilter02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('autoescape-stringfilter02', {'unsafe': UnsafeClass()})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'You & me')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "autoescape-stringfilter02", {"unsafe": UnsafeClass()}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "You & me")
 
-    @setup({'autoescape-stringfilter03': '{{ safe|capfirst }}'})
+    @setup({"autoescape-stringfilter03": "{{ safe|capfirst }}"})
     def test_autoescape_stringfilter03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('autoescape-stringfilter03', {'safe': SafeClass()})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'You &gt; me')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "autoescape-stringfilter03", {"safe": SafeClass()}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "You &gt; me")
 
-    @setup({'autoescape-stringfilter04': '{% autoescape off %}{{ safe|capfirst }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "autoescape-stringfilter04": "{% autoescape off %}{{ safe|capfirst }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_autoescape_stringfilter04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('autoescape-stringfilter04', {'safe': SafeClass()})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'You &gt; me')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "autoescape-stringfilter04", {"safe": SafeClass()}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "You &gt; me")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_capfirst.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_capfirst.py
index bcdf1e0203..3c489e6a1f 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_capfirst.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_capfirst.py
@@ -6,19 +6,25 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class CapfirstTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'capfirst01': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|capfirst }} {{ b|capfirst }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "capfirst01": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|capfirst }} {{ b|capfirst }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_capfirst01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('capfirst01', {'a': 'fred>', 'b': mark_safe('fred&gt;')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Fred> Fred&gt;')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "capfirst01", {"a": "fred>", "b": mark_safe("fred&gt;")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Fred> Fred&gt;")
 
-    @setup({'capfirst02': '{{ a|capfirst }} {{ b|capfirst }}'})
+    @setup({"capfirst02": "{{ a|capfirst }} {{ b|capfirst }}"})
     def test_capfirst02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('capfirst02', {'a': 'fred>', 'b': mark_safe('fred&gt;')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Fred&gt; Fred&gt;')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "capfirst02", {"a": "fred>", "b": mark_safe("fred&gt;")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Fred&gt; Fred&gt;")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_capfirst(self):
-        self.assertEqual(capfirst('hello world'), 'Hello world')
+        self.assertEqual(capfirst("hello world"), "Hello world")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_center.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_center.py
index c37b7f80c0..0a18294d88 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_center.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_center.py
@@ -6,22 +6,28 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class CenterTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'center01': '{% autoescape off %}.{{ a|center:"5" }}. .{{ b|center:"5" }}.{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "center01": '{% autoescape off %}.{{ a|center:"5" }}. .{{ b|center:"5" }}.{% endautoescape %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_center01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('center01', {"a": "a&b", "b": mark_safe("a&b")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "center01", {"a": "a&b", "b": mark_safe("a&b")}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, ". a&b . . a&b .")
 
-    @setup({'center02': '.{{ a|center:"5" }}. .{{ b|center:"5" }}.'})
+    @setup({"center02": '.{{ a|center:"5" }}. .{{ b|center:"5" }}.'})
     def test_center02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('center02', {"a": "a&b", "b": mark_safe("a&b")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "center02", {"a": "a&b", "b": mark_safe("a&b")}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, ". a&amp;b . . a&b .")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_center(self):
-        self.assertEqual(center('test', 6), ' test ')
+        self.assertEqual(center("test", 6), " test ")
 
     def test_non_string_input(self):
-        self.assertEqual(center(123, 5), ' 123 ')
+        self.assertEqual(center(123, 5), " 123 ")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_chaining.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_chaining.py
index 9bc3976f37..942707820f 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_chaining.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_chaining.py
@@ -9,81 +9,108 @@ class ChainingTests(SimpleTestCase):
     Chaining safeness-preserving filters should not alter the safe status.
     """
 
-    @setup({'chaining01': '{{ a|capfirst|center:"7" }}.{{ b|capfirst|center:"7" }}'})
+    @setup({"chaining01": '{{ a|capfirst|center:"7" }}.{{ b|capfirst|center:"7" }}'})
     def test_chaining01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('chaining01', {'a': 'a < b', 'b': mark_safe('a < b')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, ' A &lt; b . A < b ')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "chaining01", {"a": "a < b", "b": mark_safe("a < b")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, " A &lt; b . A < b ")
 
-    @setup({
-        'chaining02':
-        '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|capfirst|center:"7" }}.{{ b|capfirst|center:"7" }}{% endautoescape %}'
-    })
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "chaining02": '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|capfirst|center:"7" }}.{{ b|capfirst|center:"7" }}{% endautoescape %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_chaining02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('chaining02', {'a': 'a < b', 'b': mark_safe('a < b')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, ' A < b . A < b ')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "chaining02", {"a": "a < b", "b": mark_safe("a < b")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, " A < b . A < b ")
 
     # Using a filter that forces a string back to unsafe:
-    @setup({'chaining03': '{{ a|cut:"b"|capfirst }}.{{ b|cut:"b"|capfirst }}'})
+    @setup({"chaining03": '{{ a|cut:"b"|capfirst }}.{{ b|cut:"b"|capfirst }}'})
     def test_chaining03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('chaining03', {'a': 'a < b', 'b': mark_safe('a < b')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'A &lt; .A < ')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "chaining03", {"a": "a < b", "b": mark_safe("a < b")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "A &lt; .A < ")
 
-    @setup({
-        'chaining04': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|cut:"b"|capfirst }}.{{ b|cut:"b"|capfirst }}{% endautoescape %}'
-    })
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "chaining04": '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|cut:"b"|capfirst }}.{{ b|cut:"b"|capfirst }}{% endautoescape %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_chaining04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('chaining04', {'a': 'a < b', 'b': mark_safe('a < b')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'A < .A < ')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "chaining04", {"a": "a < b", "b": mark_safe("a < b")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "A < .A < ")
 
     # Using a filter that forces safeness does not lead to double-escaping
-    @setup({'chaining05': '{{ a|escape|capfirst }}'})
+    @setup({"chaining05": "{{ a|escape|capfirst }}"})
     def test_chaining05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('chaining05', {'a': 'a < b'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'A &lt; b')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("chaining05", {"a": "a < b"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "A &lt; b")
 
-    @setup({'chaining06': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|escape|capfirst }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {"chaining06": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|escape|capfirst }}{% endautoescape %}"}
+    )
     def test_chaining06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('chaining06', {'a': 'a < b'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'A &lt; b')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("chaining06", {"a": "a < b"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "A &lt; b")
 
     # Force to safe, then back (also showing why using force_escape too
     # early in a chain can lead to unexpected results).
-    @setup({'chaining07': '{{ a|force_escape|cut:";" }}'})
+    @setup({"chaining07": '{{ a|force_escape|cut:";" }}'})
     def test_chaining07(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('chaining07', {'a': 'a < b'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a &amp;lt b')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("chaining07", {"a": "a < b"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a &amp;lt b")
 
-    @setup({'chaining08': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|force_escape|cut:";" }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "chaining08": '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|force_escape|cut:";" }}{% endautoescape %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_chaining08(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('chaining08', {'a': 'a < b'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a &lt b')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("chaining08", {"a": "a < b"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a &lt b")
 
-    @setup({'chaining09': '{{ a|cut:";"|force_escape }}'})
+    @setup({"chaining09": '{{ a|cut:";"|force_escape }}'})
     def test_chaining09(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('chaining09', {'a': 'a < b'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a &lt; b')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("chaining09", {"a": "a < b"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a &lt; b")
 
-    @setup({'chaining10': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|cut:";"|force_escape }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "chaining10": '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|cut:";"|force_escape }}{% endautoescape %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_chaining10(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('chaining10', {'a': 'a < b'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a &lt; b')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("chaining10", {"a": "a < b"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a &lt; b")
 
-    @setup({'chaining11': '{{ a|cut:"b"|safe }}'})
+    @setup({"chaining11": '{{ a|cut:"b"|safe }}'})
     def test_chaining11(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('chaining11', {'a': 'a < b'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a < ')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("chaining11", {"a": "a < b"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a < ")
 
-    @setup({'chaining12': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|cut:"b"|safe }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {"chaining12": '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|cut:"b"|safe }}{% endautoescape %}'}
+    )
     def test_chaining12(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('chaining12', {'a': 'a < b'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a < ')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("chaining12", {"a": "a < b"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a < ")
 
-    @setup({'chaining13': '{{ a|safe|force_escape }}'})
+    @setup({"chaining13": "{{ a|safe|force_escape }}"})
     def test_chaining13(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('chaining13', {"a": "a < b"})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a &lt; b')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("chaining13", {"a": "a < b"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a &lt; b")
 
-    @setup({'chaining14': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|safe|force_escape }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "chaining14": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|safe|force_escape }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_chaining14(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('chaining14', {"a": "a < b"})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a &lt; b')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("chaining14", {"a": "a < b"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a &lt; b")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_cut.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_cut.py
index 6b4baa2645..adf1468709 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_cut.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_cut.py
@@ -6,50 +6,74 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class CutTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'cut01': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|cut:"x" }} {{ b|cut:"x" }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "cut01": '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|cut:"x" }} {{ b|cut:"x" }}{% endautoescape %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_cut01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cut01', {"a": "x&y", "b": mark_safe("x&amp;y")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "cut01", {"a": "x&y", "b": mark_safe("x&amp;y")}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, "&y &amp;y")
 
-    @setup({'cut02': '{{ a|cut:"x" }} {{ b|cut:"x" }}'})
+    @setup({"cut02": '{{ a|cut:"x" }} {{ b|cut:"x" }}'})
     def test_cut02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cut02', {"a": "x&y", "b": mark_safe("x&amp;y")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "cut02", {"a": "x&y", "b": mark_safe("x&amp;y")}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, "&amp;y &amp;y")
 
-    @setup({'cut03': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|cut:"&" }} {{ b|cut:"&" }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "cut03": '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|cut:"&" }} {{ b|cut:"&" }}{% endautoescape %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_cut03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cut03', {"a": "x&y", "b": mark_safe("x&amp;y")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "cut03", {"a": "x&y", "b": mark_safe("x&amp;y")}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, "xy xamp;y")
 
-    @setup({'cut04': '{{ a|cut:"&" }} {{ b|cut:"&" }}'})
+    @setup({"cut04": '{{ a|cut:"&" }} {{ b|cut:"&" }}'})
     def test_cut04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cut04', {"a": "x&y", "b": mark_safe("x&amp;y")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "cut04", {"a": "x&y", "b": mark_safe("x&amp;y")}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, "xy xamp;y")
 
     # Passing ';' to cut can break existing HTML entities, so those strings
     # are auto-escaped.
-    @setup({'cut05': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|cut:";" }} {{ b|cut:";" }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "cut05": '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|cut:";" }} {{ b|cut:";" }}{% endautoescape %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_cut05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cut05', {"a": "x&y", "b": mark_safe("x&amp;y")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "cut05", {"a": "x&y", "b": mark_safe("x&amp;y")}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, "x&y x&ampy")
 
-    @setup({'cut06': '{{ a|cut:";" }} {{ b|cut:";" }}'})
+    @setup({"cut06": '{{ a|cut:";" }} {{ b|cut:";" }}'})
     def test_cut06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cut06', {"a": "x&y", "b": mark_safe("x&amp;y")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "cut06", {"a": "x&y", "b": mark_safe("x&amp;y")}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, "x&amp;y x&amp;ampy")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_character(self):
-        self.assertEqual(cut('a string to be mangled', 'a'), ' string to be mngled')
+        self.assertEqual(cut("a string to be mangled", "a"), " string to be mngled")
 
     def test_characters(self):
-        self.assertEqual(cut('a string to be mangled', 'ng'), 'a stri to be maled')
+        self.assertEqual(cut("a string to be mangled", "ng"), "a stri to be maled")
 
     def test_non_matching_string(self):
-        self.assertEqual(cut('a string to be mangled', 'strings'), 'a string to be mangled')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cut("a string to be mangled", "strings"), "a string to be mangled"
+        )
 
     def test_non_string_input(self):
-        self.assertEqual(cut(123, '2'), '13')
+        self.assertEqual(cut(123, "2"), "13")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_date.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_date.py
index b2bdfa2bbb..a7c694d50e 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_date.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_date.py
@@ -9,76 +9,77 @@ from .timezone_utils import TimezoneTestCase
 
 
 class DateTests(TimezoneTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'date01': '{{ d|date:"m" }}'})
+    @setup({"date01": '{{ d|date:"m" }}'})
     def test_date01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('date01', {'d': datetime(2008, 1, 1)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '01')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("date01", {"d": datetime(2008, 1, 1)})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "01")
 
-    @setup({'date02': '{{ d|date }}'})
+    @setup({"date02": "{{ d|date }}"})
     def test_date02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('date02', {'d': datetime(2008, 1, 1)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Jan. 1, 2008')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("date02", {"d": datetime(2008, 1, 1)})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Jan. 1, 2008")
 
-    @setup({'date02_l10n': '{{ d|date }}'})
+    @setup({"date02_l10n": "{{ d|date }}"})
     def test_date02_l10n(self):
         """Without arg, the active language's DATE_FORMAT is used."""
-        with translation.override('fr'):
-            output = self.engine.render_to_string('date02_l10n', {'d': datetime(2008, 1, 1)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1 janvier 2008')
+        with translation.override("fr"):
+            output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+                "date02_l10n", {"d": datetime(2008, 1, 1)}
+            )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1 janvier 2008")
 
-    @setup({'date03': '{{ d|date:"m" }}'})
+    @setup({"date03": '{{ d|date:"m" }}'})
     def test_date03(self):
         """
         #9520: Make sure |date doesn't blow up on non-dates
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('date03', {'d': 'fail_string'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("date03", {"d": "fail_string"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
     # ISO date formats
-    @setup({'date04': '{{ d|date:"o" }}'})
+    @setup({"date04": '{{ d|date:"o" }}'})
     def test_date04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('date04', {'d': datetime(2008, 12, 29)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '2009')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("date04", {"d": datetime(2008, 12, 29)})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "2009")
 
-    @setup({'date05': '{{ d|date:"o" }}'})
+    @setup({"date05": '{{ d|date:"o" }}'})
     def test_date05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('date05', {'d': datetime(2010, 1, 3)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '2009')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("date05", {"d": datetime(2010, 1, 3)})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "2009")
 
     # Timezone name
-    @setup({'date06': '{{ d|date:"e" }}'})
+    @setup({"date06": '{{ d|date:"e" }}'})
     def test_date06(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'date06', {'d': datetime(2009, 3, 12, tzinfo=timezone.get_fixed_timezone(30))}
+            "date06",
+            {"d": datetime(2009, 3, 12, tzinfo=timezone.get_fixed_timezone(30))},
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, '+0030')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "+0030")
 
-    @setup({'date07': '{{ d|date:"e" }}'})
+    @setup({"date07": '{{ d|date:"e" }}'})
     def test_date07(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('date07', {'d': datetime(2009, 3, 12)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("date07", {"d": datetime(2009, 3, 12)})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
     # #19370: Make sure |date doesn't blow up on a midnight time object
-    @setup({'date08': '{{ t|date:"H:i" }}'})
+    @setup({"date08": '{{ t|date:"H:i" }}'})
     def test_date08(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('date08', {'t': time(0, 1)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '00:01')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("date08", {"t": time(0, 1)})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "00:01")
 
-    @setup({'date09': '{{ t|date:"H:i" }}'})
+    @setup({"date09": '{{ t|date:"H:i" }}'})
     def test_date09(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('date09', {'t': time(0, 0)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '00:00')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("date09", {"t": time(0, 0)})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "00:00")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_date(self):
-        self.assertEqual(date(datetime(2005, 12, 29), "d F Y"), '29 December 2005')
+        self.assertEqual(date(datetime(2005, 12, 29), "d F Y"), "29 December 2005")
 
     def test_no_args(self):
-        self.assertEqual(date(''), '')
-        self.assertEqual(date(None), '')
+        self.assertEqual(date(""), "")
+        self.assertEqual(date(None), "")
 
     def test_escape_characters(self):
-        self.assertEqual(date(datetime(2005, 12, 29), r'jS \o\f F'), '29th of December')
+        self.assertEqual(date(datetime(2005, 12, 29), r"jS \o\f F"), "29th of December")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_default.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_default.py
index 4b6b9dd684..20621f610f 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_default.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_default.py
@@ -14,47 +14,49 @@ class DefaultTests(SimpleTestCase):
     variable string interferes with the test result.
     """
 
-    @setup({'default01': '{{ a|default:"x<" }}'})
+    @setup({"default01": '{{ a|default:"x<" }}'})
     def test_default01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('default01', {"a": ""})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("default01", {"a": ""})
         self.assertEqual(output, "x<")
 
-    @setup({'default02': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|default:"x<" }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup({"default02": '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|default:"x<" }}{% endautoescape %}'})
     def test_default02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('default02', {"a": ""})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("default02", {"a": ""})
         self.assertEqual(output, "x<")
 
-    @setup({'default03': '{{ a|default:"x<" }}'})
+    @setup({"default03": '{{ a|default:"x<" }}'})
     def test_default03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('default03', {"a": mark_safe("x>")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("default03", {"a": mark_safe("x>")})
         self.assertEqual(output, "x>")
 
-    @setup({'default04': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|default:"x<" }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup({"default04": '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|default:"x<" }}{% endautoescape %}'})
     def test_default04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('default04', {"a": mark_safe("x>")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("default04", {"a": mark_safe("x>")})
         self.assertEqual(output, "x>")
 
 
 class DefaultIfNoneTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'default_if_none01': '{{ a|default:"x<" }}'})
+    @setup({"default_if_none01": '{{ a|default:"x<" }}'})
     def test_default_if_none01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('default_if_none01', {"a": None})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("default_if_none01", {"a": None})
         self.assertEqual(output, "x<")
 
-    @setup({'default_if_none02': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|default:"x<" }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "default_if_none02": '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|default:"x<" }}{% endautoescape %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_default_if_none02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('default_if_none02', {"a": None})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("default_if_none02", {"a": None})
         self.assertEqual(output, "x<")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_value(self):
-        self.assertEqual(default('val', 'default'), 'val')
+        self.assertEqual(default("val", "default"), "val")
 
     def test_none(self):
-        self.assertEqual(default(None, 'default'), 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(default(None, "default"), "default")
 
     def test_empty_string(self):
-        self.assertEqual(default('', 'default'), 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(default("", "default"), "default")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_default_if_none.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_default_if_none.py
index 45bd666913..a805f4cea4 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_default_if_none.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_default_if_none.py
@@ -3,12 +3,11 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_value(self):
-        self.assertEqual(default_if_none("val", 'default'), 'val')
+        self.assertEqual(default_if_none("val", "default"), "val")
 
     def test_none(self):
-        self.assertEqual(default_if_none(None, 'default'), 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(default_if_none(None, "default"), "default")
 
     def test_empty_string(self):
-        self.assertEqual(default_if_none('', 'default'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(default_if_none("", "default"), "")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_dictsort.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_dictsort.py
index 3de247fd86..9f0cd8a0f0 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_dictsort.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_dictsort.py
@@ -3,49 +3,50 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class User:
-    password = 'abc'
+    password = "abc"
 
-    _private = 'private'
+    _private = "private"
 
     @property
     def test_property(self):
-        return 'cde'
+        return "cde"
 
     def test_method(self):
         """This is just a test method."""
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_property_resolver(self):
         user = User()
-        dict_data = {'a': {
-            'b1': {'c': 'result1'},
-            'b2': user,
-            'b3': {'0': 'result2'},
-            'b4': [0, 1, 2],
-        }}
-        list_data = ['a', 'b', 'c']
+        dict_data = {
+            "a": {
+                "b1": {"c": "result1"},
+                "b2": user,
+                "b3": {"0": "result2"},
+                "b4": [0, 1, 2],
+            }
+        }
+        list_data = ["a", "b", "c"]
         tests = [
-            ('a.b1.c', dict_data, 'result1'),
-            ('a.b2.password', dict_data, 'abc'),
-            ('a.b2.test_property', dict_data, 'cde'),
+            ("a.b1.c", dict_data, "result1"),
+            ("a.b2.password", dict_data, "abc"),
+            ("a.b2.test_property", dict_data, "cde"),
             # The method should not get called.
-            ('a.b2.test_method', dict_data, user.test_method),
-            ('a.b3.0', dict_data, 'result2'),
-            (0, list_data, 'a'),
+            ("a.b2.test_method", dict_data, user.test_method),
+            ("a.b3.0", dict_data, "result2"),
+            (0, list_data, "a"),
         ]
         for arg, data, expected_value in tests:
             with self.subTest(arg=arg):
                 self.assertEqual(_property_resolver(arg)(data), expected_value)
         # Invalid lookups.
         fail_tests = [
-            ('a.b1.d', dict_data, AttributeError),
-            ('a.b2.password.0', dict_data, AttributeError),
-            ('a.b2._private', dict_data, AttributeError),
-            ('a.b4.0', dict_data, AttributeError),
-            ('a', list_data, AttributeError),
-            ('0', list_data, TypeError),
+            ("a.b1.d", dict_data, AttributeError),
+            ("a.b2.password.0", dict_data, AttributeError),
+            ("a.b2._private", dict_data, AttributeError),
+            ("a.b4.0", dict_data, AttributeError),
+            ("a", list_data, AttributeError),
+            ("0", list_data, TypeError),
             (4, list_data, IndexError),
         ]
         for arg, data, expected_exception in fail_tests:
@@ -55,17 +56,21 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_sort(self):
         sorted_dicts = dictsort(
-            [{'age': 23, 'name': 'Barbara-Ann'},
-             {'age': 63, 'name': 'Ra Ra Rasputin'},
-             {'name': 'Jonny B Goode', 'age': 18}],
-            'age',
+            [
+                {"age": 23, "name": "Barbara-Ann"},
+                {"age": 63, "name": "Ra Ra Rasputin"},
+                {"name": "Jonny B Goode", "age": 18},
+            ],
+            "age",
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
             [sorted(dict.items()) for dict in sorted_dicts],
-            [[('age', 18), ('name', 'Jonny B Goode')],
-             [('age', 23), ('name', 'Barbara-Ann')],
-             [('age', 63), ('name', 'Ra Ra Rasputin')]],
+            [
+                [("age", 18), ("name", "Jonny B Goode")],
+                [("age", 23), ("name", "Barbara-Ann")],
+                [("age", 63), ("name", "Ra Ra Rasputin")],
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_dictsort_complex_sorting_key(self):
@@ -74,44 +79,46 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         on keys like 'foo.bar'.
         """
         data = [
-            {'foo': {'bar': 1, 'baz': 'c'}},
-            {'foo': {'bar': 2, 'baz': 'b'}},
-            {'foo': {'bar': 3, 'baz': 'a'}},
+            {"foo": {"bar": 1, "baz": "c"}},
+            {"foo": {"bar": 2, "baz": "b"}},
+            {"foo": {"bar": 3, "baz": "a"}},
         ]
-        sorted_data = dictsort(data, 'foo.baz')
+        sorted_data = dictsort(data, "foo.baz")
 
-        self.assertEqual([d['foo']['bar'] for d in sorted_data], [3, 2, 1])
+        self.assertEqual([d["foo"]["bar"] for d in sorted_data], [3, 2, 1])
 
     def test_sort_list_of_tuples(self):
-        data = [('a', '42'), ('c', 'string'), ('b', 'foo')]
-        expected = [('a', '42'), ('b', 'foo'), ('c', 'string')]
+        data = [("a", "42"), ("c", "string"), ("b", "foo")]
+        expected = [("a", "42"), ("b", "foo"), ("c", "string")]
         self.assertEqual(dictsort(data, 0), expected)
 
     def test_sort_list_of_tuple_like_dicts(self):
         data = [
-            {'0': 'a', '1': '42'},
-            {'0': 'c', '1': 'string'},
-            {'0': 'b', '1': 'foo'},
+            {"0": "a", "1": "42"},
+            {"0": "c", "1": "string"},
+            {"0": "b", "1": "foo"},
         ]
         expected = [
-            {'0': 'a', '1': '42'},
-            {'0': 'b', '1': 'foo'},
-            {'0': 'c', '1': 'string'},
+            {"0": "a", "1": "42"},
+            {"0": "b", "1": "foo"},
+            {"0": "c", "1": "string"},
         ]
-        self.assertEqual(dictsort(data, '0'), expected)
+        self.assertEqual(dictsort(data, "0"), expected)
 
     def test_invalid_values(self):
         """
         If dictsort is passed something other than a list of dictionaries,
         fail silently.
         """
-        self.assertEqual(dictsort([1, 2, 3], 'age'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(dictsort('Hello!', 'age'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(dictsort({'a': 1}, 'age'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(dictsort(1, 'age'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(dictsort([1, 2, 3], "age"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(dictsort("Hello!", "age"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(dictsort({"a": 1}, "age"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(dictsort(1, "age"), "")
 
     def test_invalid_args(self):
         """Fail silently if invalid lookups are passed."""
-        self.assertEqual(dictsort([{}], '._private'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(dictsort([{'_private': 'test'}], '_private'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(dictsort([{'nested': {'_private': 'test'}}], 'nested._private'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(dictsort([{}], "._private"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(dictsort([{"_private": "test"}], "_private"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            dictsort([{"nested": {"_private": "test"}}], "nested._private"), ""
+        )
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_dictsortreversed.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_dictsortreversed.py
index e2e24e3128..c7cf40d1b4 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_dictsortreversed.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_dictsortreversed.py
@@ -3,52 +3,57 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_sort(self):
         sorted_dicts = dictsortreversed(
-            [{'age': 23, 'name': 'Barbara-Ann'},
-             {'age': 63, 'name': 'Ra Ra Rasputin'},
-             {'name': 'Jonny B Goode', 'age': 18}],
-            'age',
+            [
+                {"age": 23, "name": "Barbara-Ann"},
+                {"age": 63, "name": "Ra Ra Rasputin"},
+                {"name": "Jonny B Goode", "age": 18},
+            ],
+            "age",
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
             [sorted(dict.items()) for dict in sorted_dicts],
-            [[('age', 63), ('name', 'Ra Ra Rasputin')],
-             [('age', 23), ('name', 'Barbara-Ann')],
-             [('age', 18), ('name', 'Jonny B Goode')]],
+            [
+                [("age", 63), ("name", "Ra Ra Rasputin")],
+                [("age", 23), ("name", "Barbara-Ann")],
+                [("age", 18), ("name", "Jonny B Goode")],
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_sort_list_of_tuples(self):
-        data = [('a', '42'), ('c', 'string'), ('b', 'foo')]
-        expected = [('c', 'string'), ('b', 'foo'), ('a', '42')]
+        data = [("a", "42"), ("c", "string"), ("b", "foo")]
+        expected = [("c", "string"), ("b", "foo"), ("a", "42")]
         self.assertEqual(dictsortreversed(data, 0), expected)
 
     def test_sort_list_of_tuple_like_dicts(self):
         data = [
-            {'0': 'a', '1': '42'},
-            {'0': 'c', '1': 'string'},
-            {'0': 'b', '1': 'foo'},
+            {"0": "a", "1": "42"},
+            {"0": "c", "1": "string"},
+            {"0": "b", "1": "foo"},
         ]
         expected = [
-            {'0': 'c', '1': 'string'},
-            {'0': 'b', '1': 'foo'},
-            {'0': 'a', '1': '42'},
+            {"0": "c", "1": "string"},
+            {"0": "b", "1": "foo"},
+            {"0": "a", "1": "42"},
         ]
-        self.assertEqual(dictsortreversed(data, '0'), expected)
+        self.assertEqual(dictsortreversed(data, "0"), expected)
 
     def test_invalid_values(self):
         """
         If dictsortreversed is passed something other than a list of
         dictionaries, fail silently.
         """
-        self.assertEqual(dictsortreversed([1, 2, 3], 'age'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(dictsortreversed('Hello!', 'age'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(dictsortreversed({'a': 1}, 'age'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(dictsortreversed(1, 'age'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(dictsortreversed([1, 2, 3], "age"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(dictsortreversed("Hello!", "age"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(dictsortreversed({"a": 1}, "age"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(dictsortreversed(1, "age"), "")
 
     def test_invalid_args(self):
         """Fail silently if invalid lookups are passed."""
-        self.assertEqual(dictsortreversed([{}], '._private'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(dictsortreversed([{'_private': 'test'}], '_private'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(dictsortreversed([{'nested': {'_private': 'test'}}], 'nested._private'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(dictsortreversed([{}], "._private"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(dictsortreversed([{"_private": "test"}], "_private"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            dictsortreversed([{"nested": {"_private": "test"}}], "nested._private"), ""
+        )
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_divisibleby.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_divisibleby.py
index f0dda1f0b6..27807de213 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_divisibleby.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_divisibleby.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_true(self):
         self.assertIs(divisibleby(4, 2), True)
 
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_escape.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_escape.py
index 22d5ca7d55..16471ad53f 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_escape.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_escape.py
@@ -12,34 +12,41 @@ class EscapeTests(SimpleTestCase):
     but it has no effect on strings already marked as safe.
     """
 
-    @setup({'escape01': '{{ a|escape }} {{ b|escape }}'})
+    @setup({"escape01": "{{ a|escape }} {{ b|escape }}"})
     def test_escape01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('escape01', {"a": "x&y", "b": mark_safe("x&y")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "escape01", {"a": "x&y", "b": mark_safe("x&y")}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, "x&amp;y x&y")
 
-    @setup({'escape02': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|escape }} {{ b|escape }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "escape02": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|escape }} {{ b|escape }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_escape02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('escape02', {"a": "x&y", "b": mark_safe("x&y")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "escape02", {"a": "x&y", "b": mark_safe("x&y")}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, "x&amp;y x&y")
 
-    @setup({'escape03': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|escape|escape }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup({"escape03": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|escape|escape }}{% endautoescape %}"})
     def test_escape03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('escape03', {"a": "x&y"})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("escape03", {"a": "x&y"})
         self.assertEqual(output, "x&amp;y")
 
-    @setup({'escape04': '{{ a|escape|escape }}'})
+    @setup({"escape04": "{{ a|escape|escape }}"})
     def test_escape04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('escape04', {"a": "x&y"})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("escape04", {"a": "x&y"})
         self.assertEqual(output, "x&amp;y")
 
     def test_escape_lazy_string(self):
-        add_html = lazy(lambda string: string + 'special characters > here', str)
-        escaped = escape(add_html('<some html & '))
+        add_html = lazy(lambda string: string + "special characters > here", str)
+        escaped = escape(add_html("<some html & "))
         self.assertIsInstance(escaped, Promise)
-        self.assertEqual(escaped, '&lt;some html &amp; special characters &gt; here')
+        self.assertEqual(escaped, "&lt;some html &amp; special characters &gt; here")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_non_string_input(self):
-        self.assertEqual(escape(123), '123')
+        self.assertEqual(escape(123), "123")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_escapejs.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_escapejs.py
index 9aa98819e1..7a5c3879b0 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_escapejs.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_escapejs.py
@@ -6,55 +6,65 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class EscapejsTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'escapejs01': '{{ a|escapejs }}'})
+    @setup({"escapejs01": "{{ a|escapejs }}"})
     def test_escapejs01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('escapejs01', {'a': 'testing\r\njavascript \'string" <b>escaping</b>'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'testing\\u000D\\u000Ajavascript '
-                                 '\\u0027string\\u0022 \\u003Cb\\u003E'
-                                 'escaping\\u003C/b\\u003E')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "escapejs01", {"a": "testing\r\njavascript 'string\" <b>escaping</b>"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            output,
+            "testing\\u000D\\u000Ajavascript "
+            "\\u0027string\\u0022 \\u003Cb\\u003E"
+            "escaping\\u003C/b\\u003E",
+        )
 
-    @setup({'escapejs02': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|escapejs }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup({"escapejs02": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|escapejs }}{% endautoescape %}"})
     def test_escapejs02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('escapejs02', {'a': 'testing\r\njavascript \'string" <b>escaping</b>'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'testing\\u000D\\u000Ajavascript '
-                                 '\\u0027string\\u0022 \\u003Cb\\u003E'
-                                 'escaping\\u003C/b\\u003E')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "escapejs02", {"a": "testing\r\njavascript 'string\" <b>escaping</b>"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            output,
+            "testing\\u000D\\u000Ajavascript "
+            "\\u0027string\\u0022 \\u003Cb\\u003E"
+            "escaping\\u003C/b\\u003E",
+        )
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_quotes(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            escapejs_filter('"double quotes" and \'single quotes\''),
-            '\\u0022double quotes\\u0022 and \\u0027single quotes\\u0027',
+            escapejs_filter("\"double quotes\" and 'single quotes'"),
+            "\\u0022double quotes\\u0022 and \\u0027single quotes\\u0027",
         )
 
     def test_backslashes(self):
-        self.assertEqual(escapejs_filter(r'\ : backslashes, too'), '\\u005C : backslashes, too')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            escapejs_filter(r"\ : backslashes, too"), "\\u005C : backslashes, too"
+        )
 
     def test_whitespace(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            escapejs_filter('and lots of whitespace: \r\n\t\v\f\b'),
-            'and lots of whitespace: \\u000D\\u000A\\u0009\\u000B\\u000C\\u0008',
+            escapejs_filter("and lots of whitespace: \r\n\t\v\f\b"),
+            "and lots of whitespace: \\u000D\\u000A\\u0009\\u000B\\u000C\\u0008",
         )
 
     def test_script(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            escapejs_filter(r'<script>and this</script>'),
-            '\\u003Cscript\\u003Eand this\\u003C/script\\u003E',
+            escapejs_filter(r"<script>and this</script>"),
+            "\\u003Cscript\\u003Eand this\\u003C/script\\u003E",
         )
 
     def test_paragraph_separator(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            escapejs_filter('paragraph separator:\u2029and line separator:\u2028'),
-            'paragraph separator:\\u2029and line separator:\\u2028',
+            escapejs_filter("paragraph separator:\u2029and line separator:\u2028"),
+            "paragraph separator:\\u2029and line separator:\\u2028",
         )
 
     def test_lazy_string(self):
-        append_script = lazy(lambda string: r'<script>this</script>' + string, str)
+        append_script = lazy(lambda string: r"<script>this</script>" + string, str)
         self.assertEqual(
-            escapejs_filter(append_script('whitespace: \r\n\t\v\f\b')),
-            '\\u003Cscript\\u003Ethis\\u003C/script\\u003E'
-            'whitespace: \\u000D\\u000A\\u0009\\u000B\\u000C\\u0008'
+            escapejs_filter(append_script("whitespace: \r\n\t\v\f\b")),
+            "\\u003Cscript\\u003Ethis\\u003C/script\\u003E"
+            "whitespace: \\u000D\\u000A\\u0009\\u000B\\u000C\\u0008",
         )
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_filesizeformat.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_filesizeformat.py
index 3b3e02eadb..fee742f9d5 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_filesizeformat.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_filesizeformat.py
@@ -4,25 +4,24 @@ from django.utils import translation
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_formats(self):
         tests = [
-            (0, '0\xa0bytes'),
-            (1, '1\xa0byte'),
-            (1023, '1023\xa0bytes'),
-            (1024, '1.0\xa0KB'),
-            (10 * 1024, '10.0\xa0KB'),
-            (1024 * 1024 - 1, '1024.0\xa0KB'),
-            (1024 * 1024, '1.0\xa0MB'),
-            (1024 * 1024 * 50, '50.0\xa0MB'),
-            (1024 * 1024 * 1024 - 1, '1024.0\xa0MB'),
-            (1024 * 1024 * 1024, '1.0\xa0GB'),
-            (1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024, '1.0\xa0TB'),
-            (1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024, '1.0\xa0PB'),
-            (1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 2000, '2000.0\xa0PB'),
-            (complex(1, -1), '0\xa0bytes'),
-            ('', '0\xa0bytes'),
-            ('\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA}', '0\xa0bytes'),
+            (0, "0\xa0bytes"),
+            (1, "1\xa0byte"),
+            (1023, "1023\xa0bytes"),
+            (1024, "1.0\xa0KB"),
+            (10 * 1024, "10.0\xa0KB"),
+            (1024 * 1024 - 1, "1024.0\xa0KB"),
+            (1024 * 1024, "1.0\xa0MB"),
+            (1024 * 1024 * 50, "50.0\xa0MB"),
+            (1024 * 1024 * 1024 - 1, "1024.0\xa0MB"),
+            (1024 * 1024 * 1024, "1.0\xa0GB"),
+            (1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024, "1.0\xa0TB"),
+            (1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024, "1.0\xa0PB"),
+            (1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 2000, "2000.0\xa0PB"),
+            (complex(1, -1), "0\xa0bytes"),
+            ("", "0\xa0bytes"),
+            ("\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA}", "0\xa0bytes"),
         ]
         for value, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
@@ -30,33 +29,33 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_localized_formats(self):
         tests = [
-            (0, '0\xa0Bytes'),
-            (1, '1\xa0Byte'),
-            (1023, '1023\xa0Bytes'),
-            (1024, '1,0\xa0KB'),
-            (10 * 1024, '10,0\xa0KB'),
-            (1024 * 1024 - 1, '1024,0\xa0KB'),
-            (1024 * 1024, '1,0\xa0MB'),
-            (1024 * 1024 * 50, '50,0\xa0MB'),
-            (1024 * 1024 * 1024 - 1, '1024,0\xa0MB'),
-            (1024 * 1024 * 1024, '1,0\xa0GB'),
-            (1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024, '1,0\xa0TB'),
-            (1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024, '1,0\xa0PB'),
-            (1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 2000, '2000,0\xa0PB'),
-            (complex(1, -1), '0\xa0Bytes'),
-            ('', '0\xa0Bytes'),
-            ('\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA}', '0\xa0Bytes'),
+            (0, "0\xa0Bytes"),
+            (1, "1\xa0Byte"),
+            (1023, "1023\xa0Bytes"),
+            (1024, "1,0\xa0KB"),
+            (10 * 1024, "10,0\xa0KB"),
+            (1024 * 1024 - 1, "1024,0\xa0KB"),
+            (1024 * 1024, "1,0\xa0MB"),
+            (1024 * 1024 * 50, "50,0\xa0MB"),
+            (1024 * 1024 * 1024 - 1, "1024,0\xa0MB"),
+            (1024 * 1024 * 1024, "1,0\xa0GB"),
+            (1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024, "1,0\xa0TB"),
+            (1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024, "1,0\xa0PB"),
+            (1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 2000, "2000,0\xa0PB"),
+            (complex(1, -1), "0\xa0Bytes"),
+            ("", "0\xa0Bytes"),
+            ("\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA}", "0\xa0Bytes"),
         ]
-        with translation.override('de'):
+        with translation.override("de"):
             for value, expected in tests:
                 with self.subTest(value=value):
                     self.assertEqual(filesizeformat(value), expected)
 
     def test_negative_numbers(self):
         tests = [
-            (-1, '-1\xa0byte'),
-            (-100, '-100\xa0bytes'),
-            (-1024 * 1024 * 50, '-50.0\xa0MB'),
+            (-1, "-1\xa0byte"),
+            (-100, "-100\xa0bytes"),
+            (-1024 * 1024 * 50, "-50.0\xa0MB"),
         ]
         for value, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_first.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_first.py
index efba48f870..7a1849cd88 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_first.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_first.py
@@ -6,25 +6,31 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class FirstTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'first01': '{{ a|first }} {{ b|first }}'})
+    @setup({"first01": "{{ a|first }} {{ b|first }}"})
     def test_first01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('first01', {"a": ["a&b", "x"], "b": [mark_safe("a&b"), "x"]})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "first01", {"a": ["a&b", "x"], "b": [mark_safe("a&b"), "x"]}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, "a&amp;b a&b")
 
-    @setup({'first02': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|first }} {{ b|first }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "first02": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|first }} {{ b|first }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_first02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('first02', {"a": ["a&b", "x"], "b": [mark_safe("a&b"), "x"]})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "first02", {"a": ["a&b", "x"], "b": [mark_safe("a&b"), "x"]}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, "a&b a&b")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_list(self):
         self.assertEqual(first([0, 1, 2]), 0)
 
     def test_empty_string(self):
-        self.assertEqual(first(''), '')
+        self.assertEqual(first(""), "")
 
     def test_string(self):
-        self.assertEqual(first('test'), 't')
+        self.assertEqual(first("test"), "t")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_floatformat.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_floatformat.py
index 1035fb96da..d7eb5f2076 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_floatformat.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_floatformat.py
@@ -9,93 +9,107 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class FloatformatTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'floatformat01': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|floatformat }} {{ b|floatformat }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "floatformat01": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|floatformat }} {{ b|floatformat }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_floatformat01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('floatformat01', {"a": "1.42", "b": mark_safe("1.42")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "floatformat01", {"a": "1.42", "b": mark_safe("1.42")}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, "1.4 1.4")
 
-    @setup({'floatformat02': '{{ a|floatformat }} {{ b|floatformat }}'})
+    @setup({"floatformat02": "{{ a|floatformat }} {{ b|floatformat }}"})
     def test_floatformat02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('floatformat02', {"a": "1.42", "b": mark_safe("1.42")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "floatformat02", {"a": "1.42", "b": mark_safe("1.42")}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, "1.4 1.4")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_inputs(self):
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(7.7), '7.7')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(7.0), '7')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(0.7), '0.7')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(-0.7), '-0.7')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(0.07), '0.1')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(-0.07), '-0.1')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(0.007), '0.0')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(0.0), '0')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(7.7, 0), '8')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(7.7, 3), '7.700')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(6.000000, 3), '6.000')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(6.200000, 3), '6.200')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(6.200000, -3), '6.200')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(13.1031, -3), '13.103')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(11.1197, -2), '11.12')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(11.0000, -2), '11')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(11.000001, -2), '11.00')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(8.2798, 3), '8.280')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(5555.555, 2), '5555.56')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(001.3000, 2), '1.30')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(0.12345, 2), '0.12')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(Decimal('555.555'), 2), '555.56')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(Decimal('09.000')), '9')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat('foo'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(13.1031, 'bar'), '13.1031')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(18.125, 2), '18.13')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat('foo', 'bar'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat('¿Cómo esta usted?'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(None), '')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(-1.323297138040798e+35, 2), '-132329713804079800000000000000000000.00')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(-1.323297138040798e+35, -2), '-132329713804079800000000000000000000')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(1.5e-15, 20), '0.00000000000000150000')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(1.5e-15, -20), '0.00000000000000150000')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(1.00000000000000015, 16), '1.0000000000000002')
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(7.7), "7.7")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(7.0), "7")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(0.7), "0.7")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(-0.7), "-0.7")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(0.07), "0.1")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(-0.07), "-0.1")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(0.007), "0.0")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(0.0), "0")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(7.7, 0), "8")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(7.7, 3), "7.700")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(6.000000, 3), "6.000")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(6.200000, 3), "6.200")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(6.200000, -3), "6.200")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(13.1031, -3), "13.103")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(11.1197, -2), "11.12")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(11.0000, -2), "11")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(11.000001, -2), "11.00")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(8.2798, 3), "8.280")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(5555.555, 2), "5555.56")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(001.3000, 2), "1.30")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(0.12345, 2), "0.12")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(Decimal("555.555"), 2), "555.56")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(Decimal("09.000")), "9")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat("foo"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(13.1031, "bar"), "13.1031")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(18.125, 2), "18.13")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat("foo", "bar"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat("¿Cómo esta usted?"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(None), "")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            floatformat(-1.323297138040798e35, 2),
+            "-132329713804079800000000000000000000.00",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            floatformat(-1.323297138040798e35, -2),
+            "-132329713804079800000000000000000000",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(1.5e-15, 20), "0.00000000000000150000")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(1.5e-15, -20), "0.00000000000000150000")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(1.00000000000000015, 16), "1.0000000000000002")
 
     def test_force_grouping(self):
-        with translation.override('en'):
-            self.assertEqual(floatformat(10000, 'g'), '10,000')
-            self.assertEqual(floatformat(66666.666, '1g'), '66,666.7')
+        with translation.override("en"):
+            self.assertEqual(floatformat(10000, "g"), "10,000")
+            self.assertEqual(floatformat(66666.666, "1g"), "66,666.7")
             # Invalid suffix.
-            self.assertEqual(floatformat(10000, 'g2'), '10000')
-        with translation.override('de', deactivate=True):
-            self.assertEqual(floatformat(10000, 'g'), '10.000')
-            self.assertEqual(floatformat(66666.666, '1g'), '66.666,7')
+            self.assertEqual(floatformat(10000, "g2"), "10000")
+        with translation.override("de", deactivate=True):
+            self.assertEqual(floatformat(10000, "g"), "10.000")
+            self.assertEqual(floatformat(66666.666, "1g"), "66.666,7")
             # Invalid suffix.
-            self.assertEqual(floatformat(10000, 'g2'), '10000')
+            self.assertEqual(floatformat(10000, "g2"), "10000")
 
     def test_unlocalize(self):
-        with translation.override('de', deactivate=True):
-            self.assertEqual(floatformat(66666.666, '2'), '66666,67')
-            self.assertEqual(floatformat(66666.666, '2u'), '66666.67')
+        with translation.override("de", deactivate=True):
+            self.assertEqual(floatformat(66666.666, "2"), "66666,67")
+            self.assertEqual(floatformat(66666.666, "2u"), "66666.67")
             with self.settings(
                 USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True,
                 NUMBER_GROUPING=3,
-                THOUSAND_SEPARATOR='!',
+                THOUSAND_SEPARATOR="!",
             ):
-                self.assertEqual(floatformat(66666.666, '2gu'), '66!666.67')
-                self.assertEqual(floatformat(66666.666, '2ug'), '66!666.67')
+                self.assertEqual(floatformat(66666.666, "2gu"), "66!666.67")
+                self.assertEqual(floatformat(66666.666, "2ug"), "66!666.67")
             # Invalid suffix.
-            self.assertEqual(floatformat(66666.666, 'u2'), '66666.666')
+            self.assertEqual(floatformat(66666.666, "u2"), "66666.666")
 
     def test_zero_values(self):
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(0, 6), '0.000000')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(0, 7), '0.0000000')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(0, 10), '0.0000000000')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(0.000000000000000000015, 20), '0.00000000000000000002')
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(0, 6), "0.000000")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(0, 7), "0.0000000")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(0, 10), "0.0000000000")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            floatformat(0.000000000000000000015, 20), "0.00000000000000000002"
+        )
 
     def test_negative_zero_values(self):
         tests = [
-            (-0.01, -1, '0.0'),
-            (-0.001, 2, '0.00'),
-            (-0.499, 0, '0'),
+            (-0.01, -1, "0.0"),
+            (-0.001, 2, "0.00"),
+            (-0.499, 0, "0"),
         ]
         for num, decimal_places, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(num=num, decimal_places=decimal_places):
@@ -104,9 +118,9 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_infinity(self):
         pos_inf = float(1e30000)
         neg_inf = float(-1e30000)
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(pos_inf), 'inf')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(neg_inf), '-inf')
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(pos_inf / pos_inf), 'nan')
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(pos_inf), "inf")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(neg_inf), "-inf")
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(pos_inf / pos_inf), "nan")
 
     def test_float_dunder_method(self):
         class FloatWrapper:
@@ -116,7 +130,7 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
             def __float__(self):
                 return self.value
 
-        self.assertEqual(floatformat(FloatWrapper(11.000001), -2), '11.00')
+        self.assertEqual(floatformat(FloatWrapper(11.000001), -2), "11.00")
 
     def test_low_decimal_precision(self):
         """
@@ -124,9 +138,9 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         with localcontext() as ctx:
             ctx.prec = 2
-            self.assertEqual(floatformat(1.2345, 2), '1.23')
-            self.assertEqual(floatformat(15.2042, -3), '15.204')
-            self.assertEqual(floatformat(1.2345, '2'), '1.23')
-            self.assertEqual(floatformat(15.2042, '-3'), '15.204')
-            self.assertEqual(floatformat(Decimal('1.2345'), 2), '1.23')
-            self.assertEqual(floatformat(Decimal('15.2042'), -3), '15.204')
+            self.assertEqual(floatformat(1.2345, 2), "1.23")
+            self.assertEqual(floatformat(15.2042, -3), "15.204")
+            self.assertEqual(floatformat(1.2345, "2"), "1.23")
+            self.assertEqual(floatformat(15.2042, "-3"), "15.204")
+            self.assertEqual(floatformat(Decimal("1.2345"), 2), "1.23")
+            self.assertEqual(floatformat(Decimal("15.2042"), -3), "15.204")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_force_escape.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_force_escape.py
index 776dc8042d..7a34caee2b 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_force_escape.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_force_escape.py
@@ -11,58 +11,73 @@ class ForceEscapeTests(SimpleTestCase):
     double-escaping, for example.
     """
 
-    @setup({'force-escape01': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|force_escape }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "force-escape01": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|force_escape }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_force_escape01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('force-escape01', {"a": "x&y"})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("force-escape01", {"a": "x&y"})
         self.assertEqual(output, "x&amp;y")
 
-    @setup({'force-escape02': '{{ a|force_escape }}'})
+    @setup({"force-escape02": "{{ a|force_escape }}"})
     def test_force_escape02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('force-escape02', {"a": "x&y"})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("force-escape02", {"a": "x&y"})
         self.assertEqual(output, "x&amp;y")
 
-    @setup({'force-escape03': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|force_escape|force_escape }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "force-escape03": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|force_escape|force_escape }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_force_escape03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('force-escape03', {"a": "x&y"})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("force-escape03", {"a": "x&y"})
         self.assertEqual(output, "x&amp;amp;y")
 
-    @setup({'force-escape04': '{{ a|force_escape|force_escape }}'})
+    @setup({"force-escape04": "{{ a|force_escape|force_escape }}"})
     def test_force_escape04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('force-escape04', {"a": "x&y"})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("force-escape04", {"a": "x&y"})
         self.assertEqual(output, "x&amp;amp;y")
 
     # Because the result of force_escape is "safe", an additional
     # escape filter has no effect.
-    @setup({'force-escape05': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|force_escape|escape }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "force-escape05": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|force_escape|escape }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_force_escape05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('force-escape05', {"a": "x&y"})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("force-escape05", {"a": "x&y"})
         self.assertEqual(output, "x&amp;y")
 
-    @setup({'force-escape06': '{{ a|force_escape|escape }}'})
+    @setup({"force-escape06": "{{ a|force_escape|escape }}"})
     def test_force_escape06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('force-escape06', {"a": "x&y"})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("force-escape06", {"a": "x&y"})
         self.assertEqual(output, "x&amp;y")
 
-    @setup({'force-escape07': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|escape|force_escape }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "force-escape07": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|escape|force_escape }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_force_escape07(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('force-escape07', {"a": "x&y"})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("force-escape07", {"a": "x&y"})
         self.assertEqual(output, "x&amp;amp;y")
 
-    @setup({'force-escape08': '{{ a|escape|force_escape }}'})
+    @setup({"force-escape08": "{{ a|escape|force_escape }}"})
     def test_force_escape08(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('force-escape08', {"a": "x&y"})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("force-escape08", {"a": "x&y"})
         self.assertEqual(output, "x&amp;amp;y")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_escape(self):
-        escaped = force_escape('<some html & special characters > here')
-        self.assertEqual(escaped, '&lt;some html &amp; special characters &gt; here')
+        escaped = force_escape("<some html & special characters > here")
+        self.assertEqual(escaped, "&lt;some html &amp; special characters &gt; here")
         self.assertIsInstance(escaped, SafeData)
 
     def test_unicode(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            force_escape('<some html & special characters > here ĐÅ€£'),
-            '&lt;some html &amp; special characters &gt; here \u0110\xc5\u20ac\xa3',
+            force_escape("<some html & special characters > here ĐÅ€£"),
+            "&lt;some html &amp; special characters &gt; here \u0110\xc5\u20ac\xa3",
         )
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_get_digit.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_get_digit.py
index 1382408715..4b10ca93ed 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_get_digit.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_get_digit.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_values(self):
         self.assertEqual(get_digit(123, 1), 3)
         self.assertEqual(get_digit(123, 2), 2)
@@ -12,4 +11,4 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(get_digit(123, 0), 123)
 
     def test_string(self):
-        self.assertEqual(get_digit('xyz', 0), 'xyz')
+        self.assertEqual(get_digit("xyz", 0), "xyz")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_iriencode.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_iriencode.py
index 7d83b67f9d..31fce93949 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_iriencode.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_iriencode.py
@@ -10,31 +10,40 @@ class IriencodeTests(SimpleTestCase):
     Ensure iriencode keeps safe strings.
     """
 
-    @setup({'iriencode01': '{{ url|iriencode }}'})
+    @setup({"iriencode01": "{{ url|iriencode }}"})
     def test_iriencode01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('iriencode01', {'url': '?test=1&me=2'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '?test=1&amp;me=2')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("iriencode01", {"url": "?test=1&me=2"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "?test=1&amp;me=2")
 
-    @setup({'iriencode02': '{% autoescape off %}{{ url|iriencode }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {"iriencode02": "{% autoescape off %}{{ url|iriencode }}{% endautoescape %}"}
+    )
     def test_iriencode02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('iriencode02', {'url': '?test=1&me=2'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '?test=1&me=2')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("iriencode02", {"url": "?test=1&me=2"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "?test=1&me=2")
 
-    @setup({'iriencode03': '{{ url|iriencode }}'})
+    @setup({"iriencode03": "{{ url|iriencode }}"})
     def test_iriencode03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('iriencode03', {'url': mark_safe('?test=1&me=2')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '?test=1&me=2')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "iriencode03", {"url": mark_safe("?test=1&me=2")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "?test=1&me=2")
 
-    @setup({'iriencode04': '{% autoescape off %}{{ url|iriencode }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {"iriencode04": "{% autoescape off %}{{ url|iriencode }}{% endautoescape %}"}
+    )
     def test_iriencode04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('iriencode04', {'url': mark_safe('?test=1&me=2')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '?test=1&me=2')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "iriencode04", {"url": mark_safe("?test=1&me=2")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "?test=1&me=2")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_unicode(self):
-        self.assertEqual(iriencode('S\xf8r-Tr\xf8ndelag'), 'S%C3%B8r-Tr%C3%B8ndelag')
+        self.assertEqual(iriencode("S\xf8r-Tr\xf8ndelag"), "S%C3%B8r-Tr%C3%B8ndelag")
 
     def test_urlencoded(self):
-        self.assertEqual(iriencode(urlencode('fran\xe7ois & jill')), 'fran%C3%A7ois%20%26%20jill')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            iriencode(urlencode("fran\xe7ois & jill")), "fran%C3%A7ois%20%26%20jill"
+        )
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_join.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_join.py
index 43ac0da7c2..08f68537ee 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_join.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_join.py
@@ -6,70 +6,76 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class JoinTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'join01': '{{ a|join:", " }}'})
+    @setup({"join01": '{{ a|join:", " }}'})
     def test_join01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('join01', {'a': ['alpha', 'beta & me']})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'alpha, beta &amp; me')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("join01", {"a": ["alpha", "beta & me"]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "alpha, beta &amp; me")
 
-    @setup({'join02': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|join:", " }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup({"join02": '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|join:", " }}{% endautoescape %}'})
     def test_join02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('join02', {'a': ['alpha', 'beta & me']})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'alpha, beta & me')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("join02", {"a": ["alpha", "beta & me"]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "alpha, beta & me")
 
-    @setup({'join03': '{{ a|join:" &amp; " }}'})
+    @setup({"join03": '{{ a|join:" &amp; " }}'})
     def test_join03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('join03', {'a': ['alpha', 'beta & me']})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'alpha &amp; beta &amp; me')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("join03", {"a": ["alpha", "beta & me"]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "alpha &amp; beta &amp; me")
 
-    @setup({'join04': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|join:" &amp; " }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup({"join04": '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|join:" &amp; " }}{% endautoescape %}'})
     def test_join04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('join04', {'a': ['alpha', 'beta & me']})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'alpha &amp; beta & me')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("join04", {"a": ["alpha", "beta & me"]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "alpha &amp; beta & me")
 
     # Joining with unsafe joiners doesn't result in unsafe strings.
-    @setup({'join05': '{{ a|join:var }}'})
+    @setup({"join05": "{{ a|join:var }}"})
     def test_join05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('join05', {'a': ['alpha', 'beta & me'], 'var': ' & '})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'alpha &amp; beta &amp; me')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "join05", {"a": ["alpha", "beta & me"], "var": " & "}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "alpha &amp; beta &amp; me")
 
-    @setup({'join06': '{{ a|join:var }}'})
+    @setup({"join06": "{{ a|join:var }}"})
     def test_join06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('join06', {'a': ['alpha', 'beta & me'], 'var': mark_safe(' & ')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'alpha & beta &amp; me')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "join06", {"a": ["alpha", "beta & me"], "var": mark_safe(" & ")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "alpha & beta &amp; me")
 
-    @setup({'join07': '{{ a|join:var|lower }}'})
+    @setup({"join07": "{{ a|join:var|lower }}"})
     def test_join07(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('join07', {'a': ['Alpha', 'Beta & me'], 'var': ' & '})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'alpha &amp; beta &amp; me')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "join07", {"a": ["Alpha", "Beta & me"], "var": " & "}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "alpha &amp; beta &amp; me")
 
-    @setup({'join08': '{{ a|join:var|lower }}'})
+    @setup({"join08": "{{ a|join:var|lower }}"})
     def test_join08(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('join08', {'a': ['Alpha', 'Beta & me'], 'var': mark_safe(' & ')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'alpha & beta &amp; me')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "join08", {"a": ["Alpha", "Beta & me"], "var": mark_safe(" & ")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "alpha & beta &amp; me")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_list(self):
-        self.assertEqual(join([0, 1, 2], 'glue'), '0glue1glue2')
+        self.assertEqual(join([0, 1, 2], "glue"), "0glue1glue2")
 
     def test_autoescape(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            join(['<a>', '<img>', '</a>'], '<br>'),
-            '&lt;a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;img&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/a&gt;',
+            join(["<a>", "<img>", "</a>"], "<br>"),
+            "&lt;a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;img&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/a&gt;",
         )
 
     def test_autoescape_off(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            join(['<a>', '<img>', '</a>'], '<br>', autoescape=False),
-            '<a>&lt;br&gt;<img>&lt;br&gt;</a>',
+            join(["<a>", "<img>", "</a>"], "<br>", autoescape=False),
+            "<a>&lt;br&gt;<img>&lt;br&gt;</a>",
         )
 
     def test_noniterable_arg(self):
         obj = object()
-        self.assertEqual(join(obj, '<br>'), obj)
+        self.assertEqual(join(obj, "<br>"), obj)
 
     def test_noniterable_arg_autoescape_off(self):
         obj = object()
-        self.assertEqual(join(obj, '<br>', autoescape=False), obj)
+        self.assertEqual(join(obj, "<br>", autoescape=False), obj)
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_json_script.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_json_script.py
index 1d38f678e0..28a078effb 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_json_script.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_json_script.py
@@ -4,21 +4,19 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class JsonScriptTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'json-tag01': '{{ value|json_script:"test_id" }}'})
+    @setup({"json-tag01": '{{ value|json_script:"test_id" }}'})
     def test_basic(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'json-tag01',
-            {'value': {'a': 'testing\r\njson \'string" <b>escaping</b>'}}
+            "json-tag01", {"value": {"a": "testing\r\njson 'string\" <b>escaping</b>"}}
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             output,
             '<script id="test_id" type="application/json">'
             '{"a": "testing\\r\\njson \'string\\" \\u003Cb\\u003Eescaping\\u003C/b\\u003E"}'
-            '</script>'
+            "</script>",
         )
 
-    @setup({'json-tag02': '{{ value|json_script }}'})
+    @setup({"json-tag02": "{{ value|json_script }}"})
     def test_without_id(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('json-tag02', {'value': {}})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("json-tag02", {"value": {}})
         self.assertEqual(output, '<script type="application/json">{}</script>')
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_last.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_last.py
index e03caa2382..6b8b8fcbbc 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_last.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_last.py
@@ -5,18 +5,23 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class LastTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'last01': '{{ a|last }} {{ b|last }}'})
+    @setup({"last01": "{{ a|last }} {{ b|last }}"})
     def test_last01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('last01', {"a": ["x", "a&b"], "b": ["x", mark_safe("a&b")]})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "last01", {"a": ["x", "a&b"], "b": ["x", mark_safe("a&b")]}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, "a&amp;b a&b")
 
-    @setup({'last02': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|last }} {{ b|last }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {"last02": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|last }} {{ b|last }}{% endautoescape %}"}
+    )
     def test_last02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('last02', {"a": ["x", "a&b"], "b": ["x", mark_safe("a&b")]})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "last02", {"a": ["x", "a&b"], "b": ["x", mark_safe("a&b")]}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, "a&b a&b")
 
-    @setup({'empty_list': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|last }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup({"empty_list": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|last }}{% endautoescape %}"})
     def test_empty_list(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('empty_list', {"a": []})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("empty_list", {"a": []})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_length.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_length.py
index 9ea90a1234..507cff124b 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_length.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_length.py
@@ -6,51 +6,53 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class LengthTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'length01': '{{ list|length }}'})
+    @setup({"length01": "{{ list|length }}"})
     def test_length01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('length01', {'list': ['4', None, True, {}]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '4')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "length01", {"list": ["4", None, True, {}]}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "4")
 
-    @setup({'length02': '{{ list|length }}'})
+    @setup({"length02": "{{ list|length }}"})
     def test_length02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('length02', {'list': []})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '0')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("length02", {"list": []})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "0")
 
-    @setup({'length03': '{{ string|length }}'})
+    @setup({"length03": "{{ string|length }}"})
     def test_length03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('length03', {'string': ''})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '0')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("length03", {"string": ""})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "0")
 
-    @setup({'length04': '{{ string|length }}'})
+    @setup({"length04": "{{ string|length }}"})
     def test_length04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('length04', {'string': 'django'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '6')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("length04", {"string": "django"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "6")
 
-    @setup({'length05': '{% if string|length == 6 %}Pass{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"length05": "{% if string|length == 6 %}Pass{% endif %}"})
     def test_length05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('length05', {'string': mark_safe('django')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Pass')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "length05", {"string": mark_safe("django")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Pass")
 
     # Invalid uses that should fail silently.
-    @setup({'length06': '{{ int|length }}'})
+    @setup({"length06": "{{ int|length }}"})
     def test_length06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('length06', {'int': 7})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '0')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("length06", {"int": 7})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "0")
 
-    @setup({'length07': '{{ None|length }}'})
+    @setup({"length07": "{{ None|length }}"})
     def test_length07(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('length07', {'None': None})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '0')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("length07", {"None": None})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "0")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_string(self):
-        self.assertEqual(length('1234'), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(length("1234"), 4)
 
     def test_safestring(self):
-        self.assertEqual(length(mark_safe('1234')), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(length(mark_safe("1234")), 4)
 
     def test_list(self):
         self.assertEqual(length([1, 2, 3, 4]), 4)
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_length_is.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_length_is.py
index 471ef312e9..1cc760c8a2 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_length_is.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_length_is.py
@@ -5,71 +5,97 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class LengthIsTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'length_is01': '{% if some_list|length_is:"4" %}Four{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"length_is01": '{% if some_list|length_is:"4" %}Four{% endif %}'})
     def test_length_is01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('length_is01', {'some_list': ['4', None, True, {}]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Four')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "length_is01", {"some_list": ["4", None, True, {}]}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Four")
 
-    @setup({'length_is02': '{% if some_list|length_is:"4" %}Four{% else %}Not Four{% endif %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "length_is02": '{% if some_list|length_is:"4" %}Four{% else %}Not Four{% endif %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_length_is02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('length_is02', {'some_list': ['4', None, True, {}, 17]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Not Four')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "length_is02", {"some_list": ["4", None, True, {}, 17]}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Not Four")
 
-    @setup({'length_is03': '{% if mystring|length_is:"4" %}Four{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"length_is03": '{% if mystring|length_is:"4" %}Four{% endif %}'})
     def test_length_is03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('length_is03', {'mystring': 'word'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Four')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("length_is03", {"mystring": "word"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Four")
 
-    @setup({'length_is04': '{% if mystring|length_is:"4" %}Four{% else %}Not Four{% endif %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "length_is04": '{% if mystring|length_is:"4" %}Four{% else %}Not Four{% endif %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_length_is04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('length_is04', {'mystring': 'Python'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Not Four')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("length_is04", {"mystring": "Python"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Not Four")
 
-    @setup({'length_is05': '{% if mystring|length_is:"4" %}Four{% else %}Not Four{% endif %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "length_is05": '{% if mystring|length_is:"4" %}Four{% else %}Not Four{% endif %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_length_is05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('length_is05', {'mystring': ''})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Not Four')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("length_is05", {"mystring": ""})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Not Four")
 
-    @setup({'length_is06': '{% with var|length as my_length %}{{ my_length }}{% endwith %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "length_is06": "{% with var|length as my_length %}{{ my_length }}{% endwith %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_length_is06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('length_is06', {'var': 'django'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '6')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("length_is06", {"var": "django"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "6")
 
     # Boolean return value from length_is should not be coerced to a string
-    @setup({'length_is07': '{% if "X"|length_is:0 %}Length is 0{% else %}Length not 0{% endif %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "length_is07": '{% if "X"|length_is:0 %}Length is 0{% else %}Length not 0{% endif %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_length_is07(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('length_is07', {})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Length not 0')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("length_is07", {})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Length not 0")
 
-    @setup({'length_is08': '{% if "X"|length_is:1 %}Length is 1{% else %}Length not 1{% endif %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "length_is08": '{% if "X"|length_is:1 %}Length is 1{% else %}Length not 1{% endif %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_length_is08(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('length_is08', {})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Length is 1')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("length_is08", {})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Length is 1")
 
     # Invalid uses that should fail silently.
-    @setup({'length_is09': '{{ var|length_is:"fish" }}'})
+    @setup({"length_is09": '{{ var|length_is:"fish" }}'})
     def test_length_is09(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('length_is09', {'var': 'django'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("length_is09", {"var": "django"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'length_is10': '{{ int|length_is:"1" }}'})
+    @setup({"length_is10": '{{ int|length_is:"1" }}'})
     def test_length_is10(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('length_is10', {'int': 7})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("length_is10", {"int": 7})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'length_is11': '{{ none|length_is:"1" }}'})
+    @setup({"length_is11": '{{ none|length_is:"1" }}'})
     def test_length_is11(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('length_is11', {'none': None})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("length_is11", {"none": None})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_empty_list(self):
         self.assertIs(length_is([], 0), True)
         self.assertIs(length_is([], 1), False)
 
     def test_string(self):
-        self.assertIs(length_is('a', 1), True)
-        self.assertIs(length_is('a', 10), False)
+        self.assertIs(length_is("a", 1), True)
+        self.assertIs(length_is("a", 10), False)
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_linebreaks.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_linebreaks.py
index 8fdb91f377..ce0f082466 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_linebreaks.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_linebreaks.py
@@ -12,49 +12,58 @@ class LinebreaksTests(SimpleTestCase):
     autoescape setting.
     """
 
-    @setup({'linebreaks01': '{{ a|linebreaks }} {{ b|linebreaks }}'})
+    @setup({"linebreaks01": "{{ a|linebreaks }} {{ b|linebreaks }}"})
     def test_linebreaks01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('linebreaks01', {"a": "x&\ny", "b": mark_safe("x&\ny")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "linebreaks01", {"a": "x&\ny", "b": mark_safe("x&\ny")}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, "<p>x&amp;<br>y</p> <p>x&<br>y</p>")
 
-    @setup({'linebreaks02': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|linebreaks }} {{ b|linebreaks }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "linebreaks02": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|linebreaks }} {{ b|linebreaks }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_linebreaks02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('linebreaks02', {"a": "x&\ny", "b": mark_safe("x&\ny")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "linebreaks02", {"a": "x&\ny", "b": mark_safe("x&\ny")}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, "<p>x&<br>y</p> <p>x&<br>y</p>")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_line(self):
-        self.assertEqual(linebreaks_filter('line 1'), '<p>line 1</p>')
+        self.assertEqual(linebreaks_filter("line 1"), "<p>line 1</p>")
 
     def test_newline(self):
-        self.assertEqual(linebreaks_filter('line 1\nline 2'), '<p>line 1<br>line 2</p>')
+        self.assertEqual(linebreaks_filter("line 1\nline 2"), "<p>line 1<br>line 2</p>")
 
     def test_carriage(self):
-        self.assertEqual(linebreaks_filter('line 1\rline 2'), '<p>line 1<br>line 2</p>')
+        self.assertEqual(linebreaks_filter("line 1\rline 2"), "<p>line 1<br>line 2</p>")
 
     def test_carriage_newline(self):
-        self.assertEqual(linebreaks_filter('line 1\r\nline 2'), '<p>line 1<br>line 2</p>')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            linebreaks_filter("line 1\r\nline 2"), "<p>line 1<br>line 2</p>"
+        )
 
     def test_non_string_input(self):
-        self.assertEqual(linebreaks_filter(123), '<p>123</p>')
+        self.assertEqual(linebreaks_filter(123), "<p>123</p>")
 
     def test_autoescape(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            linebreaks_filter('foo\n<a>bar</a>\nbuz'),
-            '<p>foo<br>&lt;a&gt;bar&lt;/a&gt;<br>buz</p>',
+            linebreaks_filter("foo\n<a>bar</a>\nbuz"),
+            "<p>foo<br>&lt;a&gt;bar&lt;/a&gt;<br>buz</p>",
         )
 
     def test_autoescape_off(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            linebreaks_filter('foo\n<a>bar</a>\nbuz', autoescape=False),
-            '<p>foo<br><a>bar</a><br>buz</p>',
+            linebreaks_filter("foo\n<a>bar</a>\nbuz", autoescape=False),
+            "<p>foo<br><a>bar</a><br>buz</p>",
         )
 
     def test_lazy_string_input(self):
-        add_header = lazy(lambda string: 'Header\n\n' + string, str)
+        add_header = lazy(lambda string: "Header\n\n" + string, str)
         self.assertEqual(
-            linebreaks_filter(add_header('line 1\r\nline2')),
-            '<p>Header</p>\n\n<p>line 1<br>line2</p>'
+            linebreaks_filter(add_header("line 1\r\nline2")),
+            "<p>Header</p>\n\n<p>line 1<br>line2</p>",
         )
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_linebreaksbr.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_linebreaksbr.py
index f2583f0aaf..fa4cff209b 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_linebreaksbr.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_linebreaksbr.py
@@ -11,39 +11,46 @@ class LinebreaksbrTests(SimpleTestCase):
     autoescape setting.
     """
 
-    @setup({'linebreaksbr01': '{{ a|linebreaksbr }} {{ b|linebreaksbr }}'})
+    @setup({"linebreaksbr01": "{{ a|linebreaksbr }} {{ b|linebreaksbr }}"})
     def test_linebreaksbr01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('linebreaksbr01', {"a": "x&\ny", "b": mark_safe("x&\ny")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "linebreaksbr01", {"a": "x&\ny", "b": mark_safe("x&\ny")}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, "x&amp;<br>y x&<br>y")
 
-    @setup({'linebreaksbr02': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|linebreaksbr }} {{ b|linebreaksbr }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "linebreaksbr02": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|linebreaksbr }} {{ b|linebreaksbr }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_linebreaksbr02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('linebreaksbr02', {"a": "x&\ny", "b": mark_safe("x&\ny")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "linebreaksbr02", {"a": "x&\ny", "b": mark_safe("x&\ny")}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, "x&<br>y x&<br>y")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_newline(self):
-        self.assertEqual(linebreaksbr('line 1\nline 2'), 'line 1<br>line 2')
+        self.assertEqual(linebreaksbr("line 1\nline 2"), "line 1<br>line 2")
 
     def test_carriage(self):
-        self.assertEqual(linebreaksbr('line 1\rline 2'), 'line 1<br>line 2')
+        self.assertEqual(linebreaksbr("line 1\rline 2"), "line 1<br>line 2")
 
     def test_carriage_newline(self):
-        self.assertEqual(linebreaksbr('line 1\r\nline 2'), 'line 1<br>line 2')
+        self.assertEqual(linebreaksbr("line 1\r\nline 2"), "line 1<br>line 2")
 
     def test_non_string_input(self):
-        self.assertEqual(linebreaksbr(123), '123')
+        self.assertEqual(linebreaksbr(123), "123")
 
     def test_autoescape(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            linebreaksbr('foo\n<a>bar</a>\nbuz'),
-            'foo<br>&lt;a&gt;bar&lt;/a&gt;<br>buz',
+            linebreaksbr("foo\n<a>bar</a>\nbuz"),
+            "foo<br>&lt;a&gt;bar&lt;/a&gt;<br>buz",
         )
 
     def test_autoescape_off(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            linebreaksbr('foo\n<a>bar</a>\nbuz', autoescape=False),
-            'foo<br><a>bar</a><br>buz',
+            linebreaksbr("foo\n<a>bar</a>\nbuz", autoescape=False),
+            "foo<br><a>bar</a><br>buz",
         )
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_linenumbers.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_linenumbers.py
index 2ded01f421..82fae4f889 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_linenumbers.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_linenumbers.py
@@ -11,45 +11,52 @@ class LinenumbersTests(SimpleTestCase):
     autoescape setting.
     """
 
-    @setup({'linenumbers01': '{{ a|linenumbers }} {{ b|linenumbers }}'})
+    @setup({"linenumbers01": "{{ a|linenumbers }} {{ b|linenumbers }}"})
     def test_linenumbers01(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'linenumbers01',
-            {'a': 'one\n<two>\nthree', 'b': mark_safe('one\n&lt;two&gt;\nthree')},
+            "linenumbers01",
+            {"a": "one\n<two>\nthree", "b": mark_safe("one\n&lt;two&gt;\nthree")},
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            output, "1. one\n2. &lt;two&gt;\n3. three 1. one\n2. &lt;two&gt;\n3. three"
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1. one\n2. &lt;two&gt;\n3. three 1. one\n2. &lt;two&gt;\n3. three')
 
-    @setup({'linenumbers02': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|linenumbers }} {{ b|linenumbers }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "linenumbers02": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|linenumbers }} {{ b|linenumbers }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_linenumbers02(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'linenumbers02',
-            {'a': 'one\n<two>\nthree', 'b': mark_safe('one\n&lt;two&gt;\nthree')},
+            "linenumbers02",
+            {"a": "one\n<two>\nthree", "b": mark_safe("one\n&lt;two&gt;\nthree")},
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            output, "1. one\n2. <two>\n3. three 1. one\n2. &lt;two&gt;\n3. three"
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1. one\n2. <two>\n3. three 1. one\n2. &lt;two&gt;\n3. three')
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_linenumbers(self):
-        self.assertEqual(linenumbers('line 1\nline 2'), '1. line 1\n2. line 2')
+        self.assertEqual(linenumbers("line 1\nline 2"), "1. line 1\n2. line 2")
 
     def test_linenumbers2(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            linenumbers('\n'.join(['x'] * 10)),
-            '01. x\n02. x\n03. x\n04. x\n05. x\n06. x\n07. x\n08. x\n09. x\n10. x',
+            linenumbers("\n".join(["x"] * 10)),
+            "01. x\n02. x\n03. x\n04. x\n05. x\n06. x\n07. x\n08. x\n09. x\n10. x",
         )
 
     def test_non_string_input(self):
-        self.assertEqual(linenumbers(123), '1. 123')
+        self.assertEqual(linenumbers(123), "1. 123")
 
     def test_autoescape(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            linenumbers('foo\n<a>bar</a>\nbuz'),
-            '1. foo\n2. &lt;a&gt;bar&lt;/a&gt;\n3. buz',
+            linenumbers("foo\n<a>bar</a>\nbuz"),
+            "1. foo\n2. &lt;a&gt;bar&lt;/a&gt;\n3. buz",
         )
 
     def test_autoescape_off(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            linenumbers('foo\n<a>bar</a>\nbuz', autoescape=False),
-            '1. foo\n2. <a>bar</a>\n3. buz'
+            linenumbers("foo\n<a>bar</a>\nbuz", autoescape=False),
+            "1. foo\n2. <a>bar</a>\n3. buz",
         )
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_ljust.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_ljust.py
index 19f35f78f4..9ea5b23862 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_ljust.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_ljust.py
@@ -6,26 +6,32 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class LjustTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'ljust01': '{% autoescape off %}.{{ a|ljust:"5" }}. .{{ b|ljust:"5" }}.{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "ljust01": '{% autoescape off %}.{{ a|ljust:"5" }}. .{{ b|ljust:"5" }}.{% endautoescape %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_ljust01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('ljust01', {"a": "a&b", "b": mark_safe("a&b")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "ljust01", {"a": "a&b", "b": mark_safe("a&b")}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, ".a&b  . .a&b  .")
 
-    @setup({'ljust02': '.{{ a|ljust:"5" }}. .{{ b|ljust:"5" }}.'})
+    @setup({"ljust02": '.{{ a|ljust:"5" }}. .{{ b|ljust:"5" }}.'})
     def test_ljust02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('ljust02', {"a": "a&b", "b": mark_safe("a&b")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "ljust02", {"a": "a&b", "b": mark_safe("a&b")}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, ".a&amp;b  . .a&b  .")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_ljust(self):
-        self.assertEqual(ljust('test', 10), 'test      ')
-        self.assertEqual(ljust('test', 3), 'test')
+        self.assertEqual(ljust("test", 10), "test      ")
+        self.assertEqual(ljust("test", 3), "test")
 
     def test_less_than_string_length(self):
-        self.assertEqual(ljust('test', 3), 'test')
+        self.assertEqual(ljust("test", 3), "test")
 
     def test_non_string_input(self):
-        self.assertEqual(ljust(123, 4), '123 ')
+        self.assertEqual(ljust(123, 4), "123 ")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_lower.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_lower.py
index 1db934c5fa..29845663dd 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_lower.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_lower.py
@@ -6,26 +6,32 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class LowerTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'lower01': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|lower }} {{ b|lower }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "lower01": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|lower }} {{ b|lower }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_lower01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('lower01', {"a": "Apple & banana", "b": mark_safe("Apple &amp; banana")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "lower01", {"a": "Apple & banana", "b": mark_safe("Apple &amp; banana")}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, "apple & banana apple &amp; banana")
 
-    @setup({'lower02': '{{ a|lower }} {{ b|lower }}'})
+    @setup({"lower02": "{{ a|lower }} {{ b|lower }}"})
     def test_lower02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('lower02', {"a": "Apple & banana", "b": mark_safe("Apple &amp; banana")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "lower02", {"a": "Apple & banana", "b": mark_safe("Apple &amp; banana")}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, "apple &amp; banana apple &amp; banana")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_lower(self):
-        self.assertEqual(lower('TEST'), 'test')
+        self.assertEqual(lower("TEST"), "test")
 
     def test_unicode(self):
         # uppercase E umlaut
-        self.assertEqual(lower('\xcb'), '\xeb')
+        self.assertEqual(lower("\xcb"), "\xeb")
 
     def test_non_string_input(self):
-        self.assertEqual(lower(123), '123')
+        self.assertEqual(lower(123), "123")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_make_list.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_make_list.py
index a3e8535ecb..34901d2ff2 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_make_list.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_make_list.py
@@ -11,31 +11,34 @@ class MakeListTests(SimpleTestCase):
     escaped.
     """
 
-    @setup({'make_list01': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|make_list }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup({"make_list01": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|make_list }}{% endautoescape %}"})
     def test_make_list01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('make_list01', {"a": mark_safe("&")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("make_list01", {"a": mark_safe("&")})
         self.assertEqual(output, "['&']")
 
-    @setup({'make_list02': '{{ a|make_list }}'})
+    @setup({"make_list02": "{{ a|make_list }}"})
     def test_make_list02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('make_list02', {"a": mark_safe("&")})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '[&#x27;&amp;&#x27;]')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("make_list02", {"a": mark_safe("&")})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "[&#x27;&amp;&#x27;]")
 
-    @setup({'make_list03': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|make_list|stringformat:"s"|safe }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "make_list03": '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|make_list|stringformat:"s"|safe }}{% endautoescape %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_make_list03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('make_list03', {"a": mark_safe("&")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("make_list03", {"a": mark_safe("&")})
         self.assertEqual(output, "['&']")
 
-    @setup({'make_list04': '{{ a|make_list|stringformat:"s"|safe }}'})
+    @setup({"make_list04": '{{ a|make_list|stringformat:"s"|safe }}'})
     def test_make_list04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('make_list04', {"a": mark_safe("&")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("make_list04", {"a": mark_safe("&")})
         self.assertEqual(output, "['&']")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_string(self):
-        self.assertEqual(make_list('abc'), ['a', 'b', 'c'])
+        self.assertEqual(make_list("abc"), ["a", "b", "c"])
 
     def test_integer(self):
-        self.assertEqual(make_list(1234), ['1', '2', '3', '4'])
+        self.assertEqual(make_list(1234), ["1", "2", "3", "4"])
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_phone2numeric.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_phone2numeric.py
index 0c81a904ea..8165fba9da 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_phone2numeric.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_phone2numeric.py
@@ -6,36 +6,37 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class Phone2numericTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'phone2numeric01': '{{ a|phone2numeric }} {{ b|phone2numeric }}'})
+    @setup({"phone2numeric01": "{{ a|phone2numeric }} {{ b|phone2numeric }}"})
     def test_phone2numeric01(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'phone2numeric01',
-            {'a': '<1-800-call-me>', 'b': mark_safe('<1-800-call-me>')},
+            "phone2numeric01",
+            {"a": "<1-800-call-me>", "b": mark_safe("<1-800-call-me>")},
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, '&lt;1-800-2255-63&gt; <1-800-2255-63>')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "&lt;1-800-2255-63&gt; <1-800-2255-63>")
 
-    @setup({'phone2numeric02': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|phone2numeric }} {{ b|phone2numeric }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "phone2numeric02": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|phone2numeric }} {{ b|phone2numeric }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_phone2numeric02(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'phone2numeric02',
-            {'a': '<1-800-call-me>', 'b': mark_safe('<1-800-call-me>')},
+            "phone2numeric02",
+            {"a": "<1-800-call-me>", "b": mark_safe("<1-800-call-me>")},
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, '<1-800-2255-63> <1-800-2255-63>')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "<1-800-2255-63> <1-800-2255-63>")
 
-    @setup({'phone2numeric03': '{{ a|phone2numeric }}'})
+    @setup({"phone2numeric03": "{{ a|phone2numeric }}"})
     def test_phone2numeric03(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'phone2numeric03',
-            {'a': 'How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts!'},
+            "phone2numeric03",
+            {"a": "How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts!"},
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            output,
-            '469 729672225-5867464 37647 226 53835 749 747833 49662787!'
+            output, "469 729672225-5867464 37647 226 53835 749 747833 49662787!"
         )
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_phone2numeric(self):
-        self.assertEqual(phone2numeric_filter('0800 flowers'), '0800 3569377')
+        self.assertEqual(phone2numeric_filter("0800 flowers"), "0800 3569377")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_pluralize.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_pluralize.py
index 313981c6a8..c28718e101 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_pluralize.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_pluralize.py
@@ -7,60 +7,58 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class PluralizeTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def check_values(self, *tests):
         for value, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
-                output = self.engine.render_to_string('t', {'value': value})
+                output = self.engine.render_to_string("t", {"value": value})
                 self.assertEqual(output, expected)
 
-    @setup({'t': 'vote{{ value|pluralize }}'})
+    @setup({"t": "vote{{ value|pluralize }}"})
     def test_no_arguments(self):
-        self.check_values(('0', 'votes'), ('1', 'vote'), ('2', 'votes'))
+        self.check_values(("0", "votes"), ("1", "vote"), ("2", "votes"))
 
-    @setup({'t': 'class{{ value|pluralize:"es" }}'})
+    @setup({"t": 'class{{ value|pluralize:"es" }}'})
     def test_suffix(self):
-        self.check_values(('0', 'classes'), ('1', 'class'), ('2', 'classes'))
+        self.check_values(("0", "classes"), ("1", "class"), ("2", "classes"))
 
-    @setup({'t': 'cand{{ value|pluralize:"y,ies" }}'})
+    @setup({"t": 'cand{{ value|pluralize:"y,ies" }}'})
     def test_singular_and_plural_suffix(self):
-        self.check_values(('0', 'candies'), ('1', 'candy'), ('2', 'candies'))
+        self.check_values(("0", "candies"), ("1", "candy"), ("2", "candies"))
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_integers(self):
-        self.assertEqual(pluralize(1), '')
-        self.assertEqual(pluralize(0), 's')
-        self.assertEqual(pluralize(2), 's')
+        self.assertEqual(pluralize(1), "")
+        self.assertEqual(pluralize(0), "s")
+        self.assertEqual(pluralize(2), "s")
 
     def test_floats(self):
-        self.assertEqual(pluralize(0.5), 's')
-        self.assertEqual(pluralize(1.5), 's')
+        self.assertEqual(pluralize(0.5), "s")
+        self.assertEqual(pluralize(1.5), "s")
 
     def test_decimals(self):
-        self.assertEqual(pluralize(Decimal(1)), '')
-        self.assertEqual(pluralize(Decimal(0)), 's')
-        self.assertEqual(pluralize(Decimal(2)), 's')
+        self.assertEqual(pluralize(Decimal(1)), "")
+        self.assertEqual(pluralize(Decimal(0)), "s")
+        self.assertEqual(pluralize(Decimal(2)), "s")
 
     def test_lists(self):
-        self.assertEqual(pluralize([1]), '')
-        self.assertEqual(pluralize([]), 's')
-        self.assertEqual(pluralize([1, 2, 3]), 's')
+        self.assertEqual(pluralize([1]), "")
+        self.assertEqual(pluralize([]), "s")
+        self.assertEqual(pluralize([1, 2, 3]), "s")
 
     def test_suffixes(self):
-        self.assertEqual(pluralize(1, 'es'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(pluralize(0, 'es'), 'es')
-        self.assertEqual(pluralize(2, 'es'), 'es')
-        self.assertEqual(pluralize(1, 'y,ies'), 'y')
-        self.assertEqual(pluralize(0, 'y,ies'), 'ies')
-        self.assertEqual(pluralize(2, 'y,ies'), 'ies')
-        self.assertEqual(pluralize(0, 'y,ies,error'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(pluralize(1, "es"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(pluralize(0, "es"), "es")
+        self.assertEqual(pluralize(2, "es"), "es")
+        self.assertEqual(pluralize(1, "y,ies"), "y")
+        self.assertEqual(pluralize(0, "y,ies"), "ies")
+        self.assertEqual(pluralize(2, "y,ies"), "ies")
+        self.assertEqual(pluralize(0, "y,ies,error"), "")
 
     def test_no_len_type(self):
-        self.assertEqual(pluralize(object(), 'y,es'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(pluralize(object(), 'es'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(pluralize(object(), "y,es"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(pluralize(object(), "es"), "")
 
     def test_value_error(self):
-        self.assertEqual(pluralize('', 'y,es'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(pluralize('', 'es'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(pluralize("", "y,es"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(pluralize("", "es"), "")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_random.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_random.py
index acb8a82f1d..a419128971 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_random.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_random.py
@@ -5,17 +5,20 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class RandomTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'random01': '{{ a|random }} {{ b|random }}'})
+    @setup({"random01": "{{ a|random }} {{ b|random }}"})
     def test_random01(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'random01', {'a': ['a&b', 'a&b'], 'b': [mark_safe('a&b'), mark_safe('a&b')]}
+            "random01", {"a": ["a&b", "a&b"], "b": [mark_safe("a&b"), mark_safe("a&b")]}
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a&amp;b a&b')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a&amp;b a&b")
 
-    @setup({'random02': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|random }} {{ b|random }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "random02": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|random }} {{ b|random }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_random02(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'random02', {'a': ['a&b', 'a&b'], 'b': [mark_safe('a&b'), mark_safe('a&b')]}
+            "random02", {"a": ["a&b", "a&b"], "b": [mark_safe("a&b"), mark_safe("a&b")]}
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a&b a&b')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a&b a&b")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_rjust.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_rjust.py
index 1926b49e38..b7dde7514a 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_rjust.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_rjust.py
@@ -6,25 +6,31 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class RjustTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'rjust01': '{% autoescape off %}.{{ a|rjust:"5" }}. .{{ b|rjust:"5" }}.{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "rjust01": '{% autoescape off %}.{{ a|rjust:"5" }}. .{{ b|rjust:"5" }}.{% endautoescape %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_rjust01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('rjust01', {"a": "a&b", "b": mark_safe("a&b")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "rjust01", {"a": "a&b", "b": mark_safe("a&b")}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, ".  a&b. .  a&b.")
 
-    @setup({'rjust02': '.{{ a|rjust:"5" }}. .{{ b|rjust:"5" }}.'})
+    @setup({"rjust02": '.{{ a|rjust:"5" }}. .{{ b|rjust:"5" }}.'})
     def test_rjust02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('rjust02', {"a": "a&b", "b": mark_safe("a&b")})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "rjust02", {"a": "a&b", "b": mark_safe("a&b")}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, ".  a&amp;b. .  a&b.")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_rjust(self):
-        self.assertEqual(rjust('test', 10), '      test')
+        self.assertEqual(rjust("test", 10), "      test")
 
     def test_less_than_string_length(self):
-        self.assertEqual(rjust('test', 3), 'test')
+        self.assertEqual(rjust("test", 3), "test")
 
     def test_non_string_input(self):
-        self.assertEqual(rjust(123, 4), ' 123')
+        self.assertEqual(rjust(123, 4), " 123")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_safe.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_safe.py
index c05387098d..ecde1c820c 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_safe.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_safe.py
@@ -4,13 +4,12 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class SafeTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'safe01': '{{ a }} -- {{ a|safe }}'})
+    @setup({"safe01": "{{ a }} -- {{ a|safe }}"})
     def test_safe01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('safe01', {'a': '<b>hello</b>'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '&lt;b&gt;hello&lt;/b&gt; -- <b>hello</b>')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("safe01", {"a": "<b>hello</b>"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "&lt;b&gt;hello&lt;/b&gt; -- <b>hello</b>")
 
-    @setup({'safe02': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a }} -- {{ a|safe }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup({"safe02": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a }} -- {{ a|safe }}{% endautoescape %}"})
     def test_safe02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('safe02', {'a': '<b>hello</b>'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '<b>hello</b> -- <b>hello</b>')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("safe02", {"a": "<b>hello</b>"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "<b>hello</b> -- <b>hello</b>")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_safeseq.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_safeseq.py
index 38b1cd6078..4a537551f9 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_safeseq.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_safeseq.py
@@ -4,13 +4,16 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class SafeseqTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'safeseq01': '{{ a|join:", " }} -- {{ a|safeseq|join:", " }}'})
+    @setup({"safeseq01": '{{ a|join:", " }} -- {{ a|safeseq|join:", " }}'})
     def test_safeseq01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('safeseq01', {'a': ['&', '<']})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '&amp;, &lt; -- &, <')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("safeseq01", {"a": ["&", "<"]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "&amp;, &lt; -- &, <")
 
-    @setup({'safeseq02': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|join:", " }} -- {{ a|safeseq|join:", " }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "safeseq02": '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|join:", " }} -- {{ a|safeseq|join:", " }}{% endautoescape %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_safeseq02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('safeseq02', {'a': ['&', '<']})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '&, < -- &, <')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("safeseq02", {"a": ["&", "<"]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "&, < -- &, <")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_slice.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_slice.py
index 1b92776707..f1c91a5008 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_slice.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_slice.py
@@ -6,41 +6,47 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class SliceTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'slice01': '{{ a|slice:"1:3" }} {{ b|slice:"1:3" }}'})
+    @setup({"slice01": '{{ a|slice:"1:3" }} {{ b|slice:"1:3" }}'})
     def test_slice01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('slice01', {'a': 'a&b', 'b': mark_safe('a&b')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '&amp;b &b')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "slice01", {"a": "a&b", "b": mark_safe("a&b")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "&amp;b &b")
 
-    @setup({'slice02': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|slice:"1:3" }} {{ b|slice:"1:3" }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "slice02": '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|slice:"1:3" }} {{ b|slice:"1:3" }}{% endautoescape %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_slice02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('slice02', {'a': 'a&b', 'b': mark_safe('a&b')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '&b &b')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "slice02", {"a": "a&b", "b": mark_safe("a&b")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "&b &b")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_zero_length(self):
-        self.assertEqual(slice_filter('abcdefg', '0'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(slice_filter("abcdefg", "0"), "")
 
     def test_index(self):
-        self.assertEqual(slice_filter('abcdefg', '1'), 'a')
+        self.assertEqual(slice_filter("abcdefg", "1"), "a")
 
     def test_index_integer(self):
-        self.assertEqual(slice_filter('abcdefg', 1), 'a')
+        self.assertEqual(slice_filter("abcdefg", 1), "a")
 
     def test_negative_index(self):
-        self.assertEqual(slice_filter('abcdefg', '-1'), 'abcdef')
+        self.assertEqual(slice_filter("abcdefg", "-1"), "abcdef")
 
     def test_range(self):
-        self.assertEqual(slice_filter('abcdefg', '1:2'), 'b')
+        self.assertEqual(slice_filter("abcdefg", "1:2"), "b")
 
     def test_range_multiple(self):
-        self.assertEqual(slice_filter('abcdefg', '1:3'), 'bc')
+        self.assertEqual(slice_filter("abcdefg", "1:3"), "bc")
 
     def test_range_step(self):
-        self.assertEqual(slice_filter('abcdefg', '0::2'), 'aceg')
+        self.assertEqual(slice_filter("abcdefg", "0::2"), "aceg")
 
     def test_fail_silently(self):
         obj = object()
-        self.assertEqual(slice_filter(obj, '0::2'), obj)
+        self.assertEqual(slice_filter(obj, "0::2"), obj)
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_slugify.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_slugify.py
index b1d617f5bc..e0e8a52da9 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_slugify.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_slugify.py
@@ -12,37 +12,50 @@ class SlugifyTests(SimpleTestCase):
     but the result is still safe.
     """
 
-    @setup({'slugify01': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|slugify }} {{ b|slugify }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "slugify01": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|slugify }} {{ b|slugify }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_slugify01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('slugify01', {'a': 'a & b', 'b': mark_safe('a &amp; b')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a-b a-amp-b')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "slugify01", {"a": "a & b", "b": mark_safe("a &amp; b")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a-b a-amp-b")
 
-    @setup({'slugify02': '{{ a|slugify }} {{ b|slugify }}'})
+    @setup({"slugify02": "{{ a|slugify }} {{ b|slugify }}"})
     def test_slugify02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('slugify02', {'a': 'a & b', 'b': mark_safe('a &amp; b')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a-b a-amp-b')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "slugify02", {"a": "a & b", "b": mark_safe("a &amp; b")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a-b a-amp-b")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_slugify(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            slugify(' Jack & Jill like numbers 1,2,3 and 4 and silly characters ?%.$!/'),
-            'jack-jill-like-numbers-123-and-4-and-silly-characters',
+            slugify(
+                " Jack & Jill like numbers 1,2,3 and 4 and silly characters ?%.$!/"
+            ),
+            "jack-jill-like-numbers-123-and-4-and-silly-characters",
         )
 
     def test_unicode(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             slugify("Un \xe9l\xe9phant \xe0 l'or\xe9e du bois"),
-            'un-elephant-a-loree-du-bois',
+            "un-elephant-a-loree-du-bois",
         )
 
     def test_non_string_input(self):
-        self.assertEqual(slugify(123), '123')
+        self.assertEqual(slugify(123), "123")
 
     def test_slugify_lazy_string(self):
         lazy_str = lazy(lambda string: string, str)
         self.assertEqual(
-            slugify(lazy_str(' Jack & Jill like numbers 1,2,3 and 4 and silly characters ?%.$!/')),
-            'jack-jill-like-numbers-123-and-4-and-silly-characters',
+            slugify(
+                lazy_str(
+                    " Jack & Jill like numbers 1,2,3 and 4 and silly characters ?%.$!/"
+                )
+            ),
+            "jack-jill-like-numbers-123-and-4-and-silly-characters",
         )
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_stringformat.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_stringformat.py
index 62ee19aef8..e8f06ac4a0 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_stringformat.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_stringformat.py
@@ -11,32 +11,38 @@ class StringformatTests(SimpleTestCase):
     formatting here only needs to deal with pre-escaped characters.
     """
 
-    @setup({
-        'stringformat01':
-        '{% autoescape off %}.{{ a|stringformat:"5s" }}. .{{ b|stringformat:"5s" }}.{% endautoescape %}'
-    })
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "stringformat01": '{% autoescape off %}.{{ a|stringformat:"5s" }}. .{{ b|stringformat:"5s" }}.{% endautoescape %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_stringformat01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('stringformat01', {'a': 'a<b', 'b': mark_safe('a<b')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '.  a<b. .  a<b.')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "stringformat01", {"a": "a<b", "b": mark_safe("a<b")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, ".  a<b. .  a<b.")
 
-    @setup({'stringformat02': '.{{ a|stringformat:"5s" }}. .{{ b|stringformat:"5s" }}.'})
+    @setup(
+        {"stringformat02": '.{{ a|stringformat:"5s" }}. .{{ b|stringformat:"5s" }}.'}
+    )
     def test_stringformat02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('stringformat02', {'a': 'a<b', 'b': mark_safe('a<b')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '.  a&lt;b. .  a<b.')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "stringformat02", {"a": "a<b", "b": mark_safe("a<b")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, ".  a&lt;b. .  a<b.")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_format(self):
-        self.assertEqual(stringformat(1, '03d'), '001')
-        self.assertEqual(stringformat([1, None], 's'), '[1, None]')
-        self.assertEqual(stringformat((1, 2, 3), 's'), '(1, 2, 3)')
-        self.assertEqual(stringformat((1,), 's'), '(1,)')
-        self.assertEqual(stringformat({1, 2}, 's'), '{1, 2}')
-        self.assertEqual(stringformat({1: 2, 2: 3}, 's'), '{1: 2, 2: 3}')
+        self.assertEqual(stringformat(1, "03d"), "001")
+        self.assertEqual(stringformat([1, None], "s"), "[1, None]")
+        self.assertEqual(stringformat((1, 2, 3), "s"), "(1, 2, 3)")
+        self.assertEqual(stringformat((1,), "s"), "(1,)")
+        self.assertEqual(stringformat({1, 2}, "s"), "{1, 2}")
+        self.assertEqual(stringformat({1: 2, 2: 3}, "s"), "{1: 2, 2: 3}")
 
     def test_invalid(self):
-        self.assertEqual(stringformat(1, 'z'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(stringformat(object(), 'd'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(stringformat(None, 'd'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(stringformat((1, 2, 3), 'd'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(stringformat(1, "z"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(stringformat(object(), "d"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(stringformat(None, "d"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(stringformat((1, 2, 3), "d"), "")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_striptags.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_striptags.py
index 8b946d1f83..7b142f5379 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_striptags.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_striptags.py
@@ -7,43 +7,51 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class StriptagsTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'striptags01': '{{ a|striptags }} {{ b|striptags }}'})
+    @setup({"striptags01": "{{ a|striptags }} {{ b|striptags }}"})
     def test_striptags01(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'striptags01',
+            "striptags01",
             {
-                'a': '<a>x</a> <p><b>y</b></p>',
-                'b': mark_safe('<a>x</a> <p><b>y</b></p>'),
+                "a": "<a>x</a> <p><b>y</b></p>",
+                "b": mark_safe("<a>x</a> <p><b>y</b></p>"),
             },
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'x y x y')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "x y x y")
 
-    @setup({'striptags02': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|striptags }} {{ b|striptags }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "striptags02": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|striptags }} {{ b|striptags }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_striptags02(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'striptags02',
+            "striptags02",
             {
-                'a': '<a>x</a> <p><b>y</b></p>',
-                'b': mark_safe('<a>x</a> <p><b>y</b></p>'),
+                "a": "<a>x</a> <p><b>y</b></p>",
+                "b": mark_safe("<a>x</a> <p><b>y</b></p>"),
             },
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'x y x y')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "x y x y")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_strip(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            striptags('some <b>html</b> with <script>alert("You smell")</script> disallowed <img /> tags'),
+            striptags(
+                'some <b>html</b> with <script>alert("You smell")</script> disallowed <img /> tags'
+            ),
             'some html with alert("You smell") disallowed  tags',
         )
 
     def test_non_string_input(self):
-        self.assertEqual(striptags(123), '123')
+        self.assertEqual(striptags(123), "123")
 
     def test_strip_lazy_string(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            striptags(lazystr('some <b>html</b> with <script>alert("Hello")</script> disallowed <img /> tags')),
+            striptags(
+                lazystr(
+                    'some <b>html</b> with <script>alert("Hello")</script> disallowed <img /> tags'
+                )
+            ),
             'some html with alert("Hello") disallowed  tags',
         )
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_time.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_time.py
index a848e74378..c8ab58b553 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_time.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_time.py
@@ -13,54 +13,55 @@ class TimeTests(TimezoneTestCase):
     #20693: Timezone support for the time template filter
     """
 
-    @setup({'time00': '{{ dt|time }}'})
+    @setup({"time00": "{{ dt|time }}"})
     def test_time00(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('time00', {'dt': time(16, 25)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '4:25 p.m.')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("time00", {"dt": time(16, 25)})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "4:25 p.m.")
 
-    @setup({'time00_l10n': '{{ dt|time }}'})
+    @setup({"time00_l10n": "{{ dt|time }}"})
     def test_time00_l10n(self):
-        with translation.override('fr'):
-            output = self.engine.render_to_string('time00_l10n', {'dt': time(16, 25)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '16:25')
+        with translation.override("fr"):
+            output = self.engine.render_to_string("time00_l10n", {"dt": time(16, 25)})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "16:25")
 
-    @setup({'time01': '{{ dt|time:"e:O:T:Z" }}'})
+    @setup({"time01": '{{ dt|time:"e:O:T:Z" }}'})
     def test_time01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('time01', {'dt': self.now_tz_i})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '+0315:+0315:+0315:11700')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("time01", {"dt": self.now_tz_i})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "+0315:+0315:+0315:11700")
 
-    @setup({'time02': '{{ dt|time:"e:T" }}'})
+    @setup({"time02": '{{ dt|time:"e:T" }}'})
     def test_time02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('time02', {'dt': self.now})
-        self.assertEqual(output, ':' + self.now_tz.tzinfo.tzname(self.now_tz))
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("time02", {"dt": self.now})
+        self.assertEqual(output, ":" + self.now_tz.tzinfo.tzname(self.now_tz))
 
-    @setup({'time03': '{{ t|time:"P:e:O:T:Z" }}'})
+    @setup({"time03": '{{ t|time:"P:e:O:T:Z" }}'})
     def test_time03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('time03', {'t': time(4, 0, tzinfo=timezone.get_fixed_timezone(30))})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '4 a.m.::::')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "time03", {"t": time(4, 0, tzinfo=timezone.get_fixed_timezone(30))}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "4 a.m.::::")
 
-    @setup({'time04': '{{ t|time:"P:e:O:T:Z" }}'})
+    @setup({"time04": '{{ t|time:"P:e:O:T:Z" }}'})
     def test_time04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('time04', {'t': time(4, 0)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '4 a.m.::::')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("time04", {"t": time(4, 0)})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "4 a.m.::::")
 
-    @setup({'time05': '{{ d|time:"P:e:O:T:Z" }}'})
+    @setup({"time05": '{{ d|time:"P:e:O:T:Z" }}'})
     def test_time05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('time05', {'d': self.today})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("time05", {"d": self.today})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'time06': '{{ obj|time:"P:e:O:T:Z" }}'})
+    @setup({"time06": '{{ obj|time:"P:e:O:T:Z" }}'})
     def test_time06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('time06', {'obj': 'non-datetime-value'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("time06", {"obj": "non-datetime-value"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_no_args(self):
-        self.assertEqual(time_filter(''), '')
-        self.assertEqual(time_filter(None), '')
+        self.assertEqual(time_filter(""), "")
+        self.assertEqual(time_filter(None), "")
 
     def test_inputs(self):
-        self.assertEqual(time_filter(time(13), 'h'), '01')
-        self.assertEqual(time_filter(time(0), 'h'), '12')
+        self.assertEqual(time_filter(time(13), "h"), "01")
+        self.assertEqual(time_filter(time(0), "h"), "12")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_timesince.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_timesince.py
index 7fe4831d61..10e4e51d89 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_timesince.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_timesince.py
@@ -14,125 +14,148 @@ class TimesinceTests(TimezoneTestCase):
     """
 
     # Default compare with datetime.now()
-    @setup({'timesince01': '{{ a|timesince }}'})
+    @setup({"timesince01": "{{ a|timesince }}"})
     def test_timesince01(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'timesince01', {'a': datetime.now() + timedelta(minutes=-1, seconds=-10)}
+            "timesince01", {"a": datetime.now() + timedelta(minutes=-1, seconds=-10)}
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1\xa0minute')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1\xa0minute")
 
-    @setup({'timesince02': '{{ a|timesince }}'})
+    @setup({"timesince02": "{{ a|timesince }}"})
     def test_timesince02(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'timesince02', {'a': datetime.now() - timedelta(days=1, minutes=1)}
+            "timesince02", {"a": datetime.now() - timedelta(days=1, minutes=1)}
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1\xa0day')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1\xa0day")
 
-    @setup({'timesince03': '{{ a|timesince }}'})
+    @setup({"timesince03": "{{ a|timesince }}"})
     def test_timesince03(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'timesince03', {'a': datetime.now() - timedelta(hours=1, minutes=25, seconds=10)}
+            "timesince03",
+            {"a": datetime.now() - timedelta(hours=1, minutes=25, seconds=10)},
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1\xa0hour, 25\xa0minutes')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1\xa0hour, 25\xa0minutes")
 
     # Compare to a given parameter
-    @setup({'timesince04': '{{ a|timesince:b }}'})
+    @setup({"timesince04": "{{ a|timesince:b }}"})
     def test_timesince04(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'timesince04',
-            {'a': self.now - timedelta(days=2), 'b': self.now - timedelta(days=1)},
+            "timesince04",
+            {"a": self.now - timedelta(days=2), "b": self.now - timedelta(days=1)},
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1\xa0day')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1\xa0day")
 
-    @setup({'timesince05': '{{ a|timesince:b }}'})
+    @setup({"timesince05": "{{ a|timesince:b }}"})
     def test_timesince05(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'timesince05',
-            {'a': self.now - timedelta(days=2, minutes=1), 'b': self.now - timedelta(days=2)},
+            "timesince05",
+            {
+                "a": self.now - timedelta(days=2, minutes=1),
+                "b": self.now - timedelta(days=2),
+            },
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1\xa0minute')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1\xa0minute")
 
     # Timezone is respected
-    @setup({'timesince06': '{{ a|timesince:b }}'})
+    @setup({"timesince06": "{{ a|timesince:b }}"})
     def test_timesince06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('timesince06', {'a': self.now_tz - timedelta(hours=8), 'b': self.now_tz})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '8\xa0hours')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "timesince06", {"a": self.now_tz - timedelta(hours=8), "b": self.now_tz}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "8\xa0hours")
 
     # Tests for #7443
-    @setup({'timesince07': '{{ earlier|timesince }}'})
+    @setup({"timesince07": "{{ earlier|timesince }}"})
     def test_timesince07(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('timesince07', {'earlier': self.now - timedelta(days=7)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1\xa0week')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "timesince07", {"earlier": self.now - timedelta(days=7)}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1\xa0week")
 
-    @setup({'timesince08': '{{ earlier|timesince:now }}'})
+    @setup({"timesince08": "{{ earlier|timesince:now }}"})
     def test_timesince08(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'timesince08', {'now': self.now, 'earlier': self.now - timedelta(days=7)}
+            "timesince08", {"now": self.now, "earlier": self.now - timedelta(days=7)}
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1\xa0week')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1\xa0week")
 
-    @setup({'timesince09': '{{ later|timesince }}'})
+    @setup({"timesince09": "{{ later|timesince }}"})
     def test_timesince09(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('timesince09', {'later': self.now + timedelta(days=7)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '0\xa0minutes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "timesince09", {"later": self.now + timedelta(days=7)}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "0\xa0minutes")
 
-    @setup({'timesince10': '{{ later|timesince:now }}'})
+    @setup({"timesince10": "{{ later|timesince:now }}"})
     def test_timesince10(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('timesince10', {'now': self.now, 'later': self.now + timedelta(days=7)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '0\xa0minutes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "timesince10", {"now": self.now, "later": self.now + timedelta(days=7)}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "0\xa0minutes")
 
     # Differing timezones are calculated correctly.
-    @setup({'timesince11': '{{ a|timesince }}'})
+    @setup({"timesince11": "{{ a|timesince }}"})
     def test_timesince11(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('timesince11', {'a': self.now})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '0\xa0minutes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("timesince11", {"a": self.now})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "0\xa0minutes")
 
     @requires_tz_support
-    @setup({'timesince12': '{{ a|timesince }}'})
+    @setup({"timesince12": "{{ a|timesince }}"})
     def test_timesince12(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('timesince12', {'a': self.now_tz})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '0\xa0minutes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("timesince12", {"a": self.now_tz})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "0\xa0minutes")
 
     @requires_tz_support
-    @setup({'timesince13': '{{ a|timesince }}'})
+    @setup({"timesince13": "{{ a|timesince }}"})
     def test_timesince13(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('timesince13', {'a': self.now_tz_i})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '0\xa0minutes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("timesince13", {"a": self.now_tz_i})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "0\xa0minutes")
 
-    @setup({'timesince14': '{{ a|timesince:b }}'})
+    @setup({"timesince14": "{{ a|timesince:b }}"})
     def test_timesince14(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('timesince14', {'a': self.now_tz, 'b': self.now_tz_i})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '0\xa0minutes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "timesince14", {"a": self.now_tz, "b": self.now_tz_i}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "0\xa0minutes")
 
-    @setup({'timesince15': '{{ a|timesince:b }}'})
+    @setup({"timesince15": "{{ a|timesince:b }}"})
     def test_timesince15(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('timesince15', {'a': self.now, 'b': self.now_tz_i})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "timesince15", {"a": self.now, "b": self.now_tz_i}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'timesince16': '{{ a|timesince:b }}'})
+    @setup({"timesince16": "{{ a|timesince:b }}"})
     def test_timesince16(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('timesince16', {'a': self.now_tz_i, 'b': self.now})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "timesince16", {"a": self.now_tz_i, "b": self.now}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
     # Tests for #9065 (two date objects).
-    @setup({'timesince17': '{{ a|timesince:b }}'})
+    @setup({"timesince17": "{{ a|timesince:b }}"})
     def test_timesince17(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('timesince17', {'a': self.today, 'b': self.today})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '0\xa0minutes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "timesince17", {"a": self.today, "b": self.today}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "0\xa0minutes")
 
-    @setup({'timesince18': '{{ a|timesince:b }}'})
+    @setup({"timesince18": "{{ a|timesince:b }}"})
     def test_timesince18(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('timesince18', {'a': self.today, 'b': self.today + timedelta(hours=24)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1\xa0day')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "timesince18", {"a": self.today, "b": self.today + timedelta(hours=24)}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1\xa0day")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_since_now(self):
-        self.assertEqual(timesince_filter(datetime.now() - timedelta(1)), '1\xa0day')
+        self.assertEqual(timesince_filter(datetime.now() - timedelta(1)), "1\xa0day")
 
     def test_no_args(self):
-        self.assertEqual(timesince_filter(None), '')
+        self.assertEqual(timesince_filter(None), "")
 
     def test_explicit_date(self):
-        self.assertEqual(timesince_filter(datetime(2005, 12, 29), datetime(2005, 12, 30)), '1\xa0day')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            timesince_filter(datetime(2005, 12, 29), datetime(2005, 12, 30)), "1\xa0day"
+        )
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_timeuntil.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_timeuntil.py
index f3a211c626..1df5a24d15 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_timeuntil.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_timeuntil.py
@@ -11,110 +11,135 @@ from .timezone_utils import TimezoneTestCase
 class TimeuntilTests(TimezoneTestCase):
 
     # Default compare with datetime.now()
-    @setup({'timeuntil01': '{{ a|timeuntil }}'})
+    @setup({"timeuntil01": "{{ a|timeuntil }}"})
     def test_timeuntil01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('timeuntil01', {'a': datetime.now() + timedelta(minutes=2, seconds=10)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '2\xa0minutes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "timeuntil01", {"a": datetime.now() + timedelta(minutes=2, seconds=10)}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "2\xa0minutes")
 
-    @setup({'timeuntil02': '{{ a|timeuntil }}'})
+    @setup({"timeuntil02": "{{ a|timeuntil }}"})
     def test_timeuntil02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('timeuntil02', {'a': (datetime.now() + timedelta(days=1, seconds=10))})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1\xa0day')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "timeuntil02", {"a": (datetime.now() + timedelta(days=1, seconds=10))}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1\xa0day")
 
-    @setup({'timeuntil03': '{{ a|timeuntil }}'})
+    @setup({"timeuntil03": "{{ a|timeuntil }}"})
     def test_timeuntil03(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'timeuntil03', {'a': (datetime.now() + timedelta(hours=8, minutes=10, seconds=10))}
+            "timeuntil03",
+            {"a": (datetime.now() + timedelta(hours=8, minutes=10, seconds=10))},
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, '8\xa0hours, 10\xa0minutes')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "8\xa0hours, 10\xa0minutes")
 
     # Compare to a given parameter
-    @setup({'timeuntil04': '{{ a|timeuntil:b }}'})
+    @setup({"timeuntil04": "{{ a|timeuntil:b }}"})
     def test_timeuntil04(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'timeuntil04',
-            {'a': self.now - timedelta(days=1), 'b': self.now - timedelta(days=2)},
+            "timeuntil04",
+            {"a": self.now - timedelta(days=1), "b": self.now - timedelta(days=2)},
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1\xa0day')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1\xa0day")
 
-    @setup({'timeuntil05': '{{ a|timeuntil:b }}'})
+    @setup({"timeuntil05": "{{ a|timeuntil:b }}"})
     def test_timeuntil05(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'timeuntil05',
-            {'a': self.now - timedelta(days=2), 'b': self.now - timedelta(days=2, minutes=1)},
+            "timeuntil05",
+            {
+                "a": self.now - timedelta(days=2),
+                "b": self.now - timedelta(days=2, minutes=1),
+            },
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1\xa0minute')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1\xa0minute")
 
     # Regression for #7443
-    @setup({'timeuntil06': '{{ earlier|timeuntil }}'})
+    @setup({"timeuntil06": "{{ earlier|timeuntil }}"})
     def test_timeuntil06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('timeuntil06', {'earlier': self.now - timedelta(days=7)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '0\xa0minutes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "timeuntil06", {"earlier": self.now - timedelta(days=7)}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "0\xa0minutes")
 
-    @setup({'timeuntil07': '{{ earlier|timeuntil:now }}'})
+    @setup({"timeuntil07": "{{ earlier|timeuntil:now }}"})
     def test_timeuntil07(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'timeuntil07', {'now': self.now, 'earlier': self.now - timedelta(days=7)}
+            "timeuntil07", {"now": self.now, "earlier": self.now - timedelta(days=7)}
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, '0\xa0minutes')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "0\xa0minutes")
 
-    @setup({'timeuntil08': '{{ later|timeuntil }}'})
+    @setup({"timeuntil08": "{{ later|timeuntil }}"})
     def test_timeuntil08(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('timeuntil08', {'later': self.now + timedelta(days=7, hours=1)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1\xa0week')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "timeuntil08", {"later": self.now + timedelta(days=7, hours=1)}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1\xa0week")
 
-    @setup({'timeuntil09': '{{ later|timeuntil:now }}'})
+    @setup({"timeuntil09": "{{ later|timeuntil:now }}"})
     def test_timeuntil09(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('timeuntil09', {'now': self.now, 'later': self.now + timedelta(days=7)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1\xa0week')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "timeuntil09", {"now": self.now, "later": self.now + timedelta(days=7)}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1\xa0week")
 
     # Differing timezones are calculated correctly.
     @requires_tz_support
-    @setup({'timeuntil10': '{{ a|timeuntil }}'})
+    @setup({"timeuntil10": "{{ a|timeuntil }}"})
     def test_timeuntil10(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('timeuntil10', {'a': self.now_tz})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '0\xa0minutes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("timeuntil10", {"a": self.now_tz})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "0\xa0minutes")
 
     @requires_tz_support
-    @setup({'timeuntil11': '{{ a|timeuntil }}'})
+    @setup({"timeuntil11": "{{ a|timeuntil }}"})
     def test_timeuntil11(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('timeuntil11', {'a': self.now_tz_i})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '0\xa0minutes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("timeuntil11", {"a": self.now_tz_i})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "0\xa0minutes")
 
-    @setup({'timeuntil12': '{{ a|timeuntil:b }}'})
+    @setup({"timeuntil12": "{{ a|timeuntil:b }}"})
     def test_timeuntil12(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('timeuntil12', {'a': self.now_tz_i, 'b': self.now_tz})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '0\xa0minutes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "timeuntil12", {"a": self.now_tz_i, "b": self.now_tz}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "0\xa0minutes")
 
     # Regression for #9065 (two date objects).
-    @setup({'timeuntil13': '{{ a|timeuntil:b }}'})
+    @setup({"timeuntil13": "{{ a|timeuntil:b }}"})
     def test_timeuntil13(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('timeuntil13', {'a': self.today, 'b': self.today})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '0\xa0minutes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "timeuntil13", {"a": self.today, "b": self.today}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "0\xa0minutes")
 
-    @setup({'timeuntil14': '{{ a|timeuntil:b }}'})
+    @setup({"timeuntil14": "{{ a|timeuntil:b }}"})
     def test_timeuntil14(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('timeuntil14', {'a': self.today, 'b': self.today - timedelta(hours=24)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1\xa0day')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "timeuntil14", {"a": self.today, "b": self.today - timedelta(hours=24)}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1\xa0day")
 
-    @setup({'timeuntil15': '{{ a|timeuntil:b }}'})
+    @setup({"timeuntil15": "{{ a|timeuntil:b }}"})
     def test_naive_aware_type_error(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('timeuntil15', {'a': self.now, 'b': self.now_tz_i})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "timeuntil15", {"a": self.now, "b": self.now_tz_i}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'timeuntil16': '{{ a|timeuntil:b }}'})
+    @setup({"timeuntil16": "{{ a|timeuntil:b }}"})
     def test_aware_naive_type_error(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('timeuntil16', {'a': self.now_tz_i, 'b': self.now})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "timeuntil16", {"a": self.now_tz_i, "b": self.now}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_until_now(self):
-        self.assertEqual(timeuntil_filter(datetime.now() + timedelta(1, 1)), '1\xa0day')
+        self.assertEqual(timeuntil_filter(datetime.now() + timedelta(1, 1)), "1\xa0day")
 
     def test_no_args(self):
-        self.assertEqual(timeuntil_filter(None), '')
+        self.assertEqual(timeuntil_filter(None), "")
 
     def test_explicit_date(self):
-        self.assertEqual(timeuntil_filter(datetime(2005, 12, 30), datetime(2005, 12, 29)), '1\xa0day')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            timeuntil_filter(datetime(2005, 12, 30), datetime(2005, 12, 29)), "1\xa0day"
+        )
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_title.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_title.py
index 2eaf4a0219..ad2c7c9b28 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_title.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_title.py
@@ -5,25 +5,23 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class TitleTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'title1': '{{ a|title }}'})
+    @setup({"title1": "{{ a|title }}"})
     def test_title1(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('title1', {'a': 'JOE\'S CRAB SHACK'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Joe&#x27;s Crab Shack')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("title1", {"a": "JOE'S CRAB SHACK"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Joe&#x27;s Crab Shack")
 
-    @setup({'title2': '{{ a|title }}'})
+    @setup({"title2": "{{ a|title }}"})
     def test_title2(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('title2', {'a': '555 WEST 53RD STREET'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '555 West 53rd Street')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("title2", {"a": "555 WEST 53RD STREET"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "555 West 53rd Street")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_title(self):
-        self.assertEqual(title('a nice title, isn\'t it?'), "A Nice Title, Isn't It?")
+        self.assertEqual(title("a nice title, isn't it?"), "A Nice Title, Isn't It?")
 
     def test_unicode(self):
-        self.assertEqual(title('discoth\xe8que'), 'Discoth\xe8que')
+        self.assertEqual(title("discoth\xe8que"), "Discoth\xe8que")
 
     def test_non_string_input(self):
-        self.assertEqual(title(123), '123')
+        self.assertEqual(title(123), "123")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_truncatechars.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_truncatechars.py
index 89d48fd1cf..a444125cf8 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_truncatechars.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_truncatechars.py
@@ -4,18 +4,21 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class TruncatecharsTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'truncatechars01': '{{ a|truncatechars:3 }}'})
+    @setup({"truncatechars01": "{{ a|truncatechars:3 }}"})
     def test_truncatechars01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('truncatechars01', {'a': 'Testing, testing'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Te…')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "truncatechars01", {"a": "Testing, testing"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Te…")
 
-    @setup({'truncatechars02': '{{ a|truncatechars:7 }}'})
+    @setup({"truncatechars02": "{{ a|truncatechars:7 }}"})
     def test_truncatechars02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('truncatechars02', {'a': 'Testing'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Testing')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("truncatechars02", {"a": "Testing"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Testing")
 
-    @setup({'truncatechars03': "{{ a|truncatechars:'e' }}"})
+    @setup({"truncatechars03": "{{ a|truncatechars:'e' }}"})
     def test_fail_silently_incorrect_arg(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('truncatechars03', {'a': 'Testing, testing'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Testing, testing')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "truncatechars03", {"a": "Testing, testing"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Testing, testing")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_truncatechars_html.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_truncatechars_html.py
index 4948e6534e..6c5fc3c883 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_truncatechars_html.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_truncatechars_html.py
@@ -3,34 +3,46 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_truncate_zero(self):
-        self.assertEqual(truncatechars_html('<p>one <a href="#">two - three <br>four</a> five</p>', 0), '…')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            truncatechars_html(
+                '<p>one <a href="#">two - three <br>four</a> five</p>', 0
+            ),
+            "…",
+        )
 
     def test_truncate(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            truncatechars_html('<p>one <a href="#">two - three <br>four</a> five</p>', 4),
-            '<p>one…</p>',
+            truncatechars_html(
+                '<p>one <a href="#">two - three <br>four</a> five</p>', 4
+            ),
+            "<p>one…</p>",
         )
 
     def test_truncate2(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            truncatechars_html('<p>one <a href="#">two - three <br>four</a> five</p>', 9),
+            truncatechars_html(
+                '<p>one <a href="#">two - three <br>four</a> five</p>', 9
+            ),
             '<p>one <a href="#">two …</a></p>',
         )
 
     def test_truncate3(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            truncatechars_html('<p>one <a href="#">two - three <br>four</a> five</p>', 100),
+            truncatechars_html(
+                '<p>one <a href="#">two - three <br>four</a> five</p>', 100
+            ),
             '<p>one <a href="#">two - three <br>four</a> five</p>',
         )
 
     def test_truncate_unicode(self):
-        self.assertEqual(truncatechars_html('<b>\xc5ngstr\xf6m</b> was here', 3), '<b>\xc5n…</b>')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            truncatechars_html("<b>\xc5ngstr\xf6m</b> was here", 3), "<b>\xc5n…</b>"
+        )
 
     def test_truncate_something(self):
-        self.assertEqual(truncatechars_html('a<b>b</b>c', 3), 'a<b>b</b>c')
+        self.assertEqual(truncatechars_html("a<b>b</b>c", 3), "a<b>b</b>c")
 
     def test_invalid_arg(self):
         html = '<p>one <a href="#">two - three <br>four</a> five</p>'
-        self.assertEqual(truncatechars_html(html, 'a'), html)
+        self.assertEqual(truncatechars_html(html, "a"), html)
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_truncatewords.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_truncatewords.py
index 636cd55fd5..b3457205ac 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_truncatewords.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_truncatewords.py
@@ -6,46 +6,48 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class TruncatewordsTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({
-        'truncatewords01': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|truncatewords:"2" }} {{ b|truncatewords:"2"}}{% endautoescape %}'
-    })
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "truncatewords01": '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|truncatewords:"2" }} {{ b|truncatewords:"2"}}{% endautoescape %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_truncatewords01(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'truncatewords01', {'a': 'alpha & bravo', 'b': mark_safe('alpha &amp; bravo')}
+            "truncatewords01",
+            {"a": "alpha & bravo", "b": mark_safe("alpha &amp; bravo")},
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'alpha & … alpha &amp; …')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "alpha & … alpha &amp; …")
 
-    @setup({'truncatewords02': '{{ a|truncatewords:"2" }} {{ b|truncatewords:"2"}}'})
+    @setup({"truncatewords02": '{{ a|truncatewords:"2" }} {{ b|truncatewords:"2"}}'})
     def test_truncatewords02(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'truncatewords02', {'a': 'alpha & bravo', 'b': mark_safe('alpha &amp; bravo')}
+            "truncatewords02",
+            {"a": "alpha & bravo", "b": mark_safe("alpha &amp; bravo")},
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'alpha &amp; … alpha &amp; …')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "alpha &amp; … alpha &amp; …")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_truncate(self):
-        self.assertEqual(truncatewords('A sentence with a few words in it', 1), 'A …')
+        self.assertEqual(truncatewords("A sentence with a few words in it", 1), "A …")
 
     def test_truncate2(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            truncatewords('A sentence with a few words in it', 5),
-            'A sentence with a few …',
+            truncatewords("A sentence with a few words in it", 5),
+            "A sentence with a few …",
         )
 
     def test_overtruncate(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            truncatewords('A sentence with a few words in it', 100),
-            'A sentence with a few words in it',
+            truncatewords("A sentence with a few words in it", 100),
+            "A sentence with a few words in it",
         )
 
     def test_invalid_number(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            truncatewords('A sentence with a few words in it', 'not a number'),
-            'A sentence with a few words in it',
+            truncatewords("A sentence with a few words in it", "not a number"),
+            "A sentence with a few words in it",
         )
 
     def test_non_string_input(self):
-        self.assertEqual(truncatewords(123, 2), '123')
+        self.assertEqual(truncatewords(123, 2), "123")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_truncatewords_html.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_truncatewords_html.py
index 6177fc875d..32b7c81a76 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_truncatewords_html.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_truncatewords_html.py
@@ -3,42 +3,58 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_truncate_zero(self):
-        self.assertEqual(truncatewords_html('<p>one <a href="#">two - three <br>four</a> five</p>', 0), '')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            truncatewords_html(
+                '<p>one <a href="#">two - three <br>four</a> five</p>', 0
+            ),
+            "",
+        )
 
     def test_truncate(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            truncatewords_html('<p>one <a href="#">two - three <br>four</a> five</p>', 2),
+            truncatewords_html(
+                '<p>one <a href="#">two - three <br>four</a> five</p>', 2
+            ),
             '<p>one <a href="#">two …</a></p>',
         )
 
     def test_truncate2(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            truncatewords_html('<p>one <a href="#">two - three <br>four</a> five</p>', 4),
+            truncatewords_html(
+                '<p>one <a href="#">two - three <br>four</a> five</p>', 4
+            ),
             '<p>one <a href="#">two - three …</a></p>',
         )
 
     def test_truncate3(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            truncatewords_html('<p>one <a href="#">two - three <br>four</a> five</p>', 5),
+            truncatewords_html(
+                '<p>one <a href="#">two - three <br>four</a> five</p>', 5
+            ),
             '<p>one <a href="#">two - three <br>four …</a></p>',
         )
 
     def test_truncate4(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            truncatewords_html('<p>one <a href="#">two - three <br>four</a> five</p>', 100),
+            truncatewords_html(
+                '<p>one <a href="#">two - three <br>four</a> five</p>', 100
+            ),
             '<p>one <a href="#">two - three <br>four</a> five</p>',
         )
 
     def test_truncate_unicode(self):
-        self.assertEqual(truncatewords_html('\xc5ngstr\xf6m was here', 1), '\xc5ngstr\xf6m …')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            truncatewords_html("\xc5ngstr\xf6m was here", 1), "\xc5ngstr\xf6m …"
+        )
 
     def test_truncate_complex(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            truncatewords_html('<i>Buenos d&iacute;as! &#x00bf;C&oacute;mo est&aacute;?</i>', 3),
-            '<i>Buenos d&iacute;as! &#x00bf;C&oacute;mo …</i>',
+            truncatewords_html(
+                "<i>Buenos d&iacute;as! &#x00bf;C&oacute;mo est&aacute;?</i>", 3
+            ),
+            "<i>Buenos d&iacute;as! &#x00bf;C&oacute;mo …</i>",
         )
 
     def test_invalid_arg(self):
-        self.assertEqual(truncatewords_html('<p>string</p>', 'a'), '<p>string</p>')
+        self.assertEqual(truncatewords_html("<p>string</p>", "a"), "<p>string</p>")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_unordered_list.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_unordered_list.py
index 6a04664d99..1f08ea790d 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_unordered_list.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_unordered_list.py
@@ -7,90 +7,110 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class UnorderedListTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'unordered_list01': '{{ a|unordered_list }}'})
+    @setup({"unordered_list01": "{{ a|unordered_list }}"})
     def test_unordered_list01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('unordered_list01', {'a': ['x>', ['<y']]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '\t<li>x&gt;\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li>&lt;y</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("unordered_list01", {"a": ["x>", ["<y"]]})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            output, "\t<li>x&gt;\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li>&lt;y</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>"
+        )
 
-    @setup({'unordered_list02': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|unordered_list }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "unordered_list02": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|unordered_list }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_unordered_list02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('unordered_list02', {'a': ['x>', ['<y']]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '\t<li>x>\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li><y</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("unordered_list02", {"a": ["x>", ["<y"]]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "\t<li>x>\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li><y</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>")
 
-    @setup({'unordered_list03': '{{ a|unordered_list }}'})
+    @setup({"unordered_list03": "{{ a|unordered_list }}"})
     def test_unordered_list03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('unordered_list03', {'a': ['x>', [mark_safe('<y')]]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '\t<li>x&gt;\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li><y</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "unordered_list03", {"a": ["x>", [mark_safe("<y")]]}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            output, "\t<li>x&gt;\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li><y</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>"
+        )
 
-    @setup({'unordered_list04': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|unordered_list }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "unordered_list04": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|unordered_list }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_unordered_list04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('unordered_list04', {'a': ['x>', [mark_safe('<y')]]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '\t<li>x>\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li><y</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "unordered_list04", {"a": ["x>", [mark_safe("<y")]]}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "\t<li>x>\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li><y</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>")
 
-    @setup({'unordered_list05': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|unordered_list }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "unordered_list05": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|unordered_list }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_unordered_list05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('unordered_list05', {'a': ['x>', ['<y']]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '\t<li>x>\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li><y</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("unordered_list05", {"a": ["x>", ["<y"]]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "\t<li>x>\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li><y</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_list(self):
-        self.assertEqual(unordered_list(['item 1', 'item 2']), '\t<li>item 1</li>\n\t<li>item 2</li>')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            unordered_list(["item 1", "item 2"]), "\t<li>item 1</li>\n\t<li>item 2</li>"
+        )
 
     def test_list_gettext(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            unordered_list(['item 1', gettext_lazy('item 2')]),
-            '\t<li>item 1</li>\n\t<li>item 2</li>'
+            unordered_list(["item 1", gettext_lazy("item 2")]),
+            "\t<li>item 1</li>\n\t<li>item 2</li>",
         )
 
     def test_nested(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            unordered_list(['item 1', ['item 1.1']]),
-            '\t<li>item 1\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li>item 1.1</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>',
+            unordered_list(["item 1", ["item 1.1"]]),
+            "\t<li>item 1\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li>item 1.1</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>",
         )
 
     def test_nested2(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            unordered_list(['item 1', ['item 1.1', 'item1.2'], 'item 2']),
-            '\t<li>item 1\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li>item 1.1</li>\n\t\t<li>item1.2'
-            '</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li>item 2</li>',
+            unordered_list(["item 1", ["item 1.1", "item1.2"], "item 2"]),
+            "\t<li>item 1\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li>item 1.1</li>\n\t\t<li>item1.2"
+            "</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li>item 2</li>",
         )
 
     def test_nested3(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            unordered_list(['item 1', 'item 2', ['item 2.1']]),
-            '\t<li>item 1</li>\n\t<li>item 2\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li>item 2.1'
-            '</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>',
+            unordered_list(["item 1", "item 2", ["item 2.1"]]),
+            "\t<li>item 1</li>\n\t<li>item 2\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li>item 2.1"
+            "</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>",
         )
 
     def test_nested_multiple(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            unordered_list(['item 1', ['item 1.1', ['item 1.1.1', ['item 1.1.1.1']]]]),
-            '\t<li>item 1\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li>item 1.1\n\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t<li>'
-            'item 1.1.1\n\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t<li>item 1.1.1.1</li>\n\t\t\t'
-            '</ul>\n\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t</ul>\n\t\t</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>',
+            unordered_list(["item 1", ["item 1.1", ["item 1.1.1", ["item 1.1.1.1"]]]]),
+            "\t<li>item 1\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li>item 1.1\n\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t<li>"
+            "item 1.1.1\n\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t<li>item 1.1.1.1</li>\n\t\t\t"
+            "</ul>\n\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t</ul>\n\t\t</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>",
         )
 
     def test_nested_multiple2(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            unordered_list(['States', ['Kansas', ['Lawrence', 'Topeka'], 'Illinois']]),
-            '\t<li>States\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li>Kansas\n\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t<li>'
-            'Lawrence</li>\n\t\t\t<li>Topeka</li>\n\t\t</ul>\n\t\t</li>'
-            '\n\t\t<li>Illinois</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>',
+            unordered_list(["States", ["Kansas", ["Lawrence", "Topeka"], "Illinois"]]),
+            "\t<li>States\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li>Kansas\n\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t<li>"
+            "Lawrence</li>\n\t\t\t<li>Topeka</li>\n\t\t</ul>\n\t\t</li>"
+            "\n\t\t<li>Illinois</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>",
         )
 
     def test_autoescape(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            unordered_list(['<a>item 1</a>', 'item 2']),
-            '\t<li>&lt;a&gt;item 1&lt;/a&gt;</li>\n\t<li>item 2</li>',
+            unordered_list(["<a>item 1</a>", "item 2"]),
+            "\t<li>&lt;a&gt;item 1&lt;/a&gt;</li>\n\t<li>item 2</li>",
         )
 
     def test_autoescape_off(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            unordered_list(['<a>item 1</a>', 'item 2'], autoescape=False),
-            '\t<li><a>item 1</a></li>\n\t<li>item 2</li>',
+            unordered_list(["<a>item 1</a>", "item 2"], autoescape=False),
+            "\t<li><a>item 1</a></li>\n\t<li>item 2</li>",
         )
 
     def test_ulitem(self):
@@ -99,14 +119,14 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 self.title = title
 
             def __str__(self):
-                return 'ulitem-%s' % str(self.title)
+                return "ulitem-%s" % str(self.title)
 
-        a = ULItem('a')
-        b = ULItem('b')
-        c = ULItem('<a>c</a>')
+        a = ULItem("a")
+        b = ULItem("b")
+        c = ULItem("<a>c</a>")
         self.assertEqual(
             unordered_list([a, b, c]),
-            '\t<li>ulitem-a</li>\n\t<li>ulitem-b</li>\n\t<li>ulitem-&lt;a&gt;c&lt;/a&gt;</li>',
+            "\t<li>ulitem-a</li>\n\t<li>ulitem-b</li>\n\t<li>ulitem-&lt;a&gt;c&lt;/a&gt;</li>",
         )
 
         def item_generator():
@@ -114,21 +134,21 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(
             unordered_list(item_generator()),
-            '\t<li>ulitem-a</li>\n\t<li>ulitem-b</li>\n\t<li>ulitem-&lt;a&gt;c&lt;/a&gt;</li>',
+            "\t<li>ulitem-a</li>\n\t<li>ulitem-b</li>\n\t<li>ulitem-&lt;a&gt;c&lt;/a&gt;</li>",
         )
 
     def test_nested_generators(self):
         def inner_generator():
-            yield from ('B', 'C')
+            yield from ("B", "C")
 
         def item_generator():
-            yield 'A'
+            yield "A"
             yield inner_generator()
-            yield 'D'
+            yield "D"
 
         self.assertEqual(
             unordered_list(item_generator()),
-            '\t<li>A\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li>B</li>\n\t\t<li>C</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li>D</li>',
+            "\t<li>A\n\t<ul>\n\t\t<li>B</li>\n\t\t<li>C</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li>D</li>",
         )
 
     def test_ulitem_autoescape_off(self):
@@ -137,14 +157,14 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 self.title = title
 
             def __str__(self):
-                return 'ulitem-%s' % str(self.title)
+                return "ulitem-%s" % str(self.title)
 
-        a = ULItem('a')
-        b = ULItem('b')
-        c = ULItem('<a>c</a>')
+        a = ULItem("a")
+        b = ULItem("b")
+        c = ULItem("<a>c</a>")
         self.assertEqual(
             unordered_list([a, b, c], autoescape=False),
-            '\t<li>ulitem-a</li>\n\t<li>ulitem-b</li>\n\t<li>ulitem-<a>c</a></li>',
+            "\t<li>ulitem-a</li>\n\t<li>ulitem-b</li>\n\t<li>ulitem-<a>c</a></li>",
         )
 
         def item_generator():
@@ -152,5 +172,5 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(
             unordered_list(item_generator(), autoescape=False),
-            '\t<li>ulitem-a</li>\n\t<li>ulitem-b</li>\n\t<li>ulitem-<a>c</a></li>',
+            "\t<li>ulitem-a</li>\n\t<li>ulitem-b</li>\n\t<li>ulitem-<a>c</a></li>",
         )
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_upper.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_upper.py
index a9efaf5322..01a2f306ae 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_upper.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_upper.py
@@ -11,25 +11,32 @@ class UpperTests(SimpleTestCase):
     so it's not safe for non-escaping purposes.
     """
 
-    @setup({'upper01': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|upper }} {{ b|upper }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "upper01": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|upper }} {{ b|upper }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_upper01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('upper01', {'a': 'a & b', 'b': mark_safe('a &amp; b')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'A & B A &AMP; B')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "upper01", {"a": "a & b", "b": mark_safe("a &amp; b")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "A & B A &AMP; B")
 
-    @setup({'upper02': '{{ a|upper }} {{ b|upper }}'})
+    @setup({"upper02": "{{ a|upper }} {{ b|upper }}"})
     def test_upper02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('upper02', {'a': 'a & b', 'b': mark_safe('a &amp; b')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'A &amp; B A &amp;AMP; B')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "upper02", {"a": "a & b", "b": mark_safe("a &amp; b")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "A &amp; B A &amp;AMP; B")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_upper(self):
-        self.assertEqual(upper('Mixed case input'), 'MIXED CASE INPUT')
+        self.assertEqual(upper("Mixed case input"), "MIXED CASE INPUT")
 
     def test_unicode(self):
         # lowercase e umlaut
-        self.assertEqual(upper('\xeb'), '\xcb')
+        self.assertEqual(upper("\xeb"), "\xcb")
 
     def test_non_string_input(self):
-        self.assertEqual(upper(123), '123')
+        self.assertEqual(upper(123), "123")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_urlencode.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_urlencode.py
index d095bb8fae..d3c8d2931a 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_urlencode.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_urlencode.py
@@ -5,22 +5,20 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class UrlencodeTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'urlencode01': '{{ url|urlencode }}'})
+    @setup({"urlencode01": "{{ url|urlencode }}"})
     def test_urlencode01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('urlencode01', {'url': '/test&"/me?/'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/test%26%22/me%3F/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("urlencode01", {"url": '/test&"/me?/'})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/test%26%22/me%3F/")
 
-    @setup({'urlencode02': '/test/{{ urlbit|urlencode:"" }}/'})
+    @setup({"urlencode02": '/test/{{ urlbit|urlencode:"" }}/'})
     def test_urlencode02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('urlencode02', {'urlbit': 'escape/slash'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/test/escape%2Fslash/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("urlencode02", {"urlbit": "escape/slash"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/test/escape%2Fslash/")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_urlencode(self):
-        self.assertEqual(urlencode('fran\xe7ois & jill'), 'fran%C3%A7ois%20%26%20jill')
+        self.assertEqual(urlencode("fran\xe7ois & jill"), "fran%C3%A7ois%20%26%20jill")
 
     def test_non_string_input(self):
-        self.assertEqual(urlencode(1), '1')
+        self.assertEqual(urlencode(1), "1")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_urlize.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_urlize.py
index 7783ed7280..01e97b35fc 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_urlize.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_urlize.py
@@ -7,73 +7,92 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class UrlizeTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'urlize01': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|urlize }} {{ b|urlize }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "urlize01": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|urlize }} {{ b|urlize }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_urlize01(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'urlize01',
-            {'a': 'http://example.com/?x=&y=', 'b': mark_safe('http://example.com?x=&amp;y=&lt;2&gt;')},
+            "urlize01",
+            {
+                "a": "http://example.com/?x=&y=",
+                "b": mark_safe("http://example.com?x=&amp;y=&lt;2&gt;"),
+            },
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             output,
             '<a href="http://example.com/?x=&amp;y=" rel="nofollow">http://example.com/?x=&y=</a> '
-            '<a href="http://example.com?x=&amp;y=%3C2%3E" rel="nofollow">http://example.com?x=&amp;y=&lt;2&gt;</a>'
+            '<a href="http://example.com?x=&amp;y=%3C2%3E" rel="nofollow">http://example.com?x=&amp;y=&lt;2&gt;</a>',
         )
 
-    @setup({'urlize02': '{{ a|urlize }} {{ b|urlize }}'})
+    @setup({"urlize02": "{{ a|urlize }} {{ b|urlize }}"})
     def test_urlize02(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'urlize02',
-            {'a': "http://example.com/?x=&y=", 'b': mark_safe("http://example.com?x=&amp;y=")},
+            "urlize02",
+            {
+                "a": "http://example.com/?x=&y=",
+                "b": mark_safe("http://example.com?x=&amp;y="),
+            },
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             output,
             '<a href="http://example.com/?x=&amp;y=" rel="nofollow">http://example.com/?x=&amp;y=</a> '
-            '<a href="http://example.com?x=&amp;y=" rel="nofollow">http://example.com?x=&amp;y=</a>'
+            '<a href="http://example.com?x=&amp;y=" rel="nofollow">http://example.com?x=&amp;y=</a>',
         )
 
-    @setup({'urlize03': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|urlize }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup({"urlize03": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|urlize }}{% endautoescape %}"})
     def test_urlize03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('urlize03', {'a': mark_safe("a &amp; b")})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a &amp; b')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("urlize03", {"a": mark_safe("a &amp; b")})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a &amp; b")
 
-    @setup({'urlize04': '{{ a|urlize }}'})
+    @setup({"urlize04": "{{ a|urlize }}"})
     def test_urlize04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('urlize04', {'a': mark_safe("a &amp; b")})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a &amp; b')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("urlize04", {"a": mark_safe("a &amp; b")})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a &amp; b")
 
     # This will lead to a nonsense result, but at least it won't be
     # exploitable for XSS purposes when auto-escaping is on.
-    @setup({'urlize05': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|urlize }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup({"urlize05": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|urlize }}{% endautoescape %}"})
     def test_urlize05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('urlize05', {'a': "<script>alert('foo')</script>"})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "urlize05", {"a": "<script>alert('foo')</script>"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, "<script>alert('foo')</script>")
 
-    @setup({'urlize06': '{{ a|urlize }}'})
+    @setup({"urlize06": "{{ a|urlize }}"})
     def test_urlize06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('urlize06', {'a': "<script>alert('foo')</script>"})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '&lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;foo&#x27;)&lt;/script&gt;')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "urlize06", {"a": "<script>alert('foo')</script>"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "&lt;script&gt;alert(&#x27;foo&#x27;)&lt;/script&gt;")
 
     # mailto: testing for urlize
-    @setup({'urlize07': '{{ a|urlize }}'})
+    @setup({"urlize07": "{{ a|urlize }}"})
     def test_urlize07(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('urlize07', {'a': "Email me at me@example.com"})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "urlize07", {"a": "Email me at me@example.com"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             output,
             'Email me at <a href="mailto:me@example.com">me@example.com</a>',
         )
 
-    @setup({'urlize08': '{{ a|urlize }}'})
+    @setup({"urlize08": "{{ a|urlize }}"})
     def test_urlize08(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('urlize08', {'a': "Email me at <me@example.com>"})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "urlize08", {"a": "Email me at <me@example.com>"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             output,
             'Email me at &lt;<a href="mailto:me@example.com">me@example.com</a>&gt;',
         )
 
-    @setup({'urlize09': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|urlize }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup({"urlize09": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|urlize }}{% endautoescape %}"})
     def test_urlize09(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('urlize09', {'a': "http://example.com/?x=&amp;y=&lt;2&gt;"})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "urlize09", {"a": "http://example.com/?x=&amp;y=&lt;2&gt;"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             output,
             '<a href="http://example.com/?x=&amp;y=%3C2%3E" rel="nofollow">http://example.com/?x=&amp;y=&lt;2&gt;</a>',
@@ -81,26 +100,25 @@ class UrlizeTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_urls(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('http://google.com'),
+            urlize("http://google.com"),
             '<a href="http://google.com" rel="nofollow">http://google.com</a>',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('http://google.com/'),
+            urlize("http://google.com/"),
             '<a href="http://google.com/" rel="nofollow">http://google.com/</a>',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('www.google.com'),
+            urlize("www.google.com"),
             '<a href="http://www.google.com" rel="nofollow">www.google.com</a>',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('djangoproject.org'),
+            urlize("djangoproject.org"),
             '<a href="http://djangoproject.org" rel="nofollow">djangoproject.org</a>',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('djangoproject.org/'),
+            urlize("djangoproject.org/"),
             '<a href="http://djangoproject.org/" rel="nofollow">djangoproject.org/</a>',
         )
 
@@ -112,30 +130,30 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
             '<a href="http://www.server.com" rel="nofollow">www.server.com</a>&quot;abc',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('www.server.com\'abc'),
+            urlize("www.server.com'abc"),
             '<a href="http://www.server.com" rel="nofollow">www.server.com</a>&#x27;abc',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('www.server.com<abc'),
+            urlize("www.server.com<abc"),
             '<a href="http://www.server.com" rel="nofollow">www.server.com</a>&lt;abc',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('www.server.com>abc'),
+            urlize("www.server.com>abc"),
             '<a href="http://www.server.com" rel="nofollow">www.server.com</a>&gt;abc',
         )
 
     def test_email(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('info@djangoproject.org'),
+            urlize("info@djangoproject.org"),
             '<a href="mailto:info@djangoproject.org">info@djangoproject.org</a>',
         )
 
     def test_word_with_dot(self):
-        self.assertEqual(urlize('some.organization'), 'some.organization'),
+        self.assertEqual(urlize("some.organization"), "some.organization"),
 
     def test_https(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('https://google.com'),
+            urlize("https://google.com"),
             '<a href="https://google.com" rel="nofollow">https://google.com</a>',
         )
 
@@ -145,28 +163,28 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         teststring is the urlquoted version of 'http://hi.baidu.com/重新开始'
         """
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('http://hi.baidu.com/%E9%87%8D%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%80%E5%A7%8B'),
+            urlize("http://hi.baidu.com/%E9%87%8D%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%80%E5%A7%8B"),
             '<a href="http://hi.baidu.com/%E9%87%8D%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%80%E5%A7%8B" rel="nofollow">'
-            'http://hi.baidu.com/%E9%87%8D%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%80%E5%A7%8B</a>',
+            "http://hi.baidu.com/%E9%87%8D%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%80%E5%A7%8B</a>",
         )
 
     def test_urlencoded(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('www.mystore.com/30%OffCoupons!'),
+            urlize("www.mystore.com/30%OffCoupons!"),
             '<a href="http://www.mystore.com/30%25OffCoupons" rel="nofollow">'
-            'www.mystore.com/30%OffCoupons</a>!',
+            "www.mystore.com/30%OffCoupons</a>!",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9'),
+            urlize("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9"),
             '<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9" rel="nofollow">'
-            'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9</a>',
+            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9</a>",
         )
 
     def test_unicode(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Café'),
+            urlize("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Café"),
             '<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9" rel="nofollow">'
-            'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Café</a>',
+            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Café</a>",
         )
 
     def test_parenthesis(self):
@@ -174,14 +192,14 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         #11911 - Check urlize keeps balanced parentheses
         """
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_(web_framework)'),
+            urlize("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_(web_framework)"),
             '<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_(web_framework)" rel="nofollow">'
-            'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_(web_framework)</a>',
+            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_(web_framework)</a>",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('(see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_(web_framework))'),
+            urlize("(see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_(web_framework))"),
             '(see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_(web_framework)" rel="nofollow">'
-            'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_(web_framework)</a>)',
+            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_(web_framework)</a>)",
         )
 
     def test_nofollow(self):
@@ -189,7 +207,7 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         #12183 - Check urlize adds nofollow properly - see #12183
         """
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('foo@bar.com or www.bar.com'),
+            urlize("foo@bar.com or www.bar.com"),
             '<a href="mailto:foo@bar.com">foo@bar.com</a> or '
             '<a href="http://www.bar.com" rel="nofollow">www.bar.com</a>',
         )
@@ -198,38 +216,50 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         #13704 - Check urlize handles IDN correctly
         """
-        self.assertEqual(urlize('http://c✶.ws'), '<a href="http://xn--c-lgq.ws" rel="nofollow">http://c✶.ws</a>')
-        self.assertEqual(urlize('www.c✶.ws'), '<a href="http://www.xn--c-lgq.ws" rel="nofollow">www.c✶.ws</a>')
-        self.assertEqual(urlize('c✶.org'), '<a href="http://xn--c-lgq.org" rel="nofollow">c✶.org</a>')
-        self.assertEqual(urlize('info@c✶.org'), '<a href="mailto:info@xn--c-lgq.org">info@c✶.org</a>')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            urlize("http://c✶.ws"),
+            '<a href="http://xn--c-lgq.ws" rel="nofollow">http://c✶.ws</a>',
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            urlize("www.c✶.ws"),
+            '<a href="http://www.xn--c-lgq.ws" rel="nofollow">www.c✶.ws</a>',
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            urlize("c✶.org"), '<a href="http://xn--c-lgq.org" rel="nofollow">c✶.org</a>'
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            urlize("info@c✶.org"), '<a href="mailto:info@xn--c-lgq.org">info@c✶.org</a>'
+        )
 
     def test_malformed(self):
         """
         #16395 - Check urlize doesn't highlight malformed URIs
         """
-        self.assertEqual(urlize('http:///www.google.com'), 'http:///www.google.com')
-        self.assertEqual(urlize('http://.google.com'), 'http://.google.com')
-        self.assertEqual(urlize('http://@foo.com'), 'http://@foo.com')
+        self.assertEqual(urlize("http:///www.google.com"), "http:///www.google.com")
+        self.assertEqual(urlize("http://.google.com"), "http://.google.com")
+        self.assertEqual(urlize("http://@foo.com"), "http://@foo.com")
 
     def test_tlds(self):
         """
         #16656 - Check urlize accepts more TLDs
         """
-        self.assertEqual(urlize('usa.gov'), '<a href="http://usa.gov" rel="nofollow">usa.gov</a>')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            urlize("usa.gov"), '<a href="http://usa.gov" rel="nofollow">usa.gov</a>'
+        )
 
     def test_invalid_email(self):
         """
         #17592 - Check urlize don't crash on invalid email with dot-starting
         domain
         """
-        self.assertEqual(urlize('email@.stream.ru'), 'email@.stream.ru')
+        self.assertEqual(urlize("email@.stream.ru"), "email@.stream.ru")
 
     def test_uppercase(self):
         """
         #18071 - Check urlize accepts uppercased URL schemes
         """
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('HTTPS://github.com/'),
+            urlize("HTTPS://github.com/"),
             '<a href="https://github.com/" rel="nofollow">HTTPS://github.com/</a>',
         )
 
@@ -238,26 +268,26 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         #18644 - Check urlize trims trailing period when followed by parenthesis
         """
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('(Go to http://www.example.com/foo.)'),
+            urlize("(Go to http://www.example.com/foo.)"),
             '(Go to <a href="http://www.example.com/foo" rel="nofollow">http://www.example.com/foo</a>.)',
         )
 
     def test_trailing_multiple_punctuation(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('A test http://testing.com/example..'),
-            'A test <a href="http://testing.com/example" rel="nofollow">http://testing.com/example</a>..'
+            urlize("A test http://testing.com/example.."),
+            'A test <a href="http://testing.com/example" rel="nofollow">http://testing.com/example</a>..',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('A test http://testing.com/example!!'),
-            'A test <a href="http://testing.com/example" rel="nofollow">http://testing.com/example</a>!!'
+            urlize("A test http://testing.com/example!!"),
+            'A test <a href="http://testing.com/example" rel="nofollow">http://testing.com/example</a>!!',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('A test http://testing.com/example!!!'),
-            'A test <a href="http://testing.com/example" rel="nofollow">http://testing.com/example</a>!!!'
+            urlize("A test http://testing.com/example!!!"),
+            'A test <a href="http://testing.com/example" rel="nofollow">http://testing.com/example</a>!!!',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             urlize('A test http://testing.com/example.,:;)"!'),
-            'A test <a href="http://testing.com/example" rel="nofollow">http://testing.com/example</a>.,:;)&quot;!'
+            'A test <a href="http://testing.com/example" rel="nofollow">http://testing.com/example</a>.,:;)&quot;!',
         )
 
     def test_brackets(self):
@@ -265,46 +295,46 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         #19070 - Check urlize handles brackets properly
         """
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('[see www.example.com]'),
+            urlize("[see www.example.com]"),
             '[see <a href="http://www.example.com" rel="nofollow">www.example.com</a>]',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('see test[at[example.com'),
+            urlize("see test[at[example.com"),
             'see <a href="http://test[at[example.com" rel="nofollow">test[at[example.com</a>',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('[http://168.192.0.1](http://168.192.0.1)'),
+            urlize("[http://168.192.0.1](http://168.192.0.1)"),
             '[<a href="http://168.192.0.1](http://168.192.0.1)" rel="nofollow">'
-            'http://168.192.0.1](http://168.192.0.1)</a>',
+            "http://168.192.0.1](http://168.192.0.1)</a>",
         )
 
     def test_wrapping_characters(self):
         wrapping_chars = (
-            ('()', ('(', ')')),
-            ('<>', ('&lt;', '&gt;')),
-            ('[]', ('[', ']')),
-            ('""', ('&quot;', '&quot;')),
-            ("''", ('&#x27;', '&#x27;')),
+            ("()", ("(", ")")),
+            ("<>", ("&lt;", "&gt;")),
+            ("[]", ("[", "]")),
+            ('""', ("&quot;", "&quot;")),
+            ("''", ("&#x27;", "&#x27;")),
         )
         for wrapping_in, (start_out, end_out) in wrapping_chars:
             with self.subTest(wrapping_in=wrapping_in):
                 start_in, end_in = wrapping_in
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    urlize(start_in + 'https://www.example.org/' + end_in),
-                    start_out +
-                    '<a href="https://www.example.org/" rel="nofollow">https://www.example.org/</a>' +
-                    end_out,
+                    urlize(start_in + "https://www.example.org/" + end_in),
+                    start_out
+                    + '<a href="https://www.example.org/" rel="nofollow">https://www.example.org/</a>'
+                    + end_out,
                 )
 
     def test_ipv4(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('http://192.168.0.15/api/9'),
+            urlize("http://192.168.0.15/api/9"),
             '<a href="http://192.168.0.15/api/9" rel="nofollow">http://192.168.0.15/api/9</a>',
         )
 
     def test_ipv6(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('http://[2001:db8:cafe::2]/api/9'),
+            urlize("http://[2001:db8:cafe::2]/api/9"),
             '<a href="http://[2001:db8:cafe::2]/api/9" rel="nofollow">http://[2001:db8:cafe::2]/api/9</a>',
         )
 
@@ -325,15 +355,15 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
             'before "<a href="mailto:hi@example.com">hi@example.com</a> afterward',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('before \'hi@example.com\' afterward', autoescape=False),
-            'before \'<a href="mailto:hi@example.com">hi@example.com</a>\' afterward',
+            urlize("before 'hi@example.com' afterward", autoescape=False),
+            "before '<a href=\"mailto:hi@example.com\">hi@example.com</a>' afterward",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('before hi@example.com\' afterward', autoescape=False),
+            urlize("before hi@example.com' afterward", autoescape=False),
             'before <a href="mailto:hi@example.com">hi@example.com</a>\' afterward',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('before \'hi@example.com afterward', autoescape=False),
+            urlize("before 'hi@example.com afterward", autoescape=False),
             'before \'<a href="mailto:hi@example.com">hi@example.com</a> afterward',
         )
 
@@ -342,7 +372,9 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         #20364 - Check urlize copes with commas following URLs in quotes
         """
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('Email us at "hi@example.com", or phone us at +xx.yy', autoescape=False),
+            urlize(
+                'Email us at "hi@example.com", or phone us at +xx.yy', autoescape=False
+            ),
             'Email us at "<a href="mailto:hi@example.com">hi@example.com</a>", or phone us at +xx.yy',
         )
 
@@ -352,29 +384,29 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         or query string
         """
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('Go to djangoproject.com! and enjoy.'),
+            urlize("Go to djangoproject.com! and enjoy."),
             'Go to <a href="http://djangoproject.com" rel="nofollow">djangoproject.com</a>! and enjoy.',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('Search for google.com/?q=! and see.'),
+            urlize("Search for google.com/?q=! and see."),
             'Search for <a href="http://google.com/?q=" rel="nofollow">google.com/?q=</a>! and see.',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('Search for google.com/?q=dj!`? and see.'),
+            urlize("Search for google.com/?q=dj!`? and see."),
             'Search for <a href="http://google.com/?q=dj%21%60%3F" rel="nofollow">google.com/?q=dj!`?</a> and see.',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize('Search for google.com/?q=dj!`?! and see.'),
+            urlize("Search for google.com/?q=dj!`?! and see."),
             'Search for <a href="http://google.com/?q=dj%21%60%3F" rel="nofollow">google.com/?q=dj!`?</a>! and see.',
         )
 
     def test_non_string_input(self):
-        self.assertEqual(urlize(123), '123')
+        self.assertEqual(urlize(123), "123")
 
     def test_autoescape(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             urlize('foo<a href=" google.com ">bar</a>buz'),
-            'foo&lt;a href=&quot; <a href="http://google.com" rel="nofollow">google.com</a> &quot;&gt;bar&lt;/a&gt;buz'
+            'foo&lt;a href=&quot; <a href="http://google.com" rel="nofollow">google.com</a> &quot;&gt;bar&lt;/a&gt;buz',
         )
 
     def test_autoescape_off(self):
@@ -384,8 +416,8 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         )
 
     def test_lazystring(self):
-        prepend_www = lazy(lambda url: 'www.' + url, str)
+        prepend_www = lazy(lambda url: "www." + url, str)
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlize(prepend_www('google.com')),
+            urlize(prepend_www("google.com")),
             '<a href="http://www.google.com" rel="nofollow">www.google.com</a>',
         )
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_urlizetrunc.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_urlizetrunc.py
index 09bbe776cf..69e4ec4741 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_urlizetrunc.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_urlizetrunc.py
@@ -6,56 +6,56 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class UrlizetruncTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({
-        'urlizetrunc01': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|urlizetrunc:"8" }} {{ b|urlizetrunc:"8" }}{% endautoescape %}'
-    })
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "urlizetrunc01": '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|urlizetrunc:"8" }} {{ b|urlizetrunc:"8" }}{% endautoescape %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_urlizetrunc01(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'urlizetrunc01',
+            "urlizetrunc01",
             {
-                'a': '"Unsafe" http://example.com/x=&y=',
-                'b': mark_safe('&quot;Safe&quot; http://example.com?x=&amp;y='),
+                "a": '"Unsafe" http://example.com/x=&y=',
+                "b": mark_safe("&quot;Safe&quot; http://example.com?x=&amp;y="),
             },
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             output,
             '"Unsafe" <a href="http://example.com/x=&amp;y=" rel="nofollow">http://…</a> '
-            '&quot;Safe&quot; <a href="http://example.com?x=&amp;y=" rel="nofollow">http://…</a>'
+            '&quot;Safe&quot; <a href="http://example.com?x=&amp;y=" rel="nofollow">http://…</a>',
         )
 
-    @setup({'urlizetrunc02': '{{ a|urlizetrunc:"8" }} {{ b|urlizetrunc:"8" }}'})
+    @setup({"urlizetrunc02": '{{ a|urlizetrunc:"8" }} {{ b|urlizetrunc:"8" }}'})
     def test_urlizetrunc02(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'urlizetrunc02',
+            "urlizetrunc02",
             {
-                'a': '"Unsafe" http://example.com/x=&y=',
-                'b': mark_safe('&quot;Safe&quot; http://example.com?x=&amp;y='),
+                "a": '"Unsafe" http://example.com/x=&y=',
+                "b": mark_safe("&quot;Safe&quot; http://example.com?x=&amp;y="),
             },
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             output,
             '&quot;Unsafe&quot; <a href="http://example.com/x=&amp;y=" rel="nofollow">http://…</a> '
-            '&quot;Safe&quot; <a href="http://example.com?x=&amp;y=" rel="nofollow">http://…</a>'
+            '&quot;Safe&quot; <a href="http://example.com?x=&amp;y=" rel="nofollow">http://…</a>',
         )
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_truncate(self):
-        uri = 'http://31characteruri.com/test/'
+        uri = "http://31characteruri.com/test/"
         self.assertEqual(len(uri), 31)
 
         self.assertEqual(
             urlizetrunc(uri, 31),
             '<a href="http://31characteruri.com/test/" rel="nofollow">'
-            'http://31characteruri.com/test/</a>',
+            "http://31characteruri.com/test/</a>",
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
             urlizetrunc(uri, 30),
             '<a href="http://31characteruri.com/test/" rel="nofollow">'
-            'http://31characteruri.com/tes…</a>',
+            "http://31characteruri.com/tes…</a>",
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -65,24 +65,27 @@ class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_overtruncate(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlizetrunc('http://short.com/', 20),
+            urlizetrunc("http://short.com/", 20),
             '<a href="http://short.com/" rel="nofollow">http://short.com/</a>',
         )
 
     def test_query_string(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            urlizetrunc('http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&q=some+long+url&btnG=Search&meta=', 20),
+            urlizetrunc(
+                "http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&q=some+long+url&btnG=Search&meta=",
+                20,
+            ),
             '<a href="http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&amp;q=some+long+url&amp;btnG=Search&amp;'
             'meta=" rel="nofollow">http://www.google.c…</a>',
         )
 
     def test_non_string_input(self):
-        self.assertEqual(urlizetrunc(123, 1), '123')
+        self.assertEqual(urlizetrunc(123, 1), "123")
 
     def test_autoescape(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             urlizetrunc('foo<a href=" google.com ">bar</a>buz', 10),
-            'foo&lt;a href=&quot; <a href="http://google.com" rel="nofollow">google.com</a> &quot;&gt;bar&lt;/a&gt;buz'
+            'foo&lt;a href=&quot; <a href="http://google.com" rel="nofollow">google.com</a> &quot;&gt;bar&lt;/a&gt;buz',
         )
 
     def test_autoescape_off(self):
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_wordcount.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_wordcount.py
index c49ebdf48b..d15447086f 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_wordcount.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_wordcount.py
@@ -6,28 +6,34 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class WordcountTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'wordcount01': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|wordcount }} {{ b|wordcount }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "wordcount01": "{% autoescape off %}{{ a|wordcount }} {{ b|wordcount }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_wordcount01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('wordcount01', {'a': 'a & b', 'b': mark_safe('a &amp; b')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '3 3')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "wordcount01", {"a": "a & b", "b": mark_safe("a &amp; b")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "3 3")
 
-    @setup({'wordcount02': '{{ a|wordcount }} {{ b|wordcount }}'})
+    @setup({"wordcount02": "{{ a|wordcount }} {{ b|wordcount }}"})
     def test_wordcount02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('wordcount02', {'a': 'a & b', 'b': mark_safe('a &amp; b')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '3 3')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "wordcount02", {"a": "a & b", "b": mark_safe("a &amp; b")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "3 3")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_empty_string(self):
-        self.assertEqual(wordcount(''), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(wordcount(""), 0)
 
     def test_count_one(self):
-        self.assertEqual(wordcount('oneword'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(wordcount("oneword"), 1)
 
     def test_count_multiple(self):
-        self.assertEqual(wordcount('lots of words'), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(wordcount("lots of words"), 3)
 
     def test_non_string_input(self):
         self.assertEqual(wordcount(123), 1)
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_wordwrap.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_wordwrap.py
index 02f860582b..fb2bce5a90 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_wordwrap.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_wordwrap.py
@@ -7,47 +7,63 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class WordwrapTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({
-        'wordwrap01': '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|wordwrap:"3" }} {{ b|wordwrap:"3" }}{% endautoescape %}'
-    })
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "wordwrap01": '{% autoescape off %}{{ a|wordwrap:"3" }} {{ b|wordwrap:"3" }}{% endautoescape %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_wordwrap01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('wordwrap01', {'a': 'a & b', 'b': mark_safe('a & b')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a &\nb a &\nb')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "wordwrap01", {"a": "a & b", "b": mark_safe("a & b")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a &\nb a &\nb")
 
-    @setup({'wordwrap02': '{{ a|wordwrap:"3" }} {{ b|wordwrap:"3" }}'})
+    @setup({"wordwrap02": '{{ a|wordwrap:"3" }} {{ b|wordwrap:"3" }}'})
     def test_wordwrap02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('wordwrap02', {'a': 'a & b', 'b': mark_safe('a & b')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a &amp;\nb a &\nb')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "wordwrap02", {"a": "a & b", "b": mark_safe("a & b")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a &amp;\nb a &\nb")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_wrap(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            wordwrap('this is a long paragraph of text that really needs to be wrapped I\'m afraid', 14),
-            'this is a long\nparagraph of\ntext that\nreally needs\nto be wrapped\nI\'m afraid',
+            wordwrap(
+                "this is a long paragraph of text that really needs to be wrapped I'm afraid",
+                14,
+            ),
+            "this is a long\nparagraph of\ntext that\nreally needs\nto be wrapped\nI'm afraid",
         )
 
     def test_indent(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            wordwrap('this is a short paragraph of text.\n  But this line should be indented', 14),
-            'this is a\nshort\nparagraph of\ntext.\n  But this\nline should be\nindented',
+            wordwrap(
+                "this is a short paragraph of text.\n  But this line should be indented",
+                14,
+            ),
+            "this is a\nshort\nparagraph of\ntext.\n  But this\nline should be\nindented",
         )
 
     def test_indent2(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            wordwrap('this is a short paragraph of text.\n  But this line should be indented', 15),
-            'this is a short\nparagraph of\ntext.\n  But this line\nshould be\nindented',
+            wordwrap(
+                "this is a short paragraph of text.\n  But this line should be indented",
+                15,
+            ),
+            "this is a short\nparagraph of\ntext.\n  But this line\nshould be\nindented",
         )
 
     def test_non_string_input(self):
-        self.assertEqual(wordwrap(123, 2), '123')
+        self.assertEqual(wordwrap(123, 2), "123")
 
     def test_wrap_lazy_string(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            wordwrap(lazystr(
-                'this is a long paragraph of text that really needs to be wrapped I\'m afraid'
-            ), 14),
-            'this is a long\nparagraph of\ntext that\nreally needs\nto be wrapped\nI\'m afraid',
+            wordwrap(
+                lazystr(
+                    "this is a long paragraph of text that really needs to be wrapped I'm afraid"
+                ),
+                14,
+            ),
+            "this is a long\nparagraph of\ntext that\nreally needs\nto be wrapped\nI'm afraid",
         )
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_yesno.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_yesno.py
index 70b383a2b6..d26b2a7684 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_yesno.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/test_yesno.py
@@ -5,36 +5,37 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class YesNoTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    @setup({'t': '{{ var|yesno:"yup,nup,mup" }} {{ var|yesno }}'})
+    @setup({"t": '{{ var|yesno:"yup,nup,mup" }} {{ var|yesno }}'})
     def test_true(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('t', {'var': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yup yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("t", {"var": True})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yup yes")
 
 
 class FunctionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_true(self):
-        self.assertEqual(yesno(True), 'yes')
+        self.assertEqual(yesno(True), "yes")
 
     def test_false(self):
-        self.assertEqual(yesno(False), 'no')
+        self.assertEqual(yesno(False), "no")
 
     def test_none(self):
-        self.assertEqual(yesno(None), 'maybe')
+        self.assertEqual(yesno(None), "maybe")
 
     def test_true_arguments(self):
-        self.assertEqual(yesno(True, 'certainly,get out of town,perhaps'), 'certainly')
+        self.assertEqual(yesno(True, "certainly,get out of town,perhaps"), "certainly")
 
     def test_false_arguments(self):
-        self.assertEqual(yesno(False, 'certainly,get out of town,perhaps'), 'get out of town')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            yesno(False, "certainly,get out of town,perhaps"), "get out of town"
+        )
 
     def test_none_two_arguments(self):
-        self.assertEqual(yesno(None, 'certainly,get out of town'), 'get out of town')
+        self.assertEqual(yesno(None, "certainly,get out of town"), "get out of town")
 
     def test_none_three_arguments(self):
-        self.assertEqual(yesno(None, 'certainly,get out of town,perhaps'), 'perhaps')
+        self.assertEqual(yesno(None, "certainly,get out of town,perhaps"), "perhaps")
 
     def test_invalid_value(self):
-        self.assertIs(yesno(True, 'yes'), True)
-        self.assertIs(yesno(False, 'yes'), False)
-        self.assertIsNone(yesno(None, 'yes'))
+        self.assertIs(yesno(True, "yes"), True)
+        self.assertIs(yesno(False, "yes"), False)
+        self.assertIsNone(yesno(None, "yes"))
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/timezone_utils.py b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/timezone_utils.py
index 874c634cfd..a990d164ae 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/timezone_utils.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/filter_tests/timezone_utils.py
@@ -5,13 +5,14 @@ from django.utils import timezone
 
 
 class TimezoneTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.now = datetime.now()
         self.now_tz = timezone.make_aware(
-            self.now, timezone.get_default_timezone(),
+            self.now,
+            timezone.get_default_timezone(),
         )
         self.now_tz_i = timezone.localtime(
-            self.now_tz, timezone.get_fixed_timezone(195),
+            self.now_tz,
+            timezone.get_fixed_timezone(195),
         )
         self.today = date.today()
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/base.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/base.py
index 61d2bbdb1c..6197179ee4 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/base.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/base.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from django.utils.translation import activate, get_language
 here = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
 pdir = os.path.split(os.path.split(os.path.abspath(here))[0])[0]
 extended_locale_paths = settings.LOCALE_PATHS + [
-    os.path.join(pdir, 'i18n', 'other', 'locale'),
+    os.path.join(pdir, "i18n", "other", "locale"),
 ]
 
 
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_blocktranslate.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_blocktranslate.py
index 114d4392c6..8ad004a899 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_blocktranslate.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_blocktranslate.py
@@ -18,18 +18,18 @@ from .base import MultipleLocaleActivationTestCase, extended_locale_paths, here
 
 def setup(templates, *args, **kwargs):
     blocktranslate_setup = base_setup(templates, *args, **kwargs)
-    blocktrans_setup = base_setup({
-        name: template.replace(
-            '{% blocktranslate ', '{% blocktrans '
-        ).replace(
-            '{% endblocktranslate %}', '{% endblocktrans %}'
-        )
-        for name, template in templates.items()
-    })
+    blocktrans_setup = base_setup(
+        {
+            name: template.replace("{% blocktranslate ", "{% blocktrans ").replace(
+                "{% endblocktranslate %}", "{% endblocktrans %}"
+            )
+            for name, template in templates.items()
+        }
+    )
 
     tags = {
-        'blocktrans': blocktrans_setup,
-        'blocktranslate': blocktranslate_setup,
+        "blocktrans": blocktrans_setup,
+        "blocktranslate": blocktranslate_setup,
     }
 
     def decorator(func):
@@ -37,300 +37,459 @@ def setup(templates, *args, **kwargs):
         def inner(self, *args):
             signature = inspect.signature(func)
             for tag_name, setup_func in tags.items():
-                if 'tag_name' in signature.parameters:
+                if "tag_name" in signature.parameters:
                     setup_func(partial(func, tag_name=tag_name))(self)
                 else:
                     setup_func(func)(self)
+
         return inner
+
     return decorator
 
 
 class I18nBlockTransTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    libraries = {'i18n': 'django.templatetags.i18n'}
+    libraries = {"i18n": "django.templatetags.i18n"}
 
-    @setup({'i18n03': '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}{{ anton }}{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n03": "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}{{ anton }}{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n03(self):
         """simple translation of a variable"""
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n03', {'anton': 'Å'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Å')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n03", {"anton": "Å"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Å")
 
-    @setup({'i18n04': '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate with berta=anton|lower %}{{ berta }}{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n04": "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate with berta=anton|lower %}{{ berta }}{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n04(self):
         """simple translation of a variable and filter"""
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n04', {'anton': 'Å'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'å')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n04", {"anton": "Å"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "å")
 
-    @setup({'legacyi18n04': '{% load i18n %}'
-                            '{% blocktranslate with anton|lower as berta %}{{ berta }}{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "legacyi18n04": "{% load i18n %}"
+            "{% blocktranslate with anton|lower as berta %}{{ berta }}{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_legacyi18n04(self):
         """simple translation of a variable and filter"""
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('legacyi18n04', {'anton': 'Å'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'å')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("legacyi18n04", {"anton": "Å"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "å")
 
-    @setup({'i18n05': '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}xxx{{ anton }}xxx{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n05": "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}xxx{{ anton }}xxx{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n05(self):
         """simple translation of a string with interpolation"""
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n05', {'anton': 'yyy'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'xxxyyyxxx')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n05", {"anton": "yyy"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "xxxyyyxxx")
 
-    @setup({'i18n07': '{% load i18n %}'
-                      '{% blocktranslate count counter=number %}singular{% plural %}'
-                      '{{ counter }} plural{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n07": "{% load i18n %}"
+            "{% blocktranslate count counter=number %}singular{% plural %}"
+            "{{ counter }} plural{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n07(self):
         """translation of singular form"""
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n07', {'number': 1})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'singular')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n07", {"number": 1})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "singular")
 
-    @setup({'legacyi18n07': '{% load i18n %}'
-                            '{% blocktranslate count number as counter %}singular{% plural %}'
-                            '{{ counter }} plural{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "legacyi18n07": "{% load i18n %}"
+            "{% blocktranslate count number as counter %}singular{% plural %}"
+            "{{ counter }} plural{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_legacyi18n07(self):
         """translation of singular form"""
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('legacyi18n07', {'number': 1})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'singular')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("legacyi18n07", {"number": 1})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "singular")
 
-    @setup({'i18n08': '{% load i18n %}'
-                      '{% blocktranslate count number as counter %}singular{% plural %}'
-                      '{{ counter }} plural{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n08": "{% load i18n %}"
+            "{% blocktranslate count number as counter %}singular{% plural %}"
+            "{{ counter }} plural{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n08(self):
         """translation of plural form"""
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n08', {'number': 2})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '2 plural')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n08", {"number": 2})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "2 plural")
 
-    @setup({'legacyi18n08': '{% load i18n %}'
-                            '{% blocktranslate count counter=number %}singular{% plural %}'
-                            '{{ counter }} plural{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "legacyi18n08": "{% load i18n %}"
+            "{% blocktranslate count counter=number %}singular{% plural %}"
+            "{{ counter }} plural{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_legacyi18n08(self):
         """translation of plural form"""
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('legacyi18n08', {'number': 2})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '2 plural')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("legacyi18n08", {"number": 2})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "2 plural")
 
-    @setup({'i18n17': '{% load i18n %}'
-                      '{% blocktranslate with berta=anton|escape %}{{ berta }}{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n17": "{% load i18n %}"
+            "{% blocktranslate with berta=anton|escape %}{{ berta }}{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n17(self):
         """
         Escaping inside blocktranslate and translate works as if it was
         directly in the template.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n17', {'anton': 'α & β'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'α &amp; β')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n17", {"anton": "α & β"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "α &amp; β")
 
-    @setup({'i18n18': '{% load i18n %}'
-                      '{% blocktranslate with berta=anton|force_escape %}{{ berta }}{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n18": "{% load i18n %}"
+            "{% blocktranslate with berta=anton|force_escape %}{{ berta }}{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n18(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n18', {'anton': 'α & β'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'α &amp; β')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n18", {"anton": "α & β"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "α &amp; β")
 
-    @setup({'i18n19': '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}{{ andrew }}{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n19": "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}{{ andrew }}{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n19(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n19', {'andrew': 'a & b'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a &amp; b')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n19", {"andrew": "a & b"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a &amp; b")
 
-    @setup({'i18n21': '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}{{ andrew }}{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n21": "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}{{ andrew }}{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n21(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n21', {'andrew': mark_safe('a & b')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a & b')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n21", {"andrew": mark_safe("a & b")})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a & b")
 
-    @setup({'legacyi18n17': '{% load i18n %}'
-                            '{% blocktranslate with anton|escape as berta %}{{ berta }}{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "legacyi18n17": "{% load i18n %}"
+            "{% blocktranslate with anton|escape as berta %}{{ berta }}{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_legacyi18n17(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('legacyi18n17', {'anton': 'α & β'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'α &amp; β')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("legacyi18n17", {"anton": "α & β"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "α &amp; β")
 
-    @setup({'legacyi18n18': '{% load i18n %}'
-                            '{% blocktranslate with anton|force_escape as berta %}'
-                            '{{ berta }}{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "legacyi18n18": "{% load i18n %}"
+            "{% blocktranslate with anton|force_escape as berta %}"
+            "{{ berta }}{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_legacyi18n18(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('legacyi18n18', {'anton': 'α & β'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'α &amp; β')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("legacyi18n18", {"anton": "α & β"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "α &amp; β")
 
-    @setup({'i18n26': '{% load i18n %}'
-                      '{% blocktranslate with extra_field=myextra_field count counter=number %}'
-                      'singular {{ extra_field }}{% plural %}plural{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n26": "{% load i18n %}"
+            "{% blocktranslate with extra_field=myextra_field count counter=number %}"
+            "singular {{ extra_field }}{% plural %}plural{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n26(self):
         """
         translation of plural form with extra field in singular form (#13568)
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n26', {'myextra_field': 'test', 'number': 1})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'singular test')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "i18n26", {"myextra_field": "test", "number": 1}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "singular test")
 
-    @setup({'legacyi18n26': '{% load i18n %}'
-                            '{% blocktranslate with myextra_field as extra_field count number as counter %}'
-                            'singular {{ extra_field }}{% plural %}plural{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "legacyi18n26": "{% load i18n %}"
+            "{% blocktranslate with myextra_field as extra_field count number as counter %}"
+            "singular {{ extra_field }}{% plural %}plural{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_legacyi18n26(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('legacyi18n26', {'myextra_field': 'test', 'number': 1})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'singular test')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "legacyi18n26", {"myextra_field": "test", "number": 1}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "singular test")
 
-    @setup({'i18n27': '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate count counter=number %}'
-                      '{{ counter }} result{% plural %}{{ counter }} results'
-                      '{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n27": "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate count counter=number %}"
+            "{{ counter }} result{% plural %}{{ counter }} results"
+            "{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n27(self):
         """translation of singular form in Russian (#14126)"""
-        with translation.override('ru'):
-            output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n27', {'number': 1})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442')
+        with translation.override("ru"):
+            output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n27", {"number": 1})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            output, "1 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442"
+        )
 
-    @setup({'legacyi18n27': '{% load i18n %}'
-                            '{% blocktranslate count number as counter %}{{ counter }} result'
-                            '{% plural %}{{ counter }} results{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "legacyi18n27": "{% load i18n %}"
+            "{% blocktranslate count number as counter %}{{ counter }} result"
+            "{% plural %}{{ counter }} results{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_legacyi18n27(self):
-        with translation.override('ru'):
-            output = self.engine.render_to_string('legacyi18n27', {'number': 1})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442')
+        with translation.override("ru"):
+            output = self.engine.render_to_string("legacyi18n27", {"number": 1})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            output, "1 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442"
+        )
 
-    @setup({'i18n28': '{% load i18n %}'
-                      '{% blocktranslate with a=anton b=berta %}{{ a }} + {{ b }}{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n28": "{% load i18n %}"
+            "{% blocktranslate with a=anton b=berta %}{{ a }} + {{ b }}{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n28(self):
         """simple translation of multiple variables"""
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n28', {'anton': 'α', 'berta': 'β'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'α + β')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n28", {"anton": "α", "berta": "β"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "α + β")
 
-    @setup({'legacyi18n28': '{% load i18n %}'
-                            '{% blocktranslate with anton as a and berta as b %}'
-                            '{{ a }} + {{ b }}{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "legacyi18n28": "{% load i18n %}"
+            "{% blocktranslate with anton as a and berta as b %}"
+            "{{ a }} + {{ b }}{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_legacyi18n28(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('legacyi18n28', {'anton': 'α', 'berta': 'β'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'α + β')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "legacyi18n28", {"anton": "α", "berta": "β"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "α + β")
 
     # blocktranslate handling of variables which are not in the context.
     # this should work as if blocktranslate was not there (#19915)
-    @setup({'i18n34': '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}{{ missing }}{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n34": "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}{{ missing }}{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n34(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n34')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n34")
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'INVALID')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "INVALID")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, '')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'i18n34_2': '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate with a=\'α\' %}{{ missing }}{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n34_2": "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate with a='α' %}{{ missing }}{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n34_2(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n34_2')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n34_2")
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'INVALID')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "INVALID")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, '')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'i18n34_3': '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate with a=anton %}{{ missing }}{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n34_3": "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate with a=anton %}{{ missing }}{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n34_3(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'i18n34_3', {'anton': '\xce\xb1'})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n34_3", {"anton": "\xce\xb1"})
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'INVALID')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "INVALID")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, '')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'i18n37': '{% load i18n %}'
-                      '{% translate "Page not found" as page_not_found %}'
-                      '{% blocktranslate %}Error: {{ page_not_found }}{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n37": "{% load i18n %}"
+            '{% translate "Page not found" as page_not_found %}'
+            "{% blocktranslate %}Error: {{ page_not_found }}{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n37(self):
-        with translation.override('de'):
-            output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n37')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Error: Seite nicht gefunden')
+        with translation.override("de"):
+            output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n37")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Error: Seite nicht gefunden")
 
     # blocktranslate tag with asvar
-    @setup({'i18n39': '{% load i18n %}'
-                      '{% blocktranslate asvar page_not_found %}Page not found{% endblocktranslate %}'
-                      '>{{ page_not_found }}<'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n39": "{% load i18n %}"
+            "{% blocktranslate asvar page_not_found %}Page not found{% endblocktranslate %}"
+            ">{{ page_not_found }}<"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n39(self):
-        with translation.override('de'):
-            output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n39')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '>Seite nicht gefunden<')
+        with translation.override("de"):
+            output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n39")
+        self.assertEqual(output, ">Seite nicht gefunden<")
 
-    @setup({'i18n40': '{% load i18n %}'
-                      '{% translate "Page not found" as pg_404 %}'
-                      '{% blocktranslate with page_not_found=pg_404 asvar output %}'
-                      'Error: {{ page_not_found }}'
-                      '{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n40": "{% load i18n %}"
+            '{% translate "Page not found" as pg_404 %}'
+            "{% blocktranslate with page_not_found=pg_404 asvar output %}"
+            "Error: {{ page_not_found }}"
+            "{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n40(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n40')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n40")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'i18n41': '{% load i18n %}'
-                      '{% translate "Page not found" as pg_404 %}'
-                      '{% blocktranslate with page_not_found=pg_404 asvar output %}'
-                      'Error: {{ page_not_found }}'
-                      '{% endblocktranslate %}'
-                      '>{{ output }}<'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n41": "{% load i18n %}"
+            '{% translate "Page not found" as pg_404 %}'
+            "{% blocktranslate with page_not_found=pg_404 asvar output %}"
+            "Error: {{ page_not_found }}"
+            "{% endblocktranslate %}"
+            ">{{ output }}<"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n41(self):
-        with translation.override('de'):
-            output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n41')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '>Error: Seite nicht gefunden<')
+        with translation.override("de"):
+            output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n41")
+        self.assertEqual(output, ">Error: Seite nicht gefunden<")
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate asvar %}Yes{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "template": "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate asvar %}Yes{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_blocktrans_syntax_error_missing_assignment(self, tag_name):
-        msg = "No argument provided to the '{}' tag for the asvar option.".format(tag_name)
+        msg = "No argument provided to the '{}' tag for the asvar option.".format(
+            tag_name
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('template')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("template")
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}%s{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup({"template": "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}%s{% endblocktranslate %}"})
     def test_blocktrans_tag_using_a_string_that_looks_like_str_fmt(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('template')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '%s')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("template")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "%s")
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}{% block b %} {% endblock %}{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "template": "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}{% block b %} {% endblock %}{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_with_block(self, tag_name):
-        msg = "'{}' doesn't allow other block tags (seen 'block b') inside it".format(tag_name)
+        msg = "'{}' doesn't allow other block tags (seen 'block b') inside it".format(
+            tag_name
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('template')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("template")
 
-    @setup({'template': (
-        '{% load i18n %}'
-        '{% blocktranslate %}{% for b in [1, 2, 3] %} {% endfor %}'
-        '{% endblocktranslate %}'
-    )})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "template": (
+                "{% load i18n %}"
+                "{% blocktranslate %}{% for b in [1, 2, 3] %} {% endfor %}"
+                "{% endblocktranslate %}"
+            )
+        }
+    )
     def test_with_for(self, tag_name):
-        msg = "'{}' doesn't allow other block tags (seen 'for b in [1, 2, 3]') inside it".format(tag_name)
+        msg = "'{}' doesn't allow other block tags (seen 'for b in [1, 2, 3]') inside it".format(
+            tag_name
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('template')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("template")
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate with foo=bar with %}{{ foo }}{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "template": "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate with foo=bar with %}{{ foo }}{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_variable_twice(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, "The 'with' option was specified more than once"):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('template', {'foo': 'bar'})
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TemplateSyntaxError, "The 'with' option was specified more than once"
+        ):
+            self.engine.render_to_string("template", {"foo": "bar"})
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate with %}{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {"template": "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate with %}{% endblocktranslate %}"}
+    )
     def test_no_args_with(self, tag_name):
-        msg = '"with" in \'{}\' tag needs at least one keyword argument.'.format(tag_name)
+        msg = "\"with\" in '{}' tag needs at least one keyword argument.".format(
+            tag_name
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('template')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("template")
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate count a %}{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "template": "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate count a %}{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_count(self, tag_name):
-        msg = '"count" in \'{}\' tag expected exactly one keyword argument.'.format(tag_name)
+        msg = "\"count\" in '{}' tag expected exactly one keyword argument.".format(
+            tag_name
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('template', {'a': [1, 2, 3]})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("template", {"a": [1, 2, 3]})
 
-    @setup({'template': (
-        '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate count counter=num %}{{ counter }}'
-        '{% plural %}{{ counter }}{% endblocktranslate %}'
-    )})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "template": (
+                "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate count counter=num %}{{ counter }}"
+                "{% plural %}{{ counter }}{% endblocktranslate %}"
+            )
+        }
+    )
     def test_count_not_number(self, tag_name):
         msg = "'counter' argument to '{}' tag must be a number.".format(tag_name)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('template', {'num': '1'})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("template", {"num": "1"})
 
-    @setup({'template': (
-        '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate count count=var|length %}'
-        'There is {{ count }} object. {% block a %} {% endblock %}'
-        '{% endblocktranslate %}'
-    )})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "template": (
+                "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate count count=var|length %}"
+                "There is {{ count }} object. {% block a %} {% endblock %}"
+                "{% endblocktranslate %}"
+            )
+        }
+    )
     def test_plural_bad_syntax(self, tag_name):
         msg = "'{}' doesn't allow other block tags inside it".format(tag_name)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('template', {'var': [1, 2, 3]})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("template", {"var": [1, 2, 3]})
 
 
 class TranslationBlockTranslateTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    tag_name = 'blocktranslate'
+    tag_name = "blocktranslate"
 
     def get_template(self, template_string):
         return Template(
             template_string.replace(
-                '{{% blocktranslate ',
-                '{{% {}'.format(self.tag_name)
+                "{{% blocktranslate ", "{{% {}".format(self.tag_name)
             ).replace(
-                '{{% endblocktranslate %}}',
-                '{{% end{} %}}'.format(self.tag_name)
+                "{{% endblocktranslate %}}", "{{% end{} %}}".format(self.tag_name)
             )
         )
 
@@ -339,108 +498,112 @@ class TranslationBlockTranslateTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """{% blocktranslate %} takes message contexts into account (#14806)."""
         trans_real._active = Local()
         trans_real._translations = {}
-        with translation.override('de'):
+        with translation.override("de"):
             # Nonexistent context
             t = self.get_template(
                 '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate context "nonexistent" %}May'
-                '{% endblocktranslate %}'
+                "{% endblocktranslate %}"
             )
             rendered = t.render(Context())
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, 'May')
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "May")
 
             # Existing context...  using a literal
-            t = self.get_template('{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate context "month name" %}May{% endblocktranslate %}')
+            t = self.get_template(
+                '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate context "month name" %}May{% endblocktranslate %}'
+            )
             rendered = t.render(Context())
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, 'Mai')
-            t = self.get_template('{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate context "verb" %}May{% endblocktranslate %}')
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "Mai")
+            t = self.get_template(
+                '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate context "verb" %}May{% endblocktranslate %}'
+            )
             rendered = t.render(Context())
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, 'Kann')
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "Kann")
 
             # Using a variable
             t = self.get_template(
-                '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate context message_context %}'
-                'May{% endblocktranslate %}'
+                "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate context message_context %}"
+                "May{% endblocktranslate %}"
             )
-            rendered = t.render(Context({'message_context': 'month name'}))
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, 'Mai')
+            rendered = t.render(Context({"message_context": "month name"}))
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "Mai")
             t = self.get_template(
-                '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate context message_context %}'
-                'May{% endblocktranslate %}'
+                "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate context message_context %}"
+                "May{% endblocktranslate %}"
             )
-            rendered = t.render(Context({'message_context': 'verb'}))
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, 'Kann')
+            rendered = t.render(Context({"message_context": "verb"}))
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "Kann")
 
             # Using a filter
             t = self.get_template(
-                '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate context message_context|lower %}May{% endblocktranslate %}'
+                "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate context message_context|lower %}May{% endblocktranslate %}"
             )
-            rendered = t.render(Context({'message_context': 'MONTH NAME'}))
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, 'Mai')
+            rendered = t.render(Context({"message_context": "MONTH NAME"}))
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "Mai")
             t = self.get_template(
-                '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate context message_context|lower %}May{% endblocktranslate %}'
+                "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate context message_context|lower %}May{% endblocktranslate %}"
             )
-            rendered = t.render(Context({'message_context': 'VERB'}))
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, 'Kann')
+            rendered = t.render(Context({"message_context": "VERB"}))
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "Kann")
 
             # Using 'count'
             t = self.get_template(
                 '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate count number=1 context "super search" %}'
-                '{{ number }} super result{% plural %}{{ number }} super results{% endblocktranslate %}'
+                "{{ number }} super result{% plural %}{{ number }} super results{% endblocktranslate %}"
             )
             rendered = t.render(Context())
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, '1 Super-Ergebnis')
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "1 Super-Ergebnis")
             t = self.get_template(
                 '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate count number=2 context "super search" %}{{ number }}'
-                ' super result{% plural %}{{ number }} super results{% endblocktranslate %}'
+                " super result{% plural %}{{ number }} super results{% endblocktranslate %}"
             )
             rendered = t.render(Context())
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, '2 Super-Ergebnisse')
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "2 Super-Ergebnisse")
             t = self.get_template(
                 '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate context "other super search" count number=1 %}'
-                '{{ number }} super result{% plural %}{{ number }} super results{% endblocktranslate %}'
+                "{{ number }} super result{% plural %}{{ number }} super results{% endblocktranslate %}"
             )
             rendered = t.render(Context())
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, '1 anderen Super-Ergebnis')
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "1 anderen Super-Ergebnis")
             t = self.get_template(
                 '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate context "other super search" count number=2 %}'
-                '{{ number }} super result{% plural %}{{ number }} super results{% endblocktranslate %}'
+                "{{ number }} super result{% plural %}{{ number }} super results{% endblocktranslate %}"
             )
             rendered = t.render(Context())
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, '2 andere Super-Ergebnisse')
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "2 andere Super-Ergebnisse")
 
             # Using 'with'
             t = self.get_template(
                 '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate with num_comments=5 context "comment count" %}'
-                'There are {{ num_comments }} comments{% endblocktranslate %}'
+                "There are {{ num_comments }} comments{% endblocktranslate %}"
             )
             rendered = t.render(Context())
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, 'Es gibt 5 Kommentare')
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "Es gibt 5 Kommentare")
             t = self.get_template(
                 '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate with num_comments=5 context "other comment count" %}'
-                'There are {{ num_comments }} comments{% endblocktranslate %}'
+                "There are {{ num_comments }} comments{% endblocktranslate %}"
             )
             rendered = t.render(Context())
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, 'Andere: Es gibt 5 Kommentare')
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "Andere: Es gibt 5 Kommentare")
 
             # Using trimmed
             t = self.get_template(
-                '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate trimmed %}\n\nThere\n\t are 5  '
-                '\n\n   comments\n{% endblocktranslate %}'
+                "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate trimmed %}\n\nThere\n\t are 5  "
+                "\n\n   comments\n{% endblocktranslate %}"
             )
             rendered = t.render(Context())
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, 'There are 5 comments')
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "There are 5 comments")
             t = self.get_template(
                 '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate with num_comments=5 context "comment count" trimmed %}\n\n'
-                'There are  \t\n  \t {{ num_comments }} comments\n\n{% endblocktranslate %}'
+                "There are  \t\n  \t {{ num_comments }} comments\n\n{% endblocktranslate %}"
             )
             rendered = t.render(Context())
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, 'Es gibt 5 Kommentare')
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "Es gibt 5 Kommentare")
             t = self.get_template(
                 '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate context "other super search" count number=2 trimmed %}\n'
-                '{{ number }} super \n result{% plural %}{{ number }} super results{% endblocktranslate %}'
+                "{{ number }} super \n result{% plural %}{{ number }} super results{% endblocktranslate %}"
             )
             rendered = t.render(Context())
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, '2 andere Super-Ergebnisse')
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "2 andere Super-Ergebnisse")
 
             # Misuses
             msg = "Unknown argument for 'blocktranslate' tag: %r."
@@ -448,55 +611,61 @@ class TranslationBlockTranslateTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 self.get_template(
                     '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate context with month="May" %}{{ month }}{% endblocktranslate %}'
                 )
-            msg = '"context" in %r tag expected exactly one argument.' % 'blocktranslate'
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-                self.get_template('{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate context %}{% endblocktranslate %}')
+            msg = (
+                '"context" in %r tag expected exactly one argument.' % "blocktranslate"
+            )
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
                 self.get_template(
-                    '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate count number=2 context %}'
-                    '{{ number }} super result{% plural %}{{ number }}'
-                    ' super results{% endblocktranslate %}'
+                    "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate context %}{% endblocktranslate %}"
+                )
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
+                self.get_template(
+                    "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate count number=2 context %}"
+                    "{{ number }} super result{% plural %}{{ number }}"
+                    " super results{% endblocktranslate %}"
                 )
 
-    @override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=[os.path.join(here, 'other', 'locale')])
+    @override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=[os.path.join(here, "other", "locale")])
     def test_bad_placeholder_1(self):
         """
         Error in translation file should not crash template rendering (#16516).
         (%(person)s is translated as %(personne)s in fr.po).
         """
-        with translation.override('fr'):
-            t = Template('{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}My name is {{ person }}.{% endblocktranslate %}')
-            rendered = t.render(Context({'person': 'James'}))
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, 'My name is James.')
+        with translation.override("fr"):
+            t = Template(
+                "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}My name is {{ person }}.{% endblocktranslate %}"
+            )
+            rendered = t.render(Context({"person": "James"}))
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "My name is James.")
 
-    @override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=[os.path.join(here, 'other', 'locale')])
+    @override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=[os.path.join(here, "other", "locale")])
     def test_bad_placeholder_2(self):
         """
         Error in translation file should not crash template rendering (#18393).
         (%(person) misses a 's' in fr.po, causing the string formatting to fail)
         .
         """
-        with translation.override('fr'):
-            t = Template('{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}My other name is {{ person }}.{% endblocktranslate %}')
-            rendered = t.render(Context({'person': 'James'}))
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, 'My other name is James.')
+        with translation.override("fr"):
+            t = Template(
+                "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}My other name is {{ person }}.{% endblocktranslate %}"
+            )
+            rendered = t.render(Context({"person": "James"}))
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "My other name is James.")
 
 
 class TranslationBlockTransnTagTests(TranslationBlockTranslateTagTests):
-    tag_name = 'blocktrans'
+    tag_name = "blocktrans"
 
 
 class MultipleLocaleActivationBlockTranslateTests(MultipleLocaleActivationTestCase):
-    tag_name = 'blocktranslate'
+    tag_name = "blocktranslate"
 
     def get_template(self, template_string):
         return Template(
             template_string.replace(
-                '{{% blocktranslate ',
-                '{{% {}'.format(self.tag_name)
+                "{{% blocktranslate ", "{{% {}".format(self.tag_name)
             ).replace(
-                '{{% endblocktranslate %}}',
-                '{{% end{} %}}'.format(self.tag_name)
+                "{{% endblocktranslate %}}", "{{% end{} %}}".format(self.tag_name)
             )
         )
 
@@ -505,46 +674,54 @@ class MultipleLocaleActivationBlockTranslateTests(MultipleLocaleActivationTestCa
         Simple baseline behavior with one locale for all the supported i18n
         constructs.
         """
-        with translation.override('fr'):
+        with translation.override("fr"):
             self.assertEqual(
-                self.get_template("{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}Yes{% endblocktranslate %}").render(Context({})),
-                'Oui'
+                self.get_template(
+                    "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}Yes{% endblocktranslate %}"
+                ).render(Context({})),
+                "Oui",
             )
 
     def test_multiple_locale_btrans(self):
-        with translation.override('de'):
-            t = self.get_template("{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}No{% endblocktranslate %}")
-        with translation.override(self._old_language), translation.override('nl'):
-            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), 'Nee')
+        with translation.override("de"):
+            t = self.get_template(
+                "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}No{% endblocktranslate %}"
+            )
+        with translation.override(self._old_language), translation.override("nl"):
+            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), "Nee")
 
     def test_multiple_locale_deactivate_btrans(self):
-        with translation.override('de', deactivate=True):
-            t = self.get_template("{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}No{% endblocktranslate %}")
-        with translation.override('nl'):
-            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), 'Nee')
+        with translation.override("de", deactivate=True):
+            t = self.get_template(
+                "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}No{% endblocktranslate %}"
+            )
+        with translation.override("nl"):
+            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), "Nee")
 
     def test_multiple_locale_direct_switch_btrans(self):
-        with translation.override('de'):
-            t = self.get_template("{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}No{% endblocktranslate %}")
-        with translation.override('nl'):
-            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), 'Nee')
+        with translation.override("de"):
+            t = self.get_template(
+                "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}No{% endblocktranslate %}"
+            )
+        with translation.override("nl"):
+            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), "Nee")
 
 
-class MultipleLocaleActivationBlockTransTests(MultipleLocaleActivationBlockTranslateTests):
-    tag_name = 'blocktrans'
+class MultipleLocaleActivationBlockTransTests(
+    MultipleLocaleActivationBlockTranslateTests
+):
+    tag_name = "blocktrans"
 
 
 class MiscTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    tag_name = 'blocktranslate'
+    tag_name = "blocktranslate"
 
     def get_template(self, template_string):
         return Template(
             template_string.replace(
-                '{{% blocktranslate ',
-                '{{% {}'.format(self.tag_name)
+                "{{% blocktranslate ", "{{% {}".format(self.tag_name)
             ).replace(
-                '{{% endblocktranslate %}}',
-                '{{% end{} %}}'.format(self.tag_name)
+                "{{% endblocktranslate %}}", "{{% end{} %}}".format(self.tag_name)
             )
         )
 
@@ -558,10 +735,18 @@ class MiscTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "{{ percent }}% represents {{ num }} object{% plural %}"
             "{{ percent }}% represents {{ num }} objects{% endblocktranslate %}"
         )
-        with translation.override('de'):
-            self.assertEqual(t_sing.render(Context({'percent': 42})), 'Das Ergebnis war 42%')
-            self.assertEqual(t_plur.render(Context({'percent': 42, 'num': 1})), '42% stellt 1 Objekt dar')
-            self.assertEqual(t_plur.render(Context({'percent': 42, 'num': 4})), '42% stellt 4 Objekte dar')
+        with translation.override("de"):
+            self.assertEqual(
+                t_sing.render(Context({"percent": 42})), "Das Ergebnis war 42%"
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                t_plur.render(Context({"percent": 42, "num": 1})),
+                "42% stellt 1 Objekt dar",
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                t_plur.render(Context({"percent": 42, "num": 4})),
+                "42% stellt 4 Objekte dar",
+            )
 
     @override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=extended_locale_paths)
     def test_percent_formatting_in_blocktranslate(self):
@@ -577,26 +762,38 @@ class MiscTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "%(percent)s% represents {{ num }} object{% plural %}"
             "%(percent)s% represents {{ num }} objects{% endblocktranslate %}"
         )
-        with translation.override('de'):
+        with translation.override("de"):
             # Strings won't get translated as they don't match after escaping %
-            self.assertEqual(t_sing.render(Context({'num_comments': 42})), 'There are %(num_comments)s comments')
-            self.assertEqual(t_plur.render(Context({'percent': 42, 'num': 1})), '%(percent)s% represents 1 object')
-            self.assertEqual(t_plur.render(Context({'percent': 42, 'num': 4})), '%(percent)s% represents 4 objects')
+            self.assertEqual(
+                t_sing.render(Context({"num_comments": 42})),
+                "There are %(num_comments)s comments",
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                t_plur.render(Context({"percent": 42, "num": 1})),
+                "%(percent)s% represents 1 object",
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                t_plur.render(Context({"percent": 42, "num": 4})),
+                "%(percent)s% represents 4 objects",
+            )
 
 
 class MiscBlockTranslationTests(MiscTests):
-    tag_name = 'blocktrans'
+    tag_name = "blocktrans"
 
 
 class BlockTranslateNodeTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_repr(self):
-        block_translate_node = BlockTranslateNode(extra_context={}, singular=[
-            Token(TokenType.TEXT, 'content'),
-            Token(TokenType.VAR, 'variable'),
-        ])
+        block_translate_node = BlockTranslateNode(
+            extra_context={},
+            singular=[
+                Token(TokenType.TEXT, "content"),
+                Token(TokenType.VAR, "variable"),
+            ],
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(block_translate_node),
-            '<BlockTranslateNode: extra_context={} '
+            "<BlockTranslateNode: extra_context={} "
             'singular=[<Text token: "content...">, <Var token: "variable...">] '
-            'plural=None>',
+            "plural=None>",
         )
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_filters.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_filters.py
index cf8e4573c3..c78b8aca5f 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_filters.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_filters.py
@@ -6,42 +6,56 @@ from ...utils import setup
 
 class I18nFiltersTests(SimpleTestCase):
     libraries = {
-        'custom': 'template_tests.templatetags.custom',
-        'i18n': 'django.templatetags.i18n',
+        "custom": "template_tests.templatetags.custom",
+        "i18n": "django.templatetags.i18n",
     }
 
-    @setup({'i18n32': '{% load i18n %}{{ "hu"|language_name }} '
-                      '{{ "hu"|language_name_local }} {{ "hu"|language_bidi }} '
-                      '{{ "hu"|language_name_translated }}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n32": '{% load i18n %}{{ "hu"|language_name }} '
+            '{{ "hu"|language_name_local }} {{ "hu"|language_bidi }} '
+            '{{ "hu"|language_name_translated }}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n32(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n32')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Hungarian Magyar False Hungarian')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n32")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Hungarian Magyar False Hungarian")
 
-        with translation.override('cs'):
-            output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n32')
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'Hungarian Magyar False maďarsky')
+        with translation.override("cs"):
+            output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n32")
+            self.assertEqual(output, "Hungarian Magyar False maďarsky")
 
-    @setup({'i18n33': '{% load i18n %}'
-                      '{{ langcode|language_name }} {{ langcode|language_name_local }} '
-                      '{{ langcode|language_bidi }} {{ langcode|language_name_translated }}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n33": "{% load i18n %}"
+            "{{ langcode|language_name }} {{ langcode|language_name_local }} "
+            "{{ langcode|language_bidi }} {{ langcode|language_name_translated }}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n33(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n33', {'langcode': 'nl'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Dutch Nederlands False Dutch')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n33", {"langcode": "nl"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Dutch Nederlands False Dutch")
 
-        with translation.override('cs'):
-            output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n33', {'langcode': 'nl'})
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'Dutch Nederlands False nizozemsky')
+        with translation.override("cs"):
+            output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n33", {"langcode": "nl"})
+            self.assertEqual(output, "Dutch Nederlands False nizozemsky")
 
-    @setup({'i18n38_2': '{% load i18n custom %}'
-                        '{% get_language_info_list for langcodes|noop:"x y" as langs %}'
-                        '{% for l in langs %}{{ l.code }}: {{ l.name }}/'
-                        '{{ l.name_local }}/{{ l.name_translated }} '
-                        'bidi={{ l.bidi }}; {% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n38_2": "{% load i18n custom %}"
+            '{% get_language_info_list for langcodes|noop:"x y" as langs %}'
+            "{% for l in langs %}{{ l.code }}: {{ l.name }}/"
+            "{{ l.name_local }}/{{ l.name_translated }} "
+            "bidi={{ l.bidi }}; {% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n38_2(self):
-        with translation.override('cs'):
-            output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n38_2', {'langcodes': ['it', 'fr']})
+        with translation.override("cs"):
+            output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+                "i18n38_2", {"langcodes": ["it", "fr"]}
+            )
         self.assertEqual(
             output,
-            'it: Italian/italiano/italsky bidi=False; '
-            'fr: French/français/francouzsky bidi=False; '
+            "it: Italian/italiano/italsky bidi=False; "
+            "fr: French/français/francouzsky bidi=False; ",
         )
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_get_available_languages.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_get_available_languages.py
index 5ac97a4f79..dce5a4de66 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_get_available_languages.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_get_available_languages.py
@@ -5,17 +5,21 @@ from ...utils import setup
 
 
 class GetAvailableLanguagesTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    libraries = {'i18n': 'django.templatetags.i18n'}
+    libraries = {"i18n": "django.templatetags.i18n"}
 
-    @setup({'i18n12': '{% load i18n %}'
-                      '{% get_available_languages as langs %}{% for lang in langs %}'
-                      '{% if lang.0 == "de" %}{{ lang.0 }}{% endif %}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n12": "{% load i18n %}"
+            "{% get_available_languages as langs %}{% for lang in langs %}"
+            '{% if lang.0 == "de" %}{{ lang.0 }}{% endif %}{% endfor %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n12(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n12')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'de')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n12")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "de")
 
-    @setup({'syntax_i18n': '{% load i18n %}{% get_available_languages a langs %}'})
+    @setup({"syntax_i18n": "{% load i18n %}{% get_available_languages a langs %}"})
     def test_no_as_var(self):
         msg = "'get_available_languages' requires 'as variable' (got ['get_available_languages', 'a', 'langs'])"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('syntax_i18n')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("syntax_i18n")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_get_current_language.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_get_current_language.py
index f168b74f8e..8ed7f742c2 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_get_current_language.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_get_current_language.py
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class I18nGetCurrentLanguageTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    libraries = {'i18n': 'django.templatetags.i18n'}
+    libraries = {"i18n": "django.templatetags.i18n"}
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% load i18n %} {% get_current_language %}'})
+    @setup({"template": "{% load i18n %} {% get_current_language %}"})
     def test_no_as_var(self):
         msg = "'get_current_language' requires 'as variable' (got ['get_current_language'])"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('template')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("template")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_get_current_language_bidi.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_get_current_language_bidi.py
index 0ac408f78f..3f307471ae 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_get_current_language_bidi.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_get_current_language_bidi.py
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class I18nGetCurrentLanguageBidiTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    libraries = {'i18n': 'django.templatetags.i18n'}
+    libraries = {"i18n": "django.templatetags.i18n"}
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% load i18n %} {% get_current_language_bidi %}'})
+    @setup({"template": "{% load i18n %} {% get_current_language_bidi %}"})
     def test_no_as_var(self):
         msg = "'get_current_language_bidi' requires 'as variable' (got ['get_current_language_bidi'])"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('template')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("template")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_get_language_info.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_get_language_info.py
index 4ae8186af5..cf05df13db 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_get_language_info.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_get_language_info.py
@@ -7,37 +7,49 @@ from ...utils import setup
 
 class I18nGetLanguageInfoTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
     libraries = {
-        'custom': 'template_tests.templatetags.custom',
-        'i18n': 'django.templatetags.i18n',
+        "custom": "template_tests.templatetags.custom",
+        "i18n": "django.templatetags.i18n",
     }
 
     # retrieving language information
-    @setup({'i18n28_2': '{% load i18n %}'
-                        '{% get_language_info for "de" as l %}'
-                        '{{ l.code }}: {{ l.name }}/{{ l.name_local }} bidi={{ l.bidi }}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n28_2": "{% load i18n %}"
+            '{% get_language_info for "de" as l %}'
+            "{{ l.code }}: {{ l.name }}/{{ l.name_local }} bidi={{ l.bidi }}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n28_2(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n28_2')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'de: German/Deutsch bidi=False')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n28_2")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "de: German/Deutsch bidi=False")
 
-    @setup({'i18n29': '{% load i18n %}'
-                      '{% get_language_info for LANGUAGE_CODE as l %}'
-                      '{{ l.code }}: {{ l.name }}/{{ l.name_local }} bidi={{ l.bidi }}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n29": "{% load i18n %}"
+            "{% get_language_info for LANGUAGE_CODE as l %}"
+            "{{ l.code }}: {{ l.name }}/{{ l.name_local }} bidi={{ l.bidi }}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n29(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n29', {'LANGUAGE_CODE': 'fi'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'fi: Finnish/suomi bidi=False')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n29", {"LANGUAGE_CODE": "fi"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "fi: Finnish/suomi bidi=False")
 
     # Test whitespace in filter arguments
-    @setup({'i18n38': '{% load i18n custom %}'
-                      '{% get_language_info for "de"|noop:"x y" as l %}'
-                      '{{ l.code }}: {{ l.name }}/{{ l.name_local }}/'
-                      '{{ l.name_translated }} bidi={{ l.bidi }}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n38": "{% load i18n custom %}"
+            '{% get_language_info for "de"|noop:"x y" as l %}'
+            "{{ l.code }}: {{ l.name }}/{{ l.name_local }}/"
+            "{{ l.name_translated }} bidi={{ l.bidi }}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n38(self):
-        with translation.override('cs'):
-            output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n38')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'de: German/Deutsch/německy bidi=False')
+        with translation.override("cs"):
+            output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n38")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "de: German/Deutsch/německy bidi=False")
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% load i18n %}{% get_language_info %}'})
+    @setup({"template": "{% load i18n %}{% get_language_info %}"})
     def test_no_for_as(self):
         msg = "'get_language_info' requires 'for string as variable' (got [])"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('template')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("template")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_get_language_info_list.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_get_language_info_list.py
index c2c7f8b9cb..93038daa2f 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_get_language_info_list.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_get_language_info_list.py
@@ -7,46 +7,64 @@ from ...utils import setup
 
 class GetLanguageInfoListTests(SimpleTestCase):
     libraries = {
-        'custom': 'template_tests.templatetags.custom',
-        'i18n': 'django.templatetags.i18n',
+        "custom": "template_tests.templatetags.custom",
+        "i18n": "django.templatetags.i18n",
     }
 
-    @setup({'i18n30': '{% load i18n %}'
-                      '{% get_language_info_list for langcodes as langs %}'
-                      '{% for l in langs %}{{ l.code }}: {{ l.name }}/'
-                      '{{ l.name_local }} bidi={{ l.bidi }}; {% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n30": "{% load i18n %}"
+            "{% get_language_info_list for langcodes as langs %}"
+            "{% for l in langs %}{{ l.code }}: {{ l.name }}/"
+            "{{ l.name_local }} bidi={{ l.bidi }}; {% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n30(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n30', {'langcodes': ['it', 'no']})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'it: Italian/italiano bidi=False; no: Norwegian/norsk bidi=False; ')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n30", {"langcodes": ["it", "no"]})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            output, "it: Italian/italiano bidi=False; no: Norwegian/norsk bidi=False; "
+        )
 
-    @setup({'i18n31': '{% load i18n %}'
-                      '{% get_language_info_list for langcodes as langs %}'
-                      '{% for l in langs %}{{ l.code }}: {{ l.name }}/'
-                      '{{ l.name_local }} bidi={{ l.bidi }}; {% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n31": "{% load i18n %}"
+            "{% get_language_info_list for langcodes as langs %}"
+            "{% for l in langs %}{{ l.code }}: {{ l.name }}/"
+            "{{ l.name_local }} bidi={{ l.bidi }}; {% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n31(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n31', {'langcodes': (('sl', 'Slovenian'), ('fa', 'Persian'))})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "i18n31", {"langcodes": (("sl", "Slovenian"), ("fa", "Persian"))}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             output,
-            'sl: Slovenian/Sloven\u0161\u010dina bidi=False; '
-            'fa: Persian/\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc bidi=True; '
+            "sl: Slovenian/Sloven\u0161\u010dina bidi=False; "
+            "fa: Persian/\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc bidi=True; ",
         )
 
-    @setup({'i18n38_2': '{% load i18n custom %}'
-                        '{% get_language_info_list for langcodes|noop:"x y" as langs %}'
-                        '{% for l in langs %}{{ l.code }}: {{ l.name }}/'
-                        '{{ l.name_local }}/{{ l.name_translated }} '
-                        'bidi={{ l.bidi }}; {% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n38_2": "{% load i18n custom %}"
+            '{% get_language_info_list for langcodes|noop:"x y" as langs %}'
+            "{% for l in langs %}{{ l.code }}: {{ l.name }}/"
+            "{{ l.name_local }}/{{ l.name_translated }} "
+            "bidi={{ l.bidi }}; {% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n38_2(self):
-        with translation.override('cs'):
-            output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n38_2', {'langcodes': ['it', 'fr']})
+        with translation.override("cs"):
+            output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+                "i18n38_2", {"langcodes": ["it", "fr"]}
+            )
         self.assertEqual(
             output,
-            'it: Italian/italiano/italsky bidi=False; '
-            'fr: French/français/francouzsky bidi=False; '
+            "it: Italian/italiano/italsky bidi=False; "
+            "fr: French/français/francouzsky bidi=False; ",
         )
 
-    @setup({'i18n_syntax': '{% load i18n %} {% get_language_info_list error %}'})
+    @setup({"i18n_syntax": "{% load i18n %} {% get_language_info_list error %}"})
     def test_no_for_as(self):
         msg = "'get_language_info_list' requires 'for sequence as variable' (got ['error'])"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('i18n_syntax')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("i18n_syntax")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_language.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_language.py
index 47797befae..57a3a53866 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_language.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_language.py
@@ -5,9 +5,11 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class I18nLanguageTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    libraries = {'i18n': 'django.templatetags.i18n'}
+    libraries = {"i18n": "django.templatetags.i18n"}
 
-    @setup({'i18n_language': '{% load i18n %} {% language %} {% endlanguage %}'})
+    @setup({"i18n_language": "{% load i18n %} {% language %} {% endlanguage %}"})
     def test_no_arg(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, "'language' takes one argument (language)"):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('i18n_language')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TemplateSyntaxError, "'language' takes one argument (language)"
+        ):
+            self.engine.render_to_string("i18n_language")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_translate.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_translate.py
index 55fdb92f7a..932b47a373 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_translate.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_translate.py
@@ -16,14 +16,16 @@ from .base import MultipleLocaleActivationTestCase, extended_locale_paths
 
 def setup(templates, *args, **kwargs):
     translate_setup = base_setup(templates, *args, **kwargs)
-    trans_setup = base_setup({
-        name: template.replace('{% translate ', '{% trans ')
-        for name, template in templates.items()
-    })
+    trans_setup = base_setup(
+        {
+            name: template.replace("{% translate ", "{% trans ")
+            for name, template in templates.items()
+        }
+    )
 
     tags = {
-        'trans': trans_setup,
-        'translate': translate_setup,
+        "trans": trans_setup,
+        "translate": translate_setup,
     }
 
     def decorator(func):
@@ -31,143 +33,162 @@ def setup(templates, *args, **kwargs):
         def inner(self, *args):
             signature = inspect.signature(func)
             for tag_name, setup_func in tags.items():
-                if 'tag_name' in signature.parameters:
+                if "tag_name" in signature.parameters:
                     setup_func(partial(func, tag_name=tag_name))(self)
                 else:
                     setup_func(func)(self)
+
         return inner
+
     return decorator
 
 
 class I18nTransTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    libraries = {'i18n': 'django.templatetags.i18n'}
+    libraries = {"i18n": "django.templatetags.i18n"}
 
-    @setup({'i18n01': '{% load i18n %}{% translate \'xxxyyyxxx\' %}'})
+    @setup({"i18n01": "{% load i18n %}{% translate 'xxxyyyxxx' %}"})
     def test_i18n01(self):
         """simple translation of a string delimited by '."""
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n01')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'xxxyyyxxx')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n01")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "xxxyyyxxx")
 
-    @setup({'i18n02': '{% load i18n %}{% translate "xxxyyyxxx" %}'})
+    @setup({"i18n02": '{% load i18n %}{% translate "xxxyyyxxx" %}'})
     def test_i18n02(self):
         """simple translation of a string delimited by "."""
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n02')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'xxxyyyxxx')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n02")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "xxxyyyxxx")
 
-    @setup({'i18n06': '{% load i18n %}{% translate "Page not found" %}'})
+    @setup({"i18n06": '{% load i18n %}{% translate "Page not found" %}'})
     def test_i18n06(self):
         """simple translation of a string to German"""
-        with translation.override('de'):
-            output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n06')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Seite nicht gefunden')
+        with translation.override("de"):
+            output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n06")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Seite nicht gefunden")
 
-    @setup({'i18n09': '{% load i18n %}{% translate "Page not found" noop %}'})
+    @setup({"i18n09": '{% load i18n %}{% translate "Page not found" noop %}'})
     def test_i18n09(self):
         """simple non-translation (only marking) of a string to German"""
-        with translation.override('de'):
-            output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n09')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Page not found')
+        with translation.override("de"):
+            output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n09")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Page not found")
 
-    @setup({'i18n20': '{% load i18n %}{% translate andrew %}'})
+    @setup({"i18n20": "{% load i18n %}{% translate andrew %}"})
     def test_i18n20(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n20', {'andrew': 'a & b'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a &amp; b')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n20", {"andrew": "a & b"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a &amp; b")
 
-    @setup({'i18n22': '{% load i18n %}{% translate andrew %}'})
+    @setup({"i18n22": "{% load i18n %}{% translate andrew %}"})
     def test_i18n22(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n22', {'andrew': mark_safe('a & b')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a & b')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n22", {"andrew": mark_safe("a & b")})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a & b")
 
-    @setup({'i18n23': '{% load i18n %}{% translate "Page not found"|capfirst|slice:"6:" %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n23": '{% load i18n %}{% translate "Page not found"|capfirst|slice:"6:" %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n23(self):
         """Using filters with the {% translate %} tag (#5972)."""
-        with translation.override('de'):
-            output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n23')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'nicht gefunden')
+        with translation.override("de"):
+            output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n23")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "nicht gefunden")
 
-    @setup({'i18n24': '{% load i18n %}{% translate \'Page not found\'|upper %}'})
+    @setup({"i18n24": "{% load i18n %}{% translate 'Page not found'|upper %}"})
     def test_i18n24(self):
-        with translation.override('de'):
-            output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n24')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'SEITE NICHT GEFUNDEN')
+        with translation.override("de"):
+            output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n24")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "SEITE NICHT GEFUNDEN")
 
-    @setup({'i18n25': '{% load i18n %}{% translate somevar|upper %}'})
+    @setup({"i18n25": "{% load i18n %}{% translate somevar|upper %}"})
     def test_i18n25(self):
-        with translation.override('de'):
-            output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n25', {'somevar': 'Page not found'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'SEITE NICHT GEFUNDEN')
+        with translation.override("de"):
+            output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+                "i18n25", {"somevar": "Page not found"}
+            )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "SEITE NICHT GEFUNDEN")
 
     # trans tag with as var
-    @setup({'i18n35': '{% load i18n %}{% translate "Page not found" as page_not_found %}{{ page_not_found }}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n35": '{% load i18n %}{% translate "Page not found" as page_not_found %}{{ page_not_found }}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n35(self):
-        with translation.override('de'):
-            output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n35')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Seite nicht gefunden')
+        with translation.override("de"):
+            output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n35")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Seite nicht gefunden")
 
-    @setup({'i18n36': '{% load i18n %}'
-                      '{% translate "Page not found" noop as page_not_found %}{{ page_not_found }}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n36": "{% load i18n %}"
+            '{% translate "Page not found" noop as page_not_found %}{{ page_not_found }}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n36(self):
-        with translation.override('de'):
-            output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n36')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Page not found')
+        with translation.override("de"):
+            output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n36")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Page not found")
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% load i18n %}{% translate %}A}'})
+    @setup({"template": "{% load i18n %}{% translate %}A}"})
     def test_syntax_error_no_arguments(self, tag_name):
         msg = "'{}' takes at least one argument".format(tag_name)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('template')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("template")
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% load i18n %}{% translate "Yes" badoption %}'})
+    @setup({"template": '{% load i18n %}{% translate "Yes" badoption %}'})
     def test_syntax_error_bad_option(self, tag_name):
         msg = "Unknown argument for '{}' tag: 'badoption'".format(tag_name)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('template')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("template")
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% load i18n %}{% translate "Yes" as %}'})
+    @setup({"template": '{% load i18n %}{% translate "Yes" as %}'})
     def test_syntax_error_missing_assignment(self, tag_name):
         msg = "No argument provided to the '{}' tag for the as option.".format(tag_name)
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('template')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("template")
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% load i18n %}{% translate "Yes" as var context %}'})
+    @setup({"template": '{% load i18n %}{% translate "Yes" as var context %}'})
     def test_syntax_error_missing_context(self, tag_name):
-        msg = "No argument provided to the '{}' tag for the context option.".format(tag_name)
+        msg = "No argument provided to the '{}' tag for the context option.".format(
+            tag_name
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('template')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("template")
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% load i18n %}{% translate "Yes" context as var %}'})
+    @setup({"template": '{% load i18n %}{% translate "Yes" context as var %}'})
     def test_syntax_error_context_as(self, tag_name):
-        msg = "Invalid argument 'as' provided to the '{}' tag for the context option".format(tag_name)
+        msg = "Invalid argument 'as' provided to the '{}' tag for the context option".format(
+            tag_name
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('template')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("template")
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% load i18n %}{% translate "Yes" context noop %}'})
+    @setup({"template": '{% load i18n %}{% translate "Yes" context noop %}'})
     def test_syntax_error_context_noop(self, tag_name):
-        msg = "Invalid argument 'noop' provided to the '{}' tag for the context option".format(tag_name)
+        msg = "Invalid argument 'noop' provided to the '{}' tag for the context option".format(
+            tag_name
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('template')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("template")
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% load i18n %}{% translate "Yes" noop noop %}'})
+    @setup({"template": '{% load i18n %}{% translate "Yes" noop noop %}'})
     def test_syntax_error_duplicate_option(self):
         msg = "The 'noop' option was specified more than once."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('template')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("template")
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% load i18n %}{% translate "%s" %}'})
+    @setup({"template": '{% load i18n %}{% translate "%s" %}'})
     def test_trans_tag_using_a_string_that_looks_like_str_fmt(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('template')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '%s')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("template")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "%s")
 
 
 class TranslationTransTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    tag_name = 'trans'
+    tag_name = "trans"
 
     def get_template(self, template_string):
         return Template(
-            template_string.replace(
-                '{{% translate ',
-                '{{% {}'.format(self.tag_name)
-            )
+            template_string.replace("{{% translate ", "{{% {}".format(self.tag_name))
         )
 
     @override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=extended_locale_paths)
@@ -175,58 +196,71 @@ class TranslationTransTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """{% translate %} takes message contexts into account (#14806)."""
         trans_real._active = Local()
         trans_real._translations = {}
-        with translation.override('de'):
+        with translation.override("de"):
             # Nonexistent context...
-            t = self.get_template('{% load i18n %}{% translate "May" context "nonexistent" %}')
+            t = self.get_template(
+                '{% load i18n %}{% translate "May" context "nonexistent" %}'
+            )
             rendered = t.render(Context())
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, 'May')
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "May")
 
             # Existing context... using a literal
-            t = self.get_template('{% load i18n %}{% translate "May" context "month name" %}')
+            t = self.get_template(
+                '{% load i18n %}{% translate "May" context "month name" %}'
+            )
             rendered = t.render(Context())
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, 'Mai')
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "Mai")
             t = self.get_template('{% load i18n %}{% translate "May" context "verb" %}')
             rendered = t.render(Context())
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, 'Kann')
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "Kann")
 
             # Using a variable
-            t = self.get_template('{% load i18n %}{% translate "May" context message_context %}')
-            rendered = t.render(Context({'message_context': 'month name'}))
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, 'Mai')
-            t = self.get_template('{% load i18n %}{% translate "May" context message_context %}')
-            rendered = t.render(Context({'message_context': 'verb'}))
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, 'Kann')
+            t = self.get_template(
+                '{% load i18n %}{% translate "May" context message_context %}'
+            )
+            rendered = t.render(Context({"message_context": "month name"}))
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "Mai")
+            t = self.get_template(
+                '{% load i18n %}{% translate "May" context message_context %}'
+            )
+            rendered = t.render(Context({"message_context": "verb"}))
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "Kann")
 
             # Using a filter
-            t = self.get_template('{% load i18n %}{% translate "May" context message_context|lower %}')
-            rendered = t.render(Context({'message_context': 'MONTH NAME'}))
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, 'Mai')
-            t = self.get_template('{% load i18n %}{% translate "May" context message_context|lower %}')
-            rendered = t.render(Context({'message_context': 'VERB'}))
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, 'Kann')
+            t = self.get_template(
+                '{% load i18n %}{% translate "May" context message_context|lower %}'
+            )
+            rendered = t.render(Context({"message_context": "MONTH NAME"}))
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "Mai")
+            t = self.get_template(
+                '{% load i18n %}{% translate "May" context message_context|lower %}'
+            )
+            rendered = t.render(Context({"message_context": "VERB"}))
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "Kann")
 
             # Using 'as'
-            t = self.get_template('{% load i18n %}{% translate "May" context "month name" as var %}Value: {{ var }}')
+            t = self.get_template(
+                '{% load i18n %}{% translate "May" context "month name" as var %}Value: {{ var }}'
+            )
             rendered = t.render(Context())
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, 'Value: Mai')
-            t = self.get_template('{% load i18n %}{% translate "May" as var context "verb" %}Value: {{ var }}')
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "Value: Mai")
+            t = self.get_template(
+                '{% load i18n %}{% translate "May" as var context "verb" %}Value: {{ var }}'
+            )
             rendered = t.render(Context())
-            self.assertEqual(rendered, 'Value: Kann')
+            self.assertEqual(rendered, "Value: Kann")
 
 
 class TranslationTranslateTagTests(TranslationTransTagTests):
-    tag_name = 'translate'
+    tag_name = "translate"
 
 
 class MultipleLocaleActivationTransTagTests(MultipleLocaleActivationTestCase):
-    tag_name = 'trans'
+    tag_name = "trans"
 
     def get_template(self, template_string):
         return Template(
-            template_string.replace(
-                '{{% translate ',
-                '{{% {}'.format(self.tag_name)
-            )
+            template_string.replace("{{% translate ", "{{% {}".format(self.tag_name))
         )
 
     def test_single_locale_activation(self):
@@ -234,36 +268,38 @@ class MultipleLocaleActivationTransTagTests(MultipleLocaleActivationTestCase):
         Simple baseline behavior with one locale for all the supported i18n
         constructs.
         """
-        with translation.override('fr'):
+        with translation.override("fr"):
             self.assertEqual(
-                self.get_template("{% load i18n %}{% translate 'Yes' %}").render(Context({})),
-                'Oui'
+                self.get_template("{% load i18n %}{% translate 'Yes' %}").render(
+                    Context({})
+                ),
+                "Oui",
             )
 
     def test_multiple_locale_trans(self):
-        with translation.override('de'):
+        with translation.override("de"):
             t = self.get_template("{% load i18n %}{% translate 'No' %}")
-        with translation.override(self._old_language), translation.override('nl'):
-            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), 'Nee')
+        with translation.override(self._old_language), translation.override("nl"):
+            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), "Nee")
 
     def test_multiple_locale_deactivate_trans(self):
-        with translation.override('de', deactivate=True):
+        with translation.override("de", deactivate=True):
             t = self.get_template("{% load i18n %}{% translate 'No' %}")
-        with translation.override('nl'):
-            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), 'Nee')
+        with translation.override("nl"):
+            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), "Nee")
 
     def test_multiple_locale_direct_switch_trans(self):
-        with translation.override('de'):
+        with translation.override("de"):
             t = self.get_template("{% load i18n %}{% translate 'No' %}")
-        with translation.override('nl'):
-            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), 'Nee')
+        with translation.override("nl"):
+            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), "Nee")
 
 
 class MultipleLocaleActivationTranslateTagTests(MultipleLocaleActivationTransTagTests):
-    tag_name = 'translate'
+    tag_name = "translate"
 
 
 class LocalizeNodeTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_repr(self):
         node = LocalizeNode(nodelist=[], use_l10n=True)
-        self.assertEqual(repr(node), '<LocalizeNode>')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(node), "<LocalizeNode>")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_underscore_syntax.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_underscore_syntax.py
index 38d929e214..dfb035999c 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_underscore_syntax.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/i18n/test_underscore_syntax.py
@@ -7,101 +7,105 @@ from .base import MultipleLocaleActivationTestCase
 
 
 class MultipleLocaleActivationTests(MultipleLocaleActivationTestCase):
-
     def test_single_locale_activation(self):
         """
         Simple baseline behavior with one locale for all the supported i18n
         constructs.
         """
-        with translation.override('fr'):
-            self.assertEqual(Template("{{ _('Yes') }}").render(Context({})), 'Oui')
+        with translation.override("fr"):
+            self.assertEqual(Template("{{ _('Yes') }}").render(Context({})), "Oui")
 
     # Literal marked up with _() in a filter expression
 
     def test_multiple_locale_filter(self):
-        with translation.override('de'):
+        with translation.override("de"):
             t = Template("{% load i18n %}{{ 0|yesno:_('yes,no,maybe') }}")
-        with translation.override(self._old_language), translation.override('nl'):
-            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), 'nee')
+        with translation.override(self._old_language), translation.override("nl"):
+            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), "nee")
 
     def test_multiple_locale_filter_deactivate(self):
-        with translation.override('de', deactivate=True):
+        with translation.override("de", deactivate=True):
             t = Template("{% load i18n %}{{ 0|yesno:_('yes,no,maybe') }}")
-        with translation.override('nl'):
-            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), 'nee')
+        with translation.override("nl"):
+            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), "nee")
 
     def test_multiple_locale_filter_direct_switch(self):
-        with translation.override('de'):
+        with translation.override("de"):
             t = Template("{% load i18n %}{{ 0|yesno:_('yes,no,maybe') }}")
-        with translation.override('nl'):
-            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), 'nee')
+        with translation.override("nl"):
+            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), "nee")
 
     # Literal marked up with _()
 
     def test_multiple_locale(self):
-        with translation.override('de'):
+        with translation.override("de"):
             t = Template("{{ _('No') }}")
-        with translation.override(self._old_language), translation.override('nl'):
-            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), 'Nee')
+        with translation.override(self._old_language), translation.override("nl"):
+            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), "Nee")
 
     def test_multiple_locale_deactivate(self):
-        with translation.override('de', deactivate=True):
+        with translation.override("de", deactivate=True):
             t = Template("{{ _('No') }}")
-        with translation.override('nl'):
-            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), 'Nee')
+        with translation.override("nl"):
+            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), "Nee")
 
     def test_multiple_locale_direct_switch(self):
-        with translation.override('de'):
+        with translation.override("de"):
             t = Template("{{ _('No') }}")
-        with translation.override('nl'):
-            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), 'Nee')
+        with translation.override("nl"):
+            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), "Nee")
 
     # Literal marked up with _(), loading the i18n template tag library
 
     def test_multiple_locale_loadi18n(self):
-        with translation.override('de'):
+        with translation.override("de"):
             t = Template("{% load i18n %}{{ _('No') }}")
-        with translation.override(self._old_language), translation.override('nl'):
-            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), 'Nee')
+        with translation.override(self._old_language), translation.override("nl"):
+            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), "Nee")
 
     def test_multiple_locale_loadi18n_deactivate(self):
-        with translation.override('de', deactivate=True):
+        with translation.override("de", deactivate=True):
             t = Template("{% load i18n %}{{ _('No') }}")
-        with translation.override('nl'):
-            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), 'Nee')
+        with translation.override("nl"):
+            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), "Nee")
 
     def test_multiple_locale_loadi18n_direct_switch(self):
-        with translation.override('de'):
+        with translation.override("de"):
             t = Template("{% load i18n %}{{ _('No') }}")
-        with translation.override('nl'):
-            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), 'Nee')
+        with translation.override("nl"):
+            self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({})), "Nee")
 
 
 class I18nStringLiteralTests(SimpleTestCase):
     """translation of constant strings"""
-    libraries = {'i18n': 'django.templatetags.i18n'}
 
-    @setup({'i18n13': '{{ _("Password") }}'})
+    libraries = {"i18n": "django.templatetags.i18n"}
+
+    @setup({"i18n13": '{{ _("Password") }}'})
     def test_i18n13(self):
 
-        with translation.override('de'):
-            output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n13')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Passwort')
+        with translation.override("de"):
+            output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n13")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Passwort")
 
-    @setup({'i18n14': '{% cycle "foo" _("Password") _(\'Password\') as c %} {% cycle c %} {% cycle c %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "i18n14": '{% cycle "foo" _("Password") _(\'Password\') as c %} {% cycle c %} {% cycle c %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_i18n14(self):
-        with translation.override('de'):
-            output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n14')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'foo Passwort Passwort')
+        with translation.override("de"):
+            output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n14")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "foo Passwort Passwort")
 
-    @setup({'i18n15': '{{ absent|default:_("Password") }}'})
+    @setup({"i18n15": '{{ absent|default:_("Password") }}'})
     def test_i18n15(self):
-        with translation.override('de'):
-            output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n15', {'absent': ''})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Passwort')
+        with translation.override("de"):
+            output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n15", {"absent": ""})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Passwort")
 
-    @setup({'i18n16': '{{ _("<") }}'})
+    @setup({"i18n16": '{{ _("<") }}'})
     def test_i18n16(self):
-        with translation.override('de'):
-            output = self.engine.render_to_string('i18n16')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '<')
+        with translation.override("de"):
+            output = self.engine.render_to_string("i18n16")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "<")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_autoescape.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_autoescape.py
index 13968537a6..d3c5cb02da 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_autoescape.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_autoescape.py
@@ -6,72 +6,89 @@ from ..utils import SafeClass, UnsafeClass, setup
 
 
 class AutoescapeTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'autoescape-tag01': '{% autoescape off %}hello{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup({"autoescape-tag01": "{% autoescape off %}hello{% endautoescape %}"})
     def test_autoescape_tag01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('autoescape-tag01')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'hello')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("autoescape-tag01")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "hello")
 
-    @setup({'autoescape-tag02': '{% autoescape off %}{{ first }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup({"autoescape-tag02": "{% autoescape off %}{{ first }}{% endautoescape %}"})
     def test_autoescape_tag02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('autoescape-tag02', {'first': '<b>hello</b>'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '<b>hello</b>')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "autoescape-tag02", {"first": "<b>hello</b>"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "<b>hello</b>")
 
-    @setup({'autoescape-tag03': '{% autoescape on %}{{ first }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup({"autoescape-tag03": "{% autoescape on %}{{ first }}{% endautoescape %}"})
     def test_autoescape_tag03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('autoescape-tag03', {'first': '<b>hello</b>'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '&lt;b&gt;hello&lt;/b&gt;')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "autoescape-tag03", {"first": "<b>hello</b>"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "&lt;b&gt;hello&lt;/b&gt;")
 
     # Autoescape disabling and enabling nest in a predictable way.
-    @setup({
-        'autoescape-tag04':
-        '{% autoescape off %}{{ first }} {% autoescape on %}{{ first }}{% endautoescape %}{% endautoescape %}'
-    })
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "autoescape-tag04": "{% autoescape off %}{{ first }} {% autoescape on %}{{ first }}{% endautoescape %}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_autoescape_tag04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('autoescape-tag04', {'first': '<a>'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '<a> &lt;a&gt;')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("autoescape-tag04", {"first": "<a>"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "<a> &lt;a&gt;")
 
-    @setup({'autoescape-tag05': '{% autoescape on %}{{ first }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup({"autoescape-tag05": "{% autoescape on %}{{ first }}{% endautoescape %}"})
     def test_autoescape_tag05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('autoescape-tag05', {'first': '<b>first</b>'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '&lt;b&gt;first&lt;/b&gt;')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "autoescape-tag05", {"first": "<b>first</b>"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "&lt;b&gt;first&lt;/b&gt;")
 
     # Strings (ASCII or Unicode) already marked as "safe" are not
     # auto-escaped
-    @setup({'autoescape-tag06': '{{ first }}'})
+    @setup({"autoescape-tag06": "{{ first }}"})
     def test_autoescape_tag06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('autoescape-tag06', {'first': mark_safe('<b>first</b>')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '<b>first</b>')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "autoescape-tag06", {"first": mark_safe("<b>first</b>")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "<b>first</b>")
 
-    @setup({'autoescape-tag07': '{% autoescape on %}{{ first }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup({"autoescape-tag07": "{% autoescape on %}{{ first }}{% endautoescape %}"})
     def test_autoescape_tag07(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('autoescape-tag07', {'first': mark_safe('<b>Apple</b>')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '<b>Apple</b>')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "autoescape-tag07", {"first": mark_safe("<b>Apple</b>")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "<b>Apple</b>")
 
-    @setup({
-        'autoescape-tag08':
-        r'{% autoescape on %}{{ var|default_if_none:" endquote\" hah" }}{% endautoescape %}'
-    })
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "autoescape-tag08": r'{% autoescape on %}{{ var|default_if_none:" endquote\" hah" }}{% endautoescape %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_autoescape_tag08(self):
         """
         Literal string arguments to filters, if used in the result, are safe.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('autoescape-tag08', {"var": None})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("autoescape-tag08", {"var": None})
         self.assertEqual(output, ' endquote" hah')
 
     # Objects which return safe strings as their __str__ method
     # won't get double-escaped.
-    @setup({'autoescape-tag09': r'{{ unsafe }}'})
+    @setup({"autoescape-tag09": r"{{ unsafe }}"})
     def test_autoescape_tag09(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('autoescape-tag09', {'unsafe': UnsafeClass()})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'you &amp; me')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "autoescape-tag09", {"unsafe": UnsafeClass()}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "you &amp; me")
 
-    @setup({'autoescape-tag10': r'{{ safe }}'})
+    @setup({"autoescape-tag10": r"{{ safe }}"})
     def test_autoescape_tag10(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('autoescape-tag10', {'safe': SafeClass()})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'you &gt; me')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("autoescape-tag10", {"safe": SafeClass()})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "you &gt; me")
 
-    @setup({'autoescape-filtertag01': '{{ first }}{% filter safe %}{{ first }} x<y{% endfilter %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "autoescape-filtertag01": "{{ first }}{% filter safe %}{{ first }} x<y{% endfilter %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_autoescape_filtertag01(self):
         """
         The "safe" and "escape" filters cannot work due to internal
@@ -79,51 +96,69 @@ class AutoescapeTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
         tags can be used in those cases)
         """
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('autoescape-filtertag01', {'first': '<a>'})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("autoescape-filtertag01", {"first": "<a>"})
 
     # Arguments to filters are 'safe' and manipulate their input unescaped.
-    @setup({'autoescape-filters01': '{{ var|cut:"&" }}'})
+    @setup({"autoescape-filters01": '{{ var|cut:"&" }}'})
     def test_autoescape_filters01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('autoescape-filters01', {'var': 'this & that'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'this  that')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "autoescape-filters01", {"var": "this & that"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "this  that")
 
-    @setup({'autoescape-filters02': '{{ var|join:" & " }}'})
+    @setup({"autoescape-filters02": '{{ var|join:" & " }}'})
     def test_autoescape_filters02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('autoescape-filters02', {'var': ('Tom', 'Dick', 'Harry')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Tom & Dick & Harry')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "autoescape-filters02", {"var": ("Tom", "Dick", "Harry")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Tom & Dick & Harry")
 
-    @setup({'autoescape-literals01': '{{ "this & that" }}'})
+    @setup({"autoescape-literals01": '{{ "this & that" }}'})
     def test_autoescape_literals01(self):
         """
         Literal strings are safe.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('autoescape-literals01')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'this & that')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("autoescape-literals01")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "this & that")
 
-    @setup({'autoescape-stringiterations01': '{% for l in var %}{{ l }},{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup({"autoescape-stringiterations01": "{% for l in var %}{{ l }},{% endfor %}"})
     def test_autoescape_stringiterations01(self):
         """
         Iterating over strings outputs safe characters.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('autoescape-stringiterations01', {'var': 'K&R'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'K,&amp;,R,')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "autoescape-stringiterations01", {"var": "K&R"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "K,&amp;,R,")
 
-    @setup({'autoescape-lookup01': '{{ var.key }}'})
+    @setup({"autoescape-lookup01": "{{ var.key }}"})
     def test_autoescape_lookup01(self):
         """
         Escape requirement survives lookup.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('autoescape-lookup01', {'var': {'key': 'this & that'}})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'this &amp; that')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "autoescape-lookup01", {"var": {"key": "this & that"}}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "this &amp; that")
 
-    @setup({'autoescape-incorrect-arg': '{% autoescape true %}{{ var.key }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "autoescape-incorrect-arg": "{% autoescape true %}{{ var.key }}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_invalid_arg(self):
         msg = "'autoescape' argument should be 'on' or 'off'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('autoescape-incorrect-arg', {'var': {'key': 'this & that'}})
+            self.engine.render_to_string(
+                "autoescape-incorrect-arg", {"var": {"key": "this & that"}}
+            )
 
-    @setup({'autoescape-incorrect-arg': '{% autoescape %}{{ var.key }}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {"autoescape-incorrect-arg": "{% autoescape %}{{ var.key }}{% endautoescape %}"}
+    )
     def test_no_arg(self):
         msg = "'autoescape' tag requires exactly one argument."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('autoescape-incorrect-arg', {'var': {'key': 'this & that'}})
+            self.engine.render_to_string(
+                "autoescape-incorrect-arg", {"var": {"key": "this & that"}}
+            )
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_basic.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_basic.py
index 011ce51229..20bf30d55c 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_basic.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_basic.py
@@ -6,20 +6,19 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from ..utils import SilentAttrClass, SilentGetItemClass, SomeClass, setup
 
 basic_templates = {
-    'basic-syntax01': 'something cool',
-    'basic-syntax02': '{{ headline }}',
-    'basic-syntax03': '{{ first }} --- {{ second }}',
+    "basic-syntax01": "something cool",
+    "basic-syntax02": "{{ headline }}",
+    "basic-syntax03": "{{ first }} --- {{ second }}",
 }
 
 
 class BasicSyntaxTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     @setup(basic_templates)
     def test_basic_syntax01(self):
         """
         Plain text should go through the template parser untouched.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('basic-syntax01')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("basic-syntax01")
         self.assertEqual(output, "something cool")
 
     @setup(basic_templates)
@@ -28,318 +27,330 @@ class BasicSyntaxTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Variables should be replaced with their value in the current
         context
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('basic-syntax02', {'headline': 'Success'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Success')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("basic-syntax02", {"headline": "Success"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Success")
 
     @setup(basic_templates)
     def test_basic_syntax03(self):
         """
         More than one replacement variable is allowed in a template
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('basic-syntax03', {"first": 1, "second": 2})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1 --- 2')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "basic-syntax03", {"first": 1, "second": 2}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1 --- 2")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax04': 'as{{ missing }}df'})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax04": "as{{ missing }}df"})
     def test_basic_syntax04(self):
         """
         Fail silently when a variable is not found in the current context
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('basic-syntax04')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("basic-syntax04")
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'asINVALIDdf')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "asINVALIDdf")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'asdf')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "asdf")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax06': '{{ multi word variable }}'})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax06": "{{ multi word variable }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax06(self):
         """
         A variable may not contain more than one word
         """
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('basic-syntax06')
+            self.engine.get_template("basic-syntax06")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax07': '{{ }}'})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax07": "{{ }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax07(self):
         """
         Raise TemplateSyntaxError for empty variable tags.
         """
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, 'Empty variable tag on line 1'):
-            self.engine.get_template('basic-syntax07')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TemplateSyntaxError, "Empty variable tag on line 1"
+        ):
+            self.engine.get_template("basic-syntax07")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax08': '{{        }}'})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax08": "{{        }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax08(self):
         """
         Raise TemplateSyntaxError for empty variable tags.
         """
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, 'Empty variable tag on line 1'):
-            self.engine.get_template('basic-syntax08')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TemplateSyntaxError, "Empty variable tag on line 1"
+        ):
+            self.engine.get_template("basic-syntax08")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax09': '{{ var.method }}'})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax09": "{{ var.method }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax09(self):
         """
         Attribute syntax allows a template to call an object's attribute
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('basic-syntax09', {'var': SomeClass()})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'SomeClass.method')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("basic-syntax09", {"var": SomeClass()})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "SomeClass.method")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax10': '{{ var.otherclass.method }}'})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax10": "{{ var.otherclass.method }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax10(self):
         """
         Multiple levels of attribute access are allowed.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('basic-syntax10', {'var': SomeClass()})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'OtherClass.method')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("basic-syntax10", {"var": SomeClass()})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "OtherClass.method")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax11': '{{ var.blech }}'})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax11": "{{ var.blech }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax11(self):
         """
         Fail silently when a variable's attribute isn't found.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('basic-syntax11', {'var': SomeClass()})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("basic-syntax11", {"var": SomeClass()})
 
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'INVALID')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "INVALID")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, '')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax12': '{{ var.__dict__ }}'})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax12": "{{ var.__dict__ }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax12(self):
         """
         Raise TemplateSyntaxError when trying to access a variable
         beginning with an underscore.
         """
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('basic-syntax12')
+            self.engine.get_template("basic-syntax12")
 
     # Raise TemplateSyntaxError when trying to access a variable
     # containing an illegal character.
-    @setup({'basic-syntax13': "{{ va>r }}"})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax13": "{{ va>r }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax13(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('basic-syntax13')
+            self.engine.get_template("basic-syntax13")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax14': "{{ (var.r) }}"})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax14": "{{ (var.r) }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax14(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('basic-syntax14')
+            self.engine.get_template("basic-syntax14")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax15': "{{ sp%am }}"})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax15": "{{ sp%am }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax15(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('basic-syntax15')
+            self.engine.get_template("basic-syntax15")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax16': "{{ eggs! }}"})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax16": "{{ eggs! }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax16(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('basic-syntax16')
+            self.engine.get_template("basic-syntax16")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax17': "{{ moo? }}"})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax17": "{{ moo? }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax17(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('basic-syntax17')
+            self.engine.get_template("basic-syntax17")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax18': "{{ foo.bar }}"})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax18": "{{ foo.bar }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax18(self):
         """
         Attribute syntax allows a template to call a dictionary key's
         value.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('basic-syntax18', {"foo": {"bar": "baz"}})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("basic-syntax18", {"foo": {"bar": "baz"}})
         self.assertEqual(output, "baz")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax19': "{{ foo.spam }}"})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax19": "{{ foo.spam }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax19(self):
         """
         Fail silently when a variable's dictionary key isn't found.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('basic-syntax19', {"foo": {"bar": "baz"}})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("basic-syntax19", {"foo": {"bar": "baz"}})
 
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'INVALID')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "INVALID")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, '')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax20': "{{ var.method2 }}"})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax20": "{{ var.method2 }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax20(self):
         """
         Fail silently when accessing a non-simple method
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('basic-syntax20', {'var': SomeClass()})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("basic-syntax20", {"var": SomeClass()})
 
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'INVALID')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "INVALID")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, '')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax20b': "{{ var.method5 }}"})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax20b": "{{ var.method5 }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax20b(self):
         """
         Don't silence a TypeError if it was raised inside a callable.
         """
-        template = self.engine.get_template('basic-syntax20b')
+        template = self.engine.get_template("basic-syntax20b")
 
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            template.render(Context({'var': SomeClass()}))
+            template.render(Context({"var": SomeClass()}))
 
     # Don't get confused when parsing something that is almost, but not
     # quite, a template tag.
-    @setup({'basic-syntax21': "a {{ moo %} b"})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax21": "a {{ moo %} b"})
     def test_basic_syntax21(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('basic-syntax21')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("basic-syntax21")
         self.assertEqual(output, "a {{ moo %} b")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax22': "{{ moo #}"})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax22": "{{ moo #}"})
     def test_basic_syntax22(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('basic-syntax22')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("basic-syntax22")
         self.assertEqual(output, "{{ moo #}")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax23': "{{ moo #} {{ cow }}"})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax23": "{{ moo #} {{ cow }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax23(self):
         """
         Treat "moo #} {{ cow" as the variable. Not ideal, but costly to work
         around, so this triggers an error.
         """
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('basic-syntax23')
+            self.engine.get_template("basic-syntax23")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax24': "{{ moo\n }}"})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax24": "{{ moo\n }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax24(self):
         """
         Embedded newlines make it not-a-tag.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('basic-syntax24')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("basic-syntax24")
         self.assertEqual(output, "{{ moo\n }}")
 
     # Literal strings are permitted inside variables, mostly for i18n
     # purposes.
-    @setup({'basic-syntax25': '{{ "fred" }}'})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax25": '{{ "fred" }}'})
     def test_basic_syntax25(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('basic-syntax25')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("basic-syntax25")
         self.assertEqual(output, "fred")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax26': r'{{ "\"fred\"" }}'})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax26": r'{{ "\"fred\"" }}'})
     def test_basic_syntax26(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('basic-syntax26')
-        self.assertEqual(output, "\"fred\"")
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("basic-syntax26")
+        self.assertEqual(output, '"fred"')
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax27': r'{{ _("\"fred\"") }}'})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax27": r'{{ _("\"fred\"") }}'})
     def test_basic_syntax27(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('basic-syntax27')
-        self.assertEqual(output, "\"fred\"")
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("basic-syntax27")
+        self.assertEqual(output, '"fred"')
 
     # #12554 -- Make sure a silent_variable_failure Exception is
     # suppressed on dictionary and attribute lookup.
-    @setup({'basic-syntax28': "{{ a.b }}"})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax28": "{{ a.b }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax28(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('basic-syntax28', {'a': SilentGetItemClass()})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "basic-syntax28", {"a": SilentGetItemClass()}
+        )
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'INVALID')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "INVALID")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, '')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax29': "{{ a.b }}"})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax29": "{{ a.b }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax29(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('basic-syntax29', {'a': SilentAttrClass()})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "basic-syntax29", {"a": SilentAttrClass()}
+        )
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'INVALID')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "INVALID")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, '')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
     # Something that starts like a number but has an extra lookup works
     # as a lookup.
-    @setup({'basic-syntax30': "{{ 1.2.3 }}"})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax30": "{{ 1.2.3 }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax30(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'basic-syntax30',
-            {"1": {"2": {"3": "d"}}}
+            "basic-syntax30", {"1": {"2": {"3": "d"}}}
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'd')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "d")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax31': "{{ 1.2.3 }}"})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax31": "{{ 1.2.3 }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax31(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'basic-syntax31',
+            "basic-syntax31",
             {"1": {"2": ("a", "b", "c", "d")}},
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'd')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "d")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax32': "{{ 1.2.3 }}"})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax32": "{{ 1.2.3 }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax32(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'basic-syntax32',
+            "basic-syntax32",
             {"1": (("x", "x", "x", "x"), ("y", "y", "y", "y"), ("a", "b", "c", "d"))},
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'd')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "d")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax33': "{{ 1.2.3 }}"})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax33": "{{ 1.2.3 }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax33(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'basic-syntax33',
+            "basic-syntax33",
             {"1": ("xxxx", "yyyy", "abcd")},
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'd')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "d")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax34': "{{ 1.2.3 }}"})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax34": "{{ 1.2.3 }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax34(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'basic-syntax34',
-            {"1": ({"x": "x"}, {"y": "y"}, {"z": "z", "3": "d"})}
+            "basic-syntax34", {"1": ({"x": "x"}, {"y": "y"}, {"z": "z", "3": "d"})}
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'd')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "d")
 
     # Numbers are numbers even if their digits are in the context.
-    @setup({'basic-syntax35': "{{ 1 }}"})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax35": "{{ 1 }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax35(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('basic-syntax35', {"1": "abc"})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("basic-syntax35", {"1": "abc"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax36': "{{ 1.2 }}"})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax36": "{{ 1.2 }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax36(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('basic-syntax36', {"1": "abc"})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1.2')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("basic-syntax36", {"1": "abc"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1.2")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax37': '{{ callable }}'})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax37": "{{ callable }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax37(self):
         """
         Call methods in the top level of the context.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('basic-syntax37', {"callable": lambda: "foo bar"})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'foo bar')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "basic-syntax37", {"callable": lambda: "foo bar"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "foo bar")
 
-    @setup({'basic-syntax38': '{{ var.callable }}'})
+    @setup({"basic-syntax38": "{{ var.callable }}"})
     def test_basic_syntax38(self):
         """
         Call methods returned from dictionary lookups.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('basic-syntax38', {"var": {"callable": lambda: "foo bar"}})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'foo bar')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "basic-syntax38", {"var": {"callable": lambda: "foo bar"}}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "foo bar")
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% block content %}'})
+    @setup({"template": "{% block content %}"})
     def test_unclosed_block(self):
         msg = "Unclosed tag on line 1: 'block'. Looking for one of: endblock."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('template')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("template")
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% if a %}'})
+    @setup({"template": "{% if a %}"})
     def test_unclosed_block2(self):
         msg = "Unclosed tag on line 1: 'if'. Looking for one of: elif, else, endif."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('template')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("template")
 
-    @setup({'tpl-str': '%s', 'tpl-percent': '%%', 'tpl-weird-percent': '% %s'})
+    @setup({"tpl-str": "%s", "tpl-percent": "%%", "tpl-weird-percent": "% %s"})
     def test_ignores_strings_that_look_like_format_interpolation(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('tpl-str')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '%s')
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('tpl-percent')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '%%')
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('tpl-weird-percent')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '% %s')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("tpl-str")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "%s")
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("tpl-percent")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "%%")
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("tpl-weird-percent")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "% %s")
 
 
 class BlockContextTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_repr(self):
         block_context = BlockContext()
-        block_context.add_blocks({'content': BlockNode('content', [])})
+        block_context.add_blocks({"content": BlockNode("content", [])})
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(block_context),
             "<BlockContext: blocks=defaultdict(<class 'list'>, "
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_builtins.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_builtins.py
index 8ade96c65a..6e81410556 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_builtins.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_builtins.py
@@ -4,18 +4,17 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class BuiltinsTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'builtins01': '{{ True }}'})
+    @setup({"builtins01": "{{ True }}"})
     def test_builtins01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('builtins01')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'True')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("builtins01")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "True")
 
-    @setup({'builtins02': '{{ False }}'})
+    @setup({"builtins02": "{{ False }}"})
     def test_builtins02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('builtins02')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'False')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("builtins02")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "False")
 
-    @setup({'builtins03': '{{ None }}'})
+    @setup({"builtins03": "{{ None }}"})
     def test_builtins03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('builtins03')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'None')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("builtins03")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "None")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_cache.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_cache.py
index 80af1c2bd6..a722420637 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_cache.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_cache.py
@@ -7,176 +7,203 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 class CacheTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
     libraries = {
-        'cache': 'django.templatetags.cache',
-        'custom': 'template_tests.templatetags.custom',
+        "cache": "django.templatetags.cache",
+        "custom": "template_tests.templatetags.custom",
     }
 
     def tearDown(self):
         cache.clear()
 
-    @setup({'cache03': '{% load cache %}{% cache 2 test %}cache03{% endcache %}'})
+    @setup({"cache03": "{% load cache %}{% cache 2 test %}cache03{% endcache %}"})
     def test_cache03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cache03')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'cache03')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("cache03")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "cache03")
 
-    @setup({
-        'cache03': '{% load cache %}{% cache 2 test %}cache03{% endcache %}',
-        'cache04': '{% load cache %}{% cache 2 test %}cache04{% endcache %}',
-    })
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "cache03": "{% load cache %}{% cache 2 test %}cache03{% endcache %}",
+            "cache04": "{% load cache %}{% cache 2 test %}cache04{% endcache %}",
+        }
+    )
     def test_cache04(self):
-        self.engine.render_to_string('cache03')
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cache04')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'cache03')
+        self.engine.render_to_string("cache03")
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("cache04")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "cache03")
 
-    @setup({'cache05': '{% load cache %}{% cache 2 test foo %}cache05{% endcache %}'})
+    @setup({"cache05": "{% load cache %}{% cache 2 test foo %}cache05{% endcache %}"})
     def test_cache05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cache05', {'foo': 1})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'cache05')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("cache05", {"foo": 1})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "cache05")
 
-    @setup({'cache06': '{% load cache %}{% cache 2 test foo %}cache06{% endcache %}'})
+    @setup({"cache06": "{% load cache %}{% cache 2 test foo %}cache06{% endcache %}"})
     def test_cache06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cache06', {'foo': 2})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'cache06')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("cache06", {"foo": 2})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "cache06")
 
-    @setup({
-        'cache05': '{% load cache %}{% cache 2 test foo %}cache05{% endcache %}',
-        'cache07': '{% load cache %}{% cache 2 test foo %}cache07{% endcache %}',
-    })
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "cache05": "{% load cache %}{% cache 2 test foo %}cache05{% endcache %}",
+            "cache07": "{% load cache %}{% cache 2 test foo %}cache07{% endcache %}",
+        }
+    )
     def test_cache07(self):
-        context = {'foo': 1}
-        self.engine.render_to_string('cache05', context)
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cache07', context)
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'cache05')
+        context = {"foo": 1}
+        self.engine.render_to_string("cache05", context)
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("cache07", context)
+        self.assertEqual(output, "cache05")
 
-    @setup({
-        'cache06': '{% load cache %}{% cache 2 test foo %}cache06{% endcache %}',
-        'cache08': '{% load cache %}{% cache time test foo %}cache08{% endcache %}',
-    })
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "cache06": "{% load cache %}{% cache 2 test foo %}cache06{% endcache %}",
+            "cache08": "{% load cache %}{% cache time test foo %}cache08{% endcache %}",
+        }
+    )
     def test_cache08(self):
         """
         Allow first argument to be a variable.
         """
-        context = {'foo': 2, 'time': 2}
-        self.engine.render_to_string('cache06', context)
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cache08', context)
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'cache06')
+        context = {"foo": 2, "time": 2}
+        self.engine.render_to_string("cache06", context)
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("cache08", context)
+        self.assertEqual(output, "cache06")
 
     # Raise exception if we don't have at least 2 args, first one integer.
-    @setup({'cache11': '{% load cache %}{% cache %}{% endcache %}'})
+    @setup({"cache11": "{% load cache %}{% cache %}{% endcache %}"})
     def test_cache11(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('cache11')
+            self.engine.get_template("cache11")
 
-    @setup({'cache12': '{% load cache %}{% cache 1 %}{% endcache %}'})
+    @setup({"cache12": "{% load cache %}{% cache 1 %}{% endcache %}"})
     def test_cache12(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('cache12')
+            self.engine.get_template("cache12")
 
-    @setup({'cache13': '{% load cache %}{% cache foo bar %}{% endcache %}'})
+    @setup({"cache13": "{% load cache %}{% cache foo bar %}{% endcache %}"})
     def test_cache13(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('cache13')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("cache13")
 
-    @setup({'cache14': '{% load cache %}{% cache foo bar %}{% endcache %}'})
+    @setup({"cache14": "{% load cache %}{% cache foo bar %}{% endcache %}"})
     def test_cache14(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('cache14', {'foo': 'fail'})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("cache14", {"foo": "fail"})
 
-    @setup({'cache15': '{% load cache %}{% cache foo bar %}{% endcache %}'})
+    @setup({"cache15": "{% load cache %}{% cache foo bar %}{% endcache %}"})
     def test_cache15(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('cache15', {'foo': []})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("cache15", {"foo": []})
 
-    @setup({'cache16': '{% load cache %}{% cache 1 foo bar %}{% endcache %}'})
+    @setup({"cache16": "{% load cache %}{% cache 1 foo bar %}{% endcache %}"})
     def test_cache16(self):
         """
         Regression test for #7460.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cache16', {'foo': 'foo', 'bar': 'with spaces'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "cache16", {"foo": "foo", "bar": "with spaces"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'cache17': '{% load cache %}{% cache 10 long_cache_key poem %}Some Content{% endcache %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "cache17": "{% load cache %}{% cache 10 long_cache_key poem %}Some Content{% endcache %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_cache17(self):
         """
         Regression test for #11270.
         """
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'cache17',
+            "cache17",
             {
-                'poem': (
-                    'Oh freddled gruntbuggly/Thy micturations are to me/'
-                    'As plurdled gabbleblotchits/On a lurgid bee/'
-                    'That mordiously hath bitled out/Its earted jurtles/'
-                    'Into a rancid festering/Or else I shall rend thee in the gobberwarts'
-                    'with my blurglecruncheon/See if I don\'t.'
+                "poem": (
+                    "Oh freddled gruntbuggly/Thy micturations are to me/"
+                    "As plurdled gabbleblotchits/On a lurgid bee/"
+                    "That mordiously hath bitled out/Its earted jurtles/"
+                    "Into a rancid festering/Or else I shall rend thee in the gobberwarts"
+                    "with my blurglecruncheon/See if I don't."
                 ),
-            }
+            },
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Some Content')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Some Content")
 
-    @setup({'cache18': '{% load cache custom %}{% cache 2|noop:"x y" cache18 %}cache18{% endcache %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "cache18": '{% load cache custom %}{% cache 2|noop:"x y" cache18 %}cache18{% endcache %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_cache18(self):
         """
         Test whitespace in filter arguments
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cache18')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'cache18')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("cache18")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "cache18")
 
-    @setup({
-        'first': '{% load cache %}{% cache None fragment19 %}content{% endcache %}',
-        'second': '{% load cache %}{% cache None fragment19 %}not rendered{% endcache %}'
-    })
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "first": "{% load cache %}{% cache None fragment19 %}content{% endcache %}",
+            "second": "{% load cache %}{% cache None fragment19 %}not rendered{% endcache %}",
+        }
+    )
     def test_none_timeout(self):
         """A timeout of None means "cache forever"."""
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('first')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'content')
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('second')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'content')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("first")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "content")
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("second")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "content")
 
 
 class CacheTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
-        cls.engine = Engine(libraries={'cache': 'django.templatetags.cache'})
+        cls.engine = Engine(libraries={"cache": "django.templatetags.cache"})
         super().setUpClass()
 
     def test_cache_regression_20130(self):
-        t = self.engine.from_string('{% load cache %}{% cache 1 regression_20130 %}foo{% endcache %}')
+        t = self.engine.from_string(
+            "{% load cache %}{% cache 1 regression_20130 %}foo{% endcache %}"
+        )
         cachenode = t.nodelist[1]
-        self.assertEqual(cachenode.fragment_name, 'regression_20130')
+        self.assertEqual(cachenode.fragment_name, "regression_20130")
 
-    @override_settings(CACHES={
-        'default': {
-            'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache',
-            'LOCATION': 'default',
-        },
-        'template_fragments': {
-            'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache',
-            'LOCATION': 'fragments',
-        },
-    })
+    @override_settings(
+        CACHES={
+            "default": {
+                "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache",
+                "LOCATION": "default",
+            },
+            "template_fragments": {
+                "BACKEND": "django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache",
+                "LOCATION": "fragments",
+            },
+        }
+    )
     def test_cache_fragment_cache(self):
         """
         When a cache called "template_fragments" is present, the cache tag
         will use it in preference to 'default'
         """
-        t1 = self.engine.from_string('{% load cache %}{% cache 1 fragment %}foo{% endcache %}')
-        t2 = self.engine.from_string('{% load cache %}{% cache 1 fragment using="default" %}bar{% endcache %}')
+        t1 = self.engine.from_string(
+            "{% load cache %}{% cache 1 fragment %}foo{% endcache %}"
+        )
+        t2 = self.engine.from_string(
+            '{% load cache %}{% cache 1 fragment using="default" %}bar{% endcache %}'
+        )
 
         ctx = Context()
         o1 = t1.render(ctx)
         o2 = t2.render(ctx)
 
-        self.assertEqual(o1, 'foo')
-        self.assertEqual(o2, 'bar')
+        self.assertEqual(o1, "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(o2, "bar")
 
     def test_cache_missing_backend(self):
         """
         When a cache that doesn't exist is specified, the cache tag will
         raise a TemplateSyntaxError
         '"""
-        t = self.engine.from_string('{% load cache %}{% cache 1 backend using="unknown" %}bar{% endcache %}')
+        t = self.engine.from_string(
+            '{% load cache %}{% cache 1 backend using="unknown" %}bar{% endcache %}'
+        )
 
         ctx = Context()
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_comment.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_comment.py
index d1b4dcf147..58dbe88b36 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_comment.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_comment.py
@@ -4,89 +4,92 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class CommentSyntaxTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'comment-syntax01': '{# this is hidden #}hello'})
+    @setup({"comment-syntax01": "{# this is hidden #}hello"})
     def test_comment_syntax01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('comment-syntax01')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'hello')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("comment-syntax01")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "hello")
 
-    @setup({'comment-syntax02': '{# this is hidden #}hello{# foo #}'})
+    @setup({"comment-syntax02": "{# this is hidden #}hello{# foo #}"})
     def test_comment_syntax02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('comment-syntax02')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'hello')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("comment-syntax02")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "hello")
 
-    @setup({'comment-syntax03': 'foo{#  {% if %}  #}'})
+    @setup({"comment-syntax03": "foo{#  {% if %}  #}"})
     def test_comment_syntax03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('comment-syntax03')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'foo')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("comment-syntax03")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "foo")
 
-    @setup({'comment-syntax04': 'foo{#  {% endblock %}  #}'})
+    @setup({"comment-syntax04": "foo{#  {% endblock %}  #}"})
     def test_comment_syntax04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('comment-syntax04')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'foo')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("comment-syntax04")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "foo")
 
-    @setup({'comment-syntax05': 'foo{#  {% somerandomtag %}  #}'})
+    @setup({"comment-syntax05": "foo{#  {% somerandomtag %}  #}"})
     def test_comment_syntax05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('comment-syntax05')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'foo')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("comment-syntax05")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "foo")
 
-    @setup({'comment-syntax06': 'foo{# {% #}'})
+    @setup({"comment-syntax06": "foo{# {% #}"})
     def test_comment_syntax06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('comment-syntax06')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'foo')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("comment-syntax06")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "foo")
 
-    @setup({'comment-syntax07': 'foo{# %} #}'})
+    @setup({"comment-syntax07": "foo{# %} #}"})
     def test_comment_syntax07(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('comment-syntax07')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'foo')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("comment-syntax07")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "foo")
 
-    @setup({'comment-syntax08': 'foo{# %} #}bar'})
+    @setup({"comment-syntax08": "foo{# %} #}bar"})
     def test_comment_syntax08(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('comment-syntax08')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'foobar')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("comment-syntax08")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "foobar")
 
-    @setup({'comment-syntax09': 'foo{# {{ #}'})
+    @setup({"comment-syntax09": "foo{# {{ #}"})
     def test_comment_syntax09(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('comment-syntax09')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'foo')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("comment-syntax09")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "foo")
 
-    @setup({'comment-syntax10': 'foo{# }} #}'})
+    @setup({"comment-syntax10": "foo{# }} #}"})
     def test_comment_syntax10(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('comment-syntax10')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'foo')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("comment-syntax10")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "foo")
 
-    @setup({'comment-syntax11': 'foo{# { #}'})
+    @setup({"comment-syntax11": "foo{# { #}"})
     def test_comment_syntax11(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('comment-syntax11')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'foo')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("comment-syntax11")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "foo")
 
-    @setup({'comment-syntax12': 'foo{# } #}'})
+    @setup({"comment-syntax12": "foo{# } #}"})
     def test_comment_syntax12(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('comment-syntax12')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'foo')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("comment-syntax12")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "foo")
 
-    @setup({'comment-tag01': '{% comment %}this is hidden{% endcomment %}hello'})
+    @setup({"comment-tag01": "{% comment %}this is hidden{% endcomment %}hello"})
     def test_comment_tag01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('comment-tag01')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'hello')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("comment-tag01")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "hello")
 
-    @setup({'comment-tag02': '{% comment %}this is hidden{% endcomment %}'
-                             'hello{% comment %}foo{% endcomment %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "comment-tag02": "{% comment %}this is hidden{% endcomment %}"
+            "hello{% comment %}foo{% endcomment %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_comment_tag02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('comment-tag02')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'hello')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("comment-tag02")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "hello")
 
-    @setup({'comment-tag03': 'foo{% comment %} {% if %} {% endcomment %}'})
+    @setup({"comment-tag03": "foo{% comment %} {% if %} {% endcomment %}"})
     def test_comment_tag03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('comment-tag03')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'foo')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("comment-tag03")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "foo")
 
-    @setup({'comment-tag04': 'foo{% comment %} {% endblock %} {% endcomment %}'})
+    @setup({"comment-tag04": "foo{% comment %} {% endblock %} {% endcomment %}"})
     def test_comment_tag04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('comment-tag04')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'foo')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("comment-tag04")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "foo")
 
-    @setup({'comment-tag05': 'foo{% comment %} {% somerandomtag %} {% endcomment %}'})
+    @setup({"comment-tag05": "foo{% comment %} {% somerandomtag %} {% endcomment %}"})
     def test_comment_tag05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('comment-tag05')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'foo')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("comment-tag05")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "foo")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_cycle.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_cycle.py
index 12bf66e117..d4233fac3e 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_cycle.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_cycle.py
@@ -5,175 +5,214 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class CycleTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'cycle01': '{% cycle a %}'})
+    @setup({"cycle01": "{% cycle a %}"})
     def test_cycle01(self):
         msg = "No named cycles in template. 'a' is not defined"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.get_template('cycle01')
+            self.engine.get_template("cycle01")
 
-    @setup({'cycle05': '{% cycle %}'})
+    @setup({"cycle05": "{% cycle %}"})
     def test_cycle05(self):
         msg = "'cycle' tag requires at least two arguments"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.get_template('cycle05')
+            self.engine.get_template("cycle05")
 
-    @setup({'cycle07': '{% cycle a,b,c as foo %}{% cycle bar %}'})
+    @setup({"cycle07": "{% cycle a,b,c as foo %}{% cycle bar %}"})
     def test_cycle07(self):
         msg = "Could not parse the remainder: ',b,c' from 'a,b,c'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.get_template('cycle07')
+            self.engine.get_template("cycle07")
 
-    @setup({'cycle10': "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as abc %}{% cycle abc %}"})
+    @setup({"cycle10": "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as abc %}{% cycle abc %}"})
     def test_cycle10(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cycle10')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'ab')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("cycle10")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "ab")
 
-    @setup({'cycle11': "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as abc %}{% cycle abc %}{% cycle abc %}"})
+    @setup({"cycle11": "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as abc %}{% cycle abc %}{% cycle abc %}"})
     def test_cycle11(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cycle11')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'abc')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("cycle11")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "abc")
 
-    @setup({'cycle12': "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as abc %}{% cycle abc %}{% cycle abc %}{% cycle abc %}"})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "cycle12": "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as abc %}{% cycle abc %}{% cycle abc %}{% cycle abc %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_cycle12(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cycle12')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'abca')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("cycle12")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "abca")
 
-    @setup({'cycle13': "{% for i in test %}{% cycle 'a' 'b' %}{{ i }},{% endfor %}"})
+    @setup({"cycle13": "{% for i in test %}{% cycle 'a' 'b' %}{{ i }},{% endfor %}"})
     def test_cycle13(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cycle13', {'test': list(range(5))})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a0,b1,a2,b3,a4,')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("cycle13", {"test": list(range(5))})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a0,b1,a2,b3,a4,")
 
-    @setup({'cycle14': '{% cycle one two as foo %}{% cycle foo %}'})
+    @setup({"cycle14": "{% cycle one two as foo %}{% cycle foo %}"})
     def test_cycle14(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cycle14', {'one': '1', 'two': '2'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '12')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("cycle14", {"one": "1", "two": "2"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "12")
 
-    @setup({'cycle15': '{% for i in test %}{% cycle aye bee %}{{ i }},{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup({"cycle15": "{% for i in test %}{% cycle aye bee %}{{ i }},{% endfor %}"})
     def test_cycle15(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cycle15', {'test': list(range(5)), 'aye': 'a', 'bee': 'b'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a0,b1,a2,b3,a4,')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "cycle15", {"test": list(range(5)), "aye": "a", "bee": "b"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a0,b1,a2,b3,a4,")
 
-    @setup({'cycle16': '{% cycle one|lower two as foo %}{% cycle foo %}'})
+    @setup({"cycle16": "{% cycle one|lower two as foo %}{% cycle foo %}"})
     def test_cycle16(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cycle16', {'one': 'A', 'two': '2'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a2')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("cycle16", {"one": "A", "two": "2"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a2")
 
-    @setup({'cycle17': "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as abc silent %}"
-                       "{% cycle abc %}{% cycle abc %}{% cycle abc %}{% cycle abc %}"})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "cycle17": "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as abc silent %}"
+            "{% cycle abc %}{% cycle abc %}{% cycle abc %}{% cycle abc %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_cycle17(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cycle17')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("cycle17")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'cycle18': "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as foo invalid_flag %}"})
+    @setup({"cycle18": "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as foo invalid_flag %}"})
     def test_cycle18(self):
         msg = "Only 'silent' flag is allowed after cycle's name, not 'invalid_flag'."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.get_template('cycle18')
+            self.engine.get_template("cycle18")
 
-    @setup({'cycle19': "{% cycle 'a' 'b' as silent %}{% cycle silent %}"})
+    @setup({"cycle19": "{% cycle 'a' 'b' as silent %}{% cycle silent %}"})
     def test_cycle19(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cycle19')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'ab')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("cycle19")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "ab")
 
-    @setup({'cycle20': '{% cycle one two as foo %} &amp; {% cycle foo %}'})
+    @setup({"cycle20": "{% cycle one two as foo %} &amp; {% cycle foo %}"})
     def test_cycle20(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cycle20', {'two': 'C & D', 'one': 'A & B'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'A &amp; B &amp; C &amp; D')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "cycle20", {"two": "C & D", "one": "A & B"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "A &amp; B &amp; C &amp; D")
 
-    @setup({'cycle21': '{% filter force_escape %}'
-                       '{% cycle one two as foo %} & {% cycle foo %}{% endfilter %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "cycle21": "{% filter force_escape %}"
+            "{% cycle one two as foo %} & {% cycle foo %}{% endfilter %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_cycle21(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cycle21', {'two': 'C & D', 'one': 'A & B'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'A &amp;amp; B &amp; C &amp;amp; D')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "cycle21", {"two": "C & D", "one": "A & B"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "A &amp;amp; B &amp; C &amp;amp; D")
 
-    @setup({'cycle22': "{% for x in values %}{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as abc silent %}{{ x }}{% endfor %}"})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "cycle22": "{% for x in values %}{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as abc silent %}{{ x }}{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_cycle22(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cycle22', {'values': [1, 2, 3, 4]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1234')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("cycle22", {"values": [1, 2, 3, 4]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1234")
 
-    @setup({'cycle23': "{% for x in values %}"
-                       "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as abc silent %}{{ abc }}{{ x }}{% endfor %}"})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "cycle23": "{% for x in values %}"
+            "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as abc silent %}{{ abc }}{{ x }}{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_cycle23(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cycle23', {'values': [1, 2, 3, 4]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a1b2c3a4')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("cycle23", {"values": [1, 2, 3, 4]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a1b2c3a4")
 
-    @setup({
-        'cycle24': "{% for x in values %}"
-                   "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as abc silent %}{% include 'included-cycle' %}{% endfor %}",
-        'included-cycle': '{{ abc }}',
-    })
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "cycle24": "{% for x in values %}"
+            "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as abc silent %}{% include 'included-cycle' %}{% endfor %}",
+            "included-cycle": "{{ abc }}",
+        }
+    )
     def test_cycle24(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cycle24', {'values': [1, 2, 3, 4]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'abca')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("cycle24", {"values": [1, 2, 3, 4]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "abca")
 
-    @setup({'cycle25': '{% cycle a as abc %}'})
+    @setup({"cycle25": "{% cycle a as abc %}"})
     def test_cycle25(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cycle25', {'a': '<'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '&lt;')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("cycle25", {"a": "<"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "&lt;")
 
-    @setup({'cycle26': '{% cycle a b as ab %}{% cycle ab %}'})
+    @setup({"cycle26": "{% cycle a b as ab %}{% cycle ab %}"})
     def test_cycle26(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cycle26', {'a': '<', 'b': '>'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '&lt;&gt;')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("cycle26", {"a": "<", "b": ">"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "&lt;&gt;")
 
-    @setup({'cycle27': '{% autoescape off %}{% cycle a b as ab %}{% cycle ab %}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "cycle27": "{% autoescape off %}{% cycle a b as ab %}{% cycle ab %}{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_cycle27(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cycle27', {'a': '<', 'b': '>'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '<>')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("cycle27", {"a": "<", "b": ">"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "<>")
 
-    @setup({'cycle28': '{% cycle a|safe b as ab %}{% cycle ab %}'})
+    @setup({"cycle28": "{% cycle a|safe b as ab %}{% cycle ab %}"})
     def test_cycle28(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cycle28', {'a': '<', 'b': '>'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '<&gt;')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("cycle28", {"a": "<", "b": ">"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "<&gt;")
 
-    @setup({
-        'cycle29': "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as cycler silent %}"
-                   "{% for x in values %}"
-                   "{% ifchanged x %}"
-                   "{% cycle cycler %}{{ cycler }}"
-                   "{% else %}"
-                   "{{ cycler }}"
-                   "{% endifchanged %}"
-                   "{% endfor %}"
-    })
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "cycle29": "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as cycler silent %}"
+            "{% for x in values %}"
+            "{% ifchanged x %}"
+            "{% cycle cycler %}{{ cycler }}"
+            "{% else %}"
+            "{{ cycler }}"
+            "{% endifchanged %}"
+            "{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_cycle29(self):
         """
         A named {% cycle %} tag works inside an {% ifchanged %} block and a
         {% for %} loop.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('cycle29', {'values': [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'bcabcabcccaa')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "cycle29", {"values": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9]}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "bcabcabcccaa")
 
-    @setup({
-        'cycle30': "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as cycler silent %}"
-                   "{% for x in values %}"
-                   "{% with doesnothing=irrelevant %}"
-                   "{% ifchanged x %}"
-                   "{% cycle cycler %}{{ cycler }}"
-                   "{% else %}"
-                   "{{ cycler }}"
-                   "{% endifchanged %}"
-                   "{% endwith %}"
-                   "{% endfor %}"})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "cycle30": "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as cycler silent %}"
+            "{% for x in values %}"
+            "{% with doesnothing=irrelevant %}"
+            "{% ifchanged x %}"
+            "{% cycle cycler %}{{ cycler }}"
+            "{% else %}"
+            "{{ cycler }}"
+            "{% endifchanged %}"
+            "{% endwith %}"
+            "{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_cycle30(self):
         """
         A {% with %} tag shouldn't reset the {% cycle %} variable.
         """
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'cycle30', {
-                'irrelevant': 1,
-                'values': [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9]
-            })
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'bcabcabcccaa')
+            "cycle30", {"irrelevant": 1, "values": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9]}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "bcabcabcccaa")
 
-    @setup({
-        'undefined_cycle':
-            "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as cycler silent %}"
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "undefined_cycle": "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as cycler silent %}"
             "{% for x in values %}"
             "{% cycle undefined %}{{ cycler }}"
             "{% endfor %}"
-    })
+        }
+    )
     def test_cycle_undefined(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, "Named cycle 'undefined' does not exist"):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('undefined_cycle')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TemplateSyntaxError, "Named cycle 'undefined' does not exist"
+        ):
+            self.engine.render_to_string("undefined_cycle")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_debug.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_debug.py
index 2f527b44ae..cbd71fa51a 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_debug.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_debug.py
@@ -6,41 +6,40 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
 class DebugTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     @override_settings(DEBUG=False)
-    @setup({'non_debug': '{% debug %}'})
+    @setup({"non_debug": "{% debug %}"})
     def test_non_debug(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('non_debug', {})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("non_debug", {})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'modules': '{% debug %}'})
+    @setup({"modules": "{% debug %}"})
     def test_modules(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('modules', {})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("modules", {})
         self.assertIn(
-            '&#x27;django&#x27;: &lt;module &#x27;django&#x27; ',
+            "&#x27;django&#x27;: &lt;module &#x27;django&#x27; ",
             output,
         )
 
-    @setup({'plain': '{% debug %}'})
+    @setup({"plain": "{% debug %}"})
     def test_plain(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('plain', {'a': 1})
-        self.assertTrue(output.startswith(
-            '{&#x27;a&#x27;: 1}'
-            '{&#x27;False&#x27;: False, &#x27;None&#x27;: None, '
-            '&#x27;True&#x27;: True}\n\n{'
-        ))
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("plain", {"a": 1})
+        self.assertTrue(
+            output.startswith(
+                "{&#x27;a&#x27;: 1}"
+                "{&#x27;False&#x27;: False, &#x27;None&#x27;: None, "
+                "&#x27;True&#x27;: True}\n\n{"
+            )
+        )
 
-    @setup({'non_ascii': '{% debug %}'})
+    @setup({"non_ascii": "{% debug %}"})
     def test_non_ascii(self):
         group = Group(name="清風")
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('non_ascii', {'group': group})
-        self.assertTrue(output.startswith(
-            '{&#x27;group&#x27;: &lt;Group: 清風&gt;}'
-        ))
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("non_ascii", {"group": group})
+        self.assertTrue(output.startswith("{&#x27;group&#x27;: &lt;Group: 清風&gt;}"))
 
-    @setup({'script': '{% debug %}'})
+    @setup({"script": "{% debug %}"})
     def test_script(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('script', {'frag': '<script>'})
-        self.assertTrue(output.startswith(
-            '{&#x27;frag&#x27;: &#x27;&lt;script&gt;&#x27;}'
-        ))
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("script", {"frag": "<script>"})
+        self.assertTrue(
+            output.startswith("{&#x27;frag&#x27;: &#x27;&lt;script&gt;&#x27;}")
+        )
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_exceptions.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_exceptions.py
index db1e0f9f5f..7000b45afd 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_exceptions.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_exceptions.py
@@ -6,30 +6,31 @@ from .test_extends import inheritance_templates
 
 
 class ExceptionsTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'exception01': "{% extends 'nonexistent' %}"})
+    @setup({"exception01": "{% extends 'nonexistent' %}"})
     def test_exception01(self):
         """
         Raise exception for invalid template name
         """
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateDoesNotExist):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('exception01')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("exception01")
 
-    @setup({'exception02': '{% extends nonexistent %}'})
+    @setup({"exception02": "{% extends nonexistent %}"})
     def test_exception02(self):
         """
         Raise exception for invalid variable template name
         """
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
             with self.assertRaises(TemplateDoesNotExist):
-                self.engine.render_to_string('exception02')
+                self.engine.render_to_string("exception02")
         else:
             with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-                self.engine.render_to_string('exception02')
+                self.engine.render_to_string("exception02")
 
     @setup(
-        {'exception03': "{% extends 'inheritance01' %}"
-                        "{% block first %}2{% endblock %}{% extends 'inheritance16' %}"},
+        {
+            "exception03": "{% extends 'inheritance01' %}"
+            "{% block first %}2{% endblock %}{% extends 'inheritance16' %}"
+        },
         inheritance_templates,
     )
     def test_exception03(self):
@@ -37,10 +38,12 @@ class ExceptionsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Raise exception for extra {% extends %} tags
         """
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('exception03')
+            self.engine.get_template("exception03")
 
     @setup(
-        {'exception04': "{% extends 'inheritance17' %}{% block first %}{% echo 400 %}5678{% endblock %}"},
+        {
+            "exception04": "{% extends 'inheritance17' %}{% block first %}{% echo 400 %}5678{% endblock %}"
+        },
         inheritance_templates,
     )
     def test_exception04(self):
@@ -48,12 +51,12 @@ class ExceptionsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Raise exception for custom tags used in child with {% load %} tag in parent, not in child
         """
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('exception04')
+            self.engine.get_template("exception04")
 
-    @setup({'exception05': '{% block first %}{{ block.super }}{% endblock %}'})
+    @setup({"exception05": "{% block first %}{{ block.super }}{% endblock %}"})
     def test_exception05(self):
         """
         Raise exception for block.super used in base template
         """
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('exception05')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("exception05")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_extends.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_extends.py
index 0689838ae8..ce073fb909 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_extends.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_extends.py
@@ -6,119 +6,119 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from ..utils import setup
 
 inheritance_templates = {
-    'inheritance01': "1{% block first %}&{% endblock %}3{% block second %}_{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance02': "{% extends 'inheritance01' %}"
-                     "{% block first %}2{% endblock %}{% block second %}4{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance03': "{% extends 'inheritance02' %}",
-    'inheritance04': "{% extends 'inheritance01' %}",
-    'inheritance05': "{% extends 'inheritance02' %}",
-    'inheritance06': "{% extends foo %}",
-    'inheritance07': "{% extends 'inheritance01' %}{% block second %}5{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance08': "{% extends 'inheritance02' %}{% block second %}5{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance09': "{% extends 'inheritance04' %}",
-    'inheritance10': "{% extends 'inheritance04' %}      ",
-    'inheritance11': "{% extends 'inheritance04' %}"
-                     "{% block first %}2{% endblock %}{% block second %}4{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance12': "{% extends 'inheritance07' %}{% block first %}2{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance13': "{% extends 'inheritance02' %}"
-                     "{% block first %}a{% endblock %}{% block second %}b{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance14': "{% extends 'inheritance01' %}{% block newblock %}NO DISPLAY{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance15': "{% extends 'inheritance01' %}"
-                     "{% block first %}2{% block inner %}inner{% endblock %}{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance16': "{% extends 'inheritance15' %}{% block inner %}out{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance17': "{% load testtags %}{% block first %}1234{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance18': "{% load testtags %}{% echo this that theother %}5678",
-    'inheritance19': "{% extends 'inheritance01' %}"
-                     "{% block first %}{% load testtags %}{% echo 400 %}5678{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance20': "{% extends 'inheritance01' %}{% block first %}{{ block.super }}a{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance21': "{% extends 'inheritance02' %}{% block first %}{{ block.super }}a{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance22': "{% extends 'inheritance04' %}{% block first %}{{ block.super }}a{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance23': "{% extends 'inheritance20' %}{% block first %}{{ block.super }}b{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance24': "{% extends context_template %}"
-                     "{% block first %}2{% endblock %}{% block second %}4{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance25': "{% extends context_template.1 %}"
-                     "{% block first %}2{% endblock %}{% block second %}4{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance26': "no tags",
-    'inheritance27': "{% extends 'inheritance26' %}",
-    'inheritance 28': "{% block first %}!{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance29': "{% extends 'inheritance 28' %}",
-    'inheritance30': "1{% if optional %}{% block opt %}2{% endblock %}{% endif %}3",
-    'inheritance31': "{% extends 'inheritance30' %}{% block opt %}two{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance32': "{% extends 'inheritance30' %}{% block opt %}two{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance33': "1{% if optional == 1 %}{% block opt %}2{% endblock %}{% endif %}3",
-    'inheritance34': "{% extends 'inheritance33' %}{% block opt %}two{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance35': "{% extends 'inheritance33' %}{% block opt %}two{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance36': "{% for n in numbers %}_{% block opt %}{{ n }}{% endblock %}{% endfor %}_",
-    'inheritance37': "{% extends 'inheritance36' %}{% block opt %}X{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance38': "{% extends 'inheritance36' %}{% block opt %}X{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance39': "{% extends 'inheritance30' %}{% block opt %}new{{ block.super }}{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance40': "{% extends 'inheritance33' %}{% block opt %}new{{ block.super }}{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance41': "{% extends 'inheritance36' %}{% block opt %}new{{ block.super }}{% endblock %}",
-    'inheritance42': "{% extends 'inheritance02'|cut:' ' %}",
-    'inheritance_empty': "{% extends %}",
-    'extends_duplicate': "{% extends 'base.html' %}{% extends 'base.html' %}",
-    'duplicate_block': "{% extends 'base.html' %}{% block content %}2{% endblock %}{% block content %}4{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance01": "1{% block first %}&{% endblock %}3{% block second %}_{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance02": "{% extends 'inheritance01' %}"
+    "{% block first %}2{% endblock %}{% block second %}4{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance03": "{% extends 'inheritance02' %}",
+    "inheritance04": "{% extends 'inheritance01' %}",
+    "inheritance05": "{% extends 'inheritance02' %}",
+    "inheritance06": "{% extends foo %}",
+    "inheritance07": "{% extends 'inheritance01' %}{% block second %}5{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance08": "{% extends 'inheritance02' %}{% block second %}5{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance09": "{% extends 'inheritance04' %}",
+    "inheritance10": "{% extends 'inheritance04' %}      ",
+    "inheritance11": "{% extends 'inheritance04' %}"
+    "{% block first %}2{% endblock %}{% block second %}4{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance12": "{% extends 'inheritance07' %}{% block first %}2{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance13": "{% extends 'inheritance02' %}"
+    "{% block first %}a{% endblock %}{% block second %}b{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance14": "{% extends 'inheritance01' %}{% block newblock %}NO DISPLAY{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance15": "{% extends 'inheritance01' %}"
+    "{% block first %}2{% block inner %}inner{% endblock %}{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance16": "{% extends 'inheritance15' %}{% block inner %}out{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance17": "{% load testtags %}{% block first %}1234{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance18": "{% load testtags %}{% echo this that theother %}5678",
+    "inheritance19": "{% extends 'inheritance01' %}"
+    "{% block first %}{% load testtags %}{% echo 400 %}5678{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance20": "{% extends 'inheritance01' %}{% block first %}{{ block.super }}a{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance21": "{% extends 'inheritance02' %}{% block first %}{{ block.super }}a{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance22": "{% extends 'inheritance04' %}{% block first %}{{ block.super }}a{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance23": "{% extends 'inheritance20' %}{% block first %}{{ block.super }}b{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance24": "{% extends context_template %}"
+    "{% block first %}2{% endblock %}{% block second %}4{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance25": "{% extends context_template.1 %}"
+    "{% block first %}2{% endblock %}{% block second %}4{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance26": "no tags",
+    "inheritance27": "{% extends 'inheritance26' %}",
+    "inheritance 28": "{% block first %}!{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance29": "{% extends 'inheritance 28' %}",
+    "inheritance30": "1{% if optional %}{% block opt %}2{% endblock %}{% endif %}3",
+    "inheritance31": "{% extends 'inheritance30' %}{% block opt %}two{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance32": "{% extends 'inheritance30' %}{% block opt %}two{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance33": "1{% if optional == 1 %}{% block opt %}2{% endblock %}{% endif %}3",
+    "inheritance34": "{% extends 'inheritance33' %}{% block opt %}two{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance35": "{% extends 'inheritance33' %}{% block opt %}two{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance36": "{% for n in numbers %}_{% block opt %}{{ n }}{% endblock %}{% endfor %}_",
+    "inheritance37": "{% extends 'inheritance36' %}{% block opt %}X{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance38": "{% extends 'inheritance36' %}{% block opt %}X{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance39": "{% extends 'inheritance30' %}{% block opt %}new{{ block.super }}{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance40": "{% extends 'inheritance33' %}{% block opt %}new{{ block.super }}{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance41": "{% extends 'inheritance36' %}{% block opt %}new{{ block.super }}{% endblock %}",
+    "inheritance42": "{% extends 'inheritance02'|cut:' ' %}",
+    "inheritance_empty": "{% extends %}",
+    "extends_duplicate": "{% extends 'base.html' %}{% extends 'base.html' %}",
+    "duplicate_block": "{% extends 'base.html' %}{% block content %}2{% endblock %}{% block content %}4{% endblock %}",
 }
 
 
 class InheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    libraries = {'testtags': 'template_tests.templatetags.testtags'}
+    libraries = {"testtags": "template_tests.templatetags.testtags"}
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance01(self):
         """
         Standard template with no inheritance
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance01')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1&3_')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance01")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1&3_")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance02(self):
         """
         Standard two-level inheritance
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance02')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1234')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance02")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1234")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance03(self):
         """
         Three-level with no redefinitions on third level
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance03')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1234')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance03")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1234")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance04(self):
         """
         Two-level with no redefinitions on second level
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance04')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1&3_')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance04")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1&3_")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance05(self):
         """
         Two-level with double quotes instead of single quotes
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance05')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1234')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance05")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1234")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance06(self):
         """
         Three-level with variable parent-template name
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance06', {'foo': 'inheritance02'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1234')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance06", {"foo": "inheritance02"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1234")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance07(self):
         """
         Two-level with one block defined, one block not defined
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance07')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1&35')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance07")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1&35")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance08(self):
@@ -126,24 +126,24 @@ class InheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Three-level with one block defined on this level, two blocks
         defined next level
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance08')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1235')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance08")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1235")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance09(self):
         """
         Three-level with second and third levels blank
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance09')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1&3_')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance09")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1&3_")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance10(self):
         """
         Three-level with space NOT in a block -- should be ignored
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance10')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1&3_')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance10")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1&3_")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance11(self):
@@ -151,8 +151,8 @@ class InheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Three-level with both blocks defined on this level, but none on
         second level
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance11')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1234')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance11")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1234")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance12(self):
@@ -160,88 +160,88 @@ class InheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Three-level with this level providing one and second level
         providing the other
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance12')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1235')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance12")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1235")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance13(self):
         """
         Three-level with this level overriding second level
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance13')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1a3b')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance13")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1a3b")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance14(self):
         """
         A block defined only in a child template shouldn't be displayed
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance14')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1&3_')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance14")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1&3_")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance15(self):
         """
         A block within another block
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance15')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '12inner3_')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance15")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "12inner3_")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance16(self):
         """
         A block within another block (level 2)
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance16')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '12out3_')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance16")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "12out3_")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance17(self):
         """
         {% load %} tag (parent -- setup for exception04)
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance17')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1234')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance17")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1234")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance18(self):
         """
         {% load %} tag (standard usage, without inheritance)
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance18')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'this that theother5678')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance18")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "this that theother5678")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance19(self):
         """
         {% load %} tag (within a child template)
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance19')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '140056783_')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance19")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "140056783_")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance20(self):
         """
         Two-level inheritance with {{ block.super }}
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance20')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1&a3_')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance20")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1&a3_")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance21(self):
         """
         Three-level inheritance with {{ block.super }} from parent
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance21')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '12a34')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance21")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "12a34")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance22(self):
         """
         Three-level inheritance with {{ block.super }} from grandparent
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance22')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1&a3_')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance22")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1&a3_")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance23(self):
@@ -249,8 +249,8 @@ class InheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Three-level inheritance with {{ block.super }} from parent and
         grandparent
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance23')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1&ab3_')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance23")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1&ab3_")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance24(self):
@@ -260,8 +260,10 @@ class InheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
         context_template = self.engine.from_string(
             "1{% block first %}_{% endblock %}3{% block second %}_{% endblock %}"
         )
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance24', {'context_template': context_template})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1234')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "inheritance24", {"context_template": context_template}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1234")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance25(self):
@@ -270,70 +272,74 @@ class InheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         context_template = [
             self.engine.from_string("Wrong"),
-            self.engine.from_string("1{% block first %}_{% endblock %}3{% block second %}_{% endblock %}"),
+            self.engine.from_string(
+                "1{% block first %}_{% endblock %}3{% block second %}_{% endblock %}"
+            ),
         ]
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance25', {'context_template': context_template})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1234')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "inheritance25", {"context_template": context_template}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1234")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance26(self):
         """
         Set up a base template to extend
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance26')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no tags')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance26")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no tags")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance27(self):
         """
         Inheritance from a template that doesn't have any blocks
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance27')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no tags')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance27")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no tags")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance_28(self):
         """
         Set up a base template with a space in it.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance 28')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '!')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance 28")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "!")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance29(self):
         """
         Inheritance from a template with a space in its name should work.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance29')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '!')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance29")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "!")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance30(self):
         """
         Base template, putting block in a conditional {% if %} tag
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance30', {'optional': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '123')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance30", {"optional": True})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "123")
 
     # Inherit from a template with block wrapped in an {% if %} tag
     # (in parent), still gets overridden
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance31(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance31', {'optional': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1two3')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance31", {"optional": True})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1two3")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance32(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance32')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '13')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance32")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "13")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance33(self):
         """
         Base template, putting block in a conditional {% if %} tag
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance33', {'optional': 1})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '123')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance33", {"optional": 1})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "123")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance34(self):
@@ -341,8 +347,8 @@ class InheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Inherit from a template with block wrapped in an {% if %} tag
         (in parent), still gets overridden
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance34', {'optional': 1})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1two3')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance34", {"optional": 1})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1two3")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance35(self):
@@ -350,16 +356,16 @@ class InheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Inherit from a template with block wrapped in an {% if %} tag
         (in parent), still gets overridden
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance35', {'optional': 2})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '13')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance35", {"optional": 2})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "13")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance36(self):
         """
         Base template, putting block in a {% for %} tag
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance36', {'numbers': '123'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '_1_2_3_')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance36", {"numbers": "123"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "_1_2_3_")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance37(self):
@@ -367,8 +373,8 @@ class InheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Inherit from a template with block wrapped in an {% for %} tag
         (in parent), still gets overridden
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance37', {'numbers': '123'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '_X_X_X_')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance37", {"numbers": "123"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "_X_X_X_")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance38(self):
@@ -376,49 +382,51 @@ class InheritanceTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Inherit from a template with block wrapped in an {% for %} tag
         (in parent), still gets overridden
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance38')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '_')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance38")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "_")
 
     # The super block will still be found.
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance39(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance39', {'optional': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1new23')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance39", {"optional": True})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1new23")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance40(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance40', {'optional': 1})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1new23')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance40", {"optional": 1})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1new23")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance41(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance41', {'numbers': '123'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '_new1_new2_new3_')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance41", {"numbers": "123"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "_new1_new2_new3_")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance42(self):
         """
         Expression starting and ending with a quote
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance42')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1234')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance42")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1234")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_inheritance_empty(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, "'extends' takes one argument"):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('inheritance_empty')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TemplateSyntaxError, "'extends' takes one argument"
+        ):
+            self.engine.render_to_string("inheritance_empty")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_extends_duplicate(self):
         msg = "'extends' cannot appear more than once in the same template"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('extends_duplicate')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("extends_duplicate")
 
     @setup(inheritance_templates)
     def test_duplicate_block(self):
         msg = "'block' tag with name 'content' appears more than once"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('duplicate_block')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("duplicate_block")
 
 
 class ExtendsNodeTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -428,4 +436,4 @@ class ExtendsNodeTests(SimpleTestCase):
             parent_name=Node(),
             template_dirs=[],
         )
-        self.assertEqual(repr(extends_node), '<ExtendsNode: extends None>')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(extends_node), "<ExtendsNode: extends None>")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_filter_syntax.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_filter_syntax.py
index 1d37163d60..5c9128aad8 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_filter_syntax.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_filter_syntax.py
@@ -5,58 +5,65 @@ from ..utils import SomeClass, SomeOtherException, UTF8Class, setup
 
 
 class FilterSyntaxTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'filter-syntax01': '{{ var|upper }}'})
+    @setup({"filter-syntax01": "{{ var|upper }}"})
     def test_filter_syntax01(self):
         """
         Basic filter usage
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('filter-syntax01', {"var": "Django is the greatest!"})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "filter-syntax01", {"var": "Django is the greatest!"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, "DJANGO IS THE GREATEST!")
 
-    @setup({'filter-syntax02': '{{ var|upper|lower }}'})
+    @setup({"filter-syntax02": "{{ var|upper|lower }}"})
     def test_filter_syntax02(self):
         """
         Chained filters
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('filter-syntax02', {"var": "Django is the greatest!"})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "filter-syntax02", {"var": "Django is the greatest!"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(output, "django is the greatest!")
 
-    @setup({'filter-syntax03': '{{ var |upper }}'})
+    @setup({"filter-syntax03": "{{ var |upper }}"})
     def test_filter_syntax03(self):
         """
         Allow spaces before the filter pipe
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('filter-syntax03', {'var': 'Django is the greatest!'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'DJANGO IS THE GREATEST!')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "filter-syntax03", {"var": "Django is the greatest!"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "DJANGO IS THE GREATEST!")
 
-    @setup({'filter-syntax04': '{{ var| upper }}'})
+    @setup({"filter-syntax04": "{{ var| upper }}"})
     def test_filter_syntax04(self):
         """
         Allow spaces after the filter pipe
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('filter-syntax04', {'var': 'Django is the greatest!'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'DJANGO IS THE GREATEST!')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "filter-syntax04", {"var": "Django is the greatest!"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "DJANGO IS THE GREATEST!")
 
-    @setup({'filter-syntax05': '{{ var|does_not_exist }}'})
+    @setup({"filter-syntax05": "{{ var|does_not_exist }}"})
     def test_filter_syntax05(self):
         """
         Raise TemplateSyntaxError for a nonexistent filter
         """
         msg = "Invalid filter: 'does_not_exist'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.get_template('filter-syntax05')
+            self.engine.get_template("filter-syntax05")
 
-    @setup({'filter-syntax06': '{{ var|fil(ter) }}'})
+    @setup({"filter-syntax06": "{{ var|fil(ter) }}"})
     def test_filter_syntax06(self):
         """
         Raise TemplateSyntaxError when trying to access a filter containing
         an illegal character
         """
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, "Invalid filter: 'fil'"):
-            self.engine.get_template('filter-syntax06')
+            self.engine.get_template("filter-syntax06")
 
-    @setup({'filter-syntax07': "{% nothing_to_see_here %}"})
+    @setup({"filter-syntax07": "{% nothing_to_see_here %}"})
     def test_filter_syntax07(self):
         """
         Raise TemplateSyntaxError for invalid block tags
@@ -66,143 +73,149 @@ class FilterSyntaxTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "forget to register or load this tag?"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.get_template('filter-syntax07')
+            self.engine.get_template("filter-syntax07")
 
-    @setup({'filter-syntax08': "{% %}"})
+    @setup({"filter-syntax08": "{% %}"})
     def test_filter_syntax08(self):
         """
         Raise TemplateSyntaxError for empty block tags
         """
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, 'Empty block tag on line 1'):
-            self.engine.get_template('filter-syntax08')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, "Empty block tag on line 1"):
+            self.engine.get_template("filter-syntax08")
 
-    @setup({'filter-syntax08-multi-line': "line 1\nline 2\nline 3{% %}\nline 4\nline 5"})
+    @setup(
+        {"filter-syntax08-multi-line": "line 1\nline 2\nline 3{% %}\nline 4\nline 5"}
+    )
     def test_filter_syntax08_multi_line(self):
         """
         Raise TemplateSyntaxError for empty block tags in templates with
         multiple lines.
         """
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, 'Empty block tag on line 3'):
-            self.engine.get_template('filter-syntax08-multi-line')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, "Empty block tag on line 3"):
+            self.engine.get_template("filter-syntax08-multi-line")
 
-    @setup({'filter-syntax09': '{{ var|cut:"o"|upper|lower }}'})
+    @setup({"filter-syntax09": '{{ var|cut:"o"|upper|lower }}'})
     def test_filter_syntax09(self):
         """
         Chained filters, with an argument to the first one
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('filter-syntax09', {'var': 'Foo'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'f')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("filter-syntax09", {"var": "Foo"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "f")
 
-    @setup({'filter-syntax10': r'{{ var|default_if_none:" endquote\" hah" }}'})
+    @setup({"filter-syntax10": r'{{ var|default_if_none:" endquote\" hah" }}'})
     def test_filter_syntax10(self):
         """
         Literal string as argument is always "safe" from auto-escaping.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('filter-syntax10', {"var": None})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("filter-syntax10", {"var": None})
         self.assertEqual(output, ' endquote" hah')
 
-    @setup({'filter-syntax11': r'{{ var|default_if_none:var2 }}'})
+    @setup({"filter-syntax11": r"{{ var|default_if_none:var2 }}"})
     def test_filter_syntax11(self):
         """
         Variable as argument
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('filter-syntax11', {"var": None, "var2": "happy"})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'happy')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "filter-syntax11", {"var": None, "var2": "happy"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "happy")
 
-    @setup({'filter-syntax13': r'1{{ var.method3 }}2'})
+    @setup({"filter-syntax13": r"1{{ var.method3 }}2"})
     def test_filter_syntax13(self):
         """
         Fail silently for methods that raise an exception with a
         `silent_variable_failure` attribute
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('filter-syntax13', {"var": SomeClass()})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("filter-syntax13", {"var": SomeClass()})
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
             self.assertEqual(output, "1INVALID2")
         else:
             self.assertEqual(output, "12")
 
-    @setup({'filter-syntax14': r'1{{ var.method4 }}2'})
+    @setup({"filter-syntax14": r"1{{ var.method4 }}2"})
     def test_filter_syntax14(self):
         """
         In methods that raise an exception without a
         `silent_variable_attribute` set to True, the exception propagates
         """
         with self.assertRaises(SomeOtherException):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('filter-syntax14', {"var": SomeClass()})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("filter-syntax14", {"var": SomeClass()})
 
-    @setup({'filter-syntax15': r'{{ var|default_if_none:"foo\bar" }}'})
+    @setup({"filter-syntax15": r'{{ var|default_if_none:"foo\bar" }}'})
     def test_filter_syntax15(self):
         """
         Escaped backslash in argument
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('filter-syntax15', {"var": None})
-        self.assertEqual(output, r'foo\bar')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("filter-syntax15", {"var": None})
+        self.assertEqual(output, r"foo\bar")
 
-    @setup({'filter-syntax16': r'{{ var|default_if_none:"foo\now" }}'})
+    @setup({"filter-syntax16": r'{{ var|default_if_none:"foo\now" }}'})
     def test_filter_syntax16(self):
         """
         Escaped backslash using known escape char
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('filter-syntax16', {"var": None})
-        self.assertEqual(output, r'foo\now')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("filter-syntax16", {"var": None})
+        self.assertEqual(output, r"foo\now")
 
-    @setup({'filter-syntax17': r'{{ var|join:"" }}'})
+    @setup({"filter-syntax17": r'{{ var|join:"" }}'})
     def test_filter_syntax17(self):
         """
         Empty strings can be passed as arguments to filters
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('filter-syntax17', {'var': ['a', 'b', 'c']})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'abc')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "filter-syntax17", {"var": ["a", "b", "c"]}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "abc")
 
-    @setup({'filter-syntax18': r'{{ var }}'})
+    @setup({"filter-syntax18": r"{{ var }}"})
     def test_filter_syntax18(self):
         """
         Strings are converted to bytestrings in the final output.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('filter-syntax18', {'var': UTF8Class()})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '\u0160\u0110\u0106\u017d\u0107\u017e\u0161\u0111')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("filter-syntax18", {"var": UTF8Class()})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "\u0160\u0110\u0106\u017d\u0107\u017e\u0161\u0111")
 
-    @setup({'filter-syntax19': '{{ var|truncatewords:1 }}'})
+    @setup({"filter-syntax19": "{{ var|truncatewords:1 }}"})
     def test_filter_syntax19(self):
         """
         Numbers as filter arguments should work
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('filter-syntax19', {"var": "hello world"})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("filter-syntax19", {"var": "hello world"})
         self.assertEqual(output, "hello …")
 
-    @setup({'filter-syntax20': '{{ ""|default_if_none:"was none" }}'})
+    @setup({"filter-syntax20": '{{ ""|default_if_none:"was none" }}'})
     def test_filter_syntax20(self):
         """
         Filters should accept empty string constants
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('filter-syntax20')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("filter-syntax20")
         self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'filter-syntax21': r'1{{ var.silent_fail_key }}2'})
+    @setup({"filter-syntax21": r"1{{ var.silent_fail_key }}2"})
     def test_filter_syntax21(self):
         """
         Fail silently for non-callable attribute and dict lookups which
         raise an exception with a "silent_variable_failure" attribute
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('filter-syntax21', {"var": SomeClass()})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("filter-syntax21", {"var": SomeClass()})
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
             self.assertEqual(output, "1INVALID2")
         else:
             self.assertEqual(output, "12")
 
-    @setup({'filter-syntax22': r'1{{ var.silent_fail_attribute }}2'})
+    @setup({"filter-syntax22": r"1{{ var.silent_fail_attribute }}2"})
     def test_filter_syntax22(self):
         """
         Fail silently for non-callable attribute and dict lookups which
         raise an exception with a `silent_variable_failure` attribute
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('filter-syntax22', {"var": SomeClass()})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("filter-syntax22", {"var": SomeClass()})
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
             self.assertEqual(output, "1INVALID2")
         else:
             self.assertEqual(output, "12")
 
-    @setup({'filter-syntax23': r'1{{ var.noisy_fail_key }}2'})
+    @setup({"filter-syntax23": r"1{{ var.noisy_fail_key }}2"})
     def test_filter_syntax23(self):
         """
         In attribute and dict lookups that raise an unexpected exception
@@ -210,9 +223,9 @@ class FilterSyntaxTests(SimpleTestCase):
         propagates
         """
         with self.assertRaises(SomeOtherException):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('filter-syntax23', {"var": SomeClass()})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("filter-syntax23", {"var": SomeClass()})
 
-    @setup({'filter-syntax24': r'1{{ var.noisy_fail_attribute }}2'})
+    @setup({"filter-syntax24": r"1{{ var.noisy_fail_attribute }}2"})
     def test_filter_syntax24(self):
         """
         In attribute and dict lookups that raise an unexpected exception
@@ -220,18 +233,18 @@ class FilterSyntaxTests(SimpleTestCase):
         propagates
         """
         with self.assertRaises(SomeOtherException):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('filter-syntax24', {"var": SomeClass()})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("filter-syntax24", {"var": SomeClass()})
 
-    @setup({'filter-syntax25': '{{ var.attribute_error_attribute }}'})
+    @setup({"filter-syntax25": "{{ var.attribute_error_attribute }}"})
     def test_filter_syntax25(self):
         """
         #16383 - Attribute errors from an @property value should be
         reraised.
         """
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('filter-syntax25', {'var': SomeClass()})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("filter-syntax25", {"var": SomeClass()})
 
-    @setup({'template': '{{ var.type_error_attribute }}'})
+    @setup({"template": "{{ var.type_error_attribute }}"})
     def test_type_error_attribute(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('template', {'var': SomeClass()})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("template", {"var": SomeClass()})
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_filter_tag.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_filter_tag.py
index 003140a105..0722fd8b27 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_filter_tag.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_filter_tag.py
@@ -5,43 +5,42 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class FilterTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'filter01': '{% filter upper %}{% endfilter %}'})
+    @setup({"filter01": "{% filter upper %}{% endfilter %}"})
     def test_filter01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('filter01')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("filter01")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'filter02': '{% filter upper %}django{% endfilter %}'})
+    @setup({"filter02": "{% filter upper %}django{% endfilter %}"})
     def test_filter02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('filter02')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'DJANGO')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("filter02")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "DJANGO")
 
-    @setup({'filter03': '{% filter upper|lower %}django{% endfilter %}'})
+    @setup({"filter03": "{% filter upper|lower %}django{% endfilter %}"})
     def test_filter03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('filter03')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'django')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("filter03")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "django")
 
-    @setup({'filter04': '{% filter cut:remove %}djangospam{% endfilter %}'})
+    @setup({"filter04": "{% filter cut:remove %}djangospam{% endfilter %}"})
     def test_filter04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('filter04', {'remove': 'spam'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'django')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("filter04", {"remove": "spam"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "django")
 
-    @setup({'filter05': '{% filter safe %}fail{% endfilter %}'})
+    @setup({"filter05": "{% filter safe %}fail{% endfilter %}"})
     def test_filter05(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('filter05')
+            self.engine.get_template("filter05")
 
-    @setup({'filter05bis': '{% filter upper|safe %}fail{% endfilter %}'})
+    @setup({"filter05bis": "{% filter upper|safe %}fail{% endfilter %}"})
     def test_filter05bis(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('filter05bis')
+            self.engine.get_template("filter05bis")
 
-    @setup({'filter06': '{% filter escape %}fail{% endfilter %}'})
+    @setup({"filter06": "{% filter escape %}fail{% endfilter %}"})
     def test_filter06(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('filter06')
+            self.engine.get_template("filter06")
 
-    @setup({'filter06bis': '{% filter upper|escape %}fail{% endfilter %}'})
+    @setup({"filter06bis": "{% filter upper|escape %}fail{% endfilter %}"})
     def test_filter06bis(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('filter06bis')
+            self.engine.get_template("filter06bis")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_firstof.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_firstof.py
index cc8df211eb..72f0223d5d 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_firstof.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_firstof.py
@@ -5,87 +5,86 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class FirstOfTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'firstof01': '{% firstof a b c %}'})
+    @setup({"firstof01": "{% firstof a b c %}"})
     def test_firstof01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('firstof01', {'a': 0, 'c': 0, 'b': 0})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("firstof01", {"a": 0, "c": 0, "b": 0})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'firstof02': '{% firstof a b c %}'})
+    @setup({"firstof02": "{% firstof a b c %}"})
     def test_firstof02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('firstof02', {'a': 1, 'c': 0, 'b': 0})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("firstof02", {"a": 1, "c": 0, "b": 0})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1")
 
-    @setup({'firstof03': '{% firstof a b c %}'})
+    @setup({"firstof03": "{% firstof a b c %}"})
     def test_firstof03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('firstof03', {'a': 0, 'c': 0, 'b': 2})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '2')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("firstof03", {"a": 0, "c": 0, "b": 2})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "2")
 
-    @setup({'firstof04': '{% firstof a b c %}'})
+    @setup({"firstof04": "{% firstof a b c %}"})
     def test_firstof04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('firstof04', {'a': 0, 'c': 3, 'b': 0})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '3')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("firstof04", {"a": 0, "c": 3, "b": 0})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "3")
 
-    @setup({'firstof05': '{% firstof a b c %}'})
+    @setup({"firstof05": "{% firstof a b c %}"})
     def test_firstof05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('firstof05', {'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 2})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("firstof05", {"a": 1, "c": 3, "b": 2})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1")
 
-    @setup({'firstof06': '{% firstof a b c %}'})
+    @setup({"firstof06": "{% firstof a b c %}"})
     def test_firstof06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('firstof06', {'c': 3, 'b': 0})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '3')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("firstof06", {"c": 3, "b": 0})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "3")
 
-    @setup({'firstof07': '{% firstof a b "c" %}'})
+    @setup({"firstof07": '{% firstof a b "c" %}'})
     def test_firstof07(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('firstof07', {'a': 0})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'c')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("firstof07", {"a": 0})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "c")
 
-    @setup({'firstof08': '{% firstof a b "c and d" %}'})
+    @setup({"firstof08": '{% firstof a b "c and d" %}'})
     def test_firstof08(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('firstof08', {'a': 0, 'b': 0})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'c and d')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("firstof08", {"a": 0, "b": 0})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "c and d")
 
-    @setup({'firstof09': '{% firstof %}'})
+    @setup({"firstof09": "{% firstof %}"})
     def test_firstof09(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('firstof09')
+            self.engine.get_template("firstof09")
 
-    @setup({'firstof10': '{% firstof a %}'})
+    @setup({"firstof10": "{% firstof a %}"})
     def test_firstof10(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('firstof10', {'a': '<'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '&lt;')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("firstof10", {"a": "<"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "&lt;")
 
-    @setup({'firstof11': '{% firstof a b %}'})
+    @setup({"firstof11": "{% firstof a b %}"})
     def test_firstof11(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('firstof11', {'a': '<', 'b': '>'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '&lt;')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("firstof11", {"a": "<", "b": ">"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "&lt;")
 
-    @setup({'firstof12': '{% firstof a b %}'})
+    @setup({"firstof12": "{% firstof a b %}"})
     def test_firstof12(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('firstof12', {'a': '', 'b': '>'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '&gt;')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("firstof12", {"a": "", "b": ">"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "&gt;")
 
-    @setup({'firstof13': '{% autoescape off %}{% firstof a %}{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup({"firstof13": "{% autoescape off %}{% firstof a %}{% endautoescape %}"})
     def test_firstof13(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('firstof13', {'a': '<'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '<')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("firstof13", {"a": "<"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "<")
 
-    @setup({'firstof14': '{% firstof a|safe b %}'})
+    @setup({"firstof14": "{% firstof a|safe b %}"})
     def test_firstof14(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('firstof14', {'a': '<'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '<')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("firstof14", {"a": "<"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "<")
 
-    @setup({'firstof15': '{% firstof a b c as myvar %}'})
+    @setup({"firstof15": "{% firstof a b c as myvar %}"})
     def test_firstof15(self):
-        ctx = {'a': 0, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('firstof15', ctx)
-        self.assertEqual(ctx['myvar'], '2')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        ctx = {"a": 0, "b": 2, "c": 3}
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("firstof15", ctx)
+        self.assertEqual(ctx["myvar"], "2")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'firstof16': '{% firstof a b c as myvar %}'})
+    @setup({"firstof16": "{% firstof a b c as myvar %}"})
     def test_all_false_arguments_asvar(self):
-        ctx = {'a': 0, 'b': 0, 'c': 0}
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('firstof16', ctx)
-        self.assertEqual(ctx['myvar'], '')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        ctx = {"a": 0, "b": 0, "c": 0}
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("firstof16", ctx)
+        self.assertEqual(ctx["myvar"], "")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_for.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_for.py
index d7db6108a2..ad1d158f9b 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_for.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_for.py
@@ -6,213 +6,333 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class ForTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    libraries = {'custom': 'template_tests.templatetags.custom'}
+    libraries = {"custom": "template_tests.templatetags.custom"}
 
-    @setup({'for-tag01': '{% for val in values %}{{ val }}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup({"for-tag01": "{% for val in values %}{{ val }}{% endfor %}"})
     def test_for_tag01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('for-tag01', {'values': [1, 2, 3]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '123')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("for-tag01", {"values": [1, 2, 3]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "123")
 
-    @setup({'for-tag02': '{% for val in values reversed %}{{ val }}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup({"for-tag02": "{% for val in values reversed %}{{ val }}{% endfor %}"})
     def test_for_tag02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('for-tag02', {'values': [1, 2, 3]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '321')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("for-tag02", {"values": [1, 2, 3]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "321")
 
-    @setup({'for-tag-vars01': '{% for val in values %}{{ forloop.counter }}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {"for-tag-vars01": "{% for val in values %}{{ forloop.counter }}{% endfor %}"}
+    )
     def test_for_tag_vars01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('for-tag-vars01', {'values': [6, 6, 6]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '123')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("for-tag-vars01", {"values": [6, 6, 6]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "123")
 
-    @setup({'for-tag-vars02': '{% for val in values %}{{ forloop.counter0 }}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {"for-tag-vars02": "{% for val in values %}{{ forloop.counter0 }}{% endfor %}"}
+    )
     def test_for_tag_vars02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('for-tag-vars02', {'values': [6, 6, 6]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '012')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("for-tag-vars02", {"values": [6, 6, 6]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "012")
 
-    @setup({'for-tag-vars03': '{% for val in values %}{{ forloop.revcounter }}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "for-tag-vars03": "{% for val in values %}{{ forloop.revcounter }}{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_for_tag_vars03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('for-tag-vars03', {'values': [6, 6, 6]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '321')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("for-tag-vars03", {"values": [6, 6, 6]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "321")
 
-    @setup({'for-tag-vars04': '{% for val in values %}{{ forloop.revcounter0 }}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "for-tag-vars04": "{% for val in values %}{{ forloop.revcounter0 }}{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_for_tag_vars04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('for-tag-vars04', {'values': [6, 6, 6]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '210')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("for-tag-vars04", {"values": [6, 6, 6]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "210")
 
-    @setup({'for-tag-vars05': '{% for val in values %}'
-                              '{% if forloop.first %}f{% else %}x{% endif %}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "for-tag-vars05": "{% for val in values %}"
+            "{% if forloop.first %}f{% else %}x{% endif %}{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_for_tag_vars05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('for-tag-vars05', {'values': [6, 6, 6]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'fxx')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("for-tag-vars05", {"values": [6, 6, 6]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "fxx")
 
-    @setup({'for-tag-vars06': '{% for val in values %}'
-                              '{% if forloop.last %}l{% else %}x{% endif %}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "for-tag-vars06": "{% for val in values %}"
+            "{% if forloop.last %}l{% else %}x{% endif %}{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_for_tag_vars06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('for-tag-vars06', {'values': [6, 6, 6]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'xxl')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("for-tag-vars06", {"values": [6, 6, 6]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "xxl")
 
-    @setup({'for-tag-unpack01': '{% for key,value in items %}{{ key }}:{{ value }}/{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "for-tag-unpack01": "{% for key,value in items %}{{ key }}:{{ value }}/{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_for_tag_unpack01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('for-tag-unpack01', {'items': (('one', 1), ('two', 2))})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'one:1/two:2/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "for-tag-unpack01", {"items": (("one", 1), ("two", 2))}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "one:1/two:2/")
 
-    @setup({'for-tag-unpack03': '{% for key, value in items %}{{ key }}:{{ value }}/{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "for-tag-unpack03": "{% for key, value in items %}{{ key }}:{{ value }}/{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_for_tag_unpack03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('for-tag-unpack03', {'items': (('one', 1), ('two', 2))})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'one:1/two:2/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "for-tag-unpack03", {"items": (("one", 1), ("two", 2))}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "one:1/two:2/")
 
-    @setup({'for-tag-unpack04': '{% for key , value in items %}{{ key }}:{{ value }}/{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "for-tag-unpack04": "{% for key , value in items %}{{ key }}:{{ value }}/{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_for_tag_unpack04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('for-tag-unpack04', {'items': (('one', 1), ('two', 2))})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'one:1/two:2/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "for-tag-unpack04", {"items": (("one", 1), ("two", 2))}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "one:1/two:2/")
 
-    @setup({'for-tag-unpack05': '{% for key ,value in items %}{{ key }}:{{ value }}/{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "for-tag-unpack05": "{% for key ,value in items %}{{ key }}:{{ value }}/{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_for_tag_unpack05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('for-tag-unpack05', {'items': (('one', 1), ('two', 2))})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'one:1/two:2/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "for-tag-unpack05", {"items": (("one", 1), ("two", 2))}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "one:1/two:2/")
 
-    @setup({'for-tag-unpack06': '{% for key value in items %}{{ key }}:{{ value }}/{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "for-tag-unpack06": "{% for key value in items %}{{ key }}:{{ value }}/{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_for_tag_unpack06(self):
         msg = "'for' tag received an invalid argument: for key value in items"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('for-tag-unpack06', {'items': (('one', 1), ('two', 2))})
+            self.engine.render_to_string(
+                "for-tag-unpack06", {"items": (("one", 1), ("two", 2))}
+            )
 
-    @setup({'for-tag-unpack07': '{% for key,,value in items %}{{ key }}:{{ value }}/{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "for-tag-unpack07": "{% for key,,value in items %}{{ key }}:{{ value }}/{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_for_tag_unpack07(self):
         msg = "'for' tag received an invalid argument: for key,,value in items"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('for-tag-unpack07', {'items': (('one', 1), ('two', 2))})
+            self.engine.render_to_string(
+                "for-tag-unpack07", {"items": (("one", 1), ("two", 2))}
+            )
 
-    @setup({'for-tag-unpack08': '{% for key,value, in items %}{{ key }}:{{ value }}/{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "for-tag-unpack08": "{% for key,value, in items %}{{ key }}:{{ value }}/{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_for_tag_unpack08(self):
         msg = "'for' tag received an invalid argument: for key,value, in items"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('for-tag-unpack08', {'items': (('one', 1), ('two', 2))})
+            self.engine.render_to_string(
+                "for-tag-unpack08", {"items": (("one", 1), ("two", 2))}
+            )
 
-    @setup({'double-quote': '{% for "k" in items %}{{ "k" }}/{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup({"double-quote": '{% for "k" in items %}{{ "k" }}/{% endfor %}'})
     def test_unpack_double_quote(self):
         msg = """'for' tag received an invalid argument: for "k" in items"""
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('double-quote', {'items': (1, 2)})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("double-quote", {"items": (1, 2)})
 
-    @setup({'single-quote': "{% for 'k' in items %}{{ k }}/{% endfor %}"})
+    @setup({"single-quote": "{% for 'k' in items %}{{ k }}/{% endfor %}"})
     def test_unpack_single_quote(self):
         msg = """'for' tag received an invalid argument: for 'k' in items"""
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('single-quote', {'items': (1, 2)})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("single-quote", {"items": (1, 2)})
 
-    @setup({'vertical-bar': '{% for k|upper in items %}{{ k|upper }}/{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup({"vertical-bar": "{% for k|upper in items %}{{ k|upper }}/{% endfor %}"})
     def test_unpack_vertical_bar(self):
         msg = "'for' tag received an invalid argument: for k|upper in items"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('vertical-bar', {'items': (1, 2)})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("vertical-bar", {"items": (1, 2)})
 
-    @setup({'for-tag-unpack09': '{% for val in items %}{{ val.0 }}:{{ val.1 }}/{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "for-tag-unpack09": "{% for val in items %}{{ val.0 }}:{{ val.1 }}/{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_for_tag_unpack09(self):
         """
         A single loopvar doesn't truncate the list in val.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('for-tag-unpack09', {'items': (('one', 1), ('two', 2))})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'one:1/two:2/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "for-tag-unpack09", {"items": (("one", 1), ("two", 2))}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "one:1/two:2/")
 
-    @setup({'for-tag-unpack13': '{% for x,y,z in items %}{{ x }}:{{ y }},{{ z }}/{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "for-tag-unpack13": "{% for x,y,z in items %}{{ x }}:{{ y }},{{ z }}/{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_for_tag_unpack13(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'for-tag-unpack13', {'items': (('one', 1, 'carrot'), ('two', 2, 'cheese'))}
+            "for-tag-unpack13", {"items": (("one", 1, "carrot"), ("two", 2, "cheese"))}
         )
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'one:1,carrot/two:2,cheese/')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "one:1,carrot/two:2,cheese/")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'one:1,carrot/two:2,cheese/')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "one:1,carrot/two:2,cheese/")
 
-    @setup({'for-tag-empty01': '{% for val in values %}{{ val }}{% empty %}empty text{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "for-tag-empty01": "{% for val in values %}{{ val }}{% empty %}empty text{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_for_tag_empty01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('for-tag-empty01', {'values': [1, 2, 3]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '123')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("for-tag-empty01", {"values": [1, 2, 3]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "123")
 
-    @setup({'for-tag-empty02': '{% for val in values %}{{ val }}{% empty %}values array empty{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "for-tag-empty02": "{% for val in values %}{{ val }}{% empty %}values array empty{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_for_tag_empty02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('for-tag-empty02', {'values': []})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'values array empty')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("for-tag-empty02", {"values": []})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "values array empty")
 
-    @setup({'for-tag-empty03': '{% for val in values %}'
-                               '{{ val }}{% empty %}values array not found{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "for-tag-empty03": "{% for val in values %}"
+            "{{ val }}{% empty %}values array not found{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_for_tag_empty03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('for-tag-empty03')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'values array not found')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("for-tag-empty03")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "values array not found")
 
-    @setup({'for-tag-filter-ws': "{% load custom %}{% for x in s|noop:'x y' %}{{ x }}{% endfor %}"})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "for-tag-filter-ws": "{% load custom %}{% for x in s|noop:'x y' %}{{ x }}{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_for_tag_filter_ws(self):
         """
         #19882
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('for-tag-filter-ws', {'s': 'abc'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'abc')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("for-tag-filter-ws", {"s": "abc"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "abc")
 
-    @setup({'for-tag-unpack-strs': '{% for x,y in items %}{{ x }}:{{ y }}/{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {"for-tag-unpack-strs": "{% for x,y in items %}{{ x }}:{{ y }}/{% endfor %}"}
+    )
     def test_for_tag_unpack_strs(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('for-tag-unpack-strs', {'items': ('ab', 'ac')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'a:b/a:c/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "for-tag-unpack-strs", {"items": ("ab", "ac")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "a:b/a:c/")
 
-    @setup({'for-tag-unpack10': '{% for x,y in items %}{{ x }}:{{ y }}/{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup({"for-tag-unpack10": "{% for x,y in items %}{{ x }}:{{ y }}/{% endfor %}"})
     def test_for_tag_unpack10(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Need 2 values to unpack in for loop; got 3.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Need 2 values to unpack in for loop; got 3."
+        ):
             self.engine.render_to_string(
-                'for-tag-unpack10',
-                {'items': (('one', 1, 'carrot'), ('two', 2, 'orange'))},
+                "for-tag-unpack10",
+                {"items": (("one", 1, "carrot"), ("two", 2, "orange"))},
             )
 
-    @setup({'for-tag-unpack11': '{% for x,y,z in items %}{{ x }}:{{ y }},{{ z }}/{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "for-tag-unpack11": "{% for x,y,z in items %}{{ x }}:{{ y }},{{ z }}/{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_for_tag_unpack11(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Need 3 values to unpack in for loop; got 2.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Need 3 values to unpack in for loop; got 2."
+        ):
             self.engine.render_to_string(
-                'for-tag-unpack11',
-                {'items': (('one', 1), ('two', 2))},
+                "for-tag-unpack11",
+                {"items": (("one", 1), ("two", 2))},
             )
 
-    @setup({'for-tag-unpack12': '{% for x,y,z in items %}{{ x }}:{{ y }},{{ z }}/{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "for-tag-unpack12": "{% for x,y,z in items %}{{ x }}:{{ y }},{{ z }}/{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_for_tag_unpack12(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Need 3 values to unpack in for loop; got 2.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Need 3 values to unpack in for loop; got 2."
+        ):
             self.engine.render_to_string(
-                'for-tag-unpack12',
-                {'items': (('one', 1, 'carrot'), ('two', 2))}
+                "for-tag-unpack12", {"items": (("one", 1, "carrot"), ("two", 2))}
             )
 
-    @setup({'for-tag-unpack14': '{% for x,y in items %}{{ x }}:{{ y }}/{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup({"for-tag-unpack14": "{% for x,y in items %}{{ x }}:{{ y }}/{% endfor %}"})
     def test_for_tag_unpack14(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Need 2 values to unpack in for loop; got 1.'):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('for-tag-unpack14', {'items': (1, 2)})
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Need 2 values to unpack in for loop; got 1."
+        ):
+            self.engine.render_to_string("for-tag-unpack14", {"items": (1, 2)})
 
-    @setup({
-        'main': '{% with alpha=alpha.values %}{% include "base" %}{% endwith %}_'
-                '{% with alpha=alpha.extra %}{% include "base" %}{% endwith %}',
-        'base': '{% for x, y in alpha %}{{ x }}:{{ y }},{% endfor %}'
-    })
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "main": '{% with alpha=alpha.values %}{% include "base" %}{% endwith %}_'
+            '{% with alpha=alpha.extra %}{% include "base" %}{% endwith %}',
+            "base": "{% for x, y in alpha %}{{ x }}:{{ y }},{% endfor %}",
+        }
+    )
     def test_for_tag_context(self):
         """
         ForNode.render() pops the values it pushes to the context (#28001).
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('main', {
-            'alpha': {
-                'values': [('two', 2), ('four', 4)],
-                'extra': [('six', 6), ('eight', 8)],
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "main",
+            {
+                "alpha": {
+                    "values": [("two", 2), ("four", 4)],
+                    "extra": [("six", 6), ("eight", 8)],
+                },
             },
-        })
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'two:2,four:4,_six:6,eight:8,')
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "two:2,four:4,_six:6,eight:8,")
 
-    @setup({'invalid_for_loop': '{% for x items %}{{ x }}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup({"invalid_for_loop": "{% for x items %}{{ x }}{% endfor %}"})
     def test_invalid_arg(self):
         msg = "'for' statements should have at least four words: for x items"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('invalid_for_loop', {'items': (1, 2)})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("invalid_for_loop", {"items": (1, 2)})
 
-    @setup({'invalid_for_loop': '{% for x from items %}{{ x }}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup({"invalid_for_loop": "{% for x from items %}{{ x }}{% endfor %}"})
     def test_invalid_in_keyword(self):
         msg = "'for' statements should use the format 'for x in y': for x from items"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('invalid_for_loop', {'items': (1, 2)})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("invalid_for_loop", {"items": (1, 2)})
 
 
 class ForNodeTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_repr(self):
-        node = ForNode('x', 'sequence', is_reversed=True, nodelist_loop=['val'], nodelist_empty=['val2'])
-        self.assertEqual(repr(node), '<ForNode: for x in sequence, tail_len: 1 reversed>')
+        node = ForNode(
+            "x",
+            "sequence",
+            is_reversed=True,
+            nodelist_loop=["val"],
+            nodelist_empty=["val2"],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(node), "<ForNode: for x in sequence, tail_len: 1 reversed>"
+        )
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_if.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_if.py
index 711f871af9..fda44b0672 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_if.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_if.py
@@ -6,603 +6,694 @@ from ..utils import TestObj, setup
 
 
 class IfTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'if-tag01': '{% if foo %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag01": "{% if foo %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag01', {'foo': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag01", {"foo": True})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag02': '{% if foo %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag02": "{% if foo %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag02', {'foo': False})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag02", {"foo": False})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag03': '{% if foo %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag03": "{% if foo %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag03')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag03")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag04': '{% if foo %}foo{% elif bar %}bar{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag04": "{% if foo %}foo{% elif bar %}bar{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag04', {'foo': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'foo')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag04", {"foo": True})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "foo")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag05': '{% if foo %}foo{% elif bar %}bar{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag05": "{% if foo %}foo{% elif bar %}bar{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag05', {'bar': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'bar')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag05", {"bar": True})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "bar")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag06': '{% if foo %}foo{% elif bar %}bar{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag06": "{% if foo %}foo{% elif bar %}bar{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag06')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag06")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag07': '{% if foo %}foo{% elif bar %}bar{% else %}nothing{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag07": "{% if foo %}foo{% elif bar %}bar{% else %}nothing{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag07(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag07', {'foo': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'foo')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag07", {"foo": True})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "foo")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag08': '{% if foo %}foo{% elif bar %}bar{% else %}nothing{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag08": "{% if foo %}foo{% elif bar %}bar{% else %}nothing{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag08(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag08', {'bar': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'bar')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag08", {"bar": True})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "bar")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag09': '{% if foo %}foo{% elif bar %}bar{% else %}nothing{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag09": "{% if foo %}foo{% elif bar %}bar{% else %}nothing{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag09(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag09')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'nothing')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag09")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "nothing")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag10': '{% if foo %}foo{% elif bar %}bar{% elif baz %}baz{% else %}nothing{% endif %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "if-tag10": "{% if foo %}foo{% elif bar %}bar{% elif baz %}baz{% else %}nothing{% endif %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_if_tag10(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag10', {'foo': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'foo')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag10", {"foo": True})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "foo")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag11': '{% if foo %}foo{% elif bar %}bar{% elif baz %}baz{% else %}nothing{% endif %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "if-tag11": "{% if foo %}foo{% elif bar %}bar{% elif baz %}baz{% else %}nothing{% endif %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_if_tag11(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag11', {'bar': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'bar')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag11", {"bar": True})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "bar")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag12': '{% if foo %}foo{% elif bar %}bar{% elif baz %}baz{% else %}nothing{% endif %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "if-tag12": "{% if foo %}foo{% elif bar %}bar{% elif baz %}baz{% else %}nothing{% endif %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_if_tag12(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag12', {'baz': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'baz')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag12", {"baz": True})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "baz")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag13': '{% if foo %}foo{% elif bar %}bar{% elif baz %}baz{% else %}nothing{% endif %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "if-tag13": "{% if foo %}foo{% elif bar %}bar{% elif baz %}baz{% else %}nothing{% endif %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_if_tag13(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag13')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'nothing')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag13")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "nothing")
 
     # Filters
-    @setup({'if-tag-filter01': '{% if foo|length == 5 %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-filter01": "{% if foo|length == 5 %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_filter01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-filter01', {'foo': 'abcde'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-filter01", {"foo": "abcde"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-filter02': '{% if foo|upper == \'ABC\' %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-filter02": "{% if foo|upper == 'ABC' %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_filter02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-filter02')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-filter02")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
     # Equality
-    @setup({'if-tag-eq01': '{% if foo == bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-eq01": "{% if foo == bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_eq01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-eq01')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-eq01")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-eq02': '{% if foo == bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-eq02": "{% if foo == bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_eq02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-eq02', {'foo': 1})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-eq02", {"foo": 1})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-eq03': '{% if foo == bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-eq03": "{% if foo == bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_eq03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-eq03', {'foo': 1, 'bar': 1})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-eq03", {"foo": 1, "bar": 1})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-eq04': '{% if foo == bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-eq04": "{% if foo == bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_eq04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-eq04', {'foo': 1, 'bar': 2})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-eq04", {"foo": 1, "bar": 2})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-eq05': '{% if foo == \'\' %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-eq05": "{% if foo == '' %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_eq05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-eq05')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-eq05")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
     # Inequality
-    @setup({'if-tag-noteq01': '{% if foo != bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-noteq01": "{% if foo != bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_noteq01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-noteq01')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-noteq01")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-noteq02': '{% if foo != bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-noteq02": "{% if foo != bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_noteq02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-noteq02', {'foo': 1})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-noteq02", {"foo": 1})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-noteq03': '{% if foo != bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-noteq03": "{% if foo != bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_noteq03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-noteq03', {'foo': 1, 'bar': 1})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-noteq03", {"foo": 1, "bar": 1})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-noteq04': '{% if foo != bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-noteq04": "{% if foo != bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_noteq04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-noteq04', {'foo': 1, 'bar': 2})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-noteq04", {"foo": 1, "bar": 2})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-noteq05': '{% if foo != "" %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-noteq05": '{% if foo != "" %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
     def test_if_tag_noteq05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-noteq05')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-noteq05")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
     # Comparison
-    @setup({'if-tag-gt-01': '{% if 2 > 1 %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-gt-01": "{% if 2 > 1 %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_gt_01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-gt-01')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-gt-01")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-gt-02': '{% if 1 > 1 %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-gt-02": "{% if 1 > 1 %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_gt_02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-gt-02')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-gt-02")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-gte-01': '{% if 1 >= 1 %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-gte-01": "{% if 1 >= 1 %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_gte_01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-gte-01')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-gte-01")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-gte-02': '{% if 1 >= 2 %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-gte-02": "{% if 1 >= 2 %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_gte_02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-gte-02')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-gte-02")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-lt-01': '{% if 1 < 2 %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-lt-01": "{% if 1 < 2 %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_lt_01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-lt-01')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-lt-01")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-lt-02': '{% if 1 < 1 %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-lt-02": "{% if 1 < 1 %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_lt_02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-lt-02')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-lt-02")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-lte-01': '{% if 1 <= 1 %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-lte-01": "{% if 1 <= 1 %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_lte_01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-lte-01')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-lte-01")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-lte-02': '{% if 2 <= 1 %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-lte-02": "{% if 2 <= 1 %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_lte_02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-lte-02')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-lte-02")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
     # Contains
-    @setup({'if-tag-in-01': '{% if 1 in x %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-in-01": "{% if 1 in x %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_in_01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-in-01', {'x': [1]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-in-01", {"x": [1]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-in-02': '{% if 2 in x %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-in-02": "{% if 2 in x %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_in_02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-in-02', {'x': [1]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-in-02", {"x": [1]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not-in-01': '{% if 1 not in x %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not-in-01": "{% if 1 not in x %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not_in_01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not-in-01', {'x': [1]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-not-in-01", {"x": [1]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not-in-02': '{% if 2 not in x %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not-in-02": "{% if 2 not in x %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not_in_02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not-in-02', {'x': [1]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-not-in-02", {"x": [1]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
     # AND
-    @setup({'if-tag-and01': '{% if foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-and01": "{% if foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_and01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-and01', {'foo': True, 'bar': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-and01", {"foo": True, "bar": True}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-and02': '{% if foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-and02": "{% if foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_and02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-and02', {'foo': True, 'bar': False})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-and02", {"foo": True, "bar": False}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-and03': '{% if foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-and03": "{% if foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_and03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-and03', {'foo': False, 'bar': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-and03", {"foo": False, "bar": True}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-and04': '{% if foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-and04": "{% if foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_and04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-and04', {'foo': False, 'bar': False})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-and04", {"foo": False, "bar": False}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-and05': '{% if foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-and05": "{% if foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_and05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-and05', {'foo': False})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-and05", {"foo": False})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-and06': '{% if foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-and06": "{% if foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_and06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-and06', {'bar': False})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-and06", {"bar": False})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-and07': '{% if foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-and07": "{% if foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_and07(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-and07', {'foo': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-and07", {"foo": True})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-and08': '{% if foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-and08": "{% if foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_and08(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-and08', {'bar': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-and08", {"bar": True})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
     # OR
-    @setup({'if-tag-or01': '{% if foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-or01": "{% if foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_or01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-or01', {'foo': True, 'bar': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-or01", {"foo": True, "bar": True})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-or02': '{% if foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-or02": "{% if foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_or02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-or02', {'foo': True, 'bar': False})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-or02", {"foo": True, "bar": False}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-or03': '{% if foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-or03": "{% if foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_or03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-or03', {'foo': False, 'bar': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-or03", {"foo": False, "bar": True}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-or04': '{% if foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-or04": "{% if foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_or04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-or04', {'foo': False, 'bar': False})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-or04", {"foo": False, "bar": False}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-or05': '{% if foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-or05": "{% if foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_or05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-or05', {'foo': False})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-or05", {"foo": False})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-or06': '{% if foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-or06": "{% if foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_or06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-or06', {'bar': False})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-or06", {"bar": False})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-or07': '{% if foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-or07": "{% if foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_or07(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-or07', {'foo': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-or07", {"foo": True})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-or08': '{% if foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-or08": "{% if foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_or08(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-or08', {'bar': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-or08", {"bar": True})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-or09': '{% if foo or bar or baz %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-or09": "{% if foo or bar or baz %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_or09(self):
         """
         multiple ORs
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-or09', {'baz': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-or09", {"baz": True})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
     # NOT
-    @setup({'if-tag-not01': '{% if not foo %}no{% else %}yes{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not01": "{% if not foo %}no{% else %}yes{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not01', {'foo': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-not01", {"foo": True})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not02': '{% if not not foo %}no{% else %}yes{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not02": "{% if not not foo %}no{% else %}yes{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not02', {'foo': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-not02", {"foo": True})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not06': '{% if foo and not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not06": "{% if foo and not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not06')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-not06")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not07': '{% if foo and not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not07": "{% if foo and not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not07(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not07', {'foo': True, 'bar': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-not07", {"foo": True, "bar": True}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not08': '{% if foo and not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not08": "{% if foo and not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not08(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not08', {'foo': True, 'bar': False})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-not08", {"foo": True, "bar": False}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not09': '{% if foo and not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not09": "{% if foo and not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not09(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not09', {'foo': False, 'bar': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-not09", {"foo": False, "bar": True}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not10': '{% if foo and not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not10": "{% if foo and not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not10(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not10', {'foo': False, 'bar': False})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-not10", {"foo": False, "bar": False}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not11': '{% if not foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not11": "{% if not foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not11(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not11')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-not11")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not12': '{% if not foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not12": "{% if not foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not12(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not12', {'foo': True, 'bar': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-not12", {"foo": True, "bar": True}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not13': '{% if not foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not13": "{% if not foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not13(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not13', {'foo': True, 'bar': False})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-not13", {"foo": True, "bar": False}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not14': '{% if not foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not14": "{% if not foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not14(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not14', {'foo': False, 'bar': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-not14", {"foo": False, "bar": True}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not15': '{% if not foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not15": "{% if not foo and bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not15(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not15', {'foo': False, 'bar': False})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-not15", {"foo": False, "bar": False}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not16': '{% if foo or not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not16": "{% if foo or not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not16(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not16')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-not16")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not17': '{% if foo or not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not17": "{% if foo or not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not17(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not17', {'foo': True, 'bar': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-not17", {"foo": True, "bar": True}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not18': '{% if foo or not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not18": "{% if foo or not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not18(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not18', {'foo': True, 'bar': False})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-not18", {"foo": True, "bar": False}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not19': '{% if foo or not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not19": "{% if foo or not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not19(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not19', {'foo': False, 'bar': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-not19", {"foo": False, "bar": True}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not20': '{% if foo or not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not20": "{% if foo or not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not20(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not20', {'foo': False, 'bar': False})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-not20", {"foo": False, "bar": False}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not21': '{% if not foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not21": "{% if not foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not21(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not21')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-not21")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not22': '{% if not foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not22": "{% if not foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not22(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not22', {'foo': True, 'bar': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-not22", {"foo": True, "bar": True}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not23': '{% if not foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not23": "{% if not foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not23(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not23', {'foo': True, 'bar': False})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-not23", {"foo": True, "bar": False}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not24': '{% if not foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not24": "{% if not foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not24(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not24', {'foo': False, 'bar': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-not24", {"foo": False, "bar": True}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not25': '{% if not foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not25": "{% if not foo or bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not25(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not25', {'foo': False, 'bar': False})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-not25", {"foo": False, "bar": False}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not26': '{% if not foo and not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not26": "{% if not foo and not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not26(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not26')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-not26")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not27': '{% if not foo and not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not27": "{% if not foo and not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not27(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not27', {'foo': True, 'bar': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-not27", {"foo": True, "bar": True}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not28': '{% if not foo and not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not28": "{% if not foo and not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not28(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not28', {'foo': True, 'bar': False})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-not28", {"foo": True, "bar": False}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not29': '{% if not foo and not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not29": "{% if not foo and not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not29(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not29', {'foo': False, 'bar': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-not29", {"foo": False, "bar": True}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not30': '{% if not foo and not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not30": "{% if not foo and not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not30(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not30', {'foo': False, 'bar': False})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-not30", {"foo": False, "bar": False}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not31': '{% if not foo or not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not31": "{% if not foo or not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not31(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not31')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-not31")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not32': '{% if not foo or not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not32": "{% if not foo or not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not32(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not32', {'foo': True, 'bar': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-not32", {"foo": True, "bar": True}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not33': '{% if not foo or not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not33": "{% if not foo or not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not33(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not33', {'foo': True, 'bar': False})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-not33", {"foo": True, "bar": False}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not34': '{% if not foo or not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not34": "{% if not foo or not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not34(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not34', {'foo': False, 'bar': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-not34", {"foo": False, "bar": True}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-not35': '{% if not foo or not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-not35": "{% if not foo or not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_not35(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-not35', {'foo': False, 'bar': False})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "if-tag-not35", {"foo": False, "bar": False}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
     # Various syntax errors
-    @setup({'if-tag-error01': '{% if %}yes{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-error01": "{% if %}yes{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_error01(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('if-tag-error01')
+            self.engine.get_template("if-tag-error01")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-error02': '{% if foo and %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-error02": "{% if foo and %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_error02(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-error02', {'foo': True})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-error02", {"foo": True})
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-error03': '{% if foo or %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-error03": "{% if foo or %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_error03(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-error03', {'foo': True})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-error03", {"foo": True})
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-error04': '{% if not foo and %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-error04": "{% if not foo and %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_error04(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-error04', {'foo': True})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-error04", {"foo": True})
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-error05': '{% if not foo or %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-error05": "{% if not foo or %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_error05(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-error05', {'foo': True})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-error05", {"foo": True})
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-error06': '{% if abc def %}yes{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-error06": "{% if abc def %}yes{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_error06(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('if-tag-error06')
+            self.engine.get_template("if-tag-error06")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-error07': '{% if not %}yes{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-error07": "{% if not %}yes{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_error07(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('if-tag-error07')
+            self.engine.get_template("if-tag-error07")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-error08': '{% if and %}yes{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-error08": "{% if and %}yes{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_error08(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('if-tag-error08')
+            self.engine.get_template("if-tag-error08")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-error09': '{% if or %}yes{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-error09": "{% if or %}yes{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_error09(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('if-tag-error09')
+            self.engine.get_template("if-tag-error09")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-error10': '{% if == %}yes{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-error10": "{% if == %}yes{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_error10(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('if-tag-error10')
+            self.engine.get_template("if-tag-error10")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-error11': '{% if 1 == %}yes{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-error11": "{% if 1 == %}yes{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_error11(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('if-tag-error11')
+            self.engine.get_template("if-tag-error11")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-error12': '{% if a not b %}yes{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-error12": "{% if a not b %}yes{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_error12(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('if-tag-error12')
+            self.engine.get_template("if-tag-error12")
 
-    @setup({'else-if-tag-error01': '{% if foo is bar %} yes {% else if foo is not bar %} no {% endif %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "else-if-tag-error01": "{% if foo is bar %} yes {% else if foo is not bar %} no {% endif %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_else_if_tag_error01(self):
         error_message = 'Malformed template tag at line 1: "else if foo is not bar"'
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, error_message):
-            self.engine.get_template('else-if-tag-error01')
+            self.engine.get_template("else-if-tag-error01")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-shortcircuit01': '{% if x.is_true or x.is_bad %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "if-tag-shortcircuit01": "{% if x.is_true or x.is_bad %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_if_tag_shortcircuit01(self):
         """
         If evaluations are shortcircuited where possible
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-shortcircuit01', {'x': TestObj()})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-shortcircuit01", {"x": TestObj()})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-shortcircuit02': '{% if x.is_false and x.is_bad %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "if-tag-shortcircuit02": "{% if x.is_false and x.is_bad %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_if_tag_shortcircuit02(self):
         """
         The is_bad() function should not be evaluated. If it is, an
         exception is raised.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-shortcircuit02', {'x': TestObj()})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-shortcircuit02", {"x": TestObj()})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-badarg01': '{% if x|default_if_none:y %}yes{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-badarg01": "{% if x|default_if_none:y %}yes{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_badarg01(self):
         """Nonexistent args"""
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-badarg01')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-badarg01")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-badarg02': '{% if x|default_if_none:y %}yes{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-badarg02": "{% if x|default_if_none:y %}yes{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_badarg02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-badarg02', {'y': 0})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-badarg02", {"y": 0})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-badarg03': '{% if x|default_if_none:y %}yes{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-badarg03": "{% if x|default_if_none:y %}yes{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_badarg03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-badarg03', {'y': 1})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-badarg03", {"y": 1})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-badarg04': '{% if x|default_if_none:y %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {"if-tag-badarg04": "{% if x|default_if_none:y %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"}
+    )
     def test_if_tag_badarg04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-badarg04')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-badarg04")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'if-tag-single-eq': '{% if foo = bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"if-tag-single-eq": "{% if foo = bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_tag_single_eq(self):
         # A single equals sign is a syntax error.
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('if-tag-single-eq', {'foo': 1})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("if-tag-single-eq", {"foo": 1})
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% if foo is True %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"template": "{% if foo is True %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_is_match(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('template', {'foo': True})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("template", {"foo": True})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% if foo is True %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"template": "{% if foo is True %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_is_no_match(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('template', {'foo': 1})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("template", {"foo": 1})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% if foo is bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"template": "{% if foo is bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_is_variable_missing(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('template', {'foo': 1})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("template", {"foo": 1})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% if foo is bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"template": "{% if foo is bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_is_both_variables_missing(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('template', {})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("template", {})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% if foo is not None %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"template": "{% if foo is not None %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_is_not_match(self):
         # For this to act as a regression test, it's important not to use
         # foo=True because True is (not None)
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('template', {'foo': False})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("template", {"foo": False})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% if foo is not None %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"template": "{% if foo is not None %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_is_not_no_match(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('template', {'foo': None})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("template", {"foo": None})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% if foo is not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"template": "{% if foo is not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_is_not_variable_missing(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('template', {'foo': False})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("template", {"foo": False})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "yes")
 
-    @setup({'template': '{% if foo is not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"template": "{% if foo is not bar %}yes{% else %}no{% endif %}"})
     def test_if_is_not_both_variables_missing(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('template', {})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'no')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("template", {})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "no")
 
 
 class IfNodeTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_repr(self):
         node = IfNode(conditions_nodelists=[])
-        self.assertEqual(repr(node), '<IfNode>')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(node), "<IfNode>")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_if_changed.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_if_changed.py
index fd48a42389..3835e52d78 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_if_changed.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_if_changed.py
@@ -5,159 +5,255 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class IfChangedTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    libraries = {'custom': 'template_tests.templatetags.custom'}
+    libraries = {"custom": "template_tests.templatetags.custom"}
 
-    @setup({'ifchanged01': '{% for n in num %}{% ifchanged %}{{ n }}{% endifchanged %}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "ifchanged01": "{% for n in num %}{% ifchanged %}{{ n }}{% endifchanged %}{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_ifchanged01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('ifchanged01', {'num': (1, 2, 3)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '123')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("ifchanged01", {"num": (1, 2, 3)})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "123")
 
-    @setup({'ifchanged02': '{% for n in num %}{% ifchanged %}{{ n }}{% endifchanged %}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "ifchanged02": "{% for n in num %}{% ifchanged %}{{ n }}{% endifchanged %}{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_ifchanged02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('ifchanged02', {'num': (1, 1, 3)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '13')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("ifchanged02", {"num": (1, 1, 3)})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "13")
 
-    @setup({'ifchanged03': '{% for n in num %}{% ifchanged %}{{ n }}{% endifchanged %}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "ifchanged03": "{% for n in num %}{% ifchanged %}{{ n }}{% endifchanged %}{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_ifchanged03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('ifchanged03', {'num': (1, 1, 1)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("ifchanged03", {"num": (1, 1, 1)})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1")
 
-    @setup({'ifchanged04': '{% for n in num %}{% ifchanged %}{{ n }}{% endifchanged %}'
-                           '{% for x in numx %}{% ifchanged %}{{ x }}{% endifchanged %}'
-                           '{% endfor %}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "ifchanged04": "{% for n in num %}{% ifchanged %}{{ n }}{% endifchanged %}"
+            "{% for x in numx %}{% ifchanged %}{{ x }}{% endifchanged %}"
+            "{% endfor %}{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_ifchanged04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('ifchanged04', {'num': (1, 2, 3), 'numx': (2, 2, 2)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '122232')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "ifchanged04", {"num": (1, 2, 3), "numx": (2, 2, 2)}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "122232")
 
-    @setup({'ifchanged05': '{% for n in num %}{% ifchanged %}{{ n }}{% endifchanged %}'
-                           '{% for x in numx %}{% ifchanged %}{{ x }}{% endifchanged %}'
-                           '{% endfor %}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "ifchanged05": "{% for n in num %}{% ifchanged %}{{ n }}{% endifchanged %}"
+            "{% for x in numx %}{% ifchanged %}{{ x }}{% endifchanged %}"
+            "{% endfor %}{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_ifchanged05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('ifchanged05', {'num': (1, 1, 1), 'numx': (1, 2, 3)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1123123123')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "ifchanged05", {"num": (1, 1, 1), "numx": (1, 2, 3)}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1123123123")
 
-    @setup({'ifchanged06': '{% for n in num %}{% ifchanged %}{{ n }}{% endifchanged %}'
-                           '{% for x in numx %}{% ifchanged %}{{ x }}{% endifchanged %}'
-                           '{% endfor %}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "ifchanged06": "{% for n in num %}{% ifchanged %}{{ n }}{% endifchanged %}"
+            "{% for x in numx %}{% ifchanged %}{{ x }}{% endifchanged %}"
+            "{% endfor %}{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_ifchanged06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('ifchanged06', {'num': (1, 1, 1), 'numx': (2, 2, 2)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1222')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "ifchanged06", {"num": (1, 1, 1), "numx": (2, 2, 2)}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1222")
 
-    @setup({'ifchanged07': '{% for n in num %}{% ifchanged %}{{ n }}{% endifchanged %}'
-                           '{% for x in numx %}{% ifchanged %}{{ x }}{% endifchanged %}'
-                           '{% for y in numy %}{% ifchanged %}{{ y }}{% endifchanged %}'
-                           '{% endfor %}{% endfor %}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "ifchanged07": "{% for n in num %}{% ifchanged %}{{ n }}{% endifchanged %}"
+            "{% for x in numx %}{% ifchanged %}{{ x }}{% endifchanged %}"
+            "{% for y in numy %}{% ifchanged %}{{ y }}{% endifchanged %}"
+            "{% endfor %}{% endfor %}{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_ifchanged07(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('ifchanged07', {'num': (1, 1, 1), 'numx': (2, 2, 2), 'numy': (3, 3, 3)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1233323332333')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "ifchanged07", {"num": (1, 1, 1), "numx": (2, 2, 2), "numy": (3, 3, 3)}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1233323332333")
 
-    @setup({'ifchanged08': '{% for data in datalist %}{% for c,d in data %}'
-                           '{% if c %}{% ifchanged %}{{ d }}{% endifchanged %}'
-                           '{% endif %}{% endfor %}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "ifchanged08": "{% for data in datalist %}{% for c,d in data %}"
+            "{% if c %}{% ifchanged %}{{ d }}{% endifchanged %}"
+            "{% endif %}{% endfor %}{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_ifchanged08(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('ifchanged08', {'datalist': [
-            [(1, 'a'), (1, 'a'), (0, 'b'), (1, 'c')],
-            [(0, 'a'), (1, 'c'), (1, 'd'), (1, 'd'), (0, 'e')]
-        ]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'accd')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "ifchanged08",
+            {
+                "datalist": [
+                    [(1, "a"), (1, "a"), (0, "b"), (1, "c")],
+                    [(0, "a"), (1, "c"), (1, "d"), (1, "d"), (0, "e")],
+                ]
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "accd")
 
-    @setup({'ifchanged-param01': '{% for n in num %}{% ifchanged n %}..{% endifchanged %}'
-                                 '{{ n }}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "ifchanged-param01": "{% for n in num %}{% ifchanged n %}..{% endifchanged %}"
+            "{{ n }}{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_ifchanged_param01(self):
         """
         Test one parameter given to ifchanged.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('ifchanged-param01', {'num': (1, 2, 3)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '..1..2..3')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("ifchanged-param01", {"num": (1, 2, 3)})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "..1..2..3")
 
-    @setup({'ifchanged-param02': '{% for n in num %}{% for x in numx %}{% ifchanged n %}..{% endifchanged %}'
-                                 '{{ x }}{% endfor %}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "ifchanged-param02": "{% for n in num %}{% for x in numx %}{% ifchanged n %}..{% endifchanged %}"
+            "{{ x }}{% endfor %}{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_ifchanged_param02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('ifchanged-param02', {'num': (1, 2, 3), 'numx': (5, 6, 7)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '..567..567..567')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "ifchanged-param02", {"num": (1, 2, 3), "numx": (5, 6, 7)}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "..567..567..567")
 
-    @setup({'ifchanged-param03': '{% for n in num %}{{ n }}{% for x in numx %}'
-                                 '{% ifchanged x n %}{{ x }}{% endifchanged %}'
-                                 '{% endfor %}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "ifchanged-param03": "{% for n in num %}{{ n }}{% for x in numx %}"
+            "{% ifchanged x n %}{{ x }}{% endifchanged %}"
+            "{% endfor %}{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_ifchanged_param03(self):
         """
         Test multiple parameters to ifchanged.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('ifchanged-param03', {'num': (1, 1, 2), 'numx': (5, 6, 6)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '156156256')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "ifchanged-param03", {"num": (1, 1, 2), "numx": (5, 6, 6)}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "156156256")
 
-    @setup({'ifchanged-param04': '{% for d in days %}{% ifchanged %}{{ d.day }}{% endifchanged %}'
-                                 '{% for h in d.hours %}{% ifchanged d h %}{{ h }}{% endifchanged %}'
-                                 '{% endfor %}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "ifchanged-param04": "{% for d in days %}{% ifchanged %}{{ d.day }}{% endifchanged %}"
+            "{% for h in d.hours %}{% ifchanged d h %}{{ h }}{% endifchanged %}"
+            "{% endfor %}{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_ifchanged_param04(self):
         """
         Test a date+hour like construct, where the hour of the last day is
         the same but the date had changed, so print the hour anyway.
         """
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'ifchanged-param04',
-            {'days': [{'hours': [1, 2, 3], 'day': 1}, {'hours': [3], 'day': 2}]},
+            "ifchanged-param04",
+            {"days": [{"hours": [1, 2, 3], "day": 1}, {"hours": [3], "day": 2}]},
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, '112323')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "112323")
 
-    @setup({'ifchanged-param05': '{% for d in days %}{% ifchanged d.day %}{{ d.day }}{% endifchanged %}'
-                                 '{% for h in d.hours %}{% ifchanged d.day h %}{{ h }}{% endifchanged %}'
-                                 '{% endfor %}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "ifchanged-param05": "{% for d in days %}{% ifchanged d.day %}{{ d.day }}{% endifchanged %}"
+            "{% for h in d.hours %}{% ifchanged d.day h %}{{ h }}{% endifchanged %}"
+            "{% endfor %}{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_ifchanged_param05(self):
         """
         Logically the same as above, just written with explicit ifchanged
         for the day.
         """
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'ifchanged-param05',
-            {'days': [{'hours': [1, 2, 3], 'day': 1}, {'hours': [3], 'day': 2}]},
+            "ifchanged-param05",
+            {"days": [{"hours": [1, 2, 3], "day": 1}, {"hours": [3], "day": 2}]},
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, '112323')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "112323")
 
-    @setup({'ifchanged-else01': '{% for id in ids %}{{ id }}'
-                                '{% ifchanged id %}-first{% else %}-other{% endifchanged %}'
-                                ',{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "ifchanged-else01": "{% for id in ids %}{{ id }}"
+            "{% ifchanged id %}-first{% else %}-other{% endifchanged %}"
+            ",{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_ifchanged_else01(self):
         """
         Test the else clause of ifchanged.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('ifchanged-else01', {'ids': [1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1-first,1-other,2-first,2-other,2-other,3-first,')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "ifchanged-else01", {"ids": [1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3]}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1-first,1-other,2-first,2-other,2-other,3-first,")
 
-    @setup({'ifchanged-else02': '{% for id in ids %}{{ id }}-'
-                                '{% ifchanged id %}{% cycle "red" "blue" %}{% else %}gray{% endifchanged %}'
-                                ',{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "ifchanged-else02": "{% for id in ids %}{{ id }}-"
+            '{% ifchanged id %}{% cycle "red" "blue" %}{% else %}gray{% endifchanged %}'
+            ",{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_ifchanged_else02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('ifchanged-else02', {'ids': [1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1-red,1-gray,2-blue,2-gray,2-gray,3-red,')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "ifchanged-else02", {"ids": [1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3]}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1-red,1-gray,2-blue,2-gray,2-gray,3-red,")
 
-    @setup({'ifchanged-else03': '{% for id in ids %}{{ id }}'
-                                '{% ifchanged id %}-{% cycle "red" "blue" %}{% else %}{% endifchanged %}'
-                                ',{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "ifchanged-else03": "{% for id in ids %}{{ id }}"
+            '{% ifchanged id %}-{% cycle "red" "blue" %}{% else %}{% endifchanged %}'
+            ",{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_ifchanged_else03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('ifchanged-else03', {'ids': [1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1-red,1,2-blue,2,2,3-red,')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "ifchanged-else03", {"ids": [1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3]}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1-red,1,2-blue,2,2,3-red,")
 
-    @setup({'ifchanged-else04': '{% for id in ids %}'
-                                '{% ifchanged %}***{{ id }}*{% else %}...{% endifchanged %}'
-                                '{{ forloop.counter }}{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "ifchanged-else04": "{% for id in ids %}"
+            "{% ifchanged %}***{{ id }}*{% else %}...{% endifchanged %}"
+            "{{ forloop.counter }}{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_ifchanged_else04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('ifchanged-else04', {'ids': [1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '***1*1...2***2*3...4...5***3*6***4*7')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "ifchanged-else04", {"ids": [1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4]}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "***1*1...2***2*3...4...5***3*6***4*7")
 
-    @setup({'ifchanged-filter-ws': '{% load custom %}{% for n in num %}'
-                                   '{% ifchanged n|noop:"x y" %}..{% endifchanged %}{{ n }}'
-                                   '{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "ifchanged-filter-ws": "{% load custom %}{% for n in num %}"
+            '{% ifchanged n|noop:"x y" %}..{% endifchanged %}{{ n }}'
+            "{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_ifchanged_filter_ws(self):
         """
         Test whitespace in filter arguments
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('ifchanged-filter-ws', {'num': (1, 2, 3)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '..1..2..3')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("ifchanged-filter-ws", {"num": (1, 2, 3)})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "..1..2..3")
 
 
 class IfChangedTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         cls.engine = Engine()
@@ -168,8 +264,8 @@ class IfChangedTests(SimpleTestCase):
         #15849 -- ifchanged should be thread-safe.
         """
         template = self.engine.from_string(
-            '[0{% for x in foo %},{% with var=get_value %}{% ifchanged %}'
-            '{{ var }}{% endifchanged %}{% endwith %}{% endfor %}]'
+            "[0{% for x in foo %},{% with var=get_value %}{% ifchanged %}"
+            "{{ var }}{% endifchanged %}{% endwith %}{% endfor %}]"
         )
 
         # Using generator to mimic concurrency.
@@ -181,45 +277,69 @@ class IfChangedTests(SimpleTestCase):
             # Simulate that another thread is now rendering.
             # When the IfChangeNode stores state at 'self' it stays at '3' and skip the last yielded value below.
             iter2 = iter([1, 2, 3])
-            output2 = template.render(Context({'foo': range(3), 'get_value': lambda: next(iter2)}))
+            output2 = template.render(
+                Context({"foo": range(3), "get_value": lambda: next(iter2)})
+            )
             self.assertEqual(
-                output2, '[0,1,2,3]', 'Expected [0,1,2,3] in second parallel template, got {}'.format(output2)
+                output2,
+                "[0,1,2,3]",
+                "Expected [0,1,2,3] in second parallel template, got {}".format(
+                    output2
+                ),
             )
             yield 3
 
         gen1 = gen()
-        output1 = template.render(Context({'foo': range(3), 'get_value': lambda: next(gen1)}))
-        self.assertEqual(output1, '[0,1,2,3]', 'Expected [0,1,2,3] in first template, got {}'.format(output1))
+        output1 = template.render(
+            Context({"foo": range(3), "get_value": lambda: next(gen1)})
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            output1,
+            "[0,1,2,3]",
+            "Expected [0,1,2,3] in first template, got {}".format(output1),
+        )
 
     def test_ifchanged_render_once(self):
         """
         #19890. The content of ifchanged template tag was rendered twice.
         """
-        template = self.engine.from_string('{% ifchanged %}{% cycle "1st time" "2nd time" %}{% endifchanged %}')
+        template = self.engine.from_string(
+            '{% ifchanged %}{% cycle "1st time" "2nd time" %}{% endifchanged %}'
+        )
         output = template.render(Context({}))
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1st time')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1st time")
 
     def test_include(self):
         """
         #23516 -- This works as a regression test only if the cached loader
         isn't used. Hence we don't use the @setup decorator.
         """
-        engine = Engine(loaders=[
-            ('django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader', {
-                'template': '{% for x in vars %}{% include "include" %}{% endfor %}',
-                'include': '{% ifchanged %}{{ x }}{% endifchanged %}',
-            }),
-        ])
-        output = engine.render_to_string('template', {'vars': [1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3]})
+        engine = Engine(
+            loaders=[
+                (
+                    "django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader",
+                    {
+                        "template": '{% for x in vars %}{% include "include" %}{% endfor %}',
+                        "include": "{% ifchanged %}{{ x }}{% endifchanged %}",
+                    },
+                ),
+            ]
+        )
+        output = engine.render_to_string("template", {"vars": [1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3]})
         self.assertEqual(output, "123")
 
     def test_include_state(self):
         """Tests the node state for different IncludeNodes (#27974)."""
-        engine = Engine(loaders=[
-            ('django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader', {
-                'template': '{% for x in vars %}{% include "include" %}{% include "include" %}{% endfor %}',
-                'include': '{% ifchanged %}{{ x }}{% endifchanged %}',
-            }),
-        ])
-        output = engine.render_to_string('template', {'vars': [1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3]})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '112233')
+        engine = Engine(
+            loaders=[
+                (
+                    "django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader",
+                    {
+                        "template": '{% for x in vars %}{% include "include" %}{% include "include" %}{% endfor %}',
+                        "include": "{% ifchanged %}{{ x }}{% endifchanged %}",
+                    },
+                ),
+            ]
+        )
+        output = engine.render_to_string("template", {"vars": [1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3]})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "112233")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_include.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_include.py
index 6dac87b7f2..add2ca139f 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_include.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_include.py
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 from django.template import (
-    Context, Engine, TemplateDoesNotExist, TemplateSyntaxError, loader,
+    Context,
+    Engine,
+    TemplateDoesNotExist,
+    TemplateSyntaxError,
+    loader,
 )
 from django.template.loader_tags import IncludeNode
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
@@ -8,201 +12,227 @@ from ..utils import setup
 from .test_basic import basic_templates
 
 include_fail_templates = {
-    'include-fail1': '{% load bad_tag %}{% badtag %}',
-    'include-fail2': '{% load broken_tag %}',
+    "include-fail1": "{% load bad_tag %}{% badtag %}",
+    "include-fail2": "{% load broken_tag %}",
 }
 
 
 class IncludeTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    libraries = {'bad_tag': 'template_tests.templatetags.bad_tag'}
+    libraries = {"bad_tag": "template_tests.templatetags.bad_tag"}
 
-    @setup({'include01': '{% include "basic-syntax01" %}'}, basic_templates)
+    @setup({"include01": '{% include "basic-syntax01" %}'}, basic_templates)
     def test_include01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('include01')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'something cool')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("include01")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "something cool")
 
-    @setup({'include02': '{% include "basic-syntax02" %}'}, basic_templates)
+    @setup({"include02": '{% include "basic-syntax02" %}'}, basic_templates)
     def test_include02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('include02', {'headline': 'Included'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Included')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("include02", {"headline": "Included"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Included")
 
-    @setup({'include03': '{% include template_name %}'}, basic_templates)
+    @setup({"include03": "{% include template_name %}"}, basic_templates)
     def test_include03(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'include03',
-            {'template_name': 'basic-syntax02', 'headline': 'Included'},
+            "include03",
+            {"template_name": "basic-syntax02", "headline": "Included"},
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Included')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Included")
 
-    @setup({'include04': 'a{% include "nonexistent" %}b'})
+    @setup({"include04": 'a{% include "nonexistent" %}b'})
     def test_include04(self):
-        template = self.engine.get_template('include04')
+        template = self.engine.get_template("include04")
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateDoesNotExist):
             template.render(Context({}))
 
-    @setup({
-        'include 05': 'template with a space',
-        'include06': '{% include "include 05"%}',
-    })
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "include 05": "template with a space",
+            "include06": '{% include "include 05"%}',
+        }
+    )
     def test_include06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('include06')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("include06")
         self.assertEqual(output, "template with a space")
 
-    @setup({'include07': '{% include "basic-syntax02" with headline="Inline" %}'}, basic_templates)
+    @setup(
+        {"include07": '{% include "basic-syntax02" with headline="Inline" %}'},
+        basic_templates,
+    )
     def test_include07(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('include07', {'headline': 'Included'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Inline')
-
-    @setup({'include08': '{% include headline with headline="Dynamic" %}'}, basic_templates)
-    def test_include08(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('include08', {'headline': 'basic-syntax02'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Dynamic')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("include07", {"headline": "Included"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Inline")
 
     @setup(
-        {'include09': '{{ first }}--'
-                      '{% include "basic-syntax03" with first=second|lower|upper second=first|upper %}'
-                      '--{{ second }}'},
+        {"include08": '{% include headline with headline="Dynamic" %}'}, basic_templates
+    )
+    def test_include08(self):
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "include08", {"headline": "basic-syntax02"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Dynamic")
+
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "include09": "{{ first }}--"
+            '{% include "basic-syntax03" with first=second|lower|upper second=first|upper %}'
+            "--{{ second }}"
+        },
         basic_templates,
     )
     def test_include09(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('include09', {'first': 'Ul', 'second': 'lU'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Ul--LU --- UL--lU')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "include09", {"first": "Ul", "second": "lU"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Ul--LU --- UL--lU")
 
-    @setup({'include10': '{% include "basic-syntax03" only %}'}, basic_templates)
+    @setup({"include10": '{% include "basic-syntax03" only %}'}, basic_templates)
     def test_include10(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('include10', {'first': '1'})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("include10", {"first": "1"})
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'INVALID --- INVALID')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "INVALID --- INVALID")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, ' --- ')
-
-    @setup({'include11': '{% include "basic-syntax03" only with second=2 %}'}, basic_templates)
-    def test_include11(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('include11', {'first': '1'})
-        if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'INVALID --- 2')
-        else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, ' --- 2')
-
-    @setup({'include12': '{% include "basic-syntax03" with first=1 only %}'}, basic_templates)
-    def test_include12(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('include12', {'second': '2'})
-        if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, '1 --- INVALID')
-        else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, '1 --- ')
+            self.assertEqual(output, " --- ")
 
     @setup(
-        {'include13': '{% autoescape off %}{% include "basic-syntax03" %}{% endautoescape %}'},
+        {"include11": '{% include "basic-syntax03" only with second=2 %}'},
+        basic_templates,
+    )
+    def test_include11(self):
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("include11", {"first": "1"})
+        if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
+            self.assertEqual(output, "INVALID --- 2")
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(output, " --- 2")
+
+    @setup(
+        {"include12": '{% include "basic-syntax03" with first=1 only %}'},
+        basic_templates,
+    )
+    def test_include12(self):
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("include12", {"second": "2"})
+        if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
+            self.assertEqual(output, "1 --- INVALID")
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(output, "1 --- ")
+
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "include13": '{% autoescape off %}{% include "basic-syntax03" %}{% endautoescape %}'
+        },
         basic_templates,
     )
     def test_include13(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('include13', {'first': '&'})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("include13", {"first": "&"})
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, '& --- INVALID')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "& --- INVALID")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, '& --- ')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "& --- ")
 
     @setup(
-        {'include14': '{% autoescape off %}'
-                      '{% include "basic-syntax03" with first=var1 only %}'
-                      '{% endautoescape %}'},
+        {
+            "include14": "{% autoescape off %}"
+            '{% include "basic-syntax03" with first=var1 only %}'
+            "{% endautoescape %}"
+        },
         basic_templates,
     )
     def test_include14(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('include14', {'var1': '&'})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("include14", {"var1": "&"})
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, '& --- INVALID')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "& --- INVALID")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, '& --- ')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "& --- ")
 
     # Include syntax errors
-    @setup({'include-error01': '{% include "basic-syntax01" with %}'})
+    @setup({"include-error01": '{% include "basic-syntax01" with %}'})
     def test_include_error01(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('include-error01')
+            self.engine.get_template("include-error01")
 
-    @setup({'include-error02': '{% include "basic-syntax01" with "no key" %}'})
+    @setup({"include-error02": '{% include "basic-syntax01" with "no key" %}'})
     def test_include_error02(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('include-error02')
+            self.engine.get_template("include-error02")
 
-    @setup({'include-error03': '{% include "basic-syntax01" with dotted.arg="error" %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {"include-error03": '{% include "basic-syntax01" with dotted.arg="error" %}'}
+    )
     def test_include_error03(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('include-error03')
+            self.engine.get_template("include-error03")
 
-    @setup({'include-error04': '{% include "basic-syntax01" something_random %}'})
+    @setup({"include-error04": '{% include "basic-syntax01" something_random %}'})
     def test_include_error04(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('include-error04')
+            self.engine.get_template("include-error04")
 
-    @setup({'include-error05': '{% include "basic-syntax01" foo="duplicate" foo="key" %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {"include-error05": '{% include "basic-syntax01" foo="duplicate" foo="key" %}'}
+    )
     def test_include_error05(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('include-error05')
+            self.engine.get_template("include-error05")
 
-    @setup({'include-error06': '{% include "basic-syntax01" only only %}'})
+    @setup({"include-error06": '{% include "basic-syntax01" only only %}'})
     def test_include_error06(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('include-error06')
+            self.engine.get_template("include-error06")
 
     @setup(include_fail_templates)
     def test_include_fail1(self):
         with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
-            self.engine.get_template('include-fail1')
+            self.engine.get_template("include-fail1")
 
     @setup(include_fail_templates)
     def test_include_fail2(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('include-fail2')
+            self.engine.get_template("include-fail2")
 
-    @setup({'include-error07': '{% include "include-fail1" %}'}, include_fail_templates)
+    @setup({"include-error07": '{% include "include-fail1" %}'}, include_fail_templates)
     def test_include_error07(self):
-        template = self.engine.get_template('include-error07')
+        template = self.engine.get_template("include-error07")
         with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
             template.render(Context())
 
-    @setup({'include-error08': '{% include "include-fail2" %}'}, include_fail_templates)
+    @setup({"include-error08": '{% include "include-fail2" %}'}, include_fail_templates)
     def test_include_error08(self):
-        template = self.engine.get_template('include-error08')
+        template = self.engine.get_template("include-error08")
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
             template.render(Context())
 
-    @setup({'include-error09': '{% include failed_include %}'}, include_fail_templates)
+    @setup({"include-error09": "{% include failed_include %}"}, include_fail_templates)
     def test_include_error09(self):
-        context = Context({'failed_include': 'include-fail1'})
-        template = self.engine.get_template('include-error09')
+        context = Context({"failed_include": "include-fail1"})
+        template = self.engine.get_template("include-error09")
         with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
             template.render(context)
 
-    @setup({'include-error10': '{% include failed_include %}'}, include_fail_templates)
+    @setup({"include-error10": "{% include failed_include %}"}, include_fail_templates)
     def test_include_error10(self):
-        context = Context({'failed_include': 'include-fail2'})
-        template = self.engine.get_template('include-error10')
+        context = Context({"failed_include": "include-fail2"})
+        template = self.engine.get_template("include-error10")
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
             template.render(context)
 
-    @setup({'include_empty': '{% include %}'})
+    @setup({"include_empty": "{% include %}"})
     def test_include_empty(self):
         msg = (
             "'include' tag takes at least one argument: the name of the "
             "template to be included."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.get_template('include_empty')
+            self.engine.get_template("include_empty")
 
 
 class IncludeTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_include_missing_template(self):
         """
         The correct template is identified as not existing
         when {% include %} specifies a template that does not exist.
         """
         engine = Engine(app_dirs=True, debug=True)
-        template = engine.get_template('test_include_error.html')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateDoesNotExist, 'missing.html'):
+        template = engine.get_template("test_include_error.html")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateDoesNotExist, "missing.html"):
             template.render(Context())
 
     def test_extends_include_missing_baseloader(self):
@@ -212,24 +242,30 @@ class IncludeTests(SimpleTestCase):
         template has an {% include %} of something that does not exist.
         """
         engine = Engine(app_dirs=True, debug=True)
-        template = engine.get_template('test_extends_error.html')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateDoesNotExist, 'missing.html'):
+        template = engine.get_template("test_extends_error.html")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateDoesNotExist, "missing.html"):
             template.render(Context())
 
     def test_extends_include_missing_cachedloader(self):
-        engine = Engine(debug=True, loaders=[
-            ('django.template.loaders.cached.Loader', [
-                'django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader',
-            ]),
-        ])
+        engine = Engine(
+            debug=True,
+            loaders=[
+                (
+                    "django.template.loaders.cached.Loader",
+                    [
+                        "django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader",
+                    ],
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
 
-        template = engine.get_template('test_extends_error.html')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateDoesNotExist, 'missing.html'):
+        template = engine.get_template("test_extends_error.html")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateDoesNotExist, "missing.html"):
             template.render(Context())
 
         # Repeat to ensure it still works when loading from the cache
-        template = engine.get_template('test_extends_error.html')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateDoesNotExist, 'missing.html'):
+        template = engine.get_template("test_extends_error.html")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateDoesNotExist, "missing.html"):
             template.render(Context())
 
     def test_include_template_argument(self):
@@ -237,37 +273,39 @@ class IncludeTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Support any render() supporting object
         """
         engine = Engine()
-        ctx = Context({
-            'tmpl': engine.from_string('This worked!'),
-        })
-        outer_tmpl = engine.from_string('{% include tmpl %}')
+        ctx = Context(
+            {
+                "tmpl": engine.from_string("This worked!"),
+            }
+        )
+        outer_tmpl = engine.from_string("{% include tmpl %}")
         output = outer_tmpl.render(ctx)
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'This worked!')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "This worked!")
 
     def test_include_template_iterable(self):
         engine = Engine.get_default()
-        outer_temp = engine.from_string('{% include var %}')
+        outer_temp = engine.from_string("{% include var %}")
         tests = [
-            ('admin/fail.html', 'index.html'),
-            ['admin/fail.html', 'index.html'],
+            ("admin/fail.html", "index.html"),
+            ["admin/fail.html", "index.html"],
         ]
         for template_names in tests:
             with self.subTest(template_names):
-                output = outer_temp.render(Context({'var': template_names}))
-                self.assertEqual(output, 'index\n')
+                output = outer_temp.render(Context({"var": template_names}))
+                self.assertEqual(output, "index\n")
 
     def test_include_template_none(self):
         engine = Engine.get_default()
-        outer_temp = engine.from_string('{% include var %}')
-        ctx = Context({'var': None})
-        msg = 'No template names provided'
+        outer_temp = engine.from_string("{% include var %}")
+        ctx = Context({"var": None})
+        msg = "No template names provided"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateDoesNotExist, msg):
             outer_temp.render(ctx)
 
     def test_include_from_loader_get_template(self):
-        tmpl = loader.get_template('include_tpl.html')  # {% include tmpl %}
-        output = tmpl.render({'tmpl': loader.get_template('index.html')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'index\n\n')
+        tmpl = loader.get_template("include_tpl.html")  # {% include tmpl %}
+        output = tmpl.render({"tmpl": loader.get_template("index.html")})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "index\n\n")
 
     def test_include_immediate_missing(self):
         """
@@ -279,21 +317,22 @@ class IncludeTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_include_recursive(self):
         comments = [
             {
-                'comment': 'A1',
-                'children': [
-                    {'comment': 'B1', 'children': []},
-                    {'comment': 'B2', 'children': []},
-                    {'comment': 'B3', 'children': [
-                        {'comment': 'C1', 'children': []}
-                    ]},
-                ]
+                "comment": "A1",
+                "children": [
+                    {"comment": "B1", "children": []},
+                    {"comment": "B2", "children": []},
+                    {"comment": "B3", "children": [{"comment": "C1", "children": []}]},
+                ],
             }
         ]
         engine = Engine(app_dirs=True)
-        t = engine.get_template('recursive_include.html')
+        t = engine.get_template("recursive_include.html")
         self.assertEqual(
             "Recursion!  A1  Recursion!  B1   B2   B3  Recursion!  C1",
-            t.render(Context({'comments': comments})).replace(' ', '').replace('\n', ' ').strip(),
+            t.render(Context({"comments": comments}))
+            .replace(" ", "")
+            .replace("\n", " ")
+            .strip(),
         )
 
     def test_include_cache(self):
@@ -306,20 +345,26 @@ class IncludeTests(SimpleTestCase):
         This works as a regression test only if the cached loader
         isn't used, so the @setup decorator isn't used.
         """
-        engine = Engine(loaders=[
-            ('django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader', {
-                'template': '{% for x in vars %}{% include "include" %}{% endfor %}',
-                'include': '{% include "next" %}',
-                'next': '{% load custom %}{% counter %}'
-            }),
-        ], libraries={'custom': 'template_tests.templatetags.custom'})
-        output = engine.render_to_string('template', {'vars': range(9)})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '012345678')
+        engine = Engine(
+            loaders=[
+                (
+                    "django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader",
+                    {
+                        "template": '{% for x in vars %}{% include "include" %}{% endfor %}',
+                        "include": '{% include "next" %}',
+                        "next": "{% load custom %}{% counter %}",
+                    },
+                ),
+            ],
+            libraries={"custom": "template_tests.templatetags.custom"},
+        )
+        output = engine.render_to_string("template", {"vars": range(9)})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "012345678")
 
 
 class IncludeNodeTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_repr(self):
-        include_node = IncludeNode('app/template.html')
+        include_node = IncludeNode("app/template.html")
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(include_node),
             "<IncludeNode: template='app/template.html'>",
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_invalid_string.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_invalid_string.py
index b05abcfdf3..e65ac938ec 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_invalid_string.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_invalid_string.py
@@ -4,59 +4,63 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class InvalidStringTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    libraries = {'i18n': 'django.templatetags.i18n'}
+    libraries = {"i18n": "django.templatetags.i18n"}
 
-    @setup({'invalidstr01': '{{ var|default:"Foo" }}'})
+    @setup({"invalidstr01": '{{ var|default:"Foo" }}'})
     def test_invalidstr01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('invalidstr01')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("invalidstr01")
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'INVALID')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "INVALID")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'Foo')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "Foo")
 
-    @setup({'invalidstr02': '{{ var|default_if_none:"Foo" }}'})
+    @setup({"invalidstr02": '{{ var|default_if_none:"Foo" }}'})
     def test_invalidstr02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('invalidstr02')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("invalidstr02")
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'INVALID')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "INVALID")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, '')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'invalidstr03': '{% for v in var %}({{ v }}){% endfor %}'})
+    @setup({"invalidstr03": "{% for v in var %}({{ v }}){% endfor %}"})
     def test_invalidstr03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('invalidstr03')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("invalidstr03")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'invalidstr04': '{% if var %}Yes{% else %}No{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"invalidstr04": "{% if var %}Yes{% else %}No{% endif %}"})
     def test_invalidstr04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('invalidstr04')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'No')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("invalidstr04")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "No")
 
-    @setup({'invalidstr04_2': '{% if var|default:"Foo" %}Yes{% else %}No{% endif %}'})
+    @setup({"invalidstr04_2": '{% if var|default:"Foo" %}Yes{% else %}No{% endif %}'})
     def test_invalidstr04_2(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('invalidstr04_2')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Yes')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("invalidstr04_2")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Yes")
 
-    @setup({'invalidstr05': '{{ var }}'})
+    @setup({"invalidstr05": "{{ var }}"})
     def test_invalidstr05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('invalidstr05')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("invalidstr05")
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'INVALID')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "INVALID")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, '')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'invalidstr06': '{{ var.prop }}'})
+    @setup({"invalidstr06": "{{ var.prop }}"})
     def test_invalidstr06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('invalidstr06')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("invalidstr06")
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'INVALID')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "INVALID")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, '')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'invalidstr07': '{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}{{ var }}{% endblocktranslate %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "invalidstr07": "{% load i18n %}{% blocktranslate %}{{ var }}{% endblocktranslate %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_invalidstr07(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('invalidstr07')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("invalidstr07")
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'INVALID')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "INVALID")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, '')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_list_index.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_list_index.py
index d1be0cb1a4..261e7dfdba 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_list_index.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_list_index.py
@@ -4,72 +4,77 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class ListIndexTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'list-index01': '{{ var.1 }}'})
+    @setup({"list-index01": "{{ var.1 }}"})
     def test_list_index01(self):
         """
         List-index syntax allows a template to access a certain item of a
         subscriptable object.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('list-index01', {'var': ['first item', 'second item']})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'second item')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "list-index01", {"var": ["first item", "second item"]}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "second item")
 
-    @setup({'list-index02': '{{ var.5 }}'})
+    @setup({"list-index02": "{{ var.5 }}"})
     def test_list_index02(self):
         """
         Fail silently when the list index is out of range.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('list-index02', {'var': ['first item', 'second item']})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "list-index02", {"var": ["first item", "second item"]}
+        )
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'INVALID')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "INVALID")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, '')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'list-index03': '{{ var.1 }}'})
+    @setup({"list-index03": "{{ var.1 }}"})
     def test_list_index03(self):
         """
         Fail silently when the list index is out of range.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('list-index03', {'var': None})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("list-index03", {"var": None})
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'INVALID')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "INVALID")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, '')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'list-index04': '{{ var.1 }}'})
+    @setup({"list-index04": "{{ var.1 }}"})
     def test_list_index04(self):
         """
         Fail silently when variable is a dict without the specified key.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('list-index04', {'var': {}})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("list-index04", {"var": {}})
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'INVALID')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "INVALID")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, '')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'list-index05': '{{ var.1 }}'})
+    @setup({"list-index05": "{{ var.1 }}"})
     def test_list_index05(self):
         """
         Dictionary lookup wins out when dict's key is a string.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('list-index05', {'var': {'1': "hello"}})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'hello')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("list-index05", {"var": {"1": "hello"}})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "hello")
 
-    @setup({'list-index06': '{{ var.1 }}'})
+    @setup({"list-index06": "{{ var.1 }}"})
     def test_list_index06(self):
         """
         But list-index lookup wins out when dict's key is an int, which
         behind the scenes is really a dictionary lookup (for a dict)
         after converting the key to an int.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('list-index06', {"var": {1: "hello"}})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'hello')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("list-index06", {"var": {1: "hello"}})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "hello")
 
-    @setup({'list-index07': '{{ var.1 }}'})
+    @setup({"list-index07": "{{ var.1 }}"})
     def test_list_index07(self):
         """
         Dictionary lookup wins out when there is a string and int version
         of the key.
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('list-index07', {"var": {'1': "hello", 1: "world"}})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'hello')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "list-index07", {"var": {"1": "hello", 1: "world"}}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "hello")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_load.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_load.py
index 919bbf1346..ae5f1d4b48 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_load.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_load.py
@@ -6,70 +6,82 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 class LoadTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
     libraries = {
-        'subpackage.echo': 'template_tests.templatetags.subpackage.echo',
-        'testtags': 'template_tests.templatetags.testtags',
+        "subpackage.echo": "template_tests.templatetags.subpackage.echo",
+        "testtags": "template_tests.templatetags.testtags",
     }
 
-    @setup({'load01': '{% load testtags subpackage.echo %}{% echo test %} {% echo2 "test" %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "load01": '{% load testtags subpackage.echo %}{% echo test %} {% echo2 "test" %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_load01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('load01')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'test test')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("load01")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "test test")
 
-    @setup({'load02': '{% load subpackage.echo %}{% echo2 "test" %}'})
+    @setup({"load02": '{% load subpackage.echo %}{% echo2 "test" %}'})
     def test_load02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('load02')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'test')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("load02")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "test")
 
     # {% load %} tag, importing individual tags
-    @setup({'load03': '{% load echo from testtags %}{% echo this that theother %}'})
+    @setup({"load03": "{% load echo from testtags %}{% echo this that theother %}"})
     def test_load03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('load03')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'this that theother')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("load03")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "this that theother")
 
-    @setup({'load04': '{% load echo other_echo from testtags %}'
-                      '{% echo this that theother %} {% other_echo and another thing %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "load04": "{% load echo other_echo from testtags %}"
+            "{% echo this that theother %} {% other_echo and another thing %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_load04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('load04')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'this that theother and another thing')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("load04")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "this that theother and another thing")
 
-    @setup({'load05': '{% load echo upper from testtags %}'
-                      '{% echo this that theother %} {{ statement|upper }}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "load05": "{% load echo upper from testtags %}"
+            "{% echo this that theother %} {{ statement|upper }}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_load05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('load05', {'statement': 'not shouting'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'this that theother NOT SHOUTING')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("load05", {"statement": "not shouting"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "this that theother NOT SHOUTING")
 
-    @setup({'load06': '{% load echo2 from subpackage.echo %}{% echo2 "test" %}'})
+    @setup({"load06": '{% load echo2 from subpackage.echo %}{% echo2 "test" %}'})
     def test_load06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('load06')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'test')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("load06")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "test")
 
     # {% load %} tag errors
-    @setup({'load07': '{% load echo other_echo bad_tag from testtags %}'})
+    @setup({"load07": "{% load echo other_echo bad_tag from testtags %}"})
     def test_load07(self):
         msg = "'bad_tag' is not a valid tag or filter in tag library 'testtags'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.get_template('load07')
+            self.engine.get_template("load07")
 
-    @setup({'load08': '{% load echo other_echo bad_tag from %}'})
+    @setup({"load08": "{% load echo other_echo bad_tag from %}"})
     def test_load08(self):
         msg = "'echo' is not a registered tag library. Must be one of:\nsubpackage.echo\ntesttags"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.get_template('load08')
+            self.engine.get_template("load08")
 
-    @setup({'load09': '{% load from testtags %}'})
+    @setup({"load09": "{% load from testtags %}"})
     def test_load09(self):
         msg = "'from' is not a registered tag library. Must be one of:\nsubpackage.echo\ntesttags"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.get_template('load09')
+            self.engine.get_template("load09")
 
-    @setup({'load10': '{% load echo from bad_library %}'})
+    @setup({"load10": "{% load echo from bad_library %}"})
     def test_load10(self):
         msg = "'bad_library' is not a registered tag library. Must be one of:\nsubpackage.echo\ntesttags"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.get_template('load10')
+            self.engine.get_template("load10")
 
-    @setup({'load12': '{% load subpackage.missing %}'})
+    @setup({"load12": "{% load subpackage.missing %}"})
     def test_load12(self):
         msg = "'subpackage.missing' is not a registered tag library. Must be one of:\nsubpackage.echo\ntesttags"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.get_template('load12')
+            self.engine.get_template("load12")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_lorem.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_lorem.py
index 4c81aadc66..846a2bc593 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_lorem.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_lorem.py
@@ -6,37 +6,36 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class LoremTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'lorem1': '{% lorem 3 w %}'})
+    @setup({"lorem1": "{% lorem 3 w %}"})
     def test_lorem1(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('lorem1')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'lorem ipsum dolor')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("lorem1")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "lorem ipsum dolor")
 
-    @setup({'lorem_random': '{% lorem 3 w random %}'})
+    @setup({"lorem_random": "{% lorem 3 w random %}"})
     def test_lorem_random(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('lorem_random')
-        words = output.split(' ')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("lorem_random")
+        words = output.split(" ")
         self.assertEqual(len(words), 3)
         for word in words:
             self.assertIn(word, WORDS)
 
-    @setup({'lorem_default': '{% lorem %}'})
+    @setup({"lorem_default": "{% lorem %}"})
     def test_lorem_default(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('lorem_default')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("lorem_default")
         self.assertEqual(output, COMMON_P)
 
-    @setup({'lorem_syntax_error': '{% lorem 1 2 3 4 %}'})
+    @setup({"lorem_syntax_error": "{% lorem 1 2 3 4 %}"})
     def test_lorem_syntax(self):
         msg = "Incorrect format for 'lorem' tag"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('lorem_syntax_error')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("lorem_syntax_error")
 
-    @setup({'lorem_multiple_paragraphs': '{% lorem 2 p %}'})
+    @setup({"lorem_multiple_paragraphs": "{% lorem 2 p %}"})
     def test_lorem_multiple_paragraphs(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('lorem_multiple_paragraphs')
-        self.assertEqual(output.count('<p>'), 2)
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("lorem_multiple_paragraphs")
+        self.assertEqual(output.count("<p>"), 2)
 
-    @setup({'lorem_incorrect_count': '{% lorem two p %}'})
+    @setup({"lorem_incorrect_count": "{% lorem two p %}"})
     def test_lorem_incorrect_count(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('lorem_incorrect_count')
-        self.assertEqual(output.count('<p>'), 1)
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("lorem_incorrect_count")
+        self.assertEqual(output.count("<p>"), 1)
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_multiline.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_multiline.py
index a95e12986a..fc576da63e 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_multiline.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_multiline.py
@@ -13,8 +13,7 @@ gentlemen.
 
 
 class MultilineTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'multiline01': multiline_string})
+    @setup({"multiline01": multiline_string})
     def test_multiline01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('multiline01')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("multiline01")
         self.assertEqual(output, multiline_string)
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_named_endblock.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_named_endblock.py
index 73a66a34d0..2230edf52b 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_named_endblock.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_named_endblock.py
@@ -5,49 +5,76 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class NamedEndblockTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'namedendblocks01': '1{% block first %}_{% block second %}'
-                                '2{% endblock second %}_{% endblock first %}3'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "namedendblocks01": "1{% block first %}_{% block second %}"
+            "2{% endblock second %}_{% endblock first %}3"
+        }
+    )
     def test_namedendblocks01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('namedendblocks01')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1_2_3')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("namedendblocks01")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1_2_3")
 
     # Unbalanced blocks
-    @setup({'namedendblocks02': '1{% block first %}_{% block second %}'
-                                '2{% endblock first %}_{% endblock second %}3'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "namedendblocks02": "1{% block first %}_{% block second %}"
+            "2{% endblock first %}_{% endblock second %}3"
+        }
+    )
     def test_namedendblocks02(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('namedendblocks02')
+            self.engine.get_template("namedendblocks02")
 
-    @setup({'namedendblocks03': '1{% block first %}_{% block second %}'
-                                '2{% endblock %}_{% endblock second %}3'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "namedendblocks03": "1{% block first %}_{% block second %}"
+            "2{% endblock %}_{% endblock second %}3"
+        }
+    )
     def test_namedendblocks03(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('namedendblocks03')
+            self.engine.get_template("namedendblocks03")
 
-    @setup({'namedendblocks04': '1{% block first %}_{% block second %}'
-                                '2{% endblock second %}_{% endblock third %}3'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "namedendblocks04": "1{% block first %}_{% block second %}"
+            "2{% endblock second %}_{% endblock third %}3"
+        }
+    )
     def test_namedendblocks04(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('namedendblocks04')
+            self.engine.get_template("namedendblocks04")
 
-    @setup({'namedendblocks05': '1{% block first %}_{% block second %}2{% endblock first %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "namedendblocks05": "1{% block first %}_{% block second %}2{% endblock first %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_namedendblocks05(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('namedendblocks05')
+            self.engine.get_template("namedendblocks05")
 
     # Mixed named and unnamed endblocks
-    @setup({'namedendblocks06': '1{% block first %}_{% block second %}'
-                                '2{% endblock %}_{% endblock first %}3'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "namedendblocks06": "1{% block first %}_{% block second %}"
+            "2{% endblock %}_{% endblock first %}3"
+        }
+    )
     def test_namedendblocks06(self):
         """
         Mixed named and unnamed endblocks
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('namedendblocks06')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1_2_3')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("namedendblocks06")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1_2_3")
 
-    @setup({'namedendblocks07': '1{% block first %}_{% block second %}'
-                                '2{% endblock second %}_{% endblock %}3'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "namedendblocks07": "1{% block first %}_{% block second %}"
+            "2{% endblock second %}_{% endblock %}3"
+        }
+    )
     def test_namedendblocks07(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('namedendblocks07')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1_2_3')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("namedendblocks07")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1_2_3")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_now.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_now.py
index ac2a167b4f..a0a05ed0a7 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_now.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_now.py
@@ -8,60 +8,91 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class NowTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'now01': '{% now "j n Y" %}'})
+    @setup({"now01": '{% now "j n Y" %}'})
     def test_now01(self):
         """
         Simple case
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('now01')
-        self.assertEqual(output, "%d %d %d" % (
-            datetime.now().day, datetime.now().month, datetime.now().year,
-        ))
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("now01")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            output,
+            "%d %d %d"
+            % (
+                datetime.now().day,
+                datetime.now().month,
+                datetime.now().year,
+            ),
+        )
 
     # Check parsing of locale strings
-    @setup({'now02': '{% now "DATE_FORMAT" %}'})
+    @setup({"now02": '{% now "DATE_FORMAT" %}'})
     def test_now02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('now02')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("now02")
         self.assertEqual(output, date_format(datetime.now()))
 
-    @setup({'now03': '{% now \'j n Y\' %}'})
+    @setup({"now03": "{% now 'j n Y' %}"})
     def test_now03(self):
         """
         #15092 - Also accept simple quotes
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('now03')
-        self.assertEqual(output, "%d %d %d" % (
-            datetime.now().day, datetime.now().month, datetime.now().year,
-        ))
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("now03")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            output,
+            "%d %d %d"
+            % (
+                datetime.now().day,
+                datetime.now().month,
+                datetime.now().year,
+            ),
+        )
 
-    @setup({'now04': '{% now \'DATE_FORMAT\' %}'})
+    @setup({"now04": "{% now 'DATE_FORMAT' %}"})
     def test_now04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('now04')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("now04")
         self.assertEqual(output, date_format(datetime.now()))
 
-    @setup({'now05': '{% now \'j "n" Y\'%}'})
+    @setup({"now05": "{% now 'j \"n\" Y'%}"})
     def test_now05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('now05')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '%d "%d" %d' % (
-            datetime.now().day, datetime.now().month, datetime.now().year,
-        ))
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("now05")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            output,
+            '%d "%d" %d'
+            % (
+                datetime.now().day,
+                datetime.now().month,
+                datetime.now().year,
+            ),
+        )
 
-    @setup({'now06': '{% now "j \'n\' Y"%}'})
+    @setup({"now06": "{% now \"j 'n' Y\"%}"})
     def test_now06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('now06')
-        self.assertEqual(output, "%d '%d' %d" % (
-            datetime.now().day, datetime.now().month, datetime.now().year,
-        ))
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("now06")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            output,
+            "%d '%d' %d"
+            % (
+                datetime.now().day,
+                datetime.now().month,
+                datetime.now().year,
+            ),
+        )
 
-    @setup({'now07': '{% now "j n Y" as N %}-{{N}}-'})
+    @setup({"now07": '{% now "j n Y" as N %}-{{N}}-'})
     def test_now07(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('now07')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '-%d %d %d-' % (
-            datetime.now().day, datetime.now().month, datetime.now().year,
-        ))
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("now07")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            output,
+            "-%d %d %d-"
+            % (
+                datetime.now().day,
+                datetime.now().month,
+                datetime.now().year,
+            ),
+        )
 
-    @setup({'no_args': '{% now %}'})
+    @setup({"no_args": "{% now %}"})
     def test_now_args(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, "'now' statement takes one argument"):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('no_args')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TemplateSyntaxError, "'now' statement takes one argument"
+        ):
+            self.engine.render_to_string("no_args")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_numpy.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_numpy.py
index 09d57ebcc2..2c78b45358 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_numpy.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_numpy.py
@@ -12,29 +12,28 @@ except ImportError:
 
 @skipIf(numpy is False, "Numpy must be installed to run these tests.")
 class NumpyTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'numpy-array-index01': '{{ var.1 }}'})
+    @setup({"numpy-array-index01": "{{ var.1 }}"})
     def test_numpy_array_index01(self):
         """
         Numpy's array-index syntax allows a template to access a certain
         item of a subscriptable object.
         """
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'numpy-array-index01',
-            {'var': numpy.array(["first item", "second item"])},
+            "numpy-array-index01",
+            {"var": numpy.array(["first item", "second item"])},
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'second item')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "second item")
 
-    @setup({'numpy-array-index02': '{{ var.5 }}'})
+    @setup({"numpy-array-index02": "{{ var.5 }}"})
     def test_numpy_array_index02(self):
         """
         Fail silently when the array index is out of range.
         """
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'numpy-array-index02',
-            {'var': numpy.array(["first item", "second item"])},
+            "numpy-array-index02",
+            {"var": numpy.array(["first item", "second item"])},
         )
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'INVALID')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "INVALID")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, '')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_regroup.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_regroup.py
index 2c0135587e..eca5e0d5f9 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_regroup.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_regroup.py
@@ -7,115 +7,152 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class RegroupTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'regroup01': ''
-                         '{% regroup data by bar as grouped %}'
-                         '{% for group in grouped %}'
-                         '{{ group.grouper }}:'
-                         '{% for item in group.list %}'
-                         '{{ item.foo }}'
-                         '{% endfor %},'
-                         '{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "regroup01": ""
+            "{% regroup data by bar as grouped %}"
+            "{% for group in grouped %}"
+            "{{ group.grouper }}:"
+            "{% for item in group.list %}"
+            "{{ item.foo }}"
+            "{% endfor %},"
+            "{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_regroup01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('regroup01', {
-            'data': [{'foo': 'c', 'bar': 1},
-                     {'foo': 'd', 'bar': 1},
-                     {'foo': 'a', 'bar': 2},
-                     {'foo': 'b', 'bar': 2},
-                     {'foo': 'x', 'bar': 3}],
-        })
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1:cd,2:ab,3:x,')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "regroup01",
+            {
+                "data": [
+                    {"foo": "c", "bar": 1},
+                    {"foo": "d", "bar": 1},
+                    {"foo": "a", "bar": 2},
+                    {"foo": "b", "bar": 2},
+                    {"foo": "x", "bar": 3},
+                ],
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1:cd,2:ab,3:x,")
 
-    @setup({'regroup02': ''
-                         '{% regroup data by bar as grouped %}'
-                         '{% for group in grouped %}'
-                         '{{ group.grouper }}:'
-                         '{% for item in group.list %}'
-                         '{{ item.foo }}'
-                         '{% endfor %}'
-                         '{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "regroup02": ""
+            "{% regroup data by bar as grouped %}"
+            "{% for group in grouped %}"
+            "{{ group.grouper }}:"
+            "{% for item in group.list %}"
+            "{{ item.foo }}"
+            "{% endfor %}"
+            "{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_regroup02(self):
         """
         Test for silent failure when target variable isn't found
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('regroup02', {})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("regroup02", {})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'regroup03': ''
-                         '{% regroup data by at|date:"m" as grouped %}'
-                         '{% for group in grouped %}'
-                         '{{ group.grouper }}:'
-                         '{% for item in group.list %}'
-                         '{{ item.at|date:"d" }}'
-                         '{% endfor %},'
-                         '{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "regroup03": ""
+            '{% regroup data by at|date:"m" as grouped %}'
+            "{% for group in grouped %}"
+            "{{ group.grouper }}:"
+            "{% for item in group.list %}"
+            '{{ item.at|date:"d" }}'
+            "{% endfor %},"
+            "{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_regroup03(self):
         """
         Regression tests for #17675
         The date template filter has expects_localtime = True
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('regroup03', {
-            'data': [{'at': date(2012, 2, 14)},
-                     {'at': date(2012, 2, 28)},
-                     {'at': date(2012, 7, 4)}],
-        })
-        self.assertEqual(output, '02:1428,07:04,')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "regroup03",
+            {
+                "data": [
+                    {"at": date(2012, 2, 14)},
+                    {"at": date(2012, 2, 28)},
+                    {"at": date(2012, 7, 4)},
+                ],
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "02:1428,07:04,")
 
-    @setup({'regroup04': ''
-                         '{% regroup data by bar|join:"" as grouped %}'
-                         '{% for group in grouped %}'
-                         '{{ group.grouper }}:'
-                         '{% for item in group.list %}'
-                         '{{ item.foo|first }}'
-                         '{% endfor %},'
-                         '{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "regroup04": ""
+            '{% regroup data by bar|join:"" as grouped %}'
+            "{% for group in grouped %}"
+            "{{ group.grouper }}:"
+            "{% for item in group.list %}"
+            "{{ item.foo|first }}"
+            "{% endfor %},"
+            "{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_regroup04(self):
         """
         The join template filter has needs_autoescape = True
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('regroup04', {
-            'data': [{'foo': 'x', 'bar': ['ab', 'c']},
-                     {'foo': 'y', 'bar': ['a', 'bc']},
-                     {'foo': 'z', 'bar': ['a', 'd']}],
-        })
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'abc:xy,ad:z,')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "regroup04",
+            {
+                "data": [
+                    {"foo": "x", "bar": ["ab", "c"]},
+                    {"foo": "y", "bar": ["a", "bc"]},
+                    {"foo": "z", "bar": ["a", "d"]},
+                ],
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "abc:xy,ad:z,")
 
     # Test syntax errors
-    @setup({'regroup05': '{% regroup data by bar as %}'})
+    @setup({"regroup05": "{% regroup data by bar as %}"})
     def test_regroup05(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('regroup05')
+            self.engine.get_template("regroup05")
 
-    @setup({'regroup06': '{% regroup data by bar thisaintright grouped %}'})
+    @setup({"regroup06": "{% regroup data by bar thisaintright grouped %}"})
     def test_regroup06(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('regroup06')
+            self.engine.get_template("regroup06")
 
-    @setup({'regroup07': '{% regroup data thisaintright bar as grouped %}'})
+    @setup({"regroup07": "{% regroup data thisaintright bar as grouped %}"})
     def test_regroup07(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('regroup07')
+            self.engine.get_template("regroup07")
 
-    @setup({'regroup08': '{% regroup data by bar as grouped toomanyargs %}'})
+    @setup({"regroup08": "{% regroup data by bar as grouped toomanyargs %}"})
     def test_regroup08(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('regroup08')
+            self.engine.get_template("regroup08")
 
-    @setup({'regroup_unpack': '{% regroup data by bar as grouped %}'
-                              '{% for grouper, group in grouped %}'
-                              '{{ grouper }}:'
-                              '{% for item in group %}'
-                              '{{ item.foo }}'
-                              '{% endfor %},'
-                              '{% endfor %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "regroup_unpack": "{% regroup data by bar as grouped %}"
+            "{% for grouper, group in grouped %}"
+            "{{ grouper }}:"
+            "{% for item in group %}"
+            "{{ item.foo }}"
+            "{% endfor %},"
+            "{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_regroup_unpack(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('regroup_unpack', {
-            'data': [
-                {'foo': 'c', 'bar': 1},
-                {'foo': 'd', 'bar': 1},
-                {'foo': 'a', 'bar': 2},
-                {'foo': 'b', 'bar': 2},
-                {'foo': 'x', 'bar': 3},
-            ],
-        })
-        self.assertEqual(output, '1:cd,2:ab,3:x,')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "regroup_unpack",
+            {
+                "data": [
+                    {"foo": "c", "bar": 1},
+                    {"foo": "d", "bar": 1},
+                    {"foo": "a", "bar": 2},
+                    {"foo": "b", "bar": 2},
+                    {"foo": "x", "bar": 3},
+                ],
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "1:cd,2:ab,3:x,")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_resetcycle.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_resetcycle.py
index 7c3bfc55fb..6d7365a6ec 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_resetcycle.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_resetcycle.py
@@ -5,91 +5,128 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class ResetCycleTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'resetcycle01': "{% resetcycle %}"})
+    @setup({"resetcycle01": "{% resetcycle %}"})
     def test_resetcycle01(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, "No cycles in template."):
-            self.engine.get_template('resetcycle01')
+            self.engine.get_template("resetcycle01")
 
-    @setup({'resetcycle02': "{% resetcycle undefinedcycle %}"})
+    @setup({"resetcycle02": "{% resetcycle undefinedcycle %}"})
     def test_resetcycle02(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, "Named cycle 'undefinedcycle' does not exist."):
-            self.engine.get_template('resetcycle02')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TemplateSyntaxError, "Named cycle 'undefinedcycle' does not exist."
+        ):
+            self.engine.get_template("resetcycle02")
 
-    @setup({'resetcycle03': "{% cycle 'a' 'b' %}{% resetcycle undefinedcycle %}"})
+    @setup({"resetcycle03": "{% cycle 'a' 'b' %}{% resetcycle undefinedcycle %}"})
     def test_resetcycle03(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, "Named cycle 'undefinedcycle' does not exist."):
-            self.engine.get_template('resetcycle03')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TemplateSyntaxError, "Named cycle 'undefinedcycle' does not exist."
+        ):
+            self.engine.get_template("resetcycle03")
 
-    @setup({'resetcycle04': "{% cycle 'a' 'b' as ab %}{% resetcycle undefinedcycle %}"})
+    @setup({"resetcycle04": "{% cycle 'a' 'b' as ab %}{% resetcycle undefinedcycle %}"})
     def test_resetcycle04(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, "Named cycle 'undefinedcycle' does not exist."):
-            self.engine.get_template('resetcycle04')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TemplateSyntaxError, "Named cycle 'undefinedcycle' does not exist."
+        ):
+            self.engine.get_template("resetcycle04")
 
-    @setup({'resetcycle05': "{% for i in test %}{% cycle 'a' 'b' %}{% resetcycle %}{% endfor %}"})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "resetcycle05": "{% for i in test %}{% cycle 'a' 'b' %}{% resetcycle %}{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_resetcycle05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('resetcycle05', {'test': list(range(5))})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'aaaaa')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("resetcycle05", {"test": list(range(5))})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "aaaaa")
 
-    @setup({'resetcycle06': "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as abc %}"
-                            "{% for i in test %}"
-                            "{% cycle abc %}"
-                            "{% cycle '-' '+' %}"
-                            "{% resetcycle %}"
-                            "{% endfor %}"})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "resetcycle06": "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as abc %}"
+            "{% for i in test %}"
+            "{% cycle abc %}"
+            "{% cycle '-' '+' %}"
+            "{% resetcycle %}"
+            "{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_resetcycle06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('resetcycle06', {'test': list(range(5))})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'ab-c-a-b-c-')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("resetcycle06", {"test": list(range(5))})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "ab-c-a-b-c-")
 
-    @setup({'resetcycle07': "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as abc %}"
-                            "{% for i in test %}"
-                            "{% resetcycle abc %}"
-                            "{% cycle abc %}"
-                            "{% cycle '-' '+' %}"
-                            "{% endfor %}"})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "resetcycle07": "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as abc %}"
+            "{% for i in test %}"
+            "{% resetcycle abc %}"
+            "{% cycle abc %}"
+            "{% cycle '-' '+' %}"
+            "{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_resetcycle07(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('resetcycle07', {'test': list(range(5))})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'aa-a+a-a+a-')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("resetcycle07", {"test": list(range(5))})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "aa-a+a-a+a-")
 
-    @setup({'resetcycle08': "{% for i in outer %}"
-                            "{% for j in inner %}"
-                            "{% cycle 'a' 'b' %}"
-                            "{% endfor %}"
-                            "{% resetcycle %}"
-                            "{% endfor %}"})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "resetcycle08": "{% for i in outer %}"
+            "{% for j in inner %}"
+            "{% cycle 'a' 'b' %}"
+            "{% endfor %}"
+            "{% resetcycle %}"
+            "{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_resetcycle08(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('resetcycle08', {'outer': list(range(2)), 'inner': list(range(3))})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'abaaba')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "resetcycle08", {"outer": list(range(2)), "inner": list(range(3))}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "abaaba")
 
-    @setup({'resetcycle09': "{% for i in outer %}"
-                            "{% cycle 'a' 'b' %}"
-                            "{% for j in inner %}"
-                            "{% cycle 'X' 'Y' %}"
-                            "{% endfor %}"
-                            "{% resetcycle %}"
-                            "{% endfor %}"})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "resetcycle09": "{% for i in outer %}"
+            "{% cycle 'a' 'b' %}"
+            "{% for j in inner %}"
+            "{% cycle 'X' 'Y' %}"
+            "{% endfor %}"
+            "{% resetcycle %}"
+            "{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_resetcycle09(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('resetcycle09', {'outer': list(range(2)), 'inner': list(range(3))})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'aXYXbXYX')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "resetcycle09", {"outer": list(range(2)), "inner": list(range(3))}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "aXYXbXYX")
 
-    @setup({'resetcycle10': "{% for i in test %}"
-                            "{% cycle 'X' 'Y' 'Z' as XYZ %}"
-                            "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as abc %}"
-                            "{% if i == 1 %}"
-                            "{% resetcycle abc %}"
-                            "{% endif %}"
-                            "{% endfor %}"})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "resetcycle10": "{% for i in test %}"
+            "{% cycle 'X' 'Y' 'Z' as XYZ %}"
+            "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as abc %}"
+            "{% if i == 1 %}"
+            "{% resetcycle abc %}"
+            "{% endif %}"
+            "{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_resetcycle10(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('resetcycle10', {'test': list(range(5))})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'XaYbZaXbYc')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("resetcycle10", {"test": list(range(5))})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "XaYbZaXbYc")
 
-    @setup({'resetcycle11': "{% for i in test %}"
-                            "{% cycle 'X' 'Y' 'Z' as XYZ %}"
-                            "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as abc %}"
-                            "{% if i == 1 %}"
-                            "{% resetcycle XYZ %}"
-                            "{% endif %}"
-                            "{% endfor %}"})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "resetcycle11": "{% for i in test %}"
+            "{% cycle 'X' 'Y' 'Z' as XYZ %}"
+            "{% cycle 'a' 'b' 'c' as abc %}"
+            "{% if i == 1 %}"
+            "{% resetcycle XYZ %}"
+            "{% endif %}"
+            "{% endfor %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_resetcycle11(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('resetcycle11', {'test': list(range(5))})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'XaYbXcYaZb')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("resetcycle11", {"test": list(range(5))})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "XaYbXcYaZb")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_setup.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_setup.py
index 07377cea3f..a05cea4292 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_setup.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_setup.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class SetupTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_setup(self):
         """
         Let's just make sure setup runs cases in the right order.
@@ -13,16 +12,18 @@ class SetupTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         @setup({})
         def method(self):
-            cases.append([
-                self.engine.string_if_invalid,
-                self.engine.debug,
-            ])
+            cases.append(
+                [
+                    self.engine.string_if_invalid,
+                    self.engine.debug,
+                ]
+            )
 
         method(self)
 
-        self.assertEqual(cases[0], ['', False])
-        self.assertEqual(cases[1], ['', False])
-        self.assertEqual(cases[2], ['INVALID', False])
-        self.assertEqual(cases[3], ['INVALID', False])
-        self.assertEqual(cases[4], ['', True])
-        self.assertEqual(cases[5], ['', True])
+        self.assertEqual(cases[0], ["", False])
+        self.assertEqual(cases[1], ["", False])
+        self.assertEqual(cases[2], ["INVALID", False])
+        self.assertEqual(cases[3], ["INVALID", False])
+        self.assertEqual(cases[4], ["", True])
+        self.assertEqual(cases[5], ["", True])
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_simple_tag.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_simple_tag.py
index 5e6ce4733e..79bffe05fa 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_simple_tag.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_simple_tag.py
@@ -5,19 +5,19 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class SimpleTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    libraries = {'custom': 'template_tests.templatetags.custom'}
+    libraries = {"custom": "template_tests.templatetags.custom"}
 
-    @setup({'simpletag-renamed01': '{% load custom %}{% minusone 7 %}'})
+    @setup({"simpletag-renamed01": "{% load custom %}{% minusone 7 %}"})
     def test_simpletag_renamed01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('simpletag-renamed01')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '6')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("simpletag-renamed01")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "6")
 
-    @setup({'simpletag-renamed02': '{% load custom %}{% minustwo 7 %}'})
+    @setup({"simpletag-renamed02": "{% load custom %}{% minustwo 7 %}"})
     def test_simpletag_renamed02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('simpletag-renamed02')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '5')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("simpletag-renamed02")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "5")
 
-    @setup({'simpletag-renamed03': '{% load custom %}{% minustwo_overridden_name 7 %}'})
+    @setup({"simpletag-renamed03": "{% load custom %}{% minustwo_overridden_name 7 %}"})
     def test_simpletag_renamed03(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('simpletag-renamed03')
+            self.engine.get_template("simpletag-renamed03")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_spaceless.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_spaceless.py
index 398b7919a1..8bb20dba6c 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_spaceless.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_spaceless.py
@@ -4,35 +4,54 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class SpacelessTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'spaceless01': "{% spaceless %} <b>    <i> text </i>    </b> {% endspaceless %}"})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "spaceless01": "{% spaceless %} <b>    <i> text </i>    </b> {% endspaceless %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_spaceless01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('spaceless01')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("spaceless01")
         self.assertEqual(output, "<b><i> text </i></b>")
 
-    @setup({'spaceless02': "{% spaceless %} <b> \n <i> text </i> \n </b> {% endspaceless %}"})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "spaceless02": "{% spaceless %} <b> \n <i> text </i> \n </b> {% endspaceless %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_spaceless02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('spaceless02')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("spaceless02")
         self.assertEqual(output, "<b><i> text </i></b>")
 
-    @setup({'spaceless03': "{% spaceless %}<b><i>text</i></b>{% endspaceless %}"})
+    @setup({"spaceless03": "{% spaceless %}<b><i>text</i></b>{% endspaceless %}"})
     def test_spaceless03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('spaceless03')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("spaceless03")
         self.assertEqual(output, "<b><i>text</i></b>")
 
-    @setup({'spaceless04': "{% spaceless %}<b>   <i>{{ text }}</i>  </b>{% endspaceless %}"})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "spaceless04": "{% spaceless %}<b>   <i>{{ text }}</i>  </b>{% endspaceless %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_spaceless04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('spaceless04', {'text': 'This & that'})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("spaceless04", {"text": "This & that"})
         self.assertEqual(output, "<b><i>This &amp; that</i></b>")
 
-    @setup({'spaceless05': "{% autoescape off %}{% spaceless %}"
-                           "<b>   <i>{{ text }}</i>  </b>{% endspaceless %}"
-                           "{% endautoescape %}"})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "spaceless05": "{% autoescape off %}{% spaceless %}"
+            "<b>   <i>{{ text }}</i>  </b>{% endspaceless %}"
+            "{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_spaceless05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('spaceless05', {'text': 'This & that'})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("spaceless05", {"text": "This & that"})
         self.assertEqual(output, "<b><i>This & that</i></b>")
 
-    @setup({'spaceless06': "{% spaceless %}<b>   <i>{{ text|safe }}</i>  </b>{% endspaceless %}"})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "spaceless06": "{% spaceless %}<b>   <i>{{ text|safe }}</i>  </b>{% endspaceless %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_spaceless06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('spaceless06', {'text': 'This & that'})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("spaceless06", {"text": "This & that"})
         self.assertEqual(output, "<b><i>This & that</i></b>")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_static.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_static.py
index 6f27d555bf..cd63350cb5 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_static.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_static.py
@@ -8,78 +8,107 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 from ..utils import setup
 
 
-@override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=[], MEDIA_URL='media/', STATIC_URL='static/')
+@override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=[], MEDIA_URL="media/", STATIC_URL="static/")
 class StaticTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    libraries = {'static': 'django.templatetags.static'}
+    libraries = {"static": "django.templatetags.static"}
 
-    @setup({'static-prefixtag01': '{% load static %}{% get_static_prefix %}'})
+    @setup({"static-prefixtag01": "{% load static %}{% get_static_prefix %}"})
     def test_static_prefixtag01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('static-prefixtag01')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("static-prefixtag01")
         self.assertEqual(output, settings.STATIC_URL)
 
-    @setup({'static-prefixtag02': '{% load static %}'
-                                  '{% get_static_prefix as static_prefix %}{{ static_prefix }}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "static-prefixtag02": "{% load static %}"
+            "{% get_static_prefix as static_prefix %}{{ static_prefix }}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_static_prefixtag02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('static-prefixtag02')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("static-prefixtag02")
         self.assertEqual(output, settings.STATIC_URL)
 
-    @setup({'static-prefixtag03': '{% load static %}{% get_media_prefix %}'})
+    @setup({"static-prefixtag03": "{% load static %}{% get_media_prefix %}"})
     def test_static_prefixtag03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('static-prefixtag03')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("static-prefixtag03")
         self.assertEqual(output, settings.MEDIA_URL)
 
-    @setup({'static-prefixtag04': '{% load static %}'
-                                  '{% get_media_prefix as media_prefix %}{{ media_prefix }}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "static-prefixtag04": "{% load static %}"
+            "{% get_media_prefix as media_prefix %}{{ media_prefix }}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_static_prefixtag04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('static-prefixtag04')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("static-prefixtag04")
         self.assertEqual(output, settings.MEDIA_URL)
 
-    @setup({'t': '{% load static %}{% get_media_prefix ad media_prefix %}{{ media_prefix }}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "t": "{% load static %}{% get_media_prefix ad media_prefix %}{{ media_prefix }}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_static_prefixtag_without_as(self):
         msg = "First argument in 'get_media_prefix' must be 'as'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('t')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("t")
 
-    @setup({'static-statictag01': '{% load static %}{% static "admin/base.css" %}'})
+    @setup({"static-statictag01": '{% load static %}{% static "admin/base.css" %}'})
     def test_static_statictag01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('static-statictag01')
-        self.assertEqual(output, urljoin(settings.STATIC_URL, 'admin/base.css'))
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("static-statictag01")
+        self.assertEqual(output, urljoin(settings.STATIC_URL, "admin/base.css"))
 
-    @setup({'static-statictag02': '{% load static %}{% static base_css %}'})
+    @setup({"static-statictag02": "{% load static %}{% static base_css %}"})
     def test_static_statictag02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('static-statictag02', {'base_css': 'admin/base.css'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, urljoin(settings.STATIC_URL, 'admin/base.css'))
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "static-statictag02", {"base_css": "admin/base.css"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, urljoin(settings.STATIC_URL, "admin/base.css"))
 
-    @setup({'static-statictag03': '{% load static %}{% static "admin/base.css" as foo %}{{ foo }}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "static-statictag03": '{% load static %}{% static "admin/base.css" as foo %}{{ foo }}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_static_statictag03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('static-statictag03')
-        self.assertEqual(output, urljoin(settings.STATIC_URL, 'admin/base.css'))
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("static-statictag03")
+        self.assertEqual(output, urljoin(settings.STATIC_URL, "admin/base.css"))
 
-    @setup({'static-statictag04': '{% load static %}{% static base_css as foo %}{{ foo }}'})
+    @setup(
+        {"static-statictag04": "{% load static %}{% static base_css as foo %}{{ foo }}"}
+    )
     def test_static_statictag04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('static-statictag04', {'base_css': 'admin/base.css'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, urljoin(settings.STATIC_URL, 'admin/base.css'))
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "static-statictag04", {"base_css": "admin/base.css"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, urljoin(settings.STATIC_URL, "admin/base.css"))
 
-    @setup({'static-statictag05': '{% load static %}{% static "special?chars&quoted.html" %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "static-statictag05": '{% load static %}{% static "special?chars&quoted.html" %}'
+        }
+    )
     def test_static_quotes_urls(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('static-statictag05')
-        self.assertEqual(output, urljoin(settings.STATIC_URL, '/static/special%3Fchars%26quoted.html'))
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("static-statictag05")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            output,
+            urljoin(settings.STATIC_URL, "/static/special%3Fchars%26quoted.html"),
+        )
 
-    @setup({'t': '{% load static %}{% static %}'})
+    @setup({"t": "{% load static %}{% static %}"})
     def test_static_statictag_without_path(self):
         msg = "'static' takes at least one argument (path to file)"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('t')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("t")
 
 
 class StaticNodeTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_repr(self):
-        static_node = StaticNode(varname='named-var', path='named-path')
+        static_node = StaticNode(varname="named-var", path="named-path")
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(static_node),
             "StaticNode(varname='named-var', path='named-path')",
         )
-        static_node = StaticNode(path='named-path')
+        static_node = StaticNode(path="named-path")
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(static_node),
             "StaticNode(varname=None, path='named-path')",
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_template_tag.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_template_tag.py
index e868c9f21a..b53b657921 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_template_tag.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_template_tag.py
@@ -5,63 +5,64 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class TemplateTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'templatetag01': '{% templatetag openblock %}'})
+    @setup({"templatetag01": "{% templatetag openblock %}"})
     def test_templatetag01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('templatetag01')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '{%')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("templatetag01")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "{%")
 
-    @setup({'templatetag02': '{% templatetag closeblock %}'})
+    @setup({"templatetag02": "{% templatetag closeblock %}"})
     def test_templatetag02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('templatetag02')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '%}')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("templatetag02")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "%}")
 
-    @setup({'templatetag03': '{% templatetag openvariable %}'})
+    @setup({"templatetag03": "{% templatetag openvariable %}"})
     def test_templatetag03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('templatetag03')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '{{')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("templatetag03")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "{{")
 
-    @setup({'templatetag04': '{% templatetag closevariable %}'})
+    @setup({"templatetag04": "{% templatetag closevariable %}"})
     def test_templatetag04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('templatetag04')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '}}')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("templatetag04")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "}}")
 
-    @setup({'templatetag05': '{% templatetag %}'})
+    @setup({"templatetag05": "{% templatetag %}"})
     def test_templatetag05(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('templatetag05')
+            self.engine.get_template("templatetag05")
 
-    @setup({'templatetag06': '{% templatetag foo %}'})
+    @setup({"templatetag06": "{% templatetag foo %}"})
     def test_templatetag06(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('templatetag06')
+            self.engine.get_template("templatetag06")
 
-    @setup({'templatetag07': '{% templatetag openbrace %}'})
+    @setup({"templatetag07": "{% templatetag openbrace %}"})
     def test_templatetag07(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('templatetag07')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '{')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("templatetag07")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "{")
 
-    @setup({'templatetag08': '{% templatetag closebrace %}'})
+    @setup({"templatetag08": "{% templatetag closebrace %}"})
     def test_templatetag08(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('templatetag08')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '}')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("templatetag08")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "}")
 
-    @setup({'templatetag09': '{% templatetag openbrace %}{% templatetag openbrace %}'})
+    @setup({"templatetag09": "{% templatetag openbrace %}{% templatetag openbrace %}"})
     def test_templatetag09(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('templatetag09')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '{{')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("templatetag09")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "{{")
 
-    @setup({'templatetag10': '{% templatetag closebrace %}{% templatetag closebrace %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {"templatetag10": "{% templatetag closebrace %}{% templatetag closebrace %}"}
+    )
     def test_templatetag10(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('templatetag10')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '}}')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("templatetag10")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "}}")
 
-    @setup({'templatetag11': '{% templatetag opencomment %}'})
+    @setup({"templatetag11": "{% templatetag opencomment %}"})
     def test_templatetag11(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('templatetag11')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '{#')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("templatetag11")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "{#")
 
-    @setup({'templatetag12': '{% templatetag closecomment %}'})
+    @setup({"templatetag12": "{% templatetag closecomment %}"})
     def test_templatetag12(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('templatetag12')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '#}')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("templatetag12")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "#}")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_url.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_url.py
index 831eac5527..3e51b0e3f5 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_url.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_url.py
@@ -6,286 +6,300 @@ from django.urls import NoReverseMatch, resolve
 from ..utils import setup
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='template_tests.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="template_tests.urls")
 class UrlTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
     request_factory = RequestFactory()
 
     # Successes
-    @setup({'url01': '{% url "client" client.id %}'})
+    @setup({"url01": '{% url "client" client.id %}'})
     def test_url01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('url01', {'client': {'id': 1}})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/client/1/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("url01", {"client": {"id": 1}})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/client/1/")
 
-    @setup({'url02': '{% url "client_action" id=client.id action="update" %}'})
+    @setup({"url02": '{% url "client_action" id=client.id action="update" %}'})
     def test_url02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('url02', {'client': {'id': 1}})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/client/1/update/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("url02", {"client": {"id": 1}})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/client/1/update/")
 
-    @setup({'url02a': '{% url "client_action" client.id "update" %}'})
+    @setup({"url02a": '{% url "client_action" client.id "update" %}'})
     def test_url02a(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('url02a', {'client': {'id': 1}})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/client/1/update/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("url02a", {"client": {"id": 1}})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/client/1/update/")
 
-    @setup({'url02b': "{% url 'client_action' id=client.id action='update' %}"})
+    @setup({"url02b": "{% url 'client_action' id=client.id action='update' %}"})
     def test_url02b(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('url02b', {'client': {'id': 1}})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/client/1/update/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("url02b", {"client": {"id": 1}})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/client/1/update/")
 
-    @setup({'url02c': "{% url 'client_action' client.id 'update' %}"})
+    @setup({"url02c": "{% url 'client_action' client.id 'update' %}"})
     def test_url02c(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('url02c', {'client': {'id': 1}})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/client/1/update/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("url02c", {"client": {"id": 1}})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/client/1/update/")
 
-    @setup({'url03': '{% url "index" %}'})
+    @setup({"url03": '{% url "index" %}'})
     def test_url03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('url03')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("url03")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/")
 
-    @setup({'url04': '{% url "named.client" client.id %}'})
+    @setup({"url04": '{% url "named.client" client.id %}'})
     def test_url04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('url04', {'client': {'id': 1}})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/named-client/1/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("url04", {"client": {"id": 1}})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/named-client/1/")
 
-    @setup({'url05': '{% url "метка_оператора" v %}'})
+    @setup({"url05": '{% url "метка_оператора" v %}'})
     def test_url05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('url05', {'v': 'Ω'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4/%CE%A9/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("url05", {"v": "Ω"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4/%CE%A9/")
 
-    @setup({'url06': '{% url "метка_оператора_2" tag=v %}'})
+    @setup({"url06": '{% url "метка_оператора_2" tag=v %}'})
     def test_url06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('url06', {'v': 'Ω'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4/%CE%A9/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("url06", {"v": "Ω"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4/%CE%A9/")
 
-    @setup({'url08': '{% url "метка_оператора" v %}'})
+    @setup({"url08": '{% url "метка_оператора" v %}'})
     def test_url08(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('url08', {'v': 'Ω'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4/%CE%A9/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("url08", {"v": "Ω"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4/%CE%A9/")
 
-    @setup({'url09': '{% url "метка_оператора_2" tag=v %}'})
+    @setup({"url09": '{% url "метка_оператора_2" tag=v %}'})
     def test_url09(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('url09', {'v': 'Ω'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4/%CE%A9/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("url09", {"v": "Ω"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4/%CE%A9/")
 
-    @setup({'url10': '{% url "client_action" id=client.id action="two words" %}'})
+    @setup({"url10": '{% url "client_action" id=client.id action="two words" %}'})
     def test_url10(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('url10', {'client': {'id': 1}})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/client/1/two%20words/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("url10", {"client": {"id": 1}})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/client/1/two%20words/")
 
-    @setup({'url11': '{% url "client_action" id=client.id action="==" %}'})
+    @setup({"url11": '{% url "client_action" id=client.id action="==" %}'})
     def test_url11(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('url11', {'client': {'id': 1}})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/client/1/==/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("url11", {"client": {"id": 1}})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/client/1/==/")
 
-    @setup({'url12': '{% url "client_action" id=client.id action="!$&\'()*+,;=~:@," %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {"url12": '{% url "client_action" id=client.id action="!$&\'()*+,;=~:@," %}'}
+    )
     def test_url12(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('url12', {'client': {'id': 1}})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/client/1/!$&amp;&#x27;()*+,;=~:@,/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("url12", {"client": {"id": 1}})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/client/1/!$&amp;&#x27;()*+,;=~:@,/")
 
-    @setup({'url13': '{% url "client_action" id=client.id action=arg|join:"-" %}'})
+    @setup({"url13": '{% url "client_action" id=client.id action=arg|join:"-" %}'})
     def test_url13(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('url13', {'client': {'id': 1}, 'arg': ['a', 'b']})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/client/1/a-b/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "url13", {"client": {"id": 1}, "arg": ["a", "b"]}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/client/1/a-b/")
 
-    @setup({'url14': '{% url "client_action" client.id arg|join:"-" %}'})
+    @setup({"url14": '{% url "client_action" client.id arg|join:"-" %}'})
     def test_url14(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('url14', {'client': {'id': 1}, 'arg': ['a', 'b']})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/client/1/a-b/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "url14", {"client": {"id": 1}, "arg": ["a", "b"]}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/client/1/a-b/")
 
-    @setup({'url15': '{% url "client_action" 12 "test" %}'})
+    @setup({"url15": '{% url "client_action" 12 "test" %}'})
     def test_url15(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('url15')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/client/12/test/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("url15")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/client/12/test/")
 
-    @setup({'url18': '{% url "client" "1,2" %}'})
+    @setup({"url18": '{% url "client" "1,2" %}'})
     def test_url18(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('url18')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/client/1,2/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("url18")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/client/1,2/")
 
-    @setup({'url19': '{% url named_url client.id %}'})
+    @setup({"url19": "{% url named_url client.id %}"})
     def test_url19(self):
         output = self.engine.render_to_string(
-            'url19', {'client': {'id': 1}, 'named_url': 'client'}
+            "url19", {"client": {"id": 1}, "named_url": "client"}
         )
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/client/1/')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/client/1/")
 
-    @setup({'url20': '{% url url_name_in_var client.id %}'})
+    @setup({"url20": "{% url url_name_in_var client.id %}"})
     def test_url20(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('url20', {'client': {'id': 1}, 'url_name_in_var': 'named.client'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/named-client/1/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "url20", {"client": {"id": 1}, "url_name_in_var": "named.client"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/named-client/1/")
 
-    @setup({'url21': '{% autoescape off %}'
-                     '{% url "client_action" id=client.id action="!$&\'()*+,;=~:@," %}'
-                     '{% endautoescape %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "url21": "{% autoescape off %}"
+            '{% url "client_action" id=client.id action="!$&\'()*+,;=~:@," %}'
+            "{% endautoescape %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_url21(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('url21', {'client': {'id': 1}})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/client/1/!$&\'()*+,;=~:@,/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("url21", {"client": {"id": 1}})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/client/1/!$&'()*+,;=~:@,/")
 
     # Failures
-    @setup({'url-fail01': '{% url %}'})
+    @setup({"url-fail01": "{% url %}"})
     def test_url_fail01(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('url-fail01')
+            self.engine.get_template("url-fail01")
 
-    @setup({'url-fail02': '{% url "no_such_view" %}'})
+    @setup({"url-fail02": '{% url "no_such_view" %}'})
     def test_url_fail02(self):
         with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('url-fail02')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("url-fail02")
 
-    @setup({'url-fail03': '{% url "client" %}'})
+    @setup({"url-fail03": '{% url "client" %}'})
     def test_url_fail03(self):
         with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('url-fail03')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("url-fail03")
 
-    @setup({'url-fail04': '{% url "view" id, %}'})
+    @setup({"url-fail04": '{% url "view" id, %}'})
     def test_url_fail04(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('url-fail04')
+            self.engine.get_template("url-fail04")
 
-    @setup({'url-fail05': '{% url "view" id= %}'})
+    @setup({"url-fail05": '{% url "view" id= %}'})
     def test_url_fail05(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('url-fail05')
+            self.engine.get_template("url-fail05")
 
-    @setup({'url-fail06': '{% url "view" a.id=id %}'})
+    @setup({"url-fail06": '{% url "view" a.id=id %}'})
     def test_url_fail06(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('url-fail06')
+            self.engine.get_template("url-fail06")
 
-    @setup({'url-fail07': '{% url "view" a.id!id %}'})
+    @setup({"url-fail07": '{% url "view" a.id!id %}'})
     def test_url_fail07(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('url-fail07')
+            self.engine.get_template("url-fail07")
 
-    @setup({'url-fail08': '{% url "view" id="unterminatedstring %}'})
+    @setup({"url-fail08": '{% url "view" id="unterminatedstring %}'})
     def test_url_fail08(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('url-fail08')
+            self.engine.get_template("url-fail08")
 
-    @setup({'url-fail09': '{% url "view" id=", %}'})
+    @setup({"url-fail09": '{% url "view" id=", %}'})
     def test_url_fail09(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('url-fail09')
+            self.engine.get_template("url-fail09")
 
-    @setup({'url-fail11': '{% url named_url %}'})
+    @setup({"url-fail11": "{% url named_url %}"})
     def test_url_fail11(self):
         with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('url-fail11')
+            self.engine.render_to_string("url-fail11")
 
-    @setup({'url-fail12': '{% url named_url %}'})
+    @setup({"url-fail12": "{% url named_url %}"})
     def test_url_fail12(self):
         with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('url-fail12', {'named_url': 'no_such_view'})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("url-fail12", {"named_url": "no_such_view"})
 
-    @setup({'url-fail13': '{% url named_url %}'})
+    @setup({"url-fail13": "{% url named_url %}"})
     def test_url_fail13(self):
         with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('url-fail13', {'named_url': 'template_tests.views.client'})
+            self.engine.render_to_string(
+                "url-fail13", {"named_url": "template_tests.views.client"}
+            )
 
-    @setup({'url-fail14': '{% url named_url id, %}'})
+    @setup({"url-fail14": "{% url named_url id, %}"})
     def test_url_fail14(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('url-fail14', {'named_url': 'view'})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("url-fail14", {"named_url": "view"})
 
-    @setup({'url-fail15': '{% url named_url id= %}'})
+    @setup({"url-fail15": "{% url named_url id= %}"})
     def test_url_fail15(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('url-fail15', {'named_url': 'view'})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("url-fail15", {"named_url": "view"})
 
-    @setup({'url-fail16': '{% url named_url a.id=id %}'})
+    @setup({"url-fail16": "{% url named_url a.id=id %}"})
     def test_url_fail16(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('url-fail16', {'named_url': 'view'})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("url-fail16", {"named_url": "view"})
 
-    @setup({'url-fail17': '{% url named_url a.id!id %}'})
+    @setup({"url-fail17": "{% url named_url a.id!id %}"})
     def test_url_fail17(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('url-fail17', {'named_url': 'view'})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("url-fail17", {"named_url": "view"})
 
-    @setup({'url-fail18': '{% url named_url id="unterminatedstring %}'})
+    @setup({"url-fail18": '{% url named_url id="unterminatedstring %}'})
     def test_url_fail18(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('url-fail18', {'named_url': 'view'})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("url-fail18", {"named_url": "view"})
 
-    @setup({'url-fail19': '{% url named_url id=", %}'})
+    @setup({"url-fail19": '{% url named_url id=", %}'})
     def test_url_fail19(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('url-fail19', {'named_url': 'view'})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("url-fail19", {"named_url": "view"})
 
     # {% url ... as var %}
-    @setup({'url-asvar01': '{% url "index" as url %}'})
+    @setup({"url-asvar01": '{% url "index" as url %}'})
     def test_url_asvar01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('url-asvar01')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("url-asvar01")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'url-asvar02': '{% url "index" as url %}{{ url }}'})
+    @setup({"url-asvar02": '{% url "index" as url %}{{ url }}'})
     def test_url_asvar02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('url-asvar02')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("url-asvar02")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/")
 
-    @setup({'url-asvar03': '{% url "no_such_view" as url %}{{ url }}'})
+    @setup({"url-asvar03": '{% url "no_such_view" as url %}{{ url }}'})
     def test_url_asvar03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('url-asvar03')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("url-asvar03")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'url-namespace01': '{% url "app:named.client" 42 %}'})
+    @setup({"url-namespace01": '{% url "app:named.client" 42 %}'})
     def test_url_namespace01(self):
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
-        request.resolver_match = resolve('/ns1/')
-        template = self.engine.get_template('url-namespace01')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
+        request.resolver_match = resolve("/ns1/")
+        template = self.engine.get_template("url-namespace01")
         context = RequestContext(request)
         output = template.render(context)
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/ns1/named-client/42/')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/ns1/named-client/42/")
 
-    @setup({'url-namespace02': '{% url "app:named.client" 42 %}'})
+    @setup({"url-namespace02": '{% url "app:named.client" 42 %}'})
     def test_url_namespace02(self):
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
-        request.resolver_match = resolve('/ns2/')
-        template = self.engine.get_template('url-namespace02')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
+        request.resolver_match = resolve("/ns2/")
+        template = self.engine.get_template("url-namespace02")
         context = RequestContext(request)
         output = template.render(context)
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/ns2/named-client/42/')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/ns2/named-client/42/")
 
-    @setup({'url-namespace03': '{% url "app:named.client" 42 %}'})
+    @setup({"url-namespace03": '{% url "app:named.client" 42 %}'})
     def test_url_namespace03(self):
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
-        template = self.engine.get_template('url-namespace03')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
+        template = self.engine.get_template("url-namespace03")
         context = RequestContext(request)
         output = template.render(context)
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/ns2/named-client/42/')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/ns2/named-client/42/")
 
-    @setup({'url-namespace-no-current-app': '{% url "app:named.client" 42 %}'})
+    @setup({"url-namespace-no-current-app": '{% url "app:named.client" 42 %}'})
     def test_url_namespace_no_current_app(self):
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
-        request.resolver_match = resolve('/ns1/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
+        request.resolver_match = resolve("/ns1/")
         request.current_app = None
-        template = self.engine.get_template('url-namespace-no-current-app')
+        template = self.engine.get_template("url-namespace-no-current-app")
         context = RequestContext(request)
         output = template.render(context)
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/ns2/named-client/42/')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/ns2/named-client/42/")
 
-    @setup({'url-namespace-explicit-current-app': '{% url "app:named.client" 42 %}'})
+    @setup({"url-namespace-explicit-current-app": '{% url "app:named.client" 42 %}'})
     def test_url_namespace_explicit_current_app(self):
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
-        request.resolver_match = resolve('/ns1/')
-        request.current_app = 'app'
-        template = self.engine.get_template('url-namespace-explicit-current-app')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
+        request.resolver_match = resolve("/ns1/")
+        request.current_app = "app"
+        template = self.engine.get_template("url-namespace-explicit-current-app")
         context = RequestContext(request)
         output = template.render(context)
-        self.assertEqual(output, '/ns2/named-client/42/')
+        self.assertEqual(output, "/ns2/named-client/42/")
 
 
 class URLNodeTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_repr(self):
-        url_node = URLNode(view_name='named-view', args=[], kwargs={}, asvar=None)
+        url_node = URLNode(view_name="named-view", args=[], kwargs={}, asvar=None)
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(url_node),
             "<URLNode view_name='named-view' args=[] kwargs={} as=None>",
         )
         url_node = URLNode(
-            view_name='named-view',
+            view_name="named-view",
             args=[1, 2],
-            kwargs={'action': 'update'},
-            asvar='my_url',
+            kwargs={"action": "update"},
+            asvar="my_url",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(url_node),
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_verbatim.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_verbatim.py
index 7304796b4b..afb08e013a 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_verbatim.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_verbatim.py
@@ -5,34 +5,47 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class VerbatimTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @setup({'verbatim-tag01': '{% verbatim %}{{bare   }}{% endverbatim %}'})
+    @setup({"verbatim-tag01": "{% verbatim %}{{bare   }}{% endverbatim %}"})
     def test_verbatim_tag01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('verbatim-tag01')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '{{bare   }}')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("verbatim-tag01")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "{{bare   }}")
 
-    @setup({'verbatim-tag02': '{% verbatim %}{% endif %}{% endverbatim %}'})
+    @setup({"verbatim-tag02": "{% verbatim %}{% endif %}{% endverbatim %}"})
     def test_verbatim_tag02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('verbatim-tag02')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '{% endif %}')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("verbatim-tag02")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "{% endif %}")
 
-    @setup({'verbatim-tag03': '{% verbatim %}It\'s the {% verbatim %} tag{% endverbatim %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {"verbatim-tag03": "{% verbatim %}It's the {% verbatim %} tag{% endverbatim %}"}
+    )
     def test_verbatim_tag03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('verbatim-tag03')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'It\'s the {% verbatim %} tag')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("verbatim-tag03")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "It's the {% verbatim %} tag")
 
-    @setup({'verbatim-tag04': '{% verbatim %}{% verbatim %}{% endverbatim %}{% endverbatim %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "verbatim-tag04": "{% verbatim %}{% verbatim %}{% endverbatim %}{% endverbatim %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_verbatim_tag04(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('verbatim-tag04')
+            self.engine.get_template("verbatim-tag04")
 
-    @setup({'verbatim-tag05': '{% verbatim %}{% endverbatim %}{% verbatim %}{% endverbatim %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "verbatim-tag05": "{% verbatim %}{% endverbatim %}{% verbatim %}{% endverbatim %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_verbatim_tag05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('verbatim-tag05')
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("verbatim-tag05")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'verbatim-tag06': '{% verbatim special %}'
-                              'Don\'t {% endverbatim %} just yet{% endverbatim special %}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "verbatim-tag06": "{% verbatim special %}"
+            "Don't {% endverbatim %} just yet{% endverbatim special %}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_verbatim_tag06(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('verbatim-tag06')
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'Don\'t {% endverbatim %} just yet')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("verbatim-tag06")
+        self.assertEqual(output, "Don't {% endverbatim %} just yet")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_width_ratio.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_width_ratio.py
index 7db90a44e1..3f3a072f96 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_width_ratio.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_width_ratio.py
@@ -5,150 +5,164 @@ from ..utils import setup
 
 
 class WidthRatioTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    libraries = {'custom': 'template_tests.templatetags.custom'}
+    libraries = {"custom": "template_tests.templatetags.custom"}
 
-    @setup({'widthratio01': '{% widthratio a b 0 %}'})
+    @setup({"widthratio01": "{% widthratio a b 0 %}"})
     def test_widthratio01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('widthratio01', {'a': 50, 'b': 100})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '0')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("widthratio01", {"a": 50, "b": 100})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "0")
 
-    @setup({'widthratio02': '{% widthratio a b 100 %}'})
+    @setup({"widthratio02": "{% widthratio a b 100 %}"})
     def test_widthratio02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('widthratio02', {'a': 0, 'b': 0})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '0')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("widthratio02", {"a": 0, "b": 0})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "0")
 
-    @setup({'widthratio03': '{% widthratio a b 100 %}'})
+    @setup({"widthratio03": "{% widthratio a b 100 %}"})
     def test_widthratio03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('widthratio03', {'a': 0, 'b': 100})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '0')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("widthratio03", {"a": 0, "b": 100})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "0")
 
-    @setup({'widthratio04': '{% widthratio a b 100 %}'})
+    @setup({"widthratio04": "{% widthratio a b 100 %}"})
     def test_widthratio04(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('widthratio04', {'a': 50, 'b': 100})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '50')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("widthratio04", {"a": 50, "b": 100})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "50")
 
-    @setup({'widthratio05': '{% widthratio a b 100 %}'})
+    @setup({"widthratio05": "{% widthratio a b 100 %}"})
     def test_widthratio05(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('widthratio05', {'a': 100, 'b': 100})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '100')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("widthratio05", {"a": 100, "b": 100})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "100")
 
-    @setup({'widthratio06': '{% widthratio a b 100 %}'})
+    @setup({"widthratio06": "{% widthratio a b 100 %}"})
     def test_widthratio06(self):
         """
         62.5 should round to 62
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('widthratio06', {'a': 50, 'b': 80})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '62')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("widthratio06", {"a": 50, "b": 80})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "62")
 
-    @setup({'widthratio07': '{% widthratio a b 100 %}'})
+    @setup({"widthratio07": "{% widthratio a b 100 %}"})
     def test_widthratio07(self):
         """
         71.4 should round to 71
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('widthratio07', {'a': 50, 'b': 70})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '71')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("widthratio07", {"a": 50, "b": 70})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "71")
 
     # Raise exception if we don't have 3 args, last one an integer
-    @setup({'widthratio08': '{% widthratio %}'})
+    @setup({"widthratio08": "{% widthratio %}"})
     def test_widthratio08(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('widthratio08')
+            self.engine.get_template("widthratio08")
 
-    @setup({'widthratio09': '{% widthratio a b %}'})
+    @setup({"widthratio09": "{% widthratio a b %}"})
     def test_widthratio09(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('widthratio09', {'a': 50, 'b': 100})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("widthratio09", {"a": 50, "b": 100})
 
-    @setup({'widthratio10': '{% widthratio a b 100.0 %}'})
+    @setup({"widthratio10": "{% widthratio a b 100.0 %}"})
     def test_widthratio10(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('widthratio10', {'a': 50, 'b': 100})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '50')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("widthratio10", {"a": 50, "b": 100})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "50")
 
-    @setup({'widthratio11': '{% widthratio a b c %}'})
+    @setup({"widthratio11": "{% widthratio a b c %}"})
     def test_widthratio11(self):
         """
         #10043: widthratio should allow max_width to be a variable
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('widthratio11', {'a': 50, 'c': 100, 'b': 100})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '50')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "widthratio11", {"a": 50, "c": 100, "b": 100}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "50")
 
     # #18739: widthratio should handle None args consistently with
     # non-numerics
-    @setup({'widthratio12a': '{% widthratio a b c %}'})
+    @setup({"widthratio12a": "{% widthratio a b c %}"})
     def test_widthratio12a(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('widthratio12a', {'a': 'a', 'c': 100, 'b': 100})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "widthratio12a", {"a": "a", "c": 100, "b": 100}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'widthratio12b': '{% widthratio a b c %}'})
+    @setup({"widthratio12b": "{% widthratio a b c %}"})
     def test_widthratio12b(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('widthratio12b', {'a': None, 'c': 100, 'b': 100})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "widthratio12b", {"a": None, "c": 100, "b": 100}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'widthratio13a': '{% widthratio a b c %}'})
+    @setup({"widthratio13a": "{% widthratio a b c %}"})
     def test_widthratio13a(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('widthratio13a', {'a': 0, 'c': 100, 'b': 'b'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "widthratio13a", {"a": 0, "c": 100, "b": "b"}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'widthratio13b': '{% widthratio a b c %}'})
+    @setup({"widthratio13b": "{% widthratio a b c %}"})
     def test_widthratio13b(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('widthratio13b', {'a': 0, 'c': 100, 'b': None})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "widthratio13b", {"a": 0, "c": 100, "b": None}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'widthratio14a': '{% widthratio a b c %}'})
+    @setup({"widthratio14a": "{% widthratio a b c %}"})
     def test_widthratio14a(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('widthratio14a', {'a': 0, 'c': 'c', 'b': 100})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("widthratio14a", {"a": 0, "c": "c", "b": 100})
 
-    @setup({'widthratio14b': '{% widthratio a b c %}'})
+    @setup({"widthratio14b": "{% widthratio a b c %}"})
     def test_widthratio14b(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('widthratio14b', {'a': 0, 'c': None, 'b': 100})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("widthratio14b", {"a": 0, "c": None, "b": 100})
 
-    @setup({'widthratio15': '{% load custom %}{% widthratio a|noop:"x y" b 0 %}'})
+    @setup({"widthratio15": '{% load custom %}{% widthratio a|noop:"x y" b 0 %}'})
     def test_widthratio15(self):
         """
         Test whitespace in filter argument
         """
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('widthratio15', {'a': 50, 'b': 100})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '0')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("widthratio15", {"a": 50, "b": 100})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "0")
 
     # Widthratio with variable assignment
-    @setup({'widthratio16': '{% widthratio a b 100 as variable %}-{{ variable }}-'})
+    @setup({"widthratio16": "{% widthratio a b 100 as variable %}-{{ variable }}-"})
     def test_widthratio16(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('widthratio16', {'a': 50, 'b': 100})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '-50-')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("widthratio16", {"a": 50, "b": 100})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "-50-")
 
-    @setup({'widthratio17': '{% widthratio a b 100 as variable %}-{{ variable }}-'})
+    @setup({"widthratio17": "{% widthratio a b 100 as variable %}-{{ variable }}-"})
     def test_widthratio17(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('widthratio17', {'a': 100, 'b': 100})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '-100-')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("widthratio17", {"a": 100, "b": 100})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "-100-")
 
-    @setup({'widthratio18': '{% widthratio a b 100 as %}'})
+    @setup({"widthratio18": "{% widthratio a b 100 as %}"})
     def test_widthratio18(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('widthratio18')
+            self.engine.get_template("widthratio18")
 
-    @setup({'widthratio19': '{% widthratio a b 100 not_as variable %}'})
+    @setup({"widthratio19": "{% widthratio a b 100 not_as variable %}"})
     def test_widthratio19(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
-            self.engine.get_template('widthratio19')
+            self.engine.get_template("widthratio19")
 
-    @setup({'widthratio20': '{% widthratio a b 100 %}'})
+    @setup({"widthratio20": "{% widthratio a b 100 %}"})
     def test_widthratio20(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('widthratio20', {'a': float('inf'), 'b': float('inf')})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "widthratio20", {"a": float("inf"), "b": float("inf")}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'widthratio21': '{% widthratio a b 100 %}'})
+    @setup({"widthratio21": "{% widthratio a b 100 %}"})
     def test_widthratio21(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('widthratio21', {'a': float('inf'), 'b': 2})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string(
+            "widthratio21", {"a": float("inf"), "b": 2}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(output, "")
 
-    @setup({'t': '{% widthratio a b 100 as variable %}-{{ variable }}-'})
+    @setup({"t": "{% widthratio a b 100 as variable %}-{{ variable }}-"})
     def test_zerodivisionerror_as_var(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('t', {'a': 0, 'b': 0})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '-0-')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("t", {"a": 0, "b": 0})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "-0-")
 
-    @setup({'t': '{% widthratio a b c as variable %}-{{ variable }}-'})
+    @setup({"t": "{% widthratio a b c as variable %}-{{ variable }}-"})
     def test_typeerror_as_var(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('t', {'a': 'a', 'c': 100, 'b': 100})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '--')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("t", {"a": "a", "c": 100, "b": 100})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "--")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_with.py b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_with.py
index d8f24349f5..dde581eab3 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_with.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/syntax_tests/test_with.py
@@ -8,53 +8,61 @@ from ..utils import setup
 class WithTagTests(SimpleTestCase):
     at_least_with_one_msg = "'with' expected at least one variable assignment"
 
-    @setup({'with01': '{% with key=dict.key %}{{ key }}{% endwith %}'})
+    @setup({"with01": "{% with key=dict.key %}{{ key }}{% endwith %}"})
     def test_with01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('with01', {'dict': {'key': 50}})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '50')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("with01", {"dict": {"key": 50}})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "50")
 
-    @setup({'legacywith01': '{% with dict.key as key %}{{ key }}{% endwith %}'})
+    @setup({"legacywith01": "{% with dict.key as key %}{{ key }}{% endwith %}"})
     def test_legacywith01(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('legacywith01', {'dict': {'key': 50}})
-        self.assertEqual(output, '50')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("legacywith01", {"dict": {"key": 50}})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "50")
 
-    @setup({'with02': '{{ key }}{% with key=dict.key %}'
-                      '{{ key }}-{{ dict.key }}-{{ key }}'
-                      '{% endwith %}{{ key }}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "with02": "{{ key }}{% with key=dict.key %}"
+            "{{ key }}-{{ dict.key }}-{{ key }}"
+            "{% endwith %}{{ key }}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_with02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('with02', {'dict': {'key': 50}})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("with02", {"dict": {"key": 50}})
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'INVALID50-50-50INVALID')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "INVALID50-50-50INVALID")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, '50-50-50')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "50-50-50")
 
-    @setup({'legacywith02': '{{ key }}{% with dict.key as key %}'
-                            '{{ key }}-{{ dict.key }}-{{ key }}'
-                            '{% endwith %}{{ key }}'})
+    @setup(
+        {
+            "legacywith02": "{{ key }}{% with dict.key as key %}"
+            "{{ key }}-{{ dict.key }}-{{ key }}"
+            "{% endwith %}{{ key }}"
+        }
+    )
     def test_legacywith02(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('legacywith02', {'dict': {'key': 50}})
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("legacywith02", {"dict": {"key": 50}})
         if self.engine.string_if_invalid:
-            self.assertEqual(output, 'INVALID50-50-50INVALID')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "INVALID50-50-50INVALID")
         else:
-            self.assertEqual(output, '50-50-50')
+            self.assertEqual(output, "50-50-50")
 
-    @setup({'with03': '{% with a=alpha b=beta %}{{ a }}{{ b }}{% endwith %}'})
+    @setup({"with03": "{% with a=alpha b=beta %}{{ a }}{{ b }}{% endwith %}"})
     def test_with03(self):
-        output = self.engine.render_to_string('with03', {'alpha': 'A', 'beta': 'B'})
-        self.assertEqual(output, 'AB')
+        output = self.engine.render_to_string("with03", {"alpha": "A", "beta": "B"})
+        self.assertEqual(output, "AB")
 
-    @setup({'with-error01': '{% with dict.key xx key %}{{ key }}{% endwith %}'})
+    @setup({"with-error01": "{% with dict.key xx key %}{{ key }}{% endwith %}"})
     def test_with_error01(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, self.at_least_with_one_msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('with-error01', {'dict': {'key': 50}})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("with-error01", {"dict": {"key": 50}})
 
-    @setup({'with-error02': '{% with dict.key as %}{{ key }}{% endwith %}'})
+    @setup({"with-error02": "{% with dict.key as %}{{ key }}{% endwith %}"})
     def test_with_error02(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, self.at_least_with_one_msg):
-            self.engine.render_to_string('with-error02', {'dict': {'key': 50}})
+            self.engine.render_to_string("with-error02", {"dict": {"key": 50}})
 
 
 class WithNodeTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_repr(self):
-        node = WithNode(nodelist=[], name='a', var='dict.key')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(node), '<WithNode>')
+        node = WithNode(nodelist=[], name="a", var="dict.key")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(node), "<WithNode>")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/templatetags/custom.py b/tests/template_tests/templatetags/custom.py
index 0880e6fad4..f096e98286 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/templatetags/custom.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/templatetags/custom.py
@@ -64,7 +64,10 @@ explicit_no_context.anything = "Expected explicit_no_context __dict__"
 @register.simple_tag(takes_context=True)
 def no_params_with_context(context):
     """Expected no_params_with_context __doc__"""
-    return "no_params_with_context - Expected result (context value: %s)" % context['value']
+    return (
+        "no_params_with_context - Expected result (context value: %s)"
+        % context["value"]
+    )
 
 
 no_params_with_context.anything = "Expected no_params_with_context __dict__"
@@ -73,7 +76,10 @@ no_params_with_context.anything = "Expected no_params_with_context __dict__"
 @register.simple_tag(takes_context=True)
 def params_and_context(context, arg):
     """Expected params_and_context __doc__"""
-    return "params_and_context - Expected result (context value: %s): %s" % (context['value'], arg)
+    return "params_and_context - Expected result (context value: %s): %s" % (
+        context["value"],
+        arg,
+    )
 
 
 params_and_context.anything = "Expected params_and_context __dict__"
@@ -99,7 +105,7 @@ def simple_keyword_only_default(*, kwarg=42):
 
 
 @register.simple_tag
-def simple_one_default(one, two='hi'):
+def simple_one_default(one, two="hi"):
     """Expected simple_one_default __doc__"""
     return "simple_one_default - Expected result: %s, %s" % (one, two)
 
@@ -108,10 +114,10 @@ simple_one_default.anything = "Expected simple_one_default __dict__"
 
 
 @register.simple_tag
-def simple_unlimited_args(one, two='hi', *args):
+def simple_unlimited_args(one, two="hi", *args):
     """Expected simple_unlimited_args __doc__"""
     return "simple_unlimited_args - Expected result: %s" % (
-        ', '.join(str(arg) for arg in [one, two, *args])
+        ", ".join(str(arg) for arg in [one, two, *args])
     )
 
 
@@ -121,20 +127,22 @@ simple_unlimited_args.anything = "Expected simple_unlimited_args __dict__"
 @register.simple_tag
 def simple_only_unlimited_args(*args):
     """Expected simple_only_unlimited_args __doc__"""
-    return "simple_only_unlimited_args - Expected result: %s" % ', '.join(str(arg) for arg in args)
+    return "simple_only_unlimited_args - Expected result: %s" % ", ".join(
+        str(arg) for arg in args
+    )
 
 
 simple_only_unlimited_args.anything = "Expected simple_only_unlimited_args __dict__"
 
 
 @register.simple_tag
-def simple_unlimited_args_kwargs(one, two='hi', *args, **kwargs):
+def simple_unlimited_args_kwargs(one, two="hi", *args, **kwargs):
     """Expected simple_unlimited_args_kwargs __doc__"""
     # Sort the dictionary by key to guarantee the order for testing.
     sorted_kwarg = sorted(kwargs.items(), key=operator.itemgetter(0))
     return "simple_unlimited_args_kwargs - Expected result: %s / %s" % (
-        ', '.join(str(arg) for arg in [one, two, *args]),
-        ', '.join('%s=%s' % (k, v) for (k, v) in sorted_kwarg)
+        ", ".join(str(arg) for arg in [one, two, *args]),
+        ", ".join("%s=%s" % (k, v) for (k, v) in sorted_kwarg),
     )
 
 
@@ -147,36 +155,38 @@ def simple_tag_without_context_parameter(arg):
     return "Expected result"
 
 
-simple_tag_without_context_parameter.anything = "Expected simple_tag_without_context_parameter __dict__"
+simple_tag_without_context_parameter.anything = (
+    "Expected simple_tag_without_context_parameter __dict__"
+)
 
 
 @register.simple_tag(takes_context=True)
 def simple_tag_takes_context_without_params():
     """Expected simple_tag_takes_context_without_params __doc__"""
-    return 'Expected result'
+    return "Expected result"
 
 
 simple_tag_takes_context_without_params.anything = (
-    'Expected simple_tag_takes_context_without_params __dict__'
+    "Expected simple_tag_takes_context_without_params __dict__"
 )
 
 
 @register.simple_tag(takes_context=True)
 def escape_naive(context):
     """A tag that doesn't even think about escaping issues"""
-    return "Hello {}!".format(context['name'])
+    return "Hello {}!".format(context["name"])
 
 
 @register.simple_tag(takes_context=True)
 def escape_explicit(context):
     """A tag that uses escape explicitly"""
-    return escape("Hello {}!".format(context['name']))
+    return escape("Hello {}!".format(context["name"]))
 
 
 @register.simple_tag(takes_context=True)
 def escape_format_html(context):
     """A tag that uses format_html"""
-    return format_html("Hello {0}!", context['name'])
+    return format_html("Hello {0}!", context["name"])
 
 
 @register.simple_tag(takes_context=True)
@@ -189,15 +199,15 @@ def use_l10n(context):
     return str(context.use_l10n)
 
 
-@register.simple_tag(name='minustwo')
+@register.simple_tag(name="minustwo")
 def minustwo_overridden_name(value):
     return value - 2
 
 
-register.simple_tag(lambda x: x - 1, name='minusone')
+register.simple_tag(lambda x: x - 1, name="minusone")
 
 
-@register.tag('counter')
+@register.tag("counter")
 def counter(parser, token):
     return CounterNode()
 
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/templatetags/inclusion.py b/tests/template_tests/templatetags/inclusion.py
index 45281b4c56..f9e457bbc1 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/templatetags/inclusion.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/templatetags/inclusion.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ engine = Engine(app_dirs=True)
 register = Library()
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag('inclusion.html')
+@register.inclusion_tag("inclusion.html")
 def inclusion_no_params():
     """Expected inclusion_no_params __doc__"""
     return {"result": "inclusion_no_params - Expected result"}
@@ -15,16 +15,18 @@ def inclusion_no_params():
 inclusion_no_params.anything = "Expected inclusion_no_params __dict__"
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag(engine.get_template('inclusion.html'))
+@register.inclusion_tag(engine.get_template("inclusion.html"))
 def inclusion_no_params_from_template():
     """Expected inclusion_no_params_from_template __doc__"""
     return {"result": "inclusion_no_params_from_template - Expected result"}
 
 
-inclusion_no_params_from_template.anything = "Expected inclusion_no_params_from_template __dict__"
+inclusion_no_params_from_template.anything = (
+    "Expected inclusion_no_params_from_template __dict__"
+)
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag('inclusion.html')
+@register.inclusion_tag("inclusion.html")
 def inclusion_one_param(arg):
     """Expected inclusion_one_param __doc__"""
     return {"result": "inclusion_one_param - Expected result: %s" % arg}
@@ -33,48 +35,63 @@ def inclusion_one_param(arg):
 inclusion_one_param.anything = "Expected inclusion_one_param __dict__"
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag(engine.get_template('inclusion.html'))
+@register.inclusion_tag(engine.get_template("inclusion.html"))
 def inclusion_one_param_from_template(arg):
     """Expected inclusion_one_param_from_template __doc__"""
     return {"result": "inclusion_one_param_from_template - Expected result: %s" % arg}
 
 
-inclusion_one_param_from_template.anything = "Expected inclusion_one_param_from_template __dict__"
+inclusion_one_param_from_template.anything = (
+    "Expected inclusion_one_param_from_template __dict__"
+)
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag('inclusion.html', takes_context=False)
+@register.inclusion_tag("inclusion.html", takes_context=False)
 def inclusion_explicit_no_context(arg):
     """Expected inclusion_explicit_no_context __doc__"""
     return {"result": "inclusion_explicit_no_context - Expected result: %s" % arg}
 
 
-inclusion_explicit_no_context.anything = "Expected inclusion_explicit_no_context __dict__"
+inclusion_explicit_no_context.anything = (
+    "Expected inclusion_explicit_no_context __dict__"
+)
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag(engine.get_template('inclusion.html'), takes_context=False)
+@register.inclusion_tag(engine.get_template("inclusion.html"), takes_context=False)
 def inclusion_explicit_no_context_from_template(arg):
     """Expected inclusion_explicit_no_context_from_template __doc__"""
-    return {"result": "inclusion_explicit_no_context_from_template - Expected result: %s" % arg}
+    return {
+        "result": "inclusion_explicit_no_context_from_template - Expected result: %s"
+        % arg
+    }
 
 
-inclusion_explicit_no_context_from_template.anything = "Expected inclusion_explicit_no_context_from_template __dict__"
+inclusion_explicit_no_context_from_template.anything = (
+    "Expected inclusion_explicit_no_context_from_template __dict__"
+)
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag('inclusion.html', takes_context=True)
+@register.inclusion_tag("inclusion.html", takes_context=True)
 def inclusion_no_params_with_context(context):
     """Expected inclusion_no_params_with_context __doc__"""
-    return {"result": "inclusion_no_params_with_context - Expected result (context value: %s)" % context['value']}
+    return {
+        "result": "inclusion_no_params_with_context - Expected result (context value: %s)"
+        % context["value"]
+    }
 
 
-inclusion_no_params_with_context.anything = "Expected inclusion_no_params_with_context __dict__"
+inclusion_no_params_with_context.anything = (
+    "Expected inclusion_no_params_with_context __dict__"
+)
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag(engine.get_template('inclusion.html'), takes_context=True)
+@register.inclusion_tag(engine.get_template("inclusion.html"), takes_context=True)
 def inclusion_no_params_with_context_from_template(context):
     """Expected inclusion_no_params_with_context_from_template __doc__"""
     return {
         "result": (
-            "inclusion_no_params_with_context_from_template - Expected result (context value: %s)" % context['value']
+            "inclusion_no_params_with_context_from_template - Expected result (context value: %s)"
+            % context["value"]
         )
     }
 
@@ -84,32 +101,35 @@ inclusion_no_params_with_context_from_template.anything = (
 )
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag('inclusion.html', takes_context=True)
+@register.inclusion_tag("inclusion.html", takes_context=True)
 def inclusion_params_and_context(context, arg):
     """Expected inclusion_params_and_context __doc__"""
     return {
-        "result": "inclusion_params_and_context - Expected result (context value: %s): %s" % (context['value'], arg)
+        "result": "inclusion_params_and_context - Expected result (context value: %s): %s"
+        % (context["value"], arg)
     }
 
 
 inclusion_params_and_context.anything = "Expected inclusion_params_and_context __dict__"
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag(engine.get_template('inclusion.html'), takes_context=True)
+@register.inclusion_tag(engine.get_template("inclusion.html"), takes_context=True)
 def inclusion_params_and_context_from_template(context, arg):
     """Expected inclusion_params_and_context_from_template __doc__"""
     return {
         "result": (
             "inclusion_params_and_context_from_template - Expected result "
-            "(context value: %s): %s" % (context['value'], arg)
+            "(context value: %s): %s" % (context["value"], arg)
         )
     }
 
 
-inclusion_params_and_context_from_template.anything = "Expected inclusion_params_and_context_from_template __dict__"
+inclusion_params_and_context_from_template.anything = (
+    "Expected inclusion_params_and_context_from_template __dict__"
+)
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag('inclusion.html')
+@register.inclusion_tag("inclusion.html")
 def inclusion_two_params(one, two):
     """Expected inclusion_two_params __doc__"""
     return {"result": "inclusion_two_params - Expected result: %s, %s" % (one, two)}
@@ -118,17 +138,22 @@ def inclusion_two_params(one, two):
 inclusion_two_params.anything = "Expected inclusion_two_params __dict__"
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag(engine.get_template('inclusion.html'))
+@register.inclusion_tag(engine.get_template("inclusion.html"))
 def inclusion_two_params_from_template(one, two):
     """Expected inclusion_two_params_from_template __doc__"""
-    return {"result": "inclusion_two_params_from_template - Expected result: %s, %s" % (one, two)}
+    return {
+        "result": "inclusion_two_params_from_template - Expected result: %s, %s"
+        % (one, two)
+    }
 
 
-inclusion_two_params_from_template.anything = "Expected inclusion_two_params_from_template __dict__"
+inclusion_two_params_from_template.anything = (
+    "Expected inclusion_two_params_from_template __dict__"
+)
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag('inclusion.html')
-def inclusion_one_default(one, two='hi'):
+@register.inclusion_tag("inclusion.html")
+def inclusion_one_default(one, two="hi"):
     """Expected inclusion_one_default __doc__"""
     return {"result": "inclusion_one_default - Expected result: %s, %s" % (one, two)}
 
@@ -136,32 +161,34 @@ def inclusion_one_default(one, two='hi'):
 inclusion_one_default.anything = "Expected inclusion_one_default __dict__"
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag('inclusion.html')
+@register.inclusion_tag("inclusion.html")
 def inclusion_keyword_only_default(*, kwarg=42):
     return {
-        'result': (
-            'inclusion_keyword_only_default - Expected result: %s' % kwarg
-        ),
+        "result": ("inclusion_keyword_only_default - Expected result: %s" % kwarg),
     }
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag(engine.get_template('inclusion.html'))
-def inclusion_one_default_from_template(one, two='hi'):
+@register.inclusion_tag(engine.get_template("inclusion.html"))
+def inclusion_one_default_from_template(one, two="hi"):
     """Expected inclusion_one_default_from_template __doc__"""
-    return {"result": "inclusion_one_default_from_template - Expected result: %s, %s" % (one, two)}
+    return {
+        "result": "inclusion_one_default_from_template - Expected result: %s, %s"
+        % (one, two)
+    }
 
 
-inclusion_one_default_from_template.anything = "Expected inclusion_one_default_from_template __dict__"
+inclusion_one_default_from_template.anything = (
+    "Expected inclusion_one_default_from_template __dict__"
+)
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag('inclusion.html')
-def inclusion_unlimited_args(one, two='hi', *args):
+@register.inclusion_tag("inclusion.html")
+def inclusion_unlimited_args(one, two="hi", *args):
     """Expected inclusion_unlimited_args __doc__"""
     return {
         "result": (
-            "inclusion_unlimited_args - Expected result: %s" % (
-                ', '.join(str(arg) for arg in [one, two, *args])
-            )
+            "inclusion_unlimited_args - Expected result: %s"
+            % (", ".join(str(arg) for arg in [one, two, *args]))
         )
     }
 
@@ -169,48 +196,51 @@ def inclusion_unlimited_args(one, two='hi', *args):
 inclusion_unlimited_args.anything = "Expected inclusion_unlimited_args __dict__"
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag(engine.get_template('inclusion.html'))
-def inclusion_unlimited_args_from_template(one, two='hi', *args):
+@register.inclusion_tag(engine.get_template("inclusion.html"))
+def inclusion_unlimited_args_from_template(one, two="hi", *args):
     """Expected inclusion_unlimited_args_from_template __doc__"""
     return {
         "result": (
-            "inclusion_unlimited_args_from_template - Expected result: %s" % (
-                ', '.join(str(arg) for arg in [one, two, *args])
-            )
+            "inclusion_unlimited_args_from_template - Expected result: %s"
+            % (", ".join(str(arg) for arg in [one, two, *args]))
         )
     }
 
 
-inclusion_unlimited_args_from_template.anything = "Expected inclusion_unlimited_args_from_template __dict__"
+inclusion_unlimited_args_from_template.anything = (
+    "Expected inclusion_unlimited_args_from_template __dict__"
+)
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag('inclusion.html')
+@register.inclusion_tag("inclusion.html")
 def inclusion_only_unlimited_args(*args):
     """Expected inclusion_only_unlimited_args __doc__"""
     return {
-        "result": "inclusion_only_unlimited_args - Expected result: %s" % (
-            ', '.join(str(arg) for arg in args)
-        )
+        "result": "inclusion_only_unlimited_args - Expected result: %s"
+        % (", ".join(str(arg) for arg in args))
     }
 
 
-inclusion_only_unlimited_args.anything = "Expected inclusion_only_unlimited_args __dict__"
+inclusion_only_unlimited_args.anything = (
+    "Expected inclusion_only_unlimited_args __dict__"
+)
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag(engine.get_template('inclusion.html'))
+@register.inclusion_tag(engine.get_template("inclusion.html"))
 def inclusion_only_unlimited_args_from_template(*args):
     """Expected inclusion_only_unlimited_args_from_template __doc__"""
     return {
-        "result": "inclusion_only_unlimited_args_from_template - Expected result: %s" % (
-            ', '.join(str(arg) for arg in args)
-        )
+        "result": "inclusion_only_unlimited_args_from_template - Expected result: %s"
+        % (", ".join(str(arg) for arg in args))
     }
 
 
-inclusion_only_unlimited_args_from_template.anything = "Expected inclusion_only_unlimited_args_from_template __dict__"
+inclusion_only_unlimited_args_from_template.anything = (
+    "Expected inclusion_only_unlimited_args_from_template __dict__"
+)
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag('test_incl_tag_use_l10n.html', takes_context=True)
+@register.inclusion_tag("test_incl_tag_use_l10n.html", takes_context=True)
 def inclusion_tag_use_l10n(context):
     """Expected inclusion_tag_use_l10n __doc__"""
     return {}
@@ -219,45 +249,52 @@ def inclusion_tag_use_l10n(context):
 inclusion_tag_use_l10n.anything = "Expected inclusion_tag_use_l10n __dict__"
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag('inclusion.html')
-def inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs(one, two='hi', *args, **kwargs):
+@register.inclusion_tag("inclusion.html")
+def inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs(one, two="hi", *args, **kwargs):
     """Expected inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs __doc__"""
     # Sort the dictionary by key to guarantee the order for testing.
     sorted_kwarg = sorted(kwargs.items(), key=operator.itemgetter(0))
-    return {"result": "inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs - Expected result: %s / %s" % (
-        ', '.join(str(arg) for arg in [one, two, *args]),
-        ', '.join('%s=%s' % (k, v) for (k, v) in sorted_kwarg)
-    )}
+    return {
+        "result": "inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs - Expected result: %s / %s"
+        % (
+            ", ".join(str(arg) for arg in [one, two, *args]),
+            ", ".join("%s=%s" % (k, v) for (k, v) in sorted_kwarg),
+        )
+    }
 
 
-inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs.anything = "Expected inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs __dict__"
+inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs.anything = (
+    "Expected inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs __dict__"
+)
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag('inclusion.html', takes_context=True)
+@register.inclusion_tag("inclusion.html", takes_context=True)
 def inclusion_tag_without_context_parameter(arg):
     """Expected inclusion_tag_without_context_parameter __doc__"""
     return {}
 
 
-inclusion_tag_without_context_parameter.anything = "Expected inclusion_tag_without_context_parameter __dict__"
+inclusion_tag_without_context_parameter.anything = (
+    "Expected inclusion_tag_without_context_parameter __dict__"
+)
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag('inclusion.html', takes_context=True)
+@register.inclusion_tag("inclusion.html", takes_context=True)
 def inclusion_tag_takes_context_without_params():
     """Expected inclusion_tag_takes_context_without_params __doc__"""
     return {}
 
 
 inclusion_tag_takes_context_without_params.anything = (
-    'Expected inclusion_tag_takes_context_without_params __dict__'
+    "Expected inclusion_tag_takes_context_without_params __dict__"
 )
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag('inclusion_extends1.html')
+@register.inclusion_tag("inclusion_extends1.html")
 def inclusion_extends1():
     return {}
 
 
-@register.inclusion_tag('inclusion_extends2.html')
+@register.inclusion_tag("inclusion_extends2.html")
 def inclusion_extends2():
     return {}
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/templatetags/tag_27584.py b/tests/template_tests/templatetags/tag_27584.py
index 8c675be16b..80ea9cb6f4 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/templatetags/tag_27584.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/templatetags/tag_27584.py
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ register = template.Library()
 
 @register.tag
 def badtag(parser, token):
-    parser.parse(('endbadtag',))
+    parser.parse(("endbadtag",))
     parser.delete_first_token()
     return BadNode()
 
 
 class BadNode(template.Node):
     def render(self, context):
-        raise template.TemplateSyntaxError('error')
+        raise template.TemplateSyntaxError("error")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/templatetags/testtags.py b/tests/template_tests/templatetags/testtags.py
index 4b839a9a54..85f76dc912 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/templatetags/testtags.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/templatetags/testtags.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ class EchoNode(Node):
         self.contents = contents
 
     def render(self, context):
-        return ' '.join(self.contents)
+        return " ".join(self.contents)
 
 
 @register.tag
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ def echo(parser, token):
     return EchoNode(token.contents.split()[1:])
 
 
-register.tag('other_echo', echo)
+register.tag("other_echo", echo)
 
 
 @register.filter
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/test_autoreloader.py b/tests/template_tests/test_autoreloader.py
index 0f62181f3c..cc2c3f58a5 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/test_autoreloader.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/test_autoreloader.py
@@ -10,31 +10,35 @@ EXTRA_TEMPLATES_DIR = ROOT / "templates_extra"
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    INSTALLED_APPS=['template_tests'],
-    TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.dummy.TemplateStrings',
-        'APP_DIRS': True,
-    }, {
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'DIRS': [EXTRA_TEMPLATES_DIR],
-        'OPTIONS': {
-            'context_processors': [
-                'django.template.context_processors.request',
-            ],
-            'loaders': [
-                'django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader',
-                'django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader',
-            ]
+    INSTALLED_APPS=["template_tests"],
+    TEMPLATES=[
+        {
+            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.dummy.TemplateStrings",
+            "APP_DIRS": True,
         },
-    }])
+        {
+            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            "DIRS": [EXTRA_TEMPLATES_DIR],
+            "OPTIONS": {
+                "context_processors": [
+                    "django.template.context_processors.request",
+                ],
+                "loaders": [
+                    "django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader",
+                    "django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader",
+                ],
+            },
+        },
+    ],
+)
 class TemplateReloadTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    @mock.patch('django.template.autoreload.reset_loaders')
+    @mock.patch("django.template.autoreload.reset_loaders")
     def test_template_changed(self, mock_reset):
-        template_path = Path(__file__).parent / 'templates' / 'index.html'
+        template_path = Path(__file__).parent / "templates" / "index.html"
         self.assertTrue(autoreload.template_changed(None, template_path))
         mock_reset.assert_called_once()
 
-    @mock.patch('django.template.autoreload.reset_loaders')
+    @mock.patch("django.template.autoreload.reset_loaders")
     def test_non_template_changed(self, mock_reset):
         self.assertIsNone(autoreload.template_changed(None, Path(__file__)))
         mock_reset.assert_not_called()
@@ -42,12 +46,12 @@ class TemplateReloadTests(SimpleTestCase):
     @override_settings(
         TEMPLATES=[
             {
-                'DIRS': [ROOT],
-                'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
+                "DIRS": [ROOT],
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
             }
         ]
     )
-    @mock.patch('django.template.autoreload.reset_loaders')
+    @mock.patch("django.template.autoreload.reset_loaders")
     def test_non_template_changed_in_template_directory(self, mock_reset):
         self.assertIsNone(autoreload.template_changed(None, Path(__file__)))
         mock_reset.assert_not_called()
@@ -58,48 +62,50 @@ class TemplateReloadTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             sorted(mock_reloader.watch_dir.call_args_list),
             [
-                mock.call(ROOT / 'templates', '**/*'),
-                mock.call(ROOT / 'templates_extra', '**/*')
-            ]
+                mock.call(ROOT / "templates", "**/*"),
+                mock.call(ROOT / "templates_extra", "**/*"),
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_get_template_directories(self):
         self.assertSetEqual(
             autoreload.get_template_directories(),
             {
-                ROOT / 'templates_extra',
-                ROOT / 'templates',
-            }
+                ROOT / "templates_extra",
+                ROOT / "templates",
+            },
         )
 
-    @mock.patch('django.template.loaders.base.Loader.reset')
+    @mock.patch("django.template.loaders.base.Loader.reset")
     def test_reset_all_loaders(self, mock_reset):
         autoreload.reset_loaders()
         self.assertEqual(mock_reset.call_count, 2)
 
     @override_settings(
-        TEMPLATES=[{
-            'DIRS': [
-                str(ROOT) + '/absolute_str',
-                'template_tests/relative_str',
-                Path('template_tests/relative_path'),
-            ],
-            'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        }]
+        TEMPLATES=[
+            {
+                "DIRS": [
+                    str(ROOT) + "/absolute_str",
+                    "template_tests/relative_str",
+                    Path("template_tests/relative_path"),
+                ],
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            }
+        ]
     )
     def test_template_dirs_normalized_to_paths(self):
         self.assertSetEqual(
             autoreload.get_template_directories(),
             {
-                ROOT / 'absolute_str',
-                Path.cwd() / 'template_tests/relative_str',
-                Path.cwd() / 'template_tests/relative_path',
-            }
+                ROOT / "absolute_str",
+                Path.cwd() / "template_tests/relative_str",
+                Path.cwd() / "template_tests/relative_path",
+            },
         )
 
 
 @require_jinja2
-@override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['template_tests'])
+@override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["template_tests"])
 class Jinja2TemplateReloadTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_watch_for_template_changes(self):
         mock_reloader = mock.MagicMock()
@@ -107,19 +113,19 @@ class Jinja2TemplateReloadTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             sorted(mock_reloader.watch_dir.call_args_list),
             [
-                mock.call(ROOT / 'templates', '**/*'),
-            ]
+                mock.call(ROOT / "templates", "**/*"),
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_get_template_directories(self):
         self.assertSetEqual(
             autoreload.get_template_directories(),
             {
-                ROOT / 'templates',
-            }
+                ROOT / "templates",
+            },
         )
 
-    @mock.patch('django.template.loaders.base.Loader.reset')
+    @mock.patch("django.template.loaders.base.Loader.reset")
     def test_reset_all_loaders(self, mock_reset):
         autoreload.reset_loaders()
         self.assertEqual(mock_reset.call_count, 0)
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/test_base.py b/tests/template_tests/test_base.py
index 64fc562626..7b85d1de80 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/test_base.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/test_base.py
@@ -6,28 +6,30 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy
 
 class LexerTestMixin:
     template_string = (
-        'text\n'
-        '{% if test %}{{ varvalue }}{% endif %}'
-        '{#comment {{not a var}} %{not a block}% #}'
-        'end text'
+        "text\n"
+        "{% if test %}{{ varvalue }}{% endif %}"
+        "{#comment {{not a var}} %{not a block}% #}"
+        "end text"
     )
     expected_token_tuples = [
         # (token_type, contents, lineno, position)
-        (TokenType.TEXT, 'text\n', 1, (0, 5)),
-        (TokenType.BLOCK, 'if test', 2, (5, 18)),
-        (TokenType.VAR, 'varvalue', 2, (18, 32)),
-        (TokenType.BLOCK, 'endif', 2, (32, 43)),
-        (TokenType.COMMENT, 'comment {{not a var}} %{not a block}%', 2, (43, 85)),
-        (TokenType.TEXT, 'end text', 2, (85, 93)),
+        (TokenType.TEXT, "text\n", 1, (0, 5)),
+        (TokenType.BLOCK, "if test", 2, (5, 18)),
+        (TokenType.VAR, "varvalue", 2, (18, 32)),
+        (TokenType.BLOCK, "endif", 2, (32, 43)),
+        (TokenType.COMMENT, "comment {{not a var}} %{not a block}%", 2, (43, 85)),
+        (TokenType.TEXT, "end text", 2, (85, 93)),
     ]
 
     def test_tokenize(self):
         tokens = self.lexer_class(self.template_string).tokenize()
-        token_tuples = [(t.token_type, t.contents, t.lineno, t.position) for t in tokens]
+        token_tuples = [
+            (t.token_type, t.contents, t.lineno, t.position) for t in tokens
+        ]
         self.assertEqual(token_tuples, self.make_expected())
 
     def make_expected(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError('This method must be implemented by a subclass.')
+        raise NotImplementedError("This method must be implemented by a subclass.")
 
 
 class LexerTests(LexerTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
@@ -47,14 +49,14 @@ class DebugLexerTests(LexerTestMixin, SimpleTestCase):
 
 class TemplateTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_lazy_template_string(self):
-        template_string = gettext_lazy('lazy string')
+        template_string = gettext_lazy("lazy string")
         self.assertEqual(Template(template_string).render(Context()), template_string)
 
     def test_repr(self):
         template = Template(
-            '<html><body>\n'
-            '{% if test %}<h1>{{ varvalue }}</h1>{% endif %}'
-            '</body></html>'
+            "<html><body>\n"
+            "{% if test %}<h1>{{ varvalue }}</h1>{% endif %}"
+            "</body></html>"
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(template),
@@ -64,19 +66,21 @@ class TemplateTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 class VariableDoesNotExistTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_str(self):
-        exc = VariableDoesNotExist(msg='Failed lookup in %r', params=({'foo': 'bar'},))
+        exc = VariableDoesNotExist(msg="Failed lookup in %r", params=({"foo": "bar"},))
         self.assertEqual(str(exc), "Failed lookup in {'foo': 'bar'}")
 
 
 class VariableTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_integer_literals(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Variable('999999999999999999999999999').literal, 999999999999999999999999999)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Variable("999999999999999999999999999").literal, 999999999999999999999999999
+        )
 
     def test_nonliterals(self):
         """Variable names that aren't resolved as literals."""
         var_names = []
-        for var in ('inf', 'infinity', 'iNFiniTy', 'nan'):
-            var_names.extend((var, '-' + var, '+' + var))
+        for var in ("inf", "infinity", "iNFiniTy", "nan"):
+            var_names.extend((var, "-" + var, "+" + var))
         for var in var_names:
             with self.subTest(var=var):
                 self.assertIsNone(Variable(var).literal)
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/test_callables.py b/tests/template_tests/test_callables.py
index b72b122deb..acd8fb9d2c 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/test_callables.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/test_callables.py
@@ -4,14 +4,12 @@ from django.template import Context, Engine
 
 
 class CallableVariablesTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         cls.engine = Engine()
         super().setUpClass()
 
     def test_callable(self):
-
         class Doodad:
             def __init__(self, value):
                 self.num_calls = 0
@@ -27,20 +25,19 @@ class CallableVariablesTests(TestCase):
         # We can't access ``my_doodad.value`` in the template, because
         # ``my_doodad.__call__`` will be invoked first, yielding a dictionary
         # without a key ``value``.
-        t = self.engine.from_string('{{ my_doodad.value }}')
-        self.assertEqual(t.render(c), '')
+        t = self.engine.from_string("{{ my_doodad.value }}")
+        self.assertEqual(t.render(c), "")
 
         # We can confirm that the doodad has been called
         self.assertEqual(my_doodad.num_calls, 1)
 
         # But we can access keys on the dict that's returned
         # by ``__call__``, instead.
-        t = self.engine.from_string('{{ my_doodad.the_value }}')
-        self.assertEqual(t.render(c), '42')
+        t = self.engine.from_string("{{ my_doodad.the_value }}")
+        self.assertEqual(t.render(c), "42")
         self.assertEqual(my_doodad.num_calls, 2)
 
     def test_alters_data(self):
-
         class Doodad:
             alters_data = True
 
@@ -57,17 +54,16 @@ class CallableVariablesTests(TestCase):
 
         # Since ``my_doodad.alters_data`` is True, the template system will not
         # try to call our doodad but will use string_if_invalid
-        t = self.engine.from_string('{{ my_doodad.value }}')
-        self.assertEqual(t.render(c), '')
-        t = self.engine.from_string('{{ my_doodad.the_value }}')
-        self.assertEqual(t.render(c), '')
+        t = self.engine.from_string("{{ my_doodad.value }}")
+        self.assertEqual(t.render(c), "")
+        t = self.engine.from_string("{{ my_doodad.the_value }}")
+        self.assertEqual(t.render(c), "")
 
         # Double-check that the object was really never called during the
         # template rendering.
         self.assertEqual(my_doodad.num_calls, 0)
 
     def test_do_not_call(self):
-
         class Doodad:
             do_not_call_in_templates = True
 
@@ -86,10 +82,10 @@ class CallableVariablesTests(TestCase):
         # system will not try to call our doodad.  We can access its attributes
         # as normal, and we don't have access to the dict that it returns when
         # called.
-        t = self.engine.from_string('{{ my_doodad.value }}')
-        self.assertEqual(t.render(c), '42')
-        t = self.engine.from_string('{{ my_doodad.the_value }}')
-        self.assertEqual(t.render(c), '')
+        t = self.engine.from_string("{{ my_doodad.value }}")
+        self.assertEqual(t.render(c), "42")
+        t = self.engine.from_string("{{ my_doodad.the_value }}")
+        self.assertEqual(t.render(c), "")
 
         # Double-check that the object was really never called during the
         # template rendering.
@@ -115,10 +111,10 @@ class CallableVariablesTests(TestCase):
         my_doodad = Doodad(42)
         c = Context({"my_doodad": my_doodad})
 
-        t = self.engine.from_string('{{ my_doodad.value }}')
-        self.assertEqual(t.render(c), '42')
-        t = self.engine.from_string('{{ my_doodad.the_value }}')
-        self.assertEqual(t.render(c), '')
+        t = self.engine.from_string("{{ my_doodad.value }}")
+        self.assertEqual(t.render(c), "42")
+        t = self.engine.from_string("{{ my_doodad.the_value }}")
+        self.assertEqual(t.render(c), "")
 
         # Double-check that the object was really never called during the
         # template rendering.
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/test_context.py b/tests/template_tests/test_context.py
index 1150a14639..4feb9e57d6 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/test_context.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/test_context.py
@@ -2,14 +2,18 @@ from unittest import mock
 
 from django.http import HttpRequest
 from django.template import (
-    Context, Engine, RequestContext, Template, Variable, VariableDoesNotExist,
+    Context,
+    Engine,
+    RequestContext,
+    Template,
+    Variable,
+    VariableDoesNotExist,
 )
 from django.template.context import RenderContext
 from django.test import RequestFactory, SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class ContextTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_context(self):
         c = Context({"a": 1, "b": "xyzzy"})
         self.assertEqual(c["a"], 1)
@@ -25,75 +29,75 @@ class ContextTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_push_context_manager(self):
         c = Context({"a": 1})
         with c.push():
-            c['a'] = 2
-            self.assertEqual(c['a'], 2)
-        self.assertEqual(c['a'], 1)
+            c["a"] = 2
+            self.assertEqual(c["a"], 2)
+        self.assertEqual(c["a"], 1)
 
         with c.push(a=3):
-            self.assertEqual(c['a'], 3)
-        self.assertEqual(c['a'], 1)
+            self.assertEqual(c["a"], 3)
+        self.assertEqual(c["a"], 1)
 
     def test_update_context_manager(self):
         c = Context({"a": 1})
         with c.update({}):
-            c['a'] = 2
-            self.assertEqual(c['a'], 2)
-        self.assertEqual(c['a'], 1)
+            c["a"] = 2
+            self.assertEqual(c["a"], 2)
+        self.assertEqual(c["a"], 1)
 
-        with c.update({'a': 3}):
-            self.assertEqual(c['a'], 3)
-        self.assertEqual(c['a'], 1)
+        with c.update({"a": 3}):
+            self.assertEqual(c["a"], 3)
+        self.assertEqual(c["a"], 1)
 
     def test_push_context_manager_with_context_object(self):
-        c = Context({'a': 1})
-        with c.push(Context({'a': 3})):
-            self.assertEqual(c['a'], 3)
-        self.assertEqual(c['a'], 1)
+        c = Context({"a": 1})
+        with c.push(Context({"a": 3})):
+            self.assertEqual(c["a"], 3)
+        self.assertEqual(c["a"], 1)
 
     def test_update_context_manager_with_context_object(self):
-        c = Context({'a': 1})
-        with c.update(Context({'a': 3})):
-            self.assertEqual(c['a'], 3)
-        self.assertEqual(c['a'], 1)
+        c = Context({"a": 1})
+        with c.update(Context({"a": 3})):
+            self.assertEqual(c["a"], 3)
+        self.assertEqual(c["a"], 1)
 
     def test_push_proper_layering(self):
-        c = Context({'a': 1})
-        c.push(Context({'b': 2}))
-        c.push(Context({'c': 3, 'd': {'z': '26'}}))
+        c = Context({"a": 1})
+        c.push(Context({"b": 2}))
+        c.push(Context({"c": 3, "d": {"z": "26"}}))
         self.assertEqual(
             c.dicts,
             [
-                {'False': False, 'None': None, 'True': True},
-                {'a': 1},
-                {'b': 2},
-                {'c': 3, 'd': {'z': '26'}},
-            ]
+                {"False": False, "None": None, "True": True},
+                {"a": 1},
+                {"b": 2},
+                {"c": 3, "d": {"z": "26"}},
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_update_proper_layering(self):
-        c = Context({'a': 1})
-        c.update(Context({'b': 2}))
-        c.update(Context({'c': 3, 'd': {'z': '26'}}))
+        c = Context({"a": 1})
+        c.update(Context({"b": 2}))
+        c.update(Context({"c": 3, "d": {"z": "26"}}))
         self.assertEqual(
             c.dicts,
             [
-                {'False': False, 'None': None, 'True': True},
-                {'a': 1},
-                {'b': 2},
-                {'c': 3, 'd': {'z': '26'}},
-            ]
+                {"False": False, "None": None, "True": True},
+                {"a": 1},
+                {"b": 2},
+                {"c": 3, "d": {"z": "26"}},
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_setdefault(self):
         c = Context()
 
-        x = c.setdefault('x', 42)
+        x = c.setdefault("x", 42)
         self.assertEqual(x, 42)
-        self.assertEqual(c['x'], 42)
+        self.assertEqual(c["x"], 42)
 
-        x = c.setdefault('x', 100)
+        x = c.setdefault("x", 100)
         self.assertEqual(x, 42)
-        self.assertEqual(c['x'], 42)
+        self.assertEqual(c["x"], 42)
 
     def test_resolve_on_context_method(self):
         """
@@ -102,61 +106,64 @@ class ContextTests(SimpleTestCase):
         empty_context = Context()
 
         with self.assertRaises(VariableDoesNotExist):
-            Variable('no_such_variable').resolve(empty_context)
+            Variable("no_such_variable").resolve(empty_context)
 
         with self.assertRaises(VariableDoesNotExist):
-            Variable('new').resolve(empty_context)
+            Variable("new").resolve(empty_context)
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            Variable('new').resolve(Context({'new': 'foo'})),
-            'foo',
+            Variable("new").resolve(Context({"new": "foo"})),
+            "foo",
         )
 
     def test_render_context(self):
-        test_context = RenderContext({'fruit': 'papaya'})
+        test_context = RenderContext({"fruit": "papaya"})
 
         # push() limits access to the topmost dict
         test_context.push()
 
-        test_context['vegetable'] = 'artichoke'
-        self.assertEqual(list(test_context), ['vegetable'])
+        test_context["vegetable"] = "artichoke"
+        self.assertEqual(list(test_context), ["vegetable"])
 
-        self.assertNotIn('fruit', test_context)
+        self.assertNotIn("fruit", test_context)
         with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
-            test_context['fruit']
-        self.assertIsNone(test_context.get('fruit'))
+            test_context["fruit"]
+        self.assertIsNone(test_context.get("fruit"))
 
     def test_flatten_context(self):
         a = Context()
-        a.update({'a': 2})
-        a.update({'b': 4})
-        a.update({'c': 8})
+        a.update({"a": 2})
+        a.update({"b": 4})
+        a.update({"c": 8})
 
-        self.assertEqual(a.flatten(), {
-            'False': False, 'None': None, 'True': True,
-            'a': 2, 'b': 4, 'c': 8
-        })
+        self.assertEqual(
+            a.flatten(),
+            {"False": False, "None": None, "True": True, "a": 2, "b": 4, "c": 8},
+        )
 
     def test_flatten_context_with_context(self):
         """
         Context.push() with a Context argument should work.
         """
-        a = Context({'a': 2})
-        a.push(Context({'z': '8'}))
-        self.assertEqual(a.flatten(), {
-            'False': False,
-            'None': None,
-            'True': True,
-            'a': 2,
-            'z': '8',
-        })
+        a = Context({"a": 2})
+        a.push(Context({"z": "8"}))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            a.flatten(),
+            {
+                "False": False,
+                "None": None,
+                "True": True,
+                "a": 2,
+                "z": "8",
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_context_comparable(self):
         """
         #21765 -- equality comparison should work
         """
 
-        test_data = {'x': 'y', 'v': 'z', 'd': {'o': object, 'a': 'b'}}
+        test_data = {"x": "y", "v": "z", "d": {"o": object, "a": "b"}}
 
         self.assertEqual(Context(test_data), Context(test_data))
 
@@ -165,16 +172,16 @@ class ContextTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(a, b)
 
         # update only a
-        a.update({'a': 1})
+        a.update({"a": 1})
         self.assertNotEqual(a, b)
 
         # update both to check regression
-        a.update({'c': 3})
-        b.update({'c': 3})
+        a.update({"c": 3})
+        b.update({"c": 3})
         self.assertNotEqual(a, b)
 
         # make contexts equals again
-        b.update({'a': 1})
+        b.update({"a": 1})
         self.assertEqual(a, b)
 
     def test_copy_request_context_twice(self):
@@ -184,35 +191,35 @@ class ContextTests(SimpleTestCase):
         RequestContext(HttpRequest()).new().new()
 
     def test_set_upward(self):
-        c = Context({'a': 1})
-        c.set_upward('a', 2)
-        self.assertEqual(c.get('a'), 2)
+        c = Context({"a": 1})
+        c.set_upward("a", 2)
+        self.assertEqual(c.get("a"), 2)
 
     def test_set_upward_empty_context(self):
         empty_context = Context()
-        empty_context.set_upward('a', 1)
-        self.assertEqual(empty_context.get('a'), 1)
+        empty_context.set_upward("a", 1)
+        self.assertEqual(empty_context.get("a"), 1)
 
     def test_set_upward_with_push(self):
         """
         The highest context which has the given key is used.
         """
-        c = Context({'a': 1})
-        c.push({'a': 2})
-        c.set_upward('a', 3)
-        self.assertEqual(c.get('a'), 3)
+        c = Context({"a": 1})
+        c.push({"a": 2})
+        c.set_upward("a", 3)
+        self.assertEqual(c.get("a"), 3)
         c.pop()
-        self.assertEqual(c.get('a'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(c.get("a"), 1)
 
     def test_set_upward_with_push_no_match(self):
         """
         The highest context is used if the given key isn't found.
         """
-        c = Context({'b': 1})
-        c.push({'b': 2})
-        c.set_upward('a', 2)
+        c = Context({"b": 1})
+        c.push({"b": 2})
+        c.set_upward("a", 2)
         self.assertEqual(len(c.dicts), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(c.dicts[-1]['a'], 2)
+        self.assertEqual(c.dicts[-1]["a"], 2)
 
 
 class RequestContextTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -223,19 +230,28 @@ class RequestContextTests(SimpleTestCase):
         #15721 -- ``{% include %}`` and ``RequestContext`` should work
         together.
         """
-        engine = Engine(loaders=[
-            ('django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader', {
-                'child': '{{ var|default:"none" }}',
-            }),
-        ])
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
-        ctx = RequestContext(request, {'var': 'parent'})
-        self.assertEqual(engine.from_string('{% include "child" %}').render(ctx), 'parent')
-        self.assertEqual(engine.from_string('{% include "child" only %}').render(ctx), 'none')
+        engine = Engine(
+            loaders=[
+                (
+                    "django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader",
+                    {
+                        "child": '{{ var|default:"none" }}',
+                    },
+                ),
+            ]
+        )
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
+        ctx = RequestContext(request, {"var": "parent"})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            engine.from_string('{% include "child" %}').render(ctx), "parent"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            engine.from_string('{% include "child" only %}').render(ctx), "none"
+        )
 
     def test_stack_size(self):
         """Optimized RequestContext construction (#7116)."""
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         ctx = RequestContext(request, {})
         # The stack contains 4 items:
         # [builtins, supplied context, context processor, empty dict]
@@ -243,11 +259,11 @@ class RequestContextTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_context_comparable(self):
         # Create an engine without any context processors.
-        test_data = {'x': 'y', 'v': 'z', 'd': {'o': object, 'a': 'b'}}
+        test_data = {"x": "y", "v": "z", "d": {"o": object, "a": "b"}}
 
         # test comparing RequestContext to prevent problems if somebody
         # adds __eq__ in the future
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
 
         self.assertEqual(
             RequestContext(request, dict_=test_data),
@@ -255,8 +271,8 @@ class RequestContextTests(SimpleTestCase):
         )
 
     def test_modify_context_and_render(self):
-        template = Template('{{ foo }}')
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        template = Template("{{ foo }}")
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         context = RequestContext(request, {})
-        context['foo'] = 'foo'
-        self.assertEqual(template.render(context), 'foo')
+        context["foo"] = "foo"
+        self.assertEqual(template.render(context), "foo")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/test_custom.py b/tests/template_tests/test_custom.py
index 59f83d80e2..acfb6890a5 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/test_custom.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/test_custom.py
@@ -10,29 +10,28 @@ from .templatetags import custom, inclusion
 from .utils import ROOT
 
 LIBRARIES = {
-    'custom': 'template_tests.templatetags.custom',
-    'inclusion': 'template_tests.templatetags.inclusion',
+    "custom": "template_tests.templatetags.custom",
+    "inclusion": "template_tests.templatetags.inclusion",
 }
 
 
 class CustomFilterTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_filter(self):
         engine = Engine(libraries=LIBRARIES)
         t = engine.from_string("{% load custom %}{{ string|trim:5 }}")
         self.assertEqual(
-            t.render(Context({"string": "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"})),
-            "abcde"
+            t.render(Context({"string": "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"})), "abcde"
         )
 
     def test_decorated_filter(self):
         engine = Engine(libraries=LIBRARIES)
-        t = engine.from_string('{% load custom %}{{ name|make_data_div }}')
-        self.assertEqual(t.render(Context({'name': 'foo'})), '<div data-name="foo"></div>')
+        t = engine.from_string("{% load custom %}{{ name|make_data_div }}")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            t.render(Context({"name": "foo"})), '<div data-name="foo"></div>'
+        )
 
 
 class TagTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         cls.engine = Engine(app_dirs=True, libraries=LIBRARIES)
@@ -40,47 +39,81 @@ class TagTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def verify_tag(self, tag, name):
         self.assertEqual(tag.__name__, name)
-        self.assertEqual(tag.__doc__, 'Expected %s __doc__' % name)
-        self.assertEqual(tag.__dict__['anything'], 'Expected %s __dict__' % name)
+        self.assertEqual(tag.__doc__, "Expected %s __doc__" % name)
+        self.assertEqual(tag.__dict__["anything"], "Expected %s __dict__" % name)
 
 
 class SimpleTagTests(TagTestCase):
-
     def test_simple_tags(self):
-        c = Context({'value': 42})
+        c = Context({"value": 42})
 
         templates = [
-            ('{% load custom %}{% no_params %}', 'no_params - Expected result'),
-            ('{% load custom %}{% one_param 37 %}', 'one_param - Expected result: 37'),
-            ('{% load custom %}{% explicit_no_context 37 %}', 'explicit_no_context - Expected result: 37'),
-            ('{% load custom %}{% no_params_with_context %}',
-                'no_params_with_context - Expected result (context value: 42)'),
-            ('{% load custom %}{% params_and_context 37 %}',
-                'params_and_context - Expected result (context value: 42): 37'),
-            ('{% load custom %}{% simple_two_params 37 42 %}', 'simple_two_params - Expected result: 37, 42'),
-            ('{% load custom %}{% simple_keyword_only_param kwarg=37 %}',
-                'simple_keyword_only_param - Expected result: 37'),
-            ('{% load custom %}{% simple_keyword_only_default %}',
-                'simple_keyword_only_default - Expected result: 42'),
+            ("{% load custom %}{% no_params %}", "no_params - Expected result"),
+            ("{% load custom %}{% one_param 37 %}", "one_param - Expected result: 37"),
             (
-                '{% load custom %}{% simple_keyword_only_default kwarg=37 %}',
-                'simple_keyword_only_default - Expected result: 37',
+                "{% load custom %}{% explicit_no_context 37 %}",
+                "explicit_no_context - Expected result: 37",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load custom %}{% no_params_with_context %}",
+                "no_params_with_context - Expected result (context value: 42)",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load custom %}{% params_and_context 37 %}",
+                "params_and_context - Expected result (context value: 42): 37",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load custom %}{% simple_two_params 37 42 %}",
+                "simple_two_params - Expected result: 37, 42",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load custom %}{% simple_keyword_only_param kwarg=37 %}",
+                "simple_keyword_only_param - Expected result: 37",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load custom %}{% simple_keyword_only_default %}",
+                "simple_keyword_only_default - Expected result: 42",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load custom %}{% simple_keyword_only_default kwarg=37 %}",
+                "simple_keyword_only_default - Expected result: 37",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load custom %}{% simple_one_default 37 %}",
+                "simple_one_default - Expected result: 37, hi",
+            ),
+            (
+                '{% load custom %}{% simple_one_default 37 two="hello" %}',
+                "simple_one_default - Expected result: 37, hello",
+            ),
+            (
+                '{% load custom %}{% simple_one_default one=99 two="hello" %}',
+                "simple_one_default - Expected result: 99, hello",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load custom %}{% simple_one_default 37 42 %}",
+                "simple_one_default - Expected result: 37, 42",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load custom %}{% simple_unlimited_args 37 %}",
+                "simple_unlimited_args - Expected result: 37, hi",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load custom %}{% simple_unlimited_args 37 42 56 89 %}",
+                "simple_unlimited_args - Expected result: 37, 42, 56, 89",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load custom %}{% simple_only_unlimited_args %}",
+                "simple_only_unlimited_args - Expected result: ",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load custom %}{% simple_only_unlimited_args 37 42 56 89 %}",
+                "simple_only_unlimited_args - Expected result: 37, 42, 56, 89",
+            ),
+            (
+                '{% load custom %}{% simple_unlimited_args_kwargs 37 40|add:2 56 eggs="scrambled" four=1|add:3 %}',
+                "simple_unlimited_args_kwargs - Expected result: 37, 42, 56 / eggs=scrambled, four=4",
             ),
-            ('{% load custom %}{% simple_one_default 37 %}', 'simple_one_default - Expected result: 37, hi'),
-            ('{% load custom %}{% simple_one_default 37 two="hello" %}',
-                'simple_one_default - Expected result: 37, hello'),
-            ('{% load custom %}{% simple_one_default one=99 two="hello" %}',
-                'simple_one_default - Expected result: 99, hello'),
-            ('{% load custom %}{% simple_one_default 37 42 %}',
-                'simple_one_default - Expected result: 37, 42'),
-            ('{% load custom %}{% simple_unlimited_args 37 %}', 'simple_unlimited_args - Expected result: 37, hi'),
-            ('{% load custom %}{% simple_unlimited_args 37 42 56 89 %}',
-                'simple_unlimited_args - Expected result: 37, 42, 56, 89'),
-            ('{% load custom %}{% simple_only_unlimited_args %}', 'simple_only_unlimited_args - Expected result: '),
-            ('{% load custom %}{% simple_only_unlimited_args 37 42 56 89 %}',
-                'simple_only_unlimited_args - Expected result: 37, 42, 56, 89'),
-            ('{% load custom %}{% simple_unlimited_args_kwargs 37 40|add:2 56 eggs="scrambled" four=1|add:3 %}',
-                'simple_unlimited_args_kwargs - Expected result: 37, 42, 56 / eggs=scrambled, four=4'),
         ]
 
         for entry in templates:
@@ -88,34 +121,48 @@ class SimpleTagTests(TagTestCase):
             self.assertEqual(t.render(c), entry[1])
 
         for entry in templates:
-            t = self.engine.from_string("%s as var %%}Result: {{ var }}" % entry[0][0:-2])
+            t = self.engine.from_string(
+                "%s as var %%}Result: {{ var }}" % entry[0][0:-2]
+            )
             self.assertEqual(t.render(c), "Result: %s" % entry[1])
 
     def test_simple_tag_errors(self):
         errors = [
-            ("'simple_one_default' received unexpected keyword argument 'three'",
-                '{% load custom %}{% simple_one_default 99 two="hello" three="foo" %}'),
-            ("'simple_two_params' received too many positional arguments",
-                '{% load custom %}{% simple_two_params 37 42 56 %}'),
-            ("'simple_one_default' received too many positional arguments",
-                '{% load custom %}{% simple_one_default 37 42 56 %}'),
-            ("'simple_keyword_only_param' did not receive value(s) for the argument(s): 'kwarg'",
-                '{% load custom %}{% simple_keyword_only_param %}'),
+            (
+                "'simple_one_default' received unexpected keyword argument 'three'",
+                '{% load custom %}{% simple_one_default 99 two="hello" three="foo" %}',
+            ),
+            (
+                "'simple_two_params' received too many positional arguments",
+                "{% load custom %}{% simple_two_params 37 42 56 %}",
+            ),
+            (
+                "'simple_one_default' received too many positional arguments",
+                "{% load custom %}{% simple_one_default 37 42 56 %}",
+            ),
+            (
+                "'simple_keyword_only_param' did not receive value(s) for the argument(s): 'kwarg'",
+                "{% load custom %}{% simple_keyword_only_param %}",
+            ),
             (
                 "'simple_keyword_only_param' received multiple values for "
                 "keyword argument 'kwarg'",
-                '{% load custom %}{% simple_keyword_only_param kwarg=42 kwarg=37 %}',
+                "{% load custom %}{% simple_keyword_only_param kwarg=42 kwarg=37 %}",
             ),
             (
                 "'simple_keyword_only_default' received multiple values for "
                 "keyword argument 'kwarg'",
-                '{% load custom %}{% simple_keyword_only_default kwarg=42 '
-                'kwarg=37 %}',
+                "{% load custom %}{% simple_keyword_only_default kwarg=42 "
+                "kwarg=37 %}",
+            ),
+            (
+                "'simple_unlimited_args_kwargs' received some positional argument(s) after some keyword argument(s)",
+                '{% load custom %}{% simple_unlimited_args_kwargs 37 40|add:2 eggs="scrambled" 56 four=1|add:3 %}',
+            ),
+            (
+                "'simple_unlimited_args_kwargs' received multiple values for keyword argument 'eggs'",
+                '{% load custom %}{% simple_unlimited_args_kwargs 37 eggs="scrambled" eggs="scrambled" %}',
             ),
-            ("'simple_unlimited_args_kwargs' received some positional argument(s) after some keyword argument(s)",
-                '{% load custom %}{% simple_unlimited_args_kwargs 37 40|add:2 eggs="scrambled" 56 four=1|add:3 %}'),
-            ("'simple_unlimited_args_kwargs' received multiple values for keyword argument 'eggs'",
-                '{% load custom %}{% simple_unlimited_args_kwargs 37 eggs="scrambled" eggs="scrambled" %}'),
         ]
 
         for entry in errors:
@@ -127,37 +174,42 @@ class SimpleTagTests(TagTestCase):
                 self.engine.from_string("%s as var %%}" % entry[1][0:-2])
 
     def test_simple_tag_escaping_autoescape_off(self):
-        c = Context({'name': "Jack & Jill"}, autoescape=False)
+        c = Context({"name": "Jack & Jill"}, autoescape=False)
         t = self.engine.from_string("{% load custom %}{% escape_naive %}")
         self.assertEqual(t.render(c), "Hello Jack & Jill!")
 
     def test_simple_tag_naive_escaping(self):
-        c = Context({'name': "Jack & Jill"})
+        c = Context({"name": "Jack & Jill"})
         t = self.engine.from_string("{% load custom %}{% escape_naive %}")
         self.assertEqual(t.render(c), "Hello Jack &amp; Jill!")
 
     def test_simple_tag_explicit_escaping(self):
         # Check we don't double escape
-        c = Context({'name': "Jack & Jill"})
+        c = Context({"name": "Jack & Jill"})
         t = self.engine.from_string("{% load custom %}{% escape_explicit %}")
         self.assertEqual(t.render(c), "Hello Jack &amp; Jill!")
 
     def test_simple_tag_format_html_escaping(self):
         # Check we don't double escape
-        c = Context({'name': "Jack & Jill"})
+        c = Context({"name": "Jack & Jill"})
         t = self.engine.from_string("{% load custom %}{% escape_format_html %}")
         self.assertEqual(t.render(c), "Hello Jack &amp; Jill!")
 
     def test_simple_tag_registration(self):
         # The decorators preserve the decorated function's docstring, name,
         # and attributes.
-        self.verify_tag(custom.no_params, 'no_params')
-        self.verify_tag(custom.one_param, 'one_param')
-        self.verify_tag(custom.explicit_no_context, 'explicit_no_context')
-        self.verify_tag(custom.no_params_with_context, 'no_params_with_context')
-        self.verify_tag(custom.params_and_context, 'params_and_context')
-        self.verify_tag(custom.simple_unlimited_args_kwargs, 'simple_unlimited_args_kwargs')
-        self.verify_tag(custom.simple_tag_without_context_parameter, 'simple_tag_without_context_parameter')
+        self.verify_tag(custom.no_params, "no_params")
+        self.verify_tag(custom.one_param, "one_param")
+        self.verify_tag(custom.explicit_no_context, "explicit_no_context")
+        self.verify_tag(custom.no_params_with_context, "no_params_with_context")
+        self.verify_tag(custom.params_and_context, "params_and_context")
+        self.verify_tag(
+            custom.simple_unlimited_args_kwargs, "simple_unlimited_args_kwargs"
+        )
+        self.verify_tag(
+            custom.simple_tag_without_context_parameter,
+            "simple_tag_without_context_parameter",
+        )
 
     def test_simple_tag_missing_context(self):
         # The 'context' parameter must be present when takes_context is True
@@ -166,7 +218,9 @@ class SimpleTagTests(TagTestCase):
             "takes_context=True so it must have a first argument of 'context'"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.from_string('{% load custom %}{% simple_tag_without_context_parameter 123 %}')
+            self.engine.from_string(
+                "{% load custom %}{% simple_tag_without_context_parameter 123 %}"
+            )
 
     def test_simple_tag_missing_context_no_params(self):
         msg = (
@@ -175,50 +229,79 @@ class SimpleTagTests(TagTestCase):
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
             self.engine.from_string(
-                '{% load custom %}{% simple_tag_takes_context_without_params %}'
+                "{% load custom %}{% simple_tag_takes_context_without_params %}"
             )
 
 
 class InclusionTagTests(TagTestCase):
-
     def test_inclusion_tags(self):
-        c = Context({'value': 42})
+        c = Context({"value": 42})
 
         templates = [
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_no_params %}', 'inclusion_no_params - Expected result\n'),
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_one_param 37 %}', 'inclusion_one_param - Expected result: 37\n'),
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_explicit_no_context 37 %}',
-                'inclusion_explicit_no_context - Expected result: 37\n'),
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_no_params_with_context %}',
-                'inclusion_no_params_with_context - Expected result (context value: 42)\n'),
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_params_and_context 37 %}',
-                'inclusion_params_and_context - Expected result (context value: 42): 37\n'),
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_two_params 37 42 %}',
-                'inclusion_two_params - Expected result: 37, 42\n'),
             (
-                '{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_one_default 37 %}',
-                'inclusion_one_default - Expected result: 37, hi\n'
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_no_params %}",
+                "inclusion_no_params - Expected result\n",
             ),
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_one_default 37 two="hello" %}',
-                'inclusion_one_default - Expected result: 37, hello\n'),
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_one_default one=99 two="hello" %}',
-                'inclusion_one_default - Expected result: 99, hello\n'),
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_one_default 37 42 %}',
-                'inclusion_one_default - Expected result: 37, 42\n'),
             (
-                '{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_keyword_only_default kwarg=37 %}',
-                'inclusion_keyword_only_default - Expected result: 37\n',
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_one_param 37 %}",
+                "inclusion_one_param - Expected result: 37\n",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_explicit_no_context 37 %}",
+                "inclusion_explicit_no_context - Expected result: 37\n",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_no_params_with_context %}",
+                "inclusion_no_params_with_context - Expected result (context value: 42)\n",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_params_and_context 37 %}",
+                "inclusion_params_and_context - Expected result (context value: 42): 37\n",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_two_params 37 42 %}",
+                "inclusion_two_params - Expected result: 37, 42\n",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_one_default 37 %}",
+                "inclusion_one_default - Expected result: 37, hi\n",
+            ),
+            (
+                '{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_one_default 37 two="hello" %}',
+                "inclusion_one_default - Expected result: 37, hello\n",
+            ),
+            (
+                '{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_one_default one=99 two="hello" %}',
+                "inclusion_one_default - Expected result: 99, hello\n",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_one_default 37 42 %}",
+                "inclusion_one_default - Expected result: 37, 42\n",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_keyword_only_default kwarg=37 %}",
+                "inclusion_keyword_only_default - Expected result: 37\n",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_unlimited_args 37 %}",
+                "inclusion_unlimited_args - Expected result: 37, hi\n",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_unlimited_args 37 42 56 89 %}",
+                "inclusion_unlimited_args - Expected result: 37, 42, 56, 89\n",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_only_unlimited_args %}",
+                "inclusion_only_unlimited_args - Expected result: \n",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_only_unlimited_args 37 42 56 89 %}",
+                "inclusion_only_unlimited_args - Expected result: 37, 42, 56, 89\n",
+            ),
+            (
+                '{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs 37 40|add:2 56 eggs="scrambled" four=1|add:3 %}',
+                "inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs - Expected result: 37, 42, 56 / eggs=scrambled, four=4\n",
             ),
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_unlimited_args 37 %}',
-                'inclusion_unlimited_args - Expected result: 37, hi\n'),
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_unlimited_args 37 42 56 89 %}',
-                'inclusion_unlimited_args - Expected result: 37, 42, 56, 89\n'),
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_only_unlimited_args %}',
-                'inclusion_only_unlimited_args - Expected result: \n'),
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_only_unlimited_args 37 42 56 89 %}',
-                'inclusion_only_unlimited_args - Expected result: 37, 42, 56, 89\n'),
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs 37 40|add:2 56 eggs="scrambled" four=1|add:3 %}',
-                'inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs - Expected result: 37, 42, 56 / eggs=scrambled, four=4\n'),
         ]
 
         for entry in templates:
@@ -227,29 +310,41 @@ class InclusionTagTests(TagTestCase):
 
     def test_inclusion_tag_errors(self):
         errors = [
-            ("'inclusion_one_default' received unexpected keyword argument 'three'",
-                '{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_one_default 99 two="hello" three="foo" %}'),
-            ("'inclusion_two_params' received too many positional arguments",
-                '{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_two_params 37 42 56 %}'),
-            ("'inclusion_one_default' received too many positional arguments",
-                '{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_one_default 37 42 56 %}'),
-            ("'inclusion_one_default' did not receive value(s) for the argument(s): 'one'",
-                '{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_one_default %}'),
+            (
+                "'inclusion_one_default' received unexpected keyword argument 'three'",
+                '{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_one_default 99 two="hello" three="foo" %}',
+            ),
+            (
+                "'inclusion_two_params' received too many positional arguments",
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_two_params 37 42 56 %}",
+            ),
+            (
+                "'inclusion_one_default' received too many positional arguments",
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_one_default 37 42 56 %}",
+            ),
+            (
+                "'inclusion_one_default' did not receive value(s) for the argument(s): 'one'",
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_one_default %}",
+            ),
             (
                 "'inclusion_keyword_only_default' received multiple values "
                 "for keyword argument 'kwarg'",
-                '{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_keyword_only_default '
-                'kwarg=37 kwarg=42 %}',
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_keyword_only_default "
+                "kwarg=37 kwarg=42 %}",
+            ),
+            (
+                "'inclusion_unlimited_args' did not receive value(s) for the argument(s): 'one'",
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_unlimited_args %}",
             ),
-            ("'inclusion_unlimited_args' did not receive value(s) for the argument(s): 'one'",
-                '{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_unlimited_args %}'),
             (
                 "'inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs' received some positional argument(s) "
                 "after some keyword argument(s)",
                 '{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs 37 40|add:2 eggs="boiled" 56 four=1|add:3 %}',
             ),
-            ("'inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs' received multiple values for keyword argument 'eggs'",
-                '{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs 37 eggs="scrambled" eggs="scrambled" %}'),
+            (
+                "'inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs' received multiple values for keyword argument 'eggs'",
+                '{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs 37 eggs="scrambled" eggs="scrambled" %}',
+            ),
         ]
 
         for entry in errors:
@@ -263,7 +358,9 @@ class InclusionTagTests(TagTestCase):
             "takes_context=True so it must have a first argument of 'context'"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            self.engine.from_string('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_tag_without_context_parameter 123 %}')
+            self.engine.from_string(
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_tag_without_context_parameter 123 %}"
+            )
 
     def test_include_tag_missing_context_no_params(self):
         msg = (
@@ -272,37 +369,61 @@ class InclusionTagTests(TagTestCase):
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
             self.engine.from_string(
-                '{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_tag_takes_context_without_params %}'
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_tag_takes_context_without_params %}"
             )
 
     def test_inclusion_tags_from_template(self):
-        c = Context({'value': 42})
+        c = Context({"value": 42})
 
         templates = [
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_no_params_from_template %}',
-                'inclusion_no_params_from_template - Expected result\n'),
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_one_param_from_template 37 %}',
-                'inclusion_one_param_from_template - Expected result: 37\n'),
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_explicit_no_context_from_template 37 %}',
-                'inclusion_explicit_no_context_from_template - Expected result: 37\n'),
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_no_params_with_context_from_template %}',
-                'inclusion_no_params_with_context_from_template - Expected result (context value: 42)\n'),
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_params_and_context_from_template 37 %}',
-                'inclusion_params_and_context_from_template - Expected result (context value: 42): 37\n'),
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_two_params_from_template 37 42 %}',
-                'inclusion_two_params_from_template - Expected result: 37, 42\n'),
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_one_default_from_template 37 %}',
-                'inclusion_one_default_from_template - Expected result: 37, hi\n'),
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_one_default_from_template 37 42 %}',
-                'inclusion_one_default_from_template - Expected result: 37, 42\n'),
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_unlimited_args_from_template 37 %}',
-                'inclusion_unlimited_args_from_template - Expected result: 37, hi\n'),
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_unlimited_args_from_template 37 42 56 89 %}',
-                'inclusion_unlimited_args_from_template - Expected result: 37, 42, 56, 89\n'),
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_only_unlimited_args_from_template %}',
-                'inclusion_only_unlimited_args_from_template - Expected result: \n'),
-            ('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_only_unlimited_args_from_template 37 42 56 89 %}',
-                'inclusion_only_unlimited_args_from_template - Expected result: 37, 42, 56, 89\n'),
+            (
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_no_params_from_template %}",
+                "inclusion_no_params_from_template - Expected result\n",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_one_param_from_template 37 %}",
+                "inclusion_one_param_from_template - Expected result: 37\n",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_explicit_no_context_from_template 37 %}",
+                "inclusion_explicit_no_context_from_template - Expected result: 37\n",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_no_params_with_context_from_template %}",
+                "inclusion_no_params_with_context_from_template - Expected result (context value: 42)\n",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_params_and_context_from_template 37 %}",
+                "inclusion_params_and_context_from_template - Expected result (context value: 42): 37\n",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_two_params_from_template 37 42 %}",
+                "inclusion_two_params_from_template - Expected result: 37, 42\n",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_one_default_from_template 37 %}",
+                "inclusion_one_default_from_template - Expected result: 37, hi\n",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_one_default_from_template 37 42 %}",
+                "inclusion_one_default_from_template - Expected result: 37, 42\n",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_unlimited_args_from_template 37 %}",
+                "inclusion_unlimited_args_from_template - Expected result: 37, hi\n",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_unlimited_args_from_template 37 42 56 89 %}",
+                "inclusion_unlimited_args_from_template - Expected result: 37, 42, 56, 89\n",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_only_unlimited_args_from_template %}",
+                "inclusion_only_unlimited_args_from_template - Expected result: \n",
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_only_unlimited_args_from_template 37 42 56 89 %}",
+                "inclusion_only_unlimited_args_from_template - Expected result: 37, 42, 56, 89\n",
+            ),
         ]
 
         for entry in templates:
@@ -312,18 +433,32 @@ class InclusionTagTests(TagTestCase):
     def test_inclusion_tag_registration(self):
         # The decorators preserve the decorated function's docstring, name,
         # and attributes.
-        self.verify_tag(inclusion.inclusion_no_params, 'inclusion_no_params')
-        self.verify_tag(inclusion.inclusion_one_param, 'inclusion_one_param')
-        self.verify_tag(inclusion.inclusion_explicit_no_context, 'inclusion_explicit_no_context')
-        self.verify_tag(inclusion.inclusion_no_params_with_context, 'inclusion_no_params_with_context')
-        self.verify_tag(inclusion.inclusion_params_and_context, 'inclusion_params_and_context')
-        self.verify_tag(inclusion.inclusion_two_params, 'inclusion_two_params')
-        self.verify_tag(inclusion.inclusion_one_default, 'inclusion_one_default')
-        self.verify_tag(inclusion.inclusion_unlimited_args, 'inclusion_unlimited_args')
-        self.verify_tag(inclusion.inclusion_only_unlimited_args, 'inclusion_only_unlimited_args')
-        self.verify_tag(inclusion.inclusion_tag_without_context_parameter, 'inclusion_tag_without_context_parameter')
-        self.verify_tag(inclusion.inclusion_tag_use_l10n, 'inclusion_tag_use_l10n')
-        self.verify_tag(inclusion.inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs, 'inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs')
+        self.verify_tag(inclusion.inclusion_no_params, "inclusion_no_params")
+        self.verify_tag(inclusion.inclusion_one_param, "inclusion_one_param")
+        self.verify_tag(
+            inclusion.inclusion_explicit_no_context, "inclusion_explicit_no_context"
+        )
+        self.verify_tag(
+            inclusion.inclusion_no_params_with_context,
+            "inclusion_no_params_with_context",
+        )
+        self.verify_tag(
+            inclusion.inclusion_params_and_context, "inclusion_params_and_context"
+        )
+        self.verify_tag(inclusion.inclusion_two_params, "inclusion_two_params")
+        self.verify_tag(inclusion.inclusion_one_default, "inclusion_one_default")
+        self.verify_tag(inclusion.inclusion_unlimited_args, "inclusion_unlimited_args")
+        self.verify_tag(
+            inclusion.inclusion_only_unlimited_args, "inclusion_only_unlimited_args"
+        )
+        self.verify_tag(
+            inclusion.inclusion_tag_without_context_parameter,
+            "inclusion_tag_without_context_parameter",
+        )
+        self.verify_tag(inclusion.inclusion_tag_use_l10n, "inclusion_tag_use_l10n")
+        self.verify_tag(
+            inclusion.inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs, "inclusion_unlimited_args_kwargs"
+        )
 
     def test_15070_use_l10n(self):
         """
@@ -331,18 +466,18 @@ class InclusionTagTests(TagTestCase):
         Context of the included/rendered template as well.
         """
         c = Context({})
-        t = self.engine.from_string('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_tag_use_l10n %}')
-        self.assertEqual(t.render(c).strip(), 'None')
+        t = self.engine.from_string("{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_tag_use_l10n %}")
+        self.assertEqual(t.render(c).strip(), "None")
 
         c.use_l10n = True
-        self.assertEqual(t.render(c).strip(), 'True')
+        self.assertEqual(t.render(c).strip(), "True")
 
     def test_no_render_side_effect(self):
         """
         #23441 -- InclusionNode shouldn't modify its nodelist at render time.
         """
         engine = Engine(app_dirs=True, libraries=LIBRARIES)
-        template = engine.from_string('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_no_params %}')
+        template = engine.from_string("{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_no_params %}")
         count = template.nodelist.get_nodes_by_type(Node)
         template.render(Context({}))
         self.assertEqual(template.nodelist.get_nodes_by_type(Node), count)
@@ -354,15 +489,16 @@ class InclusionTagTests(TagTestCase):
         extending can interfere with subsequent rendering.
         """
         engine = Engine(app_dirs=True, libraries=LIBRARIES)
-        template = engine.from_string('{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_extends1 %}{% inclusion_extends2 %}')
-        self.assertEqual(template.render(Context({})).strip(), 'one\ntwo')
+        template = engine.from_string(
+            "{% load inclusion %}{% inclusion_extends1 %}{% inclusion_extends2 %}"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(template.render(Context({})).strip(), "one\ntwo")
 
 
 class TemplateTagLoadingTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
-        cls.egg_dir = os.path.join(ROOT, 'eggs')
+        cls.egg_dir = os.path.join(ROOT, "eggs")
         super().setUpClass()
 
     def test_load_error(self):
@@ -372,10 +508,10 @@ class TemplateTagLoadingTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "'Xtemplate'"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(InvalidTemplateLibrary, msg):
-            Engine(libraries={'broken_tag': 'template_tests.broken_tag'})
+            Engine(libraries={"broken_tag": "template_tests.broken_tag"})
 
     def test_load_error_egg(self):
-        egg_name = '%s/tagsegg.egg' % self.egg_dir
+        egg_name = "%s/tagsegg.egg" % self.egg_dir
         msg = (
             "Invalid template library specified. ImportError raised when "
             "trying to load 'tagsegg.templatetags.broken_egg': cannot "
@@ -383,18 +519,22 @@ class TemplateTagLoadingTests(SimpleTestCase):
         )
         with extend_sys_path(egg_name):
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(InvalidTemplateLibrary, msg):
-                Engine(libraries={'broken_egg': 'tagsegg.templatetags.broken_egg'})
+                Engine(libraries={"broken_egg": "tagsegg.templatetags.broken_egg"})
 
     def test_load_working_egg(self):
         ttext = "{% load working_egg %}"
-        egg_name = '%s/tagsegg.egg' % self.egg_dir
+        egg_name = "%s/tagsegg.egg" % self.egg_dir
         with extend_sys_path(egg_name):
-            engine = Engine(libraries={
-                'working_egg': 'tagsegg.templatetags.working_egg',
-            })
+            engine = Engine(
+                libraries={
+                    "working_egg": "tagsegg.templatetags.working_egg",
+                }
+            )
             engine.from_string(ttext)
 
     def test_load_annotated_function(self):
-        Engine(libraries={
-            'annotated_tag_function': 'template_tests.annotated_tag_function',
-        })
+        Engine(
+            libraries={
+                "annotated_tag_function": "template_tests.annotated_tag_function",
+            }
+        )
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/test_engine.py b/tests/template_tests/test_engine.py
index 2b32211761..ff725b9880 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/test_engine.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/test_engine.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 
 from .utils import ROOT, TEMPLATE_DIR
 
-OTHER_DIR = os.path.join(ROOT, 'other_templates')
+OTHER_DIR = os.path.join(ROOT, "other_templates")
 
 
 class EngineTest(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -20,18 +20,18 @@ class EngineTest(SimpleTestCase):
             "['django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader'])] "
             "string_if_invalid='' file_charset='utf-8' builtins=["
             "'django.template.defaulttags', 'django.template.defaultfilters', "
-            "'django.template.loader_tags'] autoescape=True>"
+            "'django.template.loader_tags'] autoescape=True>",
         )
 
     def test_repr(self):
         engine = Engine(
             dirs=[TEMPLATE_DIR],
-            context_processors=['django.template.context_processors.debug'],
+            context_processors=["django.template.context_processors.debug"],
             debug=True,
-            loaders=['django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader'],
-            string_if_invalid='x',
-            file_charset='utf-16',
-            libraries={'custom': 'template_tests.templatetags.custom'},
+            loaders=["django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader"],
+            string_if_invalid="x",
+            file_charset="utf-16",
+            libraries={"custom": "template_tests.templatetags.custom"},
             autoescape=False,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -43,91 +43,100 @@ class EngineTest(SimpleTestCase):
             "libraries={'custom': 'template_tests.templatetags.custom'} "
             "builtins=['django.template.defaulttags', "
             "'django.template.defaultfilters', 'django.template.loader_tags'] "
-            "autoescape=False>"
+            "autoescape=False>",
         )
 
 
 class RenderToStringTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.engine = Engine(dirs=[TEMPLATE_DIR])
 
     def test_basic_context(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.engine.render_to_string('test_context.html', {'obj': 'test'}),
-            'obj:test\n',
+            self.engine.render_to_string("test_context.html", {"obj": "test"}),
+            "obj:test\n",
         )
 
     def test_autoescape_off(self):
         engine = Engine(dirs=[TEMPLATE_DIR], autoescape=False)
         self.assertEqual(
-            engine.render_to_string('test_context.html', {'obj': '<script>'}),
-            'obj:<script>\n',
+            engine.render_to_string("test_context.html", {"obj": "<script>"}),
+            "obj:<script>\n",
         )
 
 
 class GetDefaultTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     @override_settings(TEMPLATES=[])
     def test_no_engines_configured(self):
-        msg = 'No DjangoTemplates backend is configured.'
+        msg = "No DjangoTemplates backend is configured."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
             Engine.get_default()
 
-    @override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{
-        'NAME': 'default',
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'OPTIONS': {'file_charset': 'abc'},
-    }])
+    @override_settings(
+        TEMPLATES=[
+            {
+                "NAME": "default",
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                "OPTIONS": {"file_charset": "abc"},
+            }
+        ]
+    )
     def test_single_engine_configured(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Engine.get_default().file_charset, 'abc')
+        self.assertEqual(Engine.get_default().file_charset, "abc")
 
-    @override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{
-        'NAME': 'default',
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'OPTIONS': {'file_charset': 'abc'},
-    }, {
-        'NAME': 'other',
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'OPTIONS': {'file_charset': 'def'},
-    }])
+    @override_settings(
+        TEMPLATES=[
+            {
+                "NAME": "default",
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                "OPTIONS": {"file_charset": "abc"},
+            },
+            {
+                "NAME": "other",
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                "OPTIONS": {"file_charset": "def"},
+            },
+        ]
+    )
     def test_multiple_engines_configured(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Engine.get_default().file_charset, 'abc')
+        self.assertEqual(Engine.get_default().file_charset, "abc")
 
 
 class LoaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_origin(self):
         engine = Engine(dirs=[TEMPLATE_DIR], debug=True)
-        template = engine.get_template('index.html')
-        self.assertEqual(template.origin.template_name, 'index.html')
+        template = engine.get_template("index.html")
+        self.assertEqual(template.origin.template_name, "index.html")
 
     def test_loader_priority(self):
         """
         #21460 -- The order of template loader works.
         """
         loaders = [
-            'django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader',
-            'django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader',
+            "django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader",
+            "django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader",
         ]
         engine = Engine(dirs=[OTHER_DIR, TEMPLATE_DIR], loaders=loaders)
-        template = engine.get_template('priority/foo.html')
-        self.assertEqual(template.render(Context()), 'priority\n')
+        template = engine.get_template("priority/foo.html")
+        self.assertEqual(template.render(Context()), "priority\n")
 
     def test_cached_loader_priority(self):
         """
         The order of template loader works. Refs #21460.
         """
         loaders = [
-            ('django.template.loaders.cached.Loader', [
-                'django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader',
-                'django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader',
-            ]),
+            (
+                "django.template.loaders.cached.Loader",
+                [
+                    "django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader",
+                    "django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader",
+                ],
+            ),
         ]
         engine = Engine(dirs=[OTHER_DIR, TEMPLATE_DIR], loaders=loaders)
 
-        template = engine.get_template('priority/foo.html')
-        self.assertEqual(template.render(Context()), 'priority\n')
+        template = engine.get_template("priority/foo.html")
+        self.assertEqual(template.render(Context()), "priority\n")
 
-        template = engine.get_template('priority/foo.html')
-        self.assertEqual(template.render(Context()), 'priority\n')
+        template = engine.get_template("priority/foo.html")
+        self.assertEqual(template.render(Context()), "priority\n")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/test_extends.py b/tests/template_tests/test_extends.py
index 38c7ce230f..bce5162d83 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/test_extends.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/test_extends.py
@@ -5,104 +5,116 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 from .utils import ROOT
 
-RECURSIVE = os.path.join(ROOT, 'recursive_templates')
+RECURSIVE = os.path.join(ROOT, "recursive_templates")
 
 
 class ExtendsBehaviorTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_normal_extend(self):
-        engine = Engine(dirs=[os.path.join(RECURSIVE, 'fs')])
-        template = engine.get_template('one.html')
+        engine = Engine(dirs=[os.path.join(RECURSIVE, "fs")])
+        template = engine.get_template("one.html")
         output = template.render(Context({}))
-        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), 'three two one')
+        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), "three two one")
 
     def test_extend_recursive(self):
-        engine = Engine(dirs=[
-            os.path.join(RECURSIVE, 'fs'),
-            os.path.join(RECURSIVE, 'fs2'),
-            os.path.join(RECURSIVE, 'fs3'),
-        ])
-        template = engine.get_template('recursive.html')
+        engine = Engine(
+            dirs=[
+                os.path.join(RECURSIVE, "fs"),
+                os.path.join(RECURSIVE, "fs2"),
+                os.path.join(RECURSIVE, "fs3"),
+            ]
+        )
+        template = engine.get_template("recursive.html")
         output = template.render(Context({}))
-        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), 'fs3/recursive fs2/recursive fs/recursive')
+        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), "fs3/recursive fs2/recursive fs/recursive")
 
     def test_extend_missing(self):
-        engine = Engine(dirs=[os.path.join(RECURSIVE, 'fs')])
-        template = engine.get_template('extend-missing.html')
+        engine = Engine(dirs=[os.path.join(RECURSIVE, "fs")])
+        template = engine.get_template("extend-missing.html")
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateDoesNotExist) as e:
             template.render(Context({}))
 
         tried = e.exception.tried
         self.assertEqual(len(tried), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(tried[0][0].template_name, 'missing.html')
+        self.assertEqual(tried[0][0].template_name, "missing.html")
 
     def test_recursive_multiple_loaders(self):
         engine = Engine(
-            dirs=[os.path.join(RECURSIVE, 'fs')],
-            loaders=[(
-                'django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader', {
-                    'one.html': (
-                        '{% extends "one.html" %}{% block content %}{{ block.super }} locmem-one{% endblock %}'
-                    ),
-                    'two.html': (
-                        '{% extends "two.html" %}{% block content %}{{ block.super }} locmem-two{% endblock %}'
-                    ),
-                    'three.html': (
-                        '{% extends "three.html" %}{% block content %}{{ block.super }} locmem-three{% endblock %}'
-                    ),
-                }
-            ), 'django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader'],
+            dirs=[os.path.join(RECURSIVE, "fs")],
+            loaders=[
+                (
+                    "django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader",
+                    {
+                        "one.html": (
+                            '{% extends "one.html" %}{% block content %}{{ block.super }} locmem-one{% endblock %}'
+                        ),
+                        "two.html": (
+                            '{% extends "two.html" %}{% block content %}{{ block.super }} locmem-two{% endblock %}'
+                        ),
+                        "three.html": (
+                            '{% extends "three.html" %}{% block content %}{{ block.super }} locmem-three{% endblock %}'
+                        ),
+                    },
+                ),
+                "django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader",
+            ],
         )
-        template = engine.get_template('one.html')
+        template = engine.get_template("one.html")
         output = template.render(Context({}))
-        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), 'three locmem-three two locmem-two one locmem-one')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            output.strip(), "three locmem-three two locmem-two one locmem-one"
+        )
 
     def test_extend_self_error(self):
         """
         Catch if a template extends itself and no other matching
         templates are found.
         """
-        engine = Engine(dirs=[os.path.join(RECURSIVE, 'fs')])
-        template = engine.get_template('self.html')
+        engine = Engine(dirs=[os.path.join(RECURSIVE, "fs")])
+        template = engine.get_template("self.html")
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateDoesNotExist) as e:
             template.render(Context({}))
         tried = e.exception.tried
         self.assertEqual(len(tried), 1)
         origin, message = tried[0]
-        self.assertEqual(origin.template_name, 'self.html')
-        self.assertEqual(message, 'Skipped to avoid recursion')
+        self.assertEqual(origin.template_name, "self.html")
+        self.assertEqual(message, "Skipped to avoid recursion")
 
     def test_extend_cached(self):
         engine = Engine(
             dirs=[
-                os.path.join(RECURSIVE, 'fs'),
-                os.path.join(RECURSIVE, 'fs2'),
-                os.path.join(RECURSIVE, 'fs3'),
+                os.path.join(RECURSIVE, "fs"),
+                os.path.join(RECURSIVE, "fs2"),
+                os.path.join(RECURSIVE, "fs3"),
             ],
             loaders=[
-                ('django.template.loaders.cached.Loader', [
-                    'django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader',
-                ]),
+                (
+                    "django.template.loaders.cached.Loader",
+                    [
+                        "django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader",
+                    ],
+                ),
             ],
         )
-        template = engine.get_template('recursive.html')
+        template = engine.get_template("recursive.html")
         output = template.render(Context({}))
-        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), 'fs3/recursive fs2/recursive fs/recursive')
+        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), "fs3/recursive fs2/recursive fs/recursive")
 
         cache = engine.template_loaders[0].get_template_cache
         self.assertEqual(len(cache), 3)
-        expected_path = os.path.join('fs', 'recursive.html')
-        self.assertTrue(cache['recursive.html'].origin.name.endswith(expected_path))
+        expected_path = os.path.join("fs", "recursive.html")
+        self.assertTrue(cache["recursive.html"].origin.name.endswith(expected_path))
 
         # Render another path that uses the same templates from the cache
-        template = engine.get_template('other-recursive.html')
+        template = engine.get_template("other-recursive.html")
         output = template.render(Context({}))
-        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), 'fs3/recursive fs2/recursive fs/recursive')
+        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), "fs3/recursive fs2/recursive fs/recursive")
 
         # Template objects should not be duplicated.
         self.assertEqual(len(cache), 4)
-        expected_path = os.path.join('fs', 'other-recursive.html')
-        self.assertTrue(cache['other-recursive.html'].origin.name.endswith(expected_path))
+        expected_path = os.path.join("fs", "other-recursive.html")
+        self.assertTrue(
+            cache["other-recursive.html"].origin.name.endswith(expected_path)
+        )
 
     def test_unique_history_per_loader(self):
         """
@@ -111,17 +123,23 @@ class ExtendsBehaviorTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         engine = Engine(
             loaders=[
-                ['django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader', {
-                    'base.html': '{% extends "base.html" %}{% block content %}{{ block.super }} loader1{% endblock %}',
-                }],
-                ['django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader', {
-                    'base.html': '{% block content %}loader2{% endblock %}',
-                }],
+                [
+                    "django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader",
+                    {
+                        "base.html": '{% extends "base.html" %}{% block content %}{{ block.super }} loader1{% endblock %}',
+                    },
+                ],
+                [
+                    "django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader",
+                    {
+                        "base.html": "{% block content %}loader2{% endblock %}",
+                    },
+                ],
             ]
         )
-        template = engine.get_template('base.html')
+        template = engine.get_template("base.html")
         output = template.render(Context({}))
-        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), 'loader2 loader1')
+        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), "loader2 loader1")
 
     def test_block_override_in_extended_included_template(self):
         """
@@ -130,16 +148,21 @@ class ExtendsBehaviorTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         engine = Engine(
             loaders=[
-                ['django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader', {
-                    'base.html': "{% extends 'base.html' %}{% block base %}{{ block.super }}2{% endblock %}",
-                    'included.html':
-                        "{% extends 'included.html' %}{% block included %}{{ block.super }}B{% endblock %}",
-                }],
-                ['django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader', {
-                    'base.html': "{% block base %}1{% endblock %}{% include 'included.html' %}",
-                    'included.html': "{% block included %}A{% endblock %}",
-                }],
+                [
+                    "django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader",
+                    {
+                        "base.html": "{% extends 'base.html' %}{% block base %}{{ block.super }}2{% endblock %}",
+                        "included.html": "{% extends 'included.html' %}{% block included %}{{ block.super }}B{% endblock %}",
+                    },
+                ],
+                [
+                    "django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader",
+                    {
+                        "base.html": "{% block base %}1{% endblock %}{% include 'included.html' %}",
+                        "included.html": "{% block included %}A{% endblock %}",
+                    },
+                ],
             ],
         )
-        template = engine.get_template('base.html')
-        self.assertEqual(template.render(Context({})), '12AB')
+        template = engine.get_template("base.html")
+        self.assertEqual(template.render(Context({})), "12AB")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/test_extends_relative.py b/tests/template_tests/test_extends_relative.py
index 49a7624600..b20b0150d4 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/test_extends_relative.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/test_extends_relative.py
@@ -5,52 +5,51 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 from .utils import ROOT
 
-RELATIVE = os.path.join(ROOT, 'relative_templates')
+RELATIVE = os.path.join(ROOT, "relative_templates")
 
 
 class ExtendsRelativeBehaviorTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_normal_extend(self):
         engine = Engine(dirs=[RELATIVE])
-        template = engine.get_template('one.html')
+        template = engine.get_template("one.html")
         output = template.render(Context({}))
-        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), 'three two one')
+        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), "three two one")
 
     def test_normal_extend_variable(self):
         engine = Engine(dirs=[RELATIVE])
-        template = engine.get_template('one_var.html')
-        output = template.render(Context({'tmpl': './two.html'}))
-        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), 'three two one')
+        template = engine.get_template("one_var.html")
+        output = template.render(Context({"tmpl": "./two.html"}))
+        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), "three two one")
 
     def test_dir1_extend(self):
         engine = Engine(dirs=[RELATIVE])
-        template = engine.get_template('dir1/one.html')
+        template = engine.get_template("dir1/one.html")
         output = template.render(Context({}))
-        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), 'three two one dir1 one')
+        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), "three two one dir1 one")
 
     def test_dir1_extend1(self):
         engine = Engine(dirs=[RELATIVE])
-        template = engine.get_template('dir1/one1.html')
+        template = engine.get_template("dir1/one1.html")
         output = template.render(Context({}))
-        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), 'three two one dir1 one')
+        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), "three two one dir1 one")
 
     def test_dir1_extend2(self):
         engine = Engine(dirs=[RELATIVE])
-        template = engine.get_template('dir1/one2.html')
+        template = engine.get_template("dir1/one2.html")
         output = template.render(Context({}))
-        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), 'three two one dir1 one')
+        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), "three two one dir1 one")
 
     def test_dir1_extend3(self):
         engine = Engine(dirs=[RELATIVE])
-        template = engine.get_template('dir1/one3.html')
+        template = engine.get_template("dir1/one3.html")
         output = template.render(Context({}))
-        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), 'three two one dir1 one')
+        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), "three two one dir1 one")
 
     def test_dir2_extend(self):
         engine = Engine(dirs=[RELATIVE])
-        template = engine.get_template('dir1/dir2/one.html')
+        template = engine.get_template("dir1/dir2/one.html")
         output = template.render(Context({}))
-        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), 'three two one dir2 one')
+        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), "three two one dir2 one")
 
     def test_extend_error(self):
         engine = Engine(dirs=[RELATIVE])
@@ -59,28 +58,27 @@ class ExtendsRelativeBehaviorTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "hierarchy that template 'error_extends.html' is in."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            engine.render_to_string('error_extends.html')
+            engine.render_to_string("error_extends.html")
 
 
 class IncludeRelativeBehaviorTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_normal_include(self):
         engine = Engine(dirs=[RELATIVE])
-        template = engine.get_template('dir1/dir2/inc2.html')
+        template = engine.get_template("dir1/dir2/inc2.html")
         output = template.render(Context({}))
-        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), 'dir2 include')
+        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), "dir2 include")
 
     def test_normal_include_variable(self):
         engine = Engine(dirs=[RELATIVE])
-        template = engine.get_template('dir1/dir2/inc3.html')
-        output = template.render(Context({'tmpl': './include_content.html'}))
-        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), 'dir2 include')
+        template = engine.get_template("dir1/dir2/inc3.html")
+        output = template.render(Context({"tmpl": "./include_content.html"}))
+        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), "dir2 include")
 
     def test_dir2_include(self):
         engine = Engine(dirs=[RELATIVE])
-        template = engine.get_template('dir1/dir2/inc1.html')
+        template = engine.get_template("dir1/dir2/inc1.html")
         output = template.render(Context({}))
-        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), 'three')
+        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), "three")
 
     def test_include_error(self):
         engine = Engine(dirs=[RELATIVE])
@@ -89,29 +87,28 @@ class IncludeRelativeBehaviorTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "hierarchy that template 'error_include.html' is in."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            engine.render_to_string('error_include.html')
+            engine.render_to_string("error_include.html")
 
 
 class ExtendsMixedBehaviorTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_mixing1(self):
         engine = Engine(dirs=[RELATIVE])
-        template = engine.get_template('dir1/two.html')
+        template = engine.get_template("dir1/two.html")
         output = template.render(Context({}))
-        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), 'three two one dir2 one dir1 two')
+        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), "three two one dir2 one dir1 two")
 
     def test_mixing2(self):
         engine = Engine(dirs=[RELATIVE])
-        template = engine.get_template('dir1/three.html')
+        template = engine.get_template("dir1/three.html")
         output = template.render(Context({}))
-        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), 'three dir1 three')
+        self.assertEqual(output.strip(), "three dir1 three")
 
     def test_mixing_loop(self):
         engine = Engine(dirs=[RELATIVE])
         msg = (
             "The relative path '\"./dir2/../looped.html\"' was translated to "
-            "template name \'dir1/looped.html\', the same template in which "
+            "template name 'dir1/looped.html', the same template in which "
             "the tag appears."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
-            engine.render_to_string('dir1/looped.html')
+            engine.render_to_string("dir1/looped.html")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/test_library.py b/tests/template_tests/test_library.py
index 9fdb9b7aa1..7376832879 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/test_library.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/test_library.py
@@ -6,113 +6,121 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class FilterRegistrationTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.library = Library()
 
     def test_filter(self):
         @self.library.filter
         def func():
-            return ''
-        self.assertEqual(self.library.filters['func'], func)
+            return ""
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.library.filters["func"], func)
 
     def test_filter_parens(self):
         @self.library.filter()
         def func():
-            return ''
-        self.assertEqual(self.library.filters['func'], func)
+            return ""
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.library.filters["func"], func)
 
     def test_filter_name_arg(self):
-        @self.library.filter('name')
+        @self.library.filter("name")
         def func():
-            return ''
-        self.assertEqual(self.library.filters['name'], func)
+            return ""
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.library.filters["name"], func)
 
     def test_filter_name_kwarg(self):
-        @self.library.filter(name='name')
+        @self.library.filter(name="name")
         def func():
-            return ''
-        self.assertEqual(self.library.filters['name'], func)
+            return ""
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.library.filters["name"], func)
 
     def test_filter_call(self):
         def func():
-            return ''
-        self.library.filter('name', func)
-        self.assertEqual(self.library.filters['name'], func)
+            return ""
+
+        self.library.filter("name", func)
+        self.assertEqual(self.library.filters["name"], func)
 
     def test_filter_invalid(self):
         msg = "Unsupported arguments to Library.filter: (None, '')"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            self.library.filter(None, '')
+            self.library.filter(None, "")
 
 
 class InclusionTagRegistrationTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.library = Library()
 
     def test_inclusion_tag(self):
-        @self.library.inclusion_tag('template.html')
+        @self.library.inclusion_tag("template.html")
         def func():
-            return ''
-        self.assertIn('func', self.library.tags)
+            return ""
+
+        self.assertIn("func", self.library.tags)
 
     def test_inclusion_tag_name(self):
-        @self.library.inclusion_tag('template.html', name='name')
+        @self.library.inclusion_tag("template.html", name="name")
         def func():
-            return ''
-        self.assertIn('name', self.library.tags)
+            return ""
+
+        self.assertIn("name", self.library.tags)
 
     def test_inclusion_tag_wrapped(self):
-        @self.library.inclusion_tag('template.html')
+        @self.library.inclusion_tag("template.html")
         @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=32)
         def func():
-            return ''
-        func_wrapped = self.library.tags['func'].__wrapped__
+            return ""
+
+        func_wrapped = self.library.tags["func"].__wrapped__
         self.assertIs(func_wrapped, func)
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(func_wrapped, 'cache_info'))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(func_wrapped, "cache_info"))
 
 
 class SimpleTagRegistrationTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.library = Library()
 
     def test_simple_tag(self):
         @self.library.simple_tag
         def func():
-            return ''
-        self.assertIn('func', self.library.tags)
+            return ""
+
+        self.assertIn("func", self.library.tags)
 
     def test_simple_tag_parens(self):
         @self.library.simple_tag()
         def func():
-            return ''
-        self.assertIn('func', self.library.tags)
+            return ""
+
+        self.assertIn("func", self.library.tags)
 
     def test_simple_tag_name_kwarg(self):
-        @self.library.simple_tag(name='name')
+        @self.library.simple_tag(name="name")
         def func():
-            return ''
-        self.assertIn('name', self.library.tags)
+            return ""
+
+        self.assertIn("name", self.library.tags)
 
     def test_simple_tag_invalid(self):
         msg = "Invalid arguments provided to simple_tag"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            self.library.simple_tag('invalid')
+            self.library.simple_tag("invalid")
 
     def test_simple_tag_wrapped(self):
         @self.library.simple_tag
         @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=32)
         def func():
-            return ''
-        func_wrapped = self.library.tags['func'].__wrapped__
+            return ""
+
+        func_wrapped = self.library.tags["func"].__wrapped__
         self.assertIs(func_wrapped, func)
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(func_wrapped, 'cache_info'))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(func_wrapped, "cache_info"))
 
 
 class TagRegistrationTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.library = Library()
 
@@ -120,33 +128,38 @@ class TagRegistrationTests(SimpleTestCase):
         @self.library.tag
         def func(parser, token):
             return Node()
-        self.assertEqual(self.library.tags['func'], func)
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.library.tags["func"], func)
 
     def test_tag_parens(self):
         @self.library.tag()
         def func(parser, token):
             return Node()
-        self.assertEqual(self.library.tags['func'], func)
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.library.tags["func"], func)
 
     def test_tag_name_arg(self):
-        @self.library.tag('name')
+        @self.library.tag("name")
         def func(parser, token):
             return Node()
-        self.assertEqual(self.library.tags['name'], func)
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.library.tags["name"], func)
 
     def test_tag_name_kwarg(self):
-        @self.library.tag(name='name')
+        @self.library.tag(name="name")
         def func(parser, token):
             return Node()
-        self.assertEqual(self.library.tags['name'], func)
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.library.tags["name"], func)
 
     def test_tag_call(self):
         def func(parser, token):
             return Node()
-        self.library.tag('name', func)
-        self.assertEqual(self.library.tags['name'], func)
+
+        self.library.tag("name", func)
+        self.assertEqual(self.library.tags["name"], func)
 
     def test_tag_invalid(self):
         msg = "Unsupported arguments to Library.tag: (None, '')"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            self.library.tag(None, '')
+            self.library.tag(None, "")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/test_loaders.py b/tests/template_tests/test_loaders.py
index 6f9c4c938e..219c331738 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/test_loaders.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/test_loaders.py
@@ -13,31 +13,37 @@ from .utils import TEMPLATE_DIR
 
 
 class CachedLoaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.engine = Engine(
             dirs=[TEMPLATE_DIR],
             loaders=[
-                ('django.template.loaders.cached.Loader', [
-                    'django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader',
-                ]),
+                (
+                    "django.template.loaders.cached.Loader",
+                    [
+                        "django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader",
+                    ],
+                ),
             ],
         )
 
     def test_get_template(self):
-        template = self.engine.get_template('index.html')
-        self.assertEqual(template.origin.name, os.path.join(TEMPLATE_DIR, 'index.html'))
-        self.assertEqual(template.origin.template_name, 'index.html')
-        self.assertEqual(template.origin.loader, self.engine.template_loaders[0].loaders[0])
+        template = self.engine.get_template("index.html")
+        self.assertEqual(template.origin.name, os.path.join(TEMPLATE_DIR, "index.html"))
+        self.assertEqual(template.origin.template_name, "index.html")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            template.origin.loader, self.engine.template_loaders[0].loaders[0]
+        )
 
         cache = self.engine.template_loaders[0].get_template_cache
-        self.assertEqual(cache['index.html'], template)
+        self.assertEqual(cache["index.html"], template)
 
         # Run a second time from cache
-        template = self.engine.get_template('index.html')
-        self.assertEqual(template.origin.name, os.path.join(TEMPLATE_DIR, 'index.html'))
-        self.assertEqual(template.origin.template_name, 'index.html')
-        self.assertEqual(template.origin.loader, self.engine.template_loaders[0].loaders[0])
+        template = self.engine.get_template("index.html")
+        self.assertEqual(template.origin.name, os.path.join(TEMPLATE_DIR, "index.html"))
+        self.assertEqual(template.origin.template_name, "index.html")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            template.origin.loader, self.engine.template_loaders[0].loaders[0]
+        )
 
     def test_get_template_missing_debug_off(self):
         """
@@ -47,8 +53,10 @@ class CachedLoaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.engine.debug = False
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateDoesNotExist):
-            self.engine.get_template('prod-template-missing.html')
-        e = self.engine.template_loaders[0].get_template_cache['prod-template-missing.html']
+            self.engine.get_template("prod-template-missing.html")
+        e = self.engine.template_loaders[0].get_template_cache[
+            "prod-template-missing.html"
+        ]
         self.assertEqual(e, TemplateDoesNotExist)
 
     def test_get_template_missing_debug_on(self):
@@ -58,10 +66,12 @@ class CachedLoaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.engine.debug = True
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateDoesNotExist):
-            self.engine.get_template('debug-template-missing.html')
-        e = self.engine.template_loaders[0].get_template_cache['debug-template-missing.html']
+            self.engine.get_template("debug-template-missing.html")
+        e = self.engine.template_loaders[0].get_template_cache[
+            "debug-template-missing.html"
+        ]
         self.assertIsInstance(e, TemplateDoesNotExist)
-        self.assertEqual(e.args[0], 'debug-template-missing.html')
+        self.assertEqual(e.args[0], "debug-template-missing.html")
 
     def test_cached_exception_no_traceback(self):
         """
@@ -71,8 +81,10 @@ class CachedLoaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.engine.debug = True
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateDoesNotExist):
-            self.engine.get_template('no-traceback-in-cache.html')
-        e = self.engine.template_loaders[0].get_template_cache['no-traceback-in-cache.html']
+            self.engine.get_template("no-traceback-in-cache.html")
+        e = self.engine.template_loaders[0].get_template_cache[
+            "no-traceback-in-cache.html"
+        ]
 
         error_msg = "Cached TemplateDoesNotExist must not have been thrown."
         self.assertIsNone(e.__traceback__, error_msg)
@@ -84,25 +96,34 @@ class CachedLoaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
         #26536 -- A leading dash in a template name shouldn't be stripped
         from its cache key.
         """
-        self.assertEqual(self.engine.template_loaders[0].cache_key('-template.html', []), '-template.html')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.engine.template_loaders[0].cache_key("-template.html", []),
+            "-template.html",
+        )
 
     def test_template_name_lazy_string(self):
         """
         #26603 -- A template name specified as a lazy string should be forced
         to text before computing its cache key.
         """
-        self.assertEqual(self.engine.template_loaders[0].cache_key(lazystr('template.html'), []), 'template.html')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.engine.template_loaders[0].cache_key(lazystr("template.html"), []),
+            "template.html",
+        )
 
     def test_get_dirs(self):
         inner_dirs = self.engine.template_loaders[0].loaders[0].get_dirs()
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(list(self.engine.template_loaders[0].get_dirs()), list(inner_dirs))
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            list(self.engine.template_loaders[0].get_dirs()), list(inner_dirs)
+        )
 
 
 class FileSystemLoaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
-        cls.engine = Engine(dirs=[TEMPLATE_DIR], loaders=['django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader'])
+        cls.engine = Engine(
+            dirs=[TEMPLATE_DIR], loaders=["django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader"]
+        )
         super().setUpClass()
 
     @contextmanager
@@ -129,64 +150,71 @@ class FileSystemLoaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
             yield check_sources
 
     def test_get_template(self):
-        template = self.engine.get_template('index.html')
-        self.assertEqual(template.origin.name, os.path.join(TEMPLATE_DIR, 'index.html'))
-        self.assertEqual(template.origin.template_name, 'index.html')
+        template = self.engine.get_template("index.html")
+        self.assertEqual(template.origin.name, os.path.join(TEMPLATE_DIR, "index.html"))
+        self.assertEqual(template.origin.template_name, "index.html")
         self.assertEqual(template.origin.loader, self.engine.template_loaders[0])
-        self.assertEqual(template.origin.loader_name, 'django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            template.origin.loader_name, "django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader"
+        )
 
     def test_loaders_dirs(self):
-        engine = Engine(loaders=[('django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader', [TEMPLATE_DIR])])
-        template = engine.get_template('index.html')
-        self.assertEqual(template.origin.name, os.path.join(TEMPLATE_DIR, 'index.html'))
+        engine = Engine(
+            loaders=[("django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader", [TEMPLATE_DIR])]
+        )
+        template = engine.get_template("index.html")
+        self.assertEqual(template.origin.name, os.path.join(TEMPLATE_DIR, "index.html"))
 
     def test_loaders_dirs_empty(self):
         """An empty dirs list in loaders overrides top level dirs."""
-        engine = Engine(dirs=[TEMPLATE_DIR], loaders=[('django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader', [])])
+        engine = Engine(
+            dirs=[TEMPLATE_DIR],
+            loaders=[("django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader", [])],
+        )
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateDoesNotExist):
-            engine.get_template('index.html')
+            engine.get_template("index.html")
 
     def test_directory_security(self):
-        with self.source_checker(['/dir1', '/dir2']) as check_sources:
-            check_sources('index.html', ['/dir1/index.html', '/dir2/index.html'])
-            check_sources('/etc/passwd', [])
-            check_sources('etc/passwd', ['/dir1/etc/passwd', '/dir2/etc/passwd'])
-            check_sources('../etc/passwd', [])
-            check_sources('../../../etc/passwd', [])
-            check_sources('/dir1/index.html', ['/dir1/index.html'])
-            check_sources('../dir2/index.html', ['/dir2/index.html'])
-            check_sources('/dir1blah', [])
-            check_sources('../dir1blah', [])
+        with self.source_checker(["/dir1", "/dir2"]) as check_sources:
+            check_sources("index.html", ["/dir1/index.html", "/dir2/index.html"])
+            check_sources("/etc/passwd", [])
+            check_sources("etc/passwd", ["/dir1/etc/passwd", "/dir2/etc/passwd"])
+            check_sources("../etc/passwd", [])
+            check_sources("../../../etc/passwd", [])
+            check_sources("/dir1/index.html", ["/dir1/index.html"])
+            check_sources("../dir2/index.html", ["/dir2/index.html"])
+            check_sources("/dir1blah", [])
+            check_sources("../dir1blah", [])
 
     def test_unicode_template_name(self):
-        with self.source_checker(['/dir1', '/dir2']) as check_sources:
-            check_sources('Ångström', ['/dir1/Ångström', '/dir2/Ångström'])
+        with self.source_checker(["/dir1", "/dir2"]) as check_sources:
+            check_sources("Ångström", ["/dir1/Ångström", "/dir2/Ångström"])
 
     def test_bytestring(self):
         loader = self.engine.template_loaders[0]
         msg = "Can't mix strings and bytes in path components"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            list(loader.get_template_sources(b'\xc3\x85ngstr\xc3\xb6m'))
+            list(loader.get_template_sources(b"\xc3\x85ngstr\xc3\xb6m"))
 
     def test_unicode_dir_name(self):
-        with self.source_checker(['/Straße']) as check_sources:
-            check_sources('Ångström', ['/Straße/Ångström'])
+        with self.source_checker(["/Straße"]) as check_sources:
+            check_sources("Ångström", ["/Straße/Ångström"])
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(
-        os.path.normcase('/TEST') == os.path.normpath('/test'),
+        os.path.normcase("/TEST") == os.path.normpath("/test"),
         "This test only runs on case-sensitive file systems.",
     )
     def test_case_sensitivity(self):
-        with self.source_checker(['/dir1', '/DIR2']) as check_sources:
-            check_sources('index.html', ['/dir1/index.html', '/DIR2/index.html'])
-            check_sources('/DIR1/index.HTML', ['/DIR1/index.HTML'])
+        with self.source_checker(["/dir1", "/DIR2"]) as check_sources:
+            check_sources("index.html", ["/dir1/index.html", "/DIR2/index.html"])
+            check_sources("/DIR1/index.HTML", ["/DIR1/index.HTML"])
 
     def test_file_does_not_exist(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateDoesNotExist):
-            self.engine.get_template('doesnotexist.html')
+            self.engine.get_template("doesnotexist.html")
 
     @unittest.skipIf(
-        sys.platform == 'win32',
+        sys.platform == "win32",
         "Python on Windows doesn't have working os.chmod().",
     )
     def test_permissions_error(self):
@@ -195,50 +223,55 @@ class FileSystemLoaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
             tmppath = os.path.join(tmpdir, tmpfile.name)
             os.chmod(tmppath, 0o0222)
             with self.set_dirs([tmpdir]):
-                with self.assertRaisesMessage(PermissionError, 'Permission denied'):
+                with self.assertRaisesMessage(PermissionError, "Permission denied"):
                     self.engine.get_template(tmpfile.name)
 
     def test_notafile_error(self):
         # Windows raises PermissionError when trying to open a directory.
-        with self.assertRaises(PermissionError if sys.platform == 'win32' else IsADirectoryError):
-            self.engine.get_template('first')
+        with self.assertRaises(
+            PermissionError if sys.platform == "win32" else IsADirectoryError
+        ):
+            self.engine.get_template("first")
 
 
 class AppDirectoriesLoaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         cls.engine = Engine(
-            loaders=['django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader'],
+            loaders=["django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader"],
         )
         super().setUpClass()
 
-    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['template_tests'])
+    @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["template_tests"])
     def test_get_template(self):
-        template = self.engine.get_template('index.html')
-        self.assertEqual(template.origin.name, os.path.join(TEMPLATE_DIR, 'index.html'))
-        self.assertEqual(template.origin.template_name, 'index.html')
+        template = self.engine.get_template("index.html")
+        self.assertEqual(template.origin.name, os.path.join(TEMPLATE_DIR, "index.html"))
+        self.assertEqual(template.origin.template_name, "index.html")
         self.assertEqual(template.origin.loader, self.engine.template_loaders[0])
 
     @override_settings(INSTALLED_APPS=[])
     def test_not_installed(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateDoesNotExist):
-            self.engine.get_template('index.html')
+            self.engine.get_template("index.html")
 
 
 class LocmemLoaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         cls.engine = Engine(
-            loaders=[('django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader', {
-                'index.html': 'index',
-            })],
+            loaders=[
+                (
+                    "django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader",
+                    {
+                        "index.html": "index",
+                    },
+                )
+            ],
         )
         super().setUpClass()
 
     def test_get_template(self):
-        template = self.engine.get_template('index.html')
-        self.assertEqual(template.origin.name, 'index.html')
-        self.assertEqual(template.origin.template_name, 'index.html')
+        template = self.engine.get_template("index.html")
+        self.assertEqual(template.origin.name, "index.html")
+        self.assertEqual(template.origin.template_name, "index.html")
         self.assertEqual(template.origin.loader, self.engine.template_loaders[0])
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/test_logging.py b/tests/template_tests/test_logging.py
index a5bdebaf16..357cf2c70b 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/test_logging.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/test_logging.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class VariableResolveLoggingTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
             @property
             def template(self):
-                return Engine().from_string('')
+                return Engine().from_string("")
 
             @property
             def article(self):
@@ -30,37 +30,37 @@ class VariableResolveLoggingTests(SimpleTestCase):
             def __getitem__(self, item):
                 return self.__dict__[item]
 
-        with self.assertLogs('django.template', self.loglevel) as cm:
-            Variable('article').resolve(TestObject())
+        with self.assertLogs("django.template", self.loglevel) as cm:
+            Variable("article").resolve(TestObject())
 
         self.assertEqual(len(cm.records), 1)
         log_record = cm.records[0]
         self.assertEqual(
             log_record.getMessage(),
-            "Exception while resolving variable 'article' in template 'template_name'."
+            "Exception while resolving variable 'article' in template 'template_name'.",
         )
         self.assertIsNotNone(log_record.exc_info)
         raised_exception = log_record.exc_info[1]
-        self.assertEqual(str(raised_exception), 'Attribute does not exist.')
+        self.assertEqual(str(raised_exception), "Attribute does not exist.")
 
     def test_log_on_variable_does_not_exist_not_silent(self):
-        with self.assertLogs('django.template', self.loglevel) as cm:
+        with self.assertLogs("django.template", self.loglevel) as cm:
             with self.assertRaises(VariableDoesNotExist):
-                Variable('article.author').resolve({'article': {'section': 'News'}})
+                Variable("article.author").resolve({"article": {"section": "News"}})
 
         self.assertEqual(len(cm.records), 1)
         log_record = cm.records[0]
         self.assertEqual(
             log_record.getMessage(),
-            "Exception while resolving variable 'author' in template 'unknown'."
+            "Exception while resolving variable 'author' in template 'unknown'.",
         )
         self.assertIsNotNone(log_record.exc_info)
         raised_exception = log_record.exc_info[1]
         self.assertEqual(
             str(raised_exception),
-            "Failed lookup for key [author] in {'section': 'News'}"
+            "Failed lookup for key [author] in {'section': 'News'}",
         )
 
     def test_no_log_when_variable_exists(self):
-        with self.assertNoLogs('django.template', self.loglevel):
-            Variable('article.section').resolve({'article': {'section': 'News'}})
+        with self.assertNoLogs("django.template", self.loglevel):
+            Variable("article.section").resolve({"article": {"section": "News"}})
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/test_nodelist.py b/tests/template_tests/test_nodelist.py
index 03c0d99651..429d1dca23 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/test_nodelist.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/test_nodelist.py
@@ -4,30 +4,28 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class NodelistTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         cls.engine = Engine()
         super().setUpClass()
 
     def test_for(self):
-        template = self.engine.from_string('{% for i in 1 %}{{ a }}{% endfor %}')
+        template = self.engine.from_string("{% for i in 1 %}{{ a }}{% endfor %}")
         vars = template.nodelist.get_nodes_by_type(VariableNode)
         self.assertEqual(len(vars), 1)
 
     def test_if(self):
-        template = self.engine.from_string('{% if x %}{{ a }}{% endif %}')
+        template = self.engine.from_string("{% if x %}{{ a }}{% endif %}")
         vars = template.nodelist.get_nodes_by_type(VariableNode)
         self.assertEqual(len(vars), 1)
 
     def test_ifchanged(self):
-        template = self.engine.from_string('{% ifchanged x %}{{ a }}{% endifchanged %}')
+        template = self.engine.from_string("{% ifchanged x %}{{ a }}{% endifchanged %}")
         vars = template.nodelist.get_nodes_by_type(VariableNode)
         self.assertEqual(len(vars), 1)
 
 
 class TextNodeTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_textnode_repr(self):
         engine = Engine()
         for temptext, reprtext in [
@@ -44,35 +42,48 @@ class ErrorIndexTest(SimpleTestCase):
     Checks whether index of error is calculated correctly in
     template debugger in for loops. Refs ticket #5831
     """
+
     def test_correct_exception_index(self):
         tests = [
-            ('{% load bad_tag %}{% for i in range %}{% badsimpletag %}{% endfor %}', (38, 56)),
             (
-                '{% load bad_tag %}{% for i in range %}{% for j in range %}'
-                '{% badsimpletag %}{% endfor %}{% endfor %}',
-                (58, 76)
+                "{% load bad_tag %}{% for i in range %}{% badsimpletag %}{% endfor %}",
+                (38, 56),
             ),
             (
-                '{% load bad_tag %}{% for i in range %}{% badsimpletag %}'
-                '{% for j in range %}Hello{% endfor %}{% endfor %}',
-                (38, 56)
+                "{% load bad_tag %}{% for i in range %}{% for j in range %}"
+                "{% badsimpletag %}{% endfor %}{% endfor %}",
+                (58, 76),
             ),
             (
-                '{% load bad_tag %}{% for i in range %}{% for j in five %}'
-                '{% badsimpletag %}{% endfor %}{% endfor %}',
-                (38, 57)
+                "{% load bad_tag %}{% for i in range %}{% badsimpletag %}"
+                "{% for j in range %}Hello{% endfor %}{% endfor %}",
+                (38, 56),
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load bad_tag %}{% for i in range %}{% for j in five %}"
+                "{% badsimpletag %}{% endfor %}{% endfor %}",
+                (38, 57),
+            ),
+            (
+                "{% load bad_tag %}{% for j in five %}{% badsimpletag %}{% endfor %}",
+                (18, 37),
             ),
-            ('{% load bad_tag %}{% for j in five %}{% badsimpletag %}{% endfor %}', (18, 37)),
         ]
-        context = Context({
-            'range': range(5),
-            'five': 5,
-        })
-        engine = Engine(debug=True, libraries={'bad_tag': 'template_tests.templatetags.bad_tag'})
+        context = Context(
+            {
+                "range": range(5),
+                "five": 5,
+            }
+        )
+        engine = Engine(
+            debug=True, libraries={"bad_tag": "template_tests.templatetags.bad_tag"}
+        )
         for source, expected_error_source_index in tests:
             template = engine.from_string(source)
             try:
                 template.render(context)
             except (RuntimeError, TypeError) as e:
                 debug = e.template_debug
-                self.assertEqual((debug['start'], debug['end']), expected_error_source_index)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    (debug["start"], debug["end"]), expected_error_source_index
+                )
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/test_origin.py b/tests/template_tests/test_origin.py
index f71178e955..9a42cb60e0 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/test_origin.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/test_origin.py
@@ -11,22 +11,22 @@ class OriginTestCase(TestCase):
         self.engine = Engine(dirs=[TEMPLATE_DIR])
 
     def test_origin_compares_equal(self):
-        a = self.engine.get_template('index.html')
-        b = self.engine.get_template('index.html')
+        a = self.engine.get_template("index.html")
+        b = self.engine.get_template("index.html")
         self.assertEqual(a.origin, b.origin)
         # Use assertIs() to test __eq__/__ne__.
         self.assertIs(a.origin == b.origin, True)
         self.assertIs(a.origin != b.origin, False)
 
     def test_origin_compares_not_equal(self):
-        a = self.engine.get_template('first/test.html')
-        b = self.engine.get_template('second/test.html')
+        a = self.engine.get_template("first/test.html")
+        b = self.engine.get_template("second/test.html")
         self.assertNotEqual(a.origin, b.origin)
         # Use assertIs() to test __eq__/__ne__.
         self.assertIs(a.origin == b.origin, False)
         self.assertIs(a.origin != b.origin, True)
 
     def test_repr(self):
-        a = self.engine.get_template('index.html')
-        name = os.path.join(TEMPLATE_DIR, 'index.html')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(a.origin), '<Origin name=%r>' % name)
+        a = self.engine.get_template("index.html")
+        name = os.path.join(TEMPLATE_DIR, "index.html")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(a.origin), "<Origin name=%r>" % name)
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/test_parser.py b/tests/template_tests/test_parser.py
index 23d8795d7f..ee9b9b1b12 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/test_parser.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/test_parser.py
@@ -3,33 +3,41 @@ Testing some internals of the template processing. These are *not* examples to b
 """
 from django.template import Library, TemplateSyntaxError
 from django.template.base import (
-    FilterExpression, Lexer, Parser, Token, TokenType, Variable,
+    FilterExpression,
+    Lexer,
+    Parser,
+    Token,
+    TokenType,
+    Variable,
 )
 from django.template.defaultfilters import register as filter_library
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
 
 class ParserTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_token_smart_split(self):
         """
         #7027 -- _() syntax should work with spaces
         """
-        token = Token(TokenType.BLOCK, 'sometag _("Page not found") value|yesno:_("yes,no")')
+        token = Token(
+            TokenType.BLOCK, 'sometag _("Page not found") value|yesno:_("yes,no")'
+        )
         split = token.split_contents()
-        self.assertEqual(split, ["sometag", '_("Page not found")', 'value|yesno:_("yes,no")'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            split, ["sometag", '_("Page not found")', 'value|yesno:_("yes,no")']
+        )
 
     def test_repr(self):
-        token = Token(TokenType.BLOCK, 'some text')
+        token = Token(TokenType.BLOCK, "some text")
         self.assertEqual(repr(token), '<Block token: "some text...">')
         parser = Parser([token], builtins=[filter_library])
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(parser),
             '<Parser tokens=[<Block token: "some text...">]>',
         )
-        filter_expression = FilterExpression('news|upper', parser)
+        filter_expression = FilterExpression("news|upper", parser)
         self.assertEqual(repr(filter_expression), "<FilterExpression 'news|upper'>")
-        lexer = Lexer('{% for i in 1 %}{{ a }}\n{% endfor %}')
+        lexer = Lexer("{% for i in 1 %}{{ a }}\n{% endfor %}")
         self.assertEqual(
             repr(lexer),
             '<Lexer template_string="{% for i in 1 %}{{ a...", verbatim=False>',
@@ -56,7 +64,9 @@ class ParserTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         # Filtered variables should reject access of attributes beginning with
         # underscores.
-        msg = "Variables and attributes may not begin with underscores: 'article._hidden'"
+        msg = (
+            "Variables and attributes may not begin with underscores: 'article._hidden'"
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
             FilterExpression("article._hidden|upper", p)
 
@@ -81,13 +91,15 @@ class ParserTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         # Variables should reject access of attributes and variables beginning
         # with underscores.
-        for name in ['article._hidden', '_article']:
+        for name in ["article._hidden", "_article"]:
             msg = f"Variables and attributes may not begin with underscores: '{name}'"
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
                 Variable(name)
 
         # Variables should raise on non string type
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, "Variable must be a string or number, got <class 'dict'>"):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TypeError, "Variable must be a string or number, got <class 'dict'>"
+        ):
             Variable({})
 
     def test_filter_args_count(self):
@@ -113,23 +125,24 @@ class ParserTests(SimpleTestCase):
         @register.filter
         def two_one_opt_arg(value, arg, arg2=False):
             pass
+
         parser.add_library(register)
         for expr in (
-                '1|no_arguments:"1"',
-                '1|two_arguments',
-                '1|two_arguments:"1"',
-                '1|two_one_opt_arg',
+            '1|no_arguments:"1"',
+            "1|two_arguments",
+            '1|two_arguments:"1"',
+            "1|two_one_opt_arg",
         ):
             with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
                 FilterExpression(expr, parser)
         for expr in (
-                # Correct number of arguments
-                '1|no_arguments',
-                '1|one_argument:"1"',
-                # One optional
-                '1|one_opt_argument',
-                '1|one_opt_argument:"1"',
-                # Not supplying all
-                '1|two_one_opt_arg:"1"',
+            # Correct number of arguments
+            "1|no_arguments",
+            '1|one_argument:"1"',
+            # One optional
+            "1|one_opt_argument",
+            '1|one_opt_argument:"1"',
+            # Not supplying all
+            '1|two_one_opt_arg:"1"',
         ):
             FilterExpression(expr, parser)
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/test_response.py b/tests/template_tests/test_response.py
index 8ac629f3bd..89361be284 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/test_response.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/test_response.py
@@ -4,10 +4,15 @@ from datetime import datetime
 
 from django.template import engines
 from django.template.response import (
-    ContentNotRenderedError, SimpleTemplateResponse, TemplateResponse,
+    ContentNotRenderedError,
+    SimpleTemplateResponse,
+    TemplateResponse,
 )
 from django.test import (
-    RequestFactory, SimpleTestCase, modify_settings, override_settings,
+    RequestFactory,
+    SimpleTestCase,
+    modify_settings,
+    override_settings,
 )
 from django.test.utils import require_jinja2
 
@@ -15,39 +20,39 @@ from .utils import TEMPLATE_DIR
 
 
 def test_processor(request):
-    return {'processors': 'yes'}
+    return {"processors": "yes"}
 
 
-test_processor_name = 'template_tests.test_response.test_processor'
+test_processor_name = "template_tests.test_response.test_processor"
 
 
 # A test middleware that installs a temporary URLConf
 def custom_urlconf_middleware(get_response):
     def middleware(request):
-        request.urlconf = 'template_tests.alternate_urls'
+        request.urlconf = "template_tests.alternate_urls"
         return get_response(request)
+
     return middleware
 
 
 class SimpleTemplateResponseTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    def _response(self, template='foo', *args, **kwargs):
-        template = engines['django'].from_string(template)
+    def _response(self, template="foo", *args, **kwargs):
+        template = engines["django"].from_string(template)
         return SimpleTemplateResponse(template, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def test_template_resolving(self):
-        response = SimpleTemplateResponse('first/test.html')
+        response = SimpleTemplateResponse("first/test.html")
         response.render()
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'First template\n')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"First template\n")
 
-        templates = ['foo.html', 'second/test.html', 'first/test.html']
+        templates = ["foo.html", "second/test.html", "first/test.html"]
         response = SimpleTemplateResponse(templates)
         response.render()
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Second template\n')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Second template\n")
 
         response = self._response()
         response.render()
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"foo")
 
     def test_explicit_baking(self):
         # explicit baking
@@ -59,18 +64,18 @@ class SimpleTemplateResponseTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_render(self):
         # response is not re-rendered without the render call
         response = self._response().render()
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"foo")
 
         # rebaking doesn't change the rendered content
-        template = engines['django'].from_string('bar{{ baz }}')
+        template = engines["django"].from_string("bar{{ baz }}")
         response.template_name = template
         response.render()
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"foo")
 
         # but rendered content can be overridden by manually
         # setting content
-        response.content = 'bar'
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'bar')
+        response.content = "bar"
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"bar")
 
     def test_iteration_unrendered(self):
         # unrendered response raises an exception on iteration
@@ -80,7 +85,7 @@ class SimpleTemplateResponseTest(SimpleTestCase):
         def iteration():
             list(response)
 
-        msg = 'The response content must be rendered before it can be iterated over.'
+        msg = "The response content must be rendered before it can be iterated over."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ContentNotRenderedError, msg):
             iteration()
         self.assertFalse(response.is_rendered)
@@ -88,7 +93,7 @@ class SimpleTemplateResponseTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_iteration_rendered(self):
         # iteration works for rendered responses
         response = self._response().render()
-        self.assertEqual(list(response), [b'foo'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(response), [b"foo"])
 
     def test_content_access_unrendered(self):
         # unrendered response raises an exception when content is accessed
@@ -101,71 +106,79 @@ class SimpleTemplateResponseTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_content_access_rendered(self):
         # rendered response content can be accessed
         response = self._response().render()
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"foo")
 
     def test_set_content(self):
         # content can be overridden
         response = self._response()
         self.assertFalse(response.is_rendered)
-        response.content = 'spam'
+        response.content = "spam"
         self.assertTrue(response.is_rendered)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'spam')
-        response.content = 'baz'
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'baz')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"spam")
+        response.content = "baz"
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"baz")
 
     def test_dict_context(self):
-        response = self._response('{{ foo }}{{ processors }}',
-                                  {'foo': 'bar'})
-        self.assertEqual(response.context_data, {'foo': 'bar'})
+        response = self._response("{{ foo }}{{ processors }}", {"foo": "bar"})
+        self.assertEqual(response.context_data, {"foo": "bar"})
         response.render()
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'bar')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"bar")
 
     def test_kwargs(self):
-        response = self._response(content_type='application/json', status=504, charset='ascii')
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['content-type'], 'application/json')
+        response = self._response(
+            content_type="application/json", status=504, charset="ascii"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["content-type"], "application/json")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 504)
-        self.assertEqual(response.charset, 'ascii')
+        self.assertEqual(response.charset, "ascii")
 
     def test_args(self):
-        response = SimpleTemplateResponse('', {}, 'application/json', 504)
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['content-type'], 'application/json')
+        response = SimpleTemplateResponse("", {}, "application/json", 504)
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["content-type"], "application/json")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 504)
 
     @require_jinja2
     def test_using(self):
-        response = SimpleTemplateResponse('template_tests/using.html').render()
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'DTL\n')
-        response = SimpleTemplateResponse('template_tests/using.html', using='django').render()
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'DTL\n')
-        response = SimpleTemplateResponse('template_tests/using.html', using='jinja2').render()
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Jinja2\n')
+        response = SimpleTemplateResponse("template_tests/using.html").render()
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"DTL\n")
+        response = SimpleTemplateResponse(
+            "template_tests/using.html", using="django"
+        ).render()
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"DTL\n")
+        response = SimpleTemplateResponse(
+            "template_tests/using.html", using="jinja2"
+        ).render()
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Jinja2\n")
 
     def test_post_callbacks(self):
         "Rendering a template response triggers the post-render callbacks"
         post = []
 
         def post1(obj):
-            post.append('post1')
+            post.append("post1")
 
         def post2(obj):
-            post.append('post2')
+            post.append("post2")
 
-        response = SimpleTemplateResponse('first/test.html', {})
+        response = SimpleTemplateResponse("first/test.html", {})
         response.add_post_render_callback(post1)
         response.add_post_render_callback(post2)
 
         # When the content is rendered, all the callbacks are invoked, too.
         response.render()
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'First template\n')
-        self.assertEqual(post, ['post1', 'post2'])
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"First template\n")
+        self.assertEqual(post, ["post1", "post2"])
 
     def test_pickling(self):
         # Create a template response. The context is
         # known to be unpicklable (e.g., a function).
-        response = SimpleTemplateResponse('first/test.html', {
-            'value': 123,
-            'fn': datetime.now,
-        })
+        response = SimpleTemplateResponse(
+            "first/test.html",
+            {
+                "value": 123,
+                "fn": datetime.now,
+            },
+        )
         with self.assertRaises(ContentNotRenderedError):
             pickle.dumps(response)
 
@@ -175,12 +188,14 @@ class SimpleTemplateResponseTest(SimpleTestCase):
         unpickled_response = pickle.loads(pickled_response)
 
         self.assertEqual(unpickled_response.content, response.content)
-        self.assertEqual(unpickled_response.headers['content-type'], response.headers['content-type'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            unpickled_response.headers["content-type"], response.headers["content-type"]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(unpickled_response.status_code, response.status_code)
 
         # ...and the unpickled response doesn't have the
         # template-related attributes, so it can't be re-rendered
-        template_attrs = ('template_name', 'context_data', '_post_render_callbacks')
+        template_attrs = ("template_name", "context_data", "_post_render_callbacks")
         for attr in template_attrs:
             self.assertFalse(hasattr(unpickled_response, attr))
 
@@ -190,10 +205,13 @@ class SimpleTemplateResponseTest(SimpleTestCase):
                 getattr(unpickled_response, attr)
 
     def test_repickling(self):
-        response = SimpleTemplateResponse('first/test.html', {
-            'value': 123,
-            'fn': datetime.now,
-        })
+        response = SimpleTemplateResponse(
+            "first/test.html",
+            {
+                "value": 123,
+                "fn": datetime.now,
+            },
+        )
         with self.assertRaises(ContentNotRenderedError):
             pickle.dumps(response)
 
@@ -203,88 +221,101 @@ class SimpleTemplateResponseTest(SimpleTestCase):
         pickle.dumps(unpickled_response)
 
     def test_pickling_cookie(self):
-        response = SimpleTemplateResponse('first/test.html', {
-            'value': 123,
-            'fn': datetime.now,
-        })
+        response = SimpleTemplateResponse(
+            "first/test.html",
+            {
+                "value": 123,
+                "fn": datetime.now,
+            },
+        )
 
-        response.cookies['key'] = 'value'
+        response.cookies["key"] = "value"
 
         response.render()
         pickled_response = pickle.dumps(response, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
         unpickled_response = pickle.loads(pickled_response)
 
-        self.assertEqual(unpickled_response.cookies['key'].value, 'value')
+        self.assertEqual(unpickled_response.cookies["key"].value, "value")
 
     def test_headers(self):
         response = SimpleTemplateResponse(
-            'first/test.html',
-            {'value': 123, 'fn': datetime.now},
-            headers={'X-Foo': 'foo'},
+            "first/test.html",
+            {"value": 123, "fn": datetime.now},
+            headers={"X-Foo": "foo"},
         )
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['X-Foo'], 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["X-Foo"], "foo")
 
 
-@override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{
-    'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-    'DIRS': [TEMPLATE_DIR],
-    'OPTIONS': {
-        'context_processors': [test_processor_name],
-    },
-}])
+@override_settings(
+    TEMPLATES=[
+        {
+            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            "DIRS": [TEMPLATE_DIR],
+            "OPTIONS": {
+                "context_processors": [test_processor_name],
+            },
+        }
+    ]
+)
 class TemplateResponseTest(SimpleTestCase):
     factory = RequestFactory()
 
-    def _response(self, template='foo', *args, **kwargs):
-        self._request = self.factory.get('/')
-        template = engines['django'].from_string(template)
+    def _response(self, template="foo", *args, **kwargs):
+        self._request = self.factory.get("/")
+        template = engines["django"].from_string(template)
         return TemplateResponse(self._request, template, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def test_render(self):
-        response = self._response('{{ foo }}{{ processors }}').render()
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'yes')
+        response = self._response("{{ foo }}{{ processors }}").render()
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"yes")
 
     def test_render_with_requestcontext(self):
-        response = self._response('{{ foo }}{{ processors }}',
-                                  {'foo': 'bar'}).render()
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'baryes')
+        response = self._response("{{ foo }}{{ processors }}", {"foo": "bar"}).render()
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"baryes")
 
     def test_context_processor_priority(self):
         # context processors should be overridden by passed-in context
-        response = self._response('{{ foo }}{{ processors }}',
-                                  {'processors': 'no'}).render()
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'no')
+        response = self._response(
+            "{{ foo }}{{ processors }}", {"processors": "no"}
+        ).render()
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"no")
 
     def test_kwargs(self):
-        response = self._response(content_type='application/json', status=504)
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['content-type'], 'application/json')
+        response = self._response(content_type="application/json", status=504)
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["content-type"], "application/json")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 504)
 
     def test_args(self):
-        response = TemplateResponse(self.factory.get('/'), '', {},
-                                    'application/json', 504)
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['content-type'], 'application/json')
+        response = TemplateResponse(
+            self.factory.get("/"), "", {}, "application/json", 504
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["content-type"], "application/json")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 504)
 
     @require_jinja2
     def test_using(self):
-        request = self.factory.get('/')
-        response = TemplateResponse(request, 'template_tests/using.html').render()
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'DTL\n')
-        response = TemplateResponse(request, 'template_tests/using.html', using='django').render()
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'DTL\n')
-        response = TemplateResponse(request, 'template_tests/using.html', using='jinja2').render()
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Jinja2\n')
+        request = self.factory.get("/")
+        response = TemplateResponse(request, "template_tests/using.html").render()
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"DTL\n")
+        response = TemplateResponse(
+            request, "template_tests/using.html", using="django"
+        ).render()
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"DTL\n")
+        response = TemplateResponse(
+            request, "template_tests/using.html", using="jinja2"
+        ).render()
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Jinja2\n")
 
     def test_pickling(self):
         # Create a template response. The context is
         # known to be unpicklable (e.g., a function).
         response = TemplateResponse(
-            self.factory.get('/'),
-            'first/test.html', {
-                'value': 123,
-                'fn': datetime.now,
-            }
+            self.factory.get("/"),
+            "first/test.html",
+            {
+                "value": 123,
+                "fn": datetime.now,
+            },
         )
         with self.assertRaises(ContentNotRenderedError):
             pickle.dumps(response)
@@ -295,16 +326,18 @@ class TemplateResponseTest(SimpleTestCase):
         unpickled_response = pickle.loads(pickled_response)
 
         self.assertEqual(unpickled_response.content, response.content)
-        self.assertEqual(unpickled_response.headers['content-type'], response.headers['content-type'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            unpickled_response.headers["content-type"], response.headers["content-type"]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(unpickled_response.status_code, response.status_code)
 
         # ...and the unpickled response doesn't have the
         # template-related attributes, so it can't be re-rendered
         template_attrs = (
-            'template_name',
-            'context_data',
-            '_post_render_callbacks',
-            '_request',
+            "template_name",
+            "context_data",
+            "_post_render_callbacks",
+            "_request",
         )
         for attr in template_attrs:
             self.assertFalse(hasattr(unpickled_response, attr))
@@ -315,10 +348,13 @@ class TemplateResponseTest(SimpleTestCase):
                 getattr(unpickled_response, attr)
 
     def test_repickling(self):
-        response = SimpleTemplateResponse('first/test.html', {
-            'value': 123,
-            'fn': datetime.now,
-        })
+        response = SimpleTemplateResponse(
+            "first/test.html",
+            {
+                "value": 123,
+                "fn": datetime.now,
+            },
+        )
         with self.assertRaises(ContentNotRenderedError):
             pickle.dumps(response)
 
@@ -329,41 +365,43 @@ class TemplateResponseTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_headers(self):
         response = TemplateResponse(
-            self.factory.get('/'),
-            'first/test.html',
-            {'value': 123, 'fn': datetime.now},
-            headers={'X-Foo': 'foo'},
+            self.factory.get("/"),
+            "first/test.html",
+            {"value": 123, "fn": datetime.now},
+            headers={"X-Foo": "foo"},
         )
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['X-Foo'], 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["X-Foo"], "foo")
 
 
-@modify_settings(MIDDLEWARE={'append': ['template_tests.test_response.custom_urlconf_middleware']})
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='template_tests.urls')
+@modify_settings(
+    MIDDLEWARE={"append": ["template_tests.test_response.custom_urlconf_middleware"]}
+)
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="template_tests.urls")
 class CustomURLConfTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_custom_urlconf(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/template_response_view/')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'This is where you can find the snark: /snark/')
+        response = self.client.get("/template_response_view/")
+        self.assertContains(response, "This is where you can find the snark: /snark/")
 
 
 @modify_settings(
     MIDDLEWARE={
-        'append': [
-            'django.middleware.cache.FetchFromCacheMiddleware',
-            'django.middleware.cache.UpdateCacheMiddleware',
+        "append": [
+            "django.middleware.cache.FetchFromCacheMiddleware",
+            "django.middleware.cache.UpdateCacheMiddleware",
         ],
     },
 )
-@override_settings(CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_SECONDS=2.0, ROOT_URLCONF='template_tests.alternate_urls')
+@override_settings(
+    CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_SECONDS=2.0, ROOT_URLCONF="template_tests.alternate_urls"
+)
 class CacheMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_middleware_caching(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/template_response_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/template_response_view/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
         time.sleep(1.0)
 
-        response2 = self.client.get('/template_response_view/')
+        response2 = self.client.get("/template_response_view/")
         self.assertEqual(response2.status_code, 200)
 
         self.assertEqual(response.content, response2.content)
@@ -371,7 +409,7 @@ class CacheMiddlewareTest(SimpleTestCase):
         time.sleep(2.0)
 
         # Let the cache expire and test again
-        response2 = self.client.get('/template_response_view/')
+        response2 = self.client.get("/template_response_view/")
         self.assertEqual(response2.status_code, 200)
 
         self.assertNotEqual(response.content, response2.content)
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/test_smartif.py b/tests/template_tests/test_smartif.py
index 9115acef4e..b690ce3547 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/test_smartif.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/test_smartif.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from django.template.smartif import IfParser
 
 
 class SmartIfTests(unittest.TestCase):
-
     def assertCalcEqual(self, expected, tokens):
         self.assertEqual(expected, IfParser(tokens).parse().eval({}))
 
@@ -25,31 +24,33 @@ class SmartIfTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_in(self):
         list_ = [1, 2, 3]
-        self.assertCalcEqual(True, [1, 'in', list_])
-        self.assertCalcEqual(False, [1, 'in', None])
-        self.assertCalcEqual(False, [None, 'in', list_])
+        self.assertCalcEqual(True, [1, "in", list_])
+        self.assertCalcEqual(False, [1, "in", None])
+        self.assertCalcEqual(False, [None, "in", list_])
 
     def test_not_in(self):
         list_ = [1, 2, 3]
-        self.assertCalcEqual(False, [1, 'not', 'in', list_])
-        self.assertCalcEqual(True, [4, 'not', 'in', list_])
-        self.assertCalcEqual(False, [1, 'not', 'in', None])
-        self.assertCalcEqual(True, [None, 'not', 'in', list_])
+        self.assertCalcEqual(False, [1, "not", "in", list_])
+        self.assertCalcEqual(True, [4, "not", "in", list_])
+        self.assertCalcEqual(False, [1, "not", "in", None])
+        self.assertCalcEqual(True, [None, "not", "in", list_])
 
     def test_precedence(self):
         # (False and False) or True == True   <- we want this one, like Python
         # False and (False or True) == False
-        self.assertCalcEqual(True, [False, 'and', False, 'or', True])
+        self.assertCalcEqual(True, [False, "and", False, "or", True])
 
         # True or (False and False) == True   <- we want this one, like Python
         # (True or False) and False == False
-        self.assertCalcEqual(True, [True, 'or', False, 'and', False])
+        self.assertCalcEqual(True, [True, "or", False, "and", False])
 
         # (1 or 1) == 2  -> False
         # 1 or (1 == 2)  -> True   <- we want this one
-        self.assertCalcEqual(True, [1, 'or', 1, '==', 2])
+        self.assertCalcEqual(True, [1, "or", 1, "==", 2])
 
-        self.assertCalcEqual(True, [True, '==', True, 'or', True, '==', False])
+        self.assertCalcEqual(True, [True, "==", True, "or", True, "==", False])
 
-        self.assertEqual("(or (and (== (literal 1) (literal 2)) (literal 3)) (literal 4))",
-                         repr(IfParser([1, '==', 2, 'and', 3, 'or', 4]).parse()))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "(or (and (== (literal 1) (literal 2)) (literal 3)) (literal 4))",
+            repr(IfParser([1, "==", 2, "and", 3, "or", 4]).parse()),
+        )
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/tests.py b/tests/template_tests/tests.py
index 33837114c6..b849b4a2e7 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/tests.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/tests.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 import sys
 
-from django.template import (
-    Context, Engine, TemplateDoesNotExist, TemplateSyntaxError,
-)
+from django.template import Context, Engine, TemplateDoesNotExist, TemplateSyntaxError
 from django.template.base import UNKNOWN_SOURCE
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 from django.urls import NoReverseMatch
@@ -15,10 +13,10 @@ class TemplateTestMixin:
         return Engine(debug=self.debug_engine, **kwargs)
 
     def test_string_origin(self):
-        template = self._engine().from_string('string template')
+        template = self._engine().from_string("string template")
         self.assertEqual(template.origin.name, UNKNOWN_SOURCE)
         self.assertIsNone(template.origin.loader_name)
-        self.assertEqual(template.source, 'string template')
+        self.assertEqual(template.source, "string template")
 
     @override_settings(SETTINGS_MODULE=None)
     def test_url_reverse_no_settings_module(self):
@@ -26,7 +24,7 @@ class TemplateTestMixin:
         #9005 -- url tag shouldn't require settings.SETTINGS_MODULE to
         be set.
         """
-        t = self._engine().from_string('{% url will_not_match %}')
+        t = self._engine().from_string("{% url will_not_match %}")
         c = Context()
         with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
             t.render(c)
@@ -36,7 +34,7 @@ class TemplateTestMixin:
         #19827 -- url tag should keep original strack trace when reraising
         exception.
         """
-        t = self._engine().from_string('{% url will_not_match %}')
+        t = self._engine().from_string("{% url will_not_match %}")
         c = Context()
         try:
             t.render(c)
@@ -46,7 +44,9 @@ class TemplateTestMixin:
             while tb.tb_next is not None:
                 tb = tb.tb_next
                 depth += 1
-            self.assertGreater(depth, 5, "The traceback context was lost when reraising the traceback.")
+            self.assertGreater(
+                depth, 5, "The traceback context was lost when reraising the traceback."
+            )
 
     def test_no_wrapped_exception(self):
         """
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ class TemplateTestMixin:
 
         if self.debug_engine:
             debug = e.exception.template_debug
-            self.assertEqual(debug['start'], 0)
-            self.assertEqual(debug['end'], 14)
+            self.assertEqual(debug["start"], 0)
+            self.assertEqual(debug["end"], 14)
 
     def test_invalid_block_suggestion(self):
         """
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class TemplateTestMixin:
             "Invalid block tag on line 1: 'endblock', expected 'elif', 'else' "
             "or 'endif'. Did you forget to register or load this tag?"
         )
-        with self.settings(USE_I18N=True), translation.override('de'):
+        with self.settings(USE_I18N=True), translation.override("de"):
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
                 engine.from_string("{% if 1 %}lala{% endblock %}{% endif %}")
 
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ class TemplateTestMixin:
 
         if self.debug_engine:
             debug = e.exception.template_debug
-            self.assertEqual((debug['start'], debug['end']), (10, 23))
-            self.assertEqual((debug['during']), '{{ foo@bar }}')
+            self.assertEqual((debug["start"], debug["end"]), (10, 23))
+            self.assertEqual((debug["during"]), "{{ foo@bar }}")
 
     def test_compile_tag_error(self):
         """
@@ -110,46 +110,46 @@ class TemplateTestMixin:
         information.
         """
         engine = self._engine(
-            libraries={'bad_tag': 'template_tests.templatetags.bad_tag'},
+            libraries={"bad_tag": "template_tests.templatetags.bad_tag"},
         )
         with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError) as e:
             engine.from_string("{% load bad_tag %}{% badtag %}")
         if self.debug_engine:
-            self.assertEqual(e.exception.template_debug['during'], '{% badtag %}')
+            self.assertEqual(e.exception.template_debug["during"], "{% badtag %}")
 
     def test_compile_tag_error_27584(self):
         engine = self._engine(
             app_dirs=True,
-            libraries={'tag_27584': 'template_tests.templatetags.tag_27584'},
+            libraries={"tag_27584": "template_tests.templatetags.tag_27584"},
         )
-        t = engine.get_template('27584_parent.html')
+        t = engine.get_template("27584_parent.html")
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError) as e:
             t.render(Context())
         if self.debug_engine:
-            self.assertEqual(e.exception.template_debug['during'], '{% badtag %}')
+            self.assertEqual(e.exception.template_debug["during"], "{% badtag %}")
 
     def test_compile_tag_error_27956(self):
         """Errors in a child of {% extends %} are displayed correctly."""
         engine = self._engine(
             app_dirs=True,
-            libraries={'tag_27584': 'template_tests.templatetags.tag_27584'},
+            libraries={"tag_27584": "template_tests.templatetags.tag_27584"},
         )
-        t = engine.get_template('27956_child.html')
+        t = engine.get_template("27956_child.html")
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError) as e:
             t.render(Context())
         if self.debug_engine:
-            self.assertEqual(e.exception.template_debug['during'], '{% badtag %}')
+            self.assertEqual(e.exception.template_debug["during"], "{% badtag %}")
 
     def test_render_tag_error_in_extended_block(self):
         """Errors in extended block are displayed correctly."""
         e = self._engine(app_dirs=True)
-        template = e.get_template('test_extends_block_error.html')
+        template = e.get_template("test_extends_block_error.html")
         context = Context()
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateDoesNotExist) as cm:
             template.render(context)
         if self.debug_engine:
             self.assertEqual(
-                cm.exception.template_debug['during'],
+                cm.exception.template_debug["during"],
                 escape('{% include "missing.html" %}'),
             )
 
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class TemplateTestMixin:
         #18169 -- NoReverseMatch should not be silence in block.super.
         """
         engine = self._engine(app_dirs=True)
-        t = engine.get_template('included_content.html')
+        t = engine.get_template("included_content.html")
         with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
             t.render(Context())
 
@@ -168,17 +168,18 @@ class TemplateTestMixin:
         objects.
         """
         engine = self._engine()
-        parent = engine.from_string('{% block content %}parent{% endblock %}')
+        parent = engine.from_string("{% block content %}parent{% endblock %}")
         child = engine.from_string(
-            '{% extends parent %}{% block content %}child{% endblock %}')
-        self.assertEqual(child.render(Context({'parent': parent})), 'child')
+            "{% extends parent %}{% block content %}child{% endblock %}"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(child.render(Context({"parent": parent})), "child")
 
     def test_node_origin(self):
         """
         #25848 -- Set origin on Node so debugging tools can determine which
         template the node came from even if extending or including templates.
         """
-        template = self._engine().from_string('content')
+        template = self._engine().from_string("content")
         for node in template.nodelist:
             self.assertEqual(node.origin, template.origin)
 
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/urls.py b/tests/template_tests/urls.py
index c9d6900baf..02d7937fe2 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/urls.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/urls.py
@@ -4,20 +4,27 @@ from . import views
 
 ns_patterns = [
     # Test urls for testing reverse lookups
-    path('', views.index, name='index'),
-    re_path(r'^client/([0-9,]+)/$', views.client, name='client'),
-    re_path(r'^client/(?P<id>[0-9]+)/(?P<action>[^/]+)/$', views.client_action, name='client_action'),
-    re_path(r'^client/(?P<client_id>[0-9]+)/(?P<action>[^/]+)/$', views.client_action, name='client_action'),
-    re_path(r'^named-client/([0-9]+)/$', views.client2, name="named.client"),
+    path("", views.index, name="index"),
+    re_path(r"^client/([0-9,]+)/$", views.client, name="client"),
+    re_path(
+        r"^client/(?P<id>[0-9]+)/(?P<action>[^/]+)/$",
+        views.client_action,
+        name="client_action",
+    ),
+    re_path(
+        r"^client/(?P<client_id>[0-9]+)/(?P<action>[^/]+)/$",
+        views.client_action,
+        name="client_action",
+    ),
+    re_path(r"^named-client/([0-9]+)/$", views.client2, name="named.client"),
 ]
 
 
 urlpatterns = ns_patterns + [
     # Unicode strings are permitted everywhere.
-    re_path(r'^Юникод/(\w+)/$', views.client2, name="метка_оператора"),
-    re_path(r'^Юникод/(?P<tag>\S+)/$', views.client2, name="метка_оператора_2"),
-
+    re_path(r"^Юникод/(\w+)/$", views.client2, name="метка_оператора"),
+    re_path(r"^Юникод/(?P<tag>\S+)/$", views.client2, name="метка_оператора_2"),
     # Test urls for namespaces and current_app
-    path('ns1/', include((ns_patterns, 'app'), 'ns1')),
-    path('ns2/', include((ns_patterns, 'app'))),
+    path("ns1/", include((ns_patterns, "app"), "ns1")),
+    path("ns2/", include((ns_patterns, "app"))),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/utils.py b/tests/template_tests/utils.py
index ad77eae1dd..2e78ec9894 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/utils.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/utils.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from django.test.utils import override_settings
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
 
 ROOT = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
-TEMPLATE_DIR = os.path.join(ROOT, 'templates')
+TEMPLATE_DIR = os.path.join(ROOT, "templates")
 
 
 def setup(templates, *args, test_once=False):
@@ -34,9 +34,12 @@ def setup(templates, *args, test_once=False):
     templates["inclusion.html"] = "{{ result }}"
 
     loaders = [
-        ('django.template.loaders.cached.Loader', [
-            ('django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader', templates),
-        ]),
+        (
+            "django.template.loaders.cached.Loader",
+            [
+                ("django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader", templates),
+            ],
+        ),
     ]
 
     def decorator(func):
@@ -46,7 +49,7 @@ def setup(templates, *args, test_once=False):
         @functools.wraps(func)
         def inner(self):
             # Set up custom template tag libraries if specified
-            libraries = getattr(self, 'libraries', {})
+            libraries = getattr(self, "libraries", {})
 
             self.engine = Engine(
                 libraries=libraries,
@@ -60,7 +63,7 @@ def setup(templates, *args, test_once=False):
             self.engine = Engine(
                 libraries=libraries,
                 loaders=loaders,
-                string_if_invalid='INVALID',
+                string_if_invalid="INVALID",
             )
             func(self)
             func(self)
@@ -98,7 +101,7 @@ class SomeClass:
         self.otherclass = OtherClass()
 
     def method(self):
-        return 'SomeClass.method'
+        return "SomeClass.method"
 
     def method2(self, o):
         return o
@@ -113,9 +116,9 @@ class SomeClass:
         raise TypeError
 
     def __getitem__(self, key):
-        if key == 'silent_fail_key':
+        if key == "silent_fail_key":
             raise SomeException
-        elif key == 'noisy_fail_key':
+        elif key == "noisy_fail_key":
             raise SomeOtherException
         raise KeyError
 
@@ -138,7 +141,7 @@ class SomeClass:
 
 class OtherClass:
     def method(self):
-        return 'OtherClass.method'
+        return "OtherClass.method"
 
 
 class TestObj:
@@ -160,21 +163,23 @@ class SilentGetItemClass:
 class SilentAttrClass:
     def b(self):
         raise SomeException
+
     b = property(b)
 
 
 class UTF8Class:
     "Class whose __str__ returns non-ASCII data"
+
     def __str__(self):
-        return 'ŠĐĆŽćžšđ'
+        return "ŠĐĆŽćžšđ"
 
 
 # These two classes are used to test auto-escaping of string output.
 class UnsafeClass:
     def __str__(self):
-        return 'you & me'
+        return "you & me"
 
 
 class SafeClass:
     def __str__(self):
-        return mark_safe('you &gt; me')
+        return mark_safe("you &gt; me")
diff --git a/tests/template_tests/views.py b/tests/template_tests/views.py
index 4e32ada7c5..c6684b9a32 100644
--- a/tests/template_tests/views.py
+++ b/tests/template_tests/views.py
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ def client2(request, tag):
 
 
 def template_response_view(request):
-    return TemplateResponse(request, 'response.html', {})
+    return TemplateResponse(request, "response.html", {})
 
 
 def snark(request):
-    return HttpResponse('Found them!')
+    return HttpResponse("Found them!")
diff --git a/tests/test_client/test_conditional_content_removal.py b/tests/test_client/test_conditional_content_removal.py
index bd26b8fb52..d8938062fe 100644
--- a/tests/test_client/test_conditional_content_removal.py
+++ b/tests/test_client/test_conditional_content_removal.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from django.test.client import conditional_content_removal
 
 
 class ConditionalContentTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_conditional_content_removal(self):
         """
         Content is removed from regular and streaming responses with a
@@ -15,43 +14,43 @@ class ConditionalContentTests(SimpleTestCase):
         req = HttpRequest()
 
         # Do nothing for 200 responses.
-        res = HttpResponse('abc')
+        res = HttpResponse("abc")
         conditional_content_removal(req, res)
-        self.assertEqual(res.content, b'abc')
+        self.assertEqual(res.content, b"abc")
 
-        res = StreamingHttpResponse(['abc'])
+        res = StreamingHttpResponse(["abc"])
         conditional_content_removal(req, res)
-        self.assertEqual(b''.join(res), b'abc')
+        self.assertEqual(b"".join(res), b"abc")
 
         # Strip content for some status codes.
         for status_code in (100, 150, 199, 204, 304):
-            res = HttpResponse('abc', status=status_code)
+            res = HttpResponse("abc", status=status_code)
             conditional_content_removal(req, res)
-            self.assertEqual(res.content, b'')
+            self.assertEqual(res.content, b"")
 
-            res = StreamingHttpResponse(['abc'], status=status_code)
+            res = StreamingHttpResponse(["abc"], status=status_code)
             conditional_content_removal(req, res)
-            self.assertEqual(b''.join(res), b'')
+            self.assertEqual(b"".join(res), b"")
 
         # Issue #20472
-        abc = gzip.compress(b'abc')
+        abc = gzip.compress(b"abc")
         res = HttpResponse(abc, status=304)
-        res['Content-Encoding'] = 'gzip'
+        res["Content-Encoding"] = "gzip"
         conditional_content_removal(req, res)
-        self.assertEqual(res.content, b'')
+        self.assertEqual(res.content, b"")
 
         res = StreamingHttpResponse([abc], status=304)
-        res['Content-Encoding'] = 'gzip'
+        res["Content-Encoding"] = "gzip"
         conditional_content_removal(req, res)
-        self.assertEqual(b''.join(res), b'')
+        self.assertEqual(b"".join(res), b"")
 
         # Strip content for HEAD requests.
-        req.method = 'HEAD'
+        req.method = "HEAD"
 
-        res = HttpResponse('abc')
+        res = HttpResponse("abc")
         conditional_content_removal(req, res)
-        self.assertEqual(res.content, b'')
+        self.assertEqual(res.content, b"")
 
-        res = StreamingHttpResponse(['abc'])
+        res = StreamingHttpResponse(["abc"])
         conditional_content_removal(req, res)
-        self.assertEqual(b''.join(res), b'')
+        self.assertEqual(b"".join(res), b"")
diff --git a/tests/test_client/test_fakepayload.py b/tests/test_client/test_fakepayload.py
index d33a95824d..191bf0e111 100644
--- a/tests/test_client/test_fakepayload.py
+++ b/tests/test_client/test_fakepayload.py
@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ class FakePayloadTests(SimpleTestCase):
         payload.read()
         msg = "Unable to write a payload after it's been read"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            payload.write(b'abc')
+            payload.write(b"abc")
diff --git a/tests/test_client/tests.py b/tests/test_client/tests.py
index 2496a1d79a..ea096efda4 100644
--- a/tests/test_client/tests.py
+++ b/tests/test_client/tests.py
@@ -27,8 +27,13 @@ from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.core import mail
 from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseNotAllowed
 from django.test import (
-    AsyncRequestFactory, Client, RequestFactory, SimpleTestCase, TestCase,
-    modify_settings, override_settings,
+    AsyncRequestFactory,
+    Client,
+    RequestFactory,
+    SimpleTestCase,
+    TestCase,
+    modify_settings,
+    override_settings,
 )
 from django.urls import reverse_lazy
 from django.utils.decorators import async_only_middleware
@@ -39,7 +44,7 @@ from .views import TwoArgException, get_view, post_view, trace_view
 
 def middleware_urlconf(get_response):
     def middleware(request):
-        request.urlconf = 'tests.test_client.urls_middleware_urlconf'
+        request.urlconf = "tests.test_client.urls_middleware_urlconf"
         return get_response(request)
 
     return middleware
@@ -48,36 +53,37 @@ def middleware_urlconf(get_response):
 @async_only_middleware
 def async_middleware_urlconf(get_response):
     async def middleware(request):
-        request.urlconf = 'tests.test_client.urls_middleware_urlconf'
+        request.urlconf = "tests.test_client.urls_middleware_urlconf"
         return await get_response(request)
 
     return middleware
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_client.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_client.urls")
 class ClientTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.u1 = User.objects.create_user(username='testclient', password='password')
-        cls.u2 = User.objects.create_user(username='inactive', password='password', is_active=False)
+        cls.u1 = User.objects.create_user(username="testclient", password="password")
+        cls.u2 = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="inactive", password="password", is_active=False
+        )
 
     def test_get_view(self):
         "GET a view"
         # The data is ignored, but let's check it doesn't crash the system
         # anyway.
-        data = {'var': '\xf2'}
-        response = self.client.get('/get_view/', data)
+        data = {"var": "\xf2"}
+        response = self.client.get("/get_view/", data)
 
         # Check some response details
-        self.assertContains(response, 'This is a test')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['var'], '\xf2')
-        self.assertEqual(response.templates[0].name, 'GET Template')
+        self.assertContains(response, "This is a test")
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["var"], "\xf2")
+        self.assertEqual(response.templates[0].name, "GET Template")
 
     def test_query_string_encoding(self):
         # WSGI requires latin-1 encoded strings.
-        response = self.client.get('/get_view/?var=1\ufffd')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['var'], '1\ufffd')
+        response = self.client.get("/get_view/?var=1\ufffd")
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["var"], "1\ufffd")
 
     def test_get_data_none(self):
         msg = (
@@ -85,39 +91,37 @@ class ClientTest(TestCase):
             "mean to pass an empty string or omit the value?"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            self.client.get('/get_view/', {'value': None})
+            self.client.get("/get_view/", {"value": None})
 
     def test_get_post_view(self):
         "GET a view that normally expects POSTs"
-        response = self.client.get('/post_view/', {})
+        response = self.client.get("/post_view/", {})
 
         # Check some response details
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.templates[0].name, 'Empty GET Template')
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'Empty GET Template')
-        self.assertTemplateNotUsed(response, 'Empty POST Template')
+        self.assertEqual(response.templates[0].name, "Empty GET Template")
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "Empty GET Template")
+        self.assertTemplateNotUsed(response, "Empty POST Template")
 
     def test_empty_post(self):
         "POST an empty dictionary to a view"
-        response = self.client.post('/post_view/', {})
+        response = self.client.post("/post_view/", {})
 
         # Check some response details
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.templates[0].name, 'Empty POST Template')
-        self.assertTemplateNotUsed(response, 'Empty GET Template')
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'Empty POST Template')
+        self.assertEqual(response.templates[0].name, "Empty POST Template")
+        self.assertTemplateNotUsed(response, "Empty GET Template")
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "Empty POST Template")
 
     def test_post(self):
         "POST some data to a view"
-        post_data = {
-            'value': 37
-        }
-        response = self.client.post('/post_view/', post_data)
+        post_data = {"value": 37}
+        response = self.client.post("/post_view/", post_data)
 
         # Check some response details
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Data received')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['data'], '37')
-        self.assertEqual(response.templates[0].name, 'POST Template')
+        self.assertContains(response, "Data received")
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["data"], "37")
+        self.assertEqual(response.templates[0].name, "POST Template")
 
     def test_post_data_none(self):
         msg = (
@@ -125,13 +129,13 @@ class ClientTest(TestCase):
             "to pass an empty string or omit the value?"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            self.client.post('/post_view/', {'value': None})
+            self.client.post("/post_view/", {"value": None})
 
     def test_json_serialization(self):
         """The test client serializes JSON data."""
-        methods = ('post', 'put', 'patch', 'delete')
+        methods = ("post", "put", "patch", "delete")
         tests = (
-            ({'value': 37}, {'value': 37}),
+            ({"value": 37}, {"value": 37}),
             ([37, True], [37, True]),
             ((37, False), [37, False]),
         )
@@ -141,9 +145,11 @@ class ClientTest(TestCase):
                     with self.subTest(data):
                         client_method = getattr(self.client, method)
                         method_name = method.upper()
-                        response = client_method('/json_view/', data, content_type='application/json')
-                        self.assertContains(response, 'Viewing %s page.' % method_name)
-                        self.assertEqual(response.context['data'], expected)
+                        response = client_method(
+                            "/json_view/", data, content_type="application/json"
+                        )
+                        self.assertContains(response, "Viewing %s page." % method_name)
+                        self.assertEqual(response.context["data"], expected)
 
     def test_json_encoder_argument(self):
         """The test Client accepts a json_encoder."""
@@ -154,29 +160,31 @@ class ClientTest(TestCase):
 
         client = self.client_class(json_encoder=mock_encoder)
         # Vendored tree JSON content types are accepted.
-        client.post('/json_view/', {'value': 37}, content_type='application/vnd.api+json')
+        client.post(
+            "/json_view/", {"value": 37}, content_type="application/vnd.api+json"
+        )
         self.assertTrue(mock_encoder.called)
         self.assertTrue(mock_encoding.encode.called)
 
     def test_put(self):
-        response = self.client.put('/put_view/', {'foo': 'bar'})
+        response = self.client.put("/put_view/", {"foo": "bar"})
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.templates[0].name, 'PUT Template')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['data'], "{'foo': 'bar'}")
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['Content-Length'], '14')
+        self.assertEqual(response.templates[0].name, "PUT Template")
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["data"], "{'foo': 'bar'}")
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["Content-Length"], "14")
 
     def test_trace(self):
         """TRACE a view"""
-        response = self.client.trace('/trace_view/')
+        response = self.client.trace("/trace_view/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['method'], 'TRACE')
-        self.assertEqual(response.templates[0].name, 'TRACE Template')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["method"], "TRACE")
+        self.assertEqual(response.templates[0].name, "TRACE Template")
 
     def test_response_headers(self):
         "Check the value of HTTP headers returned in a response"
         response = self.client.get("/header_view/")
 
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['X-DJANGO-TEST'], 'Slartibartfast')
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["X-DJANGO-TEST"], "Slartibartfast")
 
     def test_response_attached_request(self):
         """
@@ -185,8 +193,8 @@ class ClientTest(TestCase):
         """
         response = self.client.get("/header_view/")
 
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(response, 'request'))
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(response, 'wsgi_request'))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(response, "request"))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(response, "wsgi_request"))
         for key, value in response.request.items():
             self.assertIn(key, response.wsgi_request.environ)
             self.assertEqual(response.wsgi_request.environ[key], value)
@@ -195,328 +203,337 @@ class ClientTest(TestCase):
         """
         The response contains a ResolverMatch instance.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/header_view/')
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(response, 'resolver_match'))
+        response = self.client.get("/header_view/")
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(response, "resolver_match"))
 
     def test_response_resolver_match_redirect_follow(self):
         """
         The response ResolverMatch instance contains the correct
         information when following redirects.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/redirect_view/', follow=True)
-        self.assertEqual(response.resolver_match.url_name, 'get_view')
+        response = self.client.get("/redirect_view/", follow=True)
+        self.assertEqual(response.resolver_match.url_name, "get_view")
 
     def test_response_resolver_match_regular_view(self):
         """
         The response ResolverMatch instance contains the correct
         information when accessing a regular view.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/get_view/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.resolver_match.url_name, 'get_view')
+        response = self.client.get("/get_view/")
+        self.assertEqual(response.resolver_match.url_name, "get_view")
 
     def test_response_resolver_match_class_based_view(self):
         """
         The response ResolverMatch instance can be used to access the CBV view
         class.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/accounts/')
+        response = self.client.get("/accounts/")
         self.assertIs(response.resolver_match.func.view_class, RedirectView)
 
-    @modify_settings(MIDDLEWARE={'prepend': 'test_client.tests.middleware_urlconf'})
+    @modify_settings(MIDDLEWARE={"prepend": "test_client.tests.middleware_urlconf"})
     def test_response_resolver_match_middleware_urlconf(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/middleware_urlconf_view/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.resolver_match.url_name, 'middleware_urlconf_view')
+        response = self.client.get("/middleware_urlconf_view/")
+        self.assertEqual(response.resolver_match.url_name, "middleware_urlconf_view")
 
     def test_raw_post(self):
         "POST raw data (with a content type) to a view"
         test_doc = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
         <library><book><title>Blink</title><author>Malcolm Gladwell</author></book></library>
         """
-        response = self.client.post('/raw_post_view/', test_doc, content_type='text/xml')
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/raw_post_view/", test_doc, content_type="text/xml"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(response.templates[0].name, "Book template")
         self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Blink - Malcolm Gladwell")
 
     def test_insecure(self):
         "GET a URL through http"
-        response = self.client.get('/secure_view/', secure=False)
+        response = self.client.get("/secure_view/", secure=False)
         self.assertFalse(response.test_was_secure_request)
-        self.assertEqual(response.test_server_port, '80')
+        self.assertEqual(response.test_server_port, "80")
 
     def test_secure(self):
         "GET a URL through https"
-        response = self.client.get('/secure_view/', secure=True)
+        response = self.client.get("/secure_view/", secure=True)
         self.assertTrue(response.test_was_secure_request)
-        self.assertEqual(response.test_server_port, '443')
+        self.assertEqual(response.test_server_port, "443")
 
     def test_redirect(self):
         "GET a URL that redirects elsewhere"
-        response = self.client.get('/redirect_view/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/get_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/redirect_view/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/get_view/")
 
     def test_redirect_with_query(self):
         "GET a URL that redirects with given GET parameters"
-        response = self.client.get('/redirect_view/', {'var': 'value'})
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/get_view/?var=value')
+        response = self.client.get("/redirect_view/", {"var": "value"})
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/get_view/?var=value")
 
     def test_redirect_with_query_ordering(self):
         """assertRedirects() ignores the order of query string parameters."""
-        response = self.client.get('/redirect_view/', {'var': 'value', 'foo': 'bar'})
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/get_view/?var=value&foo=bar')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/get_view/?foo=bar&var=value')
+        response = self.client.get("/redirect_view/", {"var": "value", "foo": "bar"})
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/get_view/?var=value&foo=bar")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/get_view/?foo=bar&var=value")
 
     def test_permanent_redirect(self):
         "GET a URL that redirects permanently elsewhere"
-        response = self.client.get('/permanent_redirect_view/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/get_view/', status_code=301)
+        response = self.client.get("/permanent_redirect_view/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/get_view/", status_code=301)
 
     def test_temporary_redirect(self):
         "GET a URL that does a non-permanent redirect"
-        response = self.client.get('/temporary_redirect_view/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/get_view/', status_code=302)
+        response = self.client.get("/temporary_redirect_view/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/get_view/", status_code=302)
 
     def test_redirect_to_strange_location(self):
         "GET a URL that redirects to a non-200 page"
-        response = self.client.get('/double_redirect_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/double_redirect_view/")
         # The response was a 302, and that the attempt to get the redirection
         # location returned 301 when retrieved
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/permanent_redirect_view/', target_status_code=301)
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/permanent_redirect_view/", target_status_code=301
+        )
 
     def test_follow_redirect(self):
         "A URL that redirects can be followed to termination."
-        response = self.client.get('/double_redirect_view/', follow=True)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/get_view/', status_code=302, target_status_code=200)
+        response = self.client.get("/double_redirect_view/", follow=True)
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/get_view/", status_code=302, target_status_code=200
+        )
         self.assertEqual(len(response.redirect_chain), 2)
 
     def test_follow_relative_redirect(self):
         "A URL with a relative redirect can be followed."
-        response = self.client.get('/accounts/', follow=True)
+        response = self.client.get("/accounts/", follow=True)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.request['PATH_INFO'], '/accounts/login/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.request["PATH_INFO"], "/accounts/login/")
 
     def test_follow_relative_redirect_no_trailing_slash(self):
         "A URL with a relative redirect with no trailing slash can be followed."
-        response = self.client.get('/accounts/no_trailing_slash', follow=True)
+        response = self.client.get("/accounts/no_trailing_slash", follow=True)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.request['PATH_INFO'], '/accounts/login/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.request["PATH_INFO"], "/accounts/login/")
 
     def test_redirect_to_querystring_only(self):
         """A URL that consists of a querystring only can be followed"""
-        response = self.client.post('/post_then_get_view/', follow=True)
+        response = self.client.post("/post_then_get_view/", follow=True)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.request['PATH_INFO'], '/post_then_get_view/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'The value of success is true.')
+        self.assertEqual(response.request["PATH_INFO"], "/post_then_get_view/")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"The value of success is true.")
 
     def test_follow_307_and_308_redirect(self):
         """
         A 307 or 308 redirect preserves the request method after the redirect.
         """
-        methods = ('get', 'post', 'head', 'options', 'put', 'patch', 'delete', 'trace')
+        methods = ("get", "post", "head", "options", "put", "patch", "delete", "trace")
         codes = (307, 308)
         for method, code in itertools.product(methods, codes):
             with self.subTest(method=method, code=code):
                 req_method = getattr(self.client, method)
-                response = req_method('/redirect_view_%s/' % code, data={'value': 'test'}, follow=True)
+                response = req_method(
+                    "/redirect_view_%s/" % code, data={"value": "test"}, follow=True
+                )
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-                self.assertEqual(response.request['PATH_INFO'], '/post_view/')
-                self.assertEqual(response.request['REQUEST_METHOD'], method.upper())
+                self.assertEqual(response.request["PATH_INFO"], "/post_view/")
+                self.assertEqual(response.request["REQUEST_METHOD"], method.upper())
 
     def test_follow_307_and_308_preserves_query_string(self):
-        methods = ('post', 'options', 'put', 'patch', 'delete', 'trace')
+        methods = ("post", "options", "put", "patch", "delete", "trace")
         codes = (307, 308)
         for method, code in itertools.product(methods, codes):
             with self.subTest(method=method, code=code):
                 req_method = getattr(self.client, method)
                 response = req_method(
-                    '/redirect_view_%s_query_string/' % code,
-                    data={'value': 'test'},
+                    "/redirect_view_%s_query_string/" % code,
+                    data={"value": "test"},
                     follow=True,
                 )
-                self.assertRedirects(response, '/post_view/?hello=world', status_code=code)
-                self.assertEqual(response.request['QUERY_STRING'], 'hello=world')
+                self.assertRedirects(
+                    response, "/post_view/?hello=world", status_code=code
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(response.request["QUERY_STRING"], "hello=world")
 
     def test_follow_307_and_308_get_head_query_string(self):
-        methods = ('get', 'head')
+        methods = ("get", "head")
         codes = (307, 308)
         for method, code in itertools.product(methods, codes):
             with self.subTest(method=method, code=code):
                 req_method = getattr(self.client, method)
                 response = req_method(
-                    '/redirect_view_%s_query_string/' % code,
-                    data={'value': 'test'},
+                    "/redirect_view_%s_query_string/" % code,
+                    data={"value": "test"},
                     follow=True,
                 )
-                self.assertRedirects(response, '/post_view/?hello=world', status_code=code)
-                self.assertEqual(response.request['QUERY_STRING'], 'value=test')
+                self.assertRedirects(
+                    response, "/post_view/?hello=world", status_code=code
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(response.request["QUERY_STRING"], "value=test")
 
     def test_follow_307_and_308_preserves_post_data(self):
         for code in (307, 308):
             with self.subTest(code=code):
-                response = self.client.post('/redirect_view_%s/' % code, data={'value': 'test'}, follow=True)
-                self.assertContains(response, 'test is the value')
+                response = self.client.post(
+                    "/redirect_view_%s/" % code, data={"value": "test"}, follow=True
+                )
+                self.assertContains(response, "test is the value")
 
     def test_follow_307_and_308_preserves_put_body(self):
         for code in (307, 308):
             with self.subTest(code=code):
-                response = self.client.put('/redirect_view_%s/?to=/put_view/' % code, data='a=b', follow=True)
-                self.assertContains(response, 'a=b is the body')
+                response = self.client.put(
+                    "/redirect_view_%s/?to=/put_view/" % code, data="a=b", follow=True
+                )
+                self.assertContains(response, "a=b is the body")
 
     def test_follow_307_and_308_preserves_get_params(self):
-        data = {'var': 30, 'to': '/get_view/'}
+        data = {"var": 30, "to": "/get_view/"}
         for code in (307, 308):
             with self.subTest(code=code):
-                response = self.client.get('/redirect_view_%s/' % code, data=data, follow=True)
-                self.assertContains(response, '30 is the value')
+                response = self.client.get(
+                    "/redirect_view_%s/" % code, data=data, follow=True
+                )
+                self.assertContains(response, "30 is the value")
 
     def test_redirect_http(self):
         """GET a URL that redirects to an HTTP URI."""
-        response = self.client.get('/http_redirect_view/', follow=True)
+        response = self.client.get("/http_redirect_view/", follow=True)
         self.assertFalse(response.test_was_secure_request)
 
     def test_redirect_https(self):
         """GET a URL that redirects to an HTTPS URI."""
-        response = self.client.get('/https_redirect_view/', follow=True)
+        response = self.client.get("/https_redirect_view/", follow=True)
         self.assertTrue(response.test_was_secure_request)
 
     def test_notfound_response(self):
         "GET a URL that responds as '404:Not Found'"
-        response = self.client.get('/bad_view/')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'MAGIC', status_code=404)
+        response = self.client.get("/bad_view/")
+        self.assertContains(response, "MAGIC", status_code=404)
 
     def test_valid_form(self):
         "POST valid data to a form"
         post_data = {
-            'text': 'Hello World',
-            'email': 'foo@example.com',
-            'value': 37,
-            'single': 'b',
-            'multi': ('b', 'c', 'e')
+            "text": "Hello World",
+            "email": "foo@example.com",
+            "value": 37,
+            "single": "b",
+            "multi": ("b", "c", "e"),
         }
-        response = self.client.post('/form_view/', post_data)
+        response = self.client.post("/form_view/", post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "Valid POST Template")
 
     def test_valid_form_with_hints(self):
         "GET a form, providing hints in the GET data"
-        hints = {
-            'text': 'Hello World',
-            'multi': ('b', 'c', 'e')
-        }
-        response = self.client.get('/form_view/', data=hints)
+        hints = {"text": "Hello World", "multi": ("b", "c", "e")}
+        response = self.client.get("/form_view/", data=hints)
         # The multi-value data has been rolled out ok
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Select a valid choice.', 0)
+        self.assertContains(response, "Select a valid choice.", 0)
         self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "Form GET Template")
 
     def test_incomplete_data_form(self):
         "POST incomplete data to a form"
-        post_data = {
-            'text': 'Hello World',
-            'value': 37
-        }
-        response = self.client.post('/form_view/', post_data)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'This field is required.', 3)
+        post_data = {"text": "Hello World", "value": 37}
+        response = self.client.post("/form_view/", post_data)
+        self.assertContains(response, "This field is required.", 3)
         self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "Invalid POST Template")
 
-        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'email', 'This field is required.')
-        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'single', 'This field is required.')
-        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'multi', 'This field is required.')
+        self.assertFormError(response, "form", "email", "This field is required.")
+        self.assertFormError(response, "form", "single", "This field is required.")
+        self.assertFormError(response, "form", "multi", "This field is required.")
 
     def test_form_error(self):
         "POST erroneous data to a form"
         post_data = {
-            'text': 'Hello World',
-            'email': 'not an email address',
-            'value': 37,
-            'single': 'b',
-            'multi': ('b', 'c', 'e')
+            "text": "Hello World",
+            "email": "not an email address",
+            "value": 37,
+            "single": "b",
+            "multi": ("b", "c", "e"),
         }
-        response = self.client.post('/form_view/', post_data)
+        response = self.client.post("/form_view/", post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "Invalid POST Template")
 
-        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'email', 'Enter a valid email address.')
+        self.assertFormError(response, "form", "email", "Enter a valid email address.")
 
     def test_valid_form_with_template(self):
         "POST valid data to a form using multiple templates"
         post_data = {
-            'text': 'Hello World',
-            'email': 'foo@example.com',
-            'value': 37,
-            'single': 'b',
-            'multi': ('b', 'c', 'e')
+            "text": "Hello World",
+            "email": "foo@example.com",
+            "value": 37,
+            "single": "b",
+            "multi": ("b", "c", "e"),
         }
-        response = self.client.post('/form_view_with_template/', post_data)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'POST data OK')
+        response = self.client.post("/form_view_with_template/", post_data)
+        self.assertContains(response, "POST data OK")
         self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "form_view.html")
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'base.html')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "base.html")
         self.assertTemplateNotUsed(response, "Valid POST Template")
 
     def test_incomplete_data_form_with_template(self):
         "POST incomplete data to a form using multiple templates"
-        post_data = {
-            'text': 'Hello World',
-            'value': 37
-        }
-        response = self.client.post('/form_view_with_template/', post_data)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'POST data has errors')
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'form_view.html')
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'base.html')
+        post_data = {"text": "Hello World", "value": 37}
+        response = self.client.post("/form_view_with_template/", post_data)
+        self.assertContains(response, "POST data has errors")
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "form_view.html")
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "base.html")
         self.assertTemplateNotUsed(response, "Invalid POST Template")
 
-        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'email', 'This field is required.')
-        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'single', 'This field is required.')
-        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'multi', 'This field is required.')
+        self.assertFormError(response, "form", "email", "This field is required.")
+        self.assertFormError(response, "form", "single", "This field is required.")
+        self.assertFormError(response, "form", "multi", "This field is required.")
 
     def test_form_error_with_template(self):
         "POST erroneous data to a form using multiple templates"
         post_data = {
-            'text': 'Hello World',
-            'email': 'not an email address',
-            'value': 37,
-            'single': 'b',
-            'multi': ('b', 'c', 'e')
+            "text": "Hello World",
+            "email": "not an email address",
+            "value": 37,
+            "single": "b",
+            "multi": ("b", "c", "e"),
         }
-        response = self.client.post('/form_view_with_template/', post_data)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'POST data has errors')
+        response = self.client.post("/form_view_with_template/", post_data)
+        self.assertContains(response, "POST data has errors")
         self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "form_view.html")
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'base.html')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "base.html")
         self.assertTemplateNotUsed(response, "Invalid POST Template")
 
-        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'email', 'Enter a valid email address.')
+        self.assertFormError(response, "form", "email", "Enter a valid email address.")
 
     def test_unknown_page(self):
         "GET an invalid URL"
-        response = self.client.get('/unknown_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/unknown_view/")
 
         # The response was a 404
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_url_parameters(self):
         "Make sure that URL ;-parameters are not stripped."
-        response = self.client.get('/unknown_view/;some-parameter')
+        response = self.client.get("/unknown_view/;some-parameter")
 
         # The path in the response includes it (ignore that it's a 404)
-        self.assertEqual(response.request['PATH_INFO'], '/unknown_view/;some-parameter')
+        self.assertEqual(response.request["PATH_INFO"], "/unknown_view/;some-parameter")
 
     def test_view_with_login(self):
         "Request a page that is protected with @login_required"
 
         # Get the page without logging in. Should result in 302.
-        response = self.client.get('/login_protected_view/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/accounts/login/?next=/login_protected_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/login_protected_view/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/accounts/login/?next=/login_protected_view/")
 
         # Log in
-        login = self.client.login(username='testclient', password='password')
-        self.assertTrue(login, 'Could not log in')
+        login = self.client.login(username="testclient", password="password")
+        self.assertTrue(login, "Could not log in")
 
         # Request a page that requires a login
-        response = self.client.get('/login_protected_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/login_protected_view/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'testclient')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["user"].username, "testclient")
 
     @override_settings(
-        INSTALLED_APPS=['django.contrib.auth'],
-        SESSION_ENGINE='django.contrib.sessions.backends.file',
+        INSTALLED_APPS=["django.contrib.auth"],
+        SESSION_ENGINE="django.contrib.sessions.backends.file",
     )
     def test_view_with_login_when_sessions_app_is_not_installed(self):
         self.test_view_with_login()
@@ -524,62 +541,69 @@ class ClientTest(TestCase):
     def test_view_with_force_login(self):
         "Request a page that is protected with @login_required"
         # Get the page without logging in. Should result in 302.
-        response = self.client.get('/login_protected_view/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/accounts/login/?next=/login_protected_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/login_protected_view/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/accounts/login/?next=/login_protected_view/")
 
         # Log in
         self.client.force_login(self.u1)
 
         # Request a page that requires a login
-        response = self.client.get('/login_protected_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/login_protected_view/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'testclient')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["user"].username, "testclient")
 
     def test_view_with_method_login(self):
         "Request a page that is protected with a @login_required method"
 
         # Get the page without logging in. Should result in 302.
-        response = self.client.get('/login_protected_method_view/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/accounts/login/?next=/login_protected_method_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/login_protected_method_view/")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/accounts/login/?next=/login_protected_method_view/"
+        )
 
         # Log in
-        login = self.client.login(username='testclient', password='password')
-        self.assertTrue(login, 'Could not log in')
+        login = self.client.login(username="testclient", password="password")
+        self.assertTrue(login, "Could not log in")
 
         # Request a page that requires a login
-        response = self.client.get('/login_protected_method_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/login_protected_method_view/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'testclient')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["user"].username, "testclient")
 
     def test_view_with_method_force_login(self):
         "Request a page that is protected with a @login_required method"
         # Get the page without logging in. Should result in 302.
-        response = self.client.get('/login_protected_method_view/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/accounts/login/?next=/login_protected_method_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/login_protected_method_view/")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/accounts/login/?next=/login_protected_method_view/"
+        )
 
         # Log in
         self.client.force_login(self.u1)
 
         # Request a page that requires a login
-        response = self.client.get('/login_protected_method_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/login_protected_method_view/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'testclient')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["user"].username, "testclient")
 
     def test_view_with_login_and_custom_redirect(self):
         "Request a page that is protected with @login_required(redirect_field_name='redirect_to')"
 
         # Get the page without logging in. Should result in 302.
-        response = self.client.get('/login_protected_view_custom_redirect/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/accounts/login/?redirect_to=/login_protected_view_custom_redirect/')
+        response = self.client.get("/login_protected_view_custom_redirect/")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response,
+            "/accounts/login/?redirect_to=/login_protected_view_custom_redirect/",
+        )
 
         # Log in
-        login = self.client.login(username='testclient', password='password')
-        self.assertTrue(login, 'Could not log in')
+        login = self.client.login(username="testclient", password="password")
+        self.assertTrue(login, "Could not log in")
 
         # Request a page that requires a login
-        response = self.client.get('/login_protected_view_custom_redirect/')
+        response = self.client.get("/login_protected_view_custom_redirect/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'testclient')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["user"].username, "testclient")
 
     def test_view_with_force_login_and_custom_redirect(self):
         """
@@ -587,70 +611,79 @@ class ClientTest(TestCase):
         @login_required(redirect_field_name='redirect_to')
         """
         # Get the page without logging in. Should result in 302.
-        response = self.client.get('/login_protected_view_custom_redirect/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/accounts/login/?redirect_to=/login_protected_view_custom_redirect/')
+        response = self.client.get("/login_protected_view_custom_redirect/")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response,
+            "/accounts/login/?redirect_to=/login_protected_view_custom_redirect/",
+        )
 
         # Log in
         self.client.force_login(self.u1)
 
         # Request a page that requires a login
-        response = self.client.get('/login_protected_view_custom_redirect/')
+        response = self.client.get("/login_protected_view_custom_redirect/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'testclient')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["user"].username, "testclient")
 
     def test_view_with_bad_login(self):
         "Request a page that is protected with @login, but use bad credentials"
 
-        login = self.client.login(username='otheruser', password='nopassword')
+        login = self.client.login(username="otheruser", password="nopassword")
         self.assertFalse(login)
 
     def test_view_with_inactive_login(self):
         """
         An inactive user may login if the authenticate backend allows it.
         """
-        credentials = {'username': 'inactive', 'password': 'password'}
+        credentials = {"username": "inactive", "password": "password"}
         self.assertFalse(self.client.login(**credentials))
 
-        with self.settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=['django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend']):
+        with self.settings(
+            AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=[
+                "django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend"
+            ]
+        ):
             self.assertTrue(self.client.login(**credentials))
 
     @override_settings(
         AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=[
-            'django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend',
-            'django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend',
+            "django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend",
+            "django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend",
         ]
     )
     def test_view_with_inactive_force_login(self):
         "Request a page that is protected with @login, but use an inactive login"
 
         # Get the page without logging in. Should result in 302.
-        response = self.client.get('/login_protected_view/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/accounts/login/?next=/login_protected_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/login_protected_view/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/accounts/login/?next=/login_protected_view/")
 
         # Log in
-        self.client.force_login(self.u2, backend='django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend')
+        self.client.force_login(
+            self.u2, backend="django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend"
+        )
 
         # Request a page that requires a login
-        response = self.client.get('/login_protected_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/login_protected_view/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'inactive')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["user"].username, "inactive")
 
     def test_logout(self):
         "Request a logout after logging in"
         # Log in
-        self.client.login(username='testclient', password='password')
+        self.client.login(username="testclient", password="password")
 
         # Request a page that requires a login
-        response = self.client.get('/login_protected_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/login_protected_view/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'testclient')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["user"].username, "testclient")
 
         # Log out
         self.client.logout()
 
         # Request a page that requires a login
-        response = self.client.get('/login_protected_view/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/accounts/login/?next=/login_protected_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/login_protected_view/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/accounts/login/?next=/login_protected_view/")
 
     def test_logout_with_force_login(self):
         "Request a logout after logging in"
@@ -658,21 +691,21 @@ class ClientTest(TestCase):
         self.client.force_login(self.u1)
 
         # Request a page that requires a login
-        response = self.client.get('/login_protected_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/login_protected_view/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'testclient')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["user"].username, "testclient")
 
         # Log out
         self.client.logout()
 
         # Request a page that requires a login
-        response = self.client.get('/login_protected_view/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/accounts/login/?next=/login_protected_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/login_protected_view/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/accounts/login/?next=/login_protected_view/")
 
     @override_settings(
         AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=[
-            'django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend',
-            'test_client.auth_backends.TestClientBackend',
+            "django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend",
+            "test_client.auth_backends.TestClientBackend",
         ],
     )
     def test_force_login_with_backend(self):
@@ -681,22 +714,24 @@ class ClientTest(TestCase):
         force_login() and passing a backend.
         """
         # Get the page without logging in. Should result in 302.
-        response = self.client.get('/login_protected_view/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/accounts/login/?next=/login_protected_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/login_protected_view/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/accounts/login/?next=/login_protected_view/")
 
         # Log in
-        self.client.force_login(self.u1, backend='test_client.auth_backends.TestClientBackend')
-        self.assertEqual(self.u1.backend, 'test_client.auth_backends.TestClientBackend')
+        self.client.force_login(
+            self.u1, backend="test_client.auth_backends.TestClientBackend"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(self.u1.backend, "test_client.auth_backends.TestClientBackend")
 
         # Request a page that requires a login
-        response = self.client.get('/login_protected_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/login_protected_view/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'testclient')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["user"].username, "testclient")
 
     @override_settings(
         AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=[
-            'django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend',
-            'test_client.auth_backends.TestClientBackend',
+            "django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend",
+            "test_client.auth_backends.TestClientBackend",
         ],
     )
     def test_force_login_without_backend(self):
@@ -705,21 +740,23 @@ class ClientTest(TestCase):
         configured should automatically use the first backend.
         """
         self.client.force_login(self.u1)
-        response = self.client.get('/login_protected_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/login_protected_view/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'testclient')
-        self.assertEqual(self.u1.backend, 'django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["user"].username, "testclient")
+        self.assertEqual(self.u1.backend, "django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend")
 
-    @override_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=[
-        'test_client.auth_backends.BackendWithoutGetUserMethod',
-        'django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend',
-    ])
+    @override_settings(
+        AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=[
+            "test_client.auth_backends.BackendWithoutGetUserMethod",
+            "django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend",
+        ]
+    )
     def test_force_login_with_backend_missing_get_user(self):
         """
         force_login() skips auth backends without a get_user() method.
         """
         self.client.force_login(self.u1)
-        self.assertEqual(self.u1.backend, 'django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend')
+        self.assertEqual(self.u1.backend, "django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend")
 
     @override_settings(SESSION_ENGINE="django.contrib.sessions.backends.signed_cookies")
     def test_logout_cookie_sessions(self):
@@ -729,16 +766,20 @@ class ClientTest(TestCase):
         "Request a page that is protected with @permission_required"
 
         # Get the page without logging in. Should result in 302.
-        response = self.client.get('/permission_protected_view/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/accounts/login/?next=/permission_protected_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/permission_protected_view/")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/accounts/login/?next=/permission_protected_view/"
+        )
 
         # Log in
-        login = self.client.login(username='testclient', password='password')
-        self.assertTrue(login, 'Could not log in')
+        login = self.client.login(username="testclient", password="password")
+        self.assertTrue(login, "Could not log in")
 
         # Log in with wrong permissions. Should result in 302.
-        response = self.client.get('/permission_protected_view/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/accounts/login/?next=/permission_protected_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/permission_protected_view/")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/accounts/login/?next=/permission_protected_view/"
+        )
 
         # TODO: Log in with right permissions and request the page again
 
@@ -746,51 +787,57 @@ class ClientTest(TestCase):
         "Request a page that is protected with @permission_required but raises an exception"
 
         # Get the page without logging in. Should result in 403.
-        response = self.client.get('/permission_protected_view_exception/')
+        response = self.client.get("/permission_protected_view_exception/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
 
         # Log in
-        login = self.client.login(username='testclient', password='password')
-        self.assertTrue(login, 'Could not log in')
+        login = self.client.login(username="testclient", password="password")
+        self.assertTrue(login, "Could not log in")
 
         # Log in with wrong permissions. Should result in 403.
-        response = self.client.get('/permission_protected_view_exception/')
+        response = self.client.get("/permission_protected_view_exception/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
 
     def test_view_with_method_permissions(self):
         "Request a page that is protected with a @permission_required method"
 
         # Get the page without logging in. Should result in 302.
-        response = self.client.get('/permission_protected_method_view/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/accounts/login/?next=/permission_protected_method_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/permission_protected_method_view/")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/accounts/login/?next=/permission_protected_method_view/"
+        )
 
         # Log in
-        login = self.client.login(username='testclient', password='password')
-        self.assertTrue(login, 'Could not log in')
+        login = self.client.login(username="testclient", password="password")
+        self.assertTrue(login, "Could not log in")
 
         # Log in with wrong permissions. Should result in 302.
-        response = self.client.get('/permission_protected_method_view/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/accounts/login/?next=/permission_protected_method_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/permission_protected_method_view/")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/accounts/login/?next=/permission_protected_method_view/"
+        )
 
         # TODO: Log in with right permissions and request the page again
 
     def test_external_redirect(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/django_project_redirect/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, 'https://www.djangoproject.com/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        response = self.client.get("/django_project_redirect/")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "https://www.djangoproject.com/", fetch_redirect_response=False
+        )
 
     def test_external_redirect_without_trailing_slash(self):
         """
         Client._handle_redirects() with an empty path.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/no_trailing_slash_external_redirect/', follow=True)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, 'https://testserver')
+        response = self.client.get("/no_trailing_slash_external_redirect/", follow=True)
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "https://testserver")
 
     def test_external_redirect_with_fetch_error_msg(self):
         """
         assertRedirects without fetch_redirect_response=False raises
         a relevant ValueError rather than a non-descript AssertionError.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/django_project_redirect/')
+        response = self.client.get("/django_project_redirect/")
         msg = (
             "The test client is unable to fetch remote URLs (got "
             "https://www.djangoproject.com/). If the host is served by Django, "
@@ -798,31 +845,31 @@ class ClientTest(TestCase):
             "Otherwise, use assertRedirects(..., fetch_redirect_response=False)."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            self.assertRedirects(response, 'https://www.djangoproject.com/')
+            self.assertRedirects(response, "https://www.djangoproject.com/")
 
     def test_session_modifying_view(self):
         "Request a page that modifies the session"
         # Session value isn't set initially
         with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
-            self.client.session['tobacconist']
+            self.client.session["tobacconist"]
 
-        self.client.post('/session_view/')
+        self.client.post("/session_view/")
         # The session was modified
-        self.assertEqual(self.client.session['tobacconist'], 'hovercraft')
+        self.assertEqual(self.client.session["tobacconist"], "hovercraft")
 
     @override_settings(
         INSTALLED_APPS=[],
-        SESSION_ENGINE='django.contrib.sessions.backends.file',
+        SESSION_ENGINE="django.contrib.sessions.backends.file",
     )
     def test_sessions_app_is_not_installed(self):
         self.test_session_modifying_view()
 
     @override_settings(
         INSTALLED_APPS=[],
-        SESSION_ENGINE='django.contrib.sessions.backends.nonexistent',
+        SESSION_ENGINE="django.contrib.sessions.backends.nonexistent",
     )
     def test_session_engine_is_invalid(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImportError, 'nonexistent'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImportError, "nonexistent"):
             self.test_session_modifying_view()
 
     def test_view_with_exception(self):
@@ -846,92 +893,91 @@ class ClientTest(TestCase):
 
     def test_mail_sending(self):
         "Mail is redirected to a dummy outbox during test setup"
-        response = self.client.get('/mail_sending_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/mail_sending_view/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, 'Test message')
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].body, 'This is a test email')
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].from_email, 'from@example.com')
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].to[0], 'first@example.com')
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].to[1], 'second@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, "Test message")
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].body, "This is a test email")
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].from_email, "from@example.com")
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].to[0], "first@example.com")
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].to[1], "second@example.com")
 
     def test_reverse_lazy_decodes(self):
         "reverse_lazy() works in the test client"
-        data = {'var': 'data'}
-        response = self.client.get(reverse_lazy('get_view'), data)
+        data = {"var": "data"}
+        response = self.client.get(reverse_lazy("get_view"), data)
 
         # Check some response details
-        self.assertContains(response, 'This is a test')
+        self.assertContains(response, "This is a test")
 
     def test_relative_redirect(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/accounts/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/accounts/login/')
+        response = self.client.get("/accounts/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/accounts/login/")
 
     def test_relative_redirect_no_trailing_slash(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/accounts/no_trailing_slash')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/accounts/login/')
+        response = self.client.get("/accounts/no_trailing_slash")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/accounts/login/")
 
     def test_mass_mail_sending(self):
         "Mass mail is redirected to a dummy outbox during test setup"
-        response = self.client.get('/mass_mail_sending_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/mass_mail_sending_view/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, 'First Test message')
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].body, 'This is the first test email')
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].from_email, 'from@example.com')
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].to[0], 'first@example.com')
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].to[1], 'second@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, "First Test message")
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].body, "This is the first test email")
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].from_email, "from@example.com")
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].to[0], "first@example.com")
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].to[1], "second@example.com")
 
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[1].subject, 'Second Test message')
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[1].body, 'This is the second test email')
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[1].from_email, 'from@example.com')
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[1].to[0], 'second@example.com')
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[1].to[1], 'third@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[1].subject, "Second Test message")
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[1].body, "This is the second test email")
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[1].from_email, "from@example.com")
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[1].to[0], "second@example.com")
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[1].to[1], "third@example.com")
 
     def test_exception_following_nested_client_request(self):
         """
         A nested test client request shouldn't clobber exception signals from
         the outer client request.
         """
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(Exception, 'exception message'):
-            self.client.get('/nesting_exception_view/')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(Exception, "exception message"):
+            self.client.get("/nesting_exception_view/")
 
     def test_response_raises_multi_arg_exception(self):
         """A request may raise an exception with more than one required arg."""
         with self.assertRaises(TwoArgException) as cm:
-            self.client.get('/two_arg_exception/')
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.args, ('one', 'two'))
+            self.client.get("/two_arg_exception/")
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.args, ("one", "two"))
 
     def test_uploading_temp_file(self):
         with tempfile.TemporaryFile() as test_file:
-            response = self.client.post('/upload_view/', data={'temp_file': test_file})
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'temp_file')
+            response = self.client.post("/upload_view/", data={"temp_file": test_file})
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"temp_file")
 
     def test_uploading_named_temp_file(self):
         with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as test_file:
             response = self.client.post(
-                '/upload_view/',
-                data={'named_temp_file': test_file},
+                "/upload_view/",
+                data={"named_temp_file": test_file},
             )
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'named_temp_file')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"named_temp_file")
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    MIDDLEWARE=['django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware'],
-    ROOT_URLCONF='test_client.urls',
+    MIDDLEWARE=["django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware"],
+    ROOT_URLCONF="test_client.urls",
 )
 class CSRFEnabledClientTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_csrf_enabled_client(self):
         "A client can be instantiated with CSRF checks enabled"
         csrf_client = Client(enforce_csrf_checks=True)
         # The normal client allows the post
-        response = self.client.post('/post_view/', {})
+        response = self.client.post("/post_view/", {})
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         # The CSRF-enabled client rejects it
-        response = csrf_client.post('/post_view/', {})
+        response = csrf_client.post("/post_view/", {})
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
 
 
@@ -951,20 +997,20 @@ def _generic_view(request):
     return HttpResponse(status=200)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_client.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_client.urls")
 class RequestFactoryTest(SimpleTestCase):
     """Tests for the request factory."""
 
     # A mapping between names of HTTP/1.1 methods and their test views.
     http_methods_and_views = (
-        ('get', get_view),
-        ('post', post_view),
-        ('put', _generic_view),
-        ('patch', _generic_view),
-        ('delete', _generic_view),
-        ('head', _generic_view),
-        ('options', _generic_view),
-        ('trace', trace_view),
+        ("get", get_view),
+        ("post", post_view),
+        ("put", _generic_view),
+        ("patch", _generic_view),
+        ("delete", _generic_view),
+        ("head", _generic_view),
+        ("options", _generic_view),
+        ("trace", trace_view),
     )
     request_factory = RequestFactory()
 
@@ -972,7 +1018,7 @@ class RequestFactoryTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """The request factory implements all the HTTP/1.1 methods."""
         for method_name, view in self.http_methods_and_views:
             method = getattr(self.request_factory, method_name)
-            request = method('/somewhere/')
+            request = method("/somewhere/")
             response = view(request)
             self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
@@ -980,13 +1026,13 @@ class RequestFactoryTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         The request factory returns a templated response for a GET request.
         """
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/somewhere/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/somewhere/")
         response = get_view(request)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'This is a test')
+        self.assertContains(response, "This is a test")
 
     def test_trace_request_from_factory(self):
         """The request factory returns an echo response for a TRACE request."""
-        url_path = '/somewhere/'
+        url_path = "/somewhere/"
         request = self.request_factory.trace(url_path)
         response = trace_view(request)
         protocol = request.META["SERVER_PROTOCOL"]
@@ -994,67 +1040,68 @@ class RequestFactoryTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertContains(response, echoed_request_line)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_client.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_client.urls")
 class AsyncClientTest(TestCase):
     async def test_response_resolver_match(self):
-        response = await self.async_client.get('/async_get_view/')
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(response, 'resolver_match'))
-        self.assertEqual(response.resolver_match.url_name, 'async_get_view')
+        response = await self.async_client.get("/async_get_view/")
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(response, "resolver_match"))
+        self.assertEqual(response.resolver_match.url_name, "async_get_view")
 
     @modify_settings(
-        MIDDLEWARE={'prepend': 'test_client.tests.async_middleware_urlconf'},
+        MIDDLEWARE={"prepend": "test_client.tests.async_middleware_urlconf"},
     )
     async def test_response_resolver_match_middleware_urlconf(self):
-        response = await self.async_client.get('/middleware_urlconf_view/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.resolver_match.url_name, 'middleware_urlconf_view')
+        response = await self.async_client.get("/middleware_urlconf_view/")
+        self.assertEqual(response.resolver_match.url_name, "middleware_urlconf_view")
 
     async def test_follow_parameter_not_implemented(self):
-        msg = 'AsyncClient request methods do not accept the follow parameter.'
+        msg = "AsyncClient request methods do not accept the follow parameter."
         tests = (
-            'get',
-            'post',
-            'put',
-            'patch',
-            'delete',
-            'head',
-            'options',
-            'trace',
+            "get",
+            "post",
+            "put",
+            "patch",
+            "delete",
+            "head",
+            "options",
+            "trace",
         )
         for method_name in tests:
             with self.subTest(method=method_name):
                 method = getattr(self.async_client, method_name)
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
-                    await method('/redirect_view/', follow=True)
+                    await method("/redirect_view/", follow=True)
 
     async def test_get_data(self):
-        response = await self.async_client.get('/get_view/', {'var': 'val'})
-        self.assertContains(response, 'This is a test. val is the value.')
+        response = await self.async_client.get("/get_view/", {"var": "val"})
+        self.assertContains(response, "This is a test. val is the value.")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_client.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_client.urls")
 class AsyncRequestFactoryTest(SimpleTestCase):
     request_factory = AsyncRequestFactory()
 
     async def test_request_factory(self):
         tests = (
-            'get',
-            'post',
-            'put',
-            'patch',
-            'delete',
-            'head',
-            'options',
-            'trace',
+            "get",
+            "post",
+            "put",
+            "patch",
+            "delete",
+            "head",
+            "options",
+            "trace",
         )
         for method_name in tests:
             with self.subTest(method=method_name):
+
                 async def async_generic_view(request):
                     if request.method.lower() != method_name:
                         return HttpResponseNotAllowed(method_name)
                     return HttpResponse(status=200)
 
                 method = getattr(self.request_factory, method_name)
-                request = method('/somewhere/')
+                request = method("/somewhere/")
                 response = await async_generic_view(request)
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
@@ -1063,28 +1110,28 @@ class AsyncRequestFactoryTest(SimpleTestCase):
             return HttpResponse(status=200, content=request.body)
 
         request = self.request_factory.post(
-            '/somewhere/',
-            data={'example': 'data'},
-            content_type='application/json',
+            "/somewhere/",
+            data={"example": "data"},
+            content_type="application/json",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(request.headers['content-length'], '19')
-        self.assertEqual(request.headers['content-type'], 'application/json')
+        self.assertEqual(request.headers["content-length"], "19")
+        self.assertEqual(request.headers["content-type"], "application/json")
         response = await async_generic_view(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(response.content, b'{"example": "data"}')
 
     def test_request_factory_sets_headers(self):
         request = self.request_factory.get(
-            '/somewhere/',
-            AUTHORIZATION='Bearer faketoken',
-            X_ANOTHER_HEADER='some other value',
+            "/somewhere/",
+            AUTHORIZATION="Bearer faketoken",
+            X_ANOTHER_HEADER="some other value",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(request.headers['authorization'], 'Bearer faketoken')
-        self.assertIn('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION', request.META)
-        self.assertEqual(request.headers['x-another-header'], 'some other value')
-        self.assertIn('HTTP_X_ANOTHER_HEADER', request.META)
+        self.assertEqual(request.headers["authorization"], "Bearer faketoken")
+        self.assertIn("HTTP_AUTHORIZATION", request.META)
+        self.assertEqual(request.headers["x-another-header"], "some other value")
+        self.assertIn("HTTP_X_ANOTHER_HEADER", request.META)
 
     def test_request_factory_query_string(self):
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/somewhere/', {'example': 'data'})
-        self.assertNotIn('Query-String', request.headers)
-        self.assertEqual(request.GET['example'], 'data')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/somewhere/", {"example": "data"})
+        self.assertNotIn("Query-String", request.headers)
+        self.assertEqual(request.GET["example"], "data")
diff --git a/tests/test_client/urls.py b/tests/test_client/urls.py
index 51f1fdbb72..9ccd219fb5 100644
--- a/tests/test_client/urls.py
+++ b/tests/test_client/urls.py
@@ -5,55 +5,75 @@ from django.views.generic import RedirectView
 from . import views
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('upload_view/', views.upload_view, name='upload_view'),
-    path('get_view/', views.get_view, name='get_view'),
-    path('post_view/', views.post_view),
-    path('post_then_get_view/', views.post_then_get_view),
-    path('put_view/', views.put_view),
-    path('trace_view/', views.trace_view),
-    path('header_view/', views.view_with_header),
-    path('raw_post_view/', views.raw_post_view),
-    path('redirect_view/', views.redirect_view),
-    path('redirect_view_307/', views.method_saving_307_redirect_view),
+    path("upload_view/", views.upload_view, name="upload_view"),
+    path("get_view/", views.get_view, name="get_view"),
+    path("post_view/", views.post_view),
+    path("post_then_get_view/", views.post_then_get_view),
+    path("put_view/", views.put_view),
+    path("trace_view/", views.trace_view),
+    path("header_view/", views.view_with_header),
+    path("raw_post_view/", views.raw_post_view),
+    path("redirect_view/", views.redirect_view),
+    path("redirect_view_307/", views.method_saving_307_redirect_view),
     path(
-        'redirect_view_307_query_string/',
+        "redirect_view_307_query_string/",
         views.method_saving_307_redirect_query_string_view,
     ),
-    path('redirect_view_308/', views.method_saving_308_redirect_view),
+    path("redirect_view_308/", views.method_saving_308_redirect_view),
     path(
-        'redirect_view_308_query_string/',
+        "redirect_view_308_query_string/",
         views.method_saving_308_redirect_query_string_view,
     ),
-    path('secure_view/', views.view_with_secure),
-    path('permanent_redirect_view/', RedirectView.as_view(url='/get_view/', permanent=True)),
-    path('temporary_redirect_view/', RedirectView.as_view(url='/get_view/', permanent=False)),
-    path('http_redirect_view/', RedirectView.as_view(url='/secure_view/')),
-    path('https_redirect_view/', RedirectView.as_view(url='https://testserver/secure_view/')),
-    path('double_redirect_view/', views.double_redirect_view),
-    path('bad_view/', views.bad_view),
-    path('form_view/', views.form_view),
-    path('form_view_with_template/', views.form_view_with_template),
-    path('formset_view/', views.formset_view),
-    path('json_view/', views.json_view),
-    path('login_protected_view/', views.login_protected_view),
-    path('login_protected_method_view/', views.login_protected_method_view),
-    path('login_protected_view_custom_redirect/', views.login_protected_view_changed_redirect),
-    path('permission_protected_view/', views.permission_protected_view),
-    path('permission_protected_view_exception/', views.permission_protected_view_exception),
-    path('permission_protected_method_view/', views.permission_protected_method_view),
-    path('session_view/', views.session_view),
-    path('broken_view/', views.broken_view),
-    path('mail_sending_view/', views.mail_sending_view),
-    path('mass_mail_sending_view/', views.mass_mail_sending_view),
-    path('nesting_exception_view/', views.nesting_exception_view),
-    path('django_project_redirect/', views.django_project_redirect),
-    path('no_trailing_slash_external_redirect/', views.no_trailing_slash_external_redirect),
-    path('', views.index_view, name='index'),  # Target for no_trailing_slash_external_redirect/ with follow=True
-    path('two_arg_exception/', views.two_arg_exception),
-    path('accounts/', RedirectView.as_view(url='login/')),
-    path('accounts/no_trailing_slash', RedirectView.as_view(url='login/')),
-    path('accounts/login/', auth_views.LoginView.as_view(template_name='login.html')),
-    path('accounts/logout/', auth_views.LogoutView.as_view()),
+    path("secure_view/", views.view_with_secure),
+    path(
+        "permanent_redirect_view/",
+        RedirectView.as_view(url="/get_view/", permanent=True),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "temporary_redirect_view/",
+        RedirectView.as_view(url="/get_view/", permanent=False),
+    ),
+    path("http_redirect_view/", RedirectView.as_view(url="/secure_view/")),
+    path(
+        "https_redirect_view/",
+        RedirectView.as_view(url="https://testserver/secure_view/"),
+    ),
+    path("double_redirect_view/", views.double_redirect_view),
+    path("bad_view/", views.bad_view),
+    path("form_view/", views.form_view),
+    path("form_view_with_template/", views.form_view_with_template),
+    path("formset_view/", views.formset_view),
+    path("json_view/", views.json_view),
+    path("login_protected_view/", views.login_protected_view),
+    path("login_protected_method_view/", views.login_protected_method_view),
+    path(
+        "login_protected_view_custom_redirect/",
+        views.login_protected_view_changed_redirect,
+    ),
+    path("permission_protected_view/", views.permission_protected_view),
+    path(
+        "permission_protected_view_exception/",
+        views.permission_protected_view_exception,
+    ),
+    path("permission_protected_method_view/", views.permission_protected_method_view),
+    path("session_view/", views.session_view),
+    path("broken_view/", views.broken_view),
+    path("mail_sending_view/", views.mail_sending_view),
+    path("mass_mail_sending_view/", views.mass_mail_sending_view),
+    path("nesting_exception_view/", views.nesting_exception_view),
+    path("django_project_redirect/", views.django_project_redirect),
+    path(
+        "no_trailing_slash_external_redirect/",
+        views.no_trailing_slash_external_redirect,
+    ),
+    path(
+        "", views.index_view, name="index"
+    ),  # Target for no_trailing_slash_external_redirect/ with follow=True
+    path("two_arg_exception/", views.two_arg_exception),
+    path("accounts/", RedirectView.as_view(url="login/")),
+    path("accounts/no_trailing_slash", RedirectView.as_view(url="login/")),
+    path("accounts/login/", auth_views.LoginView.as_view(template_name="login.html")),
+    path("accounts/logout/", auth_views.LogoutView.as_view()),
     # Async views.
-    path('async_get_view/', views.async_get_view, name='async_get_view'),
+    path("async_get_view/", views.async_get_view, name="async_get_view"),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/test_client/urls_middleware_urlconf.py b/tests/test_client/urls_middleware_urlconf.py
index 59893699f9..106d9e6584 100644
--- a/tests/test_client/urls_middleware_urlconf.py
+++ b/tests/test_client/urls_middleware_urlconf.py
@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@ def empty_response(request):
 
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('middleware_urlconf_view/', empty_response, name='middleware_urlconf_view'),
+    path("middleware_urlconf_view/", empty_response, name="middleware_urlconf_view"),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/test_client/views.py b/tests/test_client/views.py
index fa2bac2943..4dc58fab8d 100644
--- a/tests/test_client/views.py
+++ b/tests/test_client/views.py
@@ -9,8 +9,11 @@ from django.forms import fields
 from django.forms.forms import Form
 from django.forms.formsets import BaseFormSet, formset_factory
 from django.http import (
-    HttpResponse, HttpResponseBadRequest, HttpResponseNotAllowed,
-    HttpResponseNotFound, HttpResponseRedirect,
+    HttpResponse,
+    HttpResponseBadRequest,
+    HttpResponseNotAllowed,
+    HttpResponseNotFound,
+    HttpResponseRedirect,
 )
 from django.shortcuts import render
 from django.template import Context, Template
@@ -20,14 +23,14 @@ from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
 
 def get_view(request):
     "A simple view that expects a GET request, and returns a rendered template"
-    t = Template('This is a test. {{ var }} is the value.', name='GET Template')
-    c = Context({'var': request.GET.get('var', 42)})
+    t = Template("This is a test. {{ var }} is the value.", name="GET Template")
+    c = Context({"var": request.GET.get("var", 42)})
 
     return HttpResponse(t.render(c))
 
 
 async def async_get_view(request):
-    return HttpResponse(b'GET content.')
+    return HttpResponse(b"GET content.")
 
 
 def trace_view(request):
@@ -44,26 +47,30 @@ def trace_view(request):
     else:
         protocol = request.META["SERVER_PROTOCOL"]
         t = Template(
-            '{{ method }} {{ uri }} {{ version }}',
+            "{{ method }} {{ uri }} {{ version }}",
             name="TRACE Template",
         )
-        c = Context({
-            'method': request.method,
-            'uri': request.path,
-            'version': protocol,
-        })
+        c = Context(
+            {
+                "method": request.method,
+                "uri": request.path,
+                "version": protocol,
+            }
+        )
         return HttpResponse(t.render(c))
 
 
 def put_view(request):
-    if request.method == 'PUT':
-        t = Template('Data received: {{ data }} is the body.', name='PUT Template')
-        c = Context({
-            'Content-Length': request.META['CONTENT_LENGTH'],
-            'data': request.body.decode(),
-        })
+    if request.method == "PUT":
+        t = Template("Data received: {{ data }} is the body.", name="PUT Template")
+        c = Context(
+            {
+                "Content-Length": request.META["CONTENT_LENGTH"],
+                "data": request.body.decode(),
+            }
+        )
     else:
-        t = Template('Viewing GET page.', name='Empty GET Template')
+        t = Template("Viewing GET page.", name="Empty GET Template")
         c = Context()
     return HttpResponse(t.render(c))
 
@@ -72,15 +79,17 @@ def post_view(request):
     """A view that expects a POST, and returns a different template depending
     on whether any POST data is available
     """
-    if request.method == 'POST':
+    if request.method == "POST":
         if request.POST:
-            t = Template('Data received: {{ data }} is the value.', name='POST Template')
-            c = Context({'data': request.POST['value']})
+            t = Template(
+                "Data received: {{ data }} is the value.", name="POST Template"
+            )
+            c = Context({"data": request.POST["value"]})
         else:
-            t = Template('Viewing POST page.', name='Empty POST Template')
+            t = Template("Viewing POST page.", name="Empty POST Template")
             c = Context()
     else:
-        t = Template('Viewing GET page.', name='Empty GET Template')
+        t = Template("Viewing GET page.", name="Empty GET Template")
         c = Context()
     return HttpResponse(t.render(c))
 
@@ -91,11 +100,11 @@ def post_then_get_view(request):
     to itself providing only a ?success=true querystring,
     the value of this querystring is then rendered upon GET.
     """
-    if request.method == 'POST':
-        return HttpResponseRedirect('?success=true')
+    if request.method == "POST":
+        return HttpResponseRedirect("?success=true")
 
-    t = Template('The value of success is {{ value }}.', name='GET Template')
-    c = Context({'value': request.GET.get('success', 'false')})
+    t = Template("The value of success is {{ value }}.", name="GET Template")
+    c = Context({"value": request.GET.get("success", "false")})
 
     return HttpResponse(t.render(c))
 
@@ -105,26 +114,26 @@ def json_view(request):
     A view that expects a request with the header 'application/json' and JSON
     data, which is deserialized and included in the context.
     """
-    if request.META.get('CONTENT_TYPE') != 'application/json':
+    if request.META.get("CONTENT_TYPE") != "application/json":
         return HttpResponse()
 
-    t = Template('Viewing {} page. With data {{ data }}.'.format(request.method))
-    data = json.loads(request.body.decode('utf-8'))
-    c = Context({'data': data})
+    t = Template("Viewing {} page. With data {{ data }}.".format(request.method))
+    data = json.loads(request.body.decode("utf-8"))
+    c = Context({"data": data})
     return HttpResponse(t.render(c))
 
 
 def view_with_header(request):
     "A view that has a custom header"
     response = HttpResponse()
-    response.headers['X-DJANGO-TEST'] = 'Slartibartfast'
+    response.headers["X-DJANGO-TEST"] = "Slartibartfast"
     return response
 
 
 def raw_post_view(request):
     """A view which expects raw XML to be posted and returns content extracted
     from the XML"""
-    if request.method == 'POST':
+    if request.method == "POST":
         root = parseString(request.body)
         first_book = root.firstChild.firstChild
         title, author = [n.firstChild.nodeValue for n in first_book.childNodes]
@@ -140,23 +149,23 @@ def raw_post_view(request):
 def redirect_view(request):
     "A view that redirects all requests to the GET view"
     if request.GET:
-        query = '?' + urlencode(request.GET, True)
+        query = "?" + urlencode(request.GET, True)
     else:
-        query = ''
-    return HttpResponseRedirect('/get_view/' + query)
+        query = ""
+    return HttpResponseRedirect("/get_view/" + query)
 
 
 def method_saving_307_redirect_query_string_view(request):
-    return HttpResponseRedirect('/post_view/?hello=world', status=307)
+    return HttpResponseRedirect("/post_view/?hello=world", status=307)
 
 
 def method_saving_308_redirect_query_string_view(request):
-    return HttpResponseRedirect('/post_view/?hello=world', status=308)
+    return HttpResponseRedirect("/post_view/?hello=world", status=308)
 
 
 def _post_view_redirect(request, status_code):
     """Redirect to /post_view/ using the status code."""
-    redirect_to = request.GET.get('to', '/post_view/')
+    redirect_to = request.GET.get("to", "/post_view/")
     return HttpResponseRedirect(redirect_to, status=status_code)
 
 
@@ -172,26 +181,26 @@ def view_with_secure(request):
     "A view that indicates if the request was secure"
     response = HttpResponse()
     response.test_was_secure_request = request.is_secure()
-    response.test_server_port = request.META.get('SERVER_PORT', 80)
+    response.test_server_port = request.META.get("SERVER_PORT", 80)
     return response
 
 
 def double_redirect_view(request):
     "A view that redirects all requests to a redirection view"
-    return HttpResponseRedirect('/permanent_redirect_view/')
+    return HttpResponseRedirect("/permanent_redirect_view/")
 
 
 def bad_view(request):
     "A view that returns a 404 with some error content"
-    return HttpResponseNotFound('Not found!. This page contains some MAGIC content')
+    return HttpResponseNotFound("Not found!. This page contains some MAGIC content")
 
 
 TestChoices = (
-    ('a', 'First Choice'),
-    ('b', 'Second Choice'),
-    ('c', 'Third Choice'),
-    ('d', 'Fourth Choice'),
-    ('e', 'Fifth Choice')
+    ("a", "First Choice"),
+    ("b", "Second Choice"),
+    ("c", "Third Choice"),
+    ("d", "Fourth Choice"),
+    ("e", "Fifth Choice"),
 )
 
 
@@ -211,37 +220,43 @@ class TestForm(Form):
 
 def form_view(request):
     "A view that tests a simple form"
-    if request.method == 'POST':
+    if request.method == "POST":
         form = TestForm(request.POST)
         if form.is_valid():
-            t = Template('Valid POST data.', name='Valid POST Template')
+            t = Template("Valid POST data.", name="Valid POST Template")
             c = Context()
         else:
-            t = Template('Invalid POST data. {{ form.errors }}', name='Invalid POST Template')
-            c = Context({'form': form})
+            t = Template(
+                "Invalid POST data. {{ form.errors }}", name="Invalid POST Template"
+            )
+            c = Context({"form": form})
     else:
         form = TestForm(request.GET)
-        t = Template('Viewing base form. {{ form }}.', name='Form GET Template')
-        c = Context({'form': form})
+        t = Template("Viewing base form. {{ form }}.", name="Form GET Template")
+        c = Context({"form": form})
 
     return HttpResponse(t.render(c))
 
 
 def form_view_with_template(request):
     "A view that tests a simple form"
-    if request.method == 'POST':
+    if request.method == "POST":
         form = TestForm(request.POST)
         if form.is_valid():
-            message = 'POST data OK'
+            message = "POST data OK"
         else:
-            message = 'POST data has errors'
+            message = "POST data has errors"
     else:
         form = TestForm()
-        message = 'GET form page'
-    return render(request, 'form_view.html', {
-        'form': form,
-        'message': message,
-    })
+        message = "GET form page"
+    return render(
+        request,
+        "form_view.html",
+        {
+            "form": form,
+            "message": message,
+        },
+    )
 
 
 class BaseTestFormSet(BaseFormSet):
@@ -253,7 +268,7 @@ class BaseTestFormSet(BaseFormSet):
 
         emails = []
         for form in self.forms:
-            email = form.cleaned_data['email']
+            email = form.cleaned_data["email"]
             if email in emails:
                 raise ValidationError(
                     "Forms in a set must have distinct email addresses."
@@ -266,72 +281,89 @@ TestFormSet = formset_factory(TestForm, BaseTestFormSet)
 
 def formset_view(request):
     "A view that tests a simple formset"
-    if request.method == 'POST':
+    if request.method == "POST":
         formset = TestFormSet(request.POST)
         if formset.is_valid():
-            t = Template('Valid POST data.', name='Valid POST Template')
+            t = Template("Valid POST data.", name="Valid POST Template")
             c = Context()
         else:
-            t = Template('Invalid POST data. {{ my_formset.errors }}',
-                         name='Invalid POST Template')
-            c = Context({'my_formset': formset})
+            t = Template(
+                "Invalid POST data. {{ my_formset.errors }}",
+                name="Invalid POST Template",
+            )
+            c = Context({"my_formset": formset})
     else:
         formset = TestForm(request.GET)
-        t = Template('Viewing base formset. {{ my_formset }}.',
-                     name='Formset GET Template')
-        c = Context({'my_formset': formset})
+        t = Template(
+            "Viewing base formset. {{ my_formset }}.", name="Formset GET Template"
+        )
+        c = Context({"my_formset": formset})
     return HttpResponse(t.render(c))
 
 
 @login_required
 def login_protected_view(request):
     "A simple view that is login protected."
-    t = Template('This is a login protected test. Username is {{ user.username }}.', name='Login Template')
-    c = Context({'user': request.user})
+    t = Template(
+        "This is a login protected test. Username is {{ user.username }}.",
+        name="Login Template",
+    )
+    c = Context({"user": request.user})
 
     return HttpResponse(t.render(c))
 
 
-@login_required(redirect_field_name='redirect_to')
+@login_required(redirect_field_name="redirect_to")
 def login_protected_view_changed_redirect(request):
     "A simple view that is login protected with a custom redirect field set"
-    t = Template('This is a login protected test. Username is {{ user.username }}.', name='Login Template')
-    c = Context({'user': request.user})
+    t = Template(
+        "This is a login protected test. Username is {{ user.username }}.",
+        name="Login Template",
+    )
+    c = Context({"user": request.user})
     return HttpResponse(t.render(c))
 
 
 def _permission_protected_view(request):
     "A simple view that is permission protected."
-    t = Template('This is a permission protected test. '
-                 'Username is {{ user.username }}. '
-                 'Permissions are {{ user.get_all_permissions }}.',
-                 name='Permissions Template')
-    c = Context({'user': request.user})
+    t = Template(
+        "This is a permission protected test. "
+        "Username is {{ user.username }}. "
+        "Permissions are {{ user.get_all_permissions }}.",
+        name="Permissions Template",
+    )
+    c = Context({"user": request.user})
     return HttpResponse(t.render(c))
 
 
-permission_protected_view = permission_required('permission_not_granted')(_permission_protected_view)
-permission_protected_view_exception = (
-    permission_required('permission_not_granted', raise_exception=True)(_permission_protected_view)
+permission_protected_view = permission_required("permission_not_granted")(
+    _permission_protected_view
 )
+permission_protected_view_exception = permission_required(
+    "permission_not_granted", raise_exception=True
+)(_permission_protected_view)
 
 
 class _ViewManager:
     @method_decorator(login_required)
     def login_protected_view(self, request):
-        t = Template('This is a login protected test using a method. '
-                     'Username is {{ user.username }}.',
-                     name='Login Method Template')
-        c = Context({'user': request.user})
+        t = Template(
+            "This is a login protected test using a method. "
+            "Username is {{ user.username }}.",
+            name="Login Method Template",
+        )
+        c = Context({"user": request.user})
         return HttpResponse(t.render(c))
 
-    @method_decorator(permission_required('permission_not_granted'))
+    @method_decorator(permission_required("permission_not_granted"))
     def permission_protected_view(self, request):
-        t = Template('This is a permission protected test using a method. '
-                     'Username is {{ user.username }}. '
-                     'Permissions are {{ user.get_all_permissions }}.',
-                     name='Permissions Template')
-        c = Context({'user': request.user})
+        t = Template(
+            "This is a permission protected test using a method. "
+            "Username is {{ user.username }}. "
+            "Permissions are {{ user.get_all_permissions }}.",
+            name="Permissions Template",
+        )
+        c = Context({"user": request.user})
         return HttpResponse(t.render(c))
 
 
@@ -342,10 +374,12 @@ permission_protected_method_view = _view_manager.permission_protected_view
 
 def session_view(request):
     "A view that modifies the session"
-    request.session['tobacconist'] = 'hovercraft'
+    request.session["tobacconist"] = "hovercraft"
 
-    t = Template('This is a view that modifies the session.',
-                 name='Session Modifying View Template')
+    t = Template(
+        "This is a view that modifies the session.",
+        name="Session Modifying View Template",
+    )
     c = Context()
     return HttpResponse(t.render(c))
 
@@ -360,21 +394,24 @@ def mail_sending_view(request):
         "Test message",
         "This is a test email",
         "from@example.com",
-        ['first@example.com', 'second@example.com']).send()
+        ["first@example.com", "second@example.com"],
+    ).send()
     return HttpResponse("Mail sent")
 
 
 def mass_mail_sending_view(request):
     m1 = mail.EmailMessage(
-        'First Test message',
-        'This is the first test email',
-        'from@example.com',
-        ['first@example.com', 'second@example.com'])
+        "First Test message",
+        "This is the first test email",
+        "from@example.com",
+        ["first@example.com", "second@example.com"],
+    )
     m2 = mail.EmailMessage(
-        'Second Test message',
-        'This is the second test email',
-        'from@example.com',
-        ['second@example.com', 'third@example.com'])
+        "Second Test message",
+        "This is the second test email",
+        "from@example.com",
+        ["second@example.com", "third@example.com"],
+    )
 
     c = mail.get_connection()
     c.send_messages([m1, m2])
@@ -388,12 +425,12 @@ def nesting_exception_view(request):
     exception.
     """
     client = Client()
-    client.get('/get_view/')
-    raise Exception('exception message')
+    client.get("/get_view/")
+    raise Exception("exception message")
 
 
 def django_project_redirect(request):
-    return HttpResponseRedirect('https://www.djangoproject.com/')
+    return HttpResponseRedirect("https://www.djangoproject.com/")
 
 
 def no_trailing_slash_external_redirect(request):
@@ -404,17 +441,17 @@ def no_trailing_slash_external_redirect(request):
     Use https://testserver, rather than an external domain, in order to allow
     use of follow=True, triggering Client._handle_redirects().
     """
-    return HttpResponseRedirect('https://testserver')
+    return HttpResponseRedirect("https://testserver")
 
 
 def index_view(request):
     """Target for no_trailing_slash_external_redirect with follow=True."""
-    return HttpResponse('Hello world')
+    return HttpResponse("Hello world")
 
 
 def upload_view(request):
     """Prints keys of request.FILES to the response."""
-    return HttpResponse(', '.join(request.FILES))
+    return HttpResponse(", ".join(request.FILES))
 
 
 class TwoArgException(Exception):
@@ -423,4 +460,4 @@ class TwoArgException(Exception):
 
 
 def two_arg_exception(request):
-    raise TwoArgException('one', 'two')
+    raise TwoArgException("one", "two")
diff --git a/tests/test_client_regress/auth_backends.py b/tests/test_client_regress/auth_backends.py
index 847bef85f0..6a9f9de43a 100644
--- a/tests/test_client_regress/auth_backends.py
+++ b/tests/test_client_regress/auth_backends.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from .models import CustomUser
 
 
 class CustomUserBackend(ModelBackend):
-
     def authenticate(self, request, username=None, password=None):
         try:
             user = CustomUser.custom_objects.get_by_natural_key(username)
diff --git a/tests/test_client_regress/context_processors.py b/tests/test_client_regress/context_processors.py
index 8c1e413881..924be26b9f 100644
--- a/tests/test_client_regress/context_processors.py
+++ b/tests/test_client_regress/context_processors.py
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 def special(request):
-    return {'path': request.special_path}
+    return {"path": request.special_path}
diff --git a/tests/test_client_regress/models.py b/tests/test_client_regress/models.py
index aebc93c91b..4a18828075 100644
--- a/tests/test_client_regress/models.py
+++ b/tests/test_client_regress/models.py
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ from django.db import models
 
 
 class CustomUser(AbstractBaseUser):
-    email = models.EmailField(verbose_name='email address', max_length=255, unique=True)
+    email = models.EmailField(verbose_name="email address", max_length=255, unique=True)
     custom_objects = BaseUserManager()
 
-    USERNAME_FIELD = 'email'
+    USERNAME_FIELD = "email"
 
     class Meta:
-        app_label = 'test_client_regress'
+        app_label = "test_client_regress"
diff --git a/tests/test_client_regress/session.py b/tests/test_client_regress/session.py
index ab374d37f0..77a1b0df40 100644
--- a/tests/test_client_regress/session.py
+++ b/tests/test_client_regress/session.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ class SessionStore(SessionBase):
     The session key is actually the session data, pickled and encoded.
     This means that saving the session will change the session key.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, session_key=None):
         super().__init__(session_key)
 
diff --git a/tests/test_client_regress/tests.py b/tests/test_client_regress/tests.py
index 1f085a4a03..7e8b3b43da 100644
--- a/tests/test_client_regress/tests.py
+++ b/tests/test_client_regress/tests.py
@@ -7,12 +7,14 @@ import os
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.contrib.auth.signals import user_logged_in, user_logged_out
 from django.http import HttpResponse
-from django.template import (
-    Context, RequestContext, TemplateSyntaxError, engines,
-)
+from django.template import Context, RequestContext, TemplateSyntaxError, engines
 from django.template.response import SimpleTemplateResponse
 from django.test import (
-    Client, SimpleTestCase, TestCase, modify_settings, override_settings,
+    Client,
+    SimpleTestCase,
+    TestCase,
+    modify_settings,
+    override_settings,
 )
 from django.test.client import RedirectCycleError, RequestFactory, encode_file
 from django.test.utils import ContextList
@@ -24,243 +26,276 @@ from .views import CustomTestException
 
 
 class TestDataMixin:
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.u1 = User.objects.create_user(username='testclient', password='password')
-        cls.staff = User.objects.create_user(username='staff', password='password', is_staff=True)
+        cls.u1 = User.objects.create_user(username="testclient", password="password")
+        cls.staff = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="staff", password="password", is_staff=True
+        )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_client_regress.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_client_regress.urls")
 class AssertContainsTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_contains(self):
         "Responses can be inspected for content, including counting repeated substrings"
-        response = self.client.get('/no_template_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/no_template_view/")
 
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'never')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'never', 0)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'once')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'once', 1)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'twice')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'twice', 2)
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "never")
+        self.assertContains(response, "never", 0)
+        self.assertContains(response, "once")
+        self.assertContains(response, "once", 1)
+        self.assertContains(response, "twice")
+        self.assertContains(response, "twice", 2)
 
         try:
-            self.assertContains(response, 'text', status_code=999)
+            self.assertContains(response, "text", status_code=999)
         except AssertionError as e:
-            self.assertIn("Couldn't retrieve content: Response code was 200 (expected 999)", str(e))
+            self.assertIn(
+                "Couldn't retrieve content: Response code was 200 (expected 999)",
+                str(e),
+            )
         try:
-            self.assertContains(response, 'text', status_code=999, msg_prefix='abc')
+            self.assertContains(response, "text", status_code=999, msg_prefix="abc")
         except AssertionError as e:
-            self.assertIn("abc: Couldn't retrieve content: Response code was 200 (expected 999)", str(e))
+            self.assertIn(
+                "abc: Couldn't retrieve content: Response code was 200 (expected 999)",
+                str(e),
+            )
 
         try:
-            self.assertNotContains(response, 'text', status_code=999)
+            self.assertNotContains(response, "text", status_code=999)
         except AssertionError as e:
-            self.assertIn("Couldn't retrieve content: Response code was 200 (expected 999)", str(e))
+            self.assertIn(
+                "Couldn't retrieve content: Response code was 200 (expected 999)",
+                str(e),
+            )
         try:
-            self.assertNotContains(response, 'text', status_code=999, msg_prefix='abc')
+            self.assertNotContains(response, "text", status_code=999, msg_prefix="abc")
         except AssertionError as e:
-            self.assertIn("abc: Couldn't retrieve content: Response code was 200 (expected 999)", str(e))
+            self.assertIn(
+                "abc: Couldn't retrieve content: Response code was 200 (expected 999)",
+                str(e),
+            )
 
         try:
-            self.assertNotContains(response, 'once')
+            self.assertNotContains(response, "once")
         except AssertionError as e:
             self.assertIn("Response should not contain 'once'", str(e))
         try:
-            self.assertNotContains(response, 'once', msg_prefix='abc')
+            self.assertNotContains(response, "once", msg_prefix="abc")
         except AssertionError as e:
             self.assertIn("abc: Response should not contain 'once'", str(e))
 
         try:
-            self.assertContains(response, 'never', 1)
+            self.assertContains(response, "never", 1)
         except AssertionError as e:
-            self.assertIn("Found 0 instances of 'never' in response (expected 1)", str(e))
+            self.assertIn(
+                "Found 0 instances of 'never' in response (expected 1)", str(e)
+            )
         try:
-            self.assertContains(response, 'never', 1, msg_prefix='abc')
+            self.assertContains(response, "never", 1, msg_prefix="abc")
         except AssertionError as e:
-            self.assertIn("abc: Found 0 instances of 'never' in response (expected 1)", str(e))
+            self.assertIn(
+                "abc: Found 0 instances of 'never' in response (expected 1)", str(e)
+            )
 
         try:
-            self.assertContains(response, 'once', 0)
+            self.assertContains(response, "once", 0)
         except AssertionError as e:
-            self.assertIn("Found 1 instances of 'once' in response (expected 0)", str(e))
+            self.assertIn(
+                "Found 1 instances of 'once' in response (expected 0)", str(e)
+            )
         try:
-            self.assertContains(response, 'once', 0, msg_prefix='abc')
+            self.assertContains(response, "once", 0, msg_prefix="abc")
         except AssertionError as e:
-            self.assertIn("abc: Found 1 instances of 'once' in response (expected 0)", str(e))
+            self.assertIn(
+                "abc: Found 1 instances of 'once' in response (expected 0)", str(e)
+            )
 
         try:
-            self.assertContains(response, 'once', 2)
+            self.assertContains(response, "once", 2)
         except AssertionError as e:
-            self.assertIn("Found 1 instances of 'once' in response (expected 2)", str(e))
+            self.assertIn(
+                "Found 1 instances of 'once' in response (expected 2)", str(e)
+            )
         try:
-            self.assertContains(response, 'once', 2, msg_prefix='abc')
+            self.assertContains(response, "once", 2, msg_prefix="abc")
         except AssertionError as e:
-            self.assertIn("abc: Found 1 instances of 'once' in response (expected 2)", str(e))
+            self.assertIn(
+                "abc: Found 1 instances of 'once' in response (expected 2)", str(e)
+            )
 
         try:
-            self.assertContains(response, 'twice', 1)
+            self.assertContains(response, "twice", 1)
         except AssertionError as e:
-            self.assertIn("Found 2 instances of 'twice' in response (expected 1)", str(e))
+            self.assertIn(
+                "Found 2 instances of 'twice' in response (expected 1)", str(e)
+            )
         try:
-            self.assertContains(response, 'twice', 1, msg_prefix='abc')
+            self.assertContains(response, "twice", 1, msg_prefix="abc")
         except AssertionError as e:
-            self.assertIn("abc: Found 2 instances of 'twice' in response (expected 1)", str(e))
+            self.assertIn(
+                "abc: Found 2 instances of 'twice' in response (expected 1)", str(e)
+            )
 
         try:
-            self.assertContains(response, 'thrice')
+            self.assertContains(response, "thrice")
         except AssertionError as e:
             self.assertIn("Couldn't find 'thrice' in response", str(e))
         try:
-            self.assertContains(response, 'thrice', msg_prefix='abc')
+            self.assertContains(response, "thrice", msg_prefix="abc")
         except AssertionError as e:
             self.assertIn("abc: Couldn't find 'thrice' in response", str(e))
 
         try:
-            self.assertContains(response, 'thrice', 3)
+            self.assertContains(response, "thrice", 3)
         except AssertionError as e:
-            self.assertIn("Found 0 instances of 'thrice' in response (expected 3)", str(e))
+            self.assertIn(
+                "Found 0 instances of 'thrice' in response (expected 3)", str(e)
+            )
         try:
-            self.assertContains(response, 'thrice', 3, msg_prefix='abc')
+            self.assertContains(response, "thrice", 3, msg_prefix="abc")
         except AssertionError as e:
-            self.assertIn("abc: Found 0 instances of 'thrice' in response (expected 3)", str(e))
+            self.assertIn(
+                "abc: Found 0 instances of 'thrice' in response (expected 3)", str(e)
+            )
 
     def test_unicode_contains(self):
         "Unicode characters can be found in template context"
         # Regression test for #10183
-        r = self.client.get('/check_unicode/')
-        self.assertContains(r, 'さかき')
-        self.assertContains(r, b'\xe5\xb3\xa0'.decode())
+        r = self.client.get("/check_unicode/")
+        self.assertContains(r, "さかき")
+        self.assertContains(r, b"\xe5\xb3\xa0".decode())
 
     def test_unicode_not_contains(self):
         "Unicode characters can be searched for, and not found in template context"
         # Regression test for #10183
-        r = self.client.get('/check_unicode/')
-        self.assertNotContains(r, 'はたけ')
-        self.assertNotContains(r, b'\xe3\x81\xaf\xe3\x81\x9f\xe3\x81\x91'.decode())
+        r = self.client.get("/check_unicode/")
+        self.assertNotContains(r, "はたけ")
+        self.assertNotContains(r, b"\xe3\x81\xaf\xe3\x81\x9f\xe3\x81\x91".decode())
 
     def test_binary_contains(self):
-        r = self.client.get('/check_binary/')
-        self.assertContains(r, b'%PDF-1.4\r\n%\x93\x8c\x8b\x9e')
+        r = self.client.get("/check_binary/")
+        self.assertContains(r, b"%PDF-1.4\r\n%\x93\x8c\x8b\x9e")
         with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-            self.assertContains(r, b'%PDF-1.4\r\n%\x93\x8c\x8b\x9e', count=2)
+            self.assertContains(r, b"%PDF-1.4\r\n%\x93\x8c\x8b\x9e", count=2)
 
     def test_binary_not_contains(self):
-        r = self.client.get('/check_binary/')
-        self.assertNotContains(r, b'%ODF-1.4\r\n%\x93\x8c\x8b\x9e')
+        r = self.client.get("/check_binary/")
+        self.assertNotContains(r, b"%ODF-1.4\r\n%\x93\x8c\x8b\x9e")
         with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-            self.assertNotContains(r, b'%PDF-1.4\r\n%\x93\x8c\x8b\x9e')
+            self.assertNotContains(r, b"%PDF-1.4\r\n%\x93\x8c\x8b\x9e")
 
     def test_nontext_contains(self):
-        r = self.client.get('/no_template_view/')
-        self.assertContains(r, gettext_lazy('once'))
+        r = self.client.get("/no_template_view/")
+        self.assertContains(r, gettext_lazy("once"))
 
     def test_nontext_not_contains(self):
-        r = self.client.get('/no_template_view/')
-        self.assertNotContains(r, gettext_lazy('never'))
+        r = self.client.get("/no_template_view/")
+        self.assertNotContains(r, gettext_lazy("never"))
 
     def test_assert_contains_renders_template_response(self):
         """
         An unrendered SimpleTemplateResponse may be used in assertContains().
         """
-        template = engines['django'].from_string('Hello')
+        template = engines["django"].from_string("Hello")
         response = SimpleTemplateResponse(template)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Hello')
+        self.assertContains(response, "Hello")
 
     def test_assert_contains_using_non_template_response(self):
-        """ auto-rendering does not affect responses that aren't
-            instances (or subclasses) of SimpleTemplateResponse.
-            Refs #15826.
+        """auto-rendering does not affect responses that aren't
+        instances (or subclasses) of SimpleTemplateResponse.
+        Refs #15826.
         """
-        response = HttpResponse('Hello')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Hello')
+        response = HttpResponse("Hello")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Hello")
 
     def test_assert_not_contains_renders_template_response(self):
         """
         An unrendered SimpleTemplateResponse may be used in assertNotContains().
         """
-        template = engines['django'].from_string('Hello')
+        template = engines["django"].from_string("Hello")
         response = SimpleTemplateResponse(template)
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Bye')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Bye")
 
     def test_assert_not_contains_using_non_template_response(self):
         """
         auto-rendering does not affect responses that aren't instances (or
         subclasses) of SimpleTemplateResponse.
         """
-        response = HttpResponse('Hello')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Bye')
+        response = HttpResponse("Hello")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Bye")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_client_regress.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_client_regress.urls")
 class AssertTemplateUsedTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def test_no_context(self):
         "Template usage assertions work then templates aren't in use"
-        response = self.client.get('/no_template_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/no_template_view/")
 
         # The no template case doesn't mess with the template assertions
-        self.assertTemplateNotUsed(response, 'GET Template')
+        self.assertTemplateNotUsed(response, "GET Template")
 
         try:
-            self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'GET Template')
+            self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "GET Template")
         except AssertionError as e:
             self.assertIn("No templates used to render the response", str(e))
 
         try:
-            self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'GET Template', msg_prefix='abc')
+            self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "GET Template", msg_prefix="abc")
         except AssertionError as e:
             self.assertIn("abc: No templates used to render the response", str(e))
 
-        msg = 'No templates used to render the response'
+        msg = "No templates used to render the response"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'GET Template', count=2)
+            self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "GET Template", count=2)
 
     def test_single_context(self):
         "Template assertions work when there is a single context"
-        response = self.client.get('/post_view/', {})
+        response = self.client.get("/post_view/", {})
         msg = (
             ": Template 'Empty GET Template' was used unexpectedly in "
             "rendering the response"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertTemplateNotUsed(response, 'Empty GET Template')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, 'abc' + msg):
-            self.assertTemplateNotUsed(response, 'Empty GET Template', msg_prefix='abc')
+            self.assertTemplateNotUsed(response, "Empty GET Template")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, "abc" + msg):
+            self.assertTemplateNotUsed(response, "Empty GET Template", msg_prefix="abc")
         msg = (
             ": Template 'Empty POST Template' was not a template used to "
             "render the response. Actual template(s) used: Empty GET Template"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'Empty POST Template')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, 'abc' + msg):
-            self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'Empty POST Template', msg_prefix='abc')
+            self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "Empty POST Template")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, "abc" + msg):
+            self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "Empty POST Template", msg_prefix="abc")
         msg = (
             ": Template 'Empty GET Template' was expected to be rendered 2 "
             "time(s) but was actually rendered 1 time(s)."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'Empty GET Template', count=2)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, 'abc' + msg):
-            self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'Empty GET Template', msg_prefix='abc', count=2)
+            self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "Empty GET Template", count=2)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, "abc" + msg):
+            self.assertTemplateUsed(
+                response, "Empty GET Template", msg_prefix="abc", count=2
+            )
 
     def test_multiple_context(self):
         "Template assertions work when there are multiple contexts"
         post_data = {
-            'text': 'Hello World',
-            'email': 'foo@example.com',
-            'value': 37,
-            'single': 'b',
-            'multi': ('b', 'c', 'e')
+            "text": "Hello World",
+            "email": "foo@example.com",
+            "value": 37,
+            "single": "b",
+            "multi": ("b", "c", "e"),
         }
-        response = self.client.post('/form_view_with_template/', post_data)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'POST data OK')
+        response = self.client.post("/form_view_with_template/", post_data)
+        self.assertContains(response, "POST data OK")
         msg = "Template '%s' was used unexpectedly in rendering the response"
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg % 'form_view.html'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg % "form_view.html"):
             self.assertTemplateNotUsed(response, "form_view.html")
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg % 'base.html'):
-            self.assertTemplateNotUsed(response, 'base.html')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg % "base.html"):
+            self.assertTemplateNotUsed(response, "base.html")
         msg = (
             "Template 'Valid POST Template' was not a template used to render "
             "the response. Actual template(s) used: form_view.html, base.html"
@@ -272,200 +307,246 @@ class AssertTemplateUsedTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
             "was actually rendered 1 time(s)."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'base.html', count=2)
+            self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "base.html", count=2)
 
     def test_template_rendered_multiple_times(self):
         """Template assertions work when a template is rendered multiple times."""
-        response = self.client.get('/render_template_multiple_times/')
+        response = self.client.get("/render_template_multiple_times/")
 
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'base.html', count=2)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "base.html", count=2)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_client_regress.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_client_regress.urls")
 class AssertRedirectsTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_redirect_page(self):
         "An assertion is raised if the original page couldn't be retrieved as expected"
         # This page will redirect with code 301, not 302
-        response = self.client.get('/permanent_redirect_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/permanent_redirect_view/")
         try:
-            self.assertRedirects(response, '/get_view/')
+            self.assertRedirects(response, "/get_view/")
         except AssertionError as e:
-            self.assertIn("Response didn't redirect as expected: Response code was 301 (expected 302)", str(e))
+            self.assertIn(
+                "Response didn't redirect as expected: Response code was 301 (expected 302)",
+                str(e),
+            )
 
         try:
-            self.assertRedirects(response, '/get_view/', msg_prefix='abc')
+            self.assertRedirects(response, "/get_view/", msg_prefix="abc")
         except AssertionError as e:
-            self.assertIn("abc: Response didn't redirect as expected: Response code was 301 (expected 302)", str(e))
+            self.assertIn(
+                "abc: Response didn't redirect as expected: Response code was 301 (expected 302)",
+                str(e),
+            )
 
     def test_lost_query(self):
         "An assertion is raised if the redirect location doesn't preserve GET parameters"
-        response = self.client.get('/redirect_view/', {'var': 'value'})
+        response = self.client.get("/redirect_view/", {"var": "value"})
         try:
-            self.assertRedirects(response, '/get_view/')
+            self.assertRedirects(response, "/get_view/")
         except AssertionError as e:
-            self.assertIn("Response redirected to '/get_view/?var=value', expected '/get_view/'", str(e))
+            self.assertIn(
+                "Response redirected to '/get_view/?var=value', expected '/get_view/'",
+                str(e),
+            )
 
         try:
-            self.assertRedirects(response, '/get_view/', msg_prefix='abc')
+            self.assertRedirects(response, "/get_view/", msg_prefix="abc")
         except AssertionError as e:
-            self.assertIn("abc: Response redirected to '/get_view/?var=value', expected '/get_view/'", str(e))
+            self.assertIn(
+                "abc: Response redirected to '/get_view/?var=value', expected '/get_view/'",
+                str(e),
+            )
 
     def test_incorrect_target(self):
         "An assertion is raised if the response redirects to another target"
-        response = self.client.get('/permanent_redirect_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/permanent_redirect_view/")
         try:
             # Should redirect to get_view
-            self.assertRedirects(response, '/some_view/')
+            self.assertRedirects(response, "/some_view/")
         except AssertionError as e:
-            self.assertIn("Response didn't redirect as expected: Response code was 301 (expected 302)", str(e))
+            self.assertIn(
+                "Response didn't redirect as expected: Response code was 301 (expected 302)",
+                str(e),
+            )
 
     def test_target_page(self):
         "An assertion is raised if the response redirect target cannot be retrieved as expected"
-        response = self.client.get('/double_redirect_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/double_redirect_view/")
         try:
             # The redirect target responds with a 301 code, not 200
-            self.assertRedirects(response, 'http://testserver/permanent_redirect_view/')
+            self.assertRedirects(response, "http://testserver/permanent_redirect_view/")
         except AssertionError as e:
             self.assertIn(
                 "Couldn't retrieve redirection page '/permanent_redirect_view/': "
                 "response code was 301 (expected 200)",
-                str(e)
+                str(e),
             )
 
         try:
             # The redirect target responds with a 301 code, not 200
-            self.assertRedirects(response, 'http://testserver/permanent_redirect_view/', msg_prefix='abc')
+            self.assertRedirects(
+                response, "http://testserver/permanent_redirect_view/", msg_prefix="abc"
+            )
         except AssertionError as e:
             self.assertIn(
                 "abc: Couldn't retrieve redirection page '/permanent_redirect_view/': "
                 "response code was 301 (expected 200)",
-                str(e)
+                str(e),
             )
 
     def test_redirect_chain(self):
         "You can follow a redirect chain of multiple redirects"
-        response = self.client.get('/redirects/further/more/', {}, follow=True)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/no_template_view/', status_code=302, target_status_code=200)
+        response = self.client.get("/redirects/further/more/", {}, follow=True)
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/no_template_view/", status_code=302, target_status_code=200
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(len(response.redirect_chain), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(response.redirect_chain[0], ('/no_template_view/', 302))
+        self.assertEqual(response.redirect_chain[0], ("/no_template_view/", 302))
 
     def test_multiple_redirect_chain(self):
         "You can follow a redirect chain of multiple redirects"
-        response = self.client.get('/redirects/', {}, follow=True)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/no_template_view/', status_code=302, target_status_code=200)
+        response = self.client.get("/redirects/", {}, follow=True)
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/no_template_view/", status_code=302, target_status_code=200
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(len(response.redirect_chain), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(response.redirect_chain[0], ('/redirects/further/', 302))
-        self.assertEqual(response.redirect_chain[1], ('/redirects/further/more/', 302))
-        self.assertEqual(response.redirect_chain[2], ('/no_template_view/', 302))
+        self.assertEqual(response.redirect_chain[0], ("/redirects/further/", 302))
+        self.assertEqual(response.redirect_chain[1], ("/redirects/further/more/", 302))
+        self.assertEqual(response.redirect_chain[2], ("/no_template_view/", 302))
 
     def test_redirect_chain_to_non_existent(self):
         "You can follow a chain to a nonexistent view."
-        response = self.client.get('/redirect_to_non_existent_view2/', {}, follow=True)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/non_existent_view/', status_code=302, target_status_code=404)
+        response = self.client.get("/redirect_to_non_existent_view2/", {}, follow=True)
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/non_existent_view/", status_code=302, target_status_code=404
+        )
 
     def test_redirect_chain_to_self(self):
         "Redirections to self are caught and escaped"
         with self.assertRaises(RedirectCycleError) as context:
-            self.client.get('/redirect_to_self/', {}, follow=True)
+            self.client.get("/redirect_to_self/", {}, follow=True)
         response = context.exception.last_response
         # The chain of redirects stops once the cycle is detected.
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/redirect_to_self/', status_code=302, target_status_code=302)
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/redirect_to_self/", status_code=302, target_status_code=302
+        )
         self.assertEqual(len(response.redirect_chain), 2)
 
     def test_redirect_to_self_with_changing_query(self):
         "Redirections don't loop forever even if query is changing"
         with self.assertRaises(RedirectCycleError):
-            self.client.get('/redirect_to_self_with_changing_query_view/', {'counter': '0'}, follow=True)
+            self.client.get(
+                "/redirect_to_self_with_changing_query_view/",
+                {"counter": "0"},
+                follow=True,
+            )
 
     def test_circular_redirect(self):
         "Circular redirect chains are caught and escaped"
         with self.assertRaises(RedirectCycleError) as context:
-            self.client.get('/circular_redirect_1/', {}, follow=True)
+            self.client.get("/circular_redirect_1/", {}, follow=True)
         response = context.exception.last_response
         # The chain of redirects will get back to the starting point, but stop there.
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/circular_redirect_2/', status_code=302, target_status_code=302)
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/circular_redirect_2/", status_code=302, target_status_code=302
+        )
         self.assertEqual(len(response.redirect_chain), 4)
 
     def test_redirect_chain_post(self):
         "A redirect chain will be followed from an initial POST post"
-        response = self.client.post('/redirects/', {'nothing': 'to_send'}, follow=True)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/no_template_view/', 302, 200)
+        response = self.client.post("/redirects/", {"nothing": "to_send"}, follow=True)
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/no_template_view/", 302, 200)
         self.assertEqual(len(response.redirect_chain), 3)
 
     def test_redirect_chain_head(self):
         "A redirect chain will be followed from an initial HEAD request"
-        response = self.client.head('/redirects/', {'nothing': 'to_send'}, follow=True)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/no_template_view/', 302, 200)
+        response = self.client.head("/redirects/", {"nothing": "to_send"}, follow=True)
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/no_template_view/", 302, 200)
         self.assertEqual(len(response.redirect_chain), 3)
 
     def test_redirect_chain_options(self):
         "A redirect chain will be followed from an initial OPTIONS request"
-        response = self.client.options('/redirects/', follow=True)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/no_template_view/', 302, 200)
+        response = self.client.options("/redirects/", follow=True)
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/no_template_view/", 302, 200)
         self.assertEqual(len(response.redirect_chain), 3)
 
     def test_redirect_chain_put(self):
         "A redirect chain will be followed from an initial PUT request"
-        response = self.client.put('/redirects/', follow=True)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/no_template_view/', 302, 200)
+        response = self.client.put("/redirects/", follow=True)
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/no_template_view/", 302, 200)
         self.assertEqual(len(response.redirect_chain), 3)
 
     def test_redirect_chain_delete(self):
         "A redirect chain will be followed from an initial DELETE request"
-        response = self.client.delete('/redirects/', follow=True)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/no_template_view/', 302, 200)
+        response = self.client.delete("/redirects/", follow=True)
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/no_template_view/", 302, 200)
         self.assertEqual(len(response.redirect_chain), 3)
 
-    @modify_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS={'append': 'otherserver'})
+    @modify_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS={"append": "otherserver"})
     def test_redirect_to_different_host(self):
         "The test client will preserve scheme, host and port changes"
-        response = self.client.get('/redirect_other_host/', follow=True)
+        response = self.client.get("/redirect_other_host/", follow=True)
         self.assertRedirects(
-            response, 'https://otherserver:8443/no_template_view/',
-            status_code=302, target_status_code=200
+            response,
+            "https://otherserver:8443/no_template_view/",
+            status_code=302,
+            target_status_code=200,
         )
         # We can't use is_secure() or get_host()
         # because response.request is a dictionary, not an HttpRequest
-        self.assertEqual(response.request.get('wsgi.url_scheme'), 'https')
-        self.assertEqual(response.request.get('SERVER_NAME'), 'otherserver')
-        self.assertEqual(response.request.get('SERVER_PORT'), '8443')
+        self.assertEqual(response.request.get("wsgi.url_scheme"), "https")
+        self.assertEqual(response.request.get("SERVER_NAME"), "otherserver")
+        self.assertEqual(response.request.get("SERVER_PORT"), "8443")
         # assertRedirects() can follow redirect to 'otherserver' too.
-        response = self.client.get('/redirect_other_host/', follow=False)
+        response = self.client.get("/redirect_other_host/", follow=False)
         self.assertRedirects(
-            response, 'https://otherserver:8443/no_template_view/',
-            status_code=302, target_status_code=200
+            response,
+            "https://otherserver:8443/no_template_view/",
+            status_code=302,
+            target_status_code=200,
         )
 
     def test_redirect_chain_on_non_redirect_page(self):
         "An assertion is raised if the original page couldn't be retrieved as expected"
         # This page will redirect with code 301, not 302
-        response = self.client.get('/get_view/', follow=True)
+        response = self.client.get("/get_view/", follow=True)
         try:
-            self.assertRedirects(response, '/get_view/')
+            self.assertRedirects(response, "/get_view/")
         except AssertionError as e:
-            self.assertIn("Response didn't redirect as expected: Response code was 200 (expected 302)", str(e))
+            self.assertIn(
+                "Response didn't redirect as expected: Response code was 200 (expected 302)",
+                str(e),
+            )
 
         try:
-            self.assertRedirects(response, '/get_view/', msg_prefix='abc')
+            self.assertRedirects(response, "/get_view/", msg_prefix="abc")
         except AssertionError as e:
-            self.assertIn("abc: Response didn't redirect as expected: Response code was 200 (expected 302)", str(e))
+            self.assertIn(
+                "abc: Response didn't redirect as expected: Response code was 200 (expected 302)",
+                str(e),
+            )
 
     def test_redirect_on_non_redirect_page(self):
         "An assertion is raised if the original page couldn't be retrieved as expected"
         # This page will redirect with code 301, not 302
-        response = self.client.get('/get_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/get_view/")
         try:
-            self.assertRedirects(response, '/get_view/')
+            self.assertRedirects(response, "/get_view/")
         except AssertionError as e:
-            self.assertIn("Response didn't redirect as expected: Response code was 200 (expected 302)", str(e))
+            self.assertIn(
+                "Response didn't redirect as expected: Response code was 200 (expected 302)",
+                str(e),
+            )
 
         try:
-            self.assertRedirects(response, '/get_view/', msg_prefix='abc')
+            self.assertRedirects(response, "/get_view/", msg_prefix="abc")
         except AssertionError as e:
-            self.assertIn("abc: Response didn't redirect as expected: Response code was 200 (expected 302)", str(e))
+            self.assertIn(
+                "abc: Response didn't redirect as expected: Response code was 200 (expected 302)",
+                str(e),
+            )
 
     def test_redirect_scheme(self):
         "An assertion is raised if the response doesn't have the scheme specified in expected_url"
@@ -473,104 +554,122 @@ class AssertRedirectsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # For all possible True/False combinations of follow and secure
         for follow, secure in itertools.product([True, False], repeat=2):
             # always redirects to https
-            response = self.client.get('/https_redirect_view/', follow=follow, secure=secure)
+            response = self.client.get(
+                "/https_redirect_view/", follow=follow, secure=secure
+            )
             # the goal scheme is https
-            self.assertRedirects(response, 'https://testserver/secure_view/', status_code=302)
+            self.assertRedirects(
+                response, "https://testserver/secure_view/", status_code=302
+            )
             with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-                self.assertRedirects(response, 'http://testserver/secure_view/', status_code=302)
+                self.assertRedirects(
+                    response, "http://testserver/secure_view/", status_code=302
+                )
 
     def test_redirect_fetch_redirect_response(self):
         """Preserve extra headers of requests made with django.test.Client."""
         methods = (
-            'get', 'post', 'head', 'options', 'put', 'patch', 'delete', 'trace',
+            "get",
+            "post",
+            "head",
+            "options",
+            "put",
+            "patch",
+            "delete",
+            "trace",
         )
         for method in methods:
             with self.subTest(method=method):
                 req_method = getattr(self.client, method)
                 response = req_method(
-                    '/redirect_based_on_extra_headers_1/',
+                    "/redirect_based_on_extra_headers_1/",
                     follow=False,
-                    HTTP_REDIRECT='val',
+                    HTTP_REDIRECT="val",
                 )
                 self.assertRedirects(
                     response,
-                    '/redirect_based_on_extra_headers_2/',
+                    "/redirect_based_on_extra_headers_2/",
                     fetch_redirect_response=True,
                     status_code=302,
                     target_status_code=302,
                 )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_client_regress.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_client_regress.urls")
 class AssertFormErrorTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_unknown_form(self):
         "An assertion is raised if the form name is unknown"
         post_data = {
-            'text': 'Hello World',
-            'email': 'not an email address',
-            'value': 37,
-            'single': 'b',
-            'multi': ('b', 'c', 'e')
+            "text": "Hello World",
+            "email": "not an email address",
+            "value": 37,
+            "single": "b",
+            "multi": ("b", "c", "e"),
         }
-        response = self.client.post('/form_view/', post_data)
+        response = self.client.post("/form_view/", post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "Invalid POST Template")
 
         msg = "The form 'wrong_form' was not used to render the response"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertFormError(response, 'wrong_form', 'some_field', 'Some error.')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, 'abc: ' + msg):
-            self.assertFormError(response, 'wrong_form', 'some_field', 'Some error.', msg_prefix='abc')
+            self.assertFormError(response, "wrong_form", "some_field", "Some error.")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, "abc: " + msg):
+            self.assertFormError(
+                response, "wrong_form", "some_field", "Some error.", msg_prefix="abc"
+            )
 
     def test_unknown_field(self):
         "An assertion is raised if the field name is unknown"
         post_data = {
-            'text': 'Hello World',
-            'email': 'not an email address',
-            'value': 37,
-            'single': 'b',
-            'multi': ('b', 'c', 'e')
+            "text": "Hello World",
+            "email": "not an email address",
+            "value": 37,
+            "single": "b",
+            "multi": ("b", "c", "e"),
         }
-        response = self.client.post('/form_view/', post_data)
+        response = self.client.post("/form_view/", post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "Invalid POST Template")
 
         msg = "The form 'form' in context 0 does not contain the field 'some_field'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'some_field', 'Some error.')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, 'abc: ' + msg):
-            self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'some_field', 'Some error.', msg_prefix='abc')
+            self.assertFormError(response, "form", "some_field", "Some error.")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, "abc: " + msg):
+            self.assertFormError(
+                response, "form", "some_field", "Some error.", msg_prefix="abc"
+            )
 
     def test_noerror_field(self):
         "An assertion is raised if the field doesn't have any errors"
         post_data = {
-            'text': 'Hello World',
-            'email': 'not an email address',
-            'value': 37,
-            'single': 'b',
-            'multi': ('b', 'c', 'e')
+            "text": "Hello World",
+            "email": "not an email address",
+            "value": 37,
+            "single": "b",
+            "multi": ("b", "c", "e"),
         }
-        response = self.client.post('/form_view/', post_data)
+        response = self.client.post("/form_view/", post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "Invalid POST Template")
 
         msg = "The field 'value' on form 'form' in context 0 contains no errors"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'value', 'Some error.')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, 'abc: ' + msg):
-            self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'value', 'Some error.', msg_prefix='abc')
+            self.assertFormError(response, "form", "value", "Some error.")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, "abc: " + msg):
+            self.assertFormError(
+                response, "form", "value", "Some error.", msg_prefix="abc"
+            )
 
     def test_unknown_error(self):
         "An assertion is raised if the field doesn't contain the provided error"
         post_data = {
-            'text': 'Hello World',
-            'email': 'not an email address',
-            'value': 37,
-            'single': 'b',
-            'multi': ('b', 'c', 'e')
+            "text": "Hello World",
+            "email": "not an email address",
+            "value": 37,
+            "single": "b",
+            "multi": ("b", "c", "e"),
         }
-        response = self.client.post('/form_view/', post_data)
+        response = self.client.post("/form_view/", post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "Invalid POST Template")
 
@@ -580,9 +679,11 @@ class AssertFormErrorTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "address.'])"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'email', 'Some error.')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, 'abc: ' + msg):
-            self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'email', 'Some error.', msg_prefix='abc')
+            self.assertFormError(response, "form", "email", "Some error.")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, "abc: " + msg):
+            self.assertFormError(
+                response, "form", "email", "Some error.", msg_prefix="abc"
+            )
 
     def test_unknown_nonfield_error(self):
         """
@@ -590,13 +691,13 @@ class AssertFormErrorTests(SimpleTestCase):
         the provided error.
         """
         post_data = {
-            'text': 'Hello World',
-            'email': 'not an email address',
-            'value': 37,
-            'single': 'b',
-            'multi': ('b', 'c', 'e')
+            "text": "Hello World",
+            "email": "not an email address",
+            "value": 37,
+            "single": "b",
+            "multi": ("b", "c", "e"),
         }
-        response = self.client.post('/form_view/', post_data)
+        response = self.client.post("/form_view/", post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "Invalid POST Template")
 
@@ -605,50 +706,56 @@ class AssertFormErrorTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "error 'Some error.' (actual errors: none)"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertFormError(response, 'form', None, 'Some error.')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, 'abc: ' + msg):
-            self.assertFormError(response, 'form', None, 'Some error.', msg_prefix='abc')
+            self.assertFormError(response, "form", None, "Some error.")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, "abc: " + msg):
+            self.assertFormError(
+                response, "form", None, "Some error.", msg_prefix="abc"
+            )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_client_regress.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_client_regress.urls")
 class AssertFormsetErrorTests(SimpleTestCase):
     msg_prefixes = [("", {}), ("abc: ", {"msg_prefix": "abc"})]
 
     def setUp(self):
         """Makes response object for testing field and non-field errors"""
         # For testing field and non-field errors
-        self.response_form_errors = self.getResponse({
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-0-text': 'Raise non-field error',
-            'form-0-email': 'not an email address',
-            'form-0-value': 37,
-            'form-0-single': 'b',
-            'form-0-multi': ('b', 'c', 'e'),
-            'form-1-text': 'Hello World',
-            'form-1-email': 'email@domain.com',
-            'form-1-value': 37,
-            'form-1-single': 'b',
-            'form-1-multi': ('b', 'c', 'e'),
-        })
+        self.response_form_errors = self.getResponse(
+            {
+                "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+                "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",
+                "form-0-text": "Raise non-field error",
+                "form-0-email": "not an email address",
+                "form-0-value": 37,
+                "form-0-single": "b",
+                "form-0-multi": ("b", "c", "e"),
+                "form-1-text": "Hello World",
+                "form-1-email": "email@domain.com",
+                "form-1-value": 37,
+                "form-1-single": "b",
+                "form-1-multi": ("b", "c", "e"),
+            }
+        )
         # For testing non-form errors
-        self.response_nonform_errors = self.getResponse({
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-0-text': 'Hello World',
-            'form-0-email': 'email@domain.com',
-            'form-0-value': 37,
-            'form-0-single': 'b',
-            'form-0-multi': ('b', 'c', 'e'),
-            'form-1-text': 'Hello World',
-            'form-1-email': 'email@domain.com',
-            'form-1-value': 37,
-            'form-1-single': 'b',
-            'form-1-multi': ('b', 'c', 'e'),
-        })
+        self.response_nonform_errors = self.getResponse(
+            {
+                "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+                "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",
+                "form-0-text": "Hello World",
+                "form-0-email": "email@domain.com",
+                "form-0-value": 37,
+                "form-0-single": "b",
+                "form-0-multi": ("b", "c", "e"),
+                "form-1-text": "Hello World",
+                "form-1-email": "email@domain.com",
+                "form-1-value": 37,
+                "form-1-single": "b",
+                "form-1-multi": ("b", "c", "e"),
+            }
+        )
 
     def getResponse(self, post_data):
-        response = self.client.post('/formset_view/', post_data)
+        response = self.client.post("/formset_view/", post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "Invalid POST Template")
         return response
@@ -656,29 +763,53 @@ class AssertFormsetErrorTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_unknown_formset(self):
         "An assertion is raised if the formset name is unknown"
         for prefix, kwargs in self.msg_prefixes:
-            msg = prefix + "The formset 'wrong_formset' was not used to render the response"
+            msg = (
+                prefix
+                + "The formset 'wrong_formset' was not used to render the response"
+            )
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
                 self.assertFormsetError(
                     self.response_form_errors,
-                    'wrong_formset', 0, 'Some_field', 'Some error.', **kwargs
+                    "wrong_formset",
+                    0,
+                    "Some_field",
+                    "Some error.",
+                    **kwargs,
                 )
 
     def test_unknown_field(self):
         "An assertion is raised if the field name is unknown"
         for prefix, kwargs in self.msg_prefixes:
-            msg = prefix + "The formset 'my_formset', form 0 in context 0 does not contain the field 'Some_field'"
+            msg = (
+                prefix
+                + "The formset 'my_formset', form 0 in context 0 does not contain the field 'Some_field'"
+            )
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
                 self.assertFormsetError(
                     self.response_form_errors,
-                    'my_formset', 0, 'Some_field', 'Some error.', **kwargs
+                    "my_formset",
+                    0,
+                    "Some_field",
+                    "Some error.",
+                    **kwargs,
                 )
 
     def test_no_error_field(self):
         "An assertion is raised if the field doesn't have any errors"
         for prefix, kwargs in self.msg_prefixes:
-            msg = prefix + "The field 'value' on formset 'my_formset', form 1 in context 0 contains no errors"
+            msg = (
+                prefix
+                + "The field 'value' on formset 'my_formset', form 1 in context 0 contains no errors"
+            )
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-                self.assertFormsetError(self.response_form_errors, 'my_formset', 1, 'value', 'Some error.', **kwargs)
+                self.assertFormsetError(
+                    self.response_form_errors,
+                    "my_formset",
+                    1,
+                    "value",
+                    "Some error.",
+                    **kwargs,
+                )
 
     def test_unknown_error(self):
         "An assertion is raised if the field doesn't contain the specified error"
@@ -689,20 +820,39 @@ class AssertFormsetErrorTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 "(actual errors: ['Enter a valid email address.'])"
             )
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-                self.assertFormsetError(self.response_form_errors, 'my_formset', 0, 'email', 'Some error.', **kwargs)
+                self.assertFormsetError(
+                    self.response_form_errors,
+                    "my_formset",
+                    0,
+                    "email",
+                    "Some error.",
+                    **kwargs,
+                )
 
     def test_field_error(self):
         "No assertion is raised if the field contains the provided error"
-        error_msg = ['Enter a valid email address.']
+        error_msg = ["Enter a valid email address."]
         for prefix, kwargs in self.msg_prefixes:
-            self.assertFormsetError(self.response_form_errors, 'my_formset', 0, 'email', error_msg, **kwargs)
+            self.assertFormsetError(
+                self.response_form_errors, "my_formset", 0, "email", error_msg, **kwargs
+            )
 
     def test_no_nonfield_error(self):
         "An assertion is raised if the formsets non-field errors doesn't contain any errors."
         for prefix, kwargs in self.msg_prefixes:
-            msg = prefix + "The formset 'my_formset', form 1 in context 0 does not contain any non-field errors."
+            msg = (
+                prefix
+                + "The formset 'my_formset', form 1 in context 0 does not contain any non-field errors."
+            )
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-                self.assertFormsetError(self.response_form_errors, 'my_formset', 1, None, 'Some error.', **kwargs)
+                self.assertFormsetError(
+                    self.response_form_errors,
+                    "my_formset",
+                    1,
+                    None,
+                    "Some error.",
+                    **kwargs,
+                )
 
     def test_unknown_nonfield_error(self):
         "An assertion is raised if the formsets non-field errors doesn't contain the provided error."
@@ -713,19 +863,43 @@ class AssertFormsetErrorTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 "['Non-field error.'])"
             )
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-                self.assertFormsetError(self.response_form_errors, 'my_formset', 0, None, 'Some error.', **kwargs)
+                self.assertFormsetError(
+                    self.response_form_errors,
+                    "my_formset",
+                    0,
+                    None,
+                    "Some error.",
+                    **kwargs,
+                )
 
     def test_nonfield_error(self):
         "No assertion is raised if the formsets non-field errors contains the provided error."
         for prefix, kwargs in self.msg_prefixes:
-            self.assertFormsetError(self.response_form_errors, 'my_formset', 0, None, 'Non-field error.', **kwargs)
+            self.assertFormsetError(
+                self.response_form_errors,
+                "my_formset",
+                0,
+                None,
+                "Non-field error.",
+                **kwargs,
+            )
 
     def test_no_nonform_error(self):
         "An assertion is raised if the formsets non-form errors doesn't contain any errors."
         for prefix, kwargs in self.msg_prefixes:
-            msg = prefix + "The formset 'my_formset' in context 0 does not contain any non-form errors."
+            msg = (
+                prefix
+                + "The formset 'my_formset' in context 0 does not contain any non-form errors."
+            )
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-                self.assertFormsetError(self.response_form_errors, 'my_formset', None, None, 'Some error.', **kwargs)
+                self.assertFormsetError(
+                    self.response_form_errors,
+                    "my_formset",
+                    None,
+                    None,
+                    "Some error.",
+                    **kwargs,
+                )
 
     def test_unknown_nonform_error(self):
         "An assertion is raised if the formsets non-form errors doesn't contain the provided error."
@@ -738,26 +912,31 @@ class AssertFormsetErrorTests(SimpleTestCase):
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
                 self.assertFormsetError(
                     self.response_nonform_errors,
-                    'my_formset', None, None, 'Some error.', **kwargs
+                    "my_formset",
+                    None,
+                    None,
+                    "Some error.",
+                    **kwargs,
                 )
 
     def test_nonform_error(self):
         "No assertion is raised if the formsets non-form errors contains the provided error."
-        msg = 'Forms in a set must have distinct email addresses.'
+        msg = "Forms in a set must have distinct email addresses."
         for prefix, kwargs in self.msg_prefixes:
-            self.assertFormsetError(self.response_nonform_errors, 'my_formset', None, None, msg, **kwargs)
+            self.assertFormsetError(
+                self.response_nonform_errors, "my_formset", None, None, msg, **kwargs
+            )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_client_regress.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_client_regress.urls")
 class LoginTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def test_login_different_client(self):
         "Using a different test client doesn't violate authentication"
 
         # Create a second client, and log in.
         c = Client()
-        login = c.login(username='testclient', password='password')
-        self.assertTrue(login, 'Could not log in')
+        login = c.login(username="testclient", password="password")
+        self.assertTrue(login, "Could not log in")
 
         # Get a redirection page with the second client.
         response = c.get("/login_protected_redirect_view/")
@@ -768,76 +947,78 @@ class LoginTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    SESSION_ENGINE='test_client_regress.session',
-    ROOT_URLCONF='test_client_regress.urls',
+    SESSION_ENGINE="test_client_regress.session",
+    ROOT_URLCONF="test_client_regress.urls",
 )
 class SessionEngineTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def test_login(self):
         "A session engine that modifies the session key can be used to log in"
-        login = self.client.login(username='testclient', password='password')
-        self.assertTrue(login, 'Could not log in')
+        login = self.client.login(username="testclient", password="password")
+        self.assertTrue(login, "Could not log in")
 
         # Try to access a login protected page.
         response = self.client.get("/login_protected_view/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'testclient')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["user"].username, "testclient")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_client_regress.urls',)
+@override_settings(
+    ROOT_URLCONF="test_client_regress.urls",
+)
 class URLEscapingTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_simple_argument_get(self):
         "Get a view that has a simple string argument"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('arg_view', args=['Slartibartfast']))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("arg_view", args=["Slartibartfast"]))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Howdy, Slartibartfast')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Howdy, Slartibartfast")
 
     def test_argument_with_space_get(self):
         "Get a view that has a string argument that requires escaping"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('arg_view', args=['Arthur Dent']))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("arg_view", args=["Arthur Dent"]))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Hi, Arthur')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Hi, Arthur")
 
     def test_simple_argument_post(self):
         "Post for a view that has a simple string argument"
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('arg_view', args=['Slartibartfast']))
+        response = self.client.post(reverse("arg_view", args=["Slartibartfast"]))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Howdy, Slartibartfast')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Howdy, Slartibartfast")
 
     def test_argument_with_space_post(self):
         "Post for a view that has a string argument that requires escaping"
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('arg_view', args=['Arthur Dent']))
+        response = self.client.post(reverse("arg_view", args=["Arthur Dent"]))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Hi, Arthur')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Hi, Arthur")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_client_regress.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_client_regress.urls")
 class ExceptionTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def test_exception_cleared(self):
         "#5836 - A stale user exception isn't re-raised by the test client."
 
-        login = self.client.login(username='testclient', password='password')
-        self.assertTrue(login, 'Could not log in')
+        login = self.client.login(username="testclient", password="password")
+        self.assertTrue(login, "Could not log in")
         with self.assertRaises(CustomTestException):
             self.client.get("/staff_only/")
 
         # At this point, an exception has been raised, and should be cleared.
 
         # This next operation should be successful; if it isn't we have a problem.
-        login = self.client.login(username='staff', password='password')
-        self.assertTrue(login, 'Could not log in')
+        login = self.client.login(username="staff", password="password")
+        self.assertTrue(login, "Could not log in")
         self.client.get("/staff_only/")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_client_regress.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_client_regress.urls")
 class TemplateExceptionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'DIRS': [os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'bad_templates')],
-    }])
+    @override_settings(
+        TEMPLATES=[
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                "DIRS": [os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "bad_templates")],
+            }
+        ]
+    )
     def test_bad_404_template(self):
         "Errors found when rendering 404 error templates are re-raised"
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
@@ -847,91 +1028,94 @@ class TemplateExceptionTests(SimpleTestCase):
 # We need two different tests to check URLconf substitution -  one to check
 # it was changed, and another one (without self.urls) to check it was reverted on
 # teardown. This pair of tests relies upon the alphabetical ordering of test execution.
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_client_regress.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_client_regress.urls")
 class UrlconfSubstitutionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_urlconf_was_changed(self):
         "TestCase can enforce a custom URLconf on a per-test basis"
-        url = reverse('arg_view', args=['somename'])
-        self.assertEqual(url, '/arg_view/somename/')
+        url = reverse("arg_view", args=["somename"])
+        self.assertEqual(url, "/arg_view/somename/")
 
 
 # This test needs to run *after* UrlconfSubstitutionTests; the zz prefix in the
 # name is to ensure alphabetical ordering.
 class zzUrlconfSubstitutionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_urlconf_was_reverted(self):
         """URLconf is reverted to original value after modification in a TestCase
 
         This will not find a match as the default ROOT_URLCONF is empty.
         """
         with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
-            reverse('arg_view', args=['somename'])
+            reverse("arg_view", args=["somename"])
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_client_regress.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_client_regress.urls")
 class ContextTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def test_single_context(self):
         "Context variables can be retrieved from a single context"
-        response = self.client.get("/request_data/", data={'foo': 'whiz'})
+        response = self.client.get("/request_data/", data={"foo": "whiz"})
         self.assertIsInstance(response.context, RequestContext)
-        self.assertIn('get-foo', response.context)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['get-foo'], 'whiz')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['data'], 'sausage')
+        self.assertIn("get-foo", response.context)
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["get-foo"], "whiz")
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["data"], "sausage")
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(KeyError, 'does-not-exist'):
-            response.context['does-not-exist']
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(KeyError, "does-not-exist"):
+            response.context["does-not-exist"]
 
     def test_inherited_context(self):
         "Context variables can be retrieved from a list of contexts"
-        response = self.client.get("/request_data_extended/", data={'foo': 'whiz'})
+        response = self.client.get("/request_data_extended/", data={"foo": "whiz"})
         self.assertEqual(response.context.__class__, ContextList)
         self.assertEqual(len(response.context), 2)
-        self.assertIn('get-foo', response.context)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['get-foo'], 'whiz')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['data'], 'bacon')
+        self.assertIn("get-foo", response.context)
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["get-foo"], "whiz")
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["data"], "bacon")
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(KeyError, 'does-not-exist'):
-            response.context['does-not-exist']
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(KeyError, "does-not-exist"):
+            response.context["does-not-exist"]
 
     def test_contextlist_keys(self):
         c1 = Context()
-        c1.update({'hello': 'world', 'goodbye': 'john'})
-        c1.update({'hello': 'dolly', 'dolly': 'parton'})
+        c1.update({"hello": "world", "goodbye": "john"})
+        c1.update({"hello": "dolly", "dolly": "parton"})
         c2 = Context()
-        c2.update({'goodbye': 'world', 'python': 'rocks'})
-        c2.update({'goodbye': 'dolly'})
+        c2.update({"goodbye": "world", "python": "rocks"})
+        c2.update({"goodbye": "dolly"})
 
         k = ContextList([c1, c2])
         # None, True and False are builtins of BaseContext, and present
         # in every Context without needing to be added.
-        self.assertEqual({'None', 'True', 'False', 'hello', 'goodbye', 'python', 'dolly'}, k.keys())
+        self.assertEqual(
+            {"None", "True", "False", "hello", "goodbye", "python", "dolly"}, k.keys()
+        )
 
     def test_contextlist_get(self):
-        c1 = Context({'hello': 'world', 'goodbye': 'john'})
-        c2 = Context({'goodbye': 'world', 'python': 'rocks'})
+        c1 = Context({"hello": "world", "goodbye": "john"})
+        c2 = Context({"goodbye": "world", "python": "rocks"})
         k = ContextList([c1, c2])
-        self.assertEqual(k.get('hello'), 'world')
-        self.assertEqual(k.get('goodbye'), 'john')
-        self.assertEqual(k.get('python'), 'rocks')
-        self.assertEqual(k.get('nonexistent', 'default'), 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(k.get("hello"), "world")
+        self.assertEqual(k.get("goodbye"), "john")
+        self.assertEqual(k.get("python"), "rocks")
+        self.assertEqual(k.get("nonexistent", "default"), "default")
 
     def test_15368(self):
         # Need to insert a context processor that assumes certain things about
         # the request instance. This triggers a bug caused by some ways of
         # copying RequestContext.
-        with self.settings(TEMPLATES=[{
-            'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-            'APP_DIRS': True,
-            'OPTIONS': {
-                'context_processors': [
-                    'test_client_regress.context_processors.special',
-                ],
-            },
-        }]):
+        with self.settings(
+            TEMPLATES=[
+                {
+                    "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                    "APP_DIRS": True,
+                    "OPTIONS": {
+                        "context_processors": [
+                            "test_client_regress.context_processors.special",
+                        ],
+                    },
+                }
+            ]
+        ):
             response = self.client.get("/request_context_view/")
-            self.assertContains(response, 'Path: /request_context_view/')
+            self.assertContains(response, "Path: /request_context_view/")
 
     def test_nested_requests(self):
         """
@@ -939,112 +1123,122 @@ class ContextTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
         """
         response = self.client.get("/nested_view/")
         self.assertIsInstance(response.context, RequestContext)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['nested'], 'yes')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["nested"], "yes")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_client_regress.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_client_regress.urls")
 class SessionTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
-
     def test_session(self):
         "The session isn't lost if a user logs in"
         # The session doesn't exist to start.
-        response = self.client.get('/check_session/')
+        response = self.client.get("/check_session/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'NO')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"NO")
 
         # This request sets a session variable.
-        response = self.client.get('/set_session/')
+        response = self.client.get("/set_session/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'set_session')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"set_session")
 
         # The session has been modified
-        response = self.client.get('/check_session/')
+        response = self.client.get("/check_session/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'YES')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"YES")
 
         # Log in
-        login = self.client.login(username='testclient', password='password')
-        self.assertTrue(login, 'Could not log in')
+        login = self.client.login(username="testclient", password="password")
+        self.assertTrue(login, "Could not log in")
 
         # Session should still contain the modified value
-        response = self.client.get('/check_session/')
+        response = self.client.get("/check_session/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'YES')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"YES")
 
     def test_session_initiated(self):
         session = self.client.session
-        session['session_var'] = 'foo'
+        session["session_var"] = "foo"
         session.save()
 
-        response = self.client.get('/check_session/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'foo')
+        response = self.client.get("/check_session/")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"foo")
 
     def test_logout(self):
         """Logout should work whether the user is logged in or not (#9978)."""
         self.client.logout()
-        login = self.client.login(username='testclient', password='password')
-        self.assertTrue(login, 'Could not log in')
+        login = self.client.login(username="testclient", password="password")
+        self.assertTrue(login, "Could not log in")
         self.client.logout()
         self.client.logout()
 
     def test_logout_with_user(self):
         """Logout should send user_logged_out signal if user was logged in."""
+
         def listener(*args, **kwargs):
             listener.executed = True
-            self.assertEqual(kwargs['sender'], User)
+            self.assertEqual(kwargs["sender"], User)
+
         listener.executed = False
 
         user_logged_out.connect(listener)
-        self.client.login(username='testclient', password='password')
+        self.client.login(username="testclient", password="password")
         self.client.logout()
         user_logged_out.disconnect(listener)
         self.assertTrue(listener.executed)
 
-    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL='test_client_regress.CustomUser')
+    @override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL="test_client_regress.CustomUser")
     def test_logout_with_custom_user(self):
         """Logout should send user_logged_out signal if custom user was logged in."""
+
         def listener(*args, **kwargs):
-            self.assertEqual(kwargs['sender'], CustomUser)
+            self.assertEqual(kwargs["sender"], CustomUser)
             listener.executed = True
+
         listener.executed = False
-        u = CustomUser.custom_objects.create(email='test@test.com')
-        u.set_password('password')
+        u = CustomUser.custom_objects.create(email="test@test.com")
+        u.set_password("password")
         u.save()
 
         user_logged_out.connect(listener)
-        self.client.login(username='test@test.com', password='password')
+        self.client.login(username="test@test.com", password="password")
         self.client.logout()
         user_logged_out.disconnect(listener)
         self.assertTrue(listener.executed)
 
-    @override_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=(
-        'django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend',
-        'test_client_regress.auth_backends.CustomUserBackend'))
+    @override_settings(
+        AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=(
+            "django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend",
+            "test_client_regress.auth_backends.CustomUserBackend",
+        )
+    )
     def test_logout_with_custom_auth_backend(self):
         "Request a logout after logging in with custom authentication backend"
+
         def listener(*args, **kwargs):
-            self.assertEqual(kwargs['sender'], CustomUser)
+            self.assertEqual(kwargs["sender"], CustomUser)
             listener.executed = True
+
         listener.executed = False
-        u = CustomUser.custom_objects.create(email='test@test.com')
-        u.set_password('password')
+        u = CustomUser.custom_objects.create(email="test@test.com")
+        u.set_password("password")
         u.save()
 
         user_logged_out.connect(listener)
-        self.client.login(username='test@test.com', password='password')
+        self.client.login(username="test@test.com", password="password")
         self.client.logout()
         user_logged_out.disconnect(listener)
         self.assertTrue(listener.executed)
 
     def test_logout_without_user(self):
         """Logout should send signal even if user not authenticated."""
+
         def listener(user, *args, **kwargs):
             listener.user = user
             listener.executed = True
+
         listener.executed = False
 
         user_logged_out.connect(listener)
-        self.client.login(username='incorrect', password='password')
+        self.client.login(username="incorrect", password="password")
         self.client.logout()
         user_logged_out.disconnect(listener)
 
@@ -1053,223 +1247,246 @@ class SessionTests(TestDataMixin, TestCase):
 
     def test_login_with_user(self):
         """Login should send user_logged_in signal on successful login."""
+
         def listener(*args, **kwargs):
             listener.executed = True
+
         listener.executed = False
 
         user_logged_in.connect(listener)
-        self.client.login(username='testclient', password='password')
+        self.client.login(username="testclient", password="password")
         user_logged_out.disconnect(listener)
 
         self.assertTrue(listener.executed)
 
     def test_login_without_signal(self):
         """Login shouldn't send signal if user wasn't logged in"""
+
         def listener(*args, **kwargs):
             listener.executed = True
+
         listener.executed = False
 
         user_logged_in.connect(listener)
-        self.client.login(username='incorrect', password='password')
+        self.client.login(username="incorrect", password="password")
         user_logged_in.disconnect(listener)
 
         self.assertFalse(listener.executed)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_client_regress.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_client_regress.urls")
 class RequestMethodTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_get(self):
         "Request a view via request method GET"
-        response = self.client.get('/request_methods/')
+        response = self.client.get("/request_methods/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'request method: GET')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"request method: GET")
 
     def test_post(self):
         "Request a view via request method POST"
-        response = self.client.post('/request_methods/')
+        response = self.client.post("/request_methods/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'request method: POST')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"request method: POST")
 
     def test_head(self):
         "Request a view via request method HEAD"
-        response = self.client.head('/request_methods/')
+        response = self.client.head("/request_methods/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         # A HEAD request doesn't return any content.
-        self.assertNotEqual(response.content, b'request method: HEAD')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'')
+        self.assertNotEqual(response.content, b"request method: HEAD")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"")
 
     def test_options(self):
         "Request a view via request method OPTIONS"
-        response = self.client.options('/request_methods/')
+        response = self.client.options("/request_methods/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'request method: OPTIONS')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"request method: OPTIONS")
 
     def test_put(self):
         "Request a view via request method PUT"
-        response = self.client.put('/request_methods/')
+        response = self.client.put("/request_methods/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'request method: PUT')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"request method: PUT")
 
     def test_delete(self):
         "Request a view via request method DELETE"
-        response = self.client.delete('/request_methods/')
+        response = self.client.delete("/request_methods/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'request method: DELETE')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"request method: DELETE")
 
     def test_patch(self):
         "Request a view via request method PATCH"
-        response = self.client.patch('/request_methods/')
+        response = self.client.patch("/request_methods/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'request method: PATCH')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"request method: PATCH")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_client_regress.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_client_regress.urls")
 class RequestMethodStringDataTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_post(self):
         "Request a view with string data via request method POST"
         # Regression test for #11371
         data = '{"test": "json"}'
-        response = self.client.post('/request_methods/', data=data, content_type='application/json')
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/request_methods/", data=data, content_type="application/json"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'request method: POST')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"request method: POST")
 
     def test_put(self):
         "Request a view with string data via request method PUT"
         # Regression test for #11371
         data = '{"test": "json"}'
-        response = self.client.put('/request_methods/', data=data, content_type='application/json')
+        response = self.client.put(
+            "/request_methods/", data=data, content_type="application/json"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'request method: PUT')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"request method: PUT")
 
     def test_patch(self):
         "Request a view with string data via request method PATCH"
         # Regression test for #17797
         data = '{"test": "json"}'
-        response = self.client.patch('/request_methods/', data=data, content_type='application/json')
+        response = self.client.patch(
+            "/request_methods/", data=data, content_type="application/json"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'request method: PATCH')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"request method: PATCH")
 
     def test_empty_string_data(self):
         "Request a view with empty string data via request method GET/POST/HEAD"
         # Regression test for #21740
-        response = self.client.get('/body/', data='', content_type='application/json')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'')
-        response = self.client.post('/body/', data='', content_type='application/json')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'')
-        response = self.client.head('/body/', data='', content_type='application/json')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'')
+        response = self.client.get("/body/", data="", content_type="application/json")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"")
+        response = self.client.post("/body/", data="", content_type="application/json")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"")
+        response = self.client.head("/body/", data="", content_type="application/json")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"")
 
     def test_json_bytes(self):
-        response = self.client.post('/body/', data=b"{'value': 37}", content_type='application/json')
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/body/", data=b"{'value': 37}", content_type="application/json"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.content, b"{'value': 37}")
 
     def test_json(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/json_response/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.json(), {'key': 'value'})
+        response = self.client.get("/json_response/")
+        self.assertEqual(response.json(), {"key": "value"})
 
     def test_json_charset(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/json_response_latin1/')
-        self.assertEqual(response.charset, 'latin1')
-        self.assertEqual(response.json(), {'a': 'Å'})
+        response = self.client.get("/json_response_latin1/")
+        self.assertEqual(response.charset, "latin1")
+        self.assertEqual(response.json(), {"a": "Å"})
 
     def test_json_structured_suffixes(self):
         valid_types = (
-            'application/vnd.api+json',
-            'application/vnd.api.foo+json',
-            'application/json; charset=utf-8',
-            'application/activity+json',
-            'application/activity+json; charset=utf-8',
+            "application/vnd.api+json",
+            "application/vnd.api.foo+json",
+            "application/json; charset=utf-8",
+            "application/activity+json",
+            "application/activity+json; charset=utf-8",
         )
         for content_type in valid_types:
-            response = self.client.get('/json_response/', {'content_type': content_type})
-            self.assertEqual(response.headers['Content-Type'], content_type)
-            self.assertEqual(response.json(), {'key': 'value'})
+            response = self.client.get(
+                "/json_response/", {"content_type": content_type}
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(response.headers["Content-Type"], content_type)
+            self.assertEqual(response.json(), {"key": "value"})
 
     def test_json_multiple_access(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/json_response/')
+        response = self.client.get("/json_response/")
         self.assertIs(response.json(), response.json())
 
     def test_json_wrong_header(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/body/')
-        msg = 'Content-Type header is "text/html; charset=utf-8", not "application/json"'
+        response = self.client.get("/body/")
+        msg = (
+            'Content-Type header is "text/html; charset=utf-8", not "application/json"'
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            self.assertEqual(response.json(), {'key': 'value'})
+            self.assertEqual(response.json(), {"key": "value"})
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_client_regress.urls',)
+@override_settings(
+    ROOT_URLCONF="test_client_regress.urls",
+)
 class QueryStringTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_get_like_requests(self):
-        for method_name in ('get', 'head'):
+        for method_name in ("get", "head"):
             # A GET-like request can pass a query string as data (#10571)
             method = getattr(self.client, method_name)
-            response = method("/request_data/", data={'foo': 'whiz'})
-            self.assertEqual(response.context['get-foo'], 'whiz')
+            response = method("/request_data/", data={"foo": "whiz"})
+            self.assertEqual(response.context["get-foo"], "whiz")
 
             # A GET-like request can pass a query string as part of the URL
             response = method("/request_data/?foo=whiz")
-            self.assertEqual(response.context['get-foo'], 'whiz')
+            self.assertEqual(response.context["get-foo"], "whiz")
 
             # Data provided in the URL to a GET-like request is overridden by actual form data
-            response = method("/request_data/?foo=whiz", data={'foo': 'bang'})
-            self.assertEqual(response.context['get-foo'], 'bang')
+            response = method("/request_data/?foo=whiz", data={"foo": "bang"})
+            self.assertEqual(response.context["get-foo"], "bang")
 
-            response = method("/request_data/?foo=whiz", data={'bar': 'bang'})
-            self.assertIsNone(response.context['get-foo'])
-            self.assertEqual(response.context['get-bar'], 'bang')
+            response = method("/request_data/?foo=whiz", data={"bar": "bang"})
+            self.assertIsNone(response.context["get-foo"])
+            self.assertEqual(response.context["get-bar"], "bang")
 
     def test_post_like_requests(self):
         # A POST-like request can pass a query string as data
-        response = self.client.post("/request_data/", data={'foo': 'whiz'})
-        self.assertIsNone(response.context['get-foo'])
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['post-foo'], 'whiz')
+        response = self.client.post("/request_data/", data={"foo": "whiz"})
+        self.assertIsNone(response.context["get-foo"])
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["post-foo"], "whiz")
 
         # A POST-like request can pass a query string as part of the URL
         response = self.client.post("/request_data/?foo=whiz")
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['get-foo'], 'whiz')
-        self.assertIsNone(response.context['post-foo'])
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["get-foo"], "whiz")
+        self.assertIsNone(response.context["post-foo"])
 
         # POST data provided in the URL augments actual form data
-        response = self.client.post("/request_data/?foo=whiz", data={'foo': 'bang'})
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['get-foo'], 'whiz')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['post-foo'], 'bang')
+        response = self.client.post("/request_data/?foo=whiz", data={"foo": "bang"})
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["get-foo"], "whiz")
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["post-foo"], "bang")
 
-        response = self.client.post("/request_data/?foo=whiz", data={'bar': 'bang'})
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['get-foo'], 'whiz')
-        self.assertIsNone(response.context['get-bar'])
-        self.assertIsNone(response.context['post-foo'])
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['post-bar'], 'bang')
+        response = self.client.post("/request_data/?foo=whiz", data={"bar": "bang"})
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["get-foo"], "whiz")
+        self.assertIsNone(response.context["get-bar"])
+        self.assertIsNone(response.context["post-foo"])
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["post-bar"], "bang")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_client_regress.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_client_regress.urls")
 class PayloadEncodingTests(SimpleTestCase):
     """Regression tests for #10571."""
 
     def test_simple_payload(self):
         """A simple ASCII-only text can be POSTed."""
-        text = 'English: mountain pass'
-        response = self.client.post('/parse_encoded_text/', text, content_type='text/plain')
+        text = "English: mountain pass"
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/parse_encoded_text/", text, content_type="text/plain"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.content, text.encode())
 
     def test_utf8_payload(self):
         """Non-ASCII data encoded as UTF-8 can be POSTed."""
-        text = 'dog: собака'
-        response = self.client.post('/parse_encoded_text/', text, content_type='text/plain; charset=utf-8')
+        text = "dog: собака"
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/parse_encoded_text/", text, content_type="text/plain; charset=utf-8"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.content, text.encode())
 
     def test_utf16_payload(self):
         """Non-ASCII data encoded as UTF-16 can be POSTed."""
-        text = 'dog: собака'
-        response = self.client.post('/parse_encoded_text/', text, content_type='text/plain; charset=utf-16')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, text.encode('utf-16'))
+        text = "dog: собака"
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/parse_encoded_text/", text, content_type="text/plain; charset=utf-16"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, text.encode("utf-16"))
 
     def test_non_utf_payload(self):
         """Non-ASCII data as a non-UTF based encoding can be POSTed."""
-        text = 'dog: собака'
-        response = self.client.post('/parse_encoded_text/', text, content_type='text/plain; charset=koi8-r')
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, text.encode('koi8-r'))
+        text = "dog: собака"
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/parse_encoded_text/", text, content_type="text/plain; charset=koi8-r"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, text.encode("koi8-r"))
 
 
 class DummyFile:
@@ -1277,46 +1494,67 @@ class DummyFile:
         self.name = filename
 
     def read(self):
-        return b'TEST_FILE_CONTENT'
+        return b"TEST_FILE_CONTENT"
 
 
 class UploadedFileEncodingTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_file_encoding(self):
-        encoded_file = encode_file('TEST_BOUNDARY', 'TEST_KEY', DummyFile('test_name.bin'))
-        self.assertEqual(b'--TEST_BOUNDARY', encoded_file[0])
-        self.assertEqual(b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="TEST_KEY"; filename="test_name.bin"', encoded_file[1])
-        self.assertEqual(b'TEST_FILE_CONTENT', encoded_file[-1])
+        encoded_file = encode_file(
+            "TEST_BOUNDARY", "TEST_KEY", DummyFile("test_name.bin")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(b"--TEST_BOUNDARY", encoded_file[0])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="TEST_KEY"; filename="test_name.bin"',
+            encoded_file[1],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(b"TEST_FILE_CONTENT", encoded_file[-1])
 
     def test_guesses_content_type_on_file_encoding(self):
-        self.assertEqual(b'Content-Type: application/octet-stream',
-                         encode_file('IGNORE', 'IGNORE', DummyFile("file.bin"))[2])
-        self.assertEqual(b'Content-Type: text/plain',
-                         encode_file('IGNORE', 'IGNORE', DummyFile("file.txt"))[2])
-        self.assertIn(encode_file('IGNORE', 'IGNORE', DummyFile("file.zip"))[2], (
-            b'Content-Type: application/x-compress',
-            b'Content-Type: application/x-zip',
-            b'Content-Type: application/x-zip-compressed',
-            b'Content-Type: application/zip',))
-        self.assertEqual(b'Content-Type: application/octet-stream',
-                         encode_file('IGNORE', 'IGNORE', DummyFile("file.unknown"))[2])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            b"Content-Type: application/octet-stream",
+            encode_file("IGNORE", "IGNORE", DummyFile("file.bin"))[2],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            b"Content-Type: text/plain",
+            encode_file("IGNORE", "IGNORE", DummyFile("file.txt"))[2],
+        )
+        self.assertIn(
+            encode_file("IGNORE", "IGNORE", DummyFile("file.zip"))[2],
+            (
+                b"Content-Type: application/x-compress",
+                b"Content-Type: application/x-zip",
+                b"Content-Type: application/x-zip-compressed",
+                b"Content-Type: application/zip",
+            ),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            b"Content-Type: application/octet-stream",
+            encode_file("IGNORE", "IGNORE", DummyFile("file.unknown"))[2],
+        )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_client_regress.urls',)
+@override_settings(
+    ROOT_URLCONF="test_client_regress.urls",
+)
 class RequestHeadersTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_client_headers(self):
         "A test client can receive custom headers"
-        response = self.client.get("/check_headers/", HTTP_X_ARG_CHECK='Testing 123')
+        response = self.client.get("/check_headers/", HTTP_X_ARG_CHECK="Testing 123")
         self.assertEqual(response.content, b"HTTP_X_ARG_CHECK: Testing 123")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_client_headers_redirect(self):
         "Test client headers are preserved through redirects"
-        response = self.client.get("/check_headers_redirect/", follow=True, HTTP_X_ARG_CHECK='Testing 123')
+        response = self.client.get(
+            "/check_headers_redirect/", follow=True, HTTP_X_ARG_CHECK="Testing 123"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.content, b"HTTP_X_ARG_CHECK: Testing 123")
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/check_headers/', status_code=302, target_status_code=200)
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/check_headers/", status_code=302, target_status_code=200
+        )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_client_regress.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_client_regress.urls")
 class ReadLimitedStreamTest(SimpleTestCase):
     """
     HttpRequest.body, HttpRequest.read(), and HttpRequest.read(BUFFER) have
@@ -1328,34 +1566,45 @@ class ReadLimitedStreamTest(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_body_from_empty_request(self):
         """HttpRequest.body on a test client GET request should return
         the empty string."""
-        self.assertEqual(self.client.get("/body/").content, b'')
+        self.assertEqual(self.client.get("/body/").content, b"")
 
     def test_read_from_empty_request(self):
         """HttpRequest.read() on a test client GET request should return the
         empty string."""
-        self.assertEqual(self.client.get("/read_all/").content, b'')
+        self.assertEqual(self.client.get("/read_all/").content, b"")
 
     def test_read_numbytes_from_empty_request(self):
         """HttpRequest.read(LARGE_BUFFER) on a test client GET request should
         return the empty string."""
-        self.assertEqual(self.client.get("/read_buffer/").content, b'')
+        self.assertEqual(self.client.get("/read_buffer/").content, b"")
 
     def test_read_from_nonempty_request(self):
         """HttpRequest.read() on a test client PUT request with some payload
         should return that payload."""
-        payload = b'foobar'
-        self.assertEqual(self.client.put("/read_all/", data=payload, content_type='text/plain').content, payload)
+        payload = b"foobar"
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.client.put(
+                "/read_all/", data=payload, content_type="text/plain"
+            ).content,
+            payload,
+        )
 
     def test_read_numbytes_from_nonempty_request(self):
         """HttpRequest.read(LARGE_BUFFER) on a test client PUT request with
         some payload should return that payload."""
-        payload = b'foobar'
-        self.assertEqual(self.client.put("/read_buffer/", data=payload, content_type='text/plain').content, payload)
+        payload = b"foobar"
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.client.put(
+                "/read_buffer/", data=payload, content_type="text/plain"
+            ).content,
+            payload,
+        )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_client_regress.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_client_regress.urls")
 class RequestFactoryStateTest(SimpleTestCase):
     """Regression tests for #15929."""
+
     # These tests are checking that certain middleware don't change certain
     # global state. Alternatively, from the point of view of a test, they are
     # ensuring test isolation behavior. So, unusually, it doesn't make sense to
@@ -1363,16 +1612,16 @@ class RequestFactoryStateTest(SimpleTestCase):
     # them with any other set of tests.
 
     def common_test_that_should_always_pass(self):
-        request = RequestFactory().get('/')
+        request = RequestFactory().get("/")
         request.session = {}
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(request, 'user'))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(request, "user"))
 
     def test_request(self):
         self.common_test_that_should_always_pass()
 
     def test_request_after_client(self):
         # apart from the next line the three tests are identical
-        self.client.get('/')
+        self.client.get("/")
         self.common_test_that_should_always_pass()
 
     def test_request_after_client_2(self):
@@ -1380,7 +1629,7 @@ class RequestFactoryStateTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.common_test_that_should_always_pass()
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_client_regress.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_client_regress.urls")
 class RequestFactoryEnvironmentTests(SimpleTestCase):
     """
     Regression tests for #8551 and #17067: ensure that environment variables
@@ -1388,16 +1637,18 @@ class RequestFactoryEnvironmentTests(SimpleTestCase):
     """
 
     def test_should_set_correct_env_variables(self):
-        request = RequestFactory().get('/path/')
+        request = RequestFactory().get("/path/")
 
-        self.assertEqual(request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR'), '127.0.0.1')
-        self.assertEqual(request.META.get('SERVER_NAME'), 'testserver')
-        self.assertEqual(request.META.get('SERVER_PORT'), '80')
-        self.assertEqual(request.META.get('SERVER_PROTOCOL'), 'HTTP/1.1')
-        self.assertEqual(request.META.get('SCRIPT_NAME') + request.META.get('PATH_INFO'), '/path/')
+        self.assertEqual(request.META.get("REMOTE_ADDR"), "127.0.0.1")
+        self.assertEqual(request.META.get("SERVER_NAME"), "testserver")
+        self.assertEqual(request.META.get("SERVER_PORT"), "80")
+        self.assertEqual(request.META.get("SERVER_PROTOCOL"), "HTTP/1.1")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            request.META.get("SCRIPT_NAME") + request.META.get("PATH_INFO"), "/path/"
+        )
 
     def test_cookies(self):
         factory = RequestFactory()
         factory.cookies.load('A="B"; C="D"; Path=/; Version=1')
-        request = factory.get('/')
-        self.assertEqual(request.META['HTTP_COOKIE'], 'A="B"; C="D"')
+        request = factory.get("/")
+        self.assertEqual(request.META["HTTP_COOKIE"], 'A="B"; C="D"')
diff --git a/tests/test_client_regress/urls.py b/tests/test_client_regress/urls.py
index 19c9551cc2..07b61d7f41 100644
--- a/tests/test_client_regress/urls.py
+++ b/tests/test_client_regress/urls.py
@@ -4,42 +4,63 @@ from django.views.generic import RedirectView
 from . import views
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('', include('test_client.urls')),
-
-    path('no_template_view/', views.no_template_view),
-    path('staff_only/', views.staff_only_view),
-    path('get_view/', views.get_view),
-    path('request_data/', views.request_data),
-    path('request_data_extended/', views.request_data, {'template': 'extended.html', 'data': 'bacon'}),
-    path('arg_view/<name>/', views.view_with_argument, name='arg_view'),
-    path('nested_view/', views.nested_view, name='nested_view'),
-    path('login_protected_redirect_view/', views.login_protected_redirect_view),
-    path('redirects/', RedirectView.as_view(url='/redirects/further/')),
-    path('redirects/further/', RedirectView.as_view(url='/redirects/further/more/')),
-    path('redirects/further/more/', RedirectView.as_view(url='/no_template_view/')),
-    path('redirect_to_non_existent_view/', RedirectView.as_view(url='/non_existent_view/')),
-    path('redirect_to_non_existent_view2/', RedirectView.as_view(url='/redirect_to_non_existent_view/')),
-    path('redirect_to_self/', RedirectView.as_view(url='/redirect_to_self/')),
-    path('redirect_to_self_with_changing_query_view/', views.redirect_to_self_with_changing_query_view),
-    path('circular_redirect_1/', RedirectView.as_view(url='/circular_redirect_2/')),
-    path('circular_redirect_2/', RedirectView.as_view(url='/circular_redirect_3/')),
-    path('circular_redirect_3/', RedirectView.as_view(url='/circular_redirect_1/')),
-    path('redirect_other_host/', RedirectView.as_view(url='https://otherserver:8443/no_template_view/')),
-    path('redirect_based_on_extra_headers_1/', views.redirect_based_on_extra_headers_1_view),
-    path('redirect_based_on_extra_headers_2/', views.redirect_based_on_extra_headers_2_view),
-    path('set_session/', views.set_session_view),
-    path('check_session/', views.check_session_view),
-    path('request_methods/', views.request_methods_view),
-    path('check_unicode/', views.return_unicode),
-    path('check_binary/', views.return_undecodable_binary),
-    path('json_response/', views.return_json_response),
-    path('json_response_latin1/', views.return_json_response_latin1),
-    path('parse_encoded_text/', views.return_text_file),
-    path('check_headers/', views.check_headers),
-    path('check_headers_redirect/', RedirectView.as_view(url='/check_headers/')),
-    path('body/', views.body),
-    path('read_all/', views.read_all),
-    path('read_buffer/', views.read_buffer),
-    path('request_context_view/', views.request_context_view),
-    path('render_template_multiple_times/', views.render_template_multiple_times),
+    path("", include("test_client.urls")),
+    path("no_template_view/", views.no_template_view),
+    path("staff_only/", views.staff_only_view),
+    path("get_view/", views.get_view),
+    path("request_data/", views.request_data),
+    path(
+        "request_data_extended/",
+        views.request_data,
+        {"template": "extended.html", "data": "bacon"},
+    ),
+    path("arg_view/<name>/", views.view_with_argument, name="arg_view"),
+    path("nested_view/", views.nested_view, name="nested_view"),
+    path("login_protected_redirect_view/", views.login_protected_redirect_view),
+    path("redirects/", RedirectView.as_view(url="/redirects/further/")),
+    path("redirects/further/", RedirectView.as_view(url="/redirects/further/more/")),
+    path("redirects/further/more/", RedirectView.as_view(url="/no_template_view/")),
+    path(
+        "redirect_to_non_existent_view/",
+        RedirectView.as_view(url="/non_existent_view/"),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "redirect_to_non_existent_view2/",
+        RedirectView.as_view(url="/redirect_to_non_existent_view/"),
+    ),
+    path("redirect_to_self/", RedirectView.as_view(url="/redirect_to_self/")),
+    path(
+        "redirect_to_self_with_changing_query_view/",
+        views.redirect_to_self_with_changing_query_view,
+    ),
+    path("circular_redirect_1/", RedirectView.as_view(url="/circular_redirect_2/")),
+    path("circular_redirect_2/", RedirectView.as_view(url="/circular_redirect_3/")),
+    path("circular_redirect_3/", RedirectView.as_view(url="/circular_redirect_1/")),
+    path(
+        "redirect_other_host/",
+        RedirectView.as_view(url="https://otherserver:8443/no_template_view/"),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "redirect_based_on_extra_headers_1/",
+        views.redirect_based_on_extra_headers_1_view,
+    ),
+    path(
+        "redirect_based_on_extra_headers_2/",
+        views.redirect_based_on_extra_headers_2_view,
+    ),
+    path("set_session/", views.set_session_view),
+    path("check_session/", views.check_session_view),
+    path("request_methods/", views.request_methods_view),
+    path("check_unicode/", views.return_unicode),
+    path("check_binary/", views.return_undecodable_binary),
+    path("json_response/", views.return_json_response),
+    path("json_response_latin1/", views.return_json_response_latin1),
+    path("parse_encoded_text/", views.return_text_file),
+    path("check_headers/", views.check_headers),
+    path("check_headers_redirect/", RedirectView.as_view(url="/check_headers/")),
+    path("body/", views.body),
+    path("read_all/", views.read_all),
+    path("read_buffer/", views.read_buffer),
+    path("request_context_view/", views.request_context_view),
+    path("render_template_multiple_times/", views.render_template_multiple_times),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/test_client_regress/views.py b/tests/test_client_regress/views.py
index 0b238381dd..27294ec741 100644
--- a/tests/test_client_regress/views.py
+++ b/tests/test_client_regress/views.py
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@ class CustomTestException(Exception):
 
 def no_template_view(request):
     "A simple view that expects a GET request, and returns a rendered template"
-    return HttpResponse("No template used. Sample content: twice once twice. Content ends.")
+    return HttpResponse(
+        "No template used. Sample content: twice once twice. Content ends."
+    )
 
 
 def staff_only_view(request):
@@ -32,15 +34,19 @@ def get_view(request):
     return HttpResponse("Hello world")
 
 
-def request_data(request, template='base.html', data='sausage'):
+def request_data(request, template="base.html", data="sausage"):
     "A simple view that returns the request data in the context"
-    return render(request, template, {
-        'get-foo': request.GET.get('foo'),
-        'get-bar': request.GET.get('bar'),
-        'post-foo': request.POST.get('foo'),
-        'post-bar': request.POST.get('bar'),
-        'data': data,
-    })
+    return render(
+        request,
+        template,
+        {
+            "get-foo": request.GET.get("foo"),
+            "get-bar": request.GET.get("bar"),
+            "post-foo": request.POST.get("foo"),
+            "post-bar": request.POST.get("bar"),
+            "data": data,
+        },
+    )
 
 
 def view_with_argument(request, name):
@@ -50,10 +56,10 @@ def view_with_argument(request, name):
     the argument, the test framework unescapes the %20 before passing
     the value to the view.
     """
-    if name == 'Arthur Dent':
-        return HttpResponse('Hi, Arthur')
+    if name == "Arthur Dent":
+        return HttpResponse("Hi, Arthur")
     else:
-        return HttpResponse('Howdy, %s' % name)
+        return HttpResponse("Howdy, %s" % name)
 
 
 def nested_view(request):
@@ -62,71 +68,79 @@ def nested_view(request):
     """
     c = Client()
     c.get("/no_template_view/")
-    return render(request, 'base.html', {'nested': 'yes'})
+    return render(request, "base.html", {"nested": "yes"})
 
 
 @login_required
 def login_protected_redirect_view(request):
     "A view that redirects all requests to the GET view"
-    return HttpResponseRedirect('/get_view/')
+    return HttpResponseRedirect("/get_view/")
 
 
 def redirect_to_self_with_changing_query_view(request):
     query = request.GET.copy()
-    query['counter'] += '0'
-    return HttpResponseRedirect('/redirect_to_self_with_changing_query_view/?%s' % urlencode(query))
+    query["counter"] += "0"
+    return HttpResponseRedirect(
+        "/redirect_to_self_with_changing_query_view/?%s" % urlencode(query)
+    )
 
 
 def set_session_view(request):
     "A view that sets a session variable"
-    request.session['session_var'] = 'YES'
-    return HttpResponse('set_session')
+    request.session["session_var"] = "YES"
+    return HttpResponse("set_session")
 
 
 def check_session_view(request):
     "A view that reads a session variable"
-    return HttpResponse(request.session.get('session_var', 'NO'))
+    return HttpResponse(request.session.get("session_var", "NO"))
 
 
 def request_methods_view(request):
     "A view that responds with the request method"
-    return HttpResponse('request method: %s' % request.method)
+    return HttpResponse("request method: %s" % request.method)
 
 
 def return_unicode(request):
-    return render(request, 'unicode.html')
+    return render(request, "unicode.html")
 
 
 def return_undecodable_binary(request):
     return HttpResponse(
-        b'%PDF-1.4\r\n%\x93\x8c\x8b\x9e ReportLab Generated PDF document http://www.reportlab.com'
+        b"%PDF-1.4\r\n%\x93\x8c\x8b\x9e ReportLab Generated PDF document http://www.reportlab.com"
     )
 
 
 def return_json_response(request):
-    content_type = request.GET.get('content_type')
-    kwargs = {'content_type': content_type} if content_type else {}
-    return JsonResponse({'key': 'value'}, **kwargs)
+    content_type = request.GET.get("content_type")
+    kwargs = {"content_type": content_type} if content_type else {}
+    return JsonResponse({"key": "value"}, **kwargs)
 
 
 def return_json_response_latin1(request):
-    return HttpResponse(b'{"a":"\xc5"}', content_type='application/json; charset=latin1')
+    return HttpResponse(
+        b'{"a":"\xc5"}', content_type="application/json; charset=latin1"
+    )
 
 
 def return_text_file(request):
     "A view that parses and returns text as a file."
-    match = CONTENT_TYPE_RE.match(request.META['CONTENT_TYPE'])
+    match = CONTENT_TYPE_RE.match(request.META["CONTENT_TYPE"])
     if match:
         charset = match[1]
     else:
         charset = settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET
 
-    return HttpResponse(request.body, status=200, content_type='text/plain; charset=%s' % charset)
+    return HttpResponse(
+        request.body, status=200, content_type="text/plain; charset=%s" % charset
+    )
 
 
 def check_headers(request):
     "A view that responds with value of the X-ARG-CHECK header"
-    return HttpResponse('HTTP_X_ARG_CHECK: %s' % request.META.get('HTTP_X_ARG_CHECK', 'Undefined'))
+    return HttpResponse(
+        "HTTP_X_ARG_CHECK: %s" % request.META.get("HTTP_X_ARG_CHECK", "Undefined")
+    )
 
 
 def body(request):
@@ -147,22 +161,21 @@ def read_buffer(request):
 def request_context_view(request):
     # Special attribute that won't be present on a plain HttpRequest
     request.special_path = request.path
-    return render(request, 'request_context.html')
+    return render(request, "request_context.html")
 
 
 def render_template_multiple_times(request):
     """A view that renders a template multiple times."""
-    return HttpResponse(
-        render_to_string('base.html') + render_to_string('base.html'))
+    return HttpResponse(render_to_string("base.html") + render_to_string("base.html"))
 
 
 def redirect_based_on_extra_headers_1_view(request):
-    if 'HTTP_REDIRECT' in request.META:
-        return HttpResponseRedirect('/redirect_based_on_extra_headers_2/')
+    if "HTTP_REDIRECT" in request.META:
+        return HttpResponseRedirect("/redirect_based_on_extra_headers_2/")
     return HttpResponse()
 
 
 def redirect_based_on_extra_headers_2_view(request):
-    if 'HTTP_REDIRECT' in request.META:
-        return HttpResponseRedirect('/redirects/further/more/')
+    if "HTTP_REDIRECT" in request.META:
+        return HttpResponseRedirect("/redirects/further/more/")
     return HttpResponse()
diff --git a/tests/test_exceptions/test_validation_error.py b/tests/test_exceptions/test_validation_error.py
index 12aa8e2775..aaca5582af 100644
--- a/tests/test_exceptions/test_validation_error.py
+++ b/tests/test_exceptions/test_validation_error.py
@@ -9,99 +9,119 @@ class TestValidationError(unittest.TestCase):
         message_dict = {}
         exception = ValidationError(message_dict)
         self.assertEqual(sorted(exception.messages), [])
-        message_dict['field1'] = ['E1', 'E2']
+        message_dict["field1"] = ["E1", "E2"]
         exception = ValidationError(message_dict)
-        self.assertEqual(sorted(exception.messages), ['E1', 'E2'])
-        message_dict['field2'] = ['E3', 'E4']
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(exception.messages), ["E1", "E2"])
+        message_dict["field2"] = ["E3", "E4"]
         exception = ValidationError(message_dict)
-        self.assertEqual(sorted(exception.messages), ['E1', 'E2', 'E3', 'E4'])
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(exception.messages), ["E1", "E2", "E3", "E4"])
 
     def test_eq(self):
-        error1 = ValidationError('message')
-        error2 = ValidationError('message', code='my_code1')
-        error3 = ValidationError('message', code='my_code2')
+        error1 = ValidationError("message")
+        error2 = ValidationError("message", code="my_code1")
+        error3 = ValidationError("message", code="my_code2")
         error4 = ValidationError(
-            'error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s',
-            code='my_code1',
-            params={'parm1': 'val1', 'parm2': 'val2'},
+            "error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s",
+            code="my_code1",
+            params={"parm1": "val1", "parm2": "val2"},
+        )
+        error5 = ValidationError({"field1": "message", "field2": "other"})
+        error6 = ValidationError({"field1": "message"})
+        error7 = ValidationError(
+            [
+                ValidationError({"field1": "field error", "field2": "other"}),
+                "message",
+            ]
         )
-        error5 = ValidationError({'field1': 'message', 'field2': 'other'})
-        error6 = ValidationError({'field1': 'message'})
-        error7 = ValidationError([
-            ValidationError({'field1': 'field error', 'field2': 'other'}),
-            'message',
-        ])
 
-        self.assertEqual(error1, ValidationError('message'))
-        self.assertNotEqual(error1, ValidationError('message2'))
+        self.assertEqual(error1, ValidationError("message"))
+        self.assertNotEqual(error1, ValidationError("message2"))
         self.assertNotEqual(error1, error2)
         self.assertNotEqual(error1, error4)
         self.assertNotEqual(error1, error5)
         self.assertNotEqual(error1, error6)
         self.assertNotEqual(error1, error7)
         self.assertEqual(error1, mock.ANY)
-        self.assertEqual(error2, ValidationError('message', code='my_code1'))
-        self.assertNotEqual(error2, ValidationError('other', code='my_code1'))
+        self.assertEqual(error2, ValidationError("message", code="my_code1"))
+        self.assertNotEqual(error2, ValidationError("other", code="my_code1"))
         self.assertNotEqual(error2, error3)
         self.assertNotEqual(error2, error4)
         self.assertNotEqual(error2, error5)
         self.assertNotEqual(error2, error6)
         self.assertNotEqual(error2, error7)
 
-        self.assertEqual(error4, ValidationError(
-            'error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s',
-            code='my_code1',
-            params={'parm1': 'val1', 'parm2': 'val2'},
-        ))
-        self.assertNotEqual(error4, ValidationError(
-            'error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s',
-            code='my_code2',
-            params={'parm1': 'val1', 'parm2': 'val2'},
-        ))
-        self.assertNotEqual(error4, ValidationError(
-            'error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s',
-            code='my_code1',
-            params={'parm2': 'val2'},
-        ))
-        self.assertNotEqual(error4, ValidationError(
-            'error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s',
-            code='my_code1',
-            params={'parm2': 'val1', 'parm1': 'val2'},
-        ))
-        self.assertNotEqual(error4, ValidationError(
-            'error val1 val2',
-            code='my_code1',
-        ))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            error4,
+            ValidationError(
+                "error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s",
+                code="my_code1",
+                params={"parm1": "val1", "parm2": "val2"},
+            ),
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            error4,
+            ValidationError(
+                "error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s",
+                code="my_code2",
+                params={"parm1": "val1", "parm2": "val2"},
+            ),
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            error4,
+            ValidationError(
+                "error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s",
+                code="my_code1",
+                params={"parm2": "val2"},
+            ),
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            error4,
+            ValidationError(
+                "error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s",
+                code="my_code1",
+                params={"parm2": "val1", "parm1": "val2"},
+            ),
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            error4,
+            ValidationError(
+                "error val1 val2",
+                code="my_code1",
+            ),
+        )
         # params ordering is ignored.
-        self.assertEqual(error4, ValidationError(
-            'error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s',
-            code='my_code1',
-            params={'parm2': 'val2', 'parm1': 'val1'},
-        ))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            error4,
+            ValidationError(
+                "error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s",
+                code="my_code1",
+                params={"parm2": "val2", "parm1": "val1"},
+            ),
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(
             error5,
-            ValidationError({'field1': 'message', 'field2': 'other'}),
+            ValidationError({"field1": "message", "field2": "other"}),
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(
             error5,
-            ValidationError({'field1': 'message', 'field2': 'other2'}),
+            ValidationError({"field1": "message", "field2": "other2"}),
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(
             error5,
-            ValidationError({'field1': 'message', 'field3': 'other'}),
+            ValidationError({"field1": "message", "field3": "other"}),
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(error5, error6)
         # fields ordering is ignored.
         self.assertEqual(
             error5,
-            ValidationError({'field2': 'other', 'field1': 'message'}),
+            ValidationError({"field2": "other", "field1": "message"}),
         )
 
         self.assertNotEqual(error7, ValidationError(error7.error_list[1:]))
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            ValidationError(['message']),
-            ValidationError([ValidationError('message', code='my_code')]),
+            ValidationError(["message"]),
+            ValidationError([ValidationError("message", code="my_code")]),
         )
         # messages ordering is ignored.
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -111,58 +131,73 @@ class TestValidationError(unittest.TestCase):
 
         self.assertNotEqual(error4, ValidationError([error4]))
         self.assertNotEqual(ValidationError([error4]), error4)
-        self.assertNotEqual(error4, ValidationError({'field1': error4}))
-        self.assertNotEqual(ValidationError({'field1': error4}), error4)
+        self.assertNotEqual(error4, ValidationError({"field1": error4}))
+        self.assertNotEqual(ValidationError({"field1": error4}), error4)
 
     def test_eq_nested(self):
         error_dict = {
-            'field1': ValidationError(
-                'error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s',
-                code='my_code',
-                params={'parm1': 'val1', 'parm2': 'val2'},
+            "field1": ValidationError(
+                "error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s",
+                code="my_code",
+                params={"parm1": "val1", "parm2": "val2"},
             ),
-            'field2': 'other',
+            "field2": "other",
         }
         error = ValidationError(error_dict)
         self.assertEqual(error, ValidationError(dict(error_dict)))
-        self.assertEqual(error, ValidationError({
-            'field1': ValidationError(
-                'error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s',
-                code='my_code',
-                params={'parm2': 'val2', 'parm1': 'val1'},
+        self.assertEqual(
+            error,
+            ValidationError(
+                {
+                    "field1": ValidationError(
+                        "error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s",
+                        code="my_code",
+                        params={"parm2": "val2", "parm1": "val1"},
+                    ),
+                    "field2": "other",
+                }
             ),
-            'field2': 'other',
-        }))
-        self.assertNotEqual(error, ValidationError(
-            {**error_dict, 'field2': 'message'},
-        ))
-        self.assertNotEqual(error, ValidationError({
-            'field1': ValidationError(
-                'error %(parm1)s val2',
-                code='my_code',
-                params={'parm1': 'val1'},
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            error,
+            ValidationError(
+                {**error_dict, "field2": "message"},
             ),
-            'field2': 'other',
-        }))
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            error,
+            ValidationError(
+                {
+                    "field1": ValidationError(
+                        "error %(parm1)s val2",
+                        code="my_code",
+                        params={"parm1": "val1"},
+                    ),
+                    "field2": "other",
+                }
+            ),
+        )
 
     def test_hash(self):
-        error1 = ValidationError('message')
-        error2 = ValidationError('message', code='my_code1')
-        error3 = ValidationError('message', code='my_code2')
+        error1 = ValidationError("message")
+        error2 = ValidationError("message", code="my_code1")
+        error3 = ValidationError("message", code="my_code2")
         error4 = ValidationError(
-            'error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s',
-            code='my_code1',
-            params={'parm1': 'val1', 'parm2': 'val2'},
+            "error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s",
+            code="my_code1",
+            params={"parm1": "val1", "parm2": "val2"},
+        )
+        error5 = ValidationError({"field1": "message", "field2": "other"})
+        error6 = ValidationError({"field1": "message"})
+        error7 = ValidationError(
+            [
+                ValidationError({"field1": "field error", "field2": "other"}),
+                "message",
+            ]
         )
-        error5 = ValidationError({'field1': 'message', 'field2': 'other'})
-        error6 = ValidationError({'field1': 'message'})
-        error7 = ValidationError([
-            ValidationError({'field1': 'field error', 'field2': 'other'}),
-            'message',
-        ])
 
-        self.assertEqual(hash(error1), hash(ValidationError('message')))
-        self.assertNotEqual(hash(error1), hash(ValidationError('message2')))
+        self.assertEqual(hash(error1), hash(ValidationError("message")))
+        self.assertNotEqual(hash(error1), hash(ValidationError("message2")))
         self.assertNotEqual(hash(error1), hash(error2))
         self.assertNotEqual(hash(error1), hash(error4))
         self.assertNotEqual(hash(error1), hash(error5))
@@ -170,11 +205,11 @@ class TestValidationError(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertNotEqual(hash(error1), hash(error7))
         self.assertEqual(
             hash(error2),
-            hash(ValidationError('message', code='my_code1')),
+            hash(ValidationError("message", code="my_code1")),
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(
             hash(error2),
-            hash(ValidationError('other', code='my_code1')),
+            hash(ValidationError("other", code="my_code1")),
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(hash(error2), hash(error3))
         self.assertNotEqual(hash(error2), hash(error4))
@@ -182,54 +217,84 @@ class TestValidationError(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertNotEqual(hash(error2), hash(error6))
         self.assertNotEqual(hash(error2), hash(error7))
 
-        self.assertEqual(hash(error4), hash(ValidationError(
-            'error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s',
-            code='my_code1',
-            params={'parm1': 'val1', 'parm2': 'val2'},
-        )))
-        self.assertNotEqual(hash(error4), hash(ValidationError(
-            'error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s',
-            code='my_code2',
-            params={'parm1': 'val1', 'parm2': 'val2'},
-        )))
-        self.assertNotEqual(hash(error4), hash(ValidationError(
-            'error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s',
-            code='my_code1',
-            params={'parm2': 'val2'},
-        )))
-        self.assertNotEqual(hash(error4), hash(ValidationError(
-            'error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s',
-            code='my_code1',
-            params={'parm2': 'val1', 'parm1': 'val2'},
-        )))
-        self.assertNotEqual(hash(error4), hash(ValidationError(
-            'error val1 val2',
-            code='my_code1',
-        )))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            hash(error4),
+            hash(
+                ValidationError(
+                    "error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s",
+                    code="my_code1",
+                    params={"parm1": "val1", "parm2": "val2"},
+                )
+            ),
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            hash(error4),
+            hash(
+                ValidationError(
+                    "error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s",
+                    code="my_code2",
+                    params={"parm1": "val1", "parm2": "val2"},
+                )
+            ),
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            hash(error4),
+            hash(
+                ValidationError(
+                    "error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s",
+                    code="my_code1",
+                    params={"parm2": "val2"},
+                )
+            ),
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            hash(error4),
+            hash(
+                ValidationError(
+                    "error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s",
+                    code="my_code1",
+                    params={"parm2": "val1", "parm1": "val2"},
+                )
+            ),
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            hash(error4),
+            hash(
+                ValidationError(
+                    "error val1 val2",
+                    code="my_code1",
+                )
+            ),
+        )
         # params ordering is ignored.
-        self.assertEqual(hash(error4), hash(ValidationError(
-            'error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s',
-            code='my_code1',
-            params={'parm2': 'val2', 'parm1': 'val1'},
-        )))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            hash(error4),
+            hash(
+                ValidationError(
+                    "error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s",
+                    code="my_code1",
+                    params={"parm2": "val2", "parm1": "val1"},
+                )
+            ),
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(
             hash(error5),
-            hash(ValidationError({'field1': 'message', 'field2': 'other'})),
+            hash(ValidationError({"field1": "message", "field2": "other"})),
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(
             hash(error5),
-            hash(ValidationError({'field1': 'message', 'field2': 'other2'})),
+            hash(ValidationError({"field1": "message", "field2": "other2"})),
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(
             hash(error5),
-            hash(ValidationError({'field1': 'message', 'field3': 'other'})),
+            hash(ValidationError({"field1": "message", "field3": "other"})),
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(error5, error6)
         # fields ordering is ignored.
         self.assertEqual(
             hash(error5),
-            hash(ValidationError({'field2': 'other', 'field1': 'message'})),
+            hash(ValidationError({"field2": "other", "field1": "message"})),
         )
 
         self.assertNotEqual(
@@ -237,8 +302,8 @@ class TestValidationError(unittest.TestCase):
             hash(ValidationError(error7.error_list[1:])),
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            hash(ValidationError(['message'])),
-            hash(ValidationError([ValidationError('message', code='my_code')])),
+            hash(ValidationError(["message"])),
+            hash(ValidationError([ValidationError("message", code="my_code")])),
         )
         # messages ordering is ignored.
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -250,36 +315,55 @@ class TestValidationError(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertNotEqual(hash(ValidationError([error4])), hash(error4))
         self.assertNotEqual(
             hash(error4),
-            hash(ValidationError({'field1': error4})),
+            hash(ValidationError({"field1": error4})),
         )
 
     def test_hash_nested(self):
         error_dict = {
-            'field1': ValidationError(
-                'error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s',
-                code='my_code',
-                params={'parm2': 'val2', 'parm1': 'val1'},
+            "field1": ValidationError(
+                "error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s",
+                code="my_code",
+                params={"parm2": "val2", "parm1": "val1"},
             ),
-            'field2': 'other',
+            "field2": "other",
         }
         error = ValidationError(error_dict)
         self.assertEqual(hash(error), hash(ValidationError(dict(error_dict))))
-        self.assertEqual(hash(error), hash(ValidationError({
-            'field1': ValidationError(
-                'error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s',
-                code='my_code',
-                params={'parm1': 'val1', 'parm2': 'val2'},
+        self.assertEqual(
+            hash(error),
+            hash(
+                ValidationError(
+                    {
+                        "field1": ValidationError(
+                            "error %(parm1)s %(parm2)s",
+                            code="my_code",
+                            params={"parm1": "val1", "parm2": "val2"},
+                        ),
+                        "field2": "other",
+                    }
+                )
             ),
-            'field2': 'other',
-        })))
-        self.assertNotEqual(hash(error), hash(ValidationError(
-            {**error_dict, 'field2': 'message'},
-        )))
-        self.assertNotEqual(hash(error), hash(ValidationError({
-            'field1': ValidationError(
-                'error %(parm1)s val2',
-                code='my_code',
-                params={'parm1': 'val1'},
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            hash(error),
+            hash(
+                ValidationError(
+                    {**error_dict, "field2": "message"},
+                )
             ),
-            'field2': 'other',
-        })))
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            hash(error),
+            hash(
+                ValidationError(
+                    {
+                        "field1": ValidationError(
+                            "error %(parm1)s val2",
+                            code="my_code",
+                            params={"parm1": "val1"},
+                        ),
+                        "field2": "other",
+                    }
+                )
+            ),
+        )
diff --git a/tests/test_runner/models.py b/tests/test_runner/models.py
index 9b26dbfc1e..80bf8dd8c7 100644
--- a/tests/test_runner/models.py
+++ b/tests/test_runner/models.py
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ from django.db import models
 class Person(models.Model):
     first_name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     last_name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
-    friends = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+    friends = models.ManyToManyField("self")
 
 
 # A set of models that use a non-abstract inherited 'through' model.
 class ThroughBase(models.Model):
     person = models.ForeignKey(Person, models.CASCADE)
-    b = models.ForeignKey('B', models.CASCADE)
+    b = models.ForeignKey("B", models.CASCADE)
 
 
 class Through(ThroughBase):
diff --git a/tests/test_runner/runner.py b/tests/test_runner/runner.py
index 46660d690b..5c34b343d9 100644
--- a/tests/test_runner/runner.py
+++ b/tests/test_runner/runner.py
@@ -2,19 +2,28 @@ from django.test.runner import DiscoverRunner
 
 
 class CustomOptionsTestRunner(DiscoverRunner):
-
-    def __init__(self, verbosity=1, interactive=True, failfast=True,
-                 option_a=None, option_b=None, option_c=None, **kwargs):
-        super().__init__(verbosity=verbosity, interactive=interactive, failfast=failfast)
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        verbosity=1,
+        interactive=True,
+        failfast=True,
+        option_a=None,
+        option_b=None,
+        option_c=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            verbosity=verbosity, interactive=interactive, failfast=failfast
+        )
         self.option_a = option_a
         self.option_b = option_b
         self.option_c = option_c
 
     @classmethod
     def add_arguments(cls, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('--option_a', '-a', default='1'),
-        parser.add_argument('--option_b', '-b', default='2'),
-        parser.add_argument('--option_c', '-c', default='3'),
+        parser.add_argument("--option_a", "-a", default="1"),
+        parser.add_argument("--option_b", "-b", default="2"),
+        parser.add_argument("--option_c", "-c", default="3"),
 
     def run_tests(self, test_labels, **kwargs):
         print("%s:%s:%s" % (self.option_a, self.option_b, self.option_c))
diff --git a/tests/test_runner/test_debug_sql.py b/tests/test_runner/test_debug_sql.py
index 0e8e4207d6..9957295f01 100644
--- a/tests/test_runner/test_debug_sql.py
+++ b/tests/test_runner/test_debug_sql.py
@@ -8,21 +8,22 @@ from django.test.runner import DiscoverRunner
 from .models import Person
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'sqlite', 'Only run on sqlite so we can check output SQL.')
+@unittest.skipUnless(
+    connection.vendor == "sqlite", "Only run on sqlite so we can check output SQL."
+)
 class TestDebugSQL(unittest.TestCase):
-
     class PassingTest(TestCase):
         def runTest(self):
-            Person.objects.filter(first_name='pass').count()
+            Person.objects.filter(first_name="pass").count()
 
     class FailingTest(TestCase):
         def runTest(self):
-            Person.objects.filter(first_name='fail').count()
+            Person.objects.filter(first_name="fail").count()
             self.fail()
 
     class ErrorTest(TestCase):
         def runTest(self):
-            Person.objects.filter(first_name='error').count()
+            Person.objects.filter(first_name="error").count()
             raise Exception
 
     class ErrorSetUpTestDataTest(TestCase):
@@ -36,18 +37,18 @@ class TestDebugSQL(unittest.TestCase):
     class PassingSubTest(TestCase):
         def runTest(self):
             with self.subTest():
-                Person.objects.filter(first_name='subtest-pass').count()
+                Person.objects.filter(first_name="subtest-pass").count()
 
     class FailingSubTest(TestCase):
         def runTest(self):
             with self.subTest():
-                Person.objects.filter(first_name='subtest-fail').count()
+                Person.objects.filter(first_name="subtest-fail").count()
                 self.fail()
 
     class ErrorSubTest(TestCase):
         def runTest(self):
             with self.subTest():
-                Person.objects.filter(first_name='subtest-error').count()
+                Person.objects.filter(first_name="subtest-error").count()
                 raise Exception
 
     def _test_output(self, verbosity):
@@ -86,34 +87,46 @@ class TestDebugSQL(unittest.TestCase):
             self.assertIn(output, full_output)
 
     expected_outputs = [
-        ('''SELECT COUNT(*) AS "__count" '''
-            '''FROM "test_runner_person" WHERE '''
-            '''"test_runner_person"."first_name" = 'error';'''),
-        ('''SELECT COUNT(*) AS "__count" '''
-            '''FROM "test_runner_person" WHERE '''
-            '''"test_runner_person"."first_name" = 'fail';'''),
-        ('''SELECT COUNT(*) AS "__count" '''
-            '''FROM "test_runner_person" WHERE '''
-            '''"test_runner_person"."first_name" = 'subtest-error';'''),
-        ('''SELECT COUNT(*) AS "__count" '''
-            '''FROM "test_runner_person" WHERE '''
-            '''"test_runner_person"."first_name" = 'subtest-fail';'''),
+        (
+            """SELECT COUNT(*) AS "__count" """
+            """FROM "test_runner_person" WHERE """
+            """"test_runner_person"."first_name" = 'error';"""
+        ),
+        (
+            """SELECT COUNT(*) AS "__count" """
+            """FROM "test_runner_person" WHERE """
+            """"test_runner_person"."first_name" = 'fail';"""
+        ),
+        (
+            """SELECT COUNT(*) AS "__count" """
+            """FROM "test_runner_person" WHERE """
+            """"test_runner_person"."first_name" = 'subtest-error';"""
+        ),
+        (
+            """SELECT COUNT(*) AS "__count" """
+            """FROM "test_runner_person" WHERE """
+            """"test_runner_person"."first_name" = 'subtest-fail';"""
+        ),
     ]
 
     verbose_expected_outputs = [
-        'runTest (test_runner.test_debug_sql.TestDebugSQL.FailingTest) ... FAIL',
-        'runTest (test_runner.test_debug_sql.TestDebugSQL.ErrorTest) ... ERROR',
-        'runTest (test_runner.test_debug_sql.TestDebugSQL.PassingTest) ... ok',
+        "runTest (test_runner.test_debug_sql.TestDebugSQL.FailingTest) ... FAIL",
+        "runTest (test_runner.test_debug_sql.TestDebugSQL.ErrorTest) ... ERROR",
+        "runTest (test_runner.test_debug_sql.TestDebugSQL.PassingTest) ... ok",
         # If there are errors/failures in subtests but not in test itself,
         # the status is not written. That behavior comes from Python.
-        'runTest (test_runner.test_debug_sql.TestDebugSQL.FailingSubTest) ...',
-        'runTest (test_runner.test_debug_sql.TestDebugSQL.ErrorSubTest) ...',
-        ('''SELECT COUNT(*) AS "__count" '''
-            '''FROM "test_runner_person" WHERE '''
-            '''"test_runner_person"."first_name" = 'pass';'''),
-        ('''SELECT COUNT(*) AS "__count" '''
-            '''FROM "test_runner_person" WHERE '''
-            '''"test_runner_person"."first_name" = 'subtest-pass';'''),
+        "runTest (test_runner.test_debug_sql.TestDebugSQL.FailingSubTest) ...",
+        "runTest (test_runner.test_debug_sql.TestDebugSQL.ErrorSubTest) ...",
+        (
+            """SELECT COUNT(*) AS "__count" """
+            """FROM "test_runner_person" WHERE """
+            """"test_runner_person"."first_name" = 'pass';"""
+        ),
+        (
+            """SELECT COUNT(*) AS "__count" """
+            """FROM "test_runner_person" WHERE """
+            """"test_runner_person"."first_name" = 'subtest-pass';"""
+        ),
     ]
 
     def test_setupclass_exception(self):
@@ -130,7 +143,7 @@ class TestDebugSQL(unittest.TestCase):
         runner.teardown_databases(old_config)
         output = stream.getvalue()
         self.assertIn(
-            'ERROR: setUpClass '
-            '(test_runner.test_debug_sql.TestDebugSQL.ErrorSetUpTestDataTest)',
+            "ERROR: setUpClass "
+            "(test_runner.test_debug_sql.TestDebugSQL.ErrorSetUpTestDataTest)",
             output,
         )
diff --git a/tests/test_runner/test_discover_runner.py b/tests/test_runner/test_discover_runner.py
index dedc36aeb7..f264ad52f8 100644
--- a/tests/test_runner/test_discover_runner.py
+++ b/tests/test_runner/test_discover_runner.py
@@ -11,7 +11,10 @@ from django.db import connections
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.test.runner import DiscoverRunner, get_max_test_processes
 from django.test.utils import (
-    NullTimeKeeper, TimeKeeper, captured_stderr, captured_stdout,
+    NullTimeKeeper,
+    TimeKeeper,
+    captured_stderr,
+    captured_stdout,
 )
 
 
@@ -39,9 +42,9 @@ def change_loader_patterns(patterns):
 
 # Isolate from the real environment.
 @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {}, clear=True)
-@mock.patch.object(multiprocessing, 'cpu_count', return_value=12)
+@mock.patch.object(multiprocessing, "cpu_count", return_value=12)
 # Python 3.8 on macOS defaults to 'spawn' mode.
-@mock.patch.object(multiprocessing, 'get_start_method', return_value='fork')
+@mock.patch.object(multiprocessing, "get_start_method", return_value="fork")
 class DiscoverRunnerParallelArgumentTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def get_parser(self):
         parser = ArgumentParser()
@@ -53,47 +56,45 @@ class DiscoverRunnerParallelArgumentTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(result.parallel, 0)
 
     def test_parallel_flag(self, *mocked_objects):
-        result = self.get_parser().parse_args(['--parallel'])
-        self.assertEqual(result.parallel, 'auto')
+        result = self.get_parser().parse_args(["--parallel"])
+        self.assertEqual(result.parallel, "auto")
 
     def test_parallel_auto(self, *mocked_objects):
-        result = self.get_parser().parse_args(['--parallel', 'auto'])
-        self.assertEqual(result.parallel, 'auto')
+        result = self.get_parser().parse_args(["--parallel", "auto"])
+        self.assertEqual(result.parallel, "auto")
 
     def test_parallel_count(self, *mocked_objects):
-        result = self.get_parser().parse_args(['--parallel', '17'])
+        result = self.get_parser().parse_args(["--parallel", "17"])
         self.assertEqual(result.parallel, 17)
 
     def test_parallel_invalid(self, *mocked_objects):
         with self.assertRaises(SystemExit), captured_stderr() as stderr:
-            self.get_parser().parse_args(['--parallel', 'unaccepted'])
+            self.get_parser().parse_args(["--parallel", "unaccepted"])
         msg = "argument --parallel: 'unaccepted' is not an integer or the string 'auto'"
         self.assertIn(msg, stderr.getvalue())
 
     def test_get_max_test_processes(self, *mocked_objects):
         self.assertEqual(get_max_test_processes(), 12)
 
-    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {'DJANGO_TEST_PROCESSES': '7'})
+    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {"DJANGO_TEST_PROCESSES": "7"})
     def test_get_max_test_processes_env_var(self, *mocked_objects):
         self.assertEqual(get_max_test_processes(), 7)
 
     def test_get_max_test_processes_spawn(
-        self, mocked_get_start_method, mocked_cpu_count,
+        self,
+        mocked_get_start_method,
+        mocked_cpu_count,
     ):
-        mocked_get_start_method.return_value = 'spawn'
+        mocked_get_start_method.return_value = "spawn"
         self.assertEqual(get_max_test_processes(), 1)
-        with mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {'DJANGO_TEST_PROCESSES': '7'}):
+        with mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {"DJANGO_TEST_PROCESSES": "7"}):
             self.assertEqual(get_max_test_processes(), 1)
 
 
 class DiscoverRunnerTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     @staticmethod
     def get_test_methods_names(suite):
-        return [
-            t.__class__.__name__ + '.' + t._testMethodName
-            for t in suite._tests
-        ]
+        return [t.__class__.__name__ + "." + t._testMethodName for t in suite._tests]
 
     def test_init_debug_mode(self):
         runner = DiscoverRunner()
@@ -104,9 +105,9 @@ class DiscoverRunnerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         DiscoverRunner.add_arguments(parser)
         ns = parser.parse_args([])
         self.assertIs(ns.shuffle, False)
-        ns = parser.parse_args(['--shuffle'])
+        ns = parser.parse_args(["--shuffle"])
         self.assertIsNone(ns.shuffle)
-        ns = parser.parse_args(['--shuffle', '5'])
+        ns = parser.parse_args(["--shuffle", "5"])
         self.assertEqual(ns.shuffle, 5)
 
     def test_add_arguments_debug_mode(self):
@@ -127,10 +128,10 @@ class DiscoverRunnerTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_setup_shuffler_shuffle_none(self):
         runner = DiscoverRunner(shuffle=None)
         self.assertIsNone(runner.shuffle)
-        with mock.patch('random.randint', return_value=1):
+        with mock.patch("random.randint", return_value=1):
             with captured_stdout() as stdout:
                 runner.setup_shuffler()
-        self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue(), 'Using shuffle seed: 1 (generated)\n')
+        self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue(), "Using shuffle seed: 1 (generated)\n")
         self.assertEqual(runner.shuffle_seed, 1)
 
     def test_setup_shuffler_shuffle_int(self):
@@ -138,111 +139,143 @@ class DiscoverRunnerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(runner.shuffle, 2)
         with captured_stdout() as stdout:
             runner.setup_shuffler()
-        expected_out = 'Using shuffle seed: 2 (given)\n'
+        expected_out = "Using shuffle seed: 2 (given)\n"
         self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue(), expected_out)
         self.assertEqual(runner.shuffle_seed, 2)
 
     def test_load_tests_for_label_file_path(self):
-        with change_cwd('.'):
+        with change_cwd("."):
             msg = (
                 "One of the test labels is a path to a file: "
                 "'test_discover_runner.py', which is not supported. Use a "
                 "dotted module name or path to a directory instead."
             )
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, msg):
-                DiscoverRunner().load_tests_for_label('test_discover_runner.py', {})
+                DiscoverRunner().load_tests_for_label("test_discover_runner.py", {})
 
     def test_dotted_test_module(self):
-        count = DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0).build_suite(
-            ['test_runner_apps.sample.tests_sample'],
-        ).countTestCases()
+        count = (
+            DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0)
+            .build_suite(
+                ["test_runner_apps.sample.tests_sample"],
+            )
+            .countTestCases()
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(count, 4)
 
     def test_dotted_test_class_vanilla_unittest(self):
-        count = DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0).build_suite(
-            ['test_runner_apps.sample.tests_sample.TestVanillaUnittest'],
-        ).countTestCases()
+        count = (
+            DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0)
+            .build_suite(
+                ["test_runner_apps.sample.tests_sample.TestVanillaUnittest"],
+            )
+            .countTestCases()
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(count, 1)
 
     def test_dotted_test_class_django_testcase(self):
-        count = DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0).build_suite(
-            ['test_runner_apps.sample.tests_sample.TestDjangoTestCase'],
-        ).countTestCases()
+        count = (
+            DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0)
+            .build_suite(
+                ["test_runner_apps.sample.tests_sample.TestDjangoTestCase"],
+            )
+            .countTestCases()
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(count, 1)
 
     def test_dotted_test_method_django_testcase(self):
-        count = DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0).build_suite(
-            ['test_runner_apps.sample.tests_sample.TestDjangoTestCase.test_sample'],
-        ).countTestCases()
+        count = (
+            DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0)
+            .build_suite(
+                ["test_runner_apps.sample.tests_sample.TestDjangoTestCase.test_sample"],
+            )
+            .countTestCases()
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(count, 1)
 
     def test_pattern(self):
-        count = DiscoverRunner(
-            pattern="*_tests.py",
-            verbosity=0,
-        ).build_suite(['test_runner_apps.sample']).countTestCases()
+        count = (
+            DiscoverRunner(
+                pattern="*_tests.py",
+                verbosity=0,
+            )
+            .build_suite(["test_runner_apps.sample"])
+            .countTestCases()
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(count, 1)
 
     def test_name_patterns(self):
         all_test_1 = [
-            'DjangoCase1.test_1', 'DjangoCase2.test_1',
-            'SimpleCase1.test_1', 'SimpleCase2.test_1',
-            'UnittestCase1.test_1', 'UnittestCase2.test_1',
+            "DjangoCase1.test_1",
+            "DjangoCase2.test_1",
+            "SimpleCase1.test_1",
+            "SimpleCase2.test_1",
+            "UnittestCase1.test_1",
+            "UnittestCase2.test_1",
         ]
         all_test_2 = [
-            'DjangoCase1.test_2', 'DjangoCase2.test_2',
-            'SimpleCase1.test_2', 'SimpleCase2.test_2',
-            'UnittestCase1.test_2', 'UnittestCase2.test_2',
+            "DjangoCase1.test_2",
+            "DjangoCase2.test_2",
+            "SimpleCase1.test_2",
+            "SimpleCase2.test_2",
+            "UnittestCase1.test_2",
+            "UnittestCase2.test_2",
         ]
-        all_tests = sorted([*all_test_1, *all_test_2, 'UnittestCase2.test_3_test'])
+        all_tests = sorted([*all_test_1, *all_test_2, "UnittestCase2.test_3_test"])
         for pattern, expected in [
-            [['test_1'], all_test_1],
-            [['UnittestCase1'], ['UnittestCase1.test_1', 'UnittestCase1.test_2']],
-            [['*test'], ['UnittestCase2.test_3_test']],
-            [['test*'], all_tests],
-            [['test'], all_tests],
-            [['test_1', 'test_2'], sorted([*all_test_1, *all_test_2])],
-            [['test*1'], all_test_1],
+            [["test_1"], all_test_1],
+            [["UnittestCase1"], ["UnittestCase1.test_1", "UnittestCase1.test_2"]],
+            [["*test"], ["UnittestCase2.test_3_test"]],
+            [["test*"], all_tests],
+            [["test"], all_tests],
+            [["test_1", "test_2"], sorted([*all_test_1, *all_test_2])],
+            [["test*1"], all_test_1],
         ]:
             with self.subTest(pattern):
                 suite = DiscoverRunner(
                     test_name_patterns=pattern,
                     verbosity=0,
-                ).build_suite(['test_runner_apps.simple'])
+                ).build_suite(["test_runner_apps.simple"])
                 self.assertEqual(expected, self.get_test_methods_names(suite))
 
     def test_loader_patterns_not_mutated(self):
-        runner = DiscoverRunner(test_name_patterns=['test_sample'], verbosity=0)
+        runner = DiscoverRunner(test_name_patterns=["test_sample"], verbosity=0)
         tests = [
-            ('test_runner_apps.sample.tests', 1),
-            ('test_runner_apps.sample.tests.Test.test_sample', 1),
-            ('test_runner_apps.sample.empty', 0),
-            ('test_runner_apps.sample.tests_sample.EmptyTestCase', 0),
+            ("test_runner_apps.sample.tests", 1),
+            ("test_runner_apps.sample.tests.Test.test_sample", 1),
+            ("test_runner_apps.sample.empty", 0),
+            ("test_runner_apps.sample.tests_sample.EmptyTestCase", 0),
         ]
         for test_labels, tests_count in tests:
             with self.subTest(test_labels=test_labels):
-                with change_loader_patterns(['UnittestCase1']):
+                with change_loader_patterns(["UnittestCase1"]):
                     count = runner.build_suite([test_labels]).countTestCases()
                     self.assertEqual(count, tests_count)
-                    self.assertEqual(runner.test_loader.testNamePatterns, ['UnittestCase1'])
+                    self.assertEqual(
+                        runner.test_loader.testNamePatterns, ["UnittestCase1"]
+                    )
 
     def test_loader_patterns_not_mutated_when_test_label_is_file_path(self):
-        runner = DiscoverRunner(test_name_patterns=['test_sample'], verbosity=0)
-        with change_cwd('.'), change_loader_patterns(['UnittestCase1']):
+        runner = DiscoverRunner(test_name_patterns=["test_sample"], verbosity=0)
+        with change_cwd("."), change_loader_patterns(["UnittestCase1"]):
             with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
-                runner.build_suite(['test_discover_runner.py'])
-            self.assertEqual(runner.test_loader.testNamePatterns, ['UnittestCase1'])
+                runner.build_suite(["test_discover_runner.py"])
+            self.assertEqual(runner.test_loader.testNamePatterns, ["UnittestCase1"])
 
     def test_file_path(self):
         with change_cwd(".."):
-            count = DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0).build_suite(
-                ['test_runner_apps/sample/'],
-            ).countTestCases()
+            count = (
+                DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0)
+                .build_suite(
+                    ["test_runner_apps/sample/"],
+                )
+                .countTestCases()
+            )
 
         self.assertEqual(count, 5)
 
@@ -259,16 +292,24 @@ class DiscoverRunnerTests(SimpleTestCase):
             )
 
     def test_empty_test_case(self):
-        count = DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0).build_suite(
-            ['test_runner_apps.sample.tests_sample.EmptyTestCase'],
-        ).countTestCases()
+        count = (
+            DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0)
+            .build_suite(
+                ["test_runner_apps.sample.tests_sample.EmptyTestCase"],
+            )
+            .countTestCases()
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(count, 0)
 
     def test_discovery_on_package(self):
-        count = DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0).build_suite(
-            ['test_runner_apps.sample.tests'],
-        ).countTestCases()
+        count = (
+            DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0)
+            .build_suite(
+                ["test_runner_apps.sample.tests"],
+            )
+            .countTestCases()
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(count, 1)
 
@@ -280,34 +321,44 @@ class DiscoverRunnerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         This results in tests from adjacent modules being run when they
         should not. The discover runner avoids this behavior.
         """
-        count = DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0).build_suite(
-            ['test_runner_apps.sample.empty'],
-        ).countTestCases()
+        count = (
+            DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0)
+            .build_suite(
+                ["test_runner_apps.sample.empty"],
+            )
+            .countTestCases()
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(count, 0)
 
     def test_testcase_ordering(self):
         with change_cwd(".."):
-            suite = DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0).build_suite(['test_runner_apps/sample/'])
+            suite = DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0).build_suite(
+                ["test_runner_apps/sample/"]
+            )
             self.assertEqual(
                 suite._tests[0].__class__.__name__,
-                'TestDjangoTestCase',
-                msg="TestDjangoTestCase should be the first test case")
+                "TestDjangoTestCase",
+                msg="TestDjangoTestCase should be the first test case",
+            )
             self.assertEqual(
                 suite._tests[1].__class__.__name__,
-                'TestZimpleTestCase',
-                msg="TestZimpleTestCase should be the second test case")
+                "TestZimpleTestCase",
+                msg="TestZimpleTestCase should be the second test case",
+            )
             # All others can follow in unspecified order, including doctests
-            self.assertIn('DocTestCase', [t.__class__.__name__ for t in suite._tests[2:]])
+            self.assertIn(
+                "DocTestCase", [t.__class__.__name__ for t in suite._tests[2:]]
+            )
 
     def test_duplicates_ignored(self):
         """
         Tests shouldn't be discovered twice when discovering on overlapping paths.
         """
-        base_app = 'forms_tests'
-        sub_app = 'forms_tests.field_tests'
+        base_app = "forms_tests"
+        sub_app = "forms_tests.field_tests"
         runner = DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0)
-        with self.modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': sub_app}):
+        with self.modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": sub_app}):
             single = runner.build_suite([base_app]).countTestCases()
             dups = runner.build_suite([base_app, sub_app]).countTestCases()
         self.assertEqual(single, dups)
@@ -319,32 +370,46 @@ class DiscoverRunnerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         runner = DiscoverRunner(reverse=True, verbosity=0)
         suite = runner.build_suite(
-            test_labels=('test_runner_apps.sample', 'test_runner_apps.simple'))
-        self.assertIn('test_runner_apps.simple', next(iter(suite)).id(),
-                      msg="Test labels should be reversed.")
-        suite = runner.build_suite(test_labels=('test_runner_apps.simple',))
+            test_labels=("test_runner_apps.sample", "test_runner_apps.simple")
+        )
+        self.assertIn(
+            "test_runner_apps.simple",
+            next(iter(suite)).id(),
+            msg="Test labels should be reversed.",
+        )
+        suite = runner.build_suite(test_labels=("test_runner_apps.simple",))
         suite = tuple(suite)
-        self.assertIn('DjangoCase', suite[0].id(),
-                      msg="Test groups should not be reversed.")
-        self.assertIn('SimpleCase', suite[4].id(),
-                      msg="Test groups order should be preserved.")
-        self.assertIn('DjangoCase2', suite[0].id(),
-                      msg="Django test cases should be reversed.")
-        self.assertIn('SimpleCase2', suite[4].id(),
-                      msg="Simple test cases should be reversed.")
-        self.assertIn('UnittestCase2', suite[8].id(),
-                      msg="Unittest test cases should be reversed.")
-        self.assertIn('test_2', suite[0].id(),
-                      msg="Methods of Django cases should be reversed.")
-        self.assertIn('test_2', suite[4].id(),
-                      msg="Methods of simple cases should be reversed.")
-        self.assertIn('test_2', suite[9].id(),
-                      msg="Methods of unittest cases should be reversed.")
+        self.assertIn(
+            "DjangoCase", suite[0].id(), msg="Test groups should not be reversed."
+        )
+        self.assertIn(
+            "SimpleCase", suite[4].id(), msg="Test groups order should be preserved."
+        )
+        self.assertIn(
+            "DjangoCase2", suite[0].id(), msg="Django test cases should be reversed."
+        )
+        self.assertIn(
+            "SimpleCase2", suite[4].id(), msg="Simple test cases should be reversed."
+        )
+        self.assertIn(
+            "UnittestCase2",
+            suite[8].id(),
+            msg="Unittest test cases should be reversed.",
+        )
+        self.assertIn(
+            "test_2", suite[0].id(), msg="Methods of Django cases should be reversed."
+        )
+        self.assertIn(
+            "test_2", suite[4].id(), msg="Methods of simple cases should be reversed."
+        )
+        self.assertIn(
+            "test_2", suite[9].id(), msg="Methods of unittest cases should be reversed."
+        )
 
     def test_build_suite_failed_tests_first(self):
         # The "doesnotexist" label results in a _FailedTest instance.
         suite = DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0).build_suite(
-            test_labels=['test_runner_apps.sample', 'doesnotexist'],
+            test_labels=["test_runner_apps.sample", "doesnotexist"],
         )
         tests = list(suite)
         self.assertIsInstance(tests[0], unittest.loader._FailedTest)
@@ -353,12 +418,12 @@ class DiscoverRunnerTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_build_suite_shuffling(self):
         # These will result in unittest.loader._FailedTest instances rather
         # than TestCase objects, but they are sufficient for testing.
-        labels = ['label1', 'label2', 'label3', 'label4']
+        labels = ["label1", "label2", "label3", "label4"]
         cases = [
-            ({}, ['label1', 'label2', 'label3', 'label4']),
-            ({'reverse': True}, ['label4', 'label3', 'label2', 'label1']),
-            ({'shuffle': 8}, ['label4', 'label1', 'label3', 'label2']),
-            ({'shuffle': 8, 'reverse': True}, ['label2', 'label3', 'label1', 'label4']),
+            ({}, ["label1", "label2", "label3", "label4"]),
+            ({"reverse": True}, ["label4", "label3", "label2", "label1"]),
+            ({"shuffle": 8}, ["label4", "label1", "label3", "label2"]),
+            ({"shuffle": 8, "reverse": True}, ["label2", "label3", "label1", "label4"]),
         ]
         for kwargs, expected in cases:
             with self.subTest(kwargs=kwargs):
@@ -366,7 +431,7 @@ class DiscoverRunnerTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 runner = DiscoverRunner(**kwargs, verbosity=0)
                 tests = runner.build_suite(test_labels=labels)
                 # The ids have the form "unittest.loader._FailedTest.label1".
-                names = [test.id().split('.')[-1] for test in tests]
+                names = [test.id().split(".")[-1] for test in tests]
                 self.assertEqual(names, expected)
 
     def test_overridable_get_test_runner_kwargs(self):
@@ -382,78 +447,95 @@ class DiscoverRunnerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(DiscoverRunner().test_loader, defaultTestLoader)
 
     def test_tags(self):
-        runner = DiscoverRunner(tags=['core'], verbosity=0)
-        self.assertEqual(runner.build_suite(['test_runner_apps.tagged.tests']).countTestCases(), 1)
-        runner = DiscoverRunner(tags=['fast'], verbosity=0)
-        self.assertEqual(runner.build_suite(['test_runner_apps.tagged.tests']).countTestCases(), 2)
-        runner = DiscoverRunner(tags=['slow'], verbosity=0)
-        self.assertEqual(runner.build_suite(['test_runner_apps.tagged.tests']).countTestCases(), 2)
+        runner = DiscoverRunner(tags=["core"], verbosity=0)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            runner.build_suite(["test_runner_apps.tagged.tests"]).countTestCases(), 1
+        )
+        runner = DiscoverRunner(tags=["fast"], verbosity=0)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            runner.build_suite(["test_runner_apps.tagged.tests"]).countTestCases(), 2
+        )
+        runner = DiscoverRunner(tags=["slow"], verbosity=0)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            runner.build_suite(["test_runner_apps.tagged.tests"]).countTestCases(), 2
+        )
 
     def test_exclude_tags(self):
-        runner = DiscoverRunner(tags=['fast'], exclude_tags=['core'], verbosity=0)
-        self.assertEqual(runner.build_suite(['test_runner_apps.tagged.tests']).countTestCases(), 1)
-        runner = DiscoverRunner(tags=['fast'], exclude_tags=['slow'], verbosity=0)
-        self.assertEqual(runner.build_suite(['test_runner_apps.tagged.tests']).countTestCases(), 0)
-        runner = DiscoverRunner(exclude_tags=['slow'], verbosity=0)
-        self.assertEqual(runner.build_suite(['test_runner_apps.tagged.tests']).countTestCases(), 0)
+        runner = DiscoverRunner(tags=["fast"], exclude_tags=["core"], verbosity=0)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            runner.build_suite(["test_runner_apps.tagged.tests"]).countTestCases(), 1
+        )
+        runner = DiscoverRunner(tags=["fast"], exclude_tags=["slow"], verbosity=0)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            runner.build_suite(["test_runner_apps.tagged.tests"]).countTestCases(), 0
+        )
+        runner = DiscoverRunner(exclude_tags=["slow"], verbosity=0)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            runner.build_suite(["test_runner_apps.tagged.tests"]).countTestCases(), 0
+        )
 
     def test_tag_inheritance(self):
         def count_tests(**kwargs):
-            kwargs.setdefault('verbosity', 0)
-            suite = DiscoverRunner(**kwargs).build_suite(['test_runner_apps.tagged.tests_inheritance'])
+            kwargs.setdefault("verbosity", 0)
+            suite = DiscoverRunner(**kwargs).build_suite(
+                ["test_runner_apps.tagged.tests_inheritance"]
+            )
             return suite.countTestCases()
 
-        self.assertEqual(count_tests(tags=['foo']), 4)
-        self.assertEqual(count_tests(tags=['bar']), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(count_tests(tags=['baz']), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(count_tests(tags=['foo'], exclude_tags=['bar']), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(count_tests(tags=['foo'], exclude_tags=['bar', 'baz']), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(count_tests(exclude_tags=['foo']), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(count_tests(tags=["foo"]), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(count_tests(tags=["bar"]), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(count_tests(tags=["baz"]), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(count_tests(tags=["foo"], exclude_tags=["bar"]), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(count_tests(tags=["foo"], exclude_tags=["bar", "baz"]), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(count_tests(exclude_tags=["foo"]), 0)
 
     def test_tag_fail_to_load(self):
         with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError):
-            import_module('test_runner_apps.tagged.tests_syntax_error')
-        runner = DiscoverRunner(tags=['syntax_error'], verbosity=0)
+            import_module("test_runner_apps.tagged.tests_syntax_error")
+        runner = DiscoverRunner(tags=["syntax_error"], verbosity=0)
         # A label that doesn't exist or cannot be loaded due to syntax errors
         # is always considered matching.
-        suite = runner.build_suite(['doesnotexist', 'test_runner_apps.tagged'])
-        self.assertEqual([test.id() for test in suite], [
-            'unittest.loader._FailedTest.doesnotexist',
-            'unittest.loader._FailedTest.test_runner_apps.tagged.tests_syntax_error',
-        ])
+        suite = runner.build_suite(["doesnotexist", "test_runner_apps.tagged"])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [test.id() for test in suite],
+            [
+                "unittest.loader._FailedTest.doesnotexist",
+                "unittest.loader._FailedTest.test_runner_apps.tagged.tests_syntax_error",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_included_tags_displayed(self):
-        runner = DiscoverRunner(tags=['foo', 'bar'], verbosity=2)
+        runner = DiscoverRunner(tags=["foo", "bar"], verbosity=2)
         with captured_stdout() as stdout:
-            runner.build_suite(['test_runner_apps.tagged.tests'])
-            self.assertIn('Including test tag(s): bar, foo.\n', stdout.getvalue())
+            runner.build_suite(["test_runner_apps.tagged.tests"])
+            self.assertIn("Including test tag(s): bar, foo.\n", stdout.getvalue())
 
     def test_excluded_tags_displayed(self):
-        runner = DiscoverRunner(exclude_tags=['foo', 'bar'], verbosity=3)
+        runner = DiscoverRunner(exclude_tags=["foo", "bar"], verbosity=3)
         with captured_stdout() as stdout:
-            runner.build_suite(['test_runner_apps.tagged.tests'])
-            self.assertIn('Excluding test tag(s): bar, foo.\n', stdout.getvalue())
+            runner.build_suite(["test_runner_apps.tagged.tests"])
+            self.assertIn("Excluding test tag(s): bar, foo.\n", stdout.getvalue())
 
     def test_number_of_tests_found_displayed(self):
         runner = DiscoverRunner()
         with captured_stdout() as stdout:
-            runner.build_suite([
-                'test_runner_apps.sample.tests_sample.TestDjangoTestCase',
-                'test_runner_apps.simple',
-            ])
-            self.assertIn('Found 14 test(s).\n', stdout.getvalue())
+            runner.build_suite(
+                [
+                    "test_runner_apps.sample.tests_sample.TestDjangoTestCase",
+                    "test_runner_apps.simple",
+                ]
+            )
+            self.assertIn("Found 14 test(s).\n", stdout.getvalue())
 
     def test_pdb_with_parallel(self):
-        msg = (
-            'You cannot use --pdb with parallel tests; pass --parallel=1 to use it.'
-        )
+        msg = "You cannot use --pdb with parallel tests; pass --parallel=1 to use it."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             DiscoverRunner(pdb=True, parallel=2)
 
     def test_number_of_parallel_workers(self):
         """Number of processes doesn't exceed the number of TestCases."""
         runner = DiscoverRunner(parallel=5, verbosity=0)
-        suite = runner.build_suite(['test_runner_apps.tagged'])
+        suite = runner.build_suite(["test_runner_apps.tagged"])
         self.assertEqual(suite.processes, len(suite.subsuites))
 
     def test_number_of_databases_parallel_test_suite(self):
@@ -462,7 +544,7 @@ class DiscoverRunnerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         parallel tests.
         """
         runner = DiscoverRunner(parallel=8, verbosity=0)
-        suite = runner.build_suite(['test_runner_apps.tagged'])
+        suite = runner.build_suite(["test_runner_apps.tagged"])
         self.assertEqual(suite.processes, len(suite.subsuites))
         self.assertEqual(runner.parallel, suite.processes)
 
@@ -472,29 +554,33 @@ class DiscoverRunnerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         non-parallel tests.
         """
         runner = DiscoverRunner(parallel=8, verbosity=0)
-        suite = runner.build_suite(['test_runner_apps.simple.tests.DjangoCase1'])
+        suite = runner.build_suite(["test_runner_apps.simple.tests.DjangoCase1"])
         self.assertEqual(runner.parallel, 1)
         self.assertIsInstance(suite, TestSuite)
 
     def test_buffer_mode_test_pass(self):
         runner = DiscoverRunner(buffer=True, verbosity=0)
         with captured_stdout() as stdout, captured_stderr() as stderr:
-            suite = runner.build_suite([
-                'test_runner_apps.buffer.tests_buffer.WriteToStdoutStderrTestCase.test_pass',
-            ])
+            suite = runner.build_suite(
+                [
+                    "test_runner_apps.buffer.tests_buffer.WriteToStdoutStderrTestCase.test_pass",
+                ]
+            )
             runner.run_suite(suite)
-        self.assertNotIn('Write to stderr.', stderr.getvalue())
-        self.assertNotIn('Write to stdout.', stdout.getvalue())
+        self.assertNotIn("Write to stderr.", stderr.getvalue())
+        self.assertNotIn("Write to stdout.", stdout.getvalue())
 
     def test_buffer_mode_test_fail(self):
         runner = DiscoverRunner(buffer=True, verbosity=0)
         with captured_stdout() as stdout, captured_stderr() as stderr:
-            suite = runner.build_suite([
-                'test_runner_apps.buffer.tests_buffer.WriteToStdoutStderrTestCase.test_fail',
-            ])
+            suite = runner.build_suite(
+                [
+                    "test_runner_apps.buffer.tests_buffer.WriteToStdoutStderrTestCase.test_fail",
+                ]
+            )
             runner.run_suite(suite)
-        self.assertIn('Write to stderr.', stderr.getvalue())
-        self.assertIn('Write to stdout.', stdout.getvalue())
+        self.assertIn("Write to stderr.", stderr.getvalue())
+        self.assertIn("Write to stdout.", stdout.getvalue())
 
     def run_suite_with_runner(self, runner_class, **kwargs):
         class MyRunner(DiscoverRunner):
@@ -516,79 +602,82 @@ class DiscoverRunnerTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_run_suite_logs_seed(self):
         class TestRunner:
             def run(self, suite):
-                return '<fake-result>'
+                return "<fake-result>"
 
-        expected_prefix = 'Used shuffle seed'
+        expected_prefix = "Used shuffle seed"
         # Test with and without shuffling enabled.
         result, output = self.run_suite_with_runner(TestRunner)
-        self.assertEqual(result, '<fake-result>')
+        self.assertEqual(result, "<fake-result>")
         self.assertNotIn(expected_prefix, output)
 
         result, output = self.run_suite_with_runner(TestRunner, shuffle=2)
-        self.assertEqual(result, '<fake-result>')
-        expected_output = f'{expected_prefix}: 2 (given)\n'
+        self.assertEqual(result, "<fake-result>")
+        expected_output = f"{expected_prefix}: 2 (given)\n"
         self.assertEqual(output, expected_output)
 
     def test_run_suite_logs_seed_exception(self):
         """
         run_suite() logs the seed when TestRunner.run() raises an exception.
         """
+
         class TestRunner:
             def run(self, suite):
-                raise RuntimeError('my exception')
+                raise RuntimeError("my exception")
 
         result, output = self.run_suite_with_runner(TestRunner, shuffle=2)
-        self.assertEqual(result, 'my exception')
-        expected_output = 'Used shuffle seed: 2 (given)\n'
+        self.assertEqual(result, "my exception")
+        expected_output = "Used shuffle seed: 2 (given)\n"
         self.assertEqual(output, expected_output)
 
-    @mock.patch('faulthandler.enable')
+    @mock.patch("faulthandler.enable")
     def test_faulthandler_enabled(self, mocked_enable):
-        with mock.patch('faulthandler.is_enabled', return_value=False):
+        with mock.patch("faulthandler.is_enabled", return_value=False):
             DiscoverRunner(enable_faulthandler=True)
             mocked_enable.assert_called()
 
-    @mock.patch('faulthandler.enable')
+    @mock.patch("faulthandler.enable")
     def test_faulthandler_already_enabled(self, mocked_enable):
-        with mock.patch('faulthandler.is_enabled', return_value=True):
+        with mock.patch("faulthandler.is_enabled", return_value=True):
             DiscoverRunner(enable_faulthandler=True)
             mocked_enable.assert_not_called()
 
-    @mock.patch('faulthandler.enable')
+    @mock.patch("faulthandler.enable")
     def test_faulthandler_enabled_fileno(self, mocked_enable):
         # sys.stderr that is not an actual file.
-        with mock.patch('faulthandler.is_enabled', return_value=False), captured_stderr():
+        with mock.patch(
+            "faulthandler.is_enabled", return_value=False
+        ), captured_stderr():
             DiscoverRunner(enable_faulthandler=True)
             mocked_enable.assert_called()
 
-    @mock.patch('faulthandler.enable')
+    @mock.patch("faulthandler.enable")
     def test_faulthandler_disabled(self, mocked_enable):
-        with mock.patch('faulthandler.is_enabled', return_value=False):
+        with mock.patch("faulthandler.is_enabled", return_value=False):
             DiscoverRunner(enable_faulthandler=False)
             mocked_enable.assert_not_called()
 
     def test_timings_not_captured(self):
         runner = DiscoverRunner(timing=False)
         with captured_stderr() as stderr:
-            with runner.time_keeper.timed('test'):
+            with runner.time_keeper.timed("test"):
                 pass
             runner.time_keeper.print_results()
         self.assertIsInstance(runner.time_keeper, NullTimeKeeper)
-        self.assertNotIn('test', stderr.getvalue())
+        self.assertNotIn("test", stderr.getvalue())
 
     def test_timings_captured(self):
         runner = DiscoverRunner(timing=True)
         with captured_stderr() as stderr:
-            with runner.time_keeper.timed('test'):
+            with runner.time_keeper.timed("test"):
                 pass
             runner.time_keeper.print_results()
         self.assertIsInstance(runner.time_keeper, TimeKeeper)
-        self.assertIn('test', stderr.getvalue())
+        self.assertIn("test", stderr.getvalue())
 
     def test_log(self):
         custom_low_level = 5
         custom_high_level = 45
-        msg = 'logging message'
+        msg = "logging message"
         cases = [
             (0, None, False),
             (0, custom_low_level, False),
@@ -620,42 +709,44 @@ class DiscoverRunnerTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 with captured_stdout() as stdout:
                     runner = DiscoverRunner(verbosity=verbosity)
                     runner.log(msg, level)
-                    self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue(), f'{msg}\n' if output else '')
+                    self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue(), f"{msg}\n" if output else "")
 
     def test_log_logger(self):
-        logger = logging.getLogger('test.logging')
+        logger = logging.getLogger("test.logging")
         cases = [
-            (None, 'INFO:test.logging:log message'),
+            (None, "INFO:test.logging:log message"),
             # Test a low custom logging level.
-            (5, 'Level 5:test.logging:log message'),
-            (logging.DEBUG, 'DEBUG:test.logging:log message'),
-            (logging.INFO, 'INFO:test.logging:log message'),
-            (logging.WARNING, 'WARNING:test.logging:log message'),
+            (5, "Level 5:test.logging:log message"),
+            (logging.DEBUG, "DEBUG:test.logging:log message"),
+            (logging.INFO, "INFO:test.logging:log message"),
+            (logging.WARNING, "WARNING:test.logging:log message"),
             # Test a high custom logging level.
-            (45, 'Level 45:test.logging:log message'),
+            (45, "Level 45:test.logging:log message"),
         ]
         for level, expected in cases:
             with self.subTest(level=level):
                 runner = DiscoverRunner(logger=logger)
                 # Pass a logging level smaller than the smallest level in cases
                 # in order to capture all messages.
-                with self.assertLogs('test.logging', level=1) as cm:
-                    runner.log('log message', level)
+                with self.assertLogs("test.logging", level=1) as cm:
+                    runner.log("log message", level)
                 self.assertEqual(cm.output, [expected])
 
     def test_suite_result_with_failure(self):
         cases = [
-            (1, 'FailureTestCase'),
-            (1, 'ErrorTestCase'),
-            (0, 'ExpectedFailureTestCase'),
-            (1, 'UnexpectedSuccessTestCase'),
+            (1, "FailureTestCase"),
+            (1, "ErrorTestCase"),
+            (0, "ExpectedFailureTestCase"),
+            (1, "UnexpectedSuccessTestCase"),
         ]
         runner = DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0)
         for expected_failures, testcase in cases:
             with self.subTest(testcase=testcase):
-                suite = runner.build_suite([
-                    f'test_runner_apps.failures.tests_failures.{testcase}',
-                ])
+                suite = runner.build_suite(
+                    [
+                        f"test_runner_apps.failures.tests_failures.{testcase}",
+                    ]
+                )
                 with captured_stderr():
                     result = runner.run_suite(suite)
                 failures = runner.suite_result(suite, result)
@@ -664,7 +755,7 @@ class DiscoverRunnerTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 class DiscoverRunnerGetDatabasesTests(SimpleTestCase):
     runner = DiscoverRunner(verbosity=2)
-    skip_msg = 'Skipping setup of unused database(s): '
+    skip_msg = "Skipping setup of unused database(s): "
 
     def get_databases(self, test_labels):
         with captured_stdout() as stdout:
@@ -677,43 +768,51 @@ class DiscoverRunnerGetDatabasesTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(databases, expected_databases)
         skipped_databases = set(connections) - set(expected_databases)
         if skipped_databases:
-            self.assertIn(self.skip_msg + ', '.join(sorted(skipped_databases)), output)
+            self.assertIn(self.skip_msg + ", ".join(sorted(skipped_databases)), output)
         else:
             self.assertNotIn(self.skip_msg, output)
 
     def test_mixed(self):
-        databases, output = self.get_databases(['test_runner_apps.databases.tests'])
-        self.assertEqual(databases, {'default': True, 'other': False})
+        databases, output = self.get_databases(["test_runner_apps.databases.tests"])
+        self.assertEqual(databases, {"default": True, "other": False})
         self.assertNotIn(self.skip_msg, output)
 
     def test_all(self):
-        databases, output = self.get_databases(['test_runner_apps.databases.tests.AllDatabasesTests'])
+        databases, output = self.get_databases(
+            ["test_runner_apps.databases.tests.AllDatabasesTests"]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(databases, {alias: False for alias in connections})
         self.assertNotIn(self.skip_msg, output)
 
     def test_default_and_other(self):
-        self.assertSkippedDatabases([
-            'test_runner_apps.databases.tests.DefaultDatabaseTests',
-            'test_runner_apps.databases.tests.OtherDatabaseTests',
-        ], {'default': False, 'other': False})
+        self.assertSkippedDatabases(
+            [
+                "test_runner_apps.databases.tests.DefaultDatabaseTests",
+                "test_runner_apps.databases.tests.OtherDatabaseTests",
+            ],
+            {"default": False, "other": False},
+        )
 
     def test_default_only(self):
-        self.assertSkippedDatabases([
-            'test_runner_apps.databases.tests.DefaultDatabaseTests',
-        ], {'default': False})
+        self.assertSkippedDatabases(
+            [
+                "test_runner_apps.databases.tests.DefaultDatabaseTests",
+            ],
+            {"default": False},
+        )
 
     def test_other_only(self):
-        self.assertSkippedDatabases([
-            'test_runner_apps.databases.tests.OtherDatabaseTests'
-        ], {'other': False})
+        self.assertSkippedDatabases(
+            ["test_runner_apps.databases.tests.OtherDatabaseTests"], {"other": False}
+        )
 
     def test_no_databases_required(self):
-        self.assertSkippedDatabases([
-            'test_runner_apps.databases.tests.NoDatabaseTests'
-        ], {})
+        self.assertSkippedDatabases(
+            ["test_runner_apps.databases.tests.NoDatabaseTests"], {}
+        )
 
     def test_serialize(self):
-        databases, _ = self.get_databases([
-            'test_runner_apps.databases.tests.DefaultDatabaseSerializedTests'
-        ])
-        self.assertEqual(databases, {'default': True})
+        databases, _ = self.get_databases(
+            ["test_runner_apps.databases.tests.DefaultDatabaseSerializedTests"]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(databases, {"default": True})
diff --git a/tests/test_runner/test_parallel.py b/tests/test_runner/test_parallel.py
index e27579831f..ca208f6a48 100644
--- a/tests/test_runner/test_parallel.py
+++ b/tests/test_runner/test_parallel.py
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ class ExceptionThatFailsUnpickling(Exception):
     After pickling, this class fails unpickling with an error about incorrect
     arguments passed to __init__().
     """
+
     def __init__(self, arg):
         super().__init__()
 
@@ -52,10 +53,9 @@ class SampleFailingSubtest(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class RemoteTestResultTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def _test_error_exc_info(self):
         try:
-            raise ValueError('woops')
+            raise ValueError("woops")
         except ValueError:
             return sys.exc_info()
 
@@ -75,16 +75,16 @@ class RemoteTestResultTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_was_successful_one_skip(self):
         result = RemoteTestResult()
-        result.addSkip(None, 'Skipped')
+        result.addSkip(None, "Skipped")
         self.assertIs(result.wasSuccessful(), True)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(tblib is not None, 'requires tblib to be installed')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(tblib is not None, "requires tblib to be installed")
     def test_was_successful_one_error(self):
         result = RemoteTestResult()
         result.addError(None, self._test_error_exc_info())
         self.assertIs(result.wasSuccessful(), False)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(tblib is not None, 'requires tblib to be installed')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(tblib is not None, "requires tblib to be installed")
     def test_was_successful_one_failure(self):
         result = RemoteTestResult()
         result.addFailure(None, self._test_error_exc_info())
@@ -96,17 +96,17 @@ class RemoteTestResultTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(result.events, loaded_result.events)
 
     def test_pickle_errors_detection(self):
-        picklable_error = RuntimeError('This is fine')
-        not_unpicklable_error = ExceptionThatFailsUnpickling('arg')
+        picklable_error = RuntimeError("This is fine")
+        not_unpicklable_error = ExceptionThatFailsUnpickling("arg")
 
         result = RemoteTestResult()
         result._confirm_picklable(picklable_error)
 
-        msg = '__init__() missing 1 required positional argument'
+        msg = "__init__() missing 1 required positional argument"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             result._confirm_picklable(not_unpicklable_error)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(tblib is not None, 'requires tblib to be installed')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(tblib is not None, "requires tblib to be installed")
     def test_add_failing_subtests(self):
         """
         Failing subtests are added correctly using addSubTest().
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ class RemoteTestResultTest(SimpleTestCase):
         # Manually run a test with failing subtests to prevent the failures
         # from affecting the actual test run.
         result = RemoteTestResult()
-        subtest_test = SampleFailingSubtest(methodName='dummy_test')
+        subtest_test = SampleFailingSubtest(methodName="dummy_test")
         subtest_test.run(result=result)
 
         events = result.events
@@ -122,8 +122,11 @@ class RemoteTestResultTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIs(result.wasSuccessful(), False)
 
         event = events[1]
-        self.assertEqual(event[0], 'addSubTest')
-        self.assertEqual(str(event[2]), 'dummy_test (test_runner.test_parallel.SampleFailingSubtest) (index=0)')
+        self.assertEqual(event[0], "addSubTest")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            str(event[2]),
+            "dummy_test (test_runner.test_parallel.SampleFailingSubtest) (index=0)",
+        )
         self.assertEqual(repr(event[3][1]), "AssertionError('0 != 1')")
 
         event = events[2]
diff --git a/tests/test_runner/test_shuffler.py b/tests/test_runner/test_shuffler.py
index f177249706..c6ecee5cb0 100644
--- a/tests/test_runner/test_shuffler.py
+++ b/tests/test_runner/test_shuffler.py
@@ -5,84 +5,83 @@ from django.test.runner import Shuffler
 
 
 class ShufflerTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_hash_text(self):
-        actual = Shuffler._hash_text('abcd')
-        self.assertEqual(actual, 'e2fc714c4727ee9395f324cd2e7f331f')
+        actual = Shuffler._hash_text("abcd")
+        self.assertEqual(actual, "e2fc714c4727ee9395f324cd2e7f331f")
 
     def test_hash_text_hash_algorithm(self):
         class MyShuffler(Shuffler):
-            hash_algorithm = 'sha1'
+            hash_algorithm = "sha1"
 
-        actual = MyShuffler._hash_text('abcd')
-        self.assertEqual(actual, '81fe8bfe87576c3ecb22426f8e57847382917acf')
+        actual = MyShuffler._hash_text("abcd")
+        self.assertEqual(actual, "81fe8bfe87576c3ecb22426f8e57847382917acf")
 
     def test_init(self):
         shuffler = Shuffler(100)
         self.assertEqual(shuffler.seed, 100)
-        self.assertEqual(shuffler.seed_source, 'given')
+        self.assertEqual(shuffler.seed_source, "given")
 
     def test_init_none_seed(self):
-        with mock.patch('random.randint', return_value=200):
+        with mock.patch("random.randint", return_value=200):
             shuffler = Shuffler(None)
         self.assertEqual(shuffler.seed, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(shuffler.seed_source, 'generated')
+        self.assertEqual(shuffler.seed_source, "generated")
 
     def test_init_no_seed_argument(self):
-        with mock.patch('random.randint', return_value=300):
+        with mock.patch("random.randint", return_value=300):
             shuffler = Shuffler()
         self.assertEqual(shuffler.seed, 300)
-        self.assertEqual(shuffler.seed_source, 'generated')
+        self.assertEqual(shuffler.seed_source, "generated")
 
     def test_seed_display(self):
         shuffler = Shuffler(100)
-        shuffler.seed_source = 'test'
-        self.assertEqual(shuffler.seed_display, '100 (test)')
+        shuffler.seed_source = "test"
+        self.assertEqual(shuffler.seed_display, "100 (test)")
 
     def test_hash_item_seed(self):
         cases = [
-            (1234, '64ad3fb166ddb41a2ca24f1803b8b722'),
+            (1234, "64ad3fb166ddb41a2ca24f1803b8b722"),
             # Passing a string gives the same value.
-            ('1234', '64ad3fb166ddb41a2ca24f1803b8b722'),
-            (5678, '4dde450ad339b6ce45a0a2666e35b975'),
+            ("1234", "64ad3fb166ddb41a2ca24f1803b8b722"),
+            (5678, "4dde450ad339b6ce45a0a2666e35b975"),
         ]
         for seed, expected in cases:
             with self.subTest(seed=seed):
                 shuffler = Shuffler(seed=seed)
-                actual = shuffler._hash_item('abc', lambda x: x)
+                actual = shuffler._hash_item("abc", lambda x: x)
                 self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
 
     def test_hash_item_key(self):
         cases = [
-            (lambda x: x, '64ad3fb166ddb41a2ca24f1803b8b722'),
-            (lambda x: x.upper(), 'ee22e8597bff91742affe4befbf4649a'),
+            (lambda x: x, "64ad3fb166ddb41a2ca24f1803b8b722"),
+            (lambda x: x.upper(), "ee22e8597bff91742affe4befbf4649a"),
         ]
         for key, expected in cases:
             with self.subTest(key=key):
                 shuffler = Shuffler(seed=1234)
-                actual = shuffler._hash_item('abc', key)
+                actual = shuffler._hash_item("abc", key)
                 self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
 
     def test_shuffle_key(self):
         cases = [
-            (lambda x: x, ['a', 'd', 'b', 'c']),
-            (lambda x: x.upper(), ['d', 'c', 'a', 'b']),
+            (lambda x: x, ["a", "d", "b", "c"]),
+            (lambda x: x.upper(), ["d", "c", "a", "b"]),
         ]
         for num, (key, expected) in enumerate(cases, start=1):
             with self.subTest(num=num):
                 shuffler = Shuffler(seed=1234)
-                actual = shuffler.shuffle(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], key)
+                actual = shuffler.shuffle(["a", "b", "c", "d"], key)
                 self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
 
     def test_shuffle_consistency(self):
         seq = [str(n) for n in range(5)]
         cases = [
-            (None, ['3', '0', '2', '4', '1']),
-            (0, ['3', '2', '4', '1']),
-            (1, ['3', '0', '2', '4']),
-            (2, ['3', '0', '4', '1']),
-            (3, ['0', '2', '4', '1']),
-            (4, ['3', '0', '2', '1']),
+            (None, ["3", "0", "2", "4", "1"]),
+            (0, ["3", "2", "4", "1"]),
+            (1, ["3", "0", "2", "4"]),
+            (2, ["3", "0", "4", "1"]),
+            (3, ["0", "2", "4", "1"]),
+            (4, ["3", "0", "2", "1"]),
         ]
         shuffler = Shuffler(seed=1234)
         for index, expected in cases:
@@ -99,4 +98,4 @@ class ShufflerTests(SimpleTestCase):
         shuffler = Shuffler(seed=1234)
         msg = "item 'A' has same hash 'a56ce89262959e151ee2266552f1819c' as item 'a'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, msg):
-            shuffler.shuffle(['a', 'b', 'A'], lambda x: x.upper())
+            shuffler.shuffle(["a", "b", "A"], lambda x: x.upper())
diff --git a/tests/test_runner/tests.py b/tests/test_runner/tests.py
index 62b489abc7..665f2c5ef8 100644
--- a/tests/test_runner/tests.py
+++ b/tests/test_runner/tests.py
@@ -15,15 +15,19 @@ from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.core.management import call_command
 from django.core.management.base import SystemCheckError
-from django.test import (
-    SimpleTestCase, TransactionTestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature,
-)
+from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TransactionTestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
 from django.test.runner import (
-    DiscoverRunner, Shuffler, reorder_test_bin, reorder_tests, shuffle_tests,
+    DiscoverRunner,
+    Shuffler,
+    reorder_test_bin,
+    reorder_tests,
+    shuffle_tests,
 )
 from django.test.testcases import connections_support_transactions
 from django.test.utils import (
-    captured_stderr, dependency_ordered, get_unique_databases_and_mirrors,
+    captured_stderr,
+    dependency_ordered,
+    get_unique_databases_and_mirrors,
     iter_test_cases,
 )
 from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango50Warning
@@ -85,15 +89,21 @@ class TestSuiteTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # Each test.id() has a form like the following:
         # "test_runner.tests.IterTestCasesTests.test_iter_test_cases.<locals>.Tests1.test1".
         # It suffices to check only the last two parts.
-        names = ['.'.join(test.id().split('.')[-2:]) for test in tests]
+        names = [".".join(test.id().split(".")[-2:]) for test in tests]
         self.assertEqual(names, expected)
 
     def test_iter_test_cases_basic(self):
         suite = self.make_test_suite()
         tests = iter_test_cases(suite)
-        self.assertTestNames(tests, expected=[
-            'Tests1.test1', 'Tests1.test2', 'Tests2.test1', 'Tests2.test2',
-        ])
+        self.assertTestNames(
+            tests,
+            expected=[
+                "Tests1.test1",
+                "Tests1.test2",
+                "Tests2.test1",
+                "Tests2.test2",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_iter_test_cases_string_input(self):
         msg = (
@@ -101,7 +111,7 @@ class TestSuiteTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "in 'abc')."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            list(iter_test_cases('abc'))
+            list(iter_test_cases("abc"))
 
     def test_iter_test_cases_iterable_of_tests(self):
         class Tests(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -113,16 +123,26 @@ class TestSuiteTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         tests = list(unittest.defaultTestLoader.loadTestsFromTestCase(Tests))
         actual_tests = iter_test_cases(tests)
-        self.assertTestNames(actual_tests, expected=[
-            'Tests.test1', 'Tests.test2',
-        ])
+        self.assertTestNames(
+            actual_tests,
+            expected=[
+                "Tests.test1",
+                "Tests.test2",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_iter_test_cases_custom_test_suite_class(self):
         suite = self.make_test_suite(suite_class=MySuite)
         tests = iter_test_cases(suite)
-        self.assertTestNames(tests, expected=[
-            'Tests1.test1', 'Tests1.test2', 'Tests2.test1', 'Tests2.test2',
-        ])
+        self.assertTestNames(
+            tests,
+            expected=[
+                "Tests1.test1",
+                "Tests1.test2",
+                "Tests2.test1",
+                "Tests2.test2",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_iter_test_cases_mixed_test_suite_classes(self):
         suite = self.make_test_suite(suite=MySuite())
@@ -144,25 +164,43 @@ class TestSuiteTests(SimpleTestCase):
         shuffler = Shuffler(seed=9)
         shuffled_tests = shuffle_tests(tests, shuffler)
         self.assertIsInstance(shuffled_tests, collections.abc.Iterator)
-        self.assertTestNames(shuffled_tests, expected=[
-            'Tests2.test1', 'Tests2.test2', 'Tests1.test2', 'Tests1.test1',
-        ])
+        self.assertTestNames(
+            shuffled_tests,
+            expected=[
+                "Tests2.test1",
+                "Tests2.test2",
+                "Tests1.test2",
+                "Tests1.test1",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_reorder_test_bin_no_arguments(self):
         tests = self.make_tests()
         reordered_tests = reorder_test_bin(tests)
         self.assertIsInstance(reordered_tests, collections.abc.Iterator)
-        self.assertTestNames(reordered_tests, expected=[
-            'Tests1.test1', 'Tests1.test2', 'Tests2.test1', 'Tests2.test2',
-        ])
+        self.assertTestNames(
+            reordered_tests,
+            expected=[
+                "Tests1.test1",
+                "Tests1.test2",
+                "Tests2.test1",
+                "Tests2.test2",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_reorder_test_bin_reverse(self):
         tests = self.make_tests()
         reordered_tests = reorder_test_bin(tests, reverse=True)
         self.assertIsInstance(reordered_tests, collections.abc.Iterator)
-        self.assertTestNames(reordered_tests, expected=[
-            'Tests2.test2', 'Tests2.test1', 'Tests1.test2', 'Tests1.test1',
-        ])
+        self.assertTestNames(
+            reordered_tests,
+            expected=[
+                "Tests2.test2",
+                "Tests2.test1",
+                "Tests1.test2",
+                "Tests1.test1",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_reorder_test_bin_random(self):
         tests = self.make_tests()
@@ -170,9 +208,15 @@ class TestSuiteTests(SimpleTestCase):
         shuffler = Shuffler(seed=9)
         reordered_tests = reorder_test_bin(tests, shuffler=shuffler)
         self.assertIsInstance(reordered_tests, collections.abc.Iterator)
-        self.assertTestNames(reordered_tests, expected=[
-            'Tests2.test1', 'Tests2.test2', 'Tests1.test2', 'Tests1.test1',
-        ])
+        self.assertTestNames(
+            reordered_tests,
+            expected=[
+                "Tests2.test1",
+                "Tests2.test2",
+                "Tests1.test2",
+                "Tests1.test1",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_reorder_test_bin_random_and_reverse(self):
         tests = self.make_tests()
@@ -180,22 +224,40 @@ class TestSuiteTests(SimpleTestCase):
         shuffler = Shuffler(seed=9)
         reordered_tests = reorder_test_bin(tests, shuffler=shuffler, reverse=True)
         self.assertIsInstance(reordered_tests, collections.abc.Iterator)
-        self.assertTestNames(reordered_tests, expected=[
-            'Tests1.test1', 'Tests1.test2', 'Tests2.test2', 'Tests2.test1',
-        ])
+        self.assertTestNames(
+            reordered_tests,
+            expected=[
+                "Tests1.test1",
+                "Tests1.test2",
+                "Tests2.test2",
+                "Tests2.test1",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_reorder_tests_same_type_consecutive(self):
         """Tests of the same type are made consecutive."""
         tests = self.make_tests()
         # Move the last item to the front.
         tests.insert(0, tests.pop())
-        self.assertTestNames(tests, expected=[
-            'Tests2.test2', 'Tests1.test1', 'Tests1.test2', 'Tests2.test1',
-        ])
+        self.assertTestNames(
+            tests,
+            expected=[
+                "Tests2.test2",
+                "Tests1.test1",
+                "Tests1.test2",
+                "Tests2.test1",
+            ],
+        )
         reordered_tests = reorder_tests(tests, classes=[])
-        self.assertTestNames(reordered_tests, expected=[
-            'Tests2.test2', 'Tests2.test1', 'Tests1.test1', 'Tests1.test2',
-        ])
+        self.assertTestNames(
+            reordered_tests,
+            expected=[
+                "Tests2.test2",
+                "Tests2.test1",
+                "Tests1.test1",
+                "Tests1.test2",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_reorder_tests_random(self):
         tests = self.make_tests()
@@ -203,22 +265,40 @@ class TestSuiteTests(SimpleTestCase):
         shuffler = Shuffler(seed=9)
         reordered_tests = reorder_tests(tests, classes=[], shuffler=shuffler)
         self.assertIsInstance(reordered_tests, collections.abc.Iterator)
-        self.assertTestNames(reordered_tests, expected=[
-            'Tests2.test1', 'Tests2.test2', 'Tests1.test2', 'Tests1.test1',
-        ])
+        self.assertTestNames(
+            reordered_tests,
+            expected=[
+                "Tests2.test1",
+                "Tests2.test2",
+                "Tests1.test2",
+                "Tests1.test1",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_reorder_tests_random_mixed_classes(self):
         tests = self.make_tests()
         # Move the last item to the front.
         tests.insert(0, tests.pop())
         shuffler = Shuffler(seed=9)
-        self.assertTestNames(tests, expected=[
-            'Tests2.test2', 'Tests1.test1', 'Tests1.test2', 'Tests2.test1',
-        ])
+        self.assertTestNames(
+            tests,
+            expected=[
+                "Tests2.test2",
+                "Tests1.test1",
+                "Tests1.test2",
+                "Tests2.test1",
+            ],
+        )
         reordered_tests = reorder_tests(tests, classes=[], shuffler=shuffler)
-        self.assertTestNames(reordered_tests, expected=[
-            'Tests2.test1', 'Tests2.test2', 'Tests1.test2', 'Tests1.test1',
-        ])
+        self.assertTestNames(
+            reordered_tests,
+            expected=[
+                "Tests2.test1",
+                "Tests2.test2",
+                "Tests1.test2",
+                "Tests1.test1",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_reorder_tests_reverse_with_duplicates(self):
         class Tests1(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -236,124 +316,133 @@ class TestSuiteTests(SimpleTestCase):
         subsuite = list(suite)[0]
         suite.addTest(subsuite)
         tests = list(iter_test_cases(suite))
-        self.assertTestNames(tests, expected=[
-            'Tests1.test1', 'Tests2.test2', 'Tests2.test3', 'Tests1.test1',
-        ])
+        self.assertTestNames(
+            tests,
+            expected=[
+                "Tests1.test1",
+                "Tests2.test2",
+                "Tests2.test3",
+                "Tests1.test1",
+            ],
+        )
         reordered_tests = reorder_tests(tests, classes=[])
-        self.assertTestNames(reordered_tests, expected=[
-            'Tests1.test1', 'Tests2.test2', 'Tests2.test3',
-        ])
+        self.assertTestNames(
+            reordered_tests,
+            expected=[
+                "Tests1.test1",
+                "Tests2.test2",
+                "Tests2.test3",
+            ],
+        )
         reordered_tests = reorder_tests(tests, classes=[], reverse=True)
-        self.assertTestNames(reordered_tests, expected=[
-            'Tests2.test3', 'Tests2.test2', 'Tests1.test1',
-        ])
+        self.assertTestNames(
+            reordered_tests,
+            expected=[
+                "Tests2.test3",
+                "Tests2.test2",
+                "Tests1.test1",
+            ],
+        )
 
 
 class DependencyOrderingTests(unittest.TestCase):
-
     def test_simple_dependencies(self):
         raw = [
-            ('s1', ('s1_db', ['alpha'])),
-            ('s2', ('s2_db', ['bravo'])),
-            ('s3', ('s3_db', ['charlie'])),
+            ("s1", ("s1_db", ["alpha"])),
+            ("s2", ("s2_db", ["bravo"])),
+            ("s3", ("s3_db", ["charlie"])),
         ]
         dependencies = {
-            'alpha': ['charlie'],
-            'bravo': ['charlie'],
+            "alpha": ["charlie"],
+            "bravo": ["charlie"],
         }
 
         ordered = dependency_ordered(raw, dependencies=dependencies)
         ordered_sigs = [sig for sig, value in ordered]
 
-        self.assertIn('s1', ordered_sigs)
-        self.assertIn('s2', ordered_sigs)
-        self.assertIn('s3', ordered_sigs)
-        self.assertLess(ordered_sigs.index('s3'), ordered_sigs.index('s1'))
-        self.assertLess(ordered_sigs.index('s3'), ordered_sigs.index('s2'))
+        self.assertIn("s1", ordered_sigs)
+        self.assertIn("s2", ordered_sigs)
+        self.assertIn("s3", ordered_sigs)
+        self.assertLess(ordered_sigs.index("s3"), ordered_sigs.index("s1"))
+        self.assertLess(ordered_sigs.index("s3"), ordered_sigs.index("s2"))
 
     def test_chained_dependencies(self):
         raw = [
-            ('s1', ('s1_db', ['alpha'])),
-            ('s2', ('s2_db', ['bravo'])),
-            ('s3', ('s3_db', ['charlie'])),
+            ("s1", ("s1_db", ["alpha"])),
+            ("s2", ("s2_db", ["bravo"])),
+            ("s3", ("s3_db", ["charlie"])),
         ]
         dependencies = {
-            'alpha': ['bravo'],
-            'bravo': ['charlie'],
+            "alpha": ["bravo"],
+            "bravo": ["charlie"],
         }
 
         ordered = dependency_ordered(raw, dependencies=dependencies)
         ordered_sigs = [sig for sig, value in ordered]
 
-        self.assertIn('s1', ordered_sigs)
-        self.assertIn('s2', ordered_sigs)
-        self.assertIn('s3', ordered_sigs)
+        self.assertIn("s1", ordered_sigs)
+        self.assertIn("s2", ordered_sigs)
+        self.assertIn("s3", ordered_sigs)
 
         # Explicit dependencies
-        self.assertLess(ordered_sigs.index('s2'), ordered_sigs.index('s1'))
-        self.assertLess(ordered_sigs.index('s3'), ordered_sigs.index('s2'))
+        self.assertLess(ordered_sigs.index("s2"), ordered_sigs.index("s1"))
+        self.assertLess(ordered_sigs.index("s3"), ordered_sigs.index("s2"))
 
         # Implied dependencies
-        self.assertLess(ordered_sigs.index('s3'), ordered_sigs.index('s1'))
+        self.assertLess(ordered_sigs.index("s3"), ordered_sigs.index("s1"))
 
     def test_multiple_dependencies(self):
         raw = [
-            ('s1', ('s1_db', ['alpha'])),
-            ('s2', ('s2_db', ['bravo'])),
-            ('s3', ('s3_db', ['charlie'])),
-            ('s4', ('s4_db', ['delta'])),
+            ("s1", ("s1_db", ["alpha"])),
+            ("s2", ("s2_db", ["bravo"])),
+            ("s3", ("s3_db", ["charlie"])),
+            ("s4", ("s4_db", ["delta"])),
         ]
         dependencies = {
-            'alpha': ['bravo', 'delta'],
-            'bravo': ['charlie'],
-            'delta': ['charlie'],
+            "alpha": ["bravo", "delta"],
+            "bravo": ["charlie"],
+            "delta": ["charlie"],
         }
 
         ordered = dependency_ordered(raw, dependencies=dependencies)
         ordered_sigs = [sig for sig, aliases in ordered]
 
-        self.assertIn('s1', ordered_sigs)
-        self.assertIn('s2', ordered_sigs)
-        self.assertIn('s3', ordered_sigs)
-        self.assertIn('s4', ordered_sigs)
+        self.assertIn("s1", ordered_sigs)
+        self.assertIn("s2", ordered_sigs)
+        self.assertIn("s3", ordered_sigs)
+        self.assertIn("s4", ordered_sigs)
 
         # Explicit dependencies
-        self.assertLess(ordered_sigs.index('s2'), ordered_sigs.index('s1'))
-        self.assertLess(ordered_sigs.index('s4'), ordered_sigs.index('s1'))
-        self.assertLess(ordered_sigs.index('s3'), ordered_sigs.index('s2'))
-        self.assertLess(ordered_sigs.index('s3'), ordered_sigs.index('s4'))
+        self.assertLess(ordered_sigs.index("s2"), ordered_sigs.index("s1"))
+        self.assertLess(ordered_sigs.index("s4"), ordered_sigs.index("s1"))
+        self.assertLess(ordered_sigs.index("s3"), ordered_sigs.index("s2"))
+        self.assertLess(ordered_sigs.index("s3"), ordered_sigs.index("s4"))
 
         # Implicit dependencies
-        self.assertLess(ordered_sigs.index('s3'), ordered_sigs.index('s1'))
+        self.assertLess(ordered_sigs.index("s3"), ordered_sigs.index("s1"))
 
     def test_circular_dependencies(self):
         raw = [
-            ('s1', ('s1_db', ['alpha'])),
-            ('s2', ('s2_db', ['bravo'])),
+            ("s1", ("s1_db", ["alpha"])),
+            ("s2", ("s2_db", ["bravo"])),
         ]
         dependencies = {
-            'bravo': ['alpha'],
-            'alpha': ['bravo'],
+            "bravo": ["alpha"],
+            "alpha": ["bravo"],
         }
 
         with self.assertRaises(ImproperlyConfigured):
             dependency_ordered(raw, dependencies=dependencies)
 
     def test_own_alias_dependency(self):
-        raw = [
-            ('s1', ('s1_db', ['alpha', 'bravo']))
-        ]
-        dependencies = {
-            'alpha': ['bravo']
-        }
+        raw = [("s1", ("s1_db", ["alpha", "bravo"]))]
+        dependencies = {"alpha": ["bravo"]}
 
         with self.assertRaises(ImproperlyConfigured):
             dependency_ordered(raw, dependencies=dependencies)
 
         # reordering aliases shouldn't matter
-        raw = [
-            ('s1', ('s1_db', ['bravo', 'alpha']))
-        ]
+        raw = [("s1", ("s1_db", ["bravo", "alpha"]))]
 
         with self.assertRaises(ImproperlyConfigured):
             dependency_ordered(raw, dependencies=dependencies)
@@ -361,105 +450,108 @@ class DependencyOrderingTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
 class MockTestRunner:
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        if parallel := kwargs.get('parallel'):
-            sys.stderr.write(f'parallel={parallel}')
+        if parallel := kwargs.get("parallel"):
+            sys.stderr.write(f"parallel={parallel}")
 
 
 MockTestRunner.run_tests = mock.Mock(return_value=[])
 
 
 class ManageCommandTests(unittest.TestCase):
-
     def test_custom_test_runner(self):
-        call_command('test', 'sites',
-                     testrunner='test_runner.tests.MockTestRunner')
-        MockTestRunner.run_tests.assert_called_with(('sites',))
+        call_command("test", "sites", testrunner="test_runner.tests.MockTestRunner")
+        MockTestRunner.run_tests.assert_called_with(("sites",))
 
     def test_bad_test_runner(self):
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            call_command('test', 'sites', testrunner='test_runner.NonexistentRunner')
+            call_command("test", "sites", testrunner="test_runner.NonexistentRunner")
 
     def test_time_recorded(self):
         with captured_stderr() as stderr:
-            call_command('test', '--timing', 'sites', testrunner='test_runner.tests.MockTestRunner')
-        self.assertIn('Total run took', stderr.getvalue())
+            call_command(
+                "test",
+                "--timing",
+                "sites",
+                testrunner="test_runner.tests.MockTestRunner",
+            )
+        self.assertIn("Total run took", stderr.getvalue())
 
 
 # Isolate from the real environment.
 @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {}, clear=True)
-@mock.patch.object(multiprocessing, 'cpu_count', return_value=12)
+@mock.patch.object(multiprocessing, "cpu_count", return_value=12)
 # Python 3.8 on macOS defaults to 'spawn' mode.
-@mock.patch.object(multiprocessing, 'get_start_method', return_value='fork')
+@mock.patch.object(multiprocessing, "get_start_method", return_value="fork")
 class ManageCommandParallelTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_parallel_default(self, *mocked_objects):
         with captured_stderr() as stderr:
             call_command(
-                'test',
-                '--parallel',
-                testrunner='test_runner.tests.MockTestRunner',
+                "test",
+                "--parallel",
+                testrunner="test_runner.tests.MockTestRunner",
             )
-        self.assertIn('parallel=12', stderr.getvalue())
+        self.assertIn("parallel=12", stderr.getvalue())
 
     def test_parallel_auto(self, *mocked_objects):
         with captured_stderr() as stderr:
             call_command(
-                'test',
-                '--parallel=auto',
-                testrunner='test_runner.tests.MockTestRunner',
+                "test",
+                "--parallel=auto",
+                testrunner="test_runner.tests.MockTestRunner",
             )
-        self.assertIn('parallel=12', stderr.getvalue())
+        self.assertIn("parallel=12", stderr.getvalue())
 
     def test_no_parallel(self, *mocked_objects):
         with captured_stderr() as stderr:
-            call_command('test', testrunner='test_runner.tests.MockTestRunner')
+            call_command("test", testrunner="test_runner.tests.MockTestRunner")
         # Parallel is disabled by default.
-        self.assertEqual(stderr.getvalue(), '')
+        self.assertEqual(stderr.getvalue(), "")
 
     def test_parallel_spawn(self, mocked_get_start_method, mocked_cpu_count):
-        mocked_get_start_method.return_value = 'spawn'
+        mocked_get_start_method.return_value = "spawn"
         with captured_stderr() as stderr:
             call_command(
-                'test',
-                '--parallel=auto',
-                testrunner='test_runner.tests.MockTestRunner',
+                "test",
+                "--parallel=auto",
+                testrunner="test_runner.tests.MockTestRunner",
             )
-        self.assertIn('parallel=1', stderr.getvalue())
+        self.assertIn("parallel=1", stderr.getvalue())
 
     def test_no_parallel_spawn(self, mocked_get_start_method, mocked_cpu_count):
-        mocked_get_start_method.return_value = 'spawn'
+        mocked_get_start_method.return_value = "spawn"
         with captured_stderr() as stderr:
             call_command(
-                'test',
-                testrunner='test_runner.tests.MockTestRunner',
+                "test",
+                testrunner="test_runner.tests.MockTestRunner",
             )
-        self.assertEqual(stderr.getvalue(), '')
+        self.assertEqual(stderr.getvalue(), "")
 
-    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {'DJANGO_TEST_PROCESSES': '7'})
+    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {"DJANGO_TEST_PROCESSES": "7"})
     def test_no_parallel_django_test_processes_env(self, *mocked_objects):
         with captured_stderr() as stderr:
-            call_command('test', testrunner='test_runner.tests.MockTestRunner')
-        self.assertEqual(stderr.getvalue(), '')
+            call_command("test", testrunner="test_runner.tests.MockTestRunner")
+        self.assertEqual(stderr.getvalue(), "")
 
-    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {'DJANGO_TEST_PROCESSES': 'invalid'})
+    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {"DJANGO_TEST_PROCESSES": "invalid"})
     def test_django_test_processes_env_non_int(self, *mocked_objects):
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             call_command(
-                'test',
-                '--parallel',
-                testrunner='test_runner.tests.MockTestRunner',
+                "test",
+                "--parallel",
+                testrunner="test_runner.tests.MockTestRunner",
             )
 
-    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {'DJANGO_TEST_PROCESSES': '7'})
+    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {"DJANGO_TEST_PROCESSES": "7"})
     def test_django_test_processes_parallel_default(self, *mocked_objects):
-        for parallel in ['--parallel', '--parallel=auto']:
+        for parallel in ["--parallel", "--parallel=auto"]:
             with self.subTest(parallel=parallel):
                 with captured_stderr() as stderr:
                     call_command(
-                        'test',
+                        "test",
                         parallel,
-                        testrunner='test_runner.tests.MockTestRunner',
+                        testrunner="test_runner.tests.MockTestRunner",
                     )
-                self.assertIn('parallel=7', stderr.getvalue())
+                self.assertIn("parallel=7", stderr.getvalue())
 
 
 class CustomTestRunnerOptionsSettingsTests(AdminScriptTestCase):
@@ -467,37 +559,43 @@ class CustomTestRunnerOptionsSettingsTests(AdminScriptTestCase):
     Custom runners can add command line arguments. The runner is specified
     through a settings file.
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
         settings = {
-            'TEST_RUNNER': '\'test_runner.runner.CustomOptionsTestRunner\'',
+            "TEST_RUNNER": "'test_runner.runner.CustomOptionsTestRunner'",
         }
-        self.write_settings('settings.py', sdict=settings)
+        self.write_settings("settings.py", sdict=settings)
 
     def test_default_options(self):
-        args = ['test', '--settings=test_project.settings']
+        args = ["test", "--settings=test_project.settings"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
-        self.assertOutput(out, '1:2:3')
+        self.assertOutput(out, "1:2:3")
 
     def test_default_and_given_options(self):
-        args = ['test', '--settings=test_project.settings', '--option_b=foo']
+        args = ["test", "--settings=test_project.settings", "--option_b=foo"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
-        self.assertOutput(out, '1:foo:3')
+        self.assertOutput(out, "1:foo:3")
 
     def test_option_name_and_value_separated(self):
-        args = ['test', '--settings=test_project.settings', '--option_b', 'foo']
+        args = ["test", "--settings=test_project.settings", "--option_b", "foo"]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
-        self.assertOutput(out, '1:foo:3')
+        self.assertOutput(out, "1:foo:3")
 
     def test_all_options_given(self):
-        args = ['test', '--settings=test_project.settings', '--option_a=bar',
-                '--option_b=foo', '--option_c=31337']
+        args = [
+            "test",
+            "--settings=test_project.settings",
+            "--option_a=bar",
+            "--option_b=foo",
+            "--option_c=31337",
+        ]
         out, err = self.run_django_admin(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
-        self.assertOutput(out, 'bar:foo:31337')
+        self.assertOutput(out, "bar:foo:31337")
 
 
 class CustomTestRunnerOptionsCmdlineTests(AdminScriptTestCase):
@@ -505,54 +603,64 @@ class CustomTestRunnerOptionsCmdlineTests(AdminScriptTestCase):
     Custom runners can add command line arguments when the runner is specified
     using --testrunner.
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        self.write_settings('settings.py')
+        self.write_settings("settings.py")
 
     def test_testrunner_option(self):
         args = [
-            'test', '--testrunner', 'test_runner.runner.CustomOptionsTestRunner',
-            '--option_a=bar', '--option_b=foo', '--option_c=31337'
+            "test",
+            "--testrunner",
+            "test_runner.runner.CustomOptionsTestRunner",
+            "--option_a=bar",
+            "--option_b=foo",
+            "--option_c=31337",
         ]
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, 'test_project.settings')
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, "test_project.settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
-        self.assertOutput(out, 'bar:foo:31337')
+        self.assertOutput(out, "bar:foo:31337")
 
     def test_testrunner_equals(self):
         args = [
-            'test', '--testrunner=test_runner.runner.CustomOptionsTestRunner',
-            '--option_a=bar', '--option_b=foo', '--option_c=31337'
+            "test",
+            "--testrunner=test_runner.runner.CustomOptionsTestRunner",
+            "--option_a=bar",
+            "--option_b=foo",
+            "--option_c=31337",
         ]
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, 'test_project.settings')
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, "test_project.settings")
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
-        self.assertOutput(out, 'bar:foo:31337')
+        self.assertOutput(out, "bar:foo:31337")
 
     def test_no_testrunner(self):
-        args = ['test', '--testrunner']
-        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, 'test_project.settings')
-        self.assertIn('usage', err)
-        self.assertNotIn('Traceback', err)
+        args = ["test", "--testrunner"]
+        out, err = self.run_django_admin(args, "test_project.settings")
+        self.assertIn("usage", err)
+        self.assertNotIn("Traceback", err)
         self.assertNoOutput(out)
 
 
 class Ticket17477RegressionTests(AdminScriptTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        self.write_settings('settings.py')
+        self.write_settings("settings.py")
 
     def test_ticket_17477(self):
         """'manage.py help test' works after r16352."""
-        args = ['help', 'test']
+        args = ["help", "test"]
         out, err = self.run_manage(args)
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
 
 
 class SQLiteInMemoryTestDbs(TransactionTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['test_runner']
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    available_apps = ["test_runner"]
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(all(db.connections[conn].vendor == 'sqlite' for conn in db.connections),
-                         "This is an sqlite-specific issue")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(
+        all(db.connections[conn].vendor == "sqlite" for conn in db.connections),
+        "This is an sqlite-specific issue",
+    )
     def test_transaction_support(self):
         # Assert connections mocking is appropriately applied by preventing
         # any attempts at calling create_test_db on the global connection
@@ -560,29 +668,36 @@ class SQLiteInMemoryTestDbs(TransactionTestCase):
         for connection in db.connections.all():
             create_test_db = mock.patch.object(
                 connection.creation,
-                'create_test_db',
-                side_effect=AssertionError("Global connection object shouldn't be manipulated.")
+                "create_test_db",
+                side_effect=AssertionError(
+                    "Global connection object shouldn't be manipulated."
+                ),
             )
             create_test_db.start()
             self.addCleanup(create_test_db.stop)
         for option_key, option_value in (
-                ('NAME', ':memory:'), ('TEST', {'NAME': ':memory:'})):
-            tested_connections = db.ConnectionHandler({
-                'default': {
-                    'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
-                    option_key: option_value,
-                },
-                'other': {
-                    'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
-                    option_key: option_value,
-                },
-            })
-            with mock.patch('django.test.utils.connections', new=tested_connections):
-                other = tested_connections['other']
+            ("NAME", ":memory:"),
+            ("TEST", {"NAME": ":memory:"}),
+        ):
+            tested_connections = db.ConnectionHandler(
+                {
+                    "default": {
+                        "ENGINE": "django.db.backends.sqlite3",
+                        option_key: option_value,
+                    },
+                    "other": {
+                        "ENGINE": "django.db.backends.sqlite3",
+                        option_key: option_value,
+                    },
+                }
+            )
+            with mock.patch("django.test.utils.connections", new=tested_connections):
+                other = tested_connections["other"]
                 DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0).setup_databases()
                 msg = (
                     "DATABASES setting '%s' option set to sqlite3's ':memory:' value "
-                    "shouldn't interfere with transaction support detection." % option_key
+                    "shouldn't interfere with transaction support detection."
+                    % option_key
                 )
                 # Transaction support is properly initialized for the 'other' DB.
                 self.assertTrue(other.features.supports_transactions, msg)
@@ -596,7 +711,7 @@ class DummyBackendTest(unittest.TestCase):
         setup_databases() doesn't fail with dummy database backend.
         """
         tested_connections = db.ConnectionHandler({})
-        with mock.patch('django.test.utils.connections', new=tested_connections):
+        with mock.patch("django.test.utils.connections", new=tested_connections):
             runner_instance = DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0)
             old_config = runner_instance.setup_databases()
             runner_instance.teardown_databases(old_config)
@@ -607,110 +722,126 @@ class AliasedDefaultTestSetupTest(unittest.TestCase):
         """
         setup_databases() doesn't fail when 'default' is aliased
         """
-        tested_connections = db.ConnectionHandler({
-            'default': {
-                'NAME': 'dummy'
-            },
-            'aliased': {
-                'NAME': 'dummy'
-            }
-        })
-        with mock.patch('django.test.utils.connections', new=tested_connections):
+        tested_connections = db.ConnectionHandler(
+            {"default": {"NAME": "dummy"}, "aliased": {"NAME": "dummy"}}
+        )
+        with mock.patch("django.test.utils.connections", new=tested_connections):
             runner_instance = DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0)
             old_config = runner_instance.setup_databases()
             runner_instance.teardown_databases(old_config)
 
 
 class SetupDatabasesTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.runner_instance = DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0)
 
     def test_setup_aliased_databases(self):
-        tested_connections = db.ConnectionHandler({
-            'default': {
-                'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.dummy',
-                'NAME': 'dbname',
-            },
-            'other': {
-                'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.dummy',
-                'NAME': 'dbname',
+        tested_connections = db.ConnectionHandler(
+            {
+                "default": {
+                    "ENGINE": "django.db.backends.dummy",
+                    "NAME": "dbname",
+                },
+                "other": {
+                    "ENGINE": "django.db.backends.dummy",
+                    "NAME": "dbname",
+                },
             }
-        })
+        )
 
-        with mock.patch('django.db.backends.dummy.base.DatabaseWrapper.creation_class') as mocked_db_creation:
-            with mock.patch('django.test.utils.connections', new=tested_connections):
+        with mock.patch(
+            "django.db.backends.dummy.base.DatabaseWrapper.creation_class"
+        ) as mocked_db_creation:
+            with mock.patch("django.test.utils.connections", new=tested_connections):
                 old_config = self.runner_instance.setup_databases()
                 self.runner_instance.teardown_databases(old_config)
-        mocked_db_creation.return_value.destroy_test_db.assert_called_once_with('dbname', 0, False)
+        mocked_db_creation.return_value.destroy_test_db.assert_called_once_with(
+            "dbname", 0, False
+        )
 
     def test_setup_test_database_aliases(self):
         """
         The default database must be the first because data migrations
         use the default alias by default.
         """
-        tested_connections = db.ConnectionHandler({
-            'other': {
-                'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.dummy',
-                'NAME': 'dbname',
-            },
-            'default': {
-                'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.dummy',
-                'NAME': 'dbname',
+        tested_connections = db.ConnectionHandler(
+            {
+                "other": {
+                    "ENGINE": "django.db.backends.dummy",
+                    "NAME": "dbname",
+                },
+                "default": {
+                    "ENGINE": "django.db.backends.dummy",
+                    "NAME": "dbname",
+                },
             }
-        })
-        with mock.patch('django.test.utils.connections', new=tested_connections):
+        )
+        with mock.patch("django.test.utils.connections", new=tested_connections):
             test_databases, _ = get_unique_databases_and_mirrors()
             self.assertEqual(
                 test_databases,
                 {
-                    ('', '', 'django.db.backends.dummy', 'test_dbname'): (
-                        'dbname',
-                        ['default', 'other'],
+                    ("", "", "django.db.backends.dummy", "test_dbname"): (
+                        "dbname",
+                        ["default", "other"],
                     ),
                 },
             )
 
     def test_destroy_test_db_restores_db_name(self):
-        tested_connections = db.ConnectionHandler({
-            'default': {
-                'ENGINE': settings.DATABASES[db.DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS]["ENGINE"],
-                'NAME': 'xxx_test_database',
-            },
-        })
+        tested_connections = db.ConnectionHandler(
+            {
+                "default": {
+                    "ENGINE": settings.DATABASES[db.DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS]["ENGINE"],
+                    "NAME": "xxx_test_database",
+                },
+            }
+        )
         # Using the real current name as old_name to not mess with the test suite.
         old_name = settings.DATABASES[db.DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS]["NAME"]
-        with mock.patch('django.db.connections', new=tested_connections):
-            tested_connections['default'].creation.destroy_test_db(old_name, verbosity=0, keepdb=True)
-            self.assertEqual(tested_connections['default'].settings_dict["NAME"], old_name)
+        with mock.patch("django.db.connections", new=tested_connections):
+            tested_connections["default"].creation.destroy_test_db(
+                old_name, verbosity=0, keepdb=True
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                tested_connections["default"].settings_dict["NAME"], old_name
+            )
 
     def test_serialization(self):
-        tested_connections = db.ConnectionHandler({
-            'default': {
-                'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.dummy',
-            },
-        })
-        with mock.patch('django.db.backends.dummy.base.DatabaseWrapper.creation_class') as mocked_db_creation:
-            with mock.patch('django.test.utils.connections', new=tested_connections):
+        tested_connections = db.ConnectionHandler(
+            {
+                "default": {
+                    "ENGINE": "django.db.backends.dummy",
+                },
+            }
+        )
+        with mock.patch(
+            "django.db.backends.dummy.base.DatabaseWrapper.creation_class"
+        ) as mocked_db_creation:
+            with mock.patch("django.test.utils.connections", new=tested_connections):
                 self.runner_instance.setup_databases()
         mocked_db_creation.return_value.create_test_db.assert_called_once_with(
             verbosity=0, autoclobber=False, serialize=True, keepdb=False
         )
 
     def test_serialized_off(self):
-        tested_connections = db.ConnectionHandler({
-            'default': {
-                'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.dummy',
-                'TEST': {'SERIALIZE': False},
-            },
-        })
-        msg = (
-            'The SERIALIZE test database setting is deprecated as it can be '
-            'inferred from the TestCase/TransactionTestCase.databases that '
-            'enable the serialized_rollback feature.'
+        tested_connections = db.ConnectionHandler(
+            {
+                "default": {
+                    "ENGINE": "django.db.backends.dummy",
+                    "TEST": {"SERIALIZE": False},
+                },
+            }
         )
-        with mock.patch('django.db.backends.dummy.base.DatabaseWrapper.creation_class') as mocked_db_creation:
-            with mock.patch('django.test.utils.connections', new=tested_connections):
+        msg = (
+            "The SERIALIZE test database setting is deprecated as it can be "
+            "inferred from the TestCase/TransactionTestCase.databases that "
+            "enable the serialized_rollback feature."
+        )
+        with mock.patch(
+            "django.db.backends.dummy.base.DatabaseWrapper.creation_class"
+        ) as mocked_db_creation:
+            with mock.patch("django.test.utils.connections", new=tested_connections):
                 with self.assertWarnsMessage(RemovedInDjango50Warning, msg):
                     self.runner_instance.setup_databases()
         mocked_db_creation.return_value.create_test_db.assert_called_once_with(
@@ -718,23 +849,23 @@ class SetupDatabasesTests(SimpleTestCase):
         )
 
 
-@skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_sequence_reset')
+@skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_sequence_reset")
 class AutoIncrementResetTest(TransactionTestCase):
     """
     Creating the same models in different test methods receive the same PK
     values since the sequences are reset before each test method.
     """
 
-    available_apps = ['test_runner']
+    available_apps = ["test_runner"]
 
     reset_sequences = True
 
     def _test(self):
         # Regular model
-        p = Person.objects.create(first_name='Jack', last_name='Smith')
+        p = Person.objects.create(first_name="Jack", last_name="Smith")
         self.assertEqual(p.pk, 1)
         # Auto-created many-to-many through model
-        p.friends.add(Person.objects.create(first_name='Jacky', last_name='Smith'))
+        p.friends.add(Person.objects.create(first_name="Jacky", last_name="Smith"))
         self.assertEqual(p.friends.through.objects.first().pk, 1)
         # Many-to-many through model
         b = B.objects.create()
@@ -754,10 +885,12 @@ class EmptyDefaultDatabaseTest(unittest.TestCase):
         An empty default database in settings does not raise an ImproperlyConfigured
         error when running a unit test that does not use a database.
         """
-        tested_connections = db.ConnectionHandler({'default': {}})
-        with mock.patch('django.db.connections', new=tested_connections):
+        tested_connections = db.ConnectionHandler({"default": {}})
+        with mock.patch("django.db.connections", new=tested_connections):
             connection = tested_connections[db.utils.DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS]
-            self.assertEqual(connection.settings_dict['ENGINE'], 'django.db.backends.dummy')
+            self.assertEqual(
+                connection.settings_dict["ENGINE"], "django.db.backends.dummy"
+            )
             connections_support_transactions()
 
 
@@ -766,15 +899,22 @@ class RunTestsExceptionHandlingTests(unittest.TestCase):
         """
         Teardown functions are run when run_checks() raises SystemCheckError.
         """
-        with mock.patch('django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.setup_test_environment'), \
-                mock.patch('django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.setup_databases'), \
-                mock.patch('django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.build_suite'), \
-                mock.patch('django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.run_checks', side_effect=SystemCheckError), \
-                mock.patch('django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.teardown_databases') as teardown_databases, \
-                mock.patch('django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.teardown_test_environment') as teardown_test_environment:
+        with mock.patch(
+            "django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.setup_test_environment"
+        ), mock.patch("django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.setup_databases"), mock.patch(
+            "django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.build_suite"
+        ), mock.patch(
+            "django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.run_checks", side_effect=SystemCheckError
+        ), mock.patch(
+            "django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.teardown_databases"
+        ) as teardown_databases, mock.patch(
+            "django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.teardown_test_environment"
+        ) as teardown_test_environment:
             runner = DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0, interactive=False)
             with self.assertRaises(SystemCheckError):
-                runner.run_tests(['test_runner_apps.sample.tests_sample.TestDjangoTestCase'])
+                runner.run_tests(
+                    ["test_runner_apps.sample.tests_sample.TestDjangoTestCase"]
+                )
             self.assertTrue(teardown_databases.called)
             self.assertTrue(teardown_test_environment.called)
 
@@ -783,16 +923,23 @@ class RunTestsExceptionHandlingTests(unittest.TestCase):
         SystemCheckError is surfaced when run_checks() raises SystemCheckError
         and teardown databases() raises ValueError.
         """
-        with mock.patch('django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.setup_test_environment'), \
-                mock.patch('django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.setup_databases'), \
-                mock.patch('django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.build_suite'), \
-                mock.patch('django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.run_checks', side_effect=SystemCheckError), \
-                mock.patch('django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.teardown_databases', side_effect=ValueError) \
-                as teardown_databases, \
-                mock.patch('django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.teardown_test_environment') as teardown_test_environment:
+        with mock.patch(
+            "django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.setup_test_environment"
+        ), mock.patch("django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.setup_databases"), mock.patch(
+            "django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.build_suite"
+        ), mock.patch(
+            "django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.run_checks", side_effect=SystemCheckError
+        ), mock.patch(
+            "django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.teardown_databases",
+            side_effect=ValueError,
+        ) as teardown_databases, mock.patch(
+            "django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.teardown_test_environment"
+        ) as teardown_test_environment:
             runner = DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0, interactive=False)
             with self.assertRaises(SystemCheckError):
-                runner.run_tests(['test_runner_apps.sample.tests_sample.TestDjangoTestCase'])
+                runner.run_tests(
+                    ["test_runner_apps.sample.tests_sample.TestDjangoTestCase"]
+                )
             self.assertTrue(teardown_databases.called)
             self.assertFalse(teardown_test_environment.called)
 
@@ -801,18 +948,25 @@ class RunTestsExceptionHandlingTests(unittest.TestCase):
         Exceptions on teardown are surfaced if no exceptions happen during
         run_checks().
         """
-        with mock.patch('django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.setup_test_environment'), \
-                mock.patch('django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.setup_databases'), \
-                mock.patch('django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.build_suite'), \
-                mock.patch('django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.run_checks'), \
-                mock.patch('django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.teardown_databases', side_effect=ValueError) \
-                as teardown_databases, \
-                mock.patch('django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.teardown_test_environment') as teardown_test_environment:
+        with mock.patch(
+            "django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.setup_test_environment"
+        ), mock.patch("django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.setup_databases"), mock.patch(
+            "django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.build_suite"
+        ), mock.patch(
+            "django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.run_checks"
+        ), mock.patch(
+            "django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.teardown_databases",
+            side_effect=ValueError,
+        ) as teardown_databases, mock.patch(
+            "django.test.runner.DiscoverRunner.teardown_test_environment"
+        ) as teardown_test_environment:
             runner = DiscoverRunner(verbosity=0, interactive=False)
             with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                 # Suppress the output when running TestDjangoTestCase.
-                with mock.patch('sys.stderr'):
-                    runner.run_tests(['test_runner_apps.sample.tests_sample.TestDjangoTestCase'])
+                with mock.patch("sys.stderr"):
+                    runner.run_tests(
+                        ["test_runner_apps.sample.tests_sample.TestDjangoTestCase"]
+                    )
             self.assertTrue(teardown_databases.called)
             self.assertFalse(teardown_test_environment.called)
 
@@ -836,7 +990,7 @@ class NoOpTestRunner(DiscoverRunner):
 
 
 class DiscoverRunnerExtraTestsDeprecationTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    msg = 'The extra_tests argument is deprecated.'
+    msg = "The extra_tests argument is deprecated."
 
     def get_runner(self):
         return NoOpTestRunner(verbosity=0, interactive=False)
@@ -851,6 +1005,6 @@ class DiscoverRunnerExtraTestsDeprecationTests(SimpleTestCase):
         with captured_stderr():
             with self.assertWarnsMessage(RemovedInDjango50Warning, self.msg):
                 runner.run_tests(
-                    test_labels=['test_runner_apps.sample.tests_sample.EmptyTestCase'],
+                    test_labels=["test_runner_apps.sample.tests_sample.EmptyTestCase"],
                     extra_tests=[],
                 )
diff --git a/tests/test_runner_apps/buffer/tests_buffer.py b/tests/test_runner_apps/buffer/tests_buffer.py
index 36bc315d6d..00d959cd49 100644
--- a/tests/test_runner_apps/buffer/tests_buffer.py
+++ b/tests/test_runner_apps/buffer/tests_buffer.py
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ from unittest import TestCase
 
 class WriteToStdoutStderrTestCase(TestCase):
     def test_pass(self):
-        sys.stderr.write('Write to stderr.')
-        sys.stdout.write('Write to stdout.')
+        sys.stderr.write("Write to stderr.")
+        sys.stdout.write("Write to stdout.")
         self.assertTrue(True)
 
     def test_fail(self):
-        sys.stderr.write('Write to stderr.')
-        sys.stdout.write('Write to stdout.')
+        sys.stderr.write("Write to stderr.")
+        sys.stdout.write("Write to stdout.")
         self.assertTrue(False)
diff --git a/tests/test_runner_apps/databases/tests.py b/tests/test_runner_apps/databases/tests.py
index dbb3b46e0b..b3c85564a1 100644
--- a/tests/test_runner_apps/databases/tests.py
+++ b/tests/test_runner_apps/databases/tests.py
@@ -7,17 +7,17 @@ class NoDatabaseTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
 
 class DefaultDatabaseTests(NoDatabaseTests):
-    databases = {'default'}
+    databases = {"default"}
 
 
 class DefaultDatabaseSerializedTests(NoDatabaseTests):
-    databases = {'default'}
+    databases = {"default"}
     serialized_rollback = True
 
 
 class OtherDatabaseTests(NoDatabaseTests):
-    databases = {'other'}
+    databases = {"other"}
 
 
 class AllDatabasesTests(NoDatabaseTests):
-    databases = '__all__'
+    databases = "__all__"
diff --git a/tests/test_runner_apps/failures/tests_failures.py b/tests/test_runner_apps/failures/tests_failures.py
index 0483fcd0f1..dad875b8a6 100644
--- a/tests/test_runner_apps/failures/tests_failures.py
+++ b/tests/test_runner_apps/failures/tests_failures.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ class FailureTestCase(TestCase):
 
 class ErrorTestCase(TestCase):
     def test_sample(self):
-        raise Exception('test')
+        raise Exception("test")
 
 
 class ExpectedFailureTestCase(TestCase):
diff --git a/tests/test_runner_apps/sample/doctests.py b/tests/test_runner_apps/sample/doctests.py
index 8707ecaf86..a657d9bdf3 100644
--- a/tests/test_runner_apps/sample/doctests.py
+++ b/tests/test_runner_apps/sample/doctests.py
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ def factorial(n):
     """
 
     import math
+
     if not n >= 0:
         raise ValueError("n must be >= 0")
     if math.floor(n) != n:
diff --git a/tests/test_runner_apps/sample/pattern_tests.py b/tests/test_runner_apps/sample/pattern_tests.py
index f62a233d75..4500eacb8e 100644
--- a/tests/test_runner_apps/sample/pattern_tests.py
+++ b/tests/test_runner_apps/sample/pattern_tests.py
@@ -2,6 +2,5 @@ from unittest import TestCase
 
 
 class Test(TestCase):
-
     def test_sample(self):
         self.assertEqual(1, 1)
diff --git a/tests/test_runner_apps/sample/tests/tests.py b/tests/test_runner_apps/sample/tests/tests.py
index 58bd4e7f1e..a9faf514f2 100644
--- a/tests/test_runner_apps/sample/tests/tests.py
+++ b/tests/test_runner_apps/sample/tests/tests.py
@@ -2,6 +2,5 @@ from unittest import TestCase
 
 
 class Test(TestCase):
-
     def test_sample(self):
         pass
diff --git a/tests/test_runner_apps/sample/tests_sample.py b/tests/test_runner_apps/sample/tests_sample.py
index eb977e44fb..6e876ebd41 100644
--- a/tests/test_runner_apps/sample/tests_sample.py
+++ b/tests/test_runner_apps/sample/tests_sample.py
@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
 import doctest
 from unittest import TestCase
 
-from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase as DjangoTestCase
+from django.test import SimpleTestCase
+from django.test import TestCase as DjangoTestCase
 
 from . import doctests
 
 
 class TestVanillaUnittest(TestCase):
-
     def test_sample(self):
         self.assertEqual(1, 1)
 
 
 class TestDjangoTestCase(DjangoTestCase):
-
     def test_sample(self):
         self.assertEqual(1, 1)
 
diff --git a/tests/test_runner_apps/simple/tests.py b/tests/test_runner_apps/simple/tests.py
index edd822737c..62611bee32 100644
--- a/tests/test_runner_apps/simple/tests.py
+++ b/tests/test_runner_apps/simple/tests.py
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 from unittest import TestCase
 
-from django.test import SimpleTestCase, TestCase as DjangoTestCase
+from django.test import SimpleTestCase
+from django.test import TestCase as DjangoTestCase
 
 
 class DjangoCase1(DjangoTestCase):
-
     def test_1(self):
         pass
 
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ class DjangoCase1(DjangoTestCase):
 
 
 class DjangoCase2(DjangoTestCase):
-
     def test_1(self):
         pass
 
@@ -22,7 +21,6 @@ class DjangoCase2(DjangoTestCase):
 
 
 class SimpleCase1(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_1(self):
         pass
 
@@ -31,7 +29,6 @@ class SimpleCase1(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class SimpleCase2(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_1(self):
         pass
 
@@ -40,7 +37,6 @@ class SimpleCase2(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class UnittestCase1(TestCase):
-
     def test_1(self):
         pass
 
@@ -49,7 +45,6 @@ class UnittestCase1(TestCase):
 
 
 class UnittestCase2(TestCase):
-
     def test_1(self):
         pass
 
diff --git a/tests/test_runner_apps/tagged/tests.py b/tests/test_runner_apps/tagged/tests.py
index d3742b3749..7b61b9321e 100644
--- a/tests/test_runner_apps/tagged/tests.py
+++ b/tests/test_runner_apps/tagged/tests.py
@@ -3,13 +3,12 @@ from unittest import TestCase
 from django.test import tag
 
 
-@tag('slow')
+@tag("slow")
 class TaggedTestCase(TestCase):
-
-    @tag('fast')
+    @tag("fast")
     def test_single_tag(self):
         self.assertEqual(1, 1)
 
-    @tag('fast', 'core')
+    @tag("fast", "core")
     def test_multiple_tags(self):
         self.assertEqual(1, 1)
diff --git a/tests/test_runner_apps/tagged/tests_inheritance.py b/tests/test_runner_apps/tagged/tests_inheritance.py
index 59e564202d..80545c9125 100644
--- a/tests/test_runner_apps/tagged/tests_inheritance.py
+++ b/tests/test_runner_apps/tagged/tests_inheritance.py
@@ -3,27 +3,25 @@ from unittest import TestCase
 from django.test import tag
 
 
-@tag('foo')
+@tag("foo")
 class FooBase(TestCase):
     pass
 
 
 class Foo(FooBase):
-
     def test_no_new_tags(self):
         pass
 
-    @tag('baz')
+    @tag("baz")
     def test_new_func_tag(self):
         pass
 
 
-@tag('bar')
+@tag("bar")
 class FooBar(FooBase):
-
     def test_new_class_tag_only(self):
         pass
 
-    @tag('baz')
+    @tag("baz")
     def test_new_class_and_func_tags(self):
         pass
diff --git a/tests/test_sqlite.py b/tests/test_sqlite.py
index e1252f5f7d..f3ccf2c021 100644
--- a/tests/test_sqlite.py
+++ b/tests/test_sqlite.py
@@ -13,21 +13,21 @@
 # file for each of the backends you test against.
 
 DATABASES = {
-    'default': {
-        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
+    "default": {
+        "ENGINE": "django.db.backends.sqlite3",
+    },
+    "other": {
+        "ENGINE": "django.db.backends.sqlite3",
     },
-    'other': {
-        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
-    }
 }
 
 SECRET_KEY = "django_tests_secret_key"
 
 # Use a fast hasher to speed up tests.
 PASSWORD_HASHERS = [
-    'django.contrib.auth.hashers.MD5PasswordHasher',
+    "django.contrib.auth.hashers.MD5PasswordHasher",
 ]
 
-DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD = 'django.db.models.AutoField'
+DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD = "django.db.models.AutoField"
 
 USE_TZ = False
diff --git a/tests/test_utils/models.py b/tests/test_utils/models.py
index 57518aef90..4d91c03a03 100644
--- a/tests/test_utils/models.py
+++ b/tests/test_utils/models.py
@@ -7,10 +7,12 @@ class Car(models.Model):
 
 class Person(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
-    cars = models.ManyToManyField(Car, through='PossessedCar')
+    cars = models.ManyToManyField(Car, through="PossessedCar")
     data = models.BinaryField(null=True)
 
 
 class PossessedCar(models.Model):
     car = models.ForeignKey(Car, models.CASCADE)
-    belongs_to = models.ForeignKey(Person, models.CASCADE, related_name='possessed_cars')
+    belongs_to = models.ForeignKey(
+        Person, models.CASCADE, related_name="possessed_cars"
+    )
diff --git a/tests/test_utils/test_serializemixin.py b/tests/test_utils/test_serializemixin.py
index 662ba71ca0..e15334a867 100644
--- a/tests/test_utils/test_serializemixin.py
+++ b/tests/test_utils/test_serializemixin.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ class TestSerializeMixin(SimpleTestCase):
             "base class."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
+
             class ExampleTests(SerializeMixin, SimpleTestCase):
                 pass
 
diff --git a/tests/test_utils/test_simpletestcase.py b/tests/test_utils/test_simpletestcase.py
index 76ec37e80f..c6aa314944 100644
--- a/tests/test_utils/test_simpletestcase.py
+++ b/tests/test_utils/test_simpletestcase.py
@@ -9,18 +9,18 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 class ErrorTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
     def raising_test(self):
         self._pre_setup.assert_called_once_with()
-        raise Exception('debug() bubbles up exceptions before cleanup.')
+        raise Exception("debug() bubbles up exceptions before cleanup.")
 
     def simple_test(self):
         self._pre_setup.assert_called_once_with()
 
-    @unittest.skip('Skip condition.')
+    @unittest.skip("Skip condition.")
     def skipped_test(self):
         pass
 
 
-@mock.patch.object(ErrorTestCase, '_post_teardown')
-@mock.patch.object(ErrorTestCase, '_pre_setup')
+@mock.patch.object(ErrorTestCase, "_post_teardown")
+@mock.patch.object(ErrorTestCase, "_pre_setup")
 class DebugInvocationTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def get_runner(self):
         return unittest.TextTestRunner(stream=StringIO())
@@ -33,58 +33,60 @@ class DebugInvocationTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_run_cleanup(self, _pre_setup, _post_teardown):
         """Simple test run: catches errors and runs cleanup."""
         test_suite = unittest.TestSuite()
-        test_suite.addTest(ErrorTestCase('raising_test'))
+        test_suite.addTest(ErrorTestCase("raising_test"))
         result = self.get_runner()._makeResult()
         self.assertEqual(result.errors, [])
         test_suite.run(result)
         self.assertEqual(len(result.errors), 1)
         _, traceback = result.errors[0]
-        self.assertIn('Exception: debug() bubbles up exceptions before cleanup.', traceback)
+        self.assertIn(
+            "Exception: debug() bubbles up exceptions before cleanup.", traceback
+        )
         _pre_setup.assert_called_once_with()
         _post_teardown.assert_called_once_with()
 
     def test_run_pre_setup_error(self, _pre_setup, _post_teardown):
-        _pre_setup.side_effect = Exception('Exception in _pre_setup.')
+        _pre_setup.side_effect = Exception("Exception in _pre_setup.")
         test_suite = unittest.TestSuite()
-        test_suite.addTest(ErrorTestCase('simple_test'))
+        test_suite.addTest(ErrorTestCase("simple_test"))
         result = self.get_runner()._makeResult()
         self.assertEqual(result.errors, [])
         test_suite.run(result)
         self.assertEqual(len(result.errors), 1)
         _, traceback = result.errors[0]
-        self.assertIn('Exception: Exception in _pre_setup.', traceback)
+        self.assertIn("Exception: Exception in _pre_setup.", traceback)
         # pre-setup is called but not post-teardown.
         _pre_setup.assert_called_once_with()
         self.assertFalse(_post_teardown.called)
 
     def test_run_post_teardown_error(self, _pre_setup, _post_teardown):
-        _post_teardown.side_effect = Exception('Exception in _post_teardown.')
+        _post_teardown.side_effect = Exception("Exception in _post_teardown.")
         test_suite = unittest.TestSuite()
-        test_suite.addTest(ErrorTestCase('simple_test'))
+        test_suite.addTest(ErrorTestCase("simple_test"))
         result = self.get_runner()._makeResult()
         self.assertEqual(result.errors, [])
         test_suite.run(result)
         self.assertEqual(len(result.errors), 1)
         _, traceback = result.errors[0]
-        self.assertIn('Exception: Exception in _post_teardown.', traceback)
+        self.assertIn("Exception: Exception in _post_teardown.", traceback)
         # pre-setup and post-teardwn are called.
         _pre_setup.assert_called_once_with()
         _post_teardown.assert_called_once_with()
 
     def test_run_skipped_test_no_cleanup(self, _pre_setup, _post_teardown):
         test_suite = unittest.TestSuite()
-        test_suite.addTest(ErrorTestCase('skipped_test'))
+        test_suite.addTest(ErrorTestCase("skipped_test"))
         try:
             test_suite.run(self.get_runner()._makeResult())
         except unittest.SkipTest:
-            self.fail('SkipTest should not be raised at this stage.')
+            self.fail("SkipTest should not be raised at this stage.")
         self.assertFalse(_post_teardown.called)
         self.assertFalse(_pre_setup.called)
 
     def test_debug_cleanup(self, _pre_setup, _post_teardown):
         """Simple debug run without errors."""
         test_suite = unittest.TestSuite()
-        test_suite.addTest(ErrorTestCase('simple_test'))
+        test_suite.addTest(ErrorTestCase("simple_test"))
         test_suite.debug()
         _pre_setup.assert_called_once_with()
         _post_teardown.assert_called_once_with()
@@ -92,8 +94,8 @@ class DebugInvocationTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_debug_bubbles_error(self, _pre_setup, _post_teardown):
         """debug() bubbles up exceptions before cleanup."""
         test_suite = unittest.TestSuite()
-        test_suite.addTest(ErrorTestCase('raising_test'))
-        msg = 'debug() bubbles up exceptions before cleanup.'
+        test_suite.addTest(ErrorTestCase("raising_test"))
+        msg = "debug() bubbles up exceptions before cleanup."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(Exception, msg):
             # This is the same as test_suite.debug().
             result = _DebugResult()
@@ -105,10 +107,10 @@ class DebugInvocationTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_debug_bubbles_pre_setup_error(self, _pre_setup, _post_teardown):
         """debug() bubbles up exceptions during _pre_setup."""
-        msg = 'Exception in _pre_setup.'
+        msg = "Exception in _pre_setup."
         _pre_setup.side_effect = Exception(msg)
         test_suite = unittest.TestSuite()
-        test_suite.addTest(ErrorTestCase('simple_test'))
+        test_suite.addTest(ErrorTestCase("simple_test"))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(Exception, msg):
             # This is the same as test_suite.debug().
             result = _DebugResult()
@@ -120,10 +122,10 @@ class DebugInvocationTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_debug_bubbles_post_teardown_error(self, _pre_setup, _post_teardown):
         """debug() bubbles up exceptions during _post_teardown."""
-        msg = 'Exception in _post_teardown.'
+        msg = "Exception in _post_teardown."
         _post_teardown.side_effect = Exception(msg)
         test_suite = unittest.TestSuite()
-        test_suite.addTest(ErrorTestCase('simple_test'))
+        test_suite.addTest(ErrorTestCase("simple_test"))
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(Exception, msg):
             # This is the same as test_suite.debug().
             result = _DebugResult()
@@ -135,8 +137,8 @@ class DebugInvocationTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_debug_skipped_test_no_cleanup(self, _pre_setup, _post_teardown):
         test_suite = unittest.TestSuite()
-        test_suite.addTest(ErrorTestCase('skipped_test'))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(unittest.SkipTest, 'Skip condition.'):
+        test_suite.addTest(ErrorTestCase("skipped_test"))
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(unittest.SkipTest, "Skip condition."):
             # This is the same as test_suite.debug().
             result = _DebugResult()
             test_suite.run(result, debug=True)
diff --git a/tests/test_utils/test_testcase.py b/tests/test_utils/test_testcase.py
index dbf609b8fe..ca142186a1 100644
--- a/tests/test_utils/test_testcase.py
+++ b/tests/test_utils/test_testcase.py
@@ -8,9 +8,8 @@ from .models import Car, Person, PossessedCar
 
 
 class TestTestCase(TestCase):
-
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_defer_constraint_checks')
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_foreign_keys')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_defer_constraint_checks")
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_foreign_keys")
     def test_fixture_teardown_checks_constraints(self):
         rollback_atomics = self._rollback_atomics
         self._rollback_atomics = lambda connection: None  # noop
@@ -29,9 +28,9 @@ class TestTestCase(TestCase):
             "ensure proper test isolation and silence this failure."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DatabaseOperationForbidden, message):
-            connections['other'].connect()
+            connections["other"].connect()
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DatabaseOperationForbidden, message):
-            connections['other'].temporary_connection()
+            connections["other"].temporary_connection()
 
     def test_disallowed_database_queries(self):
         message = (
@@ -40,12 +39,12 @@ class TestTestCase(TestCase):
             "ensure proper test isolation and silence this failure."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DatabaseOperationForbidden, message):
-            Car.objects.using('other').get()
+            Car.objects.using("other").get()
 
     def test_reset_sequences(self):
         old_reset_sequences = self.reset_sequences
         self.reset_sequences = True
-        msg = 'reset_sequences cannot be used on TestCase instances'
+        msg = "reset_sequences cannot be used on TestCase instances"
         try:
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
                 self._fixture_setup()
@@ -58,6 +57,7 @@ def assert_no_queries(test):
     def inner(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             test(self)
+
     return inner
 
 
@@ -67,14 +67,14 @@ class TestDataTests(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.jim_douglas = Person.objects.create(name='Jim Douglas')
-        cls.car = Car.objects.create(name='1963 Volkswagen Beetle')
+        cls.jim_douglas = Person.objects.create(name="Jim Douglas")
+        cls.car = Car.objects.create(name="1963 Volkswagen Beetle")
         cls.herbie = cls.jim_douglas.possessed_cars.create(
             car=cls.car,
             belongs_to=cls.jim_douglas,
         )
 
-        cls.person_binary = Person.objects.create(name='Person', data=b'binary data')
+        cls.person_binary = Person.objects.create(name="Person", data=b"binary data")
         cls.person_binary_get = Person.objects.get(pk=cls.person_binary.pk)
 
     @assert_no_queries
@@ -95,8 +95,8 @@ class TestDataTests(TestCase):
 
     @assert_no_queries
     def test_binaryfield_data_type(self):
-        self.assertEqual(bytes(self.person_binary.data), b'binary data')
-        self.assertEqual(bytes(self.person_binary_get.data), b'binary data')
+        self.assertEqual(bytes(self.person_binary.data), b"binary data")
+        self.assertEqual(bytes(self.person_binary_get.data), b"binary data")
         self.assertEqual(
             type(self.person_binary_get.data),
             type(self.__class__.person_binary_get.data),
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class TestDataTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            repr(TestData('attr', 'value')),
+            repr(TestData("attr", "value")),
             "<TestData: name='attr', data='value'>",
         )
 
@@ -129,16 +129,17 @@ class SetupTestDataIsolationTests(TestCase):
     In-memory data isolation is respected for model instances assigned to class
     attributes during setUpTestData.
     """
+
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.car = Car.objects.create(name='Volkswagen Beetle')
+        cls.car = Car.objects.create(name="Volkswagen Beetle")
 
     def test_book_name_deutsh(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.car.name, 'Volkswagen Beetle')
-        self.car.name = 'VW sKäfer'
+        self.assertEqual(self.car.name, "Volkswagen Beetle")
+        self.car.name = "VW sKäfer"
         self.car.save()
 
     def test_book_name_french(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.car.name, 'Volkswagen Beetle')
-        self.car.name = 'Volkswagen Coccinelle'
+        self.assertEqual(self.car.name, "Volkswagen Beetle")
+        self.car.name = "Volkswagen Coccinelle"
         self.car.save()
diff --git a/tests/test_utils/test_transactiontestcase.py b/tests/test_utils/test_transactiontestcase.py
index f1f53e4da5..0032e2ee0c 100644
--- a/tests/test_utils/test_transactiontestcase.py
+++ b/tests/test_utils/test_transactiontestcase.py
@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ class TestSerializedRollbackInhibitsPostMigrate(TransactionTestCase):
     TransactionTestCase._fixture_teardown() inhibits the post_migrate signal
     for test classes with serialized_rollback=True.
     """
-    available_apps = ['test_utils']
+
+    available_apps = ["test_utils"]
     serialized_rollback = True
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -21,23 +22,27 @@ class TestSerializedRollbackInhibitsPostMigrate(TransactionTestCase):
         self.available_apps = None
 
     def tearDown(self):
-        self.available_apps = ['test_utils']
+        self.available_apps = ["test_utils"]
 
-    @mock.patch('django.test.testcases.call_command')
+    @mock.patch("django.test.testcases.call_command")
     def test(self, call_command):
         # with a mocked call_command(), this doesn't have any effect.
         self._fixture_teardown()
         call_command.assert_called_with(
-            'flush', interactive=False, allow_cascade=False,
-            reset_sequences=False, inhibit_post_migrate=True,
-            database='default', verbosity=0,
+            "flush",
+            interactive=False,
+            allow_cascade=False,
+            reset_sequences=False,
+            inhibit_post_migrate=True,
+            database="default",
+            verbosity=0,
         )
 
 
 @override_settings(DEBUG=True)  # Enable query logging for test_queries_cleared
 class TransactionTestCaseDatabasesTests(TestCase):
     available_apps = []
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     def test_queries_cleared(self):
         """
@@ -46,11 +51,13 @@ class TransactionTestCaseDatabasesTests(TestCase):
         assertNumQueries() to fail.
         """
         for alias in self.databases:
-            self.assertEqual(len(connections[alias].queries_log), 0, 'Failed for alias %s' % alias)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                len(connections[alias].queries_log), 0, "Failed for alias %s" % alias
+            )
 
 
 class DisallowedDatabaseQueriesTests(TransactionTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['test_utils']
+    available_apps = ["test_utils"]
 
     def test_disallowed_database_queries(self):
         message = (
@@ -60,4 +67,4 @@ class DisallowedDatabaseQueriesTests(TransactionTestCase):
             "isolation and silence this failure."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DatabaseOperationForbidden, message):
-            Car.objects.using('other').get()
+            Car.objects.using("other").get()
diff --git a/tests/test_utils/tests.py b/tests/test_utils/tests.py
index 0da45d9f64..72183838b7 100644
--- a/tests/test_utils/tests.py
+++ b/tests/test_utils/tests.py
@@ -11,23 +11,39 @@ from django.contrib.staticfiles.storage import staticfiles_storage
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.core.files.storage import default_storage
 from django.db import (
-    IntegrityError, connection, connections, models, router, transaction,
+    IntegrityError,
+    connection,
+    connections,
+    models,
+    router,
+    transaction,
 )
 from django.forms import (
-    CharField, EmailField, Form, IntegerField, ValidationError,
+    CharField,
+    EmailField,
+    Form,
+    IntegerField,
+    ValidationError,
     formset_factory,
 )
 from django.http import HttpResponse
 from django.template.loader import render_to_string
 from django.test import (
-    SimpleTestCase, TestCase, TransactionTestCase, skipIfDBFeature,
+    SimpleTestCase,
+    TestCase,
+    TransactionTestCase,
+    skipIfDBFeature,
     skipUnlessDBFeature,
 )
 from django.test.html import HTMLParseError, parse_html
 from django.test.testcases import DatabaseOperationForbidden
 from django.test.utils import (
-    CaptureQueriesContext, TestContextDecorator, ignore_warnings, isolate_apps,
-    override_settings, setup_test_environment,
+    CaptureQueriesContext,
+    TestContextDecorator,
+    ignore_warnings,
+    isolate_apps,
+    override_settings,
+    setup_test_environment,
 )
 from django.urls import NoReverseMatch, path, reverse, reverse_lazy
 from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango50Warning
@@ -47,7 +63,7 @@ class SkippingTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
                 with self.assertRaises(expected_exc):
                     func()
         except unittest.SkipTest:
-            self.fail('%s should not result in a skipped test.' % func.__name__)
+            self.fail("%s should not result in a skipped test." % func.__name__)
 
     def test_skip_unless_db_feature(self):
         """
@@ -76,23 +92,24 @@ class SkippingTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         self._assert_skipping(test_func4, unittest.SkipTest)
 
         class SkipTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
-            @skipUnlessDBFeature('missing')
+            @skipUnlessDBFeature("missing")
             def test_foo(self):
                 pass
 
         self._assert_skipping(
-            SkipTestCase('test_foo').test_foo,
+            SkipTestCase("test_foo").test_foo,
             ValueError,
             "skipUnlessDBFeature cannot be used on test_foo (test_utils.tests."
             "SkippingTestCase.test_skip_unless_db_feature.<locals>.SkipTestCase) "
             "as SkippingTestCase.test_skip_unless_db_feature.<locals>.SkipTestCase "
-            "doesn't allow queries against the 'default' database."
+            "doesn't allow queries against the 'default' database.",
         )
 
     def test_skip_if_db_feature(self):
         """
         Testing the django.test.skipIfDBFeature decorator.
         """
+
         @skipIfDBFeature("__class__")
         def test_func():
             raise ValueError
@@ -120,17 +137,17 @@ class SkippingTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
         self._assert_skipping(test_func5, ValueError)
 
         class SkipTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
-            @skipIfDBFeature('missing')
+            @skipIfDBFeature("missing")
             def test_foo(self):
                 pass
 
         self._assert_skipping(
-            SkipTestCase('test_foo').test_foo,
+            SkipTestCase("test_foo").test_foo,
             ValueError,
             "skipIfDBFeature cannot be used on test_foo (test_utils.tests."
             "SkippingTestCase.test_skip_if_db_feature.<locals>.SkipTestCase) "
             "as SkippingTestCase.test_skip_if_db_feature.<locals>.SkipTestCase "
-            "doesn't allow queries against the 'default' database."
+            "doesn't allow queries against the 'default' database.",
         )
 
 
@@ -152,27 +169,27 @@ class SkippingClassTestCase(TestCase):
             pass
 
         test_suite = unittest.TestSuite()
-        test_suite.addTest(NotSkippedTests('test_dummy'))
+        test_suite.addTest(NotSkippedTests("test_dummy"))
         try:
-            test_suite.addTest(SkippedTests('test_will_be_skipped'))
-            test_suite.addTest(SkippedTestsSubclass('test_will_be_skipped'))
+            test_suite.addTest(SkippedTests("test_will_be_skipped"))
+            test_suite.addTest(SkippedTestsSubclass("test_will_be_skipped"))
         except unittest.SkipTest:
-            self.fail('SkipTest should not be raised here.')
+            self.fail("SkipTest should not be raised here.")
         result = unittest.TextTestRunner(stream=StringIO()).run(test_suite)
         self.assertEqual(result.testsRun, 3)
         self.assertEqual(len(result.skipped), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(result.skipped[0][1], 'Database has feature(s) __class__')
-        self.assertEqual(result.skipped[1][1], 'Database has feature(s) __class__')
+        self.assertEqual(result.skipped[0][1], "Database has feature(s) __class__")
+        self.assertEqual(result.skipped[1][1], "Database has feature(s) __class__")
 
     def test_missing_default_databases(self):
-        @skipIfDBFeature('missing')
+        @skipIfDBFeature("missing")
         class MissingDatabases(SimpleTestCase):
             def test_assertion_error(self):
                 pass
 
         suite = unittest.TestSuite()
         try:
-            suite.addTest(MissingDatabases('test_assertion_error'))
+            suite.addTest(MissingDatabases("test_assertion_error"))
         except unittest.SkipTest:
             self.fail("SkipTest should not be raised at this stage")
         runner = unittest.TextTestRunner(stream=StringIO())
@@ -186,9 +203,8 @@ class SkippingClassTestCase(TestCase):
             runner.run(suite)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_utils.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_utils.urls")
 class AssertNumQueriesTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_assert_num_queries(self):
         def test_func():
             raise ValueError
@@ -197,29 +213,26 @@ class AssertNumQueriesTests(TestCase):
             self.assertNumQueries(2, test_func)
 
     def test_assert_num_queries_with_client(self):
-        person = Person.objects.create(name='test')
+        person = Person.objects.create(name="test")
 
         self.assertNumQueries(
-            1,
-            self.client.get,
-            "/test_utils/get_person/%s/" % person.pk
+            1, self.client.get, "/test_utils/get_person/%s/" % person.pk
         )
 
         self.assertNumQueries(
-            1,
-            self.client.get,
-            "/test_utils/get_person/%s/" % person.pk
+            1, self.client.get, "/test_utils/get_person/%s/" % person.pk
         )
 
         def test_func():
             self.client.get("/test_utils/get_person/%s/" % person.pk)
             self.client.get("/test_utils/get_person/%s/" % person.pk)
+
         self.assertNumQueries(2, test_func)
 
 
 @unittest.skipUnless(
-    connection.vendor != 'sqlite' or not connection.is_in_memory_db(),
-    'For SQLite in-memory tests, closing the connection destroys the database.'
+    connection.vendor != "sqlite" or not connection.is_in_memory_db(),
+    "For SQLite in-memory tests, closing the connection destroys the database.",
 )
 class AssertNumQueriesUponConnectionTests(TransactionTestCase):
     available_apps = []
@@ -236,9 +249,11 @@ class AssertNumQueriesUponConnectionTests(TransactionTestCase):
                 # Avoid infinite recursion. Creating a cursor calls
                 # ensure_connection() which is currently mocked by this method.
                 with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                    cursor.execute('SELECT 1' + connection.features.bare_select_suffix)
+                    cursor.execute("SELECT 1" + connection.features.bare_select_suffix)
 
-        ensure_connection = 'django.db.backends.base.base.BaseDatabaseWrapper.ensure_connection'
+        ensure_connection = (
+            "django.db.backends.base.base.BaseDatabaseWrapper.ensure_connection"
+        )
         with mock.patch(ensure_connection, side_effect=make_configuration_query):
             with self.assertNumQueries(1):
                 list(Car.objects.all())
@@ -247,47 +262,45 @@ class AssertNumQueriesUponConnectionTests(TransactionTestCase):
 class AssertQuerysetEqualTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.p1 = Person.objects.create(name='p1')
-        cls.p2 = Person.objects.create(name='p2')
+        cls.p1 = Person.objects.create(name="p1")
+        cls.p2 = Person.objects.create(name="p2")
 
     def test_empty(self):
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Person.objects.filter(name='p3'), [])
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Person.objects.filter(name="p3"), [])
 
     def test_ordered(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Person.objects.all().order_by('name'),
+            Person.objects.all().order_by("name"),
             [self.p1, self.p2],
         )
 
     def test_unordered(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Person.objects.all().order_by('name'),
-            [self.p2, self.p1],
-            ordered=False
+            Person.objects.all().order_by("name"), [self.p2, self.p1], ordered=False
         )
 
     def test_queryset(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Person.objects.all().order_by('name'),
-            Person.objects.all().order_by('name'),
+            Person.objects.all().order_by("name"),
+            Person.objects.all().order_by("name"),
         )
 
     def test_flat_values_list(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Person.objects.all().order_by('name').values_list('name', flat=True),
-            ['p1', 'p2'],
+            Person.objects.all().order_by("name").values_list("name", flat=True),
+            ["p1", "p2"],
         )
 
     def test_transform(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Person.objects.all().order_by('name'),
+            Person.objects.all().order_by("name"),
             [self.p1.pk, self.p2.pk],
-            transform=lambda x: x.pk
+            transform=lambda x: x.pk,
         )
 
     def test_repr_transform(self):
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Person.objects.all().order_by('name'),
+            Person.objects.all().order_by("name"),
             [repr(self.p1), repr(self.p2)],
             transform=repr,
         )
@@ -296,8 +309,8 @@ class AssertQuerysetEqualTests(TestCase):
         # Using an unordered queryset with more than one ordered value
         # is an error.
         msg = (
-            'Trying to compare non-ordered queryset against more than one '
-            'ordered value.'
+            "Trying to compare non-ordered queryset against more than one "
+            "ordered value."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             self.assertQuerysetEqual(
@@ -305,55 +318,53 @@ class AssertQuerysetEqualTests(TestCase):
                 [self.p1, self.p2],
             )
         # No error for one value.
-        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Person.objects.filter(name='p1'), [self.p1])
+        self.assertQuerysetEqual(Person.objects.filter(name="p1"), [self.p1])
 
     def test_repeated_values(self):
         """
         assertQuerysetEqual checks the number of appearance of each item
         when used with option ordered=False.
         """
-        batmobile = Car.objects.create(name='Batmobile')
-        k2000 = Car.objects.create(name='K 2000')
-        PossessedCar.objects.bulk_create([
-            PossessedCar(car=batmobile, belongs_to=self.p1),
-            PossessedCar(car=batmobile, belongs_to=self.p1),
-            PossessedCar(car=k2000, belongs_to=self.p1),
-            PossessedCar(car=k2000, belongs_to=self.p1),
-            PossessedCar(car=k2000, belongs_to=self.p1),
-            PossessedCar(car=k2000, belongs_to=self.p1),
-        ])
+        batmobile = Car.objects.create(name="Batmobile")
+        k2000 = Car.objects.create(name="K 2000")
+        PossessedCar.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                PossessedCar(car=batmobile, belongs_to=self.p1),
+                PossessedCar(car=batmobile, belongs_to=self.p1),
+                PossessedCar(car=k2000, belongs_to=self.p1),
+                PossessedCar(car=k2000, belongs_to=self.p1),
+                PossessedCar(car=k2000, belongs_to=self.p1),
+                PossessedCar(car=k2000, belongs_to=self.p1),
+            ]
+        )
         with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
             self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-                self.p1.cars.all(),
-                [batmobile, k2000],
-                ordered=False
+                self.p1.cars.all(), [batmobile, k2000], ordered=False
             )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            self.p1.cars.all(),
-            [batmobile] * 2 + [k2000] * 4,
-            ordered=False
+            self.p1.cars.all(), [batmobile] * 2 + [k2000] * 4, ordered=False
         )
 
     def test_maxdiff(self):
-        names = ['Joe Smith %s' % i for i in range(20)]
+        names = ["Joe Smith %s" % i for i in range(20)]
         Person.objects.bulk_create([Person(name=name) for name in names])
-        names.append('Extra Person')
+        names.append("Extra Person")
 
         with self.assertRaises(AssertionError) as ctx:
             self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-                Person.objects.filter(name__startswith='Joe'),
+                Person.objects.filter(name__startswith="Joe"),
                 names,
                 ordered=False,
                 transform=lambda p: p.name,
             )
-        self.assertIn('Set self.maxDiff to None to see it.', str(ctx.exception))
+        self.assertIn("Set self.maxDiff to None to see it.", str(ctx.exception))
 
         original = self.maxDiff
         self.maxDiff = None
         try:
             with self.assertRaises(AssertionError) as ctx:
                 self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-                    Person.objects.filter(name__startswith='Joe'),
+                    Person.objects.filter(name__startswith="Joe"),
                     names,
                     ordered=False,
                     transform=lambda p: p.name,
@@ -361,23 +372,22 @@ class AssertQuerysetEqualTests(TestCase):
         finally:
             self.maxDiff = original
         exception_msg = str(ctx.exception)
-        self.assertNotIn('Set self.maxDiff to None to see it.', exception_msg)
+        self.assertNotIn("Set self.maxDiff to None to see it.", exception_msg)
         for name in names:
             self.assertIn(name, exception_msg)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_utils.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_utils.urls")
 class CaptureQueriesContextManagerTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.person_pk = str(Person.objects.create(name='test').pk)
+        cls.person_pk = str(Person.objects.create(name="test").pk)
 
     def test_simple(self):
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             Person.objects.get(pk=self.person_pk)
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 1)
-        self.assertIn(self.person_pk, captured_queries[0]['sql'])
+        self.assertIn(self.person_pk, captured_queries[0]["sql"])
 
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             pass
@@ -387,7 +397,7 @@ class CaptureQueriesContextManagerTests(TestCase):
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             Person.objects.get(pk=self.person_pk)
             self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 1)
-            self.assertIn(self.person_pk, captured_queries[0]['sql'])
+            self.assertIn(self.person_pk, captured_queries[0]["sql"])
 
     def test_nested(self):
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
@@ -406,24 +416,23 @@ class CaptureQueriesContextManagerTests(TestCase):
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             self.client.get("/test_utils/get_person/%s/" % self.person_pk)
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 1)
-        self.assertIn(self.person_pk, captured_queries[0]['sql'])
+        self.assertIn(self.person_pk, captured_queries[0]["sql"])
 
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             self.client.get("/test_utils/get_person/%s/" % self.person_pk)
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 1)
-        self.assertIn(self.person_pk, captured_queries[0]['sql'])
+        self.assertIn(self.person_pk, captured_queries[0]["sql"])
 
         with CaptureQueriesContext(connection) as captured_queries:
             self.client.get("/test_utils/get_person/%s/" % self.person_pk)
             self.client.get("/test_utils/get_person/%s/" % self.person_pk)
         self.assertEqual(len(captured_queries), 2)
-        self.assertIn(self.person_pk, captured_queries[0]['sql'])
-        self.assertIn(self.person_pk, captured_queries[1]['sql'])
+        self.assertIn(self.person_pk, captured_queries[0]["sql"])
+        self.assertIn(self.person_pk, captured_queries[1]["sql"])
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_utils.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_utils.urls")
 class AssertNumQueriesContextManagerTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_simple(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
             pass
@@ -436,9 +445,7 @@ class AssertNumQueriesContextManagerTests(TestCase):
             Person.objects.count()
 
     def test_failure(self):
-        msg = (
-            '1 != 2 : 1 queries executed, 2 expected\nCaptured queries were:\n1.'
-        )
+        msg = "1 != 2 : 1 queries executed, 2 expected\nCaptured queries were:\n1."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
             with self.assertNumQueries(2):
                 Person.objects.count()
@@ -461,60 +468,59 @@ class AssertNumQueriesContextManagerTests(TestCase):
             self.client.get("/test_utils/get_person/%s/" % person.pk)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_utils.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_utils.urls")
 class AssertTemplateUsedContextManagerTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_usage(self):
-        with self.assertTemplateUsed('template_used/base.html'):
-            render_to_string('template_used/base.html')
+        with self.assertTemplateUsed("template_used/base.html"):
+            render_to_string("template_used/base.html")
 
-        with self.assertTemplateUsed(template_name='template_used/base.html'):
-            render_to_string('template_used/base.html')
+        with self.assertTemplateUsed(template_name="template_used/base.html"):
+            render_to_string("template_used/base.html")
 
-        with self.assertTemplateUsed('template_used/base.html'):
-            render_to_string('template_used/include.html')
+        with self.assertTemplateUsed("template_used/base.html"):
+            render_to_string("template_used/include.html")
 
-        with self.assertTemplateUsed('template_used/base.html'):
-            render_to_string('template_used/extends.html')
+        with self.assertTemplateUsed("template_used/base.html"):
+            render_to_string("template_used/extends.html")
 
-        with self.assertTemplateUsed('template_used/base.html'):
-            render_to_string('template_used/base.html')
-            render_to_string('template_used/base.html')
+        with self.assertTemplateUsed("template_used/base.html"):
+            render_to_string("template_used/base.html")
+            render_to_string("template_used/base.html")
 
     def test_nested_usage(self):
-        with self.assertTemplateUsed('template_used/base.html'):
-            with self.assertTemplateUsed('template_used/include.html'):
-                render_to_string('template_used/include.html')
+        with self.assertTemplateUsed("template_used/base.html"):
+            with self.assertTemplateUsed("template_used/include.html"):
+                render_to_string("template_used/include.html")
 
-        with self.assertTemplateUsed('template_used/extends.html'):
-            with self.assertTemplateUsed('template_used/base.html'):
-                render_to_string('template_used/extends.html')
+        with self.assertTemplateUsed("template_used/extends.html"):
+            with self.assertTemplateUsed("template_used/base.html"):
+                render_to_string("template_used/extends.html")
 
-        with self.assertTemplateUsed('template_used/base.html'):
-            with self.assertTemplateUsed('template_used/alternative.html'):
-                render_to_string('template_used/alternative.html')
-            render_to_string('template_used/base.html')
+        with self.assertTemplateUsed("template_used/base.html"):
+            with self.assertTemplateUsed("template_used/alternative.html"):
+                render_to_string("template_used/alternative.html")
+            render_to_string("template_used/base.html")
 
-        with self.assertTemplateUsed('template_used/base.html'):
-            render_to_string('template_used/extends.html')
-            with self.assertTemplateNotUsed('template_used/base.html'):
-                render_to_string('template_used/alternative.html')
-            render_to_string('template_used/base.html')
+        with self.assertTemplateUsed("template_used/base.html"):
+            render_to_string("template_used/extends.html")
+            with self.assertTemplateNotUsed("template_used/base.html"):
+                render_to_string("template_used/alternative.html")
+            render_to_string("template_used/base.html")
 
     def test_not_used(self):
-        with self.assertTemplateNotUsed('template_used/base.html'):
+        with self.assertTemplateNotUsed("template_used/base.html"):
             pass
-        with self.assertTemplateNotUsed('template_used/alternative.html'):
+        with self.assertTemplateNotUsed("template_used/alternative.html"):
             pass
 
     def test_error_message(self):
-        msg = 'No templates used to render the response'
+        msg = "No templates used to render the response"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            with self.assertTemplateUsed('template_used/base.html'):
+            with self.assertTemplateUsed("template_used/base.html"):
                 pass
 
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            with self.assertTemplateUsed(template_name='template_used/base.html'):
+            with self.assertTemplateUsed(template_name="template_used/base.html"):
                 pass
 
         msg2 = (
@@ -522,23 +528,27 @@ class AssertTemplateUsedContextManagerTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "the response. Actual template(s) used: template_used/alternative.html"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg2):
-            with self.assertTemplateUsed('template_used/base.html'):
-                render_to_string('template_used/alternative.html')
+            with self.assertTemplateUsed("template_used/base.html"):
+                render_to_string("template_used/alternative.html")
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, 'No templates used to render the response'):
-            response = self.client.get('/test_utils/no_template_used/')
-            self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'template_used/base.html')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            AssertionError, "No templates used to render the response"
+        ):
+            response = self.client.get("/test_utils/no_template_used/")
+            self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "template_used/base.html")
 
     def test_msg_prefix(self):
-        msg_prefix = 'Prefix'
-        msg = f'{msg_prefix}: No templates used to render the response'
+        msg_prefix = "Prefix"
+        msg = f"{msg_prefix}: No templates used to render the response"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            with self.assertTemplateUsed('template_used/base.html', msg_prefix=msg_prefix):
+            with self.assertTemplateUsed(
+                "template_used/base.html", msg_prefix=msg_prefix
+            ):
                 pass
 
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
             with self.assertTemplateUsed(
-                template_name='template_used/base.html',
+                template_name="template_used/base.html",
                 msg_prefix=msg_prefix,
             ):
                 pass
@@ -549,40 +559,42 @@ class AssertTemplateUsedContextManagerTests(SimpleTestCase):
             f"template_used/alternative.html"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            with self.assertTemplateUsed('template_used/base.html', msg_prefix=msg_prefix):
-                render_to_string('template_used/alternative.html')
+            with self.assertTemplateUsed(
+                "template_used/base.html", msg_prefix=msg_prefix
+            ):
+                render_to_string("template_used/alternative.html")
 
     def test_count(self):
-        with self.assertTemplateUsed('template_used/base.html', count=2):
-            render_to_string('template_used/base.html')
-            render_to_string('template_used/base.html')
+        with self.assertTemplateUsed("template_used/base.html", count=2):
+            render_to_string("template_used/base.html")
+            render_to_string("template_used/base.html")
 
         msg = (
             "Template 'template_used/base.html' was expected to be rendered "
             "3 time(s) but was actually rendered 2 time(s)."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            with self.assertTemplateUsed('template_used/base.html', count=3):
-                render_to_string('template_used/base.html')
-                render_to_string('template_used/base.html')
+            with self.assertTemplateUsed("template_used/base.html", count=3):
+                render_to_string("template_used/base.html")
+                render_to_string("template_used/base.html")
 
     def test_failure(self):
-        msg = 'response and/or template_name argument must be provided'
+        msg = "response and/or template_name argument must be provided"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             with self.assertTemplateUsed():
                 pass
 
-        msg = 'No templates used to render the response'
+        msg = "No templates used to render the response"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            with self.assertTemplateUsed(''):
+            with self.assertTemplateUsed(""):
                 pass
 
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            with self.assertTemplateUsed(''):
-                render_to_string('template_used/base.html')
+            with self.assertTemplateUsed(""):
+                render_to_string("template_used/base.html")
 
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            with self.assertTemplateUsed(template_name=''):
+            with self.assertTemplateUsed(template_name=""):
                 pass
 
         msg = (
@@ -591,125 +603,139 @@ class AssertTemplateUsedContextManagerTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "template_used/alternative.html"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            with self.assertTemplateUsed('template_used/base.html'):
-                render_to_string('template_used/alternative.html')
+            with self.assertTemplateUsed("template_used/base.html"):
+                render_to_string("template_used/alternative.html")
 
     def test_assert_used_on_http_response(self):
         response = HttpResponse()
-        msg = '%s() is only usable on responses fetched using the Django test Client.'
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg % 'assertTemplateUsed'):
-            self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'template.html')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg % 'assertTemplateNotUsed'):
-            self.assertTemplateNotUsed(response, 'template.html')
+        msg = "%s() is only usable on responses fetched using the Django test Client."
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg % "assertTemplateUsed"):
+            self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "template.html")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg % "assertTemplateNotUsed"):
+            self.assertTemplateNotUsed(response, "template.html")
 
 
 class HTMLEqualTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_html_parser(self):
-        element = parse_html('<div><p>Hello</p></div>')
+        element = parse_html("<div><p>Hello</p></div>")
         self.assertEqual(len(element.children), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(element.children[0].name, 'p')
-        self.assertEqual(element.children[0].children[0], 'Hello')
+        self.assertEqual(element.children[0].name, "p")
+        self.assertEqual(element.children[0].children[0], "Hello")
 
-        parse_html('<p>')
-        parse_html('<p attr>')
-        dom = parse_html('<p>foo')
+        parse_html("<p>")
+        parse_html("<p attr>")
+        dom = parse_html("<p>foo")
         self.assertEqual(len(dom.children), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(dom.name, 'p')
-        self.assertEqual(dom[0], 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(dom.name, "p")
+        self.assertEqual(dom[0], "foo")
 
     def test_parse_html_in_script(self):
         parse_html('<script>var a = "<p" + ">";</script>')
-        parse_html('''
+        parse_html(
+            """
             <script>
             var js_sha_link='<p>***</p>';
             </script>
-        ''')
+        """
+        )
 
         # script content will be parsed to text
-        dom = parse_html('''
+        dom = parse_html(
+            """
             <script><p>foo</p> '</scr'+'ipt>' <span>bar</span></script>
-        ''')
+        """
+        )
         self.assertEqual(len(dom.children), 1)
         self.assertEqual(dom.children[0], "<p>foo</p> '</scr'+'ipt>' <span>bar</span>")
 
     def test_self_closing_tags(self):
         self_closing_tags = [
-            'area', 'base', 'br', 'col', 'embed', 'hr', 'img', 'input', 'link',
-            'meta', 'param', 'source', 'track', 'wbr',
+            "area",
+            "base",
+            "br",
+            "col",
+            "embed",
+            "hr",
+            "img",
+            "input",
+            "link",
+            "meta",
+            "param",
+            "source",
+            "track",
+            "wbr",
             # Deprecated tags
-            'frame', 'spacer',
+            "frame",
+            "spacer",
         ]
         for tag in self_closing_tags:
             with self.subTest(tag):
-                dom = parse_html('<p>Hello <%s> world</p>' % tag)
+                dom = parse_html("<p>Hello <%s> world</p>" % tag)
                 self.assertEqual(len(dom.children), 3)
-                self.assertEqual(dom[0], 'Hello')
+                self.assertEqual(dom[0], "Hello")
                 self.assertEqual(dom[1].name, tag)
-                self.assertEqual(dom[2], 'world')
+                self.assertEqual(dom[2], "world")
 
-                dom = parse_html('<p>Hello <%s /> world</p>' % tag)
+                dom = parse_html("<p>Hello <%s /> world</p>" % tag)
                 self.assertEqual(len(dom.children), 3)
-                self.assertEqual(dom[0], 'Hello')
+                self.assertEqual(dom[0], "Hello")
                 self.assertEqual(dom[1].name, tag)
-                self.assertEqual(dom[2], 'world')
+                self.assertEqual(dom[2], "world")
 
     def test_simple_equal_html(self):
-        self.assertHTMLEqual('', '')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual('<p></p>', '<p></p>')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual('<p></p>', ' <p> </p> ')
+        self.assertHTMLEqual("", "")
+        self.assertHTMLEqual("<p></p>", "<p></p>")
+        self.assertHTMLEqual("<p></p>", " <p> </p> ")
+        self.assertHTMLEqual("<div><p>Hello</p></div>", "<div><p>Hello</p></div>")
+        self.assertHTMLEqual("<div><p>Hello</p></div>", "<div> <p>Hello</p> </div>")
+        self.assertHTMLEqual("<div>\n<p>Hello</p></div>", "<div><p>Hello</p></div>\n")
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '<div><p>Hello</p></div>',
-            '<div><p>Hello</p></div>')
+            "<div><p>Hello\nWorld !</p></div>", "<div><p>Hello World\n!</p></div>"
+        )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '<div><p>Hello</p></div>',
-            '<div> <p>Hello</p> </div>')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '<div>\n<p>Hello</p></div>',
-            '<div><p>Hello</p></div>\n')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '<div><p>Hello\nWorld !</p></div>',
-            '<div><p>Hello World\n!</p></div>')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '<div><p>Hello\nWorld !</p></div>',
-            '<div><p>Hello World\n!</p></div>')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '<p>Hello  World   !</p>',
-            '<p>Hello World\n\n!</p>')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual('<p> </p>', '<p></p>')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual('<p/>', '<p></p>')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual('<p />', '<p></p>')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual('<input checked>', '<input checked="checked">')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual('<p>Hello', '<p> Hello')
-        self.assertHTMLEqual('<p>Hello</p>World', '<p>Hello</p> World')
+            "<div><p>Hello\nWorld !</p></div>", "<div><p>Hello World\n!</p></div>"
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual("<p>Hello  World   !</p>", "<p>Hello World\n\n!</p>")
+        self.assertHTMLEqual("<p> </p>", "<p></p>")
+        self.assertHTMLEqual("<p/>", "<p></p>")
+        self.assertHTMLEqual("<p />", "<p></p>")
+        self.assertHTMLEqual("<input checked>", '<input checked="checked">')
+        self.assertHTMLEqual("<p>Hello", "<p> Hello")
+        self.assertHTMLEqual("<p>Hello</p>World", "<p>Hello</p> World")
 
     def test_ignore_comments(self):
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '<div>Hello<!-- this is a comment --> World!</div>',
-            '<div>Hello World!</div>')
+            "<div>Hello<!-- this is a comment --> World!</div>",
+            "<div>Hello World!</div>",
+        )
 
     def test_unequal_html(self):
-        self.assertHTMLNotEqual('<p>Hello</p>', '<p>Hello!</p>')
-        self.assertHTMLNotEqual('<p>foo&#20;bar</p>', '<p>foo&nbsp;bar</p>')
-        self.assertHTMLNotEqual('<p>foo bar</p>', '<p>foo &nbsp;bar</p>')
-        self.assertHTMLNotEqual('<p>foo nbsp</p>', '<p>foo &nbsp;</p>')
-        self.assertHTMLNotEqual('<p>foo #20</p>', '<p>foo &#20;</p>')
+        self.assertHTMLNotEqual("<p>Hello</p>", "<p>Hello!</p>")
+        self.assertHTMLNotEqual("<p>foo&#20;bar</p>", "<p>foo&nbsp;bar</p>")
+        self.assertHTMLNotEqual("<p>foo bar</p>", "<p>foo &nbsp;bar</p>")
+        self.assertHTMLNotEqual("<p>foo nbsp</p>", "<p>foo &nbsp;</p>")
+        self.assertHTMLNotEqual("<p>foo #20</p>", "<p>foo &#20;</p>")
         self.assertHTMLNotEqual(
-            '<p><span>Hello</span><span>World</span></p>',
-            '<p><span>Hello</span>World</p>')
+            "<p><span>Hello</span><span>World</span></p>",
+            "<p><span>Hello</span>World</p>",
+        )
         self.assertHTMLNotEqual(
-            '<p><span>Hello</span>World</p>',
-            '<p><span>Hello</span><span>World</span></p>')
+            "<p><span>Hello</span>World</p>",
+            "<p><span>Hello</span><span>World</span></p>",
+        )
 
     def test_attributes(self):
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '<input type="text" id="id_name" />',
-            '<input id="id_name" type="text" />')
+            '<input type="text" id="id_name" />', '<input id="id_name" type="text" />'
+        )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            '''<input type='text' id="id_name" />''',
-            '<input id="id_name" type="text" />')
+            """<input type='text' id="id_name" />""",
+            '<input id="id_name" type="text" />',
+        )
         self.assertHTMLNotEqual(
             '<input type="text" id="id_name" />',
-            '<input type="password" id="id_name" />')
+            '<input type="password" id="id_name" />',
+        )
 
     def test_class_attribute(self):
         pairs = [
@@ -726,19 +752,19 @@ class HTMLEqualTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 self.assertHTMLEqual(html1, html2)
 
     def test_boolean_attribute(self):
-        html1 = '<input checked>'
+        html1 = "<input checked>"
         html2 = '<input checked="">'
         html3 = '<input checked="checked">'
         self.assertHTMLEqual(html1, html2)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(html1, html3)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(html2, html3)
         self.assertHTMLNotEqual(html1, '<input checked="invalid">')
-        self.assertEqual(str(parse_html(html1)), '<input checked>')
-        self.assertEqual(str(parse_html(html2)), '<input checked>')
-        self.assertEqual(str(parse_html(html3)), '<input checked>')
+        self.assertEqual(str(parse_html(html1)), "<input checked>")
+        self.assertEqual(str(parse_html(html2)), "<input checked>")
+        self.assertEqual(str(parse_html(html3)), "<input checked>")
 
     def test_non_boolean_attibutes(self):
-        html1 = '<input value>'
+        html1 = "<input value>"
         html2 = '<input value="">'
         html3 = '<input value="value">'
         self.assertHTMLEqual(html1, html2)
@@ -748,24 +774,24 @@ class HTMLEqualTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_normalize_refs(self):
         pairs = [
-            ('&#39;', '&#x27;'),
-            ('&#39;', "'"),
-            ('&#x27;', '&#39;'),
-            ('&#x27;', "'"),
-            ("'", '&#39;'),
-            ("'", '&#x27;'),
-            ('&amp;', '&#38;'),
-            ('&amp;', '&#x26;'),
-            ('&amp;', '&'),
-            ('&#38;', '&amp;'),
-            ('&#38;', '&#x26;'),
-            ('&#38;', '&'),
-            ('&#x26;', '&amp;'),
-            ('&#x26;', '&#38;'),
-            ('&#x26;', '&'),
-            ('&', '&amp;'),
-            ('&', '&#38;'),
-            ('&', '&#x26;'),
+            ("&#39;", "&#x27;"),
+            ("&#39;", "'"),
+            ("&#x27;", "&#39;"),
+            ("&#x27;", "'"),
+            ("'", "&#39;"),
+            ("'", "&#x27;"),
+            ("&amp;", "&#38;"),
+            ("&amp;", "&#x26;"),
+            ("&amp;", "&"),
+            ("&#38;", "&amp;"),
+            ("&#38;", "&#x26;"),
+            ("&#38;", "&"),
+            ("&#x26;", "&amp;"),
+            ("&#x26;", "&#38;"),
+            ("&#x26;", "&"),
+            ("&", "&amp;"),
+            ("&", "&#38;"),
+            ("&", "&#x26;"),
         ]
         for pair in pairs:
             with self.subTest(repr(pair)):
@@ -792,7 +818,8 @@ class HTMLEqualTests(SimpleTestCase):
             <label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label></th><td>
             <input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_birthday" />
         </td></tr>
-        """)
+        """,
+        )
 
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             """<!DOCTYPE html>
@@ -807,7 +834,8 @@ class HTMLEqualTests(SimpleTestCase):
             This is a valid paragraph
             <div> this is a div AFTER the p</div>
         </body>
-        </html>""", """
+        </html>""",
+            """
         <html>
         <head>
             <link rel="stylesheet">
@@ -821,122 +849,125 @@ class HTMLEqualTests(SimpleTestCase):
             </p> <!-- this is invalid HTML parsing, but it should make no
             difference in most cases -->
         </body>
-        </html>""")
+        </html>""",
+        )
 
     def test_html_contain(self):
         # equal html contains each other
-        dom1 = parse_html('<p>foo')
-        dom2 = parse_html('<p>foo</p>')
+        dom1 = parse_html("<p>foo")
+        dom2 = parse_html("<p>foo</p>")
         self.assertIn(dom1, dom2)
         self.assertIn(dom2, dom1)
 
-        dom2 = parse_html('<div><p>foo</p></div>')
+        dom2 = parse_html("<div><p>foo</p></div>")
         self.assertIn(dom1, dom2)
         self.assertNotIn(dom2, dom1)
 
-        self.assertNotIn('<p>foo</p>', dom2)
-        self.assertIn('foo', dom2)
+        self.assertNotIn("<p>foo</p>", dom2)
+        self.assertIn("foo", dom2)
 
         # when a root element is used ...
-        dom1 = parse_html('<p>foo</p><p>bar</p>')
-        dom2 = parse_html('<p>foo</p><p>bar</p>')
+        dom1 = parse_html("<p>foo</p><p>bar</p>")
+        dom2 = parse_html("<p>foo</p><p>bar</p>")
         self.assertIn(dom1, dom2)
-        dom1 = parse_html('<p>foo</p>')
+        dom1 = parse_html("<p>foo</p>")
         self.assertIn(dom1, dom2)
-        dom1 = parse_html('<p>bar</p>')
+        dom1 = parse_html("<p>bar</p>")
         self.assertIn(dom1, dom2)
-        dom1 = parse_html('<div><p>foo</p><p>bar</p></div>')
+        dom1 = parse_html("<div><p>foo</p><p>bar</p></div>")
         self.assertIn(dom2, dom1)
 
     def test_count(self):
         # equal html contains each other one time
-        dom1 = parse_html('<p>foo')
-        dom2 = parse_html('<p>foo</p>')
+        dom1 = parse_html("<p>foo")
+        dom2 = parse_html("<p>foo</p>")
         self.assertEqual(dom1.count(dom2), 1)
         self.assertEqual(dom2.count(dom1), 1)
 
-        dom2 = parse_html('<p>foo</p><p>bar</p>')
+        dom2 = parse_html("<p>foo</p><p>bar</p>")
         self.assertEqual(dom2.count(dom1), 1)
 
-        dom2 = parse_html('<p>foo foo</p><p>foo</p>')
-        self.assertEqual(dom2.count('foo'), 3)
+        dom2 = parse_html("<p>foo foo</p><p>foo</p>")
+        self.assertEqual(dom2.count("foo"), 3)
 
         dom2 = parse_html('<p class="bar">foo</p>')
-        self.assertEqual(dom2.count('bar'), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(dom2.count('class'), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(dom2.count('p'), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(dom2.count('o'), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(dom2.count("bar"), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(dom2.count("class"), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(dom2.count("p"), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(dom2.count("o"), 2)
 
-        dom2 = parse_html('<p>foo</p><p>foo</p>')
+        dom2 = parse_html("<p>foo</p><p>foo</p>")
         self.assertEqual(dom2.count(dom1), 2)
 
         dom2 = parse_html('<div><p>foo<input type=""></p><p>foo</p></div>')
         self.assertEqual(dom2.count(dom1), 1)
 
-        dom2 = parse_html('<div><div><p>foo</p></div></div>')
+        dom2 = parse_html("<div><div><p>foo</p></div></div>")
         self.assertEqual(dom2.count(dom1), 1)
 
-        dom2 = parse_html('<p>foo<p>foo</p></p>')
+        dom2 = parse_html("<p>foo<p>foo</p></p>")
         self.assertEqual(dom2.count(dom1), 1)
 
-        dom2 = parse_html('<p>foo<p>bar</p></p>')
+        dom2 = parse_html("<p>foo<p>bar</p></p>")
         self.assertEqual(dom2.count(dom1), 0)
 
         # HTML with a root element contains the same HTML with no root element.
-        dom1 = parse_html('<p>foo</p><p>bar</p>')
-        dom2 = parse_html('<div><p>foo</p><p>bar</p></div>')
+        dom1 = parse_html("<p>foo</p><p>bar</p>")
+        dom2 = parse_html("<div><p>foo</p><p>bar</p></div>")
         self.assertEqual(dom2.count(dom1), 1)
 
         # Target of search is a sequence of child elements and appears more
         # than once.
-        dom2 = parse_html('<div><p>foo</p><p>bar</p><p>foo</p><p>bar</p></div>')
+        dom2 = parse_html("<div><p>foo</p><p>bar</p><p>foo</p><p>bar</p></div>")
         self.assertEqual(dom2.count(dom1), 2)
 
         # Searched HTML has additional children.
-        dom1 = parse_html('<a/><b/>')
-        dom2 = parse_html('<a/><b/><c/>')
+        dom1 = parse_html("<a/><b/>")
+        dom2 = parse_html("<a/><b/><c/>")
         self.assertEqual(dom2.count(dom1), 1)
 
         # No match found in children.
-        dom1 = parse_html('<b/><a/>')
+        dom1 = parse_html("<b/><a/>")
         self.assertEqual(dom2.count(dom1), 0)
 
         # Target of search found among children and grandchildren.
-        dom1 = parse_html('<b/><b/>')
-        dom2 = parse_html('<a><b/><b/></a><b/><b/>')
+        dom1 = parse_html("<b/><b/>")
+        dom2 = parse_html("<a><b/><b/></a><b/><b/>")
         self.assertEqual(dom2.count(dom1), 2)
 
     def test_root_element_escaped_html(self):
-        html = '&lt;br&gt;'
+        html = "&lt;br&gt;"
         parsed = parse_html(html)
         self.assertEqual(str(parsed), html)
 
     def test_parsing_errors(self):
         with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-            self.assertHTMLEqual('<p>', '')
+            self.assertHTMLEqual("<p>", "")
         with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-            self.assertHTMLEqual('', '<p>')
+            self.assertHTMLEqual("", "<p>")
         error_msg = (
             "First argument is not valid HTML:\n"
             "('Unexpected end tag `div` (Line 1, Column 6)', (1, 6))"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, error_msg):
-            self.assertHTMLEqual('< div></ div>', '<div></div>')
+            self.assertHTMLEqual("< div></ div>", "<div></div>")
         with self.assertRaises(HTMLParseError):
-            parse_html('</p>')
+            parse_html("</p>")
 
     def test_escaped_html_errors(self):
-        msg = '<p>\n<foo>\n</p> != <p>\n&lt;foo&gt;\n</p>\n'
+        msg = "<p>\n<foo>\n</p> != <p>\n&lt;foo&gt;\n</p>\n"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertHTMLEqual('<p><foo></p>', '<p>&lt;foo&gt;</p>')
+            self.assertHTMLEqual("<p><foo></p>", "<p>&lt;foo&gt;</p>")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertHTMLEqual('<p><foo></p>', '<p>&#60;foo&#62;</p>')
+            self.assertHTMLEqual("<p><foo></p>", "<p>&#60;foo&#62;</p>")
 
     def test_contains_html(self):
-        response = HttpResponse('''<body>
+        response = HttpResponse(
+            """<body>
         This is a form: <form method="get">
             <input type="text" name="Hello" />
-        </form></body>''')
+        </form></body>"""
+        )
 
         self.assertNotContains(response, "<input name='Hello' type='text'>")
         self.assertContains(response, '<form method="get">')
@@ -944,20 +975,22 @@ class HTMLEqualTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertContains(response, "<input name='Hello' type='text'>", html=True)
         self.assertNotContains(response, '<form method="get">', html=True)
 
-        invalid_response = HttpResponse('''<body <bad>>''')
+        invalid_response = HttpResponse("""<body <bad>>""")
 
         with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-            self.assertContains(invalid_response, '<p></p>')
+            self.assertContains(invalid_response, "<p></p>")
 
         with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
             self.assertContains(response, '<p "whats" that>')
 
     def test_unicode_handling(self):
-        response = HttpResponse('<p class="help">Some help text for the title (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)</p>')
+        response = HttpResponse(
+            '<p class="help">Some help text for the title (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)</p>'
+        )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<p class="help">Some help text for the title (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)</p>',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
 
 
@@ -1027,11 +1060,13 @@ class XMLEqualTests(SimpleTestCase):
         xml1 = "<elem attr1='a' />"
         xml2 = "<elem attr2='b' attr1='a' />"
 
-        msg = '''{xml1} != {xml2}
+        msg = """{xml1} != {xml2}
 - <elem attr1='a' />
 + <elem attr2='b' attr1='a' />
 ?      ++++++++++
-'''.format(xml1=repr(xml1), xml2=repr(xml2))
+""".format(
+            xml1=repr(xml1), xml2=repr(xml2)
+        )
 
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
             self.assertXMLEqual(xml1, xml2)
@@ -1090,7 +1125,7 @@ class XMLEqualTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class SkippingExtraTests(TestCase):
-    fixtures = ['should_not_be_loaded.json']
+    fixtures = ["should_not_be_loaded.json"]
 
     # HACK: This depends on internals of our TestCase subclasses
     def __call__(self, result=None):
@@ -1104,7 +1139,6 @@ class SkippingExtraTests(TestCase):
 
 
 class AssertRaisesMsgTest(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_assert_raises_message(self):
         msg = "'Expected message' not found in 'Unexpected message'"
         # context manager form of assertRaisesMessage()
@@ -1121,33 +1155,36 @@ class AssertRaisesMsgTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_special_re_chars(self):
         """assertRaisesMessage shouldn't interpret RE special chars."""
+
         def func1():
             raise ValueError("[.*x+]y?")
+
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "[.*x+]y?"):
             func1()
 
 
 class AssertWarnsMessageTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_context_manager(self):
-        with self.assertWarnsMessage(UserWarning, 'Expected message'):
-            warnings.warn('Expected message', UserWarning)
+        with self.assertWarnsMessage(UserWarning, "Expected message"):
+            warnings.warn("Expected message", UserWarning)
 
     def test_context_manager_failure(self):
         msg = "Expected message' not found in 'Unexpected message'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            with self.assertWarnsMessage(UserWarning, 'Expected message'):
-                warnings.warn('Unexpected message', UserWarning)
+            with self.assertWarnsMessage(UserWarning, "Expected message"):
+                warnings.warn("Unexpected message", UserWarning)
 
     def test_callable(self):
         def func():
-            warnings.warn('Expected message', UserWarning)
-        self.assertWarnsMessage(UserWarning, 'Expected message', func)
+            warnings.warn("Expected message", UserWarning)
+
+        self.assertWarnsMessage(UserWarning, "Expected message", func)
 
     def test_special_re_chars(self):
         def func1():
-            warnings.warn('[.*x+]y?', UserWarning)
-        with self.assertWarnsMessage(UserWarning, '[.*x+]y?'):
+            warnings.warn("[.*x+]y?", UserWarning)
+
+        with self.assertWarnsMessage(UserWarning, "[.*x+]y?"):
             func1()
 
 
@@ -1160,72 +1197,85 @@ class AssertNoLogsTest(SimpleTestCase):
         cls.addClassCleanup(logging.config.dictConfig, settings.LOGGING)
 
     def setUp(self):
-        self.logger = logging.getLogger('django')
+        self.logger = logging.getLogger("django")
 
     @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
     def test_fails_when_log_emitted(self):
         msg = "Unexpected logs found: ['INFO:django:FAIL!']"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            with self.assertNoLogs('django', 'INFO'):
-                self.logger.info('FAIL!')
+            with self.assertNoLogs("django", "INFO"):
+                self.logger.info("FAIL!")
 
     @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
     def test_text_level(self):
-        with self.assertNoLogs('django', 'INFO'):
-            self.logger.debug('DEBUG logs are ignored.')
+        with self.assertNoLogs("django", "INFO"):
+            self.logger.debug("DEBUG logs are ignored.")
 
     @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
     def test_int_level(self):
-        with self.assertNoLogs('django', logging.INFO):
-            self.logger.debug('DEBUG logs are ignored.')
+        with self.assertNoLogs("django", logging.INFO):
+            self.logger.debug("DEBUG logs are ignored.")
 
     @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
     def test_default_level(self):
-        with self.assertNoLogs('django'):
-            self.logger.debug('DEBUG logs are ignored.')
+        with self.assertNoLogs("django"):
+            self.logger.debug("DEBUG logs are ignored.")
 
     @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
     def test_does_not_hide_other_failures(self):
-        msg = '1 != 2'
+        msg = "1 != 2"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            with self.assertNoLogs('django'):
+            with self.assertNoLogs("django"):
                 self.assertEqual(1, 2)
 
 
 class AssertFieldOutputTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_assert_field_output(self):
-        error_invalid = ['Enter a valid email address.']
-        self.assertFieldOutput(EmailField, {'a@a.com': 'a@a.com'}, {'aaa': error_invalid})
-        with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-            self.assertFieldOutput(EmailField, {'a@a.com': 'a@a.com'}, {'aaa': error_invalid + ['Another error']})
-        with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-            self.assertFieldOutput(EmailField, {'a@a.com': 'Wrong output'}, {'aaa': error_invalid})
+        error_invalid = ["Enter a valid email address."]
+        self.assertFieldOutput(
+            EmailField, {"a@a.com": "a@a.com"}, {"aaa": error_invalid}
+        )
         with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
             self.assertFieldOutput(
-                EmailField, {'a@a.com': 'a@a.com'}, {'aaa': ['Come on, gimme some well formatted data, dude.']}
+                EmailField,
+                {"a@a.com": "a@a.com"},
+                {"aaa": error_invalid + ["Another error"]},
+            )
+        with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
+            self.assertFieldOutput(
+                EmailField, {"a@a.com": "Wrong output"}, {"aaa": error_invalid}
+            )
+        with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
+            self.assertFieldOutput(
+                EmailField,
+                {"a@a.com": "a@a.com"},
+                {"aaa": ["Come on, gimme some well formatted data, dude."]},
             )
 
     def test_custom_required_message(self):
         class MyCustomField(IntegerField):
             default_error_messages = {
-                'required': 'This is really required.',
+                "required": "This is really required.",
             }
+
         self.assertFieldOutput(MyCustomField, {}, {}, empty_value=None)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='test_utils.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="test_utils.urls")
 class AssertURLEqualTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_equal(self):
         valid_tests = (
-            ('http://example.com/?', 'http://example.com/'),
-            ('http://example.com/?x=1&', 'http://example.com/?x=1'),
-            ('http://example.com/?x=1&y=2', 'http://example.com/?y=2&x=1'),
-            ('http://example.com/?x=1&y=2', 'http://example.com/?y=2&x=1'),
-            ('http://example.com/?x=1&y=2&a=1&a=2', 'http://example.com/?a=1&a=2&y=2&x=1'),
-            ('/path/to/?x=1&y=2&z=3', '/path/to/?z=3&y=2&x=1'),
-            ('?x=1&y=2&z=3', '?z=3&y=2&x=1'),
-            ('/test_utils/no_template_used/', reverse_lazy('no_template_used')),
+            ("http://example.com/?", "http://example.com/"),
+            ("http://example.com/?x=1&", "http://example.com/?x=1"),
+            ("http://example.com/?x=1&y=2", "http://example.com/?y=2&x=1"),
+            ("http://example.com/?x=1&y=2", "http://example.com/?y=2&x=1"),
+            (
+                "http://example.com/?x=1&y=2&a=1&a=2",
+                "http://example.com/?a=1&a=2&y=2&x=1",
+            ),
+            ("/path/to/?x=1&y=2&z=3", "/path/to/?z=3&y=2&x=1"),
+            ("?x=1&y=2&z=3", "?z=3&y=2&x=1"),
+            ("/test_utils/no_template_used/", reverse_lazy("no_template_used")),
         )
         for url1, url2 in valid_tests:
             with self.subTest(url=url1):
@@ -1234,11 +1284,11 @@ class AssertURLEqualTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_not_equal(self):
         invalid_tests = (
             # Protocol must be the same.
-            ('http://example.com/', 'https://example.com/'),
-            ('http://example.com/?x=1&x=2', 'https://example.com/?x=2&x=1'),
-            ('http://example.com/?x=1&y=bar&x=2', 'https://example.com/?y=bar&x=2&x=1'),
+            ("http://example.com/", "https://example.com/"),
+            ("http://example.com/?x=1&x=2", "https://example.com/?x=2&x=1"),
+            ("http://example.com/?x=1&y=bar&x=2", "https://example.com/?y=bar&x=2&x=1"),
             # Parameters of the same name must be in the same order.
-            ('/path/to?a=1&a=2', '/path/to/?a=2&a=1')
+            ("/path/to?a=1&a=2", "/path/to/?a=2&a=1"),
         )
         for url1, url2 in invalid_tests:
             with self.subTest(url=url1), self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
@@ -1250,7 +1300,9 @@ class AssertURLEqualTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "'https://example.com/?x=2&x=1'"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertURLEqual('http://example.com/?x=1&x=2', 'https://example.com/?x=2&x=1')
+            self.assertURLEqual(
+                "http://example.com/?x=1&x=2", "https://example.com/?x=2&x=1"
+            )
 
     def test_msg_prefix(self):
         msg = (
@@ -1259,8 +1311,9 @@ class AssertURLEqualTests(SimpleTestCase):
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
             self.assertURLEqual(
-                'http://example.com/?x=1&x=2', 'https://example.com/?x=2&x=1',
-                msg_prefix='Prefix: ',
+                "http://example.com/?x=1&x=2",
+                "https://example.com/?x=2&x=1",
+                msg_prefix="Prefix: ",
             )
 
 
@@ -1268,77 +1321,79 @@ class TestForm(Form):
     field = CharField()
 
     def clean_field(self):
-        value = self.cleaned_data.get('field', '')
-        if value == 'invalid':
-            raise ValidationError('invalid value')
+        value = self.cleaned_data.get("field", "")
+        if value == "invalid":
+            raise ValidationError("invalid value")
         return value
 
     def clean(self):
-        if self.cleaned_data.get('field') == 'invalid_non_field':
-            raise ValidationError('non-field error')
+        if self.cleaned_data.get("field") == "invalid_non_field":
+            raise ValidationError("non-field error")
         return self.cleaned_data
 
     @classmethod
     def _get_cleaned_form(cls, field_value):
-        form = cls({'field': field_value})
+        form = cls({"field": field_value})
         form.full_clean()
         return form
 
     @classmethod
     def valid(cls):
-        return cls._get_cleaned_form('valid')
+        return cls._get_cleaned_form("valid")
 
     @classmethod
     def invalid(cls, nonfield=False):
-        return cls._get_cleaned_form('invalid_non_field' if nonfield else 'invalid')
+        return cls._get_cleaned_form("invalid_non_field" if nonfield else "invalid")
 
 
 class TestFormset(formset_factory(TestForm)):
     @classmethod
     def _get_cleaned_formset(cls, field_value):
-        formset = cls({
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-0-field': field_value,
-        })
+        formset = cls(
+            {
+                "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+                "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+                "form-0-field": field_value,
+            }
+        )
         formset.full_clean()
         return formset
 
     @classmethod
     def valid(cls):
-        return cls._get_cleaned_formset('valid')
+        return cls._get_cleaned_formset("valid")
 
     @classmethod
     def invalid(cls, nonfield=False, nonform=False):
         if nonform:
-            formset = cls({}, error_messages={'missing_management_form': 'error'})
+            formset = cls({}, error_messages={"missing_management_form": "error"})
             formset.full_clean()
             return formset
-        return cls._get_cleaned_formset('invalid_non_field' if nonfield else 'invalid')
+        return cls._get_cleaned_formset("invalid_non_field" if nonfield else "invalid")
 
 
 class AssertFormErrorTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_non_client_response(self):
         msg = (
-            'assertFormError() is only usable on responses fetched using the '
-            'Django test Client.'
+            "assertFormError() is only usable on responses fetched using the "
+            "Django test Client."
         )
         response = HttpResponse()
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            self.assertFormError(response, 'formset', 0, 'field', 'invalid value')
+            self.assertFormError(response, "formset", 0, "field", "invalid value")
 
     def test_response_with_no_context(self):
-        msg = 'Response did not use any contexts to render the response'
+        msg = "Response did not use any contexts to render the response"
         response = mock.Mock(context=[])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'field', 'invalid value')
-        msg_prefix = 'Custom prefix'
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, f'{msg_prefix}: {msg}'):
+            self.assertFormError(response, "form", "field", "invalid value")
+        msg_prefix = "Custom prefix"
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, f"{msg_prefix}: {msg}"):
             self.assertFormError(
                 response,
-                'form',
-                'field',
-                'invalid value',
+                "form",
+                "field",
+                "invalid value",
                 msg_prefix=msg_prefix,
             )
 
@@ -1346,131 +1401,131 @@ class AssertFormErrorTests(SimpleTestCase):
         msg = "The form 'form' was not used to render the response"
         response = mock.Mock(context=[{}])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'field', 'invalid value')
+            self.assertFormError(response, "form", "field", "invalid value")
 
     def test_field_not_in_form(self):
         msg = "The form 'form' in context 0 does not contain the field 'other_field'"
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{'form': TestForm.invalid()}])
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{"form": TestForm.invalid()}])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'other_field', 'invalid value')
+            self.assertFormError(response, "form", "other_field", "invalid value")
 
     def test_field_not_in_form_multicontext(self):
         msg = "The form 'form' in context 1 does not contain the field 'other_field'"
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{}, {'form': TestForm.invalid()}])
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{}, {"form": TestForm.invalid()}])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'other_field', 'invalid value')
+            self.assertFormError(response, "form", "other_field", "invalid value")
 
     def test_field_with_no_errors(self):
         msg = "The field 'field' on form 'form' in context 0 contains no errors"
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{'form': TestForm.valid()}])
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{"form": TestForm.valid()}])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'field', 'invalid value')
+            self.assertFormError(response, "form", "field", "invalid value")
 
     def test_field_with_no_errors_multicontext(self):
         msg = "The field 'field' on form 'form' in context 1 contains no errors"
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{}, {'form': TestForm.valid()}])
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{}, {"form": TestForm.valid()}])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'field', 'invalid value')
+            self.assertFormError(response, "form", "field", "invalid value")
 
     def test_field_with_different_error(self):
         msg = (
             "The field 'field' on form 'form' in context 0 does not contain "
             "the error 'other error' (actual errors: ['invalid value'])"
         )
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{'form': TestForm.invalid()}])
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{"form": TestForm.invalid()}])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'field', 'other error')
+            self.assertFormError(response, "form", "field", "other error")
 
     def test_field_with_different_error_multicontext(self):
         msg = (
             "The field 'field' on form 'form' in context 1 does not contain "
             "the error 'other error' (actual errors: ['invalid value'])"
         )
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{}, {'form': TestForm.invalid()}])
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{}, {"form": TestForm.invalid()}])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'field', 'other error')
+            self.assertFormError(response, "form", "field", "other error")
 
     def test_basic_positive_assertion(self):
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{'form': TestForm.invalid()}])
-        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'field', 'invalid value')
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{"form": TestForm.invalid()}])
+        self.assertFormError(response, "form", "field", "invalid value")
 
     def test_basic_positive_assertion_multicontext(self):
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{}, {'form': TestForm.invalid()}])
-        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'field', 'invalid value')
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{}, {"form": TestForm.invalid()}])
+        self.assertFormError(response, "form", "field", "invalid value")
 
     def test_empty_errors_unbound_form(self):
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{'form': TestForm()}])
-        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'field', [])
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{"form": TestForm()}])
+        self.assertFormError(response, "form", "field", [])
 
     def test_empty_errors_valid_form(self):
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{'form': TestForm.valid()}])
-        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'field', [])
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{"form": TestForm.valid()}])
+        self.assertFormError(response, "form", "field", [])
 
     def test_empty_errors_invalid_form(self):
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{'form': TestForm.invalid()}])
-        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'field', [])
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{"form": TestForm.invalid()}])
+        self.assertFormError(response, "form", "field", [])
 
     def test_non_field_errors(self):
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{'form': TestForm.invalid(nonfield=True)}])
-        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', None, 'non-field error')
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{"form": TestForm.invalid(nonfield=True)}])
+        self.assertFormError(response, "form", None, "non-field error")
 
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
     def test_errors_none(self):
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{'form': TestForm.invalid()}])
-        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'field', None)
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{"form": TestForm.invalid()}])
+        self.assertFormError(response, "form", "field", None)
 
     def test_errors_none_warning(self):
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{'form': TestForm.invalid()}])
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{"form": TestForm.invalid()}])
         msg = (
-            'Passing errors=None to assertFormError() is deprecated, use '
-            'errors=[] instead.'
+            "Passing errors=None to assertFormError() is deprecated, use "
+            "errors=[] instead."
         )
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(RemovedInDjango50Warning, msg):
-            self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'value', None)
+            self.assertFormError(response, "form", "value", None)
 
 
 class AssertFormsetErrorTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def _get_formset_data(self, field_value):
         return {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-0-field': field_value,
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-0-field": field_value,
         }
 
     def test_non_client_response(self):
         msg = (
-            'assertFormsetError() is only usable on responses fetched using '
-            'the Django test Client.'
+            "assertFormsetError() is only usable on responses fetched using "
+            "the Django test Client."
         )
         response = HttpResponse()
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            self.assertFormsetError(response, 'formset', 0, 'field', 'invalid value')
+            self.assertFormsetError(response, "formset", 0, "field", "invalid value")
 
     def test_response_with_no_context(self):
-        msg = 'Response did not use any contexts to render the response'
+        msg = "Response did not use any contexts to render the response"
         response = mock.Mock(context=[])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertFormsetError(response, 'formset', 0, 'field', 'invalid value')
+            self.assertFormsetError(response, "formset", 0, "field", "invalid value")
 
     def test_formset_not_in_context(self):
         msg = "The formset 'formset' was not used to render the response"
         response = mock.Mock(context=[{}])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertFormsetError(response, 'formset', 0, 'field', 'invalid value')
+            self.assertFormsetError(response, "formset", 0, "field", "invalid value")
 
     def test_field_not_in_form(self):
         msg = (
             "The formset 'formset', form 0 in context 0 does not contain the "
             "field 'other_field'"
         )
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{'formset': TestFormset.invalid()}])
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{"formset": TestFormset.invalid()}])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
             self.assertFormsetError(
                 response,
-                'formset',
+                "formset",
                 0,
-                'other_field',
-                'invalid value',
+                "other_field",
+                "invalid value",
             )
 
     def test_field_not_in_form_multicontext(self):
@@ -1478,14 +1533,14 @@ class AssertFormsetErrorTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "The formset 'formset', form 0 in context 1 does not contain the "
             "field 'other_field'"
         )
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{}, {'formset': TestFormset.invalid()}])
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{}, {"formset": TestFormset.invalid()}])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
             self.assertFormsetError(
                 response,
-                'formset',
+                "formset",
                 0,
-                'other_field',
-                'invalid value',
+                "other_field",
+                "invalid value",
             )
 
     def test_field_with_no_errors(self):
@@ -1493,18 +1548,18 @@ class AssertFormsetErrorTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "The field 'field' on formset 'formset', form 0 in context 0 "
             "contains no errors"
         )
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{'formset': TestFormset.valid()}])
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{"formset": TestFormset.valid()}])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertFormsetError(response, 'formset', 0, 'field', 'invalid value')
+            self.assertFormsetError(response, "formset", 0, "field", "invalid value")
 
     def test_field_with_no_errors_multicontext(self):
         msg = (
             "The field 'field' on formset 'formset', form 0 in context 1 "
             "contains no errors"
         )
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{}, {'formset': TestFormset.valid()}])
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{}, {"formset": TestFormset.valid()}])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertFormsetError(response, 'formset', 0, 'field', 'invalid value')
+            self.assertFormsetError(response, "formset", 0, "field", "invalid value")
 
     def test_field_with_different_error(self):
         msg = (
@@ -1512,9 +1567,9 @@ class AssertFormsetErrorTests(SimpleTestCase):
             " not contain the error 'other error' (actual errors: ['invalid "
             "value'])"
         )
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{'formset': TestFormset.invalid()}])
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{"formset": TestFormset.invalid()}])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertFormsetError(response, 'formset', 0, 'field', 'other error')
+            self.assertFormsetError(response, "formset", 0, "field", "other error")
 
     def test_field_with_different_error_multicontext(self):
         msg = (
@@ -1522,92 +1577,99 @@ class AssertFormsetErrorTests(SimpleTestCase):
             " not contain the error 'other error' (actual errors: ['invalid "
             "value'])"
         )
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{}, {'formset': TestFormset.invalid()}])
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{}, {"formset": TestFormset.invalid()}])
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertFormsetError(response, 'formset', 0, 'field', 'other error')
+            self.assertFormsetError(response, "formset", 0, "field", "other error")
 
     def test_basic_positive_assertion(self):
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{'formset': TestFormset.invalid()}])
-        self.assertFormsetError(response, 'formset', 0, 'field', 'invalid value')
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{"formset": TestFormset.invalid()}])
+        self.assertFormsetError(response, "formset", 0, "field", "invalid value")
 
     def test_basic_positive_assertion_multicontext(self):
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{}, {'formset': TestFormset.invalid()}])
-        self.assertFormsetError(response, 'formset', 0, 'field', 'invalid value')
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{}, {"formset": TestFormset.invalid()}])
+        self.assertFormsetError(response, "formset", 0, "field", "invalid value")
 
     def test_empty_errors_unbound_formset(self):
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{'formset': TestFormset()}])
-        self.assertFormsetError(response, 'formset', 0, 'field', [])
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{"formset": TestFormset()}])
+        self.assertFormsetError(response, "formset", 0, "field", [])
 
     def test_empty_errors_valid_formset(self):
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{}, {'formset': TestFormset.valid()}])
-        self.assertFormsetError(response, 'formset', 0, 'field', [])
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{}, {"formset": TestFormset.valid()}])
+        self.assertFormsetError(response, "formset", 0, "field", [])
 
     def test_empty_errors_invalid_formset(self):
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{}, {'formset': TestFormset.invalid()}])
-        self.assertFormsetError(response, 'formset', 0, 'field', [])
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{}, {"formset": TestFormset.invalid()}])
+        self.assertFormsetError(response, "formset", 0, "field", [])
 
     def test_non_field_errors(self):
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[
-            {},
-            {'formset': TestFormset.invalid(nonfield=True)},
-        ])
-        self.assertFormsetError(response, 'formset', 0, None, 'non-field error')
+        response = mock.Mock(
+            context=[
+                {},
+                {"formset": TestFormset.invalid(nonfield=True)},
+            ]
+        )
+        self.assertFormsetError(response, "formset", 0, None, "non-field error")
 
     def test_non_form_errors(self):
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[
-            {},
-            {'formset': TestFormset.invalid(nonform=True)},
-        ])
-        self.assertFormsetError(response, 'formset', None, None, 'error')
+        response = mock.Mock(
+            context=[
+                {},
+                {"formset": TestFormset.invalid(nonform=True)},
+            ]
+        )
+        self.assertFormsetError(response, "formset", None, None, "error")
 
     def test_formset_named_form(self):
         formset = TestFormset.invalid()
         # The mocked context emulates the template-based rendering of the
         # formset.
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[
-            {'form': formset},
-            {'form': formset.management_form},
-        ])
-        self.assertFormsetError(response, 'form', 0, 'field', 'invalid value')
+        response = mock.Mock(
+            context=[
+                {"form": formset},
+                {"form": formset.management_form},
+            ]
+        )
+        self.assertFormsetError(response, "form", 0, "field", "invalid value")
 
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
     def test_errors_none(self):
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{'formset': TestFormset.invalid()}])
-        self.assertFormsetError(response, 'formset', 0, 'field', None)
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{"formset": TestFormset.invalid()}])
+        self.assertFormsetError(response, "formset", 0, "field", None)
 
     def test_errors_none_warning(self):
-        response = mock.Mock(context=[{'formset': TestFormset.invalid()}])
+        response = mock.Mock(context=[{"formset": TestFormset.invalid()}])
         msg = (
-            'Passing errors=None to assertFormsetError() is deprecated, use '
-            'errors=[] instead.'
+            "Passing errors=None to assertFormsetError() is deprecated, use "
+            "errors=[] instead."
         )
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(RemovedInDjango50Warning, msg):
-            self.assertFormsetError(response, 'formset', 0, 'field', None)
+            self.assertFormsetError(response, "formset", 0, "field", None)
 
 
 class FirstUrls:
-    urlpatterns = [path('first/', empty_response, name='first')]
+    urlpatterns = [path("first/", empty_response, name="first")]
 
 
 class SecondUrls:
-    urlpatterns = [path('second/', empty_response, name='second')]
+    urlpatterns = [path("second/", empty_response, name="second")]
 
 
 class SetupTestEnvironmentTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_setup_test_environment_calling_more_than_once(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, "setup_test_environment() was already called"):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            RuntimeError, "setup_test_environment() was already called"
+        ):
             setup_test_environment()
 
     def test_allowed_hosts(self):
         for type_ in (list, tuple):
             with self.subTest(type_=type_):
-                allowed_hosts = type_('*')
-                with mock.patch('django.test.utils._TestState') as x:
+                allowed_hosts = type_("*")
+                with mock.patch("django.test.utils._TestState") as x:
                     del x.saved_data
                     with self.settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=allowed_hosts):
                         setup_test_environment()
-                        self.assertEqual(settings.ALLOWED_HOSTS, ['*', 'testserver'])
+                        self.assertEqual(settings.ALLOWED_HOSTS, ["*", "testserver"])
 
 
 class OverrideSettingsTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -1618,54 +1680,54 @@ class OverrideSettingsTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF=FirstUrls)
     def test_urlconf_first(self):
-        reverse('first')
+        reverse("first")
 
     @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF=SecondUrls)
     def test_urlconf_second(self):
-        reverse('second')
+        reverse("second")
 
     def test_urlconf_cache(self):
         with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
-            reverse('first')
+            reverse("first")
         with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
-            reverse('second')
+            reverse("second")
 
         with override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF=FirstUrls):
-            self.client.get(reverse('first'))
+            self.client.get(reverse("first"))
             with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
-                reverse('second')
+                reverse("second")
 
             with override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF=SecondUrls):
                 with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
-                    reverse('first')
-                self.client.get(reverse('second'))
+                    reverse("first")
+                self.client.get(reverse("second"))
 
-            self.client.get(reverse('first'))
+            self.client.get(reverse("first"))
             with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
-                reverse('second')
+                reverse("second")
 
         with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
-            reverse('first')
+            reverse("first")
         with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
-            reverse('second')
+            reverse("second")
 
     def test_override_media_root(self):
         """
         Overriding the MEDIA_ROOT setting should be reflected in the
         base_location attribute of django.core.files.storage.default_storage.
         """
-        self.assertEqual(default_storage.base_location, '')
-        with self.settings(MEDIA_ROOT='test_value'):
-            self.assertEqual(default_storage.base_location, 'test_value')
+        self.assertEqual(default_storage.base_location, "")
+        with self.settings(MEDIA_ROOT="test_value"):
+            self.assertEqual(default_storage.base_location, "test_value")
 
     def test_override_media_url(self):
         """
         Overriding the MEDIA_URL setting should be reflected in the
         base_url attribute of django.core.files.storage.default_storage.
         """
-        self.assertEqual(default_storage.base_location, '')
-        with self.settings(MEDIA_URL='/test_value/'):
-            self.assertEqual(default_storage.base_url, '/test_value/')
+        self.assertEqual(default_storage.base_location, "")
+        with self.settings(MEDIA_URL="/test_value/"):
+            self.assertEqual(default_storage.base_url, "/test_value/")
 
     def test_override_file_upload_permissions(self):
         """
@@ -1701,8 +1763,8 @@ class OverrideSettingsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         base_url attribute of
         django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.staticfiles_storage.
         """
-        with self.settings(STATIC_URL='/test/'):
-            self.assertEqual(staticfiles_storage.base_url, '/test/')
+        with self.settings(STATIC_URL="/test/"):
+            self.assertEqual(staticfiles_storage.base_url, "/test/")
 
     def test_override_static_root(self):
         """
@@ -1710,16 +1772,16 @@ class OverrideSettingsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         location attribute of
         django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.staticfiles_storage.
         """
-        with self.settings(STATIC_ROOT='/tmp/test'):
-            self.assertEqual(staticfiles_storage.location, os.path.abspath('/tmp/test'))
+        with self.settings(STATIC_ROOT="/tmp/test"):
+            self.assertEqual(staticfiles_storage.location, os.path.abspath("/tmp/test"))
 
     def test_override_staticfiles_storage(self):
         """
         Overriding the STATICFILES_STORAGE setting should be reflected in
         the value of django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.staticfiles_storage.
         """
-        new_class = 'ManifestStaticFilesStorage'
-        new_storage = 'django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.' + new_class
+        new_class = "ManifestStaticFilesStorage"
+        new_storage = "django.contrib.staticfiles.storage." + new_class
         with self.settings(STATICFILES_STORAGE=new_storage):
             self.assertEqual(staticfiles_storage.__class__.__name__, new_class)
 
@@ -1730,7 +1792,7 @@ class OverrideSettingsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         current = get_finders()
         self.assertGreater(len(list(current)), 1)
-        finders = ['django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder']
+        finders = ["django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder"]
         with self.settings(STATICFILES_FINDERS=finders):
             self.assertEqual(len(list(get_finders())), len(finders))
 
@@ -1740,12 +1802,12 @@ class OverrideSettingsTests(SimpleTestCase):
         the locations attribute of the
         django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder instance.
         """
-        finder = get_finder('django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder')
-        test_path = '/tmp/test'
-        expected_location = ('', test_path)
+        finder = get_finder("django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder")
+        test_path = "/tmp/test"
+        expected_location = ("", test_path)
         self.assertNotIn(expected_location, finder.locations)
         with self.settings(STATICFILES_DIRS=[test_path]):
-            finder = get_finder('django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder')
+            finder = get_finder("django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder")
             self.assertIn(expected_location, finder.locations)
 
 
@@ -1754,6 +1816,7 @@ class TestBadSetUpTestData(TestCase):
     An exception in setUpTestData() shouldn't leak a transaction which would
     cascade across the rest of the test suite.
     """
+
     class MyException(Exception):
         pass
 
@@ -1783,10 +1846,10 @@ class TestBadSetUpTestData(TestCase):
 
 
 class CaptureOnCommitCallbacksTests(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
     callback_called = False
 
-    def enqueue_callback(self, using='default'):
+    def enqueue_callback(self, using="default"):
         def hook():
             self.callback_called = True
 
@@ -1802,8 +1865,8 @@ class CaptureOnCommitCallbacksTests(TestCase):
         self.assertIs(self.callback_called, True)
 
     def test_using(self):
-        with self.captureOnCommitCallbacks(using='other') as callbacks:
-            self.enqueue_callback(using='other')
+        with self.captureOnCommitCallbacks(using="other") as callbacks:
+            self.enqueue_callback(using="other")
 
         self.assertEqual(len(callbacks), 1)
         self.assertIs(self.callback_called, False)
@@ -1811,8 +1874,8 @@ class CaptureOnCommitCallbacksTests(TestCase):
         self.assertIs(self.callback_called, True)
 
     def test_different_using(self):
-        with self.captureOnCommitCallbacks(using='default') as callbacks:
-            self.enqueue_callback(using='other')
+        with self.captureOnCommitCallbacks(using="default") as callbacks:
+            self.enqueue_callback(using="other")
 
         self.assertEqual(callbacks, [])
 
@@ -1827,7 +1890,7 @@ class CaptureOnCommitCallbacksTests(TestCase):
         def pre_hook():
             pass
 
-        transaction.on_commit(pre_hook, using='default')
+        transaction.on_commit(pre_hook, using="default")
         with self.captureOnCommitCallbacks() as callbacks:
             self.enqueue_callback()
 
@@ -1944,7 +2007,7 @@ class DisallowedDatabaseQueriesTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class AllowedDatabaseQueriesTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    databases = {'default'}
+    databases = {"default"}
 
     def test_allowed_database_queries(self):
         Car.objects.first()
@@ -1955,10 +2018,10 @@ class AllowedDatabaseQueriesTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 class DatabaseAliasTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
-        self.addCleanup(setattr, self.__class__, 'databases', self.databases)
+        self.addCleanup(setattr, self.__class__, "databases", self.databases)
 
     def test_no_close_match(self):
-        self.__class__.databases = {'void'}
+        self.__class__.databases = {"void"}
         message = (
             "test_utils.tests.DatabaseAliasTests.databases refers to 'void' which is not defined "
             "in settings.DATABASES."
@@ -1967,7 +2030,7 @@ class DatabaseAliasTests(SimpleTestCase):
             self._validate_databases()
 
     def test_close_match(self):
-        self.__class__.databases = {'defualt'}
+        self.__class__.databases = {"defualt"}
         message = (
             "test_utils.tests.DatabaseAliasTests.databases refers to 'defualt' which is not defined "
             "in settings.DATABASES. Did you mean 'default'?"
@@ -1976,46 +2039,58 @@ class DatabaseAliasTests(SimpleTestCase):
             self._validate_databases()
 
     def test_match(self):
-        self.__class__.databases = {'default', 'other'}
-        self.assertEqual(self._validate_databases(), frozenset({'default', 'other'}))
+        self.__class__.databases = {"default", "other"}
+        self.assertEqual(self._validate_databases(), frozenset({"default", "other"}))
 
     def test_all(self):
-        self.__class__.databases = '__all__'
+        self.__class__.databases = "__all__"
         self.assertEqual(self._validate_databases(), frozenset(connections))
 
 
-@isolate_apps('test_utils', attr_name='class_apps')
+@isolate_apps("test_utils", attr_name="class_apps")
 class IsolatedAppsTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_installed_apps(self):
-        self.assertEqual([app_config.label for app_config in self.class_apps.get_app_configs()], ['test_utils'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [app_config.label for app_config in self.class_apps.get_app_configs()],
+            ["test_utils"],
+        )
 
     def test_class_decoration(self):
         class ClassDecoration(models.Model):
             pass
+
         self.assertEqual(ClassDecoration._meta.apps, self.class_apps)
 
-    @isolate_apps('test_utils', kwarg_name='method_apps')
+    @isolate_apps("test_utils", kwarg_name="method_apps")
     def test_method_decoration(self, method_apps):
         class MethodDecoration(models.Model):
             pass
+
         self.assertEqual(MethodDecoration._meta.apps, method_apps)
 
     def test_context_manager(self):
-        with isolate_apps('test_utils') as context_apps:
+        with isolate_apps("test_utils") as context_apps:
+
             class ContextManager(models.Model):
                 pass
+
         self.assertEqual(ContextManager._meta.apps, context_apps)
 
-    @isolate_apps('test_utils', kwarg_name='method_apps')
+    @isolate_apps("test_utils", kwarg_name="method_apps")
     def test_nested(self, method_apps):
         class MethodDecoration(models.Model):
             pass
-        with isolate_apps('test_utils') as context_apps:
+
+        with isolate_apps("test_utils") as context_apps:
+
             class ContextManager(models.Model):
                 pass
-            with isolate_apps('test_utils') as nested_context_apps:
+
+            with isolate_apps("test_utils") as nested_context_apps:
+
                 class NestedContextManager(models.Model):
                     pass
+
         self.assertEqual(MethodDecoration._meta.apps, method_apps)
         self.assertEqual(ContextManager._meta.apps, context_apps)
         self.assertEqual(NestedContextManager._meta.apps, nested_context_apps)
@@ -2030,18 +2105,18 @@ class DoNothingDecorator(TestContextDecorator):
 
 
 class TestContextDecoratorTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
-    @mock.patch.object(DoNothingDecorator, 'disable')
+    @mock.patch.object(DoNothingDecorator, "disable")
     def test_exception_in_setup(self, mock_disable):
         """An exception is setUp() is reraised after disable() is called."""
+
         class ExceptionInSetUp(unittest.TestCase):
             def setUp(self):
-                raise NotImplementedError('reraised')
+                raise NotImplementedError("reraised")
 
         decorator = DoNothingDecorator()
         decorated_test_class = decorator.__call__(ExceptionInSetUp)()
         self.assertFalse(mock_disable.called)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, 'reraised'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, "reraised"):
             decorated_test_class.setUp()
         decorated_test_class.doCleanups()
         self.assertTrue(mock_disable.called)
@@ -2051,19 +2126,19 @@ class TestContextDecoratorTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         class SaveCallsDecorator(TestContextDecorator):
             def enable(self):
-                calls.append('enable')
+                calls.append("enable")
 
             def disable(self):
-                calls.append('disable')
+                calls.append("disable")
 
         class AddCleanupInSetUp(unittest.TestCase):
             def setUp(self):
-                calls.append('setUp')
-                self.addCleanup(lambda: calls.append('cleanup'))
+                calls.append("setUp")
+                self.addCleanup(lambda: calls.append("cleanup"))
 
         decorator = SaveCallsDecorator()
         decorated_test_class = decorator.__call__(AddCleanupInSetUp)()
         decorated_test_class.setUp()
         decorated_test_class.tearDown()
         decorated_test_class.doCleanups()
-        self.assertEqual(calls, ['enable', 'setUp', 'cleanup', 'disable'])
+        self.assertEqual(calls, ["enable", "setUp", "cleanup", "disable"])
diff --git a/tests/test_utils/urls.py b/tests/test_utils/urls.py
index 6b060dff95..37d0c76a11 100644
--- a/tests/test_utils/urls.py
+++ b/tests/test_utils/urls.py
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ from django.urls import path
 from . import views
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('test_utils/get_person/<int:pk>/', views.get_person),
-    path('test_utils/no_template_used/', views.no_template_used, name='no_template_used'),
+    path("test_utils/get_person/<int:pk>/", views.get_person),
+    path(
+        "test_utils/no_template_used/", views.no_template_used, name="no_template_used"
+    ),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/timezones/admin.py b/tests/timezones/admin.py
index 4d3e4ca2fe..6761c2d710 100644
--- a/tests/timezones/admin.py
+++ b/tests/timezones/admin.py
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ from .models import Event, Timestamp
 
 
 class EventAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('dt',)
+    list_display = ("dt",)
 
 
 class TimestampAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    readonly_fields = ('created', 'updated')
+    readonly_fields = ("created", "updated")
 
 
-site = admin.AdminSite(name='admin_tz')
+site = admin.AdminSite(name="admin_tz")
 site.register(Event, EventAdmin)
 site.register(Timestamp, TimestampAdmin)
diff --git a/tests/timezones/forms.py b/tests/timezones/forms.py
index b92562396e..a63f3859de 100644
--- a/tests/timezones/forms.py
+++ b/tests/timezones/forms.py
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ class EventLocalizedForm(forms.Form):
 class EventModelForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = Event
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
 
 
 class EventLocalizedModelForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = Event
-        fields = '__all__'
-        localized_fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
+        localized_fields = "__all__"
diff --git a/tests/timezones/models.py b/tests/timezones/models.py
index a6e276f2f4..49b555b43d 100644
--- a/tests/timezones/models.py
+++ b/tests/timezones/models.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class Session(models.Model):
 
 class SessionEvent(models.Model):
     dt = models.DateTimeField()
-    session = models.ForeignKey(Session, models.CASCADE, related_name='events')
+    session = models.ForeignKey(Session, models.CASCADE, related_name="events")
 
 
 class Timestamp(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/timezones/tests.py b/tests/timezones/tests.py
index 71bc94f490..fd5ddd7edc 100644
--- a/tests/timezones/tests.py
+++ b/tests/timezones/tests.py
@@ -21,11 +21,20 @@ from django.db import connection
 from django.db.models import F, Max, Min
 from django.http import HttpRequest
 from django.template import (
-    Context, RequestContext, Template, TemplateSyntaxError, context_processors,
+    Context,
+    RequestContext,
+    Template,
+    TemplateSyntaxError,
+    context_processors,
 )
 from django.test import (
-    SimpleTestCase, TestCase, TransactionTestCase, ignore_warnings,
-    override_settings, skipIfDBFeature, skipUnlessDBFeature,
+    SimpleTestCase,
+    TestCase,
+    TransactionTestCase,
+    ignore_warnings,
+    override_settings,
+    skipIfDBFeature,
+    skipUnlessDBFeature,
 )
 from django.test.utils import requires_tz_support
 from django.urls import reverse
@@ -34,16 +43,25 @@ from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango50Warning
 from django.utils.timezone import timedelta
 
 from .forms import (
-    EventForm, EventLocalizedForm, EventLocalizedModelForm, EventModelForm,
+    EventForm,
+    EventLocalizedForm,
+    EventLocalizedModelForm,
+    EventModelForm,
     EventSplitForm,
 )
 from .models import (
-    AllDayEvent, DailyEvent, Event, MaybeEvent, Session, SessionEvent,
+    AllDayEvent,
+    DailyEvent,
+    Event,
+    MaybeEvent,
+    Session,
+    SessionEvent,
     Timestamp,
 )
 
 try:
     import yaml
+
     HAS_YAML = True
 except ImportError:
     HAS_YAML = False
@@ -58,8 +76,8 @@ except ImportError:
 # 10:20:30 in UTC and 17:20:30 in ICT.
 
 UTC = timezone.utc
-EAT = timezone.get_fixed_timezone(180)      # Africa/Nairobi
-ICT = timezone.get_fixed_timezone(420)      # Asia/Bangkok
+EAT = timezone.get_fixed_timezone(180)  # Africa/Nairobi
+ICT = timezone.get_fixed_timezone(420)  # Asia/Bangkok
 
 ZONE_CONSTRUCTORS = (zoneinfo.ZoneInfo,)
 if pytz is not None:
@@ -73,8 +91,8 @@ def get_timezones(key):
 @contextmanager
 def override_database_connection_timezone(timezone):
     try:
-        orig_timezone = connection.settings_dict['TIME_ZONE']
-        connection.settings_dict['TIME_ZONE'] = timezone
+        orig_timezone = connection.settings_dict["TIME_ZONE"]
+        connection.settings_dict["TIME_ZONE"] = timezone
         # Clear cached properties, after first accessing them to ensure they exist.
         connection.timezone
         del connection.timezone
@@ -82,7 +100,7 @@ def override_database_connection_timezone(timezone):
         del connection.timezone_name
         yield
     finally:
-        connection.settings_dict['TIME_ZONE'] = orig_timezone
+        connection.settings_dict["TIME_ZONE"] = orig_timezone
         # Clear cached properties, after first accessing them to ensure they exist.
         connection.timezone
         del connection.timezone
@@ -90,9 +108,8 @@ def override_database_connection_timezone(timezone):
         del connection.timezone_name
 
 
-@override_settings(TIME_ZONE='Africa/Nairobi', USE_TZ=False)
+@override_settings(TIME_ZONE="Africa/Nairobi", USE_TZ=False)
 class LegacyDatabaseTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_naive_datetime(self):
         dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30)
         Event.objects.create(dt=dt)
@@ -105,7 +122,7 @@ class LegacyDatabaseTests(TestCase):
         event = Event.objects.get()
         self.assertEqual(event.dt, dt)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_timezones')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_timezones")
     def test_aware_datetime_in_local_timezone(self):
         dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT)
         Event.objects.create(dt=dt)
@@ -114,7 +131,7 @@ class LegacyDatabaseTests(TestCase):
         # interpret the naive datetime in local time to get the correct value
         self.assertEqual(event.dt.replace(tzinfo=EAT), dt)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_timezones')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_timezones")
     def test_aware_datetime_in_local_timezone_with_microsecond(self):
         dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, 405060, tzinfo=EAT)
         Event.objects.create(dt=dt)
@@ -123,7 +140,7 @@ class LegacyDatabaseTests(TestCase):
         # interpret the naive datetime in local time to get the correct value
         self.assertEqual(event.dt.replace(tzinfo=EAT), dt)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_timezones')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_timezones")
     def test_aware_datetime_in_utc(self):
         dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 10, 20, 30, tzinfo=UTC)
         Event.objects.create(dt=dt)
@@ -132,7 +149,7 @@ class LegacyDatabaseTests(TestCase):
         # interpret the naive datetime in local time to get the correct value
         self.assertEqual(event.dt.replace(tzinfo=EAT), dt)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_timezones')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_timezones")
     def test_aware_datetime_in_other_timezone(self):
         dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 17, 20, 30, tzinfo=ICT)
         Event.objects.create(dt=dt)
@@ -141,10 +158,10 @@ class LegacyDatabaseTests(TestCase):
         # interpret the naive datetime in local time to get the correct value
         self.assertEqual(event.dt.replace(tzinfo=EAT), dt)
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_timezones')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_timezones")
     def test_aware_datetime_unsupported(self):
         dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT)
-        msg = 'backend does not support timezone-aware datetimes when USE_TZ is False.'
+        msg = "backend does not support timezone-aware datetimes when USE_TZ is False."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             Event.objects.create(dt=dt)
 
@@ -186,33 +203,46 @@ class LegacyDatabaseTests(TestCase):
         Event.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 23, 20, 20))
         Event.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30))
         Event.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 3, 20, 40))
-        result = Event.objects.all().aggregate(Min('dt'), Max('dt'))
-        self.assertEqual(result, {
-            'dt__min': datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 3, 20, 40),
-            'dt__max': datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 23, 20, 20),
-        })
+        result = Event.objects.all().aggregate(Min("dt"), Max("dt"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            result,
+            {
+                "dt__min": datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 3, 20, 40),
+                "dt__max": datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 23, 20, 20),
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_query_annotation(self):
         # Only min and max make sense for datetimes.
-        morning = Session.objects.create(name='morning')
-        afternoon = Session.objects.create(name='afternoon')
-        SessionEvent.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 23, 20, 20), session=afternoon)
-        SessionEvent.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30), session=afternoon)
-        SessionEvent.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 3, 20, 40), session=morning)
+        morning = Session.objects.create(name="morning")
+        afternoon = Session.objects.create(name="afternoon")
+        SessionEvent.objects.create(
+            dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 23, 20, 20), session=afternoon
+        )
+        SessionEvent.objects.create(
+            dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30), session=afternoon
+        )
+        SessionEvent.objects.create(
+            dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 3, 20, 40), session=morning
+        )
         morning_min_dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 3, 20, 40)
         afternoon_min_dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Session.objects.annotate(dt=Min('events__dt')).order_by('dt'),
+            Session.objects.annotate(dt=Min("events__dt")).order_by("dt"),
             [morning_min_dt, afternoon_min_dt],
             transform=lambda d: d.dt,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Session.objects.annotate(dt=Min('events__dt')).filter(dt__lt=afternoon_min_dt),
+            Session.objects.annotate(dt=Min("events__dt")).filter(
+                dt__lt=afternoon_min_dt
+            ),
             [morning_min_dt],
             transform=lambda d: d.dt,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Session.objects.annotate(dt=Min('events__dt')).filter(dt__gte=afternoon_min_dt),
+            Session.objects.annotate(dt=Min("events__dt")).filter(
+                dt__gte=afternoon_min_dt
+            ),
             [afternoon_min_dt],
             transform=lambda d: d.dt,
         )
@@ -220,35 +250,55 @@ class LegacyDatabaseTests(TestCase):
     def test_query_datetimes(self):
         Event.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 1, 30, 0))
         Event.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 4, 30, 0))
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Event.objects.datetimes('dt', 'year'), [datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)])
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Event.objects.datetimes('dt', 'month'), [datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)])
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(Event.objects.datetimes('dt', 'day'), [datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Event.objects.datetimes('dt', 'hour'),
-            [datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0),
-             datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 4, 0, 0)]
+            Event.objects.datetimes("dt", "year"),
+            [datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Event.objects.datetimes('dt', 'minute'),
-            [datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 1, 30, 0),
-             datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 4, 30, 0)]
+            Event.objects.datetimes("dt", "month"),
+            [datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Event.objects.datetimes('dt', 'second'),
-            [datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 1, 30, 0),
-             datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 4, 30, 0)]
+            Event.objects.datetimes("dt", "day"),
+            [datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)],
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Event.objects.datetimes("dt", "hour"),
+            [
+                datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0),
+                datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 4, 0, 0),
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Event.objects.datetimes("dt", "minute"),
+            [
+                datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 1, 30, 0),
+                datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 4, 30, 0),
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            Event.objects.datetimes("dt", "second"),
+            [
+                datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 1, 30, 0),
+                datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 4, 30, 0),
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_raw_sql(self):
         # Regression test for #17755
         dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30)
         event = Event.objects.create(dt=dt)
-        self.assertEqual(list(Event.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM timezones_event WHERE dt = %s', [dt])), [event])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(
+                Event.objects.raw("SELECT * FROM timezones_event WHERE dt = %s", [dt])
+            ),
+            [event],
+        )
 
     def test_cursor_execute_accepts_naive_datetime(self):
         dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30)
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute('INSERT INTO timezones_event (dt) VALUES (%s)', [dt])
+            cursor.execute("INSERT INTO timezones_event (dt) VALUES (%s)", [dt])
         event = Event.objects.get()
         self.assertEqual(event.dt, dt)
 
@@ -256,7 +306,7 @@ class LegacyDatabaseTests(TestCase):
         dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30)
         Event.objects.create(dt=dt)
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute('SELECT dt FROM timezones_event WHERE dt = %s', [dt])
+            cursor.execute("SELECT dt FROM timezones_event WHERE dt = %s", [dt])
             self.assertEqual(cursor.fetchall()[0][0], dt)
 
     def test_filter_date_field_with_aware_datetime(self):
@@ -268,14 +318,14 @@ class LegacyDatabaseTests(TestCase):
         self.assertTrue(AllDayEvent.objects.filter(day__gte=dt).exists())
 
 
-@override_settings(TIME_ZONE='Africa/Nairobi', USE_TZ=True)
+@override_settings(TIME_ZONE="Africa/Nairobi", USE_TZ=True)
 class NewDatabaseTests(TestCase):
-    naive_warning = 'DateTimeField Event.dt received a naive datetime'
+    naive_warning = "DateTimeField Event.dt received a naive datetime"
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_timezones')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_timezones")
     def test_aware_time_unsupported(self):
         t = datetime.time(13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT)
-        msg = 'backend does not support timezone-aware times.'
+        msg = "backend does not support timezone-aware times."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             DailyEvent.objects.create(time=t)
 
@@ -351,7 +401,7 @@ class NewDatabaseTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(Event.objects.filter(dt__gt=dt2).count(), 0)
 
     def test_query_filter_with_pytz_timezones(self):
-        for tz in get_timezones('Europe/Paris'):
+        for tz in get_timezones("Europe/Paris"):
             with self.subTest(repr(tz)):
                 dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30, tzinfo=tz)
                 Event.objects.create(dt=dt)
@@ -360,19 +410,23 @@ class NewDatabaseTests(TestCase):
                 self.assertEqual(Event.objects.filter(dt__exact=dt).count(), 1)
                 self.assertEqual(Event.objects.filter(dt__exact=next).count(), 0)
                 self.assertEqual(Event.objects.filter(dt__in=(prev, next)).count(), 0)
-                self.assertEqual(Event.objects.filter(dt__in=(prev, dt, next)).count(), 1)
-                self.assertEqual(Event.objects.filter(dt__range=(prev, next)).count(), 1)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    Event.objects.filter(dt__in=(prev, dt, next)).count(), 1
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    Event.objects.filter(dt__range=(prev, next)).count(), 1
+                )
 
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
     def test_connection_timezone(self):
         tests = [
             (False, None, datetime.timezone),
-            (False, 'Africa/Nairobi', zoneinfo.ZoneInfo),
+            (False, "Africa/Nairobi", zoneinfo.ZoneInfo),
         ]
         if pytz is not None:
             tests += [
                 (True, None, datetime.timezone),
-                (True, 'Africa/Nairobi', pytz.BaseTzInfo),
+                (True, "Africa/Nairobi", pytz.BaseTzInfo),
             ]
         for use_pytz, connection_tz, expected_type in tests:
             with self.subTest(use_pytz=use_pytz, connection_tz=connection_tz):
@@ -383,16 +437,20 @@ class NewDatabaseTests(TestCase):
     def test_query_convert_timezones(self):
         # Connection timezone is equal to the current timezone, datetime
         # shouldn't be converted.
-        with override_database_connection_timezone('Africa/Nairobi'):
+        with override_database_connection_timezone("Africa/Nairobi"):
             event_datetime = datetime.datetime(2016, 1, 2, 23, 10, 11, 123, tzinfo=EAT)
             event = Event.objects.create(dt=event_datetime)
-            self.assertEqual(Event.objects.filter(dt__date=event_datetime.date()).first(), event)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                Event.objects.filter(dt__date=event_datetime.date()).first(), event
+            )
         # Connection timezone is not equal to the current timezone, datetime
         # should be converted (-4h).
-        with override_database_connection_timezone('Asia/Bangkok'):
+        with override_database_connection_timezone("Asia/Bangkok"):
             event_datetime = datetime.datetime(2016, 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, tzinfo=ICT)
             event = Event.objects.create(dt=event_datetime)
-            self.assertEqual(Event.objects.filter(dt__date=datetime.date(2016, 1, 1)).first(), event)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                Event.objects.filter(dt__date=datetime.date(2016, 1, 1)).first(), event
+            )
 
     @requires_tz_support
     def test_query_filter_with_naive_datetime(self):
@@ -407,7 +465,7 @@ class NewDatabaseTests(TestCase):
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(RuntimeWarning, self.naive_warning):
             self.assertEqual(Event.objects.filter(dt__gt=dt).count(), 0)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_zoneinfo_database')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_zoneinfo_database")
     def test_query_datetime_lookups(self):
         Event.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 1, 30, 0, tzinfo=EAT))
         Event.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 4, 30, 0, tzinfo=EAT))
@@ -420,7 +478,7 @@ class NewDatabaseTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(Event.objects.filter(dt__minute=30).count(), 2)
         self.assertEqual(Event.objects.filter(dt__second=0).count(), 2)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_zoneinfo_database')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_zoneinfo_database")
     def test_query_datetime_lookups_in_other_timezone(self):
         Event.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 1, 30, 0, tzinfo=EAT))
         Event.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 4, 30, 0, tzinfo=EAT))
@@ -441,152 +499,192 @@ class NewDatabaseTests(TestCase):
         Event.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 23, 20, 20, tzinfo=EAT))
         Event.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT))
         Event.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 3, 20, 40, tzinfo=EAT))
-        result = Event.objects.all().aggregate(Min('dt'), Max('dt'))
-        self.assertEqual(result, {
-            'dt__min': datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 3, 20, 40, tzinfo=EAT),
-            'dt__max': datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 23, 20, 20, tzinfo=EAT),
-        })
+        result = Event.objects.all().aggregate(Min("dt"), Max("dt"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            result,
+            {
+                "dt__min": datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 3, 20, 40, tzinfo=EAT),
+                "dt__max": datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 23, 20, 20, tzinfo=EAT),
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_query_annotation(self):
         # Only min and max make sense for datetimes.
-        morning = Session.objects.create(name='morning')
-        afternoon = Session.objects.create(name='afternoon')
-        SessionEvent.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 23, 20, 20, tzinfo=EAT), session=afternoon)
-        SessionEvent.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT), session=afternoon)
-        SessionEvent.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 3, 20, 40, tzinfo=EAT), session=morning)
+        morning = Session.objects.create(name="morning")
+        afternoon = Session.objects.create(name="afternoon")
+        SessionEvent.objects.create(
+            dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 23, 20, 20, tzinfo=EAT), session=afternoon
+        )
+        SessionEvent.objects.create(
+            dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT), session=afternoon
+        )
+        SessionEvent.objects.create(
+            dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 3, 20, 40, tzinfo=EAT), session=morning
+        )
         morning_min_dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 3, 20, 40, tzinfo=EAT)
         afternoon_min_dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT)
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Session.objects.annotate(dt=Min('events__dt')).order_by('dt'),
+            Session.objects.annotate(dt=Min("events__dt")).order_by("dt"),
             [morning_min_dt, afternoon_min_dt],
             transform=lambda d: d.dt,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Session.objects.annotate(dt=Min('events__dt')).filter(dt__lt=afternoon_min_dt),
+            Session.objects.annotate(dt=Min("events__dt")).filter(
+                dt__lt=afternoon_min_dt
+            ),
             [morning_min_dt],
             transform=lambda d: d.dt,
         )
         self.assertQuerysetEqual(
-            Session.objects.annotate(dt=Min('events__dt')).filter(dt__gte=afternoon_min_dt),
+            Session.objects.annotate(dt=Min("events__dt")).filter(
+                dt__gte=afternoon_min_dt
+            ),
             [afternoon_min_dt],
             transform=lambda d: d.dt,
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_zoneinfo_database')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_zoneinfo_database")
     def test_query_datetimes(self):
         Event.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 1, 30, 0, tzinfo=EAT))
         Event.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 4, 30, 0, tzinfo=EAT))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Event.objects.datetimes('dt', 'year'),
-            [datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=EAT)]
+            Event.objects.datetimes("dt", "year"),
+            [datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=EAT)],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Event.objects.datetimes('dt', 'month'),
-            [datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=EAT)]
+            Event.objects.datetimes("dt", "month"),
+            [datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=EAT)],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Event.objects.datetimes('dt', 'day'),
-            [datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=EAT)]
+            Event.objects.datetimes("dt", "day"),
+            [datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=EAT)],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Event.objects.datetimes('dt', 'hour'),
-            [datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, tzinfo=EAT),
-             datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 4, 0, 0, tzinfo=EAT)]
+            Event.objects.datetimes("dt", "hour"),
+            [
+                datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, tzinfo=EAT),
+                datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 4, 0, 0, tzinfo=EAT),
+            ],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Event.objects.datetimes('dt', 'minute'),
-            [datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 1, 30, 0, tzinfo=EAT),
-             datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 4, 30, 0, tzinfo=EAT)]
+            Event.objects.datetimes("dt", "minute"),
+            [
+                datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 1, 30, 0, tzinfo=EAT),
+                datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 4, 30, 0, tzinfo=EAT),
+            ],
         )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
-            Event.objects.datetimes('dt', 'second'),
-            [datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 1, 30, 0, tzinfo=EAT),
-             datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 4, 30, 0, tzinfo=EAT)]
+            Event.objects.datetimes("dt", "second"),
+            [
+                datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 1, 30, 0, tzinfo=EAT),
+                datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 4, 30, 0, tzinfo=EAT),
+            ],
         )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('has_zoneinfo_database')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("has_zoneinfo_database")
     def test_query_datetimes_in_other_timezone(self):
         Event.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 1, 30, 0, tzinfo=EAT))
         Event.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 4, 30, 0, tzinfo=EAT))
         with timezone.override(UTC):
             self.assertSequenceEqual(
-                Event.objects.datetimes('dt', 'year'),
-                [datetime.datetime(2010, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=UTC),
-                 datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=UTC)]
+                Event.objects.datetimes("dt", "year"),
+                [
+                    datetime.datetime(2010, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=UTC),
+                    datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=UTC),
+                ],
             )
             self.assertSequenceEqual(
-                Event.objects.datetimes('dt', 'month'),
-                [datetime.datetime(2010, 12, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=UTC),
-                 datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=UTC)]
+                Event.objects.datetimes("dt", "month"),
+                [
+                    datetime.datetime(2010, 12, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=UTC),
+                    datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=UTC),
+                ],
             )
             self.assertSequenceEqual(
-                Event.objects.datetimes('dt', 'day'),
-                [datetime.datetime(2010, 12, 31, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=UTC),
-                 datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=UTC)]
+                Event.objects.datetimes("dt", "day"),
+                [
+                    datetime.datetime(2010, 12, 31, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=UTC),
+                    datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=UTC),
+                ],
             )
             self.assertSequenceEqual(
-                Event.objects.datetimes('dt', 'hour'),
-                [datetime.datetime(2010, 12, 31, 22, 0, 0, tzinfo=UTC),
-                 datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, tzinfo=UTC)]
+                Event.objects.datetimes("dt", "hour"),
+                [
+                    datetime.datetime(2010, 12, 31, 22, 0, 0, tzinfo=UTC),
+                    datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, tzinfo=UTC),
+                ],
             )
             self.assertSequenceEqual(
-                Event.objects.datetimes('dt', 'minute'),
-                [datetime.datetime(2010, 12, 31, 22, 30, 0, tzinfo=UTC),
-                 datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 1, 30, 0, tzinfo=UTC)]
+                Event.objects.datetimes("dt", "minute"),
+                [
+                    datetime.datetime(2010, 12, 31, 22, 30, 0, tzinfo=UTC),
+                    datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 1, 30, 0, tzinfo=UTC),
+                ],
             )
             self.assertSequenceEqual(
-                Event.objects.datetimes('dt', 'second'),
-                [datetime.datetime(2010, 12, 31, 22, 30, 0, tzinfo=UTC),
-                 datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 1, 30, 0, tzinfo=UTC)]
+                Event.objects.datetimes("dt", "second"),
+                [
+                    datetime.datetime(2010, 12, 31, 22, 30, 0, tzinfo=UTC),
+                    datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1, 1, 30, 0, tzinfo=UTC),
+                ],
             )
 
     def test_raw_sql(self):
         # Regression test for #17755
         dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT)
         event = Event.objects.create(dt=dt)
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(list(Event.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM timezones_event WHERE dt = %s', [dt])), [event])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            list(
+                Event.objects.raw("SELECT * FROM timezones_event WHERE dt = %s", [dt])
+            ),
+            [event],
+        )
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_timezones')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_timezones")
     def test_cursor_execute_accepts_aware_datetime(self):
         dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT)
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute('INSERT INTO timezones_event (dt) VALUES (%s)', [dt])
+            cursor.execute("INSERT INTO timezones_event (dt) VALUES (%s)", [dt])
         event = Event.objects.get()
         self.assertEqual(event.dt, dt)
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_timezones')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_timezones")
     def test_cursor_execute_accepts_naive_datetime(self):
         dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT)
         utc_naive_dt = timezone.make_naive(dt, timezone.utc)
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute('INSERT INTO timezones_event (dt) VALUES (%s)', [utc_naive_dt])
+            cursor.execute(
+                "INSERT INTO timezones_event (dt) VALUES (%s)", [utc_naive_dt]
+            )
         event = Event.objects.get()
         self.assertEqual(event.dt, dt)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_timezones')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_timezones")
     def test_cursor_execute_returns_aware_datetime(self):
         dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT)
         Event.objects.create(dt=dt)
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute('SELECT dt FROM timezones_event WHERE dt = %s', [dt])
+            cursor.execute("SELECT dt FROM timezones_event WHERE dt = %s", [dt])
             self.assertEqual(cursor.fetchall()[0][0], dt)
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('supports_timezones')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("supports_timezones")
     def test_cursor_execute_returns_naive_datetime(self):
         dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT)
         utc_naive_dt = timezone.make_naive(dt, timezone.utc)
         Event.objects.create(dt=dt)
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-            cursor.execute('SELECT dt FROM timezones_event WHERE dt = %s', [utc_naive_dt])
+            cursor.execute(
+                "SELECT dt FROM timezones_event WHERE dt = %s", [utc_naive_dt]
+            )
             self.assertEqual(cursor.fetchall()[0][0], utc_naive_dt)
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_timezones')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_timezones")
     def test_cursor_explicit_time_zone(self):
-        with override_database_connection_timezone('Europe/Paris'):
+        with override_database_connection_timezone("Europe/Paris"):
             with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                cursor.execute('SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP')
+                cursor.execute("SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")
                 now = cursor.fetchone()[0]
-                self.assertEqual(str(now.tzinfo), 'Europe/Paris')
+                self.assertEqual(str(now.tzinfo), "Europe/Paris")
 
     @requires_tz_support
     def test_filter_date_field_with_aware_datetime(self):
@@ -605,12 +703,12 @@ class NewDatabaseTests(TestCase):
     def test_update_with_timedelta(self):
         initial_dt = timezone.now().replace(microsecond=0)
         event = Event.objects.create(dt=initial_dt)
-        Event.objects.update(dt=F('dt') + timedelta(hours=2))
+        Event.objects.update(dt=F("dt") + timedelta(hours=2))
         event.refresh_from_db()
         self.assertEqual(event.dt, initial_dt + timedelta(hours=2))
 
 
-@override_settings(TIME_ZONE='Africa/Nairobi', USE_TZ=True)
+@override_settings(TIME_ZONE="Africa/Nairobi", USE_TZ=True)
 class ForcedTimeZoneDatabaseTests(TransactionTestCase):
     """
     Test the TIME_ZONE database configuration parameter.
@@ -619,7 +717,7 @@ class ForcedTimeZoneDatabaseTests(TransactionTestCase):
     connections, this is a TransactionTestCase.
     """
 
-    available_apps = ['timezones']
+    available_apps = ["timezones"]
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
@@ -628,7 +726,9 @@ class ForcedTimeZoneDatabaseTests(TransactionTestCase):
         if connection.features.supports_timezones:
             raise SkipTest("Database has feature(s) supports_timezones")
         if not connection.features.test_db_allows_multiple_connections:
-            raise SkipTest("Database doesn't support feature(s): test_db_allows_multiple_connections")
+            raise SkipTest(
+                "Database doesn't support feature(s): test_db_allows_multiple_connections"
+            )
 
         super().setUpClass()
 
@@ -636,14 +736,14 @@ class ForcedTimeZoneDatabaseTests(TransactionTestCase):
         fake_dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 17, 20, 30, tzinfo=UTC)
         Event.objects.create(dt=fake_dt)
 
-        with override_database_connection_timezone('Asia/Bangkok'):
+        with override_database_connection_timezone("Asia/Bangkok"):
             event = Event.objects.get()
             dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 10, 20, 30, tzinfo=UTC)
         self.assertEqual(event.dt, dt)
 
     def test_write_datetime(self):
         dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 10, 20, 30, tzinfo=UTC)
-        with override_database_connection_timezone('Asia/Bangkok'):
+        with override_database_connection_timezone("Asia/Bangkok"):
             Event.objects.create(dt=dt)
 
         event = Event.objects.get()
@@ -651,7 +751,7 @@ class ForcedTimeZoneDatabaseTests(TransactionTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(event.dt, fake_dt)
 
 
-@override_settings(TIME_ZONE='Africa/Nairobi')
+@override_settings(TIME_ZONE="Africa/Nairobi")
 class SerializationTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     # Backend-specific notes:
@@ -663,13 +763,13 @@ class SerializationTests(SimpleTestCase):
     # Tests are adapted to take these quirks into account.
 
     def assert_python_contains_datetime(self, objects, dt):
-        self.assertEqual(objects[0]['fields']['dt'], dt)
+        self.assertEqual(objects[0]["fields"]["dt"], dt)
 
     def assert_json_contains_datetime(self, json, dt):
         self.assertIn('"fields": {"dt": "%s"}' % dt, json)
 
     def assert_xml_contains_datetime(self, xml, dt):
-        field = parseString(xml).getElementsByTagName('field')[0]
+        field = parseString(xml).getElementsByTagName("field")[0]
         self.assertXMLEqual(field.childNodes[0].wholeText, dt)
 
     def assert_yaml_contains_datetime(self, yaml, dt):
@@ -679,74 +779,86 @@ class SerializationTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_naive_datetime(self):
         dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30)
 
-        data = serializers.serialize('python', [Event(dt=dt)])
+        data = serializers.serialize("python", [Event(dt=dt)])
         self.assert_python_contains_datetime(data, dt)
-        obj = next(serializers.deserialize('python', data)).object
+        obj = next(serializers.deserialize("python", data)).object
         self.assertEqual(obj.dt, dt)
 
-        data = serializers.serialize('json', [Event(dt=dt)])
+        data = serializers.serialize("json", [Event(dt=dt)])
         self.assert_json_contains_datetime(data, "2011-09-01T13:20:30")
-        obj = next(serializers.deserialize('json', data)).object
+        obj = next(serializers.deserialize("json", data)).object
         self.assertEqual(obj.dt, dt)
 
-        data = serializers.serialize('xml', [Event(dt=dt)])
+        data = serializers.serialize("xml", [Event(dt=dt)])
         self.assert_xml_contains_datetime(data, "2011-09-01T13:20:30")
-        obj = next(serializers.deserialize('xml', data)).object
+        obj = next(serializers.deserialize("xml", data)).object
         self.assertEqual(obj.dt, dt)
 
-        if not isinstance(serializers.get_serializer('yaml'), serializers.BadSerializer):
-            data = serializers.serialize('yaml', [Event(dt=dt)], default_flow_style=None)
+        if not isinstance(
+            serializers.get_serializer("yaml"), serializers.BadSerializer
+        ):
+            data = serializers.serialize(
+                "yaml", [Event(dt=dt)], default_flow_style=None
+            )
             self.assert_yaml_contains_datetime(data, "2011-09-01 13:20:30")
-            obj = next(serializers.deserialize('yaml', data)).object
+            obj = next(serializers.deserialize("yaml", data)).object
             self.assertEqual(obj.dt, dt)
 
     def test_naive_datetime_with_microsecond(self):
         dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, 405060)
 
-        data = serializers.serialize('python', [Event(dt=dt)])
+        data = serializers.serialize("python", [Event(dt=dt)])
         self.assert_python_contains_datetime(data, dt)
-        obj = next(serializers.deserialize('python', data)).object
+        obj = next(serializers.deserialize("python", data)).object
         self.assertEqual(obj.dt, dt)
 
-        data = serializers.serialize('json', [Event(dt=dt)])
+        data = serializers.serialize("json", [Event(dt=dt)])
         self.assert_json_contains_datetime(data, "2011-09-01T13:20:30.405")
-        obj = next(serializers.deserialize('json', data)).object
+        obj = next(serializers.deserialize("json", data)).object
         self.assertEqual(obj.dt, dt.replace(microsecond=405000))
 
-        data = serializers.serialize('xml', [Event(dt=dt)])
+        data = serializers.serialize("xml", [Event(dt=dt)])
         self.assert_xml_contains_datetime(data, "2011-09-01T13:20:30.405060")
-        obj = next(serializers.deserialize('xml', data)).object
+        obj = next(serializers.deserialize("xml", data)).object
         self.assertEqual(obj.dt, dt)
 
-        if not isinstance(serializers.get_serializer('yaml'), serializers.BadSerializer):
-            data = serializers.serialize('yaml', [Event(dt=dt)], default_flow_style=None)
+        if not isinstance(
+            serializers.get_serializer("yaml"), serializers.BadSerializer
+        ):
+            data = serializers.serialize(
+                "yaml", [Event(dt=dt)], default_flow_style=None
+            )
             self.assert_yaml_contains_datetime(data, "2011-09-01 13:20:30.405060")
-            obj = next(serializers.deserialize('yaml', data)).object
+            obj = next(serializers.deserialize("yaml", data)).object
             self.assertEqual(obj.dt, dt)
 
     def test_aware_datetime_with_microsecond(self):
         dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 17, 20, 30, 405060, tzinfo=ICT)
 
-        data = serializers.serialize('python', [Event(dt=dt)])
+        data = serializers.serialize("python", [Event(dt=dt)])
         self.assert_python_contains_datetime(data, dt)
-        obj = next(serializers.deserialize('python', data)).object
+        obj = next(serializers.deserialize("python", data)).object
         self.assertEqual(obj.dt, dt)
 
-        data = serializers.serialize('json', [Event(dt=dt)])
+        data = serializers.serialize("json", [Event(dt=dt)])
         self.assert_json_contains_datetime(data, "2011-09-01T17:20:30.405+07:00")
-        obj = next(serializers.deserialize('json', data)).object
+        obj = next(serializers.deserialize("json", data)).object
         self.assertEqual(obj.dt, dt.replace(microsecond=405000))
 
-        data = serializers.serialize('xml', [Event(dt=dt)])
+        data = serializers.serialize("xml", [Event(dt=dt)])
         self.assert_xml_contains_datetime(data, "2011-09-01T17:20:30.405060+07:00")
-        obj = next(serializers.deserialize('xml', data)).object
+        obj = next(serializers.deserialize("xml", data)).object
         self.assertEqual(obj.dt, dt)
 
-        if not isinstance(serializers.get_serializer('yaml'), serializers.BadSerializer):
-            data = serializers.serialize('yaml', [Event(dt=dt)], default_flow_style=None)
+        if not isinstance(
+            serializers.get_serializer("yaml"), serializers.BadSerializer
+        ):
+            data = serializers.serialize(
+                "yaml", [Event(dt=dt)], default_flow_style=None
+            )
             self.assert_yaml_contains_datetime(data, "2011-09-01 17:20:30.405060+07:00")
-            obj = next(serializers.deserialize('yaml', data)).object
-            if HAS_YAML and yaml.__version__ < '5.3':
+            obj = next(serializers.deserialize("yaml", data)).object
+            if HAS_YAML and yaml.__version__ < "5.3":
                 self.assertEqual(obj.dt.replace(tzinfo=UTC), dt)
             else:
                 self.assertEqual(obj.dt, dt)
@@ -754,50 +866,58 @@ class SerializationTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_aware_datetime_in_utc(self):
         dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 10, 20, 30, tzinfo=UTC)
 
-        data = serializers.serialize('python', [Event(dt=dt)])
+        data = serializers.serialize("python", [Event(dt=dt)])
         self.assert_python_contains_datetime(data, dt)
-        obj = next(serializers.deserialize('python', data)).object
+        obj = next(serializers.deserialize("python", data)).object
         self.assertEqual(obj.dt, dt)
 
-        data = serializers.serialize('json', [Event(dt=dt)])
+        data = serializers.serialize("json", [Event(dt=dt)])
         self.assert_json_contains_datetime(data, "2011-09-01T10:20:30Z")
-        obj = next(serializers.deserialize('json', data)).object
+        obj = next(serializers.deserialize("json", data)).object
         self.assertEqual(obj.dt, dt)
 
-        data = serializers.serialize('xml', [Event(dt=dt)])
+        data = serializers.serialize("xml", [Event(dt=dt)])
         self.assert_xml_contains_datetime(data, "2011-09-01T10:20:30+00:00")
-        obj = next(serializers.deserialize('xml', data)).object
+        obj = next(serializers.deserialize("xml", data)).object
         self.assertEqual(obj.dt, dt)
 
-        if not isinstance(serializers.get_serializer('yaml'), serializers.BadSerializer):
-            data = serializers.serialize('yaml', [Event(dt=dt)], default_flow_style=None)
+        if not isinstance(
+            serializers.get_serializer("yaml"), serializers.BadSerializer
+        ):
+            data = serializers.serialize(
+                "yaml", [Event(dt=dt)], default_flow_style=None
+            )
             self.assert_yaml_contains_datetime(data, "2011-09-01 10:20:30+00:00")
-            obj = next(serializers.deserialize('yaml', data)).object
+            obj = next(serializers.deserialize("yaml", data)).object
             self.assertEqual(obj.dt.replace(tzinfo=UTC), dt)
 
     def test_aware_datetime_in_local_timezone(self):
         dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT)
 
-        data = serializers.serialize('python', [Event(dt=dt)])
+        data = serializers.serialize("python", [Event(dt=dt)])
         self.assert_python_contains_datetime(data, dt)
-        obj = next(serializers.deserialize('python', data)).object
+        obj = next(serializers.deserialize("python", data)).object
         self.assertEqual(obj.dt, dt)
 
-        data = serializers.serialize('json', [Event(dt=dt)])
+        data = serializers.serialize("json", [Event(dt=dt)])
         self.assert_json_contains_datetime(data, "2011-09-01T13:20:30+03:00")
-        obj = next(serializers.deserialize('json', data)).object
+        obj = next(serializers.deserialize("json", data)).object
         self.assertEqual(obj.dt, dt)
 
-        data = serializers.serialize('xml', [Event(dt=dt)])
+        data = serializers.serialize("xml", [Event(dt=dt)])
         self.assert_xml_contains_datetime(data, "2011-09-01T13:20:30+03:00")
-        obj = next(serializers.deserialize('xml', data)).object
+        obj = next(serializers.deserialize("xml", data)).object
         self.assertEqual(obj.dt, dt)
 
-        if not isinstance(serializers.get_serializer('yaml'), serializers.BadSerializer):
-            data = serializers.serialize('yaml', [Event(dt=dt)], default_flow_style=None)
+        if not isinstance(
+            serializers.get_serializer("yaml"), serializers.BadSerializer
+        ):
+            data = serializers.serialize(
+                "yaml", [Event(dt=dt)], default_flow_style=None
+            )
             self.assert_yaml_contains_datetime(data, "2011-09-01 13:20:30+03:00")
-            obj = next(serializers.deserialize('yaml', data)).object
-            if HAS_YAML and yaml.__version__ < '5.3':
+            obj = next(serializers.deserialize("yaml", data)).object
+            if HAS_YAML and yaml.__version__ < "5.3":
                 self.assertEqual(obj.dt.replace(tzinfo=UTC), dt)
             else:
                 self.assertEqual(obj.dt, dt)
@@ -805,26 +925,30 @@ class SerializationTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_aware_datetime_in_other_timezone(self):
         dt = datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 17, 20, 30, tzinfo=ICT)
 
-        data = serializers.serialize('python', [Event(dt=dt)])
+        data = serializers.serialize("python", [Event(dt=dt)])
         self.assert_python_contains_datetime(data, dt)
-        obj = next(serializers.deserialize('python', data)).object
+        obj = next(serializers.deserialize("python", data)).object
         self.assertEqual(obj.dt, dt)
 
-        data = serializers.serialize('json', [Event(dt=dt)])
+        data = serializers.serialize("json", [Event(dt=dt)])
         self.assert_json_contains_datetime(data, "2011-09-01T17:20:30+07:00")
-        obj = next(serializers.deserialize('json', data)).object
+        obj = next(serializers.deserialize("json", data)).object
         self.assertEqual(obj.dt, dt)
 
-        data = serializers.serialize('xml', [Event(dt=dt)])
+        data = serializers.serialize("xml", [Event(dt=dt)])
         self.assert_xml_contains_datetime(data, "2011-09-01T17:20:30+07:00")
-        obj = next(serializers.deserialize('xml', data)).object
+        obj = next(serializers.deserialize("xml", data)).object
         self.assertEqual(obj.dt, dt)
 
-        if not isinstance(serializers.get_serializer('yaml'), serializers.BadSerializer):
-            data = serializers.serialize('yaml', [Event(dt=dt)], default_flow_style=None)
+        if not isinstance(
+            serializers.get_serializer("yaml"), serializers.BadSerializer
+        ):
+            data = serializers.serialize(
+                "yaml", [Event(dt=dt)], default_flow_style=None
+            )
             self.assert_yaml_contains_datetime(data, "2011-09-01 17:20:30+07:00")
-            obj = next(serializers.deserialize('yaml', data)).object
-            if HAS_YAML and yaml.__version__ < '5.3':
+            obj = next(serializers.deserialize("yaml", data)).object
+            if HAS_YAML and yaml.__version__ < "5.3":
                 self.assertEqual(obj.dt.replace(tzinfo=UTC), dt)
             else:
                 self.assertEqual(obj.dt, dt)
@@ -833,7 +957,9 @@ class SerializationTests(SimpleTestCase):
 # RemovedInDjango50Warning: When the deprecation ends, remove setUpClass() and
 # USE_L10N=False. The tests should remain because format-related settings will
 # take precedence over locale-dictated formats.
-@override_settings(DATETIME_FORMAT='c', TIME_ZONE='Africa/Nairobi', USE_L10N=False, USE_TZ=True)
+@override_settings(
+    DATETIME_FORMAT="c", TIME_ZONE="Africa/Nairobi", USE_L10N=False, USE_TZ=True
+)
 class TemplateTests(SimpleTestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
@@ -846,22 +972,24 @@ class TemplateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Test the {% localtime %} templatetag and related filters.
         """
         datetimes = {
-            'utc': datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 10, 20, 30, tzinfo=UTC),
-            'eat': datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT),
-            'ict': datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 17, 20, 30, tzinfo=ICT),
-            'naive': datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30),
+            "utc": datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 10, 20, 30, tzinfo=UTC),
+            "eat": datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT),
+            "ict": datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 17, 20, 30, tzinfo=ICT),
+            "naive": datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30),
         }
         templates = {
-            'notag': Template("{% load tz %}{{ dt }}|{{ dt|localtime }}|{{ dt|utc }}|{{ dt|timezone:ICT }}"),
-            'noarg': Template(
+            "notag": Template(
+                "{% load tz %}{{ dt }}|{{ dt|localtime }}|{{ dt|utc }}|{{ dt|timezone:ICT }}"
+            ),
+            "noarg": Template(
                 "{% load tz %}{% localtime %}{{ dt }}|{{ dt|localtime }}|"
                 "{{ dt|utc }}|{{ dt|timezone:ICT }}{% endlocaltime %}"
             ),
-            'on': Template(
+            "on": Template(
                 "{% load tz %}{% localtime on %}{{ dt }}|{{ dt|localtime }}|"
                 "{{ dt|utc }}|{{ dt|timezone:ICT }}{% endlocaltime %}"
             ),
-            'off': Template(
+            "off": Template(
                 "{% load tz %}{% localtime off %}{{ dt }}|{{ dt|localtime }}|"
                 "{{ dt|utc }}|{{ dt|timezone:ICT }}{% endlocaltime %}"
             ),
@@ -870,56 +998,62 @@ class TemplateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # Transform a list of keys in 'datetimes' to the expected template
         # output. This makes the definition of 'results' more readable.
         def t(*result):
-            return '|'.join(datetimes[key].isoformat() for key in result)
+            return "|".join(datetimes[key].isoformat() for key in result)
 
         # Results for USE_TZ = True
 
         results = {
-            'utc': {
-                'notag': t('eat', 'eat', 'utc', 'ict'),
-                'noarg': t('eat', 'eat', 'utc', 'ict'),
-                'on': t('eat', 'eat', 'utc', 'ict'),
-                'off': t('utc', 'eat', 'utc', 'ict'),
+            "utc": {
+                "notag": t("eat", "eat", "utc", "ict"),
+                "noarg": t("eat", "eat", "utc", "ict"),
+                "on": t("eat", "eat", "utc", "ict"),
+                "off": t("utc", "eat", "utc", "ict"),
             },
-            'eat': {
-                'notag': t('eat', 'eat', 'utc', 'ict'),
-                'noarg': t('eat', 'eat', 'utc', 'ict'),
-                'on': t('eat', 'eat', 'utc', 'ict'),
-                'off': t('eat', 'eat', 'utc', 'ict'),
+            "eat": {
+                "notag": t("eat", "eat", "utc", "ict"),
+                "noarg": t("eat", "eat", "utc", "ict"),
+                "on": t("eat", "eat", "utc", "ict"),
+                "off": t("eat", "eat", "utc", "ict"),
             },
-            'ict': {
-                'notag': t('eat', 'eat', 'utc', 'ict'),
-                'noarg': t('eat', 'eat', 'utc', 'ict'),
-                'on': t('eat', 'eat', 'utc', 'ict'),
-                'off': t('ict', 'eat', 'utc', 'ict'),
+            "ict": {
+                "notag": t("eat", "eat", "utc", "ict"),
+                "noarg": t("eat", "eat", "utc", "ict"),
+                "on": t("eat", "eat", "utc", "ict"),
+                "off": t("ict", "eat", "utc", "ict"),
+            },
+            "naive": {
+                "notag": t("naive", "eat", "utc", "ict"),
+                "noarg": t("naive", "eat", "utc", "ict"),
+                "on": t("naive", "eat", "utc", "ict"),
+                "off": t("naive", "eat", "utc", "ict"),
             },
-            'naive': {
-                'notag': t('naive', 'eat', 'utc', 'ict'),
-                'noarg': t('naive', 'eat', 'utc', 'ict'),
-                'on': t('naive', 'eat', 'utc', 'ict'),
-                'off': t('naive', 'eat', 'utc', 'ict'),
-            }
         }
 
         for k1, dt in datetimes.items():
             for k2, tpl in templates.items():
-                ctx = Context({'dt': dt, 'ICT': ICT})
+                ctx = Context({"dt": dt, "ICT": ICT})
                 actual = tpl.render(ctx)
                 expected = results[k1][k2]
-                self.assertEqual(actual, expected, '%s / %s: %r != %r' % (k1, k2, actual, expected))
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    actual, expected, "%s / %s: %r != %r" % (k1, k2, actual, expected)
+                )
 
         # Changes for USE_TZ = False
 
-        results['utc']['notag'] = t('utc', 'eat', 'utc', 'ict')
-        results['ict']['notag'] = t('ict', 'eat', 'utc', 'ict')
+        results["utc"]["notag"] = t("utc", "eat", "utc", "ict")
+        results["ict"]["notag"] = t("ict", "eat", "utc", "ict")
 
         with self.settings(USE_TZ=False):
             for k1, dt in datetimes.items():
                 for k2, tpl in templates.items():
-                    ctx = Context({'dt': dt, 'ICT': ICT})
+                    ctx = Context({"dt": dt, "ICT": ICT})
                     actual = tpl.render(ctx)
                     expected = results[k1][k2]
-                    self.assertEqual(actual, expected, '%s / %s: %r != %r' % (k1, k2, actual, expected))
+                    self.assertEqual(
+                        actual,
+                        expected,
+                        "%s / %s: %r != %r" % (k1, k2, actual, expected),
+                    )
 
     def test_localtime_filters_with_iana(self):
         """
@@ -927,19 +1061,23 @@ class TemplateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         # Use an IANA timezone as local time
         tpl = Template("{% load tz %}{{ dt|localtime }}|{{ dt|utc }}")
-        ctx = Context({'dt': datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30)})
+        ctx = Context({"dt": datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30)})
 
-        with self.settings(TIME_ZONE='Europe/Paris'):
-            self.assertEqual(tpl.render(ctx), "2011-09-01T12:20:30+02:00|2011-09-01T10:20:30+00:00")
+        with self.settings(TIME_ZONE="Europe/Paris"):
+            self.assertEqual(
+                tpl.render(ctx), "2011-09-01T12:20:30+02:00|2011-09-01T10:20:30+00:00"
+            )
 
         # Use an IANA timezone as argument
-        for tz in get_timezones('Europe/Paris'):
+        for tz in get_timezones("Europe/Paris"):
             with self.subTest(repr(tz)):
                 tpl = Template("{% load tz %}{{ dt|timezone:tz }}")
-                ctx = Context({
-                    'dt': datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30),
-                    'tz': tz,
-                })
+                ctx = Context(
+                    {
+                        "dt": datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30),
+                        "tz": tz,
+                    }
+                )
                 self.assertEqual(tpl.render(ctx), "2011-09-01T12:20:30+02:00")
 
     def test_localtime_templatetag_invalid_argument(self):
@@ -950,18 +1088,22 @@ class TemplateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         Test the |localtime, |utc, and |timezone filters on bad inputs.
         """
-        tpl = Template("{% load tz %}{{ dt }}|{{ dt|localtime }}|{{ dt|utc }}|{{ dt|timezone:tz }}")
+        tpl = Template(
+            "{% load tz %}{{ dt }}|{{ dt|localtime }}|{{ dt|utc }}|{{ dt|timezone:tz }}"
+        )
         with self.settings(USE_TZ=True):
             # bad datetime value
-            ctx = Context({'dt': None, 'tz': ICT})
+            ctx = Context({"dt": None, "tz": ICT})
             self.assertEqual(tpl.render(ctx), "None|||")
-            ctx = Context({'dt': 'not a date', 'tz': ICT})
+            ctx = Context({"dt": "not a date", "tz": ICT})
             self.assertEqual(tpl.render(ctx), "not a date|||")
             # bad timezone value
             tpl = Template("{% load tz %}{{ dt|timezone:tz }}")
-            ctx = Context({'dt': datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30), 'tz': None})
+            ctx = Context({"dt": datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30), "tz": None})
             self.assertEqual(tpl.render(ctx), "")
-            ctx = Context({'dt': datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30), 'tz': 'not a tz'})
+            ctx = Context(
+                {"dt": datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30), "tz": "not a tz"}
+            )
             self.assertEqual(tpl.render(ctx), "")
 
     @requires_tz_support
@@ -979,14 +1121,16 @@ class TemplateTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "{% endtimezone %}"
             "{% endtimezone %}"
         )
-        ctx = Context({
-            'dt': datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 10, 20, 30, tzinfo=UTC),
-            'tz1': ICT,
-            'tz2': None,
-        })
+        ctx = Context(
+            {
+                "dt": datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 10, 20, 30, tzinfo=UTC),
+                "tz1": ICT,
+                "tz2": None,
+            }
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             tpl.render(ctx),
-            "2011-09-01T13:20:30+03:00|2011-09-01T17:20:30+07:00|2011-09-01T13:20:30+03:00"
+            "2011-09-01T13:20:30+03:00|2011-09-01T17:20:30+07:00|2011-09-01T13:20:30+03:00",
         )
 
     def test_timezone_templatetag_with_iana(self):
@@ -996,19 +1140,23 @@ class TemplateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         tpl = Template("{% load tz %}{% timezone tz %}{{ dt }}{% endtimezone %}")
 
         # Use a IANA timezone as argument
-        for tz in get_timezones('Europe/Paris'):
+        for tz in get_timezones("Europe/Paris"):
             with self.subTest(repr(tz)):
-                ctx = Context({
-                    'dt': datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT),
-                    'tz': tz,
-                })
+                ctx = Context(
+                    {
+                        "dt": datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT),
+                        "tz": tz,
+                    }
+                )
                 self.assertEqual(tpl.render(ctx), "2011-09-01T12:20:30+02:00")
 
         # Use a IANA timezone name as argument
-        ctx = Context({
-            'dt': datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT),
-            'tz': 'Europe/Paris',
-        })
+        ctx = Context(
+            {
+                "dt": datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT),
+                "tz": "Europe/Paris",
+            }
+        )
         self.assertEqual(tpl.render(ctx), "2011-09-01T12:20:30+02:00")
 
     @ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning)
@@ -1016,17 +1164,25 @@ class TemplateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateSyntaxError):
             Template("{% load tz %}{% timezone %}{% endtimezone %}").render()
         with self.assertRaises(zoneinfo.ZoneInfoNotFoundError):
-            Template("{% load tz %}{% timezone tz %}{% endtimezone %}").render(Context({'tz': 'foobar'}))
+            Template("{% load tz %}{% timezone tz %}{% endtimezone %}").render(
+                Context({"tz": "foobar"})
+            )
         if pytz is not None:
-            with override_settings(USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ=True), self.assertRaises(pytz.UnknownTimeZoneError):
-                Template("{% load tz %}{% timezone tz %}{% endtimezone %}").render(Context({'tz': 'foobar'}))
+            with override_settings(USE_DEPRECATED_PYTZ=True), self.assertRaises(
+                pytz.UnknownTimeZoneError
+            ):
+                Template("{% load tz %}{% timezone tz %}{% endtimezone %}").render(
+                    Context({"tz": "foobar"})
+                )
 
-    @skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32', "Windows uses non-standard time zone names")
+    @skipIf(sys.platform == "win32", "Windows uses non-standard time zone names")
     def test_get_current_timezone_templatetag(self):
         """
         Test the {% get_current_timezone %} templatetag.
         """
-        tpl = Template("{% load tz %}{% get_current_timezone as time_zone %}{{ time_zone }}")
+        tpl = Template(
+            "{% load tz %}{% get_current_timezone as time_zone %}{{ time_zone }}"
+        )
 
         self.assertEqual(tpl.render(Context()), "Africa/Nairobi")
         with timezone.override(UTC):
@@ -1037,16 +1193,18 @@ class TemplateTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "{% endtimezone %}{{ time_zone }}"
         )
 
-        self.assertEqual(tpl.render(Context({'tz': ICT})), "+0700")
+        self.assertEqual(tpl.render(Context({"tz": ICT})), "+0700")
         with timezone.override(UTC):
-            self.assertEqual(tpl.render(Context({'tz': ICT})), "+0700")
+            self.assertEqual(tpl.render(Context({"tz": ICT})), "+0700")
 
     def test_get_current_timezone_templatetag_with_iana(self):
         """
         Test the {% get_current_timezone %} templatetag with pytz.
         """
-        tpl = Template("{% load tz %}{% get_current_timezone as time_zone %}{{ time_zone }}")
-        for tz in get_timezones('Europe/Paris'):
+        tpl = Template(
+            "{% load tz %}{% get_current_timezone as time_zone %}{{ time_zone }}"
+        )
+        for tz in get_timezones("Europe/Paris"):
             with self.subTest(repr(tz)):
                 with timezone.override(tz):
                     self.assertEqual(tpl.render(Context()), "Europe/Paris")
@@ -1063,7 +1221,7 @@ class TemplateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TemplateSyntaxError, msg):
             Template("{% load tz %}{% get_current_timezone %}").render()
 
-    @skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32', "Windows uses non-standard time zone names")
+    @skipIf(sys.platform == "win32", "Windows uses non-standard time zone names")
     def test_tz_template_context_processor(self):
         """
         Test the django.template.context_processors.tz template context processor.
@@ -1071,13 +1229,15 @@ class TemplateTests(SimpleTestCase):
         tpl = Template("{{ TIME_ZONE }}")
         context = Context()
         self.assertEqual(tpl.render(context), "")
-        request_context = RequestContext(HttpRequest(), processors=[context_processors.tz])
+        request_context = RequestContext(
+            HttpRequest(), processors=[context_processors.tz]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(tpl.render(request_context), "Africa/Nairobi")
 
     @requires_tz_support
     def test_date_and_time_template_filters(self):
         tpl = Template("{{ dt|date:'Y-m-d' }} at {{ dt|time:'H:i:s' }}")
-        ctx = Context({'dt': datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 20, 20, 20, tzinfo=UTC)})
+        ctx = Context({"dt": datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 20, 20, 20, tzinfo=UTC)})
         self.assertEqual(tpl.render(ctx), "2011-09-01 at 23:20:20")
         with timezone.override(ICT):
             self.assertEqual(tpl.render(ctx), "2011-09-02 at 03:20:20")
@@ -1087,7 +1247,7 @@ class TemplateTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "{% load tz %}{% localtime off %}{{ dt|date:'Y-m-d' }} at "
             "{{ dt|time:'H:i:s' }}{% endlocaltime %}"
         )
-        ctx = Context({'dt': datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 20, 20, 20, tzinfo=UTC)})
+        ctx = Context({"dt": datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 20, 20, 20, tzinfo=UTC)})
         self.assertEqual(tpl.render(ctx), "2011-09-01 at 20:20:20")
         with timezone.override(ICT):
             self.assertEqual(tpl.render(ctx), "2011-09-01 at 20:20:20")
@@ -1095,7 +1255,7 @@ class TemplateTests(SimpleTestCase):
     @requires_tz_support
     def test_now_template_tag_uses_current_time_zone(self):
         # Regression for #17343
-        tpl = Template("{% now \"O\" %}")
+        tpl = Template('{% now "O" %}')
         self.assertEqual(tpl.render(Context({})), "+0300")
         with timezone.override(ICT):
             self.assertEqual(tpl.render(Context({})), "+0700")
@@ -1104,7 +1264,9 @@ class TemplateTests(SimpleTestCase):
 # RemovedInDjango50Warning: When the deprecation ends, remove setUpClass() and
 # USE_L10N=False. The tests should remain because format-related settings will
 # take precedence over locale-dictated formats.
-@override_settings(DATETIME_FORMAT='c', TIME_ZONE='Africa/Nairobi', USE_L10N=False, USE_TZ=False)
+@override_settings(
+    DATETIME_FORMAT="c", TIME_ZONE="Africa/Nairobi", USE_L10N=False, USE_TZ=False
+)
 class LegacyFormsTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
@@ -1112,35 +1274,45 @@ class LegacyFormsTests(TestCase):
             super().setUpClass()
 
     def test_form(self):
-        form = EventForm({'dt': '2011-09-01 13:20:30'})
+        form = EventForm({"dt": "2011-09-01 13:20:30"})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['dt'], datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.cleaned_data["dt"], datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30)
+        )
 
     def test_form_with_non_existent_time(self):
-        form = EventForm({'dt': '2011-03-27 02:30:00'})
-        for tz in get_timezones('Europe/Paris'):
+        form = EventForm({"dt": "2011-03-27 02:30:00"})
+        for tz in get_timezones("Europe/Paris"):
             with self.subTest(repr(tz)):
                 with timezone.override(tz):
                     # This is a bug.
                     self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-                    self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['dt'], datetime.datetime(2011, 3, 27, 2, 30, 0))
+                    self.assertEqual(
+                        form.cleaned_data["dt"],
+                        datetime.datetime(2011, 3, 27, 2, 30, 0),
+                    )
 
     def test_form_with_ambiguous_time(self):
-        form = EventForm({'dt': '2011-10-30 02:30:00'})
-        for tz in get_timezones('Europe/Paris'):
+        form = EventForm({"dt": "2011-10-30 02:30:00"})
+        for tz in get_timezones("Europe/Paris"):
             with self.subTest(repr(tz)):
                 with timezone.override(tz):
                     # This is a bug.
                     self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-                    self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['dt'], datetime.datetime(2011, 10, 30, 2, 30, 0))
+                    self.assertEqual(
+                        form.cleaned_data["dt"],
+                        datetime.datetime(2011, 10, 30, 2, 30, 0),
+                    )
 
     def test_split_form(self):
-        form = EventSplitForm({'dt_0': '2011-09-01', 'dt_1': '13:20:30'})
+        form = EventSplitForm({"dt_0": "2011-09-01", "dt_1": "13:20:30"})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['dt'], datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.cleaned_data["dt"], datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30)
+        )
 
     def test_model_form(self):
-        EventModelForm({'dt': '2011-09-01 13:20:30'}).save()
+        EventModelForm({"dt": "2011-09-01 13:20:30"}).save()
         e = Event.objects.get()
         self.assertEqual(e.dt, datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30))
 
@@ -1148,7 +1320,9 @@ class LegacyFormsTests(TestCase):
 # RemovedInDjango50Warning: When the deprecation ends, remove setUpClass() and
 # USE_L10N=False. The tests should remain because format-related settings will
 # take precedence over locale-dictated formats.
-@override_settings(DATETIME_FORMAT='c', TIME_ZONE='Africa/Nairobi', USE_L10N=False, USE_TZ=True)
+@override_settings(
+    DATETIME_FORMAT="c", TIME_ZONE="Africa/Nairobi", USE_L10N=False, USE_TZ=True
+)
 class NewFormsTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
@@ -1157,73 +1331,88 @@ class NewFormsTests(TestCase):
 
     @requires_tz_support
     def test_form(self):
-        form = EventForm({'dt': '2011-09-01 13:20:30'})
+        form = EventForm({"dt": "2011-09-01 13:20:30"})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['dt'], datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 10, 20, 30, tzinfo=UTC))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.cleaned_data["dt"],
+            datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 10, 20, 30, tzinfo=UTC),
+        )
 
     def test_form_with_other_timezone(self):
-        form = EventForm({'dt': '2011-09-01 17:20:30'})
+        form = EventForm({"dt": "2011-09-01 17:20:30"})
         with timezone.override(ICT):
             self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-            self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['dt'], datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 10, 20, 30, tzinfo=UTC))
+            self.assertEqual(
+                form.cleaned_data["dt"],
+                datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 10, 20, 30, tzinfo=UTC),
+            )
 
     def test_form_with_non_existent_time(self):
-        for tz in get_timezones('Europe/Paris'):
+        for tz in get_timezones("Europe/Paris"):
             with self.subTest(repr(tz)):
                 with timezone.override(tz):
-                    form = EventForm({'dt': '2011-03-27 02:30:00'})
+                    form = EventForm({"dt": "2011-03-27 02:30:00"})
                     self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
                     self.assertEqual(
-                        form.errors['dt'], [
-                            '2011-03-27 02:30:00 couldn’t be interpreted in time zone '
-                            'Europe/Paris; it may be ambiguous or it may not exist.'
-                        ]
+                        form.errors["dt"],
+                        [
+                            "2011-03-27 02:30:00 couldn’t be interpreted in time zone "
+                            "Europe/Paris; it may be ambiguous or it may not exist."
+                        ],
                     )
 
     def test_form_with_ambiguous_time(self):
-        for tz in get_timezones('Europe/Paris'):
+        for tz in get_timezones("Europe/Paris"):
             with self.subTest(repr(tz)):
                 with timezone.override(tz):
-                    form = EventForm({'dt': '2011-10-30 02:30:00'})
+                    form = EventForm({"dt": "2011-10-30 02:30:00"})
                     self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
                     self.assertEqual(
-                        form.errors['dt'], [
-                            '2011-10-30 02:30:00 couldn’t be interpreted in time zone '
-                            'Europe/Paris; it may be ambiguous or it may not exist.'
-                        ]
+                        form.errors["dt"],
+                        [
+                            "2011-10-30 02:30:00 couldn’t be interpreted in time zone "
+                            "Europe/Paris; it may be ambiguous or it may not exist."
+                        ],
                     )
 
     @requires_tz_support
     def test_split_form(self):
-        form = EventSplitForm({'dt_0': '2011-09-01', 'dt_1': '13:20:30'})
+        form = EventSplitForm({"dt_0": "2011-09-01", "dt_1": "13:20:30"})
         self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data['dt'], datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 10, 20, 30, tzinfo=UTC))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            form.cleaned_data["dt"],
+            datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 10, 20, 30, tzinfo=UTC),
+        )
 
     @requires_tz_support
     def test_localized_form(self):
-        form = EventLocalizedForm(initial={'dt': datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT)})
+        form = EventLocalizedForm(
+            initial={"dt": datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT)}
+        )
         with timezone.override(ICT):
             self.assertIn("2011-09-01 17:20:30", str(form))
 
     @requires_tz_support
     def test_model_form(self):
-        EventModelForm({'dt': '2011-09-01 13:20:30'}).save()
+        EventModelForm({"dt": "2011-09-01 13:20:30"}).save()
         e = Event.objects.get()
         self.assertEqual(e.dt, datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 10, 20, 30, tzinfo=UTC))
 
     @requires_tz_support
     def test_localized_model_form(self):
-        form = EventLocalizedModelForm(instance=Event(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT)))
+        form = EventLocalizedModelForm(
+            instance=Event(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT))
+        )
         with timezone.override(ICT):
             self.assertIn("2011-09-01 17:20:30", str(form))
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    DATETIME_FORMAT='c',
-    TIME_ZONE='Africa/Nairobi',
+    DATETIME_FORMAT="c",
+    TIME_ZONE="Africa/Nairobi",
     USE_L10N=False,
     USE_TZ=True,
-    ROOT_URLCONF='timezones.urls',
+    ROOT_URLCONF="timezones.urls",
 )
 class AdminTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
@@ -1234,10 +1423,15 @@ class AdminTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.u1 = User.objects.create_user(
-            password='secret',
+            password="secret",
             last_login=datetime.datetime(2007, 5, 30, 13, 20, 10, tzinfo=UTC),
-            is_superuser=True, username='super', first_name='Super', last_name='User',
-            email='super@example.com', is_staff=True, is_active=True,
+            is_superuser=True,
+            username="super",
+            first_name="Super",
+            last_name="User",
+            email="super@example.com",
+            is_staff=True,
+            is_active=True,
             date_joined=datetime.datetime(2007, 5, 30, 13, 20, 10, tzinfo=UTC),
         )
 
@@ -1246,27 +1440,39 @@ class AdminTests(TestCase):
 
     @requires_tz_support
     def test_changelist(self):
-        e = Event.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 10, 20, 30, tzinfo=UTC))
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin_tz:timezones_event_changelist'))
+        e = Event.objects.create(
+            dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 10, 20, 30, tzinfo=UTC)
+        )
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin_tz:timezones_event_changelist"))
         self.assertContains(response, e.dt.astimezone(EAT).isoformat())
 
     def test_changelist_in_other_timezone(self):
-        e = Event.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 10, 20, 30, tzinfo=UTC))
+        e = Event.objects.create(
+            dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 10, 20, 30, tzinfo=UTC)
+        )
         with timezone.override(ICT):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin_tz:timezones_event_changelist'))
+            response = self.client.get(reverse("admin_tz:timezones_event_changelist"))
         self.assertContains(response, e.dt.astimezone(ICT).isoformat())
 
     @requires_tz_support
     def test_change_editable(self):
-        e = Event.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 10, 20, 30, tzinfo=UTC))
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin_tz:timezones_event_change', args=(e.pk,)))
+        e = Event.objects.create(
+            dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 10, 20, 30, tzinfo=UTC)
+        )
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin_tz:timezones_event_change", args=(e.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, e.dt.astimezone(EAT).date().isoformat())
         self.assertContains(response, e.dt.astimezone(EAT).time().isoformat())
 
     def test_change_editable_in_other_timezone(self):
-        e = Event.objects.create(dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 10, 20, 30, tzinfo=UTC))
+        e = Event.objects.create(
+            dt=datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 10, 20, 30, tzinfo=UTC)
+        )
         with timezone.override(ICT):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin_tz:timezones_event_change', args=(e.pk,)))
+            response = self.client.get(
+                reverse("admin_tz:timezones_event_change", args=(e.pk,))
+            )
         self.assertContains(response, e.dt.astimezone(ICT).date().isoformat())
         self.assertContains(response, e.dt.astimezone(ICT).time().isoformat())
 
@@ -1275,7 +1481,9 @@ class AdminTests(TestCase):
         Timestamp.objects.create()
         # re-fetch the object for backends that lose microseconds (MySQL)
         t = Timestamp.objects.get()
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin_tz:timezones_timestamp_change', args=(t.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin_tz:timezones_timestamp_change", args=(t.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, t.created.astimezone(EAT).isoformat())
 
     def test_change_readonly_in_other_timezone(self):
@@ -1283,5 +1491,7 @@ class AdminTests(TestCase):
         # re-fetch the object for backends that lose microseconds (MySQL)
         t = Timestamp.objects.get()
         with timezone.override(ICT):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin_tz:timezones_timestamp_change', args=(t.pk,)))
+            response = self.client.get(
+                reverse("admin_tz:timezones_timestamp_change", args=(t.pk,))
+            )
         self.assertContains(response, t.created.astimezone(ICT).isoformat())
diff --git a/tests/timezones/urls.py b/tests/timezones/urls.py
index 3955b5354f..d9e99f48c5 100644
--- a/tests/timezones/urls.py
+++ b/tests/timezones/urls.py
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ from django.urls import path
 from . import admin as tz_admin  # NOQA: register tz_admin
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('admin/', tz_admin.site.urls),
+    path("admin/", tz_admin.site.urls),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/transaction_hooks/tests.py b/tests/transaction_hooks/tests.py
index 3f3a19e568..4a563088ab 100644
--- a/tests/transaction_hooks/tests.py
+++ b/tests/transaction_hooks/tests.py
@@ -15,13 +15,14 @@ class TestConnectionOnCommit(TransactionTestCase):
     Creation/checking of database objects in parallel with callback tracking is
     to verify that the behavior of the two match in all tested cases.
     """
-    available_apps = ['transaction_hooks']
+
+    available_apps = ["transaction_hooks"]
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.notified = []
 
     def notify(self, id_):
-        if id_ == 'error':
+        if id_ == "error":
             raise ForcedError()
         self.notified.append(id_)
 
@@ -163,7 +164,7 @@ class TestConnectionOnCommit(TransactionTestCase):
 
         self.assertDone([2])
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('test_db_allows_multiple_connections')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("test_db_allows_multiple_connections")
     def test_hooks_cleared_on_reconnect(self):
         with transaction.atomic():
             self.do(1)
@@ -179,7 +180,7 @@ class TestConnectionOnCommit(TransactionTestCase):
     def test_error_in_hook_doesnt_prevent_clearing_hooks(self):
         try:
             with transaction.atomic():
-                transaction.on_commit(lambda: self.notify('error'))
+                transaction.on_commit(lambda: self.notify("error"))
         except ForcedError:
             pass
 
@@ -224,11 +225,11 @@ class TestConnectionOnCommit(TransactionTestCase):
 
     def test_raises_exception_non_autocommit_mode(self):
         def should_never_be_called():
-            raise AssertionError('this function should never be called')
+            raise AssertionError("this function should never be called")
 
         try:
             connection.set_autocommit(False)
-            msg = 'on_commit() cannot be used in manual transaction management'
+            msg = "on_commit() cannot be used in manual transaction management"
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(transaction.TransactionManagementError, msg):
                 transaction.on_commit(should_never_be_called)
         finally:
diff --git a/tests/transactions/models.py b/tests/transactions/models.py
index 2f2bac463a..9506bace35 100644
--- a/tests/transactions/models.py
+++ b/tests/transactions/models.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class Reporter(models.Model):
     email = models.EmailField()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('first_name', 'last_name')
+        ordering = ("first_name", "last_name")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return ("%s %s" % (self.first_name, self.last_name)).strip()
diff --git a/tests/transactions/tests.py b/tests/transactions/tests.py
index dda4b3680a..3215ecb175 100644
--- a/tests/transactions/tests.py
+++ b/tests/transactions/tests.py
@@ -4,17 +4,24 @@ import time
 from unittest import skipIf, skipUnless
 
 from django.db import (
-    DatabaseError, Error, IntegrityError, OperationalError, connection,
+    DatabaseError,
+    Error,
+    IntegrityError,
+    OperationalError,
+    connection,
     transaction,
 )
 from django.test import (
-    TestCase, TransactionTestCase, skipIfDBFeature, skipUnlessDBFeature,
+    TestCase,
+    TransactionTestCase,
+    skipIfDBFeature,
+    skipUnlessDBFeature,
 )
 
 from .models import Reporter
 
 
-@skipUnlessDBFeature('uses_savepoints')
+@skipUnlessDBFeature("uses_savepoints")
 class AtomicTests(TransactionTestCase):
     """
     Tests for the atomic decorator and context manager.
@@ -27,12 +34,13 @@ class AtomicTests(TransactionTestCase):
     syntax and the bulk of the tests use the context manager syntax.
     """
 
-    available_apps = ['transactions']
+    available_apps = ["transactions"]
 
     def test_decorator_syntax_commit(self):
         @transaction.atomic
         def make_reporter():
             return Reporter.objects.create(first_name="Tintin")
+
         reporter = make_reporter()
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.all(), [reporter])
 
@@ -41,6 +49,7 @@ class AtomicTests(TransactionTestCase):
         def make_reporter():
             Reporter.objects.create(first_name="Haddock")
             raise Exception("Oops, that's his last name")
+
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(Exception, "Oops"):
             make_reporter()
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.all(), [])
@@ -49,6 +58,7 @@ class AtomicTests(TransactionTestCase):
         @transaction.atomic()
         def make_reporter():
             return Reporter.objects.create(first_name="Tintin")
+
         reporter = make_reporter()
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.all(), [reporter])
 
@@ -57,6 +67,7 @@ class AtomicTests(TransactionTestCase):
         def make_reporter():
             Reporter.objects.create(first_name="Haddock")
             raise Exception("Oops, that's his last name")
+
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(Exception, "Oops"):
             make_reporter()
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.all(), [])
@@ -77,7 +88,9 @@ class AtomicTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with transaction.atomic():
             reporter1 = Reporter.objects.create(first_name="Tintin")
             with transaction.atomic():
-                reporter2 = Reporter.objects.create(first_name="Archibald", last_name="Haddock")
+                reporter2 = Reporter.objects.create(
+                    first_name="Archibald", last_name="Haddock"
+                )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.all(), [reporter2, reporter1])
 
     def test_nested_commit_rollback(self):
@@ -113,7 +126,9 @@ class AtomicTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with transaction.atomic():
             reporter1 = Reporter.objects.create(first_name="Tintin")
             with transaction.atomic(savepoint=False):
-                reporter2 = Reporter.objects.create(first_name="Archibald", last_name="Haddock")
+                reporter2 = Reporter.objects.create(
+                    first_name="Archibald", last_name="Haddock"
+                )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.all(), [reporter2, reporter1])
 
     def test_merged_commit_rollback(self):
@@ -151,7 +166,9 @@ class AtomicTests(TransactionTestCase):
         with atomic:
             reporter1 = Reporter.objects.create(first_name="Tintin")
             with atomic:
-                reporter2 = Reporter.objects.create(first_name="Archibald", last_name="Haddock")
+                reporter2 = Reporter.objects.create(
+                    first_name="Archibald", last_name="Haddock"
+                )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.all(), [reporter2, reporter1])
 
     def test_reuse_commit_rollback(self):
@@ -202,8 +219,7 @@ class AtomicTests(TransactionTestCase):
             with self.assertRaises(DatabaseError):
                 with transaction.atomic(savepoint=False):
                     with connection.cursor() as cursor:
-                        cursor.execute(
-                            "SELECT no_such_col FROM transactions_reporter")
+                        cursor.execute("SELECT no_such_col FROM transactions_reporter")
             # prevent atomic from rolling back since we're recovering manually
             self.assertTrue(transaction.get_rollback())
             transaction.set_rollback(False)
@@ -235,11 +251,11 @@ class AtomicWithoutAutocommitTests(AtomicTests):
         transaction.set_autocommit(True)
 
 
-@skipUnlessDBFeature('uses_savepoints')
+@skipUnlessDBFeature("uses_savepoints")
 class AtomicMergeTests(TransactionTestCase):
     """Test merging transactions with savepoint=False."""
 
-    available_apps = ['transactions']
+    available_apps = ["transactions"]
 
     def test_merged_outer_rollback(self):
         with transaction.atomic():
@@ -285,25 +301,31 @@ class AtomicMergeTests(TransactionTestCase):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.all(), [reporter])
 
 
-@skipUnlessDBFeature('uses_savepoints')
+@skipUnlessDBFeature("uses_savepoints")
 class AtomicErrorsTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['transactions']
+    available_apps = ["transactions"]
     forbidden_atomic_msg = "This is forbidden when an 'atomic' block is active."
 
     def test_atomic_prevents_setting_autocommit(self):
         autocommit = transaction.get_autocommit()
         with transaction.atomic():
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(transaction.TransactionManagementError, self.forbidden_atomic_msg):
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                transaction.TransactionManagementError, self.forbidden_atomic_msg
+            ):
                 transaction.set_autocommit(not autocommit)
         # Make sure autocommit wasn't changed.
         self.assertEqual(connection.autocommit, autocommit)
 
     def test_atomic_prevents_calling_transaction_methods(self):
         with transaction.atomic():
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(transaction.TransactionManagementError, self.forbidden_atomic_msg):
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                transaction.TransactionManagementError, self.forbidden_atomic_msg
+            ):
                 transaction.commit()
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(transaction.TransactionManagementError, self.forbidden_atomic_msg):
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                transaction.TransactionManagementError, self.forbidden_atomic_msg
+            ):
                 transaction.rollback()
 
     def test_atomic_prevents_queries_in_broken_transaction(self):
@@ -321,7 +343,7 @@ class AtomicErrorsTests(TransactionTestCase):
                 r2.save(force_update=True)
         self.assertEqual(Reporter.objects.get(pk=r1.pk).last_name, "Haddock")
 
-    @skipIfDBFeature('atomic_transactions')
+    @skipIfDBFeature("atomic_transactions")
     def test_atomic_allows_queries_after_fixing_transaction(self):
         r1 = Reporter.objects.create(first_name="Archibald", last_name="Haddock")
         with transaction.atomic():
@@ -333,7 +355,7 @@ class AtomicErrorsTests(TransactionTestCase):
             r2.save(force_update=True)
         self.assertEqual(Reporter.objects.get(pk=r1.pk).last_name, "Calculus")
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('test_db_allows_multiple_connections')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("test_db_allows_multiple_connections")
     def test_atomic_prevents_queries_in_broken_transaction_after_client_close(self):
         with transaction.atomic():
             Reporter.objects.create(first_name="Archibald", last_name="Haddock")
@@ -348,10 +370,10 @@ class AtomicErrorsTests(TransactionTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(Reporter.objects.count(), 0)
 
 
-@skipUnless(connection.vendor == 'mysql', "MySQL-specific behaviors")
+@skipUnless(connection.vendor == "mysql", "MySQL-specific behaviors")
 class AtomicMySQLTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['transactions']
+    available_apps = ["transactions"]
 
     @skipIf(threading is None, "Test requires threading")
     def test_implicit_savepoint_rollback(self):
@@ -375,7 +397,7 @@ class AtomicMySQLTests(TransactionTestCase):
         other_thread = threading.Thread(target=other_thread)
         other_thread.start()
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(OperationalError, 'Deadlock found'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(OperationalError, "Deadlock found"):
             # Double atomic to enter a transaction and create a savepoint.
             with transaction.atomic():
                 with transaction.atomic():
@@ -392,7 +414,7 @@ class AtomicMySQLTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
 class AtomicMiscTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['transactions']
+    available_apps = ["transactions"]
 
     def test_wrap_callable_instance(self):
         """#20028 -- Atomic must support wrapping callable instances."""
@@ -404,7 +426,7 @@ class AtomicMiscTests(TransactionTestCase):
         # Must not raise an exception
         transaction.atomic(Callable())
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_release_savepoints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("can_release_savepoints")
     def test_atomic_does_not_leak_savepoints_on_failure(self):
         """#23074 -- Savepoints must be released after rollback."""
 
@@ -489,8 +511,8 @@ class NonAutocommitTests(TransactionTestCase):
         ORM queries are allowed after an error and a rollback in non-autocommit
         mode (#27504).
         """
-        r1 = Reporter.objects.create(first_name='Archibald', last_name='Haddock')
-        r2 = Reporter(first_name='Cuthbert', last_name='Calculus', id=r1.id)
+        r1 = Reporter.objects.create(first_name="Archibald", last_name="Haddock")
+        r2 = Reporter(first_name="Cuthbert", last_name="Calculus", id=r1.id)
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
             r2.save(force_insert=True)
         transaction.rollback()
@@ -502,32 +524,32 @@ class NonAutocommitTests(TransactionTestCase):
 
 
 class DurableTestsBase:
-    available_apps = ['transactions']
+    available_apps = ["transactions"]
 
     def test_commit(self):
         with transaction.atomic(durable=True):
-            reporter = Reporter.objects.create(first_name='Tintin')
+            reporter = Reporter.objects.create(first_name="Tintin")
         self.assertEqual(Reporter.objects.get(), reporter)
 
     def test_nested_outer_durable(self):
         with transaction.atomic(durable=True):
-            reporter1 = Reporter.objects.create(first_name='Tintin')
+            reporter1 = Reporter.objects.create(first_name="Tintin")
             with transaction.atomic():
                 reporter2 = Reporter.objects.create(
-                    first_name='Archibald',
-                    last_name='Haddock',
+                    first_name="Archibald",
+                    last_name="Haddock",
                 )
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Reporter.objects.all(), [reporter2, reporter1])
 
     def test_nested_both_durable(self):
-        msg = 'A durable atomic block cannot be nested within another atomic block.'
+        msg = "A durable atomic block cannot be nested within another atomic block."
         with transaction.atomic(durable=True):
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, msg):
                 with transaction.atomic(durable=True):
                     pass
 
     def test_nested_inner_durable(self):
-        msg = 'A durable atomic block cannot be nested within another atomic block.'
+        msg = "A durable atomic block cannot be nested within another atomic block."
         with transaction.atomic():
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, msg):
                 with transaction.atomic(durable=True):
@@ -535,11 +557,11 @@ class DurableTestsBase:
 
     def test_sequence_of_durables(self):
         with transaction.atomic(durable=True):
-            reporter = Reporter.objects.create(first_name='Tintin 1')
-        self.assertEqual(Reporter.objects.get(first_name='Tintin 1'), reporter)
+            reporter = Reporter.objects.create(first_name="Tintin 1")
+        self.assertEqual(Reporter.objects.get(first_name="Tintin 1"), reporter)
         with transaction.atomic(durable=True):
-            reporter = Reporter.objects.create(first_name='Tintin 2')
-        self.assertEqual(Reporter.objects.get(first_name='Tintin 2'), reporter)
+            reporter = Reporter.objects.create(first_name="Tintin 2")
+        self.assertEqual(Reporter.objects.get(first_name="Tintin 2"), reporter)
 
 
 class DurableTransactionTests(DurableTestsBase, TransactionTestCase):
diff --git a/tests/unmanaged_models/models.py b/tests/unmanaged_models/models.py
index a3aefbe882..5262c15322 100644
--- a/tests/unmanaged_models/models.py
+++ b/tests/unmanaged_models/models.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class A01(models.Model):
     f_b = models.IntegerField()
 
     class Meta:
-        db_table = 'a01'
+        db_table = "a01"
 
 
 class B01(models.Model):
@@ -22,18 +22,18 @@ class B01(models.Model):
     f_b = models.IntegerField()
 
     class Meta:
-        db_table = 'b01'
+        db_table = "b01"
         # 'managed' is True by default. This tests we can set it explicitly.
         managed = True
 
 
 class C01(models.Model):
-    mm_a = models.ManyToManyField(A01, db_table='d01')
+    mm_a = models.ManyToManyField(A01, db_table="d01")
     f_a = models.CharField(max_length=10, db_index=True)
     f_b = models.IntegerField()
 
     class Meta:
-        db_table = 'c01'
+        db_table = "c01"
 
 
 # All of these models use the same tables as the previous set (they are shadows
@@ -45,13 +45,13 @@ class A02(models.Model):
     f_a = models.CharField(max_length=10, db_index=True)
 
     class Meta:
-        db_table = 'a01'
+        db_table = "a01"
         managed = False
 
 
 class B02(models.Model):
     class Meta:
-        db_table = 'b01'
+        db_table = "b01"
         managed = False
 
     fk_a = models.ForeignKey(A02, models.CASCADE)
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class C02(models.Model):
     f_b = models.IntegerField()
 
     class Meta:
-        db_table = 'c01'
+        db_table = "c01"
         managed = False
 
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class Intermediate(models.Model):
     c02 = models.ForeignKey(C02, models.CASCADE, db_column="c01_id")
 
     class Meta:
-        db_table = 'd01'
+        db_table = "d01"
         managed = False
 
 
diff --git a/tests/unmanaged_models/tests.py b/tests/unmanaged_models/tests.py
index 250aaaa435..79bd1aad06 100644
--- a/tests/unmanaged_models/tests.py
+++ b/tests/unmanaged_models/tests.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from .models import A01, A02, B01, B02, C01, C02, Managed1, Unmanaged2
 
 
 class SimpleTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_simple(self):
         """
         The main test here is that the all the models can be created without
@@ -37,23 +36,24 @@ class SimpleTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(len(resp), 1)
 
         self.assertIsInstance(resp[0], C02)
-        self.assertEqual(resp[0].f_a, 'barney')
+        self.assertEqual(resp[0].f_a, "barney")
 
 
 class ManyToManyUnmanagedTests(TestCase):
-
     def test_many_to_many_between_unmanaged(self):
         """
         The intermediary table between two unmanaged models should not be created.
         """
-        table = Unmanaged2._meta.get_field('mm').m2m_db_table()
+        table = Unmanaged2._meta.get_field("mm").m2m_db_table()
         tables = connection.introspection.table_names()
-        self.assertNotIn(table, tables, "Table '%s' should not exist, but it does." % table)
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            table, tables, "Table '%s' should not exist, but it does." % table
+        )
 
     def test_many_to_many_between_unmanaged_and_managed(self):
         """
         An intermediary table between a managed and an unmanaged model should be created.
         """
-        table = Managed1._meta.get_field('mm').m2m_db_table()
+        table = Managed1._meta.get_field("mm").m2m_db_table()
         tables = connection.introspection.table_names()
         self.assertIn(table, tables, "Table '%s' does not exist." % table)
diff --git a/tests/update/models.py b/tests/update/models.py
index 131c5b327e..3993763eca 100644
--- a/tests/update/models.py
+++ b/tests/update/models.py
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ class Foo(models.Model):
 
 
 class Bar(models.Model):
-    foo = models.ForeignKey(Foo, models.CASCADE, to_field='target')
-    m2m_foo = models.ManyToManyField(Foo, related_name='m2m_foo')
+    foo = models.ForeignKey(Foo, models.CASCADE, to_field="target")
+    m2m_foo = models.ManyToManyField(Foo, related_name="m2m_foo")
 
 
 class UniqueNumber(models.Model):
diff --git a/tests/update/tests.py b/tests/update/tests.py
index a90f0f8323..15a657fab0 100644
--- a/tests/update/tests.py
+++ b/tests/update/tests.py
@@ -8,7 +8,14 @@ from django.test import TestCase
 from django.test.utils import register_lookup
 
 from .models import (
-    A, B, Bar, D, DataPoint, Foo, RelatedPoint, UniqueNumber,
+    A,
+    B,
+    Bar,
+    D,
+    DataPoint,
+    Foo,
+    RelatedPoint,
+    UniqueNumber,
     UniqueNumberChild,
 )
 
@@ -70,7 +77,6 @@ class SimpleTest(TestCase):
 
 
 class AdvancedTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.d0 = DataPoint.objects.create(name="d0", value="apple")
@@ -93,9 +99,9 @@ class AdvancedTests(TestCase):
         """
         We can update multiple objects at once.
         """
-        resp = DataPoint.objects.filter(value='banana').update(value='pineapple')
+        resp = DataPoint.objects.filter(value="banana").update(value="pineapple")
         self.assertEqual(resp, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(DataPoint.objects.get(name="d2").value, 'pineapple')
+        self.assertEqual(DataPoint.objects.get(name="d2").value, "pineapple")
 
     def test_update_fk(self):
         """
@@ -112,36 +118,37 @@ class AdvancedTests(TestCase):
         Multiple fields can be updated at once
         """
         resp = DataPoint.objects.filter(value="apple").update(
-            value="fruit", another_value="peach")
+            value="fruit", another_value="peach"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(resp, 1)
         d = DataPoint.objects.get(name="d0")
-        self.assertEqual(d.value, 'fruit')
-        self.assertEqual(d.another_value, 'peach')
+        self.assertEqual(d.value, "fruit")
+        self.assertEqual(d.another_value, "peach")
 
     def test_update_all(self):
         """
         In the rare case you want to update every instance of a model, update()
         is also a manager method.
         """
-        self.assertEqual(DataPoint.objects.update(value='thing'), 3)
-        resp = DataPoint.objects.values('value').distinct()
-        self.assertEqual(list(resp), [{'value': 'thing'}])
+        self.assertEqual(DataPoint.objects.update(value="thing"), 3)
+        resp = DataPoint.objects.values("value").distinct()
+        self.assertEqual(list(resp), [{"value": "thing"}])
 
     def test_update_slice_fail(self):
         """
         We do not support update on already sliced query sets.
         """
         method = DataPoint.objects.all()[:2].update
-        msg = 'Cannot update a query once a slice has been taken.'
+        msg = "Cannot update a query once a slice has been taken."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            method(another_value='another thing')
+            method(another_value="another thing")
 
     def test_update_respects_to_field(self):
         """
         Update of an FK field which specifies a to_field works.
         """
-        a_foo = Foo.objects.create(target='aaa')
-        b_foo = Foo.objects.create(target='bbb')
+        a_foo = Foo.objects.create(target="aaa")
+        b_foo = Foo.objects.create(target="bbb")
         bar = Bar.objects.create(foo=a_foo)
         self.assertEqual(bar.foo_id, a_foo.target)
         bar_qs = Bar.objects.filter(pk=bar.pk)
@@ -151,80 +158,81 @@ class AdvancedTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_update_m2m_field(self):
         msg = (
-            'Cannot update model field '
-            '<django.db.models.fields.related.ManyToManyField: m2m_foo> '
-            '(only non-relations and foreign keys permitted).'
+            "Cannot update model field "
+            "<django.db.models.fields.related.ManyToManyField: m2m_foo> "
+            "(only non-relations and foreign keys permitted)."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
-            Bar.objects.update(m2m_foo='whatever')
+            Bar.objects.update(m2m_foo="whatever")
 
     def test_update_transformed_field(self):
         A.objects.create(x=5)
         A.objects.create(x=-6)
         with register_lookup(IntegerField, Abs):
-            A.objects.update(x=F('x__abs'))
-            self.assertCountEqual(A.objects.values_list('x', flat=True), [5, 6])
+            A.objects.update(x=F("x__abs"))
+            self.assertCountEqual(A.objects.values_list("x", flat=True), [5, 6])
 
     def test_update_annotated_queryset(self):
         """
         Update of a queryset that's been annotated.
         """
         # Trivial annotated update
-        qs = DataPoint.objects.annotate(alias=F('value'))
-        self.assertEqual(qs.update(another_value='foo'), 3)
+        qs = DataPoint.objects.annotate(alias=F("value"))
+        self.assertEqual(qs.update(another_value="foo"), 3)
         # Update where annotation is used for filtering
-        qs = DataPoint.objects.annotate(alias=F('value')).filter(alias='apple')
-        self.assertEqual(qs.update(another_value='foo'), 1)
+        qs = DataPoint.objects.annotate(alias=F("value")).filter(alias="apple")
+        self.assertEqual(qs.update(another_value="foo"), 1)
         # Update where annotation is used in update parameters
-        qs = DataPoint.objects.annotate(alias=F('value'))
-        self.assertEqual(qs.update(another_value=F('alias')), 3)
+        qs = DataPoint.objects.annotate(alias=F("value"))
+        self.assertEqual(qs.update(another_value=F("alias")), 3)
         # Update where aggregation annotation is used in update parameters
-        qs = DataPoint.objects.annotate(max=Max('value'))
+        qs = DataPoint.objects.annotate(max=Max("value"))
         msg = (
-            'Aggregate functions are not allowed in this query '
-            '(another_value=Max(Col(update_datapoint, update.DataPoint.value))).'
+            "Aggregate functions are not allowed in this query "
+            "(another_value=Max(Col(update_datapoint, update.DataPoint.value)))."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
-            qs.update(another_value=F('max'))
+            qs.update(another_value=F("max"))
 
     def test_update_annotated_multi_table_queryset(self):
         """
         Update of a queryset that's been annotated and involves multiple tables.
         """
         # Trivial annotated update
-        qs = DataPoint.objects.annotate(related_count=Count('relatedpoint'))
-        self.assertEqual(qs.update(value='Foo'), 3)
+        qs = DataPoint.objects.annotate(related_count=Count("relatedpoint"))
+        self.assertEqual(qs.update(value="Foo"), 3)
         # Update where annotation is used for filtering
-        qs = DataPoint.objects.annotate(related_count=Count('relatedpoint'))
-        self.assertEqual(qs.filter(related_count=1).update(value='Foo'), 1)
+        qs = DataPoint.objects.annotate(related_count=Count("relatedpoint"))
+        self.assertEqual(qs.filter(related_count=1).update(value="Foo"), 1)
         # Update where aggregation annotation is used in update parameters
-        qs = RelatedPoint.objects.annotate(max=Max('data__value'))
-        msg = 'Joined field references are not permitted in this query'
+        qs = RelatedPoint.objects.annotate(max=Max("data__value"))
+        msg = "Joined field references are not permitted in this query"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
-            qs.update(name=F('max'))
+            qs.update(name=F("max"))
 
     def test_update_with_joined_field_annotation(self):
-        msg = 'Joined field references are not permitted in this query'
+        msg = "Joined field references are not permitted in this query"
         with register_lookup(CharField, Lower):
             for annotation in (
-                F('data__name'),
-                F('data__name__lower'),
-                Lower('data__name'),
-                Concat('data__name', 'data__value'),
+                F("data__name"),
+                F("data__name__lower"),
+                Lower("data__name"),
+                Concat("data__name", "data__value"),
             ):
                 with self.subTest(annotation=annotation):
                     with self.assertRaisesMessage(FieldError, msg):
                         RelatedPoint.objects.annotate(
                             new_name=annotation,
-                        ).update(name=F('new_name'))
+                        ).update(name=F("new_name"))
 
 
 @unittest.skipUnless(
-    connection.vendor == 'mysql',
-    'UPDATE...ORDER BY syntax is supported on MySQL/MariaDB',
+    connection.vendor == "mysql",
+    "UPDATE...ORDER BY syntax is supported on MySQL/MariaDB",
 )
 class MySQLUpdateOrderByTest(TestCase):
     """Update field with a unique constraint using an ordered queryset."""
+
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         UniqueNumber.objects.create(number=1)
@@ -232,14 +240,14 @@ class MySQLUpdateOrderByTest(TestCase):
 
     def test_order_by_update_on_unique_constraint(self):
         tests = [
-            ('-number', 'id'),
-            (F('number').desc(), 'id'),
-            (F('number') * -1, 'id'),
+            ("-number", "id"),
+            (F("number").desc(), "id"),
+            (F("number") * -1, "id"),
         ]
         for ordering in tests:
             with self.subTest(ordering=ordering), transaction.atomic():
                 updated = UniqueNumber.objects.order_by(*ordering).update(
-                    number=F('number') + 1,
+                    number=F("number") + 1,
                 )
                 self.assertEqual(updated, 2)
 
@@ -247,10 +255,10 @@ class MySQLUpdateOrderByTest(TestCase):
         # Ordering by annotations is omitted because they cannot be resolved in
         # .update().
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
-            UniqueNumber.objects.annotate(
-                number_inverse=F('number').desc(),
-            ).order_by('number_inverse').update(
-                number=F('number') + 1,
+            UniqueNumber.objects.annotate(number_inverse=F("number").desc(),).order_by(
+                "number_inverse"
+            ).update(
+                number=F("number") + 1,
             )
 
     def test_order_by_update_on_parent_unique_constraint(self):
@@ -259,19 +267,19 @@ class MySQLUpdateOrderByTest(TestCase):
         UniqueNumberChild.objects.create(number=3)
         UniqueNumberChild.objects.create(number=4)
         with self.assertRaises(IntegrityError):
-            UniqueNumberChild.objects.order_by('number').update(
-                number=F('number') + 1,
+            UniqueNumberChild.objects.order_by("number").update(
+                number=F("number") + 1,
             )
 
     def test_order_by_update_on_related_field(self):
         # Ordering by related fields is omitted because joined fields cannot be
         # used in the ORDER BY clause.
-        data = DataPoint.objects.create(name='d0', value='apple')
-        related = RelatedPoint.objects.create(name='r0', data=data)
+        data = DataPoint.objects.create(name="d0", value="apple")
+        related = RelatedPoint.objects.create(name="r0", data=data)
         with self.assertNumQueries(1) as ctx:
-            updated = RelatedPoint.objects.order_by('data__name').update(name='new')
-        sql = ctx.captured_queries[0]['sql']
-        self.assertNotIn('ORDER BY', sql)
+            updated = RelatedPoint.objects.order_by("data__name").update(name="new")
+        sql = ctx.captured_queries[0]["sql"]
+        self.assertNotIn("ORDER BY", sql)
         self.assertEqual(updated, 1)
         related.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(related.name, 'new')
+        self.assertEqual(related.name, "new")
diff --git a/tests/update_only_fields/models.py b/tests/update_only_fields/models.py
index 3bba684d21..4810d5b191 100644
--- a/tests/update_only_fields/models.py
+++ b/tests/update_only_fields/models.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 from django.db import models
 
 
@@ -8,8 +7,8 @@ class Account(models.Model):
 
 class Person(models.Model):
     GENDER_CHOICES = (
-        ('M', 'Male'),
-        ('F', 'Female'),
+        ("M", "Male"),
+        ("F", "Female"),
     )
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     gender = models.CharField(max_length=1, choices=GENDER_CHOICES)
@@ -18,8 +17,10 @@ class Person(models.Model):
 
 class Employee(Person):
     employee_num = models.IntegerField(default=0)
-    profile = models.ForeignKey('Profile', models.SET_NULL, related_name='profiles', null=True)
-    accounts = models.ManyToManyField('Account', related_name='employees', blank=True)
+    profile = models.ForeignKey(
+        "Profile", models.SET_NULL, related_name="profiles", null=True
+    )
+    accounts = models.ManyToManyField("Account", related_name="employees", blank=True)
 
 
 class NonConcreteField(models.IntegerField):
diff --git a/tests/update_only_fields/tests.py b/tests/update_only_fields/tests.py
index 65a260338c..6c23ae27d8 100644
--- a/tests/update_only_fields/tests.py
+++ b/tests/update_only_fields/tests.py
@@ -6,25 +6,25 @@ from .models import Account, Employee, Person, Profile, ProxyEmployee
 
 class UpdateOnlyFieldsTests(TestCase):
     msg = (
-        'The following fields do not exist in this model, are m2m fields, or '
-        'are non-concrete fields: %s'
+        "The following fields do not exist in this model, are m2m fields, or "
+        "are non-concrete fields: %s"
     )
 
     def test_update_fields_basic(self):
-        s = Person.objects.create(name='Sara', gender='F')
-        self.assertEqual(s.gender, 'F')
+        s = Person.objects.create(name="Sara", gender="F")
+        self.assertEqual(s.gender, "F")
 
-        s.gender = 'M'
-        s.name = 'Ian'
-        s.save(update_fields=['name'])
+        s.gender = "M"
+        s.name = "Ian"
+        s.save(update_fields=["name"])
 
         s = Person.objects.get(pk=s.pk)
-        self.assertEqual(s.gender, 'F')
-        self.assertEqual(s.name, 'Ian')
+        self.assertEqual(s.gender, "F")
+        self.assertEqual(s.name, "Ian")
 
     def test_update_fields_deferred(self):
-        s = Person.objects.create(name='Sara', gender='F', pid=22)
-        self.assertEqual(s.gender, 'F')
+        s = Person.objects.create(name="Sara", gender="F", pid=22)
+        self.assertEqual(s.gender, "F")
 
         s1 = Person.objects.defer("gender", "pid").get(pk=s.pk)
         s1.name = "Emily"
@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@ class UpdateOnlyFieldsTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(s2.gender, "M")
 
     def test_update_fields_only_1(self):
-        s = Person.objects.create(name='Sara', gender='F')
-        self.assertEqual(s.gender, 'F')
+        s = Person.objects.create(name="Sara", gender="F")
+        self.assertEqual(s.gender, "F")
 
-        s1 = Person.objects.only('name').get(pk=s.pk)
+        s1 = Person.objects.only("name").get(pk=s.pk)
         s1.name = "Emily"
         s1.gender = "M"
 
@@ -53,47 +53,51 @@ class UpdateOnlyFieldsTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(s2.gender, "M")
 
     def test_update_fields_only_2(self):
-        s = Person.objects.create(name='Sara', gender='F', pid=22)
-        self.assertEqual(s.gender, 'F')
+        s = Person.objects.create(name="Sara", gender="F", pid=22)
+        self.assertEqual(s.gender, "F")
 
-        s1 = Person.objects.only('name').get(pk=s.pk)
+        s1 = Person.objects.only("name").get(pk=s.pk)
         s1.name = "Emily"
         s1.gender = "M"
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            s1.save(update_fields=['pid'])
+            s1.save(update_fields=["pid"])
 
         s2 = Person.objects.get(pk=s1.pk)
         self.assertEqual(s2.name, "Sara")
         self.assertEqual(s2.gender, "F")
 
     def test_update_fields_only_repeated(self):
-        s = Person.objects.create(name='Sara', gender='F')
-        self.assertEqual(s.gender, 'F')
+        s = Person.objects.create(name="Sara", gender="F")
+        self.assertEqual(s.gender, "F")
 
-        s1 = Person.objects.only('name').get(pk=s.pk)
-        s1.gender = 'M'
+        s1 = Person.objects.only("name").get(pk=s.pk)
+        s1.gender = "M"
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             s1.save()
         # save() should not fetch deferred fields
-        s1 = Person.objects.only('name').get(pk=s.pk)
+        s1 = Person.objects.only("name").get(pk=s.pk)
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             s1.save()
 
     def test_update_fields_inheritance_defer(self):
-        profile_boss = Profile.objects.create(name='Boss', salary=3000)
-        e1 = Employee.objects.create(name='Sara', gender='F', employee_num=1, profile=profile_boss)
-        e1 = Employee.objects.only('name').get(pk=e1.pk)
-        e1.name = 'Linda'
+        profile_boss = Profile.objects.create(name="Boss", salary=3000)
+        e1 = Employee.objects.create(
+            name="Sara", gender="F", employee_num=1, profile=profile_boss
+        )
+        e1 = Employee.objects.only("name").get(pk=e1.pk)
+        e1.name = "Linda"
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             e1.save()
-        self.assertEqual(Employee.objects.get(pk=e1.pk).name, 'Linda')
+        self.assertEqual(Employee.objects.get(pk=e1.pk).name, "Linda")
 
     def test_update_fields_fk_defer(self):
-        profile_boss = Profile.objects.create(name='Boss', salary=3000)
-        profile_receptionist = Profile.objects.create(name='Receptionist', salary=1000)
-        e1 = Employee.objects.create(name='Sara', gender='F', employee_num=1, profile=profile_boss)
-        e1 = Employee.objects.only('profile').get(pk=e1.pk)
+        profile_boss = Profile.objects.create(name="Boss", salary=3000)
+        profile_receptionist = Profile.objects.create(name="Receptionist", salary=1000)
+        e1 = Employee.objects.create(
+            name="Sara", gender="F", employee_num=1, profile=profile_boss
+        )
+        e1 = Employee.objects.only("profile").get(pk=e1.pk)
         e1.profile = profile_receptionist
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             e1.save()
@@ -104,10 +108,16 @@ class UpdateOnlyFieldsTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(Employee.objects.get(pk=e1.pk).profile, profile_boss)
 
     def test_select_related_only_interaction(self):
-        profile_boss = Profile.objects.create(name='Boss', salary=3000)
-        e1 = Employee.objects.create(name='Sara', gender='F', employee_num=1, profile=profile_boss)
-        e1 = Employee.objects.only('profile__salary').select_related('profile').get(pk=e1.pk)
-        profile_boss.name = 'Clerk'
+        profile_boss = Profile.objects.create(name="Boss", salary=3000)
+        e1 = Employee.objects.create(
+            name="Sara", gender="F", employee_num=1, profile=profile_boss
+        )
+        e1 = (
+            Employee.objects.only("profile__salary")
+            .select_related("profile")
+            .get(pk=e1.pk)
+        )
+        profile_boss.name = "Clerk"
         profile_boss.salary = 1000
         profile_boss.save()
         # The loaded salary of 3000 gets saved, the name of 'Clerk' isn't
@@ -119,112 +129,122 @@ class UpdateOnlyFieldsTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(reloaded_profile.salary, 3000)
 
     def test_update_fields_m2m(self):
-        profile_boss = Profile.objects.create(name='Boss', salary=3000)
-        e1 = Employee.objects.create(name='Sara', gender='F', employee_num=1, profile=profile_boss)
+        profile_boss = Profile.objects.create(name="Boss", salary=3000)
+        e1 = Employee.objects.create(
+            name="Sara", gender="F", employee_num=1, profile=profile_boss
+        )
         a1 = Account.objects.create(num=1)
         a2 = Account.objects.create(num=2)
         e1.accounts.set([a1, a2])
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, self.msg % 'accounts'):
-            e1.save(update_fields=['accounts'])
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, self.msg % "accounts"):
+            e1.save(update_fields=["accounts"])
 
     def test_update_fields_inheritance(self):
-        profile_boss = Profile.objects.create(name='Boss', salary=3000)
-        profile_receptionist = Profile.objects.create(name='Receptionist', salary=1000)
-        e1 = Employee.objects.create(name='Sara', gender='F', employee_num=1, profile=profile_boss)
+        profile_boss = Profile.objects.create(name="Boss", salary=3000)
+        profile_receptionist = Profile.objects.create(name="Receptionist", salary=1000)
+        e1 = Employee.objects.create(
+            name="Sara", gender="F", employee_num=1, profile=profile_boss
+        )
 
-        e1.name = 'Ian'
-        e1.gender = 'M'
-        e1.save(update_fields=['name'])
+        e1.name = "Ian"
+        e1.gender = "M"
+        e1.save(update_fields=["name"])
 
         e2 = Employee.objects.get(pk=e1.pk)
-        self.assertEqual(e2.name, 'Ian')
-        self.assertEqual(e2.gender, 'F')
+        self.assertEqual(e2.name, "Ian")
+        self.assertEqual(e2.gender, "F")
         self.assertEqual(e2.profile, profile_boss)
 
         e2.profile = profile_receptionist
-        e2.name = 'Sara'
-        e2.save(update_fields=['profile'])
+        e2.name = "Sara"
+        e2.save(update_fields=["profile"])
 
         e3 = Employee.objects.get(pk=e1.pk)
-        self.assertEqual(e3.name, 'Ian')
+        self.assertEqual(e3.name, "Ian")
         self.assertEqual(e3.profile, profile_receptionist)
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
             e3.profile = profile_boss
-            e3.save(update_fields=['profile_id'])
+            e3.save(update_fields=["profile_id"])
 
         e4 = Employee.objects.get(pk=e3.pk)
         self.assertEqual(e4.profile, profile_boss)
         self.assertEqual(e4.profile_id, profile_boss.pk)
 
     def test_update_fields_inheritance_with_proxy_model(self):
-        profile_boss = Profile.objects.create(name='Boss', salary=3000)
-        profile_receptionist = Profile.objects.create(name='Receptionist', salary=1000)
-        e1 = ProxyEmployee.objects.create(name='Sara', gender='F', employee_num=1, profile=profile_boss)
+        profile_boss = Profile.objects.create(name="Boss", salary=3000)
+        profile_receptionist = Profile.objects.create(name="Receptionist", salary=1000)
+        e1 = ProxyEmployee.objects.create(
+            name="Sara", gender="F", employee_num=1, profile=profile_boss
+        )
 
-        e1.name = 'Ian'
-        e1.gender = 'M'
-        e1.save(update_fields=['name'])
+        e1.name = "Ian"
+        e1.gender = "M"
+        e1.save(update_fields=["name"])
 
         e2 = ProxyEmployee.objects.get(pk=e1.pk)
-        self.assertEqual(e2.name, 'Ian')
-        self.assertEqual(e2.gender, 'F')
+        self.assertEqual(e2.name, "Ian")
+        self.assertEqual(e2.gender, "F")
         self.assertEqual(e2.profile, profile_boss)
 
         e2.profile = profile_receptionist
-        e2.name = 'Sara'
-        e2.save(update_fields=['profile'])
+        e2.name = "Sara"
+        e2.save(update_fields=["profile"])
 
         e3 = ProxyEmployee.objects.get(pk=e1.pk)
-        self.assertEqual(e3.name, 'Ian')
+        self.assertEqual(e3.name, "Ian")
         self.assertEqual(e3.profile, profile_receptionist)
 
     def test_update_fields_signals(self):
-        p = Person.objects.create(name='Sara', gender='F')
+        p = Person.objects.create(name="Sara", gender="F")
         pre_save_data = []
 
         def pre_save_receiver(**kwargs):
-            pre_save_data.append(kwargs['update_fields'])
+            pre_save_data.append(kwargs["update_fields"])
+
         pre_save.connect(pre_save_receiver)
         post_save_data = []
 
         def post_save_receiver(**kwargs):
-            post_save_data.append(kwargs['update_fields'])
+            post_save_data.append(kwargs["update_fields"])
+
         post_save.connect(post_save_receiver)
-        p.save(update_fields=['name'])
+        p.save(update_fields=["name"])
         self.assertEqual(len(pre_save_data), 1)
         self.assertEqual(len(pre_save_data[0]), 1)
-        self.assertIn('name', pre_save_data[0])
+        self.assertIn("name", pre_save_data[0])
         self.assertEqual(len(post_save_data), 1)
         self.assertEqual(len(post_save_data[0]), 1)
-        self.assertIn('name', post_save_data[0])
+        self.assertIn("name", post_save_data[0])
 
         pre_save.disconnect(pre_save_receiver)
         post_save.disconnect(post_save_receiver)
 
     def test_update_fields_incorrect_params(self):
-        s = Person.objects.create(name='Sara', gender='F')
+        s = Person.objects.create(name="Sara", gender="F")
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, self.msg % 'first_name'):
-            s.save(update_fields=['first_name'])
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, self.msg % "first_name"):
+            s.save(update_fields=["first_name"])
 
         # "name" is treated as an iterable so the output is something like
         # "n, a, m, e" but the order isn't deterministic.
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, self.msg % ''):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, self.msg % ""):
             s.save(update_fields="name")
 
     def test_empty_update_fields(self):
-        s = Person.objects.create(name='Sara', gender='F')
+        s = Person.objects.create(name="Sara", gender="F")
         pre_save_data = []
 
         def pre_save_receiver(**kwargs):
-            pre_save_data.append(kwargs['update_fields'])
+            pre_save_data.append(kwargs["update_fields"])
+
         pre_save.connect(pre_save_receiver)
         post_save_data = []
 
         def post_save_receiver(**kwargs):
-            post_save_data.append(kwargs['update_fields'])
+            post_save_data.append(kwargs["update_fields"])
+
         post_save.connect(post_save_receiver)
         # Save is skipped.
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
@@ -237,28 +257,28 @@ class UpdateOnlyFieldsTests(TestCase):
         post_save.disconnect(post_save_receiver)
 
     def test_num_queries_inheritance(self):
-        s = Employee.objects.create(name='Sara', gender='F')
+        s = Employee.objects.create(name="Sara", gender="F")
         s.employee_num = 1
-        s.name = 'Emily'
+        s.name = "Emily"
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            s.save(update_fields=['employee_num'])
+            s.save(update_fields=["employee_num"])
         s = Employee.objects.get(pk=s.pk)
         self.assertEqual(s.employee_num, 1)
-        self.assertEqual(s.name, 'Sara')
+        self.assertEqual(s.name, "Sara")
         s.employee_num = 2
-        s.name = 'Emily'
+        s.name = "Emily"
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            s.save(update_fields=['name'])
+            s.save(update_fields=["name"])
         s = Employee.objects.get(pk=s.pk)
-        self.assertEqual(s.name, 'Emily')
+        self.assertEqual(s.name, "Emily")
         self.assertEqual(s.employee_num, 1)
         # A little sanity check that we actually did updates...
         self.assertEqual(Employee.objects.count(), 1)
         self.assertEqual(Person.objects.count(), 1)
         with self.assertNumQueries(2):
-            s.save(update_fields=['name', 'employee_num'])
+            s.save(update_fields=["name", "employee_num"])
 
     def test_update_non_concrete_field(self):
-        profile_boss = Profile.objects.create(name='Boss', salary=3000)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, self.msg % 'non_concrete'):
-            profile_boss.save(update_fields=['non_concrete'])
+        profile_boss = Profile.objects.create(name="Boss", salary=3000)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, self.msg % "non_concrete"):
+            profile_boss.save(update_fields=["non_concrete"])
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns/converter_urls.py b/tests/urlpatterns/converter_urls.py
index 0cc57bd46e..0de4b8e535 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns/converter_urls.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns/converter_urls.py
@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@ from django.urls import path
 from . import views
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('{x}/<{x}:{x}>/'.format(x=name), views.empty_view, name=name)
-    for name in ('int', 'path', 'slug', 'str', 'uuid')
+    path("{x}/<{x}:{x}>/".format(x=name), views.empty_view, name=name)
+    for name in ("int", "path", "slug", "str", "uuid")
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns/converters.py b/tests/urlpatterns/converters.py
index 14a65b0483..9e2af06269 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns/converters.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns/converters.py
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ import base64
 
 
 class Base64Converter:
-    regex = r'[a-zA-Z0-9+/]*={0,2}'
+    regex = r"[a-zA-Z0-9+/]*={0,2}"
 
     def to_python(self, value):
         return base64.b64decode(value)
 
     def to_url(self, value):
-        return base64.b64encode(value).decode('ascii')
+        return base64.b64encode(value).decode("ascii")
 
 
 class DynamicConverter:
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class DynamicConverter:
 
     @property
     def regex(self):
-        return r'[0-9a-zA-Z]+'
+        return r"[0-9a-zA-Z]+"
 
     @regex.setter
     def regex(self):
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns/included_urls.py b/tests/urlpatterns/included_urls.py
index 76e4551f57..957f0e2598 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns/included_urls.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns/included_urls.py
@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@ from django.urls import include, path
 from . import views
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('extra/<extra>/', views.empty_view, name='inner-extra'),
-    path('', include('urlpatterns.more_urls')),
+    path("extra/<extra>/", views.empty_view, name="inner-extra"),
+    path("", include("urlpatterns.more_urls")),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns/more_urls.py b/tests/urlpatterns/more_urls.py
index c7d789dda0..bbfd962c4e 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns/more_urls.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns/more_urls.py
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ from django.urls import re_path
 from . import views
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    re_path(r'^more/(?P<extra>\w+)/$', views.empty_view, name='inner-more'),
+    re_path(r"^more/(?P<extra>\w+)/$", views.empty_view, name="inner-more"),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns/path_base64_urls.py b/tests/urlpatterns/path_base64_urls.py
index afd11ac9f6..3ab14dbb79 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns/path_base64_urls.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns/path_base64_urls.py
@@ -2,22 +2,26 @@ from django.urls import include, path, register_converter
 
 from . import converters, views
 
-register_converter(converters.Base64Converter, 'base64')
+register_converter(converters.Base64Converter, "base64")
 
 subsubpatterns = [
-    path('<base64:last_value>/', views.empty_view, name='subsubpattern-base64'),
+    path("<base64:last_value>/", views.empty_view, name="subsubpattern-base64"),
 ]
 
 subpatterns = [
-    path('<base64:value>/', views.empty_view, name='subpattern-base64'),
+    path("<base64:value>/", views.empty_view, name="subpattern-base64"),
     path(
-        '<base64:value>/',
-        include((subsubpatterns, 'second-layer-namespaced-base64'), 'instance-ns-base64')
+        "<base64:value>/",
+        include(
+            (subsubpatterns, "second-layer-namespaced-base64"), "instance-ns-base64"
+        ),
     ),
 ]
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('base64/<base64:value>/', views.empty_view, name='base64'),
-    path('base64/<base64:base>/subpatterns/', include(subpatterns)),
-    path('base64/<base64:base>/namespaced/', include((subpatterns, 'namespaced-base64'))),
+    path("base64/<base64:value>/", views.empty_view, name="base64"),
+    path("base64/<base64:base>/subpatterns/", include(subpatterns)),
+    path(
+        "base64/<base64:base>/namespaced/", include((subpatterns, "namespaced-base64"))
+    ),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns/path_dynamic_urls.py b/tests/urlpatterns/path_dynamic_urls.py
index 0e5afe1df0..6c3b9cc1c5 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns/path_dynamic_urls.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns/path_dynamic_urls.py
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ from django.urls import path, register_converter
 
 from . import converters, views
 
-register_converter(converters.DynamicConverter, 'dynamic')
+register_converter(converters.DynamicConverter, "dynamic")
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('dynamic/<dynamic:value>/', views.empty_view, name='dynamic'),
+    path("dynamic/<dynamic:value>/", views.empty_view, name="dynamic"),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns/path_same_name_urls.py b/tests/urlpatterns/path_same_name_urls.py
index 7b4fd2e627..d7ea5431b1 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns/path_same_name_urls.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns/path_same_name_urls.py
@@ -2,33 +2,33 @@ from django.urls import path, re_path, register_converter
 
 from . import converters, views
 
-register_converter(converters.DynamicConverter, 'to_url_value_error')
+register_converter(converters.DynamicConverter, "to_url_value_error")
 
 urlpatterns = [
     # Different number of arguments.
-    path('number_of_args/0/', views.empty_view, name='number_of_args'),
-    path('number_of_args/1/<value>/', views.empty_view, name='number_of_args'),
+    path("number_of_args/0/", views.empty_view, name="number_of_args"),
+    path("number_of_args/1/<value>/", views.empty_view, name="number_of_args"),
     # Different names of the keyword arguments.
-    path('kwargs_names/a/<a>/', views.empty_view, name='kwargs_names'),
-    path('kwargs_names/b/<b>/', views.empty_view, name='kwargs_names'),
+    path("kwargs_names/a/<a>/", views.empty_view, name="kwargs_names"),
+    path("kwargs_names/b/<b>/", views.empty_view, name="kwargs_names"),
     # Different path converters.
-    path('converter/path/<path:value>/', views.empty_view, name='converter'),
-    path('converter/str/<str:value>/', views.empty_view, name='converter'),
-    path('converter/slug/<slug:value>/', views.empty_view, name='converter'),
-    path('converter/int/<int:value>/', views.empty_view, name='converter'),
-    path('converter/uuid/<uuid:value>/', views.empty_view, name='converter'),
+    path("converter/path/<path:value>/", views.empty_view, name="converter"),
+    path("converter/str/<str:value>/", views.empty_view, name="converter"),
+    path("converter/slug/<slug:value>/", views.empty_view, name="converter"),
+    path("converter/int/<int:value>/", views.empty_view, name="converter"),
+    path("converter/uuid/<uuid:value>/", views.empty_view, name="converter"),
     # Different regular expressions.
-    re_path(r'^regex/uppercase/([A-Z]+)/', views.empty_view, name='regex'),
-    re_path(r'^regex/lowercase/([a-z]+)/', views.empty_view, name='regex'),
+    re_path(r"^regex/uppercase/([A-Z]+)/", views.empty_view, name="regex"),
+    re_path(r"^regex/lowercase/([a-z]+)/", views.empty_view, name="regex"),
     # converter.to_url() raises ValueError (no match).
     path(
-        'converter_to_url/int/<value>/',
+        "converter_to_url/int/<value>/",
         views.empty_view,
-        name='converter_to_url',
+        name="converter_to_url",
     ),
     path(
-        'converter_to_url/tiny_int/<to_url_value_error:value>/',
+        "converter_to_url/tiny_int/<to_url_value_error:value>/",
         views.empty_view,
-        name='converter_to_url',
+        name="converter_to_url",
     ),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns/path_urls.py b/tests/urlpatterns/path_urls.py
index afc15f30af..5ebdfe1b16 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns/path_urls.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns/path_urls.py
@@ -3,20 +3,30 @@ from django.urls import include, path, re_path
 from . import views
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('articles/2003/', views.empty_view, name='articles-2003'),
-    path('articles/<int:year>/', views.empty_view, name='articles-year'),
-    path('articles/<int:year>/<int:month>/', views.empty_view, name='articles-year-month'),
-    path('articles/<int:year>/<int:month>/<int:day>/', views.empty_view, name='articles-year-month-day'),
-    path('users/', views.empty_view, name='users'),
-    path('users/<id>/', views.empty_view, name='user-with-id'),
-    path('included_urls/', include('urlpatterns.included_urls')),
-    re_path(r'^regex/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$', views.empty_view, name='regex'),
-    re_path(r'^regex_optional/(?P<arg1>\d+)/(?:(?P<arg2>\d+)/)?', views.empty_view, name='regex_optional'),
-    re_path(
-        r'^regex_only_optional/(?:(?P<arg1>\d+)/)?',
-        views.empty_view,
-        name='regex_only_optional',
+    path("articles/2003/", views.empty_view, name="articles-2003"),
+    path("articles/<int:year>/", views.empty_view, name="articles-year"),
+    path(
+        "articles/<int:year>/<int:month>/", views.empty_view, name="articles-year-month"
     ),
-    path('', include('urlpatterns.more_urls')),
-    path('<lang>/<path:url>/', views.empty_view, name='lang-and-path'),
+    path(
+        "articles/<int:year>/<int:month>/<int:day>/",
+        views.empty_view,
+        name="articles-year-month-day",
+    ),
+    path("users/", views.empty_view, name="users"),
+    path("users/<id>/", views.empty_view, name="user-with-id"),
+    path("included_urls/", include("urlpatterns.included_urls")),
+    re_path(r"^regex/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$", views.empty_view, name="regex"),
+    re_path(
+        r"^regex_optional/(?P<arg1>\d+)/(?:(?P<arg2>\d+)/)?",
+        views.empty_view,
+        name="regex_optional",
+    ),
+    re_path(
+        r"^regex_only_optional/(?:(?P<arg1>\d+)/)?",
+        views.empty_view,
+        name="regex_only_optional",
+    ),
+    path("", include("urlpatterns.more_urls")),
+    path("<lang>/<path:url>/", views.empty_view, name="lang-and-path"),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns/test_resolvers.py b/tests/urlpatterns/test_resolvers.py
index eaca6096d9..cb831bbe1c 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns/test_resolvers.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns/test_resolvers.py
@@ -5,21 +5,19 @@ from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 
 
 class RegexPatternTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_str(self):
-        self.assertEqual(str(RegexPattern(_('^translated/$'))), '^translated/$')
+        self.assertEqual(str(RegexPattern(_("^translated/$"))), "^translated/$")
 
 
 class RoutePatternTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_str(self):
-        self.assertEqual(str(RoutePattern(_('translated/'))), 'translated/')
+        self.assertEqual(str(RoutePattern(_("translated/"))), "translated/")
 
 
 class ResolverCacheTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='urlpatterns.path_urls')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns.path_urls")
     def test_resolver_cache_default__root_urlconf(self):
         # resolver for a default URLconf (passing no argument) and for the
         # settings.ROOT_URLCONF is the same cached object.
-        self.assertIs(get_resolver(), get_resolver('urlpatterns.path_urls'))
-        self.assertIsNot(get_resolver(), get_resolver('urlpatterns.path_dynamic_urls'))
+        self.assertIs(get_resolver(), get_resolver("urlpatterns.path_urls"))
+        self.assertIsNot(get_resolver(), get_resolver("urlpatterns.path_dynamic_urls"))
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns/tests.py b/tests/urlpatterns/tests.py
index 262cb2e11e..cbe61278da 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns/tests.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns/tests.py
@@ -4,108 +4,113 @@ import uuid
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.test.utils import override_settings
-from django.urls import (
-    NoReverseMatch, Resolver404, path, re_path, resolve, reverse,
-)
+from django.urls import NoReverseMatch, Resolver404, path, re_path, resolve, reverse
 from django.views import View
 
 from .converters import DynamicConverter
 from .views import empty_view
 
-included_kwargs = {'base': b'hello', 'value': b'world'}
+included_kwargs = {"base": b"hello", "value": b"world"}
 converter_test_data = (
     # ('url', ('url_name', 'app_name', {kwargs})),
     # aGVsbG8= is 'hello' encoded in base64.
-    ('/base64/aGVsbG8=/', ('base64', '', {'value': b'hello'})),
-    ('/base64/aGVsbG8=/subpatterns/d29ybGQ=/', ('subpattern-base64', '', included_kwargs)),
-    ('/base64/aGVsbG8=/namespaced/d29ybGQ=/', ('subpattern-base64', 'namespaced-base64', included_kwargs)),
+    ("/base64/aGVsbG8=/", ("base64", "", {"value": b"hello"})),
+    (
+        "/base64/aGVsbG8=/subpatterns/d29ybGQ=/",
+        ("subpattern-base64", "", included_kwargs),
+    ),
+    (
+        "/base64/aGVsbG8=/namespaced/d29ybGQ=/",
+        ("subpattern-base64", "namespaced-base64", included_kwargs),
+    ),
 )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='urlpatterns.path_urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns.path_urls")
 class SimplifiedURLTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_path_lookup_without_parameters(self):
-        match = resolve('/articles/2003/')
-        self.assertEqual(match.url_name, 'articles-2003')
+        match = resolve("/articles/2003/")
+        self.assertEqual(match.url_name, "articles-2003")
         self.assertEqual(match.args, ())
         self.assertEqual(match.kwargs, {})
-        self.assertEqual(match.route, 'articles/2003/')
+        self.assertEqual(match.route, "articles/2003/")
 
     def test_path_lookup_with_typed_parameters(self):
-        match = resolve('/articles/2015/')
-        self.assertEqual(match.url_name, 'articles-year')
+        match = resolve("/articles/2015/")
+        self.assertEqual(match.url_name, "articles-year")
         self.assertEqual(match.args, ())
-        self.assertEqual(match.kwargs, {'year': 2015})
-        self.assertEqual(match.route, 'articles/<int:year>/')
+        self.assertEqual(match.kwargs, {"year": 2015})
+        self.assertEqual(match.route, "articles/<int:year>/")
 
     def test_path_lookup_with_multiple_parameters(self):
-        match = resolve('/articles/2015/04/12/')
-        self.assertEqual(match.url_name, 'articles-year-month-day')
+        match = resolve("/articles/2015/04/12/")
+        self.assertEqual(match.url_name, "articles-year-month-day")
         self.assertEqual(match.args, ())
-        self.assertEqual(match.kwargs, {'year': 2015, 'month': 4, 'day': 12})
-        self.assertEqual(match.route, 'articles/<int:year>/<int:month>/<int:day>/')
+        self.assertEqual(match.kwargs, {"year": 2015, "month": 4, "day": 12})
+        self.assertEqual(match.route, "articles/<int:year>/<int:month>/<int:day>/")
 
     def test_two_variable_at_start_of_path_pattern(self):
-        match = resolve('/en/foo/')
-        self.assertEqual(match.url_name, 'lang-and-path')
-        self.assertEqual(match.kwargs, {'lang': 'en', 'url': 'foo'})
-        self.assertEqual(match.route, '<lang>/<path:url>/')
+        match = resolve("/en/foo/")
+        self.assertEqual(match.url_name, "lang-and-path")
+        self.assertEqual(match.kwargs, {"lang": "en", "url": "foo"})
+        self.assertEqual(match.route, "<lang>/<path:url>/")
 
     def test_re_path(self):
-        match = resolve('/regex/1/')
-        self.assertEqual(match.url_name, 'regex')
-        self.assertEqual(match.kwargs, {'pk': '1'})
-        self.assertEqual(match.route, '^regex/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$')
+        match = resolve("/regex/1/")
+        self.assertEqual(match.url_name, "regex")
+        self.assertEqual(match.kwargs, {"pk": "1"})
+        self.assertEqual(match.route, "^regex/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$")
 
     def test_re_path_with_optional_parameter(self):
         for url, kwargs in (
-            ('/regex_optional/1/2/', {'arg1': '1', 'arg2': '2'}),
-            ('/regex_optional/1/', {'arg1': '1'}),
+            ("/regex_optional/1/2/", {"arg1": "1", "arg2": "2"}),
+            ("/regex_optional/1/", {"arg1": "1"}),
         ):
             with self.subTest(url=url):
                 match = resolve(url)
-                self.assertEqual(match.url_name, 'regex_optional')
+                self.assertEqual(match.url_name, "regex_optional")
                 self.assertEqual(match.kwargs, kwargs)
                 self.assertEqual(
                     match.route,
-                    r'^regex_optional/(?P<arg1>\d+)/(?:(?P<arg2>\d+)/)?',
+                    r"^regex_optional/(?P<arg1>\d+)/(?:(?P<arg2>\d+)/)?",
                 )
 
     def test_re_path_with_missing_optional_parameter(self):
-        match = resolve('/regex_only_optional/')
-        self.assertEqual(match.url_name, 'regex_only_optional')
+        match = resolve("/regex_only_optional/")
+        self.assertEqual(match.url_name, "regex_only_optional")
         self.assertEqual(match.kwargs, {})
         self.assertEqual(match.args, ())
         self.assertEqual(
             match.route,
-            r'^regex_only_optional/(?:(?P<arg1>\d+)/)?',
+            r"^regex_only_optional/(?:(?P<arg1>\d+)/)?",
         )
 
     def test_path_lookup_with_inclusion(self):
-        match = resolve('/included_urls/extra/something/')
-        self.assertEqual(match.url_name, 'inner-extra')
-        self.assertEqual(match.route, 'included_urls/extra/<extra>/')
+        match = resolve("/included_urls/extra/something/")
+        self.assertEqual(match.url_name, "inner-extra")
+        self.assertEqual(match.route, "included_urls/extra/<extra>/")
 
     def test_path_lookup_with_empty_string_inclusion(self):
-        match = resolve('/more/99/')
-        self.assertEqual(match.url_name, 'inner-more')
-        self.assertEqual(match.route, r'^more/(?P<extra>\w+)/$')
+        match = resolve("/more/99/")
+        self.assertEqual(match.url_name, "inner-more")
+        self.assertEqual(match.route, r"^more/(?P<extra>\w+)/$")
 
     def test_path_lookup_with_double_inclusion(self):
-        match = resolve('/included_urls/more/some_value/')
-        self.assertEqual(match.url_name, 'inner-more')
-        self.assertEqual(match.route, r'included_urls/more/(?P<extra>\w+)/$')
+        match = resolve("/included_urls/more/some_value/")
+        self.assertEqual(match.url_name, "inner-more")
+        self.assertEqual(match.route, r"included_urls/more/(?P<extra>\w+)/$")
 
     def test_path_reverse_without_parameter(self):
-        url = reverse('articles-2003')
-        self.assertEqual(url, '/articles/2003/')
+        url = reverse("articles-2003")
+        self.assertEqual(url, "/articles/2003/")
 
     def test_path_reverse_with_parameter(self):
-        url = reverse('articles-year-month-day', kwargs={'year': 2015, 'month': 4, 'day': 12})
-        self.assertEqual(url, '/articles/2015/4/12/')
+        url = reverse(
+            "articles-year-month-day", kwargs={"year": 2015, "month": 4, "day": 12}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(url, "/articles/2015/4/12/")
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='urlpatterns.path_base64_urls')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns.path_base64_urls")
     def test_converter_resolve(self):
         for url, (url_name, app_name, kwargs) in converter_test_data:
             with self.subTest(url=url):
@@ -114,55 +119,55 @@ class SimplifiedURLTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 self.assertEqual(match.app_name, app_name)
                 self.assertEqual(match.kwargs, kwargs)
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='urlpatterns.path_base64_urls')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns.path_base64_urls")
     def test_converter_reverse(self):
         for expected, (url_name, app_name, kwargs) in converter_test_data:
             if app_name:
-                url_name = '%s:%s' % (app_name, url_name)
+                url_name = "%s:%s" % (app_name, url_name)
             with self.subTest(url=url_name):
                 url = reverse(url_name, kwargs=kwargs)
                 self.assertEqual(url, expected)
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='urlpatterns.path_base64_urls')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns.path_base64_urls")
     def test_converter_reverse_with_second_layer_instance_namespace(self):
         kwargs = included_kwargs.copy()
-        kwargs['last_value'] = b'world'
-        url = reverse('instance-ns-base64:subsubpattern-base64', kwargs=kwargs)
-        self.assertEqual(url, '/base64/aGVsbG8=/subpatterns/d29ybGQ=/d29ybGQ=/')
+        kwargs["last_value"] = b"world"
+        url = reverse("instance-ns-base64:subsubpattern-base64", kwargs=kwargs)
+        self.assertEqual(url, "/base64/aGVsbG8=/subpatterns/d29ybGQ=/d29ybGQ=/")
 
     def test_path_inclusion_is_matchable(self):
-        match = resolve('/included_urls/extra/something/')
-        self.assertEqual(match.url_name, 'inner-extra')
-        self.assertEqual(match.kwargs, {'extra': 'something'})
+        match = resolve("/included_urls/extra/something/")
+        self.assertEqual(match.url_name, "inner-extra")
+        self.assertEqual(match.kwargs, {"extra": "something"})
 
     def test_path_inclusion_is_reversible(self):
-        url = reverse('inner-extra', kwargs={'extra': 'something'})
-        self.assertEqual(url, '/included_urls/extra/something/')
+        url = reverse("inner-extra", kwargs={"extra": "something"})
+        self.assertEqual(url, "/included_urls/extra/something/")
 
     def test_invalid_kwargs(self):
-        msg = 'kwargs argument must be a dict, but got str.'
+        msg = "kwargs argument must be a dict, but got str."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            path('hello/', empty_view, 'name')
+            path("hello/", empty_view, "name")
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            re_path('^hello/$', empty_view, 'name')
+            re_path("^hello/$", empty_view, "name")
 
     def test_invalid_converter(self):
         msg = "URL route 'foo/<nonexistent:var>/' uses invalid converter 'nonexistent'."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            path('foo/<nonexistent:var>/', empty_view)
+            path("foo/<nonexistent:var>/", empty_view)
 
     def test_invalid_view(self):
-        msg = 'view must be a callable or a list/tuple in the case of include().'
+        msg = "view must be a callable or a list/tuple in the case of include()."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            path('articles/', 'invalid_view')
+            path("articles/", "invalid_view")
 
     def test_invalid_view_instance(self):
         class EmptyCBV(View):
             pass
 
-        msg = 'view must be a callable, pass EmptyCBV.as_view(), not EmptyCBV().'
+        msg = "view must be a callable, pass EmptyCBV.as_view(), not EmptyCBV()."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            path('foo', EmptyCBV())
+            path("foo", EmptyCBV())
 
     def test_whitespace_in_route(self):
         msg = (
@@ -172,43 +177,42 @@ class SimplifiedURLTests(SimpleTestCase):
         for whitespace in string.whitespace:
             with self.subTest(repr(whitespace)):
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg % whitespace):
-                    path('space/<int:num>/extra/<str:%stest>' % whitespace, empty_view)
+                    path("space/<int:num>/extra/<str:%stest>" % whitespace, empty_view)
         # Whitespaces are valid in paths.
-        p = path('space%s/<int:num>/' % string.whitespace, empty_view)
-        match = p.resolve('space%s/1/' % string.whitespace)
-        self.assertEqual(match.kwargs, {'num': 1})
+        p = path("space%s/<int:num>/" % string.whitespace, empty_view)
+        match = p.resolve("space%s/1/" % string.whitespace)
+        self.assertEqual(match.kwargs, {"num": 1})
 
     def test_path_trailing_newlines(self):
         tests = [
-            '/articles/2003/\n',
-            '/articles/2010/\n',
-            '/en/foo/\n',
-            '/included_urls/extra/\n',
-            '/regex/1/\n',
-            '/users/1/\n',
+            "/articles/2003/\n",
+            "/articles/2010/\n",
+            "/en/foo/\n",
+            "/included_urls/extra/\n",
+            "/regex/1/\n",
+            "/users/1/\n",
         ]
         for url in tests:
             with self.subTest(url=url), self.assertRaises(Resolver404):
                 resolve(url)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='urlpatterns.converter_urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns.converter_urls")
 class ConverterTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_matching_urls(self):
         def no_converter(x):
             return x
 
         test_data = (
-            ('int', {'0', '1', '01', 1234567890}, int),
-            ('str', {'abcxyz'}, no_converter),
-            ('path', {'allows.ANY*characters'}, no_converter),
-            ('slug', {'abcxyz-ABCXYZ_01234567890'}, no_converter),
-            ('uuid', {'39da9369-838e-4750-91a5-f7805cd82839'}, uuid.UUID),
+            ("int", {"0", "1", "01", 1234567890}, int),
+            ("str", {"abcxyz"}, no_converter),
+            ("path", {"allows.ANY*characters"}, no_converter),
+            ("slug", {"abcxyz-ABCXYZ_01234567890"}, no_converter),
+            ("uuid", {"39da9369-838e-4750-91a5-f7805cd82839"}, uuid.UUID),
         )
         for url_name, url_suffixes, converter in test_data:
             for url_suffix in url_suffixes:
-                url = '/%s/%s/' % (url_name, url_suffix)
+                url = "/%s/%s/" % (url_name, url_suffix)
                 with self.subTest(url=url):
                     match = resolve(url)
                     self.assertEqual(match.url_name, url_name)
@@ -221,32 +225,38 @@ class ConverterTests(SimpleTestCase):
                         # The converted value might be different for int (a
                         # leading zero is lost in the conversion).
                         converted_value = match.kwargs[url_name]
-                        converted_url = '/%s/%s/' % (url_name, converted_value)
-                        self.assertEqual(reverse(url_name, kwargs={url_name: converted_value}), converted_url)
+                        converted_url = "/%s/%s/" % (url_name, converted_value)
+                        self.assertEqual(
+                            reverse(url_name, kwargs={url_name: converted_value}),
+                            converted_url,
+                        )
 
     def test_nonmatching_urls(self):
         test_data = (
-            ('int', {'-1', 'letters'}),
-            ('str', {'', '/'}),
-            ('path', {''}),
-            ('slug', {'', 'stars*notallowed'}),
-            ('uuid', {
-                '',
-                '9da9369-838e-4750-91a5-f7805cd82839',
-                '39da9369-838-4750-91a5-f7805cd82839',
-                '39da9369-838e-475-91a5-f7805cd82839',
-                '39da9369-838e-4750-91a-f7805cd82839',
-                '39da9369-838e-4750-91a5-f7805cd8283',
-            }),
+            ("int", {"-1", "letters"}),
+            ("str", {"", "/"}),
+            ("path", {""}),
+            ("slug", {"", "stars*notallowed"}),
+            (
+                "uuid",
+                {
+                    "",
+                    "9da9369-838e-4750-91a5-f7805cd82839",
+                    "39da9369-838-4750-91a5-f7805cd82839",
+                    "39da9369-838e-475-91a5-f7805cd82839",
+                    "39da9369-838e-4750-91a-f7805cd82839",
+                    "39da9369-838e-4750-91a5-f7805cd8283",
+                },
+            ),
         )
         for url_name, url_suffixes in test_data:
             for url_suffix in url_suffixes:
-                url = '/%s/%s/' % (url_name, url_suffix)
+                url = "/%s/%s/" % (url_name, url_suffix)
                 with self.subTest(url=url), self.assertRaises(Resolver404):
                     resolve(url)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='urlpatterns.path_same_name_urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns.path_same_name_urls")
 class SameNameTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_matching_urls_same_name(self):
         @DynamicConverter.register_to_url
@@ -256,37 +266,52 @@ class SameNameTests(SimpleTestCase):
             return value
 
         tests = [
-            ('number_of_args', [
-                ([], {}, '0/'),
-                ([1], {}, '1/1/'),
-            ]),
-            ('kwargs_names', [
-                ([], {'a': 1}, 'a/1/'),
-                ([], {'b': 1}, 'b/1/'),
-            ]),
-            ('converter', [
-                (['a/b'], {}, 'path/a/b/'),
-                (['a b'], {}, 'str/a%20b/'),
-                (['a-b'], {}, 'slug/a-b/'),
-                (['2'], {}, 'int/2/'),
-                (
-                    ['39da9369-838e-4750-91a5-f7805cd82839'],
-                    {},
-                    'uuid/39da9369-838e-4750-91a5-f7805cd82839/'
-                ),
-            ]),
-            ('regex', [
-                (['ABC'], {}, 'uppercase/ABC/'),
-                (['abc'], {}, 'lowercase/abc/'),
-            ]),
-            ('converter_to_url', [
-                ([6], {}, 'int/6/'),
-                ([1], {}, 'tiny_int/1/'),
-            ]),
+            (
+                "number_of_args",
+                [
+                    ([], {}, "0/"),
+                    ([1], {}, "1/1/"),
+                ],
+            ),
+            (
+                "kwargs_names",
+                [
+                    ([], {"a": 1}, "a/1/"),
+                    ([], {"b": 1}, "b/1/"),
+                ],
+            ),
+            (
+                "converter",
+                [
+                    (["a/b"], {}, "path/a/b/"),
+                    (["a b"], {}, "str/a%20b/"),
+                    (["a-b"], {}, "slug/a-b/"),
+                    (["2"], {}, "int/2/"),
+                    (
+                        ["39da9369-838e-4750-91a5-f7805cd82839"],
+                        {},
+                        "uuid/39da9369-838e-4750-91a5-f7805cd82839/",
+                    ),
+                ],
+            ),
+            (
+                "regex",
+                [
+                    (["ABC"], {}, "uppercase/ABC/"),
+                    (["abc"], {}, "lowercase/abc/"),
+                ],
+            ),
+            (
+                "converter_to_url",
+                [
+                    ([6], {}, "int/6/"),
+                    ([1], {}, "tiny_int/1/"),
+                ],
+            ),
         ]
         for url_name, cases in tests:
             for args, kwargs, url_suffix in cases:
-                expected_url = '/%s/%s' % (url_name, url_suffix)
+                expected_url = "/%s/%s" % (url_name, url_suffix)
                 with self.subTest(url=expected_url):
                     self.assertEqual(
                         reverse(url_name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs),
@@ -301,7 +326,7 @@ class ParameterRestrictionTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "a valid Python identifier."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            path(r'hello/<int:1>/', lambda r: None)
+            path(r"hello/<int:1>/", lambda r: None)
 
     def test_non_identifier_parameter_name_causes_exception(self):
         msg = (
@@ -309,16 +334,16 @@ class ParameterRestrictionTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "isn't a valid Python identifier."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            path(r'b/<int:book.id>/', lambda r: None)
+            path(r"b/<int:book.id>/", lambda r: None)
 
     def test_allows_non_ascii_but_valid_identifiers(self):
         # \u0394 is "GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA", a valid identifier.
-        p = path('hello/<str:\u0394>/', lambda r: None)
-        match = p.resolve('hello/1/')
-        self.assertEqual(match.kwargs, {'\u0394': '1'})
+        p = path("hello/<str:\u0394>/", lambda r: None)
+        match = p.resolve("hello/1/")
+        self.assertEqual(match.kwargs, {"\u0394": "1"})
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='urlpatterns.path_dynamic_urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns.path_dynamic_urls")
 class ConversionExceptionTests(SimpleTestCase):
     """How are errors in Converter.to_python() and to_url() handled?"""
 
@@ -326,26 +351,30 @@ class ConversionExceptionTests(SimpleTestCase):
         @DynamicConverter.register_to_python
         def raises_value_error(value):
             raise ValueError()
+
         with self.assertRaises(Resolver404):
-            resolve('/dynamic/abc/')
+            resolve("/dynamic/abc/")
 
     def test_resolve_type_error_propagates(self):
         @DynamicConverter.register_to_python
         def raises_type_error(value):
-            raise TypeError('This type error propagates.')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, 'This type error propagates.'):
-            resolve('/dynamic/abc/')
+            raise TypeError("This type error propagates.")
+
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, "This type error propagates."):
+            resolve("/dynamic/abc/")
 
     def test_reverse_value_error_means_no_match(self):
         @DynamicConverter.register_to_url
         def raises_value_error(value):
             raise ValueError
+
         with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
-            reverse('dynamic', kwargs={'value': object()})
+            reverse("dynamic", kwargs={"value": object()})
 
     def test_reverse_type_error_propagates(self):
         @DynamicConverter.register_to_url
         def raises_type_error(value):
-            raise TypeError('This type error propagates.')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, 'This type error propagates.'):
-            reverse('dynamic', kwargs={'value': object()})
+            raise TypeError("This type error propagates.")
+
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, "This type error propagates."):
+            reverse("dynamic", kwargs={"value": object()})
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/erroneous_urls.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/erroneous_urls.py
index d8ccf2fc61..24c39a47dc 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/erroneous_urls.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/erroneous_urls.py
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ from django.urls import re_path
 from . import views
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    re_path(r'(regex_error/$', views.empty_view),
+    re_path(r"(regex_error/$", views.empty_view),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/extra_urls.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/extra_urls.py
index dac9a87fd2..c356273f7b 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/extra_urls.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/extra_urls.py
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ from django.urls import include, path, re_path
 from .views import empty_view
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    re_path('^e-places/([0-9]+)/$', empty_view, name='extra-places'),
-    re_path(r'^e-people/(?P<name>\w+)/$', empty_view, name='extra-people'),
-    path('', include('urlpatterns_reverse.included_urls2')),
-    re_path(r'^prefix/(?P<prefix>\w+)/', include('urlpatterns_reverse.included_urls2')),
+    re_path("^e-places/([0-9]+)/$", empty_view, name="extra-places"),
+    re_path(r"^e-people/(?P<name>\w+)/$", empty_view, name="extra-people"),
+    path("", include("urlpatterns_reverse.included_urls2")),
+    re_path(r"^prefix/(?P<prefix>\w+)/", include("urlpatterns_reverse.included_urls2")),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_app_urls.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_app_urls.py
index e8c0469143..e41007f472 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_app_urls.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_app_urls.py
@@ -2,15 +2,24 @@ from django.urls import path, re_path
 
 from . import views
 
-app_name = 'inc-app'
+app_name = "inc-app"
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('normal/', views.empty_view, name='inc-normal-view'),
-    re_path('^normal/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$', views.empty_view, name='inc-normal-view'),
-
-    re_path(r'^\+\\\$\*/$', views.empty_view, name='inc-special-view'),
-
-    re_path('^mixed_args/([0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$', views.empty_view, name='inc-mixed-args'),
-    re_path('^no_kwargs/([0-9]+)/([0-9]+)/$', views.empty_view, name='inc-no-kwargs'),
-
-    re_path('^view_class/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$', views.view_class_instance, name='inc-view-class'),
+    path("normal/", views.empty_view, name="inc-normal-view"),
+    re_path(
+        "^normal/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$",
+        views.empty_view,
+        name="inc-normal-view",
+    ),
+    re_path(r"^\+\\\$\*/$", views.empty_view, name="inc-special-view"),
+    re_path(
+        "^mixed_args/([0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$",
+        views.empty_view,
+        name="inc-mixed-args",
+    ),
+    re_path("^no_kwargs/([0-9]+)/([0-9]+)/$", views.empty_view, name="inc-no-kwargs"),
+    re_path(
+        "^view_class/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$",
+        views.view_class_instance,
+        name="inc-view-class",
+    ),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_named_urls.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_named_urls.py
index e0b00dd4ed..e9fd7b9742 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_named_urls.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_named_urls.py
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ from django.urls import include, path, re_path
 from .views import empty_view
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('', empty_view, name="named-url3"),
-    re_path(r'^extra/(?P<extra>\w+)/$', empty_view, name="named-url4"),
-    re_path(r'^(?P<one>[0-9]+)|(?P<two>[0-9]+)/$', empty_view),
-    path('included/', include('urlpatterns_reverse.included_named_urls2')),
+    path("", empty_view, name="named-url3"),
+    re_path(r"^extra/(?P<extra>\w+)/$", empty_view, name="named-url4"),
+    re_path(r"^(?P<one>[0-9]+)|(?P<two>[0-9]+)/$", empty_view),
+    path("included/", include("urlpatterns_reverse.included_named_urls2")),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_named_urls2.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_named_urls2.py
index d8103eae04..c5e002c67a 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_named_urls2.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_named_urls2.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from django.urls import path, re_path
 from .views import empty_view
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('', empty_view, name="named-url5"),
-    re_path(r'^extra/(?P<extra>\w+)/$', empty_view, name="named-url6"),
-    re_path(r'^(?P<one>[0-9]+)|(?P<two>[0-9]+)/$', empty_view),
+    path("", empty_view, name="named-url5"),
+    re_path(r"^extra/(?P<extra>\w+)/$", empty_view, name="named-url6"),
+    re_path(r"^(?P<one>[0-9]+)|(?P<two>[0-9]+)/$", empty_view),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_namespace_urls.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_namespace_urls.py
index 0b3b2b5a19..a120cde188 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_namespace_urls.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_namespace_urls.py
@@ -3,23 +3,37 @@ from django.urls import include, path, re_path
 from .utils import URLObject
 from .views import empty_view, view_class_instance
 
-testobj3 = URLObject('testapp', 'test-ns3')
-testobj4 = URLObject('testapp', 'test-ns4')
+testobj3 = URLObject("testapp", "test-ns3")
+testobj4 = URLObject("testapp", "test-ns4")
 
-app_name = 'included_namespace_urls'
+app_name = "included_namespace_urls"
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('normal/', empty_view, name='inc-normal-view'),
-    re_path('^normal/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$', empty_view, name='inc-normal-view'),
-
-    re_path(r'^\+\\\$\*/$', empty_view, name='inc-special-view'),
-
-    re_path('^mixed_args/([0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$', empty_view, name='inc-mixed-args'),
-    re_path('^no_kwargs/([0-9]+)/([0-9]+)/$', empty_view, name='inc-no-kwargs'),
-
-    re_path('^view_class/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$', view_class_instance, name='inc-view-class'),
-
-    path('test3/', include(*testobj3.urls)),
-    path('test4/', include(*testobj4.urls)),
-    path('ns-included3/', include(('urlpatterns_reverse.included_urls', 'included_urls'), namespace='inc-ns3')),
-    path('ns-included4/', include('urlpatterns_reverse.namespace_urls', namespace='inc-ns4')),
+    path("normal/", empty_view, name="inc-normal-view"),
+    re_path(
+        "^normal/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$",
+        empty_view,
+        name="inc-normal-view",
+    ),
+    re_path(r"^\+\\\$\*/$", empty_view, name="inc-special-view"),
+    re_path(
+        "^mixed_args/([0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$", empty_view, name="inc-mixed-args"
+    ),
+    re_path("^no_kwargs/([0-9]+)/([0-9]+)/$", empty_view, name="inc-no-kwargs"),
+    re_path(
+        "^view_class/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$",
+        view_class_instance,
+        name="inc-view-class",
+    ),
+    path("test3/", include(*testobj3.urls)),
+    path("test4/", include(*testobj4.urls)),
+    path(
+        "ns-included3/",
+        include(
+            ("urlpatterns_reverse.included_urls", "included_urls"), namespace="inc-ns3"
+        ),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "ns-included4/",
+        include("urlpatterns_reverse.namespace_urls", namespace="inc-ns4"),
+    ),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_no_kwargs_urls.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_no_kwargs_urls.py
index aa1a1a51a7..b51b600fe8 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_no_kwargs_urls.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_no_kwargs_urls.py
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ from django.urls import re_path
 from .views import empty_view
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    re_path('^inner-no-kwargs/([0-9]+)/$', empty_view, name="inner-no-kwargs")
+    re_path("^inner-no-kwargs/([0-9]+)/$", empty_view, name="inner-no-kwargs")
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_urls.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_urls.py
index f34010b28f..9e80cf5952 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_urls.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_urls.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from django.urls import path, re_path
 from .views import empty_view
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('', empty_view, name='inner-nothing'),
-    re_path(r'extra/(?P<extra>\w+)/$', empty_view, name='inner-extra'),
-    re_path(r'(?P<one>[0-9]+)|(?P<two>[0-9]+)/$', empty_view, name='inner-disjunction'),
+    path("", empty_view, name="inner-nothing"),
+    re_path(r"extra/(?P<extra>\w+)/$", empty_view, name="inner-extra"),
+    re_path(r"(?P<one>[0-9]+)|(?P<two>[0-9]+)/$", empty_view, name="inner-disjunction"),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_urls2.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_urls2.py
index ec61aecce1..5d502383c2 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_urls2.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/included_urls2.py
@@ -10,6 +10,6 @@ from django.urls import re_path
 from .views import empty_view
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    re_path(r'^part/(?P<value>\w+)/$', empty_view, name='part'),
-    re_path(r'^part2/(?:(?P<value>\w+)/)?$', empty_view, name='part2'),
+    re_path(r"^part/(?P<value>\w+)/$", empty_view, name="part"),
+    re_path(r"^part2/(?:(?P<value>\w+)/)?$", empty_view, name="part2"),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/method_view_urls.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/method_view_urls.py
index 39c53433c8..076748f75b 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/method_view_urls.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/method_view_urls.py
@@ -14,6 +14,6 @@ view_container = ViewContainer()
 
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('', view_container.method_view, name='instance-method-url'),
-    path('', ViewContainer.classmethod_view, name='instance-method-url'),
+    path("", view_container.method_view, name="instance-method-url"),
+    path("", ViewContainer.classmethod_view, name="instance-method-url"),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/middleware.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/middleware.py
index 8c40125f10..5fc0405629 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/middleware.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/middleware.py
@@ -17,23 +17,25 @@ class NullChangeURLconfMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
 
 class ReverseInnerInResponseMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
     def process_response(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        return HttpResponse(reverse('inner'))
+        return HttpResponse(reverse("inner"))
 
 
 class ReverseOuterInResponseMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
     def process_response(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        return HttpResponse(reverse('outer'))
+        return HttpResponse(reverse("outer"))
 
 
 class ReverseInnerInStreaming(MiddlewareMixin):
     def process_view(self, *args, **kwargs):
         def stream():
-            yield reverse('inner')
+            yield reverse("inner")
+
         return StreamingHttpResponse(stream())
 
 
 class ReverseOuterInStreaming(MiddlewareMixin):
     def process_view(self, *args, **kwargs):
         def stream():
-            yield reverse('outer')
+            yield reverse("outer")
+
         return StreamingHttpResponse(stream())
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/named_urls.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/named_urls.py
index 06bb834dc7..af0d69dbab 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/named_urls.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/named_urls.py
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ from django.urls import include, path, re_path
 from .views import empty_view
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('', empty_view, name='named-url1'),
-    re_path(r'^extra/(?P<extra>\w+)/$', empty_view, name='named-url2'),
-    re_path(r'^(?P<one>[0-9]+)|(?P<two>[0-9]+)/$', empty_view),
-    path('included/', include('urlpatterns_reverse.included_named_urls')),
+    path("", empty_view, name="named-url1"),
+    re_path(r"^extra/(?P<extra>\w+)/$", empty_view, name="named-url2"),
+    re_path(r"^(?P<one>[0-9]+)|(?P<two>[0-9]+)/$", empty_view),
+    path("included/", include("urlpatterns_reverse.included_named_urls")),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/named_urls_conflict.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/named_urls_conflict.py
index b1f883271f..982dd4f157 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/named_urls_conflict.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/named_urls_conflict.py
@@ -4,14 +4,22 @@ from .views import empty_view
 
 urlpatterns = [
     # No kwargs
-    path('conflict/cannot-go-here/', empty_view, name='name-conflict'),
-    path('conflict/', empty_view, name='name-conflict'),
+    path("conflict/cannot-go-here/", empty_view, name="name-conflict"),
+    path("conflict/", empty_view, name="name-conflict"),
     # One kwarg
-    re_path(r'^conflict-first/(?P<first>\w+)/$', empty_view, name='name-conflict'),
-    re_path(r'^conflict-cannot-go-here/(?P<middle>\w+)/$', empty_view, name='name-conflict'),
-    re_path(r'^conflict-middle/(?P<middle>\w+)/$', empty_view, name='name-conflict'),
-    re_path(r'^conflict-last/(?P<last>\w+)/$', empty_view, name='name-conflict'),
+    re_path(r"^conflict-first/(?P<first>\w+)/$", empty_view, name="name-conflict"),
+    re_path(
+        r"^conflict-cannot-go-here/(?P<middle>\w+)/$", empty_view, name="name-conflict"
+    ),
+    re_path(r"^conflict-middle/(?P<middle>\w+)/$", empty_view, name="name-conflict"),
+    re_path(r"^conflict-last/(?P<last>\w+)/$", empty_view, name="name-conflict"),
     # Two kwargs
-    re_path(r'^conflict/(?P<another>\w+)/(?P<extra>\w+)/cannot-go-here/$', empty_view, name='name-conflict'),
-    re_path(r'^conflict/(?P<extra>\w+)/(?P<another>\w+)/$', empty_view, name='name-conflict'),
+    re_path(
+        r"^conflict/(?P<another>\w+)/(?P<extra>\w+)/cannot-go-here/$",
+        empty_view,
+        name="name-conflict",
+    ),
+    re_path(
+        r"^conflict/(?P<extra>\w+)/(?P<another>\w+)/$", empty_view, name="name-conflict"
+    ),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/namespace_urls.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/namespace_urls.py
index a8fd7bb878..2e3db3ecc3 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/namespace_urls.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/namespace_urls.py
@@ -3,59 +3,82 @@ from django.urls import include, path, re_path
 from . import views
 from .utils import URLObject
 
-testobj1 = URLObject('testapp', 'test-ns1')
-testobj2 = URLObject('testapp', 'test-ns2')
-default_testobj = URLObject('testapp', 'testapp')
+testobj1 = URLObject("testapp", "test-ns1")
+testobj2 = URLObject("testapp", "test-ns2")
+default_testobj = URLObject("testapp", "testapp")
 
-otherobj1 = URLObject('nodefault', 'other-ns1')
-otherobj2 = URLObject('nodefault', 'other-ns2')
+otherobj1 = URLObject("nodefault", "other-ns1")
+otherobj2 = URLObject("nodefault", "other-ns2")
 
-newappobj1 = URLObject('newapp')
+newappobj1 = URLObject("newapp")
 
-app_name = 'namespace_urls'
+app_name = "namespace_urls"
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('normal/', views.empty_view, name='normal-view'),
-    re_path(r'^normal/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$', views.empty_view, name='normal-view'),
-    path('resolver_match/', views.pass_resolver_match_view, name='test-resolver-match'),
-
-    re_path(r'^\+\\\$\*/$', views.empty_view, name='special-view'),
-
-    re_path(r'^mixed_args/([0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$', views.empty_view, name='mixed-args'),
-    re_path(r'^no_kwargs/([0-9]+)/([0-9]+)/$', views.empty_view, name='no-kwargs'),
-
-    re_path(r'^view_class/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$', views.view_class_instance, name='view-class'),
-
-    re_path(r'^unnamed/normal/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$', views.empty_view),
-    re_path(r'^unnamed/view_class/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$', views.view_class_instance),
-
-    path('test1/', include(*testobj1.urls)),
-    path('test2/', include(*testobj2.urls)),
-    path('default/', include(*default_testobj.urls)),
-
-    path('other1/', include(*otherobj1.urls)),
-    re_path(r'^other[246]/', include(*otherobj2.urls)),
-
-    path('newapp1/', include(newappobj1.app_urls, 'new-ns1')),
-    path('new-default/', include(newappobj1.app_urls)),
-
-    re_path(r'^app-included[135]/', include('urlpatterns_reverse.included_app_urls', namespace='app-ns1')),
-    path('app-included2/', include('urlpatterns_reverse.included_app_urls', namespace='app-ns2')),
-
-    re_path(r'^ns-included[135]/', include('urlpatterns_reverse.included_namespace_urls', namespace='inc-ns1')),
-    path('ns-included2/', include('urlpatterns_reverse.included_namespace_urls', namespace='inc-ns2')),
-
-    path('app-included/', include('urlpatterns_reverse.included_namespace_urls', 'inc-app')),
-
-    path('included/', include('urlpatterns_reverse.included_namespace_urls')),
+    path("normal/", views.empty_view, name="normal-view"),
     re_path(
-        r'^inc(?P<outer>[0-9]+)/', include(('urlpatterns_reverse.included_urls', 'included_urls'), namespace='inc-ns5')
+        r"^normal/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$",
+        views.empty_view,
+        name="normal-view",
     ),
-    re_path(r'^included/([0-9]+)/', include('urlpatterns_reverse.included_namespace_urls')),
-
+    path("resolver_match/", views.pass_resolver_match_view, name="test-resolver-match"),
+    re_path(r"^\+\\\$\*/$", views.empty_view, name="special-view"),
     re_path(
-        r'^ns-outer/(?P<outer>[0-9]+)/',
-        include('urlpatterns_reverse.included_namespace_urls', namespace='inc-outer')
+        r"^mixed_args/([0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$", views.empty_view, name="mixed-args"
+    ),
+    re_path(r"^no_kwargs/([0-9]+)/([0-9]+)/$", views.empty_view, name="no-kwargs"),
+    re_path(
+        r"^view_class/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$",
+        views.view_class_instance,
+        name="view-class",
+    ),
+    re_path(r"^unnamed/normal/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$", views.empty_view),
+    re_path(
+        r"^unnamed/view_class/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$",
+        views.view_class_instance,
+    ),
+    path("test1/", include(*testobj1.urls)),
+    path("test2/", include(*testobj2.urls)),
+    path("default/", include(*default_testobj.urls)),
+    path("other1/", include(*otherobj1.urls)),
+    re_path(r"^other[246]/", include(*otherobj2.urls)),
+    path("newapp1/", include(newappobj1.app_urls, "new-ns1")),
+    path("new-default/", include(newappobj1.app_urls)),
+    re_path(
+        r"^app-included[135]/",
+        include("urlpatterns_reverse.included_app_urls", namespace="app-ns1"),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "app-included2/",
+        include("urlpatterns_reverse.included_app_urls", namespace="app-ns2"),
+    ),
+    re_path(
+        r"^ns-included[135]/",
+        include("urlpatterns_reverse.included_namespace_urls", namespace="inc-ns1"),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "ns-included2/",
+        include("urlpatterns_reverse.included_namespace_urls", namespace="inc-ns2"),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "app-included/",
+        include("urlpatterns_reverse.included_namespace_urls", "inc-app"),
+    ),
+    path("included/", include("urlpatterns_reverse.included_namespace_urls")),
+    re_path(
+        r"^inc(?P<outer>[0-9]+)/",
+        include(
+            ("urlpatterns_reverse.included_urls", "included_urls"), namespace="inc-ns5"
+        ),
+    ),
+    re_path(
+        r"^included/([0-9]+)/", include("urlpatterns_reverse.included_namespace_urls")
+    ),
+    re_path(
+        r"^ns-outer/(?P<outer>[0-9]+)/",
+        include("urlpatterns_reverse.included_namespace_urls", namespace="inc-outer"),
+    ),
+    re_path(
+        r"^\+\\\$\*/",
+        include("urlpatterns_reverse.namespace_urls", namespace="special"),
     ),
-
-    re_path(r'^\+\\\$\*/', include('urlpatterns_reverse.namespace_urls', namespace='special')),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/nested_urls.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/nested_urls.py
index d5af7d0d02..0986759a68 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/nested_urls.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/nested_urls.py
@@ -14,12 +14,15 @@ class View3(View):
     pass
 
 
-nested = ([
-    path('view1/', view1, name='view1'),
-    path('view3/', View3.as_view(), name='view3'),
-], 'backend')
+nested = (
+    [
+        path("view1/", view1, name="view1"),
+        path("view3/", View3.as_view(), name="view3"),
+    ],
+    "backend",
+)
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('some/path/', include(nested, namespace='nested')),
-    path('view2/', view2, name='view2'),
+    path("some/path/", include(nested, namespace="nested")),
+    path("view2/", view2, name="view2"),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/reverse_lazy_urls.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/reverse_lazy_urls.py
index 1cbda44fe9..049c2e3ee8 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/reverse_lazy_urls.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/reverse_lazy_urls.py
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ from django.urls import path
 from .views import LazyRedirectView, empty_view, login_required_view
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('redirected_to/', empty_view, name='named-lazy-url-redirected-to'),
-    path('login/', empty_view, name='some-login-page'),
-    path('login_required_view/', login_required_view),
-    path('redirect/', LazyRedirectView.as_view()),
+    path("redirected_to/", empty_view, name="named-lazy-url-redirected-to"),
+    path("login/", empty_view, name="some-login-page"),
+    path("login_required_view/", login_required_view),
+    path("redirect/", LazyRedirectView.as_view()),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/test_localeregexdescriptor.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/test_localeregexdescriptor.py
index 32e36569f0..3246329432 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/test_localeregexdescriptor.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/test_localeregexdescriptor.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from django.utils import translation
 here = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
 
 
-@override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=[os.path.join(here, 'translations', 'locale')])
+@override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=[os.path.join(here, "translations", "locale")])
 class LocaleRegexDescriptorTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         translation.trans_real._translations = {}
@@ -19,34 +19,36 @@ class LocaleRegexDescriptorTests(SimpleTestCase):
         translation.trans_real._translations = {}
 
     def test_translated_regex_compiled_per_language(self):
-        provider = RegexPattern(translation.gettext_lazy('^foo/$'))
-        with translation.override('de'):
+        provider = RegexPattern(translation.gettext_lazy("^foo/$"))
+        with translation.override("de"):
             de_compiled = provider.regex
             # compiled only once per language
-            error = AssertionError('tried to compile url regex twice for the same language')
-            with mock.patch('django.urls.resolvers.re.compile', side_effect=error):
+            error = AssertionError(
+                "tried to compile url regex twice for the same language"
+            )
+            with mock.patch("django.urls.resolvers.re.compile", side_effect=error):
                 de_compiled_2 = provider.regex
-        with translation.override('fr'):
+        with translation.override("fr"):
             fr_compiled = provider.regex
-        self.assertEqual(fr_compiled.pattern, '^foo-fr/$')
-        self.assertEqual(de_compiled.pattern, '^foo-de/$')
+        self.assertEqual(fr_compiled.pattern, "^foo-fr/$")
+        self.assertEqual(de_compiled.pattern, "^foo-de/$")
         self.assertEqual(de_compiled, de_compiled_2)
 
     def test_nontranslated_regex_compiled_once(self):
-        provider = RegexPattern('^foo/$')
-        with translation.override('de'):
+        provider = RegexPattern("^foo/$")
+        with translation.override("de"):
             de_compiled = provider.regex
-        with translation.override('fr'):
+        with translation.override("fr"):
             # compiled only once, regardless of language
-            error = AssertionError('tried to compile non-translated url regex twice')
-            with mock.patch('django.urls.resolvers.re.compile', side_effect=error):
+            error = AssertionError("tried to compile non-translated url regex twice")
+            with mock.patch("django.urls.resolvers.re.compile", side_effect=error):
                 fr_compiled = provider.regex
-        self.assertEqual(de_compiled.pattern, '^foo/$')
-        self.assertEqual(fr_compiled.pattern, '^foo/$')
+        self.assertEqual(de_compiled.pattern, "^foo/$")
+        self.assertEqual(fr_compiled.pattern, "^foo/$")
 
     def test_regex_compile_error(self):
         """Regex errors are re-raised as ImproperlyConfigured."""
-        provider = RegexPattern('*')
+        provider = RegexPattern("*")
         msg = '"*" is not a valid regular expression: nothing to repeat'
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
             provider.regex
@@ -55,6 +57,6 @@ class LocaleRegexDescriptorTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(RegexPattern.regex, LocaleRegexDescriptor)
 
 
-@override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=[Path(here) / 'translations' / 'locale'])
+@override_settings(LOCALE_PATHS=[Path(here) / "translations" / "locale"])
 class LocaleRegexDescriptorPathLibTests(LocaleRegexDescriptorTests):
     pass
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/tests.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/tests.py
index 5ee4c7a52b..e293f3c505 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/tests.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/tests.py
@@ -10,18 +10,25 @@ from admin_scripts.tests import AdminScriptTestCase
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured, ViewDoesNotExist
-from django.http import (
-    HttpRequest, HttpResponsePermanentRedirect, HttpResponseRedirect,
-)
+from django.http import HttpRequest, HttpResponsePermanentRedirect, HttpResponseRedirect
 from django.shortcuts import redirect
-from django.test import (
-    RequestFactory, SimpleTestCase, TestCase, override_settings,
-)
+from django.test import RequestFactory, SimpleTestCase, TestCase, override_settings
 from django.test.utils import override_script_prefix
 from django.urls import (
-    NoReverseMatch, Resolver404, ResolverMatch, URLPattern, URLResolver,
-    get_callable, get_resolver, get_urlconf, include, path, re_path, resolve,
-    reverse, reverse_lazy,
+    NoReverseMatch,
+    Resolver404,
+    ResolverMatch,
+    URLPattern,
+    URLResolver,
+    get_callable,
+    get_resolver,
+    get_urlconf,
+    include,
+    path,
+    re_path,
+    resolve,
+    reverse,
+    reverse_lazy,
 )
 from django.urls.resolvers import RegexPattern
 
@@ -32,256 +39,394 @@ from .views import empty_view
 resolve_test_data = (
     # These entries are in the format: (path, url_name, app_name, namespace, view_name, func, args, kwargs)
     # Simple case
-    ('/normal/42/37/', 'normal-view', '', '', 'normal-view', views.empty_view, (), {'arg1': '42', 'arg2': '37'}),
     (
-        '/view_class/42/37/', 'view-class', '', '', 'view-class', views.view_class_instance, (),
-        {'arg1': '42', 'arg2': '37'}
+        "/normal/42/37/",
+        "normal-view",
+        "",
+        "",
+        "normal-view",
+        views.empty_view,
+        (),
+        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
     ),
     (
-        '/included/normal/42/37/', 'inc-normal-view', 'included_namespace_urls',
-        'included_namespace_urls', 'included_namespace_urls:inc-normal-view',
-        views.empty_view, (), {'arg1': '42', 'arg2': '37'}
+        "/view_class/42/37/",
+        "view-class",
+        "",
+        "",
+        "view-class",
+        views.view_class_instance,
+        (),
+        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
     ),
     (
-        '/included/view_class/42/37/', 'inc-view-class', 'included_namespace_urls',
-        'included_namespace_urls', 'included_namespace_urls:inc-view-class',
-        views.view_class_instance, (), {'arg1': '42', 'arg2': '37'}
+        "/included/normal/42/37/",
+        "inc-normal-view",
+        "included_namespace_urls",
+        "included_namespace_urls",
+        "included_namespace_urls:inc-normal-view",
+        views.empty_view,
+        (),
+        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
+    ),
+    (
+        "/included/view_class/42/37/",
+        "inc-view-class",
+        "included_namespace_urls",
+        "included_namespace_urls",
+        "included_namespace_urls:inc-view-class",
+        views.view_class_instance,
+        (),
+        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
     ),
-
     # Unnamed args are dropped if you have *any* kwargs in a pattern
-    ('/mixed_args/42/37/', 'mixed-args', '', '', 'mixed-args', views.empty_view, (), {'arg2': '37'}),
     (
-        '/included/mixed_args/42/37/', 'inc-mixed-args', 'included_namespace_urls',
-        'included_namespace_urls', 'included_namespace_urls:inc-mixed-args',
-        views.empty_view, (), {'arg2': '37'}
+        "/mixed_args/42/37/",
+        "mixed-args",
+        "",
+        "",
+        "mixed-args",
+        views.empty_view,
+        (),
+        {"arg2": "37"},
     ),
     (
-        '/included/12/mixed_args/42/37/', 'inc-mixed-args', 'included_namespace_urls',
-        'included_namespace_urls', 'included_namespace_urls:inc-mixed-args',
-        views.empty_view, (), {'arg2': '37'}
+        "/included/mixed_args/42/37/",
+        "inc-mixed-args",
+        "included_namespace_urls",
+        "included_namespace_urls",
+        "included_namespace_urls:inc-mixed-args",
+        views.empty_view,
+        (),
+        {"arg2": "37"},
+    ),
+    (
+        "/included/12/mixed_args/42/37/",
+        "inc-mixed-args",
+        "included_namespace_urls",
+        "included_namespace_urls",
+        "included_namespace_urls:inc-mixed-args",
+        views.empty_view,
+        (),
+        {"arg2": "37"},
     ),
-
     # Unnamed views should have None as the url_name. Regression data for #21157.
     (
-        '/unnamed/normal/42/37/', None, '', '', 'urlpatterns_reverse.views.empty_view', views.empty_view, (),
-        {'arg1': '42', 'arg2': '37'}
+        "/unnamed/normal/42/37/",
+        None,
+        "",
+        "",
+        "urlpatterns_reverse.views.empty_view",
+        views.empty_view,
+        (),
+        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
     ),
     (
-        '/unnamed/view_class/42/37/', None, '', '', 'urlpatterns_reverse.views.ViewClass', views.view_class_instance,
-        (), {'arg1': '42', 'arg2': '37'}
+        "/unnamed/view_class/42/37/",
+        None,
+        "",
+        "",
+        "urlpatterns_reverse.views.ViewClass",
+        views.view_class_instance,
+        (),
+        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
     ),
-
     # If you have no kwargs, you get an args list.
-    ('/no_kwargs/42/37/', 'no-kwargs', '', '', 'no-kwargs', views.empty_view, ('42', '37'), {}),
     (
-        '/included/no_kwargs/42/37/', 'inc-no-kwargs', 'included_namespace_urls',
-        'included_namespace_urls', 'included_namespace_urls:inc-no-kwargs',
-        views.empty_view, ('42', '37'), {}
+        "/no_kwargs/42/37/",
+        "no-kwargs",
+        "",
+        "",
+        "no-kwargs",
+        views.empty_view,
+        ("42", "37"),
+        {},
     ),
     (
-        '/included/12/no_kwargs/42/37/', 'inc-no-kwargs', 'included_namespace_urls',
-        'included_namespace_urls', 'included_namespace_urls:inc-no-kwargs',
-        views.empty_view, ('12', '42', '37'), {}
+        "/included/no_kwargs/42/37/",
+        "inc-no-kwargs",
+        "included_namespace_urls",
+        "included_namespace_urls",
+        "included_namespace_urls:inc-no-kwargs",
+        views.empty_view,
+        ("42", "37"),
+        {},
+    ),
+    (
+        "/included/12/no_kwargs/42/37/",
+        "inc-no-kwargs",
+        "included_namespace_urls",
+        "included_namespace_urls",
+        "included_namespace_urls:inc-no-kwargs",
+        views.empty_view,
+        ("12", "42", "37"),
+        {},
     ),
-
     # Namespaces
     (
-        '/test1/inner/42/37/', 'urlobject-view', 'testapp', 'test-ns1', 'test-ns1:urlobject-view',
-        views.empty_view, (), {'arg1': '42', 'arg2': '37'}
+        "/test1/inner/42/37/",
+        "urlobject-view",
+        "testapp",
+        "test-ns1",
+        "test-ns1:urlobject-view",
+        views.empty_view,
+        (),
+        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
     ),
     (
-        '/included/test3/inner/42/37/', 'urlobject-view', 'included_namespace_urls:testapp',
-        'included_namespace_urls:test-ns3', 'included_namespace_urls:test-ns3:urlobject-view',
-        views.empty_view, (), {'arg1': '42', 'arg2': '37'}
+        "/included/test3/inner/42/37/",
+        "urlobject-view",
+        "included_namespace_urls:testapp",
+        "included_namespace_urls:test-ns3",
+        "included_namespace_urls:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
+        views.empty_view,
+        (),
+        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
     ),
     (
-        '/ns-included1/normal/42/37/', 'inc-normal-view', 'included_namespace_urls',
-        'inc-ns1', 'inc-ns1:inc-normal-view',
-        views.empty_view, (), {'arg1': '42', 'arg2': '37'}
+        "/ns-included1/normal/42/37/",
+        "inc-normal-view",
+        "included_namespace_urls",
+        "inc-ns1",
+        "inc-ns1:inc-normal-view",
+        views.empty_view,
+        (),
+        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
     ),
     (
-        '/included/test3/inner/42/37/', 'urlobject-view', 'included_namespace_urls:testapp',
-        'included_namespace_urls:test-ns3', 'included_namespace_urls:test-ns3:urlobject-view',
-        views.empty_view, (), {'arg1': '42', 'arg2': '37'}
+        "/included/test3/inner/42/37/",
+        "urlobject-view",
+        "included_namespace_urls:testapp",
+        "included_namespace_urls:test-ns3",
+        "included_namespace_urls:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
+        views.empty_view,
+        (),
+        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
     ),
     (
-        '/default/inner/42/37/', 'urlobject-view', 'testapp', 'testapp', 'testapp:urlobject-view',
-        views.empty_view, (), {'arg1': '42', 'arg2': '37'}
+        "/default/inner/42/37/",
+        "urlobject-view",
+        "testapp",
+        "testapp",
+        "testapp:urlobject-view",
+        views.empty_view,
+        (),
+        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
     ),
     (
-        '/other2/inner/42/37/', 'urlobject-view', 'nodefault', 'other-ns2', 'other-ns2:urlobject-view',
-        views.empty_view, (), {'arg1': '42', 'arg2': '37'}
+        "/other2/inner/42/37/",
+        "urlobject-view",
+        "nodefault",
+        "other-ns2",
+        "other-ns2:urlobject-view",
+        views.empty_view,
+        (),
+        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
     ),
     (
-        '/other1/inner/42/37/', 'urlobject-view', 'nodefault', 'other-ns1', 'other-ns1:urlobject-view',
-        views.empty_view, (), {'arg1': '42', 'arg2': '37'}
+        "/other1/inner/42/37/",
+        "urlobject-view",
+        "nodefault",
+        "other-ns1",
+        "other-ns1:urlobject-view",
+        views.empty_view,
+        (),
+        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
     ),
-
     # Nested namespaces
     (
-        '/ns-included1/test3/inner/42/37/', 'urlobject-view', 'included_namespace_urls:testapp',
-        'inc-ns1:test-ns3', 'inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-view',
-        views.empty_view, (), {'arg1': '42', 'arg2': '37'}
+        "/ns-included1/test3/inner/42/37/",
+        "urlobject-view",
+        "included_namespace_urls:testapp",
+        "inc-ns1:test-ns3",
+        "inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
+        views.empty_view,
+        (),
+        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
     ),
     (
-        '/ns-included1/ns-included4/ns-included2/test3/inner/42/37/', 'urlobject-view',
-        'included_namespace_urls:namespace_urls:included_namespace_urls:testapp',
-        'inc-ns1:inc-ns4:inc-ns2:test-ns3',
-        'inc-ns1:inc-ns4:inc-ns2:test-ns3:urlobject-view',
-        views.empty_view, (), {'arg1': '42', 'arg2': '37'}
+        "/ns-included1/ns-included4/ns-included2/test3/inner/42/37/",
+        "urlobject-view",
+        "included_namespace_urls:namespace_urls:included_namespace_urls:testapp",
+        "inc-ns1:inc-ns4:inc-ns2:test-ns3",
+        "inc-ns1:inc-ns4:inc-ns2:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
+        views.empty_view,
+        (),
+        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
     ),
     (
-        '/app-included/test3/inner/42/37/', 'urlobject-view', 'included_namespace_urls:testapp', 'inc-app:test-ns3',
-        'inc-app:test-ns3:urlobject-view', views.empty_view, (), {'arg1': '42', 'arg2': '37'}
+        "/app-included/test3/inner/42/37/",
+        "urlobject-view",
+        "included_namespace_urls:testapp",
+        "inc-app:test-ns3",
+        "inc-app:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
+        views.empty_view,
+        (),
+        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
     ),
     (
-        '/app-included/ns-included4/ns-included2/test3/inner/42/37/', 'urlobject-view',
-        'included_namespace_urls:namespace_urls:included_namespace_urls:testapp',
-        'inc-app:inc-ns4:inc-ns2:test-ns3',
-        'inc-app:inc-ns4:inc-ns2:test-ns3:urlobject-view',
-        views.empty_view, (), {'arg1': '42', 'arg2': '37'}
+        "/app-included/ns-included4/ns-included2/test3/inner/42/37/",
+        "urlobject-view",
+        "included_namespace_urls:namespace_urls:included_namespace_urls:testapp",
+        "inc-app:inc-ns4:inc-ns2:test-ns3",
+        "inc-app:inc-ns4:inc-ns2:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
+        views.empty_view,
+        (),
+        {"arg1": "42", "arg2": "37"},
     ),
-
     # Namespaces capturing variables
     (
-        '/inc70/', 'inner-nothing', 'included_urls', 'inc-ns5', 'inc-ns5:inner-nothing',
-        views.empty_view, (), {'outer': '70'}
+        "/inc70/",
+        "inner-nothing",
+        "included_urls",
+        "inc-ns5",
+        "inc-ns5:inner-nothing",
+        views.empty_view,
+        (),
+        {"outer": "70"},
     ),
     (
-        '/inc78/extra/foobar/', 'inner-extra', 'included_urls', 'inc-ns5', 'inc-ns5:inner-extra',
-        views.empty_view, (), {'outer': '78', 'extra': 'foobar'}
+        "/inc78/extra/foobar/",
+        "inner-extra",
+        "included_urls",
+        "inc-ns5",
+        "inc-ns5:inner-extra",
+        views.empty_view,
+        (),
+        {"outer": "78", "extra": "foobar"},
     ),
 )
 
 test_data = (
-    ('places', '/places/3/', [3], {}),
-    ('places', '/places/3/', ['3'], {}),
-    ('places', NoReverseMatch, ['a'], {}),
-    ('places', NoReverseMatch, [], {}),
-    ('places?', '/place/', [], {}),
-    ('places+', '/places/', [], {}),
-    ('places*', '/place/', [], {}),
-    ('places2?', '/', [], {}),
-    ('places2+', '/places/', [], {}),
-    ('places2*', '/', [], {}),
-    ('places3', '/places/4/', [4], {}),
-    ('places3', '/places/harlem/', ['harlem'], {}),
-    ('places3', NoReverseMatch, ['harlem64'], {}),
-    ('places4', '/places/3/', [], {'id': 3}),
-    ('people', NoReverseMatch, [], {}),
-    ('people', '/people/adrian/', ['adrian'], {}),
-    ('people', '/people/adrian/', [], {'name': 'adrian'}),
-    ('people', NoReverseMatch, ['name with spaces'], {}),
-    ('people', NoReverseMatch, [], {'name': 'name with spaces'}),
-    ('people2', '/people/name/', [], {}),
-    ('people2a', '/people/name/fred/', ['fred'], {}),
-    ('people_backref', '/people/nate-nate/', ['nate'], {}),
-    ('people_backref', '/people/nate-nate/', [], {'name': 'nate'}),
-    ('optional', '/optional/fred/', [], {'name': 'fred'}),
-    ('optional', '/optional/fred/', ['fred'], {}),
-    ('named_optional', '/optional/1/', [1], {}),
-    ('named_optional', '/optional/1/', [], {'arg1': 1}),
-    ('named_optional', '/optional/1/2/', [1, 2], {}),
-    ('named_optional', '/optional/1/2/', [], {'arg1': 1, 'arg2': 2}),
-    ('named_optional_terminated', '/optional/1/', [1], {}),
-    ('named_optional_terminated', '/optional/1/', [], {'arg1': 1}),
-    ('named_optional_terminated', '/optional/1/2/', [1, 2], {}),
-    ('named_optional_terminated', '/optional/1/2/', [], {'arg1': 1, 'arg2': 2}),
-    ('hardcoded', '/hardcoded/', [], {}),
-    ('hardcoded2', '/hardcoded/doc.pdf', [], {}),
-    ('people3', '/people/il/adrian/', [], {'state': 'il', 'name': 'adrian'}),
-    ('people3', NoReverseMatch, [], {'state': 'il'}),
-    ('people3', NoReverseMatch, [], {'name': 'adrian'}),
-    ('people4', NoReverseMatch, [], {'state': 'il', 'name': 'adrian'}),
-    ('people6', '/people/il/test/adrian/', ['il/test', 'adrian'], {}),
-    ('people6', '/people//adrian/', ['adrian'], {}),
-    ('range', '/character_set/a/', [], {}),
-    ('range2', '/character_set/x/', [], {}),
-    ('price', '/price/$10/', ['10'], {}),
-    ('price2', '/price/$10/', ['10'], {}),
-    ('price3', '/price/$10/', ['10'], {}),
-    ('product', '/product/chocolate+($2.00)/', [], {'price': '2.00', 'product': 'chocolate'}),
-    ('headlines', '/headlines/2007.5.21/', [], {'year': 2007, 'month': 5, 'day': 21}),
+    ("places", "/places/3/", [3], {}),
+    ("places", "/places/3/", ["3"], {}),
+    ("places", NoReverseMatch, ["a"], {}),
+    ("places", NoReverseMatch, [], {}),
+    ("places?", "/place/", [], {}),
+    ("places+", "/places/", [], {}),
+    ("places*", "/place/", [], {}),
+    ("places2?", "/", [], {}),
+    ("places2+", "/places/", [], {}),
+    ("places2*", "/", [], {}),
+    ("places3", "/places/4/", [4], {}),
+    ("places3", "/places/harlem/", ["harlem"], {}),
+    ("places3", NoReverseMatch, ["harlem64"], {}),
+    ("places4", "/places/3/", [], {"id": 3}),
+    ("people", NoReverseMatch, [], {}),
+    ("people", "/people/adrian/", ["adrian"], {}),
+    ("people", "/people/adrian/", [], {"name": "adrian"}),
+    ("people", NoReverseMatch, ["name with spaces"], {}),
+    ("people", NoReverseMatch, [], {"name": "name with spaces"}),
+    ("people2", "/people/name/", [], {}),
+    ("people2a", "/people/name/fred/", ["fred"], {}),
+    ("people_backref", "/people/nate-nate/", ["nate"], {}),
+    ("people_backref", "/people/nate-nate/", [], {"name": "nate"}),
+    ("optional", "/optional/fred/", [], {"name": "fred"}),
+    ("optional", "/optional/fred/", ["fred"], {}),
+    ("named_optional", "/optional/1/", [1], {}),
+    ("named_optional", "/optional/1/", [], {"arg1": 1}),
+    ("named_optional", "/optional/1/2/", [1, 2], {}),
+    ("named_optional", "/optional/1/2/", [], {"arg1": 1, "arg2": 2}),
+    ("named_optional_terminated", "/optional/1/", [1], {}),
+    ("named_optional_terminated", "/optional/1/", [], {"arg1": 1}),
+    ("named_optional_terminated", "/optional/1/2/", [1, 2], {}),
+    ("named_optional_terminated", "/optional/1/2/", [], {"arg1": 1, "arg2": 2}),
+    ("hardcoded", "/hardcoded/", [], {}),
+    ("hardcoded2", "/hardcoded/doc.pdf", [], {}),
+    ("people3", "/people/il/adrian/", [], {"state": "il", "name": "adrian"}),
+    ("people3", NoReverseMatch, [], {"state": "il"}),
+    ("people3", NoReverseMatch, [], {"name": "adrian"}),
+    ("people4", NoReverseMatch, [], {"state": "il", "name": "adrian"}),
+    ("people6", "/people/il/test/adrian/", ["il/test", "adrian"], {}),
+    ("people6", "/people//adrian/", ["adrian"], {}),
+    ("range", "/character_set/a/", [], {}),
+    ("range2", "/character_set/x/", [], {}),
+    ("price", "/price/$10/", ["10"], {}),
+    ("price2", "/price/$10/", ["10"], {}),
+    ("price3", "/price/$10/", ["10"], {}),
     (
-        'windows', r'/windows_path/C:%5CDocuments%20and%20Settings%5Cspam/', [],
-        {'drive_name': 'C', 'path': r'Documents and Settings\spam'}
+        "product",
+        "/product/chocolate+($2.00)/",
+        [],
+        {"price": "2.00", "product": "chocolate"},
     ),
-    ('special', r'/special_chars/~@+%5C$*%7C/', [r'~@+\$*|'], {}),
-    ('special', r'/special_chars/some%20resource/', [r'some resource'], {}),
-    ('special', r'/special_chars/10%25%20complete/', [r'10% complete'], {}),
-    ('special', r'/special_chars/some%20resource/', [], {'chars': r'some resource'}),
-    ('special', r'/special_chars/10%25%20complete/', [], {'chars': r'10% complete'}),
-    ('special', NoReverseMatch, [''], {}),
-    ('mixed', '/john/0/', [], {'name': 'john'}),
-    ('repeats', '/repeats/a/', [], {}),
-    ('repeats2', '/repeats/aa/', [], {}),
-    ('repeats3', '/repeats/aa/', [], {}),
-    ('test', '/test/1', [], {}),
-    ('inner-nothing', '/outer/42/', [], {'outer': '42'}),
-    ('inner-nothing', '/outer/42/', ['42'], {}),
-    ('inner-nothing', NoReverseMatch, ['foo'], {}),
-    ('inner-extra', '/outer/42/extra/inner/', [], {'extra': 'inner', 'outer': '42'}),
-    ('inner-extra', '/outer/42/extra/inner/', ['42', 'inner'], {}),
-    ('inner-extra', NoReverseMatch, ['fred', 'inner'], {}),
-    ('inner-no-kwargs', '/outer-no-kwargs/42/inner-no-kwargs/1/', ['42', '1'], {}),
-    ('disjunction', NoReverseMatch, ['foo'], {}),
-    ('inner-disjunction', NoReverseMatch, ['10', '11'], {}),
-    ('extra-places', '/e-places/10/', ['10'], {}),
-    ('extra-people', '/e-people/fred/', ['fred'], {}),
-    ('extra-people', '/e-people/fred/', [], {'name': 'fred'}),
-    ('part', '/part/one/', [], {'value': 'one'}),
-    ('part', '/prefix/xx/part/one/', [], {'value': 'one', 'prefix': 'xx'}),
-    ('part2', '/part2/one/', [], {'value': 'one'}),
-    ('part2', '/part2/', [], {}),
-    ('part2', '/prefix/xx/part2/one/', [], {'value': 'one', 'prefix': 'xx'}),
-    ('part2', '/prefix/xx/part2/', [], {'prefix': 'xx'}),
-
+    ("headlines", "/headlines/2007.5.21/", [], {"year": 2007, "month": 5, "day": 21}),
+    (
+        "windows",
+        r"/windows_path/C:%5CDocuments%20and%20Settings%5Cspam/",
+        [],
+        {"drive_name": "C", "path": r"Documents and Settings\spam"},
+    ),
+    ("special", r"/special_chars/~@+%5C$*%7C/", [r"~@+\$*|"], {}),
+    ("special", r"/special_chars/some%20resource/", [r"some resource"], {}),
+    ("special", r"/special_chars/10%25%20complete/", [r"10% complete"], {}),
+    ("special", r"/special_chars/some%20resource/", [], {"chars": r"some resource"}),
+    ("special", r"/special_chars/10%25%20complete/", [], {"chars": r"10% complete"}),
+    ("special", NoReverseMatch, [""], {}),
+    ("mixed", "/john/0/", [], {"name": "john"}),
+    ("repeats", "/repeats/a/", [], {}),
+    ("repeats2", "/repeats/aa/", [], {}),
+    ("repeats3", "/repeats/aa/", [], {}),
+    ("test", "/test/1", [], {}),
+    ("inner-nothing", "/outer/42/", [], {"outer": "42"}),
+    ("inner-nothing", "/outer/42/", ["42"], {}),
+    ("inner-nothing", NoReverseMatch, ["foo"], {}),
+    ("inner-extra", "/outer/42/extra/inner/", [], {"extra": "inner", "outer": "42"}),
+    ("inner-extra", "/outer/42/extra/inner/", ["42", "inner"], {}),
+    ("inner-extra", NoReverseMatch, ["fred", "inner"], {}),
+    ("inner-no-kwargs", "/outer-no-kwargs/42/inner-no-kwargs/1/", ["42", "1"], {}),
+    ("disjunction", NoReverseMatch, ["foo"], {}),
+    ("inner-disjunction", NoReverseMatch, ["10", "11"], {}),
+    ("extra-places", "/e-places/10/", ["10"], {}),
+    ("extra-people", "/e-people/fred/", ["fred"], {}),
+    ("extra-people", "/e-people/fred/", [], {"name": "fred"}),
+    ("part", "/part/one/", [], {"value": "one"}),
+    ("part", "/prefix/xx/part/one/", [], {"value": "one", "prefix": "xx"}),
+    ("part2", "/part2/one/", [], {"value": "one"}),
+    ("part2", "/part2/", [], {}),
+    ("part2", "/prefix/xx/part2/one/", [], {"value": "one", "prefix": "xx"}),
+    ("part2", "/prefix/xx/part2/", [], {"prefix": "xx"}),
     # Tests for nested groups. Nested capturing groups will only work if you
     # *only* supply the correct outer group.
-    ('nested-noncapture', '/nested/noncapture/opt', [], {'p': 'opt'}),
-    ('nested-capture', '/nested/capture/opt/', ['opt/'], {}),
-    ('nested-capture', NoReverseMatch, [], {'p': 'opt'}),
-    ('nested-mixedcapture', '/nested/capture/mixed/opt', ['opt'], {}),
-    ('nested-mixedcapture', NoReverseMatch, [], {'p': 'opt'}),
-    ('nested-namedcapture', '/nested/capture/named/opt/', [], {'outer': 'opt/'}),
-    ('nested-namedcapture', NoReverseMatch, [], {'outer': 'opt/', 'inner': 'opt'}),
-    ('nested-namedcapture', NoReverseMatch, [], {'inner': 'opt'}),
-
-    ('non_path_include', '/includes/non_path_include/', [], {}),
-
+    ("nested-noncapture", "/nested/noncapture/opt", [], {"p": "opt"}),
+    ("nested-capture", "/nested/capture/opt/", ["opt/"], {}),
+    ("nested-capture", NoReverseMatch, [], {"p": "opt"}),
+    ("nested-mixedcapture", "/nested/capture/mixed/opt", ["opt"], {}),
+    ("nested-mixedcapture", NoReverseMatch, [], {"p": "opt"}),
+    ("nested-namedcapture", "/nested/capture/named/opt/", [], {"outer": "opt/"}),
+    ("nested-namedcapture", NoReverseMatch, [], {"outer": "opt/", "inner": "opt"}),
+    ("nested-namedcapture", NoReverseMatch, [], {"inner": "opt"}),
+    ("non_path_include", "/includes/non_path_include/", [], {}),
     # Tests for #13154
-    ('defaults', '/defaults_view1/3/', [], {'arg1': 3, 'arg2': 1}),
-    ('defaults', '/defaults_view2/3/', [], {'arg1': 3, 'arg2': 2}),
-    ('defaults', NoReverseMatch, [], {'arg1': 3, 'arg2': 3}),
-    ('defaults', NoReverseMatch, [], {'arg2': 1}),
-
+    ("defaults", "/defaults_view1/3/", [], {"arg1": 3, "arg2": 1}),
+    ("defaults", "/defaults_view2/3/", [], {"arg1": 3, "arg2": 2}),
+    ("defaults", NoReverseMatch, [], {"arg1": 3, "arg2": 3}),
+    ("defaults", NoReverseMatch, [], {"arg2": 1}),
     # Security tests
-    ('security', '/%2Fexample.com/security/', ['/example.com'], {}),
+    ("security", "/%2Fexample.com/security/", ["/example.com"], {}),
 )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='urlpatterns_reverse.no_urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns_reverse.no_urls")
 class NoURLPatternsTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_no_urls_exception(self):
         """
         URLResolver should raise an exception when no urlpatterns exist.
         """
-        resolver = URLResolver(RegexPattern(r'^$'), settings.ROOT_URLCONF)
+        resolver = URLResolver(RegexPattern(r"^$"), settings.ROOT_URLCONF)
 
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(
             ImproperlyConfigured,
             "The included URLconf 'urlpatterns_reverse.no_urls' does not "
             "appear to have any patterns in it. If you see the 'urlpatterns' "
             "variable with valid patterns in the file then the issue is "
-            "probably caused by a circular import."
+            "probably caused by a circular import.",
         ):
-            getattr(resolver, 'url_patterns')
+            getattr(resolver, "url_patterns")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='urlpatterns_reverse.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns_reverse.urls")
 class URLPatternReverse(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_urlpattern_reverse(self):
         for name, expected, args, kwargs in test_data:
             with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
@@ -300,52 +445,50 @@ class URLPatternReverse(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_mixing_args_and_kwargs(self):
         msg = "Don't mix *args and **kwargs in call to reverse()!"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            reverse('name', args=['a'], kwargs={'b': 'c'})
+            reverse("name", args=["a"], kwargs={"b": "c"})
 
-    @override_script_prefix('/{{invalid}}/')
+    @override_script_prefix("/{{invalid}}/")
     def test_prefix_braces(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            '/%7B%7Binvalid%7D%7D/includes/non_path_include/',
-            reverse('non_path_include')
+            "/%7B%7Binvalid%7D%7D/includes/non_path_include/",
+            reverse("non_path_include"),
         )
 
     def test_prefix_parenthesis(self):
         # Parentheses are allowed and should not cause errors or be escaped
-        with override_script_prefix('/bogus)/'):
+        with override_script_prefix("/bogus)/"):
             self.assertEqual(
-                '/bogus)/includes/non_path_include/',
-                reverse('non_path_include')
+                "/bogus)/includes/non_path_include/", reverse("non_path_include")
             )
-        with override_script_prefix('/(bogus)/'):
+        with override_script_prefix("/(bogus)/"):
             self.assertEqual(
-                '/(bogus)/includes/non_path_include/',
-                reverse('non_path_include')
+                "/(bogus)/includes/non_path_include/", reverse("non_path_include")
             )
 
-    @override_script_prefix('/bump%20map/')
+    @override_script_prefix("/bump%20map/")
     def test_prefix_format_char(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            '/bump%2520map/includes/non_path_include/',
-            reverse('non_path_include')
+            "/bump%2520map/includes/non_path_include/", reverse("non_path_include")
         )
 
-    @override_script_prefix('/%7Eme/')
+    @override_script_prefix("/%7Eme/")
     def test_non_urlsafe_prefix_with_args(self):
         # Regression for #20022, adjusted for #24013 because ~ is an unreserved
         # character. Tests whether % is escaped.
-        self.assertEqual('/%257Eme/places/1/', reverse('places', args=[1]))
+        self.assertEqual("/%257Eme/places/1/", reverse("places", args=[1]))
 
     def test_patterns_reported(self):
         # Regression for #17076
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(NoReverseMatch, r"1 pattern(s) tried: ['people/(?P<name>\\w+)/$']"):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            NoReverseMatch, r"1 pattern(s) tried: ['people/(?P<name>\\w+)/$']"
+        ):
             # this url exists, but requires an argument
             reverse("people", args=[])
 
-    @override_script_prefix('/script:name/')
+    @override_script_prefix("/script:name/")
     def test_script_name_escaping(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            reverse('optional', args=['foo:bar']),
-            '/script:name/optional/foo:bar/'
+            reverse("optional", args=["foo:bar"]), "/script:name/optional/foo:bar/"
         )
 
     def test_view_not_found_message(self):
@@ -354,22 +497,22 @@ class URLPatternReverse(SimpleTestCase):
             "is not a valid view function or pattern name."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NoReverseMatch, msg):
-            reverse('nonexistent-view')
+            reverse("nonexistent-view")
 
     def test_no_args_message(self):
         msg = "Reverse for 'places' with no arguments not found. 1 pattern(s) tried:"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NoReverseMatch, msg):
-            reverse('places')
+            reverse("places")
 
     def test_illegal_args_message(self):
         msg = "Reverse for 'places' with arguments '(1, 2)' not found. 1 pattern(s) tried:"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NoReverseMatch, msg):
-            reverse('places', args=(1, 2))
+            reverse("places", args=(1, 2))
 
     def test_illegal_kwargs_message(self):
         msg = "Reverse for 'places' with keyword arguments '{'arg1': 2}' not found. 1 pattern(s) tried:"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NoReverseMatch, msg):
-            reverse('places', kwargs={'arg1': 2})
+            reverse("places", kwargs={"arg1": 2})
 
 
 class ResolverTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -379,27 +522,27 @@ class ResolverTests(SimpleTestCase):
         (#17892).
         """
         # Pick a resolver from a namespaced URLconf
-        resolver = get_resolver('urlpatterns_reverse.namespace_urls')
-        sub_resolver = resolver.namespace_dict['test-ns1'][1]
-        self.assertIn('<URLPattern list>', repr(sub_resolver))
+        resolver = get_resolver("urlpatterns_reverse.namespace_urls")
+        sub_resolver = resolver.namespace_dict["test-ns1"][1]
+        self.assertIn("<URLPattern list>", repr(sub_resolver))
 
     def test_reverse_lazy_object_coercion_by_resolve(self):
         """
         Verifies lazy object returned by reverse_lazy is coerced to
         text by resolve(). Previous to #21043, this would raise a TypeError.
         """
-        urls = 'urlpatterns_reverse.named_urls'
-        proxy_url = reverse_lazy('named-url1', urlconf=urls)
+        urls = "urlpatterns_reverse.named_urls"
+        proxy_url = reverse_lazy("named-url1", urlconf=urls)
         resolver = get_resolver(urls)
         resolver.resolve(proxy_url)
 
     def test_resolver_reverse(self):
-        resolver = get_resolver('urlpatterns_reverse.named_urls')
+        resolver = get_resolver("urlpatterns_reverse.named_urls")
         test_urls = [
             # (name, args, kwargs, expected)
-            ('named-url1', (), {}, ''),
-            ('named-url2', ('arg',), {}, 'extra/arg/'),
-            ('named-url2', (), {'extra': 'arg'}, 'extra/arg/'),
+            ("named-url1", (), {}, ""),
+            ("named-url2", ("arg",), {}, "extra/arg/"),
+            ("named-url2", (), {"extra": "arg"}, "extra/arg/"),
         ]
         for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
             with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
@@ -410,19 +553,19 @@ class ResolverTests(SimpleTestCase):
         URL pattern name arguments don't need to be unique. The last registered
         pattern takes precedence for conflicting names.
         """
-        resolver = get_resolver('urlpatterns_reverse.named_urls_conflict')
+        resolver = get_resolver("urlpatterns_reverse.named_urls_conflict")
         test_urls = [
             # (name, args, kwargs, expected)
             # Without arguments, the last URL in urlpatterns has precedence.
-            ('name-conflict', (), {}, 'conflict/'),
+            ("name-conflict", (), {}, "conflict/"),
             # With an arg, the last URL in urlpatterns has precedence.
-            ('name-conflict', ('arg',), {}, 'conflict-last/arg/'),
+            ("name-conflict", ("arg",), {}, "conflict-last/arg/"),
             # With a kwarg, other URL patterns can be reversed.
-            ('name-conflict', (), {'first': 'arg'}, 'conflict-first/arg/'),
-            ('name-conflict', (), {'middle': 'arg'}, 'conflict-middle/arg/'),
-            ('name-conflict', (), {'last': 'arg'}, 'conflict-last/arg/'),
+            ("name-conflict", (), {"first": "arg"}, "conflict-first/arg/"),
+            ("name-conflict", (), {"middle": "arg"}, "conflict-middle/arg/"),
+            ("name-conflict", (), {"last": "arg"}, "conflict-last/arg/"),
             # The number and order of the arguments don't interfere with reversing.
-            ('name-conflict', ('arg', 'arg'), {}, 'conflict/arg/arg/'),
+            ("name-conflict", ("arg", "arg"), {}, "conflict/arg/arg/"),
         ]
         for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
             with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
@@ -435,7 +578,7 @@ class ResolverTests(SimpleTestCase):
         the root pattern '^/'. Never return None from resolve() to prevent a
         TypeError from occurring later (#10834).
         """
-        test_urls = ['', 'a', '\\', '.']
+        test_urls = ["", "a", "\\", "."]
         for path_ in test_urls:
             with self.subTest(path=path_):
                 with self.assertRaises(Resolver404):
@@ -447,64 +590,76 @@ class ResolverTests(SimpleTestCase):
         a list in the right format for printing out in the DEBUG 404 page with
         both the patterns and URL names, if available.
         """
-        urls = 'urlpatterns_reverse.named_urls'
+        urls = "urlpatterns_reverse.named_urls"
         # this list matches the expected URL types and names returned when
         # you try to resolve a nonexistent URL in the first level of included
         # URLs in named_urls.py (e.g., '/included/nonexistent-url')
         url_types_names = [
-            [{'type': URLPattern, 'name': 'named-url1'}],
-            [{'type': URLPattern, 'name': 'named-url2'}],
-            [{'type': URLPattern, 'name': None}],
-            [{'type': URLResolver}, {'type': URLPattern, 'name': 'named-url3'}],
-            [{'type': URLResolver}, {'type': URLPattern, 'name': 'named-url4'}],
-            [{'type': URLResolver}, {'type': URLPattern, 'name': None}],
-            [{'type': URLResolver}, {'type': URLResolver}],
+            [{"type": URLPattern, "name": "named-url1"}],
+            [{"type": URLPattern, "name": "named-url2"}],
+            [{"type": URLPattern, "name": None}],
+            [{"type": URLResolver}, {"type": URLPattern, "name": "named-url3"}],
+            [{"type": URLResolver}, {"type": URLPattern, "name": "named-url4"}],
+            [{"type": URLResolver}, {"type": URLPattern, "name": None}],
+            [{"type": URLResolver}, {"type": URLResolver}],
         ]
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(Resolver404, 'tried') as cm:
-            resolve('/included/nonexistent-url', urlconf=urls)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(Resolver404, "tried") as cm:
+            resolve("/included/nonexistent-url", urlconf=urls)
         e = cm.exception
         # make sure we at least matched the root ('/') url resolver:
-        self.assertIn('tried', e.args[0])
+        self.assertIn("tried", e.args[0])
         self.assertEqual(
-            len(e.args[0]['tried']),
+            len(e.args[0]["tried"]),
             len(url_types_names),
-            'Wrong number of tried URLs returned.  Expected %s, got %s.' % (
-                len(url_types_names), len(e.args[0]['tried'])
-            )
+            "Wrong number of tried URLs returned.  Expected %s, got %s."
+            % (len(url_types_names), len(e.args[0]["tried"])),
         )
-        for tried, expected in zip(e.args[0]['tried'], url_types_names):
+        for tried, expected in zip(e.args[0]["tried"], url_types_names):
             for t, e in zip(tried, expected):
                 with self.subTest(t):
-                    self.assertIsInstance(t, e['type']), '%s is not an instance of %s' % (t, e['type'])
-                    if 'name' in e:
-                        if not e['name']:
-                            self.assertIsNone(t.name, 'Expected no URL name but found %s.' % t.name)
+                    self.assertIsInstance(
+                        t, e["type"]
+                    ), "%s is not an instance of %s" % (t, e["type"])
+                    if "name" in e:
+                        if not e["name"]:
+                            self.assertIsNone(
+                                t.name, "Expected no URL name but found %s." % t.name
+                            )
                         else:
                             self.assertEqual(
                                 t.name,
-                                e['name'],
-                                'Wrong URL name.  Expected "%s", got "%s".' % (e['name'], t.name)
+                                e["name"],
+                                'Wrong URL name.  Expected "%s", got "%s".'
+                                % (e["name"], t.name),
                             )
 
     def test_namespaced_view_detail(self):
-        resolver = get_resolver('urlpatterns_reverse.nested_urls')
-        self.assertTrue(resolver._is_callback('urlpatterns_reverse.nested_urls.view1'))
-        self.assertTrue(resolver._is_callback('urlpatterns_reverse.nested_urls.view2'))
-        self.assertTrue(resolver._is_callback('urlpatterns_reverse.nested_urls.View3'))
-        self.assertFalse(resolver._is_callback('urlpatterns_reverse.nested_urls.blub'))
+        resolver = get_resolver("urlpatterns_reverse.nested_urls")
+        self.assertTrue(resolver._is_callback("urlpatterns_reverse.nested_urls.view1"))
+        self.assertTrue(resolver._is_callback("urlpatterns_reverse.nested_urls.view2"))
+        self.assertTrue(resolver._is_callback("urlpatterns_reverse.nested_urls.View3"))
+        self.assertFalse(resolver._is_callback("urlpatterns_reverse.nested_urls.blub"))
 
     def test_view_detail_as_method(self):
         # Views which have a class name as part of their path.
-        resolver = get_resolver('urlpatterns_reverse.method_view_urls')
-        self.assertTrue(resolver._is_callback('urlpatterns_reverse.method_view_urls.ViewContainer.method_view'))
-        self.assertTrue(resolver._is_callback('urlpatterns_reverse.method_view_urls.ViewContainer.classmethod_view'))
+        resolver = get_resolver("urlpatterns_reverse.method_view_urls")
+        self.assertTrue(
+            resolver._is_callback(
+                "urlpatterns_reverse.method_view_urls.ViewContainer.method_view"
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            resolver._is_callback(
+                "urlpatterns_reverse.method_view_urls.ViewContainer.classmethod_view"
+            )
+        )
 
     def test_populate_concurrency(self):
         """
         URLResolver._populate() can be called concurrently, but not more
         than once per thread (#26888).
         """
-        resolver = URLResolver(RegexPattern(r'^/'), 'urlpatterns_reverse.urls')
+        resolver = URLResolver(RegexPattern(r"^/"), "urlpatterns_reverse.urls")
         resolver._local.populating = True
         thread = threading.Thread(target=resolver._populate)
         thread.start()
@@ -512,33 +667,35 @@ class ResolverTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertNotEqual(resolver._reverse_dict, {})
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='urlpatterns_reverse.reverse_lazy_urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns_reverse.reverse_lazy_urls")
 class ReverseLazyTest(TestCase):
-
     def test_redirect_with_lazy_reverse(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/redirect/')
+        response = self.client.get("/redirect/")
         self.assertRedirects(response, "/redirected_to/", status_code=302)
 
     def test_user_permission_with_lazy_reverse(self):
-        alfred = User.objects.create_user('alfred', 'alfred@example.com', password='testpw')
-        response = self.client.get('/login_required_view/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, "/login/?next=/login_required_view/", status_code=302)
+        alfred = User.objects.create_user(
+            "alfred", "alfred@example.com", password="testpw"
+        )
+        response = self.client.get("/login_required_view/")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "/login/?next=/login_required_view/", status_code=302
+        )
         self.client.force_login(alfred)
-        response = self.client.get('/login_required_view/')
+        response = self.client.get("/login_required_view/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_inserting_reverse_lazy_into_string(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            'Some URL: %s' % reverse_lazy('some-login-page'),
-            'Some URL: /login/'
+            "Some URL: %s" % reverse_lazy("some-login-page"), "Some URL: /login/"
         )
 
     def test_build_absolute_uri(self):
         factory = RequestFactory()
-        request = factory.get('/')
+        request = factory.get("/")
         self.assertEqual(
-            request.build_absolute_uri(reverse_lazy('some-login-page')),
-            'http://testserver/login/',
+            request.build_absolute_uri(reverse_lazy("some-login-page")),
+            "http://testserver/login/",
         )
 
 
@@ -547,21 +704,21 @@ class ReverseLazySettingsTest(AdminScriptTestCase):
     reverse_lazy can be used in settings without causing a circular
     import error.
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
         self.write_settings(
-            'settings.py',
+            "settings.py",
             extra="from django.urls import reverse_lazy\nLOGIN_URL = reverse_lazy('login')",
         )
 
     def test_lazy_in_settings(self):
-        out, err = self.run_manage(['check'])
+        out, err = self.run_manage(["check"])
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='urlpatterns_reverse.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns_reverse.urls")
 class ReverseShortcutTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_redirect_to_object(self):
         # We don't really need a model; just something with a get_absolute_url
         class FakeObj:
@@ -570,36 +727,36 @@ class ReverseShortcutTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         res = redirect(FakeObj())
         self.assertIsInstance(res, HttpResponseRedirect)
-        self.assertEqual(res.url, '/hi-there/')
+        self.assertEqual(res.url, "/hi-there/")
 
         res = redirect(FakeObj(), permanent=True)
         self.assertIsInstance(res, HttpResponsePermanentRedirect)
-        self.assertEqual(res.url, '/hi-there/')
+        self.assertEqual(res.url, "/hi-there/")
 
     def test_redirect_to_view_name(self):
-        res = redirect('hardcoded2')
-        self.assertEqual(res.url, '/hardcoded/doc.pdf')
-        res = redirect('places', 1)
-        self.assertEqual(res.url, '/places/1/')
-        res = redirect('headlines', year='2008', month='02', day='17')
-        self.assertEqual(res.url, '/headlines/2008.02.17/')
+        res = redirect("hardcoded2")
+        self.assertEqual(res.url, "/hardcoded/doc.pdf")
+        res = redirect("places", 1)
+        self.assertEqual(res.url, "/places/1/")
+        res = redirect("headlines", year="2008", month="02", day="17")
+        self.assertEqual(res.url, "/headlines/2008.02.17/")
         with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
-            redirect('not-a-view')
+            redirect("not-a-view")
 
     def test_redirect_to_url(self):
-        res = redirect('/foo/')
-        self.assertEqual(res.url, '/foo/')
-        res = redirect('http://example.com/')
-        self.assertEqual(res.url, 'http://example.com/')
+        res = redirect("/foo/")
+        self.assertEqual(res.url, "/foo/")
+        res = redirect("http://example.com/")
+        self.assertEqual(res.url, "http://example.com/")
         # Assert that we can redirect using UTF-8 strings
-        res = redirect('/æøå/abc/')
-        self.assertEqual(res.url, '/%C3%A6%C3%B8%C3%A5/abc/')
+        res = redirect("/æøå/abc/")
+        self.assertEqual(res.url, "/%C3%A6%C3%B8%C3%A5/abc/")
         # Assert that no imports are attempted when dealing with a relative path
         # (previously, the below would resolve in a UnicodeEncodeError from __import__ )
-        res = redirect('/æøå.abc/')
-        self.assertEqual(res.url, '/%C3%A6%C3%B8%C3%A5.abc/')
-        res = redirect('os.path')
-        self.assertEqual(res.url, 'os.path')
+        res = redirect("/æøå.abc/")
+        self.assertEqual(res.url, "/%C3%A6%C3%B8%C3%A5.abc/")
+        res = redirect("os.path")
+        self.assertEqual(res.url, "os.path")
 
     def test_no_illegal_imports(self):
         # modules that are not listed in urlpatterns should not be importable
@@ -609,28 +766,29 @@ class ReverseShortcutTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_reverse_by_path_nested(self):
         # Views added to urlpatterns using include() should be reversible.
         from .views import nested_view
-        self.assertEqual(reverse(nested_view), '/includes/nested_path/')
+
+        self.assertEqual(reverse(nested_view), "/includes/nested_path/")
 
     def test_redirect_view_object(self):
         from .views import absolute_kwargs_view
+
         res = redirect(absolute_kwargs_view)
-        self.assertEqual(res.url, '/absolute_arg_view/')
+        self.assertEqual(res.url, "/absolute_arg_view/")
         with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
             redirect(absolute_kwargs_view, wrong_argument=None)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='urlpatterns_reverse.namespace_urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns_reverse.namespace_urls")
 class NamespaceTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_ambiguous_object(self):
         """
         Names deployed via dynamic URL objects that require namespaces can't
         be resolved.
         """
         test_urls = [
-            ('urlobject-view', [], {}),
-            ('urlobject-view', [37, 42], {}),
-            ('urlobject-view', [], {'arg1': 42, 'arg2': 37}),
+            ("urlobject-view", [], {}),
+            ("urlobject-view", [37, 42], {}),
+            ("urlobject-view", [], {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37}),
         ]
         for name, args, kwargs in test_urls:
             with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
@@ -643,9 +801,9 @@ class NamespaceTests(SimpleTestCase):
         be resolved.
         """
         test_urls = [
-            ('inner-nothing', [], {}),
-            ('inner-nothing', [37, 42], {}),
-            ('inner-nothing', [], {'arg1': 42, 'arg2': 37}),
+            ("inner-nothing", [], {}),
+            ("inner-nothing", [37, 42], {}),
+            ("inner-nothing", [], {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37}),
         ]
         for name, args, kwargs in test_urls:
             with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
@@ -655,8 +813,8 @@ class NamespaceTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_non_existent_namespace(self):
         """Nonexistent namespaces raise errors."""
         test_urls = [
-            'blahblah:urlobject-view',
-            'test-ns1:blahblah:urlobject-view',
+            "blahblah:urlobject-view",
+            "test-ns1:blahblah:urlobject-view",
         ]
         for name in test_urls:
             with self.subTest(name=name):
@@ -666,10 +824,10 @@ class NamespaceTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_normal_name(self):
         """Normal lookups work as expected."""
         test_urls = [
-            ('normal-view', [], {}, '/normal/'),
-            ('normal-view', [37, 42], {}, '/normal/37/42/'),
-            ('normal-view', [], {'arg1': 42, 'arg2': 37}, '/normal/42/37/'),
-            ('special-view', [], {}, '/+%5C$*/'),
+            ("normal-view", [], {}, "/normal/"),
+            ("normal-view", [37, 42], {}, "/normal/37/42/"),
+            ("normal-view", [], {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37}, "/normal/42/37/"),
+            ("special-view", [], {}, "/+%5C$*/"),
         ]
         for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
             with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
@@ -678,10 +836,20 @@ class NamespaceTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_simple_included_name(self):
         """Normal lookups work on names included from other patterns."""
         test_urls = [
-            ('included_namespace_urls:inc-normal-view', [], {}, '/included/normal/'),
-            ('included_namespace_urls:inc-normal-view', [37, 42], {}, '/included/normal/37/42/'),
-            ('included_namespace_urls:inc-normal-view', [], {'arg1': 42, 'arg2': 37}, '/included/normal/42/37/'),
-            ('included_namespace_urls:inc-special-view', [], {}, '/included/+%5C$*/'),
+            ("included_namespace_urls:inc-normal-view", [], {}, "/included/normal/"),
+            (
+                "included_namespace_urls:inc-normal-view",
+                [37, 42],
+                {},
+                "/included/normal/37/42/",
+            ),
+            (
+                "included_namespace_urls:inc-normal-view",
+                [],
+                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
+                "/included/normal/42/37/",
+            ),
+            ("included_namespace_urls:inc-special-view", [], {}, "/included/+%5C$*/"),
         ]
         for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
             with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
@@ -690,10 +858,15 @@ class NamespaceTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_namespace_object(self):
         """Dynamic URL objects can be found using a namespace."""
         test_urls = [
-            ('test-ns1:urlobject-view', [], {}, '/test1/inner/'),
-            ('test-ns1:urlobject-view', [37, 42], {}, '/test1/inner/37/42/'),
-            ('test-ns1:urlobject-view', [], {'arg1': 42, 'arg2': 37}, '/test1/inner/42/37/'),
-            ('test-ns1:urlobject-special-view', [], {}, '/test1/inner/+%5C$*/'),
+            ("test-ns1:urlobject-view", [], {}, "/test1/inner/"),
+            ("test-ns1:urlobject-view", [37, 42], {}, "/test1/inner/37/42/"),
+            (
+                "test-ns1:urlobject-view",
+                [],
+                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
+                "/test1/inner/42/37/",
+            ),
+            ("test-ns1:urlobject-special-view", [], {}, "/test1/inner/+%5C$*/"),
         ]
         for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
             with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
@@ -705,10 +878,15 @@ class NamespaceTests(SimpleTestCase):
         include() can set the namespace.
         """
         test_urls = [
-            ('new-ns1:urlobject-view', [], {}, '/newapp1/inner/'),
-            ('new-ns1:urlobject-view', [37, 42], {}, '/newapp1/inner/37/42/'),
-            ('new-ns1:urlobject-view', [], {'arg1': 42, 'arg2': 37}, '/newapp1/inner/42/37/'),
-            ('new-ns1:urlobject-special-view', [], {}, '/newapp1/inner/+%5C$*/'),
+            ("new-ns1:urlobject-view", [], {}, "/newapp1/inner/"),
+            ("new-ns1:urlobject-view", [37, 42], {}, "/newapp1/inner/37/42/"),
+            (
+                "new-ns1:urlobject-view",
+                [],
+                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
+                "/newapp1/inner/42/37/",
+            ),
+            ("new-ns1:urlobject-special-view", [], {}, "/newapp1/inner/+%5C$*/"),
         ]
         for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
             with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
@@ -720,10 +898,15 @@ class NamespaceTests(SimpleTestCase):
         2-tuple.
         """
         test_urls = [
-            ('newapp:urlobject-view', [], {}, '/new-default/inner/'),
-            ('newapp:urlobject-view', [37, 42], {}, '/new-default/inner/37/42/'),
-            ('newapp:urlobject-view', [], {'arg1': 42, 'arg2': 37}, '/new-default/inner/42/37/'),
-            ('newapp:urlobject-special-view', [], {}, '/new-default/inner/+%5C$*/'),
+            ("newapp:urlobject-view", [], {}, "/new-default/inner/"),
+            ("newapp:urlobject-view", [37, 42], {}, "/new-default/inner/37/42/"),
+            (
+                "newapp:urlobject-view",
+                [],
+                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
+                "/new-default/inner/42/37/",
+            ),
+            ("newapp:urlobject-special-view", [], {}, "/new-default/inner/+%5C$*/"),
         ]
         for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
             with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
@@ -732,13 +915,30 @@ class NamespaceTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_embedded_namespace_object(self):
         """Namespaces can be installed anywhere in the URL pattern tree."""
         test_urls = [
-            ('included_namespace_urls:test-ns3:urlobject-view', [], {}, '/included/test3/inner/'),
-            ('included_namespace_urls:test-ns3:urlobject-view', [37, 42], {}, '/included/test3/inner/37/42/'),
             (
-                'included_namespace_urls:test-ns3:urlobject-view', [], {'arg1': 42, 'arg2': 37},
-                '/included/test3/inner/42/37/',
+                "included_namespace_urls:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
+                [],
+                {},
+                "/included/test3/inner/",
+            ),
+            (
+                "included_namespace_urls:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
+                [37, 42],
+                {},
+                "/included/test3/inner/37/42/",
+            ),
+            (
+                "included_namespace_urls:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
+                [],
+                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
+                "/included/test3/inner/42/37/",
+            ),
+            (
+                "included_namespace_urls:test-ns3:urlobject-special-view",
+                [],
+                {},
+                "/included/test3/inner/+%5C$*/",
             ),
-            ('included_namespace_urls:test-ns3:urlobject-special-view', [], {}, '/included/test3/inner/+%5C$*/'),
         ]
         for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
             with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
@@ -747,10 +947,15 @@ class NamespaceTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_namespace_pattern(self):
         """Namespaces can be applied to include()'d urlpatterns."""
         test_urls = [
-            ('inc-ns1:inc-normal-view', [], {}, '/ns-included1/normal/'),
-            ('inc-ns1:inc-normal-view', [37, 42], {}, '/ns-included1/normal/37/42/'),
-            ('inc-ns1:inc-normal-view', [], {'arg1': 42, 'arg2': 37}, '/ns-included1/normal/42/37/'),
-            ('inc-ns1:inc-special-view', [], {}, '/ns-included1/+%5C$*/'),
+            ("inc-ns1:inc-normal-view", [], {}, "/ns-included1/normal/"),
+            ("inc-ns1:inc-normal-view", [37, 42], {}, "/ns-included1/normal/37/42/"),
+            (
+                "inc-ns1:inc-normal-view",
+                [],
+                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
+                "/ns-included1/normal/42/37/",
+            ),
+            ("inc-ns1:inc-special-view", [], {}, "/ns-included1/+%5C$*/"),
         ]
         for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
             with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
@@ -762,10 +967,15 @@ class NamespaceTests(SimpleTestCase):
         app_name attribute.
         """
         test_urls = [
-            ('app-ns1:inc-normal-view', [], {}, '/app-included1/normal/'),
-            ('app-ns1:inc-normal-view', [37, 42], {}, '/app-included1/normal/37/42/'),
-            ('app-ns1:inc-normal-view', [], {'arg1': 42, 'arg2': 37}, '/app-included1/normal/42/37/'),
-            ('app-ns1:inc-special-view', [], {}, '/app-included1/+%5C$*/'),
+            ("app-ns1:inc-normal-view", [], {}, "/app-included1/normal/"),
+            ("app-ns1:inc-normal-view", [37, 42], {}, "/app-included1/normal/37/42/"),
+            (
+                "app-ns1:inc-normal-view",
+                [],
+                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
+                "/app-included1/normal/42/37/",
+            ),
+            ("app-ns1:inc-special-view", [], {}, "/app-included1/+%5C$*/"),
         ]
         for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
             with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
@@ -777,12 +987,17 @@ class NamespaceTests(SimpleTestCase):
         of it.
         """
         test_urls = [
-            ('inc-outer:inc-normal-view', [], {'outer': 42}, '/ns-outer/42/normal/'),
-            ('inc-outer:inc-normal-view', [42], {}, '/ns-outer/42/normal/'),
-            ('inc-outer:inc-normal-view', [], {'arg1': 37, 'arg2': 4, 'outer': 42}, '/ns-outer/42/normal/37/4/'),
-            ('inc-outer:inc-normal-view', [42, 37, 4], {}, '/ns-outer/42/normal/37/4/'),
-            ('inc-outer:inc-special-view', [], {'outer': 42}, '/ns-outer/42/+%5C$*/'),
-            ('inc-outer:inc-special-view', [42], {}, '/ns-outer/42/+%5C$*/'),
+            ("inc-outer:inc-normal-view", [], {"outer": 42}, "/ns-outer/42/normal/"),
+            ("inc-outer:inc-normal-view", [42], {}, "/ns-outer/42/normal/"),
+            (
+                "inc-outer:inc-normal-view",
+                [],
+                {"arg1": 37, "arg2": 4, "outer": 42},
+                "/ns-outer/42/normal/37/4/",
+            ),
+            ("inc-outer:inc-normal-view", [42, 37, 4], {}, "/ns-outer/42/normal/37/4/"),
+            ("inc-outer:inc-special-view", [], {"outer": 42}, "/ns-outer/42/+%5C$*/"),
+            ("inc-outer:inc-special-view", [42], {}, "/ns-outer/42/+%5C$*/"),
         ]
         for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
             with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
@@ -791,13 +1006,25 @@ class NamespaceTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_multiple_namespace_pattern(self):
         """Namespaces can be embedded."""
         test_urls = [
-            ('inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-view', [], {}, '/ns-included1/test3/inner/'),
-            ('inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-view', [37, 42], {}, '/ns-included1/test3/inner/37/42/'),
+            ("inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-view", [], {}, "/ns-included1/test3/inner/"),
             (
-                'inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-view', [], {'arg1': 42, 'arg2': 37},
-                '/ns-included1/test3/inner/42/37/',
+                "inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
+                [37, 42],
+                {},
+                "/ns-included1/test3/inner/37/42/",
+            ),
+            (
+                "inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
+                [],
+                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
+                "/ns-included1/test3/inner/42/37/",
+            ),
+            (
+                "inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-special-view",
+                [],
+                {},
+                "/ns-included1/test3/inner/+%5C$*/",
             ),
-            ('inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-special-view', [], {}, '/ns-included1/test3/inner/+%5C$*/'),
         ]
         for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
             with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
@@ -807,20 +1034,28 @@ class NamespaceTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """Namespaces can be nested."""
         test_urls = [
             (
-                'inc-ns1:inc-ns4:inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-view', [], {},
-                '/ns-included1/ns-included4/ns-included1/test3/inner/',
+                "inc-ns1:inc-ns4:inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
+                [],
+                {},
+                "/ns-included1/ns-included4/ns-included1/test3/inner/",
             ),
             (
-                'inc-ns1:inc-ns4:inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-view', [37, 42], {},
-                '/ns-included1/ns-included4/ns-included1/test3/inner/37/42/',
+                "inc-ns1:inc-ns4:inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
+                [37, 42],
+                {},
+                "/ns-included1/ns-included4/ns-included1/test3/inner/37/42/",
             ),
             (
-                'inc-ns1:inc-ns4:inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-view', [], {'arg1': 42, 'arg2': 37},
-                '/ns-included1/ns-included4/ns-included1/test3/inner/42/37/',
+                "inc-ns1:inc-ns4:inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-view",
+                [],
+                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
+                "/ns-included1/ns-included4/ns-included1/test3/inner/42/37/",
             ),
             (
-                'inc-ns1:inc-ns4:inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-special-view', [], {},
-                '/ns-included1/ns-included4/ns-included1/test3/inner/+%5C$*/',
+                "inc-ns1:inc-ns4:inc-ns1:test-ns3:urlobject-special-view",
+                [],
+                {},
+                "/ns-included1/ns-included4/ns-included1/test3/inner/+%5C$*/",
             ),
         ]
         for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
@@ -830,10 +1065,15 @@ class NamespaceTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_app_lookup_object(self):
         """A default application namespace can be used for lookup."""
         test_urls = [
-            ('testapp:urlobject-view', [], {}, '/default/inner/'),
-            ('testapp:urlobject-view', [37, 42], {}, '/default/inner/37/42/'),
-            ('testapp:urlobject-view', [], {'arg1': 42, 'arg2': 37}, '/default/inner/42/37/'),
-            ('testapp:urlobject-special-view', [], {}, '/default/inner/+%5C$*/'),
+            ("testapp:urlobject-view", [], {}, "/default/inner/"),
+            ("testapp:urlobject-view", [37, 42], {}, "/default/inner/37/42/"),
+            (
+                "testapp:urlobject-view",
+                [],
+                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
+                "/default/inner/42/37/",
+            ),
+            ("testapp:urlobject-special-view", [], {}, "/default/inner/+%5C$*/"),
         ]
         for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
             with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
@@ -842,14 +1082,37 @@ class NamespaceTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_app_lookup_object_with_default(self):
         """A default application namespace is sensitive to the current app."""
         test_urls = [
-            ('testapp:urlobject-view', [], {}, 'test-ns3', '/default/inner/'),
-            ('testapp:urlobject-view', [37, 42], {}, 'test-ns3', '/default/inner/37/42/'),
-            ('testapp:urlobject-view', [], {'arg1': 42, 'arg2': 37}, 'test-ns3', '/default/inner/42/37/'),
-            ('testapp:urlobject-special-view', [], {}, 'test-ns3', '/default/inner/+%5C$*/'),
+            ("testapp:urlobject-view", [], {}, "test-ns3", "/default/inner/"),
+            (
+                "testapp:urlobject-view",
+                [37, 42],
+                {},
+                "test-ns3",
+                "/default/inner/37/42/",
+            ),
+            (
+                "testapp:urlobject-view",
+                [],
+                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
+                "test-ns3",
+                "/default/inner/42/37/",
+            ),
+            (
+                "testapp:urlobject-special-view",
+                [],
+                {},
+                "test-ns3",
+                "/default/inner/+%5C$*/",
+            ),
         ]
         for name, args, kwargs, current_app, expected in test_urls:
-            with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app):
-                self.assertEqual(reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app), expected)
+            with self.subTest(
+                name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app
+            ):
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app),
+                    expected,
+                )
 
     def test_app_lookup_object_without_default(self):
         """
@@ -857,28 +1120,74 @@ class NamespaceTests(SimpleTestCase):
         app.
         """
         test_urls = [
-            ('nodefault:urlobject-view', [], {}, None, '/other2/inner/'),
-            ('nodefault:urlobject-view', [37, 42], {}, None, '/other2/inner/37/42/'),
-            ('nodefault:urlobject-view', [], {'arg1': 42, 'arg2': 37}, None, '/other2/inner/42/37/'),
-            ('nodefault:urlobject-special-view', [], {}, None, '/other2/inner/+%5C$*/'),
-            ('nodefault:urlobject-view', [], {}, 'other-ns1', '/other1/inner/'),
-            ('nodefault:urlobject-view', [37, 42], {}, 'other-ns1', '/other1/inner/37/42/'),
-            ('nodefault:urlobject-view', [], {'arg1': 42, 'arg2': 37}, 'other-ns1', '/other1/inner/42/37/'),
-            ('nodefault:urlobject-special-view', [], {}, 'other-ns1', '/other1/inner/+%5C$*/'),
+            ("nodefault:urlobject-view", [], {}, None, "/other2/inner/"),
+            ("nodefault:urlobject-view", [37, 42], {}, None, "/other2/inner/37/42/"),
+            (
+                "nodefault:urlobject-view",
+                [],
+                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
+                None,
+                "/other2/inner/42/37/",
+            ),
+            ("nodefault:urlobject-special-view", [], {}, None, "/other2/inner/+%5C$*/"),
+            ("nodefault:urlobject-view", [], {}, "other-ns1", "/other1/inner/"),
+            (
+                "nodefault:urlobject-view",
+                [37, 42],
+                {},
+                "other-ns1",
+                "/other1/inner/37/42/",
+            ),
+            (
+                "nodefault:urlobject-view",
+                [],
+                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
+                "other-ns1",
+                "/other1/inner/42/37/",
+            ),
+            (
+                "nodefault:urlobject-special-view",
+                [],
+                {},
+                "other-ns1",
+                "/other1/inner/+%5C$*/",
+            ),
         ]
         for name, args, kwargs, current_app, expected in test_urls:
-            with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app):
-                self.assertEqual(reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app), expected)
+            with self.subTest(
+                name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app
+            ):
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app),
+                    expected,
+                )
 
     def test_special_chars_namespace(self):
         test_urls = [
-            ('special:included_namespace_urls:inc-normal-view', [], {}, '/+%5C$*/included/normal/'),
-            ('special:included_namespace_urls:inc-normal-view', [37, 42], {}, '/+%5C$*/included/normal/37/42/'),
             (
-                'special:included_namespace_urls:inc-normal-view', [], {'arg1': 42, 'arg2': 37},
-                '/+%5C$*/included/normal/42/37/',
+                "special:included_namespace_urls:inc-normal-view",
+                [],
+                {},
+                "/+%5C$*/included/normal/",
+            ),
+            (
+                "special:included_namespace_urls:inc-normal-view",
+                [37, 42],
+                {},
+                "/+%5C$*/included/normal/37/42/",
+            ),
+            (
+                "special:included_namespace_urls:inc-normal-view",
+                [],
+                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
+                "/+%5C$*/included/normal/42/37/",
+            ),
+            (
+                "special:included_namespace_urls:inc-special-view",
+                [],
+                {},
+                "/+%5C$*/included/+%5C$*/",
             ),
-            ('special:included_namespace_urls:inc-special-view', [], {}, '/+%5C$*/included/+%5C$*/'),
         ]
         for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
             with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
@@ -887,10 +1196,15 @@ class NamespaceTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_namespaces_with_variables(self):
         """Namespace prefixes can capture variables."""
         test_urls = [
-            ('inc-ns5:inner-nothing', [], {'outer': '70'}, '/inc70/'),
-            ('inc-ns5:inner-extra', [], {'extra': 'foobar', 'outer': '78'}, '/inc78/extra/foobar/'),
-            ('inc-ns5:inner-nothing', ['70'], {}, '/inc70/'),
-            ('inc-ns5:inner-extra', ['78', 'foobar'], {}, '/inc78/extra/foobar/'),
+            ("inc-ns5:inner-nothing", [], {"outer": "70"}, "/inc70/"),
+            (
+                "inc-ns5:inner-extra",
+                [],
+                {"extra": "foobar", "outer": "78"},
+                "/inc78/extra/foobar/",
+            ),
+            ("inc-ns5:inner-nothing", ["70"], {}, "/inc70/"),
+            ("inc-ns5:inner-extra", ["78", "foobar"], {}, "/inc78/extra/foobar/"),
         ]
         for name, args, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
             with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
@@ -901,75 +1215,144 @@ class NamespaceTests(SimpleTestCase):
         A nested current_app should be split in individual namespaces (#24904).
         """
         test_urls = [
-            ('inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view', [], {}, None, '/ns-included1/test4/inner/'),
-            ('inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view', [37, 42], {}, None, '/ns-included1/test4/inner/37/42/'),
-            ('inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view', [], {'arg1': 42, 'arg2': 37}, None, '/ns-included1/test4/inner/42/37/'),
-            ('inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-special-view', [], {}, None, '/ns-included1/test4/inner/+%5C$*/'),
-            ('inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view', [], {}, 'inc-ns1:test-ns3', '/ns-included1/test3/inner/'),
-            ('inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view', [37, 42], {}, 'inc-ns1:test-ns3', '/ns-included1/test3/inner/37/42/'),
             (
-                'inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view', [], {'arg1': 42, 'arg2': 37}, 'inc-ns1:test-ns3',
-                '/ns-included1/test3/inner/42/37/',
+                "inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view",
+                [],
+                {},
+                None,
+                "/ns-included1/test4/inner/",
             ),
             (
-                'inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-special-view', [], {}, 'inc-ns1:test-ns3',
-                '/ns-included1/test3/inner/+%5C$*/',
+                "inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view",
+                [37, 42],
+                {},
+                None,
+                "/ns-included1/test4/inner/37/42/",
+            ),
+            (
+                "inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view",
+                [],
+                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
+                None,
+                "/ns-included1/test4/inner/42/37/",
+            ),
+            (
+                "inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-special-view",
+                [],
+                {},
+                None,
+                "/ns-included1/test4/inner/+%5C$*/",
+            ),
+            (
+                "inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view",
+                [],
+                {},
+                "inc-ns1:test-ns3",
+                "/ns-included1/test3/inner/",
+            ),
+            (
+                "inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view",
+                [37, 42],
+                {},
+                "inc-ns1:test-ns3",
+                "/ns-included1/test3/inner/37/42/",
+            ),
+            (
+                "inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view",
+                [],
+                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
+                "inc-ns1:test-ns3",
+                "/ns-included1/test3/inner/42/37/",
+            ),
+            (
+                "inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-special-view",
+                [],
+                {},
+                "inc-ns1:test-ns3",
+                "/ns-included1/test3/inner/+%5C$*/",
             ),
         ]
         for name, args, kwargs, current_app, expected in test_urls:
-            with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app):
-                self.assertEqual(reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app), expected)
+            with self.subTest(
+                name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app
+            ):
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app),
+                    expected,
+                )
 
     def test_current_app_no_partial_match(self):
         """current_app shouldn't be used unless it matches the whole path."""
         test_urls = [
-            ('inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view', [], {}, 'nonexistent:test-ns3', '/ns-included1/test4/inner/'),
             (
-                'inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view', [37, 42], {}, 'nonexistent:test-ns3',
-                '/ns-included1/test4/inner/37/42/',
+                "inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view",
+                [],
+                {},
+                "nonexistent:test-ns3",
+                "/ns-included1/test4/inner/",
             ),
             (
-                'inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view', [], {'arg1': 42, 'arg2': 37}, 'nonexistent:test-ns3',
-                '/ns-included1/test4/inner/42/37/',
+                "inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view",
+                [37, 42],
+                {},
+                "nonexistent:test-ns3",
+                "/ns-included1/test4/inner/37/42/",
             ),
             (
-                'inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-special-view', [], {}, 'nonexistent:test-ns3',
-                '/ns-included1/test4/inner/+%5C$*/',
+                "inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-view",
+                [],
+                {"arg1": 42, "arg2": 37},
+                "nonexistent:test-ns3",
+                "/ns-included1/test4/inner/42/37/",
+            ),
+            (
+                "inc-ns1:testapp:urlobject-special-view",
+                [],
+                {},
+                "nonexistent:test-ns3",
+                "/ns-included1/test4/inner/+%5C$*/",
             ),
         ]
         for name, args, kwargs, current_app, expected in test_urls:
-            with self.subTest(name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app):
-                self.assertEqual(reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app), expected)
+            with self.subTest(
+                name=name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app
+            ):
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    reverse(name, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, current_app=current_app),
+                    expected,
+                )
 
 
 @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF=urlconf_outer.__name__)
 class RequestURLconfTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_urlconf(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/test/me/')
+        response = self.client.get("/test/me/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'outer:/test/me/,inner:/inner_urlconf/second_test/')
-        response = self.client.get('/inner_urlconf/second_test/')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.content, b"outer:/test/me/,inner:/inner_urlconf/second_test/"
+        )
+        response = self.client.get("/inner_urlconf/second_test/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        response = self.client.get('/second_test/')
+        response = self.client.get("/second_test/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     @override_settings(
         MIDDLEWARE=[
-            '%s.ChangeURLconfMiddleware' % middleware.__name__,
+            "%s.ChangeURLconfMiddleware" % middleware.__name__,
         ]
     )
     def test_urlconf_overridden(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/test/me/')
+        response = self.client.get("/test/me/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
-        response = self.client.get('/inner_urlconf/second_test/')
+        response = self.client.get("/inner_urlconf/second_test/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
-        response = self.client.get('/second_test/')
+        response = self.client.get("/second_test/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'outer:,inner:/second_test/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"outer:,inner:/second_test/")
 
     @override_settings(
         MIDDLEWARE=[
-            '%s.NullChangeURLconfMiddleware' % middleware.__name__,
+            "%s.NullChangeURLconfMiddleware" % middleware.__name__,
         ]
     )
     def test_urlconf_overridden_with_null(self):
@@ -977,18 +1360,20 @@ class RequestURLconfTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Overriding request.urlconf with None will fall back to the default
         URLconf.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/test/me/')
+        response = self.client.get("/test/me/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'outer:/test/me/,inner:/inner_urlconf/second_test/')
-        response = self.client.get('/inner_urlconf/second_test/')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.content, b"outer:/test/me/,inner:/inner_urlconf/second_test/"
+        )
+        response = self.client.get("/inner_urlconf/second_test/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        response = self.client.get('/second_test/')
+        response = self.client.get("/second_test/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     @override_settings(
         MIDDLEWARE=[
-            '%s.ChangeURLconfMiddleware' % middleware.__name__,
-            '%s.ReverseInnerInResponseMiddleware' % middleware.__name__,
+            "%s.ChangeURLconfMiddleware" % middleware.__name__,
+            "%s.ReverseInnerInResponseMiddleware" % middleware.__name__,
         ]
     )
     def test_reverse_inner_in_response_middleware(self):
@@ -996,14 +1381,14 @@ class RequestURLconfTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Test reversing an URL from the *overridden* URLconf from inside
         a response middleware.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/second_test/')
+        response = self.client.get("/second_test/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'/second_test/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"/second_test/")
 
     @override_settings(
         MIDDLEWARE=[
-            '%s.ChangeURLconfMiddleware' % middleware.__name__,
-            '%s.ReverseOuterInResponseMiddleware' % middleware.__name__,
+            "%s.ChangeURLconfMiddleware" % middleware.__name__,
+            "%s.ReverseOuterInResponseMiddleware" % middleware.__name__,
         ]
     )
     def test_reverse_outer_in_response_middleware(self):
@@ -1016,12 +1401,12 @@ class RequestURLconfTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "function or pattern name."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NoReverseMatch, msg):
-            self.client.get('/second_test/')
+            self.client.get("/second_test/")
 
     @override_settings(
         MIDDLEWARE=[
-            '%s.ChangeURLconfMiddleware' % middleware.__name__,
-            '%s.ReverseInnerInStreaming' % middleware.__name__,
+            "%s.ChangeURLconfMiddleware" % middleware.__name__,
+            "%s.ReverseInnerInStreaming" % middleware.__name__,
         ]
     )
     def test_reverse_inner_in_streaming(self):
@@ -1029,14 +1414,14 @@ class RequestURLconfTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Test reversing an URL from the *overridden* URLconf from inside
         a streaming response.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/second_test/')
+        response = self.client.get("/second_test/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(b''.join(response), b'/second_test/')
+        self.assertEqual(b"".join(response), b"/second_test/")
 
     @override_settings(
         MIDDLEWARE=[
-            '%s.ChangeURLconfMiddleware' % middleware.__name__,
-            '%s.ReverseOuterInStreaming' % middleware.__name__,
+            "%s.ChangeURLconfMiddleware" % middleware.__name__,
+            "%s.ReverseOuterInStreaming" % middleware.__name__,
         ]
     )
     def test_reverse_outer_in_streaming(self):
@@ -1046,14 +1431,16 @@ class RequestURLconfTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         message = "Reverse for 'outer' not found."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NoReverseMatch, message):
-            self.client.get('/second_test/')
-            b''.join(self.client.get('/second_test/'))
+            self.client.get("/second_test/")
+            b"".join(self.client.get("/second_test/"))
 
     def test_urlconf_is_reset_after_request(self):
         """The URLconf is reset after each request."""
         self.assertIsNone(get_urlconf())
-        with override_settings(MIDDLEWARE=['%s.ChangeURLconfMiddleware' % middleware.__name__]):
-            self.client.get(reverse('inner'))
+        with override_settings(
+            MIDDLEWARE=["%s.ChangeURLconfMiddleware" % middleware.__name__]
+        ):
+            self.client.get(reverse("inner"))
         self.assertIsNone(get_urlconf())
 
 
@@ -1061,10 +1448,10 @@ class ErrorHandlerResolutionTests(SimpleTestCase):
     """Tests for handler400, handler404 and handler500"""
 
     def setUp(self):
-        urlconf = 'urlpatterns_reverse.urls_error_handlers'
-        urlconf_callables = 'urlpatterns_reverse.urls_error_handlers_callables'
-        self.resolver = URLResolver(RegexPattern(r'^$'), urlconf)
-        self.callable_resolver = URLResolver(RegexPattern(r'^$'), urlconf_callables)
+        urlconf = "urlpatterns_reverse.urls_error_handlers"
+        urlconf_callables = "urlpatterns_reverse.urls_error_handlers_callables"
+        self.resolver = URLResolver(RegexPattern(r"^$"), urlconf)
+        self.callable_resolver = URLResolver(RegexPattern(r"^$"), urlconf_callables)
 
     def test_named_handlers(self):
         for code in [400, 404, 500]:
@@ -1074,20 +1461,21 @@ class ErrorHandlerResolutionTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_callable_handlers(self):
         for code in [400, 404, 500]:
             with self.subTest(code=code):
-                self.assertEqual(self.callable_resolver.resolve_error_handler(code), empty_view)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    self.callable_resolver.resolve_error_handler(code), empty_view
+                )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='urlpatterns_reverse.urls_without_handlers')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns_reverse.urls_without_handlers")
 class DefaultErrorHandlerTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_default_handler(self):
         "If the urls.py doesn't specify handlers, the defaults are used"
-        response = self.client.get('/test/')
+        response = self.client.get("/test/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
         msg = "I don't think I'm getting good value for this view"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            self.client.get('/bad_view/')
+            self.client.get("/bad_view/")
 
 
 @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF=None)
@@ -1102,14 +1490,22 @@ class NoRootUrlConfTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "import."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            self.client.get('/test/me/')
+            self.client.get("/test/me/")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='urlpatterns_reverse.namespace_urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns_reverse.namespace_urls")
 class ResolverMatchTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_urlpattern_resolve(self):
-        for path_, url_name, app_name, namespace, view_name, func, args, kwargs in resolve_test_data:
+        for (
+            path_,
+            url_name,
+            app_name,
+            namespace,
+            view_name,
+            func,
+            args,
+            kwargs,
+        ) in resolve_test_data:
             with self.subTest(path=path_):
                 # Legacy support for extracting "function, args, kwargs".
                 match_func, match_args, match_kwargs = resolve(path_)
@@ -1132,9 +1528,9 @@ class ResolverMatchTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 self.assertEqual(match[2], kwargs)
 
     def test_resolver_match_on_request(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/resolver_match/')
+        response = self.client.get("/resolver_match/")
         resolver_match = response.resolver_match
-        self.assertEqual(resolver_match.url_name, 'test-resolver-match')
+        self.assertEqual(resolver_match.url_name, "test-resolver-match")
 
     def test_resolver_match_on_request_before_resolution(self):
         request = HttpRequest()
@@ -1142,27 +1538,27 @@ class ResolverMatchTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            repr(resolve('/no_kwargs/42/37/')),
+            repr(resolve("/no_kwargs/42/37/")),
             "ResolverMatch(func=urlpatterns_reverse.views.empty_view, "
             "args=('42', '37'), kwargs={}, url_name='no-kwargs', app_names=[], "
             "namespaces=[], route='^no_kwargs/([0-9]+)/([0-9]+)/$')",
         )
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='urlpatterns_reverse.reverse_lazy_urls')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns_reverse.reverse_lazy_urls")
     def test_classbased_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            repr(resolve('/redirect/')),
+            repr(resolve("/redirect/")),
             "ResolverMatch(func=urlpatterns_reverse.views.LazyRedirectView, "
             "args=(), kwargs={}, url_name=None, app_names=[], "
             "namespaces=[], route='redirect/')",
         )
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='urlpatterns_reverse.urls')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns_reverse.urls")
     def test_repr_functools_partial(self):
         tests = [
-            ('partial', 'template.html'),
-            ('partial_nested', 'nested_partial.html'),
-            ('partial_wrapped', 'template.html'),
+            ("partial", "template.html"),
+            ("partial_nested", "nested_partial.html"),
+            ("partial_wrapped", "template.html"),
         ]
         for name, template_name in tests:
             with self.subTest(name=name):
@@ -1171,26 +1567,25 @@ class ResolverMatchTests(SimpleTestCase):
                     f"template_name='{template_name}')"
                 )
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    repr(resolve(f'/{name}/')),
+                    repr(resolve(f"/{name}/")),
                     f"ResolverMatch(func={func}, args=(), kwargs={{}}, "
                     f"url_name='{name}', app_names=[], namespaces=[], "
                     f"route='{name}/')",
                 )
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='urlpatterns.path_urls')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns.path_urls")
     def test_pickling(self):
-        msg = 'Cannot pickle ResolverMatch.'
+        msg = "Cannot pickle ResolverMatch."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(pickle.PicklingError, msg):
-            pickle.dumps(resolve('/users/'))
+            pickle.dumps(resolve("/users/"))
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='urlpatterns_reverse.erroneous_urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns_reverse.erroneous_urls")
 class ErroneousViewTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_noncallable_view(self):
         # View is not a callable (explicit import; arbitrary Python object)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, 'view must be a callable'):
-            path('uncallable-object/', views.uncallable)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, "view must be a callable"):
+            path("uncallable-object/", views.uncallable)
 
     def test_invalid_regex(self):
         # Regex contains an error (refs #6170)
@@ -1201,18 +1596,20 @@ class ErroneousViewTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 class ViewLoadingTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_view_loading(self):
-        self.assertEqual(get_callable('urlpatterns_reverse.views.empty_view'), empty_view)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            get_callable("urlpatterns_reverse.views.empty_view"), empty_view
+        )
         self.assertEqual(get_callable(empty_view), empty_view)
 
     def test_view_does_not_exist(self):
         msg = "View does not exist in module urlpatterns_reverse.views."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ViewDoesNotExist, msg):
-            get_callable('urlpatterns_reverse.views.i_should_not_exist')
+            get_callable("urlpatterns_reverse.views.i_should_not_exist")
 
     def test_attributeerror_not_hidden(self):
-        msg = 'I am here to confuse django.urls.get_callable'
+        msg = "I am here to confuse django.urls.get_callable"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, msg):
-            get_callable('urlpatterns_reverse.views_broken.i_am_broken')
+            get_callable("urlpatterns_reverse.views_broken.i_am_broken")
 
     def test_non_string_value(self):
         msg = "'1' is not a callable or a dot-notation path"
@@ -1222,16 +1619,16 @@ class ViewLoadingTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_string_without_dot(self):
         msg = "Could not import 'test'. The path must be fully qualified."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImportError, msg):
-            get_callable('test')
+            get_callable("test")
 
     def test_module_does_not_exist(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImportError, "No module named 'foo'"):
-            get_callable('foo.bar')
+            get_callable("foo.bar")
 
     def test_parent_module_does_not_exist(self):
-        msg = 'Parent module urlpatterns_reverse.foo does not exist.'
+        msg = "Parent module urlpatterns_reverse.foo does not exist."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ViewDoesNotExist, msg):
-            get_callable('urlpatterns_reverse.foo.bar')
+            get_callable("urlpatterns_reverse.foo.bar")
 
     def test_not_callable(self):
         msg = (
@@ -1239,87 +1636,87 @@ class ViewLoadingTests(SimpleTestCase):
             "View is not callable."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ViewDoesNotExist, msg):
-            get_callable('urlpatterns_reverse.tests.resolve_test_data')
+            get_callable("urlpatterns_reverse.tests.resolve_test_data")
 
 
 class IncludeTests(SimpleTestCase):
     url_patterns = [
-        path('inner/', views.empty_view, name='urlobject-view'),
-        re_path(r'^inner/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$', views.empty_view, name='urlobject-view'),
-        re_path(r'^inner/\+\\\$\*/$', views.empty_view, name='urlobject-special-view'),
+        path("inner/", views.empty_view, name="urlobject-view"),
+        re_path(
+            r"^inner/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$",
+            views.empty_view,
+            name="urlobject-view",
+        ),
+        re_path(r"^inner/\+\\\$\*/$", views.empty_view, name="urlobject-special-view"),
     ]
-    app_urls = URLObject('inc-app')
+    app_urls = URLObject("inc-app")
 
     def test_include_urls(self):
         self.assertEqual(include(self.url_patterns), (self.url_patterns, None, None))
 
     def test_include_namespace(self):
         msg = (
-            'Specifying a namespace in include() without providing an '
-            'app_name is not supported.'
+            "Specifying a namespace in include() without providing an "
+            "app_name is not supported."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            include(self.url_patterns, 'namespace')
+            include(self.url_patterns, "namespace")
 
     def test_include_4_tuple(self):
-        msg = 'Passing a 4-tuple to include() is not supported.'
+        msg = "Passing a 4-tuple to include() is not supported."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            include((self.url_patterns, 'app_name', 'namespace', 'blah'))
+            include((self.url_patterns, "app_name", "namespace", "blah"))
 
     def test_include_3_tuple(self):
-        msg = 'Passing a 3-tuple to include() is not supported.'
+        msg = "Passing a 3-tuple to include() is not supported."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            include((self.url_patterns, 'app_name', 'namespace'))
+            include((self.url_patterns, "app_name", "namespace"))
 
     def test_include_3_tuple_namespace(self):
-        msg = 'Cannot override the namespace for a dynamic module that provides a namespace.'
+        msg = "Cannot override the namespace for a dynamic module that provides a namespace."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
-            include((self.url_patterns, 'app_name', 'namespace'), 'namespace')
+            include((self.url_patterns, "app_name", "namespace"), "namespace")
 
     def test_include_2_tuple(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            include((self.url_patterns, 'app_name')),
-            (self.url_patterns, 'app_name', 'app_name')
+            include((self.url_patterns, "app_name")),
+            (self.url_patterns, "app_name", "app_name"),
         )
 
     def test_include_2_tuple_namespace(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            include((self.url_patterns, 'app_name'), namespace='namespace'),
-            (self.url_patterns, 'app_name', 'namespace')
+            include((self.url_patterns, "app_name"), namespace="namespace"),
+            (self.url_patterns, "app_name", "namespace"),
         )
 
     def test_include_app_name(self):
-        self.assertEqual(
-            include(self.app_urls),
-            (self.app_urls, 'inc-app', 'inc-app')
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(include(self.app_urls), (self.app_urls, "inc-app", "inc-app"))
 
     def test_include_app_name_namespace(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            include(self.app_urls, 'namespace'),
-            (self.app_urls, 'inc-app', 'namespace')
+            include(self.app_urls, "namespace"), (self.app_urls, "inc-app", "namespace")
         )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='urlpatterns_reverse.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="urlpatterns_reverse.urls")
 class LookaheadTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_valid_resolve(self):
         test_urls = [
-            '/lookahead-/a-city/',
-            '/lookbehind-/a-city/',
-            '/lookahead+/a-city/',
-            '/lookbehind+/a-city/',
+            "/lookahead-/a-city/",
+            "/lookbehind-/a-city/",
+            "/lookahead+/a-city/",
+            "/lookbehind+/a-city/",
         ]
         for test_url in test_urls:
             with self.subTest(url=test_url):
-                self.assertEqual(resolve(test_url).kwargs, {'city': 'a-city'})
+                self.assertEqual(resolve(test_url).kwargs, {"city": "a-city"})
 
     def test_invalid_resolve(self):
         test_urls = [
-            '/lookahead-/not-a-city/',
-            '/lookbehind-/not-a-city/',
-            '/lookahead+/other-city/',
-            '/lookbehind+/other-city/',
+            "/lookahead-/not-a-city/",
+            "/lookbehind-/not-a-city/",
+            "/lookahead+/other-city/",
+            "/lookbehind+/other-city/",
         ]
         for test_url in test_urls:
             with self.subTest(url=test_url):
@@ -1328,10 +1725,10 @@ class LookaheadTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_valid_reverse(self):
         test_urls = [
-            ('lookahead-positive', {'city': 'a-city'}, '/lookahead+/a-city/'),
-            ('lookahead-negative', {'city': 'a-city'}, '/lookahead-/a-city/'),
-            ('lookbehind-positive', {'city': 'a-city'}, '/lookbehind+/a-city/'),
-            ('lookbehind-negative', {'city': 'a-city'}, '/lookbehind-/a-city/'),
+            ("lookahead-positive", {"city": "a-city"}, "/lookahead+/a-city/"),
+            ("lookahead-negative", {"city": "a-city"}, "/lookahead-/a-city/"),
+            ("lookbehind-positive", {"city": "a-city"}, "/lookbehind+/a-city/"),
+            ("lookbehind-negative", {"city": "a-city"}, "/lookbehind-/a-city/"),
         ]
         for name, kwargs, expected in test_urls:
             with self.subTest(name=name, kwargs=kwargs):
@@ -1339,10 +1736,10 @@ class LookaheadTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_invalid_reverse(self):
         test_urls = [
-            ('lookahead-positive', {'city': 'other-city'}),
-            ('lookahead-negative', {'city': 'not-a-city'}),
-            ('lookbehind-positive', {'city': 'other-city'}),
-            ('lookbehind-negative', {'city': 'not-a-city'}),
+            ("lookahead-positive", {"city": "other-city"}),
+            ("lookahead-negative", {"city": "not-a-city"}),
+            ("lookbehind-positive", {"city": "other-city"}),
+            ("lookbehind-negative", {"city": "not-a-city"}),
         ]
         for name, kwargs in test_urls:
             with self.subTest(name=name, kwargs=kwargs):
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/urlconf_inner.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/urlconf_inner.py
index 6ea4e90f20..5cd104c372 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/urlconf_inner.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/urlconf_inner.py
@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@ from django.urls import path
 
 
 def inner_view(request):
-    content = Template('{% url "outer" as outer_url %}outer:{{ outer_url }},'
-                       '{% url "inner" as inner_url %}inner:{{ inner_url }}').render(Context())
+    content = Template(
+        '{% url "outer" as outer_url %}outer:{{ outer_url }},'
+        '{% url "inner" as inner_url %}inner:{{ inner_url }}'
+    ).render(Context())
     return HttpResponse(content)
 
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('second_test/', inner_view, name='inner'),
+    path("second_test/", inner_view, name="inner"),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/urlconf_outer.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/urlconf_outer.py
index 100b1f52b1..a15932bccf 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/urlconf_outer.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/urlconf_outer.py
@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@ from django.urls import include, path
 from . import urlconf_inner
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('test/me/', urlconf_inner.inner_view, name='outer'),
-    path('inner_urlconf/', include(urlconf_inner.__name__))
+    path("test/me/", urlconf_inner.inner_view, name="outer"),
+    path("inner_urlconf/", include(urlconf_inner.__name__)),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/urls.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/urls.py
index f3c27b8e13..ba3f51b563 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/urls.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/urls.py
@@ -1,79 +1,132 @@
 from django.urls import include, path, re_path
 
 from .views import (
-    absolute_kwargs_view, defaults_view, empty_view, empty_view_nested_partial,
-    empty_view_partial, empty_view_wrapped, nested_view,
+    absolute_kwargs_view,
+    defaults_view,
+    empty_view,
+    empty_view_nested_partial,
+    empty_view_partial,
+    empty_view_wrapped,
+    nested_view,
 )
 
 other_patterns = [
-    path('non_path_include/', empty_view, name='non_path_include'),
-    path('nested_path/', nested_view),
+    path("non_path_include/", empty_view, name="non_path_include"),
+    path("nested_path/", nested_view),
 ]
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    re_path(r'^places/([0-9]+)/$', empty_view, name='places'),
-    re_path(r'^places?/$', empty_view, name='places?'),
-    re_path(r'^places+/$', empty_view, name='places+'),
-    re_path(r'^places*/$', empty_view, name='places*'),
-    re_path(r'^(?:places/)?$', empty_view, name='places2?'),
-    re_path(r'^(?:places/)+$', empty_view, name='places2+'),
-    re_path(r'^(?:places/)*$', empty_view, name='places2*'),
-    re_path(r'^places/([0-9]+|[a-z_]+)/', empty_view, name='places3'),
-    re_path(r'^places/(?P<id>[0-9]+)/$', empty_view, name='places4'),
-    re_path(r'^people/(?P<name>\w+)/$', empty_view, name='people'),
-    re_path(r'^people/(?:name/)$', empty_view, name='people2'),
-    re_path(r'^people/(?:name/(\w+)/)?$', empty_view, name='people2a'),
-    re_path(r'^people/(?P<name>\w+)-(?P=name)/$', empty_view, name='people_backref'),
-    re_path(r'^optional/(?P<name>.*)/(?:.+/)?', empty_view, name='optional'),
-    re_path(r'^optional/(?P<arg1>\d+)/(?:(?P<arg2>\d+)/)?', absolute_kwargs_view, name='named_optional'),
-    re_path(r'^optional/(?P<arg1>\d+)/(?:(?P<arg2>\d+)/)?$', absolute_kwargs_view, name='named_optional_terminated'),
-    re_path(r'^nested/noncapture/(?:(?P<p>\w+))$', empty_view, name='nested-noncapture'),
-    re_path(r'^nested/capture/((\w+)/)?$', empty_view, name='nested-capture'),
-    re_path(r'^nested/capture/mixed/((?P<p>\w+))$', empty_view, name='nested-mixedcapture'),
-    re_path(r'^nested/capture/named/(?P<outer>(?P<inner>\w+)/)?$', empty_view, name='nested-namedcapture'),
-    re_path(r'^hardcoded/$', empty_view, name='hardcoded'),
-    re_path(r'^hardcoded/doc\.pdf$', empty_view, name='hardcoded2'),
-    re_path(r'^people/(?P<state>\w\w)/(?P<name>\w+)/$', empty_view, name='people3'),
-    re_path(r'^people/(?P<state>\w\w)/(?P<name>[0-9])/$', empty_view, name='people4'),
-    re_path(r'^people/((?P<state>\w\w)/test)?/(\w+)/$', empty_view, name='people6'),
-    re_path(r'^character_set/[abcdef0-9]/$', empty_view, name='range'),
-    re_path(r'^character_set/[\w]/$', empty_view, name='range2'),
-    re_path(r'^price/\$([0-9]+)/$', empty_view, name='price'),
-    re_path(r'^price/[$]([0-9]+)/$', empty_view, name='price2'),
-    re_path(r'^price/[\$]([0-9]+)/$', empty_view, name='price3'),
-    re_path(r'^product/(?P<product>\w+)\+\(\$(?P<price>[0-9]+(\.[0-9]+)?)\)/$', empty_view, name='product'),
-    re_path(r'^headlines/(?P<year>[0-9]+)\.(?P<month>[0-9]+)\.(?P<day>[0-9]+)/$', empty_view, name='headlines'),
-    re_path(r'^windows_path/(?P<drive_name>[A-Z]):\\(?P<path>.+)/$', empty_view, name='windows'),
-    re_path(r'^special_chars/(?P<chars>.+)/$', empty_view, name='special'),
-    re_path(r'^(?P<name>.+)/[0-9]+/$', empty_view, name='mixed'),
-    re_path(r'^repeats/a{1,2}/$', empty_view, name='repeats'),
-    re_path(r'^repeats/a{2,4}/$', empty_view, name='repeats2'),
-    re_path(r'^repeats/a{2}/$', empty_view, name='repeats3'),
-    re_path(r'^test/1/?', empty_view, name='test'),
-    re_path(r'^outer/(?P<outer>[0-9]+)/', include('urlpatterns_reverse.included_urls')),
-    re_path(r'^outer-no-kwargs/([0-9]+)/', include('urlpatterns_reverse.included_no_kwargs_urls')),
-    re_path('', include('urlpatterns_reverse.extra_urls')),
-    re_path(r'^lookahead-/(?!not-a-city)(?P<city>[^/]+)/$', empty_view, name='lookahead-negative'),
-    re_path(r'^lookahead\+/(?=a-city)(?P<city>[^/]+)/$', empty_view, name='lookahead-positive'),
-    re_path(r'^lookbehind-/(?P<city>[^/]+)(?<!not-a-city)/$', empty_view, name='lookbehind-negative'),
-    re_path(r'^lookbehind\+/(?P<city>[^/]+)(?<=a-city)/$', empty_view, name='lookbehind-positive'),
-
+    re_path(r"^places/([0-9]+)/$", empty_view, name="places"),
+    re_path(r"^places?/$", empty_view, name="places?"),
+    re_path(r"^places+/$", empty_view, name="places+"),
+    re_path(r"^places*/$", empty_view, name="places*"),
+    re_path(r"^(?:places/)?$", empty_view, name="places2?"),
+    re_path(r"^(?:places/)+$", empty_view, name="places2+"),
+    re_path(r"^(?:places/)*$", empty_view, name="places2*"),
+    re_path(r"^places/([0-9]+|[a-z_]+)/", empty_view, name="places3"),
+    re_path(r"^places/(?P<id>[0-9]+)/$", empty_view, name="places4"),
+    re_path(r"^people/(?P<name>\w+)/$", empty_view, name="people"),
+    re_path(r"^people/(?:name/)$", empty_view, name="people2"),
+    re_path(r"^people/(?:name/(\w+)/)?$", empty_view, name="people2a"),
+    re_path(r"^people/(?P<name>\w+)-(?P=name)/$", empty_view, name="people_backref"),
+    re_path(r"^optional/(?P<name>.*)/(?:.+/)?", empty_view, name="optional"),
+    re_path(
+        r"^optional/(?P<arg1>\d+)/(?:(?P<arg2>\d+)/)?",
+        absolute_kwargs_view,
+        name="named_optional",
+    ),
+    re_path(
+        r"^optional/(?P<arg1>\d+)/(?:(?P<arg2>\d+)/)?$",
+        absolute_kwargs_view,
+        name="named_optional_terminated",
+    ),
+    re_path(
+        r"^nested/noncapture/(?:(?P<p>\w+))$", empty_view, name="nested-noncapture"
+    ),
+    re_path(r"^nested/capture/((\w+)/)?$", empty_view, name="nested-capture"),
+    re_path(
+        r"^nested/capture/mixed/((?P<p>\w+))$", empty_view, name="nested-mixedcapture"
+    ),
+    re_path(
+        r"^nested/capture/named/(?P<outer>(?P<inner>\w+)/)?$",
+        empty_view,
+        name="nested-namedcapture",
+    ),
+    re_path(r"^hardcoded/$", empty_view, name="hardcoded"),
+    re_path(r"^hardcoded/doc\.pdf$", empty_view, name="hardcoded2"),
+    re_path(r"^people/(?P<state>\w\w)/(?P<name>\w+)/$", empty_view, name="people3"),
+    re_path(r"^people/(?P<state>\w\w)/(?P<name>[0-9])/$", empty_view, name="people4"),
+    re_path(r"^people/((?P<state>\w\w)/test)?/(\w+)/$", empty_view, name="people6"),
+    re_path(r"^character_set/[abcdef0-9]/$", empty_view, name="range"),
+    re_path(r"^character_set/[\w]/$", empty_view, name="range2"),
+    re_path(r"^price/\$([0-9]+)/$", empty_view, name="price"),
+    re_path(r"^price/[$]([0-9]+)/$", empty_view, name="price2"),
+    re_path(r"^price/[\$]([0-9]+)/$", empty_view, name="price3"),
+    re_path(
+        r"^product/(?P<product>\w+)\+\(\$(?P<price>[0-9]+(\.[0-9]+)?)\)/$",
+        empty_view,
+        name="product",
+    ),
+    re_path(
+        r"^headlines/(?P<year>[0-9]+)\.(?P<month>[0-9]+)\.(?P<day>[0-9]+)/$",
+        empty_view,
+        name="headlines",
+    ),
+    re_path(
+        r"^windows_path/(?P<drive_name>[A-Z]):\\(?P<path>.+)/$",
+        empty_view,
+        name="windows",
+    ),
+    re_path(r"^special_chars/(?P<chars>.+)/$", empty_view, name="special"),
+    re_path(r"^(?P<name>.+)/[0-9]+/$", empty_view, name="mixed"),
+    re_path(r"^repeats/a{1,2}/$", empty_view, name="repeats"),
+    re_path(r"^repeats/a{2,4}/$", empty_view, name="repeats2"),
+    re_path(r"^repeats/a{2}/$", empty_view, name="repeats3"),
+    re_path(r"^test/1/?", empty_view, name="test"),
+    re_path(r"^outer/(?P<outer>[0-9]+)/", include("urlpatterns_reverse.included_urls")),
+    re_path(
+        r"^outer-no-kwargs/([0-9]+)/",
+        include("urlpatterns_reverse.included_no_kwargs_urls"),
+    ),
+    re_path("", include("urlpatterns_reverse.extra_urls")),
+    re_path(
+        r"^lookahead-/(?!not-a-city)(?P<city>[^/]+)/$",
+        empty_view,
+        name="lookahead-negative",
+    ),
+    re_path(
+        r"^lookahead\+/(?=a-city)(?P<city>[^/]+)/$",
+        empty_view,
+        name="lookahead-positive",
+    ),
+    re_path(
+        r"^lookbehind-/(?P<city>[^/]+)(?<!not-a-city)/$",
+        empty_view,
+        name="lookbehind-negative",
+    ),
+    re_path(
+        r"^lookbehind\+/(?P<city>[^/]+)(?<=a-city)/$",
+        empty_view,
+        name="lookbehind-positive",
+    ),
     # Partials should be fine.
-    path('partial/', empty_view_partial, name='partial'),
-    path('partial_nested/', empty_view_nested_partial, name='partial_nested'),
-    path('partial_wrapped/', empty_view_wrapped, name='partial_wrapped'),
-
+    path("partial/", empty_view_partial, name="partial"),
+    path("partial_nested/", empty_view_nested_partial, name="partial_nested"),
+    path("partial_wrapped/", empty_view_wrapped, name="partial_wrapped"),
     # This is non-reversible, but we shouldn't blow up when parsing it.
-    re_path(r'^(?:foo|bar)(\w+)/$', empty_view, name='disjunction'),
-
-    path('absolute_arg_view/', absolute_kwargs_view),
-
+    re_path(r"^(?:foo|bar)(\w+)/$", empty_view, name="disjunction"),
+    path("absolute_arg_view/", absolute_kwargs_view),
     # Tests for #13154. Mixed syntax to test both ways of defining URLs.
-    re_path(r'^defaults_view1/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/$', defaults_view, {'arg2': 1}, name='defaults'),
-    re_path(r'^defaults_view2/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/$', defaults_view, {'arg2': 2}, 'defaults'),
-
-    path('includes/', include(other_patterns)),
-
+    re_path(
+        r"^defaults_view1/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/$",
+        defaults_view,
+        {"arg2": 1},
+        name="defaults",
+    ),
+    re_path(
+        r"^defaults_view2/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/$", defaults_view, {"arg2": 2}, "defaults"
+    ),
+    path("includes/", include(other_patterns)),
     # Security tests
-    re_path('(.+)/security/$', empty_view, name='security'),
+    re_path("(.+)/security/$", empty_view, name="security"),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/urls_error_handlers.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/urls_error_handlers.py
index aee6bb91ae..7261a97e07 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/urls_error_handlers.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/urls_error_handlers.py
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@
 
 urlpatterns = []
 
-handler400 = 'urlpatterns_reverse.views.empty_view'
-handler404 = 'urlpatterns_reverse.views.empty_view'
-handler500 = 'urlpatterns_reverse.views.empty_view'
+handler400 = "urlpatterns_reverse.views.empty_view"
+handler404 = "urlpatterns_reverse.views.empty_view"
+handler500 = "urlpatterns_reverse.views.empty_view"
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/urls_without_handlers.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/urls_without_handlers.py
index 65fb054e00..8d5ee0d347 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/urls_without_handlers.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/urls_without_handlers.py
@@ -4,6 +4,6 @@ from django.urls import path
 from .views import bad_view, empty_view
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('test_view/', empty_view, name="test_view"),
-    path('bad_view/', bad_view, name="bad_view"),
+    path("test_view/", empty_view, name="test_view"),
+    path("bad_view/", bad_view, name="bad_view"),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/utils.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/utils.py
index c1f9a55913..82218f1de4 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/utils.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/utils.py
@@ -5,9 +5,13 @@ from . import views
 
 class URLObject:
     urlpatterns = [
-        path('inner/', views.empty_view, name='urlobject-view'),
-        re_path(r'^inner/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$', views.empty_view, name='urlobject-view'),
-        re_path(r'^inner/\+\\\$\*/$', views.empty_view, name='urlobject-special-view'),
+        path("inner/", views.empty_view, name="urlobject-view"),
+        re_path(
+            r"^inner/(?P<arg1>[0-9]+)/(?P<arg2>[0-9]+)/$",
+            views.empty_view,
+            name="urlobject-view",
+        ),
+        re_path(r"^inner/\+\\\$\*/$", views.empty_view, name="urlobject-special-view"),
     ]
 
     def __init__(self, app_name, namespace=None):
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/views.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/views.py
index 3cf97723d4..17c7fe1c3d 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/views.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/views.py
@@ -44,12 +44,14 @@ view_class_instance = ViewClass()
 
 
 class LazyRedirectView(RedirectView):
-    url = reverse_lazy('named-lazy-url-redirected-to')
+    url = reverse_lazy("named-lazy-url-redirected-to")
 
 
-@user_passes_test(lambda u: u.is_authenticated, login_url=reverse_lazy('some-login-page'))
+@user_passes_test(
+    lambda u: u.is_authenticated, login_url=reverse_lazy("some-login-page")
+)
 def login_required_view(request):
-    return HttpResponse('Hello you')
+    return HttpResponse("Hello you")
 
 
 def bad_view(request, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -57,7 +59,10 @@ def bad_view(request, *args, **kwargs):
 
 
 empty_view_partial = partial(empty_view, template_name="template.html")
-empty_view_nested_partial = partial(empty_view_partial, template_name="nested_partial.html")
-empty_view_wrapped = update_wrapper(
-    partial(empty_view, template_name="template.html"), empty_view,
+empty_view_nested_partial = partial(
+    empty_view_partial, template_name="nested_partial.html"
+)
+empty_view_wrapped = update_wrapper(
+    partial(empty_view, template_name="template.html"),
+    empty_view,
 )
diff --git a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/views_broken.py b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/views_broken.py
index 2bc60c4b98..6975941bdc 100644
--- a/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/views_broken.py
+++ b/tests/urlpatterns_reverse/views_broken.py
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 # I just raise an AttributeError to confuse the view loading mechanism
-raise AttributeError('I am here to confuse django.urls.get_callable')
+raise AttributeError("I am here to confuse django.urls.get_callable")
diff --git a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/common_args.py b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/common_args.py
index d7b288a267..ffc895b9fa 100644
--- a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/common_args.py
+++ b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/common_args.py
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
 class Command(BaseCommand):
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         try:
-            parser.add_argument('--version', action='version', version='A.B.C')
+            parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version="A.B.C")
         except ArgumentError:
             pass
         else:
-            raise CommandError('--version argument does no yet exist')
+            raise CommandError("--version argument does no yet exist")
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
-        return 'Detected that --version already exists'
+        return "Detected that --version already exists"
diff --git a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/dance.py b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/dance.py
index efa1bc0d8a..2bb8c11309 100644
--- a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/dance.py
+++ b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/dance.py
@@ -3,21 +3,23 @@ from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
     help = "Dance around like a madman."
-    args = ''
-    requires_system_checks = '__all__'
+    args = ""
+    requires_system_checks = "__all__"
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument("integer", nargs='?', type=int, default=0)
+        parser.add_argument("integer", nargs="?", type=int, default=0)
         parser.add_argument("-s", "--style", default="Rock'n'Roll")
         parser.add_argument("-x", "--example")
-        parser.add_argument("--opt-3", action='store_true', dest='option3')
+        parser.add_argument("--opt-3", action="store_true", dest="option3")
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
         example = options["example"]
         if example == "raise":
             raise CommandError(returncode=3)
-        if options['verbosity'] > 0:
+        if options["verbosity"] > 0:
             self.stdout.write("I don't feel like dancing %s." % options["style"])
-            self.stdout.write(','.join(options))
-        if options['integer'] > 0:
-            self.stdout.write("You passed %d as a positional argument." % options['integer'])
+            self.stdout.write(",".join(options))
+        if options["integer"] > 0:
+            self.stdout.write(
+                "You passed %d as a positional argument." % options["integer"]
+            )
diff --git a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/hal.py b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/hal.py
index 5791e5fae0..6b9588b053 100644
--- a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/hal.py
+++ b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/hal.py
@@ -5,13 +5,18 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     help = "Useless command."
 
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('args', metavar='app_label', nargs='*', help='Specify the app label(s) to works on.')
-        parser.add_argument('--empty', action='store_true', help="Do nothing.")
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "args",
+            metavar="app_label",
+            nargs="*",
+            help="Specify the app label(s) to works on.",
+        )
+        parser.add_argument("--empty", action="store_true", help="Do nothing.")
 
     def handle(self, *app_labels, **options):
         app_labels = set(app_labels)
 
-        if options['empty']:
+        if options["empty"]:
             self.stdout.write()
             self.stdout.write("Dave, I can't do that.")
             return
@@ -21,7 +26,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
 
         # raise an error if some --parameter is flowing from options to args
         for app_label in app_labels:
-            if app_label.startswith('--'):
+            if app_label.startswith("--"):
                 raise CommandError("Sorry, Dave, I can't let you do that.")
 
         self.stdout.write("Dave, my mind is going. I can feel it. I can feel it.")
diff --git a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/mutually_exclusive_required.py b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/mutually_exclusive_required.py
index 8e48f12658..421b3cbbdd 100644
--- a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/mutually_exclusive_required.py
+++ b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/mutually_exclusive_required.py
@@ -2,19 +2,18 @@ from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
-
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
-        group.add_argument('--foo-id', type=int, nargs='?', default=None)
-        group.add_argument('--foo-name', type=str, nargs='?', default=None)
-        group.add_argument('--foo-list', type=int, nargs='+')
-        group.add_argument('--append_const', action='append_const', const=42)
-        group.add_argument('--const', action='store_const', const=31)
-        group.add_argument('--count', action='count')
-        group.add_argument('--flag_false', action='store_false')
-        group.add_argument('--flag_true', action='store_true')
+        group.add_argument("--foo-id", type=int, nargs="?", default=None)
+        group.add_argument("--foo-name", type=str, nargs="?", default=None)
+        group.add_argument("--foo-list", type=int, nargs="+")
+        group.add_argument("--append_const", action="append_const", const=42)
+        group.add_argument("--const", action="store_const", const=31)
+        group.add_argument("--count", action="count")
+        group.add_argument("--flag_false", action="store_false")
+        group.add_argument("--flag_true", action="store_true")
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
         for option, value in options.items():
             if value is not None:
-                self.stdout.write('%s=%s' % (option, value))
+                self.stdout.write("%s=%s" % (option, value))
diff --git a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/mutually_exclusive_required_with_same_dest.py b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/mutually_exclusive_required_with_same_dest.py
index 1a9ab5576d..f6c9fc63a1 100644
--- a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/mutually_exclusive_required_with_same_dest.py
+++ b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/mutually_exclusive_required_with_same_dest.py
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 class Command(BaseCommand):
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
-        group.add_argument('--for', dest='until', action='store')
-        group.add_argument('--until', action='store')
+        group.add_argument("--for", dest="until", action="store")
+        group.add_argument("--until", action="store")
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
         for option, value in options.items():
             if value is not None:
-                self.stdout.write('%s=%s' % (option, value))
+                self.stdout.write("%s=%s" % (option, value))
diff --git a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/no_translations.py b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/no_translations.py
index 2a8af6605b..fd1b6255f7 100644
--- a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/no_translations.py
+++ b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/no_translations.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from django.utils import translation
 
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
-
     @no_translations
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
         return translation.get_language()
diff --git a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/outputwrapper.py b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/outputwrapper.py
index bafc30d128..0bff3a49fb 100644
--- a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/outputwrapper.py
+++ b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/outputwrapper.py
@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@ from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
     def handle(self, **options):
-        self.stdout.write('Working...')
+        self.stdout.write("Working...")
         self.stdout.flush()
-        self.stdout.write('OK')
+        self.stdout.write("OK")
diff --git a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/required_constant_option.py b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/required_constant_option.py
index 121bfcc28c..5395aac236 100644
--- a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/required_constant_option.py
+++ b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/required_constant_option.py
@@ -4,17 +4,17 @@ from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 class Command(BaseCommand):
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         parser.add_argument(
-            '--append_const',
-            action='append_const',
+            "--append_const",
+            action="append_const",
             const=42,
             required=True,
         )
-        parser.add_argument('--const', action='store_const', const=31, required=True)
-        parser.add_argument('--count', action='count', required=True)
-        parser.add_argument('--flag_false', action='store_false', required=True)
-        parser.add_argument('--flag_true', action='store_true', required=True)
+        parser.add_argument("--const", action="store_const", const=31, required=True)
+        parser.add_argument("--count", action="count", required=True)
+        parser.add_argument("--flag_false", action="store_false", required=True)
+        parser.add_argument("--flag_true", action="store_true", required=True)
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
         for option, value in options.items():
             if value is not None:
-                self.stdout.write('%s=%s' % (option, value))
+                self.stdout.write("%s=%s" % (option, value))
diff --git a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/required_list_option.py b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/required_list_option.py
index 84f39f0142..bbff9b53f6 100644
--- a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/required_list_option.py
+++ b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/required_list_option.py
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('--foo-list', nargs='+', type=int, required=True)
+        parser.add_argument("--foo-list", nargs="+", type=int, required=True)
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
         for option, value in options.items():
-            self.stdout.write('%s=%s' % (option, value))
+            self.stdout.write("%s=%s" % (option, value))
diff --git a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/required_option.py b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/required_option.py
index 3b30ed942e..da84702189 100644
--- a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/required_option.py
+++ b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/required_option.py
@@ -2,10 +2,9 @@ from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
-
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('-n', '--need-me', required=True)
-        parser.add_argument('-t', '--need-me-too', required=True, dest='needme2')
+        parser.add_argument("-n", "--need-me", required=True)
+        parser.add_argument("-t", "--need-me-too", required=True, dest="needme2")
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
-        self.stdout.write(','.join(options))
+        self.stdout.write(",".join(options))
diff --git a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/reverse_url.py b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/reverse_url.py
index 2f88eda62e..b1fb5ad8ec 100644
--- a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/reverse_url.py
+++ b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/reverse_url.py
@@ -6,5 +6,6 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
     """
     This command returns a URL from a reverse() call.
     """
+
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
-        return reverse('some_url')
+        return reverse("some_url")
diff --git a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/set_option.py b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/set_option.py
index a6e3c9bb6a..5f8c01e541 100644
--- a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/set_option.py
+++ b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/set_option.py
@@ -2,9 +2,8 @@ from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
-
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        parser.add_argument('--set')
+        parser.add_argument("--set")
 
     def handle(self, **options):
-        self.stdout.write('Set %s' % options['set'])
+        self.stdout.write("Set %s" % options["set"])
diff --git a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/subparser.py b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/subparser.py
index d3006bd3e8..908a9f2976 100644
--- a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/subparser.py
+++ b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/subparser.py
@@ -2,11 +2,10 @@ from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
-
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
         subparsers = parser.add_subparsers()
-        parser_foo = subparsers.add_parser('foo')
-        parser_foo.add_argument('bar', type=int)
+        parser_foo = subparsers.add_parser("foo")
+        parser_foo.add_argument("bar", type=int)
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
-        self.stdout.write(','.join(options))
+        self.stdout.write(",".join(options))
diff --git a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/subparser_dest.py b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/subparser_dest.py
index 000078911d..cc2ebb5272 100644
--- a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/subparser_dest.py
+++ b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/subparser_dest.py
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(dest='subcommand', required=True)
-        parser_foo = subparsers.add_parser('foo')
-        parser_foo.add_argument('--bar')
+        subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(dest="subcommand", required=True)
+        parser_foo = subparsers.add_parser("foo")
+        parser_foo.add_argument("--bar")
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
-        self.stdout.write(','.join(options))
+        self.stdout.write(",".join(options))
diff --git a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/subparser_required.py b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/subparser_required.py
index 995b0dce66..e9bff79752 100644
--- a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/subparser_required.py
+++ b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/subparser_required.py
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@ from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
     def add_arguments(self, parser):
-        subparsers_1 = parser.add_subparsers(dest='subcommand_1')
-        parser_foo_1 = subparsers_1.add_parser('foo_1')
-        subparsers_2 = parser_foo_1.add_subparsers(dest='subcommand_2')
-        parser_foo_2 = subparsers_2.add_parser('foo_2')
-        parser_foo_2.add_argument('--bar', required=True)
+        subparsers_1 = parser.add_subparsers(dest="subcommand_1")
+        parser_foo_1 = subparsers_1.add_parser("foo_1")
+        subparsers_2 = parser_foo_1.add_subparsers(dest="subcommand_2")
+        parser_foo_2 = subparsers_2.add_parser("foo_2")
+        parser_foo_2.add_argument("--bar", required=True)
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
-        self.stdout.write(','.join(options))
+        self.stdout.write(",".join(options))
diff --git a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/transaction.py b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/transaction.py
index ca531b2b97..f8e28ff7ea 100644
--- a/tests/user_commands/management/commands/transaction.py
+++ b/tests/user_commands/management/commands/transaction.py
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 
 class Command(BaseCommand):
     help = "Say hello."
-    args = ''
+    args = ""
     output_transaction = True
 
     def handle(self, *args, **options):
-        return 'Hello!'
+        return "Hello!"
diff --git a/tests/user_commands/tests.py b/tests/user_commands/tests.py
index 8da4e887d3..c128c52f69 100644
--- a/tests/user_commands/tests.py
+++ b/tests/user_commands/tests.py
@@ -9,8 +9,11 @@ from django.core import management
 from django.core.checks import Tags
 from django.core.management import BaseCommand, CommandError, find_commands
 from django.core.management.utils import (
-    find_command, get_random_secret_key, is_ignored_path,
-    normalize_path_patterns, popen_wrapper,
+    find_command,
+    get_random_secret_key,
+    is_ignored_path,
+    normalize_path_patterns,
+    popen_wrapper,
 )
 from django.db import connection
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
@@ -23,49 +26,51 @@ from .management.commands import dance
 # A minimal set of apps to avoid system checks running on all apps.
 @override_settings(
     INSTALLED_APPS=[
-        'django.contrib.auth',
-        'django.contrib.contenttypes',
-        'user_commands',
+        "django.contrib.auth",
+        "django.contrib.contenttypes",
+        "user_commands",
     ],
 )
 class CommandTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_command(self):
         out = StringIO()
-        management.call_command('dance', stdout=out)
+        management.call_command("dance", stdout=out)
         self.assertIn("I don't feel like dancing Rock'n'Roll.\n", out.getvalue())
 
     def test_command_style(self):
         out = StringIO()
-        management.call_command('dance', style='Jive', stdout=out)
+        management.call_command("dance", style="Jive", stdout=out)
         self.assertIn("I don't feel like dancing Jive.\n", out.getvalue())
         # Passing options as arguments also works (thanks argparse)
-        management.call_command('dance', '--style', 'Jive', stdout=out)
+        management.call_command("dance", "--style", "Jive", stdout=out)
         self.assertIn("I don't feel like dancing Jive.\n", out.getvalue())
 
     def test_language_preserved(self):
-        with translation.override('fr'):
-            management.call_command('dance', verbosity=0)
-            self.assertEqual(translation.get_language(), 'fr')
+        with translation.override("fr"):
+            management.call_command("dance", verbosity=0)
+            self.assertEqual(translation.get_language(), "fr")
 
     def test_explode(self):
-        """ An unknown command raises CommandError """
+        """An unknown command raises CommandError"""
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, "Unknown command: 'explode'"):
-            management.call_command(('explode',))
+            management.call_command(("explode",))
 
     def test_system_exit(self):
-        """ Exception raised in a command should raise CommandError with
-            call_command, but SystemExit when run from command line
+        """Exception raised in a command should raise CommandError with
+        call_command, but SystemExit when run from command line
         """
         with self.assertRaises(CommandError) as cm:
-            management.call_command('dance', example="raise")
+            management.call_command("dance", example="raise")
         self.assertEqual(cm.exception.returncode, 3)
         dance.Command.requires_system_checks = []
         try:
             with captured_stderr() as stderr, self.assertRaises(SystemExit) as cm:
-                management.ManagementUtility(['manage.py', 'dance', '--example=raise']).execute()
+                management.ManagementUtility(
+                    ["manage.py", "dance", "--example=raise"]
+                ).execute()
             self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 3)
         finally:
-            dance.Command.requires_system_checks = '__all__'
+            dance.Command.requires_system_checks = "__all__"
         self.assertIn("CommandError", stderr.getvalue())
 
     def test_no_translations_deactivate_translations(self):
@@ -74,8 +79,8 @@ class CommandTests(SimpleTestCase):
         translations are deactivated inside the command.
         """
         current_locale = translation.get_language()
-        with translation.override('pl'):
-            result = management.call_command('no_translations')
+        with translation.override("pl"):
+            result = management.call_command("no_translations")
             self.assertIsNone(result)
         self.assertEqual(translation.get_language(), current_locale)
 
@@ -84,24 +89,26 @@ class CommandTests(SimpleTestCase):
         find_command should still work when the PATH environment variable
         doesn't exist (#22256).
         """
-        current_path = os.environ.pop('PATH', None)
+        current_path = os.environ.pop("PATH", None)
 
         try:
-            self.assertIsNone(find_command('_missing_'))
+            self.assertIsNone(find_command("_missing_"))
         finally:
             if current_path is not None:
-                os.environ['PATH'] = current_path
+                os.environ["PATH"] = current_path
 
     def test_discover_commands_in_eggs(self):
         """
         Management commands can also be loaded from Python eggs.
         """
-        egg_dir = '%s/eggs' % os.path.dirname(__file__)
-        egg_name = '%s/basic.egg' % egg_dir
+        egg_dir = "%s/eggs" % os.path.dirname(__file__)
+        egg_name = "%s/basic.egg" % egg_dir
         with extend_sys_path(egg_name):
-            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=['commandegg']):
-                cmds = find_commands(os.path.join(apps.get_app_config('commandegg').path, 'management'))
-        self.assertEqual(cmds, ['eggcommand'])
+            with self.settings(INSTALLED_APPS=["commandegg"]):
+                cmds = find_commands(
+                    os.path.join(apps.get_app_config("commandegg").path, "management")
+                )
+        self.assertEqual(cmds, ["eggcommand"])
 
     def test_call_command_option_parsing(self):
         """
@@ -109,7 +116,7 @@ class CommandTests(SimpleTestCase):
         key is the option dest name (#22985).
         """
         out = StringIO()
-        management.call_command('dance', stdout=out, opt_3=True)
+        management.call_command("dance", stdout=out, opt_3=True)
         self.assertIn("option3", out.getvalue())
         self.assertNotIn("opt_3", out.getvalue())
         self.assertNotIn("opt-3", out.getvalue())
@@ -119,31 +126,43 @@ class CommandTests(SimpleTestCase):
         It should be possible to pass non-string arguments to call_command.
         """
         out = StringIO()
-        management.call_command('dance', 1, verbosity=0, stdout=out)
+        management.call_command("dance", 1, verbosity=0, stdout=out)
         self.assertIn("You passed 1 as a positional argument.", out.getvalue())
 
     def test_calling_a_command_with_only_empty_parameter_should_ends_gracefully(self):
         out = StringIO()
-        management.call_command('hal', "--empty", stdout=out)
+        management.call_command("hal", "--empty", stdout=out)
         self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), "\nDave, I can't do that.\n")
 
     def test_calling_command_with_app_labels_and_parameters_should_be_ok(self):
         out = StringIO()
-        management.call_command('hal', 'myapp', "--verbosity", "3", stdout=out)
-        self.assertIn("Dave, my mind is going. I can feel it. I can feel it.\n", out.getvalue())
+        management.call_command("hal", "myapp", "--verbosity", "3", stdout=out)
+        self.assertIn(
+            "Dave, my mind is going. I can feel it. I can feel it.\n", out.getvalue()
+        )
 
-    def test_calling_command_with_parameters_and_app_labels_at_the_end_should_be_ok(self):
+    def test_calling_command_with_parameters_and_app_labels_at_the_end_should_be_ok(
+        self,
+    ):
         out = StringIO()
-        management.call_command('hal', "--verbosity", "3", "myapp", stdout=out)
-        self.assertIn("Dave, my mind is going. I can feel it. I can feel it.\n", out.getvalue())
+        management.call_command("hal", "--verbosity", "3", "myapp", stdout=out)
+        self.assertIn(
+            "Dave, my mind is going. I can feel it. I can feel it.\n", out.getvalue()
+        )
 
-    def test_calling_a_command_with_no_app_labels_and_parameters_should_raise_a_command_error(self):
+    def test_calling_a_command_with_no_app_labels_and_parameters_should_raise_a_command_error(
+        self,
+    ):
         with self.assertRaises(CommandError):
-            management.call_command('hal')
+            management.call_command("hal")
 
     def test_output_transaction(self):
-        output = management.call_command('transaction', stdout=StringIO(), no_color=True)
-        self.assertTrue(output.strip().startswith(connection.ops.start_transaction_sql()))
+        output = management.call_command(
+            "transaction", stdout=StringIO(), no_color=True
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(
+            output.strip().startswith(connection.ops.start_transaction_sql())
+        )
         self.assertTrue(output.strip().endswith(connection.ops.end_transaction_sql()))
 
     def test_call_command_no_checks(self):
@@ -169,20 +188,24 @@ class CommandTests(SimpleTestCase):
             BaseCommand.check = saved_check
 
     def test_requires_system_checks_empty(self):
-        with mock.patch('django.core.management.base.BaseCommand.check') as mocked_check:
-            management.call_command('no_system_checks')
+        with mock.patch(
+            "django.core.management.base.BaseCommand.check"
+        ) as mocked_check:
+            management.call_command("no_system_checks")
         self.assertIs(mocked_check.called, False)
 
     def test_requires_system_checks_specific(self):
-        with mock.patch('django.core.management.base.BaseCommand.check') as mocked_check:
-            management.call_command('specific_system_checks')
+        with mock.patch(
+            "django.core.management.base.BaseCommand.check"
+        ) as mocked_check:
+            management.call_command("specific_system_checks")
         mocked_check.called_once_with(tags=[Tags.staticfiles, Tags.models])
 
     def test_requires_system_checks_invalid(self):
         class Command(BaseCommand):
-            requires_system_checks = 'x'
+            requires_system_checks = "x"
 
-        msg = 'requires_system_checks must be a list or tuple.'
+        msg = "requires_system_checks must be a list or tuple."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             Command()
 
@@ -190,94 +213,100 @@ class CommandTests(SimpleTestCase):
         requires_migrations_checks = dance.Command.requires_migrations_checks
         self.assertIs(requires_migrations_checks, False)
         try:
-            with mock.patch.object(BaseCommand, 'check_migrations') as check_migrations:
-                management.call_command('dance', verbosity=0)
+            with mock.patch.object(BaseCommand, "check_migrations") as check_migrations:
+                management.call_command("dance", verbosity=0)
                 self.assertFalse(check_migrations.called)
                 dance.Command.requires_migrations_checks = True
-                management.call_command('dance', verbosity=0)
+                management.call_command("dance", verbosity=0)
                 self.assertTrue(check_migrations.called)
         finally:
             dance.Command.requires_migrations_checks = requires_migrations_checks
 
     def test_call_command_unrecognized_option(self):
         msg = (
-            'Unknown option(s) for dance command: unrecognized. Valid options '
-            'are: example, force_color, help, integer, no_color, opt_3, '
-            'option3, pythonpath, settings, skip_checks, stderr, stdout, '
-            'style, traceback, verbosity, version.'
+            "Unknown option(s) for dance command: unrecognized. Valid options "
+            "are: example, force_color, help, integer, no_color, opt_3, "
+            "option3, pythonpath, settings, skip_checks, stderr, stdout, "
+            "style, traceback, verbosity, version."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            management.call_command('dance', unrecognized=1)
+            management.call_command("dance", unrecognized=1)
 
         msg = (
-            'Unknown option(s) for dance command: unrecognized, unrecognized2. '
-            'Valid options are: example, force_color, help, integer, no_color, '
-            'opt_3, option3, pythonpath, settings, skip_checks, stderr, '
-            'stdout, style, traceback, verbosity, version.'
+            "Unknown option(s) for dance command: unrecognized, unrecognized2. "
+            "Valid options are: example, force_color, help, integer, no_color, "
+            "opt_3, option3, pythonpath, settings, skip_checks, stderr, "
+            "stdout, style, traceback, verbosity, version."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            management.call_command('dance', unrecognized=1, unrecognized2=1)
+            management.call_command("dance", unrecognized=1, unrecognized2=1)
 
     def test_call_command_with_required_parameters_in_options(self):
         out = StringIO()
-        management.call_command('required_option', need_me='foo', needme2='bar', stdout=out)
-        self.assertIn('need_me', out.getvalue())
-        self.assertIn('needme2', out.getvalue())
+        management.call_command(
+            "required_option", need_me="foo", needme2="bar", stdout=out
+        )
+        self.assertIn("need_me", out.getvalue())
+        self.assertIn("needme2", out.getvalue())
 
     def test_call_command_with_required_parameters_in_mixed_options(self):
         out = StringIO()
-        management.call_command('required_option', '--need-me=foo', needme2='bar', stdout=out)
-        self.assertIn('need_me', out.getvalue())
-        self.assertIn('needme2', out.getvalue())
+        management.call_command(
+            "required_option", "--need-me=foo", needme2="bar", stdout=out
+        )
+        self.assertIn("need_me", out.getvalue())
+        self.assertIn("needme2", out.getvalue())
 
     def test_command_add_arguments_after_common_arguments(self):
         out = StringIO()
-        management.call_command('common_args', stdout=out)
-        self.assertIn('Detected that --version already exists', out.getvalue())
+        management.call_command("common_args", stdout=out)
+        self.assertIn("Detected that --version already exists", out.getvalue())
 
     def test_mutually_exclusive_group_required_options(self):
         out = StringIO()
-        management.call_command('mutually_exclusive_required', foo_id=1, stdout=out)
-        self.assertIn('foo_id', out.getvalue())
-        management.call_command('mutually_exclusive_required', foo_name='foo', stdout=out)
-        self.assertIn('foo_name', out.getvalue())
+        management.call_command("mutually_exclusive_required", foo_id=1, stdout=out)
+        self.assertIn("foo_id", out.getvalue())
+        management.call_command(
+            "mutually_exclusive_required", foo_name="foo", stdout=out
+        )
+        self.assertIn("foo_name", out.getvalue())
         msg = (
-            'Error: one of the arguments --foo-id --foo-name --foo-list '
-            '--append_const --const --count --flag_false --flag_true is '
-            'required'
+            "Error: one of the arguments --foo-id --foo-name --foo-list "
+            "--append_const --const --count --flag_false --flag_true is "
+            "required"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
-            management.call_command('mutually_exclusive_required', stdout=out)
+            management.call_command("mutually_exclusive_required", stdout=out)
 
     def test_mutually_exclusive_group_required_const_options(self):
         tests = [
-            ('append_const', [42]),
-            ('const', 31),
-            ('count', 1),
-            ('flag_false', False),
-            ('flag_true', True),
+            ("append_const", [42]),
+            ("const", 31),
+            ("count", 1),
+            ("flag_false", False),
+            ("flag_true", True),
         ]
         for arg, value in tests:
             out = StringIO()
-            expected_output = '%s=%s' % (arg, value)
+            expected_output = "%s=%s" % (arg, value)
             with self.subTest(arg=arg):
                 management.call_command(
-                    'mutually_exclusive_required',
-                    '--%s' % arg,
+                    "mutually_exclusive_required",
+                    "--%s" % arg,
                     stdout=out,
                 )
                 self.assertIn(expected_output, out.getvalue())
                 out.truncate(0)
                 management.call_command(
-                    'mutually_exclusive_required',
-                    **{arg: value, 'stdout': out},
+                    "mutually_exclusive_required",
+                    **{arg: value, "stdout": out},
                 )
                 self.assertIn(expected_output, out.getvalue())
 
     def test_mutually_exclusive_group_required_with_same_dest_options(self):
         tests = [
-            {'until': '2'},
-            {'for': '1', 'until': '2'},
+            {"until": "2"},
+            {"for": "1", "until": "2"},
         ]
         msg = (
             "Cannot pass the dest 'until' that matches multiple arguments via "
@@ -287,104 +316,106 @@ class CommandTests(SimpleTestCase):
             with self.subTest(options=options):
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
                     management.call_command(
-                        'mutually_exclusive_required_with_same_dest',
+                        "mutually_exclusive_required_with_same_dest",
                         **options,
                     )
 
     def test_mutually_exclusive_group_required_with_same_dest_args(self):
         tests = [
-            ('--until=1',),
-            ('--until', 1),
-            ('--for=1',),
-            ('--for', 1),
+            ("--until=1",),
+            ("--until", 1),
+            ("--for=1",),
+            ("--for", 1),
         ]
         for args in tests:
             out = StringIO()
             with self.subTest(options=args):
                 management.call_command(
-                    'mutually_exclusive_required_with_same_dest',
+                    "mutually_exclusive_required_with_same_dest",
                     *args,
                     stdout=out,
                 )
                 output = out.getvalue()
-                self.assertIn('until=1', output)
+                self.assertIn("until=1", output)
 
     def test_required_list_option(self):
         tests = [
-            (('--foo-list', [1, 2]), {}),
-            ((), {'foo_list': [1, 2]}),
+            (("--foo-list", [1, 2]), {}),
+            ((), {"foo_list": [1, 2]}),
         ]
-        for command in ['mutually_exclusive_required', 'required_list_option']:
+        for command in ["mutually_exclusive_required", "required_list_option"]:
             for args, kwargs in tests:
                 with self.subTest(command=command, args=args, kwargs=kwargs):
                     out = StringIO()
                     management.call_command(
                         command,
                         *args,
-                        **{**kwargs, 'stdout': out},
+                        **{**kwargs, "stdout": out},
                     )
-                    self.assertIn('foo_list=[1, 2]', out.getvalue())
+                    self.assertIn("foo_list=[1, 2]", out.getvalue())
 
     def test_required_const_options(self):
         args = {
-            'append_const': [42],
-            'const': 31,
-            'count': 1,
-            'flag_false': False,
-            'flag_true': True,
+            "append_const": [42],
+            "const": 31,
+            "count": 1,
+            "flag_false": False,
+            "flag_true": True,
         }
-        expected_output = '\n'.join(
-            '%s=%s' % (arg, value) for arg, value in args.items()
+        expected_output = "\n".join(
+            "%s=%s" % (arg, value) for arg, value in args.items()
         )
         out = StringIO()
         management.call_command(
-            'required_constant_option',
-            '--append_const',
-            '--const',
-            '--count',
-            '--flag_false',
-            '--flag_true',
+            "required_constant_option",
+            "--append_const",
+            "--const",
+            "--count",
+            "--flag_false",
+            "--flag_true",
             stdout=out,
         )
         self.assertIn(expected_output, out.getvalue())
         out.truncate(0)
-        management.call_command('required_constant_option', **{**args, 'stdout': out})
+        management.call_command("required_constant_option", **{**args, "stdout": out})
         self.assertIn(expected_output, out.getvalue())
 
     def test_subparser(self):
         out = StringIO()
-        management.call_command('subparser', 'foo', 12, stdout=out)
-        self.assertIn('bar', out.getvalue())
+        management.call_command("subparser", "foo", 12, stdout=out)
+        self.assertIn("bar", out.getvalue())
 
     def test_subparser_dest_args(self):
         out = StringIO()
-        management.call_command('subparser_dest', 'foo', bar=12, stdout=out)
-        self.assertIn('bar', out.getvalue())
+        management.call_command("subparser_dest", "foo", bar=12, stdout=out)
+        self.assertIn("bar", out.getvalue())
 
     def test_subparser_dest_required_args(self):
         out = StringIO()
-        management.call_command('subparser_required', 'foo_1', 'foo_2', bar=12, stdout=out)
-        self.assertIn('bar', out.getvalue())
+        management.call_command(
+            "subparser_required", "foo_1", "foo_2", bar=12, stdout=out
+        )
+        self.assertIn("bar", out.getvalue())
 
     def test_subparser_invalid_option(self):
         msg = "invalid choice: 'test' (choose from 'foo')"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
-            management.call_command('subparser', 'test', 12)
-        msg = 'Error: the following arguments are required: subcommand'
+            management.call_command("subparser", "test", 12)
+        msg = "Error: the following arguments are required: subcommand"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
-            management.call_command('subparser_dest', subcommand='foo', bar=12)
+            management.call_command("subparser_dest", subcommand="foo", bar=12)
 
     def test_create_parser_kwargs(self):
         """BaseCommand.create_parser() passes kwargs to CommandParser."""
-        epilog = 'some epilog text'
-        parser = BaseCommand().create_parser('prog_name', 'subcommand', epilog=epilog)
+        epilog = "some epilog text"
+        parser = BaseCommand().create_parser("prog_name", "subcommand", epilog=epilog)
         self.assertEqual(parser.epilog, epilog)
 
     def test_outputwrapper_flush(self):
         out = StringIO()
-        with mock.patch.object(out, 'flush') as mocked_flush:
-            management.call_command('outputwrapper', stdout=out)
-        self.assertIn('Working...', out.getvalue())
+        with mock.patch.object(out, "flush") as mocked_flush:
+            management.call_command("outputwrapper", stdout=out)
+        self.assertIn("Working...", out.getvalue())
         self.assertIs(mocked_flush.called, True)
 
 
@@ -392,67 +423,83 @@ class CommandRunTests(AdminScriptTestCase):
     """
     Tests that need to run by simulating the command line, not by call_command.
     """
+
     def test_script_prefix_set_in_commands(self):
-        self.write_settings('settings.py', apps=['user_commands'], sdict={
-            'ROOT_URLCONF': '"user_commands.urls"',
-            'FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME': '"/PREFIX/"',
-        })
-        out, err = self.run_manage(['reverse_url'])
+        self.write_settings(
+            "settings.py",
+            apps=["user_commands"],
+            sdict={
+                "ROOT_URLCONF": '"user_commands.urls"',
+                "FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME": '"/PREFIX/"',
+            },
+        )
+        out, err = self.run_manage(["reverse_url"])
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
-        self.assertEqual(out.strip(), '/PREFIX/some/url/')
+        self.assertEqual(out.strip(), "/PREFIX/some/url/")
 
     def test_disallowed_abbreviated_options(self):
         """
         To avoid conflicts with custom options, commands don't allow
         abbreviated forms of the --setting and --pythonpath options.
         """
-        self.write_settings('settings.py', apps=['user_commands'])
-        out, err = self.run_manage(['set_option', '--set', 'foo'])
+        self.write_settings("settings.py", apps=["user_commands"])
+        out, err = self.run_manage(["set_option", "--set", "foo"])
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
-        self.assertEqual(out.strip(), 'Set foo')
+        self.assertEqual(out.strip(), "Set foo")
 
     def test_skip_checks(self):
-        self.write_settings('settings.py', apps=['django.contrib.staticfiles', 'user_commands'], sdict={
-            # (staticfiles.E001) The STATICFILES_DIRS setting is not a tuple or
-            # list.
-            'STATICFILES_DIRS': '"foo"',
-        })
-        out, err = self.run_manage(['set_option', '--skip-checks', '--set', 'foo'])
+        self.write_settings(
+            "settings.py",
+            apps=["django.contrib.staticfiles", "user_commands"],
+            sdict={
+                # (staticfiles.E001) The STATICFILES_DIRS setting is not a tuple or
+                # list.
+                "STATICFILES_DIRS": '"foo"',
+            },
+        )
+        out, err = self.run_manage(["set_option", "--skip-checks", "--set", "foo"])
         self.assertNoOutput(err)
-        self.assertEqual(out.strip(), 'Set foo')
+        self.assertEqual(out.strip(), "Set foo")
 
 
 class UtilsTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_no_existent_external_program(self):
-        msg = 'Error executing a_42_command_that_doesnt_exist_42'
+        msg = "Error executing a_42_command_that_doesnt_exist_42"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CommandError, msg):
-            popen_wrapper(['a_42_command_that_doesnt_exist_42'])
+            popen_wrapper(["a_42_command_that_doesnt_exist_42"])
 
     def test_get_random_secret_key(self):
         key = get_random_secret_key()
         self.assertEqual(len(key), 50)
         for char in key:
-            self.assertIn(char, 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789!@#$%^&*(-_=+)')
+            self.assertIn(char, "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789!@#$%^&*(-_=+)")
 
     def test_is_ignored_path_true(self):
         patterns = (
-            ['foo/bar/baz'],
-            ['baz'],
-            ['foo/bar/baz'],
-            ['*/baz'],
-            ['*'],
-            ['b?z'],
-            ['[abc]az'],
-            ['*/ba[!z]/baz'],
+            ["foo/bar/baz"],
+            ["baz"],
+            ["foo/bar/baz"],
+            ["*/baz"],
+            ["*"],
+            ["b?z"],
+            ["[abc]az"],
+            ["*/ba[!z]/baz"],
         )
         for ignore_patterns in patterns:
             with self.subTest(ignore_patterns=ignore_patterns):
-                self.assertIs(is_ignored_path('foo/bar/baz', ignore_patterns=ignore_patterns), True)
+                self.assertIs(
+                    is_ignored_path("foo/bar/baz", ignore_patterns=ignore_patterns),
+                    True,
+                )
 
     def test_is_ignored_path_false(self):
-        self.assertIs(is_ignored_path('foo/bar/baz', ignore_patterns=['foo/bar/bat', 'bar', 'flub/blub']), False)
+        self.assertIs(
+            is_ignored_path(
+                "foo/bar/baz", ignore_patterns=["foo/bar/bat", "bar", "flub/blub"]
+            ),
+            False,
+        )
 
     def test_normalize_path_patterns_truncates_wildcard_base(self):
-        expected = [os.path.normcase(p) for p in ['foo/bar', 'bar/*/']]
-        self.assertEqual(normalize_path_patterns(['foo/bar/*', 'bar/*/']), expected)
+        expected = [os.path.normcase(p) for p in ["foo/bar", "bar/*/"]]
+        self.assertEqual(normalize_path_patterns(["foo/bar/*", "bar/*/"]), expected)
diff --git a/tests/user_commands/urls.py b/tests/user_commands/urls.py
index 50d7d96d51..6e82c7dcb3 100644
--- a/tests/user_commands/urls.py
+++ b/tests/user_commands/urls.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from django.urls import path
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('some/url/', lambda req:req, name='some_url'),
+    path("some/url/", lambda req: req, name="some_url"),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_archive.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_archive.py
index 10f8e56198..8cd107063f 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_archive.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_archive.py
@@ -10,21 +10,22 @@ from django.utils import archive
 
 try:
     import bz2  # NOQA
+
     HAS_BZ2 = True
 except ImportError:
     HAS_BZ2 = False
 
 try:
     import lzma  # NOQA
+
     HAS_LZMA = True
 except ImportError:
     HAS_LZMA = False
 
 
 class TestArchive(unittest.TestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
-        self.testdir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'archives')
+        self.testdir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "archives")
         self.old_cwd = os.getcwd()
         os.chdir(self.testdir)
 
@@ -35,20 +36,25 @@ class TestArchive(unittest.TestCase):
         with os.scandir(self.testdir) as entries:
             for entry in entries:
                 with self.subTest(entry.name), tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
-                    if (
-                        (entry.name.endswith('.bz2') and not HAS_BZ2) or
-                        (entry.name.endswith(('.lzma', '.xz')) and not HAS_LZMA)
+                    if (entry.name.endswith(".bz2") and not HAS_BZ2) or (
+                        entry.name.endswith((".lzma", ".xz")) and not HAS_LZMA
                     ):
                         continue
                     archive.extract(entry.path, tmpdir)
-                    self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(tmpdir, '1')))
-                    self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(tmpdir, '2')))
-                    self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(tmpdir, 'foo', '1')))
-                    self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(tmpdir, 'foo', '2')))
-                    self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(tmpdir, 'foo', 'bar', '1')))
-                    self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(tmpdir, 'foo', 'bar', '2')))
+                    self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(tmpdir, "1")))
+                    self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(tmpdir, "2")))
+                    self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(tmpdir, "foo", "1")))
+                    self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(tmpdir, "foo", "2")))
+                    self.assertTrue(
+                        os.path.isfile(os.path.join(tmpdir, "foo", "bar", "1"))
+                    )
+                    self.assertTrue(
+                        os.path.isfile(os.path.join(tmpdir, "foo", "bar", "2"))
+                    )
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32', 'Python on Windows has a limited os.chmod().')
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        sys.platform == "win32", "Python on Windows has a limited os.chmod()."
+    )
     def test_extract_file_permissions(self):
         """archive.extract() preserves file permissions."""
         mask = stat.S_IRWXU | stat.S_IRWXG | stat.S_IRWXO
@@ -57,33 +63,33 @@ class TestArchive(unittest.TestCase):
         with os.scandir(self.testdir) as entries:
             for entry in entries:
                 if (
-                    entry.name.startswith('leadpath_') or
-                    (entry.name.endswith('.bz2') and not HAS_BZ2) or
-                    (entry.name.endswith(('.lzma', '.xz')) and not HAS_LZMA)
+                    entry.name.startswith("leadpath_")
+                    or (entry.name.endswith(".bz2") and not HAS_BZ2)
+                    or (entry.name.endswith((".lzma", ".xz")) and not HAS_LZMA)
                 ):
                     continue
                 with self.subTest(entry.name), tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
                     archive.extract(entry.path, tmpdir)
                     # An executable file in the archive has executable
                     # permissions.
-                    filepath = os.path.join(tmpdir, 'executable')
+                    filepath = os.path.join(tmpdir, "executable")
                     self.assertEqual(os.stat(filepath).st_mode & mask, 0o775)
                     # A file is readable even if permission data is missing.
-                    filepath = os.path.join(tmpdir, 'no_permissions')
+                    filepath = os.path.join(tmpdir, "no_permissions")
                     self.assertEqual(os.stat(filepath).st_mode & mask, 0o666 & ~umask)
 
 
 class TestArchiveInvalid(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_extract_function_traversal(self):
-        archives_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'traversal_archives')
+        archives_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "traversal_archives")
         tests = [
-            ('traversal.tar', '..'),
-            ('traversal_absolute.tar', '/tmp/evil.py'),
+            ("traversal.tar", ".."),
+            ("traversal_absolute.tar", "/tmp/evil.py"),
         ]
-        if sys.platform == 'win32':
+        if sys.platform == "win32":
             tests += [
-                ('traversal_disk_win.tar', 'd:evil.py'),
-                ('traversal_disk_win.zip', 'd:evil.py'),
+                ("traversal_disk_win.tar", "d:evil.py"),
+                ("traversal_disk_win.zip", "d:evil.py"),
             ]
         msg = "Archive contains invalid path: '%s'"
         for entry, invalid_path in tests:
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_autoreload.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_autoreload.py
index 9b318722c0..c50d141cf3 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_autoreload.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_autoreload.py
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ from django.test.utils import extend_sys_path
 from django.utils import autoreload
 from django.utils.autoreload import WatchmanUnavailable
 
-from .test_module import __main__ as test_main, main_module as test_main_module
+from .test_module import __main__ as test_main
+from .test_module import main_module as test_main_module
 from .utils import on_macos_with_hfs
 
 
@@ -45,18 +46,26 @@ class TestIterModulesAndFiles(SimpleTestCase):
         resolved_filename = filename.resolve(strict=True)
         self.clear_autoreload_caches()
         # Test uncached access
-        self.assertIn(resolved_filename, list(autoreload.iter_all_python_module_files()))
+        self.assertIn(
+            resolved_filename, list(autoreload.iter_all_python_module_files())
+        )
         # Test cached access
-        self.assertIn(resolved_filename, list(autoreload.iter_all_python_module_files()))
+        self.assertIn(
+            resolved_filename, list(autoreload.iter_all_python_module_files())
+        )
         self.assertEqual(autoreload.iter_modules_and_files.cache_info().hits, 1)
 
     def assertFileNotFound(self, filename):
         resolved_filename = filename.resolve(strict=True)
         self.clear_autoreload_caches()
         # Test uncached access
-        self.assertNotIn(resolved_filename, list(autoreload.iter_all_python_module_files()))
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            resolved_filename, list(autoreload.iter_all_python_module_files())
+        )
         # Test cached access
-        self.assertNotIn(resolved_filename, list(autoreload.iter_all_python_module_files()))
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            resolved_filename, list(autoreload.iter_all_python_module_files())
+        )
         self.assertEqual(autoreload.iter_modules_and_files.cache_info().hits, 1)
 
     def temporary_file(self, filename):
@@ -72,11 +81,11 @@ class TestIterModulesAndFiles(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         When a file is added, it's returned by iter_all_python_module_files().
         """
-        filename = self.temporary_file('test_deleted_removed_module.py')
+        filename = self.temporary_file("test_deleted_removed_module.py")
         filename.touch()
 
         with extend_sys_path(str(filename.parent)):
-            self.import_and_cleanup('test_deleted_removed_module')
+            self.import_and_cleanup("test_deleted_removed_module")
 
         self.assertFileFound(filename.absolute())
 
@@ -85,13 +94,13 @@ class TestIterModulesAndFiles(SimpleTestCase):
         When a file containing an error is imported in a function wrapped by
         check_errors(), gen_filenames() returns it.
         """
-        filename = self.temporary_file('test_syntax_error.py')
+        filename = self.temporary_file("test_syntax_error.py")
         filename.write_text("Ceci n'est pas du Python.")
 
         with extend_sys_path(str(filename.parent)):
             try:
                 with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError):
-                    autoreload.check_errors(import_module)('test_syntax_error')
+                    autoreload.check_errors(import_module)("test_syntax_error")
             finally:
                 autoreload._exception = None
         self.assertFileFound(filename)
@@ -101,12 +110,12 @@ class TestIterModulesAndFiles(SimpleTestCase):
         Since Python may raise arbitrary exceptions when importing code,
         check_errors() must catch Exception, not just some subclasses.
         """
-        filename = self.temporary_file('test_exception.py')
-        filename.write_text('raise Exception')
+        filename = self.temporary_file("test_exception.py")
+        filename.write_text("raise Exception")
         with extend_sys_path(str(filename.parent)):
             try:
                 with self.assertRaises(Exception):
-                    autoreload.check_errors(import_module)('test_exception')
+                    autoreload.check_errors(import_module)("test_exception")
             finally:
                 autoreload._exception = None
         self.assertFileFound(filename)
@@ -116,48 +125,54 @@ class TestIterModulesAndFiles(SimpleTestCase):
         Modules imported from zipped files have their archive location included
         in the result.
         """
-        zip_file = self.temporary_file('zip_import.zip')
-        with zipfile.ZipFile(str(zip_file), 'w', zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) as zipf:
-            zipf.writestr('test_zipped_file.py', '')
+        zip_file = self.temporary_file("zip_import.zip")
+        with zipfile.ZipFile(str(zip_file), "w", zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) as zipf:
+            zipf.writestr("test_zipped_file.py", "")
 
         with extend_sys_path(str(zip_file)):
-            self.import_and_cleanup('test_zipped_file')
+            self.import_and_cleanup("test_zipped_file")
         self.assertFileFound(zip_file)
 
     def test_bytecode_conversion_to_source(self):
         """.pyc and .pyo files are included in the files list."""
-        filename = self.temporary_file('test_compiled.py')
+        filename = self.temporary_file("test_compiled.py")
         filename.touch()
-        compiled_file = Path(py_compile.compile(str(filename), str(filename.with_suffix('.pyc'))))
+        compiled_file = Path(
+            py_compile.compile(str(filename), str(filename.with_suffix(".pyc")))
+        )
         filename.unlink()
         with extend_sys_path(str(compiled_file.parent)):
-            self.import_and_cleanup('test_compiled')
+            self.import_and_cleanup("test_compiled")
         self.assertFileFound(compiled_file)
 
     def test_weakref_in_sys_module(self):
         """iter_all_python_module_file() ignores weakref modules."""
         time_proxy = weakref.proxy(time)
-        sys.modules['time_proxy'] = time_proxy
-        self.addCleanup(lambda: sys.modules.pop('time_proxy', None))
+        sys.modules["time_proxy"] = time_proxy
+        self.addCleanup(lambda: sys.modules.pop("time_proxy", None))
         list(autoreload.iter_all_python_module_files())  # No crash.
 
     def test_module_without_spec(self):
-        module = types.ModuleType('test_module')
+        module = types.ModuleType("test_module")
         del module.__spec__
-        self.assertEqual(autoreload.iter_modules_and_files((module,), frozenset()), frozenset())
+        self.assertEqual(
+            autoreload.iter_modules_and_files((module,), frozenset()), frozenset()
+        )
 
     def test_main_module_is_resolved(self):
-        main_module = sys.modules['__main__']
+        main_module = sys.modules["__main__"]
         self.assertFileFound(Path(main_module.__file__))
 
     def test_main_module_without_file_is_not_resolved(self):
-        fake_main = types.ModuleType('__main__')
-        self.assertEqual(autoreload.iter_modules_and_files((fake_main,), frozenset()), frozenset())
+        fake_main = types.ModuleType("__main__")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            autoreload.iter_modules_and_files((fake_main,), frozenset()), frozenset()
+        )
 
     def test_path_with_embedded_null_bytes(self):
         for path in (
-            'embedded_null_byte\x00.py',
-            'di\x00rectory/embedded_null_byte.py',
+            "embedded_null_byte\x00.py",
+            "di\x00rectory/embedded_null_byte.py",
         ):
             with self.subTest(path=path):
                 self.assertEqual(
@@ -167,108 +182,105 @@ class TestIterModulesAndFiles(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class TestChildArguments(SimpleTestCase):
-    @mock.patch.dict(sys.modules, {'__main__': django.__main__})
-    @mock.patch('sys.argv', [django.__main__.__file__, 'runserver'])
-    @mock.patch('sys.warnoptions', [])
-    @mock.patch('sys._xoptions', {})
+    @mock.patch.dict(sys.modules, {"__main__": django.__main__})
+    @mock.patch("sys.argv", [django.__main__.__file__, "runserver"])
+    @mock.patch("sys.warnoptions", [])
+    @mock.patch("sys._xoptions", {})
     def test_run_as_module(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             autoreload.get_child_arguments(),
-            [sys.executable, '-m', 'django', 'runserver']
+            [sys.executable, "-m", "django", "runserver"],
         )
 
-    @mock.patch.dict(sys.modules, {'__main__': test_main})
-    @mock.patch('sys.argv', [test_main.__file__, 'runserver'])
-    @mock.patch('sys.warnoptions', [])
-    @mock.patch('sys._xoptions', {})
+    @mock.patch.dict(sys.modules, {"__main__": test_main})
+    @mock.patch("sys.argv", [test_main.__file__, "runserver"])
+    @mock.patch("sys.warnoptions", [])
+    @mock.patch("sys._xoptions", {})
     def test_run_as_non_django_module(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             autoreload.get_child_arguments(),
-            [sys.executable, '-m', 'utils_tests.test_module', 'runserver'],
+            [sys.executable, "-m", "utils_tests.test_module", "runserver"],
         )
 
-    @mock.patch.dict(sys.modules, {'__main__': test_main_module})
-    @mock.patch('sys.argv', [test_main.__file__, 'runserver'])
-    @mock.patch('sys.warnoptions', [])
-    @mock.patch('sys._xoptions', {})
+    @mock.patch.dict(sys.modules, {"__main__": test_main_module})
+    @mock.patch("sys.argv", [test_main.__file__, "runserver"])
+    @mock.patch("sys.warnoptions", [])
+    @mock.patch("sys._xoptions", {})
     def test_run_as_non_django_module_non_package(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             autoreload.get_child_arguments(),
-            [sys.executable, '-m', 'utils_tests.test_module.main_module', 'runserver'],
+            [sys.executable, "-m", "utils_tests.test_module.main_module", "runserver"],
         )
 
-    @mock.patch('__main__.__spec__', None)
-    @mock.patch('sys.argv', [__file__, 'runserver'])
-    @mock.patch('sys.warnoptions', ['error'])
-    @mock.patch('sys._xoptions', {})
+    @mock.patch("__main__.__spec__", None)
+    @mock.patch("sys.argv", [__file__, "runserver"])
+    @mock.patch("sys.warnoptions", ["error"])
+    @mock.patch("sys._xoptions", {})
     def test_warnoptions(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             autoreload.get_child_arguments(),
-            [sys.executable, '-Werror', __file__, 'runserver']
+            [sys.executable, "-Werror", __file__, "runserver"],
         )
 
-    @mock.patch('sys.argv', [__file__, 'runserver'])
-    @mock.patch('sys.warnoptions', [])
-    @mock.patch('sys._xoptions', {'utf8': True, 'a': 'b'})
+    @mock.patch("sys.argv", [__file__, "runserver"])
+    @mock.patch("sys.warnoptions", [])
+    @mock.patch("sys._xoptions", {"utf8": True, "a": "b"})
     def test_xoptions(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             autoreload.get_child_arguments(),
-            [sys.executable, '-Xutf8', '-Xa=b', __file__, 'runserver'],
+            [sys.executable, "-Xutf8", "-Xa=b", __file__, "runserver"],
         )
 
-    @mock.patch('__main__.__spec__', None)
-    @mock.patch('sys.warnoptions', [])
+    @mock.patch("__main__.__spec__", None)
+    @mock.patch("sys.warnoptions", [])
     def test_exe_fallback(self):
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
-            exe_path = Path(tmpdir) / 'django-admin.exe'
+            exe_path = Path(tmpdir) / "django-admin.exe"
             exe_path.touch()
-            with mock.patch('sys.argv', [exe_path.with_suffix(''), 'runserver']):
+            with mock.patch("sys.argv", [exe_path.with_suffix(""), "runserver"]):
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    autoreload.get_child_arguments(),
-                    [exe_path, 'runserver']
+                    autoreload.get_child_arguments(), [exe_path, "runserver"]
                 )
 
-    @mock.patch('__main__.__spec__', None)
-    @mock.patch('sys.warnoptions', [])
-    @mock.patch('sys._xoptions', {})
+    @mock.patch("__main__.__spec__", None)
+    @mock.patch("sys.warnoptions", [])
+    @mock.patch("sys._xoptions", {})
     def test_entrypoint_fallback(self):
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
-            script_path = Path(tmpdir) / 'django-admin-script.py'
+            script_path = Path(tmpdir) / "django-admin-script.py"
             script_path.touch()
-            with mock.patch('sys.argv', [script_path.with_name('django-admin'), 'runserver']):
+            with mock.patch(
+                "sys.argv", [script_path.with_name("django-admin"), "runserver"]
+            ):
                 self.assertEqual(
                     autoreload.get_child_arguments(),
-                    [sys.executable, script_path, 'runserver']
+                    [sys.executable, script_path, "runserver"],
                 )
 
-    @mock.patch('__main__.__spec__', None)
-    @mock.patch('sys.argv', ['does-not-exist', 'runserver'])
-    @mock.patch('sys.warnoptions', [])
+    @mock.patch("__main__.__spec__", None)
+    @mock.patch("sys.argv", ["does-not-exist", "runserver"])
+    @mock.patch("sys.warnoptions", [])
     def test_raises_runtimeerror(self):
-        msg = 'Script does-not-exist does not exist.'
+        msg = "Script does-not-exist does not exist."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(RuntimeError, msg):
             autoreload.get_child_arguments()
 
-    @mock.patch('sys.argv', [__file__, 'runserver'])
-    @mock.patch('sys.warnoptions', [])
-    @mock.patch('sys._xoptions', {})
+    @mock.patch("sys.argv", [__file__, "runserver"])
+    @mock.patch("sys.warnoptions", [])
+    @mock.patch("sys._xoptions", {})
     def test_module_no_spec(self):
-        module = types.ModuleType('test_module')
+        module = types.ModuleType("test_module")
         del module.__spec__
-        with mock.patch.dict(sys.modules, {'__main__': module}):
+        with mock.patch.dict(sys.modules, {"__main__": module}):
             self.assertEqual(
                 autoreload.get_child_arguments(),
-                [sys.executable, __file__, 'runserver']
+                [sys.executable, __file__, "runserver"],
             )
 
 
 class TestUtilities(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_is_django_module(self):
-        for module, expected in (
-            (zoneinfo, False),
-            (sys, False),
-            (autoreload, True)
-        ):
+        for module, expected in ((zoneinfo, False), (sys, False), (autoreload, True)):
             with self.subTest(module=module):
                 self.assertIs(autoreload.is_django_module(module), expected)
 
@@ -276,7 +288,7 @@ class TestUtilities(SimpleTestCase):
         for module, expected in (
             (zoneinfo.__file__, False),
             (contextlib.__file__, False),
-            (autoreload.__file__, True)
+            (autoreload.__file__, True),
         ):
             with self.subTest(module=module):
                 self.assertIs(autoreload.is_django_path(module), expected)
@@ -285,20 +297,20 @@ class TestUtilities(SimpleTestCase):
 class TestCommonRoots(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_common_roots(self):
         paths = (
-            Path('/first/second'),
-            Path('/first/second/third'),
-            Path('/first/'),
-            Path('/root/first/'),
+            Path("/first/second"),
+            Path("/first/second/third"),
+            Path("/first/"),
+            Path("/root/first/"),
         )
         results = autoreload.common_roots(paths)
-        self.assertCountEqual(results, [Path('/first/'), Path('/root/first/')])
+        self.assertCountEqual(results, [Path("/first/"), Path("/root/first/")])
 
 
 class TestSysPathDirectories(SimpleTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self._directory = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
         self.directory = Path(self._directory.name).resolve(strict=True).absolute()
-        self.file = self.directory / 'test'
+        self.file = self.directory / "test"
         self.file.touch()
 
     def tearDown(self):
@@ -310,7 +322,7 @@ class TestSysPathDirectories(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIn(self.file.parent, paths)
 
     def test_sys_paths_non_existing(self):
-        nonexistent_file = Path(self.directory.name) / 'does_not_exist'
+        nonexistent_file = Path(self.directory.name) / "does_not_exist"
         with extend_sys_path(str(nonexistent_file)):
             paths = list(autoreload.sys_path_directories())
         self.assertNotIn(nonexistent_file, paths)
@@ -327,12 +339,12 @@ class TestSysPathDirectories(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class GetReloaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.WatchmanReloader')
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload.WatchmanReloader")
     def test_watchman_unavailable(self, mocked_watchman):
         mocked_watchman.check_availability.side_effect = WatchmanUnavailable
         self.assertIsInstance(autoreload.get_reloader(), autoreload.StatReloader)
 
-    @mock.patch.object(autoreload.WatchmanReloader, 'check_availability')
+    @mock.patch.object(autoreload.WatchmanReloader, "check_availability")
     def test_watchman_available(self, mocked_available):
         # If WatchmanUnavailable isn't raised, Watchman will be chosen.
         mocked_available.return_value = None
@@ -341,35 +353,35 @@ class GetReloaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class RunWithReloaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {autoreload.DJANGO_AUTORELOAD_ENV: 'true'})
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.get_reloader')
+    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {autoreload.DJANGO_AUTORELOAD_ENV: "true"})
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload.get_reloader")
     def test_swallows_keyboard_interrupt(self, mocked_get_reloader):
         mocked_get_reloader.side_effect = KeyboardInterrupt()
         autoreload.run_with_reloader(lambda: None)  # No exception
 
-    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {autoreload.DJANGO_AUTORELOAD_ENV: 'false'})
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.restart_with_reloader')
+    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {autoreload.DJANGO_AUTORELOAD_ENV: "false"})
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload.restart_with_reloader")
     def test_calls_sys_exit(self, mocked_restart_reloader):
         mocked_restart_reloader.return_value = 1
         with self.assertRaises(SystemExit) as exc:
             autoreload.run_with_reloader(lambda: None)
         self.assertEqual(exc.exception.code, 1)
 
-    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {autoreload.DJANGO_AUTORELOAD_ENV: 'true'})
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.start_django')
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.get_reloader')
+    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {autoreload.DJANGO_AUTORELOAD_ENV: "true"})
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload.start_django")
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload.get_reloader")
     def test_calls_start_django(self, mocked_reloader, mocked_start_django):
         mocked_reloader.return_value = mock.sentinel.RELOADER
         autoreload.run_with_reloader(mock.sentinel.METHOD)
         self.assertEqual(mocked_start_django.call_count, 1)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             mocked_start_django.call_args[0],
-            [mock.sentinel.RELOADER, mock.sentinel.METHOD]
+            [mock.sentinel.RELOADER, mock.sentinel.METHOD],
         )
 
 
 class StartDjangoTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.StatReloader')
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload.StatReloader")
     def test_watchman_becomes_unavailable(self, mocked_stat):
         mocked_stat.should_stop.return_value = True
         fake_reloader = mock.MagicMock()
@@ -379,21 +391,21 @@ class StartDjangoTests(SimpleTestCase):
         autoreload.start_django(fake_reloader, lambda: None)
         self.assertEqual(mocked_stat.call_count, 1)
 
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.ensure_echo_on')
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload.ensure_echo_on")
     def test_echo_on_called(self, mocked_echo):
         fake_reloader = mock.MagicMock()
         autoreload.start_django(fake_reloader, lambda: None)
         self.assertEqual(mocked_echo.call_count, 1)
 
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.check_errors')
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload.check_errors")
     def test_check_errors_called(self, mocked_check_errors):
         fake_method = mock.MagicMock(return_value=None)
         fake_reloader = mock.MagicMock()
         autoreload.start_django(fake_reloader, fake_method)
         self.assertCountEqual(mocked_check_errors.call_args[0], [fake_method])
 
-    @mock.patch('threading.Thread')
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.check_errors')
+    @mock.patch("threading.Thread")
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload.check_errors")
     def test_starts_thread_with_args(self, mocked_check_errors, mocked_thread):
         fake_reloader = mock.MagicMock()
         fake_main_func = mock.MagicMock()
@@ -404,7 +416,12 @@ class StartDjangoTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(mocked_thread.call_count, 1)
         self.assertEqual(
             mocked_thread.call_args[1],
-            {'target': fake_main_func, 'args': (123,), 'kwargs': {'abc': 123}, 'name': 'django-main-thread'}
+            {
+                "target": fake_main_func,
+                "args": (123,),
+                "kwargs": {"abc": 123},
+                "name": "django-main-thread",
+            },
         )
         self.assertIs(fake_thread.daemon, True)
         self.assertTrue(fake_thread.start.called)
@@ -414,7 +431,7 @@ class TestCheckErrors(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_mutates_error_files(self):
         fake_method = mock.MagicMock(side_effect=RuntimeError())
         wrapped = autoreload.check_errors(fake_method)
-        with mock.patch.object(autoreload, '_error_files') as mocked_error_files:
+        with mock.patch.object(autoreload, "_error_files") as mocked_error_files:
             try:
                 with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
                     wrapped()
@@ -424,7 +441,7 @@ class TestCheckErrors(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class TestRaiseLastException(SimpleTestCase):
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload._exception', None)
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload._exception", None)
     def test_no_exception(self):
         # Should raise no exception if _exception is None
         autoreload.raise_last_exception()
@@ -435,12 +452,12 @@ class TestRaiseLastException(SimpleTestCase):
 
         # Create an exception
         try:
-            raise MyException('Test Message')
+            raise MyException("Test Message")
         except MyException:
             exc_info = sys.exc_info()
 
-        with mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload._exception', exc_info):
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(MyException, 'Test Message'):
+        with mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload._exception", exc_info):
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(MyException, "Test Message"):
                 autoreload.raise_last_exception()
 
     def test_raises_custom_exception(self):
@@ -448,14 +465,15 @@ class TestRaiseLastException(SimpleTestCase):
             def __init__(self, msg, extra_context):
                 super().__init__(msg)
                 self.extra_context = extra_context
+
         # Create an exception.
         try:
-            raise MyException('Test Message', 'extra context')
+            raise MyException("Test Message", "extra context")
         except MyException:
             exc_info = sys.exc_info()
 
-        with mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload._exception', exc_info):
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(MyException, 'Test Message'):
+        with mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload._exception", exc_info):
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(MyException, "Test Message"):
                 autoreload.raise_last_exception()
 
     def test_raises_exception_with_context(self):
@@ -467,7 +485,7 @@ class TestRaiseLastException(SimpleTestCase):
             except Exception:
                 exc_info = sys.exc_info()
 
-        with mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload._exception', exc_info):
+        with mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload._exception", exc_info):
             with self.assertRaises(Exception) as cm:
                 autoreload.raise_last_exception()
             self.assertEqual(cm.exception.args[0], 1)
@@ -475,15 +493,18 @@ class TestRaiseLastException(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class RestartWithReloaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    executable = '/usr/bin/python'
+    executable = "/usr/bin/python"
 
     def patch_autoreload(self, argv):
-        patch_call = mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.subprocess.run', return_value=CompletedProcess(argv, 0))
+        patch_call = mock.patch(
+            "django.utils.autoreload.subprocess.run",
+            return_value=CompletedProcess(argv, 0),
+        )
         patches = [
-            mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.sys.argv', argv),
-            mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.sys.executable', self.executable),
-            mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.sys.warnoptions', ['all']),
-            mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.sys._xoptions', {}),
+            mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload.sys.argv", argv),
+            mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload.sys.executable", self.executable),
+            mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload.sys.warnoptions", ["all"]),
+            mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload.sys._xoptions", {}),
         ]
         for p in patches:
             p.start()
@@ -494,27 +515,30 @@ class RestartWithReloaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_manage_py(self):
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as temp_dir:
-            script = Path(temp_dir) / 'manage.py'
+            script = Path(temp_dir) / "manage.py"
             script.touch()
-            argv = [str(script), 'runserver']
+            argv = [str(script), "runserver"]
             mock_call = self.patch_autoreload(argv)
-            with mock.patch('__main__.__spec__', None):
+            with mock.patch("__main__.__spec__", None):
                 autoreload.restart_with_reloader()
             self.assertEqual(mock_call.call_count, 1)
             self.assertEqual(
                 mock_call.call_args[0][0],
-                [self.executable, '-Wall'] + argv,
+                [self.executable, "-Wall"] + argv,
             )
 
     def test_python_m_django(self):
-        main = '/usr/lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages/django/__main__.py'
-        argv = [main, 'runserver']
+        main = "/usr/lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages/django/__main__.py"
+        argv = [main, "runserver"]
         mock_call = self.patch_autoreload(argv)
-        with mock.patch('django.__main__.__file__', main):
-            with mock.patch.dict(sys.modules, {'__main__': django.__main__}):
+        with mock.patch("django.__main__.__file__", main):
+            with mock.patch.dict(sys.modules, {"__main__": django.__main__}):
                 autoreload.restart_with_reloader()
             self.assertEqual(mock_call.call_count, 1)
-            self.assertEqual(mock_call.call_args[0][0], [self.executable, '-Wall', '-m', 'django'] + argv[1:])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                mock_call.call_args[0][0],
+                [self.executable, "-Wall", "-m", "django"] + argv[1:],
+            )
 
 
 class ReloaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -523,8 +547,8 @@ class ReloaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self._tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
         self.tempdir = Path(self._tempdir.name).resolve(strict=True).absolute()
-        self.existing_file = self.ensure_file(self.tempdir / 'test.py')
-        self.nonexistent_file = (self.tempdir / 'does_not_exist.py').absolute()
+        self.existing_file = self.ensure_file(self.tempdir / "test.py")
+        self.nonexistent_file = (self.tempdir / "does_not_exist.py").absolute()
         self.reloader = self.RELOADER_CLS()
 
     def tearDown(self):
@@ -558,80 +582,96 @@ class ReloaderTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
 
 class IntegrationTests:
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.BaseReloader.notify_file_changed')
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.iter_all_python_module_files', return_value=frozenset())
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload.BaseReloader.notify_file_changed")
+    @mock.patch(
+        "django.utils.autoreload.iter_all_python_module_files", return_value=frozenset()
+    )
     def test_glob(self, mocked_modules, notify_mock):
-        non_py_file = self.ensure_file(self.tempdir / 'non_py_file')
-        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, '*.py')
+        non_py_file = self.ensure_file(self.tempdir / "non_py_file")
+        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, "*.py")
         with self.tick_twice():
             self.increment_mtime(non_py_file)
             self.increment_mtime(self.existing_file)
         self.assertEqual(notify_mock.call_count, 1)
         self.assertCountEqual(notify_mock.call_args[0], [self.existing_file])
 
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.BaseReloader.notify_file_changed')
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.iter_all_python_module_files', return_value=frozenset())
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload.BaseReloader.notify_file_changed")
+    @mock.patch(
+        "django.utils.autoreload.iter_all_python_module_files", return_value=frozenset()
+    )
     def test_multiple_globs(self, mocked_modules, notify_mock):
-        self.ensure_file(self.tempdir / 'x.test')
-        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, '*.py')
-        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, '*.test')
+        self.ensure_file(self.tempdir / "x.test")
+        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, "*.py")
+        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, "*.test")
         with self.tick_twice():
             self.increment_mtime(self.existing_file)
         self.assertEqual(notify_mock.call_count, 1)
         self.assertCountEqual(notify_mock.call_args[0], [self.existing_file])
 
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.BaseReloader.notify_file_changed')
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.iter_all_python_module_files', return_value=frozenset())
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload.BaseReloader.notify_file_changed")
+    @mock.patch(
+        "django.utils.autoreload.iter_all_python_module_files", return_value=frozenset()
+    )
     def test_overlapping_globs(self, mocked_modules, notify_mock):
-        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, '*.py')
-        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, '*.p*')
+        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, "*.py")
+        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, "*.p*")
         with self.tick_twice():
             self.increment_mtime(self.existing_file)
         self.assertEqual(notify_mock.call_count, 1)
         self.assertCountEqual(notify_mock.call_args[0], [self.existing_file])
 
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.BaseReloader.notify_file_changed')
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.iter_all_python_module_files', return_value=frozenset())
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload.BaseReloader.notify_file_changed")
+    @mock.patch(
+        "django.utils.autoreload.iter_all_python_module_files", return_value=frozenset()
+    )
     def test_glob_recursive(self, mocked_modules, notify_mock):
-        non_py_file = self.ensure_file(self.tempdir / 'dir' / 'non_py_file')
-        py_file = self.ensure_file(self.tempdir / 'dir' / 'file.py')
-        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, '**/*.py')
+        non_py_file = self.ensure_file(self.tempdir / "dir" / "non_py_file")
+        py_file = self.ensure_file(self.tempdir / "dir" / "file.py")
+        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, "**/*.py")
         with self.tick_twice():
             self.increment_mtime(non_py_file)
             self.increment_mtime(py_file)
         self.assertEqual(notify_mock.call_count, 1)
         self.assertCountEqual(notify_mock.call_args[0], [py_file])
 
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.BaseReloader.notify_file_changed')
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.iter_all_python_module_files', return_value=frozenset())
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload.BaseReloader.notify_file_changed")
+    @mock.patch(
+        "django.utils.autoreload.iter_all_python_module_files", return_value=frozenset()
+    )
     def test_multiple_recursive_globs(self, mocked_modules, notify_mock):
-        non_py_file = self.ensure_file(self.tempdir / 'dir' / 'test.txt')
-        py_file = self.ensure_file(self.tempdir / 'dir' / 'file.py')
-        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, '**/*.txt')
-        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, '**/*.py')
+        non_py_file = self.ensure_file(self.tempdir / "dir" / "test.txt")
+        py_file = self.ensure_file(self.tempdir / "dir" / "file.py")
+        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, "**/*.txt")
+        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, "**/*.py")
         with self.tick_twice():
             self.increment_mtime(non_py_file)
             self.increment_mtime(py_file)
         self.assertEqual(notify_mock.call_count, 2)
-        self.assertCountEqual(notify_mock.call_args_list, [mock.call(py_file), mock.call(non_py_file)])
+        self.assertCountEqual(
+            notify_mock.call_args_list, [mock.call(py_file), mock.call(non_py_file)]
+        )
 
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.BaseReloader.notify_file_changed')
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.iter_all_python_module_files', return_value=frozenset())
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload.BaseReloader.notify_file_changed")
+    @mock.patch(
+        "django.utils.autoreload.iter_all_python_module_files", return_value=frozenset()
+    )
     def test_nested_glob_recursive(self, mocked_modules, notify_mock):
-        inner_py_file = self.ensure_file(self.tempdir / 'dir' / 'file.py')
-        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, '**/*.py')
-        self.reloader.watch_dir(inner_py_file.parent, '**/*.py')
+        inner_py_file = self.ensure_file(self.tempdir / "dir" / "file.py")
+        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, "**/*.py")
+        self.reloader.watch_dir(inner_py_file.parent, "**/*.py")
         with self.tick_twice():
             self.increment_mtime(inner_py_file)
         self.assertEqual(notify_mock.call_count, 1)
         self.assertCountEqual(notify_mock.call_args[0], [inner_py_file])
 
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.BaseReloader.notify_file_changed')
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.iter_all_python_module_files', return_value=frozenset())
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload.BaseReloader.notify_file_changed")
+    @mock.patch(
+        "django.utils.autoreload.iter_all_python_module_files", return_value=frozenset()
+    )
     def test_overlapping_glob_recursive(self, mocked_modules, notify_mock):
-        py_file = self.ensure_file(self.tempdir / 'dir' / 'file.py')
-        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, '**/*.p*')
-        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, '**/*.py*')
+        py_file = self.ensure_file(self.tempdir / "dir" / "file.py")
+        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, "**/*.p*")
+        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, "**/*.py*")
         with self.tick_twice():
             self.increment_mtime(py_file)
         self.assertEqual(notify_mock.call_count, 1)
@@ -642,19 +682,19 @@ class BaseReloaderTests(ReloaderTests):
     RELOADER_CLS = autoreload.BaseReloader
 
     def test_watch_dir_with_unresolvable_path(self):
-        path = Path('unresolvable_directory')
-        with mock.patch.object(Path, 'absolute', side_effect=FileNotFoundError):
-            self.reloader.watch_dir(path, '**/*.mo')
+        path = Path("unresolvable_directory")
+        with mock.patch.object(Path, "absolute", side_effect=FileNotFoundError):
+            self.reloader.watch_dir(path, "**/*.mo")
         self.assertEqual(list(self.reloader.directory_globs), [])
 
     def test_watch_with_glob(self):
-        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, '*.py')
+        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, "*.py")
         watched_files = list(self.reloader.watched_files())
         self.assertIn(self.existing_file, watched_files)
 
     def test_watch_files_with_recursive_glob(self):
-        inner_file = self.ensure_file(self.tempdir / 'test' / 'test.py')
-        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, '**/*.py')
+        inner_file = self.ensure_file(self.tempdir / "test" / "test.py")
+        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, "**/*.py")
         watched_files = list(self.reloader.watched_files())
         self.assertIn(self.existing_file, watched_files)
         self.assertIn(inner_file, watched_files)
@@ -663,7 +703,7 @@ class BaseReloaderTests(ReloaderTests):
         def mocked_tick():
             yield
 
-        with mock.patch.object(self.reloader, 'tick', side_effect=mocked_tick) as tick:
+        with mock.patch.object(self.reloader, "tick", side_effect=mocked_tick) as tick:
             self.reloader.run_loop()
         self.assertEqual(tick.call_count, 1)
 
@@ -673,7 +713,7 @@ class BaseReloaderTests(ReloaderTests):
             self.reloader.stop()
             return  # Raises StopIteration
 
-        with mock.patch.object(self.reloader, 'tick', side_effect=mocked_tick) as tick:
+        with mock.patch.object(self.reloader, "tick", side_effect=mocked_tick) as tick:
             self.reloader.run_loop()
 
         self.assertEqual(tick.call_count, 1)
@@ -697,7 +737,7 @@ def skip_unless_watchman_available():
     try:
         autoreload.WatchmanReloader.check_availability()
     except WatchmanUnavailable as e:
-        return skip('Watchman unavailable: %s' % e)
+        return skip("Watchman unavailable: %s" % e)
     return lambda func: func
 
 
@@ -708,33 +748,35 @@ class WatchmanReloaderTests(ReloaderTests, IntegrationTests):
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
         # Shorten the timeout to speed up tests.
-        self.reloader.client_timeout = int(os.environ.get('DJANGO_WATCHMAN_TIMEOUT', 2))
+        self.reloader.client_timeout = int(os.environ.get("DJANGO_WATCHMAN_TIMEOUT", 2))
 
     def test_watch_glob_ignores_non_existing_directories_two_levels(self):
-        with mock.patch.object(self.reloader, '_subscribe') as mocked_subscribe:
-            self.reloader._watch_glob(self.tempdir / 'does_not_exist' / 'more', ['*'])
+        with mock.patch.object(self.reloader, "_subscribe") as mocked_subscribe:
+            self.reloader._watch_glob(self.tempdir / "does_not_exist" / "more", ["*"])
         self.assertFalse(mocked_subscribe.called)
 
     def test_watch_glob_uses_existing_parent_directories(self):
-        with mock.patch.object(self.reloader, '_subscribe') as mocked_subscribe:
-            self.reloader._watch_glob(self.tempdir / 'does_not_exist', ['*'])
+        with mock.patch.object(self.reloader, "_subscribe") as mocked_subscribe:
+            self.reloader._watch_glob(self.tempdir / "does_not_exist", ["*"])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             mocked_subscribe.call_args[0],
             [
-                self.tempdir, 'glob-parent-does_not_exist:%s' % self.tempdir,
-                ['anyof', ['match', 'does_not_exist/*', 'wholename']]
-            ]
+                self.tempdir,
+                "glob-parent-does_not_exist:%s" % self.tempdir,
+                ["anyof", ["match", "does_not_exist/*", "wholename"]],
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_watch_glob_multiple_patterns(self):
-        with mock.patch.object(self.reloader, '_subscribe') as mocked_subscribe:
-            self.reloader._watch_glob(self.tempdir, ['*', '*.py'])
+        with mock.patch.object(self.reloader, "_subscribe") as mocked_subscribe:
+            self.reloader._watch_glob(self.tempdir, ["*", "*.py"])
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             mocked_subscribe.call_args[0],
             [
-                self.tempdir, 'glob:%s' % self.tempdir,
-                ['anyof', ['match', '*', 'wholename'], ['match', '*.py', 'wholename']]
-            ]
+                self.tempdir,
+                "glob:%s" % self.tempdir,
+                ["anyof", ["match", "*", "wholename"], ["match", "*.py", "wholename"]],
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_watched_roots_contains_files(self):
@@ -742,7 +784,7 @@ class WatchmanReloaderTests(ReloaderTests, IntegrationTests):
         self.assertIn(self.existing_file.parent, paths)
 
     def test_watched_roots_contains_directory_globs(self):
-        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, '*.py')
+        self.reloader.watch_dir(self.tempdir, "*.py")
         paths = self.reloader.watched_roots([])
         self.assertIn(self.tempdir, paths)
 
@@ -755,42 +797,52 @@ class WatchmanReloaderTests(ReloaderTests, IntegrationTests):
         self.assertTrue(self.reloader.check_server_status())
 
     def test_check_server_status_raises_error(self):
-        with mock.patch.object(self.reloader.client, 'query') as mocked_query:
+        with mock.patch.object(self.reloader.client, "query") as mocked_query:
             mocked_query.side_effect = Exception()
             with self.assertRaises(autoreload.WatchmanUnavailable):
                 self.reloader.check_server_status()
 
-    @mock.patch('pywatchman.client')
+    @mock.patch("pywatchman.client")
     def test_check_availability(self, mocked_client):
         mocked_client().capabilityCheck.side_effect = Exception()
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(WatchmanUnavailable, 'Cannot connect to the watchman service'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            WatchmanUnavailable, "Cannot connect to the watchman service"
+        ):
             self.RELOADER_CLS.check_availability()
 
-    @mock.patch('pywatchman.client')
+    @mock.patch("pywatchman.client")
     def test_check_availability_lower_version(self, mocked_client):
-        mocked_client().capabilityCheck.return_value = {'version': '4.8.10'}
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(WatchmanUnavailable, 'Watchman 4.9 or later is required.'):
+        mocked_client().capabilityCheck.return_value = {"version": "4.8.10"}
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            WatchmanUnavailable, "Watchman 4.9 or later is required."
+        ):
             self.RELOADER_CLS.check_availability()
 
     def test_pywatchman_not_available(self):
-        with mock.patch.object(autoreload, 'pywatchman') as mocked:
+        with mock.patch.object(autoreload, "pywatchman") as mocked:
             mocked.__bool__.return_value = False
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(WatchmanUnavailable, 'pywatchman not installed.'):
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                WatchmanUnavailable, "pywatchman not installed."
+            ):
                 self.RELOADER_CLS.check_availability()
 
     def test_update_watches_raises_exceptions(self):
         class TestException(Exception):
             pass
 
-        with mock.patch.object(self.reloader, '_update_watches') as mocked_watches:
-            with mock.patch.object(self.reloader, 'check_server_status') as mocked_server_status:
+        with mock.patch.object(self.reloader, "_update_watches") as mocked_watches:
+            with mock.patch.object(
+                self.reloader, "check_server_status"
+            ) as mocked_server_status:
                 mocked_watches.side_effect = TestException()
                 mocked_server_status.return_value = True
                 with self.assertRaises(TestException):
                     self.reloader.update_watches()
-                self.assertIsInstance(mocked_server_status.call_args[0][0], TestException)
+                self.assertIsInstance(
+                    mocked_server_status.call_args[0][0], TestException
+                )
 
-    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {'DJANGO_WATCHMAN_TIMEOUT': '10'})
+    @mock.patch.dict(os.environ, {"DJANGO_WATCHMAN_TIMEOUT": "10"})
     def test_setting_timeout_from_environment_variable(self):
         self.assertEqual(self.RELOADER_CLS().client_timeout, 10)
 
@@ -804,9 +856,11 @@ class StatReloaderTests(ReloaderTests, IntegrationTests):
         # Shorten the sleep time to speed up tests.
         self.reloader.SLEEP_TIME = 0.01
 
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.autoreload.StatReloader.notify_file_changed')
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.autoreload.StatReloader.notify_file_changed")
     def test_tick_does_not_trigger_twice(self, mock_notify_file_changed):
-        with mock.patch.object(self.reloader, 'watched_files', return_value=[self.existing_file]):
+        with mock.patch.object(
+            self.reloader, "watched_files", return_value=[self.existing_file]
+        ):
             ticker = self.reloader.tick()
             next(ticker)
             self.increment_mtime(self.existing_file)
@@ -815,19 +869,29 @@ class StatReloaderTests(ReloaderTests, IntegrationTests):
             self.assertEqual(mock_notify_file_changed.call_count, 1)
 
     def test_snapshot_files_ignores_missing_files(self):
-        with mock.patch.object(self.reloader, 'watched_files', return_value=[self.nonexistent_file]):
+        with mock.patch.object(
+            self.reloader, "watched_files", return_value=[self.nonexistent_file]
+        ):
             self.assertEqual(dict(self.reloader.snapshot_files()), {})
 
     def test_snapshot_files_updates(self):
-        with mock.patch.object(self.reloader, 'watched_files', return_value=[self.existing_file]):
+        with mock.patch.object(
+            self.reloader, "watched_files", return_value=[self.existing_file]
+        ):
             snapshot1 = dict(self.reloader.snapshot_files())
             self.assertIn(self.existing_file, snapshot1)
             self.increment_mtime(self.existing_file)
             snapshot2 = dict(self.reloader.snapshot_files())
-            self.assertNotEqual(snapshot1[self.existing_file], snapshot2[self.existing_file])
+            self.assertNotEqual(
+                snapshot1[self.existing_file], snapshot2[self.existing_file]
+            )
 
     def test_snapshot_files_with_duplicates(self):
-        with mock.patch.object(self.reloader, 'watched_files', return_value=[self.existing_file, self.existing_file]):
+        with mock.patch.object(
+            self.reloader,
+            "watched_files",
+            return_value=[self.existing_file, self.existing_file],
+        ):
             snapshot = list(self.reloader.snapshot_files())
             self.assertEqual(len(snapshot), 1)
             self.assertEqual(snapshot[0][0], self.existing_file)
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_baseconv.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_baseconv.py
index 989e1eb0bf..5f69b65b9f 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_baseconv.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_baseconv.py
@@ -5,51 +5,56 @@ from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango50Warning
 
 with ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning):
     from django.utils.baseconv import (
-        BaseConverter, base2, base16, base36, base56, base62, base64,
+        BaseConverter,
+        base2,
+        base16,
+        base36,
+        base56,
+        base62,
+        base64,
     )
 
 
 # RemovedInDjango50Warning
 class TestBaseConv(TestCase):
-
     def test_baseconv(self):
-        nums = [-10 ** 10, 10 ** 10, *range(-100, 100)]
+        nums = [-(10**10), 10**10, *range(-100, 100)]
         for converter in [base2, base16, base36, base56, base62, base64]:
             for i in nums:
                 self.assertEqual(i, converter.decode(converter.encode(i)))
 
     def test_base11(self):
-        base11 = BaseConverter('0123456789-', sign='$')
-        self.assertEqual(base11.encode(1234), '-22')
-        self.assertEqual(base11.decode('-22'), 1234)
-        self.assertEqual(base11.encode(-1234), '$-22')
-        self.assertEqual(base11.decode('$-22'), -1234)
+        base11 = BaseConverter("0123456789-", sign="$")
+        self.assertEqual(base11.encode(1234), "-22")
+        self.assertEqual(base11.decode("-22"), 1234)
+        self.assertEqual(base11.encode(-1234), "$-22")
+        self.assertEqual(base11.decode("$-22"), -1234)
 
     def test_base20(self):
-        base20 = BaseConverter('0123456789abcdefghij')
-        self.assertEqual(base20.encode(1234), '31e')
-        self.assertEqual(base20.decode('31e'), 1234)
-        self.assertEqual(base20.encode(-1234), '-31e')
-        self.assertEqual(base20.decode('-31e'), -1234)
+        base20 = BaseConverter("0123456789abcdefghij")
+        self.assertEqual(base20.encode(1234), "31e")
+        self.assertEqual(base20.decode("31e"), 1234)
+        self.assertEqual(base20.encode(-1234), "-31e")
+        self.assertEqual(base20.decode("-31e"), -1234)
 
     def test_base64(self):
-        self.assertEqual(base64.encode(1234), 'JI')
-        self.assertEqual(base64.decode('JI'), 1234)
-        self.assertEqual(base64.encode(-1234), '$JI')
-        self.assertEqual(base64.decode('$JI'), -1234)
+        self.assertEqual(base64.encode(1234), "JI")
+        self.assertEqual(base64.decode("JI"), 1234)
+        self.assertEqual(base64.encode(-1234), "$JI")
+        self.assertEqual(base64.decode("$JI"), -1234)
 
     def test_base7(self):
-        base7 = BaseConverter('cjdhel3', sign='g')
-        self.assertEqual(base7.encode(1234), 'hejd')
-        self.assertEqual(base7.decode('hejd'), 1234)
-        self.assertEqual(base7.encode(-1234), 'ghejd')
-        self.assertEqual(base7.decode('ghejd'), -1234)
+        base7 = BaseConverter("cjdhel3", sign="g")
+        self.assertEqual(base7.encode(1234), "hejd")
+        self.assertEqual(base7.decode("hejd"), 1234)
+        self.assertEqual(base7.encode(-1234), "ghejd")
+        self.assertEqual(base7.decode("ghejd"), -1234)
 
     def test_exception(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            BaseConverter('abc', sign='a')
-        self.assertIsInstance(BaseConverter('abc', sign='d'), BaseConverter)
+            BaseConverter("abc", sign="a")
+        self.assertIsInstance(BaseConverter("abc", sign="d"), BaseConverter)
 
     def test_repr(self):
-        base7 = BaseConverter('cjdhel3', sign='g')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(base7), '<BaseConverter: base7 (cjdhel3)>')
+        base7 = BaseConverter("cjdhel3", sign="g")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(base7), "<BaseConverter: base7 (cjdhel3)>")
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_connection.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_connection.py
index d763e0824d..e7d63b8d0f 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_connection.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_connection.py
@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@ from django.utils.connection import BaseConnectionHandler
 class BaseConnectionHandlerTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_create_connection(self):
         handler = BaseConnectionHandler()
-        msg = 'Subclasses must implement create_connection().'
+        msg = "Subclasses must implement create_connection()."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(NotImplementedError, msg):
             handler.create_connection(None)
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_crypto.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_crypto.py
index d6e0774bf3..3310e9231c 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_crypto.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_crypto.py
@@ -3,47 +3,49 @@ import unittest
 
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.utils.crypto import (
-    InvalidAlgorithm, constant_time_compare, pbkdf2, salted_hmac,
+    InvalidAlgorithm,
+    constant_time_compare,
+    pbkdf2,
+    salted_hmac,
 )
 
 
 class TestUtilsCryptoMisc(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_constant_time_compare(self):
         # It's hard to test for constant time, just test the result.
-        self.assertTrue(constant_time_compare(b'spam', b'spam'))
-        self.assertFalse(constant_time_compare(b'spam', b'eggs'))
-        self.assertTrue(constant_time_compare('spam', 'spam'))
-        self.assertFalse(constant_time_compare('spam', 'eggs'))
+        self.assertTrue(constant_time_compare(b"spam", b"spam"))
+        self.assertFalse(constant_time_compare(b"spam", b"eggs"))
+        self.assertTrue(constant_time_compare("spam", "spam"))
+        self.assertFalse(constant_time_compare("spam", "eggs"))
 
     def test_salted_hmac(self):
         tests = [
-            ((b'salt', b'value'), {}, 'b51a2e619c43b1ca4f91d15c57455521d71d61eb'),
-            (('salt', 'value'), {}, 'b51a2e619c43b1ca4f91d15c57455521d71d61eb'),
+            ((b"salt", b"value"), {}, "b51a2e619c43b1ca4f91d15c57455521d71d61eb"),
+            (("salt", "value"), {}, "b51a2e619c43b1ca4f91d15c57455521d71d61eb"),
             (
-                ('salt', 'value'),
-                {'secret': 'abcdefg'},
-                '8bbee04ccddfa24772d1423a0ba43bd0c0e24b76',
+                ("salt", "value"),
+                {"secret": "abcdefg"},
+                "8bbee04ccddfa24772d1423a0ba43bd0c0e24b76",
             ),
             (
-                ('salt', 'value'),
-                {'secret': 'x' * hashlib.sha1().block_size},
-                'bd3749347b412b1b0a9ea65220e55767ac8e96b0',
+                ("salt", "value"),
+                {"secret": "x" * hashlib.sha1().block_size},
+                "bd3749347b412b1b0a9ea65220e55767ac8e96b0",
             ),
             (
-                ('salt', 'value'),
-                {'algorithm': 'sha256'},
-                'ee0bf789e4e009371a5372c90f73fcf17695a8439c9108b0480f14e347b3f9ec',
+                ("salt", "value"),
+                {"algorithm": "sha256"},
+                "ee0bf789e4e009371a5372c90f73fcf17695a8439c9108b0480f14e347b3f9ec",
             ),
             (
-                ('salt', 'value'),
+                ("salt", "value"),
                 {
-                    'algorithm': 'blake2b',
-                    'secret': 'x' * hashlib.blake2b().block_size,
+                    "algorithm": "blake2b",
+                    "secret": "x" * hashlib.blake2b().block_size,
                 },
-                'fc6b9800a584d40732a07fa33fb69c35211269441823bca431a143853c32f'
-                'e836cf19ab881689528ede647dac412170cd5d3407b44c6d0f44630690c54'
-                'ad3d58',
+                "fc6b9800a584d40732a07fa33fb69c35211269441823bca431a143853c32f"
+                "e836cf19ab881689528ede647dac412170cd5d3407b44c6d0f44630690c54"
+                "ad3d58",
             ),
         ]
         for args, kwargs, digest in tests:
@@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ class TestUtilsCryptoMisc(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_invalid_algorithm(self):
         msg = "'whatever' is not an algorithm accepted by the hashlib module."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(InvalidAlgorithm, msg):
-            salted_hmac('salt', 'value', algorithm='whatever')
+            salted_hmac("salt", "value", algorithm="whatever")
 
 
 class TestUtilsCryptoPBKDF2(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -152,34 +154,44 @@ class TestUtilsCryptoPBKDF2(unittest.TestCase):
                 "dklen": 0,
                 "digest": hashlib.sha512,
             },
-            "result": ("afe6c5530785b6cc6b1c6453384731bd5ee432ee"
-                       "549fd42fb6695779ad8a1c5bf59de69c48f774ef"
-                       "c4007d5298f9033c0241d5ab69305e7b64eceeb8d"
-                       "834cfec"),
+            "result": (
+                "afe6c5530785b6cc6b1c6453384731bd5ee432ee"
+                "549fd42fb6695779ad8a1c5bf59de69c48f774ef"
+                "c4007d5298f9033c0241d5ab69305e7b64eceeb8d"
+                "834cfec"
+            ),
         },
         # Check leading zeros are not stripped (#17481)
         {
             "args": {
-                "password": b'\xba',
+                "password": b"\xba",
                 "salt": "salt",
                 "iterations": 1,
                 "dklen": 20,
                 "digest": hashlib.sha1,
             },
-            "result": '0053d3b91a7f1e54effebd6d68771e8a6e0b2c5b',
+            "result": "0053d3b91a7f1e54effebd6d68771e8a6e0b2c5b",
         },
     ]
 
     def test_public_vectors(self):
         for vector in self.rfc_vectors:
-            result = pbkdf2(**vector['args'])
-            self.assertEqual(result.hex(), vector['result'])
+            result = pbkdf2(**vector["args"])
+            self.assertEqual(result.hex(), vector["result"])
 
     def test_regression_vectors(self):
         for vector in self.regression_vectors:
-            result = pbkdf2(**vector['args'])
-            self.assertEqual(result.hex(), vector['result'])
+            result = pbkdf2(**vector["args"])
+            self.assertEqual(result.hex(), vector["result"])
 
     def test_default_hmac_alg(self):
-        kwargs = {'password': b'password', 'salt': b'salt', 'iterations': 1, 'dklen': 20}
-        self.assertEqual(pbkdf2(**kwargs), hashlib.pbkdf2_hmac(hash_name=hashlib.sha256().name, **kwargs))
+        kwargs = {
+            "password": b"password",
+            "salt": b"salt",
+            "iterations": 1,
+            "dklen": 20,
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(
+            pbkdf2(**kwargs),
+            hashlib.pbkdf2_hmac(hash_name=hashlib.sha256().name, **kwargs),
+        )
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_datastructures.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_datastructures.py
index 259ebb2f7b..cfa3d8f05c 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_datastructures.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_datastructures.py
@@ -7,13 +7,16 @@ import pickle
 
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.utils.datastructures import (
-    CaseInsensitiveMapping, DictWrapper, ImmutableList, MultiValueDict,
-    MultiValueDictKeyError, OrderedSet,
+    CaseInsensitiveMapping,
+    DictWrapper,
+    ImmutableList,
+    MultiValueDict,
+    MultiValueDictKeyError,
+    OrderedSet,
 )
 
 
 class OrderedSetTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_init_with_iterable(self):
         s = OrderedSet([1, 2, 3])
         self.assertEqual(list(s.dict.keys()), [1, 2, 3])
@@ -61,80 +64,85 @@ class OrderedSetTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(len(s), 2)
 
     def test_repr(self):
-        self.assertEqual(repr(OrderedSet()), 'OrderedSet()')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(OrderedSet([2, 3, 2, 1])), 'OrderedSet([2, 3, 1])')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(OrderedSet()), "OrderedSet()")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(OrderedSet([2, 3, 2, 1])), "OrderedSet([2, 3, 1])")
 
 
 class MultiValueDictTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_repr(self):
-        d = MultiValueDict({'key': 'value'})
+        d = MultiValueDict({"key": "value"})
         self.assertEqual(repr(d), "<MultiValueDict: {'key': 'value'}>")
 
     def test_multivaluedict(self):
-        d = MultiValueDict({'name': ['Adrian', 'Simon'], 'position': ['Developer'], 'empty': []})
-        self.assertEqual(d['name'], 'Simon')
-        self.assertEqual(d.get('name'), 'Simon')
-        self.assertEqual(d.getlist('name'), ['Adrian', 'Simon'])
+        d = MultiValueDict(
+            {"name": ["Adrian", "Simon"], "position": ["Developer"], "empty": []}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(d["name"], "Simon")
+        self.assertEqual(d.get("name"), "Simon")
+        self.assertEqual(d.getlist("name"), ["Adrian", "Simon"])
         self.assertEqual(
             list(d.items()),
-            [('name', 'Simon'), ('position', 'Developer'), ('empty', [])]
+            [("name", "Simon"), ("position", "Developer"), ("empty", [])],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             list(d.lists()),
-            [('name', ['Adrian', 'Simon']), ('position', ['Developer']), ('empty', [])]
+            [("name", ["Adrian", "Simon"]), ("position", ["Developer"]), ("empty", [])],
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(MultiValueDictKeyError, "'lastname'"):
-            d.__getitem__('lastname')
-        self.assertIsNone(d.get('empty'))
-        self.assertEqual(d.get('empty', 'nonexistent'), 'nonexistent')
-        self.assertIsNone(d.get('lastname'))
-        self.assertEqual(d.get('lastname', 'nonexistent'), 'nonexistent')
-        self.assertEqual(d.getlist('lastname'), [])
-        self.assertEqual(d.getlist('doesnotexist', ['Adrian', 'Simon']), ['Adrian', 'Simon'])
-        d.setlist('lastname', ['Holovaty', 'Willison'])
-        self.assertEqual(d.getlist('lastname'), ['Holovaty', 'Willison'])
-        self.assertEqual(list(d.values()), ['Simon', 'Developer', [], 'Willison'])
+            d.__getitem__("lastname")
+        self.assertIsNone(d.get("empty"))
+        self.assertEqual(d.get("empty", "nonexistent"), "nonexistent")
+        self.assertIsNone(d.get("lastname"))
+        self.assertEqual(d.get("lastname", "nonexistent"), "nonexistent")
+        self.assertEqual(d.getlist("lastname"), [])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            d.getlist("doesnotexist", ["Adrian", "Simon"]), ["Adrian", "Simon"]
+        )
+        d.setlist("lastname", ["Holovaty", "Willison"])
+        self.assertEqual(d.getlist("lastname"), ["Holovaty", "Willison"])
+        self.assertEqual(list(d.values()), ["Simon", "Developer", [], "Willison"])
 
     def test_appendlist(self):
         d = MultiValueDict()
-        d.appendlist('name', 'Adrian')
-        d.appendlist('name', 'Simon')
-        self.assertEqual(d.getlist('name'), ['Adrian', 'Simon'])
+        d.appendlist("name", "Adrian")
+        d.appendlist("name", "Simon")
+        self.assertEqual(d.getlist("name"), ["Adrian", "Simon"])
 
     def test_copy(self):
         for copy_func in [copy.copy, lambda d: d.copy()]:
             with self.subTest(copy_func):
-                d1 = MultiValueDict({'developers': ['Carl', 'Fred']})
-                self.assertEqual(d1['developers'], 'Fred')
+                d1 = MultiValueDict({"developers": ["Carl", "Fred"]})
+                self.assertEqual(d1["developers"], "Fred")
                 d2 = copy_func(d1)
-                d2.update({'developers': 'Groucho'})
-                self.assertEqual(d2['developers'], 'Groucho')
-                self.assertEqual(d1['developers'], 'Fred')
+                d2.update({"developers": "Groucho"})
+                self.assertEqual(d2["developers"], "Groucho")
+                self.assertEqual(d1["developers"], "Fred")
 
-                d1 = MultiValueDict({'key': [[]]})
-                self.assertEqual(d1['key'], [])
+                d1 = MultiValueDict({"key": [[]]})
+                self.assertEqual(d1["key"], [])
                 d2 = copy_func(d1)
-                d2['key'].append('Penguin')
-                self.assertEqual(d1['key'], ['Penguin'])
-                self.assertEqual(d2['key'], ['Penguin'])
+                d2["key"].append("Penguin")
+                self.assertEqual(d1["key"], ["Penguin"])
+                self.assertEqual(d2["key"], ["Penguin"])
 
     def test_deepcopy(self):
-        d1 = MultiValueDict({'a': [[123]]})
+        d1 = MultiValueDict({"a": [[123]]})
         d2 = copy.copy(d1)
         d3 = copy.deepcopy(d1)
-        self.assertIs(d1['a'], d2['a'])
-        self.assertIsNot(d1['a'], d3['a'])
+        self.assertIs(d1["a"], d2["a"])
+        self.assertIsNot(d1["a"], d3["a"])
 
     def test_pickle(self):
-        x = MultiValueDict({'a': ['1', '2'], 'b': ['3']})
+        x = MultiValueDict({"a": ["1", "2"], "b": ["3"]})
         self.assertEqual(x, pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(x)))
 
     def test_dict_translation(self):
-        mvd = MultiValueDict({
-            'devs': ['Bob', 'Joe'],
-            'pm': ['Rory'],
-        })
+        mvd = MultiValueDict(
+            {
+                "devs": ["Bob", "Joe"],
+                "pm": ["Rory"],
+            }
+        )
         d = mvd.dict()
         self.assertEqual(list(d), list(mvd))
         for key in mvd:
@@ -143,78 +151,78 @@ class MultiValueDictTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual({}, MultiValueDict().dict())
 
     def test_getlist_doesnt_mutate(self):
-        x = MultiValueDict({'a': ['1', '2'], 'b': ['3']})
-        values = x.getlist('a')
-        values += x.getlist('b')
-        self.assertEqual(x.getlist('a'), ['1', '2'])
+        x = MultiValueDict({"a": ["1", "2"], "b": ["3"]})
+        values = x.getlist("a")
+        values += x.getlist("b")
+        self.assertEqual(x.getlist("a"), ["1", "2"])
 
     def test_internal_getlist_does_mutate(self):
-        x = MultiValueDict({'a': ['1', '2'], 'b': ['3']})
-        values = x._getlist('a')
-        values += x._getlist('b')
-        self.assertEqual(x._getlist('a'), ['1', '2', '3'])
+        x = MultiValueDict({"a": ["1", "2"], "b": ["3"]})
+        values = x._getlist("a")
+        values += x._getlist("b")
+        self.assertEqual(x._getlist("a"), ["1", "2", "3"])
 
     def test_getlist_default(self):
-        x = MultiValueDict({'a': [1]})
+        x = MultiValueDict({"a": [1]})
         MISSING = object()
-        values = x.getlist('b', default=MISSING)
+        values = x.getlist("b", default=MISSING)
         self.assertIs(values, MISSING)
 
     def test_getlist_none_empty_values(self):
-        x = MultiValueDict({'a': None, 'b': []})
-        self.assertIsNone(x.getlist('a'))
-        self.assertEqual(x.getlist('b'), [])
+        x = MultiValueDict({"a": None, "b": []})
+        self.assertIsNone(x.getlist("a"))
+        self.assertEqual(x.getlist("b"), [])
 
     def test_setitem(self):
-        x = MultiValueDict({'a': [1, 2]})
-        x['a'] = 3
-        self.assertEqual(list(x.lists()), [('a', [3])])
+        x = MultiValueDict({"a": [1, 2]})
+        x["a"] = 3
+        self.assertEqual(list(x.lists()), [("a", [3])])
 
     def test_setdefault(self):
-        x = MultiValueDict({'a': [1, 2]})
-        a = x.setdefault('a', 3)
-        b = x.setdefault('b', 3)
+        x = MultiValueDict({"a": [1, 2]})
+        a = x.setdefault("a", 3)
+        b = x.setdefault("b", 3)
         self.assertEqual(a, 2)
         self.assertEqual(b, 3)
-        self.assertEqual(list(x.lists()), [('a', [1, 2]), ('b', [3])])
+        self.assertEqual(list(x.lists()), [("a", [1, 2]), ("b", [3])])
 
     def test_update_too_many_args(self):
-        x = MultiValueDict({'a': []})
-        msg = 'update expected at most 1 argument, got 2'
+        x = MultiValueDict({"a": []})
+        msg = "update expected at most 1 argument, got 2"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             x.update(1, 2)
 
     def test_update_no_args(self):
-        x = MultiValueDict({'a': []})
+        x = MultiValueDict({"a": []})
         x.update()
-        self.assertEqual(list(x.lists()), [('a', [])])
+        self.assertEqual(list(x.lists()), [("a", [])])
 
     def test_update_dict_arg(self):
-        x = MultiValueDict({'a': [1], 'b': [2], 'c': [3]})
-        x.update({'a': 4, 'b': 5})
-        self.assertEqual(list(x.lists()), [('a', [1, 4]), ('b', [2, 5]), ('c', [3])])
+        x = MultiValueDict({"a": [1], "b": [2], "c": [3]})
+        x.update({"a": 4, "b": 5})
+        self.assertEqual(list(x.lists()), [("a", [1, 4]), ("b", [2, 5]), ("c", [3])])
 
     def test_update_multivaluedict_arg(self):
-        x = MultiValueDict({'a': [1], 'b': [2], 'c': [3]})
-        x.update(MultiValueDict({'a': [4], 'b': [5]}))
-        self.assertEqual(list(x.lists()), [('a', [1, 4]), ('b', [2, 5]), ('c', [3])])
+        x = MultiValueDict({"a": [1], "b": [2], "c": [3]})
+        x.update(MultiValueDict({"a": [4], "b": [5]}))
+        self.assertEqual(list(x.lists()), [("a", [1, 4]), ("b", [2, 5]), ("c", [3])])
 
     def test_update_kwargs(self):
-        x = MultiValueDict({'a': [1], 'b': [2], 'c': [3]})
+        x = MultiValueDict({"a": [1], "b": [2], "c": [3]})
         x.update(a=4, b=5)
-        self.assertEqual(list(x.lists()), [('a', [1, 4]), ('b', [2, 5]), ('c', [3])])
+        self.assertEqual(list(x.lists()), [("a", [1, 4]), ("b", [2, 5]), ("c", [3])])
 
     def test_update_with_empty_iterable(self):
-        for value in ['', b'', (), [], set(), {}]:
+        for value in ["", b"", (), [], set(), {}]:
             d = MultiValueDict()
             d.update(value)
             self.assertEqual(d, MultiValueDict())
 
     def test_update_with_iterable_of_pairs(self):
-        for value in [(('a', 1),), [('a', 1)], {('a', 1)}]:
+        for value in [(("a", 1),), [("a", 1)], {("a", 1)}]:
             d = MultiValueDict()
             d.update(value)
-            self.assertEqual(d, MultiValueDict({'a': [1]}))
+            self.assertEqual(d, MultiValueDict({"a": [1]}))
 
     def test_update_raises_correct_exceptions(self):
         # MultiValueDict.update() raises equivalent exceptions to
@@ -224,26 +232,27 @@ class MultiValueDictTests(SimpleTestCase):
             with self.subTest(value), self.assertRaises(TypeError):
                 MultiValueDict().update(value)
         # Iterables of objects that cannot be unpacked raise TypeError.
-        for value in [b'123', b'abc', (1, 2, 3), [1, 2, 3], {1, 2, 3}]:
+        for value in [b"123", b"abc", (1, 2, 3), [1, 2, 3], {1, 2, 3}]:
             with self.subTest(value), self.assertRaises(TypeError):
                 MultiValueDict().update(value)
         # Iterables of unpackable objects with incorrect number of items raise
         # ValueError.
-        for value in ['123', 'abc', ('a', 'b', 'c'), ['a', 'b', 'c'], {'a', 'b', 'c'}]:
+        for value in ["123", "abc", ("a", "b", "c"), ["a", "b", "c"], {"a", "b", "c"}]:
             with self.subTest(value), self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                 MultiValueDict().update(value)
 
 
 class ImmutableListTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_sort(self):
         d = ImmutableList(range(10))
 
         # AttributeError: ImmutableList object is immutable.
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, 'ImmutableList object is immutable.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            AttributeError, "ImmutableList object is immutable."
+        ):
             d.sort()
 
-        self.assertEqual(repr(d), '(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(d), "(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)")
 
     def test_custom_warning(self):
         d = ImmutableList(range(10), warning="Object is immutable!")
@@ -251,64 +260,72 @@ class ImmutableListTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(d[1], 1)
 
         # AttributeError: Object is immutable!
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, 'Object is immutable!'):
-            d.__setitem__(1, 'test')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, "Object is immutable!"):
+            d.__setitem__(1, "test")
 
 
 class DictWrapperTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_dictwrapper(self):
         def f(x):
             return "*%s" % x
-        d = DictWrapper({'a': 'a'}, f, 'xx_')
+
+        d = DictWrapper({"a": "a"}, f, "xx_")
         self.assertEqual(
-            "Normal: %(a)s. Modified: %(xx_a)s" % d,
-            'Normal: a. Modified: *a'
+            "Normal: %(a)s. Modified: %(xx_a)s" % d, "Normal: a. Modified: *a"
         )
 
 
 class CaseInsensitiveMappingTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
-        self.dict1 = CaseInsensitiveMapping({
-            'Accept': 'application/json',
-            'content-type': 'text/html',
-        })
+        self.dict1 = CaseInsensitiveMapping(
+            {
+                "Accept": "application/json",
+                "content-type": "text/html",
+            }
+        )
 
     def test_create_with_invalid_values(self):
-        msg = 'dictionary update sequence element #1 has length 4; 2 is required'
+        msg = "dictionary update sequence element #1 has length 4; 2 is required"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            CaseInsensitiveMapping([('Key1', 'Val1'), 'Key2'])
+            CaseInsensitiveMapping([("Key1", "Val1"), "Key2"])
 
     def test_create_with_invalid_key(self):
-        msg = 'Element key 1 invalid, only strings are allowed'
+        msg = "Element key 1 invalid, only strings are allowed"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            CaseInsensitiveMapping([(1, '2')])
+            CaseInsensitiveMapping([(1, "2")])
 
     def test_list(self):
-        self.assertEqual(list(self.dict1), ['Accept', 'content-type'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(self.dict1), ["Accept", "content-type"])
 
     def test_dict(self):
-        self.assertEqual(dict(self.dict1), {'Accept': 'application/json', 'content-type': 'text/html'})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            dict(self.dict1),
+            {"Accept": "application/json", "content-type": "text/html"},
+        )
 
     def test_repr(self):
-        dict1 = CaseInsensitiveMapping({'Accept': 'application/json'})
-        dict2 = CaseInsensitiveMapping({'content-type': 'text/html'})
-        self.assertEqual(repr(dict1), repr({'Accept': 'application/json'}))
-        self.assertEqual(repr(dict2), repr({'content-type': 'text/html'}))
+        dict1 = CaseInsensitiveMapping({"Accept": "application/json"})
+        dict2 = CaseInsensitiveMapping({"content-type": "text/html"})
+        self.assertEqual(repr(dict1), repr({"Accept": "application/json"}))
+        self.assertEqual(repr(dict2), repr({"content-type": "text/html"}))
 
     def test_str(self):
-        dict1 = CaseInsensitiveMapping({'Accept': 'application/json'})
-        dict2 = CaseInsensitiveMapping({'content-type': 'text/html'})
-        self.assertEqual(str(dict1), str({'Accept': 'application/json'}))
-        self.assertEqual(str(dict2), str({'content-type': 'text/html'}))
+        dict1 = CaseInsensitiveMapping({"Accept": "application/json"})
+        dict2 = CaseInsensitiveMapping({"content-type": "text/html"})
+        self.assertEqual(str(dict1), str({"Accept": "application/json"}))
+        self.assertEqual(str(dict2), str({"content-type": "text/html"}))
 
     def test_equal(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.dict1, {'Accept': 'application/json', 'content-type': 'text/html'})
-        self.assertNotEqual(self.dict1, {'accept': 'application/jso', 'Content-Type': 'text/html'})
-        self.assertNotEqual(self.dict1, 'string')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.dict1, {"Accept": "application/json", "content-type": "text/html"}
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            self.dict1, {"accept": "application/jso", "Content-Type": "text/html"}
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(self.dict1, "string")
 
     def test_items(self):
-        other = {'Accept': 'application/json', 'content-type': 'text/html'}
+        other = {"Accept": "application/json", "content-type": "text/html"}
         self.assertEqual(sorted(self.dict1.items()), sorted(other.items()))
 
     def test_copy(self):
@@ -317,30 +334,30 @@ class CaseInsensitiveMappingTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(copy, self.dict1)
 
     def test_getitem(self):
-        self.assertEqual(self.dict1['Accept'], 'application/json')
-        self.assertEqual(self.dict1['accept'], 'application/json')
-        self.assertEqual(self.dict1['aCCept'], 'application/json')
-        self.assertEqual(self.dict1['content-type'], 'text/html')
-        self.assertEqual(self.dict1['Content-Type'], 'text/html')
-        self.assertEqual(self.dict1['Content-type'], 'text/html')
+        self.assertEqual(self.dict1["Accept"], "application/json")
+        self.assertEqual(self.dict1["accept"], "application/json")
+        self.assertEqual(self.dict1["aCCept"], "application/json")
+        self.assertEqual(self.dict1["content-type"], "text/html")
+        self.assertEqual(self.dict1["Content-Type"], "text/html")
+        self.assertEqual(self.dict1["Content-type"], "text/html")
 
     def test_in(self):
-        self.assertIn('Accept', self.dict1)
-        self.assertIn('accept', self.dict1)
-        self.assertIn('aCCept', self.dict1)
-        self.assertIn('content-type', self.dict1)
-        self.assertIn('Content-Type', self.dict1)
+        self.assertIn("Accept", self.dict1)
+        self.assertIn("accept", self.dict1)
+        self.assertIn("aCCept", self.dict1)
+        self.assertIn("content-type", self.dict1)
+        self.assertIn("Content-Type", self.dict1)
 
     def test_del(self):
-        self.assertIn('Accept', self.dict1)
+        self.assertIn("Accept", self.dict1)
         msg = "'CaseInsensitiveMapping' object does not support item deletion"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            del self.dict1['Accept']
-        self.assertIn('Accept', self.dict1)
+            del self.dict1["Accept"]
+        self.assertIn("Accept", self.dict1)
 
     def test_set(self):
         self.assertEqual(len(self.dict1), 2)
         msg = "'CaseInsensitiveMapping' object does not support item assignment"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            self.dict1['New Key'] = 1
+            self.dict1["New Key"] = 1
         self.assertEqual(len(self.dict1), 2)
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_dateformat.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_dateformat.py
index b2bb0c2e19..4e4926c85b 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_dateformat.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_dateformat.py
@@ -5,27 +5,29 @@ from django.test.utils import TZ_SUPPORT, requires_tz_support
 from django.utils import dateformat, translation
 from django.utils.dateformat import format
 from django.utils.timezone import (
-    get_default_timezone, get_fixed_timezone, make_aware, utc,
+    get_default_timezone,
+    get_fixed_timezone,
+    make_aware,
+    utc,
 )
 
 
-@override_settings(TIME_ZONE='Europe/Copenhagen')
+@override_settings(TIME_ZONE="Europe/Copenhagen")
 class DateFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self._orig_lang = translation.get_language()
-        translation.activate('en-us')
+        translation.activate("en-us")
 
     def tearDown(self):
         translation.activate(self._orig_lang)
 
     def test_date(self):
         d = date(2009, 5, 16)
-        self.assertEqual(date.fromtimestamp(int(format(d, 'U'))), d)
+        self.assertEqual(date.fromtimestamp(int(format(d, "U"))), d)
 
     def test_naive_datetime(self):
         dt = datetime(2009, 5, 16, 5, 30, 30)
-        self.assertEqual(datetime.fromtimestamp(int(format(dt, 'U'))), dt)
+        self.assertEqual(datetime.fromtimestamp(int(format(dt, "U"))), dt)
 
     def test_naive_ambiguous_datetime(self):
         # dt is ambiguous in Europe/Copenhagen. pytz raises an exception for
@@ -33,99 +35,112 @@ class DateFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
         dt = datetime(2015, 10, 25, 2, 30, 0)
 
         # Try all formatters that involve self.timezone.
-        self.assertEqual(format(dt, 'I'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(format(dt, 'O'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(format(dt, 'T'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(format(dt, 'Z'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(format(dt, "I"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(format(dt, "O"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(format(dt, "T"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(format(dt, "Z"), "")
 
     @requires_tz_support
     def test_datetime_with_local_tzinfo(self):
         ltz = get_default_timezone()
         dt = make_aware(datetime(2009, 5, 16, 5, 30, 30), ltz)
-        self.assertEqual(datetime.fromtimestamp(int(format(dt, 'U')), ltz), dt)
-        self.assertEqual(datetime.fromtimestamp(int(format(dt, 'U'))), dt.replace(tzinfo=None))
+        self.assertEqual(datetime.fromtimestamp(int(format(dt, "U")), ltz), dt)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            datetime.fromtimestamp(int(format(dt, "U"))), dt.replace(tzinfo=None)
+        )
 
     @requires_tz_support
     def test_datetime_with_tzinfo(self):
         tz = get_fixed_timezone(-510)
         ltz = get_default_timezone()
         dt = make_aware(datetime(2009, 5, 16, 5, 30, 30), ltz)
-        self.assertEqual(datetime.fromtimestamp(int(format(dt, 'U')), tz), dt)
-        self.assertEqual(datetime.fromtimestamp(int(format(dt, 'U')), ltz), dt)
+        self.assertEqual(datetime.fromtimestamp(int(format(dt, "U")), tz), dt)
+        self.assertEqual(datetime.fromtimestamp(int(format(dt, "U")), ltz), dt)
         # astimezone() is safe here because the target timezone doesn't have DST
-        self.assertEqual(datetime.fromtimestamp(int(format(dt, 'U'))), dt.astimezone(ltz).replace(tzinfo=None))
-        self.assertEqual(datetime.fromtimestamp(int(format(dt, 'U')), tz).timetuple(), dt.astimezone(tz).timetuple())
-        self.assertEqual(datetime.fromtimestamp(int(format(dt, 'U')), ltz).timetuple(), dt.astimezone(ltz).timetuple())
+        self.assertEqual(
+            datetime.fromtimestamp(int(format(dt, "U"))),
+            dt.astimezone(ltz).replace(tzinfo=None),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            datetime.fromtimestamp(int(format(dt, "U")), tz).timetuple(),
+            dt.astimezone(tz).timetuple(),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            datetime.fromtimestamp(int(format(dt, "U")), ltz).timetuple(),
+            dt.astimezone(ltz).timetuple(),
+        )
 
     def test_epoch(self):
         udt = datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=utc)
-        self.assertEqual(format(udt, 'U'), '0')
+        self.assertEqual(format(udt, "U"), "0")
 
     def test_empty_format(self):
         my_birthday = datetime(1979, 7, 8, 22, 00)
 
-        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(my_birthday, ''), '')
+        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(my_birthday, ""), "")
 
     def test_am_pm(self):
         morning = time(7, 00)
         evening = time(19, 00)
-        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(morning, 'a'), 'a.m.')
-        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(evening, 'a'), 'p.m.')
-        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(morning, 'A'), 'AM')
-        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(evening, 'A'), 'PM')
+        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(morning, "a"), "a.m.")
+        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(evening, "a"), "p.m.")
+        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(morning, "A"), "AM")
+        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(evening, "A"), "PM")
 
     def test_microsecond(self):
         # Regression test for #18951
         dt = datetime(2009, 5, 16, microsecond=123)
-        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(dt, 'u'), '000123')
+        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(dt, "u"), "000123")
 
     def test_date_formats(self):
         # Specifiers 'I', 'r', and 'U' are covered in test_timezones().
         my_birthday = datetime(1979, 7, 8, 22, 00)
         for specifier, expected in [
-            ('b', 'jul'),
-            ('d', '08'),
-            ('D', 'Sun'),
-            ('E', 'July'),
-            ('F', 'July'),
-            ('j', '8'),
-            ('l', 'Sunday'),
-            ('L', 'False'),
-            ('m', '07'),
-            ('M', 'Jul'),
-            ('n', '7'),
-            ('N', 'July'),
-            ('o', '1979'),
-            ('S', 'th'),
-            ('t', '31'),
-            ('w', '0'),
-            ('W', '27'),
-            ('y', '79'),
-            ('Y', '1979'),
-            ('z', '189'),
+            ("b", "jul"),
+            ("d", "08"),
+            ("D", "Sun"),
+            ("E", "July"),
+            ("F", "July"),
+            ("j", "8"),
+            ("l", "Sunday"),
+            ("L", "False"),
+            ("m", "07"),
+            ("M", "Jul"),
+            ("n", "7"),
+            ("N", "July"),
+            ("o", "1979"),
+            ("S", "th"),
+            ("t", "31"),
+            ("w", "0"),
+            ("W", "27"),
+            ("y", "79"),
+            ("Y", "1979"),
+            ("z", "189"),
         ]:
             with self.subTest(specifier=specifier):
                 self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(my_birthday, specifier), expected)
 
     def test_date_formats_c_format(self):
         timestamp = datetime(2008, 5, 19, 11, 45, 23, 123456)
-        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(timestamp, 'c'), '2008-05-19T11:45:23.123456')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            dateformat.format(timestamp, "c"), "2008-05-19T11:45:23.123456"
+        )
 
     def test_time_formats(self):
         # Specifiers 'I', 'r', and 'U' are covered in test_timezones().
         my_birthday = datetime(1979, 7, 8, 22, 00)
         for specifier, expected in [
-            ('a', 'p.m.'),
-            ('A', 'PM'),
-            ('f', '10'),
-            ('g', '10'),
-            ('G', '22'),
-            ('h', '10'),
-            ('H', '22'),
-            ('i', '00'),
-            ('P', '10 p.m.'),
-            ('s', '00'),
-            ('u', '000000'),
+            ("a", "p.m."),
+            ("A", "PM"),
+            ("f", "10"),
+            ("g", "10"),
+            ("G", "22"),
+            ("h", "10"),
+            ("H", "22"),
+            ("i", "00"),
+            ("P", "10 p.m."),
+            ("s", "00"),
+            ("u", "000000"),
         ]:
             with self.subTest(specifier=specifier):
                 self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(my_birthday, specifier), expected)
@@ -133,16 +148,16 @@ class DateFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_dateformat(self):
         my_birthday = datetime(1979, 7, 8, 22, 00)
 
-        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(my_birthday, r'Y z \C\E\T'), '1979 189 CET')
+        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(my_birthday, r"Y z \C\E\T"), "1979 189 CET")
 
-        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(my_birthday, r'jS \o\f F'), '8th of July')
+        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(my_birthday, r"jS \o\f F"), "8th of July")
 
     def test_futuredates(self):
         the_future = datetime(2100, 10, 25, 0, 00)
-        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(the_future, r'Y'), '2100')
+        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(the_future, r"Y"), "2100")
 
     def test_day_of_year_leap(self):
-        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(datetime(2000, 12, 31), 'z'), '366')
+        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(datetime(2000, 12, 31), "z"), "366")
 
     def test_timezones(self):
         my_birthday = datetime(1979, 7, 8, 22, 00)
@@ -156,43 +171,45 @@ class DateFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         if TZ_SUPPORT:
             for specifier, expected in [
-                ('e', ''),
-                ('O', '+0100'),
-                ('r', 'Sun, 08 Jul 1979 22:00:00 +0100'),
-                ('T', 'CET'),
-                ('U', '300315600'),
-                ('Z', '3600'),
+                ("e", ""),
+                ("O", "+0100"),
+                ("r", "Sun, 08 Jul 1979 22:00:00 +0100"),
+                ("T", "CET"),
+                ("U", "300315600"),
+                ("Z", "3600"),
             ]:
                 with self.subTest(specifier=specifier):
-                    self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(my_birthday, specifier), expected)
+                    self.assertEqual(
+                        dateformat.format(my_birthday, specifier), expected
+                    )
 
-            self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(aware_dt, 'e'), '-0330')
+            self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(aware_dt, "e"), "-0330")
             self.assertEqual(
-                dateformat.format(aware_dt, 'r'),
-                'Sat, 16 May 2009 05:30:30 -0330',
+                dateformat.format(aware_dt, "r"),
+                "Sat, 16 May 2009 05:30:30 -0330",
             )
 
-            self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(summertime, 'I'), '1')
-            self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(summertime, 'O'), '+0200')
+            self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(summertime, "I"), "1")
+            self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(summertime, "O"), "+0200")
 
-            self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(wintertime, 'I'), '0')
-            self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(wintertime, 'O'), '+0100')
+            self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(wintertime, "I"), "0")
+            self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(wintertime, "O"), "+0100")
 
-            for specifier in ['e', 'O', 'T', 'Z']:
+            for specifier in ["e", "O", "T", "Z"]:
                 with self.subTest(specifier=specifier):
-                    self.assertEqual(dateformat.time_format(noon, specifier), '')
+                    self.assertEqual(dateformat.time_format(noon, specifier), "")
 
         # Ticket #16924 -- We don't need timezone support to test this
-        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(aware_dt, 'O'), '-0330')
+        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(aware_dt, "O"), "-0330")
 
     def test_invalid_time_format_specifiers(self):
         my_birthday = date(1984, 8, 7)
 
-        for specifier in ['a', 'A', 'f', 'g', 'G', 'h', 'H', 'i', 'P', 'r', 's', 'u']:
+        for specifier in ["a", "A", "f", "g", "G", "h", "H", "i", "P", "r", "s", "u"]:
             with self.subTest(specifier=specifier):
                 msg = (
-                    'The format for date objects may not contain time-related '
-                    f'format specifiers (found {specifier!r}).'
+                    "The format for date objects may not contain time-related "
+                    f"format specifiers (found {specifier!r})."
                 )
                 with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
                     dateformat.format(my_birthday, specifier)
@@ -200,79 +217,80 @@ class DateFormatTests(SimpleTestCase):
     @requires_tz_support
     def test_e_format_with_named_time_zone(self):
         dt = datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=utc)
-        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(dt, 'e'), 'UTC')
+        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(dt, "e"), "UTC")
 
     @requires_tz_support
     def test_e_format_with_time_zone_with_unimplemented_tzname(self):
         class NoNameTZ(tzinfo):
             """Time zone without .tzname() defined."""
+
             def utcoffset(self, dt):
                 return None
 
         dt = datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=NoNameTZ())
-        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(dt, 'e'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(dt, "e"), "")
 
     def test_P_format(self):
         for expected, t in [
-            ('midnight', time(0)),
-            ('noon', time(12)),
-            ('4 a.m.', time(4)),
-            ('8:30 a.m.', time(8, 30)),
-            ('4 p.m.', time(16)),
-            ('8:30 p.m.', time(20, 30)),
+            ("midnight", time(0)),
+            ("noon", time(12)),
+            ("4 a.m.", time(4)),
+            ("8:30 a.m.", time(8, 30)),
+            ("4 p.m.", time(16)),
+            ("8:30 p.m.", time(20, 30)),
         ]:
             with self.subTest(time=t):
-                self.assertEqual(dateformat.time_format(t, 'P'), expected)
+                self.assertEqual(dateformat.time_format(t, "P"), expected)
 
     def test_r_format_with_non_en_locale(self):
         # Changing the locale doesn't change the "r" format.
         dt = datetime(1979, 7, 8, 22, 00)
-        with translation.override('fr'):
+        with translation.override("fr"):
             self.assertEqual(
-                dateformat.format(dt, 'r'),
-                'Sun, 08 Jul 1979 22:00:00 +0100',
+                dateformat.format(dt, "r"),
+                "Sun, 08 Jul 1979 22:00:00 +0100",
             )
 
     def test_S_format(self):
         for expected, days in [
-            ('st', [1, 21, 31]),
-            ('nd', [2, 22]),
-            ('rd', [3, 23]),
-            ('th', (n for n in range(4, 31) if n not in [21, 22, 23])),
+            ("st", [1, 21, 31]),
+            ("nd", [2, 22]),
+            ("rd", [3, 23]),
+            ("th", (n for n in range(4, 31) if n not in [21, 22, 23])),
         ]:
             for day in days:
                 dt = date(1970, 1, day)
                 with self.subTest(day=day):
-                    self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(dt, 'S'), expected)
+                    self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(dt, "S"), expected)
 
     def test_y_format_year_before_1000(self):
         tests = [
-            (476, '76'),
-            (42, '42'),
-            (4, '04'),
+            (476, "76"),
+            (42, "42"),
+            (4, "04"),
         ]
         for year, expected_date in tests:
             with self.subTest(year=year):
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    dateformat.format(datetime(year, 9, 8, 5, 0), 'y'),
+                    dateformat.format(datetime(year, 9, 8, 5, 0), "y"),
                     expected_date,
                 )
 
     def test_Y_format_year_before_1000(self):
-        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(datetime(1, 1, 1), 'Y'), '0001')
-        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(datetime(999, 1, 1), 'Y'), '0999')
+        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(datetime(1, 1, 1), "Y"), "0001")
+        self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(datetime(999, 1, 1), "Y"), "0999")
 
     def test_twelve_hour_format(self):
         tests = [
-            (0, '12', '12'),
-            (1, '1', '01'),
-            (11, '11', '11'),
-            (12, '12', '12'),
-            (13, '1', '01'),
-            (23, '11', '11'),
+            (0, "12", "12"),
+            (1, "1", "01"),
+            (11, "11", "11"),
+            (12, "12", "12"),
+            (13, "1", "01"),
+            (23, "11", "11"),
         ]
         for hour, g_expected, h_expected in tests:
             dt = datetime(2000, 1, 1, hour)
             with self.subTest(hour=hour):
-                self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(dt, 'g'), g_expected)
-                self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(dt, 'h'), h_expected)
+                self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(dt, "g"), g_expected)
+                self.assertEqual(dateformat.format(dt, "h"), h_expected)
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_dateparse.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_dateparse.py
index f2f66f351d..d010adce9b 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_dateparse.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_dateparse.py
@@ -2,70 +2,100 @@ import unittest
 from datetime import date, datetime, time, timedelta
 
 from django.utils.dateparse import (
-    parse_date, parse_datetime, parse_duration, parse_time,
+    parse_date,
+    parse_datetime,
+    parse_duration,
+    parse_time,
 )
 from django.utils.timezone import get_fixed_timezone
 
 
 class DateParseTests(unittest.TestCase):
-
     def test_parse_date(self):
         # Valid inputs
-        self.assertEqual(parse_date('2012-04-23'), date(2012, 4, 23))
-        self.assertEqual(parse_date('2012-4-9'), date(2012, 4, 9))
+        self.assertEqual(parse_date("2012-04-23"), date(2012, 4, 23))
+        self.assertEqual(parse_date("2012-4-9"), date(2012, 4, 9))
         # Invalid inputs
-        self.assertIsNone(parse_date('20120423'))
+        self.assertIsNone(parse_date("20120423"))
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            parse_date('2012-04-56')
+            parse_date("2012-04-56")
 
     def test_parse_time(self):
         # Valid inputs
-        self.assertEqual(parse_time('09:15:00'), time(9, 15))
-        self.assertEqual(parse_time('10:10'), time(10, 10))
-        self.assertEqual(parse_time('10:20:30.400'), time(10, 20, 30, 400000))
-        self.assertEqual(parse_time('10:20:30,400'), time(10, 20, 30, 400000))
-        self.assertEqual(parse_time('4:8:16'), time(4, 8, 16))
+        self.assertEqual(parse_time("09:15:00"), time(9, 15))
+        self.assertEqual(parse_time("10:10"), time(10, 10))
+        self.assertEqual(parse_time("10:20:30.400"), time(10, 20, 30, 400000))
+        self.assertEqual(parse_time("10:20:30,400"), time(10, 20, 30, 400000))
+        self.assertEqual(parse_time("4:8:16"), time(4, 8, 16))
         # Time zone offset is ignored.
-        self.assertEqual(parse_time('00:05:23+04:00'), time(0, 5, 23))
+        self.assertEqual(parse_time("00:05:23+04:00"), time(0, 5, 23))
         # Invalid inputs
-        self.assertIsNone(parse_time('00:05:'))
-        self.assertIsNone(parse_time('00:05:23,'))
-        self.assertIsNone(parse_time('00:05:23+'))
-        self.assertIsNone(parse_time('00:05:23+25:00'))
-        self.assertIsNone(parse_time('4:18:101'))
-        self.assertIsNone(parse_time('091500'))
+        self.assertIsNone(parse_time("00:05:"))
+        self.assertIsNone(parse_time("00:05:23,"))
+        self.assertIsNone(parse_time("00:05:23+"))
+        self.assertIsNone(parse_time("00:05:23+25:00"))
+        self.assertIsNone(parse_time("4:18:101"))
+        self.assertIsNone(parse_time("091500"))
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            parse_time('09:15:90')
+            parse_time("09:15:90")
 
     def test_parse_datetime(self):
         valid_inputs = (
-            ('2012-04-23T09:15:00', datetime(2012, 4, 23, 9, 15)),
-            ('2012-4-9 4:8:16', datetime(2012, 4, 9, 4, 8, 16)),
-            ('2012-04-23T09:15:00Z', datetime(2012, 4, 23, 9, 15, 0, 0, get_fixed_timezone(0))),
-            ('2012-4-9 4:8:16-0320', datetime(2012, 4, 9, 4, 8, 16, 0, get_fixed_timezone(-200))),
-            ('2012-04-23T10:20:30.400+02:30', datetime(2012, 4, 23, 10, 20, 30, 400000, get_fixed_timezone(150))),
-            ('2012-04-23T10:20:30.400+02', datetime(2012, 4, 23, 10, 20, 30, 400000, get_fixed_timezone(120))),
-            ('2012-04-23T10:20:30.400-02', datetime(2012, 4, 23, 10, 20, 30, 400000, get_fixed_timezone(-120))),
-            ('2012-04-23T10:20:30,400-02', datetime(2012, 4, 23, 10, 20, 30, 400000, get_fixed_timezone(-120))),
-            ('2012-04-23T10:20:30.400 +0230', datetime(2012, 4, 23, 10, 20, 30, 400000, get_fixed_timezone(150))),
-            ('2012-04-23T10:20:30,400 +00', datetime(2012, 4, 23, 10, 20, 30, 400000, get_fixed_timezone(0))),
-            ('2012-04-23T10:20:30   -02', datetime(2012, 4, 23, 10, 20, 30, 0, get_fixed_timezone(-120))),
+            ("2012-04-23T09:15:00", datetime(2012, 4, 23, 9, 15)),
+            ("2012-4-9 4:8:16", datetime(2012, 4, 9, 4, 8, 16)),
+            (
+                "2012-04-23T09:15:00Z",
+                datetime(2012, 4, 23, 9, 15, 0, 0, get_fixed_timezone(0)),
+            ),
+            (
+                "2012-4-9 4:8:16-0320",
+                datetime(2012, 4, 9, 4, 8, 16, 0, get_fixed_timezone(-200)),
+            ),
+            (
+                "2012-04-23T10:20:30.400+02:30",
+                datetime(2012, 4, 23, 10, 20, 30, 400000, get_fixed_timezone(150)),
+            ),
+            (
+                "2012-04-23T10:20:30.400+02",
+                datetime(2012, 4, 23, 10, 20, 30, 400000, get_fixed_timezone(120)),
+            ),
+            (
+                "2012-04-23T10:20:30.400-02",
+                datetime(2012, 4, 23, 10, 20, 30, 400000, get_fixed_timezone(-120)),
+            ),
+            (
+                "2012-04-23T10:20:30,400-02",
+                datetime(2012, 4, 23, 10, 20, 30, 400000, get_fixed_timezone(-120)),
+            ),
+            (
+                "2012-04-23T10:20:30.400 +0230",
+                datetime(2012, 4, 23, 10, 20, 30, 400000, get_fixed_timezone(150)),
+            ),
+            (
+                "2012-04-23T10:20:30,400 +00",
+                datetime(2012, 4, 23, 10, 20, 30, 400000, get_fixed_timezone(0)),
+            ),
+            (
+                "2012-04-23T10:20:30   -02",
+                datetime(2012, 4, 23, 10, 20, 30, 0, get_fixed_timezone(-120)),
+            ),
         )
         for source, expected in valid_inputs:
             with self.subTest(source=source):
                 self.assertEqual(parse_datetime(source), expected)
 
         # Invalid inputs
-        self.assertIsNone(parse_datetime('20120423091500'))
+        self.assertIsNone(parse_datetime("20120423091500"))
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            parse_datetime('2012-04-56T09:15:90')
+            parse_datetime("2012-04-56T09:15:90")
 
 
 class DurationParseTests(unittest.TestCase):
-
     def test_parse_python_format(self):
         timedeltas = [
-            timedelta(days=4, minutes=15, seconds=30, milliseconds=100),  # fractions of seconds
+            timedelta(
+                days=4, minutes=15, seconds=30, milliseconds=100
+            ),  # fractions of seconds
             timedelta(hours=10, minutes=15, seconds=30),  # hours, minutes, seconds
             timedelta(days=4, minutes=15, seconds=30),  # multiple days
             timedelta(days=1, minutes=00, seconds=00),  # single day
@@ -79,45 +109,63 @@ class DurationParseTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_parse_postgresql_format(self):
         test_values = (
-            ('1 day', timedelta(1)),
-            ('-1 day', timedelta(-1)),
-            ('1 day 0:00:01', timedelta(days=1, seconds=1)),
-            ('1 day -0:00:01', timedelta(days=1, seconds=-1)),
-            ('-1 day -0:00:01', timedelta(days=-1, seconds=-1)),
-            ('-1 day +0:00:01', timedelta(days=-1, seconds=1)),
-            ('4 days 0:15:30.1', timedelta(days=4, minutes=15, seconds=30, milliseconds=100)),
-            ('4 days 0:15:30.0001', timedelta(days=4, minutes=15, seconds=30, microseconds=100)),
-            ('-4 days -15:00:30', timedelta(days=-4, hours=-15, seconds=-30)),
+            ("1 day", timedelta(1)),
+            ("-1 day", timedelta(-1)),
+            ("1 day 0:00:01", timedelta(days=1, seconds=1)),
+            ("1 day -0:00:01", timedelta(days=1, seconds=-1)),
+            ("-1 day -0:00:01", timedelta(days=-1, seconds=-1)),
+            ("-1 day +0:00:01", timedelta(days=-1, seconds=1)),
+            (
+                "4 days 0:15:30.1",
+                timedelta(days=4, minutes=15, seconds=30, milliseconds=100),
+            ),
+            (
+                "4 days 0:15:30.0001",
+                timedelta(days=4, minutes=15, seconds=30, microseconds=100),
+            ),
+            ("-4 days -15:00:30", timedelta(days=-4, hours=-15, seconds=-30)),
         )
         for source, expected in test_values:
             with self.subTest(source=source):
                 self.assertEqual(parse_duration(source), expected)
 
     def test_seconds(self):
-        self.assertEqual(parse_duration('30'), timedelta(seconds=30))
+        self.assertEqual(parse_duration("30"), timedelta(seconds=30))
 
     def test_minutes_seconds(self):
-        self.assertEqual(parse_duration('15:30'), timedelta(minutes=15, seconds=30))
-        self.assertEqual(parse_duration('5:30'), timedelta(minutes=5, seconds=30))
+        self.assertEqual(parse_duration("15:30"), timedelta(minutes=15, seconds=30))
+        self.assertEqual(parse_duration("5:30"), timedelta(minutes=5, seconds=30))
 
     def test_hours_minutes_seconds(self):
-        self.assertEqual(parse_duration('10:15:30'), timedelta(hours=10, minutes=15, seconds=30))
-        self.assertEqual(parse_duration('1:15:30'), timedelta(hours=1, minutes=15, seconds=30))
-        self.assertEqual(parse_duration('100:200:300'), timedelta(hours=100, minutes=200, seconds=300))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            parse_duration("10:15:30"), timedelta(hours=10, minutes=15, seconds=30)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            parse_duration("1:15:30"), timedelta(hours=1, minutes=15, seconds=30)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            parse_duration("100:200:300"),
+            timedelta(hours=100, minutes=200, seconds=300),
+        )
 
     def test_days(self):
-        self.assertEqual(parse_duration('4 15:30'), timedelta(days=4, minutes=15, seconds=30))
-        self.assertEqual(parse_duration('4 10:15:30'), timedelta(days=4, hours=10, minutes=15, seconds=30))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            parse_duration("4 15:30"), timedelta(days=4, minutes=15, seconds=30)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            parse_duration("4 10:15:30"),
+            timedelta(days=4, hours=10, minutes=15, seconds=30),
+        )
 
     def test_fractions_of_seconds(self):
         test_values = (
-            ('15:30.1', timedelta(minutes=15, seconds=30, milliseconds=100)),
-            ('15:30.01', timedelta(minutes=15, seconds=30, milliseconds=10)),
-            ('15:30.001', timedelta(minutes=15, seconds=30, milliseconds=1)),
-            ('15:30.0001', timedelta(minutes=15, seconds=30, microseconds=100)),
-            ('15:30.00001', timedelta(minutes=15, seconds=30, microseconds=10)),
-            ('15:30.000001', timedelta(minutes=15, seconds=30, microseconds=1)),
-            ('15:30,000001', timedelta(minutes=15, seconds=30, microseconds=1)),
+            ("15:30.1", timedelta(minutes=15, seconds=30, milliseconds=100)),
+            ("15:30.01", timedelta(minutes=15, seconds=30, milliseconds=10)),
+            ("15:30.001", timedelta(minutes=15, seconds=30, milliseconds=1)),
+            ("15:30.0001", timedelta(minutes=15, seconds=30, microseconds=100)),
+            ("15:30.00001", timedelta(minutes=15, seconds=30, microseconds=10)),
+            ("15:30.000001", timedelta(minutes=15, seconds=30, microseconds=1)),
+            ("15:30,000001", timedelta(minutes=15, seconds=30, microseconds=1)),
         )
         for source, expected in test_values:
             with self.subTest(source=source):
@@ -125,15 +173,15 @@ class DurationParseTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_negative(self):
         test_values = (
-            ('-4 15:30', timedelta(days=-4, minutes=15, seconds=30)),
-            ('-172800', timedelta(days=-2)),
-            ('-15:30', timedelta(minutes=-15, seconds=-30)),
-            ('-1:15:30', timedelta(hours=-1, minutes=-15, seconds=-30)),
-            ('-30.1', timedelta(seconds=-30, milliseconds=-100)),
-            ('-30,1', timedelta(seconds=-30, milliseconds=-100)),
-            ('-00:01:01', timedelta(minutes=-1, seconds=-1)),
-            ('-01:01', timedelta(seconds=-61)),
-            ('-01:-01', None),
+            ("-4 15:30", timedelta(days=-4, minutes=15, seconds=30)),
+            ("-172800", timedelta(days=-2)),
+            ("-15:30", timedelta(minutes=-15, seconds=-30)),
+            ("-1:15:30", timedelta(hours=-1, minutes=-15, seconds=-30)),
+            ("-30.1", timedelta(seconds=-30, milliseconds=-100)),
+            ("-30,1", timedelta(seconds=-30, milliseconds=-100)),
+            ("-00:01:01", timedelta(minutes=-1, seconds=-1)),
+            ("-01:01", timedelta(seconds=-61)),
+            ("-01:-01", None),
         )
         for source, expected in test_values:
             with self.subTest(source=source):
@@ -141,31 +189,31 @@ class DurationParseTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_iso_8601(self):
         test_values = (
-            ('P4Y', None),
-            ('P4M', None),
-            ('P4W', None),
-            ('P4D', timedelta(days=4)),
-            ('-P1D', timedelta(days=-1)),
-            ('P0.5D', timedelta(hours=12)),
-            ('P0,5D', timedelta(hours=12)),
-            ('-P0.5D', timedelta(hours=-12)),
-            ('-P0,5D', timedelta(hours=-12)),
-            ('PT5H', timedelta(hours=5)),
-            ('-PT5H', timedelta(hours=-5)),
-            ('PT5M', timedelta(minutes=5)),
-            ('-PT5M', timedelta(minutes=-5)),
-            ('PT5S', timedelta(seconds=5)),
-            ('-PT5S', timedelta(seconds=-5)),
-            ('PT0.000005S', timedelta(microseconds=5)),
-            ('PT0,000005S', timedelta(microseconds=5)),
-            ('-PT0.000005S', timedelta(microseconds=-5)),
-            ('-PT0,000005S', timedelta(microseconds=-5)),
-            ('-P4DT1H', timedelta(days=-4, hours=-1)),
+            ("P4Y", None),
+            ("P4M", None),
+            ("P4W", None),
+            ("P4D", timedelta(days=4)),
+            ("-P1D", timedelta(days=-1)),
+            ("P0.5D", timedelta(hours=12)),
+            ("P0,5D", timedelta(hours=12)),
+            ("-P0.5D", timedelta(hours=-12)),
+            ("-P0,5D", timedelta(hours=-12)),
+            ("PT5H", timedelta(hours=5)),
+            ("-PT5H", timedelta(hours=-5)),
+            ("PT5M", timedelta(minutes=5)),
+            ("-PT5M", timedelta(minutes=-5)),
+            ("PT5S", timedelta(seconds=5)),
+            ("-PT5S", timedelta(seconds=-5)),
+            ("PT0.000005S", timedelta(microseconds=5)),
+            ("PT0,000005S", timedelta(microseconds=5)),
+            ("-PT0.000005S", timedelta(microseconds=-5)),
+            ("-PT0,000005S", timedelta(microseconds=-5)),
+            ("-P4DT1H", timedelta(days=-4, hours=-1)),
             # Invalid separators for decimal fractions.
-            ('P3(3D', None),
-            ('PT3)3H', None),
-            ('PT3|3M', None),
-            ('PT3/3S', None),
+            ("P3(3D", None),
+            ("PT3)3H", None),
+            ("PT3|3M", None),
+            ("PT3/3S", None),
         )
         for source, expected in test_values:
             with self.subTest(source=source):
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_datetime_safe.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_datetime_safe.py
index b5ee3d0cad..cb987319f4 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_datetime_safe.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_datetime_safe.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-from datetime import date as original_date, datetime as original_datetime
+from datetime import date as original_date
+from datetime import datetime as original_datetime
 
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, ignore_warnings
 from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango50Warning
@@ -8,7 +9,6 @@ with ignore_warnings(category=RemovedInDjango50Warning):
 
 
 class DatetimeTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.percent_y_safe = (1900, 1, 1)  # >= 1900 required on Windows.
         self.just_safe = (1000, 1, 1)
@@ -17,36 +17,54 @@ class DatetimeTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.more_recent = (2006, 1, 1)
 
     def test_compare_datetimes(self):
-        self.assertEqual(original_datetime(*self.more_recent), datetime(*self.more_recent))
-        self.assertEqual(original_datetime(*self.really_old), datetime(*self.really_old))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            original_datetime(*self.more_recent), datetime(*self.more_recent)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            original_datetime(*self.really_old), datetime(*self.really_old)
+        )
         self.assertEqual(original_date(*self.more_recent), date(*self.more_recent))
         self.assertEqual(original_date(*self.really_old), date(*self.really_old))
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            original_date(*self.just_safe).strftime('%Y-%m-%d'), date(*self.just_safe).strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
+            original_date(*self.just_safe).strftime("%Y-%m-%d"),
+            date(*self.just_safe).strftime("%Y-%m-%d"),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            original_datetime(*self.just_safe).strftime('%Y-%m-%d'), datetime(*self.just_safe).strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
+            original_datetime(*self.just_safe).strftime("%Y-%m-%d"),
+            datetime(*self.just_safe).strftime("%Y-%m-%d"),
         )
 
     def test_safe_strftime(self):
-        self.assertEqual(date(*self.just_unsafe[:3]).strftime('%Y-%m-%d (weekday %w)'), '0999-12-31 (weekday 2)')
-        self.assertEqual(date(*self.just_safe).strftime('%Y-%m-%d (weekday %w)'), '1000-01-01 (weekday 3)')
-
         self.assertEqual(
-            datetime(*self.just_unsafe).strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S (weekday %w)'), '0999-12-31 23:59:59 (weekday 2)'
+            date(*self.just_unsafe[:3]).strftime("%Y-%m-%d (weekday %w)"),
+            "0999-12-31 (weekday 2)",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            datetime(*self.just_safe).strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S (weekday %w)'), '1000-01-01 00:00:00 (weekday 3)'
+            date(*self.just_safe).strftime("%Y-%m-%d (weekday %w)"),
+            "1000-01-01 (weekday 3)",
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            datetime(*self.just_unsafe).strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S (weekday %w)"),
+            "0999-12-31 23:59:59 (weekday 2)",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            datetime(*self.just_safe).strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S (weekday %w)"),
+            "1000-01-01 00:00:00 (weekday 3)",
         )
 
         # %y will error before this date
-        self.assertEqual(date(*self.percent_y_safe).strftime('%y'), '00')
-        self.assertEqual(datetime(*self.percent_y_safe).strftime('%y'), '00')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, 'strftime of dates before 1000 does not handle %y'):
-            datetime(*self.just_unsafe).strftime('%y')
+        self.assertEqual(date(*self.percent_y_safe).strftime("%y"), "00")
+        self.assertEqual(datetime(*self.percent_y_safe).strftime("%y"), "00")
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            TypeError, "strftime of dates before 1000 does not handle %y"
+        ):
+            datetime(*self.just_unsafe).strftime("%y")
 
-        self.assertEqual(date(1850, 8, 2).strftime("%Y/%m/%d was a %A"), '1850/08/02 was a Friday')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            date(1850, 8, 2).strftime("%Y/%m/%d was a %A"), "1850/08/02 was a Friday"
+        )
 
     def test_zero_padding(self):
         """
@@ -54,4 +72,6 @@ class DatetimeTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         Pre-1000AD dates are padded with zeros if necessary
         """
-        self.assertEqual(date(1, 1, 1).strftime("%Y/%m/%d was a %A"), '0001/01/01 was a Monday')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            date(1, 1, 1).strftime("%Y/%m/%d was a %A"), "0001/01/01 was a Monday"
+        )
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_deconstruct.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_deconstruct.py
index f384ab8288..e90ff32676 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_deconstruct.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_deconstruct.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class DeconstructibleChildClass(DeconstructibleClass):
 
 
 @deconstructible(
-    path='utils_tests.deconstructible_classes.DeconstructibleWithPathClass'
+    path="utils_tests.deconstructible_classes.DeconstructibleWithPathClass"
 )
 class DeconstructibleWithPathClass:
     pass
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class DeconstructibleWithPathChildClass(DeconstructibleWithPathClass):
 
 
 @deconstructible(
-    path='utils_tests.deconstructible_classes.DeconstructibleInvalidPathClass',
+    path="utils_tests.deconstructible_classes.DeconstructibleInvalidPathClass",
 )
 class DeconstructibleInvalidPathClass:
     pass
@@ -36,61 +36,61 @@ class DeconstructibleInvalidPathChildClass(DeconstructibleInvalidPathClass):
 
 class DeconstructibleTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_deconstruct(self):
-        obj = DeconstructibleClass('arg', key='value')
+        obj = DeconstructibleClass("arg", key="value")
         path, args, kwargs = obj.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'utils_tests.test_deconstruct.DeconstructibleClass')
-        self.assertEqual(args, ('arg',))
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'key': 'value'})
+        self.assertEqual(path, "utils_tests.test_deconstruct.DeconstructibleClass")
+        self.assertEqual(args, ("arg",))
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"key": "value"})
 
     def test_deconstruct_with_path(self):
-        obj = DeconstructibleWithPathClass('arg', key='value')
+        obj = DeconstructibleWithPathClass("arg", key="value")
         path, args, kwargs = obj.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(
             path,
-            'utils_tests.deconstructible_classes.DeconstructibleWithPathClass',
+            "utils_tests.deconstructible_classes.DeconstructibleWithPathClass",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(args, ('arg',))
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'key': 'value'})
+        self.assertEqual(args, ("arg",))
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"key": "value"})
 
     def test_deconstruct_child(self):
-        obj = DeconstructibleChildClass('arg', key='value')
+        obj = DeconstructibleChildClass("arg", key="value")
         path, args, kwargs = obj.deconstruct()
-        self.assertEqual(path, 'utils_tests.test_deconstruct.DeconstructibleChildClass')
-        self.assertEqual(args, ('arg',))
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'key': 'value'})
+        self.assertEqual(path, "utils_tests.test_deconstruct.DeconstructibleChildClass")
+        self.assertEqual(args, ("arg",))
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"key": "value"})
 
     def test_deconstruct_child_with_path(self):
-        obj = DeconstructibleWithPathChildClass('arg', key='value')
+        obj = DeconstructibleWithPathChildClass("arg", key="value")
         path, args, kwargs = obj.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(
             path,
-            'utils_tests.test_deconstruct.DeconstructibleWithPathChildClass',
+            "utils_tests.test_deconstruct.DeconstructibleWithPathChildClass",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(args, ('arg',))
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'key': 'value'})
+        self.assertEqual(args, ("arg",))
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"key": "value"})
 
     def test_invalid_path(self):
         obj = DeconstructibleInvalidPathClass()
         docs_version = get_docs_version()
         msg = (
-            f'Could not find object DeconstructibleInvalidPathClass in '
-            f'utils_tests.deconstructible_classes.\n'
-            f'Please note that you cannot serialize things like inner '
-            f'classes. Please move the object into the main module body to '
-            f'use migrations.\n'
-            f'For more information, see '
-            f'https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/{docs_version}/topics/'
-            f'migrations/#serializing-values'
+            f"Could not find object DeconstructibleInvalidPathClass in "
+            f"utils_tests.deconstructible_classes.\n"
+            f"Please note that you cannot serialize things like inner "
+            f"classes. Please move the object into the main module body to "
+            f"use migrations.\n"
+            f"For more information, see "
+            f"https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/{docs_version}/topics/"
+            f"migrations/#serializing-values"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             obj.deconstruct()
 
     def test_parent_invalid_path(self):
-        obj = DeconstructibleInvalidPathChildClass('arg', key='value')
+        obj = DeconstructibleInvalidPathChildClass("arg", key="value")
         path, args, kwargs = obj.deconstruct()
         self.assertEqual(
             path,
-            'utils_tests.test_deconstruct.DeconstructibleInvalidPathChildClass',
+            "utils_tests.test_deconstruct.DeconstructibleInvalidPathChildClass",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(args, ('arg',))
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {'key': 'value'})
+        self.assertEqual(args, ("arg",))
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, {"key": "value"})
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_decorators.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_decorators.py
index 4cd8320d0b..8c0244e819 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_decorators.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_decorators.py
@@ -58,59 +58,62 @@ class DecoratorFromMiddlewareTests(SimpleTestCase):
     Tests for view decorators created using
     ``django.utils.decorators.decorator_from_middleware``.
     """
+
     rf = RequestFactory()
 
     def test_process_view_middleware(self):
         """
         Test a middleware that implements process_view.
         """
-        process_view(self.rf.get('/'))
+        process_view(self.rf.get("/"))
 
     def test_callable_process_view_middleware(self):
         """
         Test a middleware that implements process_view, operating on a callable class.
         """
-        class_process_view(self.rf.get('/'))
+        class_process_view(self.rf.get("/"))
 
     def test_full_dec_normal(self):
         """
         All methods of middleware are called for normal HttpResponses
         """
+
         @full_dec
         def normal_view(request):
-            template = engines['django'].from_string("Hello world")
+            template = engines["django"].from_string("Hello world")
             return HttpResponse(template.render())
 
-        request = self.rf.get('/')
+        request = self.rf.get("/")
         normal_view(request)
-        self.assertTrue(getattr(request, 'process_request_reached', False))
-        self.assertTrue(getattr(request, 'process_view_reached', False))
+        self.assertTrue(getattr(request, "process_request_reached", False))
+        self.assertTrue(getattr(request, "process_view_reached", False))
         # process_template_response must not be called for HttpResponse
-        self.assertFalse(getattr(request, 'process_template_response_reached', False))
-        self.assertTrue(getattr(request, 'process_response_reached', False))
+        self.assertFalse(getattr(request, "process_template_response_reached", False))
+        self.assertTrue(getattr(request, "process_response_reached", False))
 
     def test_full_dec_templateresponse(self):
         """
         All methods of middleware are called for TemplateResponses in
         the right sequence.
         """
+
         @full_dec
         def template_response_view(request):
-            template = engines['django'].from_string("Hello world")
+            template = engines["django"].from_string("Hello world")
             return TemplateResponse(request, template)
 
-        request = self.rf.get('/')
+        request = self.rf.get("/")
         response = template_response_view(request)
-        self.assertTrue(getattr(request, 'process_request_reached', False))
-        self.assertTrue(getattr(request, 'process_view_reached', False))
-        self.assertTrue(getattr(request, 'process_template_response_reached', False))
+        self.assertTrue(getattr(request, "process_request_reached", False))
+        self.assertTrue(getattr(request, "process_view_reached", False))
+        self.assertTrue(getattr(request, "process_template_response_reached", False))
         # response must not be rendered yet.
         self.assertFalse(response._is_rendered)
         # process_response must not be called until after response is rendered,
         # otherwise some decorators like csrf_protect and gzip_page will not
         # work correctly. See #16004
-        self.assertFalse(getattr(request, 'process_response_reached', False))
+        self.assertFalse(getattr(request, "process_response_reached", False))
         response.render()
-        self.assertTrue(getattr(request, 'process_response_reached', False))
+        self.assertTrue(getattr(request, "process_response_reached", False))
         # process_response saw the rendered content
         self.assertEqual(request.process_response_content, b"Hello world")
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_duration.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_duration.py
index 84a3a0893f..fc6cbc3362 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_duration.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_duration.py
@@ -3,31 +3,31 @@ import unittest
 
 from django.utils.dateparse import parse_duration
 from django.utils.duration import (
-    duration_iso_string, duration_microseconds, duration_string,
+    duration_iso_string,
+    duration_microseconds,
+    duration_string,
 )
 
 
 class TestDurationString(unittest.TestCase):
-
     def test_simple(self):
         duration = datetime.timedelta(hours=1, minutes=3, seconds=5)
-        self.assertEqual(duration_string(duration), '01:03:05')
+        self.assertEqual(duration_string(duration), "01:03:05")
 
     def test_days(self):
         duration = datetime.timedelta(days=1, hours=1, minutes=3, seconds=5)
-        self.assertEqual(duration_string(duration), '1 01:03:05')
+        self.assertEqual(duration_string(duration), "1 01:03:05")
 
     def test_microseconds(self):
         duration = datetime.timedelta(hours=1, minutes=3, seconds=5, microseconds=12345)
-        self.assertEqual(duration_string(duration), '01:03:05.012345')
+        self.assertEqual(duration_string(duration), "01:03:05.012345")
 
     def test_negative(self):
         duration = datetime.timedelta(days=-1, hours=1, minutes=3, seconds=5)
-        self.assertEqual(duration_string(duration), '-1 01:03:05')
+        self.assertEqual(duration_string(duration), "-1 01:03:05")
 
 
 class TestParseDurationRoundtrip(unittest.TestCase):
-
     def test_simple(self):
         duration = datetime.timedelta(hours=1, minutes=3, seconds=5)
         self.assertEqual(parse_duration(duration_string(duration)), duration)
@@ -46,26 +46,24 @@ class TestParseDurationRoundtrip(unittest.TestCase):
 
 
 class TestISODurationString(unittest.TestCase):
-
     def test_simple(self):
         duration = datetime.timedelta(hours=1, minutes=3, seconds=5)
-        self.assertEqual(duration_iso_string(duration), 'P0DT01H03M05S')
+        self.assertEqual(duration_iso_string(duration), "P0DT01H03M05S")
 
     def test_days(self):
         duration = datetime.timedelta(days=1, hours=1, minutes=3, seconds=5)
-        self.assertEqual(duration_iso_string(duration), 'P1DT01H03M05S')
+        self.assertEqual(duration_iso_string(duration), "P1DT01H03M05S")
 
     def test_microseconds(self):
         duration = datetime.timedelta(hours=1, minutes=3, seconds=5, microseconds=12345)
-        self.assertEqual(duration_iso_string(duration), 'P0DT01H03M05.012345S')
+        self.assertEqual(duration_iso_string(duration), "P0DT01H03M05.012345S")
 
     def test_negative(self):
         duration = -1 * datetime.timedelta(days=1, hours=1, minutes=3, seconds=5)
-        self.assertEqual(duration_iso_string(duration), '-P1DT01H03M05S')
+        self.assertEqual(duration_iso_string(duration), "-P1DT01H03M05S")
 
 
 class TestParseISODurationRoundtrip(unittest.TestCase):
-
     def test_simple(self):
         duration = datetime.timedelta(hours=1, minutes=3, seconds=5)
         self.assertEqual(parse_duration(duration_iso_string(duration)), duration)
@@ -80,7 +78,10 @@ class TestParseISODurationRoundtrip(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_negative(self):
         duration = datetime.timedelta(days=-1, hours=1, minutes=3, seconds=5)
-        self.assertEqual(parse_duration(duration_iso_string(duration)).total_seconds(), duration.total_seconds())
+        self.assertEqual(
+            parse_duration(duration_iso_string(duration)).total_seconds(),
+            duration.total_seconds(),
+        )
 
 
 class TestDurationMicroseconds(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -94,4 +95,6 @@ class TestDurationMicroseconds(unittest.TestCase):
         ]
         for delta in deltas:
             with self.subTest(delta=delta):
-                self.assertEqual(datetime.timedelta(microseconds=duration_microseconds(delta)), delta)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    datetime.timedelta(microseconds=duration_microseconds(delta)), delta
+                )
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_encoding.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_encoding.py
index 36f2d8665f..8dddd4e250 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_encoding.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_encoding.py
@@ -7,9 +7,17 @@ from urllib.parse import quote_plus
 
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.utils.encoding import (
-    DjangoUnicodeDecodeError, escape_uri_path, filepath_to_uri, force_bytes,
-    force_str, get_system_encoding, iri_to_uri, repercent_broken_unicode,
-    smart_bytes, smart_str, uri_to_iri,
+    DjangoUnicodeDecodeError,
+    escape_uri_path,
+    filepath_to_uri,
+    force_bytes,
+    force_str,
+    get_system_encoding,
+    iri_to_uri,
+    repercent_broken_unicode,
+    smart_bytes,
+    smart_str,
+    uri_to_iri,
 )
 from django.utils.functional import SimpleLazyObject
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy
@@ -20,16 +28,17 @@ class TestEncodingUtils(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         Broken __str__ actually raises an error.
         """
+
         class MyString:
             def __str__(self):
-                return b'\xc3\xb6\xc3\xa4\xc3\xbc'
+                return b"\xc3\xb6\xc3\xa4\xc3\xbc"
 
         # str(s) raises a TypeError if the result is not a text type.
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             force_str(MyString())
 
     def test_force_str_lazy(self):
-        s = SimpleLazyObject(lambda: 'x')
+        s = SimpleLazyObject(lambda: "x")
         self.assertIs(type(force_str(s)), str)
 
     def test_force_str_DjangoUnicodeDecodeError(self):
@@ -38,7 +47,7 @@ class TestEncodingUtils(SimpleTestCase):
             "start byte. You passed in b'\\xff' (<class 'bytes'>)"
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(DjangoUnicodeDecodeError, msg):
-            force_str(b'\xff')
+            force_str(b"\xff")
 
     def test_force_bytes_exception(self):
         """
@@ -48,19 +57,22 @@ class TestEncodingUtils(SimpleTestCase):
         error_msg = "This is an exception, voilà"
         exc = ValueError(error_msg)
         self.assertEqual(force_bytes(exc), error_msg.encode())
-        self.assertEqual(force_bytes(exc, encoding='ascii', errors='ignore'), b'This is an exception, voil')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            force_bytes(exc, encoding="ascii", errors="ignore"),
+            b"This is an exception, voil",
+        )
 
     def test_force_bytes_strings_only(self):
         today = datetime.date.today()
         self.assertEqual(force_bytes(today, strings_only=True), today)
 
     def test_force_bytes_encoding(self):
-        error_msg = 'This is an exception, voilà'.encode()
-        result = force_bytes(error_msg, encoding='ascii', errors='ignore')
-        self.assertEqual(result, b'This is an exception, voil')
+        error_msg = "This is an exception, voilà".encode()
+        result = force_bytes(error_msg, encoding="ascii", errors="ignore")
+        self.assertEqual(result, b"This is an exception, voil")
 
     def test_force_bytes_memory_view(self):
-        data = b'abc'
+        data = b"abc"
         result = force_bytes(memoryview(data))
         # Type check is needed because memoryview(bytes) == bytes.
         self.assertIs(type(result), bytes)
@@ -69,58 +81,69 @@ class TestEncodingUtils(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_smart_bytes(self):
         class Test:
             def __str__(self):
-                return 'ŠĐĆŽćžšđ'
+                return "ŠĐĆŽćžšđ"
 
-        lazy_func = gettext_lazy('x')
+        lazy_func = gettext_lazy("x")
         self.assertIs(smart_bytes(lazy_func), lazy_func)
-        self.assertEqual(smart_bytes(Test()), b'\xc5\xa0\xc4\x90\xc4\x86\xc5\xbd\xc4\x87\xc5\xbe\xc5\xa1\xc4\x91')
-        self.assertEqual(smart_bytes(1), b'1')
-        self.assertEqual(smart_bytes('foo'), b'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            smart_bytes(Test()),
+            b"\xc5\xa0\xc4\x90\xc4\x86\xc5\xbd\xc4\x87\xc5\xbe\xc5\xa1\xc4\x91",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(smart_bytes(1), b"1")
+        self.assertEqual(smart_bytes("foo"), b"foo")
 
     def test_smart_str(self):
         class Test:
             def __str__(self):
-                return 'ŠĐĆŽćžšđ'
+                return "ŠĐĆŽćžšđ"
 
-        lazy_func = gettext_lazy('x')
+        lazy_func = gettext_lazy("x")
         self.assertIs(smart_str(lazy_func), lazy_func)
-        self.assertEqual(smart_str(Test()), '\u0160\u0110\u0106\u017d\u0107\u017e\u0161\u0111')
-        self.assertEqual(smart_str(1), '1')
-        self.assertEqual(smart_str('foo'), 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            smart_str(Test()), "\u0160\u0110\u0106\u017d\u0107\u017e\u0161\u0111"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(smart_str(1), "1")
+        self.assertEqual(smart_str("foo"), "foo")
 
     def test_get_default_encoding(self):
-        with mock.patch('locale.getdefaultlocale', side_effect=Exception):
-            self.assertEqual(get_system_encoding(), 'ascii')
+        with mock.patch("locale.getdefaultlocale", side_effect=Exception):
+            self.assertEqual(get_system_encoding(), "ascii")
 
     def test_repercent_broken_unicode_recursion_error(self):
         # Prepare a string long enough to force a recursion error if the tested
         # function uses recursion.
-        data = b'\xfc' * sys.getrecursionlimit()
+        data = b"\xfc" * sys.getrecursionlimit()
         try:
-            self.assertEqual(repercent_broken_unicode(data), b'%FC' * sys.getrecursionlimit())
+            self.assertEqual(
+                repercent_broken_unicode(data), b"%FC" * sys.getrecursionlimit()
+            )
         except RecursionError:
-            self.fail('Unexpected RecursionError raised.')
+            self.fail("Unexpected RecursionError raised.")
 
 
 class TestRFC3987IEncodingUtils(unittest.TestCase):
-
     def test_filepath_to_uri(self):
         self.assertIsNone(filepath_to_uri(None))
-        self.assertEqual(filepath_to_uri('upload\\чубака.mp4'), 'upload/%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0.mp4')
-        self.assertEqual(filepath_to_uri(Path('upload/test.png')), 'upload/test.png')
-        self.assertEqual(filepath_to_uri(Path('upload\\test.png')), 'upload/test.png')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            filepath_to_uri("upload\\чубака.mp4"),
+            "upload/%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0.mp4",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(filepath_to_uri(Path("upload/test.png")), "upload/test.png")
+        self.assertEqual(filepath_to_uri(Path("upload\\test.png")), "upload/test.png")
 
     def test_iri_to_uri(self):
         cases = [
             # Valid UTF-8 sequences are encoded.
-            ('red%09rosé#red', 'red%09ros%C3%A9#red'),
-            ('/blog/for/Jürgen Münster/', '/blog/for/J%C3%BCrgen%20M%C3%BCnster/'),
-            ('locations/%s' % quote_plus('Paris & Orléans'), 'locations/Paris+%26+Orl%C3%A9ans'),
-
+            ("red%09rosé#red", "red%09ros%C3%A9#red"),
+            ("/blog/for/Jürgen Münster/", "/blog/for/J%C3%BCrgen%20M%C3%BCnster/"),
+            (
+                "locations/%s" % quote_plus("Paris & Orléans"),
+                "locations/Paris+%26+Orl%C3%A9ans",
+            ),
             # Reserved chars remain unescaped.
-            ('%&', '%&'),
-            ('red&♥ros%#red', 'red&%E2%99%A5ros%#red'),
-            (gettext_lazy('red&♥ros%#red'), 'red&%E2%99%A5ros%#red'),
+            ("%&", "%&"),
+            ("red&♥ros%#red", "red&%E2%99%A5ros%#red"),
+            (gettext_lazy("red&♥ros%#red"), "red&%E2%99%A5ros%#red"),
         ]
 
         for iri, uri in cases:
@@ -134,17 +157,20 @@ class TestRFC3987IEncodingUtils(unittest.TestCase):
         cases = [
             (None, None),
             # Valid UTF-8 sequences are decoded.
-            ('/%e2%89%Ab%E2%99%a5%E2%89%aB/', '/≫♥≫/'),
-            ('/%E2%99%A5%E2%99%A5/?utf8=%E2%9C%93', '/♥♥/?utf8=✓'),
-            ('/%41%5a%6B/', '/AZk/'),
+            ("/%e2%89%Ab%E2%99%a5%E2%89%aB/", "/≫♥≫/"),
+            ("/%E2%99%A5%E2%99%A5/?utf8=%E2%9C%93", "/♥♥/?utf8=✓"),
+            ("/%41%5a%6B/", "/AZk/"),
             # Reserved and non-URL valid ASCII chars are not decoded.
-            ('/%25%20%02%41%7b/', '/%25%20%02A%7b/'),
+            ("/%25%20%02%41%7b/", "/%25%20%02A%7b/"),
             # Broken UTF-8 sequences remain escaped.
-            ('/%AAd%AAj%AAa%AAn%AAg%AAo%AA/', '/%AAd%AAj%AAa%AAn%AAg%AAo%AA/'),
-            ('/%E2%99%A5%E2%E2%99%A5/', '/♥%E2♥/'),
-            ('/%E2%99%A5%E2%99%E2%99%A5/', '/♥%E2%99♥/'),
-            ('/%E2%E2%99%A5%E2%99%A5%99/', '/%E2♥♥%99/'),
-            ('/%E2%99%A5%E2%99%A5/?utf8=%9C%93%E2%9C%93%9C%93', '/♥♥/?utf8=%9C%93✓%9C%93'),
+            ("/%AAd%AAj%AAa%AAn%AAg%AAo%AA/", "/%AAd%AAj%AAa%AAn%AAg%AAo%AA/"),
+            ("/%E2%99%A5%E2%E2%99%A5/", "/♥%E2♥/"),
+            ("/%E2%99%A5%E2%99%E2%99%A5/", "/♥%E2%99♥/"),
+            ("/%E2%E2%99%A5%E2%99%A5%99/", "/%E2♥♥%99/"),
+            (
+                "/%E2%99%A5%E2%99%A5/?utf8=%9C%93%E2%9C%93%9C%93",
+                "/♥♥/?utf8=%9C%93✓%9C%93",
+            ),
         ]
 
         for uri, iri in cases:
@@ -156,17 +182,23 @@ class TestRFC3987IEncodingUtils(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_complementarity(self):
         cases = [
-            ('/blog/for/J%C3%BCrgen%20M%C3%BCnster/', '/blog/for/J\xfcrgen%20M\xfcnster/'),
-            ('%&', '%&'),
-            ('red&%E2%99%A5ros%#red', 'red&♥ros%#red'),
-            ('/%E2%99%A5%E2%99%A5/', '/♥♥/'),
-            ('/%E2%99%A5%E2%99%A5/?utf8=%E2%9C%93', '/♥♥/?utf8=✓'),
-            ('/%25%20%02%7b/', '/%25%20%02%7b/'),
-            ('/%AAd%AAj%AAa%AAn%AAg%AAo%AA/', '/%AAd%AAj%AAa%AAn%AAg%AAo%AA/'),
-            ('/%E2%99%A5%E2%E2%99%A5/', '/♥%E2♥/'),
-            ('/%E2%99%A5%E2%99%E2%99%A5/', '/♥%E2%99♥/'),
-            ('/%E2%E2%99%A5%E2%99%A5%99/', '/%E2♥♥%99/'),
-            ('/%E2%99%A5%E2%99%A5/?utf8=%9C%93%E2%9C%93%9C%93', '/♥♥/?utf8=%9C%93✓%9C%93'),
+            (
+                "/blog/for/J%C3%BCrgen%20M%C3%BCnster/",
+                "/blog/for/J\xfcrgen%20M\xfcnster/",
+            ),
+            ("%&", "%&"),
+            ("red&%E2%99%A5ros%#red", "red&♥ros%#red"),
+            ("/%E2%99%A5%E2%99%A5/", "/♥♥/"),
+            ("/%E2%99%A5%E2%99%A5/?utf8=%E2%9C%93", "/♥♥/?utf8=✓"),
+            ("/%25%20%02%7b/", "/%25%20%02%7b/"),
+            ("/%AAd%AAj%AAa%AAn%AAg%AAo%AA/", "/%AAd%AAj%AAa%AAn%AAg%AAo%AA/"),
+            ("/%E2%99%A5%E2%E2%99%A5/", "/♥%E2♥/"),
+            ("/%E2%99%A5%E2%99%E2%99%A5/", "/♥%E2%99♥/"),
+            ("/%E2%E2%99%A5%E2%99%A5%99/", "/%E2♥♥%99/"),
+            (
+                "/%E2%99%A5%E2%99%A5/?utf8=%9C%93%E2%9C%93%9C%93",
+                "/♥♥/?utf8=%9C%93✓%9C%93",
+            ),
         ]
 
         for uri, iri in cases:
@@ -177,11 +209,11 @@ class TestRFC3987IEncodingUtils(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_escape_uri_path(self):
         cases = [
             (
-                '/;some/=awful/?path/:with/@lots/&of/+awful/chars',
-                '/%3Bsome/%3Dawful/%3Fpath/:with/@lots/&of/+awful/chars',
+                "/;some/=awful/?path/:with/@lots/&of/+awful/chars",
+                "/%3Bsome/%3Dawful/%3Fpath/:with/@lots/&of/+awful/chars",
             ),
-            ('/foo#bar', '/foo%23bar'),
-            ('/foo?bar', '/foo%3Fbar'),
+            ("/foo#bar", "/foo%23bar"),
+            ("/foo?bar", "/foo%3Fbar"),
         ]
         for uri, expected in cases:
             with self.subTest(uri):
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_feedgenerator.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_feedgenerator.py
index 3847637aba..90deb2ddf2 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_feedgenerator.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_feedgenerator.py
@@ -15,8 +15,11 @@ class FeedgeneratorTests(SimpleTestCase):
         get_tag_uri() correctly generates TagURIs.
         """
         self.assertEqual(
-            feedgenerator.get_tag_uri('http://example.org/foo/bar#headline', datetime.date(2004, 10, 25)),
-            'tag:example.org,2004-10-25:/foo/bar/headline')
+            feedgenerator.get_tag_uri(
+                "http://example.org/foo/bar#headline", datetime.date(2004, 10, 25)
+            ),
+            "tag:example.org,2004-10-25:/foo/bar/headline",
+        )
 
     def test_get_tag_uri_with_port(self):
         """
@@ -24,10 +27,11 @@ class FeedgeneratorTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.assertEqual(
             feedgenerator.get_tag_uri(
-                'http://www.example.org:8000/2008/11/14/django#headline',
+                "http://www.example.org:8000/2008/11/14/django#headline",
                 datetime.datetime(2008, 11, 14, 13, 37, 0),
             ),
-            'tag:www.example.org,2008-11-14:/2008/11/14/django/headline')
+            "tag:www.example.org,2008-11-14:/2008/11/14/django/headline",
+        )
 
     def test_rfc2822_date(self):
         """
@@ -35,7 +39,7 @@ class FeedgeneratorTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.assertEqual(
             feedgenerator.rfc2822_date(datetime.datetime(2008, 11, 14, 13, 37, 0)),
-            "Fri, 14 Nov 2008 13:37:00 -0000"
+            "Fri, 14 Nov 2008 13:37:00 -0000",
         )
 
     def test_rfc2822_date_with_timezone(self):
@@ -43,8 +47,12 @@ class FeedgeneratorTests(SimpleTestCase):
         rfc2822_date() correctly formats datetime objects with tzinfo.
         """
         self.assertEqual(
-            feedgenerator.rfc2822_date(datetime.datetime(2008, 11, 14, 13, 37, 0, tzinfo=get_fixed_timezone(60))),
-            "Fri, 14 Nov 2008 13:37:00 +0100"
+            feedgenerator.rfc2822_date(
+                datetime.datetime(
+                    2008, 11, 14, 13, 37, 0, tzinfo=get_fixed_timezone(60)
+                )
+            ),
+            "Fri, 14 Nov 2008 13:37:00 +0100",
         )
 
     def test_rfc2822_date_without_time(self):
@@ -53,7 +61,7 @@ class FeedgeneratorTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.assertEqual(
             feedgenerator.rfc2822_date(datetime.date(2008, 11, 14)),
-            "Fri, 14 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000"
+            "Fri, 14 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0000",
         )
 
     def test_rfc3339_date(self):
@@ -62,7 +70,7 @@ class FeedgeneratorTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.assertEqual(
             feedgenerator.rfc3339_date(datetime.datetime(2008, 11, 14, 13, 37, 0)),
-            "2008-11-14T13:37:00Z"
+            "2008-11-14T13:37:00Z",
         )
 
     def test_rfc3339_date_with_timezone(self):
@@ -70,8 +78,12 @@ class FeedgeneratorTests(SimpleTestCase):
         rfc3339_date() correctly formats datetime objects with tzinfo.
         """
         self.assertEqual(
-            feedgenerator.rfc3339_date(datetime.datetime(2008, 11, 14, 13, 37, 0, tzinfo=get_fixed_timezone(120))),
-            "2008-11-14T13:37:00+02:00"
+            feedgenerator.rfc3339_date(
+                datetime.datetime(
+                    2008, 11, 14, 13, 37, 0, tzinfo=get_fixed_timezone(120)
+                )
+            ),
+            "2008-11-14T13:37:00+02:00",
         )
 
     def test_rfc3339_date_without_time(self):
@@ -80,7 +92,7 @@ class FeedgeneratorTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         self.assertEqual(
             feedgenerator.rfc3339_date(datetime.date(2008, 11, 14)),
-            "2008-11-14T00:00:00Z"
+            "2008-11-14T00:00:00Z",
         )
 
     def test_atom1_mime_type(self):
@@ -88,50 +100,48 @@ class FeedgeneratorTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Atom MIME type has UTF8 Charset parameter set
         """
         atom_feed = feedgenerator.Atom1Feed("title", "link", "description")
-        self.assertEqual(
-            atom_feed.content_type, "application/atom+xml; charset=utf-8"
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(atom_feed.content_type, "application/atom+xml; charset=utf-8")
 
     def test_rss_mime_type(self):
         """
         RSS MIME type has UTF8 Charset parameter set
         """
         rss_feed = feedgenerator.Rss201rev2Feed("title", "link", "description")
-        self.assertEqual(
-            rss_feed.content_type, "application/rss+xml; charset=utf-8"
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(rss_feed.content_type, "application/rss+xml; charset=utf-8")
 
     # Two regression tests for #14202
 
     def test_feed_without_feed_url_gets_rendered_without_atom_link(self):
-        feed = feedgenerator.Rss201rev2Feed('title', '/link/', 'descr')
-        self.assertIsNone(feed.feed['feed_url'])
-        feed_content = feed.writeString('utf-8')
-        self.assertNotIn('<atom:link', feed_content)
+        feed = feedgenerator.Rss201rev2Feed("title", "/link/", "descr")
+        self.assertIsNone(feed.feed["feed_url"])
+        feed_content = feed.writeString("utf-8")
+        self.assertNotIn("<atom:link", feed_content)
         self.assertNotIn('href="/feed/"', feed_content)
         self.assertNotIn('rel="self"', feed_content)
 
     def test_feed_with_feed_url_gets_rendered_with_atom_link(self):
-        feed = feedgenerator.Rss201rev2Feed('title', '/link/', 'descr', feed_url='/feed/')
-        self.assertEqual(feed.feed['feed_url'], '/feed/')
-        feed_content = feed.writeString('utf-8')
-        self.assertIn('<atom:link', feed_content)
+        feed = feedgenerator.Rss201rev2Feed(
+            "title", "/link/", "descr", feed_url="/feed/"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(feed.feed["feed_url"], "/feed/")
+        feed_content = feed.writeString("utf-8")
+        self.assertIn("<atom:link", feed_content)
         self.assertIn('href="/feed/"', feed_content)
         self.assertIn('rel="self"', feed_content)
 
     def test_atom_add_item(self):
         # Not providing any optional arguments to Atom1Feed.add_item()
-        feed = feedgenerator.Atom1Feed('title', '/link/', 'descr')
-        feed.add_item('item_title', 'item_link', 'item_description')
-        feed.writeString('utf-8')
+        feed = feedgenerator.Atom1Feed("title", "/link/", "descr")
+        feed.add_item("item_title", "item_link", "item_description")
+        feed.writeString("utf-8")
 
     def test_deterministic_attribute_order(self):
-        feed = feedgenerator.Atom1Feed('title', '/link/', 'desc')
-        feed_content = feed.writeString('utf-8')
+        feed = feedgenerator.Atom1Feed("title", "/link/", "desc")
+        feed_content = feed.writeString("utf-8")
         self.assertIn('href="/link/" rel="alternate"', feed_content)
 
     def test_latest_post_date_returns_utc_time(self):
         for use_tz in (True, False):
             with self.settings(USE_TZ=use_tz):
-                rss_feed = feedgenerator.Rss201rev2Feed('title', 'link', 'description')
+                rss_feed = feedgenerator.Rss201rev2Feed("title", "link", "description")
                 self.assertEqual(rss_feed.latest_post_date().tzinfo, utc)
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_functional.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_functional.py
index f720ffac3d..1e403f351b 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_functional.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_functional.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ class FunctionalTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_lazy_base_class(self):
         """lazy also finds base class methods in the proxy object"""
+
         class Base:
             def base_method(self):
                 pass
@@ -22,23 +23,23 @@ class FunctionalTests(SimpleTestCase):
             pass
 
         t = lazy(lambda: Klazz(), Klazz)()
-        self.assertIn('base_method', dir(t))
+        self.assertIn("base_method", dir(t))
 
     def test_lazy_base_class_override(self):
         """lazy finds the correct (overridden) method implementation"""
+
         class Base:
             def method(self):
-                return 'Base'
+                return "Base"
 
         class Klazz(Base):
             def method(self):
-                return 'Klazz'
+                return "Klazz"
 
         t = lazy(lambda: Klazz(), Base)()
-        self.assertEqual(t.method(), 'Klazz')
+        self.assertEqual(t.method(), "Klazz")
 
     def test_lazy_object_to_string(self):
-
         class Klazz:
             def __str__(self):
                 return "Î am ā Ǩlâzz."
@@ -52,6 +53,7 @@ class FunctionalTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def assertCachedPropertyWorks(self, attr, Class):
         with self.subTest(attr=attr):
+
             def get(source):
                 return getattr(source, attr)
 
@@ -62,8 +64,8 @@ class FunctionalTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
             subobj = SubClass()
             # Docstring is preserved.
-            self.assertEqual(get(Class).__doc__, 'Here is the docstring...')
-            self.assertEqual(get(SubClass).__doc__, 'Here is the docstring...')
+            self.assertEqual(get(Class).__doc__, "Here is the docstring...")
+            self.assertEqual(get(SubClass).__doc__, "Here is the docstring...")
             # It's cached.
             self.assertEqual(get(obj), get(obj))
             self.assertEqual(get(subobj), get(subobj))
@@ -84,6 +86,7 @@ class FunctionalTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_cached_property(self):
         """cached_property caches its value and behaves like a property."""
+
         class Class:
             @cached_property
             def value(self):
@@ -101,7 +104,7 @@ class FunctionalTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
             other = cached_property(other_value)
 
-        attrs = ['value', 'other', '__foo__']
+        attrs = ["value", "other", "__foo__"]
         for attr in attrs:
             self.assertCachedPropertyWorks(attr, Class)
 
@@ -112,14 +115,14 @@ class FunctionalTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 """Here is the docstring..."""
                 return 1, object()
 
-            other = cached_property(other_value, name='other')
-            other2 = cached_property(other_value, name='different_name')
+            other = cached_property(other_value, name="other")
+            other2 = cached_property(other_value, name="different_name")
 
-        self.assertCachedPropertyWorks('other', Class)
+        self.assertCachedPropertyWorks("other", Class)
         # An explicit name is ignored.
         obj = Class()
         obj.other2
-        self.assertFalse(hasattr(obj, 'different_name'))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(obj, "different_name"))
 
     def test_cached_property_name_deprecation_warning(self):
         def value(self):
@@ -127,13 +130,14 @@ class FunctionalTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         msg = "The name argument is deprecated as it's unnecessary as of Python 3.6."
         with self.assertWarnsMessage(RemovedInDjango50Warning, msg):
-            cached_property(value, name='other_name')
+            cached_property(value, name="other_name")
 
     def test_cached_property_auto_name(self):
         """
         cached_property caches its value and behaves like a property
         on mangled methods or when the name kwarg isn't set.
         """
+
         class Class:
             @cached_property
             def __value(self):
@@ -146,13 +150,14 @@ class FunctionalTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
             other = cached_property(other_value)
 
-        attrs = ['_Class__value', 'other']
+        attrs = ["_Class__value", "other"]
         for attr in attrs:
             self.assertCachedPropertyWorks(attr, Class)
 
     def test_cached_property_reuse_different_names(self):
         """Disallow this case because the decorated function wouldn't be cached."""
         with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError) as ctx:
+
             class ReusedCachedProperty:
                 @cached_property
                 def a(self):
@@ -162,10 +167,12 @@ class FunctionalTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(
             str(ctx.exception.__context__),
-            str(TypeError(
-                "Cannot assign the same cached_property to two different "
-                "names ('a' and 'b')."
-            ))
+            str(
+                TypeError(
+                    "Cannot assign the same cached_property to two different "
+                    "names ('a' and 'b')."
+                )
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_cached_property_reuse_same_name(self):
@@ -200,7 +207,9 @@ class FunctionalTests(SimpleTestCase):
             pass
 
         Foo.cp = cp
-        msg = 'Cannot use cached_property instance without calling __set_name__() on it.'
+        msg = (
+            "Cannot use cached_property instance without calling __set_name__() on it."
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
             Foo().cp
 
@@ -221,7 +230,7 @@ class FunctionalTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertNotEqual(lazy_b(), lazy_c())
 
     def test_lazy_repr_text(self):
-        original_object = 'Lazy translation text'
+        original_object = "Lazy translation text"
         lazy_obj = lazy(lambda: original_object, str)
         self.assertEqual(repr(original_object), repr(lazy_obj()))
 
@@ -231,7 +240,7 @@ class FunctionalTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(repr(original_object), repr(lazy_obj()))
 
     def test_lazy_repr_bytes(self):
-        original_object = b'J\xc3\xbcst a str\xc3\xadng'
+        original_object = b"J\xc3\xbcst a str\xc3\xadng"
         lazy_obj = lazy(lambda: original_object, bytes)
         self.assertEqual(repr(original_object), repr(lazy_obj()))
 
@@ -240,13 +249,13 @@ class FunctionalTests(SimpleTestCase):
         # it's used.
         lazified = lazy(lambda: 0, int)
         __proxy__ = lazified().__class__
-        with mock.patch.object(__proxy__, '__prepare_class__') as mocked:
+        with mock.patch.object(__proxy__, "__prepare_class__") as mocked:
             lazified()
             mocked.assert_not_called()
 
     def test_lazy_bytes_and_str_result_classes(self):
-        lazy_obj = lazy(lambda: 'test', str, bytes)
-        msg = 'Cannot call lazy() with both bytes and text return types.'
+        lazy_obj = lazy(lambda: "test", str, bytes)
+        msg = "Cannot call lazy() with both bytes and text return types."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             lazy_obj()
 
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_hashable.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_hashable.py
index d267b112cc..681f4587b8 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_hashable.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_hashable.py
@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ class TestHashable(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_equal(self):
         tests = (
             ([], ()),
-            (['a', 1], ('a', 1)),
+            (["a", 1], ("a", 1)),
             ({}, ()),
-            ({'a'}, ('a',)),
-            (frozenset({'a'}), {'a'}),
-            ({'a': 1, 'b': 2}, (('a', 1), ('b', 2))),
-            ({'b': 2, 'a': 1}, (('a', 1), ('b', 2))),
-            (('a', ['b', 1]), ('a', ('b', 1))),
-            (('a', {'b': 1}), ('a', (('b', 1),))),
+            ({"a"}, ("a",)),
+            (frozenset({"a"}), {"a"}),
+            ({"a": 1, "b": 2}, (("a", 1), ("b", 2))),
+            ({"b": 2, "a": 1}, (("a", 1), ("b", 2))),
+            (("a", ["b", 1]), ("a", ("b", 1))),
+            (("a", {"b": 1}), ("a", (("b", 1),))),
         )
         for value, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ class TestHashable(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_count_equal(self):
         tests = (
-            ({'a': 1, 'b': ['a', 1]}, (('a', 1), ('b', ('a', 1)))),
-            ({'a': 1, 'b': ('a', [1, 2])}, (('a', 1), ('b', ('a', (1, 2))))),
+            ({"a": 1, "b": ["a", 1]}, (("a", 1), ("b", ("a", 1)))),
+            ({"a": 1, "b": ("a", [1, 2])}, (("a", 1), ("b", ("a", (1, 2))))),
         )
         for value, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_html.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_html.py
index 63644daf61..c38a16de40 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_html.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_html.py
@@ -4,14 +4,22 @@ from datetime import datetime
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.utils.functional import lazystr
 from django.utils.html import (
-    conditional_escape, escape, escapejs, format_html, html_safe, json_script,
-    linebreaks, smart_urlquote, strip_spaces_between_tags, strip_tags, urlize,
+    conditional_escape,
+    escape,
+    escapejs,
+    format_html,
+    html_safe,
+    json_script,
+    linebreaks,
+    smart_urlquote,
+    strip_spaces_between_tags,
+    strip_tags,
+    urlize,
 )
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
 
 
 class TestUtilsHtml(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def check_output(self, function, value, output=None):
         """
         function(value) equals output. If output is None, function(value)
@@ -23,11 +31,11 @@ class TestUtilsHtml(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_escape(self):
         items = (
-            ('&', '&amp;'),
-            ('<', '&lt;'),
-            ('>', '&gt;'),
-            ('"', '&quot;'),
-            ("'", '&#x27;'),
+            ("&", "&amp;"),
+            ("<", "&lt;"),
+            (">", "&gt;"),
+            ('"', "&quot;"),
+            ("'", "&#x27;"),
         )
         # Substitution patterns for testing the above items.
         patterns = ("%s", "asdf%sfdsa", "%s1", "1%sb")
@@ -36,11 +44,13 @@ class TestUtilsHtml(SimpleTestCase):
                 for pattern in patterns:
                     with self.subTest(value=value, output=output, pattern=pattern):
                         self.check_output(escape, pattern % value, pattern % output)
-                        self.check_output(escape, lazystr(pattern % value), pattern % output)
+                        self.check_output(
+                            escape, lazystr(pattern % value), pattern % output
+                        )
                 # Check repeated values.
                 self.check_output(escape, value * 2, output * 2)
         # Verify it doesn't double replace &.
-        self.check_output(escape, '<&', '&lt;&amp;')
+        self.check_output(escape, "<&", "&lt;&amp;")
 
     def test_format_html(self):
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -51,14 +61,20 @@ class TestUtilsHtml(SimpleTestCase):
                 third="< dangerous again",
                 fourth=mark_safe("<i>safe again</i>"),
             ),
-            "&lt; Dangerous &gt; <b>safe</b> &lt; dangerous again <i>safe again</i>"
+            "&lt; Dangerous &gt; <b>safe</b> &lt; dangerous again <i>safe again</i>",
         )
 
     def test_linebreaks(self):
         items = (
             ("para1\n\npara2\r\rpara3", "<p>para1</p>\n\n<p>para2</p>\n\n<p>para3</p>"),
-            ("para1\nsub1\rsub2\n\npara2", "<p>para1<br>sub1<br>sub2</p>\n\n<p>para2</p>"),
-            ("para1\r\n\r\npara2\rsub1\r\rpara4", "<p>para1</p>\n\n<p>para2<br>sub1</p>\n\n<p>para4</p>"),
+            (
+                "para1\nsub1\rsub2\n\npara2",
+                "<p>para1<br>sub1<br>sub2</p>\n\n<p>para2</p>",
+            ),
+            (
+                "para1\r\n\r\npara2\rsub1\r\rpara4",
+                "<p>para1</p>\n\n<p>para2<br>sub1</p>\n\n<p>para4</p>",
+            ),
             ("para1\tmore\n\npara2", "<p>para1\tmore</p>\n\n<p>para2</p>"),
         )
         for value, output in items:
@@ -68,30 +84,34 @@ class TestUtilsHtml(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_strip_tags(self):
         items = (
-            ('<p>See: &#39;&eacute; is an apostrophe followed by e acute</p>',
-             'See: &#39;&eacute; is an apostrophe followed by e acute'),
-            ('<p>See: &#x27;&eacute; is an apostrophe followed by e acute</p>',
-             'See: &#x27;&eacute; is an apostrophe followed by e acute'),
-            ('<adf>a', 'a'),
-            ('</adf>a', 'a'),
-            ('<asdf><asdf>e', 'e'),
-            ('hi, <f x', 'hi, <f x'),
-            ('234<235, right?', '234<235, right?'),
-            ('a4<a5 right?', 'a4<a5 right?'),
-            ('b7>b2!', 'b7>b2!'),
-            ('</fe', '</fe'),
-            ('<x>b<y>', 'b'),
-            ('a<p onclick="alert(\'<test>\')">b</p>c', 'abc'),
-            ('a<p a >b</p>c', 'abc'),
-            ('d<a:b c:d>e</p>f', 'def'),
-            ('<strong>foo</strong><a href="http://example.com">bar</a>', 'foobar'),
+            (
+                "<p>See: &#39;&eacute; is an apostrophe followed by e acute</p>",
+                "See: &#39;&eacute; is an apostrophe followed by e acute",
+            ),
+            (
+                "<p>See: &#x27;&eacute; is an apostrophe followed by e acute</p>",
+                "See: &#x27;&eacute; is an apostrophe followed by e acute",
+            ),
+            ("<adf>a", "a"),
+            ("</adf>a", "a"),
+            ("<asdf><asdf>e", "e"),
+            ("hi, <f x", "hi, <f x"),
+            ("234<235, right?", "234<235, right?"),
+            ("a4<a5 right?", "a4<a5 right?"),
+            ("b7>b2!", "b7>b2!"),
+            ("</fe", "</fe"),
+            ("<x>b<y>", "b"),
+            ("a<p onclick=\"alert('<test>')\">b</p>c", "abc"),
+            ("a<p a >b</p>c", "abc"),
+            ("d<a:b c:d>e</p>f", "def"),
+            ('<strong>foo</strong><a href="http://example.com">bar</a>', "foobar"),
             # caused infinite loop on Pythons not patched with
             # https://bugs.python.org/issue20288
-            ('&gotcha&#;<>', '&gotcha&#;<>'),
-            ('<sc<!-- -->ript>test<<!-- -->/script>', 'ript>test'),
-            ('<script>alert()</script>&h', 'alert()h'),
-            ('><!' + ('&' * 16000) + 'D', '><!' + ('&' * 16000) + 'D'),
-            ('X<<<<br>br>br>br>X', 'XX'),
+            ("&gotcha&#;<>", "&gotcha&#;<>"),
+            ("<sc<!-- -->ript>test<<!-- -->/script>", "ript>test"),
+            ("<script>alert()</script>&h", "alert()h"),
+            ("><!" + ("&" * 16000) + "D", "><!" + ("&" * 16000) + "D"),
+            ("X<<<<br>br>br>br>X", "XX"),
         )
         for value, output in items:
             with self.subTest(value=value, output=output):
@@ -100,9 +120,9 @@ class TestUtilsHtml(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_strip_tags_files(self):
         # Test with more lengthy content (also catching performance regressions)
-        for filename in ('strip_tags1.html', 'strip_tags2.txt'):
+        for filename in ("strip_tags1.html", "strip_tags2.txt"):
             with self.subTest(filename=filename):
-                path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'files', filename)
+                path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "files", filename)
                 with open(path) as fp:
                     content = fp.read()
                     start = datetime.now()
@@ -110,11 +130,11 @@ class TestUtilsHtml(SimpleTestCase):
                     elapsed = datetime.now() - start
                 self.assertEqual(elapsed.seconds, 0)
                 self.assertIn("Please try again.", stripped)
-                self.assertNotIn('<', stripped)
+                self.assertNotIn("<", stripped)
 
     def test_strip_spaces_between_tags(self):
         # Strings that should come out untouched.
-        items = (' <adf>', '<adf> ', ' </adf> ', ' <f> x</f>')
+        items = (" <adf>", "<adf> ", " </adf> ", " <f> x</f>")
         for value in items:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
                 self.check_output(strip_spaces_between_tags, value)
@@ -122,9 +142,9 @@ class TestUtilsHtml(SimpleTestCase):
 
         # Strings that have spaces to strip.
         items = (
-            ('<d> </d>', '<d></d>'),
-            ('<p>hello </p>\n<p> world</p>', '<p>hello </p><p> world</p>'),
-            ('\n<p>\t</p>\n<p> </p>\n', '\n<p></p><p></p>\n'),
+            ("<d> </d>", "<d></d>"),
+            ("<p>hello </p>\n<p> world</p>", "<p>hello </p><p> world</p>"),
+            ("\n<p>\t</p>\n<p> </p>\n", "\n<p></p><p></p>\n"),
         )
         for value, output in items:
             with self.subTest(value=value, output=output):
@@ -133,18 +153,24 @@ class TestUtilsHtml(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_escapejs(self):
         items = (
-            ('"double quotes" and \'single quotes\'', '\\u0022double quotes\\u0022 and \\u0027single quotes\\u0027'),
-            (r'\ : backslashes, too', '\\u005C : backslashes, too'),
             (
-                'and lots of whitespace: \r\n\t\v\f\b',
-                'and lots of whitespace: \\u000D\\u000A\\u0009\\u000B\\u000C\\u0008'
+                "\"double quotes\" and 'single quotes'",
+                "\\u0022double quotes\\u0022 and \\u0027single quotes\\u0027",
             ),
-            (r'<script>and this</script>', '\\u003Cscript\\u003Eand this\\u003C/script\\u003E'),
+            (r"\ : backslashes, too", "\\u005C : backslashes, too"),
             (
-                'paragraph separator:\u2029and line separator:\u2028',
-                'paragraph separator:\\u2029and line separator:\\u2028'
+                "and lots of whitespace: \r\n\t\v\f\b",
+                "and lots of whitespace: \\u000D\\u000A\\u0009\\u000B\\u000C\\u0008",
             ),
-            ('`', '\\u0060'),
+            (
+                r"<script>and this</script>",
+                "\\u003Cscript\\u003Eand this\\u003C/script\\u003E",
+            ),
+            (
+                "paragraph separator:\u2029and line separator:\u2028",
+                "paragraph separator:\\u2029and line separator:\\u2028",
+            ),
+            ("`", "\\u0060"),
         )
         for value, output in items:
             with self.subTest(value=value, output=output):
@@ -154,46 +180,61 @@ class TestUtilsHtml(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_json_script(self):
         tests = (
             # "<", ">" and "&" are quoted inside JSON strings
-            (('&<>', '<script id="test_id" type="application/json">"\\u0026\\u003C\\u003E"</script>')),
+            (
+                (
+                    "&<>",
+                    '<script id="test_id" type="application/json">"\\u0026\\u003C\\u003E"</script>',
+                )
+            ),
             # "<", ">" and "&" are quoted inside JSON objects
             (
-                {'a': '<script>test&ing</script>'},
+                {"a": "<script>test&ing</script>"},
                 '<script id="test_id" type="application/json">'
-                '{"a": "\\u003Cscript\\u003Etest\\u0026ing\\u003C/script\\u003E"}</script>'
+                '{"a": "\\u003Cscript\\u003Etest\\u0026ing\\u003C/script\\u003E"}</script>',
             ),
             # Lazy strings are quoted
-            (lazystr('&<>'), '<script id="test_id" type="application/json">"\\u0026\\u003C\\u003E"</script>'),
             (
-                {'a': lazystr('<script>test&ing</script>')},
+                lazystr("&<>"),
+                '<script id="test_id" type="application/json">"\\u0026\\u003C\\u003E"</script>',
+            ),
+            (
+                {"a": lazystr("<script>test&ing</script>")},
                 '<script id="test_id" type="application/json">'
-                '{"a": "\\u003Cscript\\u003Etest\\u0026ing\\u003C/script\\u003E"}</script>'
+                '{"a": "\\u003Cscript\\u003Etest\\u0026ing\\u003C/script\\u003E"}</script>',
             ),
         )
         for arg, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(arg=arg):
-                self.assertEqual(json_script(arg, 'test_id'), expected)
+                self.assertEqual(json_script(arg, "test_id"), expected)
 
     def test_json_script_without_id(self):
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            json_script({'key': 'value'}),
+            json_script({"key": "value"}),
             '<script type="application/json">{"key": "value"}</script>',
         )
 
     def test_smart_urlquote(self):
         items = (
-            ('http://öäü.com/', 'http://xn--4ca9at.com/'),
-            ('http://öäü.com/öäü/', 'http://xn--4ca9at.com/%C3%B6%C3%A4%C3%BC/'),
+            ("http://öäü.com/", "http://xn--4ca9at.com/"),
+            ("http://öäü.com/öäü/", "http://xn--4ca9at.com/%C3%B6%C3%A4%C3%BC/"),
             # Everything unsafe is quoted, !*'();:@&=+$,/?#[]~ is considered
             # safe as per RFC.
-            ('http://example.com/path/öäü/', 'http://example.com/path/%C3%B6%C3%A4%C3%BC/'),
-            ('http://example.com/%C3%B6/ä/', 'http://example.com/%C3%B6/%C3%A4/'),
-            ('http://example.com/?x=1&y=2+3&z=', 'http://example.com/?x=1&y=2+3&z='),
-            ('http://example.com/?x=<>"\'', 'http://example.com/?x=%3C%3E%22%27'),
-            ('http://example.com/?q=http://example.com/?x=1%26q=django',
-             'http://example.com/?q=http%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2F%3Fx%3D1%26q%3Ddjango'),
-            ('http://example.com/?q=http%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2F%3Fx%3D1%26q%3Ddjango',
-             'http://example.com/?q=http%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2F%3Fx%3D1%26q%3Ddjango'),
-            ('http://.www.f oo.bar/', 'http://.www.f%20oo.bar/'),
+            (
+                "http://example.com/path/öäü/",
+                "http://example.com/path/%C3%B6%C3%A4%C3%BC/",
+            ),
+            ("http://example.com/%C3%B6/ä/", "http://example.com/%C3%B6/%C3%A4/"),
+            ("http://example.com/?x=1&y=2+3&z=", "http://example.com/?x=1&y=2+3&z="),
+            ("http://example.com/?x=<>\"'", "http://example.com/?x=%3C%3E%22%27"),
+            (
+                "http://example.com/?q=http://example.com/?x=1%26q=django",
+                "http://example.com/?q=http%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2F%3Fx%3D1%26q%3Ddjango",
+            ),
+            (
+                "http://example.com/?q=http%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2F%3Fx%3D1%26q%3Ddjango",
+                "http://example.com/?q=http%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2F%3Fx%3D1%26q%3Ddjango",
+            ),
+            ("http://.www.f oo.bar/", "http://.www.f%20oo.bar/"),
         )
         # IDNs are properly quoted
         for value, output in items:
@@ -201,8 +242,8 @@ class TestUtilsHtml(SimpleTestCase):
                 self.assertEqual(smart_urlquote(value), output)
 
     def test_conditional_escape(self):
-        s = '<h1>interop</h1>'
-        self.assertEqual(conditional_escape(s), '&lt;h1&gt;interop&lt;/h1&gt;')
+        s = "<h1>interop</h1>"
+        self.assertEqual(conditional_escape(s), "&lt;h1&gt;interop&lt;/h1&gt;")
         self.assertEqual(conditional_escape(mark_safe(s)), s)
         self.assertEqual(conditional_escape(lazystr(mark_safe(s))), s)
 
@@ -213,24 +254,24 @@ class TestUtilsHtml(SimpleTestCase):
                 return "<h1>I'm a html class!</h1>"
 
         html_obj = HtmlClass()
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(HtmlClass, '__html__'))
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(html_obj, '__html__'))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(HtmlClass, "__html__"))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(html_obj, "__html__"))
         self.assertEqual(str(html_obj), html_obj.__html__())
 
     def test_html_safe_subclass(self):
         class BaseClass:
             def __html__(self):
                 # defines __html__ on its own
-                return 'some html content'
+                return "some html content"
 
             def __str__(self):
-                return 'some non html content'
+                return "some non html content"
 
         @html_safe
         class Subclass(BaseClass):
             def __str__(self):
                 # overrides __str__ and is marked as html_safe
-                return 'some html safe content'
+                return "some html safe content"
 
         subclass_obj = Subclass()
         self.assertEqual(str(subclass_obj), subclass_obj.__html__())
@@ -238,6 +279,7 @@ class TestUtilsHtml(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_html_safe_defines_html_error(self):
         msg = "can't apply @html_safe to HtmlClass because it defines __html__()."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
+
             @html_safe
             class HtmlClass:
                 def __html__(self):
@@ -246,6 +288,7 @@ class TestUtilsHtml(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_html_safe_doesnt_define_str(self):
         msg = "can't apply @html_safe to HtmlClass because it doesn't define __str__()."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
+
             @html_safe
             class HtmlClass:
                 pass
@@ -253,18 +296,18 @@ class TestUtilsHtml(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_urlize(self):
         tests = (
             (
-                'Search for google.com/?q=! and see.',
-                'Search for <a href="http://google.com/?q=">google.com/?q=</a>! and see.'
+                "Search for google.com/?q=! and see.",
+                'Search for <a href="http://google.com/?q=">google.com/?q=</a>! and see.',
             ),
             (
-                'Search for google.com/?q=1&lt! and see.',
-                'Search for <a href="http://google.com/?q=1%3C">google.com/?q=1&lt</a>! and see.'
+                "Search for google.com/?q=1&lt! and see.",
+                'Search for <a href="http://google.com/?q=1%3C">google.com/?q=1&lt</a>! and see.',
             ),
             (
-                lazystr('Search for google.com/?q=!'),
-                'Search for <a href="http://google.com/?q=">google.com/?q=</a>!'
+                lazystr("Search for google.com/?q=!"),
+                'Search for <a href="http://google.com/?q=">google.com/?q=</a>!',
             ),
-            ('foo@example.com', '<a href="mailto:foo@example.com">foo@example.com</a>'),
+            ("foo@example.com", '<a href="mailto:foo@example.com">foo@example.com</a>'),
         )
         for value, output in tests:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
@@ -272,13 +315,13 @@ class TestUtilsHtml(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_urlize_unchanged_inputs(self):
         tests = (
-            ('a' + '@a' * 50000) + 'a',  # simple_email_re catastrophic test
-            ('a' + '.' * 1000000) + 'a',  # trailing_punctuation catastrophic test
-            'foo@',
-            '@foo.com',
-            'foo@.example.com',
-            'foo@localhost',
-            'foo@localhost.',
+            ("a" + "@a" * 50000) + "a",  # simple_email_re catastrophic test
+            ("a" + "." * 1000000) + "a",  # trailing_punctuation catastrophic test
+            "foo@",
+            "@foo.com",
+            "foo@.example.com",
+            "foo@localhost",
+            "foo@localhost.",
         )
         for value in tests:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_http.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_http.py
index 77b91a7174..67f3361068 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_http.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_http.py
@@ -6,9 +6,17 @@ from unittest import mock
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.utils.datastructures import MultiValueDict
 from django.utils.http import (
-    base36_to_int, escape_leading_slashes, http_date, int_to_base36,
-    is_same_domain, parse_etags, parse_http_date, quote_etag,
-    url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme, urlencode, urlsafe_base64_decode,
+    base36_to_int,
+    escape_leading_slashes,
+    http_date,
+    int_to_base36,
+    is_same_domain,
+    parse_etags,
+    parse_http_date,
+    quote_etag,
+    url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme,
+    urlencode,
+    urlsafe_base64_decode,
     urlsafe_base64_encode,
 )
 
@@ -20,79 +28,94 @@ class URLEncodeTests(SimpleTestCase):
     )
 
     def test_tuples(self):
-        self.assertEqual(urlencode((('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3))), 'a=1&b=2&c=3')
+        self.assertEqual(urlencode((("a", 1), ("b", 2), ("c", 3))), "a=1&b=2&c=3")
 
     def test_dict(self):
-        result = urlencode({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3})
+        result = urlencode({"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3})
         # Dictionaries are treated as unordered.
-        self.assertIn(result, [
-            'a=1&b=2&c=3',
-            'a=1&c=3&b=2',
-            'b=2&a=1&c=3',
-            'b=2&c=3&a=1',
-            'c=3&a=1&b=2',
-            'c=3&b=2&a=1',
-        ])
+        self.assertIn(
+            result,
+            [
+                "a=1&b=2&c=3",
+                "a=1&c=3&b=2",
+                "b=2&a=1&c=3",
+                "b=2&c=3&a=1",
+                "c=3&a=1&b=2",
+                "c=3&b=2&a=1",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_dict_containing_sequence_not_doseq(self):
-        self.assertEqual(urlencode({'a': [1, 2]}, doseq=False), 'a=%5B1%2C+2%5D')
+        self.assertEqual(urlencode({"a": [1, 2]}, doseq=False), "a=%5B1%2C+2%5D")
 
     def test_dict_containing_tuple_not_doseq(self):
-        self.assertEqual(urlencode({'a': (1, 2)}, doseq=False), 'a=%281%2C+2%29')
+        self.assertEqual(urlencode({"a": (1, 2)}, doseq=False), "a=%281%2C+2%29")
 
     def test_custom_iterable_not_doseq(self):
         class IterableWithStr:
             def __str__(self):
-                return 'custom'
+                return "custom"
 
             def __iter__(self):
                 yield from range(0, 3)
 
-        self.assertEqual(urlencode({'a': IterableWithStr()}, doseq=False), 'a=custom')
+        self.assertEqual(urlencode({"a": IterableWithStr()}, doseq=False), "a=custom")
 
     def test_dict_containing_sequence_doseq(self):
-        self.assertEqual(urlencode({'a': [1, 2]}, doseq=True), 'a=1&a=2')
+        self.assertEqual(urlencode({"a": [1, 2]}, doseq=True), "a=1&a=2")
 
     def test_dict_containing_empty_sequence_doseq(self):
-        self.assertEqual(urlencode({'a': []}, doseq=True), '')
+        self.assertEqual(urlencode({"a": []}, doseq=True), "")
 
     def test_multivaluedict(self):
-        result = urlencode(MultiValueDict({
-            'name': ['Adrian', 'Simon'],
-            'position': ['Developer'],
-        }), doseq=True)
+        result = urlencode(
+            MultiValueDict(
+                {
+                    "name": ["Adrian", "Simon"],
+                    "position": ["Developer"],
+                }
+            ),
+            doseq=True,
+        )
         # MultiValueDicts are similarly unordered.
-        self.assertIn(result, [
-            'name=Adrian&name=Simon&position=Developer',
-            'position=Developer&name=Adrian&name=Simon',
-        ])
+        self.assertIn(
+            result,
+            [
+                "name=Adrian&name=Simon&position=Developer",
+                "position=Developer&name=Adrian&name=Simon",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_dict_with_bytes_values(self):
-        self.assertEqual(urlencode({'a': b'abc'}, doseq=True), 'a=abc')
+        self.assertEqual(urlencode({"a": b"abc"}, doseq=True), "a=abc")
 
     def test_dict_with_sequence_of_bytes(self):
-        self.assertEqual(urlencode({'a': [b'spam', b'eggs', b'bacon']}, doseq=True), 'a=spam&a=eggs&a=bacon')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            urlencode({"a": [b"spam", b"eggs", b"bacon"]}, doseq=True),
+            "a=spam&a=eggs&a=bacon",
+        )
 
     def test_dict_with_bytearray(self):
-        self.assertEqual(urlencode({'a': bytearray(range(2))}, doseq=True), 'a=0&a=1')
+        self.assertEqual(urlencode({"a": bytearray(range(2))}, doseq=True), "a=0&a=1")
 
     def test_generator(self):
-        self.assertEqual(urlencode({'a': range(2)}, doseq=True), 'a=0&a=1')
-        self.assertEqual(urlencode({'a': range(2)}, doseq=False), 'a=range%280%2C+2%29')
+        self.assertEqual(urlencode({"a": range(2)}, doseq=True), "a=0&a=1")
+        self.assertEqual(urlencode({"a": range(2)}, doseq=False), "a=range%280%2C+2%29")
 
     def test_none(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, self.cannot_encode_none_msg):
-            urlencode({'a': None})
+            urlencode({"a": None})
 
     def test_none_in_sequence(self):
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, self.cannot_encode_none_msg):
-            urlencode({'a': [None]}, doseq=True)
+            urlencode({"a": [None]}, doseq=True)
 
     def test_none_in_generator(self):
         def gen():
             yield None
+
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, self.cannot_encode_none_msg):
-            urlencode({'a': gen()}, doseq=True)
+            urlencode({"a": gen()}, doseq=True)
 
 
 class Base36IntTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -101,22 +124,24 @@ class Base36IntTests(SimpleTestCase):
             self.assertEqual(n, base36_to_int(int_to_base36(n)))
 
     def test_negative_input(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Negative base36 conversion input.'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Negative base36 conversion input."):
             int_to_base36(-1)
 
     def test_to_base36_errors(self):
-        for n in ['1', 'foo', {1: 2}, (1, 2, 3), 3.141]:
+        for n in ["1", "foo", {1: 2}, (1, 2, 3), 3.141]:
             with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
                 int_to_base36(n)
 
     def test_invalid_literal(self):
-        for n in ['#', ' ']:
-            with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "invalid literal for int() with base 36: '%s'" % n):
+        for n in ["#", " "]:
+            with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+                ValueError, "invalid literal for int() with base 36: '%s'" % n
+            ):
                 base36_to_int(n)
 
     def test_input_too_large(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Base36 input too large'):
-            base36_to_int('1' * 14)
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Base36 input too large"):
+            base36_to_int("1" * 14)
 
     def test_to_int_errors(self):
         for n in [123, {1: 2}, (1, 2, 3), 3.141]:
@@ -124,7 +149,7 @@ class Base36IntTests(SimpleTestCase):
                 base36_to_int(n)
 
     def test_values(self):
-        for n, b36 in [(0, '0'), (1, '1'), (42, '16'), (818469960, 'django')]:
+        for n, b36 in [(0, "0"), (1, "1"), (42, "16"), (818469960, "django")]:
             self.assertEqual(int_to_base36(n), b36)
             self.assertEqual(base36_to_int(b36), n)
 
@@ -132,111 +157,141 @@ class Base36IntTests(SimpleTestCase):
 class URLHasAllowedHostAndSchemeTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_bad_urls(self):
         bad_urls = (
-            'http://example.com',
-            'http:///example.com',
-            'https://example.com',
-            'ftp://example.com',
-            r'\\example.com',
-            r'\\\example.com',
-            r'/\\/example.com',
-            r'\\\example.com',
-            r'\\example.com',
-            r'\\//example.com',
-            r'/\/example.com',
-            r'\/example.com',
-            r'/\example.com',
-            'http:///example.com',
-            r'http:/\//example.com',
-            r'http:\/example.com',
-            r'http:/\example.com',
+            "http://example.com",
+            "http:///example.com",
+            "https://example.com",
+            "ftp://example.com",
+            r"\\example.com",
+            r"\\\example.com",
+            r"/\\/example.com",
+            r"\\\example.com",
+            r"\\example.com",
+            r"\\//example.com",
+            r"/\/example.com",
+            r"\/example.com",
+            r"/\example.com",
+            "http:///example.com",
+            r"http:/\//example.com",
+            r"http:\/example.com",
+            r"http:/\example.com",
             'javascript:alert("XSS")',
-            '\njavascript:alert(x)',
-            '\x08//example.com',
-            r'http://otherserver\@example.com',
-            r'http:\\testserver\@example.com',
-            r'http://testserver\me:pass@example.com',
-            r'http://testserver\@example.com',
-            r'http:\\testserver\confirm\me@example.com',
-            'http:999999999',
-            'ftp:9999999999',
-            '\n',
-            'http://[2001:cdba:0000:0000:0000:0000:3257:9652/',
-            'http://2001:cdba:0000:0000:0000:0000:3257:9652]/',
+            "\njavascript:alert(x)",
+            "\x08//example.com",
+            r"http://otherserver\@example.com",
+            r"http:\\testserver\@example.com",
+            r"http://testserver\me:pass@example.com",
+            r"http://testserver\@example.com",
+            r"http:\\testserver\confirm\me@example.com",
+            "http:999999999",
+            "ftp:9999999999",
+            "\n",
+            "http://[2001:cdba:0000:0000:0000:0000:3257:9652/",
+            "http://2001:cdba:0000:0000:0000:0000:3257:9652]/",
         )
         for bad_url in bad_urls:
             with self.subTest(url=bad_url):
                 self.assertIs(
-                    url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(bad_url, allowed_hosts={'testserver', 'testserver2'}),
+                    url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(
+                        bad_url, allowed_hosts={"testserver", "testserver2"}
+                    ),
                     False,
                 )
 
     def test_good_urls(self):
         good_urls = (
-            '/view/?param=http://example.com',
-            '/view/?param=https://example.com',
-            '/view?param=ftp://example.com',
-            'view/?param=//example.com',
-            'https://testserver/',
-            'HTTPS://testserver/',
-            '//testserver/',
-            'http://testserver/confirm?email=me@example.com',
-            '/url%20with%20spaces/',
-            'path/http:2222222222',
+            "/view/?param=http://example.com",
+            "/view/?param=https://example.com",
+            "/view?param=ftp://example.com",
+            "view/?param=//example.com",
+            "https://testserver/",
+            "HTTPS://testserver/",
+            "//testserver/",
+            "http://testserver/confirm?email=me@example.com",
+            "/url%20with%20spaces/",
+            "path/http:2222222222",
         )
         for good_url in good_urls:
             with self.subTest(url=good_url):
                 self.assertIs(
-                    url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(good_url, allowed_hosts={'otherserver', 'testserver'}),
+                    url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(
+                        good_url, allowed_hosts={"otherserver", "testserver"}
+                    ),
                     True,
                 )
 
     def test_basic_auth(self):
         # Valid basic auth credentials are allowed.
         self.assertIs(
-            url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(r'http://user:pass@testserver/', allowed_hosts={'user:pass@testserver'}),
+            url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(
+                r"http://user:pass@testserver/", allowed_hosts={"user:pass@testserver"}
+            ),
             True,
         )
 
     def test_no_allowed_hosts(self):
         # A path without host is allowed.
-        self.assertIs(url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme('/confirm/me@example.com', allowed_hosts=None), True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(
+                "/confirm/me@example.com", allowed_hosts=None
+            ),
+            True,
+        )
         # Basic auth without host is not allowed.
-        self.assertIs(url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(r'http://testserver\@example.com', allowed_hosts=None), False)
+        self.assertIs(
+            url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(
+                r"http://testserver\@example.com", allowed_hosts=None
+            ),
+            False,
+        )
 
     def test_allowed_hosts_str(self):
-        self.assertIs(url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme('http://good.com/good', allowed_hosts='good.com'), True)
-        self.assertIs(url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme('http://good.co/evil', allowed_hosts='good.com'), False)
+        self.assertIs(
+            url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(
+                "http://good.com/good", allowed_hosts="good.com"
+            ),
+            True,
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(
+                "http://good.co/evil", allowed_hosts="good.com"
+            ),
+            False,
+        )
 
     def test_secure_param_https_urls(self):
         secure_urls = (
-            'https://example.com/p',
-            'HTTPS://example.com/p',
-            '/view/?param=http://example.com',
+            "https://example.com/p",
+            "HTTPS://example.com/p",
+            "/view/?param=http://example.com",
         )
         for url in secure_urls:
             with self.subTest(url=url):
                 self.assertIs(
-                    url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(url, allowed_hosts={'example.com'}, require_https=True),
+                    url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(
+                        url, allowed_hosts={"example.com"}, require_https=True
+                    ),
                     True,
                 )
 
     def test_secure_param_non_https_urls(self):
         insecure_urls = (
-            'http://example.com/p',
-            'ftp://example.com/p',
-            '//example.com/p',
+            "http://example.com/p",
+            "ftp://example.com/p",
+            "//example.com/p",
         )
         for url in insecure_urls:
             with self.subTest(url=url):
                 self.assertIs(
-                    url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(url, allowed_hosts={'example.com'}, require_https=True),
+                    url_has_allowed_host_and_scheme(
+                        url, allowed_hosts={"example.com"}, require_https=True
+                    ),
                     False,
                 )
 
 
 class URLSafeBase64Tests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_roundtrip(self):
-        bytestring = b'foo'
+        bytestring = b"foo"
         encoded = urlsafe_base64_encode(bytestring)
         decoded = urlsafe_base64_decode(encoded)
         self.assertEqual(bytestring, decoded)
@@ -245,21 +300,21 @@ class URLSafeBase64Tests(unittest.TestCase):
 class IsSameDomainTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_good(self):
         for pair in (
-            ('example.com', 'example.com'),
-            ('example.com', '.example.com'),
-            ('foo.example.com', '.example.com'),
-            ('example.com:8888', 'example.com:8888'),
-            ('example.com:8888', '.example.com:8888'),
-            ('foo.example.com:8888', '.example.com:8888'),
+            ("example.com", "example.com"),
+            ("example.com", ".example.com"),
+            ("foo.example.com", ".example.com"),
+            ("example.com:8888", "example.com:8888"),
+            ("example.com:8888", ".example.com:8888"),
+            ("foo.example.com:8888", ".example.com:8888"),
         ):
             self.assertIs(is_same_domain(*pair), True)
 
     def test_bad(self):
         for pair in (
-            ('example2.com', 'example.com'),
-            ('foo.example.com', 'example.com'),
-            ('example.com:9999', 'example.com:8888'),
-            ('foo.example.com:8888', ''),
+            ("example2.com", "example.com"),
+            ("foo.example.com", "example.com"),
+            ("example.com:9999", "example.com:8888"),
+            ("foo.example.com:8888", ""),
         ):
             self.assertIs(is_same_domain(*pair), False)
 
@@ -268,15 +323,15 @@ class ETagProcessingTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_parsing(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             parse_etags(r'"" ,  "etag", "e\\tag", W/"weak"'),
-            ['""', '"etag"', r'"e\\tag"', 'W/"weak"']
+            ['""', '"etag"', r'"e\\tag"', 'W/"weak"'],
         )
-        self.assertEqual(parse_etags('*'), ['*'])
+        self.assertEqual(parse_etags("*"), ["*"])
 
         # Ignore RFC 2616 ETags that are invalid according to RFC 7232.
         self.assertEqual(parse_etags(r'"etag", "e\"t\"ag"'), ['"etag"'])
 
     def test_quoting(self):
-        self.assertEqual(quote_etag('etag'), '"etag"')  # unquoted
+        self.assertEqual(quote_etag("etag"), '"etag"')  # unquoted
         self.assertEqual(quote_etag('"etag"'), '"etag"')  # quoted
         self.assertEqual(quote_etag('W/"etag"'), 'W/"etag"')  # quoted, weak
 
@@ -284,17 +339,17 @@ class ETagProcessingTests(unittest.TestCase):
 class HttpDateProcessingTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_http_date(self):
         t = 1167616461.0
-        self.assertEqual(http_date(t), 'Mon, 01 Jan 2007 01:54:21 GMT')
+        self.assertEqual(http_date(t), "Mon, 01 Jan 2007 01:54:21 GMT")
 
     def test_parsing_rfc1123(self):
-        parsed = parse_http_date('Sun, 06 Nov 1994 08:49:37 GMT')
+        parsed = parse_http_date("Sun, 06 Nov 1994 08:49:37 GMT")
         self.assertEqual(
             datetime.fromtimestamp(parsed, timezone.utc),
             datetime(1994, 11, 6, 8, 49, 37, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
         )
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(platform.architecture()[0] == '32bit', 'The Year 2038 problem.')
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.http.datetime.datetime')
+    @unittest.skipIf(platform.architecture()[0] == "32bit", "The Year 2038 problem.")
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.http.datetime.datetime")
     def test_parsing_rfc850(self, mocked_datetime):
         mocked_datetime.side_effect = datetime
         mocked_datetime.now = mock.Mock()
@@ -302,13 +357,41 @@ class HttpDateProcessingTests(unittest.TestCase):
         now_2 = datetime(2020, 11, 6, 8, 49, 37, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
         now_3 = datetime(2048, 11, 6, 8, 49, 37, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
         tests = (
-            (now_1, 'Tuesday, 31-Dec-69 08:49:37 GMT', datetime(2069, 12, 31, 8, 49, 37, tzinfo=timezone.utc)),
-            (now_1, 'Tuesday, 10-Nov-70 08:49:37 GMT', datetime(1970, 11, 10, 8, 49, 37, tzinfo=timezone.utc)),
-            (now_1, 'Sunday, 06-Nov-94 08:49:37 GMT', datetime(1994, 11, 6, 8, 49, 37, tzinfo=timezone.utc)),
-            (now_2, 'Wednesday, 31-Dec-70 08:49:37 GMT', datetime(2070, 12, 31, 8, 49, 37, tzinfo=timezone.utc)),
-            (now_2, 'Friday, 31-Dec-71 08:49:37 GMT', datetime(1971, 12, 31, 8, 49, 37, tzinfo=timezone.utc)),
-            (now_3, 'Sunday, 31-Dec-00 08:49:37 GMT', datetime(2000, 12, 31, 8, 49, 37, tzinfo=timezone.utc)),
-            (now_3, 'Friday, 31-Dec-99 08:49:37 GMT', datetime(1999, 12, 31, 8, 49, 37, tzinfo=timezone.utc)),
+            (
+                now_1,
+                "Tuesday, 31-Dec-69 08:49:37 GMT",
+                datetime(2069, 12, 31, 8, 49, 37, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
+            ),
+            (
+                now_1,
+                "Tuesday, 10-Nov-70 08:49:37 GMT",
+                datetime(1970, 11, 10, 8, 49, 37, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
+            ),
+            (
+                now_1,
+                "Sunday, 06-Nov-94 08:49:37 GMT",
+                datetime(1994, 11, 6, 8, 49, 37, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
+            ),
+            (
+                now_2,
+                "Wednesday, 31-Dec-70 08:49:37 GMT",
+                datetime(2070, 12, 31, 8, 49, 37, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
+            ),
+            (
+                now_2,
+                "Friday, 31-Dec-71 08:49:37 GMT",
+                datetime(1971, 12, 31, 8, 49, 37, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
+            ),
+            (
+                now_3,
+                "Sunday, 31-Dec-00 08:49:37 GMT",
+                datetime(2000, 12, 31, 8, 49, 37, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
+            ),
+            (
+                now_3,
+                "Friday, 31-Dec-99 08:49:37 GMT",
+                datetime(1999, 12, 31, 8, 49, 37, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
+            ),
         )
         for now, rfc850str, expected_date in tests:
             with self.subTest(rfc850str=rfc850str):
@@ -322,7 +405,7 @@ class HttpDateProcessingTests(unittest.TestCase):
             mocked_datetime.reset_mock()
 
     def test_parsing_asctime(self):
-        parsed = parse_http_date('Sun Nov  6 08:49:37 1994')
+        parsed = parse_http_date("Sun Nov  6 08:49:37 1994")
         self.assertEqual(
             datetime.fromtimestamp(parsed, timezone.utc),
             datetime(1994, 11, 6, 8, 49, 37, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
@@ -331,12 +414,12 @@ class HttpDateProcessingTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_parsing_asctime_nonascii_digits(self):
         """Non-ASCII unicode decimals raise an error."""
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            parse_http_date('Sun Nov  6 08:49:37 １９９４')
+            parse_http_date("Sun Nov  6 08:49:37 １９９４")
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            parse_http_date('Sun Nov １２ 08:49:37 1994')
+            parse_http_date("Sun Nov １２ 08:49:37 1994")
 
     def test_parsing_year_less_than_70(self):
-        parsed = parse_http_date('Sun Nov  6 08:49:37 0037')
+        parsed = parse_http_date("Sun Nov  6 08:49:37 0037")
         self.assertEqual(
             datetime.fromtimestamp(parsed, timezone.utc),
             datetime(2037, 11, 6, 8, 49, 37, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
@@ -346,8 +429,8 @@ class HttpDateProcessingTests(unittest.TestCase):
 class EscapeLeadingSlashesTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test(self):
         tests = (
-            ('//example.com', '/%2Fexample.com'),
-            ('//', '/%2F'),
+            ("//example.com", "/%2Fexample.com"),
+            ("//", "/%2F"),
         )
         for url, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(url=url):
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_inspect.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_inspect.py
index ae83d675fe..b8359c2508 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_inspect.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_inspect.py
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ class Person:
     def just_args(self, *args):
         return args
 
-    def all_kinds(self, name, address='home', age=25, *args, **kwargs):
+    def all_kinds(self, name, address="home", age=25, *args, **kwargs):
         return kwargs
 
     @classmethod
-    def cls_all_kinds(cls, name, address='home', age=25, *args, **kwargs):
+    def cls_all_kinds(cls, name, address="home", age=25, *args, **kwargs):
         return kwargs
 
 
@@ -37,20 +37,32 @@ class TestInspectMethods(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(inspect.get_func_full_args(Person().no_arguments), [])
 
     def test_get_func_full_args_one_argument(self):
-        self.assertEqual(inspect.get_func_full_args(Person.one_argument), [('something',)])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            inspect.get_func_full_args(Person.one_argument), [("something",)]
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             inspect.get_func_full_args(Person().one_argument),
-            [('something',)],
+            [("something",)],
         )
 
     def test_get_func_full_args_all_arguments_method(self):
-        arguments = [('name',), ('address', 'home'), ('age', 25), ('*args',), ('**kwargs',)]
+        arguments = [
+            ("name",),
+            ("address", "home"),
+            ("age", 25),
+            ("*args",),
+            ("**kwargs",),
+        ]
         self.assertEqual(inspect.get_func_full_args(Person.all_kinds), arguments)
         self.assertEqual(inspect.get_func_full_args(Person().all_kinds), arguments)
 
     def test_get_func_full_args_all_arguments_classmethod(self):
         arguments = [
-            ('name',), ('address', 'home'), ('age', 25), ('*args',), ('**kwargs',),
+            ("name",),
+            ("address", "home"),
+            ("age", 25),
+            ("*args",),
+            ("**kwargs",),
         ]
         self.assertEqual(inspect.get_func_full_args(Person.cls_all_kinds), arguments)
         self.assertEqual(inspect.get_func_full_args(Person().cls_all_kinds), arguments)
@@ -70,14 +82,16 @@ class TestInspectMethods(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertIs(inspect.method_has_no_args(Person().one_argument), False)
 
     def test_func_supports_parameter(self):
-        self.assertIs(inspect.func_supports_parameter(Person.all_kinds, 'address'), True)
         self.assertIs(
-            inspect.func_supports_parameter(Person().all_kinds, 'address'),
+            inspect.func_supports_parameter(Person.all_kinds, "address"), True
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            inspect.func_supports_parameter(Person().all_kinds, "address"),
             True,
         )
-        self.assertIs(inspect.func_supports_parameter(Person.all_kinds, 'zone'), False)
+        self.assertIs(inspect.func_supports_parameter(Person.all_kinds, "zone"), False)
         self.assertIs(
-            inspect.func_supports_parameter(Person().all_kinds, 'zone'),
+            inspect.func_supports_parameter(Person().all_kinds, "zone"),
             False,
         )
 
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_ipv6.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_ipv6.py
index 4e434f3c3a..b41778693d 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_ipv6.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_ipv6.py
@@ -4,54 +4,63 @@ from django.utils.ipv6 import clean_ipv6_address, is_valid_ipv6_address
 
 
 class TestUtilsIPv6(unittest.TestCase):
-
     def test_validates_correct_plain_address(self):
-        self.assertTrue(is_valid_ipv6_address('fe80::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a'))
-        self.assertTrue(is_valid_ipv6_address('2a02::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a'))
-        self.assertTrue(is_valid_ipv6_address('1::2:3:4:5:6:7'))
-        self.assertTrue(is_valid_ipv6_address('::'))
-        self.assertTrue(is_valid_ipv6_address('::a'))
-        self.assertTrue(is_valid_ipv6_address('2::'))
+        self.assertTrue(is_valid_ipv6_address("fe80::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a"))
+        self.assertTrue(is_valid_ipv6_address("2a02::223:6cff:fe8a:2e8a"))
+        self.assertTrue(is_valid_ipv6_address("1::2:3:4:5:6:7"))
+        self.assertTrue(is_valid_ipv6_address("::"))
+        self.assertTrue(is_valid_ipv6_address("::a"))
+        self.assertTrue(is_valid_ipv6_address("2::"))
 
     def test_validates_correct_with_v4mapping(self):
-        self.assertTrue(is_valid_ipv6_address('::ffff:254.42.16.14'))
-        self.assertTrue(is_valid_ipv6_address('::ffff:0a0a:0a0a'))
+        self.assertTrue(is_valid_ipv6_address("::ffff:254.42.16.14"))
+        self.assertTrue(is_valid_ipv6_address("::ffff:0a0a:0a0a"))
 
     def test_validates_incorrect_plain_address(self):
-        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address('foo'))
-        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address('127.0.0.1'))
-        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address('12345::'))
-        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address('1::2:3::4'))
-        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address('1::zzz'))
-        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address('1::2:3:4:5:6:7:8'))
-        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address('1:2'))
-        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address('1:::2'))
-        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address('fe80::223: 6cff:fe8a:2e8a'))
-        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address('2a02::223:6cff :fe8a:2e8a'))
+        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address("foo"))
+        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address("127.0.0.1"))
+        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address("12345::"))
+        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address("1::2:3::4"))
+        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address("1::zzz"))
+        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address("1::2:3:4:5:6:7:8"))
+        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address("1:2"))
+        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address("1:::2"))
+        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address("fe80::223: 6cff:fe8a:2e8a"))
+        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address("2a02::223:6cff :fe8a:2e8a"))
 
     def test_validates_incorrect_with_v4mapping(self):
-        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address('::ffff:999.42.16.14'))
-        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address('::ffff:zzzz:0a0a'))
+        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address("::ffff:999.42.16.14"))
+        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address("::ffff:zzzz:0a0a"))
         # The ::1.2.3.4 format used to be valid but was deprecated
         # in rfc4291 section 2.5.5.1
-        self.assertTrue(is_valid_ipv6_address('::254.42.16.14'))
-        self.assertTrue(is_valid_ipv6_address('::0a0a:0a0a'))
-        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address('::999.42.16.14'))
-        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address('::zzzz:0a0a'))
+        self.assertTrue(is_valid_ipv6_address("::254.42.16.14"))
+        self.assertTrue(is_valid_ipv6_address("::0a0a:0a0a"))
+        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address("::999.42.16.14"))
+        self.assertFalse(is_valid_ipv6_address("::zzzz:0a0a"))
 
     def test_cleans_plain_address(self):
-        self.assertEqual(clean_ipv6_address('DEAD::0:BEEF'), 'dead::beef')
-        self.assertEqual(clean_ipv6_address('2001:000:a:0000:0:fe:fe:beef'), '2001:0:a::fe:fe:beef')
-        self.assertEqual(clean_ipv6_address('2001::a:0000:0:fe:fe:beef'), '2001:0:a::fe:fe:beef')
+        self.assertEqual(clean_ipv6_address("DEAD::0:BEEF"), "dead::beef")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            clean_ipv6_address("2001:000:a:0000:0:fe:fe:beef"), "2001:0:a::fe:fe:beef"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            clean_ipv6_address("2001::a:0000:0:fe:fe:beef"), "2001:0:a::fe:fe:beef"
+        )
 
     def test_cleans_with_v4_mapping(self):
-        self.assertEqual(clean_ipv6_address('::ffff:0a0a:0a0a'), '::ffff:10.10.10.10')
-        self.assertEqual(clean_ipv6_address('::ffff:1234:1234'), '::ffff:18.52.18.52')
-        self.assertEqual(clean_ipv6_address('::ffff:18.52.18.52'), '::ffff:18.52.18.52')
-        self.assertEqual(clean_ipv6_address('::ffff:0.52.18.52'), '::ffff:0.52.18.52')
-        self.assertEqual(clean_ipv6_address('::ffff:0.0.0.0'), '::ffff:0.0.0.0')
+        self.assertEqual(clean_ipv6_address("::ffff:0a0a:0a0a"), "::ffff:10.10.10.10")
+        self.assertEqual(clean_ipv6_address("::ffff:1234:1234"), "::ffff:18.52.18.52")
+        self.assertEqual(clean_ipv6_address("::ffff:18.52.18.52"), "::ffff:18.52.18.52")
+        self.assertEqual(clean_ipv6_address("::ffff:0.52.18.52"), "::ffff:0.52.18.52")
+        self.assertEqual(clean_ipv6_address("::ffff:0.0.0.0"), "::ffff:0.0.0.0")
 
     def test_unpacks_ipv4(self):
-        self.assertEqual(clean_ipv6_address('::ffff:0a0a:0a0a', unpack_ipv4=True), '10.10.10.10')
-        self.assertEqual(clean_ipv6_address('::ffff:1234:1234', unpack_ipv4=True), '18.52.18.52')
-        self.assertEqual(clean_ipv6_address('::ffff:18.52.18.52', unpack_ipv4=True), '18.52.18.52')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            clean_ipv6_address("::ffff:0a0a:0a0a", unpack_ipv4=True), "10.10.10.10"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            clean_ipv6_address("::ffff:1234:1234", unpack_ipv4=True), "18.52.18.52"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            clean_ipv6_address("::ffff:18.52.18.52", unpack_ipv4=True), "18.52.18.52"
+        )
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_jslex.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_jslex.py
index 0afb329188..0963dd0f16 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_jslex.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_jslex.py
@@ -9,30 +9,60 @@ class JsTokensTest(SimpleTestCase):
     LEX_CASES = [
         # ids
         ("a ABC $ _ a123", ["id a", "id ABC", "id $", "id _", "id a123"]),
-        ("\\u1234 abc\\u0020 \\u0065_\\u0067", ["id \\u1234", "id abc\\u0020", "id \\u0065_\\u0067"]),
+        (
+            "\\u1234 abc\\u0020 \\u0065_\\u0067",
+            ["id \\u1234", "id abc\\u0020", "id \\u0065_\\u0067"],
+        ),
         # numbers
-        ("123 1.234 0.123e-3 0 1E+40 1e1 .123", [
-            "dnum 123", "dnum 1.234", "dnum 0.123e-3", "dnum 0", "dnum 1E+40",
-            "dnum 1e1", "dnum .123",
-        ]),
+        (
+            "123 1.234 0.123e-3 0 1E+40 1e1 .123",
+            [
+                "dnum 123",
+                "dnum 1.234",
+                "dnum 0.123e-3",
+                "dnum 0",
+                "dnum 1E+40",
+                "dnum 1e1",
+                "dnum .123",
+            ],
+        ),
         ("0x1 0xabCD 0XABcd", ["hnum 0x1", "hnum 0xabCD", "hnum 0XABcd"]),
         ("010 0377 090", ["onum 010", "onum 0377", "dnum 0", "dnum 90"]),
         ("0xa123ghi", ["hnum 0xa123", "id ghi"]),
         # keywords
-        ("function Function FUNCTION", ["keyword function", "id Function", "id FUNCTION"]),
-        ("const constructor in inherits", ["keyword const", "id constructor", "keyword in", "id inherits"]),
+        (
+            "function Function FUNCTION",
+            ["keyword function", "id Function", "id FUNCTION"],
+        ),
+        (
+            "const constructor in inherits",
+            ["keyword const", "id constructor", "keyword in", "id inherits"],
+        ),
         ("true true_enough", ["reserved true", "id true_enough"]),
         # strings
-        (''' 'hello' "hello" ''', ["string 'hello'", 'string "hello"']),
-        (r""" 'don\'t' "don\"t" '"' "'" '\'' "\"" """, [
-            r"""string 'don\'t'""", r'''string "don\"t"''', r"""string '"'""",
-            r'''string "'"''', r"""string '\''""", r'''string "\""'''
-        ]),
+        (""" 'hello' "hello" """, ["string 'hello'", 'string "hello"']),
+        (
+            r""" 'don\'t' "don\"t" '"' "'" '\'' "\"" """,
+            [
+                r"""string 'don\'t'""",
+                r'''string "don\"t"''',
+                r"""string '"'""",
+                r'''string "'"''',
+                r"""string '\''""",
+                r'''string "\""''',
+            ],
+        ),
         (r'"ƃuıxǝ⅂ ʇdıɹɔsɐʌɐſ\""', [r'string "ƃuıxǝ⅂ ʇdıɹɔsɐʌɐſ\""']),
         # comments
         ("a//b", ["id a", "linecomment //b"]),
-        ("/****/a/=2//hello", ["comment /****/", "id a", "punct /=", "dnum 2", "linecomment //hello"]),
-        ("/*\n * Header\n */\na=1;", ["comment /*\n * Header\n */", "id a", "punct =", "dnum 1", "punct ;"]),
+        (
+            "/****/a/=2//hello",
+            ["comment /****/", "id a", "punct /=", "dnum 2", "linecomment //hello"],
+        ),
+        (
+            "/*\n * Header\n */\na=1;",
+            ["comment /*\n * Header\n */", "id a", "punct =", "dnum 1", "punct ;"],
+        ),
         # punctuation
         ("a+++b", ["id a", "punct ++", "punct +", "id b"]),
         # regex
@@ -40,35 +70,84 @@ class JsTokensTest(SimpleTestCase):
         (r"a=/a*[^/]+/,1", ["id a", "punct =", "regex /a*[^/]+/", "punct ,", "dnum 1"]),
         (r"a=/a*\[^/,1", ["id a", "punct =", r"regex /a*\[^/", "punct ,", "dnum 1"]),
         (r"a=/\//,1", ["id a", "punct =", r"regex /\//", "punct ,", "dnum 1"]),
-
         # next two are from https://www-archive.mozilla.org/js/language/js20-2002-04/rationale/syntax.html#regular-expressions  # NOQA
         (
             """for (var x = a in foo && "</x>" || mot ? z:/x:3;x<5;y</g/i) {xyz(x++);}""",
             [
-                "keyword for", "punct (", "keyword var", "id x", "punct =",
-                "id a", "keyword in", "id foo", "punct &&", 'string "</x>"',
-                "punct ||", "id mot", "punct ?", "id z", "punct :",
-                "regex /x:3;x<5;y</g", "punct /", "id i", "punct )", "punct {",
-                "id xyz", "punct (", "id x", "punct ++", "punct )", "punct ;",
-                "punct }"
+                "keyword for",
+                "punct (",
+                "keyword var",
+                "id x",
+                "punct =",
+                "id a",
+                "keyword in",
+                "id foo",
+                "punct &&",
+                'string "</x>"',
+                "punct ||",
+                "id mot",
+                "punct ?",
+                "id z",
+                "punct :",
+                "regex /x:3;x<5;y</g",
+                "punct /",
+                "id i",
+                "punct )",
+                "punct {",
+                "id xyz",
+                "punct (",
+                "id x",
+                "punct ++",
+                "punct )",
+                "punct ;",
+                "punct }",
             ],
         ),
         (
             """for (var x = a in foo && "</x>" || mot ? z/x:3;x<5;y</g/i) {xyz(x++);}""",
             [
-                "keyword for", "punct (", "keyword var", "id x", "punct =",
-                "id a", "keyword in", "id foo", "punct &&", 'string "</x>"',
-                "punct ||", "id mot", "punct ?", "id z", "punct /", "id x",
-                "punct :", "dnum 3", "punct ;", "id x", "punct <", "dnum 5",
-                "punct ;", "id y", "punct <", "regex /g/i", "punct )",
-                "punct {", "id xyz", "punct (", "id x", "punct ++", "punct )",
-                "punct ;", "punct }",
+                "keyword for",
+                "punct (",
+                "keyword var",
+                "id x",
+                "punct =",
+                "id a",
+                "keyword in",
+                "id foo",
+                "punct &&",
+                'string "</x>"',
+                "punct ||",
+                "id mot",
+                "punct ?",
+                "id z",
+                "punct /",
+                "id x",
+                "punct :",
+                "dnum 3",
+                "punct ;",
+                "id x",
+                "punct <",
+                "dnum 5",
+                "punct ;",
+                "id y",
+                "punct <",
+                "regex /g/i",
+                "punct )",
+                "punct {",
+                "id xyz",
+                "punct (",
+                "id x",
+                "punct ++",
+                "punct )",
+                "punct ;",
+                "punct }",
             ],
         ),
-
         # Various "illegal" regexes that are valid according to the std.
-        (r"""/????/, /++++/, /[----]/ """, ["regex /????/", "punct ,", "regex /++++/", "punct ,", "regex /[----]/"]),
-
+        (
+            r"""/????/, /++++/, /[----]/ """,
+            ["regex /????/", "punct ,", "regex /++++/", "punct ,", "regex /[----]/"],
+        ),
         # Stress cases from https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5533925/what-javascript-constructs-does-jslex-incorrectly-lex/5573409#5573409  # NOQA
         (r"""/\[/""", [r"""regex /\[/"""]),
         (r"""/[i]/""", [r"""regex /[i]/"""]),
@@ -86,16 +165,34 @@ class JsTokensTest(SimpleTestCase):
                 NUMERIC_LITERAL: /^[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]*(?:[eE][-+][0-9]+)?)?/,
                 SYMBOL: /^(?:==|=|<>|<=|<|>=|>|!~~|!~|~~|~|!==|!=|!~=|!~|!|&|\||\.|\:|,|\(|\)|\[|\]|\{|\}|\?|\:|;|@|\^|\/\+|\/|\*|\+|-)/
                 };
-            """, # NOQA
+            """,  # NOQA
             [
-                "id rexl", "punct .", "id re", "punct =", "punct {",
-                 "id NAME", "punct :", r"""regex /^(?![0-9])(?:\w)+|^"(?:[^"]|"")+"/""", "punct ,",
-                 "id UNQUOTED_LITERAL", "punct :", r"""regex /^@(?:(?![0-9])(?:\w|\:)+|^"(?:[^"]|"")+")\[[^\]]+\]/""",
-                 "punct ,",
-                 "id QUOTED_LITERAL", "punct :", r"""regex /^'(?:[^']|'')*'/""", "punct ,",
-                 "id NUMERIC_LITERAL", "punct :", r"""regex /^[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]*(?:[eE][-+][0-9]+)?)?/""", "punct ,",
-                 "id SYMBOL", "punct :", r"""regex /^(?:==|=|<>|<=|<|>=|>|!~~|!~|~~|~|!==|!=|!~=|!~|!|&|\||\.|\:|,|\(|\)|\[|\]|\{|\}|\?|\:|;|@|\^|\/\+|\/|\*|\+|-)/""",  # NOQA
-                 "punct }", "punct ;"
+                "id rexl",
+                "punct .",
+                "id re",
+                "punct =",
+                "punct {",
+                "id NAME",
+                "punct :",
+                r"""regex /^(?![0-9])(?:\w)+|^"(?:[^"]|"")+"/""",
+                "punct ,",
+                "id UNQUOTED_LITERAL",
+                "punct :",
+                r"""regex /^@(?:(?![0-9])(?:\w|\:)+|^"(?:[^"]|"")+")\[[^\]]+\]/""",
+                "punct ,",
+                "id QUOTED_LITERAL",
+                "punct :",
+                r"""regex /^'(?:[^']|'')*'/""",
+                "punct ,",
+                "id NUMERIC_LITERAL",
+                "punct :",
+                r"""regex /^[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]*(?:[eE][-+][0-9]+)?)?/""",
+                "punct ,",
+                "id SYMBOL",
+                "punct :",
+                r"""regex /^(?:==|=|<>|<=|<|>=|>|!~~|!~|~~|~|!==|!=|!~=|!~|!|&|\||\.|\:|,|\(|\)|\[|\]|\{|\}|\?|\:|;|@|\^|\/\+|\/|\*|\+|-)/""",  # NOQA
+                "punct }",
+                "punct ;",
             ],
         ),
         (
@@ -110,31 +207,80 @@ class JsTokensTest(SimpleTestCase):
                 str = '"';
             """,  # NOQA
             [
-                "id rexl", "punct .", "id re", "punct =", "punct {",
-                "id NAME", "punct :", r"""regex /^(?![0-9])(?:\w)+|^"(?:[^"]|"")+"/""", "punct ,",
-                "id UNQUOTED_LITERAL", "punct :", r"""regex /^@(?:(?![0-9])(?:\w|\:)+|^"(?:[^"]|"")+")\[[^\]]+\]/""",
+                "id rexl",
+                "punct .",
+                "id re",
+                "punct =",
+                "punct {",
+                "id NAME",
+                "punct :",
+                r"""regex /^(?![0-9])(?:\w)+|^"(?:[^"]|"")+"/""",
                 "punct ,",
-                "id QUOTED_LITERAL", "punct :", r"""regex /^'(?:[^']|'')*'/""", "punct ,",
-                "id NUMERIC_LITERAL", "punct :", r"""regex /^[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]*(?:[eE][-+][0-9]+)?)?/""", "punct ,",
-                "id SYMBOL", "punct :", r"""regex /^(?:==|=|<>|<=|<|>=|>|!~~|!~|~~|~|!==|!=|!~=|!~|!|&|\||\.|\:|,|\(|\)|\[|\]|\{|\}|\?|\:|;|@|\^|\/\+|\/|\*|\+|-)/""",   # NOQA
-                "punct }", "punct ;",
-                "id str", "punct =", """string '"'""", "punct ;",
+                "id UNQUOTED_LITERAL",
+                "punct :",
+                r"""regex /^@(?:(?![0-9])(?:\w|\:)+|^"(?:[^"]|"")+")\[[^\]]+\]/""",
+                "punct ,",
+                "id QUOTED_LITERAL",
+                "punct :",
+                r"""regex /^'(?:[^']|'')*'/""",
+                "punct ,",
+                "id NUMERIC_LITERAL",
+                "punct :",
+                r"""regex /^[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]*(?:[eE][-+][0-9]+)?)?/""",
+                "punct ,",
+                "id SYMBOL",
+                "punct :",
+                r"""regex /^(?:==|=|<>|<=|<|>=|>|!~~|!~|~~|~|!==|!=|!~=|!~|!|&|\||\.|\:|,|\(|\)|\[|\]|\{|\}|\?|\:|;|@|\^|\/\+|\/|\*|\+|-)/""",  # NOQA
+                "punct }",
+                "punct ;",
+                "id str",
+                "punct =",
+                """string '"'""",
+                "punct ;",
+            ],
+        ),
+        (
+            r""" this._js = "e.str(\"" + this.value.replace(/\\/g, "\\\\").replace(/"/g, "\\\"") + "\")"; """,
+            [
+                "keyword this",
+                "punct .",
+                "id _js",
+                "punct =",
+                r'''string "e.str(\""''',
+                "punct +",
+                "keyword this",
+                "punct .",
+                "id value",
+                "punct .",
+                "id replace",
+                "punct (",
+                r"regex /\\/g",
+                "punct ,",
+                r'string "\\\\"',
+                "punct )",
+                "punct .",
+                "id replace",
+                "punct (",
+                r'regex /"/g',
+                "punct ,",
+                r'string "\\\""',
+                "punct )",
+                "punct +",
+                r'string "\")"',
+                "punct ;",
             ],
         ),
-        (r""" this._js = "e.str(\"" + this.value.replace(/\\/g, "\\\\").replace(/"/g, "\\\"") + "\")"; """,
-         ["keyword this", "punct .", "id _js", "punct =", r'''string "e.str(\""''', "punct +", "keyword this",
-          "punct .", "id value", "punct .", "id replace", "punct (", r"regex /\\/g", "punct ,", r'string "\\\\"',
-          "punct )",
-          "punct .", "id replace", "punct (", r'regex /"/g', "punct ,", r'string "\\\""', "punct )", "punct +",
-          r'string "\")"', "punct ;"]),
     ]
 
 
 def make_function(input, toks):
     def test_func(self):
         lexer = JsLexer()
-        result = ["%s %s" % (name, tok) for name, tok in lexer.lex(input) if name != 'ws']
+        result = [
+            "%s %s" % (name, tok) for name, tok in lexer.lex(input) if name != "ws"
+        ]
         self.assertEqual(result, toks)
+
     return test_func
 
 
@@ -153,8 +299,9 @@ GETTEXT_CASES = (
             a = 1; /* /[0-9]+/ */
             b = 0x2a0b / 1; // /[0-9]+/
             c = 3;
-        """
-    ), (
+        """,
+    ),
+    (
         r"""
             a = 1.234e-5;
             /*
@@ -168,8 +315,9 @@ GETTEXT_CASES = (
              * /[0-9+/
              */
             b = .0123;
-        """
-    ), (
+        """,
+    ),
+    (
         r"""
             x = y / z;
             alert(gettext("hello"));
@@ -179,8 +327,9 @@ GETTEXT_CASES = (
             x = y / z;
             alert(gettext("hello"));
             x /= 3;
-        """
-    ), (
+        """,
+    ),
+    (
         r"""
             s = "Hello \"th/foo/ere\"";
             s = 'He\x23llo \'th/foo/ere\'';
@@ -190,8 +339,9 @@ GETTEXT_CASES = (
             s = "Hello \"th/foo/ere\"";
             s = "He\x23llo \'th/foo/ere\'";
             s = "slash quote \", just quote \"";
-        """
-    ), (
+        """,
+    ),
+    (
         r"""
             s = "Line continuation\
             continued /hello/ still the string";/hello/;
@@ -199,8 +349,9 @@ GETTEXT_CASES = (
         r"""
             s = "Line continuation\
             continued /hello/ still the string";"REGEX";
-        """
-    ), (
+        """,
+    ),
+    (
         r"""
             var regex = /pattern/;
             var regex2 = /matter/gm;
@@ -210,8 +361,9 @@ GETTEXT_CASES = (
             var regex = "REGEX";
             var regex2 = "REGEX";
             var regex3 = "REGEX".foo("hey");
-        """
-    ), (
+        """,
+    ),
+    (
         r"""
             for (var x = a in foo && "</x>" || mot ? z:/x:3;x<5;y</g/i) {xyz(x++);}
             for (var x = a in foo && "</x>" || mot ? z/x:3;x<5;y</g/i) {xyz(x++);}
@@ -219,14 +371,16 @@ GETTEXT_CASES = (
         r"""
             for (var x = a in foo && "</x>" || mot ? z:"REGEX"/i) {xyz(x++);}
             for (var x = a in foo && "</x>" || mot ? z/x:3;x<5;y<"REGEX") {xyz(x++);}
-        """
-    ), (
+        """,
+    ),
+    (
         """
             \\u1234xyz = gettext('Hello there');
-        """, r"""
+        """,
+        r"""
             Uu1234xyz = gettext("Hello there");
-        """
-    )
+        """,
+    ),
 )
 
 
@@ -237,6 +391,7 @@ class JsToCForGettextTest(SimpleTestCase):
 def make_function(js, c):
     def test_func(self):
         self.assertEqual(prepare_js_for_gettext(js), c)
+
     return test_func
 
 
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_lazyobject.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_lazyobject.py
index e5bccc6362..131d893a44 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_lazyobject.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_lazyobject.py
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ class Foo:
     """
     A simple class with just one attribute.
     """
-    foo = 'bar'
+
+    foo = "bar"
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return self.foo == other.foo
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ class LazyObjectTestCase(TestCase):
         """
         Wrap the given object into a LazyObject
         """
+
         class AdHocLazyObject(LazyObject):
             def _setup(self):
                 self._wrapped = wrapped_object
@@ -32,39 +34,39 @@ class LazyObjectTestCase(TestCase):
 
     def test_getattr(self):
         obj = self.lazy_wrap(Foo())
-        self.assertEqual(obj.foo, 'bar')
+        self.assertEqual(obj.foo, "bar")
 
     def test_setattr(self):
         obj = self.lazy_wrap(Foo())
-        obj.foo = 'BAR'
-        obj.bar = 'baz'
-        self.assertEqual(obj.foo, 'BAR')
-        self.assertEqual(obj.bar, 'baz')
+        obj.foo = "BAR"
+        obj.bar = "baz"
+        self.assertEqual(obj.foo, "BAR")
+        self.assertEqual(obj.bar, "baz")
 
     def test_setattr2(self):
         # Same as test_setattr but in reversed order
         obj = self.lazy_wrap(Foo())
-        obj.bar = 'baz'
-        obj.foo = 'BAR'
-        self.assertEqual(obj.foo, 'BAR')
-        self.assertEqual(obj.bar, 'baz')
+        obj.bar = "baz"
+        obj.foo = "BAR"
+        self.assertEqual(obj.foo, "BAR")
+        self.assertEqual(obj.bar, "baz")
 
     def test_delattr(self):
         obj = self.lazy_wrap(Foo())
-        obj.bar = 'baz'
-        self.assertEqual(obj.bar, 'baz')
+        obj.bar = "baz"
+        self.assertEqual(obj.bar, "baz")
         del obj.bar
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
             obj.bar
 
     def test_cmp(self):
-        obj1 = self.lazy_wrap('foo')
-        obj2 = self.lazy_wrap('bar')
-        obj3 = self.lazy_wrap('foo')
-        self.assertEqual(obj1, 'foo')
+        obj1 = self.lazy_wrap("foo")
+        obj2 = self.lazy_wrap("bar")
+        obj3 = self.lazy_wrap("foo")
+        self.assertEqual(obj1, "foo")
         self.assertEqual(obj1, obj3)
         self.assertNotEqual(obj1, obj2)
-        self.assertNotEqual(obj1, 'bar')
+        self.assertNotEqual(obj1, "bar")
 
     def test_lt(self):
         obj1 = self.lazy_wrap(1)
@@ -77,12 +79,12 @@ class LazyObjectTestCase(TestCase):
         self.assertGreater(obj2, obj1)
 
     def test_bytes(self):
-        obj = self.lazy_wrap(b'foo')
-        self.assertEqual(bytes(obj), b'foo')
+        obj = self.lazy_wrap(b"foo")
+        self.assertEqual(bytes(obj), b"foo")
 
     def test_text(self):
-        obj = self.lazy_wrap('foo')
-        self.assertEqual(str(obj), 'foo')
+        obj = self.lazy_wrap("foo")
+        self.assertEqual(str(obj), "foo")
 
     def test_bool(self):
         # Refs #21840
@@ -92,11 +94,11 @@ class LazyObjectTestCase(TestCase):
             self.assertTrue(t)
 
     def test_dir(self):
-        obj = self.lazy_wrap('foo')
-        self.assertEqual(dir(obj), dir('foo'))
+        obj = self.lazy_wrap("foo")
+        self.assertEqual(dir(obj), dir("foo"))
 
     def test_len(self):
-        for seq in ['asd', [1, 2, 3], {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}]:
+        for seq in ["asd", [1, 2, 3], {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3}]:
             obj = self.lazy_wrap(seq)
             self.assertEqual(len(obj), 3)
 
@@ -109,16 +111,16 @@ class LazyObjectTestCase(TestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(self.lazy_wrap(Bar()), Foo)
 
     def test_hash(self):
-        obj = self.lazy_wrap('foo')
-        d = {obj: 'bar'}
-        self.assertIn('foo', d)
-        self.assertEqual(d['foo'], 'bar')
+        obj = self.lazy_wrap("foo")
+        d = {obj: "bar"}
+        self.assertIn("foo", d)
+        self.assertEqual(d["foo"], "bar")
 
     def test_contains(self):
         test_data = [
-            ('c', 'abcde'),
+            ("c", "abcde"),
             (2, [1, 2, 3]),
-            ('a', {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}),
+            ("a", {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3}),
             (2, {1, 2, 3}),
         ]
         for needle, haystack in test_data:
@@ -131,70 +133,66 @@ class LazyObjectTestCase(TestCase):
 
     def test_getitem(self):
         obj_list = self.lazy_wrap([1, 2, 3])
-        obj_dict = self.lazy_wrap({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3})
+        obj_dict = self.lazy_wrap({"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3})
 
         self.assertEqual(obj_list[0], 1)
         self.assertEqual(obj_list[-1], 3)
         self.assertEqual(obj_list[1:2], [2])
 
-        self.assertEqual(obj_dict['b'], 2)
+        self.assertEqual(obj_dict["b"], 2)
 
         with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
             obj_list[3]
 
         with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
-            obj_dict['f']
+            obj_dict["f"]
 
     def test_setitem(self):
         obj_list = self.lazy_wrap([1, 2, 3])
-        obj_dict = self.lazy_wrap({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3})
+        obj_dict = self.lazy_wrap({"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3})
 
         obj_list[0] = 100
         self.assertEqual(obj_list, [100, 2, 3])
         obj_list[1:2] = [200, 300, 400]
         self.assertEqual(obj_list, [100, 200, 300, 400, 3])
 
-        obj_dict['a'] = 100
-        obj_dict['d'] = 400
-        self.assertEqual(obj_dict, {'a': 100, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 400})
+        obj_dict["a"] = 100
+        obj_dict["d"] = 400
+        self.assertEqual(obj_dict, {"a": 100, "b": 2, "c": 3, "d": 400})
 
     def test_delitem(self):
         obj_list = self.lazy_wrap([1, 2, 3])
-        obj_dict = self.lazy_wrap({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3})
+        obj_dict = self.lazy_wrap({"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3})
 
         del obj_list[-1]
-        del obj_dict['c']
+        del obj_dict["c"]
         self.assertEqual(obj_list, [1, 2])
-        self.assertEqual(obj_dict, {'a': 1, 'b': 2})
+        self.assertEqual(obj_dict, {"a": 1, "b": 2})
 
         with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
             del obj_list[3]
 
         with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
-            del obj_dict['f']
+            del obj_dict["f"]
 
     def test_iter(self):
         # Tests whether an object's custom `__iter__` method is being
         # used when iterating over it.
 
         class IterObject:
-
             def __init__(self, values):
                 self.values = values
 
             def __iter__(self):
                 return iter(self.values)
 
-        original_list = ['test', '123']
-        self.assertEqual(
-            list(self.lazy_wrap(IterObject(original_list))),
-            original_list
-        )
+        original_list = ["test", "123"]
+        self.assertEqual(list(self.lazy_wrap(IterObject(original_list))), original_list)
 
     def test_pickle(self):
         # See ticket #16563
         obj = self.lazy_wrap(Foo())
-        obj.bar = 'baz'
+        obj.bar = "baz"
         pickled = pickle.dumps(obj)
         unpickled = pickle.loads(pickled)
         self.assertIsInstance(unpickled, Foo)
@@ -311,21 +309,23 @@ class SimpleLazyObjectTestCase(LazyObjectTestCase):
         obj = self.lazy_wrap(42)
         # __repr__ contains __repr__ of setup function and does not evaluate
         # the SimpleLazyObject
-        self.assertRegex(repr(obj), '^<SimpleLazyObject:')
+        self.assertRegex(repr(obj), "^<SimpleLazyObject:")
         self.assertIs(obj._wrapped, empty)  # make sure evaluation hasn't been triggered
 
         self.assertEqual(obj, 42)  # evaluate the lazy object
         self.assertIsInstance(obj._wrapped, int)
-        self.assertEqual(repr(obj), '<SimpleLazyObject: 42>')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(obj), "<SimpleLazyObject: 42>")
 
     def test_trace(self):
         # See ticket #19456
         old_trace_func = sys.gettrace()
         try:
+
             def trace_func(frame, event, arg):
-                frame.f_locals['self'].__class__
+                frame.f_locals["self"].__class__
                 if old_trace_func is not None:
                     old_trace_func(frame, event, arg)
+
             sys.settrace(trace_func)
             self.lazy_wrap(None)
         finally:
@@ -346,16 +346,16 @@ class SimpleLazyObjectTestCase(LazyObjectTestCase):
 
     def test_dict(self):
         # See ticket #18447
-        lazydict = SimpleLazyObject(lambda: {'one': 1})
-        self.assertEqual(lazydict['one'], 1)
-        lazydict['one'] = -1
-        self.assertEqual(lazydict['one'], -1)
-        self.assertIn('one', lazydict)
-        self.assertNotIn('two', lazydict)
+        lazydict = SimpleLazyObject(lambda: {"one": 1})
+        self.assertEqual(lazydict["one"], 1)
+        lazydict["one"] = -1
+        self.assertEqual(lazydict["one"], -1)
+        self.assertIn("one", lazydict)
+        self.assertNotIn("two", lazydict)
         self.assertEqual(len(lazydict), 1)
-        del lazydict['one']
+        del lazydict["one"]
         with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
-            lazydict['one']
+            lazydict["one"]
 
     def test_list_set(self):
         lazy_list = SimpleLazyObject(lambda: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
@@ -373,17 +373,18 @@ class BaseBaz:
     A base class with a funky __reduce__ method, meant to simulate the
     __reduce__ method of Model, which sets self._django_version.
     """
+
     def __init__(self):
-        self.baz = 'wrong'
+        self.baz = "wrong"
 
     def __reduce__(self):
-        self.baz = 'right'
+        self.baz = "right"
         return super().__reduce__()
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         if self.__class__ != other.__class__:
             return False
-        for attr in ['bar', 'baz', 'quux']:
+        for attr in ["bar", "baz", "quux"]:
             if hasattr(self, attr) != hasattr(other, attr):
                 return False
             elif getattr(self, attr, None) != getattr(other, attr, None):
@@ -395,12 +396,13 @@ class Baz(BaseBaz):
     """
     A class that inherits from BaseBaz and has its own __reduce_ex__ method.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, bar):
         self.bar = bar
         super().__init__()
 
     def __reduce_ex__(self, proto):
-        self.quux = 'quux'
+        self.quux = "quux"
         return super().__reduce_ex__(proto)
 
 
@@ -410,6 +412,7 @@ class BazProxy(Baz):
     dicts, which simulates some crazy things that people might do with
     e.g. proxy models.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, baz):
         self.__dict__ = baz.__dict__
         self._baz = baz
@@ -422,6 +425,7 @@ class SimpleLazyObjectPickleTestCase(TestCase):
     Regression test for pickling a SimpleLazyObject wrapping a model (#25389).
     Also covers other classes with a custom __reduce__ method.
     """
+
     def test_pickle_with_reduce(self):
         """
         Test in a fairly synthetic setting.
@@ -437,7 +441,7 @@ class SimpleLazyObjectPickleTestCase(TestCase):
                 pickled = pickle.dumps(obj, protocol)
                 unpickled = pickle.loads(pickled)
                 self.assertEqual(unpickled, obj)
-                self.assertEqual(unpickled.baz, 'right')
+                self.assertEqual(unpickled.baz, "right")
 
     def test_pickle_model(self):
         """
@@ -452,7 +456,11 @@ class SimpleLazyObjectPickleTestCase(TestCase):
             lazy_category.categoryinfo
             lazy_category_2 = SimpleLazyObject(lambda: category)
             with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as recorded:
-                self.assertEqual(pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(lazy_category, protocol)), category)
-                self.assertEqual(pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(lazy_category_2, protocol)), category)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(lazy_category, protocol)), category
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(lazy_category_2, protocol)), category
+                )
                 # Assert that there were no warnings.
                 self.assertEqual(len(recorded), 0)
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_lorem_ipsum.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_lorem_ipsum.py
index 78c6a3a410..deda09c717 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_lorem_ipsum.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_lorem_ipsum.py
@@ -9,20 +9,20 @@ class LoremIpsumTests(unittest.TestCase):
         """words(n) returns n + 19 words, even if n is negative."""
         self.assertEqual(
             words(-5),
-            'lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit sed do '
-            'eiusmod tempor incididunt ut'
+            "lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit sed do "
+            "eiusmod tempor incididunt ut",
         )
 
     def test_same_or_less_common_words(self):
         """words(n) for n < 19."""
-        self.assertEqual(words(7), 'lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing')
+        self.assertEqual(words(7), "lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing")
 
     def test_common_words_in_string(self):
         """words(n) starts with the 19 standard lorem ipsum words for n > 19."""
         self.assertTrue(
             words(25).startswith(
-                'lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit sed '
-                'do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua'
+                "lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit sed "
+                "do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua"
             )
         )
 
@@ -34,59 +34,64 @@ class LoremIpsumTests(unittest.TestCase):
         """words(n) has n words when n is greater than len(WORDS)."""
         self.assertEqual(len(words(500).split()), 500)
 
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.lorem_ipsum.random.sample')
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.lorem_ipsum.random.sample")
     def test_not_common_words(self, mock_sample):
         """words(n, common=False) returns random words."""
-        mock_sample.return_value = ['exercitationem', 'perferendis']
-        self.assertEqual(words(2, common=False), 'exercitationem perferendis')
+        mock_sample.return_value = ["exercitationem", "perferendis"]
+        self.assertEqual(words(2, common=False), "exercitationem perferendis")
 
     def test_sentence_starts_with_capital(self):
         """A sentence starts with a capital letter."""
         self.assertTrue(sentence()[0].isupper())
 
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.lorem_ipsum.random.sample')
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.lorem_ipsum.random.choice')
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.lorem_ipsum.random.randint')
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.lorem_ipsum.random.sample")
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.lorem_ipsum.random.choice")
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.lorem_ipsum.random.randint")
     def test_sentence(self, mock_randint, mock_choice, mock_sample):
         """
         Sentences are built using some number of phrases and a set of words.
         """
         mock_randint.return_value = 2  # Use two phrases.
-        mock_sample.return_value = ['exercitationem', 'perferendis']
-        mock_choice.return_value = '?'
+        mock_sample.return_value = ["exercitationem", "perferendis"]
+        mock_choice.return_value = "?"
         value = sentence()
         self.assertEqual(mock_randint.call_count, 3)
         self.assertEqual(mock_sample.call_count, 2)
         self.assertEqual(mock_choice.call_count, 1)
-        self.assertEqual(value, 'Exercitationem perferendis, exercitationem perferendis?')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            value, "Exercitationem perferendis, exercitationem perferendis?"
+        )
 
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.lorem_ipsum.random.choice')
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.lorem_ipsum.random.choice")
     def test_sentence_ending(self, mock_choice):
         """Sentences end with a question mark or a period."""
-        mock_choice.return_value = '?'
-        self.assertIn(sentence()[-1], '?')
-        mock_choice.return_value = '.'
-        self.assertIn(sentence()[-1], '.')
+        mock_choice.return_value = "?"
+        self.assertIn(sentence()[-1], "?")
+        mock_choice.return_value = "."
+        self.assertIn(sentence()[-1], ".")
 
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.lorem_ipsum.random.sample')
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.lorem_ipsum.random.choice')
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.lorem_ipsum.random.randint')
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.lorem_ipsum.random.sample")
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.lorem_ipsum.random.choice")
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.lorem_ipsum.random.randint")
     def test_paragraph(self, mock_paragraph_randint, mock_choice, mock_sample):
         """paragraph() generates a single paragraph."""
         # Make creating 2 sentences use 2 phrases.
         mock_paragraph_randint.return_value = 2
-        mock_sample.return_value = ['exercitationem', 'perferendis']
-        mock_choice.return_value = '.'
+        mock_sample.return_value = ["exercitationem", "perferendis"]
+        mock_choice.return_value = "."
         value = paragraph()
         self.assertEqual(mock_paragraph_randint.call_count, 7)
-        self.assertEqual(value, (
-            'Exercitationem perferendis, exercitationem perferendis. '
-            'Exercitationem perferendis, exercitationem perferendis.'
-        ))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            value,
+            (
+                "Exercitationem perferendis, exercitationem perferendis. "
+                "Exercitationem perferendis, exercitationem perferendis."
+            ),
+        )
 
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.lorem_ipsum.random.sample')
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.lorem_ipsum.random.choice')
-    @mock.patch('django.utils.lorem_ipsum.random.randint')
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.lorem_ipsum.random.sample")
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.lorem_ipsum.random.choice")
+    @mock.patch("django.utils.lorem_ipsum.random.randint")
     def test_paragraphs_not_common(self, mock_randint, mock_choice, mock_sample):
         """
         paragraphs(1, common=False) generating one paragraph that's not the
@@ -94,28 +99,29 @@ class LoremIpsumTests(unittest.TestCase):
         """
         # Make creating 2 sentences use 2 phrases.
         mock_randint.return_value = 2
-        mock_sample.return_value = ['exercitationem', 'perferendis']
-        mock_choice.return_value = '.'
+        mock_sample.return_value = ["exercitationem", "perferendis"]
+        mock_choice.return_value = "."
         self.assertEqual(
             paragraphs(1, common=False),
             [
-                'Exercitationem perferendis, exercitationem perferendis. '
-                'Exercitationem perferendis, exercitationem perferendis.'
-            ]
+                "Exercitationem perferendis, exercitationem perferendis. "
+                "Exercitationem perferendis, exercitationem perferendis."
+            ],
         )
         self.assertEqual(mock_randint.call_count, 7)
 
     def test_paragraphs(self):
         """paragraphs(1) uses the COMMON_P paragraph."""
         self.assertEqual(
-            paragraphs(1), [
-                'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, '
-                'sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna '
-                'aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation '
-                'ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. '
-                'Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit '
-                'esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint '
-                'occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia '
-                'deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.'
-            ]
+            paragraphs(1),
+            [
+                "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, "
+                "sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna "
+                "aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation "
+                "ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. "
+                "Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit "
+                "esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint "
+                "occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia "
+                "deserunt mollit anim id est laborum."
+            ],
         )
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_module/another_bad_module.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_module/another_bad_module.py
index 766456242d..769bb2b246 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_module/another_bad_module.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_module/another_bad_module.py
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 from . import site
 
-content = 'Another Bad Module'
+content = "Another Bad Module"
 
-site._registry.update({
-    'foo': 'bar',
-})
+site._registry.update(
+    {
+        "foo": "bar",
+    }
+)
 
-raise Exception('Some random exception.')
+raise Exception("Some random exception.")
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_module/another_good_module.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_module/another_good_module.py
index eccdaa4c59..7ab8224f5f 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_module/another_good_module.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_module/another_good_module.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 from . import site
 
-content = 'Another Good Module'
+content = "Another Good Module"
 
-site._registry.update({
-    'lorem': 'ipsum',
-})
+site._registry.update(
+    {
+        "lorem": "ipsum",
+    }
+)
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_module/bad_module.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_module/bad_module.py
index 55bbdd9d3a..728799ef26 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_module/bad_module.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_module/bad_module.py
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 import a_package_name_that_does_not_exist  # NOQA
 
-content = 'Bad Module'
+content = "Bad Module"
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_module/child_module/grandchild_module.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_module/child_module/grandchild_module.py
index 3375c07f56..09bd1c4b7f 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_module/child_module/grandchild_module.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_module/child_module/grandchild_module.py
@@ -1 +1 @@
-content = 'Grandchild Module'
+content = "Grandchild Module"
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_module/good_module.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_module/good_module.py
index f6261c5bc8..90a0388554 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_module/good_module.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_module/good_module.py
@@ -1 +1 @@
-content = 'Good Module'
+content = "Good Module"
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_module_loading.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_module_loading.py
index 773c0a2735..736d456d2d 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_module_loading.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_module_loading.py
@@ -7,192 +7,215 @@ from zipimport import zipimporter
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, modify_settings
 from django.test.utils import extend_sys_path
 from django.utils.module_loading import (
-    autodiscover_modules, import_string, module_has_submodule,
+    autodiscover_modules,
+    import_string,
+    module_has_submodule,
 )
 from django.utils.version import PY310
 
 
 class DefaultLoader(unittest.TestCase):
-
     def test_loader(self):
         "Normal module existence can be tested"
-        test_module = import_module('utils_tests.test_module')
-        test_no_submodule = import_module(
-            'utils_tests.test_no_submodule')
+        test_module = import_module("utils_tests.test_module")
+        test_no_submodule = import_module("utils_tests.test_no_submodule")
 
         # An importable child
-        self.assertTrue(module_has_submodule(test_module, 'good_module'))
-        mod = import_module('utils_tests.test_module.good_module')
-        self.assertEqual(mod.content, 'Good Module')
+        self.assertTrue(module_has_submodule(test_module, "good_module"))
+        mod = import_module("utils_tests.test_module.good_module")
+        self.assertEqual(mod.content, "Good Module")
 
         # A child that exists, but will generate an import error if loaded
-        self.assertTrue(module_has_submodule(test_module, 'bad_module'))
+        self.assertTrue(module_has_submodule(test_module, "bad_module"))
         with self.assertRaises(ImportError):
-            import_module('utils_tests.test_module.bad_module')
+            import_module("utils_tests.test_module.bad_module")
 
         # A child that doesn't exist
-        self.assertFalse(module_has_submodule(test_module, 'no_such_module'))
+        self.assertFalse(module_has_submodule(test_module, "no_such_module"))
         with self.assertRaises(ImportError):
-            import_module('utils_tests.test_module.no_such_module')
+            import_module("utils_tests.test_module.no_such_module")
 
         # A child that doesn't exist, but is the name of a package on the path
-        self.assertFalse(module_has_submodule(test_module, 'django'))
+        self.assertFalse(module_has_submodule(test_module, "django"))
         with self.assertRaises(ImportError):
-            import_module('utils_tests.test_module.django')
+            import_module("utils_tests.test_module.django")
 
         # Don't be confused by caching of import misses
         import types  # NOQA: causes attempted import of utils_tests.types
-        self.assertFalse(module_has_submodule(sys.modules['utils_tests'], 'types'))
+
+        self.assertFalse(module_has_submodule(sys.modules["utils_tests"], "types"))
 
         # A module which doesn't have a __path__ (so no submodules)
-        self.assertFalse(module_has_submodule(test_no_submodule, 'anything'))
+        self.assertFalse(module_has_submodule(test_no_submodule, "anything"))
         with self.assertRaises(ImportError):
-            import_module('utils_tests.test_no_submodule.anything')
+            import_module("utils_tests.test_no_submodule.anything")
 
     def test_has_sumbodule_with_dotted_path(self):
         """Nested module existence can be tested."""
-        test_module = import_module('utils_tests.test_module')
+        test_module = import_module("utils_tests.test_module")
         # A grandchild that exists.
-        self.assertIs(module_has_submodule(test_module, 'child_module.grandchild_module'), True)
+        self.assertIs(
+            module_has_submodule(test_module, "child_module.grandchild_module"), True
+        )
         # A grandchild that doesn't exist.
-        self.assertIs(module_has_submodule(test_module, 'child_module.no_such_module'), False)
+        self.assertIs(
+            module_has_submodule(test_module, "child_module.no_such_module"), False
+        )
         # A grandchild whose parent doesn't exist.
-        self.assertIs(module_has_submodule(test_module, 'no_such_module.grandchild_module'), False)
+        self.assertIs(
+            module_has_submodule(test_module, "no_such_module.grandchild_module"), False
+        )
         # A grandchild whose parent is not a package.
-        self.assertIs(module_has_submodule(test_module, 'good_module.no_such_module'), False)
+        self.assertIs(
+            module_has_submodule(test_module, "good_module.no_such_module"), False
+        )
 
 
 class EggLoader(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
-        self.egg_dir = '%s/eggs' % os.path.dirname(__file__)
+        self.egg_dir = "%s/eggs" % os.path.dirname(__file__)
 
     def tearDown(self):
         sys.path_importer_cache.clear()
 
-        sys.modules.pop('egg_module.sub1.sub2.bad_module', None)
-        sys.modules.pop('egg_module.sub1.sub2.good_module', None)
-        sys.modules.pop('egg_module.sub1.sub2', None)
-        sys.modules.pop('egg_module.sub1', None)
-        sys.modules.pop('egg_module.bad_module', None)
-        sys.modules.pop('egg_module.good_module', None)
-        sys.modules.pop('egg_module', None)
+        sys.modules.pop("egg_module.sub1.sub2.bad_module", None)
+        sys.modules.pop("egg_module.sub1.sub2.good_module", None)
+        sys.modules.pop("egg_module.sub1.sub2", None)
+        sys.modules.pop("egg_module.sub1", None)
+        sys.modules.pop("egg_module.bad_module", None)
+        sys.modules.pop("egg_module.good_module", None)
+        sys.modules.pop("egg_module", None)
 
     def test_shallow_loader(self):
         "Module existence can be tested inside eggs"
-        egg_name = '%s/test_egg.egg' % self.egg_dir
+        egg_name = "%s/test_egg.egg" % self.egg_dir
         with extend_sys_path(egg_name):
-            egg_module = import_module('egg_module')
+            egg_module = import_module("egg_module")
 
             # An importable child
-            self.assertTrue(module_has_submodule(egg_module, 'good_module'))
-            mod = import_module('egg_module.good_module')
-            self.assertEqual(mod.content, 'Good Module')
+            self.assertTrue(module_has_submodule(egg_module, "good_module"))
+            mod = import_module("egg_module.good_module")
+            self.assertEqual(mod.content, "Good Module")
 
             # A child that exists, but will generate an import error if loaded
-            self.assertTrue(module_has_submodule(egg_module, 'bad_module'))
+            self.assertTrue(module_has_submodule(egg_module, "bad_module"))
             with self.assertRaises(ImportError):
-                import_module('egg_module.bad_module')
+                import_module("egg_module.bad_module")
 
             # A child that doesn't exist
-            self.assertFalse(module_has_submodule(egg_module, 'no_such_module'))
+            self.assertFalse(module_has_submodule(egg_module, "no_such_module"))
             with self.assertRaises(ImportError):
-                import_module('egg_module.no_such_module')
+                import_module("egg_module.no_such_module")
 
     def test_deep_loader(self):
         "Modules deep inside an egg can still be tested for existence"
-        egg_name = '%s/test_egg.egg' % self.egg_dir
+        egg_name = "%s/test_egg.egg" % self.egg_dir
         with extend_sys_path(egg_name):
-            egg_module = import_module('egg_module.sub1.sub2')
+            egg_module = import_module("egg_module.sub1.sub2")
 
             # An importable child
-            self.assertTrue(module_has_submodule(egg_module, 'good_module'))
-            mod = import_module('egg_module.sub1.sub2.good_module')
-            self.assertEqual(mod.content, 'Deep Good Module')
+            self.assertTrue(module_has_submodule(egg_module, "good_module"))
+            mod = import_module("egg_module.sub1.sub2.good_module")
+            self.assertEqual(mod.content, "Deep Good Module")
 
             # A child that exists, but will generate an import error if loaded
-            self.assertTrue(module_has_submodule(egg_module, 'bad_module'))
+            self.assertTrue(module_has_submodule(egg_module, "bad_module"))
             with self.assertRaises(ImportError):
-                import_module('egg_module.sub1.sub2.bad_module')
+                import_module("egg_module.sub1.sub2.bad_module")
 
             # A child that doesn't exist
-            self.assertFalse(module_has_submodule(egg_module, 'no_such_module'))
+            self.assertFalse(module_has_submodule(egg_module, "no_such_module"))
             with self.assertRaises(ImportError):
-                import_module('egg_module.sub1.sub2.no_such_module')
+                import_module("egg_module.sub1.sub2.no_such_module")
 
 
 class ModuleImportTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_import_string(self):
-        cls = import_string('django.utils.module_loading.import_string')
+        cls = import_string("django.utils.module_loading.import_string")
         self.assertEqual(cls, import_string)
 
         # Test exceptions raised
         with self.assertRaises(ImportError):
-            import_string('no_dots_in_path')
+            import_string("no_dots_in_path")
         msg = 'Module "utils_tests" does not define a "unexistent" attribute'
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImportError, msg):
-            import_string('utils_tests.unexistent')
+            import_string("utils_tests.unexistent")
 
 
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'utils_tests.test_module'})
+@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "utils_tests.test_module"})
 class AutodiscoverModulesTestCase(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def tearDown(self):
         sys.path_importer_cache.clear()
 
-        sys.modules.pop('utils_tests.test_module.another_bad_module', None)
-        sys.modules.pop('utils_tests.test_module.another_good_module', None)
-        sys.modules.pop('utils_tests.test_module.bad_module', None)
-        sys.modules.pop('utils_tests.test_module.good_module', None)
-        sys.modules.pop('utils_tests.test_module', None)
+        sys.modules.pop("utils_tests.test_module.another_bad_module", None)
+        sys.modules.pop("utils_tests.test_module.another_good_module", None)
+        sys.modules.pop("utils_tests.test_module.bad_module", None)
+        sys.modules.pop("utils_tests.test_module.good_module", None)
+        sys.modules.pop("utils_tests.test_module", None)
 
     def test_autodiscover_modules_found(self):
-        autodiscover_modules('good_module')
+        autodiscover_modules("good_module")
 
     def test_autodiscover_modules_not_found(self):
-        autodiscover_modules('missing_module')
+        autodiscover_modules("missing_module")
 
     def test_autodiscover_modules_found_but_bad_module(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImportError, "No module named 'a_package_name_that_does_not_exist'"):
-            autodiscover_modules('bad_module')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ImportError, "No module named 'a_package_name_that_does_not_exist'"
+        ):
+            autodiscover_modules("bad_module")
 
     def test_autodiscover_modules_several_one_bad_module(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImportError, "No module named 'a_package_name_that_does_not_exist'"):
-            autodiscover_modules('good_module', 'bad_module')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ImportError, "No module named 'a_package_name_that_does_not_exist'"
+        ):
+            autodiscover_modules("good_module", "bad_module")
 
     def test_autodiscover_modules_several_found(self):
-        autodiscover_modules('good_module', 'another_good_module')
+        autodiscover_modules("good_module", "another_good_module")
 
     def test_autodiscover_modules_several_found_with_registry(self):
         from .test_module import site
-        autodiscover_modules('good_module', 'another_good_module', register_to=site)
-        self.assertEqual(site._registry, {'lorem': 'ipsum'})
+
+        autodiscover_modules("good_module", "another_good_module", register_to=site)
+        self.assertEqual(site._registry, {"lorem": "ipsum"})
 
     def test_validate_registry_keeps_intact(self):
         from .test_module import site
+
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(Exception, "Some random exception."):
-            autodiscover_modules('another_bad_module', register_to=site)
+            autodiscover_modules("another_bad_module", register_to=site)
         self.assertEqual(site._registry, {})
 
     def test_validate_registry_resets_after_erroneous_module(self):
         from .test_module import site
+
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(Exception, "Some random exception."):
-            autodiscover_modules('another_good_module', 'another_bad_module', register_to=site)
-        self.assertEqual(site._registry, {'lorem': 'ipsum'})
+            autodiscover_modules(
+                "another_good_module", "another_bad_module", register_to=site
+            )
+        self.assertEqual(site._registry, {"lorem": "ipsum"})
 
     def test_validate_registry_resets_after_missing_module(self):
         from .test_module import site
-        autodiscover_modules('does_not_exist', 'another_good_module', 'does_not_exist2', register_to=site)
-        self.assertEqual(site._registry, {'lorem': 'ipsum'})
+
+        autodiscover_modules(
+            "does_not_exist", "another_good_module", "does_not_exist2", register_to=site
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(site._registry, {"lorem": "ipsum"})
 
 
 if PY310:
+
     class TestFinder:
         def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
             self.importer = zipimporter(*args, **kwargs)
 
         def find_spec(self, path, target=None):
             return self.importer.find_spec(path, target)
+
 else:
+
     class TestFinder:
         def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
             self.importer = zipimporter(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -218,6 +241,7 @@ class CustomLoader(EggLoader):
     it uses a custom defined Loader class. Although the EggLoader combines both
     functions into one class, this isn't required.
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
         sys.path_hooks.insert(0, TestFinder)
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_numberformat.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_numberformat.py
index 2da0c9f300..cec3e4c385 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_numberformat.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_numberformat.py
@@ -6,127 +6,169 @@ from django.utils.numberformat import format as nformat
 
 
 class TestNumberFormat(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_format_number(self):
-        self.assertEqual(nformat(1234, '.'), '1234')
-        self.assertEqual(nformat(1234.2, '.'), '1234.2')
-        self.assertEqual(nformat(1234, '.', decimal_pos=2), '1234.00')
-        self.assertEqual(nformat(1234, '.', grouping=2, thousand_sep=','), '1234')
-        self.assertEqual(nformat(1234, '.', grouping=2, thousand_sep=',', force_grouping=True), '12,34')
-        self.assertEqual(nformat(-1234.33, '.', decimal_pos=1), '-1234.3')
+        self.assertEqual(nformat(1234, "."), "1234")
+        self.assertEqual(nformat(1234.2, "."), "1234.2")
+        self.assertEqual(nformat(1234, ".", decimal_pos=2), "1234.00")
+        self.assertEqual(nformat(1234, ".", grouping=2, thousand_sep=","), "1234")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            nformat(1234, ".", grouping=2, thousand_sep=",", force_grouping=True),
+            "12,34",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(nformat(-1234.33, ".", decimal_pos=1), "-1234.3")
         # The use_l10n parameter can force thousand grouping behavior.
         with self.settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True):
-            self.assertEqual(nformat(1234, '.', grouping=3, thousand_sep=',', use_l10n=False), '1234')
-            self.assertEqual(nformat(1234, '.', grouping=3, thousand_sep=',', use_l10n=True), '1,234')
+            self.assertEqual(
+                nformat(1234, ".", grouping=3, thousand_sep=",", use_l10n=False), "1234"
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                nformat(1234, ".", grouping=3, thousand_sep=",", use_l10n=True), "1,234"
+            )
 
     def test_format_string(self):
-        self.assertEqual(nformat('1234', '.'), '1234')
-        self.assertEqual(nformat('1234.2', '.'), '1234.2')
-        self.assertEqual(nformat('1234', '.', decimal_pos=2), '1234.00')
-        self.assertEqual(nformat('1234', '.', grouping=2, thousand_sep=','), '1234')
-        self.assertEqual(nformat('1234', '.', grouping=2, thousand_sep=',', force_grouping=True), '12,34')
-        self.assertEqual(nformat('-1234.33', '.', decimal_pos=1), '-1234.3')
-        self.assertEqual(nformat('10000', '.', grouping=3, thousand_sep='comma', force_grouping=True), '10comma000')
+        self.assertEqual(nformat("1234", "."), "1234")
+        self.assertEqual(nformat("1234.2", "."), "1234.2")
+        self.assertEqual(nformat("1234", ".", decimal_pos=2), "1234.00")
+        self.assertEqual(nformat("1234", ".", grouping=2, thousand_sep=","), "1234")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            nformat("1234", ".", grouping=2, thousand_sep=",", force_grouping=True),
+            "12,34",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(nformat("-1234.33", ".", decimal_pos=1), "-1234.3")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            nformat(
+                "10000", ".", grouping=3, thousand_sep="comma", force_grouping=True
+            ),
+            "10comma000",
+        )
 
     def test_large_number(self):
         most_max = (
-            '{}179769313486231570814527423731704356798070567525844996'
-            '598917476803157260780028538760589558632766878171540458953'
-            '514382464234321326889464182768467546703537516986049910576'
-            '551282076245490090389328944075868508455133942304583236903'
-            '222948165808559332123348274797826204144723168738177180919'
-            '29988125040402618412485836{}'
+            "{}179769313486231570814527423731704356798070567525844996"
+            "598917476803157260780028538760589558632766878171540458953"
+            "514382464234321326889464182768467546703537516986049910576"
+            "551282076245490090389328944075868508455133942304583236903"
+            "222948165808559332123348274797826204144723168738177180919"
+            "29988125040402618412485836{}"
         )
         most_max2 = (
-            '{}35953862697246314162905484746340871359614113505168999'
-            '31978349536063145215600570775211791172655337563430809179'
-            '07028764928468642653778928365536935093407075033972099821'
-            '15310256415249098018077865788815173701691026788460916647'
-            '38064458963316171186642466965495956524082894463374763543'
-            '61838599762500808052368249716736'
+            "{}35953862697246314162905484746340871359614113505168999"
+            "31978349536063145215600570775211791172655337563430809179"
+            "07028764928468642653778928365536935093407075033972099821"
+            "15310256415249098018077865788815173701691026788460916647"
+            "38064458963316171186642466965495956524082894463374763543"
+            "61838599762500808052368249716736"
         )
         int_max = int(float_info.max)
-        self.assertEqual(nformat(int_max, '.'), most_max.format('', '8'))
-        self.assertEqual(nformat(int_max + 1, '.'), most_max.format('', '9'))
-        self.assertEqual(nformat(int_max * 2, '.'), most_max2.format(''))
-        self.assertEqual(nformat(0 - int_max, '.'), most_max.format('-', '8'))
-        self.assertEqual(nformat(-1 - int_max, '.'), most_max.format('-', '9'))
-        self.assertEqual(nformat(-2 * int_max, '.'), most_max2.format('-'))
+        self.assertEqual(nformat(int_max, "."), most_max.format("", "8"))
+        self.assertEqual(nformat(int_max + 1, "."), most_max.format("", "9"))
+        self.assertEqual(nformat(int_max * 2, "."), most_max2.format(""))
+        self.assertEqual(nformat(0 - int_max, "."), most_max.format("-", "8"))
+        self.assertEqual(nformat(-1 - int_max, "."), most_max.format("-", "9"))
+        self.assertEqual(nformat(-2 * int_max, "."), most_max2.format("-"))
 
     def test_float_numbers(self):
         tests = [
-            (9e-10, 10, '0.0000000009'),
-            (9e-19, 2, '0.00'),
-            (.00000000000099, 0, '0'),
-            (.00000000000099, 13, '0.0000000000009'),
-            (1e16, None, '10000000000000000'),
-            (1e16, 2, '10000000000000000.00'),
+            (9e-10, 10, "0.0000000009"),
+            (9e-19, 2, "0.00"),
+            (0.00000000000099, 0, "0"),
+            (0.00000000000099, 13, "0.0000000000009"),
+            (1e16, None, "10000000000000000"),
+            (1e16, 2, "10000000000000000.00"),
             # A float without a fractional part (3.) results in a ".0" when no
             # decimal_pos is given. Contrast that with the Decimal('3.') case
             # in test_decimal_numbers which doesn't return a fractional part.
-            (3., None, '3.0'),
+            (3.0, None, "3.0"),
         ]
         for value, decimal_pos, expected_value in tests:
             with self.subTest(value=value, decimal_pos=decimal_pos):
-                self.assertEqual(nformat(value, '.', decimal_pos), expected_value)
+                self.assertEqual(nformat(value, ".", decimal_pos), expected_value)
         # Thousand grouping behavior.
         self.assertEqual(
-            nformat(1e16, '.', thousand_sep=',', grouping=3, force_grouping=True),
-            '10,000,000,000,000,000',
+            nformat(1e16, ".", thousand_sep=",", grouping=3, force_grouping=True),
+            "10,000,000,000,000,000",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            nformat(1e16, '.', decimal_pos=2, thousand_sep=',', grouping=3, force_grouping=True),
-            '10,000,000,000,000,000.00',
+            nformat(
+                1e16,
+                ".",
+                decimal_pos=2,
+                thousand_sep=",",
+                grouping=3,
+                force_grouping=True,
+            ),
+            "10,000,000,000,000,000.00",
         )
 
     def test_decimal_numbers(self):
-        self.assertEqual(nformat(Decimal('1234'), '.'), '1234')
-        self.assertEqual(nformat(Decimal('1234.2'), '.'), '1234.2')
-        self.assertEqual(nformat(Decimal('1234'), '.', decimal_pos=2), '1234.00')
-        self.assertEqual(nformat(Decimal('1234'), '.', grouping=2, thousand_sep=','), '1234')
-        self.assertEqual(nformat(Decimal('1234'), '.', grouping=2, thousand_sep=',', force_grouping=True), '12,34')
-        self.assertEqual(nformat(Decimal('-1234.33'), '.', decimal_pos=1), '-1234.3')
-        self.assertEqual(nformat(Decimal('0.00000001'), '.', decimal_pos=8), '0.00000001')
-        self.assertEqual(nformat(Decimal('9e-19'), '.', decimal_pos=2), '0.00')
-        self.assertEqual(nformat(Decimal('.00000000000099'), '.', decimal_pos=0), '0')
+        self.assertEqual(nformat(Decimal("1234"), "."), "1234")
+        self.assertEqual(nformat(Decimal("1234.2"), "."), "1234.2")
+        self.assertEqual(nformat(Decimal("1234"), ".", decimal_pos=2), "1234.00")
         self.assertEqual(
-            nformat(Decimal('1e16'), '.', thousand_sep=',', grouping=3, force_grouping=True),
-            '10,000,000,000,000,000'
+            nformat(Decimal("1234"), ".", grouping=2, thousand_sep=","), "1234"
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            nformat(Decimal('1e16'), '.', decimal_pos=2, thousand_sep=',', grouping=3, force_grouping=True),
-            '10,000,000,000,000,000.00'
+            nformat(
+                Decimal("1234"), ".", grouping=2, thousand_sep=",", force_grouping=True
+            ),
+            "12,34",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(nformat(Decimal('3.'), '.'), '3')
-        self.assertEqual(nformat(Decimal('3.0'), '.'), '3.0')
+        self.assertEqual(nformat(Decimal("-1234.33"), ".", decimal_pos=1), "-1234.3")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            nformat(Decimal("0.00000001"), ".", decimal_pos=8), "0.00000001"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(nformat(Decimal("9e-19"), ".", decimal_pos=2), "0.00")
+        self.assertEqual(nformat(Decimal(".00000000000099"), ".", decimal_pos=0), "0")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            nformat(
+                Decimal("1e16"), ".", thousand_sep=",", grouping=3, force_grouping=True
+            ),
+            "10,000,000,000,000,000",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            nformat(
+                Decimal("1e16"),
+                ".",
+                decimal_pos=2,
+                thousand_sep=",",
+                grouping=3,
+                force_grouping=True,
+            ),
+            "10,000,000,000,000,000.00",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(nformat(Decimal("3."), "."), "3")
+        self.assertEqual(nformat(Decimal("3.0"), "."), "3.0")
         # Very large & small numbers.
         tests = [
-            ('9e9999', None, '9e+9999'),
-            ('9e9999', 3, '9.000e+9999'),
-            ('9e201', None, '9e+201'),
-            ('9e200', None, '9e+200'),
-            ('1.2345e999', 2, '1.23e+999'),
-            ('9e-999', None, '9e-999'),
-            ('1e-7', 8, '0.00000010'),
-            ('1e-8', 8, '0.00000001'),
-            ('1e-9', 8, '0.00000000'),
-            ('1e-10', 8, '0.00000000'),
-            ('1e-11', 8, '0.00000000'),
-            ('1' + ('0' * 300), 3, '1.000e+300'),
-            ('0.{}1234'.format('0' * 299), 3, '0.000'),
+            ("9e9999", None, "9e+9999"),
+            ("9e9999", 3, "9.000e+9999"),
+            ("9e201", None, "9e+201"),
+            ("9e200", None, "9e+200"),
+            ("1.2345e999", 2, "1.23e+999"),
+            ("9e-999", None, "9e-999"),
+            ("1e-7", 8, "0.00000010"),
+            ("1e-8", 8, "0.00000001"),
+            ("1e-9", 8, "0.00000000"),
+            ("1e-10", 8, "0.00000000"),
+            ("1e-11", 8, "0.00000000"),
+            ("1" + ("0" * 300), 3, "1.000e+300"),
+            ("0.{}1234".format("0" * 299), 3, "0.000"),
         ]
         for value, decimal_pos, expected_value in tests:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
-                self.assertEqual(nformat(Decimal(value), '.', decimal_pos), expected_value)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    nformat(Decimal(value), ".", decimal_pos), expected_value
+                )
 
     def test_decimal_subclass(self):
         class EuroDecimal(Decimal):
             """
             Wrapper for Decimal which prefixes each amount with the € symbol.
             """
+
             def __format__(self, specifier, **kwargs):
                 amount = super().__format__(specifier, **kwargs)
-                return '€ {}'.format(amount)
+                return "€ {}".format(amount)
 
-        price = EuroDecimal('1.23')
-        self.assertEqual(nformat(price, ','), '€ 1,23')
+        price = EuroDecimal("1.23")
+        self.assertEqual(nformat(price, ","), "€ 1,23")
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_os_utils.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_os_utils.py
index 76c0eda944..7204167688 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_os_utils.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_os_utils.py
@@ -9,10 +9,7 @@ from django.utils._os import safe_join, to_path
 class SafeJoinTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_base_path_ends_with_sep(self):
         drive, path = os.path.splitdrive(safe_join("/abc/", "abc"))
-        self.assertEqual(
-            path,
-            "{0}abc{0}abc".format(os.path.sep)
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(path, "{0}abc{0}abc".format(os.path.sep))
 
     def test_root_path(self):
         drive, path = os.path.splitdrive(safe_join("/", "path"))
@@ -34,9 +31,9 @@ class SafeJoinTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
 class ToPathTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_to_path(self):
-        for path in ('/tmp/some_file.txt', Path('/tmp/some_file.txt')):
+        for path in ("/tmp/some_file.txt", Path("/tmp/some_file.txt")):
             with self.subTest(path):
-                self.assertEqual(to_path(path), Path('/tmp/some_file.txt'))
+                self.assertEqual(to_path(path), Path("/tmp/some_file.txt"))
 
     def test_to_path_invalid_value(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_regex_helper.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_regex_helper.py
index 895890bd26..ca918e5be7 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_regex_helper.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_regex_helper.py
@@ -8,47 +8,50 @@ from django.utils import regex_helper
 class NormalizeTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_empty(self):
         pattern = r""
-        expected = [('', [])]
+        expected = [("", [])]
         result = regex_helper.normalize(pattern)
         self.assertEqual(result, expected)
 
     def test_escape(self):
         pattern = r"\\\^\$\.\|\?\*\+\(\)\["
-        expected = [('\\^$.|?*+()[', [])]
+        expected = [("\\^$.|?*+()[", [])]
         result = regex_helper.normalize(pattern)
         self.assertEqual(result, expected)
 
     def test_group_positional(self):
         pattern = r"(.*)-(.+)"
-        expected = [('%(_0)s-%(_1)s', ['_0', '_1'])]
+        expected = [("%(_0)s-%(_1)s", ["_0", "_1"])]
         result = regex_helper.normalize(pattern)
         self.assertEqual(result, expected)
 
     def test_group_noncapturing(self):
         pattern = r"(?:non-capturing)"
-        expected = [('non-capturing', [])]
+        expected = [("non-capturing", [])]
         result = regex_helper.normalize(pattern)
         self.assertEqual(result, expected)
 
     def test_group_named(self):
         pattern = r"(?P<first_group_name>.*)-(?P<second_group_name>.*)"
-        expected = [('%(first_group_name)s-%(second_group_name)s',
-                    ['first_group_name', 'second_group_name'])]
+        expected = [
+            (
+                "%(first_group_name)s-%(second_group_name)s",
+                ["first_group_name", "second_group_name"],
+            )
+        ]
         result = regex_helper.normalize(pattern)
         self.assertEqual(result, expected)
 
     def test_group_backreference(self):
         pattern = r"(?P<first_group_name>.*)-(?P=first_group_name)"
-        expected = [('%(first_group_name)s-%(first_group_name)s',
-                    ['first_group_name'])]
+        expected = [("%(first_group_name)s-%(first_group_name)s", ["first_group_name"])]
         result = regex_helper.normalize(pattern)
         self.assertEqual(result, expected)
 
 
 class LazyReCompileTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_flags_with_pre_compiled_regex(self):
-        test_pattern = re.compile('test')
+        test_pattern = re.compile("test")
         lazy_test_pattern = regex_helper._lazy_re_compile(test_pattern, re.I)
-        msg = 'flags must be empty if regex is passed pre-compiled'
+        msg = "flags must be empty if regex is passed pre-compiled"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            lazy_test_pattern.match('TEST')
+            lazy_test_pattern.match("TEST")
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_safestring.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_safestring.py
index 80f31d42ac..d7805662f1 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_safestring.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_safestring.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ class customescape(str):
     def __html__(self):
         # Implement specific and wrong escaping in order to be able to detect
         # when it runs.
-        return self.replace('<', '<<').replace('>', '>>')
+        return self.replace("<", "<<").replace(">", ">>")
 
 
 class SafeStringTest(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -19,63 +19,64 @@ class SafeStringTest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(tpl.render(context), expected)
 
     def test_mark_safe(self):
-        s = mark_safe('a&b')
+        s = mark_safe("a&b")
 
-        self.assertRenderEqual('{{ s }}', 'a&b', s=s)
-        self.assertRenderEqual('{{ s|force_escape }}', 'a&amp;b', s=s)
+        self.assertRenderEqual("{{ s }}", "a&b", s=s)
+        self.assertRenderEqual("{{ s|force_escape }}", "a&amp;b", s=s)
 
     def test_mark_safe_str(self):
         """
         Calling str() on a SafeString instance doesn't lose the safe status.
         """
-        s = mark_safe('a&b')
+        s = mark_safe("a&b")
         self.assertIsInstance(str(s), type(s))
 
     def test_mark_safe_object_implementing_dunder_html(self):
-        e = customescape('<a&b>')
+        e = customescape("<a&b>")
         s = mark_safe(e)
         self.assertIs(s, e)
 
-        self.assertRenderEqual('{{ s }}', '<<a&b>>', s=s)
-        self.assertRenderEqual('{{ s|force_escape }}', '&lt;a&amp;b&gt;', s=s)
+        self.assertRenderEqual("{{ s }}", "<<a&b>>", s=s)
+        self.assertRenderEqual("{{ s|force_escape }}", "&lt;a&amp;b&gt;", s=s)
 
     def test_mark_safe_lazy(self):
-        s = lazystr('a&b')
+        s = lazystr("a&b")
 
         self.assertIsInstance(mark_safe(s), SafeData)
-        self.assertRenderEqual('{{ s }}', 'a&b', s=mark_safe(s))
+        self.assertRenderEqual("{{ s }}", "a&b", s=mark_safe(s))
 
     def test_mark_safe_object_implementing_dunder_str(self):
         class Obj:
             def __str__(self):
-                return '<obj>'
+                return "<obj>"
 
         s = mark_safe(Obj())
 
-        self.assertRenderEqual('{{ s }}', '<obj>', s=s)
+        self.assertRenderEqual("{{ s }}", "<obj>", s=s)
 
     def test_mark_safe_result_implements_dunder_html(self):
-        self.assertEqual(mark_safe('a&b').__html__(), 'a&b')
+        self.assertEqual(mark_safe("a&b").__html__(), "a&b")
 
     def test_mark_safe_lazy_result_implements_dunder_html(self):
-        self.assertEqual(mark_safe(lazystr('a&b')).__html__(), 'a&b')
+        self.assertEqual(mark_safe(lazystr("a&b")).__html__(), "a&b")
 
     def test_add_lazy_safe_text_and_safe_text(self):
-        s = html.escape(lazystr('a'))
-        s += mark_safe('&b')
-        self.assertRenderEqual('{{ s }}', 'a&b', s=s)
+        s = html.escape(lazystr("a"))
+        s += mark_safe("&b")
+        self.assertRenderEqual("{{ s }}", "a&b", s=s)
 
-        s = html.escapejs(lazystr('a'))
-        s += mark_safe('&b')
-        self.assertRenderEqual('{{ s }}', 'a&b', s=s)
+        s = html.escapejs(lazystr("a"))
+        s += mark_safe("&b")
+        self.assertRenderEqual("{{ s }}", "a&b", s=s)
 
     def test_mark_safe_as_decorator(self):
         """
         mark_safe used as a decorator leaves the result of a function
         unchanged.
         """
+
         def clean_string_provider():
-            return '<html><body>dummy</body></html>'
+            return "<html><body>dummy</body></html>"
 
         self.assertEqual(mark_safe(clean_string_provider)(), clean_string_provider())
 
@@ -83,9 +84,10 @@ class SafeStringTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         mark_safe doesn't affect a callable that has an __html__() method.
         """
+
         class SafeStringContainer:
             def __html__(self):
-                return '<html></html>'
+                return "<html></html>"
 
         self.assertIs(mark_safe(SafeStringContainer), SafeStringContainer)
 
@@ -93,14 +95,15 @@ class SafeStringTest(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         mark_safe doesn't affect lazy strings (Promise objects).
         """
+
         def html_str():
-            return '<html></html>'
+            return "<html></html>"
 
         lazy_str = lazy(html_str, str)()
         self.assertEqual(mark_safe(lazy_str), html_str())
 
     def test_default_additional_attrs(self):
-        s = SafeString('a&b')
+        s = SafeString("a&b")
         msg = "object has no attribute 'dynamic_attr'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AttributeError, msg):
             s.dynamic_attr = True
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_simplelazyobject.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_simplelazyobject.py
index d6386fe79c..7c9c021afb 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_simplelazyobject.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_simplelazyobject.py
@@ -6,9 +6,8 @@ from django.utils.functional import SimpleLazyObject
 
 
 class TestUtilsSimpleLazyObjectDjangoTestCase(TestCase):
-
     def test_pickle(self):
-        user = User.objects.create_user('johndoe', 'john@example.com', 'pass')
+        user = User.objects.create_user("johndoe", "john@example.com", "pass")
         x = SimpleLazyObject(lambda: user)
         pickle.dumps(x)
         # Try the variant protocol levels.
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_termcolors.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_termcolors.py
index 0469137a9c..7ee4f9b0b2 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_termcolors.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_termcolors.py
@@ -1,209 +1,233 @@
 import unittest
 
 from django.utils.termcolors import (
-    DARK_PALETTE, DEFAULT_PALETTE, LIGHT_PALETTE, NOCOLOR_PALETTE, PALETTES,
-    colorize, parse_color_setting,
+    DARK_PALETTE,
+    DEFAULT_PALETTE,
+    LIGHT_PALETTE,
+    NOCOLOR_PALETTE,
+    PALETTES,
+    colorize,
+    parse_color_setting,
 )
 
 
 class TermColorTests(unittest.TestCase):
-
     def test_empty_string(self):
-        self.assertEqual(parse_color_setting(''), PALETTES[DEFAULT_PALETTE])
+        self.assertEqual(parse_color_setting(""), PALETTES[DEFAULT_PALETTE])
 
     def test_simple_palette(self):
-        self.assertEqual(parse_color_setting('light'), PALETTES[LIGHT_PALETTE])
-        self.assertEqual(parse_color_setting('dark'), PALETTES[DARK_PALETTE])
-        self.assertIsNone(parse_color_setting('nocolor'))
+        self.assertEqual(parse_color_setting("light"), PALETTES[LIGHT_PALETTE])
+        self.assertEqual(parse_color_setting("dark"), PALETTES[DARK_PALETTE])
+        self.assertIsNone(parse_color_setting("nocolor"))
 
     def test_fg(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('error=green'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green'})
+            parse_color_setting("error=green"),
+            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={"fg": "green"}),
         )
 
     def test_fg_bg(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('error=green/blue'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green', 'bg': 'blue'})
+            parse_color_setting("error=green/blue"),
+            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={"fg": "green", "bg": "blue"}),
         )
 
     def test_fg_opts(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('error=green,blink'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green', 'opts': ('blink',)})
+            parse_color_setting("error=green,blink"),
+            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={"fg": "green", "opts": ("blink",)}),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('error=green,bold,blink'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green', 'opts': ('blink', 'bold')})
+            parse_color_setting("error=green,bold,blink"),
+            dict(
+                PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE],
+                ERROR={"fg": "green", "opts": ("blink", "bold")},
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_fg_bg_opts(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('error=green/blue,blink'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green', 'bg': 'blue', 'opts': ('blink',)})
+            parse_color_setting("error=green/blue,blink"),
+            dict(
+                PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE],
+                ERROR={"fg": "green", "bg": "blue", "opts": ("blink",)},
+            ),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('error=green/blue,bold,blink'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green', 'bg': 'blue', 'opts': ('blink', 'bold')})
+            parse_color_setting("error=green/blue,bold,blink"),
+            dict(
+                PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE],
+                ERROR={"fg": "green", "bg": "blue", "opts": ("blink", "bold")},
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_override_palette(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('light;error=green'),
-            dict(PALETTES[LIGHT_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green'})
+            parse_color_setting("light;error=green"),
+            dict(PALETTES[LIGHT_PALETTE], ERROR={"fg": "green"}),
         )
 
     def test_override_nocolor(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('nocolor;error=green'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green'})
+            parse_color_setting("nocolor;error=green"),
+            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={"fg": "green"}),
         )
 
     def test_reverse_override(self):
-        self.assertEqual(parse_color_setting('error=green;light'), PALETTES[LIGHT_PALETTE])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            parse_color_setting("error=green;light"), PALETTES[LIGHT_PALETTE]
+        )
 
     def test_multiple_roles(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('error=green;sql_field=blue'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green'}, SQL_FIELD={'fg': 'blue'})
+            parse_color_setting("error=green;sql_field=blue"),
+            dict(
+                PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE],
+                ERROR={"fg": "green"},
+                SQL_FIELD={"fg": "blue"},
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_override_with_multiple_roles(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('light;error=green;sql_field=blue'),
-            dict(PALETTES[LIGHT_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green'}, SQL_FIELD={'fg': 'blue'})
+            parse_color_setting("light;error=green;sql_field=blue"),
+            dict(
+                PALETTES[LIGHT_PALETTE], ERROR={"fg": "green"}, SQL_FIELD={"fg": "blue"}
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_empty_definition(self):
-        self.assertIsNone(parse_color_setting(';'))
-        self.assertEqual(parse_color_setting('light;'), PALETTES[LIGHT_PALETTE])
-        self.assertIsNone(parse_color_setting(';;;'))
+        self.assertIsNone(parse_color_setting(";"))
+        self.assertEqual(parse_color_setting("light;"), PALETTES[LIGHT_PALETTE])
+        self.assertIsNone(parse_color_setting(";;;"))
 
     def test_empty_options(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('error=green,'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green'})
+            parse_color_setting("error=green,"),
+            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={"fg": "green"}),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('error=green,,,'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green'})
+            parse_color_setting("error=green,,,"),
+            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={"fg": "green"}),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('error=green,,blink,,'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green', 'opts': ('blink',)})
+            parse_color_setting("error=green,,blink,,"),
+            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={"fg": "green", "opts": ("blink",)}),
         )
 
     def test_bad_palette(self):
-        self.assertIsNone(parse_color_setting('unknown'))
+        self.assertIsNone(parse_color_setting("unknown"))
 
     def test_bad_role(self):
-        self.assertIsNone(parse_color_setting('unknown='))
-        self.assertIsNone(parse_color_setting('unknown=green'))
+        self.assertIsNone(parse_color_setting("unknown="))
+        self.assertIsNone(parse_color_setting("unknown=green"))
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('unknown=green;sql_field=blue'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], SQL_FIELD={'fg': 'blue'})
+            parse_color_setting("unknown=green;sql_field=blue"),
+            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], SQL_FIELD={"fg": "blue"}),
         )
 
     def test_bad_color(self):
-        self.assertIsNone(parse_color_setting('error='))
+        self.assertIsNone(parse_color_setting("error="))
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('error=;sql_field=blue'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], SQL_FIELD={'fg': 'blue'})
+            parse_color_setting("error=;sql_field=blue"),
+            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], SQL_FIELD={"fg": "blue"}),
         )
-        self.assertIsNone(parse_color_setting('error=unknown'))
+        self.assertIsNone(parse_color_setting("error=unknown"))
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('error=unknown;sql_field=blue'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], SQL_FIELD={'fg': 'blue'})
+            parse_color_setting("error=unknown;sql_field=blue"),
+            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], SQL_FIELD={"fg": "blue"}),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('error=green/unknown'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green'})
+            parse_color_setting("error=green/unknown"),
+            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={"fg": "green"}),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('error=green/blue/something'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green', 'bg': 'blue'})
+            parse_color_setting("error=green/blue/something"),
+            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={"fg": "green", "bg": "blue"}),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('error=green/blue/something,blink'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green', 'bg': 'blue', 'opts': ('blink',)})
+            parse_color_setting("error=green/blue/something,blink"),
+            dict(
+                PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE],
+                ERROR={"fg": "green", "bg": "blue", "opts": ("blink",)},
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_bad_option(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('error=green,unknown'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green'})
+            parse_color_setting("error=green,unknown"),
+            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={"fg": "green"}),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('error=green,unknown,blink'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green', 'opts': ('blink',)})
+            parse_color_setting("error=green,unknown,blink"),
+            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={"fg": "green", "opts": ("blink",)}),
         )
 
     def test_role_case(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('ERROR=green'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green'})
+            parse_color_setting("ERROR=green"),
+            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={"fg": "green"}),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('eRrOr=green'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green'})
+            parse_color_setting("eRrOr=green"),
+            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={"fg": "green"}),
         )
 
     def test_color_case(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('error=GREEN'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green'})
+            parse_color_setting("error=GREEN"),
+            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={"fg": "green"}),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('error=GREEN/BLUE'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green', 'bg': 'blue'})
+            parse_color_setting("error=GREEN/BLUE"),
+            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={"fg": "green", "bg": "blue"}),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('error=gReEn'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green'})
+            parse_color_setting("error=gReEn"),
+            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={"fg": "green"}),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('error=gReEn/bLuE'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green', 'bg': 'blue'})
+            parse_color_setting("error=gReEn/bLuE"),
+            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={"fg": "green", "bg": "blue"}),
         )
 
     def test_opts_case(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('error=green,BLINK'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green', 'opts': ('blink',)})
+            parse_color_setting("error=green,BLINK"),
+            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={"fg": "green", "opts": ("blink",)}),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            parse_color_setting('error=green,bLiNk'),
-            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={'fg': 'green', 'opts': ('blink',)})
+            parse_color_setting("error=green,bLiNk"),
+            dict(PALETTES[NOCOLOR_PALETTE], ERROR={"fg": "green", "opts": ("blink",)}),
         )
 
     def test_colorize_empty_text(self):
-        self.assertEqual(colorize(text=None), '\x1b[m\x1b[0m')
-        self.assertEqual(colorize(text=''), '\x1b[m\x1b[0m')
+        self.assertEqual(colorize(text=None), "\x1b[m\x1b[0m")
+        self.assertEqual(colorize(text=""), "\x1b[m\x1b[0m")
 
-        self.assertEqual(colorize(text=None, opts=('noreset',)), '\x1b[m')
-        self.assertEqual(colorize(text='', opts=('noreset',)), '\x1b[m')
+        self.assertEqual(colorize(text=None, opts=("noreset",)), "\x1b[m")
+        self.assertEqual(colorize(text="", opts=("noreset",)), "\x1b[m")
 
     def test_colorize_reset(self):
-        self.assertEqual(colorize(text='', opts=('reset',)), '\x1b[0m')
+        self.assertEqual(colorize(text="", opts=("reset",)), "\x1b[0m")
 
     def test_colorize_fg_bg(self):
-        self.assertEqual(colorize(text='Test', fg='red'), '\x1b[31mTest\x1b[0m')
-        self.assertEqual(colorize(text='Test', bg='red'), '\x1b[41mTest\x1b[0m')
+        self.assertEqual(colorize(text="Test", fg="red"), "\x1b[31mTest\x1b[0m")
+        self.assertEqual(colorize(text="Test", bg="red"), "\x1b[41mTest\x1b[0m")
         # Ignored kwarg.
-        self.assertEqual(colorize(text='Test', other='red'), '\x1b[mTest\x1b[0m')
+        self.assertEqual(colorize(text="Test", other="red"), "\x1b[mTest\x1b[0m")
 
     def test_colorize_opts(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            colorize(text='Test', opts=('bold', 'underscore')),
-            '\x1b[1;4mTest\x1b[0m',
+            colorize(text="Test", opts=("bold", "underscore")),
+            "\x1b[1;4mTest\x1b[0m",
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            colorize(text='Test', opts=('blink',)),
-            '\x1b[5mTest\x1b[0m',
+            colorize(text="Test", opts=("blink",)),
+            "\x1b[5mTest\x1b[0m",
         )
         # Ignored opts.
         self.assertEqual(
-            colorize(text='Test', opts=('not_an_option',)),
-            '\x1b[mTest\x1b[0m',
+            colorize(text="Test", opts=("not_an_option",)),
+            "\x1b[mTest\x1b[0m",
         )
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_text.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_text.py
index 820a890bc5..caab19a55d 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_text.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_text.py
@@ -8,106 +8,117 @@ from django.utils.functional import lazystr
 from django.utils.text import format_lazy
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy, override
 
-IS_WIDE_BUILD = (len('\U0001F4A9') == 1)
+IS_WIDE_BUILD = len("\U0001F4A9") == 1
 
 
 class TestUtilsText(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_get_text_list(self):
-        self.assertEqual(text.get_text_list(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']), 'a, b, c or d')
-        self.assertEqual(text.get_text_list(['a', 'b', 'c'], 'and'), 'a, b and c')
-        self.assertEqual(text.get_text_list(['a', 'b'], 'and'), 'a and b')
-        self.assertEqual(text.get_text_list(['a']), 'a')
-        self.assertEqual(text.get_text_list([]), '')
-        with override('ar'):
-            self.assertEqual(text.get_text_list(['a', 'b', 'c']), "a، b أو c")
+        self.assertEqual(text.get_text_list(["a", "b", "c", "d"]), "a, b, c or d")
+        self.assertEqual(text.get_text_list(["a", "b", "c"], "and"), "a, b and c")
+        self.assertEqual(text.get_text_list(["a", "b"], "and"), "a and b")
+        self.assertEqual(text.get_text_list(["a"]), "a")
+        self.assertEqual(text.get_text_list([]), "")
+        with override("ar"):
+            self.assertEqual(text.get_text_list(["a", "b", "c"]), "a، b أو c")
 
     def test_smart_split(self):
         testdata = [
-            ('This is "a person" test.',
-                ['This', 'is', '"a person"', 'test.']),
-            ('This is "a person\'s" test.',
-                ['This', 'is', '"a person\'s"', 'test.']),
-            ('This is "a person\\"s" test.',
-                ['This', 'is', '"a person\\"s"', 'test.']),
-            ('"a \'one',
-                ['"a', "'one"]),
-            ('all friends\' tests',
-                ['all', 'friends\'', 'tests']),
-            ('url search_page words="something else"',
-                ['url', 'search_page', 'words="something else"']),
-            ("url search_page words='something else'",
-                ['url', 'search_page', "words='something else'"]),
-            ('url search_page words "something else"',
-                ['url', 'search_page', 'words', '"something else"']),
-            ('url search_page words-"something else"',
-                ['url', 'search_page', 'words-"something else"']),
-            ('url search_page words=hello',
-                ['url', 'search_page', 'words=hello']),
-            ('url search_page words="something else',
-                ['url', 'search_page', 'words="something', 'else']),
-            ("cut:','|cut:' '",
-                ["cut:','|cut:' '"]),
-            (lazystr("a b c d"),  # Test for #20231
-                ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']),
+            ('This is "a person" test.', ["This", "is", '"a person"', "test."]),
+            ('This is "a person\'s" test.', ["This", "is", '"a person\'s"', "test."]),
+            ('This is "a person\\"s" test.', ["This", "is", '"a person\\"s"', "test."]),
+            ("\"a 'one", ['"a', "'one"]),
+            ("all friends' tests", ["all", "friends'", "tests"]),
+            (
+                'url search_page words="something else"',
+                ["url", "search_page", 'words="something else"'],
+            ),
+            (
+                "url search_page words='something else'",
+                ["url", "search_page", "words='something else'"],
+            ),
+            (
+                'url search_page words "something else"',
+                ["url", "search_page", "words", '"something else"'],
+            ),
+            (
+                'url search_page words-"something else"',
+                ["url", "search_page", 'words-"something else"'],
+            ),
+            ("url search_page words=hello", ["url", "search_page", "words=hello"]),
+            (
+                'url search_page words="something else',
+                ["url", "search_page", 'words="something', "else"],
+            ),
+            ("cut:','|cut:' '", ["cut:','|cut:' '"]),
+            (lazystr("a b c d"), ["a", "b", "c", "d"]),  # Test for #20231
         ]
         for test, expected in testdata:
             with self.subTest(value=test):
                 self.assertEqual(list(text.smart_split(test)), expected)
 
     def test_truncate_chars(self):
-        truncator = text.Truncator('The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.')
-        self.assertEqual('The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.', truncator.chars(100)),
-        self.assertEqual('The quick brown fox …', truncator.chars(21)),
-        self.assertEqual('The quick brown fo.....', truncator.chars(23, '.....')),
-        self.assertEqual('.....', truncator.chars(4, '.....')),
+        truncator = text.Truncator("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.", truncator.chars(100)
+        ),
+        self.assertEqual("The quick brown fox …", truncator.chars(21)),
+        self.assertEqual("The quick brown fo.....", truncator.chars(23, ".....")),
+        self.assertEqual(".....", truncator.chars(4, ".....")),
 
-        nfc = text.Truncator('o\xfco\xfco\xfco\xfc')
-        nfd = text.Truncator('ou\u0308ou\u0308ou\u0308ou\u0308')
-        self.assertEqual('oüoüoüoü', nfc.chars(8))
-        self.assertEqual('oüoüoüoü', nfd.chars(8))
-        self.assertEqual('oü…', nfc.chars(3))
-        self.assertEqual('oü…', nfd.chars(3))
+        nfc = text.Truncator("o\xfco\xfco\xfco\xfc")
+        nfd = text.Truncator("ou\u0308ou\u0308ou\u0308ou\u0308")
+        self.assertEqual("oüoüoüoü", nfc.chars(8))
+        self.assertEqual("oüoüoüoü", nfd.chars(8))
+        self.assertEqual("oü…", nfc.chars(3))
+        self.assertEqual("oü…", nfd.chars(3))
 
         # Ensure the final length is calculated correctly when there are
         # combining characters with no precomposed form, and that combining
         # characters are not split up.
-        truncator = text.Truncator('-B\u030AB\u030A----8')
-        self.assertEqual('-B\u030A…', truncator.chars(3))
-        self.assertEqual('-B\u030AB\u030A-…', truncator.chars(5))
-        self.assertEqual('-B\u030AB\u030A----8', truncator.chars(8))
+        truncator = text.Truncator("-B\u030AB\u030A----8")
+        self.assertEqual("-B\u030A…", truncator.chars(3))
+        self.assertEqual("-B\u030AB\u030A-…", truncator.chars(5))
+        self.assertEqual("-B\u030AB\u030A----8", truncator.chars(8))
 
         # Ensure the length of the end text is correctly calculated when it
         # contains combining characters with no precomposed form.
-        truncator = text.Truncator('-----')
-        self.assertEqual('---B\u030A', truncator.chars(4, 'B\u030A'))
-        self.assertEqual('-----', truncator.chars(5, 'B\u030A'))
+        truncator = text.Truncator("-----")
+        self.assertEqual("---B\u030A", truncator.chars(4, "B\u030A"))
+        self.assertEqual("-----", truncator.chars(5, "B\u030A"))
 
         # Make a best effort to shorten to the desired length, but requesting
         # a length shorter than the ellipsis shouldn't break
-        self.assertEqual('…', text.Truncator('asdf').chars(0))
+        self.assertEqual("…", text.Truncator("asdf").chars(0))
         # lazy strings are handled correctly
-        self.assertEqual(text.Truncator(lazystr('The quick brown fox')).chars(10), 'The quick…')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            text.Truncator(lazystr("The quick brown fox")).chars(10), "The quick…"
+        )
 
     def test_truncate_chars_html(self):
         perf_test_values = [
-            (('</a' + '\t' * 50000) + '//>', None),
-            ('&' * 50000, '&' * 9 + '…'),
-            ('_X<<<<<<<<<<<>', None),
+            (("</a" + "\t" * 50000) + "//>", None),
+            ("&" * 50000, "&" * 9 + "…"),
+            ("_X<<<<<<<<<<<>", None),
         ]
         for value, expected in perf_test_values:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
                 truncator = text.Truncator(value)
-                self.assertEqual(expected if expected else value, truncator.chars(10, html=True))
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    expected if expected else value, truncator.chars(10, html=True)
+                )
 
     def test_truncate_words(self):
-        truncator = text.Truncator('The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.')
-        self.assertEqual('The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.', truncator.words(10))
-        self.assertEqual('The quick brown fox…', truncator.words(4))
-        self.assertEqual('The quick brown fox[snip]', truncator.words(4, '[snip]'))
+        truncator = text.Truncator("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.", truncator.words(10)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual("The quick brown fox…", truncator.words(4))
+        self.assertEqual("The quick brown fox[snip]", truncator.words(4, "[snip]"))
         # lazy strings are handled correctly
-        truncator = text.Truncator(lazystr('The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.'))
-        self.assertEqual('The quick brown fox…', truncator.words(4))
+        truncator = text.Truncator(
+            lazystr("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual("The quick brown fox…", truncator.words(4))
 
     def test_truncate_html_words(self):
         truncator = text.Truncator(
@@ -115,19 +126,19 @@ class TestUtilsText(SimpleTestCase):
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             '<p id="par"><strong><em>The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.</em></strong></p>',
-            truncator.words(10, html=True)
+            truncator.words(10, html=True),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             '<p id="par"><strong><em>The quick brown fox…</em></strong></p>',
-            truncator.words(4, html=True)
+            truncator.words(4, html=True),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             '<p id="par"><strong><em>The quick brown fox....</em></strong></p>',
-            truncator.words(4, '....', html=True)
+            truncator.words(4, "....", html=True),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             '<p id="par"><strong><em>The quick brown fox</em></strong></p>',
-            truncator.words(4, '', html=True)
+            truncator.words(4, "", html=True),
         )
 
         # Test with new line inside tag
@@ -136,25 +147,36 @@ class TestUtilsText(SimpleTestCase):
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             '<p>The quick <a href="xyz.html"\n id="mylink">brown…</a></p>',
-            truncator.words(3, html=True)
+            truncator.words(3, html=True),
         )
 
         # Test self-closing tags
-        truncator = text.Truncator('<br/>The <hr />quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.')
-        self.assertEqual('<br/>The <hr />quick brown…', truncator.words(3, html=True))
-        truncator = text.Truncator('<br>The <hr/>quick <em>brown fox</em> jumped over the lazy dog.')
-        self.assertEqual('<br>The <hr/>quick <em>brown…</em>', truncator.words(3, html=True))
+        truncator = text.Truncator(
+            "<br/>The <hr />quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog."
+        )
+        self.assertEqual("<br/>The <hr />quick brown…", truncator.words(3, html=True))
+        truncator = text.Truncator(
+            "<br>The <hr/>quick <em>brown fox</em> jumped over the lazy dog."
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "<br>The <hr/>quick <em>brown…</em>", truncator.words(3, html=True)
+        )
 
         # Test html entities
-        truncator = text.Truncator('<i>Buenos d&iacute;as! &#x00bf;C&oacute;mo est&aacute;?</i>')
-        self.assertEqual('<i>Buenos d&iacute;as! &#x00bf;C&oacute;mo…</i>', truncator.words(3, html=True))
-        truncator = text.Truncator('<p>I &lt;3 python, what about you?</p>')
-        self.assertEqual('<p>I &lt;3 python,…</p>', truncator.words(3, html=True))
+        truncator = text.Truncator(
+            "<i>Buenos d&iacute;as! &#x00bf;C&oacute;mo est&aacute;?</i>"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "<i>Buenos d&iacute;as! &#x00bf;C&oacute;mo…</i>",
+            truncator.words(3, html=True),
+        )
+        truncator = text.Truncator("<p>I &lt;3 python, what about you?</p>")
+        self.assertEqual("<p>I &lt;3 python,…</p>", truncator.words(3, html=True))
 
         perf_test_values = [
-            ('</a' + '\t' * 50000) + '//>',
-            '&' * 50000,
-            '_X<<<<<<<<<<<>',
+            ("</a" + "\t" * 50000) + "//>",
+            "&" * 50000,
+            "_X<<<<<<<<<<<>",
         ]
         for value in perf_test_values:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
@@ -162,63 +184,72 @@ class TestUtilsText(SimpleTestCase):
                 self.assertEqual(value, truncator.words(50, html=True))
 
     def test_wrap(self):
-        digits = '1234 67 9'
-        self.assertEqual(text.wrap(digits, 100), '1234 67 9')
-        self.assertEqual(text.wrap(digits, 9), '1234 67 9')
-        self.assertEqual(text.wrap(digits, 8), '1234 67\n9')
+        digits = "1234 67 9"
+        self.assertEqual(text.wrap(digits, 100), "1234 67 9")
+        self.assertEqual(text.wrap(digits, 9), "1234 67 9")
+        self.assertEqual(text.wrap(digits, 8), "1234 67\n9")
 
-        self.assertEqual(text.wrap('short\na long line', 7), 'short\na long\nline')
-        self.assertEqual(text.wrap('do-not-break-long-words please? ok', 8), 'do-not-break-long-words\nplease?\nok')
+        self.assertEqual(text.wrap("short\na long line", 7), "short\na long\nline")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            text.wrap("do-not-break-long-words please? ok", 8),
+            "do-not-break-long-words\nplease?\nok",
+        )
 
-        long_word = 'l%sng' % ('o' * 20)
+        long_word = "l%sng" % ("o" * 20)
         self.assertEqual(text.wrap(long_word, 20), long_word)
-        self.assertEqual(text.wrap('a %s word' % long_word, 10), 'a\n%s\nword' % long_word)
-        self.assertEqual(text.wrap(lazystr(digits), 100), '1234 67 9')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            text.wrap("a %s word" % long_word, 10), "a\n%s\nword" % long_word
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(text.wrap(lazystr(digits), 100), "1234 67 9")
 
     def test_normalize_newlines(self):
-        self.assertEqual(text.normalize_newlines("abc\ndef\rghi\r\n"), "abc\ndef\nghi\n")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            text.normalize_newlines("abc\ndef\rghi\r\n"), "abc\ndef\nghi\n"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(text.normalize_newlines("\n\r\r\n\r"), "\n\n\n\n")
         self.assertEqual(text.normalize_newlines("abcdefghi"), "abcdefghi")
         self.assertEqual(text.normalize_newlines(""), "")
-        self.assertEqual(text.normalize_newlines(lazystr("abc\ndef\rghi\r\n")), "abc\ndef\nghi\n")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            text.normalize_newlines(lazystr("abc\ndef\rghi\r\n")), "abc\ndef\nghi\n"
+        )
 
     def test_phone2numeric(self):
-        numeric = text.phone2numeric('0800 flowers')
-        self.assertEqual(numeric, '0800 3569377')
-        lazy_numeric = lazystr(text.phone2numeric('0800 flowers'))
-        self.assertEqual(lazy_numeric, '0800 3569377')
+        numeric = text.phone2numeric("0800 flowers")
+        self.assertEqual(numeric, "0800 3569377")
+        lazy_numeric = lazystr(text.phone2numeric("0800 flowers"))
+        self.assertEqual(lazy_numeric, "0800 3569377")
 
     def test_slugify(self):
         items = (
             # given - expected - Unicode?
-            ('Hello, World!', 'hello-world', False),
-            ('spam & eggs', 'spam-eggs', False),
-            (' multiple---dash and  space ', 'multiple-dash-and-space', False),
-            ('\t whitespace-in-value \n', 'whitespace-in-value', False),
-            ('underscore_in-value', 'underscore_in-value', False),
-            ('__strip__underscore-value___', 'strip__underscore-value', False),
-            ('--strip-dash-value---', 'strip-dash-value', False),
-            ('__strip-mixed-value---', 'strip-mixed-value', False),
-            ('_ -strip-mixed-value _-', 'strip-mixed-value', False),
-            ('spam & ıçüş', 'spam-ıçüş', True),
-            ('foo ıç bar', 'foo-ıç-bar', True),
-            ('    foo ıç bar', 'foo-ıç-bar', True),
-            ('你好', '你好', True),
-            ('İstanbul', 'istanbul', True),
+            ("Hello, World!", "hello-world", False),
+            ("spam & eggs", "spam-eggs", False),
+            (" multiple---dash and  space ", "multiple-dash-and-space", False),
+            ("\t whitespace-in-value \n", "whitespace-in-value", False),
+            ("underscore_in-value", "underscore_in-value", False),
+            ("__strip__underscore-value___", "strip__underscore-value", False),
+            ("--strip-dash-value---", "strip-dash-value", False),
+            ("__strip-mixed-value---", "strip-mixed-value", False),
+            ("_ -strip-mixed-value _-", "strip-mixed-value", False),
+            ("spam & ıçüş", "spam-ıçüş", True),
+            ("foo ıç bar", "foo-ıç-bar", True),
+            ("    foo ıç bar", "foo-ıç-bar", True),
+            ("你好", "你好", True),
+            ("İstanbul", "istanbul", True),
         )
         for value, output, is_unicode in items:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
                 self.assertEqual(text.slugify(value, allow_unicode=is_unicode), output)
         # Interning the result may be useful, e.g. when fed to Path.
-        with self.subTest('intern'):
-            self.assertEqual(sys.intern(text.slugify('a')), 'a')
+        with self.subTest("intern"):
+            self.assertEqual(sys.intern(text.slugify("a")), "a")
 
     def test_unescape_string_literal(self):
         items = [
-            ('"abc"', 'abc'),
-            ("'abc'", 'abc'),
-            ('"a \"bc\""', 'a "bc"'),
-            ("'\'ab\' c'", "'ab' c"),
+            ('"abc"', "abc"),
+            ("'abc'", "abc"),
+            ('"a "bc""', 'a "bc"'),
+            ("''ab' c'", "'ab' c"),
         ]
         for value, output in items:
             with self.subTest(value=value):
@@ -226,9 +257,9 @@ class TestUtilsText(SimpleTestCase):
                 self.assertEqual(text.unescape_string_literal(lazystr(value)), output)
 
     def test_unescape_string_literal_invalid_value(self):
-        items = ['', 'abc', "'abc\""]
+        items = ["", "abc", "'abc\""]
         for item in items:
-            msg = f'Not a string literal: {item!r}'
+            msg = f"Not a string literal: {item!r}"
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
                 text.unescape_string_literal(item)
 
@@ -238,38 +269,43 @@ class TestUtilsText(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(text.get_valid_filename(lazystr(filename)), "-_123.txt")
         msg = "Could not derive file name from '???'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(SuspiciousFileOperation, msg):
-            text.get_valid_filename('???')
+            text.get_valid_filename("???")
         # After sanitizing this would yield '..'.
         msg = "Could not derive file name from '$.$.$'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(SuspiciousFileOperation, msg):
-            text.get_valid_filename('$.$.$')
+            text.get_valid_filename("$.$.$")
 
     def test_compress_sequence(self):
-        data = [{'key': i} for i in range(10)]
+        data = [{"key": i} for i in range(10)]
         seq = list(json.JSONEncoder().iterencode(data))
         seq = [s.encode() for s in seq]
-        actual_length = len(b''.join(seq))
+        actual_length = len(b"".join(seq))
         out = text.compress_sequence(seq)
-        compressed_length = len(b''.join(out))
+        compressed_length = len(b"".join(out))
         self.assertLess(compressed_length, actual_length)
 
     def test_format_lazy(self):
-        self.assertEqual('django/test', format_lazy('{}/{}', 'django', lazystr('test')))
-        self.assertEqual('django/test', format_lazy('{0}/{1}', *('django', 'test')))
-        self.assertEqual('django/test', format_lazy('{a}/{b}', **{'a': 'django', 'b': 'test'}))
-        self.assertEqual('django/test', format_lazy('{a[0]}/{a[1]}', a=('django', 'test')))
+        self.assertEqual("django/test", format_lazy("{}/{}", "django", lazystr("test")))
+        self.assertEqual("django/test", format_lazy("{0}/{1}", *("django", "test")))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "django/test", format_lazy("{a}/{b}", **{"a": "django", "b": "test"})
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            "django/test", format_lazy("{a[0]}/{a[1]}", a=("django", "test"))
+        )
 
         t = {}
-        s = format_lazy('{0[a]}-{p[a]}', t, p=t)
-        t['a'] = lazystr('django')
-        self.assertEqual('django-django', s)
-        t['a'] = 'update'
-        self.assertEqual('update-update', s)
+        s = format_lazy("{0[a]}-{p[a]}", t, p=t)
+        t["a"] = lazystr("django")
+        self.assertEqual("django-django", s)
+        t["a"] = "update"
+        self.assertEqual("update-update", s)
 
         # The format string can be lazy. (string comes from contrib.admin)
         s = format_lazy(
-            gettext_lazy('Added {name} “{object}”.'),
-            name='article', object='My first try',
+            gettext_lazy("Added {name} “{object}”."),
+            name="article",
+            object="My first try",
         )
-        with override('fr'):
-            self.assertEqual('Ajout de article «\xa0My first try\xa0».', s)
+        with override("fr"):
+            self.assertEqual("Ajout de article «\xa0My first try\xa0».", s)
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_timesince.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_timesince.py
index d080f1b1c5..4ab8e49e8d 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_timesince.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_timesince.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from django.utils.translation import npgettext_lazy
 
 
 class TimesinceTests(TestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         self.t = datetime.datetime(2007, 8, 14, 13, 46, 0)
         self.onemicrosecond = datetime.timedelta(microseconds=1)
@@ -21,28 +20,36 @@ class TimesinceTests(TestCase):
         self.oneyear = datetime.timedelta(days=365)
 
     def test_equal_datetimes(self):
-        """ equal datetimes. """
+        """equal datetimes."""
         # NOTE: \xa0 avoids wrapping between value and unit
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t), '0\xa0minutes')
+        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t), "0\xa0minutes")
 
     def test_ignore_microseconds_and_seconds(self):
-        """ Microseconds and seconds are ignored. """
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t + self.onemicrosecond), '0\xa0minutes')
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t + self.onesecond), '0\xa0minutes')
+        """Microseconds and seconds are ignored."""
+        self.assertEqual(
+            timesince(self.t, self.t + self.onemicrosecond), "0\xa0minutes"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t + self.onesecond), "0\xa0minutes")
 
     def test_other_units(self):
-        """ Test other units. """
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t + self.oneminute), '1\xa0minute')
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t + self.onehour), '1\xa0hour')
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t + self.oneday), '1\xa0day')
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t + self.oneweek), '1\xa0week')
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t + self.onemonth), '1\xa0month')
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t + self.oneyear), '1\xa0year')
+        """Test other units."""
+        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t + self.oneminute), "1\xa0minute")
+        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t + self.onehour), "1\xa0hour")
+        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t + self.oneday), "1\xa0day")
+        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t + self.oneweek), "1\xa0week")
+        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t + self.onemonth), "1\xa0month")
+        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t + self.oneyear), "1\xa0year")
 
     def test_multiple_units(self):
-        """ Test multiple units. """
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t + 2 * self.oneday + 6 * self.onehour), '2\xa0days, 6\xa0hours')
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t + 2 * self.oneweek + 2 * self.oneday), '2\xa0weeks, 2\xa0days')
+        """Test multiple units."""
+        self.assertEqual(
+            timesince(self.t, self.t + 2 * self.oneday + 6 * self.onehour),
+            "2\xa0days, 6\xa0hours",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            timesince(self.t, self.t + 2 * self.oneweek + 2 * self.oneday),
+            "2\xa0weeks, 2\xa0days",
+        )
 
     def test_display_first_unit(self):
         """
@@ -50,119 +57,148 @@ class TimesinceTests(TestCase):
         displayed.
         """
         self.assertEqual(
-            timesince(self.t, self.t + 2 * self.oneweek + 3 * self.onehour + 4 * self.oneminute),
-            '2\xa0weeks'
+            timesince(
+                self.t,
+                self.t + 2 * self.oneweek + 3 * self.onehour + 4 * self.oneminute,
+            ),
+            "2\xa0weeks",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            timesince(self.t, self.t + 4 * self.oneday + 5 * self.oneminute),
+            "4\xa0days",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t + 4 * self.oneday + 5 * self.oneminute), '4\xa0days')
 
     def test_display_second_before_first(self):
         """
         When the second date occurs before the first, we should always
         get 0 minutes.
         """
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t - self.onemicrosecond), '0\xa0minutes')
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t - self.onesecond), '0\xa0minutes')
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t - self.oneminute), '0\xa0minutes')
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t - self.onehour), '0\xa0minutes')
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t - self.oneday), '0\xa0minutes')
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t - self.oneweek), '0\xa0minutes')
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t - self.onemonth), '0\xa0minutes')
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t - self.oneyear), '0\xa0minutes')
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t - 2 * self.oneday - 6 * self.onehour), '0\xa0minutes')
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t - 2 * self.oneweek - 2 * self.oneday), '0\xa0minutes')
         self.assertEqual(
-            timesince(self.t, self.t - 2 * self.oneweek - 3 * self.onehour - 4 * self.oneminute), '0\xa0minutes'
+            timesince(self.t, self.t - self.onemicrosecond), "0\xa0minutes"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t - self.onesecond), "0\xa0minutes")
+        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t - self.oneminute), "0\xa0minutes")
+        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t - self.onehour), "0\xa0minutes")
+        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t - self.oneday), "0\xa0minutes")
+        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t - self.oneweek), "0\xa0minutes")
+        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t - self.onemonth), "0\xa0minutes")
+        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t - self.oneyear), "0\xa0minutes")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            timesince(self.t, self.t - 2 * self.oneday - 6 * self.onehour),
+            "0\xa0minutes",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            timesince(self.t, self.t - 2 * self.oneweek - 2 * self.oneday),
+            "0\xa0minutes",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            timesince(
+                self.t,
+                self.t - 2 * self.oneweek - 3 * self.onehour - 4 * self.oneminute,
+            ),
+            "0\xa0minutes",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            timesince(self.t, self.t - 4 * self.oneday - 5 * self.oneminute),
+            "0\xa0minutes",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(self.t, self.t - 4 * self.oneday - 5 * self.oneminute), '0\xa0minutes')
 
     def test_second_before_equal_first_humanize_time_strings(self):
         time_strings = {
-            'minute': npgettext_lazy(
-                'naturaltime-future',
-                '%(num)d minute',
-                '%(num)d minutes',
-                'num',
+            "minute": npgettext_lazy(
+                "naturaltime-future",
+                "%(num)d minute",
+                "%(num)d minutes",
+                "num",
             ),
         }
-        with translation.override('cs'):
+        with translation.override("cs"):
             for now in [self.t, self.t - self.onemicrosecond, self.t - self.oneday]:
                 with self.subTest(now):
                     self.assertEqual(
                         timesince(self.t, now, time_strings=time_strings),
-                        '0\xa0minut',
+                        "0\xa0minut",
                     )
 
     @requires_tz_support
     def test_different_timezones(self):
-        """ When using two different timezones. """
+        """When using two different timezones."""
         now = datetime.datetime.now()
         now_tz = timezone.make_aware(now, timezone.get_default_timezone())
         now_tz_i = timezone.localtime(now_tz, timezone.get_fixed_timezone(195))
 
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(now), '0\xa0minutes')
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(now_tz), '0\xa0minutes')
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(now_tz_i), '0\xa0minutes')
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(now_tz, now_tz_i), '0\xa0minutes')
-        self.assertEqual(timeuntil(now), '0\xa0minutes')
-        self.assertEqual(timeuntil(now_tz), '0\xa0minutes')
-        self.assertEqual(timeuntil(now_tz_i), '0\xa0minutes')
-        self.assertEqual(timeuntil(now_tz, now_tz_i), '0\xa0minutes')
+        self.assertEqual(timesince(now), "0\xa0minutes")
+        self.assertEqual(timesince(now_tz), "0\xa0minutes")
+        self.assertEqual(timesince(now_tz_i), "0\xa0minutes")
+        self.assertEqual(timesince(now_tz, now_tz_i), "0\xa0minutes")
+        self.assertEqual(timeuntil(now), "0\xa0minutes")
+        self.assertEqual(timeuntil(now_tz), "0\xa0minutes")
+        self.assertEqual(timeuntil(now_tz_i), "0\xa0minutes")
+        self.assertEqual(timeuntil(now_tz, now_tz_i), "0\xa0minutes")
 
     def test_date_objects(self):
-        """ Both timesince and timeuntil should work on date objects (#17937). """
+        """Both timesince and timeuntil should work on date objects (#17937)."""
         today = datetime.date.today()
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(today + self.oneday), '0\xa0minutes')
-        self.assertEqual(timeuntil(today - self.oneday), '0\xa0minutes')
+        self.assertEqual(timesince(today + self.oneday), "0\xa0minutes")
+        self.assertEqual(timeuntil(today - self.oneday), "0\xa0minutes")
 
     def test_both_date_objects(self):
-        """ Timesince should work with both date objects (#9672) """
+        """Timesince should work with both date objects (#9672)"""
         today = datetime.date.today()
-        self.assertEqual(timeuntil(today + self.oneday, today), '1\xa0day')
-        self.assertEqual(timeuntil(today - self.oneday, today), '0\xa0minutes')
-        self.assertEqual(timeuntil(today + self.oneweek, today), '1\xa0week')
+        self.assertEqual(timeuntil(today + self.oneday, today), "1\xa0day")
+        self.assertEqual(timeuntil(today - self.oneday, today), "0\xa0minutes")
+        self.assertEqual(timeuntil(today + self.oneweek, today), "1\xa0week")
 
     def test_leap_year(self):
         start_date = datetime.date(2016, 12, 25)
-        self.assertEqual(timeuntil(start_date + self.oneweek, start_date), '1\xa0week')
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(start_date, start_date + self.oneweek), '1\xa0week')
+        self.assertEqual(timeuntil(start_date + self.oneweek, start_date), "1\xa0week")
+        self.assertEqual(timesince(start_date, start_date + self.oneweek), "1\xa0week")
 
     def test_leap_year_new_years_eve(self):
         t = datetime.date(2016, 12, 31)
         now = datetime.datetime(2016, 12, 31, 18, 0, 0)
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(t + self.oneday, now), '0\xa0minutes')
-        self.assertEqual(timeuntil(t - self.oneday, now), '0\xa0minutes')
+        self.assertEqual(timesince(t + self.oneday, now), "0\xa0minutes")
+        self.assertEqual(timeuntil(t - self.oneday, now), "0\xa0minutes")
 
     def test_naive_datetime_with_tzinfo_attribute(self):
         class naive(datetime.tzinfo):
             def utcoffset(self, dt):
                 return None
+
         future = datetime.datetime(2080, 1, 1, tzinfo=naive())
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(future), '0\xa0minutes')
+        self.assertEqual(timesince(future), "0\xa0minutes")
         past = datetime.datetime(1980, 1, 1, tzinfo=naive())
-        self.assertEqual(timeuntil(past), '0\xa0minutes')
+        self.assertEqual(timeuntil(past), "0\xa0minutes")
 
     def test_thousand_years_ago(self):
         t = datetime.datetime(1007, 8, 14, 13, 46, 0)
-        self.assertEqual(timesince(t, self.t), '1000\xa0years')
-        self.assertEqual(timeuntil(self.t, t), '1000\xa0years')
+        self.assertEqual(timesince(t, self.t), "1000\xa0years")
+        self.assertEqual(timeuntil(self.t, t), "1000\xa0years")
 
     def test_depth(self):
-        t = self.t + self.oneyear + self.onemonth + self.oneweek + self.oneday + self.onehour
+        t = (
+            self.t
+            + self.oneyear
+            + self.onemonth
+            + self.oneweek
+            + self.oneday
+            + self.onehour
+        )
         tests = [
-            (t, 1, '1\xa0year'),
-            (t, 2, '1\xa0year, 1\xa0month'),
-            (t, 3, '1\xa0year, 1\xa0month, 1\xa0week'),
-            (t, 4, '1\xa0year, 1\xa0month, 1\xa0week, 1\xa0day'),
-            (t, 5, '1\xa0year, 1\xa0month, 1\xa0week, 1\xa0day, 1\xa0hour'),
-            (t, 6, '1\xa0year, 1\xa0month, 1\xa0week, 1\xa0day, 1\xa0hour'),
-            (self.t + self.onehour, 5, '1\xa0hour'),
-            (self.t + (4 * self.oneminute), 3, '4\xa0minutes'),
-            (self.t + self.onehour + self.oneminute, 1, '1\xa0hour'),
-            (self.t + self.oneday + self.onehour, 1, '1\xa0day'),
-            (self.t + self.oneweek + self.oneday, 1, '1\xa0week'),
-            (self.t + self.onemonth + self.oneweek, 1, '1\xa0month'),
-            (self.t + self.oneyear + self.onemonth, 1, '1\xa0year'),
-            (self.t + self.oneyear + self.oneweek + self.oneday, 3, '1\xa0year'),
+            (t, 1, "1\xa0year"),
+            (t, 2, "1\xa0year, 1\xa0month"),
+            (t, 3, "1\xa0year, 1\xa0month, 1\xa0week"),
+            (t, 4, "1\xa0year, 1\xa0month, 1\xa0week, 1\xa0day"),
+            (t, 5, "1\xa0year, 1\xa0month, 1\xa0week, 1\xa0day, 1\xa0hour"),
+            (t, 6, "1\xa0year, 1\xa0month, 1\xa0week, 1\xa0day, 1\xa0hour"),
+            (self.t + self.onehour, 5, "1\xa0hour"),
+            (self.t + (4 * self.oneminute), 3, "4\xa0minutes"),
+            (self.t + self.onehour + self.oneminute, 1, "1\xa0hour"),
+            (self.t + self.oneday + self.onehour, 1, "1\xa0day"),
+            (self.t + self.oneweek + self.oneday, 1, "1\xa0week"),
+            (self.t + self.onemonth + self.oneweek, 1, "1\xa0month"),
+            (self.t + self.oneyear + self.onemonth, 1, "1\xa0year"),
+            (self.t + self.oneyear + self.oneweek + self.oneday, 3, "1\xa0year"),
         ]
         for value, depth, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest():
@@ -170,6 +206,6 @@ class TimesinceTests(TestCase):
                 self.assertEqual(timeuntil(value, self.t, depth=depth), expected)
 
     def test_depth_invalid(self):
-        msg = 'depth must be greater than 0.'
+        msg = "depth must be greater than 0."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
             timesince(self.t, self.t, depth=0)
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_timezone.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_timezone.py
index a61bb4acb0..ed8386945d 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_timezone.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_timezone.py
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase, ignore_warnings, override_settings
 from django.utils import timezone
 from django.utils.deprecation import RemovedInDjango50Warning
 
-PARIS_ZI = zoneinfo.ZoneInfo('Europe/Paris')
-EAT = timezone.get_fixed_timezone(180)      # Africa/Nairobi
-ICT = timezone.get_fixed_timezone(420)      # Asia/Bangkok
+PARIS_ZI = zoneinfo.ZoneInfo("Europe/Paris")
+EAT = timezone.get_fixed_timezone(180)  # Africa/Nairobi
+ICT = timezone.get_fixed_timezone(420)  # Asia/Bangkok
 UTC = datetime.timezone.utc
 
 HAS_PYTZ = pytz is not None
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ if not HAS_PYTZ:
     CET = None
     PARIS_IMPLS = (PARIS_ZI,)
 
-    needs_pytz = unittest.skip('Test requires pytz')
+    needs_pytz = unittest.skip("Test requires pytz")
 else:
-    CET = pytz.timezone('Europe/Paris')
+    CET = pytz.timezone("Europe/Paris")
     PARIS_IMPLS = (PARIS_ZI, CET)
 
     def needs_pytz(f):
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ else:
 
 
 class TimezoneTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         # RemovedInDjango50Warning
         timezone.get_default_timezone.cache_clear()
@@ -62,18 +61,26 @@ class TimezoneTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_localdate(self):
         naive = datetime.datetime(2015, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'localtime() cannot be applied to a naive datetime'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "localtime() cannot be applied to a naive datetime"
+        ):
             timezone.localdate(naive)
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'localtime() cannot be applied to a naive datetime'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "localtime() cannot be applied to a naive datetime"
+        ):
             timezone.localdate(naive, timezone=EAT)
 
         aware = datetime.datetime(2015, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, tzinfo=ICT)
-        self.assertEqual(timezone.localdate(aware, timezone=EAT), datetime.date(2014, 12, 31))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            timezone.localdate(aware, timezone=EAT), datetime.date(2014, 12, 31)
+        )
         with timezone.override(EAT):
             self.assertEqual(timezone.localdate(aware), datetime.date(2014, 12, 31))
 
-        with mock.patch('django.utils.timezone.now', return_value=aware):
-            self.assertEqual(timezone.localdate(timezone=EAT), datetime.date(2014, 12, 31))
+        with mock.patch("django.utils.timezone.now", return_value=aware):
+            self.assertEqual(
+                timezone.localdate(timezone=EAT), datetime.date(2014, 12, 31)
+            )
             with timezone.override(EAT):
                 self.assertEqual(timezone.localdate(), datetime.date(2014, 12, 31))
 
@@ -133,92 +140,128 @@ class TimezoneTests(SimpleTestCase):
             timezone.deactivate()
 
     def test_override_string_tz(self):
-        with timezone.override('Asia/Bangkok'):
-            self.assertEqual(timezone.get_current_timezone_name(), 'Asia/Bangkok')
+        with timezone.override("Asia/Bangkok"):
+            self.assertEqual(timezone.get_current_timezone_name(), "Asia/Bangkok")
 
     def test_override_fixed_offset(self):
-        with timezone.override(datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(), 'tzname')):
-            self.assertEqual(timezone.get_current_timezone_name(), 'tzname')
+        with timezone.override(datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(), "tzname")):
+            self.assertEqual(timezone.get_current_timezone_name(), "tzname")
 
     def test_activate_invalid_timezone(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'Invalid timezone: None'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, "Invalid timezone: None"):
             timezone.activate(None)
 
     def test_is_aware(self):
-        self.assertTrue(timezone.is_aware(datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT)))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            timezone.is_aware(datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT))
+        )
         self.assertFalse(timezone.is_aware(datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30)))
 
     def test_is_naive(self):
-        self.assertFalse(timezone.is_naive(datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT)))
+        self.assertFalse(
+            timezone.is_naive(datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT))
+        )
         self.assertTrue(timezone.is_naive(datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30)))
 
     def test_make_aware(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             timezone.make_aware(datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30), EAT),
-            datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT))
+            datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT),
+        )
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            timezone.make_aware(datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT), EAT)
+            timezone.make_aware(
+                datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT), EAT
+            )
 
     def test_make_naive(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            timezone.make_naive(datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT), EAT),
-            datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30))
+            timezone.make_naive(
+                datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT), EAT
+            ),
+            datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30),
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
-            timezone.make_naive(datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 17, 20, 30, tzinfo=ICT), EAT),
-            datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30))
+            timezone.make_naive(
+                datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 17, 20, 30, tzinfo=ICT), EAT
+            ),
+            datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30),
+        )
 
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'make_naive() cannot be applied to a naive datetime'):
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "make_naive() cannot be applied to a naive datetime"
+        ):
             timezone.make_naive(datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30), EAT)
 
     def test_make_naive_no_tz(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             timezone.make_naive(datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=EAT)),
-            datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 5, 20, 30)
+            datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 5, 20, 30),
         )
 
     def test_make_aware_no_tz(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             timezone.make_aware(datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30)),
-            datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=timezone.get_fixed_timezone(-300))
+            datetime.datetime(
+                2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30, tzinfo=timezone.get_fixed_timezone(-300)
+            ),
         )
 
     def test_make_aware2(self):
-        CEST = datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(hours=2), 'CEST')
+        CEST = datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(hours=2), "CEST")
         for tz in PARIS_IMPLS:
             with self.subTest(repr(tz)):
                 self.assertEqual(
                     timezone.make_aware(datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30), tz),
-                    datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30, tzinfo=CEST))
+                    datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30, tzinfo=CEST),
+                )
 
         if HAS_PYTZ:
             with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-                timezone.make_aware(CET.localize(datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30)), CET)
+                timezone.make_aware(
+                    CET.localize(datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30)), CET
+                )
 
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            timezone.make_aware(datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30, tzinfo=PARIS_ZI), PARIS_ZI)
+            timezone.make_aware(
+                datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30, tzinfo=PARIS_ZI), PARIS_ZI
+            )
 
     @needs_pytz
     def test_make_naive_pytz(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            timezone.make_naive(CET.localize(datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30)), CET),
-            datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30))
+            timezone.make_naive(
+                CET.localize(datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30)), CET
+            ),
+            datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30),
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             timezone.make_naive(
-                pytz.timezone("Asia/Bangkok").localize(datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 17, 20, 30)), CET
+                pytz.timezone("Asia/Bangkok").localize(
+                    datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 17, 20, 30)
+                ),
+                CET,
             ),
-            datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30))
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, 'make_naive() cannot be applied to a naive datetime'):
+            datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30),
+        )
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "make_naive() cannot be applied to a naive datetime"
+        ):
             timezone.make_naive(datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30), CET)
 
     def test_make_naive_zoneinfo(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            timezone.make_naive(datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30, tzinfo=PARIS_ZI), PARIS_ZI),
-            datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30)
+            timezone.make_naive(
+                datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30, tzinfo=PARIS_ZI), PARIS_ZI
+            ),
+            datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30),
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            timezone.make_naive(datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30, fold=1, tzinfo=PARIS_ZI), PARIS_ZI),
-            datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30, fold=1)
+            timezone.make_naive(
+                datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30, fold=1, tzinfo=PARIS_ZI),
+                PARIS_ZI,
+            ),
+            datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 12, 20, 30, fold=1),
         )
 
     @needs_pytz
@@ -244,8 +287,7 @@ class TimezoneTests(SimpleTestCase):
         dst = timezone.make_aware(ambiguous, timezone=PARIS_ZI)
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            std.astimezone(UTC) - dst.astimezone(UTC),
-            datetime.timedelta(hours=1)
+            std.astimezone(UTC) - dst.astimezone(UTC), datetime.timedelta(hours=1)
         )
         self.assertEqual(std.utcoffset(), datetime.timedelta(hours=1))
         self.assertEqual(dst.utcoffset(), datetime.timedelta(hours=2))
@@ -273,20 +315,21 @@ class TimezoneTests(SimpleTestCase):
         dst = timezone.make_aware(non_existent.replace(fold=1), PARIS_ZI)
 
         self.assertEqual(
-            std.astimezone(UTC) - dst.astimezone(UTC),
-            datetime.timedelta(hours=1)
+            std.astimezone(UTC) - dst.astimezone(UTC), datetime.timedelta(hours=1)
         )
         self.assertEqual(std.utcoffset(), datetime.timedelta(hours=1))
         self.assertEqual(dst.utcoffset(), datetime.timedelta(hours=2))
 
     def test_make_aware_is_dst_deprecation_warning(self):
         msg = (
-            'The is_dst argument to make_aware(), used by the Trunc() '
-            'database functions and QuerySet.datetimes(), is deprecated as it '
-            'has no effect with zoneinfo time zones.'
+            "The is_dst argument to make_aware(), used by the Trunc() "
+            "database functions and QuerySet.datetimes(), is deprecated as it "
+            "has no effect with zoneinfo time zones."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(RemovedInDjango50Warning, msg):
-            timezone.make_aware(datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30), EAT, is_dst=True)
+            timezone.make_aware(
+                datetime.datetime(2011, 9, 1, 13, 20, 30), EAT, is_dst=True
+            )
 
     def test_get_timezone_name(self):
         """
@@ -297,24 +340,27 @@ class TimezoneTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         tests = [
             # datetime.timezone, fixed offset with and without `name`.
-            (datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(hours=10)), 'UTC+10:00'),
-            (datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(hours=10), name='Etc/GMT-10'), 'Etc/GMT-10'),
+            (datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(hours=10)), "UTC+10:00"),
+            (
+                datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(hours=10), name="Etc/GMT-10"),
+                "Etc/GMT-10",
+            ),
             # zoneinfo, named and fixed offset.
-            (zoneinfo.ZoneInfo('Europe/Madrid'), 'Europe/Madrid'),
-            (zoneinfo.ZoneInfo('Etc/GMT-10'), '+10'),
+            (zoneinfo.ZoneInfo("Europe/Madrid"), "Europe/Madrid"),
+            (zoneinfo.ZoneInfo("Etc/GMT-10"), "+10"),
         ]
         if HAS_PYTZ:
             tests += [
                 # pytz, named and fixed offset.
-                (pytz.timezone('Europe/Madrid'), 'Europe/Madrid'),
-                (pytz.timezone('Etc/GMT-10'), '+10'),
+                (pytz.timezone("Europe/Madrid"), "Europe/Madrid"),
+                (pytz.timezone("Etc/GMT-10"), "+10"),
             ]
         for tz, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(tz=tz, expected=expected):
                 self.assertEqual(timezone._get_timezone_name(tz), expected)
 
     def test_get_default_timezone(self):
-        self.assertEqual(timezone.get_default_timezone_name(), 'America/Chicago')
+        self.assertEqual(timezone.get_default_timezone_name(), "America/Chicago")
 
     def test_fixedoffset_timedelta(self):
         delta = datetime.timedelta(hours=1)
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_topological_sort.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_topological_sort.py
index 25e0cf4ce9..917cfd5d4a 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_topological_sort.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_topological_sort.py
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.utils.topological_sort import (
-    CyclicDependencyError, stable_topological_sort, topological_sort_as_sets,
+    CyclicDependencyError,
+    stable_topological_sort,
+    topological_sort_as_sets,
 )
 
 
 class TopologicalSortTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_basic(self):
         dependency_graph = {
             1: {2, 3},
@@ -15,10 +16,15 @@ class TopologicalSortTests(SimpleTestCase):
             5: set(),
             6: {5},
         }
-        self.assertEqual(list(topological_sort_as_sets(dependency_graph)), [{2, 3, 5}, {1, 6}, {4}])
-        self.assertEqual(stable_topological_sort([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], dependency_graph), [2, 3, 5, 1, 6, 4])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(topological_sort_as_sets(dependency_graph)), [{2, 3, 5}, {1, 6}, {4}]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            stable_topological_sort([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], dependency_graph),
+            [2, 3, 5, 1, 6, 4],
+        )
 
     def test_cyclic_dependency(self):
-        msg = 'Cyclic dependency in graph: (1, {2}), (2, {1})'
+        msg = "Cyclic dependency in graph: (1, {2}), (2, {1})"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(CyclicDependencyError, msg):
             list(topological_sort_as_sets({1: {2}, 2: {1}}))
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/test_tree.py b/tests/utils_tests/test_tree.py
index 279e8813b9..fe59f778cd 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/test_tree.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/test_tree.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from django.utils.tree import Node
 
 class NodeTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
-        self.node1_children = [('a', 1), ('b', 2)]
+        self.node1_children = [("a", 1), ("b", 2)]
         self.node1 = Node(self.node1_children)
         self.node2 = Node()
 
@@ -15,17 +15,16 @@ class NodeTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(str(self.node2), "(DEFAULT: )")
 
     def test_repr(self):
-        self.assertEqual(repr(self.node1),
-                         "<Node: (DEFAULT: ('a', 1), ('b', 2))>")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(self.node1), "<Node: (DEFAULT: ('a', 1), ('b', 2))>")
         self.assertEqual(repr(self.node2), "<Node: (DEFAULT: )>")
 
     def test_hash(self):
         node3 = Node(self.node1_children, negated=True)
-        node4 = Node(self.node1_children, connector='OTHER')
+        node4 = Node(self.node1_children, connector="OTHER")
         node5 = Node(self.node1_children)
-        node6 = Node([['a', 1], ['b', 2]])
-        node7 = Node([('a', [1, 2])])
-        node8 = Node([('a', (1, 2))])
+        node6 = Node([["a", 1], ["b", 2]])
+        node7 = Node([("a", [1, 2])])
+        node8 = Node([("a", (1, 2))])
         self.assertNotEqual(hash(self.node1), hash(self.node2))
         self.assertNotEqual(hash(self.node1), hash(node3))
         self.assertNotEqual(hash(self.node1), hash(node4))
@@ -43,24 +42,23 @@ class NodeTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertFalse(self.node2)
 
     def test_contains(self):
-        self.assertIn(('a', 1), self.node1)
-        self.assertNotIn(('a', 1), self.node2)
+        self.assertIn(("a", 1), self.node1)
+        self.assertNotIn(("a", 1), self.node2)
 
     def test_add(self):
         # start with the same children of node1 then add an item
         node3 = Node(self.node1_children)
-        node3_added_child = ('c', 3)
+        node3_added_child = ("c", 3)
         # add() returns the added data
-        self.assertEqual(node3.add(node3_added_child, Node.default),
-                         node3_added_child)
+        self.assertEqual(node3.add(node3_added_child, Node.default), node3_added_child)
         # we added exactly one item, len() should reflect that
         self.assertEqual(len(self.node1) + 1, len(node3))
         self.assertEqual(str(node3), "(DEFAULT: ('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3))")
 
     def test_add_eq_child_mixed_connector(self):
-        node = Node(['a', 'b'], 'OR')
-        self.assertEqual(node.add('a', 'AND'), 'a')
-        self.assertEqual(node, Node([Node(['a', 'b'], 'OR'), 'a'], 'AND'))
+        node = Node(["a", "b"], "OR")
+        self.assertEqual(node.add("a", "AND"), "a")
+        self.assertEqual(node, Node([Node(["a", "b"], "OR"), "a"], "AND"))
 
     def test_negate(self):
         # negated is False by default
@@ -82,8 +80,8 @@ class NodeTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertNotEqual(node, self.node2)
 
     def test_eq_connector(self):
-        new_node = Node(connector='NEW')
-        default_node = Node(connector='DEFAULT')
+        new_node = Node(connector="NEW")
+        default_node = Node(connector="DEFAULT")
         self.assertEqual(default_node, self.node2)
         self.assertNotEqual(default_node, new_node)
 
diff --git a/tests/utils_tests/utils.py b/tests/utils_tests/utils.py
index 2aa207287a..b17bd1b097 100644
--- a/tests/utils_tests/utils.py
+++ b/tests/utils_tests/utils.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ def on_macos_with_hfs():
     some of the tests.
     """
     macos_version = platform.mac_ver()[0]
-    if macos_version != '':
-        parsed_macos_version = tuple(int(x) for x in macos_version.split('.'))
+    if macos_version != "":
+        parsed_macos_version = tuple(int(x) for x in macos_version.split("."))
         return parsed_macos_version < (10, 14)
     return False
diff --git a/tests/validation/models.py b/tests/validation/models.py
index b2d705aed2..6934fa017c 100644
--- a/tests/validation/models.py
+++ b/tests/validation/models.py
@@ -7,36 +7,43 @@ from django.db.models.functions import Lower
 
 def validate_answer_to_universe(value):
     if value != 42:
-        raise ValidationError('This is not the answer to life, universe and everything!', code='not42')
+        raise ValidationError(
+            "This is not the answer to life, universe and everything!", code="not42"
+        )
 
 
 class ModelToValidate(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     created = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now)
-    number = models.IntegerField(db_column='number_val')
+    number = models.IntegerField(db_column="number_val")
     parent = models.ForeignKey(
-        'self',
+        "self",
         models.SET_NULL,
-        blank=True, null=True,
-        limit_choices_to={'number': 10},
+        blank=True,
+        null=True,
+        limit_choices_to={"number": 10},
     )
     email = models.EmailField(blank=True)
     ufm = models.ForeignKey(
-        'UniqueFieldsModel',
+        "UniqueFieldsModel",
         models.SET_NULL,
-        to_field='unique_charfield',
-        blank=True, null=True,
+        to_field="unique_charfield",
+        blank=True,
+        null=True,
     )
     url = models.URLField(blank=True)
-    f_with_custom_validator = models.IntegerField(blank=True, null=True, validators=[validate_answer_to_universe])
-    f_with_iterable_of_validators = models.IntegerField(blank=True, null=True,
-                                                        validators=(validate_answer_to_universe,))
+    f_with_custom_validator = models.IntegerField(
+        blank=True, null=True, validators=[validate_answer_to_universe]
+    )
+    f_with_iterable_of_validators = models.IntegerField(
+        blank=True, null=True, validators=(validate_answer_to_universe,)
+    )
     slug = models.SlugField(blank=True)
 
     def clean(self):
         super().clean()
         if self.number == 11:
-            raise ValidationError('Invalid number supplied!')
+            raise ValidationError("Invalid number supplied!")
 
 
 class UniqueFieldsModel(models.Model):
@@ -55,13 +62,21 @@ class UniqueTogetherModel(models.Model):
     efield = models.EmailField()
 
     class Meta:
-        unique_together = (('ifield', 'cfield',), ['ifield', 'efield'])
+        unique_together = (
+            (
+                "ifield",
+                "cfield",
+            ),
+            ["ifield", "efield"],
+        )
 
 
 class UniqueForDateModel(models.Model):
     start_date = models.DateField()
     end_date = models.DateTimeField()
-    count = models.IntegerField(unique_for_date="start_date", unique_for_year="end_date")
+    count = models.IntegerField(
+        unique_for_date="start_date", unique_for_year="end_date"
+    )
     order = models.IntegerField(unique_for_month="end_date")
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
@@ -69,9 +84,9 @@ class UniqueForDateModel(models.Model):
 class CustomMessagesModel(models.Model):
     other = models.IntegerField(blank=True, null=True)
     number = models.IntegerField(
-        db_column='number_val',
-        error_messages={'null': 'NULL', 'not42': 'AAARGH', 'not_equal': '%s != me'},
-        validators=[validate_answer_to_universe]
+        db_column="number_val",
+        error_messages={"null": "NULL", "not42": "AAARGH", "not_equal": "%s != me"},
+        validators=[validate_answer_to_universe],
     )
 
 
@@ -99,40 +114,50 @@ class Article(models.Model):
 
 
 class Post(models.Model):
-    title = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_date='posted', blank=True)
-    slug = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_year='posted', blank=True)
-    subtitle = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_month='posted', blank=True)
+    title = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_date="posted", blank=True)
+    slug = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_year="posted", blank=True)
+    subtitle = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_month="posted", blank=True)
     posted = models.DateField()
 
 
 class FlexibleDatePost(models.Model):
-    title = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_date='posted', blank=True)
-    slug = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_year='posted', blank=True)
-    subtitle = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_month='posted', blank=True)
+    title = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_date="posted", blank=True)
+    slug = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_year="posted", blank=True)
+    subtitle = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique_for_month="posted", blank=True)
     posted = models.DateField(blank=True, null=True)
 
 
 class UniqueErrorsModel(models.Model):
-    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=True, error_messages={'unique': 'Custom unique name message.'})
-    no = models.IntegerField(unique=True, error_messages={'unique': 'Custom unique number message.'})
+    name = models.CharField(
+        max_length=100,
+        unique=True,
+        error_messages={"unique": "Custom unique name message."},
+    )
+    no = models.IntegerField(
+        unique=True, error_messages={"unique": "Custom unique number message."}
+    )
 
 
 class GenericIPAddressTestModel(models.Model):
     generic_ip = models.GenericIPAddressField(blank=True, null=True, unique=True)
     v4_ip = models.GenericIPAddressField(blank=True, null=True, protocol="ipv4")
     v6_ip = models.GenericIPAddressField(blank=True, null=True, protocol="ipv6")
-    ip_verbose_name = models.GenericIPAddressField("IP Address Verbose", blank=True, null=True)
+    ip_verbose_name = models.GenericIPAddressField(
+        "IP Address Verbose", blank=True, null=True
+    )
 
 
 class GenericIPAddrUnpackUniqueTest(models.Model):
-    generic_v4unpack_ip = models.GenericIPAddressField(null=True, blank=True, unique=True, unpack_ipv4=True)
+    generic_v4unpack_ip = models.GenericIPAddressField(
+        null=True, blank=True, unique=True, unpack_ipv4=True
+    )
 
 
 class UniqueFuncConstraintModel(models.Model):
     field = models.CharField(max_length=255)
 
     class Meta:
-        required_db_features = {'supports_expression_indexes'}
+        required_db_features = {"supports_expression_indexes"}
         constraints = [
-            models.UniqueConstraint(Lower('field'), name='func_lower_field_uq'),
+            models.UniqueConstraint(Lower("field"), name="func_lower_field_uq"),
         ]
diff --git a/tests/validation/test_custom_messages.py b/tests/validation/test_custom_messages.py
index 4e4897e5b4..3b130caa1e 100644
--- a/tests/validation/test_custom_messages.py
+++ b/tests/validation/test_custom_messages.py
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ from .models import CustomMessagesModel
 class CustomMessagesTests(ValidationAssertions, SimpleTestCase):
     def test_custom_simple_validator_message(self):
         cmm = CustomMessagesModel(number=12)
-        self.assertFieldFailsValidationWithMessage(cmm.full_clean, 'number', ['AAARGH'])
+        self.assertFieldFailsValidationWithMessage(cmm.full_clean, "number", ["AAARGH"])
 
     def test_custom_null_message(self):
         cmm = CustomMessagesModel()
-        self.assertFieldFailsValidationWithMessage(cmm.full_clean, 'number', ['NULL'])
+        self.assertFieldFailsValidationWithMessage(cmm.full_clean, "number", ["NULL"])
diff --git a/tests/validation/test_error_messages.py b/tests/validation/test_error_messages.py
index 5f1e0a75d0..470c055eef 100644
--- a/tests/validation/test_error_messages.py
+++ b/tests/validation/test_error_messages.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from django.db import models
 
 
 class ValidationMessagesTest(TestCase):
-
     def _test_validation_messages(self, field, value, expected):
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as cm:
             field.clean(value, None)
@@ -13,79 +12,114 @@ class ValidationMessagesTest(TestCase):
 
     def test_autofield_field_raises_error_message(self):
         f = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
-        self._test_validation_messages(f, 'fõo', ['“fõo” value must be an integer.'])
+        self._test_validation_messages(f, "fõo", ["“fõo” value must be an integer."])
 
     def test_integer_field_raises_error_message(self):
         f = models.IntegerField()
-        self._test_validation_messages(f, 'fõo', ['“fõo” value must be an integer.'])
+        self._test_validation_messages(f, "fõo", ["“fõo” value must be an integer."])
 
     def test_boolean_field_raises_error_message(self):
         f = models.BooleanField()
-        self._test_validation_messages(f, 'fõo', ['“fõo” value must be either True or False.'])
+        self._test_validation_messages(
+            f, "fõo", ["“fõo” value must be either True or False."]
+        )
 
     def test_nullable_boolean_field_raises_error_message(self):
         f = models.BooleanField(null=True)
-        self._test_validation_messages(f, 'fõo', ['“fõo” value must be either True, False, or None.'])
+        self._test_validation_messages(
+            f, "fõo", ["“fõo” value must be either True, False, or None."]
+        )
 
     def test_float_field_raises_error_message(self):
         f = models.FloatField()
-        self._test_validation_messages(f, 'fõo', ['“fõo” value must be a float.'])
+        self._test_validation_messages(f, "fõo", ["“fõo” value must be a float."])
 
     def test_decimal_field_raises_error_message(self):
         f = models.DecimalField()
-        self._test_validation_messages(f, 'fõo', ['“fõo” value must be a decimal number.'])
+        self._test_validation_messages(
+            f, "fõo", ["“fõo” value must be a decimal number."]
+        )
 
     def test_null_boolean_field_raises_error_message(self):
         f = models.BooleanField(null=True)
-        self._test_validation_messages(f, 'fõo', ['“fõo” value must be either True, False, or None.'])
+        self._test_validation_messages(
+            f, "fõo", ["“fõo” value must be either True, False, or None."]
+        )
 
     def test_date_field_raises_error_message(self):
         f = models.DateField()
         self._test_validation_messages(
-            f, 'fõo',
-            ['“fõo” value has an invalid date format. It must be in YYYY-MM-DD format.']
+            f,
+            "fõo",
+            [
+                "“fõo” value has an invalid date format. It must be in YYYY-MM-DD format."
+            ],
         )
         self._test_validation_messages(
-            f, 'aaaa-10-10',
-            ['“aaaa-10-10” value has an invalid date format. It must be in YYYY-MM-DD format.']
+            f,
+            "aaaa-10-10",
+            [
+                "“aaaa-10-10” value has an invalid date format. It must be in YYYY-MM-DD format."
+            ],
         )
         self._test_validation_messages(
-            f, '2011-13-10',
-            ['“2011-13-10” value has the correct format (YYYY-MM-DD) but it is an invalid date.']
+            f,
+            "2011-13-10",
+            [
+                "“2011-13-10” value has the correct format (YYYY-MM-DD) but it is an invalid date."
+            ],
         )
         self._test_validation_messages(
-            f, '2011-10-32',
-            ['“2011-10-32” value has the correct format (YYYY-MM-DD) but it is an invalid date.']
+            f,
+            "2011-10-32",
+            [
+                "“2011-10-32” value has the correct format (YYYY-MM-DD) but it is an invalid date."
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_datetime_field_raises_error_message(self):
         f = models.DateTimeField()
         # Wrong format
         self._test_validation_messages(
-            f, 'fõo',
-            ['“fõo” value has an invalid format. It must be in YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]][TZ] format.']
+            f,
+            "fõo",
+            [
+                "“fõo” value has an invalid format. It must be in YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]][TZ] format."
+            ],
         )
         # Correct format but invalid date
         self._test_validation_messages(
-            f, '2011-10-32',
-            ['“2011-10-32” value has the correct format (YYYY-MM-DD) but it is an invalid date.']
+            f,
+            "2011-10-32",
+            [
+                "“2011-10-32” value has the correct format (YYYY-MM-DD) but it is an invalid date."
+            ],
         )
         # Correct format but invalid date/time
         self._test_validation_messages(
-            f, '2011-10-32 10:10',
-            ['“2011-10-32 10:10” value has the correct format (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]][TZ]) '
-             'but it is an invalid date/time.']
+            f,
+            "2011-10-32 10:10",
+            [
+                "“2011-10-32 10:10” value has the correct format (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]][TZ]) "
+                "but it is an invalid date/time."
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_time_field_raises_error_message(self):
         f = models.TimeField()
         # Wrong format
         self._test_validation_messages(
-            f, 'fõo',
-            ['“fõo” value has an invalid format. It must be in HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]] format.']
+            f,
+            "fõo",
+            [
+                "“fõo” value has an invalid format. It must be in HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]] format."
+            ],
         )
         # Correct format but invalid time
         self._test_validation_messages(
-            f, '25:50',
-            ['“25:50” value has the correct format (HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]]) but it is an invalid time.']
+            f,
+            "25:50",
+            [
+                "“25:50” value has the correct format (HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]]) but it is an invalid time."
+            ],
         )
diff --git a/tests/validation/test_picklable.py b/tests/validation/test_picklable.py
index a8d84dba20..1fce55d9a3 100644
--- a/tests/validation/test_picklable.py
+++ b/tests/validation/test_picklable.py
@@ -5,37 +5,48 @@ from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 
 
 class PickableValidationErrorTestCase(TestCase):
-
     def test_validationerror_is_picklable(self):
-        original = ValidationError('a', code='something')
+        original = ValidationError("a", code="something")
         unpickled = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(original))
         self.assertIs(unpickled, unpickled.error_list[0])
         self.assertEqual(original.message, unpickled.message)
         self.assertEqual(original.code, unpickled.code)
 
-        original = ValidationError('a', code='something')
+        original = ValidationError("a", code="something")
         unpickled = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(ValidationError(original)))
         self.assertIs(unpickled, unpickled.error_list[0])
         self.assertEqual(original.message, unpickled.message)
         self.assertEqual(original.code, unpickled.code)
 
-        original = ValidationError(['a', 'b'])
+        original = ValidationError(["a", "b"])
         unpickled = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(original))
-        self.assertEqual(original.error_list[0].message, unpickled.error_list[0].message)
-        self.assertEqual(original.error_list[1].message, unpickled.error_list[1].message)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            original.error_list[0].message, unpickled.error_list[0].message
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            original.error_list[1].message, unpickled.error_list[1].message
+        )
 
-        original = ValidationError(['a', 'b'])
+        original = ValidationError(["a", "b"])
         unpickled = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(ValidationError(original)))
-        self.assertEqual(original.error_list[0].message, unpickled.error_list[0].message)
-        self.assertEqual(original.error_list[1].message, unpickled.error_list[1].message)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            original.error_list[0].message, unpickled.error_list[0].message
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            original.error_list[1].message, unpickled.error_list[1].message
+        )
 
-        original = ValidationError([ValidationError('a'), ValidationError('b')])
+        original = ValidationError([ValidationError("a"), ValidationError("b")])
         unpickled = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(original))
         self.assertIs(unpickled.args[0][0], unpickled.error_list[0])
-        self.assertEqual(original.error_list[0].message, unpickled.error_list[0].message)
-        self.assertEqual(original.error_list[1].message, unpickled.error_list[1].message)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            original.error_list[0].message, unpickled.error_list[0].message
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            original.error_list[1].message, unpickled.error_list[1].message
+        )
 
-        message_dict = {'field1': ['a', 'b'], 'field2': ['c', 'd']}
+        message_dict = {"field1": ["a", "b"], "field2": ["c", "d"]}
         original = ValidationError(message_dict)
         unpickled = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(original))
         self.assertEqual(unpickled.message_dict, message_dict)
diff --git a/tests/validation/test_unique.py b/tests/validation/test_unique.py
index 8bf4ca2122..b8fd95abcb 100644
--- a/tests/validation/test_unique.py
+++ b/tests/validation/test_unique.py
@@ -7,8 +7,14 @@ from django.db import models
 from django.test import TestCase
 
 from .models import (
-    CustomPKModel, FlexibleDatePost, ModelToValidate, Post, UniqueErrorsModel,
-    UniqueFieldsModel, UniqueForDateModel, UniqueFuncConstraintModel,
+    CustomPKModel,
+    FlexibleDatePost,
+    ModelToValidate,
+    Post,
+    UniqueErrorsModel,
+    UniqueFieldsModel,
+    UniqueForDateModel,
+    UniqueFuncConstraintModel,
     UniqueTogetherModel,
 )
 
@@ -17,21 +23,29 @@ class GetUniqueCheckTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_unique_fields_get_collected(self):
         m = UniqueFieldsModel()
         self.assertEqual(
-            ([(UniqueFieldsModel, ('id',)),
-              (UniqueFieldsModel, ('unique_charfield',)),
-              (UniqueFieldsModel, ('unique_integerfield',))],
-             []),
-            m._get_unique_checks()
+            (
+                [
+                    (UniqueFieldsModel, ("id",)),
+                    (UniqueFieldsModel, ("unique_charfield",)),
+                    (UniqueFieldsModel, ("unique_integerfield",)),
+                ],
+                [],
+            ),
+            m._get_unique_checks(),
         )
 
     def test_unique_together_gets_picked_up_and_converted_to_tuple(self):
         m = UniqueTogetherModel()
         self.assertEqual(
-            ([(UniqueTogetherModel, ('ifield', 'cfield')),
-              (UniqueTogetherModel, ('ifield', 'efield')),
-              (UniqueTogetherModel, ('id',))],
-             []),
-            m._get_unique_checks()
+            (
+                [
+                    (UniqueTogetherModel, ("ifield", "cfield")),
+                    (UniqueTogetherModel, ("ifield", "efield")),
+                    (UniqueTogetherModel, ("id",)),
+                ],
+                [],
+            ),
+            m._get_unique_checks(),
         )
 
     def test_unique_together_normalization(self):
@@ -40,24 +54,28 @@ class GetUniqueCheckTests(unittest.TestCase):
         objects.
         """
         data = {
-            '2-tuple': (('foo', 'bar'), (('foo', 'bar'),)),
-            'list': (['foo', 'bar'], (('foo', 'bar'),)),
-            'already normalized': ((('foo', 'bar'), ('bar', 'baz')),
-                                   (('foo', 'bar'), ('bar', 'baz'))),
-            'set': ({('foo', 'bar'), ('bar', 'baz')},  # Ref #21469
-                    (('foo', 'bar'), ('bar', 'baz'))),
+            "2-tuple": (("foo", "bar"), (("foo", "bar"),)),
+            "list": (["foo", "bar"], (("foo", "bar"),)),
+            "already normalized": (
+                (("foo", "bar"), ("bar", "baz")),
+                (("foo", "bar"), ("bar", "baz")),
+            ),
+            "set": (
+                {("foo", "bar"), ("bar", "baz")},  # Ref #21469
+                (("foo", "bar"), ("bar", "baz")),
+            ),
         }
 
         for unique_together, normalized in data.values():
+
             class M(models.Model):
                 foo = models.IntegerField()
                 bar = models.IntegerField()
                 baz = models.IntegerField()
 
-                Meta = type('Meta', (), {
-                    'unique_together': unique_together,
-                    'apps': Apps()
-                })
+                Meta = type(
+                    "Meta", (), {"unique_together": unique_together, "apps": Apps()}
+                )
 
             checks, _ = M()._get_unique_checks()
             for t in normalized:
@@ -66,69 +84,86 @@ class GetUniqueCheckTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_primary_key_is_considered_unique(self):
         m = CustomPKModel()
-        self.assertEqual(([(CustomPKModel, ('my_pk_field',))], []), m._get_unique_checks())
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ([(CustomPKModel, ("my_pk_field",))], []), m._get_unique_checks()
+        )
 
     def test_unique_for_date_gets_picked_up(self):
         m = UniqueForDateModel()
-        self.assertEqual((
-            [(UniqueForDateModel, ('id',))],
-            [(UniqueForDateModel, 'date', 'count', 'start_date'),
-             (UniqueForDateModel, 'year', 'count', 'end_date'),
-             (UniqueForDateModel, 'month', 'order', 'end_date')]
-        ), m._get_unique_checks()
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (
+                [(UniqueForDateModel, ("id",))],
+                [
+                    (UniqueForDateModel, "date", "count", "start_date"),
+                    (UniqueForDateModel, "year", "count", "end_date"),
+                    (UniqueForDateModel, "month", "order", "end_date"),
+                ],
+            ),
+            m._get_unique_checks(),
         )
 
     def test_unique_for_date_exclusion(self):
         m = UniqueForDateModel()
-        self.assertEqual((
-            [(UniqueForDateModel, ('id',))],
-            [(UniqueForDateModel, 'year', 'count', 'end_date'),
-             (UniqueForDateModel, 'month', 'order', 'end_date')]
-        ), m._get_unique_checks(exclude='start_date')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            (
+                [(UniqueForDateModel, ("id",))],
+                [
+                    (UniqueForDateModel, "year", "count", "end_date"),
+                    (UniqueForDateModel, "month", "order", "end_date"),
+                ],
+            ),
+            m._get_unique_checks(exclude="start_date"),
         )
 
     def test_func_unique_constraint_ignored(self):
         m = UniqueFuncConstraintModel()
         self.assertEqual(
             m._get_unique_checks(),
-            ([(UniqueFuncConstraintModel, ('id',))], []),
+            ([(UniqueFuncConstraintModel, ("id",))], []),
         )
 
 
 class PerformUniqueChecksTest(TestCase):
-    def test_primary_key_unique_check_not_performed_when_adding_and_pk_not_specified(self):
+    def test_primary_key_unique_check_not_performed_when_adding_and_pk_not_specified(
+        self,
+    ):
         # Regression test for #12560
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name='Some Name')
-            setattr(mtv, '_adding', True)
+            mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name="Some Name")
+            setattr(mtv, "_adding", True)
             mtv.full_clean()
 
     def test_primary_key_unique_check_performed_when_adding_and_pk_specified(self):
         # Regression test for #12560
         with self.assertNumQueries(1):
-            mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name='Some Name', id=123)
-            setattr(mtv, '_adding', True)
+            mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name="Some Name", id=123)
+            setattr(mtv, "_adding", True)
             mtv.full_clean()
 
     def test_primary_key_unique_check_not_performed_when_not_adding(self):
         # Regression test for #12132
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name='Some Name')
+            mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name="Some Name")
             mtv.full_clean()
 
     def test_func_unique_check_not_performed(self):
         with self.assertNumQueries(0):
-            UniqueFuncConstraintModel(field='some name').full_clean()
+            UniqueFuncConstraintModel(field="some name").full_clean()
 
     def test_unique_for_date(self):
         Post.objects.create(
-            title="Django 1.0 is released", slug="Django 1.0",
-            subtitle="Finally", posted=datetime.date(2008, 9, 3),
+            title="Django 1.0 is released",
+            slug="Django 1.0",
+            subtitle="Finally",
+            posted=datetime.date(2008, 9, 3),
         )
         p = Post(title="Django 1.0 is released", posted=datetime.date(2008, 9, 3))
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as cm:
             p.full_clean()
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.message_dict, {'title': ['Title must be unique for Posted date.']})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cm.exception.message_dict,
+            {"title": ["Title must be unique for Posted date."]},
+        )
 
         # Should work without errors
         p = Post(title="Work on Django 1.1 begins", posted=datetime.date(2008, 9, 3))
@@ -141,17 +176,25 @@ class PerformUniqueChecksTest(TestCase):
         p = Post(slug="Django 1.0", posted=datetime.datetime(2008, 1, 1))
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as cm:
             p.full_clean()
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.message_dict, {'slug': ['Slug must be unique for Posted year.']})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cm.exception.message_dict,
+            {"slug": ["Slug must be unique for Posted year."]},
+        )
 
         p = Post(subtitle="Finally", posted=datetime.datetime(2008, 9, 30))
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as cm:
             p.full_clean()
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.message_dict, {'subtitle': ['Subtitle must be unique for Posted month.']})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cm.exception.message_dict,
+            {"subtitle": ["Subtitle must be unique for Posted month."]},
+        )
 
         p = Post(title="Django 1.0 is released")
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as cm:
             p.full_clean()
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.message_dict, {'posted': ['This field cannot be null.']})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cm.exception.message_dict, {"posted": ["This field cannot be null."]}
+        )
 
     def test_unique_for_date_with_nullable_date(self):
         """
@@ -159,8 +202,10 @@ class PerformUniqueChecksTest(TestCase):
         associated DateField is None.
         """
         FlexibleDatePost.objects.create(
-            title="Django 1.0 is released", slug="Django 1.0",
-            subtitle="Finally", posted=datetime.date(2008, 9, 3),
+            title="Django 1.0 is released",
+            slug="Django 1.0",
+            subtitle="Finally",
+            posted=datetime.date(2008, 9, 3),
         )
         p = FlexibleDatePost(title="Django 1.0 is released")
         p.full_clean()
@@ -172,13 +217,17 @@ class PerformUniqueChecksTest(TestCase):
         p.full_clean()
 
     def test_unique_errors(self):
-        UniqueErrorsModel.objects.create(name='Some Name', no=10)
-        m = UniqueErrorsModel(name='Some Name', no=11)
+        UniqueErrorsModel.objects.create(name="Some Name", no=10)
+        m = UniqueErrorsModel(name="Some Name", no=11)
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as cm:
             m.full_clean()
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.message_dict, {'name': ['Custom unique name message.']})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cm.exception.message_dict, {"name": ["Custom unique name message."]}
+        )
 
-        m = UniqueErrorsModel(name='Some Other Name', no=10)
+        m = UniqueErrorsModel(name="Some Other Name", no=10)
         with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as cm:
             m.full_clean()
-        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.message_dict, {'no': ['Custom unique number message.']})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            cm.exception.message_dict, {"no": ["Custom unique number message."]}
+        )
diff --git a/tests/validation/test_validators.py b/tests/validation/test_validators.py
index 9817b6594b..0c7250f8b1 100644
--- a/tests/validation/test_validators.py
+++ b/tests/validation/test_validators.py
@@ -6,26 +6,38 @@ from .models import ModelToValidate
 
 class TestModelsWithValidators(ValidationAssertions, SimpleTestCase):
     def test_custom_validator_passes_for_correct_value(self):
-        mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name='Some Name', f_with_custom_validator=42,
-                              f_with_iterable_of_validators=42)
+        mtv = ModelToValidate(
+            number=10,
+            name="Some Name",
+            f_with_custom_validator=42,
+            f_with_iterable_of_validators=42,
+        )
         self.assertIsNone(mtv.full_clean())
 
     def test_custom_validator_raises_error_for_incorrect_value(self):
-        mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name='Some Name', f_with_custom_validator=12,
-                              f_with_iterable_of_validators=42)
-        self.assertFailsValidation(mtv.full_clean, ['f_with_custom_validator'])
+        mtv = ModelToValidate(
+            number=10,
+            name="Some Name",
+            f_with_custom_validator=12,
+            f_with_iterable_of_validators=42,
+        )
+        self.assertFailsValidation(mtv.full_clean, ["f_with_custom_validator"])
         self.assertFieldFailsValidationWithMessage(
             mtv.full_clean,
-            'f_with_custom_validator',
-            ['This is not the answer to life, universe and everything!']
+            "f_with_custom_validator",
+            ["This is not the answer to life, universe and everything!"],
         )
 
     def test_field_validators_can_be_any_iterable(self):
-        mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name='Some Name', f_with_custom_validator=42,
-                              f_with_iterable_of_validators=12)
-        self.assertFailsValidation(mtv.full_clean, ['f_with_iterable_of_validators'])
+        mtv = ModelToValidate(
+            number=10,
+            name="Some Name",
+            f_with_custom_validator=42,
+            f_with_iterable_of_validators=12,
+        )
+        self.assertFailsValidation(mtv.full_clean, ["f_with_iterable_of_validators"])
         self.assertFieldFailsValidationWithMessage(
             mtv.full_clean,
-            'f_with_iterable_of_validators',
-            ['This is not the answer to life, universe and everything!']
+            "f_with_iterable_of_validators",
+            ["This is not the answer to life, universe and everything!"],
         )
diff --git a/tests/validation/tests.py b/tests/validation/tests.py
index 5598b5ffe6..43de77a44a 100644
--- a/tests/validation/tests.py
+++ b/tests/validation/tests.py
@@ -5,101 +5,110 @@ from django.utils.functional import lazy
 
 from . import ValidationAssertions
 from .models import (
-    Article, Author, GenericIPAddressTestModel, GenericIPAddrUnpackUniqueTest,
+    Article,
+    Author,
+    GenericIPAddressTestModel,
+    GenericIPAddrUnpackUniqueTest,
     ModelToValidate,
 )
 
 
 class BaseModelValidationTests(ValidationAssertions, TestCase):
-
     def test_missing_required_field_raises_error(self):
         mtv = ModelToValidate(f_with_custom_validator=42)
-        self.assertFailsValidation(mtv.full_clean, ['name', 'number'])
+        self.assertFailsValidation(mtv.full_clean, ["name", "number"])
 
     def test_with_correct_value_model_validates(self):
-        mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name='Some Name')
+        mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name="Some Name")
         self.assertIsNone(mtv.full_clean())
 
     def test_custom_validate_method(self):
         mtv = ModelToValidate(number=11)
-        self.assertFailsValidation(mtv.full_clean, [NON_FIELD_ERRORS, 'name'])
+        self.assertFailsValidation(mtv.full_clean, [NON_FIELD_ERRORS, "name"])
 
     def test_wrong_FK_value_raises_error(self):
-        mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name='Some Name', parent_id=3)
+        mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name="Some Name", parent_id=3)
         self.assertFieldFailsValidationWithMessage(
-            mtv.full_clean, 'parent',
-            ['model to validate instance with id %r does not exist.' % mtv.parent_id]
+            mtv.full_clean,
+            "parent",
+            ["model to validate instance with id %r does not exist." % mtv.parent_id],
         )
-        mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name='Some Name', ufm_id='Some Name')
+        mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name="Some Name", ufm_id="Some Name")
         self.assertFieldFailsValidationWithMessage(
-            mtv.full_clean, 'ufm',
-            ["unique fields model instance with unique_charfield %r does not exist." % mtv.name]
+            mtv.full_clean,
+            "ufm",
+            [
+                "unique fields model instance with unique_charfield %r does not exist."
+                % mtv.name
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_correct_FK_value_validates(self):
-        parent = ModelToValidate.objects.create(number=10, name='Some Name')
-        mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name='Some Name', parent_id=parent.pk)
+        parent = ModelToValidate.objects.create(number=10, name="Some Name")
+        mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name="Some Name", parent_id=parent.pk)
         self.assertIsNone(mtv.full_clean())
 
     def test_limited_FK_raises_error(self):
         # The limit_choices_to on the parent field says that a parent object's
         # number attribute must be 10, so this should fail validation.
-        parent = ModelToValidate.objects.create(number=11, name='Other Name')
-        mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name='Some Name', parent_id=parent.pk)
-        self.assertFailsValidation(mtv.full_clean, ['parent'])
+        parent = ModelToValidate.objects.create(number=11, name="Other Name")
+        mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name="Some Name", parent_id=parent.pk)
+        self.assertFailsValidation(mtv.full_clean, ["parent"])
 
     def test_FK_validates_using_base_manager(self):
         # Archived articles are not available through the default manager, only
         # the base manager.
         author = Author.objects.create(name="Randy", archived=True)
-        article = Article(title='My Article', author=author)
+        article = Article(title="My Article", author=author)
         self.assertIsNone(article.full_clean())
 
     def test_wrong_email_value_raises_error(self):
-        mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name='Some Name', email='not-an-email')
-        self.assertFailsValidation(mtv.full_clean, ['email'])
+        mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name="Some Name", email="not-an-email")
+        self.assertFailsValidation(mtv.full_clean, ["email"])
 
     def test_correct_email_value_passes(self):
-        mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name='Some Name', email='valid@email.com')
+        mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name="Some Name", email="valid@email.com")
         self.assertIsNone(mtv.full_clean())
 
     def test_wrong_url_value_raises_error(self):
-        mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name='Some Name', url='not a url')
-        self.assertFieldFailsValidationWithMessage(mtv.full_clean, 'url', ['Enter a valid URL.'])
+        mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name="Some Name", url="not a url")
+        self.assertFieldFailsValidationWithMessage(
+            mtv.full_clean, "url", ["Enter a valid URL."]
+        )
 
     def test_text_greater_that_charfields_max_length_raises_errors(self):
-        mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name='Some Name' * 100)
-        self.assertFailsValidation(mtv.full_clean, ['name'])
+        mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name="Some Name" * 100)
+        self.assertFailsValidation(mtv.full_clean, ["name"])
 
     def test_malformed_slug_raises_error(self):
-        mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name='Some Name', slug='##invalid##')
-        self.assertFailsValidation(mtv.full_clean, ['slug'])
+        mtv = ModelToValidate(number=10, name="Some Name", slug="##invalid##")
+        self.assertFailsValidation(mtv.full_clean, ["slug"])
 
     def test_full_clean_does_not_mutate_exclude(self):
         mtv = ModelToValidate(f_with_custom_validator=42)
-        exclude = ['number']
-        self.assertFailsValidation(mtv.full_clean, ['name'], exclude=exclude)
+        exclude = ["number"]
+        self.assertFailsValidation(mtv.full_clean, ["name"], exclude=exclude)
         self.assertEqual(len(exclude), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(exclude[0], 'number')
+        self.assertEqual(exclude[0], "number")
 
 
 class ArticleForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = Article
-        exclude = ['author']
+        exclude = ["author"]
 
 
 class ModelFormsTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.author = Author.objects.create(name='Joseph Kocherhans')
+        cls.author = Author.objects.create(name="Joseph Kocherhans")
 
     def test_partial_validation(self):
         # Make sure the "commit=False and set field values later" idiom still
         # works with model validation.
         data = {
-            'title': 'The state of model validation',
-            'pub_date': '2010-1-10 14:49:00'
+            "title": "The state of model validation",
+            "pub_date": "2010-1-10 14:49:00",
         }
         form = ArticleForm(data)
         self.assertEqual(list(form.errors), [])
@@ -114,7 +123,7 @@ class ModelFormsTests(TestCase):
         # validation, so the form should save cleanly even though pub_date is
         # not allowed to be null.
         data = {
-            'title': 'The state of model validation',
+            "title": "The state of model validation",
         }
         article = Article(author_id=self.author.id)
         form = ArticleForm(data, instance=article)
@@ -125,17 +134,13 @@ class ModelFormsTests(TestCase):
     def test_validation_with_invalid_blank_field(self):
         # Even though pub_date is set to blank=True, an invalid value was
         # provided, so it should fail validation.
-        data = {
-            'title': 'The state of model validation',
-            'pub_date': 'never'
-        }
+        data = {"title": "The state of model validation", "pub_date": "never"}
         article = Article(author_id=self.author.id)
         form = ArticleForm(data, instance=article)
-        self.assertEqual(list(form.errors), ['pub_date'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(form.errors), ["pub_date"])
 
 
 class GenericIPAddressFieldTests(ValidationAssertions, TestCase):
-
     def test_correct_generic_ip_passes(self):
         giptm = GenericIPAddressTestModel(generic_ip="1.2.3.4")
         self.assertIsNone(giptm.full_clean())
@@ -148,13 +153,13 @@ class GenericIPAddressFieldTests(ValidationAssertions, TestCase):
 
     def test_invalid_generic_ip_raises_error(self):
         giptm = GenericIPAddressTestModel(generic_ip="294.4.2.1")
-        self.assertFailsValidation(giptm.full_clean, ['generic_ip'])
+        self.assertFailsValidation(giptm.full_clean, ["generic_ip"])
         giptm = GenericIPAddressTestModel(generic_ip="1:2")
-        self.assertFailsValidation(giptm.full_clean, ['generic_ip'])
+        self.assertFailsValidation(giptm.full_clean, ["generic_ip"])
         giptm = GenericIPAddressTestModel(generic_ip=1)
-        self.assertFailsValidation(giptm.full_clean, ['generic_ip'])
+        self.assertFailsValidation(giptm.full_clean, ["generic_ip"])
         giptm = GenericIPAddressTestModel(generic_ip=lazy(lambda: 1, int))
-        self.assertFailsValidation(giptm.full_clean, ['generic_ip'])
+        self.assertFailsValidation(giptm.full_clean, ["generic_ip"])
 
     def test_correct_v4_ip_passes(self):
         giptm = GenericIPAddressTestModel(v4_ip="1.2.3.4")
@@ -162,9 +167,9 @@ class GenericIPAddressFieldTests(ValidationAssertions, TestCase):
 
     def test_invalid_v4_ip_raises_error(self):
         giptm = GenericIPAddressTestModel(v4_ip="294.4.2.1")
-        self.assertFailsValidation(giptm.full_clean, ['v4_ip'])
+        self.assertFailsValidation(giptm.full_clean, ["v4_ip"])
         giptm = GenericIPAddressTestModel(v4_ip="2001::2")
-        self.assertFailsValidation(giptm.full_clean, ['v4_ip'])
+        self.assertFailsValidation(giptm.full_clean, ["v4_ip"])
 
     def test_correct_v6_ip_passes(self):
         giptm = GenericIPAddressTestModel(v6_ip="2001::2")
@@ -172,16 +177,16 @@ class GenericIPAddressFieldTests(ValidationAssertions, TestCase):
 
     def test_invalid_v6_ip_raises_error(self):
         giptm = GenericIPAddressTestModel(v6_ip="1.2.3.4")
-        self.assertFailsValidation(giptm.full_clean, ['v6_ip'])
+        self.assertFailsValidation(giptm.full_clean, ["v6_ip"])
         giptm = GenericIPAddressTestModel(v6_ip="1:2")
-        self.assertFailsValidation(giptm.full_clean, ['v6_ip'])
+        self.assertFailsValidation(giptm.full_clean, ["v6_ip"])
 
     def test_v6_uniqueness_detection(self):
         # These two addresses are the same with different syntax
         giptm = GenericIPAddressTestModel(generic_ip="2001::1:0:0:0:0:2")
         giptm.save()
         giptm = GenericIPAddressTestModel(generic_ip="2001:0:1:2")
-        self.assertFailsValidation(giptm.full_clean, ['generic_ip'])
+        self.assertFailsValidation(giptm.full_clean, ["generic_ip"])
 
     def test_v4_unpack_uniqueness_detection(self):
         # These two are different, because we are not doing IPv4 unpacking
@@ -194,7 +199,7 @@ class GenericIPAddressFieldTests(ValidationAssertions, TestCase):
         giptm = GenericIPAddrUnpackUniqueTest(generic_v4unpack_ip="::ffff:18.52.18.52")
         giptm.save()
         giptm = GenericIPAddrUnpackUniqueTest(generic_v4unpack_ip="18.52.18.52")
-        self.assertFailsValidation(giptm.full_clean, ['generic_v4unpack_ip'])
+        self.assertFailsValidation(giptm.full_clean, ["generic_v4unpack_ip"])
 
     def test_empty_generic_ip_passes(self):
         giptm = GenericIPAddressTestModel(generic_ip="")
diff --git a/tests/validators/tests.py b/tests/validators/tests.py
index 585edd7117..79369b172e 100644
--- a/tests/validators/tests.py
+++ b/tests/validators/tests.py
@@ -7,13 +7,27 @@ from unittest import TestCase, mock
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 from django.core.files.base import ContentFile
 from django.core.validators import (
-    BaseValidator, DecimalValidator, EmailValidator, FileExtensionValidator,
-    MaxLengthValidator, MaxValueValidator, MinLengthValidator,
-    MinValueValidator, ProhibitNullCharactersValidator, RegexValidator,
-    URLValidator, int_list_validator, validate_comma_separated_integer_list,
-    validate_email, validate_image_file_extension, validate_integer,
-    validate_ipv4_address, validate_ipv6_address, validate_ipv46_address,
-    validate_slug, validate_unicode_slug,
+    BaseValidator,
+    DecimalValidator,
+    EmailValidator,
+    FileExtensionValidator,
+    MaxLengthValidator,
+    MaxValueValidator,
+    MinLengthValidator,
+    MinValueValidator,
+    ProhibitNullCharactersValidator,
+    RegexValidator,
+    URLValidator,
+    int_list_validator,
+    validate_comma_separated_integer_list,
+    validate_email,
+    validate_image_file_extension,
+    validate_integer,
+    validate_ipv4_address,
+    validate_ipv6_address,
+    validate_ipv46_address,
+    validate_slug,
+    validate_unicode_slug,
 )
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 
@@ -25,511 +39,542 @@ else:
     PILLOW_IS_INSTALLED = True
 
 NOW = datetime.now()
-EXTENDED_SCHEMES = ['http', 'https', 'ftp', 'ftps', 'git', 'file', 'git+ssh']
+EXTENDED_SCHEMES = ["http", "https", "ftp", "ftps", "git", "file", "git+ssh"]
 
 VALID_URLS = [
-    'http://www.djangoproject.com/',
-    'HTTP://WWW.DJANGOPROJECT.COM/',
-    'http://localhost/',
-    'http://example.com/',
-    'http://example.com:0',
-    'http://example.com:0/',
-    'http://example.com:65535',
-    'http://example.com:65535/',
-    'http://example.com./',
-    'http://www.example.com/',
-    'http://www.example.com:8000/test',
-    'http://valid-with-hyphens.com/',
-    'http://subdomain.example.com/',
-    'http://a.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa',
-    'http://200.8.9.10/',
-    'http://200.8.9.10:8000/test',
-    'http://su--b.valid-----hyphens.com/',
-    'http://example.com?something=value',
-    'http://example.com/index.php?something=value&another=value2',
-    'https://example.com/',
-    'ftp://example.com/',
-    'ftps://example.com/',
-    'http://foo.com/blah_blah',
-    'http://foo.com/blah_blah/',
-    'http://foo.com/blah_blah_(wikipedia)',
-    'http://foo.com/blah_blah_(wikipedia)_(again)',
-    'http://www.example.com/wpstyle/?p=364',
-    'https://www.example.com/foo/?bar=baz&inga=42&quux',
-    'http://✪df.ws/123',
-    'http://userid@example.com',
-    'http://userid@example.com/',
-    'http://userid@example.com:8080',
-    'http://userid@example.com:8080/',
-    'http://userid@example.com:65535',
-    'http://userid@example.com:65535/',
-    'http://userid:@example.com',
-    'http://userid:@example.com/',
-    'http://userid:@example.com:8080',
-    'http://userid:@example.com:8080/',
-    'http://userid:password@example.com',
-    'http://userid:password@example.com/',
-    'http://userid:password@example.com:8',
-    'http://userid:password@example.com:8/',
-    'http://userid:password@example.com:8080',
-    'http://userid:password@example.com:8080/',
-    'http://userid:password@example.com:65535',
-    'http://userid:password@example.com:65535/',
-    'https://userid:paaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa'
-    'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa'
-    'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa'
-    'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaassword@example.com',
-    'https://userid:paaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa'
-    'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa'
-    'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa'
-    'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaassword@example.com:8080',
-    'https://useridddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd'
-    'ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd'
-    'ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd'
-    'dddddddddddddddddddddd:password@example.com',
-    'https://useridddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd'
-    'ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd'
-    'ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd'
-    'ddddddddddddddddd:password@example.com:8080',
-    'http://142.42.1.1/',
-    'http://142.42.1.1:8080/',
-    'http://➡.ws/䨹',
-    'http://⌘.ws',
-    'http://⌘.ws/',
-    'http://foo.com/blah_(wikipedia)#cite-1',
-    'http://foo.com/blah_(wikipedia)_blah#cite-1',
-    'http://foo.com/unicode_(✪)_in_parens',
-    'http://foo.com/(something)?after=parens',
-    'http://☺.damowmow.com/',
-    'http://djangoproject.com/events/#&product=browser',
-    'http://j.mp',
-    'ftp://foo.bar/baz',
-    'http://foo.bar/?q=Test%20URL-encoded%20stuff',
-    'http://مثال.إختبار',
-    'http://例子.测试',
-    'http://उदाहरण.परीक्षा',
+    "http://www.djangoproject.com/",
+    "HTTP://WWW.DJANGOPROJECT.COM/",
+    "http://localhost/",
+    "http://example.com/",
+    "http://example.com:0",
+    "http://example.com:0/",
+    "http://example.com:65535",
+    "http://example.com:65535/",
+    "http://example.com./",
+    "http://www.example.com/",
+    "http://www.example.com:8000/test",
+    "http://valid-with-hyphens.com/",
+    "http://subdomain.example.com/",
+    "http://a.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
+    "http://200.8.9.10/",
+    "http://200.8.9.10:8000/test",
+    "http://su--b.valid-----hyphens.com/",
+    "http://example.com?something=value",
+    "http://example.com/index.php?something=value&another=value2",
+    "https://example.com/",
+    "ftp://example.com/",
+    "ftps://example.com/",
+    "http://foo.com/blah_blah",
+    "http://foo.com/blah_blah/",
+    "http://foo.com/blah_blah_(wikipedia)",
+    "http://foo.com/blah_blah_(wikipedia)_(again)",
+    "http://www.example.com/wpstyle/?p=364",
+    "https://www.example.com/foo/?bar=baz&inga=42&quux",
+    "http://✪df.ws/123",
+    "http://userid@example.com",
+    "http://userid@example.com/",
+    "http://userid@example.com:8080",
+    "http://userid@example.com:8080/",
+    "http://userid@example.com:65535",
+    "http://userid@example.com:65535/",
+    "http://userid:@example.com",
+    "http://userid:@example.com/",
+    "http://userid:@example.com:8080",
+    "http://userid:@example.com:8080/",
+    "http://userid:password@example.com",
+    "http://userid:password@example.com/",
+    "http://userid:password@example.com:8",
+    "http://userid:password@example.com:8/",
+    "http://userid:password@example.com:8080",
+    "http://userid:password@example.com:8080/",
+    "http://userid:password@example.com:65535",
+    "http://userid:password@example.com:65535/",
+    "https://userid:paaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
+    "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
+    "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
+    "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaassword@example.com",
+    "https://userid:paaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
+    "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
+    "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
+    "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaassword@example.com:8080",
+    "https://useridddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd"
+    "ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd"
+    "ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd"
+    "dddddddddddddddddddddd:password@example.com",
+    "https://useridddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd"
+    "ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd"
+    "ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd"
+    "ddddddddddddddddd:password@example.com:8080",
+    "http://142.42.1.1/",
+    "http://142.42.1.1:8080/",
+    "http://➡.ws/䨹",
+    "http://⌘.ws",
+    "http://⌘.ws/",
+    "http://foo.com/blah_(wikipedia)#cite-1",
+    "http://foo.com/blah_(wikipedia)_blah#cite-1",
+    "http://foo.com/unicode_(✪)_in_parens",
+    "http://foo.com/(something)?after=parens",
+    "http://☺.damowmow.com/",
+    "http://djangoproject.com/events/#&product=browser",
+    "http://j.mp",
+    "ftp://foo.bar/baz",
+    "http://foo.bar/?q=Test%20URL-encoded%20stuff",
+    "http://مثال.إختبار",
+    "http://例子.测试",
+    "http://उदाहरण.परीक्षा",
     "http://-.~_!$&'()*+,;=%40:80%2f@example.com",
-    'http://xn--7sbb4ac0ad0be6cf.xn--p1ai',
-    'http://1337.net',
-    'http://a.b-c.de',
-    'http://223.255.255.254',
-    'ftps://foo.bar/',
-    'http://10.1.1.254',
-    'http://[FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210]:80/index.html',
-    'http://[::192.9.5.5]/ipng',
-    'http://[::ffff:192.9.5.5]/ipng',
-    'http://[::1]:8080/',
-    'http://0.0.0.0/',
-    'http://255.255.255.255',
-    'http://224.0.0.0',
-    'http://224.1.1.1',
-    'http://111.112.113.114/',
-    'http://88.88.88.88/',
-    'http://11.12.13.14/',
-    'http://10.20.30.40/',
-    'http://1.2.3.4/',
-    'http://127.0.01.09.home.lan',
-    'http://aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.ex'
-    'ample.com',
-    'http://example.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa'
-    'aaaaa.com',
-    'http://example.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa',
-    'http://aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaa'
-    'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaa'
-    'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa'
-    'aaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa',
-    'http://dashintld.c-m',
-    'http://multipledashintld.a-b-c',
-    'http://evenmoredashintld.a---c',
-    'http://dashinpunytld.xn---c',
+    "http://xn--7sbb4ac0ad0be6cf.xn--p1ai",
+    "http://1337.net",
+    "http://a.b-c.de",
+    "http://223.255.255.254",
+    "ftps://foo.bar/",
+    "http://10.1.1.254",
+    "http://[FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210]:80/index.html",
+    "http://[::192.9.5.5]/ipng",
+    "http://[::ffff:192.9.5.5]/ipng",
+    "http://[::1]:8080/",
+    "http://0.0.0.0/",
+    "http://255.255.255.255",
+    "http://224.0.0.0",
+    "http://224.1.1.1",
+    "http://111.112.113.114/",
+    "http://88.88.88.88/",
+    "http://11.12.13.14/",
+    "http://10.20.30.40/",
+    "http://1.2.3.4/",
+    "http://127.0.01.09.home.lan",
+    "http://aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.ex"
+    "ample.com",
+    "http://example.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
+    "aaaaa.com",
+    "http://example.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
+    "http://aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaa"
+    "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaa"
+    "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
+    "aaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
+    "http://dashintld.c-m",
+    "http://multipledashintld.a-b-c",
+    "http://evenmoredashintld.a---c",
+    "http://dashinpunytld.xn---c",
 ]
 
 INVALID_URLS = [
     None,
     56,
-    'no_scheme',
-    'foo',
-    'http://',
-    'http://example',
-    'http://example.',
-    'http://example.com:-1',
-    'http://example.com:-1/',
-    'http://example.com:000000080',
-    'http://example.com:000000080/',
-    'http://.com',
-    'http://invalid-.com',
-    'http://-invalid.com',
-    'http://invalid.com-',
-    'http://invalid.-com',
-    'http://inv-.alid-.com',
-    'http://inv-.-alid.com',
-    'file://localhost/path',
-    'git://example.com/',
-    'http://.',
-    'http://..',
-    'http://../',
-    'http://?',
-    'http://??',
-    'http://??/',
-    'http://#',
-    'http://##',
-    'http://##/',
-    'http://foo.bar?q=Spaces should be encoded',
-    '//',
-    '//a',
-    '///a',
-    '///',
-    'http:///a',
-    'foo.com',
-    'rdar://1234',
-    'h://test',
-    'http:// shouldfail.com',
-    ':// should fail',
-    'http://foo.bar/foo(bar)baz quux',
-    'http://-error-.invalid/',
-    'http://dashinpunytld.trailingdot.xn--.',
-    'http://dashinpunytld.xn---',
-    'http://-a.b.co',
-    'http://a.b-.co',
-    'http://a.-b.co',
-    'http://a.b-.c.co',
-    'http:/',
-    'http://',
-    'http://',
-    'http://1.1.1.1.1',
-    'http://123.123.123',
-    'http://3628126748',
-    'http://123',
-    'http://000.000.000.000',
-    'http://016.016.016.016',
-    'http://192.168.000.001',
-    'http://01.2.3.4',
-    'http://01.2.3.4',
-    'http://1.02.3.4',
-    'http://1.2.03.4',
-    'http://1.2.3.04',
-    'http://.www.foo.bar/',
-    'http://.www.foo.bar./',
-    'http://[::1:2::3]:8/',
-    'http://[::1:2::3]:8080/',
-    'http://[]',
-    'http://[]:8080',
-    'http://example..com/',
-    'http://aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.e'
-    'xample.com',
-    'http://example.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa'
-    'aaaaaa.com',
-    'http://example.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa'
-    'aaaaaa',
-    'http://aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.'
-    'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaa'
-    'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaa'
-    'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa',
-    'https://test.[com',
-    'http://@example.com',
-    'http://:@example.com',
-    'http://:bar@example.com',
-    'http://foo@bar@example.com',
-    'http://foo/bar@example.com',
-    'http://foo:bar:baz@example.com',
-    'http://foo:bar@baz@example.com',
-    'http://foo:bar/baz@example.com',
-    'http://invalid-.com/?m=foo@example.com',
+    "no_scheme",
+    "foo",
+    "http://",
+    "http://example",
+    "http://example.",
+    "http://example.com:-1",
+    "http://example.com:-1/",
+    "http://example.com:000000080",
+    "http://example.com:000000080/",
+    "http://.com",
+    "http://invalid-.com",
+    "http://-invalid.com",
+    "http://invalid.com-",
+    "http://invalid.-com",
+    "http://inv-.alid-.com",
+    "http://inv-.-alid.com",
+    "file://localhost/path",
+    "git://example.com/",
+    "http://.",
+    "http://..",
+    "http://../",
+    "http://?",
+    "http://??",
+    "http://??/",
+    "http://#",
+    "http://##",
+    "http://##/",
+    "http://foo.bar?q=Spaces should be encoded",
+    "//",
+    "//a",
+    "///a",
+    "///",
+    "http:///a",
+    "foo.com",
+    "rdar://1234",
+    "h://test",
+    "http:// shouldfail.com",
+    ":// should fail",
+    "http://foo.bar/foo(bar)baz quux",
+    "http://-error-.invalid/",
+    "http://dashinpunytld.trailingdot.xn--.",
+    "http://dashinpunytld.xn---",
+    "http://-a.b.co",
+    "http://a.b-.co",
+    "http://a.-b.co",
+    "http://a.b-.c.co",
+    "http:/",
+    "http://",
+    "http://",
+    "http://1.1.1.1.1",
+    "http://123.123.123",
+    "http://3628126748",
+    "http://123",
+    "http://000.000.000.000",
+    "http://016.016.016.016",
+    "http://192.168.000.001",
+    "http://01.2.3.4",
+    "http://01.2.3.4",
+    "http://1.02.3.4",
+    "http://1.2.03.4",
+    "http://1.2.3.04",
+    "http://.www.foo.bar/",
+    "http://.www.foo.bar./",
+    "http://[::1:2::3]:8/",
+    "http://[::1:2::3]:8080/",
+    "http://[]",
+    "http://[]:8080",
+    "http://example..com/",
+    "http://aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.e"
+    "xample.com",
+    "http://example.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
+    "aaaaaa.com",
+    "http://example.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
+    "aaaaaa",
+    "http://aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa."
+    "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaa"
+    "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
+    "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
+    "https://test.[com",
+    "http://@example.com",
+    "http://:@example.com",
+    "http://:bar@example.com",
+    "http://foo@bar@example.com",
+    "http://foo/bar@example.com",
+    "http://foo:bar:baz@example.com",
+    "http://foo:bar@baz@example.com",
+    "http://foo:bar/baz@example.com",
+    "http://invalid-.com/?m=foo@example.com",
     # Newlines and tabs are not accepted.
-    'http://www.djangoproject.com/\n',
-    'http://[::ffff:192.9.5.5]\n',
-    'http://www.djangoproject.com/\r',
-    'http://[::ffff:192.9.5.5]\r',
-    'http://www.django\rproject.com/',
-    'http://[::\rffff:192.9.5.5]',
-    'http://\twww.djangoproject.com/',
-    'http://\t[::ffff:192.9.5.5]',
+    "http://www.djangoproject.com/\n",
+    "http://[::ffff:192.9.5.5]\n",
+    "http://www.djangoproject.com/\r",
+    "http://[::ffff:192.9.5.5]\r",
+    "http://www.django\rproject.com/",
+    "http://[::\rffff:192.9.5.5]",
+    "http://\twww.djangoproject.com/",
+    "http://\t[::ffff:192.9.5.5]",
     # Trailing junk does not take forever to reject.
-    'http://www.asdasdasdasdsadfm.com.br ',
-    'http://www.asdasdasdasdsadfm.com.br z',
+    "http://www.asdasdasdasdsadfm.com.br ",
+    "http://www.asdasdasdasdsadfm.com.br z",
 ]
 
 TEST_DATA = [
     # (validator, value, expected),
-    (validate_integer, '42', None),
-    (validate_integer, '-42', None),
+    (validate_integer, "42", None),
+    (validate_integer, "-42", None),
     (validate_integer, -42, None),
-
     (validate_integer, -42.5, ValidationError),
     (validate_integer, None, ValidationError),
-    (validate_integer, 'a', ValidationError),
-    (validate_integer, '\n42', ValidationError),
-    (validate_integer, '42\n', ValidationError),
-
-    (validate_email, 'email@here.com', None),
-    (validate_email, 'weirder-email@here.and.there.com', None),
-    (validate_email, 'email@[127.0.0.1]', None),
-    (validate_email, 'email@[2001:dB8::1]', None),
-    (validate_email, 'email@[2001:dB8:0:0:0:0:0:1]', None),
-    (validate_email, 'email@[::fffF:127.0.0.1]', None),
-    (validate_email, 'example@valid-----hyphens.com', None),
-    (validate_email, 'example@valid-with-hyphens.com', None),
-    (validate_email, 'test@domain.with.idn.tld.उदाहरण.परीक्षा', None),
-    (validate_email, 'email@localhost', None),
-    (EmailValidator(allowlist=['localdomain']), 'email@localdomain', None),
+    (validate_integer, "a", ValidationError),
+    (validate_integer, "\n42", ValidationError),
+    (validate_integer, "42\n", ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "email@here.com", None),
+    (validate_email, "weirder-email@here.and.there.com", None),
+    (validate_email, "email@[127.0.0.1]", None),
+    (validate_email, "email@[2001:dB8::1]", None),
+    (validate_email, "email@[2001:dB8:0:0:0:0:0:1]", None),
+    (validate_email, "email@[::fffF:127.0.0.1]", None),
+    (validate_email, "example@valid-----hyphens.com", None),
+    (validate_email, "example@valid-with-hyphens.com", None),
+    (validate_email, "test@domain.with.idn.tld.उदाहरण.परीक्षा", None),
+    (validate_email, "email@localhost", None),
+    (EmailValidator(allowlist=["localdomain"]), "email@localdomain", None),
     (validate_email, '"test@test"@example.com', None),
-    (validate_email, 'example@atm.%s' % ('a' * 63), None),
-    (validate_email, 'example@%s.atm' % ('a' * 63), None),
-    (validate_email, 'example@%s.%s.atm' % ('a' * 63, 'b' * 10), None),
-
-    (validate_email, 'example@atm.%s' % ('a' * 64), ValidationError),
-    (validate_email, 'example@%s.atm.%s' % ('b' * 64, 'a' * 63), ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "example@atm.%s" % ("a" * 63), None),
+    (validate_email, "example@%s.atm" % ("a" * 63), None),
+    (validate_email, "example@%s.%s.atm" % ("a" * 63, "b" * 10), None),
+    (validate_email, "example@atm.%s" % ("a" * 64), ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "example@%s.atm.%s" % ("b" * 64, "a" * 63), ValidationError),
     (validate_email, None, ValidationError),
-    (validate_email, '', ValidationError),
-    (validate_email, 'abc', ValidationError),
-    (validate_email, 'abc@', ValidationError),
-    (validate_email, 'abc@bar', ValidationError),
-    (validate_email, 'a @x.cz', ValidationError),
-    (validate_email, 'abc@.com', ValidationError),
-    (validate_email, 'something@@somewhere.com', ValidationError),
-    (validate_email, 'email@127.0.0.1', ValidationError),
-    (validate_email, 'email@[127.0.0.256]', ValidationError),
-    (validate_email, 'email@[2001:db8::12345]', ValidationError),
-    (validate_email, 'email@[2001:db8:0:0:0:0:1]', ValidationError),
-    (validate_email, 'email@[::ffff:127.0.0.256]', ValidationError),
-    (validate_email, 'email@[2001:dg8::1]', ValidationError),
-    (validate_email, 'email@[2001:dG8:0:0:0:0:0:1]', ValidationError),
-    (validate_email, 'email@[::fTzF:127.0.0.1]', ValidationError),
-    (validate_email, 'example@invalid-.com', ValidationError),
-    (validate_email, 'example@-invalid.com', ValidationError),
-    (validate_email, 'example@invalid.com-', ValidationError),
-    (validate_email, 'example@inv-.alid-.com', ValidationError),
-    (validate_email, 'example@inv-.-alid.com', ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "", ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "abc", ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "abc@", ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "abc@bar", ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "a @x.cz", ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "abc@.com", ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "something@@somewhere.com", ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "email@127.0.0.1", ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "email@[127.0.0.256]", ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "email@[2001:db8::12345]", ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "email@[2001:db8:0:0:0:0:1]", ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "email@[::ffff:127.0.0.256]", ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "email@[2001:dg8::1]", ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "email@[2001:dG8:0:0:0:0:0:1]", ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "email@[::fTzF:127.0.0.1]", ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "example@invalid-.com", ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "example@-invalid.com", ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "example@invalid.com-", ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "example@inv-.alid-.com", ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "example@inv-.-alid.com", ValidationError),
     (validate_email, 'test@example.com\n\n<script src="x.js">', ValidationError),
     # Quoted-string format (CR not allowed)
     (validate_email, '"\\\011"@here.com', None),
     (validate_email, '"\\\012"@here.com', ValidationError),
-    (validate_email, 'trailingdot@shouldfail.com.', ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "trailingdot@shouldfail.com.", ValidationError),
     # Max length of domain name labels is 63 characters per RFC 1034.
-    (validate_email, 'a@%s.us' % ('a' * 63), None),
-    (validate_email, 'a@%s.us' % ('a' * 64), ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "a@%s.us" % ("a" * 63), None),
+    (validate_email, "a@%s.us" % ("a" * 64), ValidationError),
     # Trailing newlines in username or domain not allowed
-    (validate_email, 'a@b.com\n', ValidationError),
-    (validate_email, 'a\n@b.com', ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "a@b.com\n", ValidationError),
+    (validate_email, "a\n@b.com", ValidationError),
     (validate_email, '"test@test"\n@example.com', ValidationError),
-    (validate_email, 'a@[127.0.0.1]\n', ValidationError),
-
-    (validate_slug, 'slug-ok', None),
-    (validate_slug, 'longer-slug-still-ok', None),
-    (validate_slug, '--------', None),
-    (validate_slug, 'nohyphensoranything', None),
-    (validate_slug, 'a', None),
-    (validate_slug, '1', None),
-    (validate_slug, 'a1', None),
-
-    (validate_slug, '', ValidationError),
-    (validate_slug, ' text ', ValidationError),
-    (validate_slug, ' ', ValidationError),
-    (validate_slug, 'some@mail.com', ValidationError),
-    (validate_slug, '你好', ValidationError),
-    (validate_slug, '你 好', ValidationError),
-    (validate_slug, '\n', ValidationError),
-    (validate_slug, 'trailing-newline\n', ValidationError),
-
-    (validate_unicode_slug, 'slug-ok', None),
-    (validate_unicode_slug, 'longer-slug-still-ok', None),
-    (validate_unicode_slug, '--------', None),
-    (validate_unicode_slug, 'nohyphensoranything', None),
-    (validate_unicode_slug, 'a', None),
-    (validate_unicode_slug, '1', None),
-    (validate_unicode_slug, 'a1', None),
-    (validate_unicode_slug, '你好', None),
-
-    (validate_unicode_slug, '', ValidationError),
-    (validate_unicode_slug, ' text ', ValidationError),
-    (validate_unicode_slug, ' ', ValidationError),
-    (validate_unicode_slug, 'some@mail.com', ValidationError),
-    (validate_unicode_slug, '\n', ValidationError),
-    (validate_unicode_slug, '你 好', ValidationError),
-    (validate_unicode_slug, 'trailing-newline\n', ValidationError),
-
-    (validate_ipv4_address, '1.1.1.1', None),
-    (validate_ipv4_address, '255.0.0.0', None),
-    (validate_ipv4_address, '0.0.0.0', None),
-
-    (validate_ipv4_address, '256.1.1.1', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv4_address, '25.1.1.', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv4_address, '25,1,1,1', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv4_address, '25.1 .1.1', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv4_address, '1.1.1.1\n', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv4_address, '٧.2٥.3٣.243', ValidationError),
-
+    (validate_email, "a@[127.0.0.1]\n", ValidationError),
+    (validate_slug, "slug-ok", None),
+    (validate_slug, "longer-slug-still-ok", None),
+    (validate_slug, "--------", None),
+    (validate_slug, "nohyphensoranything", None),
+    (validate_slug, "a", None),
+    (validate_slug, "1", None),
+    (validate_slug, "a1", None),
+    (validate_slug, "", ValidationError),
+    (validate_slug, " text ", ValidationError),
+    (validate_slug, " ", ValidationError),
+    (validate_slug, "some@mail.com", ValidationError),
+    (validate_slug, "你好", ValidationError),
+    (validate_slug, "你 好", ValidationError),
+    (validate_slug, "\n", ValidationError),
+    (validate_slug, "trailing-newline\n", ValidationError),
+    (validate_unicode_slug, "slug-ok", None),
+    (validate_unicode_slug, "longer-slug-still-ok", None),
+    (validate_unicode_slug, "--------", None),
+    (validate_unicode_slug, "nohyphensoranything", None),
+    (validate_unicode_slug, "a", None),
+    (validate_unicode_slug, "1", None),
+    (validate_unicode_slug, "a1", None),
+    (validate_unicode_slug, "你好", None),
+    (validate_unicode_slug, "", ValidationError),
+    (validate_unicode_slug, " text ", ValidationError),
+    (validate_unicode_slug, " ", ValidationError),
+    (validate_unicode_slug, "some@mail.com", ValidationError),
+    (validate_unicode_slug, "\n", ValidationError),
+    (validate_unicode_slug, "你 好", ValidationError),
+    (validate_unicode_slug, "trailing-newline\n", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv4_address, "1.1.1.1", None),
+    (validate_ipv4_address, "255.0.0.0", None),
+    (validate_ipv4_address, "0.0.0.0", None),
+    (validate_ipv4_address, "256.1.1.1", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv4_address, "25.1.1.", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv4_address, "25,1,1,1", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv4_address, "25.1 .1.1", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv4_address, "1.1.1.1\n", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv4_address, "٧.2٥.3٣.243", ValidationError),
     # Leading zeros are forbidden to avoid ambiguity with the octal notation.
-    (validate_ipv4_address, '000.000.000.000', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv4_address, '016.016.016.016', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv4_address, '192.168.000.001', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv4_address, '01.2.3.4', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv4_address, '01.2.3.4', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv4_address, '1.02.3.4', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv4_address, '1.2.03.4', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv4_address, '1.2.3.04', ValidationError),
-
+    (validate_ipv4_address, "000.000.000.000", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv4_address, "016.016.016.016", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv4_address, "192.168.000.001", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv4_address, "01.2.3.4", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv4_address, "01.2.3.4", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv4_address, "1.02.3.4", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv4_address, "1.2.03.4", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv4_address, "1.2.3.04", ValidationError),
     # validate_ipv6_address uses django.utils.ipv6, which
     # is tested in much greater detail in its own testcase
-    (validate_ipv6_address, 'fe80::1', None),
-    (validate_ipv6_address, '::1', None),
-    (validate_ipv6_address, '1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8', None),
-
-    (validate_ipv6_address, '1:2', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv6_address, '::zzz', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv6_address, '12345::', ValidationError),
-
-    (validate_ipv46_address, '1.1.1.1', None),
-    (validate_ipv46_address, '255.0.0.0', None),
-    (validate_ipv46_address, '0.0.0.0', None),
-    (validate_ipv46_address, 'fe80::1', None),
-    (validate_ipv46_address, '::1', None),
-    (validate_ipv46_address, '1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8', None),
-
-    (validate_ipv46_address, '256.1.1.1', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv46_address, '25.1.1.', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv46_address, '25,1,1,1', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv46_address, '25.1 .1.1', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv46_address, '1:2', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv46_address, '::zzz', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv46_address, '12345::', ValidationError),
-
+    (validate_ipv6_address, "fe80::1", None),
+    (validate_ipv6_address, "::1", None),
+    (validate_ipv6_address, "1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8", None),
+    (validate_ipv6_address, "1:2", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv6_address, "::zzz", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv6_address, "12345::", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv46_address, "1.1.1.1", None),
+    (validate_ipv46_address, "255.0.0.0", None),
+    (validate_ipv46_address, "0.0.0.0", None),
+    (validate_ipv46_address, "fe80::1", None),
+    (validate_ipv46_address, "::1", None),
+    (validate_ipv46_address, "1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8", None),
+    (validate_ipv46_address, "256.1.1.1", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv46_address, "25.1.1.", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv46_address, "25,1,1,1", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv46_address, "25.1 .1.1", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv46_address, "1:2", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv46_address, "::zzz", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv46_address, "12345::", ValidationError),
     # Leading zeros are forbidden to avoid ambiguity with the octal notation.
-    (validate_ipv46_address, '000.000.000.000', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv46_address, '016.016.016.016', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv46_address, '192.168.000.001', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv46_address, '01.2.3.4', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv46_address, '01.2.3.4', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv46_address, '1.02.3.4', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv46_address, '1.2.03.4', ValidationError),
-    (validate_ipv46_address, '1.2.3.04', ValidationError),
-
-    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, '1', None),
-    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, '12', None),
-    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, '1,2', None),
-    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, '1,2,3', None),
-    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, '10,32', None),
-
-    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, '', ValidationError),
-    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, 'a', ValidationError),
-    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, 'a,b,c', ValidationError),
-    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, '1, 2, 3', ValidationError),
-    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, ',', ValidationError),
-    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, '1,2,3,', ValidationError),
-    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, '1,2,', ValidationError),
-    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, ',1', ValidationError),
-    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, '1,,2', ValidationError),
-
-    (int_list_validator(sep='.'), '1.2.3', None),
-    (int_list_validator(sep='.', allow_negative=True), '1.2.3', None),
-    (int_list_validator(allow_negative=True), '-1,-2,3', None),
-    (int_list_validator(allow_negative=True), '1,-2,-12', None),
-
-    (int_list_validator(), '-1,2,3', ValidationError),
-    (int_list_validator(sep='.'), '1,2,3', ValidationError),
-    (int_list_validator(sep='.'), '1.2.3\n', ValidationError),
-
+    (validate_ipv46_address, "000.000.000.000", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv46_address, "016.016.016.016", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv46_address, "192.168.000.001", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv46_address, "01.2.3.4", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv46_address, "01.2.3.4", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv46_address, "1.02.3.4", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv46_address, "1.2.03.4", ValidationError),
+    (validate_ipv46_address, "1.2.3.04", ValidationError),
+    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, "1", None),
+    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, "12", None),
+    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, "1,2", None),
+    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, "1,2,3", None),
+    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, "10,32", None),
+    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, "", ValidationError),
+    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, "a", ValidationError),
+    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, "a,b,c", ValidationError),
+    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, "1, 2, 3", ValidationError),
+    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, ",", ValidationError),
+    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, "1,2,3,", ValidationError),
+    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, "1,2,", ValidationError),
+    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, ",1", ValidationError),
+    (validate_comma_separated_integer_list, "1,,2", ValidationError),
+    (int_list_validator(sep="."), "1.2.3", None),
+    (int_list_validator(sep=".", allow_negative=True), "1.2.3", None),
+    (int_list_validator(allow_negative=True), "-1,-2,3", None),
+    (int_list_validator(allow_negative=True), "1,-2,-12", None),
+    (int_list_validator(), "-1,2,3", ValidationError),
+    (int_list_validator(sep="."), "1,2,3", ValidationError),
+    (int_list_validator(sep="."), "1.2.3\n", ValidationError),
     (MaxValueValidator(10), 10, None),
     (MaxValueValidator(10), -10, None),
     (MaxValueValidator(10), 0, None),
     (MaxValueValidator(NOW), NOW, None),
     (MaxValueValidator(NOW), NOW - timedelta(days=1), None),
-
     (MaxValueValidator(0), 1, ValidationError),
     (MaxValueValidator(NOW), NOW + timedelta(days=1), ValidationError),
-
     (MinValueValidator(-10), -10, None),
     (MinValueValidator(-10), 10, None),
     (MinValueValidator(-10), 0, None),
     (MinValueValidator(NOW), NOW, None),
     (MinValueValidator(NOW), NOW + timedelta(days=1), None),
-
     (MinValueValidator(0), -1, ValidationError),
     (MinValueValidator(NOW), NOW - timedelta(days=1), ValidationError),
-
     # limit_value may be a callable.
     (MinValueValidator(lambda: 1), 0, ValidationError),
     (MinValueValidator(lambda: 1), 1, None),
-
-    (MaxLengthValidator(10), '', None),
-    (MaxLengthValidator(10), 10 * 'x', None),
-
-    (MaxLengthValidator(10), 15 * 'x', ValidationError),
-
-    (MinLengthValidator(10), 15 * 'x', None),
-    (MinLengthValidator(10), 10 * 'x', None),
-
-    (MinLengthValidator(10), '', ValidationError),
-
-    (URLValidator(EXTENDED_SCHEMES), 'file://localhost/path', None),
-    (URLValidator(EXTENDED_SCHEMES), 'git://example.com/', None),
-    (URLValidator(EXTENDED_SCHEMES), 'git+ssh://git@github.com/example/hg-git.git', None),
-
-    (URLValidator(EXTENDED_SCHEMES), 'git://-invalid.com', ValidationError),
-
+    (MaxLengthValidator(10), "", None),
+    (MaxLengthValidator(10), 10 * "x", None),
+    (MaxLengthValidator(10), 15 * "x", ValidationError),
+    (MinLengthValidator(10), 15 * "x", None),
+    (MinLengthValidator(10), 10 * "x", None),
+    (MinLengthValidator(10), "", ValidationError),
+    (URLValidator(EXTENDED_SCHEMES), "file://localhost/path", None),
+    (URLValidator(EXTENDED_SCHEMES), "git://example.com/", None),
+    (
+        URLValidator(EXTENDED_SCHEMES),
+        "git+ssh://git@github.com/example/hg-git.git",
+        None,
+    ),
+    (URLValidator(EXTENDED_SCHEMES), "git://-invalid.com", ValidationError),
     (BaseValidator(True), True, None),
     (BaseValidator(True), False, ValidationError),
-
-    (RegexValidator(), '', None),
-    (RegexValidator(), 'x1x2', None),
-    (RegexValidator('[0-9]+'), 'xxxxxx', ValidationError),
-    (RegexValidator('[0-9]+'), '1234', None),
-    (RegexValidator(re.compile('[0-9]+')), '1234', None),
-    (RegexValidator('.*'), '', None),
-    (RegexValidator(re.compile('.*')), '', None),
-    (RegexValidator('.*'), 'xxxxx', None),
-
-    (RegexValidator('x'), 'y', ValidationError),
-    (RegexValidator(re.compile('x')), 'y', ValidationError),
-    (RegexValidator('x', inverse_match=True), 'y', None),
-    (RegexValidator(re.compile('x'), inverse_match=True), 'y', None),
-    (RegexValidator('x', inverse_match=True), 'x', ValidationError),
-    (RegexValidator(re.compile('x'), inverse_match=True), 'x', ValidationError),
-
-    (RegexValidator('x', flags=re.IGNORECASE), 'y', ValidationError),
-    (RegexValidator('a'), 'A', ValidationError),
-    (RegexValidator('a', flags=re.IGNORECASE), 'A', None),
-
-    (FileExtensionValidator(['txt']), ContentFile('contents', name='fileWithUnsupportedExt.jpg'), ValidationError),
-    (FileExtensionValidator(['txt']), ContentFile('contents', name='fileWithUnsupportedExt.JPG'), ValidationError),
-    (FileExtensionValidator(['txt']), ContentFile('contents', name='fileWithNoExtension'), ValidationError),
-    (FileExtensionValidator(['']), ContentFile('contents', name='fileWithAnExtension.txt'), ValidationError),
-    (FileExtensionValidator([]), ContentFile('contents', name='file.txt'), ValidationError),
-
-    (FileExtensionValidator(['']), ContentFile('contents', name='fileWithNoExtension'), None),
-    (FileExtensionValidator(['txt']), ContentFile('contents', name='file.txt'), None),
-    (FileExtensionValidator(['txt']), ContentFile('contents', name='file.TXT'), None),
-    (FileExtensionValidator(['TXT']), ContentFile('contents', name='file.txt'), None),
-    (FileExtensionValidator(), ContentFile('contents', name='file.jpg'), None),
-
-    (DecimalValidator(max_digits=2, decimal_places=2), Decimal('0.99'), None),
-    (DecimalValidator(max_digits=2, decimal_places=1), Decimal('0.99'), ValidationError),
-    (DecimalValidator(max_digits=3, decimal_places=1), Decimal('999'), ValidationError),
-    (DecimalValidator(max_digits=4, decimal_places=1), Decimal('999'), None),
-    (DecimalValidator(max_digits=20, decimal_places=2), Decimal('742403889818000000'), None),
-    (DecimalValidator(20, 2), Decimal('7.42403889818E+17'), None),
-    (DecimalValidator(max_digits=20, decimal_places=2), Decimal('7424742403889818000000'), ValidationError),
-    (DecimalValidator(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2), Decimal('7304E-1'), None),
-    (DecimalValidator(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2), Decimal('7304E-3'), ValidationError),
-    (DecimalValidator(max_digits=5, decimal_places=5), Decimal('70E-5'), None),
-    (DecimalValidator(max_digits=5, decimal_places=5), Decimal('70E-6'), ValidationError),
+    (RegexValidator(), "", None),
+    (RegexValidator(), "x1x2", None),
+    (RegexValidator("[0-9]+"), "xxxxxx", ValidationError),
+    (RegexValidator("[0-9]+"), "1234", None),
+    (RegexValidator(re.compile("[0-9]+")), "1234", None),
+    (RegexValidator(".*"), "", None),
+    (RegexValidator(re.compile(".*")), "", None),
+    (RegexValidator(".*"), "xxxxx", None),
+    (RegexValidator("x"), "y", ValidationError),
+    (RegexValidator(re.compile("x")), "y", ValidationError),
+    (RegexValidator("x", inverse_match=True), "y", None),
+    (RegexValidator(re.compile("x"), inverse_match=True), "y", None),
+    (RegexValidator("x", inverse_match=True), "x", ValidationError),
+    (RegexValidator(re.compile("x"), inverse_match=True), "x", ValidationError),
+    (RegexValidator("x", flags=re.IGNORECASE), "y", ValidationError),
+    (RegexValidator("a"), "A", ValidationError),
+    (RegexValidator("a", flags=re.IGNORECASE), "A", None),
+    (
+        FileExtensionValidator(["txt"]),
+        ContentFile("contents", name="fileWithUnsupportedExt.jpg"),
+        ValidationError,
+    ),
+    (
+        FileExtensionValidator(["txt"]),
+        ContentFile("contents", name="fileWithUnsupportedExt.JPG"),
+        ValidationError,
+    ),
+    (
+        FileExtensionValidator(["txt"]),
+        ContentFile("contents", name="fileWithNoExtension"),
+        ValidationError,
+    ),
+    (
+        FileExtensionValidator([""]),
+        ContentFile("contents", name="fileWithAnExtension.txt"),
+        ValidationError,
+    ),
+    (
+        FileExtensionValidator([]),
+        ContentFile("contents", name="file.txt"),
+        ValidationError,
+    ),
+    (
+        FileExtensionValidator([""]),
+        ContentFile("contents", name="fileWithNoExtension"),
+        None,
+    ),
+    (FileExtensionValidator(["txt"]), ContentFile("contents", name="file.txt"), None),
+    (FileExtensionValidator(["txt"]), ContentFile("contents", name="file.TXT"), None),
+    (FileExtensionValidator(["TXT"]), ContentFile("contents", name="file.txt"), None),
+    (FileExtensionValidator(), ContentFile("contents", name="file.jpg"), None),
+    (DecimalValidator(max_digits=2, decimal_places=2), Decimal("0.99"), None),
+    (
+        DecimalValidator(max_digits=2, decimal_places=1),
+        Decimal("0.99"),
+        ValidationError,
+    ),
+    (DecimalValidator(max_digits=3, decimal_places=1), Decimal("999"), ValidationError),
+    (DecimalValidator(max_digits=4, decimal_places=1), Decimal("999"), None),
+    (
+        DecimalValidator(max_digits=20, decimal_places=2),
+        Decimal("742403889818000000"),
+        None,
+    ),
+    (DecimalValidator(20, 2), Decimal("7.42403889818E+17"), None),
+    (
+        DecimalValidator(max_digits=20, decimal_places=2),
+        Decimal("7424742403889818000000"),
+        ValidationError,
+    ),
+    (DecimalValidator(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2), Decimal("7304E-1"), None),
+    (
+        DecimalValidator(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2),
+        Decimal("7304E-3"),
+        ValidationError,
+    ),
+    (DecimalValidator(max_digits=5, decimal_places=5), Decimal("70E-5"), None),
+    (
+        DecimalValidator(max_digits=5, decimal_places=5),
+        Decimal("70E-6"),
+        ValidationError,
+    ),
     # 'Enter a number.' errors
     *[
-        (DecimalValidator(decimal_places=2, max_digits=10), Decimal(value), ValidationError)
+        (
+            DecimalValidator(decimal_places=2, max_digits=10),
+            Decimal(value),
+            ValidationError,
+        )
         for value in (
-            'NaN', '-NaN', '+NaN', 'sNaN', '-sNaN', '+sNaN',
-            'Inf', '-Inf', '+Inf', 'Infinity', '-Infinity', '+Infinity',
+            "NaN",
+            "-NaN",
+            "+NaN",
+            "sNaN",
+            "-sNaN",
+            "+sNaN",
+            "Inf",
+            "-Inf",
+            "+Inf",
+            "Infinity",
+            "-Infinity",
+            "+Infinity",
         )
     ],
-
-    (validate_image_file_extension, ContentFile('contents', name='file.jpg'), None),
-    (validate_image_file_extension, ContentFile('contents', name='file.png'), None),
-    (validate_image_file_extension, ContentFile('contents', name='file.PNG'), None),
-    (validate_image_file_extension, ContentFile('contents', name='file.txt'), ValidationError),
-    (validate_image_file_extension, ContentFile('contents', name='file'), ValidationError),
-
-    (ProhibitNullCharactersValidator(), '\x00something', ValidationError),
-    (ProhibitNullCharactersValidator(), 'something', None),
+    (validate_image_file_extension, ContentFile("contents", name="file.jpg"), None),
+    (validate_image_file_extension, ContentFile("contents", name="file.png"), None),
+    (validate_image_file_extension, ContentFile("contents", name="file.PNG"), None),
+    (
+        validate_image_file_extension,
+        ContentFile("contents", name="file.txt"),
+        ValidationError,
+    ),
+    (
+        validate_image_file_extension,
+        ContentFile("contents", name="file"),
+        ValidationError,
+    ),
+    (ProhibitNullCharactersValidator(), "\x00something", ValidationError),
+    (ProhibitNullCharactersValidator(), "something", None),
     (ProhibitNullCharactersValidator(), None, None),
 ]
 
@@ -540,14 +585,24 @@ TEST_DATA.extend((URLValidator(), url, ValidationError) for url in INVALID_URLS)
 
 
 class TestValidators(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_validators(self):
         for validator, value, expected in TEST_DATA:
-            name = validator.__name__ if isinstance(validator, types.FunctionType) else validator.__class__.__name__
-            exception_expected = expected is not None and issubclass(expected, Exception)
+            name = (
+                validator.__name__
+                if isinstance(validator, types.FunctionType)
+                else validator.__class__.__name__
+            )
+            exception_expected = expected is not None and issubclass(
+                expected, Exception
+            )
             with self.subTest(name, value=value):
-                if validator is validate_image_file_extension and not PILLOW_IS_INSTALLED:
-                    self.skipTest('Pillow is required to test validate_image_file_extension.')
+                if (
+                    validator is validate_image_file_extension
+                    and not PILLOW_IS_INSTALLED
+                ):
+                    self.skipTest(
+                        "Pillow is required to test validate_image_file_extension."
+                    )
                 if exception_expected:
                     with self.assertRaises(expected):
                         validator(value)
@@ -555,29 +610,35 @@ class TestValidators(SimpleTestCase):
                     self.assertEqual(expected, validator(value))
 
     def test_single_message(self):
-        v = ValidationError('Not Valid')
+        v = ValidationError("Not Valid")
         self.assertEqual(str(v), "['Not Valid']")
         self.assertEqual(repr(v), "ValidationError(['Not Valid'])")
 
     def test_message_list(self):
-        v = ValidationError(['First Problem', 'Second Problem'])
+        v = ValidationError(["First Problem", "Second Problem"])
         self.assertEqual(str(v), "['First Problem', 'Second Problem']")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(v), "ValidationError(['First Problem', 'Second Problem'])")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(v), "ValidationError(['First Problem', 'Second Problem'])"
+        )
 
     def test_message_dict(self):
-        v = ValidationError({'first': ['First Problem']})
+        v = ValidationError({"first": ["First Problem"]})
         self.assertEqual(str(v), "{'first': ['First Problem']}")
         self.assertEqual(repr(v), "ValidationError({'first': ['First Problem']})")
 
     def test_regex_validator_flags(self):
-        msg = 'If the flags are set, regex must be a regular expression string.'
+        msg = "If the flags are set, regex must be a regular expression string."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
-            RegexValidator(re.compile('a'), flags=re.IGNORECASE)
+            RegexValidator(re.compile("a"), flags=re.IGNORECASE)
 
     def test_max_length_validator_message(self):
-        v = MaxLengthValidator(16, message='"%(value)s" has more than %(limit_value)d characters.')
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, '"djangoproject.com" has more than 16 characters.'):
-            v('djangoproject.com')
+        v = MaxLengthValidator(
+            16, message='"%(value)s" has more than %(limit_value)d characters.'
+        )
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValidationError, '"djangoproject.com" has more than 16 characters.'
+        ):
+            v("djangoproject.com")
 
 
 class TestValidatorEquality(TestCase):
@@ -587,38 +648,38 @@ class TestValidatorEquality(TestCase):
 
     def test_regex_equality(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            RegexValidator(r'^(?:[a-z0-9\.\-]*)://'),
-            RegexValidator(r'^(?:[a-z0-9\.\-]*)://'),
+            RegexValidator(r"^(?:[a-z0-9\.\-]*)://"),
+            RegexValidator(r"^(?:[a-z0-9\.\-]*)://"),
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            RegexValidator(r'^(?:[a-z0-9\.\-]*)://'),
-            RegexValidator(r'^(?:[0-9\.\-]*)://'),
+            RegexValidator(r"^(?:[a-z0-9\.\-]*)://"),
+            RegexValidator(r"^(?:[0-9\.\-]*)://"),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            RegexValidator(r'^(?:[a-z0-9\.\-]*)://', "oh noes", "invalid"),
-            RegexValidator(r'^(?:[a-z0-9\.\-]*)://', "oh noes", "invalid"),
+            RegexValidator(r"^(?:[a-z0-9\.\-]*)://", "oh noes", "invalid"),
+            RegexValidator(r"^(?:[a-z0-9\.\-]*)://", "oh noes", "invalid"),
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            RegexValidator(r'^(?:[a-z0-9\.\-]*)://', "oh", "invalid"),
-            RegexValidator(r'^(?:[a-z0-9\.\-]*)://', "oh noes", "invalid"),
+            RegexValidator(r"^(?:[a-z0-9\.\-]*)://", "oh", "invalid"),
+            RegexValidator(r"^(?:[a-z0-9\.\-]*)://", "oh noes", "invalid"),
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            RegexValidator(r'^(?:[a-z0-9\.\-]*)://', "oh noes", "invalid"),
-            RegexValidator(r'^(?:[a-z0-9\.\-]*)://'),
+            RegexValidator(r"^(?:[a-z0-9\.\-]*)://", "oh noes", "invalid"),
+            RegexValidator(r"^(?:[a-z0-9\.\-]*)://"),
         )
 
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            RegexValidator('', flags=re.IGNORECASE),
-            RegexValidator(''),
+            RegexValidator("", flags=re.IGNORECASE),
+            RegexValidator(""),
         )
 
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            RegexValidator(''),
-            RegexValidator('', inverse_match=True),
+            RegexValidator(""),
+            RegexValidator("", inverse_match=True),
         )
 
     def test_regex_equality_nocache(self):
-        pattern = r'^(?:[a-z0-9\.\-]*)://'
+        pattern = r"^(?:[a-z0-9\.\-]*)://"
         left = RegexValidator(pattern)
         re.purge()
         right = RegexValidator(pattern)
@@ -682,57 +743,49 @@ class TestValidatorEquality(TestCase):
         )
 
     def test_file_extension_equality(self):
+        self.assertEqual(FileExtensionValidator(), FileExtensionValidator())
         self.assertEqual(
-            FileExtensionValidator(),
-            FileExtensionValidator()
+            FileExtensionValidator(["txt"]), FileExtensionValidator(["txt"])
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            FileExtensionValidator(['txt']),
-            FileExtensionValidator(['txt'])
+            FileExtensionValidator(["TXT"]), FileExtensionValidator(["txt"])
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            FileExtensionValidator(['TXT']),
-            FileExtensionValidator(['txt'])
+            FileExtensionValidator(["TXT", "png"]),
+            FileExtensionValidator(["txt", "png"]),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            FileExtensionValidator(['TXT', 'png']),
-            FileExtensionValidator(['txt', 'png'])
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            FileExtensionValidator(['txt']),
-            FileExtensionValidator(['txt'], code='invalid_extension')
+            FileExtensionValidator(["txt"]),
+            FileExtensionValidator(["txt"], code="invalid_extension"),
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            FileExtensionValidator(['txt']),
-            FileExtensionValidator(['png'])
+            FileExtensionValidator(["txt"]), FileExtensionValidator(["png"])
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            FileExtensionValidator(['txt']),
-            FileExtensionValidator(['png', 'jpg'])
+            FileExtensionValidator(["txt"]), FileExtensionValidator(["png", "jpg"])
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            FileExtensionValidator(['txt']),
-            FileExtensionValidator(['txt'], code='custom_code')
+            FileExtensionValidator(["txt"]),
+            FileExtensionValidator(["txt"], code="custom_code"),
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            FileExtensionValidator(['txt']),
-            FileExtensionValidator(['txt'], message='custom error message')
+            FileExtensionValidator(["txt"]),
+            FileExtensionValidator(["txt"], message="custom error message"),
         )
 
     def test_prohibit_null_characters_validator_equality(self):
         self.assertEqual(
-            ProhibitNullCharactersValidator(message='message', code='code'),
-            ProhibitNullCharactersValidator(message='message', code='code')
+            ProhibitNullCharactersValidator(message="message", code="code"),
+            ProhibitNullCharactersValidator(message="message", code="code"),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            ProhibitNullCharactersValidator(),
-            ProhibitNullCharactersValidator()
+            ProhibitNullCharactersValidator(), ProhibitNullCharactersValidator()
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            ProhibitNullCharactersValidator(message='message1', code='code'),
-            ProhibitNullCharactersValidator(message='message2', code='code')
+            ProhibitNullCharactersValidator(message="message1", code="code"),
+            ProhibitNullCharactersValidator(message="message2", code="code"),
         )
         self.assertNotEqual(
-            ProhibitNullCharactersValidator(message='message', code='code1'),
-            ProhibitNullCharactersValidator(message='message', code='code2')
+            ProhibitNullCharactersValidator(message="message", code="code1"),
+            ProhibitNullCharactersValidator(message="message", code="code2"),
         )
diff --git a/tests/version/tests.py b/tests/version/tests.py
index 7cf4dce0a6..a173276e55 100644
--- a/tests/version/tests.py
+++ b/tests/version/tests.py
@@ -4,24 +4,25 @@ import django.utils.version
 from django import get_version
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.utils.version import (
-    get_complete_version, get_git_changeset, get_version_tuple,
+    get_complete_version,
+    get_git_changeset,
+    get_version_tuple,
 )
 
 
 class VersionTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_development(self):
         get_git_changeset.cache_clear()
-        ver_tuple = (1, 4, 0, 'alpha', 0)
+        ver_tuple = (1, 4, 0, "alpha", 0)
         # This will return a different result when it's run within or outside
         # of a git clone: 1.4.devYYYYMMDDHHMMSS or 1.4.
         ver_string = get_version(ver_tuple)
-        self.assertRegex(ver_string, r'1\.4(\.dev[0-9]+)?')
+        self.assertRegex(ver_string, r"1\.4(\.dev[0-9]+)?")
 
     @skipUnless(
-        hasattr(django.utils.version, '__file__'),
-        'test_development() checks the same when __file__ is already missing, '
-        'e.g. in a frozen environments'
+        hasattr(django.utils.version, "__file__"),
+        "test_development() checks the same when __file__ is already missing, "
+        "e.g. in a frozen environments",
     )
     def test_development_no_file(self):
         get_git_changeset.cache_clear()
@@ -34,27 +35,27 @@ class VersionTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_releases(self):
         tuples_to_strings = (
-            ((1, 4, 0, 'alpha', 1), '1.4a1'),
-            ((1, 4, 0, 'beta', 1), '1.4b1'),
-            ((1, 4, 0, 'rc', 1), '1.4rc1'),
-            ((1, 4, 0, 'final', 0), '1.4'),
-            ((1, 4, 1, 'rc', 2), '1.4.1rc2'),
-            ((1, 4, 1, 'final', 0), '1.4.1'),
+            ((1, 4, 0, "alpha", 1), "1.4a1"),
+            ((1, 4, 0, "beta", 1), "1.4b1"),
+            ((1, 4, 0, "rc", 1), "1.4rc1"),
+            ((1, 4, 0, "final", 0), "1.4"),
+            ((1, 4, 1, "rc", 2), "1.4.1rc2"),
+            ((1, 4, 1, "final", 0), "1.4.1"),
         )
         for ver_tuple, ver_string in tuples_to_strings:
             self.assertEqual(get_version(ver_tuple), ver_string)
 
     def test_get_version_tuple(self):
-        self.assertEqual(get_version_tuple('1.2.3'), (1, 2, 3))
-        self.assertEqual(get_version_tuple('1.2.3b2'), (1, 2, 3))
-        self.assertEqual(get_version_tuple('1.2.3b2.dev0'), (1, 2, 3))
+        self.assertEqual(get_version_tuple("1.2.3"), (1, 2, 3))
+        self.assertEqual(get_version_tuple("1.2.3b2"), (1, 2, 3))
+        self.assertEqual(get_version_tuple("1.2.3b2.dev0"), (1, 2, 3))
 
     def test_get_version_invalid_version(self):
         tests = [
             # Invalid length.
-            (3, 2, 0, 'alpha', 1, '20210315111111'),
+            (3, 2, 0, "alpha", 1, "20210315111111"),
             # Invalid development status.
-            (3, 2, 0, 'gamma', 1, '20210315111111'),
+            (3, 2, 0, "gamma", 1, "20210315111111"),
         ]
         for version in tests:
             with self.subTest(version=version), self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
diff --git a/tests/view_tests/default_urls.py b/tests/view_tests/default_urls.py
index beb2bdc1d4..983d0c0db7 100644
--- a/tests/view_tests/default_urls.py
+++ b/tests/view_tests/default_urls.py
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ from django.urls import path
 
 urlpatterns = [
     # This is the same as in the default project template
-    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
+    path("admin/", admin.site.urls),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/view_tests/generic_urls.py b/tests/view_tests/generic_urls.py
index 8befa86ff5..247e8ba740 100644
--- a/tests/view_tests/generic_urls.py
+++ b/tests/view_tests/generic_urls.py
@@ -6,39 +6,45 @@ from . import views
 from .models import Article, DateArticle
 
 date_based_info_dict = {
-    'queryset': Article.objects.all(),
-    'date_field': 'date_created',
-    'month_format': '%m',
+    "queryset": Article.objects.all(),
+    "date_field": "date_created",
+    "month_format": "%m",
 }
 
 object_list_dict = {
-    'queryset': Article.objects.all(),
-    'paginate_by': 2,
+    "queryset": Article.objects.all(),
+    "paginate_by": 2,
 }
 
 object_list_no_paginate_by = {
-    'queryset': Article.objects.all(),
+    "queryset": Article.objects.all(),
 }
 
-numeric_days_info_dict = dict(date_based_info_dict, day_format='%d')
+numeric_days_info_dict = dict(date_based_info_dict, day_format="%d")
 
-date_based_datefield_info_dict = dict(date_based_info_dict, queryset=DateArticle.objects.all())
+date_based_datefield_info_dict = dict(
+    date_based_info_dict, queryset=DateArticle.objects.all()
+)
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('accounts/login/', auth_views.LoginView.as_view(template_name='login.html')),
-    path('accounts/logout/', auth_views.LogoutView.as_view()),
-
+    path("accounts/login/", auth_views.LoginView.as_view(template_name="login.html")),
+    path("accounts/logout/", auth_views.LogoutView.as_view()),
     # Special URLs for particular regression cases.
-    path('中文/target/', views.index_page),
+    path("中文/target/", views.index_page),
 ]
 
 # redirects, both temporary and permanent, with non-ASCII targets
 urlpatterns += [
-    path('nonascii_redirect/', RedirectView.as_view(url='/中文/target/', permanent=False)),
-    path('permanent_nonascii_redirect/', RedirectView.as_view(url='/中文/target/', permanent=True)),
+    path(
+        "nonascii_redirect/", RedirectView.as_view(url="/中文/target/", permanent=False)
+    ),
+    path(
+        "permanent_nonascii_redirect/",
+        RedirectView.as_view(url="/中文/target/", permanent=True),
+    ),
 ]
 
 # json response
 urlpatterns += [
-    path('json/response/', views.json_response_view),
+    path("json/response/", views.json_response_view),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/view_tests/models.py b/tests/view_tests/models.py
index a9c0b358b4..17d7dad215 100644
--- a/tests/view_tests/models.py
+++ b/tests/view_tests/models.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ class Author(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
-        return '/authors/%s/' % self.id
+        return "/authors/%s/" % self.id
 
 
 class BaseArticle(models.Model):
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ class BaseArticle(models.Model):
     An abstract article Model so that we can create article models with and
     without a get_absolute_url method (for create_update generic views tests).
     """
+
     title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     slug = models.SlugField()
     author = models.ForeignKey(Author, models.CASCADE)
@@ -33,10 +34,12 @@ class UrlArticle(BaseArticle):
     """
     An Article class with a get_absolute_url defined.
     """
+
     date_created = models.DateTimeField()
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
-        return '/urlarticles/%s/' % self.slug
+        return "/urlarticles/%s/" % self.slug
+
     get_absolute_url.purge = True
 
 
@@ -45,4 +48,5 @@ class DateArticle(BaseArticle):
     An article Model with a DateField instead of DateTimeField,
     for testing #7602
     """
+
     date_created = models.DateField()
diff --git a/tests/view_tests/regression_21530_urls.py b/tests/view_tests/regression_21530_urls.py
index c30cd1ed37..7179f2d71f 100644
--- a/tests/view_tests/regression_21530_urls.py
+++ b/tests/view_tests/regression_21530_urls.py
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ from django.urls import path
 from . import views
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('index/', views.index_page, name='index'),
+    path("index/", views.index_page, name="index"),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/view_tests/tests/test_csrf.py b/tests/view_tests/tests/test_csrf.py
index 7afed336ea..c0f812431d 100644
--- a/tests/view_tests/tests/test_csrf.py
+++ b/tests/view_tests/tests/test_csrf.py
@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
 from django.template import TemplateDoesNotExist
-from django.test import (
-    Client, RequestFactory, SimpleTestCase, override_settings,
-)
+from django.test import Client, RequestFactory, SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 from django.utils.translation import override
 from django.views.csrf import CSRF_FAILURE_TEMPLATE_NAME, csrf_failure
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='view_tests.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="view_tests.urls")
 class CsrfViewTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
         self.client = Client(enforce_csrf_checks=True)
@@ -16,50 +13,54 @@ class CsrfViewTests(SimpleTestCase):
     @override_settings(
         USE_I18N=True,
         MIDDLEWARE=[
-            'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware',
-            'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
-            'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
+            "django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware",
+            "django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware",
+            "django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware",
         ],
     )
     def test_translation(self):
         """An invalid request is rejected with a localized error message."""
-        response = self.client.post('/')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Forbidden', status_code=403)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'CSRF verification failed. Request aborted.', status_code=403)
+        response = self.client.post("/")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Forbidden", status_code=403)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "CSRF verification failed. Request aborted.", status_code=403
+        )
 
-        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='nl'), override('en-us'):
-            response = self.client.post('/')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'Verboden', status_code=403)
-            self.assertContains(response, 'CSRF-verificatie mislukt. Verzoek afgebroken.', status_code=403)
+        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="nl"), override("en-us"):
+            response = self.client.post("/")
+            self.assertContains(response, "Verboden", status_code=403)
+            self.assertContains(
+                response,
+                "CSRF-verificatie mislukt. Verzoek afgebroken.",
+                status_code=403,
+            )
 
-    @override_settings(
-        SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER=('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO', 'https')
-    )
+    @override_settings(SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER=("HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO", "https"))
     def test_no_referer(self):
         """
         Referer header is strictly checked for POST over HTTPS. Trigger the
         exception by sending an incorrect referer.
         """
-        response = self.client.post('/', HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO='https')
+        response = self.client.post("/", HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO="https")
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            'You are seeing this message because this HTTPS site requires a '
-            '“Referer header” to be sent by your web browser, but '
-            'none was sent.',
+            "You are seeing this message because this HTTPS site requires a "
+            "“Referer header” to be sent by your web browser, but "
+            "none was sent.",
             status_code=403,
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            'If you have configured your browser to disable “Referer” '
-            'headers, please re-enable them, at least for this site, or for '
-            'HTTPS connections, or for “same-origin” requests.',
+            "If you have configured your browser to disable “Referer” "
+            "headers, please re-enable them, at least for this site, or for "
+            "HTTPS connections, or for “same-origin” requests.",
             status_code=403,
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            'If you are using the &lt;meta name=&quot;referrer&quot; '
-            'content=&quot;no-referrer&quot;&gt; tag or including the '
-            '“Referrer-Policy: no-referrer” header, please remove them.',
+            "If you are using the &lt;meta name=&quot;referrer&quot; "
+            "content=&quot;no-referrer&quot;&gt; tag or including the "
+            "“Referrer-Policy: no-referrer” header, please remove them.",
             status_code=403,
         )
 
@@ -68,13 +69,13 @@ class CsrfViewTests(SimpleTestCase):
         The CSRF cookie is checked for POST. Failure to send this cookie should
         provide a nice error message.
         """
-        response = self.client.post('/')
+        response = self.client.post("/")
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            'You are seeing this message because this site requires a CSRF '
-            'cookie when submitting forms. This cookie is required for '
-            'security reasons, to ensure that your browser is not being '
-            'hijacked by third parties.',
+            "You are seeing this message because this site requires a CSRF "
+            "cookie when submitting forms. This cookie is required for "
+            "security reasons, to ensure that your browser is not being "
+            "hijacked by third parties.",
             status_code=403,
         )
 
@@ -83,27 +84,34 @@ class CsrfViewTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         The CSRF view doesn't depend on the TEMPLATES configuration (#24388).
         """
-        response = self.client.post('/')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Forbidden', status_code=403)
+        response = self.client.post("/")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Forbidden", status_code=403)
 
-    @override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'OPTIONS': {
-            'loaders': [
-                ('django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader', {
-                    CSRF_FAILURE_TEMPLATE_NAME: 'Test template for CSRF failure'
-                }),
-            ],
-        },
-    }])
+    @override_settings(
+        TEMPLATES=[
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                "OPTIONS": {
+                    "loaders": [
+                        (
+                            "django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader",
+                            {
+                                CSRF_FAILURE_TEMPLATE_NAME: "Test template for CSRF failure"
+                            },
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                },
+            }
+        ]
+    )
     def test_custom_template(self):
         """A custom CSRF_FAILURE_TEMPLATE_NAME is used."""
-        response = self.client.post('/')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Test template for CSRF failure', status_code=403)
+        response = self.client.post("/")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Test template for CSRF failure", status_code=403)
 
     def test_custom_template_does_not_exist(self):
         """An exception is raised if a nonexistent template is supplied."""
         factory = RequestFactory()
-        request = factory.post('/')
+        request = factory.post("/")
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateDoesNotExist):
-            csrf_failure(request, template_name='nonexistent.html')
+            csrf_failure(request, template_name="nonexistent.html")
diff --git a/tests/view_tests/tests/test_debug.py b/tests/view_tests/tests/test_debug.py
index 1484c071c5..1bf395ce37 100644
--- a/tests/view_tests/tests/test_debug.py
+++ b/tests/view_tests/tests/test_debug.py
@@ -23,35 +23,45 @@ from django.utils.functional import SimpleLazyObject
 from django.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
 from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
 from django.views.debug import (
-    CallableSettingWrapper, ExceptionCycleWarning, ExceptionReporter,
-    Path as DebugPath, SafeExceptionReporterFilter, default_urlconf,
-    get_default_exception_reporter_filter, technical_404_response,
+    CallableSettingWrapper,
+    ExceptionCycleWarning,
+    ExceptionReporter,
+)
+from django.views.debug import Path as DebugPath
+from django.views.debug import (
+    SafeExceptionReporterFilter,
+    default_urlconf,
+    get_default_exception_reporter_filter,
+    technical_404_response,
     technical_500_response,
 )
-from django.views.decorators.debug import (
-    sensitive_post_parameters, sensitive_variables,
-)
+from django.views.decorators.debug import sensitive_post_parameters, sensitive_variables
 
 from ..views import (
-    custom_exception_reporter_filter_view, index_page,
-    multivalue_dict_key_error, non_sensitive_view, paranoid_view,
-    sensitive_args_function_caller, sensitive_kwargs_function_caller,
-    sensitive_method_view, sensitive_view,
+    custom_exception_reporter_filter_view,
+    index_page,
+    multivalue_dict_key_error,
+    non_sensitive_view,
+    paranoid_view,
+    sensitive_args_function_caller,
+    sensitive_kwargs_function_caller,
+    sensitive_method_view,
+    sensitive_view,
 )
 
 
 class User:
     def __str__(self):
-        return 'jacob'
+        return "jacob"
 
 
 class WithoutEmptyPathUrls:
-    urlpatterns = [path('url/', index_page, name='url')]
+    urlpatterns = [path("url/", index_page, name="url")]
 
 
 class CallableSettingWrapperTests(SimpleTestCase):
-    """ Unittests for CallableSettingWrapper
-    """
+    """Unittests for CallableSettingWrapper"""
+
     def test_repr(self):
         class WrappedCallable:
             def __repr__(self):
@@ -64,64 +74,74 @@ class CallableSettingWrapperTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(actual, "repr from the wrapped callable")
 
 
-@override_settings(DEBUG=True, ROOT_URLCONF='view_tests.urls')
+@override_settings(DEBUG=True, ROOT_URLCONF="view_tests.urls")
 class DebugViewTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_files(self):
-        with self.assertLogs('django.request', 'ERROR'):
-            response = self.client.get('/raises/')
+        with self.assertLogs("django.request", "ERROR"):
+            response = self.client.get("/raises/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 500)
 
         data = {
-            'file_data.txt': SimpleUploadedFile('file_data.txt', b'haha'),
+            "file_data.txt": SimpleUploadedFile("file_data.txt", b"haha"),
         }
-        with self.assertLogs('django.request', 'ERROR'):
-            response = self.client.post('/raises/', data)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'file_data.txt', status_code=500)
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'haha', status_code=500)
+        with self.assertLogs("django.request", "ERROR"):
+            response = self.client.post("/raises/", data)
+        self.assertContains(response, "file_data.txt", status_code=500)
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "haha", status_code=500)
 
     def test_400(self):
         # When DEBUG=True, technical_500_template() is called.
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security', 'WARNING'):
-            response = self.client.get('/raises400/')
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security", "WARNING"):
+            response = self.client.get("/raises400/")
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="context" id="', status_code=400)
 
     def test_400_bad_request(self):
         # When DEBUG=True, technical_500_template() is called.
-        with self.assertLogs('django.request', 'WARNING') as cm:
-            response = self.client.get('/raises400_bad_request/')
+        with self.assertLogs("django.request", "WARNING") as cm:
+            response = self.client.get("/raises400_bad_request/")
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="context" id="', status_code=400)
         self.assertEqual(
             cm.records[0].getMessage(),
-            'Malformed request syntax: /raises400_bad_request/',
+            "Malformed request syntax: /raises400_bad_request/",
         )
 
     # Ensure no 403.html template exists to test the default case.
-    @override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-    }])
+    @override_settings(
+        TEMPLATES=[
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            }
+        ]
+    )
     def test_403(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/raises403/')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>403 Forbidden</h1>', status_code=403)
+        response = self.client.get("/raises403/")
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>403 Forbidden</h1>", status_code=403)
 
     # Set up a test 403.html template.
-    @override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'OPTIONS': {
-            'loaders': [
-                ('django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader', {
-                    '403.html': 'This is a test template for a 403 error ({{ exception }}).',
-                }),
-            ],
-        },
-    }])
+    @override_settings(
+        TEMPLATES=[
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                "OPTIONS": {
+                    "loaders": [
+                        (
+                            "django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader",
+                            {
+                                "403.html": "This is a test template for a 403 error ({{ exception }}).",
+                            },
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                },
+            }
+        ]
+    )
     def test_403_template(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/raises403/')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'test template', status_code=403)
-        self.assertContains(response, '(Insufficient Permissions).', status_code=403)
+        response = self.client.get("/raises403/")
+        self.assertContains(response, "test template", status_code=403)
+        self.assertContains(response, "(Insufficient Permissions).", status_code=403)
 
     def test_404(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/raises404/')
+        response = self.client.get("/raises404/")
         self.assertNotContains(
             response,
             '<pre class="exception_value">',
@@ -129,30 +149,34 @@ class DebugViewTests(SimpleTestCase):
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<p>The current path, <code>not-in-urls</code>, didn’t match any '
-            'of these.</p>',
+            "<p>The current path, <code>not-in-urls</code>, didn’t match any "
+            "of these.</p>",
             status_code=404,
             html=True,
         )
 
     def test_404_not_in_urls(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/not-in-urls')
+        response = self.client.get("/not-in-urls")
         self.assertNotContains(response, "Raised by:", status_code=404)
         self.assertNotContains(
             response,
             '<pre class="exception_value">',
             status_code=404,
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, "Django tried these URL patterns", status_code=404)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "Django tried these URL patterns", status_code=404
+        )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<p>The current path, <code>not-in-urls</code>, didn’t match any '
-            'of these.</p>',
+            "<p>The current path, <code>not-in-urls</code>, didn’t match any "
+            "of these.</p>",
             status_code=404,
             html=True,
         )
         # Pattern and view name of a RegexURLPattern appear.
-        self.assertContains(response, r"^regex-post/(?P&lt;pk&gt;[0-9]+)/$", status_code=404)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, r"^regex-post/(?P&lt;pk&gt;[0-9]+)/$", status_code=404
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, "[name='regex-post']", status_code=404)
         # Pattern and view name of a RoutePattern appear.
         self.assertContains(response, r"path-post/&lt;int:pk&gt;/", status_code=404)
@@ -160,16 +184,16 @@ class DebugViewTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF=WithoutEmptyPathUrls)
     def test_404_empty_path_not_in_urls(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/')
+        response = self.client.get("/")
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<p>The empty path didn’t match any of these.</p>',
+            "<p>The empty path didn’t match any of these.</p>",
             status_code=404,
             html=True,
         )
 
     def test_technical_404(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/technical404/')
+        response = self.client.get("/technical404/")
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<pre class="exception_value">Testing technical 404.</pre>',
@@ -179,57 +203,57 @@ class DebugViewTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertContains(response, "Raised by:", status_code=404)
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<td>view_tests.views.technical404</td>',
+            "<td>view_tests.views.technical404</td>",
             status_code=404,
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<p>The current path, <code>technical404/</code>, matched the '
-            'last one.</p>',
+            "<p>The current path, <code>technical404/</code>, matched the "
+            "last one.</p>",
             status_code=404,
             html=True,
         )
 
     def test_classbased_technical_404(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/classbased404/')
+        response = self.client.get("/classbased404/")
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<th>Raised by:</th><td>view_tests.views.Http404View</td>',
+            "<th>Raised by:</th><td>view_tests.views.Http404View</td>",
             status_code=404,
             html=True,
         )
 
     def test_technical_500(self):
-        with self.assertLogs('django.request', 'ERROR'):
-            response = self.client.get('/raises500/')
+        with self.assertLogs("django.request", "ERROR"):
+            response = self.client.get("/raises500/")
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<th>Raised during:</th><td>view_tests.views.raises500</td>',
+            "<th>Raised during:</th><td>view_tests.views.raises500</td>",
             status_code=500,
             html=True,
         )
-        with self.assertLogs('django.request', 'ERROR'):
-            response = self.client.get('/raises500/', HTTP_ACCEPT='text/plain')
+        with self.assertLogs("django.request", "ERROR"):
+            response = self.client.get("/raises500/", HTTP_ACCEPT="text/plain")
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            'Raised during: view_tests.views.raises500',
+            "Raised during: view_tests.views.raises500",
             status_code=500,
         )
 
     def test_classbased_technical_500(self):
-        with self.assertLogs('django.request', 'ERROR'):
-            response = self.client.get('/classbased500/')
+        with self.assertLogs("django.request", "ERROR"):
+            response = self.client.get("/classbased500/")
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<th>Raised during:</th><td>view_tests.views.Raises500View</td>',
+            "<th>Raised during:</th><td>view_tests.views.Raises500View</td>",
             status_code=500,
             html=True,
         )
-        with self.assertLogs('django.request', 'ERROR'):
-            response = self.client.get('/classbased500/', HTTP_ACCEPT='text/plain')
+        with self.assertLogs("django.request", "ERROR"):
+            response = self.client.get("/classbased500/", HTTP_ACCEPT="text/plain")
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            'Raised during: view_tests.views.Raises500View',
+            "Raised during: view_tests.views.Raises500View",
             status_code=500,
         )
 
@@ -238,48 +262,51 @@ class DebugViewTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Numeric IDs and fancy traceback context blocks line numbers shouldn't be localized.
         """
         with self.settings(DEBUG=True):
-            with self.assertLogs('django.request', 'ERROR'):
-                response = self.client.get('/raises500/')
+            with self.assertLogs("django.request", "ERROR"):
+                response = self.client.get("/raises500/")
             # We look for a HTML fragment of the form
             # '<div class="context" id="c38123208">', not '<div class="context" id="c38,123,208"'
             self.assertContains(response, '<div class="context" id="', status_code=500)
-            match = re.search(b'<div class="context" id="(?P<id>[^"]+)">', response.content)
+            match = re.search(
+                b'<div class="context" id="(?P<id>[^"]+)">', response.content
+            )
             self.assertIsNotNone(match)
-            id_repr = match['id']
+            id_repr = match["id"]
             self.assertFalse(
-                re.search(b'[^c0-9]', id_repr),
-                "Numeric IDs in debug response HTML page shouldn't be localized (value: %s)." % id_repr.decode()
+                re.search(b"[^c0-9]", id_repr),
+                "Numeric IDs in debug response HTML page shouldn't be localized (value: %s)."
+                % id_repr.decode(),
             )
 
     def test_template_exceptions(self):
-        with self.assertLogs('django.request', 'ERROR'):
+        with self.assertLogs("django.request", "ERROR"):
             try:
-                self.client.get(reverse('template_exception'))
+                self.client.get(reverse("template_exception"))
             except Exception:
                 raising_loc = inspect.trace()[-1][-2][0].strip()
                 self.assertNotEqual(
                     raising_loc.find('raise Exception("boom")'),
                     -1,
                     "Failed to find 'raise Exception' in last frame of "
-                    "traceback, instead found: %s" % raising_loc
+                    "traceback, instead found: %s" % raising_loc,
                 )
 
     @skipIf(
-        sys.platform == 'win32',
-        'Raises OSError instead of TemplateDoesNotExist on Windows.',
+        sys.platform == "win32",
+        "Raises OSError instead of TemplateDoesNotExist on Windows.",
     )
     def test_safestring_in_exception(self):
-        with self.assertLogs('django.request', 'ERROR'):
-            response = self.client.get('/safestring_exception/')
+        with self.assertLogs("django.request", "ERROR"):
+            response = self.client.get("/safestring_exception/")
             self.assertNotContains(
                 response,
-                '<script>alert(1);</script>',
+                "<script>alert(1);</script>",
                 status_code=500,
                 html=True,
             )
             self.assertContains(
                 response,
-                '&lt;script&gt;alert(1);&lt;/script&gt;',
+                "&lt;script&gt;alert(1);&lt;/script&gt;",
                 count=3,
                 status_code=500,
                 html=True,
@@ -291,17 +318,31 @@ class DebugViewTests(SimpleTestCase):
         with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(prefix=template_name) as tmpfile:
             tempdir = os.path.dirname(tmpfile.name)
             template_path = os.path.join(tempdir, template_name)
-            with override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{
-                'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-                'DIRS': [tempdir],
-            }]), self.assertLogs('django.request', 'ERROR'):
-                response = self.client.get(reverse('raises_template_does_not_exist', kwargs={"path": template_name}))
-            self.assertContains(response, "%s (Source does not exist)" % template_path, status_code=500, count=2)
+            with override_settings(
+                TEMPLATES=[
+                    {
+                        "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                        "DIRS": [tempdir],
+                    }
+                ]
+            ), self.assertLogs("django.request", "ERROR"):
+                response = self.client.get(
+                    reverse(
+                        "raises_template_does_not_exist", kwargs={"path": template_name}
+                    )
+                )
+            self.assertContains(
+                response,
+                "%s (Source does not exist)" % template_path,
+                status_code=500,
+                count=2,
+            )
             # Assert as HTML.
             self.assertContains(
                 response,
-                '<li><code>django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader</code>: '
-                '%s (Source does not exist)</li>' % os.path.join(tempdir, 'notfound.html'),
+                "<li><code>django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader</code>: "
+                "%s (Source does not exist)</li>"
+                % os.path.join(tempdir, "notfound.html"),
                 status_code=500,
                 html=True,
             )
@@ -310,23 +351,22 @@ class DebugViewTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         Make sure if you don't specify a template, the debug view doesn't blow up.
         """
-        with self.assertLogs('django.request', 'ERROR'):
+        with self.assertLogs("django.request", "ERROR"):
             with self.assertRaises(TemplateDoesNotExist):
-                self.client.get('/render_no_template/')
+                self.client.get("/render_no_template/")
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='view_tests.default_urls')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="view_tests.default_urls")
     def test_default_urlconf_template(self):
         """
         Make sure that the default URLconf template is shown instead of the
         technical 404 page, if the user has not altered their URLconf yet.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/')
+        response = self.client.get("/")
         self.assertContains(
-            response,
-            "<h1>The install worked successfully! Congratulations!</h1>"
+            response, "<h1>The install worked successfully! Congratulations!</h1>"
         )
 
-    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='view_tests.regression_21530_urls')
+    @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="view_tests.regression_21530_urls")
     def test_regression_21530(self):
         """
         Regression test for bug #21530.
@@ -336,11 +376,9 @@ class DebugViewTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         The bug here was that an AttributeError caused a 500 response.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/')
+        response = self.client.get("/")
         self.assertContains(
-            response,
-            "Page not found <span>(404)</span>",
-            status_code=404
+            response, "Page not found <span>(404)</span>", status_code=404
         )
 
     def test_template_encoding(self):
@@ -349,48 +387,52 @@ class DebugViewTests(SimpleTestCase):
         should be opened as utf-8 charset as is the default specified on
         template engines.
         """
-        with mock.patch.object(DebugPath, 'open') as m:
+        with mock.patch.object(DebugPath, "open") as m:
             default_urlconf(None)
-            m.assert_called_once_with(encoding='utf-8')
+            m.assert_called_once_with(encoding="utf-8")
             m.reset_mock()
             technical_404_response(mock.MagicMock(), mock.Mock())
-            m.assert_called_once_with(encoding='utf-8')
+            m.assert_called_once_with(encoding="utf-8")
 
     def test_technical_404_converter_raise_404(self):
-        with mock.patch.object(IntConverter, 'to_python', side_effect=Http404):
-            response = self.client.get('/path-post/1/')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'Page not found', status_code=404)
+        with mock.patch.object(IntConverter, "to_python", side_effect=Http404):
+            response = self.client.get("/path-post/1/")
+            self.assertContains(response, "Page not found", status_code=404)
 
     def test_exception_reporter_from_request(self):
-        with self.assertLogs('django.request', 'ERROR'):
-            response = self.client.get('/custom_reporter_class_view/')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'custom traceback text', status_code=500)
+        with self.assertLogs("django.request", "ERROR"):
+            response = self.client.get("/custom_reporter_class_view/")
+        self.assertContains(response, "custom traceback text", status_code=500)
 
-    @override_settings(DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER='view_tests.views.CustomExceptionReporter')
+    @override_settings(
+        DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER="view_tests.views.CustomExceptionReporter"
+    )
     def test_exception_reporter_from_settings(self):
-        with self.assertLogs('django.request', 'ERROR'):
-            response = self.client.get('/raises500/')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'custom traceback text', status_code=500)
+        with self.assertLogs("django.request", "ERROR"):
+            response = self.client.get("/raises500/")
+        self.assertContains(response, "custom traceback text", status_code=500)
 
-    @override_settings(DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER='view_tests.views.TemplateOverrideExceptionReporter')
+    @override_settings(
+        DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER="view_tests.views.TemplateOverrideExceptionReporter"
+    )
     def test_template_override_exception_reporter(self):
-        with self.assertLogs('django.request', 'ERROR'):
-            response = self.client.get('/raises500/')
+        with self.assertLogs("django.request", "ERROR"):
+            response = self.client.get("/raises500/")
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<h1>Oh no, an error occurred!</h1>',
+            "<h1>Oh no, an error occurred!</h1>",
             status_code=500,
             html=True,
         )
 
-        with self.assertLogs('django.request', 'ERROR'):
-            response = self.client.get('/raises500/', HTTP_ACCEPT='text/plain')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Oh dear, an error occurred!', status_code=500)
+        with self.assertLogs("django.request", "ERROR"):
+            response = self.client.get("/raises500/", HTTP_ACCEPT="text/plain")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Oh dear, an error occurred!", status_code=500)
 
 
 class DebugViewQueriesAllowedTests(SimpleTestCase):
     # May need a query to initialize MySQL connection
-    databases = {'default'}
+    databases = {"default"}
 
     def test_handle_db_exception(self):
         """
@@ -399,53 +441,56 @@ class DebugViewQueriesAllowedTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         with connection.cursor() as cursor:
             try:
-                cursor.execute('INVALID SQL')
+                cursor.execute("INVALID SQL")
             except DatabaseError:
                 exc_info = sys.exc_info()
 
         rf = RequestFactory()
-        response = technical_500_response(rf.get('/'), *exc_info)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'OperationalError at /', status_code=500)
+        response = technical_500_response(rf.get("/"), *exc_info)
+        self.assertContains(response, "OperationalError at /", status_code=500)
 
 
 @override_settings(
     DEBUG=True,
-    ROOT_URLCONF='view_tests.urls',
+    ROOT_URLCONF="view_tests.urls",
     # No template directories are configured, so no templates will be found.
-    TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.dummy.TemplateStrings',
-    }],
+    TEMPLATES=[
+        {
+            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.dummy.TemplateStrings",
+        }
+    ],
 )
 class NonDjangoTemplatesDebugViewTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_400(self):
         # When DEBUG=True, technical_500_template() is called.
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security', 'WARNING'):
-            response = self.client.get('/raises400/')
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security", "WARNING"):
+            response = self.client.get("/raises400/")
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="context" id="', status_code=400)
 
     def test_400_bad_request(self):
         # When DEBUG=True, technical_500_template() is called.
-        with self.assertLogs('django.request', 'WARNING') as cm:
-            response = self.client.get('/raises400_bad_request/')
+        with self.assertLogs("django.request", "WARNING") as cm:
+            response = self.client.get("/raises400_bad_request/")
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="context" id="', status_code=400)
         self.assertEqual(
             cm.records[0].getMessage(),
-            'Malformed request syntax: /raises400_bad_request/',
+            "Malformed request syntax: /raises400_bad_request/",
         )
 
     def test_403(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/raises403/')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>403 Forbidden</h1>', status_code=403)
+        response = self.client.get("/raises403/")
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>403 Forbidden</h1>", status_code=403)
 
     def test_404(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/raises404/')
+        response = self.client.get("/raises404/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_template_not_found_error(self):
         # Raises a TemplateDoesNotExist exception and shows the debug view.
-        url = reverse('raises_template_does_not_exist', kwargs={"path": "notfound.html"})
-        with self.assertLogs('django.request', 'ERROR'):
+        url = reverse(
+            "raises_template_does_not_exist", kwargs={"path": "notfound.html"}
+        )
+        with self.assertLogs("django.request", "ERROR"):
             response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="context" id="', status_code=500)
 
@@ -456,25 +501,27 @@ class ExceptionReporterTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_request_and_exception(self):
         "A simple exception report can be generated"
         try:
-            request = self.rf.get('/test_view/')
+            request = self.rf.get("/test_view/")
             request.user = User()
             raise ValueError("Can't find my keys")
         except ValueError:
             exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(request, exc_type, exc_value, tb)
         html = reporter.get_traceback_html()
-        self.assertInHTML('<h1>ValueError at /test_view/</h1>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<pre class="exception_value">Can&#x27;t find my keys</pre>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<th>Request Method:</th>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<th>Request URL:</th>', html)
+        self.assertInHTML("<h1>ValueError at /test_view/</h1>", html)
+        self.assertIn(
+            '<pre class="exception_value">Can&#x27;t find my keys</pre>', html
+        )
+        self.assertIn("<th>Request Method:</th>", html)
+        self.assertIn("<th>Request URL:</th>", html)
         self.assertIn('<h3 id="user-info">USER</h3>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<p>jacob</p>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<th>Exception Type:</th>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<th>Exception Value:</th>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<h2>Traceback ', html)
-        self.assertIn('<h2>Request information</h2>', html)
-        self.assertNotIn('<p>Request data not supplied</p>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<p>No POST data</p>', html)
+        self.assertIn("<p>jacob</p>", html)
+        self.assertIn("<th>Exception Type:</th>", html)
+        self.assertIn("<th>Exception Value:</th>", html)
+        self.assertIn("<h2>Traceback ", html)
+        self.assertIn("<h2>Request information</h2>", html)
+        self.assertNotIn("<p>Request data not supplied</p>", html)
+        self.assertIn("<p>No POST data</p>", html)
 
     def test_no_request(self):
         "An exception report can be generated without request"
@@ -484,20 +531,22 @@ class ExceptionReporterTests(SimpleTestCase):
             exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(None, exc_type, exc_value, tb)
         html = reporter.get_traceback_html()
-        self.assertInHTML('<h1>ValueError</h1>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<pre class="exception_value">Can&#x27;t find my keys</pre>', html)
-        self.assertNotIn('<th>Request Method:</th>', html)
-        self.assertNotIn('<th>Request URL:</th>', html)
+        self.assertInHTML("<h1>ValueError</h1>", html)
+        self.assertIn(
+            '<pre class="exception_value">Can&#x27;t find my keys</pre>', html
+        )
+        self.assertNotIn("<th>Request Method:</th>", html)
+        self.assertNotIn("<th>Request URL:</th>", html)
         self.assertNotIn('<h3 id="user-info">USER</h3>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<th>Exception Type:</th>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<th>Exception Value:</th>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<h2>Traceback ', html)
-        self.assertIn('<h2>Request information</h2>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<p>Request data not supplied</p>', html)
+        self.assertIn("<th>Exception Type:</th>", html)
+        self.assertIn("<th>Exception Value:</th>", html)
+        self.assertIn("<h2>Traceback ", html)
+        self.assertIn("<h2>Request information</h2>", html)
+        self.assertIn("<p>Request data not supplied</p>", html)
 
     def test_sharing_traceback(self):
         try:
-            raise ValueError('Oops')
+            raise ValueError("Oops")
         except ValueError:
             exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(None, exc_type, exc_value, tb)
@@ -510,10 +559,10 @@ class ExceptionReporterTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_eol_support(self):
         """The ExceptionReporter supports Unix, Windows and Macintosh EOL markers"""
-        LINES = ['print %d' % i for i in range(1, 6)]
+        LINES = ["print %d" % i for i in range(1, 6)]
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(None, None, None, None)
 
-        for newline in ['\n', '\r\n', '\r']:
+        for newline in ["\n", "\r\n", "\r"]:
             fd, filename = tempfile.mkstemp(text=False)
             os.write(fd, (newline.join(LINES) + newline).encode())
             os.close(fd)
@@ -521,25 +570,27 @@ class ExceptionReporterTests(SimpleTestCase):
             try:
                 self.assertEqual(
                     reporter._get_lines_from_file(filename, 3, 2),
-                    (1, LINES[1:3], LINES[3], LINES[4:])
+                    (1, LINES[1:3], LINES[3], LINES[4:]),
                 )
             finally:
                 os.unlink(filename)
 
     def test_no_exception(self):
         "An exception report can be generated for just a request"
-        request = self.rf.get('/test_view/')
+        request = self.rf.get("/test_view/")
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(request, None, None, None)
         html = reporter.get_traceback_html()
-        self.assertInHTML('<h1>Report at /test_view/</h1>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<pre class="exception_value">No exception message supplied</pre>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<th>Request Method:</th>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<th>Request URL:</th>', html)
-        self.assertNotIn('<th>Exception Type:</th>', html)
-        self.assertNotIn('<th>Exception Value:</th>', html)
-        self.assertNotIn('<h2>Traceback ', html)
-        self.assertIn('<h2>Request information</h2>', html)
-        self.assertNotIn('<p>Request data not supplied</p>', html)
+        self.assertInHTML("<h1>Report at /test_view/</h1>", html)
+        self.assertIn(
+            '<pre class="exception_value">No exception message supplied</pre>', html
+        )
+        self.assertIn("<th>Request Method:</th>", html)
+        self.assertIn("<th>Request URL:</th>", html)
+        self.assertNotIn("<th>Exception Type:</th>", html)
+        self.assertNotIn("<th>Exception Value:</th>", html)
+        self.assertNotIn("<h2>Traceback ", html)
+        self.assertIn("<h2>Request information</h2>", html)
+        self.assertNotIn("<p>Request data not supplied</p>", html)
 
     def test_suppressed_context(self):
         try:
@@ -552,21 +603,23 @@ class ExceptionReporterTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(None, exc_type, exc_value, tb)
         html = reporter.get_traceback_html()
-        self.assertInHTML('<h1>ValueError</h1>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<pre class="exception_value">Can&#x27;t find my keys</pre>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<th>Exception Type:</th>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<th>Exception Value:</th>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<h2>Traceback ', html)
-        self.assertIn('<h2>Request information</h2>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<p>Request data not supplied</p>', html)
-        self.assertNotIn('During handling of the above exception', html)
+        self.assertInHTML("<h1>ValueError</h1>", html)
+        self.assertIn(
+            '<pre class="exception_value">Can&#x27;t find my keys</pre>', html
+        )
+        self.assertIn("<th>Exception Type:</th>", html)
+        self.assertIn("<th>Exception Value:</th>", html)
+        self.assertIn("<h2>Traceback ", html)
+        self.assertIn("<h2>Request information</h2>", html)
+        self.assertIn("<p>Request data not supplied</p>", html)
+        self.assertNotIn("During handling of the above exception", html)
 
     def test_innermost_exception_without_traceback(self):
         try:
             try:
-                raise RuntimeError('Oops')
+                raise RuntimeError("Oops")
             except Exception as exc:
-                new_exc = RuntimeError('My context')
+                new_exc = RuntimeError("My context")
                 exc.__context__ = new_exc
                 raise
         except Exception:
@@ -576,111 +629,119 @@ class ExceptionReporterTests(SimpleTestCase):
         frames = reporter.get_traceback_frames()
         self.assertEqual(len(frames), 2)
         html = reporter.get_traceback_html()
-        self.assertInHTML('<h1>RuntimeError</h1>', html)
+        self.assertInHTML("<h1>RuntimeError</h1>", html)
         self.assertIn('<pre class="exception_value">Oops</pre>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<th>Exception Type:</th>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<th>Exception Value:</th>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<h2>Traceback ', html)
-        self.assertIn('<h2>Request information</h2>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<p>Request data not supplied</p>', html)
+        self.assertIn("<th>Exception Type:</th>", html)
+        self.assertIn("<th>Exception Value:</th>", html)
+        self.assertIn("<h2>Traceback ", html)
+        self.assertIn("<h2>Request information</h2>", html)
+        self.assertIn("<p>Request data not supplied</p>", html)
         self.assertIn(
-            'During handling of the above exception (My context), another '
-            'exception occurred',
+            "During handling of the above exception (My context), another "
+            "exception occurred",
             html,
         )
         self.assertInHTML('<li class="frame user">None</li>', html)
-        self.assertIn('Traceback (most recent call last):\n  None', html)
+        self.assertIn("Traceback (most recent call last):\n  None", html)
 
         text = reporter.get_traceback_text()
-        self.assertIn('Exception Type: RuntimeError', text)
-        self.assertIn('Exception Value: Oops', text)
-        self.assertIn('Traceback (most recent call last):\n  None', text)
+        self.assertIn("Exception Type: RuntimeError", text)
+        self.assertIn("Exception Value: Oops", text)
+        self.assertIn("Traceback (most recent call last):\n  None", text)
         self.assertIn(
-            'During handling of the above exception (My context), another '
-            'exception occurred',
+            "During handling of the above exception (My context), another "
+            "exception occurred",
             text,
         )
 
     def test_mid_stack_exception_without_traceback(self):
         try:
             try:
-                raise RuntimeError('Inner Oops')
+                raise RuntimeError("Inner Oops")
             except Exception as exc:
-                new_exc = RuntimeError('My context')
+                new_exc = RuntimeError("My context")
                 new_exc.__context__ = exc
-                raise RuntimeError('Oops') from new_exc
+                raise RuntimeError("Oops") from new_exc
         except Exception:
             exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(None, exc_type, exc_value, tb)
         html = reporter.get_traceback_html()
-        self.assertInHTML('<h1>RuntimeError</h1>', html)
+        self.assertInHTML("<h1>RuntimeError</h1>", html)
         self.assertIn('<pre class="exception_value">Oops</pre>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<th>Exception Type:</th>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<th>Exception Value:</th>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<h2>Traceback ', html)
+        self.assertIn("<th>Exception Type:</th>", html)
+        self.assertIn("<th>Exception Value:</th>", html)
+        self.assertIn("<h2>Traceback ", html)
         self.assertInHTML('<li class="frame user">Traceback: None</li>', html)
         self.assertIn(
-            'During handling of the above exception (Inner Oops), another '
-            'exception occurred:\n  Traceback: None',
+            "During handling of the above exception (Inner Oops), another "
+            "exception occurred:\n  Traceback: None",
             html,
         )
 
         text = reporter.get_traceback_text()
-        self.assertIn('Exception Type: RuntimeError', text)
-        self.assertIn('Exception Value: Oops', text)
-        self.assertIn('Traceback (most recent call last):', text)
+        self.assertIn("Exception Type: RuntimeError", text)
+        self.assertIn("Exception Value: Oops", text)
+        self.assertIn("Traceback (most recent call last):", text)
         self.assertIn(
-            'During handling of the above exception (Inner Oops), another '
-            'exception occurred:\n  Traceback: None',
+            "During handling of the above exception (Inner Oops), another "
+            "exception occurred:\n  Traceback: None",
             text,
         )
 
     def test_reporting_of_nested_exceptions(self):
-        request = self.rf.get('/test_view/')
+        request = self.rf.get("/test_view/")
         try:
             try:
-                raise AttributeError(mark_safe('<p>Top level</p>'))
+                raise AttributeError(mark_safe("<p>Top level</p>"))
             except AttributeError as explicit:
                 try:
-                    raise ValueError(mark_safe('<p>Second exception</p>')) from explicit
+                    raise ValueError(mark_safe("<p>Second exception</p>")) from explicit
                 except ValueError:
-                    raise IndexError(mark_safe('<p>Final exception</p>'))
+                    raise IndexError(mark_safe("<p>Final exception</p>"))
         except Exception:
             # Custom exception handler, just pass it into ExceptionReporter
             exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
 
-        explicit_exc = 'The above exception ({0}) was the direct cause of the following exception:'
-        implicit_exc = 'During handling of the above exception ({0}), another exception occurred:'
+        explicit_exc = (
+            "The above exception ({0}) was the direct cause of the following exception:"
+        )
+        implicit_exc = (
+            "During handling of the above exception ({0}), another exception occurred:"
+        )
 
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(request, exc_type, exc_value, tb)
         html = reporter.get_traceback_html()
         # Both messages are twice on page -- one rendered as html,
         # one as plain text (for pastebin)
-        self.assertEqual(2, html.count(explicit_exc.format('&lt;p&gt;Top level&lt;/p&gt;')))
-        self.assertEqual(2, html.count(implicit_exc.format('&lt;p&gt;Second exception&lt;/p&gt;')))
-        self.assertEqual(10, html.count('&lt;p&gt;Final exception&lt;/p&gt;'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            2, html.count(explicit_exc.format("&lt;p&gt;Top level&lt;/p&gt;"))
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            2, html.count(implicit_exc.format("&lt;p&gt;Second exception&lt;/p&gt;"))
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(10, html.count("&lt;p&gt;Final exception&lt;/p&gt;"))
 
         text = reporter.get_traceback_text()
-        self.assertIn(explicit_exc.format('<p>Top level</p>'), text)
-        self.assertIn(implicit_exc.format('<p>Second exception</p>'), text)
-        self.assertEqual(3, text.count('<p>Final exception</p>'))
+        self.assertIn(explicit_exc.format("<p>Top level</p>"), text)
+        self.assertIn(implicit_exc.format("<p>Second exception</p>"), text)
+        self.assertEqual(3, text.count("<p>Final exception</p>"))
 
     def test_reporting_frames_without_source(self):
         try:
             source = "def funcName():\n    raise Error('Whoops')\nfuncName()"
             namespace = {}
-            code = compile(source, 'generated', 'exec')
+            code = compile(source, "generated", "exec")
             exec(code, namespace)
         except Exception:
             exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
-        request = self.rf.get('/test_view/')
+        request = self.rf.get("/test_view/")
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(request, exc_type, exc_value, tb)
         frames = reporter.get_traceback_frames()
         last_frame = frames[-1]
-        self.assertEqual(last_frame['context_line'], '<source code not available>')
-        self.assertEqual(last_frame['filename'], 'generated')
-        self.assertEqual(last_frame['function'], 'funcName')
-        self.assertEqual(last_frame['lineno'], 2)
+        self.assertEqual(last_frame["context_line"], "<source code not available>")
+        self.assertEqual(last_frame["filename"], "generated")
+        self.assertEqual(last_frame["function"], "funcName")
+        self.assertEqual(last_frame["lineno"], 2)
         html = reporter.get_traceback_html()
         self.assertIn(
             '<span class="fname">generated</span>, line 2, in funcName',
@@ -704,22 +765,22 @@ class ExceptionReporterTests(SimpleTestCase):
         try:
             source = "def funcName():\n    raise Error('Whoops')\nfuncName()"
             namespace = {}
-            code = compile(source, 'generated', 'exec')
+            code = compile(source, "generated", "exec")
             exec(code, namespace)
         except Exception:
             exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
         with mock.patch(
-            'django.views.debug.ExceptionReporter._get_source',
-            return_value=['wrong source'],
+            "django.views.debug.ExceptionReporter._get_source",
+            return_value=["wrong source"],
         ):
-            request = self.rf.get('/test_view/')
+            request = self.rf.get("/test_view/")
             reporter = ExceptionReporter(request, exc_type, exc_value, tb)
             frames = reporter.get_traceback_frames()
             last_frame = frames[-1]
-            self.assertEqual(last_frame['context_line'], '<source code not available>')
-            self.assertEqual(last_frame['filename'], 'generated')
-            self.assertEqual(last_frame['function'], 'funcName')
-            self.assertEqual(last_frame['lineno'], 2)
+            self.assertEqual(last_frame["context_line"], "<source code not available>")
+            self.assertEqual(last_frame["filename"], "generated")
+            self.assertEqual(last_frame["function"], "funcName")
+            self.assertEqual(last_frame["lineno"], 2)
             html = reporter.get_traceback_html()
             self.assertIn(
                 '<span class="fname">generated</span>, line 2, in funcName',
@@ -741,15 +802,17 @@ class ExceptionReporterTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_reporting_frames_for_cyclic_reference(self):
         try:
+
             def test_func():
                 try:
-                    raise RuntimeError('outer') from RuntimeError('inner')
+                    raise RuntimeError("outer") from RuntimeError("inner")
                 except RuntimeError as exc:
                     raise exc.__cause__
+
             test_func()
         except Exception:
             exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
-        request = self.rf.get('/test_view/')
+        request = self.rf.get("/test_view/")
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(request, exc_type, exc_value, tb)
 
         def generate_traceback_frames(*args, **kwargs):
@@ -772,75 +835,86 @@ class ExceptionReporterTests(SimpleTestCase):
             # reporter.get_traceback_frames() exit early.
             exc_value.__traceback__ = exc_value.__context__ = exc_value.__cause__ = None
             tb_generator.join()
-            self.fail('Cyclic reference in Exception Reporter.get_traceback_frames()')
+            self.fail("Cyclic reference in Exception Reporter.get_traceback_frames()")
         if tb_frames is None:
             # can happen if the thread generating traceback got killed
             # or exception while generating the traceback
-            self.fail('Traceback generation failed')
+            self.fail("Traceback generation failed")
         last_frame = tb_frames[-1]
-        self.assertIn('raise exc.__cause__', last_frame['context_line'])
-        self.assertEqual(last_frame['filename'], __file__)
-        self.assertEqual(last_frame['function'], 'test_func')
+        self.assertIn("raise exc.__cause__", last_frame["context_line"])
+        self.assertEqual(last_frame["filename"], __file__)
+        self.assertEqual(last_frame["function"], "test_func")
 
     def test_request_and_message(self):
         "A message can be provided in addition to a request"
-        request = self.rf.get('/test_view/')
+        request = self.rf.get("/test_view/")
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(request, None, "I'm a little teapot", None)
         html = reporter.get_traceback_html()
-        self.assertInHTML('<h1>Report at /test_view/</h1>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<pre class="exception_value">I&#x27;m a little teapot</pre>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<th>Request Method:</th>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<th>Request URL:</th>', html)
-        self.assertNotIn('<th>Exception Type:</th>', html)
-        self.assertNotIn('<th>Exception Value:</th>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<h2>Traceback ', html)
-        self.assertIn('<h2>Request information</h2>', html)
-        self.assertNotIn('<p>Request data not supplied</p>', html)
+        self.assertInHTML("<h1>Report at /test_view/</h1>", html)
+        self.assertIn(
+            '<pre class="exception_value">I&#x27;m a little teapot</pre>', html
+        )
+        self.assertIn("<th>Request Method:</th>", html)
+        self.assertIn("<th>Request URL:</th>", html)
+        self.assertNotIn("<th>Exception Type:</th>", html)
+        self.assertNotIn("<th>Exception Value:</th>", html)
+        self.assertIn("<h2>Traceback ", html)
+        self.assertIn("<h2>Request information</h2>", html)
+        self.assertNotIn("<p>Request data not supplied</p>", html)
 
     def test_message_only(self):
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(None, None, "I'm a little teapot", None)
         html = reporter.get_traceback_html()
-        self.assertInHTML('<h1>Report</h1>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<pre class="exception_value">I&#x27;m a little teapot</pre>', html)
-        self.assertNotIn('<th>Request Method:</th>', html)
-        self.assertNotIn('<th>Request URL:</th>', html)
-        self.assertNotIn('<th>Exception Type:</th>', html)
-        self.assertNotIn('<th>Exception Value:</th>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<h2>Traceback ', html)
-        self.assertIn('<h2>Request information</h2>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<p>Request data not supplied</p>', html)
+        self.assertInHTML("<h1>Report</h1>", html)
+        self.assertIn(
+            '<pre class="exception_value">I&#x27;m a little teapot</pre>', html
+        )
+        self.assertNotIn("<th>Request Method:</th>", html)
+        self.assertNotIn("<th>Request URL:</th>", html)
+        self.assertNotIn("<th>Exception Type:</th>", html)
+        self.assertNotIn("<th>Exception Value:</th>", html)
+        self.assertIn("<h2>Traceback ", html)
+        self.assertIn("<h2>Request information</h2>", html)
+        self.assertIn("<p>Request data not supplied</p>", html)
 
     def test_non_utf8_values_handling(self):
         "Non-UTF-8 exceptions/values should not make the output generation choke."
         try:
+
             class NonUtf8Output(Exception):
                 def __repr__(self):
-                    return b'EXC\xe9EXC'
-            somevar = b'VAL\xe9VAL'  # NOQA
+                    return b"EXC\xe9EXC"
+
+            somevar = b"VAL\xe9VAL"  # NOQA
             raise NonUtf8Output()
         except Exception:
             exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(None, exc_type, exc_value, tb)
         html = reporter.get_traceback_html()
-        self.assertIn('VAL\\xe9VAL', html)
-        self.assertIn('EXC\\xe9EXC', html)
+        self.assertIn("VAL\\xe9VAL", html)
+        self.assertIn("EXC\\xe9EXC", html)
 
     def test_local_variable_escaping(self):
         """Safe strings in local variables are escaped."""
         try:
-            local = mark_safe('<p>Local variable</p>')
+            local = mark_safe("<p>Local variable</p>")
             raise ValueError(local)
         except Exception:
             exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
         html = ExceptionReporter(None, exc_type, exc_value, tb).get_traceback_html()
-        self.assertIn('<td class="code"><pre>&#x27;&lt;p&gt;Local variable&lt;/p&gt;&#x27;</pre></td>', html)
+        self.assertIn(
+            '<td class="code"><pre>&#x27;&lt;p&gt;Local variable&lt;/p&gt;&#x27;</pre></td>',
+            html,
+        )
 
     def test_unprintable_values_handling(self):
         "Unprintable values should not make the output generation choke."
         try:
+
             class OomOutput:
                 def __repr__(self):
-                    raise MemoryError('OOM')
+                    raise MemoryError("OOM")
+
             oomvalue = OomOutput()  # NOQA
             raise ValueError()
         except Exception:
@@ -852,11 +926,13 @@ class ExceptionReporterTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_too_large_values_handling(self):
         "Large values should not create a large HTML."
         large = 256 * 1024
-        repr_of_str_adds = len(repr(''))
+        repr_of_str_adds = len(repr(""))
         try:
+
             class LargeOutput:
                 def __repr__(self):
-                    return repr('A' * large)
+                    return repr("A" * large)
+
             largevalue = LargeOutput()  # NOQA
             raise ValueError()
         except Exception:
@@ -864,7 +940,9 @@ class ExceptionReporterTests(SimpleTestCase):
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(None, exc_type, exc_value, tb)
         html = reporter.get_traceback_html()
         self.assertEqual(len(html) // 1024 // 128, 0)  # still fit in 128Kb
-        self.assertIn('&lt;trimmed %d bytes string&gt;' % (large + repr_of_str_adds,), html)
+        self.assertIn(
+            "&lt;trimmed %d bytes string&gt;" % (large + repr_of_str_adds,), html
+        )
 
     def test_encoding_error(self):
         """
@@ -872,14 +950,14 @@ class ExceptionReporterTests(SimpleTestCase):
         safe strings is escaped.
         """
         try:
-            mark_safe('abcdefghijkl<p>mnὀp</p>qrstuwxyz').encode('ascii')
+            mark_safe("abcdefghijkl<p>mnὀp</p>qrstuwxyz").encode("ascii")
         except Exception:
             exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(None, exc_type, exc_value, tb)
         html = reporter.get_traceback_html()
-        self.assertIn('<h2>Unicode error hint</h2>', html)
-        self.assertIn('The string that could not be encoded/decoded was: ', html)
-        self.assertIn('<strong>&lt;p&gt;mnὀp&lt;/p&gt;</strong>', html)
+        self.assertIn("<h2>Unicode error hint</h2>", html)
+        self.assertIn("The string that could not be encoded/decoded was: ", html)
+        self.assertIn("<strong>&lt;p&gt;mnὀp&lt;/p&gt;</strong>", html)
 
     def test_unfrozen_importlib(self):
         """
@@ -887,26 +965,27 @@ class ExceptionReporterTests(SimpleTestCase):
         results in an ImportError. Refs #21443.
         """
         try:
-            request = self.rf.get('/test_view/')
-            importlib.import_module('abc.def.invalid.name')
+            request = self.rf.get("/test_view/")
+            importlib.import_module("abc.def.invalid.name")
         except Exception:
             exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(request, exc_type, exc_value, tb)
         html = reporter.get_traceback_html()
-        self.assertInHTML('<h1>ModuleNotFoundError at /test_view/</h1>', html)
+        self.assertInHTML("<h1>ModuleNotFoundError at /test_view/</h1>", html)
 
     def test_ignore_traceback_evaluation_exceptions(self):
         """
         Don't trip over exceptions generated by crafted objects when
         evaluating them while cleansing (#24455).
         """
+
         class BrokenEvaluation(Exception):
             pass
 
         def broken_setup():
             raise BrokenEvaluation
 
-        request = self.rf.get('/test_view/')
+        request = self.rf.get("/test_view/")
         broken_lazy = SimpleLazyObject(broken_setup)
         try:
             bool(broken_lazy)
@@ -916,13 +995,13 @@ class ExceptionReporterTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertIn(
             "BrokenEvaluation",
             ExceptionReporter(request, exc_type, exc_value, tb).get_traceback_html(),
-            "Evaluation exception reason not mentioned in traceback"
+            "Evaluation exception reason not mentioned in traceback",
         )
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS='example.com')
+    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS="example.com")
     def test_disallowed_host(self):
         "An exception report can be generated even for a disallowed host."
-        request = self.rf.get('/', HTTP_HOST='evil.com')
+        request = self.rf.get("/", HTTP_HOST="evil.com")
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(request, None, None, None)
         html = reporter.get_traceback_html()
         self.assertIn("http://evil.com/", html)
@@ -934,59 +1013,62 @@ class ExceptionReporterTests(SimpleTestCase):
         """
         value = '<td>items</td><td class="code"><pre>&#x27;Oops&#x27;</pre></td>'
         # GET
-        request = self.rf.get('/test_view/?items=Oops')
+        request = self.rf.get("/test_view/?items=Oops")
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(request, None, None, None)
         html = reporter.get_traceback_html()
         self.assertInHTML(value, html)
         # POST
-        request = self.rf.post('/test_view/', data={'items': 'Oops'})
+        request = self.rf.post("/test_view/", data={"items": "Oops"})
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(request, None, None, None)
         html = reporter.get_traceback_html()
         self.assertInHTML(value, html)
         # FILES
-        fp = StringIO('filecontent')
-        request = self.rf.post('/test_view/', data={'name': 'filename', 'items': fp})
+        fp = StringIO("filecontent")
+        request = self.rf.post("/test_view/", data={"name": "filename", "items": fp})
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(request, None, None, None)
         html = reporter.get_traceback_html()
         self.assertInHTML(
             '<td>items</td><td class="code"><pre>&lt;InMemoryUploadedFile: '
-            'items (application/octet-stream)&gt;</pre></td>',
-            html
+            "items (application/octet-stream)&gt;</pre></td>",
+            html,
         )
         # COOKIES
         rf = RequestFactory()
-        rf.cookies['items'] = 'Oops'
-        request = rf.get('/test_view/')
+        rf.cookies["items"] = "Oops"
+        request = rf.get("/test_view/")
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(request, None, None, None)
         html = reporter.get_traceback_html()
-        self.assertInHTML('<td>items</td><td class="code"><pre>&#x27;Oops&#x27;</pre></td>', html)
+        self.assertInHTML(
+            '<td>items</td><td class="code"><pre>&#x27;Oops&#x27;</pre></td>', html
+        )
 
     def test_exception_fetching_user(self):
         """
         The error page can be rendered if the current user can't be retrieved
         (such as when the database is unavailable).
         """
+
         class ExceptionUser:
             def __str__(self):
                 raise Exception()
 
-        request = self.rf.get('/test_view/')
+        request = self.rf.get("/test_view/")
         request.user = ExceptionUser()
 
         try:
-            raise ValueError('Oops')
+            raise ValueError("Oops")
         except ValueError:
             exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
 
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(request, exc_type, exc_value, tb)
         html = reporter.get_traceback_html()
-        self.assertInHTML('<h1>ValueError at /test_view/</h1>', html)
+        self.assertInHTML("<h1>ValueError at /test_view/</h1>", html)
         self.assertIn('<pre class="exception_value">Oops</pre>', html)
         self.assertIn('<h3 id="user-info">USER</h3>', html)
-        self.assertIn('<p>[unable to retrieve the current user]</p>', html)
+        self.assertIn("<p>[unable to retrieve the current user]</p>", html)
 
         text = reporter.get_traceback_text()
-        self.assertIn('USER: [unable to retrieve the current user]', text)
+        self.assertIn("USER: [unable to retrieve the current user]", text)
 
     def test_template_encoding(self):
         """
@@ -995,20 +1077,20 @@ class ExceptionReporterTests(SimpleTestCase):
         template engines.
         """
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(None, None, None, None)
-        with mock.patch.object(DebugPath, 'open') as m:
+        with mock.patch.object(DebugPath, "open") as m:
             reporter.get_traceback_html()
-            m.assert_called_once_with(encoding='utf-8')
+            m.assert_called_once_with(encoding="utf-8")
             m.reset_mock()
             reporter.get_traceback_text()
-            m.assert_called_once_with(encoding='utf-8')
+            m.assert_called_once_with(encoding="utf-8")
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=['example.com'])
+    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS=["example.com"])
     def test_get_raw_insecure_uri(self):
-        factory = RequestFactory(HTTP_HOST='evil.com')
+        factory = RequestFactory(HTTP_HOST="evil.com")
         tests = [
-            ('////absolute-uri', 'http://evil.com//absolute-uri'),
-            ('/?foo=bar', 'http://evil.com/?foo=bar'),
-            ('/path/with:colons', 'http://evil.com/path/with:colons'),
+            ("////absolute-uri", "http://evil.com//absolute-uri"),
+            ("/?foo=bar", "http://evil.com/?foo=bar"),
+            ("/path/with:colons", "http://evil.com/path/with:colons"),
         ]
         for url, expected in tests:
             with self.subTest(url=url):
@@ -1023,23 +1105,23 @@ class PlainTextReportTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_request_and_exception(self):
         "A simple exception report can be generated"
         try:
-            request = self.rf.get('/test_view/')
+            request = self.rf.get("/test_view/")
             request.user = User()
             raise ValueError("Can't find my keys")
         except ValueError:
             exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(request, exc_type, exc_value, tb)
         text = reporter.get_traceback_text()
-        self.assertIn('ValueError at /test_view/', text)
+        self.assertIn("ValueError at /test_view/", text)
         self.assertIn("Can't find my keys", text)
-        self.assertIn('Request Method:', text)
-        self.assertIn('Request URL:', text)
-        self.assertIn('USER: jacob', text)
-        self.assertIn('Exception Type:', text)
-        self.assertIn('Exception Value:', text)
-        self.assertIn('Traceback (most recent call last):', text)
-        self.assertIn('Request information:', text)
-        self.assertNotIn('Request data not supplied', text)
+        self.assertIn("Request Method:", text)
+        self.assertIn("Request URL:", text)
+        self.assertIn("USER: jacob", text)
+        self.assertIn("Exception Type:", text)
+        self.assertIn("Exception Value:", text)
+        self.assertIn("Traceback (most recent call last):", text)
+        self.assertIn("Request information:", text)
+        self.assertNotIn("Request data not supplied", text)
 
     def test_no_request(self):
         "An exception report can be generated without request"
@@ -1049,46 +1131,48 @@ class PlainTextReportTests(SimpleTestCase):
             exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(None, exc_type, exc_value, tb)
         text = reporter.get_traceback_text()
-        self.assertIn('ValueError', text)
+        self.assertIn("ValueError", text)
         self.assertIn("Can't find my keys", text)
-        self.assertNotIn('Request Method:', text)
-        self.assertNotIn('Request URL:', text)
-        self.assertNotIn('USER:', text)
-        self.assertIn('Exception Type:', text)
-        self.assertIn('Exception Value:', text)
-        self.assertIn('Traceback (most recent call last):', text)
-        self.assertIn('Request data not supplied', text)
+        self.assertNotIn("Request Method:", text)
+        self.assertNotIn("Request URL:", text)
+        self.assertNotIn("USER:", text)
+        self.assertIn("Exception Type:", text)
+        self.assertIn("Exception Value:", text)
+        self.assertIn("Traceback (most recent call last):", text)
+        self.assertIn("Request data not supplied", text)
 
     def test_no_exception(self):
         "An exception report can be generated for just a request"
-        request = self.rf.get('/test_view/')
+        request = self.rf.get("/test_view/")
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(request, None, None, None)
         reporter.get_traceback_text()
 
     def test_request_and_message(self):
         "A message can be provided in addition to a request"
-        request = self.rf.get('/test_view/')
+        request = self.rf.get("/test_view/")
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(request, None, "I'm a little teapot", None)
         reporter.get_traceback_text()
 
     @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
     def test_template_exception(self):
-        request = self.rf.get('/test_view/')
+        request = self.rf.get("/test_view/")
         try:
-            render(request, 'debug/template_error.html')
+            render(request, "debug/template_error.html")
         except Exception:
             exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(request, exc_type, exc_value, tb)
         text = reporter.get_traceback_text()
-        templ_path = Path(Path(__file__).parents[1], 'templates', 'debug', 'template_error.html')
+        templ_path = Path(
+            Path(__file__).parents[1], "templates", "debug", "template_error.html"
+        )
         self.assertIn(
-            'Template error:\n'
-            'In template %(path)s, error at line 2\n'
-            '   \'cycle\' tag requires at least two arguments\n'
-            '   1 : Template with error:\n'
-            '   2 :  {%% cycle %%} \n'
-            '   3 : ' % {'path': templ_path},
-            text
+            "Template error:\n"
+            "In template %(path)s, error at line 2\n"
+            "   'cycle' tag requires at least two arguments\n"
+            "   1 : Template with error:\n"
+            "   2 :  {%% cycle %%} \n"
+            "   3 : " % {"path": templ_path},
+            text,
         )
 
     def test_request_with_items_key(self):
@@ -1097,25 +1181,25 @@ class PlainTextReportTests(SimpleTestCase):
         request GET, POST, FILES, or COOKIES QueryDicts.
         """
         # GET
-        request = self.rf.get('/test_view/?items=Oops')
+        request = self.rf.get("/test_view/?items=Oops")
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(request, None, None, None)
         text = reporter.get_traceback_text()
         self.assertIn("items = 'Oops'", text)
         # POST
-        request = self.rf.post('/test_view/', data={'items': 'Oops'})
+        request = self.rf.post("/test_view/", data={"items": "Oops"})
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(request, None, None, None)
         text = reporter.get_traceback_text()
         self.assertIn("items = 'Oops'", text)
         # FILES
-        fp = StringIO('filecontent')
-        request = self.rf.post('/test_view/', data={'name': 'filename', 'items': fp})
+        fp = StringIO("filecontent")
+        request = self.rf.post("/test_view/", data={"name": "filename", "items": fp})
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(request, None, None, None)
         text = reporter.get_traceback_text()
-        self.assertIn('items = <InMemoryUploadedFile:', text)
+        self.assertIn("items = <InMemoryUploadedFile:", text)
         # COOKIES
         rf = RequestFactory()
-        rf.cookies['items'] = 'Oops'
-        request = rf.get('/test_view/')
+        rf.cookies["items"] = "Oops"
+        request = rf.get("/test_view/")
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(request, None, None, None)
         text = reporter.get_traceback_text()
         self.assertIn("items = 'Oops'", text)
@@ -1124,10 +1208,10 @@ class PlainTextReportTests(SimpleTestCase):
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(None, None, "I'm a little teapot", None)
         reporter.get_traceback_text()
 
-    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS='example.com')
+    @override_settings(ALLOWED_HOSTS="example.com")
     def test_disallowed_host(self):
         "An exception report can be generated even for a disallowed host."
-        request = self.rf.get('/', HTTP_HOST='evil.com')
+        request = self.rf.get("/", HTTP_HOST="evil.com")
         reporter = ExceptionReporter(request, None, None, None)
         text = reporter.get_traceback_text()
         self.assertIn("http://evil.com/", text)
@@ -1137,69 +1221,72 @@ class ExceptionReportTestMixin:
     # Mixin used in the ExceptionReporterFilterTests and
     # AjaxResponseExceptionReporterFilter tests below
     breakfast_data = {
-        'sausage-key': 'sausage-value',
-        'baked-beans-key': 'baked-beans-value',
-        'hash-brown-key': 'hash-brown-value',
-        'bacon-key': 'bacon-value',
+        "sausage-key": "sausage-value",
+        "baked-beans-key": "baked-beans-value",
+        "hash-brown-key": "hash-brown-value",
+        "bacon-key": "bacon-value",
     }
 
-    def verify_unsafe_response(self, view, check_for_vars=True,
-                               check_for_POST_params=True):
+    def verify_unsafe_response(
+        self, view, check_for_vars=True, check_for_POST_params=True
+    ):
         """
         Asserts that potentially sensitive info are displayed in the response.
         """
-        request = self.rf.post('/some_url/', self.breakfast_data)
+        request = self.rf.post("/some_url/", self.breakfast_data)
         response = view(request)
         if check_for_vars:
             # All variables are shown.
-            self.assertContains(response, 'cooked_eggs', status_code=500)
-            self.assertContains(response, 'scrambled', status_code=500)
-            self.assertContains(response, 'sauce', status_code=500)
-            self.assertContains(response, 'worcestershire', status_code=500)
+            self.assertContains(response, "cooked_eggs", status_code=500)
+            self.assertContains(response, "scrambled", status_code=500)
+            self.assertContains(response, "sauce", status_code=500)
+            self.assertContains(response, "worcestershire", status_code=500)
         if check_for_POST_params:
             for k, v in self.breakfast_data.items():
                 # All POST parameters are shown.
                 self.assertContains(response, k, status_code=500)
                 self.assertContains(response, v, status_code=500)
 
-    def verify_safe_response(self, view, check_for_vars=True,
-                             check_for_POST_params=True):
+    def verify_safe_response(
+        self, view, check_for_vars=True, check_for_POST_params=True
+    ):
         """
         Asserts that certain sensitive info are not displayed in the response.
         """
-        request = self.rf.post('/some_url/', self.breakfast_data)
+        request = self.rf.post("/some_url/", self.breakfast_data)
         response = view(request)
         if check_for_vars:
             # Non-sensitive variable's name and value are shown.
-            self.assertContains(response, 'cooked_eggs', status_code=500)
-            self.assertContains(response, 'scrambled', status_code=500)
+            self.assertContains(response, "cooked_eggs", status_code=500)
+            self.assertContains(response, "scrambled", status_code=500)
             # Sensitive variable's name is shown but not its value.
-            self.assertContains(response, 'sauce', status_code=500)
-            self.assertNotContains(response, 'worcestershire', status_code=500)
+            self.assertContains(response, "sauce", status_code=500)
+            self.assertNotContains(response, "worcestershire", status_code=500)
         if check_for_POST_params:
             for k in self.breakfast_data:
                 # All POST parameters' names are shown.
                 self.assertContains(response, k, status_code=500)
             # Non-sensitive POST parameters' values are shown.
-            self.assertContains(response, 'baked-beans-value', status_code=500)
-            self.assertContains(response, 'hash-brown-value', status_code=500)
+            self.assertContains(response, "baked-beans-value", status_code=500)
+            self.assertContains(response, "hash-brown-value", status_code=500)
             # Sensitive POST parameters' values are not shown.
-            self.assertNotContains(response, 'sausage-value', status_code=500)
-            self.assertNotContains(response, 'bacon-value', status_code=500)
+            self.assertNotContains(response, "sausage-value", status_code=500)
+            self.assertNotContains(response, "bacon-value", status_code=500)
 
-    def verify_paranoid_response(self, view, check_for_vars=True,
-                                 check_for_POST_params=True):
+    def verify_paranoid_response(
+        self, view, check_for_vars=True, check_for_POST_params=True
+    ):
         """
         Asserts that no variables or POST parameters are displayed in the response.
         """
-        request = self.rf.post('/some_url/', self.breakfast_data)
+        request = self.rf.post("/some_url/", self.breakfast_data)
         response = view(request)
         if check_for_vars:
             # Show variable names but not their values.
-            self.assertContains(response, 'cooked_eggs', status_code=500)
-            self.assertNotContains(response, 'scrambled', status_code=500)
-            self.assertContains(response, 'sauce', status_code=500)
-            self.assertNotContains(response, 'worcestershire', status_code=500)
+            self.assertContains(response, "cooked_eggs", status_code=500)
+            self.assertNotContains(response, "scrambled", status_code=500)
+            self.assertContains(response, "sauce", status_code=500)
+            self.assertNotContains(response, "worcestershire", status_code=500)
         if check_for_POST_params:
             for k, v in self.breakfast_data.items():
                 # All POST parameters' names are shown.
@@ -1211,26 +1298,26 @@ class ExceptionReportTestMixin:
         """
         Asserts that potentially sensitive info are displayed in the email report.
         """
-        with self.settings(ADMINS=[('Admin', 'admin@fattie-breakie.com')]):
+        with self.settings(ADMINS=[("Admin", "admin@fattie-breakie.com")]):
             mail.outbox = []  # Empty outbox
-            request = self.rf.post('/some_url/', self.breakfast_data)
+            request = self.rf.post("/some_url/", self.breakfast_data)
             view(request)
             self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
             email = mail.outbox[0]
 
             # Frames vars are never shown in plain text email reports.
             body_plain = str(email.body)
-            self.assertNotIn('cooked_eggs', body_plain)
-            self.assertNotIn('scrambled', body_plain)
-            self.assertNotIn('sauce', body_plain)
-            self.assertNotIn('worcestershire', body_plain)
+            self.assertNotIn("cooked_eggs", body_plain)
+            self.assertNotIn("scrambled", body_plain)
+            self.assertNotIn("sauce", body_plain)
+            self.assertNotIn("worcestershire", body_plain)
 
             # Frames vars are shown in html email reports.
             body_html = str(email.alternatives[0][0])
-            self.assertIn('cooked_eggs', body_html)
-            self.assertIn('scrambled', body_html)
-            self.assertIn('sauce', body_html)
-            self.assertIn('worcestershire', body_html)
+            self.assertIn("cooked_eggs", body_html)
+            self.assertIn("scrambled", body_html)
+            self.assertIn("sauce", body_html)
+            self.assertIn("worcestershire", body_html)
 
             if check_for_POST_params:
                 for k, v in self.breakfast_data.items():
@@ -1244,58 +1331,58 @@ class ExceptionReportTestMixin:
         """
         Asserts that certain sensitive info are not displayed in the email report.
         """
-        with self.settings(ADMINS=[('Admin', 'admin@fattie-breakie.com')]):
+        with self.settings(ADMINS=[("Admin", "admin@fattie-breakie.com")]):
             mail.outbox = []  # Empty outbox
-            request = self.rf.post('/some_url/', self.breakfast_data)
+            request = self.rf.post("/some_url/", self.breakfast_data)
             view(request)
             self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
             email = mail.outbox[0]
 
             # Frames vars are never shown in plain text email reports.
             body_plain = str(email.body)
-            self.assertNotIn('cooked_eggs', body_plain)
-            self.assertNotIn('scrambled', body_plain)
-            self.assertNotIn('sauce', body_plain)
-            self.assertNotIn('worcestershire', body_plain)
+            self.assertNotIn("cooked_eggs", body_plain)
+            self.assertNotIn("scrambled", body_plain)
+            self.assertNotIn("sauce", body_plain)
+            self.assertNotIn("worcestershire", body_plain)
 
             # Frames vars are shown in html email reports.
             body_html = str(email.alternatives[0][0])
-            self.assertIn('cooked_eggs', body_html)
-            self.assertIn('scrambled', body_html)
-            self.assertIn('sauce', body_html)
-            self.assertNotIn('worcestershire', body_html)
+            self.assertIn("cooked_eggs", body_html)
+            self.assertIn("scrambled", body_html)
+            self.assertIn("sauce", body_html)
+            self.assertNotIn("worcestershire", body_html)
 
             if check_for_POST_params:
                 for k in self.breakfast_data:
                     # All POST parameters' names are shown.
                     self.assertIn(k, body_plain)
                 # Non-sensitive POST parameters' values are shown.
-                self.assertIn('baked-beans-value', body_plain)
-                self.assertIn('hash-brown-value', body_plain)
-                self.assertIn('baked-beans-value', body_html)
-                self.assertIn('hash-brown-value', body_html)
+                self.assertIn("baked-beans-value", body_plain)
+                self.assertIn("hash-brown-value", body_plain)
+                self.assertIn("baked-beans-value", body_html)
+                self.assertIn("hash-brown-value", body_html)
                 # Sensitive POST parameters' values are not shown.
-                self.assertNotIn('sausage-value', body_plain)
-                self.assertNotIn('bacon-value', body_plain)
-                self.assertNotIn('sausage-value', body_html)
-                self.assertNotIn('bacon-value', body_html)
+                self.assertNotIn("sausage-value", body_plain)
+                self.assertNotIn("bacon-value", body_plain)
+                self.assertNotIn("sausage-value", body_html)
+                self.assertNotIn("bacon-value", body_html)
 
     def verify_paranoid_email(self, view):
         """
         Asserts that no variables or POST parameters are displayed in the email report.
         """
-        with self.settings(ADMINS=[('Admin', 'admin@fattie-breakie.com')]):
+        with self.settings(ADMINS=[("Admin", "admin@fattie-breakie.com")]):
             mail.outbox = []  # Empty outbox
-            request = self.rf.post('/some_url/', self.breakfast_data)
+            request = self.rf.post("/some_url/", self.breakfast_data)
             view(request)
             self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
             email = mail.outbox[0]
             # Frames vars are never shown in plain text email reports.
             body = str(email.body)
-            self.assertNotIn('cooked_eggs', body)
-            self.assertNotIn('scrambled', body)
-            self.assertNotIn('sauce', body)
-            self.assertNotIn('worcestershire', body)
+            self.assertNotIn("cooked_eggs", body)
+            self.assertNotIn("scrambled", body)
+            self.assertNotIn("sauce", body)
+            self.assertNotIn("worcestershire", body)
             for k, v in self.breakfast_data.items():
                 # All POST parameters' names are shown.
                 self.assertIn(k, body)
@@ -1303,11 +1390,14 @@ class ExceptionReportTestMixin:
                 self.assertNotIn(v, body)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='view_tests.urls')
-class ExceptionReporterFilterTests(ExceptionReportTestMixin, LoggingCaptureMixin, SimpleTestCase):
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="view_tests.urls")
+class ExceptionReporterFilterTests(
+    ExceptionReportTestMixin, LoggingCaptureMixin, SimpleTestCase
+):
     """
     Sensitive information can be filtered out of error reports (#14614).
     """
+
     rf = RequestFactory()
 
     def test_non_sensitive_request(self):
@@ -1380,11 +1470,15 @@ class ExceptionReporterFilterTests(ExceptionReportTestMixin, LoggingCaptureMixin
         The sensitive_variables decorator works with object methods.
         """
         with self.settings(DEBUG=True):
-            self.verify_unsafe_response(sensitive_method_view, check_for_POST_params=False)
+            self.verify_unsafe_response(
+                sensitive_method_view, check_for_POST_params=False
+            )
             self.verify_unsafe_email(sensitive_method_view, check_for_POST_params=False)
 
         with self.settings(DEBUG=False):
-            self.verify_safe_response(sensitive_method_view, check_for_POST_params=False)
+            self.verify_safe_response(
+                sensitive_method_view, check_for_POST_params=False
+            )
             self.verify_safe_email(sensitive_method_view, check_for_POST_params=False)
 
     def test_sensitive_function_arguments(self):
@@ -1398,8 +1492,12 @@ class ExceptionReporterFilterTests(ExceptionReportTestMixin, LoggingCaptureMixin
             self.verify_unsafe_email(sensitive_args_function_caller)
 
         with self.settings(DEBUG=False):
-            self.verify_safe_response(sensitive_args_function_caller, check_for_POST_params=False)
-            self.verify_safe_email(sensitive_args_function_caller, check_for_POST_params=False)
+            self.verify_safe_response(
+                sensitive_args_function_caller, check_for_POST_params=False
+            )
+            self.verify_safe_email(
+                sensitive_args_function_caller, check_for_POST_params=False
+            )
 
     def test_sensitive_function_keyword_arguments(self):
         """
@@ -1412,24 +1510,33 @@ class ExceptionReporterFilterTests(ExceptionReportTestMixin, LoggingCaptureMixin
             self.verify_unsafe_email(sensitive_kwargs_function_caller)
 
         with self.settings(DEBUG=False):
-            self.verify_safe_response(sensitive_kwargs_function_caller, check_for_POST_params=False)
-            self.verify_safe_email(sensitive_kwargs_function_caller, check_for_POST_params=False)
+            self.verify_safe_response(
+                sensitive_kwargs_function_caller, check_for_POST_params=False
+            )
+            self.verify_safe_email(
+                sensitive_kwargs_function_caller, check_for_POST_params=False
+            )
 
     def test_callable_settings(self):
         """
         Callable settings should not be evaluated in the debug page (#21345).
         """
+
         def callable_setting():
             return "This should not be displayed"
+
         with self.settings(DEBUG=True, FOOBAR=callable_setting):
-            response = self.client.get('/raises500/')
-            self.assertNotContains(response, "This should not be displayed", status_code=500)
+            response = self.client.get("/raises500/")
+            self.assertNotContains(
+                response, "This should not be displayed", status_code=500
+            )
 
     def test_callable_settings_forbidding_to_set_attributes(self):
         """
         Callable settings which forbid to set attributes should not break
         the debug page (#23070).
         """
+
         class CallableSettingWithSlots:
             __slots__ = []
 
@@ -1437,8 +1544,10 @@ class ExceptionReporterFilterTests(ExceptionReportTestMixin, LoggingCaptureMixin
                 return "This should not be displayed"
 
         with self.settings(DEBUG=True, WITH_SLOTS=CallableSettingWithSlots()):
-            response = self.client.get('/raises500/')
-            self.assertNotContains(response, "This should not be displayed", status_code=500)
+            response = self.client.get("/raises500/")
+            self.assertNotContains(
+                response, "This should not be displayed", status_code=500
+            )
 
     def test_dict_setting_with_non_str_key(self):
         """
@@ -1446,8 +1555,8 @@ class ExceptionReporterFilterTests(ExceptionReportTestMixin, LoggingCaptureMixin
         debug page (#12744).
         """
         with self.settings(DEBUG=True, FOOBAR={42: None}):
-            response = self.client.get('/raises500/')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'FOOBAR', status_code=500)
+            response = self.client.get("/raises500/")
+            self.assertContains(response, "FOOBAR", status_code=500)
 
     def test_sensitive_settings(self):
         """
@@ -1455,16 +1564,18 @@ class ExceptionReporterFilterTests(ExceptionReportTestMixin, LoggingCaptureMixin
         (password, secret key, ...).
         """
         sensitive_settings = [
-            'SECRET_KEY',
-            'SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS',
-            'PASSWORD',
-            'API_KEY',
-            'AUTH_TOKEN',
+            "SECRET_KEY",
+            "SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS",
+            "PASSWORD",
+            "API_KEY",
+            "AUTH_TOKEN",
         ]
         for setting in sensitive_settings:
             with self.settings(DEBUG=True, **{setting: "should not be displayed"}):
-                response = self.client.get('/raises500/')
-                self.assertNotContains(response, 'should not be displayed', status_code=500)
+                response = self.client.get("/raises500/")
+                self.assertNotContains(
+                    response, "should not be displayed", status_code=500
+                )
 
     def test_settings_with_sensitive_keys(self):
         """
@@ -1472,53 +1583,55 @@ class ExceptionReporterFilterTests(ExceptionReportTestMixin, LoggingCaptureMixin
         dict settings.
         """
         sensitive_settings = [
-            'SECRET_KEY',
-            'SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS',
-            'PASSWORD',
-            'API_KEY',
-            'AUTH_TOKEN',
+            "SECRET_KEY",
+            "SECRET_KEY_FALLBACKS",
+            "PASSWORD",
+            "API_KEY",
+            "AUTH_TOKEN",
         ]
         for setting in sensitive_settings:
             FOOBAR = {
                 setting: "should not be displayed",
-                'recursive': {setting: "should not be displayed"},
+                "recursive": {setting: "should not be displayed"},
             }
             with self.settings(DEBUG=True, FOOBAR=FOOBAR):
-                response = self.client.get('/raises500/')
-                self.assertNotContains(response, 'should not be displayed', status_code=500)
+                response = self.client.get("/raises500/")
+                self.assertNotContains(
+                    response, "should not be displayed", status_code=500
+                )
 
     def test_cleanse_setting_basic(self):
         reporter_filter = SafeExceptionReporterFilter()
-        self.assertEqual(reporter_filter.cleanse_setting('TEST', 'TEST'), 'TEST')
+        self.assertEqual(reporter_filter.cleanse_setting("TEST", "TEST"), "TEST")
         self.assertEqual(
-            reporter_filter.cleanse_setting('PASSWORD', 'super_secret'),
+            reporter_filter.cleanse_setting("PASSWORD", "super_secret"),
             reporter_filter.cleansed_substitute,
         )
 
     def test_cleanse_setting_ignore_case(self):
         reporter_filter = SafeExceptionReporterFilter()
         self.assertEqual(
-            reporter_filter.cleanse_setting('password', 'super_secret'),
+            reporter_filter.cleanse_setting("password", "super_secret"),
             reporter_filter.cleansed_substitute,
         )
 
     def test_cleanse_setting_recurses_in_dictionary(self):
         reporter_filter = SafeExceptionReporterFilter()
-        initial = {'login': 'cooper', 'password': 'secret'}
+        initial = {"login": "cooper", "password": "secret"}
         self.assertEqual(
-            reporter_filter.cleanse_setting('SETTING_NAME', initial),
-            {'login': 'cooper', 'password': reporter_filter.cleansed_substitute},
+            reporter_filter.cleanse_setting("SETTING_NAME", initial),
+            {"login": "cooper", "password": reporter_filter.cleansed_substitute},
         )
 
     def test_cleanse_setting_recurses_in_dictionary_with_non_string_key(self):
         reporter_filter = SafeExceptionReporterFilter()
-        initial = {('localhost', 8000): {'login': 'cooper', 'password': 'secret'}}
+        initial = {("localhost", 8000): {"login": "cooper", "password": "secret"}}
         self.assertEqual(
-            reporter_filter.cleanse_setting('SETTING_NAME', initial),
+            reporter_filter.cleanse_setting("SETTING_NAME", initial),
             {
-                ('localhost', 8000): {
-                    'login': 'cooper',
-                    'password': reporter_filter.cleansed_substitute,
+                ("localhost", 8000): {
+                    "login": "cooper",
+                    "password": reporter_filter.cleansed_substitute,
                 },
             },
         )
@@ -1527,64 +1640,66 @@ class ExceptionReporterFilterTests(ExceptionReportTestMixin, LoggingCaptureMixin
         reporter_filter = SafeExceptionReporterFilter()
         initial = [
             {
-                'login': 'cooper',
-                'password': 'secret',
-                'apps': (
-                    {'name': 'app1', 'api_key': 'a06b-c462cffae87a'},
-                    {'name': 'app2', 'api_key': 'a9f4-f152e97ad808'},
+                "login": "cooper",
+                "password": "secret",
+                "apps": (
+                    {"name": "app1", "api_key": "a06b-c462cffae87a"},
+                    {"name": "app2", "api_key": "a9f4-f152e97ad808"},
                 ),
-                'tokens': ['98b37c57-ec62-4e39', '8690ef7d-8004-4916'],
+                "tokens": ["98b37c57-ec62-4e39", "8690ef7d-8004-4916"],
             },
-            {'SECRET_KEY': 'c4d77c62-6196-4f17-a06b-c462cffae87a'},
+            {"SECRET_KEY": "c4d77c62-6196-4f17-a06b-c462cffae87a"},
         ]
         cleansed = [
             {
-                'login': 'cooper',
-                'password': reporter_filter.cleansed_substitute,
-                'apps': (
-                    {'name': 'app1', 'api_key': reporter_filter.cleansed_substitute},
-                    {'name': 'app2', 'api_key': reporter_filter.cleansed_substitute},
+                "login": "cooper",
+                "password": reporter_filter.cleansed_substitute,
+                "apps": (
+                    {"name": "app1", "api_key": reporter_filter.cleansed_substitute},
+                    {"name": "app2", "api_key": reporter_filter.cleansed_substitute},
                 ),
-                'tokens': reporter_filter.cleansed_substitute,
+                "tokens": reporter_filter.cleansed_substitute,
             },
-            {'SECRET_KEY': reporter_filter.cleansed_substitute},
+            {"SECRET_KEY": reporter_filter.cleansed_substitute},
         ]
         self.assertEqual(
-            reporter_filter.cleanse_setting('SETTING_NAME', initial),
+            reporter_filter.cleanse_setting("SETTING_NAME", initial),
             cleansed,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            reporter_filter.cleanse_setting('SETTING_NAME', tuple(initial)),
+            reporter_filter.cleanse_setting("SETTING_NAME", tuple(initial)),
             tuple(cleansed),
         )
 
     def test_request_meta_filtering(self):
-        request = self.rf.get('/', HTTP_SECRET_HEADER='super_secret')
+        request = self.rf.get("/", HTTP_SECRET_HEADER="super_secret")
         reporter_filter = SafeExceptionReporterFilter()
         self.assertEqual(
-            reporter_filter.get_safe_request_meta(request)['HTTP_SECRET_HEADER'],
+            reporter_filter.get_safe_request_meta(request)["HTTP_SECRET_HEADER"],
             reporter_filter.cleansed_substitute,
         )
 
     def test_exception_report_uses_meta_filtering(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/raises500/', HTTP_SECRET_HEADER='super_secret')
-        self.assertNotIn(b'super_secret', response.content)
+        response = self.client.get("/raises500/", HTTP_SECRET_HEADER="super_secret")
+        self.assertNotIn(b"super_secret", response.content)
         response = self.client.get(
-            '/raises500/',
-            HTTP_SECRET_HEADER='super_secret',
-            HTTP_ACCEPT='application/json',
+            "/raises500/",
+            HTTP_SECRET_HEADER="super_secret",
+            HTTP_ACCEPT="application/json",
         )
-        self.assertNotIn(b'super_secret', response.content)
+        self.assertNotIn(b"super_secret", response.content)
 
 
 class CustomExceptionReporterFilter(SafeExceptionReporterFilter):
-    cleansed_substitute = 'XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX'
-    hidden_settings = _lazy_re_compile('API|TOKEN|KEY|SECRET|PASS|SIGNATURE|DATABASE_URL', flags=re.I)
+    cleansed_substitute = "XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"
+    hidden_settings = _lazy_re_compile(
+        "API|TOKEN|KEY|SECRET|PASS|SIGNATURE|DATABASE_URL", flags=re.I
+    )
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    ROOT_URLCONF='view_tests.urls',
-    DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER_FILTER='%s.CustomExceptionReporterFilter' % __name__,
+    ROOT_URLCONF="view_tests.urls",
+    DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER_FILTER="%s.CustomExceptionReporterFilter" % __name__,
 )
 class CustomExceptionReporterFilterTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
@@ -1602,19 +1717,21 @@ class CustomExceptionReporterFilterTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_cleansed_substitute_override(self):
         reporter_filter = get_default_exception_reporter_filter()
         self.assertEqual(
-            reporter_filter.cleanse_setting('password', 'super_secret'),
+            reporter_filter.cleanse_setting("password", "super_secret"),
             reporter_filter.cleansed_substitute,
         )
 
     def test_hidden_settings_override(self):
         reporter_filter = get_default_exception_reporter_filter()
         self.assertEqual(
-            reporter_filter.cleanse_setting('database_url', 'super_secret'),
+            reporter_filter.cleanse_setting("database_url", "super_secret"),
             reporter_filter.cleansed_substitute,
         )
 
 
-class NonHTMLResponseExceptionReporterFilter(ExceptionReportTestMixin, LoggingCaptureMixin, SimpleTestCase):
+class NonHTMLResponseExceptionReporterFilter(
+    ExceptionReportTestMixin, LoggingCaptureMixin, SimpleTestCase
+):
     """
     Sensitive information can be filtered out of error reports.
 
@@ -1624,7 +1741,8 @@ class NonHTMLResponseExceptionReporterFilter(ExceptionReportTestMixin, LoggingCa
     response content because they're not included in these error pages.
     Refs #14614.
     """
-    rf = RequestFactory(HTTP_ACCEPT='application/json')
+
+    rf = RequestFactory(HTTP_ACCEPT="application/json")
 
     def test_non_sensitive_request(self):
         """
@@ -1665,35 +1783,41 @@ class NonHTMLResponseExceptionReporterFilter(ExceptionReportTestMixin, LoggingCa
         the request to bypass the one set in DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER_FILTER.
         """
         with self.settings(DEBUG=True):
-            self.verify_unsafe_response(custom_exception_reporter_filter_view, check_for_vars=False)
+            self.verify_unsafe_response(
+                custom_exception_reporter_filter_view, check_for_vars=False
+            )
 
         with self.settings(DEBUG=False):
-            self.verify_unsafe_response(custom_exception_reporter_filter_view, check_for_vars=False)
+            self.verify_unsafe_response(
+                custom_exception_reporter_filter_view, check_for_vars=False
+            )
 
-    @override_settings(DEBUG=True, ROOT_URLCONF='view_tests.urls')
+    @override_settings(DEBUG=True, ROOT_URLCONF="view_tests.urls")
     def test_non_html_response_encoding(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/raises500/', HTTP_ACCEPT='application/json')
-        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Content-Type'], 'text/plain; charset=utf-8')
+        response = self.client.get("/raises500/", HTTP_ACCEPT="application/json")
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["Content-Type"], "text/plain; charset=utf-8")
 
 
 class DecoratorsTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_sensitive_variables_not_called(self):
         msg = (
-            'sensitive_variables() must be called to use it as a decorator, '
-            'e.g., use @sensitive_variables(), not @sensitive_variables.'
+            "sensitive_variables() must be called to use it as a decorator, "
+            "e.g., use @sensitive_variables(), not @sensitive_variables."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
+
             @sensitive_variables
             def test_func(password):
                 pass
 
     def test_sensitive_post_parameters_not_called(self):
         msg = (
-            'sensitive_post_parameters() must be called to use it as a '
-            'decorator, e.g., use @sensitive_post_parameters(), not '
-            '@sensitive_post_parameters.'
+            "sensitive_post_parameters() must be called to use it as a "
+            "decorator, e.g., use @sensitive_post_parameters(), not "
+            "@sensitive_post_parameters."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(TypeError, msg):
+
             @sensitive_post_parameters
             def test_func(request):
                 return index_page(request)
diff --git a/tests/view_tests/tests/test_defaults.py b/tests/view_tests/tests/test_defaults.py
index 94255e517c..0c4fc7c7da 100644
--- a/tests/view_tests/tests/test_defaults.py
+++ b/tests/view_tests/tests/test_defaults.py
@@ -6,63 +6,82 @@ from django.template import TemplateDoesNotExist
 from django.test import RequestFactory, TestCase
 from django.test.utils import override_settings
 from django.views.defaults import (
-    bad_request, page_not_found, permission_denied, server_error,
+    bad_request,
+    page_not_found,
+    permission_denied,
+    server_error,
 )
 
 from ..models import Article, Author, UrlArticle
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='view_tests.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="view_tests.urls")
 class DefaultsTests(TestCase):
     """Test django views in django/views/defaults.py"""
+
     nonexistent_urls = [
-        '/nonexistent_url/',  # this is in urls.py
-        '/other_nonexistent_url/',  # this NOT in urls.py
+        "/nonexistent_url/",  # this is in urls.py
+        "/other_nonexistent_url/",  # this NOT in urls.py
     ]
     request_factory = RequestFactory()
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        author = Author.objects.create(name='Boris')
+        author = Author.objects.create(name="Boris")
         Article.objects.create(
-            title='Old Article', slug='old_article', author=author,
-            date_created=datetime.datetime(2001, 1, 1, 21, 22, 23)
+            title="Old Article",
+            slug="old_article",
+            author=author,
+            date_created=datetime.datetime(2001, 1, 1, 21, 22, 23),
         )
         Article.objects.create(
-            title='Current Article', slug='current_article', author=author,
-            date_created=datetime.datetime(2007, 9, 17, 21, 22, 23)
+            title="Current Article",
+            slug="current_article",
+            author=author,
+            date_created=datetime.datetime(2007, 9, 17, 21, 22, 23),
         )
         Article.objects.create(
-            title='Future Article', slug='future_article', author=author,
-            date_created=datetime.datetime(3000, 1, 1, 21, 22, 23)
+            title="Future Article",
+            slug="future_article",
+            author=author,
+            date_created=datetime.datetime(3000, 1, 1, 21, 22, 23),
         )
         cls.urlarticle = UrlArticle.objects.create(
-            title='Old Article', slug='old_article', author=author,
-            date_created=datetime.datetime(2001, 1, 1, 21, 22, 23)
+            title="Old Article",
+            slug="old_article",
+            author=author,
+            date_created=datetime.datetime(2001, 1, 1, 21, 22, 23),
         )
-        Site(id=1, domain='testserver', name='testserver').save()
+        Site(id=1, domain="testserver", name="testserver").save()
 
     def test_page_not_found(self):
         "A 404 status is returned by the page_not_found view"
         for url in self.nonexistent_urls:
             response = self.client.get(url)
             self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
-        self.assertIn(b'<h1>Not Found</h1>', response.content)
+        self.assertIn(b"<h1>Not Found</h1>", response.content)
         self.assertIn(
-            b'<p>The requested resource was not found on this server.</p>',
+            b"<p>The requested resource was not found on this server.</p>",
             response.content,
         )
 
-    @override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'OPTIONS': {
-            'loaders': [
-                ('django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader', {
-                    '404.html': '{{ csrf_token }}',
-                }),
-            ],
-        },
-    }])
+    @override_settings(
+        TEMPLATES=[
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                "OPTIONS": {
+                    "loaders": [
+                        (
+                            "django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader",
+                            {
+                                "404.html": "{{ csrf_token }}",
+                            },
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                },
+            }
+        ]
+    )
     def test_csrf_token_in_404(self):
         """
         The 404 page should have the csrf_token available in the context
@@ -70,81 +89,94 @@ class DefaultsTests(TestCase):
         # See ticket #14565
         for url in self.nonexistent_urls:
             response = self.client.get(url)
-            self.assertNotEqual(response.content, b'NOTPROVIDED')
-            self.assertNotEqual(response.content, b'')
+            self.assertNotEqual(response.content, b"NOTPROVIDED")
+            self.assertNotEqual(response.content, b"")
 
     def test_server_error(self):
         "The server_error view raises a 500 status"
-        response = self.client.get('/server_error/')
-        self.assertContains(response, b'<h1>Server Error (500)</h1>', status_code=500)
+        response = self.client.get("/server_error/")
+        self.assertContains(response, b"<h1>Server Error (500)</h1>", status_code=500)
 
     def test_bad_request(self):
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         response = bad_request(request, Exception())
-        self.assertContains(response, b'<h1>Bad Request (400)</h1>', status_code=400)
+        self.assertContains(response, b"<h1>Bad Request (400)</h1>", status_code=400)
 
-    @override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'OPTIONS': {
-            'loaders': [
-                ('django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader', {
-                    '404.html': 'This is a test template for a 404 error '
-                                '(path: {{ request_path }}, exception: {{ exception }}).',
-                    '500.html': 'This is a test template for a 500 error.',
-                }),
-            ],
-        },
-    }])
+    @override_settings(
+        TEMPLATES=[
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                "OPTIONS": {
+                    "loaders": [
+                        (
+                            "django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader",
+                            {
+                                "404.html": "This is a test template for a 404 error "
+                                "(path: {{ request_path }}, exception: {{ exception }}).",
+                                "500.html": "This is a test template for a 500 error.",
+                            },
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                },
+            }
+        ]
+    )
     def test_custom_templates(self):
         """
         404.html and 500.html templates are picked by their respective handler.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/server_error/')
+        response = self.client.get("/server_error/")
         self.assertContains(response, "test template for a 500 error", status_code=500)
-        response = self.client.get('/no_such_url/')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'path: /no_such_url/', status_code=404)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'exception: Resolver404', status_code=404)
-        response = self.client.get('/technical404/')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'exception: Testing technical 404.', status_code=404)
+        response = self.client.get("/no_such_url/")
+        self.assertContains(response, "path: /no_such_url/", status_code=404)
+        self.assertContains(response, "exception: Resolver404", status_code=404)
+        response = self.client.get("/technical404/")
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "exception: Testing technical 404.", status_code=404
+        )
 
     def test_get_absolute_url_attributes(self):
         "A model can set attributes on the get_absolute_url method"
-        self.assertTrue(getattr(UrlArticle.get_absolute_url, 'purge', False),
-                        'The attributes of the original get_absolute_url must be added.')
+        self.assertTrue(
+            getattr(UrlArticle.get_absolute_url, "purge", False),
+            "The attributes of the original get_absolute_url must be added.",
+        )
         article = UrlArticle.objects.get(pk=self.urlarticle.pk)
-        self.assertTrue(getattr(article.get_absolute_url, 'purge', False),
-                        'The attributes of the original get_absolute_url must be added.')
+        self.assertTrue(
+            getattr(article.get_absolute_url, "purge", False),
+            "The attributes of the original get_absolute_url must be added.",
+        )
 
     def test_custom_templates_wrong(self):
         """
         Default error views should raise TemplateDoesNotExist when passed a
         template that doesn't exist.
         """
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
 
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateDoesNotExist):
-            bad_request(request, Exception(), template_name='nonexistent')
+            bad_request(request, Exception(), template_name="nonexistent")
 
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateDoesNotExist):
-            permission_denied(request, Exception(), template_name='nonexistent')
+            permission_denied(request, Exception(), template_name="nonexistent")
 
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateDoesNotExist):
-            page_not_found(request, Http404(), template_name='nonexistent')
+            page_not_found(request, Http404(), template_name="nonexistent")
 
         with self.assertRaises(TemplateDoesNotExist):
-            server_error(request, template_name='nonexistent')
+            server_error(request, template_name="nonexistent")
 
     def test_error_pages(self):
-        request = self.request_factory.get('/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get("/")
         for response, title in (
-            (bad_request(request, Exception()), b'Bad Request (400)'),
-            (permission_denied(request, Exception()), b'403 Forbidden'),
-            (page_not_found(request, Http404()), b'Not Found'),
-            (server_error(request), b'Server Error (500)'),
+            (bad_request(request, Exception()), b"Bad Request (400)"),
+            (permission_denied(request, Exception()), b"403 Forbidden"),
+            (page_not_found(request, Http404()), b"Not Found"),
+            (server_error(request), b"Server Error (500)"),
         ):
             with self.subTest(title=title):
-                self.assertIn(b'<!doctype html>', response.content)
+                self.assertIn(b"<!doctype html>", response.content)
                 self.assertIn(b'<html lang="en">', response.content)
-                self.assertIn(b'<head>', response.content)
-                self.assertIn(b'<title>%s</title>' % title, response.content)
-                self.assertIn(b'<body>', response.content)
+                self.assertIn(b"<head>", response.content)
+                self.assertIn(b"<title>%s</title>" % title, response.content)
+                self.assertIn(b"<body>", response.content)
diff --git a/tests/view_tests/tests/test_i18n.py b/tests/view_tests/tests/test_i18n.py
index 26a415ec48..6c8e0f8c91 100644
--- a/tests/view_tests/tests/test_i18n.py
+++ b/tests/view_tests/tests/test_i18n.py
@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@ from os import path
 
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.test import (
-    RequestFactory, SimpleTestCase, TestCase, modify_settings,
+    RequestFactory,
+    SimpleTestCase,
+    TestCase,
+    modify_settings,
     override_settings,
 )
 from django.test.selenium import SeleniumTestCase
@@ -15,14 +18,16 @@ from django.views.i18n import JavaScriptCatalog, get_formats
 from ..urls import locale_dir
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='view_tests.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="view_tests.urls")
 class SetLanguageTests(TestCase):
     """Test the django.views.i18n.set_language view."""
 
     def _get_inactive_language_code(self):
         """Return language code for a language which is not activated."""
         current_language = get_language()
-        return [code for code, name in settings.LANGUAGES if code != current_language][0]
+        return [code for code, name in settings.LANGUAGES if code != current_language][
+            0
+        ]
 
     def test_setlang(self):
         """
@@ -31,18 +36,20 @@ class SetLanguageTests(TestCase):
         The user is redirected to the 'next' argument if provided.
         """
         lang_code = self._get_inactive_language_code()
-        post_data = {'language': lang_code, 'next': '/'}
-        response = self.client.post('/i18n/setlang/', post_data, HTTP_REFERER='/i_should_not_be_used/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/')
+        post_data = {"language": lang_code, "next": "/"}
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/i18n/setlang/", post_data, HTTP_REFERER="/i_should_not_be_used/"
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/")
         # The language is set in a cookie.
         language_cookie = self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME]
         self.assertEqual(language_cookie.value, lang_code)
-        self.assertEqual(language_cookie['domain'], '')
-        self.assertEqual(language_cookie['path'], '/')
-        self.assertEqual(language_cookie['max-age'], '')
-        self.assertEqual(language_cookie['httponly'], '')
-        self.assertEqual(language_cookie['samesite'], '')
-        self.assertEqual(language_cookie['secure'], '')
+        self.assertEqual(language_cookie["domain"], "")
+        self.assertEqual(language_cookie["path"], "/")
+        self.assertEqual(language_cookie["max-age"], "")
+        self.assertEqual(language_cookie["httponly"], "")
+        self.assertEqual(language_cookie["samesite"], "")
+        self.assertEqual(language_cookie["secure"], "")
 
     def test_setlang_unsafe_next(self):
         """
@@ -50,10 +57,12 @@ class SetLanguageTests(TestCase):
         "safe".
         """
         lang_code = self._get_inactive_language_code()
-        post_data = {'language': lang_code, 'next': '//unsafe/redirection/'}
-        response = self.client.post('/i18n/setlang/', data=post_data)
-        self.assertEqual(response.url, '/')
-        self.assertEqual(self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, lang_code)
+        post_data = {"language": lang_code, "next": "//unsafe/redirection/"}
+        response = self.client.post("/i18n/setlang/", data=post_data)
+        self.assertEqual(response.url, "/")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, lang_code
+        )
 
     def test_setlang_http_next(self):
         """
@@ -61,16 +70,22 @@ class SetLanguageTests(TestCase):
         "safe" and its scheme is HTTPS if the request was sent over HTTPS.
         """
         lang_code = self._get_inactive_language_code()
-        non_https_next_url = 'http://testserver/redirection/'
-        post_data = {'language': lang_code, 'next': non_https_next_url}
+        non_https_next_url = "http://testserver/redirection/"
+        post_data = {"language": lang_code, "next": non_https_next_url}
         # Insecure URL in POST data.
-        response = self.client.post('/i18n/setlang/', data=post_data, secure=True)
-        self.assertEqual(response.url, '/')
-        self.assertEqual(self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, lang_code)
+        response = self.client.post("/i18n/setlang/", data=post_data, secure=True)
+        self.assertEqual(response.url, "/")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, lang_code
+        )
         # Insecure URL in HTTP referer.
-        response = self.client.post('/i18n/setlang/', secure=True, HTTP_REFERER=non_https_next_url)
-        self.assertEqual(response.url, '/')
-        self.assertEqual(self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, lang_code)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/i18n/setlang/", secure=True, HTTP_REFERER=non_https_next_url
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(response.url, "/")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, lang_code
+        )
 
     def test_setlang_redirect_to_referer(self):
         """
@@ -78,10 +93,12 @@ class SetLanguageTests(TestCase):
         there isn't a "next" parameter.
         """
         lang_code = self._get_inactive_language_code()
-        post_data = {'language': lang_code}
-        response = self.client.post('/i18n/setlang/', post_data, HTTP_REFERER='/i18n/')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/i18n/', fetch_redirect_response=False)
-        self.assertEqual(self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, lang_code)
+        post_data = {"language": lang_code}
+        response = self.client.post("/i18n/setlang/", post_data, HTTP_REFERER="/i18n/")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/i18n/", fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, lang_code
+        )
 
     def test_setlang_default_redirect(self):
         """
@@ -89,10 +106,12 @@ class SetLanguageTests(TestCase):
         "next" parameter.
         """
         lang_code = self._get_inactive_language_code()
-        post_data = {'language': lang_code}
-        response = self.client.post('/i18n/setlang/', post_data)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/')
-        self.assertEqual(self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, lang_code)
+        post_data = {"language": lang_code}
+        response = self.client.post("/i18n/setlang/", post_data)
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, lang_code
+        )
 
     def test_setlang_performs_redirect_for_ajax_if_explicitly_requested(self):
         """
@@ -100,10 +119,14 @@ class SetLanguageTests(TestCase):
         not accepting HTML response content.
         """
         lang_code = self._get_inactive_language_code()
-        post_data = {'language': lang_code, 'next': '/'}
-        response = self.client.post('/i18n/setlang/', post_data, HTTP_ACCEPT='application/json')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/')
-        self.assertEqual(self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, lang_code)
+        post_data = {"language": lang_code, "next": "/"}
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/i18n/setlang/", post_data, HTTP_ACCEPT="application/json"
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, lang_code
+        )
 
     def test_setlang_doesnt_perform_a_redirect_to_referer_for_ajax(self):
         """
@@ -111,11 +134,13 @@ class SetLanguageTests(TestCase):
         the request doesn't accept HTML response content.
         """
         lang_code = self._get_inactive_language_code()
-        post_data = {'language': lang_code}
-        headers = {'HTTP_REFERER': '/', 'HTTP_ACCEPT': 'application/json'}
-        response = self.client.post('/i18n/setlang/', post_data, **headers)
+        post_data = {"language": lang_code}
+        headers = {"HTTP_REFERER": "/", "HTTP_ACCEPT": "application/json"}
+        response = self.client.post("/i18n/setlang/", post_data, **headers)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 204)
-        self.assertEqual(self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, lang_code)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, lang_code
+        )
 
     def test_setlang_doesnt_perform_a_default_redirect_for_ajax(self):
         """
@@ -123,10 +148,14 @@ class SetLanguageTests(TestCase):
         HTML response content.
         """
         lang_code = self._get_inactive_language_code()
-        post_data = {'language': lang_code}
-        response = self.client.post('/i18n/setlang/', post_data, HTTP_ACCEPT='application/json')
+        post_data = {"language": lang_code}
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/i18n/setlang/", post_data, HTTP_ACCEPT="application/json"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 204)
-        self.assertEqual(self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, lang_code)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, lang_code
+        )
 
     def test_setlang_unsafe_next_for_ajax(self):
         """
@@ -134,38 +163,42 @@ class SetLanguageTests(TestCase):
         not accepting HTML response content.
         """
         lang_code = self._get_inactive_language_code()
-        post_data = {'language': lang_code, 'next': '//unsafe/redirection/'}
-        response = self.client.post('/i18n/setlang/', post_data, HTTP_ACCEPT='application/json')
-        self.assertEqual(response.url, '/')
-        self.assertEqual(self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, lang_code)
+        post_data = {"language": lang_code, "next": "//unsafe/redirection/"}
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/i18n/setlang/", post_data, HTTP_ACCEPT="application/json"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(response.url, "/")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, lang_code
+        )
 
     def test_setlang_reversal(self):
-        self.assertEqual(reverse('set_language'), '/i18n/setlang/')
+        self.assertEqual(reverse("set_language"), "/i18n/setlang/")
 
     def test_setlang_cookie(self):
         # we force saving language to a cookie rather than a session
         # by excluding session middleware and those which do require it
         test_settings = {
-            'MIDDLEWARE': ['django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware'],
-            'LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME': 'mylanguage',
-            'LANGUAGE_COOKIE_AGE': 3600 * 7 * 2,
-            'LANGUAGE_COOKIE_DOMAIN': '.example.com',
-            'LANGUAGE_COOKIE_PATH': '/test/',
-            'LANGUAGE_COOKIE_HTTPONLY': True,
-            'LANGUAGE_COOKIE_SAMESITE': 'Strict',
-            'LANGUAGE_COOKIE_SECURE': True,
+            "MIDDLEWARE": ["django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware"],
+            "LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME": "mylanguage",
+            "LANGUAGE_COOKIE_AGE": 3600 * 7 * 2,
+            "LANGUAGE_COOKIE_DOMAIN": ".example.com",
+            "LANGUAGE_COOKIE_PATH": "/test/",
+            "LANGUAGE_COOKIE_HTTPONLY": True,
+            "LANGUAGE_COOKIE_SAMESITE": "Strict",
+            "LANGUAGE_COOKIE_SECURE": True,
         }
         with self.settings(**test_settings):
-            post_data = {'language': 'pl', 'next': '/views/'}
-            response = self.client.post('/i18n/setlang/', data=post_data)
-            language_cookie = response.cookies.get('mylanguage')
-            self.assertEqual(language_cookie.value, 'pl')
-            self.assertEqual(language_cookie['domain'], '.example.com')
-            self.assertEqual(language_cookie['path'], '/test/')
-            self.assertEqual(language_cookie['max-age'], 3600 * 7 * 2)
-            self.assertIs(language_cookie['httponly'], True)
-            self.assertEqual(language_cookie['samesite'], 'Strict')
-            self.assertIs(language_cookie['secure'], True)
+            post_data = {"language": "pl", "next": "/views/"}
+            response = self.client.post("/i18n/setlang/", data=post_data)
+            language_cookie = response.cookies.get("mylanguage")
+            self.assertEqual(language_cookie.value, "pl")
+            self.assertEqual(language_cookie["domain"], ".example.com")
+            self.assertEqual(language_cookie["path"], "/test/")
+            self.assertEqual(language_cookie["max-age"], 3600 * 7 * 2)
+            self.assertIs(language_cookie["httponly"], True)
+            self.assertEqual(language_cookie["samesite"], "Strict")
+            self.assertIs(language_cookie["secure"], True)
 
     def test_setlang_decodes_http_referer_url(self):
         """
@@ -173,81 +206,104 @@ class SetLanguageTests(TestCase):
         encoded query string.
         """
         # The URL & view must exist for this to work as a regression test.
-        self.assertEqual(reverse('with_parameter', kwargs={'parameter': 'x'}), '/test-setlang/x/')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            reverse("with_parameter", kwargs={"parameter": "x"}), "/test-setlang/x/"
+        )
         lang_code = self._get_inactive_language_code()
         # %C3%A4 decodes to ä, %26 to &.
-        encoded_url = '/test-setlang/%C3%A4/?foo=bar&baz=alpha%26omega'
-        response = self.client.post('/i18n/setlang/', {'language': lang_code}, HTTP_REFERER=encoded_url)
+        encoded_url = "/test-setlang/%C3%A4/?foo=bar&baz=alpha%26omega"
+        response = self.client.post(
+            "/i18n/setlang/", {"language": lang_code}, HTTP_REFERER=encoded_url
+        )
         self.assertRedirects(response, encoded_url, fetch_redirect_response=False)
-        self.assertEqual(self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, lang_code)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, lang_code
+        )
 
-    @modify_settings(MIDDLEWARE={
-        'append': 'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware',
-    })
+    @modify_settings(
+        MIDDLEWARE={
+            "append": "django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware",
+        }
+    )
     def test_lang_from_translated_i18n_pattern(self):
         response = self.client.post(
-            '/i18n/setlang/', data={'language': 'nl'},
-            follow=True, HTTP_REFERER='/en/translated/'
+            "/i18n/setlang/",
+            data={"language": "nl"},
+            follow=True,
+            HTTP_REFERER="/en/translated/",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, 'nl')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/nl/vertaald/')
+        self.assertEqual(self.client.cookies[settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME].value, "nl")
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/nl/vertaald/")
         # And reverse
         response = self.client.post(
-            '/i18n/setlang/', data={'language': 'en'},
-            follow=True, HTTP_REFERER='/nl/vertaald/'
+            "/i18n/setlang/",
+            data={"language": "en"},
+            follow=True,
+            HTTP_REFERER="/nl/vertaald/",
         )
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/en/translated/')
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "/en/translated/")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='view_tests.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="view_tests.urls")
 class I18NViewTests(SimpleTestCase):
     """Test django.views.i18n views other than set_language."""
-    @override_settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='de')
+
+    @override_settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="de")
     def test_get_formats(self):
         formats = get_formats()
         # Test 3 possible types in get_formats: integer, string, and list.
-        self.assertEqual(formats['FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK'], 1)
-        self.assertEqual(formats['DECIMAL_SEPARATOR'], ',')
-        self.assertEqual(formats['TIME_INPUT_FORMATS'], ['%H:%M:%S', '%H:%M:%S.%f', '%H:%M'])
+        self.assertEqual(formats["FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK"], 1)
+        self.assertEqual(formats["DECIMAL_SEPARATOR"], ",")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            formats["TIME_INPUT_FORMATS"], ["%H:%M:%S", "%H:%M:%S.%f", "%H:%M"]
+        )
 
     def test_jsi18n(self):
         """The javascript_catalog can be deployed with language settings"""
-        for lang_code in ['es', 'fr', 'ru']:
+        for lang_code in ["es", "fr", "ru"]:
             with override(lang_code):
-                catalog = gettext.translation('djangojs', locale_dir, [lang_code])
-                trans_txt = catalog.gettext('this is to be translated')
-                response = self.client.get('/jsi18n/')
-                self.assertEqual(response.headers['Content-Type'], 'text/javascript; charset="utf-8"')
+                catalog = gettext.translation("djangojs", locale_dir, [lang_code])
+                trans_txt = catalog.gettext("this is to be translated")
+                response = self.client.get("/jsi18n/")
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    response.headers["Content-Type"], 'text/javascript; charset="utf-8"'
+                )
                 # response content must include a line like:
                 # "this is to be translated": <value of trans_txt Python variable>
                 # json.dumps() is used to be able to check Unicode strings.
                 self.assertContains(response, json.dumps(trans_txt), 1)
-                if lang_code == 'fr':
+                if lang_code == "fr":
                     # Message with context (msgctxt)
                     self.assertContains(response, '"month name\\u0004May": "mai"', 1)
 
     @override_settings(USE_I18N=False)
     def test_jsi18n_USE_I18N_False(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/jsi18n/')
+        response = self.client.get("/jsi18n/")
         # default plural function
-        self.assertContains(response, 'django.pluralidx = function(count) { return (count == 1) ? 0 : 1; };')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'var newcatalog =')
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            "django.pluralidx = function(count) { return (count == 1) ? 0 : 1; };",
+        )
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "var newcatalog =")
 
     def test_jsoni18n(self):
         """
         The json_catalog returns the language catalog and settings as JSON.
         """
-        with override('de'):
-            response = self.client.get('/jsoni18n/')
+        with override("de"):
+            response = self.client.get("/jsoni18n/")
             data = json.loads(response.content.decode())
-            self.assertIn('catalog', data)
-            self.assertIn('formats', data)
-            self.assertEqual(data['formats']['TIME_INPUT_FORMATS'], ['%H:%M:%S', '%H:%M:%S.%f', '%H:%M'])
-            self.assertEqual(data['formats']['FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK'], 1)
-            self.assertIn('plural', data)
-            self.assertEqual(data['catalog']['month name\x04May'], 'Mai')
-            self.assertIn('DATETIME_FORMAT', data['formats'])
-            self.assertEqual(data['plural'], '(n != 1)')
+            self.assertIn("catalog", data)
+            self.assertIn("formats", data)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                data["formats"]["TIME_INPUT_FORMATS"],
+                ["%H:%M:%S", "%H:%M:%S.%f", "%H:%M"],
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(data["formats"]["FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK"], 1)
+            self.assertIn("plural", data)
+            self.assertEqual(data["catalog"]["month name\x04May"], "Mai")
+            self.assertIn("DATETIME_FORMAT", data["formats"])
+            self.assertEqual(data["plural"], "(n != 1)")
 
     def test_jsi18n_with_missing_en_files(self):
         """
@@ -259,33 +315,33 @@ class I18NViewTests(SimpleTestCase):
         languages and you've set settings.LANGUAGE_CODE to some other language
         than English.
         """
-        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='es'), override('en-us'):
-            response = self.client.get('/jsi18n/')
-            self.assertNotContains(response, 'esto tiene que ser traducido')
+        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="es"), override("en-us"):
+            response = self.client.get("/jsi18n/")
+            self.assertNotContains(response, "esto tiene que ser traducido")
 
     def test_jsoni18n_with_missing_en_files(self):
         """
         Same as above for the json_catalog view. Here we also check for the
         expected JSON format.
         """
-        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='es'), override('en-us'):
-            response = self.client.get('/jsoni18n/')
+        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="es"), override("en-us"):
+            response = self.client.get("/jsoni18n/")
             data = json.loads(response.content.decode())
-            self.assertIn('catalog', data)
-            self.assertIn('formats', data)
-            self.assertIn('plural', data)
-            self.assertEqual(data['catalog'], {})
-            self.assertIn('DATETIME_FORMAT', data['formats'])
-            self.assertIsNone(data['plural'])
+            self.assertIn("catalog", data)
+            self.assertIn("formats", data)
+            self.assertIn("plural", data)
+            self.assertEqual(data["catalog"], {})
+            self.assertIn("DATETIME_FORMAT", data["formats"])
+            self.assertIsNone(data["plural"])
 
     def test_jsi18n_fallback_language(self):
         """
         Let's make sure that the fallback language is still working properly
         in cases where the selected language cannot be found.
         """
-        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='fr'), override('fi'):
-            response = self.client.get('/jsi18n/')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'il faut le traduire')
+        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="fr"), override("fi"):
+            response = self.client.get("/jsi18n/")
+            self.assertContains(response, "il faut le traduire")
             self.assertNotContains(response, "Untranslated string")
 
     def test_i18n_fallback_language_plural(self):
@@ -293,33 +349,33 @@ class I18NViewTests(SimpleTestCase):
         The fallback to a language with less plural forms maintains the real
         language's number of plural forms and correct translations.
         """
-        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='pt'), override('ru'):
-            response = self.client.get('/jsi18n/')
+        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="pt"), override("ru"):
+            response = self.client.get("/jsi18n/")
             self.assertEqual(
-                response.context['catalog']['{count} plural3'],
-                ['{count} plural3 p3', '{count} plural3 p3s', '{count} plural3 p3t']
+                response.context["catalog"]["{count} plural3"],
+                ["{count} plural3 p3", "{count} plural3 p3s", "{count} plural3 p3t"],
             )
             self.assertEqual(
-                response.context['catalog']['{count} plural2'],
-                ['{count} plural2', '{count} plural2s', '']
+                response.context["catalog"]["{count} plural2"],
+                ["{count} plural2", "{count} plural2s", ""],
             )
-        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='ru'), override('pt'):
-            response = self.client.get('/jsi18n/')
+        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="ru"), override("pt"):
+            response = self.client.get("/jsi18n/")
             self.assertEqual(
-                response.context['catalog']['{count} plural3'],
-                ['{count} plural3', '{count} plural3s']
+                response.context["catalog"]["{count} plural3"],
+                ["{count} plural3", "{count} plural3s"],
             )
             self.assertEqual(
-                response.context['catalog']['{count} plural2'],
-                ['{count} plural2', '{count} plural2s']
+                response.context["catalog"]["{count} plural2"],
+                ["{count} plural2", "{count} plural2s"],
             )
 
     def test_i18n_english_variant(self):
-        with override('en-gb'):
-            response = self.client.get('/jsi18n/')
+        with override("en-gb"):
+            response = self.client.get("/jsi18n/")
             self.assertIn(
                 '"this color is to be translated": "this colour is to be translated"',
-                response.context['catalog_str']
+                response.context["catalog_str"],
             )
 
     def test_i18n_language_non_english_default(self):
@@ -329,46 +385,46 @@ class I18NViewTests(SimpleTestCase):
         is English and there is not 'en' translation available. See #13388,
         #3594 and #13726 for more details.
         """
-        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='fr'), override('en-us'):
-            response = self.client.get('/jsi18n/')
-            self.assertNotContains(response, 'Choisir une heure')
+        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="fr"), override("en-us"):
+            response = self.client.get("/jsi18n/")
+            self.assertNotContains(response, "Choisir une heure")
 
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': 'view_tests.app0'})
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": "view_tests.app0"})
     def test_non_english_default_english_userpref(self):
         """
         Same as above with the difference that there IS an 'en' translation
         available. The JavaScript i18n view must return a NON empty language catalog
         with the proper English translations. See #13726 for more details.
         """
-        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='fr'), override('en-us'):
-            response = self.client.get('/jsi18n_english_translation/')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'this app0 string is to be translated')
+        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="fr"), override("en-us"):
+            response = self.client.get("/jsi18n_english_translation/")
+            self.assertContains(response, "this app0 string is to be translated")
 
     def test_i18n_language_non_english_fallback(self):
         """
         Makes sure that the fallback language is still working properly
         in cases where the selected language cannot be found.
         """
-        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='fr'), override('none'):
-            response = self.client.get('/jsi18n/')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'Choisir une heure')
+        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="fr"), override("none"):
+            response = self.client.get("/jsi18n/")
+            self.assertContains(response, "Choisir une heure")
 
     def test_escaping(self):
         # Force a language via GET otherwise the gettext functions are a noop!
-        response = self.client.get('/jsi18n_admin/?language=de')
-        self.assertContains(response, '\\x04')
+        response = self.client.get("/jsi18n_admin/?language=de")
+        self.assertContains(response, "\\x04")
 
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': ['view_tests.app5']})
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": ["view_tests.app5"]})
     def test_non_BMP_char(self):
         """
         Non-BMP characters should not break the javascript_catalog (#21725).
         """
-        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='en-us'), override('fr'):
-            response = self.client.get('/jsi18n/app5/')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'emoji')
-            self.assertContains(response, '\\ud83d\\udca9')
+        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="en-us"), override("fr"):
+            response = self.client.get("/jsi18n/app5/")
+            self.assertContains(response, "emoji")
+            self.assertContains(response, "\\ud83d\\udca9")
 
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': ['view_tests.app1', 'view_tests.app2']})
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": ["view_tests.app1", "view_tests.app2"]})
     def test_i18n_language_english_default(self):
         """
         Check if the JavaScript i18n view returns a complete language catalog
@@ -377,69 +433,74 @@ class I18NViewTests(SimpleTestCase):
         translations of multiple Python packages is requested. See #13388,
         #3594 and #13514 for more details.
         """
-        base_trans_string = 'il faut traduire cette cha\\u00eene de caract\\u00e8res de '
-        app1_trans_string = base_trans_string + 'app1'
-        app2_trans_string = base_trans_string + 'app2'
-        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='en-us'), override('fr'):
-            response = self.client.get('/jsi18n_multi_packages1/')
+        base_trans_string = (
+            "il faut traduire cette cha\\u00eene de caract\\u00e8res de "
+        )
+        app1_trans_string = base_trans_string + "app1"
+        app2_trans_string = base_trans_string + "app2"
+        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="en-us"), override("fr"):
+            response = self.client.get("/jsi18n_multi_packages1/")
             self.assertContains(response, app1_trans_string)
             self.assertContains(response, app2_trans_string)
 
-            response = self.client.get('/jsi18n/app1/')
+            response = self.client.get("/jsi18n/app1/")
             self.assertContains(response, app1_trans_string)
             self.assertNotContains(response, app2_trans_string)
 
-            response = self.client.get('/jsi18n/app2/')
+            response = self.client.get("/jsi18n/app2/")
             self.assertNotContains(response, app1_trans_string)
             self.assertContains(response, app2_trans_string)
 
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': ['view_tests.app3', 'view_tests.app4']})
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": ["view_tests.app3", "view_tests.app4"]})
     def test_i18n_different_non_english_languages(self):
         """
         Similar to above but with neither default or requested language being
         English.
         """
-        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='fr'), override('es-ar'):
-            response = self.client.get('/jsi18n_multi_packages2/')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'este texto de app3 debe ser traducido')
+        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="fr"), override("es-ar"):
+            response = self.client.get("/jsi18n_multi_packages2/")
+            self.assertContains(response, "este texto de app3 debe ser traducido")
 
     def test_i18n_with_locale_paths(self):
         extended_locale_paths = settings.LOCALE_PATHS + [
             path.join(
                 path.dirname(path.dirname(path.abspath(__file__))),
-                'app3',
-                'locale',
+                "app3",
+                "locale",
             ),
         ]
-        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='es-ar', LOCALE_PATHS=extended_locale_paths):
-            with override('es-ar'):
-                response = self.client.get('/jsi18n/')
-                self.assertContains(response, 'este texto de app3 debe ser traducido')
+        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="es-ar", LOCALE_PATHS=extended_locale_paths):
+            with override("es-ar"):
+                response = self.client.get("/jsi18n/")
+                self.assertContains(response, "este texto de app3 debe ser traducido")
 
     def test_i18n_unknown_package_error(self):
         view = JavaScriptCatalog.as_view()
-        request = RequestFactory().get('/')
-        msg = 'Invalid package(s) provided to JavaScriptCatalog: unknown_package'
+        request = RequestFactory().get("/")
+        msg = "Invalid package(s) provided to JavaScriptCatalog: unknown_package"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            view(request, packages='unknown_package')
-        msg += ',unknown_package2'
+            view(request, packages="unknown_package")
+        msg += ",unknown_package2"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
-            view(request, packages='unknown_package+unknown_package2')
+            view(request, packages="unknown_package+unknown_package2")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='view_tests.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="view_tests.urls")
 class I18nSeleniumTests(SeleniumTestCase):
 
     # The test cases use fixtures & translations from these apps.
     available_apps = [
-        'django.contrib.admin', 'django.contrib.auth',
-        'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'view_tests',
+        "django.contrib.admin",
+        "django.contrib.auth",
+        "django.contrib.contenttypes",
+        "view_tests",
     ]
 
-    @override_settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='de')
+    @override_settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="de")
     def test_javascript_gettext(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + '/jsi18n_template/')
+
+        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + "/jsi18n_template/")
         elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "gettext")
         self.assertEqual(elem.text, "Entfernen")
         elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "ngettext_sing")
@@ -457,15 +518,20 @@ class I18nSeleniumTests(SeleniumTestCase):
         elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "formats")
         self.assertEqual(
             elem.text,
-            "DATE_INPUT_FORMATS is an object; DECIMAL_SEPARATOR is a string; FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK is a number;"
+            "DATE_INPUT_FORMATS is an object; DECIMAL_SEPARATOR is a string; FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK is a number;",
         )
 
-    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': ['view_tests.app1', 'view_tests.app2']})
-    @override_settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='fr')
+    @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={"append": ["view_tests.app1", "view_tests.app2"]})
+    @override_settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="fr")
     def test_multiple_catalogs(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + '/jsi18n_multi_catalogs/')
-        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'app1string')
-        self.assertEqual(elem.text, 'il faut traduire cette chaîne de caractères de app1')
-        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'app2string')
-        self.assertEqual(elem.text, 'il faut traduire cette chaîne de caractères de app2')
+
+        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + "/jsi18n_multi_catalogs/")
+        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "app1string")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            elem.text, "il faut traduire cette chaîne de caractères de app1"
+        )
+        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "app2string")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            elem.text, "il faut traduire cette chaîne de caractères de app2"
+        )
diff --git a/tests/view_tests/tests/test_json.py b/tests/view_tests/tests/test_json.py
index e1074bf630..145e6e05a4 100644
--- a/tests/view_tests/tests/test_json.py
+++ b/tests/view_tests/tests/test_json.py
@@ -3,17 +3,18 @@ import json
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='view_tests.generic_urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="view_tests.generic_urls")
 class JsonResponseTests(SimpleTestCase):
-
     def test_json_response(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/json/response/')
+        response = self.client.get("/json/response/")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(response.headers["content-type"], "application/json")
         self.assertEqual(
-            response.headers['content-type'], 'application/json')
-        self.assertEqual(json.loads(response.content.decode()), {
-            'a': [1, 2, 3],
-            'foo': {'bar': 'baz'},
-            'timestamp': '2013-05-19T20:00:00',
-            'value': '3.14',
-        })
+            json.loads(response.content.decode()),
+            {
+                "a": [1, 2, 3],
+                "foo": {"bar": "baz"},
+                "timestamp": "2013-05-19T20:00:00",
+                "value": "3.14",
+            },
+        )
diff --git a/tests/view_tests/tests/test_specials.py b/tests/view_tests/tests/test_specials.py
index 70ffb1d23e..d1bedf45b9 100644
--- a/tests/view_tests/tests/test_specials.py
+++ b/tests/view_tests/tests/test_specials.py
@@ -1,23 +1,24 @@
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='view_tests.generic_urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="view_tests.generic_urls")
 class URLHandling(SimpleTestCase):
     """
     Tests for URL handling in views and responses.
     """
+
     redirect_target = "/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87/target/"
 
     def test_nonascii_redirect(self):
         """
         A non-ASCII argument to HttpRedirect is handled properly.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/nonascii_redirect/')
+        response = self.client.get("/nonascii_redirect/")
         self.assertRedirects(response, self.redirect_target)
 
     def test_permanent_nonascii_redirect(self):
         """
         A non-ASCII argument to HttpPermanentRedirect is handled properly.
         """
-        response = self.client.get('/permanent_nonascii_redirect/')
+        response = self.client.get("/permanent_nonascii_redirect/")
         self.assertRedirects(response, self.redirect_target, status_code=301)
diff --git a/tests/view_tests/tests/test_static.py b/tests/view_tests/tests/test_static.py
index a5e811e5d6..5ec054bf30 100644
--- a/tests/view_tests/tests/test_static.py
+++ b/tests/view_tests/tests/test_static.py
@@ -14,27 +14,32 @@ from .. import urls
 from ..urls import media_dir
 
 
-@override_settings(DEBUG=True, ROOT_URLCONF='view_tests.urls')
+@override_settings(DEBUG=True, ROOT_URLCONF="view_tests.urls")
 class StaticTests(SimpleTestCase):
     """Tests django views in django/views/static.py"""
 
-    prefix = 'site_media'
+    prefix = "site_media"
 
     def test_serve(self):
         "The static view can serve static media"
-        media_files = ['file.txt', 'file.txt.gz', '%2F.txt']
+        media_files = ["file.txt", "file.txt.gz", "%2F.txt"]
         for filename in media_files:
-            response = self.client.get('/%s/%s' % (self.prefix, quote(filename)))
-            response_content = b''.join(response)
+            response = self.client.get("/%s/%s" % (self.prefix, quote(filename)))
+            response_content = b"".join(response)
             file_path = path.join(media_dir, filename)
-            with open(file_path, 'rb') as fp:
+            with open(file_path, "rb") as fp:
                 self.assertEqual(fp.read(), response_content)
-            self.assertEqual(len(response_content), int(response.headers['Content-Length']))
-            self.assertEqual(mimetypes.guess_type(file_path)[1], response.get('Content-Encoding', None))
+            self.assertEqual(
+                len(response_content), int(response.headers["Content-Length"])
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                mimetypes.guess_type(file_path)[1],
+                response.get("Content-Encoding", None),
+            )
 
     def test_chunked(self):
         "The static view should stream files in chunks to avoid large memory usage"
-        response = self.client.get('/%s/%s' % (self.prefix, 'long-line.txt'))
+        response = self.client.get("/%s/%s" % (self.prefix, "long-line.txt"))
         first_chunk = next(response.streaming_content)
         self.assertEqual(len(first_chunk), FileResponse.block_size)
         second_chunk = next(response.streaming_content)
@@ -43,32 +48,32 @@ class StaticTests(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(len(second_chunk.strip()), 1449)
 
     def test_unknown_mime_type(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/%s/file.unknown' % self.prefix)
-        self.assertEqual('application/octet-stream', response.headers['Content-Type'])
+        response = self.client.get("/%s/file.unknown" % self.prefix)
+        self.assertEqual("application/octet-stream", response.headers["Content-Type"])
         response.close()
 
     def test_copes_with_empty_path_component(self):
-        file_name = 'file.txt'
-        response = self.client.get('/%s//%s' % (self.prefix, file_name))
-        response_content = b''.join(response)
-        with open(path.join(media_dir, file_name), 'rb') as fp:
+        file_name = "file.txt"
+        response = self.client.get("/%s//%s" % (self.prefix, file_name))
+        response_content = b"".join(response)
+        with open(path.join(media_dir, file_name), "rb") as fp:
             self.assertEqual(fp.read(), response_content)
 
     def test_is_modified_since(self):
-        file_name = 'file.txt'
+        file_name = "file.txt"
         response = self.client.get(
-            '/%s/%s' % (self.prefix, file_name),
-            HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE='Thu, 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT'
+            "/%s/%s" % (self.prefix, file_name),
+            HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE="Thu, 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT",
         )
-        response_content = b''.join(response)
-        with open(path.join(media_dir, file_name), 'rb') as fp:
+        response_content = b"".join(response)
+        with open(path.join(media_dir, file_name), "rb") as fp:
             self.assertEqual(fp.read(), response_content)
 
     def test_not_modified_since(self):
-        file_name = 'file.txt'
+        file_name = "file.txt"
         response = self.client.get(
-            '/%s/%s' % (self.prefix, file_name),
-            HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE='Mon, 18 Jan 2038 05:14:07 GMT'
+            "/%s/%s" % (self.prefix, file_name),
+            HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE="Mon, 18 Jan 2038 05:14:07 GMT"
             # This is 24h before max Unix time. Remember to fix Django and
             # update this test well before 2038 :)
         )
@@ -80,14 +85,15 @@ class StaticTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Assume that a file is modified since an invalid timestamp as per RFC
         2616, section 14.25.
         """
-        file_name = 'file.txt'
-        invalid_date = 'Mon, 28 May 999999999999 28:25:26 GMT'
-        response = self.client.get('/%s/%s' % (self.prefix, file_name),
-                                   HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE=invalid_date)
-        response_content = b''.join(response)
-        with open(path.join(media_dir, file_name), 'rb') as fp:
+        file_name = "file.txt"
+        invalid_date = "Mon, 28 May 999999999999 28:25:26 GMT"
+        response = self.client.get(
+            "/%s/%s" % (self.prefix, file_name), HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE=invalid_date
+        )
+        response_content = b"".join(response)
+        with open(path.join(media_dir, file_name), "rb") as fp:
             self.assertEqual(fp.read(), response_content)
-        self.assertEqual(len(response_content), int(response.headers['Content-Length']))
+        self.assertEqual(len(response_content), int(response.headers["Content-Length"]))
 
     def test_invalid_if_modified_since2(self):
         """Handle even more bogus If-Modified-Since values gracefully
@@ -95,75 +101,86 @@ class StaticTests(SimpleTestCase):
         Assume that a file is modified since an invalid timestamp as per RFC
         2616, section 14.25.
         """
-        file_name = 'file.txt'
-        invalid_date = ': 1291108438, Wed, 20 Oct 2010 14:05:00 GMT'
-        response = self.client.get('/%s/%s' % (self.prefix, file_name),
-                                   HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE=invalid_date)
-        response_content = b''.join(response)
-        with open(path.join(media_dir, file_name), 'rb') as fp:
+        file_name = "file.txt"
+        invalid_date = ": 1291108438, Wed, 20 Oct 2010 14:05:00 GMT"
+        response = self.client.get(
+            "/%s/%s" % (self.prefix, file_name), HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE=invalid_date
+        )
+        response_content = b"".join(response)
+        with open(path.join(media_dir, file_name), "rb") as fp:
             self.assertEqual(fp.read(), response_content)
-        self.assertEqual(len(response_content), int(response.headers['Content-Length']))
+        self.assertEqual(len(response_content), int(response.headers["Content-Length"]))
 
     def test_404(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/%s/nonexistent_resource' % self.prefix)
+        response = self.client.get("/%s/nonexistent_resource" % self.prefix)
         self.assertEqual(404, response.status_code)
 
     def test_index(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/%s/' % self.prefix)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Index of ./')
+        response = self.client.get("/%s/" % self.prefix)
+        self.assertContains(response, "Index of ./")
         # Directories have a trailing slash.
-        self.assertIn('subdir/', response.context['file_list'])
+        self.assertIn("subdir/", response.context["file_list"])
 
     def test_index_subdir(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/%s/subdir/' % self.prefix)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Index of subdir/')
+        response = self.client.get("/%s/subdir/" % self.prefix)
+        self.assertContains(response, "Index of subdir/")
         # File with a leading dot (e.g. .hidden) aren't displayed.
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['file_list'], ['visible'])
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["file_list"], ["visible"])
 
-    @override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'OPTIONS': {
-            'loaders': [
-                ('django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader', {
-                    'static/directory_index.html': 'Test index',
-                }),
-            ],
-        },
-    }])
+    @override_settings(
+        TEMPLATES=[
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                "OPTIONS": {
+                    "loaders": [
+                        (
+                            "django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader",
+                            {
+                                "static/directory_index.html": "Test index",
+                            },
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                },
+            }
+        ]
+    )
     def test_index_custom_template(self):
-        response = self.client.get('/%s/' % self.prefix)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'Test index')
+        response = self.client.get("/%s/" % self.prefix)
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Test index")
 
 
 class StaticHelperTest(StaticTests):
     """
     Test case to make sure the static URL pattern helper works as expected
     """
+
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
         self._old_views_urlpatterns = urls.urlpatterns[:]
-        urls.urlpatterns += static('media/', document_root=media_dir)
+        urls.urlpatterns += static("media/", document_root=media_dir)
 
     def tearDown(self):
         super().tearDown()
         urls.urlpatterns = self._old_views_urlpatterns
 
     def test_prefix(self):
-        self.assertEqual(static('test')[0].pattern.regex.pattern, '^test(?P<path>.*)$')
+        self.assertEqual(static("test")[0].pattern.regex.pattern, "^test(?P<path>.*)$")
 
     @override_settings(DEBUG=False)
     def test_debug_off(self):
         """No URLs are served if DEBUG=False."""
-        self.assertEqual(static('test'), [])
+        self.assertEqual(static("test"), [])
 
     def test_empty_prefix(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, 'Empty static prefix not permitted'):
-            static('')
+        with self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ImproperlyConfigured, "Empty static prefix not permitted"
+        ):
+            static("")
 
     def test_special_prefix(self):
         """No URLs are served if prefix contains a netloc part."""
-        self.assertEqual(static('http://example.org'), [])
-        self.assertEqual(static('//example.org'), [])
+        self.assertEqual(static("http://example.org"), [])
+        self.assertEqual(static("//example.org"), [])
 
 
 class StaticUtilsTests(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/tests/view_tests/urls.py b/tests/view_tests/urls.py
index 159f353ee6..cec156b5da 100644
--- a/tests/view_tests/urls.py
+++ b/tests/view_tests/urls.py
@@ -9,70 +9,81 @@ from django.views import defaults, i18n, static
 from . import views
 
 base_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
-media_dir = os.path.join(base_dir, 'media')
-locale_dir = os.path.join(base_dir, 'locale')
+media_dir = os.path.join(base_dir, "media")
+locale_dir = os.path.join(base_dir, "locale")
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('', views.index_page),
-
+    path("", views.index_page),
     # Default views
-    path('nonexistent_url/', partial(defaults.page_not_found, exception=None)),
-    path('server_error/', defaults.server_error),
-
+    path("nonexistent_url/", partial(defaults.page_not_found, exception=None)),
+    path("server_error/", defaults.server_error),
     # a view that raises an exception for the debug view
-    path('raises/', views.raises),
-
-    path('raises400/', views.raises400),
-    path('raises400_bad_request/', views.raises400_bad_request),
-    path('raises403/', views.raises403),
-    path('raises404/', views.raises404),
-    path('raises500/', views.raises500),
-    path('custom_reporter_class_view/', views.custom_reporter_class_view),
-
-    path('technical404/', views.technical404, name='my404'),
-    path('classbased404/', views.Http404View.as_view()),
-    path('classbased500/', views.Raises500View.as_view()),
-
+    path("raises/", views.raises),
+    path("raises400/", views.raises400),
+    path("raises400_bad_request/", views.raises400_bad_request),
+    path("raises403/", views.raises403),
+    path("raises404/", views.raises404),
+    path("raises500/", views.raises500),
+    path("custom_reporter_class_view/", views.custom_reporter_class_view),
+    path("technical404/", views.technical404, name="my404"),
+    path("classbased404/", views.Http404View.as_view()),
+    path("classbased500/", views.Raises500View.as_view()),
     # i18n views
-    path('i18n/', include('django.conf.urls.i18n')),
-    path('jsi18n/', i18n.JavaScriptCatalog.as_view(packages=['view_tests'])),
-    path('jsi18n/app1/', i18n.JavaScriptCatalog.as_view(packages=['view_tests.app1'])),
-    path('jsi18n/app2/', i18n.JavaScriptCatalog.as_view(packages=['view_tests.app2'])),
-    path('jsi18n/app5/', i18n.JavaScriptCatalog.as_view(packages=['view_tests.app5'])),
-    path('jsi18n_english_translation/', i18n.JavaScriptCatalog.as_view(packages=['view_tests.app0'])),
-    path('jsi18n_multi_packages1/',
-         i18n.JavaScriptCatalog.as_view(packages=['view_tests.app1', 'view_tests.app2'])),
-    path('jsi18n_multi_packages2/',
-         i18n.JavaScriptCatalog.as_view(packages=['view_tests.app3', 'view_tests.app4'])),
-    path('jsi18n_admin/',
-         i18n.JavaScriptCatalog.as_view(packages=['django.contrib.admin', 'view_tests'])),
-    path('jsi18n_template/', views.jsi18n),
-    path('jsi18n_multi_catalogs/', views.jsi18n_multi_catalogs),
-    path('jsoni18n/', i18n.JSONCatalog.as_view(packages=['view_tests'])),
-
+    path("i18n/", include("django.conf.urls.i18n")),
+    path("jsi18n/", i18n.JavaScriptCatalog.as_view(packages=["view_tests"])),
+    path("jsi18n/app1/", i18n.JavaScriptCatalog.as_view(packages=["view_tests.app1"])),
+    path("jsi18n/app2/", i18n.JavaScriptCatalog.as_view(packages=["view_tests.app2"])),
+    path("jsi18n/app5/", i18n.JavaScriptCatalog.as_view(packages=["view_tests.app5"])),
+    path(
+        "jsi18n_english_translation/",
+        i18n.JavaScriptCatalog.as_view(packages=["view_tests.app0"]),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "jsi18n_multi_packages1/",
+        i18n.JavaScriptCatalog.as_view(packages=["view_tests.app1", "view_tests.app2"]),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "jsi18n_multi_packages2/",
+        i18n.JavaScriptCatalog.as_view(packages=["view_tests.app3", "view_tests.app4"]),
+    ),
+    path(
+        "jsi18n_admin/",
+        i18n.JavaScriptCatalog.as_view(packages=["django.contrib.admin", "view_tests"]),
+    ),
+    path("jsi18n_template/", views.jsi18n),
+    path("jsi18n_multi_catalogs/", views.jsi18n_multi_catalogs),
+    path("jsoni18n/", i18n.JSONCatalog.as_view(packages=["view_tests"])),
     # Static views
-    re_path(r'^site_media/(?P<path>.*)$', static.serve, {'document_root': media_dir, 'show_indexes': True}),
+    re_path(
+        r"^site_media/(?P<path>.*)$",
+        static.serve,
+        {"document_root": media_dir, "show_indexes": True},
+    ),
 ]
 
 urlpatterns += i18n_patterns(
-    re_path(_(r'^translated/$'), views.index_page, name='i18n_prefixed'),
+    re_path(_(r"^translated/$"), views.index_page, name="i18n_prefixed"),
 )
 
 urlpatterns += [
     path(
-        'safestring_exception/',
+        "safestring_exception/",
         views.safestring_in_template_exception,
-        name='safestring_exception',
+        name="safestring_exception",
     ),
-    path('template_exception/', views.template_exception, name='template_exception'),
+    path("template_exception/", views.template_exception, name="template_exception"),
     path(
-        'raises_template_does_not_exist/<path:path>',
+        "raises_template_does_not_exist/<path:path>",
         views.raises_template_does_not_exist,
-        name='raises_template_does_not_exist'
+        name="raises_template_does_not_exist",
+    ),
+    path("render_no_template/", views.render_no_template, name="render_no_template"),
+    re_path(
+        r"^test-setlang/(?P<parameter>[^/]+)/$",
+        views.with_parameter,
+        name="with_parameter",
     ),
-    path('render_no_template/', views.render_no_template, name='render_no_template'),
-    re_path(r'^test-setlang/(?P<parameter>[^/]+)/$', views.with_parameter, name='with_parameter'),
     # Patterns to test the technical 404.
-    re_path(r'^regex-post/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$', views.index_page, name='regex-post'),
-    path('path-post/<int:pk>/', views.index_page, name='path-post'),
+    re_path(r"^regex-post/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$", views.index_page, name="regex-post"),
+    path("path-post/<int:pk>/", views.index_page, name="path-post"),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/view_tests/views.py b/tests/view_tests/views.py
index 8cf9ab4dde..43057af3a1 100644
--- a/tests/view_tests/views.py
+++ b/tests/view_tests/views.py
@@ -4,31 +4,29 @@ import logging
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path
 
-from django.core.exceptions import (
-    BadRequest, PermissionDenied, SuspiciousOperation,
-)
+from django.core.exceptions import BadRequest, PermissionDenied, SuspiciousOperation
 from django.http import Http404, HttpResponse, JsonResponse
 from django.shortcuts import render
 from django.template import Context, Template, TemplateDoesNotExist
 from django.urls import get_resolver
 from django.views import View
 from django.views.debug import (
-    ExceptionReporter, SafeExceptionReporterFilter, technical_500_response,
-)
-from django.views.decorators.debug import (
-    sensitive_post_parameters, sensitive_variables,
+    ExceptionReporter,
+    SafeExceptionReporterFilter,
+    technical_500_response,
 )
+from django.views.decorators.debug import sensitive_post_parameters, sensitive_variables
 
-TEMPLATES_PATH = Path(__file__).resolve().parent / 'templates'
+TEMPLATES_PATH = Path(__file__).resolve().parent / "templates"
 
 
 def index_page(request):
     """Dummy index page"""
-    return HttpResponse('<html><body>Dummy page</body></html>')
+    return HttpResponse("<html><body>Dummy page</body></html>")
 
 
 def with_parameter(request, parameter):
-    return HttpResponse('ok')
+    return HttpResponse("ok")
 
 
 def raises(request):
@@ -36,6 +34,7 @@ def raises(request):
     # local vars won't hijack the technical 500 response (#15025).
     def callable():
         raise Exception
+
     try:
         raise Exception
     except Exception:
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ def raises400(request):
 
 
 def raises400_bad_request(request):
-    raise BadRequest('Malformed request syntax')
+    raise BadRequest("Malformed request syntax")
 
 
 def raises403(request):
@@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ def raises403(request):
 
 def raises404(request):
     resolver = get_resolver(None)
-    resolver.resolve('/not-in-urls')
+    resolver.resolve("/not-in-urls")
 
 
 def technical404(request):
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ class Http404View(View):
 
 
 def template_exception(request):
-    return render(request, 'debug/template_exception.html')
+    return render(request, "debug/template_exception.html")
 
 
 def safestring_in_template_exception(request):
@@ -102,14 +101,14 @@ def safestring_in_template_exception(request):
 
 
 def jsi18n(request):
-    return render(request, 'jsi18n.html')
+    return render(request, "jsi18n.html")
 
 
 def jsi18n_multi_catalogs(request):
-    return render(request, 'jsi18n-multi-catalogs.html')
+    return render(request, "jsi18n-multi-catalogs.html")
 
 
-def raises_template_does_not_exist(request, path='i_dont_exist.html'):
+def raises_template_does_not_exist(request, path="i_dont_exist.html"):
     # We need to inspect the HTML generated by the fancy 500 debug view but
     # the test client ignores it, so we send it explicitly.
     try:
@@ -125,22 +124,22 @@ def render_no_template(request):
 
 
 def send_log(request, exc_info):
-    logger = logging.getLogger('django')
+    logger = logging.getLogger("django")
     # The default logging config has a logging filter to ensure admin emails are
     # only sent with DEBUG=False, but since someone might choose to remove that
     # filter, we still want to be able to test the behavior of error emails
     # with DEBUG=True. So we need to remove the filter temporarily.
     admin_email_handler = [
-        h for h in logger.handlers
-        if h.__class__.__name__ == "AdminEmailHandler"
+        h for h in logger.handlers if h.__class__.__name__ == "AdminEmailHandler"
     ][0]
     orig_filters = admin_email_handler.filters
     admin_email_handler.filters = []
     admin_email_handler.include_html = True
     logger.error(
-        'Internal Server Error: %s', request.path,
+        "Internal Server Error: %s",
+        request.path,
         exc_info=exc_info,
-        extra={'status_code': 500, 'request': request},
+        extra={"status_code": 500, "request": request},
     )
     admin_email_handler.filters = orig_filters
 
@@ -149,8 +148,10 @@ def non_sensitive_view(request):
     # Do not just use plain strings for the variables' values in the code
     # so that the tests don't return false positives when the function's source
     # is displayed in the exception report.
-    cooked_eggs = ''.join(['s', 'c', 'r', 'a', 'm', 'b', 'l', 'e', 'd'])  # NOQA
-    sauce = ''.join(['w', 'o', 'r', 'c', 'e', 's', 't', 'e', 'r', 's', 'h', 'i', 'r', 'e'])  # NOQA
+    cooked_eggs = "".join(["s", "c", "r", "a", "m", "b", "l", "e", "d"])  # NOQA
+    sauce = "".join(
+        ["w", "o", "r", "c", "e", "s", "t", "e", "r", "s", "h", "i", "r", "e"]
+    )  # NOQA
     try:
         raise Exception
     except Exception:
@@ -159,14 +160,16 @@ def non_sensitive_view(request):
         return technical_500_response(request, *exc_info)
 
 
-@sensitive_variables('sauce')
-@sensitive_post_parameters('bacon-key', 'sausage-key')
+@sensitive_variables("sauce")
+@sensitive_post_parameters("bacon-key", "sausage-key")
 def sensitive_view(request):
     # Do not just use plain strings for the variables' values in the code
     # so that the tests don't return false positives when the function's source
     # is displayed in the exception report.
-    cooked_eggs = ''.join(['s', 'c', 'r', 'a', 'm', 'b', 'l', 'e', 'd'])  # NOQA
-    sauce = ''.join(['w', 'o', 'r', 'c', 'e', 's', 't', 'e', 'r', 's', 'h', 'i', 'r', 'e'])  # NOQA
+    cooked_eggs = "".join(["s", "c", "r", "a", "m", "b", "l", "e", "d"])  # NOQA
+    sauce = "".join(
+        ["w", "o", "r", "c", "e", "s", "t", "e", "r", "s", "h", "i", "r", "e"]
+    )  # NOQA
     try:
         raise Exception
     except Exception:
@@ -181,8 +184,10 @@ def paranoid_view(request):
     # Do not just use plain strings for the variables' values in the code
     # so that the tests don't return false positives when the function's source
     # is displayed in the exception report.
-    cooked_eggs = ''.join(['s', 'c', 'r', 'a', 'm', 'b', 'l', 'e', 'd'])  # NOQA
-    sauce = ''.join(['w', 'o', 'r', 'c', 'e', 's', 't', 'e', 'r', 's', 'h', 'i', 'r', 'e'])  # NOQA
+    cooked_eggs = "".join(["s", "c", "r", "a", "m", "b", "l", "e", "d"])  # NOQA
+    sauce = "".join(
+        ["w", "o", "r", "c", "e", "s", "t", "e", "r", "s", "h", "i", "r", "e"]
+    )  # NOQA
     try:
         raise Exception
     except Exception:
@@ -193,37 +198,45 @@ def paranoid_view(request):
 
 def sensitive_args_function_caller(request):
     try:
-        sensitive_args_function(''.join(['w', 'o', 'r', 'c', 'e', 's', 't', 'e', 'r', 's', 'h', 'i', 'r', 'e']))
+        sensitive_args_function(
+            "".join(
+                ["w", "o", "r", "c", "e", "s", "t", "e", "r", "s", "h", "i", "r", "e"]
+            )
+        )
     except Exception:
         exc_info = sys.exc_info()
         send_log(request, exc_info)
         return technical_500_response(request, *exc_info)
 
 
-@sensitive_variables('sauce')
+@sensitive_variables("sauce")
 def sensitive_args_function(sauce):
     # Do not just use plain strings for the variables' values in the code
     # so that the tests don't return false positives when the function's source
     # is displayed in the exception report.
-    cooked_eggs = ''.join(['s', 'c', 'r', 'a', 'm', 'b', 'l', 'e', 'd'])  # NOQA
+    cooked_eggs = "".join(["s", "c", "r", "a", "m", "b", "l", "e", "d"])  # NOQA
     raise Exception
 
 
 def sensitive_kwargs_function_caller(request):
     try:
-        sensitive_kwargs_function(''.join(['w', 'o', 'r', 'c', 'e', 's', 't', 'e', 'r', 's', 'h', 'i', 'r', 'e']))
+        sensitive_kwargs_function(
+            "".join(
+                ["w", "o", "r", "c", "e", "s", "t", "e", "r", "s", "h", "i", "r", "e"]
+            )
+        )
     except Exception:
         exc_info = sys.exc_info()
         send_log(request, exc_info)
         return technical_500_response(request, *exc_info)
 
 
-@sensitive_variables('sauce')
+@sensitive_variables("sauce")
 def sensitive_kwargs_function(sauce=None):
     # Do not just use plain strings for the variables' values in the code
     # so that the tests don't return false positives when the function's source
     # is displayed in the exception report.
-    cooked_eggs = ''.join(['s', 'c', 'r', 'a', 'm', 'b', 'l', 'e', 'd'])  # NOQA
+    cooked_eggs = "".join(["s", "c", "r", "a", "m", "b", "l", "e", "d"])  # NOQA
     raise Exception
 
 
@@ -245,8 +258,10 @@ def custom_exception_reporter_filter_view(request):
     # Do not just use plain strings for the variables' values in the code
     # so that the tests don't return false positives when the function's source
     # is displayed in the exception report.
-    cooked_eggs = ''.join(['s', 'c', 'r', 'a', 'm', 'b', 'l', 'e', 'd'])  # NOQA
-    sauce = ''.join(['w', 'o', 'r', 'c', 'e', 's', 't', 'e', 'r', 's', 'h', 'i', 'r', 'e'])  # NOQA
+    cooked_eggs = "".join(["s", "c", "r", "a", "m", "b", "l", "e", "d"])  # NOQA
+    sauce = "".join(
+        ["w", "o", "r", "c", "e", "s", "t", "e", "r", "s", "h", "i", "r", "e"]
+    )  # NOQA
     request.exception_reporter_filter = UnsafeExceptionReporterFilter()
     try:
         raise Exception
@@ -257,15 +272,15 @@ def custom_exception_reporter_filter_view(request):
 
 
 class CustomExceptionReporter(ExceptionReporter):
-    custom_traceback_text = 'custom traceback text'
+    custom_traceback_text = "custom traceback text"
 
     def get_traceback_html(self):
         return self.custom_traceback_text
 
 
 class TemplateOverrideExceptionReporter(ExceptionReporter):
-    html_template_path = TEMPLATES_PATH / 'my_technical_500.html'
-    text_template_path = TEMPLATES_PATH / 'my_technical_500.txt'
+    html_template_path = TEMPLATES_PATH / "my_technical_500.html"
+    text_template_path = TEMPLATES_PATH / "my_technical_500.txt"
 
 
 def custom_reporter_class_view(request):
@@ -278,14 +293,15 @@ def custom_reporter_class_view(request):
 
 
 class Klass:
-
-    @sensitive_variables('sauce')
+    @sensitive_variables("sauce")
     def method(self, request):
         # Do not just use plain strings for the variables' values in the code
         # so that the tests don't return false positives when the function's
         # source is displayed in the exception report.
-        cooked_eggs = ''.join(['s', 'c', 'r', 'a', 'm', 'b', 'l', 'e', 'd'])  # NOQA
-        sauce = ''.join(['w', 'o', 'r', 'c', 'e', 's', 't', 'e', 'r', 's', 'h', 'i', 'r', 'e'])  # NOQA
+        cooked_eggs = "".join(["s", "c", "r", "a", "m", "b", "l", "e", "d"])  # NOQA
+        sauce = "".join(
+            ["w", "o", "r", "c", "e", "s", "t", "e", "r", "s", "h", "i", "r", "e"]
+        )  # NOQA
         try:
             raise Exception
         except Exception:
@@ -298,13 +314,15 @@ def sensitive_method_view(request):
     return Klass().method(request)
 
 
-@sensitive_variables('sauce')
-@sensitive_post_parameters('bacon-key', 'sausage-key')
+@sensitive_variables("sauce")
+@sensitive_post_parameters("bacon-key", "sausage-key")
 def multivalue_dict_key_error(request):
-    cooked_eggs = ''.join(['s', 'c', 'r', 'a', 'm', 'b', 'l', 'e', 'd'])  # NOQA
-    sauce = ''.join(['w', 'o', 'r', 'c', 'e', 's', 't', 'e', 'r', 's', 'h', 'i', 'r', 'e'])  # NOQA
+    cooked_eggs = "".join(["s", "c", "r", "a", "m", "b", "l", "e", "d"])  # NOQA
+    sauce = "".join(
+        ["w", "o", "r", "c", "e", "s", "t", "e", "r", "s", "h", "i", "r", "e"]
+    )  # NOQA
     try:
-        request.POST['bar']
+        request.POST["bar"]
     except Exception:
         exc_info = sys.exc_info()
         send_log(request, exc_info)
@@ -312,10 +330,12 @@ def multivalue_dict_key_error(request):
 
 
 def json_response_view(request):
-    return JsonResponse({
-        'a': [1, 2, 3],
-        'foo': {'bar': 'baz'},
-        # Make sure datetime and Decimal objects would be serialized properly
-        'timestamp': datetime.datetime(2013, 5, 19, 20),
-        'value': decimal.Decimal('3.14'),
-    })
+    return JsonResponse(
+        {
+            "a": [1, 2, 3],
+            "foo": {"bar": "baz"},
+            # Make sure datetime and Decimal objects would be serialized properly
+            "timestamp": datetime.datetime(2013, 5, 19, 20),
+            "value": decimal.Decimal("3.14"),
+        }
+    )
diff --git a/tests/wsgi/tests.py b/tests/wsgi/tests.py
index 8ae6296bd1..db46070182 100644
--- a/tests/wsgi/tests.py
+++ b/tests/wsgi/tests.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings
 from django.test.client import RequestFactory
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='wsgi.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="wsgi.urls")
 class WSGITest(SimpleTestCase):
     request_factory = RequestFactory()
 
@@ -25,9 +25,7 @@ class WSGITest(SimpleTestCase):
         application = get_wsgi_application()
 
         environ = self.request_factory._base_environ(
-            PATH_INFO="/",
-            CONTENT_TYPE="text/html; charset=utf-8",
-            REQUEST_METHOD="GET"
+            PATH_INFO="/", CONTENT_TYPE="text/html; charset=utf-8", REQUEST_METHOD="GET"
         )
 
         response_data = {}
@@ -41,33 +39,40 @@ class WSGITest(SimpleTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(response_data["status"], "200 OK")
         self.assertEqual(
             set(response_data["headers"]),
-            {('Content-Length', '12'), ('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=utf-8')})
-        self.assertIn(bytes(response), [
-            b"Content-Length: 12\r\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8\r\n\r\nHello World!",
-            b"Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8\r\nContent-Length: 12\r\n\r\nHello World!"
-        ])
+            {("Content-Length", "12"), ("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")},
+        )
+        self.assertIn(
+            bytes(response),
+            [
+                b"Content-Length: 12\r\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8\r\n\r\nHello World!",
+                b"Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8\r\nContent-Length: 12\r\n\r\nHello World!",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_file_wrapper(self):
         """
         FileResponse uses wsgi.file_wrapper.
         """
+
         class FileWrapper:
             def __init__(self, filelike, block_size=None):
                 self.block_size = block_size
                 filelike.close()
+
         application = get_wsgi_application()
         environ = self.request_factory._base_environ(
-            PATH_INFO='/file/',
-            REQUEST_METHOD='GET',
-            **{'wsgi.file_wrapper': FileWrapper}
+            PATH_INFO="/file/",
+            REQUEST_METHOD="GET",
+            **{"wsgi.file_wrapper": FileWrapper},
         )
         response_data = {}
 
         def start_response(status, headers):
-            response_data['status'] = status
-            response_data['headers'] = headers
+            response_data["status"] = status
+            response_data["headers"] = headers
+
         response = application(environ, start_response)
-        self.assertEqual(response_data['status'], '200 OK')
+        self.assertEqual(response_data["status"], "200 OK")
         self.assertIsInstance(response, FileWrapper)
         self.assertEqual(response.block_size, FileResponse.block_size)
 
@@ -96,7 +101,9 @@ class GetInternalWSGIApplicationTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
         def mock_get_wsgi_app():
             return fake_app
+
         from django.core.servers import basehttp
+
         _orig_get_wsgi_app = basehttp.get_wsgi_application
         basehttp.get_wsgi_application = mock_get_wsgi_app
 
@@ -115,6 +122,8 @@ class GetInternalWSGIApplicationTest(SimpleTestCase):
 
     @override_settings(WSGI_APPLICATION="wsgi.wsgi.noexist")
     def test_bad_name(self):
-        msg = "WSGI application 'wsgi.wsgi.noexist' could not be loaded; Error importing"
+        msg = (
+            "WSGI application 'wsgi.wsgi.noexist' could not be loaded; Error importing"
+        )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ImproperlyConfigured, msg):
             get_internal_wsgi_application()
diff --git a/tests/wsgi/urls.py b/tests/wsgi/urls.py
index 57e1ebf01c..b924adea41 100644
--- a/tests/wsgi/urls.py
+++ b/tests/wsgi/urls.py
@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ def helloworld(request):
 
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('', helloworld),
-    path('file/', lambda x: FileResponse(open(__file__, 'rb'))),
+    path("", helloworld),
+    path("file/", lambda x: FileResponse(open(__file__, "rb"))),
 ]